cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Incomplete Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy and Survival for Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.

Importance Failing to complete chemotherapy adversely affects survival in patients with colorectal cancer. However, the effect of incomplete delivery of neoadjuvant radiotherapy is unclear. Objective To determine whether incomplete radiotherapy delivery is associated with worse clinical outcomes and survival. Design, Setting, and Participants Data on 17 600 patients with stage II to III rectal adenocarcinoma from the 2006-2012 National Cancer Database who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection were included. Multivariable regression methods were used to compare resection margin positivity, permanent colostomy rate, 30-day readmission, 90-day mortality, and overall survival between patients who received complete (45.0-50.4 Gy) and incomplete ( Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was overall survival; short-term perioperative and oncologic outcomes encompassing margin positivity, permanent ostomy rate, postoperative readmission, and postoperative mortality were also assessed. Results Among 17 600 patients included, 10 862 were men, with an overall median age of 59 years (range, 51-68 years). Of these, 874 patients (5.0%) received incomplete doses of neoadjuvant radiation. The median radiation dose received among those who did not achieve complete dosing was 34.2 Gy (interquartile range, 19.8-40.0 Gy). Female sex (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.69; 95% CI, 0.59-0.81; P P P = .004). At 5-year follow-up, overall survival was improved among patients who received a complete course of radiotherapy (3086 [estimated survival probability, 73.2%] vs 133 [63.0%]; P P = .92), permanent colostomy rate (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.70-1.32; P = .81), 30-day readmission rate (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.67-1.27; P = .62), and 90-day mortality (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.33-1.54; P = .41). However, a complete radiation dose had a significantly lower risk of long-term mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.59-0.84; P Conclusions and Relevance Achieving a target radiation dose of 45.0 to 50.4 Gy is associated with a survival benefit in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Aligning all aspects of multimodal oncology care may increase the probability of completing neoadjuvant therapy.
Does Evidence Drive Fluid Volume Restriction in Chronic Heart Failure

Chronic heart failure is a chronic condition that is associated with increased health care expenditures and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Mainstay in heart failure management has been the prescription of a fluid restriction. The purpose of this article is to review the available evidence for fluid restriction in chronic heart failure patients.
Designing online writing classes to promote multimodal literacies: five practices for course design

In this entry, we argue that to promote multimodal literacy in online writing classes, instructors should address the following five practices in their course design:• Incorporate multimodal assignments and appropriate scaffolding tools;• Use multimodal instructional tools to teach and model multimodal composition;• Provide multimodal feedback to students' compositions;• "Teach" technology through the use of media labs;• Encourage reflection as a significant part of students' learning process.In so doing, we discuss each practice in depth, addressing the reasons and benefits for incorporating each, as well as advice about how to implement them. By implementing these practices in their online courses, instructors can successfully design classes that promote multimodal literacy.
Pulmonary and critical care training in the USA

Pulmonary physician subspecialty training in the USA is typically offered in combination with critical care training. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) governs postgraduate medical training in the USA. Through the ACGME, there are 20 hospitals that offer pulmonary disease training alone and >150 programmes nationally that offer combined pulmonary and critical care medicine (PCCM) training [1]. Historically, sleep medicine training was also part of the formal training and programme graduates would be allowed to practice but sleep medicine now requires a separate year of fellowship training. Critical care training is accessible itself through a dedicated 2-year fellowship. In the USA, medical training follows completion of one’s undergraduate or university studies and begins with medical school. American medical schools are predominantly 4 years in length with a minority allowing a briefer stint of 3 years when combined with a specialised track in university. Following medical school, graduates choose their desired specialty and seek to obtain a training position through the formalised match process. Training positions are limited in every specialty, and are awarded to applicants based …
Technology, Culture, and Young Science Teachers: A Promise Unfulfilled and Proposals for Change

There is much research and professional development activity surrounding STEM teaching. Yet there is little agreement regarding definitions for high quality STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) professional development. This chapter examines the claims surrounding the predicted changes in classrooms promoted by the next generation of technologically savvy teachers. The current operant assumptions about next generation learners imply future teachers will have a smoother transition for incorporating new technologies into their instruction. After introducing teachers to state-of-the-art science tools for collecting and analyzing scientific data for teaching, our data suggests teacher reflections over-emphasized the tool use and under-value attention to facets of science learning. While exploring younger teachers various ways reflecting in and on action in comparison to their older counterparts, young teachers undervalue critical STEM attributes of design and analysis of evidence and overemphasize the centrality of the tool during planned teaching events. Using Schon’s framework we observed this phenomena when teachers reflected both in and on practice. Potential influences include the culture of public school accountability and achievement testing teacher candidates have experienced and a hyper-technological focus of current reform and marketing tools as personal devices rather than learning tools. We exploring the nature and origin of this techno-centric perspective which distracted from teachers achieving many central tenets of STEM reform.
TREM2 and Amyloid Beta: A Love-Hate Relationship

