cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Phase Flow In A Nuclear MHD Generator

A computer model has been developed for the simulation of nucleation, drop growth and deposition processes during the supersonic flow of a gas mixture in a convergent-divergent nozzle and a magnetogasdynamic duct. The gas mixture is assumed to be composed of a condensable trace vapor species (e.g. uranium vapor) and a non-condensable carrier gas, flowing through a network of control volumes. Within each control volume, the physical processes of homogeneous nucleation, growth of droplets, droplet and vapor deposition onto structure walls are simulated. Nucleation and drop growth modeling is based on classical nucleation theory and heat and mass transfer to droplets. Droplet deposition is assumed to be governed by gas turbulence and thermophoresis. Magnetogasdynamic flow properties, needed to determine the rates of nucleation, growth and deposition in each control volume, are provided by a quasi-one dimensional magnetogasdynamic channel flow model. Sample calculations have been carried out for He-U and Mg-U gas mixtures. It has been found that uranium deposition on walls is insignificant. Expected thickness of the uranium film is of the order which will not cause any arcking between electrodes. Due to the large concentration of nucleation centers in the fissioning plasma the number of uranium droplets is so high that the maximum size of droplets will not exceed 0.01 μm. Therefore, the flow is essentially that of a metal vapor carrying a fine uranium mist.
Determination of 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (QNB) and Its Major Metabolites in Urine by Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

I In response to the scheduled destruction of U.S. military stockpiles of the hallucinogenic agent 3-quinuclldinyl benzilate (QNB), a specific confirmatory test for human exposure to QNB was developed. The amount of the parent compound in the urine as well as the two major metabolites, 3-quinuclidinol (Q) and benzilic acid (BA), was determined because the relationship between QNB dose and levels of QNB and its metabolites in human urine is not known. QNB was determined in urine samples spiked at a target level of 0.5 ng/mL, and the metabolites BA and Q were determined at a target level of 5 ng/mL. The method uses solid-phase extraction to isolate each analyte from the urine and isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for quantitation. Each analyte is converted to its trimethylsilyl derivative for analysis. The analytical method was tested on eight different urine samples spiked with known amounts of the analytes near the target levels, at 10 times the target levels, and blank (unspiked) urine samples. The variabilities in the method are for the most part evenly distributed between three imprecision categories: GC/MS measurement, sample preparation, and the urine samples. The total imprecision (1 standard deviation) of a single measurement is about 15% of the value for each analyte.
Pneumocystis carinii infection in germ-free rats: Implications for human patients

Abstract Pneumocystiscarinii infections have been detected both serologically and histologically in untreated, germ-free and conventional rats killed immediately upon arrival from two commercial sources. Pneumocystis antigenemia was detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and antibody was titered by indirect immunofluorescence. The data suggest that 1) P.carinii is enzootic in certain rat colonies; 2) in utero transmission is a distinct possibility; and 3) paucity of cysts does not rule out P.carinii, as trophozoites predominate in early or subclinical infections. Histologic data support the validity of CIE for noninvasive detection of P.carinii antigen. Infection with this agent may be missed by basing diagnosis upon the presence of cyst forms alone, and it may be more common than previously supposed. These data have significant implications for the natural history, diagnosis, and epidemiology of P.carinii with regard to the human host.
Speech repetition as a window on the neurobiology of auditory-motor integration for speech: A voxel-based lesion symptom mapping study.

Abstract For more than a century, speech repetition has been used as an assay for gauging the integrity of the auditory–motor pathway in aphasia, thought classically to involve a linkage between Wernicke's area and Broca's area via the arcuate fasciculus. During the last decade, evidence primarily from functional imaging in healthy individuals has refined this picture both computationally and anatomically, suggesting the existence of a cortical hub located at the parietal–temporal boundary (area Spt) that functions to integrate auditory and motor speech networks for both repetition and spontaneous speech production. While functional imaging research can pinpoint the regions activated in repetition/auditory–motor integration, lesion-based studies are needed to infer causal involvement. Previous lesion studies of repetition have yielded mixed results with respect to Spt's critical involvement in speech repetition. The present study used voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) to investigate the neuroanatomy of repetition of both real words and non-words in a sample of 47 patients with focal left hemisphere brain damage. VLSMs identified a large voxel cluster spanning gray and white matter in the left temporal–parietal junction, including area Spt, where damage was significantly related to poor non-word repetition. Repetition of real words implicated a very similar dorsal network including area Spt. Cortical regions including Spt were implicated in repetition performance even when white matter damage was factored out. In addition, removing variance associated with speech perception abilities did not alter the overall lesion pattern for either task. Together with past functional imaging work, our results suggest that area Spt is integral in both word and non-word repetition, that its contribution is above and beyond that made by white matter pathways, and is not driven by perceptual processes alone. These findings are highly consistent with the claim that Spt is an area of sensory-motor translation in speech processing.
Mechanisms and functional consequences of PDEF protein expression loss during prostate cancer progression.

