cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological Aspects of Hereditary Cancer Risk Counseling and Genetic Testing

Hereditary cancer risk counseling is the process of identifying families at risk for hereditary cancer syndromes with the ultimate goal of minimizing cancer-related morbidity and mortality. We review psychological and behavioral outcomes of counseling and genetic testing for widely studied cancer syndromes, such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and hereditary colorectal cancer, as well as newer areas of inquiry, such as hereditary melanoma. We review both short- and longer-term psychological outcomes, including perceived costs and benefits. Our review suggests that rather than constituting a new stressor to which people must respond and adapt, hereditary cancer risk counseling and genetic testing may instead be conceptualized as powerful tools that patients and their families may use in ongoing efforts to manage hereditary cancer risk. Specifically, hereditary cancer risk counseling and genetic testing promote sustained improvements in adherence to screening recommendations, as well as other risk-reducing behaviors such as prophylactic surgery, but do not appear to create lasting increases in depression or anxiety. Further, there appear to be different patterns of psychological outcomes that are likely shaped both by specific personal and familial antecedents of the decision to seek genetic testing and properties of the cancer syndromes themselves. We present an integrative framework for understanding these diverse outcomes that may guide the design of future studies, and we discuss methodological issues that may inform our understanding of psychological and behavioral outcomes. Such understanding will help maximize the benefits of personalized medicine for cancer prevention through early detection and treatment.
Careless Work in Printing

Standards have established the exact location of the sound-track of motion picture film in relation to the perforations and the picture area. Numerous cases are described of prints wherein the sound-track location departs considerably from the standard. This is a source of annoyance to the projectionist and often results in faults on the screen or in reproduction.
Health insurance coverage and self-reported health: new estimates from the NLSY97

This paper provides new estimates of the relationship between health insurance coverage and health status of young adults using the confidential version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (NLSY97). Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that approximately 6 % of young adults lose their health insurance coverage once they turn 19. However, in contrast to the findings from the recent literature, the effect of this discrete change in health insurance coverage on self-reported health status of young adults is quite limited and often statistically insignificant.
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Urethra

Abstract We report the eighth case of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the female urethra. The histology and management are discussed
Open Access in the Social and Political Sciences: A Surprisingly Difficult Issue

This outline contains notes for my presentation on a roundtable, so it consists of more questions than answers. The benefits of open access seem clear and persuasive; who will pay the costs is much murkier. In fact, the question of costs raises not just technical and economic issues but surprisingly difficult normative and distributive concerns. The costs of OA may be borne by individuals and their funders, organizations such as universities or foundations, the government, publishers, or professional associations. Each method of covering costs benefits some and harms others, whom we would not otherwise seek to harm. In the end, we may have to choose between more but less well-edited articles, on the one hand, or fewer and better-vetted articles, on the other; which goals, or perhaps whose goals, should predominate is a choice of values rather than technique.
An investigation of two chapter i teachers’ beliefs about reading and instructional practices

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between two Chapter I teachers’ reader‐based beliefs about reading and their instructional decision‐making that took place as they planned instruction and during actual teaching episodes, as well as to identify possible constraints and opportunities that may have influenced the decision‐making process. For each participant, the researcher selected a pull‐out class (6–10 students) to observe during 10 separate Chapter I instructional sessions. During the observations, the researcher wrote field notes, audiotaped the lessons, collected relevant learning materials, and interviewed the teachers. All data were qualitatively analyzed by a research team that searched for meaningful patterns between and within the participants. Results indicated that, although the participants shared similar beliefs about reading, there was considerable variation in their instructional practices. The participants’ beliefs affected their decision‐making, how...
Further Development of the System: Phenomenalism

In this chapter I will attempt to develop phenomenalism further and make the definition sketches of chapter 9 more complete; this will be done by considering certain problems that arise within the theory itself. One of the most interesting of these problems is raised by Wilfrid Sellars in his chapter on phenomenalism in Science, Perception, and Reality. He notes the fact that in any phenomenalist analysis the hypothetical statements belonging to the analysis, which in our case have counterfactual force, will at some point depend on causal generalizations.
Mechanisms of Mutation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms of mutation. Mutation is stated to be a sudden, inheritable change in the genome and mutations were originally considered to involve the gametes, but somatic mutations are now recognized. A change in the structure of DNA that prevents its replication is an inactivation, but not a mutation. The mutation that involve single nucleotides is termed point mutations and few or many nucleotides may be added or deleted or it may be genes or groups of genes, which may be deleted, duplicated or moved to other chromosomes, bringing about drastic effects on the organism. However, many changes in the DNA have no discernible effect on function. Mutagenic agents alter DNA structure by changing the base pairing properties of the replicating DNA. Mutation requires that the altered DNA be replicated which results in errors. An account of the polymerases involved in mutation, the mechanism of mismatch repair and spontaneous mutation involved in tumorigenesis is given. The repeated elements in human genome promote instability and these mechanisms are likely to be responsible for mutagenic changes.
Adhesion Between Metals and Epoxy Adhesives Improved

