cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some personal reminiscences of Olga Taussky-Todd

The year was probably 1953 and I was living in Belfast. One day our doorbell rang and there stood Olga Taussky and Jack Todd who were visiting Jack's parents whose home was not far from ours. It turned out that Olga had heard of me when she visited my supervisor A.C. Aitken in Edinburgh. I remember little of my first meeting with Olga, but for years she would tell me I was surrounded by three small children and looked like a boy myself (at age 26). Jack has reminded me that we walked Olga and him back to his parents' house and that his father said "Bring in the wains" when he saw us. Occasionally I would wonder whether Olga had been the referee of my first paper [1] written two years earlier while I was a graduate student. About 25 years later I dared ask her whether this was so. She told me plainly that I should not have asked, but admitted that I was right. I got punished for my question. During her "Torch" talk [2] at a SIAM Linear Algebra meeting in N. Carolina I interrupted her with some small comment and she rebuked me publicly with "Let me say it my way; I refereed your first paper!". In 1976 I was invited to speak at a meeting in honor of Olga Taussky at Caltech and I wished to illustrate the influence of her work on other mathematicians by describing the history of three classical topics within matrix theory which are well described in Johnson's article [3] in this issue: diagonal dominance, inertia theory and the Taussky unification problem. In particular, of course, I wanted to describe the effect on my work. I had used her famous
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and the Risk of Hip and Nonspine Fractures in Older Men

The association between vitamin D levels and incident fractures in older men is uncertain. To test the hypothesis that low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [(25(OH)D] levels are associated with an increased risk of fracture, we performed a case-cohort study of 436 men with incident nonspine fractures, including 81 hip fractures, and a random subcohort of 1608 men; average follow-up time 5.3 years. Serum vitamin D(2) and vitamin D(3) were measured on baseline sera using mass spectrometry and summed for total vitamin D. Modified Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of fracture with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Multivariable models included age, clinic, season, race, height, weight, and physical activity. The mean (SD) total 25(OH)D was 24.6 (7.8) ng/mL in nonspine fracture subjects, 21.5 (7.9) ng/mL in hip fracture subjects, and 25.2 (7.8) ng/mL in controls (nonspine fracture subjects versus nonpatients, p = .14; hip fracture subjects versus controls, p or =28), the HR of hip fracture was 2.36 (95% CI 1.08-5.15) for men in the lowest quartile (<20) (p = .009 for trend). Adjusting for hip bone mineral density attenuated the association by more than 50% (p = .065 for trend). Low serum 25(OH)D concentrations are associated with a higher risk of hip fracture in older men. Measurement of 25(OH)D may be useful in identifying men at high risk of hip fracture.
Dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora

The most frequent statistics in corpus linguistics are frequencies of occurrence and frequencies of co-occurrence of two or more linguistic variables. However, such frequencies in isolation may sometimes be misleading since they do not take into consideration the degree of dispersion of the relevant linguistic variable. Many dispersion measures and adjusted frequency measures have been suggested but are neither widely known nor applied. Another unfortunate aspect of such measures is that many also come with a variety of problems. I pursue three objectives with this article. First, I want to raise awareness of this issue and make the available measures more widely known, so I present an overview of many measures of dispersion and adjusted frequencies. Second, I propose a conceptually simple alternative measure, DP, explain and exemplify it, and compare it to previously discussed measures. Third and most importantly, I urge corpus linguists to explore the notion of dispersion in more detail and outline a few proposals which steps to take next.
Management of Arterial Injuries Related to Cardiac Catheterization in Children and Young Adults

Retrograde arterial catheterization in children and young adults carries a risk of vessel damage and occlusion. The management of 29 such injuries is presented. The first patient in this series died after amputation of his lower extremity for gangrene. In all patients in whom distal pulses were absent 8 hours after catheterization arterial obstruction was complete. Claudication developed in the two patients who were not operated upon. Twenty-seven patients had arterial exploration and repair. The indications for exploration and the surgical technics evolved during the series are presented. In 24 patients pulses and perfusion returned to normal after operation, and two patients had residual arterial obstruction without symptoms.
Selective attention enables action selection: evidence from evolutionary robotics experiments

