cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do prisoners trust the healthcare system

Individuals who are incarcerated have greater healthcare needs than non-justice-involved individuals, yet incarcerated individuals often report substandard care. There are disproportionate numbers of black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) in prison, who, even in general society face greater obstacles to accessing healthcare and have worse health outcomes due to structural racism. Regardless of race, people with criminal justice involvement often report stigma from the non-carceral healthcare system. Providing sufficient healthcare in carceral settings themselves is complicated by lack of privacy and the inherent dialectic of prisons that restrict freedom and providers focusing on healing and health. Based on these adverse experiences, people who are incarcerated may have decreased distrust in the healthcare system, deterring individuals from getting adequate medical care. In this exploratory study, health care system distrust was evaluated among 200 people who were incarcerated using the Revised Health Care System Distrust scale, a community-validated, 9-item measure comprised of 2 subscales (values and competence distrust). Distrust was moderately and positively associated with participant age (rs = 0.150, p = 0.034), with the second-oldest quintile (33 to 42-year-olds) reporting the highest level of overall and competence distrust. Participants identifying as Non-Latinx White reported higher competence distrust compared to Latinx and Non-Latinx/Non-White respondents. These preliminary findings suggest that select groups of prisoners may be less likely to trust the healthcare system, highlighting an impediment to receiving adequate care while incarcerated. Further study of this topic is warranted.
Transitioning patients from outpatient mental health services to primary care: A rapid literature review:

BackgroundA lack of access to mental health services is a critical barrier to obtaining evidence-based care. One strategy to improve access is to transition stable patients out of mental health spe...
Social Work Educators as White Allies? An Integrative Literature Review

White educators represent the majority of social work faculty. Current research suggests that many White social work educators are not prepared to address racism in classroom discussions and model antiracist behavior. An integrative literature review was conducted by the co-authors—a White man and Black woman, both social work educators—to examine how recent literature characterizes the “White ally” educator and explore concepts designed to prepare White faculty for purposive action to dismantle White Supremacy. Integrative review is a methodology used to summarize empirical/theoretical literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon. Twenty-two articles met inclusion criteria for this review. The analysis involved two steps: First, a synthesis and integrative model of the literature on educators as White allies. Second, an application of the critical race theory concepts interest convergence and anti-essentialism. The integrative model of the White ally educator suggests a White identity process; necessitating critical self-reflection and multi-level, antiracist action. Critical examination of the literature troubles the concept of “White ally,” pointing to the potential re-centering of Whiteness. Further research is needed to help social work educators recognize racism in their work and prepare future social workers to engage in antiracist social work practice.
Bernice Reagon Wedding Political Action and Music

people, designed to come from the people, speak to the people, guide the people along their journey. As long as black people have engaged in struggle there has been a distinct music, a conscious expression that accompanied them on their way. Black music has simultaneously and separately expressed Africa, the slave trade, slavery, urban migration and the 21st century. If this is true for black people as a whole, it is doubly true for black women in the United States. Black women sang their history, chanted their politics and shouted the "story of how we overcome, bye and bye." Nothing in all of this should suggest that black men and black women did not create written forms, but our music reached more, told more and lasted longer than any other creative form.
A FIELD TESTED SYSTEM OF TRAINING MEAL PREPARATION SKILLS TO THE RETARDED

(1979). A FIELD TESTED SYSTEM OF TRAINING MEAL PREPARATION SKILLS TO THE RETARDED. The British Journal of Mental Subnormality: Vol. 25, No. 48, pp. 14-18.
What is Abridgment?: A Critique of Two Section Twos

For over a century, Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment has been a dead letter, but recent challenges to voting rights demand that we resurrect this long forgotten provision. The thesis of this Article is that Section 2, which allows Congress to reduce a state’s delegation in the House of Representatives if the state abridges the right to vote, gives Congress the authority to address virtually any abridgment of the ballot through its Section 5 enforcement power. Specifically, this Article contends that Section 2, with its broad language unencumbered by references to race or color, provides constitutional justification for section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, the validity of which has come under fire in recent years. Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act forbids any voting “standard, practice, or procedure” that “results in a denial or abridgment of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.” Critics argue that the statute’s use of race-conscious remedies and its focus on the racially discriminatory effect of various state laws unduly infringes the states’ sovereignty over elections. To avoid potential constitutional problems, these critics contend that the statute should be limited to only those instances in which states act with discriminatory intent. As this Article shows, the search for intent is not only futile in this context but unnecessary. Section 2 is constitutionally sound because Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment validates any statutory scheme that prevents abridgment of the right to vote, regardless of the presence or absence of discriminatory intent. This Article concludes that an effects-only interpretation of section 2 of the Voting Rights Act is consistent with the broad authority that Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment grants Congress to regulate and protect the right to vote.
Edgebreaker on a Corner Table: A Simple Technique for Representing and Compressing Triangulated Surfaces

