cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrepant Teaching Events: Using an Inquiry Stance to Address Students' Misconceptions.

Science instructors have long known that the use of discrepant events with unexpected outcomes is a powerful method of activating thinking. A discrepant teaching event is similar to a discrepant science event in that it vividly portrays what is often an abstract construct or concept and has an unexpected outcome. The unexpected outcome creates what Piaget (1971) refers to as disequilibrium, thereby uncovering students’ naive conceptions and tacit beliefs about the concept being studied. This article defines what a discrepant teaching event is and compares and contrasts discrepant science events and discrepant teaching events. Examples of discrepant teaching events useful in mathematics and social studies are also provided. The article concludes with a discussion of the utilization of an “inquiry stance” to teaching as a way to address students’ misconceptions of discipline specific concepts.
Nonoperative management of locally advanced esophageal and junctional (GEJ) cancers: The University of Rochester experience.

144Background: Neoadjuvant (NA) chemoradiation (CRT) followed by surgery is a standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal/GEJ tumors. The optimal management strategy is less clear for unrese...
A Systematic Approach to the Analysis of Means

The analysis of means is a method for the graphical analysis of the means resulting from a designed experiment. The basic procedure was developed by Dr. E. R. Ott of Rutgers University. This series...
Achieving Topological Photonics in a Synthetic Space with Dynamically Modulated Ring Resonators

We implement the two-dimensional Haldane model in the synthetic frequency space in a system composed of several ring resonators undergoing dynamic modulation. It provides a route towards nonreciprocal topological photonics in a miniaturized structure.
Investigation of lanthanide-dependent methylotrophy uncovers complementary roles for alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes

The discovery that methylotrophic bacteria can utilize lanthanides as catalysts for methanol metabolism has opened new areas of biology and biochemistry. Recent studies of lanthanide-dependent enzymes have focused on biochemical and kinetic properties or the regulation of encoding genes. Kinetic analysis of a pyrroloquinoline quinone methanol dehydrogenase, XoxF1 (MexAM1_1746), from the model methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 confirms the use of different lanthanides as cofactors and formaldehyde as a product of methanol oxidation, showing that not all XoxF MDH produce formate as the only end product in vivo. The dephosphotetrahydromethanopterin pathway for formaldehyde oxidation is still required for lanthanide-methylotrophic growth, as a fae mutant does not grow with methanol in the presence of exogenous lanthanides. Increases of 15-22% in growth rate and 10-12.5% in growth yield are observed when M. extorquens AM1 is grown in the presence of lanthanides with methanol. RNA-sequencing transcriptomics indicates remodeling of methanol, formaldehyde and formate oxidation gene expression, and targeted metabolomics shows increased accumulation of intracellular formate and decreased pools of several assimilatory intermediates. Methanol sensitivity growth assays show that the lanthanide-dependent pyrroloquinoline quinone alcohol dehydrogenase ExaF (MexAM1_1139), but not XoxF1, can reduce formaldehyde toxicity when lanthanides are present, providing evidence of a role for ExaF during lanthanide-dependent methylotrophy. We conclude from these results that lanthanide-dependent methylotrophy is more efficient than calcium-dependent methylotrophy in M. extorquens AM1, and that this change is due, at least in part, to the lanthanide-dependent enzymes XoxF1 and ExaF.
Extracting Natural Frequencies of Layered Beams Using a Continuous Variation Model and Modal Analysis

This study involves the determination of the bending natural frequencies of beams composed by stacked cells of different materials. The focus is on cases with two cells. The analytical model is based on Euler-Bernoulli theory with the variations from one cell to another modeled via logistic functions. This approach leads to a single differential equation with variable coefficients, which is solved numerically using MAPLE®‘s differential equation solvers. A forced motion method is used. Forcing frequencies are changed until large motions and sign changes are observed, leading to the resonant frequencies. Of interest is the validation of the analytically obtained frequencies via experimental results. Here, an experiment is set in which a simple two-cell beam is analyzed, via modal analysis, in order to verify the analytically calculated frequencies. The beam is excited using an impact hammer and the response is recorded using accelerometers. Mode shapes are also obtained via digital image correlation. The beam, including distinct materials, is composed of one cell made of steel and another made of aluminum. The joining method is discussed and results for fixed-free beams are obtained.
Departments of Public Administration and Colleges of Business Administration: Allies or Aliens?

