cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ThyroSeq v3 for Bethesda III and IV: An institutional experience

BACKGROUND The ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier is a commercial molecular test that examines a wide spectrum of genomic alterations in a thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) sample and reports test results as either negative or positive. The authors report their institutional experience with ThyroSeq v3. METHODS Thyroid FNA specimens diagnosed as either atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) (Bethesda category III [Bethesda III] according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology) or follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN) (Bethesda IV) that had ThyroSeq v3 results available from December 2017 through October 2019 were retrieved for analysis. FNA diagnoses were correlated with ThyroSeq v3 results and follow-up histopathology. RESULTS In total, 415 cases (AUS/FLUS, n = 251; FN/SFN, n = 164) were retrieved: 294 (71%) were reported as ThyroSeq v3-negative, and 121 (29%) were reported as ThyroSeq v3-positive. The benign call rate (BCR) of ThyroSeq v3 for AUS/FLUS (82%; 206 of 251 cases) was significantly higher (P < .001) than that for FN/SFN (BCR, 54%; 88 of 164 cases). Histopathologic follow-up was available for 127 cases (ThyroSeq v3-positive, 96; ThyroSeq v3-negative, 31), of which 57 were benign and 70 were malignant (including noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features). The negative predictive value of ThyroSeq v3 was significantly higher for AUS/FLUS (99.5%) than for FN/SFN (95.4%; P < .0294), given malignancy rates of 10% for AUS/FLUS and 30% for FN/SFN. Forty-five unique combinations of genetic alterations were detected in the operated ThyroSeq-positive cases, and there were only 5 false-negative cases, comprised of 4 low-risk neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS The high BCR of ThyroSeq v3 for AUS/FLUS prevents surgery in a majority of patients. The ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier reveals the complexity of the genetic signature of indeterminate nodules.
Obesity Genomics and Metabolomics: a Nexus of Cardiometabolic Risk

Obesity is a significant international public health epidemic with major downstream consequences on morbidity and mortality. While lifestyle factors contribute, there is an evolving understanding of genomic and metabolomic pathways involved with obesity and its relationship with cardiometabolic risk. This review will provide an overview of some of these important findings from both a biologic and clinical perspective. Recent studies have identified polygenic risk scores and metabolomic biomarkers of obesity and related outcomes, which have also highlighted biological pathways, such as the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) pathway that is dysregulated in this disease. These biomarkers may help in personalizing obesity interventions and for mitigation of future cardiometabolic risk. A multifaceted approach is necessary to impact the growing epidemic of obesity and related diseases. This will likely include incorporating precision medicine approaches with genomic and metabolomic biomarkers to personalize interventions and improve risk prediction.
Fine structural changes of bone cells in experimental nutritional osteodystrophy of green iguanas

Lizards, especially iguanids and varanids, frequently develop nutritional osteodystrophy in captivity, but its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Green iguanas fed an experimental diet low in calcium (0.2%) and adequate in phosphorus (1.1%) developed severe osteoporosis characterized by flattened inactive osteoblasts, marked resorption of endosteal bone by large multinucleated osteoclasts, and pronounced resorption of cortical bone by osteocytic osteolysis. Iguanas fed an experimental diet low in both calcium (0.1%) and phosphorus (0.2%) developed osteoporosis with osteomalacia characterized by large active osteoblasts overlying wide osteoid seams, marked osteoclastic resorption of endosteal bone, and large osteocytic lacunae which had a prominent layer of osteoid. Osteocytes in iguanas fed the low calcium diets were small in relation to the size of their lacuanae and contained abundant microtubules, microfilaments and mitochondria but a paucity of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Mean ash content of tibias from iguanas fed the low calcium diets was lower, particularly in iguanas that developed severe osteomalacia, than in iguanas fed the control diet (2.7% calcium, 1.1% phosphorus). The ultrastructural evidence suggesting active bone formation, osteoclastic resorption, and osteocytic osteolysis seen in control iguanas was consistent with that of a young growing animal. The results of this investigation demonstrated that experimental iguanas fed diets low in calcium developed hypocalcemia and compensatory hyperparathyroidism resulting in progressive osteoporosis due to osteoclastic and osteocytic osteolysis.
Collisional energy loss and the chiral magnetic effect

Collisional energy loss of a fast particle in a medium is mostly due to the medium polarization by the electromagnetic fields of the particle. A small fraction of energy is carried away by the Cherenkov radiation. In chiral medium there is an additional contribution to the energy loss due to induction of the anomalous current proportional to the magnetic field. It causes the particle to lose energy mostly in the form of the chiral Cherenkov radiation. We employ classical electrodynamics, adequate in a wide range of particle energies, to compute the collisional energy loss by a fast particle in a homogenous chiral plasma and apply the results to quark-gluon plasma and a Weyl semimetal. In the latter case photon spectrum is strongly enhanced in the ultraviolet and x-ray regions which makes it amenable to experimental investigation. Our main observation is that while the collisional energy loss in a nonchiral medium is a slow, at most logarithmic, function of energy $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$, the chiral Cherenkov radiation is proportional to ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{2}$ when the recoil is neglected and to $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ when it is taken into account.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer

Radiotherapy is a key component of breast conservation therapy and serves an important role as adjuvant therapy after mastectomy in select node-positive breast cancer. Over the past decade, many different modalities of radiotherapy delivery have evolved, with the common goal of improving target volume coverage while minimizing high radiation doses to the adjacent normal organs. One method of radiation delivery that has been increasingly utilized as a planning tool is intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
Structure of Vitreous Silica

OUR attention has recently been directed to a letter from S. S. Lu and Y. L. Chang1 concerning the structure of vitreous silica. Two main claims are made. First, that the X-ray diffraction pattern of a thin plate of vitreous silica differs from that of the powdered material and consequently there must be some rearrangement of structure on powdering. Secondly, that the relative intensities of two strong bands in the pinhole transmission photographs of the thin plate vary according to the location of the specimen and that this indicates that large fluctuations occur in the structure of vitreous silica. Since, if true, these results would appear to suggest that the random network theory developed by Warren2 is based upon incomplete experimental data, the experiments and conclusions described in the letter are worth critical examination.
Lumboperitoneal shunts for the treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

The standard of care for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is placement of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. However, VP shunts require intracranial intervention and are associated with notable postoperative complications, with some groups reporting complication rates for VP shunts ranging from 17 to 33%, along with failure rates up to 17.7%. Lumboperitoneal (LP) shunts are an alternative for cerebrospinal fluid diversion that do not require intracranial surgery, thus providing utility in patients where intracranial surgery is not possible or preferred. Here we retrospectively reviewed our 25 patients with LP horizontal-vertical (LP-HV) shunts placement for initial treatment for iNPH from 2014 to 2019. All patients had preoperative gait dysfunction, 16 (64%) had urinary incontinence, and 21 (84%) exhibited cognitive insufficiency. Two weeks post-shunt placement, 23/25 (92%) patients demonstrated improvement in gait, 11/16 (68%) had improvement in incontinence, and 14/21 (66%) had improvement cognitive insufficiency. At six months or greater follow up 13/20 (65%) had improvement in gait, 7/15 (47%) showed improvement in incontinence, and 11/15 (73%) demonstrated improvement in cognitive function. Six patients (24%) required at least one revision of the LP shunt. Shunt malfunctions resulted from CSF leak in one patient, shunt catheter migration in two patients, peritoneal catheter pain in one patient, and clinical symptoms for overdrainage in two patients. Thus, we demonstrate that LP-HV shunt placement is safe and efficacious alternative to VP shunting for iNPH, resulting in notable symptomatic improvement and low risk of overdrainage, and may be considered for patients where cranial approaches should be avoided.
Understanding Organismal Capacity to Respond to Anthropogenic Change: Barriers and Solutions.

Global environmental changes induced by human activities are forcing organisms to respond at an unprecedented pace. At present we have only a limited understanding of why some species possess the capacity to respond to these changes while others do not. We introduce the concept of multidimensional phenospace as an organizing construct to understanding organismal evolutionary responses to environmental change. We then describe five barriers that currently challenge our ability to understand these responses: 1) Understanding the parameters of environmental change and their fitness effects, 2) Mapping and integrating phenotypic and genotypic variation, 3) Understanding whether changes in phenospace are heritable, 4) Predicting consistency of genotype to phenotype patterns across space and time, and 5) Determining which traits should be prioritized to understand organismal response to environmental change. For each we suggest one or more solutions that would help us surmount the barrier and improve our ability to predict, and eventually manipulate, organismal capacity to respond to anthropogenic change. Additionally, we provide examples of target species that could be useful to examine interactions between phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution in changing phenospace.
ENGINE BEARING OVERLAYS: THE EFFECT OF OVERLAY COMPOSITION ON DIFFUSION AND POST-DIFFUSION BEARING PERFORMANCE

At engine temperature the loss of tin and copper from the overlay of lead-tin overlay plated crankshaft bearings can result in a corrosion prone overlay and a reduction in bearing life. A nickel barrier between the overlay and the lining offers only a partial solution to the problem. New data for the effect on diffusion rate of the original tin and copper contents of lead-tin-copper overlays have a major effect on diffusion rate, as do the choice of barrier and its quality. The mechanisms operating during diffusion are illustrated by x-ray maps obtained on the scanning electron microscope. Data for the post-diffusion corrosion and cavitation erosion resistance of overlays have been obtained. The results demonstrate the importance of heat-treatment at engine temperature prior to the assessment of overlay performance.
Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn and Peanut Butter.

