cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending Outsider Trading Liability to Thieves

This Note addresses the important question of whether all thieves can be held liable for violating section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5. Over time, the U.S. Supreme Court has cautiously expanded liability for trading on material nonpublic information from corporate insiders only, to tippees, to outsiders standing in a fiduciary relationship to the source of the confidential information. Recently, the Second Circuit held in SEC v. Dorozhko that a thief who owed no duty to the source of misappropriated information could be held liable if he accomplished his theft by means of affirmative misrepresentation. This decision represents the next step in increasing liability for outsider trading. This Note contends that holding all thieves liable, even those who do not obtain information by means of affirmative misrepresentation, constitutes a logical expansion of liability consistent with section 10(b), Rule 10b-5, and case law. The traditional requirement of a fiduciary relationship between the misappropriator and the source of the information in outsider trading cases results in under-inclusive doctrine that fails to fully satisfy the purpose of the Exchange Act. Expanding liability to include all thieves is sound policy that will better protect investors and the integrity of the market.
Classical Methods for FK2

Most of the computational methods for the approximate solution of an integral equation can be regarded as “expansion methods.” Although the quadrature rule solves an FK2 of the form ϕ(x)—λ (Kϕ) (x) = f(x) and yields an approximate solution \( \tilde{\Phi } \), which we take as a vector with functional values \( \tilde{\phi }({x_{0}}),\tilde{\phi }({x_{1}}),...,\tilde{\phi }({x_{n}}) \). These values are used in the Nystrom methods, discussed in Section 1.6, to yield the approximation \( \tilde{\Phi }(x) \). We present in this and the next chapter some of these methods including the following methods: quadrature, expansion, collocation, product-integration, and Galerkin, to solve Fredholm equations of the second kind.
The Baylor Survey of Ophthalmology Residency Graduates: Rationale for Reform in Residency Training

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To survey graduates of an ophthalmology residency training program regarding skills necessary for a well-trained ophthalmologist. METHODS: Two survey instruments were mailed to the graduates of the Baylor College of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology Residency Training Program. RESULTS: Specific skills were identified that were rated as clincally important and for which training was considered adequate, and, conversely, skills that were rated as less important but for which training was adequate. CONCLUSION: This survey instrument may allow ophthalmology residency training programs to identify perceived and real deficiencies in the resident education process, thereby assisting in the prioritization of changes in curriculum or the skills transfer process.
A Hospitability Map Approach for Estimating a Mobile Targets Location

The following problem is considered. An air vehicle detects a mobile target using its own sensor(s), but delays attack. While the target is being detected, the air vehicle takes several looks at the target, thus producing target state estimates. Some time later (on the order of minutes), the same or another air vehicle views the target area again. The target is not detected on the second set of looks. We assume that it has moved. Since the target has moved away, where should we look for it? This is a prediction and search problem. Prediction uses historic information to predict the future states (location and kinematics), and search is to look for the target based on the prediction results. Since we assume that the time separation between the two set of looks is quite significant, traditional prediction based on historic kinematics information alone will not work well. The target kinematics information is diluted quickly as the radius of possible target locations from that of the first set of looks gets bigger. However, the previous kinematics (target route history) at least provides a center location for future possible target locations. As will be shown, we can rely on terrain-based state prediction to determine the likelihood of the new target position. The effects of the terrain are captured by something known as a hospitability map. A hospitability map provides a likelihood or a ”weight” for each point on the earths surface proportional to the ability of a target to move and maneuver at that location.
Alternative Cokemaking Technologies in Shanxi Province

In this chapter, we have reviewed the four major cokemaking technologies used in Shanxi Province since the 1980s. We emphasized the characteristics of several generations of these coke ovens used in the region. Today (2005), as noted in Chapter 1, Shanxi Province is the largest producer of coke in China, and the demand in China for coke is increasing as automobile, construction, and other industrial production requiring steel rapidly expands. Shanxi Province is also an international producer, selling its coke throughout the world. With the development of new cokemaking technologies, Shanxi cokemaking plant managers are in a continuous process of updating coke ovens and related equipment.
Bioenergetics of Neurotransmitter Transport

Neurotransmitter transporters are essential components in the recycling of neurotransmitters released during neuronal activity. These transporters are the targets for important drugs affecting mood and behavior. They fall into at least four gene families, two encoding proteins in the plasma membrane and two in the synaptic vesicle membrane, although the known vesicular transporters have not all been cloned. Each of these transporters works by coupling the downhill movement of small ions such as Na+, Cl-, K+, and H+ to the uphill transport of neurotransmitter. Plasma membrane transporters move the transmitter into the cytoplasm by cotransport with Na+. Many transporters also couple Cl- cotransport to transmitter influx and these all belong to the NaCl-coupled family, although within the family the coupling stoichiometry can vary. Transporters for glutamate couple influx of this excitatory amino acid to Na+ and H+ influx and K+ efflux. Transporters in synaptic vesicles couple H+ efflux to neurotransmitter transport from the cytoplasm to the vesicle lumen.
The automatic programming of agents that learn mental models and create simple plans of action