A triangulated surface S with V vertices is sometimes stored as a list of T independent triangles, each described by the 3 floating-point coordinates of its vertices. This representation requires about 576V bits and provides no explicit information regarding the adjacency between neighboring triangles or vertices. A variety of boundary-graph data structures may be derived from such a representation in order to make explicit the various adjacency and incidence relations between triangles, edges, and vertices. These relations are stored to accelerate algorithms that visit the surface in a systematic manner and access the neighbors of each vertex or triangle. Instead of these complex data structures, we advocate a simple Corner Table, which explicitly represents the triangle/vertex incidence and the triangle/ triangle adjacency of any manifold or pseudo-manifold triangle mesh, as two tables of integers. The Corner Table requires about 12Vlog2V bits and must be accompanied by a vertex table, which requires 96V bits, if Floats are used. The Corner Table may be derived from the list of independent triangles. For meshes homeomorphic to a sphere, it may be compressed to less that 4V bits by storing the “clers” sequence of triangle-labels from the set {C,L,E,R,S}. Further compression to 3.6V bits may be guaranteed by using context-based codes for the clers symbols. Entropy codes reduce the storage for large meshes to less than 2V bits. Meshes with more complex topologies may require O(log2V) additional bits per handle or hole. We present here a publicly available, simple, state-machine implementation of the Edgebreaker compression, which traverses the corner table, computes the CLERS symbols, and constructs an ordered list of vertex References. Vertices are encoded, in the order in which they appear on the list, as corrective displacements between their predicted and actual locations. Quantizing vertex coordinates to 12 bits and predicting each vertex as a linear combinations of its previously encoded neighbors leads to short displacements, for which entropy codes drop the total vertex location storage for heavily sampled typical meshes below 16V bits.
High molecular weight dissolved organic matter enrichment selects for methylotrophs in dilution to extinction cultures

The role of bacterioplankton in the cycling of marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is central to the carbon and energy balance in the ocean, yet there are few model organisms available to investigate the genes, metabolic pathways, and biochemical mechanisms involved in the degradation of this globally important carbon pool. To obtain microbial isolates capable of degrading semi-labile DOM for growth, we conducted dilution to extinction cultivation experiments using seawater enriched with high molecular weight (HMW) DOM. In total, 93 isolates were obtained. Amendments using HMW DOM to increase the dissolved organic carbon concentration 4x (280 μM) or 10x (700 μM) the ocean surface water concentrations yielded positive growth in 4–6% of replicate dilutions, whereas <1% scored positive for growth in non-DOM-amended controls. The majority (71%) of isolates displayed a distinct increase in cell yields when grown in increasing concentrations of HMW DOM. Whole-genome sequencing was used to screen the culture collection for purity and to determine the phylogenetic identity of the isolates. Eleven percent of the isolates belonged to the gammaproteobacteria including Alteromonadales (the SAR92 clade) and Vibrio. Surprisingly, 85% of isolates belonged to the methylotrophic OM43 clade of betaproteobacteria, bacteria thought to metabolically specialize in degrading C1 compounds. Growth of these isolates on methanol confirmed their methylotrophic phenotype. Our results indicate that dilution to extinction cultivation enriched with natural sources of organic substrates has a potential to reveal the previously unsuspected relationships between naturally occurring organic nutrients and the microorganisms that consume them.
Ketogenic Diet Impairs FGF21 Signaling and Promotes Differential Inflammatory Responses in the Liver and White Adipose Tissue

Background/Hypothesis Beside its beneficial effects on weight loss, ketogenic diet (KD) causes dyslipidemia, a pro-inflammatory state involved in the development of hepatic steatosis, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, although the latter is still being debated. Additionally, KD is known to increase fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plasma levels. However, FGF21 cannot initiate its beneficial actions on metabolism in these conditions. We therefore hypothesized and tested in the present study that KD may impair FGF21 signaling. Methods/Results Using indirect calorimetry, we found that KD-fed mice exhibited higher energy expenditure than regular chow (RC)-fed mice associated with increased Ucp1 levels in white adipose tissue (WAT), along with increased plasma FGF21 levels. We then assessed the effect of KD on FGF21 signaling in both the liver and WAT. We found that Fgfr4 and Klb (β-klotho) were downregulated in the liver, while Fgfr1 was downregulated in WAT of KD-fed mice. Because inflammation could be one of the mechanisms linking KD to impaired FGF21 signaling, we measured the expression levels of inflammatory markers and macrophage accumulation in WAT and liver and found an increased inflammation and macrophage accumulation in the liver, but surprisingly, a reduction of inflammation in WAT.We also showed that KD enhances lipid accumulation in the liver, which may explain hepatic inflammation and impaired Fgfr4 and Klb expression. In contrast, import of lipids from the circulation was significantly reduced in WAT of KD-fed mice, as suggested by a downregulation of Lpl and Cd36. This was further associated with reduced inflammation in WAT. Conclusion Altogether, these results indicate that KD could be beneficial for a given tissue but deleterious for another.
RISK AND UNCERTAINTIES, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION: LESSONS FOR ADAPTATION AND INTEGRATION

