cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and Clinical Diagnosis of Parkinson Disease

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, typically affecting elderly individuals and with a disproportionate male prevalence. Some genetic predispositions and environmental exposures are proposed risk factors for the development of PD. Cigarette smoking, caffeine intake, and increased serum uric acid have the strongest data supporting a reduced risk of PD. Mortality is slightly increased in most individuals with PD but certain clinical features and patient characteristics significantly increase mortality. Certain imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial ultrasound, and single-photon emission computed tomography can be useful in making diagnostic decisions in some cases of PD.
Stabilization of recombinant avirulent vaccine strains in vivo

Salmonella strains attenuated by various mutational alterations and expressing heterologous colonization and virulence antigens specified by cloned genes have begun to be widely used as vaccines for oral immunization to induce protective immunity against the pathogens supplying the genes for the colonization or virulence antigens. Problems associated with plasmid instability and/or poor expression of cloned gene products have frequently been encountered and regulatory agencies are now banning use of antibiotic resistance markers in live attenuated vaccine strains. We have therefore developed a balanced lethal host-vector system in which the chromosome of the attenuated vaccine strain contains a deletion mutation that impose a requirement for diaminopimelic acid (DAP), an essential constituent of the rigid layer of the cell wall of all Gram-negative and some Gram-positive microbes. The plasmid cloning vector contains the wild-type allele for this gene allowing the recombinant avirulent Salmonella to be independent of DAP. Since DAP is not prevalent in nature, especially in the animal host, essentially 100% of the surviving avirulent Salmonella recovered from an immunized animal host still contain the recombinant plasmid and express the foreign colonization or virulence antigen. Occasional loss of the plasmid renders the avirulent Salmonella DAP-requiring, which quickly results in DAPless death with lysis of the bacterium to release its antigenic contents, an occurrence which might further enhance the immune response to the foreign colonization or virulence antigen. We describe below strains of bacteria, recombinant vectors and the methods to make use of this system in a diversity of situations for development of live recombinant avirulent vaccines as well as for other potential applications.
The saturation of club guessing ideals

Abstract We prove that it is consistent that there exists a saturated tail club guessing ideal on ω 1 which is not a restriction of the non-stationary ideal. Two proofs are presented. The first one uses a new forcing axiom whose consistency can be proved from a supercompact cardinal. The resulting model can satisfy either CH or 2 ℵ 0 = ℵ 2 . The second one is a direct proof from a Woodin cardinal, which gives a witnessing model with CH.
The effects of time, luminance, and high contrast targets: revisiting grating acuity in the domestic cat.

Abstract Based on optical clarity and retinal cone density, the cat has a potential acuity of 20–30 cycles per degree (cpd), yet most behavioral studies estimate feline acuity between 3 and 9 cpd. Those studies, however, were limited by restrictive experimental conditions that may have inadvertently lowered the estimated grating acuity. Two domestic cats previously trained on a two-choice visual discrimination task were retrained on a grating detection/discrimination task with unlimited time, high luminance, high contrast targets, and adequate space to prevent poor accommodation from affecting the results. Initially, vertical gratings of increasing cpd were tested until failure. Then, horizontal gratings of increasing cpd were tested until failure. Finally, the finest horizontal grating resolved was confirmed with a third test requiring 24 correct out of 36 consecutive trials, yielding a binomial probability less than 0.02 of non-random occurrence. M1, a 7-year-old male gray tabby with +2.00 OU refraction, tested for a grating detection acuity of 15 cpd for both vertical and horizontal gratings (binomial probability = 0.009). F1, a 2-year-old female gray tabby with +0.25 OU refraction, tested for a grating orientation discrimination acuity of 20 cpd for both vertical and horizontal gratings (binomial probability = 0.004). These results demonstrate that a young cat with good focus is capable of discriminating 20 cpd, in close agreement with the physiologic maximum. Uncorrected focusing errors appear to degrade visual performance. Optimum experimental conditions resulted in better grating acuity measurements than previously reported, emphasizing the importance of environmental factors in feline behavioral testing.
Hyperthermia induces injury to the intestinal mucosa in the mouse: evidence for an oxidative stress mechanism

Loss of the intestinal barrier is critical to the clinical course of heat illness, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that conditions characteristic...
Straining of NiMnGa by stress and magnetic fields

Abstract This paper shows that martensitic transformation in Ni 2 MnGa strongly depends on stress but is insensitive to magnetic field up to 10 kG. However, stress caused by the force due to inhomogeneous magnetic field affects transformation and can induce large straining.
Human factors in CAI design

