cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART) for three-dimensional electron microscopy and X-ray photography

Abstract We give a new method for direct reconstruction of three-dimensional objects from a few electron micrographs taken at angles which need not exceed a range of 60 degrees. The method works for totally asymmetric objects, and requires little computer time or storage. It is also applicable to X-ray photography, and may greatly reduce the exposure compared to current methods of body-section radiography.
Background Activity in Single Cells of Monkey Visual Cortex During Visual Tracking

For 39 neurons in the visual cortex of 3 monkeys, background firing rate was compared in visual tracking and rest conditions. The cells fell into 2 qualitatively different classes: 34 showed small changes with visual tracking, while 5 showed dramatic and long-lasting suppressions. In the first group, activity during the tracking condition was lower than that during rest (t-test sig. at. 02 level), though some cells increased their firing rates and the change is better seen as a repatterning. The second group showed a strong tracking-induced suppression which eliminated all background activity and required up to one minute of rest for recovery. The length of this period suggests that a tonic influence from another brain area rather than a simple inhibition underlies the phenomenon, which probably relates to visual attention.
spirit girls and marines: possession and ethnopsychiatry as historical discourse in Samoa

Through an analysis of a case of possession I argue that possession can be read as historical discourse. The possessed person and the ethnoanalyst often do cultural-historical work useful to the larger society. The case examined casts light on Samoan moral history from missionization to the present and on how Samoans have reinvented traditions—not naively as the literature on cultural reinvention suggests, but as at least a partially self-conscious process.
Design of a measure and control system of power grid based on communication technology

The hardware and software design of a new measure and control system of power grid (MCPG) is introduced in this paper. This new system is based on communication technology. It serves as a platform for the utilities of many measure and control applications. By the integration of the hardware and software resources in this platform, further developments of measure and control systems for a particular application could be much more effective and economically.
BIS(DITHIOSQUARAMIDE) LIGANDS AND THEIR COMPLEXES WITH DIVALENT NICKEL: THERMOCHROMIC BEHAVIOUR AND UNANTICIPATED FORMATION OF 2:2 SPECIES

Abstract Reaction of two equivalents of N-mono- or di-substituted 3-amino-4-(n-butoxy)-3-cyclobutene-1,2-diones with a 1,2-diaminoethane gave N-mono- or di-substituted 1,2-bis((2-amino-1-cyclobutene-3,4-dione)amino)-ethane derivatives (bis(squaramides)). Reaction of the bis(squaramides) with excess P4S10 gave the analogous tetrathio derivatives (bis(dithiosquaramides), LH2) of formula (NR1R2)C4S2(NHCH2CH2NH)-C4S2(NR1R2) (R1=n-Bu, R2=H; R1=R2=Et, n-Bu). The new bis(dithiosquaramide) ligands were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, electronic, and mass spectroscopic methods. The complexes of these ligands with nickel(II) were prepared, isolated and characterized. The isolated complexes are neutral 2:2 species of formula Ni2L2, as evidenced by results from mass spectrometry, and they exhibit thermochromic behaviour in pyridine solution. Additional spectroscopic data (IR, NMR) are consistent with the ligands being coordinated only through sulfur donor atoms and a structure for the comple...
In-office efficacy of three currently marketed soft contact lens disinfection systems

Abstract Objective: a study was conducted at the University of Houston College of Optometry to test the efficacy of two multi-purpose and one two-step patient care systems in the disinfection and storage of diagnostic soft contact lenses. Study design: the solutions investigated were OPTI-ONE™, COMPLETE®, and Quick CARE™, which contain polyquad/citrate, trischem, and isopropyl alcohol respectively. Solutions from 60 vials containing recently used diagnostic soft lenses were tested for initial bacterial growth and the organisms identified. The lenses were then cleaned and disinfected according to the manufacturer's instructions. The solution from each vial was then tested for bacterial growth at the manufacturer's minimum recommended length of time for disinfection and subsequently at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Results: growth was significantly greater with OPTI-ONE™ than with COMPLETE® or Quick CARE™. Serratia marcescens was the organism most frequently found. Conclusion: COMPLETE® and Quick CARE™ appear to be efficient and efficacious systems for in-office disinfection of diagnostic soft lenses.
Toward Effective International Cooperation on Climate Change: Numbers, Interests and Institutions

Arild Underdal's “law of the least ambitious program” is properly pessimistic about the prospects for cooperation in the international system where nations must give their consent to be bound by meaningful commitments. Those pessimistic expectations are now being revealed in the collective efforts to address the problem of climate change, notably through the Kyoto Protocol. Over-coming Underdal's law requires narrowing the numbers of countries that participate in key climate agreements and tailoring membership so that just the most important countries are engaged and there are strong incentives to avoid defection. At the same time, the effectiveness of cooperative efforts would gain from fuller use of nonbinding instruments, review procedures and high level conferences—as were put to effective use in the North Sea cooperation, for example— in addition to legally binding international law through instruments such as the Kyoto Protocol. Sadly, most of the conventional wisdom runs the opposite direction, fav...
For Whom the Nation? Internationalization, Zapatismo, and the Struggle Over Mexican Modernity

