cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of fluctuation modulation of tunnel junctions by applied ac stress in carbon polyvinylchloride composites

Modulation of small tunneling barriers by thermally activated voltage fluctuations is observed in the composite material carbon polyvinylchloride consisting of large conducting carbon chains and aggregates separated by narrow insulating gaps. The effect is experimentally determined by applying an ac stress to the sample and measuring the change in resistivity per unit strain as a function of temperature. After determining the tunneling parameters ${T}_{0}$ and ${T}_{1}$ from the temperature dependence of the resistivity, the temperature dependence of the change in resistivity per unit strain is calculated based on the fluctuation-induced tunneling theory in which the tunneling barrier is lowered and narrowed by thermally activated voltage fluctuations. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental results and the fluctuation-induced tunneling theory.
Suppression of stimulated Raman scattering by the seeding of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a laser-produced plasma

By seeding of an ion wave by means of optical mixing, it was possible totally to suppress stimulated Raman scattering in a laser plasma. A counterpropagating seed beam with 1% of the intensity of the main beam was sufficient. A novel frequency-- and wave-number--resolved image of the Thomson-scattered plasma-wave spectrum was used to shed light on the competition between stimulated Raman scattering and stimulated Brillouin scattering.
Design and impact of data caps

We propose models to evaluate the impact of data caps upon subscribers and Internet Service Providers (ISPs). These models incorporate the time users devote to Internet applications and the opportunity cost of a user's free time. We consider a monopoly ISP that maximizes profit by setting tier prices, tier rates, network capacity, data caps, and overage charges. We illustrate which users are affected by data caps, and the resulting impact upon both users and ISPs. We show that an ISP will increase the tier rate and decrease the tier price when data caps are used to maximize profit. We give numerical results to illustrate the increase in ISP profit when data caps are used, and the corresponding changes in user and social welfare.
Repressing notch signaling and expressing TNFα are sufficient to mimic retinal regeneration by inducing Müller glial proliferation to generate committed progenitor cells.

Retinal damage in teleosts, unlike mammals, induces robust Muller glia-mediated regeneration of lost neurons. We examined whether Notch signaling regulates Muller glia proliferation in the adult zebrafish retina and demonstrated that Notch signaling maintains Muller glia in a quiescent state in the undamaged retina. Repressing Notch signaling, through injection of the γ-secretase inhibitor RO4929097, stimulates a subset of Muller glia to reenter the cell cycle without retinal damage. This RO4929097-induced Muller glia proliferation is mediated by repressing Notch signaling because inducible expression of the Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD) can reverse the effect. This RO4929097-induced proliferation requires Ascl1a expression and Jak1-mediated Stat3 phosphorylation/activation, analogous to the light-damaged retina. Moreover, coinjecting RO4929097 and TNFα, a previously identified damage signal, induced the majority of Muller glia to reenter the cell cycle and produced proliferating neuronal progenitor cells that committed to a neuronal lineage in the undamaged retina. This demonstrates that repressing Notch signaling and activating TNFα signaling are sufficient to induce Muller glia proliferation that generates neuronal progenitor cells that differentiate into retinal neurons, mimicking the responses observed in the regenerating retina.
Casting a Wide Net to Nurture Mentally Healthy Children

I appreciate this opportunity to share my thoughts with you about our exciting field of child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) and the outstanding resource in our American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). I will describe my Presidential Initiative, eAACAP, the electronic Academy, and the background for what it can do for the profession, the larger world audience, and the treatment of children and adolescents with mental disorders.
12 minute consultation: an evidence‐based approach to the management of a child with speech and language delay

Background Speech and language delay is a common developmental disorder. Persistent delay may lead to adverse effects on literacy, educational achievement and psychosocial development. Affected children are commonly referred to the otolaryngologist; hence, a structured management approach is required to facilitate diagnosis and allow for early intervention and improved outcomes. Methods A literature search was performed on 05 November 2012 using the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases with the search terms paediatric, children, speech, language, delay, disorder, investigation and management. Relevant references from selected articles were reviewed after reading the abstract. Results Speech and language delay may be primary, meaning there is no associated comorbidity to account for the delay, or secondary, where it can be attributed to another condition or syndrome. Secondary causes include hearing loss and syndromes such as Down syndrome amongst many others. Speech and language therapy has been shown to be effective for primary disorders. If the delay is found to be secondary in nature, onward referral to an appropriate healthcare professional is required. Conclusions The outpatient consultation for a child with speech and language delay should consist of a structured history and examination with the aim of identifying whether the delay is primary or secondary in nature. Relevant targeted investigations should lead to a correct diagnosis of the delay and enable appropriate treatment. This often requires a multidisciplinary approach and always requires full cooperation from the child's parents.
Themis: an I/O-efficient MapReduce

