cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fecundity and Infertility Among Women with Disabilities in the United States.

Abstract Background: Knowledge of fecundity and infertility in women with a disability (WWD) is limited. This study aims to compare the fecundity and infertility experiences of women with a self-id...
A new mobile data driven message strategy called synced advertising: Conceptualization, implications, and future directions

Mobile devices have become ingrained in people’s lives. They facilitate data collection and are often combined with other media simultaneously. Synced advertising is a new strategy in this hybrid m...
Management of the neck after definitive chemoradiation in patients with HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: An institutional experience.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the multidisciplinary management of patients with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and an incomplete nodal response on restaging PET/CT after definitive chemoradiation (CRT). Materials and methods A retrospective chart review was performed of patients diagnosed with node-positive HPV-associated OPSCC from 2012 to 2017, who underwent definitive upfront CRT, and had an incomplete response on post-therapy PET/CT according to NCCN criteria. Post-CRT PET/CT results, management decisions, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Results Seventy-four patients with node-positive HPV-associated OPSCC were identified; 20 patients with incomplete neck response on PET/CT according to NCCN criteria were included in the final case series. Median follow-up time was 33 months. Patients were managed as follows: 8 underwent observation and surveillance imaging, 6 underwent ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA), and 6 had immediate neck dissection. All the observed patients were disease-free at most recent follow-up. None of the patients who underwent immediate neck dissection had residual neck disease on pathological examination; two patients in this group ultimately developed metastatic disease. Among the 6 who underwent FNA, 1 individual had positive pathology, along with residual primary disease, for which the patient underwent salvage surgery. The 5 remaining individuals had negative FNA results, were subsequently observed, and remained free of disease. Conclusions This institutional experience supports the notion of a high threshold for neck dissection in this low-risk population; only 1 of 20 patients with suspicious PET/CT findings had residual disease in the neck. Moreover, these patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary tumor board (MTB) since current algorithms do not universally include HPV status. Finally, the use of restaging PET/CT to guide management of the neck can be improved with changes in terminology and consideration of FDG-avidity at the primary site and on pre-therapy scans.
In Situ Quantification of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Kinetics in Simulated Sweat Using Linear Sweep Stripping Voltammetry.

Linear sweep stripping voltammetry (LSSV) is demonstrated as a sensitive, rapid, and cost-efficient analytical technique for the quantification of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) dissolution rates in si...
Early Interim FDG-PET Scan Predicts Outcome in Non-Bulky Limited Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma, but may Not Guide Use of Consolidative Radiotherapy.

The standard treatment for limited-stage Hodgkin lymphoma has been combined modality therapy, but late toxicities of radiation have prompted investigation of chemotherapy alone in low risk patients. Initial trials have demonstrated a small increased risk of relapse if radiation is omitted, but no difference in overall survival. We investigated the predictive value of interim FDG-PET (PET) scans in nonbulky limited stage patients, and asked whether PET may guide the use of consolidative radiotherapy for patients in complete remission after chemotherapy alone. A total of 68 patients with nonbulky limited stage disease were identified at our institutions with interim PET performed after 2–3 cycles of chemotherapy. All patients received anthracycline-based chemotherapy with curative intent. PET scan interpretations were extracted by chart review of radiology reports. The median age was 35 (range 18–77). Fifty-nine patients had disease in the neck and mediastinum, 6 had inguinal disease, and 2 in Waldeyer’s ring. Fifty-two patients were stage IIA, 4 were IIB, 10 were IA, and 1 was IB. Radiation was included at the discretion of the treating physician. Complete response required a negative PET scan. The complete response (CR) rate was 88%. Fifty-one patients (75%) had a negative interim PET, and 17 (25%) had a positive interim PET. Interim PET− patients were more likely to achieve a CR at the end of therapy compared to interim PET+ patients (98% vs. 59%; p=0.0001, Fisher’s exact test). At a median follow up of 32 months (range 3–70), the progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the entire series were 85% and 100%, respectively. Interim PET− patients had an improved PFS compared to PET+ patients (90% vs. 71%; p=0.032, log rank test). Among the 60 patients who achieved a CR, 50 (83%) were interim PET−, and 10 (17%) were interim PET+. There was no difference in PFS between interim PET+ and PET− patients who achieved a CR. The most important predictor of PFS was achievement of CR at the end of therapy (92% vs. 37%; p In our series, a positive interim PET scan after 2–3 cycles is predictive of an inferior PFS in patients with nonbulky limited stage Hodgkin lymphoma, but this difference is largely driven by an increase in primary treatment failures among interim PET+ patients. Patients with a positive interim PET who achieve a CR at the completion of chemotherapy have favorable outcomes similar to patients with negative interim PET scans, regardless of inclusion of consolidative radiation. These data suggest that positive interim PET scans denote biologically more aggressive disease but may not be useful in guiding the use of consolidative radiotherapy for patients in complete remission. These observations warrant validation in prospective clinical trials.
Comparison of unilateral vs bilateral and staged bilateral vs concurrent bilateral truncal endovenous ablation in the Vascular Quality Initiative.

