cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some applications of delinquency theory to childhood accidents.

The past two decades have witnessed an increasing recognition on the part of the physician and the behavioral scientist that the state of a person's health--indeed, even his likelihood of surviving infancy or of being institutionalized for mental illness-is closely related to his social status and to the social, political, economic, and cultural characteristics of his community, his state, and his nation. With the growth of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research, such "purely biological" phenomena as infant mortality, mental illness, malnutrition, and venereal disease have come to concern the sociologist and the anthropologist as strongly as they have the physician and the epidemiologist. Accidental injury and death, however, have to a large extent remained outside the sphere of interdisciplinary scrutiny. One reason for this neglect stems from the fact that data on accidental injury are so much less reliable than other health data as to be virtually unusable. Perhaps another reason is that the concept of an accident as an "act of God" persists in the minds of otherwise sophisticated persons--and "acts of God" seem somehow unrelated to the social and cultural environment in which they occur. Regardless of the reasons, however, the fact remains that, although a good deal is known about the socioeconomic and cultural conditions that influence the infant mortality rate, mental illness, and cardiovascular accidents, very little is known about the relationship between social conditions and the incidence of accidental injury and death. The following paper does nothing to advance our knowledge of this relationship. But it points out the gaps in our present knowledge, warns against pitfalls that are more familiar to behavioral than to medical scientists, and pleads for the application of sound sociological theory to a problem which is as much social as it is medical. Language: en
Children's perceptual cognitive factors in book selection and metadata schema: Pilot study

The purpose of this study is to understand children's perceptual cognitive factors and processes during book selection. Moreover, this study aims to explore how the perceptual cognitive factors can be described in a metadata schema for children's libraries. The study contributes to the improvement of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) reflecting children's perceptual cognition. Current Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) in most school and public libraries are minimally specialized for children. Most school and public libraries have been using the standard KOS, e.g., AACR2, DDC, LCSH, Sears Subject Headings. These KOS usually focus on describing characteristics of information and targeting adult user groups. However, children perceive, categorize, and name information in a different way than adults do. Due to the lack of consideration of children's cognition in KOS, children have trouble in searching for information. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how well current KOS consider children's cognition. In KOS, metadata elements correspond to conceptual aspects of information. Consequently, the study suggests how conceptual aspects of information based on children's perception can be represented in metadata elements. The findings of this study identify 14 emergent facets of information through various factors of information during the perceptual cognitive process in book selection. These factors and facets are re-analyzed within a Knowledge Organization theoretical context. This study suggests multiple characteristics of perceptual cognitive processes: 1) two different types of processes: PAL (Paying Attention by Looking) and BAR (Being Aware by Recalling); 2) direct and indirect factors of resources; and 3) concrete or abstract factors. Lastly, this study discusses how these perceptual cognitive factors can be represented in metadata schema.
Analysis of the genome of Azotobacter vinelandii revealed the presence of two genetically distinct group II introns on the chromosome.

Azotobacter vinelandii belongs to the γ subdivision of eubacteria and has one of the highest respiratory rates. It is considered to be among the probable progenitors of mitochondria. Group II introns were originally identified on organelle genomes. Analysis of the A. vinelandii genome for the presence of group II introns using a deduced group II intron consensus sequence identified two putative introns. The first intron (AV1) which was found to be inserted in the groEL, an essential gene, was already characterized. Our study identified another group II intron (AV2) in A. vinelandii genome. This intron is inserted in a mobile genetic element, similar to most of the group II introns in bacteria, which in this case is a transposase like gene, tnpA1. This putative TnpA1 protein is 52% identical to TnpA, the transposase of bacteriophage Lambda, and 85% identical to TnpA1 of Pseudomonas stutzeri. Sequence analysis showed that this intron encodes a reverse transcriptase (RT) like motif in domain IV, similar to other group II introns. The RT of this intron open reading frame (ORF) is 53% homologous with that of AV1 intron and 66% homologous with that of Pseudomonas putida (Tn5041c) intron. Secondary structure analysis showed that this intron has the typical sub-group IIB1 structure, but the EBS2–IBS2 interaction appears to be missing. Using the RNA generated by in vitro transcription of the intron sequence with its flanking exons, in vitro splicing experiments were performed. It was found that the AV2 intron is functional, despite of lacking the EBS2–IBS2 interaction that plays a role in exon recognition.
Testing the rational expectations hypothesis using survey data from vegetable growers in the USA

Survey data on expected and actual prices received by individual vegetable growers in Florida, Michigan and Texas in 1990 are used to test the rational expectations hypothesis. The use of individual grower data overcomes many of the issues that have limited previous tests of this hypothesis in agriculture. Overall, finds that price expectations of vegetable growers are inconsistent with the rational expectations hypothesis for the majority of vegetable/state combinations studied.
Graduate Medical Education Confronted

