cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Student Pharmacists' Academic Progression and Performance on the National Licensure Examination

Objective. To examine predictors of Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students' on-time graduation, dismissal from pharmacy school, and scores on their first attempt at taking the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX). Methods. A retrospective review of student records for the graduating classes of 2015-2018 at a college of pharmacy was performed. Data on the following were collected: student demographics/characteristics (age, gender, race/ethnicity, financial need), having an undergraduate degree, undergraduate science grade point average (GPA), Pharmacy College Admission Test composite score percentile, pharmacy school GPAs for the didactic portion of the curriculum, Pre-NAPLEX score, on-time graduation from pharmacy school, dismissal from pharmacy school, and outcome (pass/fail) of first-attempt at taking the NAPLEX. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results. Of the 657 students whose records were included in the study, the majority were female (60%) and non-Hispanic white (70%). Higher first-year GPA was associated with increased likelihood of on-time graduation, while increased age and having an undergraduate degree were associated with a decreased likelihood of on-time graduation. A higher first-year GPA was associated with decreased likelihood of being dismissed from pharmacy school. Appearing before the Academic Standing and Promotion Review Committee for unsatisfactory academic performance was associated with decreased likelihood of passing the NAPLEX. Conclusion. First-year pharmacy school GPA is a critical predictor for student pharmacists in terms of on-time graduation and dismissal, and may have consequences for later NAPLEX outcome. Pharmacy schools should closely monitor students' performance during the first year and provide support to students experiencing academic difficulties.
Association of Perioperative Opioid-Sparing Multimodal Analgesia With Narcotic Use and Pain Control After Head and Neck Free Flap Reconstruction

ImportanceAn increase in narcotic prescription patterns has contributed to the current opioid epidemic in the United States. Opioid-sparing perioperative analgesia represents a means of mitigating ...
Electronic Health Record Documentation of Psychiatric Assessments in Massachusetts Emergency Department and Outpatient Settings During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic.

This cohort study investigates the documentation of psychiatric symptoms in narrative clinical notes as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevalence increased in eastern Massachusetts.
Estimation of Machine Parameters in Exponential Serial Lines using Feedforward Neural Networks

Model construction plays an essential role in manufacturing system analysis. A good model should be able to capture the main production phenomena with high accuracy, which is critical in supporting decision-making and achieving optimal output. One important step of constructing such a mathematical model is to determine the values of model parameters. Traditionally, this step is usually done by extracting and analyzing data from the physical workstations. This process may require significant efforts and may not be accurate enough after a certain period of time, especially for complex and high-dimensional systems. Taking advantages of new techniques driven by Industry 4.0, high data availability in manufacturing system provides practitioners valuable chances to implement machine learning-based approaches (e.g., data mining, artificial intelligence) to perform model construction. In this paper, we study one of the most commonly used machine learning techniques–feedforward neural network–in estimating model parameter of exponential serial production lines, based on system’s key performance metrics (i.e., throughput, work-inprocess). Numerical experiments are carried out and results are presented to demonstrate the estimation accuracy of this new approach.
Effects of Tacrolimus and Other Immune Targeting Compounds on Binge-Like Ethanol Drinking in High Drinking in the Dark Mice:

High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1) mice represent a unique genetic risk model of binge-like drinking and a novel means of screening potential pharmacotherapies to treat alcohol use disorders (AUDs)...
Preliminary evaluation of shaken baby syndrome using [18F]GE180

211 Objectives: Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the leading cause of death from trauma in infants and young children aged
Bottom-up factors determine local, but not regional, distribution of a biological control agent against invasive Lygodium microphyllum

Abstract The efficacy of biological control as a tool to manage invasive plants relies on widespread agent establishment, yet achieving such establishment remains a central challenge to the field. One potential explanation for patchy distributions of agents is the role of ‘bottom-up’ factors that influence plant quality and, in turn, local agent establishment. We investigated the roles of two bottom-up factors, soil fertilization and inundation, on establishment of the leaf galling mite Floracarus perrepae (Acariformes; Eriophyidae), an agent introduced to control the noxious vine Lygodium microphyllum (Lygodiaceae; Old World climbing fern) found in both upland and inundated habitats in Florida, USA. We conducted a series of shade house experiments to quantify bottom-up factors under controlled settings, and then validated these finding using a regional survey of 19 L. microphyllum infestations. Our shade house experiments demonstrated positive effects of fertilizer and negative effects of soil inundation on F. perrepae populations. Our regional survey showed no difference in leaf percent N between sites with or without F. perrepae galls. However, when we restricted our analysis to the area of the state where the mite had established, sites with galls had 33% higher leaf N than sites without galls, and nearly all inundated sites lacked galls. Bottom-up factors determine local mite establishment, but regionally, other factors (e.g., genetic factors underlying plant susceptibility) are likely at play. Our study demonstrates both the consequences and limitations of bottom-up factors to shape distributions of biological control agents in the field and has important implications for effective management of invasive plants.
All-optical production of Li 6 molecular Bose-Einstein condensates in excited hyperfine levels