Mutations in TREM2 increase risk for late-onset AD. In this issue of Neuron, Zhao et al. (2018) show that TREM2 binds Aβ to enhance its clearance and Lee et al. (2018) demonstrate that human TREM2 expression in AD mice ameliorates Aβ-associated deficits.
Adding temporal information to direct-demand models: Hourly estimation of bicycle and pedestrian traffic in Blacksburg, VA

Abstract Cycling and walking are environmentally-friendly transport modes, providing alternatives to automobility. However, exposure to hazards (e.g., crashes) may influence the choice to walk or cycle for risk-averse populations, minimizing non-motorized travel as an alternative to driving. Most models to estimate non-motorized traffic volumes (and subsequently hazard exposure) are based on specific time periods (e.g., peak-hour) or long-term averages (e.g., Annual Average Daily Traffic), which do not allow for estimating hazard exposure by time of day. We calculated Annual Average Hourly Traffic estimates of bicycles and pedestrians from a comprehensive traffic monitoring campaign in a small university town (Blacksburg, VA) to develop hourly direct-demand models that account for both spatial (e.g., land use, transportation) and temporal (i.e., time of day) factors. We developed two types of models: (1) hour-specific models (i.e., one model for each hour of the day) and (2) a single spatiotemporal model that directly incorporates temporal variables. Our model results were reasonable (adj-R 2 for the hour-specific [spatiotemporal] bicycle model: ∼0.47 [0.49]; pedestrian model: ∼0.69 [0.72]). We found correlation among non-motorized traffic, land use (e.g., population density), and transportation (e.g., on-street facility) variables. Temporal variables had a similar magnitude of correlation as the spatial variables. We produced spatial estimates that vary by time of day to illustrate spatiotemporal traffic patterns for the entire network. Our temporally-resolved models could be used to assess exposure to hazards (e.g. air pollution, crashes) or locate safety-related infrastructure (e.g., striping, lights) based on targeted time periods (e.g., peak-hour, nighttime) that temporally averaged estimates cannot.
A Software Laboratory for Advancing Decision Support Simulation

This chapter describes a new software product called the Planners Lab©. The software is a DSS—in this case an abbreviation for Decision Support Simulator instead of the traditional Decision Support Systems. The software is intended to be used as a laboratory for academic teaching, research and consulting. Consequently, there is no purchase cost for academic institutions to have access to the software on their computers. The chapter describes the current state of the software, giving inferences to how this software can improve decision making. Several potential research streams are described as well. The chapter ends with a discussion about the new breed of DSS developer.
The Phenomenological Elements of Addiction: A Heideggerian Perspective

Physician and therapist Drew Pinsky describes addiction as the ultimate “epidemic of our age.” Yet, despite advances in medical treatment, behavioristic models have yielded only mixed results in illuminating the roots and origins of this pervasive human affliction. Could phenomenology, by casting another spotlight on what it means to be human, offer an alternative approach for addressing the problem of addiction? In this essay, I will answer this question affirmatively. Specifically, I will apply the principles of Martin Heidegger’s hermeneutic phenomenology to uncover the origins and roots of addiction, and thereby uncover the key elements that both spawn and perpetuate the self’s propensity to become addicted. Specifically, I will point to transformations in the worldly nexus of what is proximal and “handy” to the self, along with its everyday tendency toward concealment, deception, and dissimulation, to uncover the dynamics of the individual’s downward spiral (Absturz) into addiction.
Adipocytes as Target Cells for Endocrine Disruption

Throughout the first two decades of human development, growth of adipose tissue primarily results from an increase in adipocyte number (hyperplasia). Once established, the number of fat cells remains relatively constant, and adipose tissue grows larger primarily by filling the resident cells with more fat (hypertrophy). Obese children exhibit an augmented rate of increase in adipocyte number, and correspondingly, obese adults possess more fat cells. Hence, childhood and adolescence appear to be critical periods in establishing the number of fat cells. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can predispose a child to obesity by influencing all aspects of adipose tissue growth, starting from multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) and ending with mature adipocytes. EDC exposure can increase the number of preadipocytes, enhance the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes, and augment the uptake of fat into existing adipocytes. Unlike genetic mechanisms, which require a mutation event, EDCs have the capacity to quantitatively alter gene expression by modulating cellular-signaling pathways and by introducing epigenetic changes that also alter gene expression. Therefore, EDC exposure could foster a swift change in the metabolic profile of a population, which might provide at least a partial explanation for the rapid rise in obesity. This review focuses on the developmental origins of the adipocyte and its connection to early-onset obesity with the aim of providing a foundation for formulating hypotheses regarding how EDCs can interfere with adipogenesis and contribute to the obesity epidemic.
OPTICAL AND X-RAY CHARACTERIZATION OF GROOVE PROFILES IN D-T ICE LAYERS

