cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What's in a Name? Isolating the Effect of Prejudice on Individual Trade Preferences

Does prejudice have an independent causal effect on trade opinion? For over a decade, students of public opinion have consistently observed a strong statistical association between symbolic predispositions such as prejudice and nationalism, on the one hand, and opposition to international trade, on the other. But as multiple scholars have correctly pointed out, this correlation — however strong and consistent — does not shed light on the important question of causation. To cleanly isolate the causal effect of prejudice on trade preferences, this study employs a creative survey experiment fielded on a nationally representative sample of Americans. I find that among prejudiced Americans, “cultural distance” from trading partners more than doubles the level of opposition to international trade. This paper presents the first unequivocal evidence that prejudice causes an increase in protectionism, and that this causal effect is very large.
Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe2 gene variants increase sodium and bicarbonate transport in human renal proximal tubule cells.

Rationale Salt sensitivity of blood pressure affects >30% of the hypertensive and >15% of the normotensive population. Variants of the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe2 gene, SLC4A5, are associated with increased blood pressure in several ethnic groups. SLC4A5 variants are also highly associated with salt sensitivity, independent of hypertension. However, little is known about how NBCe2 contributes to salt sensitivity, although NBCe2 regulates renal tubular sodium bicarbonate transport. We hypothesized that SLC4A5 rs10177833 and rs7571842 increase NBCe2 expression and human renal proximal tubule cell (hRPTC) sodium transport and may be a cause of salt sensitivity of blood pressure. Objective To characterize the hRPTC ion transport of wild-type (WT) and homozygous variants (HV) of SLC4A5. Methods and results The expressions of NBCe2 mRNA and protein were not different between hRPTCs carrying WT or HV SLC4A5 before or after dopaminergic or angiotensin (II and III) stimulation. However, luminal to basolateral sodium transport, NHE3 protein, and Cl-/HCO3- exchanger activity in hRPTCs were higher in HV than WT SLC4A5. Increasing intracellular sodium enhanced the apical location of NBCe2 in HV hRPTCs (4.24±0.35% to 11.06±1.72% (P<0.05, N = 3, 2-way ANOVA, Holm-Sidak test)) as determined by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM). In hRPTCs isolated from kidney tissue, increasing intracellular sodium enhanced bicarbonate-dependent pH recovery rate and increased NBCe2 mRNA and protein expressions to a greater extent in HV than WT SLC4A5 (+38.00±6.23% vs HV normal salt (P<0.01, N = 4, 2-way ANOVA, Holm-Sidak test)). In hRPTCs isolated from freshly voided urine, bicarbonate-dependent pH recovery was also faster in those from salt-sensitive and carriers of HV SLC4A5 than from salt-resistant and carriers of WT SLC4A5. The faster NBCe2-specific bicarbonate-dependent pH recovery rate in HV SCL4A5 was normalized by SLC4A5- but not SLC4A4-shRNA. The binding of purified hepatocyte nuclear factor type 4A (HNF4A) to DNA was increased in hRPTCs carrying HV SLC4A5 rs7571842 but not rs10177833. The faster NBCe2-specific bicarbonate-dependent pH recovery rate in HV SCL4A5 was abolished by HNF4A antagonists. Conclusion NBCe2 activity is stimulated by an increase in intracellular sodium and is hyper-responsive in hRPTCs carrying HV SLC4A5 rs7571842 through an aberrant HNF4A-mediated mechanism.
Improving BitTorrent: a simple approach

Measurement studies have shown that real world BitTorrent (BT) systems exhibit high seed capacity. Thus, appropriate use of seed capacity can have a significant effect on BT performance. Moreover, seed capacity is also easily exploitable by free-riders, and such free-riding clients exist out in the wild today. In this paper, we propose a simple and scalable approach that makes more intelligent use of seed capacity by hurting free-riders, without their explicit identification, while improving the performance of contributing nodes. The effectiveness of our approach is studied via extensive simulations.
[Journal First] MSeer – An Advanced Technique for Locating Multiple Bugs in Parallel

In practice, a program may contain multiple bugs. The simultaneous presence of these bugs may deteriorate the effectiveness of existing fault-localization techniques to locate program bugs. While it is acceptable to use all failed and successful tests to identify suspicious code for programs with exactly one bug, it is not appropriate to use the same approach for programs with multiple bugs because the due-to relationship between failed tests and underlying bugs cannot be easily identified. One solution is to generate fault-focused clusters by grouping failed tests caused by the same bug into the same clusters. We propose MSeer - an advanced fault localization technique for locating multiple bugs in parallel. Our major contributions include the use of (1) a revised Kendall tau distance to measure the distance between two failed tests, (2) an innovative approach to simultaneously estimate the number of clusters and assign initial medoids to these clusters, and (3) an improved K-medoids clustering algorithm to better identify the due-to relationship between failed tests and their corresponding bugs. Case studies on 840 multiple-bug versions of seven programs suggest that MSeer performs better in terms of effectiveness and efficiency than two other techniques for locating multiple bugs in parallel.
Epistemic conservatism and bare beliefs

