cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Beam-Column with Equal-Leg Angle Cross-Section

The flexural-torsional buckling of equal-leg angle member under compression is analyzed and calculated. Based on General bending theory and the section properties of angle, the governing equations of the spatial buckling are presented and the formula of Wagner effect coefficient is deduced. The method can also be used for beam-columns with any type section, and the computational efficiency is much higher than numerical methods. The critical buckling loads of equal-leg angle members with different sizes are calculated and the column curves of critical load and slenderness ratio are plotted which will guide efficiently the actual engineering design.
Quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of non-protein amino acids in the presence of the twenty protein amino acids

Abstract The quantitative gas—liquid chromatographic analysis of eighteen non-protein amino acids, in the presence of the twenty protein amino acids, as their N-TFA- n -butyl esters, has been successfully achieved on a glass column packed with EGA. The relative molar responses of these amino acids,l relative to ornithine, are presented.
That’s the way the cookie bounces: Syntactic and semantic components of experimentally elicited idiom blendsß

Idioms are sometimes viewed as unitized phrases with interpretations that are independent of the literal meanings of their individual words. In three experiments, the nature of idiom representation was explored with a speech-error elicitation task. In the task, speakers briefly viewed paired idioms. After a short delay they were probed to produce one of the two idioms, and their production latencies and blend errors were assessed. The first experiment showed greater interference between idioms with the same syntactic structure, demonstrating that idiom representations contain syntactic information. The second experiment indicated that the literal meaning of an idiom is active during production. These syntactic and literal-semantic effects on idiom errors argue against a representation of idioms as noncomponential lexicalized phrases. In the final experiment, no differences were found between decomposable and nondecomposable idioms, suggesting that the lexical representation of these two types of idioms is the same.
Hexosamines Stimulate Leptin Production in Transgenic Mice

ABSTRACT Hexosamine flux has been shown to mediate aspects of nutrient sensing in insulin sensitive tissues and has been hypothesized to represent a satiety signal that results in shunting of fuel toward storage as fat. It has been recently reported that in vitro treatment of fat and muscle cells with hexosamines and acute glucosamine infusion in intact rats stimulate leptin secretin. In order to investigate the effects of chronic, physiologic increases in hexosamine flux on leptin we have examined leptin mRNA and serum leptin in mice overexpressing the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, GFA, in muscle and fat. Increased levels of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, the principal end-product of the hexosamine pathway were seen in transgenic fat, consistent with the overexpression of GFA. After overnight fasting, the transgenic mice were hyperleptinemic compared to littermate controls (4.5 ± 0.5 ng/ml in transgenic, 2.8 ± 0.2 in control, p = 0.005) despite equal body weights. In the random-fed state, the ...
Synchronous renal cell carcinoma and gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Background. Synchronicity of renal cell carcinoma and gynecologic malignancies is a rare condition and standardized treatment does not exist. Cases. Three cases of synchronous renal cell carcinoma and gynecologic malignancies are described. All three cases underwent optimal cytoreductive surgery for the gynecologic malignancy and a radical nephrectomy for the renal cell carcinoma. Adjuvant treatment, after surgery, was individualized in each case. Estrogen and progesterone receptors were positive in all the gynecologic tumors but negative in the renal cell tumors. Conclusions. This is apparently the largest report of synchronous renal cell carcinoma and gynecologic malignancies. Despite this rare condition, surgery should still be considered as primary treatment for these patients.
RsaM: a transcriptional regulator of Burkholderia spp. with novel fold.

Burkholderia cepacia complex is a set of closely related bacterial species that are notorious pathogens of cystic fibrosis patients, responsible for life-threatening lung infections. Expression of several virulence factors of Burkholderia cepacia complex is controlled by a mechanism known as quorum sensing (QS). QS is a means of bacterial communication used to coordinate gene expression in a cell-density-dependent manner. The system involves the production of diffusible signaling molecules (N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones, AHLs), that bind to cognate transcriptional regulators and influence their ability to regulate gene expression. One such system that is highly conserved in Burkholderia cepacia complex consists of CepI and CepR. CepI is AHL synthase, whereas CepR is an AHL-dependent transcription factor. In most members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex group, the cepI and cepR genes are divergently transcribed and separated by additional genes. One of them, bcam1869, encodes the BcRsaM protein, which was recently postulated to modulate the abundance or activity of CepI or CepR. Here, we show the crystal structure of BcRsaM from B. cenocepacia J2315. It is a single-domain protein with unique topology and presents a novel fold. The protein is a dimer in the crystal and in solution. This regulator has no known DNA-binding motifs and direct binding of BcRsaM to the cepI promoter could not be detected in in vitro assays. Therefore, we propose that the modulatory action of RsaM might result from interactions with other components of the QS machinery rather than from direct association with the DNA promoter. Database The atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under entry 4O2H. Structured digital abstract BcRsaM and BcRsaM bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction) BcRsaM and BcRsaM bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)
GENETICAL ASPECTS OF SELF‐ AND CROSS‐STERILITY

