cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family Background and Earnings Inequality among College Graduates

Stratification researchers have reported that the relationship between family background and socio-economic outcomes drops to near zero for individuals who have a baccalaureate degree, leading one scholar to conclude that "This … provides a new answer to the old question about overcoming disadvantaged origins. A college degree can do it." We present contrary evidence from two nationally representative samples of college graduates: the Baccalaureate & Beyond Longitudinal Study of 1993 and 2008. There are substantial income differences between graduates from different family backgrounds that can be observed both four and 10 years after graduation. These class-related gaps persist after controlling for college selectivity, major, and academic performance. Further analyses also indicate that these disadvantages in the labor market can be partially explained by inequalities established within occupational niches. We develop the implications of this for theories about the educational dimensions of intergenerational mobility.
New species of the damselfly genus Argia from Mexico, Central America and Ecuador with an emphasis on Costa Rica (Insecta: Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

Seven new species of Argia are described, five of which occur in Costa Rica: Argia calverti n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, Cartago Prov., Tapanti Reserve, 1,310 m, 6 vii 1963, F. G. Thompson leg., in FSCA); Argia carolus n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, San Jose Prov., El Rodeo Biological Reserve, 7 km W of Villa Colon, 9°54' N, 84°16' W, 561 m, 10–13 vii 1990, T. W. Donnelly leg., in FSCA); Argia elongata n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, Cartago Prov., Reventazon river, SE of Turrialba by highway 10, 9°52'56'' N, 83°38'49'' W, 561 m, 10 viii 1979, R. W. & J. A. Garrison leg., in CSCA); Argia haberi n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, San Jose Prov., Bosque del Tolomuco, km 118 on Pan American highway, in seeps and trickles through brushy pasture on forested hillside, 9°28'18'' N, 83°41'48'' W, 1,710 m, 27 iii 2006, F. Sibley leg., in FSCA); Argia schorri n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, Puntarenas Prov., 2.8 mi E of Golfito, 8°39' N, 83°7' W, 35 m, 4 vii 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr. & M. A. Ortiz B. leg., in USNM), and two which are so far only known from Mexico and Ecuador respectively: Argia rudolphi n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Mexico, Puebla State, Zihuateutla, Sierra de Huauchinango, La Union, in drainage area, 20°14'25'' N, 97°53'38'' W, 596 m, 21 v 1987, R. Novelo & A. Gomez leg., in CSCA) and Argia schneideri n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Ecuador, Napo Prov., Las Palmas, on Anzu river in Napo river watershed, 11 xii 1936, W. Clark-MacIntyre leg., in UMMZ). All the new species, as well as closely related species needed for diagnosis including A. anceps Garrison, A. cupraurea Calvert, A. cuprea (Hagen), A. extranea (Hagen), A. fissa Selys, A. fulgida Navas, A. oenea Hagen in Selys, A. popoluca Calvert, A. rhoadsi Calvert, and A. westfalli Garrison, are illustrated and diagnosed from their congeners and their known distribution areas are mapped.
Continuum percolation with holes

Abstract We analyze a mathematical model of a cognitive radio network introduced in Yemini et al. (2016). Our analysis reveals several surprising features of the model. We explain some of these features using ideas from percolation theory and stochastic geometry.
Lisinopril or Coreg CR in reducing cardiotoxicity in women with breast cancer receiving trastuzumab: A rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial

Background Trastuzumab (TZB) is an established therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. The use of TZB is commonly associated with cardiotoxicity manifesting as asymptomatic decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) or overt heart failure. Several studies demonstrated favorable effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and β-blockers (BBs) in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. We hypothesize that patients, randomized to receive an ACE inhibitor or a BB during trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer, will maintain a higher LVEF than patients randomized to placebo. Methods and Results We designed a prospective, multicenter, randomized, phase II placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effects of an ACE inhibitor (lisinopril) and a BB (carvedilol phosphate–extended release) on cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer who are receiving adjuvant or neoadjuvant TZB therapy. The primary objectives include (1) comparison of incidence of cardiotoxicity and (2) comparison of LVEF as a continuous variable in between the arms. Cardiotoxicity was defined as an absolute decrease in LVEF from baseline of ≥10% at follow-up or an absolute decrease of ≥5% in LVEF from baseline for individuals with The target accrual is 468 participants, representing patients both with and without anthracycline exposure. The enrollment is completed. The trial is co-sponsored by University of South Florida and National Cancer Institute. The LVEF is being evaluated by echocardiography or multigated acquisition scan. Conclusions If we can demonstrate that the use of an ACE inhibitor or a BB can reduce the degree of TZB-induced cardiotoxicity, it is hoped that patients will receive complete and uninterrupted TZB therapy for breast cancer without compromising cardiac function.
Efficient Neuromorphic Systems and Emerging Technologies: Prospects and Perspectives