We present an all-optical method for achieving molecular Bose-Einstein condensates of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$. We demonstrate this with mixtures in the lowest two (1-2), and second lowest two (2-3) hyperfine states. For the 1-2 mixture, we can achieve condensate fractions of 36%, with $9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ atoms at $0.05\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ temperature. For the 2-3 mixture, we have 28% condensed with $3.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ atoms at $0.05\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ temperature. We use mostly standard methods, but make a number of refinements in the magnetic bias coils compared with earlier work. Our method imposes minimal constraints on subsequent experiments by allowing plenty of optical access while requiring only one high-vacuum chamber. We use an optical system designed around minimizing the number of active elements, and we can accomplish slowing and sub-Doppler cooling with a single tapered amplifier.
STRUDL — A Computer System for Structural Design

STRUDL (STRUctural Design Language) is a computer system for application to the structural design process. The system is designed to relieve the engineer of tedious clerical and computational tasks and to permit the more rapid implementation of engineering decisions. Some of the analytic and clerical user capabilities in the initial version of STRUDL are described. The system capabilities include data manipulation, a wide range of analysis and design operations, accounting procedures, and process control functions. In addition, some of the system requirements for implementing decisions are outlined, including data structuring with dynamic memory allocation, a data dictionary, and a command interpreter. On-line interaction through time-sharing is evaluated in terms of the need for sensitive control over interaction. The capabilities described represent the first stage of a dynamically developing system, oriented towards generating design information.
An Evaluation of the Doctrine of the Inward Light as a Basis for Mission - As Exemplified by Quaker Approaches to Jews and Muslims in the Seventeenth Century

The concept of the Inward Light, variously understood, was the basis for Quaker missionary activity m the seventeenth century. Quakers made attempts to convert Jews. �nd Muslims, both by going out to meet them and by wntmg tracts and epistles. Considerable use was mad� of the Hebrew Scriptures and of the Qur'an. The converswmst approach proved unsuccessful, and this led to a change in the (..?uaker understanding of mission.
Floodplain persistence and dynamic-equilibrium conditions in a canyon environment

Abstract Canyon river systems are laterally constrained by steep walls, strath terraces, and bedrock intrusions; however, semialluvial reaches are nested within these environments as discontinuous floodplains along the river margins. These semialluvial floodplains provide an example of dynamic-equilibrium set within high-energy fluvial systems, marking areas where the river is free to alter its boundary conditions. Most research has focused on hydraulic conditions necessary for floodplain formation and persistence in unconfined systems, whereas little is known about canyon streams. This paper focuses on (1) characterizing dynamic-equilibrium, (2) describing the controls on floodplain formation and distribution, and (3) evaluating the performance of extremal hypotheses to identify dynamic-equilibrium and floodplain persistence in high-energy, semiconfined canyon environments. These objectives were addressed with field and numerical data derived from a one-dimensional hydraulic model for bankfull and 100-year return interval flood events, supported by closely spaced cross sections for the lower 38-km canyon reach of the Deadwood River (Idaho). Under bankfull conditions, critical energy thresholds for equilibrium floodplain persistence at this study site present the upper limits of: slope = 0.018, shear stress = 175 N/m 2 , and specific stream power = 400 W/m 2 . Channel and floodplains near equilibrium, quantified with a near-zero sediment transport divergence (Exner equation), were successfully identified by the minimum unit stream power extremal hypothesis and to a lesser degree by the other extremal hypotheses that minimize energy expenditure (minimum specific stream power, minimum total stream power, and minimum Froude number), provided backwater environments and major tributaries could be identified. Extremal results were compared to hydraulic geometry relations to evaluate how closely equilibrium floodplains approached values for unconfined alluvial river systems.
Decreasing expression of the G1-phase inhibitors, p21Cip1 and p16INK4a, promotes division of corneal endothelial cells from older donors.

PURPOSE The current studies were conducted to determine whether the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21Cip1 (p21 cyclin-dependent kinase-interacting protein 1) and p16INK4a (p16 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), help mediate G(1)-phase inhibition in human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) by testing the effect of siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated down-regulation of the expression of these inhibitors on cell cycle entry and proliferation in HCEC cultured from older donors. METHODS HCEC were obtained from National Disease Research Interchange, Philadelphia, PA, and cultured according to published methods. Cells were electroporated in the presence of either a non-silencing siRNA control or p21+p16 siRNA. The efficiency of siRNA transfer was observed by fluorescence microscopy of Cy3-labeled control siRNA. Viability was determined by direct counting of cells before and after electroporation. The ability of p21+p16 siRNA to decrease the protein expression of p21Cip1 and p16INK4a was determined by semi-quantitative analysis of western blots. The effect of siRNA treatment on cell cycle progression and proliferation was determined 1, 5, and 11 days after electroporation by counting Ki67-positive cells and total DAPI-stained nuclei. RESULTS siRNA was efficiently transferred to HCEC by the electroporation method. The average cell loss was 41.25% at 24 h following electroporation. Protein levels of both p21Cip1 and p16INK4a were significantly decreased as the result of p21+p16 siRNA treatment. This treatment significantly increased the average number of Ki67-positive cells over controls and increased the total number of cells in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Both p21Cip1 and p16INK4a are involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle in HCEC and, thereby, provide an effective barrier to cell division. The siRNA-induced reduction in expression of these proteins increased the number of cells entering the cell cycle, as well as total cell numbers. Thus, reduction of the levels of p21Cip1 and p16INK4a could be useful in the development of treatments to induce transient cell division to increase corneal endothelial cell density.
Gahnite in the metamorphosed stratiform massive sulfide deposits of the Mineral District, Virginia, U.S.A.

