cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family Leisure Functioning: A Cross-National Study

ASBSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to, first, determine whether positive relationships between family leisure (involvement and satisfaction) and family outcomes (cohesion, adaptability, family functioning, and satisfaction with family life) were present in a multinational sample, and second, determine whether the core and balance model could provide a consistent framework for between country comparisons of relationships between family leisure and family outcome variables cross nationally. Families were recruited from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Data were analyzed using blocked multiple regression models, and generalized linear models to compare relationships across countries. Overall, findings indicated positive relationships between family leisure and family outcomes were consistent across all five countries. Some differences in relationship strength, not directionality, occurred primarily in family leisure involvement rather than family leisure satisfac...
Low-Temperature Carbon Capture Using Aqueous Ammonia and Organic Solvents

Current postcombustion CO2 capture technologies are energy intensive, require high-temperature heat sources, and dramatically increase the cost of power generation. In this work, we introduce a new carbon capture process requiring significantly lower temperatures and less energy, creating further impetus to reduce CO2 emissions from power generation. In this process, high-purity CO2 is generated through the addition of an organic solvent (acetone, dimethoxymethane, or acetaldehyde) to a CO2 rich, aqueous ammonia/carbon dioxide solution under room-temperature and -pressure conditions. The organic solvent and CO2-absorbing solution are then regenerated using low-temperature heat. When acetone, dimethoxymethane, or acetaldehyde was added at a concentration of 16.7% (v/v) to 2 M aqueous ammonium bicarbonate, 39.8, 48.6, or 86.5%, respectively, of the aqueous CO2 species transformed into high-purity CO2 gas over 3 h. Thermal energy and temperature requirements for recovering acetaldehyde, the best-performing o...
On the entropy and mutual information of point processes

This paper is focused on information theoretic properties of point processes. Firstly, we discuss the entropy of a point process and the entropy rate of a stationary point process. Then we give explicit formulas for these quantities in the Poisson case, as well as maximal entropy properties for homogeneous Poisson point processes. Secondly, we define the mutual information rate of two stationary point processes. We then give explicit formulas for the mutual information rate between a homogeneous Poisson point process and its displacement.
Glassy dynamics in CuMn thin-film multilayers

Thin-film multilayered spin-glass CuMn/Cu structures display glassy dynamics. The freezing temperature ${T}_{f}$ was measured for 40 layers of CuMn films of thickness $\mathcal{L}=4.5,9.0$, and 20.0 nm, sandwiched between nonmagnetic Cu layers of thickness $\ensuremath{\approx}60$ nm. The Kenning effect, ${T}_{f}\ensuremath{\propto}ln\mathcal{L}$, is shown to follow from power-law dynamics where the correlation length grows from nucleation as $\ensuremath{\xi}(t,T)={c}_{1}{a}_{0}{(t/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0})}^{{c}_{2}(T/{T}_{g})}$, leading to $[({T}_{f}/{T}_{g}){c}_{2}ln({t}_{\text{co}}/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0})]+ln{c}_{1}=ln(\mathcal{L}/{a}_{0})$. Here, ${T}_{g}$ is the bulk spin-glass temperature, ${c}_{1}$ and ${c}_{2}$ are constants determined from the spin-glass dynamics, ${t}_{\text{co}}$ is the time for the correlation length to grow to the film thickness, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}$ is a characteristic exchange time $\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{\hbar}/{k}_{B}{T}_{g}$, and ${a}_{0}$ is the average Mn-Mn separation. For $t\ensuremath{\ge}{t}_{\text{co}}$, the magnetization dynamics are simple activated, with a single activation energy ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\text{max}}(\mathcal{L})/{k}_{B}{T}_{g}=(1/{c}_{2})[ln(\mathcal{L}/{a}_{0})\ensuremath{-}ln{c}_{1}]$ that does not change with time. Values for all these parameters are found for the three values of $\mathcal{L}$ explored in these measurements. We find experimentally ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\text{max}}(\mathcal{L})/{k}_{B}=907$, 1246, and 1650 K, respectively, for the three CuMn thin-film multilayer thicknesses, consistent with power-law dynamics. We perform a similar analysis based on the activated dynamics of the droplet model and find a much larger spread for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\text{max}}(\mathcal{L})$ than found experimentally.
Economic Plants, and Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of the World

Economic botany is the study of plants that are directly or indirectly of benefit of man, his livestock and the maintenance of the environment. The latter includes species used for soil stabilisation, shade, etc. However, in order to avoid embracing the entire plant kingdom, some form of conscious or subconscious management must be involved. The benefits may be domestic, commercial, environmental or purely aesthetic; their usefulness may belong to the past, the present or the future. In this context, ‘economic’ is used in the sense of utilitarian rather than for monetary gain and includes plants that are commercially cultivated and marketed (agricultural,horticultural and forestry crops) as well as wild plants utilised in the domestic economy.
Revealing Conformational Variants of Solution-Phase Intrinsically Disordered Tau Protein at the Single-Molecule Level