Recent advances in machine learning, notably deep learning, have resulted in unprecedented success in a wide variety of recognition tasks including vision, speech, and natural language processing. However, implementation of such neural algorithms in conventional “von-Neumann” architectures involve orders of magnitude more area and power consumption than that involved in the biological brain. This is mainly attributed to the inherent mismatch between the computational units—neurons and synapses in such models and the underlying CMOS transistors. In addition, these algorithms, being highly memory-intensive, suffer from memory bandwidth limitations due to significant amount of data transfer between the memory and computing units. Recent experiments in spintronics have opened up the possibility of implementing such computing kernels by single device structures that can be arranged in crossbar architectures resulting in a compact and energy-efficient “in-memory computing” platform. In this chapter, we will review spintronic device structures consisting of single-domain/domain-wall motion based devices for mimicking neuronal and synaptic units. System-level simulations indicate ∼ 100× improvement in energy consumption for such spintronic implementations over a corresponding CMOS implementation across different computing workloads.
Chemistry with semi-classical electrons: reaction trajectories auto-generated by sub-atomistic force fields

For a century now, "Lewis dots" have been a mainstay of chemical thinking, teaching and communication. However, chemists have assumed that this semi-classical picture of electrons needs to be abandoned for quantitative work, and the recourse in computational simulations has been to the extremes of first principles treatments of electrons on the one hand and force fields that avoid explicit electrons on the other hand. Given both the successes and limitations of these highly divergent approaches, it seems worth considering whether the Lewis dot picture might be made quantitative after all. Here we review progress to that end, including variations that have been implemented and examples of applications, specifically the acid-base behavior of water, several organic reactions, and electron dynamics in silicon fracture. In each case, the semi-classical approach is highly efficient and generates reasonable and readily interpreted reaction trajectories in turnkey fashion (i.e., without any input about products). Avenues for further progress are also discussed.
Absorbing Set Analysis of Codes from Affine Planes

We examine the presence of absorbing sets, fully absorbing sets, and elementary absorbing sets in low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes arising from certain classes of finite geometries. In particular, we analyze the absorbing set spectra of LDPC codes from finite Euclidean planes. For some parameters, we classify the absorbing sets present and give exact counts on their multiplicities.
Soft-switching self-tuning H-bridge converter for inductive power transfer systems

Soft-switching self-tuning H-bridge converters for inductive power transfer (IPT) systems with resonant current regulation are introduced. The proposed converters are controlled based on an amplitude modulation technique for resonant converters to regulate the transferred power in an IPT system. The switching operations of the converters are synchronized to the resonance current of the IPT system which in turn eliminates the need for manual frequency tuning and enables soft-switching operations (zero-current switching). Soft-switching operations increase the efficiency and reliability, and reduce the switching stress and electromagnetic interference (EMI) of the converter. Based on the control design, a simplified digital control circuit is proposed which can be used as an alternative for high-cost DSP/FPGA solutions. The design methodology, theoretical analysis of the proposed converter, along with simulation and experimental results on a case study IPT system are presented in detail. The results show that the proposed converters can effectively regulate the transferred power with self-tuning capability and soft-switching operation.
Random Variables and Expectations

We have machinery to describe experiments with random outcomes, but we mostly care about numbers that are random. It is straightforward to link a number to the outcome of an experiment. The result is a random variable, a useful new idea. Random variables turn up in all sorts of places. For example, the amount of money you win or lose on a bet is a random variable. Now if you take the same bet repeatedly, you could wonder how much money will change hands in total, per bet. This yields a new and useful idea, the expected value of a random variable.
Gott spielen – eine Einführung

Vor Kurzem ging eine Schockwelle um die Welt. Chinesische Wissenschaftler berichteten von der erstmaligen Erzeugung genetisch modifizierter menschlicher Embryos mittels einer neuen Gentechnologie und entfachten damit eine hitzige Kontroverse. Einige sind der Meinung, derlei Experimente mussten ein Ende haben, wahrend andere dafur pladieren, die humane Genmodifikation mit Volldampf voranzutreiben, um Erkrankungen vorzubeugen oder gar verbesserte Designerbabys zu erschaffen. Als Vollblutwissenschaftler fand ich mich zwischen den beiden Polen wieder. Uberzeugt davon, dass die Offentlichkeit sehr viel mehr uber diesen Prazedenzfall in der Wissenschafts- und Kulturgeschichte erfahren sollte, fasste ich den Entschluss, meine Kenntnisse mithilfe dieses Buches an Sie weiterzugeben.
Immobilization of Enzymes by Adsorption

The adsorption of enzymes and other proteins onto water-insoluble, surface-active supports is probably the most economically attractive method of immobilization, for it is simple and inexpensive (McLaren, 1974). Adsorption is a physical phenomenon and, in principle, reversible in that both the enzyme and the support can be recovered unchanged. Adsorption of enzymes onto water-insoluble matrices is also the oldest documented method for immobilizing enzymes. As early as 1916, Griffin and Nelson (1916) immobilized invertase on activated charcoal and gelatinuous aluminum hydroxide. It is equally interesting to note that the first documented case of using an immobilized enzyme for industrial processing, the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-dl-amino acids by l-aminoacylases (Tosa et al., 1969a), also employs adsorption as the method of immobilization. Similarly, the latest and most significant commercial enterprise using an immobilized enzyme, glucose isomerase for the isomerization of glucose to fructose, entails adsorption of the catalyst onto the ion-exchange resin, DEAE-cellulose (Schnyder, 1974). At this moment, adsorption as a method of immobilization seems to be regaining wide acceptance.
Novel observations of midge and mosquito larval population dynamics in leaves of the northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea L.

