cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marvels in the Medieval Imagination

In his capacity as one of the first devil's advocates for the Catholic church, Prospero Lambertini, later Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58), wrote authoritatively on the evaluation of miracles. Concluding his discussion of them in his De servorum Dei beatificatione, he asks eight questions about imagination, including “third, whether it can exercise powers over a body that is not the body of the imaginer, but is separate and remote from it; . . . sixth, whether it can create sickness in a body; seventh, whether it can in a moment free a body from the aforementioned illness,” and finally, whether it qualifies as a secondary cause of miracles. More remarkable than his answers (no, yes, yes, and no, respectively) is the fact that he was still asking such questions, which were first formulated in the Middle Ages. The history, especially the early history, of imagination's relationship to both miracles and marvels has received little scholarly attention, an oversight that sets one project for this article: to analyz...
Flow around the impulsively started elliptic cylinder at various angles of attack

Abstract The flow around an impulsively started elliptic cylinder at 0, 30, 45 and 90° incidence is investigated. The fluid is viscous, incompressible and its flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. Semi-analytical solutions are calculated by solving numerically the system of coupled partial differential equations which are obtained by substituting the expanded finite Fourier Series of the stream and vorticity functions in the Navier-Stokes equations. The symmetrical solutions are presented for Reynolds number 200 and eccentricity 0.809 and 0.943 in terms of patterns of streamlines, lines of constant vorticity, pressure and vorticity distributions around the surface, drag coefficient and wake length at 0 and 90° and compared with the experimental results. A comparison of the calculations has been made for Reynolds number 100 and eccentricity 0.648 with different number of terms at 90°. A Karman vortex street develops for Reynolds numbers 200 and 60 at 30 and 45° incidence and the solutions are presented in terms of various characteristics including Strouhal number. The vanishing of wall-shear does not denote separation in any meaningful sense in various cases.
Load-balanced mesh router migration for wireless mesh networks

Load-balancing among domains in a wireless mesh network (WMN) is normally achieved by changing the Internet attachment of mesh routers (MRs) that carry the traffic from mobile stations (MSs). The greediness of load-balancing algorithms may force MRs to frequently change their Internet attachments, and thus degrade network performance due to inter-domain mobility of the associated MSs. In this paper, we discuss the negative impact on the performance of MSs' mobility, due to inter-domain reassignment of MR. A MR migration scheme is proposed to achieve a tradeoff between load-balancing and inter-domain reassignment of MR. The proposed load-balancing scheme for WMNs includes: an initialization procedure to divide a WMN into domains, and a load adjustment procedure to rebalance the traffic load among the neighboring domains when required. We also provide a framework for handling inter-domain mobility in support of multi-hop communication using the Multi-hop cellular IP. Our simulation results show that the proposed protocol effectively controls MR's change in connectivity as well as MS's mobility.
Heat Resistant Proteases Produced in Milk by Psychrotorophic Bacteria of Dairy Origin

Production of heat resistant proteases by psychrotrophs growing in milk, resistance of such proteases to ultrahigh temperature treatments and action of these enzymes on milk were studied. All of the psychrotrophs obtained from raw milk produced proteases that survived 149 C for 10s. Seventy to ninety percent of the raw milk samples contained psychrotrophs capable of producing heat resistant proteases. The protease chosen as a model was resistant to heat treatments at 110 to 150 C, and the inactivation parameters suggested that thermal destruction of heat resistant proteases would damage the milk severely. The casein content and pH of normal milk were suitable for protease action, and the protease was quite active at normal and elevated room temperatures. The protease rapidly spoiled sterile milk with the development of bitter flavor, clearing, or coagulation; and the susceptibility of sterile milk to protease increased during storage of the milk.
Breakthrough volumes of TcO 4− on Reillex™-HPQ anion exchange resin in a Hanford Double Shell Tank simulant

Abstract The breakthrough volumes on Reillex-HPQ anion exchange resin columns for TcO 4 – solutions have been determined. The feed solutions were a Handford Double Shell Tank Slurry (DSS) simulant of ionic strength () of 6.22 M and a TcO 4 – of 5.00×10–5 M and a 13 dilution of the DSS simulant, =2.07 M, with a TcO 4 – of 1.67×10–5 M. The DSS flow rates {mL simulant/(cross section area of column.min)} through the column varied from 0.19 to 20.5 cm/min. The 1% breakthrough volumes varied from 50.0 to 1.3 bed volumes (BV), respectively. The 13 DSS flow rate varied from 0.95 to 11.0 cm/min and had 1% breakthrough volumes ranging from 94 to 20 BV, respectively. At a flow rate of 1.0 cm/min, the breakthrough bed volumes are 10.2 and 95.8 BV for the DSS and 13 DSS solutions, respectively. Obviously, there is an advantage in processing the 13 dilution of the feed stream.
Organizational Learning: A Perspective from the Choice and Pattern of Sequential Modes of Foreign Market Entry

