cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing Light-Metal Interaction with the Photon-Drag Effect

We demonstrate that the sign of the photon-drag effect in smooth metal films conflicts with the prevailing intuitive model of direct momentum transfer to free electrons, establishing the need for a new microscopic model of radiation pressure.
“Create in Me a Clean Heart”: The Role of Spirituality in Desistance From Substance Use:

Although the impact of religion on behavior is robust and well-examined in many areas, the role spirituality plays in changes in drug use over time has received relatively little attention. Using a...
Play with objects in children with arthrogryposis: Effects of intervention with the Playskin Lift™ exoskeletal garment

Children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) often exhibit arm movement impairments that can negatively impact activities of daily living, such as reaching, object exploration, object play, and self-care. This study evaluated the effects of intervention involving the Playskin Lift™ (Playskin) exoskeletal garment on arm function during object play for children with AMC. Seventeen children with AMC (5 males; 6-35 months at the beginning of the study) were tested in their homes biweekly with and without the Playskin throughout a 1-month Baseline, 4-month Intervention, and 1-month Post-Intervention. Within sessions (assistive effects), children contacted and manipulated objects more while wearing the Playskin; they also showed greater intensity, complexity, and variability of behaviors performed during free play, as well as increased play space and reduced number of compensatory arm and trunk flings to facilitate reaching. Across time (rehabilitative effects), children significantly improved their visual-manual coupling as well as their ability to lift objects from a surface and to manipulate objects using one hand; in addition, children exhibited greater multimodality, variability, and intensity of their play behaviors. Current results suggest the Playskin Lift™ may serve as an effective assistive and rehabilitative device to improve play for children with arm movement impairments.
Species and Speciation

Species have been defined based on differences among individuals in genes or morphology, ability to inter-breed, or common lineage. In all cases, the development of barriers to interbreeding is a component of speciation, the formation of new species. Such barriers may be morphological, behavioral, or involve genetic or cytoplasmic incompatibility. Influential early workers thought that barriers could only develop in the absence of gene flow between speciating populations, so models of speciation focus on biogeography. Allopatric speciation entails the isolation of two populations from one ancestral population by a new geographic barrier. The populations differentiate and evolve barriers to interbreeding. If the geographic barrier is removed, the two will not interbreed. Parapatric speciation is similar, but entails speciation in peripheral populations. Sympatric speciation, the most controversial, entails speciation with no geographic isolation. It may occur through chromosomal changes, small habitat differences, or mate preferences. Each of these modes of speciation results in specific geographic patterns of biodiversity, including hybrid and suture zones where species formed through allopatric mechanisms come back into contact; ring species, formed through parapatric mechanisms; and hot spots of endemic (or localized) species arising through sympatric speciation. The tempo of speciation also varies, depending on the specific speciation mechanism.
Solution uniqueness of convex piecewise affine functions based optimization with applications to constrained ℓ1 minimization

In this paper, we study the solution uniqueness of an individual feasible vector of a class of convex optimization problems involving convex piecewise affine functions and subject to general polyhedral constraints. This class of problems incorporates many important polyhedral constrained l 1 recovery problems arising from sparse optimization, such as basis pursuit, LASSO, and basis pursuit denoising, as well as polyhedral gauge recovery. By leveraging the max-formulation of convex piecewise affine functions and convex analysis tools, we develop dual variables based necessary and sufficient uniqueness conditions via simple and yet unifying approaches; these conditions are applied to a wide range of l 1 minimization problems under possible polyhedral constraints. An effective linear program based scheme is proposed to verify solution uniqueness conditions. The results obtained in this paper not only recover the known solution uniqueness conditions in the literature by removing restrictive assumptions but also yield new uniqueness conditions for much broader constrained l 1 -minimization problems.
Temperature Preference of Two Invasive Subterranean Termite Species and Their Hybrids (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae: Coptotermes)

Temperature preference of two invasive subterranean termites, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), and their hybrids were determined in a horizontal thermal gradient. The activity of workers of four mating combinations: ♀C. gestroi × ♂C. gestroi (C. gestroi), ♀C. formosanus × ♂C. formosanus (C. formosanus), ♀C. gestroi × ♂C. formosanus (Hybrid G), and ♀C. formosanus × ♂C. gestroi (Hybrid F), when placed on the temperature gradients were videotaped and analyzed to determine the mean temperature preference values (mTPV). The temperature ranges for active termites were 21.9-39.5°C for C. gestroi, 11.1-39.5°C for C. formosanus, 25.3-38.2°C for Hybrid G, and 24.9-39.3°C for Hybrid F. There was no significant difference in the mTPV of C. gestroi and both hybrid mating combinations. The mTPV of both Hybrid G and Hybrid F was significantly higher than the parental species C. formosanus. Our results indicate that hybrid populations of C. formosanus and C. gestroi might be more active in tropical than temperate regions, and if established in temperate regions, they will be more active in summer months when the mean temperature exceeds 25°C.
Automated High-Throughput Hermetic Failure Monitoring System for Millimeter-Sized Wireless Implantable Medical Devices