My subject is the kind of Epistemic Conservatism (EC) that says that an agent is in some measure justified in maintaining a belief simply in virtue of the fact that the agent has that belief. Quine’s alternative to positivist foundationalism, Chisholmian particularism, Rawls’s reflective equilibrium, and Bayesianism all seem to rely on EC. I argue that, in order to evaluate EC, we must consider an agent holding a bare belief, that is, a belief stripped of all personal memory and epistemic context. Taking a stylistic cue from Peter Strawson, I argue that, though it does not seem to be self-contradictory to suppose that someone has a bare belief, and so it is not absolutely inconceivable that bare beliefs exist, it is, for us as we are, practically inconceivable that bare beliefs exist. It does not seem practically feasible, then, to evaluate EC on its own terms.
Reproductive Toxicity Biomarkers

Abstract This chapter describes the biomarkers used to monitor changes in reproduction in both males and females. This chapter also describes how these biomarkers are used to measure the effects of toxicants such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the reproductive system. Specifically, in males, biomarkers are used to measure changes in spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, puberty, and reproductive aging. In females, biomarkers are used to measure changes in folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, puberty, the uterus, the placenta, and reproductive aging. Furthermore, this chapter describes biomarkers used in both human and animal studies.
Preparation of Teachers for Successful Extended Education Programs Serving English Learners

Learning in the context of extended education has become increasingly important in the US for English learners (ELs) to provide much needed learning opportunities to enhance the education opportunities of ELs. High quality extended education programs provide an educational environment that supports EL’s linguistic development, English literacy, and academic knowledge. This chapter describe the characteristics of high-quality extended education programs benefiting ELs. Then, because staffing quality extended education programs is critical to its success, this chapter will also address professional development considerations necessary to guide teachers of ELs in developing an intercultural and linguistically responsive orientation. Taking into account adult learning theory, examples of learning experiences for teachers of ELs used to develop contextual understandings of their students’ cultural and linguistic backgrounds will be provided.
Indomethacin influences arginine vasotocin-induced parturition and oviposition in lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi and Sceloporus undulatus ).

The effect of the prostaglandin blocker indomethacin on arginine vasotocin-induced birth was examined. Gravid female, oviparous (Sceloporus undulatus) and viviparous (Sceloporusjarrovi) lizards were pretreated with saline or indomethacin, a potent blocker of PG synthesis. Pretreatment was followed by an intraperitoneal injection of AVT. Pretreatment with indomethacin significantly delayed the onset of AVT-induced oviposition in S. undulatus, whereas it had no effect on latency to birth in S. jarrovi. Female S. jarrovi treated with indomethacin, however, gave birth to only part of the total litter, whereas control females gave birth to complete litters. In viviparous females, an interaction of embryonic age with pretreatment was evident; females having more developed embryos decreased birth latency significantly and increased the percentage of parturition when compared with females that had embryos at earlier stages of development. Our data suggest that although exogenous AVT can stimulate oviposition or parturition, these events occur more rapidly and completely when prostaglandin synthesis is not inhibited.
It’s in the blood

Siddhartha Jaiswal is an assistant professor at Stanford University School of Medicine, where he is also a member of the Immunology Program and the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.
Human Factors and Outcomes in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Medical accidents are estimated to be the sixth leading cause of death in the US and may cost up to $980 billion per year. To determine their causes, these accidents need to be understood in terms of the systems model of accidents and of human factors, or the study of the relationship between individuals and work systems. Healthcare systems create errors through a complex mix of factors that shape human performance, including cost and throughput demands, poor technology design, interruptions, tolerance of violations, team tensions and miscommunication, and a limited understanding and application of human factors expertise.
Design and dosimetry of a facility to study health effects following exposures to fission neutrons at low dose rates for long durations.

