cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Treatment of Scaphoid Fractures

The scaphoid is the most common carpal bone to fracture, but the injury may be difficult to diagnose by plain radiography if the fracture is non-displaced. The most common treatment, historically, has been cast immobilization, but early internal fixation has gained increased popularity. With five articular surfaces and numerous critical intrinsic and extrinsic ligament attachments, anatomic scaphoid fracture reduction has a paramount effect on the potential for the development of postfracture osteoarthritis and on maintenance of a stable linkage between the proximal and distal carpal rows.
How much did uncertainty shocks matter in the Great Depression

The USA in the 1930s experienced unprecedented uncertainty. Uncertainty shocks buffeted the economy during recessionary periods, but these shocks receded during the recovery periods of the Great Depression. Using vector autoregressions on monthly data for 1919–1941, I show that a one standard deviation increase in uncertainty decreased investment, GDP, industrial output, employment, hours worked, wages, and the price level. I perform a historical decomposition simulation to see how much uncertainty shocks mattered for explaining movements in major variables during the Depression. Roughly 40–70% of the simulated decline in output can be explained by uncertainty shocks in the Great Depression.
The contributions and influence of two Americans, Henry S. Washington and Frank A. Perret, to the study of Italian volcanism with emphasis on volcanoes in the Naples area

Abstract A century ago, two Americans, Henry Stephens Washington and Frank Alvord Perret, made significant contributions to the geology, petrology, and volcanology of Italy, in particular to those volcanoes in the Naples area, Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields), and the Island of Ischia. Both were from the eastern United States, both were born in 1867, and both studied physics as undergraduates. However, each man followed a different scientific path and approach in his volcanological studies. Washington was classically trained and more interested in rock chemistry, mineralogy, and petrogenesis. Perret was a gifted inventor, worked in Edison's laboratory, established his own company, and was a keen observer of volcanic phenomena and processes; today he would be called a “physical volcanologist” Each man published classic works on Italian volcanoes, The Roman Comagmatic Region (Washington, 1906) and The Vesuvius Eruption of 1906 (Perret, 1924); both were published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. However, both men had cosmopolitan tastes for other volcanoes, and they traveled widely and made significant contributions to the knowledge of other volcanic areas. The following two sections present, albeit briefly, their work, significance, and influence to Italian volcanism with emphasis on those volcanoes in the Naples area.
Converging anticipatory geographies in Oceania: The Belt and Road Initiative and Look North in Fiji

Abstract Anticipatory geographies are state-driven initiatives promoting economic hope through the language of rejuvenation, prosperity and connectivity. As a discursive process, anticipatory geographies reconfigure spaces and identities. These narratives have proliferated in an age of intensified connectivity as states aim to imprint their political and economic visions. Oceania has become a site of multiple anticipatory geographies external and internal to the region with the presence of China as an enabling factor. In 2006, Fiji reintroduced a Look North policy to globalize economic connectivity placing Fijian agency at the centre, and in 2015, Beijing included Oceania into China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) framework. This work examines the processes when two anticipatory geographies meet. Adapting critical geopolitics, the research presents the findings of a critical discourse analysis of Chinese and Fijian texts referencing Look North and BRI. The work reveals the entanglement of anticipatory geographies in Fiji has generated a co-produced discourse of prosperity displaying continuity from Look North to the BRI. Although there is a shift toward defining the Sino-Fijian relationship through BRI, it does not signal an overwrite of an indigenous policy framework. I argue Look North has been ‘re-placed’ into the BRI to co-produce a narrative that permits the ongoing articulation of Fijian interests. With the Belt and Road becoming the defining framework for China's relations with countries across Asia, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas, this work suggests Fiji's handling of BRI's impact on its domestic spaces and policies is an indicator of how other states will reposition their promises of economic hope to civil society.
The Relationship Between Exposure to Alcohol Marketing and Underage Drinking Is Causal.