This paper presents an automated high-throughput hermetic failure monitoring system for millimeter-sized wireless implantable biomedical devices (IMDs). To protect the electronics from the harsh body environment as well as the body from potential toxic chemicals in the package of the IMDs, a lifetime estimation for the hermetic package of the IMDs is essential as a key part of IMD design and development. However, traditional leak tests are not suitable for the small form factor of mm-sized IMDs. The presented automated hermetic failure monitoring system can enable lifetime estimations for multiple mm-sized wireless IMDs at low cost and in a user-friendly setup. Thereby, liquid/vapor ingression into the IMD package is monitored by registering the phase-dip frequency shift of a passive LC tank. Exposing 1.3×1.3 mm2 sized IMDs to an accelerated testing environment (1 atm, 100% RH, and 80 °C), a 186 kHz frequency resolution and a signal to noise ratio (SNR = 10log(△φ dip /φ noise )) of 21.8 ± 0.8 dB were achieved within an operating frequency range of 50-200 MHz and at 0.4 mm interrogation distance.
The Heterogeneous Expressions of Pericardial Disease: A Case Report/Series

Introduction: The pericardium may have various phenotypic manifestations in assorted disease states, such as acute pericarditis, effusive constrictive pericarditis, and constrictive pericarditis. The variety in the phenotypic expressions of pericardial inflammation requires unique clinical and physical examinations and is associated with specific imaging features. The present study aimed to review the normal pericardium and variations of the pericardial disease based on the previously described cases and discuss the clinical manifestations, etiology, diagnostic tools, and treatment methods.Case Series: A case series of three patients with various phenotypic expressions of pericardial disease have been described. The first patient presented with chest and abdominal pain for three hours. Electrocardiography (ECG) revealed inferior-lateral ST elevation, which was interpreted as an acute coronary syndrome. However, coronary arteriography revealed no obstructive coronary artery disease. Blood tests and ECG post-cardiac catheterization confirmed pericarditis. The second patient had ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus on the right side of the atrial flutter. After the procedure, the patient had cardiac tamponade and required pericardiocentesis. After two months, the patient presented with tachycardia and hypotension, as well as cardiac tamponade; therefore, pericardiocentesis was performed again. Two years after the second pericardiocentesis, the patient presented with progressive dyspnea. Perfusion imaging revealed anterior wall ischemia, and coronary arteriography revealed three-vessel coronary artery disease. During the bypass surgery, the surgeon was unable to dissect the right and circumflex coronary arteries due to the densely thickened pericardium of the patient. In addition, CT-scan revealed a fibrotic pericardium (thickness: 12 mm). The third patient received chemotherapy and radiation for breast cancer, which resulted in a cancer-free state. However, breast cancer was recurrent, and the patient received treatment with biological Optivo, resulting in cancer remission. After several months, the patient presented with palpitations, dyspnea, and abdominal and leg swelling. Moreover, she had elevated troponin and ECG changes leading to cardiac catheterization with normal coronaries, which were fixed in a dense, thickened serosal pericardium. Subsequent echocardiography revealed evident signs of constrictive pericarditis, and cardiac MRI showed a densely thickened pericardium with diffuse late gadolinium enhancement.Conclusion: The Phenotypic expressions of pericardial disease are enigmatic and challenging diagnostically. Various forms of pericardial disease may mimic acute coronary syndrome and acute/chronic heart failure. Since each phenotypic presentation of the disease is unique, a rational, linear approach is considered essential to the accurate diagnosis.
Sleep and Social Processes

Sleep problems are increasingly being recognized as a public health epidemic with data suggesting that over 69% of US adults get less sleep than they need. Despite the important role that sleep plays in our lives, sleep has been historically absent from the social psychological literature. Recently, however, researchers have started recognizing the importance of considering the bidirectional links between sleep and social processes. This work sheds light on the role that sleep plays in our social experiences, from basic social perception to complex social interactions. In this chapter, we highlight some of the latest research exploring the associations between sleep and social processes, focusing on (1) close relationships, (2) aggression, anger, and social stress, and (3) person perception and discrimination. We also elucidate future areas of research and important next steps necessary to bring together sleep and social psychological research.
Using Data Science to Provide Preliminary Estimates of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Rural South Dakota.