With the exception of the war period, the genetical and physiological aspects of self-sterility in plants have been under investigation at the Bussey Institution of Harvard University for the last twelve years; and, as often is the case with material worked intensively, the experiments have opened up so many new problems that they will probably be continued for several more years to come. The opportunity afforded by this symposium for bringing together a summary account of that phase of the work having to do with heredity is very welcome, therefore, both because results as yet unpublished have thrown new light on the subject, and because the previous accounts have been too long and detailed for ready reference. The experiments to be reported on here include only those upon the genus Nicotiana which for the last three years have been carried on by Dr. E. S. Anderson, who gives me permission to refer to his unpublished records. Experiments on some other species which I started four years ago are not yet ready for publication; but it may be stated that the data from these later experiments are in no wise contradictory to what I shall have to say. The self-sterile species used were Nicotiana alata Lk. and Otto var. grandiflora Comes, Nicotiana angustifolia R. and P. var. crispa Cav., Nicotiana commutata Fisch. and Meyer, Nicotiana glutinosa L., and a species believed to be Nicotiana.Forgetiana (Hort.) Sand. A self-fertile species, Nicotiana Langsdorffii L., was also utilized. Both N. Forgetiana and N. alata cross easily with N. Langsdorffli. The F1 plants show no evidence of true sterility, i.e., they form normal capsules full of seeds as readily as do either of the parent species. All F1 plants are self-fertile; and when selfed produce F2 populations consisting of about 3 self-fertile plants to i self-sterile plant. One may assume, therefore, that self-sterility in Nicotiana is due to the presence of the allelomorph of a dominant self-fertility factor, F. When a population is homozygous or heterozygous for factor F, it is self-fertile; when a population is homozygous for f, that is to say when it is ff, it is self-sterile. These results corroborate those of Compton for Reseda odorata, and have been strengthened by another similar investigation made by Baur on Antirrhinum. The other three self-sterile Nicotianas used in the work, N. angustifolia, N. commutata, and N. glutinosa, will not cross readily with self-fertile species, hence the genetic relationship could not be determined. But from
Seasonal climatologies of nutrients and hydrographic properties on quasi-neutral surfaces for four coastal upwelling systems

Seasonal climatologies of upper-ocean hydrographic properties and nutrients are presented for four different major coastal upwelling centers: the California, Peru-Humboldt, Canary, and Benguela regions. The climatologies are built from historical hydrographic data primarily to serve as a tool for comparative studies of productivity variations and nutrient fluxes in the near-coastal zone. Care was taken to ensure that quantities were interpolated vertically to, and averaged horizontally on, approximately neutral surfaces to constrain averaging among only those water masses that would naturally mix easily. Rather than rely on potential density surfaces that are not coincident with neutral surfaces in regions with large vertical excursions of isopycnals, the neutral surfaces were properly approximated through the use of specific volume anomaly (δ) surfaces, and were spaced closely in the vertical (approximately 0.1 σ-unit apart). Horizontal averaging to a 1/6° spatial grid was accomplished via the application of bicubic splines under tension, and provided sufficient spatial resolution for resolving upwelling patterns near the coastline. Seasonal mean nutrient-to-nutrient relationships also were constructed as another diagnostic tool for inter-regional comparisons, and are consistent with expected Redfield ratios. A consistent, high-resolution climatology is now publicly available as a tool for local and comparative studies of four different upwelling zones.
The interaction between a crack and a dislocation dipole

This paper presents the results of an analysis which considers the interaction between a semi-infinite crack and a dislocation dipole. Applying the operator derived by Denda [1] to the crack/dislocation interaction solution developed by Lo [2], explicit expressions are obtained for the stress intensity factors at the tip of the crack. Results are computed and discussed for a variety of geometrical configurations, with the intent of developing an understanding of the effects of position and orientation of the dislocation dipole on crack tip shielding and antishielding. The solution can be used as a Green's function in semi-empirical analyses such as the one proposed by Chudnovsky [3], where the interaction between a crack in a polymeric material and the damage (crazing) which surrounds it is solved by experimentally measuring the crack opening displacements of the crazes and calculating the amount of toughening caused by the damage.
Removal of Acetaminophen Using Enzyme-Mediated Oxidative Coupling Processes: I. Reaction Rates and Pathways

We found that acetaminophen could be effectively transformed and removed from water by laccase-mediated oxidative coupling processes. The removal of acetaminophen followed second-order kinetics with first-order to the concentrations of both the substrate and the enzyme. Mass spectrum analysis demonstrated that polymerization through radical−radical coupling mechanism was the pathway leading to acetaminophen transformation. Coupling products thus formed are believed to be biologically inactive and more readily removable from water. Secondary mass spectra of the dimers in combination with molecular modeling analysis further elucidated that the coupling proceeded via covalent bonding between two molecules at their unsubstituted carbons in benzene rings. These findings demonstrated that laccase-mediated oxidative coupling can potentially serve as an alternative strategy to control certain micropollutants in water/wastewater treatment and reuse.
Lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS) of mucosal pathogens: Molecular mimicry and host-modification of LOS

