cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol vapor prior to processing extends fresh-cut mango storage by decreasing spoilage, but does not always delay ripening

This study was undertaken to optimize ethanol vapor application as a ripening inhibitor on whole mangoes to extend fresh-cut mango shelf life. Freshly harvested mangoes were first subjected to hot water (+HW) at 46 ◦ C for 60 or 90 min to simulate quarantine heat treatments, or remained untreated (−HW). Fruit of each batch (+ or −HW) were then held at 20–25 ◦ C for 4 or 7 d (D4 and D7) after the hot water treatment before being exposed to ethanol vapors [0 h (E0), 10 h (E10), or 20 h (E20)]. Fruit were then peeled and cut into slices, packed in plastic clamshells, and stored at 7 ◦ C for 15 d. Only slices from +HW-D4-E20-treated fruit maintained higher firmness, hue angle, and titratable acidity (TA) in storage. The +HW-D7-E10- or E20-treated fruit had higher hue angle than E0, but firmness, total soluble solids, TA, pH, and respiration rate did not differ. Internal ethanol and acetaldehyde were very high in slices from +HW, D4 and D7, E20 and −HW-D7-E20-treated fruit. A sensory panel could perceive higher firmness and acidity in slices from fruit treated with ethanol. However, E20 induced off-flavor, and these fruit were least preferred. Ethanol exposure on fruit was repeated with purchased mangoes that had been subjected to a commercial quarantine heat treatment. A second heat treatment of 18 h at 38 ◦ C and 98% relative humidity was added to one batch of fruit in this experiment. Ethanol vapors did not result in delayed ripening in those mangoes. However, this treatment inhibited microbial growth. The second heat treatment did not improve fresh-cut mango shelf life, and further, microbial growth increased compared to other treatments. It is concluded that, due to inconsistent results, ethanol vapor applied for 20 h to whole mangoes prior to processing for fresh-cut is not a practical approach to delay ripening; however, at lower doses (10 h), it could be used as a safe microbial control in a fresh-cut production sanitation system. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Preparation of polyamides via the phosphorylation reaction. Poly-4,4′-benzanilides

4,4′-Diaminobenzanilide (DAB) was reacted with diacids via the Yamazaki phosphorylation reaction to yield simple polyamides and random copolyamides. The use of DAB was found to promote polycondensation because DAB contains a preformed amide linkage which minimizes the amounts of by-products formed. It also maximizes polymer solubility since the monomer is unsymmetrical. The order of the inherent viscosity values of the polymers obtained from DAB by reaction with different diacids, isophthalic > aliphatic > terephthalic, was found to parallel polymer solubility in the reaction medium. The inherent viscosity of the polyamide based on terephthalic acid, DAB-T, was increased greatly by copolymerization, isophthalic acid being more effective than an aliphatic diacid in this regard. None of the polymers formed a thermotropic nematic phase, but the copolymer having an equimolar ratio of terephthalic and adipic acid formed anisotropic solutions in 100% sulfuric acid at polymer concentrations exceeding 40%. Strong films were cast from such solutions.
Sustainability through use of seawater for space cooling — Applications in California & Florida

The paper describes a sustainable strategy of using seawater for space cooling on large scales. The temperature of deep seawater can be around 38degF about 2,500 ft below sea level, which makes the seawater an excellent coolant, resulting in significant energy savings of up to 90% compared to electric cooling. It is estimated that Florida and California could reduce their peak electricity demands by about 5-10% if deep seawater is used extensively for space cooling, which would avoid CO2 emissions by millions of tons annually.
QIL1 is a novel mitochondrial protein required for MICOS complex stability and cristae morphology

Mitochondria are the cell's power plants, and churn out molecules that provide a portable energy source throughout the cell. To do this efficiently, the mitochondria have a double membrane. The inner membrane is ruffled, which provides a large surface area for energy-producing reactions to occur on. Structures called cristae junctions and contact sites hold the folds of the inner membrane in place. As mitochondria are found in every cell in the body, mitochondrial diseases can produce a wide range of symptoms, but they commonly affect the muscles. In some forms of these diseases, the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is no longer folded; instead, the membrane may form concentric rings like the layers of an onion. Knowing how the folding of the inner membrane is regulated may therefore help scientists to better understand mitochondrial diseases. Scientists already know that several proteins join together to form a complex that anchors the mitochondrion's inner membrane to its outer membrane at cristae junctions. To learn more about the proteins involved in these complexes, Guarani et al. systematically screened for proteins that associate with cristae junctions and found a previously unknown protein called QIL1. Next, Guarani et al. conducted a series of experiments to determine what role QIL1 plays at the cristae junctions. The experiments showed that QIL1 is needed to bind a protein called MIC10 into the protein complex that anchors the cristae junctions to the outer membrane. In human and fruit fly cells without QIL1, this protein complex falls apart and is not repaired if extra MIC10 is added into the cells. Furthermore, in human cells lacking QIL1, the inner mitochondrial membrane forms the same onion-like rings seen in the cells of humans with mitochondrial diseases. Future studies are necessary to understand how the structure of the QIL1 complex is organized and to work out how the complex is capable of causing the mitochondrial inner membrane to curve.
Clinical Inquiry as Scientific Training

