cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution characteristics of mercury in precipitation of Guiyang,China

A study of the daily event precipitation in Guiyang was taken between July and September,2008.The average concentration of total Hg(THg) in daily event precipitation was 18 ng·L-1 with a range from 0.4 to 57.4 ng·L-1;the average concentration of methyl Hg(MeHg) in daily event precipitation was 0.07 ng·L-1,with a range from 0.02 to 0.2 ng·L-1.The main inorganic ions were SO2-4,NO-3,Ca2+,NH4+,and Mg2+.The average concentrations of SO2-4 and NO-3 were 151 mol·L-1 and 145 mol·L-1,respectively.The average concentration of Ca2+ was 123 mol·L-1 with a range from 3.7 mol·L-1 to 560 mol·L-1.The average concentrations of NH4+ and Mg2+ were 52.2 mol·L-1 and 20.4 mol·L-1,respectively.According to the relationships between the concentrations of THg and inorganic ions,we identified that the possible sources were fossil fuels burning.
Leptospirosis epidemic characteristics analysis of Longyan city during 2008-2012

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in Longyan city,to provide scientific evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategies. Methods The epidemic situation and monitoring results of leptospirosis were analyzed with descriptive epidemiology in Longyan City from 2008 to2012,the data was statistical analyzed with the SPSS13. 0 software. Results Totally 74 leptospirosis cases were reported in Longyan City from 2008 to 2012,the average annual incidence rate was 0. 55 /100000. Cases were mainly concentrated in Wuping county; The seasonal fluctuation of the incidence was obviously,the peak time of incidence was from July to September. Most leptospirosis cases were young adults,peasant accounted for77. 03%. The antibody positive rate of rats was 6. 98% in monitoring point,autumnalis was the main infection flora; The antibody positive rate of population was 31. 75%,autumnalis and jaundice hemorrhage were the main flora. Conclusions The incidence of leptospirosis was maintained at low level in Longyan city,the peak time of incidence was summer and autumn,the incidence key crowd was young peasants. To take comprehensive prevention and control measures include strengthen health education,epidemic monitoring,mastering flora change,rational vaccinating,is the key to control leptospirosis epidemic in Longyan City in the future.
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes humoral immune response to viral infections. The mechanism of host defense against viral infections is a symphony of many nonspecific and specific immunologic components. The relative restrictions of viral multiplication manifested by several host species is independent of antigen-specific immunity and appears to be determined by genetically controlled factors. Such resistance to viral infections may be related to failure of virus attachment to cell-membrane receptors, inefficient release of viral nucleic acid from infected cells, and defective assembly of viral structural proteins. The characteristics of a specific viral antibody response appear to be intimately related to the natural pathogenesis of the viral infection, the nature of available immunocompetent tissue, the route of infection, prior antigenic exposure, and many other parameters of host–virus interaction. A major component of humoral immune response to viral infections is the development of secretory antibody at mucosal portals of entry. The secretory antibody response when stimulated locally is quite independent of the systemic immunologic responses. Mucosal antibody response can be expected after infection or immunization with replicating or nonreplicating viral agents, regardless of the route of administration, provided adequate amounts of viral antigen became available to the mucosal immunocompetent tissues.
Probing electronic structure of biomineralized hydroxyapatite inside nanoclay galleries.

Hydroxyapatite, the most abundant mineral in the human body, is also an important component in design of biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration. Synthetic hydroxyapatite mineralized in the laboratory often does not exhibit the same biological and morphological properties of biogenic hydroxyapatite in human bone. A biomimetic hydroxyapatite structure is synthesized using biomineralization routes inside the clay galleries of montmorillonite clay. Amino acids are used to modify the clay galleries. These amino acids are used to mineralize hydroxyapatite. The molecular interactions between nanoclay, modifiers inside nanoclay (amino acids) and biomineralized hydroxyapatite result in unique morphology, structure and stoichiometry of the biomineralized hydroxyapatite. Prior studies have indicated that this biomineralized hydroxyapatite inside nanoclay galleries is an effective component of tissue engineering bone scaffolds that elicits an optimal biological response from human mesenchymal stem cells. Here, a detailed electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) study is reported that elucidates the differences in hydroxyapatite, biomineralized hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). Comparison of EELS low-loss transitions and energy loss near-edge structure (ELNES) of P-L2,3 edges for these three compounds is done to determine if there are differences in their electronic structures. These changes observed experimentally are compared with prior predictions and simulations using molecular dynamics studies. The simulations predict attractive and repulsive interactions between phosphate, modified MMT clay and aminovaleric acid (amino acid) molecules. Kramers-Kronig analysis is performed on the loss spectra obtained to yield the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function of the apatites (e1 and e 2). We have also used the e2 spectra obtained to calculate the AC conductivity spectra for the apatites. This study represents a unique experimental probe into molecular interactions in complex biomineralized hydroxyapatite structures. The small changes observed in the energy loss spectra appear to play important biological roles in biomineralized hydroxyapatite such as the ability to differentiate human mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts without growth media.
The Peripheral Immune Response to Stroke