Immunochemical studies of the lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS) of the Gram-negative bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis have revealed some interesting structural characteristics of these LOS that might relate to their roles during pathogenesis. The carbohydrate moieties of the LOS of pathogenic Neisseria mimic carbohydrates present in glycosphingolipids of human cells. Firstly, an LOS component present among a number of Neisseria species is antigenically and/or chemically identical to lactoneoseries glycosphingolipids present in human cells. The lactoneoseries LOS becomes sialylated on Neisseria gonorrhoeae when they are grown in the presence of cytidine 5'-monophospho-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (CMP-NANA), the nucleotide sugar for sialic acid. Examination of gonococci present in exudates from males with natural infection indicates that sialylation also occurs in vivo. The mechanism for this process apparently involves a bacterial sialyltransferase scavenging available host CMP-NANA ("host-modification" of LOS) and transferring the sialic acid to the lactoneoserieslike LOS. Strains of N. meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae also express similarly sialylated LOS suggesting that this is a common mechanism of pathogenesis among these bacteria. Additional examples of LOS that mimic other glycosphingolipid series have been identified also and the fact that multiple series can be expressed in a single population of gonococci suggests that a diverse set of LOS can be presented to the host during infection. It is possible that this diverse set of LOS serve different functions for the bacteria in various hosts and/or environments during infection.
A Method for Automating 3-Dimensional Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Measurement

Objective The proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) is used for the echocardiographic quantification of effective orifice areas in valvular stenosis and regurgitation. Typically measured in 2 dimensions, the PISA relies on the geometric assumption that the shape of flow convergence is a hemisphere and that the orifice is a single circular point. Neither assumption is true. The objective was to develop a method for automating the measurement of the PISA in 3 dimensions and to illuminate the actual shape of the flow convergence pattern and how it changes over time. Design Retrospective, single-case study. Setting Major urban hospital. Participants This study was based on a single patient undergoing mitral valve replacement. Interventions No additional interventions were performed in the patient. Results The effective orifice areas calculated from the serial hemispheric, hemi-elliptic, and 3-dimensional (3D) PISAs during diastole were compared with the corresponding planimetric anatomic mitral orifice area. The effective orifice areas based on the manual and automated measurements of 3D PISAs more closely approximated the anatomic orifice than the effective orifice areas calculated using hemispheric or hemi-elliptic PISAs. Conclusions An automated analysis of 3D color Doppler data is feasible and allows a direct and accurate measurement of a 3D PISA, thus avoiding reliance on simplistic geometric assumptions. The dynamic aspect of cardiac orifices also must be considered in orifice analysis.
Brain delivery of proteins via their fatty acid and block copolymer modifications

AbstractIt is well known that hydrophobic small molecules penetrate cell membranes better than hydrophilic molecules. Amphiphilic molecules that dissolve both in lipid and aqueous phases are best suited for membrane transport. Transport of biomacromolecules across physiological barriers, e.g. the blood-brain barrier, is greatly complicated by the unique structure and function of such barriers. Two decades ago we adopted a simple philosophy that to increase protein delivery to the brain one needs to modify this protein with hydrophobic moieties. With this general idea we began modifying proteins (antibodies, enzymes, hormones, etc.) with either hydrophobic fatty acid residues or amphiphilic block copolymer moieties, such as poy(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (pluronics or poloxamers) and more recently, poly(2-oxasolines). This simple approach has resulted in impressive successes in CNS drug delivery. We present a retrospective overview of these works initiated in the Soviet Unio...
Zapping Index:Using Smile to Measure Advertisement Zapping Likelihood

In marketing and advertising research, “zapping” is defined as the action when a viewer stops watching a commercial. Researchers analyze users’ behavior in order to prevent zapping which helps advertisers to design effective commercials. Since emotions can be used to engage consumers, in this paper, we leverage automated facial expression analysis to understand consumers’ zapping behavior. Firstly, we provide an accurate moment-to-moment smile detection algorithm. Secondly, we formulate a binary classification problem (zapping/non-zapping) based on real-world scenarios, and adopt smile response as the feature to predict zapping. Thirdly, to cope with the lack of a metric in advertising evaluation, we propose a new metric called Zapping Index (ZI). ZI is a moment-to-moment measurement of a user’s zapping probability. It gauges not only the reaction of a user, but also the preference of a user to commercials. Finally, extensive experiments are performed to provide insights and we make recommendations that will be useful to both advertisers and advertisement publishers.
Regulation of dopamine receptors in the MtT/W15 transplantable pituitary tumor by estrogen