This paper draws ten lessons from analyses of adaptation to climate change under conditions of risk and uncertainty: (1) Socio-economic systems will likely respond most to extreme realizations of climate change. (2) Systems have been responding to variations in climate for centuries. (3) Future change will effect future citizens and their institutions. (4) Human systems can be the sources of surprise. (5) Perceptions of risk depend upon welfare valuations that depend upon expectations. (6) Adaptive decisions will be made in response to climate change and climate change policy. (7) Analysis of adaptive decisions should recognize the second-best context of those decisions. (8) Climate change offers opportunity as well as risk. (9) All plausible futures should be explored. (10) Multiple methodological approaches should be accommodated. These lessons support two pieces of advice for the Third Assessment Report: (1) Work toward consensus, but not at the expense of thorough examination and reporting of the "tails" of the distributions of the future. (2) Integrated assessment is only one unifying methodology; others that can better accommodate those tails should be encouraged and embraced.
Teaching Lessons Learned: Questioning: Bring Your Students Along on the Journey

During our ExCEEd Teaching Workshops, no topic causes more angst, trepidation, and resistance from participants than question­ ing techniques. The idea of calling on a student by name, asking a direct question, and waiting patiently for an answer is anathema to even many experienced teachers. Excuses for not asking ques­ tions range from “it takes too much time and I’ll never cover the material” to “my students will resent it and will give me bad teacher ratings” to “you can get students to answer questions at West Point because you control their lives, but my students would never play along.” We find, however, that most teachers who doubt the value of questioning have never actually tried it. Others have made half-hearted attempts to teach interactively, but have quickly given up when their students were unresponsive or, worse yet, when students answered every question with, “I don’t know.” Some instructors use questions in an adversarial way—to identify students who have not done their homework, for example—and then wonder why those same students react negatively to ques­ tioning.
Abnormal hepatic mitochondrial respiration and cytochrome C oxidase activity in rats with long-term copper overload

Abstract Background: Dietary copper overload in the rat is associated with morphological abnormalities and lipid peroxidation of hepatic mitochondria. This study was designed to determine if copper hepatotoxicity was associated with functional alterations in mitochondrial respiration in conjunction with lipid peroxidation. Methods: Weanling male rats were pair-fed for 8 weeks on diets containing normal or high levels of copper in combination with sufficient vitamin E. Serum and liver samples were obtained, and hepatic mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation. Results: Oxidant injury (decreased levels of hepatic glutathione and alpha tocopherol and increased levels of mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances) was present in the copper-overloaded rats. Serum aminotransferase levels correlated with concentrations of mitochondrial copper and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances. Copper overload caused a decrease in state 3 respiration and the respiratory control ratio in hepatic mitochondria when several electron donors were used. Analysis of the oxidoreductase activities of the four mitochondrial electron transport protein complexes showed that complex IV (cytochrome C oxidase) activity was reduced by 60% in copper overload. Conclusions: Functional abnormalities of mitochondria accompany lipid peroxidation and the morphological alterations caused by copper overload, supporting the hypothesis that the mitochondrion is one of the major intracellular targets in copper hepatotoxicity.
Recurrent cholelithic intestinal obstruction.

Summary 1.Recurrent cholelithic intestinal obstruction is a rare condition and like its counterpart, primary gallstone intestinal obstruction, has a very high mortality rate. 2.Earlier preoperative diagnosis would facilitate the reduction of this rate in all cases of gallstone ileus. Aids in reaching the correct diagnosis are: (a) careful inquiry into the past history for gall bladder symptomatology; (b) serious consideration of gallstones in the differential diagnosis of intestinal obstruction; (c) more frequent recourse to radiographic studies, with no hesitation in the use of contrast media if flat plate films are not helpful; (d) close scrutiny of the roentgenograms for the diagnostic criteria of internal biliary fistula and gallstone ileus. 3.The exercise of certain prophylactic surgical procedures at the time of the operation for the first cholelithic obstruction might prevent recurrent obstruction of this type. 4.A case of recurrent intestinal obstruction due to gallstone—the fourteenth in the literature—is presented.
Nanoconfinement Effect on the Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Thin Films