PURPOSE During extended missions into deep space, astronauts will be exposed to a complex radiation field that includes high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation from high energy, heavy ions (HZE particles) at low dose rates of about 0.5 mGy/d for long durations. About 20% of the dose is delivered by ions with LET greater than 10 keV/µm. There are sparse empirical data in any species for carcinogenic effects from whole-body exposures to external sources of mixed or high LET radiation at this level of dose rates. For the induction of solid tumors, acute exposures to HZE ions have been shown to be substantially more effective per unit dose than low LET exposures associated with photons. To determine the health effects of high LET radiation at space-relevant dose rates on experimental animals, we developed a vivarium in which rodents could be irradiated with Californium (252Cf) neutrons for protracted periods of time. MATERIALS AND METHODS The neutron source is a panoramic irradiator containing 252Cf located in a concrete shielded vault with a footprint of 53 m2. The vault can accommodate sufficient caging to simultaneously irradiate 900 mice and 60 rats for durations up to 400 d at a dose rate of 1 mGy/d and is approved for extended animal husbandry. RESULTS The mixed field fluence is a combination of neutrons and photons emitted directly from the source and scattered particles from the concrete walls and floor. Mixed field dosimetry was performed using a miniature GM counter and CaF2:Dy thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) for photons and tissue-equivalent proportional counters (TEPC) for neutrons. TEPC data provided macroscopic dose rates as well as measurements of radiation quality based on lineal energy, y, and LET. The instantaneous dose rate from the source decreases with a half-life of 2.6 years. The exposure time is adjusted weekly to yield a total dose 1 mGy/d. The photon contribution is 20% of the total dose. The uncertainty in the delivered dose is estimated to be ±20% taking into account spatial variations in the room and random position of mice in each cage. The dose averaged LET for the charged particle recoil nuclei is 68 keV/µ. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a facility to perform high LET studies in mice and rats at space relevant dose rates and career-relevant doses using neutrons emitted from the spontaneous fission of 252Cf.
‘Good Mother, Farewell’: Elizabeth Freeman's Silence and the Stories of Mumbet

This essay centers on the figure of Elizabeth Freeman, who was enslaved in Massachusetts in the late eighteenth-century and successfully sued the state for manumission, thus establishing a legal pr...
Lifetime of a transient atmosphere produced by lunar volcanism

Abstract Early in the Moon's history volcanic outgassing may have produced a periodic millibar level atmosphere ( Needham and Kring 2017 ). We examined the relevant atmospheric escape processes and lifetime of such an atmosphere. Thermal escape rates were calculated as a function of atmospheric mass for a range of temperatures including the effect of the presence of a light constituent such as H2. Photochemical escape and atmospheric sputtering were calculated using estimates of the higher EUV and plasma fluxes consistent with the early Sun. The often used surface Jeans calculation carried out in Vondrak (1974) is not applicable for the scale and composition of the atmosphere considered. We show that solar driven non-thermal escape can remove an early CO millibar level atmosphere on the order of ~1 Myr if the average exobase temperature is below ~350–400 K. However, if solar UV/EUV absorption heats the upper atmosphere to temperatures > ~ 400 K thermal escape increasingly dominates the loss rate, and we estimated a minimum lifetime of 100's of years considering energy limited escape.
Hybrid metasurfaces for simultaneous focusing and filtering

This work presents the design and fabrication of polymeric, structural optical filters that simultaneously focus light. These filters represent a novel, to the best of our knowledge, design at the boundary between diffractive optics and metasurfaces that may provide significant advantages for both digital and hyperspectral imaging. Filters for visible and near-infrared wavelengths were designed using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Prototype filters were fabricated using two-photon lithography, a form of nanoscale 3D printing, and have geometries suitable to replication by molding. The experimentally measured spectral transmission and focused spot size of each filter show excellent agreement with simulation.
Treatment-Emergent Central Sleep Apnea

Treatment-emergent central sleep apnea (TE-CSA) occurs when central sleep apneas and periodic breathing emerge with restoration of upper airway patency in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It is a non-rapid eye movement sleep process, driven by an overly sensitive ventilatory control system and sleep-wake instability superimposed on increased upper airway collapsibility. TE-CSA affects roughly 5–10% of OSA patients treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and is associated with conditions that predispose to central sleep apnea including heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and opioid use. The trajectories of TE-CSA vary, with resolution occurring in about 50%, persistence in 25%, and late development (weeks after CPAP initiation) in another 25%. Since TE-CSA resolves in a majority, close observation on CPAP may be attempted. However, TE-CSA is associated with poor adherence and CPAP use termination with ongoing poor quality of life and symptoms. This can be addressed by tailoring therapy early with treatments such as adaptive servo-ventilation. Because of the multifactorial nature of TE-CSA pathogenesis, optimal treatment may require multi-modality therapy targeting ventilatory and sleep state instability, including oxygen, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, or sedative hypnotics. Patient-oriented clinical research in treatment of TE-CSA is needed before such approaches can be incorporated into clinical care.
Experimental conditions influence the formation and composition of the corona around gold nanoparticles