Intrinsically disordered proteins, such as tau protein, adopt a variety of conformations in solution, complicating solution-phase structural studies. We employed an anti-Brownian electrokinetic (ABEL) trap to prolong measurements of single tau proteins in solution. Once trapped, we recorded the fluorescence anisotropy to investigate the diversity of conformations sampled by the single molecules. A distribution of anisotropy values obtained from trapped tau protein is conspicuously bimodal while those obtained by trapping a globular protein or individual fluorophores are not. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements were used to provide an explanation of the bimodal distribution as originating from a shift in the compaction of the two different families of conformations.
Anhedonia in Trauma-Exposed Individuals: Functional Connectivity and Decision-Making Correlates.

Abstract Background Reward processing deficits have been increasingly associated with trauma exposure and are a core feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While altered resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of ventral striatal regions, including the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), has been associated with anhedonia in some stress-related disorders, relationships between NAcc rsFC and anhedonia have not previously been investigated in trauma-exposed individuals. Additionally, relationships between anhedonia and reward-related decision making remain unexplored in relation to trauma exposure. We hypothesized that elevated anhedonia would be associated with altered rsFC between NAcc and default mode network regions and with increased delay discounting. Methods The sample included 51 participants exposed to a DSM-IV PTSD Criterion A event related to community trauma. Participants completed the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, a computerized delay discounting paradigm, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. rsFC data were analyzed in SPM12 and CONN. Results Higher levels of anhedonia were associated with increased rsFC between seed regions of bilateral NAcc and areas of right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. This relationship remained significant after accounting for Clinician Administered PTSD Scale total scores, Beck Depression Inventory total scores, or diagnostic group in the regression. Additionally, anhedonia was associated with elevated (increased) delay discounting. Conclusions Greater anhedonia was related to higher positive connectivity between NAcc and right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and to increased delay discounting, i.e., greater preference for smaller immediate versus larger delayed rewards. These findings contribute to a growing body of literature emphasizing the importance of anhedonia in trauma-exposed individuals.
Shaken or stirred? Terrorism and third-party state resolve in civil war interventions:

Does terrorism against third-party state interveners affect their willingness to continue an intervention into a civil war? Drawing on research examining the impact of terrorism on partisanship, pu...
Victim or Perpetrator

This chapter examines the difficulty of differentiating between victim and perpetrator in some cases. There is no question that there are legitimate asylum seekers in great numbers fleeing violence, but the violence itself, especially in contemporary civil wars, makes it difficult to sharply divide perpetrators and victims. This complicated question of whether someone is a victim or a perpetrator illustrates the high stakes involved in the assessment of asylum claims in the current security environment. The authors examine cases where aggressors self-identify as heroic or as victims themselves, while members of the victim group, in particular in the diaspora, identify them as perpetrators. The authors’ goal is not to provide a panacea or easy solution (they argue there is none) but to elucidate the complexity.
The Science of Happiness: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

This chapter explores whether or not, and if so to what extent, science can generate accurate conclusions about the nature of happiness and the extent to which these are applicable across cultures. In order to conduct any satisfactory investigation into the subject of happiness, one must first settle on a specific notion of what happiness means. After considering what I take to be the three primary accounts of happiness offered in the psychological and philosophical literature, I argue that the hedonistic conception of happiness is best suited for studying happiness in a scientific and cross-cultural context. One of the strengths of the hedonistic account of happiness is that it is well suited for making comparisons of wellbeing among different populations whose language and cultural differences have often made such comparisons difficult. With this understanding of happiness at our disposal, I discuss some of the specific conclusions about happiness that we can draw from several empirical science disciplines including psychology, evolutionary theory and neuroscience. Finally, I discuss how part of the importance of a well-grounded science of happiness derives from the promise it holds for facilitating more effective decisions about public policy and social organization.
A general education simulation and modeling course to stimulate interest in science

Scientific literacy is an important component of most general education programs. While many science courses use computer simulation as a tool, few explore the strengths and weaknesses of simulation as an approach to scientific investigation. This paper describes a general education modeling and simulation course that provides students with an in-depth look at the hows and whys of simulation. Through this study of simulation, students learn about the scientific method, computing, and improve their critical thinking skills.
Dynamic interface-selection and resource allocation over heterogeneous mobile edge-computing wireless networks with energy harvesting