Recent literature on interactions arising between capital forces and local communities has tended to equate “the global” with economic globalization and “the local” as a more or less reactive formation. Less attention is paid to the fact that processes very particular to a locale are crucial mediators between global and local scales. Perhaps the most salient of these is the production of national ideology. This paper examines Mexico in the 1990s and explores the way leaders wove articulations of modernity through reproductions of nationalism to exclude those—poor, largely rural and indigenous—who didn't fit the picture of progress, then looks at how several indigenous communities contested these elite notions, demanding equal access as citizens of Mexico, and radically altered the public view of elite notions of progress.
Protocols constructed around the nursing process. 2: Oral contraceptives.

A protocol is described which can be used by nurses and nurse practitioners who provide oral contraceptives (OCs) to college students. A list of relevant and necessary subjective objective and laboratory assessments is given; contraindications are defined and categorized as absolute strong relative (which require refer to a physician) and possibly relative (which require consultation with a physician). The latter are further categorized as those which may contraindicate initiation of OCs and those which require careful observation of the women after initiation of OCs. The protocol includes a plan of appropriate activities for registered nurses nurse practitioners patient education and follow-up visits.
Effects of rotating gaseous flows on transient droplet dynamics and heating

In this paper, the effects of rotating gaseous flows on transient droplet dynamics and heating are investigated theoretically. The idealized flow configuration considered involves a periodic linear array of nonvaporizing droplets trapped on the axis of a rotating, infinitely long, gaseous cylinder, which drives the droplet spin-up. The effects of the induced secondary motion and rotational Reynolds number on heat transfer in both phases are examined. The results show that initially quiescent droplets can be rotationally accelerated within relatively short time periods compared with their evaporation lifetimes and that the characteristic times for transient heating and spin-up are of comparable magnitude. In addition, the effects of rotation on droplet heating are found to be insignificant for small droplets (of the order of 100 μm or smaller) and the corresponding low values of rotational Reynolds numbers.
Achieving Uniform Chromatic Dispersion over a Wide Wavelength Range in Highly Nonlinear Slot Waveguides

We show dispersion-flattened silicon slot waveguides with high nonlinearity for on-chip signal-processing applications, which exhibits a flat near-zero dispersion within ±0.12ps/nm/m over a 302-nm wavelength range with nonlinear coefficient ? up to 4300/m/W at 1550nm.
Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Anatase TiO2 Using TiCl4

Self-limiting deposition of anatase TiO2 was accomplished by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition using TiCl4 and O2. Film growth occurred at a rate of ∼1.35 A/cycle, independent of temperature. The refractive index increased monotonically with temperature, and the presence of the anatase phase was confirmed by FTIR and XRD for T ≥ 110 °C. Films were free of impurities with respect to FTIR and XPS, and conformal coverage was confirmed by cross-section microscopy. These results show that OH groups, the most common surface termination in ALD, is not required for this process.
Changes in latency and duration of neural responding following developmental auditory deprivation

The initial latency of spikes evoked by click stimulation and the duration over which spiking occurred were observed in the inferior colliculi of rats. One ear of these animals had been deprived of early auditory stimulation by ligation of the external meatus. Clicks presented to the normally experienced ears evoked spikes in the opposite colliculus with latencies that depended on the characteristic frequency of the unit. Low-frequency ( 20 kHz) units. After an ear had been deprived of sound from 10 days after birth, response latencies of units in the opposite colliculus with characteristic frequencies below about 10 kHz were comparable to controls, but most units above 10 kHz had latencies 2–3 times control latencies. Spike activity evoked in these units did not continue as long as that for most comparable control units. Ears sound deprived for an equal period from 60 days after birth also had changes in latencies and response durations, but these were much less than in the developmentally deprived. Latencies of gross potentials at the auditory nerve were not affected by early deprivation, indicating a central origin for the latency changes.
Science Data Management: Maximizing the Yield [Guest editors' introduction]

This special issue presents researchers' latest efforts to help the scientific community manage increasingly large repositories of data.
Communal winter nesting and food sharing in taiga voles.