With many universities facing pressures to economize, proposals for the restructuring and consolidation of academic units have become common. Departments of public administration are particularly s...
Circular Stapler Technique for Gastroenterostomy

In 1993, the first author of this chapter developed the laparoscopic gastric bypass, and in 1994 the technique was first reported with results (1). In this operation, the gastroenterostomy was created with a 21-mm circular stapling device. The technique of stapler anvil placement involves pulling the anvil down from the mouth to the stomach pouch with a wire being placed percutaneously. This technique was derived from the method used in the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement. The key step was the development of the Endopath Stealth endoscopic/conventional circular stapler, 21 mm, by Ethicon Endosurgery (Cincinnati, OH) (2). We used the 21-mm stapler because it creates a uniform and reproducible 12-mm anastomosis and that was the size of the gastroenterostomy we used for over 6 years as we performed the operation via an open laparotomy. This also preserved the minimal gastric pouch, which is essential to long-term weight control (3). We had tried several methods of anvil placement as we were developing the concept of the laparoscopic gastric bypass in nonhuman models.
Saturated Fatty Acids and Cancer

1. Saturated fatty acids are a class of lipids that have a unique feature of no double bonds along the carbon chain due to the full saturation of the carbon atoms. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) can have a chain length of 2–20 carbons and are referred to as short, medium, or long-chain SFAs. Short-chain SFAs contain 2–8 carbons in length, whereas long-chain SFAs contain 16–20 carbons in length.
MIS TKA with a Subvastus Approach

Performing minimally invasive (MIS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) through a subvastus approach makes sense on an anatomic basis, on a scientific basis, and on a practical basis. Anatomically, the subvastus approach is the only approach that saves the entire quadriceps tendon insertion on the patella1–5 (Fig. 32.1). Scientifically, the subvastus approach has been shown, in prospective randomized clinical trials, to be superior to the standard medial parapatellar arthrotomy and to the so-called quadriceps-sparing arthrotomy3,6,7 (Table 32.1). Practically, MIS TKA with a subvastus approach is reliable, reproducible, and efficient and allows the MIS technique to be applied to a broad group of patients, not just a highly selected subgroup8 (Table 32.2).
A MODEL FOR THE GROWTH AND PRODUCT KINETICS OF FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES BASED ON ATP SYNTHESIS AND CONSUMPTION

ABSTRACT A mathematical model based on the production and consumption of ATP is presented which attempts to simulate the batch fermentation kinetics of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The chief utility of the model is its apparent ability to predict the non-linear way the product yields vary during oxygen limited growth when two different energy producing pathways are active.
A mesh adaptive method for dynamic well stimulation

Abstract We utilize the adaptive meshing features of an asynchronous spacetime discontinuous Galerkin (aSDG) FE method to address rock fracturing in reservoir stimulations under high rate loadings. Our aSDG implementation adaptively aligns the element boundaries with crack-path trajectories obtained as a part of the solution and no discontinuous features are introduced within the elements. We propose a novel rate-dependent interfacial damage model to represent fracture processes on crack surfaces while the model incorporates various contact modes under transient settings. Several examples are discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in resolving dynamic fracturing driven by the high internal fluid pressure.
Passion, Romance, and Qing: The World of Emotions and States of Mind in Peony Pavilion

Passion, Romance, and Qing: The World of Emotions and States of Mind in Peony Pavilion, edited by Tian Yuan Tan and Paolo Santangelo, runs three volumes and clocks in at a whopping 1,555 pages. Of ...
A Framework and Call for Scholarship on “The Dark Side of Social Media”: An Abstract

While there are many social and economic positive consequences of social media, the idea here is to focus on the dark side of social media facing consumers and brands via social media in three areas: digital drama and digital over-engagement, consequences to consumers, and consequences to brands. Digital drama refers to occurrence of and reactions to negative online consumer behaviors such as sexting, cyberbullying, fear of missing out, abuse, and related online happenings. Digital drama can occur with other forms of technology; digital drama can occur with e-mails, list-serves, and texts but seems especially salient with social media. Digital drama entails topics such as revenge pornography, cyberbullying body image/body shaming, and trolls. A related topic is digital over-engagement, or an online behavior resulting from a consumer’s thoughts, emotional connection, and intrinsic motivation to interact and cooperate with a brand or its community members in a social media setting. These topics that fall under the umbrella of digital over-engagement or digital drama may bring some (largely unintended) consequences to consumers and brands. For instance, social media has been associated with topics of addiction, self-authenticity, emotional intelligence, and issues with self-esteem. Consumers are in control with social media when there is a corporate misstep or corporate mistake. Consumers have a voice to call companies out on a mistake such as tone-deaf ad or marketing campaign. The consumer voice to companies on social media is in a more public and interactive way than the letters or phone calls of the past. The pace becomes quicker and corporate reactions to missteps have become faster. For instance, Pepsi pulled an ad within hours of airing it, and the speed of this decision may relate with the influx of consumer reactions and disdain on social media. This interactive nature, exposure to networked audiences, and speed in corporate reaction times are a massive change in marketing. Collectively, it is crucial to acknowledge that there is a dark side to social media in addition to its many positive virtues. These virtues and dark side topics apply at times to both consumers and brands, and as such, the working framework here includes a consumer level and a brand/business/organization level. As such, here are three research questions that may spark continued scholarship: What are antecedents and consequences of digital drama or digital over-engagement (consumer or brand level) with other consumers or brands on social media platforms (digital drama and digital over-engagement)? What are short-, mid-, and long-term psychological or physical consequences to consumers’ social media use (unintended consequences for consumers)? What public relations strategy/social media tactics are best for brands when the business or organization is in crisis (unintended consequences for consumers)?
Reward-circuit biomarkers of risk and resilience in adolescent depression.