(1989). Adhesion Between Metals and Epoxy Adhesives Improved. Materials and Processing Report: Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 4-5.
Religion and Screen Hours in a US National Sample

Time spent sitting, especially TV viewing, has been found to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality independent of activity level. No studies were found of religious behavior and sitting, TV viewing or total screen time. To test the hypothesis that sitting screen hours are associated with frequency of attendance at religious services, data from a US national health survey were analyzed. In this large sample (n = 3,029), adults 40 years and over who reported attending religious services weekly or more also reported significantly less daily TV viewing than others. This amounted to about 20 fewer minutes TV viewing per day. No association was seen for time using a computer.
Estimating Optical Coherence Tomography Structural Measurement Floors to Improve Detection of Progression in Advanced Glaucoma

Purpose "Floor effects" in retinal imaging are defined as the points at which no further structural loss can be detected. We estimated the measurement floors for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) measurements and compared global change over time in advanced glaucoma eyes. Design Validity study to investigate measurement floors. Methods A longitudinal "Variability group" of 41 eyes with moderate to advanced glaucoma (standard automated perimetry mean deviation ≤−8 dB) was used to estimate measurement floors. Minimum rim width (MRW), ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer thickness (GC-IPLT), and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT) were determined. Floors were defined as the average image area with a loss less than first-percentile confidence interval of the variability in this group. Global rate of change and percentage of the region of interest that did not reach the measurement floor at baseline were calculated in 87 eyes with advanced glaucoma (SAP MD ≤−12 dB). Results Global change over time in longitudinal eyes was −1.51 μm/year for MRW, −0.21 μm/year for GC-IPL, and −0.36 μm/year cpRNFL (all P ≤ .03). The percentage of region of interest that did not reach the floor at baseline was 19% for MRW, 36% for GC-IPLT, and 14% for cpRNFLT. Average (± standard deviation) floors were 105 μm (± 15.9 μm) for MRW, 38 μm (± 3.4 μm) for GC-IPLT, and 38 μm (± 4.2 μm) for cpRNFLT. Conclusions In advanced glaucoma, more GC-IPL tissue remains above the measurement floor compared with other measurements, suggesting GC-IPL thickness is the better candidate for detecting progression. Progression in SDOCT measurements is observable in advanced disease.
Detection of a tetranuclear iron-sulfur center in fumarate reductase from Escherichiacoli by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Soluble fumarate reductase and fumarate reductase complex from Escherichia coli have been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both succinate- and dithionite-reduced samples show signals associated with a [2Fe-2S] 1+ cluster that account maximally for slightly more than one spin/molecule. In addition, at temperatures below 20 K, dithionite-reduced samples exhibit broad and complex features, to high and low field of the [2Fe-2S] 1+ signal, that are attributable to a spin coupled [4Fe-4S] 1+ cluster. Preliminary attempts to quantify the signals indicate that the [4Fe-4S] cluster is present in an approximate 1:1 stoichiometry with the [2Fe-2S] cluster. The observed enhancement of the spin relaxation of the [2Fe-2S] 1+ cluster on dithionite reduction is attributed to spin-spin interaction between the S = 1 2 , reduced tetranuclear and binuclear clusters.
Molecular identification of Deladenus proximus Bedding, 1974 (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae), a parasite of Sirex nigricornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)

Parasitic nematodes were isolated from Sirex nigricornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) females collected in baited traps across pine forests of Arkansas and Mississippi, USA. We examined 650-720 bp of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and compared Arkansas and Mississippi sequences to sequences from nematodes collected in Illinois, Louisiana and New York that were positively identified as Deladenus proximus . We propose that a single species, D. proximus , occurs across Arkansas and Mississippi. Moreover, all sequences, which spanned a large geographic area (Louisiana to New York), exhibited only minor genetic variation (mean genetic distance of 0.004). This suggests that all examined specimens are a single species and could suggest continuous gene flow across eastern North America. Additional genes should be examined to discuss more fully the prospect of continuous gene flow.
Litigation risk and investment policy

We use a unique hand-collected dataset on corporate litigation to empirically examine the relationship between litigation risk and investment policy. We document a positive relationship between litigation risk and total investments. Decomposing total investments into capital expenditure, and research and development expense, we find a positive relationship between litigation risk and capital expenditure. We also find a positive relationship between litigation risk and research and development expense. The results are robust to different measures of litigation risk.
The Moral Critic: Irving Kristol, 1920-2009

