cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Weight Bearing Computed Tomography in Subtalar Joint Instability: A Cadaver Study

The aim of this study was to assess the ability of weight bearing computer tomography (CT) scans to detect subtalar joint instability. Seven pairs of fresh frozen male cadavers (tibial plateau to toe-tip) were tested. Eight radiographic measurements were performed to assess the congruency of the subtalar joint on digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) and single CT images. Axial loading did not impact most measurements, whereas torque did impact most measurements. Measurements to assess the subtalar joint stability should primarily be performed at the subtalar joint level rather than at the ankle joint level when using weight bearing CT scans.
The Analyst and Project Management in the Next Generation

This chapter provides guidance on system development life cycle methodologies and best practices for project management of in the next generation of systems.
A comprehensive evaluation for different post-curing methods used in stereolithography additive manufacturing

Abstract Additive manufacturing, as one of the most promising advanced manufacturing technologies, has been obtaining increasing public interest since its first emergence in the 1980s. Owing to its unique layer-wise production method, additive manufacturing can fabricate complex parts and reduce the production time. Limited by current processes and materials, the overall performance of additive manufactured products is not always exceptional especially in terms of print quality, mechanical property, and sustainability. To address this issue, post-curing is often used to further alter the part performance. In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted for three most popular post-curing processes, i.e., conventional oven, microwave oven, and Ultraviolet chamber, considering their capabilities of altering ultimate tensile strength, hardness, dimensional variations, surface roughness, production cost, and energy consumption. To characterize the relation between post-curing process parameters and resulting performance, both analytical and statistical models are established and evaluated. The case study results suggest that various post-curing processes can cause different influences on the part performance. As an example, ultimate tensile strength can be improved by 70.83 % and 15.01 % when Ultraviolet and microwave oven are used, respectively. In addition, optimal post-curing strategies under different constraints are obtained based on established models, which will provide useful insights for post-curing process planning and optimization.
The relationship between perceived support and depression in spousal care partners: a dyadic approach.

Caregiving within a spousal partnership marks a novel relationship stage for couples. Caregiving introduces new stressors and affects couples’ ability to cope, and potentially alters perceptions of...
Deep DIH: Single-Shot Digital In-Line Holography Reconstruction by Deep Learning

Digital in-line holography (DIH) is broadly used to reconstruct 3D shapes of microscopic objects from their 2D holograms. One of the technical challenges in the reconstruction stage is eliminating the twin image originating from the phase-conjugate wavefront. The twin image removal is typically formulated as a non-linear inverse problem since the scattering process involved in generating the hologram is irreversible. Conventional phase recovery methods rely on multiple holographic imaging at different distances from the object plane along with iterative algorithms. Recently, end-to-end deep learning (DL) methods are utilized to reconstruct the object wavefront (as a surrogate for the 3D structure of the object) directly from the single-shot in-line digital hologram. However, massive data pairs are required to train the utilize DL model for an acceptable reconstruction precision. In contrast to typical image processing problems, well-curated datasets for in-line digital holography do not exist. The trained models are also highly influenced by the objects’ morphological properties, hence can vary from one application to another. Therefore, data collection can be prohibitively laborious and time-consuming, as a critical drawback of using DL methods for DH. In this article, we propose a novel DL method that takes advantages of the main characteristic of auto-encoders for blind single-shot hologram reconstruction solely based on the captured sample and without the need for a large dataset of samples with available ground truth to train the model. The simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method compared to the state-of-the-art methods used for single-shot hologram reconstruction.
Waste Not, Want Not: Decreasing Wastage through the Utilization of Thermal Controlled Technology with Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion

Purpose The Organ Care System (OCS) (TransMedics, Andover, MA) is one type of revolutionary ex vivo organ perfusion technology that expands the organ retrieval range while limiting ischemic time significantly. OCS Lung is the only FDA-approved, portable, normothermic lung perfusion system for standard and expanded criteria donor lungs. Current ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) systems use a variety of perfusates. OCS Lung uses packed red blood cells (pRBC) diluted in the OCS Lung solution. We report the ability to reduce blood waste for up to 12 hours using a thermal packaging solution in conjunction with an EVLP system. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all OCS Lung recoveries at our hospital that used banked blood from May 2019 to May 2020. Three units of leukocyte-reduced, ABO compatible, cross-matched pRBC are transported for EVLP perfusate. These pRBC units are CMV seronegative when indicated (both recipient and donor CMV seronegative). During the first six months, units were stored using the Coleman Performance Wheeled Cooler (Coleman Company, Chicago, IL) that has been validated to maintain a temperature range of 1° to 6°C for 4 hours. During the following six months, units were stored using a Crēdo ProMed Cooler (Pelican BioThermal, Plymouth, MN) that has been validated to maintain a temperature range of 1° to 6°C for 12 to 72 hours. Results We provide documentation of unit disposition and duration in the respective cooler as well as the impact expanded organ retrieval range has on unit viability. (Table 1-3). Conclusion The use of an advanced thermal packaging solution facilitates the proper storage temperature of pRBC for the extended period of time required for organ retrieval. This finding represents a significant advancement in the storage of blood perfusate used for donor lung preservation. The ability to eliminate blood wastage could result in an average annual saving of $3,000 and warrants further multicenter investigation.
Focusing the Lens to See More Clearly: Overcoming Definitional Challenges and Identifying New Directions in Racial Microaggressions Research:

Despite significant advances in research on racial microaggressions, key challenges remain regarding how to define and classify them. Resolving these challenges is necessary to reduce misunderstand...
Secondary primary malignancies in patients with multiple myeloma: A single institution experience.