BACKGROUND Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is the cessation of electric or mechanical activity of the heart, confirmed by absence of circulation. Survival to hospital dismissal rates have remained low nationwide despite considerable effort to improve treatment. Current initiatives seek systems approaches that optimize care at each point along the "chain of survival." Systems approaches rely on the availability of robust data sets to understand and control variables that can be highly interdependent. The current report seeks to provide a source of reliable data of OHCA for South Dakota. METHODS Using the "Utstein" guidelines for reviewing and reporting OHCA resuscitations issued by the American Heart Association in 2014, we analyzed the EMS data that were captured by ePCR between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015. Inclusion criteria were 911 calls in 2013-2015, where first impression of the call was cardiac arrest. Exclusion criteria were inconsistent and missing data. RESULTS There were 1,781 OHCA in the ePCR, and 1,280 cases had survival information, with 378 victims surviving to ED. Overall, SD OHCA rates were lower than those reported nationally. Survival was the highest in patients with a shockable rhythm and when victim received bystander CPR. The odds for survival were greater if the arrest took place in an urban setting compared to a rural setting and if the victim received care from an EMS unit that did not have a "hardship" designation. DISCUSSION Recommendations for future efforts include: (1) Develop and employ quality improvement methodologies for data collection and utilization to minimize the impact of poor or missing data, (2) Assess the educational and training needs of the EMS staff to properly collect, analyze, and develop actionable outputs, (3) Provide public training to include hands-only CPR and PulsePoint.
Convenient tail bounds for sums of random tensors

This work prepares new probability bounds for sums of random, independent, Hermitian tensors. These probability bounds characterize large-deviation behavior of the extreme eigenvalue of the sums of random tensors. We extend Lapalace transform method and Lieb's concavity theorem from matrices to tensors, and apply these tools to generalize the classical bounds associated with the names Chernoff, Bennett, and Bernstein from the scalar to the tensor setting. Tail bounds for the norm of a sum of random rectangular tensors are also derived from corollaries of random Hermitian tensors cases. The proof mechanism can also be applied to tensor-valued martingales and tensor-based Azuma, Hoeffding and McDiarmid inequalities are established.
Composition of time in movement behaviors and weight change in Latinx, Black and white participants.

Background The relationship between time-use behaviors and prospective weight change is poorly understood. Methods A subset of Cancer Prevention Study-3 participants (n = 549, 58% women, 66% non-Latinx white) self-reported weight in 2015 and 2018 and completed an accelerometer protocol for seven days. Sedentary time, sleep, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity (PA) were treated as a compositional variable and multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between activity composition and weight change stratified by sex and race/ethnicity. Compositional isotemporal substitution analysis was used to quantify change in weight associated with reallocating 30 min./day. Results Activity composition was associated with weight change among women (p = 0.007), but not men (p = 0.356), and among Latinx (p = 0.032) and white participants (p = 0.001), but not Black participants (p = 0.903). Replacement of 30 min./day sedentary time with moderate-vigorous PA was associated with 3.49 lbs. loss (-6.76, -0.22) in Latinx participants and replacement with sleep was associated with 1.52 (0.25, 2.79) and 1.31 (0.40, 2.21) lbs. gain in white women and men. Conclusion The distribution of time spent in daily behaviors was associated with three-year weight change in women, Latinx, and white participants. This was the first longitudinal compositional study of weight change; thus, more studies are needed.
Progressive parkinsonism due to mitochondrial impairment: Lessons from the MitoPark mouse model

The cardinal pathophysiological finding of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, which is responsible for the motor and some of the non-motor symptomatology. While the primary causes of nigrostriatal degeneration are hotly debated, considerable evidence supports a central role for impaired mitochondrial function. Postmortem analysis of PD patients reveals impaired respiratory chains and increased mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in addition to increased markers of oxidative stress indicative of mitochondrial impairment. Most animal models of PD, both genetic and toxin-based, target some component of mitochondrial function to reproduce aspects of the human disease. One model that continues to gain attention is the MitoPark mouse, created through a cell type-specific knockout of mitochondrial transcription factor A specifically in midbrain DA neurons. This model effectively recapitulates the slowly developing, adult onset motor decline seen in PD due to mass loss of DA neurons. MitoPark mice therefore represent an effective tool for studying the sequence of events that occurs in the early stages of DA neuron degeneration following mitochondrial impairment, as well as for testing the efficacy of potential disease-modifying therapies in a progressive model of neurodegeneration. A targeted review of key findings from MitoPark mice has not been published since the early years following the initial report of the model in 2007. The current review synthesizes findings from several groups that are exploring MitoPark mice and discusses implications for the future identification of disease-modifying treatments for PD.
INSPECTOR: free software for magnetic resonance spectroscopy data inspection, processing, simulation and analysis