In this paper we investigate whether selective attention enables the development of action selection (i.e. the ability to select among conflicting actions afforded by the current agent/environmental context). By carrying out a series of experiments in which neuro-robots have been evolved for the ability to forage so to maximize the energy that can be extracted from ingested substances we observed that effective action and action selection capacities can be developed even in the absence of internal mechanisms specialized for action selection. However, the comparison of the results obtained in different experimental conditions in which the robots were or were not provided with internal modulatory connections demonstrate how selective attention enables the development of a more effective action selection capacity and of more effective and integrated action capacities.
The role of P wave in prediction of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). The purpose of this study was to determine the role of P wave duration, amplitude and dispersion in the prediction of AF after CABG. This study included 120 patients undergoing elective CABG. Clinical characteristics, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram and coronary angiogram were obtained in all patients. We measured P wave duration, amplitude and dispersion from 12-lead ECG in each patient. After CABG, all patients were continuously monitored for AF attacks in the intensive care unit and ordinary ward. Our results showed that age greater than 60 years was the strongest predictor of postoperative AF (p or =100 ms in lead II) was also an independent predictor (p = 0.04), with 2.9-fold greater risk of developing postoperative AF compared to a P wave duration of less than 100 ms. The P wave dispersion was similar between patients with and without postoperative AF (29+/-15 vs. 33+/-15 mm, p = NS). In conclusion, old age, male gender and prolonged P wave duration were independent predictors of AF after CABG. However, P wave dispersion and amplitude did not provide significant information in the prediction of postoperative AF.
Costs and Benefits of Prevention and Disease Management

Prevention and long term disease management have been added relatively recently as ‘new’ components of a modern day total healthcare services system. The goal of primary prevention, which includes medical preventive services, lifestyle interventions and screening services, is to maintain a symptom- and disease-free population. Disease management is a systematic post-disease attempt to manage the consequences of a disease. This article focuses on the costs and savings of prevention and treatment for 7 major diseases which accounted for nearly 80% of the deaths in the US in 1990: heart disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, chronic bronchitis, influenza and asthma. The potential impact of prevention and disease management on costs, including productivity, represents a significant return-on-investment to society. Differences in the allocation of direct resources, however, make it nearly impossible to find a single suitable cost measure for the relative cost-effectiveness comparisons of prevention, acute treatment of disease and long term disease management. The relevant question may not be so much the relative cost effectiveness or benefits of the components of healthcare, but the benefits that an integrated approach brings to a total healthcare delivery system.
Extensions of the Minimum Dominating Set Problem

The minimun dominating set (MDS] problem is to locate a minimum number of facilities at nodes or a graph so that every other node is connected by an edge to at least one facility. For a general graph, the MDS problem is equivalent to the set covering problem and is NP-complete; however, for a tree graph, polynomial time algorithms exist. This paper presents some results that extend the minimum dominating set problem in an effort to lead to new solution procedures. First, it is shown that every connected graph has a spanning tree such that a MDS for the tree is also a MDS for the graph. Second, the “dual” of the set covering problem, called the star-packing problem, is proved to have the property that a star packing is maximum if and only if the graph contains no augmenting packing.
Diversity and Abundance of Oriental Fruit Fly Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Guava Orchards in Kauai, Hawaii

Abundance of oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and associated parasitoids was determined in a commercial guava, Psidium guajava L., orchard by canopy fogging and fruit collections during 1988 and 1989. D. dorsalis populations reached a maximum of 2.6 adults per tree in 1988 and 1.4 adults per tree in 1989. Four parasitoid species were recovered from guava tree canopies; Biosteres arisanus (Sonan) was the most abundant species, followed by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), Psyttalia incise (Silvestri), and Biosteres vandenboschi (Fullaway), respectively. D. dorsalis and parasitoids recovered from guava canopies exhibited different sex ratios from populations that emerged from fruit samples. Abundance of D. dorsalis and its parasitoids was correlated with the number of ripe fruit present in the orchard. Parasitoid abundance was correlated with D. dorsalis abundance in 1988. Diversity and abundance of parasitoids estimated from canopy fogging and fruit collections differed.
A Krasnosel'skii theorem for nonclosed sets in Rd

This work will be concerned with a Krasnosel'skii theorem for nonclosed bounded sets in Rd, and the following theorem will be obtained: For each d ⩾ 2, define f(d) = d2 − 2d+3 if d ≠ 3 and f(d)=2d+1 if d = 3. Let S be a nonempty bounded set in Rd, d ⩾ 2, and assume that cl S ∼ S is a finite union of convex components, each having closure a polytope. If every f(d) points of S see via S a common point, then there is a point p in cl S such that Bp ≡ s:s in S and (p,s]⊄ S is nowhere dense in S.
An expert system for structure damage assessment

An expert system called Sperill-II is introduced for the damage assessment of existing structures using the knowledge of experienced structural engineers. Fuzzy sets and Dempster and Shafer's theory are used in this inexact inference method.
Ballistic and diffusive transport of energy and heat in metals