This article addresses the prospect of approaching clinical inquiry as a scientific activity and considering counseling practice as a context for the scientific training of the counseling psychologist. Problems in attempting to find a common ground between clinical teaching and research training are first discussed. A nonadversarial relationship between research and practice is sought by acknowledging common issues of epistemology and proposing a continuum of knowledge processes used by the scientist-practitioner in research and practice. It is proposed that scientific training needs to be defined not only by the ability to conduct formal research but also in terms of the development of those attitudes, skills, and qualities of mind that are essential to all investigative activities and acts of knowing in human inquiry. Recommendations for areas of training emphasis are made on the basis of cognitive research and the experience of teaching research, clinical inquiry, and practice as philosophically linked...
Matching salt intake to physiological need in rats using foraging protocols

Several studies of the quantitative relationship between sodium need and sodium intake in rats are reviewed. Using acute diuretic treatment 24 h beforehand, intake matches need fairly accurately when intake is spread out in time by using a hypotonic solution of NaCl. In contrast, using a hypertonic solution, intake is typically double the need. Using the same diuretic treatment, although the natriuresis occurs within ~1 h, the appetite appears only slowly over 24 h. Increased plasma levels of aldosterone parallel the increased intake; however, treatment with metyrapone blocks the rise in aldosterone but has no effect on appetite. Satiation of sodium appetite was studied in rats using sodium loss induced by chronic diuretic treatment and daily salt consumption sessions. When a simulated foraging cost was imposed on NaCl access in the form of a progressive ratio lever press task, rats showed satiation for NaCl (break point) after consuming an amount close to their estimated deficit. The chronic diuretic regimen produced hypovolemia and large increases in plasma aldosterone concentration and renin activity. These parameters were reversed to or toward non-depleted control values at the time of behavioral satiation in the progressive ratio protocol. Satiation mechanisms for sodium appetite thus do appear to exist. However, they do not operate quantitatively when concentrated salt is available at no effort, but instead allow overconsumption. There are reasons to believe that such a bias toward overconsumption may have been beneficial over evolutionary time, but such biasing for salt and other commodities is maladaptive in a resource-rich environment.
EL MONÓLOGO DRAMÁTICO EN LA ANTIPOESÍA DE NICANOR PARRA

espanolEl monologo dramatico, un genero literario desarrollado en el siglo XIX por los poetas ingleses Robert Browning y Alfred Tennyson, sigue vigente en la antipoesia de Nicanor Parra donde resaltan sus aportes mas marcados: la apertura de la poesia al lenguaje hablado cotidiano y a la actualidad; la claridad sintactica y lexica; la sustitucion del sujeto lirico romantico por un personaje que cada vez mas se va alejando del yo empirico del poeta; la incorporacion de distintos discursos linguisticos y el creciente caracter dramatico de las enunciaciones. El monologo dramatico antipoetico comienza con poemas/mascaras/autorretratos en que el hablante se puede confundir y hasta identificar con el poeta. Poco a poco se van ensayando otras voces, el mendigo atracador de “Cancion para correr el sombrero”, Lazaro y especialmente el Cristo de Elqui, que es a la vez un personaje contradictorio e independiente del poeta y un arma para decir lo que la censura y la dictadura no permitirian. Los discursos de sobremesa son una especie de monologo dramatico tambien y emplean los recursos esenciales del genero: un personaje hablante no necesariamente identificable con el autor/actor que se dirige a un interlocutor que no habla nunca pero que esta implicito en el discurso. EnglishThe dramatic monologue, a genre developed in the nineteenth century by the English poets Robert Browning and Alfred Tennyson, is present in the antipoetry of Nicanor Parra highlighting its major contributions: the opening of poetry to everyday, spoken language and to the present moment; a clear and straightforward syntax and lexicon; the replacement of the lyric Romantic subject with a character who gradually distances himself from the empirical I of the poet; the inclusion of a variety of linguistic discourses and the ever-increasing dramatic nature of the poetic enunciations. The dramatic monologue in Parra’s antipoetry begins with poems that act as masks and self portraits in which the speaker can easily be confused with and even identified as the poet himself. Gradually other voices are introduced, the aggressive beggar in “Song to Pass the Hat”, Lazarus, and especially the Christ of Elqui, who is a contradictory character independent of the author as well as a mechanism for eluding the censors during the Pinochet dictatorship. The After Dinner Speeches are yet another form of dramatic monologue since they use the genre’s essential strategies: a speaker not necessarily identifiable with the author/actor who addresses an audience that never speaks but is implicitly included in the speech.
Thinking from the Heart: Neurocristopathy, Aortic Abnormalities, and Intracranial Aneurysms.

