cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A map for sequence analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome

Arabidopsis thaliana has emerged as a model system for studies of plant genetics and development, and its genome has been targeted for sequencing1 by an international consortium (the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative; http://genome-www.stanford.edu/Arabidopsis/agi.html ). To support the genome-sequencing effort, we fingerprinted more than 20,000 BACs (ref. 2) from two high-quality publicly available libraries3,4,5, generating an estimated 17-fold redundant coverage of the genome, and used the fingerprints to nucleate assembly of the data by computer. Subsequent manual revision of the assemblies resulted in the incorporation of 19,661 fingerprinted BACs into 169 ordered sets of overlapping clones ('contigs'), each containing at least 3 clones. These contigs are ideal for parallel selection of BACs for large-scale sequencing and have supported the generation of more than 5.8 Mb of finished genome sequence submitted to GenBank; analysis of the sequence has confirmed the integrity of contigs constructed using this fingerprint data. Placement of contigs onto chromosomes can now be performed, and is being pursued by groups involved in both sequencing and positional cloning studies. To our knowledge, these data provide the first example of whole-genome random BAC fingerprint analysis of a eucaryote, and have provided a model essential to efforts aimed at generating similar databases of fingerprint contigs to support sequencing of other complex genomes, including that of human.
A 7.3-GHz, 55% tuning range emitter degenerated active inductor VCO

A 7.3-GHz, 55%-tuning-range active inductor VCO fabricated in an IBM 6HP SiGe BiCMOS process is presented. It occupies an area of 165 /spl mu/m/spl times/335 /spl mu/m and draws 15 mA of DC current from a 3.6 V supply to provide -74 dBc/Hz of phase noise at a 1 MHz offset.
Cell components in the immune response: III. Neonatal thymectomy: Restoration in culture

Abstract We have shown that cultures prepared from spleens of neonatally thymectomized mice are deficient in their ability to produce cells which lyse sheep RBC. This deficiency can be largely eliminated by addition of irradiated nonattached cells prepared from normal spleen. These findings may indicate that the nonattached fraction contains two components necessary for the development of plaque-forming cells against sheep RBC. The possible roles of these components are discussed.
Modelos y teorías de la comprensión matemática: Comparación de los modelos de Pirie y Kieren sobre el crecimiento de la comprensión matemática y la Teoría APOE

The search for a meaningful cognitive description of understanding has ensued for the past half a century. Within the past three decades, new and integrative perspectives have grown out of Richard Skemp's distinctions between instrumental and relational understanding. The growth of these perspectives, up until 1987, was documented by Tom Schroeder in his PME synthesis of the work on understanding resulting from Richard Skemp's instrumental/relational contrasts. Since 1987, the work on understanding has progressed and this paper examines the new, more recent theoretical frameworks of understanding which have arisen from these roots. This paper focuses on two theoretical frameworks, Pirie and Kieren's model of the growth of mathematical understanding and Dubinsky's APOS theory, and discusses other contemporary theoretical frameworks such as the work by Cornu and Sierpinska on cognitive or epistemological obstacles, the investigations into concept definition and concept image by Vinner and Tall, Kaput's explorations of multiple representations, and Sfard's distinctions between operational and structural conceptions. Besides explicating the definitions of understanding proposed by these two frameworks, the discussion addresses their elements and constructs as well as their linkages to historical and recent characterizations of understanding. The paper then argues why Pirie and Kieren's model and APOS theory satisfy the Schoenfeld (2000) criteria for classification as a theory and finally concludes with discussions of a variety of interconnections between these two theories as well as the elements which make them distinct from each other such as their origins, organizations, relationships to other frameworks, and implications of the two theories for both assessment and pedagogical practices.
Effects of Insecticides on Excitable Tissues

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the mechanism of the nerve excitation by insecticides and discusses the changes in the nervous function caused by insecticides. The action on the nerve membrane is discussed in the chapter. In the chapter, the electrophysiological techniques are applied to various problems of the mode of action of insecticides. This includes the mechanism involved in the temperature effect on insecticidal activity, the resistance of insects to insecticides, and the structure-activity relationship. Mode of action of insecticides has been studied extensively for the past two decades since the development of a variety of synthetic insecticides. One of the most remarkable achievements in this field is the study of the metabolism of insecticides, which includes activation and degradation. Another contribution worthy of note is the study of the inhibition of cholinesterases (ChE's) by a number of insecticides, most of which are either organophosphates or carbamates. The action of insecticides on the nervous system may be classed into three categories: (1) functional changes in the nervous system as a result of insecticide intoxication; (2) biochemical mechanisms, which are responsible for the functional changes; (3) biophysical or physico-chemical mechanisms, which are responsible for the functional changes.
Problem Definitions and Policy Agendas

Problem definition is a key part of the policy process. Policy problems can be defined in different ways, and different definitions often compete for the attention of policymakers and for privileged status on the governmental agenda. This article uses different problem definitions of public education in Boston, Massachusetts as a case study of how different definitions vie for acceptance. Problem definitions that received the most attention—weak governance, inadequate school programs, and limited finances—achieved agenda status due to their high visibility, strong political sponsorship, and availability of viable solutions.
Aging phenomena in spermatozoa. IV. Immunoserologic characterization of the deoxyribonucleic acid-protein extracted from fresh and aged bovine spermatozoa.