"Big Data" computing increasingly utilizes the MapReduce programming model for scalable processing of large data collections. Many MapReduce jobs are I/O-bound, and so minimizing the number of I/O operations is critical to improving their performance. In this work, we present Themis, a MapReduce implementation that reads and writes data records to disk exactly twice, which is the minimum amount possible for data sets that cannot fit in memory.In order to minimize I/O, Themis makes fundamentally different design decisions from previous MapReduce implementations. Themis performs a wide variety of MapReduce jobs -- including click log analysis, DNA read sequence alignment, and PageRank -- at nearly the speed of TritonSort's record-setting sort performance [29].
Desulfurization of commercial liquid fuels by selective adsorption via π-complexation with Cu(I)-Y zeolite

Desulfurization of commercial gasoline and diesel by a π-complexation adsorbent, Cu(I)−Y zeolite, was studied in a fixed-bed adsorber operated at ambient temperature and pressure. The sulfur contents in the effluents were below (or well below) the detection limit using flame photometric detection (FPD), i.e., below 0.28 ppmw sulfur. Thus, these “sulfur-free” fuels are well suited for fuel cell applications. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that using a thin layer of a guard bed (e.g., activated carbon, AC) could significantly increase the sulfur capacities of the π-complexation sorbent. For a feed gasoline containing 335 ppmw sulfur, Cu(I)−Y produced 14.7 cm3 of sulfur-free gasoline/g of sorbent. When using AC as a guard bed, 19.6 cm3 of sulfur-free gasoline/g of combined sorbent was produced. For the case of diesel fuel, 34.3 cm3 of “sulfur-free” diesel was produced per 1 g of combined sorbent. The π-complexation sorbents have proven to be by far the most sulfur-selective as well as having the highest sul...
Statistical microdynamics of extended systems in natural function spaces

An approximate numerical method of solving the Generalized Master Equation for a many-body problem is presented, with examples of its application. This method involves the construction from the full Hamiltonian (of the system plus the “bath”) of a set of unitary Langevin equations that combine deterministic microcanonical, stochastic canonical (heat bath), and stochastic nonthermal dynamics in a single time-integration scheme. If implemented in a representation that captures the essential physics and repeatedly run from a given initial condition, this method evaluates stochastic representatives from the actual fiber bundle of system worldlines that flow from the initial condition and, hence, numerically evaluates the path integral. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Establishment of a cellular axis in fission yeast

Recent studies in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe reveal how cells establish a cellular axis that specifies domains as the functional 'ends' and 'middle' of the cell. During interphase, dynamic microtubules position the nucleus at the middle of the cell and orientate microtubule 'plus' ends towards the ends of the cell. At the cell ends, the microtubule plus ends might establish a zone of polarized cell growth and actin assembly by depositing factors such as Tea1p. At the cell middle, the nucleus might specify the position of the actin contractile ring and the future cell division site by positioning cytokinesis factors such as Mid1p.
Public expenditures on higher, education and their impact on enrolment patterns

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the declines in enrolment that can be expected if government-provided scholarship aid is reduced and basic student charges are increased. A model of the scholarship aid process is interacted with a traditional human capital approach to enrolment behaviour. These models are then estimated using a large microdata set of young persons, and the fitted values utilized to simulate enrolment probabilities for white and nonwhite males and females given alternative fiscal scenarios.
Interpretive Tables for Test Scatter On the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition

Unlike its predecessors, the Fourth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Thorndike, Hagen, & Sattler, 1986a) includes subtest and area standard scores as well as an overall composite s...
Agricultural extension in sub-Saharan Africa: Extension typologies and issues for the future

Ever since the extension systems based on Training and Visit (T&V) were started, first in Asia, and since 1981 in sub-Saharan Africa, there have been many writings about T&V. This article gives the various extension typologies possible, and places T&V in a broader perspective. The main message of the article is that the international institutions, donors and academia would, instead of spending their time and energy discussing what are essentially nonissues, serve the countries in the region much better by focusing on areas where improvements should be made to their extension systems in order to enable them to tackle the future issues.
The effects of the daily photoperiod on gonadal growth, neurohypophysial hormone content, and neurosecretion in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) ☆

Abstract The photoperiodic control of gonadal development was examined in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Long (20 hours) daily photoperiods caused a quantitatively uniform growth of testes and ovaries to full reproductive condition, whereas no development occurred in birds held on 6-hour daily photoperiods. Arginine vasotocin and oxytocin were identified by pharmacological and chromatographic methods in both the pars nervosa and the median eminence. The concentrations of these peptides showed no significant correlations with the rate of gonadal development. Similarly, no significant changes were detected in the hypothalamic neurosecretory system under different photoperiodic regimes, although there appeared to be a trent towards a greater accumulation of stainable material in the reticular layer of the median eminence of birds held on short daily photoperiods. Dehydration resulted in a correlated depletion of neurosecretory material and neurohypophysial hormones from the median eminence and pars nervosa with a greater loss of arginine vasotocin than oxytocin from the pars nervosa.
Do arid species use less water than mesic species in an irrigated common garden