Nanoimprint is one of the most promising fabrication techniques for nanoelectronics. The main feature of this process is the compression of a thin film of a polymer resist by a rigid mold to produce a surface pattern. Hence, nanoimprint is essentially a mechanical forming process that depends greatly on the nanoscale mechanical behavior of the plastically deformed polymer film. Consequently, basic understanding of nanoimprint mechanics is imperative for improving pattern quality, reproducibility, and automation. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanical response of thin polymer films subjected to nanoindentation loading. Three deformation regimes were identified in the experiments performed with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films of thickness in the range of 200-400 nm with a Berkovich tip of nominal radius of curvature equal to 100 nm. A three-layer model consisting of surface, intermediate, and interface layers was introduced to explain the mechanical response of the indented PMMA films. The spatial constraints imposed to the plastic flow of the interface layer by the rigid indenter and substrate surfaces produce a dynamic effect, demonstrated by the loading rate dependence of the deformation response. This phenomenon is of great importance to polymer plastic flow in nanoimprinting.
Fog and rain in the Amazon

The diurnal and seasonal water cycles in the Amazon remain poorly simulated in general circulation models, exhibiting peak evapotranspiration in the wrong season and rain too early in the day. We show that those biases are not present in cloud-resolving simulations with parameterized large-scale circulation. The difference is attributed to the representation of the morning fog layer, and to more accurate characterization of convection and its coupling with large-scale circulation. The morning fog layer, present in the wet season but absent in the dry season, dramatically increases cloud albedo, which reduces evapotranspiration through its modulation of the surface energy budget. These results highlight the importance of the coupling between the energy and hydrological cycles and the key role of cloud albedo feedback for climates over tropical continents.
TWINS DISCORDANT FOR INFECTION WITH HIV: A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY STUDY

Evidence suggests that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), an agent that causes irrrnunologic, neurodevelopmental, and craniofacial abnormalities crosses the placenta and infects the fetus during intrauterine life. The effects of infection on these various systems were examined in a pair of dizygotic twins discordant for evidence of HIV infection. The children, a boy and a girl, were the products of a 34 week gestation, born to an IV heroin using woman. At 2 years of age, the girl was found, after an extended illness, to be seropositive for HIV, with radiographic evidence of pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia. Serologic studies on the boy failed to shew evidence of HIV infection. Evaluation at 3 years revealed that both twins were developmentally delayed, but that the seronegative twin had significantly better receptive language, gross and fine motor functioning than did his seropositive sibling. Both children scored in the moderately stigmatized category on the fetal AIDS syndrome rating scale. Neurologic exam was normal in the seronegative twin but revealed generalized hypotonia in his seropositive sibling. Investigation of twins born to HIV infected mothers offers a unique opportunity to examine the virus's natural course in children while controlling for other pernicious environmental factors. Inconsistencies betweer various measures emphasize the importance of application of a muitidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and follow-up of children with AIDS and the AIDS related complex.
Memory units and the composition of recall

The unitization hypothesis of organization predicts that different levels of free recall should be accounted for by the number of additional items recalled as part of higher order memory units. This prediction was tested by using various instructional procedures to obtain different levels of total recall from normal elderly subjects, identifying their memory units in order to analyze the composition of recall. The composition of recall shows that different levels of recall are accounted for by the number of additional items recalled as part of a constant number of multiitem units. These results directly confirm the unitization hypothesis. There is considerable evidence for the importance of organization in human learning and memory (e.g., Tulving & Donaldson, 1972). In multitrial free recall, which has served as the most common means for study­ ing this phenomenon, organization refers to the tendency of subjects to group, or recode, individual list items into higher order units, or chunks. Such groups consist of small clusters of items that tend to be recalled together consistently over trials. Free recall learning is believed to depend on organization, since the growth of recall during learning has been attributed to increasing organization of the list items. The role of organization in free recall learning has usually been interpreted in terms of the unitization hypothesis (Miller, 1956). According to this hypothesis, subjects can process only a limited number of units, or chunks, of information. Organization provides a means for overcoming this limitation, since the grouping of individual list items into larger multiitem units allows subjects to recall more items without increasing the number of units that need to be retrieved. The unitiza­ tion hypothesis therefore predicts that increasing recall during learning, as well as differences in recall obtained under different experimental conditions, should be
Glargine versus NPH insulin in cystic fibrosis related diabetes

Background Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) with fasting hyperglycemia is found in 15% of adult and 11% of adolescent CF patients. Because of concerns about hypoglycemia, it is not common practice to treat CFRD with 24-hour basal insulin therapy, despite evidence that insulin deficiency may contribute to protein catabolism and have an adverse effect on weight, muscle mass, pulmonary function, and, ultimately, survival. We hypothesized that insulin glargine would improve blood glucose control and weight in patients with CFRD without causing hypoglycemia.
Antiseizure drugs differentially modulate theta‐burst induced long‐term potentiation in C57BL/6 mice