Abstract Background Dysfunctional reward processing is a core feature of major depressive disorder. While there is growing knowledge of reward processing in adolescent depression, researchers have ignored neural mechanisms of resilience to depression. Here, we examine neural correlates of reward processing that characterize resilience and risk in adolescents at risk for depression, facilitating the development of effective intervention approaches that strengthen resilience to psychopathology in at-risk youth. Methods 50 adolescent females were followed through age 18: 32 at-risk adolescents who either did (remitted-depressed; n = 15) or did not (resilient; n = 17) experience a depressive episode, and 18 low-risk healthy controls. Participants completed clinical assessments at 18-month intervals and an fMRI reward-processing task in late adolescence. We conducted predictive modeling with a priori reward regions of interest (ROIs). Results At-risk resilient and remitted-depressed adolescents exhibited less striatal activation than did controls during anticipation of reward. Resilient adolescents exhibited greater activation than did remitted-depressed adolescents in the middle frontal gyrus during reward anticipation, and less activation in the superior frontal gyrus and cuneus during processing of reward outcome. Using predictive modeling, ventral anterior cingulate cortex and putamen activation during reward processing distinguished resilient from remitted-depressed adolescents with 83% accuracy. Limitations The relatively small sample size of only females and the fact that fMRI data were obtained at one time point in late adolescence are limitations. Conclusions Distinct patterns of neural activation in reward circuitry appear to be markers of risk and resilience that may be targets for prevention and treatment approaches aimed at strengthening adaptive reward processing in at-risk adolescents.
Evolution of the genomic landscape of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in metastatic prostate cancer over treatment and time.

Abstract Background Targeted therapies have shown promise for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Due to the difficulty with obtaining tumor tissue in bony metastases, liquid biopsies are a promising alternative to guide treatment selection. While concurrent tissue next-generation sequencing (tNGS) and liquid biopsy has high concordance, it is unknown whether the genomic landscape of metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) changes over time or treatment. Herein, we hypothesize that the genomic landscape of mPC evolves with new treatments and/or time between tests. Patients and Methods Men with mPC from the University of Utah with matched tNGS and liquid biopsy were included. Clinical data was collected retrospectively. Exonic regions from 69 genes covered by both platforms were included for analysis. Paired t tests were used to assess number of genomic alterations (GAs) between testing platforms. Number of alterations was assessed by time and number of treatments between testing by multivariate nonparametric trend tests. Results 101 men with mPC were eligible and included. In men with no new treatments and ≤ 1 year between tests, a similar number of GAs were detected in both tests (2.0 vs. 2.2). In contrast, men with ≥ 1 new treatment between tests had significantly more GAs after treatment (5.0 vs. 2.4, p = 0.005). Total number of GAs was correlated with number of new treatments between testing (p = 0.003) and not time between testing (p = 0.76). Conclusion The genomic landscape of mPC evolves with subsequent therapies. This finding suggests that contemporary tumor genomic profile upon disease progression may optimize guidance towards subsequent therapy selection.
Minimum Reactants Required for Synthesis of Skin and Peripheral Nerves; Extension to Tissues of Other Organs

Minimal requirements for synthesis of tissues have been determined. In studies with skin, no dermal elements were required for the synthesis of the epidermis with its associated basement membrane (BM); nor were any epithelial elements required for synthesis of the dermis. Likewise, in studies with peripheral nerves, synthesis of the myelin sheath with its BM took place in the absence of endoneurial elements.
P361 Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women attending sexual health clinics in new york city, 2017–2018

Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common condition among women and is associated with HIV/STI acquisition and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We describe the prevalence of BV diagnoses and repeat BV diagnoses among women attending New York City (NYC) public sexual health clinics (SHC) and examine demographic characteristics associated with BV. Methods Using electronic medical record data for patients who were assigned female sex at birth (“women”), we identified BV diagnoses made during clinician visits at NYC SHC during January 2017–April 2018, and recurrent BV during a six-month follow-up period through October 2018. BV diagnosis was defined as a physician diagnosis of BV with a vaginal pH ≥4.5, and positive whiff-amine test. We used chi-square tests to compare characteristics of women with and without a BV diagnosis. Results Of 13,153 women with ≥1 visits to the SHC, 34% (4,449) were diagnosed with BV. There were significant differences in BV prevalence by race/ethnicity: 39.5% (95% CI: [38.7–40.3%]) of non-Hispanic black women versus 29.6% ([28.3–30.9%]) Hispanic, 21.2% ([19.1–23.3%]) non-Hispanic white, and 19.7% ([16.5–22.9%]) non-Hispanic Asian women. Women of HIV-negative/unknown HIV status had higher BV prevalence than HIV-positive women (33.9% vs 23.4%, p=0.02). Women reporting sex with both men and women had higher BV prevalence (42.0%, 95% CI: [37.5–46.5%]) than women reporting sex with men only (34.5%, [34.2–34.8%]) or women reporting sex with women only (28.1%, [22.2–34.0%]). Among women with BV, 4,404 (99%) received treatment and 1588 (36.1%) of those had another clinician visit within 6 months. Among returning women, 282 (17.8%) were given another BV diagnosis within 3 months, and 601 (37.8%) within 6 months. Conclusion One-third of women attending NYC SHC were diagnosed with BV, and recurrent BV was common. Additional research is needed to identify effective therapies to reduce the high prevalence and recurrence rates of BV. Disclosure No significant relationships.
GPS predicts stability of listening environment characteristics in one location over time among older hearing aid users.