The purpose of our study is to highlight the demographic characteristics, pathological features, and clinical course of multiple myeloma (MM) patients with secondary primary malignancies (SPM). A retrospective chart review was performed from January 2009 to February 2020. Patients' demographic, pathologic and cytogenetic features, treatment characteristics and clinical outcomes were collected. We identified 871 MM patients including 40 patients who developed SPM. Among the 40 patients with SPM, 17 patients developed hematological SPM and 23 patients developed solid SPM. The median time from diagnosis of MM to the occurrence of hematological SPM was 6.85 versus 3.91 years in solid SPM, with a median overall survival (OS) after diagnosis of SPM of 120 and 880 days, respectively. Interestingly, we observed that there was no significant difference in OS between MM patients with or without SPM. Multivariable analysis showed that age and autologous stem cell transplantation were independent factors associated with patients' clinical outcomes. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the etiology, biology, clinical outcome and management in MM patients with SPM.
Determinants and significance of corticosterone regulation in the songbird brain

Songbirds exhibit significant adult neuroplasticity that, together with other neural specializations, makes them an important model system for neurobiological studies. A large body of work also points to the songbird brain as a significant target of steroid hormones, including corticosterone (CORT), the primary avian glucocorticoid. Whereas CORT positively signals the brain for many functions, excess CORT may interfere with natural neuroplasticity. Consequently, mechanisms may exist to locally regulate CORT levels in brain to ensure optimal concentrations. However, most studies in songbirds measure plasma CORT as a proxy for levels at target tissues. In this paper, we review literature concerning circulating CORT and its effects on behavior in songbirds, and discuss recent work suggesting that brain CORT levels are regulated independently of changes in adrenal secretion. We review possible mechanisms for CORT regulation in the avian brain, including corticosteroid-binding globulins, p-glycoprotein activity in the blood-brain barrier and CORT metabolism by the 11s hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Data supporting a role for CORT regulation within the songbird brain have only recently begun to emerge, suggesting that this is an avenue for important future research.
Ribosome Evolution: The Structural Bases of Protein Synthesis in Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryotes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the detailed structural and biochemical information available for the E. coli ribosome, and use it as a basis for interpreting the less specific structural and biochemical information available for archaebacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes. The chapter presents a unified view of the structural bases of protein synthesis and of the evolution of the ribosome. The chapter discusses functional sites, such as the structure of Escherichia coli ribosome. In using ribosome structure to study the evolutionary relationships between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes, one is faced with an apparent gulf between the very different prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome structures. Using these three-dimensional structures, preliminary locations of a majority of the ribosomal proteins have been mapped. Their locations provide insights into the functioning of the ribosome that are described. Ribosomal proteins have also been extensively mapped. While their experimental results are quite similar to ours, their three dimensional locations were initially interpreted using their symmetric model. In those cases where they have reinterpreted their 50 S protein locations using the asymmetric model (L1 and L7/L12), their 50 S mappings match ours and are included. Small subunit proteins mapped by neutron diffraction are also included.
Brain pyridoxine-5-phosphate oxidase. A dimeric enzyme containing one FMN site.

Pyridoxine-5-phosphate oxidase has been purified 2250-fold from pig brain by affinity chromatography. The enzyme of 60000 molecular weight is made up of two identical size subunits and binds 1 mol of FMN/mol dimer. 1 mol of the fluorescent inhibitor phospho-pyridoxal oxime interacts with 1 mol of the dimeric protein to yield a dissociation constant KD= 0.2 μM. Resolution of the holoenzyme into apoprotein and free FMN does not induce dissociation of the dimeric structure. The oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of the natural substrates pyridoxine 5-phosphate and pyridoxamine 5-phosphate, but phospho-pyridoxyl derivatives of the aromatic carboxylic acids, p-aminobenzoate and m-amino-benzoate, are also excellent substrates of the enzyme. Introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents into the structure of benzene increases the Kcat values. A comparison of the Kcat values obtained with several synthetic substrates suggests that electron-withdrawing substituents tend to stabilize carbanionic intermediates formed in the earlier stages of catalysis.
Probing site-specific energetics in proteins and nucleic acids by hydrogen exchange and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the use of hydrogen exchange and NMR spectroscopy to define how the free energy of stabilization of a biological molecule is being redistributed or lost as a result of a structural perturbation or of a functional change. The methodology relies on the potential of hydrogen exchange measurements to delineate and to quantify structural energetic changes throughout the molecule. At the same time, the methodology relies also on the resolving power of proton NMR spectroscopy. This resolving power generally decreases with increasing the size of the molecule observed. In large molecules, special environments of the proton can result in large shifts of its resonance. In these cases, observation of the proton by 1D NMR is possible, like in the case of hemoglobin discussed here. In general, however, at the present time, NMR spectroscopy can be used to monitor hydrogen exchange in molecules and molecular complexes of moderate size. Advances in isotopic labeling of proteins and nucleic acids, and in NMR techniques, promise to extend this limit to larger macromolecular systems.
Brain hexokinase. A proposed relation between soluble-particulate distribution and activity in vivo.