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was developed. The method involves coating AFB1-polylysine conjugate on microtiter plates as immobilized antigen, followed by incubation with free toxin standard or sample extract and anti-aflatoxin antibody from rabbits. The amount of antibody bound to the solid phase was determined by subsequent incubation with a secondary antibody conjugated with an enzyme, i.e., goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, and reaction with the chromogenic substrate. Aflatoxins were extracted from peanut butter and corn meal samples according to the BF and CB method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, respectively. Extracts without column cleanup treatment were dissolved in assay buffer for subsequent ELISA. Using this technique, 79.5 to 98.6% and 68 to 97% of AFB1 added in the range of 5 to 40 (μg/kg to the corn meal and peanut butter samples were recovered, respectively. The indirect ELISA achieved the same sensit...
Continuous Time Birth and Death Chains

In this chapter we look at a more general class of continuous time Markov processes. The main constraint is that the process changes state by one unit at a time. An important tool to study these processes is again differential equations.
Can The Mortensen-Pissarides Model With Productivity Changes Explain U.S. Wage Inequalities?

This paper examines whether the Mortensen-Pisssarides matching model with productivity changes can explain the time pattern of wage inequality. The main finding is that the model produces counter-factual results. The main source of failure seems to be the exogenous matching function and/or the exogenous surplus share, neither of which allows firms to use wage policies to direct workers' searches.
Treatment Strategies for Myoclonic Seizures and Epilepsy Syndromes with Myoclonic Seizures

Despite the availability of numerous treatment options, the diagnosis and treatment of myoclonic seizures continue to be challenging. Based on clinical experience, valproate and benzodiazepines have historically been used to treat myoclonic seizures. However, many more treatment options exist today, and the clinician must match the appropriate treatment with the patient's epilepsy syndrome and its underlying etiology. Comorbidities and other medications must also be considered when making decisions regarding treatment. Rarely, some antiepileptic drugs may exacerbate myoclonic seizures. Most epileptic myoclonus can be treated pharmacologically, but some cases respond better to surgery, the ketogenic diet, or vagus nerve stimulation. Because myoclonic seizures can be difficult to treat, clinicians should be flexible in their approach and tailor therapy to each patient.
Acoustics of Fluid–Structure Interactions: Interaction of sound with solid structures

Fluid motion in the immediate vicinity of a solid surface is usually controlled by viscous stresses that cause an adjustment in the velocity to comply with the no-slip condition and by thermal gradients that similarly bring the temperatures of the solid and fluid to equality at the surface. At high Reynolds numbers, these adjustments occur across boundary layers whose thicknesses are much smaller than the other governing length scales of the motion. We have seen how the forced production of vorticity in boundary layers during convection of a “gust” past the edge of an airfoil can be modeled by application of the Kutta condition (Section 3.3). In this chapter, similar problems are discussed involving the generation of vorticity by sound impinging on both smooth surfaces and surfaces with sharp edges in the presence of flow. The aerodynamic sound generated by this vorticity augments the sound diffracted in the usual way by the surface. However, the near field kinetic energy of the vorticity is frequently derived wholly from the incident sound, so that unless the subsequent vortex motion is unstably coupled to the mean flow (acquiring additional kinetic energy from the mean stream as it evolves) there will usually be an overall decrease in the acoustic energy: The sound will be damped. General problems of this kind, including the influence of surface vibrations, are the subject of this chapter. We start with the simplest case of sound impinging on a plane wall. Damping of Sound at a Smooth Wall Dissipation in the Absence of Flow The thermo-viscous attenuation of sound is greatly increased in the neighborhood of a solid boundary where temperature and velocity gradients are large.
Recent advances in optical parametric oscillators

Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) represent a versatile class of coherent light sources that can provide widely tunable radiation in spectral regions inaccessible to conventional lasers. The advent of birefringent and quasiphase-matched (QPM) nonlinear crystals such as BBO, LBO, PPLN and PPKTP, combined with the development of new laser sources based on solid-state, semiconductor, and fiber laser technologies, have led to the practical realisation of OPO devices with previously unattainable performance capabilities. Using novel resonator designs and pumping concepts based on intracavity, pump-resonant, and twin-cavity concepts, stable single-frequency operation of CW OPOs at practical powers from a few mW to greater than 1 W and mode-hop-free tuning over 50 GHz has been demonstrated.
Comparison of Domain Growth Kinetics in Two and Three Dimensions

