cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eight Centuries of the Risk-Free Rate: Bond Market Reversals from the Venetians to the ‘VaR Shock’

This paper presents a new dataset for the annual risk-free rate in both nominal and real terms going back to the 13th century. On this basis, we establish for the first time a long-term comparative investigation of ‘bond bull markets’. It is shown that the global risk-free rate in July 2016 reached its lowest nominal level ever recorded. The current bond bull market in US Treasuries which originated in 1981 is currently the third longest on record, and the second most intense. The second part of this paper presents three case studies for the 20th century, to typify modern forms of bond market reversals. It is found that fundamental, inflation-led bond market reversals have inflicted the longest and most intense losses upon investors, as exemplified by the 1960s market in US Treasuries. However, central bank (mis-) communication has played a key role in the 1994 ‘Bond massacre’. The 2003 Japanese ‘VaR shock’ demonstrates how curve steepening dynamics can create positive externalities for the banking system in periods of monetary policy and financial uncertainty. The paper finally argues that the inflation dynamics underlying the 1965–70 bond market sell-off in US Treasuries could hold particular relevance for the current market environment.
Dahlia Flowers in Mathematics, Nature, Art and Design

(2006). Dahlia Flowers in Mathematics, Nature, Art and Design. Math Horizons: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 14-17.
Comparison of Angiographic Dissection Patterns Caused by Long vs Short Balloons During Balloon Angioplasty of Chronic Femoropopliteal Occlusions.

Purpose: To describe the feasibility of balloon angioplasty using a long balloon for chronic femoropopliteal occlusions by evaluating angiographic dissection patterns for optimization of outcomes i...
Plasma Fundamentals for Materials Processing

A plasma is a collection of free atoms or molecules which is partially or fully ionized and which is charge neutral on average. Each charged particle in a plasma interacts simultaneously with many others due to the long-range nature of the electric force. For this reason plasmas are said to exhibit collective behavior. Partially ionized, low temperature plasmas are used extensively for thin film materials processing applications such as etching and deposition. This chapter will review some fundamental plasma concepts that are important in thin film processing applications. The partially ionized plasmas of interest here have electron and ion densities in the range of 1015-1019 m-3 and neutral species densities in the range of 1019-1022 m-3. These plasmas are produced in the pressure range of 1 mTorr to 10 Torr (0.133-1330 Pa). It is the combination of electrical, thermal, and chemical properties that gives these plasmas their unique attributes for materials processing. The scope of this chapter excludes many advanced plasma topics such as confinement, stability, waves, and kinetic theory, which are typically of less importance in processing applications. A number of excellent texts cover plasma physics in more rigorous detail [1, 2, 3] and plasma topics are reviewed in some books specific to plasma processing [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The intent of this chapter is to introduce the main concepts of plasma science, explain how these concepts relate to thin film processing applications, and provide some detail about how these quantities are derived. The equations used in this chapter will be stated in SI units unless noted otherwise.
Dispute Resolution in Economics

Negotiation is common in many settings. A common feature of all negotiation is an understanding by the parties to the negotiation about the process that will be used to resolve a dispute in the event the parties fail to reach agreement. The dispute settlement process defines the expectations that the parties have about what will happen in the event that no agreement is reached. This process, in turn, determines negtiator behavior. there are two foundamental types of dispute settlement mechanisms in the labor area: strikes and arbitration. Strikes involve the systematic imposition of costs on each side. Military disputes are implied, but presumably one or both parties concedes sufficiently to make an agreement possible and end the dispute. Arbitration involves the mandating of a settlement by a third party. Litigation of civil disputes is another example of this type of mechanism. Several models of strikes and arbitration are outlined. The role of incomplete information and uncertainty are discussed in the context of these models.
SYNTHESIS OF 2-d-TYROSINE-OXYTOCIN AND 2-d-TYROSINE-DEAMINO-OXYTOCIN, DIASTEREOISOMERS OF OXYTOCIN AND DEAMINO-OXYTOCIN

Publisher Summary This chapter describes diastereoisomers of oxytocin and deamino-oxytocin, and discusses synthesis of 2-D-tyrosine-oxytocin and 2-D-tyrosine-deamino-oxytocin. The carbobenzoxy and benzyl groups are removed from the nonapeptide by means of sodium in liquid ammonia. The purification of the D-tyrosine analogue is accomplished by counter-current distribution and chromatography. D-tyrosine-oxytocin is distributed in two solvent systems: (1) butanol–propanol–0.05 % acetic acid and (2) butanol–propanol–0.5% acetic acid containing 0·1% pyridine. The major component is isolated by concentration and lyophilization. D-tyrosine-oxytocin travels faster than oxytocin on paper chromatography in the solvent system butanol–acetic acid–water. The free amino group of oxytocin is not essential for biological activity, and the analogue lacking a free amino group, namely, deamino-oxytocin, is highly potent. The oxidation of the dithiol form of the D-tyrosine-deamino-oxytocin proceeds more slowly than that of the dithiol of 2- D-tyrosine-oxytocin.
Hazardous drinking has unique relationships with implicit and explicit drinking identity.