The particulate hexokinase activity of rat brain is interconvertible among soluble, particulate, and latent (also particulate) forms. Changes in the distribution of the enzyme among these forms may be effected by changes in levels of certain common metabolites in the incubation medium. Glucose-6-P, ATP, ADP, AMP, various chelating agents, and high salt concentrations cause solubilization, and ATP, ADP, and glucose-6-P also cause a partial exposure of the latent activity. Solubilization by glucose-6-P and ATP is relatively specific for hexokinase compared to solubilization by high salt concentrations. The solubilization by glucose-6-P is reversed by divalent cations and inhibited by Pi, while solubilization by ATP is not affected by these agents. Solubilization by ATP and glucose-6-P also differ in their sensitivity to temperature changes. Results are presented which are interpreted as indicating the existence of four pools of particulate hexokinase activity in rat brain, defined by their susceptibility to exposure and solubilization (or both) by ATP, glucose-6-P, and Triton X-100. It is suggested that these pools result primarily from differences in the intracellular location of the enzyme. It is proposed that hexokinase activity in vivo may be controlled by the relative distribution between soluble and particulate forms, the latter being more active. This distribution is considered to be governed by the intracellular ATP, glucose-6-P, and Pi (and possibly other metabolite) levels. The proposed increased activity of the particulate enzyme may be due, at least in part, to increased affinity for ATP, as measured by the Km value for this substrate, and decreased susceptibility to inhibition by glucose-6-P.
Fate and Transport Models: Overview†

The use of environmental contaminant fate and transport models stems from the need to predict a concentration of contaminant at a spatial location separate from the source at a specified temporal point. The models simulate a simplification of the real-world scenario. A prediction of this sort is used to support decisions in a wide range of hazardous waste contaminant source scenarios, from small and localized to major industrial. The level of complexity of the model chosen is contingent upon the configuration of the source, the temporal question, the end use needs, and the availability of field data. The theoretical basis for the most common models, the methods used to solve the equations, and the general use of the models to predict the fate and transport of contaminants in groundwater are reviewed. Further, the assumptions, varying levels of model complexity, and sources of uncertainty are discussed. Keywords: numerical models; analytical models; groundwater transport; contaminant transport; advection dispersion equation
Oxidation of cereals and snack products.

A wide array of cereal and snack food products exists on the market. Many of these products have shelf lives as little as 90 days and up to a maximum of one year. As a result of this variability, designing methods to evaluate shelf life and oxidative stability is very much dependent on the product category. This chapter will cover oxidation products of cereals, the effect of oxidation on sensory quality, factors that affect the antioxidant compounds of cereals, and methods used to protect against oxidation. Information about mechanisms and analytical techniques will not be presented in this chapter.
Digital Filters and Discrete Fourier Transform

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Filtering Concepts Transformations for Digital Filter Design Digital Filter Design with Bilinear Transformation The Discrete Fourier Transform Fast Fourier Transform Methods Relation Between the DFT and Digital Filters Exercises
Verifiable Democracy a Protocol to Secure an Electronic Legislature

The manner in which a legislature votes is similar to a threshold signature scheme, and the power to sign legislation is similar to possessing shares to sign. The threshold k denotes the quorum number, the minimum number of legislators required to be present in order for legislature to be passed. Here we discuss techniques to ensure a secure electronic legislature.
Biosynthesis of Membrane Teichoic Acid: A ROLE FOR THE d-ALANINE-ACTIVATING ENZYME

