cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of hemorrhagic hypotension on cortical oxygen pressure and striatal extracellular dopamine in cat brain.

This study investigated the relationships between blood pressure, cortical oxygen pressure, and extracellular striatal dopamine in the brain of adult cats during hemorrhagic hypotension and re-transfusion. Oxygen pressure in the blood of the cortex was measured by the oxygen dependent quenching of phosphorescence and extracellular dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) by in vivo microdialysis. Following a 2 h stabilization period after implantation of the microdialysis probe in the striatum, the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was decreased in a stepwise manner from 132 ± 2 Torr (control) to 90 Torr, 70 Torr and 50 Torr, holding the pressure at each level for 15 min. The whole blood was then retransfused and measurements were continued for 90 min. As the MAP was lowered there was a decrease in arterial pH, from a control value of 7.37 ± 0.05 to 7.26 ± 0.06. The PaCO2 decreased during bleeding from 32.3 ± 4.8 Torr to 19.6 ± 3.6 Torr and returned to 30.9 ± 3.9 Torr after retransfusion. The PaO2 was 125.9 ± 15 Torr during control conditions and did not significantly change during bleeding. Cortical oxygen pressure decreased with decrease in MAP, from 50 ± 2 Torr (control) to 42 ± 1 Torr, 31 ± 2 Torr and 22 ± 2 Torr, respectively. A statistically significant increase in striatal extracellular dopamine, to 2,580 ± 714% of control was observed when MAP decreased to below 70 Torr and cortical oxygen pressure decreased to below 31 Torr. When the MAP reached 50 Torr, the concentration of extracellular dopamine increased to 18,359 ± 2,764% of the control value. A statistically significant decrease in DOPAC and HVA were observed during the last step of bleeding. The data show that decreases in systemic blood pressure result in decrease in oxygen pressure in the microvasculature of the cortex, suggesting vascular dilation is not sufficient to result in a full compensation for the decreased MAP. The decrease in cortical oxygen pressure to below 32 Torr is accompanied by a marked increase in extracellular dopamine in the striatum, indicating that even such mild hypoxia can induce significant disturbance in brain metabolism.
Acculturation and quality of life among Chinese American breast cancer survivors: The mediating role of self-stigma, ambivalence over emotion expression, and intrusive thoughts.

Objectives Highly acculturated Chinese American breast cancer survivors have greater access to health care providers, are English language proficient, and have more knowledge about the health care system. However, less is known about the potential psychosocial factors that may account for the health benefits of acculturation. As such, the current study seeks to understand how mainstream acculturation is associated with higher quality of life by investigating self-stigma, ambivalence over emotion expression (AEE), and intrusive thoughts, as serial mediators among Chinese breast cancer survivors. Methods One hundred twelve Chinese American breast cancer survivors completed a self-reported questionnaire with these trait variables. Results We found support for a serial multiple mediation hypothesis in which mainstream acculturation was indirectly associated with quality of life through self-stigma, AEE, and intrusive thoughts. Specifically, mainstream acculturation was associated with lower self-stigma, which, in turn, was associated with lower AEE and intrusive thoughts and subsequently resulted in lower quality of life among Chinese American breast cancer survivors. Conclusions The findings suggest that psychosocial factors are important mechanisms through which acculturation is associated with quality of life among Chinese American breast cancer survivors. As Chinese immigrants acculturate to mainstream American culture, they may benefit from the reduced public stigma toward breast cancer and incorporate new post-immigration knowledge about cancer that protects them from high levels of self-stigma. This, in turn, may lead Chinese American breast cancer survivors to experience lower AEE and intrusive thoughts and subsequently experience higher quality of life.
Quantitative visualization of gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregates reveals peak expression of alginate in the hypoxic zone

It is well appreciated that oxygen- and nutrient-limiting gradients characterize microenvironments within chronic infections that foster bacterial tolerance to treatment and the immune response. However, determining how bacteria respond to these microenvironments has been limited by a lack of tools to study bacterial functions at the relevant spatial scales in situ. Here we report the application of the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) v3.0 to Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregates as a step towards this end. As proof-of-principle, we visualize the expression of genes needed for the production of alginate (algD) and the dissimilatory nitrate reductase (narG). Using an inducible bacterial gene expression construct to calibrate the HCR signal, we were able to quantify algD and narG gene expression across microenvironmental gradients both within single aggregates and within aggregate populations using the Agar Block Biofilm Assay (ABBA). For the ABBA population, alginate gene expression was restricted to hypoxic regions within the environment (~40-200 mM O2), as measured by an oxygen microelectrode. Within individual biofilm aggregates, cells proximal to the surface expressed alginate genes to a greater extent than interior cells. Lastly, mucoid biofilms consumed more oxygen than nonmucoid biofilms. These results establish that HCR has a sensitive dynamic range and can be used to resolve subtle differences in gene expression at spatial scales relevant to microbial assemblages. Because HCR v3.0 can be performed on diverse cell types, this methodological advance has the potential to enable quantitative studies of microbial gene expression in diverse contexts, including pathogen behavior in human chronic infections.
The sesquiterpene beta-caryophyllene oxide attenuates ethanol drinking and place conditioning in mice

