cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Predictive Model of Decision Making in State Supreme Courts:: The School Financing Cases

In recent years, numerous state governments have seen their methods of financing public primary and secondary education challenged as unconstitutional. To date, 13 state supreme courts have upheld their financing systems while 11 others have found such methods unconstitutional. This article develops and tests a multivariate model of judicial decision making which attempts to indicate the factors which lead to variation in the decisions on this issue. The analysis indicates the primary importance of the court itself, the relevant constitutional language and the facts surrounding the case.
Optical absorption of neutron-irradiated silica fibers

Abstract Silica-based optical fibers capable of transmitting light in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are gaining widespread use in fusion reactor diagnostic systems. To assess radiation damage in these optical materials, the optical absorption has been measured at room temperature in the interval 250–2000 nm of neutron-irradiated silica fibers containing low or high hydroxyl concentrations. Fiber irradiations were done in either low (1.4 × 10 21 n/m 2 ) or high (1.1 × 10 23 n/m 2 ) neutron fluence (E > 0.1 MeV) regions of the Los Alamos Spallation Radiation Effects Facility. Attenuation in high-fluence irradiated fibers exceeds 10 4 dB/km for wavelengths less than about 700 nm, presumably due to radiation-induced absorption of peroxy radical, non-bridging oxygen hole and E′-type centers. Even the low fluence exposures induced considerable fiber absorption in this spectral region. High-OH content fibers exhibit significant radiation-induced absorption above 1500 nm, in addition to the intrinsic absorption due to OH stretching modes.
Impact of required versus optional remake of a preparation on pharmacy students' compounding accuracy.

Objective. This retrospective study investigated the impact of a required vs an optional remake requirement on student performance in a compounding laboratory course in which students’ compounded p...
Angular Distribution of 14-Mev Neutrons Scattered by Protons

By bombarding a tritium target with 200-kev deuterons, 14-Mev neutrons were produced. Proton recoils originating in a thin polythene radiator could pass through three proportional counters between which coincidences were observed. By rotating the foil and the counter about the center of the foil the angular distribution of the recoiling protons could be measured. Protons corresponding to neutrons scattered through 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the CM system were observed. Within the statistical accuracy of about 6 percent at each angle the angular distribution of the scattered neutrons appeared isotropic.
Viz-A-Vis: Toward Visualizing Video through Computer Vision

In the established procedural model of information visualization, the first operation is to transform raw data into data tables. The transforms typically include abstractions that aggregate and segment relevant data and are usually defined by a human, user or programmer. The theme of this paper is that for video, data transforms should be supported by low level computer vision. High level reasoning still resides in the human analyst, while part of the low level perception is handled by the computer. To illustrate this approach, we present Viz-A-Vis, an overhead video capture and access system for activity analysis in natural settings over variable periods of time. Overhead video provides rich opportunities for long-term behavioral and occupancy analysis, but it poses considerable challenges. We present initial steps addressing two challenges. First, overhead video generates overwhelmingly large volumes of video impractical to analyze manually. Second, automatic video analysis remains an open problem for computer vision.
Aptitude, Attitude, and Sensitivity

Success or failure in foreign language study is often attributed to the learner's aptitude for foreign language learning. As generally defined and measured, however, aptitude is not a valid predictor of achievement. Motivation, which influences aptitude, has also been examined. Factors affecting motivation include the learner's attitude toward the language to be learned and the people who speak it. Responsibility for achievement, or the lack of it, in second language learning has been placed on the learner. This one-sided approach is, however, being corrected, as recent studies report the influence of teacher attitude on pupil achievement. How the teacher and learner perceive and react to each other must be recognized as a major determinant for successful second language study. In the classrooms of our pluralistic society, cultural differences may be as varied as those being presented with the foreign language. Preparation of future language teachers should include a program which will sensitize them to teacher-learner human relations.
Approximate Analytical Model for a First Level Package With Non-Uniformly Powered Die

Microprocessors continue to grow in capabilities, complexity and performance. Microprocessors typically integrate functional components such as logic and level two (L2) cache memory in their architecture. This functional integration of logic and memory results in improved performance of the microprocessor as the clock speed increases and the instruction execution time has decreased. However, the integration also introduces a layer of complexity to the thermal design and management of microprocessors. As a direct result of function integration, the power map on a microprocessor is typically highly non-uniform and the assumption of a uniform heat flux across the chip surface is not valid. The active side of the die is divided into several functional blocks with distinct power assigned to each functional block. Previous work [1,2] has been done to minimize the thermal resistance of the package by optimizing the distribution of the non-uniform powered functional blocks with different power matrices. This study further gives design guideline and key pointers to minimized thermal resistance for any number of functional blocks for a given non-uniformly powered microprocessor. In this paper, initially (Part I) temperature distribution of a typical package consisting of a uniformly powered die, heat spreader, TIM 1 & 2 and the base of the heat sink is calculated using an approximate analytical model. The results are then compared with a detailed numerical model and the agreement is within 5%. This study follows (Part II) with a thermal investigation of non-uniform powered functional blocks with a different power matrices with focus on distribution of power over die surface with an application of maximum, minimum and average uniform junction temperature over a given die area. This will help to predict the trend of the calculated distribution of power that will lead to the least thermal gradient over a given die area. This trend will further help to come up with design correlations for minimizing thermal resistance for any number of functional blocks for a given non-uniformly powered microprocessor numerically as well as analytically. The commercial finite element code ANSYS® is used for this analysis as a numerical tool.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Modification designed to improve instruction in intraoral dental radiography

