cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesity stigma as a globalizing health challenge.

Based on studies conducted in the global north, it is well documented that those who feel stigmatized by overweight/obesity can suffer extreme emotional distress, be subject to (often legal and socially-acceptable) discrimination, and adjust diet and exercise behaviors. These lead to significant negative health impacts, including depression and further weight gain. To date, weight-related stigma has been conceptualized as a problem particular to the highest income, industrialized, historically thin-valorizing societies like the US, Australasia, and Western Europe. There is limited but highly suggestive evidence that obesity stigma is an emergent phenomenon that affects populations across the global south. Emergent evidence includes: implicit and explicit measures showing very high levels of weight stigma in middle and low-income countries, complex ethnographic evidence of widespread anti-fat beliefs even where fat-positivity endures, the globalization of new forms of “fat talk,” and evidence of the emotional and material damage of weight-related rejection or mistreatment even where severe undernutrition is still a major challenge. Recognizing weight stigma as a global health problem has significant implications for how public health conceives and implements appropriate responses to the growing “obesity epidemic” in middle and lower income settings.
Funambulus tristriatus (Indian three-striped squirrel)

These squirrels are confined to the Western ghants of the Southern Indian subcontinent and were trapped in the forests near Sagar, Mysore State. Bone marrow chromosomes from two males and two females were analyzed and the chromosome number determined from a total of 200 metaphase plates. The X chromosome is identified as one of the larger submetacentrics on the basis of comparison with its congeneric species F. pennanti where X chromosome has been identified by autoradiography. The Y chromosome is the smallest of the complement, as in F. pennanti. (Sharma et al., 1970). The karyotypes are gifts of Dr. S. R. V. Rao, Delhi, India.
Scoring Systems of Blunt Thoracic Trauma and Rib Fractures

Chest wall injuries represent a diverse group of pathologies. A standardized, organized approach to their description is imperative to facilitating communication, education, and selection of therapies. This chapter reviews the theoretical considerations of a scoring system, currently available chest wall injury scoring systems, and important considerations for the development of the next generation of such systems. Regardless of which system is used, clinicians are encouraged to routinely calculate and report chest wall injury scores in order to foster a culture of both standardization and rigorous outcome assessment.
Not just another Internet of Things taxonomy: A method for validation of taxonomies

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is a fast-evolving ecosystem. As with any new and popular technology, it includes important design details that need to be refined, such as the standardization of APIs, firmware, architecture, application development, performance, and security. There have been several studies on the IoT architecture, the classification of IoT threats, and the future of these devices. In this paper, our goal is to create a general taxonomy for better understanding the large ecosystem of devices that span from commodity home appliances, such as smart plugs, digital assistants, and web cameras; to industry and health-care machines, such as smart meters and robots. Our first contributions includes an IoT taxonomy, based on generic building blocks that characterize IoT. Our second contribution is to demonstrate that this taxonomy is general and robust, by including a simple yet effective algorithm to prove the taxonomy’s completeness, timelessness, and precision. We compare our proposed taxonomy with another two taxonomies, to identify any weaknesses or differences. We conclude that our taxonomy is more general and precise than the already existent ones. Finally, our third contribution is to list two applications of this taxonomy. The first application demonstrates the classes defined by our taxonomy and how these groups of devices share similar architectures and can be standardized with common APIs, tools, and communication protocols. The second generates IoT models of correct operation that can be applied in intrusion detection or debugging faulty behavior.
A Model to Study Endothelial-Mediated Valve Disease and Repair Potential of VECs

Objective: As the heart valves open and close 100,000 times each day, the overlying valve endothelial cells (VECs) are exposed to significant biomechanical stress and circulating risk factors. It i...
Improving efficiency in epistaxis transfers in a large health system: Analyzing emergency department treatment variability as pretext for a clinical care pathway.

Abstract Introduction Epistaxis is a common condition with an estimated $100 million in health care costs annually. A significant portion of this stems from Emergency Department (ED) management and hospital transfers. Currently there is no data in the literature clearly depicting the differences in treatment of epistaxis between Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians and Otolaryngologists. Clinical care pathways (CCP) are a way to standardize care and increase efficiency. Our goal was to evaluate the variability in epistaxis management between EM and Otolaryngology physicians in order to determine the potential impact of a system wide clinical care pathway. Materials and methods A retrospective case study was conducted of all patients transferred between emergency departments for epistaxis over an 18-month period. Exclusion criteria comprised patients under 18 years old, recent sinonasal surgery, bleeding disorders, and recent facial trauma. Results 73 patients met inclusion criteria. EM physicians used nasal cautery in 8%, absorbable packing in 1% and non-absorbable packing in 92% (with 33% being bilateral). In comparison, Otolaryngologists used nasal cautery in 37%, absorbable packing in 34%, and non-absorbable packing in 23%. Eighty percent of patients treated by an Otolaryngology physician required less invasive intervention than previously performed by EM physicians prior to transfer. Conclusions Epistaxis management varied significantly between Emergency Medicine and Otolaryngology physicians. Numerous patients were treated immediately with non-absorbable packing. On post-transfer Otolaryngology evaluation, many of these patients required less invasive interventions. This study highlights the variability of epistaxis treatment within our hospital system and warrants the need for a standardized care pathway.
Evaluating the Effects of In Utero Heat Stress on Piglet Physiology and Behavior Following Weaning and Transport