BACKGROUND Ets is a large family of transcriptional regulators with functions in most biological processes. While the Ets family gene, prostate-derived epithelial factor (PDEF), is expressed in epithelial tissues, PDEF protein expression has been found to be reduced or lost during cancer progression. The goal of this study was to examine the mechanism for and biologic impact of altered PDEF expression in prostate cancer. METHODS PDEF protein expression of prostate specimens was examined by immunohistochemistry. RNA and protein expression in cell lines were measured by q-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cellular growth was determined by quantifying viable and apoptotic cells over time. Cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. Migration and invasion were determined by transwell assays. PDEF promoter occupancy was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). RESULTS While normal prostate epithelium expresses PDEF mRNA and protein, tumors show no or decreased PDEF protein expression. Re-expression of PDEF in prostate cancer cells inhibits cell growth. PDEF expression is inversely correlated with survivin, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and slug expression and ChIP studies identify survivin and uPA as direct transcriptional targets of PDEF. This study also shows that PDEF expression is regulated via a functional microRNA-204 (miR-204) binding site within the 3′UTR. Furthermore, we demonstrate the biologic significance of miR-204 expression and that miR-204 is over-expressed in human prostate cancer specimens. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the reported studies demonstrate that PDEF is a negative regulator of tumor progression and that the miR-204-PDEF regulatory axis contributes to PDEF protein loss and resultant cancer progression. Prostate 71:1723–1735, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement invariance tests of the Impression Management sub-scale of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding

Abstract The Impression Management (IM) subscale of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (Paulhus, 1988) has been used as a proxy for common method variance in anonymous settings and as a cause of faking on personality testing in confidential settings. This study uses confirmatory factor analysis to conduct measurement invariance/equivalence tests (also known as multiple group analysis) on the IM subscale in a quasi-experiment in anonymous and confidential data collection settings. Using Brown’s (2006) bottom-up approach to Cheung and Rensvold’s (1999) model testing steps and Cheung and Rensvold’s (2002) statistical tests, the IM sub-scale was determined to have equal form, equal factor loadings, equal indicator error variances, equal factor variance, and an equal factor covariance in both 1-factor and 2-factor models in both data collection settings. Mean scale scores were significantly higher in the confidential group than in the anonymous group. These results suggest that using the IM sub-scale as a cause of faking and as a proxy for common method variance (CMV) is likely to be acceptable because the psychometric properties of the instrument are invariant across testing conditions.
Michael Polanyi's Early Liberal Vision: Society as a Network of Dynamic Orders Reliant on Public Liberty

Abstract Michael Polanyi articulates a vision of social order in his early nonscientific writing published from the late thirties to the early fifties. This vision draws upon Polanyi's experience as a Hungarian emigre who became a top scientist after World War I in Germany but then later fled to Great Britain where he confronted the Marxist-inspired “planned” science movement in the late thirties and early forties. Polanyi's account of what he calls “liberal” society focuses on establishing a context in which thought can grow. Adapting Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler's ideas about “systems of dynamic order,” Polanyi envisioned society as a network of overlapping, relatively independent subcultural systems of order that preserve and cultivate certain ideas and practices. Such systems of dynamic order are not all alike, and Polanyi generally distinguishes intellectual systems dependent upon tradition and professional opinion from very broad based, preeminently competitive systems like the market. Despi...
Passive avoidance learning in Lesch-Nyhan disease: effect of 1-desamino-8-arginine-vasopressin.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that self-mutilation can be controlled in Lesch-Nyhan children by operant conditioning. Punishment was unsuccessful as a teaching modality. A passive avoidance learning defect has now been confirmed under controlled experimental conditions in 3 children with Lesch-Nyhan disease. The ability to learn was repeatedly and consistently improved in these children by the administration of a vasopressin analogue prior to testing.
Coupling of spin and orbital motion of electrons in carbon nanotubes

Carbon-based materials are seen as promising candidates for applications such as spintronics and as spin qubits, as their electron spins are thought to be exceptionally stable. In particular, it was assumed that the effect of electron spin coupling to its orbital motion — a source for spin decoherence — is negligible. Kuemmeth et al. have now disproved this assumption. Based on a detailed set of electronic transport measurements on high-quality, clean, single-walled carbon nanotubes, they observe direct signatures of electron spin–orbit coupling. The findings may lead to new design principles for the realization of qubits in nanotubes. And the observed spin–orbit coupling may prove to be a valuable tool as a mechanism for all-electrical control of spins in carbon nanotubes. Based on a detailed set of electronic transport measurements on high-quality, clean single walled carbon nanotubes, direct signatures of electron spin-orbit coupling are observed. The findings may lead to new design principles for the realization of qubits in nanotubes. Furthermore, the observed spin-orbit coupling may prove to be a valuable tool as a mechanism for all-electrical control of spins in carbon nanotubes. Electrons in atoms possess both spin and orbital degrees of freedom. In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, these are independent, resulting in large degeneracies in atomic spectra. However, relativistic effects couple the spin and orbital motion, leading to the well-known fine structure in their spectra. The electronic states in defect-free carbon nanotubes are widely believed to be four-fold degenerate1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, owing to independent spin and orbital symmetries, and also to possess electron–hole symmetry11. Here we report measurements demonstrating that in clean nanotubes the spin and orbital motion of electrons are coupled, thereby breaking all of these symmetries. This spin–orbit coupling is directly observed as a splitting of the four-fold degeneracy of a single electron in ultra-clean quantum dots. The coupling favours parallel alignment of the orbital and spin magnetic moments for electrons and antiparallel alignment for holes. Our measurements are consistent with recent theories12,13 that predict the existence of spin–orbit coupling in curved graphene and describe it as a spin-dependent topological phase in nanotubes. Our findings have important implications for spin-based applications in carbon-based systems, entailing new design principles for the realization of quantum bits (qubits) in nanotubes and providing a mechanism for all-electrical control of spins14 in nanotubes.
Renal structural abnormalities following recovery from acute puromycin nephrosis.