Historically, the central nervous system (CNS) has been viewed as a place with limited immune surveillance and capacity to mount immune responses. This has led to attribute “immunological privilege” to the CNS, a term first coined by Billingham and Boswell [1]. Already in the nineteenth century the Dutch ophthalmologist van Dooremaal [2] described the phenomenon of immune privilege by demonstrating the long-term survival of mouse skin grafts placed in the anterior chamber of a dog’s eye. However, within the brain, immune privilege does not apply to all structures. Murphy and Sturm [3] observed that allogeneic tumor transplants were readily rejected when they came in contact with the cerebral ventricles while transplants that were embedded within the brain parenchyma did not elicit an immune response and showed prolonged survival times. These studies were later extended by Medawar [4] to show that allogeneic skin grafts transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye or the brain of rabbits were efficiently rejected when the host was previously immunized with donor-derived cells and that this rejection was dependent on vascularization of the graft. The resistance of the CNS to mount an effective immune response also extends to the innate immune system. Bacterial endotoxin injected into the brain parenchyma triggers less inflammatory response as measured by immune cell infiltration, than injection of the same endotoxin dose into the skin [5]. Similar to observations with the adaptive immune response, the reduction in endotoxin-mediated inflammation was not found when endotoxin was injected into the ventricles. These studies collectively suggest that the CNS is not immune privileged per se, but there are mechanisms in place to suppress both the innate and adaptive immune responses. These include the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the glia limitans, which minimize the exchange of potentially antigenic macromolecules and pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, DAMP) and pose a barrier for easy immune cell entry from the circulation. In addition, the brain features a generally anti-inflammatory milieu under homeostatic conditions sustained by the expression by highly immunosuppressive cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Once these structural and molecular barriers are removed, as it is the case during ischemic brain injury, inflammation can proceed “as planned” and contribute to the outcome of stroke. This chapter will briefly discuss immune cells participating in the response to cerebral ischemia, deliberate potential entry points of these cells to gain access to the ischemic tissue, and outline the role of the ischemic brain in shaping the peripheral immune response.
Novel Insights into PML-Dependent Oncosuppression

At odds with its nuclear counterpart, extranuclear promyelocytic leukemia constitutively inhibits autophagy, hence limiting cancer progression. These data raise the interesting possibility that some tumor suppressors have become specialized to operate at multiple subcellular compartments for counteracting different aspects of the oncogenic process.
Behavioral activities and breeding success of Willow Flycatchers in the Sierra Nevada

Observing survival and how individuals allocate time can provide insight into a species' ability to tolerate environmental constraints. We studied the Willow Flycatcher ( Empidonax trallii ) in the Sierra Nevada to determine if there were behavioral differences between pairs that successfully produced offspring and those that did not. This information will advance understanding of why these birds are declining in the Sierra Nevada and contribute to recommendations that may help to conserve them. We studied birds in 13 meadows in 2000 and 2001 using continuous focal-animal observations. Of the 43 territories we observed, 11 were occupied by males who never paired with a female, leaving 32 pairs for analysis. Of the 32 pairs, 13 were successful at breeding on their 1st attempt, and 9 pairs failed at their initial try but were successful on their 2nd breeding attempt. Throughout the breeding season, Willow Flycatchers spent 77%-78% of the day loafing during territory establishment and nest building, and loafing reached a low of 49% of the time budget during the nestling stage. Unsuccessful pairs spent on average 34% more time perching than their successful counterparts, while successful pairs spent on average 48% more of their time on the nest than unsuccessful pairs. Willow Flycatchers doubled the time spent foraging during the nestling phase because they had to meet the daily intake requirements for their young and themselves. Our results suggest that birds that spent more time on the nest and less time vocalizing had a significantly higher probability of successfully producing young because they were able to protect nests from predators, nest parasites, and inclement weather.
Peidong Yang: Cultivating ground-breaking research in China