Abstract Approximately 20 million adults in the United States have an alcohol use disorder. In recent years, modulation of the behavioral effects of ethanol by phytochemicals has been explored. In this study, we used the ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR) assay to assess potency differences between the sesquiterpene phytochemical beta-caryophyllene (BCP) and its derivative caryophyllene oxide (BCPO). We also investigated the effects of BCPO on two bottle-choice ethanol drinking and the ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). We then determined whether there are any pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions between BCPO and ethanol, using blood ethanol analysis and pretreatments with the selective cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) antagonist AM630, respectively. BCPO augmented the ethanol-induced LORR at a dose (30 mg/kg) tenfold lower than BCP (300 mg/kg). Swiss-Webster mice were found to split into stable high and low drinking groups. This same dose (30 mg/kg) of BCPO significantly decreased ethanol intake and preference for ethanol over water in mice that consumed high amounts of ethanol, without any effect on total fluid intake. BCPO had limited effects in mice that consumed low amounts of ethanol. BCPO also significantly attenuated the ethanol-induced CPP. Blood ethanol analysis showed no significant effect of ethanol on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Furthermore, the enhancement of the ethanol-induced LORR by BCPO was reversed by AM630. These findings demonstrate that BCPO more potently modulates the behavioral effects of ethanol than the parent compound BCP. Moreover, they suggest that BCPO modulates the behavioral effects of ethanol through pharmacodynamic rather than pharmacokinetic mechanisms.
P155 Community-Based Nutrition Education Intervention Increases Likelihood of Cancer Preventative Lifestyle Behaviors

Background Cancer mortality rates are decreasing; however, this decline is slower in rural areas. Fortunately, one third of common cancers are preventable through nutrition, physical activity, and weight management. Through education, individuals may be motivated to change behaviors to decrease cancer risk. Objective To determine the effect of the Cooking for a Lifetime Cancer Prevention Cooking School (C4L) intervention on immediate and sustained changes in intentions to follow cancer preventative lifestyle guidelines. Study Design, Settings, Participants This quasi-experimental study utilizes pre- and post-C4L measures and follow-up measures compared to a non-equivalent control. This rural, community-based educational intervention includes nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention presentations and cooking demonstrations. Follow-up events were held 12.1 + 4.9 weeks post-C4L and included C4L participants and non-participants. C4L participants (n = 1,241) were approximately 54.7 + 18.3 y, 84% female, 40% black, and 10% Hispanic. Follow-up participants (n = 887) were approximately 53.9 + 18.5y, 83% female, 42% black, and 9% Hispanic. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Participants reported behavioral intentions before and after C4L and at follow-up using a researcher-designed questionnaire including Likert-type scales (1 = not at all likely to 5 = extremely likely). T-tests evaluated within and between-group differences. Results From pre- to post-C4L, likelihood to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active, limit alcohol, eat a plant-based diet, and limit red and processed meats increased (all P Conclusion C4L resulted in immediate and sustained positive changes in intention to implement cancer preventative lifestyle behaviors, despite being a one-time program. Furthermore, participants were more likely to intend to eat fruits and vegetables than non-participants after 12 weeks. C4L may contribute to cancer prevention in rural communities. Funding None.
Abstract P2018: PRR Mediates P53 Activation in Aristolochic Acid Induced Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Injury

Aristolochic acid (AA) induces renal proximal tubular injury leading to inflammation, atrophy and fibrosis. These effects of AA were reported to be mediated by p53 induced cell cycle arrest and apo...
Robotic Bladder Neck Reconstruction With Mitrofanoff Appendicovesicostomy in a Neurogenic Bladder Patient.

