cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward socially inspired social neuroscience.

Abstract Social neuroscience, often viewed as studying the neural foundations of social cognition, has roots in multiple disciplines. This paper argues that it needs a firmer base in social psychology. First, we outline some major opportunities from social psychology—the power of social context and social motives in shaping human behavior. Second, as the social cognition field moves away from studying only deliberate, explicit processes to studying also automatic, implicit processes, adopting a dual-process perspective, social neuroscience also lends itself to both automatic and controlled processes. Finally, social neuroscience is especially suited to study the efficiency and spontaneity of social judgments. All this brings social behavioral grounding to cognitive neuroscience. Among the implications for social neuroscience: Social cognition intrinsically evokes affect, so social cognitive affective neuroscience glues together a variety of fields in psychological and neurosciences.
The defense reaction: a common denominator of coronary risk and blood pressure in neurogenic hypertension?

In addition to high blood pressure, patients with hypertension often have insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and increased sympathetic tone. An increased sympathetic tone can negatively affect glucose utilization through three distinct mechanisms; a direct beta-adrenoreceptor-mediated insulin resistance, through conversion to more insulin resistant fast twitch fibers and through alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction which may decrease the delivery of insulin and glucose to the skeletal muscle cells. The insulin resistance in turn may be responsible for the observed dyslipidemia in hypertension. The sympathetic overactivity in hypertension reflects a chronic activation of defense/vigilance reaction. The increase of cardiac output, blood pressure and insulin resistance in the course of the defense reaction are viewed as an appropriate preparatory response to facilitate muscular exercise (through higher cardiac output and increased pressure) and preserve (through insulin resistance) the optimal supply of glucose t...
Estrogen-induced cell multiplication: direct or indirect effect on rat uterine cells?

It has been previously demonstrated that the exposure of the liver to estradiol-17β (E2) is sufficient to produce cell multiplication in the oviduct of the quail. In this report we determine whether this can also be observed in the rat. Ovariectomized, primed, adult rats were infused over a 3-h period with 2 μg E2/kg BW via the jugular vein (systemically). Mitotic figures arrested by colchicine appeared in the uterine luminal epithelium 16–20 h later and remained at maximal levels for the subsequent 3 intervals of 4 h. The minimum dose required to induce a mitotic response was 1.25 ng E2/kg BW. There was no increase in response with larger doses. Plasma E2 levels increased linearly with the dose infused systemically. Under the same conditions, E2 infused via the spleen produced mitoses with a similar time course and dose response. However, the amplitude of the response and the plasma E2 levels were significantly depressed. To circumvent problems involved with the interpretation of the results obtained by ...
Implicit Price Bundling of Retail Products: A Multiproduct Approach to Maximizing Store Profitability:

The presence of demand interrelationships among substitute and complementary goods in retail stores was demonstrated by Mulhern in 1989 and was extended by Walters in 1991. Retail pricing strategie...
High speed SAR ADC using fast conversion loop

A 10b 250MS/s SAR ADC using a fast loop is presented. The SAR loop delay is minimized using a two-speed variable clock generator, a semi-dynamic comparator and a latch based SAR logic. A metastability detection circuit with minimized self-metastability window is also proposed. The SAR ADC is implemented in 65nm CMOS process and achieves 250 MS/s with ENOB of 8.63b while dissipating 6mA at 1.2V supply.
Earnings differentials between Chinese and whites in 1980: Subgroup variability and evidence for convergence☆

Abstract We examined earnings differences between Chinese and whites in 1980 using samples selected to provide relatively controlled comparisons between the two groups. The Chinese are split into three subgroups representing different levels of assimilation, defined in terms of citizenship and nativity status. Intragroup variability in earnings functions sheds light on the intergroup comparisons of most interest. Regression standardization and components methods are used in connection with a single-equation regression model to isolate sources of group differences. Components of differences in mean income are emphasized rather than particular regression coefficients, interactions, or indirect effects assessed through some recursive attainment model. Results show differentials among the Chinese subgroups that would be expected from assimilation theory. The most assimilated subgroup (the native born) differs little from the white comparison group. Unfavorable returns to education and experience largely account for the low earnings of the other Chinese subgroups, but these deficits are difficult to explain in terms of labor market discrimination factors.
An infrared study of NO and CO adsorption on a silica-supported Ru catalyst

Infrared spectra were obtained for NO and CO adsorbed on reduced and oxidized Ru supported on silica. Adsorption of NO on a fully reduced sample produced bands at 1810 and 1860 cm−1. With prolonged catalyst exposure to NO, the latter band shifted to higher frequencies. Spectra of NO adsorbed on an oxidized sample showed only a single band at 1880 cm−1. Both the band at 1810 cm−1 and that occurring between 1860 and 1880 cm−1 are assigned to NO adsorbed as NO+. The low frequency band is associated with adsorption on partially oxidized Ru sites and the high frequency band with adsorption on more fully oxidized sites. On a fully reduced sample, CO adsorption produced a single band at 2040 cm−1 which is assigned to linearly bonded CO. Oxidation of Ru and subsequent adsorption of CO produced bands at 2130 and 2070 cm−1. This pair of bands is assigned to the symmetric and asymmetric stretches of two CO molecules bonded to a single oxidized Ru site.
Catch efficiency and retentive ability of commercial crawfish traps

