cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of the acoustic startle reflex by a tactile prepulse: the effects of stimulus onset asynchrony and prepulse intensity.

The present experiments were designed to assess the effects of a tactile prepulse on the acoustic startle response in human adults. Acoustic startle stimuli were presented via loudspeaker, and tactile prepulse stimuli were presented by a vibrator contactor on the thenar eminence of the right band. In Experiment 1 stimulus intensity was 20dB above each individual subject's psychophysical tactile threshold and stimulus onset asynchrony (lead time) was 50, 100, 200. or 300 ms, with a control condition in which no prepulse was presented. In Experiment 2, the same stimuli were used, except that tactile prepulse intensity was varied (−4, 0, 4, 8, 12, and 20 dB above each subject's psychophysical threshold), and lead time was constant at 200 ms. Reflex eyeblink responses were assessed from integrated periorbital etectromyographic (EMG) activity. Compared to responding in the control condition (no prepulse), a prepulse at a 50-ms lead time facilitated responding by increasing response amplitude and decreasing latency. At a lead time of 100 ms, the amplitude increase was no longer found, but the latency decrease was still apparent, as was a decrease in response probability. At lead times of 200 and 300 ms, responding was inhibited, as shown by-decreased response amplitude and probability. At a lead time of 200 ms. tactile prepulses as low as 8dB above threshold caused a reduction in response amplitude, but no effects of prepulse intensity on response probability or latency were found. The prepulse intensity and lead time effects shown in the present study demonstrate that the presentation of a brief, near-threshold tactile prepulse can either facilitate or inhibit an acoustically-elicited startle response, depending upon the temporal relationship between the two stimuli. Also, the different measures of the startle response reflect this modification in different ways.
Brief Report: Excluding the ADI-R Behavioral Domain Improves Diagnostic Agreement in Toddlers

Past research shows poor agreement between the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and other diagnostic measures in toddlers. Our goal was to examine whether exclusion of the ADI-R behavioral domain results in improved diagnostic agreement. Toddlers aged 16–37 months (M = 26 months) received an evaluation because they failed the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (n = 142). Evaluations included the ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, and clinical judgment. Results found poor to fair agreement between the ADI-R and other measures; agreement improved when the ADI-R behavioral domain was excluded. These findings suggest that stereotyped interests and behaviors are not as relevant to the ADI-R as other diagnostic criteria when evaluating toddlers for autism spectrum disorders.
Systemic Thromboembolism from a Ventricular Septal Patch

The occurrence, diagnosis and treatment of the unreported complication of systemic thromboembolism from a ventricular septal defect patch is described.
Maintenance procedures for patients after complete fixed prosthodontics

The philosophy of dental disease control has been discussed. Various devices used in the elimination of plaque have been listed and discussed. These include dentifrices, brushes, flosses, devices for holding and carrying floss, stimulating devices, disclosing solutions, and water irrigating devices. The responsibility for complete and thorough restorative therapy is shared by both dentist and patient. The treatment is not final when the restoration or prosthesis is inserted. Ongoing physiotherapy in the form of a rigid plaque-control program will influence the ultimate success or failure of any restorative treatment.
REVERSIBLE ISOMERIZATION OF METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENES DIRECTED BY SELECTIVE EXCITATION OF THE METHYL OUT-OF-PLANE FOURTH OVERTONE TRANSITION

Abstract Laser vibrational overtone excitation has been employed to study the reversible isomerization of 2-methylcyclopentadiene and 1-methylcyclopentadiene. Spectroscopy of the third through fifth overtones is reported for both isomers. The specific rate coefficients for the energies corresponding to the fourth overtone methyl out-of-plane CH stretch transitions have been derived and compared to those calculated from RRKM theory for the forward and reverse reactions. It is demonstrated that selective overtone excitation of one isomer in the 50:50 mixture enriches the mixture with another isomer.
4626 Wire-guided intraductal ultrasound - an adjunct to ercp in the management of common bile duct stones.

Introduction: Cholangiography (ERC) may misdiagnose CBD stones if air bubbles are introduced during contrast injections and it may also fail to diagnose stones in the presence of marked bile duct dilation. Aim:To determine whether IDUS could be a useful adjunct in the management of CBD stones. Methods: IDUS using a wire-guided ultrasound probe(UMG20 29R,Olympus)was performed after initial ERC in patients with suspected CBD stones. The endoscopist noted the probability of CBD stones and sludge (definite, high, intermediate and low) after initial ERC and then noted additional or change in diagnosis after IDUS. Results: ERC with IDUS was performed in 28 patients with suspected CBD stones. CBD stones were confirmed after sphincterotomy and stone extraction in 12 patients. In these 12 patients, ERC classified 5 as definite stones and 5 as high probability. IDUS definitively identified CBD stones in 11 of 12 patients with confirmed CBD stones (PPV 100%, NPV 94%). IDUS confirmed stones in 9 of the 10 patients with high or definite probability ERC. In addition, IDUS identified stones in 1/13 patients classified as intermediate and 1 patient classified as low probability at ERC. Both were confirmed after sphincterotomy and extraction. In addition, IDUS demonstrated air bubbles in 2 patients and subsequent ballooon exploration confirmed the absence of stones. Performance of wire-guided IDUS required a mean of 4.3 ±0.2 minutes. Additional diagnostic information provided by IDUS included identification of cystic duct stones in 3 patients and choledochal varices in 1 patient. Conclusions: IDUS imaging was found to be a useful adjunct to ERC because it helped change management in 4/28 (14%) patients with suspected CBD stones. Specifically, sphincterotomy was performed in 2 patients with IDUS confirmed stones and was avoided in 2 patients with injected air bubbles
Phylogeny of the Falconidae (Aves): a comparison of the efficacy of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data