Abstract The deoxyribonucleic acid-protein complex was extracted from fresh and aged bovine spermatozoa and characterized by immunoserologic techniques. Seventeen five- to eight-month-old rabbits were injected with the deoxyribonucleic acid-protein complex, or the deoxyribonucleic acid-protein complex treated with ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, or both, respectively. Rabbits injected with washed spermatozoa, seminal plasma, trypsin, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, or both ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease, were used as a control. The antibody response of the rabbits immunized with these antigenic materials were measured by the fluorescent antibody, tube latex agglutination, gel double-diffusion precipitation, and immunoelectrophoresis techniques. On the basis of the experimental evidence in this study, it appeared that the deoxyribonucleic acid-protein complex extracted from the aged spermatozoa was a different antigenic moiety from the deoxyribonucleic acid-protein complex extracted from the fresh sperm cells.
An economic assessment of electricity for industrial space heating in the United Kingdom

Abstract The potential for increased use of electricity for space heating in industry in the United Kingdom is investigated. Two presently available technologies are considered the most likely candidates: electricaire (storage-based warm air heating on a restricted hour tariff) and air-to-air heat pumps. A simulation modeling approach is employed to examine the economic feasibility of the two electricity-based heating systems. The central component of the model is a simple industrial building with known thermal characteristics. The technical performance of the heating system installed in the model factory is assessed over the period of a year, while the economic performance is evaluated over the lifetime of the heating system. The economic competitiveness of electricaire and heat pump space heating is assessed by comparison with gas-fired warm air heating for different sizes of factory and shift patterns. The future prospects of the heating systems are examined under various scenarios. It is concluded that electricaire looks most favourable in small single shift factories because of its low capital cost, while heat pump heating looks most attractive in factories operating longer shifts, particularily if advantage can be taken of restricted hour tariffs. Greater penetration of heat pump heating systems is only likely if reductions in the capital cost of heat pumps and/or improvements in the coefficient of performance are achieved.
Preventing Depression: Culturally Relevant Group Work with Black Women.

Recent estimates indicate that 10% to 25% of women in the United States report clinically significant depressive symptoms and that Black women are less likely to obtain care for depression and to r...
Manual examination in the diagnosis of cervicogenic headache: a systematic literature review.

AbstractStudy Design:Systematic literature review.Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic validity of manual examination techniques used to diagnose cervicogenic headache (CGH).Background:Cervicogenic headache is a specific type of headache that originates from the cervical spine and is typically chronic in nature. Diagnostic criteria for CGH have been established by the International Headache Society (IHS) and are cited extensively in the literature. Diagnosis of CGH through manual examination is a more recent practice. To our knowledge, no systematic review of manual diagnosis of CGH has been performed.Methods:Searches of electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Medline, PEDro, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) were conducted for research studies from July 2003 to February 2014. The GRADE approach was used to determine the quality of each paper.Results:Twelve papers that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified (12 observational studies). The level of evidence ranged from very low to lo...
A High-Fiber Diet Does Not Protect Against Asymptomatic Diverticulosis

Background & Aims The complications of diverticulosis cause considerable morbidity in the United States; health care expenditures for this disorder are estimated to be $2.5 billion per year. Many physicians and patients believe that a high-fiber diet and frequent bowel movements prevent the development of diverticulosis. Evidence for these associations is poor. We sought to determine whether low-fiber or high-fat diets, diets that include large quantities of red meat, constipation, or physical inactivity increase risk for asymptomatic diverticulosis. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of 2104 participants, 30–80 years old, who underwent outpatient colonoscopy from 1998 to 2010. Diet and physical activity were assessed in interviews using validated instruments. Results The prevalence of diverticulosis increased with age, as expected. High intake of fiber did not reduce the prevalence of diverticulosis. Instead, the quartile with the highest fiber intake had a greater prevalence of diverticulosis than the lowest (prevalence ratio=1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.50). Risk increased when calculated based on intake of total fiber, fiber from grains, soluble fiber, and insoluble fiber. Constipation was not a risk factor. Compared to individuals with 15 bower movements per week had a 70% greater risk for diverticulosis (prevalence ratio=1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.24–2.34). Neither physical inactivity nor intake of fat or red meat was associated with diverticulosis. Conclusions A high-fiber diet and increased frequency of bowel movements are associated with greater, rather than lower, prevalence of diverticulosis. Hypotheses regarding risk factors for asymptomatic diverticulosis should be reconsidered.
Tolerance to the disruptive effects of arecoline on schedule-controlled behavior