An essential component of an intelligent agent is the ability to notice, encode, store, and utilize information about its environment. Traditional approaches to program induction have focused on evolving functional or reactive programs. This paper presents MAPMAKER, a method for the automatic generation of agents that discover information about their environment, encode this information for later use, and create simple plans utilizing the stored mental models. In this method, agents are multi-part computer programs that communicate through a shared memory. Both the programs and the representation scheme are evolved using genetic programming. An illustrative problem of 'gold' collection is used to demonstrate the method in which one part of a program makes a map of the world and stores it in memory, and the other part uses this map to find the gold The results indicate that the method can evolve programs that store simple representations of their environments and use these representations to produce simple plans.
Great Men in the Second World War: The Rise and Fall of the Big Three. By Paul Dukes. (London and New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press, 2017. Pp. 216. $88.00.)

This book's value and perceived contribution will likely vary from reader to reader, depending on expectations and needs. That could probably be said of any book, but it seems particularly apt in t...
Evaluating the Patient with Reported Gadolinium-Associated Illness

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been increasingly used in clinical practice since their introduction in the 1980s. Recently, increased public attention has been given to patients who report new symptoms following GBCA exposure. This review details the current knowledge surrounding GBCAs, with a focus on the known and proposed disease states that may be associated with GBCAs. Recommendations for the appropriate clinical workup of a patient suspected of having symptoms attributable to gadolinium exposure are included. GBCAs are known to precipitate the disease state nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a syndrome characterized by skin thickening in patients with preexisting renal disease. An additional syndrome, termed gadolinium deposition disease, has been proposed to describe patients with normal renal function who develop an array of symptoms following GBCA exposure. While there is a potential physiologic basis for the development of this condition, there is no conclusive evidence to support a causal relationship between GBCA administration and the reported symptoms yet. Clinical evaluation revolves around focused history-taking and physical examination, given the absence of a reliable link between patient symptoms and measured gadolinium levels. There are no recommended treatments for suspected gadolinium deposition disease. Chelation therapy, which is not approved for this indication, carries undue risk without documented efficacy. The extent to which GBCAs contribute to clinically relevant adverse effects remains an important and evolving field of study. NSF remains the only proven disease state associated with GBCA exposure. Additional data are required to evaluate whether other symptoms should be attributed to GBCAs.
Abstract P042: Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence and Risk Factors Among Adult Asian Americans

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a disease entity characterized by a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increase the risk of cardi...
Singing the past: the politics of music in Carmen Martín Gaite

ABSTRACTCarmen Martin Gaite directed her critical and creative gaze toward many forms of popular culture. However, music plays a particularly important role in her work and has not been closely exa...
NASA Thermographic Inspection of Advanced Composite Materials

As the use of advanced composite materials continues to increase in the aerospace community, the need for a quantitative, rapid, in situ inspection technology has become a critical concern throughout the industry. In many applications it is necessary to monitor changes in these materials over an extended period of time to determine the effects of various load conditions. Additionally, the detection and characterization of defects such as delaminations, is of great concern. This paper will present the application of infrared thermography to characterize various composite materials and show the advantages of different heat source types. Finally, various analysis methodologies used for quantitative material property characterization will be discussed.
A multilabel classification approach to identify hurricane‐induced infrastructure disruptions using social media data

Abstract Rapid identification of infrastructure disruptions during a disaster plays an important role in restoration and recovery operations. Due to the limitations of using physical sensing techno...
Nanotechnology and the Public: Risk Perception and Risk Communication

Risk Communication in a Democratic Society Risk and Technology Technology and Society Acknowledgments Introducing Nanotechnology to the Public Imagining the Nanoscale Emerging Public Perception Risk Communication for 21st-Century Democracies Risk Communication in Theory and Practice Risk Communication Challenges The Goals of Risk Communication Social Theories of Risk Public Opinion, Public Perception, and Public Understanding The GM Food Story Revisited Opinion Studies and Their Implications Implications for Risk Communication Research and Practice Nanotechnology and "Cultural Resonance" What Do People Want from Technology? Technological Literacy and Democracy The Challenges of Risk Society Nanotechnology, Risk, and Society Audiences, Stakeholders, Cultures, and Nanotechnology Risk The Role of Advocacy in Democracy Social, Cultural, and Psychological Influences Persuasion Research Disseminating Information about New Technologies Media's Role in Risk Societies Media Effects Theory in the Internet Age Museums and Science Centers Lessons and Future Challenges
Heartbeat: Recreational substance use and risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