We sequenced 2800+ bp of the RAG-1 exon for representatives of all the currently recognized genera in the avian family Falconidae. A phylogenetic analysis of these data was compared to prior analyses of mitochondrial (cytochrome-b) and morphological (syringeal) data. The nuclear RAG-1 sequences produced results that were in agreement with the morphological results, but differed from the mitochondrial results with regard to monophyly of the genus Micrastur. A reanalysis of the cytochrome-b (cyt-b) data suggested that this result was due to heterogeneity in base composition. Comparisons of data quality and quantity across the three data sets indicate that the nuclear DNA sequences and the morphological data have similar consistency and retention indices as well as noise distributions that are superior to those of cyt-b. However, the RAG-1 data identify more nodes with high bootstrap support indices than do either morphology or mitochondrial sequences. In the final assessment, RAG-1 sequences were superior in phylogenetic utility both to syringeal morphology (because of sheer number of characters) and to cyt-b sequences (because of reduced noise and homogeneity of base composition, but in spite of having many fewer characters).
Femtosecond collision times of hot electrons in GaAs determined by picosecond time-resolved light scattering

Abstract Picosecond laser pulses have been used to excite dense electron-hole plasmas in GaAs and to probe the dynamics of the plasmas by time- resolved Raman scattering from single particle excitations. The Raman lineshapes are explained by a theory which includes the electron collision time. For a plasma with density of 5 × 10 18 cm −3 the collision time is found to be about 20 femtoseconds.
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of [111In]-avidin and [99mTc]-biotin-liposomes injected in the pleural space for the targeting of mediastinal nodes

Pharmacokinetics and mediastinal node uptake of [111In]-avidin and [99mTc]-biotin-liposomes following either intrapleural (pleural) or intraperitoneal (ip) injection were determined using scintigraphic imaging. Biodistribution results of [111In]-avidin at 44 h showed 3.3% uptake in mediastinal nodes by pleural injection vs 1.3% with ip injection. Mediastinal node accumulation with [99mTc]-biotin-liposomes was not different between injections (0.6% ip vs 0.5% pleural). This study demonstrates the potential of the pleural route as a technique for mediastinal node targeting using the avidin/biotin-liposome system.
Hot-spot thermal resistance in transistors

By the application of an infrared radiometer as the sensor, hot-spot formation is detected and a hot-spot thermal resistance is calculated. Hot-spot formation for both forward- and reverse-biased second breakdown is analyzed. Pulsed dc techniques are used in the investigation, allowing a wide range of possible operating biases to be applied.
Calorimetric and ionimetric dosimetry intercomparisons I: U.S. neutron radiotherapy centers.

In the U.S. neutronradiotherapy trial centers, absorbed dose is routinely measured using commercially available A‐150 tissue equivalent (TE) plastic ionization chambers. The collecting volumes of these chambers are filled with either methane‐based tissue equivalent gas or air. Absorbed dose in A‐150 plastic, determined with these ionization chambers, was compared to that measured by an A‐150 plastic calorimeter in an A‐150 plastic phantom. These comparisons have yielded the following information: (1) Agreement of the total absorbed dose measured using the ionization chambers was within 2.5% of the calorimeter at all the centers visited to date. (2) For all the neutron fields measured, the product of the stopping power ratio (s w,g ) N′ between the A‐150 plastic chamber wall and TE gas, and the average energy expended in the gas per ion pair formed, W N /e , was computed assuming Bragg–Gray theory and found to be 31.0±0.7 J/C. (3) The displacement correction factor employed to normalize measurements at a depth in a phantom using the type IC‐17 ionization chamber was verified to be approximately 0.97±0.01.
Subharmonic and chaotic response of periodically driven extrinsic Ge photoconductors.