1. In central Alaska, Taiga Voles live in communal groups of five to ten individuals (mean = 7.1) for eight months of the year. During this winter period, they share a common stored food cache. 2. Evidence from both field monitoring of nest temperatures and laboratory studies indicates that thermoregulatory advantages accrue from communal nesting. Cooperative defense against predators and food thieves probably also occurs. 3. Group members are generally not from the same immediate family, although occasionally female litter mates join the same group. Sex and age composition appear to be the result of random sampling of the population at large in late August. 4. We speculate that the non-relatedness of midden groups can be explained partly by a spreading of the risk against predation and/or inbreeding avoidance. However, this does not satisfactorily explain several aspects of this behavior. 5. The midden groups provide circumstances favorable to the operation of group selection.
Understanding ethnic differences in the utilization of joint replacement for osteoarthritis: the role of patient-level factors.

Background There is a marked difference between black patients and white patients in the utilization of joint replacement therapy. The reasons behind this disparity remain unknown. Objectives To examine how black and white potential candidates for joint replacement compare with respect to their overall familiarity with joint replacement as an option, as well as their perceptions of the risks/benefits of this procedure. Methods Cross-sectional survey of 596 elderly patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee or hip or both attending primary care clinics at Cleveland VAMC. Results Black (44%) and white (56%) patients in this cohort were comparable with respect to age and clinical factors. However, black patients were less likely to be employed (8% vs. 15%, P = 0.017) or to be married (39% vs. 56%, P = 0.000), but more likely to report an annual household income of less than $10,000 (41% vs. 20%, P = 0.000) and less than high school education (43% vs. 29%, P = 0.001). Black patients were less likely than white patients to have had family or friends who had had joint replacement (OR, 0.39 [0.26-0.61]), or to report a good understanding of joint replacement as a form of treatment (OR, 0.62 [0.42-0.92]). They were more likely than white patients to expect longer hospital course (OR, 4.09 [2.57-6.54]), moderate to extreme pain (OR, 2.61 [1.74-3.89]), and moderate to extreme difficulty walking after replacement surgery (OR, 2.76 [1.83-4.16]). Conclusion Black patients were less likely than white patients to be familiar with joint replacement surgery and more likely to express concerns about postsurgical pain and difficulty walking.
Steady-state instability in tropospheric chemical mechanisms

Abstract Numerical simulations were used to investigate steady-state instabilities in chemical models containing the major tropospheric reactions of carbon monoxide, methane, and propane. The models all exhibit steady-state instability, in which the concentrations of chemical species cycle periodically with time. The occurrence of these oscillations is dependent on the emission rates of the primary pollutants (namely nitrogen monoxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and propane). The regions in which steady-state instability was observed were mapped as a function of these emission rates. In general, oscillations occur when the emission rates of nitrogen monoxide and organics are similar. The emission rates at which the kinetics switch between steady-state stability and instability as well as the oscillation periods within the unstable region are found to be sensitive to the yield of HOx and the rate coefficient for the OH+CO/hydrocarbon reaction. Implications for the occurrence of steady-state instabilities in the atmosphere are discussed.
Kinetic and thermodynamic study of the interactions of nickel(II) with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

The equilibria and kinetics of Ni(II) interactions with the two pyridine coenzymes NAD and NADP were investigated by the temperature-jump relaxation technique. Three relaxation times for each system were detected, of which the two slower were characterized in detail as a function of metal ion and ligand concentrations and pH. Results were found to be consistent with a mechanism involving sequential formation of several different 1:1 metal ion complexes, including those in which the various ring systems participated with phosphate bonding. For NADP, a parallel series of steps involving the phosphate-protonated coenzyme was also present. Rate constants were compared to those for corresponding steps in simpler nucleotide and phosphate systems
Regional nitrate and pesticide trends in ground water in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California

Protection of ground water for present and future use requires monitoring and understanding of the mechanisms controlling long-term quality of ground water. In this study, spatial and temporal trends in concentrations of nitrate and pesticides in ground water in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California, were evaluated to determine the long-term effects of agricultural and urban development on regional ground-water quality. Trends in concentrations of nitrate, the nematocide 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and the herbicide simazine during the last two decades are generally consistent with known nitrogen fertilizer and pesticide use and with the position of the well networks in the regional ground-water flow system. Concentrations of nitrate and pesticides are higher in the shallow part of the aquifer system where domestic wells are typically screened, whereas concentrations are lower in the deep part of the aquifer system where public-supply wells are typically screened. Attenuation processes do not seem to significantly affect concentrations. Historical data indicate that concentrations of nitrate have increased since the 1950s in the shallow and deep parts of the aquifer system. Concentrations of nitrate and detection of pesticides in the deep part of the aquifer system will likely increase as the proportion of highly affected water contributed to these wells increases with time. Because of the time of travel between the water table and the deep part of the aquifer system, current concentrations in public-supply wells likely reflect the effects of 40- to 50-yr-old management practices.
Payment and value: The generation of an evaluation standard and its effect on value

