cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin Stimulates Both Endothelin and Nitric Oxide Activity in the Human Forearm

Background—The mechanism of the hemodynamic effect of insulin in the skeletal muscle circulation has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the hemodynamic response to insulin involves the concurrent release of endothelin (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO), 2 substances with opposing vasoactive properties. Methods and Results—Bioactivity of ET-1 and NO was assessed without insulin and during insulin infusion in the forearm circulation of healthy subjects by use of blockers of ET-1 receptors and by NO synthesis inhibition. In the absence of hyperinsulinemia, ET-1 receptor blockade did not result in any significant change in forearm blood flow from baseline (P=0.29). Intra-arterial insulin administration did not significantly modify forearm blood flow (P=0.88). However, in the presence of hyperinsulinemia, ET-1 receptor antagonism was associated with a significant vasodilator response (P<0.001). In the presence of ET-1 receptor blockade, the vasoconstrictor response to NO inhib...
Tissue-specific biomass recalcitrance in corn stover pretreated with liquid hot-water: Enzymatic hydrolysis (part 1).

Lignin content, composition, distribution as well as cell wall thickness, structures, and type of tissue have a measurable effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in lignocellulosic feedstocks. The first part of our work combined compositional analysis, pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis for fractionated pith, rind, and leaf tissues from a hybrid stay-green corn, in order to identify the role of structural characteristics on enzyme hydrolysis of cell walls. The extent of enzyme hydrolysis follows the sequence rind < leaves < pith with 90% conversion of cellulose to glucose in 24 h in the best cases. Physical fractionation of corn stalks or other C(4) grasses into soft and hard tissue types could reduce cost of cellulose conversion by enabling reduced enzyme loadings to hydrolyze soft tissue, and directing the hard tissue to other uses such as thermal processing, combustion, or recycle to the land from which the corn was harvested.
Improved Myoelectric Prosthesis Control Using Targeted Reinnervation Surgery: A Case Series

Targeted reinnervation is a surgical technique developed to increase the number of myoelectric input sites available to control an upper-limb prosthesis. Because signals from the nerves related to specific movements are used to control those missing degrees-of-freedom, the control of a prosthesis using this procedure is more physiologically appropriate compared to conventional control. This procedure has successfully been performed on three people with a shoulder disarticulation level amputation and three people with a transhumeral level amputation. Performance on timed tests, including the box-and-blocks test and clothespin test, has increased two to six times. Options for new control strategies are discussed.
SPIE Letters Virtual Journal

This PDF file contains the editorial “SPIE Letters Virtual Journal” for OE Vol. 45 Issue 06
Value-Based Decision Making in Mental Illness: A Meta-Analysis

In this study, we assessed value-based decision making in individuals diagnosed with mental illness. Two meta-analyses were conducted of studies that used the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) to assess val...
Using Self-Regulated Strategy Development to Support Students Who Have “Trubol Giting Thangs Into Werds”

Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) is a well-established, thoroughly validated instructional model used to teach a variety of writing strategies to elementary, middle, and high school aged students. In this article, an overview of SRSD is presented. Specifically, this includes a discussion about why students struggle with various aspects of the writing process and an explanation of how strategy instruction is uniquely well suited for writing instruction. Next, the SRSD stages are described and an example of how SRSD was used to teach a story grammar strategy to fifth-grade students is offered. Finally, the principles for evaluation and characteristics of effective instruction are discussed and additional resources are listed.
Regenerative Endodontic Treatment of Permanent Teeth after Completion of Root Development: A Report of 2 Cases

Abstract Introduction Clinical regenerative endodontic treatment has been focused on immature necrotic teeth, but it should be extended to mature teeth as an alternative to conventional endodontic treatment. There have been no clinical reports to attempt to revascularize pulp in the entire root canals of mature necrotic teeth. The present report describes the treatment of mature, necrotic, permanent incisors with apical periodontitis by using regenerative endodontic therapy. Methods In this case report, modified regenerative endodontic procedures were used to enhance the probability of pulp revasuclarization in mature necrotic teeth. At the first appointment, the root canals were mechanically instrumented to the apices with a large apical size by using the step-back technique and irrigated copiously with antimicrobial solution. Intracanal medicaments (calcium hydroxide or ciprofloxacin) were placed in the root canals. At the following appointment, the root canals were irrigated with antimicrobial solution, and bleeding was induced into the root canals by passing hand files beyond apices. Collagen membranes were placed in the canals as a matrix against which mineral trioxide aggregate was placed. Glass ionomer was used to restore the teeth. The resolution of apical radiolucency and regression of clinical signs and symptoms were observed at recall appointments. Conclusions The present report presents modified regenerative endodontic procedures for mature necrotic permanent teeth. Further clinical studies with a large number of cases are needed to investigate the outcome of regenerative endodontic therapy for mature necrotic teeth.
Arithmetizing Uniform NC