The potential association of recreational substance use and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is controversial. In this issue of Heart, Mahtta and colleagues performed a cross-sectional analysis of 135 703 patients with premature ASCVD (first event at age <55 years for men and <65 years for women) compared with over 1 million patients with non-premature ASCVD using the 2014–2015 US nationwide Veterans Affairs Healthcare database and Veterans with permaTure AtheroscLerosis (VITAL) registry.1 Patients with premature ASCVD, compared with non-premature ASCVD, had higher use of tobacco (62.9% vs 40.6%), alcohol (31.8% vs 14.8%), cocaine (12.9% vs 2.5%), amphetamine (2.9% vs 0.5%) and cannabis (12.5% vs 2.7%) (p<0.01 for all comparisons). The odds of premature ASCVD were higher in those using recreational substances and there was a graded response relationship between the number of substances used and a higher likelihood of premature ASCVD. The magnitude of risk was greater in women compared with men (figure 1). Figure 1 Gender-Based risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) among users of recreational substances. As Scott, Murnane and Orr point out in the accompanying editorial,2 ”Retrospective studies are limited by the available data. While this study supports the association between substance use disorder and early-onset ASCVD, the effect of substance use frequency, dose and duration cannot be reliably ascertained in this patient sample.” Even so, these findings suggest that public education is needed …
Close encounters of the worst kind: reforms needed to curb coral reef damage by recreational divers

Intentional and unintentional physical contact between scuba divers and the seabed is made by most divers and multiple times per dive, which often results in damage to corals and other marine life. Current efforts to reduce reef contacts (e.g., voluntary dive operator recognition programs and voluntary dive standards) can be effective, but lack sufficient incentive structures for long-term compliance. In their current capacity, these programs fail to reduce reef contacts to tolerable levels. Regulatory policies can facilitate pervasive and permanent shifts in human behavior, but have been underutilized to change unsustainable underwater norms. Most coral reefs open to recreational diving lie within territorial waters of individual countries, and many already have existing forms of protection with legislation that can be easily modified. Successful policy precedents in Marine Protected Areas (e.g., bans on underwater glove use) and elsewhere (e.g., anti-smoking laws in public spaces and legislation enforcing seat belt use) demonstrate the largely untapped potential of using effective governance to change destructive diving norms for good. To reduce intentional reef contacts, policy-makers can enact regulations in MPAs directly banning all contact between divers and the seabed. To reduce unintentional contacts, policy-makers can create policy safeguards that preempt such occurrences (e.g., requiring divers to keep a certain distance from the seabed). Crucially, such policies will need accompanying formal and informal enforcement measures that are equitable, effective, and efficient to motivate compliance and effect lasting behavior change. Having a robust, well-enforced, regulatory framework to tackle both types of reef contacts lends credence to the efforts of existing conservation programs, and is key to permanently changing divers’ underwater attitudes and fostering sustainable scuba diving behavior to the benefit of all.
Access to contraception in pharmacies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, shifts in traditional contraception access points have presented new challenges, leading people to seek alternative sources of contraception care, including pharmacies. Pharmacists in one-fourth of U.S. states are able to prescribe hormonal contraception, a model known as pharmacy access. Pharmacy access became available in California in 2016 and in Colorado in 2017. Objective To characterize how access to contraception products and services in pharmacies changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, including pharmacist prescribing practices and innovations in service delivery. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey among California and Colorado pharmacists from September to October 2020. Survey questions included pharmacist and pharmacy practice site characteristics, prescribing practices, pharmacist perspectives, and pharmacy services in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results A total of 128 pharmacists participated in the study, with 38% (n = 49) from California and 62% (n = 79) from Colorado. Among participants, 41% (n = 53) prescribed contraception, of which 94% (n = 50) continued, 4% (n = 2) started, and 2% (n = 1) suspended during the pandemic. Most participants reported interest (79%) and effort (75%) in prescribing contraception to be about the same during the pandemic. Community need for contraceptive services was perceived to be slightly or much higher (45%) or about the same (47%). Patient interest in pharmacy access was perceived to be slightly or much higher by 26% and about the same by 57% of the participants. When distributing contraception prescriptions, pharmacies increased curbside (from 12% to 52%), home delivery (from 40% to 60%), and mailing options (from 41% to 71%) during the pandemic. Conclusions Pharmacists prescribing hormonal contraception who participated in this study remained committed to providing this service during the pandemic. Some perceived increased community need for contraception and patient interest in direct pharmacy access. There was an increase in options for patients to receive contraception prescriptions with minimal contact.
The Random Transverse Field Ising Ferromagnet: The Simplest Disordered Model with a Quantum Phase Transition

