cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hospitalizations During a Physical Activity Intervention in Older Adults at Risk of Mobility Disability: Analyses from the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Randomized Clinical Trial

Objectives To determine whether moderate-intensity physical activity (PA) and health education (HE) are differentially associated with categories of hospitalizations or subgroups of participants. Design Multicenter randomized controlled trial in which participants were randomized to a PA or HE program for an average of 2.6 years. Setting Eight field centers. Participants Sedentary men and women aged 70–89 with lower extremity physical limitations but able to walk 400-m in 15 minutes or less (N = 1,635). Interventions Structured, moderate-intensity PA (n = 818) at a center (2×/wk) and at home (3–4×/wk) that included aerobic, strength, balance, and flexibility training or HE (n = 817) of educational workshops and upper extremity stretching exercises. Measurements All-cause inpatient hospitalizations ascertained at 6-month intervals. Results There were 1,458 hospitalizations (49.1% of PA, 44.4% of HE; risk difference = 4.68%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.18–9.54; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.00–1.34). The intervention effect on incident hospitalization did not differ according to race, sex, Short Physical Performance Battery score, age, or history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. PA was associated with higher rates of hospitalization in the middle baseline gait speed category, than HE ( 1.0 m/s: HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.67–1.65; interaction P = .005). Conclusion A PA program in older adults at risk for mobility disability did not lead to a different risk of specific types of hospitalizations than a HE program overall. Baseline gait speed may be a marker for risk of hospitalization during a PA intervention, because individuals with moderate baseline gait speed in the PA group had slightly higher rates of hospitalization than those in the HE group. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01072500.
Immunomodulating effects in vitro of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma on human blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells.

Mononuclear cells (MNC) derived from peripheral blood (PBMNC) of 23 normal donors and 4 AIDS patients, and from bone marrow (BMMNC) of 15 normal donors were incubated at 37 degrees C in culture medium alone or in the presence of either natural or recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) or recombinant human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma; 1-1,000 U/ml). The cultured cells were washed on days 1, 4 or 7 and tested for various immune functions in vitro and for cell surface phenotype. IL-2, but not IFN-gamma, was found mitogenic for both PBMNC and BMMNC. The natural killer (NK) activity of both PBMNC and BMMNC was the only function tested that was markedly augmented (over 100-fold compared to medium control) by both lymphokines. Pretreatment of PBMNC with IL-2 at greater than or equal to 10 U/ml profoundly suppressed (up to 90%) various functions, such as mitogenic responses (phytohemmagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen), allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction, antibody production and T cell colony formation in agar. In contrast, some BMMNC functions were elevated at low doses of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, and significant suppression of BMMNC was seen only with high doses of IL-2 (greater than or equal to 100 U/ml) and IFN-gamma (1,000 U/ml). IL-2 was by far more effective than IFN-gamma in both the amplification of NK activity and the suppression of most of the other functions. IL-2, but not IFN-gamma, was found to activate/induce suppressor cells and increased the proportion of Leu-2+ (CD8) cells in PBMNC; the suppressive effect was time- and dose-dependent. The IL-2-induced suppression could be diminished by inclusion of anti-IL-2 antibody during the pretreatment phase. Similar suppressive effects were noted in PBMNC from AIDS patients. These findings suggest that: (a) high-dose IL-2 may elicit immunosuppression which can be mediated by nondiscriminative highly cytotoxic cells (i.e. lymphokine-activated killer cells) and/or by noncytotoxic, nonspecific suppressor cells, and (b) that PBMNC respond differently to the lymphokines than do BMMNC.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

We describe a patient with longstanding systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in remission who presented with recent onset neurological symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging, followed by a brain biopsy and in situ hybridization, confirmed the diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The clinical findings in this patient emphasize the importance of considering PML in an individual with SLE and neurological abnormalities.
Reinvestigation of the Perry Ranch Plainview Bison Bonebed, Southwestern Oklahoma

Reinvestigation of the Perry Ranch site (34JK81) in Jackson County, Oklahoma was conducted during the summers of 1989 and 1990. The goals were to relocate the site, place a permanent datum, evaluate the possibility of additional deposits, and to collect bone samples for chemical analysis and possible dating. In addition, the bone assemblage from the 1974 excavation was restudied to facilitate taphonomic analysis, a season of death estimate, and detailed comparison with other bison bonebed assemblages. Bone chemistry indicates that the original radiocarbon date on bone is not a reliable measure of the age of the Perry Ranch deposit. The problem of whether Plainview or Golandrina points are represented is reconsidered and the original assessment-that the points compare most favorably with those from the Plainview type site-is supported. The MNI and season of death have also been reassessed. The animals died in winter, perhaps mid-january, based on tooth eruption and wear comparison with modern bison. A minimum of two animals was identified. The formational history of the deposit based on bone condition and element representation is reviewed. The possibility remains that there are additional significant deposits at the Perry Ranch site.
A glucocorticoid- and diet-responsive pathway toggles adipocyte precursor cell activity in vivo

