cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Expenditures Requirement in Low Coal Mines

A biomechanical and work physiology study was conducted on low coal miners. The biomechanical analysis consisted of comparing the anthropometric and isometric strength characteristics of miners to other populations; the work physiology portion consisted of identifying demanding tasks via a task analysis, determining energy requirements for demanding tasks, and determining percentage of VO2 max required for demanding tasks. Miners show increased musculature of those body segments most stressed in their work environment and few differences in strength compared to other groups. Highly demanding tasks identified were roof bolting, timbering, miner and bolter helper, shoveling, stoopwalking, and crawling. Energy expenditure estimates on underground tasks indicate that these tasks fall under the category of heavy work. Miners work up to 66% of their physical work capacity when performing their underground tasks. Work and rest schedules based on predicted endurance times for both male and female miners is discus...
Proton-argon elastic scattering at 9.8 MeV☆

Abstract Proton-argon elastic differential scattering cross sections were measured from laboratory angles 2° to 40° with a proton energy of 9.805 MeV. The probable errors of the absolute cross sections varied from ±1% to ±2.5%. The final results were obtained by a two-dimensional extrapolation—the extrapolation of the measured cross sections against target pressures and thickness of the entrance foil of the scattering chamber. These results are thus free from the effects of beam divergence, due to multiple scattering in the target gas and in the entrance foil.
Near-to-eye display test station

In order to evaluate near-to-eye virtual displays with optics, Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate designed, developed, and integrated the Near to Eye Display Test Station (NDTS). The system utilizes kinematically interchangeable sensor heads to capitalize on the strengths of each sensor for the applications/measurements for which its best suited. The station allows the user to evaluate a near to eye display at a system level without separation of the eyepiece from the image source (“no disassembly required”). Mechanical, optical, electronics, and software components all needed to be carefully designed and integrated to maintain accuracy and precision above those required for display evaluation. Geometric and luminance internal calibration subsystems have been characterized by the test station with results that can be correlated.
Multivariable MRAC with state feedback for output tracking

This paper revisits the multivariable MRAC problem, by studying adaptive state feedback control for output tracking of multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems. With such a control scheme, the plant-model matching condition is much less restrictive than those for state tracking, while the controller enjoys a simpler structure than that of an output feedback design with the guarantee of the asymptotic tracking of multiple outputs. Such a control scheme is useful for applications when the plant-model matching condition for state tracking cannot be satisfied. A stable adaptive control scheme is developed based on LDS decomposition of high frequency gain matrix, which ensures closed-loop stability and asymptotic output tracking. A simulation study is conducted for an aircraft model, with desired simulation results presented.
Brachydactylic multiple delta phalanges plus syndrome

Delta phalanges are unusual, shortened bones of the hands and feet with abnormal epiphyses and diaphyses. Here, we report on a patient with a unique multiple congenital anomaly syndrome that includes brachydactyly consisting of multiple delta phalanges in several digits of the hands and feet. The patient, who was born to consanguineous parents, had several other congenital anomalies, including butterfly vertebrae, craniofacial dysmorphism, and coarctation of the aorta. We have called this distinctive condition “brachydactylic multiple delta phalanges plus syndrome.” Although no other member of the family had obvious hand or foot anomalies, several siblings had other malformations. Possible modes of inheritance in this family include variable expression of a recessive or de novo dominant condition. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intercommunity effects on microbiome and GpSGHV density regulation in tsetse flies

Abstract Tsetse flies have a highly regulated and defined microbial fauna made of 3 bacterial symbionts (obligate Wigglesworthia glossinidia, commensal Sodalis glossinidius and parasitic Wolbachia pipientis) in addition to a DNA virus (Glossina pallidipes Salivary gland Hypertrophy Virus, GpSGHV). It has been possible to rear flies in the absence of either Wigglesworthia or in totally aposymbiotic state by dietary supplementation of tsetse’s bloodmeal. In the absence of Wigglesworthia, tsetse females are sterile, and adult progeny are immune compromised. The functional contributions for Sodalist are less known, while Wolbachia cause reproductive manupulations known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). High GpSGHV virus titers result in reduced fecundity and lifespan, and have compromised efforts to colonize flies in the insectary for large rearing purposes. Here we investigated the within community effects on the density regulation of the individual microbiome partners in tsetse lines with different symbiotic compositions. We show that absence of Wigglesworthia results in loss of Sodalis in subsequent generations possibly due to nutritional dependancies between the symbiotic partners. While an initial decrease in Wolbachia and GpSGHV levels are also noted in the absence of Wigglesworthia, these infections eventually reach homeostatic levels indicating adaptations to the new host immune environment or nutritional ecology. Absence of all bacterial symbionts also results in an initial reduction of viral titers, which recover in the second generation. Our findings suggest that in addition to the host immune system, interdependencies between symbiotic partners result in a highly tuned density regulation for tsetse’s microbiome.
Kras mutations and p53 overexpression in pseudomyxoma peritonei: association with phenotype and prognosis.