After an introduction to quantum phase transitions, we study the quantum phase transition in the two-dimensional random Ising model in a transverse field by Monte Carlo simulations. We find results similar to those known analytically in one-dimension: the dynamical exponent is infinite and, at the critical point, the typical correlation function decays with a stretched exponential dependence on distance. Away from the critical point, there may be different exponents for the divergence of the average and typical correlation lengths, again as in one-dimension, but the evidence for this is less strong.
Barriers to Skin Cancer Screening Follow-Up in Farmers

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the status of recommended follow-up and perceived barriers to follow-up care in individuals informed of possible skin cancer at four screening events held 1990 through 1993. Data were collected via telephone interviews (n = 166). The majority of participants (66%) obtained follow-up care. The most frequently cited reason for not seeking care was the belief that skin cancer was “not a big concern right now.” Rural health care practitioners could enhance the outcome of skin cancer screening events by ensuring that farmers are aware of the availability of screenings and by providing on-site interventions to minimize the barriers to follow-up care.
Quantitative characterization of the vehicle motion environment (VME)

A concept is presented for creating a measurement system that can quantify the specific motions which vehicles exhibit as they move in traffic, under the full array of traffic operations. Such quantification is seen as crucial to the development of automatic collision prevention systems and has spinoff utility for the study of many other issues in human factors and vehicle and highway engineering. This study has addressed the experimental and analytical challenges involved in wide-area sensing, large-volume data processing, and both deterministic and statistical analyses of the data which will characterize this so-called, "Vehicle Motion Environment" (VME). The basic concept which appears to be feasible for such measurements involves a remote sensor which is installed at the roadside, probably on a tall pole, and which produces electro-optic images of the traffic stream and converts them into a permanent data file of the quantified trajectory for each motor vehicle passing through the field of view. The paper covers the performance specifications for the VME measurement system plus considerations for the measurement package and the subsequent processing needed for deriving the variables of interest. Various applications of the VME system are also addressed.
Cell Volume Distribution Pattern Analysis: A Means of Uterine Cancer Detection

The use of cell volume distribution pattern analysis as a semiautomated means of uterine cancer detection has been evaluated. The results of a study of 339 patients indicate that cell sizing effectively detects preinvasive lesions of the uterus. Compared with the Papanicolaou smear, cell volume distribution pattern analysis is as sensitive as the conventional technic in detecting invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix. However, for detection of adenocarcinoma of the endocervix and endometrium, cell sizing appears more than twice as sensitive as the conventional Ayre scrape. It was found that Trichomonas vaginalis under certain conditions acts as an interfering factor. From in vitro studies these conditions were determined and the means of eliminating the organism as a contaminant were considered.
An unsupervised dictionary learning algorithm for neural recordings

To meet the growing demand of wireless and power efficient neural recordings systems, we demonstrate an unsupervised dictionary learning algorithm in Compressed Sensing (CS) framework which can be implemented in VLSI systems. Without prior label information of neural spikes, we extend our previous work to unsupervised learning and construct a dictionary with discriminative structures for spike sorting. To further improve the reconstruction and classification performance, we proposed a joint prediction to determine the class of neural spikes in dictionary learning. When the neural spikes is compressed 50 times, our approach can achieve an average gain of 2 dB and 15 percentage units over state-of-the-art of CS approaches in terms of the reconstruction quality and classification accuracy respectively.
On the measurement of intestinal tonus.

Gut tonus has been studied previously in terms of the pressurevolume behavior of colon subjected to distension. Distension was produced by gravity flow into an intraluminal sac of fixed length from a constant hydrostatic head. This method is analyzed in terms of pressure-volume data obtained from a mechanical model. Criticism of the equation for resistance to distension, R = P /( dV / dt ), is offered. This equation results in resistance curves which become progressively erratic because inherent errors in volume measurement are magnified progressively during the latter part of inflow distension under conditions of gravity-fed, variable flow. Criticism also is offered for the application of the equation for circumferential tension, T ∝ P V , to pressure-volume data collected under conditions of variable flow. A viscus having low distensibility, under conditions of self-regulated inflow, may ultimately accept less volume from a fixed hydrostatic head and therefore may develop less intramural tension than a more distensible viscus. Difficulties with the volume factor are avoided when distension is produced at a constant rate of inflow. Circumferential tension is then a more reliable expression of the pressure-volume behavior of the gut. Wall tension produced by distension was examined in a latex viscus of variable wall thickness, in dog colon before and after administration of morphine, and in rabbit colon before and after sodium iodoacetate. The tension developed by both latex and smooth muscle viscera is related directly to the thickness or contractility, respectively, of the visceral walls. The tension developed by gut also is related directly to the rate at which distension is applied. In contrast, the tension developed by latex viscera is not rate-dependent. The tension differential is defined as the difference in tension, at the same volume, between rapidly and slowly distended gut. The size of the tension differential is related directly to the level of tonus. Attention is drawn to previous descriptions of similar phenomena in the pressure-volume behavior of urinary bladder.
An iron-containing phosphatase induced by progesterone in the uterine fluids of pigs.