There is an increasing need to consider the water use of horticultural plants grown in arid and semi-arid garden settings. Species that originate from arid and semi-arid regions are often considered suitable for xeriscaping, but there have been relatively few direct measurements of important water relations parameters such as gas exchange, resistance to cavitation, and water use efficiency (WUE) in irrigated urban gardens. In this study, we compared plant gas exchange, cavitation resistance, and WUE in evergreen shrub species from arid, temperate, and tropical environments grown in an irrigated common garden environment. Contrary to expectations, arid and non-riparian species had greater transpiration rates than temperate and riparian species, and lower specific leaf area than tropical and riparian species. Temperate species had the highest WUE as measured with the isotopic composition of leaf soluble sugar. Cavitation resistance and maximum hydraulic conductivity were not different among species from different biomes. These results indicate that under well-watered conditions, species from temperate environments may use less water than species from arid environments. In addition, native habitat is not a strong predictor of resistance to cavitation, which has implications for plant responses to water stress and drought.
An ultra-thin oxide sub-1 V CMOS bandgap voltage reference

This paper presents a sub-1 V CMOS bandgap voltage reference that accounts for the presence of direct tunneling-induced gate current. This current increases exponentially with decreasing oxide thickness and is especially prevalent in traditional non-high-i¾?/metal gate ultra-thin oxide CMOS technologies tox<3 nm, where it invalidates the simplifying design assumption of infinite gate resistance. The developed reference average temperature coefficient, TC_AVG, of 22.5 ppm/i¾?C overcomes direct tunneling by employing circuit techniques that minimize, balance, and cancel its effects. It is compared to a thick-oxide voltage reference TC_AVG=14.0 ppm/i¾?C as a means of demonstrating that ultra-thin oxide MOSFETs can achieve performance similar to that of more expensive thicker oxide MOSFETs and that they can be used to design the analog component of a mixed-signal system. The reference was investigated in a 65 nm CMOS technology with a nominal VDD of 1 V and a physical oxide thickness of 1.25 nm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The natural regions of the world ocean according to Schott

One of the main objectives of modern geography is regional synthesis, that is, the creation of a composite picture of a given region based on an analysis of the constituent elements that give it its character and set it off from other regions. In discussing the geography of the lands it has hence long been customary to divide the area under consideration into regions of relatively homogeneous natural conditions. Whether the regions have been loosely or sharply defined, whether the approach to delimitation has proceeded from the central core outwards or has concentrated on the outer boundaries themselves, regional subdivision, both for the larger truth that generalization reveals and for economy in presentation, has been the organizing principle in the modern treatment of the geography of the lands [1]. (Numbers in brackets refer to “References and notes” at end of paper.)
In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Quinupristin-Dalfopristin against Staphylococci and Enterococci, Including Vancomycin- Intermediate and -Resistant Strains

The in vitro activity of daptomycin was compared with those of vancomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin against a variety (n = 203) of gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis (MRSA and MRSE, respectively), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). Overall, daptomycin was more active against all organisms tested, except Enterococcus faecium and VISA, against which its activity was similar to that of quinupristin-dalfopristin. In time-kill studies with MRSA, MRSE, VRE, and VISA, daptomycin demonstrated greater bactericidal activity than all other drugs tested, killing > or =3 log CFU/ml by 8 h. Daptomycin may be a potential alternative drug therapy for multidrug-resistant gram-positive organisms and warrants further investigation.
Interfacial dynamics and solar fuel formation in dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells.

Dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs) represent a promising approach to solar fuels with solar-energy storage in chemical bonds. The targets are water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction by water to CO, other oxygenates, or hydrocarbons. DSPECs are based on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) but with photoexcitation driving physically separated solar fuel half reactions. A systematic basis for DSPECs is available based on a modular approach with light absorption/excited-state electron injection, and catalyst activation assembled in integrated structures. Progress has been made on catalysts for water oxidation and CO2 reduction, dynamics of electron injection, back electron transfer, and photostability under conditions appropriate for water splitting. With added reductive scavengers, as surrogates for water oxidation, DSPECs have been investigated for hydrogen generation based on transient absorption and photocurrent measurements. Detailed insights are emerging which define kinetic and thermodynamic requirements for the individual processes underlying DSPEC performance.
GROUND WATER USE FOR COOLING: ASSOCIATED AQUIFER TEMPERATURE CHANGES

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Collaborative Authorship in the Journal Literature: Perspectives for Academic Librarians Who Wish To Publish.