Abstract Allen, B., Arithmetizing Uniform NC , Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 53 (1991) 1–50. We give a characterization of the complexity class Uniform NC as an algebra of functions on the natural numbers which is the closure of several basic functions under composition and a schema of recursion. We then define a fragment of bounded arithmetic, and, using our characterization of Uniform NC , show that this fragment is capable of proving the totality of all of the functions in Uniform NC . Lastly, in the spirit of Buss, we show that any function which is definable by a ∑ b 1 -formula in our theory is a function which is in Uniform NC .
Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the lassen volcanic center, California: Resolving crustal and mantle contributions to continental Arc magmatism

This study reports oxygen isotope ratios determined by laser fluorination of mineral separates (mainly plagioclase) from basaltic andesitic to rhyolitic composition volcanic rocks erupted from the Lassen Volcanic Center (LVC), northern California. Plagioclase separates from nearly all rocks have O values (6 1^8 4o) higher than expected for production of the magmas by partial melting of little evolved basaltic lavas erupted in the arc front and back-arc regions of the southernmost Cascades during the late Cenozoic. Most LVC magmas must therefore contain high O crustal material. In this regard, the O values of the volcanic rocks show strong spatial patterns, particularly for young rhyodacitic rocks that best represent unmodified partial melts of the continental crust. Rhyodacitic magmas erupted from vents located within 3 5 km of the inferred center of the LVC have consistently lower O values (average 6 3o 0 1o) at given SiO2 contents relative to rocks erupted from distal vents (47 0 km; average 7 1o 0.1o). Further, magmas erupted from vents situated at transitional distances have intermediate values and span a larger range (average 6 8o 0 2o). Basaltic andesitic to andesitic composition rocks show similar spatial variations, although as a group the O values of these rocks are more variable and extend to higher values than the rhyodacitic rocks. These features are interpreted to reflect assimilation of heterogeneous lower continental crust by mafic magmas, followed by mixing or mingling with silicic magmas formed by partial melting of initially high O continental crust ( 9 0o) increasingly hybridized by lower O ( 6 0o) mantle-derived basaltic magmas toward the center of the system. Mixing calculations using estimated endmember source O values imply that LVC magmas contain on a molar oxygen basis approximately 42 to 4% isotopically heavy continental crust, with proportions declining in a broadly regular fashion toward the center of the LVC. Conversely, the O values of the rhyodacitic rocks suggest that the continental crust in the melt generation zones beneath the LVC has been substantially modified by intrusion of mantlederived basaltic magmas, with the degree of hybridization ranging on a molar oxygen basis from approximately 60% at distances up to 12 km from the center of the system to 97% directly beneath the focus region. These results demonstrate on a relatively small scale the strong influence that intrusion of mantle-derived mafic magmas can have on modifying the composition of pre-existing continental crust in regions of melt production. Given this result, similar, but larger-scale, regional trends in magma compositions may reflect an analogous but more extensive process wherein the continental crust becomes progressively hybridized beneath frontal arc localities as a result of protracted intrusion of subduction-related basaltic magmas.
Bryochenea(Musci; Thuidiaceae) isCyrto-hypnum(Thuidiaceae), butB. sachalinensisisEchinophyllum(Thuidiaceae), a New Genus from the Pacific Rim

Abstract The genus Bryochenea is evaluated by a study of morphological characters from type and other herbarium specimens. The type species, B. ciliata, is taxonomically synonymous with Cyrto-hypnum vestitissimum; therefore, Bryochenea is synonymous with Cyrto-hypnum. Bryochenea sachalinensis, the only other species, has been treated as Helodium sachalinense by most authors. An evaluation of the generic and familial positions of B. sachalinensis, based on comparisons with Helodium and 12 other hypnalean genera, indicates that B. sachalinensis is sufficiently distinct to warrant generic rank. A monotypic genus, Echinophyllum, is described and the new combination, E. sachalinensis, is made. The combination of dry branch leaves that are catenulate, short and strongly unipapillose leaf cells, and lanceolate pseudoparaphyllia with laciniate margins and papillose basal cells support inclusion of Echinophyllum in the Thuidiaceae; however, the elongate paraphyllial cells and elongate apical cells of branch leaves...
Balancing pre-disaster preparedness and post-disaster relief

Challenges associated with resource allocation to mitigate and recover from natural and man-made disasters inspire new theoretical questions for decision making in the intertwined natural and human world. Disaster loss is determined not only by post-disaster relief but also the pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness. To examine the decision making process at ex ante and ex post disaster stages, we develop a two-stage dynamic programming model that optimally allocates preparedness and relief expenditures. We analytically and numerically solve the model and provide new insights by sensitivity analysis.
Abstract 193: Analysis of Platelet Lysate Hydrogel and Fibrinogen Gel Intramuscular Injection on Neo-Angiogenesis in Ischemic Limbs