Obesity is driven by excess caloric intake, which leads to the expansion of adipose tissue by hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Adipose tissue hyperplasia results from the differentiation of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) that reside in adipose depots. Investigation into this process has elucidated a network of mostly transcription factors that drive APCs through the differentiation process. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, our study revealed a signaling pathway that inhibited the initiation of the adipocyte differentiation program. Mouse adipocytes secreted the extracellular protease ADAMTS1, which triggered the production of the cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN) through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and promoted proliferation rather than differentiation of APCs. Glucocorticoid exposure in vitro or in vivo reduced ADAMTS1 abundance in adipocytes. In addition, mice fed a high-fat diet showed decreased Adamts1 expression in the visceral perigonadal adipose depot, which expanded by adipogenesis in response to the diet, and increased Adamts1 expression in the subcutaneous inguinal adipose depot, which did not induce adipogenesis. Similar to what occurred in mouse subcutaneous adipose tissue, diet-induced weight gain increased the expression of ADAMTS1, PTN, and certain Wnt target genes in the subcutaneous adipose depot of human volunteers, suggesting the relevance of this pathway to physiological adipose tissue homeostasis and the pathogenesis of obesity. Thus, this pathway functions as a toggle on APCs, regulating a decision between differentiation and proliferation and coordinating the response of adipose tissue to systemic cues.
Phylogenetic approach to the evolution of color term systems

The naming of colors has long been a topic of interest in the study of human culture and cognition. Color term research has asked diverse questions about thought and communication, but no previous research has used an evolutionary framework. We show that there is broad support for the most influential theory of color term development (that most strongly represented by Berlin and Kay [Berlin B, Kay P (1969) (Univ of California Press, Berkeley, CA)]); however, we find extensive evidence for the loss (as well as gain) of color terms. We find alternative trajectories of color term evolution beyond those considered in the standard theories. These results not only refine our knowledge of how humans lexicalize the color space and how the systems change over time; they illustrate the promise of phylogenetic methods within the domain of cognitive science, and they show how language change interacts with human perception.
Von Economo neurons of the anterior cingulate across the lifespan and in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background Throughout the human aging lifespan, neurons acquire an unusually high burden of wear and tear; this is likely why age is considered the strongest risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Von Economo neurons (VENs) are rare, spindle-shaped cells mostly populated in anterior cingulate cortex. In a prior study, “SuperAgers” (individuals older than 80 years of age with outstanding memory ability) showed higher VEN densities compared to elderly controls with average memory, and those with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI). The intrinsic vulnerabilities of these neurons are unclear, and their contribution to neurodegeneration is unknown. The current study investigated the influence of age and the severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) on VEN density. Methods VEN and total neuronal densities were quantitated using unbiased stereological methods in the anterior cingulate cortex of postmortem samples from the following subject groups: younger controls (age 20–60), SuperAgers, cognitively average elderly controls (age 65+), individuals diagnosed antemortem with aMCI, and individuals diagnosed antemortem with dementia of AD ( N = 5, per group). Results The AD group showed significantly lower VEN density compared to younger and older controls ( p p Conclusions VENs in human anterior cingulate cortex are vulnerable to AD pathology, particularly in later stages of pathogenesis. Their densities do not change throughout aging in individuals with average cognition, and they are more numerous in SuperAgers.
“Soccer ball” cells to “donut” cells: an unusual case of Richter syndrome

![Figure][1] A 56-year-old man presented with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with 90% bone marrow (BM) involvement, “soccer ball” morphology (panel A, hematoxylin and eosin stain; panel B, Wright-Giemsa stain), and the following immunophenotype: CD5+/CD19+/CD20dim+/CD38+/ZAP-
Error-Driven Learning: Dopamine Signals More Than Value-Based Errors.

Summary The detection of a mismatch between our predictions and what actually happens allows us to learn from our errors. New research indicates that midbrain dopamine neurons encode multiple types of error signals and contribute to multiple forms of error-driven learning.
LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2/Au nanocomposite thin film cathode with enhanced electrochemical properties

Abstract Li(NixMnyCo1−x−y)O2 (NMC) is considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. Highly textured LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) thin films with well dispersed Au nanoparticles (~ 5 nm in average diameter) were deposited by pulsed laser deposition. Microstructure studies reveal the epitaxial nature of the Au nanoparticles and NMC matrix, and their lattice matching relationships. The Au nanoparticles are uniformly distributed and form faceted interfaces with NMC matrix. NMC with 2 at.% Au shows the highest volumetric capacity, best initial columbic efficiency, highest cycling performance, best rate capability and highest capacity retention among all the samples, due to alteration of chemical environment of transition metal while keeping high crystallinity. Moreover, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data shows that the incorporation of the Au nanoparticles also reduces charge transfer resistance compared to the pure NMC. The results suggest that appropriate Au nanoparticle incorporation enhances the volumetric capacity and promotes the charge transfer process, and thus could lead to enhanced battery performance.
Growth factor influences on the production and migration of cortical neurons.