Abstract Three studies explored the relationship between the reward that individuals receive for engaging in an activity and the value that they subsequently place on that activity. In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects engaged in an activity more when they had previously received a moderate amount of reward than when they had received either a small or a large reward. Experiment 3 indicated that the shape of this function was determined, in part, by the value the activity had before the reward was give. These results, coupled with those of previous studies in the effort justification paradigm, suggest that reward and cost can influence activity value similarly, through the operation of simple comparison processes as predicted by personal comparison theory. Implications for social judgment, associative, self-perception, and dissonance perspectives were discussed.
Modified heating theory of nonequilibrium superconductors

Most recent experiments on nonequilibrium superconductors have been interpreted in terms of a theoretical model that assumes the recombination time of quasiparticles acts as a bottleneck in the quasiparticle relaxation process. However, in all experiments to date, the actual bottleneck is the escape time of recombination phonons from the superconductor. We show that all previous experiments can be interpreted in terms of a modified heating theory where the quasiparticles remain in both thermal and chemical equilibrium at an effective temperature ${T}^{*}$ greater than the helium-bath temperature. The temperature ${T}^{*}$ is determined from a consideration of only those phonons with energy greater than $2\ensuremath{\Delta}$.
A multidisciplinary optimization using semi-analytical sensitivity analysis procedure and multilevel decomposition

Abstract This paper addresses the development of a multidisciplinary optimization procedure using an efficient semi-analytical sensitivity analysis technique and multilevel decomposition for the design of aerospace vehicles. A semi-analytical sensitivity analysis procedure is developed for aerodynamic design sensitivities. Accuracy and efficiency of the sensitivity analysis procedure is established through comparison of the results with those obtained using a finite difference technique. The optimization problem, with the integration of aerodynamics and structures, is decomposed into two levels. Optimization is performed for improved aerodynamic performance at the first level and improved structural performance at the second level. Aerodynamic analysis is performed by solving the three-dimensional parabolized Navier Stokes equations. A nonlinear programming technique and an approximate analysis procedure are used for optimization. The procedure developed is applied to design the wing of a high speed aircraft. Results obtained show significant improvements in the wing aerodynamic and structural performance when compared to a reference or baseline wing configuration. The use of the semi-analytical sensitivity technique provides significant computational savings.
The efficacy and safety of milrinone for treating heart failure in dogs.

Milrinone is a potent positive inotropic agent and mild arteriolar dilating agent not yet approved for use in treating heart failure in dogs. This article reviews experimental and clinical trial data germane to its use in dogs. The author concludes that the drug is efficacious and safe when used in the described manner in dogs with heart failure.
Epistemic Paradigms: Some Problems in Cross‐cultural Research on Social Anthropological History and Theory1

Anthropological premises and assumptions generally involve intellectual-historical, philosophical, or “paradigmatic” choices and commitments. More specifically, in cases of theoretical and practical differences between rival paradigms of social anthropology, these choices and commitments must be empathetically understood and systematically explicated before an intelligent or fruitful debate is possible. This paper briefly and tentatively outlines the major premises and assumptions of structuralism and empiricism in French-continental and Anglo-American cultural anthropology. It also suggests possible means for the improvement of debate between these rival schools and points out that in exchanges of differing opinions, the social anthropologist must be aware of both the explicit socio-anthropological and the implicit historicophilosophical issues involved.
Confirmation sensor scheduling using a reinforcement learning approach

Landmine sensor technology research has proposed many types of sensors. Some of this technology has matured and can be implemented in sensor arrays that scan for landmines. Other technologies show great promise for distinguishing landmines from clutter, but are more practical to implement on a point-by-point basis as confirmation sensors. This work looks at the problem of scheduling confirmation sensors. Three sensors are considered for their ability to distinguish between landmines and clutter. A novel sensor scheduling algorithm is employed that learns an optimal policy for applying confirmation sensors based on reinforcement learning. A performance gain is realized in both probability of correct classification and processing time. The processing time savings come from not having to deploy all sensors for every situation.
Kenneth Burke's “five dogs” and Mother Teresa's love

Mother Teresa's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech presents special difficulties for the rhetorical critic. Its form is disjointed, rambling, and seemingly unfocused; at the same time, the speaker and the occasion are important, and the speech is moving. However, Kenneth Burke's “Five Dogs” segment in Language as Symbolic Action can be applied usefully in analyzing Mother Teresa's address. Burke's five levels of meaning—primal, lexical, jingle, entelechial, and tautological—provide a flexible, heuristic critical tool for speeches in which key terms carry special significance. This essay analyzes Burke's construct and applies it critically to Mother Teresa's speech.
Volumetric and semiquantitative assessment of MRI-detected subchondral bone marrow lesions in knee osteoarthritis: a comparison of contrast-enhanced and non-enhanced imaging.