In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a powerful tool for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, allowing for non-invasive measurement and analysis of small molecules from living tissues. However, currently available MRS processing and analytical software tools are limited in their potential for in-depth quality management, access to details of the processing stream, and user friendliness. Moreover, available MRS software focuses on selected aspects of MRS such as simulation, signal processing or analysis, necessitating the use of multiple packages and interfacing among them for biomedical applications. The freeware INSPECTOR comprises enhanced MRS data processing, simulation and analytical capabilities in a one-stop-shop solution for a wide range of biomedical research and diagnostic applications. Extensive data handling, quality management and visualization options are built in, enabling the assessment of every step of the processing chain with maximum transparency. The parameters of the processing can be flexibly chosen and tailored for the specific research problem, and extended confidence information is provided with the analysis. The INSPECTOR software stands out in its user-friendly workflow and potential for automation. In addition to convenience, the functionalities of INSPECTOR ensure rigorous and consistent data processing throughout multi-experiment and multi-center studies.
Predictors of the Use of Enrichment Items in Colony Housed Shelter Cats.

Colony rooms provide cats with many opportunities to use enrichment, but animal shelters usually have finite resources to provision items. This study examined how cats select enrichment items when ...
The Role of Subjective and Social Factors in the Desistance Process: A Within-Individual Examination

THE ROLE OF SUBJECTIVE AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN THE DESISTANCE PROCESS: A WITHIN-INDIVIDUAL EXAMINATION By BEVERLY REECE CRANK JULY 24, 2014 Committee Chair: Dr. Timothy Brezina Major Department: Criminal Justice and Criminology Many scholars examining desistance from crime have emphasized the importance of social factors in triggering the desistance process. Most notably, the work of Sampson and Laub (1993) focuses on the role of social bonds (e.g., marriage and employment), which serve as turning points in offenders’ lives, while other scholars have emphasized other important social factors, such as antisocial peer influence (Stouthamer-Loeber, Wei, Loeber, Masten, 2004; Warr, 1998, 2002). However, missing from such works is the role of subjective factors (e.g., thinking patterns, expectations, self-identity) in the desistance process, despite evidence that changes in identity and other cognitive transformations promote desistance from criminal offending (Giordano, Cernkovich, & Rudolph, 2002; Maruna, 2001). Examining the combined role of subjective and social factors is important, because it may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the desistance process. Desistance researchers typically focus on one set of factors, while downplaying the other set of factors. Rarely have researchers examined the effects of social and subjective factors simultaneously (for exceptions, see Healy, 2010; Laub & Sampson, 2003; Morizot & Le Blanc, 2007). And even fewer attempts have been made to examine the interplay between social and subjective factors (for exceptions, see LeBel, Burnett, Maruna, & Bushway, 2008; Simons & Barr, 2012). Further, there is a special need to examine the impact of change in subjective and social factors on the desistance process using withinindividual analyses (Farrington, 2007; Horney, Osgood, & Marshall, 1995; Kazemian, 2007). Thus, research on desistance is advanced in the current study in the following three ways. First, the influence of both subjective and social factors on desistance are considered, within the same statistical model. Second, this study is based on withinindividual analyses. Third, the interplay between subjective and social factors is explored in this study, including mediation and moderation (interaction) effects. Data used in the current study are drawn from the Pathways to Desistance study (see Mulvey, 2004), following serious adolescent offenders for seven years – from mid-adolescence through early adulthood. The theoretical, policy, and research implications of the findings are discussed. THE ROLE OF SUBJECTIVE AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN THE DESISTANCE PROCESS: A WITHIN-INDIVIDUAL EXAMINATION BY BEVERLY REECE CRANK A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies of Georgia State University GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY 2014 Copyright by Beverly Reece Crank 2014
Giant Quantum Oscillations in the Thermoelectric Properties of Aluminum

We have measured the two thermoelectric coefficients S(T, H) and G(T, H) for polycrystalline and single crystal aluminum samples in magnetic fields to 5T from 3–6K. All measurements were made in a longitudinal geometry with the electrical current and heat current in the samples parallel to the applied magnetic field. An analysis of the oscillations is given in terms of magnetic breakdown and current distortion effects.
An Ideal PPAR Response Element Bound to and Activated by PPARα.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), a nuclear receptor, plays an important role in the transcription of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism through heterodimerization with the retinoid x receptor (RXR). The consensus sequence of the PPAR response element (PPRE) is composed of two AGGTCA-like sequences directionally aligned with a single nucleotide spacer. PPARα and RXR bind to the 5’ and 3’ hexad sequences, respectively. However, the precise sequence definition of the PPRE remains obscure, and thus, the consensus sequence currently available remains AGGTCANAGGTCA with unknown redundancy. The vague PPRE sequence definition poses an obstacle to understanding how PPARα regulates fatty acid metabolism. Here we show that, rather than the generally accepted 6-bp sequence, PPARα actually recognized a 12-bp DNA sequence, of which the preferred binding sequence was WAWVTRGGBBAH. Additionally, the optimized RXRα hexad binding sequence was RGKTYA. Thus, the optimal PPARα/RXRα heterodimer binding sequence was WAWVTRGGBBAHRGKTYA. The single nucleotide substitution, which reduces binding of RXRα to DNA, attenuated PPARα-induced transcriptional activation, but this is not always true for PPARα. Using the definition of the PPRE sequence, novel PPREs were successfully identified. Taken altogether, the provided PPRE sequence definition contributes to the understanding of PPARα signaling by identifying PPARα direct target genes with functional PPARα response elements.
A Comparison of the Pathogenesis of Marburg Virus Disease in Humans and Nonhuman Primates and Evaluation of the Suitability of These Animal Models for Predicting Clinical Efficacy under the 'Animal Rule'.