Abstract Background Little information exists on Kras mutations and p53 overexpression in pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). These genetic alterations are associated with poorer prognoses in colorectal cancer. We postulated that these mutations might be more frequent in high-grade (HG) PMP (peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis) versus low-grade (LG) PMP (disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis/peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis), for which survival differences are well documented. Methods We collected data retrospectively on patients with PMP of appendiceal origin tested for Kras mutation (commercial assay) and p53 overexpression (immunohistochemistry). We used Fisher’s exact test, chi-square test, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves for analysis. Results Of 64 cases with Kras mutations, 25 were classified as LG and 39 as HG PMP. Median age at diagnosis was 53 ± 11.5 y. We detected Kras mutations in 37 of 64 patients (57.8%). In LG PMP, 15 of 25 (60%) were Kras mutant versus 22 of 39 (56.4%) in HG PMP (P = 0.80). Nearly 89% of mutations were seen in codon 12. We noted overexpression of p53 in 44.3% (86 of 194) of patients overall, which was significantly different between LG PMP and HG PMP: 35.5% (37 of 104) versus 54.4% (49 of 90), respectively (P = 0.009). Kras mutations did not affect prognosis. Overexpression of p53 was associated with a worse outcome. Conclusions Kras mutation and p53 overexpression rates are comparable to those of colorectal adenomas and mucinous colorectal cancer. Codon 12 mutations may be associated with mucin production. Kras mutation status is not prognostic for overall survival. Overexpression of p53 was significantly correlated with female sex, higher-grade disease, and worse survival.
Teleost chloride cell. I. Response of pupfish Cyprinodon variegatus gill Na,K-ATPase and chloride cell fine structure to various high salinity environments.

Certain euryhaline teleosts can tolerate media of very high salinity, i.e. greater than that of seawater itself. The osmotic gradient across the integument of these fish is very high and the key to their survival appears to be the enhanced ability of the gill to excrete excess NaCl. These fish provide an opportunity to study morphological and biochemical aspects of transepithelial salt secretion under conditions of vastly different transport rates. Since the cellular site of gill salt excretion is believed to be the "chloride cell" of the branchial epithelium and since the enzyme Na,K-ATPase has been implicated in salt transport in this and other secretory tissues, we have focused our attention on the differences in chloride cell structure and gill ATPase activity in the variegated pupfish Cyprinodon variegatus adapted to half-strength seawater (50% SW), seawater (100% SW), or double-stregth seawater (200% SW). The Na,K-ATPase activity in gill homogenates was 1.6 times greater in 100% SW. When 50% SW gills were compared to 100% SW gills, differences in chloride cell morphology were minimal. However, chloride cells from 200% SW displayed a marked hypertrophy and a striking increase in basal-lateral cell surface area. These results suggest that there are correlations among higher levels of osmotic stress, basal-lateral extensions of the cell surface, and the activity of the enzyme Na,K-ATPase.
“I'm Not a Politics Person”: Teenage Girls, Oppositional Consciousness, and the Meaning of Politics

This article explores U.S. teenage girls' rejections of “politics,” arguing that for some girls, the refusal to identify with politics is a discursive strategy informed by their consciousness of inequality and their commitments to social justice. Drawing upon interviews, focus groups, and participant observation, I show how two different groups of girls reflect on their varied experiences of political marginalization as aged, gendered, racialized, and classed subjects in order to develop a critique of the practices and policies of the U.S. government. Building on research on the various and complex meanings of political disaffection, I argue that defining politics very narrowly and then distancing oneself from it can be part of an oppositional political project, and I address myself to the implications and mechanisms of girls' use of this strategy.The author would like to thank France Winddance Twine, Verta Taylor, Avery Gordon, Richard Flacks, Leila Rupp, and the editors and reviewers from Politics & Gender for their insightful comments and assistance in the development of this article. This material is based upon work supported under a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are activated by cellular stresses and play an important role in regulating gene expression. We have isolated a cDNA encoding a novel protein kinase that has significant homology (57% amino acid identity) to human p38alpha/CSBP. The novel kinase, p38delta, has a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of 365 amino acids with a putative TGY dual phosphorylation motif. Dot-blot analysis of p38delta mRNA in 50 human tissues revealed a distribution profile of p38delta that differs from p38alpha. p38delta is highly expressed in salivary gland, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland, whereas p38alpha is highly expressed in placenta, cerebellum, bone marrow, thyroid gland, peripheral leukocytes, liver, and spleen. Like p38alpha, p38delta is activated by cellular stress and proinflammatory cytokines. p38delta phosphorylates ATF-2 and PHAS-I, but not MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 and -3, known in vivo and in vitro substrates of p38alpha. We also observed that p38delta was strongly activated by MKK3 and MKK6, while p38alpha was preferentially activated by MKK6. Other experiments showed that a potent p38alpha kinase inhibitor AMG 2372 minimally inhibited the kinase activity of p38delta. Taken together, these data indicate that p38delta is a new member of the p38 MAPK family and that p38delta likely has functions distinct from that of p38alpha.
Soccer Fields of Cultural (Re)Production: Creating "Good Boys" in Suburban America