ABSTRACT Objective Robot-assisted laparoscopic (RAL) techniques for the management of neurogenic bladder involves complex procedures using lower urinary tract and bowel. When medical therapy fails, surgery aims to preserve upper tract function and social continence. 1 Traditionally, the procedure was performed in an open approach, but newer minimally-invasive techniques offer improved cosmesis, reduced pain and length of stay. 2 A series of 38 cases showed the feasibility and safety of this approach. 3 Here, we describe a RAL bladder neck reconstruction with appendicovesicostomy in a 7-year-old with neurogenic bladder ( Fig. 1 ). Methods The patient was placed in a lithotomy position followed by double-J and Foley catheter placement. With an open Hasson technique, a 12-mm, two 8-mm, and a 5-mm port were positioned. The bladder is prefilled with saline (80 mL) and a cystotomy is performed. The tubularization is completed in 2 layers achieving a 3-cm tunnel ( Figure 2 , Figure 3 ). The appendix is implanted in the posterior wall of the bladder with a submucosal tunnel. Ultimately, 2 suprapubic tubes are placed and the bladder is closed in a single layer. Results No complications reported, operative time was 5 hours and estimated blood loss was 50 mL. At 1-month follow-up, double-J stents were removed and the patient reported catheterizing well with good continence and well-healed incisions. Conclusion Robotic continence procedures have demonstrated to be a safe and effective alternative. Here, we presented a satisfactory outcome using RAL bladder neck reconstruction with appendicovesicostomy in a 7 years old with persistent incontinence, despite untethering and maximal anticholinergic therapy.
Conflict and aid dependency – an explorative study motivated by the case of Palestine

How does conflict affect aid? We argue that aid flows do not provide an accurate picture of the aid community’s legacy in conflict countries because aid flows do not inform about aid dependency, wh...
Abstract TP418: Impact of Substance Use Disorder on Stroke Outcomes

Background: Substance abuse is a major health crisis in the US, with an estimated 20 million people suffering from substance use disorders (SUD). In addition to rising rates of SUD, Kentucky is loc...
Wellness and Community Modules in a Graduate Teaching Assistant Training Course in the Time of Pandemic

On the basis of our long-standing training programs and teaching the graduate teaching assistant (GTA) training course during the pandemic, I reflect on the importance of personal wellness, community building, and collegiality in GTA training courses. By considering GTA training in terms of four important skill areas: pedagogy, technical, professional, and survival, here I focus on the survival skills. Devoting equal training importance to these skills can lead to strengthening three integral areas of academics: research, teaching, and collegiality.
Material Characterization of Hierarchical Tunable Pore Size Polymer Foams Used in the MARBLE Mix Morphology Experiment

One of the great challenges of inertial confinement fusion and high energy density experiments is understanding the effects of mix on thermonuclear burn. The MARBLE campaign, conceived at Los Alamo...
Fecal Microbiota Transplant Effective for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

This is the largest and best study to date of fecal microbiota transplant for irritable bowel syndrome —with impressive results.
Corrosion Analysis of Connecting Bolt Used for Terminal Block of Isolation Switch in 220kV Substation

Isolation switch is mainly composed of insulation part, conductive part, supporting frame, transmission mechanism and operating mechanism, which is of great importance for the safety and stability of power grids. In this paper, the seriously corroded connecting bolts used for terminal block of isolation switch in 220kV substation was investigated by means of macro-morphology inspection, hardness testing, zinc coating thickness measurement, scanning electron microscope, microstructure analysis and energy spectrum analysis. The result showed that the poor quality of the zinc coating was the main cause of the corrosion failure of the bolting and the gap between the bolt and the aluminium terminal block provided electrolyte environment for galvanic corrosion. In addition, targeted suggestions were put forward in order to improve the corrosion resistance of the connecting bolts and avoid the similar corrosion failure.
Severe Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Secondary to Massive Verapamil Overdose and Treatment with Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Calcium channel blocker (CCB) poisoning frequently presents with cardiovascular complications such as cardiogenic shock and arrhythmia. We present a case of massive verapamil overdose causing refractory noncardiogenic pulmonary edema successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. To our knowledge, this is the first case with these features reported in literature. A 27-year-old female patient presented with an overdose of 18,000 mg of verapamil. Her clinical condition deteriorated to severe hypoxic respiratory failure despite being treated with calcium, high-dose insulin, and full invasive ventilation support. She eventually required venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) for three days with full recovery. Large ingestion of verapamil could lead to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. VV-ECMO might play an important role to support the treatment in severe cases with refractory hypoxia.
Intimate Partner Victimization and Depressive Symptoms: Approaching Causal Inference Using a Longitudinal Twin Design

While a wealth of research reports a robust association between intimate partner victimization and depression, the relationship has not been tested using twin-based research designs to control for unmeasured genetic and shared environmental confounding. Twin data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health are analyzed to test the causal hypothesis that intimate partner victimization increases depressive symptoms across the life course. A series of twin-based research methodologies are used to examine whether twin differences in intimate partner victimization during late adolescence are associated with differences in depressive symptoms in young adulthood. Males and females did not significantly differ in their prevalence or frequency of reported intimate partner victimization during late adolescence. Genetic and nonshared environmental effects were found to account for the covariance between intimate partner victimization and depressive symptoms. After controlling for common genetic effects, within-twin pair differences in intimate partner victimization were positively associated with within-twin pair differences in depressive symptomatology. The results offer further support for the mental health consequences associated with intimate partner victimization and help strengthen causal inference arguments for the relationship between intimate partner victimization and depressive symptoms later in life.
Scan primitives for vector computers