Among the popular myths surrounding neoconservatism is the notion that its intellectual father, the writer Irving Kristol, was a "former communist" who turned rightward in penance for his radical past. Back in his college days, Kristol counted himself among the Trotskyists and the members of various socialist factions who met in Alcove No. 1 of the lunchroom at New York's City College. Yet what brought those students together and animated their debates was not a uniform political doctrine but their shared opposition to the much larger group of students who gathered in Alcove No. 2, where the Stalinists met. In a time and place where a serious, politically engaged student had only two alternatives ‐‐ to join either the pro‐ or anti-Stalinist left -- one might say Kristol made the responsible, if not conservative, choice.
Syndecan-2 Attenuates Radiation-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis and Inhibits Fibroblast Activation by Regulating PI3K/Akt/ROCK Pathway via CD148

Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is a severe complication of patients treated with thoracic irradiation. We have previously shown that syndecan-2 reduces fibrosis by exerting alveolar epithelial cytoprotective effects. Here, we investigate whether syndecan-2 attenuates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast activation. C57BL/6 wild-type mice and transgenic mice that overexpress human syndecan-2 in alveolar macrophages were exposed to 14 Gy whole-thoracic radiation. At 24 weeks after irradiation, lungs were collected for histological, protein, and mRNA evaluation of pulmonary fibrosis, profibrotic gene expression, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Mouse lung fibroblasts were activated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the presence or absence of syndecan-2. Cell proliferation, migration, and gel contraction were assessed at different time points. Irradiation resulted in significantly increased mortality and pulmonary fibrosis in wild-type mice that was associated with elevated lung expression of TGF-β1 downstream target genes and cell death compared with irradiated syndecan-2 transgenic mice. In mouse lung fibroblasts, syndecan-2 inhibited α-SMA expression, cell contraction, proliferation, and migration induced by TGF-β1. Syndecan-2 attenuated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase/Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase signaling and serum response factor binding to the α-SMA promoter. Syndecan-2 attenuates pulmonary fibrosis in mice exposed to radiation and inhibits TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation, migration, and proliferation by down-regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase/Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase signaling and blocking serum response factor binding to the α-SMA promoter via CD148. These findings suggest that syndecan-2 has potential as an antifibrotic therapy in radiation-induced lung fibrosis.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MOLECULAR AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURE IN AMORPHOUS POLYMERS

X-ray scattering patterns of amorphous methacrylate polymers, copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) with poly(methyl acrylate) and with poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), and t-butyl-substituted styrene polymers have been obtained. All show one or more scattering peaks at spacings greater than that of the van der Waals packing of atoms. The behavior of these peaks with change in chemical structure is in accord with our earlier studies of acrylate and methacrylate polymers and supports the conclusion that the scattering patterns indicate the existence of a nonvanishing degree of local order in amorphous polymers as normally encountered.
Interventions for Anxiety Disorders

A number of psychological therapies and interventions have been developed over many decades that are considered forms of psychotherapy, counseling, and other conceptualizations of treatment approaches. Although many types of models and approaches exist, this chapter will focus on those approaches that have shown evidence of effectiveness. Cognitive–behavioral, behavioral, and pharmacotherapy methods have been found to show likely efficacy in treating children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Research on the efficacy of these methods for children is relatively recent, and fewer studies exist than for adults. The vast majority of pharmacotherapy research for anxiety disorders has been with adults, but there is sufficient evidence of effects with children that warrant its consideration in some cases.
Activatable Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Using PEGylated Bacteriochlorin-Based Chlorin and BODIPY-Dyads as Probes for Detecting Cancer.

Near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are attractive tools for biomedical in vivo imaging due to the relatively deeper tissue penetration and lower background autofluorescence. Activatable probes are turned on only after binding to their target, further improving target to background ratios. However, the number of available activatable NIR probes is limited. In this study, we introduce two types of activatable NIR fluorophores derived from bacteriochlorin: chlorin–bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads and boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads. These fluorophores are characterized by multiple narrow excitation bands with relatively strong emission in the NIR. Targeted bacteriochlorin-based antibody or peptide probes have been previously limited by aggregation after conjugation. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains were added to improve the hydrophilicity without altering pharmacokinetics of the targeting moieties. These PEGylated bacteriochlorin-based activatable fluorophores hav...
Frailty Associated With Waitlist Mortality Independent of Ascites and Hepatic Encephalopathy in a Multicenter Study.