Zwick and Andrews (1999) argued that suburban American soccer fields merit critical academic attention because they highlight the practices of a dominant class. To gain an understanding of this specific field of power and privilege, I employed a multifaceted ethnographic approach to studying a group of upper-middle-class mothers whose children played youth soccer. I used Pierre Bourdieu’s (1984, 1993) sociological theories regarding the interplay between habitus and capital to analyze how the mothers shaped their sons’ youth sport experience to reproduce class status and social advantage in the next generation.
Impact of Learning Communities in Developmental English on Community College Student Retention and Persistence.

This investigation was a case study to measure the retention and persistence effects of a learning community in developmental English at an urban community college. The study used student demographic and course outcome data to quantify the extent to which learning community participation could contribute toward remedying the historically low retention and persistence rates among a diverse student population in community colleges. The learning communities in this study consisted of developmental reading and writing courses linked in pairs at the same level, considered to be either one or two levels below college level English. Findings revealed a relationship between learning communities and improved retention in developmental writing courses for all ethnic groups. In addition, retention and persistence was improved for Latino students. The study also revealed that learning communities were most effective when utilized at the higher developmental English level courses compared to the lower level courses.
The Molecular Basis of Vernalization in Different Plant Groups

Timing of flowering is key to the reproductive success of many plants. In temperate climates, flowering is often coordinated with seasonal environmental cues such as temperature and photoperiod. Vernalization, the process by which a prolonged exposure to the cold of winter results in competence to flower during the following spring, is an example of the influence of temperature on the timing of flowering. In different groups of plants, there are distinct genes involved in vernalization, indicating that vernalization systems evolved independently in different plant groups. The convergent evolution of vernalization systems is not surprising given that angiosperm families had begun to diverge in warmer paleoclimates in which a vernalization response was not advantageous. Here, we review what is known of the vernalization response in three different plant groups: crucifers (Arabidopsis), Amaranthaceae (sugar beet), and Pooideae (wheat, barley, and Brachypodium distachyon). We also discuss the advantages of using Brachypodium as a model system to study flowering and vernalization in the Pooids. Finally, we discuss the evolution and function of the Ghd7/VRN2 gene family in grasses.
Processing data model abstractions

A number of data abstraction, database, and conceptual modeling issues border on the three technical areas that this workshop addresses: artificial intelligence, database management, and programming languages. We assume that the workshop is dedicated to removing the boundaries between these three fields in order to shape research and development of common interest. While enthusiastically supporting this objective, we believe that each area has a unique perspective and emphasis worth preserving. The three fields can truly benefit from each other only if each one appreciates the diversity of these research viewpoints. In this spirit we describe a research project on Abstract Data Models conducted by the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology (ICST) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). Before doing so, however, we wish to discuss from our perspective both some problems that database management shares with the areas of artificial intelligence and programming languages, and some possible mathematical solutions to these problems.
The response of female urogenital tract epithelia to mesenchymal inductors is restricted by the germ layer origin of the epithelium: prostatic inductions.

Abstract The epithelium of the mammalian vagina arises from two distinct germ layers, endoderm from the urogenital sinus and mesoderm from the Mullerian ducts. While neonatal vaginal epithelium can be induced to form prostate which is normally an endodermal derivative, it has not been determined whether this ability to form prostate is shared by both mesoderm- and endo-derm-derived vaginal epithelia. To test the competence of vaginal epithelia we have isolated sinus-derived and Miillerian-derived vaginal epithelia from newborn mice, combined them with rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme, and grown the tissue recombinants for 4 weeks in male athymic nude mice. Endoderm-derived sinus vaginal epithelium was induced to form prostatic tissue which expressed prostate-specific secretory proteins in 21 of 23 tissue recombinants. Mullerian-derived vaginal epithelium formed small ducts and cysts lined by a simple epithelium. These latter tissue recombinants lacked any evidence of prostatic secretory proteins. Similarly, endo-derm-derived urethral epithelium was induced to form prostate (17 of 17 cases), while mesoderm-derived uterine epithelium was not (0 of 13 cases). Therefore, the ability to form prostatic epithelium was limited to endodermal derivatives of the urogenital tract.
Criminal Justice – What’s Ahead? Roadblocks and New Directions

