cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Little Treatments, Promising Effects? Meta-Analysis of Single-Session Interventions for Youth Psychiatric Problems.

Objective Despite progress in the development of evidence-based interventions for youth psychiatric problems, up to 75% of youths with mental health needs never receive services, and early dropout is common among those who do. If effective, then single-session interventions (SSIs) for youth psychiatric problems could increase the accessibility, scalability, completion rates, and cost-effectiveness of youth mental health services. This study assessed the effects of SSIs for youth psychiatric problems. Method Using robust variance estimation to address effect size (ES) dependency, findings from 50 randomized-controlled trials (10,508 youths) were synthesized. Results Mean postintervention ES showed a Hedges g value equal to 0.32; the probability that a youth receiving SSI would fare better than a control-group youth was 58%. Effects varied by several moderators, including target problem: ESs were largest for anxiety (0.56) and conduct problems (0.54) and weakest for substance abuse (0.08; targeted in >33% of studies). Other problems yielded numerically promising but nonsignificant ESs (e.g., 0.21 for depression), potentially from low representation across trials. ESs differed across control conditions, with larger ESs for studies with no treatment (0.41) versus active controls (0.14); developmental periods, with greater ESs for children (0.42) than adolescents (0.19); intervention types, with largest ESs for youth-focused cognitive-behavioral approaches (0.74); and follow-up lengths, with smaller ESs for follow-ups exceeding 13 weeks. ESs did not differ for self- versus therapist-administered interventions or for youths with diagnosable versus subclinical problems. Conclusion Findings support the promise of SSIs for certain youth psychiatric problems and the need to clarify how, to what degree, and for whom SSIs effect lasting change.
High-performance solid-state on-chip supercapacitors based on Si nanowires coated with ruthenium oxide via atomic layer deposition

Abstract Solid-state on-chip supercapacitors based on ruthenium oxide coated silicon nanowires were fabricated using a process that is compatible with silicon integrated circuit processing. Ordered arrays of silicon nanowires were fabricated using metal-assisted anodic etching (MAAE). Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to form a uniform coating of ruthenium oxide on high-aspect-ratio silicon nanowires at a moderate temperature of 290 °C. Coated nanowire electrodes were studied using cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge tests in a neutral Na2SO4 electrolyte, and a specific capacitance of 19 mFcm−2 was achieved at 5 mVs−1. Solid state nanowire capacitors were then fabricated with symmetric face to face nanowire arrays separated by a polymer-based electrolyte. This device exhibited a specific capacitance as high as 6.5 mFcm−2 at 2 mVs−1. The full device was tested over 10000 cycles under galvanostatic charge-discharge at 0.4 mAcm−2, and showed a retention of 92% of the specific capacitance. The specific capacitance was found to scale with the total nanowire surface area, as controlled by controlling the aspect ratios of the wires. The solid state nanowire-based device also achieved high specific energies without sacrificing power performance.
Ignition Interlock Laws: Effects on Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes, 1982-2013

Introduction Alcohol-involved motor vehicle crashes are a major cause of preventable mortality in the U.S., leading to more than 10,000 fatalities in 2013. Ignition interlocks, or alcohol-sensing devices connected to a vehicle's ignition to prevent it from starting if a driver has a predetermined blood alcohol content (BAC) level, are a promising avenue for preventing alcohol-involved driving. This study sought to assess the effects of laws requiring ignition interlocks for some or all drunk driving offenders on alcohol-involved fatal crashes. Methods A multilevel modeling approach assessed the effects of state interlock laws on alcohol-involved fatal crashes in the U.S. from 1982 to 2013. Monthly data on alcohol-involved crashes in each of the 50 states was collected in 2014 from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Random-intercept models accounted for between-state variation in alcohol-involved fatal crash rates and autocorrelation of within-state crash rates over time. Analysis was conducted in 2015. Results State laws requiring interlocks for all drunk driving offenders were associated with a 7% decrease in the rate of BAC >0.08 fatal crashes and an 8% decrease in the rate of BAC ≥0.15 fatal crashes, translating into an estimated 1,250 prevented BAC >0.08 fatal crashes. Laws requiring interlocks for segments of high-risk drunk driving offenders, such as repeat offenders, may reduce alcohol-involved fatal crashes after 2 years of implementation. Conclusions Ignition interlock laws reduce alcohol-involved fatal crashes. Increasing the spread of interlock laws that are mandatory for all offenders would have significant public health benefit.
Leading by example: A case study of the influence of principal self-efficacy on collective efficacy

AbstractSelf-efficacy is a perceived judgment that one has the ability to execute a course of action that brings about a desired result. Principal self-efficacy describes a set of beliefs that enable a principal to enact policies and procedures that promote the effectiveness of a school. Principal self-efficacy beliefs are also important because they guide the leader’s actions and behaviors that affect expectations for students as well as teachers’ motivation and school improvement processes. In this qualitative case study, we sought to understand teachers’ perceptions of how the self-efficacy beliefs and actions of the principal contributed to the school’s collective efficacy. The study featured a single embedded case design highlighting one high poverty rural middle school with very high levels of achievement. While collective efficacy was developed through fidelity to instructional initiatives and relationship building among staff, the efficacy beliefs and actions of the principal influenced the school...
International Standards for IP Protection and R&D Incentives Revisited