Abstract The catch efficiency and retentive ability of 10 commercial crawfish traps were evaluated in commercial ponds. Trap designs with three entrance funnels caught significantly more crawfish than did trap designs with one or two funnels. Conversely, the retentive ability of the trap designs was inversely related to the number of entrance funnels. Traps constructed from PVC plastic-coated wire caught significantly more crawfish than identical trap designs made from galvanized wire; however, retentive ability of traps was not related to construction material. The posture (horizontal versus vertical) of identically designed traps when set in the pond did not affect the catch efficiency nor retentive ability of the traps. Traps with exposed bait caught 40–47% more crawfish than did traps with protected bait. An average of 84, 80 and 64% of marked crawfish were retained by traps after 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively.
Effect of amplified spontaneous emission noise on the phase of reference signals

Transmission of reference signals often requires a high level of phase stability. Optical fibers are generally the transmission medium of choice. This paper examines the effect of ASE noise on the phase of reference signals.
Calcium supplementation and incident kidney stone risk: a systematic review

Background: A report of a small increase in kidney stone risk in the calcium treatment arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) led to a reduction in U.S. calcium supplement sales.Objective: To reassess kidney stone risk in postmenopausal women using data accumulated in calcium supplement trials, bone active agent registration trials, and in unpublished WHI data available online; and to compare these estimates with formal published epidemiological studies of stone risk.Methods: Literature review of published studies relating calcium intake to stone risk; adverse event report data from pharmaceutical industrial trials designed to evaluate bone active agents.Results: Stone risk in postmenopausal women has increased substantially in the past 40 years, but absolute population incidence estimates vary widely from a low of about 70 incidents/100,000/yr for Olmsted County, MN, today, to a concurrent high of approximately 190/100,000/yr for the Nurses’ Health Study II. Reported WHI incidence rates are higher st...
Deoxynivalenol-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and IL-6 expression in mice suppressed by fish oil

The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) induces IgA hyperelevation and mesangial IgA deposition in mice that mimics the early stages of human IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Among potential mediators of this disease, interleukin-6 (IL-6) is likely to play a particularly critical role in IgA elevation and disease exacerbation. Based on previous findings that dietary fish oil (FO) suppresses DON-induced IgAN, we hypothesized that FO inhibits the induction of IL-6 expression by this mycotoxin in vivo and in vitro. Mice were fed modified AIN 93G diet amended with 7% corn oil (CO) or with 1% corn oil plus 6% menhaden fish oil (FO) for up to 8 weeks and then exposed acutely to DON by oral gavage. DON-induced plasma IL-6 and splenic mRNA elevation in FO-fed mice were significantly suppressed after 8 weeks when compared to the CO-fed group. The effects of FO on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), critical upstream transducers of IL-6 up-regulation, were also assessed. DON-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and 2 (JNK1/2) was significantly suppressed in spleens of mice fed with FO, whereas p38 was not. Splenic COX-2 mRNA expression, which has been previously shown to enhance DON-induced IL-6, was also significantly decreased by FO, whereas plasma levels of the COX-2 metabolite, prostaglandin E2, were not affected. To confirm in vivo findings, the effects of pretreatment with the two primary n-3 PUFAs in FO, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5[n-3]; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, (22:6[n-3]; DHA), on DON-induced IL-6 expression were assessed in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Consistent with the in vivo findings, both EPA and DHA significantly suppressed IL-6 superinduction by DON, as well as impaired DON-induced ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast, the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (20:4[n-3]) had markedly less effects on these MAPKs. Taken together, the capacity of FO and its component n-3 PUFAs to suppress IL-6 expression as well as ERK 1/2 and JNK 1/2 activation might explain, in part, the reported suppressive effects of these lipids on DON-induced IgA nephropathy.
The influence of nitrogen on atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mineralization in grassland soils

The influence of fertilizer N on the mineralization of atrazine [2-chloro-4(ethylamino)-6(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in soils was assessed in microcosms using radiometric techniques. N equivalent to 0, 250, and 500 kg N as NH4NO3 ha-1 was added to three grassland soils. Compared to the control, the 250- and 500-kg treatments suppressed mineralization of atrazine by 75 and 54%, respectively, and inhibited mineralization of 2,4-D by 89 and 30%, respectively. Active fungal biomass responded to the N treatments in an opposite manner to herbicide mineralization. Compared to the control, the 250- and 500-kg treatments increased the active fungal biomass by more than 300 and 30%, respectively. These results agree with other observations that N can suppress the decomposition of resistant compounds but stimulate the primary growth of fungi. The degree of suppression was not related to the amount of N added nor to the inherent soil N levels before treatment. The interaction between the N additions and the active fungal biomass in affecting herbicide mineralization suggests that N may alter microbial processes and their use of C sources and thus influence rates of herbicide degradation in the field.
Pb-free solders for flip-chip interconnects

