cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Groundwater quality under the influence of spent mushroom substrate weathering

Nitrate and other solutes resulting from field-weathering of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) percolate into underlying soils and may migrate to groundwater. A field trial was conducted to investigate the potential influences of SMS weathering on groundwater quality. Spent mushroom substrate was deposited at 90 and 150 cm pile depths over a Typic Hapludult and weathered for 2 years. Eight casing wells were installed around the SMS piles to monitor the quality changes of groundwater with a high seasonal water table of 760 cm below the surface. Although leachate solutes had moved more than 200 cm deep in soil from the surface, no significant changes of groundwater quality caused by SMS weathering were observed even one year after removal of the SMS piles (3 years total). The groundwater had pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of 4.3–5.7, 0.2–0.3 dS m−1 and 0.7–2.2 mg L−1, respectively. The major inorganic ions were Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, Cl−, SO42− and NO3−, with a concentration range of 2.5–68.3 mg L−1. The results suggest that SMS leachate solutes migrated fairly slow in deep subsurface soils of the experimental field. Considering that leachate solutes may move several meters in soil through preferential flow channels, weathering of SMS in fields with a high seasonal groundwater table ≥5 m below the ground is recommended. Conservatively, SMS weathering should be conducted on compact surfaces and leachate be collected and reused as liquid fertilizers.
Performance and calibration of the HST Wide Field Camera 3

The WFC3 is the primary science instrument on HST. It accounts for over half of all observations since its installation during SM4 in May 2009. We discuss the evolution of our understanding of the performance of WFC3 and our calibration strategies. A key aspect of WFC3 is its high degree of stability which permits steadily improving calibrations. We discuss four main topics: the calibration and trending of photometric and astrometric observations, the techniques we are using to achieve markedly improved flat field calibrations (and their associated challenges), the evolution of the WFC3 CCD and HgCdTe detectors in the space environment, and the recent implementation of a spatial scanning observing technique which enables very high signal to noise ratio observations of bright sources including exo-planets and also high precision astrometry.
History of the Cretaceous Osbourn spreading center

The Osbourn Trough is a fossil spreading center that rifted apart the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus during Cretaceous time. Previous models of the Osbourn spreading center are based on data collected near the trough axis, and therefore only constrain the history of the Osbourn spreading center during the last few Ma of spreading. Our data set includes multibeam data collected northward to the Manihiki Plateau, allowing us to examine seafloor morphology created during the entire active period of the Osbourn spreading center, as well as several additional multibeam data sets that provide the opportunity to examine the relationship between the Osbourn paleospreading center and the Cretaceous Pacific-Phoenix ridge. The axial gravity of the trough is similar to the gravity found at other extinct slow-intermediate spreading rate ridges. Magnetic field measurements indicate that spreading at the trough ceased during Chron C34. Abyssal-hill trends indicate that spreading during the early history of the Osbourn spreading center occurred at 15°–20°. The east-west component of this spreading explains the modern east-west offset of the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus. Spreading rotated to 2°–5° prior to extinction. Abyssal-hill RMS amplitudes show that a decrease in spreading rate, from >7 cm/yr to 2–6 cm/yr full-spreading rate, occurred ∼2–6 Ma prior to ridge extinction. Our data analysis is unable to determine the exact spreading rate of the Osbourn spreading center prior to the slowing event. The temporal constraints provided by our data show that the Osbourn spreading center ceased spreading prior to 87 Ma or 93 Ma, depending on whether the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus rifted at 115 Ma or 121 Ma. Our model resolves the conflict between regional models of Osbourn spreading with models based on trough characteristics by showing that spreading at the Osbourn spreading center was decoupled from Pacific-Phoenix spreading.
Estrogenic regulation of HSP90 kD synthesis in rat urinary bladder

The role of heat shock protein (HSP90 kD) has been investigated in regard to its association with steroid receptors. HSP90 kD may play a role in steroid receptor stabilization and activation. Oophorectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 25) were placed into five groups and injected subcutaneously with 30 microg beta-estradiol 17-benzoate in sesame oil, with one group injected with carrier oil (control). After estrogen administration, the rats were killed, and their bladders removed for immunostaining, immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunoblot analysis demonstrated a 90-kD band in bladder homogenates, even in the absence of estrogen. However, the bands were more intense 12 and 24 h after administering estrogen. ELISA showed significant differences in HSP90 kD synthesis as early as 6 h compared to controls (P< 0.05). After 48 h the estrogen-treated rats and controls were identical. The above results were confirmed by immunostaining for HSP90 kD. HSP90 kD synthesis in the rat urinary bladder is under estrogenic regulation. These findings may be relevant in the etiology and pathobiology of interstitial cystitis and menopausal voiding dysfunctions since the bladder is enriched with estrogenic receptors and is under estrogenic influence.
ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN CEREBRAL VASCULAR TONE DURING HYPOTENSION IN NEWBORN PIGS. † 1272

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide synthase and presumably nitric oxide production in the initiation and maintenance of cerebral vasodilatation during hemorrhagic hypotension in newborn pigs.
LSI perspective: the last five years

An attempt to write the history of LSI over the past five years is a difficult task because of the lack of definition of just what is LSI---LSI means different things to different people; and there is little documented evidence on the successes and failures. I believe it is instructive to look back approximately seven years from the date of this conference to a document which, in my opinion, represents the first clear statement of the requirements for and goals of LSI.
Automated before-procedure electronic health record screening to assess appropriateness for GI endoscopy and sedation.