This study examines the choice, pattern, and timing of sequential modes of entry among multinational corporations investing in China. Specifically, we examine how earlier choices of entry modes influence decisions ahout subsequent modes of entry in a targeted host country. Six hypotheses are developed and tested using a longitudinal sample of 228 Fortune Global 500 firms that have had multiple entries in China between 1979 and 1996. The results provide supportive evidence of our hypotheses. Specifically, firms employed entry modes reflecting low commitment in early stages that were gradually escalated to higher commitment in subsequent decisions. This is consistent with the “incremental in vestment” approach that underlies traditional and contemporary theories and research in market entry decisions. An analysis of entry mode choices over time reveals different learning patterns: the logic of incremental investments (i.e., the escalation of low to high resource commitments); the logic of the “catch-up” follower (i.e., relatively heavy commitment at later stages); and the logic of stable, consistent investments (i.e., the continuation of the same entry mode throughout the time period. There is moderate but inconclusive support for country of origin as a moderating factor. The implications of this study for theory and practice are discussed, as well as its limitations.
Surface features and handedness of a model for the eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit

A three-dimensional model with the appropriate handedness for the small (40 S) eukaryotic ribosomal subunit has been derived from electron microscopic observations of: (a) profiles of negatively stained particles and changes caused by tilting experiments, and (b) surface features of the subunits revealed by metal shadowing. The 40 S subunit is an elongated (270 × 180 × 160A) asymmetric and slightly bent particle which consists of two main regions separated by a circumaxial groove. The upper one-third is oval-shaped and the lower two-thirds has a wedge-shaped bottom portion. A prominence projects upward from the central portion of the subunit. A direct comparison between the features of eukaryotic rat liver 40 S and prokaryotic Escherichia coli 30 S subunits shows similarities in the central and upper one-third portions since main differences in overall size and shape seem primarily confined to the bottom portions of the subunits. In our previous work ( I. Emanuilov, D. Sabatini, J. A. Lake, and C. Freienstein, 1978 , Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 75 , 1389–1393) the site of attachment of the eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) to the native rabbit reticulocyte 40 S ribosomal subunit was localized on the back side of the central portion of these particles covering part of the large prominence. The same region of the 40 S ribosomal subunit appears to face the 60 S subunit in active monomeric ribosomes and thus is likely to play a functional role in the initiation of protein synthesis.
Light dependence of photosynthesis and water vapor exchange characteristics in different high Δ9-THC yielding varieties of Cannabis sativa L.

Abstract The effect of different levels of photon flux densities (000, 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 μmol m −2 s −1 ) on gas and water vapor characteristics of four high Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) yielding drug type varieties (HPM, K2, MX and W1) of Cannabis sativa was studied. Plants of each variety were grown from seeds. On flowering, male plants were removed and vegetatively propagated clones of selected female plants were used for gas and water vapor studies at different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs). Our data show an increasing trend in photosynthesis ( P N ), transpiration ( E ) and stomatal conductance ( g CO 2 ) with increase in PPFD up to 2000 μmol m −2 s −1 in all varieties at optimum growth temperature (25 ± 3 °C). However, the magnitude of increase and maximum rate of P N ( P N max ) varied considerably with the varieties. Highest P N was observed in W1 followed by MX, K2 and HPM. Water use efficiency (WUE) in W1, MX and HPM increased with PPFDs up to the highest level tested, whereas, in K2 the highest WUE was observed at 1600 μmol m −2 s −1 . Our results suggest that this species is able to use high level of PPFDs for its P N and therefore, may be cultivated in sun exposed areas in the field or under high PPFDs using indoor grow lights for the optimum growth. Strict control of other environmental factors, however, needs to be maintained while growing the plants indoor.
Current treatment of acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.

The long-term complications of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) include recurrence, increased mortality, and the development of the postthrombotic syndrome. Rates of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) are elevated in patients with cancer and thrombophilia. Heparin, administered either as unfractionated or low-molecular weight, is indicated for at least five days for acute DVT. Long-term treatment is currently a vitamin K antagonist with a variable duration depending on the etiology of the DVT and risk of bleeding. Novel anticoagulant agents that target factor Xa and directly inhibit thrombin are being studied in clinical trials and may one day replace vitamin K antagonists for the long-term treatment of VTE.Interventional approaches such as percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy have the potential to reduce clot burden in acute DVT with lower bleeding risks and help prevent development of the postthrombotic syndrome, a common and potentially debilitating complication of DVT.
The constitution of platinum blues

