cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of pressure on the viscosity of N2CO2 mixtures

Abstract The paper describes precise measurements of the viscosity of the binary mixture N2CO2 at 20C over a range of pressures from 1 to 21 atm. The viscosity was measured with the aid of an oscillating-disk viscometer developed by the authors. The measurement was an absolute one with an estimated accuracy of 0.05%. The composition of the mixtures was determined from the measured pressures during filling with the aid of the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation. It is believed that the molar fractions were determined with an uncertainty of I%. This is by far the largest uncertainty of the measurements. The pressure effect on the viscosity of the pure components at 20C was determined in the same instrument leading to internally consistent data. A comparison is made with Wilkes' equation for the viscosity of binary mixtures but the deviations from proportionality predicted by it are opposite to those measured. No comparison with the results of calculations based on inter-molecular potentials were possible.
Short-term variations in slip rate and size of prehistoric earthquakes during the past 2000 years on the northern San Jacinto fault zone, a major plate-boundary structure in southern California

Most of the displacement across the North American−Pacific plate boundary in southern California is accommodated by the San Jacinto and the southern San Andreas fault zones. If and how the rate of displacement across these fault zones varies along strike and through time are still being resolved. Here, we present four calculations of late Holocene slip rate and average slip per event from the Claremont fault of the northern San Jacinto fault zone that show variations in strain distribution over the past 2000 yr and illustrate how plate-boundary displacement is distributed between the San Jacinto and southern San Andreas fault zones. We calculate a slip rate of 12.8–18.3 mm/yr and an average slip per event of 2.5 m from two measurements of streams offset by 9–11 earthquakes in the past 1500–2000 yr. Faster slip rates of 21–30 mm/yr and an average slip per event of 2.7–3 m were determined from measurements of a stream and a buried channel that were offset by three earthquakes in the past 400–500 yr. The 2000 yr slip rate is similar to the range in slip rates reported for the adjacent San Bernardino section of the San Andreas fault zone, suggesting that the northern San Jacinto accommodates a similar amount of displacement as the San Andreas fault zone at the same latitude. The rate is also slightly faster (by ∼2–3 mm/yr) than reported slip rates from the central San Jacinto fault zone to the southeast. A slip rate of 15 ± 2 mm/yr is within the range of uncertainty for almost all the geologic and geodetic data for the entire length of the San Jacinto fault zone and may be the best approximation for long-term average slip rate of the fault zone. Alternatively, 2–3 mm/yr of slip along the northern San Jacinto fault zone may be accommodated to the south along the lesser-studied Hot Springs, Thomas Mountain, Buck Ridge, and Santa Rosa faults, the lateral slip rates of which are not well known nor included in typical estimates of slip rate along the central San Jacinto fault zone. We infer that the faster slip rate over the past 500 yr is due to a cluster of earthquakes along the Claremont fault between A.D. 1400 and A.D. 1850 and larger-than-average surface displacement of 3 m or more during the third event back. The 3 m or more measurement of displacement in this event corresponds to rupture lengths that are slightly longer than the total length of the Claremont fault, and previously published paleoseismic data indicate that this event occurred coincident in time with an event on the adjacent Clark fault. We propose that this combination of slip per event data and paleoseismic data from adjacent fault strands is strong evidence for rupture through the releasing step over that separates these two segments of the San Jacinto fault zone.
Neonatal Encephalopathy: An Inadequate Term for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

This Point of View article addresses neonatal encephalopathy (NE) presumably caused by hypoxia-ischemia and the terminology currently in wide use for this disorder. The nonspecific term NE is commonly utilized for those infants with the clinical and imaging characteristics of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Multiple magnetic resonance imaging studies of term infants with the clinical setting of presumed hypoxia-ischemia near the time of delivery have delineated a topography of lesions highly correlated with that defined by human neuropathology and by animal models, including primate models, of hypoxia-ischemia. These imaging findings, coupled with clinical features consistent with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic insult(s), warrant the specific designation of neonatal HIE.
Sociobiology and Schooling

The purpose of this brief review is to apprise educational researchers of some potentially important developments in evolutionary biology, to outline this proposal as it is spelled out in new books entitled Sociobiology (Wilson, 1975) and an exceptionally good primer (in paperback) for social and behavioral scientists Sociobiology and Behavior (Barash, 1976), and tie this emerging field into at least one educational researcher's summative account
Childhood food allergy

IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions account for the majority of well-documented food allergy reactions; however, non-IgE-mediated immune mechanisms do cause some hypersensitivity disorders. Various gastrointestinal, cutaneous, respiratory, and generalized symptoms and syndromes have been associated with IgE-mediated food allergy. The diagnostic approach to adverse food reactions begins with a careful medical history and physical examination. Laboratory studies may then be used appropriately in the evaluation. Once the diagnosis of food allergy is established, the only proven therapy is the strict elimination of the food from the patient's diet. Studies in children and adults indicate that symptomatic reactivity to food allergens is often lost over time, except possibly for peanuts, tree nuts, and seafood.
Computing bounds for forbidden state reachability functions for controlled Petri nets