Summary Objective Aim was to compare volumetric and semi-quantitative (SQ) measurements of subchondral bone marrow lesions (BMLs) on non-fat-suppressed (FS) T1-weighted (w), T1-w FS contrast enhanced (CE) and proton density (PD)-w FS images in order to define which sequence depicts the lesions to their maximum extent and if T1-w FS CE images and PD-w FS images may be used interchangeably to assess BMLs in a volumetric or SQ fashion. Design Thirty-two patients with clinical knee osteoarthritis (OA) were scanned on a standard 1.5 T MRI system. A total of 47 BMLs were identified and were manually segmented on all three sequences. BMLs were also assessed semiquantitatively using the Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS). The volumetric and SQ results were compared across the three imaging sequences using paired t -tests. Results Eighty-three percent of the lesions appeared largest on the PD-w FS sequence. Significant differences were observed for volumetric measurements between all three sequences ( P P Conclusion Our findings suggest that the T1-w FS CE and PD-w FS sequences may be interchangeably used for quantitative volumetric and SQ assessment of BMLs.
Evaluation of surface treatment and fabrication methods for jute fiber/epoxy laminar composites

Low fiber volume fraction and uncertain void content are continuing problems in natural fiber composites with continuous reinforcement. This study addresses these problems through the optimization of the Vacuum Infusion (VI) fabrication process for use with jute fabric reinforcement. The effects of reinforcement weave architecture, surface treatment, and fabrication method on the performance of jute fiber/epoxy laminated composites are subsequently characterized. Alkali and silane surface treatments were applied to enhance the fiber/matrix bonding. Wicking tests showed silane coupling produced jute yarn with zero water wicking and increased epoxy wicking. Extension of this treatment to reinforcing fabrics significantly reduced the moisture absorption of jute/epoxy composites. Constituent analysis showed traditional hand-layup fabrication method results in composites with unacceptably high void content. For this reason, the VI method was employed and optimized. The addition of pre-compaction and deadweight compaction steps resulted in composites having a near-zero void content and a very good fiber volume fraction. Mechanical testing showed that the studied surface treatments improved tensile modulus in jute/epoxy composites, regardless of reinforcement architecture. Unidirectional preforms increased tensile strength and modulus due to reduced fabric crimp. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:310–317, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Gender differences among smokers receiving interventions for tobacco dependence in a medical setting.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to assess differences between women and men receiving treatment for tobacco dependence through a clinical treatment program. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of clinical data collected on 2139 ambulatory and 1259 hospitalized smokers receiving individualized tobacco dependence treatment from Jan 1, 2004 to Dec 31, 2005 through the Mayo Clinic Nicotine Dependence Center. Results Overall, female smokers smoked less than males ( p p p p = 0.004 and p = 0.008 for ambulatory and hospitalized patients, respectively); were less likely to be married ( p p = 0.04); and were more likely to have received a prescription for a smoking cessation medication (ambulatory smokers only, p = 0.034). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, women and men did not differ in tobacco abstinence outcomes. Conclusion Although many gender differences are present among patients treated in a large ambulatory and hospital based tobacco treatment programs, gender is not associated with failure to achieve smoking abstinence.
The ecological role of fire in the Jackson Hole area, northwestern Wyoming

Fire-history investigations in the Jackson Hole area of northwestern Wyoming reveal that most current stands of aspen and lodgepole pine regenerated following extensive fires between 1840 and 1890 and that widespread fires occurred in the 1600s and 1700s. White man's major effect on the fire incidence has been the successful suppression during the past 30–80 yr. Successional changes in the absence of fire include the deterioration of aspen stands, massive invasions of subalpine fir in lodgepole pine stands, great increase in conifer cover, heavy fuel buildups in lodgepole pine and Douglas fir stands, and increase in sagebrush and other shrubs. Steps are being taken, starting in 1972, to allow fire to play a more natural role in Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks. Teton National Forest plans experimental prescribed burning to determine whether fire can stimulate successful aspen regeneration in the presence of large numbers of wintering elk.
Effect of cytarabine on the NMR structure of a model okazaki fragment from the SV40 genome.

Okazaki fragments occur as intermediates during lagging strand DNA replication. Alterations in Okazaki fragment structure may contribute to the anticancer activities of nucleoside analogues such as cytarabine, a potent anti-leukemic agent that inhibits lagging strand replication. We have determined the solution structures for two model Okazaki fragments, [OKA] and [ARAC]. These sequences are derived from a frequent initiation site for primase during replication of the SV-40 viral genome. The sequence of [ARAC] differs from [OKA] only by substitution of cytarabine for one deoxycytidine. The structure of each model Okazaki fragment was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics simulations. The solution structures of [OKA] and [ARAC] each consist of two distinct domains: a DNA duplex region (DDR) and an RNA−DNA hybrid duplex region (HDR). The DDR of [OKA] adopts geometry similar to B-form except for variations in helical parameters, especially twist and roll, which occur in the pur...
Build Watson: an overview of DeepQA for the Jeopardy! challenge