Abstract A wide variety of ligands were tested with several Pt(II) starting complexes in order to determine requirements for formation of platinum blues. Primary amides yield blues with K 2 PtCl 4 . 2,4-Dihydroxy-3-unsubstituted pyrimidines (uracils) yield blues with cis (NH 3 ) 2 Pt(H 2 O) 2 2+ . Other nucleic acid bases and replacement of ammonia by substituted amines in the starting Pt(II) complex failed to yield blue products. Spectrophotometric analysis in the visible region reveals that solutions of blues are complex and variable mixtures of several components. The rate of appearance of Pt blues displays an initial induction period and is dependent upon the uracil to Pt(II) mole ratio, absolute concentration of Pt(II) and pH. Pt blues are formed slowly and are not equilibrium mixtures as the constitution depends upon prior history of the sample. It is suggested that in many Pt blue systems only a fraction of the Pt is involved in production of the blue color. Most of the features of the investigated Pt blues may be accounted for by supposing that they consist of short stacked polymers with PtPt bonds.
The violet emissions produced by laser excitation of Na vapor in the 570–595 nm region

Abstract We have observed atomic Na and molecular Na2 emissions in the violet region when Na vapor in a heatpipe (∼103—1016 atoms/cm3) is irradiated with a pulsed dye laser with output wavelength in the 570–597 nm region. The Na atomic emissions probably result from recombination of Na+ + e- and energy-pooling involving highly excited atoms and molecules, while the diffuse violet emission bands are probably produced through collisions among excited Na atoms and Na2 molecules.
Low-mass lepton pairs from hadron and neutrino beams

A simple model based on meson annihilation is proposed to explain low-mass production of lepton pairs for both hadron and neutrino beams. Resonances, such as the rho and ..omega.., are naturally taken into account and are shown to give rise to a large but unexpected contribution at very low pair masses. Numerical results are given together with comparisons to data. For the most part, the normalizations are taken from other experimental data.
Hormonal Regulation of Leptin mRNA Expression and Preadipocyte Recruitment and Differentiation in Porcine Primary Cultures of S‐V Cells

The hormonal regulation of leptin mRNA expression and the association between leptin expression and adipocyte differentiation were examined in primary cultures of porcine S-V cells with Northern blot and immunocytochemical analysis. Seeding for 3 days with fetal bovine serum (FBS) with varying levels of dexamethasone (Dex) increased levels of leptin mRNA in a dose-dependent manner in parallel with increases in the proportion of preadipocytes (AD-3 positive cells; AD-3, a preadipocyte marker). Six-day treatment with 10 or 850 nM insulin after FBS+Dex treatment resulted in a similar increase in leptin mRNA expression and morphological differentiation. However, significantly lower levels of leptin mRNA and smaller fat cells were observed in cultures treated with 1 nM insulin or 10 nM insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Dex-induced increases in leptin mRNA levels and AD-3 cell numbers were blocked completely by the addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) to FBS+Dex-treated cultures. However TGF-beta significantly increased fat cell size and leptin mRNA expression when added to ITS (insulin, 850 nM; transferrin, 5 microg/ml; and selenium, 5 microg/mL) treated cultures during the lipid-filling stage. When added with FBS+DEX for the first 3 days, growth hormone (GH) did not influence the Dex-induced increase in AD-3 cells and leptin mRNA expression, but GH reduced leptin mRNA levels when added with insulin for 6 days after FBS+Dex. These results demonstrated that regulation of leptin mRNA expression by Dex, insulin, IGF-I, TGF-beta, and GH may be associated with changes in preadipocyte number and fat cell size.
Triangular Graphene Grain Growth on Cube-Textured Cu Substrates

The growth of graphene has been carried out on cube-textured (100) oriented Cu (CTO-Cu) foils using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Well-aligned triangular grains self-assembled on CTO-Cu during CVD heating in flowing hydrogen. The nucleation of triangular graphene grains has been confirmed. This demonstrates that the shape and possible alignment of the graphene grains can potentially be tuned by changing the properties of the substrate, which should ultimately lead to improved electrical properties of the graphene. This type of graphene nucleation and alignment is novel and has not been observed in previous studies on other copper foil samples.
Marek's disease virus-mediated enhancement of avian leukosis virus gene expression and virus production.

Abstract Direct interaction between two viruses in coinfected cells may promote replication and pathogenesis of one or both virus types. Synergism between herpesviruses and retroviruses is an important factor in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of animal and human diseases. In birds, Marek's disease virus (MDV) may be an important cofactor in avian leukosis virus induced disease. Infection of susceptible cells with non-oncogenic serotype 2 MDV, an avian herpes-virus, and Rous-associated virus type 2 (RAV-2 ALV), a leukemogenic avian retrovirus, results in enhanced (>3-fold) transcription of retroviral genes, relative to infection with ALV alone. A direct relationship between concentrations of retroviral gene expression and amount of input MDV suggests that MDV-encoded or-induced factors are responsible for enhanced ALV gene expression, ultimately leading to increased accumulation of ALV-specific RNA (>5-fold) and protein At lower doses of input MDV, ALV virus production increased over 3-fold, relative to cells infected with ALV alone. Interactive laser cytometry was used to detect accumulation of both MDV and ALV antigens within single cells from coinfected cultures. These results suggest a direct role for MDV-encoded or -induced factors in enhancement of ALV gene expression and demonstrate the importance of herpesviruses as cofactors in retrovirus replication and pathogenesis in coinfected cells.
Standard deviation of a temperature coefficient