The authors describe an optimized implementation of a set of scan (also called all-prefix-sums) primitives on a single processor of a CRAY Y-MP, and demonstrate that their use leads to greatly improved performance for several applications that cannot be vectorized with existing computer technology. The algorithm used to implement the scans is based on an algorithm for parallel computers. A set of segmented versions of these scans is only marginally more expensive than the unsegmented versions. The authors describe a radix sorting routine based on the scans that is 13 times faster than a Fortran version and within 20% of a highly optimized library sort routine, three operations on trees that are between 10 to 20 times faster than the corresponding C versions, and a connectionist learning algorithm that is 10 times faster than the corresponding C version for sparse and irregular networks.
The Molecular Motor Protein Kif5C Mediates Structural Plasticity and Long-Term Memory by Constraining Local Translation

Synaptic structural plasticity, a key component of long-term memory storage, requires translation of localized RNAs delivered by long-distance transport from the neuronal cell body. However,the mechanisms and regulation of this transport process that ensures structural plasticity remain elusive. Here,we explored the roles of Kif5C and Kif3A, two members of the Kinesin superfamily of transport machinery (Kifs), and foundthat loss of function of either onedecreased structural plasticity,whereas gain of function of Kif5C enhanced it. Importantly, Kif5C function is a rate-determining component of local translation and mediates the transport of ~650 RNAs, including EIF3G, a regulator of translation initiation, and plasticity-associated RNAs. Additionally, loss of function of Kif5C in dorsal hippocampal CA1 neurons constrained both spatial and contextual fear memory,whereas its gain of function specifically enhanced spatial memory. Therefore, Kif5C-mediated long-distance transport of substrates of synaptic translation is a key mechanism underlying structural plasticity and memory.
Complex dynamics in the market for loans

This paper demonstrates that endogenous fluctuations are possible in the market for loans. In the context of a three-period overlapping generations economy, the deposit rates offered to lenders are found to exhibit complex dynamics when financial intermediaries mediate borrowing and lending. Constant relative risk aversion of savers is found to generate a first-order nonlinear equation in the deposit rates. Concavity and convexity assumptions of production and savings functions are found to generate a type of dynamic relationship between the loan rates that is well known in the literature for generating complex dynamics. While the main analysis is conducted with general functions, an example is provided to support the theory presented.
One View of Officership

Written in 2000, utilized in 2002 by the West Point Leadership Center, published in 2003 by Platoonleader.milServing our nation and the soldiers that we lead is both an honor and an awesome responsibility. These words although true seem cliche. When one considers the ramifications of the “awesome responsibility” bit from above thoughts invariably turn to the question of what is right and how ought things be.Organizations large and small develop cultures. Organizational culture develops from the collective experience and historical memory of an organization. Organizations change either because those within the group cause change or because the group succumbs to external pressures. The Army is no different. We each must ask ourselves what is our particular role in the organization; what will we change; will we make the organization better or will we simply adapt to norms and pass our time with the mundane?
Collaboration Through Community Interaction: The CAMS© Environment

A concern in the education community is that as more technology is applied to course-related activities, the educational process will become less personal and interactive. However, this does not have to be the case. The Community/course Action/interaction Management System (CAMS©), described in this paper, is a course management system that fosters a sense of community and encourages collaboration through a number of features and functions.
Academic Librarians in Second Life

Â The multi-user virtual world Second Life is an online software platform that allows users to jointly explore realistic three-dimensional environments via avatar characters, communicate via voice and text chat, and collaborate using shared creation tools. Librarians and educators have been developing academic content and services in Second Life for use with students and other constituency groups since 2005. This study surveyed academic librarians working in Second Life to discover their perceptions of virtual world environments for teaching and learning and to gauge the impact of this technology on their work with faculty and students. Sixty-two librarians provided details on various aspects of their professional involvement in Second Life. Findings show that librarians from every type of academic institution, at all levels of advancement, and in every department participate in this virtual world. Results include details of roles and functions, as well as perceived benefits and challenges. Because many adolescents and teenagers worldwide are currently active virtual world participants, academic librarians in Second Life view virtual world technology as a significant near-future educational trend.
Abstract T P305: Fragmented Care Among Stroke Patients at 4 Chicago Hospitals