We exploit a recently developed formalism to study the temporal behavior of the energy and heat transport in metals. This formalism shows the transition between ballistic and diffusive regimes and it highlights some interesting effects such as oscillations in the energy transport at very short-time scales. The energy relaxation of the conduction-band electrons in metals is considered to be governed by electron-phonon scattering, and the scattering time is taken to be averaged over the Fermi surface. The analysis separates the diffusive and the nondiffusive contributions to the heat transport. While the diffusive contribution shows an almost exponentially decaying behavior with time, the nondiffusive part shows a damped oscillating behavior. The origin of this oscillation will be discussed as well as the effect of the ambient temperature on the dynamics of the energy modes transport.
Age Patterns of the Life Table Aging Rate for Major Causes of Death in Japan, 1951–1990

It has been widely supposed that human mortality from all causes increases with age nearly exponentially (at a constant rate) through adult ages except for very old ages, and that this exponential increase also holds fairly well for most major causes of death (CODs). However, the present analysis of death registration data for Japan, 1951-1990, reveals that the rate of age-related relative increase in mortality (the life table aging rate) changes with age significantly and systematically for many CODs. Above age 75, the mortality increase decelerates for most CODs; under age 75, it remains at a relatively stable pace for ischemic heart disease, decelerates for most major cancers, and accelerates for diseases related to a declining ability to maintain homeostasis (pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, gastroenteritis, and heart failure). These results seem to suggest that significantly different types of senescent processes may underlie atherogenesis, oncogenesis, and immunosenescence.
Empathy and the failure to treat pain

We set out to discuss the psychological barriers that exist in the treatment of pain. Specifically, we argue that clinicians have several innate mechanisms at play that can hinder their judgment and lead to erroneous assumptions about their patients. Issues are discussed from social psychological and psychodynamic perspectives. A focus is placed on the issue of empathy and how this, too, can act as a barrier to rational judgment when evaluating patients. In the face of growing scrutiny on pain management in the United States, it is important to understand the barriers to providing care that already exist on an intrinsic level. Through the exploration of these barriers, clinicians might be better able to reflect on their own practice. Ultimately, we hope to push forward an agenda of rational therapy in pain management that utilizes safeguards against abuse and addiction while also preserving treatment modalities for patients in need of services.
Excess in critical graphs

These theorems, which appear in [2, Theorems 15 and 16, pp. li the proof here may be simpler yet. The original proof of Theorem 2 runs over seven pages; the proof here runs under a page. Reference [2] shows Theorem 1 best possible for each k b 3 but asks whether there are any k, s with k > s for which Theorem 2 is best possible. The following theorems show that the answer is no and indeed that for fixed s the growth of R(k, s) is at least quadratic in k.
PDGF-A promoter and enhancer elements provide efficient and selective antineoplastic gene therapy in multiple cancer types

Development of antineoplastic gene therapies is impaired by a paucity of transcription control elements with efficient, cancer cell-specific activity. We investigated the utility of promoter (AChP) and 5′-distal enhancer (ACE66) elements from the platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) gene, which are hyperactive in many human cancers. Efficacy of these elements was tested in multiple tumor cell lines, both in cell culture and as tumor explants in athymic nude mice. Plasmid and viral vectors were constructed with the AChP promoter alone or in fusion with three copies of the ACE66 enhancer for expression of the prototype suicide gene, thymidine kinase (TK). ACE/AChP and AChP cassettes elicited ganciclovir (GCV)-induced cytotoxicity in multiple tumor cell lines. The ACE enhancer element also exhibited synergism with placental and liver-specific promoter elements. An adenovirus containing the AChP-TK cassette produced striking increases in GCV sensitivity in cultured tumor cell lines, as well as GCV-induced regression of U87 MG glioblastoma explants in vivo. TK expression was distributed throughout tumors receiving the therapeutic virus, whereas TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis revealed numerous regions undergoing apoptosis. Vascularization and reticulin fiber networks were less pronounced in virus-GCV-treated tumors, suggesting that both primary and stromal cell types may have been targeted. These studies provide proof-of-principle for utility of the PDGF-A promoter and ACE66 enhancer in antineoplastic gene therapy for a diverse group of human cancers.
Adherence to imported fire ant subcutaneous immunotherapy.

Abstract Background Imported fire ant (IFA) subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is safe and effective. For optimal protection, SCIT is given monthly for 3 to 5 years. Successful outcomes require patient adherence. Objective To evaluate SCIT adherence in IFA allergic patients in an endemic area. Methods Patients with systemic reactions to an IFA sting, with detectable specific IgE, who received a recommendation to start IFA SCIT were included. Initial reaction severity and demographic data were collected. Patients were contacted at 1 year regarding interval reactions to stings, SCIT adherence, and reason for nonadherence. Adherence rates were analyzed for association with age, sex, and severity of initial reaction. Results Seventy-six patients were enrolled, and 71% adhered to the recommendation to start IFA SCIT. Subgroup analysis did not find significant differences. At 1 year, 97% completed follow-up for analysis, and only 35% remained adherent. Subgroup analysis did not find significant differences. Inconvenience and fear were reported as reasons for not following the recommendation to start or continue with IFA SCIT. Conclusion IFA SCIT is a life-saving therapy that is safe and effective. Despite this, only 71% followed the recommendation to start, and at 1 year only 35% remained adherent. Adherence was not statistically related to age, sex, or severity of initial reaction. Logistical constraints and fear were significant impediments.
Defining standards of care in maternal-fetal medicine

