cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importance of heap specialization in pointer analysis

Specialization of heap objects is critical for pointer analysis to effectively analyze complex memory activity. This paper discusses heap specialization with respect to call chains. Due to the sheer number of distinct call chains, exhaustive specialization can be cumbersome. On the other hand, insufficient specialization can miss valuable opportunities to prevent spurious data flow, which results in not only reduced accuracy but also increased overhead.In determining whether further specialization will be fruitful, an object's escape information can be exploited. From empirical study, we found that restriction based on escape information is often, but not always, sufficient at prohibiting the explosive nature of specialization.For in-depth case study, four representative benchmarks are selected. For each benchmark, we vary the degree of heap specialization and examine its impact on analysis results and time. To provide better visibility into the impact, we present the points-to set and pointed-to-by set sizes in the form of histograms.
Genetic Factors Affecting the Strength of Linkage in Drosophila.

In September, 1913, a wild female Drosophila of a stock from Liverpool, Nova Scotia, was crossed to a male bearing the second chromosome mutant characters vestigial and speck. A single daughter of this mating was tested, and gave no crossovers among 99 offspring, though vestigial and speck usually show about 37% crossing over. This strain has since been bred in very large numbers, and the experiments are being continued; but it has seemed advisable to report briefly on some of the results obtained.
Thermoelectric power of the YbT2Zn20 (T = Fe, Ru, Os, Ir, Rh, and Co) heavy fermions

The thermoelectric power, $S(T)$, of the heavy fermions Yb$T$${}_{2}$Zn${}_{20}$ ($T$ $=$ Fe, Ru, Os, Ir, Rh, and Co) has been measured to shed further light on their strong electronic correlations. A large, negative, local minimum in $S(T)$ with approximately $\ensuremath{-}70$ $\ensuremath{\mu}$V/K is found for all compounds. From the observed local minimum, the energy scales associated with both the Kondo temperature and the crystalline electric field splitting are deduced and compared to previous specific heat measurements. At low temperatures, a highly enhanced $S(T)/T$ value is observed for all members, although $S(T)$ does show a deviation from a purely linear temperature dependence, $S(T)$ $=$ $\ensuremath{\alpha}T$, for $T$ $\ensuremath{\ne}$ Fe members. In the zero-temperature limit, estimated by a simple linear extrapolation, the enhanced $S(T)/T$ value strongly correlates with the electronic specific heat coefficient, $C(T)/T$.
Scratch-induced deformation in fine- and ultrafine-grained bulk alumina

The nanoscratch behavior of two bulk α-alumina samples with 1.3 μm and 290 nm average grain sizes, respectively, was investigated using a nanoindenter in scratch mode, in combination with atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. A ductile to brittle transition was observed in the fine-grained sample, while the ultrafine-grained sample exhibited predominantly ductile deformation with a fish-bone feature indicative of a stick–slip mechanism. These findings suggest that grain refinement can increase the potential for plastic deformation in ceramics.
Age-related increase in femoral intima-media thickness in healthy humans.

To the Editor: We read with interest the recent article by Kornet et al,1 who reported that wall shear stress of the common femoral artery did not change, whereas intima-media thickness (IMT) increased significantly with advancing age. Their findings in general are consistent with our contention that age-related increases in IMT of the common femoral artery observed in healthy humans may not be due to diffusive atherosclerosis but rather due to hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of vascular smooth muscle cells in the medial layer of the arterial wall. Insight into this issue comes from studies in experimental animals. Arterial walls thicken with age, even in animals in which the incidence of atherosclerosis is very low.2 In other species that are known to develop atherosclerosis (eg, rabbits), the …
Evidence for absence of an inverted region for Ru(III)-Ti(III) outer-sphere electron-transfer reaction

Abstract A lower limit of 10 8 M −1 s −1 was obtained for the 2nd-order rate constant at 25°C for the reduction of Ru(bpy) 3 3+ by Ti(III) in an aqueous medium of ionic strength 1.0 M and pH range 0–2. The theoretical implications of this result are discussed.
Edge states in a circular quantum dot.

The wave functions and currents in a circular quantum dot in a perpendicular magnetic field are calculated. The current in condensed (high-field) eigenstates is composed of concentric rings of current flowing in opposite directions. The current flow near the dot center flows in the direction opposite that expected from the Lorentz force. It is this inner circulation that is responsible for the ``reverse'' current flow associated with edge states. The correspondence between the quantum-mechanical currents and classical-particle trajectories is examined.
Definitive postoperative irradiation of bile duct carcinoma with charged particles and/or photons