To the Editor. —Dr Perkoff argues convincingly that society should support medical education via taxation and that this support will not happen unless educators meet society's needs by supplying more generalists. Despite the evident social need, Dr Perkoff states that there is no general agreement that graduate medical education should change. To many educators, traditional specialty training is seen as highly effective, while education in the ambulatory setting is viewed as "uninteresting and ineffective." These attitudes are pedantic and destructive to the improvement of medical education. We continue to suffer from the problem that Peabody 2 recognized 60 years ago: we are training physicians who "are too 'scientific' and do not know how to take care of patients." Giving students the opportunity to care for ambulatory patients allows them to learn valuable lessons absent from the inpatient experience. A few of these lessons follow: Students need to learn that most
The two-sex multiethnic stable population model

A two-sex multiethnic stable population is a model with fixed mortality and fertility parameters that explicitly recognizes the behavior of males and females in at least two distinct ethnic groups. The presence of intergroup fertility may allow the different ethnic groups to grow at a constant rate in a population with a fixed sex-ethnic composition. The present paper considers a variety of rules for determining the ethnicity of intergroup births based on the ethnicities of the mother and father, and examines the mathematical models implied by those rules. Numerical examples are presented for a two-ethnic-group population in cases where intergroup births are shared equally by the two groups, are all considered members of one particular group, and are all members of the father's group. A special case of a more general model, where sons become members of the father's group and daughters become members of the mother's group, is also considered. The results suggest that when intergroup fertility is not uncommon, how ethnicity is determined can substantially influence the ethnic composition of the population.
Rargb regulates organ laterality in a zebrafish model of right atrial isomerism.

Developmental signals determine organ morphology and position during embryogenesis. To discover novel modifiers of liver development, we performed a chemical genetic screen in zebrafish and identified retinoic acid as a positive regulator of hepatogenesis. Knockdown of the four RA receptors revealed that all receptors affect liver formation, however specific receptors exert differential effects. Rargb knockdown results in bilateral livers but does not impact organ size, revealing a unique role for Rargb in conferring left–right positional information. Bilateral populations of hepatoblasts are detectable in rargb morphants, indicating Rargb acts during hepatic specification to position the liver, and primitive endoderm is competent to form liver on both sides. Hearts remain at the midline and gut looping is perturbed in rargb morphants, suggesting Rargb affects lateral plate mesoderm migration. Overexpression of Bmp during somitogenesis similarly results in bilateral livers and midline hearts, and inhibition of Bmp signaling rescues the rargb morphant phenotype, indicating Rargb functions upstream of Bmp to regulate organ sidedness. Loss of rargb causes biliary and organ laterality defects as well as asplenia, paralleling symptoms of the human condition right atrial isomerism. Our findings uncover a novel role for RA in regulating organ laterality and provide an animal model of one form of human heterotaxia.
Evaluation of Low-Cycle Fatigue in Simulated PWR Environment

For developing fatigue design curve of cast stainless steel that is used in piping material of nuclear power plants, a low-cycle fatigue test rig was built. It is capable of performing tests in pressurized high temperature water environment of PWR. Cylindrical solid fatigue specimens of CF8M were used for the strain-controlled environmental fatigue tests. Fatigue life was measured in terms of the number of cycles with the variation of strain amplitude at 0.04%/s strain rates. The disparity between target length and measured length of specimens was corrected by using finite element method. The corrected test results showed similar fatigue life trend with other previous results.
Vectorization of the generalized Born model for molecular dynamics on shared-memory computers

Abstract Vectorization and performance of the generalized Born solvation model (GB) as it is implemented in the AMBER program is presented in this study. Nonbonded interactions computed within the generalized Born model use the pairwise approximation of Hawkins et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 19,824], which is in turn a variant of the model proposed by Schaeffer and Froemmel [J. Mol. Biol. 216 (1990) 1045]. The performance of this implementation on CRAY SV1 vector machines is discussed with reference to several proteins. Loop vectorization has shown improvements by as much as a factor of 10. Comparison of the timings of the GB method against simulations using fully hydrated proteins favors the GB method.
Effect of bottle colour and storage conditions on browning of orange wine.

We investigated the effect of bottle colour, storage temperature and storage time on the browning of orange wine. Kozan orange variety was used for the production of wine. The fermentation was performed spontaneously at 20°C. The wine was bottled in three differently coloured bottles: clear white, green and brown. Then each was divided into two parts: one part was stored at 13-14°C in the cellar and the other at 23-26 C in the laboratory for 150 days. During the storage, browning index and ascorbic acid content of the wines were measured at day 0, 75 and 150. The results showed that the use of brown bottles and the short-time storage reduced the browning in orange wines, however, storage at two different temperatures did not significantly affect the browning index. Cette etude evalue l'effet de la couleur de la bouteille, de la temperature et de la duree de l'entreposage sur le brunissement de vin d'orange. Le vin est conserve dans des bouteilles de couleur blanche claire, verte ou brune, a 13-14°C ou 23-26°C pendant 150 jours. Les resultats montrent que l'utilisation de bouteille brune et d'un entreposage court reduit le brunissement du vin. L'entreposage a 2 temperatures differentes n'influence pas l'indice de brunissement.
Synthesis of Zirconium Complexes That Contain a Tridentate Diamido Ligand