A variety of lead-free solder alloys were studied for use as flip-chip interconnects including Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-0.7Cu, Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu, and eutectic Sn-37Pb as a baseline. The reaction behavior and reliability of these solders were determined in a flip-chip configuration using a variety of under-bump metallurgies (TiW/Cu, electrolytic nickel, and electroless Ni-P/Au). The solder micro-structure and intermetallic reaction products and kinetics were determined. The Sn-0.7Cu solder has a large grain structure and the Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu have a fine lamellar two-phase structure of tin and Ag3Sn. The intermetallic compounds were similar for all the lead-free alloys. On Ni, Ni3Sn4 formed and on copper, Cu6Sn5Cu3Sn formed. During reflow, the intermetallic growth rate was faster for the lead-free alloys, compared to eutectic tin-lead. In solidstate aging, however, the interfacial intermetallic compounds grew faster with the tinlead solder than for the lead-free alloys. The reliability tests performed included shear strength and thermomechanical fatigue. The lower strength Sn-0.7Cu alloy also had the best thermomechanical fatigue behavior. Failures occurred near the solder/intermetallic interface for all the alloys except Sn-0.7Cu, which deformed by grain sliding and failed in the center of the joint. Based on this study, the optimal solder alloy for flip-chip applications is identified as eutectic Sn-0.7Cu.
Dynamic optimization of hybrib systems

Abstract Process dynamics are inherently hybrid (discrete/continuous) in nature and, consequently, dynamic optimization of process operations should take this into account. The interaction between the continuous and the discrete components of the problem makes this optimization a much more complicated problem, and at present there are no general and efficient solution technologies. This paper presents a problem formulation and a preliminary classification, some mathematical results on hybrid dynamic optimization and examples illustrating characteristics of the problem.
Electrocardiographic T-wave inversion: differential diagnosis in the chest pain patient.

Inverted T waves produced by myocardial ischemia are classically narrow and symmetric. T-wave inversion (TWI) associated with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is morphologically characterized by an isoelectric ST segment that is usually bowed upward (ie, concave) and followed by a sharp symmetric downstroke. The terms coronary T wave and coved T wave have been used to describe these ischemic TWIs. Prominent, deeply inverted, and widely splayed T waves are more characteristic of non-ACS conditions such as juvenile T-wave patterns, left ventricular hypertrophy, acute myocarditis, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, acute pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular accident, bundle branch block, and later stages of pericarditis.
Use of an Edible Film to Maintain Water Vapor Gradients in Foods

An edible, biiayer film consisting of a layer of stearic-palmitic acid and a layer of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was situated between two food components of markedly different water activities to determine the film's ability to retard equalization of water activity. Tomato paste or salted tomato paste was used as the high-moisture food and ground crackers were used as the low-moisture food. Compared to a filter paper control, the bilayer film substantially slowed transfer of water from the salted tomato paste to the crackers during 14 days at 25°C and 21 days at 5°C. During 70 days at -20°C, the film essentially stopped the transfer of water from tomato paste to the crackers.
Relativity and indeterminism

It is well known that Albert Einstein adhered to a deterministic world view throughout his career. Nevertheless, his developments of the special and general theories of relativity prove to be incompatible with that world view. Two different forms of determinism—classical Laplacian determinism and the determinism of isolated systems—are considered. Through careful considerations of what concretely is involved in predicting future states of the entire universe, or of isolated systems, it is shown that the demands of the theories of relativity make these deterministic positions untenable.
Who says we don't? The perspective from a small Catholic liberal arts college

“Although American higher education can justifiably take pride in its capacity to develop the student's ability to manipulate the material world through its programs in science, medicine, technology, and commerce, it has paid relatively little attention to the student's “inner” development—the sphere of values and beliefs, emotional maturity, moral development, spirituality, and self-understanding.” —from the Foreword to Encouraging Authenticity and Spirituality in Higher Education by Alexander W. Astin and Helen S. Astin
New NMR evidence: Can an axi-planar superfluid3He-A order parameter be ruled out?

Abstract We have measured transverse NMR in3He superfluid through a pressure range of 1 to 13 bar. A comparison of A and B-phase data is made through the NMR relations of Leggett, which serve as an indicator of the order-parameter structure of the A-phase. Deviation from these relations may indicate a continuous distortion of the traditional Anderson-Brinkman-Morel model toward the planar state. Our results are consistent with identification of the A-phase as the axial state.
Some aspects of best n-convex approximation

Abstract An n -convex function is one whose n th order divided differences are nonnegative. Thus a 1-convex function is nondecreasing and a 2-convex function is convex in the classical sense. A function if ƒ is n -concave if −tf is n -convex. We consider best uniform approximation by n -convex and n -concave functions and, by considering alternation properties of the error function, we prove a variety of results, including characterizations of functions with best n -convex or n -concave approximations in Π n − 1 , a sufficient condition for best n -convex approximation, and a uniqueness result. Several examples are given.
Structural Analysis of Bisphenol-A and its Methylene, Sulfur, and Oxygen Bridged Bisphenol Analogs

