cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanocalorimetry of explosives prepared by inkjet printing

Abstract Nanocalorimetry can generate rapid and arbitrary heating profiles for thermal and thermodynamic measurements with high sensitivity, especially for small samples, often at the nanogram mass scale. These features make nanocalorimetry a potentially useful tool for fundamental studies of the behavior of nanogram quantities of explosives during thermal desorption which is the front-end process for many analytical techniques used in screening of these materials in trace residues. Here, inkjet printing was used to reproducibly deposit nanogram quantities of explosives onto the active area of the nanocalorimeters and allowed for an estimation of sample mass based on gravimetric calibration, including cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and potassium chlorate (PC). Nanocalorimetry results on common explosives demonstrated the measurement capability. We observed both α-RDX and the metastable β-RDX phase using nanocalorimetry, along with the competitive vaporization and decomposition of RDX. Finally, nanocalorimetry coupled mass spectrometry was demonstrated to characterize thermal desorption events during analysis of trace quantities of explosives.
Improved binary pulsar constraints on the parametrized post-Einsteinian framework

The parametrized post-Einsteinian formalism was developed to search for generic deviations from general relativity with gravitational waves. We here present constraints on this framework using Bayesian analysis of a set of binary pulsar observations. In particular, we use measurements of the Keplerian and post-Keplerian parameters of six different binary pulsar systems, and Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo exploration to calculate posteriors on the parametrized post-Einsteinian parameters and derive robust constraints. We find improvements of 1--2 orders of magnitude in the strength of constraints when combining all six observations, relative to what one can achieve when using only the double binary pulsar. We also find that the constraints are robust to any correlation with the binary's component masses. The bounds on the parametrized post-Einsteinian framework derived here could be used as a prior in future Bayesian tests of general relativity with gravitational wave observations.
PIAAC Thematic Review on Adult Learning

This report focuses on the adult learning data that was collected as part of the OECD Survey of Adult Skills between 2012 and 2016, which has been a core activity of the ongoing OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). The objectives are to: present the data on adult learning made available by PIAAC; provide an international and comparative overview of the extent of adult learning of different types along with trends, where possible, for countries and economies that have so far participated in PIAAC; reveal international and comparative patterns on the distribution of adult learning within participating countries and economies, focusing on who is and who is not participating in terms of the types of jobs they work in as well as their socio-demographic profile; assess empirically the relationship between some types of adult learning and economic as well as social outcomes; discuss systemic features of adult learning systems and their relationship with selected economic and social policy instruments; and to draw out implications of the results in relation to the continued measurement of adult learning.
Developing a short form of the IPIP Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C) congruent with the AB5C circumplex locations

Abstract The Abridged Big-Five Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C) model stands out due to its ability to locate personality facets within a circumplex structure. However, both current measures of the AB5C model have facets inconsistent with their respective circumplex location. The current study sought to modify specific AB5C-SF scales by selecting new items for eleven facets that displayed poor psychometric properties as well as new facet labels for four facets. Although results suggested that new item selections generally improved the psychometric qualities, some specific circumplex locations remained challenging to capture. Combined with past results, this raises questions regarding whether all possible domain combinations can be well-assessed and if there are single words to capture certain trait combinations in the English language.
Forced homeward: the COVID-19 implications for housing

Nan et al discuss the COVID-19 implications for housing The COVID-19 pandemic has made "home" an absolute focal point of people's lives The socio-economic upheaval experienced so far is unlikely to end soon, and more complex and possibly much more severe socio-economic impacts might follow as the COVID-19 repercussions travel through the ramified world with layers of economic (national and local) and institutional structures Much will depend on how local and national governments attempt to intervene at various territorial scales over time
Grand Challenges in Musculoskeletal Pain Research: Chronicity, Comorbidity, Immune Regulation, Sex Differences, Diagnosis, and Treatment Opportunities

Musculoskeletal pain involves bones, joints, and related muscular tissues and includes most debilitating pain conditions such as low back pain, arthritic pain, and widespread muscle pain. Chronic musculoskeletal pain is the most predominant among chronic pain conditions and presents a serious challenge to primary care. Pain arising from musculoskeletal tissues is characteristic of deep pain and has important differences from that of cutaneous pain [Table 1; (1)]. Compared to cutaneous tissue injury, the injection of the same amount of inflammatory agent into the joint induces more intense inflammation and greater and more widespread neuronal activation in the pain transmission pathways (2). Musculoskeletal nociceptive inputs appear more effective in inducing neuronal excitation and produce greater sensory disturbances (3, 4), which may explain predominant chronic pain conditions involving deep tissues. The underlying etiology and pathology of chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions are poorly understood even after decades of research. TABLE 1 | Comparison of musculoskeletal and cutaneous pain.
Health literacy: What we know and don’t know - A literature perspective

Health literacy has become an important topic to discuss in the US healthcare system. Almost nine out of ten adults in the United States lack the knowledge and skills required to manage their health and prevent disease. While studies have shown the importance of health literacy, not may have explored its’ history and conceptual roots. Hence, the purpose of this study is to address the gap in the literature by reviewing studies related to the past, present, and the effect of health literacy. The results have shown that inadequate health literacy does affect patients’ general health and performance of the US healthcare system.
Fracture mechanics analysis of fibrin fibers using mesoscale and continuum level methods.