Background Endoscopists are performing greater numbers of procedures, often on patients with complex conditions, in ambulatory settings because of changing patient demographics and referral patterns. To assist with the pre-procedure assessment of such patients, we deployed an advanced electronic health record tool, the Queriable Patient Inference Dossier (QPID), to review clinical histories and generate e-mail alerts to providers, based on clinical guidelines. Objective Study the feasibility of an automated pre-procedure alert system for outpatient endoscopy. Design We retrospectively reviewed 5 physicians' use of the application and their responses to the alerts. Setting A hospital-based endoscopy unit and its two satellite outpatient clinics, Boston area, Massachusetts. Patients Adult outpatients referred for endoscopy with moderate sedation. Intervention Pre-procedure alerts automatically sent 7 days before the procedure, highlighting any conditions/clinical history that may affect management of the patient. Main Outcome Measurements Physician use of the pre-procedure alert system and its effect on patient management. Results We studied 1682 procedures that met inclusion criteria for review by QPID and 364 alerts (1.6% of the eligible procedures). Nearly 80% of the alerts were reviewed and responded to by the physicians, and 70 total alerts resulted in a change in patient management (4.2% of eligible procedures). Limitations The small size of the study group and the low rate of adverse events during the study period limit our findings. We thus plan to conduct a larger follow-up study to demonstrate changes in safety and efficiency. Conclusion Use of advanced electronic health record technologies, such as QPID, may improve provider efficiency and patient outcomes in endoscopy units.
Rolling, aligning, and trapping droplets on a laser beam using marangoni optofluidic tweezers

Optical methods for droplet manipulation are attractive because they offer dynamic control without on-chip structures; however, forces from optical tweezers tend to be in the pN range. We demonstrate the trapping of oil-in-water droplets on a focused laser beam via using Marangoni optofluidic tweezers (MOT). MOR exploits Marangoni flow generated by a laser-induced temperature singularity at the oil-water interface. The asymmetry of the flow aligns the droplet centroid to the laser, at which point the flow becomes symmetric and stabilizes the droplet. MOT forces are several orders of magnitude stronger (µN) than optical tweezers, evidenced by the manipulation of 20–1000 µm oil dropletsat speeds > 1 mm mm/s. The flows within the droplet can also be used for mixing and particle collection within the drop, and adjacent secondary vortices can merge droplets. The self-alignment mechanism is supported by CFD simulations, and experimental data.
Gradient effects on two-color soot optical pyrometry in a heavy-duty DI diesel engine

Two-color soot optical pyrometry is a widely used technique for measuring soot temperature and volume fraction in many practical combustion devices, but line-of-sight soot temperature and volume fraction gradients can introduce significant uncertainties in the measurements. For diesel engines, these uncertainties usually can only be estimated based on assumptions about the soot property gradients along the line of sight, because full three-dimensional transient diesel soot distribution data are not available. Such information is available, however, from multidimensional computer model simulations, which are phenomenologically based, and have been validated against available in-cylinder soot measurements and diesel engine exhaust soot emissions. Using the model-predicted in-cylinder soot distributions, uncertainties in diesel two-color pyrometry data are assessed, both for a conventional high-sooting, high-temperature combustion (HTC) operating condition, and for a low-sooting, low-temperature combustion (LTC) condition. The simulation results confirm that the two-color soot measurements are strongly biased toward the properties of the hot soot. For the HTC condition, line-of-sight gradients in soot temperature span 600 K, causing relatively large errors. The two-color temperature is 200 K higher than the soot-mass-averaged value, while the two-color volume fraction is 50% lower. For the LTC condition, the two-color measurement errors are half as large as for the HTC condition, because the model-predicted soot temperature gradients along the line of sight are half as large. By contrast, soot temperature and volume fraction gradients across the field of view introduce much smaller errors of less than 50 K in temperature and 20% in volume fraction.
Intimate Exteriority: Sufi Space as Sanctuary for Injured Subjectivities in Turkey

