cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constrained Bayesian Hierarchical Models for Gaussian Data: A Model Selection Criterion Approach

Consider the setting where there are B>1 candidate statistical models, and one is interested in model selection. Two common approaches to solve this problem are to select a single model or to combine the candidate models through model averaging. Instead, we select a subset of the combined parameter space associated with the models. Specifically, a model averaging perspective is used to increase the parameter space, and a model selection criterion is used to select a subset of this expanded parameter space. We account for the variability of the criterion by adapting Yekutieli (2012)'s method to Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Yekutieli (2012)'s method treats model selection as a truncation problem. We truncate the joint support of the data and the parameter space to only include small values of the covariance penalized error (CPE) criterion. The CPE is a general expression that contains several information criteria as special cases. Simulation results show that as long as the truncated set does not have near zero probability, we tend to obtain lower mean squared error than BMA. Additional theoretical results are provided that provide the foundation for these observations. We apply our approach to a dataset consisting of American Community Survey (ACS) period estimates to illustrate that this perspective can lead to improvements of a single model.
Investigating anode off-gas under spark-ignition combustion for SOFC-ICE hybrid systems:

Solid oxide fuel cell – internal combustion engine (SOFC-ICE) hybrid systems are an attractive solution for electricity generation. The system can achieve up to 70% theoretical electric power conve...
Elevated type I interferon responses potentiate metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and accelerated aging in mtDNA mutator mice

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key driver of inflammatory responses in human disease. However, it remains unclear whether alterations in mitochondria-innate immune cross-talk contribute to the pathobiology of mitochondrial disorders and aging. Using the polymerase gamma (POLG) mutator model of mitochondrial DNA instability, we report that aberrant activation of the type I interferon (IFN-I) innate immune axis potentiates immunometabolic dysfunction, reduces health span, and accelerates aging in mutator mice. Mechanistically, elevated IFN-I signaling suppresses activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which increases oxidative stress, enhances proinflammatory cytokine responses, and accelerates metabolic dysfunction. Ablation of IFN-I signaling attenuates hyperinflammatory phenotypes by restoring NRF2 activity and reducing aerobic glycolysis, which combine to lessen cardiovascular and myeloid dysfunction in aged mutator mice. These findings further advance our knowledge of how mitochondrial dysfunction shapes innate immune responses and provide a framework for understanding mitochondria-driven immunopathology in POLG-related disorders and aging.
Cost-effective reliable transmission service for Internet of Flying Things:

High-speed quality Internet provision for aircraft passengers is thought to be one of the major unresolved challenges for ubiquitous Internet provision. This article aims to resolve the problem of ...
Mechanical aspiration thrombectomy using the penumbra CAT RX system for patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome.

Abstract Patient undergoing PCI can have distal embolization and microvascular obstruction despite normalization of epicardial blood flow. Aspiration thrombectomy has been studied previously to reduce infarct size, but prior methods of aspiration thrombectomy were associated with increased risk of stroke and is currently recommended as a bailout strategy. Penumbra CAT RX has been recently approved for aspiration thrombectomy, we evaluated the catheter's use in an academic cardiac catheterization lab. Patients undergoing cardiac catherization at an academic medical center who had deployment of the Penumbra CAT RX from 2017 through 2020 were included in the case series. TIMI flow pre and post procedure were determined by individual operator. Endpoints included 30-day cardiovascular death and post-procedural stroke. The Penumbra CAT RX catheter was used in a total of 34 patients, with 71% STEMI, 23% NSTEMI , 3% UA, and 3% new onset heart failure. TIMI 3 flow was achieved in 88% of cases. There were no cases of 30-day cardiovascular death or post procedural stroke. Aspiration thrombectomy continues to have clinical benefit in modern cardiac catherization laboratories with use in select cases. The Penumbra CAT RX appears to be safe and highly effective at thrombus removal in the acute setting without increased stroke risk as seen with manual aspiration thrombectomy.
Thin Film Materials: Equilibrium and stability of surfaces

The role of mechanical stress in establishing the equilibrium and stability of material surfaces is the focus in this chapter. The concepts developed provide the basis for consideration of stress-driven transient evolution of surfaces, which will be taken up in the following chapter. Examples of material surfaces that are of interest include the free surface of a crystal, which may be adjacent to a vacuum or in contact with a vapor, and the interface between two crystals. In all these situations, it is assumed that each solid phase is a homogeneous elastic medium. A characterizing feature of such a solid is that there is always a well-defined reference configuration to which it returns when all external loads are removed from it. While this configuration is commonly viewed as being immutable, the focus in this chapter is on situations in which this reference configuration can change shape or size over time. Physical processes by which this can occur involve the addition, rearrangement and removal of mass which can proceed, for example, by means of condensation/evaporation, surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion or grain boundary migration. These processes are typically very slow, and they are not usually taken into account in applications other than material processing, a case in which stress usually plays a minor role. However, in systems with very small size scale and high temperature, stress of large magnitude can have a significant influence on the evolution of surfaces and interfaces.
CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS OF CONVECTION- STATE OF THE ART AND A PROPOSAL