Background & Aims Frailty is associated with mortality in patients with cirrhosis. We measured frailty using 3 simple tests and calculated Liver Frailty Index (LFI) scores for patients at multiple ambulatory centers. We investigated associations between LFI scores, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and mortality. Methods Adults without hepatocellular carcinoma who were on the liver transplantation waitlist at 9 centers in the United States (N = 1044) were evaluated using the LFI; LFI scores of at least 4.5 indicated that patients were frail. We performed logistic regression analyses to assess associations between frailty and ascites or HE and competing risk regression analyses (with liver transplantation as the competing risk) to estimate sub-hazard ratios (sHRs) of waitlist mortality (death or removal from the waitlist). Results Of study subjects, 36% had ascites, 41% had HE, and 25% were frail. The odds of frailty were higher for patients with ascites (adjusted odd ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15–2.14) or HE (odd ratio 2.45, 95% CI 1.80–3.33) than for those without these features. Larger proportions of frail patients with ascites (29%) or HE (30%) died while on the waitlist compared with patients who were not frail (17% of patients with ascites and 20% with HE). In univariable analysis, ascites (sHR 1.52, 95% CI 1.14–2.05), HE (sHR 1.84, 95% CI 1.38–2.45), and frailty (sHR 2.38, 95% CI 1.77–3.20) were associated with waitlist mortality. In adjusted models, only frailty remained significantly associated with waitlist mortality (sHR 1.82, 95% CI 1.31–2.52); ascites and HE were not. Conclusions Frailty is a prevalent complication of cirrhosis that is observed more frequently in patients with ascites or HE and independently associated with waitlist mortality. LFI scores can be used to objectively quantify risk of death related to frailty—in excess of liver disease severity—in patients with cirrhosis.
Investigating the composition of product-level specialization

Intra-industry trade has practical implications for the extent of direct competition countries face. Our paper contributes to the literature by proposing a new index of intra-industry trade that incorporates information from product-level trade data. The new index categorizes trade as intra-industry only if exports and imports are close substitutes as measured by the average proximity of their prices. This criteria of qualifying as intra-industry trade is based on product characteristics unlike the traditional Grubel–Lloyd (GL) index which is based on the level of data aggregation. GL index rises automatically with data aggregation creating serious questions regarding its dependability as a reasonable measure. By capturing substitutability of exports and imports, the new measure remains true to the theoretical definition of intra-industry trade irrespective of the level of data aggregation. The new index estimates intra-industry trade was, on average, only 14% as compared to the 21% estimated by the GL index for the US between 1989 and 2001. Furthermore, the new index yields estimates that have no predictable relation to data aggregation and remain quite stable as the level of aggregation changes.
Intraoperative Computed Tomography Navigation-Assisted Resection of Symptomatic Intramedullary Spinal Cord Cavernoma: A Technical Note and Case Report.

Background Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations (ISCCMs) are a rare entity. Most commonly, ISCCMs present with neurologic decline from lesion hemorrhage, which can be catastrophic and irreversible irrespective of surgical intervention. Given the challenging anatomic location of these lesions in highly critical neurologic areas, precise surgical localization and visualization is necessary to limit collateral damage during resection particularly for deep ISCCMs that do not present to a pial surface. Case Description We present a case of a 54-year-old man who presented with incomplete paraplegia after hemorrhage of a deep ISCCM at T11. Surgical resection was undertaken using intraoperative computed tomography (CT) navigation assistance autofused with high-resolution preoperative magnetic resonance imaging for precise intramedullary lesion targeting and localization for myelotomy. Complete resection was demonstrated on postoperative imaging. At a 6-week follow-up appointment, the patient endorsed return of his bladder function and was noted to have some return of motor function to his left foot with 3 of 5 dorsiflexion. At 4 months, he had improved to 3 of 5 proximal, 4 of 5 distal on the left and 2 of 5 proximal, and 3 of 5 distal on the right. Conclusions The approach represents a novel application of intraoperative CT navigation assistance in the resection of deep ISCCMs.
Designing and executing a functional exercise to test a novel informatics tool for mass casualty triage.

Objective The testing of informatics tools designed for use during mass casualty incidents presents a unique problem as there is no readily available population of victims or identical exposure setting. The purpose of this article is to describe the process of designing, planning, and executing a functional exercise to accomplish the research objective of validating an informatics tool specifically designed to identify and triage victims of irritant gas syndrome agents. Materials and methods During a 3-year time frame, the research team and partners developed the Emergency Department Informatics Computational Tool and planned a functional exercise to test it using medical records data from 298 patients seen in 1 emergency department following a chlorine gas exposure in 2005. Results The research team learned valuable lessons throughout the planning process that will assist future researchers with developing a functional exercise to test informatics tools. Key considerations for a functional exercise include contributors, venue, and information technology needs (ie, hardware, software, and data collection methods). Discussion Due to the nature of mass casualty incidents, testing informatics tools and technology for these incidents is challenging. Previous studies have shown a functional exercise as a viable option to test informatics tools developed for use during mass casualty incidents. Conclusion Utilizing a functional exercise to test new mass casualty management technology and informatics tools involves a painstaking and complex planning process; however, it does allow researchers to address issues inherent in studying informatics tools for mas casualty incidents.
Ecological role for pteroenone, a novel antifeedant from the conspicuous antarctic pteropod Clione antarctica (Gymnosomata: Gastropoda)