During the past five years, we1–4 have been investigating the kinetics of systems with a high ground state degeneracy which have been quenched from a high temperature disordered state, T>>Tc, to a final temperature below the transition temperature Tc. After the quench the system spontaneously develops local domains which are highly ordered. The average domain size then grows in order to reduce the excess free energy associated with the domain walls. For the non-conserved Ising model5, which has a ground state degeneracy of two, it has been known since the work of Lifshitz6 and Allen and Cahn7 that the correlation length R grows algebraically as t1/2 for all dimensions above one, This result has been well documented by both analytical5–11 and computer9,12–14 studies as well as experimental studies on ordered alloys7 (e.g., FeAl and CuAu). However five years ago little was known about the growth kinetics for more complex models which have a higher ground state degeneracy. Lifshitz5 was the first to predict slow kinetics in systems with several degenerate equilibrium states. Safranl5extended these arguments to show that domains may become pinned if the number of degenerate ground states Q≥d+l, where d is the dimension of space.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Fixation Comparison of Hamstring and Patellar Tendon Grafts

This study assessed the tensile properties of hamstring and patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions in older cadaveric knees (age range, 48 to 79 years). Mechanical testing to failure was conducted by translating the tibia anteriorly at 1 mm/sec with the knee in 20 degrees of flexion. The strongest gracilis-semitendinosus graft fixation technique (103% of intact anterior cruciate ligament) had the tendons doubled and secured with soft tissue washers (P 0.05). Both types of grafts failed most often on the tibial side. With appropriate fixation, both grafts approximated the intact anterior cruciate ligament in strength, but only patellar tendon grafts secured with interference screws were comparable in stiffness.
Measurements Of Diffraction Grating Efficiencies In The Vacuum Ultraviolet

A technique to measure the efficiency of diffraction gratings in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region at any angle of incidence has been developed and will be discussed briefly. The measurements show that concave gratings do not have a uniform efficiency over their surfaces, primarily because of the change in blaze angle across the surface. Examples will be shown of results obtained using both conventionally ruled, and holographically recorded, gratings. A short discussion of stray light will be given, followed by a description of the type of contamination found in laboratory instruments and its effect on the efficiency.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract 1210: Activation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HNRNPK) by ERBB2/ERBB3

ERBB2 (HER2/neu) amplification constitute one of the most prominent oncogenic amplification event in breast cancer, and ERBB2 overexpression is well established as a predominantly proliferation and metastasis favoring signaling input. It is consequently the object of different targeted therapies (e.g. Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab or Lapatinib). We carried out 2-D difference gel electrophoresis based proteomics studies (DIGE) of early posttranslational protein modifications in MCF7 breast cancer cells in response to ligand induced activation. These studies have identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HNRNPK) as a target for rapid tyrosine phosphorylation after ERBB2/ERBB3 activation by neuregulin β1. Upregulation of protein levels coupled with cytoplasmic accumulation of HNRNPK has been found to be associated with its oncogenic role in several types of cancer, and HNRNPK overexpression enhances the tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells in cell culture models. Previous studies have shown that HNRNPK levels are reduced in breast cancer cells after prolonged treatment with EGFR or ERBB2 directed therapeutic antibodies. However, while molecular mechanistic data exist on HNRNPK from a variety of model systems, we currently lack a coherent mechanistic framework of the crosstalk of ERBB2 and HNRNPK signaling in breast cancer. Following our DIGE analysis, we found that ligand induced and ERBB2/ERBB3 mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of HNRNPK in MCF7 cells is mediated by members of the SRC kinase family. Following ligand dependent stimulation, activation of HNRNPK coincides with a cytoplasmic relocalization of a relatively small portion of the predominantly nuclear HNRNPK pool. We compared our observations of ligand induced activation with the status of HNRNPK in ERBB2 over expressing breast cancer cell lines in presence or absence of ERBB2 targeted inhibitors. These studies are aimed at elucidating the interplay of HNRNPK and constitutive ERBB2 signaling in breast cancer cells and its role in cellular transformation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1210. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1210
Prognostic significance of mediastinal involvement in Hodgkin's disease treated with curative radiotherapy

We evaluated the prognostic significance of mediastinal involvement in Hodgkin's disease in 79 consecutive newly diagnosed patients treated with curative-intent, nodal radiotherapy. Mediastinal masses were classified large or small depending on whether the ratio of the largest transverse diameter of the mass to the transverse diameter of the thorax at T5-6 was greater than or equal to 35. Forty-eight patients had mediastinal disease; 20 had large masses, and 28 small masses. Complete remissions were achieved in 19 patients with large masses, 26 with small masses and all patients with no mediastinal masses. Relapse have occurred in 74% of patients with large masses but in only 27% with small masses and 19% without masses (P < .001). This high recurrence rate among patients with large masses could not be explained by other known adverse prognostic factors. Survival was adversely influenced by mediastinal mass size (P = .03). We conclude that curative-intent, nodal irradiation is inadequate therapy for patients with large mediastinal masses. Controlled studies are needed to determine if survival can be improved by the addition of chemotherapy or whole lung irradiation.
Opiate Receptor: Demonstration in Nervous Tissue

Tritiated naloxone, a powerful opiate antagonist, specifically binds to an opiate receptor of mammalian brain and guinea pig intestine. Competition for the opiate receptor by various opiates and their antagonists closely parallels their pharmacological potency. The opiate receptor is confined to nervous tissue.
A mixture of methyl green and pyronin for cell fractionation studies.