Renal structural abnormalities following recovery from acute puromycin nephrosis. Background Rats that recover from acute puromycin nephrosis later develop widespread glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury. The current study sought to identify structural changes present in the recovery phase that could precipitate progressive renal disease. Methods Stereologic studies were performed 10 weeks after administration of puromycin (PAN) or saline (Cont). Serial sections were examined to assess glomerular structure. Results Rats receiving puromycin developed heavy proteinuria that returned nearly to control levels at 10 weeks. Kidneys in these animals were moderately enlarged and exhibited expansion of the interstitium (PAN, 254 ± 47 mm 3 ; Cont, 152 ± 23 mm 3 ; P 6 μm 3 ; Cont, 2.07 ± 0.47 × 10 6 μm 3 ), but a subpopulation of glomeruli of about half normal size was found in PAN rats. Serial sections revealed that most of these glomeruli were not connected to normal tubule segments. Serial sections also revealed that more than 90% of glomeruli in rats recovering from nephrosis had synechias joining the tuft to Bowman's capsule. Synechias occupied an average of 8 ± 11% of the Bowman's capsule surface in PAN animals versus less than 1% of the surface in controls. The appearance of synechias was not associated with a reduction in the mean number of visceral or parietal epithelial cells per glomerulus. Conclusions Acute puromycin nephrosis does not cause a notable reduction in visceral epithelial cell number. However, widespread glomerular injury characterized by synechia between the tuft and Bowman's capsule is present following remission of proteinuria. Progression of this residual glomerular injury could contribute to the late development of glomerular segmental sclerosis following recovery from acute nephrosis.
Glucose and Insulin Chronically Regulate Insulin Action via Different Mechanisms in BC3H1 Myocytes: Effects on Glucose Transporter Gene Expression

We previously reported that, in primary cultured adipocytes, chronic exposure to glucose plus insulin impairs the insulin-responsive glucose transport system. In this study, we examined regulation of glucose transport in BC3H1 myocytes as a model for muscle and found important differences between BC3H1 cells and adipocytes. In myocytes, chronic glucose exposure per se (25 mM) decreased basal glucose transport activity by 78% and insulin's acute ability to maximally stimulate transport by 68% (ED50 approximately 2.5 mM; T1/2 approximately 4 h). D-Mannose and 3-O-methyl-glucose diminished transport rates with approximately 100 and 50% of the potency of D-glucose, respectively, whereas L-glucose, D-fructose, and D-galactose were inactive. Chronic glucose exposure also reduced cell surface insulin binding by 30% via an apparent decrease in receptor affinity, and this effect was associated with a comparable rightward shift in the insulin-glucose transport dose-response curve. In other studies, persistent stimulation with 15 nM insulin also decreased maximally stimulated glucose transport activity, which was independent and additive to the regulatory effect of glucose. Moreover, glucose and insulin-induced insulin resistance via different mechanisms. Glucose (25 mM) reduced the number of cellular glucose transporter proteins by 84% and levels of GLUT1 transporter mRNA by 50% (whether normalized to total RNA or CHO-B mRNA). In contrast, chronic insulin exposure led to a 2.1-fold increase in GLUT1 mRNA but did not alter cellular levels of transporter protein. Cotreatment with glucose prevented the insulin-induced rise in GLUT1 mRNA. BC3H1 cells did not express GLUT4 mRNA that encodes the major transporter isoform in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, in BC3H1 myocytes 1) glucose diminished insulin sensitivity by decreasing insulin receptor binding affinity and decreased basal and maximally insulin-stimulated glucose transport rates via cellular depletion of glucose transporters and suppression of GLUT1 mRNA; 2) chronic insulin exposure exerted an independent and additive effect to reduce maximal transport activity; however, insulin increased levels of GLUT1 mRNA and did not alter the cellular content of glucose transporters; and 3) although BC3H1 cells are commonly used as a model for skeletal muscle, studies examining glucose transport should be interpreted cautiously due to the absence of GLUT4 expression. Nevertheless, the data generally support the idea that, in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia can induce or exacerbate insulin resistance in target tissues.
Harderian Gland: An Extraretinal Photoreceptor Influencing the Pineal Gland in Neonatal Rats?