Abstract Purpose: To determine the rates of survival and local control in patients with bile duct adenocarcinomas treated with post-operative photons and/or charged particles. Methods and Materials: A retrospective study was performed analyzing all patients with bile duct adenocarcinomas who received radiotherapy through the University of California San Francisco and at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory between 1977 and 1987, a total of 62 patients. University of California San Francisco patients received photon therapy (median dose 5400 cGy), and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory patients were treated with the charged particles helium and/or neon (median dose 6000 cGyE). Forty-eight patients were treated post-operatively with curative intent, 30 with photons and 18 paticles. Thirty-six patients in the study had gross residual disease; none had microscopically negative margins. Results: The overall two-year actuarial survival was 28%: 44% for particle-treated patients and 18% for patients treated with photons ( p = .048). Median actuarial survival was 23 months in particle patients and 12 months in photon patients. Local control was also improved, though less significantly, in patients treated with particles (median disease-free survival 20 months vs. 4.5 months, p = .054). A univariate and multivariate analysis was performed and revealed that only extent of residual disease predicted local failure and overall survival; no other prognostic factors were identified. Conclusion: Compared to conventional photon radiotherapy, treatment with post-operative charged particle irradiation at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory appeared to offer a survival advantage in this non-randomized series. Additional investigation into protection of surrounding normal tissue with better dose localization through the use of charged particles is planned.
NMR in solid D2 near the orientational ordering transition

A study of the NMR lineshapes in solid D2 for various concentrations C of (J = 1) molecules is presented. Below the rotational ordering temperature Tλ (C), the lineshape has two doublets. The outer one, attributed to the J = 1 molecules, has a splitting of about 75 kHz for T ⪡ Tλ. This splitting, which is proportional to the order parameter, was studied as a function of temperature. For the region 0.02 < 1 - T/Tλ < 0.08, the data could be fitted to a power law (1 - T/Tλ)β with β ≅ 0.33. The inner doublet was attributed to J = 0 molecules. Its splitting is proportional to Tλ (C) and is extrapolated to 8.5 kHz for C = 1 in good agreement with the prediction of Harris.
Electron microscopy of corneal surface microdiathermy

Microdiathermy has recently been shown to be effective In the treatment of persistent corneal epithelial recurrent erosion. In order to determine the mechanism of action of microdiathermy on the anterior surface of the cornea, rabbit eyes were treated with microdiathermy and the course of corneal tissue repair studied by electron microscopy. Shortly after treatment, the epithelium is edematous and necrotic and the lamina densa is thickened. Within 24 hours, the epithelium appears healed and some hemidesmosomes are present, but the lamina densa is still thickened. At two weeks the epithelial surface is undulated and protrudes into the stroma in areas where the lamina densa is disrupted. Hemidesmosomes are absent in these regions. Activated fibroblasts are present in superficial stroma. At four weeks following microdiathermy, there is segmental deposition of new lamina densa and a connective tissue zone between the newly deposited lamina densa and the old lamina densa. Hemidesmosomes are present only in are...
Fenoterol enantiomers do not possess beneficial therapeutic properties of their racemic mixture in the rat model of post myocardial infarction dilated cardiomyopathy.

Purpose A salutary effect of β2 adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist, fenoterol has been demonstrated in a rat model of post-myocardial infarction (MI) dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Recent reports on single cardiomyocyte experiments suggested that out of two enantiomers, RR and SS, that constitute a racemic mixture of fenoterol, only RR-enantiomer is an active component that might be a promising new drug for treatment of chronic heart failure. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of the RR enantiomer of fenoterol with efficacy of racemic fenoterol, and SS, an inactive enantiomer, in whole animal experimental models of DCM.
Web-based screening and brief intervention for the spectrum of alcohol problems

Context. Many persons who drink excessively remain unidentified and do not receive interventions. Screening and intervention using the World Wide Web could make such services more accessible and therefore more widely used. Objective. To evaluate the use of a novel alcohol screening and brief intervention Web site. Design. A Web site was developed, posted, and its use was evaluated. We analyzed a sample of visitors who completed alcohol screening over a 14-month period to describe their alcohol use, and their use of portions of the Web site that provide information and referral resources. Setting. The Internet. Patients or other participants. Web site visitors, with a focus on visitors who completed an alcohol-screening questionnaire about their own drinking. Intervention. Brief intervention via the Web site, consisting mainly of feedback, advice, and a menu of change options and referral information. Main outcome measures. Self-reported drinking amounts and alcohol screening test scores, and utilization of Web site components. Results. Visitors completed online alcohol screening questionnaires at a rate of 50,711/year of 115,925 visitors/year. In a 14-month period, 39,842 adults completed the questionnaire about their own drinking habits; 66% were men, 90% reported drinking hazardous amounts (per occasion or typical weekly amounts), 88% reported binge (per occasion) drinking, and 55% reported typically exceeding weekly risky drinking limits. Most (65%) had alcohol screening test results (AUDIT ≥ 8) consistent with alcohol abuse or dependence; similar proportions of women and men were hazardous drinkers. One-fifth of visitors visited portions of the Web site that provided additional information about alcohol use and referrals. Visitors with possible alcohol abuse or dependence were more likely than those without these disorders to visit a part of the Web site designed for those seeking additional help (33% vs. 8%, P < 0.0001). Conclusions. A well-publicized, easily accessible, research-based screening and intervention Web site can attract many users, most of whom are drinking excessively, and many of whom avail themselves of referral information after receiving individualized feedback.
Inelastic scattering of 150 MeV negative pions by carbon and lead