Computer systems that can directly and accurately answer peoples' questions over a broad domain of human knowledge have been envisioned by scientists and writers since the advent of computers themselves. Open domain question answering holds tremendous promise for facilitating informed decision making over vast volumes of natural language content. Applications in business intelligence, healthcare, customer support, enterprise knowledge management, social computing, science and government would all benefit from deep language processing. The DeepQA project (www.ibm.com/deepqa) is aimed at illustrating how the advancement and integration of Natural Language Processing (NLP), Information Retrieval (IR), Machine Learning (ML), massively parallel computation and Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R) can greatly advance open-domain automatic Question Answering. An exciting proof-point in this challenge is to develop a computer system that can successfully compete against top human players at the Jeopardy! quiz show (www.jeopardy.com). Attaining champion-level performance Jeopardy! requires a computer to rapidly answer rich open-domain questions, and to predict its own performance on any given category/question. The system must deliver high degrees of precision and confidence over a very broad range of knowledge and natural language content and with a 3-second response time. To do this DeepQA generates, evidences and evaluates many competing hypotheses. A key to success is automatically learning and combining accurate confidences across an array of complex algorithms and over different dimensions of evidence. Accurate confidences are needed to know when to "buzz in" against your competitors and how much to bet. Critical for winning at Jeopardy!, High precision and accurate confidence computations are just as critical for providing real value in business settings where helping users focus on the right content sooner and with greater confidence can make all the difference. The need for speed and high precision demands a massively parallel compute platform capable of generating, evaluating and combing 1000's of hypotheses and their associated evidence. In this talk I will introduce the audience to the Jeopardy! Challenge and describe our technical approach and our progress on this grand-challenge problem.
Modern organic carbon burial fluxes, recent sedimentation rates, and particle mixing rates from the upper continental slope near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (USA)

Abstract The prominent band of organic-rich surface sediment (2–3% organic carbon) that straddles the upper continental slope near Cape Hatteras suggests that this region may be an important depocenter for phytodetritus exported from the highly productive shelf waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB). To understand better the role of modern (post- 1955 ) carbon burial in continental slope sediments, we quantified rates of recent (defined as 2 -yr timescale) sediment accumulation, particle mixing, and organic carbon burial for 12 cores from 10 upper slope stations (212–1004 m) in the proximity of Cape Hatteras. Recent sedimentation and mixing rates were evaluated using diagenetic models calibrated by coupling two modern particle tracers with distinct input functions: excess 210 Pb and fallout Pu. These two radionuclides provide independent information that can be used to deconvolve the effects of sediment accumulation and mixing. Recent sedimentation rates range from 10 to 425 cm kyr −1 (mean=106 cm kyr −1 ) and biodiffusion coefficients for the deep mixing layer (9–21 cm) range from 0.3 to 5.2 cm 2 yr −1 (mean=1.3 cm 2 yr −1 ). Total carbon burial for this region based on recent sedimentation rates (1.1 mol C m −2 yr −1 ) is considerably higher than that reported for the more northern sections of the MAB. Although the narrowing shelf and convergence of southward flowing shelf waters and the north-flowing Gulf Stream promote carbon export and deposition off Cape Hatteras, we estimate that modern carbon burial in upper slope sediments in this region accounts for much less than 1% of the shelf production.
Origin of regioselectivity in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of polyhalogenated heterocycles.

Sequential cross-coupling on multihalogenated heterocycles is a particularly attractive strategy for the divergent synthesis of polysubstituted heterocycles, but the factors that govern the regioselectivity are not well understood. The present study shows that the selectivity in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of heterocycles bearing multiple identical halogens is determined by both the energy to distort the carbon halogen bond to the transition-state geometry (related to BDE) and the interaction of the heterocycle π* (LUMO) and PdL2 HOMO.
Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in persons 60 years of age and older in the United States: Effect of different methods of case classification

Objective To determine prevalence estimates for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in noninstitutionalized older adults in the US. Prevalence estimates were compared using 3 different classification methods based on current classification criteria for RA. Methods Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) were used to generate prevalence estimates by 3 classification methods in persons 60 years of age and older (n = 5,302). Method 1 applied the “n of k” rule, such that subjects who met 3 of 6 of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1987 criteria were classified as having RA (data from hand radiographs were not available). In method 2, the ACR classification tree algorithm was applied. For method 3, medication data were used to augment case identification via method 2. Population prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined using the 3 methods on data stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, age, and education. Results Overall prevalence estimates using the 3 classification methods were 2.03% (95% CI 1.30–2.76), 2.15% (95% CI 1.43–2.87), and 2.34% (95% CI 1.66–3.02), respectively. The prevalence of RA was generally greater in the following groups: women, Mexican Americans, respondents with less education, and respondents who were 70 years of age and older. Conclusion The prevalence of RA in persons 60 years of age and older is ∼2%, representing the proportion of the US elderly population who will most likely require medical intervention because of disease activity. Different classification methods yielded similar prevalence estimates, although detection of RA was enhanced by incorporation of data on use of prescription medications, an important consideration in large population surveys.
Magnetic ion exchange treatment of stabilized landfill leachate