Abstract Measures of drinking identity are predictive of hazardous drinking. The extent to which hazardous drinking is differentially related to implicit compared to explicit drinking identity is not well understood. Neurocognitive models of addiction indicate that chronic alcohol use is associated with deficits in self-awareness which could limit the growth or recognition of drinking identity for individuals engaging in hazardous drinking. This might be particularly true for more reflective explicit measures of identity because their assessment and underlying cognitive processes rely more on self-awareness and conscious introspection. We predicted there would be different patterns of relationships between hazardous drinking and implicit/explicit drinking identity measures. A linear model was predicted to better fit the hazardous drinking and implicit identity relationship whereas a non-linear model was predicted to better fit the hazardous drinking and explicit identity relationship due to decreased ability to reflect on changes in identity at high levels of hazardous drinking. The present study is a re-analysis of a large secondary dataset (Project Implicit Mental Health; N = 11,320) which included measures of hazardous drinking (e.g., Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and implicit/explicit identity. Results were consistent with predictions. The relationship between hazardous drinking and implicit drinking identity was best modeled by a linear function whereas the relationship between hazardous drinking and explicit drinking identity was best modeled by a non-linear cubit spline function. These findings are consistent not only with neurocognitive models but also with dual process formulations that implicit and explicit drinking identity are somewhat related but also quite distinct.
Caring Rehabilitation Climate, the Tripartite Efficacy Framework, and Adherence to Rehabilitation Programs Among Individuals With Parkinson's Disease: A Multiple Mediation Analysis.

Background and Purpose: Adherence to physical therapy (PT) and secondary prevention programs (SPPs) is particularly low for individuals with Parkinson's disease. Preliminary research has linked perceptions of caring climates as well as enhanced tripartite efficacy perceptions to adherence during rehabilitation programs. In light of such preliminary research, the purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to examine relationships between perceptions of a caring climate and the 3 efficacy constructs within the tripartite model, (2) to examine the relationship between the tripartite efficacy constructs and adherence to PT/SPP exercises, and (3) to determine whether tripartite efficacy beliefs mediated the relationship between caring climate perceptions and adherence. Method: A total of 77 individuals with Parkinson's disease who were currently or recently enrolled in PT or an SPP were recruited and surveyed about their perceptions of the caring climate of their rehabilitation clinic, their tripartite efficacy perceptions, and their adherence to rehabilitation. Correlations and a multiple mediation analysis were conducted to address the purposes of this study. Results and Discussion: Results showed significant positive associations between all variables; however, all paths within the proposed mediation model were not significant. Specifically, the c paths linking the tripartite efficacy constructs with adherence were not significant. A follow-up analysis was undertaken to address potential suppression effects within the mediating variables, and this analysis revealed a statistically significant model with relation-inferred self-efficacy (RISE) as a sole mediator of the relationship between caring perceptions and adherence to rehabilitation. Conclusions: Several practical implications can be gleaned from the current study. First, practitioners should strive to enhance the caring climate of their clinic by employing techniques reported in previous literature, such as creating a supportive atmosphere, displaying benevolence, and paying attention. In addition, the results suggest that individuals' RISE perceptions, in particular, could be a viable target for enhancing adherence.
An efficient synthesis of a key intermediate for the preparation of the rhinovirus protease inhibitor AG7088 via asymmetric dianionic cyanomethylation of N-Boc-l-(+)-glutamic acid dimethyl ester

Abstract An efficient synthetic route to a key intermediate for the preparation of the rhinovirus protease inhibitor AG7088 has been developed employing a key asymmetric dianionic cyanomethylation of N-Boc- l -(+)-glutamic acid dimethyl ester. This methodology enables the preparation of this compound in kilogram quantities with an overall yield of 30%.
SRSD Fractions: Helping Students at Risk for Disabilities Add/Subtract Fractions With Unlike Denominators

Many students fall below benchmarks in the area of fractions computation, particularly students with disabilities. Self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) is one strategy with proven effectiveness for improving outcomes for students with disabilities, although very few studies have applied SRSD to the area of mathematics. In this study, we used SRSD Fractions to teach adding and subtracting fractions with unlike denominators, simplifying fractions, and converting fractions to mixed numbers using the mnemonics FILMS, CUT, and EDIT. A researcher provided instruction in small groups to fifth-grade students at risk for disabilities. The results from use of a multiple-baseline-across-groups design suggest a functional relationship between SRSD Fractions and 8 fifth-grade students' digits correct on timed fraction probes. Results from treatment fidelity, social validity, and academic engagement during the intervention are also reported. We also discuss limitations and directions for future researchers.
Examining nurse/patient relationships in care coordination: A qualitative metasynthesis.