Objective:This article summarizes the findings of narrative and systematic literature reviews focused on the relationship between exposure to alcohol marketing and youth drinking, viewed in context...
The ICU Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) can present with a spectrum of clinical findings ranging from asymptomatic hepatic steatosis to life-threatening alcoholic hepatitis with jaundice or decompensated cirrhosis with ascites and protein-calorie malnutrition. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) have jaundice, coagulopathy, and a 30–60% 6-month mortality despite abstinence and supportive care. Recent data from a large multicenter study demonstrated that corticosteroids and pentoxyfilline have minimal survival benefit in AH. Therefore, many experts recommend a short course of corticosteroids only in selected AH patients whose total bilirubin levels improve within 1 week of starting treatment. ICU care for patients with ALD requires initial management of alcohol withdrawal syndromes (AWS) as well as addressing infections, bleeding, and renal failure. Management of AWS includes protocolized administration of benzodiazepines based on clinical status in a monitored setting along with correction of metabolic disturbances and supplementation of micronutrient deficiencies. Patients with severe AWS may require anti-psychotics or even propofol with intubation for severe withdrawal symptoms and cardiopulmonary instability. Treatment of upper GI bleeding in patients with ALD includes establishment of large bore IV access and early administration of IV antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, and octreotide to further reduce bleeding. Targets for blood product replacement include a hemoglobin of 8 g/dL, an INR 50 K to minimize the risk of ongoing bleeding. Following adequate gastric lavage, urgent therapeutic endoscopy is recommended to identify and treat the source of bleeding. Patients with refractory variceal bleeding may require balloon tamponade to achieve hemostasis and emergent TIPS for portal decompression. Many ICU patients with complications of ALD may develop acute kidney injury due to volume depletion, ATN, or hepatorenal syndrome. Initiation of hemodialysis in patients with ALD is frought with complications, and patients with HRS have particularly poor survival. In conclusion, management of the ICU patient with ALD requires coordinated care delivered by the intensivist in conjunction with the GI specialist and mental health provider to achieve optimal short- and long-term outcomes.
A Conversation with Nancy Baym, Author of Playing to the Crowd:

How has digital technology changed the relationship between musicians and their fans? What can the experiences of performers teach the rest of us about technology, self-promotion, and community? Th...
Desalting and Concentration of Common Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Additives and their Metabolites with Solid-Phase Extraction.

This work describes the development of a solid-phase extraction method capable of detecting common fracturing fluid additives in flowback and produced water with mass spectrometry. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was used as a bulk measurement to investigate the retentive capacity of seven sorbents and to determine a loading volume. Conductivity was used to determine rinse volume. Based on this, four sorbents (HLB, PPL, Carbon, and C-18) were selected for further investigation of their ability to recover common fluid additives. Enrichment factors were calculated for poly(ethylene) glycols (PEGs), PEG-amines, and their metabolites PEG-carboxylates and PEG-carboxylate-amines, poly(propylene) glycols (PPGs), and linear alkyl ethoxylates (LAEs). The sorbent HLB gave the greatest enrichment for all of these compounds, with an average of 8.0× for PEGs, 11.9× for PEG-amines, 4.9× for PEG-carboxylates, and 21.6× for LAEs, though enrichment was highly dependent on sample composition. The effect was more pronounced for higher molecular weight compounds and enabled detection of some compounds in saltier samples. Then, HLB was used to recover these additives from 1:200 and 1:1000 dilutions in groundwater, illustrating the ability of solid-phase extraction to detect these compounds at low levels (<100 ppb) and highlighting the utility of desalting. This method was used to identify ethoxylated amines in flowback and produced waters from across the country.
Excessive Spending in a "Free-to-Play" Smartphone Game.

Background and objectives Although gaming disorder is increasingly recognized, there has been limited consideration of the impact of free-to-play games with in-game purchases, also called microtransactions. Methods Case report (n = 1). Results A patient with posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder in remission, polysubstance use disorders in remission, and opioid use disorder on buprenorphine/naloxone developed gaming disorder (based on International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision) and spent up to 40% of his monthly income on microtransactions within a smartphone game. Treatment consisted of relinquishing access to electronic payment mechanisms, motivational interviewing, and couples therapy. Discussion and conclusions The case highlights how in-game purchases may cause patients with gaming disorder to experience financial consequences, and the need for further characterization of the clinical ramifications of microtransactions. Scientific significance To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the medical literature of a patient with gaming disorder developing excessive in-game spending from expenditures on microtransactions. (Am J Addict 2020;29:528-530).
Transumbilical multi-stab laparoscopic pyeloplasty for infants younger than 3 months with severe hydronephrosis: our initial experience

Objective To present our initial experience of using transumbilical multi-stab laparoscopic pyeloplasty(TMLP) as a treatment for the infants younger than 3 months with severe hydronephrosis caused by ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO).Methods Seventy-two infants younger than 3 months with severe hydronephrosis caused by UPJO underwent TMLP from June 2010 to March 2013 in our center.The average age received operation was 34 days (7-87 days).The operative indications included:① prenatal diagnosis of Society of Fetal Urology Grade 4 hydronephrosis; ②ipsilateral differential renal function being less than 40％.Patients were followed up with physical examinations,ultrasound and radionuclide scans.Results The operations were successfully performed in all the 72 patients.Neither conversion nor additional trocars placement was required and there was no intraoperative complication.The average operative time was 75 min (range,53-118 min).The patients were followed up for 6-36 months (mean,12 months).The renal pelvic anteroposterior diameters were reduced and the renal functions were improved (P＜ 0.05).The anastomoses were proved to be patent and the renal parenchymal thickeness increased.In addition,the scars were barely noticeable.Conclusions TMLP for the infants younger than 3 months with severe hydronephrosis caused by UPJO is feasible,safe and less invasive.The cosmetic results are excellent.But the surgery must be operated by rich experienced surgeon. Key words: Laparoscopes; Transumbilical; Pyeloplasty; Infants; Severe hydronephrosis
Association of Gender With Learner Assessment in Graduate Medical Education.