When it comes to mental health and spirituality in the Muslim world, Tasawwuf, or Sufism as it is called in the West, stands as an automatic and obvious point of reference. It is true, of course, that Sufism has become a loose tag over time, used and abused in a vast range of meanings and applications. So much so that one could raise the objection that it signifies too wide a range of thought and practices across various Muslim societies (say from North Africa to India), to be a useful concept. But it is also possible to turn this
Complementary Specialization of Male and Female Reproductive Structures in the Bear Macaque, Macaca arctoides

IN 1872 Anderson1 first noted the strikingly aberrant structure of the glans penis of the red-faced stump-tailed bear macaque, Macaca arctoides I. Geoffroy, 1831 (= M. speciosa Blyth, 1875; for nomenclatural discussion of this species see ref. 2). Further characterizations of the unusual penis of this monkey have been provided by other authors3–7. The glans of the bear macaque differs from that of other macaques in being long, slender and lanceolate instead of short, blunt and rounded (Fig. 1). In the bear macaque the glans is 5–7 cm long, dorso-ventrally flattened, and tapers in breadth from about 1 cm at the base to less than 0.5 cm at the tip. In other macaques the glans is less than 2.5 cm long and is generally helmet-shaped4, approximately as in man. The penis bone, which provides skeletal support for the glans in macaques and most primates, is also about 6 cm long in the bear macaque (Fig. 2), more than twice as long as in other species of the genus4,8.
A PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL TASK

Abstract : This paper considers the feasibility of incorporating research results from cognitive science into the modeling of performance on psychometric tests and the construction of test items. The paper focuses on the feasibility of modeling performance on a three-dimensional rotation task within the context of Item Response Theory (IRT). Three-dimensional items were chosen because there is a rich literature on the mental models that are used in their solution. To test the feasibility of psychometrically modeling performance on this item type an 80-item, three-dimensional rotation test was constructed. An inexpensive computer system was also developed to administer the test and record performance, including response-time data. Data were collected on high school juniors and seniors. As expected angular disparity was a potent determinant of item difficulty. The applicability of IRT to these data was investigated by dichotomizing response time at several points and applying standard item parameter estimation procedures. It was concluded that an approach to psychometric modeling that explicitly incorporates information on the mental models examiners use in solving an item is not only workable, but also essential for future developments in psychometrics.
Process development and application of grayscale lithography for efficient three-dimensionally profiled fiber-to-waveguide couplers

While recent advances in optical integrated circuits and photonic crystal devices have been impressive, there presently exists an unsatisfied need for an efficient means of coupling into these systems from the outside world. To this end, we have developed writing techniques for continuous-tone grayscale masks in high-energy beam sensitive (HEBS) glass, which we subsequently employ in the fabrication of tapered coupling devices. These devices demonstrate efficient coupling of free-space and fiber signals into waveguides fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrates. This approach significantly reduces losses as compared to standard butt-coupling and end-fire coupling methods, in addition to being inherently broadband. In this paper, we discuss grayscale mask process development, fabrication techniques for the coupling devices, and characterization of device performance.
Phosphorus uptake rates of cotton roots at different growth stages from different soil layers

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine P uptake at different growth stages by cotton plants from upper and lower 30 cm layers of 60 cm deep uniform soil columns. A radioisotope tracer technique was used to separate uptake from the two soil layers. Root lengths were measured in both layers at each growth stage. P fluxes were calculated for each layer. Root length increased significantly with time from square formation through peak flowering. At all growth stages, total P uptake from the upper soil layer was greater than that from the lower soil layer. P flux from either layer was greater during early growth stages than during later stages. A significant decrease in P flux occurred when plants reached the flowering stage. The flux from the upper layer was about twice that from the lower layer at square forming stage but the difference decreased as the plants matured. Both layers showed similar P fluxes at the first open boll stage. Our data indicate that roots located 30 to 60 cm below the surface are less effective per unit root length than those located at 0 to 30 cm depth when all roots are in the same soil environmental conditions. However, the effectiveness of P absorption from different soil depths under field conditions may depend on the environmental conditions that exist in each soil depth.
Maternal ethanol exposure with adequate protein in the diet: Influence on offspring development

Abstract Pregnant rats (n=45) were fed alcohol (29% of kcal) in a high protein (31% of kcal) liquid diet on days 6 through 19 of gestation. On day 1 (day 0 is day of birth), litters were culled to 8 pups, 4 males and 4 females when possible. Samples for blood assays, organ weights and thymus samples for histologic preparation were obtained from pups culled from the litters. Pups were randomly selected for urinary pH testing, blood assays, thymus studies and liver lipid assays on days 1, 16, 21 and 30 and for sciatic nerve myelin assay on day 21. Hematology, thymus protein and structure, liver lipids and cholesterol, and sciatic nerve myelin were unharmed by in utero alcohol exposure in the presence of a high protein diet. At day 16, body and brain weights of alcohol exposed pups were decreased and urinary pH levels were higher than those of pairfed and ad libitum controls. In utero alcohol exposure (29%) in a diet containing 31% kcal as protein did not affect hematology, liver and thymus structure or peripheral nerve myelin; but did have early affects on body, brain, kidney and thymus weights and urinary pH levels.
Isolation of 2-μm minichromosomes fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae using shallow metrizamide gradients