A modification of the Rinn Snap-A-Ray film-holding device which facilitates more accurate visual alignment of cone and film is described. A double-blind study was undertaken to evaluate the modified instrument as compared to the standard instrument. The results indicated a reduction in the number of errors of all types by the modified instrument. The greatest reduction was observed in cone-cutting errors.
Josephinite: Crystal structures and phase relations of the metals

Abstract Josephinite, a complex, metal-bearing rock from the region of the Josephine Peridotite in southwest Oregon, contains FeNiCo metal alloy phases having exsolution textures. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy have revealed Widmanstaetten patterns in which the lamellae are polysynthetically twinned, ordered, face-centered-cubic FeNi 3 surrounded by untwinned, ordered, face-centered-cubic FeNi 3 and body-centered-cubic FeCo. These exsolution textures require a temperature in excess of 500°C for their formation. This is consistent with a mantle derivation of josephinite prior to obduction of the peridotite in one of the Klamath ophiolites.
Production of hybrid glycoproteins and accumulation of oligosaccharides in the brain of sheep and pigs administered swainsonine or locoweed

Abstract Swainsonine and swainsonine-containing plants produce biochemical and neurological changes in several mammalian species. The toxin is a potent inhibitor of liver lysosomal α- d -mannosidase and Golgi mannosidase II. The inhibition of the latter enzyme causes the production of abnormal glycoproteins containing hybrid oligosaccharides instead of complex types in a variety of cultured cells. In view of the widespread occurrence and biological importance of N-linked glycoproteins in the central nervous system, we initiated studies to determine the structure of oligosaccharides in glycoproteins prepared from the brain of control, swainsonine-fed, and locoweed-fed animals. The results presented here indicate that the feeding led to alteration in the structure of brain glycoproteins. Over 25% of the glycoproteins which presumably contained complex-type oligosaccharides were modified and now contained hybrid oligosaccharides. The structure of the N-linked oligosaccharide (glycopeptide) was established by (a) studying the binding properties of the glycopeptide to immobilized lectins of known sugar specificity, and (b) comparing the size of the glycopeptide before and after treatment with exo- and endoglycosidases. The production of hybrid Oligosaccharides occurred despite the apparent absence of mannosidase II in brain. The relationships of the altered structure of brain glycoproteins, accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides in the brain, and abnormal behavior of the animals administered Swainsonine or locoweed are discussed.
Drag of Bodies of Revolution in Supercavitating Flow

The present paper describes work in progress concerning fluid dynamics of cavitating flow. The flow field and drag of bodies of revolution at zero angle of attack is predicted for cavity coefficients from fully-wetted flow to sigma = 0. Excellent agreement for drag coefficient is demonstrated between theory and a water tunnel experiment. It is shown that skin friction drag is the dominant drag component for zero cavity coefficient. Excellent agreement is also demonstrated between theory and a high-speed water entry experiment. This agreement corroborates the experimental measurement that the cavity pressure is equal to the water vapor pressure, contrary to low-speed water entry. 14 refs.
A two-stage procedure for temporomandibular joint disc replacement using free pericranial grafts: A preliminary report

A preliminary study of the use of free pericranial grafts as an alternative to other autogenous or alloplastic materials for temporomandibular joint disc replacement is presented. Postoperative results show improved function and alleviation of other symptoms.
Guilt-Free and Sinfully Delicious: A Contemporary Theology of Weight Loss Dieting

This article uses critical discourse analysis to explore religiosity in two secular texts, the Dr. Atkins New Diet Revolution (1992) and The South Beach Diet (2003). These diets appropriate the language and concepts of Christian Protestantism in order to construct a contemporary theology of weight loss dieting. Realized through a moralized chain of consumption, this theology is rooted in a dichotomy between “good” and “bad” foods, which culminates in the thin or fat body of the eater. This moral logic reveals dieters’ multiple faiths and how they navigate the competing desires of consumption and restraint in everyday life.
Transitioning the HRDI Editorship: endings and new beginnings…

This last issue of 2009 and Volume 12 marks the end of my term as Editor of Human Resource Development International, and it is with mixed emotions of satisfaction and some sadness that I write thi...
Nasal‐Secretion leukocyte populations determined by flow cytometry during acute rhinovirus infection