Academic librarians, particularly college librarians, may increase their contributions to the professional literature through collaborative authorship. For example, university librarians, who published 69 percent of the articles in College & Research Libraries and the Journal of Academic Librarianship between 1986 and 1996, contributed almost 90 percent of the coauthored research in those core journals. This study examines the increase in collaboration in the literature of academic librarianship and in other disciplines, explores the relationship between collaboration and article quality as well as author productivity, compares collaborative patterns of college and university librarians, and considers factors that lead to successful collaboration.
Morphology and development of Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is an ectoparasitoid of several stored-product insect pests. Very little information has been published on its biology and development in host larvae, which typically are concealed within seeds. We documented the development of P. cerealellae within fourth instar larvae of its concealed host, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) infesting cowpea seeds. The preimaginal life stages of the parasitoid were characterized for the first time using morphological structures revealed by microscopic techniques including scanning electron microscopy. Pteromalus cerealellae produces hymenopteriform eggs and larvae. Eggs hatch into 13-segmented first instar larvae with peripneustic condition of spiracles. The larvae have simple, tusk-like mandibles, whereas the mandibles of the pupae and the adults are of the conventional toothed types. Using statistical analyses of the sizes of the larval mandibles and head capsules in conjunction with reliable characters such as the number of exuviae on the body of parasitoid larvae, cuticular folding, and excretion of the meconium, we recorded four larval instars for P. cerealellae. The data showed significant positive correlations between larval mandible lengths and widths of larval head capsules, as well as between mandible lengths and larval instars, suggesting that mandible length is a good predictor of the number of instars in P. cerealellae. Developmental time from egg to adult emergence was ∼12 d for females and ∼11 days for males at 30 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5% r.h. and 12L:12D photoperiod.
Development of Direct Green Emitting LEDs

Advancement in nitride epitaxy allows the development of direct emitting green LEDs. Crucial to that is the realization of tremendous defect reduction potential by nano-patterned epitaxy. We present our development in polar semi- and non-polar growth orientation.
Confidence regions for periodic functions

A periodic function, f , for which only noisy data have been observed, is estimated by a periodic smoothing spline function, fn,m,λ A confidence region for the true function is defined in terms of the maximum absolute error, . Theoretical and Monte Carlo estimates of are compared when f is a fixed unknown function and when it can be considered to come from a certain prior distribution. Use of the prior leads to more useful theoretical results.
Primary prevention among working age USA adults with and without disabilities.

Purpose. Health promotion and disease prevention among people with disabilities are often overlooked. The objective of this article is to determine if working age adults with disabilities differ in healthy behaviours from those without disabilities.Method. Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System data (2003) were used to assess healthy behaviours among 201,840 community dwelling working age adults.Results. People who reported activity limitation irrespective of assistive device use were more likely to be overweight and to smoke than people without a disability. The prevalence of heavy alcohol and insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly lower among those who used an assistive device irrespective of activity limitation compared to the No Disability Group. Adults in all disability groups were significantly more likely to report physical inactivity compared to the No Disability Group. Lower alcohol consumption and physical inactivity findings were accentuated when the disabled wer...
The moral pop-out effect: Enhanced perceptual awareness of morally relevant stimuli

People perceive religious and moral iconography in ambiguous objects, ranging from grilled cheese to bird feces. In the current research, we examined whether moral concerns can shape awareness of perceptually ambiguous stimuli. In three experiments, we presented masked moral and non-moral words around the threshold for conscious awareness as part of a lexical decision task. Participants correctly identified moral words more frequently than non-moral words—a phenomenon we term the moral pop-out effect. The moral pop-out effect was only evident when stimuli were presented at durations that made them perceptually ambiguous, but not when the stimuli were presented too quickly to perceive or slowly enough to easily perceive. The moral pop-out effect was not moderated by exposure to harm and cannot be explained by differences in arousal, valence, or extremity. Although most models of moral psychology assume the initial perception of moral stimuli, our research suggests that moral beliefs and values may shape perceptual awareness.
Incidence and Timing of Cancer in HIV-Infected Individuals Following Initiation of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Background Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but patterns of cancer incidence after combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation remain poorly characterized.
Effects of Habitat Disturbance on Stream Salamanders: Implications for Buffer Zones and Watershed Management