This paper considers the problem of finding the standard deviation of a temperature coefficient utilized in cell physiology, which is actually a ratio of two random variables raised to a power. An approximate formula and a simple derivation are provided, and a numerical example (utilizing data given to the author) is presented. The formula is a simple generalization of the special case of the well‐known formula for the variance of a ratio.
Computation of photo-electron and Auger-electron diffraction II. Multiple scattering cluster calculation PAD2

In this paper, we describe the second (PAD2) of the suite of computer programs for the calculation of angle-resolved photo- or Auger-electron diffraction intensities, using a concentric-shell algorithm (CSA). The function of the present program is to evaluate the scattering matrix that relates the wavefunction of an electron immediately after its emission from an atomic core to the wavefield that may be detected outside a sample, using an angular-momentum expansion centered on the emitter atom. This program allows that matrix to be evaluated by any of the following schemes (in ascending order of accuracy, and computer requirements): single scattering (SS), outward multiple scattering (OS) and full multiple scattering (MS).
Complementation of the anti-TNP PFC response of N:NIH nude mice from nude dams by spleen cells of nude mice from heterozygous dams.

Abstract Type I and Type II nude (nu/nu) mice are borne and raised by nu/nu dams and +/nu dams, respectively, under SPF conditions. Splenocytes from Type I nude mice exhibit even smaller in vitro PFC responses to trinitrophenylated rabbit erythrocytes than splenocytes from Type II nude mice. Type II splenocytes complement the magnitude of the PFC response of Type I splenocytes. The helper cell-like activity contained in Type II splenocyte suspensions was increased by treating Type II nude donor mice with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, but was essentially unaffected by pretreatment of Type II donors with endotoxin (LPS). The helper-like activity of Type II splenocytes was suppressed by treatment with a rabbit antiserum (plus C′) raised against a mixture of neonatal mouse thymocytes (RAM-T). We interpret the data to indicate that Type II splenocytes contain a larger number of residual T cells and/or a more fully developed population of T precursor cells that initiate or that are capable of being induced to initiate a helper function.
The pore number of periporate pollen with special references to Chenopodium

Abstract The number of pores on isometric, periporate pollen can be estimated from two measurements (1) the distance between centers of two adjacent pores (chord) (C) and (2) the diameter of the grain (D). Considerations of spherical geometry indicate the C/D ratios bear a uniform, non-linear relationship to the pore number. Chord to diameter ratios were determined for 74 collections of 35 species of Chenopodium by measuring a single chord and diameter on each of 50 grains of a collection. The means of the collections were compared, and, in general, the means of collections of the same species, or of closely related species, were similar indicating that the C/D ratio is a character of taxonomic significance. The application of C/D ratios to the identification of fossil pollen is discussed.
A fatal case of kaposi sarcoma due to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Abstract The prevalence of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma (KS) has markedly declined in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) although it remains one of the most common AIDS-defining malignancies. Although immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)—related KS (IRIS-KS) represents only a fraction of the IRIS cases, it can be a life-threatening situation. This report describes a fatal case of IRIS-KS. A 32-year-old man with HIV/AIDS was initiated on HAART and experienced rapid immunological and virological response to therapy. He subsequently experienced progressively severe dyspnea and papulonodular skin lesions and was admitted to the hospital with hypoxic respiratory failure. Bronchoscopy revealed numerous friable endobronchial lesions. Histopathology of a skin lesion was consistent with KS. The relatively rapid progression of disease in the setting of improvement in immune function after initiating HAART suggested IRIS-KS. This report reviews previously published cases of IRIS-KS and describes risk factors, immunopathogenesis and treatment options.
On estimating system damping from frequency response bandwidths

Abstract As damping determines the maximum vibratory response of a system at resonance, reliable estimates of damping are critical both to the design and qualification of systems to be subjected to a vibratory environment and for the evaluation of the effectiveness of modifications or additions provided to increase damping. The sharpness of the frequency response at resonance is often used for this purpose, quantified by the width of the frequency range (bandwidth) for which the response is above some fraction of the maximum response. Several aspects of the use of bandwidth methods in interpreting test results are considered. It is shown that the use of an excessive rate of change of test frequency in a sine sweep leads to overestimates of system damping. A criterion is offered for the identification of the maximum sweep rate for which an observed frequency response function provides a true indication of system damping, rather than an erroneous value dominated by the sweep rate. Applicability of the criterion is demonstrated through the use of results from actual tests. Excessive sweep rates are shown to inflate estimates of system loss factors above the true values in proportion to the square root of the sweep rate. It is also demonstrated with a specific form for an amplitude-dependent stiffness that the resulting nonlinearity can lead to erroneous observations of bandwidth frequencies, as well as the need for further reductions in the sweep rate.
Amifostine cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in a human myelodysplastic cell line