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is a promising technique that can significantly enhance the computation capability and save computing energy of mobiles. Despite this, mobile applications may still be interrupted, since mobiles are generally energy-constrained. To overcome this challenge, we propose to integrate energy harvesting (EH) technique into MEC. Based on this notion, we consider the joint optimization of the computation and radio resources together with dynamic interface selection for a heterogeneous MEC system, where a cellular base station (BS), a WiFi access point (AP), and multiple EH mobiles coexist. In the considered scenario, each mobile first harvests energy from radio frequency (RF) signals emitted by the BS, and then utilizes the harvested energy to perform local task execution and partial computation offloading (i.e., offloading part of the computation task to edge clouds). We first formulate the considered resource allocation and interface selection problem as an optimization problem, aiming to maximize all mobiles' total energy saving. Then, we develop an asymptotically optimal scheme and a sub-optimal scheme, through which we can obtain: 1) each mobile's network interface selection between cellular and WiFi; 2) the joint optimization of computation resources, e.g., CPU clock frequencies of edge clouds, and radio resources, e.g., subcarriers; and 3) the optimization of each mobile's energy harvesting time and computation offloading policy. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our proposed schemes through numerical analyses.
The Pharmacokinetics of Immunoregulating Drugs: Immunopharmacokinetics

The limited pharmacokinetic data for prednisolone, prednisone, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, levamisole and cimetidine in man are reviewed and related to intermediate measures of immunologic effect as seen, for example, with the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR).
An Economic Analysis of Sex Discrimination Laws

of the United States at 40 table 49 (cited in note 19). Of course, this figure may decline since fewer women are marrying nowadays. On the changing demographics of American women, see Heidi I. Hartmann, Changes in Women's Economic and Family Roles in PostWorld War II United States, in Lourdes Beneria and Catharine R. Stimpson, eds, Women, Households, and the Economy 33 (Rutgers, 1987). 22 In 1986, out of 51,704,000 married couples in the U.S., only 181,000 (0.35 percent) consisted of a white and a black. Statistical Abstract of the United States at 40 table 50 (cited in note 19). 23 This depends in part, however, on the structure of family and divorce law, which determines the wife's entitlements in her husband's income. 24 Although there is discrimination against men, I shall ignore it. A more important phenomenon that I do discuss is policy that is designed to combat discrimination against women and has the incidental effect of harming men. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.118 on Sun, 11 Sep 2016 05:47:03 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1318 The University of Chicago Law Review [56:1311 lematic than it may appear to be, because it leaves unresolved the question whether it is discriminatory (in a sense pertinent to public policy) to treat a woman differently because of a characteristic that no men but only some women have, such as the capacity to bear children. The Supreme Court in Gilbert held that such differentiation was not discriminatory,25 but the Court was overruled by Congress. I shall follow Congress's approach and assume that discrimination based on pregnancy is a form of sex discrimination-which is not to say, of course, that it necessarily is
An elderly lady with dementia and myoclonus : Think of Sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease

Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD) is an incurable, invariably fatal, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal isoform of a cellular glycoprotein known as the prion protein. CJD occurs worldwide, estimated annual incidence is about one case per million populations per year. Sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (sCJD) is a human prion disease; infection with this disease usually leads to death within one year of onset of illness. The characteristic clinical & diagnostic features of rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual or cerebellar signs, pyramidal/extrapyramidal sign, Akinetic mutism and positive result on the presence of 14-3-3 protein in CSF assay, typical EEG features and MRI findings of brain are highly suggestive of diagnosis. Biopsy of brain for histopathological examination is more specific & confirmatory for diagnosis. This article reports a case of sCJD who was diagnosed by characteristic findings of MRI of brain, Electroencephalography (EEG) & cerebrospinal (CSF) assay at National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore and later on admitted at United Hospital Limited (UHL) Dhaka for palliative and supportive management.Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2018; 6(2): 100-101
Teaching Diagnostic Reasoning to Advanced Practice Nurses: Positives and Negatives

Abstract Many nurses transitioning to advanced practice roles struggle in gaining competence in diagnostic reasoning, a core skill requiring integration and application of complex patient data. Diagnostic error, a common cause of medical error, is often a result of faulty interpretation, synthesis, or judgment of available information. Nurse educators, confronted with decreased clinical site availability, shifts to online education, and emerging learning pedagogies are increasingly challenged in facilitating student acquisition of diagnostic reasoning skills. This article presents an overview of strategies and lessons learned by primary and acute care nurse practitioner faculty in attempts to improve student competence in diagnostic reasoning.
Christian Numerology and Shakespeare's The Tragedy of King Richard the Second

Number symbolism appears in the works of Renaissance authors such as Milton, Spenser, and George Herbert. Shakespeare in plays such as The Winter's Tale and The First Part of King Henry the Fourth is no exception to this tendency. In The Tragedy of King Richard the Second, Shakespeare uses a multiple of Christ's age at his death—thirty-three—to focus the question of whether King Richard, who was thirty-three at the time of his death, is a Christ figure. Richard and the Duke of York on several occasions have raised this possibility. But Shakespeare, in Richard's final soliloquy of sixty-six lines, shows that the former king's inability to reconcile certain biblical passages precludes his being a Christ figure. Of particular importance in this respect is the chiasmus framing verse thirty-three of the soliloquy.
Abstract 22: Satisfaction With the Stroke Caregiver Telephone Assessment and Skill-Building Kit