The roles of dispositional, physiological, and behavioral factors in the development of tolerance to the effects of arecoline on operant behavior were assessed. In Experiment I, rats were trained to press a lever on a variable-interval 15-s schedule for milk reinforcement. Dose-effect relationships were assessed prior to and during chronic arecoline (1.74 mg/kg/day) treatment. After 21 days of arecoline administration prior to each session, the dose-effect relationship for total number of responses did not shift. However, the dose-effect relationship for total number of reinforcers shifted to the right. In Experiment II, rats were trained to respond on a fixed-ratio 20 schedule for milk reinforcement. Dose-effect relationships were assessed prior to and during chronic arecoline (0.87 mg/kg/day) administration. One group of rats received daily injections of arecoline prior to the session and a second group received arecoline injections 30 min after the session. Daily administration of arecoline resulted in a greater shift to the right of the dose-effect relationship for the presession group than it did for the postsession group. These data demonstrate the importance of behavioral factors in the development of tolerance to arecoline.
Epilogue: Facing identity

DE GRUYTER MOUTON DOI 10.1515/pr-2013-0006 Journal of Politeness Research 2013; 9(1): 123–132 Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz Epilogue: Facing identity Kira Hall: Departments of Linguistics and Anthropology, 295 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0295, USA, e-mail: kira.hall@colorado.edu Mary Bucholtz: Department of Linguistics, 3432 South Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3100, USA, e-mail: bucholtz@linguistics.ucsb.edu The day we began reading the articles included in this special issue, a gunman clad in full bulletproof clothing and wielding multiple weapons entered a Colo- rado movie theater and opened fire on an unsuspecting audience. As the inci- dent unfolded in the media over the next several weeks, its details grew graver and more perverse in every telling. This gunman was special. Mass killings in the United States, which now occur with unprecedented frequency, tend to involve a gunman who takes his own life when confronted by law enforcement. But this man came dressed in a defensive package of body armor that included riot helmet, vest, gas mask, throat protector, groin protector, and black tactical gloves. So deeply villainous was his embodied performance that audience mem- bers assumed he was some sort of opening-night gimmick sponsored by the producers of the superhero film they had come to see: the Batman blockbuster The Dark Knight Rises. Witnesses to the event reported watching the gunman walk slowly and calmly up the aisle, saying nothing as he threw baseball-sized canisters of tear gas into the audience and then fired the weapons that led to 59 injuries and 12 deaths. “It was so in sync we thought it was part of the movie,” recalled a stunned survivor. Indeed, when the police found the gunman minutes later outside a rear exit door standing next to his white Hyundai sedan, he identified himself only as “the Joker”. The name, of course, is that of Batman’s infamous archenemy, the red-lipped intellectual psychopath renowned for his sadistic sense of humor. Even though it is now known that this gunman’s legal identity is James Holmes, a possibly mentally disturbed former neuroscience graduate student at the University of Colorado, the most prominent image that continues to be displayed in the media at the time of writing is one that supports his delusion: a wide-eyed man with disheveled hair dyed a cartoon shade of red. We were extremely hesitant to begin this epilogue with reference to such a horrifying violation not only of civility but of the most fundamental human
Ordering theorems and generalized phase space distributions

General theorems are presented, relating to the ordering of functions of operators. Certain new ordering operators are introduced and integral representations for them are given. Applications to phase space descriptions of quantum mechanical systems are noted.
Prevalence of Mitral Valve Prolapse and Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valves in Black and White Patients Undergoing Cardiac Valve Operations

The risk factors for aortic and mitral valve diseases that require surgical repair such as congenital bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and mitral valve prolapse include acquired clinical factors and genetic influences. Whether race affects the prevalence of certain valvular diseases has not been sufficiently investigated. Through the Cleveland Clinic's Cardiovascular Information Registry, we evaluated the data from 40,419 patients who had undergone aortic valve surgery, mitral valve surgery, and/or coronary artery bypass grafting from 1993 to 2007. Of these patients, 38,366 were white and 2,053 were black. The prospective evaluation of valvular disease was coded, identifying the etiology and morphology by echocardiographic, surgical, and pathologic inspection. At baseline, compared to white patients, the black patients were younger, more often women, had a greater body mass index, and a greater prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and renal disease. The prevalence of congenital BAV and mitral valve prolapse was considerably lower in blacks than in whites (9% vs 25%, p
In situ detection of autoanti-idiotype antibody-forming cells induced by influenza virus infection☆

Abstract In situ immunocytochemical-staining methods combined with computer-aided image analysis were employed to examine autoanti-idiotype antibody-forming cell expansion in vivo . Autoanti-idiotype antibody-forming cells were demonstrated in the spleens of C57BL/6J (B6) strain mice intranasally infected with the influenza virus A/Hong Kong/168/(H3N2)[R]X-31. Autoantiidiotype B cells were detected and elevated in spleen tissues after secondary influenza infections compared to normal B6 mice, and were specific for a dominant idiotype antibody called PY206 reactive with the influenza virus hemagglutinin. Influenza virus-infected BALB/c mice, which make little PY206 Id, did not have increased autoanti-Id against PY206 compared to normal mice. Results provide evidence for an idiotype network-mediated stimulation of autoanti-idiotype B cell production during influenza virus infection.
Angiographic demonstration of total renal shutdown during apneic “diving” in the rabbit