The leadership of the ABA Criminal Justice Section was asked to identify the most important issues of criminal justice policy of the next three to five years. This column by the Section’s Chair identifies the subjects that the responding prosecutors, defense lawyers, academics and others anticipated to be most important, ranging alphabetically from “alternatives to incarceration” to “wrongful convictions.”
The Politics of Implementing European Court of Human Rights Judgements

Why are some European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) judgements implemented quickly while others are implemented belatedly or not at all? We analyze this question using a new database of nearly 1000 leading ECtHR cases. We integrate arguments from managerial lists, who highlight variation in bureaucratic capacity, and enforcement theorists, who stress incentive structures. We argue that the effect of managerial and enforcement variables is conditional on the implementation task. We find strong support for this argument. The importance of bureaucratic capacity decreases strongly and significantly the longer a case remains pending. By contrast, domestic political constraints and stable democracy initially slow down the implementation of judgements but judgements that are pending longer are more likely to be implemented in stable democracies and states with checks on the executive. Moreover, more constrained executives are more likely to implement controversial judgments on torture and inhumane treatment.
Superconducting thoughts meet sceptical resistance

Had a mischievous deity set out to devise a phenomenon guaranteed to frustrate and torment condensed-matter physicists – and particularly the theorists among them – he could hardly have come up with a better candidate than high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprates. The compounds in question are, almost without exception, chemically complicated and metallurgically delicate. Their experimental properties, including their transition temperature (Tc) to the superconducting state, are often almost pathologically sensitive to the details of the preparation technique, and the "optimum" data therefore tend to be alarmingly time dependent. And to cap it all, yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), which was the first compound to break the 90 K superconducting barrier and has served as the E. coli of the whole business thanks to its desirable metallurgical and other properties, turns out in retrospect to be atypical of the class of compounds as a whole in just about every possible way.
Identifying Patients in the Acute Psychiatric Hospital Who May Benefit From a Palliative Care Approach

Identifying patients who will benefit from a palliative care approach is the first critical step in integrating palliative with curative therapy. Criteria are established that identify hospitalized medical patients who are near end of life, yet there are no criteria with respect to hospitalized patients with psychiatric disorders. The records of 276 consecutive patients admitted to a dedicated inpatient psychiatric unit were reviewed to identify prognostic criteria predictive of mortality. Mortality predictors were 2 or more admissions in the past year (P = .0114) and older age (P = .0006). Twenty-two percent of patients met National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization noncancer criteria for dementia. Palliative care intervention should be considered when treating inpatients with psychiatric disorders, especially older patients who have a previous hospitalization or history of dementia.
Fumigation with Ethylene Oxide to Control Diseases of Honey Bees

Fumigation with 1000 mg of ethylene oxide (ETO) per liter for 48 hr at 43°C resulted in recovery of 24 of 25 colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., infected with American foulbrood (AFB); 5 unfumigated control colonies had active AFB within 1 month after the test began. One fumigated colony became diseased after 5 months. Also, 7 of 8 colonies fumigated with ETA remained free of nauseam disease; all 8 unfumigated colonies became diseased. The unfumigated colonies showed an average net weight gain of 1.4 kg per colony at the end of the season compared with the fumigated colonies which had an average weight gain of 9.7 kg per colony.
Feminism, Post-feminism, and Young Women’s Reactions to Lena Dunham’s Girls

This article explores how women in a junior-level Women and Sexuality class taught at a large US research university make sense of the HBO television show Girls. Data come from essays written in spring 2013 by 28 students in response to the first three episodes of Girls. The students’ essays illustrate their ability to actively respond to the show’s portrayal of women’s lives in a nuanced rather than one-dimensional way. The most common topics in these essays were the show’s portrayal of male dominance in relationships, female sexual agency, female body disciplines, and the costs women pay for sexual activity. The essays illustrate how the students mobilize feminist and post-feminist frames, both singly and jointly, as well as the difficulties involved in trying to separate these frames from each other in either media texts or women’s lives. In addition, the data shed light on the struggles young women face in dealing with gendered expectations for sexuality, femininity, and body discipline in contemporary neoliberal society.
SKILLS, THE GENDER WAGE GAP, AND CITIES

This paper links gender wage gaps with the urban wage premium. First, the study documents gender wage gaps are narrower in larger U.S. metropolitan areas in 2000 and 2010. Skill agglomerations are then considered to explain this. Specifically, if men and women employ heterogeneous skills, and these skills have differential productivities across city sizes, agglomerative forces may differentially reward men and women. Occupational data show that women are concentrated in jobs relatively more intensive in interactive and cognitive skills, while men are comparatively in physical skill-intensive jobs. Decomposing the gender wage gap shows that explanatory factors (education, skills, and location) predict women would outearn men. Instead, agglomerative skill returns account for majority of the gap. These estimates suggest that even as women employ skills rewarded in agglomeration economies, they benefit less from agglomerations than men, resulting in the observed gap.
Tracing our roots: the first clinical laboratory scientist.