The nonlinear response of cooled extrinsic Ge photoconductors to periodic excitation is experimentally studied. Measured phase portraits, Poincar\'e sections, and power spectra show subharmonic behavior characteristic of driven nonlinear oscillators including a period-doubling cascade to chaotic oscillation which produces excess broad-band noise with observed noise temperatures as high as \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{9}$ K. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with numerical simulations of a simple rate-equation model of extrinsic photoconductors.
Signals of Interest Recovery With Multiple Receivers Using Reference-Based Successive Interference Cancellation for Signal Collection Applications

In this paper, we introduce a novel but intuitive scheme to recover multiple signals of interest (SoI) from multiple emitters in signal collection applications such as signal intelligence, electronic intelligence, and communications intelligence. We consider a case where the SoIs form a heavy interference environment. The scheme, which is referred to as reference-based successive interference cancellation (RSIC), involves a combination of strategic receiver placement and signal processing techniques. The scheme works by placing a network of cooperative receivers where each receiver catches its own SoI (despite multiple interferences). The first receiver demodulates the initial SoI (called a reference signal) and forwards it to the second receiver. The second receiver collects a received signal containing the second SoI but is interfered with by the initial SoI, which is a problem called co-channel interference in cellular communications. Unfortunately, the amplitude scaling of the interference is unknown in the second receiver and therefore has to be estimated via least squares error. It turns out that the estimation requires a priori knowledge of the second SoI, which is the very signal it tries to demodulate, thereby yielding a Catch-22 problem. We propose using an initial guess on the second SoI to form an amplitude estimate such that the interference is subtracted (cancelled) from the collected measurement at the second receiver. The procedure is applied to a third receiver (or multiple receivers) until the last of the desired SoI is separated from all of the co-channel interferences. The RSIC scheme performs well. Using quaternary phase shift keying as example modulation, we present major symbol error rate (SER) performance improvements with the use of RSIC over the highly degraded SER of receivers that are heavily interfered and do not employ any cancellation technique.
Capturing Bacterial Metabolic Exchange Using Thin Film Desorption Electrospray Ionization-Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Over 60% of current pharmaceutical drugs have origins in natural products. To expand on current methods allowing one to characterize natural products directly from bacterial culture, herein we describe the use of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) imaging mass spectrometry in monitoring the exchange of secondary metabolites between Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces coelicolor using a simple imprinting technique.
Iron chlorosis development and growth response of peach rootstocks to bicarbonate 1

Abstract For dicots, bicarbonate (HCO3‐) is regarded as a main factor in the induction of iron (Fe) chlorosis in calcareous soils, and sand and solution culture. In sand culture experiments, peach [Prunus persica (Batsch) L.] rootstock developed chlorosis only when HCO3‐ levels were equal to or higher than 6 mM. Above this level, chlorosis increaeed as HCO3‐ level was increased. In spite of the lack of chlorosis at to or below 6 mM of HCO3‐, large growth reductions (40–60% reduction in fresh shoot weight) were seen in all rootstocks, although the tolerant rootstock had less reduction than the more susceptible rootstocks. Shoot growth was affected by HCO3‐ more than was root growth.
Hormone replacement therapy is not safe for breast cancer survivors

Abstract Question Is hormone replacement therapy safe for women with previous breast cancer? Study design Randomised controlled trial (interim analysis). Main results In 345 women surviving breast cancer, there were more new breast cancer events in women taking HRT for menopausal symptoms compared with women receiving symptomatic treatment without hormones at a median of 2 years follow-up (absolute risk for new breast cancer: 26/174 [14%] with HRT vs 8/171 [5%] with no HRT; relative hazard 3.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 8.1). Authors’ conclusions In women surving breast cancer, those who received HRT for menopausal symptoms were at a higher risk of developing new breast cancers compared with those who received symptomatic treatment without hormones. These findings led to the termination of the trial.
The Functional Consequences of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Troponin C Mutations in the Regulation of Slow Skeletal Muscle Contraction: The Protective Role of Slow Skeletal Troponin I

Mutations in cardiac troponin C (cTnC) have been linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in humans. The cTnC subunit of the troponin complex is expressed in both slow skeletal and cardiac muscle. The cTnC HCM mutations A8V, C84Y and D145E increase the Ca2+-sensitivity of contraction in cardiac muscle; however, their functional consequences in slow skeletal muscle regulation are unknown. Here we investigated the Ca2+-sensitivity of TnC-extracted rabbit soleus skinned fibers reconstituted with either WT or HCM mutant cTnC. Surprisingly, the slow skeletal skinned fibers extinguished the Ca2+-sensitization typical of cardiac fibers for A8V (pCa50 = 6.01) and D145E (pCa50 = 6.05), while for C84Y (pCa50 = 6.33) the Ca2+-sensitization was maintained compared to WT (pCa50 = 6.00). To determine whether slow skeletal TnI (ssTnI) alone was responsible for the protective effect of incorporating the A8V and D145E mutants into the slow skeletal myofilaments, cardiac skinned fibers were reconstituted with a hybrid cardiac troponin complex containing cTnT, ssTnI and cTnC-WT or -HCM mutants. The presence of ssTnI in cardiac fibers partially protected against Ca2+-sensitization by the cTnC mutants in cardiac skinned fibers, with the exception of C84Y. MgATPase activity of slow or cardiac myofibrils replaced with exogenous HCM cTnC mutants were also affected. The absence of increased Ca2+-sensitivity of contraction arising from the A8V and D145E in the soleus muscle suggests that the aberrant effects of cardiomyopathic cTnCs may be tissue-specific, and ssTnI is an important partner that partially protects the slow muscle from a deleterious effect of the HCM cTnC mutants. Supported by NIH HL103840 (JRP).
An automatic detection system for buried explosive hazards in FL-LWIR and FL-GPR data