Abstract Objective Venous insufficiency is commonly bilateral, and patients often prefer single-episode care compared with staged procedures. Few studies have investigated clinical outcomes after unilateral vs bilateral venous ablation procedures or between staged and concurrent bilateral procedures. Here, we report data from the Vascular Quality Initiative regarding truncal venous ablation for chronic venous insufficiency. Methods Using data from the Vascular Quality Initiative, we investigated immediate postoperative as well as long-term clinical and patient-reported outcomes of patients undergoing unilateral vs bilateral truncal endovenous ablation from 2015 to 2019. We further investigated outcomes between staged bilateral and concurrent bilateral ablations. Preprocedural and postprocedural comparisons were performed using t-test, χ2 test, or their nonparametric counterpart when appropriate. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was performed on ordinal outcome variables. Results A total of 5029 patients were included, of whom 3782 (75.2%) underwent unilateral procedures. Median follow-up was 227 days (interquartile range [IQR], 55-788 days). Unilateral patients were less likely to be female (67.0% vs 70.3%; P = .031) and white (86.3% vs 91.2%; P Conclusions Concurrent bilateral truncal endovenous ablation can be performed safely without increased morbidity compared with staged bilateral or unilateral ablations.
Federal Political Contribution Characteristics of Radiation Oncologists in the United States from 2003 to 2018.

Purpose The health care industry has many stakeholders who seek relationships within government to ensure certain interests are considered in the legislative process. This study characterized the federal political contributions of US radiation oncologists (ROs). Methods and Materials Public finance data from the Federal Election Commission (FEC) containing self-identified ROs’ contributions to a federal candidate or committee were obtained from 2003 to 2018. Contribution recipients were classified as a political action committee (PAC) or a presidential, Senate, or House candidate. Political parties of recipients were based on FEC designations. For PACs, political parties of recipients were based on spending patterns to political parties in each 2-year election cycle or, when unavailable, overall spending patterns of greater than 50% to 1 political party, as detailed by the Center for Responsive Politics. Data were analyzed temporally, and Spearman’s rho was used to assess trends. Results From 2003 to 2018, the FEC reported a total of 31,646,000 federal political contributions. Exactly 4617 federal political contributions were made from 1021 unique self-identified ROs, totaling $3,350,747. The number of ROs making contributions ranged from 56 in 2005 to 600 in 2016 (mean, 289 ± 191.4 ROs yearly), with a mean annual contribution of $209,422. Of all RO dollars, 61.5% went to Democrats, 37.5% to Republicans, and 1.0% to third-party candidates. Most RO dollars (81.0%) went to PACs rather than candidates, with the majority of those PAC dollars (50.2%) directed toward the American Society for Radiation Oncology Political Action Committee. There was a positive annual trend in number of donors by year (ρ = 0.83, P Conclusions ROs’ federal political contributions have significantly increased over the last decade and a half. This growth overwhelmingly represents contributions to specialty-focused PACs and both Democratic and Republican congressional candidates.
Typical and extreme entropies of long-lived isolated quantum systems

In this paper, we investigate and compare two well-developed definitions of entropy relevant for describing the dynamics of isolated quantum systems: bipartite entanglement entropy and observational entropy. In a model system of interacting particles in a one-dimensional lattice, we numerically solve for the full quantum behavior of the system. We characterize the fluctuations and find the maximal, minimal, and typical entropy of each type that the system can eventually attain through its evolution. While both entropies are low for some particular configurations and high for more generic ones, there are several fundamental differences in their behavior. Observational entropy behaves in accord with classical Boltzmann entropy (e.g., equilibrium is a condition of near-maximal entropy and uniformly distributed particles, and minimal entropy is a very compact configuration). Entanglement entropy is rather different: Minimal entropy ``empties out'' one partition while maximal entropy apportions the particles between the partitions, and neither is typical. Beyond these qualitative results, we characterize both entropies and their fluctuations in some detail as they depend on temperature, particle number, and box size.
CHAPTER XVII – MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the process of integration to functions of two or more variables. Analogous to the Riemann sums of a single variable, there are similar types related to functions of two or more variables. The evaluation of double integrals by direct summation is at best tedious. The usefulness of the double integral derives from the fact that many physical and geometrical quantities be defined in its terms. The chapter discusses the applications of the double integrals and the fundamental theorem. It presents certain examples of the plausibility of the fundamental theorem for double integrals. The double integral is the two-dimensional analogue of the ordinary single integral.
A Description of Risk Factors for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Southern Community Cohort Study: A Nested Case-Control Study.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity and hypercholesterolemia. In addition, total fat and folate intake have been associated with NAFLD. Aims: We investigated risk factors for NAFLD among individuals of largely low socioeconomic status, and whether these associations differed by race. Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted within the Southern Community Cohort Study. Through linkage of the cohort with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify incident NAFLD cases. Controls were matched 4:1 to cases on enrollment age, sex, and race. A logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios for the associations of NAFLD with covariates of interest. Results: Neither total fat nor folate intake was significantly associated with NAFLD. Hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio 1.21) and body mass index (75th versus 25th percentile) for blacks (odds ratio 1.96) and whites (odds ratio 2.33) were associated with an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. No significant interaction with race for any of the studied variables was noted. Conclusions: Both hypercholesterolemia and increasing body mass index, but not total fat and folate intake, were risk factors for NAFLD in the Southern Community Cohort Study.
Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Comparison of CT-Guided Versus MR-Guided SBRT