A staining mixture consisting of 0.57% methyl green and 0.1 1 % pyronin B (calculated from the actual dye content) dis- solved in glycerol, 20 ml.; 2% aqueous phenol, 100 ml.; and 95% ethanol, 25 ml., was found to be optimum for differentiating cell components containing desoxypentose and pentose nucleic acids. The stain can be used for either fresh suspensions or unfixed dried smears of tissue homogenates. Nuclei are stained bright blue, and nucleoli and cytoplasmic particles, bright pink.
Is autonomy broke

This book is an important contribution to the empirical analysis of informed consent in psychiatric settings. By reasonable extension, it suggests hypotheses for other medical settings also. Although the work is not intended to be a major theoretical analysis, the information presented, combined with the authors' characterizations of what they found, suggests some serious issues. Consider this debate, which might be provoked upon hearing the results of the study: (1) Many autonomy problems are about quiet, self-inflicted wounds: the failure to assert decision-making power, leaving its exercise to others-perhaps those who, by their expertise and intelligence, seem better able to make choices for us (physicians, for example). Some of these failures may be unreflective and passive; others may be well-considered divestitures of autonomy. (2) On the other hand, these so-called autonomy problems may not be serious. Failure to assert decision-making power does not ordinarily involve problems of coercion or fraud. What seem to be divestitures of authority are often better viewed as rational divisions of labor concerning one's own life. The apparent abandonment of choice is really an autonomous choice to relieve oneself of burdens so that other aspects of life can be dealt with more adequately. Autonomy is thus increased overall because the decisions one retains are apt to be more rational. Taking one's life as a whole, then, delegation in some aspects of it not only does not compromise autonomy, it promotes it. Moreover, the decisionmaking process in the self-directed areas of one's life may be more satisfying because it is less burdened by cares in other areas. There is thus no failure to assert decision-making power: there is a deliberate decision to assign certain de-
Effect of temperature on current–voltage characteristics of Cu2O/p-Si Schottky diode

Abstract Cu 2 O/p-silicon Schottky junction was fabricated by using the pulsed laser deposition technique. The deposited Cu 2 O film is characterized using the X-ray diffraction technique, UV–visible spectroscopy, and electrical method. The Cu 2 O film is amorphous in nature with optical bandgap of 2.2 eV. Temperature dependence of current–voltage characteristics of Cu 2 O/p–silicon Schottky junction has been studied in the range 200–300 K. The junction parameters such as ideality factor and barrier height were estimated using the thermionic emission model. It is observed that barrier height increases with the increase in temperature while ideality factor decreases with temperature.
Magnetic field effects on the far-infrared absorption in Mn 12 -acetate

We report the far-infrared spectra of the molecular nanomagnet ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$-acetate $({\mathrm{Mn}}_{12})$ as a function of temperature (5--300 K) and magnetic field (0--17 T). The large number of observed vibrational modes is related to the low symmetry of the molecule, and they are grouped together in clusters. Analysis of the mode character based on molecular-dynamics simulations and model compound studies shows that all vibrations are complex; motion from a majority of atoms in the molecule contribute to most modes. Three features involving intramolecular vibrations of the ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$ molecule centered at 284, 306, and $409 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ show changes with applied magnetic field. The structure near $284 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ displays the largest deviation with field and is mainly intensity related. A comparison between the temperature-dependent absorption-difference spectra, the gradual low-temperature cluster framework distortion as assessed by neutron-diffraction data, and field-dependent absorption-difference spectra suggests that this mode may involve Mn motion in the crown.
A spatial post-processing algorithm for images of night scenes

The standard technique for making images viewed at daytime lighting levels look like images of night scenes is to use a low overall contrast, low overall brightnesses, desaturation, and to give the image a "blue shift." This paper introduces two other important effects associated with viewing real night scenes: visible noise, and the loss of acuity with little corresponding perceived blur.
Dissociation of water buried under ice on Pt(111).