Abstract A second protein, the stimulator, has been identified as a necessary component for the in vitro incorporation of d-alanine into membrane teichoic acid of Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469). The incorporation activity is dependent on membrane fragments, ATP, d-alanine:membrane acceptor ligase (Reusch, V. M., Jr., and Neuhaus, F. C. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6136), and the stimulator. The stimulator and the d-alanine:membrane acceptor ligase differ significantly with respect to exclusion volume on Sephadex G-100, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, heat lability, and sensitivity to p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. It is proposed that the stimulator is the d-alanine-activating enzyme previously described by Baddiley and Neuhaus ((1960) Biochem. J. 75, 579). The stimulator and the d-alanine-activating enzyme co-elute on Sephadex G-100 and on DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.0 and pH 7.8. They are inactivated to the same extent by incubation at 45° and by incubation in the presence of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Under assay conditions in which the stimulator concentration is limiting with respect to ligase, the d-alanine incorporation system has a high specificity for ATP, shows product inhibition by pyrophosphate, and has a high Km for d-alanine. Each of these properties is also characteristic of the d-alanine-activation enzyme. A two-stage reaction sequence utilizing the activating enzyme and the ligase for the incorporation of d-alanine into membrane teichoic acid is suggested.
Chapter 28: A History of Bacterial Meningitis

Thomas Willis (1621-1675) described patients with, "inflammation of the meninges with a continual fever" as well as an early (1661) epidemic of meningitis. Robert Whytt (1714-1766) provided a classic depiction of tuberculous meningitis and its stages, later extended by John Cheyne (1777-1836). Gaspard Vieusseux (1746-1814) and Andre Matthey (1778-1842) in Geneva, and Elisa North (1771-1843) in Massachusetts, described epidemic (meningococcal) meningitis. Heinrich Quincke (1842-1922) utilized his new technique of lumbar puncture (1891) to provide an early analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). William Mestrezat (1883-1929), and H. Houston Merritt (1902-1979) later compiled large series of CSF profiles in meningitis. Organisms causing meningitis were identified in the late 19th century including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. Vladimir Kernig (1840-1917) and Josef Brudzinski (1874-1917) described their eponymous signs in 1882 and 1909. Successful treatment of meningitis began with the introduction of serum therapy for meningococcal meningitis by Georg Joachmann (1874-1915) in Germany and Simon Flexner (1863-1946) in America. Antibiotic therapy began in the 20th century with the use of sulfonamides by Francois Schwentker (1904-1954) and penicillin by Chester Keefer (1897-1972). Vaccination against meningitis debuted in the early 20th century, and progressed to the development of vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae, which remain mainstays of modern medicine.
Chapter 9 Capillary electrophoresis of proteins and peptides

Publisher Summary The two techniques most commonly employed for protein and peptide separations are slab gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP–LC). Slab gel electrophoresis is a powerful technique for the separation of complex biomolecules, but it can be manually intensive and time-consuming. In addition, the data obtained are often qualitative rather than quantitative, and the resolution is generally poor for very small proteins and peptides. RP–LC operates by a different separation mechanism and is selective for hydrophobic and polar group differences. However, in some cases, the stationary phase can induce changes in the secondary structure of the protein or peptide, leading to adsorption. In contrast to LC, capillary electrophoresis (CE) separates components on the basis of their charge-to-size ratio. Because separation in CE is based on the ratio of charge-to-size, it is possible to separate complex mixtures of peptides that differ only slightly in isoelectronic point (pI). This mode of separation is therefore complementary to RP–LC, where the compounds are resolved based on their hydrophobicity.
Design and implementation of a 5.25GHz radio transceiver for a MIMO testbed [mobile radio applications]

This paper describes the development and implementation of a 5.25 GHz radio transceiver for a MIMO testbed. The transceiver is built with off the shelf components on several printed circuit boards. A modular concept enables expansion of the system from a simple 1/spl times/1 SISO to a complex 8/spl times/8 MIMO setup. Calibration curves and MIMO wireless measurements of the fully functional testbed are presented.
Risk stratification for Hepatitis B treatment in the molecular age

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a world-wide scourge, affecting over 2 billion individuals, of which an estimated 240 million are chronic carriers of the virus (1). The burden of this disease is in the developing world, particularly in Asia and Africa, where diagnosis and monitoring can be difficult.
Cognitive Development and Children’s Understanding of Personal Finance

We argue that the efficacy of early childhood financial education requires understanding of children’s cognitive abilities to grasp complex relationships and reason about the several dimensions of objects and situations. We review the implications of three major theories of cognitive development (Piaget, theory-theory, and brain/executive function) for financial literacy programs targeted to young (K-2) children.
Schwingungen drehsymmetrischer Schalen

Bei der Untersuchung der Formanderungen drehsymmetrischer Schalen auf S. 71 haben wir gesehen, das es Formanderungszustande gibt, bei denen die Mittelflache unverzerrt bleibt, also e φ = e ϑ = γ φϑ = 0 ist, und die Moglichkeit einer solchen dehnungslosen Verformung war an die Voraussetzung geknupft, das wenigstens an einem Schalenrand keine der drei Verschiebungskomponenten vorgeschrieben ist. Da Dehnungen und Gleitungen null sind, so konnen, wie z. B. das Elastizitatsgesetz (35) zeigt, auch keine Langs- und Schubkrafte auftreten. Der Spannungszustand der Schale besteht also nur aus Momenten und Querkraften, und ihr ganzer elastischer Widerstand beruht in ihrer Biegesteifigkeit. Die Formanderungen sind daher bei gegebener Last der dritten Potenz der Schalenstarke umgekehrt proportional.
Celtic Ritual Activity at Gordion, Turkey: Evidence from Mortuary Contexts and Skeletal Analysis