Energy sensitive counters of the Cerenkov or scintillation type were used in conjunction with a pulse height analyzer to measure the energy spectrum of 150 MeV negative pions scattered from carbon or lead at various angles. Most of the pions scattered into the backward hemisphere had an energy less than 40 MeV. This is in contrast to the result of a Monte Carlo calculation based on a simple Fermi gas model, in which most of the pions scattered backwards have energies above 60 MeV. The measurements indicate that the absorption of pions by carbon is about that predicted by the Monte Carlo calculation, while the absorption by lead is about 1/4 that expected.
Functional Analysis of the Murine Coronavirus Genomic RNA Packaging Signal

Coronaviruses selectively package genomic RNA into assembled virions, despite the great molar excess of subgenomic RNA species that is present in infected cells. The genomic packaging signal (PS) for the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) was originally identified as an element that conferred packaging capability to defective interfering RNAs. The MHV PS is an RNA structure that maps to the region of the replicase gene encoding the nonstructural protein 15 subunit of the viral replicase-transcriptase complex. To begin to understand the role and mechanism of action of the MHV PS in its native genomic locus, we constructed viral mutants in which this cis-acting element was altered, deleted, or transposed. Our results demonstrated that the PS is pivotal in the selection of viral genomic RNA for incorporation into virions. Mutants in which PS RNA secondary structure was disrupted or entirely ablated packaged large quantities of subgenomic RNAs, in addition to genomic RNA. Moreover, the PS retained its function when displaced to an ectopic site in the genome. Surprisingly, the PS was not essential for MHV viability, nor did its elimination have a severe effect on viral growth. However, the PS was found to provide a distinct selective advantage to MHV. Viruses containing the PS readily outcompeted their otherwise isogenic counterparts lacking the PS.
John Locke: Philosophy and Political Theory

The relationship of the world of ideas to the world of events would appear to be securely established today. It is generally acknowledged that ideas “have consequences,” and that in turn they are themselves consequences of events. But recent preoccupation with this problem has perhaps obscured an equally fruitful field of investigation, namely, that of the horizontal relationship among ideas in different areas of thought. I propose to examine here the relationship and the consistency between John Locke's general philosophy and his political theory. In the main, this task resolves itself into a comparison and correlation of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke's chief philosophical work, with his Second Treatise of Civil Government, his principal work in political theory; but I have made use also of other writings.My problem has been considerably complicated by Lock's failure to commit himself unequivocally on several of the most crucial questions to be discussed. He frequently used imprecise language, and, regrettably, sometimes made plainly contradictory statements. These lapses reflect a deep-seated unwillingness in Locke to pursue a line of thought to an unattractive conclusion, both in philosophy and in political theory.
Slo3, a Novel pH-sensitive K+ Channel from Mammalian Spermatocytes

Potassium channels have evolved to play specialized roles in both excitable and inexcitable tissues. Here we describe the cloning and expression of Slo3, a novel potassium channel abundantly expressed in mammalian spermatocytes. Slo3 represents a new and unique type of potassium channel regulated by both intracellular pH and membrane voltage. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Northern analysis, and in situ hybridization show that Slo3 is primarily expressed in testis in both mouse and human. Because of its sensitivity to both pH and voltage, Slo3 could be involved in sperm capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction, essential steps in fertilization where changes in both intracellular pH and membrane potential are known to occur. The protein sequence of mSlo3 (the mouse Slo3 homologue) is similar to Slo1, the large conductance, calcium- and voltage-gated potassium channel. These results suggest that Slo channels comprise a multigene family, defined by a combination of sensitivity to voltage and a variety of intracellular factors. Northern analysis from human testis indicates that a Slo3 homologue is present in humans and conserved with regard to sequence, transcript size, and tissue distribution. Because of its high testis-specific expression, pharmacological agents that target human Slo3 channels may be useful in both the study of fertilization as well as in the control or enhancement of fertility.
Ventricular arrhythmias in severe heart failure: Incidence, significance, and effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy

Abstract Forty-three patients receiving maximal medical therapy for severe chronic heart failure from dilated cardiomyopathies (28 ischemic, 15 idiopathic) and ventricular premature beats (VPBs) on the 12-lead ECG had baseline 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring. Complex VPBs (multiform, repetitive—couplets, R on T phenomenon) and asymptomatic, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia were present in 38 patients (88%) and 22 patients (51%), respectively. Twenty-three patients (group I) were placed on long-term antiarrhythmic therapy (20 patients received procainamide and the remaining quinidine). Twenty patients (group II) did not receive antiarrhythmic therapy. At baseline, no significant differences between the two groups were noted for age, functional class, type of cardiomyopathy, medical therapy for heart failure, cardiothoracic ratio, radionuclide ejection fraction, or rate and complexity of the ventricular arrhythmias on the 24-hour ambulatory ECG tracings. At a mean follow-up period of 16 months (range 1 to 37), there were 16 deaths, 10 (62%) of which were sudden and unexpected. No significant differences in the incidence of sudden death and overall mortality were noted between the two groups. Among patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, those who died suddenly had a lower mean left ventricular ejection fraction (0.15 ± 0.01) when compared to the survivors (0.23 ± 0.02; p
Could changes in national tuberculosis vaccination policies be ill-informed ?

National policies regarding the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis vary greatly throughout the international community and several countries are currently considering discontinuing universal vaccination. Detractors of BCG point to its uncertain effectiveness and its interference with the detection and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). In order to quantify the trade-off between vaccination and treatment of LTBI, a mathematical model was designed and calibrated to data from Brazil, Ghana, Germany, India, Mexico, Romania, the United Kingdom and the United States. Country-specific thresholds for when LTBI treatment outperforms mass vaccination were found and the consequences of policy changes were estimated. Our results suggest that vaccination outperforms LTBI treatment in all settings but with greatly reduced efficiency in low incidence countries. While national policy statements emphasize BCG’s interference with LTBI detection, we find that reinfection should be more determinant of a country’s proper policy choice.
Cleaning and decontamination efficacy of wiping cloths and silver dihydrogen citrate on food contact surfaces.

Aims: To test the efficacy of four wipe cloth types (cotton bar towel, nonwoven, microfibre and blended cellulose ⁄cotton) with either quaternary ammonia cleaning solution or silver dihydrogen citrate (SDC) in cleaning food contact surfaces. Methods: Swab samples collected from untreated, cloth-treated and cloth disinfectant-treated surfaces were subjected to hygiene monitoring using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and aerobic total plate counting (TPC) assays. Results: Adenosine triphosphate measurements taken after wiping the surfaces showed poor cleaning by nonwoven cloths (2AE89 RLU 100 cm )2 ) than the microfibre (2AE30 RLU 100 cm )2 ), cotton terry bar (2AE26 RLU 100 cm )2 ) and blended cellulose ⁄cotton cloth types (2AE20 RLU 100 cm )2 ). The cellulose ⁄cotton cloth showed highest log reduction in ATP-B RLU values (95%) and CFU values (98AE03%) when used in combination with SDC disinfectant. Conclusions: Cleaning effect of wiping cloths on food contact surfaces can be enhanced by dipping them in SDC disinfectant. ATP-B measurements can be used for real-time hygiene monitoring in public sector, and testing microbial contamination provides more reliable measure of cleanliness. Significance and Impact of the Study: Contaminated food contact surfaces need regular hygiene monitoring. This study could help to estimate and establish contamination thresholds for surfaces at public sector facilities and to base the effectiveness of cleaning methods.
Development of Enabling Technologies for Magnetically Assisted Gasification of Solid Wastes

Magnetically Assisted Gasification (MAG) is a relatively new concept for the destruction of solid wastes aboard spacecraft, lunar and planetary habitations. Three sequential steps are used to convert the organic constituents of waste materials into useful gases: filtration, gasification, and ash removal. In the filtration step, an aqueous suspension of comminuted waste is separated and concentrated using a magnetically consolidated depth filter composed of granular ferromagnetic media. Once the filter is fully loaded, the entrapped solids are thermochemically gasified via a variety of mechanisms including pyrolysis, isomerization, and oxidation reactions. Finally, the inorganic ash residue is removed from the magnetic media by fluidization and trapped downstream by filtration. Importantly, for each of these steps, the degree of consolidation or fluidization of the granular ferromagnetic media is controlled using magnetic forces. This makes possible the application of the MAG technology in a variety of gravitational environments, including microgravity, hypogravity, and 1 g. In this paper we summarize the development of Gradient Magnetically Assisted Filtration and Fluidization methods which are essential components of the MAG process. Numerical models representing filtration and fluidization phenomena are described. The results of both laboratory and µg flight experiments are presented and compared to the outcomes predicted by the mathematical models.
Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin Causes Extensive Tissue Lesions and Rapid Lethality in Mice