Abstract Unfixed 2-μm minichromosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be isolated uncontaminated by genomic DNA by banding isopycnically in metrizamide [2-(3-acetamido-5- N -methylacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzamido)-2-deoxy- d -glucose[ according to the protein/nucleic acid ratio. Two density components are found in A364A cells; one apparently contains ribosomes and genomic chromatin fragments (ϱ = 1.26 g/cm 3 ) and a lighter component (ϱ = 1.24 g/cm 3 ) contains pure 2-μm DNA. The lighter component is not found in (cir 0 ) cells.
Selective expression of the three classes of glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in mouse tissues

The suitability of mouse as an animal model for studying the glutathione S-transferase (GST)-mediated detoxification mechanisms has been studied by analyzing the expression of the α, μ, and π classes of glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in mouse brain, heart, kidney, spleen, liver, and muscle. Individual isoenzymes from each of these tissues have been purified, characterized, and classified into the three known classes of GST. These studies demonstrate that GST isoenzymes are variably expressed in different mouse tissues, suggesting that their expression is tissue specific. A major isoenzyme, belonging to the π class, with a pI value in the range of 8.6–9.1 and an approximate subunit Mr value of 22,500 was detected in each tissue investigated in this study. A variable number of μ class isoenzymes with subunit Mr values of 26,500 were expressed in all mouse tissues studied, except spleen and muscle. Only liver and kidney showed the expression of an α class isoenzyme, each having a basic pI value and subunit Mr of approximately 25,000. Another minor acidic α class isoenzyme, also with a subunit Mr value of 25,000, was detected in liver, kidney, and brain. While multiple GST isoenzymes were detected in all other tissues studied, only spleen showed the presence of a single isoenzyme, which belonged to the π class. These results reveal considerable differences in the GST isoenzyme composition of mouse tissues as compared to rat and human tissues. However, several apparent similarities in mouse and human tissues exist, suggesting that the mouse model can be used to analyze the GST-mediated detoxification mechanisms in humans.
Effects of Self-Monitoring on Preschoolers' On-Task Behavior A Pilot Study

On-task behavior has been determined to be a prerequisite to most learning. Children entering kindergarten are more likely to have difficulty learning important preacademic and social readiness skills when their on-task behavior is underdeveloped. Self-management techniques used with school-age children have proven to be successful in teaching them how to control their own behavior. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if preschoolers could learn to use a self-management strategy (consisting of self-talk, self-appraisal, and self-recording) to increase on-task behavior during independent prereadiness tasks. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used. The setting for the experiment was an integrated Easter Seals preschool program in which 50% of the children are handicapped or at risk. Results revealed that preschoolers could respond to self-monitoring training and that on-task behavior increased when they used the strategy. Additionally, the researcher attempted to measure social vali...
Measurement of the Specific Surface Area of Clays by Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy

The specific surface area, S, of a clay is commonly measured by the adsorption of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME); however, this method can be tedious and time consuming, especially if the clay is saturated with a monovalent, highly hydrated cation. An alternative method for measuring S was developed involving infrared internal reflectance spectroscopy. This method is based on the discovery that the ratio of R1, the reflectance of a clay-HOD mixture at the frequency of O-D stretching, to R2, the reflectance of the mixture at the frequency of H-O-D bending, is linearly related to S. The correlation coefficient between R~/R2 and S, as measured by the adsorption of EGME, was 0.995. Consequently, a calibration curve of R1/R2 versus S was constructed, and the measured values of R~/R2 for any clay-HOD mixture were referred to it for the determination of S. Results were obtained in triplicate in about an hour; hence, this method of determining S is more rapid and convenient than that involving the adsorption of EGME. Moreover, it applies to clays in a natural condition, i.e., swollen in water.
Quantum field induced strains in nanostructures and prospects for optical actuation

Abstract We develop the mechanics theory of a phenomenon in which strain is induced in nanoscale structures in the absence of applied stress, due solely to the presence of quantum mechanical confinement of charge carriers. The direct effect of strain on electronic structure has been widely studied in recent years, but the “reverse coupling” effect that we investigate, which is only appreciable in the smallest structures, has been largely ignored even though its effects are present in first principles atomistic calculations. We develop a simple effective mass approach that can be used to model this universal physical phenomenon allowing a transparent scheme to identify its occurrence. We relate quantum field induced strain to acoustic polarons and identify the presence of this effect in density functional theory calculations of strain and quantum confinement in free-standing Si and GaAs quantum dots. Finally, we discuss the use of this quantum confinement induced strain as a mechanism for universal optical actuation in nanowire structures in the context of recent experimental results on carbon nanotubes.
Stochastic gradient adaptive filters with gradient adaptive step sizes