With human populations increasing worldwide, habitat destruction and degradation are among the greatest threats facing wildlife. To minimize the impacts of development on aquatic habitats, numerous conservation measures have been implemented, including the use of riparian buffer zones along streams and rivers. We examined the effectiveness of current buffer-zone systems for management of small watersheds in conserving stream-dwelling salamander populations in 10 small streams (draining � 40.5 ha) in the western Piedmont of North Carolina. We captured salamanders by means of funnel traps and systematic dipnetting and used a geographic information system to calculate the percentage of disturbed habitat within the water- shed of each stream and within 10.7-, 30.5-, and 61.0-m buffer zones around each stream, upstream from our sampling locations. Although the relative abundance of salamanders was strongly inversely proportional to the percentage of disturbed habitat in the entire watersheds ( R 2 � 0.71 for Desmognathus fuscus and 0.48 for Eurycea cirrigera ), we found little to no correlation between the relative abundance of salamanders and the percentage of disturbed habitat present within buffer zones ( R 2 � 0.06-0.27 for D. fuscus and 0.01-0.07 for E. cirrigera ). Thus, conservation efforts aimed at preserving salamander populations in headwater streams must consider land use throughout entire watersheds, rather than just preserving small riparian buffer zones.
Safety and dosing of bevacizumab (avastin) for the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Objectives:Increasing evidence supports the use of laryngeal injections of the antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab (Avastin) for the adjuvant treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). A...
Morphine Induces Sepsis in Mice

Gram-negative sepsis and subsequent endotoxic shock remain major health problems in the United States. The present study examined the role of morphine in inducing sepsis. Mice administered morphine by the subcutaneous implantation of a slow-release pellet developed colonization of the liver, spleen, and peritoneal cavity with gram-negative and other enteric bacteria. In addition, the mice became hypersusceptible to sublethal endotoxin challenge. The effects were blocked by the simultaneous implantation of a pellet containing the opioid antagonist naltrexone. These findings show that morphine pellet implantation in mice results in the escape of gram-negative organisms from the gastrointestinal tract, leading to the hypothesis that morphine used postoperatively or chronically for analgesia may serve as a cofactor in the precipitation of sepsis and shock. In addition, morphine-induced sepsis may provide a physiologically relevant model of gram-negative sepsis and endotoxic shock.
Self-organizational origin of agates: Banding, fiber twisting, composition, and dynamic crystallization model

Abstract Agates display associated repetitive textures and composition: alternating layers consisting of twisted and non-twisted chalcedony fibers and correspondingly high and low Al concentration, banding of water inclusions, chevron interference, and micrometer-scale concentric bands with alternating high and low OH content. This association suggests a self-organizational crystallization, a process in which systematically repetitive textures and composition are produced by the very dynamics of reaction-transport interactions, not by periodically changing outside causes. An isothermal, quantitative, dynamic model is proposed here based on the autocatalytic reaction, Initial Medium Al = Quartz + Al. Al 3+ is released by the reaction and is assumed to act as a catalyst for it. The model consists of equations taking account of mass continuity, diffusion, advection, and quartz crystallization. A linear instability analysis of the equations indicates that, for self-organizational behavior to be possible, agate crystallization must take place from an initial medium having silica concentration ≥ 1 g SiO 2 /cm 3 . This huge threshold alone strongly points to closed-system crystallization from lumps of gel or amorphous silica, but not from aqueous solutions. Numerical solutions of the full nonlinear system of equations for appropriate parameter values indeed yield seesaw (and out-of-phase) profiles of silica and Al concentration at the crystallization front. Chalcedony fibers that grow under high Al incorporate considerable Al for Si. Because the Al taken up becomes ordered and because Al 3+ is larger than Si 4+ , this substitution causes the fibers to grow twisted. But fibers that grow under low Al at the front incorporate no or (even for quartz) little Al, and do not become twisted. The model correctly accounts in an integrated way for many textural and compositional properties of agates: generation and spacing of repetitive banding; formation of alternating twisted-fiber and nontwistedfiber chalcedony layers and their corresponding high and low Al content; periodic trapping of fluid inclusions at moments of very high quartz growth rate; general inward sequence of a repetitively banded region, a non-banded region, and a central void; a generally decreasing δ 18 O profile from the outside inward with sharp increases at predicted steam flashing. Each chalcedony layer is predicted to crystallize in tens of hours.
Inhibitors of preadipocyte differentiation induce COUP-TF binding to a PPAR/RXR binding sequence.