Abstract We investigated the effects of estrogens on the regulation of dopamine receptors in the MtT/W15 transplantable rat pituitary tumor. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 17β-estradiol treatment in female rats significantly decreased the number of dopamine binding sites ( B max ) from 85 ± 3.9 fmol/mg protein in untreated rats to 9.2 ± 1.2 and 8.2 ± 2.8 fmol/mg protein in DES and 17β-estradiol-treated rats, respectively, while the binding affinities ( K d ) did not change significantly. Testosterone treatment did not change the B max , while ovariectomy resulted in a significant increase in the B max ( 146.3 ± 6.7 fmol/mg protein). The effects of DES on the B max were reversible, since removal of the DES for one week before sacrificing the animals led to a marked increase in the B max ( 54.9 ± 3.1 fmol/mg protein). Pituitaries from normal female rats treated with DES for 6 and 9 weeks had a significant decrease in the B max . These results show that the number of dopamine binding sites in the membranes of MtT/W15 tumors is decreased by estrogen treatment and that this effect is reversible after removal of the estrogenic stimulus.
Europium(III)–asparagine complexation in aqueous methanol

Abstract A problem of long-term interest in lanthanide chemistry is whether a ligand resides in the cation’s inner or outer solvation shell. Using asparagine as part of a study of Eu(III) and amino acids to determine complexation differences, only the one-to-one complex forms and the complexation thermodynamics are consistent with inner-sphere complexation. The substitution of water by methanol causes only a small increase in the complexation constant.
Mutation of Salmonella typhimurium by nitrosoguanidine

Abstract N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguadine (NG) was found to be an extremely effective mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium. Its specificity range was similar to that of diethyl sulfate, but different from 2-aminopurine and numerous other mutagens. A number of multi-site mutants induced by NG and diethyl sulfate were analyzed and most of them were found to be the result of cumulative single-site mutations. The single-site mutations induced by NG were of non-transitional, as well as transitional, types. In the case of a few mutants, the possibility that these might represent deletions could not be eliminated. Methods are presented whereby auxotrophic mutants induced by NG may be obtained from prototrophic wild-type S. typhimurium by direct isolation, and with little concomitant killing action. The fact that no intermediate steps of isolation are necessary is one of several indications of strong mutational ability of NG. The nutritional requirements of 52 NG and 32 diethyl sulfate induced mutants are presented, with emphasis that several have multiple requirements.
Effect of elastic stress on the resistivity and Tc of (Bi, Pb)2Sr2Can−1CunOx for n = 2 or 3

Abstract We have measured the effect of elastic uniaxial stress σ in the a direction on the superconducting transition temperature T c of (Bi, Pb) 2 Sr 2 Ca n−1 Cu n O x ( n = 2 or 3, 2212 and 2223). We find dT/d σ 11 = - 10 ± 2 K/GPa for 2212 and - 6 ± 2 for the 2223 compound. Our estimate of the change in T c with a fractional change in the c axis spacing leads to two possible results, 7.3 K/% and -0.6 K/%.
Response to BCNU of spheroids grown from mixtures of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells.

Multicellular spheroids were grown from mixtures of rat brain tumor cells sensitive (9L) and resistant (R3) to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). As shown previously, after treatment with 3μM BCNU, percentages of each cell subpopulation in mixed-cell spheroids were estimated with the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay and found to be approximately the same as percentages used to initiate spheroids. The sensitivity of 9L cells in mixed-cell spheroids treated with BCNU, estimated by changes in the number of SCEs induced by treatment, decreased as the percentage of R3 cells increased. When spheroids were disaggregated into single cells before treatment, however, the number of SCEs induced in the 9L population did not decrease but remained at levels similar to those found for spheroids grown from 9L cells only. These data suggest that the cell-cell interactions that influence BCNU sensitivity in mixed cell spheroids depend on three-dimensional intercellular contact. The response of purely 9L, purely R3, and mixed-cell spheroids to BCNU was also determined using the cell survival and spheroid growth delay assays. The surviving fractions of individual spheroids treated with 40 μM BCNU were slightly greater than expected; growth delays found for mixed-cell spheroids were 2–3 days less than expected. These findings suggest that cells in mixed-cell spheroids are more resistant to BCNU than would be predicted from the sensitivities of purely 9L and R3 spheroids.
Metal contacts to MoS 2 : A two-dimensional semiconductor

With increasing demands for electrostatic control as scaling continues in today's transistors, low dimensional structures continue to gain attention as a pathway for future device scaling because they offer excellent electrostatic control while remaining compatible with straightforward lithography techniques. In particular, MoS 2 has attracted interest for transistor applications because its large band gap allows for field effect devices with low off-current, unlike graphene [1]. One key bottleneck, however, is the realization of ohmic contacts on MoS 2 to improve FET device on-state performance. With this in mind, we evaluate Ni and Pd contacts on MoS 2 as potential alternatives to the already realized Au-MoS 2 and Ti-MoS 2 contacts [1]. Back-gated transfer length method (TLM) structures with Au, Ni, and Pd contact metals were fabricated on exfoliated MoS 2 flakes, with 300nm SiO 2 on degenerately doped Si as the substrate. The data indicate that Ni, like Au, makes an ohmic contact to the n-doped MoS 2 while the Pd metal contact shows Schottky behavior.
Photoacoustic determination of thermophysical properties of thin metallic plates using parameter estimation