Importance Gender bias may affect assessment in competency-based medical education. Objective To evaluate the association of gender with assessment of internal medicine residents. Design, Setting, and Participants This multisite, retrospective, cross-sectional study included 6 internal medicine residency programs in the United States. Data were collected from July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2017, and analyzed from June 7 to November 6, 2019. Exposures Faculty assessments of resident performance during general medicine inpatient rotations. Main Outcomes and Measures Standardized scores were calculated based on rating distributions for the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s core competencies and internal medicine Milestones at each site. Standardized scores are expressed as SDs from the mean. The interaction of gender and postgraduate year (PGY) with standardized scores was assessed, adjusting for site, time of year, resident In-Training Examination percentile rank, and faculty rank and specialty. Results Data included 3600 evaluations for 703 residents (387 male [55.0%]) by 605 faculty (318 male [52.6%]). Interaction between resident gender and PGY was significant in 6 core competencies. In PGY2, female residents scored significantly higher than male residents in 4 of 6 competencies, including patient care (mean standardized score [SE], 0.10 [0.04] vs 0.22 [0.05];P = .04), systems-based practice (mean standardized score [SE], −0.06 [0.05] vs 0.13 [0.05];P = .003), professionalism (mean standardized score [SE], −0.04 [0.06] vs 0.21 [0.06];P = .001), and interpersonal and communication skills (mean standardized score [SE], 0.06 [0.05] vs 0.32 [0.06];P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, resident gender was associated with differences in faculty assessments of resident performance, and differences were linked to PGY. In contrast to male residents’ scores, female residents’ scores displayed a peak-and-plateau pattern whereby assessment scores peaked in PGY2. Notably, the peak-and-plateau pattern was seen in assessments by male and female faculty. Further study of factors that influence gender-based differences in assessment is needed.
Minisurf – A minimal surface generator for finite element modeling and additive manufacturing

Author(s): Hsieh, Meng-Ting; Valdevit, Lorenzo | Abstract: Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) have long been studied by mathematicians but have recently garnered significant interest from the engineering community as ideal topologies for shell-based architected materials with both mechanical and functional applications. Here, we present a TPMS generator, MiniSurf. It combines surface visualization and CAD file generation (for both finite element modeling and additive manufacturing) within one single GUI. MiniSurf presently can generate 19 built-in and one user-defined triply periodic minimal surfaces based on their level-set surface approximations. Users can fully control the periodicity and precision of the generated surfaces. We show that MiniSurf can potentially be a very useful tool in designing and fabricating architected materials.
Review article: a treatment algorithm for patients with chronic liver disease and severe thrombocytopenia undergoing elective medical procedures in the United States.

BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia is the most common haematological abnormality in patients with chronic liver disease in the United States. Severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50 × 109 /L) can complicate the management of patients with chronic liver disease by significantly increasing the potential risk of bleeding during or after invasive procedures. The current standard-of-care treatment for severe thrombocytopenia is platelet transfusion. Novel agents that target the thrombopoietin pathway, including receptor agonists avatrombopag and lusutrombopag, have recently shown promise in clinical trials as alternatives to platelet transfusion. AIM To review treatment options for severe thrombocytopenia, including platelet transfusion and thrombopoietin-receptor agonists, with the aim of producing a simplified treatment algorithm. METHODS Five liver disease specialists were assigned sections of the manuscript to research and present at a consensus meeting in April 2019, with the goal of creating an easy-to-use, effective treatment plan for severe thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. RESULTS Through discussion and collaborative decision making, a simplified algorithm was developed to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on treating severe thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing elective medical procedures in the United States. As part of these guidelines, we outline the use of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved thrombopoietin receptor agonists avatrombopag and lusutrombopag as well tolerated and effective alternatives to platelet transfusion. CONCLUSIONS This algorithm provides guidance for the management of severe thrombocytopenia to reduce bleeding risks in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing elective procedures, while reducing requirement for platelet transfusion.
Not-NUTs at W-NUT 2020 Task 2: A BERT-based System in Identifying Informative COVID-19 English Tweets

As of 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic is full-blown on a global scale, people's need to have access to legitimate information regarding COVID-19 is more urgent than ever, especially via online media where the abundance of irrelevant information overshadows the more informative ones. In response to such, we proposed a model that, given an English tweet, automatically identifies whether that tweet bears informative content regarding COVID-19 or not. By ensembling different BERTweet model configurations, we have achieved competitive results that are only shy of those by top performing teams by roughly 1% in terms of F1 score on the informative class. In the post-competition period, we have also experimented with various other approaches that potentially boost generalization to a new dataset.
Empowering Practices With Domestic Violence Survivors in India.