Primary support for a Celtic presence in Turkey during ancient times comes from textual sources. However, the analysis of human skeletal remains and mortuary practices at the site of Gordion, combined with archaeological findings, provide persuasive evidence of a Celtic settlement including ritual activity. Data are drawn from 47 individuals excavated from the Lower Town area of the site: 21 Later Hellenistic (late 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE) and 26 Roman (1st to 2nd centuries CE). The two sub-samples have markedly different paleodemographic profiles. Composition of the Later Hellenistic group is unusual, with very few infants (5%) and primarily young or middle aged adults (52%), whereas the Roman sample has many infant burials (27%) and less than half young or middle aged adults (35%). Burial contexts for the two groups are also distinct, with only one formal interment associated with the Later Hellenistic, the remaining individuals being in mixed groupings of human and animal bones or disarticulated and commingled human skeletal deposits. By comparison, the Roman sample comprises exclusively primary burials, two cremations, and 24 inhumations. Evidence of inter-personal violence, such as perimortem cranial trauma and decapitation, is totally absent in the Roman group but present in 25% of the Later Hellenistic specimens. The nature of the Later Hellenistic skeletal assemblages and the ritual space in which they were found show similarities to European Celtic remains identified as resulting from ritual sacrifice. The data presented here represent the first comprehensive bioarchaeological approach to these population groups from central Turkey. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective assessment of stereotactic ablative surgery for intractable major depression.

Background Despite therapeutic advances for major depression, a subset of patients with this disorder does not respond to conventional treatment. Stereotactic ablative procedures such as anterior cingulotomy have been performed in severely affected, treatment-resistant patients, but the long-term results of such procedures are not fully understood. Methods Findings are reported for 33 patients with severe treatment-resistant major depression who underwent ablative stereotactic procedures (dorsal anterior cingulotomy followed if necessary by subcaudate tractotomy). Preoperative and long-term postoperative Beck Depression Inventory scores were obtained along with postoperative Clinical Global Improvement values. Both were analyzed to evaluate patients' responses to the surgical procedure(s). Results At mean follow-up of 30 months after one or more stereotactic ablative procedures, 11 patients (33.3%) were classified as responders, 14 (42.4%) were partial responders, and 8 (24.2%) did not respond to the surgical procedure(s). Among those (17) who underwent only one procedure, seven (41.2%) responded, whereas six (35.3%) and four (23.5%) showed partial or no response, respectively. Among patients who required multiple surgical procedures, four patients (25%) responded, whereas eight (50%) and four (25%) patients demonstrated partial or no responses, respectively, at long-term follow-up evaluations. Conclusions Approximately 75% of depression patients previously resistant to antidepressant therapies received partial or substantial benefit from stereotactic ablative procedures. Those requiring only a single anterior cingulotomy tended to demonstrate more pronounced responses than patients who underwent multiple surgical procedures.
Wind Turbulent Spectra For Design Consideration Of Offshore Structures

This paper reviews currently available information on turbulent wind spectra over a seaway. The results of comparisons of spectral densities constructed from measured data and those computed by various spectral formulations show a significant difference at low frequencies. In order to provide a reliable prediction technique throughout the entire frequency range, a spectral formulation is proposed for consideration in the design of offshore structures.
Choosing Software for a Digital Library

Purpose – This article aims to outline steps for the inexperienced, including both internal and external considerations, to ensure informed choices when selecting digital library software.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes a step‐by‐step approach in how to choose the correct software for a specific library application; and then how to test it and cost out the project.Findings – The choice of delivery software for digital libraries impacts usability, interoperability, support costs, and the ability to migrate materials over time. Intelligent selection requires careful assessment of internal needs and resources, as well as careful assessment of the options. Other considerations may be preferences related to the goals of your library, such as support of metadata standards, interoperability with other systems, and additional functionality.Practical implications – If user and client needs are not weighed, the outcome will be a tremendous disappointment. In addition, failure to consider the hardware ...
Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide and elicits anxiety-like behaviors following administration into discrete regions of the hypothalamus.