Hearing aid technology can allow users to “geo-tag” hearing aid preferences using the Global Positioning System (GPS). This technology assumes that listening environment characteristics that affect...
Evaluation of complex congenital heart disease in infants using low dose cardiac computed tomography

Despite advances in new CT techniques with radiation dose reduction, there are limited studies describing radiation dose. Describing radiation dose might help to educate physicians on how the benefit of cardiac CT outweighs the potential risk of radiation. The aim of this study was to describe the radiation exposure parameters in newborns and infants and the role of CT scan in providing useful information for optimal surgical planning and management of newborns and infants with complex congenital heart disease. In complex congenital heart disease delineating the anatomy and using the CT images as needed for three-dimensional modelling helps for optimal surgical planning. This single center, retrospective study included 74 infants with CHD (median age 2 months, range 1 day to 9 months) who underwent cardiac CT evaluation from September 2018 to April 2019, using the Siemens Somatom Definition Edge scanner. Total dose length product (DLP) and computed tomographic dose index volume (CTDIvol) were recorded, and the estimated effective radiation dose was calculated using a previously published conversion rate. Median effective radiation dose for the computed tomographic angiography (CTA) was 0.6 mSv. The median DLP was 13 mGycm and median CTDIvol was 3.5 mGy. Cardiac CT can be done with a sub-mSv dose in infants. Cardiac CT completes the standard initial evaluation of neonates and infants with complex CHD, allowing thorough understanding of complex spatial relationships between anatomical and defective structures, and is achievable with minimal radiation exposure.
113 – Animal Models of Chronic Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage

This chapter reviews the animal models of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD), compares and contrast pathology and discusses mechanisms involved in the disease process. Animal models of ALD are a valuable source of information regarding ALD and the underlying mechanisms involved in pathology. Although therapies for the complications of ALD (e.g. decompensation, esophageal varices, and so on) have become more effective, these therapies are largely palliative and do not treat the underlying disease per se. This is because of a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which alcohol causes the initiation and progression of ALD. For this reason, detailed examination of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in ALD pathology is paramount to the identification of therapeutic targets for curative clinical intervention. It has been well documented that ALD results from the dose- and time-dependent consumption of alcohol. The disease process is characterized by early steatosis, inflammation and necrosis (often called “steatohepatitis”), and in some individuals ultimately progresses to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cell types proposed to be involved in the initiation and progression of the disease include not only hepatocytes, but also inflammatory cells (e.g. Kupffer cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils) and activated stellate cells.
Water Ice on Comets and Satellites

This brief overview will cover some recent work on solar system ices. The focus is on the origin, physical properties, composition, and radiation-induced chemistry of ices dominated by water, with an emphasis on comets and water-rich ices on satellites such as Europa. Understanding the physical characteristics and chemistry of these ices is important for explaining observations such as the albedo and sublimation of ice from planetesimals and comets, the formation of molecules that may have led to life, and planning present and future space missions.
Pre-B cell leukemia responds poorly to treatment: a pediatric oncology group study

Seventy-eight of 362 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) had leukemic cells similar in phenotype to normal pre-B cells. When the clinical and laboratory features of patients with pre-B and “null” cell phenotypes of ALL were compared, no significant differences were noted, except that the pre-B cell ALL phenotype had a higher percentage of black children. In contrast, patients with T cell ALL had a higher median age at diagnosis, frequent thymic involvement, and higher WBC counts. Patients with pre-B and “null” cell ALL were treated identically and patients with T cell ALL differently. Although no difference in remission induction rates was noted between patient groups with pre-B and “null” cell ALL, the remissions were of shorter duration for patients with pre-B cell ALL (p = 0.004). Similarly, overt leukemic involvement of both the central nervous system (CNS) and bone marrow was noted sooner in the patient group with pre-B cell ALL. Univariate and multivariate Cox life table regression analyses demonstrate the independent prognostic significance of the pre-B phenotype and illustrate that the prognostic influence of potential relapse risk factors, such as WBC, sex, and age, are specific for leukemia phenotype. These findings may have importance for the design and tailoring of therapy for children with acute leukemia.
Papierchromatographische Kationentrennungen. II

Systematische Untersuchungen uber das papierchromatographische Verhalten der Erdalkalien im Laufmittelsystem Tetrahydrofuran—Wasser—Salzsaure lassen den Transportmechanismus dieser Ionen erkennen. Dadurch wird es moglich, die Laufmittelzusammensetzung dem erstrebten Trenneffekt entsprechend zu wahlen. Fur die Trennung samtlicher Erdalkalien eignen sich besonders Gemische mit 30 Vol-% 1,2–3,7 n Salzsaure in Tetrahydrofuran und Gemische mit 70 Vol-% 7,4–12 n Salzsaure in Tetrahydrofuran.
Porphyria: clinical observations and a family vignette.