Stabilized landfill leachate is characterized by a high concentration of non-biodegradable organic matter, which is similar in chemistry to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the natural aquatic environment. Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin treatment is well-studied in drinking water for removal of DOM from natural waters. There are fewer studies evaluating MIEX treatment of waste waters, and there is no previous work evaluating MIEX treatment of landfill leachate. This work systematically evaluated MIEX treatment of stabilized landfill leachate and evaluated the results in the context of previous studies of MIEX treatment of natural and waste waters. Five leachates from four landfills were evaluated as a function of MIEX resin dose, mixing time, and regeneration efficiency. MIEX resin removed DOM from landfill leachate, even in the presence of a reported high background concentration of inorganic ions. MIEX resin that was exhausted with leachate DOM was effectively regenerated with a concentrated NaCl solution, and regenerated MIEX resin performed similarly to virgin resin. For a majority of the leachates, the removal trend for MIEX resin was color > UV-absorbing substances > dissolved organic carbon ≈ COD > total nitrogen. Finally, MIEX resin removed a wider range of DOM from leachate than coagulation. The most important contribution of this work is that MIEX treatment of leachate followed very similar trends as MIEX treatment of natural waters, which will allow previous MIEX data to be used to estimate the treatment efficiency of other waste waters.
The interplay of therapeutic and developmental process in the treatment of children: An application of contemporary object relations theory

L'auteur met en rapport le developpement affectif de l'enfant avec les processus mis en jeu lors de la cure psychanalytique de ce meme enfant. Il envisage successivement l'alliance therapeutique et le developpement affectif
Immunochemical study of an immunoglobulin-like molecule of murine thymocytes

Abstract Chicken antisera to mouse myeloma IgM can precipitate specifically Ig-like components obtained from surface iodinated and detergent lysed thymocytes. When these immunoprecipitates were dissolved in SDS/urea, reduced, and alkylated, four peptide species could be separated in polyacrylamide electrophoresis, one of which had the mobility of a μ chain, two others being much larger (> 1000,000), and the fourth migrating between γ and L chains. It is suspected that much of the surface Ig is irreversibly aggregated and that the observed peptides represent oligomers of smaller units. The tendency to oligomerize was lessened in gel filtration using 6 M guanidine. Under these conditions, a peptide chain of 22,000 daltons (P22) in range with an L chain, a peptide of 71,000 daltons (P71) compatible with a μ chain, on unidentified intermediate peptide, and one peptide of > 100,000 daltons were obtained. On isolation and gel electrophoresis, P71 coincided with a μ chain, but P22 was located between the L and γ marker, possibly having been dimerized. In further experiments designed to demonstrate the presence of μ-determinants on thymocytes and to exclude in the antiserum contaminating antibodies as the agents responsible for the fluorescence reaction, thymocytes were saturated with chicken anti-IgM and subsequently eluted at pH 2.0. Eluted antibody was entirely IgM speficic as demonstrated by its capacity to precipitate 125 I labeled IgM, but not of mouse IgG. The involvement of cytophilic immunoglobulin was excluded by the fact that rabbit anti-IgM and chicken anti-IgG yielded much less active eluates. Furthermore, analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the radioactivity precipitated by eluates of anti-IgM treated cell was virtually all associated with IgM.
Scratch and wear performance of prosthetic femoral head components against crosslinked UHMWPE sockets

Total hip arthroplasty is a highly successful procedure where the hip joint is replaced by an artificial ball and socket joint. Bearing wear continues to be a contributing factor to implant failure. Prosthetic femoral heads roughen in vivo which leads to increased wear. Along with the introduction of improved polyethylene which reduces wear by up to 99%, improved femoral head materials have been introduced to improve resistance to abrasion. The abrasion resistance of two of these improved femoral heads was assessed in this study and compared to a cobalt chromium (CoCr) femoral head. The resulting wear performance against a polyethylene acetabular component was assessed. The bulk ceramic (zirconia toughened alumina) femoral head exhibited superior abrasion resistance compared to CoCr (97% reduction in damage) as well as reduced wear after abrasion (97% reduction in wear). The oxide coated zirconium niobium femoral head showed inferior abrasion resistance compared to CoCr (99% increase in damage) as well as increased wear after abrasion (161% increase in wear). Both femoral head surfaces utilize hard ceramic materials, however, the thin ceramic coating on top of a softer metallic substrate of the oxide coated bearing was unable to withstand aggressive abrasion.
Smart urban governance: an institutional and system perspective