Marburg virus outbreaks are sporadic, infrequent, brief, and relatively small in terms of numbers of subjects affected. In addition, outbreaks most likely will occur in remote regions where clinical trials are not feasible; therefore, definitive, well-controlled human efficacy studies to test the effectiveness of a drug or biologic product are not feasible. Healthy human volunteers cannot ethically be deliberately exposed to a lethal agent such as Marburg virus in order to test the efficacy of a therapy or preventive prior to licensure. When human efficacy studies are neither ethical nor feasible, the US Food and Drug Administration may grant marketing approval of a drug or biologic product under the ‘Animal Rule,’ through which demonstration of the efficacy of a product can be ‘based on adequate and well-controlled animal efficacy studies when the results of those studies establish that the drug is reasonably likely to produce clinical benefit in humans.’ This process requires that the pathogenic determinants of the disease in the animal model are similar to those that have been identified in humans. After reviewing primarily English-language, peer-reviewed journal articles, we here summarize the clinical manifestations of Marburg virus disease and the results of studies in NHP showing the characteristics and progression of the disease. We also include a detailed comparison of the characteristics of the human disease relative to those for NHP. This review reveals that the disease characteristics of Marburg virus disease are generally similar for humans and 3 NHP species: cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops).
The effect of missing data on the steady-state performance of an alpha , beta tracking filter

The Kalman filter provides a recursive least-mean-square estimate of parameters in a dynamic system. Because the initial variances of the measurements used in the estimation are uncertain in a practical situation, a tracking filter can be optimum only in steady-state. The steady-state error of a version of the Kalman filter, called the alpha , beta filter, is analyzed under the assumption that missing data may occur. The results are developed for a constant-scan-rate radar. The number of intervals between valid data is modeled as a geometric random variable with the probability of valid data as a parameter. It is shown that missing data can introduce large additional tracking error for slowly scanning radars. >
Lightweight privacy-preserving passive measurement for home networks

Homes now constitute a significant fraction of the Internet's “edge”. Despite a number of recent efforts, hard data about the structure and use of home networks is still hard to come by. In particular, data sets that include information about the traffic going into and out of homes tend to include very limited numbers of endpoints. Two of the main challenges in collecting such information are: (i) the computational and storage requirements of passive measurement systems, relative to the limited capabilities of home routers; and (ii) individuals' concerns about the privacy of their traffic data. In this paper we introduce HNFL, a lightweight, privacy-preserving passive measurement infrastructure for home networks. HNFL provides a lightweight network flow data collector in Linux kernel, which presents flow data in the form of bipartite graphs that support both latitudinal and longitudinal studies and a scalable and irreversible method to hide traffic identities from flow data while maintaining longitudinal comparison. We evaluate the correctness and efficiency of HNFL, and explore some applications for both networking researchers and home network users.
Analytical Methods for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) — A Historical Perspective on the 16 U.S. EPA Priority Pollutant PAHs

The identification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as priority pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1976 has been a primary driver for analytical methods development for the determination of PAHs. In this article, the historical development of methods in liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) to separate these 16 PAHs is discussed. In LC a significant effort was the search for and the fundamental understanding of the unique stationary phase capable of achieving the desired separation of the 16 EPA PAHs. For GC methods, the focus on stationary phase development has been the separation of critical isomers with a broader scope than the 16 EPA PAHs. The current routine LC and GC methods for the 16 EPA PAHs are well established; however, new advances in analytical techniques beyond LC and GC are discussed. Many analysts are now interested in more than just the 16 EPA PAHs (e.g., higher molecular mass PAHs and alkyl-substituted PAHs) and analytical method...
Compulsory Licenses and United States Industrial and Artistic Property Law