Ovarian cancer is one of the deadliest gynecological malignancies. While the overall survival of ovarian cancer patients has slightly improved in recent years in the developed world, it remains clinically challenging due to its frequent late diagnosis and the lack of reliable diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. The aim of this study was to identify potential new molecular target proteins (NMTPs) responsible for the poor outcomes. When nanoparticles (NP) are exposed to biological fluids, a protein coat, termed the protein corona (PC), forms around the NP, and the PC represents a tool to identify NMTPs. This study investigates the influence of pre-processing conditions, such as lysis conditions and serum/plasma treatment, on the PC composition and the resulting identification of NMTPs. Using gel electrophoresis, pre-processing conditions, including cell-lysis techniques and enrichment of low-abundance proteins (LAPs) by immunocentrifugation of serum/plasma, were shown to alter the relative amounts and compositions of proteins. PCs formed when 20 nm gold-NPs (GNPs) were incubated with lysate proteins from either RIPA- or urea lysis. Proteomic analysis of these PCs showed 2–22-fold enrichment of NMTPs in PCs from urea lysates as compared to RIPA lysates. Enriched NMTPs were then classified as cellular components, biological and molecular functions-associated proteins. The impact of enriched LAPs (eLAPs) on both PC composition and NMTP identification was shown by comparative proteomic analysis of original plasma, eLAPs, and PCs derived from eLAPs; eLAPs-PCs enhanced the abundance of NMTPs approximately 13%. Several NMTPs, including gasdermin-B, dermcidin, and kallistatin, were identified by this method demonstrating the potential use of this PC approach for molecular target discovery. The current study showed that the pre-processing conditions modulate PC composition and can be used to enhance identification of NMTPs.
Stock Price Forecast Based on ARIMA Model and BP Neural Network Model

This paper uses the ARIMA model and BP neural network to model and predict the closing prices of the two stocks of JD and PDD from July 26, 2018 to January 29, 2021 (1266 data in total). First, use Python to visualize the time series of the two stock data. Then, establish ARIMA model and BP neural network. Meanwhile, the forecasting accuracy of the two models is compared, and the final result shows that both of the two prediction models can achieve relatively ideal forecasting accuracy.
Effects of cannabidiol in cannabis flower: Implications for harm reduction.

Using a federally compatible, naturalistic at-home administration procedure, the present study examined the acute effects of three cannabis flower chemovars with different tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) ratios, in order to test whether chemovars with a higher CBD content produce different effects. Participants were randomly assigned to ad libitum administration of one of three chemovars (THC-dominant: 24% THC, 1% CBD; THC+CBD: 9% THC, 10% CBD; CBD-dominant: 1% THC, 23% CBD); 159 regular cannabis users (male = 94, female = 65) were assessed in a mobile pharmacology lab before, immediately after, and 1 h after ad libitum administration of their assigned chemovar. Plasma cannabinoids as well as positive (e.g., high, elation) and negative (e.g., paranoia and anxiety) subjective effects were assessed at each time points. Participants who used the CBD-dominant and THC + CBD chemovars had significantly less THC and more CBD in plasma samples compared to participants who used the THC-dominant chemovar. Further, the THC + CBD chemovar was associated with similar levels of positive subjective effects, but significantly less paranoia and anxiety, as compared to the THC-dominant chemovar. This is one of the first studies to examine the differential effects of various THC to CBD ratios using chemovars that are widely available in state-regulated markets. Individuals using a THC + CBD chemovar had significantly lower plasma THC concentrations and reported less paranoia and anxiety while also reporting similar positive mood effects as compared to individuals using THC only, which is intriguing from a harm reduction perspective. Further research is needed to clarify the harm reduction potential of CBD in cannabis products.
Impact of systemic inflammatory response syndrome on acute ischemic stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy.

Abstract Aim Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) has been associated with poor outcomes after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The primary goal of this study was to determine whether SIRS status on admission correlated with functional outcomes in AIS treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Methods Consecutive patients from September 2015 to April 2019 were retrospectively reviewed for SIRS on admission. SIRS was defined as the presence of ≥2 of the following: temperature 38 °C, heart rate > 90, respiratory rate > 20, and white blood cell count 12,000 mm. Results Of 202 patients, 188 met inclusion criteria. 49 patients (26%) had evidence of SIRS. Neither basic patient demographics nor standard stroke risk factors predicted the development of SIRS. However, presentation with SIRS was correlated with higher rates of death (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–5.5) as well as lower rates of favorable functional outcomes at discharge (OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.02–0.40) and 3-month follow up (OR 0.12; 95% CI 0.03–0.43). These results remained significant even after adjustment for age, sex, baseline NIHSS, recanalization status, and prior co-morbidities. Conclusion In our sample population, SIRS was associated with worse outcomes and higher rates of mortality in AIS patients treated with MT. Recognition of key risk factors can provide better prognostication and possible future therapeutic targets.
The Case Against Dog Breed Discrimination by Homeowners’ Insurance Companies

Many insurance companies refuse to insure homeowners who own certain breeds of dog, claiming that some breeds are inherently more dangerous than others. This practice, known as breed discrimination, is without a basis in science. No study has accurately counted or estimated the number of bites per breed, in part because a national reporting system does not exist for dog bites. People are unable to notice the subtle distinctions between breeds, which calls into question the reports that are made. Mixed breed dogs add further confusion to the problems of identification and collection of dog bite data. Likewise, there is an absence of data on the number of dogs per breed. Without accurate data on the number of bites per breed and the number of dogs per breed, it is scientifically impossible to conclude that one breed is more dangerous than another. Breed discrimination is having a profound effect on American families, who are being forced to choose between home ownership and their pets. Although pets are considered mere property under the law, there is some indication that courts and legislatures have realized what every pet owner already knows: that pets are beloved, four-legged members of many American families. Where, as here, the insurance industry makes underwriting or rate-setting decisions without a rational basis in fact or science, legislatures have the right and the duty to correct the problem. Breed discrimination violates the public interest and is cause for regulation.
Bacterial Communities in Acidic and Circumneutral Streams