Aoki and Prusa (1993), Journal of International Economics, examine the effects of differing standards of IPRs protection on the R&D intensity of home country firms. This paper builds on this work by examining the R&D outcomes of home country firms when foreign rivals imitate rather than innovate. In infant industries, full commitment to discriminatory protection always leads to the most R&D. In mature industries, full commitment to discriminatory protection leads to reduced R&D intensity. This contrasts with the dynamic case where discriminatory protection, by relaxing a binding cash in advance constraint, leads to more R&D than does uniform protection.
Behind the Pearly Gates: Process Dynamics within Angel Groups

Angel investor groups represent an increasingly important source of strategic resources for young entrepreneurial firms. However, little research examines their internal decision processes. Given l...
Rare Tumor Clinic: The University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center Experience with a Precision Therapy Approach

Author(s): Kato, Shumei; Kurasaki, Kellie; Ikeda, Sadakatsu; Kurzrock, Razelle | Abstract: BACKGROUND:Patients with rare tumors may lack approved treatments and clinical trial access. Although each rare tumor is uncommon, cumulatively they account for approximately 25% of cancers. We recently initiated a Rare Tumor Clinic that emphasized a precision medicine strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We investigated the first 40 patients presenting at the Rare Tumor Clinic. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of tissue and plasma-derived, circulating-tumor DNA (ctDNA), and protein markers were assessed. RESULTS:Median age was 58 years (range, 31-78 years); 70% (28/40) were women; median number of previous systemic therapies was 2 (range 0-7). The most common diagnoses were sarcoma (n = 7) for solid tumors and Erdheim-Chester disease (n = 5) for hematologic malignancies. Twenty distinct diagnoses were seen. Examples of ultrarare tumors included ameloblastoma, yolk sac liver tumor, ampullary cancer, and Castleman's disease. Altogether, 32 of 33 patients (97%) with tissue NGS and 15 of 33 (45%) with ctDNA sequencing harbored ≥1 alteration. Overall, 92.5% of patients (37/40) had ≥1 actionable target based on either genomic (n = 32) or protein (n = 27) markers. In total, 52.5% (21/40) received matched therapy; 52.4% (11/21) achieved stable disease (SD) ≥6 months (n = 3), partial remission (PR; n = 6), or complete remission (CR; n = 2). Matched therapy resulted in significantly longer progression-free survival compared with last prior unmatched therapy (hazard ratio 0.26, 95% confidence interval 0.10-0.71, p = .008). CONCLUSION:Identifying genomic and protein markers in patients with rare/ultrarare tumors was feasible. When therapies were matched, g50% of patients attained SD ≥6 months, PR, or CR. Further precision medicine clinical investigations focusing on rare and ultrarare tumors are urgently needed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:Although rare tumors are infrequent by definition, when all subtypes of rare cancers are combined, they account for approximately 25% of adult malignancies. However, patients with rare tumors may lack approved treatments and clinical trial access. This paper describes an institutional a Rare Tumor Clinic focused on a precision medicine strategy. Performing genomics and protein analyses was feasible amongst patients with rare cancers. Over 50% of patients attained SD ≥6 months, PR, or CR when they received matched therapy (genomically targeted and/or immunotherapy). Further studies investigating the efficacy of the precision therapy approach among rare tumors are warranted.
Learning better deep features for the prediction of occult invasive disease in ductal carcinoma in situ through transfer learning

Purpose: To determine whether domain transfer learning can improve the performance of deep features extracted from digital mammograms using a pre-trained deep convolutional neural network (CNN) in the prediction of occult invasive disease for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) on core needle biopsy. Method: In this study, we collected digital mammography magnification views for 140 patients with DCIS at biopsy, 35 of which were subsequently upstaged to invasive cancer. We utilized a deep CNN model that was pre-trained on two natural image data sets (ImageNet and DTD) and one mammographic data set (INbreast) as the feature extractor, hypothesizing that these data sets are increasingly more similar to our target task and will lead to better representations of deep features to describe DCIS lesions. Through a statistical pooling strategy, three sets of deep features were extracted using the CNNs at different levels of convolutional layers from the lesion areas. A logistic regression classifier was then trained to predict which tumors contain occult invasive disease. The generalization performance was assessed and compared using repeated random sub-sampling validation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Result: The best performance of deep features was from CNN model pre-trained on INbreast, and the proposed classifier using this set of deep features was able to achieve a median classification performance of ROC-AUC equal to 0.75, which is significantly better (p Conclusion: Transfer learning is helpful for learning a better representation of deep features, and improves the prediction of occult invasive disease in DCIS.
THE ROLE OF NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY IN ATYPICAL PARKINSONISM: CLINICAL FINDINGS ON A STANDARDIZED OCULAR MOTOR EXAM (P6.076)