Deuterium-tritium (D-T) single-crystal ice layers in spherical shells often form with localized defects that we believe are vapor-etched grain boundary grooves built from dislocations and accommodating slight misorientations between contacting lattice regions. Ignition implosion target requirements limit the cross-sectional areas and total lengths of these grooves, and since they are often the dominant factor in determining layer surface quality, it is important that we be able to characterize their depths, widths, and lengths. We present a variety of ray-tracing and diffraction image modeling results that support our understanding of the profiles of the grooves, which is grounded in X-ray and optical imaging data. We also describe why these data are nevertheless insufficient to adequately determine whether or not a particular layer meets the groove requirements for ignition. We present accumulated data showing the distribution of groove depths, widths, and lengths from a number of layers, and we discuss how these data motivate the adoption of layer rejection criteria in order to ensure that layers that pass these criteria will almost certainly meet the groove requirements. We also describe future improvements that will provide more quantitative information about grooves in D-T ice layers.
Evolution of Retroposons

The term SINE was first coined (Singer, 1982) to describe the short interspersed elements (as opposed to the LINEs, long interspersed elements) that were found throughout many eukaryotic genomes. SINEs were defined only on the basis of their length and repetition. We can now separate the short repeated DNA elements into a number of classes, including the retroposons (Rogers, 1983), variable number of tandem repeats or VNTRs (Nakamura et al., 1987), and a number of smaller families of sequences whose nature is not yet understood (Jurka, 1990; Kaplan et al., 1991). Each of these subclasses has distinctly different characteristics; here we will discuss the retroposons only. The retroposons represent interspersed repeated elements that apparently have amplified via an RNA intermediate (Jagadeeswaran et al., 1981) [reviewed in Rogers (1983, 1985) and Weiner et al. (1986)], but do not code for any proteins that may aid the amplification process. In that sense, the retroposons are only differentiated from the processed pseudogenes based on their higher copy number. In this review, we will use the terms SINEs and retroposons interchangeably.
Religious Advocacy and Activism for the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

Religious leaders can act as norm-builders in global policymaking due to their prominence in civil society and their access to social capital. This role is reflected in the preamble to the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which is unique in acknowledging religious leaders in its preamble. The authors argue while the role of religion in international diplomacy is often ignored, the formal recognition of the role of religion in the TPNW reflects a long and ongoing history of faith-based action on nuclear disarmament. The chapter focuses on the role of religious groups in the TPNW’s negotiations, including advocacy with the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize-winning International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), and the diplomatic efforts of the Holy See.
Neurological Emergencies in Pregnant Patients

Neurological emergencies occur rarely in pregnant patients, but clinicians need an acute awareness of these diseases and a low threshold to investigate symptoms. Like nonpregnant patients, pregnant patients can experience ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, autoimmune neuromuscular weakness, seizures, and flare-ups of chronic neurological problems. Special considerations must be taken, however, in investigating the pathological etiology, investigational workup, and treatment options as these aspects can differ greatly from the general patient. In order to prevent iatrogenic complications, clinicians should also have knowledge of radiation limitations and teratogenic medications.
Using Metacognitive Strategies to Improve Academic Performance in Biochemistry

Abstract Growing evidence suggests that students’ self-beliefs about the ability to alter their academic abilities can directly influence long-term achievement. These self-beliefs or mindsets can either be fixed (unchangeable) or growth oriented. Students with growth mindsets believe their academic abilities can change, which leads to higher grades and academic persistence in contrast to students with fixed mindsets. However, less is known about how these attributes affect student learning, particularly in college level biochemistry courses. In this study, we utilized social-psychological interventions to promote growth mindset among third and fourth year undergraduate students enrolled in a one semester Biochemistry survey course. Using a mixed-methods study design we evaluated student mindset, attitudes towards learning, and academic performance over four semesters. Our results suggest that although students’ mindsets did not change as a result of metacognitive interventions, their positive perceptions about learning vs performance did increase. Furthermore, students receiving growth mindset interventions significantly outperformed students who did not receive interventions on the final cumulative exam that assessed critical thinking skills. These results suggest that metacognitive interventions can be an effective tool to improve student academic performance in a biochemistry course.
Outcomes of mitral valve re-replacement for bioprosthetic structural valve deterioration.