Abstract A basic, progesterone-induced, intrauterine glycoprotein with a purple coloration can be purified from the uterine fluids of ovariectomized female pigs given daily doses of progesterone, by successive chromatography on columns of CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. The protein contains 1 atom of iron per 32,000 molecular weight polypeptide and shows phosphatase activity toward p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate. The pH optimum of the enzyme is 4.9 and the apparent Km is 2.2 mm at 30°. Activity is enhanced 2- to 4-fold in presence of β-mercaptoethanol, although the Km remains unchanged. Under such optimal conditions 1 molecule of enzyme can hydrolyze approximately 5 x 103 molecules of substrate per min. Activity is inhibited by fluoride, arsenate, phosphate, and molybdate. To a lesser extent, the enzyme will catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP and pyrophosphate, but has very low activity toward β-glycerophosphate and d-glucose 6-phosphate. The activation of the enzyme by β-mercaptoethanol is accompanied by a shift in the extinction maximum from 545 nm to around 510 nm. Sodium dithionite causes loss of color and inactivates the enzymatic activity completely. The precise role of the protein in the early pregnant uterus, however, remains unknown.
The role of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in agonist-induced desensitization of D1 dopamine receptor function: evidence for a novel pathway for receptor dephosphorylation.

Exposure of D1 dopamine receptors to agonists results in rapid desensitization of the receptor-stimulated accumulation of cAMP. It is believed that agonist-induced phosphorylation of the receptor plays a critical role in the processes that underlie this phenomenon. To investigate the role of agonist-induced receptor phosphorylation, a FLAG epitope was added to the amino terminus of the rat D1dopamine receptor and this construct was stably expressed in C6 glioma cells. It was found that the D1 receptor was stoichiometrically phosphorylated under basal conditions and that its phosphorylation state was increased by 2- to 3-fold upon exposure of the cells to dopamine for 10 min. The dopamine-induced receptor phosphorylation could be blocked by D1-selective antagonists but was unaffected by inhibitors of either protein kinase A or protein kinase C. The incorporation of phosphate into the receptor was rapid but transient, despite the continued presence of dopamine. A comparison of the rates of receptor phosphorylation (t1/2
Generalized risk sensitive building control: protecting civil structures with multiple cost cumulants

Risk-sensitive optimal stochastic control problems have an interpretation in terms of managing the value of a denumerable linear combination of the cumulants of a traditional performance index. Such an interpretation is particularly attractive in the context of physical control problems with a naturally occurring process which is well modelled in the stochastic sense. The extremely important case of civil structures assailed by earthquakes, wind, and seas is precisely such a problem. This paper considers a state-feedback solution to the LQG version of this problem class. The formulation is parametrized by the number k of cumulants chosen for design. A general solution of this k-cumulant problem, together with studies of its application to the SDOF system described by Chung et al. (1988), is the subject of this work.
Ecdysone receptor expression in the CNS correlates with stage-specific responses to ecdysteroids during Drosophila and Manduca development

In insects, the ecdysteroids act to transform the CNS from its larval to its adult form. A key gene in this response is the ecdysone receptor (EcR), which has been shown in Drosophila to code for 3 protein isoforms. Two of these isoforms, EcR-A and EcR-B1, are prominently expressed in the CNS and we have used isoform-specific antibodies to examine their fluctuations through postembryonic life. EcR expression at the onset of metamorphosis is extremely diverse but specific patterns of EcR expression correlate with distinct patterns of steroid response. Most larval neurons show high levels of EcR-B1 at the start of metamorphosis, a time when they lose larval features in response to ecdysteroids. Earlier, during the larval molts, the same cells have no detectable receptors and show no response to circulating ecdysteroids; later, during the pupal-adult transformation, they switch to EcR-A expression and respond by maturing to their adult form. During the latter period, a subset of the larval neurons hyperexpress EcR-A and these cells are fated to die after the emergence of the adult. The stem cells for the imaginal neurons show prominent EcR-B1 expression during the last larval stage correlated with their main proliferative period. Most imaginal neurons, by contrast, express only EcR-A when they subsequently initiate maturation at the start of metamorphosis. The imaginal neurons of the mushroom bodies are unusual amongst imaginal neurons in expressing the B1 isoform at the start of metamorphosis but they also show regressive changes at this time as they lose their larval axons. Imaginal neurons of the optic lobe show a delayed expression of EcR-B1 through the period when cell-cell interactions are important for establishing connections within this region of the CNS. Overall, the appearance of the two receptor isoforms in cells correlates with different types of steroid responses: EcR-A predominates when cells are undergoing maturational responses whereas EcR-B1 predominates during proliferative activity or regressive responses. The heterogeneity of EcR expression at the start of metamorphosis presumably reflects the diverse origins and requirements of the neurons that nevertheless are all exposed to a common hormonal signal.
The Effects of Group Audit Oversight on Subsidiary Entity Audits and Reporting