Objective Cognitive comorbidities are increasingly recognized as an equal (or even more disabling) aspect of epilepsy. Additionally, the actions of some antiseizure drugs (ASDs) can impact learning and memory. Accordingly, the NINDS epilepsy research benchmarks call for the implementation of standardized protocols for screening ASDs for their amelioration or exacerbation of cognitive comorbidities. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a widely used model for investigating synaptic plasticity and its relationship to learning and memory. While the effects of some ASDs on LTP have been examined, none of these studies employed physiologically relevant induction stimuli such as theta-burst stimulation (TBS). To systematically evaluate the effects of multiple ASDs in the same preparation using physiologically relevant stimulation protocols, we examined the effects of a broad panel of existing ASDs on TBS-induced LTP in area CA1 of in-vitro brain slices, prepared in either normal or sucrose-based ACSF, from C57BL/6 mice.
Minimum airflow reset of single duct VAV terminal boxes

Terminal boxes are one of the major building HVAC components and directly impact building room comfort and energy costs. Current terminal boxes may cause occupant discomfort and waste energy if they have inappropriate operation control functions. The objective of this study is to develop and implement applicable terminal box control algorithms. The thermal conditions and energy consumption are compared between conventional and improved control algorithms using measured data. The results of this study show that improved terminal box control algorithms can stably maintain the room air temperature and reduce energy consumption compared to conventional control algorithms.
Space flight tests of attitude determination using GPS

Preliminary space flight results of attitude determination using GPS are presented from a spacecraft in low Earth orbit. Relative position measurements accurate to the sub-centimetre level are made among multiple GPS antennas mounted on the space vehicle. A Trimble Navigation TANS Quadrex (a GPS receiver specially adapted for attitude determination by Stanford University) is used as a differential carrier phase sensor for the flight. Four GPS antennas are mounted on the zenith face of RADCAL, a polar orbiting, gravity-gradient-stabilized Air Force Space Test Program Satellite, built by Defense Systems, Inc. The four antennas are equally spaced about the perimeter of the 30 inch diameter cylindrical spacecraft bus. The Quadrex receiver measures the phase of the L-band GPS carrier (1575 MHz) at each of up to four antennas for up to six GPS satellites simultaneously. From these measurements, an initial assessment of attitude determination in space is performed in post-processing. For RADCAL, the attitude solution is greatly overdetermined. In a preliminary evaluation of system performance, the system accuracy is determined through measurement self-consistency. Analysis of the attitude motion in the context of a gravity gradient dynamic model yields further insight into the system performance.
Involvement of sialic acid on endothelial cells in organ-specific lymphocyte recirculation

Mouse lymphocytes incubated on cryostat-cut sections of lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and Peyer's patches) specifically adhere to the endothelium of high endothelial venules (HEV), the specialized blood vessels to which recirculating lymphocytes attach as they migrate from the blood into the parenchyma of the lymphoid organs. Treatment of sections with sialidase eliminated the binding of lymphocytes to peripheral lymph node HEV, had no effect on binding to Peyer's patch HEV, and had an intermediate effect on mesenteric lymph node HEV. These results suggest that sialic acid on endothelial cells may be an organ-specific recognition determinant for lymphocyte attachment.
VI. Identification, localization and classification of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the gut

Abstract Muscarinic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract are present on enteric neurons, presynaptic and prejunctional axonal endings, intramural endocrine cells as well as directly on effector cells such as smooth muscle and glandular and epithelial cells. Neural M1 stimulatory receptors are present on myenteric and submucous neurons, while neural M2 inhibitory receptors are present on their axonal endings. Muscle M2 and glandular M2 receptors are stimulatory. Functional and ligand binding studies show that there is heterogeneity among different muscarinic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. The neural M1, muscle M2 and glandular M2 receptors are distinct from each other, but presynaptic and prejunctional M2 receptors appear to be similar to muscle M2 receptors. The relationship of the gut muscarinic receptors to the structurally-defined muscarinic receptors in the brain is unclear. However, they appear to be different from cardiac M2 and brain M2 receptors.
Spatial and temporal variation in distribution and protein ubiquitination for Mytilus congeners in the California hybrid zone