Abstract Computational models for simulating and predicting fibrin fiber fracture are important tools for studying bulk mechanical properties and mechanobiological response of fibrin networks in physiological conditions. In this work, we employed a new strategy to model the mechanical response of a single fibrin fiber using a collection of bundled protofibrils and modeled the time-dependent properties using discrete particle simulations. Using a systematic characterization of the parameters, this model can be used to mimic the elastic behavior of fibrin fibers accurately and also to simulate fibrin fiber fracture. In addition, a continuum model was modified and used to obtain the individual fibrin fiber fracture toughness properties. Using this model and the experimentally available fibrin mechanical properties, we predicted the range of fracture toughness ( 1 to 35 k P a m ) values of a typical fibrin fiber of diameter 100 n m and its critical flaw size to rupture (~4 nm), both of which are not currently available in the literature. The models can be collectively used as a foundation for simulating the mechanical behavior of fibrin clots. Moreover, the tunable discrete mesoscopic model that was employed can be extended to simulate and estimate the mechanical properties of other biological or synthetic fibers.
CARACTERÍSTICAS E ALTERAÇÕES NEUROPSICOLÓGICAS NO TRANSTORNO DE PERSONALIDADE BORDERLINE: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA

A neuropsicologia e uma area de estudo que engloba os aspectos fisicos e cognitivos; portanto, e possivel investigar as diversas nuances que envolvem os transtornos psiquiatricos, sobretudo o Transtorno de Personalidade Borderline (TPB). OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetivou apresentar evidencias cientificas e sistematizar as principais compreensoes da literatura cientifica publicadas entre 2010 e 2021 acerca das caracteristicas e alteracoes neuropsicologicas presentes no TPB. METODO: Durante os meses de fevereiro e marco de 2021, realizou-se uma revisao integrativa da literatura cientifica acerca da tematica em questao, sendo utilizados os descritores indexados no DeCS: Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline; Transtorno da Personalidade Limitrofe; Neuropsicologia; Neurobiologia. Para realizar a pesquisa, os descritores foram combinados nas bases de dados SciELO, PepsiC, pubMED/Medline e BVS/Lilacs. RESULTADOS: Associadas ao TPB, foram identificadas alteracoes a nivel cognitivo, assim como alteracoes em estrutura e funcao nas regioes (amigdala, hipocampo e hipotalamo) que comportam o sistema limbico do cerebro a outras alteracoes externas a esse sistema. A nivel cognitivo destacam-se: menor funcionamento adaptativo, alteracoes na memoria, atencao e no processamento emocional. Na amigdala evidencia-se: o aumento das ativacoes em contraste com a reducao e a diminuicao do volume. Ja nos outros dois, reducao do volume do primeiro em contraste com o aumento do segundo. Externa a regiao limbica ressaltam-se alteracoes nas regioes de controle pre-frontal e a maior concentracao de N-acetilasparto e glutamato. CONCLUSAO: O TPB apresenta alteracoes a nivel cognitivo e a nivel biologico; no entanto, tornam-se necessarias maiores investigacoes acerca da inter-relacao entre essas alteracoes.
A phase 1 study to evaluate chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells incorporating a chlorotoxin tumor-targeting domain for patients with MMP2+ Recurrent or progressive glioblastoma (NCT04214392).

TPS2662Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor. Around 294,900 new cases are diagnosed globally with 241,000 deaths each year. The 5-year survival ...
Competition makes faces look more aggressive

Observers use facial appearance to predict social behavior and individuals' personality traits. We examined the possibility that social contexts can also influence face perception. To investigate the relationship between competitive social contexts and perceived appearance, we leveraged a known link between aggression and a simple physiognomic cue: the facial width-to-height ratio (WHR). Faces with higher WHRs are perceived as being more aggressive (Carre, McCormick, & Mondloch, 2009) and individuals with naturally higher WHRs exhibit more aggressive behavior (Carre & McCormick, 2008). Participants played a simple skill game either in competition (N=30) or cooperation (N=30) with a confederate prior to reconstructing the facial appearance of their opponent/partner and a refereeing third party by arranging segmented facial features on a screen until they had produced a best likeness of the target individual. We anticipated that higher perceived aggression during competition would lead to higher reconstructed WHRs than cooperation. The results supported this prediction: participants' reconstructions had significantly higher WHRs (p Language: en
Características estructurales de la crisis actual. Definiendo una nueva agenda para el cambio estructural