There is a growing concern about women’s safety in India. This study examined a grassroots agency’s response to domestic violence in the community by examining their empowerment-focused work with s...
Tick Saliva and the Alpha-Gal Syndrome: Finding a Needle in a Haystack

Ticks and tick-borne diseases are significant public health concerns. Bioactive molecules in tick saliva facilitate prolonged blood-feeding and transmission of tick-borne pathogens to the vertebrate host. Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), a newly reported food allergy, is believed to be induced by saliva proteins decorated with a sugar molecule, the oligosaccharide galactose-⍺-1,3-galactose (α-gal). This syndrome is characterized by an IgE antibody-directed hypersensitivity against α-gal. The α-gal antigen was discovered in the salivary glands and saliva of various tick species including, the Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum). The underlying immune mechanisms linking tick bites with α-gal-specific IgE production are poorly understood and are crucial to identify and establish novel treatments for this disease. This article reviews the current understanding of AGS and its involvement with tick species.
Green Evolution: Lessons from British Climate Policy, 1979-2020

Over the last few decades, the approach that the United Kingdom has taken to climate policy has undergone a dramatic evolution, from a fierce opponent of climate policy at any level to a strong supporter of such policy at both the domestic and international level. That shift—which took place under both Labour and Conservative administrations—was driven primarily by two factors: increased public opinion in favor of climate regulation and a shifting judgment about the value of such policy to the British economy. This evolution holds four main lessons for advocates of sustainable development: 1.) Durable cross-party support for climate change policies is possible, provided that politicians view supporting climate policy to be in their interest; 2.) Public pressure after elections is as important as pressure during elections to ensure that politicians’ campaign promises match policies they enact in office; 3.) The business community can have a transformational effect on the policy debate when it recalculates the value of climate policies into its bottom line; and 4.) Ambitious governmental action on climate change is easiest when accomplished in steps, rather than in an overnight, all-or-nothing period.
The Trouble with Women Artists: Reframing the History of Art, A Book Review: Flammarion, 2019.

The Trouble with Women Artists: Reframing the History of Art is a short, 150-page image driven work, examining the history of female created art. Designed with the esthetics and attention to detail...
Fast activation maximization for molecular sequence design

BACKGROUND Optimization of DNA and protein sequences based on Machine Learning models is becoming a powerful tool for molecular design. Activation maximization offers a simple design strategy for differentiable models: one-hot coded sequences are first approximated by a continuous representation, which is then iteratively optimized with respect to the predictor oracle by gradient ascent. While elegant, the current version of the method suffers from vanishing gradients and may cause predictor pathologies leading to poor convergence. RESULTS Here, we introduce Fast SeqProp, an improved activation maximization method that combines straight-through approximation with normalization across the parameters of the input sequence distribution. Fast SeqProp overcomes bottlenecks in earlier methods arising from input parameters becoming skewed during optimization. Compared to prior methods, Fast SeqProp results in up to 100-fold faster convergence while also finding improved fitness optima for many applications. We demonstrate Fast SeqProp's capabilities by designing DNA and protein sequences for six deep learning predictors, including a protein structure predictor. CONCLUSIONS Fast SeqProp offers a reliable and efficient method for general-purpose sequence optimization through a differentiable fitness predictor. As demonstrated on a variety of deep learning models, the method is widely applicable, and can incorporate various regularization techniques to maintain confidence in the sequence designs. As a design tool, Fast SeqProp may aid in the development of novel molecules, drug therapies and vaccines.
Intellectual malnutrition: American schools and the pediatrician's duty.

"U.S. 6th-graders do poorly on math, science tests." That was the sober, accurate headline given by the Minneapolis Star and Tribune to an Associated Press story on Dec 12, 1983. The judgment "poorly" was based on comparison with students in seven other countries. Prominent American scientists and academicians—Glenn Seaborg, Stephen Willoughby, Joseph Stoltman, and Gilbert White—developed the tests on mathematics, science, and geography. They were given to sixth-grade students in Australia, Canada, England, France, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States in schools selected to represent the average in their countries. In geography, the Swedes were first with 54.1 and Americans were fourth with 45.8.
Multimodal Analgesia in the Era of the Opioid Epidemic

This article attempts to review the key components of a multimodal analgesic regimen for the treatment of acute pain. Adhering to these key components will help reduce the opioid burden to surgical patients while reducing acute pain. As well, this regimen is intended to reduce further negative contributions to the opioid crisis.
Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme 2, the Cellular Receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Human Coronavirus NL63