[1] on our Letter ‘‘Dissociation of Water Buried under Ice on Pt(111)’’ [2] raises some interesting points. In the original Letter, we made two sets of observations: (1) that thick water films ( > 150 monolayers) absorbed at temperatures higher than usually used in ultrahigh vacuum studies ( > 153 K for H2O) on Pt(111) showed a positive charging that behaved much as would be expected for positive ions trapped on the ice surface during the film growth, and (2) that the thick ice films, when desorbed carefully in a two-step process, showed a consistent pattern of high temperature programmed desorption (TPD) features spanning 170 to 200 K. Based on this, we concluded that water was dissociating at the Pt(111) surface under the thick ice film and in amounts greater than a few tenths of a monolayer. Zimbitas et al. [1] argue that the high temperature peaks can be explained by a nonwetting phenomena that they see for adsorption above 152 K (for H2O), that leads to large water clusters sitting upon a single monolayer of water. Thus, they conclude that our evidence for dissociation of water is weak.
Identification and characterization of a copper-binding site in αA-crystallin.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that both αA- and αB-crystallins bind Cu2+, suppress the formation of Cu2+-mediated active oxygen species, and protect ascorbic acid from oxidation by Cu2+. αA- and αB-crystallins are small heat shock proteins with molecular chaperone activity. In this study we show that the mini-αA-crystallin, a peptide consisting of residues 71–88 of αA-crystallin, prevents copper-induced oxidation of ascorbic acid. Evaluation of binding of copper to mini-αA-crystallin showed that each molecule of mini-αA-crystallin binds one copper molecule. Isothermal titration calorimetry and nanospray mass spectrometry revealed dissociation constants of 10.72 and 9.9 μM, respectively. 1,1′-Bis(4-anilino)naphthalene-5,5′-disulfonic acid interaction with mini-αA-crystallin was reduced after binding of Cu2+, suggesting that the same amino acids interact with these two ligands. Circular dichroism spectrometry showed that copper binding to mini-αA-crystallin peptide affects its secondary structure. Substitution of the His residue in mini-αA-crystallin with Ala abolished the redox-suppression activity of the peptide. During the Cu2+-induced ascorbic acid oxidation assay, a deletion mutant, αAΔ70–77, showed about 75% loss of ascorbic acid protection compared to the wild-type αA-crystallin. This difference indicates that the 70–77 region is the primary Cu2+-binding site(s) in human native full-size αA-crystallin. The role of the chaperone site in Cu2+ binding in native αA-crystallin was confirmed by the significant loss of chaperone activity by the peptide after Cu2+ binding.
Oxygen production-consumption of the pelagic Sargassum community in a flow-through system with arsenic additions

Abstract The metabolism of entire clumps of Sargassum collected from the Florida Straits in February was measured in a flow-through system with and without the addition of arsenic. Net production and respiration ranged from 0.14 to 0.76 mg C g−1 h−1 and 0.22 to 0.86 ml O2 g−1 h−1, respectively. Net production of the community over 24 h exceeded respiration by 1.3 times. Respiration values varied with time of night; maximum respiration occurred shortly after sunset. Arsenic additions had no measurable effect upon the metabolism of the community, but when the ‘steadystate’ distribution of arsenic species was altered, there was a rapid response to re-establish the ambient As (III)/As (V) ratio.
Enhanced Evaluation of the Interdomain Routing System for Balanced Routing Scalability and New Internet Architecture Deployments

Internet is facing many challenges that cannot be solved easily through ad hoc patches. To address these challenges, many research programs and projects have been initiated and many solutions are being proposed. However, before we have a new architecture that can motivate Internet service providers (ISPs) to deploy and evolve, we need to address two issues: 1) know the current status better by appropriately evaluating the existing Internet; and 2) find how various incentives and strategies will affect the deployment of the new architecture. For the first issue, we define a series of quantitative metrics that can potentially unify results from several measurement projects using different approaches and can be an intrinsic part of future Internet architecture (FIA) for monitoring and evaluation. Using these metrics, we systematically evaluate the current interdomain routing system and reveal many “autonomous-system-level” observations and key lessons for new Internet architectures. Particularly, the evaluation results reveal the imbalance underlying the interdomain routing system and how the deployment of FIAs can benefit from these findings. With these findings, for the second issue, appropriate deployment strategies of the future architecture changes can be formed with balanced incentives for both customers and ISPs. The results can be used to shape the short- and long-term goals for new architectures that are simple evolutions of the current Internet (so-called dirty-slate architectures) and to some extent to clean-slate architectures.
Learning Race, Learning Place: Shaping Racial Identities and Ideas in African American Childhoods

It seems with the publication of George Lipsitz's book How Racism Takes Place (2011) and now with Erin Winkler's Learning Race, Learning Place: Shaping Racial Identities and Ideas in African Americ...
Keratinization of the reptilian epidermis: an ultrastructural study of the turtle skin.