There have been many observational studies of moist convection and many attempts to parameterize cumulus convection. However, there have been few of the former which have succeeded in aiding the latter, even though projects like GATE (Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment) were touted as serving this function.
Economic benefits of improved meteorological forecasts - The construction industry

Estimates are made of the potential economic benefits accruing to particular industries from timely utilization of satellite-derived six-hour weather forecasts, and of economic penalties resulting from failure to utilize such forecasts in day-to-day planning. The cost estimate study is centered on the U.S. construction industry, with results simplified to yes/no 6-hr forecasts on thunderstorm activity and work/no work decisions. Effects of weather elements (thunderstorms, snow and sleet) on various construction operations are indicated. Potential dollar benefits for other industries, including air transportation and other forms of transportation, are diagrammed for comparison. Geosynchronous satellites such as STORMSAT, SEOS, and SMS/GOES are considered as sources of the forecast data.
Using ocean margin density to constrain ocean circulation and surface wind strength in the past

[1] The density structure along the ocean margins carries an integrated imprint of ocean circulation. The difference in pressure between the eastern and western margins of the ocean reflects the net meridional geostrophic transport across the ocean basin. If one assumes that the wind driven circulation is closed in the upper ocean, the wind driven component of the net geostrophic transport is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the Ekman transport. The remainder of the net meridional geostrophic transport is the upper branch of the thermohaline meridional overturning circulation. The meridional geostrophic transports calculated using the ocean margin density data collected during World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) reflect both the wind driven and thermohaline overturning circulations. Density along the ocean margins for times in the past can be estimated from the oxygen isotopic composition of benthic foraminifera. These ocean margin density estimates can then be used to help constrain the shear in the meridional overturning circulation, the strength of zonal surface winds over the oceans, and the resulting wind driven circulation. These data will also provide an important complement to existing paleoceanographic reconstructions of surface conditions and deep water tracer fields which are currently used to constrain models of past ocean circulation.
Attitudes to Third World urban planning: Practitioners versus outside experts

Abstract This paper is concerned with the professional culture of planners and planning experts and consultants working on aspects of urban planning and management in Third World countries. It reports findings from a questionnaire survey designed to elicit information on respondents' role orientations and on their attitudes towards specific issues relating to the theory and practice of urban planning and management in Third World settings.
Ca2+Suppresses Cell Adhesion to Osteopontin by Attenuating Binding Affinity for Integrin αvβ3

Abstract Osteopontin (OPN) is an extracellular matrix protein that supports osteoclast adhesion to the bone by binding to integrin αvβ3. We measured the binding between OPN and integrin αvβ3with recombinant human OPN and the urinary form of human OPN, uropontin. Recombinant OPN was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase and cleaved from glutathione S-transferase with Factor Xa. The mass of this form of OPN (rOP27) is 27,046 Da. rOP27 is truncated at arginine residue 228, 69 amino acids short of the native carboxyl terminus. Uropontin and rOP27 support RGD-dependent cell adhesion and to bind purified integrin αvβ3with similar affinities. Further study showed that OPN is the only known naturally occurring RGD-containing protein with a much greater affinity for αvβ3than for the platelet integrin αIIbβ3. Most importantly, we find that physiologic levels of Ca2+block cell adhesion to OPN. Measurement of binding constants between rOPN and purified integrin αvβ3with surface plasmon resonance showed that the affinity between rOPN and αvβ3is 26-fold lower in Ca2+(Kd= 1.1 × 10−9 M) than in Mn2+(Kd= 4.3 × 10−10 M) and 9-fold lower than in Mg2+(Kd= 1.3 × 10−9 M). In bone, the resorbing osteoclast generates elevated levels of extracellular Ca2+, therefore the findings presented here suggest a previously unappreciated mechanism for the modulation of bone resorption by extracellular Ca2+.
Identification of γδT lymphocytes in human periapical lesions