Objective: To categorize findings of a standardized clinical ocular motor examination in atypical parkinsonism. Background: Parkinsonian disorders can be divided into idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonism, including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multisystem atrophy (MSA), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). Diagnostic challenges include phenotypic overlap and delayed development of classic features, making early diagnosis difficult. Eye movement exam may assist with diagnosis, particularly early when findings are subtle. For example, supranuclear gaze palsy (SGP) of PSP demonstrates absent optokinetic fast phases as the earliest manifestation; downbeat nystagmus may indicate MSA; and ocular motor apraxia (OMA)/Balint syndrome may indicate CBS or DLB. Design/Methods: Retrospective chart review in patients with atypical parkinsonism referred to neuro-ophthalmology from 2014–2017. Results: Fifty patients, mean age 70.0 ± 8.5 years, were included. Patients were grouped according to eye movement deficits: SGP suggesting PSP (n=26), SGP plus cerebellar suggesting PSP or PSP-mimic (n=8), OMA/Balint suggesting DLB or CBS (n=6), cerebellar only suggesting MSA (n=4), and no abnormality (n=6). SGP was vertical greater than horizontal in 71% and vertical only in 29%. Of those with decreased vertical OKN (n=27), 93% involved upward and downward and 7% upward only. SGP was mild in 21%, moderate in 26%, and severe in 53%. Of those with cerebellar involvement, downbeat nystagmus was present in 42% (positional only in 1 patient), gaze-evoked nystagmus in 69%, and saccadic dysmetria in 69%. Convergence insufficiency was present in 98% of all patients: symptomatic in 56%. Saccadic intrusions were present in 78%, of which 62% were pathologic square wave jerks. Conclusions: Eye movement abnormalities provide clues to distinguish between various forms of atypical parkinsonism. Referral patterns and diagnostic contribution are assessed in a corresponding study. Systematic ocular motor examination, especially for subtle signs, may assist in diagnosis. Disclosure: Dr. Seay has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr Frucht has nothing to disclose. Dr Rucker has nothing to disclose.
Effect of Everolimus in Treatment of Aggressive Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

CONTEXT Aggressive prolactin (PRL)-secreting pituitary adenomas that are resistant to conventional therapy with dopamine agonists, surgery, and radiation pose a therapeutic challenge. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus is approved to treat neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and cotreatment with the somatostatin receptor ligand octreotide improved median progression-free survival in patients with metastatic pancreatic NETs. PATIENT, INTERVENTION, AND RESULTS We describe off-label everolimus treatment of a prolactinoma (PRLoma) refractory to cabergoline, repeat surgical resection, and radiation therapy. Addition of everolimus to cabergoline led to decreased PRL levels and tumor regression after 5 months. Tumor size remained stable for 12 months, and although PRL levels rose, they remained below pretreatment levels. Immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of expression of key mTOR pathway drivers of cell proliferation revealed elevated phosphorylated (p-)AKT, p-4EBP1, and p-S6 in the index patient's tumor. IHC analysis of seven additional PRLomas demonstrated increased expression of nuclear p-AKT, cytoplasmic p-S6, and globally increased p-4EBP1 in the PRLomas compared with 11 autopsy-derived normal pituitary tissues. In in vitro studies in murine mammosomatotroph tumor GH3 cells, we observed that both the dopamine agonist cabergoline and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus inhibited GH3 cell proliferation and PRL secretion as single agents, and the synergistic effect was noted with combination treatment only on inhibition of PRL secretion but not proliferation. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings demonstrate that the mTOR pathway is activated in PRLomas and that everolimus exhibits antiproliferative actions in vitro. We suggest that everolimus may be a novel therapeutic option for some aggressive PRL-secreting tumors unresponsive to conventional treatments.
New Friedel-Crafts chemistry—XXI

Abstract Aluminum chloride-catalyzed alkylations of benzene with 1-propanol, cyclobutylcarbinol, cyclopentylcarbinol, and cyclohexylcarbinol have been reported to take place without any rearrangement of the alkylating species. We have now reinvestigated these alkylations and have found that in every case isomerizations occur which are consistent with expected rearrangements of intermediate carbonium ions or equivalent complexes. The relative amounts of n-propyl- and isopropylbenzene obtained from 1-propanol depend on the severity of the conditions; long heating results in disappearance of isopropylbenzene from the liquid reaction mixture owing to much more rapid dealkylation of this isomer than of n-propylbenzene. The major product from cyclobutylcarbinol is cyclopentylbenzene; from cyclopentylcarbinol, cyclohexylbenzene; and from cyclohexylcarbinol, a mixture of isomeric methylphenylcyclohexanes. These reactions are now shown to be consistent in mechanism with other aluminum chloride-catalyzed alkylations with primary alkyl derivatives.
Aging: Older Adults' Driving Behavior Using Longitudinal and Lateral Warning Systems.