PURPOSE:Magnetic resonance–guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) has recently become commercially available, offering the opportunity to accurately image and target moving tumors as compared with comput...
Monitoring conifer cover: Leaf-off lidar and image-based tracking of eastern redcedar encroachment in central Nebraska

Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) encroachment on the Great Plains has led to decreases in biodiversity, water availability, and grazing land while increasing the risk of catastrophic wildfires. Quantifying the current spatial distribution of eastern redcedar can aid land management efforts to combat encroachment, and extending this information over time can improve our understanding of the patterns and drivers of encroachment. We compared several remote sensing methods for mapping percent conifer cover to develop an approach that would be applicable for monitoring eastern redcedar encroachment across the Great Plains to support management goals. Leaf-off lidar was filtered through a novel approach using normalized return intensity and local canopy density to remove residual points pertaining to deciduous trees, which enabled us to calculate percent conifer cover. A sample of the conifer cover derived from leaf-off lidar was then used to test passive imagery-based methods that could be applied over a greater spatiotemporal extent. These imagery-based methods included Spatial Wavelet Analysis applied to very high-resolution imagery and random forest regression modeling with Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 based predictive layers generated in Google Earth Engine from a single image, seasonal composites, and harmonic regression coefficients produced from an annual time series. Spatial Wavelet Analysis provided high accuracy (~5% RMSE) in areas where conifer cover was less than 10%, but accuracy rapidly decreased with increases in observed cover such that this method had a very low overall accuracy (42.5% RMSE). Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 based predictors yielded similar performance to each other in models of conifer cover (9.7 to 13.3% RMSE), but seasonal composites from either sensor provided higher predictive power than either use of a single winter image or harmonic regression coefficients. According to recent estimates from the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, eastern redcedar comprises more than 90% of conifer basal area in 277 counties of the central Great Plains, and thus mapping conifer cover can be assumed to reflect eastern redcedar cover. By applying the LandTrendr algorithm to Landsat seasonal composites we produced stable estimates of eastern redcedar cover from 1984 to 2018 and quantified encroachment as a 2.3% per year increase in eastern redcedar forest, defined as areas with ≥10% redcedar cover. The comparison of these methods and their application through time lays the groundwork for monitoring of redcedar encroachment across the central Great Plains and provides an approach for mapping fractional cover of conifer trees more generally.
Privacy and Consumer Control

This essay, prepared for the Aspen Institute Congressional Program on the Internet, Big Data, and Algorithms, makes three points. First, personal information about commercial transactions does not belong solely to the consumer. Approaches to privacy regulation based on property, particularly notice and choice, do not give consumers meaningful control over their information or how it is used. Second, regulating information uses based on the consequences of information use and misuse is a more productive approach, providing important protections to consumers. Third, information about users is critical in determining the value of the targeted advertising on which the financing of internet content depends, allowing consumer to receive valuable information and services without direct payment.
The Game as a Classroom: Understanding Players’ Goals and Attributions from a Learning Perspective

Much work has been done on educational games, game-based learning, and gamification in recent years, exploring how games may benefit learning. However, the reverse relationship has yet to be fully explored—how can educational psychology and pedagogy influence our understanding of player experience and the design of games? A study was conducted to examine how various aspects of player experience are related to two commonly used motivational constructs in educational psychology: achievement goals and causal attributions. In the study, 165 participants were asked to play a game and fill out a questionnaire on their experiences. We found that players’ achievement goals and causal attributions were both significantly correlated to various components of player experience. Additionally, we found that achievement goals and causal attributions are significant predictors of psychological flow over and above feelings of challenge and immersion. While challenge and immersion are typical considerations when seeking to design flow experiences in games, this study suggests that game designers should also consider ways in which they may inspire particular achievement goals and causal attributions in their players. These findings highlight the connection between the learning sciences and the growing field of player experience, and we hope this paper serves as an example for future translational work.
Self- and conspecific-directed pecking behavior of commercial Pekin ducks