he formation of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) has been intensively investigated due to its potential for devasT tating consequences. Numerous studies have documented the strong association between aneurysm pathophysiology and “traditional” atherosclerotic risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and vessel wall inflammation. The presence of multiple aneurysms and familial occurrence, however, raises the valid question of the extent to which genetically determined factors contribute to the phenotype of an innate arteriopathy. Such an association between IAs and several monogenic or polygenic syndromes is well known.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF WEASEL FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

A new genus and species of weasel is named and described from the early Pleistocene Java local fauna of South Dakota. The animal was a small, highly carnivorous species characterized by loss of the second lower premolar, loss of metacone and metacone root on the first upper molar, specialized orbital region, and other unusual features. The genus morphologically resembles Mustela , but the specialized dentition and orbital region disallow close evolutionary ties with extinct or extant species of Mustela .
Military Tacit Knowledge Elicitation in Written versus Online Settings

This report is part of a project to create automated self-assessment tools for military leadership in the U.S. Army, using a novel automatic, language understanding, text-based distributed collaborative learning and problem solving environment that allows leaders to share their tacit and doctrinal knowledge. The online newsgroup-like environment has several automated features, such as the capability of finding semantically related notes entered by any other participant and providing quick and meaningful access to every paragraph in an electronic library of relevant information. Groups of officers from Lieutenants to Lieutenant Colonels were told to respond to online and written scenarios derived from Army tacit knowledge assessment tests. Results indicated that mean quality ratings from officers assessed in the online environment were consistently higher than those from responses in a paper and pencil based setting. These initial positive indications support the notion that this online setting can be usef...
Effect of food on metamorphic competence in the model system Crepidula fornicata.

Food quality and quantity, as well as temperature, are all factors that are expected to affect rates of development, and are likely to be affected by expected climatic change. We tested the effect of a mixed diet versus a single-food diet on metamorphic competence in the emerging model species Crepidula fornicata. We then compared our results with other published studies on this species that examined time to metamorphic competence across a range of food concentrations and rearing temperatures. Ours was the only study to test the effects of single food versus a mixed diet on metamorphic competence for this species. Diet composition did not affect metamorphic competence or survivorship. Comparing results across studies, we found that the shortest time to metamorphic competence was typically found when the food availability per larva was the greatest, independent of rearing temperature. Unfortunately, some published studies did not include important metadata needed for comparison with other studies; these da...
Follow-up of Women With Negative Pap Test Results and Abnormal Clinical Signs or Symptoms

Objectives: Abnormal signs or symptoms recorded on Papanicolaou (Pap) test requisitions may reflect disease not detected with Pap testing. Since 2009, these cases have been reviewed in our laboratory by a second cytotechnologist and a cytopathologist. The objective of this study was to document follow-up findings on these patients. Methods: A search for Pap test results of “Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, abnormal clinical signs or symptoms” was performed for cases from January 1, 2009, to October 10, 2013. Clinical information and follow-up findings were documented. Results: 1,104 cases were identified. Signs and symptoms were abnormal bleeding 897 (81%), polyps 83 (8%), pelvic mass 54 (5%), visible cervical lesions 48 (4%), vaginal lesions 17 (2%) and endometrial masses 6 (0.5%). Six hundred sixty-seven (60%) had follow-up results, including 517 with histopathologic diagnoses. Two-hundred thirty-three (45%) had nonspecific benign diagnoses, 216 (42%) had benign tumor-like conditions, 28 (4%) had insufficient specimens, 16 (3%) had precancerous diagnoses and 23 (4%) had malignancies. Endometrial malignancy was identified in 14 (61%), ovarian in 6 (26%), and miscellaneous in 3 (13%). No cervical cancers were identified. Conclusions: We report follow-up findings from patients with abnormal clinical signs or symptoms, negative Pap test results, and follow-up recommendations highlighting reported abnormal signs or symptoms. Abnormal clinical signs and symptoms should routinely be considered in assessment and management of patients with negative cervical screening test results.
Numerical Investigation on Effects of Equivalence Ratio on Two-phase Detonation Wave Formation

Deflagration to Detonation Transition (DDT) phenomena of liquid fuel octane droplets in air in detonation tube are simulated here. The numerical formulation is described, on which code-CPTD is developed. Basic properties of liquid-fueled detonation structure together with the effects of partial preevaporation and droplet amount on detonation structure and development are investigated in current study. Simulations reveal that the presence of some amount of initial fuel vapor in the tube will substantially expedite transition to detonation, on the other hand, the existence of some fuel droplets may exhibit a suppression to detonation wave, and increasing amount or concentration of fuel droplets will delay deflagration to detonation transition. The calculations show that the numerical results are in good agreement with experimental ones, which implies that a feasible numerical method has been provided here to simulate pulse detonation engine operation processes including DDT phenomena.
Compensating Balances: A New Look