ObjectiveThis study assessed older drivers’ driving behavior when using longitudinal and lateral vehicle warning systems together.BackgroundAdvanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) can benefit dri...
Order From Confusion: International Chemical Standardization and the Elements, 1947-1990

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is the international standards making body for chemistry whose goal is to create a standardized common language for the global chemistry community. The IUPAC governs the use and creation of names, symbols, and terminology. It also establishes criteria for the discovery of new elements and assesses discovery claims, develops of rules for naming new elements, and defines group numbering and collective names. Notably, the IUPAC does not recommend a specific form of the periodic table. This paper aims to explain why the IUPAC treats changes to the periodic table in a cautious manner by examining several occasions when they either changed nomenclature related to the elements or changed the periodic table. It shows that the negative reactions of chemical researchers to changes in nomenclature were relatively mild in comparison to those of chemical educators in the face of changes related to the periodic table.
Rentier States, International Finance, and Governance

The political-science literature is divided on the relationship between resource rents and politics. This may be related to its narrow focus on democracy and on the domestic influences upon governance outcomes. This paper argues that rents are in fact damaging, on balance, but that we need to look at political outcomes beyond democracy while taking account of international causal pathways as well as domestic ones. It also uses the new ICTD dataset while employing regressions with unit fixed effects to avoid omitted-variable bias, The analysis yields two main results. First, a “resource curse” on governance does exist, but in the short term it has more to do with state capacity, corruption, and economic freedom than with democracy or civil liberties. Second, it appears that many of the negative effects of resource abundance are associated with the relaxation of the foreign-exchange constraint — that is, we see them on the current account balance variable more often than on the rents variables. In regressions with five-year lags, the current-account balance appears to constitute the dominant negative influence on democracy and civil liberties — although these effects are not robust to changes in lag length. The main results hold for two measures of resource rents and are robust to the exclusion of observations from the Middle East and North Africa, or observations prior to 1981, and to a “difference GMM” dynamic panel-data analysis.
Mitochondrial-Nuclear Crosstalk is Involved in Oxygen-Regulated Gene Expression in Yeast

The expression of several oxygen-regulated nuclear genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is affected by the mitochondrion. Recent evidence suggests two levels of mitochondrial involvement. On the one hand, mitochondrial respiratory function is essential for the anoxic induction of some hypoxic genes. On the other hand, the mitochondrial genome itself functions independently of its respiratory function, in the optimal expression of some aerobic genes. These findings suggest that the mitochondrion release at least two types of ‘signals’ that function in the expression of oxygen-regulated genes.
Phenomenological modeling of the effect of oxidation on the creep response of Ni-based single-crystal superalloys

A new constitutive equation predicting the evolution of oxide thickness is proposed and implemented in a crystal plasticity framework with a hardening-based damage density function. The oxidation model depends on the initial surface roughness as well as the amount of accumulated plastic strain and stress triaxiality. The effect of oxidation on the mechanical behavior and damage is considered at the flow stress level by modifying the amplitude of the kinematic hardening. The oxidation-altered kinematic hardening is able to predict the effect of oxidizing environments on the mechanical behavior, specifically the plastic strain rate in the secondary creep stage, and lifetime. In addition, the oxidation model has also been tested in 3D by performing a finite-element simulation on a notched specimen subjected to a creep load. It revealed that the model is able to predict surface roughness and oxide thickness distributions in 3D and for multiaxial stresses.
Public Administration Pedagogy in India.

While the praxis of public administration in India is documented in the literature, its pedagogy, and the formal dissemination of its knowledge, is relatively unexamined. This study determines the ...
Reducing run-time adaptation space via analysis of possible utility bounds

Self-adaptive systems often employ dynamic programming or similar techniques to select optimal adaptations at run-time. These techniques suffer from the "curse of dimensionality", increasing the cost of run-time adaptation decisions. We propose a novel approach that improves upon the state-of-the-art proactive self-adaptation techniques to reduce the number of possible adaptations that need be considered for each run-time adaptation decision. The approach, realized in a tool called Thallium, employs a combination of automated formal modeling techniques to (i) analyze a structural model of the system showing which configurations are reachable from other configurations and (ii) compute the utility that can be generated by the optimal adaptation over a bounded horizon in both the best- and worst-case scenarios. It then constructs triangular possibility values using those optimized bounds to automatically compare adjacent adaptations for each configuration, keeping only the alternatives with the best range of potential results. The experimental results corroborate Thallium's ability to significantly reduce the number of states that need to be considered with each adaptation decision, freeing up vital resources at run-time.
The Appalachian Coalfield in Historical Context