Opened in September 2013, ShanghaiTech University is a small-scale research university jointly established by Shanghai Municipal Government and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. As the founding dean of the newly launched School of Physical Science and Technology (SPST) of ShanghaiTech, Peidong Yang has been busy in drawing up the roadmap, initiating new programs and recruiting faculty members over the past two years. His mission at SPST is to make breakthroughs in interdisciplinary areas and promote cutting-edge original research, which he refers to as research 'from 0 to 1'. In a recent interview with NSR, Yang pointed out that many research programs in China are incremental or just simple optimization of ground-breaking work by others, leading to duplication and fragmentation of research programs. And lack of differentiation and signature contribution is a major problem for the science community in China. He hopes to wriggle out of this situation through training the young generation to be independent and innovative.
T-Shaped RC structural walls subjected to multidirectional loading: Test results and design recommendations

AbstractTwo T-shaped reinforced concrete wall specimens were subjected to reversed cyclic loading quasi-statically to failure. Both represented half-scale wall assemblages of a 6-story prototype bu...
Revisiting Boundary Perturbation Theory for Inhomogeneous Transport Problems

AbstractAdjoint-based first-order perturbation theory is applied again to boundary perturbation problems. Rahnema developed a perturbation estimate that gives an accurate first-order approximation of a flux or reaction rate within a radioactive system when the boundary is perturbed. When the response of interest is the flux or leakage current on the boundary, the Roussopoulos perturbation estimate has long been used. The Rahnema and Roussopoulos estimates differ in one term. This paper shows that the Rahnema and Roussopoulos estimates can be derived consistently, using different responses, from a single variational functional (due to Gheorghiu and Rahnema), resolving any apparent contradiction. In analytic test problems, Rahnema’s estimate and the Roussopoulos estimate produce exact first derivatives of the response of interest when appropriately applied. A realistic, nonanalytic test problem is also presented.
Using Appreciative Inquiry to Foster Positive Sports Leadership

Students not only learn about well-being concepts in positive education in specific timetabled classes but also through extra-curricular activities and pastoral structures. Sport, for example, is one of the most under investigated avenues for the integration of well-being systematically in education. When considering the future direction of well-being, I argue that it is in the coaching of sport and creating a whole school strategy where it is possible to integrate strength-based approaches. It is clear that the creation of a school, which embraces positive education, must also have the students themselves as leaders in creating change. A collective approach to improving well-being is necessary, and the student body is a powerful voice in engaging with and leading their classmates. While student leaders in both pastoral and prefect positions have some opportunities to engage as a collective and develop their leadership capabilities; sports leaders require a forum to develop their leadership potential.
Ecofeminist Community-Engaged Learning in Southern Appalachia: An Introduction to Strategic Essentialism in the First Year of College.

ABSTRACTCommunity-engaged learning as a foundational pedagogical praxis enables new college students to develop a feminist awareness of interlocking oppressions and acquire tools to intervene produ...
Conversion Experience, Belief System, and Personal and Ethical Attitudes:

Two studies assessed the relation between type of religious belief system (“ethical” vs. “born again” Christianity), type of conversion experience (sudden vs. gradual vs. unconscious), and four att...
Gaseous Ternary Compounds of the Alkali Metals

Abstract : An extensive summary is given of the existing information on gaseous ternary salts of the alkali metals. Three groups of compounds are considered: (1) salts of monobasic acids or pseudohalides (e.g., hydroxides, metaborates, nitrates, perrhenates); (2) salts of dibasic acids (e.g., carbonates, sulfates); (3) mixed halides (e.g., LiBeF3, NaAlF4, KFeCl3). The identification of vapor species, structural data, and thermodynamics are discussed for each type of compound. Particular experimental problems and methods of data analysis are considered as they arise with reference to individual compounds.
Influence of the H1N1 pandemic on university students' knowledge of influenza.

BACKGROUND Avoidance of influenza among college students requires understanding the risks for falling ill, outcomes of this disease, and utilizing methods to prevent developing influenza. We hypothesized that the behavior and knowledge of college students in the midst of a pandemic situation would be different than that during a regular influenza season. METHODS We evaluated influenza knowledge of 311 university students in 2008 prior to and 318 students during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic using voluntary online surveys that contained 25 questions regarding vaccination behaviors and influenza knowledge. Data were analyzed according to year and vaccination uptake. RESULTS Very similar overall knowledge levels were found in the two cohorts independent of vaccination status. Both cohorts overestimated the prevalence of influenza and the number of people hospitalized due to influenza, but underestimated the number of deaths. Vaccination rates for seasonal influenza were in the two cohorts about 36 percent. By contrast, 4.8 percent participants had received the H1N1 vaccine, 40.1 percent intended to and 54.8 percent had no intentions of being vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS The overall knowledge levels and vaccination behaviors of college students were not affected by the presence of an influenza pandemic. However, students' responses displayed a shift in belief toward greater rates of hospitalization and deaths in the 2009 sample, suggesting a change in perception due to the ongoing pandemic.
Robotic radical prostatectomy: operative technique, outcomes, and learning curve.