Two adaptive step-size gradient adaptive filters are presented. The step sizes are changed using a gradient descent algorithm designed to minimize the squared estimation error. The first algorithm uses the same step-size sequence for all the filter coefficients, whereas the second algorithm uses different step-size sequences for different adaptive filter coefficients. An analytical performance analysis of the first algorithm is also presented. Analyses and experiments indicate that (1) the algorithms have fast convergence rates and small midadjustment errors and (2) in nonstationary environments, the algorithms tend to adjust the step sizes so as to give close to the best possible performance. Several simulation examples demonstrating the good properties of the adaptive filters are also presented. >
Elevating the Dialogue on Professional Ethics to the Next Level: Reflections on the Experience of the Academy of Management

This commentary reflects on the Academy of Management's experience since developing a formal code of ethics to guide the professional behaviour of its members over twenty years ago. Despite widespread efforts to publicize the Code within the Academy, a sizeable proportion of Academy members are unaware it exists and only a very small proportion have read it carefully. Current efforts underway to increase ethics awareness are described. In addition, it is suggested that the discussion of ethical principles needs to move beyond a printed document and annual workshops to become more influential in the day-to-day lives of management professors. Suggestions for how this might be accomplished by the Academy of Management and other similar associations with codes of ethics (e.g., IACMR) are discussed.
Questioning and Organizing Attention: Toward a Critical Theory of Planning and Administrative Practice

To understand what planning and administrative analysts do, and what they can yet do, we need a theory of planning and public administration that combines vision with practice, a theory neither solely utopian nor opportunistic. Jurgen Habermas's "critical communications theory of society" allows us to locate the planning analyst's questioning and shaping of attention, thus organizing and designing, within a political, institutional world of systematically but unnecessarily distorted (and so possibly alterable) communications. A critical theory of administration andplanning argues that the planning analysts' organizing of attention can and ought ethically to work to foster true political discourse, dialogue, and the possibilities of genuinely democratic politics.
Marx, Central Planning, and Utopian Socialism*

Marx believed that what most clearly distinguished him and Engels from the nineteenth-century French socialists was that their version (or vision) of socialism was “scientific” while the latters' was Utopian. What he intended by this contrast is roughly the following: French socialists such as Proudhon and Fourier constructed elaborate visions of a future socialist society without an adequate understanding of existing capitalist society. For Marx, on the other hand, socialism was not an idea or an ideal to be realized, but a natural outgrowth of the existing capitalist order. Marx's historical materialism is a systematic attempt to discover the laws governing the inner dynamics of capitalism and class societies generally. Although this theory issues in a prediction of the ultimate triumph of socialism, it is a commonplace that Marx had little to say about the details of post-capitalist society. Nevertheless, some of its features can be discerned from his critical analysis of capitalism and what its replacement entails.
Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Transfer of a Novel Long Noncoding RNA TUC339: A Mechanism of Intercellular Signaling in Human Hepatocellular Cancer

Although the expression of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is altered in hepatocellular cancer (HCC), their biological effects are poorly defined. We have identified lncRNA with highly conserved sequences, ultraconserved lncRNA (ucRNA) that are transcribed and altered in expression in HCC. Extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes and microvesicles, are released from tumor cells and can transfer biologically active proteins and RNA across cells. We sought to identify the role of vesicle-mediated transfer of ucRNA as a mechanism by which these novel lncRNA could influence intercellular signaling with potential for environmental modulation of tumor cell behavior. HCC-derived extracellular vesicles could be isolated from cells in culture and taken up by adjacent cells. The expression of several ucRNA was dramatically altered within extracellular vesicles compared to that in donor cells. The most highly significantly expressed ucRNA in HCC cell–derived extracellular vesicles was cloned and identified as a 1,198-bp ucRNA, termed TUC339. TUC339 was functionally implicated in modulating tumor cell growth and adhesion. Suppression of TUC339 by siRNA reduced HCC cell proliferation, clonogenic growth, and growth in soft agar. Thus, intercellular transfer of TUC339 represents a unique signaling mechanism by which tumor cells can promote HCC growth and spread. These findings expand the potential roles of ucRNA in HCC, support the existence of selective mechanisms for lncRNA export from cells, and implicate extracellular vesicle–mediated transfer of lncRNA as a mechanism by which tumor cells can modulate their local cellular environment. Intercellular transfer of functionally active RNA molecules by extracellular vesicles provides a mechanism that enables cells to exert genetic influences on other cells within the microenvironment.
Leviticus in America: The Politics of Sex Crimes1