Generally speaking, in both the patent and copyright fields, the industrial and artistic property law of the United States is hostile to compulsory licenses, whether by administrative or judicial imposition pursuant to a legal mandate or automatic, i.e., by operation of law.' Apart from a section in the United States Code which, in effect, establishes a general automatic compulsory license to use patented inventions for purposes of the federal government,2 there exist only very few federal3 statutory provisions pertaining to compulsory licensing; the principal body of the actual United States law is decisional, developed to provide sanctions for violations of the antitrust laws. It even has been questioned whether Congress actually could enact broad and extensive compulsory licensing schemes such as are found in some other legal systems. The Constitution vests the Congress with the power: To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.4 On the occasion of the revision of the Atomic Energy Act in 1954, when compulsory licensing of atomic energy patents was under consideration, Congressman Cole, now the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, made an impassioned plea to the effect that the proposed compulsory licensing clauses were not only un-American but also uncon
IFNγ drives human primary skin mast cells to function as antigen presenting cells. (INC6P.341)

We assessed the antigen presenting ability of mature primary human skin mast cells (MCs) in vitro. MCs do not express HLA II at baseline, but do so when stimulated with IFNγ. IFNγ-primed, but not un-primed, MCs facilitated activation of Jurkat T cells by superantigen. Unlike polyclonal primary CD4+ T cells, which harbor a subset of IFNγ producing cells, Jurkat cells do not spontaneously produce IFNγ. Co-culture of un-primed MCs with CD4+ T cells for 2 days upregulated HLA II expression on MCs and subsequent superantigen mediated T cell activation. MC HLA II upregulation is primarily due to the Th1 cell subset and is prevented by IFNγ neutralizing and/or receptor blocking antibody. Superantigen bypasses HLA II-loaded peptide:T cell receptor interactions; therefore, we assessed the ability of MCs to present cytomegalovirus antigen. MCs primed ±cytomegalovirus antigen exposure for 3 days then ±IFNγ for the last 2 of those days were washed thoroughly and co-cultured with HLA-matched CD4+ cells. After one week, CD4+ T cells from cytomegalovirus seropositive, but not seronegative, individuals showed proliferation (CFSE dilution), activation (CD25high and CD69high expression), and appropriate intracellular cytokine production (IFNγ and IL-4, but not IL-17). Thus, MCs can take up, process, and present antigen in an HLA II-restricted manner, causing antigen specific activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells.
Analysis of the Republic of South Sudan's Accession to the East African Community: Benefits, Detriments and Recommendations

Accession to the East African Community ("EAC") offers many potential benefits for the Republic of South Sudan. For instance, access to ports in Kenya and regional transportation corridors could increase the competitiveness of South Sudanese products. EAC membership could also open up new regional and international markets for South Sudanese products and strengthen South Sudan's negotiating position vis-a-vis non-EAC countries. Moreover, EAC membership may result in knowledge transfer between EAC partner states and increased regional investment. This in turn could promote the development of better domestic infrastructure and generate significant welfare gains. South Sudanese participation in non-economic EAC cooperation programs could also enhance regional security, food security, and natural resource management.But EAC membership could also have detrimental effects. EAC members are expected to implement a variety of economic and non-economic programs, not all of which may be in South Sudan's interest. For instance, EAC policies like common external tariffs ("CETs") and common investment rules could constrain South Sudan's ability to implement trade and investment promotion policies. In addition, EAC membership may hurt South Sudanese consumers and entrepreneurs through elevated CETs on consumer goods and exposure to regional competition. Additionally, continued use of non-tariff barriers and political resistance in EAC partner states may prevent full realization of the potential positive benefits of EAC membership. Lastly, as seen in the case of the EAC-EU Economic Partnership Agreement, EAC membership could require South Sudan to make trade concessions to non-EAC countries.As South Sudan appears committed to pursuing EAC membership, it is now necessary to develop a considered negotiation strategy to maximize the potential benefits of integration and mitigate its negative effects. As demonstrated by the Rwanda case study in Part III, this strategy can be implemented through a multi-step process that focuses on determining the positive and negative impact of EAC membership on South Sudan's development and economy, educating local stakeholders, strengthening vulnerable sectors, and mitigating the negative effects of integration.
Cold Fermi gas with inverse square interaction in a harmonic trap

Abstract We study equilibrium density and spin density profiles for a model of cold one-dimensional spin 1/2 fermions interacting via inverse square interaction and exchange in an external harmonic trap. This model is the well-known spin-Calogero model (sCM) and its fully nonlinear collective field theory description is known. We extend the field theory description to the presence of an external harmonic trap and obtain analytic results for statics and dynamics of the system. For instance, we find how the equilibrium density profile changes upon tuning the interaction strength. The results we obtain for equilibrium configurations are very similar to the ones obtained recently by Ma and Yang (2010) [1] for a model of fermions with short ranged interactions. Our main approximation is the neglect of the terms of higher order in spatial derivatives in equations of motion – gradientless approximation (Kulkarni et al., 2009) [2] . Within this approximation the hydrodynamic equations of motion can be written as a set of decoupled forced Riemann–Hopf equations for the dressed Fermi momenta of the model. This enables us to write analytical solutions for the dynamics of spin and charge. We describe the time evolution of the charge density when an initial non-equilibrium profile is created by cooling the gas with an additional potential in place and then suddenly removing the potential. We present our results as a simple “single-particle” evolution in the phase space reminiscing a similar description of the dynamics of noninteracting one-dimensional fermions.
Buying Green? Field Experimental Tests of Consumer Support for Environmentalism