Abstract Inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation by 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or retinoic acid (RA) identified another transcription factor which appears to be important for preadipocyte differentiation. Within 15 min of treating 3T3-L1 cells with TCDD, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is present within the cell nucleus, and increased binding of COUP-TF to an oligomer of the PPARγ2/RXR binding sequence (ARE7) occurs. Following 2 days of RA treatment, increased binding of COUP-TF to the ARE7 oligomer also occurs. In untreated preadipocytes, COUP-TF mRNA increased at confluence and then decreased after induction. TCDD treatment did not alter COUP-TF mRNA changes. Dephosphorylating the nuclear extracts from TCDD and RA-treated cells eliminated binding of COUP-TF to ARE7. This is the first indication that COUP-TF may play a role in preadipocyte differentiation and that COUP-TF binding to DNA is correlated with TCDD and RA-induced phosphorylation.
Modeling maximum astrophysical gravitational recoil velocities

We measure the recoil velocity as a function of spin for equal-mass, highly spinning black-hole binaries, with spins in the orbital plane, equal in magnitude, and opposite in direction. We confirm that the leading-order effect is linear in the spin and the cosine of angle between the spin direction and the infall direction at the merger. We find higher-order corrections that are proportional to the odd powers in both the spin and cosine of this angle. Taking these corrections into account, we predict that the maximum recoil will be $3680\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}130\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
The structure and value of modularity in software design

The concept of information hiding modularity is a cornerstone of modern software design thought, but its formulation remains casual and its emphasis on changeability is imperfectly related to the goal of creating added value in a given context. We need better explanatory and prescriptive models of the nature and value of information hiding. We evaluate the potential of a new theory---developed to account for the influence of modularity on the evolution of the computer industry---to inform software design. The theory uses design structure matrices to model designs and real options techniques to value them. To test the potential utility of the theory for software we apply it to Parnas's KWIC designs. We contribute an extension to design structure matrices, and we show that the options results are consistent with Parnas's conclusions. Our results suggest that such a theory does have potential to help inform software design.
On the Transfer of Some OR/MS Technology to Criminal Justice

The very first sentence of the Editorial Policy of Interfaces says that this publication “is concerned with the operational problems of using management science and operations research.” Further on in the same policy statement it is stated that “exemplary content” could include “items briefly reporting specific applications, such as a first time application of a particular algorithm in a given industry.” It is our intent here to provide a brief case history, consistent with these concerns, of the application to criminal justice systems analysis and program evaluation of approaches very familiar to reliability engineers and biostatisticians, which turn out to provide much more powerful statistical tools for such assessments.
Trapped energetic electron curtains produced by thunderstorm driven relativistic runaway electrons

Relativistic runaway electron beams driven upward by intense lightning-generated quasielectrostatic (QE) fields undergo intense interactions with the background magnetospheric plasma, leading to rapid nonlinear growth of Langmuir waves. The beam electrons are strongly scattered by the waves in both pitch angle and energy, within one interhemispheric traverse along the Earth's magnetic field lines. While those electrons within the loss cone precipitate out, most of the electrons execute bounce and drift motions, forming detectable trapped curtains of energetic electrons.
The German Party System and the 1961 Federal Election.

Each German federal election since 1949 has resulted in a reduction in the number of parties securing representation in the Bundestag. While this trend continued in 1961, there is evidence that the party system is becoming stabilized, making it unlikely that any of the present parties will disappear in the near future. This article examines the 1961 election and its significance for the German party system. The major outlines of the present German party system became apparent as early as 1946, when party activities were resumed on a zonal basis. The principal parties then in the field were the Communist Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Christian Democratic Union, and the Free Democratic Party. The last two of these were known differently in different sections of West Germany, but today, with very few exceptions, the designation for each group is the same throughout the Federal Republic.
Quantity Discounts: An Overview and Practical Guide for Buyers and Sellers

Quantity Discounts surveys operations management literature and offers ways to bridge remaining gaps between research and practice. The authors include formulas and solution methods for some of the fundamental quantity discount scenarios from both buyers' and sellers' perspectives. Sample solution methods provide enough detail to enable implementation by managers, and they provide a flavor of the variety and complexity of some of the core techniques appearing in the literature. Quantity Discounts is organized as follows. Section 2 describes quantity discount conditions and realities, including the many reasons why companies offer them, the various quantity discount characteristics, results from surveys of practicing mangers, and a sampling of real-world discounts appearing in the literature. Section 3 provides a literature review for buyer's perspective models, while Section 4 provides a review for seller's perspective models. Section 5 concludes with several recommendations for future research. Finally, especially designed for instructors and practitioners, the Appendix illustrates how to implement several standard quantity discount models into Microsoft Excel with relative ease.
The mechanism of IL-5 signal transduction

Cytokines are important regulators of hematopoiesis. They exert their actions by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a critical cytokine that regulates the growth, activation, and survival of eosinophils. Because eosinophils play a seminal role in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases, an understanding of the signal transduction mechanism of IL-5 is of paramount importance. The IL-5 receptor is a heterodimer of α- and β-subunits. The α-subunit is specific, whereas the β-subunit is common to IL-3, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptors and is crucial for signal transduction. It has been shown that there are two major signaling pathways of IL-5 in eosinophils. IL-5 activates Lyn, Syk, and JAK2 and propagates signals through the Ras-MAPK and JAK-STAT pathways. Studies suggest that Lyn, Syk, and JAK2 tyrosine kinases and SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase are important for eosinophil survival. In contrast to their survival-promot...
Controlling Flowering of Photoperiodic Ornamental Crops with Light-emitting Diode Lamps: A Coordinated Grower Trial