The molecular structures of bisphenol-A, C(CH3)2(p-C6H4OH)2 (monoclinic, P21/n, a = 11.1940(6) A, b = 18.738(1) A, c = 17.8623(9) A, β = 100.571(1)°), its methylene (CH2) and heteroatom (S, O) bridged analogs, CH2(p-C6H4OH)2 (monoclinic, P21/n, a = 5.4351(1) A, b = 20.7895(3) A, c = 8.8432(1) A, β = 93.419(1)°), S(p-C6H4OH)2 (monoclinic, P21/n, a = 5.5115(1) A, b = 21.0666(2) A, c = 8.6917(1) A, β = 92.962(1)°) and O(p-C6H4OH)2 (orthorhombic, Pbcn, a = 5.2745(5) A, b = 8.2724(8) A, c = 22.085(2) A), have been determined by X-ray diffraction at 115 K, revealing structural differences in the series of compounds. The results show that the Caryl–Xbridge–Caryl angles (Xbridge = C(CH3)2, CH2, S, O) span a range greater than 14°. The dihedral angle between the planes of the hydroxyphenyl groups also varies according to the identity of the bridging group, varying from 67.24(2)° in S(p-C6H4OH)2 to 85.82(4)° in C(CH3)2(p-C6H4OH)2. In addition, the pitch angle, which more accurately describes the propeller-like nature of these bisphenolic compounds, varies from 39.88(3)° in S(p-C6H4OH)2 to 59.62(7)° in C(CH3)2(p-C6H4OH)2. Ab initio electronic structure calculations predict very similar bond lengths and angles to those observed crystallographically; however, the predicted dihedral angles and pitch angles are quite different, suggesting that these features are greatly influenced by crystal packing.
Storage and retrieval processes in the serial position effect

A technique that separates storage from retrieval (Chechile & Butler, 1975; Chechile & Meyer, 1976) was used to study the role of these processes in the production of the serial position effect. Using a serial learning paradigm with paired associates, both the probability of storage and the probability of retrieval decreased for items in the middle of the list. While both storage and retrieval components contribute to the serial position effect, the storage and retrieval changes were found to be uncorrelated. It is suggested that the serial position effect is due to the cue distinctiveness of end items in a serial list producing a facilitation of initial discrimination and storage of these items and their subsequent organization and retrieval from memory.
Multiple primary tumors in men with breast cancer diagnoses: a SEER database review

Background Male breast cancer (MBC) comprises 1% of all breast cancers and less than 1% of cancer cases in men. After a diagnosis of MBC, men are at risk of developing a second primary cancer, particularly a second primary breast cancer. The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the population of men diagnosed with a second malignancy, specifically a second MBC. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, 4,873 male patients diagnosed with invasive or in situ breast cancer from 1973 to 2004 were identified and data from patients who developed a second MBC were reviewed. Additional non-breast primary cancer diagnoses were also recorded. Results A review of 4,966 records corresponding to 4,873 patients revealed 4,462 invasive and 504 in situ breast cancer events. Of the 4,873 patients, 93 (1.9%) were identified with a second MBC. Among the 4,873 patients with MBC, 1,001 (21%) have other non-breast primary cancer diagnoses recorded in the SEER registry. Conclusions Although MBC is uncommon, these patients are at risk of a contralateral breast cancer and second primary non-breast cancers. Our findings support that men with breast cancer would benefit from continued long-term surveillance for breast cancer and appropriate screening for non-breast cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:16–19. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The oxygen isotopic composition of seawater during the Last Glacial Maximum

High-resolution oxygen and hydrogen isotope measurements were made on pore fluids from deep-sea sediments from sites in the North and South Atlantic. The data provide direct measurements of changes in the isotopic composition of bottom waters during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Results from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 981 in the North Atlantic, currently bathed in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) reproduces previous results from the Ceara and Bermuda Rises, constraining the glacial–interglacial change in δ^(18)O of the deep Atlantic to be 0.7–0.8‰. Results from Site 984, which is located north of Site 981 and at a shallower water depth, yield a similar value (0.8‰), providing insight into the properties of Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water (GNAIW). Sites from ODP Leg 177 in the South Atlantic span the modern boundary between northern and southern sources of deep water. Data from the northern site (1088) yield a similar result to sites in the tropical and North Atlantic (0.7‰). At the southern site (1093), located south of the polar front, the change is substantially larger (1.1‰), representing the change in δ^(18)O of southern source waters since the LGM. These results confirm previous estimates that the global average change in δ^(18)O of seawater is 1.0±0.1‰. Hydrogen isotopes measured on pore fluids from three sites are consistent with the oxygen isotopes from these locations, giving further support to these results. At all sites studied, the temperature of the deep ocean during the LGM, calculated by combining the pore fluid results with oxygen isotope data from benthic foraminifera, was within 1°C of the freezing point of seawater.
A stretchable and transparent SWNT strain sensor encapsulated in thin PDMS films