Introduction: We have recently characterized the in vitro benefits of the fibrin-rich pooled human platelet lysate (PL) in gel form on mesenchymal stem cells’ angiogenic activity. This study aimed to investigate the potential angiogenic activity of PL gel compared to a fibrin hydrogel (FG) in a murine model of hind limb ischemia (HLI). Methods: S129 male and female mice aged 20-weeks (n = 30) underwent right femoral artery ligation to induce HLI and were randomized to five groups: G1) Sham (n=5); G2) HLI-no treatment (n=5); G3) Saline (n=5; G4) PL (N=5); and G5) FG (n=5). The treatment limbs received PL, FG or saline by injection of 200 μL in the adductor muscle at day 0. Perfusion was quantitated with Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging (LDPI) at 1-day post-procedurally and weekly for 28 days, and reported as ratios of the values in the ischemic limb (IL) to those in the contralateral nonischemic limb (NIL) for the adductor (thigh) and gastrocnemius (calf) areas. We then compared the change in the IL/NIL ratios for each group over the 28 days. Non-parametric analysis of variance with Dunn’s correction test was used to compare results among groups. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: There were trends in the thigh and calf IL/NIL perfusion ratios at 28 days for mice injected with PL and FG compared to those with saline injections or HLI and no treatment (P>.05). Perfusion in both calf and thigh areas improved from day one to day 28 in all HLI groups. However, only PL and FG groups had significantly increased progression in thigh perfusion, and this was in comparison to sham animals. In the calf, only the FG group demonstrated a significant increase in the perfusion ratio, and this was in comparison to both HLI with no treatment and sham groups (P<.05). Conclusions: While both FG and PL gel have active angiogenic properties, FG gel alone, and not PL gel, demonstrated superior in vivo angiogenic response in this model of HLI.
Logic Says No to Options Y, Z, and C, But Yes to Imputation

This article argues that Congress should reject the Senate Finance Committee’s 2013 draft legislation that proposes (1) the adoption of a modified territorial regime for taxing active foreign income of CFCs, together with (2) a minimum tax on such income under Option Y or Z. The article also rejects the House Ways and Means Committee’s 2014 draft legislation, which would adopt a modified territorial regime without a minimum tax. This approach of Chairman Camp is referred to here as Option C. This article further argues that the Senate draft does not effectively address the problems with the current system that are identified by the Senate’s Overview of the proposal. As an alternative to the draft, this article argues that Congress should (1) adopt an imputation system, which is referred to here as Option I, for taxing active foreign source income of CFCs, and (2) use the increased revenues to significantly reduce the corporate tax rate for all corporations. Option I would effectively address all of the problems with the current system that are identified in the Senate’s Overview.
Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization: Ruling Parties and Regime Persistence

During the 1980s and 1990s, as dictatorships in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia collapsed, Egypt and Malaysia's autocracies stood firm. Although opposition movements across the developing world vaulted into power through dramatic election victories, President Mubarak and Prime Minister Mahathir thwarted kindred campaigns against their rule. Both rulers seemed to exercise almost unparalleled domination and to have an extraordinary ability to preserve their own incumbency while preparing the way for their chosen successors. And although each man held power longer than any of his predecessors, their extended tenures were less the product of individual guile or charisma than the continuation of a historical legacy each inherited: a functioning ruling party organization that neither would have elected to develop but from which each benefited enormously. This chapter concludes the causal narratives of Egyptian and Malaysian political development that began with early elite conflict and continued through the party maintenance and leadership successions covered in Chapter 3. In contrast to many studies of domestic regime change and democratization during the third wave era, the following accounts show a pattern of autocratic endurance and opposition defeat. Despite the opportunity of multiple elections in which they could compete, antiregime activists repeatedly failed to marshal elite support or to translate their popular constituencies into political power. The linchpin of Mubarak and Mahathir's shared success at preserving themselves and rebuffing their critics was a ruling party through which disparate elites cohered within the regime and controlled the electoral arena available to the opposition.
Towards the Ultimate Laser Resolution

An early and productive theme in laser stabilization work was the use of molecular absorbers such as iodine and methane to provide sharp absolute frequency references for stabilization of HeNe lasers. Progress was rapid and by 1975 the hyperfine splitting and even the small recoil structure of the methane transition had been resolved/1/ using a cell of large transverse dimension so that the interaction time could be sufficient to allow the desired resolution, ~1011. Detailed theory/2/ led to an understanding that the effective velocity distribution of the contributing absorbers was non-thermal. One expected small frequency shifts with power and other parameter changes, due to changes in the second-order Doppler redshift of the resonant molecules. The presence of such a shift at the 10-12 level, calculable to perhaps 10% accuracy, stood in disappointing contrast to the stability attainable, 3 10-14 and later/3/ 5 × 10-15. This made clear the absolute necessity of developing laser or other techniques to control the velocity distribution of gas-phase absorbers. Coincidentally, 1975 brought two landmark, proposals/4, 5/ for just such optical cooling. Now, about one decade later, various groups are able to slow, stop, and even reverse alkali atomic beams and, indeed, atom cooling and trapping work has become a prime growth industry.
Zur Spuren-Mitfällung an MnO(OH)2 in NH4F-Lösungen

