cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of the Magnet Program Based on the Triple Helix Model

Today, knowledge-based economies demand cooperation in knowledge creation, and R&D and innovative activities are based on conflict, competition, and cooperation among partners of the consortium. The Magnet program implemented by the Israeli government includes the creation and sharing of knowledge within the consortium and plays an important role in national economic development. The Magnet program is theoretically based on the Triple Helix model, in other words, mutual learning and shared feedback within the consortium provide a nonlinear and diverse innovation system. The purpose of this study is to effectively catalyze and utilize the Magnet program based on the Triple Helix model implemented by the Israeli Innovation Authority to help policymakers for national industrial development.
Para gustos, los colores. El matizado mundo delirante de los géneros: la ‘patergaynidad’ en otro tipo de familia en Azul y no tan rosa de Miguel Ferrari

Blue and Not So Pink (2012), created by Miguel Ferrari as director and screenwriter, received innumerable positive and negative critiques. In spite of the negative evaluations, the film managed to become a great box office success in Venezuela and in 2013 obtained the Goya Award for the best Spanish American film. This study will analyze the film’s most significant themes; that is, that the consideration of human diversity as an element should be accepted in our societies, the possibility of giving voice to persons who suffer discrimination and the issue of self-acceptance. The notion that the film proposes that there should be other types of families in our societies will be considered: families with gay parents, those with only one parent, and therefore, families that are formed with no blood relationship whatsoever. The trajectory of the main characters within parameters that are juxtaposed and, at the same time, complement each other will be observed—the private and public world, the social sphere and the familial one. Consequently, the transformation that occurs in the family unit to include more unbiased parental rights for homosexuals and transexuals in the formation of a new kind of family core will likewise be examined. By way of conclusion, it will be observed how the musical diversity of the film is developed intradiegetically to support gender diversity, as well as an examination of the concept of gender within heterocentric society and the way in which relationships of homosexual couples and transgender couples challenge patriarchal society and the dichotomous, binary system it adopted.
PARP-mediated PARylation of MGMT is critical to promote repair of temozolomide-induced O6-methylguanine DNA damage in glioblastoma.

Background Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is mediated by the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). MGMT promoter methylation (occurs in about 40% of patients) is associated with loss of MGMT expression (MGMT-) that compromises DNA repair, leading to a favorable response to TMZ therapy. The 60% of patients with unmethylated MGMT (MGMT+) GBM experience resistance to TMZ; in these patients, understanding the mechanism of MGMT-mediated repair and modulating MGMT activity may lead to enhanced TMZ activity. Here, we report a novel mode of regulation of MGMT protein activity by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Methods MGMT-PARP interaction was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. PARylation of MGMT and PARP was detected by co-immunoprecipitation with anti-PAR antibody. O6-methylguanine (O6-MetG) adducts were quantified by immunofluorescence assay. In vivo studies were conducted in mice to determine the effectiveness of PARP inhibition in sensitizing GBM to TMZ. Results We demonstrated that PARP physically binds with MGMT and PARylates MGMT in response to TMZ treatment. In addition, PARylation of MGMT by PARP is required for MGMT binding to chromatin to enhance the removal of O6-MetG adducts from DNA after TMZ treatment. PARP inhibitors reduced PARP-MGMT binding and MGMT PARylation, silencing MGMT activity to repair O6-MetG. PARP inhibition restored TMZ sensitivity in vivo in MGMT-expressing GBM. Conclusion This study demonstrated that PARylation of MGMT by PARP is critical for repairing TMZ-induced O6-MetG, and inhibition of PARylation by PARP inhibitor reduces MGMT function rendering sensitization to TMZ, providing a rationale for combining PARP inhibitors to sensitize TMZ in MGMT-unmethylated GBM.
Fracture Strength of Interim CAD/CAM and Conventional Partial Fixed Dental Prostheses

PURPOSE To compare the fracture strength of three-unit provisional partial fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) fabricated by an indirect-direct technique from poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) through digital and conventional workflows, and FDPs fabricated by a direct technique using Bisacryl (BisA) and externally reinforced BisA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty partially edentulous typodonts with a missing mandibular left first molar and standard preparations on mandibular left second premolar and molar were used to fabricate three-unit provisional FDPs. Two materials and two techniques were used to fabricate a total of forty provisional FDPs: (1) BisA; (2) BisA reinforced with glass fiber strips [BisA-GFR]; (3) conventionally fabricated PMMA shell relined with PMMA [C-PMMA]; (4) CAD/CAM fabricated PMMA shell relined with PMMA [CAD/CAM-PMMA]. Provisional FDPs were then luted onto the preparations using a temporary cement. Specimens were mounted onto a chewing simulator; 20,000 cycles of 70 N forces were applied under 25°C distilled water. Specimens were then loaded to fracture using a universal testing machine (The Dillion Quantrol TC2i; Mecmesin) with a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey post hoc test, was used to assess the effect of production technique on the fracture strength of the provisional FPDs (α = 0.5). RESULTS Mean fracture strengths recorded for the CAD/CAM-PMMA, C-PMMA, BisA, and BisA-GFR groups were 520 N, 448 N, 245 N, and 169 N, respectively. PMMA groups had significantly (p < 0.0001; F = 24.40) higher fracture strength compared to Bisacryl groups. CONCLUSION When high occlusal forces are expected, provisional FDPs fabricated with PMMA using the indirect-direct technique are recommended, irrespective of CAD/CAM or conventional workflow.
The Ghost of Spokeo: More on Standing in Statutory Damages Class Action Litigation, with a Typicality Twist