Characterizing uncontrollable reachability is a central issue in forbidden state control of discrete event systems. In this paper, we present methods for building expressions which estimate uncontrollable reachability in a general class of Petri nets and which characterize the control sets to ensure future markings will not be forbidden. These expressions are determined by constructing an abstract syntax tree from an analysis of the Petri net model of the system. We show that these expressions represent bounds that are useful for evaluating uncontrollable reachability and for evaluating control actions.
Taking risks?: A case study of three doctoral students writing qualitative dissertations at an American university in Japan

Abstract The formulaic styles of dissertation writing inherited from the sciences continue to influence dissertation writers in social sciences, and in particular TESOL and applied linguistics. Some scholars both within and outside the U.S. recommend that we expand the options for dissertation writers beyond these narrow conventions ( Eisner, 1997 , Schroeder et al., 2002 , Starfield and Ravelli, 2006 , Welch et al., 2002 ). However, the risks involved in nontraditional styles of dissertation writing may be great for students, particularly for second language writers, given the conservative and politically charged nature of the dissertation tradition. In this paper, I review these issues, and then discuss the views of dissertation writing of three Japanese students who were writing dissertations in a doctoral program at an American university in Japan with my support as advisor. Within the context of their program, these students chose unconventional theoretical frameworks and narrative inquiry for their qualitative research projects and developed writing styles that included more personal, narrative, and literary elements than were typical of dissertations in their program. The paper concludes with reasons why change is important and with questions about what role graduate advisors should play in encouraging students to take risks with their writing and so help change the discourse of the field.
A dual effector theory of growth-hormone action

Growth hormone increases tissue formation by acting both directly and indirectly on target cells. The direct action promotes the differentiation of precursor cells; this has been demonstrated for two mesenchymal cell types. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is not able to substitute for growth hormone in promoting this differentiation, but it is proposed that its mitogenic action selectively promotes cell multiplication in young differentiated clones. As tissue growth results from both the creation of new differentiated cells and their subsequent clonal expansion, both effectors increase tissue growth, but by different means.
A Multi-Year Survey of Stem-End Chip Defect in Chipping Potatoes ( Solanum Tuberosum L.)

One of the most serious tuber quality concerns of US chip potato growers is stem-end chip defect, which is defined as a localized post-fry discoloration in and adjacent to the vasculature on the stem end portion of potato chips. The severity and incidence of stem-end chip defect vary with growing location and variety, but quantitative data describing this are not available. A multi-year and location study was conducted to evaluate chipping potato varieties for tolerance to stem-end chip defect formation and to quantify defect severity and incidence regionally and temporally. It was observed that higher night temperature in July and August compared to the regional 30-year history was consistently associated with higher SECD severity. Average SECD severity was linearly correlated with incidence of chips having severe SECD. Chip color and tuber stem-end glucose content were significantly correlated with average SECD score across all treatments. Multiple tuber samplings from early growing season to mid post-harvest storage demonstrated that some varieties, such as Nicolet and Pike, had fewer stem-end chip defects than other varieties across years and locations. Stem-end chip defect was rarely observed prior to harvest, but was apparent at the time of harvest on multiple varieties depending on the year and location. Tuber stem-end sucrose and glucose prior to harvest were not indicators of defect development at harvest and out of storage, but pre-harvest chip color was significantly correlated with defect severity 10 weeks after preconditioning was finished.
LAPAROSCOPIC PYELOPLASTY: THE FIRST 100 CASES

Purpose: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty was developed as a minimally invasive alternative to an open procedure for the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Long-term followup has not yet been reported. We present experience with the first 100 consecutive cases of laparoscopic pyeloplasty performed at our institution.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 100 consecutive laparoscopic pyeloplasties in 99 patients (means age 37.3 years) between August 1993 and January 1999 was performed. All patients had radiographic evidence of obstruction with signs, symptoms or deterioration of renal function. Repair was for primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction in 83 patients and secondary obstruction in 17. The 4 types of repairs performed were Anderson-Hynes dismembered (71 cases), Y-V plasty (20), Heineke-Mirhulicz (8) and Davis intubated ureterotomy (1). Type of repair used was dictated by intraoperative findings. Twenty patients had nonobstructing renal stones and underwent concomitant pyelolith...
Towards a Simple Secured Searching Protocol for Future RFID Applications