The identification of a viral receptor can make a significant contribution to our understanding of viral pathogenesis and viral evolution, and to the development of vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. This chapter describes the shared cellular receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and human coronavirus NL63 (HCoVNL63). Identification of this receptor contributed to our understanding of the zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and of the distinctive entry mechanisms of both SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63. These are discussed in the context of the structure of the SARS-CoV S protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) bound to this common receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Functional studies of the viral receptor, described in the chapter, support a critical role for palm civets in transmitting virus to humans.
Summary Judgment under Federal Practice

The American community, and especially the western community, is litigious. The heterogenous character of the people, the rapid development of the country, the quick passage from a rural to an urban civilization, the constant change in ownership of property which these changes entail, the mobility of our population-are all contributing factors. They all imply more constant resort to court action to resolve conflicts. An added factor
Immunomodulation of cystic fibrosis epithelial cells via NF‐κB decoy oligonucleotide‐coated polysaccharide nanoparticles

Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway is associated with enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and is thought to play a critical role in diseases hallmarked by inflammation, including cystic fibrosis (CF). Small nucleic acids that interfere with gene expression have been proposed as promising therapeutics for a number of diseases. However, applications have been limited by low cellular penetration and a lack of stability. Nano-sized carrier systems have been suggested as a means of improving the effectiveness of nucleic acid-based treatments. In this study, we successfully coated polysialic acid-N-trimethyl chitosan (PSA-TMC) nanoparticles with NF-κΒ decoy oligonucleotides (ODNs). To demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity, the decoy ODN-coated PSA-TMC nanoparticles were administered to an in vitro model of CF generated via interleukin-1β or P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides stimulation of IB3-1 bronchial epithelial cells. While free ODN and PSA-TMC nanoparticles coated with scrambled ODNs did not have substantial impacts on the inflammatory response, the decoy ODN-coated PSA-TMC nanoparticles were able to reduce the secretion of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, pro-inflammatory mediators of CF, by the epithelial cells, particularly at longer time points. In general, the results suggest that NF-κB decoy ODN-coated TMC-PSA nanoparticles may serve as an effective method of altering the pro-inflammatory environment associated with CF.
New Haven survey of joint diseases. The interrelationships between morning stiffness, nocturnal pain and swelling of the joints.

Abstract A short interview questionnaire relating to self diagnosis and symptoms of joint diseases was applied to a defined study population in New Haven, Connecticut. Of the 2388 people approached, 2199 (92.1 per cent) co-operated. In most body sites the prevalence of morning stiffness, nocturnal joint pain and swelling was higher in women than men. Moreover all three symptoms were more likely to be experienced in several body sites in women compared to men. People who said they had arthritis were most often those who also complained of morning stiffness; self diagnosis of rheumatism was in general most frequently associated with nocturnal joint pain. Gout is associated with pain and swelling of the feet. At all ages and in both sexes arthritis and rheumatism were self diagnosed more frequently in New Haven than in the National Health Survey. It is assumed that this is because in New Haven, but not in the National Health Survey, a symptom review was included early in the questionnaire.
Cells and Cell Systems MRS

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Probe Design 3 Special Methods 4 Applications 5 Summary and Future Directions 6 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Deformation to the Normal Cone

If X is a closed subscheme of Y, there is a family of imbeddings X ↪ Y t , parametrized by t ∈ ℙ1, such that for t = 0 (in fact for t ≠ ∞) the imbedding is the given imbedding of X in Y, and for t = ∞ one has the zero section imbedding of X in the normal cone C X Y. The existence of such a deformation, together with the “principle of continuity” that intersection products should vary nicely in families, explains the prominent role to be played by the normal cone in constructing intersection products.
Severe obesity, heart disease, and death among white, African American, and Hispanic postmenopausal women.

Author(s): McTigue, Kathleen M; Chang, Yue-Fang; Eaton, Charles; Garcia, Lorena; Johnson, Karen C; Lewis, Cora E; Liu, Simin; Mackey, Rachel H; Robinson, Jennifer; Rosal, Milagros C; Snetselaar, Linda; Valoski, Alice; Kuller, Lewis H | Abstract: ObjectiveTo compare mortality, nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD), and congestive heart failure (CHF) risk across BMI categories in white, African American, and Hispanic women, with a focus on severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40), and examine heterogeneity in weight-related CHD risk.MethodsAmong 156,775 Women's Health Initiative observational study and clinical trial participants (September 1993-12 September 2005), multivariable Cox models estimated relative risk for mortality, CHD, and CHF. CHD incidence was calculated by anthropometry, race, and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF).ResultsMortality, nonfatal CHD, and CHF incidence generally rose with BMI category. For severe obesity versus normal BMI, hazard ratios (HRs, 95% confidence interval) for mortality were 1.97 (1.77-2.20) in white, 1.55 (1.20-2.00) in African American, and 2.59 (1.55-4.31) in Hispanic women; for CHD, HRs were 2.05 (1.80-2.35), 2.24 (1.57-3.19), and 2.95 (1.60-5.41) respectively; for CHF, HRs were 5.01 (4.33-5.80), 3.60 (2.30-5.62), and 6.05 (2.49-14.69). CVRF variation resulted in substantial variation in CHD rates across BMI categories, even in severe obesity. CHD incidence was similar by race/ethnicity when differences in BMI or CVRF were accounted for.ConclusionsSevere obesity increases mortality, nonfatal CHD, and CHF risk in women of diverse race/ethnicity. CVRF heterogeneity contributes to variation in CHD incidence even in severe obesity.
Txt4HappyKids: Using text messaging to promote fruit and vegetable intake among low-income families with young children, a pilot study