The circadian rhythm of pineal serotonin and the influence of light on that rhythm have been confirmed. Removal of the Harderian gland abolishes the response to light in blinded animals, which suggests that this gland may act as the extraretinal transducer involved in the persistence of the pineal rhythm in blinded suckling rats.
Intimacy, Pleasure, Risk, and Safety: Discussion of Cheuvront's “High-Risk Sexual Behavior in the Treatment of HIV-Negative Patients”

ABSTRACT The psychodynamics involved in barebacking and safer sex have changed over the last 20 years. At the start of the AIDS epidemic, gay men experienced multiple deaths and were terrified by a new, mysterious, and untreatable disease. Today, young gay men have not usually had this experience. They therefore are less afraid of HIV and may consider the strict use of condoms as more restrictive and denying of intimacy and pleasure than older gay men. A more sex-positive approach to HIV prevention is described.
Infra-red spectroscopic detection of bridging cyanide groups

Abstract Infra-red spectroscopic studies in the cyanide stretching region provide a means of distinguishing between terminal and bridging cyanide groups in various complex cyanides. The distinction lies in the observation that bridging cyanide groups exhibit a higher absorption frequency than do terminal cyanide groups. The results are explained on the basis of a simple vibrational analysis of bridged versus non-bridged systems.
Embodied ethics: Some common concerns of religion and business

De George's understanding of theology is limited to one of five commonly recognized models of theology, the orthodox model. This model is vulnerable to De George's criticisms. When religious ethics operates out of the revisionist model of theology, however, his criticisms lose their sting. Revisionist religious ethics, moreover, can make a fruitful contribution to business ethics. Such a religious ethic acknowledges the embodiment dimension of business activities, it complements philosophical analysis with the practice of moral discernment, and it recognizes irony as an active component in decision-making.
Model companions and k -model completeness for the complete theories of Boolean algebras

?0. Introduction. In studying mathematical logic, Boolean algebras can play an important role in the organization of syntactic properties of first-order theories. In this paper we are concerned with syntactical questions about the complete theories of Boolean algebras, Tarski [12] and Ershov [4]. We give a syntactic characterization of the languages introduced in [4] by Ershov in terms of number of alternations of quantifiers and show that extensions with respect to these natural languages are equivalent to extensions with respect to Vk(L-l) U 3A(L-1) for specified. k. The main motivation for this paper was to examine a generalized notion of model completeness of A. Robinson [14], called k-model completeness, and to find real mathematical structures having these properties in a nontrivial way; this turns out to be realized in the very natural setting of Boolean algebras and our results are very definitive about these notions in that setting. Also, we point out here the connections of these notions with those examined by Chang in [2] and observe that the syntactic properties of the complete theories of Boolean algebras have much in common with those properties enjoyed by V,-axiomatizable theories which are categorical for "some" infinite cardinal. Finally, a complete characterization of the model companions of the complete theories of Boolean algebras is given with respect to Ershov's languages [4]. Many of the results contained here are in Jerud Mead's dissertation [7] where, for example, A. Robinson's notion of finite forcing [1] was used to obtain the model companions for the complete theories of Boolean algebras with respect to Ershov's languages. These results are presented here in a more traditional manner. We assume complete familiarity with the results of Ershov [4] and Waszkiewicz [16] which we refer to freely.
The inverse of a partitioned positive-definxte symmetric matrix

Let be a positive-definite symmetric matrix. Let p = p1+…+pn be a partition of the positive integer p into n parts. Then can be partitioned into the n2 matrices . The inverse is computed in terms of the matrices Applications to one-way designs are presented.
Recovery of Imidazolinone‐Resistant Hard Red Wheat Lines Following Imazamox Application

Imidazolinone-resistant hard red wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars are occasionally injured by imazamox applications because a portion of the acetolactate synthase (ALS) remains susceptible to the herbicide. The growth and enzyme activity of two groups of hard red wheat near-isotines with spring orwintergrowth habit were examined following Imazamox application. Each group of near-isolines contained a susceptible cultivar and cultivars with the imidazolinone-resistant trait on either the B or D genome. The spring wheat group also contained a line carrying both the B and D genome copies of the resistance gene. In whole plant experiments, growth of all single-gene resistant lines was delayed by both 35 and 105 g ha-1 imazamox while the two-gene line was delayed at only the highest rate. There was a herbicide rate effect on biomass accumulation but no differences among genome locations in the single-gene resistant lines or among spring vs. winter growth habit. On an ALS enzyme basis, however, there were differences among B- vs. D-genome resistance and between winter and spring growth habit. Spring wheat cultivars with the 5-genome resistance had greater reductions in ALS activity compared to the D-genome cultivars, while in winter wheat, B- and D-genome lines responded similarly. Differences among genotypes existed in the recovery of ALS activity in imidazolinone wheat but other factors also likely influence the injury occasionally observed in the field.
Moving beyond ‘just good teaching’: ESL professional development for all teachers