Surveys indicate that a majority of consumers would prefer to buy products made in environmentally sustainable ways, rather than alternatives, and would even be willing to pay a premium for such products. Many firms are now using environmental certifications and product labeling to market goods and services, but there is no clear evidence that environmentalism has a strong impact on actual purchasing decisions by consumers. We provide new evidence on consumer behavior from two large-scale field experiments conducted with Gap Inc. in 419 retail stores and 155 outlet stores. We find that labels with information about a program to reduce water pollution in facilities laundering denim jeans as part of the manufacturing process had a substantial positive effect on sales among female shoppers in retail stores, increasing sales by 8%. Among male shoppers and in outlet stores, however, the labels had no discernable impact on sales.
Caves and Karst of the Deformed Siluro-Devonian Carbonates, South Central New York

The Siluro-Devonian Helderberg Group carbonates and the mid-Devonian Onondaga Limestone of the Hudson River Valley were highly deformed by the Acadian Orogeny, which limited subsequent outcrop extent and catchment. Glaciation overprinted the tectonic structure and obliterated, modified, and engendered cave development. Ice movement was north to south, parallel to the structural grain and the adjacent Hudson River, and differentiating the controls of cave development is difficult. Clarksville Cave and Onesquethaw Cave appear pre- and post-glacial, respectively, despite similar sizes in excess of 1 km (0.63 miles), and both show significant structural control. Farther south, the Joralemon Park caves display maze development initiated post-glacially, adjacent to pre-glacial cave remnants in a deranged drainage setting. Pompeys Cave is developed in a limestone member of the Rondout Formation, a member not present west and north in the main Helderberg Plateau. The cave is a single stream-capture passage of large size with a backflood maze overprint upstream of a major collapse area; despite the large size, the cave otherwise fits the criteria of being post-glacial in origin. Mystery (Surprise) Cave at 3 km (2 miles) is the longest cave in this region, and sits near the southern glacial boundary and appears pre-glacial in origin. Numerous other small caves are strewn along the Hudson River Valley, and all show an interesting interplay between structure, lithology and glaciation.
The Efficiency of National and Regional Stabilization Policies

The level at which stabilization policy is performed is shown to matter for its effectiveness. In particular, in a national (e.g. Canadian) context, Ricardian equivalence is expected to operate more fully at the provincial level than the national level, because at the national level those receiving benefits are not necessarily those paying the taxes — there is an element of redistribution across provinces. Alternatively, one can distinguish between debt-creating and non-debt-creating fiscal flows; only the latter produce a Ricardian offset. Since the excess of federal spending over taxes in a particular province is partially balanced by surpluses elsewhere, federal fiscal policy should stabilize provincial consumption more effectively than similar policies carried out by provincial governments. Panel regressions suggest that the federal stabilizing role is more than twice that of provincial governments in Canada.
Diltiazem Enhances Potassium Disposal in Subjects With End-Stage Renal Disease

Seven subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who were anuric and dialysis-dependent were studied during a 28-hour interdialytic period to assess changes in plasma potassium. Plasma potassium, glucose, magnesium, aldosterone, and cortisol were measured every 4 hours. Eight normal subjects were similarly treated. Subjects with ESRD had a progressive increase in plasma potassium, in contrast to normal subjects who exhibited a characteristic diurnal variation. In ESRD, diltiazem significantly reduced the rate of increase in plasma potassium compared with placebo and resulted in a significantly lower net increase in potassium over the entire 28-hour period. Diltiazem did not affect plasma potassium in normal subjects. Diltiazem did not affect plasma aldosterone, cortisol, glucose, or magnesium. In conclusion, diltiazem reduced the rate of increase of plasma potassium during a 28-hour interdialytic period.
Workshop on NExt-generation applications of smartphones (NEAT)

The mobile sensing and networking capabilities of smartphones create a unique platform for building cyber-physical and other applications that sense and respond to the environment. Moreover, social networking capabilities of these platforms offer new paradigms for dissemination of knowledge, harvesting of user relationship information, and following current events. For example, recent research has yielded cyber-physical applications and cloud services to track patients lifestyle choices for health purposes, monitor CO2 emissions around smartphone users, predict and respond to traffic accidents, measure traffic and derive road quality, and monitor cardiac patients. This workshop aims to investigate the key research challenges in this domain, such as software design impact on power consumption, synchronization of data with the cloud, and challenges of utilizing these services for mission-critical applications. The workshop will also investigate novel new methodologies for applying these computing paradigms to problems of societal importance.
POLICING A GRAYING POPULATION: A STUDY OF POLICE CONTACTS WITH OLDER ADULTS