Low-income populations, especially low-income children, do not consume enough fruits and vegetables (F&V) and may be disproportionately affected by chronic illnesses. Interventions to increase F&V ...
Persistent Infection of L Cells with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Evolution of Virus Populations

Abstract A previous report (Youngner et al., J. Virol. 19:90-101, 1976) documented that noncytocidal persistent infection can be established with wild-type vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in mouse L cells at 37°C and that a rapid selection of RNA−, group I temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants consistently occurs in this system. To assess the selective advantage of the RNA−ts phenotype, evolution of the virus population was studied in persistent infections initiated in L cells by use of VSV ts 0 23 and ts 0 45, RNA+ mutants belonging to complementation groups III and V. In L cells persistently infected with ts 0 23, the ts RNA+ virus population was replaced gradually by viruses which had a ts RNA− phenotype. VSV ts 0 45 (V) has another marker in addition to reduced virus yield at 39.5°C: a defective protein (G) which renders virion infectivity heat labile at 50°C. Persistent infections initiated with this virus (ts, heat labile, RNA+) evolved into a virus population which was ts, heat resistant, and RNA−. These findings suggest that the ts phenotype itself is not sufficient to stabilize the VSV population in persistently infected L cells and also indicate that the ts RNA− phenotype may have a unique selective advantage in this system. In addition to the selection of ts RNA− mutants, other mechanisms which also might operate in the maintenance of persistent VSV infections of L cells were explored. Whereas defective-interfering particles did not seem to mediate the carrier state, evidence was obtained that interferon may play a role in the regulation of persistent infections of L cells with VSV.
The influence of community structure on crime news coverage: structural pluralism, ethnic diversity, and local crime news

This study examines patterns of local newspaper crime coverage in terms of the community structure model, which is derived from the research of Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien. A total of 32 metropolitan statistical areas and primary metropolitan statistical areas, classified into four different categories of community according to the structural characteristics of structural pluralism and ethnic diversity, were selected for inclusion in this study. Crime news reports from the major newspaper of each selected community were analyzed based on the types of crimes (violent crime vs. property crime). These data were then compared to FBI crime statistics. In terms of the results, ethnic diversity was found to be a more important factor than structural pluralism in explaining the high proportion of violent crime coverage and the lesser amount of reportage of property crimes, as well as the discrepancies between the newspaper crime reports and the FBI crime statistics.
Harnessing the Mobile Revolution

can be a powerful tool for addressing some of the most critical challenges of the 21st century, such as promoting vibrant democracies, fostering inclusive economic growth, and reducing the huge inequities in life expectancy between rich and poor nations. The benefits of mobile communications are particularly profound for developing countries, many of which are “leapfrogging” the traditional fixed telecommunications infrastructure. As a result, billions of people in developing countries are gaining access to modern communications of any sort for the first time. There is no doubt that mobile communications are having a significant impact on the way Americans live, work, and communicate with each other. But the impact is no doubt more keenly felt by the African mother who can call ahead to determine whether a doctor is available to treat her sick child before traveling for hours to seek treatment. Obviously, mobile communications are not a panacea for the daunting challenges faced by the 2.7 billion people who live on less than two dollars a day. Like any new technology, it has costs and risks as well as benefits, and some of the promised benefits will undoubtedly fail to materialize. It’s worth remembering that 19th century pundits thought the telegraph would inevitably lead to world peace, or that in 1922 Thomas Edison predicted the motion picture would “revolutionize our educational system ... and supplant largely, if not entirely, the use of textbooks.” But Columbia University’s Jeffrey Sachs may well be right when he concludes that “the cell phone is the single most transformative technology for development.” With a few exceptions, the U.S. government has been largely oblivious to the ways in which the rapid diffusion of mobile services (and other new technologies)
Ultrastructural labeling of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin: the preparation and use of soluble immune complexes as indirect immunoelectromicroscopic markers.