Production of neurons from progenitor cells is the first step in building the complex, six-layered cerebral cortex. The neurons that will populate the mature cortex are produced during development in an active proliferative neuroepithelium, the ventricular zone (VZ), adjacent to the cerebral ventricle (Rakic 1975; McConnell 1995; Caviness et al. 1996; Ross 1996). The first postmitotic neurons move out of the ventricular zone to form the preplate, just beneath the pia. Subsequent neuronal cohorts, generated in the neo-cortical ventricular zone, move into the preplate to form the cortical plate, which will eventually become layers 2 through 6 of cortex. At the earliest stages of cortical plate formation, preplate neurons are divided into two layers, the marginal zone, above the cortical plate, and the subplate, below it (Marin-Padilla 1971; Luskin and Shatz 1985; Allendoerfer and Shatz 1994). Many neurons move into the cortical plate under the guidance of the processes of radial glia (Hatten 1990; Rakic et al. 1994), but others, arising in distant proliferative zones, migrate tangentially into cortex, guided by cues that have not been defined (reviewed in Pearlman et al. 1998).
Neurological complications of Kaposi's sarcomat

We analyzed the neurological complications in 25 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, 5 encountered at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and 20 culled from the literature. Patients with all clinical forms of Kaposi's sarcoma [14 classical cases, 2 African cases, 5 cases associated with immunosuppressive therapy and 4 cases associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)] suffered neurological dysfunction which included neoplastic involvement of the nervous system (Kaposi's sarcoma or another primary), autoimmune disorders and opportunistic infections. Neoplastic involvement was recorded most frequently in patients with classical and African Kaposi's sarcoma and was favored in a setting of extensive tumor dissemination. Opportunistic infections (cryptococcal meningitis and cerebral toxoplasmosis) were observed in all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma but were most frequent in AIDS cases and correlated with the degree of immune dysfunction. Our data suggest that more diverse opportunistic central nervous system infections, neurological disorders of an autoimmune nature, and neoplastic involvement of the nervous system are to be anticipated in AIDS.
Factors impacting bicyclist lateral position and velocity in proximity to commercial vehicle loading zones: Application of a bicycling simulator

There is little research on the behavioral interaction between bicycle lanes and commercial vehicle loading zones (CVLZ) in the United States. These interactions are important to understand, to preempt increasing conflicts between truckers and bicyclists. In this study, a bicycling simulator experiment examined bicycle and truck interactions. The experiment was successfully completed by 48 participants. The bicycling simulator collected data regarding a participant's velocity and lateral position. Three independent variables reflecting common engineering approaches were included in this experiment: pavement marking (L1: white lane markings with no supplemental pavement color, termed white lane markings, L2: white lane markings with solid green pavement applied on the conflict area, termed solid green, and L3: white lane markings with dashed green pavement applied on the conflict area, termed dashed green), signage (L1: No sign and L2: a truck warning sign), and truck maneuver (L1: no truck in CVLZ, L2: truck parked in CVLZ, and L3: truck pulling out of CVLZ). The results showed that truck presence does have an effect on bicyclist's performance, and this effect varies based on the engineering and design treatments employed. Of the three independent variables, truck maneuvering had the greatest impact by decreasing mean bicyclist velocity and increasing mean lateral position. It was also observed that when a truck was present in a CVLZ, bicyclists had a lower velocity and lower divergence from right-edge of bike lane on solid green pavement, and a higher divergence from the right-edge of bike lane was observed when a warning sign was present.
Noninvasive Electrocardiographic Imaging of Scar-Related Ventricular Tachycardia: Association With Magnetic Resonance Scar Imaging

A common setting for scar-related ventricular tachycardia is a reentry circuit formed by narrow channels of surviving tissue inside the myocardial scar. It is challenging to identify the critical components of these circuits using invasive catheter mapping due to its inability to map the vast majority of unstable VTs. While electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi) provides a promising noninvasive solution for rapid mapping of unstable VTs, its validation in the setting of scar-related VT remains challeging. In this paper, we report our initial results in the effort to integrate ECGi results with late gadolinium enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-cMR) of scar. We report quantitative association between ECGi features and CMR scar data, as well as qualitative relation between ECGi-reconstructed VT circuits and myocardial scar and critical channels identified from LGE-CMR data.
Interprofessional Perceptions and Attitudes Among Pharmacy and Family Nurse Practitioner Students.