Dense populations of the antarctic pteropod Clione antarctica (Smith) offer a rich source of potential nutrients and energy to planktivorous predators. Nonetheless, antarctic fish do not prey on C. antarctica. Employing flash and high-pressure liquid chromatographic techniques, a linear β-hydroxyketone, pteroenone (C14H24O2) was isolated from whole tissues of C. antarctica. When embedded in alginate food pellets at ecologically relevant concentrations, pteroenone caused significant feeding deterrence in Pagothenia borchgrevinki and Pseudotrematomas bernacchii, two antarctic fish known to feed on planktonic organisms. Concentrations of pteroenone were variable between pteropods (0.056 to 4.5 mg ml-1 tissue), but even those individuals with the lowest natural concentration contained levels five-fold greater than the lowest effective feeding-deterrent concentration (0.012 mg ml-1 alginate). Chemical analysis indicated that the primary dietary item of the carnivorous C. antarctica, the shelled pteropod Limacina helicina, does not contain pteroenone. This suggests that C. antarctica does not derive this defensive compound from its diet. This is the first example of a defensive secondary metabolite in a pelagic gastropod.
Complexity and the Future

The chapter asks, is the future more complicated than it used to be? It seems more complex now because we are inundated with more information every day than ever before, and everything we deal with daily seems to have multiple, confusing aspects. Luckily, we have new tools for making sense of, and managing, this complexity. They are explained in the chapter, which explores the meaning of chaos, nonlinear systems, and the butterfly effect. Citing prominent thinkers, the chapter shows that being attached to simple solutions to complex problems is psychologically maladaptive—as is (on the other hand) becoming so lost in complexity that one never reaches a decision.
Gentle Physical Activity Intervention Led by Caregivers in a Medicaid Home Care Program: Do Outcomes Differ Between Family and Nonfamily Caregiving Dyads?

Background and objectives Caregiving dyads are fertile contexts for health promotion such as physical activity. However, previous physical activity interventions in caregiving dyads paid limited attention to care recipients' outcomes and rarely involved paid caregivers. Home care aides (HCAs) provide nonmedical care for older family members or nonfamily clients in publicly funded home care programs in the United States. This study examined whether family and nonfamily HCA-client dyads differed in the outcomes of a 4-month gentle physical activity pilot program led by HCAs in a Medicaid home care program. Design and methods A single-group prepost design was used to assess changes in clients' function (self-reported and performance-based) and process outcomes (exercise-related social support provided by HCAs) in 18 family and 32 nonfamily HCA-client dyads. Repeated measures analysis controlled for clients' demographic and health characteristics. Clients' and HCAs' motivation to continue the program beyond the intervention period was examined using quantitative and qualitative data. Results Client outcomes and exercise-related social support provided by HCAs improved, especially in nonfamily dyads. Both family and nonfamily dyads had high levels of motivation to continue the program, supporting the program's sustainability for both clients and HCAs. Discussion and implications Empowering HCAs to engage in health promoting activities with their clients is a promising strategy to improve the lives of caregiving dyads.
Critical historical inquiry: The intersection of ideological clarity and pedagogical content knowledge

Abstract This paper presents the relationship between pedagogical content knowledge and political/ideological clarity as a framework for understanding the nuanced interpretations and applications of critical social studies pedagogy and practice. Using a qualitative case study research design, this study explores the decision-making process of two novice social studies teachers as they decide if and how to utilize critical historical inquiry within their classrooms. Findings indicate that teachers' use of critical historical inquiry is informed by their subject area consciousness and political and ideological clarity which is cultivated through personal, schooling, and communal experiences. However, we also find that a teacher's pedagogy is significantly strengthened when political and ideological clarity are coupled with pedagogical content knowledge to ensure a more developed enactment of critical historical inquiry is reached within the social studies classroom.
Intraspecific Variation in the Secretion and Morphology of the Scent Glands of a Neotropical Harvestman (Opiliones, Cosmetidae)

Relatively little is known about intraspecific variation in the use of chemical defenses by cosmetid harvestmen. In this study, we investigated sexual and ontogenetic variation in the emission of secretions from the scent glands and the morphology of the ozopores of Erginulus clavotibialis, a Neotropical species from Belize. Most individuals (> 94%) did not secrete when seized by leg IV, however, when the body was subsequently grasped firmly with forceps, 76% of the harvestmen (n = 96) responded by releasing enteric fluid (clear, no odor) or secretions from the scent glands (reddish-brown, distinct odor), most commonly in the form of globules near the ozopores. Adults and penultimate nymphs rarely (less than 5% of all trials) exhibited leg dabbing, an unusual behavior generally associated with cosmetid harvestmen. Males released enteric fluid (without scent gland secretions) significantly more than females or nymphs. Nymphs emitted secretions from scent glands at a significantly greater frequency than males or females. Using SEM, we examined the ozopores and the dorsal processes of coxae I and II and found that the morphology of these structures varies between adults and nymphs but not between males and females. The openings of the ozopores of nymphs are circular and are not obscured by the dorsal posterior process of coxa I and the dorsal anterior process of coxa II. In contrast, adults have subtriangular ozopores that are difficult to observe without dissection because they are partially blocked by the dorsal processes of coxae I and II.
Wonderlic, working memory capacity, and fluid intelligence☆