The relationship between pH and the abundance and activity of bacteria in streams was examined as part of a study of the effect of acidification on stream communities. Of the bacterial communities examined, the epilithic community appeared to be the most significantly affected by acidification. Microbial biomass, as quantified by measuring the ATP level, on rock surfaces was significantly correlated with pH. Also, bacterial production by the epilithic bacteria, indicated by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA, was always higher at high-pH sites than at low-pH sites of the same stream order and elevation. Bacterioplankton concentrations varied between 0.53 × 105 and 9.42 × 105 cells · ml−1 in the first- to fourth-order streams examined. The bacterioplankton concentration in one sample from a spring was 0.17 × 105 cells · ml−1. Bacterioplankton concentrations were not correlated with pH but were significantly correlated with seston concentrations. The correlation with seston is a result of increases in particle-associated bacteria at high seston concentrations. The proportion of bacterioplankton attached to particles varied from 0 to 70%. Bacterial numbers and production in the sediments were significantly correlated with the organic content of the sediment rather than with the pH of the overlying water. Thus, reduced abundance and activity of bacteria as a result of acidification could be detected only for the relatively active community on rock surfaces; this community was exposed to the low pH because of the unbuffered nature of its environment.
A Framework for Multi-Objective Clustering and Its Application to Co-Location Mining

The goal of multi-objective clustering (MOC) is to decompose a dataset into similar groups maximizing multiple objectives in parallel. In this paper, we provide a methodology, architecture and algorithms that, based on a large set of objectives, derive interesting clusters regarding two or more of those objectives. The proposed architecture relies on clustering algorithms that support plug-in fitness functions and on multi-run clustering in which clustering algorithms are run multiple times maximizing different subsets of objectives that are captured in compound fitness functions. MOC provides search engine type capabilities to users, enabling them to query a large set of clusters with respect to different objectives and thresholds. We evaluate the proposed MOC framework in a case study that centers on spatial co-location mining; the goal is to identify regions in which high levels of Arsenic concentrations are co-located with high concentrations of other chemicals in the Texas water supply.
Lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria y malnutrición infantil en los Andes de Bolivia

Northern Potosi is one of the poorest parts of Bolivia with the highest indicators of rural poverty, malnutrition and food insecurity in the Bolivian Andes. The objective of this research was to characterize the levels of malnutrition and describe infant feeding practices in Potosi, Bolivia and use this information to develop an effective, gender sensitive and culturally relevant intervention encouraging good infant feeding practices. Standard methods were used to collect anthropometric data. Weight and height data were collected for 400 children under five years of age from 30 communities. In six of these communities, interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 33 mothers and other families in addition to household observational data that were collected to describe infant feeding practices. Nearly 20% of children were underweight; stunting was widespread as well. 38% of mothers initiated breastfeeding 12 hours or more after birth. 39% of mothers initiated complementary feeding in the first three months following birth. The type of complementary food given to children was usually inadequate. With this research we could see that nutritional deficiencies often begin when the mother starts breastfeeding and when first introduced complementary feeding. Interventions aimed at improving maternal and child nutrition will require changes in parents' behavior, greater recognition and community support of the importance of child feeding, and the inclusion of strategies to reach young people, involve men, and make high quality nutrition promotion more widely available in the communities.
Rayleigh Laser Guide Star Systems: Application to UnISIS

Laser guide stars created by Rayleigh scattering provide a reasonable means to monitor atmospheric wavefront distortions for real-time correction by adaptive optics systems. Because of the $\lambda^{-4}$ wavelength dependence of Rayleigh scattering, short wavelength lasers are a logical first choice for astronomical laser guide star systems, and in this paper we describe the results from a sustained experimental effort to integrated into an adaptive optics system a 351 nm Rayleigh laser guide star created at an altitude of 20 km (above MSL) at the Mt. Wilson 2.5-m telescope. In addition to providing obvious scientific benefits, the 351 nm laser guide star projected by UnISIS is "Stealth qualified: in terms of the FAA and airplane avoidance. Due to the excellent return signal at the wavefront sensor, there is no doubt that future applications will be found for short-wavelength Rayleigh scattered laser guide stars.
Freezing Points, Osmotic Coefficients, and Activity Coefficients of Some Salts in Ethylene Carbonate: A High Dielectric Constant Solvent Without Hydrogen Bonding