Along the west coast of North America, the invasive mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and a native congener M. trossulus overlap in range and compete for habitat in an extensive hybrid zone along central California. The two species have been shown to exhibit differential abiotic tolerances in laboratory studies, yet little is known about how such tolerances affect spatial and temporal patterns of geographic distribution, particularly in areas of competition. We examined distributions of the two congeners and their hybrids in neighboring intertidal and subtidal habitats in Bodega Bay, CA over 2 years, and compared shell length and seasonal ubiquitin (Ub) conjugates to estimate protein turnover and physiological stress for the species at each site. The two species were spatially segregated, with M. galloprovincialis dominating the subtidal habitat, and M. trossulus constituting a majority of the intertidal mussel population. Hybrid individuals appeared in low numbers at both sites. For each habitat, there was no statistical difference between shell lengths of M. galloprovincialis and hybrids but M. trossulus mussels were statistically smaller than the other two. In regards to physiological performance, ubiquitin conjugate values showed different seasonal cycles for the two species, suggesting different periods of peak environmental stress. The highest levels of Ub-conjugated proteins were observed in winter for M. galloprovincialis and in summer for M. trossulus, consistent with the respective range edges for their distributions since Bodega Bay is near the northern range edge of the invader and the southern edge of the native species. These findings suggest that future assessments of Mytilus populations along the California coast may need to consider vertical distributions and seasonal cycles as part of monitoring and research activities.
Phase stability and structure of spinel-based transition aluminas

Using first-principles total energy calculations, we have investigated the structure and phase stability of spinel-based transition aluminas $(\ensuremath{\gamma},\ensuremath{\delta},\ensuremath{\eta}),$ both in the presence and absence of hydrogen. The spinel-based structures (formed from dehydration of aluminum hydroxides) necessarily must have vacant cation positions to preserve the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ stoichiometry, and may have residual hydrogen cations in the structure as well. In the absence of hydrogen, we find the following: (i) Vacancies in octahedral sites are energetically preferred (or, Al cations prefer tetrahedral positions). (ii) There is a strong Al-vacancy ordering tendency, with widely separated vacancies being lower in energy than near-neighboring vacancies. Upon incorporation of hydrogen into the structure: (iii) The strong cation-vacancy ordering tendency vanishes, and ``clusters'' of near-neighbor vacancies are slightly energetically preferred. (iv) The hydrogen spinel $({\mathrm{HAl}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{8})$ proposed in the literature as a structural candidate for $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-alumina, is thermodynamically unstable with respect to decomposition into the anhydrous defect spinel plus boehmite $(\ensuremath{\gamma}$-AlOOH). (v) The temperature range for transforming boehmite into $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is calculated from first-principles energetics plus measured thermochemical data of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},$ and is in excellent agreement with the observed transformation temperatures. Finally, we comment on the possible implications of this work on the porous microstructure of the transition aluminas.
Criminal justice in the outland: The methods and promise of distance education

A relatively new concept, distance education via interactive television, is discussed as a means of instructing criminal justice students in remote venues. Specifically examined are the evolution of the concept, the technological progress and means that allow such a format, and the unique nature of instructional techniques employed. A case study of a distance education experience is also presented. Of primary note are the potential advantages of the concept for criminal justice departments serving extensive, remote areas or endeavoring to increase program enrollments.
Head rotational acceleration characteristics influence behavioral and diffusion tensor imaging outcomes following concussion

A majority of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in motor vehicle crashes and sporting environments are mild and caused by high-rate acceleration of the head. For injuries caused by rotational acceleration, both magnitude and duration of the acceleration pulse were shown to influence injury outcomes. This study incorporated a unique rodent model of rotational acceleration-induced mild TBI (mTBI) to quantify independent effects of magnitude and duration on behavioral and neuroimaging outcomes. Ninety-two Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to head rotational acceleration at peak magnitudes of 214 or 350 krad/s2 and acceleration pulse durations of 1.6 or 3.4 ms in a full factorial design. Rats underwent a series of behavioral tests including the Composite Neuroscore (CN), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and Morris Water Maze (MWM). Ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the fixed brains was conducted to assess the effects of rotational injury on brain microstructure as revealed by the parameter fractional anisotropy (FA). While the injury did not cause significant locomotor or cognitive deficits measured with the CN and MWM, respectively, a main effect of duration was consistently observed for the EPM. Increased duration caused significantly greater activity and exploratory behaviors measured as open arm time and number of arm changes. DTI demonstrated significant effects of both magnitude and duration, with the FA of the amygdala related to both the magnitude and duration. Increased duration also caused FA changes at the interface of gray and white matter. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that the consequences of rotational acceleration mTBI were more closely associated with duration of the rotational acceleration impulse, which is often neglected as an independent factor, and highlight the need for animal models of TBI with strong biomechanical foundations to associate behavioral outcomes with brain microstructure.
Transport of Explosive Residue Surrogates in Saturated Porous Media