Abstract Injurious pecking behavior affects commercial Pekin duck welfare, but little information is available regarding the characteristics thereof. This study investigated self- and conspecific-directed pecking behavior of ducks, including 1) the prevalence, frequency and duration, 2) age-related changes in pecking and preening behavior, and body locations affected; 3) influence of time of day and location within the barn; and 4) occurrence of feather removal and feather eating. Behavior of two commercial flocks was video-recorded at 20–22 d (Period 1), 27–29 d (Period 2), and 34–36 d (Period 3) and analyzed using scan (n = 340 ± 91 ducks/flock per observation time point) and focal (n = 144 observation periods/flock) animal sampling. The percentage of ducks performing pecking behavior (gentle feather pecking (%GFP), severe feather pecking (SFP), aggressive pecking (AGGP) and self-picking (SELFP)) was determined every 30 min (09:00 h-15:00 h). Randomly selected focal ducks were observed for 30 min (09:45 h-10:15 h and 13:45 h-14:15 h) to determine durations and frequencies of pecking and preening behavior and the occurrence of feather removal and feather eating. Scan sampling data and focal behavioral durations were analyzed using PROC MIXED; behavioral frequencies were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4). SFP, AGGP and SELFP were combined into one category, other pecking (OP), for analysis. GFP was observed most frequently, SFP and AGGP occurred less frequently, and SELFP was rarely observed. Feather removal (13 times) and feather eating (7 times) occurred infrequently. GFP frequency, duration and GFP% increased from Period 1 to 2 (P
Predictors associated with inappropriate transport of near shore spinal injuries.

Abstract Purpose Spinal injuries resulting in neurological damage cause significant morbidity. Swift neurosurgical intervention can mitigate negative outcomes. However, variable mechanisms of injury may be associated with inappropriate transport (IAT), which may delay necessary surgical interventions. Patients with near shore spinal injuries (NSSI) presented with unique mechanisms, so we investigated factors associated with IAT in patients with NSSI. Methods We performed a multicenter retrospective study of all adult patients transported from a beach resort to 3 hospitals for suspected NSSI between 2006 - 2017. We excluded patients transferred to other facilities, and those not injured in the water. Primary outcome was IAT, defined as patients with NSSI requiring transfer to another trauma center. To avoid heterogeneity in our analysis, we further excluded patients without NSSI who were inappropriately transported to a level I trauma center. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess association of independent variables (such as demographic, environmental, and clinical factors) with outcome. Results We analyzed 278 patients with suspected NSSI, and found 14 (5.0%) had IAT. Compared to appropriately transported patients, diving was associated with higher percentages of IAT (28.6% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.014) and more were transported by air (50.0% vs. 20.6%, p = 0.01). In multivariable regression, patients’ oxygenation saturation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.8, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 077–0.98) and diving (OR = 7.5, 95% CI: 1.2–46) were significantly associated with IAT. Conclusion Rate of IAT for patients with NSSI was low. However, first responders and emergency medicine providers should be aware that diving is associated with a higher likelihood of IAT.
Selection of Muscle-Activity-Based Cost Function in Human-in-the-Loop Optimization of Multi-Gait Ankle Exoskeleton Assistance

Using “human-in-the-loop” (HIL) optimization can obtain suitable exoskeleton assistance patterns to improve walking economy. However, there are differences in these patterns under different gait conditions, and currently most HIL optimizations use metabolic cost, which requires long periods to be estimated for each control law, as the physiological objective to minimize. We aimed to construct a muscle-activity-based cost function and to find the appropriate initial assistance patterns in HIL optimization of multi-gait ankle exoskeleton assistance. One healthy subject walked assisted by an ankle exoskeleton under nine gait conditions and each condition was the combination of different walking speeds, ground slopes and load weights. Ten assistance patterns were provided for the subject under each gait condition. Then we constructed a cost function based on surface electromyography signals of four lower leg muscles and select the muscle weight combination by using particle swarm optimization algorithm to compose the cost function with maximum differences between different assistance patterns. The mean weights of medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior activity under all gait conditions are 0.153, 0.104, 0.953 and 0.145, respectively. Then we verified the effectiveness of this cost function by optimization and validation experiments conducted on four subjects. Our results are expected to guide the selection of muscle-activity-based cost functions and improve the time efficiency of HIL optimization.
General Theorems on Abelian Varieties

An abelian variety is a group variety, which, as a variety, is complete. In the classical case, it is not difficult to show that topologically an abelian variety is a complex torus.
Opiate Pharmacokinetics: In Vivo Receptor Binding and Pharmacological Effects