This article discusses and analyzes the issue in TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, argued before the Supreme Court on March 30, 2021. This appeal from the Ninth Circuit arises from a plaintiff’s allegations that the defendant TransUnion’s violated various provisions of the Fair Credit Reporting Act. The case returns the Court to a consideration of Article III standing requirements in Rule 23 statutory damage class action litigation, which the Court previously addressed in its 2016 decision in Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins. Currently there is confusion and an array of different applications of the Spokeo decision across the lower federal courts. The Court will address the proper interpretation of its concreteness and immediacy requirements in order for a court to find plaintiff’s and class members’ standing in statutory damage cases. The appeal again asks the Court to discuss whether a court may legitimately certify a class action where most members have not suffered actual injury and therefore, according to the defendants, lack sufficient Article III standing. The Court also will address whether a court may certify a class action where the defendant contends that the class representative’s alleged injuries are not typical of most class members.
Patterns of Media Use, Strength of Belief in COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories, and the Prevention of COVID-19 From March to July 2020 in the United States: Survey Study.

Background: Holding conspiracy beliefs regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has been associated with reductions in both actions to prevent the spread of the infection (eg, mask wearing) and intentions to accept a vaccine when one becomes available. Patterns of media use have also been associated with acceptance of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs. Here we ask whether the type of media on which a person relies increased, decreased, or had no additional effect on that person’s COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs over a 4-month period. Objective: We used panel data to explore whether use of conservative and social media in the United States, which were previously found to be positively related to holding conspiracy beliefs about the origins and prevention of COVID-19, were associated with a net increase in the strength of those beliefs from March to July of 2020. We also asked whether mainstream news sources, which were previously found to be negatively related to belief in pandemic-related conspiracies, were associated with a net decrease in the strength of such beliefs over the study period. Additionally, we asked whether subsequent changes in pandemic conspiracy beliefs related to the use of media were also related to subsequent mask wearing and vaccination intentions. Methods: A survey that we conducted with a national US probability sample in March of 2020 and again in July with the same 840 respondents assessed belief in pandemic-related conspiracies, use of various types of media information sources, actions taken to prevent the spread of the disease and intentions to vaccinate, and various demographic characteristics. Change across the two waves was analyzed using path analytic techniques. Results: We found that conservative media use predicted an increase in conspiracy beliefs (β=.17, 99% CI .10-.25) and that reliance on mainstream print predicted a decrease in their belief (β=–.08, 99% CI –.14 to –.02). Although many social media platforms reported downgrading or removing false or misleading content, ongoing use of such platforms by respondents predicted growth in conspiracy beliefs as well (β=.072, 99% CI .018-.123). Importantly, conspiracy belief changes related to media use between the two waves of the study were associated with the uptake of mask wearing and changes in vaccination intentions in July. Unlike other media, use of mainstream broadcast television predicted greater mask wearing (β=.17, 99% CI .09-.26) and vaccination intention (β=.08, 95% CI .02-.14), independent of conspiracy beliefs. Conclusions: The findings point to the need for greater efforts on the part of commentators, reporters, and guests on conservative media to report verifiable information about the pandemic. The results also suggest that social media platforms need to be more aggressive in downgrading, blocking, and counteracting claims about COVID-19 vaccines, claims about mask wearing, and conspiracy beliefs that have been judged problematic by public health authorities.
One Hundred and Fifty Years of Warming on Caribbean Coral Reefs

Anthropogenic climate change is rapidly altering the characteristics and dynamics of biological communities. This is especially apparent in marine systems as the worlds oceans are warming at an unprecedented rate, causing dramatic changes to coastal marine systems, especially on coral reefs of the Caribbean. We used three complementary ocean temperature databases (HadISST, Pathfinder, and OISST) to quantify change in thermal characteristics of Caribbean coral reefs over the last 150 years (1871-2020). These sea surface temperature (SST) databases included combined in situ and satellite-derived SST (HadISST, OISST), as well as satellite-only observations (Pathfinder) at multiple spatial resolutions. We also compiled a Caribbean coral reef database identifying 5,326 unique reefs across the region. We found that Caribbean reefs have warmed on average by 0.20 {degrees}C per decade since 1987, the calculated year that rapid warming began on Caribbean reefs. Further, geographic variation in warming rates ranged from 0.17 {degrees}C per decade on Bahamian reefs to 0.26 {degrees}C per decade on reefs within the Southern and Eastern Caribbean ecoregions. If this linear rate of warming continues, these already threatened ecosystems would warm by an additional 1.6 {degrees}C on average by 2100. We also found that marine heatwave (MHW) events are increasing in both frequency and duration across the Caribbean. Caribbean coral reefs now experience on average 5 MHW events annually, compared to 1 per year in the early 1980s. Combined, these changes have caused a dramatic shift in the composition and function of Caribbean coral reef ecosystems. If reefs continue to warm at this rate, we are likely to lose even the remnant Caribbean coral reef communities of today in the coming decades.
69-OR: Early CGM Initiation Improves A1C in Youth with T1D: Teamwork, Technology, Targets, and Tight Control (4T) Study