Abstract 1. 1. Serial angiograms were taken following intra-aortic injections of contrast medium in free breathing animals and during apnea. Accompanying the characteristic bradycardia, a marked differential vasoconstriction occurs in the splanchnic bed during the “dive” with an apparent total cessation of blood flow to the kidneys and an increased perfusion of certain areas such as the spinal cord and brain. 2. 2. This readily elicited reflex may serve as a useful model in examining related vasoconstrictor influences pertaining to shock and the actions of certain vasopressor agents. 3. 3. The apneic response in the rabbit closely resembles the well-known diving reflex in aquatic birds and mammals.
Consumer selection of constant-weight ribeye, top loin, and sirloin steaks.

Abstract Constant-weight ribeye, top loin, and sirloin steaks were collected from beef carcasses (n = 25) representing five weight/loin muscle area (LMA) groups: G1 (226.8–271.7 kg; 70.97–78.96 cm 2 ), G2 (272.2–317.1 kg; 78.71–85.81 cm 2 ), G3 (317.5–362.4 kg; 86.45–93.55 cm 2 ), G4 (362.9–407.8 kg; 800 cwt, 94.19–101.29 cm 2 ), and G5 (408.2–453.1 kg; 101.94–109.03 cm 2 ). Consumers (n = 316) selected 3 steaks of each type and ranked selection criteria (color, marbling, thickness, texture). Consumers selected ribeye steaks from G5 most frequently ( P = 0.0002), but there were no differences among HCW/LMA groups for top loin or sirloin steaks. Thickness was the primary criterion for sirloins and top loins, but marbling was the primary criterion for ribeyes. Data indicate that consumers have preferences for steak thickness and appearance, but the preferred characteristics differ among consumers.
Computer Assisted Densitometric Detection of Breast Cancer

Mammograms from patients with surgically proven adenocarcinomas or fibrocystic disease were analysed using a scanning microdensitometer. The optical density curves of the radiographically demonstrable lesions were isolated from the remainder of the breast tissue and a ratio was developed relating the total mass curve of a lesion compared to the total mass curve of a circumscribed rectangle around the lesion. Based upon these ratios, the initial results show that this technique correctly distinguished between 16 cases of adenocarcinoma versus 17 cases of fibrocystic disease. Three additional cases were incorrectly diagnosed as carcinomas; two were fibroadenomas and the third was a large, benign intraductal papilloma. Further studies may prove density evaluation of mammogram lesions will be a reliable method for the diagnosis of breast cancer.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Community-Based Study of Acne-Related Health Preferences in Adolescents

Objective To examine preferences for acne-related outcomes in adolescents. Design Community-based, cross-sectional survey study. Setting Four public high schools in San Francisco, California. Participants Volunteer sample of 266 adolescents with acne. Main Outcome Measures Health utilities for current acne state and 3 hypothetical acne-related states (100% clearance, 50% clearance, and 100% clearance but with residual scarring) using time trade-off (TTO) and willingness to pay metrics. A self-administered written survey was used. Results The mean (median) utilities for current acne state using the TTO metric was 0.961 (0.985). One hundred percent acne clearance received a higher utility score (mean [median] score, 0.978 [0.994]) than 50% clearance (0.967 [0.992]; P P P = .23), a significant association with subject-rated severity was observed in both univariate analysis ( P = .01) and after adjustment for duration of acne, having seen a physician for acne, and income ( P = .05). Adolescents were willing to pay a median of $275 to have never had acne in their lifetime and were willing to pay significantly more for 100% clearance than for 50% clearance or 100% clearance but with scarring ( P Conclusions We describe adolescents' acne-related health state utilities. Compared with current acne state utility, both partial and total clearance with scarring are substantially less preferable than total clearance. Subjects' self-rated disease severity correlates with current acne state utility, whereas physician-rated severity does not. A self-administered paper instrument can effectively assess adolescents' acne-related preferences in community-based samples.
Comparison of white light and narrow band high definition images in predicting colon polyp histology, using standard colonoscopes without optical magnification