Leukocyte populations in the secretions of volunteers challenged by intranasal inoculation with rhinovirus serotype 25 were evaluated by means of flow cytometry. With the light-scatter properties of peripheral blood leukocytes as the standard of reference, significant increases (P less than .05) of both lymphocytes and phagocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes plus monocytes) were detected in the nasal secretions of persons infected by the viral challenge. There was a direct correlation of nasopharyngeal symptom severity with both the percentage of lymphocytes (P less than .05) and the percentage of phagocytes (P less than .001). Monoclonal antibodies for specific cell-membrane antigens identified the lymphocytes and phagocytes as leukocytes and also demonstrated the presence of a population of monocytic cells during the phase of maximal symptoms. The panel of monoclonals chosen did not unequivocally identify a lymphocyte population except in the presence of nosebleed. However, the results show that flow cytometry can be used to investigate nasal-secretion cell populations during the rhinovirus common cold.
Organic matter transport and retention in a blackwater stream recovering from flow augmentation and thermal discharge

Organic and inorganic seston, benthic organic matter and woody debris were studied in a blackwater stream/floodplain system recovering from flow augmentation and thermal discharges. The stream had received cooling waters from two nuclear reactors from the mid-1950s to 1968, resulting in flows over 10x greater than normal and temperatures that exceeded 70°C. Channel morphology was markedly altered, woody debris was removed or buried, and floodplain vegetation was destroyed. Fifteen years after termination of cooling water discharges, the stream continued to exhibit many characteristics of a disturbed system. Compared to an undistributed reference stream, the recovering stream had substantially less benthic organic matter, fewer snags and debris dams, and transported more organic and inorganic seston of all size fractions examined. Because of the importance of these biophysical factors in the structural morphology of blackwater streams, it is hypothesized that complete recovery will not be realized until the floodplain forest has matured and large woody debris is contributed to the stream channel.
Meta-analysis based on control of false discovery rate: combining yeast ChIP-chip datasets

Motivation: High-throughput microarray technology can be used to examine thousands of features, such as all the genes of an organism, and measure their expression. Two important issues of microarray bioinformatics are first, how to combine the significance values for each feature across experiments with high statistical power, and second, how to control the proportion of false positives. Existing methods address these issues separately, in spite of their linked usage. Results: We present a novel method (ESP) to address the two requirements in an interdependent way. It generalizes the truncated product method of Zaykin et al. to combine only those significance values which clear their respective experiment-specific false discovery restrictive thresholds, thus allowing us to control the false discovery rate (FDR) for the final combined result. Further, we introduce several concepts that together offer FDR control, high power, quality control and speed-up in meta-analysis as done by our algorithm. Computational and statistical methods of research synthesis like the one described here will be increasingly important as additional genome-wide datasets accumulate in databases. We apply our method to combine three well-known ChIP-chip transcription factor binding datasets for budding yeast to identify significant intergenic regulatory sequences for nine cell cycle regulating transcription factors, both with high power and controlled FDR. Contact: spyne@cs.sunysb.edu Supplementary Materials and Appendices: http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~compbio/Meta
Connection of stratospheric QBO with global atmospheric general circulation and tropical SST. Part I: methodology and composite life cycle

The stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and its association with the interannual variability in the stratosphere and troposphere, as well as in tropical sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA), are examined in the context of a QBO life cycle. The analysis is based on the ERA40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses, radiosonde observations at Singapore, and other observation-based datasets. Both reanalyses reproduce the QBO life cycle and its associated variability in the stratosphere reasonably well, except that some long-term changes are detected only in the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. In order to separate QBO from variability on other time scales and to eliminate the long-term changes, a scale separation technique [Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD)] is applied to the raw data. The QBO component of zonal wind anomalies at 30 hPa, extracted using the EEMD method, is defined as a QBO index. Using this index, the QBO life cycle composites of stratosphere and troposphere variables, as well as SSTA, are constructed and examined. The composite features in the stratosphere are generally consistent with previous investigations. The correlations between the QBO and tropical Pacific SSTA depend on the phase in a QBO life cycle. On average, cold (warm) SSTA peaks about half a year after the maximum westerlies (easterlies) at 30 hPa. The connection of the QBO with the troposphere seems to be associated with the differences of temperature anomalies between the stratosphere and troposphere. While the anomalies in the stratosphere propagate downward systematically, some anomalies in the troposphere develop and expand vertically. Therefore, it is possible that the temperature difference between the troposphere and stratosphere may alter the atmospheric stability and tropical deep convection, which modulates the Walker circulation and SSTA in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
General solution to the E − B mixing problem