Average balances in a business checking account at commercial banks derive out of excess receipts over disbursements during the course of a normal month of transaction activity. Such balances - which are in a sense volunteered to the bank by the customer - can serve to lower the nominal loan coupon rate charged to commercial customers since the bank can earn returns by re-lending the balances to other borrowers. Banks have named such balances compensating balances in the sense that the bank gives a credit to, or compensates, borrowers for balances the borrower can do nothing about but which the bank can use. Banks set compensating balance requirements for the borrower as a means of keeping such valuable balances from being moved to other banks. Banks tend to try to set balance requirements to equal the voluntary balances provided by each customer. Borrowers with thin balances would receive less compensation and would be required to pay a higher nominal loan rate on a line of credit. Thus, balances and loan rates are traded off. This article also shows the circumstance where the loan rate cannot be traded off with balances. When a given percentage compensating balances is required of all customers, and a customer voluntarily provides smaller balances, the bank is in a position where the combination of loan rate and balances might not compensate for risk and services provided. In such a circumstance, the bank will require the customer to borrow additional balances to pull the combined rate up to an acceptable level.
Microwave irradiation and ambient temperature interact to alter rat behavior following overnight exposure.

AbstractEach of twelve male hooded rats was trained to insert its head into a food cup for food pellets on a random-interval schedule of reinforcement. After performance stabilized, the rats were assorted into 3 groups of 4 animals. Groups were matched for response rates. Animals were exposed in groups of 4 for 15.5 h to CW 2450-MHz microwaves once every 6 nights. Animals of each group were exposed to microwaves at only one power density, either 5, 10, or 15 mW/cm2; they were exposed three times at an ambient temperature of 22°C, then three times at 28°C, and then once more at 22°C. The relative humidity was 50% during all exposures. Rats were sham irradiated (at 0 mW/cm2) the night before each microwave exposure. Behavior was tested daily after termination of microwave irradiation of after sham exposures. None of the exposures to microwaves at 22°C altered rates or durations of responding. Exposures at 28°C reduced response rates and increased response durations in direct relation to the power density. T...
Calcium-dependent inactivation of recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors is NR2 subunit specific

Intracellular Ca2+ can reversibly reduce the activity of native N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in hippocampal neurons, a phenomenon termed Ca2+-dependent inactivation. We examined inactivation in heteromeric NMDA receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells using whole-cell recording. NR1-1a/2A heteromers showed reversible inactivation that was very similar to native NMDA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons. Inactivation was dependent on the extracellular Ca2+ concentration and the degree of intracellular Ca2+ buffering. In 2 mM extracellular Ca2+, inactivation resulted in a 46.1 +/- 12.6% reduction in the whole-cell current during a 5-sec agonist application. Inactivation of NR1-1a/2A heteromers was unaffected by calcineurin inhibitors, staurosporine, or phalloidin. NR1-1a/2D heteromers also showed a similar degree of inactivation. In contrast, NR1-1a/2B and NR1-1a/2C heteromers showed no significant inactivation. At saturating concentrations of NMDA (1 mM), NR1-1a/2A heteromers also showed Ca- and glycine-independent desensitization, as seen in native hippocampal neurons. Ca(2+)- and glycine-independent desensitization was less pronounced in NR1-1a/2B heteromers and absent in NR1-1a/2C heteromers. Activation of NR1-1a/2C heteromers triggered intracellular Ca2+ transients similar to NR1-1a/2A heteromers as verified by combined Ca2+ imaging and whole-cell recording. Thus differences in Ca2+ permeability were not responsible for the lack of inactivation in NR1-1a/2C heteromers. Our results show that inactivation of recombinant NMDA receptors requires either the NR2A or NR2D subunit, whereas both inactivation and desensitization were absent in NR2C-containing receptors. The gating of inactivating NMDA receptors is more likely to be influenced by ongoing NMDA receptor activity and Ca2+ transients, perhaps consistent with the prominent expression of NR2A in hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
The role of researchers in disseminating evidence to public health practice settings: a cross-sectional study