The triamine t-BuNHSiMe2NHCH2CH2NMe2 (1; =H2[NSiN2]) was synthesized from LiNHCH2CH2NMe2 and t-BuNHSiMe2Cl and used without purification to produce [NSiN2]Zr(NMe2)2 (2) from Zr(NMe2)4. Addition of excess trimethylsilyl chloride to 2 gave [NSiN2]ZrCl2 (3). Dialkyl complexes of the type [NSiN2]ZrR2 (R = CH2SiMe3, CH2Ph, CH2CHMe2) were prepared readily by alkylation of 3. The structure of a magnesium chloride adduct of the diisobutyl derivative showed it to be a dimer, {[NSiN2]Zr(CH2CHMe2)2MgCl2}2, which contains a ZrN(Cl)MgCl2MgN(Cl)Zr backbone. [NSiN2]Zr(CH2CHMe2)2 proved to be inactive for the polymerization of 1-hexene when activated by either [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] or [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] in chlorobenzene at 0 °C.
The Signature of the Internal Partition Function in Thermodynamical Quantities of the Solar Interior

The extraordinary accuracy of available helioseismological data presents an opportunity to study nonideal plasma effects of the solar interior beyond the leading-order Coulomb correction term. The effect of different internal partition functions on a complete set of thermodynamical quantities is examined, and it is found that there is a clear signature of the excited states well within reach of present helioseismic inversion techniques.
More on improving the veterinary admissions process.

Many resources are available from other domains that are relevant to veterinary education. “Currents in Education,” edited by Katherine M. Edmondson, is intended to present thought-provoking information about teaching and learning from sources outside the veterinary field. This regular feature of JVME will highlight relevant educational research published elsewhere, and provide a brief synopsis and analysis of the work and its implications for veterinary education. Submissions are welcome.
EARwitness Testimony: Applying Listener Perspectives to Developing a Working Concept of “Localism” in Broadcast Radio

Ever since the introduction of new technologies such as satellite, Internet and cable radio, the concept of “local” has been at the center of a debate in the radio industry. Ownership consolidation has led to concerns about the loss of “local identity.” Broadcast radio news providers are operating under the assumption that the geographical location of the origin of news plays an increasingly smaller role. Through an Internet survey of 485 radio listeners nationwide, this study re-defines the concept of “local” as applied to broadcast radio and confirms the value of each station's physical connection to the area it serves.
Frobenius transformation, mirror map and instanton numbers

Abstract We show that one can express Frobenius transformation on middle-dimensional p -adic cohomology of Calabi–Yau threefold in terms of mirror map and instanton numbers. We express the mirror map in terms of Frobenius transformation on p -adic cohomology. We discuss a p -adic interpretation of the conjecture about integrality of Gopakumar–Vafa invariants.
Evidence of a gene × environment interaction between perceived prejudice and MAOA genotype in the prediction of criminal arrests

Abstract Purpose The current study builds on a large body of research that has revealed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors. While a number of studies have indicated that stressful environments interact with specific genetic polymorphisms to create antisocial phenotypes, studies have not yet examined whether perceived prejudice and specific genetic polymorphisms combine together to predict criminal arrests over the life course. Methods The current study builds on the existing gene × environment literature by using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine the effects of MAOA and perceived prejudice on the probability of being arrested. Results The results of the multivariate models reveal a statistically significant gene × environment interaction between MAOA and perceived prejudice in the prediction of arrest for males. Conclusions The results indicate that the presence of both perceived prejudice and MAOA increase the likelihood of being arrested. The implications of these results are discussed and limitations are noted.
A Davidson program for finding a few selected extreme eigenpairs of a large, sparse, real, symmetric matrix

Abstract A program is presented for determining a few selected eigenvalues and their eigenvectors on either end of the spectrum of a large, real, symmetric matrix. Based on the Davidson method, which is extensively used in quantum chemistry/physics, the current implementation improves the power of the original algorithm by adopting several extensions. The matrix-vector multiplication routine that it requires is to be provided by the user. Different matrix formats and optimizations are thus feasible. Examples of an efficient sparse matrix representation and a matrix-vector multiplication are given. Some comparisons with the Lanczos method demonstrate the efficiency of the program.
The gene for achondroplasia maps to the telomeric region of chromosome 4p