Background/Objective: Stroke patients may be unable to provide medical history. Given the urgency of decision-making in acute stroke and importance of medication compliance post-stroke, prompt access to prior health records could reduce delays and errors. We hypothesized that stroke patients often have fragmented care in the Chicago Health Atlas. Methods: The Chicago Health Atlas encompasses clinical data on over 1 million unique patients within the 606xx ZIP codes of Chicago. A unique ID is created for each patient through the use of a secure one-way hash function. The creation of a unique ID enables longitudinal tracking of a patient’s care across participating sites. We identified all acute stroke admissions to any of 4 Chicago Health Atlas hospitals using ICD-9 codes (430-436) and searched for prior inpatient or outpatient encounters at any of those sites. Fragmented care was defined as having prior encounters at a site different from the site of stroke hospitalization. In the same cohort, we assessed post-hospitalization outpatient encounters within the Health Atlas. Results: There were 5,980 stroke patients with emergency department or inpatient visits between 2006 and 2010. Of these, 3,732 (62.4%, mean age 61.1 years, 47% black) had non-fragmented care prior to stroke while 2,066 (34.5%, mean age 58.1 years, 31% black) were completely new encounters (first-ever) in the Health Atlas and only 182 (3.0%, mean age 57.5 years, 59% black) had fragmented care. The percent with fragmented care increased from 1.3% in 2006 to 3.3% in 2010 (p<0.001 for trend). Rates of follow-up within following 12 months varied across the 3 groups (non-fragmented: 75% and fragmented: 64% vs. new: 51.4%; p<0.001). Conclusions: Two-thirds of stroke patients have previously accessed the health care system, with a majority having records at the same site of stroke hospitalization. However, 3% of patients have fragmented care, a rate that is increasing over time. Our estimate of fragmentation may be an underestimate since only 4 sites were included in this analysis. Having health information exchange may be valuable in reducing fragmentation of care for stroke patients.
Divided Government and the Expansion of Federal Power, 1946 to 2008

This examines the impact of divided government on the expansion of federal power. I hypothesize based on the existing literature that unified government will generally expand federal power more than divided government. In addition, I hypothesize that the effect will vary by type of policy. I use the analytical model developed by Sean Kelly to analyze a modified version of the Mayhew dataset of significant legislation that excludes foreign, defense, and immigration policy, but includes emergency management policy. I control for how early in the administration a statute passes and whether the public mood supported innovation (the period from 1961 to 1976). Across all statutes, Mayhew’s original conclusions extended to 2008 continue to hold. No significant difference appears in the passage of significant legislation during divided and unified governments. The only significant variable was the increase in legislation during Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford. Thus, overall, neither unified nor divided government promotes the expansion of federal power. Federal power has expanded during both types of government. When controlling for type of policy, unified government appears to be significant, but only for regulatory policy during the non-activist period of the study.
Remarks Made at the Scientific Dedication of the 107-Inch Reflector, October 30, 1969

Not many large telescopes in the world have been dedicated twice. Yet this may not be such a bad thing to do. The convention has long existed of christening a baby at birth and baptizing it later; in this sense the 107-inch telescope was christened almost a year ago, and today might be considered its baptism. Indeed, the parallel is rather apt, because christening is a naming — a formal recognition of coming into existence — whereas a baptism in the traditional sense of the word is a dedication to a certain path of life.
Ultrasound monitoring of tissue ablation via deformation model and shape priors

A rapid approach to monitor ablative therapy through optimizing shape and elasticity parameters is introduced. Our motivating clinical application is targeting and intraoperative monitoring of hepatic tumor thermal ablation, but the method translates to the generic problem of encapsulated stiff masses (solid organs, tumors, ablated lesions, etc.) in ultrasound imaging. The approach involves the integration of the following components: a biomechanical computational model of the tissue, a correlation approach to estimate/track tissue deformation, and an optimization method to solve the inverse problem and recover the shape parameters in the volume of interest. Successful conver-gence and reliability studies were conducted on simulated data. Then ex-vivo studies were performed on 18 ex-vivo bovine liver samples previously ablated under ultrasound monitoring in controlled laboratory environment. While B-mode ultrasound does not clearly identify the development of necrotic lesions, the proposed technique can potentially segment the ablation zone. The same framework can also yield both partial and full elasticity reconstruction.
Rebalancing parietal activation underlies resolution of hemispatial neglect after right frontal stroke

This study sought to identify changes in neural activation, revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), associated with the recovery of left hemispatial neglect after a right frontal stroke. The investigators studied 11 subjects who had left neglect after strokes that included damage to the right frontal cortex (in many cases also involving the right parietal and/or temporal cortex) using traditional behavioral tests for hemispatial neglect and spatial attention tasks during fMRI in the acute and chronic stages of recovery. They found that patients showed abnormally increased left dorsal parietal activation and abnormally decreased right dorsal parietal activation in the acute stage, and that activation normalized (decreased on the left and increased on the right) when left neglect improved. Activation in the visual cortex was also acutely higher in the left than right ventral and dorsal occipital cortex, but became more balanced with recovery. Activation in the right superior temporal gyrus...
Mixed effectiveness of rTMS and retraining in the treatment of focal hand dystonia