The phase and the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal were measured as a function of chopping frequency for several kinds of widely used thin metallic plates (stainless steel 304, brass, aluminum, and copper) attached to plexiglass backing. The experimental data have been analyzed systematically by parameter estimation technique based on the two-layer model developed from Rosencwaig-Gersho (R-G) theory. Using this analysis, the values of thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity of the materials have been determined.
Real-time high-resolution measurement of collagen alignment in dynamically loaded soft tissue

A technique for creating maps of the direction and strength of fiber alignment in collagenous soft tissues is presented. The method uses a division of focal plane polarimeter to measure circularly polarized light transmitted through the tissue. The architecture of the sensor allows measurement of the retardance and fiber alignment at the full frame rate of the sensor without any moving optics. The technique compares favorably to the standard method of using a rotating polarizer. How the new technique enables real-time capture of the full angular spread of fiber alignment and retardance under various cyclic loading conditions is illustrated.
Adipogenic differentiation of human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma (MSCs).

We assayed gene expressions during adipogenesis of human MSCs. Microarray assays demonstrated time-dependent increases in expression of 67 genes, including 2 genes for transcription factors that were not previously shown to be expressed during adipogenesis. Introduction: Increased numbers of bone marrow adipocytes have been observed in patients with osteoporosis and aplastic anemia, but the pathological mechanisms remain unknown. Recently, microarray assays for mRNAs were used to follow adipogenic differentiation of the preadipocytic cell line, 3T3-L1, but adipogenic differentiation has not been examined in primary cells from bone marrow. Here we defined the sequence of gene expression during the adipogenesis ex vivo of human cells from bone marrow referred to as either mesenchymal stem cells or marrow stromal cells (MSCs). Materials and Methods: MSCs were plated at extremely low densities to generate single-cell derived colonies, and adipogenic differentiation of the colonies assayed by accumulation of fat vacuoles, time-lapse photomicroscopy, microarrays, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Results and Conclusions: About 30% of the colonies differentiated to adipocytes in 14 days and about 60% in 21 days. Cell proliferation was inhibited by approximately 50% in adipogenic medium. The differentiation occurred primarily at the center of the colonies, and a few adipocytes that formed near the periphery migrated toward the centers. RT-PCR assays demonstrated that the differentiation was accompanied by increases in a series of genes previously shown to increase with adipogenic differentiation: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α, acylCoA synthetase, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid binding protein 4. We also followed differentiation with microarray assays. Sixty-seven genes increased more than 10-fold at day 1 and 20-fold at day 7, 14, or 21. Many of the genes identified were previously shown to be expressed during adipocytic differentiation. However, others, such as zinc finger E-box binding protein and zinc finger protein 145, were not. This study should serve as a basis for future study to clarify the mechanisms of adipocyte differentiation of MSCs.
The Liquid Metal IP bridge

Programmers are increasingly turning to heterogeneous systems to achieve performance. Examples include FPGA-based systems that integrate reconfigurable architectures with conventional processors. However, the burden of managing the coding complexity that is intrinsic to these systems falls entirely on the programmer. This limits the proliferation of these systems as only highly-skilled programmers and FPGA developers can unlock their potential. The goal of the Liquid Metal project at IBM Research is to address the programming complexity attributed to heterogeneous FPGA-based systems. A feature of this work is a vertically integrated development lifecycle that appeals to skilled software developers. A primary enabler for this work is a canonical IP bridge, designed to offer a uniform communication methodology between software and hardware, and that is applicable across a wide range of platforms available off-the-shelf.
Modeling unsteady turbulent flows over ripples: Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations (RANS) versus large‐eddy simulation (LES)

(1) In this paper we consider the problem of modeling a turbulent pulsating boundary layer over ripples. We compare the results of two modeling strategies, Wilcox's kw Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) employing the Lagrangian dynamic eddy viscosity model. The geometry and parameters employed are relevant to nearshore oceanic flows, and the results are discussed in relation to the problem of sediment transport. Generally, RANS and LES agree well only with regard to the vertical profiles of the streamwise component of the velocity. Large discrepancies were found in all the other quantities considered (e.g., vertical velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stress). In particular, RANS severely underpredicted the magnitude of the Reynolds stress and overpredicted the amplitude of the oscillations in the vertical velocity. We also found that often the trends exhibited by RANS and LES when the frequency and/or amplitude of the driving conditions was varied were at odds. Since comparison with available experiments indicates that LES is able to accurately model this kind of flows, we conclude that the RANS model is not appropriate to model the suspension and transport of sediment under conditions similar to the ones presented in this study. INDEX TERMS: 4568 Oceanography: Physical: Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes; 4558 Oceanography: Physical: Sediment transport; 3210 Mathematical Geophysics: Modeling; 3220 Mathematical Geophysics: Nonlinear dynamics; 3230 Mathematical Geophysics: Numerical solutions; KEYWORDS: turbulence, numerical modeling, sediment transport
Is there a role for temporomandibular joint surgery