The turtle epidermis was studied in an effort to obtain information about differentiation products and sequential events leading to the formation of the horny layer. Reproductive basal cells contain many ribosomes, and both granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Filaments are relatively few; lipid droplets and glycogen particles appear in a moderate amount. Differentiating cells are filled with synthetic organelles, lipid droplets, mucous granules, and vesicular bodies. Mucous granules reveal a variable internal structure, and they are displaced toward the cell periphery. Ultimately, mucus is discharged into the intercellular space. Vesicular bodies contain several small vesicles and a peculiar disklike component. When the cells enter the transformation stage, the plasma membrane thickens and the synthetic organelles disintegrate. The horny cells are filled with loosely packed filaments, a relatively translucent matrix, and lipid. The keratinization process is characterized by comparing these features to those seen in amphibian, avian, and mammalian epidermis.
Adaptation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus lacking 51-nt conserved sequence element to replication in mammalian and mosquito cells

Replication of alphaviruses strongly depends on the promoters located in the plus- and minus-strands of virus-specific RNAs. The most sophisticated promoter is encoded by the 5' end of the viral genome. This RNA sequence is involved in the initiation of translation of viral nsPs, and synthesis of both minus- and plus-strands of the viral genome. Part of the promoter, the 51-nt conserved sequence element (CSE), is located in the nsP1-coding sequence, and this limits the spectrum of possible mutations that can be performed. We designed a recombinant Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus genome, in which the promoter and nsP1-coding sequences are separated. This modification has allowed us to perform a wide variety of genetic manipulations, without affecting the amino acid sequence of the nsPs, and to further investigate 51-nt CSE functioning. The results of this study suggest a direct interaction of the amino terminal domain of nsP2 with the 5' end of the viral genome.
Soil Water Retention as Related to Topographic Variables

Digital elevation models were proposed and used as a data source to estimate soil properties. This study evaluated variability of texture and water retention of soils for a gently sloping 3.7-ha field located in the long-term precision farming research site at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, MD. The specific objectives of this research were (i) to characterize variability of water retention across the hillslope, and (ii) determine and describe any correlations of soil water retention with soil texture and surface topography. Soil was sampled along four 30-m transects and in 39 points within the study area. Textural fraction contents, bulk density, and water retention at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 33, 100, 500, and 1500 kPa were measured in samples taken from 4- to 10-cm depth. A 30-m digital elevation model (DEM) was constructed from aerial photography data. Slopes, profile curvatures, and tangential curvatures were computed in grid nodes and interpolated to the sampling locations. Regressions with spatially correlated errors were used to relate water retention and texture to computed topographic variables. Sand, silt, and clay contents depended on slope and curvatures. Soil water retention at 10 and 33 kPa correlated with sand and silt contents. The regression model relating water retention to the topographic variables explained more than 60% of variation in soil water content at 10 and 33 kPa, and only 20% of variation at 100 kPa. Increases in slope values and decreases in tangential curvature values, i.e., less concavity or more convexity across the slope, led to the decreases in water retention at 10 and 33 kPa. Results of this work show a potential for topographic variables to be used in interpretation of field-scale variability of soil properties and, possibly, yield maps in precision agriculture.
Experimental innervation of muscles by the central ends of afferent nerves (establishment of a one-neurone connection between receptor and effector organ), with functional tests

In adult toads the central end of the ninth or tenth dorsal root was disnonnected from the spinal cord and inserted instead into a denervated muscle which has previously been tranplated to the back. In this way a direct connection between peripheral sense organs and muscle fibers has been achieved by a single sensory neurone (‘mono-neuronal’ connecttion), eliminating the central nervous system as intermediary between receptor and effector organs.
REGULATION OF ADENYLYL CYCLASE ISOFORMS BY N-ALKANOLS

We examined the effect of n-alkanols on adenylyl cyclase isoforms (types II and V) overexpressed in insect cells. Ethanol stimulated the type II isoform but not the type V isoform. Ethanol stimulated type II adenylyl cyclase greater than GTP gamma S, and the treatment of the membrane with GDP beta S or cholera toxin did not affect this stimulation. Other n-alkanols inhibited type V adenylyl cyclase activity in proportion to their lipophilic potency. In contrast, type II adenylyl cyclase was stimulated by weakly lipophilic n-alkanols and inhibited by strongly lipophilic n-alkanols. When solubilized membranes and purified preparations were used, all the n-alkanols inhibited type II adenylyl cyclase. Our data suggest that n-alkanols regulated adenylyl cyclase isoform-dependently. Stimulation of the type II isoform was independent from the interaction with Gs alpha but required the presence of an intact membrane structure. Our study may provide another step to understanding how membrane protein subtypes are differentially regulated by n-alkanols.
Atmospheric absorption in the range 12 cm−1 to 32 cm−1 measured in a horizontal path

Abstract The temperature dependence of anomalous atmospheric absorption of submillimetre waves is much greater than is expected from the accepted binding energy of water dimers in equilibrium. Non-equilibrium phenomena must be invoked to explain the results.
Controlled, clinical trial assessing saphenous, tibial and common peroneal nerve blocks for the control of perioperative pain following femoro-tibial joint surgery in the nonchondrodystrophoid dog.