The invertebrate communities in Sarracenia purpurea were characterized by surveying the contents of 474 leaves from six pitcher plant populations in the eastern United States. More than 8200 invertebrate specimens, both living and dead, were recovered. Midge and mosquito larvae comprised 7907 (96%) of the specimens, with a mean of 16.9 dipteran larvae per leaf. Although midge larvae were present at all collection sites, mosquito larvae were absent from two of the sites. In the latter sites, the number of midge larvae per leaf was greater. This report documents for the first time that there is no statistical difference between the average number of Diptera larvae per leaf for sites that contain both midge and mosquito larvae compared to sites that contain only midge larvae. It appears that pitcher plants maintain an average number of larvae per leaf based on a number of interacting factors which we do not fully understand. This investigation documents that in the absence of mosquito larvae, more midge larvae are found per leaf per leaf than would be predicted based on data from sites that contain both larval taxa.
Shoot for the Moon! the Mentors and the Middle Schoolers Explore the Intersection of Design Thinking and STEM.

This paper describes the journey of a group of university students as they worked with underserved middle school students as mentors in a STEM-based afterschool program. Design thinking provided a frame within which students learned how to be mentors, how to create user-centered learning experiences, and how to share their experiences as developing STEM professionals with middle school students.
The Case for Evidence-Based Stepped Care as Part of a Reformed Delivery System

Healthcare is in crisis in the United States (Cummings and O’Donohue, 2008). Most view healthcare as too costly, of uneven quality, difficult to access, and inefficient. Behavioral healthcare is no different. Practitioners often charge 10–20 times the minimum wage (and sometimes argue that even this price is insufficient) and provide assessment and therapies of unknown quality or those that are obviously deficient (e.g., Rorschach, rebirthing, drum circles) (Lilienfeld et al., 2008). Waits for child psychiatrists can be from months to half a year, and services are unevenly distributed geographically.
Integrative Functional Network Interactions Underlie the Association between Physical Activity and Cognition in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Physical activity (PA) has preventive and possibly restorative effects in aging-related cognitive decline, which relate to intrinsic functional interactions (functional connectivity, FC) in large-scale brain networks. Preventive and ameliorative effects of PA on cognitive decline have also been documented in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the neural substrates that mediate the association between PA and cognitive performance under such neurological conditions remain unknown. Here we set out to examine if the association between PA and cognitive performance in PD is mediated by FC in large-scale sensorimotor and association brain networks. Data from 51 PD patients were analyzed. Connectome-level analysis based on a whole-brain parcellation showed that self-reported levels of PA were associated with increased FC between, but not within the default mode (DMN) and salience networks (SAL) (p < .05, false discovery rate corrected). Additionally, multiple parallel mediation analysis further demonstrated that FC between left lateral parietal nodes in the DMN and rostral prefrontal nodes in the SAL mediated the association between PA and executive function performance. These findings are in line with previous studies linking FC in large-scale association networks with the effects of PA on cognition in healthy aging. Our results extend these previous results by demonstrating that the association between PA and cognitive performance in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD is mediated by integrative functional interactions in large-scale association networks.
The Social Structures of Accumulation and the Labor Movement: A Brief History and a Modest Proposal:

The economic and political crisis of the 1970s undermined the postwar social structures of accumulation (SSA) and gave rise to the current globalized, neoliberal, financialized (GNF) SSA. Under GNF...
Toward Extreme Fast Charging: Challenges and Opportunities in Directly Connecting to Medium-Voltage Line

With an increasing awareness of the detrimental effects of the fossil fuel?based transportation sector, which accounts for 14% of human-made greenhousegas emissions globally, individuals, companies, and government entities have made a concerted push to develop solutions to provide modes of transportation that are less carbon intensive. Importantly, several countries, including Norway, India, France, and Britain, have decided to end the sale of internal combustion engine cars in the near future, further accelerating the shift to electric transportation.
Therapeutic Methacrylic Comonomers for Covalently Controlled Release from Mechanically Robust Bone Cement: Kinetics and Structure─Function Relationships