RFID has become a predominant technology in supply chain in the past few years. It's becoming so popular that even it's been used for home environment for personal use. But with the increasing popularity there is also a potential rise of security concern. This concern amongst consumer has led the researcher to concentrate on the potential threats of this technology. The main challenge of a secured RFID protocols is developing a well suited authentication and searching protocol for low cost passive tags which does not have high processing power. As authentication has been addressed more rigorously than the searching, we have chosen to concentrate on developing secured searching for RFID. To date there is no secured searching for passive RFID tags which is not prone to tracking violation, sniffing attack etc. In this paper, we have discussed the problem of a secured searching in depth and proposed a solution for low end tags.
Visual motion processing deficits in infants with the fragile X premutation

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) results from a trinucleotide repeat expansion (full mutation >200 cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) repeats) in the FMR1 gene, leading to a reduction or absence of the gene’s protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), ultimately causing cognitive and behavioral impairments that are characteristic of the syndrome. In our previous work with infants and toddlers with FXS, we have been able to describe much about their cognitive and visual processing abilities. In light of recent work on the mild cognitive deficits and functional and structural brain differences that are present in adults with the fragile X (FX) premutation, in the present study we examined whether some of the low-level visual processing deficits we have observed in infants with FXS would also be present in infants with the FX premutation (55–200 CGG repeats). We chose a contrast detection task using second-order motion stimuli on which infants with FXS previously showed significantly increased detection thresholds (Vision Res 48:1471–1478, 2008). Critically, we also included a developmental delay comparison group of infants with Down syndrome (DS), who were matched to infants with FXS on both chronological and mental age, to speak to the question of whether this second-order motion processing deficit is a FX-specific phenomenon. As reported previously, infants with the FX full mutation showed motion contrast detection threshold levels that were significantly higher than age-matched typically developing control infants. Strikingly, the motion detection contrast levels of FX premutation infants were also significantly higher than typically developing (TD) infants and not significantly different from the group of infants with FXS or with DS. These results, which are in keeping with a growing body of evidence on the mild cognitive and perceptual processing deficits and functional and structural brain differences that are present in adults and older children with the FX premutation, underscore the pressing need to study and describe the processing capabilities of infants and toddlers with the FX premutation.
Use and Acceptance of Social Media Among Health Educators

Abstract Background: As social media use grows in popularity, health educators are challenged to think differently about how to communicate with audiences. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore social media use and factors that determine acceptance of social media use among health educators. Methods: A random sample of Certified Health Education Specialists (CHES) (N = 503) completed an online survey consisting of items related to the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Results: Findings revealed that health educators most commonly used social networking sites (34.8%), podcasts (23.5%), and media sharing sites (18.5%) within their organizations. Social influence (P < 0.0001) and performance expectancy (P < 0.0001) were both positively associated with increased behavioral intentions to use social media for health promotion. Reasons for lack of use included employers monitoring or blocking social media, difficulty of use among older health educators, and the belief that s...
The Splicing Factor BBP Interacts Specifically with the Pre-mRNA Branchpoint Sequence UACUAAC

The yeast splicing factor BBP (branchpoint bridging protein) interacts directly with pre-mRNA at or very near the highly conserved branchpoint sequence UACUAAC within the commitment complex. We also show that the recombinant protein recognizes the UACUAAC sequence. Therefore, BBP is also an acronym for branchpoint binding protein. The mammalian splicing factor SF1 is a BBP ortholog (mBBP) and an E complex component, and also has branchpoint sequence specificity. The relative conservation of this region in yeast and mammals correlates well with the RNA-binding differences between BBP and mBBP, suggesting that BBP contributes to branchpoint sequence definition in both systems.
3D imaging spectroscopy for measuring hyperspectral patterns on solid objects

Sophisticated methods for true spectral rendering have been developed in computer graphics to produce highly accurate images. In addition to traditional applications in visualizing appearance, such methods have potential applications in many areas of scientific study. In particular, we are motivated by the application of studying avian vision and appearance. An obstacle to using graphics in this application is the lack of reliable input data. We introduce an end-to-end measurement system for capturing spectral data on 3D objects. We present the modification of a recently developed hyperspectral imager to make it suitable for acquiring such data in a wide spectral range at high spectral and spatial resolution. We capture four megapixel images, with data at each pixel from the near-ultraviolet (359 nm) to near-infrared (1,003 nm) at 12 nm spectral resolution. We fully characterize the imaging system, and document its accuracy. This imager is integrated into a 3D scanning system to enable the measurement of the diffuse spectral reflectance and fluorescence of specimens. We demonstrate the use of this measurement system in the study of the interplay between the visual capabilities and appearance of birds. We show further the use of the system in gaining insight into artifacts from geology and cultural heritage.
Dual FRET molecular beacons for mRNA detection in living cells