The discovery of a specific cerebral opiate receptor in 1973 (reviewed in reference 1) rapidly led to the detection of endogenous peptides as putative neurotransmitters/modulators associated with the opiate receptor (2). However, Martin et al. (3) presented the first pharmacological evidence that the opiate receptor system consists of several subpopulations of distinct receptor sites, and it was subsequently postulated that there are multiple opiate receptors and endogenous ligands (2), including Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin, β-endorphin and dynorphin. In [3H]-ligand binding studies on rodent brain homogenates (4), at least three distinct binding sites were detectable; the μ, δ and κ/σ sites. Despite the rapid advance in opiate molecular pharmacology, several key questions concerning the molecular mechanisms remain unsolved. We are studying the problem with regard to which receptor subsites mediate the different pharmacological effects of the opiates. Effects include analgesia, dependence, tolerance and many other behavioral and peripheral changes that are seemingly unrelated to each other.
Modelling with Arithmetic

Modern digital computer capabilities are incorporated into both theoretical and practical studies of classical dynamical modelling. It is shown theoretically how the fundamental invariants of Newtonian mechanics can be derived using only arithmetic. It is shown practically how nonlinear solid and fluid phenomena can be simulated using quasimolecular models.
The Treatment of Electron Correlation: Where do We Go from Here?

While substantial progress has been made in recent years in the methods and implementation of quantum chemical calculations, the results of such calculations still fall short, in many cases, of requirements. Generally, single-reference methods have difficulties in handling nondynamical correlation effects (which are due to near degeneracies of the reference function). The configuration interaction method easily deals with these effects by the use of multireference expansions, but has much greater difficulty than MBPT and coupled cluster methods in handling dynamical correlation because of its inability to treat disconnected cluster effects adequately. The most effective approach should combine a multiconfiguration reference function for the treatment of nondynamical correlation with a coupled cluster treatment (or a good approximation thereof) of dynamical correlation.
A DLM/FD/IB method for simulating compound vesicle motion under creeping flow condition

In this article we present first a new distributed Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain (DLM/FD) method for simulating fluid-particle interaction in Stokes flow. A conjugate gradient method driven by both pressure and distributed Lagrange multiplier, called one-shot method, has been developed to solve the discrete Stokes problem while enforcing the rigid body motion within the region occupied by the particle. The methodology is validated by comparing the numerical results of a neutrally buoyant particle of either a circular or elliptic shape with the associated Jeffery's solutions. We have successively combined the above methodology with an immersed boundary (IB) method and an elastic membrane modeled by a spring network to simulate the dynamics of a compound vesicle. In simple shear flow under creeping flow condition, the results are consistent with those obtained in literature. In Poiseuille flow, the compound vesicle motion is dominated by the motion of the vesicle membrane as expected and stays in the central region of the channel.
Opposed actions of regulatory proteins, DnaA and IciA, in opening the replication origin of Escherichia coli

The opening of the three tandem 13-mers (iterons) in the replication origin (oriC) of Escherichia coli by DnaA protein, assisted by protein HU or IHF (Hwang, D. S., and Kornberg, A. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 23083-23086), represents an essential early stage in the initiation of chromosomal replication (Bramhill, D., and Kornberg, A. (1988) Cell 54, 915-918). We now show by mutational alterations of the 13-mer region that oriC function, both in vitro and in vivo, requires AT-richness in the left 13-mer and sequence specificity in the middle and right 13-mers. Interactions of DnaA protein with the middle and right 13-mers are crucial for the opening of the region. Binding of the protein to the top strand of the 13-mers appeared to maintain single-strandedness in the bottom strand. IciA protein, the inhibitor of initiation, binds the three 13-mers and blocks the opening of the region. The degrees of inhibition by IciA protein of 13-mer opening and of oriC plasmid replication observed with mutant forms of the 13-mers could be correlated with the binding affinity of IciA protein. Whereas the binding of IciA protein to the 13-mers did not affect the binding of DnaA protein to its four 9-mers boxes, interaction of DnaA protein with the 13-mers was blocked. The selective interactions of DnaA and IciA proteins with the 13-mer region appear to be components of the on/off switch that controls initiation of E. coli chromosomal replication.
Digital systems and signal processing: creating connections in the curriculum

Engineering students are often tinkerers. However, our students of today are more likely to have tinkered with software than hardware. This effect is readily seen in systems classes where students tend to visualize each concept as a programming algorithm. This viewpoint must be balanced by exposure to implementation using hardware techniques. This can be accomplished at the sophomore level by carefully selected examples in an introductory logic design course. Additional connections can be made in the first systems course. In this paper we outline an approach for connecting digital design to digital filtering. Concepts that could be beneficially exploited using this approach include latency, state, number representations, arithmetic hardware, and pipelining. Specific opportunities for making these connections in digital logic and systems classes are identified.
Systematics of dusky salamanders, Desmognathus (Caudata: Plethodontidae), in the mountain and Piedmont regions of Virginia and North Carolina, USA