El trabajo adelanta una discusion sobre el caracter estructural de la crisis actual, enfatizando la forma en que la economia mexicana se articulo con la de los Estados Unidos de Norteamerica. Esta relacion se funda en un fuerte amarre productivo-comercial, pero tambien en todo el encuadre de politica macroeconomica, es decir, fiscal y monetaria. La crisis, entonces, pone en evidencia la debilidad del modelo de base ademas de las caracteristicas propias del impacto global. El articulo explora algunos aspectos relevantes a las politicas de cambio estructural que ahora debieran ser consideradas, en oposicion a la vision corriente de dichas politicas.
Power sensor calibration and uncertainties

Power measurement accuracy depends on the accuracy of power sensor calibration. Modern power sensors and meters offer much wider dynamic range and more error correction capabilities than the previous generation of power measuring instruments. The test systems used to calibrate the previous generation of power sensors are no longer adequate to calibrate these new sensors. While the fundamental principles of power sensor calibration still apply, there are new requirements that must be addressed. A review of the average power measurement fundamentals will be given. The new calibration system requirements will be discussed. Uncertainty analysis, in accordance with the ISO Guide on the Uncertainty of Measurements, will be presented.
The Siblings With Ischemic Stroke Study (SWISS) protocol.

Background Family history and twins studies suggest an inherited component to ischemic stroke risk. Candidate gene association studies have been performed but have limited capacity to identify novel risk factor genes. The Siblings With Ischemic Stroke Study (SWISS) aims to conduct a genome-wide scan in sibling pairs concordant or discordant for ischemic stroke to identify novel genetic risk factors through linkage analysis.
A medium-complexity compliant end effector

The design of an end effector under development at Pennsylvania University is reported. The rationale supporting this mechanism is explored, its geometry is described and experimental results from the first prototype are presented. The gripper has three fingers, one fixed with respect to the palm and the other two able to rotate synchronously about different points under the palm. Some ideas for future work are presented. >
The Upright and the Low-Down: An Examination of Official Corruption in the United States and the People's Republic of China

This comparative study of official corruption in two of the world's most powerful countries will address challenges common to every society and every legal system: (1) abuse of power by the caretakers of the law, who apply the law to others but consider themselves above it; (2) the application of conspiracy or enterprise theory to impose liability on a group or individual members of the group for misconduct by one of its members; (3) the multiple forms of "retribution"-public humiliation, removal from political office, and criminal penalties-which may be used alternatively or cumulatively to punish a wrongdoer and to deter others; and (4) the function of scandal as a purgative and reaffirmation of fundamental values such as equality before the law, political leaders as fiduciaries of the common good, and material reward as a function of merit rather than personal connections. A prime opportunity for such comparative analysis is presented by allegations that the Chinese government and the Clinton administration bartered favors during Clinton's re-election campaign.
Discriminant models for high-throughput proteomics mass spectrometer data

We use several different multivariate analysis methods to discriminate between diseased and healthy patients using protein mass spectrometer data provided by Duke University. Two problems were presented by the university; one in which the responses (diseased or healthy) of the patients were not known and second, when the responses were known. In the latter case, the data can be used as a 'training' set. We attempted both problems. In particular, we use principle component analysis along with clustering methods to discriminate for the first problem set and partial least squares coupled with logistic and discriminant methods when the responses were known. In addition, we were able to detect regions of interest in the spectrum where there were differences in the protein patterns between healthy and diseased patients. There was considerable effort involved in the preprocessing of the data. We used a binning approach to reduce the number of variables rather than peak heights or peak areas. We performed a square root transformation on the data to help stabilize the variance; this in turn made a significant improvement in clustering results.
GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE DURING AVOIDANCE LEARNING

Relations between galvanic skin response (GSR) and other variables during learning of a shock-avoidance task were observed. Ss operated a four-position switch as cued by visual stimuli: one always shocked, one never shocked, and two associated with switch positions which avoided the shock. Forty-eight Ss formed successive subgroups which exhibited: (1) progressively better avoidance learning with increased awareness instruction and (2) significantly decreased GSR when the correct avoidance had been learned. Analyses were made to differentiate autonomic responding due to reinforcement (i.e. number of shocks received) from that due to expectancy (anticipation of avoidance).
Effect of Zinc Source and Application Time on Zinc Uptake and Grain Yield of Flood-Irrigated Rice