Endodontic (root canal) therapy is required when the pulp of a tooth becomes necrotic due to a bacterial infection or trauma. A proportion of patients who receive endodontic therapy subsequently have periapical (around the tooth root) lesions detected by radiolucency. Currently, there are no means to identify susceptible patients. Although tissue from periapical lesions has been described as inflammatory, inflammatory cell types and their functions have been poorly characterized. For example, T lymphocytes were identified using pan specific anti-CD3 mAb, which recognizes both alphabeta and gammadeltaT cells. Using the current model of gammadeltaT cells as immunoregulatory cells; gammadeltaT cells can mediate protective or destructive milieus. We postulated that patients who have a periapical lesion, as identified by radiographic bone loss, mount a gammadeltaT cell response. We collected specimens removed by surgery from both periapical lesions and other oral tissues, generated total RNA and performed reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to identify rearranged delta genes. Results were confirmed with semi-nested polymerase chain reaction. In addition, we demonstrate that these lesions contain a population of CD3+ cells that are alphabetaT cell receptor negative, implying that these cells are gammadeltaT cells. Here we show that 36/37 of periapical lesions and only 2/11 of other lesions contain gammadeltaT cells (P<0.0001). Vdelta2+ T cells were the most common subtype identified (30/36) in these samples. This is the first report in the literature of the presence of gammadeltaT cells in human periapical lesions.
Transformation of enriched mammary cell populations with polyomavirus middle T antigen influences tumor subtype and metastatic potential

Breast cancer exhibits significant molecular, histological, and pathological diversity. Factors that impact this heterogeneity are poorly understood; however, transformation of distinct normal cell populations of the breast may generate different tumor phenotypes. Our previous study demonstrated that the polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyMT) oncogene can establish diverse tumor subtypes when broadly expressed within mouse mammary epithelial cells. In the present study, we assessed the molecular, histological, and metastatic outcomes in distinct mammary cell populations transformed with the PyMT gene. Isolated mouse mammary epithelial cells were transduced with a lentivirus encoding PyMT during an overnight infection and then sorted into hormone receptor–positive luminal (CD133+), hormone receptor–negative luminal (CD133−), basal, and stem cell populations using the cell surface markers CD24, CD49f, and CD133. Each population was subsequently transplanted into syngeneic cleared mouse mammary fat pads to generate tumors. Tumors were classified by histology, estrogen receptor status, molecular subtype, and metastatic potential to investigate whether transformation of different enriched populations affects tumor phenotype. Although enriched mammary epithelial cell populations showed no difference in either the ability to form tumors or tumor latency, differences in prevalence of solid adenocarcinomas and squamous, papillary, and sebaceous-like tumors were observed. In particular, squamous metaplasia was observed more frequently in tumors derived from basal and stem cells than in luminal cells. Interestingly, both molecularly basal and luminal tumors developed from luminal CD133+, basal, and stem cell populations; however, luminal CD133− cells gave rise exclusively to molecularly basal tumors. Tumors arising from the luminal CD133−, basal, and stem cell populations were highly metastatic; however, luminal CD133+ cells generated tumors that were significantly less metastatic, possibly due to an inability of these tumor cells to escape the primary tumor site. Expression of PyMT within different mammary cell populations influences tumor histology, molecular subtype, and metastatic potential. The data demonstrate that luminal CD133+ cells give rise to less metastatic tumors, luminal CD133− cells preferentially establish basal tumors, and the cell of origin for squamous metaplasia likely resides in the basal and stem cell populations.
Structural health monitoring exploiting MIMO ultrasonic sensing and group sparse Bayesian learning

In this paper, we propose the exploitation of sparse Bayesian learning in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to account for the multi-dimensional group sparse nature of extended defects in guided ultrasonic wave based structural health monitoring. The multi-dimensional group sparsity in the underlying reconstruction problems arises due to the clustered spatial occupancy of extended defects and the multiple-aspect MIMO observations. Sparse Bayesian learning techniques have been shown to provide robustness for high-resolution signal reconstruction due to their insensitivity to dictionary coherence and have the flexibility of effective exploitation of the signal structure. The superiority of the proposed technique over the state-of-the-art sparse signal reconstruction techniques is demonstrated through simulations and preliminary experiments.
Anemic Copper-Deficient Rats, but Not Mice, Display Low Hepcidin Expression and High Ferroportin Levels

The transmembrane protein ferroportin (Fpn) is essential for iron efflux from the liver, spleen, and duodenum. Fpn is regulated predominantly by the circulating iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, which binds to cell surface Fpn, initiating its degradation. Accordingly, when hepcidin concentrations decrease, Fpn levels increase. A previous study found that Fpn levels were not elevated in copper-deficient (CuD) mice that had anemia, a condition normally associated with dramatic reductions in hepcidin. Lack of change in Fpn levels may be because CuD mice do not display reduced concentrations of plasma iron (holotransferrin), a modulator of hepcidin expression. Here, we examined Fpn protein levels and hepcidin expression in CuD rats, which exhibit reduced plasma iron concentrations along with anemia. We also examined hepcidin expression in anemic CuD mice with normal plasma iron levels. We found that CuD rats had higher liver and spleen Fpn levels and markedly lower hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression than did copper-adequate (CuA) rats. In contrast, hepcidin levels did not differ between CuD and CuA mice. To examine potential mediators of the reduced hepcidin expression in CuD rats, we measured levels of hepatic transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2), a putative iron sensor that links holotransferrin to hepcidin production, and transcript abundance of bone morphogenic protein 6 (BMP6), a key endogenous positive regulator of hepcidin production. Diminished hepcidin expression in CuD rats was associated with lower levels of TfR2, but not BMP6. Our data suggest that holotransferrin and TfR2, rather than anemia or BMP6, are signals for hepcidin synthesis during copper deficiency.
Dielectric Behavior of Barium Titanate in the Paraelectric State