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe current practice patterns for 7 controversial topics in Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Study design An interactive survey of obstetric treatment was performed as part of a postgraduate course at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Seven controversial topics were addressed, which included tocolytic therapy, progesterone supplementation for the prevention of preterm birth, screening for inherited thrombophilia, cervical cerclage for a shortened cervix, treatment of preterm premature rupture of membranes, magnesium sulfate seizure prophylaxis, and dexamethasone therapy for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome. Results A total of 298 obstetric care providers attended the postgraduate course. By report, most attendees were maternal-fetal medicine specialists (60.7% of respondents) who were >10 years out from specialty training (56.3% of respondents) and who were practicing in a university-based setting (52.9% of respondents). An average of 233 practitioners (range, 157-298 practitioners) answered each question. An analysis of the responses allowed for the determination of current practice patterns in the 7 controversial areas addressed. Conclusion Contemporary practice patterns for 7 controversial topics in obstetric medicine are described. Such surveys may be useful in defining standards of care in maternal-fetal medicine.
Developmental Neurotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials: Identifying Research Needs to Support Human Health Risk Assessment

Increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in consumer products and commercial applications has helped drive a rise in research related to the environmental health and safety (EHS) of these materials. Within the cacophony of information on ENM EHS to date are data indicating that these materials may be neurotoxic in adult animals. Evidence of elevated inflammatory responses, increased oxidative stress levels, alterations in neuronal function, and changes in cell morphology in adult animals suggests that ENM exposure during development could elicit developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), especially considering the greater vulnerability of the developing brain to some toxic insults. In this review, we examine current findings related to developmental neurotoxic effects of ENM in the context of identifying research gaps for future risk assessments. The basic risk assessment paradigm is presented, with an emphasis on problem formulation and assessments of exposure, hazard, and dose response for DNT. Limited evidence suggests that in utero and postpartum exposures are possible, while fewer than 10 animal studies have evaluated DNT, with results indicating changes in synaptic plasticity, gene expression, and neurobehavior. Based on the available information, we use current testing guidelines to highlight research gaps that may inform ENM research efforts to develop data for higher throughput methods and future risk assessments for DNT. Although the available evidence is not strong enough to reach conclusions about DNT risk from ENM exposure, the data indicate that consideration of ENM developmental neurotoxic potential is warranted.
All-optical TDM-to-WDM data format conversion in a dynamically reconfigurable WDM network

We demonstrate both single-stage and two-stage all-optical TDM-to-WDM data format convertors based on cross-gain compression in an SOA. Our method simultaneously time demultiplexes and wavelength shifts each channel's data within a TDM packet. We convert a 2-Gb/s 4-channel TDM data stream at 1552 mn into four 500-Mb/s WDM channels at 1535, 1537, 1540, and 1571 mm. Moreover, we extend this single-stage approach by demonstrating a two-stage TDM-to-WDM convertor that selectively time demultiplexes and wavelength shifts a 2-Gb/s TDM input data stream into two 500-Mb/s WDM channels after the second stage. We find that low power penalties ( >
Deep parsing in Watson

Two deep parsing components, an English Slot Grammar (ESG) parser and a predicate-argument structure (PAS) builder, provide core linguistic analyses of both the questions and the text content used by IBM Watson™ to find and hypothesize answers. Specifically, these components are fundamental in question analysis, candidate generation, and analysis of passage evidence. As part of the Watson project, ESG was enhanced, and its performance on Jeopardy!™ questions and on established reference data was improved. PAS was built on top of ESG to support higher-level analytics. In this paper, we describe these components and illustrate how they are used in a pattern-based relation extraction component of Watson. We also provide quantitative results of evaluating the component-level performance of ESG parsing.
Clinicians' Experience and the Determination of Criminal Responsibility