In North America, surgery of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has made considerable progress, although significant failures have plagued this field in recent years. In spite of the controversies, surgery of the TMJ continues to have a small, but nonetheless, important role in the management of specific temporomandibular disorders (TMD). A general overview of the current thinking in TMJ surgery is presented with the clear message that careful case selection is the most essential ingredient for a successful outcome.
Saccharide separations in reversed-phase high-performance and liquid chromatography using n-alkyl amine mobile phase additives

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromtography method is described for the separation of mono-, di- and trisaccharides on reversed-phase columns using n -alkyl amine mobile-phase additives. Saccharide capacity is dependent on solvent conditions and on the amount of adsorbed modifier. Whem compared with results from an amino column, the additive system requires weaker solvent conditions for the effective resolution of saccharide mixtures. The reproducibility and stability of this modified reversed-phase system is also demonstrated.
Primary prophylactic aspirin use and incident stroke: reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study.

Background Studies have shown that aspirin used for secondary prevention significantly reduces cardiovascular and stroke risk. The data for aspirin and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, and in particular stroke, are less clear, especially among blacks. Objective To evaluate prophylactic aspirin use and incident stroke in a large cohort of black and white participants. Methods The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study is a national, population-based, longitudinal study of 30,239 African Americans and whites, older than 45 years. Participants with stroke at baseline were excluded, reducing the cohort to 27,219. Proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association of incident stroke with prophylactic aspirin use, adjusted for confounding factors. Separate analyses were performed for subjects who self-reported baseline aspirin use for primary prevention of vascular disease compared with those using aspirin use for other indications. Results In all, 10,177 participants taking prophylactic aspirin were followed for a mean of 4.6 years. Univariate analysis showed an increased stroke risk for prophylactic aspirin use (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.37; 95% confidence interval: 1.16-1.62), but the association was attenuated (HR: 1.06; 95% CI: .86-1.32) with multivariable adjustment, adjusting for demographic factors (age, race, sex, and region), socioeconomic factors (income and education), perceived general health, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use), and finally the Framingham Stroke Risk Score (in a separate model). No racial, sex, or regional differences in the association were demonstrated. Conclusions In this observational study, prophylactic aspirin use was not associated with risk of first stroke, and there were no sex, race, or regional differences.
Numerical modeling of solidification and convection in a viscous pure binary eutectic system

The solidification and convection of the pure binary eutectic silicate system diopside-anorthite (Di-An) is numerically modeled. A mass-weighted enthalpy of fusion is used to account for the second solid phase (An) which crystallizes at the solidus temperature. Variable under-relaxation is used to aid convergence of the momentum equations in the implementation of the SIMPLER algorithm used to solve the two-dimensional continuum conservation equations. Numerical experiments of the solidification of Di80 melt show that a large temperature drop occurs across the solid and mush regions which decreases convective vigor in the liquid. Interesting compositional segregation patterns are produced during the solidification of Di80.
Isolation and Identification of Nepetalactone Diastereomers from Commercial Samples of Nepeta cataria L. (Catnip): An Introductory Organic Laboratory Experiment

The essential oil of Nepeta cataria L. (catnip), an herbaceous plant known popularly as a stimulant for the domestic cat, is enriched in two diastereomeric iridoid lactones (nepetalactones) that vary in ratio. Although the diastereomers are chromatographically separable and exhibit different 1D NMR spectra, it is not possible to differentiate between them chromatographically or spectroscopically without previous knowledge or more complex NMR experiments; however, the trans-fused lactone readily epimerizes to the thermodynamically more stable cis-fused lactone upon treatment with base. Students in the introductory organic laboratory establish the presence of the two major nepetalactones in catnip essential oil by TLC and GC–MS analysis, assigning TLC spots and GC peaks to specific lactones by chromatographic comparison of the essential oil with the product of epimerization (i.e., cis-fused lactone) and determining the diastereomeric ratio of nepetalactones by GC peak integration.
Of Religious Syncretism, Comparative Religion and Spiritual Quests

From the time when religions mingled in the Greco-Roman world thinkers have been compelled to evaluate their own beliefs and practices in relation to those of other peoples and races, but it was not until the latter part of the nineteenth century of our era that a serious attempt was made to apply scientific principles to the comparative and historical study of the subject. (W.James 1961 [1902]: 15)
Thar's tendons in them thar valves!