Introduction Interprofessional education (IPE) activities involving pharmacy (PharmD) and family nurse practitioner (FNP) students is understudied. Interactions between PharmD and FNP students have become important since most recent Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education standards included a requirement for schools of pharmacy to have IPE. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions and attitudes among PharmD and FNP students towards an IPE activity. Methods Atleast 1 student from each discipline was assigned to one team and participated in simulated ambulatory care scenarios. A survey was completed by students after the activity, which mapped each survey statement to an Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) core competency. Results Perceptions and attitudes between PharmD and FNP students were similar, with no significant differences except with 2 statements, one survey statement in the Teams and Teamwork core competency and another in the Roles/Responsibilities core competency. A less favorable response with more than half of FNP students reporting "strongly agree" (18%) and "agree" (35%) resulted for the statement regarding their professional roles in the IPE activity. Conclusion PharmD and FNP students reported favorable perceptions and attitudes in each IPEC core competency after participation in the IPE activity. There may be a need to review the discipline's professional role before participating in the activity.
The Prehistory of Schneider's First-Rank Symptoms: Texts From 1810 to 1932.

Importance First-rank symptoms (FRS), proposed by Kurt Schneider in 1939, subsequently became influential in schizophrenia diagnosis. We know little of their prehistory. How often were FRS described before 1939 and in which countries and time periods? Which FRS was most frequently noted? Observations Forty psychiatric texts from 37 authors, published 1810-1932, were identified that described FRS. In a systematic subsample, half of the textbooks examined contained such descriptions with little differences between countries or over time. Somatic passivity was most commonly noted, followed by thought insertion, thought withdrawal, and made actions. This pattern resembled that reported in recent studies of schizophrenia. A novel term-delusions of unseen agency-was seen in psychiatric texts and then found, from 1842 to 1905, in a range of official reports, and psychiatric, medical, and general audience publications. The Early Heidelberg School (Gruhle, Mayer-Gross, Beringer) first systematically described "self-disturbances" (Ichstorungen), many of which Schneider incorporated into FRS. Conclusions and relevance From the beginning of Western descriptive psychopathology in the early 19th century, symptoms have been observed later described as first-rank by Schneider. A term "delusion of unseen agency"-closely related to Schneider's first-rank concept-was popular in the second half of the 19th century and described in publications as prominent as the Encyclopedia Britannica and New England Journal of Medicine. The descriptions of these specific symptoms, with substantial continuity, over more than 2 centuries and many countries, suggest that an understanding of their etiology would teach us something foundational about the psychotic illness.
The self-determined learning model of instruction and students with extensive support needs in inclusive settings

There is a strong link between the development of skills associated with self-determination (i.e., choice-making, decision-making, problem solving, goal setting and attainment, planning, self-management, self-advocacy, self-awareness, and self-knowledge) and positive school (e.g., academic achievement) and postschool (e.g., employment, community access) outcomes. In this article, we advocate for an examination of research related to the impact, usability, and cultural sustainability of an evidence-based intervention intended to enable students to enhance skills associated with self-determination, the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI), when used to support students with extensive support needs, including students with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD). Theoretical foundations of the construct of self-determination and its applicability for all people and extant research on implementation of the SDLMI and students with extensive support needs are presented. Implications for researchers are addressed, including the impact, usability, and cultural sustainability of the SDLMI for students with extensive support needs, and the potential of the SDLMI to support all students in inclusive settings when implemented as a universal support.
Medical Marijuana Dispensaries and Referrals for Child Maltreatment Investigations.

The changing legal status of marijuana in the United States has increased access to the drug through medical marijuana dispensaries. Limited research exists that examines the effects of these dispensaries on social problems including child maltreatment. The current study examines how medical marijuana dispensaries may affect referrals for child abuse and neglect investigations. Data are analyzed from 2,342 Census tracts in Los Angeles County, California. Locations of medical marijuana dispensaries were obtained through Weedmaps.com . Using conditionally autoregressive models, local and spatially lagged dispensaries show a positive relationship to rates of referrals in the unadjusted models. However, when we adjust for alcohol outlet density and measures of social disorganization, this relationship is no longer significant. Although this study does not find a relationship between medical marijuana dispensaries and referrals for investigations of child maltreatment, it should not be considered a definitive finding of this relationship. The increasing number of states that are allowing marijuana to be used for medical and recreational purposes is resulting in more people using the drug and the effects on parenting are still unknown.
Primary neuronal dysmaturation in preterm brain: Important and likely modifiable.