We analysed mitochondrial (cytochrome b) nucleotide sequences, nuclear allozyme markers, and morphometric characters to investigate species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among dusky salamanders (Desmognathus) in the southern Blue Ridge and adjacent Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of Virginia and North Carolina. Our results revealed four distinct mitochondrial DNA clades that are also characterized by distinct allozyme markers. One clade consists of sequences derived from populations distributed from New England to south-western Virginia that are referable to Desmognathus fuscus Rafinesque, 1820, although there is considerable sequence and allozyme divergence within this clade. A second clade consists of sequences derived from populations referable to Desmognathus planiceps Newman, 1955, a form that we resurrect from its long synonymy under D. fuscus. Desmognathus planiceps and D. fuscus also differ in mandibular tooth shape. Two other cytochrome b sequences recovered from populations along the Blue Ridge escarpment in southern Virginia are quite divergent from those of the previous two clades, and these populations may represent yet another distinct species. Sequences from a population in the Brushy Mountains in the Piedmont of northern North Carolina are similar to those of Desmognathus carolinensis. Population groupings indicated by allozyme data generally correspond to the cytochrome b clades. Cryptic diversity in Appalachian desmognathan salamanders clearly requires further study. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 152, 115‐130. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: allozymes ‐ cytochrome b ‐ Desmognathus planiceps ‐ mitochondrial DNA ‐ morphometrics ‐ phylogeography ‐ taxonomy.
Subclinical depression and performance at work

The relationship between subclinical depression and the fulfillment of important work roles is the focus of this study. The analysis controls for social processes (i.e., interpersonal stress) that may precede the development of depressive symptomatology and potential depressive distortion associated with self-report of symptoms and performance. Using interview data collected from 265 community-dwelling adults, multiple regression analyses indicated that depressive symptomatology was significantly related to externally rated performance at work. This relationship was independent of other important social influences of interpersonal stress attributed to coworkers, spouses and others, and job stress related to dissatisfying work. Subclinical depression thus appeared related to decrements in job performance. Further, this effect was not entirely due to other social influences not measured in previous studies or to the problem of depressive mood affecting the direction of self-report measures.
Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on HIV risk behaviors: changes during drug abuse treatment.

Abstract This study evaluated whether psychiatric comorbidity is related to change in HIV high risk behaviors during outpatient drug abuse treatment. Participants were opioid abusers entering methadone treatment. Psychiatric and substance use diagnoses were determined at intake. Information on HIV high risk drug use and sexual behaviors, psychosocial functioning, and urine toxicology was assessed at intake and at month six. Subjects were divided into those with versus without a lifetime comorbid non-substance use psychiatric disorder. The comor-bid group reported more injection equipment sharing, lower rates of condom use, and higher rates of alcohol use at intake and follow-up. Overall injection drug use behavior decreased over the follow-up period for both groups, however. Methadone treatment had a beneficial effect on HIV risk behaviors, and though some risk behaviors improved significantly for both groups, comorbid subjects continued to have higher rates of HIV risk factors than noncomorbid subjects.
Culture and Technology in Modern Japan . Edited by Ian Inkster and Fumihiko Satofuka. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000. Pp. vii, 169. $59.50.

In the Western countries, Japanese technological development continues to be seen largely as an effort of imitation and refinement; but any foreign visitor who has operated a Japanese-style bath or observed the processes of small-scale mechanized rice farming will understand that, besides refining originally Western technologies, Japan has also developed its own modern, yet distinctively non-Western, technological tradition. The theoretical questions involved in “Japanese-style” technological modernity are nontrivial, as are the practical implications. For instance, in newly industrializing Asia Japanese technological practices are now frequently proving more efficient or culturally comfortable than Western ones. The present volume's goal of exploring the “relations between the economic and the cultural” (p. vii) is thus timely as well as theoretically important.
Determination of the non-ionic detergent insolubility and phosphoprotein associations of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins expressed on T cells

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are poorly solublized in non-ionic detergents such as Triton X-100 and Nonidet P40, but are easily solublized by detergents with high critical micelle concentrations such as octylglucoside. This solubility profile has been suggested to be due to the localization of GPI-anchored proteins to lipid microdomains rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Additionally, GPI-anchored proteins expressed on haemopoietic cells have been shown to associate with src-family tyrosine kinases and heterotrimeric G proteins. Despite these observations, the non-ionic detergent insolubility of GPI-anchored proteins on haemopoietic cells has not been quantified nor has a relationship between the non-ionic detergent insolubility of these proteins and their association with signal-transduction molecules been identified. Here we show that GPI-anchored proteins found on T-cell tumours and activated T cells, although significantly more insoluble then transmembrane proteins, are not uniform in their detergent insolubility. Whereas CD59 was between 4% and 13% soluble, CD48 was between 13% and 25% soluble, CD55 was between 20% and 30% soluble, and CD109 was between 34% and 75% soluble. The ability of these GPI-anchored proteins to associate with phosphoproteins was correlated with their detergent insolubility: the more detergent-insoluble that a GPI-anchored protein was, the greater the level of phosphoprotein associations. These experiments reveal a relationship between non-ionic detergent insolubility and association with signal-transduction molecules and suggest a cause-and-effect relationship between these two properties. In total, these experiments support the hypothesis that the association of GPI-anchored proteins with signalling molecules is due to their sorting to lipid microdomains.
A New Proof on Embedding the Category of Proximity Spaces into the Category of Nearness Spaces