International and U.S. accounting and auditing standard setters have focused considerable attention and rule making around group audits and in particular the reporting quality of subsidiary entities. We examine how membership in a consolidated group and the related group audit affects the quality of financial reporting of subsidiary entities. While regulators have expressed concern regarding the financial reporting quality of subsidiary entities based on inspection findings, we find that subsidiaries have, on average, higher financial reporting quality than non-consolidated entities. This effect is larger for subsidiaries with distinct management teams from the parent, lending support to the argument that higher auditor power increases financial reporting quality. Our results should inform standard setters, regulators, and practitioners as they consider how to improve the financial reporting and audit quality.
Assessment of the economic value of wind generated power to electric utilities

Abstract An economic evaluation of wind power in a utility context is attempted. The potential advantages to the utility evolving out of wind farm site dispersal are investigated during the analysis. In general terms, arrays of wind farms produce some firm capacity because of the diversity of wind at the dispersed sites. In general, arrays of multiple sites tend to fill up the low power output levels of an individual site during the day. Two separate models, an individual site model and a dispersed site model, are considered for integration with a typical U.S. electric utility. Capacity credit earned for each case is investigated in detail using a reliability model. Wind power is also examined from the standpoint of competition with conventional expansion plants. The economics of wind power in terms of capacity and operating cost savings is analyzed. It is found that the dispersed wind model yields a greater capacity credit because of its ability to displace a base-load unit.
RIE of sub-50 nm high aspect-ratio pillars, ridges, and trenches in silicon and silicon-germanium

Abstract Sub-50 nm high aspect-ratio pillars, ridges, and trenches have been patterned in Si and SiGe using reactive ion etching (RIE) with Cr masks defined by ultra-high resolution electron beam lithography and a lift-off process. Using an optimized mixture of Cl2 and SiCl4 gases, sub-50 nm features with aspect ratios greater than 10 were readily and consistently achieved. For achieving similar nanostructures in SiGe, an identical gas mixture at lower pressures is required.
Basement control of structure in the Gettysburg rift basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland

Abstract Jurassic faulting formed the 93 km long Gettysburg basin as an extensional half graben paralleling the basement structural grain. Preserved in the basin are rift-related Carnian to Rhaetian strata that were tilted 20–30° NW into a SE dipping, listric normal fault at the northwest border of the basin. Vertical displacement on the border fault approaches 10 km. The border fault developed parallel to the trend of the terminal Paleozoic Alleghenian South Mountain cleavage of the Blue Ridge basement along 80% of its extent. However, it is only roughly parallel to discordant to dip of the cleavage. Relationship of cleavage and later border faulting may be the result of persistent reactivation of the original Appalachian continental margin. Local complex structures in the half graben are related to reactivation of two subvertical, pre-Mesozoic faults that transect basement structural grain (cleavage) at a large angle. The northern Shippensburg fault was reactivated during basin normal faulting, offsetting the border fault in a right-lateral sense by 3.5 km and forming within the basin a fold and a fault sliver of basement. The southern Carbaugh-Marsh Creek fault was not reactivated, but is the locus of a 20°–30° change of trend of both the basement cleavage and later border fault. However, two large, NW trending, left-lateral wrench faults, antithetic to the Carbaugh-March Creek fault, developed here offsetting the border fault and forming en echelon folds and horst blocks of basement rock within the basin.
Enhancement in optical transition in (111)-oriented GaAs-AlGaAs quantum well structures.

The enhancement of the optical transition rate in (111)-oriented GaAs-AlGaAs quantum wells (QW's) compared with (100) QW's has been confirmed by photoluminescence. It is experimentally determined by absorption measurements of QW's that the anisotropy of the heavy-hole band in GaAs is extremely large; $\frac{{m}_{\mathrm{hh}}^{*}[111]}{{m}_{\mathrm{hh}}^{*}[100]}=2.65$. This large anisotropy in the host GaAs is considered to result in the higher optical transition rate in (111) QW's compared with (100) QW's.
Exopeptidase activity in eggs of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda).