CGM use is associated with improvements in A1c. We hypothesized that initiation of CGM in the 1st month after T1D diagnosis would improve A1c. Youth with newly diagnosed T1D from July 2018 to May 2020 (pilot cohort, n=122) were offered CGM initiation in the 1st month after T1D diagnosis (119 started CGM). We compared A1c outcomes in the pilot cohort with those diagnosed from 2014-2016 (controls, n=272) who were not offered early CGM. We visualized A1c trajectories using locally estimated scatter plot smoothing (Fig). We and assessed for differences in A1c trajectory by cohort via interaction terms in a linear mixed model adjusted for baseline characteristics (age, sex, race and insurance type). The mean A1c at diagnosis was higher in the pilot cohort (12.2 vs. 10.7%). The median age of diagnosis was 9.5 years [6.8, 13.3], 64% male, 38% non-Hispanic White, and 76% with private insurance in the pilot cohort. In this pilot, 89% initiated CGM in the first 30 days after diagnosis compared to 2% in the control cohort. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, the mean A1c of the pilot cohort was lower at 6 months (-0.81, p = 0.019), 9 months (-1.43, p = 0.013), and 12 months (-2.05, p = 0.012) post-diagnosis compared to the historic cohort. Early initiation of CGM was associated with a lower A1c compared to those in a historic cohort. These data support early initiation of CGM as standard of care in youth with T1D. Disclosure P. Prahalad: None. J. Senaldi: None. A. Freeman: None. A. Addala: None. D. P. Zaharieva: None. K. K. Hood: Consultant; Self; Cecelia Health, Cercacor, LifeScan Diabetes Institute. D. Scheinker: Advisory Panel; Self; Carta Healthcare. M. Desai: None. D. M. Maahs: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott Diabetes, Dompe, Eli Lilly and Company, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Consultant; Self; aditxt. V. Ding: None. B. Leverenz: None. J. Hooper: None. A. Chmielewski: None. B. P. Conrad: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott Diabetes. J. Leverenz: None. A. Martinez-singh: None. P. Sagan: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (R18DK122422, P30DK116074)
DAMPAK EKONOMI KEBERADAAN UNIVERSITAS DARUL ‘ULUM JOMBANG TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT

Universitas Darul ‘Ulum Jombang adalah Perguruan Tinggi Swasta (PTS) yang sudah berkiprah50 tahun lalu sejak tahun 1965. Oleh pendirinya (Dr. KH, Musta’in Romly) didasari oleh keinginan untukmenyelaraskan pendidikan eksak, social dan agama (secara pengetahuan), ajaran kepondokan (secarakemasyarakatan/praktek ilmu) dan ajaran perguruan tinggi (secara pengembangan teoritik). Keberadaanperguruan tinggi seharusnya dapat memunculkan dampak ekonomi bagi masyarakat sekitar perguruantinggi yang secara tidak langsung memberikan kontribusi tingkat kesejahteraannya. Framework ofthinking penelitian ini independent variable adalah dampak ekonomi, sedangkan sebagai dependentvariable adalah kesejahteraan dengan variabel antara yaitu tempat usaha perekonomian di sekitarUniversitas Darul ‘Ulum. Pendekatan penelitian melalui pendekatan kuantitatif descriptive correlatiioncros sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di daerah sekitar lingkungan kampus Universitas Darul ‘Ulumdalam aktifitas ekonomi, yaitu Jl. Gus Dur, Jl. Gatot Subroto, dan Jl. Gajah Mada. Waktu penelitianadalah Juli 2015 sampai Juli 2016. Sampel sebesar 32 orang, dengan probability sampling (ClusterSampling). Pengukuran variabel menggunakan skala Likert. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitianini dengan cara penyampaian kuesioner secara langsung dan diuji dengan analisis jalur (path analysis)yang disesuaikan dengan kerangka konseptual dan tujuan penelitian. Dihasilkan bahwa keberadaanUniversitas Darul ‘Ulum tidak signifikan berpengaruh terhadap kesejahtaraan masyarakat sekitar.
OAB-042: Targeting free light chain secretion via Botulinum Neurotoxin is a novel therapeutic strategy in AL amyloidosis by inducing a terminal unfolded protein response