Abstract Objectives Reoperation for structural valve deterioration (SVD) of bioprosthetic mitral valves carries a presumed high operative risk, and transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve implantation has emerged as an alternative. However, surgical risk and long-term outcome following mitral valve re-replacement in these patients remain ill-defined. Hence, we sought to evaluate outcomes and long-term survival following surgical mitral valve re-replacement and to identify risk factors for mortality. Methods From January 1990 to January 2017, 525 patients underwent surgical mitral valve re-replacement at Cleveland Clinic for bioprosthetic SVD: 133 (25%) isolated operations and 392 (75%) with concomitant procedures. Surgical complications and modes of death were compiled, long-term mortality assessed, and risk factors identified using a multivariable nonproportional hazards model and random forest analysis. Results SVD was characterized by bioprosthetic regurgitation in 81% (425 out of 525) and stenosis in 44% (231 out of 525). One in-hospital death occurred after isolated valve re-replacement (0.75%) and 28 deaths occurred (7.1%; P = .003) after nonisolated re-replacement, 19 (68%) of which were from coagulopathy, vasoplegia, and multisystem organ failure. In the nonisolated group, incremental risk factors for time-related death after re-replacement included New York Heart Association functional class IV symptoms, concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, and transfusions. Conclusions Mitral valve re-replacement for bioprosthetic SVD was associated with low surgical risk and excellent long-term survival. Isolated mitral valve re-replacement for bioprosthetic SVD had near-zero surgical risk. Excessive cardiopulmonary bypass duration and multiple transfusions correlated with increased early mortality in nonisolated procedures, as did preoperative severe heart failure. Optimal surgical plan and timing of surgery are keys to success.
The well-worn path: Learning from teachers who moved from hard-to-staff to easy-to-staff schools

Abstract This study analyzes the narratives of teachers who moved from hard-to-staff to easy-to-staff schools within one large urban school district in the United States. Their accounts describe stark contrasts between their experiences at the different schools. We find their choices to transfer can be understood through the lens of craft conscience and thus read as a critique of the inequality they encountered. This analysis offers a novel way of approaching the issue of teacher mobility.
Salivary gland: A budding genius.

During salivary gland development, branches arise through formation of new end buds (budding) and division of existing buds (clefting). In a recent Cell study, Wang et al., (2021) report that mouse salivary gland budding is reliant on a delicate interplay between epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix surrounding them.
Naloxone precipitated withdrawal increases dopamine release in the dorsal striatum of opioid dependent men.

Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is critical in the neurobiology of reward and aversion, but its contribution to the aversive state of opioid withdrawal remains unknown in humans. To address this, we used updated voxelwise methods and retrospectively analyzed a [11C]raclopride-PET dataset to measure D2/3 receptor availability and relative cerebral blood flow (R1) in male opioid use disorder (OUD) participants (n = 10) during placebo and acute opioid withdrawal conditions. We found that acute withdrawal precipitated by the opioid antagonist naloxone significantly increased dorsal striatal DA release in OUD participants (pFWE < 0.05). Net changes in striatal DA were significantly correlated with a subjective index of withdrawal aversion such that greater DA increases were associated with more aversive responses (r(8) = 0.82, p < 0.005). Withdrawal also affected brain function, as indexed by increases in relative cerebral blood flow in the insula and putamen (pFWE < 0.05). Our findings are different from preclinical studies that have primarily reported decreases in ventral striatal DA during naloxone precipitated withdrawal, whereas this effect was not significant in OUD participants (p = 0.79). In sum, we provide evidence for the contribution of increases in dorsal striatal DA to the aversive state of naloxone precipitated withdrawal in humans.
Transport and mixing dynamics from explosions in debris-filled volcanic conduits: Numerical results and implications for maar-diatreme volcanoes

Abstract Most volcanoes experience some degree of phreatomagmatism during their lifetime. However, the current understanding of such processes remains limited relative to their magmatic counterparts. Maar-diatremes are a common volcano type that form primarily from phreatomagmatic explosions and are an ideal candidate to further our knowledge of deposits and processes resulting from explosive magma–water interaction due to their abundance as well as their variable levels of field exposure, which allows for detailed mapping and componentry. Two conceptual models of maar-diatreme volcanoes explain the growth and evolution of the crater (maar) and subsurface vent (diatreme) through repeated explosions caused by the interaction of magma and groundwater. One model predicts progressively deepening explosions as water is used up by phreatomagmatic explosions while the other allows for explosions at any level in the diatreme, provided adequate hydrologic conditions are present. In the former, deep-seated lithics in the diatreme are directly ejected and their presence in tephra rings is often taken as a proxy for the depth at which that particular explosion occurred. In the latter, deep-seated lithics are incrementally transported toward the surface via upward directed debris jets. Here we present a novel application of multiphase numerical modeling to assess the controls on length scales of debris jets and their role in upward transport of intra-diatreme material to determine the validity of the two models. The volume of gas generated during a phreatomagmatic explosion is a first order control on the vertical distance a debris jet travels. Unless extremely large amounts of magma and water are involved, it is unlikely that most explosions deeper than ∼ 250 m breach the surface. Other factors such as pressure and temperature have lesser effects on the length scales assuming they are within realistic ranges. Redistribution of material within a diatreme is primarily driven by subsidence following debris jet passage. Natural debris jet deposits often contain wall rock material that originated above the explosion site; likely this material was first transported downward by subsidence associated with preceding explosions and debris jets. The length scales of debris jets decrease with increasing depth, all other factors staying equal. The characteristics of the domains formed from just one explosion along with the difficulty of erupting deep-seated material indicate that erupted material at maar-diatreme volcanoes has a complex history before it is erupted and is mostly sourced from the upper-most part of the diatreme.
Research on advertising and pricing strategies in closed-loop supply chain for short life cycle products

