cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Akt2 Phosphorylates Ezrin to Trigger NHE3 Translocation and Activation

Initiation of Na+-glucose cotransport in intestinal absorptive epithelia causes NHE3 to be translocated to the apical plasma membrane, leading to cytoplasmic alkalinization. We reported recently that this NHE3 translocation requires ezrin phosphorylation. However, the kinase that phosphorylates ezrin in this process has not been identified. Because Akt has also been implicated in NHE3 translocation, we investigated the hypothesis that Akt phosphorylates ezrin. After initiation of Na+-glucose cotransport, Akt is activated with kinetics that parallel those of ezrin phosphorylation. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase, which blocks ezrin phosphorylation, also prevents Akt activation. Purified Akt directly phosphorylates recombinant ezrin at threonine 567 in vitro in an ATP-dependent manner. This in vitro phosphorylation can be prevented by Akt inhibitors. In intact cells, inhibition of either phosphoinositide 3-kinase, an upstream regulator of Akt, or inhibition of Akt itself using inhibitors validated in vitro prevents ezrin phosphorylation after initiation of Na+-glucose cotransport. Specific small interfering RNA knockdown of Akt2 prevented ezrin phosphorylation in intact cells. Pharmacological Akt inhibition or Akt2 knockdown also prevented NHE3 translocation and activation after initiation of Na+-glucose cotransport, confirming the functional role of Akt2. These studies therefore identify Akt2 as a critical kinase that regulates ezrin phosphorylation and activation. This Akt2-dependent ezrin phosphorylation leads to NHE3 translocation and activation.
How Writing Quality Influences Readers' Judgments of Résumés in Business and Engineering:

To help students enter a professional discourse community, teachers must assess how accurately they both understand the community's discourse practices. Our research investigated how job recruiters seeking to fill positions in mechanical engineering or marketing were influenced by the quality of writing in student resumes. The resumes varied in elaboration, sentence style, mechanics, and amount of relevant work experience. The recruiters rated the resumes to indicate their willingness to interview the students. We found that recruiters in the two fields—engineering and marketing—valued quite different writing features. When we subsequently asked students in business writing and technical writing classes to rate the same resumes, we found that they underestimated the importance of various writing features. Generally, however, students' ratings resembled those of the recruiters in their respective disciplines. This study documents how students can improve their resumes and provides insight into the variatio...
Study of the mechanism and kinetics of poisoning phenomena in a diffusion-influenced single catalyst pellet

Abstract The decay of catalyst activity in a diffusion-influence isothermal single catalyst pellet is characterized by idealized mathematical models. Impurity poisoning, parallel self-poisoning, series self-poisoning, and triangular self-poisoning mechanisms are considered with general non-linear kinetics in the first three cases and with first order kinetics in the latter one. For first order main reactions, numerical solutions of the arising conservation equations were carried out, revealing that relative reaction rates plotted vs. a normalized center-plane concentration allow qualitative discrimination among the postulated poisoning mechanisms. A maximum of three experiments are necessary for this purpose. For the selected mechanism, plots of the dimension less center-plane concentration vs. a time variable allow quantitative evaluation of the model parameters.
STRUCTURALISM AND SCIENTIFIC REALISM

(0.0) Professor Stegmuller’ part in developing the so-called “structuralist view” of empirical theories is well known. It has been my privilege and pleasure to be associated with him in this enterprise. My contribution to this volume honoring Professor Stegmuller is an attempt to illuminate some rather general philosophical issues that have been raised about the structuralist view. The breadth of Professor Stegmuller’ contributions to philosophy assures that this volume will reach a wider audience than most philosophical journals, thus it seems an appropriate place to air issues of this generality.
Analysis of the Cell Membrane Proteolytic Enzymes of the B16, Fl, F10, and BL6 Melanoma and Their Role in Target Cell Destruction

AbstractThe tumor-induced red blood cell (RBC) cytolysis assay has been used to demonstrate that three B16 melanoma sublines, the Fl, F10, and BL6, cause the cytolysis of normal red blood cells in vitro. RBC cytolysis was inhibited for all three sublines by metalloprotease inhibitors. Cell membrane preparations have been prepared for all three sublines and tumor cell membrane-induced RBC cytolysis was also shown to be inhibited by metalloprotease inhibitors. The FIO and BL6 sublines were shown to have cell membrane-bound proteases. The BL6 subline has a cell membrane enriched in an enzyme with a trypsin-like arginine specificity. The trypsin-like protease may have a metal dependence. The BL6 subline has a collagenolytic cell membrane enzymes and a chymotrypsin-like cell membrane enzyme. B16 cell membrane enzymes may be responsible for RBC cytolysis in vitro in a process requiring divalent cations.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April–June 1993

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 196 earthquakes that occurred during the second quarter of 1993. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward.
Foster children with an incarcerated parent: Predictors of reunification