Abstract Despite the widespread popularity of the Wonderlic Personnel Test, evidence of its validity as a measure of intelligence and personnel selection is limited. The present study sought to better understand the Wonderlic by investigating its relationship to multiple measures of working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. Our results show that Wonderlic has no direct relationship to fluid intelligence once its commonality to working memory capacity is accounted for. Further, we found that the Wonderlic was a significant predictor of working memory capacity for subjects with low fluid intelligence, but failed to discriminate as well among subjects with high fluid intelligence. These results suggest that the predictive power of the Wonderlic could depend on the characteristics of the sample it is administered to, whereas the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory capacity is robust and invariant to the cognitive capabilities of the sample.
Surgical Considerations for Laryngeal Reinnervation and Future Research Directions

This paper examines the history, current use, and future directions of laryngeal reinnervation surgery. Nonselective laryngeal reinnervation has been refined as a surgical technique for use in unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Selective laryngeal reinnervation is a viable surgical option for bilateral vocal fold paralysis. The use of laryngeal pacing devices, nimodipine, stem cells, and manipulation of the cellular and chemical microenvironment are future areas of study for laryngeal reinnervation. While both thyroplasty and injection laryngoplasty are highly effective and remain the most popular treatment for unilateral vocal fold paralysis, nonselective laryngeal reinnervation offers several benefits that may help surgeons achieve superior results. Similarly, selective laryngeal reinnervation for treatment of bilateral vocal fold paralysis is a viable alternative to the life changing tracheostomy and potentially preserves laryngeal function better than iterations of posterior cordotomy surgery.
A Design Case of an Enterprise-Wide Learning Management System

In this case we describe the in-house design and development of an enterprise learning management system (LMS) at Brigham Young University (BYU). The purpose of the project was to replace a commercially available LMS that was becoming too costly as well as unresponsive to the interests of faculty and other stakeholders. In the case we discuss why administrators made the decision to develop a complex piece of software using university resources instead of relying on other commercially available products. We also describe their goals for the project and how we attempted to meet those goals by designing the new system on a foundation of existing components and by focusing on the most frequently used functions from the previous LMS. A central feature of our discussion is how we and other participants made decisions in a high-stakes environment of multiple stakeholders and a compressed timeline, which had an impact on the emerging design of the product. We also examine some of the challenges that arose among members of the design and development teams during the course of the project as pressure on the team became more intense.
Building a Better Lie Detector with BERT: The Difference Between Truth and Lies

Detecting lies or deceptive statements in text is a valuable skill. This is partly because the patterns that underlie deceptive text are not known. The aim of this work is to identify patterns that characterize deceptive text. A key step in this approach is to train a classifier based on the BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) network. BERT beats the state of the art in deception classification accuracy on the Ott Deceptive Opinion Spam corpus. The results of our ablation study indicate that certain components of the input, such as some parts of speech, are more informative to the classifier than others. Further part-of-speech analysis in "swing" sentences that are considered important to BERT’s classification indicates that deceptive text is more formulaic and less varied than truthful text. We expanded our classifier into a new Generative Adversarial Network based on BERT to create exemplars of deceptive and truthful text that further showed the differences between truth and deception, reinforcing the underlying similarity of deceptive text in terms of part-of-speech makeup.
LDL-C-lowering therapies reduce major vascular events in patients aged ≥75 y.

SOURCE CITATION Gencer B, Marston NA, Im K, et al. Efficacy and safety of lowering LDL cholesterol in older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2020;396:1637-43. 33186535.
Dogs' (Canis lupus familiaris) behavioral adaptations to a human-dominated niche: A review and novel hypothesis

Abstract This chapter contextualizes the dog-human relationship in the dog's origin as a scavenger on the fringes of human settlements over 15,000 years ago. It then reviews the evidence for unique evolved cognitive structures in dogs that could explain their success in a human-dominated world. Failing to find evidence of unique human-like social-cognitive capacities I then review uncontroversial facts of dogs' basic behavioral biology, including reproductive and foraging behavior and, particularly, affiliative and attachment-related behaviors. This leads to consideration of dogs' social behavior, both conspecific and toward other species, especially humans. I draw attention to a seldom-noted apparent contradiction between dogs' stronger affectional bonds toward humans than toward members of their own species. Dogs' social groups also show steeper social hierarchies accompanied by more behaviors indicating formal dominance than do other canid species including wolves. I resolve this contradiction by proposing that dogs' intense sensitivity to social hierarchy contributes to their willingness to accept human leadership. People commonly control resources that dogs need and also unknowingly express behaviors which dogs perceive as formal signs of dominance. This may be what Darwin was referring to when he endorsed the idea that a dog looks on his master as on a god. Whatever the merits of this idea, if it serves to redirect behavioral research on dogs in human society more toward the social interactions of these species in their diverse forms of symbiosis it will have served a useful function.
Meta-Analysis Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Single vs Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Post Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Patients.