We derive a general ansatz for optimizing pseudo-${C}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ estimators used to measure cosmic microwave background anisotropy power spectra, and apply it to the recently proposed pure pseudo-${C}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ formalism, to obtain an estimator which achieves near-optimal $B$-mode power spectrum errors for any specified noise distribution while minimizing leakage from ambiguous modes. Our technique should be relevant for upcoming cosmic microwave background polarization experiments searching for $B$-mode polarization. We compare our technique both to the theoretical limits based on a full Fisher matrix calculation and to the standard pseudo-${C}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ technique. We demonstrate it by applying it to a fiducial survey with realistic inhomogeneous noise, complex boundaries, point source masking, and a noise level comparable to what is expected for next-generation experiments ($\ensuremath{\sim}5.75\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\mathrm{arcmin}$). For such an experiment our technique could improve the constraints on the amplitude of a gravity wave background by over a factor of 10 compared to what could be obtained using ordinary pseudo-${C}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$, coming quite close to saturating the theoretical limit. Constraints on the amplitude of the lensing $B$-modes are improved by about a factor of 3.
SU-E-J-24: An Evaluation of the Stability of Image Quality Parameters of Varian On-Board Imaging (OBI) and EPID Imaging Systems

Purpose: Quality assurance of the image quality for image guided localization systems is crucial to ensure accurate visualization and localization of target volumes. In this study, the long term stability of selected image parameters was assessed and evaluated for CBCT mode, planar radiographic kV mode and the radiographic MV EPID mode. Methods: The CATPHAN, QckV-1 and QC-3 phantoms were used to evaluate the image quality parameters. The planar radiographic images were analyzed in PIPSpro™ with spatial resolution (f30, f40, f50) being recorded. For OBI CBCT, High quality head Full-Fan acquisition and Pelvis Half-Fan acquisition modes were evaluated for Uniformity, Noise, Spatial Resolution, HU constancy and geometric distortion. Dose and kVp for the OBI were recorded using the Unfors RaySafe Xi system with the R/F High Detector for planar kV and the CT detector for CBCT. Dose for the MV EPID was recorded using a PTW975 Semiflex Ion Chamber, PTW Unidos electrometer and SolidWater™. Results: For each metric, values were normalized to the mean and the standard deviations were recorded. For the planar radiographic spatial resolution the f30, f40, f50 were 0.015, 0.008, 0.004 and 0.006, 0.009, 0.018 for the kV and MV, respectively. The standard deviation of the dose for kV was 0.010 and 0.005 for the MV. The standard deviations for Full and half fan were averaged together and the following standard deviations for each metric were recorded: 0.075(uniformity), 0.071(noise), 0.006(AP-Geometric Distortion), 0.005(LAT-Geometric Distortion), 0.058(mean slice thickness), 0.098(f30),0.101(f40),0.124(f50), 0.031(Lung/PMP-HU constancy), 0.063(Water/poly-HU constancy), 0.015(Bone/Derlin-HU constancy),0.006(Dose-Center), 0.004(Dose-Periphery). Using these, tolerances can be reported as a warning and action threshold of 1σ and 2σ. Conclusion: A study was performed to assess the stability of the basic image quality parameters recommended by TG-142 for the Varian OBI and EPID Imaging systems. The two systems show consistent imaging and dosimetric properties over the evaluated time frame.
European Integration, Perverted Democracies and Rubber-Stamp Parliaments? An Empirical Analysis of Two Approaches

Does European integration undermine national democracies by strengthening the executive branch to the detriment of the legislative branch? Prior research offers two competing theoretical approaches to answer this question: the abdication and delegation approaches. While the former predicts an increase in executives’ relative power, the latter envisions no significant change in the comparative powers of the executive and legislative branches in European Union member states. Despite the ample body of studies that purport to support either approach, the empirical record remains strikingly inconclusive about the relative merits of these approaches due to the problem of observational equivalence. By utilizing empirical evidence on cross-national and within-national variations in executives and legislators’ positioning on European integration, this study makes an effort to discriminate between the two approaches. The results lend a qualified support to the abdication approach.
Robotic-assisted surgery in gynecologic oncology

The quest for improved patient outcomes has been a driving force for adoption of novel surgical innovations across surgical subspecialties. Gynecologic oncology is one such surgical discipline in which minimally invasive surgery has had a robust and evolving role in defining standards of care. Robotic-assisted surgery has developed during the past two decades as a more technologically advanced form of minimally invasive surgery in an effort to mitigate the limitations of conventional laparoscopy and improved patient outcomes. Robotically assisted technology offers potential advantages that include improved three-dimensional stereoscopic vision, wristed instruments that improve surgeon dexterity, and tremor canceling software that improves surgical precision. These technological advances may allow the gynecologic oncology surgeon to perform increasingly radical oncologic surgeries in complex patients. However, the platform is not without limitations, including high cost, lack of haptic feedback, and the requirement for additional training to achieve competence. This review describes the role of robotic-assisted surgery in the management of endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancer, with an emphasis on comparison with laparotomy and conventional laparoscopy. The literature on novel robotic innovations, special patient populations, cost effectiveness, and fellowship training is also appraised critically in this regard.
Summation properties of the η j and Li constants