Zinc is the most common micronutrient fertilizer applied to rice (Oryza saliva L.) in the USA. Preventing yield limitations from Zn defidency requires knowledge of the proper application rates and times of commercial Zn fertilizers. The objective of this research was to evaluate the Zn nutrition and grain yield response of rice as affected by Zn-fertilizer source and application time. Four field trials were conducted to evaluate several Zn sources applied preplant incorporated (PPI), delayed preemergence (DPRE), and postemergence (POST) before flooding at the four-leaf stage. Zinc treatments included Zn solutions sprayed at 1.1 to 2.2 kg Zn ha -1 and dry-granular Zn fertilizers broadcast at 11.2 kg Zn ha -1 . Zinc-fertilizer source, averaged across application times, significantly affected grain yield at all sites with Zn fertilization increasing yields by 12 to 180% compared with the unfertilized control. Zinc-application time, averaged across Zn sources, significantly affected grain yield at only one site, which had severe Zn deficiency. Zinc applied PPI (6915 kg grain ha -1 ) and DPRE (7456 kg grain ha -1 ) produced similar yields that were greater than Zn applied POST (5526 kg grain ha -1 ). Zinc solutions sprayed at 1.1 to 2.2 kg Zn ha -1 generally produced yields that were comparable with yields from granular fertilizers applied at 11.2 kg Zn ha -1 . Fertilization recommendations should reflect the advantages of Zn fertilization performed before crop emergence. Growers can confidently apply Zn fertilizer solutions or granules to the soil surface without incorporation before emergence, with recommended rates (11 kg Zn ha -1 ) of granular Zn preferred for alkaline, Zn-deficient soils.
Myosin light chain kinase: functional domains and structural motifs

Conventional myosin light chain kinase found in differentiated smooth and non-muscle cells is a dedicated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates the regulatory light chain of myosin II. This phosphorylation increases the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity and is thought to play major roles in a number of biological processes, including smooth muscle contraction. The catalytic domain contains residues on its surface that bind a regulatory segment resulting in autoinhibition through an intrasteric mechanism. When Ca2+/calmodulin binds, there is a marked displacement of the regulatory segment from the catalytic cleft allowing phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain. Kinase activity depends upon Ca2+/calmodulin binding not only to the canonical calmodulin-binding sequence but also to additional interactions between Ca2+/calmodulin and the catalytic core. Previous biochemical evidence shows myosin light chain kinase binds tightly to actomyosin containing filaments. The kinase has low-affinity myosin and actin binding sites in Ig-like motifs at the N- and C-terminus, respectively. Recent results show the N-terminus of myosin light chain kinase is responsible for filament binding in vivo. However, the apparent binding affinity is greater for smooth muscle myofilaments, purified thin filaments, or actin-containing filaments in permeable cells than for purified smooth muscle F-actin or actomyosin filaments from skeletal muscle. These results suggest a protein on actin thin filaments that may facilitate kinase binding. Myosin light chain kinase does not dissociate from filaments in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin raising the interesting question as to how the kinase phosphorylates myosin in thick filaments if it is bound to actin-containing thin filaments.
Isolation, characterization and in vivo analysis of the murine calbindin-D28K upstream regulatory region

The genomic locus containing the murine calbindin-D28K gene has been isolated and partially characterized. Genomic cloning revealed an exon/intron chromosomal structure very similar to the avian gene previously described. The ability of the calbindin-D28K upstream region to direct cell-specific expression was tested in vivo. Varying lengths of upstream sequence were used to drive expression of lacZ in transgenic mice. Characterization of 23 transgenic mouse lines revealed that even as much as 3.0 kb of upstream sequence was unable to direct expression independently of integration site effects, suggesting the absence of important elements. Despite the small number of expressing transgenic lines and the great variability, there was a tendency of cell specificity of transgene expression exhibited in distinct brain regions. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cell-specific expression was observed with the shortest (1.0 kb) upstream sequence tested. Specificity of transgene expression in Purkinje cells was abolished with longer portions of upstream sequence. The same observation was made for transgene expression in granule cells of the dentate gyrus, while the opposite effect was observed for expression in CA1 hippocampal cells. The absence of any transgenic lines exhibiting appropriate transgene expression in the kidney suggested that the VDREs described previously for the murine calbindin gene are not sufficient to direct kidney expression in vivo. It is concluded that 3.0 kb of calbindin upstream sequence includes the regulatory elements dictating a portion of cell-specificity in the CNS of transgenic mice, albeit lacking regions that allow expression independently of chromosomal effects.
A Field Method for Teaching Applied Anthropology

Attempts to teach applied anthropology to students of administration, education or technology encounter at least two major difficulties: the problem of making the subject matter alive and "real" in a classroom; and pressure to do this in a short space of time. With the growth of Technical Cooperation Administration ("Point Four"), UNESCO and similar programs, the need to provide such training for administrators, educators, and technological specialists has been increasing rapidly, while the time these people can spare for study has been decreasing at about the same rate. Paradoxically, there is a budding awareness that ineptness in human relations across cultural boundaries not only risks the loss of otherwise sound programs, but may also convert potential allies into enemies. It is in relation to these problems that we are presenting some results of our experience with a field seminar in the southwestern United States.
Estimation of unbound serum bilirubin by the peroxidase assay method: Effect of exchange transfusion on unbound bilirubin and serum bindings