Summary A supernatant from eggs of the ruminant nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis contained an enzyme that was similar to leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), based on hydrolysis of the substrate L-leucine β-naphthylamide to β-naphthylamine. A Michaelis-Menten constant (K m) of 0.155 mM was obtained. Rate of hydrolysis of 16 substrates revealed that L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine β-naphthylamides were hydrolyzed most readily while seven additional substrates were hydrolyzed at lesser rates. The optimum pH for enzymatic activity was 6.75–7.5. Enzymatic activity was lost by heating the egg supernatant to 60°C for 5 min or freezing at 0°C for 28 days. Addition of millimolar concentrations of the chlorides of zinc, manganese and magnesium to the egg supernatant had no stimulatory effect on enzyme activity while 10 and 100 mM concentrations significantly reduced activity. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid at 10−4 M had no effect on enzymatic activity. Activity was inhibited by 10−4 M 1,10-phenanthroline, but the...
Ulcerative lesions as a rare cause of laryngotracheitis in the pediatric population

Abstract Objective The goal of this study is to describe a unique finding of ulcerative lesions of the larynx in two pediatric patients presenting with prolonged acute laryngotracheitis and compare to previously described reports to determine the typical clinical picture, need for intervention, and management model. Methods We present two cases of ulcerative lesions of the larynx in immunocompetent children, one with PCR positive HSV, which presented as severe croup requiring intensive care unit admission. Literature review was completed to assess for current knowledge of this entity. Our cases are discussed in the context of previously reported cases of HSV laryngotracheitis. Descriptive analysis was completed focusing on presentation, physical exam findings, treatment, length of therapy, and outcomes. Results Literature review uncovered six case reports including 10 individual cases of prolonged croup with findings of HSV laryngitis and one retrospective review describing 15 cases of prolonged croup found to be caused by ulcerative laryngitis. All patients underwent direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy for evaluation. Analysis was completed comparing the studies to our patients with significant findings including high intubation rate of 77%, ulcerative stomatitis in 63%, and treatment with antiviral medication directed at HSV in 85% with improvement in symptoms. Conclusion It is important to consider HSV as a possible pathogen in cases of prolonged or atypical croup. Laryngoscopy should be used for diagnostic intervention and identification of ulcerative lesions. Stomatitis may be an indication for earlier direct inspection. Treatment with anti-viral therapy and with discontinuation or taper of steroid is suggested.
The Paradox of a Capitalist Utopia: Visionary Ideals and Lived Experience in the Pullman Community 1880–1900

The model company town of Pullman was a social experiment that took utopian principles of intentional community and directed them towards a perfection of the capitalist system in America. This paternalistic effort on the part of industrialist George Pullman is well known as a social experiment that failed on a grand scale, as the model town became the site of a major labor action in 1894. This study uses archaeology and history to suggest that the town of Pullman was not simply an idealized community that served as a backdrop to a major labor action, but instead that the town actually created circumstances that elevated worker discontent that perhaps made workers more prone to take action against the company.
Micro-channel plate detector for ultra-fast relativistic electron diffraction

Abstract Using relativistic ultra-short electron beams to obtain single-shot diffraction patterns holds the promise to yield real-time resolution of atomic motion in an easily accessible environment, such as a university laboratory, at a fraction of the cost of fourth-generation X-ray sources. One of the main issues in bringing this technique to full maturity is the development of efficient detector systems to record the diffraction pattern using a few MeV electron beams. Low noise, high spatial resolution, and single-electron detection capability are all characteristics of an ideal detector. In this paper, we compare the performances of a traditional fluorescent phosphor screen with a detection system based on the micro-channel plate (MCP). Since MCPs are typically used with lower energy electron beams, these tests constitute one of the few experimental data points available on the use of these devices with MeV energy beams.
The oxygen wasting effect of isoproterenol is altered by chemical denervation and cardiac hypertrophy