This paper establishes an explicit embedding functor from the category of the proximity spaces into the category of nearness spaces. This is done by defining methods to constructively inducing a proximity structure with a given nearness structure and vis versa. Those induction methods provide useful tools to understand the inter-relations and to translate the result between the two types of spaces.
Ibn Ḥazm’s theory of prophecy of women: Literalism, logic, and perfection

Stopping short of declaring a specific number, the Qur’ān states that God has sent many prophets/messengers to various nations. Among the names listed in the Qur’ān, none is clearly identified as a woman. Nevertheless, on numerous occasions the Qur’ān states that certain female figures have received inspiration from God. Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064) argues that, by virtue of their reception of authentic inspiration, these female figures were prophets. They were the mothers of the prophets Isḥāq, Mūsā, and ‘Īsā, as well as the wife of Fir‘awn. The study identifies philological, God’s inspiration, logical, and perfection concept as four approaches Ibn Ḥazm used for his arguments. Upon critical analysis, we conclude that, although logically presented in accordance to his ẓāhirī (literalist) dispensation, Ibn Ḥazm’s theory of the prophecy of women lacks sufficient Qur’ānic support. Beginning with Ibn Ḥazm’s brief background and his ẓāhirī tendency, the study critically engages Ibn Ḥazm’s own theory, and comprehensively analyses the four approaches employed for his conclusions.
Cold electron beams from cryocooled, alkali antimonide photocathodes

In this paper we report on the generation of cold electron beams using a ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{3}\mathrm{Sb}$ photocathode grown by codeposition of Sb and Cs. By cooling the photocathode to 90 K we demonstrate a significant reduction in the mean transverse energy validating the long-standing speculation that the lattice temperature contributes to limiting the mean transverse energy or intrinsic emittance near the photoemission threshold, opening new frontiers in generating ultrabright beams. At 90 K, we achieve a record low intrinsic emittance of $0.2\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ (rms) per mm of laser spot diameter from an ultrafast (subpicosecond) photocathode with quantum efficiency greater than $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ using a visible laser wavelength of 690 nm.
Women of Fire and Spirit: History, Faith, and Gender in Roho Religion in Western Kenya

Women of Fire and Spirit: History, Faith, and Gender in Roho Religion in Western Kenya. CYNTHIA HOEHLER-FATTON. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 xxviii + 260 pp., maps, photos, appendix, notes, references, index.
A collection of software tools for analyzing designs of concurrent software systems

We present results from a research project to investigate the feasibility of software tools for analyzing designs of software systems. Such analysis would help the software developer to assess the acceptability of designs before the development of the software moves from the design phase into the implementation phase. If this could be done, futile implementation efforts based on faulty designs could be avoided.We have constructed a language for expressing designs of sequential and concurrent software systems, and software tools to analyze these designs. Our analysis tools derive behavior information, in terms of reachable states or possible sequences of significant events, from system descriptions in a variety of ways. By means of controlled human-factors experiments, we have determined that our analysis tools and techniques are indeed useful, to varying extents, in helping people to understand designs and find flaws in them.
The effects of a thiamine antagonist, pyrithiamine, on levels of selected metabolic intermediates and on activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes in brain and liver.

— (1) The effects of thiamine deficiency as produced by pyrithiamine injections have been studied in the weanling mouse. Selected metabolites were measured in extracts from brain and liver of quick-frozen animals. Pyruvate and α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenases and transketolase were also measured. (2) In deficient brain, pyruvate and α-oxoglutarate levels were greatly increased. Xylulose-5-P and 6-P-gluconate were more than doubled. Lactate, glucose-6-P, glucose and P-creatine were moderately elevated, and ATP was increased a little. Glutamate was depressed. (3) In deficient liver, α-oxoglutarate was much increased and ATP was twice normal. Glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-P, 6-P-gluconate, pyruvate, and glutamate were not different from the controls. Lactate was depressed. (4) Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was reduced to 25 per cent or less in brain and liver. Transketolase and α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activities were reduced to 50 per cent in both organs. (5) Thiamine treatment, within 5 hr, largely reversed the metabolite changes brought on by pyrithiamine in brain. At the same time pyruvate and α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activities were increased 60 per cent or more in both brain and liver. Transketolase activity in liver was only increased 20 per cent at this time, however, and in brain was unchanged. (6) The results are interpreted to indicate that inhibition of pyruvate and α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenases in brain is sufficient to depress in vivo function. The same seems true for the inhibition of α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in liver. However, the changes seen in brain 6-P-gluconate and xyluIose-5-P probably depend on factors other than, or in addition to, the decrease in transketolase activity. It seems worthy of emphasis that in spite of the partial metabolic blocks high-energy phosphate stores were actually increased.
Insertion of Isocyanides into the Zr-C Bond of Ruthenium/Zirconium Dimetalloalkenes. Spectroscopic and Structural Comparisons of the η2-Iminoacyl Complexes Cp(PMe3)2RuCH=CRC(NtBu)ZrClCp2 (R = H vs. R = Me) and Kinetics of Isomerization of a Thermodynamically Unstable η2-Iminoacyl Complex