Bacillus anthracis edema toxin (ET), an adenylyl cyclase, is an important virulence factor that contributes to anthrax disease. The role of ET in anthrax pathogenesis is, however, poorly understood. Previous studies using crude toxin preparations associated ET with subcutaneous edema, and ET-deficient strains of B. anthracis showed a reduction in virulence. We report the first comprehensive study of ET-induced pathology in an animal model. Highly purified ET caused death in BALB/cJ mice at lower doses and more rapidly than previously seen with the other major B. anthracis virulence factor, lethal toxin. Observations of gross pathology showed intestinal intralumenal fluid accumulation followed by focal hemorrhaging of the ileum and adrenal glands. Histopathological analyses of timed tissue harvests revealed lesions in several tissues including adrenal glands, lymphoid organs, bone, bone marrow, gastrointestinal mucosa, heart, and kidneys. Concomitant blood chemistry analyses supported the induction of tissue damage. Several cytokines increased after ET administration, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, eotaxin, keratinocyte-derived cytokine, MCP-1/JE, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and interleukin-1β. Physiological measurements also revealed a concurrent hypotension and bradycardia. These studies detail the extensive pathological lesions caused by ET and suggest that it causes death due to multiorgan failure.
Ultrasonic technologies for advanced process monitoring, measurement, and control

Ultrasonic signals are well suited for characterizing of liquids, slurries, and multiphase flows. Ultrasound sensor systems provide real-time insitu measurements or visualizations, and the sensing systems are compact, rugged, and relatively inexpensive. The objective is to develop ultrasonic sensors that 1) can be attached permanently to a pipeline wall, possibly as a spool piece inserted into the line, and 2) can clamp onto an existing pipeline wall and be movable to another location. Two examples of systems based on pulse-echo and transmission signal analysis are used to illustrate some of the capabilities of ultrasonic online measurements with technologies that have applications in the nuclear, petrochemical, and food processing industries.
Climate change and ocean acidification effects on seagrasses and marine macroalgae

Although seagrasses and marine macroalgae (macro-autotrophs) play critical ecological roles in reef, lagoon, coastal and open-water ecosystems, their response to ocean acidification (OA) and climate change is not well understood. In this review, we examine marine macro-autotroph biochemistry and physiology relevant to their response to elevated dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC], carbon dioxide [CO2 ], and lower carbonate [CO3 (2-) ] and pH. We also explore the effects of increasing temperature under climate change and the interactions of elevated temperature and [CO2 ]. Finally, recommendations are made for future research based on this synthesis. A literature review of >100 species revealed that marine macro-autotroph photosynthesis is overwhelmingly C3 (≥ 85%) with most species capable of utilizing HCO3 (-) ; however, most are not saturated at current ocean [DIC]. These results, and the presence of CO2 -only users, lead us to conclude that photosynthetic and growth rates of marine macro-autotrophs are likely to increase under elevated [CO2 ] similar to terrestrial C3 species. In the tropics, many species live close to their thermal limits and will have to up-regulate stress-response systems to tolerate sublethal temperature exposures with climate change, whereas elevated [CO2 ] effects on thermal acclimation are unknown. Fundamental linkages between elevated [CO2 ] and temperature on photorespiration, enzyme systems, carbohydrate production, and calcification dictate the need to consider these two parameters simultaneously. Relevant to calcifiers, elevated [CO2 ] lowers net calcification and this effect is amplified by high temperature. Although the mechanisms are not clear, OA likely disrupts diffusion and transport systems of H(+) and DIC. These fluxes control micro-environments that promote calcification over dissolution and may be more important than CaCO3 mineralogy in predicting macroalgal responses to OA. Calcareous macroalgae are highly vulnerable to OA, and it is likely that fleshy macroalgae will dominate in a higher CO2 ocean; therefore, it is critical to elucidate the research gaps identified in this review.
Reprint of "Mathematics as verbal behavior".

Abstract “Behavior which is effective only through the mediation of other persons has so many distinguishing dynamic and topographical properties that a special treatment is justified and indeed demanded” ( Skinner, 1957 , p. 2). Skinner's demand for a special treatment of verbal behavior can be extended within that field to domains such as music, poetry, drama, and the topic of this paper: mathematics. For centuries, mathematics has been of special concern to philosophers who have continually argued to the present day about what some deem its “special nature.” Two interrelated principal questions have been: (1) Are the subjects of mathematical interest pre-existing in some transcendental realm and thus are “discovered” as one might discover a new planet; and (2) Why is mathematics so effective in the practices of science and engineering even though originally such mathematics was “pure” with applications neither contemplated or even desired? I argue that considering the actual practice of mathematics in its history and in the context of acquired verbal behavior one can address at least some of its apparent mysteries. To this end, I discuss some of the structural and functional features of mathematics including verbal operants, rule-and contingency-modulated behavior, relational frames, the shaping of abstraction, and the development of intuition. How is it possible to understand Nature by properly talking about it? Essentially, it is because nature taught us how to talk.
Why is Information Asymmetrical? Symbolic Behavior in Formal Organizations