Abstract Background The combination of education, experience, skill mix, and frequency of nursing care provided has not been broadly studied from a systems theory perspective, in the care coordination process, or within transitions of care. Purpose To examine nurse/patient relationships (as a proxy for nurse dose) in the care coordination experience through a qualitative metasynthesis using a systems theory approach. Design The study was a qualitative metasynthesis with four sequential processes; (1) a systematic literature search to answer the structured research question, (2) formal quality appraisal and data immersion, (3) interpretive synthesis of the data within and across studies, and (4) re-situating the derived themes through reciprocal translation to each of the primary studies. CINHAL, Cochrane Library, Embase and PubMed were searched, and 159 articles retrieved. Eight articles remained after inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality review criteria were applied. Results Key themes were organized using a systems theory perspective (Structure, Process and Outcomes). The need for a coordinated nurse-patient relationship and the ability of the nurse to calm the complexity that occurs forms the structure of the relationship. The process includes having an awareness of challenges of the coordinated nurse-patient relationship and the transitions that occur, nurses going above and beyond, providing meaningful communication, and navigating system complexity. The outcomes are the value of a coordinated nurse-patient relationship and managing the illness/wellness journey. Conclusions The information from this metasynthesis provides an integrated view for nursing leaders and insight into factors that promote an effective and coordinated nurse-patient relationship.
Estimation tools for reducing the impact of sampling and nonresponse errors in dual-frame RDD telephone surveys.

We discuss alternative estimators of the population total given a dual-frame random-digit-dial (RDD) telephone survey in which samples are selected from landline and cell phone sampling frames. The estimators are subject to sampling and nonsampling errors. To reduce sampling variability when an optimum balance of landline and cell phone samples is not feasible, we develop an application of shrinkage estimation. We demonstrate the implications for survey weighting of a differential nonresponse mechanism by telephone status. We illustrate these ideas using data from the National Immunization Survey-Child, a large dual-frame RDD telephone survey sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and conducted to measure the vaccination status of American children aged 19 to 35 months.
Constrained Fourth Order Latent Differential Equation Reduces Parameter Estimation Bias for Damped Linear Oscillator Models.

Second-order linear differential equations can be used as models for regulation since under a range of parameter values they can account for a return to equilibrium as well as potential oscillation...
Implementation of an Opioid Reduction Protocol for Simple Outpatient Neurosurgical Procedures: A Single-Center Experience

Study Design.Quality improvement with before and after evaluation of the intervention.Objective.To evaluate postoperative opioid utilization at a high-volume tertiary referral center following implementation of an opioid reduction protocol for simple outpatient neurosurgical procedures.Summary of Ba
Assessing how Physical Education Faculty Behaviors Affect College Student Perceptions of Them as Health Instructors: Do we Practice What we Teach?

Background: While there is a large body of evidence on faculty as role models, there is scant research on physical education faculty and how their behaviors may be reflected and internalized in student health perceptions. Aim: To determine the impact of physical education faculty health behaviors on student perceptions. Method: Surveys were administered among college students enrolled in a number of Physical Education (PED 101) courses at a university in the southeast United States. Different vignettes (healthy versus unhealthy behaviors) were provided describing scenarios where students may observe their physical education faculty both on and off campus. Scenarios were assessed to examine how there may be an effect on the student's perception as either favorable or unfavorable of faculty as a health instructor. Results: Both salient behaviors (e.g., seeing faculty exercising on campus or drinking water during class) and non-salient cues (e.g., having a grocery cart full of health or unhealthy foods at the store) both play a role in students’ perceptions. Conclusion: Physical Education faculty must be aware that behaviors they engage in both in the classroom and out of the classroom may shape how students perceive them.
A Novel Approach to Social-Behavioral D2D Trust Associations Using Self-Propelled Voronoi

In this paper we consider the behavioral trust to be user-centric rather than device-centric. We propose that optimal Device-to-Device (D2D) association in mobile or vehicular networks can be attained through trust calculation after determining socially central users that are behaviorally motivated to communicate. The proposed algorithm considers user or device association as temporal and spatial human interactions to calculate trust for optimal association. Our findings show that the network performance is significantly affected by both the device-centric approaches, which have always considered social-aware models for associations, and the user-centric sporadic behavioral transition from selfishness to altruism or vice- versa. Therefore, we have considered assigning a selfishness probability to nodes based on the Shape Index metric and proposed selfish disassociation before network reconfiguration. We have shown that with this new approach it is possible to obtain a performance gain of over 300\% when compared to random association or social-aware algorithms.
Electron Transfer Reactions within the Heterologous Clostridium pasteurianum Fe Protein - Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe Protein Nitrogenase Complex