In this paper, a stretchable and transparent strain sensor made of an ultrathin film of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) encapsulated inside poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) films is presented. A surface plasma treatment, followed by a solution based, low temperature drop casting process was developed and utilized to fabricate the strain sensor. The fabricated SWNTs strain sensor functions as a two-terminal resistor which changes its resistance when the sensor is stretched. The strain sensor was tested with 10% tensile cyclic strain and was found to handle strains of up to 35%. With PDMS encapsulation, the effect of environmental gases to the response of the SWNT strain sensors was eliminated. The electrical response of the SWNT strain sensor was highly reversible and repeatable after the initial conditioning step. The reliability of this sensor was evaluated up to 200 cycles at 4% strain. Our results demonstrate the possibility of using ultrathin SWNT films as a stretchable, transparent and reliable strain sensor.
Writing letters to clients: Connecting textbook problems and the real world

Abstract Adrian College's letter-writing assignments simulate CPA firm client correspondence and develop clear writing skills. The exercises use problems previously assigned in upper-level courses. Letters must answer client questions about problem situations in plain, simple English.
Cytokine Genotype Polymorphisms in Breast Carcinoma: Associations of TGF-β1 with Relapse

Markers of angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cytokine regulation are associated with the development and course of autoimmune and malignant diseases. We investigated associations between cytokine production genotypes in breast cancer patients compared with controls and explored associations with known prognostic indices and relapse status. Eighty-eight females with breast carcinoma (BC) were studied in this case-control study comparing the cytokine genotypes of TNF-alpha TGF-beta1, IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-gamma with controls. Cytokine polymorphisms were identified by sequence-specific primers for codons, introns, or promoters regulating cytokine production. Patient characteristics, such as estrogen and progesterone receptor status, DNA ploidy, Her-2 neu expression, lymph node involvement, tumor size, and relapse status were evaluated. Cytokine genotypes were not associated with breast cancer compared with controls. Correlations between TGF-beta1 high-production genotypes and greater than four positive lymph nodes (OR=2.3; p=ns) and TNF-alpha high-production genotype and the mean level of estrogen receptor expression (66 +/- 24 vs. 34 +/- 36, p=0.016) were identified. The median patient follow-up interval from diagnosis to evaluation was 50.1 months (range 13-387 months). Relapse status was known for 84 of the patients. The odds of relapse in TGF-beta1 codon 10 CC genotypes was 2.81 times that in TGF-beta1 high-production genotypes (OR=2.81; 95% CI for OR: 1.0, 7.8; p=0.04). Mean progesterone receptor expression was decreased in relapsed patients (40.9 +/- 29.9% vs. 23.1 +/- 24.5, p=0.05). The other cytokine genotypes studied (IL-10, IL-6, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha production were not associated with breast cancer overall or relapse status. In this study, TGF-beta1 low-production genotypes (TGF-beta1 10 CC) were associated with an increased odds of disease relapse. This finding should be confirmed in a longitudinal study to further investigate the regulatory function of cytokine production as a prognostic indicator of relapse.
Intrinsically Fluorescent Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Demonstrates Hormone-Driven Aggregation

Abstract The possibility that LH receptors exist as isolated molecules when unbound and aggregate upon binding gonadotropins has previously been untestable in viable cells for want of a suitable nonhormone probe. We have now expressed in CHO cells an intrinsically-fluorescent LH receptor involving enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the C-terminus of the rat LH receptor (rLHR-GFP). More than half of these receptors (54 ± 4%) are located on the plasma membrane and are functional: cAMP levels increase 3–5 fold in response to 10 nM LH or hCG. In fluorescence photobleaching recovery studies at 37°C, 54 ± 13% of unoccupied rLHR-GFP were laterally mobile with a diffusion coefficient D of 16 ± 3.5 × 10 −10 cm 2 sec −1 . Introduction of 10 nM LH for 1 h slowed receptor lateral diffusion to 6.6 ± 1.3 × 10 −10 cm 2 sec −1 and reduced fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to 27 ± 1%. Following treatment with 1 nM hCG, rLHR-GFP were laterally immobile and were distributed into small fluorescent patches over the cell surface. Thus, unoccupied rLHR-GFP receptors apparently exist as dispersed plasma membrane proteins with comparatively fast lateral diffusion. Interaction of receptors with LH or hCG caused clustering of rLHR-GFP receptors, significantly restricting lateral diffusion.
All-trans-retinoic acid and Erk1/2 signaling synergistically regulate the expression of CD300B in human monocytic cells.