To transform biologically inert poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement into a tunable drug-eluting biomaterial, we have employed polymerizable therapeutic methacrylic (TMA) comonomers that use the methacrylic carbonyl bond as a platform for hydrolytically controlled drug release. Changing the identity of the tether bond allows us to select release patterns ranging from rapid release (up to 6.5 times more efficient than drug-eluting cements based on passive diffusion) to long-term anchorage. Further, TMA cements retain their mechanical strength throughout drug release, outperforming both PMMA and diffusion-based cements in compressive strength after aging. We also found that certain factors exert secondary effects on the patterns of covalently controlled release from TMA cements, including TMA/methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymer architecture (created by different reactivity ratios between each TMA/MMA pairing) and cement hydrophilicity. TMA comonomers represent a valuable tool for tuning the bioactiv...
The control and properties of misfit dislocations in OMCVD growth epitaxial layers

ABSTRACT It has previously been shown that the density of misfit dislocations formed at the interface of lattice-mismatched epitaxial layers can be controlled by patterning the substrate prior to molecular beam epitaxial growth. This work extends the substrate patterning technique to material grown by organo-metallic chemical vapor deposition. GaAs substrates were first patterned by photolithography and trenches were reactively ion etched to isolate square regions on the wafer surface. Substrates were etched to 70 nm to 1200 nm deep to observe the effects of trench depth on dislocation isolation. Layers of nominally In0.05Ga0.95As, 350 nm thick, were then grown on the substrates. Misfit dislocations at the substrate/epilayer interface were observed by scanning cathodoluminescence. Trench depth results indicate that misfit dislocations can be stopped by trenches that are shallower than the epi layer thickness itself and the layer is continuous across trenches. The dislocation density varies linearly with isolated square size all the way up to 800 μm - indicating that multiplication mechanisms are not active in this material. The defect densities in the 110 and 1⥘0 directions were found to be identical, which is surprisingly unlike the misfit density asymmetries found in molecular beam epitaxial InGaAs.
Monitoring and detection of meltpool and spatter regions in laser powder bed fusion of super alloy Inconel 625

Additive manufacturing is being adopted to produce metal parts directly from digital design with applications in automotive, aerospace, and biomedical products. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process is a viable technology for this purpose that utilizes a high-power laser beam which follows layer-to-layer scanning of predefined paths on a metal powder bed. In situ monitoring of LPBF process is essential to detect the localized meltpool, its vicinity, and material spatter around it with a goal to control the health of the meltpool. Among many alternatives, high-fidelity video monitoring can provide cost-effective insights to the on-going process to detect changes in meltpool and its vicinity that can further be integrated into an adaptive control system. For this purpose, a high frame rate camera was employed for in situ viewing of meltpool regions during laser fusion of a super alloy, Inconel 625, powder material to be able to improve the process control capability. The size and shape of the meltpool and the heat affected region detected via in situ viewing represent the sources of information to detect possible anomalies and defects. These acquired video volumes were processed and analysed using statistical process control (SPC) charts. The results indicate that some occurrences of undermelting, overmelting, and material spatter can be detected that can then be correlated to localized defects, delamination, and layer separation.
Cytoplasmic mRNA recapping has limited impact on proteome complexity

The m7G cap marks the 5' end of all eukaryotic mRNAs, but there are also capped ends that map downstream within spliced exons. A portion of the mRNA transcriptome undergoes a cyclical process of decapping and recapping, termed cap homeostasis, which impacts the translation and stability of these mRNAs. Blocking cytoplasmic capping results in the appearance of uncapped 5' ends at native cap sites but also near downstream cap sites. If translation initiates at these sites the products would lack the expected N-terminal sequences, raising the possibility of a link between mRNA recapping and proteome complexity. We performed a shotgun proteomics analysis on cells carrying an inducible inhibitor of cytoplasmic capping. A total of 21 875 tryptic peptides corresponding to 3565 proteins were identified in induced and uninduced cells. Of these, only 29 proteins significantly increased, and 28 proteins significantly decreased, when cytoplasmic capping was inhibited, indicating mRNA recapping has little overall impact on protein expression. In addition, overall peptide coverage per protein did not change significantly when cytoplasmic capping was inhibited. Together with previous work, our findings indicate cap homeostasis functions primarily in gating mRNAs between translating and non-translating states, and not as a source of proteome complexity.
Self-organized stem cell-derived human lung buds with proximo-distal patterning and novel targets of SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of therapeutics hinders pandemic control1-2. Although lung disease is the primary clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients1-3, how SARS-CoV-2 induces tissue pathology in the lung remains elusive. Here we describe a high-throughput platform to generate tens of thousands of self-organizing, nearly identical, and genetically matched human lung buds derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) cultured on micropatterned substrates. Strikingly, in vitro-derived human lung buds resemble fetal human lung tissue and display in vivo-like proximo-distal coordination of alveolar and airway tissue differentiation whose 3D epithelial self-organization is directed by the levels of KGF. Single-cell transcriptomics unveiled the cellular identities of airway and alveolar tissue and the differentiation of WNThi cycling alveolar stem cells, a human-specific lung cell type4. These synthetic human lung buds are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses and can be used to track cell type-dependent susceptibilities to infection, intercellular transmission and cytopathology in airway and alveolar tissue in individual lung buds. Interestingly, we detected an increased susceptibility to infection in alveolar cells and identified cycling alveolar stem cells as targets of SARS-CoV-2. We used this platform to test neutralizing antibodies isolated from convalescent plasma that efficiently blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection and intercellular transmission. Our platform offers unlimited, rapid and scalable access to disease-relevant lung tissue that recapitulate key hallmarks of human lung development and can be used to track SARS-CoV-2 infection and identify candidate therapeutics for COVID-19.
Preparation and Properties of Asymmetric Vesicles That Mimic Cell Membranes