The freezing points, conductivities, and densities of NaI, KI, CsI, Bu4NCl, Bu4NBr, Bu4NI, Et4NBr, and Pr4NBr (where Et = ethyl, Pr = propyl, and Bu =n-butyl) in ethylene carbonate have been measured. Osmotic and activity coefficients were calculated from the results. All of the salts studied are strong electrolytes. The trends in the osmotic coefficients of the alkali metal iodides are NaI>KI>CsI, showing that Na+ is more solvated by ethylene carbonate than Cs+. For the tetraalkylammonium halides, the order of osmotic coefficients are Et4NBr≃Pr4NBr≃Bu4NCl>Bu4NBr>Bu4NI. This is the same order as observed in two other high-dielectric-constant solvents, water andN-methylacetamide. The results indicate that the smaller anions are more solvated than the larger anions in ethylene carbonate in contrast to the usual behavior of dipolar aprotic (basic) solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide.
An Inferred Climatology of Icing Conditions Aloft, Including Supercooled Large Drops. Part I: Canada and the Continental United States

Because of a lack of regular, direct measurements, little information is available about the frequency and spatial and temporal distribution of icing conditions aloft, including supercooled large drops (SLD). Research aircraft provide in situ observations of these conditions, but the sample set is small and can be biased. Other techniques must be used to create a more unbiased climatology. The presence and absence of icing and SLD aloft can be inferred using surface weather observations in conjunction with vertical profiles of temperature and moisture. In this study, such a climatology was created using 14 yr of coincident, 12-hourly Canadian and continental U.S. surface weather reports and balloonborne soundings. The conditions were found to be most common along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Oregon, and in a large swath from the Canadian Maritimes to the Midwest. Prime locations migrated seasonally. Most SLD events appeared to occur below 4 km, were less than 1 km deep, and were formed via the collision–coalescence process.
Earth Science Instrumentation and Facilities Program Review

The Instrumentation and Facilities (IF) program of the U.S. National Science Foundation's Division of Earth Sciences (NSF/EAR) supports a remarkably broad span of research, both in the science that is addressed and in the nature of awards provided, according to a review by a Committee of Visitors on 22–24 August 2007. The present article, written by committee members, provides a synopsis of our findings to promote community-wide discussion of the size, scope, and responsibilities of the IF program. The IF program funds infrastructure ranging from an individual investigator's purchase of laboratory equipment to support for major, multiuser facilities requiring millions of dollars per year (Figure 1). Partial support is also provided for technicians (for up to 5 years, with a decreasing level of funding each year).
Urbanism and Social Psychological Well‐Being: A Cross‐Cultural Test of Three Theories*

Three competing theories of how urbanism affects social-psychological well-being are tested using data from London, England; Los Angeles, California; and Sydney, Australia. Path analyses are conduc...
Forced Convection of Power-Law Fluids Flow over a Rotating Nonisothermal Body

Presented is an analysis of steady laminar flow of power-law fluids past a rotating body with nonisothermal surfaces. A coordinate transformation combined with the Merk-type series expansion is employed to transform the governing momentum equations into a set of coupled ordinary differential equations. The equations are numerically integrated to obtain the axial and tangential velocity gradients for determining the friction coefficient. For forced convection, a generalized coordinate transformation is used to analyze the temperature field of the power-law flow. Solutions to the transformed energy equations are obtained in the form of universal functions. The heat transfer coefficients in terms of NuRe exp 1/(n + 1) are presented for a rotating sphere. The effects of power-law index, rotation parameter, Prandtl number, and the location of step discontinuity in surface temperature on the local Nusselt number are fully investigated and demonstrated. 13 refs.
Cooperative inhibitory effect of n,n,n-trimethylsphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate, co-incorporated in liposomes, on b16 melanoma cell metastasis - cell-membrane signaling as a target in cancer-therapy .4.

Two N-methylated derivatives of sphingosine (Sph), N,N-dimethyl-Sph (DMS) and N,N,N-trimethyl-Sph (TMS), have been shown to stereospecifically inhibit activity of protein kinase C and other kinases essential for active proliferation of tumor cells, as well as for activation of platelets and endothelial cells (ECs). DMS and TMS thereby inhibit tumor growth in vivo, and TMS inhibits in vivo metastatic potential of B16 melanoma cells. When TMS was administered in liposomes, its drug efficacy was increased and its undesirable side-effects were greatly reduced (Park YS, er al, Cancer Res 54: 2213, 1994). Sph-1-P, long known as the initial catabolite of Sph metabolism, has aroused considerable interest recently because of its inhibitory effect on cell motility (Sadahira Y, et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9686, 1992). We now report that liposomes containing both TMS and Sph-1-P, in comparison to liposomes containing TMS or Sph-1-P alone, exert a much stronger inhibitory effect on B16 melanoma cell metastasis. This is ascribable to their inhibitory effect on tumor cell invasiveness through motility inhibition, in conjunction with the previously-observed inhibitory effect of TMS on activation of platelets and ECs. Furthermore, the liposomal formulation resulted in prolonged circulation time of both TMS and Sph-1-P in blood, and consequent higher concentration of these compounds in tumor tissues.
Two brains, one car - actively controlled steering