The Appalachian coalfield occurs within the eastern United States (US). This mountainous landscape is formed from natural dissection of sedimentary geologic strata with interbedded seams of coal and serves as headwaters for multiple rivers. The region’s natural ecosystems, with a primary vegetation of mostly deciduous forest, are among the non-tropical world’s most biodiverse. After first humans arrived more than 10,000 years ago, the first Europeans came to Appalachia as fur trappers and traders; agriculturalists and merchants came soon after. The region’s diverse forests and rich mineral resources supported economic development as settlements expanded and populations grew. Coal mining began in the mid-1700s to supply commercial and residential users. Large-scale timber harvesting and coal mining stimulated railroad expansion in the mid-1800s, which improved transportation linkages to more populated areas and further increased coal demand. The American nation’s industrial development increased usage of iron and steel, further expanding coal demands. Coal was essential to American electrification during the twentieth century. With numerous and thick coal seams accessible by both surface and underground mines, Appalachia was the US’s primary coal-producing region from the 1800s through the 1970s. Appalachian coal mining has influenced the region’s landscapes, forests, water, and people over more than two centuries.
Weight gain, grazing behavior and carcass quality of desert grass-fed Rarámuri Criollo vs. crossbred steers

Abstract Raramuri Criollo cattle producers often crossbreed their cows with improved beef-breed bulls and/or retain and develop their yearlings on rangeland because of limited weaned calf markets, however it is unknown if Raramuri Criollo steers exhibit marketable weight gains and carcass qualities, or desirable grazing behaviors documented in cows of this biotype. We evaluated two cohorts (cohort: 1 = 31, 2 = 26) of Raramuri Criollo (JRC), Mexican Criollo (MC) and Criollo × beef-breed crossbred (XC) steers to investigate effects of biotype on growth, carcass traits, and landscape utilization. Steers were weighed approximately once every 2-mo and average daily gains (ADG) calculated. Nine JRC and XC steers per cohort were monitored at 5-min intervals via global positioning systems (GPS) for 1-mo during winter (2015–16) and late-summer (2016–17). Weight and carcass data were analyzed using mixed measures procedures to identify differences between biotype through time. Discriminant analyses were conducted to determine whether grazing behaviors could be discriminated among: 1) JRC and XC steers and JRC cows; 2) steers by season (winter vs. summer); and 3) steers of cohort 1 and 2. Final live and carcass weights of XC were greater than JRC and MC, but all were market ready at 30-mo following a grass-finishing protocol. Carcass quality and ADG were not different among biotypes. Steers were discriminated into different season or cohort groups based on grazing behavior differences but JRC and XC steers exhibited grazing patterns that were similar to those previously observed in JRC cows. Our results suggest that JRC, MC, and XC steers can be developed to slaughter weights in 30-mo using a rangeland-based grass-fed protocol, and that JRC and XC steers exhibit desirable grazing behaviors previously observed in JRC cows.
Greenspace, air pollution, neighborhood factors and preeclampsia in California

AbstractBackground/Aim: We examined the relationships between greenspace, air pollution, neighborhood factors and preeclampsia. Methods: Data were from birth certificates and hospital discharge rec...
Enforced P-glycoprotein pump function in murine bone marrow cells results in expansion of side population stem cells in vitro and repopulating cells in vivo

The human multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1) gene product, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), is well known for its ability to confer drug resistance; however, recent evidence suggests that P-gp expression can have more general effects on cellular development. In support of this idea, it was previously shown that retroviral-mediated MDR1 expression in murine bone marrow cells resulted in the expansion of stem cells in culture and in the development of a myeloproliferative syndrome in transplanted mice. It is now reported that MDR1-mediated stem cell expansion is associated with an increase in side population (SP) stem cells, defined by Hoechst dye staining. Transduction of murine bone marrow cells with an MDR1 retroviral vector resulted in an almost 2 log increase in SP cell numbers over 12 days in culture, whereas there was a rapid loss of SP cells from control cultures. Stem cell amplification was not limited to ex vivo expansion cultures but was also evident when MDR1-transduced cells were directly transplanted into irradiated mice. In these cases, stem cell expansion was associated with relatively high vector copy numbers in stem cell clones. As previously reported, some cases were associated with a characteristic myeloproliferative syndrome. A functionally inactive MDR1 mutant cDNA was used to show that P-gp pump function was required both for amplification of phenotypically defined SP cells and functionally defined repopulating cells. These studies further support the concept that ABC transporter function can have important effects on hematopoietic stem cell development.
Topographic Maps in the Brain

Sensory and motor systems of the brain are characterized by orderly, topographic representations or maps of a receptor surface or of body movements. All vertebrates have subcortical representations. Mammals also have representations in neocortex, which vary in number according to the extent of the expansion of neocortex and cortical systems in different lines of evolution. Sensory maps conform to the arrangements of the receptors on the receptor surface sheet when they are early in a processing sequence, while maps high in a sequence tend to be only globally topographic. Many maps, especially those in neocortex, are subdivided into two or more sets of processing modules that disrupt strict topography by repeating local representations. Maps tend to reflect variations in receptor density, but some receptors may be disproportionately over represented.
Commercial applications of ozone in food processing