Photoperiodic lighting from lamps with a moderate ratio of red [R (600– 700 nm)] to far-red [FR (700–800 nm)] light effectively promotes flowering of long-day plants (LDPs). Because of spectral controllability, long life span, and energy efficiency, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as an alternative to conventional light sources, such as incandescent (INC) and high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. We conducted a coordinated trial with five commercial greenhouse growers to investigate the efficacy of R D white (W) D FR LEDs, with an R:FR of 0.82, to regulate flowering of daylength-sensitive ornamental crops. The trial was also performed in two replicate greenhouses at Michigan State University (MSU). Ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum), calibrachoa (Calibrachoa ·hybrida), dahlia (Dahlia ·hybrida), dianthus (Dianthus chinensis), petunia (Petunia ·hybrida), snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), and verbena (Verbena ·hybrida) were grown under natural short days (SDs) with 4-hour night-interruption (NI) lighting provided by the R D W D FR LEDs or conventional lamps typically used by each grower. Two companies used HPS lamps, whereas the other sites used INC lamps. In addition, a natural SD treatment, a truncated 9-hour SD treatment, or a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) NI treatment was provided at three different sites. With few exceptions, time to flower and flowering percentage of the bedding plant crops tested were similar under the R D W D FR LEDs to that under the conventional lamps at all sites. At MSU, ageratum, dianthus, petunia, snapdragon, and verbena flowered earlier under NI lighting treatments than under 9-hour SDs. In addition, plant height and visible flower bud or inflorescence number at flowering were similar under the R D W D FR LEDs and INC lamps for most crops. Therefore, we conclude that the R D W D FR LEDs are as effective as lamps traditionally used in greenhouses at controlling flowering of photoperiodic plants.
Search for the ϕ-N bound state from ϕ meson subthreshold production

The subthreshold photoproduction of \ensuremath{\phi} mesons from heavy nuclear targets has been suggested as a candidate to search for the \ensuremath{\phi}-$N$ bound state, a quantum chromodynamics molecular state. In this Brief Report, we present detailed Monte Carlo studies to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique. Further, we show that proton-induced subthreshold production of \ensuremath{\phi} meson from heavy nuclear targets is also suitable for such a search.
The Relevance of Frédéric Bastiat to Twenty-First Century Economic Thought

Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) was a journalist and economic theorist within the French liberal school. He is best known for his writings on free trade and protectionism. Although he has written several classic short treatises, his work has been ignored by most modern economists. This paper will review a portion of his work that is still relevant in the twenty-first century. Links are also provided to other Bastiat studies.
Does Genomics Challenge the Social Construction of Race

Shiao, Bode, Beyer, and Selvig argue that the theory of race as a social construct should be revisited in light of recent genetic research, which they interpret as demonstrating that human biological variation is patterned in “clinal classes” that are homologous to races. In this reply, I examine both their claims and the genetics literature they cite, concluding that not only does constructivist theory already accommodate the contemporary study of human biology, but few geneticists portray their work as bearing on race. Equally important, methods for statistically identifying DNA-based clusters within the human species are shaped by several design features that offer opportunities for the incorporation of cultural assumptions about difference. As a result, Shiao et al.’s theoretical distinction between social race and biological “clinal class” is empirically jeopardized by the fact that even our best attempts at objectively recording “natural” human groupings are socially conditioned.
European Corn Borer Control in Peppers by Trichogramma nubilale

Trichogramma nubilale Ertle and Davis was used at 2 different release rates in smallscale field tests against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in sweet peppers. A parasitism rate of host egg masses averaging 80% was obtained on plants having leaf surface areas (LSA) equal to that of mature, commercial peppers i.e., 5500 cm2. As the LSA/plant increased to unusually large size, i.e., 8000 cm2, parasitism rates declined, demonstrating an inverse relationship between plant growth and parasitism similar to the results obtained in our previous studies on corn.
Coronary artery spasm after ingestion of Imodium (loperamide) in a 14-year-old boy

We report a 14-year-old boy who presented with acute chest pain, following the ingestion of loperamide for acute diarrhea. Twelve lead electrocardiogram (ECG) showed evidence of acute ischemia indicating acute coronary artery spasm. The changes reverted with treatment within a few hours with no permanent effect on myocardial function. This report highlights a rare side effect of loperamide, often debated in adults and never reported in adolescents.
Epidemiological analysis of AIDS mortality following antiretroviral therapy in Shanxi Province