We find new summatory and other properties of the constants @h"j entering the Laurent expansion of the logarithmic derivative of the Riemann zeta function about s=1. We relate these constants to other coefficients and functions appearing in the theory of the zeta function. In particular, connections to the Li equivalence of the Riemann hypothesis are discussed and quantitatively developed. The validity of the Riemann hypothesis is reduced to the condition of the sublinear order of a certain alternating binomial sum.
UCSD PASCAL with a VAX as a floppy disk

The increasing sophistication of laboratory microcomputers has brought an attendant need for efficient programming systems. One such system, UCSD PASCAL, has been made commercially available as an adaptable package for many popular microcomputers. This paper addresses the implementation of UCSD PASCAL and describes a powerful extension of the package to use a host timesharing system as a virtual floppy-disk facility.
Autoimmune disease: skin deep but complex.

The antimicrobial peptide LL37 is essential for normal immune responses to infection or tissue injury. But in the autoimmune skin disorder psoriasis, LL37 propagates disease by forming complexes with host DNA.
Reducing shell egg cholesterol content. I. Overview, genetic approaches, and nutritional strategies

In laying hens, cholesterol is primarily biosynthesized in the liver and incorporated into vitellogenin (VTG) and triglyceride-rich very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, which are secreted into the bloodstream and subsequently taken up by growing oocytes via receptor-mediated endocytosis. VLDL and VTG are then intracellularly transformed into yolk, constituting ∼60% and 24% of yolk dry matter and ∼95% and 5% of yolk cholesterol, respectively. During the past four decades, research efforts directed toward reducing shell egg cholesterol content have centred on genetic selection or alteration of the laying hens’ diet with various nutrients, natural products, non-nutritive factors, or pharmacological agents. The present paper will provide a justification for low-cholesterol egg production, primarily in the context of the heterogeneity of response to dietary cholesterol in humans, and will review cholesterol metabolism in the laying hen, avian embryonic cholesterol needs, and genetic and nutritional approaches to chicken egg cholesterol reduction. A subsequent paper will provide a comprehensive overview of the use of non-nutritive dietary factors and select pharmaceuticals as egg cholesterol-lowering agents, and will discuss emerging strategies for lowering the cholesterol content of shell eggs.
Kinetics of Interaction of Vanillin with Amino Acids and Peptides in Model Systems

Model systems were used to study the reaction kinetics of vanillin and pentalysine, lysine, glutathione, cysteine, aspartame, or phenylalanine (molar ratio 1:1) in phosphate buffer. The buffer pH was adjusted to the pKa2 of the available α-amino group of each amino acid or peptide. Reductions of vanillin followed first-order kinetics at 55, 65, and 75 °C in the presence of each of the amino acids or peptides used. The reaction rates were accelerated as the temperature increased. The rate constants were highest for pentalysine followed by lysine, phenylalanine, glutathione/cysteine, and aspartame. The reduction of phenylalanine followed first-order kinetics, whereas the formation of its reaction product followed zero-order kinetics. The activation energy (Ea) for the reaction ranged from 5.6 to 14.5 kcal/mol. Keywords: Vanillin; kinetics order; amino acids; peptides; flavor
III. Primate model of parkinsonism: Selective lesion of nigrostriatal neurons by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine produces an extrapyramidal syndrome in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to rhesus monkeys (1.0–2.5 mg/kg i.v.) produces irreversible damage to nigrostriatal neurons. Dopaminergic neurons in the dorsolateral part of striatum were the most vulnerable. The major clinical signs of an extrapyramidal syndrome, but not resting tremor, appeared only in MPTP-treated monkeys suffering from more than 80% reduction in striatal dopamine. No chronic changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system were observed. Immunocytochemical staining of the mid-brain with a tyrosine hydroxylase antiserum indicated that MPTP produced a significant decrease of dopaminergic cell bodies in the A9, but not in the A10 ventrotegmental area. Despite greater than 80% decrease in A9 nigral cell bodies, the dopamine content decreased only by 50%. Sprouting of the surviving nigral A9 neurons was observed histologically and neurochemically in the area above substantia nigra. The present behavioral, neurochemical and histological results indicate that MPTP produces an ideal primate model for studying parkinsonism. Selective lesion of more than 80% of the nigrostrial neurons by MPTP is sufficient to produce the major clinical signs of the extrapyramidal syndrome in idiopathic parkinsonism.
Nitrogen Metabolism of Sugar Beets: A Recurring Problem Gets a Fresh Appraisal