VER the past decade of theorizing sexuality it seems that two camps have 0 staked out the bulk of the critical territory. One group of thinkers and activists sees sexuality as attacked by scientific discourses, which, often through government institutions, exercise control in the form of “bio-power.” The other set of critics represents violence against sexuality as a matter of phallic prerogative gone wild, unrestrained by a passive, accommodating liberal state. To render the division more succinctly, one might say there are Michel Foucault and Catharine MacKinnon. Whereas Foucault’s central problem is “liberation,” MacKinnon’s is subordination. That is, Foucault does a genealogy of scientiu sextiulis’s false freedom of confession, while MacKinnon attempts to reveal the hidden, but real circumstances of women’s oppression. Foucault plays Nietzsche to MacKinnon’s Marx. Foucault says “The emperor is dead.” MacKinnon responds, “His sword still cuts, and I wish he would put some clothes on.” A betrayed or infinitely deferred “liberation” is not the same as subordination, and the response to false liberation must be fundamentally different from that to oppression. Indeed Foucault and MacKinnon are almost completely at odds, and have come to stand for deep divisions among those theorizing sexual politics. On the one hand, there are those who seek to escape the “power/knowledge” grip of sexual discourse by denying the significance of a sovereign legal authority, and by inviting us to play with patriarchy’s symbols in such a way as to denaturalize them and thus impede any kind of regulation of sexual practices. On the other hand, there are those who insist that radical groups, and then society as a whole, must overtly institutionalize a refusal of gender-based oppression, using the state
Coverage in fault-tolerant control

In this paper, fault-tolerant control is viewed as the control of a finite state stochastic failure process. Coverage of failures serves to effect the control action which attempts to minimize the risk of the system level failure. A Markov model is used to describe the failure process. Transient events are scrutinized that occur between the onset of a subsystem failure and the settlement of the continuous state trajectory of the controlled system at a new equilibrium. The relationship of the coverage to the quality of diagnosis and control is analytically expressed, and the monotonic dependence of the system level reliability on the coverage is formally established. A flight control example is presented to explain the procedures for reliability analysis, coverage calculation, the execution of supervisory control, and the construction of fitness landscapes that define the place of a discrete state in the continuous state control system.
SFE1, a Constituent of the Fertilization Envelope in the Sea Urchin Is Made by Oocytes and Contains Low-Density Lipoprotein-Receptor-Like Repeats

At fertilization in most animals, cortical granules of the egg or oocyte secrete their contents, whose function it is to modify the extracellular matrix. This modified matrix then participates in the block to polyspermy and protection for early embryonic development. In the sea urchin, contents of the cortical granules are secreted within 30 sec of insemination. Several of these content proteins then bind to the nascent vitelline layer of the egg and lift off the cell surface to form a stable, impervious, fertilization envelope. At least six major proteins are present in the envelope, and recently we have identified cDNA clones of two, ovoperoxidase, and SFE9. Here we report on the identification and characterization of SFE1, a constituent of the fertilization envelope of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, that has revealing characteristics of how the envelope might form and what protein interaction domains might predominate. We present the largest cDNA sequence we were able to identify representing approximately two thirds of the predicted protein coding region. The C-terminal half of the cognate SFE1 protein contains two different amino acid repeat motifs: a cysteine-rich (15%) motif of 40 amino acids that is tandemly repeated 22 times and is followed by a serine/threonine-rich (38%) repeat of 63 amino acids that is tandemly repeated 3.5 times. Surprisingly, just N-terminal to the cysteine-rich repeat region is a sequence of five repeats with similarity to repeats in another cortical granule protein, SFE9, and to the motif originally identified in the receptor of low-density lipoproteins, the LDLr motif. The amino acid composition deduced from the partial SFE1 cDNA is similar also to the composition of proteoliaisin, a protein thought to tether the ovoperoxidase to the vitelline layer of the egg and thereby sequester the crosslinking activity of the ovoperoxidase to a limited population of proteins in the fertilization envelope. However, by use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to SFE1 and proteoliaisin, we show here that they are distinct gene products. We also show that SFE1 is packed selectively into the cortical granules and then is crosslinked into the fertilization envelope following fertilization. In situ RNA hybridization analysis shows that the mRNA of SFE1 (9 kilobases) is present in oocytes selectively and is turned over rapidly in the oocyte following germinal vesicle breakdown. Our findings suggest that the gene encoding this major product of the egg is activated concomitantly with the other cortical granule-specific products already identified, and that a common LDLr-like motif of the fertilization envelope may reveal a structural mechanism for protein interactions in its construction.
Event‐related potentials and comorbidity in alcohol‐dependent adult males