Background and study aims Narrow band imaging (NBI) with optical magnification is useful in predicting colon polyp histology. As magnifying endoscopes are not routinely available, we investigated the use of NBI and high definition white light imaging in determining polyp histology, using images obtained with colonoscopes without optical magnification. Patients and methods Images (white light and NBI) of colon polyps less than 10 mm in diameter were collected prospectively from patients undergoing screening colonoscopy and digitally stored. Two endoscopists later reviewed all images and predicted polyp histology as neoplastic or non-neoplastic using a modified Kudo classification. Comparison was made with histopathology. Results Separate white light and NBI images of 80 polyps (49 neoplastic, 31 non-neoplastic) from 63 patients were recorded. Mean polyp size was 5.1 +/- 2.1 mm (5.4 +/- 2.2 neoplastic; 4.4 +/- 1.8 non-neoplastic; P = 0.02). In a pooled analysis, NBI correctly predicted neoplastic histology in 93 of 98 images (sensitivity 95 %, positive predictive value [PPV] 94 %) whereas white light did so in 58 of 98 images (sensitivity 59 %, PPV 79 %). NBI correctly predicted non-neoplastic histology in 56 of 62 images (specificity 90 %, negative predictive value [NPV] 92 %) whereas white light did so in 47 of 62 images (specificity 76 %, NPV 54 %). Conclusions NBI without optical magnification was more accurate in predicting colon polyp histology compared with white light imaging. Image quality and confidence in histology were significantly higher in the NBI group. NBI without optical magnification may be useful in predicting colon polyp histology.
Hirschsprung's disease: Associated abnormalities and demography

We here examine the demographic parameters of patients with Hirschsprung's disease. The study population includes all patients with histologically confirmed disease treated at the Children's Hospital Medical Center of Boston over the 25-year period extending from 1961 through the first quarter of 1986. There were 179 cases. Overall, children with Hirschsprung's disease were found less likely to be first born (P less than .01). This relationship was seen to persist irrespective of maternal age, maternal race, or type of disease. The implications of this finding are discussed. Overall, 22% of these children had one or more associated abnormalities involving the neurological, cardiovascular, urological, and gastrointestinal systems. Many of the disorders appeared to be related to neurocrestopathies. Frequent associations included Down's syndrome, defects in cardiac septation, tetralogy of Fallot, and Dandy-Walker syndrome. These conditions occurred more frequently than would have been predicted through chance alone. This study found no association between an increased maternal age and the occurrence of Hirschsprung's disease. This study also found that approximately 7% of the affected children had been born prematurely.
Surface structure determination from scattering and recoiling: W(211) and W(211)-p(1×2)-O

Time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry with detection of both neutrals and ions for structure determinations is presented and applied to the clean W(211)-p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and W(211)-p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)-O structures. Experimental data are presented in the form of scattering and recoiling intensities versus beam incident angle and scattering and recoiling structural contour maps. The clean surface is relaxed both laterally and vertically from the bulk truncated structure. Oxygen atoms occupy threefold trough sites where they are bound to two first-layer and one second-layer W atoms.
Chronic exposure of developing cortical neurons to GABA down-regulates GABA/benzodiazepine receptors and GABA-gated chloride currents

Cultures of cerebral neurons were prepared from chick embryos, 8.5 days in ovo, and maintained in vitro. Following chronic exposure of these cells to GABA, the levels of [3H]flunitrazepam binding in situ and electrophysiological responsiveness to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was examined. Treatment with 100 microM GABA for 7 days reduced [3H]flunitrazepam binding in situ by 70 +/- 8% compared to untreated controls. The binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine was unaffected by this treatment. The reduction in [3H]flunitrazepam binding was prevented by concomitant exposure of developing neurons to the GABA antagonist R 5135, suggesting that GABAA receptor occupancy is required. The loss of bezodiazepine receptors was dependent on the GABA concentration in the culture medium and a half-saturation (IC50) value of 11.2 +/- 3.7 microM was estimated. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained to assess the functional properties of the labile receptor pool observed in the binding studies. Neurons cultured with 100 microM GABA for 7 days showed a 60-70% reduction in the peak current amplitudes observed in response to application of 10-100 microM GABA. However, the rate of rapid desensitization, quantified by measuring changes in input conductance, was unchanged by chronic GABA exposure, yielding decay time constants of 27.1 +/- 2.1 and 34.7 +/- 4.7 s for control and treated cells, respectively. The results are consistent with a GABA modulation of the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex by means of down-regulation.
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody reactive with rabbit T lymphocytes and neutrophils

Abstract An IgG 1 monoclonal antibody, termed ACM-1, has been shown to react with rabbit T cells, but not Ig + cells or macrophages. This antibody appears to recognize the same epitope as the previously described 9AE10 antibody and, together with 9AE10, has been used to obtain highly pure and fully functional T- and B-cell populations. However, the relevant epitope does not appear to be homologous to rodent Thy-1 since quantitative absorptions failed to show reactivity with rabbit brain. Furthermore, attempts to obtain in vivo T-cell depletion resulted in larger decreases in white blood cells than would be expected for simple T-cell removal. In vitro assays on enriched neutrophil preparations revealed that 80–95% of these cells were reactive with ACM-1 and 9AE10. Thus, it appears that in the rabbit, T cells and neutrophils share a major epitope.
Multi-year, seasonal genotypic surveys of coral-algal symbioses reveal prevalent stability or post-bleaching reversion