In order to prepare all teachers for working with the increasing number of English‐as‐a‐second‐language (ESL) students in the US, researchers have explored what teachers need to know and pointed out that ‘just good teaching’ is not enough. In this article, we described our effort to design and deliver professional development sessions based on key features of effective professional development to facilitate teachers to move beyond ‘just good teaching’. In addition, we examined the impact of the professional development on teachers and the ESL students in the school district. The participants included 22 teachers from one school district in the US who participated in 46 hours of professional development sessions over the course of one year. Findings indicated that the research‐based, needs‐oriented professional development provided teachers with useful strategies and resources. ESL student performance data also demonstrated the effectiveness and impact of the professional development. Implications were dra...
Tritium in the DIII-D carbon tiles

The amount of tritium in the carbon tiles used as a first wall in the DIII-D tokamak was measured recently when the tiles were removed and cleaned. The measurements were made as part of the task of developing the appropriate safety procedures for processing of the tiles. The surface tritium concentration on the carbon tiles was surveyed and the total tritium released from tiles samples was measured in test bakes. The total tritium in all the carbon tiles at the time the tiles were removed for cleaning is estimated to be 15 mCi and the fraction of tritium retained in the tiles from DIII-D operations has a lower bound of 10%. The tritium was found to be concentrated in a narrow surface layer on the plasma facing side of the tile, was fully released when baked to 1000°C, and was released in the form of tritiated gas (DT) as opposed to tritiated water (DTO) when baked.
A Computational Analysis of Alternative Algorithms and Labeling Techniques for Finding Shortest Path Trees.

Abstract : This paper examines different algorithms for calculating the shortest path from one node to all other nodes in a network. More specifically, we seek to advance the state-of-the-art of computer implementation technology for such algorithms and the problems they solve by examining the effect of innovative computer science list structures and labeling techniques on algorithmic performance. The study shows that the procedures examined indeed exert a powerful influence on solution efficiency, with the identity of the best dependent upon the topology of the network and the range of the arc distance coefficients. The study further discloses that the shortest path algorithm previously documented as the most efficient is dominated for all problem structures by the new methods, which are sometimes an order of magnitude faster. (Author)
TGF-β1, released by myofibroblasts, differentially regulates transcription and function of sodium and potassium channels in adult rat ventricular myocytes

Cardiac injury promotes fibroblasts activation and differentiation into myofibroblasts, which are hypersecretory of multiple cytokines. It is unknown whether any of such cytokines are involved in the electrophysiological remodeling of adult cardiomyocytes. We cultured adult cardiomyocytes for 3 days in cardiac fibroblast conditioned medium (FCM) from adult rats. In whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments, FCM-treated myocytes had 41% more peak inward sodium current (INa) density at −40 mV than myocytes in control medium (p 3 fold greater in FCM than control, which suggested that FCM effects could be mediated by TGF-β1. This was confirmed by pre-treatment with TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody, which abolished the FCM-induced changes in both INa and Ito. In current-clamp experiments TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) prolonged the action potential duration at 30, 50, and 90 repolarization (p<0.05); at 50 ng/ml it gave rise to early afterdepolarizations. In voltage-clamp experiments, TGF-β1 increased INa density in a dose-dependent manner without affecting voltage dependence of activation or inactivation. INa density was −36.25±2.8 pA/pF in control, −59.17±6.2 pA/pF at 0.1 ng/ml (p<0.01), and −58.22±6.6 pA/pF at 1 ng/ml (p<0.01). In sharp contrast, Ito density decreased from 22.2±1.2 pA/pF to 12.7±0.98 pA/pF (p<0.001) at 10 ng/ml. At 1 ng/ml TGF-β1 significantly increased SCN5A (NaV1.5) (+73%; p<0.01), while reducing KCNIP2 (Kchip2; −77%; p<0.01) and KCND2 (KV4.2; −50% p<0.05) mRNA levels. Further, the TGF-β1-induced increase in INa was mediated through activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway via phosphorylation of FOXO1 (a negative regulator of SCN5A). TGF-β1 released by myofibroblasts differentially regulates transcription and function of the main cardiac sodium channel and of the channel responsible for the transient outward current. The results provide new mechanistic insight into the electrical remodeling associated with myocardial injury.
Counselling students' views and concerns about weeping with clients: A pilot study

This study examines counselling students' concerns and views about a phenomenon that has received little attention in the counselling literature: the counsellor weeping during a session with a client. Over 20 per cent of the counselling students who were surveyed reported being concerned about weeping in session with clients. However, the majority of students believed, to varying degrees, that weeping with clients could facilitate the therapeutic process. This paper sheds light on this unexplored dimension of countertransference, and has implications for those involved in providing counsellor training.
The mifepristone-inducible gene regulatory system in mouse models of disease and gene therapy

The mifepristone (Mfp)-inducible gene regulatory system is designed to allow control of the spatiotemporal expression of transgenes in vivo in a ligand-dependent manner. This regulatory system is composed of two components: (1) a chimeric transactivator protein that activates transgene transcription only in the presence of the progesterone antagonist Mfp, and (2) a target transgene placed in the context of a promoter which is responsive only to the Mfp-bound chimeric transactivator. Incorporation of the components of the Mfp-inducible gene regulatory system into transgenic mice has resulted in the establishment of several novel, Mfp-dependent models of disease. Similarly, adaptation of the Mfp-inducible system for use in gene knockout models has resulted in the development of new gene ablation technology which is both tissue-specific and Mfp-dependent. Additionally, the Mfp-inducible gene regulatory system has been used in animal experiments involving somatic gene therapy, where it has shown considerable promise in the regulation of both reporter and therapeutic gene expression. This review focuses on recent application of the Mfp-inducible system to transgenic models, gene knockout models, and somatic gene therapy experiments. In so doing, it demonstrates the considerable promise that future use of this system holds for better understanding and treatment of human disease.
Immunoprecipitation of the Insulin Receptor: A Sensitive Assay for Receptor Antibodies and a Specific Technique for Receptor Purification*

Autoantibodies that inhibit the binding of insulin to its receptors and elicit insulin-like biological responses are found in the sera of certain patients with severe insulin resistance. In the present study, five of these antireceptor sera inhibited binding of insulin to the Triton-solubilized insulin receptor at titers comparable to those for inhibition of binding to whole cells. Studies with the highest titer serum indicated that inhibition of insulin binding to the solubilized receptor was due to a reduction in the number of available binding sites, whereas with receptors in the intact membranes, the predominant effect of this antireceptor serum was to decrease receptor affinity. In addition to their ability to inhibit insulin binding, all of the sera were capable of completely precipitating the [125I]insulin-receptor complex in an indirect immunoprecipitation assay; immunoprecipitation required the addition of either antihuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) or Staphylococcal protein A-Sepharose. Insulin anti...
Cyclosporin A inhibits vaccinia virus replication in vitro.

The effect of the immune modulator, Cyclosporin A (CsA) on vaccinia virus replication has been examined in cell cultures. In the present study we report that CsA is anti-viral towards vaccinia virus. Viral yield was inhibited by more than 97% after 24 h postinfection in the presence of 16 µM to 40 µM CsA. An analysis of the infectious cycle in greater detail revealed that CsA did not effect the total level of [35S] methionine incorporation into vaccinia infected cells. However, both early and late viral gene expression were inhibited by CsA. Late viral protein synthesis appeared to be more sensitive to the drug. At least one late viral polypeptide of approximately Mr 38 000 was virtually undetected up to 8 h postinfection in the presence of 40 µM CsA. Host protein synthesis which is normally inhibited by the virus was not turned off until very late in infection. Viral DNA replication was also inhibited by the addition of CsA at levels comparable to those observed for late protein synthesis.
Assessment of Variation in Ordinal Data

Summary.-A measure of variation for ordered categories is introduced. The Index of Qualitative Variation is corrected and extended to yield a measure of variation for ordered categories, such as might result from agreement/disagreement responses on a Llkert scale. It is sometimes of interest to measure the amount of variation within a population with respect to an ordinal variable. Specifically, what is required is a description of the variation of the population over a number of predetermined ordered categories, such as typically arise from a question or statement providing a series of ordered options from which a respondent chooses a single response. While measures of variation for nominal and interval scales of measurement are common in psychology, a measure of variation for ordered categories is lacking (Lehman, 1991). The one notable exception is Leik's measure of ordinal consensus based on cumulative proportions (Davies, 1970; Kvilseth, 1989a; Leik, 1966, 1970). The standard measure of variation for nominal categories was introduced by Simpson (1949), developed into an index of variation by Hammond and Householder (1962), and labeled the Index of Qualitative Variation, or IQV, by Mueller, Schuessler, and Costner (1977). Although the IQV is not sensitive to the ordering of categories, some authors have considered its use for ordered categories (Hammond & Householder, 1962; Loether & McTavish, 1988; Wright, 1986), while others have strongly criticized this approach (Agresti, 1989; Hawkes, 1971). Two promising alternatives to the IQV should be noted: the odds measure of qualitative variation (OQV) and the range measure of qualitative variation (RQV) developed by KvPlseth (1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1991). Since it seems clear that separate special statistics should be developed for ordinally scaled data (Morris, 1970), an extension of the IQV to ordered categories appears appropriate. Consider k predetermined, fixed, mutually exclusive, unordered categories of sizes n,, . . . , nk, where
Video Coding Tools and Their Impact on Compression Engine Architecture

Video codec standards incorporate complex toolsets of algorithms that allow flexible trade-offs between compression efficiency, latency, and error resilience on one hand and power consumption, cost and memory bandwidth on the other. In this tutorial, we survey the most important video codec tools, the end-application scenarios they apply to, and their impact on the codec implementation architecture.
Uptake of lipophilic carcinogens by plasma lipoproteins Structure-activity studies