Abstract As computers are used more and more in education, the need for human factors guidelines governing the student-computer interface becomes increasingly urgent. A framework is provided for designers of CAI systems to help identify some of the critical human factor issues. Specific recommendations for screen design are made with respect to such factors as simplicity, spaciousness, relevance, standardization, and changing screen contents. Further recommendations regarding display coding are made with respect to color coding, shape and size coding, and brightness coding.
Modeling and measurement of error propagation in a multimodule computing system

An error propagation model has been developed for multimodule computing systems in which the main parameters are the distribution functions of error propagation times. A digraph model is used to represent a multimodule computing system, and error propagation in the system is modeled by general distributions of error propagation times between all pairs of modules. Two algorithms are developed to compute systematically and efficiently the distributions of error propagation times. Experiments are also conducted to measure the distributions of error propagation times with the fault-tolerant microprocessor (FTMP). Statistical analysis of experimental data shows that the error propagation times in FTMP do not follow a well-known distribution, thus justifying the use of general distributions in the present model. >
Effects of Supraphysiological Doses of Sex Steroids on Wheel Running Activity in Mice

The regulatory mechanisms of physical activity are postulated to include environmental and biological/genetic factors. In particular, the sex steroids appear to have profound effects on wheel running in rodents. The purpose of this project was to investigate the effects of 17β-estradiol and testosterone on wheel running distance, duration, and speed in male and female C57BL/6J mice. The mice (N=46) were provided free access to running wheels interfaced with computers to track daily running distance, duration, and speed. Activity was assessed at baseline in intact mice, after surgical gonadectomy, and after replacement with either 17β- estradiol or testosterone. Upon removal of the gonads, physical activity levels were significantly reduced in both males and females. Distance (10-30% of baseline) and duration (20-47% of baseline) measures were most affected by the loss of endogenous steroids, while running speed (60-77% of baseline) though significantly reduced-decreased by a much lower magnitude. Testosterone replacement fully recovered running distance, duration, and speed to pre-surgical levels in both sexes (100% of baseline). Distance (30-42% of baseline) and duration (43- 47% of baseline) were partially recovered by 17β-estradiol, but not to baseline levels. Speed (100% of baseline) was fully recovered by 17β-estradiol replacement in males and females. This study suggests that physical activity in mice is affected by endogenous steroids and can be altered by exogenous steroid replacement. The differences in the recovery abilities of 17β-estradiol and testosterone suggest that both estrogenic and androgenic pathways may be involved to variable degrees in activity regulation.
Delayed dynamic triggering of deep tremor along the Parkfield‐Cholame section of the San Andreas Fault following the 2014 M6.0 South Napa earthquake

Large, distant earthquakes are known to trigger deep tectonic tremor along the San Andreas Fault and in subduction zones. However, there are relatively few observations of triggering from regional distance earthquakes. Here we show that a small tremor episode about 12–18 km NW of Parkfield was triggered during and immediately following the passage of surface waves from the 2014 Mw 6.0 South Napa main shock. More notably, a major tremor episode followed, beginning about 12 h later, and centered SE of Parkfield near Cholame. This major episode is one of the largest seen over the past several years, containing intense activity for ~3 days and taking more than 3 weeks to return to background levels. This episode showed systematic along-strike migration at ~5 km/d, suggesting that it was driven by a slow-slip event. Our results suggest that moderate-size earthquakes are capable of triggering major tremor and deep slow slip at regional distances.
Male sexual side effects associated with antidepressants: A descriptive clinical study of 32 patients

Objective:This is a retrospective study to add to the existing body of clinical information regarding male sexual side effects associated with antidepressants. From the chart review, thirty-four ou...
Constructing Working Selves: Silicon Valley Assemblers Meet the New Work Order

E arly in twentieth-century America, Henry Ford, that famous industrialist and manufacturer of the Model-T, is said to have claimed: "\ am more a manufacturer of men than of automobiles'" (Schwartz 1971). And indeed, one arm of the early Ford Motor Company took as its purpose adapting an immigrant workforce to new conditions of production. By the second decade of the 1900's, work at the Ford factory had become synonymous with assembly-line mass production and required of workers minimal skills and decreased mechanical know-how. Nonetheless, with the demand for the Model-T growing, worry abounded that the available immigrant workforce from southern and eastern Europe was too undisciplined, too unreliable, too inefficient to succeed at the factory regimen (Meyer 1980). These workers needed to be recast, thought Ford—transformed morally and socially, made fit for a new work order. And thus were born several ambitious educational and socialization programs for Ford workers, programs that taught virtues such as "timeliness, cleanliness, thrift, self-discipline, regularity'' (Meyer 1980: 75).
Bias and variance of validation methods for function approximation neural networks under conditions of sparse data