Summary 2 distinct macronuclear markers, ferritin and hemocyanin, may be used in a mixed anti-globulin labeling reaction to localize lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin (Ig) determinants by transmission electron microscopy. Soluble immune complexes of the marker molecules (antigen) are prepared by complexing with specific antiserum in 40 to 50 × antigen excess; uncomplexed Ig is removed by ultracentrifugation and/or gel filtration chromatography. Immunoelectrophoresis, spectrophotometry and passive hemagglutination inhibition assay are used to determine the purity and amounts of antibody-antigen in the purified immune complexes. For immunoelectron microscopic labeling, the immune complex markers are coupled to lymphocyte surface Ig by an indirect anti-Ig or anti-allotype antibody linkage. Labelled Ig determinants at 0°C or in the presence of sodium azide are visualized as small patches of marker molecules on the lymphocyte surface membrane. This EM labeling method results in much more consistent and generally higher percentages of surface Ig positive cells (60 to 70% of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes) than the percentages obtained using other methods, such as immunofluorescence or autoradiography. If the lymphocytes are warmed to 37°C in the absence of azide the labeled surface Ig determinants undergo rapid endocytosis; endocytotic vesicles containing marker molecules are visible. This mixed anti-globulin immunoelectronmieroscopic labeling system may be used to localize a, wide variety of antigens on different cell surfaces.
High Time-Space Resolved Photography Of Laser Imploded Fusion Targets

The success of laser fusion research depends upon the efficient, uniform implosion of a spherical target filled with DT fuel. In experimental investigations of these implosions, diagnostics are required which will verify the symmetry of the implosion, and measure accurately the trajectories of the shell components. This data can then be compared to the predictions of one- and two-dimensional hydrocodes to assess the performance of specific target designs. Determining the progress of specific thin shells ( 107 cm sec-1) implosion of a laser fusion target typically of initial diameter - 500 μm, places stringent demands on time-resolving x-ray imaging instrumentation. For direct drive laser fusion studies at LLE, we have developed a time-resolved x-ray imaging system having high time ( 10 μm) resolving capabilities. This streak pinhole camera system has been used to study the trajectory of the coronal ablative plasma surrounding the imploding target. With the aid of a secondary source of x-ray emission provided by laser irradiation of a separate target, time-resolved x-ray streak radiography of the inward motion of cold material interfaces can be diagnosed. In order to make accurate comparisons with the predictions of one- and two-dimensional hydrocode calculations, it is important to have absolute temporal registration of the x-ray emission to the incident laser light. We will describe approaches being followed to address these requirements and illustrate with experimental data the current technical capabilities of our time-resolved x-ray photographic system.
Distribution of glacial geomorphic features on the Antarctic continental shelf and correlation with substrate: implications for ice behavior

Surveys were conducted seaward of all the major drainage outlets of the Antarctic ice sheet from the Pennell Coast, north Victoria Land, to Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula. The results show that the ice sheet extended onto the outer shelf. Glacial troughs occur offshore of all major glacial outlets. Where the substrate is crystalline bedrock, ice flow tended to follow the structural grain of the bedrock, deposited little sediment and eroded the underlying bedrock. Where ice flowed over relatively soft, more easily eroded, sedimentary strata, the direction of ice flow was more directly offshore, and depositional features characterize the sea-floor. In these areas the signature of the grounded ice consists of till deposits and large-scale geomorphic features. Drumlins occur within the region of contact between crystalline and sedimentary substrates. The different geological substrates are interpreted to have exerted a fundamental control on the behavior of past ice sheets. The troughs in the areas of bedrock composed of sedimentary substrate are interpreted to have been occupied by relatively fast-flowing ice, ice streams, and the troughs in the areas of crystalline substrate are interpreted to have been occupied by slower-moving ice. The area between these two zones was characterized by ice acceleration and is marked by drumlins.
Pattern of skeletal malformations produced by Dominant hemimelia (Dh)

The hindlimb malformations in adult mice heterozygous for the dominant gene Dominant hemimelia (Dh) and +/+ littermates were characterized in skeletons that had been fixed, stained, and cleared. When the tibia was shortened, the deficiency was always an absence of the distal portion, and never the proximal portion. Although tibial hemimelia has been well documented in Dh mice, this study demonstrated a distinctive pattern of shortening of the tibia. Measurements of the length of the tibia (relative to the length of the humerus) showed only three patterns of shortening of the tibia (i.e., mild, moderate, and severe), rather than a continuous spectrum of shortening from mild to complete absence. The hindlimb malformation of Dh/+ mice occurred in association with a reduced number (five) of lumbar vertebrae. The interrelationship of the hindlimb malformations and the reduction in the vertebral number suggests a relationship between the development of the axial skeleton and the abnormal limb.
A greenhouse system for determining pesticide movement from golf course greens