The relative safety and efficacy of aspirin versus dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT; aspirin+clopidogrel) in patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and did not have a long-term indication for oral anticoagulation remains controversial. Digital databases were searched to identify relevant articles. The major safety end point was bleeding, while the efficacy end points included after-TAVI ischemic and thrombotic events. Data were analyzed using a random effect model to calculate the pooled unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for dichotomous outcomes. Eleven studies comprising 4805 patients (aspirin 2258, DAPT 2547) were included in the quantitative analysis. Patients receiving aspirin-alone had significantly lower odds of all cause bleeding (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.29 to .057, p
The Zintl phases AIn2As2 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba): new topological insulators and thermoelectric material candidates

Recently, there has been a lot of interest in topological insulators (TIs), being electronic materials, which are insulating in their bulk but with the gapless exotic metallic state on their surface. The surface states observed in such materials behave as a perfect conductor thereby making them more suited for several cutting-edge technological applications such as spintronic devices. Here, we report the synthesis and structural characterization of the Zintl phases AIn2As2 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba), which could become a new class of TIs. Crystal structure elucidation by single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that CaIn2As2 and SrIn2As2 are isostructural and crystallize in the EuIn2P2 structure type (space group P63/mmc, no. 194, Z = 2) with unit cell parameters a = 4.1482(6) A, c = 17.726(4) A; and a = 4.2222(6) A, c = 18.110(3) A, respectively. Their hexagonal structure is made up of alternating [In2As2]2− layers separated by slabs of A2+ cations. BaIn2As2 on the other hand crystallizes in the monoclinic EuGa2P2 structure type (space group P2/m, no. 10, Z = 4) with unit cell parameters a = 10.2746(11) A, b = 4.3005(5) A, c = 13.3317(14) A and β = 95.569(2)°. This structure is also layered, and it is made up of different type of polyanionic [In2As2]2− units and Ba2+ cations. The valence electron count for all three compounds adheres to the Zintl-Klemm formalism, and all elements achieve closed-shell electronic configurations. Bulk electronic structure calculations indicate the opening of a bandgap Eg ∼ 0.03 eV (CaIn2As2 and Sr2In2As2), and Eg ∼0.21 eV (BaIn2As2) in the absence of strain and spin–orbit coupling (SOC). These results argue in favor of the realization of a nontrivial topological insulator state under the influence of tensile strain and SOC. Preliminary transport properties on BaIn2As2 are suggestive of a degenerate p-type semiconductor—a behavior which is sought after in thermoelectric (TE) materials. Since both TIs and excellent TE materials are known to favor the same material properties such as narrow bandgap, heavy elements, and strong SOC, these three Zintl phases are also projected as candidates TE materials.
Hydrogel Network Dynamics Regulate Vascular Morphogenesis

Increasingly, matrix dynamics is being recognized as an indispensable characteristic impacting single cell behavior and fate. However, it is unknown how matrix dynamics influence individual cells to ultimately make up a complex multicellular tissue, such as vascular networks. Here we develop hydrogels with identical polymer components but different cross-links, enabling to investigate how matrix dynamics modulate vascular morphogenesis. We show that the dynamics of hydrogel networks alone, independent of stiffness, promote clustering of integrin β1 and the recruitment of vinculin, leading to the formation of focal adhesions and the phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). We further demonstrate that dynamic-mediated FAK activation leads to an upregulation in metalloproteinases (MMP) expression, enabling rapid sprouting and robust assembly of vasculature. These results emphasize the importance of matrix dynamics in vascular tissue formation and the corresponding molecular pathways, which have implications for mechanistic studies and applications for tissue engineering and vascularization.
Abstract 3035: Identifying potential druggable targets for synovial sarcoma using comparative RNA-seq analysis