Department of Defense operational ranges may become contaminated by particles of explosives residues (ER) as a result of low-order detonations of munitions. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which particles of ER could migrate through columns of sandy sediment, representing model aquifer materials. Transport experiments were conducted in saturated columns (2 × 20 cm) packed with different grain sizes of clean sand or glass beads. Fine particles (approximately 2 to 50 μm) of 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) were used as a surrogate for ER. DNT particles were applied to the top 1 cm of sand or beads in the columns, and the columns were subsequently leached with artificial groundwater solutions. DNT migration occurred as both dissolved and particulate phases. Concentration differences between unfiltered and filtered samples indicate that particulate DNT accounted for up to 41% of the mass recovered in effluent samples. Proportionally, more particulate than dissolved DNT was recovered in effluent solutions from columns with larger grain sizes, while total concentrations of DNT in effluent were inversely related to grain size. Of the total DNT mass applied to the uppermost layer of the column, <3% was recovered in the effluent with the bulk remaining in the top 2 cm of the column. Our results suggest there is some potential for subsurface migration of ER particles and that most of the particles will be retained over relatively short transport distances.
Probing the Nature and the Structure of Pores in Silica Xerogels by Water Sorption: The Tetramethyl Orthosilicate‐Hydrogen Chloride/Fluoride System

A series of silica xerogels were synthesized in a closed system by hydrolyzing tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) with various concentrations of hydrochloric acid solution but without the addition of alcohol. The molar ratio of H2O to TMOS was fixed at 4.96. The gels were characterized by water and nitrogen sorption measurements. The gelation time peaked at 50 to 80 h with 5 × 10−2 to 10−1M HCl, apparently a consequence of the isoelectric point of silica. Surface area, pore size, and sorption capacity were, however, at a minimum for samples prepared with 5 × 10−2 to 10−1M HCl. The BET c constant and hence the net heats of sorption were at a maximum for these samples. Although water sorption of all the samples prepared with HCl exhibited moderate Type I isotherms, the concavity of the isotherms to the P/P0 axis increased with increasing concentrations of HCl up to 10−1M in accordance with the decreased pore size and increased heat of sorption. Addition of F− ions (HF or NaF) in the presence of 10−1M HCl steadily decreased the gelation time. Addition of F− in the absence of HCl, however, caused rapid gelation and an increase in pore size, nitrogen BET surface area, and hydrophobicity. Consequently, the shape of water isotherms gradually converted to Type IV and/or Type V. Adsorption and desorption measurements on differently activated gels exhibited various types of hystereses as a result of development of hydrophobie sites at as low as 200°C, inelastic distortion induced by adsorption, and chemical reaction and aging of gels when exposed to water vapor.
Growth of ZnSiAs2 by vapor transport

Abstract We have grown crystals of ZnSiAs2 by vapor transport in a sealed fused silica container with an argon atmosphere. These vaporgrown crystals have a blade-like habit with the [221] direction perpendicular to the flat surface of the blade. Nominal dimensions are 10 × 1 × 0.1 mm. Buerger precession photographs and powder photographs were used to confirm the crystal structure and composition. ZnAs2, Zn3As2, and As were deposited concurrently in a faceted globule morphology with dimensions up to 4 mm.
MAKING MEN INTO DADS Fatherhood, the State, and Welfare Reform

Recent revisions in child support and paternity establishment legislation enacted under the 1996 welfare reform act, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), significantly alter the American welfare state's relationship to men's fathering. Through a critical review of prior research and social service literature, the authors argue that PRWORA actively constructs fatherhood not only through state policies that maintain males as “breadwinners” but also through state-sponsored social service programs that seek to influence men's identities as fathers. PRWORA's policies and their accompanying discourses simultaneously reproduce and undermine gender hierarchy yet tacitly maintain structural race and class inequalities.
Intramolecular diels-alder cycloadditions of bis-diene substrates

Abstract Unique internal competition in the intramolecular cycloaddition of bis-diene substrates occurs with high stereoselectivity. Aqueous reaction conditions promote coiling of the lipophilic chain which alters the observed regioselectivity.
Laser palliation of oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

ABSTRACT Background The author describes the use of lasers to palliate the oral manifestations of the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, infection. He discusses the advantages to both patients and dentists, but he does not address the use of lasers as a modality to treat or cure HIV infection. Case Description Many oral manifestations of HIV infection can be used as markers for degree of immunosuppression. These manifestations may be treated with antibiotics, analgesics and antineoplastics, which may interact and interfere with antiviral agents used to treat the disease and possibly may exacerbate it. The author describes laser palliation of the oral manifestations of three HIV-positive patients. Clinical Implications Dentists will see more patients living longer with HIV as the disease becomes more treatable. Lasers have been shown to be effective instruments in palliation of oral manifestations of HIV infection.
A new set of solutions to a singular second-order differential equation arising in boundary layer theory

Abstract The paper studies a boundary value problem of a nonlinear second-order differential equation that governs the laminar flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. It presents a new sufficient condition for the existence of solutions to the boundary value problem.
Integrating constructivist and ecological approaches

Norman relates two theoretical approaches, the constructivist and ecological, to two cortical visual streams, the ventral and dorsal systems, respectively. This commentary reviews a similar approach in order to increase our understanding of complex skill development and to advance Norman's goal of stimulating and guiding research on the two theoretical approaches and the two visual systems.
The Denali fault system and the tectonic development of Southern Alaska