Improvements to an automatic detection system for locating buried explosive hazards in forward-looking longwave infrared (FL-LWIR) imagery, as well as the system's application to detection in confidence maps and forwardlooking ground penetrating radar (FL-GPR) data, are discussed. The detection system, described in previous work, utilizes an ensemble of trainable size-contrast filters and the mean-shift algorithm in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates. Improvements of the raw detection algorithm include weighted mean-shift within the individual size-contrast filters and a secondary classification step which exacts cell structured image space features, including local binary patterns (LBP), histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), edge histogram descriptor (EHD), and maximally stable extremal regions (MSER) segmentation based shape information, from one or more looks and classifies the resulting feature vector using a support vector machine (SVM). FL-LWIR specific improvements include elimination of the need for multiple models due to diurnal temperature variation. The improved algorithm is assessed on FL-LWIR and FL-GPR data from recent collections at a US Army test site.
Circadian rhythm of sex pheromone-releasing behaviour in females of the dermestid beetle, Trogoderma glabrum: Regulation by photoperiod☆

Abstract The effects on sex pheromone-releasing, or calling behaviour, of diel photoperiods of varying daylength, of light cycle phase shifts, and of continuous illumination were investigated in Trogoderma glabrum females. On light regimes with 8 to 20 hr daylengths, calling maxima tended to centre close to photophase midpoints. Although influencing the time of day at which calling occurred, daylength had little effect on the amount of activity or the length of the calling period. When 16 : 8 LD light cycles were advanced or delayed by 4 hr, the time of day at which calling peaks were observed shifted within 2 to 4 cycles so that a constant phase relationship with photoperiod was maintained. Daily calling peaks were evident in groups of females exposed to between 1 and 5 days of continuous illumination, but mean calling time occurred earlier in the day as light exposures were lengthened. It was concluded that a circadian rhythm of calling behaviour exists in T. glabrum females. and that the rhythm can be entrained to 24 hr periodicity by photoperiod.
Diporphyrinyl derivatives of 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′-bipyridyl

The title derivatives were synthesized containing two meso-tri-p-tolylpheneleneporphyrin units attached via amide bridges to 4,7- and 4,4′ positions of the respective heteroaromatic spacers.
Automatic incremental routing using multiple roots

We present Multi-root Automatic Incremental Routing (MAIR), an efficient routing approach for mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). MAIR has a low routing stretch (ratio of selected path to shortest path length) and provides multiple paths to each destination. Every node is assigned multiple prefix labels with respect to multiple roots in the network. The roots are distributed in the network such that the paths calculated from each of the root labels are as disjoint as possible from each other. The labels of a node are stored distributively in hash tables at “anchor nodes” across the network. Data packets are routed using the distributed hash table (DHT) lookup and longest prefix match with neighbor labels. This eliminates the need to maintain large routing tables in the nodes, which substantially reduces the routing state at each node. A region of interest (ROI) is formed around each active source-destination pair using the node labels. The nodes in the ROI maintain the most recent mapping of the node identifier of a destination to its labels. This reduces the route establishment delay for the nodes inside ROI as the need for DHT lookup is reduced.
Formability of textile preforms for composite applications. Part 2: Evaluation experiments and modelling

Abstract Formability is an important parameter in assessing the processability of fibrous preforms in various composite applications. A new approach is proposed in which selected characterization measurements are used to evaluate the forming behaviour of preform fabrics. In the first part of this study, experiments characterizing the deformation behaviour of textile preforms were carried out. These tests included in-plane tension, transverse compression, in-plane shear and out-of-plane bending. In this part of the study, in order to investigate the behaviour of the preform fabrics in a forming process, formability experiments using a designed geometry were performed with the selected textile preforms. Forming energy was chosen as the index to reflect the difficulty level in a forming process. The correlation between the results of the characterization tests and those of the formability experiments was analysed, and the dominant process parameters determined. It is shown that the proposed characterization tests can be used to evaluate effectively the textile fabric preform formability, which is crucial to the forming process of composite applications.
Influence of Time-varying Channel on the Performance of IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocols

IEEE 802.11 is the most important standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). In the IEEE 802.11 WLANs, distributed coordination function (DCF) is a fundamental medium access control (MAC) protocol, whose performance has been studied analytically in the literature. However, there is no research work that takes into account various incoming traffic load, network size, and the influence of transmission error at the same time. In this paper, a refined model is presented to evaluate the performance of DCF in a time-varying wireless channel. In this study, the wireless channel is modeled by a finite-state Markov (FSM) chain. In each channel state, the operation of the IEEE 802.11 DCF is modeled by an embedded Markov chain. Using these two Markov chains, the throughput of the IEEE 802.11 DCF can be very accurately calculated. The results show that the performance of DCF strongly depends on the network size, the incoming traffic loads, and the bit error rate (BER).
Evaluation of hemoglobin A1c measurement by Capillarys 2 electrophoresis for detection of abnormal glucose tolerance in African immigrants to the United States.