Background and Purpose: Stroke family caregivers commonly neglect their own needs while providing care resulting in depressive symptoms, negative life changes, and poor health. Intervention program...
4 – Convergence concepts

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various modes of convergence. As numerical-valued functions, the convergence of a sequence of r.v.'s {Xn, n > 1}, to be denoted simply by {Xn}, is a well-defined concept. The term convergence is used to mean convergence to a finite limit. For every ω∈; Δ, where Δ ∈; F, the sequence {Xn(ω)} converges. The limit is then a finite-valued r.v., say X(ω), defined on Δ . If Ω = Δ, then one has convergence everywhere. If Xn converges to 0 in Lp, then it converges to 0 in probability. The converse is true provided that {Xn} is dominated by some Y that belongs to Lp. It is observed that for a uniformly bounded sequence {Xn} convergence in probability and in Lp are equivalent.
Plurality, Narratives, and Politics: What Hannah Arendt can Offer Critical Literacy Theory

In recent years, scholars, journalists, and citizens have turned to Hannah Arendt’s writings to make sense of human plurality and resist right-wing nationalist movements around the globe. This article discusses Arendt’s ideas of plurality, narratives, and politics and describes how these ideas can help critical literacy theory focus on both social groups and unique persons. For Arendt, the human world is a world of plurality because it includes not only diverse social groups, but also human selves living unique versions of group lives. This latter kind of plurality is difficult to see in some approaches to critical literacy. Arendt argues the plurality of unique persons becomes visible when people tell life narratives in particular ways. Given this view of plurality and narratives, the political question of who counts as members of a public is, in part, a question of whose stories are told. Arendt insists this is not only a question of a person telling her own story; it is also a question of a person hearing her story told by others. These arguments can add new dimensions to critical literacy’s view of diversity and the politics of reading, writing, speaking, thinking, and listening.
Feeling Like a Burden: Self-Compassion Buffers Against the Negative Effects of a Poor Performance

Abstract. We examined the negative outcomes, particularly social costs that result when a person harms their group by performing poorly, and whether self-compassion could buffer against these negat...
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Establishing the diagnosis of hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) remains difficult despite the availability of specific molecular genetic testing of the ALDOB gene. This is attributable, at least in part, to the lack of a specific and practical biomarker. We report the incidental diagnosis of HFI as a consequence of nontargeted genetic testing ordered for alternative indications in 5 patients, including 3 children and 2 adults. Two of the children were diagnosed with HFI after extensive evaluations that ultimately involved clinical or research exome sequencing. The third child was diagnosed with HFI during subsequent genetic testing of at-risk family members. Both adults learned to avoid fructose and remained asymptomatic of HFI before diagnosis. One was diagnosed with HFI during preconception, nontargeted expanded carrier screening. For the other, concern for HFI was initially raised by indeterminate direct-to-consumer genetic testing results. None of these patients presented with infantile acute liver failure or other acute decompensation. Our findings suggest that the emphasis of classic teaching on infantile liver failure after first exposure to fructose may be inadvertently increasing the likelihood of missing cases of HFI characterized by other manifestations. HFI is likely underdiagnosed and should be considered for patients with nonspecific findings as well as for individuals with significant aversion to sweets.
Endosomal-Lysosomal Processing of Neurodegeneration-Associated Proteins in Astrocytes.

Most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by deposition of protein aggregates that are resulted from misfolding, dysregulated trafficking, and compromised proteolytic degradation. These proteins exert cellular toxicity to a broad range of brain cells and are found in both neurons and glia. Extracellular monomeric and oligomeric ND-associated proteins are taken up by astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell in the brain. Internalization, intracellular trafficking, processing, and disposal of these proteins are executed by the endosomal-lysosomal system of astrocytes. Endosomal-lysosomal organelles thus mediate the cellular impact and metabolic fate of these toxic protein species. Given the indispensable role of astrocytes in brain metabolic homeostasis, the endosomal-lysosomal processing of these proteins plays a fundamental role in altering the trajectory of neurodegeneration. This review aims at summarizing the mounting evidence that has established the essential role of astrocytic endosomal-lysosomal organelles in the processing of amyloid precursor proteins, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), tau, alpha synuclein, and huntingtin, which are associated with NDs such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington diseases.
What Matters in ETF Selection

This study examines the impact of both expense ratio and tracking difference on Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) performance. The relationship between expenses and performance is much stronger than the relationship between tracking difference and performance. This study shows that the slightly positive relationship between tracking difference and performance is attributable to the fact that funds with stronger tracking difference tend to have lower expenses. The practical implication of this study is that low costs should be the main characteristic that investors look for when selecting an ETF.
The Search for Molecular Corks Beyond Carbon Monoxide: A Quantum Mechanical Study of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Adsorption on Pd/Cu(111) and Pt/Cu(111) Single Atom Alloys