Abstract The Denali fault system forms an arc, convex to the north, across southern Alaska. In the central Alaska Range, the system consists of a northern Hines Creek strand and a southern McKinley strand, up to 30 km apart. The Hines Creek fault may preserve a record of the early history of the fault system. Strong contrasts between juxtaposed lower Paleozoic rocks appear to require large dextral strike-slip or a combination of dipslip and strike-slip displacements along this fault. Thus the fault system may mark a reactivated suture zone between continental rocks to the north and a late Paleozoic island arc to the south, as suggested by Richter and Jones (1973). Major movements on the Hines Creek fault ceased by the Late Cretaceous, but local dip-slip movements continued into the Cenozoic. The McKinley fault is an active dextral strike-slip fault with a mean Holocene displacement rate of 1–2 cm/y. Post-Late Cretaceous dextral offset on this fault is probably at least 30 km and possibly as great as 400 km. Patterns of early Tertiary folding and reverse faulting indicate that the McKinley fault was active at that time and suggest that this fault developed shortly after strike-slip activity ceased on the Hines Creek fault. Oligocene — middle Miocene tectonic stability and late Miocene—Pliocene uplift of crustal blocks may reflect periods of quiescence and activity, on the McKinley fault. The two strands of the Denali fault divide the central Alaska Range into northern, central, and southern terranes. During the Paleozoic—Mesozoic there is evidence for at least two episodes of compressive deformation in the northern terrane, four in the central terrane, and two in the southern. During each, the axis of maximum compressive strain was subhorizontal and about north—south. This pattern suggests a Paleozoic and Mesozoic setting dominated by plate convergence, despite the possible large pre-Late Cretaceous lateral movement on the Hines Creek fault. The Cenozoic pattern of faulting and folding appears compatible with a plate tectonic model of (1) rapid northward movement of the Pacific plate relative to Alaska during the early Tertiary; (2) slow northwestward movement of the Pacific plate during the Oligicene and (3) rapid northwestward movement of the Pacific plate from the end of the Oligocene to the present.
Induction of retrovirus gene expression by aflatoxin B1 and 2-acetylaminofluorene.

Abstract The abilities of 2-acetylaminofluorence (AAF) and aflatoxin B 1 (AFB) to induce the expression of endogenous murine retrovirus in AKR mouse embryo fibroblasts were examined. AFB was able to induce virus expression at concentrations as low as 0.067 μM, although the induction efficiency was increased at higher doses. AAF gave somewhat more variable results. In some experiments induction was observed with as little as 0.1 μM while in other experiments induction was not observed at concentrations as high as 100 μM. Addition of an S9 metabolizing system enhanced the ability of AAF to induce virus expression but also increased the background induction frequency. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of virus induction and the potential usefulness of virus induction as an assay for carcinogenic potential.
Coupled electrodynamics in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere

We describe a new, self-consistent scenario in which sporadic-E doublets, height bands of upward-displaced F-layer profiles, F-region plasma depletions, and radar backscatter plumes, are all manifestations of a coupled electrodynamical response by the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere to the presence of a traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID). We show that the response consists of (1) formation of image plasma structure in the E region, (2) initiation of a Hall-current-driven polarization process by the E-region plasma structure, and (3) mapping of the polarization electric field to the F region, where it strengthens the electrical properties of the TID that initiated the E-region processes. This scenario provides ready answers for several, hitherto puzzling, questions and a basis for new directions on this research topic.
Dietary Protein Intake and Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the association of dietary protein intake with blood pressure. To identify articles published before April 2011, the authors searched electronic databases, conducted a manual bibliography review, and consulted experts in the field. Forty trials (including 3,277 participants in total) met the eligibility criteria and were included. Using a standardized form, 2 investigators independently abstracted data on study design, participant characteristics, and treatment outcomes. Net change estimates were pooled across trials using random-effects models. Compared with carbohydrate, dietary protein intake was associated with significant changes in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of -1.76 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): -2.33, -1.20) and -1.15 mm Hg (95% CI: -1.59, -0.71), respectively (both P 's < 0.001). Both vegetable protein and animal protein were associated with significant blood pressure changes of -2.27 mm Hg (95% CI: -3.36, -1.18) and -2.54 mm Hg (95% CI: -3.55, -1.53), respectively, for systolic blood pressure (both P 's < 0.001) and -1.26 mm Hg (95% CI: -2.26, -0.26) and -0.95 mm Hg (95% CI: -1.72, -0.19), respectively, for diastolic blood pressure (both P 's = 0.014). Blood pressure reduction was not significantly different when vegetable protein was compared directly with animal protein. These findings indicate that partially replacing dietary carbohydrate with protein may be important for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.