The purpose of this Commentary is to discuss recent evidence that primary impairment of neuronal maturation of gray matter structures in the human preterm infant is common, important and likely modifiable. The major cellular element of gray matter structures in the human brain is the neuron. The principal gray matter structures, especially the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus, are crucial determinants of cognitive and related higher functions, developing subsequent to the newborn period. Impaired cognitive functions, including overall intellect, language, behavior, and socialization, occur in at least 50% of survivors of very preterm birth [1]. In the last trimester of human gestation, development of the cerebral cortex is especially prominent [2]. The principal anatomic features are development of a complex dendritic arbor, elaboration of axonal ramifications, onset of synaptogenesis and establishment of connectivity between cortical regions and deep nuclear structures. A variety of imaging studies in survivors of preterm birth have shown disturbances in maturation of gray matter structures [1], manifested by deficits in volumetric growth, microstructure and functional connectivity. The prevailing concept has been that injury to the vulnerable developing cerebral white matter leads secondarily to neuronal dysmaturation [3]. This secondary neuronal dysmaturation results because the pre-oligodendrocyte fails to ensheath axons, thereby causing, by anterograde and retrograde mechanisms, impairment of neuronal maturation. Recent experimental studies, however, suggest that impaired neuronal maturation also may be a primary event (see later), not related to white matter injury. Moreover, studies of very preterm human infants have shown impaired cognitive functions in the absence of definite white matter injury (see later). The occurrence of primary neuronal dysmaturation has important implications for elucidating the anatomic substrate for the cognitive deficits observed in survivors of preterm birth, and, critically for interventions to restore normal maturation and improve outcome. The following will review the principal experimental and human studies supportive of primary neuronal dysmaturation in the very preterm infant and of potential restorative interventions,
Exploratory behavior is associated with microhabitat and evolutionary radiation in Lake Malawi cichlids

Abstract Encountering and adaptively responding to unfamiliar or novel stimuli is a fundamental challenge facing animals and is linked to fitness. Behavioral responses to novel stimuli can differ strongly between closely related species; however, the ecological and evolutionary factors underlying these differences are not well understood, in part because most comparative investigations have focused on only two species. In this study, we investigate behavioral responses to novel environments, or exploratory behaviors, sampling from a total of 20 species in a previously untested vertebrate system, Lake Malawi cichlid fishes, which comprises hundreds of phenotypically diverse species that have diverged in the past one million years. We show generally conserved behavioral response patterns to different types of environmental stimuli in Lake Malawi cichlids, spanning multiple assays and paralleling other teleost and rodent lineages. Next, we demonstrate that more specific dimensions of exploratory behavior vary strongly among Lake Malawi cichlids, and that a large proportion of this variation is explained by species differences. We further show that species differences in open field behaviors are explained by microhabitat and by a major evolutionary split between the mbuna and benthic/utaka radiations in Lake Malawi. Lastly, we track some individuals across a subset of behavioral assays and show that patterns of behavioral covariation across contexts are characteristic of modular complex traits. Taken together, our results tie ecology and evolution to natural behavioral variation, and highlight Lake Malawi cichlids as a powerful system for understanding the biological basis of exploratory behaviors.
Electronic structure and magnetic anisotropy of the [Co_4(hmp)_4(CH_3OH)_4Cl_4] molecule

Accurate density-functional based calculations have been performed on the Co_4(hmp)_4(CH_3OH)_4Cl_4 molecular magnet where hmp is deprotonated hydroxymethyl pyridine. In addition to the experimentally observed staggered geometry, we identify two isomers, referred to as eclipsed and half-staggered/half-eclipsed, that are reasonably low in energy. Our calculations show that the magnetic anisotropy is strongly dependent on the pyridine-pyridine separation and that the three structures exhibit easy axis, easy plane and triaxial behavior. Other effects such as partial reprotonation of the hmp is considered.
Employee Attitudes Toward Drug Testing: Effects of Individual Characteristics and Employment Setting

Testing for the presence of drug continues to gain popularity as a method for controlling drug use in the workplace. It is important that employers understand how potential applicants and current employees will react to the various types and purposes of drug testing. Employees (n = 529) were interviewed to investigate the role of attitudes toward drugs and work setting characteristics in explaining acceptance or rejection of drug testing. Individuals believing users should be held responsible for becoming dependent on cocaine, who felt the primary cause of cocaine addiction was weak moral character, and those who felt cocaine users should be treated as criminals were more supportive of drug screening and the testing of current employees.
Antibiotics and the developing intestinal microbiome, metabolome and inflammatory environment in a randomized trial of preterm infants

Antibiotic use in neonates can have detrimental effects on the developing gut microbiome, increasing the risk of morbidity. A majority of preterm neonates receive antibiotics after birth without clear evidence to guide this practice. Here microbiome, metabolomic, and immune marker results from the routine early antibiotic use in symptomatic preterm Neonates (REASON) study are presented. The REASON study is the first trial to randomize symptomatic preterm neonates to receive or not receive antibiotics in the first 48 h after birth. Using 16S rRNA sequencing of stool samples collected longitudinally for 91 neonates, the effect of such antibiotic use on microbiome diversity is assessed. The results illustrate that type of nutrition shapes the early infant gut microbiome. By integrating data for the gut microbiome, stool metabolites, stool immune markers, and inferred metabolic pathways, an association was discovered between Veillonella and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These results suggest early antibiotic use may impact the gut-brain axis with the potential for consequences in early life development, a finding that needs to be validated in a larger cohort. Trial Registration This project is registered at clinicaltrials.gov under the name “Antibiotic ‘Dysbiosis’ in Preterm Infants” with trial number {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02784821","term_id":"NCT02784821"}}NCT02784821.
Transcatheter mitral valve repair using mitraclip in secondary mitral valve regurgitation guided by real-time pressure–volume loops