Amifostine (AMF), a phosphorylated aminothiol, has been used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), where it produces a stimulatory effect on hematopoiesis in bone marrow. To determine if AMF also produced a direct effect on human MDS cells, we planned a study to evaluate the effect of a continuous exposure to AMF on a human MDS cell line. AMF was shown to have a growth-inhibitory effect on MDS cells, with an IC(50) of 14 microM after a 5 day exposure. Cell cycle analysis revealed that a 5 day exposure to 20 microM AMF increased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 and this was accompanied by a decrease in the percentage of cells in S phase. Cytoflorometric and agarose-gel electrophoretic analysis revealed that this effect correlated with cell membrane alterations and DNA fragmentation consistent with an induction of apoptosis without affecting the expression of p53 protein or inducing any lymphoid or myeloid differentiation in the MDS cell line. We conclude that the continuous exposure of a human MDS cell line to AMF is cytotoxic and associated with an induction of apoptosis independent of alterations in p53 expression.
The effects of temperature on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury

Over the past 15 years it has been recognized that the temperature of the brain has an important influence on the extent of brain injury that follows intervals of hypoxia-ischemia. Available data in animals and humans show that brain injury is worsened when fever is superimposed on an ischemic event. Furthermore, data in neonates and adults strongly suggest a neuroprotective role for modest hypothermia (temperature reductions of 1 to 6 degrees C) applied during or following ischemia or hypoxia-ischemia. This article provides an overview of the effects of brain temperature, including its role in the development of brain injury, mechanisms of brain injury which may be temperature sensitive, the regulation of brain temperature, thermal characteristics during brain cooling, and current clinical investigations that use temperature as a therapeutic modality.
Correlation of structural properties and film thickness to photocatalytic activity of thick TiO2 films coated on stainless steel

Abstract A transparent, relatively dense and thick TiO 2 film with good mechanical properties and enhanced photocatalytic activity has been successfully immobilized on 304 stainless steel. The study included optimization of structural properties and film thickness. Experiments on the photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4-CBA) as a model organic contaminant showed that the photocatalytic activity of this kind of thick film can be significantly improved by decreasing calcination temperature (i.e. from 600 to 500 °C), which is due to an increase in BET surface area and porosity, decrease in crystal size, and decrease in foreign metal diffusion from stainless steel support to the surface of the film. The observed apparent rate constant of TiO 2 -500 (500 °C, two dip coating layers) was found to be approximately 5.2 times that of TiO 2 -600 (600 °C, two dip coating layers). The results showed that increasing film thickness within a certain range (up to 10 μm) could significantly improve the photocatalytic activity without causing crack formation for the thick TiO 2 -500 film (500 °C). The optimum film thickness is 10 μm (four dip coating cycles), under which the observed apparent rate constant of TiO 2 -500 is approximately 2.3 times higher than that of TiO 2 -500 with 2.5 μm film thickness (one dip coating layer). Based on several advantages of TiO 2 -500 film (500 °C, four dip coating layers), including high photocatalytic activity, absence of foreign metal ions at the film surface, optimum film thickness, good structural integrity, and excellent adhesion on the stainless steel support, this kind of sol–gel-derived thick film immobilized on stainless steel support is a promising potential photocatalyst for water treatment applications.
Immunochemical evidence for a gastrin-like peptide in insect neuroendocrine system.

Manduca sexta (L.), contains a peptide that is gastrin-like in its antigenicity, size, and susceptibility to degradative enzymes is presented. No immunoreactive gastrin was found in gut extracts from four species of insects. These results suggest the existence of a peptide in insect nervous tissue having structural similarities to vertebrate gastrin. There is much interest in the origin and evolution of polypeptides in vertebrates that may be common to both nerve cells of the brain and gastrointestinal endocrinelike cells (Pearse, 1976). These peptides include gastrin (Vanderhaegen et al., 1975), somatostatin (Brazeau et al., 1973; Arimura et al., 1975), vasoactive intestinal peptide (Said and Rosenburg, 1976), and substance P (Hokfelt et al., 1975; Pearse and Polak, 1975). For a more precise picture of the molecular evolution of these materials, a search for their presence in the invertebrate phyla is essential. Straus ef al. (1975) have recently demonstrated the presence of gastrin-like immunoreactive peptides in the blood and gastrointestinal tissues from two molluscan species. We have conducted a survey for immunoreactive gastrin in insect tissues and report here the identification of a gastrin-like polypeptide in the neuroendocrine system (brain, corpus cardiacum, and corpus allatum) of the tobacco hornworm,
The frizzled pathway regulates the development of arista laterals.