There is an increasing concern for the potential movement of chemicals from the treated sites following the use of certain management strategies for turfgrass maintenance. In some areas, these concerns are being translated into proposed government regulations for turf-grass management that could reduce amounts of chemicals available for the management strategies. The objective of this study was to develop a lysimeter system with a controlled environment for measuring the potential movement of pesticides through golf course greens designed to simulate United States Golf Association specifications [...]
Physician provider type influences utilization and diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging of the knee.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee is expensive and is neither needed nor useful for all patients presenting with knee pain. Our objective was to determine the completeness of evaluation prior to ordering magnetic resonance imaging of the knee correlated to the ordering providers’ postgraduate medical training and the rate of positive findings on the subsequent magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: Six hundred consecutive knee magnetic resonance images were reviewed, including 200 consecutive knee magnetic resonance imaging examinations from each of three provider types: orthopaedic surgeons, non-surgical physicians with sports medicine training, and primary care providers. Positive findings on magnetic resonance imaging were recorded as well as a history of present illness, a physical examination, and radiographs made prior to ordering magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Patient and injury factors were recorded. Differences in patient factors, evaluation before magnetic resonance imaging, and positive findings were examined. A modified Poisson regression approach was used to determine predictors of a proper evaluation before magnetic resonance imaging and positive findings on knee magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Orthopaedists and non-surgical sports physicians were significantly more likely to document a physical examination, to evaluate radiographs made prior to ordering a magnetic resonance image, and to identify positive findings on the magnetic resonance image (all p < 0.001). In multivariate models, orthopaedists were more likely to document a history of present illness (relative risk, 1.05; p = 0.043). Compared with primary care physicians, a physical examination was more likely to be documented by both non-surgical sports medicine physicians (relative risk, 1.61; p < 0.001) and orthopaedists (relative risk, 1.60; p < 0.001) and positive magnetic resonance imaging findings were more likely to be found by non-surgical sports medicine physicians (relative risk, 1.41; p = 0.012) and by orthopaedists (relative risk, 1.44, p = 0.009). Other independent predictors of a magnetic resonance imaging study with positive findings were the presence of an acute injury by history (relative risk, 2.04; p < 0.001) and younger age (relative risk, 0.99; p = 0.021). Conclusions: Orthopaedists and non-surgical sports physicians are more likely to perform and to document a complete evaluation prior to ordering a knee magnetic resonance image with a positive finding. More musculoskeletal training may be useful to enable primary care physicians to use magnetic resonance imaging of the knee in a more efficient manner.
Does Relationship and Marriage Education for Lower-Income Couples Work? A Meta-Analytic Study of Emerging Research

While a large number of studies have documented how couple education programs can strengthen couple relationships, few studies have tested these programs on lower-income, higher-risk couples. Yet over the past decade, state and federal governments have been experimenting with supporting couple education programs designed to help lower-income couples form and sustain healthy marriages and relationships. This article reports the findings of a meta-analytic study of the effectiveness of couple education targeted to lower-income couples. We examined evaluation data from 15 programs and found small-to-moderate effects. For the three control-group studies, we found the overall effect of these programs was d = .250 (p < .05). For the 12 one-group/pre-post studies, we found the overall effect was d = .293 (p < .001). These effects are relatively similar to those found for MRE studies with middle-income participants and for studies of other family-support educational programs. Implications for couple educators are...
Modeling changes in rill erodibility and critical shear stress on native surface roads

This study investigated the effect of cumulative overland flow on rill erodibility and critical shear stress on native surface roads in central Idaho. Rill erodibility decreased exponentially with increasing cumulative overland flow depth; however, critical shear stress did not change. The study demonstrated that road erodibility on the studied road changes over the course of one or more consecutive overland flow events. Therefore, model simulations that fail to take into consideration this change will probably over-estimate sediment yields. An exponential function describing the relationship between rill erodibility and cumulative overland flow depth is presented as a basis for future model development for simulating erosion on native surface roads.
The Efficient Computation of Transient Flow in Turbine Blade Rows Using Transformation Methods

Computational predictions of the transient flow in turbine blade rows are considered. Adjacent blade rows typically contain unequal numbers of blades and vanes, requiring a computation over multiple passages per row to permit application of simple periodic boundary conditions. For typical geometries, use of conventional solution methods requires computation over all or a significant portion of the wheel to ensure a time accurate solution.The computational load is significantly reduced by methods which enable a one or two-passage solution to accurately model the full wheel (or part wheel, if applicable) solution. In this work, three methods are used: Profile Transformation, Fourier Transformation and Time Transformation.This paper will concentrate on the evaluation of these methods on two turbine geometries. The first test case is a frozen gust analysis for a high pressure transonic turbine; the geometry includes hub and casing cavities together with a complex tip. The second test case is a low pressure turbine stage run over a range of operating points. Comparisons between the various methods and the equivalent part wheel periodic solution are made to demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the transformation methods.Copyright © 2012 by ASME