Excerpt Porphyria presents a varied clinical picture of abdominovisceral, neurologic and cutaneous involvement in association with increased excretion of porphyrins in the urine and feces. The diag...
Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin‐like Protein Conjugation

Protein modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) plays a pervasive role in eukaryotic cell regulation. One aim of this article is to survey the ubiquitin and Ubl conjugation systems in order to highlight key mechanistic and functional features. Another is to discuss some of the gaps in our understanding of both the evolutionary origins of these conjugation systems and the changes Ubl attachment can impart on a conjugated protein. The ubiquitin and Ubl systems use related enzymes to activate and attach ubiquitin and Ubls to proteins (and, in at least one case, to phospholipids). Most ubiquitin and Ubl attachments are dynamic, with efficient reversal of the modifications by a battery of deconjugating enzymes. The versatility of these systems is reflected in the enormous array of biological processes they control. It is likely that ubiquitin and Ubl attachments function fundamentally as a means of regulating macromolecular interactions. Best known is the ability of polyubiquitinated protein to bind with high affinity to polyubiquitin receptor sites on the proteasome, causing the rapid degradation of the tagged protein. Specific examples of physiological deployment of ubiquitin and Ubl attachment will be used to illustrate distinct mechanisms of regulation by these highly conserved protein modifiers. Originally published in: Protein Degradation, Volume 2. Edited by R. John Mayer, Aaron Ciechanover and Martin Rechsteiner. Copyright © 2005 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-31130-0 The sections in this article are Introduction The Ubiquitin Conjugation Pathway Ubiquitin Polymers Ubiquitin Attachment Dynamics Ubls: A Typical Modification Cycle by an Atypical Set of Modifiers Some Unusual Ubl Conjugation Features Origins of the Ubiquitin System Sulfurtransferases and Ubl Activation Enzymes The E1-E2 Couple Ubiquitin-binding Domains and Ubiquitin Receptors in the Proteasome Pathway A Proteasome “Ubiquitin Receptor” A Plethora of Ubiquitin-binding Domains Ubiquitin-Conjugate Adaptor Proteins Ubiquitin-binding Domains and Membrane Protein Trafficking The MVB Pathway and RNA Virus Budding Sumoylation and SUMO-binding Motifs A SUMO-binding Motif A SUMO-induced Conformational Change Interactions Between Different Sumoylated Proteins General Biochemical Functions of Protein-Protein Conjugation Negative Regulation by Ubl Conjugation Positive Regulation by Ubl Conjugation Cross-regulation by Ubls Conclusions Acknowledgments Keywords: ubiquitin; SUMO; proteasome; protein conjugates; ubiquitination; polyubiquitination
Electric fields in a sheath near discontinuous surfaces

Summary form only given. Spatially resolved electric fields in an argon sheath region near discontinuous surfaces are measured using laser-induced fluorescence-dip spectroscopy (LIF-dip). The fields were determined by observing experimentally determined Stark-shifted transitions to the 13d[3/2]/sub 1/ Rydberg state. Surface discontinuities included metal-dielectric, metal-metal and metal-step junctions. Spatial maps of electric fields, as well as spatial maps of metastable populations, optical emission and ion density are obtained in the regions near these discontinuities as a function of power and pressure of the discharge. These measurements indicate that the presence of these discontinuities induce spatial non-uniformities across the surface. The cause, the extent and the impact of these induced non-uniformities are discussed for the different discontinuous surfaces considered.
Angiotensin II maintains, but does not mediate, isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats

The role of angiotensin II (ANG II) in the development of isoproterenol (Iso)-induced cardiac hypertrophy was examined in rats. Iso increased cardiac mass, left ventricular RNA-to-DNA ratio, and th...
Reduction and Fixation of Cranial Cervical Fracture/Luxations using Screws and Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Cement: A Distraction Technique Applied to the Base of the Skull in Thirteen Dogs