Worsening of left ventricular (LV) function is a potential complication after repair of secondary mitral valve regurgitation, and one which has limited methods for predicting its risk of occurrence. We present a case utilizing real-time pressure–volume loops intraprocedurally to monitor hemodynamic changes before and after application of a trancatheter MitraClip device in a patient with severe symptomatic secondary mitral regurgitation (MR). Worsening of LV function is a potential complication after repair of secondary mitral valve regurgitation. We present a case utilizing real-time pressure–volume loops intraprocedurally to monitor hemodynamic changes before and after application of a transcatheter MitraClip device in a patient with severe symptomatic secondary MR.
Diffusion‐weighted imaging of the prostate: Comparison of b1000 and b2000 image sets for index lesion detection

Purpose: To compare tumor detection on acquired diffusion-weighted (DW) images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, obtained using b-values of 1000 s/mm2 and 2000 s/mm2, using radical prostatectomy as the reference. Materials and Methods: In all, 29 prostate cancer patients who underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including DW imaging using b-values of 1000 s/mm2 and 2000 s/mm2 were included. Two radiologists independently evaluated four image sets during different sessions and recorded the location and diameter of the dominant lesion: DW images acquired using b-values of 1000 s/mm2 and 2000 s/mm2 and ADC maps calculated using maximal b-values of 1000 s/mm2 and 2000 s/mm2. Findings were correlated with the location and diameter of the dominant lesion at prostatectomy. Tumor-to-PZ contrast was also calculated, unblinded to pathology. Results: Both readers achieved significantly higher sensitivity for DW images obtained using a b-value of 2000 s/mm2 than 1000 s/mm2 (P < 0.001), although there was no difference in sensitivity between ADC maps calculated using the two b-values (P ≥ 0.309). Tumor-to-PZ contrast was higher for DW images using a b-value of 2000 s/mm2 (P = 0.067), although it was not different between the two corresponding ADC maps (P = 0.544). For both readers, correlations with tumor diameters were higher for either ADC map (r = 0.59–0.73) than for either acquired DW image set (r = 0.03–0.57). Conclusion: Use of a b-value of 2000 s/mm2 compared with a b-value of 1000 s/mm2 resulted in improved tumor sensitivity and higher tumor-to-PZ contrast on the acquired DW images, although performance of the ADC maps corresponding with the two b-values was similar. Correlation with tumor size was greater for either ADC map than for either acquired DW image set. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:694–700. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptive Ecology, Growth Strategies and the Global Bloom Expansion of Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates exhibit unique differences from diatoms in their adaptive ecologies that may be favoring their increasingly successful exploitation of coastal waters and global bloom expansion. Dinoflagellates behave as annual species, bloom soloists, are ecophysiologically diverse and habitat specialists, whereas diatoms behave as perennial species, guild members and are habitat cosmopolites. Diatoms have a relatively uniform bloom strategy based on species-rich pools and exhibit limited habitat specialization. Dinoflagellates have multiple life-form strategies consistent with their diverse habitat specializations, but rely on impoverished bloom species pools. Niche structure and dinoflagellate competition for niche space are considered. The “open niche period” formulated originally for Narragansett Bay is extrapolated as a general bloom paradigm. It is suggested that successful niche occupancy leading to blooms involves adaptive strategies at three heirarchic taxonomic elements: phylogenetic, generic and species-specific, and in that sequence. Transoceanic expatriation of emigrant species leading to indigenous status and blooms requires completion of a three-stage colonization process. Anthropogenic seedings are not, in themselves, bloom stimulation events; they are only the first phase of a multiple-step process. The organismal and niche features required for a hidden flora member to become a bloom species are considered, and the interplay between niche structure, habitat carrying capacity, colonization requirements and stochasticity as factors in the changing global bloom behavior of dinoflagellates discussed. The question is posed whether traditional perspectives of phytoplankton behavior apply completely to dinoflagellates.
The nitrous oxide-acetylene flame in emission analysis—II: Lithium and the alkaline earths

Abstract The properties of the premixed nitrous oxide-acetylene flame as an emission source for the determination of lithium and the alkaline earths are described. Detection limits of 0.00003, 0.2, 0.005, 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.001 μg ml were obtained for aqueous solutions of lithium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium, respectively. These limits are significantly higher than those obtained by atomic absorption for beryllium and magnesium but the others are lower by one to three orders of magnitude. Other than ionization effects, a small suppression of calcium and strontium emission by aluminum was the only significant chemical interference noted. The spectral interference by CaOH bands on the barium resonance line is greatly reduced relative to other flames commonly used. Barium was detectable in the presence of about 100,000-fold excess of calcium. Small enhancements which were observed when mineral acids were added to the solutions appear to be caused by a change in the spatial distribution of the sample within the flame.
Half-Pint: Alternative Splicing in the Drosophila Ovary

A new study from the Schupbach lab implicates a splicing factor, Half-pint, in the regulation of oogenesis in Drosophila. Through processing of the otu mRNA, Hfp appears to control both mitosis and RNA localization in the germline.
Modulation of CTLA-4 and GITR for cancer immunotherapy.