Neural networks must be constructed and validated with strong empirical dependence, which is difficult under conditions of sparse data. The paper examines the most common methods of neural network validation along with several general validation methods from the statistical resampling literature, as applied to function approximation networks with small sample sizes. It is shown that an increase in computation, necessary for the statistical resampling methods, produces networks that perform better than those constructed in the traditional manner. The statistical resampling methods also result in lower variance of validation, however some of the methods are biased in estimating network error.
Responding to Offending Images in the Digital Age: Censorious and Satirical Discourses in LGBT Media Activism

This article critically examines the censorious campaigns of media watchdog organizations such as Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), challenging the assumptions about media effects and media power underlying this discourse. In addition, I explore alternative modes of response to offending images within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community that take advantage of emergent participatory media platforms and satirical modes of critique to challenge representational power in the public sphere. Adapting Finnegan and Kang’s Latourian theoretical framework of iconophilia, I argue that contemporary popular practices of digital remix and parody suggest a promising, if imperfect, strategy for media activists to embrace and actively transform the meaning of offending images while resisting an iconocla sm that assumes their static power over weak and vulnerable audiences.
A nonintrusive stochastic multiscale solver

In this paper, we describe a practical nonintrusive multiscale solver that permits consideration of uncertainties in heterogeneous materials without exhausting the available computational resources. The computational complexity of analyzing heterogeneous material systems is governed by the physical and probability spaces at multiple scales. To deal with these large spaces, we employ reduced order homogenization approach in combination with the Karhunen–Loeve expansion and stochastic collocation method based on sparse grid. The resulting nonintrusive multiscale solver, which is aimed at providing practical solutions for complex multiscale stochastic problems, has been verified against the Latin Hypercube Monte–Carlo method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nature of the photonic band gap: some insights from a field analysis

To clarify the nature of photonic band gaps, a series of calculations on two-dimensional photonic crystals is undertaken. Systems that possess a large gap for one polarization and no gap for the other polarization are analyzed. Two features of a photonic crystal that give rise to a large photonic band gap for each polarization, i.e., connectivity and concentration of the dielectric material, are elucidated. The implications for making materials with large photonic band gaps in two and three dimensions are discussed.
Toward an Ideal Democracy: The Impact of Standardization Policies on the American Indian/Alaska Native Community and Language Revitalization Efforts

This article explores the impact of standardization policies of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 on the American Indian/Alaska Native community and the ability of educational policy to promote sovereignty, liberty and equity within indigenous communities. Examining current research and data generated from the National Indian Education Study (NIES) of 2009, we argue that the English-only assessments of NCLB devalue indigenous social and cultural capital through the salient measure of language revitalization efforts. Consequently, by virtue of a narrowing effect on the curriculum, school-community relations are strained by standards-based reforms, as representative of current educational policy. We examine educational policy within a historical interpretation of Federal Indian policies in its capacity to promote language revitalization and student achievement. Federal Indian policies have both hurt and helped Indian education exist as a vehicle towardsmaintaining sovereignty, liberty, and equity....
ON THE INITIAL-VALUE PROBLEM FOR A WAVEMAKER

The linearized initial-value problem for the generation of straight-crested waves in a deep, inviscid liquid in response to the prescribed motion of a piston wavemaker of finite depth is solved through integral transforms. The indicial admittance (the surface-wave response to a step-function velocity of the wavemaker) is cast in similarity form and expressed in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions for pure (no surface tension) gravity waves. This gravity-wave result, due essentially to Roberts (1987), provides an outer approximation for x [Gt ] l and gt 2 [Gt ] l ( x = horizontal distance from wavemaker and l = capillary length) but implies an infinite wave slope at the contact line ( x = 0) in consequence of the neglect of surface tension. The corresponding similarity solution for capillary waves (no gravity) with either fixed contact angle or fixed contact line is constructed and is found to be analytic in x for t > 0 if the contact angle is fixed or singular like x 4 log x if the contact line is fixed. An inner approximation for gravity waves with either fixed contact angle or fixed contact line is constructed for x = O ( l ) and gt 2 [Gt ] l . The Laplace transform of the general solution is expressed in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions, which permits a compact discussion of its analytical properties.
Axl-dependent signalling: a clinical update.

Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase that was originally cloned from cancer cells. Axl belongs to the TAM (Tyro3, Axl and Mertk) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Gas6 (growth-arrest-specific protein 6) is a ligand for Axl. Activation of Axl protects cells from apoptosis, and increases migration, aggregation and growth through multiple downstream pathways. Up-regulation of the Gas6/Axl pathway is more evident in pathological conditions compared with normal physiology. Recent advances in Axl receptor biology are summarized in the present review. The emphasis is given to translational aspects of Axl-dependent signalling under pathological conditions. In particular, inhibition of Axl reduces tumorigenesis and prevents metastasis as well. Axl-dependent signals are important for the progression of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, deficiency of Axl in innate immune cells contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Current challenges in Axl biology are related to the functional interactions of Axl with other members of the TAM family or other tyrosine kinases, mechanisms of ligand-independent activation, inactivation of the receptor and cell‐cell interactions (with respect to immune cells) in chronic diseases.
An evolutionary conservation-based method for refining and reranking protein complex structures.

Detection of protein complexes and their structures is crucial for understanding their role in the basic biology of organisms. Computational docking methods can provide researchers with a good starting point for the analysis of protein complexes. However, these methods are often not accurate and their results need to be further rened to improve interface packing. In this paper, we introduce a renement method that incorporates evolutionary information into a novel scoring function by employing Evolutionary Trace (ET)-based scores. Our method also takes Van der Waals interactions into account to avoid atomic clashes in rened structures. We tested our method on docked candidates of eight protein complexes and the results suggest that the proposed scoring function helps bias the search toward complexes with native interactions. We show a strong correlation between evo- lutionary-conserved residues and correct interface packing. Our renement method is able to produce structures with better lRMSD (least RMSD) with respect to the known complexes and lower energies than initial docked structures. It also helps tolter out false-positive complexes generated by docking methods, by detecting little or no conserved residues on false interfaces. We believe this method is a step toward better ranking and prediction of protein complexes.
In Vitro Activities of BMS-284756 against Chlamydia trachomatis and Recent Clinical Isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae

The in vitro activities of BMS-284756 (a novel des-fluoroquinolone), levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and clarithromycin were tested against 5 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis and 20 isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. The MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited and the minimal bactericidal concentration at which 90% of the isolates were killed by BMS-284756 for all isolates of C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis was 0.015 μg/ml (range, 0.015 to 0.03 μg/ml). BMS-284756 was the most active quinolone tested.
MOSFET memory circuits

Metal-oxide-semiconductor first effect transistors (MOSFETs) are currently being used in a variety of memory applications. The requirements of memory usage and the characteristics of MOSFET devices and technology have led to a number of unique circuits for these applications. Organization and design considerations of memory systems using MOSFET devices are reviewed, and examples of specific circuits are presented and analyzed. These include random access cells, shift registers, read only storage, and on-chip support circuits; both complementary and noncomplementary circuits are discussed.
Contributions of KATP and KCa channels to cerebral arteriolar dilation to hypercapnia in neonatal brain.

Mechanisms by which Pco2 controls cerebral vascular tone remain uncertain. We hypothesize that potassium channel activation contributes to the neonatal cerebrovascular dilation in response to increases in Paco2. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed on newborn pigs with surgically implanted, closed cranial windows. Hypercapnia was induced by ventilation with elevated Pco2 gas in the absence and presence of the KATP channel inhibitor, glibenclamide and/or the KCa channel inhibitor, paxillin. Dilations to pinacidil, a selective KATP channel activator, without and with glibenclamide, were used to evaluate the efficacy of KATP channel inhibition. Dilations to NS1619, a selective KCa channel activator, without and with paxillin, were used to evaluate the efficacy of KCa channel inhibition. Cerebrovascular responses to the KATP and KCa channel activators, pinacidil and NS1619, respectively, cAMP‐dependent dilator, isoproterenol, and cGMP‐dependent dilator, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), were used to evaluate the selectivity of glibenclamide and paxillin. Glibenclamide blocked dilation to pinacidil, but did not inhibit dilations to NS1619, isoproterenol, or SNP. Glibenclamide prior to hypercapnia decreased mean pial arteriole dilation ~60%. Glibenclamide treatment during hypercapnia constricted arterioles ~35%. The level of hypercapnia, Paco2 between 50 and 75 mmHg, did not appear to be involved in efficacy of glibenclamide in blocking dilation to Paco2. Similarly to glibenclamide and KATP channel inhibition, paxillin blocked dilation to the KCa channel agonist, NS1619, and attenuated, but did not block, arteriolar dilation to hypercapnia. Treatment with both glibenclamide and paxillin abolished dilation to hypercapnia. Therefore, either glibenclamide or paxillin that block dilation to their channel agonists, pinacidil or NS1619, respectively, only partially inhibit dilation to hypercapnia. Block of both KATP and KCa channels completely prevent dilation hypercapnia. These data suggest hypercapnia activates both KATP and KCa channels leading to cerebral arteriolar dilation in newborn pigs.
Large-scale generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from porcine ovary.