Unbound and total serum bilirubin concentrations were determined by the peroxidase method in 160 samples from 60 infants. A significant relation existed between unbound and total bilirubin (UB=0.58 TBR −0.24; r=+0.59; P P P P
Energy-conserving data placement and asynchronous multicast in wireless sensor networks

In recent years, large distributed sensor networks have emerged as a new fast-growing application domain for wireless computing. In this paper, we present a distributed application-layer service for data placement and asynchronous multicast whose purpose is power conservation. Since the dominant traffic in a sensor network is that of data retrieval, (i) caching mutable data at locations that minimize the sum of request and update traffic, and (ii) asynchronously multicasting updates from sensors to observers can significantly reduce the total number of packet transmissions in the network. Our simulation results show that our service subsequently reduces network energy consumption while maintaining the desired data consistency semantics.
The Spanish-Language Version of the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV personality disorders: development and initial psychometric evaluation of diagnoses and criteria

We describe the development of the Spanish-Language Version of the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (S-DIPD-IV). Initial descriptive (frequency and gender distribution of personality disorders [PDs]) and psychometric findings (inter-rater reliability of diagnoses, internal consistency, and criteria inter-relatedness) are reported based on administration of the S-DIPD-IV to 95 adult monolingual Hispanic patients. The S-DIPD-IV had adequate inter-rater reliability for most PD (mean kappa =.83). Except for the significantly greater proportion of males diagnosed with antisocial PD, no significant gender differences in the distribution of PD were observed. Within-category inter-relatedness of PD criteria was evaluated by coefficient alpha and mean intercriterion correlations (MIC). Between-category criteria overlap was evaluated by intercategory mean intercriterion correlations between all pairs of PD (ICMIC). For PD criteria, alpha ranged .36 to .99 (mean =.75, median =.81), MIC ranged .07 to .95 (mean = .36), and ICMIC ranged.09 to.45 (mean = .24). Six PD (borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, and depressive) had no instances in which their criteria sets correlated higher with those of other PD than their own. Two PD (histrionic and dependent PD) had some instances of overlap, and four PD (paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid, and passive-aggressive) had pervasive overlap with other PD criteria sets. These findings suggest the utility of the S-DIPD-IV for assessing PD in Spanish-speaking Hispanic outpatients. Our initial findings for this patient group suggest that, except for antisocial PD in males, specific PD diagnoses are not differentially distributed by gender. Moreover, except for cluster A PD, the criteria for specific PD tend to be more highly correlated within than across PD. The S-DIPD-IV appears to have utility to facilitate PD research with Hispanic groups.
Determining the best test for the 2×2 comparative trial

Exact Type I error and power rated are determined for 27 procedures used for testing 2×2 tables. These procedures are found to vary from very conservative to liberal and nonrobust. A method is suggested for comparing procedures on power after making an adjustment for differences in control of Type I errors. Among conservatice tests Boschloo's raised alpha method is found to be most powerful but requires special tables. For sample size ratios less than 2:1 the correction due to Pirie and Hamdan results in a conservative and powerful test. The Overall and Rhoades corrected chi square procedure is found to be robust and powerful and may offer the best combination of power and simplicity especially with markedly unequal sample sizes
Estimation of dynamic rate parameters in insect populations undergoing sublethal exposure to pesticides.

With newer, more environmentally friendly and, subsequently less lethal, pesticides in use, evaluating efficacy of a pesticide now requires more than simply counting deaths after treatment. A discrete, age-structured matrix model that incorporates a species’ life history traits (such as birth rate, death rate and fecundity) has previously been used by ecologists. This model will be presented and discussed along with an alternative continuous, age-structured model which offers significant advantage in considering sublethal damage. We use this continuous model to estimate time-dependent mortality parameters in an ordinary least-squares technique. Confidence intervals are given and results from tests for statistical significance of added parameters are presented.
Recent developments in density, temperature and momentum fluctuation measurement

Attention is drawn to recent advancements in the fluctuating line-reversal temperature measurement, the development of the two-dimensional drag-sensing probe into a three-dimensional drag-sensing probe, and the fluctuating density gradient cross beam Schlieren technique. An experimental apparatus is explained whereby the temperature fluctuation in a pulsating air-fuel ratio Bunsen burner is measured by means of sodium D-line reversal methods with a new photoelectric circuit to obtain both fluctuating and mean temperature data. The three-D drag probe is made possible by a newly invented differential and total magnetic sensing system that separates signals due to three orthogonal movements so that the vectorial momentum fluctuation can be measured. In the case of the Schlieren technique, the effect of anisotropic density gradients with respect to the angle between the polarization plane and the knife edge of a laser Schlieren system is studied.
Task-Specific Ionic Liquids Incorporating Novel Cations for the Coordination and Extraction of Hg2+ and Cd2+: Synthesis, Characterization, and Extraction Studies