Die Spurenmitfallung von As, W, Sn, Au, Ag, Hg, Co, Fe, Cu, Cd und Zn an MnO(OH)2-Niederschlagen in konzentrierten NH4F-Losungen wurde mit Hilfe ihrer radioaktiven Isotope gemessen. Der Einflus der Ionenausgangskonzentration (10−6–10−3%), der MnO(OH)2-Menge und der Verweilzeit des Niederschlages in der Losung wurde untersucht. Der MnO(OH)2-Niederschlag wurde aus Mn7+ und Mn2+ im stochiometrischen Verhaltnis in situ erzeugt. Die Methode kann zur Spurenanreicherung fur analytische Zwecke sowie zur Reinigung von NH4F-Losungen benutzt werden.
COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS AND TURNOVER IN THE GROWING RAT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF METHYL PREDNISOLONE.

SummaryAt different time intervals, over a 115 day period skin biopsies were performed in growing rats which had received an initial tracer dose of C14-glycine. Specific activity values for the different fractions of skin collagen isolated (0.15 M NaCl, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M citrate pH = 3.6 and insoluble) were corrected for growth taking into account changes in surface area, skin thickness and pool size of the particular fraction. The 0.15 M and 0.5 M NaCl fractions in the normally growing rats decayed almost exponentially with T½ of 17 and 20 days. The curve for the insoluble collagen did not reflect the presence of a single component but seemed to indicate a progressive insolubilization. A T½ of 28 days was evident during the period of rapid growth whereas a value close to 300 days could be extrapolated towards the end of the experiment. Corticoid treatment (0.11 and 0.36 mg/day) decreased the turnover rate of all fractions, and caused a decrease on the amount of collagen extractable by neutral salt.
Biofiltration of H2S with reclaimed water as a nutrient/moisture source at loading rates from 10 to 300 g H2S m−3 h–1

A biofilter was evaluated with two different media under field conditions using reclaimed water as a nutrient source. Evaluation with a single medium demonstrated that H 2 S could be efficiently removed at volumetric loading rates of up to 200 g H 2 S m −3 h −1 . After an extended period of high loading rates, the performance began to deteriorate at loading rates greater than 150 g H 2 S m −3 h −1 possibly due to nutrient limitations. The reclaimed water served as a nutrient source even though the primary form of nitrogen was nitrate. The reclaimed water successfully supplied nutrients at the majority of loading rates observed in the study and this was verified by stoichiometric calculations. The biofilter was converted to a dual media filter and consistent performance was also observed with the dual media filter at loading rates up to 150 g H 2 S m −3 h −1 . The biofilter was successfully operated at loading rates higher than previously reported under field conditions. The use of nitrate in reclaimed water as a nitrogen source was successful and demonstrated the potential to eliminate the need for a separate nutrient source at a water reclamation plant.
Improved Magnetization for YBa2Cu3O7-δ Annealed in Oxygen Above 1000°C

Air sintering and subsequent oxygen annealing at high temperatures are integral to the production of ceramic superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-δ. We present results directed toward optimizing the temperature for these two process steps, using static magnetization to determine the intragranular properties. Surprisingly, pure oxygen stabilizes the material against decomposition at temperatures near the melting point, allowing the production of significantly higher quality single phase material.
HEREDITARY GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA. A FAMILY PEDIGREE OF FOUR GENERATIONS.

Abstract The nomenclature of hereditary gingival hyperplasia has been discussed, and the clinical appearance, histologic features, and diagnosis of the disease have been described. The pedigree of a family in which four generations show hereditary gingival hyperplasia has been reported. Nine marriages between affected and unaffected persons resulted in seven affected and eleven normal offspring. The condition has been transmitted through an unaffected great-grandmother. Members of three generations have been examined. A short review of treatment has been presented.
The impact of blood transfusions in deceased organ donors on the outcomes of 1,884 renal grafts from United Network for Organ Sharing Region 5.

