cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Egg Size in Relation to Growth of Narragansett Turkeys

Abstract A NUMBER of investigations have been made of the relationship between egg size, day-old weight, and rate of growth of chickens. Halbersleben and Mussehl (1922) found that day-old chick weight varied directly with egg weight but that after 35 days the chicks from the smaller eggs averaged approximately the same weight as the chicks that were hatched from larger eggs. Jull and Quinn (1925) found that the weight of the chick seems to be determined more or less by the weight of the egg from which it is hatched. Upp (1928) found a positive correlation of .8283 ± .0055 between egg weight and day-old chick weight. Rate of growth was found to be independent of the chick size at the time of hatching. Turkeys are grown primarily for flesh. The egg is merely a means of propagation and is little used as food, whereas, the chicken egg is of primary importance, . . .
Analysis of model-updated MR images to correct for brain deformation due to tissue retraction

Surgical events such as retraction, resection, and gravitational sag often cause significant tissue movement that compromises the accuracy of neuronavigation systems that use a preoperative image display. Computational modeling has gained interest as a method for correcting registration errors that result from brain deformation by simulating surgical events and creating updated images. The success of simulating surgical events relies upon the application of surgical forces to a model of brain deformation physics. This paper analyzes the model simulation of retraction using a finite element model of the brain. To test the model, we conducted an ex vivo experiment on a porcine model using a retraction system in a MR scanner. The high-resolution images of retraction obtained from the sets of MR images were used to create the 3D volumetric model and serve as a basis of comparison to the model-updated images and calculations. The model is found to recapture 66% of average tissue motion and reduce the maximum registration error by over 80%. The model-updated images are displayed along with the actual deformation images and show a strong potential for computational modeling as a means to compensate for brain shift and minimize registration errors.
Influence of cold working and thermal treatment on the fit of implant-supported metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures.

Abstract Statement of Problem. The application of porcelain may alter the fit of metal-ceramic frameworks. In fixed partial denture frameworks, this altered fit may cause marginal opening and require sectioning and soldering of the prosthesis. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare the fit of implant-supported metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures when different thermal treatments were performed. Material and Methods. Fifteen implant-supported metal-ceramic fixed partial denture frameworks were fabricated and divided into 3 treatment groups: Group 1=cold working and thermal oxidation; Group 2=unrestrained thermal treatment, cold working, and oxidation; and Group 3=investment-restrained thermal treatment, cold working, and oxidation. After the appropriate treatment procedures, porcelain was applied. Measurements were made with a digital caliper, with the help of fiduciary marks, after each step in 3 dimensions and at 2 locations. These measurements were compared with those of the as-cast framework (baseline) to determine framework distortion. Distortion data among groups were compared with repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey's Studentized range test ( P Results. Absolute values of distortion (regardless of direction) after thermal treatment and after porcelain application were not significantly different among groups. However, total raw values of distortion, which describe the specific direction of distortion, were significantly different for 4 of the 6 recorded measurements between Groups 1 and 3 ( P Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, heat treatment of implant-supported metal-ceramic fixed partial denture frameworks before cold working did not decrease the total absolute distortion. Definite patterns of distortion were, however, found in Groups 1 and 3, suggesting that specific manipulations and heat treatments of the alloy affected the direction of distortion. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;88:159-69.)
Crossover between random and self-avoiding behaviour in a ring polymer

The crossover between the random walk and the self-avoiding walk limits of a large ring polymer is described using a direct renormalisation theory. The methods of field theory renormalisation are applied directly to the ring polymer system to calculate the mean square radius of gyration (RG2)ring through first order in epsilon =4-(dimension of space). The expansion factor alpha 2 for (RG2)ring is not a universal function of the natural scaling variable x that characterises the strength of the self-repelling (excluded volume) interaction. The crossover exhibited by the radius of gyration ratio R(x)=(RG2)ring/(RG2)line is described by a universal scaling function of x and has a range space (1/2<or=R(x)<or=1/2(1+13/96 epsilon )) that is bounded below and above by finite universal numbers representing the random and self-avoiding limits, respectively.
Surgical resection provides an overall survival benefit for patients with small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