Abstract Compared to other children who need child welfare services, children with incarcerated parents have needs that are not easily met and when placed in foster care may be less likely to achieve permanency through reunification. Prior research has not identified under what circumstances these children are more or less likely to reunify with a family member. Using administrative data from the Adoption and Foster Care Administrative Reporting System (AFCARS) this paper explores whether factors that predict reunification for children in foster care (e.g., child age, race, mental health, disability, family structure, placement history) also predict reunification for children who have at least one incarcerated parent (n = 40,751). Use of logistic regression suggested that school age children and children with behavioral or substance abuse problems were more likely to reunify. In contrast, controlling for the impact of other variables in the model, the following factors significantly decreased the likelihood of reunification for children with at least one incarcerated parent: kinship foster care placement, African American ethnicity, age under 2, child disability, housing problems, single-parent family structure, and placement history. Practice and policy implications related to children of incarcerated parents in out-of-home care are discussed.
The effect of composition on the critical surface tension of polyvinyl butyral

Abstract The critical surface tension γ c of polyvinyl butyral has been measured with polyhydric alcohols and halogenated hydrocarbons. Despite variations in polymer composition (residual OH content) and modes of preparation, γ c is found to be 24–25 dynes/cm. with the former class of liquids. The —CH 3 groups appears to predominate over —CH 2 , ether oxygen, and OH groups present. Steric effect may account for this biasing of the γ c values toward the lowest surface energy group present. Fowkes' relation based on dispersion force interactions only is found to fit the data reasonably well. Comparative data on polyethylene are also presented.
Near-IR imaging of thermal changes in enamel during laser ablation

The objective of this work was to observe the various thermal-induced optical changes that occur in the near-infrared (NIR) during drilling in dentin and enamel with the laser and the high-speed dental handpiece. Tooth sections of ~ 3 mm-thickness were prepared from extracted human incisors (N=60). Samples were ablated with a mechanically scanned CO(2) laser operating at a wavelength of 9.3-µm, a 300-Hz laser pulse repetition rate, and a laser pulse duration of 10-20 µs. An InGaAs imaging camera was used to acquire real-time NIR images at 1300-nm of thermal and mechanical changes (cracks). Enamel was rapidly removed by the CO(2) laser without peripheral thermal damage by mechanically scanning the laser beam while a water spray was used to cool the sample. Comparison of the peripheral thermal and mechanical changes produced while cutting with the laser and the high-speed hand-piece suggest that enamel and dentin can be removed at high speed by the CO(2) laser without excessive peripheral thermal or mechanical damage. Only 2 of the 15 samples ablated with the laser showed the formation of small cracks while 9 out of 15 samples exhibited crack formation with the dental hand-piece. The first indication of thermal change is a decrease in transparency due to loss of the mobile water from pores in the enamel which increase light-scattering. To test the hypothesis that peripheral thermal changes were caused by loss of mobile water in the enamel, thermal changes were intentionally induced by heating the surface. The mean attenuation coefficient of enamel increased significantly from 2.12 ± 0.82 to 5.08 ± 0.98 with loss of mobile water due to heating.
A Modification of the Payne-Jones Method of Identifying Abnormal Differences in WISC-R Performance and Verbal IQ's

The difference (D) between a person's Verbal IQ (VIQ) and Performance IQ (PIQ) has for some time been considered clinically meaningful (Kaufman, 1976, 1979; Matarazzo, 1990, 1991; Matarazzo & Herman, 1985; Sattler, 1982; Wechsler, 1984). Particularly useful is information about the degree to which a difference (D) between scores is “abnormal” (i.e., deviant in a standardization group) as opposed to simply “reliable” (i.e., indicative of a true score difference) (Mittenberg, Thompson, & Schwartz, 1991; Silverstein, 1981; Payne & Jones, 1957). Payne and Jones (1957) proposed a formula to identify “abnormal” differences, which has been used extensively in the literature, and which has generally yielded good approximations to empirically determined “abnormal” differences (Silverstein, 1985; Matarazzo & Herman, 1985). However applications of this formula have not taken into account the dependence (demonstrated by Kaufman, 1976, 1979, and Matarazzo & Herman, 1985) of Ds on Full Scale IQs (FSIQs). This has led t...
Investigation of the properties of an ion-etched plane laminar holographic grating

We have measured the efficiency over the range 125–225 A of a bare ion-etched plane laminar holographic grating made of fused silica and with 1000 grooves/mm. The measured efficiency of each order oscillates with wavelength because of constructive and destructive interference between radiation diffracted from the lands and the grooves. We measured the grating groove profile with an atomic force microscope, and the resulting groove depth of 434 ± 6 A agrees well with the values determined independently from the oscillatory behavior of the efficiency measurements. Grating efficiency in the +1 order peaked at values of 0.027%, 0.011%, and 0.005% at wavelengths of 191, 157, and 132 A, respectively; and the derived groove efficiencies are 27%, 25%, and 27%. The irregular shape at the land–groove edges dominates the large grating roughness of 23–45-A rms, but even regions far from the edges have a roughness of 10–18-A rms. The average groove profile was used to model the grating efficiency, and the resulting wavelengths predicted for different order maxima and minima agree well with measured wavelengths, although the calculated efficiencies are greater than the measured results by 10–20%.
Truncation by Glu180 nonsense mutation results in complete loss of slow skeletal muscle troponin T in a lethal nemaline myopathy