A series of hydrophobic task-specific ionic liquids designed to extract Hg2+ and Cd2+ from water were prepared by appending urea-, thiourea-, and thioether-substituted alkyl groups to imidazoles and combining the resulting cationic species with PF6-. The new ionic liquids were characterized and investigated for their metal ion extraction capabilities. When used in liquid/liquid extraction of Hg2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solutions, the metal ion distribution ratios increased several orders of magnitude, regardless of whether the ionic liquids were used as the sole extracting phase or doped into a series of [1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium][PF6] (alkyl = n-C4-C8) ionic liquids to form a 1:1 solution. In the 1:1 mixtures, as the length of the alkyl chain increased from butyl to hexyl to octyl, the metal ion distribution ratios increased. Increasing the ratio TSIL/[C4mim][PF6] resulted in higher distribution ratios for both Hg2+ and Cd2+. Overall, the thiourea- and urea-derivatized cations yielded the highest distribution ratios, and those for Hg2+ were higher than those for Cd2+; however, a change in aqueous-phase pH does not promote the stripping of metal ions from the extracting phase. The combination of these imidazolium cations and PF6- produced ionic liquids with decreased thermal stability in comparison to [C(n)mim]-[PF6]. Gaussian98 restricted Hartree-Fock geometry optimizations for one of the thiourea-appended cations shows the charge delocalization around the ring and suggests that the thiourea group may aid in deprotonating the imidazolium ring and may be responsible for the lowered thermal stability of these cations.
The GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in the nervous system of a hypertensive strain of rat.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in the development of hypertension and in the regulation of blood pressure. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) offers an opportunity to explore the role of central GABA and other neurotransmitters in the genesis of high blood pressure. The receptor binding of [3H]GABA, [3H]flunitrazepam, and [3H]glutamate to synaptic membranes from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of SHR rats were measured in animals of various ages. No significant differences between the SHR and a normotensive control strain of rats were found for any of the assays. The results indicate that in this model of hypertension, neither GABA nor glutamate function are involved, at least not in the cerebral cortex or cerebellum.
AN ANTISENSE INHIBITOR OF APOLIPOPROTEIN C-III SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASES APOLIPOPROTEIN C-III, TRIGLYCERIDES, VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL AND PARTICLE NUMBER, AND INCREASES HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL AND PARTICLE NUMBER IN HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIC PATIENTS ON A FIBRATE

ApoC-III plays a pivotal role in regulating plasma triglyceride (TG) levels by inhibiting the hydrolysis of TG-rich lipoproteins and the receptor-mediated uptake of lipoprotein remnants by the liver and is recognized as a CV risk factor. ISIS-ApoCIIIRx selectively inhibits apoC-III protein synthesis
Stepfamily childbearing in Sweden: Quantum and tempo effects, 1950–99

Several studies have demonstrated that stepfamily couples have a higher risk of childbearing than couples in a stable union with the same total number of children. Analysing retrospective data from a nationally representative sample of Swedish adults, we find that the risk of a second or third birth is higher when it is the first or second child in a new union. We also find a faster pace of childbearing after stepfamily formation than after a shared birth. The risk of a second birth (in total) is only a little higher in the first two years after stepfamily formation than in the first two years after a shared birth, and thereafter the risk is lower for stepfamilies. The risk of a third birth (in total) is particularly high early in the stepfamily union and remains higher than that of couples with two shared children for at least five years. The stepfamily difference was lower after than before 1980, when the Swedish government introduced parental leave incentives for short birth intervals.
Immobilization of silver and platinum ions for metal affinity chromatography

Abstract Ag(I) or Pt(II) are immobilized onto a polyacrylamide resin using a glutaraldehyde/thiourea activation procedure. Wet chemical experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that metal ion immobilization is due to chemical complexation with thiourea. Immobilization using thiourea results in significantly lower metal loss from the solid phase as compared to ion exchange immobilization and allows for the use of chloride and phosphate salts in the mobile phase. The immobilized Ag(I) resin retains amino acids in the order: histidine > methionine > tryptophan > tyrosine > phenylalanine > asparagine > proline; using a phosphate buffer mobile phase at pH 7. At pH 4.7, methionine is retained longer on the Ag(I) resin than histidine. The affinity of methionine for the immobilized Pt(II) resin is greater giving the order: methionine (not eluted) > tryptophan > tyrosine > histidine = phenylalanine; using a phosphate mobile phase at pH 7.
Ethical issues in perinatology--the rights of the fetus and newborn.