Objective To trace the roots of clinical laboratory science by discussing the development of the role of the "laboratory technician", and describing selected early training programs for clinical laboratory personnel. Design A survey of literature on the history of clinical laboratory science was conducted. References consulted include various books and professional journals. Conclusion The first clinical laboratory scientists began working in clinical laboratories shortly before World War I. During the war, and in the years that followed, a critical shortage of trained laboratory personnel developed. To alleviate this shortage, pathologists began to hire young women, training them on the job to perform simple laboratory tests. However, there were no established training standards, and few institutions offered a systematic method for instruction. During this same period, three educational programs were established that did offer high quality training that provided systematic instruction to their students.
Measuring foreclosure impact mitigation: Evidence from the Neighborhood Stabilization Program in Chicago

The Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) is a $7 billion nationwide government program that was established to reduce the negative impacts of the housing crisis in foreclosure-concentrated neighborhoods. NSP rehabilitations aim to bring foreclosed and abandoned properties back to productive use. Very few quantitative studies have evaluated NSP and provided policy suggestions for future stabilization. Furthermore, there is some ambiguity about the channels through which foreclosures influence neighboring properties. This study fills the gap in the literature by evaluating the effects of NSP acquisition and rehabilitation in terms of the impact on elevating neighboring property values. In addition, it provides evidence that disamenity effects are a source of the negative impacts of foreclosures on their neighbors. Using a 2008–2014 repeated cross-section dataset for housing sales in the city of Chicago, the difference-in-differences estimates reveal that the average sales prices of homes within 0.1 miles of the NSP projects increased by 14.3% and these effects do not appear until the completion of the rehabilitation. Furthermore, large program effects are found for normal homes but not for foreclosure-related homes. The results vary under different contexts of NSP implementation, but the analytical approach presented in this study is reproducible for NSP studies in other regions.
Fatty Acyl-CoA Synthetases

Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) catalyzes the adenosine triphosphate dependent formation of a thioester bond between a fatty acid and coenzyme A. This fundamental reaction allows the fatty acid to be degraded for energy production, incorporated into complex lipids, or participate in other metabolic pathways. Different ACS proteins exhibit preferences for fatty acid substrates of varying chain lengths, ranging from 2 to more than 30 carbon atoms. ACSs also differ in their tissue and cellular expression patterns, and subcellular locations. Humans and mice have 26 different ACSs. Emerging evidence suggests that each may perform a unique function essential for the maintenance of normal lipid homeostasis.
NEHRP Turns 40

This year, the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) turns 40, four decades since the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 was enacted establishing the Program, spurring numerous federal, state, and community actions to reduce earthquake losses in the U.S.A. and its territories and setting a standard for earthquake loss‐reduction projects internationally. Four agencies are partners in NEHRP: the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, the lead agency), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Remarkably few major earthquakes have occurred since 1977, in terms of economic impact, so the earthquake threat has faded from the memories of most Americans, even as geologists and seismologists have identified and quantified a number of fault systems that pose risks of national economic scale. The genesis of NEHRP has been well covered in previous summaries by Wallace (1996) and Hamilton (2003), each of whom described the earthquakes, the people, and the reports that led to the passage of the 1977 Act. The 1964 Alaska and 1971 San Fernando earthquakes were, of course, seminal events. Several expert panels weighed in, there was great enthusiasm for earthquake prediction, and even the ephemeral Palmdale Bulge contributed. There is no need to repeat those good stories here; instead, I will review what has been accomplished since the Act was passed and what key objectives are yet to be realized. In this space, it will not be possible to cover this topic comprehensively, so indulge me while I survey just a few highlights. First, remarkably few major U.S. earthquakes have occurred since 1977, at least in terms of economic impact. In fact, only three have caused losses greater than $1 billion: 1989 Loma Prieta, $10.7 billion; 1994 Northridge, $64.0 billion; and 2001 Nisqually, $2.7 billion (Wilkerson, …
Genetics of Species Differentiation

What is the genetic nature underlying species differences? What are the forces driving the genetic divergence? As evolutionists, we may be as much interested in the diversity of life as in, say, the universality of certain biological properties. It will be stated at the outset what I consider may be the limit of our ability to understand the nature of diversity and the forces shaping it. In Science, we strive to deduce the generality of the scheme of things. Physical Sciences have been phenomenally successful in this endeavor. Newtonian mechanics applies equally well to planetary motion, the falling of apples, and the production of sound. The more general a principle is, the more intellectually profound it ought to be. Is it possible that in Biology and especially in evolutionary Biology the more general a principle is, the less profound it would seem? The “limit” I refer to is the paucity of general principles that are intellectually challenging.
Deciphering dueling analyses of clean water regulations

Government agencies are often required to conduct benefit-cost analyses for major regulatory actions ( 1 ). When benefit-cost analysis is consistent with best practices, it provides a systematic and science-based approach for informing policy and regulatory decisions. It has been particularly important for health and environmental regulations. Yet the wide disparity between the quantified benefits in two recent and conflicting regulatory impact analyses (RIAs) related to the U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA) has the potential to undermine the credibility of agencies' benefit-cost analyses. It also highlights the need for a more systematic protocol that ensures the information base is adequate and appropriately applied to support agency analyses and public decision-making. This includes applications in the context of the CWA, which is the focus of an 11 October hearing in the U.S. Supreme Court.
Structural Identification and Kinetic Analysis of the in Vitro Products Formed by Reaction of Bisphenol A-3,4-quinone with N-Acetylcysteine and Glutathione.