Achondroplasia is the most common type of genetic dwarfism. It is characterized by disproportionate short stature and other skeletal anomalies resulting from a defect in the maturation of the chondrocytes in the growth plate of the cartilage. We have now mapped the achondroplasia gene near the telomere of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.3), by family linkage studies using 14 pedigrees. A positive lod score of z = 3.35 with no recombinants was obtained with an intragenic marker for IDUA. This localization will facilitate the positional cloning of the disease gene.
Flow Cytometry and Real-Time Quantitative PCR as Tools for Assessing Plasmid Persistence

The maintenance of a plasmid in the absence of selection for plasmid-borne genes is not guaranteed. However, plasmid persistence can evolve under selective conditions. Studying the molecular mechanisms behind the evolution of plasmid persistence is key to understanding how plasmids are maintained under nonselective conditions. Given the current crisis of rapid antibiotic resistance spread by multidrug resistance plasmids, this insight is of high medical relevance. The conventional method for monitoring plasmid persistence (i.e., the fraction of plasmid-containing cells in a population over time) is based on cultivation and involves differentiating colonies of plasmid-containing and plasmid-free cells on agar plates. However, this technique is time-consuming and does not easily lend itself to high-throughput applications. Here, we present flow cytometry (FCM) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) as alternative tools for monitoring plasmid persistence. For this, we measured the persistence of a model plasmid, pB10::gfp, in three Pseudomonas hosts and in known mixtures of plasmid-containing and -free cells. We also compared three performance criteria: dynamic range, resolution, and variance. Although not without exceptions, both techniques generated estimates of overall plasmid loss rates that were rather similar to those generated by the conventional plate count (PC) method. They also were able to resolve differences in loss rates between artificial plasmid persistence assays. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages for each technique and conclude that, overall, both FCM and real-time qPCR are suitable alternatives to cultivation-based methods for routine measurement of plasmid persistence, thereby opening avenues for high-throughput analyses.
Impact of Ultra-low Platinum loading on Mass Activity and Mass Transport in H2-Oxygen and H2-Air PEM Fuel Cells

Abstract The impact of 46% Pt/C catalyst loading was investigated on mass activity and mass transport losses of proton exchange membrane fuel cell using experimental and simulation techniques. Our results indicated that, as the Pt loading decreased from 0.4 to 0.05 mg cm −2 , the mass activity increased by a factor of 2.7, but in the same time the mass transport resistance increased. To explain the observed phenomena, a novel catalyst layer model was suggested based on a self-assembled self-similar structure rather than randomly distributed spherical agglomerates. The utilized volumetric surface area, tha diffusion through the covering Nafion film, the Thiele modulus, and the gas phase diffusion were estimated using a novel fitting algorithm. The self-assemble nature of the catalyst layer was supposed to be characterized by its fractal dimension. It was measured independently by Hg-porosimetry, and found to increase from 2.7 to 2.93 as the Pt loading decreased from 0.4 to 0.05 mg cm −2 . The fractal dimension has been incorporated into the macrohomogeneous model, which resulted the observed increase of mass activity. Correlation is proposed between the fractal dimension and Thiele modulus, which accounts for the simulteneous deterioration of the catalyst layer performance at high currents and ultra-low loading of platinum.
Mare Orientale gravity anomaly.

SJOGREN has reported that there is an annular negative gravity anomaly surrounding a small positive anomaly over the central basin of Mare Orientale (paper given at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Moon and Planets, Newcastle, April 1970). I should like to point out that outside this negative ring, there is a positive ring and perhaps further alternating rings. This outer positive ring contains as much apparent surface mass as the inner negative ring. The integrated mass anomaly associated with the Orientale region is very nearly equal to the central positive anomaly.
Model of electron-hole droplet condensation in semiconductors

The phase diagram for electron-hole droplet condensation is addressed, and detailed calculations are given for the elemental systems Ge and Si with varying uniaxial strain which have properties that vary systematically over relatively wide ranges. A model based on noninteracting droplet fluctuations is used to describe the phase diagram. This model expresses the liquid and gas densities in terms of properties of the low-temperature liquid phase, most notably its surface tension. Detailed microscopic calculations based on a gradient expansion of the free energy are given for the temperature-dependent surface tension of droplets in six model systems involving Ge and Si with uniaxial strain; these are zero strain, intermediate strain sufficient to remove the electron-band degeneracy, and large strain which also removes the hole-band degeneracy. Phase diagrams are given for these systems and show changes corresponding to the systematic decrease in the electron-hole droplet binding energy with increasing uniaxial strain. The resulting critical temperatures and densities are compared to the results of new calculations based on the uniform plasma approach to the critical point. The phase diagrams, including the values of the critical parameters, are in good agreement with experiment for unstressed Ge and Si and for Ge with fairly large uniaxial dress. The model provides a parameter which characterizes the shape of the phase diagram, and systematic changes in shape with strain are obtained.
Droplet diagnostics and scattering

Optical scattering by fuel droplets of spray jets can provide information about droplet evaporation in a combustion chamber. Evaporating fuel droplets are often spatially inhomogeneous and non-spherical. Spatial inhomogeneities in droplets can occur in the imaginary or in the real part of the index of refraction. We review some of the theoretical progress to date in modeling scattering by non-spheres and by inhomogeneous droplets. These models help investigate the effects of shape and refractive index perturbations on morphology dependent resonances of droplets. These investigations may lead to the use of such effects as tools for droplet diagnostics.
A cation exchange model to describe Cs+ sorption at high ionic strength in subsurface sediments at Hanford site, USA.