A methyl-β-cyclodextrin-induced lipid exchange technique was devised to prepare small unilamellar vesicles with stable asymmetric lipid compositions. Asymmetric vesicles that mimic biological membranes were prepared with sphingomyelin (SM) or SM mixed with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) as the predominant lipids in the outer leaflet and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), POPC, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidyl-l-serine (POPS), or POPS mixed with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) in the inner leaflet. Fluorescence-based assays were developed to confirm lipid asymmetry. Cholesterol was introduced into these vesicles using a second methyl-β-cyclodextrin exchange step. In asymmetric vesicles composed of SM outside, DOPC inside (SMo/DOPCi) or SM outside, 2:1 mol:mol POPE:POPS inside (SMo/2:1 POPE:POPSi) the outer leaflet SM formed an ordered state with a thermal stability similar to that in pure SM vesicles and significantly greater than that in symmetric vesicles with the same overall lipid composition. Analogous behavior was observed in vesicles containing cholesterol. This shows that an asymmetric lipid distribution like that in eukaryotic plasma membranes can be conducive to ordered domain (raft) formation. Furthermore asymmetric vesicles containing ∼25 mol % cholesterol formed ordered domains more thermally stable than those in asymmetric vesicles lacking cholesterol, showing that the crucial ability of cholesterol to stabilize ordered domain formation is likely to contribute to ordered domain formation in cell membranes. Additional studies demonstrated that hydrophobic helix orientation is affected by lipid asymmetry with asymmetry favoring formation of the transmembrane configuration. The ability to form asymmetric vesicles represents an important improvement in model membrane studies and should find many applications in the future.
Adenomyomas of Vagina, Rectum, Sigmoid Colon, and Ovary

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of adenomyomas of the rectovaginal pouch of Douglas, so-called adenomyomas of the rectovaginal septum, awaited emergence of surgical pathology in the late nineteenth century. The subspecialty of surgical pathology in North America developed in academic departments of surgery at Johns Hopkins (gynecology), Columbia-Presbyterian, and Washington University-Barnes Hospital and in non-university settings at Memorial Hospital, The Mayo Clinic, and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.1
Functional ontogeny in the central auditory pathway of the mongolian gerbil - A 2-deoxyglucose study

The 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic technique was used to map functional activity in the central auditory system of the mongolian gerbil, throughout the period of functional onset. Uptake of 2-DG during exposure to 105 dB SPL wide band noise (WBN) was compared to silence in adults and in neonates at 12, 14, 16 and 18 days after birth (DAB). At 12 DAB, WBN exposure increased 2-DG uptake relative to silence only in the ventral cochlear nucleus. At 14 DAB, 2-DG uptake increased during WBN in the entire cochlear nuclear complex, superior olivary complex, and ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. These stimulus-evoked increases in 2-DG uptake were at adult levels. However, little or no stimulus-evoked increase was seen in higher auditory nuclei at 14 DAB. By 16 DAB, 2-DG uptake also increased during WBN exposure in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus and medial geniculate nucleus. By 18 DAB, WBN exposure produced increases in 2-DG uptake of medullary and pontine auditory nuclei which exceeded those seen in adults. At higher levels of the pathway, increases were comparable to those seen in adults. WBN-induced increases in 2-DG uptake observed in the cochlear nuclear and superior olivary complexes of neonates were comparable in all regions at all ages, even at 12 DAB. However, the 2-DG uptake increases observed at 16 and 18 DAB were appreciably greater in those regions of the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate nucleus which respond to high frequencies.
Strategies for Optimizing Headlamp Illumination and Visibility Along Curves

This document reports on a field study undertaken to measure peripheral visual performance under various headlamp conditions. The study include conditions that are typical of halogen and high intensity discharge (HID) headlamps and explored functions that could be incorporated in advanced forward-lighting systems (AFS). Targets of varying size were located at different locations along the edges of both left- and right-hand curves, and different headlamp illumination conditions were used. Reaction times and missed targets were measured. The authors found a benefit of increased peripheral illumination commonly found in HID headlamps and with AFS systems on peripheral target detection. These results are consistent with previously published studies. The authors describe how these data could be used to make predictions of peripheral visibility under arbitrary beam patterns as a function of target characteristics and headlamp intensity, and could help identify locations within beam patterns where increased illumination is likely to be beneficial when entering curves, and where it is not likely to benefit. Compared to configurations most closely matching the illuminance profile of halogen headlamps, the configuration with illuminance conditions most closely matching that of HID headlamps improved detection for targets located along a curve. The authors also conclude that once an asymptotic level of visual performance is achieved, there are diminishing returns from the increased illumination that could be gained by including AFS functionality.
Adrenal cortex in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. Fifty cases of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy treated by adrenal cortex orally and subcutaneously have been reported. 2. 2. Though the therapeutic effect is difficult to evaluate, we feel that most of the patients were markedly benefited by this form of treatment.
Influence of food and marker length on gastric emptying of indigestible radiopaque markers in healthy humans