The study objective was to determine whether in utero heat stress (IUHS) affects piglet physiology and behavior following common production practices. A total of 12 gilts were confirmed pregnant and allocated to either heat stress (HS; n = 6) or thermoneutral (TN; n = 6) conditions on day 30–60 of gestation. At weaning (22.5 ± 2.3 days of age), 1 boar and 1 barrow of median weight were selected from each litter and transported for approximately 7 h. Piglets were then blocked into pens (n = 2/pen) by in utero treatment (IUHS (n = 12) or in utero thermoneutral (IUTN, n = 12)) and sexual status (boar (n = 6/in utero treatment) or barrow (n = 6/in utero treatment)). Plasma cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin and glucose were evaluated 1 day prior to transport (pre-transport) and immediately after transport (post-transport). Behavioral data were collected on day 1–7 for 60 min at four different time points each day. In utero heat stressed piglets exhibited reduced cortisol concentrations compared to IUTN piglets immediately post-transport (p = 0.04). Glucose concentrations were not affected by in utero treatment. Insulin concentrations were reduced in IUTN piglets post-transport compared to pre-transport (p = 0.002), but no differences were detected for IUHS pigs. Non-esterified fatty acids tended to be reduced overall for IUHS vs. IUTN pigs (p = 0.08). Overall, IUHS piglets performed more drinking behaviors (p = 0.02) and tended to perform more aggressive behaviors (p = 0.07) than IUTN piglets in the 7 days post-transport. In summary, there was some evidence for altered physiological and behavioral responses among IUHS piglets compared to IUTN piglets following weaning and transport.
Structures of Hsp90 alpha and Hsp90 beta bound to a purine-scaffold inhibitor reveal an exploitable residue for drug selectivity.

Hsp90α and Hsp90β are implicated in a number of cancers and neurodegenerative disorders but the lack of selective pharmacological probes confounds efforts to identify their individual roles. Here, we analyzed the binding of an Hsp90α-selective PU compound, PU-11-trans, to the two cytosolic paralogs. We determined the co-crystal structures of Hsp90α and Hsp90β bound to PU-11-trans, as well as the structure of the apo Hsp90β NTD. The two inhibitor-bound structures reveal that Ser52, a nonconserved residue in the ATP binding pocket in Hsp90α, provides additional stability to PU-11-trans through a water-mediated hydrogen-bonding network. Mutation of Ser52 to alanine, as found in Hsp90β, alters the dissociation constant of Hsp90α for PU-11-trans to match that of Hsp90β. Our results provide a structural explanation for the binding preference of PU inhibitors for Hsp90α and demonstrate that the single nonconserved residue in the ATP-binding pocket may be exploited for α/β selectivity.
Cases of equality in certain multilinear inequalities of Hardy–Riesz–Rogers–Brascamp–Lieb–Luttinger type

Abstract Cases of equality in certain Hardy–Riesz–Rogers–Brascamp–Lieb–Luttinger rearrangement inequalities are characterized.
Alchemical molecular dynamics for inverse design

We present a molecular dynamics (MD) implementation of an extended statistical mechanical ensemble that includes ‘alchemical’ degrees of freedom describing particle attributes as thermodynamic vari...
Emergence of Pragmatics from Referential Game between Theory of Mind Agents.

Pragmatics studies how context can contribute to language meanings [1]. In human communication, language is never interpreted out of context, and sentences can usually convey more information than their literal meanings [2]. However, this mechanism is missing in most multi-agent systems [3, 4, 5, 6], restricting the communication efficiency and the capability of human-agent interaction. In this paper, we propose an algorithm, using which agents can spontaneously learn the ability to "read between lines" without any explicit hand-designed rules. We integrate the theory of mind (ToM) [7, 8] in a cooperative multi-agent pedagogical situation and propose an adaptive reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm to develop a communication protocol. ToM is a profound cognitive science concept, claiming that people regularly reason about other's mental states, including beliefs, goals, and intentions, to obtain performance advantage in competition, cooperation or coalition. With this ability, agents consider language as not only messages but also rational acts reflecting others' hidden states. Our experiments demonstrate the advantage of pragmatic protocols over non-pragmatic protocols. We also show the teaching complexity following the pragmatic protocol empirically approximates to recursive teaching dimension (RTD).
Pharmaceutical Side Effects and Mental Health Paradoxes among Racial-Ethnic Minorities:

Sociologists have long struggled to explain the minority mental health paradox: that racial-ethnic minorities often report better mental health than non-Hispanic whites despite social environments that seem less conducive to well-being. Using data from the 2008-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), this study provides a partial explanation for the paradox rooted in a very different disparity. Evidence from MEPS indicates that non-Hispanic whites consume more pharmaceuticals than racial-ethnic minorities for a wide variety of medical conditions. Moreover, non-Hispanic whites consume more pharmaceuticals that although effective in treating their focal indication, include depression or suicide as a side effect. In models that adjust for the use of such medications, the minority advantage in significant distress is reduced, in some instances to statistical nonsignificance. Although a significant black and Hispanic advantage in a continuous measure of distress remains, the magnitude of the difference is reduced considerably. The relationship between the use of medications with suicide as a side effect and significant distress is especially large, exceeding, for instance, the relationship between poverty and significant distress. For some minority groups, the less frequent use of such medications is driven by better health (as in the case of Asians), whereas for others, it reflects a treatment disparity (as in the case of blacks), although the consequences for the mental health paradox are the same. The implications of the results are discussed, especially with respect to the neglect of psychological side effects in the treatment of physical disease as well as the problem of multiple morbidities.
Use of Long Term Pavement Performance-Seasonal Monitoring Program Data to Develop and Validate a Generalized Regression Model to Predict the In-Situ Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Soils for Pavement Design and Evaluation:

Resilient modulus (Mr) is a critical input for pavement design as it is the main property used to evaluate the contribution of subgrade to the overall pavement structure. Considering this, practiti...
Fair Use in the United States: Transformed, Deformed, Reformed?

Since the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1994 adoption of “transformative use” as a criterion for evaluating the first statutory fair use factor (“nature and purpose of the use”), “transformative use” analysis has engulfed all of fair use, becoming transformed, and perhaps deformed, in the process. A finding of “transformativeness” often foreordained the ultimate outcome, as the remaining factors, especially the fourth (impact of the use on the market for or value of the copied work), withered into restatements of the first. For a time, moreover, courts’ characterization of uses as “transformative” seemed ever more generous (if not in some instances credulous). Lately, however, the fair use pendulum’s outward swing may have arrested, as courts express greater skepticism concerning what uses actually “transform” content copied into new works or repurposed into copyright-voracious systems. As a result, courts may be reforming “transformative use” to reinvigorate the other statutory factors, particularly the inquiry into the impact of the use on the potential markets for or value of the copied work. The restored prominence of the fourth factor should also occasion renewed reflection on its meaning. As digital media bring to the fore new or previously under-examined kinds of harm, courts will need not only to continue to refine their appreciation of a work’s markets, but also to expand their analyses beyond the traditional inquiry into whether the challenged use substitutes for an actual or potential market for the work. Courts should acknowledge that the statute’s designation of “the value of the copyrighted work” identifies an independent kind of harm, and entails considerations distinct from market substitution. Those include creators’ economic and moral interests in being recognized as the authors of the copied works.
Comparison of a standard computer-assisted cognitive training program to a music enhanced program: A mixed methods study.

Background Between 17 and 75% of breast cancer survivors (BCS) experience long-term cognitive deficits such as deficits in memory, attention, processing speed, and executive function. Aims This study aimed to (a) compare effects of a standard computer-assisted cognitive training (CACT) program to a CACT program enhanced with music (CACT+A) to improve focus and concentration on BCS' memory, cognition, quality of life (QOL), and participation in everyday activities; and (b) garner participants' perspectives of effects of the programs to determine best practice. Methods An embedded design was employed in this mixed methods study. Participants who reported cognitive problems were recruited through breast cancer support groups. Four pre and post-tests were used followed by a qualitative interview. Results Twenty-five BCS, ages 31 to 72 years participated. The CACT group demonstrated significantly improved pre to post-test scores for working memory, QOL, and three subscales of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool (MOHOST) measuring participation in everyday activities. The CACT+A group had significant improvement for four FACT-Cog cognitive function subscales and the total score. Five themes emerged from the interview: Cognitive skill, Strategy learned, No change, QOL factors, and Participation in everyday activities. The CACT+A group expressed experiencing a larger ratio of improvements, most notably for memory and QOL factors. Conclusion CACT+A is an auspicious intervention option for BCS who self-report cognitive issues. It is convenient to participate in at home and allows BCS to safely self-isolate if need be. This study is a registered clinical trial protocol: TexasWU record 19 959.
Universal Suffrage as Decolonization