Though the pathophysiology of dystonia remains uncertain, two primary factors implicated in the development of dystonic symptoms are excessive cortical excitability and impaired sensorimotor processing. The aim of this study was to determine the functional efficacy of a sensorimotor intervention combining rTMS and sensorimotor retraining. A randomized, single-subject, multiple baseline design with crossover was used to examine participants with focal hand dystonia (FHD) (n=9). Intervention: 5 days rTMS + sensorimotor retraining (SMR) vs. 5 days rTMS + control therapy (CTL) (which included stretching and massage). The rTMS was applied to the premotor cortex at 1 Hz at 80% resting motor threshold for 1200 pulses. For sensorimotor retraining, a subset of the Learning-based Sensorimotor Training program was followed. Each session consisted of rTMS followed immediately by 30 minutes of the therapy intervention (SMR or CTL). Group analyses revealed no additional benefit from the SMR training vs CTL, which was contrary to our hypothesis. When analyzed across group however, there was significant improvement from first baseline in several measures, including tests of sensory ability and self-rated changes. The patient rated improvements were accompanied by a moderate effect size suggesting clinical meaningfulness. These results provide encouragement for further investigation of rTMS in FHD with a need to optimized a secondary intervention and determine likely responders vs. non-responders.
Food guides for the vegetarian

Special consideration must be given to providing key risk nutrients in planning food guides for vegetarians especially if the diet chosen excludes all animal products, such as dairy foods and eggs. The practical use of food guides for education is also important. Several food guides for adult vegans, including pregnant vegan women, were analyzed by computer for nutritional adequacy using 7-d menus and comparisons were made with the RDA for energy, protein, iron, calcium, and riboflavin. Several patterns were identified that supply the RDA for protein, iron, calcium, and riboflavin and have educational merit. None of the patterns provide sufficient energy to meet the RDA.
Supergravity Has Positive Energy

We show that the total energy in supergravity theory is nonnegative. The derivation is based on the fact that for bounded systems the Hamiltonian operator is the square of the spinor supercharge just as for globally supersymmetric systems. The result holds for any of the pure, matter-coupled, or extended versions of supergravity, except those with cosmological term for which the concept of total energy does not exist.
WE-D-18C-01: Art of Imaging: Diagnostic Ultrasound Image Artifacts

Assumptions followed during construction of B-mode and color flow images are that the pulse-echo transit time can be converted to reflector depth through uniform tissue models, echoes originate only from locations along the transmit-receive axes of pulse propagation, and first order correction schemes adequately account for acoustic wave attenuation and absorption. The latter allows the display brightness to encode tissue echogenicity. This course will challenge participants to identify imaging artifacts whose origins stem from the more complex and realistic propagating and scattering conditions common in clinical ultrasound. Speckle, a very common artifact but a clinically employed feature, originates from simultaneous echoes from diffuse scatterers and is a result of coherent detection of signals. One of the most bothersome artifacts are those due to reverberations especially that originating from superficial tissue interfaces. Methods to overcome these will be discussed. This presentation also will describe and illustrate speed of sound, refraction, enhancement, shadowing, mirroring, beam width, beam-forming, and slice thickness artifacts. All are useful examples of limitations introduced by acoustic waves propagating through complex tissue paths. New formats for physician board certification exams are demanding the inclusion of image-based examples of ultrasound physics. Instructors' knowledge of, and access to examples of ultrasound artifacts are important in this effort. The presentation will incorporate an audience response system to challenge participants in correct identification of some of these artifacts. Learning Objectives: 1. Review basic mechanisms for producing ultrasound images. 2. Identify the etiology of speckle, reverberation noise, beam width and slice thickness artifacts, and artifacts associated with pulse propagation. 3. Discuss methods that reduce the impact of artifacts OR employ artifacts effectively to facilitate clinical diagnosis.
What Could Be Worse than the Butterfly Effect

Our understanding of classical mechanics (CM) has undergone significant growth in the latter half of the twentieth century and in the beginning of the twenty-first. This growth has much to do with the explosion of interest in the study of nonlinear systems in contrast with the focus on linear systems that had colored much work in CM from its inception. For example, although Maxwell and Poincare arguably were some of the first to think about chaotic behavior, the modern study of chaotic dynamics traces its beginning to the pioneering work of Edward Lorenz (1963). This work has yielded a rich variety of behavior in relatively simple classical models that was previously unsuspected by the vast majority of the physics community (see Hilborn 2001). Chaos is a property of nonlinear systems that is usually characterized by sensitive dependence on initial conditions (SDIC). In CM the behavior of simple physical systems is described using models (such as the harmonic oscillator) that capture the main features of the systems in question (Giere 1988). Given two identical linear models of CM in nearly identical initial states, they will evolve in much the same way over long time scales. Two identical nonlinear models exhibiting SDIC in nearly identical states, however, will evolve in radically different ways in a relatively short time period because of extreme sensitivity to the smallest changes in initial states.
Adoptive transfer of a superantigen-induced hole in the repertoire of natural IgM-secreting cells.