The optimal management of small (≤2 cm) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) remains controversial. We evaluated these tumors in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to determine if resection provides a survival advantage over observation. The NCDB was queried to identify patients with nonmetastatic PNETs ≤2 cm treated between 1998 and 2006. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, stratified by grade and treatment type, evaluated the difference in 5-year overall survival (OS) between patients who underwent resection and observation. Multivariable Cox regression was used to determine the importance of resection in OS. Three hundred eighty patients met inclusion criteria. Eighty-one percent underwent resection; 19 % were observed. Five-year OS was 82.2 % for patients who underwent surgery and 34.3 % for those who were observed (p < 0.0001). When controlling for age, comorbidities, income, facility type, tumor size and location, grade, margin status, nodal status, surgical management, and nonsurgical therapy in the Cox model, observation [hazard ratio (HR) 2.80], poorly differentiated histology (HR 3.79), lymph node positivity (HR 2.01), and nonsurgical therapies (HR 2.23) were independently associated with an increase in risk of mortality (p < 0.01). Patients with localized PNETs ≤2 cm had an overall survival advantage with resection compared to observation, independent of age, comorbidities, tumor grade, and treatment with nonsurgical therapies.
Hydrogeologic Evolution of Gale Crater and Its Relevance to the Exobiological Exploration of Mars

Abstract The presence of an Amazonian impact crater lake in the Noachian crater Gale (located in the Aeolis northwest subquadrangle of Mars) is indicated by evidence from young floor deposits, streamlined terraces, layers, and channels observed on the central sedimentary deposit. Evidence for the filling of this lake by two processes is described: (a) the drainage of the aquifer in the Aeolis Mensae region, supported by extended mass-wasting and rim sliding in the crater at the contact with the mensae and (b) the overspilling of the northern rim by an Amazonian south transgression of the Elysium Basin. This last hypothesis is supported by hydrologic features such as channels and channel-like depressions north of the crater and by the crescent-like shape of the central sedimentary deposit. The presence of an impact melt sheet and uplifted central peak may have also generated hydrothermal activity, including an early crater lake, shortly after the formation of the crater in the Noachian period. With time, decreasing heat flux, and changing climates Gale may have experienced transitions in aqueous environments from warm and wet to cold and ice-covered water that could have provided suitable oases for various communities of microorganisms. Preservation of the biological and climatic record may have been favored in this paleolacustrine environment, which probably occured episodically over two billion years.
Cellular Dynamical Mean Field Approach to Strongly Correlated Systems

We propose a cellular version of dynamical mean field theory which gives a natural generalization of its original single-site construction and is formulated in different sets of variables. We incorporate a possible nonorthogonality of the tight-binding basis set and prove that the resulting equations lead to manifestly causal self-energies.
Crystallographic and modelling studies suggest that the SKICH domains from different protein families share a common Ig-like fold but harbour substantial structural variations

TAX1BP1 is a pleiotropic multi-domain protein involved in many important biological processes such as signal transduction, cell growth and apoptosis, transcriptional coactivation, membrane trafficking, neurotransmission and autophagy. The N-terminus of TAX1BP1 contains a SKICH domain implicated in autophagy. SKICH domains are also present in four other proteins including NDP52, CALCOCO1, SKIP and PIPP. The SKICH domains of SKIP and PIPP mediate plasma membrane localisation. The functions of the SKICH domains of NDP52 and CALCOCO1 are not known. Here we report the crystal structure of the TAX1BP1 SKICH domain, which has an Ig-like fold similar to the NDP52 SKICH domain. Extensive pairwise and clustered aromatic π-stacking interactions are present in the TAX1BP1 SKICH domain. The aromatic residues mediating these interactions can be classified into four groups with varying degrees of conservation among different protein families. The interactions mediated by highly conserved residues are found in the interior and one outward face of the Ig-like β-barrel, representing common structural features of the SKICH domains. Three TAX1BP1-specific pairwise interactions locate in the loop regions, each augmented by a proline-aromatic interaction. The three proline-aromatic clusters are linked together by more generic hydrophobic interactions, forming a unique hydrophobic surface at one end of the TAX1BP1 SKICH domain. The structures and homologous models of SKICH domains from different proteins reveal substantial differences in electrostatic surface properties of the domains. Together with existing biochemical data, results from the structural study suggest that an intact SKICH domain is required for the autophagy function of TAX1BP1.
Effect of immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides on host responses and the establishment of Brugia pahangi in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

Infection of humans with filarial parasites has long been associated with the maintenance of a dominant Th2-type host immune response. This is reflected by increases in interleukin (IL)–4– and IL-5–producing T cells, elevated immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG4 levels, and a pronounced eosinophilia. The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is permissive for the filarial nematodes Brugia malayi and B. pahangi. As in humans, persistent microfilaremic infections of gerbils with Brugia spp. results in increases in Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5. The association of dominant Th2 cytokine profiles with the maintenance of infection suggests that the introduction of Brugia spp. into a strongly Th1-biased environment may adversely affect parasite establishment. Indeed, studies conducted in mice with B. malayi suggest that depleting Th1 effectors such as interferon (IFN)–γ and nitric oxide results in increased worm recoveries. In the present studies, the Mongolian gerbil was used as a model to investigate the eff...
From Monomeric Nanofibers to PbS Nanoparticles/Polymer Composite Nanofibers through the Combined Use of γ-Irradiation and Gas/Solid Reaction

Organic metal−salt (lead dimethacrylate (Pb(MA)2)) nanofibers are prepared, and these Pb(MA)2 monomeric nanofibers are successfully converted into PbS nanoparticles/polymer composite nanofibers through the combined use of γ-irradiated polymerization and gas/solid reaction. The resulting composite nanofibers have excellent thermal and chemical stability, and the PbS nanoparticles (with diameters of about 4 nm) are well dispersed in the polymer−fiber matrices. This approach could also be extended to methacrylates containing other metal ions. We anticipate that this method would provide a platform for the fabrication of diverse and multifunctional polymer nanocomposite fibers, which would have potential applications in fabricating devices with optical, electric, and magnetic properties.
Effect of salt on the kidney and the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Abstract The mammalian kidney normally adjusts very accurately the amount of sodium and extracellular fluid in the body. The regulation is probably accomplished through the use of volume receptors. The juxtaglomerular apparatus probably acts as such a volume receptor, changing its rate of secretion inversely with changes in the degree of distention of the afferent glomerular arterioles. Most of the renin in a kidney is confined to the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The physiologic functions of renin are also the physiologic functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus; they should always be considered together. The juxtaglomerular apparatus seems to have an important influence on the regulation of body sodium. It may also be the site where the initial stimulus is registered in the hypertension caused by a narrowing of the renal artery as well as the hypertension caused by encapsulation of the kidney.
Adenomatoid tumors: a light microscopic, histochemical, and ultrastructural study.

The histogenesis of the adenomatoid tumor has been controversial. The clinical, light microscopic, and histochemical features of six cases, with electron microscopy of three cases is presented and compared to previous studies. The histologic diagnosis rests upon recognition of one of three distinctive patterns: plexiform, tubular, or canalicular, or their various admixtures. There is a similarity of these areas with foci of malignant mesotheliomas. Acid mucopolysaccharide (AMPS), a product of both normal and neoplastic mesothelium, was histochemically present in all six cases and in the reported results of five previous studies. This material was at least partially digested by hyaluronidase. Electron microscopic features include microvilli, desmosomes, tonofilaments and tonofilament-like structures, and dilated intercellular spaces. This agrees with previous studies, which compared normal mesothelium and mesotheliomas with adenomatoid tumors, and gives further support to a mesothelial origin of these tumors.
The shape of modern French and German philosophy

Twentieth century philosophy on the continent has passed through two quite distinct phases with respect to historic reference. During the period immediately following World War II, Karl Jaspers asserted that "Emmanuel Kant is the nodal point of modern philosophy, the absolutely indispensible philosopher." Few scholars, I suspect, would have contested this assertion with any vigor. But now it is entirely evident, as both Vincent Descombes and Riidiger Bubner contend in their respective analyses of modern "French" and "German" philosophy, that once the contemporary philosopher has worked through the critical philosophy of Kant, he must pass through the even more encompassing shadow of Hegel. The common element between these two excellent studies has precisely to do with how the Hegel renaissance during the past fifty years or so, and especially the past twenty, is the dominant influence on modern French and German philosophy. Descombes begins his work, out of Kojeve, with an explicit statement to this effect: "It may well be that the future of the world, and thus the sense of the present and the significance of the past, will depend in the last analysis on contemporary interpretations of Hegel" (D, 9). Kojeve made this observation in 1933 when few were listening the great watershed of Hegel studies not to take place for another thirty years in the works of scholars such as Charles Taylor, J.N. Findlay, and Hans-Georg Gadamer. Each of these persons, in their respective ways, asserted that the critical responses of both the so-called "Left" and "Right" interpretations were profoundly deficient that Hegel must be read for Hegel and not filtered through various twentieth century ideologies such as neo-Marxism, Existentialism, Freudianism, and so forth. The early Heidegger, as Bubner shows, was one of the
Song Learning in Birds: The Relation between Perception and Production

The vocal control system of oscine songbirds has some perplexing properties e.g. laterality, adult neurogenesis, neuronal replacement that are not predicted by common views of how vocal learning takes place. Similarly, we do not understand the relation between the direct pathway for the control of learned song and the recursive pathway necessary for song learning. Some of the paradoxes of the vocal system of birds may disappear once the relation between the perception and production of learned vocalizations is better understood. To some extent, perception and production may be two closely related states of a same system.
Arts, Aesthetics, and Citizenship Education: Democracy as Experience in a Postmodern World

Abstract Educators across academic environments seek to prepare students for participation in the development of a more just and caring society and world. In this paper, I explore the value of “art” and “aesthetics,” broadly defined, as means of addressing these issues through citizenship education. After a brief historical review of the social studies, I identify a particular conception of democratic education toward which we might aim. Next, I discuss existing relationships between the arts and civics education and introduce a postmodern alternative. I conclude with a detailed exploration of the value of arts and aesthetics within a postmodern context for the development of a strong, creative democracy in a multicultural society.
microRNA-144: the 'what' and 'how' of remote ischemic conditioning?

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is the intriguing phenomenon whereby brief episodes of ischemia-reperfusion applied in a distant organ or tissue render the heart resistant to infarction [29, 37]. Most notably, there is compelling evidence that robust cardioprotection can be triggered by transient 5-minute periods of limb ischemia, achieved in a simple and cost-effective manner by inflation-deflation of a standard blood pressure cuff [19] – a discovery that has spurred the clinical investigation of RIPC in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and percutaneous intervention [2, 5, 12, 14, 24, 25, 34]. However, despite the translational appeal and promise of this apparently simple strategy, two fundamental and not-so-simple questions continue to bedevil investigators in the field [27, 30, 31]: what is the identity of the protective factor(s), and how is the protective stimulus communicated from its source (presumably the remote tissue) to the heart?
NUTRITION OF THE GREEN ALGA GOLENKINIA

A B S T R A C T Defined media were established for four strains of Golenkinia. Strains 929 and 930 require thiamine and vitamin B12, strain 931 requires the latter and is stimulated by thiamine; only strain 320 and a mutant of strain 931 are capable of completely autotrophic growth. The optimal nitrogen concentration is 0.025 M except for strain 931 where it is 0.015 M and the requirement may be met by nitrate, ammonium, or urea. Optimal levels of the other comiponents are: 0.0025 M KH2PO4, 0.0005 to 0.001 M MgSO4, and 50 ml of a stock trace-element solution per liter. Only strain 931 required calcium; however, its addition stimulates the growth of strains 929 and 930. The optimal pH before autoclaving is 6.8. Maximal growth rates of two to three cell doublings per day and yields of 26 to 30 (log2) cells per ml were obtained. These growth data compare favorably with those for other unicellular green algae. THE NUITRITION and vegetative growth characteristics of the green alga Golenkinia were studied in preparation for an investigation of the factors regulating sexual reproduction. The goal was a defined medium in which rapid and extensive growth could occur. Golenkinia has never been studied nutritionally. Previous investigations were concerned with the taxonomy, morphology, and sexual reproduction (Chodat, 1894; Jyengar and Balakrishnan, 1956; Starr, 1963). In these studies the algae were grown in an undefined medium containing soil or soil extract.
Cracking the Code of Genocide: The Moral Psychology of Rescuers, Bystanders, and Nazis during the Holocaust

What turns neighbors into genocidalists? Why do some stand by, while others risk their lives to help? A narrative analysis of interviews with rescuers, bystanders, and Nazi supporters during World War II focuses attention on self‐image, worldview, and cognitive categorization as critical influences. Rescuers, bystanders, and Nazis demonstrated dramatically different self concepts, yet identity constrained choice for all groups. A critical aspect of identity is relational: the sense of self in relation to others. Worldview, canonical expectations, and idealized cognitive models are critical determinants, with the ethical importance of values emanating not from particular values but from the integration of these values into the speaker's sense of self. Finally, cognitive categorization carries strong ethical overtones. The dehumanization that spurs perpetrators and the sense of moral salience that drives rescuers work through the cognitive classification of "the other."
Capital energy drives production of multiple clutches whereas income energy fuels growth in female collared lizards Crotaphytus collaris

Animals invest energy in reproduction that is obtained at two distinct times relative to the reproductive cycle. Energy obtained during egg production is referred to as income energy whereas stored energy acquired prior to reproduction is capital energy. Similar to most ectotherms, squamate reptiles are generally hypothesized to be capital breeders. Nearly all squamates in which income/capital energy investment has been examined thus far produce only one clutch per reproductive season. Although it is likely that squamates producing multiple seasonal clutches fuel first clutches with capital energy, either capital or income energy may be used to produce later clutches. We first monitored female eastern collared lizards over 14 reproductive seasons to confirm that the number of clutches females produce seasonally is a plastic response to variable environmental parameters, and to examine the effects of female body condition at the beginning of the reproductive season on clutch production. Clutch production varied annually and both the size and number of clutches were positively correlated with body condition. We then tested the competing predictions of the income and capital hypotheses experimentally by supplementing the diets of female collared lizards in situ for one season. Diet-supplementation had no effect on the number of clutches produced but increased growth rates of gravid females. We further tested the competing predictions of these two hypotheses by examining variation in maternal energy investment per clutch using preserved specimens collected near our primary field site. Clutch size was highly correlated with female body size. Together, our results suggest that variation in reproductive output by female collared lizards is linked to stored capital energy rather than income energy, similar to most ectotherms.
Dipstick only urinalysis screen for the pediatric emergency room.

To determine if microscopic urinalysis is needed in all pediatric emergency room patients screened for urinary tract infections (UTI), we compared the dipstick urinalysis and complete urinalysis (dipstick and microscopy) with urine cultures in 236 children, aged 3 weeks to 21 years. The ability to detect UTI by dipstick only and by complete urinalysis was the same, however microscopic evaluation added many false-positive results without detecting additional UTIs. Because the ability to detect UTI (sensitivity) is maintained, we now offer a dipstick only urinalysis to our emergency room for children 2 years of age or older, with a microscopic analysis performed automatically if dipstick results are positive. If no microscopic urinalysis is required, testing turn-around time is reduced by 12.3 min/test and the hospital charge is reduced from U.S. $ 32 to U.S. $ 12.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Liquid Flow With Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Material

This experimental and numerical study investigates Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Material (MEPCM) heat transfer characteristics and corresponding pressure drop. To conduct this study, an experimental setup consisting of a steel tube with an inner diameter of 4.3mm, outer diameter of 6.5mm and a length of 1,016mm is selected. A MEPCM mass concentration of 20% slurry with particle diameter ranging between 5–15μm is included in this study. Tube wall temperature profile, fluid inlet, outlet temperatures, the pressure drop across the tube are measured and corresponding Nusselt number are determined for various operating conditions. The experimental results are used to validate the numerical model predictions. The numerical model results show good agreement with the experimental data under various operating conditions. The controlling parameters are identified and their effects on the heat transfer characteristics of micro-channels with MEPCM slurries are evaluated.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Is Hypermobility Syndrome (HS) Etiologic in Some Children with Chondromalacia Patellae (CP)? 1988

Aims: To determine the prevalence of HS in a population of children with CP, and to compare demographic and other features of children with both HS and CP, to those with only HS.
Isolation and characterization of the core single-stranded DNA-binding domain of purine-rich element binding protein B (Purβ)

Purβ is a single-stranded nucleic acid-binding protein implicated in the injury-induced repression of genes encoding certain muscle-restricted isoforms of actin and myosin expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, and vasculature. To better understand how the modular arrangement of the primary sequence of Purβ affects the higher order structure and function of the protein, purified recombinant Purβ was subjected to partial proteolysis in an attempt to identify a well-folded truncation protein that retained purine-rich single-stranded DNA-binding activity. Limited tryptic digestion of Purβ liberated a core ∼30kDa fragment corresponding to residues 29-305 as determined by epitope mapping and mass spectrometry. Size exclusion chromatography indicated that the isolated core fragment retains the ability to self-associate while circular dichroism analysis confirmed that the Purβ core domain is stably folded in the absence of glycine-rich N- and C-terminal sequences. Comparative DNA-binding assays revealed that the isolated core domain interacts with purine-rich cis-elements from the smooth muscle α-actin gene with similar specificity but increased affinity compared to full-length Purβ. These findings suggest that the highly conserved modular repeats of Purβ fold to form a core functional domain, which mediates the specific and high affinity binding of the protein to single-stranded DNA.
Acetate dialysate versus bicarbonate dialysate: a continuing controversy

The use of bicarbonate dialysate as the buffer during routine dialysis is growing. This discussion reviews several of the comparative trials in which bicarbonate and acetate buffers have been tested. Effects of the two buffers on BP, cardiac function, and pulmonary performance are discussed. Costs of the two systems are also compared. Patients who seem most likely to benefit from bicarbonate dialysate include those with a reduced muscle mass in whom a high sodium dialysate has not prevented hypotension.
Iodine in mitochondria and nuclei

Abstract The total iodine content of liver mitochondria obtained from hypothyroid rats was about 20% of that mitochondria from normal rats. Injecting the hypothyroid rats with 5.2 mμg of L-T 4 gm and killing them 2 minutes later produced a liver mitochondrial iodine content that was 56% of normal. The iodine increment had a half-life of 10 minutes as measured by the iodine content of mitochondria from animals killed in 30 and 180 minutes. Skeletal muscle mitochondria and liver nuclei from hypothyroid rats contained 65% and 50% as much iodine, respectively, as those from normal rats, and injecting the animals with 5.2 mμg of L-T 4 gm up to 3 hours before sacrifice produced no significant changes, although the iodine in muscle mitochondria rose slightly. The number of nucleoli per liver nucleus in untreated hypothyroid animals was 65% of that in normal nuclei, and was not changed by thyroxine treatment over the 3-hour period studied. These results are consistent with those reported previously on functional changes in liver mitochondria from hypothyroid rats killed 3 hours after L-T4 administration in vivo, well before the hormone affects nuclear RNA metabolism. About 75% of the iodine in normal liver mitochondria was butanol-extractable or -insoluble, and so represented thyroid hormone; injection of 5.2 μg of L-T 4 gm 2 minutes before sacrifice raised the total iodine, butanol-extractable iodine, and butanol-insoluble iodine 20-fold.
Intraarticular lidocaine versus intravenous procedural sedation with narcotics and benzodiazepines for reduction of the dislocated shoulder: a systematic review.

Background: Anterior shoulder dislocations commonly present to the emergency department (ED). The time associated with procedural sedation for the reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations can be lengthy and may require use of additional personnel. Complications associated with intravenous (IV) medications for procedural sedation are well documented. Objectives: The aim was to determine if intraarticular lidocaine (IAL) injection is as effective as IV procedural sedation with narcotics and benzodiazepines for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations. Methods: This was a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The authors performed a PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane database search using key words: “shoulder dislocation” and “reduction” and retrieved every RCT published that compared the use of IV sedation to IAL as medication for reduction. Each manuscript was reviewed and the results of each was compared regarding medications used, success of reduction, complications, pain perceived, ease of reduction, and time spent in the ED. Results: Six Level 1 RCTs were identified. No studies showed a statistically significant difference in success rate between IAL versus IV sedation. The complication rate was significantly higher in the IV sedation groups (p < 0.001), and the total time spent in the ED was longer for the IV sedation group. Conclusions: The use of IAL for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations should be strongly considered as a first line therapy because it is effective and safe and may potentially reduce time spent in the ED.
Parents and friendships: A longitudinal examination of interpersonal mediators of the relationship between child maltreatment and suicidal ideation

This study examined parental relationship quality, friendship quality, and depression as mediators of the association between child maltreatment (CM) and adolescent suicidal ideation (SI). Participants were 674 adolescents (46% female; 55% African American) involved in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). Data were collected via youth self-report at ages 12, 16, and 18. CM before age 12 predicted poor parental relationships and depression, but not poor friendships, at age 16. Age 16 depression was negatively associated with parental relationship quality and positively associated with SI at age 18. An indirect path from CM to SI via depression was significant, suggesting that the early CM affects depression severity, which in turn is associated with SI. Strong friendship quality (age 16) was associated with SI at age 18; however, there was no significant indirect path from CM to SI via friendships. Results suggest that: 1) CM before age 12 affects parental relationships in adolescence; 2) depression and friendships are related to suicide ideation in later adolescence; and 3) depression partially mediates the association between CM and SI. Results highlight the importance of assessing for a history of CM, quality of interpersonal relationships, and depression severity among youth reporting SI.
ζ-Crystallin: a tale of two cells

Szutkowska et al . demonstrate that ζ-crystallin plays an essential role in the stabilization of the Na + /K + /2Cl − cotransporter mRNA in the medullary thick ascending limb. However, differential effects of experiments using small interfering RNA to knock down ζ-crystallin in proximal tubule and thick ascending limb cells suggest that additional proteins must contribute to the rapid turnover and selective stabilization of the various mRNAs during metabolic acidosis.
Acceptability of Scrambled Eggs from Egg Solids Product

Abstract Scrambled eggs prepared from fresh eggs and from three commercial spray-dried whole egg solids products were evaluated by four consumer panels in ten trials. The spray-dried products included A) modified whole egg solids (fortified with 8 percent corn syrup and 0.5 percent salt; B) whole egg solids; and C) a patented whole egg product containing fresh eggs, condensed nonfat milk and vegetable oil. The scrambled eggs prepared from fresh eggs were preferred over those from whole egg solids and modified whole egg solids, and about equal to those from the whole egg product which contained milk and vegetable oil. The product containing 8 percent corn syrup was too sweet and less desirable than all others evaluated. When pre-cooked sausage was added to the whole egg product during preparation for scrambling, it was preferred over a fresh egg scrambled product. The patented whole egg product containing a similar amount of sausage which contained a milk product and vegetable oil was more acceptable than modified or regular whole egg solids and comparable to scrambled fresh eggs.
The effect of music streaming services on music piracy among college students

We analyze the impact of music streaming services in digital music piracy.Using a sample of 197 surveys, we evaluate correlations between groups.We develop a Logit regression model to test five hypothesis regarding music piracy.We find that music streamers are more likely to illegally download music.We find that optimistic beliefs about risk and rewards explain music piracy. Previous studies examining the intention and level of music piracy among young people have postulated that collective attitudes, optimistic biases toward risk, and beliefs about copyright laws are the key factors involved in their decisions. We extend the analysis by studying the impact of music streaming services. Music streaming is an alternative business model in which, for a small fee, the consumer has access to a large set of songs without downloading them onto their devices. Results from a Logit model show that college students who are frequent users of music streaming are also more likely to download music illegally. A plausible explanation is that those engaged in music streaming are also heavy users of computer technology, software downloading, and digital sharing - factors that facilitate the conditions for music piracy. Demographics, collective attitudes, and beliefs about risk and rewards continue to play a key role in explaining music piracy, but their relevance is slightly reduced once controlled for music streaming usage.
Effect of Selected Additives on Surface Energy of Fibers and Meltblown Nonwovens

In this article a small amount (4%) of a series of polymer additives were blended with polypropylene (Exxon 3746G) and polyester (Eastman 14965) polymers and the mixtures were processed. The effect of these additives on the surface energy of the polymers was characterized by the contact angle measured on single fibers and by surface energy on nonwoven webs. The results indicate that fibers modified by silicone-containing polymer additives showed the greatest increase in hydro-phylicity. Meltblown webs of PP and PET with selected additive also shared the same potential increase of hydrophilicity.
Combined training: Evidence of economic impact

Abstract The impact of the combination of on-the-job and classroom training on the employability of Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) terminees is examined in this paper. The patterns reported here are for JTPA Title II-A terminees who completed a training activity in Missouri between July of 1984 and June of 1986. The results indicate that, while the combination of training activities appears to have enhanced the employability of program participants at the time of program termination relative to those receiving classroom only training, the impact on employability 1 year after termination disappeared. This indicates that the benefits from combined training are related to the ease of placement associated with on-site training, rather than to long-term human capital enhancement from program complementaries.
Consumer durables, economics of information and public policy

The economic concept of the value of the last dollar spent is used to analyse market failure associated with the energy requirements of appliances. A model is developed which focuses on the information problem concerning the energy used to derive service flows from durables. Economic perspectives based upon the model are offered as to (1) why the private sector did not correct the problem, (2) why events in the 1970s prompted public intervention, and (3) how Energy Guide labels enhance the exchange process. But can consumers use the information contained on Energy Guide labels? The results of a study of high school students in the United States suggest that many consumers with problem solving skills comparable to these students would be unable to use the labels effectively. The study also indicated that effective education materials have been developed to help consumers use the labels.
Bayesian Mixture Labeling and Clustering

Label switching is one of the fundamental issues for Bayesian mixture modeling. It occurs due to the nonidentifiability of the components under symmetric priors. Without solving the label switching, the ergodic averages of component specific quantities will be identical and thus useless for inference relating to individual components, such as the posterior means, predictive component densities, and marginal classification probabilities. The author establishes the equivalence between the labeling and clustering and proposes two simple clustering criteria to solve the label switching. The first method can be considered as an extension of K-means clustering. The second method is to find the labels by minimizing the volume of labeled samples and this method is invariant to the scale transformation of the parameters. Using a simulation example and the application of two real data sets, the author demonstrates the success of these new methods in dealing with the label switching problem.
Molecular characterization of the lysosomal acid phosphatase from Drosophila melanogaster.

InDrosophila, unlike humans, the lysosomal acid phosphatase (Acph-1) is a non-essential enzyme. It is also one of the most rapidly evolving gene-enzyme systems in the genus. In order to determine which parts of the enzyme are conserved and which parts are apparently under little functional constraint, we cloned the gene fromDrosophila melanogaster via a chromosomal walk. Fragments from the gene were used to recover an apparently full-length cDNA. The cDNA was subcloned into aDrosophila transformation vector where it was under the control of the 5′ promoter sequence of thehsp-70 gene. Three independent transformants were obtained; in each, Acph-1 expression from the cDNA was constitutive and not dependent on heat shock, as determined by densitometric analyses of the allozymic forms of the enzyme. The pattern of expression indicates thehsp-70 and endogenousAcph-1 promoters act together in some, but not all, tissues. The sequence of the cDNA was determined using deletions made with exonuclease III, and primers deduced from the cDNA sequence were used to sequence the genomic clone. Five introns were found, and putative 5′ up-stream regulatory sequences were identified. Amino acid sequence comparisons have revealed several highly conserved motifs betweenDrosophila Acph-1 and vertebrate lysosomal and prostatic acid phosphatases.
Microelectromechanical Systems and Neurosurgery: A New Era in a New Millennium

MICROMACHINES AND MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) are terms that are new to neurosurgeons but certain to become "household terms" in neurosurgery in the near future. These new terms serve as an introduction to a new world of sensors, actuators, and "smart systems" that will change the ways in which neurosurgeons interact with their environment. Through the use of microelectronics and micromachining technologies, MEMS will allow neurosurgeons to perform familiar tasks with greater precision, perform tasks that previously were not done at all, and monitor physiological and biochemical parameters more accurately and with greater safety. This review provides the information necessary to understand the fundamental concepts of MEMS and their application to the neurosurgical arena. It defines the relevant terms and describes the history behind the "micromachine revolution," the capabilities and limitations of MEMS technology, and how this revolution is germane to neurosurgery and to neurosurgeons.
Light-front QCD with Wilson fermions on a transverse lattice

In the light-front (LF) formulation of field theory, it is possible to write down a chirally invariant mass term. It thus appears as if one could solve the species doubling problem on a light-front quantized transverse lattice in a chirally invariant way. However, upon introducing link fields and after perturbative renormalization, one finds exactly the terms in the LF Hamiltonian as if one had started from the standard Wilson action in the first place. The only difference is the disappearance of the quark helicity flip terms for modified Wilson fermions for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{m}0$ in the canonical Hamiltonian --- a result which is likely to change after non-perturbative renormalization. As an application of the Wilson formulation for fermions on a $\ensuremath{\perp}$ lattice, we calculate spectrum, distribution functions and distribution amplitudes for mesons below 2 GeV in a truncated Fock space.
Infant growth and the thymus: Data from two South American native societies

The thymus plays an important role in the development of the immune system, yet little is known about the patterns and sources of variation in postnatal thymic development. The aim of this study is to contribute cross-cultural data on thymus size in infants from two South American native populations, the Tsimane of Bolivia and the Pume of Venezuela. Thymic ultrasonography was performed and standard anthropometric measures collected from 86 Tsimane and Pume infants. Patterns of infant growth and thymus size were compared between the two populations and the relationship between nutritional status and thymus size was assessed. Despite nearly identical anthropometric trajectories, Tsimane infants had larger thymuses than Pume infants at all ages. Population, infant age, and infant mid-upper arm circumference were significant predictors of thymus area in the Tsimane and Pume infants. This finding reveals a cross-cultural difference in thymus size that is not driven by nutritional status. We suggest that future studies focus on isolating prenatal and postnatal environmental factors underlying cross-cultural variation in thymic development. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of prostaglandin antagonists on the induction of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate formation and thyroid hormone secretion in vitro.

We examined the effects of TSH, prostaglandin Ex (PGEX) and the prostaglandin antagonists, polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) and 1– acetyl–2- (8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz (b,f) (1,4)- oxazepine-10-carbonyl)hydrazine [SC-19220], on cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) formation and the release of hormonal radioiodine in incubated mouse thyroid lobes. Both TSH and PGE1 augmented cyclic AMP formation and thyroid hormone release in this in vitro system; the presence of PGE1 blunted the doseresponse line to the more potent TSH in both assays. PPP and SC-19220 each inhibited induction of cyclic AMP formation and thyroid hormone release by both TSH and PGE1. These findings support our working postulate that thyroidal prostaglandins may play an important role in TSH stimulation of cyclic AMP formation and hormonogenesis in the gland. (Endocrinology 94: 91, 1974)
On the relation between high Tc superconductors and lattice gauge theories

Abstract A relation between lattice gauge theories with gauge group SU(2) and the Heisenberg model is briefly discussed. Numerical results are shown suggesting that the Heisenberg model has an antiferromagnetic ground state even in 2 space dimensions at zero temperature.
Phylogeography of an endangered Western North American springsnail

We provide the first genetic analysis of the Bruneau Hot Springsnail (Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis), a federally listed (endangered) hydrobiid gastropod that is distributed in spring-fed habitats along a short reach of the Bruneau River in southwestern Idaho and threatened with extinction by groundwater withdrawal. Partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (NDI) were obtained from 51 specimens from six sites spanning the narrow geographic range of P. bruneauensis. A Bayesian analysis of the combined dataset resolved this species as a well supported clade which differed from other regional congeners by 4.66–10.62% sequence divergence (COI). The 11 observed COI haplotypes in P. bruneauensis formed two divergent (1.42 ± 0.7%) subgroups that co-occurred at five of the six collecting sites. COI haplotype diversity was substantial (ranging up to 0.9111) in all but one sample, while nucleotide diversity was low (<0.01). AMOVA detected small but significant variation among sites, although only one sample was significantly differentiated by pairwise comparisons. Haplotype composition varied widely among the collecting localities and no obvious geographic pattern was detected. These findings suggest that translocation of snails, which was considered as a possible measure in the P. bruneauensis recovery plan, should be preceded by assays to ensure selection of appropriately genetically diverse source populations.
The NCAA Cartel and Competitive Balance in College Football

The NCAA regulates college football player recruiting, eligibility, and compensation. The economic theory of cartels suggests that one consequence may be reduced competitive balance. The enforced restrictions inhibit weak teams from improving, and protect strong teams from competition. A “stratification” is implied which should be evident over time as less “churning” in national rankings and conference standings, and fewer schools achieving national prominence. I test this general hypothesis by comparing various competitive balance measures for about 25 years before and after NCAA enforcement began in 1952. The hypothesis is supported by all measures at both the national and conference levels.