The regulation of the cell-surface receptors that constitute the gene cluster, CD300, also known as the Myeloid Activating/Inhibitory Receptor (MAIR) family, is poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that all-trans-RA (RA), a bioactive form of vitamin A long recognized for its role in regulation of immune cell activities, may be a potent regulator of the expression of human CD300B. In monocytic THP-1 cells, RA (20 nM) alone significantly increased CD300B mRNA within 2 h and up to 20-fold after 24 h; however, CD300B protein determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed little change. A search for coactivating molecules revealed that phorbol myristyl acetate (PMA), a mimetic of diacylglycerol, alone increased CD300B mRNA by less than 5-fold; however, the combination of at-RA and PMA increased CD300B mRNA nearly 60-fold. Moreover, CD300B protein was increased. CD300B molecules were mainly located on the plasma membrane and in the endosomal compartment, sharing a distribution/recycling pattern similar to transferrin receptor CD71. The induction of CD300B mRNA by PMA required signaling through the MEK/ERK branch of the MAP kinase pathway, as PD98059, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, abrogated this response, while SB203580, an inhibitor of the p38 pathway, had no effect. Our data suggest a model in which RA alone induces a CD300B mRNA response in which transcripts accumulate but remain untranslated and therefore “sterile,” whereas RA combined with signals from the ERK1/2 pathway results in both increased CD300B transcription and protein expression on the cell surface and in endocytic vesicles.
HEAT AVOIDANCE LIFE HISTORY STRATEGY CONTROLS THE DISTRIBUTION OF GEOTHERMAL AGROSTIS IN YELLOWSTONE

Two Agrostis taxa occur in geothermal habitats of Yellowstone National Park: Agrostis rossiae is reported to be endemic to the thermal areas and A. scabra occurs both in thermal and nonthermal habitats. Thermal populations of both taxa are always surrounded by a nonthermal population of A. scabra that is reproductively isolated from the thermal plants by its later flowering time (summer rather than spring). Since Agrostis species are well known for their ability to form edaphic ecotypes, we used common garden and greenhouse experiments to test the hypothesis that “soil type” (a complex variable including factors such as soil chemistry and soil biotic community) was responsible for the separation of the thermal and nonthermal populations. In addition, field monitoring and growth chamber experiments were used to determine whether soil temperature affected the local distribution of these taxa. The results indicate that the thermal and nonthermal taxa are affected similarly by both soil temperature and soil t...
Release of Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone from Pituitaries of Lactating Rats by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and High Potassium Concentration*

Anterior pituitaries (APs) from lactating rats were studied in vitro to determine the mechanisms by which LH release, but not FSH release, is suppressed. Hemipituitaries were exposed for 4 h to GnRH (20 nM) or elevated potassium (K+; 57 mM) according to two different regimens: 6 min/h (pulsatile) or 60 min/h (continuous). Pulsatile K+ exposure stimulated similar amounts of LH release by APs from diestrous females and lactating females on day 5 or 10 who were nursing two or eight pups. Pulsatile GnRH stimulation resulted in significantly greater amounts of LH release from all groups than was observed after pulsatile K+, except by APs from females nursing eight pups. In this group, GnRH was no more effective than K+ in stimulating LH release by APs from day 5 of lactation, but was slightly but significantly more effective on APs from day 10 of lactation. The degree of suppression of GnRH-stimulated LH release was directly correlated with the intensity of the suckling stimulus, and removal of the eight-pup suckling stimulus for 48 h completely restored the LH response to GnRH to the response observed by APs from females on diestrous day 2. Exposure of the APs continuously to either K+ or GnRH produced results that were similar to those observed after the pulsatile regimen, except that the total amount of LH released during the 4-h incubation was greater. However, APs from females suckling eight pups still released significantly less LH in response to GnRH than did APs from females suckling two pups or diestrous females. FSH secretion by the APs was similar in response to either pulsatile K+ or GnRH stimulation and was not suppressed by suckling of a large litter. The total amount of FSH released by pituitaries from lactating and cycling animals did not differ significantly, except that by APs females deprived of their eight-pup litters for 48 h, in which case pulsatile GnRH stimulated a greater amount of FSH release. However, the pattern of FSH release varied, in that pulsatile GnRH stimulation of diestrous pituitaries showed a priming response, whereas no priming response was evident during lactation. Exposure of APs to elevated K+ continuously produced little more FSH release than exposure to pulsatile K+ stimulation. However, continuous stimulation by GnRH generally released more FSH than did K+. FSH responses to GnRH by pituitaries from lactating females were similar or greater than the FSH responses by pituitaries from diestrous females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Radiotherapy in the management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET): experience at three institutions.