Actively controlled steering (ACS) systems enable vehicle autonomy and facilitate the trend in active stabilization and control that has been developing steadily over the last decade. These systems can improve the overall driving experience. Employing an on-board microprocessor, ACS is both a necessary enabler for fully autonomous vehicular operations and a functional element that can improve a car's operational envelope independent of autonomous operation. In the paper, examples of ACS are given, and BMW's active steering system and stability controllers based on ACS systems are discussed.
High rates of quinolone resistance among urinary tract infections in the ED

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this study are to examine antibiotic resistance rates and to determine appropriate empiric oral antibiotic for patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) evaluated and discharged from the ED. Methods A retrospective, single-institution chart review study from August 2008 to March 2009 was conducted. Adult patients seen in the ED with UTI were identified for study inclusion from review of microbiology records. Hospitalized or asymptomatic bacteriuria cases were excluded. Health care-associated (HA)–UTI was defined as UTI with indwelling urinary catheters, health care exposure, or urologic procedures within 3 months. Prevalence of causative bacteria, antibiotic resistance rates, and risk factors for quinolone resistance were determined. Results There were 337 eligible patients with 83% women. The most common uropathogens among 357 bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (71%) and Klebsiella spp. (9%). Overall levofloxacin resistance rate was 17%. Resistance rates for HA-UTIs were significantly greater than those for community-associated–UTI: levofloxacin, 38% vs 10%; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 26% vs 17%; amoxicillin, 53% vs 45%; and amoxicillin-clavulanate, 16% vs 6%. Nitrofurantoin resistance rates were similar (9%). Independent risk factors for levofloxacin resistance were long-term medical conditions (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.23; P = .001), HA-UTI (aOR, 2.56; P = .006), and prior quinolone use within 1 week (aOR, 14.90; P = .02) and within 1 to 4 weeks (aOR, 4.62; P = .04). Conclusions We report high rates of quinolone resistance in ED patients with UTIs at our institution. For patients with risk factors for quinolone resistance, empiric therapy with cephalosporins or nitrofurantoin may be preferred. Urine culture and susceptibility testing should be performed to guide definitive therapy for HA-UTIs.
Measuring soil quality dynamics A role for economists, and implications for economic analysis

Measuring soil quality is extremely difficult, yet it has clear economic importance. In particular, there is a great deal of empirical interest in the dynamics of soil quality evolution when land managers respond to policies and other incentives. Yet current methodologies for measuring changes in agricultural land quality are largely static and rely heavily either on incomplete measures such as proxy variables, or ad hoc indexes of selected soil characteristics. Moreover, much empirical work relies on static econometric techniques or simulation models. In this paper, we develop a means to infer soil quality changes from input and output data using a dynamic production function model. Using data from field experiments, we estimate the model in a way that allows the recovery of a dynamic measure of soil quality whose evolution depends on variations in management practices. Our methodology and findings will help provide firmer empirical foundations for analyses of the economic implications of land degradation and the soil quality implications of agricultural policies.
Evaluation of High Temperature Knitted Spring Tubes for Structural Seal Applications

Control surface seals are crucial to current and future space vehicles, as they are used to seal the gaps surrounding body flaps, elevons, and other actuated exterior surfaces. During reentry, leakage of high temperature gases through these gaps could damage underlying lower temperature structures such as rudder drive motors and mechanical actuators, resulting in impaired vehicle control. To be effective, control surface seals must shield lower temperature structures from heat transfer by maintaining sufficient resiliency to remain in contact with opposing sealing surfaces through multiple compression cycles. The current seal exhibits significant loss of resiliency after a few compression cycles at elevated temperatures (i.e., 1900 F) and therefore would be inadequate for advanced space vehicles. This seal utilizes a knitted Inconel X-750 spring tube as its primary resilient element. As part of a larger effort to enhance seal resiliency, researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center performed high temperature compression testing (up to 2000 F) on candidate spring tube designs employing material substitutions and modified geometries. These tests demonstrated significant improvements in spring tube resiliency (5.5x better at 1750 F) through direct substitution of heat treated Rene 41 alloy in the baseline knit design. The impact of geometry modification was minor within the range of parameters tested, however trends did suggest that moderate resiliency improvements could be obtained by optimizing the current spring tube geometry.
Presence of bile acids in jaundiced human urine.

Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids have been detected in the urine of a patient with biliary cirrhosis and stricture of the common bile duct by a combination of techniques, including column and thin-layer chromatography. This is supporting evidence that bile acids are present in jaundiced urine.
CarbonCarbon bond rupture promoted by palladium(O) and platinum(O) triphenylphosphine complexes

Abstract Treatment of M(PPh 3 ) 4 with 1,1,2,2-tetracyanocyclopropane gives(I), where M = Pt or Pd, and with M = Pt treatment with tetracyanoethylene oxide gives (II), produced by cleavage of the C C bond.
Problems with the Federal Economic Statistical System and Some Alternatives for Improvement

Abstract This article identifies four problems with the present federal statistical system for economics: (1) lack of comparability of data series; (2) fragmentation and poor data quality; (3) nonoptimal funding patterns; and (4) susceptibility of the system to politicization. Full centralization of the system appears to be both impractical and undesirable as a solution; however, considerable consolidation in the statistics collection process and a substantial increase in the number and professional quality of personnel devoted to planning, developing, and coordinating the federal statistical system are recommended.
A new framework for isolating individual feedback processes in coupled general circulation climate models. Part II: Method demonstrations and comparisons

We here use a coupled atmosphere-surface single column climate model to illustrate how the CFRAM, a new climate feedback analysis framework formulated in Part I of the two-part series papers, can be applied to isolate individual contributions to the total temperature change of a climate system from the external forcing alone, and from each of individual physical and dynamical processes associated with the energy transfer with the space and within the climate system. We demonstrate that the isolation of individual feedbacks in the CFRAM is achieved without referencing to a virtual climate system as in the online feedback suppression method. We show that partial temperature changes estimated by the online feedback suppression method include the “compensating effects” of other feedbacks when the feedback under consideration is suppressed. The partial temperature changes are addable in the CFRAM but they are not in the online feedback suppression method. We also apply the CFRAM to isolate the contributions to the lapse rate feedback from individual physical and dynamical feedback processes. We show that the lapse rate feedback includes not only the partial effect of each feedback that directly contributes to energy flux perturbations at the TOA (such as water vapor feedback), but also the total effects of those feedbacks that do not contribute to energy flux perturbations at the TOA (such as evaporation and moist convection feedbacks). Because the contributions to the lapse rate feedback from various physical and dynamical processes tend to cancel one another, the net lapse rate feedback is a residual of many large terms. This leads to a large uncertainty not only in estimating the lapse rate feedback itself, but also in other feedbacks whose effects are either partially or totally lumped into the lapse rate feedback.
Early relationships and the development of children

One of the central issues in the field of infant mental health concerns the emergence of the self, in both robust and distorted forms. Various perspectives on when and how the self emerges have been proposed, with different investigators proposing a range of time tables and varying roles for innate capacities. Yet, all have agreed that, although a self cannot be proposed in the newborn, it somehow emerges as an organized structure in the early months or years of life. Moreover, there is agreement concerning a critical role for the caregiving matrix. Sander (e.g., 1975; 2000) proposed a most profound and compelling resolution of this paradoxical developmental emergent; namely, that the self is an outgrowth of the dyadic organization that preceded it. Sander allows a role for early emerging infant characteristics,which in dynamic systems terminology he describes as part of the “initiating conditions” of development. At the same time, he moves the spotlight to the nature and organization of early primary relationships; that is, the broader “system of which that individual is but a part” (Sander, 2000, p. 3). The organized self is a derivative of the organized complexity in which the infant participates, setting forth “enduring themes of organization” for personality development. Sander traces the process of this normative phenomenon and points the way to an understanding of early disturbance. At the turn of the century Freud, of course, had also stressed the importance of early relationships. However, he began with disturbance and worked backwards to normal development. Partly because of this, and partly because of the science of his times, he argued that there was inherent conflict in parent-child relationships, and he emphasized the negative drives and urges of the child. Healthy development, he thought, entailed minimizing frustration and curbing the negative impulses of children. In the relationships framework proposed by Sander, in contrast, the starting point is an understanding of normal development. Disturbance is seen as deviation, a derailment from typical pathways to be expected given reasonable supports for
REVISITING WASHINGTON's NESTING RECORD OF THE ANCIENT MURRELET

The southernmost colonies of Ancient Murrelets (Synthliboramphus antiquus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean have been documented on the Queen Charlotte Islands/Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (Campbell and others 1990, Springer and others 1993). However, over the past 15 y or so, family groups of Ancient Murrelets have been recorded at sea as far away as Washington and Oregon (Hodder 2003, Wahl 2005), at straight-line distances of approximately 600 to 900 km south of the southernmost colonies. The question of whether these family groups, as well as groups recorded over the last several decades off Vancouver Island (Sealy and Campbell 1979; Cecile 2004; Sealy and others, unpubl. data), originated from isolated, non-colonial nests on islands along these coasts prompted us to examine details of the nesting record of the Ancient Murrelet for Washington (Hoffmann 1924a). If valid, this unusual record supports the possibility that some chicks with their putative parents observed along these coasts came from nearby nests, rather than all chicks dispersing by swimming with adults long distances from colonies to the north. Ralph Hoffmann described this nesting record in a brief note (Hoffmann 1924a, p 191) published in The Condor, which is reprinted below in its entirety: