cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic nucleotides and platelet aggregation. Effect of aggregating agents on the activity of cyclic nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes.

Abstract The activities of adenylate and guanylate cyclase and cyclic nucleotide 3′:5′-phosphodiesterase were determined during the aggregation of human blood platelets with thrombin, ADP, arachidonic acid and epinephrine. The activity of guanylate cyclase is altered to a much larger degree than adenylate cyclase, while cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity remains unchanged. During the early phases of thrombin- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation a marked activation of the guanylate cyclase occurs whereas aggregation induced by arachidonic acid or epinephrine results in a rapid diminution of this activity. In all four cases, the adenylate cyclase activity is only slightly decreased when examined under identical conditions. Platelet aggregation induced by a wide variety of aggregating agents including collagen and platelet isoantibodies results in the “release” of only small amounts (1–3%) of guanylate cyclase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and no adenylate cyclase. The guanylate cyclase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activities are associated almost entirely with the soluble cytoplasmic fraction of the platelet, while the adenylate cyclase is found exclusively in a membrane bound form. ADP and epinephrine moderately inhibit guanylate and adenylate cyclase in subcellular preparations, while arachidonic and other unsaturated fatty acids moderately stimulate (2–4-fold) the former. It is concluded that (1) the activity of platelet guanylate cyclase during aggregation depends on the nature and mode of action of the inducing agent, (2) the activity of the membrane adenylate cyclase during aggregation is independent of the aggregating agent and is associated with a reduction of activity and (3) cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase remains unchanged during the process of platelet aggregation and release. Furthermore, these observations suggest a role for unsaturated fatty acids in the control of intracellular cyclic GMP levels.
A Novel Determination Method of IPMC Young’s Modulus Based on Cantilever Resonance Theory

The research is aimed at presenting a novel determination method of IPMC (Ionic Polymer Metal Composites) Young’s Modulus. This method would fill up some deficiencies, such as damaging the tested IPMC strip, having low precision and so on, in the traditional method like tensile test and bending test. The paper presents a novel determination method based on cantilever resonance theory. Cantilever resonance theory is one of the methods to determinate the Young’s modulus of metal wire and metal strip. This method adopts Euler-Bernoulli beam to build a vibration differential equation of the beam. Then, by using the separate variable method, the general solution of the equation would be obtained. Considering the boundary conditions, a formula about the relation of the Young’s modulus and the first natural frequency is obtained. Limited by the experimental equipment and test method, this method has not been applied in the composite material. This paper attempts to apply this method in the IPMC material. The laser probing DISP (displacement) technique is applied in the test experiment. The laser displacement transducer is a kind of accurate un-contact laser displacement measurement set. The distance measured, which could be used to measure the change in position of the tested object, is based on the triangle principle.
Discipline and the Arts of Domination: Rituals of Respect in Chimborazo, Ecuador

Mestizo and indigenous authorities on 20th-century highland Ecuadorian haciendas exercised authority through culturally hybrid practices of ritual discipline. Rather than opposing force to persuasion, I argue that hacienda discipline used coercion as part of a strategy of persuasion. This argument is tied to a social-structural as well as cultural notion of hegemony: By regulating internal social relations, authorities linked their power to the notion of morality and “respect” held by subordinates, thereby also shaping the latter's understanding of resistance.
Bioactive Nanofibers: Synergistic Effects of Nanotopography and Chemical Signaling on Cell Guidance

Biodegradable nanofibers have tremendous potential for tissue repair. However, the combined effects of nanofiber organization and immobilized bioactive factors on cell guidance are not well understood. In this study, we developed aligned and bioactive nanofibrous scaffolds by immobilizing extracellular matrix protein and growth factor onto nanofibers, which simulated the physical and biochemical properties of native matrix fibrils. The aligned nanofibers significantly induced neurite outgrowth and enhanced skin cell migration during wound healing compared to randomly oriented nanofibers. Furthermore, the immobilized biochemical factors (as efficient as soluble factors) synergized with aligned nanofibers to promote highly efficient neurite outgrowth but had less effect on skin cell migration. This study shed light on the relative importance of nanotopography and chemical signaling in the guidance of different cell behavior.
Bound-Exciton, Free-Exciton, Band-Acceptor, Donor-Acceptor, and Auger Recombination in GaAs

The broad-band photoluminescence spectra typical of bulk-grown or low-purity epitaxial GaAs breaks into a number of sharp emission lines in very-high-purity GaAs. At low temperatures (\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K), emission peaks due to free excitons (1.5156 eV), excitons bound to neutral (1.5145 eV) and ionized (1.5133 eV) donors, and excitons bound to neutral (1.5125 eV) and ionized (1.4886 eV) acceptors are identified. Also, band-acceptor (1.4926 eV) and donor-acceptor (1.4857 eV) recombination is observed. The assignments are based on dependence of the emission lines with temperature, impurity content, and carrier type ($n$- or $p$-type material), as well as on the relative energy positions. The temperature dependence of the exciton-neutral-donor complex appears to be influenced by nonradiative Auger recombination.
Closed form line to line voltage THD of the cascade multilevel inverter including device voltage drops

The previously published formulas showed the line to line voltage THD of the cascade multilevel inverter's staircase voltage waveform with unequal DC sources. This article explains/demonstrates how these formulas have been revised to show new expressions that include the device voltage drops. The device voltage drops exist across the diodes and switches in power converters during conduction. The new set of formulas is fast, accurate, and simple. They make it very simple to compute the THD in real time and in a fraction of second. Simulation results are presented to show the difference between the previous ideal case and present practical case. Experimental results are presented to verify the obtained analytical formulas as well as simulation results.
Note on Discriminator Detection of PCM/FM

For optimum discriminator detection of PCM/FM with Gaussian IF filter, the error probability is derived and shown to depend only on the signal to noise ratio, E/N0b0? where E/N0 is the received (signal-energy-per-bit)-to (noise density) ratio, and b0? is the IF bandwidth and bit duration product (b0??1). The error bound and the optimum generalized frequency deviation are discussed.
Circadian modulation of granule cell response to perforant path synaptic input in the rat.

Abstract Circadian variations in the amplitude of field potentials elicited by stimulation of perforant path axons and recorded from the dentate gyrus were observed in rats with chronically implanted electrodes entrained to a 12:12 h (07.00 On, 19.00 Off) light-dark cycle. Population spike input-output curves, constructed daily at five 2 h intervals (14.00, 16.00, 18.00, 20.00, 22.00), showed maximum spike amplitude at 16.00 during the light period and a decrease to minimum amplitude at 20.00 during the dark period of the cycle in each animal tested. Decreases in spike amplitude at 20.00 relative to 16.00 were also observed (1) in the laminar profile of the granule cell layer field potential; (2) on selected days when the light period was extended from 19.00 to 21.00; and (3) following bilateral adrenalectomy. In addition the circadian variation in population spike amplitude was shown not to be related to a change in behavioural state of the animal, and was not accompanied by significant variations in the dendritically located perforant path synaptic current. It is concluded that the observed changes in population spike amplitude reflect a true circadian entrainment of granule cell sensitivity to perforant path synaptic input which is not a function of the presence or absence of light, the level of behavioural arousal, or circulating levels of corticosterone. The results are discussed in relation to other reports in terms of firstly, the need for control over important physiological and behavioural parameters in assessing circadian variations in granule cell response to perforant path input and, secondly, possible mechanisms which might be responsible for such circadian variations.
Local Environmental Knowledge, Talk, and Skepticism: Using ‘LES’ to Distinguish ‘LEK’ from ‘LET’ in Newfoundland

The actual evidence observed in studies of LEK (local environmental knowledge) is nearly always talk about the environment, or what we refer to as LET (local environmental talk), with the claim of studying LEK usually being built upon the implicit assumption that talk about the environment is the expression of knowledge about the environment. We suggest that it is critically important for researchers to question this assumption, especially when the distinction between LET and LEK is also emphasized by local people themselves. In the case we present here, residents of small fishing villages on the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland are routinely skeptical about what other local residents say about the environment; that is, they engage in LES (local environmental skepticism). We suggest that paying explicit attention to LES can help distinguish LEK from LET.
Influence of labor on neonatal neutrophil apoptosis, and inflammatory activity.

Neutrophil apoptosis is impaired in neonates, and this contributes to prolonged inflammation and tissue injury in infants after infection or trauma. In the present studies, we investigated whether labor generates mediators that further suppress apoptosis. We found that neutrophil apoptosis was reduced in neonates exposed to labor, when compared with infants delivered by cesarean section before labor. This was not due to alterations in caspase-3 or inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 (IAP-2). In contrast, labor primed neutrophils to express tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), suggesting that proinflammatory mediators contribute to reduced apoptosis after labor. Eicosanoids generated via cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and lipoxygenase (Lox) also regulate neutrophil apoptosis. 15-Lox, which generates proapoptotic lipoxins, but not Cox-2, was greater in neutrophils before labor, relative to cells exposed to labor. Anti-inflammatory eicosanoids exert their effects in part via peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ). Expression of gelatinase-associated lipocalin and catalase, two markers of PPAR-γ activity, were increased in neonatal neutrophils before labor, relative to cells exposed to labor. These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory environment is maintained before labor, in part, by eicosanoids. Although increased neutrophil longevity after labor is important for host defense in the immediate newborn period, it may contribute to inflammatory or oxidative injury in susceptible infants.
Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A Racemase Defect: Another Cause of Methylmalonic Aciduria

Extract: Metabolism of 14C-propionate and methylmalonate was severely curtailed in fibro-blasts cultured from an infant with massive transient hyperammonemia (1370 $mUg/100 ml), severe metabolic acidosis, and excretion of large amounts of methylmalonic acid (580 mg at 24°). Metabolism of succinate was normal. Metabolism of methylmalonate was not enhanced by the addition of excessive amounts of the cofactor, 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (DBCC). The DBCG content of the liver was within normal limits. Homogenates of liver and fibroblasts metabolized methylmalonate approximately one-half as well as control samples when tritiated racemic methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) was added. Inasmuch as L-methylmalonyl-CoA and not D-methylmalonyl-CoA is the substrate for the enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, this indicates that the mutase was intact. Mitochondrial homogenate from liver, in contrast to normal samples, did not incorporate tritium during the metabolism of synthetic methylmalonyl-CoA, which indicates that activity of racemase was deficient. Activities of the urea cycle enzymes were low but not rate limiting. Speculation: A diet low in isoleucine, threonine, methionine, and valine may offer a rational therapeutic approach to other affected patients. The hyperammonemia observed resembles that reported in propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency and Reye's syndrome, which raises the possibility of a common denominator in these several disorders.
Interactive image-guided endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy

The authors describe dacryocystorhinostomy performed with CT guidance. A 53-year-old man with a history of cocaine abuse was referred for bilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Nasal speculum examination revealed an oronasal fistula and obliteration of the inferior nasal septum. Bilaterally, the inferior and middle turbinates were contracted, forming thick scar tissue conglomerates. The loss of normal anatomic landmarks and extensive contracted scar tissue precluded standard dacryocystorhinostomy approaches. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy was therefore undertaken using CT-guided navigation. The location of the superior nasolacrimal duct was identified and subsequently exposed. Dissection was continued superiorly, marsupializing the lacrimal sac. Silicon stents were placed and tied intranasally. Right and left sides were managed similarly. Several months later, following stent removal, the patient was without epiphora. This case demonstrates that CT guidance can be a useful adjunct to standard dacryocystorhinostomy techniques, allowing otherwise challenging surgical cases to be managed effectively and safely.
Solute-drag effects at migrating diffuse interfaces—I. Theoretical analysis and application to apbs in FeAl alloys

Abstract Solute-drag effects at diffuse interfaces have been theoretically examined to determine the effects of segregation on antiphase boundary (APB) migration kinetics. Diffuse-interface theory was used to derive the solute drag force and then this force was equated to the capillarity driving force. A velocity expression was obtained for the low driving force, low-velocity regime. The expression includes a parameter which defines the limit of application of the theory in terms of the transition to high-velocity, high driving force behavior. Interfacial mobilities were calculated for APBs in B2-ordered FeAl alloys at which segregation has been predicted to exist, and the calculated mobilities were substantially lower than the mobilities of APBs without segregation. The morphological stability of the migrating interface was also examined and it was predicted that the APBs with adsorption would remain morphologically stable. These theoretical predictions are experimentally examined in Fe-rich FeAl alloys in a companion paper.
Can Strategic Interaction Divert Diversionary Behavior? A Model of U.S. Conflict Propensity

Current conflict research increasingly suggests the relevance of unobserved strategic processes in determining how and why states engage in conflict. Alastair Smith's (1996, 1998) work, in particular, highlights the likelihood that diversionary foreign policy behavior is inhibited by the very fact that democratic leaders' political needs are abundantly apparent to their potential targets. So, the very factors that give democratic leaders the incentive to divert also give their targets incentives to maintain low profiles. Yet, few empirical tests of this proposition exist in diversionary work or elsewhere. This article seeks to provide such a test in the context of Fordham's (1998a) innovative explanation for American diversionary behavior. I test the strategic interaction hypothesis in a Zero-Inflated Poisson (ZIP) model and evaluate the utility of the ZIP model for modeling an unobserved process. The results suggest both the importance of strategic interaction and the power of the ZIP model in accounting...
A linear-time near-optimum-length triangulation algorithm for convex polygons

This paper shows how to compute a short triangulation for a convex polygon in O(n) time, where n is the number of sides of the input polygon. The resulting triangulation is guaranteed to be of a total length that is only a constant factor of the shortest possible.
Oxidation behavior of (Co,Mn)3O4 coatings on preoxidized stainless steel for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects

Abstract Ceramic coatings are being explored to extend the lifetime of stainless steel interconnects in planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). One promising coating is Co1.5Mn1.5O4 spinel, which is deposited using various techniques, resulting in different coating thicknesses, compositions and microstructures. In this study, stainless steel 441HP samples were subjected to three levels of preoxidation (0, 3, 10 and 100 h in 800 °C lab air) prior to coating. Samples were coated with 2 μm CoMn alloy using magnetron sputtering and were subsequently annealed in 800 °C air for 0, 10, 100 or 1650 h. Oxidation behaviors were evaluated as a function of these exposures, as well as in dual atmospheres and during area specific resistance (ASR) measurements in 800 °C lab air. Preoxidation was found to inhibit Fe and Cr transport from the stainless steel into the coating and preoxidized samples exhibited a substantially thinner surface layer after oxidation. After ASR testing for 1650 h in 800 °C air, the trend of the preoxidized sample values remained level while trend of the non-preoxidized sample values showed an increase. Observed oxidation behaviors, their possible mechanisms, and implications for SOFC interconnects are presented and discussed.
Tunable antireflective coatings with built-in hard mask properties facilitating thin-resist processing