Abstract Periodic Density Functional Theory calculations reveal the potential application of 10 imidazole based N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to behave as “molecular corks” for hydrogen storage on single atom alloys, comprised of Pd/Cu(111) or Pt/Cu(111). Calculations show that functionalizing the NHC with different electron withdrawing/donating functional groups results in different binding energies of the NHC with the alloy surfaces. The results are compared to DFT calculations of carbon monoxide bound to these alloys. The Huynh electronic parameter is calculated for several simple imidazole NHCs to gauge σ-donor ability, while Se-NMR and P NMR calculations of selenourea derivatives and carbene-phosphinidene adducts, respectively, have been utilized to gauge π-acidity of the NHCs. It is demonstrated that consideration of both σ and π donating/accepting ability must be considered when predicting the surface-adsorbate binding energy. It was found that electron withdrawing groups tend to weaken the NHC-surface interaction while electron donating substituents tend to strengthen the interaction.
Rhetorical Implications of the Chinese Detainees’ Ghostly Poems at Angel Island: Lonely Voices, Alien Discourse, and Collective Identity

February 15th, 2009, saw the reopening of the Angel Island Immigration Station in San Francisco as a museum thatshowcases the sufferings of imprisoned Chinese immigrants who came to the west coast of the United States of America during the firsthalf of the 20th century. Although many travelers or immigrants from East Asian countries and the eastern part of Russia were detainedand roughed up when they arrived in San Francisco, by far the majority of the detainees were Chinese. Under the notoriouslydiscriminating law known as “Chinese Exclusion Act” passed in 1882 and repealed in 1943, no fewer than 120,000 Chinese were held inAngel Island against their will between 1910 and the early 1940’s, some of them for as long as two years. Different from their fellowdetainees from Japan, Korea, or Russia, who registered their frustration and anger vocally or in short pieces of writing, the Chinese whowere confined in Angel Island wrote poems instead and carved them on the walls of their bunk barracks. These poems, totaling over150 and all written in Chinese, recorded a range of feelings the detainees experienced: fear, uncertainty, despair, loneliness,homesickness, indignation, defiance, and even contempt. In my presentation, I would like to categorize some of these poems by theirthemes, identify the emotions expressed in them, and analyze their structural patterns in the Chinese poetic discursive tradition. In sodoing, I intend to establish a link among all these individual works of poetry written and inscribed in times of great distress and see how,as a very alien form of rhetorical practice to the average American reader, each of these poems contributed to the collective identity ofChinese emigrants to America in the early 20th century.
1200 V/650 V/160 A SiC+Si IGBT 3L Hybrid T-Type NPC Power Module With Enhanced EMI Shielding

Three-level (3L) inverters suffer from higher parasitic inductance due to the increased number of series-connected switches in a single current commutation loop (CCL) results in a larger size of CCL compared to their two-level (2L) counterparts. As such, semiconductors are subjected to higher voltage stress and severe ringing at the switching transient. While silicon carbide's (SiC) faster switching speed improves overall efficiency by reducing switching loss, the faster voltage, and current gradient (d v /d t and d i /d t ) generate electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, requiring a larger and complicated filter stage design. To solve this problem, an optimized 3L T-type neutral point clamped power module has been proposed with a hybrid combination of the switch (SiC mosfet + Si IGBT) rated for 1200 V/160 A. Two direct bonded copper (DBC) substrates have been stacked to have a vertical power loop using laser-drilled vias, which provides low commutation loop inductance as low as 4.6 nH for the major CCLs including the wire bond. Other associated CCLs have also been identified and optimized. Additional DBC in the package will be acting as an EMI shield. The EMI noise has been compared to a traditional power module and a 21 dB reduction of common-mode noise has been observed.
$\ell_2$-norm Flow Diffusion in Near-Linear Time

Diffusion is a fundamental graph procedure and has been a basic building block in a wide range of theoretical and empirical applications such as graph partitioning and semi-supervised learning on graphs. In this paper, we study computationally efficient diffusion primitives beyond random walk. We design an $\widetilde{O}(m)$-time randomized algorithm for the $\ell_2$-norm flow diffusion problem, a recently proposed diffusion model based on network flow with demonstrated graph clustering related applications both in theory and in practice. Examples include finding locally-biased low conductance cuts. Using a known connection between the optimal dual solution of the flow diffusion problem and the local cut structure, our algorithm gives an alternative approach for finding such cuts in nearly linear time. From a technical point of view, our algorithm contributes a novel way of dealing with inequality constraints in graph optimization problems. It adapts the high-level algorithmic framework of nearly linear time Laplacian system solvers, but requires several new tools: vertex elimination under constraints, a new family of graph ultra-sparsifiers, and accelerated proximal gradient methods with inexact proximal mapping computation.
Amino acids change solute affinity for lipid bilayers