Abstract Background Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is used to monitor long-term glycemic control in individuals with diabetes, guide therapy, predict the risk of microvascular complications, and more recently to diagnose diabetes. An automated liquid-flow capillary electrophoresis method was recently developed to measure HbA1c using the Capillarys 2 Flex Piercing instrument. Methods Analytical evaluation was performed at 2 clinical centers. A clinical analysis was conducted in 109 African-born individuals, 24% of whom have variant hemoglobin (HbAS or HbAC). Abnormal glucose tolerance (which includes both diabetes and prediabetes) was defined as 2 h glucose of ≥ 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l) during an oral glucose tolerance test. Results Interlaboratory CVs were ≤ 2.1%. The method showed satisfactory correlation with 2 other analyzers that measure HbA1c by high-performance liquid chromatography. Neither labile HbA1c, carbamylated hemoglobin, uremia, bilirubin nor common hemoglobin variants (HbC/HbS/HbE) interfered. Forty-five individuals (41%) had abnormal glucose tolerance. The sensitivity of HbA1c for diagnosing abnormal glucose tolerance was 38%, 36% and 42% for total, normal and variant hemoglobin groups, respectively. Conclusions The analytical performance of HbA1c on the Capillarys 2 is suitable for clinical application. Variant hemoglobin in Africans did not interfere with the detection of abnormal glucose tolerance by HbA1c measured on the Capillarys 2.
NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES FOR QUANTUM DEVICE APPLICATIONS

We present a numerical self‐consistent method to solve for the electronic properties within a flexible and accurate theoretical model of selectively‐doped semiconductor heterostructures based on a two‐band k.P effective‐mass‐approximation Hamiltonian that includes non‐parabolicity, stress, piezo‐electric, finite temperature, many‐body, and DX center effects. The method can handle any planar configuration of heterostructures. Self‐consistency is achieved quickly via Broyden's method.
Low current diagnostic devices for radioactive beams

This contribution reviews detectors used for low-intensity radioactive-beam (RB) diagnostics. Emphasis is on diagnostic devices that are based on the detection of secondary products (ions, electrons) resulting from the interaction of the ion beam with a thin detection medium. Devices based on this principle can be tailored to work with low-energy (<10 MeV/A) ion beams available at current and planned ISOL type RB facilities.
Phenomenological comparison of magnetic and electrostatic fluctuations in the Macrotor tokamak

Probe measurements of magnetic and electrostatic fluctuations in Macrotor are compared. Attention is concentrated on small-scale fluctuations which lie in the frequency range above the usual low-frequency Mirnov oscillations. In this range, 20 kHz 125 kHz, the spectra of and are similar; the radial profile of /n is, however, peaked toward the outside while that of r is peaked toward the centre, and no local cross-correlation between and has been detected. The radial correlation length of is smaller than that for r (both being much smaller than the minor radius), but the poloidal correlation lengths of p and are similar. Both and fluctuations rotate in the electron diamagnetic drift direction. The spectra are roughly invariant to an increase in density; however, the magnitude of /n decreases with density while that of r remains unchanged. No connection between these fluctuations and anomalous transport has been established.
THE LEGISLATIVE STRATEGIES OF INDEPENDENT AND THIRD PARTY EXECUTIVES

Recent developments in state and national politics have presented political scientists with an obligation and opportunity to study independent and third party executives. This article examines the legislative strategies that are available to such executives as they attempt to turn their policy preferences into government output. The article examines the case of Connecticut Governor Lowell P. Weicker, Jr., and his income tax proposal in 1991 and reveals, somewhat surprisingly, that independent executives can and probably must use the institution of party to get what they want from the legislative process. Perhaps more predictably, the article shows that independent executives will readily tap the formal powers of their office to ensure success for their agenda. It is also argued that such executives need not rely solely on public support for legislative success and that, despite a lack of formal partisan connections, they can be successful when directly lobbying legislators.
Detection of psychiatric disorders in pediatric primary care: a preliminary report.