Abstract Recent developments in perinatal and neonatal care have necessitated a comprehensive evaluation of the ethical principles invoked. Issues are discussed with respect to decision‐making processes and their related time courses. Areas investigated include the extent of intervention, iatrogenicity, and prognostication. Child medical care is viewed as a continuum from fetal life to delivery and then subsequent newborn intensive care. The need for a multifaceted approach, reassessment of the continual course of care, and emotional and psychological support is stressed. The interface between the roles of the physician and the psycho‐social personnel in child care is discussed.
Conceptualizing Public Attitudes toward the Welfare State: A Comment on Hasenfeld and Rafferty

Using structural equation techniques and the LISREL software package, we successfully replicate the results of Hasenfeld and Rafferty's causal model predicting public attitudes toward welfare state programs. By taking advantage of the ability of these techniques to incorporate estimates of measurement error, we also assess the consequences of imperfect measurement in several of their key variables. Our analyses yield results that fail to support the authors' original conclusions. In addition, we believe they bring to light several problems concerning the operationalization of crucial concepts in Hasenfeld and Rafferty's (1989) model. We conclude that a more rigorous test of the authors' model would account for measurement error while using measures that correspond to their theoretical de.finitions. In a recent Social Forces article, Hasenfeld and Rafferty (1989) present a causal model of public attitudes regarding welfare state programs. They contend that "the social groups supporting the welfare state are the economically and socially vulnerable who identify with social democratic values" (1027). Using data from the 1983 Detroit Area Study (Hasenfeld & Zald 1983) and a recursive path model, they find empirical support for their theoretical predictions. Yet, although Hasenfeld and Rafferty acknowledge that several of their variables contain measurement error and even report reliability coefficients for them, they do not examine the implications of this error for testing their model. In other words, they assume perfect measurement reliability. Our purposes, therefore, are to replicate their analysis using structural equation techniques and to estimate their model incorporating the measurement error. As we will demonstrate, the incorporation of measurement error not only changes the values of the coefficient estimates and their significance, but also reveals problems with the operationalization of three of Hasenfeld and Rafferty's key outcome variables. * We are grateful to Kenneth Bollen and several anonymous referees for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. Direct correspondence to Mark Van Buren, Department of Sociology, Hamilton Hall, CB #3210, University of North Carolina, ChapelHill, NC27599-3210. i The University of North Carolina Press Social Forces, December 1992, 71(2):503-510 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.111 on Tue, 09 Aug 2016 05:11:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 504 / Social Forces 71:2, December 1992
On the trail of China's phantom farmers

Abstract Many studies of China's economy use standard yearbook data for China's farm labor force. These data massively overestimate the number of Chinese farm workers. Our calculations show that the number of “phantom farmers” actually working outside agriculture may easily surpass 100 million. This paper reveals the implausible implications of the standard data, uses information from cost surveys to derive new estimates of China's farm work force, and investigates the implications of the new, lower series for agricultural employment on the measurement and interpretation of recent Chinese growth.
Individual differences in acute alcohol impairment of inhibitory control predict ad libitum alcohol consumption.

Rationale Research has begun to examine how acute cognitive impairment from alcohol could contribute to alcohol abuse. Specifically, alcohol-induced impairment of inhibitory control could compromise the drinker’s ability to stop the self-administration of alcohol, increasing the risk of binge drinking.
Brain stress systems in the amygdala and addiction

Dysregulation of the brain emotional systems that mediate arousal and stress is a key component of the pathophysiology of drug addiction. Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by a compulsion to seek and take drugs and the development of dependence and manifestation of a negative emotional state when the drug is removed. Activation of brain stress systems is hypothesized to be a key element of the negative emotional state produced by dependence that drives drug-seeking through negative reinforcement mechanisms. The focus of the present review is on the role of two key brain arousal/stress systems in the development of dependence. Emphasis is placed on the neuropharmacological actions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and norepinephrine in extrahypothalamic systems in the extended amygdala, including the central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and a transition area in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. Compelling evidence argues that these brain stress systems, a heretofore largely neglected component of dependence and addiction, play a key role in engaging the transition to dependence and maintaining dependence once it is initiated. Understanding the role of the brain stress and anti-stress systems in addiction not only provides insight into the neurobiology of the "dark side" of addiction but also provides insight into the organization and function of basic brain emotional circuitry that guides motivated behavior.
The effect of prefrontal lesions and food deprivation on response for stimulus change

Abstract The hypothesis that lesions of the frontal cortex produces increased hyperreactivity to stimulation rather than changes in locomotor activity was examined. Sixteen rats with lesions of the prefrontal cortex and 16 rats with control lesions were compared on a response for light onset measure under conditions of food deprivation or food satiation. The responsiveness of the prefrontal animals to light onset was found to be dependent upon the motivational level of the animal. The food deprived, prefrontal animals exhibited a greater preference for the light onset than did the control food deprived animals. The food satiated prefrontal animals exhibited less preference for the light onset and made fewer total responses than did the control food satiated animals. It was suggested that the intact prefrontal cortex acts as a negative feedback system which maintains responsiveness for stimulus change in the face of changing conditions of motivation.
Orthogonality properties of the coupled equations for rearrangement collisions