The coefficients in the equation of state of BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ proposed by Devonshire can be considered as describing the polarization and temperature dependence of the dielectric constant. This dependence has been studied by a dynamic method. The polarization is developed by a large-amplitude at field and the dielectric constant is measured by means of a small rf signal.This method provides an accurate measurement of the coefficient of the ${P}^{4}$ term in Devonshire's equation for the free energy of BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. This coefficient has been studied as a function of temperature, and, contrary to previous assumptions, has been found to have a strong temperature dependence, decreasing linearly, with temperature. The fields which can be applied without breaking the samples are not high enough to detect any contribution due to the ${P}^{6}$ term at temperatures as low as only 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C above the transition to the cubic state.
Kink Bands and Major Folds, Broken Hill, Australia

Microscopic kink bands form an axial-surface foliation to major folds in layering and schistosity in the Mt. Robe area, Broken Hill. The kink bands, spaced at intervals of 1 to 30 mm, are concentrated in narrow zones (200 to 400 m thick) which pass through the hinges of the folds. The axes of the kink bands are statistically parallel to axes of the major folds. The major folds apparently formed by rotation of one limb while the other limb remained static. The sense of rotation of a deformed limb is the same as the constant sense of rotation of kink bands in the same fold. The orientation of kink bands varies systematically and can be resolved into domains of constant orientation. Within each domain, all kink bands have a constant width and show approximately the same amount of rotation of foliation segments. Thus, a domain is made up of kink bands representing equal increments of strain while the total strain differs in each domain. The orientation of the principal axes of stress during formation of kink bands can be inferred from deformation lamellae in synchronously deformed quartz. The maximum principal stress made an angle of 65° with the initial orientation of schistosity and an angle of 55° with kink boundaries. Measurement of the angles between two sets of lamellae in some grains suggests that lamellae may parallel the basal pinacoid, unit rhombohedra, rhombohedra, and trigonal bipyramids. Analysis of minor folds and lineations indicates that the major folds, and associated kink bands, formed during the last of three episodes of deformation. The first episode included intense isoclinal folding and the formation of schistosity (axial-surface) and mineral lineation. The folding effected almost complete transposition of layering at all scales to parallel layering. The lineation is generally oblique to fold axes; the mode of deformation of calc-silicate boudins with the same orientation suggests extension parallel to, and normal to, lineation in the schistosity. A second episode of folding produced numerous minor isoclinal folds but left the fabric at a larger scale unaffected.
Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Female Response to Exogenous and Endogenous Sex Steroids.

SummaryBeta glycyrrhetinic acid restricted the response of the female accessory-reproductive tract to exogenous steroidal estrogens (estradiol benzoate, estrone and estriol). It antagonized the uterotrophic and vaginal estrous response of ovariectomized rats to estradiol benzoate, but had no effect in hypophysectomized rats. It did not interfere with the response to other exogenous uterine stimulating steroids nor to endogenous steroids. High doses of glycyrrhetinic acid, increased the uterine response of immature parabiont recipients though similar doses had no effect in the PMS stimulated animal.
Preparing to Implement a Self‐Management Program for Back Pain in New York City Senior Centers: What Do Prospective Consumers Think?

Objective Prior to testing the feasibility/potential efficacy of a newly developed self-management pain program for seniors with back pain, this study sought to: 1) determine prospective consumers’ prior exposure to self-management pain programs, 2) determine their willingness to participate in the new program; and 3) ascertain perceived barriers/facilitators to program participation.
Evidence for putative photoreceptor axon terminals in the medulla externa of the crayfish.

Within the medulla externa of the crayfish compound eye a class of axonal endings with similar characteristics to the photoreceptor terminals of the lamina ganglionaris were studied with light and electron microscopic techniques. These terminals are restricted to the superficial layers of the medulla externa and each is marked by a rod-shaped inclusion selectively impregnated with reduced silver methods. Electron microscopy of the medullary terminals confirms the presence of a rod inclusion composed of fine regularly arranged filaments. These inclusions are often closely associated with mitochondria and glycogen deposits within the endings. Synaptic contacts made by these terminals are characterized by a presynaptic ribbon density which is in contact with two or three postsynaptic elements. Often one postsynaptic element participates in more than one synaptic complex. Numerous invaginated processes, microtubules, synaptic vesicles, and ER cisternae are also present in the medullary terminals. The eighth retinula cell in the retina of the crayfish studied here resembles that previously observed by Nassel (1976). The similarity of the medullary terminals to the photoreceptor endings in the lamina suggest that they may belong to one of the eight photoreceptor cells forming an ommatidium.
Pattern formation in the imaginal wing disc of Drosophila melanogaster: Fate map, regeneration and duplication