Abstract: Although ozone has been commercially available for more than a century, its uses in agri-foods and food processing proliferated after its approval by the US FDA (2001) as an antimicrobial agent for direct contact with foods of all types. Described herein are specific commercial applications of ozone in food processing plants, particularly in conjunction with other food processing techniques (ultrasound, electrolyzed water, UV radiation, modified atmosphere packaging, etc.). The recent European Community Ozone-Clean-in-Place (CIP) project will provide much technical information on the use of ozone for cleaning-in-place applications in food plants of all types.
Towards an assembly plan from observation. I. Assembly task recognition using face-contact relations (polyhedral objects)

The authors propose a novel method to program a robot, the assembly-plan-from-observation (APO) method. The APO method aims to build a system that has the capability of observing a human performing an assembly task, understanding the task based on the observation, and generating the robot program to achieve the same task. Assembly relations which serve as the basic representation of each assembly task are defined. It was verified that such assembly relations can be recovered from the observation of human assembly tasks, and that from such assembly relations, it is possible to generate robot motion commands to repeat the same assembly task. An APO system based on the assembly relations was demonstrated. >
The Effect of U.S. Antidumping Law on Firms' Market Power: An Empirical Test

An empirical version of the Lerner index is used to investigate the market power effects of U.S. firms seeking protection under current antidumping law. The market power consequences are examined for each of the three possible resolutions of an antidumping investigation: petition for relief accepted (and duties levied), petition rejected, or petition withdrawn. For each outcome an industry case study is presented and the market power analysis conducted. The results contained herein support the hypothesis that U.S. firms receiving protection enhance their domestic market power, while firms having their petition rejected experience a decrease in market power. The evidence is less clear for plaintiffs who withdraw their antidumping petition prior to its final resolution.
Thrombolytic Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Its Use in Clinical Medicine. Part II

The second part of this comprehensive review of thrombolytic therapy in clnical medicien focuses on its use in a wide renge of thrombotic disorders, including pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, arterial thrombocmbolism, catheter-related thrombosis, arterial thrombocmbolism, catheter-relted thrombosis, and prosthetic valve occlusion. New experimental applications in the management of unstable angina and cerebrovascular disease are also discussed.
Understanding user needs for conceptual design phases of architecture projects

This paper describes design research methods used to understand user needs, identify user requirements and create new conceptual design workflows for an existing architectural software application.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Epigenetic Modifications Associated with Schizophrenia-like Phenotype Induced by Prenatal Stress in Mice

BACKGROUND: Prenatal stress (PRS) is considered a risk factor for several neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia (SZ). An animal model involving restraint stress of pregnant mice suggests that PRS induces epigenetic changes in specific GABAergic and glutamatergic genes likely to be implicated in SZ, including the gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). METHODS: Studying adult offspring of pregnant mice subjected to PRS, we explored the long-term effects of PRS on behavior and on the expression of key chromatin remodeling factors including DNA methyltransferase 1, ten-eleven-translocation hydroxylases, methyl CpG binding protein 2, histone deacetylases, and histone methyltransferases and demethylase in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. We also measured the expression of BDNF. RESULTS: Adult PRS offspring demonstrate behavioral abnormalities suggestive of SZ and molecular changes similar to changes seen in postmortem brains of patients with SZ. This includes a significant increase in DNA methyltransferase 1 and ten-eleven-translocation hydroxylase 1 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus but not in cerebellum; no changes in histone deacetylases, histone methyltransferases and demethylases, or methyl CpG binding protein 2, and a significant decrease in Bdnf messenger RNA variants. The decrease of the corresponding Bdnf transcript level was accompanied by an enrichment of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at Bdnf gene regulatory regions. In addition, the expression of Bdnf transcripts (IV and IX) correlated positively with social approach in both PRS mice and nonstressed mice. CONCLUSIONS: Because patients with psychosis and PRS mice show similar epigenetic signature, PRS mice may be a suitable model for understanding the behavioral and molecular epigenetic changes observed in patients with SZ.
Aqueous electrospinning of wheat gluten fibers with thiolated additives

The molecular weight distribution (MWD), rheology and electrospinning of a series of wheat gluten (WG) mixtures with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), dithiothreitol (DTT), and thiolated poly(vinyl alcohol) (TPVA) in water/1-propanol (1/1) were investigated by size-exclusion chromatography, steady-shear viscosity measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Thiolated additives reduce disulfide bonds between protein subunits and thus increase WG solubility. Accordingly, Newtonian behavior is observed for pure components and PVA/WG, and shear-thinning for DTT/WG and TPVA/WG. Concentration, viscosity and additive type affect WG electrospinnability. At higher concentrations, PVA/WG fibers are thicker than WG ones, whereas DTT/WG and TPVA/WG fibers are thinner and beadless. While at low concentrations both DTT/WG and TPVA/WG generate poor fibers, lowering TPVA thiolation level results in better fibers, unobtainable with DTT. Thus, although using only the lower end of the WG MWD, reasonably good fibers can nonetheless be obtained with an inexpensive aqueous system and very low additive amounts.
Estimates of Radiative Divergence during Phase III of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment: Part II. Analysis of Phase III Results