The goal of this conceptual research paper is to provide an institutional and system perspective for the study of smart urban governance. The proposed framework of smart urban governance systems is to complement the existing frameworks of smart cities by focusing on institutional design and system dynamics. This framework draws from the studies of institutions, complex adaptive systems, and e-government. A smart urban governance system has three interactive components: institutions, actors, and processes (actions and interactions). Smartness entails the utilization of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Other systems interacting with the urban governance system are modeled as information inputs for urban governance decision making. This paper concludes with opportunities for further research.
ESTIMATION OF OVARIAN ACTIVITY BY THE CONSECUTIVEDAY STUDY OF BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE AND BASAL METABOLIC RATE1

The need for an estimate of ovarian activity is amply attested by widespread research on the problems of sex hormone assay, recently reviewed in the Cold Spring Harbor Symposium (1). With present methods there is no assurance that all the hormone in the test fluid (blood, urine) has been extracted without destruction, and no assurance that the extract is wholly and uniformly effective in the test animals. The logic of an auto-assay is inescapable. What sensitivity is lost because woman is so much larger than the rabbit or mouse is more than regained by avoiding extraction and injection. It has been established by studies on children (2), surgically castrate women (3, 4), women past the menopause (5), in pregnancy (6), and in the meticulously careful studies of Papanicolaou on normal women (3) that the human vaginal mucosa is an adequate test object for the estimation of follicular hormone (estradiol, estrone, estriol) within certain limits, provided the previous state of the vaginal mucosa (vaginal smear ...
Tips for Successful Outcomes for Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Procedures

The continuing evolution of endovascular approaches to the repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms necessitates careful evaluation of the safety and efficacy of these alternative therapies as they compare to the "gold standard" of open surgical repair. The purpose of this report is to present our approach to conventional open surgical repair of these aneurysms. Routine surgical modalities include use of moderate systemic heparinization, mild permissive hypothermia, and sequential aortic clamping. For extensive thoracoabdominal and select descending aortic procedures, additional modalities are used. The multimodal approach to organ protection during surgical treatment of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysms has evolved substantially over the past 20 years. Experienced surgical centers now have much lower mortality and morbidity rates for these operations than previously reported. Current management strategies enable patients to undergo conventional open aneurysm repairs with excellent early survival and acceptable morbidity.
Tracking concept drift in malware families

The previous efforts in the use of machine learning for malware detection have assumed that malware population is stationary i.e. probability distribution of the observed characteristics (features) of malware populations don't change over time. In this paper, we investigate this assumption for malware families as populations. Malware, by design, constantly evolves so as to defeat detection. Evolution in malware may lead to a nonstationary malware population. The problem of nonstationary populations has been called concept drift in machine learning. Tracking concept drift is critical to the successful application of ML based methods for malware detection. If the evolution causes the malware population to drift rapidly then frequent retraining of classifiers may be required to prevent degradation in performance. On the other hand, if the drift is found to be negligible, then ML based methods are robust for such populations for long periods of time.We propose two measures for tracking concept drift in malware families when feature sets are very large-relative temporal similarity and metafeatures. We illustrate the use of the proposed measures with a study on 3500+ samples from three families of x86 malware, spanning over 5 years. The results of the study show negligible drift in mnemonic 2-grams extracted from unpacked versions of the samples. The measures can likewise be applied to track drift in any number of malware families. Tracking drift in this manner also provides a novel method for feature type selection, i.e., use the feature type that drifts the least.
Giving TRALI the one-two punch

In this issue of Blood , Toy et al identify recipient and blood product factors associated with increased risk of transfusion-associated acute lung injury (TRALI) using data derived from the largest active surveillance, prospective, case-controlled study. 1 This study provides important new insights into our mechanistic understanding of an important clinical problem in transfusion medicine and validates the effectiveness of TRALI mitigating strategies that have been implemented.
Who's In Charge Here?

In this article the author examines the motivation levels of employees and the methods that employers are allowed to use to motivate their workers. He suggests that, on the employee level, the United States is no longer as motivated as they once were. He also points out that, historically, when the American worker was motivated the methods that employers used to motivate were largely authority-oriented. Employers are no longer making use of these methods and the author questions whether this is because management has outgrown these methods or if people have talked them out of it. He examines how the U.S. has gone through this process and urges employers to find new motivational methods before it is too late.
Tv news hyper‐coverage and the representation of place: observations on the o.j. simpson case

From June 1994 until October 1995, the television news industry constructed and sustained a window of saturating hyper‐coverage surrounding the O.J. Simpson double‐murder case. Coverage of the Simp...