Bisphenol A (BPA) has received considerable attention as an endocrine disrupting chemical and a possible substrate for genotoxic metabolites. BPA metabolism leads to formation of electrophilic o-quinones cable of binding to DNA and other endogenous nucleophiles. We have structurally identified the products resulting from the reaction of bisphenol A-3,4-quinone (BPAQ) with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH). The major and minor isomers are both the result of 1,6-conjugate addition and are produced almost instantly in high yield. Reactions using 1.3 equiv of GSH showed the presence of a bis-glutathionyl adduct which was not observed using higher GSH concentration relative to BPAQ. NAC reactions with BPAQ showed no bis-N-acetylcysteinyl adducts. Stopped-flow kinetic analysis reveals the 1,6-conjugate additions to be reversible with a forward free energy of activation of 9.2 and 7.8 kcal/mol for the NAC and GSH reactions, respectively. The bimolecular forward rate constant at 19.4 °C was approximate...
Kavalactone yangonin induces autophagy and sensitizes bladder cancer cells to flavokawain A and docetaxel via inhibition of the mTOR pathway

Consumption of kava (Piper methysticum Forst) has been linked to reduced cancer risk in the South Pacific Islands. Kavalactones are major bioactive components in kava root extracts, which have recently demonstrated anti-cancer activities. However, molecular mechanisms of kavalactones' anti-cancer action remain largely unknown. We have identified two kavalactones, yangonin and 5' 6'-dehydrokawain, as potent inducers of autophagic cell death in bladder cancer cells. The effect of yangonin inducing autophagy is associated with increased expression of beclin and ATG5. In addition, yangonin increases the expression of LKB1 and decreases the phosphorylation of Akt, PRAS40, rpS6, p70S6K and 4E-BP1, leading to increased binding of 4E-BP1 to m7 GTP. The growth inhibitory effects of yangonin were attenuated inTSC1 or LKB1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting that TSC1 and LKB1 expression may contribute to optimal growth inhibition by yangonin. Furthermore, yangonin reduces the viability of bladder cancer cell lines derived from different stages of human bladder cancer, and acts synergistically with apoptosis-inducing agents such as docetaxel and flavokawain A. Our results support a novel anti-bladder cancer mechanism by yangonin and further studies are needed to assess the potential use of yangonin for bladder cancer prevention and treatment.
Combination Effect of Edible Mushroom – Sliver Nanoparticles and Antibioticsagainst selected Multidrug Biofilm Pathogens

This project designed to determined the effect of edible mushroom-Ag-Nps in combined with conventional antibiotics against selected multidrug biofilm forming patbiofilm producer bacteria were isolated and identified using routine cultural and biochemical tests from clinical specimen,in addition to that bacterial standard strains were used. Silver nanoparticle was prepared by using edible mushroom as bio-reductant. The biosynthesis of Ag-Nps was characterized by changing mushroom extract colorfrom clear yellow to brown and uv/visual spectrophotometer, electronic microscope.then, the Ag-Nps was tested against bacterial strains and biofilm producer bacteriausing diffusion method as antibacterial agents in combination with antibiotics. Biosynthesized Ag-Nps characterized by visual spectroscopy, Scannining Electronic Microscope (SEM) were ranged (5-50 nm) in size and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in peak 430 cm-1 refers to proteins formation.Different volumes andconcentration of AgNps (20,30,and 50 µl )were tested against selected multi drug biofilm pathogens showed the Ag-NPs at concentration50 µl was the most efficient in the inhibition of bacterial growth. On the other hand, Those assessment of the consolidated impact were examined utilizing circle dissemination strategy against Methicillin Resists Staph aureus (MRSA), Eschershia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa andProtues mirabilis. Results recorded a synergetic effect of Ag-Nps -in association with resistant antibiotics.greater potential as antimicrobial compounds against pathogenic micro-organisms,and that they Combination ofnanoparticles withantibiotics inhibited effectivelyability to formbiofilm than antibiotics alone,from this we can conclude that Ag-NPs havemay be used in the remediation of infectious diseases,so Ag-NPswith antibiotics show maximum antibacterial activity,and so his may lead to developed of new pharmaceuticals therapeutic needs.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising within Verruca Vulgaris on the Nipple