The present study examined event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by a visual discrimination task in a community sample of adult males with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Study participants were subtyped by the presence of additional comorbid disorders (antisocial personality, depression, and drug abuse or dependence). In all groups of alcohol-dependent subjects, even those without any additional comorbid disorders, P3 amplitude differed from that of a comparison group. Alcohol-dependent subjects with a diagnosis of illicit drug abuse or dependence, especially if they had antisocial personality as well, had the smallest amplitude responses. The amplitude profile of the P3 across the parietal electrodes used as active sites was flattened among alcoholic subjects, with P3 amplitude disproportionately reduced at the midline. Among alcoholic subjects with a lifetime diagnosis of depression, the flattened amplitude profile was due to elevated mean amplitude of the P3 at lateral leads, especially P4, relative to the comparison group. Alterations in ERP responses appear to be a general characteristic of alcoholism in men, although the presence of other comorbid disorders, particularly drug abuse or dependence together with antisocial personality, results in the greatest reductions in P3 amplitude.
New Fathers?: Residential Fathers’ Time With Children in Four Countries

The authors examine variation in employed fathers’ time with children ages 0 to 14 years, using time use surveys from the United States (2003), Germany (2001), Norway (2000), and the United Kingdom (2000). They examine levels of father involvement and mechanisms associated involvement on both weekdays (N = 4,192) and weekends (N = 3,024). They find some evidence of “new fathers” on weekends in all countries. Fathers spend more time on interactive care and more time alone with children on weekends than on weekdays. Only Norwegian fathers, however, increase both their participation in and time spent on physical care. American and British fathers’ time with children, however, is more responsive to partners’ employment.
Stochastic Gene Expression: Modeling, Analysis, and Identification

Gene networks arise due to the interaction of genes through their protein products. Modeling such networks is key to understanding life at the most basic level. One of the emerging challenges to the analysis of genetic networks is that the cellular environment in which these genetic circuits function is abuzz with noise. The main source of this noise is the randomness that characterizes the motion of cellular constituents at the molecular level. Cellular noise not only results in random uctuations (over time) within individual cells, but it is also a source of phenotypic variability among clonal cellular populations. In some instances uctuations are suppressed downstream through intricate dynamical networks that act as noise lters. Yet in other important instances, noise induced uctuations are exploited to the cell’s advantage. The richness of stochastic phenomena in biology depends directly upon the interactions of dynamics and noise and upon the mechanisms through which these interactions occur. In this article, we explore the origins and impact of cellular noise, drawing examples from endogenous and synthetic biological networks. We motivate the need for stochastic models and outline the key tools for the modeling and analysis of stochasticity inside living cells. We show that tools from system theory can be eectively utilized for modeling, analysis, and identication of gene networks.
Lasco and EIT Observations of the Dynamic Corona

The combined operations of the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) and the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), launched in December 1995, have provided an unprecedented opportunity for observing essentially all coronal phenomena that are not hidden behind the disk of the Sun. Consequently, observations with these instrument are providing information on coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from their initiation through their development over 30 R., They reveal a coronal that never reaches a steady state. The corona is the site of continuous, time-dependent outflows, both within the coronal holes and the high speed streams and in the streamer belts and their mid-latitude sources. The spatial scales of these outflows range from 10s of arc-seconds through about a solar radius in large CMEs.
Congenital aplasia/hypoplasia of the Epiglottis-A case report and a review of the literature.

Abstract Importance There are two clinically significant congenital anomalies of the epiglottis, aplasia and hypoplasia. Early mortality in aplasia is significantly higher than in hypoplasia. Early aggressive intervention may improve outcomes. An approach to diagnosis, treatment and outcomes is discussed. Methods A case of congenital aplasia of the epiglottis and a review of the literature of all the cases previously described is presented. Observations A male newborn underwent microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy (MLTB) due to stridor and difficulty in establishing oral feeds and was diagnosed with congenital aplasia of the epiglottis. He has not required tracheostomy and at 11 months of follow-up is gastrostomy fed and thriving. 9 cases of aplasia and 19 cases of hypoplasia have been described previously. The difference between aplasia and hypoplasia is established based on the clinical appearance at endoscopic examination. Conclusions and relevance Congenital aplasia and hypoplasia of the epiglottis are rare congenital laryngeal anomalies and the majority are associated with a syndrome. Early diagnosis and management in the form of fundoplication/gastrostomy and tracheotomy when required may improve outcomes.
Social science and forestry

This article originally published in Society & Natural Resources, Vol. 3, Issue 2, pages 187–191, 1990. DOI: 10.1080/08941929009380717
Using Chronologically Oriented Representations of Discourse and Tool-Related Activity as an Instructional Method with Student Teachers.