The MoFe protein from Azotobacter vinelandii (AvI) and the Fe protein from Clostridium pasteurianum (CpII) form a tight complex with an association constant about 10-fold higher than that for the homologous A. vinelandii Fe protein (AvII) - AvI complex and about 100-fold higher than that for the C. pasteurianum MoFe protein (CpI) - CpII complex (1). Although the CpII-AvI nitrogenase complex is unable to reduce any substrates (2), it retains MgATP hydrolysis activity (3). Recently, it was shown that an altered A. vinelandii Fe protein (L127Δ), which appears locked in a MgATP-bound conformation, and AvI form a tight complex, and that the L127Δ Fe protein can transfer a single electron to AvI (4). In light of the fact that the L127Δ tight complex undergoes an electron transfer reaction, it seemed possible that CpII might also be able to transfer an electron to AvI. Using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, EPR, and stopped-flow spectroscopy, it was shown that CpII is able to transfer an electron to AvI in the absence of nucleotides at a rate of 0.007 s−1. In the presence of nucleotides, the rate increased about 4-fold with MgADP and 20,000-fold with MgATP. That nucleotides increase the rate of electron transfer may indicate that conformational changes within CpII induced by the binding of MgATP or MgADP make electron transfer more facile. The EPR data also suggested that in the presence of nucleotides, the equilibrium of electron transfer within the complex is shifted toward the oxidation of the [4Fe-4S] cluster of CpII. From a Marcus analysis of the temperature dependence of the rate of electron transfer, it appeared that MgADP induced electron transfer of the true type within the CpII-AvI complex, whereas with MgATP or no nucleotides, electron transfer theory may not be applicable.
ION IMPLANTATION DAMAGE IN SILICON

This chapter describes aspects of ion implantation damage which are important for Si process technology. Primary damage consists of atomic displacements and amorphization of Si (except for B implantation). Annealing restores crystal Unity and induces electrical activation of implanted dopant ions. It can also cause the formation of residual defects with well defined crystallographic nature. During prolonged annealing, these defects change their sizes and configurations. Their role in device processing will be discussed.
Antiferromagnetic order in Ca10(Pt3As8)(Fe2As2)5 observed by 75As NMR

75As nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements carried out on underdoped, non-superconducting Ca10(Pt3As8)(Fe2As2)5 reveal physical properties that are similar but not identical to 122 superconductor parent compounds such as BaFe2As2. Results from the single crystal study indicate a phase transition to an antiferromagnetic (AF) state on cooling through T ~ 100 K, albeit nonuniformly. Specifically, the NMR lineshape reflects the presence of staggered hyperfine fields on the As sites associated with a striped AF order. The variation of the internal hyperfine field with temperature suggests that the phase transition to the AF state is discontinuous, and therefore likely coincident with the structural transition inferred from transport experiments.
Transcription factor-driven alternative localization of Cryptococcus neoformans superoxide dismutase.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen whose pathogenic lifestyle is linked to its ability to cope with fluctuating levels of copper (Cu), an essential metal involved in multiple virulence mechanisms, within distinct host niches. During lethal cryptococcal meningitis in the brain, C. neoformans senses a Cu-deficient environment and is highly dependent on its ability to scavenge trace levels of Cu from its host and adapt to Cu scarcity to successfully colonize this niche. In this study, we demonstrate for this critical adaptation, the Cu-sensing transcription factor Cuf1 differentially regulates the expression of the SOD1 and SOD2 superoxide dismutases in novel ways. Genetic and transcriptional analysis reveals Cuf1 specifies 5'-truncations of the SOD1 and SOD2 mRNAs through specific binding to Cu responsive elements within their respective promoter regions. This results in Cuf1-dependent repression of the highly abundant SOD1 and simultaneously induces expression of two isoforms of SOD2, the canonical mitochondrial targeted isoform and a novel alternative cytosolic isoform, from a single alternative transcript produced specifically under Cu limitation. The generation of cytosolic Sod2 during Cu limitation is required to maintain cellular antioxidant defense against superoxide stress both in vitro and in vivo. Further, decoupling Cuf1 regulation of Sod2 localization compromises the ability of C. neoformans to colonize organs in murine models of cryptococcosis. Our results provide a link between transcription factor–mediated alteration of protein localization and cell proliferation under stress, which could impact tissue colonization by a fungal pathogen.
When) Can Social Media Buzz Data Replace Traditional Surveys for Sales Forecasting

Producing reliable sales forecasts for new products is notoriously difficult. Traditional surveys have been popular for decades but they are relatively cumbersome and expensive to implement. Use of readily available data from social networks is becoming increasingly popular. Can the customer buzz measures obtained from social networks be a convenient and inexpensive substitute of traditional tools? Using movie industry as a backdrop, the authors compare forecasts derived from a large-scale purchase intention survey with those obtained via social networks. They find that while the survey approach is more reliable in predicting performance overall, customer buzz-based forecasts outperform surveys under conditions of high uncertainly, e.g., for niche and low-budget movies.
Toward Developing Outcome Measures in University-Based Aphasia Programs: Perspectives From the Aphasia Communication Enhancement Program

Purpose University-based aphasia programs are a vital part of the continuum of care for aphasia. However, research on program outcomes is limited, with inconsistencies in the use of outcome measure...
Sleep promoting neurons remodel their response properties to calibrate sleep drive with environmental demands.