OBJECTIVE To report the operative technique, oncologic and therapeutic outcomes, and learning curve from our initial series of over 140 patients treated by robotic radical prostatectomy. METHODS Between January 2003 and May 2005, 143 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent a robotic radical prostatectomy. Prospective data collection included patient age, body mass index (BMI), clinical T stage, biopsy Gleason score, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Operative outcome measures included operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), and complications. Post-operative outcomes were length of hospital stay, catheter duration, pathology, margin status, biochemical recurrence, and return of continence. RESULTS Mean operative time was 241 minutes with an EBL of 274 mL. Five patients (3%) required conversion to open surgery. The average hospitalization was 1.8 days, and Foley catheters were removed after 8.9 days. Twenty-four of 141 men (17%) had a positive surgical margin, with a decrease from 23% in the first half of our experience to 11% in the latter half. Patients with an extracapsular extension had a significantly higher positive surgical margin rate than did those with organ-confined disease (47% vs 15%). Over 40% of the positive margins were located posteriorly. At a mean follow-up of 11 months, 96% of patients had a PSA <0.2 ng/mL. The median time to complete continence was 3.5 months, and over 95% of patients were fully continent at 1 year. CONCLUSION Robotic radical prostatectomy is an effective treatment modality for clinically localized prostate cancer. Although a learning curve needs to be overcome, patients experienced benefits in convalescence with early oncologic and functional outcomes comparable to those of the open approach. Longer-term results are needed; however, patient outcomes in our series are encouraging.
The Digitization of Creativity and Media Gatekeeping in the Informal Economy

Technology and the informal economy have facilitated the digitization of cultural products and increased diversity through (a) the growth of the Internet and social media, and (b) the decline of th...
DNA Sequence Mediates Apparent Length Distribution in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) functionalized with short single-stranded DNA have been extensively studied within the last decade for biomedical applications due to the high dispersion efficiency and intrinsic biocompatibility of DNA as well as the photostable and tunable fluorescence of SWCNTs. Characterization of their physical properties, particularly their length distribution, is of great importance regarding their application as a bioengineered research tool and clinical diagnostic agent. Conventionally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to quantify the length of DNA–SWCNTs by depositing the hybrids onto an electrostatically charged flat surface. Here, we demonstrate that hybrids of DNA–SWCNTs with different oligomeric DNA sequences ((GT)6 and (GT)30) differentially deposit on the AFM substrate, resulting in significant inaccuracies in the reported length distributions of the parent solutions. Using a solution-based surfactant exchange technique, we placed both samples into a commo...
An Evaluation of an Instructional and Motivational Treatment Package on Writing Revisions

Learning to revise one’s writing is a critical part of learning how to write. However, critical feedback and demands to make revisions can make writing aversive for some students, particularly students with poor writing skills. Allowing students to escape further writing tasks contingent on making revisions to written drafts (differential negative reinforcement of appropriate behavior, DNRA) may increase revisions in students’ writing samples. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of adding DNRA to an instructional package on the writing revisions of six high school students. The results indicate that adding DNRA to the instructional package increased attempted revisions, correct revisions, and unique revisions relative to a baseline condition that included only the instructional package. The results are discussed in terms of how reinforcement contingencies appear to interact with antecedent instructional strategies to affect students’ progress in revising their written compositions.
Predicting the need for surgical intervention prior to first encounter for individuals with shoulder complaints: a unique approach.

Background Increasing demand for musculoskeletal care necessitates efficient scheduling and matching of patients with the appropriate provider. However, up to 47% to 60% of orthopedic visits are made without formal triage. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to identify, prior to the initial office visit, the probability that a patient with shoulder symptoms will need surgery so that he or she can be appropriately matched with an operative or nonoperative provider. We hypothesized that patients who had an injury, previously saw an orthopedic provider, or previously underwent magnetic resonance imaging on the affected shoulder would be more likely to undergo surgery. Methods Drawing from expert opinion on potential risk factors (which could be identified prior to the initial office visit) for requiring operative intervention for a chief complaint of shoulder symptoms, we developed a branching-logic questionnaire that required a maximum of 7 responses from the patient during the scheduling process. We administered the questionnaire to patients calling with a chief complaint of shoulder symptoms at the time of initial appointment scheduling in a sports health network. A chart review was later completed to determine the ultimate treatment (operative vs. nonoperative) of each patient's complaint. A multivariate predictive model was then developed to determine the characteristics of patients with a higher surgical risk. Results We successfully developed a model capable of determining surgical risk from 7% to 90% based on patient sex, previous magnetic resonance imaging status, and injury status. Conclusions Our predictive model can aid in patient clinical scheduling and ensure optimal matching of a patient with the best provider for the patient's care. Decreased wait times and appropriate matching may lead to increased patient satisfaction, superior outcomes, and more efficient use of health care resources.
Approaches, barriers, and facilitators to abortion-related work in U.S. health departments: perspectives of maternal and child heath and family planning professionals.