Abstract Previous evidence indicates that peripherally administered ghrelin significantly increases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA and serum corticosterone. In addition, intraventricular administration of ghrelin has been reported to elicit anxiety-like behaviors suggesting that the peptide plays a role in mediating neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress. In the present study, we characterized the orexigenic, metabolic, and anxiogenic actions of ghrelin following microinjection into the arcuate nucleus (ARN), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), and ventromedial nucleus (VMN). To assess ghrelin's role in anxiogenic behavior, rats were injected with vehicle or 50–800 pmol of ghrelin and then placed in an elevated plus maze (EPM) for 10 min. Each test was performed as a single trial per animal. In separate behavioral testing we measured the induction of stereotypic behaviors. Doses of 200 pmol or higher administered into the ARN and PVN elicited anxiety-like behaviors, including an increased avoidance of the open arms of the EPM. However, in the PFH and VMN, higher doses of ghrelin (400–800 pmol) were required to induce anxiety. Ghrelin doses as low as 50 pmol stimulated eating and altered energy substrate oxidation (respiratory quotient; RQ) when injected into the ARN and PVN. Injections into the PFH and VMN elicited more modest effects on eating and RQ at doses of 400 pmol or greater. Our findings indicate that regions of the hypothalamus appear to be differentially sensitive and responsive to the feeding-stimulant, metabolic, and anxiogenic actions of ghrelin and that the ARN and PVN, in particular, exert a primary role in mediating these effects.
A reaction–diffusion analysis of energetics in large muscle fibers secondarily evolved for aerobic locomotor function

The muscles that power swimming in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, grow hypertrophically, such that in juvenile crabs the cell diameters are <60 microm, whereas fibers of the adult crabs often exceed 600 microm. Thus, as these animals grow, their muscle fibers greatly exceed the surface area to volume ratio and intracellular diffusion distance limits of most cells. Previous studies have shown that arginine phosphate (AP) recovery in the anaerobic (light) fibers, which demonstrate a fiber size dependence on anaerobic processes following contraction, is too slow to be restricted by intracellular metabolite diffusive flux, in spite of the fiber's large size. By contrast, the aerobic (dark) fibers have evolved an intricate network of intracellular subdivisions that maintain an effectively small ;metabolic diameter' throughout development. In the present study, we examined the impact of intracellular metabolite diffusive flux on the rate of post-contractile AP resynthesis in the dark muscle, which has a much higher aerobic capacity than the light muscle. AP recovery was measured for 60 min in adults and 15 min in juveniles following burst contractile activity in dark fibers, and a mathematical reaction-diffusion model was used to test whether the observed aerobic rates of AP resynthesis were fast enough to be limited by intracellular metabolite diffusion. Despite the short diffusion distances and high mitochondrial density, the AP recovery rates were relatively slow and we found no evidence of diffusion limitation. However, during simulation of steady-state contraction, which is an activity more typical of the dark fibers, there were substantial intracellular metabolite gradients, indicative of diffusion limitation. This suggests that high ATP turnover rates may lead to diffusion limitation in muscle even when diffusion distances are short, as in the subdivided dark fibers.
Robert S. Duncanson, Race, and Auguste Comte's Positivism in Cincinnati

While most commentaries on nineteenth-century African-American landscape painter Robert S. Duncanson address how his identity as a minority artist affected his art and practice in the U.S., I argue that looking at Duncanson through the lens of his interest in Positivism points to a transnational context for understanding his aims. Race-conscious liberal reformers throughout Hispano-America, trying to free themselves from colonial European mindsets and demonstrate that a mixed race society could compete with modern Anglo-European nations, embraced Auguste Comte’s vision of order and progress. A comparative approach to mixed race elites in the Americas thus finds Duncanson—like artists, writers and intellectuals in South America--an advocate for African-Americans, as a race equally governed by the scientific laws of society, and his landscapes, with their orderly progress through a world of perfected forms, offering a “positive” social design. In addition to introducing the discovery of Duncanson’s interest in Comte, my research addresses a painting by Duncanson that to my knowledge has not yet been published, his version (with significant alterations) of Frederic Church’s Heart of the Andes, as well as several of his pictures set in Mexico, which have also not heretofore received significant critical attention.
X- ray photoemission study of the interaction of oxygen and air with clean cobalt surfaces

Abstract The interaction of oxygen with polycrystalline cobalt surfaces has been studied at 300 K (1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−5 Torr) using high-resolution (monochromatized) X-ray photoemission. At high exposures (> 100 L nominal) CoO is identified as the product from the nature of the Co 2 p 3 2 , 2 p 1 2 , 3 s , and valence band spectra. There is no evidence for measurable amounts of Co3O4 or Co2O3. Two O 1s features are observed at both high and low (10L) exposures. The dominant O 1s feature at 529.5 ± 0.2 eV corresponds to the oxide and a minor feature at 531.3 ± 0.2 eV is attributed to non-stoichiometric surface oxygen. Exposure to air produces quite different results, with a dominant O 1s feature at 531.5 ± 0.2 eV and dominant Co 2 p 3 2 and 2 p 1 2 features centered at 781.3 ± 0.2 eV and 797.1 ± 0.2 eV. These three values are very close to those reported here for bulk Co(OH)2. Ion etching of the air-exposed surface removes this dominant surface product rapidly revealing some oxide and finally metal.
The Mineral Art of Hildegard Könighofer by Hildegard Könighofer and Dietmar Jakely. Herausgeber and Verleger, Graz, Austria. 224 pages; 2010; $170 (hardbound)