BACKGROUNDHistorically, strategies to reduce acute rejection and improve graft survival in kidney transplant recipients included blood transfusions (BTs) before transplantation. While advents in recipient immunosuppression strategies have replaced this practice, the impact of BTs in the organ donor
Boundary Element Method

This chapter focuses on boundary element method applicable to mostly linear elliptic partial differential equations, often to Laplace's equation and sometimes to parabolic, hyperbolic, or nonlinear elliptic equations. An integral equation is obtained. The solution of the integral equation is used in an integral representation of the solution. The problem of solving a partial differential equation within a given domain can be transformed into one solving an equivalent integral equation on the boundary of the domain. The unknown in the integral equation will be the charge density on the boundary of the domain. After the boundary integral equation has been formulated, it is often solved numerically.
Religious Freedom and Civic Education in American Public Schools

Religious diversity presents unique challenges to the American ideal of e pluribus unum (“Out of many, one”), in part because of the explicit yet ambiguous protection that religion receives in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Broad cultural and legal changes in recent decades (including the Supreme Court’s accommodationist and federalist shifts) mean that citizens and their legislative representatives (rather than judges) are more responsible than ever for protecting religious freedom in this country. Fulfilling this civic duty—not to mention getting along with fellow citizens in an increasingly pluralistic society—will require much more knowledge of religion than is presently conveyed to students in public schools. This essay explains why American public schools should teach about religions, how this serves to protect religious freedom, and why it is a positive and properly civic endeavor.
The Sticking Point in the Bench Press, the Squat, and the Deadlift: Similarities and Differences, and Their Significance for Research and Practice

Since it was first observed, and especially so in recent years, the phenomenon of the so-called "sticking point" in resistance training has attracted a substantial amount of sports and exercise science research. Broadly speaking, the sticking point is understood as the position in the range of motion of a lift at which a disproportionately large increase in the difficulty associated with continuing the lift is experienced. Hence the sticking point is inherently the performance bottleneck, and is also associated with an increased chance of exercise form deterioration or breakdown. Understanding the aspects of lifting performance which should be analysed in order to pinpoint the cause of a specific sticking point and therefore devise an effective training strategy to overcome it is of pervasive importance to strength practitioners, and is conducive to injury avoidance and continued progress. In this paper, we survey a range of physiological and biomechanical mechanisms which contribute to the development of sticking points, and then, led by this insight, review and analyse the findings of the existing observational research on the occurrence of sticking points in three ubiquitous exercises: the bench press, the squat, and the deadlift. The findings of our analysis should be used to inform future research and current resistance training practice.
Major-General Thomas Harrison: Millenarianism, Fifth Monarchism and the English Revolution, 1616–1660. By David Farr. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014. Pp. 304. $134.95.)

As one of the leading advocates and securers of the execution of Charles I in 1649, Thomas Harrison is an obvious candidate for a new study, and this book makes excellent use of a wide range of sou...
Outcome Measures in Quality of Life.

AbstractThe concept of quality of life (QOL) represents a new paradigm in rehabilitation research and cSinical care. Three measurement approaches have been used to investigate QOL of individuals: (1) evaluative or subjective, (2) objective, and (3) quality adjusted life year (QALY). QALYs represent the utility approach to measurement with emphasis on value of, desirability of, or preference for conditions or status. When the condition in question isdefined as health, health-related quality of life (HQOL) measures are employed. Very few studies are found in the literature addressing QOL of stroke patients. Among studies reviewed, HQOL measures are often used. A summary of these studies and discussion of limitations associated with QOL measures utilized are provided.
Informing design of visual analytics systems for intelligence analysis: understanding users, user tasks, and tool usage

Visual analytics, defined as “the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual interfaces,” emerged several years ago as a new research field. While it has seen rapid growth for its first five years of existence, the main focus of visual analytics research has been on developing new techniques and systems rather than identifying how people conduct analysis and how visual analytics tools can help the process and the product of sensemaking. The intelligence analysis community in particular has not been fully examined in visual analytics research even though intelligence analysts are one of the major target users for which visual analytics systems are built. The lack of understanding about how analysts work and how they can benefit from visual analytics systems has created a gap between tools being developed and real world practices. This dissertation is motivated by the observation that existing models of sensemaking/intelligence analysis do not adequately characterize the analysis process and that many visual analytics tools do not truly meet user needs and are not being used effectively by intelligence analysts. I argue that visual analytics research needs to adopt successful HCI practices to better support user tasks and add utility to current work practices. As the first step, my research aims (1) to understand work processes and practices of intelligence analysts and (2) to evaluate a visual analytics system in order to identify where and how visual analytics tools can assist. By characterizing the analysis process and identifying leverage points for future visual analytics tools through empirical studies, I suggest a set of design guidelines and implications that can be used for both designing and evaluating future visual analytics systems.
Analysis of networks with missing data with application to the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Appl. Statist. (2017) 66 , Part 3 , pp. 501–519 Analysis of networks with missing data with application to the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Krista J. Gile University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA and Mark S. Handcock University of California at Los Angeles, USA [Received September 2015. Final revision July 2016] Summary. It is common in the analysis of social network data to assume a census of the networked population of interest. Often the observations are subject to partial observation due to a known sampling or unknown missing data mechanism. However, most social network analysis ignores the problem of missing data by including only actors with complete observations. We address the modelling of networks with missing data, developing previous ideas in missing data, network modelling and network sampling. We use several methods including the mean value parameterization to show the quantitative and substantive differences between naive and principled modelling approaches. We also develop goodness-of-fit techniques to understand model fit better.The ideas are motivated by an analysis of a friendship network from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Keywords: Dependent data; Exponential random-graph model; Missing data; Missingness not at random; Social networks Introduction Social network data typically consist of a set of n actors and a relational variable Y i,j , measured on each ordered pair .i, j/, i, j = 1, : : : , n. We focus on binary relationships, for which Y i,j is a dichotomous variable indicating the presence or absence of some relationship of interest, such as communication or friendship. The data Y = {Y i,j } i= j can be thought of as a graph in which the nodes are actors and the edge set is {.i, j/ : Y i,j = 1}. We consider a case where some Y i,j are unobserved because of out-of-design missingness. The analyses in this paper are concerned with characterizing the structure of friendships between high school students, measured as part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Harris et al., 2003). 1.1. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health is a school-based longitudinal study of the health-related behaviours of adolescents and their outcomes in young adulthood. The study design sampled 80 high schools and 52 middle schools from the USA, representative with respect to region of country, urbanicity, school size, school type and ethnicity (Harris et al., Address for correspondence: Krista J. Gile, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Mas- sachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USA. E-mail: gile@math.umass.edu © 2016 Royal Statistical Society
Chronic Norovirus Infections in Cardiac Transplant Patients: Considerations for Evaluation and Management