The present investigation examines the clinical judgment of criminal responsibility. Subjects were experienced forensic psychologists, graduate students in clinical psychology, and undergraduate students. They selected information regarding hypothetical defendants and recorded their recommendations and confidence levels, as well as additional information they would have liked to review. The experienced psychologists selected and requested information most relevant to determining criminal responsibility, while the graduates and undergraduates failed to recognize the importance of establishing the defendant's mental status at the time of the offense. In terms of confidence level regarding their judgments, undergraduates were most confident, followed by graduates and psychologists. The experienced psychologists judged significantly fewer defendants as not guilty by reason of insanity as compared to the graduates and undergraduates. Language: en
Effect of the PTFE content in the gas diffusion layer on water transport in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs)

highlights � Taking an ex-situ approach, water droplet behavior on gas diffusion layer (GDL) surface was studied. � Impacts of PTFE content in GDL, gas velocity, and gas species were studied. � Gas velocity was observed to have a significant effect on droplet detachment diameter. � Droplet contact angles were observed to be similar on GDLs with different amount of PTFE. abstract The dynamic behavior of a liquid water droplet emerging and detaching from the surface of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is investigated. The droplet growth and detachment are studied for different pol- ytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) contents within the GDL and for different superficial gas velocities flowing in the gas channel. To simulate the droplet behavior in the cathode and anode of an operating polymer electrolyte fuel cell, separate experiments are conducted with air and hydrogen being supplied in the gas channel, respectively. Both the superficial gas velocity and the PTFE content within the GDL are found to impact the droplet detachment diameter. Increasing the superficial gas velocity increases the drag force applied on the droplet sitting on the GDL surface. It is observed that the droplet detaches at a smaller diameter for higher superficial gas velocities. The droplets also detach at smaller diameters from GDLs with a higher amount of PTFE. Such observation is justified according to two different points of view: (1) heterogeneous through-plane PTFE distribution through the GDL and (2) reduced GDL surface roughness caused by PTFE loading.
Variability of Outer Membrane Protein P1 and Its Evaluation as a Vaccine Candidate against Experimental Otitis Media due to Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: an Unambiguous, Multifaceted Approach

Candidate vaccine antigens for preventing otitis media caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) should possess one or more conserved epitopes. We sought to evaluate the candidacy of P1, a surface-expressed outer membrane protein knowing that this antigen is subject to diversifying selection. Therefore, we selected NTHI strains from among >500 phylogenically variant isolates representative of the diversity found in natural populations of H. influenzae. Twenty-three variants of P1 (</=95% similarity) were identified among 42 strains. When chinchillas were immunized with recombinant P1 (rP1) obtained from one of these isolates (BCH-3), all animals developed antibodies specific for rP1. Immunized animals were protected against disease when challenged with BCH-3, but not with an ompP1 mutant of BCH-3 or a strain (BCH-2) possessing a heterologous P1 (91% identity). We conclude that (i) while P1 induces protection against NTHI-mediated otitis media, development of a polyvalent vaccine reflecting the variability of P1 would be necessary to construct an efficacious vaccine and (ii) use of a phylogenically characterized collection of representative isolates in concert with gene sequencing, cloning, gene inactivation, and animal testing offers an efficient, rational, and rigorous strategy for evaluating the potential problems associated with variability of vaccine targets and specificity of related immune responses.
Low-power 30 Gbps silicon microring modulator

A silicon microring modulator is demonstrated utilizing IBM CMOS Silicon Nanophotonics technology, achieving 30Gbps operation at a power consumption of ∼335fJ/bit in a device suitable for monolithic integration.
Recommendations for using standardised phenotypes in genetic association studies

Genetic association studies of complex traits often rely on standardised quantitative phenotypes, such as percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume and body mass index to measure an underlying trait of interest (eg lung function, obesity). These phenotypes are appealing because they provide an easy mechanism for comparing subjects, although such standardisations may not be the best way to control for confounders and other covariates. We recommend adjusting raw or standardised phenotypes within the study population via regression. We illustrate through simulation that optimal power in both population- and family-based association tests is attained by using the residuals from within-study adjustment as the complex trait phenotype. An application of family-based association analysis of forced expiratory volume in one second, and obesity in the Childhood Asthma Management Program data, illustrates that power is maintained or increased when adjusted phenotype residuals are used instead of typical standardised quantitative phenotypes.
Ballot mark detection

Optical mark sensing, i.e., detecting whether a ldquobubblerdquo has been filled in, may seem straightforward. However, on US election ballots the shape, intensity, size and position of the marks, while specified, are highly variable due to a diverse electorate. The ballots may be produced and scanned by poorly maintained equipment. Yet near-perfect results are required. To improve the current technology, which has been subject to criticism, components of a process for identifying marks on an optical sense ballot are evaluated. When marked synthetic ballots are compared to an unmarked ballot, the absolute difference of adaptive thresholded images gives best detection rates for all darknesses of marks, but at a false alarm rate increase. Simple absolute differencing can give good detection results with lower false alarm rates.
Savanna–forest hysteresis in the tropics