Patterning sub-150 nm features in dielectric stacks using single layer resist processes in conjunction with organic anti-reflective coatings (ARCs) is becoming very difficult. Typical organic ARC-open etch processes suffer from poor ARC-to-resist selectivities (~0.7), and are accompanied by critical dimension (CD) losses. The resist remaining is often not sufficient to prevent artifacts such as substrate microrevicing during subsequent etches. PECVD-Deposited titanium nitride and silicon oxynitride films have been investigated as ARC layers but their basic nature has caused residue formation at the resist/ARC interface. We have developed a PECVD-deposited material, TERA (Tunable Etch-Resistant ARC) that acts as an ARC at 248 nm and 193 nm wavelengths and provides excellent etch selectivity to resist surpassing those attained with organic ARCs. In addition, this material demonstrates excellent hard mask properties for subsequent dielectric etch steps. The optical properties of these films can be easily tuned to minimize substrate reflectance at either imaging wavelength by controlling the precursor composition and deposition conditions. The films are compatible with 248 nm and 193 nm resists - no footing, undercut or residue is observed during patterning. The films can be etched selectively to resist (selectivity ~2.5) that translates to less resist consumption during th ARC-open etch. Compared to resists, TERA demonstrates better etch resistance while patterning dielectric stacks - the silicon oxide-to-TERA Selectivity exceeds 8. In this paper, the excellent optical tunability and substrate reflectivity control achieved with TERA are discussed. Clean lithography using 248 nm, 193 nm and e- beam resists is shown. The etch characteristics of TERA in fluorocarbon and halogen-based plasma chemistries are discussed. Finally, the formation of 135 nm and 120 nm deep trench patterns in thick dielectric stacks using TERA in conjunction with commercial 248 nm and 193 nm resists, respectively is demonstrated. The extendability of this approach to pattern silicon without roughening or microrevicing using sub-200 nm thick resists is motivated.
Hyperleptinemia and reduced TNF-α secretion cause resistance of db/db mice to endotoxin

Leptin deficiency in ob/ob mice increases susceptibility to endotoxic shock, whereas leptin pretreatment protects them against LPS-induced lethality. Lack of the long-form leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) in db/db mice causes resistance. We tested the effects of LPS in C57BL/6J db(3J)/db(3J) (BL/3J) mice, which express only the circulating leptin receptors, compared with C57BL/6J db/db (BL/6J) mice, which express all short-form and circulating isoforms of the leptin receptor. Intraperitoneal injections of LPS significantly decreased rectal temperature and increased leptin, corticosterone, and free TNF-alpha in fed and fasted BL/3J and BL/6J mice. TNF-alpha was increased three- and fourfold in BL/3J and BL/6J, respectively. LPS (100 microg) caused 50% mortality of fasted BL/6J mice but caused no mortality in fasted BL/3J mice. Pretreatment of fasted BL/3J mice with 30 microg leptin prevented the drop in rectal temperature, blunted the increase in corticosterone, but had no effect on TNF-alpha induced by 100 microg LPS. Taken together, these data provide evidence that fasted BL/3J mice are more resistant than BL/6J mice to LPS toxicity, presumably due to the absence of leptin receptors in BL/3J mice. This resistance may be due to high levels of free leptin cross-reacting with other cytokine receptors.
Impact of Internet Images: Impression-Formation Effects of University Web Site Images

ABSTRACT Institutions of higher education are increasingly becoming dependent on Web-based marketing to reach out to their target audiences. The current empirical study examines the types of impressions formed by prospective students based on exposure to different university Web site images. A between-subjects experiment was conducted using four identical university Web sites that differed only in their visual representation of campus architecture (modern/traditional) and landscaping (presence or absence of contextual greenery). The results show how the types of visuals viewed influence impressions about academic prestige, athletic reputation, cultural vitality and invitingness of a university.
Navier-Stokes simulations of Orbiter aerodynamic characteristics including pitch trim and bodyflap

An analysis of the longitudinal aerodynamics of the shuttle orbiter in the hypersonic flight regime is made through the use of computational fluid dynamics. Particular attention is given to establishing the cause of the 'pitching moment anomaly,' which occurred on the orbiter's first flight, and to computing the aerodynamics of a complete orbiter configuration at flight conditions. Data from ground-based facilities as well as orbiter flight data are used to validate the computed results. Analysis shows that the pitching moment anomaly is a real-gas chemistry effect that was not simulated in ground-based facilities, which used air as a test gas. Computed flight aerodynamics for the orbiter are within 5% of the measured flight values and trim bodyflap deflections are predicted to within 10%.
Silica Recrystallization in Petrified Wood

ABSTRACT The mineralogy of thirty-three samples of silicified wood was examined by X-ray diffraction, and each sample was found to consist of one of the following: opal-A opal-CT or quartz. The correlation between ordering of the silica phases and sample age suggests that the opal-A opal-CT quartz conversion sequence occurs in much the same manner and at approximately the same rates as in biogenic siliceous marine sediments. In addition, a poorly crystalline clay phase (illite?) was identified in most of these samples. Groundwater leaching of volcanogenic sediments, commonly thought to be the silica source, may also provide aluminum and other cations that are deposited simultaneously in wood tissue; consequently, silica recrystallization may be accompanied by authigenic clay formation.
Quadriceps forces and patellar motion in the anatomical model of the patellofemoral joint