Pediatricians' awareness of psychiatric disorder in their patients was examined in a feasibility study of the use of a highly structured psychiatric interview with 40 parents and children from a Health Maintenance Organization. Pediatricians identified 4 children (10%) as having psychiatric problems. These four had the highest symptom scores on the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children interview with the parent (DISC-P), as well as high symptom scores based on the DISC interview with the child. Three of the four were behaviorally deviant according to the Child Behavior Checklist, a parent-rated questionnaire. Pediatricians' diagnoses were more consistent with parents' reports than with the children's own reports of symptoms. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using a highly structured psychiatric interview in a community study, and suggests that pediatricians may be more sensitive to parents' reports of severe disorder than to milder or child-reported problems.
Photocycloaddition of Cyclic 1,3-Diones to C60

Irradiation of cyclic 1,3-diones (1a and 2a) with C60 in benzene leads to formation of two fused furanylfullerenes, one achiral (3) and the other chiral (4), as opposed to the expected De Mayo cyclooctane-1,3-dione addition product. The same products are obtained when 1,3-diones are replaced with trimethylsilyl-protected diones (1b and 2b). The adduct structures were characterized by MS (ESI and MALDI), IR, UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 3He NMR spectroscopy. These fullerene adducts presumably are formed after initial [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, followed by either intermolecular oxidation of the cyclobutyl intermediates (5−8) by 1O2 to form 3 or intramolecular oxidation of the appended group by the triplet fullerene moiety of 5−8 to form 4.
Potassium Cation Affinities of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Matrices Determined by Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation: Application to Benzoic Acid Derivatives

Threshold collision-induced dissociation of K+(xBA) complexes with xenon is studied using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. The xBA ligands studied include benzoic acid and all of the mono- and di...
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Sporothrix schenckii

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) phagocytized and killed yeast-phase cells of Sporothrix schenckii in vitro in the presence of 10% unheated serum. The combination of H2O2, KI, and human PMNL myeloperoxidase was lethal to yeast-phase S. schenckii. The results of this investigation suggest that PMNLs may play an important role in host resistance to infection with S. schenckii.
Endocrine causes of male infertility

Although endocrinopathies are not often seen in infertile men, these disorders are clinically significant; they often have potentially serious medical significance, regardless of fertility issues. Correction of these disorders represents a possible way to restore normal fertility for the male partner. Male fertility is critically dependent upon a normal hormonal milieu. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is quite sensitive to disruption by endocrine disorders and other generalized medical disorders. Thus, male infertility is occasionally the presenting sign for significant underlying medical disease; it is important to properly evaluate these patients.
Sources of growth in Indonesian agriculture.

Indonesia sustained an average increase in agricultural output of 3.6% per year between 1961 and 2006, resulting in a more than fivefold increase in real output. This paper constructs Tornqvist-Thiel indices of agricultural outputs, inputs and total factor productivity (TFP) to examine the sources of growth in Indonesian agriculture over this period. The paper extends previous work on measuring productivity change in Indonesian agriculture by assembling more complete data on cropland and expanding the commodity coverage to include cultured fisheries in addition to crops and livestock. It also accounts for the contribution of the spread of rural education and literacy to agricultural growth. Results show that Indonesia pursued both agricultural intensification to raise yield, especially for food crops, and extensification to expand crop area and absorb more labor. Productivity growth accelerated in the 1970s and 1980s but stagnated in the 1990s once “Green Revolution” food crop varieties had become widely adopted. TFP growth resumed in the early 2000s led by diversification into non-staple commodities such as tropical perennials, horticulture, livestock and aquaculture. Agricultural extensification continued to be an important source of growth in many of parts of the archipelago where previously forested areas were converted to cropland. Human capital deepening, in the form of the spread of literacy and education in the farm labor force, made a modest but sustained contribution to agricultural productivity growth.
Beverage can stay-tabs: still a source for inadvertently ingested foreign bodies in children

In the 1970s in part to avoid inadvertent ingestion, the beverage-can industry changed can construction from pull-tabs to the stay-tabs (remain attached to can after opening) used today. Our purpose is to identify the number of inadvertent ingestions of beverage-can stay-tabs by children recognized at our institution. The medical information system of a children’s hospital was searched with key terms to identify cases in which a witnessed or self-reported inadvertent ingestion of a beverage-can stay-tab resulted in a radiograph to rule out presence of a foreign body. Demographics, identification of stay-tab on radiographs, associated abnormalities, and patient management were reviewed. Nineteen cases of stay-tab ingestion were identified over 16 years. Mean age of ingesters was 8.5 years with the majority being teenagers and 15 (79%) >5 years of age. The stay-tab could be seen radiographically only in 4 (21%) cases—all with the stay-tab identified in the stomach. The identification of 19 children who inadvertently ingested beverage-can stay-tabs at a single children’s hospital suggests that such ingestions still occur. Radiologists should be aware that stay-tabs are radiographically visible in the minority (21%) of cases.
Associative versus non-associative porous viscoplasticity based on internal state variable concepts