Abstract A simple, noninvasive radiographic method was used to investigate the influence of food and of marker length on gastric emptying of indigestible solids. Ten healthy human subjects who had fasted for 12 h exhibited more rapid emptying when solid radiopaque markers were ingested with water than they did when markers were ingested with a 400- kcal solid and liquid meal. Mean (±SE) emptying of markers that were 10 mm in length averaged 55% ± 15%, 97% ± 3%, and 100% 1, 2, and 4 h after ingestion of the markers with water, compared with 4% ± 2%, 32% ± 11%, and 64% ± 12% emptying 1, 2, and 4 h after ingestion of markers with the meal (p
Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by a quinazolinone and comparison with inhibition by pyridinones. Differences in the rates of inhibitor binding and in synergistic inhibition with nucleoside analogs

6-Chloro-(4S)-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydro-4-((2-pyridyl)-ethynyl)quinazol in- 2(1H)-one (L-738,372) is representative of a novel structural class of nonnucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus, strain 1 (HIV-1), reverse transcriptase (RT), the quinazolinones. L-738,372 is a reversible inhibitor of HIV-1 RT and is noncompetitive against dTTP with a Ki of 140 nM with poly(rA).oligo(dT) as primer-template. Mixed noncompetitive inhibition by L-738,372 was observed against poly(rC).oligo(dG) as primer-template. This quinazolinone binds to RT at a site that overlaps the binding site of other nonnucleoside inhibitors as evidenced by the ability of L-738,372 to displace bound radiolabeled L-696,229, a member of the pyridinone class of inhibitors of HIV-1 RT, from complexes of RT and primer-template. Inhibition by L-738,372 shows slow binding characteristics in reactions with all of the primer-templates employed. Synergistic inhibition of RT activity was evident in combinations of L-738,372 and any of the nucleoside analogs, azidothymidine triphosphate, dideoxyinosine triphosphate, or dideoxycytosine triphosphate. The azidothymidine-resistant form of RT (D67N, K70R, T215Y, K219Q) is inhibited by L-738,372 with 2-3-fold more potency than is the wild-type RT. Comparison of inhibition by L-738,372 with inhibition by pyridinone inhibitors reveals differences in synergistic inhibition with nucleoside analogs and in the rates of binding of the inhibitors.
Neoprene and Hypalon

On December 30, 1925, at an organic chemistry symposium of the American Chemical Society in Rochester, New York, Father Nieuwland of Notre Dame University reported on his research on acetylene gas,1,2 and it was there that Dr. Elmer K. Bolton of the Du Pont Company became interested in Nieuwland’s work. Out of their discussions came an alliance and unique research effort between Notre Dame and a group of Du Pont scientists including Wallace Carothers, Arnold Collins, William Calcott, and A. S. Carter. For his contributions in the field of acetylene and chloroprene chemistry, Arnold Collins later received the Charles Goodyear Medal from the Rubber Division.3
Implications of Low Particulate Matter Emissions on System Fuel Efficiency for High Efficiency Clean Combustion

Advanced diesel combustion regimes such as High Efficiency Clean Combustion (HECC) offer the benefits of reduced engine out NOX and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Lower PM emissions during advanced combustion reduce the demand on diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and can, thereby, reduce the fuel penalty associated with DPF regeneration. In this study, a SiC DPF was loaded and regenerated on a 1.7-liter 4-cylinder diesel engine operated in conventional and advanced combustion modes at different speed and load conditions. A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a lean NOX trap (LNT) were also installed in the exhaust stream. Five steady-state speed and load conditions were weighted to estimate Federal Test Procedure (FTP) fuel efficiency. The DPF was loaded using lean-rich cycling with frequencies that resulted in similar levels of NOX emissions downstream of the LNT. The pressure drop across the DPF was measured at a standard point (1500 rpm, 5.0 bar) before and after loading, and a P rise rate was determined for comparison between conventional and advanced combustion modes. Higher PM emissions in conventional combustion resulted in a higher rate of backpressure rise across the DPF at all of the load points leading to more frequent DPF regenerations and higher fuelmore » penalty. The fuel penalty during conventional combustion was 4.2% compared with 3.1% for a mixture of conventional and advanced modes.« less
Does Coconut Oil Have Side Effects

Virgin coconut oil (CO), high in medium chained fatty acids (MCT), is metabolized quickly. Few cases report intolerance or allergy with oil intake. Some practitioners recommend at least 30-60 g of ...
Molecular-Level Modeling of the Structure and Proton Transport within the Membrane Electrode Assembly of Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