The effects of quadriceps muscle loading on three-dimensional patellar movements were studied in vitro with three patterns of muscle loading according to anatomical, mathematical and Q-angle models. Loading of the quadriceps based on the mathematical model resulted in more lateral patellar deviation, 0.5 ± 0.6 cm in 0°, and 0.6 ± 0.9 cm in 15° of knee flexion, than those of the other two models (P < 0.05). Loading based on the anatomical model resulted in more lateral patellar tilt, 2.0 ± 2.3° in 15°, and 1.3 ± 2.1° in 30° of knee flexion than the other two models (P < 0.05). The Q-angle model kept a neutral patellar position and was considered to be better than the anatomical or the mathematical model for the patellofemoral study using cadaver knees.
Medication use leading to emergency department visits for adverse drug events in older adults.

Data from a national surveillance study of adverse drug events and a national outpatient survey indicate that U.S. adults age 65 years or older have more than 175 000 emergency department visits fo...
Laparoscopic repair of renal artery aneurysm.

Purpose: We describe technical considerations of the laparoscopic repair of a renal artery aneurysm.Materials and Methods: A 57-year-old woman presented with a 3 cm. aneurysm of the distal left main renal artery at its bifurcation. Using a purely laparoscopic 4-port transperitoneal technique the aneurysm was completely mobilized from its location behind the renal vein. Its 3 feeding vessels were controlled individually with bulldog clamps. The aneurysm sac was bivalved and precisely trimmed to conform with the diameter of the main renal artery. Vascular reconstruction was performed with running freehand laparoscopic suturing and intracorporeal knot tying using 4-zero polypropylene suture.Results: Warm ischemia time was 31 minutes, total operative time was 4.2 hours, blood loss was 100 cc and hospital stay was 2 days. Postoperatively renal scan showed improved perfusion and renal arteriography confirmed adequate repair of the aneurysm.Conclusions: Laparoscopic repair of the renal artery aneurysm is feasibl...
A flexible constraint length, foldable Viterbi decoder

The design and implementation of a novel reconfigurable Viterbi decoder which provides programmed flexibility between constraint length and decoder throughput is described. This flexibility is achieved through an architecture which employs a foldable state scheduling scheme allowing a wide range of constraint lengths to be processed by a fixed set of physical hardware at full utilization and with no change in system configuration. In addition, the design affords scalability allowing hardware growth for higher throughput. A rapid prototype implementation using FPGA technology is discussed. Results showing excellent performance of the decoder for a variety of constraint lengths, including K=14 which finds application in deep space communications, are presented. >
Surgery of the Punctum and Canaliculus

Punctal stenosis can result from aging changes or from a history of chronic inflammation, such as blepharitis and canaliculitis, or from idiopathic causes [1]. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, such as Docetaxel (Tamoxifen) and 5-fluorouracil, can cause punctal as well as canalicular stenosis [2, 3].
Brain Levels of Prostaglandins, Endocannabinoids, and Related Lipids Are Affected by Mating Strategies

Background. Endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) are involved in the development and regulation of reproductive behaviors. Likewise, prostaglandins (PGs) drive sexual differentiation and initiation of ovulation. Here, we use lipidomics strategies to test the hypotheses that mating immediately activates the biosynthesis and/or metabolism of eCBs and PGs and that specific mating strategies differentially regulate these lipids in the brain. Methods. Lipid extractions and tandem mass spectrometric analysis were performed on brains from proestrous rats that had experienced one of two mating strategies (paced or standard mating) and two nonmated groups (chamber exposed and home cage controls). Levels of PGs (PGE2 and PGF2alpha), eCBs (AEA and 2-AG, N-arachidonoyl glycine), and 4 related lipids (4 N-acylethanolamides) were measured in olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, midbrain, cerebellum, and brainstem. Results. Overall, levels of these lipids were significantly lower among paced compared to standard mated rats with the most dramatic decreases observed in brainstem, hippocampus, midbrain, and striatum. However, chamber exposed rats had significantly higher levels of these lipids compared to home cage controls and paced mated wherein the hippocampus showed the largest increases. Conclusions. These data demonstrate that mating strategies and exposure to mating arenas influence lipid signaling in the brain.
19S Late mRNAs of Simian Virus 40 Have an Internal Ribosome Entry Site Upstream of the Virion Structural Protein 3 Coding Sequence