Background The frizzled pathway in Drosophila has been studied intensively for its role in the development of planar polarity in wing hairs, thoracic bristles and ommatidia. Selected cells in the arista (the terminal segment of the antenna) elaborate a lateral projection that shares characteristics with both hairs and bristles.
21st-Century Health Care — The Case for Integrated Delivery Systems

Dr. Francis Crosson argues that two interacting sets of changes need to occur: movement away from fee-for-service payment of physicians toward prospective payment, and multispecialty integration of physicians combined with hospitals to form new “accountable” systems of care.
Induction Proofs with Partial Functions

In this paper we present a method for automated induction proofs about partial functions. We show that most well-known techniques developed for (explicit) induction theorem proving are unsound when dealing with partial functions. But surprisingly, by slightly restricting the application of these techniques, it is possible to develop a calculus for automated induction proofs with partial functions. In particular, under certain conditions one may even generate induction schemes from the recursions of nonterminating algorithms. The need for such induction schemes and the power of our calculus have been demonstrated on a large collection of nontrivial theorems (including Knuth and Bendix's critical pair lemma). In this way, existing induction theorem provers can be directly extended to partial functions without major changes of their logical framework.
Sesquiterpenes in leaf pocket resin of Hymenaea courbaril

Abstract The major sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of Hymenaea courbaril leaf pocket resin were identified as caryophyllene and α- and β-selinene; α-cubebene, α-copaene, β-copaene, α- and β-humulene, γ-muurolene, and δ-cadinene were also present in smaller amounts.
Blood product recalls in the United States.

Background The blood recall process is intended to remove from use products that may be harmful, but characteristics of recalls nationally have not been reported. Study Design and Methods We analyzed recalls of all blood products for 2010 and categorized the reason for the recall, the organizations producing the recalled products, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) district in which the blood was collected. Results During 2010, there were 2468 recalls involving 8278 blood products. None of the recalls was considered to have a reasonable probability of causing serious adverse health consequences or death (FDA Class I). The most common reasons for recalls were donation and donor qualification (73%) and finished product quality control (14%). The FDA class of recalls varied by recall reason, month of the year, FDA district, number of units of blood collected per FDA district, and number of units of blood collected by the blood center. The number of recalls per 100,000 units of blood and the reason for recall varied by FDA district and blood centers collecting smaller numbers of units had more recalls. Conclusion The absence of Class I recalls suggests a high level of quality and safety in the US blood supply. Organizations that collected larger numbers of units of blood had fewer recalls and there may be some FDA influences since the number and reason for the recalls varied by FDA district.
Contact-resonance atomic force microscopy for nanoscale elastic property measurements: Spectroscopy and imaging.

Abstract Quantitative measurements of the elastic modulus of nanosize systems and nanostructured materials are provided with great accuracy and precision by contact-resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM). As an example of measuring the elastic modulus of nanosize entities, we used the CR-AFM technique to measure the out-of-plane indentation modulus of tellurium nanowires. A size-dependence of the indentation modulus was observed for the investigated tellurium nanowires with diameters in the range 20–150 nm. Over this diameter range, the elastic modulus of the outer layers of the tellurium nanowires experienced significant enhancement due to a pronounced surface stiffening effect. Quantitative estimations for the elastic moduli of the outer and inner parts of tellurium nanowires of reduced diameter are made with a core–shell structure model. Besides localized elastic modulus measurements, we have also developed a unique CR-AFM imaging capability to map the elastic modulus over a micrometer-scale area. We used this CR-AFM capability to construct indentation modulus maps at the junction between two adjacent facets of a tellurium microcrystal. The clear contrast observed in the elastic moduli of the two facets indicates the different surface crystallography of these facets.
SOIL CARBON ADDITION CONTROLS WEEDS AND FACILITATES PRAIRIE RESTORATION

Soil nitrogen enrichment and consequent vigorous weed growth are thought to hinder the restoration of tallgrass prairie. Adding carbon to the soil may facilitate prairie restoration by inducing immobilization of plant-available nitrogen. Early attempts to use this method, however, have had mixed results. Success of C addition depends on three conditions: weeds must suppress prairie species in the absence of C addition, weeds must be nitrophilic relative to prairie species, and C addition must result in a large enough decrease in N to alter the balance of competition among weeds and prairie species. We examined these conditions by comparing productivity of 10 weeds and 11 tallgrass prairie species under 14 levels of C addition, ranging from 84 to 3346 g C/m 2 . Carbon was tilled into the soil prior to planting. To control for non-N effects of C addition, N was added to a subset of plots. Relative to untreated plots, the highest level of C addition resulted in an 86% decrease in available NO3 -N, a1 43 increase in early season light availability, a 54% decrease in weed biomass, and a sevenfold increase in prairie biomass. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced or reversed all of these effects. Significant species-specific responses to C addition included decreased biomass for six annual weeds and increased biomass for six prairie species, one annual weed, and three perennial weeds. These results suggest that C addition may be a useful tool for restoring N-limited plant communities.
A Neural Network Model of Implicit Memory for Object Recognition