The ability to visualize in real-time the expression level and localization of specific endogenous RNAs in living cells can offer tremendous opportunities for biological and disease studies. Here we demonstrate such a capability using a pair of molecular beacons, one with a donor and the other with an acceptor fluorophore that hybridize to adjacent regions on the same mRNA target, resulting in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Detection of the FRET signal significantly reduced false positives, leading to sensitive imaging of K-ras and survivin mRNAs in live HDF and MIAPaCa-2 cells. FRET detection gave a ratio of 2.25 of K-ras mRNA expression in stimulated and unstimulated HDF, comparable to the ratio of 1.95 using RT-PCR, and in contrast to the single-beacon result of 1.2. We further revealed intriguing details of K-ras and survivin mRNA localization in living cells. The dual FRET molecular beacons approach provides a novel technique for sensitive RNA detection and quantification in living cells.
Thyroid cancer in childhood and adolescence.

Fifteen cases of carcinoma of the thyroid gland in children and adolescents between 5 and 20 years of age were treated at the University of Illinois Research and Educational Hospitals from 1936 to 1956. Twenty years of age was chosen as the maximum in this study, since this is the time when the child has reached maturity and growth has ceased. Winship and Chase (1) compiled 285 cases from the literature up to 1955, but no definite maximum age was stated. Our Pathology Department, in accordance with the classification of Warren et al. (2), reported our series of 15 cases, of which 7 or 46.6 per cent were papillary adenocarcinoma, 5 or 33.3 per cent were adenocarcinoma, and 3 or 20.0 per cent were adenocarcinoma in adenoma (adenoma malignum).
Finding sensors for homeostasis of biological neuronal networks using artificial neural networks

To model a biological system despite a lack of complete information, statistical and machine learning can be used to replace a missing component with a classifier that is trained to give a near-optimal estimation of a target behavior. By filling the information gap in the system, this classifier can improve the analysis of better known components. We applied this approach to study the parameters of a proposed activity sensor of a biological neuronal network model by replacing the unknown sensor readout mechanism with an artificial neural network classifier. The classifier derives an error signal for homeostatic regulation of the pattern-generating neuronal network from the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Using this approach, we predict optimal biological activity sensor parameters for homeostatic regulation and also provide insights into the biological architecture of the replaced sensor readout mechanism itself.
MPH education for the 21st century: design of Columbia University's new public health curriculum.

Because public health challenges are changing rapidly, over the past 3 years, we have turned a critical eye to the master of public health program at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.Under a process dubbed “curriculum renewal,” we engaged more than 170 faculty, staff, and students (and hundreds of alumni and employers of our graduates) in an initiative to develop a completely new design for master of public health education that launched in fall 2012.We have described its design and structure and presented some preliminary evaluation data.
Habitat and resource use by larval and juvenile fishes in an arid‐land river (Rio Grande, New Mexico)

SUMMARY 1. Studies of mesic temperate and tropical rivers suggest an important role for floodplain habitats as nursery areas for larval and juvenile fishes. In arid-land rivers the extent and duration of flooding is diminished and habitats and resources used by larval fishes are poorly known. Our study documented habitat and resource use of larval fishes in the Rio Grande, New Mexico, an arid-land river. 2. Spatial and temporal distribution of larval and juvenile fishes and their inferred microhabitat preferences were studied during spring, summer and autumn, 2003. Stable carbon ( 13 C: 12 C) and nitrogen ( 15 N: 14 N) isotope ratios were measured to identify nutrient sources and characterise trophic positions of young-of-year fishes in this system. 3. Some fishes recruited during high flows (in spring), whereas others recruited during low-flow periods in late summer. Regardless of the timing of reproduction, microhabitats with lower current velocity and higher temperature appeared to serve as vital nursery grounds for Rio Grande fishes. Ephemeral backwaters and disconnected side channels held the highest abundance and diversity of larvae and juveniles. 4. Stable isotope analyses revealed that fish larvae obtained carbon predominately from algal production in early summer, but used organic carbon derived from emergent macrophytes as river discharge decreased in mid-summer. This shift may have been facilitated by microinvertebrate prey that grazed down edible algae and then switched to macrophytes in mid-summer. Nitrogen isotope ratios did not differ among species or early life stages, suggesting that larval and juvenile fishes use similar food resources, especially when restricted to isolated pools in summer.
Development and Characterization of a Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Colonization Model in Mice

Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is a risk factor for infection in humans, particularly in the hospital environment. Attenuation of carriage has proven effective in reducing the prevalence of infection in some high-risk groups. To study staphylococcal factors that influence nasal colonization, a mouse model of S. aureus nasal colonization was developed. Mice were inoculated intranasally with S. aureus Reynolds, and nasal carriage was evaluated by quantitating cultures of the nasal tissues from mice sacrificed at various time points after inoculation. The majority of mice inoculated with 10(8) CFU of S. aureus maintained nasal carriage for at least 20 days. Nasal colonization rates were similar for inbred (BALB/c and C57BL/6) and outbred (ICR) mice. Colonization was not affected by mouse passage of strain Reynolds. Lower inoculum doses (<10(7) CFU) resulted in reduced colonization after 7 days. However, mice given streptomycin in their drinking water developed long-term carriage of S. aureus, and they were colonized with inocula as low as 10(5) CFU. Nasal colonization was also established with two other S. aureus strains (one strain each of human and murine origins). S. aureus recovered from the nares of experimentally colonized mice expressed high levels of capsule, and the ability of a capsule-defective mutant to persist in the nares was reduced in comparison to that of the parent strain. This nasal colonization model should prove useful for studies of factors that mediate S. aureus colonization and for assessment of targets for antimicrobial intervention or vaccine development.
Severe Deprivation in America: An Introduction

Crystal Mayberry was born prematurely on a spring day in 1990 shortly after her pregnant mother was stabbed eleven times in the back during a robbery.[1][1] The attack induced labor. Both mother and daughter survived. It was not the first time Crystal’s mother had been stabbed. For as far back as
Business Faculty Time Management: Lessons Learned From The Trenches

Teaching, research, and service expectations of the academic profession may sometimes seem overwhelming. Although much has been written about time management in general, there has not been much written about time management in the academic professions and even less written about time management for academics in the business disciplines. This paper will provide a review of the literature about time management for faculty. In addition, this paper will provide practical methods for you to plan and organize your time to better meet your teaching, research and service expectations. Finally, this paper will help you develop a strategy to avoid the top ten time wasters for faculty.
Synoptic view of the North Atlantic Oscillation

Abstract This article investigates the synoptic characteristics of individual North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) events by examining the daily evolution of the potential temperature field on the nominal tropopause (the 2-PVU surface). This quantity is obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis dataset for the winter season. For both phases, the NAO is found to originate from synoptic-scale waves. As these waves evolve into the low-frequency NAO pattern, they break anticyclonically for the positive phase and cyclonically for the negative phase. The results of this analysis suggest that it is the remnants of these breaking waves that form the physical entity of the NAO. Throughout the NAO events, for both phases, the NAO is maintained by the successive breaking of upstream synoptic-scale waves. When synoptic-scale disturbances are no longer present, mixing processes play an important role in the NAO decay. As in other recent ...
A case of Cushing ulcer in an 8-month-old patient with medulloblastoma

The authors present the first case of a Cushing ulcer in an infant with medulloblastoma who, despite being administered stress ulcer prophylaxis, worsened after corticosteroids were initiated. An 8-month-old boy presented with progressive vomiting, lethargy, and decreased oral intake. Imaging revealed a heterogeneous fourth ventricular mass. Preoperatively, the patient was started on dexamethasone. The patient underwent an uncomplicated external ventricular drain placement and suboccipital craniotomy for resection of the lesion. The results of the pathological analysis were consistent with medulloblastoma. Postoperatively, the patient had melanotic stools, which were reported to be occurring for months prior to presentation. Two proximal duodenal bulb ulcers were found and required definitive surgical repair. The patient recovered from the acute postsurgical course after continued stress ulcer prophylaxis and is currently undergoing chemotherapy.
Morphological and functional relationships with ultrasound measured muscle thickness of the lower extremity: a brief review

Ultrasound is a potential method for assessing muscle size of the extremity and trunk. In a large muscle, however, a single image from portable ultrasound measures only muscle thickness (MT), not anatomical muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) or muscle volume (MV). Thus, it is important to know whether MT is related to anatomical CSA and MV in an individual muscle of the extremity and trunk. In this review, we summarize previously published articles in the lower extremity demonstrating the relationships between ultrasound MT and muscle CSA or MV as measured by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans. The relationship between MT and isometric and isokinetic joint performance is also reviewed. A linear relationship is observed between MT and muscle CSA or MV in the quadriceps, adductor, tibialis anterior, and triceps surae muscles. Intrarater correlation coefficients range from 0.90 to 0.99, except for one study. It would appear that anterior upper-thigh MT, mid-thigh MT and posterior thigh MT are the best predictors for evaluating adductor, quadriceps, and hamstrings muscle size, respectively. Despite a limited number of studies, anterior as well as posterior lower leg MT appear to reflect muscle CSA and MV of the lower leg muscles. Based on previous studies, ultrasound measured anterior thigh MT may be a valuable predictor of knee extension strength. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to clarify the relationship between lower extremity function and MT.
Elucidating Structural Disorder and the Effects of Cu Vacancies on the Electronic Properties of Cu2ZnSnS4