Abstract Time-resolved fluorescence and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to examine how two amino acids, L-phenylalanine (L-PA) and N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan (NAT), affect the temperature-dependent membrane affinity of two structurally similar coumarin solutes for 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) vesicles. The 7-aminocoumarin solutes, coumarin 151 (C151) and coumarin 152 (C152), differ in their substitution at amine position—C151 is a primary amine, and C152 is a tertiary amine—and both solutes show different tendencies to associate with lipid bilayers consistent with differences in their respective log-P-values. Adding L-PA to the DPPC vesicle solution did not change C151’s propensity to remain freely solvated in aqueous solution, but C152 showed a greater tendency to partition into the hydrophobic bilayer interior at temperatures below DPPC’s gel-liquid crystalline transition temperature (Tgel-lc). This finding is consistent with L-PA’s ability to enhance membrane permeability by disrupting chain-chain interactions. Adding NAT to DPPC-vesicle-containing solutions changed C151 and C152 affinity for the DPPC membranes in unexpected ways. DSC data show that NAT interacts strongly with the lipid bilayer, lowering Tgel-lc by up to 2°C at concentrations of 10 mM. These effects disappear when either C151 or C152 is added to solution at concentrations below 10 μM, and Tgel-lc returns to a value consistent with unperturbed DPPC bilayers. Together with DSC results, fluorescence data imply that NAT promotes coumarin adsorption to the vesicle bilayer surface. NAT’s effects diminish above Tgel-lc and imply that unlike L-PA, NAT does not penetrate into the bilayer but instead remains adsorbed to the bilayer’s exterior. Taken in their entirety, these discoveries suggest that amino acids—and by inference, polypeptides and proteins—change solute affinity for lipid bilayers with specific effects that depend on individualized amino-acid-lipid-bilayer interactions.
Study on the Adaptability of Cardiologists Salary System in Chinese Public Hospitals Based on the Chinese Volume-based Purchasing Policy

On January 1st, 2021, the Chinese healthcare system enforced the Volume-based Purchasing (VBP) policy in the heart stents market, which dramatically cut the price of stents by 90%. It will be more affordable for people who suffer from cardiovascular disease. However, before VBP policy, cardiologists’ income mainly comes from two pathways, salary from the hospital and the kickbacks from distributors. The salary for cardiologists dominated relied on the surgery service fee, which is priced by the level of the hospital. The higher level the hospital is, the higher price of the surgery will be. In that case, cardiologists who work in a secondary hospital will still be exposed to the same amount of radiation as those who work in a tertiary hospital but will be paid less. In terms of effectiveness, the VBP policy does reduce some medical bribery but also causes significant loss of income to cardiologists at the same time. Nevertheless, there is no feasible policy to make up for the loss of compensation. Cardiologists, especially in secondary hospitals, are impending to quit from the public healthcare system to private healthcare organizations. This study uses the data both from a secondary hospital and the supplier in a pilot province as a case, focusing on the medical salary system. It uses descriptive analysis and linear regression methods to determine the possible relationship among relative variables in the hospital and the distributor. It will provide a tuning suggestion using a cost method in accounting analysis inside the healthcare cost system to avoid future manpower loss and other unexpected medical behaviors. It indicates that cardiologists are half less paid in the view of income level, compared with their contributions to the hospital, and they are paid lower than what the society estimates regarding the income level to physicians. In terms of salary structure, the current paying package, which contains 30% fixed and 70% performed pay, is the main reason that drives cardiologists to become overtreating and profit-seeking. Kickbacks are the under-table income paid by distributors, which is around 9.7% of the heart stents portfolio but will soon be blocked by the VBP policy. Kickbacks paid by the distributor are almost as much as the salary paid by the hospital. Therefore, if the hospital could shed light on cardiologists’ salary and adjust its structure, it would be more efficient and sustainable to allocate and use the human resource based on the experienced cost accounting in the healthcare system. The author hopes the discussion in this article would provide the inspiration and empirical reference for the salary reform of secondary public hospitals in China.
Properties of the c-Myc Protein

Biology is full of surprises, and the regulation of c-myc readily illustrates this point. The regulation of c-myc expression is an intricate network of commands that controls transcriptional initiation, elongation as well as mRNA stability. In addition to this hierarchy of controls, production of the c-Myc polypeptides is also regulated. The predicted size of the c-myc encoded polypeptide initiated at the canonical AUG translational start site is 439 amino acids.1 The corresponding ATG is located at the 5' end of exon 2 (Fig. 4.1). Although the predicted molecular mass is 49.5 kDa, the observed size in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is about 62 kDa, which is largely due to the amino acid composition rather than to posttranslational modification.2–4 Hence this protein is termed p62Myc. From the same c-myc mRNAs, an alternative form of c-Myc polypeptide is translationally initiated at a CUG, 14 codons upstream from the canonical AUG (Fig. 6.1).5 This alternative form is termed p64Myc. These two forms of c-Myc appear as a doublet of polypeptides on SDS-PAGE.
Structural Embeddings: Mechanization with Method