Abstract A general constitutive framework for porous viscoplasticity is used to study the role of specific void growth models in both associative and non-associative viscoplastic flow rules. Three particular model frameworks for porous viscoplasticity are identified, denoted as associative, non-associative and partially coupled. The structure of a specific model framework is defined by the nature of the inelastic flow rule (associative versus non-associative) and the specific dependence of the yield function on the first overstress invariant (pressure). As distinct from the great majority of existing models for flow of porous viscoplastic media, this work considers the physically based models which employ internal state variables to represent evolving internal structure. Some applications are examined using Bammann's internal state variable viscoplast3c model in the context of the three model frameworks.
A New Approach to Quantification of Spermatogenesis and Its Application to Germinal Cell Attrition During Human Spermiogenesis

A new approach to quantification of spermatogenesis has been applied to human testes to investigate germinal cell attrition during spermiogenesis and to derive an appropriate time divisor for the determination of daily sperm production from numbers of homogenization-resistant spermatids in unfixed human testes. Glutaraldehyde fixation of testes from 10 men rendered nuclei of even the most immature germinal cells resistant to homogenization. Prevention of dissolution of cell nuclei during homogenization permitted enumeration of the entire constellation of germinal cell nuclei by phase-contrast microscopy. Thus, investigation of attrition during spermatogenesis became possible. Since daily sperm production per gram of parenchyma (DSP/g) was similar (P>0.05) when based on enumeration of round spermatids (5.5 X 10’), maturation-phase spermatids (5.8 X 106), and all spermatids (5.9 X 106), no attrition was detected during human spermiogenesis. Agreement (P>0.05) between these three estimates and DSP/g based on histometric analysis of round spermatids in the same testes (5.9 X 106) validated the new technique for quantifying spermatogenesis. The number of homogenization-resistant spermatids in unfixed tissue was only 37% of the number of maturation-phase spermatids in homogenates of fixed, contralateral testes. Thus, previous estimates of DSP/g in humans from homogenates of unfixed testis are low and should be approximated by multiplying published data by the reciprocal of 0.37 (i.e., 2.7). When the corrected time divisor of 2.9 days (7.9-day time divisor for maturation-phase spermatids multiplied by the correction factor of 0.37) was employed to convert numbers of homogenization-resistant spermatids from unfixed testes to DSP, a value of 5.6 X 106 was obtained for these 10 men. No difference (P>0.05) was found among the five estimates of DSP/g.
Dietary zinc deficiency enhances esophageal cell proliferation and N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumor incidence in C57BL/6 mouse

The effect of zinc deficiency on N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumor formation in rats has been well documented. Our previous work showed that zinc deficiency and its associated increased esophageal cell proliferation were of paramount importance in esophageal tumor development in the NMBA-rat model. However, there has been no report concerning zinc deficiency and NMBA-induced esophageal tumor formation in mice. In this study, weanling C57BL/6 mice were fed ad libitum with either a zinc-sufficient or a zinc-deficient diet containing 3-4 ppm of zinc, and received six intragastric doses of NMBA (2 mg/kg; twice weekly for 3 weeks). The animals were sacrificed 46 weeks later after in vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) labeling followed by immunohistochemical detection of cells in S-phase. At 46 weeks, the tumor incidences in zinc-deficient mice were 57, 100, and 100% respectively, in the esophagus, forestomach and squamocolumnar junction with the glandular stomach (SCJ), as compared to 17, 39, and 67% in the corresponding tissue of zinc-sufficient mice. The difference between the two dietary groups was significant at P < 0.02 for the esophagus, and P < 0.001 for the forestomach and the SCJ. BrDU labeling revealed that the esophageal labeling index and the number of labeled cells were increased by zinc deficiency. These results support a role of increased cell proliferation in esophageal carcinogenesis in the mouse.
Redox regulation of protein folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Protein translocation pathways to the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane have been well characterized. However, translocation into the intermembrane space, which was thought to be simply a modification of the traditional translocation pathways, is complex. The mechanism by which a subset of intermembrane space proteins, those with disulfide bonds, are translocated has been largely unknown until recently. Specifically, the intermembrane space proteins with disulfide bonds are imported via the mitochondrial intermembrane space assembly (MIA) pathway. Substrates are imported via a disulfide exchange relay with two components Mia40 and Erv1. This new breakthrough has resulted in novel concepts for assembly of proteins in the intermembrane space, suggesting that this compartment may be similar to that of the endoplasmic reticulum and the prokaryotic periplasm. As a better understanding of this pathway emerges, new paradigms for thiol-disulfide exchange mechanisms may be developed. Given that the intermembrane space is important for disease processes including apoptosis and neurodegeneration, new roles in regulation by oxidation–reduction chemistry seem likely to be relevant.
Dual-loop opto-electronic oscillator

We describe and demonstrate a multi-loop technique for single mode selection in an optoelectronic oscillator. We present experimental results of a dual loop OEO free running at 10 GHz that has the lowest phase noise (-140 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz from carrier) of all free running room temperature oscillator to date.
Mandatory Versus Discretionary Spending: the Status Quo Eect

Do mandatory spending programs such as Medicare improve eciency? We analyze a model with two parties allocating a xed budget to a public good and private transfers each period over an innite horizon. We compare two institutions that dier in whether public good spending is discretionary or mandatory. We model mandatory spending as an endogenous status quo since it is enacted by law and remains in eect until changed. Mandatory programs result in higher public good spending; furthermore, they ex ante Pareto dominate discretionary programs when parties are patient, persistence of power is low, and polarization is low.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of HPV vaccination: comparing the general population with socially vulnerable individuals.