One method to identify the factors that control ovarian function is to characterize the genes that are expressed in ovary. In the present study, cDNA libraries from fetal, neonatal, and prepubertal porcine ovaries, pubertal ovaries on different days of the estrous cycle (Days 0 [follicle], 5, and 12 [follicle and corpus luteum]), and follicles isolated from weaned sows (diameter, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm) were constructed and sequenced. A total of 22 176 cDNAs were sequenced, of which 15 613 were of sufficient quality for clustering. Clustering of cDNAs resulted in 8507 contigs, 6294 (74%) of which were comprised of a single sequence. Sixty-eight percent of the contigs had consensus sequences that were homologous to existing Tentative Consensus (TC) sequences or mature transcripts (ET) in The Institute for Genomic Research Porcine Gene Index. The consensus sequences were classified according to the Gene Ontology Index. Most cDNA-encoded proteins were components of the nucleus, ribosome, or mitochondrion. The proteins primarily functioned in binding, catalysis, and transport. Nearly 75% of the proteins were involved in metabolism and cell growth and/or maintenance. Analysis of the cDNA frequency across different libraries demonstrated differential gene expression within different-size follicles, between follicles and corpora lutea, and across developmental time-points. The expression of selected genes (analyzed by ribonuclease protection assay and Northern blotting) was consistent with the frequency of their respective cDNA in the individual libraries. This porcine ovary unigene set will be useful for identifying factors and mechanisms controlling ovarian follicular development in a variety of species. corpus luteum, follicle, gene regulation, ovary
Conservation of a portion of the S. cerevisiae Ure2p prion domain that interacts with the full-length protein

The [URE3] prion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a self-propagating inactive amyloid form of the Ure2 protein. Ure2p residues 1–65 constitute the prion domain, and the remaining C-terminal portion regulates nitrogen catabolism. We have examined the URE2 genes of wild-type isolates of S. cerevisiae and those of several pathogenic yeasts and a filamentous fungus. We find that the normal function of the S. cerevisiae Ure2p in nitrogen regulation is fully complemented by the Ure2p of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida kefyr, Candida maltosa, Saccharomyces bayanus, and Saccharomyces paradoxus, all of which have high homology in the C-terminal nitrogen regulation domain. However, there is considerable divergence of their N-terminal domains from that of Ure2p of S. cerevisiae. [URE3Sc] showed efficient transmission into S. cerevisiae ure2Δ cells if expressing a Ure2p of species within Saccharomyces. However, [URE3Sc] did not seed self-propagating inactivation of the Ure2p's from the other yeasts. When overexpressed as a fusion with green fluorescent protein, residues 5–47 of the S. cerevisiae prion domain are necessary for curing the [URE3] prion. Residues 11–39 are necessary for an inactivating interaction with the full-length Ure2p. A nearly identical region is highly conserved among many of the yeasts examined in this study, despite the wide divergence of sequences found in other parts of the N-terminal domains.
CDP-CHOLINE:ALKYLACETYLGLYCEROL CHOLINEPHOSPHOTRANSFERASE CATALYZES THE FINAL STEP IN THE DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) can be synthesized de novo or by a remodeling mechanism involving the sn-2 acyl moiety of alkylacylglycerophosphocholines, a membrane-bound precursor. The final step in the de novo pathway is catalyzed by a dithiothreitol-insensitive cholinephosphotransferase that utilizes 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol and CDP-choline as substrates. This article reviews various studies concerning the occurrence, assay, subcellular location, biochemical properties, substrate specificity, and regulatory controls of the PAF-related cholinephosphotransferase. Alkylacetylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase, which is located on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, is widely distributed among mammalian tissues. Both the alkyl and acyl analogs of radylacetylglycerol are utilized at equivalent rates. Optimal enzyme activity occurs at pH 8.0 and Mg2+ is required, whereas calcium, deoxycholate, ethanol, and centrophenoxine are inhibitory. Formation of CDP-choline by cytidylyltransferase appears to play a crucial role in the regulation of PAF produced via the cholinephosphotransferase route. Significant differences exist in the behavior of the cholinephosphotransferase activities responsible for the synthesis of PAF and phosphatidylcholine. However, neither enzyme activity has been purified or cloned and, therefore, it is unknown whether a single or two separate proteins are responsible for the observed catalytic activities that form these two distinctly different classes of phospholipids.
ENSO Impact on Hurricane Landfall Probabilities for the Caribbean