The creation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in the early 1960’s attracted great interest with the prospect of serving as a highly efficient and eco-friendly power source. This nascent technology found a broad range of applications spanning from spacecrafts to automobiles and electronic devices. The PEMFC in its simplest form consists of an anode, where the hydrogen fuel is catalytically electro-oxidized (dissociated into protons and electrons), a cathode, where oxygen is catalytically electro-reduced (combined with protons to form water) and a polymer electrolyte membrane, which serves as the structural framework of the cell and transports protons from anode to cathode, while the electrons are forced through the external circuit generating electricity. Today, fuel cell remains one of the most promising means of generating energy from alternative fuels, with tremendous potential to reduce oil dependence and carbon emissions. However, current PEMFCs have a relatively narrow operational range and a high cost of production, thus requiring significant experimental and theoretical research to develop a thorough understanding of this technology (at both the molecular and macroscopic scale), which will ultimately render the fuel cell as an economically viable option.
A Comparative Study of Three Methods Measuring Prothrombin Time

A comparative study of the Fibrometer, Seratek, and manual technics measuring prothrombin time is described. Three technicians, 3 thromboplastin preparations, and 10 blood specimens with 10 replications were utilized in a 3 x 3 x 10 factorial design. It was found that the reproducibility of each method was subject to an interaction between technician, method, and reagent. In the hands of experienced technicians, the Seratek method was more frequently reproducible than the other two methods. This does not rule out the possibility of the Fibrometer being the method of choice with any particular technician or when less experienced technicians are performing prothrombin time measurements in rotation. The Fibrometer was found to produce the shortest prothrombin time. The importance of considering interaction in comparative or quality control studies consisting of several variables is emphasized.
Giving robots a flexible persona: The five factor model of artificial personality in action

A computational framework for artificial personality in cognitive robots is introduced. While every robot has some form of personality, the framework reported here is flexible and enables the exploration of different behaviors on the same robotic platform. The framework described here maintains a probabilistic representation of an internal state that includes emotion, motivation, sensing, and previous action. The next action is computed by using a massive number of rules implemented using Bayes Rule. This flexible Bayesian representation of personality allows the robots personality to be designed by a personality generator algorithm. The authors present results in a real robot and compare the behavior of robots with differing personalities.
Flexi-distortional piezoelectric sensor results

A longitudinal ("RIBBIE") form of a shear amplification sensor has been tested for amplified d/sub 15/ response. The mechanically amplified flexi-distortional system may improve the d/sub h/g/sub h/ figure of merit by transferring the compressional stress on the device to a lateral shear on the electroceramic element. This type of amplified system is mechanically classified as distortional and, therefore, without volume change By transforming the hydrostatic stress to transverse strain, the transverse forces can be used to develop shear strain and activate the d/sub 15/ coefficient. Electrodes are placed along the sides of the sensing element. Flexi-distortional devices are tested in order to check for the limits of sensitivity in their performance.
Mesoscopic Rydberg Impurity in an Atomic Quantum Gas

Giant impurity excitations are powerful probes for exploring new regimes of far out of equilibrium dynamics in few- and many-body quantum systems, and in situ observations of correlations. Motivated by recent experimental progress in spectroscopic studies of Rydberg excitations in ultracold atoms, we develop a new theoretical approach for describing multiscale dynamics of Rydberg excitations in quantum Bose gases. We find that the crossover from few- to many-body dynamics manifests in a dramatic change in spectral profile from resolved molecular lines to broad Gaussian distributions representing a superpolaronic state in which many atoms bind to the Rydberg impurity. We discuss signatures of this crossover in the temperature and density dependence of the spectra.
Optimization of Protoplast Formation and Regeneration in Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

Abstract Conditions are reported for efficient protoplast formation and regeneration in four strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Protoplasts were produced from each strain at frequencies greater than 99%, although the rate of their production was variable from strain to strain. Bovine serum albumin and Mg2+ were required for maximal regeneration, while the presence of Ca2+ was inhibitory. Regeneration frequencies of 16% could be obtained with strain ATCC 10830. This frequency was four- to eightfold higher than the frequencies of the other strains examined.
Expression of Escherichia coli pabA.

Abstract Escherichia coli pabA encodes the glutamine amidotransferase subunit of p-aminobenzoate synthase. p-Aminobenzoate synthase catalyzes the conversion of chorismate and glutamine to 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate, which is then converted to p-aminobenzoate by a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase. The 5'-terminal segment of pabA was previously shown to be transcribed from two different promoters, one near the pabA coding sequence (P1) and one preceding fic (P2). However, a pabA-lacZ translational fusion was expressed only from the mRNA originating at P1. We have determined that expression of a pabA-lacZ chromosomal fusion is not changed by p-aminobenzoate limitation, growth rate, catabolite repression, overexpression of either p-aminobenzoate synthase subunit, or gene dosage of pabA and pabB. The lack of pabA expression from P2 appears to be the result of a stable secondary structure in the intergenic space preceding pabA that sequesters the pabA ribosome binding site. Disruption of the secondary structure by mutation allowed expression of pabA from P2, as did translation of ribosomes into the fic-pabA intergenic region.
Smart Growth: A New American Approach to Regional Planning

(2001). Smart Growth: A New American Approach to Regional Planning. Planning Practice & Research: Vol. 16, No. 3-4, pp. 271-279.
Determination of the chemical potentials of polymeric systems from Monte Carlo simulations.