The late mRNAs of simian virus 40 (SV40) are polycistronic. The 19S mRNAs encode primarily the virion structural proteins VP2 and VP3. The VP2 and VP3 coding sequences are located in the same reading frame, and the VP3 AUG is an internal AUG for VP2. We tested whether an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) might be located upstream of the VP3 AUG that would facilitate its utilization, especially late in infection when cap-dependent translation is reduced (19). Using dicistronic reporter systems for IRES detection, we detected IRES activity within SV40 nucleotides (nts) 565 to 916, the region between the VP2 and VP3 AUGs. Nuclease protection analysis and primer extension analysis indicate no aberrant transcription or splicing that could account for false prediction of an IRES. Deletion analysis of the region indicates the presence of two functional IRESs, one within nts 661 to 830 and the other within nts 771 to 915. These two regions, each containing one IRES, have essentially the same IRES activity as the entire region spanning nts 616 to 915, which contains both IRESs. This suggests that potential secondary structures in the overlapping regions spanning nts 661 to 830 and nts 771 to 915 may be in dynamic equilibrium, such that there is only one functional IRES at any one time. These data strongly suggest that an IRES can be utilized for VP3 translation from the SV40 19S late mRNAs.
Chromosomal supercoiling in Escherichia coli

Summary The Escherichia coli chromosome is compacted into 40-50 negatively supercoiled domains. It has been proposed that these domains differ in superhelical density. Here, we present evidence that this is probably not the case. A modified Tn10 transposable element was inserted at a number of locations around the E. coli chromosome. This element, mTn10-plac-lacZ+, contains the lac operon promoter, plac, whose activity increases with increasing superhelical density, fused to a lacZ+ reporter gene. Although mTn10-plac-lacZ+ fusion expression varies as much as approximately threefold at different insertion sites, the relative levels of expression from these elements are unaffected by replacing plac with the gyrA promoter, pgyrA, which has a reciprocal response to changes in superhelical density. Importantly, topoisomerase mutations and coumermycin, which inhibits DNA gyrase activity, alter mTn10-plac-lacZ+ and mTn10-pgyrA-lacZ+ fusion expression in expected ways, showing that the elements remain responsive to supercoiling and that topoisomerase activity is required for maintaining superhelical density. Fusion expression is not affected by anaerobic growth or osmotic shock, two physiological conditions thought to alter supercoiling. The approximately threefold difference in mTn10-plac-lacZ- and mTn10-pgyrA-lacZ+ fusion expression observed at different sites may be explained by regional differences in chromosomal copy number that arise from bidirectional replication. Together, these results strongly suggest that the E. coli chromosomal domains do not differ in functional superhelical density.
Fall Prevention in Hospitals: An Integrative Review

This article summarizes research and draws overall conclusions from the body of literature on fall prevention interventions to provide nurse administrators with a basis for developing evidence-based fall prevention programs in the hospital setting. Data are obtained from published studies. Thirteen articles are retrieved that focused on fall interventions in the hospital setting. An analysis is performed based on levels of evidence using an integrative review process. Multifactoral fall prevention intervention programs that included fall-risk assessments, door/bed/patient fall-risk alerts, environmental and equipment modifications, staff and patient safety education, medication management targeted to specific types, and additional assistance with transfer and toileting demonstrate reduction in both falls and fall injuries in hospitalized patients. Hospitals need to reduce falls by using multifactoral fall prevention programs using evidence-based interventions to reduce falls and injuries.
Modification of Dirac's method of Hamiltonian analysis for constrained systems

A slight modification of Dirac's method of Hamiltonian analysis for constrained systems is introduced. It leads to a verification of Dirac's conjecture that first-class secondary constraints are always symmetry generators in each of the counterexamples to that conjecture which have appeared in the recent literature. Those counterexamples associated with differentiable Hamiltonians are studied here; the cases involving nondifferentiable Hamiltonians will be considered separately. The relationship between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian descriptions is studied in some detail and is used to motivate our calling the form of the secondary constraints derived via this modified method the natural form of the secondary constraints. Along the way we distinguish between symmetries of the Lagrangian (or Hamiltonian) and symmetries of the Euler-Lagrange (or Hamilton's) equations; we also distinguish between form and content invariance.
Factors affecting the success of donor insemination

Of 81 women who completed six ovulatory cycles of properly timed donor insemination using freshly ejaculated semen, 65 (80%) conceived. The mean sperm concentration and motility in cycles of conception were 79.5 million/ml and 69%. In cycles where conception did not occur, the mean sperm concentration and motility were 78.4 million/ml and 67%, values similar to those in cycles of conception. There was also no significant difference between conception and nonconception cycles in the following: number of inseminations per cycle (2.43 versus 2.34), percentage of cycles with a preovulatory fall in basal temperature (35.1% versus 45.4%), maximum spinnbarkeit (5.6 versus 5.2 cm), and the interval between basal temperature nadir and maximum spinnbarkeit (0 versus 0.1 days). The distribution of inseminations in relation to the basal temperature nadir was similar in conception to that of nonconception cycles. Sixteen women (20%) did not conceive, and there was an apparent explanation in 3 of these: 1 was occasionally anovulatory during several cycles; 1 had no intraperitoneal passage of CO2; and 1 of 3 women who underwent laparoscopy had peritubal adhesions.
Presence of small sessile serrated polyps increases rate of advanced neoplasia upon surveillance compared with isolated low-risk tubular adenomas