Ferroan-gahnite, (Zn,Fe)Al2O4, is a common accessory mineral found in association with the metamorphosed volcanogenic massive sulfide ore bodies of the Mineral District, Virginia. Gahnite is present throughout the mineralized zones that contain pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and sulfosalts. Although constituting only 1–2 modal percent of most samples and displaying not well-defined distribution pattern, gahnite is especially abundant at the margins of the mineralized zones and locally constitutes as much as 35 modal percent. The compositions vary slightly from one deposit to another but all lie within the range of 68 to 88 mol.% gahnite (ZnAl2O4), 8 to 25 mol.% hercynite (FeAl2O4), and 1–17 mol.% spinel (MgAl2O4). Gahnite occurs within a wide variety of mineral assemblages, with or without coexisting sphalerite.
Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices and Evaluations

1. Crime and the Fear of Crime 2. Crime Prevention 3. Evaluation and Crime Prevention Section I: Primary Prevention 4. The Physical Environment and Crime 5. Neighborhood Crime Prevention 6. Displacement and Diffusion 7. The Mass Media and Crime Prevention 8. Developmental Prevention 9. General Deterrence Section II: Secondary Prevention 10. Prediction for Secondary Prevention 11. Situational Crime Prevention 12. Partnerships for Crime Prevention 13. Drugs, Crime, and Crime Prevention 14. The School and Crime Prevention Section III: Tertiary Prevention 15. Specific Deterrence and Incapacitation 16. Rehabilitation 17. Some Closing Thoughts on Crime Prevention and the Future
The dissipative scale of the stochastics Navier-Stokes equation: Regularization and analyticity

We prove spatial analyticity for solutions of the stochastically forced Navier–Stokes equation, provided that the forcing is sufficiently smooth spatially. We also give estimates, which extend to the stationary regime, providing strong control of both of the expected rate of dissipation and fluctuations about this mean. Surprisingly, we could not obtain non-random estimates of the exponential decay rate of the spatial Fourier spectra.
Contingencies in Mother–Child Teaching Interactions and Behavioral Regulation and Dysregulation in Early Childhood

Children’s regulatory skills contribute to their successful adaptation to school (Graziano, Reavis, Keane, & Calkins, 2007; Rimm-Kaufman & Kagan, 2005). The abilities to inhibit impulsive and dysregulated behavior and persist at a caregiver-directed task are essential skills in the early school years (Dennis, 2006; Kochanska, 1993) and may be key components of school readiness (Denham, Warren-Khot, Bassett, Wyatt, & Perna, 2012). However, there is more to learn about the effects of parent-child teaching interactions on behavioral regulation and dysregulation before children attend school. We would expect that the way parents teach their children and how children respond to this instruction sets the stage for children’s regulatory abilities in later learning situations. However, findings regarding the link between parental teaching and children’s regulatory abilities has been mixed (Eisenberg et al., 2010). Thus, the present study examined parent-preschooler teaching interactions and their effects on children’s behavioral regulation and dysregulation. Of particular interest was whether the use of dyadic measures (in addition to individual measures) helped to clarify this link by better reflecting the interdependent nature of parent-child interactions. For the purposes of the present study, behavioral regulation and dysregulation were operationalized as inhibitory control and externalizing behavior problems, respectively, which have been shown to be salient indices of behavioral adjustment in the preschool years (Fantuzzo & McWayne, 2002; Kochanska, Coy, & Murray, 2001; Olson, Sameroff, Kerr, Lopez, & Wellman, 2005).
S-matrix derivation of the motion of an electron in a classical electromagnetic field

It is shown how the motion of an electron in a given external classical electromagnetic field is derived fromS-matrix principles.
Quality Improvement Targets for Regional Variation in Surgical End-Stage Renal Disease Care