Background: After the WHO recommended HPV vaccination of the general population in 2009, government support of HPV vaccination programs was increased in many countries. However, this policy was not implemented in Korea due to perceived low cost-effectiveness. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the cost-utility of HPV vaccination programs targeted to high risk populations as compared to vaccination programs for the general population. Materials and Methods: Each study population was set to 100,000 people in a simulation study to determine the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR), then standard prevalence rates, cost, vaccination rates, vaccine efficacy, and the Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) were applied to the analysis. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed by assuming discounted vaccination cost. Results: In the socially vulnerable population, QALYs gained through HPV vaccination were higher than that of the general population (General population: 1,019, Socially vulnerable population: 5,582). The results of ICUR showed that the cost of HPV vaccination was higher for the general population than the socially vulnerable population. (General population: 52,279,255 KRW, Socially vulnerable population: 9,547,347 KRW). Compared with 24 million KRW/QALYs as the social threshold, vaccination of the general population was not cost-effective. In contrast, vaccination of the socially vulnerable population was strongly cost-effective. Conclusions: The results suggest the importance and necessity of government support of HPV vaccination programs targeted to socially vulnerable populations because a targeted approach is much more cost-effective. The implementation of government support for such vaccination programs is a critical strategy for decreasing the burden of HPV infection in Korea.
Knowledge Base and Transfer: On the Usefulness of Useless Knowledge

Knowledge base broadly includes knowledge acquired by reading, personal experience, careful listening, and astute observing. It also includes thinking and it is the absolute requirement not only for transfer but for thinking and reasoning. This chapter presents the general knowledge-base conditions necessary for optimal transfer to occur and explain its importance. Transfer of learning requires more than quick-fix strategies and learners must have a knowledge base in a subject in order to even know enough to ask questions about it. Without a sufficient knowledge base, novices do not have a framework within which to formulate adequate questions. Possessing a large knowledge base enables a learner to think about the subject in depth. To achieve general transfer, one often requires much more than immediately useful knowledge. It requires learning that may be considered useless knowledge. There are several examples of knowledge that appeared to have absolutely no use, but years later, these "useless" knowledge was applied to other areas, which later had major applied importance.
NASA planetary programs

Money to start work on the Venus Orbital Imaging Radar (Voir) mission and the Halley's comet/Tempel 2 project was deleted from NASA's 1981 budget, but according to NASA planners, the agency could still execute those missions with minimum delay through the use of alternative strategies. This year's version of the long-range plans that are drawn up annually by NASA divisions, and which are used by the agency in preparing for-the coming year's budget process, indicates that through the use of ‘aerobraking,’ a technique which would put a spacecraft into a circular orbit around Venus by using the planet's atmosphere to slow it down, Voir could orbit Venus in 1986. The proposal calls for a launch date of August 1986 and an arrival date in December of that year.
Characterization of a messenger RNA transport protein.

Abstract A cytoplasmic protein which facilitates the energy-dependent transport of mRNA from isolated nuclei to a specified medium has been further characterized, since it could have relevance to the mechanism of mRNA nucleo-cytoplasmic transport in vivo. This protein is now shown, by cDNA hybridization analysis using appropriate recombinant probes, to be obligatory for the transport of α 2u -globulin and albumin mRNA from male rat liver nuclei. It is concentrated in the cytoplasm. When isolated under conditions where they retain nuclear proteins, the nuclei contain less than 2% of the total mRNA transport activity. Approx. 20% is recovered in the cytosol, while the rest (80%) copurifies with the messenger ribonucleoproteins in the polyribosome fraction. The protein is eluted from the poly A-messenger ribonucleoproteins between 0.25 and 0.50 M NaCl. The activities of the cytosolic- and messenger ribonucleoprotein-derived transport proteins were mutually additive below saturation of the transport system. Further, the activities of both fractions were increased when they were fortified with the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the presence of ATP. On the other hand, protein kinase-induced thiophosphorylation of the protein with ATP[S] decreased transport activity. The molecular weight of the transport protein from either cell compartment as judged by molecular sieving is approx. 35 000. It has now been purified 2000-fold and requires manganese ions and serum albumin for stabilization of activity. The highly purified transport factor from the cytosol is tentatively assigned a molecular weight of 32 000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.