Falling asleep at the wrong time can place an individual at risk of immediate physical harm. However, not sleeping degrades cognition and adaptive behavior. To understand how animals match sleep need with environmental demands, we used live-brain imaging to examine the physiological response properties of the Drosophila sleep homeostat (dFB) following interventions that modify sleep (sleep deprivation, starvation, time-restricted feeding, memory consolidation). We report that dFB neurons can distinguish between different types of waking and can change their physiological response-properties accordingly. That is, dFB neurons are not simply passive components of a hard-wired circuit. Rather, the dFB neurons themselves can determine their response to the activity from upstream circuits. Finally, we show that the dFB appears to contain a memory trace of prior exposure to metabolic challenges induced by starvation or time-restricted feeding. Together these data highlight that the sleep homeostat is plastic and suggests an underlying mechanism.
Mechanisms of HIV Suppression by Various Microbes in Human Lymphoid Tissue

Various pathogens enhance HIV replication and disease progression in coinfected individuals. However, we, and others, have provided examples of microbial interactions that suppress HIV-1 infection both in vivo and ex vivo. Here, we report on the mechanisms of interactions of HIV-1 with several such microbes in the context of ex vivo infected human lymphoid tissue. Blocks of human tonsils maintained ex vivo were coinfected with R5 or X4 HIV-1 and with another microbe, measles virus (MV), vaccinia, herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), cytomegalovirus (CMV), or a parasite, Toxoplasma gondii (TG).
Montane Meadows as Indicators of Environmental Change

We used a time series of satellite multispectral imagery for mapping and monitoring six classes of montane meadows arrayed along a moisture gradient (from hydric to mesic to xeric). We hypothesized that mesic meadows would support the highest species diversity of plants, birds, and butterflies because they are more moderate environments. We also hypothesized that mesic meadows would exhibit the greatest seasonal and interannual variability in spectral response across years. Field sampling in each of the meadow types was conducted for plants, birds, and butterflies in 1997 and 1998. Mesic meadows supported the highest plant species diversity, but there was no significant difference in bird or butterfly species diversity among meadow types. These data show that it may be easier to detect significant differences in more species rich taxa (e.g., plants) than taxa that are represented by fewer species (e.g., butterflies and birds). Mesic meadows also showed the greatest seasonal and interannual variability in spectral response. Given the rich biodiversity of mesic montane meadows and their sensitivity to variations in temperature and moisture, they may be important to monitor in the context of environmental change
Preservation and storage of oral tissues—I: Preservation of tooth germs by freezing, evaluated by cellular outgrowth in tissue cultures

Abstract The effectiveness of glycerol and ethylene glycol in preserving the viability of tooth germs subjected to various freezing temperatures was investigated by explanting the tissues, after thawing, to tissue cultures, and observing the extent of cellular outgrowth and the degree of internal differentiation. Tooth germs were pretreated with various concentrations of the preservative agents, frozen indirectly in dry ice-alcohol solutions (−78 °C), isopentane cooled in liquid nitrogen (about −120 °C), or liquid nitrogen (−198 °C), and cultured in Carrel flasks. Glycerol in 30% solution appeared to be the most effective pretreating agent, and the slowest rate of freezing (dry ice-alcohol at −78 °C) was the least damaging of the freezing rates employed.
Bovine sperm fractionation: II. Morphology and chemical analysis of tail segments

Selective degradation and fractionation techniques developed for bovine sperm enabled examination of the structure and chemical properties of components within the tail and neck regions. The degradation methods used caused specific detachment of the capitulum from the implantation fossa of the nucleus. After fractionation and negative staining, the connecting piece was flattened and asymmetrical in shape and had a protuberance located on one side. As a result of chemical digestion, the anterior portions of the cross-striated longitudinal columns remained attached to the capitulum while the posterior portions were connected to individual, pairs, or trios of outer dense fibers (ODF). The major longitudinal columns had greater resistance to breakage than the minor columns. The ODF had regular oblique striations and exhibited strong bonding with the mitochondrial sheath and the cross-striated longitudinal columns. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity and carbohydrates were shown to be associated with the mitochondria-outer dense fiber (M-ODF) fraction.
Genre Bending with Cixous