Importance Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) access improves survival in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared with other modalities when used at first hemodialysis. Use varies between locations, but, to our knowledge, no study has related this finding to mortality on a national scale. Objective To quantify regional variation in AVF access at first hemodialysis, as well as the associated effect on mortality in the US Renal Data System. Design, Setting, and Participants The US Renal Data System tracks all patients with ESRD in the United States. A retrospective analysis of the population from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2010, was performed. Univariate analyses (χ 2 test; 2-tailed, unpaired t test; and analysis of variance) as well as multivariable logistic regressions were carried out to compare patient characteristics, incident AVF frequencies, and corrected mortality hazards between ESRD Network Programs, which comprise 18 states, commonwealths, and protectorates in which residents receive hemodialysis. Of the patients receiving hemodialysis in these networks, the data on 464 547 individuals who were beginning renal replacement therapy were analyzed. Analysis was started April 1, 2013, and ended August 3, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Mortality hazard variation between ESRD Network Programs in the United States and incident AVF frequency. Results Of the 464 547 patients beginning hemodialysis in this cohort, first hemodialysis with an AVF ranged from 11.1% to 22.2% depending on the ESRD Network in which they maintained residency ( P P P P Conclusions and Relevance Marked regional variation in functional incident AVF frequency and risk-adjusted ESRD mortality exists across the United States. Differences in access to preoperative nephrology care and patient comorbidities may explain some of these variations, but an opportunity to implement best-practice guidelines exists.
Functional Myogenic Engraftment from Mouse iPS Cells

Direct reprogramming of adult fibroblasts to a pluripotent state has opened new possibilities for the generation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells. However the ability of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to generate tissue that mediates functional repair has been demonstrated in very few animal models of disease to date. Here we present the proof of principle that iPS cells may be used effectively for the treatment of muscle disorders. We combine the generation of iPS cells with conditional expression of Pax7, a robust approach to derive myogenic progenitors. Transplantation of Pax7-induced iPS-derived myogenic progenitors into dystrophic mice results in extensive engraftment, which is accompanied by improved contractility of treated muscles. These findings demonstrate the myogenic regenerative potential of iPS cells and provide rationale for their future therapeutic application for muscular dystrophies.
Peroxynitrite-induced membrane lipid peroxidation : the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide

Endothelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and neuronal cells generate superoxide (O2-) and nitric oxide (.NO) which can combine to form peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-). Peroxynitrite, known to oxidize sulfhydryls and to yield products indicative of hydroxyl radical (.OH) reaction with deoxyribose and dimethyl sulfoxide, is shown herein to induce membrane lipid peroxidation. Peroxynitrite addition to soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes resulted in malondialdehyde and conjugated diene formation, as well as oxygen consumption. Lipid peroxidation was greater at acidic and neutral pH, with no significant lipid peroxidation occurring above pH 9.5. Addition of ferrous (Fe+2) or ferric (Fe+3) iron did not enhance lipid peroxide formation over that attributable to peroxynitrite alone. Diethylenetetraminepentacetic acid (DTPA) or iron removal from solutions by ion-exchange chromatography decreased conjugated diene formation by 25-50%. Iron did not play an essential role in initiating lipid peroxidation, since DTPA and iron depletion of reaction systems were only partially inhibitory. In contrast, desferrioxamine had an even greater concentration-dependent inhibitory effect, completely abolishing lipid peroxidation at 200 microM. The strong inhibitory effect of desferrioxamine on lipid peroxidation was due to direct reaction with peroxynitrous acid in addition to iron chelation. We conclude that the conjugate acid of peroxynitrite, peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH), and/or its decomposition products, i.e., .OH and nitrogen dioxide (.NO2), initiate lipid peroxidation without the requirement of iron. These observations demonstrate a potential mechanism contributing to O2-(-)and .NO-mediated cytotoxicity.
Detection of IDH1 and IDH2 Mutations by Fluorescence Melting Curve Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool for Brain Biopsies

Novel mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and 2 (IDH2) genes have been identified in a large proportion of diffuse gliomas. Tumors with IDH1/2 mutations have distinctive clinical characteristics, including a less aggressive course. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel real-time PCR and post-PCR fluorescence melting curve analysis assay for the detection of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of brain biopsies. Using the established assay, we tested 67 glial neoplasms, 57 non-neoplastic conditions that can often mimic gliomas (eg, radiation changes, viral infections, infarctions, etc), and 44 noncentral nervous system tumors. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations were detected in 72% of lower grade diffuse gliomas and in 17% of glioblastomas. The IDH1 mutation was the most common (93%), with the most frequent subtype being R132H (88%). These mutations were not identified in non-neoplastic glioma mimickers and in noncentral nervous system tumors including thyroid carcinomas. The results of this assay had a 100% correlation with the results obtained by conventional sequencing. In summary, we report here the real-time PCR/fluorescence melting curve analysis assay that provides rapid and sensitive detection of IDH mutations in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, and is therefore useful as a powerful adjunct diagnostic tool for refining histopathological diagnosis of brain lesions and guiding patient management.
Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm determined radar phase codes