Objective To (1) describe a surgical distraction technique for C1-2 cervical fractures/luxations or atlantoaxial (AA) subluxations using the base of the skull (basion of the foramen magnum) and either C2-3 or C3-4 for the purchase points of intraoperative axial distraction and (2) report outcome in 13 dogs. Study Design Retrospective case series. Animals Dogs (n = 13). Materials and Methods Medical records (September 1995–December 2005) of dogs with fracture/luxation of the cervical spine, or AA subluxations, were reviewed. Only dogs that had intraoperative linear distraction using the base of the skull as a purchase point for a self-retaining retractor were included. Signalment, presenting neurologic deficits, fracture location, and concurrent injury were recorded. Both short-term in-hospital follow-up, including healing and any complications, and long-term telephone follow-up were obtained. Results Realignment of the spinal vertebrae, reestablishing the normal properties of the spinal canal, was achieved after distraction in all dogs. Screws and small pins incorporated into polymethylmethacrylate cement were used to span the fracture ventrally and achieve rigid internal fixation. Eight dogs had a complete neurologic recovery, 2 dogs had slight residual ataxia, 2 dogs died, and 1 dog was lost to follow-up. Healing was good (mean, 7.5 weeks) or excellent (mean, 5.1 months) based on in-hospital follow-up (mean, 5.1 months). On final telephone follow-up (mean, 7.7 years), no dogs were reported to have had any associated problems or additional surgery. Conclusions This surgical distraction technique was a reliable, relatively simple method to obtain reduction of fracture/luxations of C1-2 to re-align the spinal canal. Mortality in this series appears lower than that previously reported and supports surgical management of these injuries.
A clinical information system (CIS) for ambulatory care

In this paper we wish to present an evolving ambulatory care information system (CIS) which has been in use by physicians since July 1, 1973. The noteworthy features of this system include:1. Implementation in a high level interpretive language on a mini computer.2. Paper based (optically read turn-around documents) rather than electronic terminal I/O.3. Automated clinical surveillance (the computer works for the physician by searching out errors and danger conditions rather than being a passive repository of data).4. Data base management orientation to better cope with the constant companion of change.
Reproductive biology of Euroglyphus maynei with comparisons to Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus.

The reproductive biology of the house dust mite, Euroglyphus maynei, is not well studied. This mite is usually less common in homes than Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus. When it is present, it usually co-inhabits with the Dermatophagoides spp. and is more restricted in geographical distribution. In this study, the duration of the life cycle (egg to adult) at 23 and 30 °C at 75 % relative humidity (RH) and fecundity at 23 °C and 75 % RH were determined for E. maynei and the data were compared to similar data for D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. Adults hatched from eggs after 28 days at 23 °C and 20 days at 30 °C. Females produced 1.4 eggs/day during a reproductive period of 24 days at 23 °C. Euroglyphus maynei has a shorter life cycle than D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus at 23 °C but a longer life cycle at 30 °C. Euroglyphus maynei has a shorter reproductive period and produces fewer eggs than both D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus.
On-line fault/damage detection schemes for mechanical and structural systems

On-line monitoring has become an attractive approach to detecting faults in a system during its service time. Once a fault is detected, necessary measures can be employed to ensure satisfactory system performance and to prevent drastic economic loss that may be caused by the fault. This paper presents a performance study of two fault detection/diagnosis approaches, namely the wavelet-based and the neural-network-based on-line schemes. A brief summary of the wavelet-based approach and two theorems on the neural-network-based on-line approximation scheme are given. The schemes are illustrated for a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) oscillator and a three-degree-of-freedom mechanical system with damageable springs. Only harmonic excitations and abrupt changes in the system stiffness due to breakage of springs caused by the first passage of a threshold value are considered. Extensive numerical studies show that both approaches may be successfully implemented on-line to detect the times when faults occurred and to locate regions where faults occurred. In addition, the on-line neural network scheme is able to provide diagnosis of the fault by correctly identifying the stiffness change. In contrast to the neural-network-based on-line approximation, where information on the healthy system and both displacement and velocity response measurements are required, the wavelet approach seems less model-dependent and only the acceleration measurement is required. This study demonstrates the great promise of these schemes for on-line structural health monitoring. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involvement of chromosomes 7 and 12 in large bowel cancer: trisomy 7 and 12q-.

Abstract Cytogenetic analysis of an adenocarcinoma of the large bowel with some villous features revealed consistent chromosome changes: trisomy of chromosomes No. 7, 12, and 20 and a deletion of part of the long arm of a chromosome No. 12. Examination of the chromosome findings in previously published cases of large bowel cancers and the data presented in this paper lead us to suggest that trisomy No. 7 and 12q− may be nonrandom (primary) karyotypic changes in a subgroup of large bowel cancers.
An ultrastructural study of early morphogenetic events during the establishment of fetal hepatic erythropoiesis.

Morphogenetic events are described which characterize early stages of the interaction between mesenchyme and expanding epithelial cell cords derived from the hepatic endodermal diverticulum in the C57BL/6J mouse. This interaction culminates in the differentiation of hepatic epithelial and hematopoietic tissues. No basement membrane separates the presumptive hepatic epithelial cells from the adjacent mesenchyme, while intercellular attachments, both adherent junctions and desmosomes, are established transiently between heterologous cell types across this epithelio-mesenchymal interface. Yolk sac-derived erythroblasts found in the primitive liver are distinguished morphologically from endogenous hepatic erythroid cells; they are confined to the vascular compartment and are not, apparently, precursors for hepatic erythropoiesis. The earliest recognizable endogenous hepatic hematopoietic cells appear, extravascularly, among those mesenchymal cells in intimate contact with the endodermal epithelium between the 10¼ and 10½ gestational day. Definitive erythropoiesis commences between the 10½ and 11th fetal days. The ultrastructure of these primitive hepatic erythroid cells (proerythroblasts) and their transition to more mature forms (basophilic and polychromatophilic erythroblasts) are described.
Altered Mental Status