Fragments of the wing disc of Drosophila (fig. 2) were either injected into mature third instar larvae for immediate metamorphosis, or cultured in adult abdomens for seven days before being transferred to larvae for metamorphosis. The structures differentiated during metamorphosis were then analysed. The results of the first series of experiments were used to construct an accurate fate map of the disc, and those of the second series were used to determine the regenerative properties of the disc. The fate map (fig. 7) shows presumptive proximal parts (notum, pleura, and dorsal and ventral hinge) at the two ends of the disc, with presumptive distal wing parts in between. During metamorphosis the disc epithelium folds upon itself along the presumptive wing border, bringing dorsal and ventral wing and hinge surfaces into apposition. The wing surfaces occupy a much smaller relative area, and the hinge parts a much larger relative area, in the fate map than in the adult structure. The cultured fragments, in general, behaved in accordance with the rule that when two cut surfaces are created by cutting across the disc, regeneration occurs from one of the cut surfaces and duplication occurs from the other (fig. 14). It was possible to define a level in the longitudinal axis of the disc from which regeneration proceeds outwards. Cut surfaces facing away from this level show regeneration, while cut surfaces facing this level undergo duplication. Similar behavior was found for the transverse axis, and for two diagonal series of cuts. Some fragments with two cut edges could regenerate from one edge while duplicating from the other, whereas others could regenerate from two cut edges simultaneously. However, fragments with four cut edges showed incomplete regeneration, and a high tendency to duplicate even though regeneration in all directions might have been expected on the basis of the other experiments.
Predictors of intensive care unit readmission within 48 hours after discharge

Readmission to the ICU during the same hospitalization is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and results in a longer length of stay and higher costs. There is therefore growing interest to identify reliable predictors for readmission. The aim of our study was to assess the incidence of ICU readmissions, identify predictors of ICU readmission, and determine patient outcome.
Knowledge-intensive conceptual retrieval and passage extraction of biomedical literature

This paper presents a study of incorporating domain-specific knowledge (i.e., information about concepts and relationships between concepts in a certain domain) in an information retrieval (IR) system to improve its effectiveness in retrieving biomedical literature. The effects of different types of domain-specific knowledge in performance contribution are examined. Based on the TREC platform, we show that appropriate use of domain-specific knowledge in a proposed conceptual retrieval model yields about 23% improvement over the best reported result in passage retrieval in the Genomics Track of TREC 2006.
Real Time Fluorescence Microscopy Observations of Dehydration-Induced Domain Formation in Raft Forming Multi Lamellar Lipid Stacks

Domain formation in multi-component lipid mixtures is a well-known phenomenon understood in terms of equilibrium phase separation of lipid components into distinct co-existing phases. Such phase-separated equilibrium domain morphologies have been extensively studied in mono- and bimolecular lipid configurations (e.g., Langmuir monolayers, and giant unilamellar vesicles), and to a lesser extent in multilamellar lipid configurations consisting of discrete, low number of lamellae (less than ten). We have run experiments that reveal pattern formation in thick lipid stacks consisting of several thousand lamellae. We observe the appearance of domains when a lipid cake - pre-hydrated by a prolonged exposure to humid air - are left standing in laboratory air. The domain patterns develop in concert with the evaporation of water from a nominally wet pre-hydrated lipids consisting of putative raft forming mixtures of egg-sphingomylein, Cholesterol, and DOPC. Our results suggest that the dehydration of water-saturated lipid stacks provides the driving force to induce the lateral phase separation of the lipid mixture into the so-called liquid-ordered (cholesterol and sphingomyelin-enriched) and liquid-disordered phases. Our experiments enable studies of the dynamics of the domain pattern formation and the interactions between domains (e.g., long-term fusion) at low hydrations. We use a combination of microscopy tools, including Atomic Force Microscopy, fluorescence confocal microscopy, and bright-field microscopy, to determine the influence of interaction between the line tension and key elastic properties of the lipid membrane on the characteristics of the domain patterns. The observed dehydration-induced phase separation may have important consequences for freeze-drying or desiccation of lipid mixtures and living cells.
Development of a time sensitivity score for frequently occurring motor vehicle crash injuries.