The warm phase of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation is known to suppress hurricane activity in the Atlantic basin, and several studies have evaluated the influence of ENSO on hurricane landfalls in the United States. The present analysis focuses on hurricane landfall probabilities in relation to ENSO for landmasses surrounding the Caribbean Sea. La Nina events are found to be associated with an increased probability of hurricane landfalls in the Caribbean as a whole. Regional variations in the impact of ENSO on hurricane landfall probabilities in the Caribbean are identified, including a lack of an El Nino decrease in probability (relative to neutral years) in the east and west Caribbean.
Atmospheric Deposition and Nitrogen Pollution in Coastal Marine Ecosystems

Since the first appreciation of the widespread occurrence of acid rain in North America (Likens and Bormann 1974), most public attention has focused on the acid component rather than effects from the associated elements in atmospheric deposition. The emphasis has been on freshwater ecosystems and forests in sensitive regions with relatively low buffering capacity. Effects of acid deposition on coastal marine ecosystems have usually not been considered, which makes sense in the context of acidity. Marine ecosystems are very well buffered, since they contain large amounts of dissolved carbonate and bicarbonate, and consequently are quite insensitive to acid inputs. Similarly, marine waters contain huge quantities of sulfate (∼ 28 mM) and thus are not sensitive at all to inputs of sulfate associated with acid deposition. On the other hand, nitrogen (N) pollution can cause severe degradation in coastal marine ecosystems, and the role of atmospheric deposition as a contributor of nitrogen to coastal waters has received increasing scrutiny over the past 15 years since Fisher and Oppenheimer (1991) noted that the nitrate anion associated with nitric acid in acid rain may be a major source of nitrogen to Chesapeake Bay.
Description and Identification of Some Chironomid Egg Masses.

The identification of Chironomid egg masses is a definite problem for the biologists who are investigating the means for lessening stream pollution, particularly that caused by dairy wastes. In 1920-22 investigators were making a study of aquatic insects relative to stream pollution and for this study experimental pools were established at the Fish Hatchery of Cornell University. In these pools appeared egg masses differing from the species with which the pools were originally stocked.
Analysis of clinical decision support system malfunctions: a case series and survey.

Objective To illustrate ways in which clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) malfunction and identify patterns of such malfunctions. Materials and Methods We identified and investigated several CDSS malfunctions at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and present them as a case series. We also conducted a preliminary survey of Chief Medical Information Officers to assess the frequency of such malfunctions. Results We identified four CDSS malfunctions at Brigham and Women’s Hospital: (1) an alert for monitoring thyroid function in patients receiving amiodarone stopped working when an internal identifier for amiodarone was changed in another system; (2) an alert for lead screening for children stopped working when the rule was inadvertently edited; (3) a software upgrade of the electronic health record software caused numerous spurious alerts to fire; and (4) a malfunction in an external drug classification system caused an alert to inappropriately suggest antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin, for patients already taking one. We found that 93% of the Chief Medical Information Officers who responded to our survey had experienced at least one CDSS malfunction, and two-thirds experienced malfunctions at least annually. Discussion CDSS malfunctions are widespread and often persist for long periods. The failure of alerts to fire is particularly difficult to detect. A range of causes, including changes in codes and fields, software upgrades, inadvertent disabling or editing of rules, and malfunctions of external systems commonly contribute to CDSS malfunctions, and current approaches for preventing and detecting such malfunctions are inadequate. Conclusion CDSS malfunctions occur commonly and often go undetected. Better methods are needed to prevent and detect these malfunctions.
Colonising With Style: Reviewing The Nexus Between Rock Art, Territoriality And The Colonisation And Occupation Of Sahul

The role of material culture in the visual communication of information has been a focus of much recent debate in the international anthropological and archaeological literature (eg Conkey 1990; Davis 1990; Hodder 1985; Wiessner 1988; Wobst 1977). Central to this concern has been assessment of the role of information exchange in the occupation of particular environments (eg Brandt and Carder 1987; Gamble 1982; Jochim 1983). Recent analyses of Australian rock art (eg David and Cole 1990; David 1991; Franklin 1989; Lewis 1988; Morwood 1984, 1988; TaA§on 1987, 1989a) have also approached this question, with varying degrees of success. In this paper I consider these issues in terms of the role rock art may have played in the colonisation and subsequent occupation of Sahul. I argue that colonisation was facilitated by visual communication systems which emphasised bonding between groups of people. The designs in these systems were primarily geometric in character and exhibited regional variation even within the Pleistocene (Rosenfeld 1991). I also argue that a greater regionalisation of Australian rock art styles through time can be interpreted as a closure of social networks which can itself be related to increases in population densities, or changes in human dispersal patterns, and greater territorial bounding by groups of people. Such bounding was visually articulated by relatively heterogeneous art styles that facilitated social differentiation between people. Â
HRQoL and Concomitant Adjusted Mean Residual Life Analysis