Abstract We have recently evaluated the host response to the bacterial toxin, protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (SpA), which has the capacity to interact with B-cell antigen receptors encoded by V H clan III genes via a conserved variable region framework surface. In these studies, intraperitoneal instillation of SpA induced a persistent T-cell independent loss of a large supraclonal set of susceptible lymphocytes, which includes clan III/V H S107 family-expressing B-1 cells and their antibody products. To determine whether these long-term effects could represent the influence of residual in vivo deposited superantigen, we have now performed adoptive transfer of peritoneal B cells from superantigen- and control-treated donors. These studies demonstrated that mice that received cells from SpA-treated donors also exhibited the same induced supraclonal hole in the expressed repertoire of natural IgM-secreting cells due to supraclonal deletion. These studies clarify the cellular mechanisms responsible for B-cell superantigen-induced modification of the repertoires of in vivo polyclonal B-cell populations.
Computer simulation of solvation dynamics in several model solvents

Abstract The effect on solvation dynamics and energetics of the length and charge distribution of a model linear solvent has been determined. Solvent clustering around the ion is independent of the solvent molecule length if the solvent dipole terminus is attracted to the charged solute. In contrast, if they repel, the structure around the solute ion depends on the length of the solvent molecules and on the solute charge. The calculated solvation dynamics has two components and depends on solvent structure. The fraction of the fast relaxation component decreases with the length of the solvent molecules.
On the asymptotic normality and other large sample properties of grenander's mode estimator

The problem of estimating the mode of a continuous distribution has received considerable attention in recent years. Grenander (1965) has proposed a direct estimator of the mode based on the intuitive idea that raising a density to a positive power will make the mode more pronounced and, hence, easier to estimate. Grenander shows his estimator is weakly consistent and conjectures that it is also asymptotically normal. The analytical complexity of the estimator makes a mathematical study of this conjecture quite difficult. Another approach is to conduct goodness-of-fit studies to see how well the normal distribution approximates the sampling distribution of the estimator for various sample sizes and underlying parent distributions. The results of the study are presented where the main inferential tools were a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test statistic and a modified Shapiro–Wilk test statistic. The results of a simulation study exploring other large sample properties of the estimator (and a modification) are also g...
cis-Platinum-hexamethylmelamine therapy of advanced ovarian cancer

Abstract Thirteen patients with advanced, previously treated ovarian cancer were given cis -platinum and hexamethylmelamine combination chemotherapy. Only two partial responses of brief duration were obtained. Because of a low response rate and toxicity obtained, this combination was poor palliation for patients failing initial therapy.
Motivational interviewing versus brief advice for cigarette smokers in residential alcohol treatment

Residential treatment for substance use disorders (SUD) provides opportunity for smoking intervention. A randomized controlled trial compared: (1) motivational interviewing (MI) to brief advice (BA), (2) in one session or with two booster sessions, for 165 alcoholics in SUD treatment. All received nicotine replacement (NRT). MI and BA produced equivalent confirmed abstinence, averaging 10% at 1 month, and 2% at 3, 6 and 12 months. However, patients with more drug use pretreatment (>22 days in 6 months) given BA had more abstinence at 12 months (7%) than patients in MI or with less drug use (all 0%). Boosters produced 16-31% fewer cigarettes per day after BA than MI. Substance use was unaffected by treatment condition or smoking cessation. Motivation to quit was higher after BA than MI. Thus, BA plus NRT may be a cost-effective way to reduce smoking for alcoholics with comorbid substance use who are not seeking smoking cessation.
Spark spread – A screening parameter for combined heating and power systems

Combined heating and power (CHP) systems may be considered for installation if they produce savings over conventional systems with separate heating and power. For a CHP system with a natural gas engine as the prime mover, the difference between the price of natural gas and the price of purchased electricity, called spark spread, is an indicator as to whether a CHP system might be considered or not. The objective of this paper is to develop a detailed model, based on the spark spread, that compares the electrical energy and heat energy produced by a CHP system against the same amounts of energy produced by a traditional, or separate heating and power (SHP) system that purchases electricity from the grid. An expression for the spark spread based on the cost of the fuel and some of the CHP system efficiencies is presented in this paper as well as an expression for the payback period for a given capital cost and spark spread. The developed expressions allow determining the required spark spread for a CHP system to produce a net operational savings over the SHP in terms of the performance of system components. Results indicate that the spark spread which might indicate favorable payback varies based on the efficiencies of the CHP system components and the desired payback period. In addition, a new expression for calculating the payback period for a CHP system based on the CHP system capital cost per unit of power output and fuel cost is proposed.
A brief review of theoretical results for photonic band structures