Evidence-based public health interventions, which research has demonstrated offer the most promise for improving the population’s health, are not always utilized in practice settings. The extent to which dissemination from researchers to public health practice settings occurs is not widely understood. This study examines the extent to which public health researchers in the United States are disseminating their research findings to local and state public health departments. In a 2012, nationwide study, an online questionnaire was administered to 266 researchers from the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and universities to determine dissemination practices. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between dissemination to state and/or local health departments and respondent characteristics, facilitators, and barriers to dissemination. Slightly over half of the respondents (58%) disseminated their findings to local and/or state health departments. After adjusting for other respondent characteristics, respondents were more likely to disseminate their findings to health departments if they worked for a university Prevention Research Center or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or received their degree more than 20 years ago. Those who had ever worked in a practice or policy setting, those who thought dissemination was important to their own research and/or to the work of their unit/department, and those who had expectations set by their employers and/or funding agencies were more likely to disseminate after adjusting for work place, graduate degree and/or fellowship in public health, and the year the highest academic degree was received. There is still room for improvement in strengthening dissemination ties between researchers and public health practice settings, and decreasing the barriers researchers face during the dissemination process. Researchers could better utilize national programs or workshops, knowledge brokers, or opportunities provided through academic institutions to become more proficient in dissemination practices.
Effects of oral doses of corn oil and other factors on preweaning survival and growth of piglets.

Piglets were provided supplemental energy as oral doses of corn oil to find whether such treatment might improve survival or weight gains. A total of 1,840 piglets from 182 litters was used. Piglets were allotted to dosed and control treatments within litter on the basis of body weight. Dosed piglets received a total of 8 ml of corn oil in four doses during the first 48 h postpartum. The survival rate to weaning was high and not affected (P greater than .10) by the corn oil doses. Deaths of piglets low in birth weight were delayed by the fat doses, suggesting some utilization. The fat doses did not affect piglet weight gain. Factors affecting preweaning survival and growth of piglets were also evaluated using data from the same piglets. Specific factors investigated were sex, parity of dam, birth weight, litter size and the mean and standard deviation of piglet birth weights within litters. Male piglets were heavier at birth than females, but there was no sex effect on weight at 7 d or at weaning. Small males were less likely to survive to 3 d than were small females. Litters from primiparous sows were smaller at birth and weaning, but had lower percentages of stillbirths and of preweaning deaths than did those from multiparous sows. Piglets from primiparous sows were more uniform in birth weight. Piglets that were heavier at birth grew faster and were more likely to survive. Litter size affected growth but not survival of piglets. A heavier average birth weight in the litter reduced slightly the growth rate of individual piglets. An increase in variability of piglet birth weight within a litter was associated with an increase of the percentages of stillbirths and of preweaning mortality. A few litters accounted for a major portion of the mortality. Much of the variation in piglet mortality and growth was not explained by factors considered.
Abstract 280: Mayo Clinic Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Risk Score in Octogenerians Undergoing Acute Coronary Intervention

Introduction: Octogenarians comprise an increasing proportion of patients undergoing coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary interventional (PCI). Most interventional studies have focused on patients aged 50-65 years and as such there is paucity of scientific evidence regarding interventions in octogenarians. The Mayo clinic percutaneous coronary intervention risk score (MCRS) has been used to calculate the risk of patients undergoing PCI. We sought to determine the utility of MCRS in predicting clinical events in octogenarians in a busy community health care system. Methods: We tested the integer based mayo clinic risk score (MCRS) to predict clinical outcomes of 1173 consecutive octogenarians requiring urgent coronary interventions. Urgent coronary intervention was defined as PCI within 24 hours of the admission symptom onset. The MCRS was categorized into 3 score categories (Low:0-1%), (Moderate 2-8 %) and (High risk ≥ 11% ) Patients were then followed longitudinally for cardiovascular clinical outcomes. Clinical outcomes measured include readmission, all cause and cardiovascular mortality, revascularization and emergent coronary artery bypass at 30 days and 1 year of the index event. Results: There were 1173 patients that met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 84 +/− 4 yrs. Fifty-two percent (610) were female. Ninety Four percent (1103) presented with chest pain on admission. Eighty seven percent (1020) had hypertension while 77% (903) had hyperlipidemia. Mean body mass index was 26+/− 4(kg/m2). The expected MCRS for the low, moderate and high risk category patients were 1%, 6% and 11% respectively, while the observed event rate in the corresponding categories for the 30 day adverse event rate was 1% (p=0.001), 8% (p=0.04) and 16% (p=NS). At one year the observed event rate for each corresponding category was 3%, (p=NS), 10% (p=NS) and 19%(P=NS). Conclusion: The Mayo clinic percutaneous coronary intervention risk score correlated well with expected and observed 30-day clinical outcomes in octogenarians with low to moderate risk categorization. In the high-risk patients the 30 day and 1 year outcomes had poor correlation between expected and observed events.
A Review of “Forging Napoleon's Grande Armée: Motivation, Military Culture, and Masculinity in the French Army 1800–1808“: Hughes, Michael, New York: New York University Press 296 pp., $45.00, ISBN 081473748X Publication Date: May 2012

Michael Hughes, associate professor of history at Iona College, has executed a masterful book on two fronts. Titled Forging Napoleon's Grande Armee: Motivation, Military Culture, and Masculinity in...
A Double-Edged Sword? Predicting Consumers’ Attitudes Toward and Sharing Intention of Native Advertising on Social Media