Abstract A theoretical and experimental study of cation exchange in high ionic strength electrolytes was performed using pristine subsurface sediments from the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford site. These sediments are representative of the site contaminated sediments impacted by release of high level waste (HLW) solutions containing 137Cs+ in NaNO3 brine. The binary exchange behavior of Cs+–Na+, Cs+–K+, and Na+–K+ was measured over a range in electrolyte concentration. Vanselow selectivity coefficients (Kv) that were calculated from the experimental data using Pitzer model ion activity corrections for aqueous species showed monotonic increases with increasing electrolyte concentrations. The influence of electrolyte concentration was greater on the exchange of Na+–Cs+ than K+–Cs+, an observation consistent with the differences in ion hydration energy of the exchanging cations. A previously developed two-site ion exchange model [Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 (2002) 193] was modified to include solvent (water) activity changes in the exchanger phase through application of the Gibbs–Duhem equation. This water activity-corrected model well described the ionic strength effect on binary Cs+ exchange, and was extended to the ternary exchange system of Cs+–Na+–K+ on the pristine sediment. The model was also used to predict 137Cs+ distribution between sediment and aqueous phase (Kd) beneath a leaked HLW tank in Hanfordd's S-SX tank using the analytical aqueous data from the field and the binary ion exchange coefficients for the pristine sediment. The Kd predictions closely followed the trend in the field data and were improved by consideration of water activity effects that were considerable in certain regions of the vadose zone plume.
MyVideos: a system for home video management

MyVideos is a prototype system for managing home digital videos. It provides the basic functionalities of video segmentation, summarization, grouping, and editing. It also supports the video playback by shot, group, or highlight.
Race, Health, and Delinquency

This paper reports results of a study of medical histories of black and white delinquents and a matched sample of nondelinquents. Medical records were analyzed in terms of numbers and timing of hospital contacts, nature of services used, and reasons for contacts. Black delinquents made somewhat more hospital visits than white delinquents. White delinquents had significantly more hospital contacts and accidents, injuries, illnesses, and psychiatric problems than white nondelinquents. Findings are discussed in terms of the relevance of particular medical events to the development of maladaptive behaviors, the tendency of clinicians to dismiss as culturally expectable certain medical and psychological factors in black children and their families, and the failure of physicians to recognize the existence of severe family disorganization in black children with multiple hospital contacts.
Regional Variation in Bank Loan Rates in the Interwar Years

In recent years an area of renewed research has been the development of a national capital market in the period between the Civil War and the First World War. l The usual measure of this development has been the narrowing differentials between country (and between city) bank loan rates in different regions using rates constructed from data in the annual Reports of the Comptroller of the Currency.2 Generally these studies have found that the large interest rate differentials that existed early in the period were diminishing, although significant differences still existed in 1914. Similar rate series have not been constructed for years after 1914. I have recently estimated country national bank loan rates by state and city national bank loan rates by city for the years 1916 through 1940.3 This note reports on these new rate estimates, briefly describes the variation in country and city bank loan rates during this era, and poses some questions that these new rate estimates may aid in examining.
Flow cytometric identification of murine neutrophils and monocytes

Flow cytometry and cell sorting have been employed in order to identify and purify murine neutrophils and monocytes. Using a combination of antibodies, we were able to distinguish between these two subsets of myeloid cells. The method described in this paper is simple to perform and can be applied to characterize myeloid cells from blood, spleen, bone marrow and after an induced inflammation.
Ammonia chemical ionization of some free amino acids and underivatized peptides

Abstract Ammonia chemical ionization mass spectra of rapidly heated free amino acids and peptides provide an opportunity for a study of the competition between gas-phase solvation and association reactions of these biochemically interesting species. Compounds investigated include methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and peptides; AlaAla, PheAla, AlaAlaAla, AlaPheGly, GlyAlaPhe, tetraAla and PCAHisProNH 2 (thyrotropin releasing hormone). Extensive formation of solvated-protonated species were observed and associated protonated peptides up to (4 M + 1) + in some cases. The observation of association reactions with rapidly heated samples presents problems in the analytical use of this technique. Investigation of the kinetic order of reactions leading to association of protonated species reveals a significantly more effective energy transfer process in collisions of protonated peptides with parent neutral molecules than with neutral solvent gas.
Insulin action enhancement normalizes brachial artery vasoactivity in patients with peripheral vascular disease and occult diabetes