In this paper, the advertising and pricing strategies are studied for short life cycle products in closed-loop supply chain. The marketing channel is formed of a single manufacturer and a retailer (recycler). The retailer makes retailing and recycling advertisement of the products with manufacturer offering a cooperative advertisement program. Based on the theory of product life cycle, the optimal advertising and pricing strategies are proposed for manufacturer and retailer in different stages of life cycle by using Stackelberg game method. The studies have shown that: In different stages, the optimal advertising strategies of the manufacturer and the retailer and the optimal recycle pricing strategies have large business with stage of life cycle. The enthusiasm of the retailer have positive correlation with the advertising subsidy of the manufacturer. To reach the win-win market model, the channel members should increase their advertisements' influence for product demand.
Learning Multiple Goal Behavior via Task Decomposition and Dynamic Policy Merging

An ability to coordinate the pursuit of multiple, time-varying goals is important to an intelligent robot. In this chapter we consider the application of reinforcement learning to a simple class ofdynamicmulti-goal tasks.Not surprisingly, we find that the most straightforward, monolithic approach scales poorly, since the size of the state space is exponential in the number of goals. As an alternative, we propose a simple modular architecture which distributes the learning and control task amongst a set of separate control modules, one for each goal that the agent might encounter. Learning is facilitated since each module learns the optimal policy associated with its goal without regard for other current goals. This greatly simplifies the state representation and speeds learning time compared to a single monolithic controller. When the robot is faced with a single goal, the module associated with that goal is used to determine the overall control policy. When the robot is faced with multiple goals, information from each associated module is merged to determine the policy for the combined task. In general, these merged strategies yield good but suboptimal performance. Thus, the architecture trades poor initial performance, slow learning, and an optimal asymptotic policy in favor of good initial performance, fast learning, and a slightly sub-optimal asymptotic policy. We consider several merging strategies, from simple ones that compare and combine modular information about the current state only, to more sophisticated strategies that use lookahead search to construct more accurate utility estimates.
Registered nurse job satisfaction and satisfaction with the professional practice model.

mcglynn k., griffin m.q., donahue m. & fitzpatrick j.j. (2012) Journal of Nursing Management20, 260–265 Registered nurse job satisfaction and satisfaction with the professional practice model Aims This paper describes the initial assessment of job satisfaction and satisfaction with the professional practice environment of registered nurses working on units where a professional practice model was implemented and the relationship between these two variables. Background The nursing shortage has been linked to overall job satisfaction and specifically to nurses’ satisfaction with the professional practice environment. Initiatives to increase retention and recruitment and decrease turnover have been linked to work satisfaction among nurses. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used with participants (N = 101) from four patient care units; this represented a 55% response rate. Results The nurses were moderately satisfied with the professional practice environment but had overall low job satisfaction. There was a significant negative relationship between overall work satisfaction and satisfaction with the professional practice environment (P < 0.0001). Conclusions The introduction of the professional practice model may have raised awareness of the components of job satisfaction that were not being met. Thus, the nurses may have become more knowledgeable about the potential needs in these areas. Implications for nursing management Nurse managers and leaders must recognize that job satisfaction consists of many dimensions, and each of these dimensions is important to nurse retention. Implementation of a professional practice model may heighten awareness of the missing components within a practice environment and lead to decreased overall satisfaction. A broader understanding of characteristics associated with increased satisfaction may aid in development of organizational change necessary to retain and attract nurses.
The Enemy Within: Regulating Prostitution and Controlling Venereal Disease in Cisleithanian Austria during the Great War