People name well-known objects shown in pictures more quickly if they have studied them previously. The most common in- terpretation of this priming effect is that processing is facilitated by an implicit memory trace in a perceptual representation system. We show that object priming can be explained instead as a bias in information processing, without recourse to an implicit memory system. Assump- tions about psychological decision-making processes and bias were added to a neural network model for object identification, and the model accounted for performance both qualitatively and quantita- tively in four object identification experiments.
Sources of light-absorbing aerosol in arctic snow and their seasonal variation

Abstract. Two data sets consisting of measurements of light absorbing aerosols (LAA) in arctic snow together with suites of other corresponding chemical constituents are presented; the first from Siberia, Greenland and near the North Pole obtained in 2008, and the second from the Canadian arctic obtained in 2009. A preliminary differentiation of the LAA into black carbon (BC) and non-BC LAA is done. Source attribution of the light absorbing aerosols was done using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. Four sources were found for each data set (crop and grass burning, boreal biomass burning, pollution and marine). For both data sets, the crops and grass biomass burning was the main source of both LAA species, suggesting the non-BC LAA was brown carbon. Depth profiles at most of the sites allowed assessment of the seasonal variation in the source strengths. The biomass burning sources dominated in the spring but pollution played a more significant (though rarely dominant) role in the fall, winter and, for Greenland, summer. The PMF analysis is consistent with trajectory analysis and satellite fire maps.
Disruption of neurogenesis by amyloid β-peptide, and perturbed neural progenitor cell homeostasis, in models of Alzheimer's disease

Neurogenesis occurs in the adult mammalian brain and may play roles in learning and memory processes and recovery from injury, suggesting that abnormalities in neural progenitor cells (NPC) might contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders of learning and memory in humans. The objectives of this study were to determine whether NPC proliferation, survival and neuronal differentiation are impaired in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and to determine the effects of the pathogenic form of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) on the survival and neuronal differentiation of cultured NPC. The proliferation and survival of NPC in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was reduced in mice transgenic for a mutated form of amyloid precursor protein that causes early onset familial AD. Aβ impaired the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of cultured human and rodent NPC, and promoted apoptosis of neuron-restricted NPC by a mechanism involving dysregulation of cellular calcium homeostasis and the activation of calpains and caspases. Adverse effects of Aβ on NPC may contribute to the depletion of neurons and cognitive impairment in AD.
Cumulative Community-Level Lead Exposure and Pulse Pressure: The Normative Aging Study

Background: Pulse pressure increases with age in industrialized societies as a manifestation of arterial stiffening. Lead accumulates in the vasculature and is associated with vascular oxidative stress, which can promote functional and structural vascular disease. Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that cumulative community-level lead exposure, measured with K-X-ray fluorescence, is associated with pulse pressure in a cohort of adult men. Methods and results: In a cross-sectional analysis of 593 men not treated with antihypertensive medication, tibia lead was positively associated with pulse pressure (p < 0.001). Adjusting for age, race, diabetes, family history of hypertension, education, waist circumference, alcohol intake, smoking history, height, heart rate, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio, increasing quintiles of tibia lead remained associated with increased pulse pressure (ptrend = 0.02). Men with tibia lead above the median (19.0 μg/g) had, on average, a 4.2-mmHg (95% confidence interval, 1.9–6.5) higher pulse pressure than men with tibia lead level below the median. In contrast, blood lead level was not associated with pulse pressure. Conclusions: These data indicate that lead exposure may contribute to the observed increase in pulse pressure that occurs with aging in industrialized societies. Lead accumulation may contribute to arterial aging, perhaps providing mechanistic insight into the observed association of low-level lead exposure with cardiovascular mortality.
Gender differences in psychosocial issues affecting low-income, underserved patients' ability to manage cardiovascular disease.

Abstract Research Objective This paper examines the psychosocial challenges that interfere with low-income, underserved patients' ability to manage cardiovascular disease (CVD) and seeks to explore the differences in how men and women manifest these issues. Study Design We convened 33 focus group discussions with low-income, underserved heart patients in 10 U.S. communities. Using content analysis, we identified key psychosocial issues that illustrate the psychosocial barriers patients experience as they manage their illness and analyzed these issues by gender to uncover differences in coping and self-management. Principal Findings We identified eight factors that represent the most frequently cited psychosocial issues by participants: 1) depression; 2) fear; 3) anger; 4) disease stress; 5) financial stress; 6) social isolation; 7) burden to family and friends; and 8) social supports. For the most part, men and women characterized psychosocial problems very differently. Among the eight themes identified, four emerged as dominant themes among women participants and three emerged among male participants. One factor, depression, was a prevalent theme for both men and women. Conclusion This study suggests that low-income, underserved women and men experience gender-specific psychosocial problems that interfere with their ability to manage their disease. Programs and interventions to improve the psychosocial issues related to CVD, particularly for low-income underserved populations, may be more effective if they are designed to address the unique ways in which women and men experience their illnesses.
Equivalence of generalized joint signal representations of arbitrary variables