A simple dynamic model relating forest area in a region, its contribution to dry season precipitation and the effect on its own establishment was developed. The model equation shows hysteresis between forest and savannas as a function of imported dry season precipitation. Regions are either dominated by forests or savannas, with each ecosystem showing stability despite changes in imported dry season precipitation. Deforestation beyond a certain threshold value, however, could cause a collapse of forest ecosystems and replacement by savannas in marginal areas. The predictions of this model corroborate pollen core analysis in the Amazon basin, where historical stability of tropical forest cover has been shown despite global climate change.
Observability and optimal measurement location in linear distributed parameter systems

Observability and the optimal location of measurements are developed for a class of linear distributed parameter systems whose solutions can be represented by eigen-function expansions (the so-called modal form). A key question studied is the effect of measurement locations on the observability of this class of systems. Since observability is realty a prerequisite to state estimation, an algorithm is developed to determine a set of measurement locations which, in some sense, lead to the beat state estimates. This is accomplished by minimizing the trace of the steady-state covariance matrix of the state estimates.
THE POPULATION GENETICS OF ADAPTATION: THE ADAPTATION OF DNA SEQUENCES

I describe several patterns characterizing the genetics of adaptation at the DNA level. Following Gillespie (1983, 1984, 1991), I consider a population presently fixed for the ith best allele at a locus and study the sequential substitution of favorable mutations that results in fixation of the fittest DNA sequence locally available. Given a wild type sequence that is less than optimal, I derive the fitness rank of the next allele typically fixed by natural selection as well as the mean and variance of the jump in fitness that results when natural selection drives a substitution. Looking over the whole series of substitutions required to reach the best allele, I show that the mean fitness jumps occurring throughout an adaptive walk are constrained to a twofold window of values, assuming only that adaptation begins from a reasonably fit allele. I also show that the first substitution and the substitution of largest effect account for a large share of the total fitness increase during adaptation. I further show that the distribution of selection coefficients fixed throughout such an adaptive walk is exponential (ignoring mutations of small effect), a finding reminiscent of that seen in Fisher's geometric model of adaptation. Last, I show that adaptation by natural selection behaves in several respects as the average of two idealized forms of adaptation, perfect and random.
Ligand‐Enabled Triple CH Activation Reactions: One‐Pot Synthesis of Diverse 4‐Aryl‐2‐quinolinones from Propionamides

Diverse 4-aryl-2-quinolinones are prepared from propionamides in one pot via ligand-promoted triple sequential C–H activation reactions and a stereospecific Heck reaction. In these cascade reactions, three new C–C bonds and one C–N bond are formed to rapidly build molecular complexity from propionic acid
Three-dimensional tools for telemetry visualization and analysis

Monitoring of spacecraft and robotic activities, both in realtime and after the fact, can benefit from the use of three-dimensional visualization tools and spacecraft models. The simple case of animating a robot model based on a telemetry stream provides an intuitive understanding of the robot's activities that far exceeds that available through dials, graphs, and other common widgets. The addition of such widgets into the three-dimensional environment, in conjunction with the robot model, enhances understanding while focusing attention on critical areas.
Mimics without models: causes and consequences of allopatry in Batesian mimicry complexes

Batesian mimicry evolves when a palatable species (the ‘mimic’) co-opts a warning signal from a dangerous species (the ‘model’) and thereby deceives its potential predators. Longstanding theory predicts that this protection from predation should break down where the model is absent. Thus, mimics are expected to only co-occur with their model. Yet, many mimics violate this prediction and occur in areas where their model is absent. Here, we discuss the causes and consequences of such allopatric mimics. We also describe how these ‘rule-bending’ mimics provide critical insights into diverse topics ranging from how Batesian mimicry evolves to its possible role in speciation.
Home range and movements of female brown bears in southwestern Alaska

Abstract Between 1993 and 2003, 40 adult female brown bears (Ursus arctos) were radiocollared and monitored in the southwest Kuskokwim Mountains of Alaska. The 95% kernel home range size for individuals with ≥50 relocations (n = 20) ranged from 93–623 km2 (x = 356 km2). Bears occupied lower elevations during July and August (x = 454 m) when salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) were available and higher elevations in September (x = 520 m), presumably to feed on berries, ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus). During the denning period, bears moved to higher average elevations (x = 632 m), generally remaining through June (x = 570 m). Radiomarked females entered the den in mid October and exited in mid May. There was fidelity to denning areas, with an average distance between consecutive dens of 4.5 km (SD = 3.1). Females with cubs were found at higher average elevations than females without young or with yearlings. Radiomarked females were found closer to anadromous streams fro...
Phoenix, the Role of the University, and the Politics of Green-Tech