During summer 1917, civilians using the city baths in Olmutz, Moravia, demanded that soldiers stationed at the local Emperor Francis Joseph infantry barracks cease swimming nude in the March River opposite the city baths, especially during the women's swimming hour. In addition to those of soldiers, the bathing habits of other culprits offended the good citizens of the city. One resident complained that children, adolescent boys and girls, and even some grown-ups, among them “buxom” prostitutes, were swimming nude in the March and thus offending the morals of others. “Flashers” also caught the attention of the public and the police, including the unknown man who made “immoral,” but unrecorded, remarks and exposed himself to the women who frequented the promenade under the Freundschaftshohe in the western Bohemian spa town, Karlsbad, during the summer. The offended women provided the police with a good description of this man, said to be between forty-five and fifty years old, of average size, with gray, grizzled hair, a graying mustache, and a goatee. They described his clothing, a dark suit with knee-length pants, knee-high stockings, hiking boots, and a panama hat. (Records do not indicate whether police apprehended the suspect.) In the Bukovinian provincial capital Czernowitz, an eighteen-year-old electrical technician accused a forty-seven-year-old man from Saxony who allegedly propositioned him on the city's Ringplatz one late summer's evening in 1918 of “crimes against nature.” The most common “morals” problem to preoccupy the police and the military during the Great War, however, was neither flashers nor nude bathers; it was prostitution.
Purification and characterization of cytochrome P450 isozymes from β-naphthoflavone-induced adult hen liver☆

Abstract Cytochromes P450 βNF-A, βNF-B, and βNF-C were purified from β-naphthoflavone-treated adult hens. Cytochrome P450 βNF-A, however, appeared at two places in the purification scheme. They were designated as cytochromes P450 βNF-A 1 and βNF-A 2 for property comparison. The cytochromes βNF-A 1 and βNF-A 2 were induced by both phenobarbital and β-naphthoflavone treatment and were similar to P450 PB-A (previously purified from phenobarbital-induced hen livers) in molecular weights, isoelectric pH, spectral properties, behavior on chromatography columns, catalysis of substrates, immunological cross-reactivity on Ouchterlony plates and by immunoblotting, and NH 2 -terminal amino acid sequence. However, P450 PB-A differed from βNF-A 1 /βNF-A 2 in peptide pattern after partial proteolysis by α-chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V 8 protease, and complete digestion of 125 I-labeled cytochromes by trypsin. The cytochrome P450 PB-A also differed from βNF-A 1 /βNF-A 2 , in that its antibodies cross-reacted with P-450 of normal, PB-, and β-NF-induced rabbit liver microsomes. The cytochromes βNF-B and βNF-C, although immunochemically cross-reactive with each other, were distinct enzymes on the basis of molecular weights, spectral characteristics, isoelectric pH, peptide pattern on partial proteolysis, tryptic peptide pattern, cross-reactivity of their antibodies with other species, and NH 2 -terminal amino acid sequence. The most notable difference between βNF-B and βNF-C was that the anti-βNF-C IgG completely inhibited O -dealkylation of 7-methoxyresorufin and 7-ethoxyresorufin by β-NF-induced microsomes. These activities increased 40- to 50-fold in β-NF-induced microsomes as compared to only 2- to 4-fold in PB-treated hens. The amino-terminal sequences of βNF-B and βNF-C were different from those of mammalian and other nonmammalian species.
Altruism or moral hazard: the impact of hospital uncompensated care pools.

Abstract Empirical evidence from New Jersey supports theories of hospital altruism. From 1987 to 1992, New Jersey reimbursed hospitals for uncompensated care through the Uncompensated Care Trust Fund. The Trust Fund reduced the shadow price of charity care, inducing hospitals to increase their provision of uncompensated care. Hospitals increased inpatient uncompensated care by an average of 14.8% and statewide uncompensated care increased by $360 million during 1987–1990. Empirical evidence suggests that the state effectively addressed the moral hazard problem created by the Trust Fund by auditing uncompensated care and regulating hospital collection procedures.
THE SOCIAL ORGANISM: CONGRESSES, PARTIES, AND COMMITTEES

We propose that what makes an organism is nearly complete cooperation, with strong control of intraorganism conflicts, and no affiliations above the level of the organism as unified as those at the organism level. Organisms can be made up of like units, which we call fraternal organisms, or different units, making them egalitarian organisms. Previous definitions have concentrated on the factors that favor high cooperation and low conflict, or on the adapted outcomes of organismality. Our approach brings these definitions together, conceptually unifying our understanding of organismality. Although the organism is a concerted cluster of adaptations, nearly all directed toward the same end, some conflict may remain. To understand such conflict, we extend Leigh's metaphor of the parliament of genes to include parties with different interests and committees that work on particular tasks.
Effects of calcium and sodium carrageenans and l-carrageenan on hamster foetal development