This report documents the extent to which coral colonies show fluctuations in their associations with different endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. The genetic identity of Symbiodinium from six coral species [Acropora palmata (Lamarck), A. cervicornis (Lamarck), Siderastrea siderea (Ellis and Solander), Montastrea faveolata (Ellis and Solander), M. annularis (Ellis and Solander), and M. franksi (Gregory)] was examined seasonally over five years (1998 and 2000–2004) in the Bahamas and Florida Keys at shallow (1 to 4 m) fore-reef/patch reef sites and at deeper fore-reef (12–15 m) locations. Symbionts were identified genetically using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) of ribosomal RNA gene loci. Repetitive sampling from most labeled colonies from the Bahamas and the Florida Keys showed little to no change in their dominant symbiont. In contrast, certain colonies of M. annularis and M. franksi from the Florida Keys exhibited shifts in their associations attributed to recovery from the stresses of the 1997–1998 El Nino southern oscillation (ENSO) event. Over several years, a putatively stress-tolerant clade D type of Symbiodinium was progressively replaced in these colonies by symbionts typically found in M. annularis and M. franksi in Florida and at other Caribbean locations. Greater environmental fluctuations in Florida may explain the observed changes among some of the symbioses. Furthermore, symbiotic associations were more heterogeneous at shallow sites, relative to deep sites. The exposure to greater environmental variability near the surface may explain the higher symbiont diversity found within and between host colonies.
Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure as a complication of urethral surgery

Acute renal failure secondary to rhabdomyolysis is a well-known entity. A case of rhabdomyolysis with renal failure secondary to positioning during urethral surgery is presented.
Adsorption and catalytic conversion of thiol vapors by activated carbon and manganese dioxide

Abstract Activated carbon and supported MnO2 were evaluated as adsorbents for removing n-butanethiol and methanethiol from air and nitrogen atmospheres passing through a fixed bed reactor at 27°C. Both adsorbents are effective in removing thiols which are oxidized to their corresponding disulfides. However, whereas activated carbon effectively retains disulfide by adsorption with high capacity, essentially quantitative liberation of disulfide vapor takes place from supported MnO2 beds. Thiol removal efficiency by activated carbon is superior to that of MnO2 and does not depend on the presence of oxygen. Oxidation of thiols by MnO2, however, is a catalytic process utilizing atmospheric oxygen. It is concluded that activated carbon is suitable for thiol removal in air pollution control operations but that supported MnO2 is not.
Sex chromatin in embryonic rat liver.

Abstract Sex chromatin frequencies were studied in the amnion and liver cells from rat embryos ranging in age from 12.5 to 20.5 days of gestation. Clear-cut dimorphism was demonstrated in both tissues at all stages of gestation studied.
Nanoparticle effects in cast Mg-1 wt% SiC nano-composites

Abstract Mg matrix nano-composites (MMNCs), reinforced with 1 wt% SiC nanoparticles, were cast by ultrasonic cavitation-based dispersion methods. Microstructural analyses of as cast specimens were conducted to characterize the grain size, shape and distribution, SiC nanoparticle size and nanoparticle-matrix interface. Average grain size for the composite specimens was 72 μm compared to 181 μm for pure Mg samples. The average SiC nanoparticle size was 66 nm. TEM studies showed good local dispersion of SiC nanoparticles, with only a few small largely spaced agglomerates. HRTEM showed a clean interface between SiC nanoparticles and the Mg matrix. The yield strength of Mg-1 wt% SiC nanocomposites was 67 MPa which showed improvement from 47 MPa for the pure Mg samples. This extra strengthening is due to Orowan and Hall–Petch effects.
On the interaction of populations

Una manera de trazar el mocimiento de dos grupos o de dos poblacionesen interaccion, consiste en los sistemas de ecuaciones diferenciales. Se construyen las ecuaciones de algunas condiciones simples de interaccion y se dan sus soluciones siguiendo la direccion de Volterra, Kendall y Goodman. Incluyen el caso en que los dos sexos aparecen como entidades que se influyen reciprocamente; en que los distintos grupos de edad se consideran como subpoblaciones, y en que el sexo y el estado civil suministran tres grupos interdependientes: hombres solieroe, mujeres solieras y matrimonios.
Description of a urease-based microELISA for the analysis of limiting dilution microcultures

Abstract Limiting dilution analysis has been a valuable approach for both determining the frequency of cell subpopulations elicited during immune responses, as well as for the analysis of immunoregulatory circuits. We describe a simple, visually scored spot test for evaluating the response of Mishell-Dutton microcultures used in limiting dilution analysis. This spot test is based on a microELISA using immunoreagents conjugated to the enzyme, urease, as an alternative to the hemolytic spot test. The assay as performed in Terasaki trays requires minute quantities (
Comparison of geoelectrical/tectonic models for suture zones in the western U.S.A. and eastern Europe: are black shales a possible source of high conductivities?