The reaction of Cp(PMe{sub 3}){sub 2}RuCH{double_bond}CHZrClCp{sub 2} with {sup t}BuNC produces an {eta}{sup 2}-iminoacyl complex, Cp-(PMe{sub 3}){sub 2}RuCH{double_bond}CHC(N{sup t}Bu)ZrClCp{sub 2}. The initially formed isomer of this compound is the {open_quotes}N-outside{close_quotes} isomer (2Hk), where the N-donor portion of the {eta}{sup 2}-iminoacyl ligand is on the outside position of the three ligation sites of the Cp{sub 2}Zr moiety. This kinetic isomer cleanly rearranges to the thermodynamic {open_quotes}N-inside{close_quotes} isomer (2Ht). Activation parameters determined for this rearrangement are {Delta}H{sup {double_dagger}} = 19.9 {+-} 0.6 kcal mol{sup -1}, {Delta}S{sup {double_dagger}} = -3.4 {+-} 2.2 cal K{sup -1} mol{sup -1}, and {Delta}G{sup {double_dagger}}(298 K) = 20.9 kcal mol{sup -1}. Spectroscopic and crystallographic data for 2Ht indicate a significant contribution from a zwitterionic resonance form that is facilitated by the disparate electronic properties of the electron-rich ruthenium and the electron-deficient zirconium moieties. The reaction of {sup t}BuNC with the analogous methylated dimetalloalkene Cp(PMe{sub 3}){sub 2}RuCH{double_bond}C-(CH{sub 3})ZrClCp{sub 2} gives the {eta}{sup 2}-iminoacyl complex Cp(PMe{sub 3}){sub 2}RuCH{double_bond}C(CH{sub 3})C(N{sup t}Bu)ZrClCp{sub 2} (2Me). 13 refs., 6 figs., 9 tabs.
Zinc-induced copper deficiency: A report of three cases initially recognized on bone marrow examination

Copper deficiency is a rare cause of sideroblastic anemia and neutropenia that often is not suspected clinically. The morphologic findings in bone marrow, while not pathognomonic, are sufficiently characteristic to suggest the diagnosis, leading to further testing to establish the correct diagnosis. Excess zinc ingestion is among the causes of copper deficiency. We present 3 cases of zinc-induced copper deficiency in which the diagnosis first was suggested on the basis of bone marrow examination. The first patient was a 47-yearold man with a debilitating peripheral neuropathy that had progressed during the previous 18 months, mild anemia, and severe neutropenia. The second was a 21-year-old man receiving zinc supplementation for acrodermatitis enteropathica in whom moderate normocytic anemia and neutropenia developed. The third patient was a 42-year-old man with anemia, severe neutropenia, and a peripheral neuropathy that had progressed during 8 months. The bone marrow findings in all cases suggested copper deficiency, which was confirmed by further laboratory testing and determined to be due to zinc excess. The morphologic features, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. Copper deficiency is a rare cause of anemia and neutropenia that is characterized morphologically by cytoplasmic vacuolization in erythroid and myeloid precursors and ringed sideroblasts. There are a variety of causes of copper deficiency, including dietary deficiency, hypoproteinemic states (kwashiorkor, celiac disease, tropical and nontropical sprue, idiopathic hypoproteinemia, and enteropathy in infancy), excess excretion (nephrotic syndrome), Wilson disease, Menkes syndrome, and excess ingestion of zinc. 1 Given its low prevalence and nonspecific hematologic and clinical manifestations, the diagnosis of copper deficiency might be delayed. The bone marrow morphologic manifestations of copper deficiency are not widely appreciated. While not pathognomonic, the morphologic features are highly characteristic and might permit early diagnosis and correction of the deficiency state. We describe 3 patients with zinc-induced copper deficiency in whom the correct diagnosis first was suggested on the basis of bone marrow findings.
The categorical space of fission

The dualistic view of fission and evaporation as two distinct compound nucleus processes is substituted with a unified view in which fission, complex fragment emission and light particle evaporation are seen as part of a single process. The underlying connection between these decay modes is the mass asymmetry coordinate and the ridge line as the locus of the associated conditional barriers. The theoretical generalization is carried out explicitly. Complex fragment production at all mass asymmetries, throughout the periodic table, from low to intermediate bombarding energies is discussed in the light of compound nucleus decay.