Abstract Objective To determine whether bupivacaine peripheral nerve block of the saphenous, tibial and common peroneal nerves proximal to the femoro-tibial joint reduces peri-operative pain following extracapsular surgical stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the nonchondrodystrophoid dog. Animals Forty-one dogs with naturally acquired femoro-tibial joint instability. Study design Randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Methods Dogs diagnosed with suspected cranial cruciate ligament injury based on physical and radiographic evidence were randomly assigned to treatment (bupivacaine) or control (saline) nerve blocks before femoro-tibial joint surgery. Pain scores, skin sensation, pain threshold to incisional pressure, time to first systemic ‘rescue’ opioid analgesic and total analgesic dose were evaluated for 24 hours. p Results Treatment dogs had a significantly longer period of cutaneous desensitization than control dogs. There were no significant differences between treatment and control groups for pain score, pain threshold to incisional pressure, or time to first-rescue analgesic. The treatment group received significantly more supplemental analgesics than the control group. Conclusions These peripheral nerve blocks were easy to perform and resulted in significant desensitization of the associated nerve autonomous zones, but did not improve post-operative analgesia. Clinical relevance Clinical benefit was not detected when using this technique for peri-operative pain management following extracapsular cranial cruciate ligament surgical stabilization.
Kinetic studies of calcium movements in intestinal cells: effects of vitamin D deficiency and treatment.

The calcium distribution among three cellular calcium pools was studied by kinetic analyses in intestinal cells isolated from normal, vitamin D-deficient and vitamin D-repleted chicks. Vitamin D deficiency significantly reduces the cellular45Ca uptake by reducing the intracellular exchangeable calcium pool. Calcium efflux from the cells varies depending on the onset of the vitamin D deficiency: at four weeks calcium efflux is greater than control but after the fifth week it decreases and remains significantly lower than control. The cytoplasmic calcium pool follows the same biphasic pattern: it is higher at 4 weeks and lower after 5 weeks of D-deficiency. The mitochondrial calcium pool and calcium efflux from this compartment do not show a biphasic pattern. They are markedly depressed from the 4th week of D-deficiency. Eighteen hours after vitamin D administration the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium pools return toward normal; after 42 hours the cytoplasmic pool and calcium efflux from the cell are normal. These data suggest that in D-deficiency, mitochondrial calcium uptake is depressed producing first a rise and then a drop in cytoplasmic calcium. The cytoplasmic calcium is responsible for the changes in cellular calcium efflux. The decreased calcium uptake may be partially due to a decreased cellular exchangeable calcium pool.
Lifting of automorphisms of hypermaps

Abstract If H is a hypermap with bit set B, a voltage assignment on H is simply a map z : B→Z , where Z is a group. If Z acts on a set X, and if z is a voltage assignment on H , then one constructs a ‘ramified covering’ H z (X)→ H such that in the category of ramified coverings of H , H z (X) and H z′ (X) are isomorphic whenever z and z′ are equivalent voltages (but not conversely). A lifting criterion is given for an automorphism of H to lift to one of H z (X) and applied to give a simple and conceptual proof of the hypermap version of Accola's theorem for hypermaps. Finally, cohomological aspects of these constructions are given in terms of Machi's homology theory for hypermaps.
Energy dependence of the three-nucleon analyzing power puzzle

We report on the energy dependence of the three-nucleon analyzing power puzzle in proton–deuteron elastic scattering. It was found that the relative difference between calculations and data remains nearly constant at the 25% level up to about 25 MeV incident proton energy. Above this energy the relative difference decreases, approaching zero near 40 MeV.
Genetic and biochemical studies of actidione sensitivity in Drosophila.

A new mutant, act, a recessive gene carried on chromosome III of Drosophila, results in sensitivity to actidione, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. The mutant gene has no detectable effect except that it acts as a conditional lethal in the presence of actidione. The possibility that this gene encodes a ribosomal component was tested and eliminated using an in vitro system. Conditions are described for in vitro protein synthesis utilizing Drosophila microsomes and transfer RNA derived from Escherichia coli.
Estimation of kinetics of mercury detoxification from low-inoculum batch cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PU21 (Rip64).

Abstract The growth rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PU21 (Rip64) and the mercury detoxification rate were determined by using low-inoculum batch cultures. In order to attain invariant culture conditions for the determination of growth kinetics in mercury-containing Pseudomonas minimal media (PMM), the initial cell concentrations were adjusted to approx. 100 cells per ml, and the initial mercury concentrations used were less than 2 μg Hg 2+ per ml. It was found that the specific growth rate decreased as mercury concentration increased. The relationship between specific growth rate and glucose concentration was found to follow Monod kinetics. The mercury detoxification rate was determined for the viable cells and the dying (non-growing) cells.