Norovirus is a common self-limiting gastrointestinal infection, but in transplant recipients, symptoms can last for months and result in serious health complications. As there is currently no established treatment for chronic norovirus infection in transplant patients, management has been directed at symptom control, trial of various antivirals, and ultimately reductions in immunosuppression. We present 3 cases of chronic norovirus infection in cardiac transplant patients to illustrate various approaches to diagnosis, the prolonged nature of disease symptoms, and treatment options. When managing a transplant recipient with chronic diarrhea, considering a broad differential as well as maintaining a high suspicion for infectious etiologies is key. A stepwise approach to management includes termination of diarrhea-causing medications, trials of nitazoxanide and immunoglobulin, and reductions in immunosuppressive therapies. Although brief discontinuation of immunosuppression is often required to achieve symptom, graft rejection is often a complication.
Random convex approximations of ambiguous chance constrained programs

We investigate an approach to the approximation of ambiguous chance constrained programs (ACCP) in which the underlying distribution describing the random parameters is itself uncertain. We model this uncertainty with the assumption that the unknown distribution belongs to a closed ball centered around a fixed and known distribution. Using only samples drawn from the central distribution, we approximate ACCP with a robust sampled convex program (RSCP), and establish an upper bound on the probability that a solution to the RSCP violates the original ambiguous chance constraint, when the uncertainty set is defined in terms of the Prokhorov metric. Our bound on the constraint violation probability improves upon the existing bounds for RSCPs in the literature. We also consider another approach to approximating ACCP by means of a sampled convex program (SCP), which is built on samples drawn from the central distribution. Again, we provide upper bounds on the probability that a solution to the SCP violates the original ambiguous chance constraint for uncertainty sets defined according to a variety of metrics.
A New Species of Bukryaster from the Upper Cretaceous of Southeast Oklahoma

A new species of the calcareous nannofossil Bukryaster Prins, 1970, occurs in the Ozan Formation of southeast Oklahoma. The Ozan Formation is a member of the Cretaceous Gulfian Series, considered Campanian in age; it consists of marly shales in the lower layers and chalks in the upper layers. The formation has been found to contain a diverse assemblage of marine and terrestrial fossils with cephalopods, oysters, and Inoceramus common in several layers. In addition to the megafossils, the Ozan contains a wide variety of ostracods, hystrichosphaerids, acritarchs, dinoflagellates, spores and pollen, and both micro-and megaforaminifera. The most common fossils however, are the coccoliths and associated nannofossils.
Regioselective Electrolytic 5,8-Difluorination of Quinolines

Abstract Electrochemical anodic oxidation method for the incorporation of fluorine atom into quinoline ring is described. Our method involves a regioselective 5,8-difluorination of quinolines using HF:pyridine as a reagent/supporting electrolyte in an undivided electrochemical cell equipped with platinum anode and cathode. Various quinoline derivatives were subjected to electrolytic fluorination at room temperature to obtain moderate to good yields in short reaction time.
Exact and asymptotic enumeration of cyclic permutations according to descent set

Abstract Using a result of Gessel and Reutenauer, we find a simple formula for the number of cyclic permutations with a given descent set, by expressing it in terms of ordinary descent numbers (i.e., those counting all permutations with a given descent set). We then use this formula to show that, for almost all sets I ⊆ [ n − 1 ] , the fraction of size-n permutations with descent set I which are n-cycles is asymptotically 1 / n . As a special case, we recover a result of Stanley for alternating cycles. We also use our formula to count n-cycles with no two consecutive descents.
Sliding Surfaces in Three Dimensions

The sliding surface technique described here has evolved over several years of applications. Very good results are obtained even for severely warped surfaces.
Internal Medicine Hospitalists' Perceived Barriers and Recommendations for Optimizing Secondary Prevention of Osteoporotic Hip Fractures.