Abstract This report describes the interaction between plasma lipoproteins and two hydroxylated metabolites of benzo[ a ]-pyrene, 3-hydroxybenzo[ a ]pyreneand benzo[ a ]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodioI, which differ significantly in lipophilicity. When incubated with plasma, the metabolites of benzo[ a ]pyrene exhibit a decreasing distribution into the ultracentrifugal lipoprotein fraction ( d d > 1.20) as the degree of hydroxylation of the metabolite increases. At saturation, uptake of benzo[ a ]pyrene by VLDL, LDL and HDL correlates with lipoprotein total-lipid volume. Uptake of hydroxylated derivatives per lipoprotein total-lipid volume, in general, decreases with increasing hydroxylation. Contrary to this trend, HDL uptake of 3-hydroxybenzo[ a ]pyrene at saturation is significantly higher than its uptake of benzo[ a ]pyrene. Uptake of benzo[ a ]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol per total-lipid volume by all of the lipoprotein classes at saturation is considerably lower than their uptake of 3-hydroxybenzo[ a ]pyrene. Factors in addition to lipid solubility substantially alter lipoprotein uptake of the metabolites.
Multiple paradigms in CS I

This paper presents an approach to introducing multiple programming language paradigms in the CS I course through the use of a single multiparadigm language. The approach uses multiple paradigms in the design and implementation of solutions to computer projects. The paper illustrates the approach by outlining a solution to a sample project which utilizes the imperative, object-oriented, and the functional paradigms.
Near-interface trapped charge induced by Fowler-Nordheim injection in hydrogen or argon annealed MOS capacitors

By applying Fowler-Nordheim stress to a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor, we studied the relationship between hydrogen anneal temperature and near-interface trapped positive charge. Wet oxides annealed with hydrogen at temperatures between 400 and 1000°C exhibited a maximum near-interface charge density after the 800°C anneal. A similar set of oxides annealed in Ar showed only a continual decrease with increased anneal temperature. Based on our understanding of earlier nuclear reaction analysis studies by Myers, we suggest that hydrogen in the form of O-H is associated with the increase in the near-interfacial positive charge density.
Curcumin reduces burn progression in rats.

Objectives: Cutaneous burns are dynamic injuries with a central zone of necrosis surrounded by a zone of ischemia. Conversion of this ischemic zone to full necrosis over the days following injury is due in part to highly reactive oxygen radicals. Curcumin is a component of the Oriental spice turmeric that has been shown to have antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. The authors hypothesized that treatment of burns with curcumin would reduce the conversion of the ischemic zone to full necrosis. Methods: This was a randomized controlled experiment. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Two burns were created on each animal’s dorsum using a brass comb with four rectangular prongs preheated in boiling water and applied for 30 seconds, resulting in four rectangular 10 20–mm full-thickness burns separated by three 5 20–mm unburned interspaces (zone of ischemia). Animals were randomized to curcumin or vehicle by oral gavage 30 minutes before injury and at 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury. Wounds were observed at one, two, and three days after injury for visual evidence of necrosis in the unburned interspaces. Full-thickness biopsy specimens from the interspaces were evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin staining seven days after injury for evidence of necrosis. The percentage of interspaces that progressed to necrosis was compared with chi-square tests. Results: Forty comb burns with 120 unburned interspaces were created, evenly distributed between curcumin and vehicle alone. The percentage of interspaces that progressed to full-thickness necrosis at one, two, three, and seven days after injury in the curcumin and vehicle groups were 30% versus 63% (p = 0.003), 30% versus 70% (p < 0.001), 63% versus 95% (p = 0.02), and 63% versus 95% (p = 0.02), respectively. Conclusions: Pretreatment of rats with oral curcumin followed by once-daily oral treatment for three days reduced the percentage of unburned skin interspaces that progressed to full necrosis. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2007; 14:1125–1129 a 2007 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
“Let's Talk About Race”: Exploring Racial Stereotypes Using Popular Culture in Social Studies Classrooms

Imagery and sounds from television, film, music, the Internet, and other media bombard American youth; dictating to them how they should act, think, or what they should believe. They often do not realize that they find much of their identity and belief systems in messages put forth to them by popular culture (Du Gay 1997; Hall 1997). Young people should think critically about their media choices and reflect on the degree that they shape their identity (Considine 2009; Youngbauer 2013). Even when it comes to the topic of race, the media has messages and values readily available for youth to adopt (Bresnahan and Carmen 2011). Based on the work of many popular musicians, African American identity is associated with violence, misogyny, materialism, and deviancy (Balkaran 1999; Ruffner-Ceaser 2012; West 1993). Other forms of popular culture, such as television and film, communicate the same negative messages. In what ways are black stereotypes perpetuated through popular culture? Can social studies classrooms ...
Silurian Biogeography and Lithofacies of Arctic: ABSTRACT