Joint signal representations (JSRs) of arbitrary variables generalize time-frequency representations (TFRs) to a much broader class of nonstationary signal characteristics. Two main distributional approaches to JSRs of arbitrary variables have been proposed by Cohen (see Time-Frequency Analysis, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1995 and Proc. SPIE 1566, San Diego, 1991) and Baraniuk (see Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech Signal Processing, ICASSP'94, vol.3, p.357-60, 1994). Cohen's method is a direct extension of his original formulation of TFRs, and Baraniuk's approach is based on a group theoretic formulation; both use the powerful concept of associating variables with operators. One of the main results of the paper is that despite their apparent differences, the two approaches to generalized JSRs are completely equivalent. Remarkably, the JSRs of the two methods are simply related via axis warping transformations, with the broad implication that JSRs with radically different covariance properties can be generated efficiently from JSRs of Cohen's method via simple pre- and post-processing. The development in this paper, which is illustrated with examples, also illuminates other related issues in the theory of generalized JSRs. In particular, we derive an explicit relationship between the Hermitian operators in Cohen's method and the unitary operators in Baraniuk's approach, thereby establishing the relationship between the two types of operator correspondences.
Modern Protection Systems to Prevent Corrosion of Structural Steel Elements Due to Deicing and Roadway Salts

The effectiveness of innovative polymeric coatings, polyurea and polyaspartic polyurea, to protect structural steel from corrosion was investigated through standard laboratory tests. The coating evaluation tests included salt fog test, QUV weathering test, adhesion test, and freeze-thaw stability test. These tests were used to assess the long-term performance of coating technologies compared to the conventional polyurethane type coatings, i.e. coating systems with inorganic zinc primer, epoxy intermediate coat and polyurethane topcoat. This paper presents part of results in the aforementioned evaluation tests. The results illustrate that polyaspartic coating systems are very promising for corrosion mitigation and can provide long-term adhesion strength for transportation steel structures. In addition, compared with the coating systems currently used by Department of Transportation's (DOT's), the polyaspatic coating systems performed equally well with even higher bond strength. KEYWORD: structural steel, corrosion, polyurea, polyaspartic polyurea coating, salt fog test, adhesion, QUV weathering.
Patterns of loggerhead turtle ontogenetic shifts revealed through isotopic analysis of annual skeletal growth increments

Ontogenetic changes in resource use often delimit transitions between life stages. Ecological and individual factors can cause variation in the timing and consistency of these transitions, ultimately affecting community and population dynamics through changes in growth and survival. Therefore, it is important to document and understand behavioral and life history polymorphisms, and the processes that drive intraspecific variation in them. To evaluate juvenile loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) life history variation and to detect shifts in habitat and diet that occur during an oceanic-to-neritic ontogenetic shift, we sequentially analyzed the stable isotope composition of humerus bone growth increments from turtles that stranded dead on Southeastern U.S. beaches between 1997 and 2013 (n = 84). In one-half of the sampled turtles, growth increment-specific nitrogen stable isotope (δ15N) data showed significant increases in δ15N values over each turtle's life. These data were used to provide a new line ...
Skeleton Based As-Rigid-As-Possible Volume Modeling

Shape deformation and editing are important for animation and game design. Based on as-rigid-as-possible (ARAP) surface modeling, an efficient approach is proposed to approximately preserve the volume of an object with large-scale deformations. The classical ARAP surface modeling uses two-stage iterations to recover rotations and preserve edge lengths. However, there is no volume preserving constraint, which may cause undesired artifacts. We show that the volume can be roughly kept by leveraging the skeleton information. First a skeleton is selected, and points are evenly generated on the skeleton. Then each point is correlated with several vertices on the surface of the object. The connectivity between the skeleton and the surface is defined as skeleton edges, which can be easily added into the linear system of the ARAP method as additional rows without breaking the manifoldness or sacrificing speed. Since this linear system is able to preserve the lengths of both the surface and skeleton edges, the area of cross sections and the volume between cross sections can be approximately preserved. In our experiments, we show that the rotations are natural and volumes are roughly kept. The system achieves real time performance for surface meshes with 5k vertices.
Dignifying Madness: Rethinking Commitment Law in an Age of Mass Incarceration

Modern nation-states have been trapped in recurring cycles of incarcerating and emancipating residents with psychiatric disabilities. New cycles of enthusiasm for incarceration generally commence with well-defined claims about the evils of allowing “the mad” to remain at liberty and the benefits incarceration would bring to the afflicted. A generation or two later, at most, reports of terrible conditions in institutions circulate and new laws follow, setting high burdens for those seeking to imprison and demanding exacting legal procedures with an emphasis on individual civil liberties. Today, we seem to be arriving at another turn in the familiar cycle. A growing movement led by professionals and family members of people with mental health disabilities is calling for new laws enabling earlier and more assertive treatment.