Background AL amyloidosis (AL) is an incurable plasma cell (PC) disorder. The solely pathogenic mechanism in AL is deposition of immunoglobulin free light chains (FLC) organized in fibrils in target organs. Surprisingly, therapeutic strategies directly targeting FLC secretion are not available. SNARE proteins, which are the specific target of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), are involved in the docking and fusion of secretory vesicles. We hypothesized that certain BoNT serotypes may block FLC exocytosis, causing retention of FLC-loaded vesicles and triggering a terminal unfolded protein response (UPR). Methods Gene expression profiling in a cohort of 170 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients (IFM170) was used to interrogate SNAREs expression in malignant plasma cells. Western blotting (WB) was used to assess SNARE expression across MM and AL cell lines. We developed tetracycline inducible, lentiviral vectors expressing distinct BoNT serotypes (BoNT/A-F), T2A and GFP. Lentivirally transduced cells would express BoNT in a 1:1 stochiometric ratio with GFP, upon doxycycline (dox) administration, allowing for flow cytometry-based analysis. A vector comprising solely T2A and GFP was used as negative control. We transduced AL cell lines with Tet-On lentivirus expressing 7 distinct BoNTs and performed two sets of experiments. First, we performed time-course viability assays on polyclonally transduced cells and compared relative proportion of GFP+ cells over time. Then, we single-cell sorted transduced cells, triggered BoNT expression and assessed GFP kinetic and apoptosis via AnnexinV/DAPI flow cytometry at 24, 48 and 72 hours post dox. SNAREs cleavage following induction of BoNT expression was evaluated via WB in GFP+ clones. To assess if BoNT cytotoxicity correlated with cessation of FLC secretion, we performed a secretion assay in monoclones expressing distinct BoNTs. Results IFM170 GEP analysis showed VAMP2, VAMP3 and SNAP23 as the top expressed SNAREs. This was further confirmed in AL/MM cell lines. By using polyclonally transduced cells, we show that GFP+ cells are rapidly depleted over time after dox, across all serotypes, except BoNT/B, consistent with cytotoxic effect. Similarly, we observed rapid apoptosis in monoclones expressing any BoNT serotypes, except BoNT/B. We noted an association between SNAP23 and VAMP3 cleavage and BoNT toxicity, suggesting that dual targeting of SNAP23/VAMP3 may be necessary to mediate BoNT cytotoxicity. We next show that only BoNTs causing early cytotoxicity significantly inhibited FLC secretion. Cytotoxic BoNTs, activated PERK pathway with eIF2a phosphorylation (p-eIF2a); CHOP and GADD34 upregulation, presumably through FLC retention. Conclusions We show that cytotoxic BoNTs block FLC secretion, trigger a terminal UPR and induce apoptosis in AL and MM models. We provide proof of concept that targeting FLC secretion has a potential clinical translatability.
Trophic cascades from wolves to alders in Yellowstone

Abstract We explored possible interactions among gray wolves ( Canis lupus ), Rocky Mountain elk ( Cervus elaphus ), and thinleaf alder ( Alnus incana spp. tenuifoli ) in northern Yellowstone National Park. We developed an alder age structure based on annual growth rings for plants growing along six streams in areas accessible to ungulates on the northern range. Alder stems ( n = 412) along the six streams originated only after wolf reintroduction. By 2013, 80% of the sampled alders along these streams were taller than 2 m, in contrast with a historical pattern of height suppression by ungulate herbivory. This pattern of alder recruitment is consistent with a trophic cascade whereby new alder growth occurred across all study streams within several years after wolf reintroduction. Although declines in elk density since wolf reintroduction likely contributed to the release of alder from herbivory, the immediate onset of new alder recruitment following wolf reintroduction indicates that behavioral responses to predation may also have been an important component in the resulting trophic cascade. These results suggest that predator conservation could play a role in the management and ecological restoration of riparian areas.
Resistance to Inhibitors of Dihydrofolate Reductase

Resistance to the cytotoxic effects of antitumor drugs is a major cause for lack of a favorable outcome in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. Such resistance may manifest itself as a normal, i.e., intrinsic, component of the original tumor phenotype or it may emerge during treatment as an acquired characteristic. Mechanisms responsible vary widely and can involve virtually any aspect of a drug's metabolism, from its entry into the cell to its modification, detoxification, degradation, sequestration, and efflux. And alteration of the drug's target may also occur. In many cases, more than one mechanism is operative at any given time, making the task of circumvention extremely difficult. This article considers resistance as it applies to antifolates, specifically those that target the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (E.C. 1.5.1.3) in mammals. These drugs have been the subjects of investigation since their inception in the 1950s, and one of them, methotrexate (MTX), is still widely used for the treatment of malignant tumors, including, acute lymphocytic leukemia, breast cancer, osteosarcoma, and head and neck cancer. It is also used for treatment of rheumatiod arthritis and psoriasis. Indeed, it is largely from the wealth of information that has been directly and indirectly obtained as a result of its study that newer generation antifolates, such as permetrexed, and other drugs have been developed and an appreciation for the complexity of drug resistance has evolved.
Rescue of vesicular stomatitis virus from interferon-induced resistance by superinfection with vaccinia virus: I. Rescue in cell cultures from different species