The rational manipulation of antigen-specific T cells to reignite a tumor-specific immune response in cancer patients is a challenge for cancer immunotherapy. Targeting coinhibitory and costimulatory T cell receptors with specific antibodies in cancer patients is an emerging approach to T cell manipulation, namely “immune modulation.” Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor family receptor (GITR) are potential targets for immune modulation through anti-CTLA-4 blocking antibodies and anti-GITR agonistic antibodies, respectively. In this review, we first discuss preclinical findings key to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of these immunomodulatory antibodies and the preclinical evidence of antitumor activity which preceded translation into the clinic. We next describe the outcomes and immune related adverse effects associated with anti-CTLA-4 based clinical trials with particular emphasis on specific biomarkers used to elucidate the mechanisms of tumor immunity in patients. The experience with anti-CTLA-4 therapy and the durable clinical benefit observed provide proof of principle to effective antitumor immune modulation and the promise of future clinical immune modulatory antibodies.
Nonlinear Development of Low Frequency One-Dimensional Instabilities for Reacting Shock Waves

The classical theory of von Neumann, Zeldovich, and Doering (the ZND theory) from the early 1940’s postulates that detonation waves are steady traveling waves with a quasi one-dimensional structure of an ordinary fluid dynamic shock followed by a reaction zone. In contrast, the detonations observed in many experimental circumstances demonstrate extremely complicated unstable wave patterns (see Oppenheim & Soloukhin [1], Fickett & Davis [2], Lee & Moen [3]). The nature of these instabilities ranges from complex transverse Mach stems in gases to regular and chaotically irregular pulsating fronts in both gaseous and condensed phases. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the correspondingly higher pressures in unstable detonations has obvious practical implications.
Optimal Design and Tolerancing of Compressor Blades Subject to Manufacturing Variability

This paper presents a computational approach for optimal robust design and tolerancing of turbomachinery compressor blades that are subject to geometric variability. This approach simultaneously determines the optimal blade geometry and manufacturing tolerances to minimize the overall cost of producing and operating the resulting compressor blades. A pathwise sensitivity method is used to compute gradient information that is in turn used to optimize the design and tolerances. Results for a two-dimensional subsonic compressor are presented, demonstrating the significant performance improvements that can be achieved using the proposed approach.
CHANGES IN GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN MRNA EXPRESSION AFTER CORTICOSPINAL AXOTOMY IN THE ADULT HAMSTER

We examined changes in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA during Wallerian degeneration in the corticospinal system of the adult Golden hamster following axotomy. GFAP is the product of a type III intermediate filament (IF) gene that is expressed specifically in mature astrocytes. A well-studied component of a complex response termed reactive astrogliosis that occurs after various types of CNS injury is the increased production of astrocytic processes filled with GFAP-containing IFs. While increased expression of GFAP during reactive astrogliosis has been well established at the protein level, little is known about whether or not changes in GFAP mRNA levels occur after CNS injury. In the present study we used in situ hybridization methods, to examine, this issue. A 35S labeled mouse GFAP cDNA probe was used for in situ hybridizations of sections of the brain stem obtained 2, 7, and 14 days after unilateral transections of the corticospinal tract in the caudal medulla. Film as well as emulsion autoradiography showed a dramatic increase in GFAP mRNA labeling associated with the degenerating corticospinal tract. GFAP mRNA levels were already dramatically increased in the injured corticospinal tract by 2 days post axotomy and remained elevated at 14 days. Interestingly, in addition to the robust increase in GFAP mRNA levels specifically associated with the degenerating tract, a diffuse increase in GFAP mRNA labeling was observed throughout the grey matter of the brain stem at 2 days post-axotomy, but not after this time. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemical experiments verified that the increased GFAP mRNA levels in the degenerating corticospinal system were accompanied by an increased expression of, the protein. These results demonstrate that an increase in GFAP mRNA levels occurs during Wallerian degeneration in the CNS and suggest that increased expression of the GFAP gene is a major contributor to CNS scarring that results after direct traumatic injury.
The effect of various antacids on the hydrogen-ion concentration of the gastric contents