Public health agencies in the United States have engaged in abortion-related activities for nearly 50 years. Prior research indicates that, while most state health departments engage in some abortion-related work, their efforts reflect what is required by law rather than the breadth of core public health activities. In contrast, local health departments appear to engage in abortion-related activities less often but, when they do, initiate a broader range of activities. This study aimed to: 1) describe the abortion-related activities undertaken by maternal and child health (MCH) and family planning professionals in state and local health departments; 2) understand how health departments approach their programmatic work on abortion, and 3) examine the facilitators and barriers to whether and how abortion work is implemented. Between November 2017 and June 2018, we conducted key informant interviews with 29 professionals working in 22 state and local health departments across the U.S. Interview data were thematically coded and analyzed using an iterative approach. MCH and family planning professionals described a range of abortion-related activities undertaken within their health departments. We identified three approaches to this work: those mandated strictly by law or policy; those initiated when mandated by law but informed by public health principles (e.g., scientific accuracy, expert engagement, lack of bias, promoting access to care) in implementation; and those initiated by professionals within the department to meet identified needs. More state health departments engaged in activities when mandated, and more local health departments initiated activities based on identified needs. Key barriers and facilitators included political climate, funding opportunities and restrictions, and departmental leadership. Although state health departments are tasked with implementing legally-required abortion-related activities, some agencies bring public health principles to their mandated work. Efforts are needed to engage public health professionals in developing and implementing best practices around engaging in abortion-related activities.
Expanded Telehealth Services Offer Smart Wound Care Workflows

We are living in unprecedented times At the time of writing, the World Health Organization declared the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a public health emergency of international concern Before COVID-19, in any health care setting, engaging face-to-face with wound care patients was considered preferable and important to evaluate and manage the patient's wound In the outpatient wound care department, as one example, patients would travel to be seen by the wound care provider However, based on the severity of COVID-19, healthcare workers must now implement alternative "virtual services" to treat their patients Here, Hess talks about the smart wound care workflows presented by expanded telehealth services Telehealth, telemedicine, and related terms generally refer to the exchange of medical information from one site to another through electronic communication to improve a patient's health There are three main types of virtual services physicians and other professionals can provide to Medicare beneficiaries: Medicare telehealth visits, virtual check-ins, and e-visits
The Conserved ASCL1/MASH-1 Ortholog HLH-3 Specifies Sex-Specific Ventral Cord Motor Neuron Fate in Caenorhabditis elegans

Neural specification is regulated by one or many transcription factors that control expression of effector genes that mediate function and determine neuronal type. Here we identify a novel role for one conserved proneural factor, the bHLH protein HLH-3, implicated in the specification of sex-specific ventral cord motor neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proneural genes act in early stages of neurogenesis in early progenitors, but here, we demonstrate a later role for hlh-3. First, we document that differentiation of the ventral cord type C motor neuron class (VC) within their neuron class, is dynamic in time and space. Expression of VC class-specific and subclass-specific identity genes is distinct through development and is dependent on the VC position along the A-P axis and their proximity to the vulva. Our characterization of the expression of VC class and VC subclass-specific differentiation markers in the absence of hlh-3 function reveals that VC fate specification, differentiation, and morphology requires hlh-3 function. Finally, we conclude that hlh-3 cell-autonomously specifies VC cell fate.
ULTRA–HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS

One of the most striking astrophysical phenomena today is the existence of cosmic ray particles with energies in excess of 1020 eV. While their presence has been confirmed by a number of experiments, it is not clear where and how these particles are accelerated to these energies and how they travel astronomical distances without substantial energy loss. We are entering an exciting new era in cosmic ray physics, with instruments now producing data of unprecedented quality and quantity to tackle the many open questions. This paper reviews the current experimental status of cosmic ray physics and summarizes recent results on the energy spectrum and arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.
Studies of Photoaging