Abstract This article is a review of theoretical calculations on three-dimensional photonic band structures. The salient features of the electromagnetic dispersion spectrum are discussed and speculation on possible future research directions are offered.
Phosphorylation of cytochrome P450: Regulation by cytochrome b5

Rabbit liver cytochrome P450 LM2 and several forms of rat liver cytochrome P450 are phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and by protein kinase C. Under aqueous assay conditions at neutral pH LM2 is phosphorylated only to a maximum extent of about 20 mol% by PKA. We show that detergents or alkaline pH greatly enhance the extent of phosphorylation of the cytochrome P450 substrates of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In the presence of 0.05% Emulgen, PBRLM5, which appears to be the best cytochrome P450 substrate for cAMP-dependent protein kinase, incorporates phosphate up to about 84 mol% of enzyme. We reported previously (I. Jansson et al. (1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys.259, 441–448) that cytochrome b5 inhibits the phosphorylation of LM2 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In this paper, using PBRLM5, we demonstrate, by analysis of initial rates, that the inhibition of phosphorylation by cytochrome b5 is competitive, with a Ki = 0.48 μM. We also show that a number of forms of cytochrome P450 can be phosphorylated by protein kinase C, and that the phosphorylation of these forms by protein kinase C is also inhibited by cytochrome b5. These data suggest that the phosphorylation site(s) of cytochromes P450 may be located within or overlap the cytochrome b5 binding domain of the enzymes.
Geostationary operational environmental satellite system performance

Abstract The United States supported the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) by the use of three geostationary satellites: GOES-East, located at 75°W longitude, GOES-West at 135°W longitude, and, through a special cooperative effort by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the European Space Agency, GOES-Indian Ocean at 58°E longitude. During the FGGE Operational Year, the GOES-East coverage was provided, in turn, by GOES-2, SMS-1, and SMS-2. The GOES-West coverage was provided by GOES-3, and GOES-1 served at the GOES-Indian Ocean location. Satellite and instrument performance was generally satisfactory during that period except for the loss of infrared data from the Indian Ocean GOES for an aggregate of 31 days due to intermittent operation of the sensor. From the GOES-East and GOES-West data, the National Environmental Satellite Service produced cloud motion vectors for 0000, 1200, and 1800 GMT daily, numbering in total about 1400 vectors per day. High resolution wind vectors at the rate of somewhat under 3000 daily were derived from the data from all three satellites in the tropical zone bounded by 15°N and 15°S latitude by the University of Wisconsin. In addition to their contributions to the FGGE research data sets, these three satellites provided other real-time benefits and services.
Computer Applications to Curriculum-based Measurement

Summary Students learn more when teachers individually tailor student programs using curriculum-based measurement (CBM) to inform instructional planning. Given the demonstrated efficacy of CBM, along with teachers' difficulty in implementing this method, we have developed and researched computer applications to CBM. In this article, we describe these computer applications and provide examples of how the technology has been used; then, we provide an overview of the research we have conducted to examine its utility. We discuss implications for the field of special education.
Thermal oxidation of transition metal silicides: The role of mass transport☆

Abstract Thin films of almost all transition metal silicides on a silicon substrate oxidize and form SiO 2 on their surface when they are annealed in an oxidizing ambient atmosphere. In applications of these silicides as interconnects in integrated circuits, the oxidation characteristics of the silicide and the SiO 2 growth rate are very important. We review the four major steps controlling silicide oxidation: (1) oxidant transport through the oxide; (2) reaction at the silicide-oxide interface: (3) net transport of silicon atoms with respect to metal atoms in the silicide; (4) reaction at the silicide-silicon interface. The oxidant transport is shown to be the same for all silicides. The reaction at the silicide-oxide interface is explored using equilibrium thermodynamic arguments. The transport through the silicide is discussed and experimental results of inert marker experiments are presented. The diffusing species during the oxidation of PdSi, Pd 2 Si, NiSi 2 , CoSi 2 , PtSi, CrSi 2 and TiSi 2 are discussed. The diffusing species during oxidation correlate with the moving species in silicide formation. A discussion of a mechanism that explains why the oxidation rate of some silicides on a silicon substrate is faster than that of the bare substrate is presented.