Abstract The replication of two DNA viruses, vaccinia and pseudorabies (PsRV), was not inhibited in three cell lines of rabbit origin (RK-13 and RK-1337, rabbit kidney; and RC-60, rabbit cornea) which had been pretreated with rabbit interferon. In contrast, the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), an RNA virus, was susceptible to interferon-induced resistance in rabbit cell lines. These results reinforced the possibility that there are separate interferon-induced resistance factors for RNA and DNA viruses and that cultured rabbit cells are deficient in the synthesis of the resistance factors needed to inhibit DNA viruses. When cell cultures of rabbit origin were pretreated with homologous interferon and doubly infected with vaccinia and VSV, a variety of responses was observed. Vaccinia was able to rescue VSV from the inhibitory effects of interferon-induced resistance in two rabbit cell lines (RK-13 and RC-60), but not in RK-1337 cells. Similar experiments were carried out in mouse L cells and in primary chick embryo (CE) cell cultures; both RNA and DNA viruses were susceptible to inhibition by interferon-induced resistance in these cells. In L cells, double infection with vaccinia was able to rescue VSV; however, in CE cell cultures superinfection with vaccinia did not rescue VSV from the inhibitory effect of interferon. In these cells the synthetic pathways or virion factors furnished by vaccinia which are required for the rescue of VSV are sensitive to the action of interferon.
Parent and Professional Agreement on Cognitive Level of Children with Autism.

The aim of the study was to compare the extent of agreement between parents and professional evaluators regarding the cognitive level of children with autism. We sought to determine the degree of parent and standardized test agreement about the child's cognitive level for children at different levels of cognitive functioning. Information regarding parental view of cognitive levels was collected from the questionnaires used during the initial evaluation. These levels were compared with age equivalencies obtained by professionals from standardized intellectual measures. Significant difference between parental perception and professional assessment of the child's cognitive level was found. In addition, there was significant correlation between the level of agreement and cognitive functioning; agreement increased as the level of cognitive functioning increased.
Hand in Hand: A Journey Toward Readiness for Profoundly At-Risk Preschoolers

Hand in Hand is an early childhood program for at-risk preschoolers. It is designed to furnish the children with the tools they need to lessen their risk for failure on entry to kindergarten. Circumstances under which the students live include violence, abandonment, homelessness, starvation, and abuse. This article discusses the program and the 7 principles on which it is based.
Antineuroinflammatory Effect of NF-κB Essential Modifier-Binding Domain Peptides in the Adoptive Transfer Model of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

It has been shown that peptides corresponding to the NF-kappaB essential modifier-binding domain (NBD) of IkappaB kinase alpha or IkappaB kinase beta specifically inhibit the induction of NF-kappaB activation without inhibiting the basal NF-kappaB activity. The present study demonstrates the effectiveness of NBD peptides in inhibiting the disease process in adoptively transferred experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Clinical symptoms of EAE were much lower in mice receiving wild-type (wt)NBD peptides compared with those receiving mutated (m)NBD peptides. Histological and immunocytochemical analysis showed that wtNBD peptides inhibited EAE-induced spinal cord mononuclear cell invasion and normalized p65 (the RelA subunit of NF-kappaB) expression within the spinal cord. Analysis of lymph node cells isolated from donor and recipient mice showed that wtNBD peptides but not mNBD peptides were able to shift the immune response from a Th1 to a Th2 profile. Consistently, wtNBD peptides but not mNBD peptides inhibited the encephalitogenicity of myelin basic protein-specific T cells. Furthermore, i.p. injection of wtNBD peptides but not mNBD peptides was also able to reduce LPS- and IFN-gamma-induced expression of inducible NO synthase, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha in vivo in the cerebellum. Taken together, our results support the conclusion that NBD peptides are antineuroinflammatory, and that NBD peptides may have therapeutic effect in neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
Global Loss of Na,K-ATPase and Its Nitric Oxide-Mediated Regulation in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Na,K-ATPase plays a critical role in energy metabolism and ion fluxes. Its loss was investigated in the G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in which the mutation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is thought to lead to aberrant oxidative damage. Observed losses in spinal cord Na,K-ATPase activity exceeded all expectations. All three catalytic subunit isoforms (α1, α2, α3) were reduced, and the global α subunit loss affected not just neurons, glia, and myelinated axon tracts but even ependymal and pial membranes. Decreases in Na,K-ATPase activity were greater than losses of protein, and there were losses of Na,K-ATPase α, but not β, subunits. Together, these observations are consistent with selective degradation of the α subunit after damage. Overexpression of normal SOD1 does not cause ALS-like symptoms, but it has other known pathological effects. In transgenic mice overexpressed normal human SOD1 had a smaller but still considerable effect on Na,K-ATPase. Furthermore, the nitric oxide-mediated regulatory pathway for Na,K-ATPase inhibition was undetectable in spinal cord tissue slices from mice overexpressing either mutant or normal human SOD1. Na,K-ATPase activity did not respond to nitric oxide donors, and the free radical-dependent step of the pathway could not be bypassed by the addition of the downstream protein kinase G activator, 8-Br-cGMP. The data demonstrate that Na,K-ATPase is vulnerable to aberrant SOD1 activity, making it a potential contributing factor in disease pathology. Moreover, the global cellular distribution of Na,K-ATPase loss indicates that SOD1 overexpression is far-reaching in its pathological effects.
Deformation quantization of Lagrangian fiber bundles