Objective To analyze the survival time and factors of deaths who patients received highly active antiretroviral therapy( HAART) and to provide information for reduction of AIDS death rate. Methods The data of patient's death who received HAART in Shanxi Province were collected by China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention from 2004 to 2013,and were analyzed by SPSS 18. 0 software. Results 315 patient's death were retrieved. The average age was 43. 73 ± 12. 65 years old. The ratio of male to female was 1. 7 ∶ 1. 69. 21% of patients were married or cohabited. 58. 10% of patients were infected with HIV through blood transmission. 73. 33% of them died of AIDS related disease. 64. 13% of patients had entered the AIDS clinical WHO stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ for receiving treatment. The median of baseline CD4+cell counts was 44 counts / μL and the median of the interval between the time of HIV confirmation and HAART treatment was 218 days. Factors affecting death patients survival time were AIDS clinical staging of WHO,baseline CD4+cell counts and the infection routes. Conclusions The lower baseline CD4+cell counts and the higher WHO stages are the main factors related to death of AIDS patients received HARRT.
Replicates, Read Numbers, and Other Important Experimental Design Considerations for Microbial RNA-seq Identified Using Bacillus thuringiensis Datasets.

RNA-seq is being used increasingly for gene expression studies and it is revolutionizing the fields of genomics and transcriptomics. However, the field of RNA-seq analysis is still evolving. Therefore, we specifically designed this study to contain large numbers of reads and four biological replicates per condition so we could alter these parameters and assess their impact on differential expression results. Bacillus thuringiensis strains ATCC10792 and CT43 were grown in two Luria broth medium lots on four dates and transcriptomics data were generated using one lane of sequence output from an Illumina HiSeq2000 instrument for each of the 32 samples, which were then analyzed using DESeq2. Genome coverages across samples ranged from 87-465X with medium lots and culture dates identified as major variation sources. Significantly differentially expressed genes (5% FDR, two-fold change) were detected for cultures grown using different medium lots and between different dates. The highly differentially expressed iron acquisition and metabolism genes, were a likely consequence of differing amounts of iron in the two media lots. Indeed, in this study RNA-seq was a tool for predictive biology since we hypothesized and confirmed the two LB medium lots had different iron contents (~twofold differences). This study shows that the noise in data can be controlled and minimized with appropriate experimental design and by having the appropriate number of replicates and reads for the system being studied. We outline parameters for an efficient and cost effective microbial transcriptomics study.
Mini-incision Bankart Repair

Recurrent instability has plagued physicians since ancient times, because this problem can lead to severe disability. The tenuous balance between stability and motion of the glenohumeral joint makes treatment difficult. Historically, surgical procedures to stabilize the shoulder were used mostly for recurrent, locked anterior dislocations. These included staple capsulorraphy,1 subscapularis transposition,2 shortening of the subscapularis and anterior capsule,3 transfer of the coracoid,4 and osteotomies of the proximal humerus5 or the glenoid neck.6 Most were successful in the sense of eliminating recurrent dislocations, but often at the cost of restricted external rotation and a resultant risk of late glenohumeral osteoarthrosis.7–11 Furthermore, the traditional limited operative indications failed to account for the growing awareness of subluxations as a source of symptomatic instability.12–15 Better understanding of gleno-humeral joint biomechanics, the role of the capsuloligamentous structures, and their modes of failure has led to an emphasis on restoration of normal anatomic relationships.
Stable distributed real-time scheduling of flexible manufacturing/assembly/disassembly systems

The authors propose a dynamic model of the manufacturing environment which allows a real-time, distributed approach to scheduling. They first consider a single machine, and then they consider an interconnection of machines called a distributed clear-a-fraction policy which results in an acyclic system such as a flow shop. Finally, they treat a general manufacturing system with no restrictions on interconnections, using a clear-a-fraction policy with backoff, which can be shown to be stable. >
Active learning based requirement mining for cyber-physical systems

This paper uses active learning to solve the problem of mining signal temporal requirements of cyber-physical systems or simply the requirement mining problem. By utilizing robustness degree, we formulate the requirement mining problem as an optimization problem. We then propose a new active learning algorithm called Gaussian Process Adaptive Confidence Bound (GP-ACB) to help in solving the optimization problem. We show theoretically that the GP-ACB algorithm has a lower regret bound-thus a larger convergence rate-than some existing active learning algorithms, such as GP-UCB. We finally illustrate and apply our requirement mining algorithm with two case studies: the Ackley's function and a real world automotive power steering model. Our results demonstrate that there is a principled and efficient way of extracting requirements for complex cyber-physical systems.