Abstract Altered mental status is a sign of serious neurologic or systemic disease. The physician must rapidly assess the depth of coma and risk of intracranial hypertension, then determine the etiology and prescribe appropriate management. This is no small task, considering the variety and multitude of illnesses that may present with altered mental status. The etiologies can be broken down into structural and medical causes. The structural causes more frequently affect the brainstem centers adjacent to the ascending reticular activating system that are responsible for pupillary response and oculocephalic reflexes. Medical causes generally spare these structures. Management of structural lesions requires prompt diagnosis and neurosurgical input. Medical etiologies are protean and treatment is often supportive.
Nonfactorizable effects in top quark production

The production of top-antitop pairs at the Fermilab Tevatron shows a forward-backward asymmetry in which the top quark tends to follow the proton direction, while the antitop tends to follow the antiproton direction. The effect grows with increasing effective mass ${m}_{t\overline{t}}$ of the top-antitop pair, and with increasing rapidity difference between the top and antitop. The observed effect is about 3 times as large as predicted by next-to-leading-order QCD, but with the same sign. An estimate of nonfactorizable effects based on a QCD string picture finds they are negligible, but that small distortions of the ${m}_{t}$ spectrum are possible. Tests for such effects, both at and above the level of this estimate, are suggested.
Affine frames, GMRA's, and the canonical dual

We show that if the canonical dual of an ane frame has the ane struc- ture, with the same number of generators, then the core subspace V0 is shift invariant. We demonstrate, however, that the converse is not true. We apply our results in the setting of oversampling ane frames, as well as in computing the period of a Riesz wavelet, answer- ing in the armativ e a conjecture of Daubechies and Han. Additionally, we completely characterize when the canonical dual of a quasi-ane frame has the quasi-ane structure. The study of ane systems in L 2 (R d ) which gives rise to frames is cur- rently under vigorous research. Such systems can have better properties than systems which are bases (16), and can be utilized in denoising (2). Since frames can have many duals which yield reconstruction, from a prac- tical print of view it is important to know what structure the duals have. In particular, one wishes to know if a given ane frame has any duals with the ane structure. From a strictly theoretical viewpoint, one can ask if an ane frame gen- erates a generalized multiresolution analysis (GMRA). A GMRA, as dened by Baggett, Medina, and Merrill (1), is a sequence fVj : j 2 Zg of closed subspaces of L 2 (R d ) with the following v e properties: 1. Vj Vj+1;
Proton transfer reaction rates as a probe of size-dependent properties of large water clusters

Abstract Solvent-controlled excited state intermolecular proton transfer kinetics in 1-naphthol·(H2O)n (n⩽800), clusters were observed by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence in a molecular beam. Fast (
Correlation of the effect of Ca+2 on Na+ and K+ permeability and membrane potential of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

The effect of Ca+2 on the transport and intracellular distribution of Na+ and K+ in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was investigated in an effort to establish the mechanism of Ca+2-induced hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. Inclusion of Ca+2 (2mM) in the incubation medium leads to reduced cytoplasmic concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl− in steady state cells. In cells inhibited by ouabain, Ca+2 causes a 41% decrease in the rate of net K+ loss, but is without effect on the rate of net Na+ accumulation. Net K+ flux is reduced by 50%, while net Na+ flux is unchanged in the transport-inhibited cells. The membrane potential of cells in Ca+2-free medium (-13.9 ± 0.8 mV) is unaffected by the addition of ouabain. However, the potential of cells in Ca+2-containing medium (-23.3 ± 1.2 mV) declines in one hour after the addition of ouabain to values comparable to those of control cells (-15.2 ± 0.7 mV). The results of these experiment are consistent with the postulation that Ca+2 exerts two effects on Na+ and K+ transport. First, Ca+2 reduces the membrane permeability to K+ by 25%. Second, Ca+2 alters the coupling of the Na/K active transport mechanism leding to an electrogenic hyperpolarization of the membrane.
Maize as a model of higher plant mitochondrial genome plasticity

Higher plant mitochondrial genomes exhibit extraordinary plasticity in their organization where each genome is represented by a set of molecules at a stoichiometric equilibrium. This population of mtDNA molecules is generated by recombination between repeated sequences and those recombinogenic rearrangements seem to be the main force producing variability. This review emphasizes the consequences of such genomic rearrangements on higher plant mitochondrial gene organization and expression, and how the underlying evolutionary process might explain the size variability between plant species.
Choice: Some quantitative relations.