The global economic crisis that began in 2008 had a particularly harsh impact on cities of the Southwestern United States. Over the previous few decades Phoenix had experienced the fastest growth of any major American city. This demographic dynamic was linked to an unprecedented housing and construction boom that made many individuals and companies wealthy. Like the gold rushes of the nineteenth century, this get-rich-quick success dampened potential interest in alternative models that would require longer-term investment, like the creation of strong public institutions and more knowledge-based jobs.
Childhood Obesity and Adulthood Cardiovascular Disease∗: Quantifying the Lifetime Cumulative Burden of Cardiovascular Risk Factors

There is broad awareness that obesity rates in adults have increased dramatically (∼2-fold) in the past 3 decades. Although the total prevalence of obesity remains lower in children than in adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity has been nearly double that in adults [(1)][1]. We should
A piezoelectric transducer-tuned microstrip-ring resonator oscillator operating at the second resonant mode of the ring resonator: Research Articles

A microstrip open-loop resonator oscillator operating at even modes is proposed. The even mode of the ring circuit can be predicted by using a simple transmission-line model. The new oscillator has a characteristic similar to that of a push-push oscillator. In addition, in comparison with the push-push oscillator, the new oscillator with one active device can minimize the size and lower the cost. A voltage-controlled piezoelectric transducer (PET) is used to vary the resonant frequencies of the ring resonator, which in turn tunes the oscillator with a good tuning range of 4.9p at around 12.1 GHz. This tuned oscillator should have many applications in wireless systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2005.
Make Task Constraints Work for You: Teaching Object-control Skills to Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Teaching object-control skills to students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be difficult due to the unique challenges posed by the individual; however, it is necessary for the students' future success and ability to perform physical activities. Utilizing concepts from dynamic systems theory and Newell's constraint approach, object-control tasks can be broken into teachable components that are easier to achieve. Through utilization of task constraints, students' motor movements are influenced into the correct pattern. Ulrich's Test of Gross Motor Development was used as a framework for selecting six object-control skills to demonstrate how a task constraint model can be used to teach these skills to students with ASD.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

This note describes the theory and interpretation of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, perhaps the most widely used assessment instrument today. The note is brief and appropriate for single, short sessions involving the Myers-Briggs. For more extended treatment, see the book entitled Please Understand Me by David Keirsey and Marilyn Bates (Del Mar, CA: Gnosology Books, 1984).
Influence of quantum confinement and strain on orbital polarization of four-layer LaNiO 3 superlattices: A DFT+DMFT study

Atomically precise superlattices involving transition-metal oxides provide a unique opportunity to engineer correlated electron physics using strain (modulated by choice of substrate) and quantum confinement (controlled by layer thickness). Here we use the combination of density-functional theory and dynamical mean-field theory (DFT+DMFT) to study $\mathrm{Ni}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{E}_{g}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}d$-orbital polarization in strained ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3}\text{/}{\mathrm{LaAlO}}_{3}$ superlattices consisting of four layers of nominally metallic ${\mathrm{NiO}}_{2}$ and four layers of insulating ${\mathrm{AlO}}_{2}$ separated by LaO layers. The layer-resolved orbital polarization is calculated as a function of strain and analyzed in terms of structural, quantum confinement, and correlation effects. The effect of strain is determined from the dependence of the results on the Ni-O bond-length ratio and the octahedral rotation angles, quantum confinement is studied by comparison to bulk calculations with similar degrees of strain, and correlation effects are inferred by varying interaction parameters within our DFT+DMFT calculations. The calculated dependence of orbital polarization on strain in superlattices is qualitatively consistent with recent x-ray-absorption spectroscopy and resonant reflectometry data. However, interesting differences of detail are found between theory and experiment. Under tensile strain, the two inequivalent Ni ions display orbital polarization similar to that calculated for strained bulk ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3}$ and observed in experiment. Compressive strain produces a larger dependence of orbital polarization on Ni position, and even the inner Ni layer exhibits orbital polarization different from that calculated for strained bulk ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3}$.
Secession and Emerging Democracies: The Kendall and Louw Solution

This paper analyzes the various arguments for and against secession, then applies the Kendall and Louw model of secession to emerging democracies. However, the solution can be applied to other countries, including the United States.
Is Peace Possible?: An Analysis of Sociology:

As I first began to think about what I was going to say to you today, I sought guidance by reviewing past presidential addresses from this association as well as from others. Now, as you might expect, the specific topics that have been chosen vary enormously. But, interestingly enough, what we might think of as the "format" or "model" of the addresses do not. In the main, association presidents choose either to summarize, synthesize, and assess a line of research with which they are strongly identified or to comment on the discipline. 1 Both models, of course, are attractive. Using the first, one gets to talk to a semi-captive audience about what interests one most in sociology. Using the second, one gets to comment on the field to a semi-captive audience. How to choose between them? I have made my selection on the basis of opportunity. As a teacher I speak with some frequency about what interests me, and-in the classroom-I have the advantage of a fully-captive, rather than merely semi-captive audience. In contrast, this is probably the one of the few chances I will ever have to comment on the discipline (or, more precisely, to carp about it). I'm not going to miss this chance. Before I get to my "analysis of sociology," two caveats are called for. First, in what follows, I forego the scholar's penchant for the carefully qualified statement. To make my points I shall be trafficking in at least mild exaggera-
Progressive Utopias: Marcuse, Rorty, and Wright