Much of the information that passes up and down the hierarchy in formal organizations is not of the referential kind taken for granted in theories about the interaction of principals and agents. It is less factual than it is persuasive. To have practical application, at least at the microlevel, theories of organizational behavior need to comprehend rules which govern the composition of persuasive messages; that is, they should take account of the rhetoric (especially the poetics) of organizational communication. Persuasive communication is described in the context of military organizations.
Efficient data allocation over multiple channels at broadcast servers

Broadcast is a scalable way of disseminating data because broadcasting an item satisfies all outstanding client requests for it. However, because the transmission medium is shared, individual requests may have high response times. In this paper, we show how to minimize the average response time given multiple broadcast channels by optimally partitioning data among them. We also offer an approximation algorithm that is less complex than the optimal and show that its performance is near-optimal for a wide range of parameters. Finally, we briefly discuss the extensibility of our work with two simple, yet seldom researched extensions, namely, handling varying sized items and generating single channel schedules.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CLINOPTILOLITE IN SOILS BY A CATION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY METHOD

A cation-exchange capacity (CEC) method based on ion-sieving properties was developed for the quantitative determination of clinoptilolite in soils. In this method, both zeolitic and non-zeolitic exchange sites in the soil sample are saturated with Na t. The CEC of the non-zeolitic exchange sites is determined by replacing the Na- in these sites with tert-butylammonium ions. The tert-butylammonium ion cannot be exchanged into the zeolitic exchange sites because it is too large to pass through the channels in the clinoptilolite structure. The sample is next washed with NH4OAc to replace the Na + in the zeolitic exchange sites. The amount of soil zeolite is then estimated by comparing the CEC of zeolitic exchange sites to the total zeolite CEC ( 175 meq/100 g for pure clinoptilolite). Prior to the CEC analyses, carbonates and organic matter must be removed to minimize interference with the exchange process. A high cor- relation (r-' = .96) was observed between the abundance of clinoptilolite estimated using the CEC method and the abundance estimated by semiquantitative X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The CEC procedure was used to quantify clinoptilolite in an Aridic Calciustoll soil from south Texas. About 2-5% clinoptilolite occurs in the A and B horizons, and concentrations progressively increase with soil depth to as much as 20% in the CBk2 horizon.
Preparing Professionals for Educational Partnerships: An Interdisciplinary Approach

An interdisciplinary course was developed in the Graduate School of Education at the University of Utah, team taught by faculty members from the Departments of Educational Administration, Educational Psychology, Educational Studies, and Special Education. This unique course was designed to provide prospective teachers, special educators, school psychologists, counselors, and administrators insights into conceptual and practical components of collaborative problem solving and conflict management. This article describes the initial development and implementation, as well as content, activities, assignments, and evaluation procedures of this course.
The Mediating Role of Visuospatial Planning Skills on Adaptive Function Among Young–Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumor

The Boston Qualitative Scoring System (BQSS) was used as a method to examine executive skills on the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF). Young-adult survivors of childhood brain tumor (N = 31) and a demographically-matched comparison group (N = 33) completed the ROCF copy version and Grooved Pegboard, and informants were administered the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Survivors had significantly lower BQSS planning and SIB-R community living skills and greater perseveration. Mediation analyses found that BQSS planning skills mediate the relationship between group and community living skills. Convergent findings of the BRIEF Planning, and discriminant findings with the BQSS Fragmentation, BRIEF Emotional Control, and Grooved Pegboard support the planning construct as the specific mediator in this model. Together, these findings highlight the role of planning skills in adaptive functions of young-adult survivors of childhood brain tumor.
Treatment with aspirin and dipyridamole is more effective than aspirin in reducing low shear blood viscosity

Objective: Investigate effects of aspirin/dipyridamole and aspirin on blood viscosity (BV) in subjects with hyperhomocystememia (>14 µmol/L) and stable cardiovascular disease (CVD) or ≥ 20% risk for CVD were the aims of this study.Method: Forty-seven subjects were treated with 14 days of either aspirin/dipyridamole (25 mg/200 mg twice-daily) or aspirin (81 mg daily). BV was measured from fasting specimens at 37°C from whole blood at shear rates ranging from 1,000 to 1s−1 by using a scanning capillary viscometer (Rheolog™; Rheologics Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania, USA).Results: Aspirin/dipyridamole was more effective than aspirin therapy in reducing BV at shear rates of 1 s−1 (−3.03 [−3.88, −2.17] mPas vs. −0.07 [−1.06, 0.92] mPas; P<0.0001) and 2 s−1 (−1.86 [−2.72, −1.01] mPas vs. −0.21 [−1.20, 0.79] mPas; P=0.0136); however, there were no significant differences in blood viscosity at shear rates of 5 s−1 to 1000 s−1. Changes in hematocrit, a major determinant of whole BV, were greater in the aspirin/dipyrida...
Specialized Courses in Simulation