Solving complex real world Multi-Objective Optimization problems is the forte of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEA). Such algorithms have been part of many scientific and engineering endeavors. This study applies the NSGA-II and SPEA2 MOEAs to the radar phase coded waveform design problem. The MOEAs are used to generate a series of radar waveform phase codes that have excellent range resolution and Doppler resolution capabilities. The study compares the ability of NSGA-II and SPEA2 to continually evolve (phase code) solutions on the Pareto front for the problem while maintaining a diversity of solutions (phase codes). Results demonstrate that for the radar phase code problem NSGA-II provides a more diverse population of acceptable solutions and therefore a greater number of different viable phase codes when compared to the solutions provided by SPEA2
Parental investment in temporally varying environments

Using a model that allows the mean and variance of investment by parents in offspring to evolve in response to change in degree of temporal environmental variation, this paper shows that both parental investment parameters should increase with increases in temporal variation. If offspring receiving greater parental investment are viable over a broader range of environmental conditions, then increased temporal environmental variation can select for increases in parental investment. The variance in parental investment also may increase with increases in temporal variation, but there is a threshold level of temporal variation that must be exceeded before variance in parental investment is adaptive. Thus phenotypic variance in parental investment is not adaptive in all temporally varying environments. Further, increased overlap among generations reduces the expected effects of temporal variation on the mean and variance in parental investment. Thus a negative correlation between length of reproductive life and both measures of investment is expected. There is support for the predictions of this model in some animal groups, but not among plants. Possible reasons for the lack of support among plants are discussed and directions for future research aimed at distinguishing adaptive and maladaptive phenotypic variance in parental investment are suggested.
Dendritic action potentials activated by NMDA receptor-mediated EPSPs in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells

Intradendritic recordings were obtained in rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. Repetitive stimulation produced substantial short-term potentiation of the dendritic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which was partly attributable to activation of n-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Accompanying the potentiated synaptic response were Na(+)-mediated spikes which appeared to originate at multiple sites in the dendritic arbor. These discrete dendritic action potentials are rarely distinguishable in somatic recordings, but may contribute to the subthreshold response at the pyramidal cell body. In addition, dendritic spikes may interact with other voltage-dependent dendritic conductances.
Membrane physical properties do not explain increased cyclic AMP production in hepatocytes from rats fed menhaden oil.

To study the effect of altering plasma membrane fatty acid composition on the glucagon signal transduction pathway, cAMP accumulation was measured in hepatocytes from rats fed diets containing either menhaden oil (MO) or coconut oil (CO). Hepatocytes from MO-fed animals produced significantly more cAMP in response to glucagon and forskolin compared to CO-fed animals. Glucagon receptor number and affinity were similar in MO- and CO-fed rats. Liver plasma membranes from MO-fed animals were enriched in long-chain n-3 fatty acids and contained significantly lower amounts of saturated C10−C16 and 18∶1n−9 than CO-fed animals. Membrane physical properties were examined using both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). FTIR analysis revealed that below 34°C, CO membranes were more ordered than MO membranes. However, as assay temperature approached 37°C, MO and CO membranes became similarly ordered. DPH polarization values indicated no differences in membrane order at 37°C, whereas membrane order was decreased in CO-fed animals at 25°C. These data indicate the importance of assay temperature in assessing the influence of membrane physical properties on the activity of signal transduction pathways. Whereas increased signal transduction activity has been correlated to reduced membrane order in MO-fed animals, these data indicate that at physiological temperatures membrane order did not vary between groups. Enhanced cAMP accumulation in response to forskolin indicates that adenylate cyclase activity or content may be elevated in MO-vs. CO-fed rats. Enhanced adenylate cyclase activity may result, in part, from changes in specific fatty acids in hepatocyte plasma membranes without demonstrable changes in membrane physical properties.
Buoyancy-driven motion of bubbles in square channels

Abstract The motion of air bubbles in square capillaries moving under the influence of gravity is studied over a range of Reynolds numbers. The steady shapes and velocities of the bubbles as a function of the bubble size are determined experimentally at moderate Bond and capillary numbers. Bubbles are nearly spherical at lower bubble volumes and become prolate losing their fore and aft symmetry at larger bubble volumes. At higher Weber numbers, a reentrant cavity develops at the rear of bubble. The critical Weber number at which this shape transition occurs lies between 0.89 and 1.38. At small Weber numbers, the terminal velocity of bubbles increases monotonically with bubble volume and eventually reaches a plateau value, which is independent of the bubble size. At higher Weber numbers, a maxima develops in the velocity–volume curve at moderate bubble sizes which grows in magnitude as the Weber number increases. Even at small bubble volumes with nearly spherical shape, the terminal velocity of the bubbles is less than the Hadamard–Rybczynski velocity due to the wall drag. The speed and the maximum bubble width for air bubbles rising in a square channel is higher than that of an air bubble rising in a circular channel with the same hydraulic diameter. The experimental data compares well with predicted trends in the viscous and inertial limits for long bubbles.
STATISTICS OF THE CHARGING SPECTRUM OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL COULOMB-GLASS ISLAND