For aging properties of life-time distributions in reliability and survival analysis, the DMRL property plays a vital role. Generally, there are multiple auxiliary or explanatory variables, and in HRQoL studies, QAL perspectives are nonignorable. These factors introduce complications in parametric modeling of MRL; for QLAMRL functions it is anticipated, though not yet established, that semiparametrics may suit well. As an alternative approach, matrix-valued counting processes for repeated measurement data models, involving clusters of random sizes, nonexchangeable within-cluster dependence, and QAL adjustments, are appraised.
Effect of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) on Conduction System Disease

Importance Cardiac conduction abnormalities are associated with an increased risk for morbidity and mortality, and understanding factors that accelerate or delay conduction system disease could help to identify preventive and therapeutic strategies. Antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and treatment for hyperlipidemia may reduce the risk for incident conduction system disease. Objective To identify the effect of pharmacologic therapy randomization and clinical risk factors on the incidence of conduction system disease. Design, Setting, and Participants This secondary analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) investigation acquired data from 623 North American centers. A total of 21 004 ambulatory individuals 55 years or older with hypertension and at least 1 other cardiac risk factor were included in the analysis. Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to receive amlodipine besylate, lisinopril, or chlorthalidone. Individuals with elevated fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also randomized to pravastatin sodium vs usual care. Main Outcomes and Measures An electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained at study enrollment and every 2 years of follow-up. The development of incident first-degree atrioventricular block, left anterior fascicular block, incomplete left bundle branch block (LBBB), LBBB, incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB), RBBB, or intraventricular conduction delay was assessed by serial ECGs. Results The 21 004 participants (11 758 men [56.0%]; 9246 women [44.0%]; mean [SD] age, 66.5 [7.3] years) underwent a mean (SD) follow-up of 5.0 (1.2) years. Among the 1114 participants who developed any conduction defect, 389 developed LBBB, 570 developed RBBB, and 155 developed intraventricular conduction delay. Compared with chlorthalidone, randomization to lisinopril was associated with a significant 19% reduction in conduction abnormalities (hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69-0.95; P = .01). Treatment with amlodipine, however, was not associated with a significant difference in conduction outcome events (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.81-1.09; P = .42). Similarly, pravastatin treatment was not associated with a reduced adjusted risk for incident disease compared with usual hyperlipidemia treatment (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.95-1.35; P = .18). Increased age (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.34-1.63; P P P P = .003), and left ventricular hypertrophy (HR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.61-3.94; P Conclusions and Relevance Incident conduction system disease is significantly reduced by lisinopril therapy and is independently associated with multiple clinical factors. Further studies are warranted to determine whether pharmacologic treatment affects conduction abnormality outcomes, including pacemaker implantation. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00000542
A Catalyst for Change: Service‐Learning for TESOL Graduate Students

This study explores ways in which TESOL graduate students were engaged in service-learning at a public university in the midwestern United States. It describes the experiences of both domestic and international students with service-learning that was incorporated into a hybrid graduate-level TESOL course. Data were collected throughout the semester through weekly discussions on Blackboard, three reflective journals in which students wrote about their experiences on-site, and in-person discussions in the classroom, as well as through a focus group interview at the end of the semester. Findings reveal how service-learning contributed to developing students’ intercultural awareness, civic responsibility, and teacher identity. Students also appreciated the opportunity to share their experience with the class and receive support from their peers. Overall, service-learning gave students hands-on experience that allowed them to translate theory into practice, thus making their learning authentic, creative, and meaningful. The findings raise important questions for TESOL educators and researchers to address as we reimagine and reconceptualize the curriculum for promoting diversity and social justice. The article concludes with suggestions for implementing service-learning in a TESOL program.
Investigating predictors of fidelity of implementation for a preschool vocabulary and language curriculum

ABSTRACTThis study describes initial development, feasibility, and fidelity of implementation of a vocabulary and language curriculum supplement that combined explicit instruction and educational television programming to enhance children’s vocabulary acquisition. Efficacy of an intervention relies in part on its fidelity of implementation, but little is known regarding predictors of fidelity itself; therefore, the current study evaluated quality of implementation and its association with teacher characteristics. The implementation of teachers in 39 preschool classrooms was observed for teachers’ adherence, and the quality of lesson enactment during 16 weeks of daily lessons. Teachers’ preparedness and classroom management significantly predicted teachers’ observed and rated implementation quality. Whereas teacher education was not a significant predictor of either metric of implementation quality, teachers’ receptivity, and consistency in implementation predicted their rated and observed implementation q...
Dutch New Worlds: Scenarios in Physical Planning and Design in the Netherlands, 1970–2000, by Christian Salewski