Despite the increasing popularity and advantage of native advertising on social media, advertisers are concerned about the possibility of native ads misleading consumers, resulting in boomerang eff...
The Use of Epinephrine in Caudal Anesthesia Increases Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Children

Background and Objectives Caudal anesthesia is a common and effective regional anesthesia technique in pediatric patients. The addition of epinephrine to local anesthetics in caudal anesthesia is a frequent practice; however, changes in hemodynamic and cardiac parameters produced by epinephrine in caudal anesthesia are not well studied. Using data collected with the ICON noninvasive cardiac output monitor, we examined the hemodynamic changes associated with the administration of epinephrine containing local anesthetics during caudal anesthesia in children. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 40 patients who received caudal anesthesia among 402 patients from whom we prospectively collected continuous noninvasive cardiac output data using the ICON monitor, which estimates cardiac output by measuring changes in thoracic bioimpedance during the cardiac cycle. Twenty-three children received epinephrine with local anesthetic (ELA), and 17 children received only local anesthetic (OLA) in their caudal blocks. We compared heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and cardiac index (CI) changes from baseline before caudal injection to 1-minute intervals over 15 minutes after caudal injection for both ELA and OLA groups (Table, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com-AAP-A179). We also performed subgroup analysis of the same parameters comparing both ELA and OLA groups in infants younger than 6 months and in children 6 months or older. Results Stroke volume, CO, and CI are significantly increased after caudal injection in the ELA group compared with baseline values at caudal injection time. Conversely, there were no statistically significant changes in SV, CO, and CI in the OLA group. There were no significant HR or blood pressure changes observed in either the ELA or OLA group within 15 minutes compared with baseline caudal injection time. In infants younger than 6 months, no significant differences were found in HR, SV, and CI in children in the ELA group compared with the OLA group. In children 6 months or older, SV and CI increased significantly in the ELA group compared with the OLA group. Conclusions Epinephrine added to local anesthetic injected for caudal anesthesia produces significant increases in SV, CO, and CI in children. Stroke volume and CI changes from epinephrine added to local anesthetic for caudal anesthesia seem to take place only in children 6 months or older.
Big Data, Sport, and the Digital Divide: Theorizing How Athletes Might Respond to Big Data Monitoring

This article considers the relationship between Big Data and the athlete. Where Beer and Hutchins have focused on Big Data and sport, this article concentrates on the athlete’s potential response t...
The impact of academic competency teasing and self-concept on academic and psychological outcomes among gifted high school students

Abstract The relationships between low competency teasing, academic self-concept, and academic outcomes (i.e., GPA and academic psychological engagement) were analyzed using data from approximately 200 artistically and academically gifted students (62.2% female) recruited from two high schools. Results demonstrated two significant models for academic outcomes: the negative relationship between low academic competency teasing and GPA was mediated by academic self-concept, and the negative relationship between low academic competency teasing and academic psychological engagement was mediated by academic self-concept. When the sample was split based on giftedness domain, the mediation using GPA was significant only for academically gifted students, whereas the mediation using academic psychological engagement was significant only for artistically gifted students. All mediations were confirmed using Sobel's test (1982). Results suggest that academic self-concept is a significant variable partially mediating the effects of teasing on gifted students' academic outcomes. Furthermore, giftedness domain should be emphasized because academic outcomes may vary by domain.
An analytical model and scaling of chordwise flexible flapping wings in forward flight

Aerodynamic performance of biological flight characterized by the fluid structure interaction of a flapping wing and the surrounding fluid is affected by the wing flexibility. One of the main challenges to predict aerodynamic forces is that the wing shape and motion are a priori unknown. In this study, we derive an analytical fluid-structure interaction model for a chordwise flexible flapping two-dimensional airfoil in forward flight. A plunge motion is imposed on the rigid leading-edge (LE) of teardrop shape and the flexible tail dynamically deforms. The resulting unsteady aeroelasticity is modeled with the Euler–Bernoulli–Theodorsen equation under a small deformation assumption. The two-way coupling is realized by considering the trailing-edge deformation relative to the LE as passive pitch, affecting the unsteady aerodynamics. The resulting wing deformation and the aerodynamic performance including lift and thrust agree well with high-fidelity numerical results. Under the dynamic balance, the aeroelastic stiffness decreases, whereas the aeroelastic stiffness increases with the reduced frequency. A novel aeroelastic frequency ratio is derived, which scales with the wing deformation, lift, and thrust. Finally, the dynamic similarity between flapping in water and air is established.
Abundant off-fault seismicity and orthogonal structures in the San Jacinto fault zone.