See related article, pages 948–956 In this issue of Circulation Research , Levay et al report an in vivo requirement for scleraxis ( scx ) during murine valvulogenesis and demonstrate its role in cell lineage differentiation and matrix distribution in remodeling valve structures.1 The scleraxis (Scx) gene encodes a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor that is expressed in the progenitors and cells of all tendon tissues.2 Recent studies have identified the specific regulatory pathway in which fibroblast growth factor activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) signaling cascade to promote expression of scx , which, in turn, induces expression of tenascin as being shared by developing valves and limb buds.3 In initial studies in chick, Lincoln et al found a restricted pattern of scx expression, suggesting that atrioventricular (AV) valve precursor cells diversify into leaflets (cartilage-like) or chordae tendineae (tendon-like) to produce both a leaflet and supporting apparatus,4 as opposed to semilunar valve precursor cells that exhibit both cartilage- and tendon-like characteristics and diversify into cusps with an internal supporting apparatus.5 However, in the present study, Lincoln and colleagues identified high levels of scx expression in remodeling AV and semilunar valve structures from embryonic day (E)15.5 through postnatal stages; the biological significance of this apparent difference between chick and mouse is not known. Levay et al1 determined the in vivo function of scx using null mice ( scx −/−). Scx expression is not detected during early stages of …
Zur Transpirations‐ und Verdampfungskühlung

Den Berechnungen der gemeinsamen Verdampfungs- und Transpirationskuhlung, fur die vereinfachende Annahmen getroffen wurden, lag als Modell ein von ausen beheiztes, poroses Rohr zugrunde. Der wesentliche Vorteil der gekoppelten Verdampfungs- und Transpirationskuhlung liegt darin, das die Verdampfungswarme ausgenutzt werden kann. Daher sind der Massenstrom des Kuhlmittels bei gleicher Kuhlwirkung und somit auch der Druckverlust geringer als bei der reinen Transpirationskuhlung. Im untersuchten Bereich sind fur die Kuhlwirkung eine grose Porositat und ein kleiner Porenradius vorteilhaft. Die Ergebnisse haben jedoch nur qualitativen Charakter, da die Untersuchungen auf Annahmen aufbauen, die noch durch Experimente zu erharten sind.
THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF SEMANTIC, ACOUSTIC, AND NONVERBAL DISTRACTION ON KORSAKOFF PATIENTS' VERBAL RETENTION PERFORMANCE

Korsakoff and alcoholic control patients' verbal retention performance was assessed following either acoustic, semantic, or nonverbal distractor activity. Both patient groups were similarly affected by the degree of relatedness between the distractor and the memoranda. Semantic distraction produced more verbal forgetting than acoustic, which in turn, caused more forgetting than the nonverbal tasks. The Korsakoff patients' verbal retention, however, became increasingly impaired, relative to the controls, as the level of similarity between the distraction and the memoranda increased. These results suggest that Korsakoff patients have difficulty performing verbal analyses which incorporate the distinctive physical, phonemic and semantic features of the memoranda into the development of their verbal memory traces.
Role of developmental overnutrition in pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes

Childhood obesity continues to be a significant public health burden. Empirical evidence has begun to identify intrauterine and postnatal pathways that increase the likelihood of excess adiposity and increased risk of type 2 diabetes among offspring. Reviewed here is the evidence supporting a transgenerational vicious cycle that increases obesity and diabetes in offspring and contributes substantially to the increases in obesity and type 2 diabetes observed over the past several decades. The public health impact of these findings is discussed and future research opportunities are outlined.
Two Independent Pathways for Self-Recognition in Proteus mirabilis Are Linked by Type VI-Dependent Export

ABSTRACT Swarming colonies of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis are capable of self-recognition and territorial behavior. Swarms of independent P. mirabilis isolates can recognize each other as foreign and establish a visible boundary where they meet; in contrast, genetically identical swarms merge. The ids genes, which encode self-identity proteins, are necessary but not sufficient for this territorial behavior. Here we have identified two new gene clusters: one ( idr ) encodes rhs -related products, and another ( tss ) encodes a putative type VI secretion (T6S) apparatus. The Ids and Idr proteins function independently of each other in extracellular transport and in territorial behaviors; however, these self-recognition systems are linked via this type VI secretion system. The T6S system is required for export of select Ids and Idr proteins. Our results provide a mechanistic and physiological basis for the fundamental behaviors of self-recognition and territoriality in a bacterial model system. IMPORTANCE Our results support a model in which self-recognition in P. mirabilis is achieved by the combined action of two independent pathways linked by a shared machinery for export of encoded self-recognition elements. These proteins together form a mechanistic network for self-recognition that can serve as a foundation for examining the prevalent biological phenomena of territorial behaviors and self-recognition in a simple, bacterial model system.
Spectral Line Profile Measurements from Calcium, Silver, and Aluminum Hollow Cathode Lamps

There has recently been a great deal of interest in the direct measurement of atomic spectral line profiles from sources which are commonly used in atomic absorption (AAS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), e.g., hollow cathode lamps (HCLs), electrodeless discharge lamps (EDLs), and vapor discharge lamps (VDLs). Knowledge of spectral line profiles is of great importance in theoretical AAS and AFS studies.
Non-local Concepts and Models in Biology