Background Injury severity alone is a poor indicator of the time sensitivity of injuries. The purpose of the study was to quantify the urgency with which the most frequent motor vehicle crash injuries require treatment, according to expert physicians. Study Design The time sensitivity was quantified for the top 95% most frequently occurring Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ injuries in the National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) 2000–2011. A Time Sensitivity Score was developed using expert physician survey data in which physicians were asked to determine whether a particular injury should go to a Level I/II trauma center and the urgency with which that injury required treatment. Results When stratifying by AIS severity, the mean Time Sensitivity Score increased with increasing AIS severity. The mean Time Sensitivity Scores by AIS severity were as follows: 0.50 (AIS 2); 0.78 (AIS 3); 0.92 (AIS 4); 0.97 (AIS 5); and 0.97 (AIS 6). When stratifying by anatomical region, the head, thorax, and abdomen were the most time sensitive. Conclusions Appropriate triage depends on multiple factors, including the severity of an injury, the urgency with which it requires treatment, and the propensity of a significant injury to be missed. The Time Sensitivity Score did not correlate highly with the widely used AIS severity scores, which highlights the inability of AIS scores to capture all aspects of injury severity. The Time Sensitivity Score can be useful in Advanced Automatic Crash Notification systems for identifying highly time sensitive injuries in motor vehicle crashes requiring prompt treatment at a trauma center.
Cell-free translation and partial purification of rat liver fatty acid synthetase mRNA.

Abstract The cell-free synthesis of rat liver fatty acid synthetase has been demonstrated in a modified reticulocyte lysate translation system. The mRNA was partially purified from membrane-free polysomes by oligo (dT)-cellulose chromatography and subsequent sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
The room-temperature shapes of four-layer unsymmetric cross-ply laminates

A geometrically nonlinear extension of classical lamination theory developed by Hyer (1981) for predicting the room-temperature shapes of unsymmetric laminates is reformulated using relaxed restrictions regarding the inplane strains. The inplane residual strains of unsymmetric laminates which have cooled from curing into a cylindrical room-temperature shape are examined numerically. Results show that the residual strains are compressive and practically independent of spatial location on the laminate. In addition, the room temperature shapes of the four-layer unsymmetric cross-ply laminates are predicted, and it is shown that the temperature shapes are a strong function of their size and their stacking arrangement. It is demonstrated that, depending on the parameters selected, the room-temperature shape of a four-layer cross-ply unsymmetric laminate can be a unique saddle shape, a unique cylindrical shape, or a cylindrical shape that can be snapped through to another cylindrical shape.
Navigation, Interference Suppression, and Fault Monitoring in the Sea-Based Joint Precision Approach and Landing System

The United States Navy seeks the capability to land manned and unmanned aerial vehicles autonomously on an aircraft carrier using GPS. To deliver this capability, the Navy is developing a navigation system called the Sea-Based Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (JPALS). Because standard GPS is not sufficiently precise to land aircraft on a shortened, constantly moving runway, Sea-Based JPALS leverages dual-frequency, carrier-phase differential GPS navigation. Carrier phase measurements, derived from the sinusoidal waveforms underlying the GPS signal, are very precise but not necessarily accurate unless the user resolves the ambiguity associated with the sinusoid's periodicity. Ensuring the validity of ambiguity resolution is the central challenge for the high-integrity, safety-critical JPALS application. Based on a multi-year, multi-institution collaborative study, this paper proposes a navigation and monitoring architecture designed to meet the guidance quality challenge posed by Sea-Based JPALS. In particular, we propose a two-stage navigation algorithm that meets the aggressive integrity-risk requirement for Sea-Based JPALS by first filtering a combination of GPS observables and subsequently exploiting those observables to resolve the carrier ambiguity. Because JPALS-equipped aircraft may encounter jamming, we also discuss interference mitigation technologies, such as inertial fusion and array antennas, which, with appropriate algorithmic modifications, can ensure integrity under Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) conditions. Lastly, we recommend a fault monitoring strategy tailored to the two-stage navigation algorithm. Monitoring will detect and isolate rare anomalies such as ionosphere storms or satellite ephemeris errors which would otherwise corrupt ambiguity resolution and positioning in Sea-Based JPALS.
A new genus of solitary wasps (Hymenoptera:Eumenidae) from southwestern North America

From the congressus group formerly recognized in the genus Leptochilus , 5 species are transferred to Euodynerus , namely, russatus (Bohart), martini (Bohart) congressus (Viereck), tetralobus (Bohart), and infuscipennis (Bohart). The new genus CEPHALODYNERUS includes the remaining 3 species of the congressus group— platycerus (Bohart), defonniccps (Bohart), and russipes (Bohart)—together with unicornis (generic type; Arizona, Utah) and sculleni (Texas). The species of Cephalodynerus are keyed; the female of C. platycerus is described; and new distribution records are given for the 3 previously known species.
Luminal Signaling: It's What's on the Inside that Counts

During organogenesis, FGFs are diffusible communication signals that allow cells to coordinate morphogenesis and establish tissue architecture. Recently in Nature, Durdu et al. (2014) show that epithelial cell clusters secrete FGFs into a microlumen, restricting FGF localization so that participating cells coordinate differentiation and collective migration via luminal signaling.
Long-Lasting Hyperpolarization after Activity of Neurons in Leech Central Nervous System