Abstract The orthogonality properties required for a rigorous formulation of the coupled equations method for reactions involving particle exchanges and rearrangements are presented without the explicit use of multichannel projection operators.
Effect of Wet Versus Dry Grinding on Rejection of Pyrite and Non-Pyritic Minerals from Pittsburgh No.8 Coal by Flotation

The effect of grinding mode on the efficiency of separation of pyrite and non-pyritic minerals from Pittshurgh No. S scam coal hy froth flotation was investigated. In the case of minus 600 micron feed, grinding mode had no effect on the efficiency of separation of cither pyrite or non-pyritic minerals. With minus 75 micron feed, however, the selectivity achieved with the wet ground feed was higher than that ohtaincd using the dry grind and this was attributed to the dry state aggregation of coal with mineral matter. Comparison of flotation selectivity and washahilitv curves showed that entrainment of fines due to water flow was the reason for the loss of selectivity during flotation of coal from non-pyritic minerals. In the ease of pyrite, in audition to entrainment. flotation of pyrite due to its natural hydrophobicity contributed to the loss of selectivity.
Infrared to vacuum-ultraviolet ellipsometry studies of spinel (MgAl2O4)

Abstract The dielectric function and the loss function for spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ) were determined using Fourier-transform infrared ellipsometry from 250 to 1000 cm − 1 . We fit our data using two different dispersion models: (1) The Lorentz oscillator model describes the lattice optical response using a sum of independent classical harmonic oscillators with constant damping. (2) We also use a factorized oscillator model with independent broadening parameters for the transverse and longitudinal optical phonons. By fitting our data to these models, we determine the transverse and longitudinal optical phonon energies, their broadenings, and their amplitudes. The factorized model provides a better description of the data at high energies. The agreement is not so good for the lower-energy phonons, presumably due to broadenings caused by cation disorder. We also studied the Raman-active phonons by Raman spectroscopy. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we also determine the dispersion of the refractive index from 0.76 to 9.0 eV. Combining both data sets we find the high- and low-frequency dielectric constant. In the visible and ultraviolet region, the data are dominated by a Lorentz oscillator peak at 8.1 eV masked by surface roughness (13–16 A).
Immediate effects of an oil spill on behavior of fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax)

The immediate effects of oil on the behavior of fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax) following the 2 January 1990 Exxon of No. 2 heating oil spill in the Arthur Kill between Staten Island, New York and New Jersey were studied. Despite winter temperatures, fiddler crabs in contaminated creeks left their subterranean burrows and were found on the surface of the oily mud. The behavior of control crabs (collected in the Arthur Kill region in mid-September or dug up in early February from uncontaminated creeks in the Arthur Kill region), were compared with those exposed on the surface for varying periods of time. There were significant differences in behavior between control and oil-exposed crabs for all behaviors measured including righting response, locomotion, ability to move up an incline, ability to grip an inclining plane, and aggressive or defensive behaviors. Control crabs could right themselves in less than a second whereas exposed crabs required over 2 sec, and many could not right themselves at all. All control crabs moved >10 cm on a flat surface or an incline, whereas 29–53% of the exposed crabs did not move. Similarly, defensive behaviors were less intense or nonexistent in exposed crabs compared to control crabs.
Effects of narcotic antagonists on fluid intake in the rat.

Abstract The fluid intake (sweetened Enfamil) of rats that had been deprived of food and water for 24 hours was measured following the subcutaneous administration of eight narcotic antagonists and agonists and d -amphetamine. Drugs were tested over at least a 30-fold range of doses. Fluid intake was depressed by the highest dose of each drug, but only the narcotic antagonists naloxone, naltrexone and nalorphine produced dose-related decreases in fluid intake that were not associated with gross disturbances of behavior. The anorexigenic activity of these drugs in the rat does not appear to be related to the drugs' narcotic antagonist properties.
Label-free single cancer marker protein detection using a nanoplasmonic-photonic hybrid whispering gallery mode biosensor

The reactive sensing principle applied to hybrid plasmonic whispering gallery mode biosensor has recently demonstrated detection of individual protein cancer markers. The rough surface of a gold nanoparticle affixed to the resonator surface acts like a nanoscopic antenna, significantly boosts the local electric field within the cavity mode. Adsorption of a target protein onto this nanoscopic antenna results in an enhanced response of the resonator system to the binding event. We have demonstrated detection of individual protein molecules (66 kDa) with good signal-to-noise (S/N > 10), and project that detection of proteins as small as 5 kDa are possible.