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common form of skin cancer and often appears as a hard, scaly lump that occasionally ulcerates. It is usually associated with cumulative exposure to ultraviolet light, although prior scarring, chronic wounds, exposure to radiation, HPV infection, and immunosuppression are also associated risk factors. Primary SCC of the nipple is very rare and only a few cases have been reported. We present a case of a 49-year-old female with concerns of a right nipple lesion with erythema and pain. She was initially evaluated for Paget's disease with an underlying malignancy and cellulitis, but, after biopsy and investigation, she was found to have a well-differentiated SCC arising from a verruca vulgaris. Current literature does not provide distinct guidelines on management of SCC or its variants on the nipple, and the case was managed based off of SCC at other cutaneous sites as well as other cases of SCC on the nipple.
Korean transracial and international adoptees: Ethnic identity and sense of belonging and exclusion in relation to birth and adoptive groups

Past quantitative ethnic identity research on transracial and international adoptees (TRIAs) has focused on their birth culture. Given that adoptees may also identify with their adoptive family’s c...
Determination of Scrapie Agent Titer from Incubation Period Measurements in Hamsters

One of the most distinctive and remarkable features of slow virus infections is the prolonged incubation period during which the host is free of disease (1). These long incubation periods terminate with the onset of clinical disease which progresses to death in a relatively short time. Considerable interest has surrounded the mechanisms regulating the length of the incubation periods of the spongiform encephalopathies: scrapie of sheep and goats, transmissible encephalopathy of mink, and kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) of humans (2,3). Factors controlling the length of the incubation period in scrapie include: the dose of agent, the genetic background of the host, the strain and passage history of the agent, the lymphoid system of the host, and the metabolic and endocrinological state of the host (4, 5). The shortest incubation periods are found in scrapie, where hamsters develop clinical disease in two months, while the longest incubation periods approach three decades in kuru and probably CJD (6–8).
Heterosexism and/in Language

Heterosexism refers to the idea that heterosexuality and only heterosexuality is normal, normative, natural, and preferred. Language becomes tied to heterosexism through discursive and ideological processes that indexically link ways of talking with ways of being normatively heterosexual, effectively erasing, ignoring, or denigrating nonheterosexual ways of inhabiting social space. Although heterosexist language use cannot be predetermined or necessarily predicted, it is evidenced in both qualitatively and quantitatively oriented language data. Examining heterosexism and language focuses attention on the importance of understanding how language helps naturalize some ways of being over others.
The challenge of multisite epidemiologic studies in diverse populations: design and implementation of a 22-site study of tuberculosis in foreign-born people.

Objectives. We designed a population-based study of the epidemiology of tuberculosis among foreign-born people in the U.S. and Canada. Challenges included standardizing recruitment and data entry at 22 sites, enrolling individuals who did not speak English and may be undocumented, and obtaining clearance from 36 institutional review boards (IRBs). Methods. We used stratified sampling to recruit patients through the Tubercu- losis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium, a research consortium funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because recruitment sites were overseen by more than 30 local IRBs, we developed a simple process to designate a central IRB. We translated instruments into 10 main languages, arranged for fast translation of consent "short forms" into other languages, used one telephone interpretation service at all sites, and provided extensive interviewer training including mock interviews with simulated patients. Results. We interviewed 1,696 participants in 19 states and provinces. Participants from 99 countries were interviewed in 40 languages. Twenty-three per- cent did not speak English at all; 64% needed an interpreter. More than 20% of participants reported they were undocumented. Participants' age, gender, and birthplaces were broadly similar to the target populations. One-third of local IRBs used the central IRB. Conclusions. Special confidentiality protections, substantial resources for translation and interpretation, and a centralized IRB made possible the recruitment of a representative sample of foreign-born people. The approaches may be applicable to studies of other diseases in multinational populations in the U.S. and Canada.
Author Correction: Foldamers wave to the ribosome.

In the News & Views ‘Foldamers wave to the ribosome’, multiple changes to the main text were required. In paragraph 2 “whose monomer sequence is truly defined” should have read “whose monomer sequence is both diverse and truly defined” and “Truly sequence-defined...” should have read “Diverse and truly sequence defined…”. In the penultimate paragraph, ‘appendages 5–9’ should have been “appendages 5 and 7–9”; in the sentence starting “Based on these criteria...”, QPQ should have been QQQ and vice versa; and the whole sentence starting “What is interesting...” needed revising to “What is interesting is that an alternating sequence with a terminal P monomer appears essential: PQPQ is unfolded and an initiator tRNA carrying PQPQ–Gly–Phe initiates translation, whereas QPQPQ is folded and does not.” Furthermore, the structures in Fig. 1a have been replaced to correct several errors in the chemical structures arising from missing –CH2– groups. The table in Fig. 1b also required changes: in the last two columns of row two, ‘Fast’ and ‘No’ should have read ‘Slow and ‘Yes’, respectively; in the first column of row three, ‘ND’ should have been a tick; and in the last two columns of row four, ‘Slow’ and ‘Yes’ should have read ‘Fast’ and ‘No’, respectively. Finally, a new reference ‘Milon, P. et al. EMBO Rep. 11, 312–316 (2010).’ has been added to the reference list at number 13 and cited in the fifth paragraph, the references list has been renumbered accordingly.
Parasagittal vertex clots on head CT in infants with subdural hemorrhage as a predictor for abusive head trauma