Abstract Large-scale geoelectrical anomalies have been mapped with geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS) and magnetotelluric (MT) surveys in the Carpathian Mountains region. These anomalies are associated with the zone of closure between stable Europe and a complex of microplates in front of the converging African plate. The zone of closure, or suture zone, is largely occupied by an extensive deformed flysch belt. The models derived to fit the observed geoelectrical data are useful in the study of other suture zones, and Carpathian structures have been compared with areas currently being studied in the western Cordillera of the U.S.A. Models derived for a smaller-scale suture zone mapped in western Washington State have features that are similar to the Carpathian models. The geoelectrical models for both the Carpathian and Washington anomalies require dipping conductive slabs of 1–5 Ω m material that extends to depths > 20 km. In both instances there is evidence that these materials may merge with lower crustal-mantle conductors along the down-dip margins of the slab. The main conductive units are interpreted to be sedimentary rocks that have been partially subducted due to collisional processes. Heat flow is low in both regions and it is difficult to explain fully the deep conduction mechanisms; however, evidence suggests that the conduction at depth may include electronic conduction in sulfide mineral or carbon films as well as ionic conduction in fluids or partial melt.
Brain science for the novice

Welcome to Your Brain by Sandra Aamodt and Sam Wang is a remarkably ambitious book that is aimed at sophisticated general readers. The authors' ambition is revealed in the scope of this express train of a book as it speeds in just over 200 pages from basic sensation to the neurobiology of happiness, religiosity and the use of oxytocin nasal spray to manipulate trust. The writing is very clear and, with the exception of the occasional joke or aside meant to create a welcoming tone, highly efficient. Indeed, the writing was so spare that sometimes I wondered whether a non-scientist reader could follow the arguments. I don't mean to carp over much, however, as the book is extremely enjoyable, very much up to date and a superb general overview of brain science for the nonneurobiologist.
IP/MPLS-over-OTN-over-DWDM Multilayer Networks: An Integrated Three-Layer Capacity Optimization Model, a Heuristic, and a Study

Multilayer network design has received significant attention in current literature. Despite this, the explicit modeling of IP/MPLS over OTN over DWDM in which the OTN layer is specifically considered has not been addressed before. This architecture has been identified as promising that bridges integration and interaction between the IP and optical layers. In this paper, we present an integrated capacity optimization model for network planning of such multilayer networks that consider the OTN layer as a distinct layer with its unique technological sublayer constraints. We develop a heuristic algorithm to solve this model for large networks. Finally, we provide a detailed numeric study that considers various cost parameter values of each layer in the network. We analyze the impact of each layer's cost parameter values on neighboring layers and overall network cost.
On the autonomy of the divine

Have you ever felt slightly confused, even while strangely moved, when in your favorite sacred place? When you seem to sense the ultimate unseen reality that is responsible for the very existence of this universe, does that presence come commingled with mystery, awe, and . . . something else? Are you prone, with many of us, to use terms like "divine," "holy," "sacred," "spiritual," "God," in thinking about this ultimate presence? What do we mean by terms such as these? Why pay homage to that which is supposed to be divine or sacred? What kind of homage? Most of us, even non-skeptics, set aside these slightly theoretical and confusing questions, and go on to our daily occupations. We leave it to the more curious and philosophically minded to probe in the possible nature of the object of this experience the "divine" presence we seem to feel. If we turn for help to these thinkers, we face a disorienting array of proposals. Among the clearest proposals are those that offer to explain away the very sense of the "divine," through naturalistic psycho-social accounts. I am not interested in these views they are too incomplete and reductive for my tastes. I am more interested in the non-skeptical proposals. Of those thinkers who maintain that there is special reality "out there" that corresponds to at least some "religious" feelings, many have attributed some sort of personhood or personality to such reality, or at least to some aspect of it. I side with these "believers," but I must confess some ambivalence. Most believers argue that this personal reality deserves from us attitudes of awe, gratitude, reverence, respect, allegiance, obedience, and worship. I am uncomfortable with some of these attitudes and sentiments. The particular ones that trouble me are the ones associated with the Kantian kind of respect. This kind of respect, Kant thought, is due only to beings that are autonomous,
Aberrant striatal plasticity is specifically associated with dyskinesia following levodopa treatment

Chronic levodopa treatment for Parkinson's disease often results in the development of abnormal involuntary movement, known as L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LIDs). Studies suggest that LIDs may be associated with aberrant corticostriatal plasticity. Using in vivo extracellular recordings from identified Type I and Type II medium spiny striatal neurons, chronic L-dopa treatment was found to produce abnormal corticostriatal information processing. Specifically, after chronic L-dopa treatment in dopamine-depleted rats, there was a transition from a cortically evoked long-term depression (LTD) to a complementary but opposing form of plasticity, long-term potentiation, in Type II "indirect" pathway neurons. In contrast, LTD could still be induced in Type I neurons. Interestingly, the one parameter that correlated best with dyskinesias was the inability to de-depress established LTD in Type I medium spiny striatal neurons. Taken as a whole, we propose that the induction of LIDs is due, at least in part, to an aberrant induction of plasticity within the Type II indirect pathway neurons combined with an inability to de-depress established plastic responses in Type I neurons. Such information is critical for understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying one of the major caveats to L-dopa therapy.
Vascular Bmp-Msx2-Wnt signaling and oxidative stress in arterial calcification