This attractive coffee-table-sized book contains approximately 150 paintings of mineral specimens done in the strikingly realistic style of Hildegard Konighofer. Each picture is a “mineral specimen...
Experimental study of embedded fiber optic strain gages in concrete structures

This paper reports the use of short gauge length optical fiber sensors for the quantitative measurement of strain in reinforced concrete and the direct comparison between the performance of these sensors and co-located foil strain gauges. Pairs of fiber sensor elements and reference foil gauges were mounted to specific rebar elements which together form the three-dimensional reinforcement cage in a cement cross-beam specimen. The geometry of the specimen sections, approximately 20 cm square and 2.5 meters along each axis, is intended to model typical construction of post and beam-reinforced concrete structures. The results of this work are that (1) the robust fiber sensors survived the embedding process, (2) their calibrated output signals accurately match with those of co-located reference foil strain gauges, (3) they may be used to extract quantitative strain information from a complicated reinforced concrete specimen, and (4) they may be used to monitor crack progression.
Computational Plaque Vulnerability Index for Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaque Assessment Based on In Vivo MR-Image

Carotid atherosclerotic plaque (CAP) may rupture without warning and cause acute cardiovascular syndromes such as stroke, which is the No.3 killer in USA and a leading cause of serious disabilities. Available screening and diagnosis techniques are insufficient to identify those victims before the event occurs. Noninvasive methods to identify new and emerging biomarkers to assess plaque vulnerability and predict possible rupture before the fatal event are urgently called for.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Things That Go Boom: Injuries From Explosives

Abstract : Explosive agents are materials that undergo rapid exothermic reaction when appropriately stimulated. The degree to which this reaction occurs is dependent upon the characteristics of the explosive agent. Low order explosives react by rapid burning or conflagration. On the other hand, high order explosives produce extreme heat and energy and result in the formation of a pressure wave or blast wave. This supersonic, superheated wave, known as over-pressure comprises the blast front (Fig. 1). The blast wave is reflected and sustained by fixed structures and confined environments such as rooms, vehicles, etc., and may portend the effects of blast-related injury. By the same mechanism, water, which is a relatively noncompressible medium, sustains more of the energy from the blast energy and as such blast waves in water have a greater injurious effect propagated over a greater distance. The three main factors which characterize the blast wave are peak rate of pressure rise, peak pressure, and duration of the pressure rise.
Radar wave simulation using three-dimensional multi-region pseudospectral time domain algorithm with directional Kirchhoff integration surface

We present a three-dimensional (3D), multi-region (MR) pseudospectral time domain (PSTD) method with directional Kirchhoff integration (DKI) surface for simulating electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in large domain heterogeneous media. The basic idea is to divide the whole computational domain into a number of sub-regions containing strong scatters embedded into a uniform background. The PSTD method is used to compute the EM field inside all the sub-regions, while Kirchhoff integration techniques are used to compute the EM field in the uniform background. As the result a 3D multi-region PSTD method with directional Kirchhoff integration surface concept (DKI/MR/PSTD) is presented. An application in through-wall detection is introduced in the source sub-region with heterogeneous scatters. Comparison of the results obtained in this approach with single-region PSTD demonstrates the validity of DKI/MR/PSTD in simulation of through-wall detection cases. Later time multiple refraction and reflection of EM wave trains can be clearly simulated besides the first wave phase in the heterogeneous source sub-region. The EM waveforms simulated from DKI/MR/PSTD coincide well with those corresponding phases from the classical single-region PSTD. Moreover, the signal to noise ratio in EM waveforms simulated by DKI/MR/PSTD is higher than those obtained by single-region PSTD. For the given test case the computation time of DKI/MR/PSTD is less than 1/3 of that used by the classical single-region PSTD. The memory requirement by DKI/MR/PSTD is about one half of the classical PSTD. The results show that the DKI/MR/PSTD method is valid for EM wave propagation simulation.
Mass production in vivo of two protozoan pathogens, Mattesia grandis and Glugea gasti, of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis

Abstract A method is described for production in vivo of large amounts of spores of Mattesia grandis and Glugea gasti, both sporozoan pathogens of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis. Boll weevil larvae obtained from the mass-rearing section of our laboratory, growing in artificial diet in petri dishes, are inoculated with spores. An optimum spore dose and larval age at time of inoculation exists for each pathogen. Infected adults emerge, live a short time, and are harvested for optimum spore production. Production of the two pathogens is compared, with Glugea gasti producing more spores per insect and thus having a much lower cost. The method shows that mass production in vivo of a protozoan pathogen can be done when large numbers of the host insect can be economically grown. The pathogens were produced to support 5 years of field testing.
A DEFECT IN CELLULAR IMMUNITY DURING THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF PASSAGE A LEUKEMIA IN C3H MICE.