Cixous: "Flying is woman's gesture?flying in language and 101 making it fly. We have all learned the art of flying and its numerous techniques; for centuries we've been able to pos sess anything by flying; we've lived in flights, stealing away, finding, when desired, narrow passageways, hidden crossovers. It's no accident that voler has a double meaning [to fly, to steal], that it plays on each of them and thus throws off the agents of sense.... What woman hasn't flown/stolen? Who hasn't crumbled, held up to ridicule, the bar of separation? Who hasn't inscribed with her body the differential, punctured the system of couples and opposition?" (258).
Applications of Superfluid Helium in Large-Scale Superconducting Systems

The application of superfluid helium (He II) in large-scale superconducting systems in reviewed. For most of these systems, He II is the coolant of choice, compared to alternative low-temperature helium cooling methods, for its combination of excellent thermal transport properties at reduced temperature. These advantages come at some cost to system designers as the hardware associated with delivering He II is more complex. The paper provides overviews of several major superconducting systems that utilize He II cooling in terms of the relevant thermal fluid properties. Included are issues of transient and steady-state heat transport, high Reynolds number flows, and two-phase phenomena. An effort is made to show the connection between the fundamental superfluid properties and the need of the application. Areas where further understanding of the superfluid state could benefit applications are also discussed.
Three‐dimensional modelling of intergranular fatigue failure of fine grain polycrystalline metallic MEMS devices

This paper presents a 3D finite element model to investigate intergranular fatigue damage of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and to account for the effects of topological randomness of material microstructure on fatigue lives. The topology of MEMS material grain structures is modelled using randomly generated 3D Voronoi tessellations. Continuum Damage Mechanics is used to model progressive material degradation due to fatigue. A new 3D micro-grain debonding procedure is developed to consider both intergranular crack initiation and propagation stages. The fatigue damage model is then used to investigate the effects of microstructure randomness on the variability in fatigue life of cantilever MEMS devices. Three different types of randomness are considered: (1) topological disorder due to random shapes and sizes of the material grains, (2) variation in material properties considering a normally (Gaussian) distributed elastic modulus and (3) material defects or internal voids. The stress–life results obtained are in good agreement with experimental data. The progression of damage and the overall crack pattern obtained from the microcantilever beam model are consistent with empirical observations.
Metastatic cutaneous lesions in children and adolescents with a case report of metastatic neuroblastoma

A child with neuroblastoma metastatic to the skin is reported. A review of the literature revealed that neuroblastoma and leukemia are the neoplasms most frequently associated with cutaneous metastases in children and adolescents. The low incidence of these lesions and their high malignant potential are two important factors that emphasize the pivotal role the dermatologist plays in prompt diagnosis and early referral.
Smad7 induces hepatic metastasis in colorectal cancer.

Although Smad signalling is known to play a tumour suppressor role, it has been shown to play a prometastatic function also in breast cancer and melanoma metastasis to bone. In contrast, mutation or reduced level of Smad4 in colorectal cancer is directly correlated to poor survival and increased metastasis. However, the functional role of Smad signalling in metastasis of colorectal cancer has not been elucidated. We previously reported that overexpression of Smad7 in colon adenocarcinoma (FET) cells induces tumorigenicity by blocking TGF-β-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Here, we have observed that abrogation of Smad signalling by Smad7 induces liver metastasis in a splenic injection model. Polymerase chain reaction with genomic DNA from liver metastases indicates that cells expressing Smad7 migrated to the liver. Increased expression of TGF-β type II receptor in liver metastases is associated with phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of Smad2. Immunohistochemical analyses have suggested poorly differentiated spindle cell morphology and higher cell proliferation in Smad7-induced liver metastases. Interestingly, we have observed increased expression and junctional staining of Claudin-1, Claudin-4 and E-cadherin in liver metastases. Therefore, this report demonstrates, for the first time, that blockade of TGF-β/Smad pathway in colon cancer cells induces metastasis, thus supporting an important role of Smad signalling in inhibiting colon cancer metastasis.
Dynamic optical imaging of metabolic and NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in live mouse brain using fluorescence lifetime unmixing