Abstract The GATE Phase III radiative divergence profiles generally show less upper tropospheric radiative divergence and more middle level divergence than previous cilimatological estimates suggest. These differences are due primarily to the extensive middle and upper tropospheric cloudiness in the GATE area, the large mean values of total precipitable water vapor (∼5.1 cm), and the inclusion in the present study of the effects of the water vapor pressure broadened continuum. Averages for the 6 h local time periods 0000–0600, 0600–1200, 120–1800 and 1800–2400 show all layers of the GATE Phase III B-scale atmosphere experience a net radiative loss of energy. However, actual radiative heating of some layers is evident near midday. For a convectively suppressed composite case all levels above 700 mb show heating for the 1000–1400 LST period. The total troposphere shows a net radiative gain for the same 6 h interval (0900–1500 LST). For the enhanced convection case absolute warming is generally confined to t...
Elucidating the Role of Surface Hydrolysis in Preparing Organosilane Nanostructures via Particle Lithography

A new method of particle lithography is described for preparing rings or nanoporous films of organosilanes. Millions of exquisitely uniform and precisely spaced nanostructures with designed surface chemistry can be rapidly produced using vapor deposition through mesoparticle masks. Nanoscopic amounts of water are essential for initiating surface hydrosilation. Thus, the key step for preparing covalently bonded nanostructures of organosilanes is to control drying parameters to spatially direct the placement of water on surfaces.
Collisional energy transfer in tin by diatomics and inert gases

Abstract Collisional energy transfer between laser-excited atomic tin and both inert-gas and diatomic collision partners has been studied Relative populations of collisionally populated tin levels were determined For certain levels, diatomics transferred nearly two orders of magnitude more population than inert gases; for other levels there was nearly equal population transfer by both groups of partners.
Fitness and fertility among Kalahari !Kung.

In this paper we develop a model that examines fertility and childhood mortality patterns and their relationship to environmental variables. Interactions among environmental variables can account for different fertility patterns and different mixes of these variables can produce similar patterns of fertility. Our model attempts to quantify the idea that there is a trade-off between producing a few children likely to survive to reproductive age and producing a greater number of children with lower chances for survival. The optimum mix of these strategies depends on environmental characteristics. We use the model to make predictions about fertility and mortality patterns among two Bushmen populations of southern Africa--the Ghanzi and Ngamiland !Kung--using data collected by Harpending in 1967-1968. The results do not support explanations of the low fertilities observed among !Kung Bushmen women, in whom it is thought that fitness is maximized by limiting fertility, and show no relationship between mortality and family size in either !Kung population. Instead, the number of offspring reaching reproductive age in both populations increases as their completed family size increases. We examine the effects of sex, birth order, and paternal investment on mortality. No sex ratio differences and no differences in mortality by sex or birth order are present. Infant mortality among women who married more than once is significantly higher than among women who married once, suggesting that paternal care has a significant effect.
Flavor preference conditioning by different sugars in sweet ageusic Trpm5 knockout mice

Knockout (KO) mice missing the taste signaling protein Trpm5 have greatly attenuated sweetener preferences but develop strong preferences for glucose in 24-h tests, which is attributed to post-oral sugar conditioning. Trpm5 KO mice express mild preferences for galactose but no preferences for fructose in 24-h tests, which suggests that these sugars differ in their post-oral reinforcing effects. Here we investigated sugar-conditioned flavor preferences in Trpm5 KO and C57BL/6J wildtype (B6) mice. The mice were trained to consume a flavored (CS+, e.g. grape) 8% sugar solution and flavored (CS-, e.g., cherry) water on alternating days followed by two-bottle choice tests with CS+ vs. CS- flavors in water and with unflavored sugar vs. water. The KO mice displayed strong preferences (>80%) for the CS+ glucose and CS+ galactose but not for the CS+ fructose flavor. They also preferred glucose and galactose, but not fructose to water. In contrast, the B6 mice preferred all three CS+ flavors to the CS- flavor, and all three sugars to water. In tests with the non-metabolizable sugar α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside (MDG), the KO and B6 mice preferred 8% MDG to water but did not prefer the CS+ 8% MDG to CS-. However, they preferred a CS+ flavor mixed with 4% MDG over the CS- flavor. Trpm5 KO mice also preferred galactose and MDG to fructose in direct choice tests. The Trpm5 KO data indicate that glucose and, to a lesser extent, galactose and MDG have post-oral reinforcing actions that stimulate intake and preference while fructose has a much weaker effect. The CS+ flavor and sugar preferences of B6 mice may be mediated by the sweet taste and/or post-oral actions of the various sugars. Glucose, galactose, and MDG, but not fructose, are ligands for the sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) which is implicated in post-oral sugar conditioning in B6 mice.
Genetic mapping, cloning and physiological aspects of the glucose kinase gene of Streptomyces coelicolor