In this paper, we consider local and non-local spatially explicit mathematical models for biological phenomena. We show that, when rate differences between fast and slow local dynamics are great enough, non-local models are adequate simplifications of local models. Non-local models thus avoid describing fast processes in mechanistic detail, instead describing the effects of fast processes on slower ones. As a consequence, non-local models are helpful to biologists because they describe biological systems on scales that are convenient to observation, data collection, and insight. We illustrate these arguments by comparing local and non-local models for the aggregation of hypothetical organisms, and we support theoretical ideas with concrete examples from cell biology and animal behavior.
Nanoscale drug delivery systems for enhanced drug penetration into solid tumors: Current progress and opportunities

Poor penetration of anticancer drags into solid tumors significantly limits their efficacy. This phenomenon has long been observed for small-molecule chemotherapeutics, and it can be even more pronounced for nanoscale therapies. Nanoparticles have enormous potential for the treatment of cancer due to their wide applicability as drug delivery and imaging vehicles and their size-dependent accumulation into solid tumors by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Further, synthetic nanoparticles can be engineered to overcome barriers to drag delivery. Despite their promise for the treatment of cancer, relatively little work has been done to study and improve their ability to diffuse into solid tumors following passive accumulation in the tumor vasculature. In this review, we present the complex issues governing efficient penetration of nanoscale therapies into solid tumors. The current methods available to researchers to study nanoparticle penetration into malignant tumors are described, and the most recent works studying the penetration of nanoscale materials into solid tumors are summarized. We conclude with an overview of the important nanoparticle design parameters governing their tumor penetration, as well as by highlighting critical directions in this field.
Evidence for a role of endogenous estrogen in the hypothalamic control of gonadotropin secretion in men.

To examine the mechanism by which endogenous estrogens inhibit gonadotropin secretion in men, blood samples were drawn every 10 min for 12 h in five men before and at the completion of 3 weeks of treatment with the estrogen antagonist clomiphene citrate (50 mg twice daily). Samples were analyzed for LH and α-subunit by RIA. Clomiphene produced a 3-fold rise in circulating LH levels, which was associated with a 80% increase in pulse frequency and a 70% increase in pulse amplitude. Immunoreactive α-subunit secretion was also pulsatile before and after clomiphene treatment. Mean α-levels rose 70%, together with a 39% increase in pulse frequency and a 41% increase in pulse amplitude. Circulating testosterone and estradiol levels increased 2-fold and FSH levels increased 3-fold after clomiphene treatment. Insofar as each LH and uncombined α-subunit pulse reflects a LHRH secretory episode, our data indicate that endogenous estrogens tonically restrain the hypothalamic release of LHRH. From these results and tho...
Effectiveness of Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, or Moxifloxacin for Treatment of Experimental Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively compare, in a rabbit keratitis model, the levels of effectiveness of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus isolates of diverse antibiotic susceptibilities. Rabbit eyes were intrastromally injected with approximately 100 CFU of methicillin-sensitive or methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MSSA or MRSA, respectively) organisms that were either sensitive or resistant to ofloxacin. One drop of moxifloxacin (0.5%), levofloxacin (0.5%), or ciprofloxacin (0.3%) was topically applied hourly from 4 to 9 (early) or 10 to 15 (late) h postinfection. At 1 h after cessation of therapy, the corneas were harvested, and the number of CFU per cornea was determined. For the ofloxacin-sensitive strains, early treatment of MSSA or MRSA with moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin produced approximately a 5-log decrease in CFU per cornea relative to that in untreated eyes (P /=4-log or >/=3-log decrease, respectively, in the MSSA or MRSA strains (P /= 0.3627), whereas moxifloxacin produced a significant reduction in CFU per cornea of approximately 1 log (P </= 0.0194). Therefore, for three of the four treatments tested, moxifloxacin demonstrated greater effectiveness than either levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin.
Physical and chemical stability of palonosetron HCl with cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin during simulated Y-site administration

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical stability of undiluted palonosetron HCl 50 mcg/mL with cisplatin 0.5 mg/mL, carboplatin 5 mg/mL, and with oxaliplatin 0.5 mg/mL in infusion solutions during simulated Y-site administration.Triplicate test samples were prepared by admixing 7.5 mL of palonosetron HCl with 7.5 mL of the cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin dilutions. Physical stability was assessed using a multistep evaluation procedure that included both turbidimetric and particulate measurement as well as visual inspection. Chemical stability was assessed using stability-indicating HPLC analytical techniques based on the determination of drug concentrations. Evaluations were performed initially upon mixing and 1 and 4 hours after mixing.The samples were clear and colourless when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and when viewed with a Tyndall beam. Measured turbidity remained unchanged and particulate content was low and exhibited little change. HPLC analysis fo...