Although a promising photovoltaic material that is inexpensive and easy to manufacture, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) suffers from a low open circuit voltage thought to be due to local potential fluctuations caused by a disordered Cu/Zn sublattice. The disordered character of CZTS is difficult to study experimentally and has been universally neglected in computational studies. Here, we develop a cluster expansion model that enables simulation of the order–disorder phase transition in CZTS for the first time. With a proper atomic structure of the disordered phase in hand, we investigate the temperature-dependent voltage loss in CZTS, illustrating intrinsic limitations of existing synthesis methods and suggesting an optimal annealing temperature. We offer one explanation why Cu-poor CZTS is optimally efficient, as Cu vacancies increase the band gap via interactions between free carriers and the disordered nature of as-grown CZTS. Accordingly, increasing carrier concentrations may be an effective strategy to flatten the ...
Chromosomal abnormalities in untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: associations with histology, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcome. The Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group.

We describe the chromosomal abnormalities found in 104 previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma (NHL) and the correlations of these abnormalities with disease characteristics. The cytogenetic method used was a 24- to 48-hour culture, followed by G- banding. Several significant associations were discovered. A trisomy 3 was correlated with high-grade NHL. In the patients with an immunoblastic NHL, an abnormal chromosome no. 3 or 6 was found significantly more frequently. As previously described, a t(14;18) was significantly correlated with a follicular growth pattern. Abnormalities on chromosome no. 17 were correlated with a diffuse histology and a shorter survival. A shorter survival was also correlated with a +5, +6, +18, all abnormalities on chromosome no. 5, or involvement of breakpoint 14q11–12. In a multivariate analysis, these chromosomal abnormalities appeared to be independent prognostic factors and correlated with survival more strongly than any traditional prognostic variable. Patients with a t(11;14)(q13;q32) had an elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Skin infiltration was correlated with abnormalities on 2p. Abnormalities involving breakpoints 6q11–16 were correlated with B symptoms. Patients with abnormalities involving breakpoints 3q21–25 and 13q21–24 had more frequent bulky disease. The correlations of certain clinical findings with specific chromosomal abnormalities might help unveil the pathogenetic mechanisms of NHL and tailor treatment regimens.
Microwave-assisted, divergent solution-phase synthesis of 1,3,6-trisubstituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines.

A concise and highly divergent synthetic route has been developed to rapidly access 1,3,6-trisubstituted pyrazolopyrimidines. The synthesis features a microwave assisted one-pot N1-alkylation/Suzuki–Miyaura reaction as the key step. The sequence of the synthetic scheme can be varied to selectively modify the N1, C3, or C6 position at a late synthetic stage, thereby providing a highly efficient approach to explore the structure–activity relationships of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives. The scope of these reactions has also been explored.
Improving System Models Using Monte Carlo Techniques on Plant Models

Model-Based Design has become a standard in the aerospace industry. A system model is at the center of the development process, supporting the design of complex algorithms combined with physical hardware. In addition to the advantages that come from modeling control algorithms, modeling plants can lead to more robust designs. Using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software allows both the controller and hardware to be modeled and simulated in a single environment. Modeling plants in the same simulation environment as an embedded controller enables engineers to test a controller with multiple plant parameters, as well as simulating with nominal or ideal values. Modeling variable physical parameters provides a better representation of what will happen in real hardware. Monte Carlo analysis is a standard method of simulating variability that occurs in real physical parameters. In aerospace applications, Monte Carlo techniques can be used to ensure highquality, robust designs. Even using a shared COTS environment, fully testing or optimizing a design can take thousands of simulation iterations and days to complete. Depending upon the complexity of the system and fidelity of the model, each iteration could take hours to run. Simulation time can become a critical bottleneck in the development process. Being able to run multiple, independent scenarios in parallel can lessen this time significantly. In this paper, we will discuss techniques for modeling, optimizing, and testing plant models to build better system models in MATLAB® and Simulink® from The MathWorks. We will also present new techniques for speeding up Monte Carlo techniques by using high-performance computing clusters.
A General Formula for the Valuation of Securities

(1915). A General Formula for the Valuation of Securities. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 82-88.
Discussion of Enhancing Production Speed on Auto-body Production Line

By taking S001 body production line as an example, the normal procedure of Body Line Capacity improvement is discussed, and some critical steps are also pointed out.
Application of Folk New Year Pictures in the Modern Poster Design

This paper hope with Chinese traditional folk feature art form_folk New Year picture,to enrich the art of poster design works,so as to make up for the modern poster design of traditional art,cultural connotation and ethical shortage.
SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION OF DISORDER AND OTHER NEIGHBORHOOD CONDITIONS IN A DISTRESSED CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY

There is a growing recognition that physical and social disorder and other neighborhood conditions play an important role in shaping the attitudes, behaviors, and well-being of residents. Most research that seeks to measure neighborhood conditions relies on census or survey data, yet systematic observation often provides a more objective measure of observable neighborhood conditions. However, almost all of the research that has used systematic observation to measure neighborhood conditions has been conducted in developed nations. We describe the conceptual and methodological issues that arose during our use of systematic observation to measure disorder and other neighborhood conditions in Trinidad and Tobago, a two-island Caribbean nation. Adapting this methodology for use in a distressed community in a developing nation raised challenges not yet addressed in the literature. We describe these issues and reflect on the applicability of systematic observation techniques and current conceptualizations of disorder across different contexts.
An Eighteenth-Century Linguistic Borderland

In the eighteenth-century Pennsylvania backcountry, English, Scots-Irish, and German colonials and immigrants met Iroquoian, Algonquian, and Siouan speakers pushed by European settlement or pulled by the Six Nations to buffer Iroquoia. They created a complex, and at times confusing, linguistic landscape. Racial and ethnic diversity was audible, but language was also a permeable boundary. The journals of the Quaker trader James Kenny (1758–59, 1761–63), in manuscript at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and published in this journal nearly a century ago, are remarkable sources that provide insight into intercultural communication and multilingualism amid the overlapping ethnic revitalizations of the Great Awakening and prophetic nativism, pervasive rumors of violence, and warfare.
Gaussian Processes and Local Times of Symmetric Lévy Processes

We give a relatively simple proof of the necessary and sufficient condition for the joint continuity of the local times of symmetric Levy processes. This result was obtained in 1988 by M. Barlow and J. Hawkes without requiring that the Levy processes be symmetric. In 1992 the authors used a very different approach to obtain necessary and sufficient condition for the joint continuity of the local times of strongly symmetric Markov processes, which includes symmetric Levy processes. Both the 1988 proof and the 1992 proof are long and difficult. In this paper the 1992 proof is significantly simplified. This is accomplished by using two recent isomorphism theorems, which relate the local times of strongly symmetric Markov processes to certain Gaussian processes, one due to N. Eisenbaum alone and the other to N. Eisenbaum, H. Kaspi, M. B. Marcus, J. Rosen, and Z. Shi. Simple proofs of these isomorphism theorems are given in this paper.
Stereoselective synthesis of fused tetrahydroquinazolines through one-pot double [3 + 2] dipolar cycloadditions followed by [5 + 1] annulation

The one-pot [3 + 2] cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide with a maleimide followed by another [3 + 2] cycloaddition of an azide with the second maleimide gives a 1,5-diamino intermediate which is used for a sequential aminomethylation reaction with formaldehyde through [5 + 1] annulation to afford a novel polycyclic scaffold bearing tetrahydroquinazoline, pyrrolidine, pyrrolidinedione, and N-substituted maleimide in stereoselective fashion.
Technology-assisted language intervention for children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing; a pilot study of augmentative and alternative communication for enhancing language development

AbstractPurpose: Pilot study to assess the effect of augmentative and alternative communication technology to enhance language development in children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing.Materials and methods: Five children ages 5–10 years with permanent bilateral hearing loss who were identified with language underperformance participated in an individualized 24-week structured program using the application TouchChat WordPower on iPads®. Language samples were analyzed for changes in mean length of utterance, vocabulary words and mean turn length. Repeated measures models assessed change over time.Results: The baseline median mean length of utterance was 2.41 (range 1.09–6.63; mean 2.88) and significantly increased over time (p = 0.002) to a median of 3.68 at final visit (range 1.97–6.81; mean 3.62). At baseline, the median total number of words spoken per language sample was 251 (range 101–458), with 100 (range 36–100) different words spoken. Total words and different words significantly increased over time ...
Phenotypic characteristics of basal-like breast cancer in rural Appalachia

A72 Introduction: “Basal-like” breast tumors are triple negative tumors with a high nuclear grade that are typically found in younger patients, African-American women, and in patients with the BRCA mutation. Because our population in West Virginia is mainly rural and Caucasian, we wanted to better define the phenotype of breast tumors among women in rural Appalachia. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 96 women diagnosed with ER negative, PR negative, HER-2/neu negative, and high nuclear grade breast cancers from 2000 to 2005. The hospital’s tumor registry was reviewed to determine tumor size, stage, patient’s age, race, menopausal status, Body Mass Indexes (BMI) and BRCA 1/BRCA 2 state. Parameters of the “basal-like” group were then compared to all patients who were diagnosed with infiltrating ductal carcinoma from 1999-2004. Results: Ninety-six patients meet the criteria for “basal-like” breast cancer. The distribution of "basal-like" tumors for age was significant for the 40-59 year old group (p= 0.01). Most patients presented with T2 tumors (57%) and the majority had stage II disease (61%, p = 0.01). 67% of the population was postmenopausal. Those with "basal-like" tumors were more likely to be overweight or obese (73%, p = 0.03) as indicated by higher BMI. There was one African-American patient that met all criteria (2.8%). Of the 7 patients with "basal-like" tumors who received BRCA testing, four were BRCA1 positive. When comparing the “basal-like” subgroup with all patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma regardless of receptor status, there were no differences due to patient age, stage, or BMI. Conclusion: In contrast to previous findings, triple negative tumors were found more frequently in middle aged, postmenopausal Caucasian women with higher than average BMI. They were also more likely to present with advanced Stage II disease. The potential risk factor of obesity observed in triple negative cancer subtypes may prompt further research into overall breast cancer survival in obese women from rural areas.
From Doctors' Stories to Doctors' Stories, and Back Again.