In this chapter, the critical need for unique educator expertise and the development of responsive specialized courses will be examined. Simulation is increasingly recognized as an effective learning environment, and managing this learning experience requires educator expertise and specialized preparation in the form of faculty development or formal education. Increasing calls for health professions education reform include the need for evidence-based teaching techniques rather than relying on clinical expertise alone. Formal simulation-based specialized educator courses are emerging as multiday continuing education courses within existing simulation centers as well as graduate certificate and degree-granting programs in institutions of higher education. A sample of such programs is examined to define the current array of offerings at the continuing education, graduate certificate, and master’s degree levels. Future directions for such specialized courses are discussed in the context of validation of educator competencies, scholarship around course and program outcomes, and the continued prioritization of simulation-based education research as a funding imperative.
Adsorption of Dispersants from Nonaqueous Solutions

The adsorption of Menhaden fish oil and glycerol trioleate from toluene solutions, onto the surfaces of oxide powders has been measured. The adsorption isotherms are presented and correlations between adsorption and dispersibility in these systems are made. The results indicate that as adsorption from solution increases so does the degree of dispersion in suspensions of alumina and ferrite powders.
Of Mice, Calves, and Men

Numerous Salmonella typhimurium virulence factors have been identified and characterized using experimental infection of mice. While the murine typhoid model has been used successfully for Salmonella typhi vaccine development and to infer virulence mechanisms important during typhoid fever, information derived from infection of mice has been of limited value in elucidating the mechanism by which S. typhimurium causes enteritis in humans. Progress in our understanding of virulence mechanisms contributing to diarrheal disease comes from recent studies of bovine enteritis, a S. typhimurium infection, which manifests as acute gastroenteritis. This review compares virulence genes and mechanisms required during murine typhoid, typhoid fever, and bovine enteritis. Comparison of illnesses caused in different animal hosts identifies virulence mechanisms involved in species specific disease manifestations. The determination of the relative importance of virulence factors for disease manifestations in different host species provides an important link between the in vitro characterization of genes and their role during host pathogen interaction.
Restoring an Urban River

The U.S. Geological Survey studied sediment and water quality, with an emphasis on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in the bottom sediment and water of the Neponset River. The USGS completed this study in cooperation with the Riverways Program of the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs Department of Fish and Game, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The major findings of this study were: human activities have adversely affected sediment quality in the Neponset River; with the exception of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and PCBs, contaminant concentrations are similar to those of other urban rivers; sediment contaminant levels may adversely affect aquatic life and human health; PCBs continue to be released into the Neponset River; and PCBs in the water may have toxic effects.
A New Strain of Virus of Influenza B Isolated During an Epidemic in California.

SummaryA new strain of the virus of influenza B was isolated from the throat washing of a case of influenza during an epidemic in California in January, 1940. The difficulties of isolating this virus by the usual methods of passage in ferrets and mice are noted. The new strain was not identical in antigenic composition with the Lee strain isolated by Francis, but was closely related to it.
An SFG study of interfacial amino acids at the hydrophilic SiO2 and hydrophobic deuterated polystyrene surfaces.

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was employed to characterize the interfacial structure of eight individual amino acids—l-phenylalanine, l-leucine, glycine, l-lysine, l-arginine, l-cysteine, l-alanine, and l-proline—in aqueous solution adsorbed at model hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Specifically, SFG vibrational spectra were obtained for the amino acids at the solid−liquid interface between both hydrophobic d8-polystyrene (d8-PS) and SiO2 model surfaces and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. At the hydrophobic d8-PS surface, seven of the amino acids solutions investigated showed clear and identifiable C−H vibrational modes, with the exception being l-alanine. In the SFG spectra obtained at the hydrophilic SiO2 surface, no C−H vibrational modes were observed from any of the amino acids studied. However, it was confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance that amino acids do adsorb to the SiO2 interface, and the amino acid solutions were found to have a detectable and wide...
Surgical Duration Estimation via Data Mining and Predictive Modeling: A Case Study

Operating rooms (ORs) are one of the most expensive and profitable resources within a hospital system. OR managers strive to utilize these resources in the best possible manner. Traditionally, surgery durations are estimated using a moving average adjusted by the scheduler (adjusted system prediction or ASP). Other methods based on distributions, regression and data mining have also been proposed. To overcome difficulties with numerous procedure types and lack of sufficient sample size, and avoid distributional assumptions, the main objective is to develop a hybrid method of duration prediction and demonstrate using a case study.
Brain Injury Patterns after Neonatal Hypoglycemia

Brain injury patterns on early MRI and neurodevelopmental outcome after symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia were studied in 35 term infants at Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
Computer science curricula for the coming decade