Llandovery through early Wenlock marine faunas of the Arctic appear to be relatively cosmopolitan in their distribution. Those of the late Wenlock through Pridoli probably belong to the Uralian-Nevadan-Canadian Arctic province; this biogeographic unit developed during the Early Devonian into the Old World province (as opposed to the Appalachian and Malvinokaffric provinces). Silurian lithofacies of the Arctic are dominated by platform carbonates on the northern edges of the Russian and Siberian platforms, and by geosynclinal facies of eastern and northeastern Novaya Zemlya and Arctic North America. Inferences may be drawn from these data for the existence of large blocks, location not known, of Silurian platform carbonates seaward of the Old World Silurian. Sources of clastic debris for the Arctic North American Silurian may be inferred to have existed in a seaward position as well, and the same is probably true for that area related to Novaya Zemlya and, possibly, the Taimyr Peninsula. Lithofacies within the relatively uniform Siberian platform strata, from the Yenisey River all the way east to the Chegitun area (almost on Bering Strait), contrast with those known on the Seward Peninsula; both are of the carbonate type, however. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2472------------
New measurements of lightning electric fields in Florida: Waveform characteristics, interaction with the ionosphere, and peak current estimates

[1] We analyzed wideband electric field waveforms of 265 first and 349 subsequent return strokes in negative natural lightning. The distances ranged from 10 to 330 km. Evolution of first- and subsequent-stroke field waveforms as a function of distance is examined. Statistics on the following field waveform parameters are given: initial electric field peak, opposite-polarity overshoot, ratio of the initial electric field peak to the opposite polarity overshoot, zero-to-peak risetime, initial half-cycle duration, and opposite polarity overshoot duration. The overwhelming majority of both first and subsequent return-stroke field waveforms at 50 to 330 km exhibit an opposite polarity overshoot. At distances greater than 100 km, electric field waveforms, recorded under primarily daytime conditions, tend to be oscillatory. Using finite difference time domain modeling, we interpreted the initial positive half-cycle and the opposite-polarity overshoot as the ground wave and the second positive half-cycle as the one-hop ionospheric reflection. The observed difference in arrival times of these two waves for subsequent strokes is considerably smaller than for first strokes, suggesting that the first-stroke electromagnetic field caused a descent of the ionospheric D-layer. We speculate that there may be cumulative effect of multiple strokes in lowering the ionospheric reflection height. Return-stroke peak currents estimated from the empirical formula, I = 1.5–0.037DE (where I is considered negative and in kA, E is the electric field peak considered positive and in V/m, and D is distance in km), are compared to those reported by the NLDN.
Acid properties of some phosphonocarboxylic acids

Thermodynamic acid dissociation constants were determined for phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) in aqueous solution at 25°C by coulometric titrations at different ionic strengths and extrapolation of the results to I=0. The respective values are pK1∼2.0, pK2=5.11±0.04, and pK3=8.69±0.05. The enthalpy and entropy of dissociation for the second and the third dissociation steps, determined from the temperature dependence of pK's, are ΔH 2 o =0.2±0.3 kcal-mole−1, ΔS 2 o =22.6±0.9 e.u., ΔH 3 o =1.3±0.4 kcal-mole−1, and ΔS 3 o =11.7±0.4 e.u. Phosphorus-31 and carbon-13 NMR studies of PAA solutions as a function of pH gave the deprotonation sequence of the triacid. Acidity constants were also determined for phosphonoformic acid, 2-phosphonopropionic acid, and 3-phosphonopropionic acid at an ionic strenght of 0.05.
A possible mechanism of Wolff's law: trabecular microfractures.

AbstractThe response of bone to stress by appropriate remodelling is known as Wolff's Law and has been verified both clinically and anatomically. Significant trabecular microfracture in various stages of healing was observed in cancellous bone from both human tibias and tibias of rabbits whose bone was caused to remodel by experimental loading. This healing increases the trabecular mass by the addition of large quantities of callus which stiffen the bone. This mechanism may be responsible for the remodelling of trabecular bone in response to stress.This work was partially supported by the Office of Naval Research, the John A. Hartford Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and the Kind Trust. Howard G. Parker, and Robert S. Steinberg, provided substantial technical assistance.
A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life

An engaged lifestyle is seen as an important component of successful ageing. Many older adults with high participation in social and leisure activities report positive wellbeing, a fact that fuelled the original activity theory and that continues to influence researchers, theorists and practitioners. This study's purpose is to review the conceptualisation and measurement of activity among older adults and the associations reported in the gerontological literature between specific dimensions of activity and wellbeing. We searched published studies that focused on social and leisure activity and wellbeing, and found 42 studies in 44 articles published between 1995 and 2009. They reported from one to 13 activity domains, the majority reporting two or three, such as informal, formal and solitary, or productive versus leisure. Domains associated with subjective wellbeing, health or survival included social, leisure, productive, physical, intellectual, service and solitary activities. Informal social activity has accumulated the most evidence of an influence on wellbeing. Individual descriptors such as gender or physical functioning sometimes moderate these associations, while contextual variables such as choice, meaning or perceived quality play intervening roles. Differences in definitions and measurement make it difficult to draw inferences about this body of evidence on the associations between activity and wellbeing. Activity theory serves as shorthand for these associations, but gerontology must better integrate developmental and psychological constructs into a refined, comprehensive activity theory.