The trifurcation area of the San Jacinto fault zone has produced more than 10% of all earthquakes in southern California since 2000, including the June 2016 Mw (moment magnitude) 5.2 Borrego Springs earthquake. In this area, the fault splits into three subparallel strands and is associated with broad VP /VS anomalies. We synthesize spatiotemporal properties of historical background seismicity and aftershocks of the June 2016 event. A template matching technique is used to detect and locate more than 23,000 aftershocks, which illuminate highly complex active fault structures in conjunction with a high-resolution regional catalog. The hypocenters form dipping seismicity lineations both along strike and nearly orthogonal to the main fault, and are composed of interlaced strike-slip and normal faults. The primary faults change dip with depth and become listric by transitioning to a dip of ~70° near a depth of 10 km. The Mw 5.2 Borrego Springs earthquake and past events with M > 4.0 occurred on the main faults, whereas most of the low-magnitude events are located in a damage zone (several kilometers wide) at seismogenic depths. The lack of significant low-magnitude seismicity on the main fault traces suggests that they do not creep. The very high rate of aftershocks likely reflects the large geometrical fault complexity and perhaps a relatively high stress due to a significant length of time elapsed since the last major event. The results provide important insights into the physics of faulting near the brittle-ductile transition.
Allelic frequencies of the hs1.2 enhancer within the immunoglobulin heavy chain region in Dayton, Ohio patients screened for celiac disease with duodenal biopsy.

Abstract Background Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of celiac disease (CD), but specific genetic predisposing factors remain poorly understood. One candidate is allele 2 of the hs1.2 enhancer within the immunoglobulin heavy chain region. In humans, there are four possible alleles and a previous study of an Italian cohort demonstrated a significantly increased frequency of allele 2 in patients with CD. Aims The purpose of the current study was to determine if a similar association between allele 2 and CD exists in an American population from Dayton, OH. Methods Subjects were screened for CD via esophagogastroduodenoscopy with duodenal biopsy. All biopsies were microscopically scored using a modified Marsh-Oberhuber classification. DNA was isolated from patients’ buccal cells for hs1.2 genotype analysis using PCR. Results Unlike the Italian cohort, allele 2 frequency was not significantly different in patients with histopathologic evidence of CD compared to patients without such evidence. However, our patient population as a whole demonstrated a significantly increased allele 2 frequency when compared to that previously reported within diverse ethnic populations. Conclusions Since our comparative control patients do not necessarily reflect a healthy control population, an overall increase in allele 2 may reflect an association between allele 2 of the hs1.2 enhancer and a spectrum of gastrointestinal disorders.
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy—Part II: Coefficient of variation of RR-variation and valsalva maneuver tests☆

To confirm the reliability and validity of cardiovascular autonomic nervous system tests, RR-variation and Valsalva maneuver, coefficient of variation for triplicate tests was calculated. The testing data were collected from patients participating in the Statil Neuropathy Trial. Triplicate testing was done within a three-week period at three different time points: baseline, 12 months, and 18 months. BMDP Statistical Software was used in the analysis. There is no significant difference between the coefficients of variation between clinics for either RR-variation or Valsalva maneuver tests. The coefficient of variation of pooled data was not significantly different from the coefficient of variation of individual clinics. Furthermore, there was no evidence that there was a significant worsening of coefficient of variation with time. Thus, RR-variation and Valsalva maneuver provide reliable and reproducible results that do not vary in consistency over time.
Computational reproducibility of “Goal relevance and goal conduciveness appraisals lead to differential autonomic reactivity in emotional responding to performance feedback” (Kreibig, Gendolla, & Scherer, 2012): A guide and new evidence

The emerging field of the psychophysiology of motivation bears many new findings, but little replication. Using my own data (Kreibig, Gendolla, & Scherer, 2012), I test the reproducibility of this specific study, provide the necessary materials to make the study reproducible, and instantiate proper reproducibility practices that other researchers can use as a road map toward the same goal. In addition, based on re-analyses of the original data, I report new evidence for the motivational effects of emotional responding to performance feedback. Specifically, greater appraisal of goal relevance amplifies the emotional response to events appraised as conducive (i.e., effort mobilization), but not to those appraised as obstructive to a person's goals (i.e., effort withdrawal). I conclude by providing a ten-step road map of best practices to facilitate computational reproducibility for future studies.
Regional grassland productivity responses to precipitation during multiyear above- and below-average rainfall periods