How did scenarios contribute to spatial planning for regions and settlements in the Netherlands? In his book Dutch New Worlds, Christian Salewski answers this question using detailed historical ana...
Looking Forward: Interconnectedness in the Anthropocene Ocean

The stakes are high for both people and nature in this time of unprecedented changes in the Anthropocene ocean. Varied exposures, risks, and responses call for new and diverse knowledge and modes of action to ensure possible future resilience. Uncertain, unprecedented, and uneven threats will require new sorts of collaborations and participation in our efforts to define, understand, predict, and tackle collective conservation and justice challenges. A central challenge facing ocean conservation in the Anthropocene is to develop practical means for addressing the interdependence of ecosystems and human well-being, advancing the fundamental interdisciplinary science that underlies conservation practice, and implementing this science in decisions to manage, preserve, and restore ocean ecosystems. In this chapter, we promote a vision of interconnectedness as an underlying principle and approach for interdisciplinary conservation. Interconnectedness orients us toward our responsibilities: the responsibilities we have with nature and with one another as we make decisions that help us adapt and thrive in just and sustainable ways.
LGBT Populations and Substance Abuse Research: An Overview

This chapter presents a brief overview of substance abuse in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations, with the major focus on methodological issues specific to substance abuse research in LGBT populations. While often studied as a group, LGBT communities contain subpopulations that vary by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, geography, culture, and other factors. Subpopulations also differ in their risk of substance abuse due to stigma, internalized homophobia, social norms, access, and other factors. Research with LGBT populations presents many distinct challenges. These include, but are not limited to, varied definitions of sexual orientation and related sampling issues. Convenience or poorly advised sampling strategies often result in small, nonrepresentative samples which limit the generalizability of research. Ethical considerations of researching substance abuse in LGBT populations are also paramount, with accepted ethical considerations associated with researching sensitive topics generally, as in the case of substance use and abuse, compounded by issues associated with studies being conducted on populations that are already socially stigmatized and marginalized as a sexual minority. Additional research is clearly needed to fully understand substance use and abuse within the LGBT population, with resources available to further this important area of study.
Quantifying substrate removal induced electrothermal degradation in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Strained heteroepitaxial HEMTs without the mechanical support of a substrate have been demonstrated only for small-sized AlGaN/GaN membranes, i.e., the substrate was removed from within the immediate vicinity of the transistor area [1]. Such transistors have exhibited improved breakdown voltage and frequency response. However, wafer-scale substrate removal has been considered detrimental to the heterostructure integrity [2]. In this work, by means of a wet-etch removal of the Si substrate over a large circular area (>5 mm diameter) underneath samples with conventionally-processed AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, we demonstrate HEMT operation on large-area AlGaN/GaN membranes and quantify aspects of device performance that were most affected by the substrate removal process.
Multiplex PCR testing for travelers’ diarrhea—friend or foe?

Abstract With the advent of high throughput multiplex DNA extraction PCR diagnostic modalities for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, particularly gastrointestinal enteric infections, the increased sensitivity and specificity of this modality has been hailed by most as an advance in our ability to make specific etiologic diagnoses in acute and chronic gastroenteritis and travelers' diarrhea.(Platts-Mills et al., 2012; Raich and Powell, 2014) The potential advantages and drawbacks of this modality of testing are illustrated by the following case.
The Demands of a Women's College Soccer Season.

The purpose of this study was to use GPS, accelerometers, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) to examine the demands of a Division II women’s soccer team. Data was collected on 25 collegiate Division II women’s soccer players over an entire regular season (17 matches and 24 practices). ZephyrTM BioHarnesses (BHs) were used to collect tri-axial acceleration information and GPS derived variables for all matches and practices. Acceleration data was used to calculate Impulse Load, a measure of mechanical load that includes only locomotor related accelerations. GPS was used to quantify total distance and distance in six speed zones. Internal Training Loads were assessed via sRPE. Mean Impulse Load, total distance, and sRPE during match play was 20,120 ± 8609 N·s, 5.48 ± 2.35 km, and 892.50 ± 358.50, respectively. Mean Impulse Load, total distance, and sRPE during practice was 12,410 ± 4067 N·s, 2.95 ± 0.95 km, and 143.30 ± 123.50, respectively. Several very large to nearly perfect correlations were found between Impulse Load and total distance (r = 0.95; p < 0.001), Impulse Load and sRPE (r = 0.84; p < 0.001), and total distance and sRPE (r = 0.82; p < 0.001). This study details the mechanical demands of Division II women’s soccer match play. This study also demonstrates that Impulse Load is a good indicator of total distance.