We propose a new computer-simulation technique, based on the Widom test-particle method, to calculate the chemical potentials of components in a polymeric system. The technique is based on the insertion of test segments onto a polymer and is applicable for any chain length at gas and liquidlike densities. We perform sample calculations on homopolymers and show that the proposed technique allows for the enumeration of their thermodynamic behavior in the subcritical and supercritical temperature ranges.
MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE EVENTS IN PYROPHACUS STEINII (SCHILLER) WALL ET DALE (DINOPHYCEAE)

Cells of Pyrophacus steinii (Schiller) Wall et Dale are round and lens shaped and have an anteroposteriorly compressed theca. The epitheca has a truncated, conical horn and a hexagonally shaped apical pore plate with two arched slits positioned off center. The cingulum is equatorial, narrow, and deep. The hypotheca is flat. The sulcus is narrow, slightly curved, and recessed and does not reach the cell’s antapex. The plate formula in these specimens of P. steinii is Po, 8′, Oa, 13", 13C, 12"′, 3p, 3"", and 8S with a difference in the number of precingular (13") and postcingular (12"′) plates. No additional posterior intercalary plates were present (Oap). Pregametic stages of P. steinii were observed during cell division via binary fission, with formation of two cells and multiple division with formation of four and eight cells. These newly formed cells were pale in color and were enclosed in double-layered hyaline membrane. Gametes with gymnodinoid morphology were observed within the parental cells. Planozygotes are large and round and enclosed in double-layered hyaline membrane. Mature cell forms are brown with a microgranular cytoplasm, storage bodies, and a red accumulation body. The hypnozygote exhibits triple-layered hyaline membrane, irregularly shaped and comparable with bulbous processes of Tuberculodinium vancampoae Rossigol resting cysts. Division within a hypnocyst of P. steinii involves shedding the parental theca and the development and emergence of two daughter cells with the size and morphology of pregametic cells.
A large class of inversion formulae for the 2D Radon transform of functions of compact support

We demonstrate that there are many direct inversion formulae for the two-dimensional (2D) Radon transform that are not equivalent to Radon's original inversion formula. Our explicit formulae have a form similar to classical filtered backprojection but do require some information about the support of the object function. We present some numerical results to illustrate significant differences in reconstructions as alternate formulae are applied to noisy data.
Materials And Technologies For Microstructure Engineering

The fabrication of microstructures for sensing and actuating has evolved in the last few years to include special technologies and materials, not commonly used in the integrated circuit industry, but which are, at least to some degree, compatible with those planar structures. Microsensors and actuators are now more frequently being constructed in the third dimension to enable mechanical motion, or to incorporate packaging components. This paper presents some of the materials and technologies for microstructure engineering which are being developed and implemented in current microsensor designs.
Selected problems treated by vocal fold injection of collagen.

Abstract Introduction: This study evaluates the results of vocal fold injection of bovine collagen. Methods: A group of patients were selected because they were not good candidates for other forms of treatment. This included patients with scarred vocal folds, bilateral vocal fold pathology with a small glottic gap, and unilateral vocal fold pathology with atrophy. Assessment used patient self-evaluation, perceptual judgments of voice recordings, laboratory data based on acoustic signal analysis, and aerodynamic measures during voice production. Vocal folds were also studied by videostroboscopy. Results: Most of the 45 patients treated with collagen injection were helped. In some cases, the improvement was marginal but documented using a variety of measures. Significant improvement was noted in jitter ( P = .002), shimmer ( P = .002), and maximum intensity ( P = .026). There were no major complications and no hypersensitivity reaction. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of collagen injection in the treatment of a selected group of patients with glottic insufficiency who are not good candidates for other forms of therapy. Objective analysis of results suggest improved function in this difficult to treat patient population. Further clinical investigation is warranted.
Ground motions resulting from a pressurized buried cavity

Abstract The motions at the free surface of an elastic solid due to the presence of an underground explosive source are numerically evaluated. This information is subsequently processed in a form suitable for inferring the strength of the explosion from surface motion measurements. Furthermore, the motions at the surface of the explosive source are also examined. A direct, time-stepping boundary element methodology is used for studying this transient, three-dimensional problem. The solid is modeled as a linear elastic halfspace and the underground blasts are simulated by dynamic radial expansion of the spherical cavity. Parametric studies are conducted that take into account the time variation of the radial expansion, the depth of embedment, and changes in Poisson's ratio.