SummarySix-week-old C3H mice injected neonatally with Gross passage A leukemia virus were found to be unable to reject skin grafts across a weak histocompatibility barrier. The similarity of the defects in the immune mechanisms of these mice to those of the neonatally thymectomized mice suggests that the establishment of the oncogenic agent in the neonatal thymus results in marked functional impairment long before histologic changes are apparent.
Control of Myocardial Contractile Function by the Level of β-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase 1 in Gene-targeted Mice

We studied the effect of alterations in the level of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor kinase betaARK1) in two types of genetically altered mice. The first group is heterozygous for betaARK1 gene ablation, betaARK1(+/-), and the second is not only heterozygous for betaARK1 gene ablation but is also transgenic for cardiac-specific overexpression of a betaARK1 COOH-terminal inhibitor peptide, betaARK1(+/-)betaARKct. In contrast to the embryonic lethal phenotype of the homozygous betaARK1 knockout (Jaber, M., Koch, W. J., Rockman, H. A., Smith, B., Bond, R. A., Sulik, K., Ross, J., Jr., Lefkowitz, R. J., Caron, M. G., and Giros, B. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 12974-12979), betaARK1(+/-) mice develop normally. Cardiac catheterization was performed in mice and showed a stepwise increase in contractile function in the betaARK1(+/-) and betaARK1(+/-)betaARKct mice with the greatest level observed in the betaARK1(+/-)betaARKct animals. Contractile parameters were measured in adult myocytes isolated from both groups of gene-targeted animals. A significantly greater increase in percent cell shortening and rate of cell shortening following isoproterenol stimulation was observed in the betaARK1(+/-) and betaARK1(+/-)betaARKct myocytes compared with wild-type cells, indicating a progressive increase in intrinsic contractility. These data demonstrate that contractile function can be modulated by the level of betaARK1 activity. This has important implications in disease states such as heart failure (in which betaARK1 activity is increased) and suggests that betaARK1 should be considered as a therapeutic target in this situation. Even partial inhibition of betaARK1 activity enhances beta-adrenergic receptor signaling leading to improved functional catecholamine responsiveness.
On Stage with IT: EDUCAUSE Southeast Regional Conference

Purpose – To inform readers about these regional conferences that enhance the ongoing work of EDUCAUSE and to encourage the academic library and IT communities to share and communicate information and partner when opportunities avail themselves.Design/methodology/approach – A report of the 2005 EDUCAUSE Southeast Regional Conference shared by one of this year’s EDUCAUSE Ryland Fellows.Findings – Libraries are increasingly developing IT and digital solutions to most collection and service sectors of their work and dealing with many complex issues regarding technology.Research limitations/implications – By having this population of colleagues conferring with library staff the benefits to each constituency are more meaningful and richer.Practical implications – In addition to the research and long‐term work, there are many opportunities to develop services, share equipment and expertise that are born out of these kind of conferences. Also a good way to become acquainted with colleagues in your area, region a...
18F-deoxyglucose and the assessment of myocardial viability.

The glucose analogue 18 F-deoxyglucose allowed for the first time the ability to noninvasively probe and characterize the regional metabolism of glucose as a major fuel substrate of the human heart. Used with positron emission tomography, it became the tool for demonstrating the operation of metabolic processes, long before established in invasive or destructive experiments in animals, directly in the human myocardium. Clinical investigations with 18 F-deoxy-glucose, combined with other radiotracers of the myocardium's substrate metabolism, showed the dependency of the heart's substrate selection on circulating levels of glucose, free fatty acid and insulin, and the operation of Randle's cycle in the human myocardium. Regional responses in substrate metabolism to the myocardial ischemia were now visualized entirely noninvasively as, for example, decreases in fatty acid usage and oxidation and oxygen consumption, but foremost as an increase in glucose use. Regional 18 F-deoxyglucose uptake markedly in excess of myocardial blood flow in dysfunctional myocardium of patients after a myocardial infarction, with chronic coronary artery disease or with ischemic cardiomyopathy, soon became recognized as a hallmark of myocardial viability or potentially reversible contractile dysfunction. Defined as blood flow metabolism mismatch, this particular regional glucose uptake pattern identifies patients to be at high risk for cardiac events and, at the same time, to benefit most from surgical revascularization. The patterns predict a postrevascularization improvement in global left ventricular function and, even more important, in symptoms related to congestive heart failure and in long-term survival. 18 F-deoxyglucose is now widely used with positron emission tomography and, more recently, with single photon emission computed tomography and radiotracers of myocardial perfursion for stratifying ischemic cardiomyopathy patients to the most efficacious treatment.
Molecular mechanisms of lacrimal acinar secretory vesicle exocytosis.

The acinar epithelial cells of the lacrimal gland are responsible for the production, packaging and regulated exocytosis of tear proteins into ocular surface fluid. This review summarizes new findings on the mechanisms of exocytosis in these cells. Participating proteins are discussed within the context of different categories of trafficking effectors including targeting and specificity factors (rabs, SNAREs) and transport factors (microtubules, actin filaments and motor proteins). Recent information describing fundamental changes in basic exocytotic mechanisms in the NOD mouse, an animal model of Sjogren's syndrome, is presented.