The most powerful tools for analysis of formal specifications are general-purpose theorem provers and model checkers, but these tools provide scant methodological support. Conversely, those approaches that do provide a well-developed method generally have less powerful automation. It is natural, therefore, to try to combine the better-developed methods with the more powerful general-purpose tools. An obstacle is that the methods and the tools often employ very different logics. We argue that methods are separable from their logics and are largely concerned with the structure and organization of specifications. We propose a technique called structural embedding that allows the structural elements of a method to be supported by a general-purpose tool, while substituting the logic of the tool for that of the method. We have found this technique quite effective and we provide some examples of its application. We also suggest how general-purpose systems could be restructured to support this activity better.
Fat metabolism in higher plants. The effect of cerulenin on the synthesis of medium- and long-chain acids in leaf tissue.

Abstract Addition of cerulenin to the incubation medium severely inhibited fatty acid biosynthesis in leaf tissue, chloroplasts and stromal preparations. Simultaneous with this overall inhibition, formation of medium-chain acids (C 8 -C 12 ) was greatly enhanced, while increasing cerulenin concentrations favored synthesis of the shorter chain-length acids. This was ascribed to the binding of cerulenin to β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase during the incubation which prevented further condensation and caused the release of the saturated acyl group thus formed. The proportion of linoleate synthesized in all the leaf tissues examined increased as a response to treatment with cerulenin, apparently at the expense of oleate. Cerulenin did not modify the mechanisms of synthesis of the C 18 unsaturated acids. The fragmentation patterns obtained after reductive ozonolysis of the material derived from the treated groups were similar in all cases to those obtained from the controls.
"Introducción" y "Conclusión", en El hombre, el Estado y la guerra , Editorial Nova, Buenos Aires, 1959.

One may seek in political philosophy answers to the question: Where are the major causes of war to be found? The wide variety of answers is here ordered under the following three headings: within man, within the states and within the structure of the international system. From following these different approaches to the causes of war - categorized here as the three images of international relations - different paths lie ahead as to how to achieve greater peace in the world. The main goal of this book is not to construct a model for peace, but rather to examine the analytical terms of the images over which these models for peace are built upon. The main conclusion is that to understand international relations, a combination of the three images, more than just one of them, is required. The third image describes the framework for world politics but without the first and second images there can be no knowledge of the forces that determine politics; the first and second images describe the forces in world politics, but with the third image amiss, it is not possible to evaluate their importance or to predict their result.
Surface acid proteinase (gp63) of Leishmania mexicana: a metalloenzyme capable of protecting liposome-encapsulated proteins from phagolysosomal degradation by macrophages

Acid proteinase activity is associated with the major surface glycoprotein (gp63) of both extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of the parasitic protozoan, Leishmania mexicana. The enzyme purified by monoclonal affinity chromatography from promastigotes is strongly inhibited by metal ion chelators, which is reversible by the addition of Zn(II). This proteinase loses its activity after dialysis against 1,10-phenanthroline. The apoenzyme thus prepared is reactivated substantially by Zn(II) and partially by Cu(II), Cd(II), Co(II), or Ni(II). From the recently published structure of the gene encoding gp63, we identify hitherto unrecognized sequences, which can be aligned to the consensus zinc-binding sites of other known metalloproteinases. Anti-gp63 polyclonal antibodies, but not the monoclonals, precipitate similar molecules from amastigotes. These molecules differ slightly from gp63 in electrophoretic mobility but have similar endopeptidase activity. Phagolysosomal degradation by macrophages of proteins entrapped in liposomes is prevented by coating them with native gp63. This protection is lost with heat denaturation of gp63 to kill its enzymatic activity. The proteolytic activity of the metalloenzyme on the surface of these parasites may thus protect their membrane from cytolytic damages during their survival, differentiation, and multiplication in the phagolysosomes of macrophages.
Constrained choices: adolescents speak on sexuality in Peru.

While numerous studies have explored young people's sexual behaviour in Peru, to date few have explored how adolescents situate sexuality within the context of their broader lives. This information is needed to inform policies and programmes. Life history interviews were conducted with 20 12–17-year-old young women and men from a low-income settlement near Lima, Peru. Data were analysed using holistic content analysis and grounded theory. Sexuality had a strong presence in respondents' lives. However, interviewees viewed the full expression of their sexuality as a constrained choice. Particular constraints derive from the belief that sexual intercourse always results in pregnancy; the nature of sex education; the provision of proscriptive advice; and the family tensions, economic problems, racism and violence present in young people's lives. The results of this study can inform policies and programmes to support young people as they make sexuality-related decisions.
Prospective evaluation of surgical microscope-integrated intraoperative near-infrared indocyanine green angiography during cerebral arteriovenous malformation surgery