ABSTRACT Over the course of the coming decades America will collectively turn “grayer” as members of the baby-boom generation join the ranks of older and elderly adults. These demographic trends will likely impact police organizations and the job of street-level patrol officers. Existing scholarship on police contacts with older adults has focused predominantly on the issue of criminal victimization, however very few studies have been designed to provide data on the typical interaction between police and older adults. The present study uses direct observation of police officers to offer a more complete description of these interactions than those developed through surveys or studies based on official records. Our findings demonstrate the non-crime related service demands of this population and the need to move beyond strategies that are focused solely on responding to older adult victims of crime.
Incorporation of uridylate into RNA by an enzyme from rat liver.

Abstract Uridine 5′-phosphate (UMP) is known to be incorporated into RNA by enzymes in rat liver ( Canellakis, 1957 ; Hecht et al, 1958 ; Herbert and Canellakis, 1961 ), in ascites tumor cells ( Burdon and Smellie, 1961 ), and in pigeon liver microsomes ( Strauss and Goldwasser, 1961 ). This paper describes a partially purified UMP-incorporating enzyme obtained from the pH 5-supernatant fraction of a rat liver homogenate subjected to centrifugation at 100,000 × g . The active fraction was prepared by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, calcium phosphate gel adsorption and elution, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The final preparation still has nuclease activity, and work now in progress is designed to remove this.
A174: JIA-Associated SNPs From Non-Coding Regions Are Located Within or Adjacent to Functional Genomic Elements of Human Neutrophils

Background/Purpose: The recent completion of a large genome-wide associate study (GWAS) for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) revealed multiple genomic regions conferring disease risk (Nature Genet 2013). However, as is typical of most GWAS, the majority of disease-associated SNPs occurred in noncoding regions of the genome, either in intergenic regions or introns. This finding suggests, therefore, that disease risk for JIA resides in the control and coordination of transcription, rather than in malfunction of genetically-altered proteins. This study was undertaken, therefore, to identify functional elements that might be associated with the identified, disease-associated SNPs in polyarticular, RF-negative JIA. Methods: We first generated a genome wide map of histone marks associated with enhancer elements in healthy adult neutrophils. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation/sequencing (ChIPseq) approaches, we mapped the histone marks associated with poised (H3K4me1+/H3K27ac−) or active (H3K4me1+/H3K27ac+) enhancers to the GRCh37/hg19 genome assembly. In addition, we performed paired-end RNA sequencing on neutrophils from 5 children with newly diagnosed, untreated polyarticular, RF-negative JIA and mapped reads to the same human genome assembly. These results were used to interrogate ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics data; we used the UCSC Genome browser to interrogate the 22 polyarticular JIA associated SNPs from non-coding regions genome identified by Hicks et al (Nature Genet 2013) as conferring risk for polyarticular JIA. Results: Using the approach above, we ascertained that there are functional elements in neutrophil genomes in or adjacent to 13 of the 22 SNP regions identified by Hicks et al. Enhancer elements were the most frequently identified functional elements in this study, with 9 potentially active (H3K4me1+/H3K27ac+) and 3 additional potentially poised enhancers identified. We also identified 4 non-coding transcripts within the SNP regions. Four of these regions (e.g., both of the SNPs around C5orf56-IRF1) contained both non-coding RNA transcripts and enhancer elements. It was also interesting to note abundant intronic transcription in other genes relevant to inflammation/immunity but not otherwise known to confer genetic risk e.g., CD36. Conclusion: Regions of known genetic risk for polyarticular JIA are rich with functional elements that are believed to regulate and coordinate transcription in human neutrophils. These data provide a new framework from which to understand genetic risk and disease pathogenesis in JIA, and suggest that transcriptional regulation and coordination may be a process that is fundamentally perturbed in this disease.
Central and peripheral controls of swimming in anuran larvae.

Summary The isolated nervous system of the bullfrog tadpole ( Rana catesbeiana or clamitans ) spontaneously exhibits patterned motoneuronal discharges which are the basis for swimming. In vitro recordings from the ventral roots showed that motoneurons on one side of the cord burst in alternation with those on the other side. On each side of the cord, motoneuron bursts occurred in synchrony the entire length of the cord. Patterned activity was found only in the medial motoneurons which innervate the muscles used for swimming. Lateral motoneurons innervating the limbs exhibited unpatterned bursting. The pattern generating mechanism is distributed along the length of the spinal cord. Proprioceptive information entering via the dorsal roots is not necessary for generation of the basic pattern of alternating activity, but interacts with the centrally generated pattern to produce a rostrocaudal lag of activity. These results are compared to those found using the dogfish and possible ontogenetic complications discussed.