Student teachers are most often provided opportunities for observing, then engaging directly in teaching during the student-teaching phase of their program. The ability to “notice” nuanced communication techniques, and identify interrelated methods and simultaneous skills occurring during teaching coincides with the development of the identity, or agency, of a teacher. In order to “notice”, student teachers must be able to articulate a language of practice and analyze structure and construction in the composition of teaching. However, quite often opportunities for peripheral observations are delayed, teacher preparation courses in methodology are frontloaded with the theory and application of concepts at the end of the program, under guidance of an experienced teacher. In addition, it can be challenging for pre-service teachers to articulate how theory is enacted in methods. In this study, the “Chronologically Oriented Representations of Discourse and Tool-Related Activity” (CORDTRA) was used as a methodological tool for analyzing and deconstructing practice with student teachers, prior to their entrance in the classroom. Pre-service teachers first received text-based content on educational theory and their related methods, then viewed a video snapshot of a local public school teacher in a local and culturally relevant context. Student teachers then coded targeted topics and specific competencies as they reviewed the video and identified pedagogical patterns, complex topics and competencies according to their own levels of teaching. As a representation of practice, the student-coded CORDTRA provided opportunities for micro and macro level overview of the labor process of teaching.
Institutions and emerging markets: effects and implications for multinational corporations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of institutions in emerging markets by sketching out the unique institutional features of these markets and their implications for multinational corporations (MNCs). Design/methodology/approach – The study is conceptual in nature and provides an examination and interrelation of some of the key developments of institution-based research in the context of emerging market studies. Findings – This paper examines several idiosyncratic institutional features of emerging markets, including institutional voids, the relative importance of informal compared to formal institutions, institutional pressures by local governments, as well as institutional change and transitions. Practical implications – The paper discusses key effects and implications of the unique institutional environments of emerging markets for managers of MNCs, such as the relevance and importance of context, political, economic and social adaptability, as well as institutional arbitrage. S...
The hypophysis in patients with coma dépassé ("respirator brain").

The hypophyses of 25 patients with coma depasse and "respirator brain" syndrome showed pathologic alterations. The mildest of these was karyopyknosis of acidophils. Severe, extensive pyknosis of large portions of the adenohypophysis with detachment of cells from basement membranes was the most common lesion. Acidophils appeared the most severely damaged, β 2 cells the least. In other instances, sometimes along with karyopyknoticdesquamative changes, infarcts of the adenohypophysis occurred, with or without neurohypophysial malacia. In many of the patients brain lesions in addition to "respirator brain" were present. Karyopyknotic-desquamative alterations of the pituitary occurred as frequently with additional brain damage as in its absence. A narrow outer shell of the pars distalis was usually intact. Neurosecretion was frequently abundant (defective release?). The pituitary alterations in conjunction with "respirator brains" are ascribed to increased intracranial pressure, and their distribution, to the dual blood supply of the hypophysis.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Alabama Using Fall Applications of Insecticidal Granules

Chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor, or Telodrin® (1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a,-hexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran) afforded significant control of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), when applied in the fall in granular formulation at the rate of 2, 1, 1, or 0.1 lb/acre, respectively. Heptachlor was equally effective when applied alone or as a physical mixture with recommended fertilizers. Optimum time of fall application of heptachlor was about November 15.
Sonia Sanchez’s Homegirls and Handgrenades: Recalling Toomer’s Cane

It is appropriate when analyzing a work such as Homegirls and Handgrenades (1984) to wonder about what might have been the motivation for its subject matter and form. It might be declared by some that this is just another in a long line of Sonia Sanchez's books of poems. Her very first volume, Homecoming (1969), was an impressive display of staggered-lined poems with word-splitting diagonals. We a BaddDDD People (1970) and It's a New Day (1971) contained even more of the same stylistic devices. Part of Sanchez's early effort was to experiment with words in verse to create a new perspective on how blacks should perceive themselves within the context of a nation struggling to admit them into the fold of social equality. Although that task remains incomplete, one can nevertheless sense a development on the part of the poet as she advances her work to include the mystical A Blues Book for Blue Black Magical Women (1973) as well as Love Poems (1973) where there can be seen an attempt to reconcile all the various aspects of black culture for the benefit of progress. I've Been a Woman (1978) and Under a Soprano Sky (1987) are further examples of how the author has examined, in particular, the plight of black women as they strive toward freedom in a world not always conducive to that undertaking. Nonetheless, it is in Homegirls where Sanchez delivers what Henry Louis Gates has characterized as "the revising text ... written in the language of the tradition, employing its tropes, its rhetorical strategies, and its ostensible subject matter, the so-called Black Experience" (Signifying 124). Gates further explains how many black writers have either consciously or subconsciously "signified" on previous authors' works so as to explore their own impressions while yet remaining faithful to certain literary strategies used by their predecessors. The former slave, Olaudah Equiano, wrote his narrative based to a large extent on what a previous slave narrator, James