Background and Aims The U.S. Multi-Society Task Force (USMSTF) stratifies patients with sessile serrated polyps (SSPs) without cytologic dysplasia of Methods Colonoscopy data were retrieved for 2260 patients found to have an adenoma or SSP on pathology records between 2005 and 2011 at an academic medical center. The 788 patients who met study design criteria were stratified into 4 groups based on the presence of a high- or low-risk adenoma (HRA or LRA) and of a synchronous SSP on initial colonoscopy. The rates of advanced neoplasia at surveillance colonoscopy were then compared between groups. Results The rate of advanced neoplasia at surveillance in the LRA inclusive of SSP group (12/66, 18.2%) was greater than in the LRA without any SSP group (29/370, 7.8%; P = .019). The rate of advanced neoplasia at surveillance in patients with isolated low-risk SSP (10/56, 17.9%) remained significantly greater than those with isolated low-risk tubular adenomas (29/370, 7.8%; P = .024). The rate of advanced neoplasia upon surveillance in the LRA inclusive of SSP group (18.2%) was comparable with the rate observed in the index HRA without any SSP group (15.9%) (40/252, P = .709). Conclusions The rate of advanced neoplasia upon surveillance in patients with initial low-risk SSPs is higher than in patients with initial isolated low-risk tubular adenomas and more similar to patients with initial high-risk tubular adenomas. These findings suggest that the rate of metachronous advanced neoplasia in patients with what are considered by USMSTF as "low-risk" SSPs is higher than in those without SSPs. Therefore, a surveillance interval that accounts for the presence of SSPs even in small lesions without cytologic dysplasia should be considered.
The Interactive Influence of Prosocial Places, Youth Population, and Poverty on Incidents of Violent Assault

ABSTRACTThe article builds on previous work by Roman and colleagues in order to specify the potential causes for increased incidents of violent assault in areas featuring a high number of prosocial institutions (i.e., schools, recreation centers). Utilizing aspects of routine activity theory and crime pattern theory, the argument is presented that both poverty and youth population will have a conditioning impact on the relationship between the presence of prosocial places and incidence of violent assault. Least squares regression was utilized in order to show that such institutions can serve as generators for offending and/or victimization, and that their location in lower income areas may magnify the problem.
Notes on Clavarioid Fungi. I. The Clavulina Castaneopes Complex

(1964). Notes on Clavarioid Fungi. I. The Clavulina Castaneopes Complex. Mycologia: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 20-28.
ACR appropriateness criteria® management of locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva

OBJECTIVES Locoregionally advanced vulvar cancer (LRAVC) is a rare disease that presents many challenging medical decisions. An expert panel was convened to reach consensus on the most appropriate pretreatment assessment and therapeutic interventions in LRAVC patients. METHODS The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidenced-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed every 2 years by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and review include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer-reviewed journal and the application of a well-established consensus methodology (modified Delphi) to rate appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures by the panel. In those instances where evidence is lacking or not definitive, expert opinion may be used to formulate recommendations. RESULTS Three clinical variants were developed to address common scenarios in the management of LRAVC. Group members reached consensus on the appropriateness of specific evaluation and treatment approaches, with numerical ratings and descriptive commentary. CONCLUSIONS In combining available medical literature and expert opinion, this manuscript may serve as an aid for other practitioners in the appropriate management of patients with LRAVC.
On the rate of Quantum Ergodicity, II: Lower bounds

One problem in quantum ergodicity is to estimate the rate of decay of the sums $$S_k (\lambda ;A) = \frac{1}{{N(\lambda )}}\sum\limits_{\sqrt {\lambda _j } \leqq \lambda } {\left| {(A\varphi _j ,\varphi _j ) - \bar \sigma _A } \right|^k } $$ on a compact Riemannian manifold (M, g) with ergodic geodesic flow. Here, {λ j ,ϕ j } are the spectral data of the Δ of(M, g), A is a 0-th order ψDO,\(\bar \sigma _A \) is the (Liouville) average of its principal symbol and\(N(\lambda ) = \# \{ j:\sqrt {\lambda _j } \leqq \lambda \} \). ThatS k (λ;A)=o(1) is proved in [S, Z.1, CV.1]. Our purpose here is to show thatS k (λ;A)=O((logλ) −k/2 ) on a manifold of (possibly variable) negative curvature. The main new ingredient is the central limit theorem for geodesic flows on such spaces ([R, Si]).
Energy Update—The Sleeping Giant

Most information on energy comes in bits and pieces, and is generally on the negative side. This article is based on a series of articles on energy in the Wall Street Journal and provides a comprehensive and more positive view of our energy security. It identifies renewables with the greatest potential for providing more energy independence. It discusses Brazil's successful program to become energy independent, identifies our import sources, and identifies immediate and long-range threats to our energy security.
Latest Research Progresses and Prospects of Maize Haploid Breeding

Research progresses,especially the achievements of nearly 15 years of maize Haploid breeding were reviewed from the view point of actual utilization. To provide references about breakthrough technical bottleneck,perfecting and enhancing haploid technology,promoting the development of maize industry continually.According to the latest achievements and the trends of the technical development,prospects of progress of maize Haploid breeding in the future were made.
The Analysis of the Health Status of the Occupational Population of a Cement Enterprise in Dali