Photoaging is a term used to describe the clinical and histological findings in habitually sun-exposed skin in middle-aged and elderly adults. Photoaging has been also called dermatoheliosis (from Greek derma-skin, Helios- the sun god) (1), or heliodermatitis (2). the latter term reflecting the low grade inflammatory nature of the process.
Impact of variance function estimation in regression and calibration.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the impact of variance function estimation in regression and calibration and focuses on a generalized least squares method for estimating mean function parameters, and various estimation methods for variance function parameters. The chapter examines the importance of the variance function estimation in the case of heteroscedasticity, especially its impact on prediction and calibration. The chapter presents two examples: (1) a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay from pharmacokinetics, and (2) an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the recombinant hormone human relaxin. Both examples serve the purpose of describing the consequences of ignoring heteroscedasticity. Mathematical models are used to provide an appropriate characterization of the dose-response relationship. The fitted models are then used for predicting future observations or for calibrating the predictor variables from a new response. The effects of ignoring heteroscedasticity are demonstrated graphically.
6 – Informed Consent and the Protection of Human Research Subjects: Historical Perspectives and Guide to Current United States Regulations

Arising from revulsion to the experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War II, the “Nuremberg Code on the Ethics of Human Research” in 1947 assimilated the legal and ethical conclusions of the deliberations of the Nuremberg Trials and established consent as the first of 10 principles of conduct expected of physicians in the performance of research involving human subjects. The long history of the ethics of research involving human subjects has evolved since then to resolutions in several areas. The concepts of different rules for therapeutic as opposed to non-therapeutic research, however, continue to blur and have now become nearly fused. Whereas in the past non-therapeutic research would presumably be less attractive than the implied potential benefit of therapeutic research, patients now view participation in research protocols as an opportunity—perhaps in desperation—to gain access to breakthrough medical science. The concept of consent continues to evolve. Consent, initially thought to be a recommendation, is now an absolute requirement. In a sense, it is the lasting and most significant contribution of the Nuremberg Code. The terminology has also changed, from “voluntary” consent to “informed” consent. Informed consent now includes understanding as well as being informed. The concept continues to expand into the requirement of autonomy for the participating research subjects. The complexity of modern science mandates a responsible regulatory system.
Some Recent Progress on the Restriction Conjecture

The purpose of these notes is describe the state of progress on the restriction problem in harmonic analysis, with an emphasis on the developments of the past decade or so on the Euclidean space version of these problems for spheres and other hypersurfaces. As the field is quite large and has so many applications, it will be impossible to completely survey the field, but we will try to at least give the main ideas and developments in this area. The restriction problem are connected to many other conjectures, notably the Kakeya and Bochner-Riesz conjectures, as well as PDE conjectures such as the local smoothing conjecture. For reasons of space, we will not be able to discuss all these connections in detail; our main focus will be on proving restriction theorems for the Fourier transform.
Hurricane Isaac Power Outage Impacts and Restoration

AbstractIn August 2012, Hurricane Isaac made landfall twice in Louisiana. Cumulatively, over 1 million customers lost electricity as a result of the hurricane, some for more than 10 days. As a disaster, Hurricane Isaac is relatively unique because of the opportunity to largely isolate impacts and decisions directly associated with the electricity outage and restoration from cascading impacts related to direct flood or wind damage. Louisiana emergency managers, business representatives, and public officials were interviewed to develop and analyze a case study of the outage and restoration event. Interviewees were asked about (1) the significant impacts from the outage, (2) what (if any) lasting effects would result from the outage, (3) the relative performance of power restoration, (4) the effectiveness of communication between stakeholders, and (5) factors influencing the public and political perception of restoration performance. Other collected data included content from news media, government documents...
Nonlinear parabolic stochastic differential equations with additive colored noise on ${\bf R}^d\times {\bf R}_+$: a regulated stochastic quantization

We prove the existence of solutions to the nonlinear parabolic stochastic differential equation $$({\partial \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\partial {\partial t}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial t}} - \Delta )\varphi = - V'(\varphi ) + \eta _c $$ for polynomialsV of even degree with positive leading coefficient and ν c a gaussian colored noise process onR d ×R +. When ν c is colored enough that the gaussian solution to the linear problem has Holder continuous covariance, the nongaussian processes are almost surely realized by continuous functions. Uniqueness, regularity properties, asymptotic perturbation expansions and nonperturbative fluctuation bounds are obtained for the infinite volume processes. These equations are a cutoff version of the Parisi-Wu stochastic quantization procedure forP(ϕ) d models, and the results of this paper rigorously establish the nonperturbative nature of regularization via modification of the noise process. In the limit ν c → gaussian white noise we find that the asymptotic expansion and the rigorous bounds agree for processes corresponding to the (regulated) stochastic quantization of super-renormalizable and small coupling, strictly renormalizable scalar field theories and disagree for nonrenormalizable models.
Calculation of hole pressure:: I. Newtonian fluids