Superoxide is the single-electron reduction product of molecular oxygen generated by mitochondria and the innate immune enzyme complex, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox), and its isoforms. Initially identified as critical to the host defense against infection, superoxide has recently emerged as an important signaling molecule and as a proposed mediator of central nervous system injury in stroke, neurodegenerative conditions, and aging itself. Complete understanding of superoxide in central nervous system disease has been hampered by lack of noninvasive imaging techniques to evaluate this highly reactive, short-lived molecule in vivo. Here we describe a novel optical imaging technique to monitor superoxide real time in intact animals using a fluorescent probe compound and fluorescence lifetime contrast-based unmixing. Specificity for superoxide was confirmed using validated mouse models with enhanced or attenuated brain superoxide production. Application of fluorescence lifetime unmixing removed autofluorescence, further enhanced sensitivity and specificity of the technique, permitted visualization of physiologically relevant levels of superoxide, and allowed superoxide in specific brain regions (e.g., hippocampus) to be mapped. Lifetime contrast-based unmixing permitted disease model-specific and brain region-specific differences in superoxide levels to be observed, suggesting this approach may provide valuable information on the role of mitochondrial and Nox-derived superoxide in both normal function and pathologic conditions in the central nervous system.
Psychological Effects of Unemployment on Workers and Their Families

This paper reviews findings from a panel study of Boston area unemployed men and their families. Psychological effects of unemployment on workers and their wives are summarized, particularly for the first half year of joblessness. Family responses to job loss are also examined, including the role of the marital relationship in buffering workers' stress. Finally, policy and service implications of this research are discussed. Consideration is given not only to the mental health needs of workers, but to frequently overlooked qualities of efficacy and resilience among the unemployed.
Propagation equations for the set of natural geometrical invariants in relativistic hydrodynamics

Abstract In analogy to the well-known case of null congruences, a set of propagation equations, for the invariants associated with a time-like congruence of fluid streamlines, is derived. The coupled, ordinary differential equations describe the influence of localizable energy, the Weyl tensor and nongravitational forces (e.g., pressure gradients) on the evolution of these invariants. A tetrad formalism together with a three-space notation is used. The propagation equations are finally written, however, in the usual formalism of general relativity so that calculations may be covariantly performed.
Isopropyl-β- d -thiogalactopyranoside influences the metabolism of Escherichia coli

Addition of isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to a strain of Escherichia coli with one lac promoter in its chromosome causes reduction in synthesis rate for a set of protiens. One of these proteins, designated H35, is a prominent cellular protein present only during exponential growth. Reduction of H35 synthesis is transient and delayed following an IPTG pulse. Cellular response to an IPTG pulse during exponential growth shares several features with a heat shock response. Significant increases in the specific growth rate of cells in both amino-acid-supplemented minimal medium and complex medium were observed for some IPTG concentrations relative to IPTG-free cultures. Other IPTG concentrations caused a reduction in specific growth rate.
Do older individuals adapt to their traits?: Personality–emotion relations among younger and older adults

Abstract Prominent lifespan theories posit that older adults are motivated to engage in emotion-regulation more frequently than younger adults. The present study follows from such theories and makes a novel prediction hitherto unexamined in the aging–emotion literature. Based on the idea that older adults more frequently regulate their emotions, it was predicted that traits, reflective of temperament or habit, would be less predictive of emotions among older adults ( N = 60; M age = 74.9 years) than younger adults ( N = 44; M age = 19.5 years). This hypothesis was confirmed across four of the Big 5 traits and, consistent with predictions, the moderating effects of age were particularly strong for negative emotions. The discussion focuses on the implications of the present findings for understanding age differences in personality, emotion, and emotion-regulation.
Role of splenic B cells in the immune privilege of the anterior chamber of the eye

The immune privilege of the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye is largely due to the active down-regulation of systemic delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) that is evoked when antigens are introduced into this ocular compartment. This antigen-specific suppression of DTH has been termed anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) and has been demonstrated with a wide variety of antigens. Previous studies have shown that antigens introduced into the AC are processed by resident antigen-presenting cells which then migrate to the spleen where they transmit a signal that culminates in the generation of regulatory cells that prevent the development of DTH. Although considerable effort has focused on the nature of the ocular phase of ACAID, the role of the spleen has been largely ignored. The present study tested the hypothesis that B cells are the essential cell population responsible for the splenic phase of ACAID. Splenectomy prevented the induction of ACAID; however, introduction of B cell-enriched spleen cells into the AC of splenectomized mice restored the hosts' capacity to develop ACAID. The same effect, however, could not be produced with B cell-depleted spleen cells. B cell depletion of eusplenic mice by chronic administration of anti-mu antiserum prevented the development of ACAID and thus, had the same of effect as splenectomy. The results indicate that an intact B cell population is necessary for the induction of ACAID. These findings also support the hypothesis that antigens arising in the AC and subsequently delivered to spleen are captured by B cells and presented to T cells in a manner that promotes the development of down-regulatory T cells.
Volumetric measurement of pericardial adipose tissue from contrast-enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography: A reproducibility study