After a train of impulses, the membrane potential of sensory neurons may be increased for several minutes by an electrogenic pump. During this hyperpolarization, the sensitivity of the membrane potential to external potassium ions is increased, so that physiologically occurring increases in potassium concentration could influence synaptic processes.
Generating and Reversing Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Mice by Manipulating Wound Redox Parameters

By 2025, more than 500 M people worldwide will suffer from diabetes; 125 M will develop foot ulcer(s) and 20 M will undergo an amputation, creating a major health problem. Understanding how these wounds become chronic will provide insights to reverse chronicity. We hypothesized that oxidative stress (OS) in wounds is a critical component for generation of chronicity. We used the db/db mouse model of impaired healing and inhibited, at time of injury, two major antioxidant enzymes, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, creating high OS in the wounds. This was necessary and sufficient to trigger wounds to become chronic. The wounds initially contained a polymicrobial community that with time selected for specific biofilm-forming bacteria. To reverse chronicity we treated the wounds with the antioxidants α-tocopherol and N-acetylcysteine and found that OS was highly reduced, biofilms had increased sensitivity to antibiotics, and granulation tissue was formed with proper collagen deposition and remodeling. We show for the first time generation of chronic wounds in which biofilm develops spontaneously, illustrating importance of early and continued redox imbalance coupled with the presence of biofilm in development of wound chronicity. This model will help decipher additional mechanisms and potentially better diagnosis of chronicity and treatment of human chronic wounds.
Protein Purification by Elution Convection Electrophoresis

Purified protein components can be recovered from high-resolution gel-electrophoresis patterns by elution-convection electrophoresis. The protein components are all simultaneously eluted from the gel pattern by horizontal electrophoresis and are then simultaneously concentrated by electro-convection to recover the proteins in nearly the original sample concentration. Thirty individual protein fractions can be recovered in 3 hours from a sample containing 200 milligrams of protein.
An evaluation of various flocculants for the recovery of biomass grown on poultry waste

Abstract Mixed bacterial cultures were grown aerobically in continuous culture with poultry manure and molasses as substrates. The single-cell protein (scp) product is intended for use as high-protein feedstuff for animals, particularly poultry. An economically attractive scp recovery process must be developed if such a conversion process is to prove commercially viable. The recovery of scp by centrifugation alone is difficult. In an attempt to achiev enhanced scp recovery at lower cost a number of inorganic and polymeric flocculants were tested over a wide range of pH values and dosages. The rate of flocculation and degree of solids recovery were the criteria used for the selection of a flocculant. Calcium hydroxide was the most effective flocculant. A dosage of 20 mg litre−1 at pH values between 10 and 12 gave excellent results. Increasing the dosage of calcium hydroxide beyond 20 ppm did not affect the flocculation rate.
Characterization of pore morphology in molecular crystal explosives by focused ion-beam nanotomography

The initiation and detonation properties of explosives are often empirically correlated to density, surface area, and particle size. Although these correlations are sometimes used successfully to predict the performance of bulk samples, the data are spatially averaged, which unfortunately muddles information critical to understanding fundamental processes. Density and surface area are essentially an indirect measure of porosity, which is arguably a more appropriate metric in many applications. We report the direct characterization of porosity in polycrystalline molecular crystal explosives by focused ion beam nanotomography, a technique that is typically reserved for robust materials such as ceramics and metals. The resulting three-dimensional microstructural data are incredibly rich, promising a substantial advance in our ability to unravel the processes governing initiation and detonation of molecular crystal explosives. In a larger context, this work demonstrates that focused ion beam nanotomography may be successfully extended to the investigation of nanoscale porosity in other molecular crystal or polymer materials.
How widespread were climate anomalies 8200 years ago

[1] Documenting the spatial extent of the 8.2 ka event is essential for understanding the possible response of the climate system to a freshwater perturbation in the North Atlantic. In this research, we analyzed paleoclimate proxy records from 52 sites using a statistical test to detect anomalies associated with the 8.2 ka event. Our results show that this event occurred in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics and the tropics. Evidence from the tropics is more spotty, but detection rates are similar for the tropics and extratropics, suggesting that tropical evidence for the event will become stronger as more records are generated. There is also a particular need for new paleoclimate proxy records from Southern Hemisphere sites and/or with quantitative estimates of climate anomalies.
Functional fixedness: problem solution as a function of observing responses

When Ss solve functional fixedness problems do they formulate the solution and then look for the object needed, or does perception of the functionally fixed object itself trigger solution? Duncker’s candle problem was administered in tactual form so that discrete observing responses (touching the functionally fixed object, a box filled with tacks) could be observed and counted by E. Problem solution occurred upon contact with the functionally fixed object. The specific contact immediately preceding problem solution was usually adventitious.
Sex determination directs uniparental mitochondrial inheritance in Phycomyces.