The neutralizing influence of various commonly used antacids was investigated in a total of 290 experiments performed on 25 patients with healing duodenal ulcer. The hydrogen-ion concentration of the gastric contents removed hourly was determined by the glass electrode method. Control studies were made with a general diet and with hourly feedings of a three-ounce mixture of milk and cream. The alkalies were administered hourly; they included calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate in varying amounts, calcium carbonate alone, aluminum hydroxide, tricalsate, tribasic calcium phosphate, and magnesium trisilicate The effect of atropine on gastric acidity when given alone and in conjunction with various antacids, was also studied. Some of the results were compared with the results of 329 experiments in which the free HCl was determined by the usual titration method. Pertinent clinical and experimental reports are reviewed.
Concanavalin-A agglutination of human pulmonary alveolar macrophages from nonsmokers and cigarette smokers: A comparison

Abstract Incubation of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) from nonsmokers in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) leads to minimal auto-agglutination of these cells, while smoker's PAMs incubated in medium remained individually dispersed in suspension. Incubation with the lectin concanavalin A (Con-A) induced agglutination of PAMs from cigarette smokers, while PAMs from nonsmokers were not further agglutinated. After trypsin treatment, both nonsmoker and smoker PAMs agglutinated in the presence of Con-A. Both PAM populations bound the same amount of 125I-Con-A. Low temperatures (4°C), α-methylmannose, and pre-fixation of smoker PAMs with glutaraldehyde prevented Con-A induced cell agglutination. Candida bound to PAMs by Con-A were similarly distributed on the surfaces of nonsmoker and smoker cells.
Carpal tunnel syndrome and the "double crush" hypothesis: a review and implications for chiropractic.

Upton and McComas claimed that most patients with carpal tunnel syndrome not only have compressive lesions at the wrist, but also show evidence of damage to cervical nerve roots. This "double crush" hypothesis has gained some popularity among chiropractors because it seems to provide a rationale for adjusting the cervical spine in treating carpal tunnel syndrome. Here I examine use of the concept by chiropractors, summarize findings from the literature, and critique several studies aimed at supporting or refuting the hypothesis. Although the hypothesis also has been applied to nerve compressions other than those leading to carpal tunnel syndrome, this discussion mainly examines the original application – "double crush" involving both cervical spinal nerve roots and the carpal tunnel. I consider several categories: experiments to create double crush syndrome in animals, case reports, literature reviews, and alternatives to the original hypothesis. A significant percentage of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome also have neck pain or cervical nerve root compression, but the relationship has not been definitively explained. The original hypothesis remains controversial and is probably not valid, at least for sensory disturbances, in carpal tunnel syndrome. However, even if the original hypothesis is importantly flawed, evaluation of multiple sites still may be valuable. The chiropractic profession should develop theoretical models to relate cervical dysfunction to carpal tunnel syndrome, and might incorporate some alternatives to the original hypothesis. I intend this review as a starting point for practitioners, educators, and students wishing to advance chiropractic concepts in this area.
Frequency measurements of far infrared cw lasing lines in optically pumped CHCl2F

The wavelengths, frequencies, and relative polarizations of 15 FIR cw lasing lines obtained by optically pumping CHCl2F with a cw CO2 laser have been measured. The lines are in the wavelength range from 340.3 to 905.4 μm and were pumped by P- and R-branch laser lines in the 9 μm band of CO2.
TOTAL INCOMES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1959 AND 1969

Preliminary estimates of the total incomes system of accounts (TISA) are provided for 1959 and 1969. They extend conventional accounts to include all consumption services produced by government and households as well as by enterprises, but define household purchases of durable and semi-durable goods as investment. Acquisitions of capital throughout the economy, intangible as well as tangible, and not only in the business sector, are included in capital accumulation along with, for tangible capital, net revaluations, that is capital gains net of increases in the general price level. Imputations are offered for non market consumption and capital accumulation, most prominently in unpaid household work and education. Much of government output, particularly police services and defense, is recalculated as intermediate, along with expenses related to work, while media services, treated by the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) as business purchases of intermediate product, enter into TISA consumption. Subsidies are included in the value of product, as are services of volunteers and imputations for the underpayment of military conscripts and of jurors. Separate accounts are offered for the national income and product, business, nonprofit institutions, government enterprises, government and households. The ratios of BEA to TISA Net National Product were 81.4 percent and 76.5 percent in 1959 and 1969, respectively. BEA national income was 74.1 percent of the corresponding TISA net national income in 1959 and 69.6 percent in 1969, reflecting a greater per annum rate of growth of TISA net national income, 7.49 percent, as against 6.82 percent for the corresponding BEA national income. BEA gross private domestic investment, restricted to business acquisitions of tangible capital at original cost, was estimated as only approximately 22 percent of comprehensive TISA gross domestic capital formation in 1959 and some 20 percent in 1969. The BEA net private domestic investment growth rate of 7.32 percent per annum from 1959 to 1969 may be compared with a TISA net domestic capital formation growth rate of 9.42 percent.