This essay reconstructs an important but forgotten dream of twentieth-century political thought: universal suffrage as decolonization. The dream emerged from efforts by Black Atlantic radicals to conscript universal suffrage into wider movements for racial self-expression and cultural revolution. Its proponents believed a mass franchise could enunciate the voice of colonial peoples inside imperial institutions and transform the global order. Recuperating this insurrectionary conception of the ballot reveals how radicals plotted universal suffrage and decolonization as a single historical process. It also places decolonization’s fate in a surprising light: it may have been the century’s greatest act of disenfranchisement. As dependent territories became nation-states, they lost their voice in metropolitan assemblies whose affairs affected them long after independence.
Approaching obsolescence? A multi-criteria analysis of high-risk dams in the United States Pacific Northwest

This research uses a multi-criteria analysis tool and field site observation to critically analyse a network of dams across a single watershed in the US Pacific Northwest. The analysis offers a tem...
Better understanding the neurobiology of primary lateral sclerosis

Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of upper motor neurons (UMNs). Recent studies shed new light onto the cellular events that are particularly important for UMN maintenance including intracellular trafficking, mitochondrial energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. This review summarizes these advances including the role of Alsin as a gene linked to atypical forms of juvenile PLS, and discusses wider aspects of cellular pathology that have been observed in adult forms of PLS. The review further discusses the prospects of new transgenic upper motor neuron reporter mice, human stem cell-derived UMN cultures, cerebral organoids and non-human primates as future model systems to better understand and ultimately treat PLS.
Relational Graph Embeddings for Table Retrieval

Ad hoc table retrieval is the problem of identifying the most relevant datasets to a user’s query. We present an approach to the problem that builds a knowledge graph by combining information about the collection of tables with external sources such as WordNet and pretrained Glove embeddings. We apply multi-relational graph convolutional networks to learn embeddings for the knowledge graph nodes and utilize three different methods to create vectors representing the tables and queries from these embeddings. We create a novel learning-to-rank neural architecture that incorporates the multiple embeddings in order to improve table retrieval results. We evaluate our approach using two large collections of tables from public WikiTables and Web tables data, demonstrating substantial improvements over state-of-the-art methods in table retrieval.
0065 ‘They only come after the black kid’: understanding the perceptions of discipline disparities among school staff, parents, and students of color

Statement of purpose Black, Hispanic/Latino, and Native American students are more likely than White students to face harsher disciplinary policies and practices in schools.1 Such institutional-level policies interact with micro-level forces of racism, increasing the likelihood of race-related traumatic stress2. This study aimed to characterize the experiences of discipline disparities, based on the perspectives of parents/guardians, staff, and students of color. Findings informed the adaptation of a culturally- responsive school-based intervention to address race-related traumatic stress. Methods/Approach Nine focus groups were conducted with parents/guardians (n=12), school staff (n=27), and students of color aged 11–14 years (n=24) from 12 schools to inform the adaptation of the intervention. Participants were asked open-ended questions about trauma, racism, school support, and intervention recommendations. For this study, transcripts were coded and thematically analyzed to identify factors related to racial disparities in discipline. Results Racial disparities in disciplinary norms and policing in schools were the two primary themes identified. Parents discussed punitive disciplinary responses to typical behavior, and the resulting family mistrust. Students and staff identified and compared experiences in disciplinary action among students, noting that Black students were disciplined more harshly, relative to White students. Participants also recommended greater parental involvement in disciplinary decisions, conflict de- escalation in classrooms to prevent further disciplinary action, and mitigating interpersonal racism and stereotypes. Conclusion Interventions aimed at reducing school violence among students of color should address race-based traumatic stress related to disparities in school disciplinary norms, expectations, and actions. Our findings suggest the need to prioritize cultural humility among teachers and staff, alongside stronger school and family relationships. Significance Discipline disparities correlate with disparities in academic attrition, emotional/behavioral problems, violence victimization, delinquency, incarceration, and recidivism3. Understanding stakeholder perspectives and experiences surrounding discipline disparities can inform targeted interventions designed to address the consequences of race-based traumatic stress, discrimination, and violence disparities in schools.
Output-Driven Phonology: Theory and Learning

This book presents the theory of output-driven maps and provides a fresh perspective on the extent to which phonologies can be characterized in terms of restrictions on outputs. Closely related to traditional conceptions of process opacity, but differing in notable ways, the theory of output-driven maps applies equally to SPE-style ordered rules, Optimality Theory, and other phonological theories. It permits a formally rigorous analysis of the issues in Optimality Theory that is not possible with traditional process opacity. Also presented is a theory of phonological learning. Building on prior work on learning in Optimality Theory, the learning theory exploits the formal structure of output-driven maps to achieve learning that is far more computationally efficient than comparable prior approaches. In this book Bruce Tesar, one of the founders of the study of learnability in Optimality Theory, presents fresh perspectives in an accessible way for graduate students and academic researchers.
Prevention of ERCP-induced Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is a common, costly, and occasionally devastating complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Since post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is important and potentially preventable, a comprehensive approach to risk reduction should be employed by all who perform ERCP. Strategies to reduce the incidence of PEP, which should be considered in every case, include thoughtful patient selection, risk-stratification, sound procedural technique, prophylactic pancreatic stent placement, and pharmacoprevention. Despite advances in all these areas, however, the incidence of PEP remains as high as 15% in high-risk cases. Thus additional research towards the goal of eliminating PEP is necessary. To this end, there are several ongoing and upcoming initiatives that will help elucidate the pathophysiology of PEP and optimize prophylactic interventions. Herein is an evidence-based review of approaches to prevent pancreatitis after ERCP, as well as an overview of pressing research questions in this important area.
On the steady state fractionation of multicomponent and complex mixtures in an ideal cascade: Part IV. The calculation of the minimum reflux ratio

Abstract The important problem of calculating the minimum reflux ratio in the separation of multicomponent and complex mixtures in an ideal cascade has been solved in closed form. The solution of two rather unusual integral equations may be of interest. Numerical calculations have been performed and will be reported elsewhere.
How To Watch Television, by Thompson, E., and Mittell, J. (Eds.)

Presenting itself as an instruction manual, How To Watch Television, edited by Ethan Thompson and Jason Mittell, is a very engaging merger of popular television criticism and academic textual analy...
Factors regulating cellular DNA synthesis induced by adenovirus infection. II. The effects of actinomycin D on productive virus-cell systems.

Abstract The effect of a low dose of actinomycin D on human and hamster cells productively infected with adenovirus types 2 (Ad2) and 12 (Ad12) was studied. In the productive infection of G1-arrested BHK21 cells with Ad2, 0.03 μg/ml of AMD reduced the virus yield by >90%, but the number of cells synthesizing T antigen was not affected. Unlike Ad12-infected BHK21 cells ( Laughlin and Strohl, 1976 ), the virus-induced cycle of DNA synthesis was markedly refractory to inhibition by 0.03 μg/ml of AMD. Centrifugation and DNA-DNA hybridization analysis showed this to be the result of inhibition of free viral DNA synthesis and induction of cellular DNA synthesis. The sensitivity of Ad2 and Ad12 virus replication in WI-38 cells was similar to that of Ad2 in BHK21. While total DNA synthesis did not exhibit refractoriness to AMD, drug treatment did induce a shift in Ad2-infected cells towards increased synthesis of high molecular weight DNA as viral DNA was increasingly inhibited. A similar increase in WI-38 cell DNA synthesis was not produced by AMD-treatment of Ad12-infected cells, although cellular DNA synthesis in infected cells was less sensitive to AMD than was uninfected WI-38 cell DNA synthesis. To account for the great diversity in response to AMD depending on cell species and virus type, it is proposed that virus infection stimulates both normal replicative DNA synthesis, which requires an AMD-sensitive function in G1 in order to proceed from G1 into S, as well as AMD-insensitive synthesis which is due specifically to the virus infection, and which does not require the AMD-sensitive G1 function.
Spirits: using virtualization and pervasiveness to manage mobile robot software systems

Management capabilities comprise a key component of any autonomous distributed system. In this work our focus is on mobile systems like teams of robots exploring and operating in some physical environment. Here, basic management goals are to adapt application behavior to prevent or mitigate reductions in the application's quality of service. This paper presents the spirits system-level mechanisms supporting (1) behavior persistence – the ability to maintain some desirable behavior learned through online adaptation – and (2) behavior propagation – the ability to propagate a learned behavior across different physical components. With spirits, software management is enriched with a low-level mechanism, termed a spirit cache, which permits a mobile entity to cache its current state and code to realize behavior persistence. Next, a cached spirit can be acquired by a different physical component and then used, thereby propagating it. By using system-level virtualization techniques to realize spirit caching and propagation, both can be performed without the need to make any changes to application code, without requiring middleware-level support, and without changes to operating system kernels or utilities. Furthermore, any number of spirits can exist in a robot with system-level isolation guarantees. Experimental results presented in this paper highlight the types of overheads for spirit exchanges experienced on typical next generation virtualizable embedded machines, and indicate optimizations to be considered in future research.
Changing Workforce Demographics and the Future of The Protected Class Approach

The composition and identity characteristics of the American workforce are changing. The population in this country is rising, aging, and becoming much more racially and ethnically diverse. Appearance norms are shifting too. These changes have enormous implications for constitutional and employment discrimination law. In both equal protection and employment discrimination cases, recovery usually depends on membership in a constitutionally or statutorily protected category. Yet the statutory approach to anti-discrimination law has stagnated. Part of the difficulty of the protected class approach is that it is based on something of a paradox — the paradox of exceptionalism. Class-based protection requires individuals to prove immutable or deeply embedded differences to obtain protection from being treated differently. The categorical approach also means that some types and lived experiences of discrimination are simply omitted from federal and state protection. The article discusses cramped doctrinal interpretations, narrow intersectional analysis, and the problematic of intra-group distinctions — all of which inhibit the reach of Title VII and state laws. The proposal to reinvigorate the anti-discrimination frontiers envisions constructing a judicial and regulatory patchwork of protections. The article recommends expanding doctrinal coverage for new types of discrimination, as well as building on the efforts of various states and municipalities, which have begun to provide somewhat more robust anti-discrimination protection than is afforded under federal law. Finally, the article suggests that one of the more promising avenues for addressing the types of discrimination that will face the workforce of the future is to endeavor to change cultural understandings about identity characteristics through media efforts.
Knowledge warehouse: an intelligent analysis platform for enhancing management decision process

This paper proposes a knowledge warehouse architecture to enhance both DSS and knowledge management efforts. First, differences in data, information, and knowledge are discussed. Then, tacit and explicit knowledge, their relationship within the knowledge spiral, and their criticality to organizational knowledge creation and decision making are explored. Finally, a knowledge warehouse architecture is proposed which enhances all aspects of the knowledge spiral and the associated decision making processes.
Nonlinear dynamics of neurons and networks for vision

To elucidate brain function, it is necessary to simplify dynamical neural systems to tractable proportions. Cortical neurons exhibit complex response patterns mediated by about 12 distinct ionic currents. For many purposes, however, it is possible to describe key response features with a system of just four differential equations containing cubic nonlinearities. Insights gained from these neural equations can then be used to develop a large neural network describing interactions in the cortical form vision system. The network explains a striking perceptual illusion, and an analysis of network dynamics shows that it exhibits highly complex oscillations poised on the edge of chaos.
LXIII. Note on recurrent vision

(1872). LXIII. Note on recurrent vision. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 43, No. 287, pp. 343-345.
National Trends and the Assessment of Prison Crowding

In the early 1980s, prison crowding was proclaimed “the most critical administrative problem facing the United States criminal justice system” (Blumstein 1983, 229). While debates emerged over the meaning of “crowding” as the decade unfolded (Sherman and Hawkins 1981; Gaes 1985), there are few today who would dispute that crowded prison conditions were the major driving force for the administration of criminal justice in the 1980s.
Is mid-upper-arm circumference a useful tool for screening in emergency settings?

Abstract In refugee emergencies, rapid collection of nutritional data provides important information for public-health planning. In Rwandan refugee camps in eastern Zaire in August, 1994, a two-step procedure of screening for referral to supplementary feeding programmes was used—mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) followed by weight-for-height for children with MUAC of less than 12 cm. To assess the usefulness of this procedure, we analysed data from complete screening of 3681 children in three camps. The performance of MUAC varied with the cut-off chosen; a high cut-off of 14 cm allowed detection of 88% of children with low weight-for-height but at the cost of measuring more than 40% of children in the second step. MUAC preferentially selects younger children as malnourished, and misses older children with low weight-for-height. The groups of children chosen by low MUAC and by low weight-for-height have poor overlap, varying from 20% to 39% overlap depending on age. Thus two-step screening does not save as much time as might be expected and low MUAC cannot be used as a substitute for low weight-for-height. For decision-making in refugee settings, weight-for-height surveys or screening are probably more efficient strategies for data collection.
Quantitative Auger analysis using integration techniques

Abstract Problems encountered in electron-excited Auger analysis resulting from chemical alteration of the shapes of the characteristic features can be virtually eliminated by integration techniques. In addition, these techniques recover the signal strength lost by taking data derivative modes.
The household preference structure and pricing-to-market in the New Open Economy Macroeconomics models

Abstract In this paper, I study three New Open Economy Macroeconomics models to investigate how the assumptions made about the household preference structure and the degree of pricing-to-market affect the model solutions. The first model is a generalized two-country, two-sector model which produces the theoretical ambiguity concerning the state of the economy. The second model simplifies the preference structure and generates the tractable model solutions. The third pricing-to-market model finds that the terms of trade movements depend crucially on the degree of pricing-to-market. The empirical investigation is thus of much interest since theory fails to give a clear prediction.
The effect of sulfate on the crystal structure of zirconia

Zirconia can be prepared to produce either tetragonal phase or predominantly monoclinic phase upon calcination at 500 °C. The precursors for each phase of zirconias was treated with 1N H2SO4 to produce a sulfated material. The results reveal that sulfation causes the tetragonal phase to be formed for both types of zirconia contrary to the data before sulfation, and sulfation increases the crystallization exotherm by 150 °C.
Nanomolar increase in surface layer nitrate concentration following a small wind event

Abstract Depth profiles of nitrate in the upper layer were being measured in the coastal waters off Los Angeles, California when the wind picked up to 8–9 m s −1 and persisted above 5 m s −1 for about 40 h. Prior to the wind, ambient nitrate concentrations averaged about 20 nM above the nitracline. Maximum concentrations after the wind approached 100 nM. About 500 μmol nitrate m −2 was entrained from the nitracline during the wind event. This nitrate was largely consumed within a single day. The apparent in situ rate of nitrate consumption agreed with the nitrate uptake rate measured in water samples incubated on deck. The mixed layer deepened about 4 m during the wind event.
Direct numerical simulation of nanoparticle coagulation in a temporal mixing layer via a moment method

Direct numerical simulations of coagulating aerosols in two-dimensional, incompressible, iso-thermal mixing layers are performed. The evolution of the particle field is obtained by utilizing a moment method to approximate the aerosol general dynamic equation. We use a moment method which assumes a lognormal function for the particle size distribution and requires the knowledge of only the first three moments. This approach is advantageous in that the number of equations which are solved is greatly reduced. A Damkohler number is defined to represent the ratio of convection to coagulation time scales. Simulations are performed for three flows: Damkohler numbers of 0.2, 1, and 2. The spatio-temporal evolution of the first three moments along with the mean diameter and standard deviation are discussed.
EEG-monitored sleep in anorexia nervosa and bulimia

We compared the EEG-monitored sleep of 8 women with anorexia nervosa and 16 normal weight women with bulimia to that of 14 normal women. The patients with anorexia nervosa spent less time asleep and spent less of their sleep time in Stage 1. The sleep of the normal weight patients with bulimia was remarkably similar to that of the controls. These data suggest that most patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia do not exhibit the type of sleep disturbances characteristic of patients with major depressive illness.
Effects of Adhesion Promoters on Resin-enamel Retention

The adhesive effects of three adhesion promoters were compared utilizing three different filled resins on acid-etched human permanent teeth. The results demonstrated a significantly greater resistance to dislodgement of resins by shear forces when an NPG-GMA type of adhesion promoter was utilized. Type of resin did not influence resin retention.
Measurement of interglycosidic 3JCH coupling constants of selectively 13C labeled oligosaccharides by 2D J-resolved 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Tri-, tetra-, and penta-saccharide fragments of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 have been prepared in which a d -galactose residue of each oligosaccharide methyl glycoside derivative contains a 13C label at C-1. The interglycosidic coupling constants (3JCH) of these 13C nuclei with the H-3 nuclei of the adjacent 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose residues have been measured by two-dimensional, J-resolved 1H NMR spectroscopy. The magnitudes of these coupling constants indicate that the trisaccharide is conformationally different to the higher oligosaccharide homologs, in agreement with previous studies of 13C chemical shifts and 1JCH values.
A Sorghum MYB Transcription Factor Induces 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins and Enhances Resistance against Leaf Blights in Maize

Sorghum responds to the ingress of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum through the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins at the site of primary infection. Biosynthesis of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in sorghum requires a MYB transcription factor encoded by yellow seed1 (y1), an orthologue of the maize gene pericarp color1 (p1). Maize lines with a functional p1 and flavonoid structural genes do not produce foliar 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in response to fungal ingress. To perform a comparative metabolic analysis of sorghum and maize 3-deoxyanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathways, we developed transgenic maize lines expressing the sorghum y1 gene. In maize, the y1 transgene phenocopied p1-regulated pigment accumulation in the pericarp and cob glumes. LC-MS profiling of fungus-challenged Y1-maize leaves showed induction of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, specifically luteolinidin. Y1-maize plants also induced constitutive and higher levels of flavonoids in leaves. In response to Colletotrichum graminicola, Y1-maize showed a resistance response.
Does Personal Morality Exacerbate or Restrain Retaliation after Being Harmed

To examine the effect of level of moral responsibility on response to being harmed, 80 undergraduates each were initially given 10 raffle tickets. Half of the participants subsequently had 9 of their 10 tickets taken away and given to a fellow participant, whereas half did not. In each of these harm-done conditions, half of the participants were led to believe that the fellow participant intentionally took 9 of their tickets (either successfully or not), whereas half believed that the fellow participant did not intend them harm. Participants were then given a chance to take tickets from the fellow. Responses revealed two independent processes, one to reestablish distributive justice after tickets had been taken and the other to retaliate for harm intended. Level of moral responsibility had no effect on pursuit of distributive justice, but high moral responsibility restrained pursuit of retributive (retaliatory) justice. Possible reasons are proposed.
Implementation of a fiber-optic delay-line memory.

The construction and operation of a 50-MHz 64 × 16 bit fiber-optic bit-serial delay-line memory is described. It consists of LiNbO3 directional coupler switches, fused-fiber couplers, and a 4.17-km fiber loop. It is a subsystem of a bit-serial optical computer under construction by our group. We discuss delay and clock source stability requirements for the long delay line in the face of a limited phase error tolerance. The reliability testing of the memory subsystem is described. The degradation of data in the memory loop as the phase error tolerance is exceeded by a small amount is studied through the temperature dependence of the memory loop. Data are presented for the memory-loop stability with respect to temperature variations. The memory subsystem design and construction is presented. The results of these experiments support the feasibility of a 100-MHz 128 × 16 bit memory.
Budesonide and nedocromil did not improve lung function in children with asthma

(2000) N Engl J Med 343, 1054. The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. . Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. . Oct 12; . : . –63 . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: In children with asthma, does continuous, long term treatment with budesonide or nedocromil improve lung function Randomised {allocation concealed*}†, {partially blinded (active treatment v placebo was blinded, but mode of treatment [steroid v non-steroid] was not)}†,* controlled trial with mean 4.3 years of follow up. 8 clinical centres in the US and Canada. 1041 children who were 5–12 years of age (mean age 9 y, 60% boys), had mild to moderate asthma, and had no other clinically significant condition. Follow up was 98% for lung function and ≥86% for diary outcomes. Patients were allocated to 1 of 2 active agents or a matching placebo. Active agents were budesonide, 200 μg twice daily in two 100 μg puffs from a metered dose inhaler … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DThe%2BChildhood%2BAsthma%2BManagement%2BProgram%2BResearch%2BG%26rft.auinit1%253D%2B%26rft.volume%253D343%26rft.issue%253D15%26rft.spage%253D1054%26rft.epage%253D1063%26rft.atitle%253DLong-Term%2BEffects%2Bof%2BBudesonide%2Bor%2BNedocromil%2Bin%2BChildren%2Bwith%2BAsthma%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJM200010123431501%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11027739%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJM200010123431501&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=11027739&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F6%2F3%2F84.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000089766900001&link_type=ISI
Learning in Later Life: What Seniors Want in a Learning Experience.

By designing effective learning opportunities for older adults, educators can make a positive contribution to the problem of a “graying America.” Because older adults themselves may offer important insights on what helps and hinders their learning, this qualitative study explored the perceptions of 36 older learners on effective and ineffective learning experiences. The following are the main findings that emerged from the data: (a) effective learning experiences are involving, (b) the instructor is a key component in the classroom, and (c) familiar or relevant topics are interesting. Recommendations for designing, marketing, and delivering quality learning experiences for older adults are discussed.
A New, Wrought, Heat-Resistant Ni-Cr-Al-Fe-Y Alloy

A new wrought nickel-base alloy, designated CABOT®* alloy No. 214, has been developed for applications in the heating industry. The alloy, composed principally of nickel, chromium, aluminum, iron, and yttrium, combines the outstanding oxidation and environmental resistance of the Ni-Al base coating systems with the workability of more conventional chromia-protected alloy systems to yield a superior product for extended service applications up to and above 2200°F (1200°C). The enhanced oxidation resistance of the alloy is the result of the tenacious Al2O3 film which forms on the surface of the alloy at high temperatures. In addition to describing the oxidation, carburization, and chlorination resistance of the alloy, the metallurgical traits of microstructure and mechanical properties are reviewed.
A major geothermal anomaly in the Gulf of California

We have mapped a 3-km wide, high heat flow anomaly with a maximum value of 30 μcalorie cm −2 s−1 within a zone of seafloor extension in the central Gulf of California. From seismic reflection data and thermal modelling we suggest that the anomaly is caused by a 1-km wide basaltic intrusion which is roughly 100 m deep and less than 18,000 yr old.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE ON INWARD RECTIFIER POTASSIUM CHANNEL CURRENTS IN GUINEA PIG VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES

Thyroid hormones play an important role in cardiac electrophysiology. However, the regulation of cardiac ionic channels by thyroid hormones is still unclear. To evaluate the acute effect of 3,3',5-triiode-L-thyronine (T3) on inward rectifier potassium channel (IK1) action potentials, whole-cell IK1 currents and steady-state single IK1 currents were recorded in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Acute exposure of cells to T3 resulted in shortening of the action potential durations. This effect was initiated at 5-15 min and reached a stable plateau at 25 min. The amplitude of steady-state whole-cell IK1 was significantly increased by T3 at 1 nM to 1 microM concentration rage and with ED50 12 nM/liter. T3 (1 microM) increased IK1 by 68 +/- 7% at -40 mV and 52 +/- 9% at -100 mV. Similar effects were observed with triiodothyroacetic acid, an analogue of T3 that does not stimulate DNA transcription. The single IK1 open probability (Po) was increased 7 +/- 1% by 1 nM T3 (n = 9, P < 0.05) and 42 +/- 6% by 1 microM ...