Objective: To evaluate the health status of the workers of a cement company in Dali so as to find the occupational contraindication and diseases. Methods: Analysis of the occupational physical examination data about 1 219 workers(n=1 219)of a cement enterprise in Dali in 2012. Results: There were 19 workers with suspected occupational diseases and 25 with occupational contraindication. Clinic indexes showed 587 workers had 951 abnormal items, which accounted for 48.15%. Among all abnormal items about circulation system, 224 items were about hypertension with the highest percentage(18.38%), 157 items about hyperlipidemia with the second highest percentage(12.88%), followed by fatty liver, liver function, routine blood test, electrocardiogram and liver hemangioma. The difference was statistically significant(χ2=519,P0.01)Among 587 workers with abnormal items, were 467 male(51.43%)and 120 female(38.59%). Statistical analysis showed the difference was statistically significant(χ2=15.31,P0.01).Conclusion: The health status of workers in the cement company could not be neglected and the corresponding measures should be taken. The government department of work safety must strengthen the supervision of occupational health in enterprises and urge them to improve the occupational health status.
Large scale analysis of student workbooks: what can we learn about learning?

As Learning Science-based innovations are studied at scale, traditional Learning Sciences methods such as video analysis and classroom observation become impractical. Yet Learning Scientists want to know more about student misconceptions, the connections between writing and conceptual understanding, and classroom practices than pretests and posttests can reveal. In this paper, we discuss an exploratory posthoc analysis of 765 workbooks from 48 classrooms that implemented SimCalc. These classrooms participated in a large-scale experiment in which we found that students learned more advanced mathematics in classrooms that implemented SimCalc. A team of three master teachers coded the workbooks for completeness, correctness, and other impressions. We found characteristics of students' work that predict gain scores, including the first evidence that classic SimCalc activities---writing stories and drawing graphs about motions---impact student learning. We discuss potential implications for large-scale Learning Sciences research.
Carotid Baroreceptor Stimulation

Resistant hypertension is prevalent throughout the world and depending on the definition affects 3–10 % of people with hypertension. A large percentage of patients do not meet guideline blood pressure goals, and this number very well may increase with the results from the recent Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) demonstrating significantly improved mortality at lower blood pressure levels. Uncontrolled hypertension, i.e., a BP > 140/90 mmHg, increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and results in the progression of chronic kidney disease. An inability to adequately control blood pressure among patients who are adherent to medications is multifactorial. A major contributing factor, besides inadequate diuretic therapy, is the failure of pharmacotherapy to effectively inhibit the sympathetic nervous system. Moreover, most drugs targeting the sympathetic nervous system are not particularly well tolerated. Consequently, device-driven approaches are being developed and tested. Carotid baroreceptor stimulation is one such approach.
Interplay between Tumor Cell-Associated and Circulating Coagulation Factors in Establishing Metastatic Potential.

Tumor cell-associated tissue factor (TF) is an established determinant of metastatic potential. In order to explore the interplay between tumor cell-associated TF and circulating hemostatic system components in malignancy, we established a line of hRas-transformed tumor cells from C57Bl/6-derived TF −/− embryonic fibroblasts. These cells were subsequently transfected with expression vectors encoding wildtype murine TF (TF WT ), a mutant form of murine TF lacking the cytoplasmic tail (TF ΔTail ), or no transgene product (TF O ). Stable transfectants expressing TF WT and TF ΔTail were selected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using ICON protein (a chimeric derivative of murine fVIIa linked to the Fc portion of human IgG). All three tumor cell lines supported similar and robust tumor growth following subcutaneous transplantation into immunocompetent C57Bl/6-inbred mice. However, consistent with previous reports, TF WT cells were dramatically more metastatic than TF O cells. Loss of the cytoplasmic tail significantly reduced metastases relative to TF WT cells, but TF ΔTail cells were far more metastatic than TF O cells, indicating that the TF cytoplasmic tail is important, but not strictly-required to support metastasis. Imposing genetic deficits in either platelet function (i.e., Gαq deficiency) or coagulation function (i.e., fibrinogen deficiency) significantly diminished the metastatic potential of TF-expressing tumor cells. The low metastatic potential of TF ΔTail cells was further diminished in mice with impaired platelet activation, indicating that loss of the cytoplasmic tail does not uncouple metastatic potential from circulating hemostatic system components. Studies of the early fate/survival of [ 125 I]-iododeoxyuridine radiolabeled TF WT and TF O cells revealed that neither fibrinogen nor tumor-associated tissue factor were required for initial tumor cell adhesion within the pulmonary vasculature. However, the combination of tumor cell TF and circulating fibrinogen was shown to enhance the longer-term survival of tumor cells within the lungs. Based on the earlier finding that both platelets and fibrinogen support metastasis in part by impeding natural killer cell mediated clearance of embolic tumor cells, a favored working hypothesis is that circulating hemostatic factors couple tumor cell-associated TF to evasion of innate anti-tumor immune surveillance mechanisms.