Narrative medicine—particularly, writing 55-word stories—can be used to teach medical students self-reflection, ethical awareness, and resilience.
Blanket Design Studies of a Lead-Bismuth Eutectic-Cooled Accelerator Transmutation of Waste System

The results of blanket design studies for a lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE)-cooled accelerator transmutation of waste system are presented. These studies focused primarily on achieving two important an...
Environment case study: Forestry and water management in Thailand: A win win wituation

Abstract. The article offers a critique for the argument that forest clearing by the people in the upper areas of the watershed is the main reason for decrease in water supply. Instead he considers increased demand of water for agricultural activity especially during dry season by both upstream and downstream areas as the main cause of water shortage. Thus unlike previous studies, who blame people from upper lands for water shortage, he talks about the fair share of scare resources and rights protection for upstream farmers. Keywords. Natural resource management, Forest preservation, Farmer livelihoods. JEL. A10.
The Role of Dietary Patterns in Mood Disorders: Prospective Research in Youth Populations:

Childhood mood disorders, including depression and bipolar spectrum disorders, represent serious public health concerns and often extend into adulthood. Due to increasing rates of a mood disorder diagnosis, and its accompanying risk of suicide, identification and management in childhood and adolescence is critical. Yet, fully effective and safe treatment options are lacking for child-onset mood disorders. Research investigating relationships between nutrition and psychiatry is a plausible avenue to improve prevention and treatment options. Epidemiological and observational evidence exists to support a protective effect of the Mediterranean diet in mood disorder prevalence and future diagnosis. To date, the majority of research has been conducted in adult populations. Future research is needed to examine if similar dietary relationships exist within a youth mood disorder population. Additionally, increased homogeneity in assessment methods of mood disorder symptoms and dietary patterns is needed; specifically, to determine more collective conclusions via meta-analyses. Results from youth studies could be used to formulate future randomized controlled trials, health promotion programs or clinical interventions, via diet or supplement interventions, for alternative mood disorder treatment or prevention purposes.
Categorization system-switching deficits in typical aging and Parkinson’s disease.

OBJECTIVE Numerous studies documenting cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) revealed impairment in a variety of tasks related to memory, learning, and attention. One ubiquitous task that has not received much attention, is categorization system-switching. Categorization system-switching is a form of task-switching requiring participants to switch between different categorization systems. In this article, we explore whether older adults and people with PD show deficits in categorization system-switching. METHOD Twenty older adults diagnosed with PD, 20 neurologically intact older adults, and 67 young adults participated in this study. Participants were first trained in rule-based (RB) and later information-integration (II) categorization separately. After training on the tasks, participants performed a block of trial-by-trial switching where the RB and II trials were randomly intermixed. Finally, the last block of trials also intermixed RB and II trials were randomly but additionally changed the location of the response buttons. RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, the results show no difference in accuracy between older adults and people with PD during the intermixed trial block, as well as no difference in response time (RT) switch cost. However, both groups were less accurate during intermixed trial blocks and had a higher RT switch cost when compared with young adults. In addition, the proportion of participants able to switch systems was smaller in people with PD than in young adults. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that older adults and people with PD have impaired categorization system-switching ability, and that this ability may be related to a decrease in tonic dopamine (DA) levels associated with normal aging and PD. (PsycINFO Database Record
Genetic Disorders of Steroid Metabolism Diagnosed by Mass Spectrometry

From a biochemical perspective most genetic disorders of steroid synthesis and metabolism are best studied by measuring individual steroids, or panels in serum, and/or by producing metabolic profiles of urinary steroids. There is increasing interest in further developing these analyses within the developing field of metabolomics. Classical analyses of hormones using immunoassays no longer have the sensitivity and accuracy demanded by physicians and researchers, and tandem mass spectrometry is rapidly taking over this role. However, gas-chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) still reins supreme for the metabolic profiling of steroid metabolites, although this may slowly change. This chapter summarises recent developments in HPLC/MS techniques for hormonal steroid analysis as well as providing a comprehensive description of the use of mass spectrometry in the diagnosis and study of almost all single gene disorders of steroid synthesis and metabolism.