Abstract Numerical calculations using the finite element method are reported for the pressure hole problem in which flow between two flat plates is interrupted by a slit. Predicted are the effects of flow velocity and geometry: height between the flat plates and width and depth of the slit. Results compare favorably to the experimental results of Tong for a circular hole.
Transmission of focused picosecond light pulse through a multimode fiber

We report the experimental demonstration and numerical simulation for delivery of spatially focused temporally compressed picosecond laser pulse through a 10-meter-long stepindex multimode fiber by shaping the wavefront of incident light using a deformable mirror.
Be Careful What You Wish For: Gays, Dueling High School T-Shirts, and the Perils of Suppression

“Be Careful What You Wish For: Gays, Dueling High School T-Shirts, and the Perils of Suppression,” 44 Wake Forest L. Rev. (forthcoming 2009) focuses on the discussion by high school students of the acceptability of homosexuality or tolerance of homosexuality and the contrasting view that homosexuality is sinful, shameful, and unacceptable — as conducted in the medium of messages on student t-shirts. It examines the controversy in light of student free speech rights and the interest in equality. The article concludes that simply suppressing the “homosexuality is shameful” t-shirts while allowing “its o.k. to be gay” t-shirts raises serious free speech issues (though not ones all courts have found insurmountable) and may well produce suppression of the shirts calling for tolerance and acceptance. Paradoxically, demands for suppression of just the “homosexuality is shameful” messages raise serious problems of practical wisdom for those who support gay equality. In light of the paradoxical nature of the problem, the article suggests reframing the issue and seeking an alternative way to address the concerns raised by dueling t-shirts.
Extraordinary Talents of Autistic Minds

Bright Splinters of the Mind A Personal Story of Research with Autistic Savants. Beate Hermelin. Jessica Kingsley, Philadelphia, 2001. 192 pp. $49.95, £29.95. ISBN 1-85302-931-9. Paper, $19.95, £13.95. ISBN 1-85302-932-7. Drawing on two decades of research by herself and her collaborators, Hermelin presents an informative account of artistic, musical, linguistic, and mathematical talents found is some individuals with autism.
An Adaptive Hp-finite Element Method for Incompressible Free-surface Flows of Generalized Newtonian Fluids

Recently, adaptive hp-finite element methods have been used for the analysis of significant classes of incompressible flow problems [1, 2, 3]. These techniques automatically adjust the parameters h and p (the mesh size and the degree of the polynomial) so as to deliver very high rates of convergence. The strategy can be compared with an optimal control paradigm in which the computational error in an appropriate norm is controlled by an adaptive scheme which orchestrates the distribution of h and p so as to deliver a preset level of accuracy. A rigorous a posteriori error estimate has been advanced [4, 5] which provides a measure of the quantity to be controlled and a three-step adaptive strategy has been proposed [6] which can significantly reduce computer times required to adapt the mesh so as to achieve a target error.
Trends in the use of renal replacement therapy modality in intensive care unit: a 7 year study.

AbstractBackground: The use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality in the intensive care unit (ICU) depends primarily on provider preference and hospital resource. This study aims to describe the prevalence of RRT use and the trends in RRT modality use in the ICU over the past 7 years. Methods: All ICU admissions, including medical, cardiac, and surgical ICUs from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2013, were included in this study. RRT use was defined as the use of intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) within a given ICU day. The RRT use was reported as the proportion of ICU days on each RRT modality divided by the total ICU days with RRT usage. Results: Over the course of this study (72,005 ICU admissions), 272,271 ICU days were generated. RRTs were used in 4110 ICU admissions (5.7%) and on 21,159 ICU days (7.8%). RRT use was 10,402 (49%) for IHD, and 10,954 (52%) for CRRT. The trend of IHD and CRRT use did not change from year 2007 to 2013. On ICU days with RRT,...
Risk factors associated with severe and recurrent angioedema: An epidemic linked to ACE-inhibitors