ABSTRACT Uniparental inheritance (UPI) of mitochondria is common among eukaryotes. The underlying molecular basis by which the sexes of the parents control this non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance is yet to be fully understood. Two major factors have complicated the understanding of the role of sex-specific genes in the UPI phenomenon: in many cases (i) fusion occurs between cells of unequal size or (ii) mating requires a large region of the genome or chromosome that includes genes unrelated to sex determination. The fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus is a member of the Mucoromycotina and has a simple mating type locus encoding only one high-mobility group (HMG) domain protein, and mating occurs by fusion of isogamous cells, thus providing a model system without the limitations mentioned above. Analysis of more than 250 progeny from a series of genetic crosses between wild-type strains of Phycomyces revealed a correlation between the individual genes in the mating type locus and UPI of mitochondria. Inheritance is from the plus (+) sex type and is associated with degradation of the mtDNA from the minus (−) parent. These findings suggest that UPI can be directly controlled by genes that determine sex identity, independent of cell size or the complexity of the genetic composition of a sex chromosome.
A content and comparative analysis of loss in adaptive and maladaptive grievers

Abstract The present study used a two-pronged approach to investigate the meaning of loss, including a content analysis of descriptive narratives of participant stories of a death and an analysis of the Life Events Repertory Grid (Sewell et al., 1996). Common presentations and meanings in relation to loss are discussed. An attempt is made to understand how a bereaved individual conceptualizes the loss of a loved one, and existing differences between grievers who do and do not exhibit coping difficulties are examined. When applicable, popular notions in the literature concerning complicated grief reactions are investigated via repertory grid and content analysis findings. Both clinical implications of the findings and areas of further research using qualitative, individualistic methods are summarized.
Learned helplessness in groups

Abstract Group learned helplessness is demonstrated in Experiment I. Groups of 2 tried to turn off noise by their joint action. In the solvable group (S), noise offset was contingent on their sequence of button pushing. In the yoked, unsolvable group (U), noise offset was independent of all sequences of button pushes they produced. In a practice group (O). subjects practiced coordinated sequences of button pushes with their partners, but heard no noise. Later, all 3 groups were tested in pairs in a shuttlebox which required coordinated joint responding to turn off noise. The unsolvable group escaped more poorly than the other 2 groups, paralleling helplessness effects with individuals. Experiment 2 and 3 found no transfer from individual helplessness training to group testing and no transfer from group helplessness training to individual testing. We suggest that the same mechanism, the expectation of response ineffectiveness, may mediate both individual and group learned helplessness.
A Longitudinal Study of Personality Change in Young Adulthood

The present research examined personality continuity and change in a sample of young men and women assessed at the beginning and end of college. Two-hundred seventy students completed measures of the Big Five personality traits when they first entered college and then 4 years later. Analyses indicate small- to medium-sized normative (i.e., mean-level) changes, large rank-order stability correlations, high levels of stability in personality structure, and moderate levels of ipsative (i.e. profile) stability. Overall, the findings are consistent with the perspective that personality traits exhibit considerable continuity over time, yet can change in systematic ways.
Preparation and diels-alder reaction of N-carbomethoxy-5-ethyl-1.2-dihydropyridine: An approach for the synthesis of catharanthine

Abstract N -carbomethoxy-5-ethyl, 1,2-dihydropyridine ( 1 ) may be prepared by the bromination of N -carbomethoxy-3-ethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine ( 10 ), and subsequent double dehydrobromination with EtAlCl2/HMPA; this diene undergoes Diels-Alder reaction with dimethyl methylenemalonate ( 2 ) to give the isoquinuclidine ( 3 ), an intermediate in our planned approach to catharanthine.
Surface passivation using oligo(ethylene glycol) in ATRP-assisted DNA detection

Abstract We recently reported a DNA sensing method using polymerization to amplify signal outputs [X. Lou, M.S. Lewis, C.B. Gorman, L. He, Anal. Chem. 77 (2005) 4698–4705]. In the current report an optimization of sensor surface chemistry is conducted in which (S–CH2CH2–OEG6–OMe)2 is used as the preferred surface passivation agent to reduce nonspecific adsorption experienced during ATRP-assisted DNA detection. The presence of oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) moieties on the sensor surface significantly reduces background adsorption of proteins, polymers, and reaction monomers used during DNA detection. The level of reduction in background nonspecific adsorption closely depends on the incubation solvent and the incubation time used, as evidenced by the ellipsometric and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results. Reflectance FTIR results suggest that the surfaces with moderately ordered SAMs exhibit better protein resistance, consistent to the previous observations. Subsequent DNA binding experiments show no apparent decrease in DNA hybridization and ligation efficiencies when OEGylated self-assembled monolayers are used as the passivation layer. Improved DNA detection sensitivity is achieved from reduced background noises.