Abstract The foetal effects of calcium K.4-carrageenan, sodium κ,λ-carrageenan and l-carrageenan (C-16) were studied in Syrian hamsters. Dose levels of 10, 40. 100 or 300 mgikg were given by oral intubation on days 6–10 of gestation. No dose-related teratogenic or foetotoxic effects occurred with any of the three compounds tested.
Thermal and irradiation-induced phase separation in Fe-Ni based invar-type alloys

We summarize and review critically the existing experimental and theoretical evidence concerning both thermal and irradiation-induced high-temperature miscibility gaps in Fe-Ni based Invar-type alloys. Independent data regarding phase separation are obtained from studies on magnetic, low-expansion Invar-type alloys and model austenitic Fe-Ni based alloys studied for potential nuclear applications. The response of these alloys to long-term thermal aging is found to be inconsistent with that of single-phase alloys predicted by most accepted or proposed phase diagrams. These alloys show anomalies in numerous properties which suggest compositional or magnetic heterogeneities or both. We herein model the kinetics and thermodynamics of spinodal decomposition and nucleation in these alloys under thermal conditions. The absence of models for surface energy and gradient energy in systems with negative departure from ideality severely limits our analysis of the kinetics of both nucleation and spinodal decomposition. We can combine our calculations with those of others and also with experimental studies of decomposition to reach a conclusion that suggests a high-temperature miscibility gap for Fe-Ni alloys in the Invar regime. The gap is found to be very narrow at high temperatures but to be broadened at low temperatures by magnetic effects. Alloys in the Invar composition range have been subjected to a variety of high fluence irradiation treatments in the 725 to 1000 K temperature range. The result in most cases was large-scale decomposition into approximately 25 and 50 pet Ni phases. The apparent miscibility gap under irradiation is much wider than that observed thermally. We discuss these observations in the light of existing theories of irradiation-induced or irradiation-altered alloy decomposition. We conclude that although irradiation-enhanced diffusion speeds up phase separation, other processes must be operating to produce the greatly widened miscibility gap.
A quantitative immunoassay utilizing Escherichia coli cells possessing surface-expressed single chain Fv molecules.

A facile, quantitative immunoassay is described that utilizes Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria expressing single chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments attached to the cell surface. A Scatchard analysis demonstrated that the antibodies on the surface of the cells retained full binding activity (K d = 2.2 x 10 -9 M) and that there are 60 000 scFv molecules per cell. The cells are used as the antibody reagent in the assay, and, following incubation with analyte, simple centrifugation is used to separate the antibody-bound from unbound analyte. The immunoassay is rapid and accurate down to the nanomolar level. In addition, a variety of detection strategies can be used, and the immunoassay is not adversely affected by the presence of animal serum. A key advantage of the new immunoassay is that the antibody reagent can be inexpensively produced in a ready to use form by simply growing cultures of the bacteria.
An overview of a camera-based SPECT system.

Camera‐based single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) provides increased information about the organ scanned by eliminating superpositioned radionuclidic activity in the reconstructed images. Current literature contains little detail regarding the potential of and the technical aspects involved in using this emerging imaging modality. A description of the instrumentation supplements a general, but practical, background for nuclear medicine personnel. Some of the considerations for successfully utilizing a SPECT system are described, along with a discussion of the basis for these procedures. Pitfalls are mentioned and clinical images from our SPECTimaging system are included.
Numerical evaluation of the Rayleigh integral for planar radiators using the FFT

Rayleigh’s integral formula is evaluated numerically for planar radiators of any shape, with any specified velocity in the source plane using the fast Fourier transform algorithm. The major advantage of this technique is its speed of computation—over 400 times faster than a straightforward two‐dimensional numerical integration. The technique is developed for computation of the radiated pressure in the nearfield of the source and can be easily extended to provide, with little computation time, the vector intensity in the nearfield. Computations with the FFT of the nearfield pressure of baffled rectangular plates with clamped and free boundaries are compared with the ‘‘exact’’ solution to illuminate any errors. The bias errors, introduced by the FFT, are investigated and a technique is developed to significantly reduce them.
Hydrogen bonds and molecular recognition

Abstract Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the molecular recognition that must occur before and during nucleation of sugar crystals. It is also involved in the synthesis of new molecular complexes in the rapidly expanding field of supramolecular chemistry. In the context of current thought it is most unlikely that any interaction between a polyhydroxy molecule and a protein does not involve hydrogen bonding. One of the most important properties of hydrogen bonds is their cooperativity, or non-additivity, which can transfer charge and increase hydrogen bonding energies. The two aspects of hydrogen-bond cooperativity, polarization and resonance-enhanced, will be described, with their implication in molecular recognition and the hypotheses of sweet taste.
A Parametric Estimation Approach to Instantaneous Spectral Imaging