The fluctuations of capacitance of a two-dimensional island are studied in the regime of low electron concentration and strong disorder, when electrons can be considered classical particles. The universal capacitance distribution is found, with the dispersion being of the order of the average. This distribution is shown to be closely related to the shape of the Coulomb gap in the one-electron density of states of the island. Behavior of the capacitance fluctuations near the metal-insulator transition is discussed.
Minimizing Confounding Factors in Phosphorus Leaching Assessment for Dairy‐and Poultry‐Manure‐Amended Soils

Abstract Soil phosphorus (P) concentrations have increased over the years, increasing P losses to surface waters. Phosphorus saturation ratios (PSR), used as environmental soil tests, have different relationships with conventional water‐soluble‐P (WSP) determinations for dairy and poultry‐manure‐amended soils. Objective was to develop a WSP procedure to characterize P leaching from manure‐amended soils. Soil samples were collected from dairy and poultry sites. WSP was determined using 1∶10 and 5∶1 soil–water ratios. Soils in columns were leached using unsaturated flow. Results showed that relationships between PSR and WSP 5∶1 were consistent for all soils. The 5∶1 ratio, closer to field moisture conditions, could be a good indicator of P leaching. There was good correlation between the WSP 1∶10, 5∶1, and column leachate, and a paired t test showed no difference between the last two. Thus, a single 5:1 extraction could be as useful in P leaching assessments as laborious column studies.
Phosphate recovery using hybrid anion exchange: Applications to source-separated urine and combined wastewater streams

Abstract There is increasing interest in recovering phosphorus (P) from various wastewater streams for beneficial use as fertilizer and to minimize environmental impacts of excess P on receiving waters. One such example is P recovery from human urine, which has a high concentration of phosphate (200–800 mg P/L) and accounts for a small volume (∼1%) of total wastewater flow. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to evaluate the potential to recover P from source-separated and combined wastewater streams that included undiluted human urine, urine diluted with tap water, greywater, mixture of urine and greywater, anaerobic digester supernatant, and secondary wastewater effluent. A hybrid anion exchange (HAIX) resin containing hydrous ferric oxide was used to recover P because of its selectivity for phosphate and the option to precipitate P minerals in the waste regeneration solution. The P recovery potential was fresh urine > hydrolyzed urine > greywater > biological wastewater effluent > anaerobic digester supernatant. The maximum loading of P on HAIX resin was fresh urine > hydrolyzed urine > anaerobic digester supernatant ≈ greywater > biological wastewater effluent. Results indicated that the sorption capacity of HAIX resin for phosphate and the total P recovery potential were greater for source-separated urine than the combined wastewater streams of secondary wastewater effluent and anaerobic digester supernatant. Dilution of urine with tap water decreased the phosphate loading on HAIX resin. The results of this work advance the current understanding of nutrient recovery from complex wastewater streams by sorption processes.
The Application of Standardized Assessments and CBM Measures in a Case Study of a Student With a Severe Reading Disability

This case study examines the impact of intensive research-based instruction on the reading development of a bilingual adolescent male with a history of reading failure. The study demonstrates the value of using normative-based assessments for accurately diagnosing a specific learning disability and curriculum-based measures for monitoring the effects of intervention. The results of a 24-week intervention also demonstrated the effectiveness of both progress monitoring and instruction when delivered in a daily, individualized setting. This case study clearly illustrates that adolescents with poor literacy can make adequate progress but that some schools are still failing to provide adequate and appropriate instruction to students who struggle to learn to read and spell. We also discuss implications for response-to-intervention models for secondary students.
Sequence of a Drosophila segmentation gene: protein structure homology with DNA-binding proteins

Mutations in the fushi tarazu (ftz) locus of Drosophila result in embryos with half the usual number of body segments. The sequences of the wild-type gene, a temperature-sensitive allele and a dominant mutant allele are presented. A portion of the conserved protein domain present in ftz and several homoeotic genes resembles the DNA-binding region of prokaryotic DNA-binding proteins, and is also similar to products of the yeast mating-type locus.
The Nature of Aqueous Tunneling Pathways Between Electron-Transfer Proteins

Structured water molecules near redox cofactors were found recently to accelerate electron-transfer (ET) kinetics in several systems. Theoretical study of interprotein electron transfer across an aqueous interface reveals three distinctive electronic coupling mechanisms that we describe here: (i) a protein-mediated regime when the two proteins are in van der Waals contact; (ii) a structured water-mediated regime featuring anomalously weak distance decay at relatively close protein-protein contact distances; and (iii) a bulk water–mediated regime at large distances. Our analysis explains a range of otherwise puzzling biological ET kinetic data and provides a framework for including explicit water-mediated tunneling effects on ET kinetics.
Waste-to-energy solutions for the urban environment