Abstract Purpose: Brachial artery vasoactivity (BAVA) evaluation is a reliable, noninvasive method of assessing arterial endothelial function in vivo. We previously have shown that patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and occult diabetes have abnormal BAVA results when fasting and after oral glucose intake during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Troglitazone is an oral hypoglycemic agent that enhances the action of insulin. The effect of troglitazone on BAVA in patients with occult diabetes and PVD is not known. Methods: Patients with PVD, normal fasting glucose levels, and abnormal OGTT results were identified. With a duplex ultrasound scan, BAVA was evaluated by measuring the brachial artery (BA) flow (in millimeters per minute) before and after 5 minutes of BA occlusion during fasting and at 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after the administration of 75 g of glucose during OGTT. Troglitazone therapy (400 mg/day) was begun, and the BAVA evaluation was repeated after 2 and 4 months. These results were compared with the results of the control group who had normal fasting glucose levels, normal OGTT results, and no evidence of PVD. A paired t test was used to compare the BA flow before and after BA occlusion, with a P value of less than .05 considered significant. Results: The control group had a normal hyperemic response with a significantly increased BA flow after 5 minutes of BA occlusion during fasting and at all stages of the OGTT. The occult diabetic group had an abnormal response to hyperemia before the treatment with troglitazone and showed little change in flow after BA occlusion. After 2 months of troglitazone therapy, BAVA results improved after oral glucose intake but not during fasting. After 4 months, BAVA results normalized both while fasting and after oral glucose intake during the OGTT. Conclusion: Patients with occult diabetes and PVD have impaired BAVA, which normalizes after treatment with troglitazone. Insulin-action enhancers may slow the progression of PVD in patients with diabetes by improving endothelial cell function. Agents that are aimed at enhancing the action of insulin may have an advantage over the other traditional therapies for diabetes. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:1024-32.)
In vivo inhibition of nitric oxide synthase impairs upregulation of contractile protein mRNA in overloaded plantaris muscle.

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in vivo impedes hypertrophy in the overloaded rat plantaris. We investigated the mechanism for this effect by examining early events leading to muscle growth following 5 or 12 days of functional overload. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (∼350 g) were randomly divided into three treatment groups: control, N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 90 mg·kg−1·day−1), and 1-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazole (TRIM; 10 mg·kg−1·day−1). Unilateral removal of synergists induced chronic overload (OL) of the right plantaris. Sham surgery performed on the left hindlimb served as a normally loaded control. l-NAME and TRIM treatments prevented OL-induced skeletal α-actin and type I (slow) myosin heavy chain mRNA expression at 5 days. Conversely, neither l-NAME nor TRIM affected hepatocyte growth factor or VEGF mRNA responses to OL at 5 days. However, OL induction of IGF-I and mechanogrowth factor mRNA was greater ( P < 0.05) in the TRIM group compared with the controls. Furthermore, the phosphorylated-to-total p70 S6 kinase ratio was higher in OL muscle from NOS-inhibited groups, compared with control OL. At 12 days of OL, the cumulative proliferation of plantaris satellite cells was assessed by subcutaneous implantation of time release 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine pellets during the OL-inducing surgeries. Although OL caused a fivefold increase in the number of mitotically active (5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine positive) sublaminar nuclei, this was unaffected by concurrent NOS inhibition. Therefore, NOS activity may provide negative feedback control of IGF-I/p70 S6 kinase signaling during muscle growth. Moreover, NOS activity may be involved in transcriptional regulation of skeletal α-actin and type I (slow) myosin heavy chain during functional overload.
Copper-catalysed cross-couplings of arylboronate esters with aryl and heteroaryl iodides and bromides

CuI-catalysed coupling of arylboronate esters with aryl and heteroaryl iodides and bromides is described. The transformation affords products in good yields using 5–10 mol% catalyst loadings. The described reaction requires a P,N-based bidentate ligand in combination with CuI for aryl–aryl coupling, but it proceeds without external ligands for aryl–heteroaryl coupling to afford the products. The reaction protocol can also be applied to achieve biarylation of diiodoarenes in reasonable yields.
Efferent projections of the insular and temporal neocortex of the cat