Six pigeons responded in fifty-six conditions on a concurrent-chains procedure. Conditions included several with equal initial links and unequal terminal links, several with unequal initial links and equal terminal links, and several with both unequal initial and terminal links. Although the delay-reduction hypothesis accounted well for choice when the initial links were equal (mean deviation of .04), it fit the data poorly when the initial links were unequal (mean deviation of .18). A modification of the delay-reduction hypothesis, replacing the rates of reinforcement with the square roots of these rates, fit the data better than either the unmodified delay-reduction equation or Killeen's (1982) model. The modified delay-reduction equation was also consistent with data from prior studies using concurrent chains. The absolute rates of responding in each terminal link were well described by the same hyperbola (Herrnstein, 1970) that describes response rates on simple interval schedules.
Positron measurements of selenium recrystallization rates

Abstract Recrystallization rates of polycrystalline Se are measured through the decline of positron lifitimes for two-gamma annihilations with electrons during isothermal anneals in the range 100 to 200°C. Analysis yields mean concentrations of spherulites as a function of the anneal temperature.
Determining the Sustained Yields of Weils in Carbonate and Fractured Aquifersa

Carbonate aquifers with highly developed anisotropic permeabilities and other fractured rocks under water-table or semiwater-table conditions present complex hydrologic settings in which to predict the sustained yield of individual wells or groups of wells. Yields of wells in these settings are particularly responsive to the position of the water level and its relationship to one or more producing zones. Often a well's total capacity may be accounted for by one or more openings encountered in drilling which are separated by varying thicknesses of essentially nonproductive rock. A well s yield is determined more by the position of the water table with respect to these openings than to the proportion of saturated rock penetrated by the well bore. A permeability profile must be defined for. these wells along with their available drawdown, and the inclination of water-yielding openings. Permeability profiles may be roughly estimated from detailed driller's logs and caliper logs, and more precisely determined from flow meter surveys; packer tests and by pumping wells after successive increments of drilling or by a combination of increasing casing lengths and extended drilling. Available drawdown is dependent upon the inclination and position of significant water-yielding openings exposed within the bore hole and seasonal variations in the water-table position. In gently dipping carbonate rocks openings may follow bedding planes or selected beds favoring conduit development. Where this is known to be the case, pumping levels may be allowed to approach the top o.f one or another of these zones depending upon which is most productive. Where openings‘are inclined, pumping levels should be kept well above the depth at which the opening was penetrated to minimize the risk of dewatering conduits where they occur higher in elevation adjacent to the well bore compared to where they were penetrated by the well bore, Test holes may be drilled immediately adjacent to the potential production well to define the inclination of individual conduits or wells test pumped when possible at rates sufficient to draw the pumping level to the top of the opening in question. The latter is preferable because reductions in yield can be observed directly as a function of drawdown. To determine available drawdowns in fractured rocks, a permeability or yield profile, the inclination of openings adjacent to the well and seasonal variations in water levels must be known.
DYNAMIC COURSE SCHEDULING FOR COLLEGE FACULTY VIA ZERO-ONE PROGRAMMING*

This paper formulates a multi-period course scheduling problem as a zero-one programming model. Under various constraints, and for a planning horizon of several terms, the model seeks to maximize: (1) the faculty course preferences in assigning faculty members to courses, and (2) the faculty time preferences in allocating courses to time blocks, via a two-stage optimization procedure. The multi-period structure of the model, strengthened by the explicit inclusion of a wide-range of constraints designed to represent various special requirements has enabled the model to capture the many dynamic features of the course scheduling problem at the college level. As such, it can be used not only for long-range or short-range departmental planning, but also as a suitable framework toward the development of a larger, and all-inclusive course scheduling decision system. The paper begins with a brief review of several related studies and then presents a multi-period scheduling model and its extensions. Some numerical examples are used to test the model, and the authors' experience, resulting from such tests with several computer codes, is reported. The possible directions for future research are also suggested.
Polymer Solutions: A Geometric Introduction

Why should a physicist be interested in polymers? They do not hold the key to vast sources of energy like atomic nuclei. They do not defy the intuition with ultrasmall dissipation like superconductors and superfluids. They do not reveal subtle new nonabelian symmetries as do subatomic particles. Nor do they hold secrets about the origin or fate of the universe. Polymers are just ordinary matter — just insulating organic molecules. These molecules are merely larger than usual and are in the form of chains of small monomer subunits. Yet these chain molecules have ways of interacting unmatched in other forms of matter. The study of polymers over the last few decades has forced us to broaden our notion of how matter can behave — how it can organize itself in space, how it can flow, and how it can transmit forces. These new behaviors arise from a few qualitative features of the polymer molecule’s structure. The potential for shaping these phenomena is just beginning to be realized as the power of synthetic chemists to control the molecular structure increases.
Phase separation in Ge1−xSnxSe2 glasses

Abstract Raman scattering and Mossbauer spectroscopy have been used to examine the structure of Ge1−xSnxSe2 glasses in the composition range 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.7. The Raman spectra can be separated into contributions from GeSe2 and SnSe2 units, and for x ⩾ 0.35 a softening of the tetrahedral breathing modes and a shift in the polarizability of the structure are observed. For x = 0.5, thermal annealing results in the precipitation of crystalline SnSe2. These results are interpreted to indicate a phase separation of GeSe2 and SnSe2 in the amorphous state.