Urban waste generation and disposal has become a major global issue. As the world's population continues to grow toward the 7 billion mark and more people move to urban areas, the amount of waste generated will soon become unmanageable. In 2008, the number of people living in cities surpassed those living in rural areas and it has been estimated that by 2030, 5 billion people will be living in cities. As our urban areas continue to grow and consume large quantities of energy and produce massive amounts of waste, we are faced with the challenge of how to manage this situation in a sustainable way. The waste generated by this increased urbanization of humans civilizations and industries will have to be sorted and processed in some way. The most common and widespread solution is landfilling, but landfills around the world are running out of space at an alarming rate. Waste-to-Energy technology could provide a solution to this problem in the forms of anaerobic digestion and plasma gasification. These two technologies could be used in the urban environment separately or complimentarily to reduce the amount of waste requiring processing and landfilling.
Race, social relationships, and mental health

Researchers often assume that the extent, quality, and effectiveness of personal relationships explain why African Americans have relatively good mental health despite experiencing high levels of stress. This study tests this assumption using data from the 1990–1992 National Comorbidity Survey. Few racial differences emerge in patterns of social relationships, and the nature and quality of social relationships do not explain African Americans’ resiliency on mental health. Several aspects of social relationships benefit African Americans’ mental health more than Whites’, but these moderating effects are insubstantial. Hence, the data do not support the assumption. If social relationships help explain the lack of racial differences in mental health, their nature and effects must be more adequately conceptualized.
Plio-Pleistocene magnetic polarity stratigraphies and diagenetic magnetite dissolution at ODP Leg 177 Sites (1089, 1091, 1093 and 1094)

Abstract Magnetic polarity stratigraphies from ODP Leg 177 ‘high resolution’ sites indicate Brunhes sedimentation rates in the 12–25 cm/kyr range, with a trend of decreasing sedimentation rates with increasing age. Magnetite is the principal remanence-carrying mineral. Downcore alteration of magnetite and authigenic growth of iron sulfides introduces a high coercivity diagenetic remanence carrier (pyrrhotite). The change in pore water sulfate with depth in the sediment tends to be in step with the decrease in magnetization intensity, indicating the link between sulfate reduction and magnetite dissolution. Shipboard pass-through magnetometer data are generally very noisy due to a combination of weak magnetization intensities, drilling-related core deformation, and the influence of authigenic iron sulfides. Post-cruise progressive demagnetization of discrete samples aids the magnetostratigraphic interpretation, as these measurements are less influenced by low magnetization intensities and drilling-related deformation. The magnetostratigraphic interpretations provide much-needed calibration for biostratigraphic events in the high latitude southern oceans. Apart from the ODP Hole 745B (Kerguelen Plateau), published Plio-Pleistocene magnetostratigraphies from ODP sites in the Southern Ocean are poorly constrained. For this reason, we compare interpolated ages of 11 radiolarian events and one diatom event that occur at Hole 745B and Leg 177 sites.
Processing and properties of carbon nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite films

A systematic study of the reinforcement of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and vapor-grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is reported. SWNT/PMMA composite films with various SWNT concentrations (from 0.5 to 50 wt % with respect to the weight of PMMA) were processed from nitromethane. Two types of SWNTs were used: SWNT-A, which contained 35 wt % metal catalyst, and SWNT-B, which contained about 2.4 wt % metal catalyst. Properties of different nanotubes containing composites were compared with 15 wt % carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Property enhancement included electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and solvent resistance. The thermal degradation of PMMA in the presence of CNTs in air and nitrogen environments was studied. No variation in the thermal degradation behavior of PMMA/CNT was observed in nitrogen. The peak degradation temperature increased for the composites in air at low CNT loadings. Dynamic and thermomechanical properties were also studied. At a 35 wt % SWNT loading, a composite film exhibited good mechanical and electrical properties, good chemical resistance, and a very low coefficient of thermal expansion. Property improvements were rationalized in terms of the nanotube surface area. Composite films were also characterized with Raman spectroscopy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Safety and feasibility of regadenoson use for suboptimal heart rate response during symptom-limited standard Bruce exercise stress test

Regadenoson during exercise stress test (ETT) can provide maximal hyperemia for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), along with exercise information. Our aim was to study the feasibility and safety of regadenoson injection at peak ETT for submaximal heart rate (HR) response. Consecutive patients who underwent SPECT MPI with standard Bruce ETT or supine-regadenoson (Supine-Reg) were analyzed. ETT patients were grouped as ETT-Max [maximal HR > 0.85 * (220 − age), N = 1,522], ETT-Submax (submaximal HR no regadenoson, N = 504), ETT-Reg (submaximal HR and regadenoson, N = 211). The HR during ETT was submaximal in 715 (32%) patients. Of these, 211 patients (30%) underwent ETT-Reg (mean exercise duration: 5.5 ± 2.5 minutes). ETT-Reg patients had a higher frequency of hypertension, diabetes, smoking and beta-blocker use, similar rest systolic blood pressure (SBP), but lower rest and peak HR and peak SBP compared to ETT-Max patients. There were no serious complications with regadenoson. Side effects (49% vs 6%, P < .0001) were fewer and aminophylline use was lower with ETT-Reg compared to Supine-Reg (0.5% vs 8.1%, P = .001). Submaximal HR response to ETT is common. ETT-Reg is safe, feasible, and well-tolerated. ETT-Reg facilitates a diagnostic MPI with reporting of functional capacity, exercise ECG/hemodynamic changes and MPI at maximal hyperemia.
Quantitative analysis by flow cytometry of interstitial cells of Cajal, pacemakers, and mediators of neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract.