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the most common cause of subdural hemorrhage (SDH) in infants younger than 12 months old. Clot formation in the parasagittal vertex seen on imaging has been associated with SDH due to AHT. There have been very few studies regarding these findings; to our knowledge, no studies including controls have been performed. To describe parasagittal vertex clots on head computed tomography (CT) in infants with SDH and AHT compared to patients with SDH and accidental trauma, and to evaluate for parasagittal vertex clots in the absence of SDH in the setting of known accidental head trauma. All infants younger than 12 months old with SDH present on CT scan were retrospectively identified from 2004 to 2014. Blinded, independent review of all CT scans for clot formation at the parasagittal vertex was performed by a pediatric neuroradiologist. Ninety-nine patients were eligible for analysis. Mean age was 4 months. Fifty-seven (57.6%) were male. Fifty-five (55.6%) patients were identified as having AHT and 22 (22.2%) had accidental trauma. Forty-five (81.2%) patients with AHT had parasagittal vertex clots present on CT scan compared to 8 (36.4%) patients with accidental trauma. Compared to patients without parasagittal vertex clots, those with parasagittal vertex clots were more likely to have AHT (66.2% vs. 32.3%, P=0.001), no known mechanism of injury (69.1% vs. 32.3%, P=0.015), retinal hemorrhage (75% vs. 35.5%, P=0.002) and hypoxic-ischemic changes (25% vs. 0%, P=0.002). Patients with parasagittal vertex clots have eight times the odds of AHT compared to patients without parasagittal vertex clots. Age-matched control patients who underwent head CT scan due to a history of accidental head injury without SDH were identified (n=87); no patient in the control group had parasagittal vertex clots. The finding of parasagittal vertex clots on CT scans should raise suspicion for abuse and prompt further investigation, especially in the setting of no known, uncertain or inconsistent mechanism of injury.
Augmented Lagrangian Digital Image Correlation

Digital image correlation (DIC) is a powerful experimental technique for measuring full-field displacement and strain. The basic idea of the method is to compare images of an object decorated with a speckle pattern before and after deformation, and thereby to compute the displacement and strain fields. Local subset DIC and finite element-based global DIC are two widely used image matching methods. However there are some drawbacks to these methods. In local subset DIC, the computed displacement field may not be compatible, and the deformation gradient may be noisy, especially when the subset size is small. Global DIC incorporates displacement compatibility, but can be computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose a new method, the augmented-Lagrangian digital image correlation (ALDIC), that combines the advantages of both the local (fast) and global (compatible) methods. We demonstrate that ALDIC has higher accuracy and behaves more robustly compared to both local subset DIC and global DIC.
Role in the Enlargement Phase of Cell Growth

Cell enlargement is a necessary requisite for sustained growth of cells of all higher organisms. Close coupling of plasma membrane electron transport and growth was indicated from the beginning with the earliest investigations. The mechanistic basis for the correlation became apparent with the discovery of a protein disulfide–thiol interchange activity associated with the ENOX proteins. Rates of cell enlargement and rates of ENOX1 and ENOX2 activities in response to activators, inhibitors, anticancer drugs or overexpression are highly correlated. Additionally, rates of cell enlargement are periodic with major period lengths paralleling those of the ENOX proteins present. Both cell enlargement and ENOX activity are blocked by thiol reagents. Furthermore, cell enlargement is restricted to the protein disulfide–thiol interchange part of the ENOX cycle that alternates with the oxidative (NADH or hydroquinone) portion of the cycle. Recombinant ENOX proteins when incorporated into synthetic lipid vesicles with other required constituents (AAA-ATPase, ATP, defined thiol-rich protein source) recapitulate cell enlargement in a completely cell-free system. Implicit in these findings is that the mechanism of cell enlargement in both plants and animals is similar and an active process not obligatorily driven by biosynthesis or turgor. An energy requirement is universal and met at the cell surface through coupling with a plasma membrane p97 AAA-ATPase (ATPase Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities).
Going "green" from gray: Providing opportunities of community development and sustainability within a correctional facilities program.

This quasi-experimental study examined the community and psychosocial benefits in the development of a “green space” environmental project (apple fruit tree orchard) among community residents and i...