Purpose Pericardial adipose tissue may exert unique metabolic and cardiovascular risks in patients. The use of cardiac multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging may enable the accurate localization and quantification of pericardial and intrathoracic adipose tissue. The reproducibility of electrocardiogram-gated high-resolution cardiac MDCT-based volumetric quantification of pericardial and intrathoracic adipose tissue has not been reported. Methods We included 100 consecutive patients (age 54.5 ± 12.0 yr, 60% men) who underwent a standard contrast-enhanced coronary CT for the evaluation of coronary artery plaque and stenosis (64-slice MDCT, temporal resolution: 210 ms, spatial resolution: 0.6 mm, 850 mAs, 120, kvp) after a presentation of acute chest pain. Two independent observers measured intrathoracic (IAT) and pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) by using a semiautomatic segmentation algorithm based on three-dimensional analysis. Results Inter-reader reproducibility was excellent (relative difference: 7.35 ± 7.22% for PAT and 6.23 ± 4.91% for IAT, intraclass correlation 0.98 each). Similar results were obtained for intra-observer reproducibility (relative difference: 5.18 ± 5.19% for PAT and 4.34 ± 4.12% for IAT, intraclass correlation 0.99 each). Conclusion This study demonstrates that MDCT-based 3D semiautomatic segmentation for volumetric quantification of PAT and IAT is highly reproducible. Further research is warranted to assess whether volumetric measurements may substantially improve the predictive value of obesity measures for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases.
The Mobius group and invariant spaces of analytic functions

STEPHEN D. FISHER: I received my bachelor's degree from MIT in 1963. My graduate work was done at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where I was a student of Frank Forelli. I was an instructor at MIT from 1967 to 1969, at which time I joined the faculty at Northwestern University. My research focuses on the interaction of complex analysis with functional | analysis and approximation theory. In addition to a number of research papers, I have written a graduate-level book, Function Theory on Planar Domains, John Wiley and Sons, 1983, and an undergraduate text, Complex Variables, Wadsworth, 1986.
The principles of continuum mechanics applied to transport processes and deformation in plant tissue

The principles of continuum mechanics provide a consistent framework for the derivation of mathematical statements describing transport and deformation in a continuous medium. In this manuscript we formulate mathematical expressions for the transport of water and solute along the direction of deformation in plant tissue. Mathematical expressions for the local tissue deformation are also obtained and are expressed in terms of the displacement velocities and axial strain. These derivations are based upon the explicit consideration of the tissue as a mathematical continuum composed of a cell wall matrix, water, and solute phases. The principles of mass conservation for each component phase are employed to construct individual continuity equations for the matrix, water, and solute phases respectively. The differential equation for the flow of water in tissue is found by combining the continuity equations for both the water and cell wall phases with the axial derivative of the constitutive relationship relating the motion of the water with respect to the cell wall matrix. The partial differential equation for solute flow in deforming tissue is found by combining the continuity statements for the solute and the cell wall phases with the axial derivative of the constitutive relationship for solute motion with respect to cell wall matrix. The mathematical description of tissue deformation is found from the balance of linear momentum. Momentum balance for plant tissue states that the time rate of change of momentum of the cell wall phase equals the forces acting on the matrix expressed as the axial gradients of mechanical stress and osmotic potential, respectively. This expression is then combined with the axial derivative of constitutive relations found from a generalized form of Hooke's law and the Boyle-Van't Hoff relationship. The resulting description of deformation is formed as a system of coupled, quasi-linear, first-order, partial differential equations for the local tissue displacement velocities and the longitudinal tissue strain. The deformation equations describe either elastic or plastic one dimensional tissue expansion or contraction. The overall mathematical statements of transport processes and deformation in plant tissue is given by four differential equations coupled through the gradient of the tissue displacement velocities which describe the local shrinking or swelling of the tissue. This coupling provides the explicit connection between the local tissue deformation and the instantaneous water potential and solute concentration of the tissue.
Femtosecond pulsed laser deposition of Ge quantum dot growth on Si(1 0 0)-(2 × 1)

Abstract Ge quantum dots were grown on Si(1 0 0)-(2 × 1) by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition at various substrate temperatures using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction and ex situ atomic force microscopy were used to analyze the film structure and morphology. The morphology of germanium islands on silicon was studied at different coverages. The results show that femtosecond pulsed laser deposition reduces the minimum temperature for epitaxial growth of Ge quantum dots to ∼280 °C, which is 120 °C lower than previously observed in nanosecond pulsed laser deposition and more than 200 °C lower than that reported for molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapor deposition.
The late positive component of the auditory evoked potential in a shared reading and counting task.

Abstract Eight subjects were presented with a series of low and high tones. When they were instructed to ignore the tones and perform a reading task, the late positive component (LPC) of the evoked EEG was absent. Both tones, however, produced LPCs when S counted the higher tone, with the counted tone showing greater LPC amplitude. Under a shared reading and counting task, LPC amplitudes were reduced and comparable to those observed in the read-only condition. These results were interpreted as most consistent with a selective attention hypothesis of the LPC.