Aim: Advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) presents a therapeutic challenge as many are unresectable and relatively resistant to systemic therapy with a high malignant potential. We share our experience using concurrent capecitabine or infusional 5-fluorouracil with radiation for patients with resected and locally advanced PNET. Patients and Methods: Six patients (two females, four males) with PNET were treated with capecitabine or infusional 5-FU and concurrent radiation. Results: The median age was 52 years (range: 38 to 63 years), with ECOG Performance Status (PS) 0-1, grade 0-1 weight loss, and grade 0-1 pain. One patient underwent resection with negative margins, two with positive margins, and three had unresectable locally advanced disease. All six patients demonstrated partial radiographic response and sustained local control. The treatment was tolerable with only grade 2 hand-foot syndrome and grade 1 mucositis observed. Conclusion: Prospective studies to further investigate the role of chemoradiation in this setting are warranted. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) represent a heterogenous group of tumors with varying tumor biology and prognosis (1). The incidence of PNET has increased over the past two decades to approximately 5/1,000,000 persons (2). Advanced PNET remains a difficult therapeutic challenge because of its high malignant potential and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. As a result, there are limited effective treatment options for patients with advanced disease. There have been recent new developments with promising results for the use of novel molecular- targeted agents for the treatment of this disease, such as evirolimus and sutent (3-5). Traditional conventional chemotherapy agents included regimens based on etoposide, platinum agents, anthracyclines, streptozocin, and 5-Fluoro- uracil (5-FU)-based agents (6). Combined modality chemoradiation is not widely used in the management of local PNET. We present our experience in treating patients with PNET with chemoradiation. Patients and Methods Patients with biopsy-proven, previously-untreated PNET were treated with capecitabine (median dose 600 mg/m2 po bid; range=600-800 mg/m2) or infusional 5-FU (175 mg/m2/day) and concurrent radiation. Radiotherapy began on the first day of week 1 of capecitabine or 5-FU. The target volume received external- beam radiation at 180 cGy/day delivered Monday through Friday to a total dose of 50.4 Gy using 3-D conformal radiotherapy or Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). The treatment volume consisted of the gross tumor volume (GTV), defined by pancreatic and locoregional radiographic abnormalities identified by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT); the clinical target volume (CTV). defined as the area at risk for subclinical microscopic disease; and the planning target volume (PTV), typically consisting of a 0.5 cm margin outside of the CTV (Figure 1) (7).
Observer, Self‐, and Partner Reports of Hostile Behaviors in Romantic Relationships

The present study examines how different observers of romantic relationships differ in their reports of hostility. Using confirmatory factor analysis with structured means, the results from 236 young adults and their romantic partners indicated that (a) the correlations among targets’ self-reports, partners’ reports, and observers’ reports of targets’ behaviors were moderate; (b) targets’ self-reports of their own level of hostility were lower than their partners’ reports of them; (c) young couples who were living together demonstrated a higher level of hostility than dating couples; and (d) women showed a higher level of hostility toward their partners than did men.
COUPLE-STRESSES AND SINGULAR STRESS CONCENTRATIONS IN ELASTIC SOLIDS.

Continuum-mechanical theories of the type initiated in rudimentary form by the Cosserats [1], which admit in addition to ordinary stresses the presence of couple-stresses, have—for several and diverse reasons—attracted a renewed and growing interest during recent years. A particularly comprehensive study of the linearized Cosserat theory with constrained rotations for elastic solids was published by Mindlin and Tiersten [2]2 in 1962. Since that time various related broader generalizations of conventional elasticity theory have been proposed in investigations that introduce, beyond ordinary and couple-stresses, hyper-stresses of ever increasing complexity and physical elusiveness.
Laboratory and field experiments used to identify Canis lupus var. familiaris active odor signature chemicals from drugs, explosives, and humans

This paper describes the use of headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography to identify the signature odors that law enforcement-certified detector dogs alert to when searching for drugs, explosives, and humans. Background information is provided on the many types of detector dog available and specific samples highlighted in this paper are the drugs cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy), the explosives TNT and C4, and human remains. Studies include the analysis and identification of the headspace "fingerprint" of a variety of samples, followed by completion of double-blind dog trials of the individual components in an attempt to isolate and understand the target compounds that dogs alert to. SPME–GC/MS has been demonstrated to have a unique capability for the extraction of volatiles from the headspace of forensic specimens including drugs and explosives and shows great potential to aid in the investigation and understanding of the complicated process of canine odor detection. Major variables evaluated for the headspace SPME included fiber chemistry and a variety of sampling times ranging from several hours to several seconds and the resultant effect on ratios of isolated volatile components. For the drug odor studies, the CW/DVB and PDMS SPME fibers proved to be the optimal fiber types. For explosives, the results demonstrated that the best fibers in field and laboratory applications were PDMS and CW/DVB, respectively. Gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC/ECD) and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was better for analysis of nitromethane and TNT odors, and C-4 odors, respectively. Field studies with detector dogs have demonstrated possible candidates for new pseudo scents as well as the potential use of controlled permeation devices as non-hazardous training aids providing consistent permeation of target odors.
Modulation of angiogenesis by dietary phytoconstituents in the prevention and intervention of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths for women in the United States and the rest of the world. About 8% of women develop breast cancer during the course of their lives. Dietary habits are closely associated with both the risk and progression of breast cancer. Dietary agents have accumulated increasing importance with regards to the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. One such manner by which these compounds can target breast cancer development and progression is through interference with the angiogenic pathways. Angiogenesis is an intricate process that involves the development of new capillaries from previously existing blood vessels. Disruption of this pathway, therefore, provides a novel and effective avenue for therapeutic intervention of breast cancer. Various phytochemicals found in the diet kill breast cancer cells in vitro and prevent as well as suppress breast cancer progression in various preclinical animal models. This review examines the value of dietary phytoconstituents in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer through modulation of the intricate and complex process of angiogenesis. In addition, the potential benefits, challenges, and future directions of research on anti-angiogenic dietary phytochemicals in the prevention and intervention of breast cancer are also addressed.
Solubility and Hydrolyzability of Films Produced by Transglutaminase Catalytic Crosslinking of Whey Protein