Studies of fracture repair have revealed that paracrine endothelial-mesenchymal interactions direct bone formation that restores osseous integrity. Angiogenic growth factors and specific members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family mediate these interactions. Recently, these same signals have been shown to be critical in the vascular pathobiology of hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. In the arterial vasculature, mechanical and inflammatory redox signals, characteristic of hypertension and diabetes have emerged as a secretagogues for BMP production-with downstream activation of endothelial NADPH oxidases (Nox). Preliminary data now indicate that the paracrine signals provided by BMP and reactive oxygen species augment aortic myofibroblast Msx2-Wnt signaling and matrix turnover. The net mural response to these stimuli promotes osteogenic differentiation of calcifying vascular cells, moreover, oxidation of vascular LDL cholesterol generates oxysterols that trigger Runx2 activity via hedgehog pathways. Thus, BMP, Wnt, and hedgehog gene expression programs-osteogenic pathways highly familiar to the bone biologist-are elaborated in the arterial vasculature via redox-regulated mechanisms. In the brief review, we recount mounting evidence that points to oxidative stress as a major contributor to the pathobiology of diabetic arterial calcification.
Binding of protein kinase substrates by fluorescently labeled calmodulin

Abstract A synthetic protein kinase substrate, PRO-LEU-SER-ARG-THR-LEU-SER-VAL-SER-SER-NH2, undergoes calcium-dependent binding by calmodulin. Phosphorylation of the peptide decreases its affinity for calmodulin with the dissociation constant increasing from 2.4 to ca . 7 mM. The results are consistent with the suggestion that calmodulin and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase can act on common recognition sequences.
Can a Dictator Turn a Constitution into a Can-opener? F.A. Hayek and the Alchemy of Transitional Dictatorship in Chile

AbstractCommenting on the Pinochet regime, Friedrich Hayek famously claimed in 1981 that he would prefer a ‘liberal’ dictator to ‘democratic government lacking liberalism.’ Hayek's defense of a transitional dictatorship in Chile was not an impromptu response. In late 1960, in a little known BBC radio broadcast, Hayek suggested that a dictatorial regime may be able to facilitate a transition to stable limited democracy. While Hayek's comments about Pinochet have generated much controversy, this paper neither provides a blanket condemnation of his views (he did not advocate dictatorship as a first-best ‘state of the world’) nor tries to excuse his failure to condemn the Pinochet junta's human rights abuses, but instead provides a critical assessment of Hayek's implicit model of transitional dictatorship.
Differences in the integration pattern and episomal forms of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA found within an invasive cervical neoplasm and its metastasis.

Abstract Human papillomavirus (H PV) type 16 DNA was found in three separate neoplastic lesions within a female patient. The physical state of the viral DNA in each lesion was determined by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. The primary cervical tumor contained large amounts of several distinct episomal forms as well as integrated HPV DNA. metastatic tumor tissue found in the vagina had greatly reduced levels of episomal DNA and a viral DNA integration pattern that was different from that of the primary tumor. The vulvar carcinoma in situ had what appears to be free and integrated forms of viral DNA. The results show that although metastatic tissue retained HPV DNA, further rearrangements of the integrated viral DNA pattern found in the primary tumor may occur with a dramatic decrease of episomal forms during malignant progression.
Role of superoxide radical in mitochondrial dehydrogenase reactions.

Abstract The reduction of dichlorophenolindophenol by both dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in the presence of cyanide is mediated in part by superoxide radical. Qualitative and quantitative distinctions in the mode of dichlorophenolindophenol reduction and in the inhibition by ferrisuperoxide dismutase of this reduction suggest differences in the manner in which the two dehydrogenases are coupled to the electron transport chain.
“Curiously parallel”: Analogies of language and race in Darwin’s Descent of man. A reply to Gregory Radick

Abstract In the second chapter of The descent of man (1871), Charles Darwin interrupted his discussion of the evolutionary origins of language to describe ten ways in which the formation of languages and of biological species were ‘curiously’ similar. I argue that these comparisons served mainly as analogies in which linguistic processes stood for aspects of biological evolution. Darwin used these analogies to recapitulate themes from On the origin of species (1859), including common descent, genealogical classification, the struggle for existence, and natural selection, among others. Skeptical of this interpretation, Gregory Radick sees the naturalistic account of language formation in the Descent comparisons as reinforcing Darwin’s idea that languages and the races of mankind have both undergone progressive development. (The opposite view was that modern-day primitive peoples had degenerated from an originally civilized condition.) Yet the details of Darwin’s language–species comparisons, as well as the polemical context in which they appear, show that they were not aimed at so limited a function. Rather, they addressed issues related to species transmutation in general.
System-level modeling and reliability analysis of microprocessor systems

In this paper, we have developed a framework to study wearout of state-of-the-art microprocessor systems. Taking into account the detailed thermal and electrical stress profiles, which are determined by running benchmarks on the system, we present a methodology to accurately estimate the lifetime due to each mechanism. The lifetime-limiting blocks and paths of a circuit are highlighted using standard benchmarks.