There is considerable uncertainty in the magnitude and direction of changes in precipitation associated with climate change, and ecosystem responses are also uncertain. Multiyear periods of above- and below-average rainfall may foretell consequences of changes in rainfall regime. We compiled long-term aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and precipitation (PPT) data for eight North American grasslands, and quantified relationships between ANPP and PPT at each site, and in 1-3 year periods of above- and below-average rainfall for mesic, semiarid cool, and semiarid warm grassland types. Our objective was to improve understanding of ANPP dynamics associated with changing climatic conditions by contrasting PPT-ANPP relationships in above- and below-average PPT years to those that occurred during sequences of multiple above- and below-average years. We found differences in PPT-ANPP relationships in above- and below-average years compared to long-term site averages, and variation in ANPP not explained by PPT totals that likely are attributed to legacy effects. The correlation between ANPP and current- and prior-year conditions changed from year to year throughout multiyear periods, with some legacy effects declining, and new responses emerging. Thus, ANPP in a given year was influenced by sequences of conditions that varied across grassland types and climates. Most importantly, the influence of prior-year ANPP often increased with the length of multiyear periods, whereas the influence of the amount of current-year PPT declined. Although the mechanisms by which a directional change in the frequency of above- and below-average years imposes a persistent change in grassland ANPP require further investigation, our results emphasize the importance of legacy effects on productivity for sequences of above- vs. below-average years, and illustrate the utility of long-term data to examine these patterns.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Intermediate‐ and Low‐Risk Patients

Initially restricted to high‐risk and inoperable patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS), transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is increasingly being offered to younger and lower‐risk patients with fewer comorbidities who are otherwise good operative candidates and until
Economic underpinnings of violent extremism: A cross country exploration of repeated survey data

Abstract This paper attempts to identify the economic underpinnings of the support for acts of violent extremism (VE). We explore some demographic and economic characteristics of individuals who express support for acts of violent extremism (VE) by using an extensive cross-country multi-year survey dataset ranging from 2007 to 2014. A growing body of empirical research has focused on examining the various socio-economic underpinnings of violent extremism. The results have been inconclusive, at times contradictory and often based on limited set of case studies or smaller single time period cross-section datasets. In this study we use information on a little over forty-eight thousand individuals in 12 countries to evaluate the connections between socio-economic status and support for extremism. While the impact of the socio-economic characteristics on support for violence remains inconclusive in this analysis, we do find interesting and significant results when we interact individual economic status variables with the overall economic growth of the country. Unemployment status and having lower levels of education have significant impacts on the likelihood of support for VE when interacted with country level growth rate. We conclude that inequality or a feeling of being left out-being unemployed, in higher growth countries might be the key to understanding the economic underpinnings of violent extremism.
Short-Term Mortality and Retention Associated with Tagging Age-0 Walleye Using Passive Integrated Transponders Without Anesthesia

Abstract The ability to individually mark juvenile fishes has important implications for fisheries management. For example, marking age-0 Walleye Sander vitreus could provide important information not provided by batch-marking, including individual variation in growth and estimates of length-dependent survival and recruitment. However, the relatively small size of age-0 Walleye in northern temperate lakes has precluded use of many common tagging methods that provide information on individual fish (e.g., various anchor tags, jaw tags). Consequently, we evaluated short-term mortality and retention associated with using 12-mm passive integrated transponders (PITs) to mark age-0 Walleye (total length range = 93–216 mm; mean total length = 157 mm) by conducting 48-h within-lake net-pen trials and 7-d hatchery trials during September–October of 2015 and 2016. We did not anesthetize age-0 Walleye prior to PIT tagging. Our assessment allowed us to determine whether post-tagging mortality and PIT retention varied ...
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver pathology. It is frequently associated with insulin resistance and obesity. Because no previous study has been described of its prevalence in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), it was hypothesized that NAFLD may be more frequent in PCOS. A retrospective study of 88 consecutive women with PCOS, using the classic 1990 National Institutes of Health criteria, was studied, with ultrasonography of the liver. Its severity was graded as absent, mild, moderate, or severe by radiological criteria. The overall incidence of NAFLD in the group was 55%. An increased rate of steatosis was associated with a higher median body mass index (BMI) and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance. Only 15% of women in the PCOS group had abnormal liver chemistries. Nonobese women with PCOS also demonstrated a significant prevalence of NAFLD when compared with control subjects. In conclusion, NAFLD is very common in women with PCOS, even in nonobese women with the syndrome, and appears to be associated with higher BMI and insulin resistance.
Introduction to Magnetic Exchange: Dimers and Clusters

Probably the most interesting aspect of magnetochemistry concerns the interactions between magnetic ions. The remainder of this book is largely devoted to this subject, beginning in this chapter with the simplest example, that which occurs in a dimer. The principles concerning short-range order that evolve here are surprisingly useful for studies on more-extended systems.
The semi-supervised switchboard transcription project.

In previous work, we proposed a new graph-based semisupervised learning (SSL) algorithm and showed that it outperforms other state-of-the-art SSL approaches for classifying documents and web-pages. Here we use a multi-threaded implementation in order to scale the algorithm to very large data sets. We treat the phonetically annotated portion of the Switchboard transcription project (STP) as labeled data and automatically annotate (at the phonetic level) the Switchboard I (SWB) training set and show that our proposed approach outperforms stateof-the-art SSL algorithms as well as a state-of-the-art strictly supervised classifier. As a result, we have STP-style annotations of the entire SWB-I training set which we refer to as semisupervised STP (S3TP).