Let (M,ω) be a symplectic manifold. A Lagrangian fiber bundle π: M→ Bdetermines a completely integrable system on M.First integrals of this system are the pull-backs of functions on the base of the bundle. We show that for each Lagrangian fiber bundle π there exist star-products on C ∞(M)[[ħ]] which do not deform the pointwise multiplication on the subalgebra π*(C ∞(B))[[ħ]].The set of equivalence classes of such star-products is in bijection with formal deformations of the symplectic structure ωfor which π: M→ Bremains Lagrangian taken modulo formal symplectomorphisms of M.
Zero-point energy constrained quasiclassical, classical, and exact quantum simulations of isomerizations and radial distribution functions of the water trimer using an ab initio potential energy surface

Abstract A recently suggested constrained quasiclassical trajectory (c-QCT) method for avoiding the zero-point leak in the water dimer [11] is applied to the water trimer, employing an ab initio full-dimensional potential energy surface. We demonstrate the failure of the standard/unconstrained QCT method for (H 2 O) 3 and show the utility of c-QCT dynamics. In addition, standard classical molecular dynamics and c-QCT dynamics are contrasted for the time-dependence of isomerizations between the multiple global and local minima as well as radial distribution functions are obtained at low temperature and at 300 K. Results from these calculations are compared with rigorous quantum path integral Monte Carlo calculations.
The effects of corrected-errors in asynchronous video based lessons on task efficiency

This study explores the impact that student exposure to instructor made corrected-errors can have on their pedagogy through the use of asynchronous video-based lessons. We define corrected-errors as segments in the lesson where the instructor makes an error, identifies that an error has been made, and then goes on to correct it. Our study measures the learners' performance on a similar task by looking at the efficiency in which that task is carried out. We hypothesize that the modeling of error detection and correction skills when coupled with the instructor's explicit meta-cognitive explanation and reflection of errors, will lead to an increase in efficiency.
Reduced ionic conductivity in biaxially compressed ceria

Interfacial lattice mismatch strain has been controversially suggested as a means to alter ionic conductivity in solid ion conductors. Here, thin film multilayers composed of yttria-doped ceria (YDC) and Ce1−xZrxO2 (CZO) allow systematic quantification of the effect of biaxial compressive strain on oxygen ion conductivity in ceria. Since the lattice parameter of CZO is highly dependent on the Ce/Zr atomic ratio, its use enables precise control of the strain magnitude in neighboring lattice planes of YDC. Three series of multilayers were fabricated using Ce0.55Zr0.45O2 (CZO45), Ce0.70Zr0.30O2 (CZO30), and CeO2, with an interfacial lattice mismatch of −2.2%, −1.5%, and near-zero, respectively. The compressive strain in the YDC layers caused fairly drastic reductions in the ionic conductivity. Each 1% increase in compressive strain in the YDC yields a 1.6-fold reduction in interfacial conductivity at 650 °C and a 3-fold reduction at 450 °C. Other interfacial effects, however, were also found to have significant impact on the ionic conduction.
Reversible Diels-Alder addition to fullerenes: a study of equilibria using (3)He NMR spectroscopy

3He NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the equilibria of Diels-Alder additions of 9,10-dimethyl anthracene (DMA) to (3)He@C(60) and (3)He@C(70). Spectra of a series of equilibrium mixtures showed peaks for the isomeric adducts. One monoadduct, six bis-adducts, eleven tris-adducts, and ten tetrakis-adducts of DMA to C(60) were seen. One monoadduct and three bis-adducts of C(70) were detected. Equilibrium constants were found for these reactions and values for DeltaG, DeltaH, and DeltaS were obtained.
Dephosphorlation of Adenosine Triphosphate in Muscular Contraction

CONTEMPORARY views on the role of adenosine triphosphate in contractile activity include the assumption that the breakdown of this substance is the immediate chemical source for mechanical energy1,2. However, as has recently been emphasized by A. V. Hill3, there is no proof that such a dephosphorylation occurs as an early event in contraction. Furthermore, it has been shown4 that the effects of adenosine triphosphate upon certain physical properties of actomyosin do not primarily involve splitting of the nucleotide. The experiments reported here were undertaken in order to decide whether, indeed, any dephosphorylation of adenosine triphosphate occurs during the contractile phase of a twitch.
Continuing education in the humanities for practicing health care professionals. A case study

The following is a report of a four-week continuing education seminar in the history of medical ethics that was conducted for health care practitioners at Galveston in 1978. Its scope and contents were quite different from that of traditional CME programs. Some background information will set the stage for a closer look at this humanities seminar.
The hypocholesterolemic agent LY295427 up-regulates INSIG-1, identifying the INSIG-1 protein as a mediator of cholesterol homeostasis through SREBP.