The present and future characteristics of the society surrounding public administration are of particular interest to scholars and practitioners who think social change is important. An understanding of current conditions is a necessary starting point, but social change needs a goal, a purpose, a direction; without this, the question becomes "Change for what?" Three progressive models of an ideal society offer contrasting perspectives on political economy and the role of collective action. Herbert Marcuse would abandon the capitalist market, constructing a new society in which work is fulfilling, nations are at peace, and the environment is protected. Richard Rorty's thought falls within the liberal-capitalist tradition but includes progressive action to meliorate abuses caused by the market. Erik Olin Wright would move incrementally away from the market system and toward a form of socialism. Taken together, these models can help in conceptualizing potential change in the societal environment of public ad...
Mixing Thermodynamics of Ternary Block–Random Copolymers Containing a Polyethylene Block

The mixing interactions among polyolefins and other hydrocarbon polymers are of strong fundamental and practical interest, especially in mixtures involving the simplest member of the family, polyet...
The Design and Implementation of Digital Document Protection System

Content protection and safe distribution of important digital documents,such as design pictures,business secret,are the main security problems in the Intranet.We put forward a general DRM-based digital document protection framework and implement a relevant system to cope with the problems.Key techniques,design and implementation issues are deeply analysed and discussed in detail.
"A Flame that is Burning the World": Edwin Muir, War, and History

Discusses the impact of successive wars on the Scottish poet, translator and critic Edwin Muir (1887-1959), with especial focus on his experiences in post-World War II Prague and his response to the threat of nuclear warfare and human annihilation.
The problem with multitasking.

The article explores the dangers of multitasking and offers a better approach to personal productivity.
Enhanced external counterpulsation and future directions : Step beyond medical management for patients with angina and heart failure

Between 25,000 and 75,000 new cases of angina refractory to maximal medical therapy and standard coronary revascularization procedures are diagnosed each year. In addition, heart failure also places an enormous burden on the U.S. health care system, with an estimated economic impact ranging from $20 billion to more than $50 billion per year. The technique of counterpulsation, studied for almost one-half century now, is considered a safe, highly beneficial, low-cost, noninvasive treatment for these angina patients, and now for heart failure patients as well. Recent evidence suggests that enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) therapy may improve symptoms and decrease long-term morbidity via more than 1 mechanism, including improvement in endothelial function, promotion of collateralization, enhancement of ventricular function, improvement in oxygen consumption (Vo2), regression of atherosclerosis, and peripheral training effects similar to exercise. Numerous clinical trials in the last 2 decades have shown EECP therapy to be safe and effective for patients with refractory angina with a clinical response rate averaging 70% to 80%, which is sustained up to 5 years. It is not only safe in patients with coexisting heart failure, but also is shown to improve quality of life and exercise capacity and to improve left ventricular function long-term. Interestingly, EECP therapy has been studied for various potential uses other than heart disease, such as restless leg syndrome, sudden deafness, hepatorenal syndrome, erectile dysfunction, and so on. This review summarizes the current evidence for its use in stable angina and heart failure and its future directions.
An electrical model with equivalent elements in a time-variant environment for an ionic-polymer-metal-composite system

Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) is a kind of ionic electroactive polymer (EAP) smart material that can exhibit conspicuous deflection with low external voltages (~ 5 V). It can be cut in various sizes and shapes, and used and applied in robots and artificial muscles with the capability in aquatic operation. An IPMC strip can be modeled as a cantilever beam with a loading distribution on the surface. Nevertheless, the loading distribution is non-uniform due to the imperfect surface conductivity that causes four different imaginary loading distributions employed in our structural model. The difference can be up to 5 times (3:8 mm to 19 mm). In this paper, a novel linear time-variant (LTV) model is introduced and applied to model an IPMC system. This modeling method is different from previous linear time-invariant (LTI) models because the internal environment of IPMC may be unsteady due to mobile cations with water molecules. In addition, the influence of surface conductivity is simulated and proven based on this model. Finally, by applying this novel modeling method, hysteresis that exists in IPMC and affects the relationship between the output deflection and the corresponding input voltage, such as 0:1-, 0:2-, and 0:3-rad/s sinusoidal waves, has been shown and simulated.