Background Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are mesenchymal cells that play critical roles in gastrointestinal motility as electrical pacemakers and mediators of neuromuscular neurotransmission. Although depletions of ICCs have been implicated in several gastrointestinal motor disorders, quantification of these cells has been difficult due to their varied morphology, regionally changing network density, and overall scarcity. Our goal was to evaluate flow cytometry (FCM) for the enumeration of ICCs. Methods We identified murine ICCs in live gastrointestinal muscles or primary cell cultures grown in the presence or absence of stem cell factor (SCF)–expressing STO fibroblasts with fluorescent Kit (CD117) antibodies. Because this technique also labels resident macrophages nonspecifically, we identified the latter with additional fluorescent antibodies. Dispersed cells were analyzed by FCM. Results ICCs represented 1.63 ± 0.17% of the total cell count in the distal stomach (n = 18 mice) and 5.85 ± 0.84% in the proximal colon and 6.28 ± 0.61% in the distal colon (n = 3 mice). In fundic muscles of W/WV mice (n = 5) that virtually lack ICCs, very few Kit+ cells were detected. FCM identified approximately 2.6- to 7.3-fold more Kit+ ICCs in small intestinal cell cultures grown on STO fibroblasts expressing membrane-bound SCF (n = 6) than in cultures stimulated with soluble SCF (n = 6). Conclusions FCM is a sensitive and specific method for the unbiased quantification of ICCs. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of glucose management during therapeutic hypothermia at a Tertiary Academic Medical Center.

Abstract Study aim Alterations in metabolic function during therapeutic hypothermia (TH) decrease responsiveness to insulin and increase the risk of hyperglycemia. Glycemic control is associated with improved outcomes in selected patients; however, glycemic management strategies during TH are not defined. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the glycemic metrics and IV insulin administration in critically ill patients during the cooling and rewarming phases of TH. Methods Data from 37 patients who received at least 6h of therapeutic hypothermia for cardiac arrest between January 2007 and January 2010 were retrospectively evaluated, 14 (37.8%) of whom had diabetes. Results The mean blood glucose was 9.16±3.22mmol/L and 6.54±2.45mmol/L; p 11.11mmol/L and 15 (40.5%) patients received IV insulin therapy. Patients on IV insulin had a higher incidence of diabetes (9 vs. 5; p p =0.11), and a higher incidence of hyperglycemia (14 vs. 2; p p Conclusion TH is commonly associated with hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and the use of IV insulin therapy. Further research is needed to determine optimal glycemic management strategies to prevent hyper- and hypoglycemia in patients during the different phases of TH.
Validation of a replacement manufacturing database

A simulation model used to evaluate the performance and integrity of a replacement manufacturing database is described, along with validation tests performed prior to acceptance and implementation.
On the probability of magnification by cosmologically distributed gravitational lenses

An analytical method for calculating the statistical properties of source magnification caused by gravitational lenses randomly distributed throughout the universe is presented. Two lenses are considered at different redshifts to show that such an assumption is a statistically adequate approximation. The derived general formulas are applied to point-mass lenses with both point and extended sources. Analytical results of the magnification probability for point sources are accurate to within 10 percent in comparison with the available numerical simulations to moderate redshifts of less than about 2. In terms of the flux conservation, the results are accurate to within 18 percent at a redshift of 6 with respect to the Dyer-Roeder model of a clumpy universe. It is concluded that the present formulas are adequate for statistical studies of magnification by random gravitational lenses on cosmological scales.
Retirements, Retentions, and the Balance of Partisan Power in Contemporary Congressional Politics

In this paper we extend earlier work on the effects of disparate retirement rates on the partisan composition of the contemporary House of Representatives (1954–2006). Gilmour and Rothstein had posited that the Grand Old Party's (GOP) ‘permanent minority’ status in the House between 1954 and 1994 was the principal cause of this differential. Contrary to expectations, we find that even after their takeover of the House in 1995, Republican Members of Congress (MCs) continued to leave the chamber voluntarily at higher rates than their Democratic colleagues, both to retire completely from public life and to seek higher office. Ceteris paribus, even as the GOP made considerable offsetting gains in its ability to re-elect incumbents and to retain open seats, this continued disparity significantly attenuated the size of their legislative majority and contributed to their ousting as the majority party in the elections of 2006. We conclude the paper with some speculations regarding the reasons for the persistence ...