Objectives Osteoporosis is a major public health concern affecting an estimated 10 million people in the United States. To the best of our knowledge, no qualitative study has explored barriers perceived by medicine hospitalists to secondary prevention of osteoporotic hip fractures. We aimed to describe these perceived barriers and recommendations regarding how to optimize secondary prevention of osteoporotic hip fracture. Methods In-depth, semistructured interviews were performed with 15 internal medicine hospitalists in a tertiary-care referral medical center. The interviews were analyzed with directed content analysis. Results Internal medicine hospitalists consider secondary osteoporotic hip fracture prevention as the responsibility of outpatient physicians. Identified barriers were stratified based on themes including physicians' perception, patients' characteristics, risks and benefits of osteoporosis treatment, healthcare delivery system, and patient care transition from the inpatient to the outpatient setting. Some of the recommendations include building an integrated system that involves a multidisciplinary team such as the fracture liaison service, initiating a change to the hospital policy to facilitate inpatient care and management of osteoporosis, and creating a smooth patient care transition to the outpatient setting. Conclusions Our study highlighted how internal medicine hospitalists perceive their role in the secondary prevention of osteoporotic hip fractures and what they perceive as barriers to initiating preventive measures in the hospital. Inconsistency in patient care transition and the fragmented nature of the existing healthcare system were identified as major barriers. A fracture liaison service could remove some of these barriers.
Mapping the literature of maternal-child/gynecologic nursing.

Objectives: As part of a project to map the literature of nursing, sponsored by the Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association, this study identifies core journals cited in maternal-child/gynecologic nursing and the indexing services that access the cited journals. Methods: Three source journals were selected and subjected to a citation analysis of articles from 1996 to 1998. Results: Journals were the most frequently cited format (74.1%), followed by books (19.7%), miscellaneous (4.2%), and government documents (1.9%). Bradford's Law of Scattering was applied to the results, ranking cited journal references in descending order. One-third of the citations were found in a core of 14 journal titles; one-third were dispersed among a middle zone of 100 titles; and the remaining third were scattered in a larger zone of 1,194 titles. Indexing coverage for the core titles was most comprehensive in PubMed/MEDLINE, followed by Science Citation Index and CINAHL. Conclusion: The core of journals cited in this nursing specialty revealed a large number of medical titles, thus, the biomedical databases provide the best access. The interdisciplinary nature of maternal-child/ gynecologic nursing topics dictates that social sciences databases are an important adjunct. The study results will assist librarians in collection development, provide end users with guidelines for selecting databases, and influence database producers to consider extending coverage to identified titles.
Regulatory action criteria for filth and other extraneous materials. II. Allergenic mites: an emerging food safety issue.

Abstract Four species of food-contaminating mites have recently been reported to have caused IgE-mediated allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in persons who consumed mite-contaminated foods. The mite species are the American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes (Acarina: Pyroglyphidae); the scaly grain mite, Suidasia sp. prob. pontifica Oudemans (Acarina: Suidasiidae), an acarid mite, Thyreophagus entomophagus Portus & Gomez (Acarina: Acaridae); and the mold mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina: Acaridae). Allergenic mites are an emerging food safety issue as ingested allergens in mite-contaminated food.
If wishes were horses: functional appliances and growth modification.

Objectives Aside from the common observation that functional appliances work, the literature has little to say about the means by which a correction is achieved and whether or not it differs from that produced by a single phase of fixed-appliance treatment. There seems to be relatively little interest in these basic questions. The purpose of this communication is to explore and discuss the action of functional appliances in light of their interaction with the gross mechanisms of craniofacial growth. It is hoped that a collegial discussion will ensue. Results Normally, the mandible outgrows the midface, even in Class II patients. This favorable pattern of growth, however, produces maxillary dentoalveolar compensations that prevent the excess mandibular growth from having any marked effect on the malocclusion. Functional appliances may avoid this mesial movement of the maxillary dentition by dissociating mandibular displacement from the condylar growth that normally accompanies it. By producing an anterior functional shift that corrects the Class II relationships all at once and by maintaining this advanced position long enough for the condyles to grow back into the fossae, functional appliances can make clever use of the normal pattern. No "extra" growth may be necessary. Relative to untreated controls, their ultimate effect is in the midface, rather than the mandible. Moreover, the final correction may not differ significantly from that produced by fixed appliances or by two-phase treatments in which the first phase is some sort of extra-oral traction to the midface. Conclusion Functional appliances may utilize the normal pattern of facial growth, rather than some sort of mandibular "growth modification," to achieve a molar correction. As a result, their ultimate effect may not differ from that produced by the various one- and two-stage alternatives. The choice of which to use may well prove to be a simple practice-management decision.
Implementing the Montreal Protocol in China

Abstract An analysis of the household refrigeration sector and the foams sector investigates how Chinese enterprises have adopted cleaner technologies involving substitutes for ozone depleting substances (ODSs), such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The performance of the household refrigeration sector in reducing ODS consumption has been superior to that of the foams sector, even though required technology changes are relatively simple for the foams sector. There are two explanations for this outcome. First, market demand matters. The influence of the global market, multinational corporations, intense (and occasionally misleading) advertising about non-CFC products, and severe competition for consumers caused China's principal refrigerator manufacturers to adopt non-CFC production technologies. Similar incentives did not exist for enterprises in the foams sector. Second, industrial structure matters. The foams sector includes a large number of small enterprises with limited financial and technical capability and weak access to information and technology, and these factors obstructed technological change. In general, assistance from the Multilateral Fund established under the Montreal Protocol has motivated enterprises to shift to ODS reduction technologies, but complex and lengthy procedures for accessing the Multilateral Fund, difficulties in finding appropriate suppliers of non-CFC technologies, and insufficient financial and technical capabilities of many enterprises have slowed down this shift. Our results provide a foundation for making changes in international assistance programs and China's strategies for CFC reduction.
Waterbird production in an urban center in Alaska

I conducted waterbird brood surveys near Anchorage, Alaska in 1991. I found 519 waterfowl, grebe, and loon broods containing 2840 young representing 17 species in the Anchorage Bowl. Brood density in Anchorage exceeds that of major waterbird rearing areas in the wildlands of Alaska. Forty-six of 51 (90%) waterbodies, including all man-made waterbodies, supported broods. Man-made waterbodies (n = 22) supported 82% of all broods and 85% of all young. All species used man-made waterbodies to a greater extent than natural waterbodies except Pacific Loons (Gavia pacifica) and Bonaparte’s Gulls (Larus Philadelphia). Man-made waterbodies and urbanization were particularly important for Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisgena), Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), American Wigeon (Anas americana), Northern Pintails (Anas acuta), and Greater Scaup (Aythya marila). Man-made waterbodies may have allowed Gadwalls (Anas strepara), Canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria), and Lesser Scaup (Aythya afflnis) to expand their range into Cook Inlet. The primary waterbird species that appear to be adversely affected by urbanization are Common Loons (Gavia immer), Pacific Loons, Horned Grebes (Podiceps auritus), Ring-necked Ducks (Aythya collaris), goldeneyes (Bucephala spp.), and Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis). Wetland habitats in Anchorage need to be protected by strict adherence to the Section 404(b)(1) guidelines and standard mitigation sequencing principles of the Clean Water Act, including mandatory compensatory replacement.
Ethics and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

This article describes the development and experience of one child and adolescent psychiatry training program’s approach to the creation and content of an ethics curriculum. Currently, a series of lecture-discussions covering ethics and forensic subjects are presented during the first year. Ethical principles, models, and reasoning are introduced, and their knowledge is deemed important to arrive at sensible resolutions of clinical dilemmas. Simultaneously, an emphasis on discussion of ethical dimensions of cases is expected during conferences, clinical experiences, and supervision throughout the 2 years of training. This article presents an analysis of one case for illustration. In addition, questions educators should consider prior to curriculum construction, related to the goals of instruction in ethics, are reviewed.
Rational Choice Theory or Pretense? The Claims, Equivalences, and Analogies of the “Economic Approach to Human Behavior”

The article argues and demonstrates that classical–neoclassical economics generally does not pretend or claim that its principles apply to domains beyond the economy, specifically wealth, and does ...
Cooperative adaptive cruise control in mixed traffic with selective use of vehicle-to-vehicle communication

This study is focused on the design of cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) to regulate the longitudinal motion of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in mixed traffic that is composed of human-driven vehicles and CAVs. Wireless vehicle-to-vehicle communication is exploited to monitor the motion of multiple broadcasting vehicles, and a strategy is designed to determine whether the received data of other vehicles are incorporated into CACC. A condition is derived for choosing control gains that ensure the internal stability of CAVs in the presence of time delays and switching connectivity topologies of information flow. Moreover, because the switching connectivity topologies may change the dynamics of the whole vehicle chain, the authors apply a data-driven approach for online optimisation of control gains such that CACC adapts to the variations of connectivity topologies. The proposed selective CACC is validated through numerical simulations. To enhance the fidelity of simulations, they use the data collected through on-road experiments to simulate the motion of human-driven vehicles and apply the physics-based vehicle dynamic model to simulate the motion of CAVs. Simulation results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed selective CACC in improving vehicle safety and in mitigating perturbations in mixed traffic.