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the etiology and risk factors for severe manifestation and recurrent episodes of angioedema; to evaluate efficacy of short-term and long-term management strategies for angioedema among a high-risk population. Study Design Institutional review board-approved retrospective review of a large, urban population. Methods Data from 875 adult patients treated from January 2008 to December 2013 with the diagnosis of angioedema were obtained using the Clinical Looking Glass utility and review of medical records. Demographic and clinicopathologic risk factors were recorded. The major outcomes evaluated were hospital admission, need for airway intervention, and recurrent episodes of angioedema following the first presentation. Initial treatment strategy and follow-up recommendations were also recorded. Results The most common cause of angioedema was angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)-induced (496 [56.6%]). Significant risk factors for severe cases of angioedema included older age, Hispanic race, ACEi-induced angioedema type, American Society of Anesthesiologists class III or above, coexistent cardiopulmonary disease, and a positive smoking history. A total of 17.2% of patients experienced recurrent attacks of angioedema; of those patients, 25.9% were still taking an ACEi at subsequent presentation. Risk factors for recurrent episodes included older age, idiopathic angioedema type, and coexistent cardiopulmonary disease. Only 54.1% of patients who experienced ACEi-induced angioedema had electronic medical record documentation of these allergies. Conclusions Knowledge of risk factors for severe and recurrent episodes of angioedema and improved education for both healthcare providers and patients, specifically related to ACEi use and allergy documentation, may significantly decrease the burden and morbidity of angioedema among high risk populations. Level of Evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 124:2502–2507, 2014
Weight Training Increases Fat-Free Mass and Strength in Untrained Young Women

Abstract Objective To examine the effects of a weight training program on the resting metabolic rate, fat-free mass, strength, and dietary intake of untrained young women. Design A 12-week weight training program was completed by 20 previously untrained women aged 19 through 44 years. Subjects Twenty-three study subjects and 14 control subjects were recruited on a volunteer basis. Twenty study subjects and 10 control subjects completed the study. Interventions Study subjects participated in a 12-week moderate-intensity, progressive resistance weight training program consisting of 2 supervised sessions per week with 6 types of lifting exercises per session. Resting metabolic rate, fat-free mass, strength, and dietary intake were measured before and immediately after the study. Statistical analyses Repeated measures analysis of variance and t tests (unequal variance and paired) were used to determine interaction effects and differences within and between groups. Results The study group increased their fat-free mass (mean±standard deviation) from 44.2±5.4kg to 46.2±6.0kg ( P P P P >.05). Application A moderate-intensity weight training program increased strength and fat-free mass and decreased body fat in normal-weight young women. Favorable changes in body composition were obtained without restricting food intake. The increase in fat-free mass did not increase resting metabolic rate significantly. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:414-418 .
The link between seismic inversion, rock physics, and geostatistical simulations in seismic reservoir characterization studies

Reservoir models are typically based on geostatistical simulations of facies and their physical properties, such as porosity, permeability, and fluid. Seismic data are often used to guide these simulations. However, seismic response directly depends only on the elastic properties of the subsurface, which may be or may not be linked to the physical parameters used in reservoir simulation.
Der Verlust der alten Ökonomik Seine Hintergrunde und Wirkungen von Professor Doktor Erich Egner: A Review

In its Preface, the author, Professor Emeritus Erich Egner of the University of Gottingen, situated just south of Hanover in the Federal Republic of Germany, confesses that his work stands at the end of a long road whose destination was at first unknown to him. For a long time he had hesitated about the particular field of economics to which he should devote himself. He was certain that it would not be a matter of pure economic theory. It had to be a Problemkreis with social and sociological implications. After a stint in the thirties, when he had devoted himself to regional problems, he discovered that his interests lay elsewhere. This was the beginning of the consumption movement as it was then being observed in the United States.
Motives for Residential Mobility in Later Life: Post-Move Perspectives of Elders and Family Members:

This qualitative study delineates motives for residential mobility, describes dynamics between the elder and family members during the move decision process, and locates the move decision within ecological layers of the aging context. Interviews were conducted with 30 individuals and couples (ages 60-87) who experienced a community-based move within the past year, and with 14 extended family members. Reasons for moving (from perspectives of both elders who moved and their family members) were grouped into four themes and eleven issues that influenced the move decision. These themes parallel the ecological context of individual health and functioning, beliefs and attitudes, physical environment, and social pressures. Late-life mobility is a significant life transition that is the outcome of an ongoing appraisal and reappraisal of housing fit with individual functioning, needs, and aspirations. Family members are an integral part of these decision and residential mobility processes.
The projective geometry of Mario Pieri: A legacy of Georg Karl Christian von Staudt

Abstract The research of Mario Pieri (1860–1913) can be classified into three main areas: metric differential and algebraic geometry and vector analysis; foundations of geometry and arithmetic; logic and the philosophy of science. In writing this article, I intend to reveal some important aspects of his contributions to the foundations of projective geometry, notably those that emanated from his intensive study of the works of Georg Karl Christian von Staudt (1798–1867). Pieri was the first geometer to successfully establish projective geometry as an independent subject (rigorous mathematical theory), freed from all ties to Euclidean geometry. The path to this achievement began with Staudt, and involved the reformulation of the classical ideas of cross ratio and projectivity in terms of harmonic sets, as well as a critical analysis of the proof of a fundamental theorem that connects these ideas. Included is a brief overview of Pieri's life and work.