Spectral imaging, the simultaneous imaging and spectroscopy of a radiating scene, is a fundamental diagnostic technique in the physical sciences with widespread application. Due to the intrinsic limitation of two-dimensional (2D) detectors in capturing inherently three-dimensional (3D) data, spectral imaging techniques conventionally rely on a spatial or spectral scanning process, which renders them unsuitable for dynamic scenes. In this paper, we present a nonscanning (instantaneous) spectral imaging technique that estimates the physical parameters of interest by combining measurements with a parametric model and solving the resultant inverse problem computationally. The associated inverse problem, which can be viewed as a multiframe semiblind deblurring problem (with shift-variant blur), is formulated as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation problem since in many such experiments prior statistical knowledge of the physical parameters can be well estimated. Subsequently, an efficient dynamic programming algorithm is developed to find the global optimum of the nonconvex MAP problem. Finally, the algorithm and the effectiveness of the spectral imaging technique are illustrated for an application in solar spectral imaging. Numerical simulation results indicate that the physical parameters can be estimated with the same order of accuracy as state-of-the-art slit spectroscopy but with the added benefit of an instantaneous, 2D field-of-view. This technique will be particularly useful for studying the spectra of dynamic scenes encountered in space remote sensing.
Nuclear movement is β-tubulin-dependent in Aspergillus nidulans

Abstract We have examined nuclear transport in Aspergillus nidulans to determine whether microtubles function in the movement of this organelle. Nuclear movement was found to be inhibited in germinating conidia (uninucleate asexual spores) by the microtubule inhibitor benomyl. To show that the benomyl inhibition was due to its effect on microtubules, the test was repeated with mutants which have genetic lesions in β-tubulin which produce resistance to benomyl in one case ( ben A15) and super-sensitivity in another ( ben A16). Nuclear movement was resistant to benomyl in the strain carrying ben A15 and super-sensitive in the strain carrying ben Al6. Since altered sensitivity to benomyl in these strains is specifically due to alterations in β-tubulin, these results show that β-tubulin is involved in nuclear movement. To eliminate the possibility that nuclear movement blockage was a secondary consequence of nuclear division blockage, this experiment was repeated with temperature-sensitive nuclear division mutants. At restrictive temperature, nuclear division was blocked in these mutants but nuclear movement was not. In the presence of benomyl, nuclear division and migration were blocked at permissive and restrictive temperatures. Thus nuclear division blockage alone is not sufficient to block nuclear movement. These experiments were corroborated by similar experiments on a temperature-sensitive nuclear movement mutant. Five previously isolated nonallelic temperature-sensitive nuclear movement mutants, nud A-E, were analyzed genetically and found not to be allelic to the ben A (β-tubulin) tubA α-tubulin genes.
Hot dry rock geothermal energy in the Jemez volcanic field, New Mexico

Abstract Large, young calderas possess immense geothermal potential due to the size of shallow magma bodies that underlie them. Through the example of the Valles and Toledo calderas, New Mexico, and older, more deeply eroded and exposed calderas, it is possible to reconstruct a general view of geothermal environments associated with such magmatic systems. Although a zone of anomalous heat flow extends well beyond caldera margins, high- to moderate-temperature hydrothermal systems appear to be restricted to zones along intracaldera faults and may account for only about five percent of the thermal energy available from the magmatic system. Much of the remaining thermal energy resides within caldera fill and “basement” rocks under and along the flanks of the caldera and can only be extracted by manmade geothermal systems. Depending upon the age and cooling history, considerable thermal energy may still reside in crystallizing magma.
Flexible organic electronics for use in neural sensing

Recent research in brain-machine interfaces and devices to treat neurological disease indicate that important network activity exists at temporal and spatial scales beyond the resolution of existing implantable devices. High density, active electrode arrays hold great promise in enabling high-resolution interface with the brain to access and influence this network activity. Integrating flexible electronic devices directly at the neural interface can enable thousands of multiplexed electrodes to be connected using many fewer wires. Active electrode arrays have been demonstrated using flexible, inorganic silicon transistors. However, these approaches may be limited in their ability to be cost-effectively scaled to large array sizes (8×8 cm). Here we show amplifiers built using flexible organic transistors with sufficient performance for neural signal recording. We also demonstrate a pathway for a fully integrated, amplified and multiplexed electrode array built from these devices.
Designing components versus objects: a transformational approach

A good object oriented design does not necessarily make a good component based design, and vice versa. What design principles do components introduce? The paper examines component based programming and how it expands the design space in the context of an event based component architecture. We present a conceptual model for addressing new design issues these components afford, and we identify fundamental design decisions in this model that are not a concern in conventional object oriented design. We use JavaBeans based examples to illustrate concretely how expertise in component based design, as embodied in a component taxonomy and implementation space, impacts both design and the process of design. The results are not exclusive to JavaBeans; they can apply to any comparable component architecture.