Interest in Computer Science has fluctuated dramatically in the past 20 years. Many factors have been cited for these enrollment dynamics, including changes in the high-tech economy and the general image of computing. In this talk, we begin by examining some of the factors affecting enrollments in CS, analyzing both historical and current trends. In light of this analysis, we then turn our attention to curricular issues, first examining significant changes made in Stanford University's undergraduate CS program, which aim to expand the scope of education in computer science and highlight the diversity of options available in the field. We discuss the results of these changes -- a tripling in the number of CS majors in the past five years -- and analyze some of the reasons why. We then look at CS curriculum development more broadly, discussing the recently released ACM/IEEE-CS Computer Science Curricula 2013 (CS2013) guidelines. CS2013 seeks to provide concrete curricular guidance for the coming decade for undergraduate CS programs by redefining the knowledge areas in CS, rethinking the essentials necessary for a CS curriculum, and identifying working exemplars of courses and curricula.
John Tyler Ryland, 1786–1841: A Postscript with Two Additional Manuscripts

Two documents relating to John Tyler Ryland (1786–1841) have recently emerged that provide an interesting gloss to the exhaustive historical research on Ryland provided by Roger Hayden (Baptist Quarterly 46.3 [2015], 120–27). An 1801 letter by a youthful Ryland to the prominent London Baptist minister, John Rippon, and a note from 1823 addressed to Rippon's wife containing transcripts of three hymns by John Ryland, Jr. (1753–1825), J. T. Ryland's father, reveal much about the younger Ryland's efforts to achieve a serious education, his interest in local politics and legal matters, his involvement with the Baptist Academy, and his connections to his father's world of hymn writing and ministers among the Particular Baptists.
Anna M. Parkinson. An Emotional State: The Politics of Emotion in Postwar West German Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2015. 251 pages. ISBN 978-0-472-11968-4

Anna Parkinson's study presents an intervention into “the framework established by the discourse of ‘coming to terms’ with the past,” or Vergangenheitsbewaltigung (4), a crucial component of which ...
Unstated: The Measurement of Implicit Attitudes

We have seen evidence suggesting that news media can play an important role in promoting associative reasoning by systematically supplying affectively charged information about political objects. Such evidence makes more credible the claim that long-term patterns in political discourse encourage the development of implicit attitudes. But how can we know that these implicit attitudes actually exist and matter for political decisions? Several obstacles stand in the way of answering this question. But arguably, the most fundamental of these quandaries is this: How does one detect attitudes that are spontaneous, hard to control, and nonverbalized – in a word, implicit? If, as I have explained, implicit attitudes are beyond introspection, then measuring them by asking people about them is a nonstarter. A more creative measure for this task must be found. Yet this measure must be more than just innovative. It must also demonstrate that it can tap into something that other measures cannot. That is, it must capture the evaluative associations about political objects that implicit attitudes are said to be. Yet, just like other measures, it must also show that these implicit evaluations can systematically explain people's explicit political choices. The goal of this chapter is twofold: first, to propose a solution to this measurement conundrum; and second, to show that what I capture with this proposed measure is politically consequential. My tool of choice is formally known as the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Rather than asking people to evaluate objects, the IAT enables researchers to infer the presence of implicit attitude, not from what people say, but from what they do and how fast they do it. Specifically, the IAT gauges the evaluative associations individuals have about objects by timing people's ability to rapidly sort exemplars of objects (e.g., Insects, Flowers ), positive attributes (e.g., wonderful ), and negative attributes (e.g., terrible ) – all while using different classification schemes on a computer screen. The assumption here is that people will sort exemplars more quickly when their mental associations about objects match the classification scheme they are instructed to use. If, for example, a person has a more negative attitude toward insects than flowers, she should find it easier to sort words when exemplars of insects and negative attributes are classified using the same response key on a computer (e.g., “E”) than when flowers and negative attributes share that same key.
Die Zahl Eins

Manchem mag die Zahl Eins trivial erscheinen. Wozu kann eine Sache ganz allein schon nutzlich sein? Andererseits bedeutet einzig zu sein auch eine Eindeutigkeit, eineEinzigartigkeit, die durchaus vorteilhaft sein kann.
Neuropsychological impairment in Hashimoto's encephalopathy: A case report and literature review

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a rare neurological syndrome characterized by the presence of positive serum antithyroid antibodies, altered mental status, and clinical response to glucocorticoid therapy. Although HE has been documented in the literature from a medical standpoint, reports on the neuropsychological presentation of this syndrome are scarce. This article presents a literature review of cognitive deficits reported in HE cases. In addition, we describe the case of a 76-year-old Russian speaking woman diagnosed with HE in May 2012. MRIs from her disease course and treatment are presented. Posttreatment neuropsychological testing revealed intact attention and construction and impairment in working memory, processing speed, learning, executive functioning, language, and bilateral fine motor dexterity, all of which impacted her functional abilities. Her profile was inconsistent with the typical dementia process. This case demonstrates the utility of neuropsychological assessment for understanding cognitive and functional consequences of HE. The issue of differential diagnosis with dementia is also discussed.