Oxysterols regulate cholesterol homeostasis through liver X receptor (LXR; cholesterol-lowering)- and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP; cholesterol-raising)-mediated signaling pathways. Previously we reported that the hypocholesterolemic agent LY295427 (4α-allylcholestan-3α-ol) reverses oxysterol-mediated suppression of SREBP processing. We now report that LY295427 increases expression of insulin-induced gene-1 (INSIG-1) and restores SREBP processing in cells treated with oxysterols. In cells overexpressing the INSIG-1 gene, by contrast, SREBP processing is suppressed and oxysterol regulation is disrupted. SREBP processing is not restored by addition of LY295427, but is restored by increasing the levels of SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). These findings suggest that the INSIG-1 protein alters sterol balance by modulating SREBP processing jointly with SCAP. To test whether the action of oxysterols on SREBP processing is mediated through endogenous INSIG-1 protein, we used RNAi to lower the expression of the INSIG-1 gene, and found that reduced INSIG-1 protein levels caused the loss of SREBP regulation by oxysterols. We conclude that: (i) INSIG-1 gene expression is suppressed by oxysterols; (ii) LY295427 treatment counters the suppressive effects of oxysterols on SREBP processing, resulting in the expression of the INSIG-1 gene; and (iii) INSIG-1 gene expression affects SREBP processing. Taken together, these data suggest that INSIG-1 plays a critical role in regulating cholesterol concentrations in the cell.
Assuring PCB Shelf Life Solderability by Air Levelling

Processes for protecting copper surfaces during storage for solderability purposes were evaluated. The reason for the evaluation was to select the most cost effective method of achieving long‐term shelf life. A solderability test method was selected for the programme after reviewing various qualitative techniques such as Rotary Dip, IPC‐S‐801, MIL‐S‐202 Method 208, and the automatic quantitative Meniscograph instrument. A solderability test selection method was considered critical in the programme. Tests were conducted at 3 month intervals over a period of 1 year. From the data, a relative cost comparison showed air levelling to be more economical than organic sealers or hydrosqueeze. Air levelling has shown that circuit and plated‐through‐hole solderability can be maintained for a minimum of 1 year shelf life and is a practical process for both small and large production runs. When solder thickness was assured, test results also showed that both hand soldering and wave soldering could be performed on hard and flexible circuits without measling and pad lifting. The advantages of the process are presented in the paper so that the programme benefits can be applied to both present and future printed circuit board fabrication methods, including additive techniques. Manual soldering benefits of 300% improvement in wetting time and 90% faster wave soldering speeds were possible on air levelled surfaces. The levelling process covers both copper circuit sides of double and multilayer PCBs independent of circuit complexity and ground planes. This paper was originally presented at the First Printed Circuit World Convention held at the Cafe Royal, London in June, 1978.
Women Under Socialism: Role Definitions of Soviet Women

Occupational inequality of women in the Soviet Union is comparable with womens status in capitalist countries. The absence of institutional and ideological supports for womens equality explains the persistence of inequality in the Soviet Union. Although the goal of the Soviet Union has always been to encourage women to combine work and family activities there has never been a corresponding attempt to encourage men to combine the two. Traditional familial roles have been maintained. Sex role differentiation is present in pre-school activities for example and this is then reinforeced in primary and secondary school education. In consequence approximately 83% of males and 45% of females enter technical-mathematics-physics occupations (higher than in the United States) while 30% females and 7% males enter a course of study or occupation in humanities. Women constitute 73% of those working in education; 98% of nursery kindergarten and boarding school teachers are women. Over 80% of elementary school principals are women but only 30% of the principals in 8-year schools are women. In public health physical culture and social welfare women constitute 85% with 99% of the nurses and orderlies being women. In trade and public catering women constitute 76% but 91% of the sales clerks are women. Women continue in such traditional occupations as typists and stenographers (99%) office workers (95%) and cashiers (94%). ONly 13% of the heads of enterprises are women. In general women in the labor force earn less than men; promotion in professions takes longer. Moreover low fertility (18.4 per 1000) threatens the majority status of the Russians reinforing pronatalist policies and womens traditional status.
Which God? What Power? A Response to Andrew H. Gleeson

Andrew H. Gleeson has written an essay commenting on an exchange between Dewi Z. Phillips and me, arguing that I was mistaken to dismiss Phillips’ criticism of the standard definition of omnipotence as unsuccessful. Furthermore, he charges Swinburne, me, and analytic theists in general, with an excessive anthropomorphism that obliterates the distinction between Creator and creature. In response, I contend that all of Gleeson’s criticisms are unsound.
Poor performance of right brain-damaged patients on Raven's coloured matrices: Derangement of general intelligence or of specific abilities?

Abstract Two groups of 170 left and 173 right brain-damaged patients were given the Raven's Coloured Matrices, in order to study the influence of the hemispheric side of the lesion on this test of visual-spatial intelligence. A significant difference was found between the two hemispheric groups, the right brain-damaged patients scoring worse than the left hemisphere- damaged subjects. Furthermore, patients with right hemispheric lesions showed a striking tendency to neglect the responses lying on the left side of the page, whereas subjects with left hemispheric damage showed only a mild tendency to neglect the alternatives lying on the right half of the sheet. The worse performances obtained on the Coloured Matrices by right brain-damaged patients seemed due for the most part to unilateral spatial neglect. These findings suggest that the bad performances of patients affected by retro-rolandic right hemispheric lesions are not due to a general intellectual impairment, but rather to the detrimental effect of unilateral spatial neglect and of a general disorder in visual-spatial analysis.
Formal databases for surface analysis: The current situation and future trends