Abstract Transglutaminase was used to crosslink covalently concentrated protein solutions of α -lactalbumin and β -lactoglobulin and a 1:1 (wt/wt) mixture of these two proteins to form gels. These gels were dehydrated to produce films. Solubility of films incubated at room temperature for 24h in buffered solvents indicated a significant relationship with glycerol concentration in the film mixture and with the pH of the buffered solvent. The films were insoluble in SDS and β -mercaptoethanol. A significant relationship between solubility of all films and guanidine hydrochloride and urea in the solvent was observed. Films incubated with the proteolytic enzymes trypsin and α -chymotrypsin produced a significant correlation between film hydrolyzability and incubation time. Utilization of transglutaminase-crosslinked whey protein as a film or food-coating material should consider the pH and the enzymic nature of the coated food surface.
Toward a Unified Theory of Causality

In comparative research, analysts conceptualize causation in contrasting ways when they pursue explanation in particular cases (case-oriented research) versus large populations (population-oriented research). With case-oriented research, they understand causation in terms of necessary, sufficient, INUS, and SUIN causes. With population-oriented research, by contrast, they understand causation as mean causal effects. This article explores whether it is possible to translate the kind of causal language that is used in case-oriented research into the kind of causal language that is used in population-oriented research (and vice versa). The article suggests that such translation is possible, because certain types of INUS causes manifest themselves as variables that exhibit partial effects when studied in population-oriented research. The article concludes that the conception of causation adopted in case-oriented research is appropriate for the population level, whereas the conception of causation used in popu...
A survey of dentulous and edentulous patient preference among different denture esthetic concepts.

Statement of Problem: Most esthetic preference research and anatomical average analysis come from dentulous populations. If edentulous patients have a different preference, application of this data during denture construction is problematic. Purpose: The aim of this survey was to compare dentulous and edentulous respondent preference among three different denture esthetic concepts. Material and Methods: A questionnaire and test booklet of standardized full-face digital photographs were used. It included three arrangements during maximum smile for six subjects. Dentulous and edentulous respondents were asked questions about their preference among the three randomly ordered concept photographs for each of the six subjects. A total of 167 dentulous and 269 edentulous questionnaires were analyzed descriptively and with Chi-squared tests to compare the esthetic preference of the respondents. Results: There was no statistically significant difference overall between dentulous and edentulous preference. Respondent preference varied significantly depending upon subject set and gender. Preference data compared closely to previous research. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this survey, dentulous and edentulous respondent preference among the three esthetic concepts was not significantly different. Questionnaire respondents continued to frequently prefer appearances that are far from the anatomical average. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dentulous and edentulous patients show a similar esthetic preference. Application of dentulous patient preferences and anatomical averages during edentulous patient treatment is appropriate. (J Esthet Restor Dent 24:112–125, 2012)
Vitamin D metabolism during recovery from severe osteitis fibrosa cystica of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone were measured before and for 7 months after the removal of a 15-g parathyroid adenoma from a 44-yr-old woman with primary hyperparathyroidism and severe osteitis fibrosa cystica. Despite the fall in parathyroid hormone levels from preoperative levels of 20 to 1–2 ng/ml after surgery (normal, up to 1.2 ng/ml), serum 1,25-(OH)2D concentrations remained markedly elevated (156 pg/ml preoperatively; 124 pg/ml 17 weeks postoperative), approaching the normal range (18–56 pg/ml) only after 5 months (65 pg/ml). Hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia persisted despite oral 1,25-(OH)2D3 (1 and 2 μg/day) and large doses of (oral and iv) calcium gluconate (up to 30 g/day). Healing of the skeletal lesions, reversal of the myopathy, and return of 1,25-(OH)2D circulating levels to normal corresponded to the time when serum phosphate became normal. The stimulus for the persistently elevated serum 1,25-(OH)2D levels may have bee...
Fast discrete function evaluation using decision diagrams

Abstract: An approach for fast discrete function evaluation based on multi-valued decision diagrams (MDD) is proposed. The MDD for a logic function is translated into a table on, which function evaluation is performed by a sequence of address lookups. The value of a function for a given input assignment is obtained with at most one lookup per input. The main application is to cycle-based logic simulation of digital circuits, where the principal difference from other logic simulators is that only values of the output and latch ports are computed. Theoretically, decision-diagram based function evaluation offers orders-of-magnitude potential speedup over traditional logic simulation methods. In practice, memory bandwidth becomes the dominant consideration on large designs. We describe techniques to optimize usage of the memory hierarchy.