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is an aggressive soft-tissue malignancy, accounting for 10% of all soft-tissue sarcomas. These tumors can occur at any age but most often affect young adults and adolescents, developing deep in the distal extremities. The prognosis of SS tumors is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 36-76%, a high rate of metastasis and few treatments. The purpose of this study was to identify novel overexpressed oncogenes that could serve as druggable targets for treating synovial sarcoma patients. We compared the RNA-Seq expression profiles of a cohort of 36 synovial sarcomas to our compendium of RNA-Seq expression data from 12,236 tumor samples (treehousegenomics.ucsc.edu) from pediatric and adult cancer patients. In comparing gene expression in the synovial sarcoma cohort samples against the compendium samples, gene expression outliers were defined as having expression above the gene-specific outlier threshold as defined by the Tukey9s outlier method. Among the overexpression outliers, pathway enrichment analysis was used to identify common and druggable pathways, with implications for potential therapeutics for patients with SS. Our analysis identified the overexpression of members of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway in the majority of synovial sarcoma samples. For example, GLI1 expression exceeded the outlier threshold in 35 out of 36 samples. This pathway can be targeted by available small molecule inhibitors. Ongoing work focuses on evaluating the role of Sonic Hedgehog signaling in the pathogenesis of SS using pharmacological inhibition, CRISPRi studies in cell line models of the disease and nanopore sequencing. We currently have 4 patient-derived synovial sarcoma cell lines (HSSY-II, SYO-1, YAMATO, and ASKA) that we can grow in both adherent conditions and in 3D cell culture as sarcospheres. We detected the expression of the SYT-SSX fusion transcript in each of the cell lines by RT-PCR to confirm the cell lines maintained expression of the pathogenic fusion. This work has implications for using comparative tumor RNA-seq derived gene expression data for nominating novel druggable targets specific to synovial sarcoma tumors. Citation Format: Yvonne A. Vasquez, Jacob Pfeil, Letitia Mueller, Holly Beale, Alfred G. Lyle, Lauren Sanders, Katrina Learned, Ellen Kephart, Anouk van den Bout, Allison Cheney, Sahar Hosseinzadeh, Isabel Bjork, Sofie R. Salama, Olena Vaske. Identifying potential druggable targets for synovial sarcoma using comparative RNA-seq analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 3035.
The Journal of Sports Economics: 20 Years and Counting:

This invited piece provides some thoughts and insights regarding the development and growth of the Journal of Sports Economics from its founding editor.
Excursions in Classical Analysis: Pathways to Advanced Problem Solving and Undergraduate Research

Preface 1. Two classical inequalities 2. A new approach for proving inequalities 3. Means generated by an integral 4. The L'Hopital monotone rule 5. Trigonometric identities via complex numbers 6. Special numbers 7. On a sum of cosecants 8. The gamma products in simple closed forms 9. On the telescoping sums 10. Summation of subseries in closed form 11. Generating functions for powers of Fibonacci numbers 12. Identities for the Fibonacci powers 13. Bernoulli numbers via determinants 14. On some finite trigonometric power sums 15. Power series 16. Six ways to sum zeta(2) 17. Evaluations of some variant Euler sums 18. Interesting series involving binomial coefficients 19. Parametric differentiation and integration 20. Four ways to evaluate the Poisson integral 21. Some irresistible integrals Solutions to selected problems.
Effect of β-Blocker Therapy on the Frequency and Type of Cardiac Events in Patients with the Hereditary Long QT Syndrome

The hereditary long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a genetic channelopathy in which affected individuals have prolonged ventricular repolarization, frequent syncopal episodes, and a propensity to sudden arrhythmic cardiac death [1, 2]. β-Blocker therapy is the recommended treatment of choice for this disorder, although other forms of therapy are also used including pacemakers to prevent bradycardia- induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias [3], surgical antiadrenergic therapy with left cervico-thoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy [4], and implantable car- dioverter defibrillators [5] in patients refractory to β-blocker therapy.
Therapeutic alliance and progress in couple therapy: multiple perspectives

Therapeutic alliance research in couple therapy using multiple perspectives and longitudinal data has been sparse. This study used structural equation modelling to explore relationships between changes in alliance and in progress from clients' and therapists' perspective in a fairly large sample of couples (N=195) during the initial stage of therapy at an on-campus training clinic. Self-rated alliance was measured after sessions 2 through 4 with the Working Alliance Inventory. There was very little change in alliance over the early sessions of therapy, and changes in alliance did not always account for changes in relationship satisfaction. Husbands' perceptions of satisfaction and alliance seem to play an important role in the dynamics of the therapeutic process. Findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between perceptions of alliance and progress in therapy when combining perceptions of therapists and couple clients. Clinical implications and future research are discussed.
Surgical significance of the rectovaginal septum

Abstract Gross and microscopic studies of 262 patients have shown that there is a definite rectovaginal septum in women which is probably the homologue of the rectovesical fascia of Denonvilliers in the man. The septum is difficult to demonstrate by histologic methods alone because it is adherent to the posterior vaginal wall. During posterior colporrhaphy, immediately following vaginal hysterectomy, the finger dissecting between the vagina and rectum will come upon a thin but strong membrane at the vaginal vault preventing the finger from proceeding into the rectouterine pouch of Douglas. This is the rectovaginal septum and evidence for its existence and a detailed description of its anatomic nature are given. Significant use is made of this tissue in the Bullard-Goff posterior colporrhaphy. This technique is described.