Anterograde degeneration resulting from small lesions placed in either the insular or temporal cortex were traced with the Fink-Heimer reduced silver procedure. In neocortical regions ipsilateral to the lesion axonal degeneration was present in auditory subdivisions AI, AII, Ep, I, T, in the second somatosensory area (SII), in the anterior and middle suprasylvian gyrus, in the posteromedial suprasylvian and posterior lateral gyri, in the posterior splenial gyrus, in the anterior two-thirds of the cingulate gyrus and in the orbitofrontal regions. With respect to interhemispheric connections, evidence was obtained for a dual pattern of projection. In addition to significant amounts of axonal and terminal degeneration in the corresponding insular or temporal fields, axonal degeneration was also present in posterior AII. In the thalamus degeneration was found in the medial dorsal, suprageniculate, and lateral posterior-pulvinar nuclei. In the posterior nuclear group (Po) and the principal division of the medial geniculate (GMp) evidence was obtained for a topographic pattern of projection; significantly more degeneration occurred in caudal Po following insular lesions whereas with temporal lesions more degeneration occurred in caudal GMp. Degeneration was also found in the dorsal cortex of the ipsilateral inferior colliculus, bilaterally in the deep layers of the superior colliculus and the periventricular central gray region, ipsilaterally in the ventromedial aspects of the head and body of the caudate nucleus, and in the lateral and central nuclei of the amygdala. These findings are discussed in terms of their significance for a possible role for the insular and temporal neocortex (I-T) in both multimodal sensory discrimination and sensory-visceral integrative functions.
Electric-field-induced rupture of polymer-stabilized oil films

Water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by polymeric surfactants are robust, but the reasons for their stability are poorly understood. We studied oil films stabilized by a comb–graft copolymer having a poly(siloxane) backbone and poly(ethylene oxide)/poly (propylene oxide) and C16 grafts (Abil EM-90) with a total number-average molecular weight of 62,000. Electric fields imposed in the aqueous phases on either side of the oil films were used to induce rapid rupture, and the response of the film was monitored using optical interference and electrical conductance measurements. Film thickness values ranged between 30 and 50 nm and rupture at field strength values between 2 × 107 and 5 × 107 V/m. Unexpectedly, in some cases, stable pores were formed and the films became electrically conductive. Often the pores persisted for more than 20 min after the voltage had been removed. Since the current was independent of film area, very few pores are involved in conduction. This behavior is similar to that found in lipid films; however, the persistence time is greater for polymer-stabilized films. Because the films are thick, it is possible that pores are formed by multimolecular self-assembly as with pore-forming proteins. Polymer purification also influenced film stability.
Acid-sensing by carotid body is inhibited by blockers of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels

The membrane potential hypothesis that the responses to hypercapnia of carotid chemosensory activity is mediated by voltage-gated Ca2+ channels was investigated by measuring directly the chemosensory output from rat and cat carotid bodies, perfused and superfused in vitro. We found that the inorganic and organic blockers of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels suppressed the hypercapnic responses, thereby supporting the membrane potential hypothesis.
Influence of preoperative showers on staphylococcal skin colonization. A comparative trial of antiseptic skin cleansers

Abstract We undertook a prospective randomized observer-blinded study comparing the ability of preoperative showers with chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiclens), povidone-iodine (Betadine), and a lotion soap (Safe 'N Sure) to diminish the staphylococcal skin flora of patients. By block randomization, patients scheduled for an elective cardiac operation or coronary artery angioplasty were assigned to shower with one of the study skin cleansers either once (evening only) or twice (both evening and morning) before the procedure. Semiquantitative samples for culture were obtained from the subclavian and inguinal sites on the evening before the procedure (baseline culture) and again the next morning before the operation. The chlorhexidine skin cleanser consistently reduced staphylococcal colony counts at both the subclavian and inguinal sites before the procedure. This reduction was significant for patients showering both evening and morning ( p Chlorhexidine is more effective than povidone-iodine in diminishing skin colonization with staphylococci in patients before operation. Repeated applications of chlorhexidine are superior to a single shower with this agent.
Concentration profiles through thin oxide scales by ion-probe microanalysis

The ion microanalyzer has been used to measure concentration profiles through oxide scales formed on oxide dispersion-containing Ni-20 wt pct Cr alloys after high-temperature oxidation. These protective scales are sufficiently thin, generally less than 1.0 μm, to render examination by more established techniques such as electron-probe microanalysis difficult and often fruitless. The operation of the technique is described and the results obtained are discussed. Although the analyses are not yet quantitative, the profiles obtained indicate that the dispersoid is incorporated throughout the whole thickness of the scales, and allow further insight into the mechanism of oxidation of these alloys.
Water drinking and air drinking: Some physiological determinants

Hypertonic saline injections induced more water and air drinking in 10 nondeprived rats than did isotonic saline. In a second experiment, scopolamine hydrochloride suppressed both water and air drinking in nine thirsty rats, in contrast with isotonic saline. In a third experiment, olfactory bulb ablation had no measurable effect upon air drinking in rats.
Inhibition of MMP-2 gelatinolysis by targeting exodomain–substrate interactions

MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase 2) contains a CBD (collagen-binding domain), which is essential for positioning gelatin substrate molecules relative to the catalytic site for cleavage. Deletion of the CBD or disruption of CBD-mediated gelatin binding inhibits gelatinolysis by MMP-2. To identify CBD-binding sites on type I collagen and collagen peptides with the capacity to compete CBD binding of gelatin and thereby inhibit gelatinolysis by MMP-2, we screened a one-bead one-peptide combinatorial peptide library with recombinant CBD as bait. Analyses of sequences from the CBD-binding peptides pointed to residues 715-721 in human alpha1(I) collagen chain as a binding site for CBD. A peptide (P713) including this collagen segment was synthesized for analyses. In SPR (surface plasmon resonance) assays, the CBD and MMP-2(E404A), a catalytically inactive MMP-2 mutant, both bound immobilized P713 in a concentration-dependent manner, but not a scrambled control peptide. Furthermore, P713 competed gelatin binding by the CBD and MMP-2(E404A). In control assays, neither of the non-collagen binding alkylated CBD or MMP-2 with deletion of CBD (MMP-2DeltaCBD) bound P713. Consistent with the exodomain functions of the CBD, P713 inhibited approximately 90% of the MMP-2 gelatin cleavage, but less than 20% of the MMP-2 activity on a peptide substrate (NFF-1) which does not require the CBD for cleavage. Confirming the specificity of the inhibition, P713 did not alter MMP-2DeltaCBD or MMP-8 activities. These experiments identified a CBD-binding site on type I collagen and demonstrated that a corresponding synthetic peptide can inhibit hydrolysis of type I and IV collagens by competing CBD-mediated gelatin binding to MMP-2.
A social cybernetics approach to community use of spatial data for resource protection: Field study on a north-central Idaho Indian reservation

This study investigates the engagement of communities with little or no GIS expertise in the use of publicly available spatial data for self-education in the protection of drinking water sources. A traditional administrative top-down approach to assisting communities in getting or using spatial information was replaced in the study with a bottom-up approach based on the principles of social cybernetics. The study investigated how communities used spatial datasets provided by the state to facilitate public participation in creating maps for water resource protection. Nine rural communities in the State of Idaho within the Nez Perce Indian Reservation participated in a field study from 2001–2002. Results included "map archetypes" developed by the communities and a validation of the bottom-up approach stressing community control over the process of using spatial data.
Centrifugal assessment of cell adhesion

Abstract The design of a chamber for determining the centrifugal force necessary to detach cells from various substrates is presented. Cells from an SV40-transformed murine peritoneal macrophage line and huan erythrocytes were used to assess the feasibility of using the chamber for studies cell adhesion. This work was confirmed the usefulness of the chamber and provided data concerning the force necessary to detach the cells. These data indicated that the percentage of cells detached from a glass substrate was not a function of force alone. The number of cells detaching increased with the impulse applied to the cells when they were exposed to a constant force. Similarly, when the impulse applied to the IC21 cells was maintained at a constant level, the percentage of cells detached by a centrifugal force increased with the magnitude of the force.
Analysis of some regular systems of inbreeding.

A probabilistic method is used to calculate the asymptotic rate of loss of genetic variability for half-sib and first-cousin mating of an infinite number of individuals. For both systems of inbreeding, all probabilities of nonidentity by descent converge to zero at ultimate rates proportional to t−1/2, where t is the time in generations. The rate of decay is faster for half-sibs than for first cousins, the respective asymptotic allozygosities being 4(πt)−1/2 and 8(πt)−1/2.
Dipolar relaxation dynamics in water: A study of nonequilibrium solvation

Abstract We present Molecular Dynamics simulations of solvent relaxation around a dissolved solute molecule after a sudden change in its permanent dipole moment. The results are compared with the predictions of dielectric continuum and MSA models for solvent relaxation. The observed dynamics are not consistent with theoretical predictions, which underlines the importance of molecular motions in the solvation process. However, the relaxation behavior is qualitatively similar to that observed in several recent experimental studies of the time resolved Stokes shift of electronically excited probe molecules in polar liquids.
Effects of short-term benzene administration on bone marrow cell cycle kinetics in the rat.

Abstract Hematology, cell cycle phase, and [ 3 H]thymidine ([ 3 H]TdR) uptake and retention in bone marrow were studied in male Fischer-344 rats exposed to benzene by repeated subcutaneous injection (0.5 or 1.0 ml benzene/kg/day). Peripheral lymphocytes and differentiating bone marrow precursor cells were found to be the most sensitive cell populations following repeated benzene administration. Benzene exposure resulted in an increase in the relative number of bone marrow precursor cells in G 2 or M phase of the cell cycle as determined by laser-based flow cytofluorometry. Benzene treatment resulted in an increase in cell proliferative activity as determined by both cytofluorometry and [ 3 H]TdR uptake. Although the uptake of [ 3 H]TdR into DNA was initially higher in animals repeatedly exposed to benzene than in controls, paralleling the increase in cell proliferative index, the specific activity of DNA rapidly decreased, suggesting a defect in maturation among affected precusor cells. A general inhibition of DNA synthesis in bone marrow was not observed. It would appear that benzene-induced cytotoxicity in bone marrow is a function of both cell differentiation and cell cycle phase.