Glucose kinase in Streptomyces coelicolor has a molecular weight of about 110,000. In crude extracts, the enzyme exhibited apparent Km values of 0.20 mM for ATP, 0.27 mM for glucose, and 2.2 mM for the glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose. Mutations (glk) to 2-deoxyglucose-resistance, which greatly reduce glucose kinase activity and result in relief of glucose repression of utilisation of various carbon sources, were mapped between proA and hisA in the S. coelicolor linkage map. Glucose kinase activity, 2-deoxyglucose-sensitivity, glucose utilisation and glucose repression, were all restored to glk mutants by a 3.5 kb DNA fragment cloned from S. coelicolor into a phage vector (phi C31 KC515), and by larger (10-30 kb) fragments cloned into a low copy number plasmid vector (pIJ916). The glk gene was further localised to a 2.9 kb BclI fragment of the cloned DNA by sub-cloning. Part or all of this fragment was present in each of five primary plasmid clones tested.
The a.c. admittance of the p-n PbSSi heterojunction

Abstract The AC admittance ( tY = G + jB ) of the p-n PbSSi heterojunction was measured as a function of frequency, bias and temperature. Both the conductance and susceptance components were found to be frequency dependent. The measured admittance resulted in good agreement when used in conjunction with signal measurements, I sc = ¦Y¦V oc , as well as noise measurements, i n 4KTG and ν n 4KTR . A small signal model was developed to explain the frequency dependence of the forward bias AC admittance. A good match resulted from fitting the model and experimental data to Shockley's theory for the p-n homojunction in the special case of retarding fields at the interface.
The confinement of Neptune's ring arcs by the moon Galatea

Neptune has five narrow ring arcs, spanning about 40 degrees in longitude, which are apparently confined against the rapid azimuthal and radial spreading that normally results from inter-particle collisions. A gravitational resonance based on the vertical motion of the nearby neptunian moon Galatea was proposed to explain the trapping of the ring particles into a sequence of arcs. But recent observations have indicated that the arcs are away from the resonance, leaving their stability again unexplained. Here we report that a resonance based on Galatea's eccentricity is responsible for the angular confinement of the arcs. The mass of the arcs affects the precession of Galatea's eccentric orbit, which will enable a mass estimate from future observations of Galatea's eccentricity.
Group long-term care insurance: decision-making factors and implications for financing long-term care.

ABSTRACT This study proposes and tests a systemic family decisionmaking framework to understand group long-term care insurance (LTCI) enrollment decisions. A random sample of public employees who were offered group LTCI as a workplace benefit were examined. Findings reveal very good predictive efficacy for the overall conceptual framework with a pseudo R2 value of .687, and reinforced the contributions of factors within the family system. Enrollees were more likely to have discussed the decision with others, used information sources, and had prior experience when compared to non-enrollees. Perceived health status, financial knowledge, attitudes regarding the role of private insurance, risk taking, and coverage features were additional factors related to enrollment decisions. The findings help to inform policymakers about the potential of LTCI as one strategy for financing long-term care.
A low-cost NLOS ultra-violet V2I identification system for vehicular theft recovery

With increasing populations in urban areas, an intelligent means of vehicular identification, tracking, and communication becomes a necessity. In this paper, an optical alternative to radio frequency identification (RFID) using ultraviolet (UV) light is presented. A non-line-of-sight (NLOS) UV vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) system is proposed to establish proof of concept. The performance of a proto-type communication system demonstrating the use of UV lamps and on-off keying (OOK) to transmit an identification number over free space channels up to 30 m (~100 ft) is analyzed. Although a proto-type, the ultra-violet identification (UVID) system yields an effective, discrete solution towards unidentified terrestrial vehicle identification. Several applications of UVID within amber alert scenarios, recovery of stolen vehicles and vehicular networking are analyzed. Implementations in development including a low power UV LED-based transceiver adapted for car headlights capable of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and its applications within intelligent vehicle design are discussed as well.
Baroreflexes of the rat. III. Open-loop gain and electroencephalographic arousal.

In early studies of humans, baroreflex sensitivity was found to be higher during sleep; however, subsequent observations in several species, including humans, have been at variance with the origina...
Biology of Normal Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Neurons During and After Their Migration from Olfactory Placode

I. Introduction SINCE the initial report that LHRH-expressing neurons migrate during development from their birth place on the medial side of the olfactory placode into the brain (1), two sorts of questions have received additional experimentation and discussion. First, what light does this unusual migration into the developing brain shed on the nature of LHRH-expressing cells, and what are the implications for their normal roles in the adult brain? Second, what would be the implications of migration disturbances for human reproductive physiology, including Kallmann's and other syndromes (see companion paper by Dr. Crowley)? Accordingly, the purposes of this review are to reexamine some of the evidence concerning normal controls over LHRH neurons in light of what these cells are supposed to do in the adult brain; to review the burgeoning evidence that they actually originate in the olfactory pit and migrate into the developing forebrain; and to introduce the subject of Kallmann's syndrome (see companion p...