We tested the hypothesis that isoproterenol would increase myocardial work and O2 consumption at reduced efficiency and that both left ventricular hypertrophy and chemical sympathectomy would lead to changes in this myocardial efficiency response. Left ventricular hypertrophy was produced by aortic valve plication in 23 puppies. Six months later, sympathetic denervation (6-hydroxydopamine) was produced in 12 hypertrophied and 10 non-hypertrophied dogs, 5 days prior to acute experiments. Ten non-hypertrophied and 11 hypertrophied animals were not denervated. Measurements were made before and during an isoproterenol infusion (0.5 microgram/kg/ min). Regional myocardial work was calculated as the integrated product of force (miniature transducer) and segment shortening (ultrasonic crystals). Regional O2 consumption was calculated from regional blood flow (microspheres) and regional O2 saturations (microspectrophotometry). In all groups, regional O2 consumption increased with isoproterenol (non-hypertrophied, non-sympathectomized 6.5 +/- 0.8 to 20.3 +/- 5 ml O2/min/100 g, non-hypertrophied, sympathectomized 5.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.0 +/- 1.5, hypertrophied, non-sympathectomized 9.8 +/- 1.3 to 16.2 +/- 2.2, hypertrophied, sympathectomized 6.1 +/- 0.5 to 13.3 +/- 1.6). Regional segment work also increased in all groups with isoproterenol stimulation (non-hypertrophied, non-sympathectomized 781 +/- 73 to 1197 +/- 61 g.mm/min, non-hypertrophied, sympathectomized 996 +/- 221 to 2118 +/- 412, hypertrophied, non-sympathectomized 1031 +/- 145 to 3262 +/- 753, hypertrophied, sympathectomized 721 +/- 116 to 1745 +/- 402). In the non-hypertrophied, non-sympathectomized group, efficiency (work/O2 consumption) was significantly decreased from 122 +/- 17 to 76 +/- 9 g.mm/ml O2/100 g demonstrating an "oxygen wasting" effect. In the hypertrophied, non-sympathectomized group, segment efficiency significantly increased from 94 +/- 19 to 250 +/- 63. In both sympathectomized groups, efficiency was not altered by isoproterenol. Thus the oxygen wasting effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation was reversed by left ventricular hypertrophy and blocked by sympathectomy.
Protection by cysteine esters against chemically induced pulmonary oedema.

Perfluoroisobutene (PFIB) is a hydrophobic reactive gas produced by the pyrolysis of polytetrafluoroethane which induces pulmonary oedema similar to that induced by phosgene when inhaled. When a lethal dose is inhaled by Porton strain rats total non-protein thiol (NPSH) and glutathione (GSH) in the lung are reduced by between 30 and 49%, respectively. If the endogenous levels of thiols in the lung are reduced by pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) 16 hr before exposure to PFIB, the rats become more susceptible to the effects of the gas. The effect of BSO pretreatment on toxicity was prevented by pretreatment 30 min before exposure, with 5 mmol/kg N-acetylcysteine (NAc). NAc increased the levels of cysteine (CySH) in the lung by 150% and GSH was unaffected. Similarly pretreatment with 3 mmol/kg CySH also protected against toxicity and raised CySH levels by 100%. A series of cysteine esters and cystine dimethyl ester (CDME) have been synthesised which selectively raise lung levels of CySH in the rat lungs after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The methyl ester and CDME raised lung levels of CySH by 4000 and 2000%, respectively, 10 min after i.p. injection whilst GSH levels remained unchanged. Cysteine isopropyl ester raised lung levels of CySH by 10,600% but liver levels by only 1400%. All esters except the t-butyl ester (CTBE) also raised maximal plasma levels of NPSH by up to 500%; however, when NAc was injected plasma levels increased by over 1500%. Rats treated with these esters at 3 mmol/kg and with NAc at 5 mmol/kg were protected against lethal doses of PFIB in all cases except when CTBE was used. It appears that these cysteine esters may distribute preferentially into the lung, unlike NAc. The selective enhancement of pulmonary CySH levels may provide a method for the protection of lungs against inhaled reactive toxicants by increasing intracellular CySH. Levels of CySH may also be raised in epithelial lining fluid thus reducing access of gaseous toxicants to pulmonary tissue.
ABSOLUTE DIFFUSE CALIBRATION OF MIPS24 FROM A MID-INFRARED STUDY OF H II REGIONS

The absolute diffuse calibration of the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) 24 μm channel is investigated by analysis of a sample of H II regions with a wide range of spatial scales near l = 312°. For each region, sky-subtracted, point-source-subtracted, areally integrated MIPS24 fluxes from the MIPSGAL Legacy program are compared with Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) 21.3 μm fluxes to determine the flux ratio of MIPS24/MSX 21.3 μm. Spectral energy distributions of these regions indicate that the diffuse calibration of MIPS24 is consistent to within 3% (1σ) with the absolutely validated calibration of MSX.
Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma with Unusual Features Arising within Mesenchymal Hamartoma of the Liver: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma (UES) is a rare and highly malignant hepatic neoplasm, affecting almost exclusively the pediatric population. It has replaced malignant mesenchymoma, under which diagnostic term the first three cases were described. A link between embryonal sarcoma and mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver (MHL) has long been proposed, because of clinicopathologic overlaps of these entities; however, until recently, this association remained tenuous. Cases of UES arising in a background of mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver have previously been reported in two teenage girls. Discovery of a similar genetic abnormality in MHL and UES has clinched the supposed link between them. There have also been two reports of UES with prominent cystification, one associated with peripheral eosinophilia, and thereby masquerading as hydatid cyst of the liver. We report a case of UES arising in a young boy with MHL, with unusual histologic features, including large mesothelial-lined cysts and ectopic adrenal cortical tissue under Glisson's capsule.