Objective Microscope-integrated indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography is a novel technique in vascular neurosurgery with potential utility in treating arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Methods We analyzed the application of intraoperative ICG in 10 consecutive AVM surgeries for which surgical video was available. The ability to distinguish AVM vessels (draining veins, feeding and nidal arteries) from each other and from normal vessel was evaluated, and ICG angiographic findings were correlated with intra- and postoperative findings on digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Results ICG angiography was found to be useful by the surgeon in 9 of 10 patients. In 8 patients, it helped to distinguish AVM vessels. In 3 of 4 patients undergoing a postresection injection, it demonstrated that there was no residual arteriovenous shunting. In 1 patient, it helped to identify a small AVM nidus that was otherwise inapparent within a hematoma. Intraoperative DSA showed residual AVM in 2 of 10 patients requiring further resection of AVM not visualized during surgery. Conclusion Microscope-integrated ICG angiography is a useful tool in AVM surgery. It can be used to distinguish AVM vessels from normal vessels and arteries from veins based on the timing of fluorescence with the dye. Our experience suggests that it is less useful with deep-seated lesions or when AVM vessels are not on the surface. ICG angiography complements rather than replaces DSA.
Controller design for natural and robotic systems with transmission delays

Robust stability and two-dimensional trajectory following problems are considered for n-link robotic systems with transmission delays. Such problems appear in telerobotics, where the controller is physically far from the robot, and in neural control of musculo-skeletal (biological) systems, where muscle actuation and neural sensing are subject to time delays. A typical second-order nonlinear dynamical model is taken with input and output time delays. In a prior work by the authors, a control strategy was developed for stable movement of the planar linkage system, using the standard Q-parameterization and solving an H∞ control problem to determine the free parameter. In this article, a new control scheme is proposed to eliminate the steady-state errors seen in the tracking performance of the controller derived in the earlier work. Simulation examples are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control methodology. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating Nursing Collections With the ICIRN's Essential Nursing Resources List

This study examines libraries' nursing collections using the Interagency Council on Information Resources in Nursing's Essential Nursing Resources' (ENR) 26th edition. An inventory of the online collections of 235 libraries was assembled and compared to free, government, or National Library of Medicine resources and licensed resources from the ENR. The top five resources listed on library websites in descending order were MEDLINE, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. The availability of specialized resources varied, based on factors such as the level of nursing degree at each institution or the libraries' National Network of Libraries of Medicine membership statuses.
The use of coping techniques to minimize anxiety in hospitalized children

The effectiveness of a combination of three behavioral coping techniques was compared with a minimal preparation technique and a filmed modeling technique in reducing children's adverse reactions to elective tonsillectomies. Sixty-six children, ages 2.5 to 10.5, and their parents were treated in small groups using an information preparation and one of the following procedures: information only, coping, filmed modeling, or coping plus filmed modeling. Their reactions to hospitalization and elective tonsillectomies were evaluated using several observational, behavioral, physiological, and self-report techniques. Results indicated children receiving coping plus modeling techniques were more calm and cooperative during invasive procedures than children receiving coping or modeling alone. Other measures indicated that the coping procedures were more effective than modeling only procedures for both parents and children.
Degradation of organic sulfur compounds by a coal-solubilizing fungus.

Paecilomyces sp. TLi, a coal-solubilizing fungus, was shown to degrade organic sulfur-containing coal substructure compounds. Di-benzothiophene was degraded via a sulfur-oxidizing pathway to 2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl. No further metabolism of that compound was observed. Ethyl phenyl sulfide and diphenyl sulfide were degraded to the corresponding sulfones. A variety of products were formed from dibenzyl sulfide, presumably via free radical intermediates. Diphenyl disulfide and dibenzyl disulfide were cleaved to the corresponding thiols and other single-ring products. It was concluded that degradation of organic sulfur compounds byPaecilomyces involves an oxidative attack localized at the sulfur atom.
The Diffusion of Water Across the Stratum Corneum As a Function of Its Water Content

The flux of tritiated water (HTO) through pieces of stratum corneum at four different levels of hydration has been measured. The concentration of water in the stratum corneum, the concentration of HTO in the presenting solution, and the thickness, density, and weight per unit area of the dry stratum corneum are known. The thickness of the hydrated stratum corneum and the permeability and diffusion constants of HTO were calculated. From these in vitro data it is possible to calculate the in vivo thickness of the stratum corneum, its water concentration profile, and the flux of water (transepidermal water loss) at environments of different relative humidities. Both the transepidermal water loss and the water concentration profile change very little as the environmental relative humidity increases from 0 to 80%. The small decrease in the water concentration of the surface layers of cells as the relative humidity becomes very low, however, may cause an observable alteration in the physical characteristics of the surface layers.