Evaluated data are needed for surface analysis, just as for other measurements, so that analyses can be made reliably and effectively. Until recently, the principal sources of data were handbooks of spectra (mainly of elements) and review articles with values or equations for the parameters needed. This article describes three efforts to develop formal databases that can be incorporated into computer systems. Information is first given on a recently announced x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy database, which contains over 13000 line positions, chemical shifts and splittings, together with associated software for searching by element, line type, line energy and other variables. Second, a summary is presented of a recent compilatation of evaluated elemental ion sputtering yields for applications in sputter depth profiling and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Finally, a description is given of a new database that is to contain Auger electron spectra and x-ray photoelectron spectra; the database architecture is being designed also to accommodate depth profiles and the results of measurements by other surface analysis techniques.
Iodine swelling of polyacrylonitrile, III: Creep yield and conformational transition of swollen polymer

Abstract Cast (unoriented) PAN films show equilibrium swelling corresponding to about 250-wt% gain in 0.4-molal aqueous potasium triiodide solution. In this “first-stage” swollen state, the film is still rigid and the swelling produces almost no increase in dimensions of the sample. In creep experiments carried out while immersed in triiodide solution of this concentration, neck formation and propagation are observed corresponding to a plastic yield process in the polymer. However, instead of producing a rigid oriented final state, as is normally the case, the yield process produces a softened, rubbery final state similar to that produced by swelling in triiodide solutions of concentration above 0.6 molal. The large increase in swelling which is observed at 0.6-molal concentration in unstressed film has been interpreted in terms of a conformational transition in the PAN molecules, and the yield process observed here appears to involve the same conformational transition, which is evidently a function of te...
The melting temperature, vapor density, and vapor pressure of molybdenum pentaflu oride☆

Abstract A sample of MoF 5 was prepared by reaction of MoF 6 (g) and Mo(c). Melting curves of temperature against time established the melting temperature at zero impurity to be 318.85 K, the enthalpy of fusion to be 6.1 kJ mol −1 (±5 per cent), and the cryoscopic impurity of the sample to be 0.15 mole per cent. In the presence of MoF 6 (g), which was added to suppress disproportionation, the vapor density of MoF 5 over the liquid was measured by the transpiration method at 343, 363, and 383 K, the total MoF 5 that evaporated being determined by permanganate titration. The total vapor pressure of MoF 5 oligomers over the liquid was measured by a simple static method at 373 and 392 K, while melting temperatures were taken alternately to monitor possible contamination of the sample. Although the vapor pressures were adjusted for disproportionation, solution of MoF 6 in MoF 5 (1), and wall adsorption of MoF 6 , their percentage uncertainty is probably several times that of the vapor densities. A combination of the two properties indicates the average extent of association of the saturated vapor to be near 2, which is the value for the dimer species (MoF 5 ) 2 .
O-linked glycosylation modifies CD44 adhesion to hyaluronate in colon carcinoma cells.

CD44 alternative splicing patterns differ between normal and malignant tissue, and accordingly, modulation of CD44 splicing has received the most attention in studies that have examined the role of CD44 in tumor progression. Many investigators have examined functional differences between individual CD44 alternative splice variants. However, specific CD44 isoforms function uniquely depending on the type of cell on which they are expressed, thereby suggesting that additional tissue-specific mechanisms regulate CD44 function. In the present study we have demonstrated that colon carcinoma cells modify CD44 with O-linked glycosyl groups, and blockade of this glycosylation enhances their CD44-mediated adhesion to hyaluronate. This enhancement is attributable principally to CD44H (CD44s) rather than high molecular weight CD44 variants. Use of site-directed mutantCD44H cDNA transfectants demonstrated that CD44 O-linked glycosylation modulates interaction between hyaluronate and the B loop domain of CD44. The influence of glycosylation on CD44 function in colon carcinoma cells is specific to the presence of O-linked sugars; inhibition of N-linked glycosylation had minimal influence on CD44 function. These findings indicate that O-linked glycosylation may be as important as alternative splicing in the regulation of CD44 function and the broad spectrum of biological processes attributed to it, including normal development, tumor metastases, and lymphocyte function.
Unintentional carbon and hydrogen incorporation in GaNP grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

GaNxP1−x and related materials are promising for light-emitting and solar cell devices grown on silicon, but have shown less-than-ideal performance. The transport properties of these materials, though, can be greatly influenced by growth conditions. We study the effects of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition growth conditions of GaN0.02P0.98 on the unintentional incorporation of carbon and hydrogen and the room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) decay lifetime. We find the incorporation of carbon to be dominated by either the gallium source (trimethylgallium or triethylgallium) or the nitrogen source (dimethylhydrazine), depending on growth conditions. The PL decay lifetime is found to be correlated to both the carbon and hydrogen concentration. Growth temperature, gallium source, group V flux, and growth rate can all strongly influence the carbon and hydrogen impurity incorporation, and thus, the PL lifetime. In the samples with the lowest hydrogen and carbon concentrations (∼1017 cm−3), we have achieved room-temperature PL lifetimes as high as 3.0 ns.
Control of circular-disk stability with membrane stresses

Membrane stresses alter the dynamic behavior and stability of circular-disk elements, such as circular saws and grinding wheels, by shifting the disk's natural frequency spectrum. Such shifts are directly related to variation in the critical rotation speed at which standing-wave-resonance instability occurs. Negative critical-speed variations reduce the disk stability, and positive critical-speed variations increase stability.