The sugar beet is the source of 40 per cent of the world's sugar. About onequarter of the sugar requirement of the United States is obtained from the beets grown on 1,600,000 acres of land (1). G. E. Rush (2) delineated three primary factors limiting the level of efficiency attainable in the sugar beet industry: (a) low net extraction of sugar from beets entering our factories; (b) major losses that occur in handling and storing beets; and (c) high spring labor costs on the farm. One reason for low net extraction of sugar has been the use of excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. The application rate of nitrogen fertilizers to sugar beets has greatly increased during the last few decades. Although increased yields follow the use of nitrogen fertilizers, there has been a subsequent decline in beet quality. Processing losses also have increased. The depressing effect of high nitrogen rates on sugar beet quality was reported by Headden as early as 1912 (3). Later studies by Gardner & Robertson (4) also showed that excessive nitrogen reduced the sugar percentage and its purity. These authors estimated that the reduction in sugar percentage was an approximate linear function of nitrate nitrogen in the beets at harvest and that
Arytenoid cartilage movement in resting and exercising horses.

Endoscopic examinations of the larynx were recorded on 49 horses at rest and while exercising on a 5% inclined high-speed treadmill for 8 minutes at a maximum speed of 8.5 m/sec. Subjective laryngeal function scores at rest and while exercising were based on the degree and synchrony of arytenoid abduction. Arytenoid abduction was expressed as a left:right ratio of rima glottidis measurements. Horses with arytenoid cartilage asynchrony at rest (grade 2) could not be distinguished from normal horses (grade 1) when exercising because full abduction was maintained throughout the exercise period. Five horses with incomplete left arytenoid abduction at rest (grade 3) maintained full abduction during exercise; one grade 3 horse had dynamic collapse of the left side of the larynx. All horses with laryngeal hemiplegia at rest (grade 4) had dynamic collapse of the left side of the larynx during exercise. Forty-two horses with a resting left:right arytenoid abduction ratio greater than or equal to .71 consistently had complete arytenoid abduction at exercise. Seven horses with a left:right ratio less than .71 consistently showed dynamic collapse at exercise. There was no significant difference in the exercising left:right ratio between normal horses (grade 1) and grade 2 or grade 3 horses. These results suggest that horses with arytenoid asynchrony at rest do not suffer progressive collapse of the rima glottidis during exercise, and that incomplete arytenoid abduction at rest is an unreliable predictor of such collapse. Surgical treatment of all grade 2 horses and some grade 3 horses may be inappropriate.
Host cell reactivation of uv- and X-ray-damaged herpes simplex virus by epstein-barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines☆

Abstract The efficacy of using an infected centers assay, employing herpes simplex virus-infected, Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) as components, to study host cell reactivation has been explored. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was shown through the infected centers assay to have detectable but varying ability to lytically infect LCLs established from chromosomal breakage syndromes or closely related genetic disorders. The rate of HSV inactivation by ultraviolet (uv) irradiation was faster in LCLs established from Cockayne's syndrome than in normal LCLs, and faster still in LCLs established from xeroderma pigmentosum. These results indicate that Cockayne's syndrome, while having what appears to be quantitatively normal levels of uv-induced DNA repair replication, shows decreased ability to host cell reactivate uv-damaged HSV. In direct contrast, X-irradiated HSV showed identical survival when assayed on normal LCLs or LCLs established from ataxia telangiectasia showing increased sensitivity to X irradiation as measured by colony formation. Through the infected centers assay, it has also been possible to demonstrate low levels of multiplicity reactivation of mutagen-damaged HSV in permanently proliferating LCLs.
Predictive models for penaeid shrimp abundance in the seas off Negombo and Hendala, Sri Lanka

Abstract The present investigation was undertaken to study the shrimp trawl fishery in the west coast of Sri Lanka with special emphasis on formulation of predictive models for shrimp abundance. The shrimp trawling in the shallow seas off west coast of Sri Lanka is the major fishing activity exploiting the parent population of the penaeid shrimps (comprised mainly of Metapenaeus dobsoni , Parapenaeopsis coromandelica , Penaeus indicus and Penaeus merguiensis ) which utilize the Negombo Lagoon as the nursery environment. Trawling is conducted by two types of craft in the west coast: mechanized 3.5 tonnes wooden boats are operating in the seas off Hendala and non-mechanized traditional crafts are operating in the northern Negombo trawling ground. Variation of the abundance of shrimp was studied over time, including the seasonal variations, the capability of non-mechanized and mechanized trawlers to exploit the resources and the other parameters influencing the shrimp abundance. The present study revealed that the period from May–June until August–September is the best fishing season for shrimp in the west coast, which apparently coincided with the Southwest monsoon season in the island. Three statistical model fitting techniques (Multiple linear regression models, Generalized additive models and Regression tree models) were employed to assess and predict the shrimp abundance in the west coast of Sri Lanka using data on commercial fisheries and environmental variables. In terms of reliability and accuracy for predictions the tree models were found to be the most competent. The impacts of the predictors determining the shrimp abundance were discussed in detail. The operational characteristics—number of hauls, true fishing time and the ratio of operated boats used for model formulation were more useful as predictor variables than the environmental variables. The study also emphasized the importance of formulation of an effective mechanism for optimal exploitation of the shrimp resources in the west coast of Sri Lanka.
Higher Education, Adult Learning, and Greening of the Economy:

As formal learning communities, colleges and universities can readily integrate social, economic, and environmental considerations in day-to-day operational practices and curricular offerings. Moreover, a college or university can work with, and model for, the local community, implementing ideas that then can be adopted by the surrounding community—or even by others in the region. Most importantly, the students and citizens participating in a well-structured campus and community interaction can adopt the modeled values as a bridge to lifelong adult learning.
The Structural Theory of Pure Type Systems

We investigate possible extensions of arbitrary given Pure Type Systems with additional sorts and rules which preserve the normalization property. In particular we identify the following interesting extensions: the disjoint union \(\mathcal{P}+\mathcal{Q}\) of two PTSs \(\mathcal{P}\) and \(\mathcal{Q}\), the PTS \(\forall\mathcal{P}.\mathcal{Q}\) which intuitively captures the “\(\mathcal{Q}\)-logic of \(\mathcal{P}\)-terms” and poly\({\mathcal{P}}\) which intuitively denotes the predicative polymorphism extension of \(\mathcal{P}\).
MIXING OF SWIRLING JETS IN A SUPERSONIC DUCT FLOW

Hydrogen fuel injected into a scramjet combustor must mix rapidly if complete combustion is to occur within a reasonable stream wise distance. An experiment has been conducted to determine whether the addition of swirl will improve the mixing of a supersonic jet of fuel simulant (helium or air) injected at 30 deg to the wall into a confined Mach 2 airflow. The swirling jets were created by injecting the fuel simulant tangentially into a cylindrical chamber and accelerating it through a convergent-div er gent nozzle. The flow was visualized by imaging Rayleigh scattering from a laser light sheet, and the plume penetration and cross-sectional area were obtained. The plumes from the swirling and nonswirling jets had comparable penetration and area, but the swirling jets contained substantially less mass flow, suggesting better mixing efficiency. Interaction of streamwise vorticity within the plumes of the swirling jets with their images in the duct wall caused the plumes to be inclined laterally to the freestream.
Study of compositional distribution in a styrene–methyl acrylate copolymer by means of density-gradient centrifugation

Several samples of a copolymer were examined by means of equilibrium centrifugation in a density gradient. The results for the samples without compositional distribution (homogeneous polymers) were used to determine the relation between the chemical composition and the distance from the center of rotation. For one of the homogeneous polymers a quantitative analysis of the schlieren curve was made in order to show the kind of accuracy that can be achieved. For the inhomogeneous polymer it was found that the schlieren curve could, in principle, be described quantitatively by the assumption that fluctuations in composition are independent of fluctuations in molecular weight, but on this basis the average square of the fluctuations in composition is more than four times smaller than the value derived from chromatographic data. A more satisfactory explanation of the experimental results is provided by assuming a linear correlation between average molecular weight and composition, but it is not claimed that this is necessarily the only model that explains the data.
Real time estimation of parameters for controlling and monitoring permanent magnet synchronous motors

In permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives, accurate knowledge of machine parameters has advantage in its control and/or monitoring its condition. This paper provides an adaptation method to determine the machine parameters. The machine's phase resistance, phase inductance and back-emf constant are updated continuously. The online adaptation helps tracking any dynamic change in the motor parameters due to environmental, aging and loading condition. The motor parameters used in the controller can be updated to enhance the performance. This method can also be used for end of line motor parameter calibration in mass production and condition monitoring of drive systems. The method eliminates the need for a priori knowledge of the machine parameters making the controller robust for high performance operation. Simulation and experiment demonstrate the validity and usefulness of the proposed algorithm for PMSM drive.
Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Verrucae, Condylomata Acuminata, and Molluscum Contagiosum Lesions

The use of ALA-PDT has been shown to be successful for the treatment of recalcitrant verrucae, condylomata acuminata, and molluscum contagiosum lesions. Studies have shown that ALA-PDT is a useful modality for these lesions and that it should be considered when confronted with a patient with any of these viral conditions. Additional studies are warranted to further evaluate protocols used, light sources, and incubation times, to determine how to make the therapy even more appealing to clinicians and patients alike.
Bezout rings and serial rings

(1979). Bezout rings and serial rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 533-545.
Specific inhibitory synapses shift the balance from feedforward to feedback inhibition of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells

Feedforward and feedback inhibition are two fundamental modes of operation widespread in the nervous system. We have functionally identified synaptic connections between rat CA1 hippocampal interneurons of the stratum oriens (SO) and interneurons of the stratum lacunosum moleculare (SLM), which can act as feedback and feedforward interneurons, respectively. The unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) detected with K-gluconate-based patch solution at -50 mV had an amplitude of 20.0 +/- 2.0 pA, rise time 2.2 +/- 0.2 ms, decay time 25 +/- 2.2 ms, jitter 1.4 +/- 0.2 ms (average +/- SEM, n = 39), and were abolished by the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptor antagonist 2-(3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-6-methoxyphenyl-pyridazinium bromide (SR 95531). Post hoc anatomical characterization revealed that all but one of the identified presynaptic neurons were oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) cells, whereas the postsynaptic neurons were highly heterogeneous, including neurogliaform (n = 4), basket (n = 4), Schaffer collateral-associated (n = 10) and perforant path-associated (n = 9) cells. We investigated the short-term plasticity expressed at these synapses, and found that stimulation at 10-40 Hz resulted in short-term depression of uIPSCs. This short-term plasticity was determined by presynaptic factors and was not target-cell specific. We found that the feedforward inhibition elicited by the direct cortical input including the perforant path onto CA1 pyramidal cells was modulated through the inhibitory synapses we have characterized. Our data show that the inhibitory synapses between interneurons of the SO and SLM shift the balance between feedback and feedforward inhibition onto CA1 pyramidal neurons.
A satellite phage‐encoded antirepressor induces repressor aggregation and cholera toxin gene transfer

CTXphi is a filamentous bacteriophage whose genome encodes cholera toxin, the principal virulence factor of Vibrio cholerae. We have found that the CTXphi-related element RS1 is a satellite phage whose transmission depends upon proteins produced from a CTX prophage (its helper phage). However, unlike other satellite phages and satellite animal viruses, RS1 can aid the CTX prophage as well as exploit it, due to the RS1-encoded protein RstC. RstC, whose function previously was unknown, is an antirepressor that counteracts the activity of the phage repressor RstR. RstC promotes transcription of genes required for phage production and thereby promotes transmission of both RS1 and CTXphi. Antirepression by RstC also induces expression of the cholera toxin genes, ctxAB, and thus may contribute to the virulence of V.cholerae. In vitro, RstC binds directly to RstR, producing unusual, insoluble aggregates containing both proteins. In vivo, RstC and RstR are both found at the cell pole, where they again appear to form stable complexes. The sequestration/inactivation process induced by RstC resembles those induced by mutant polyglutamine-containing proteins implicated in human neurodegenerative disorders.
26 Characterization of Organic Compatible Solutes of Halotolerant and Halophilic Microorganisms

Publisher Summary Halotolerant and halophilic micro-organisms are particularly adept at countering high external osmotic pressure with appropriate concentrations of solutes. There are two broad classes of solutes accumulated in response to external osmotic pressure: (i) inorganic solutes, primarily cations, such as K + and Na + (occasionally Mg2 + ) and anions, such as chloride, phosphate, carbonate, and sulfate, and (ii) organic solutes, typically small, highly soluble molecules that may or may not be charged. The inorganic ions are specifically transported into cells, K + by active transport, while Na + and chloride are internalized by facilitated diffusion since the extracellular concentrations of these two ions are usually quite high in media. The organic solutes accumulated in the cell to balance external osmotic pressure, also termed “osmolytes,” may be transported from the media, or synthesized from carbon sources in the cell. Of all the small organic solutes synthesized in cells, only a small number of solutes are actually used for this purpose. Osmolytes also have other roles in cells. most notably they aid in stabilizing macromolecule structures.
Effects of quinpirole on behavioral extinction

Behavioral effects of quinpirole (QNP), a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, suggest it impacts neural mechanisms mediating goal-directed behaviors, as well as behavioral extinction following removal of a primary reinforcer. The present study investigated the effect of QNP on behavioral extinction following the omission of contingent reinforcement, and whether this effect is related to acquisition or processes specific to extinction. Rats were trained on a continuous reinforcement schedule to nose-poke for water reward. Using a free-operant procedure, rats completed approximately 70 responses for each of four consecutive days. On the fifth day reward was withheld. Rats were assigned to one of five groups in which they received 0.3 mg/kg QNP ip either during the first day (acquisition phase), the second 2 days (maintenance phase), the last day (extinction phase), or during all days. A fifth group received vehicle injections. Rats receiving QNP during the acquisition and maintenance phase did not differ significantly from the control group during the extinction phase, although they demonstrated reduced response rates on days they received QNP. However, rats treated during the extinction phase or during all phases demonstrated a significant reduction in the rate of extinction. This effect cannot be attributed to an increase in general behavioral arousal because response rates for reinforced responses did not differ significantly among groups following acquisition of the behavior. The reduced extinction effect does not appear to be related to abnormalities in the initial behavior–reward association, but instead may result from enhanced engagement of learned behavioral patterns, or from interference of signals associated with removal of predicted reinforcement.