A lethal form of nemaline myopathy, named "Amish Nemaline Myopathy" (ANM), is linked to a nonsense mutation at codon Glu180 in the slow skeletal muscle troponin T (TnT) gene. We found that neither the intact nor the truncated slow TnT protein was present in the muscle of patients with ANM. The complete loss of slow TnT is consistent with the observed recessive pattern of inheritance of the disease and indicates a critical role of the COOH-terminal T2 domain in the integration of TnT into myofibrils. Expression of slow and fast isoforms of TnT is fiber-type specific. The lack of slow TnT results in selective atrophy of type 1 fibers. Slow TnT confers a higher Ca2+ sensitivity than does fast TnT in single fiber contractility assays. Despite the lack of slow TnT, individuals with ANM have normal muscle power at birth. The postnatal onset and infantile progression of ANM correspond to a down-regulation of cardiac and embryonic splice variants of fast TnT in normal developing human skeletal muscle, suggesting that the fetal TnT isoforms complement slow TnT. These results lay the foundation for understanding the molecular pathophysiology and the potential targeted therapy of ANM.
Polynomial representation of spectral coefficients

The polynomial representation of spectral coefficients is presented. Logical operations and the composite spectra of Walsh polynomials are discussed. It is shown that the decomposition problem reduces to Walsh polynomial division.
Surgical options in Parkinson's disease.

Surgery is once again an important consideration in the management of Parkinson's disease (PD), although the current surgical population is distinct from that treated before the use of l-dopa. 40,56 Today's surgical candidate is more likely to have true idiopathic PD (not postencephalitic parkinsonism) and likely has been treated with several medications before surgery. For many, surgery is performed to eliminate l-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), 8,23,49,50 an iatrogenic condition that did not exist before the introduction of l-dopa therapy, 64 and one that may be unavoidable no matter how l-dopa is administered. 66 Refinements in understanding of the anatomic, physiologic, and neurochemical underpinnings of PD have greatly contributed to this renewed interest in neuroablative surgery and are giving rise to newer, more sophisticated therapies. Modern stereotactic technique permits targeting with millimeter accuracy. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been introduced as an alternative to neuroablation. 6,10 It is hoped that cellular transplantation or virally mediated gene transfer therapies that seek to restore or preserve function will soon be clinically viable (see the article by Andrew Freese, MD, PhD, elsewhere in this issue). The surgical options for treating PD are expanding; with these enhanced abilities to lesion, stimulate, or restore neural circuitry selectively comes a more complicated treatment selection process. This article briefly reviews the physiologic and technologic advances that underlie contemporary movement disorder surgery, discusses current surgical options, and provides guidelines for selecting surgical candidates.
The effect of tin in the Ag-Hg phase of dental amalgam on dissolution of mercury

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the tin content in the γ 1 phase of dental amalgam and the kinetics of mercury dissolution. Methods. The tested materials were the same eleven commercial amalgams used by Mahler et al . (1994) to study mercury evaporation, which contained from 0.13% to 2.49% Sn in the γ 1 . In one set of tests, specimens were stabilized in air before exposure to synthetic saliva for three 24 h sampling periods. In another set of tests, they were exposed for 2 h immediately after wet-grinding. Solutions were analyzed for mercury by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (p Results. For air-stabilized specimens, the 24 h Hg loss was independent of the tin content in γ 1 , for 0.92 to 2.49% Sn. The loss was higher for amalgams containing 0.13% and 0.32% Sn. For abraded specimens, the 2 h Hg loss decreased with increasing tin content in γ 1 . It is proposed that tin oxide growth is initially controlled by diffusion of tin to the γ 1 /tin oxide interface, the rate of which increases with increasing Sn content in γ 1 . Later the growth becomes controlled by the electric field across the oxide. Mecury release rate, controlled by diffusion through the oxide, is inversely proportional to the oxide thickness and initially lower for high Sn content in γ 1 . For a steady state oxide thickness, tin diffusion and tin content in γ 1 no longer affect mercury dissolution. When tin oxide film dissolves, a minimum tin content is required to maintain a barrier against mercury dissolution. Significance. The results show the importance of rapid formation of a surface oxide to minimize mercury dissolution. The theoretical analysis provides a quantitative model for explanation of the effects of tin content and time.
Ab initio Ti-Zr-Ni phase diagram predicts stability of icosahedral TiZrNi quasicrystals

The ab initio phase diagram determines the energetic stability of the icosahedral TiZrNi quasicrystal. The complete ab initio zero-temperature ternary phase diagram is constructed from the calculated energies of the elemental, binary and ternary Ti-Zr-Ni phases. For this, the icosahedral i-TiZrNi quasicrystal is approximated by periodic structures of up to 123 atoms/unit cell, based on a decorated-tiling model fR. G. Hennig, K. F. Kelton, A. E. Carlsson, and C. L. Henley, Phys. Rev. B 67, 134202 s2003dg. The approximant structures containing the 45-atom Bergman cluster are nearly degenerate in energy, and are all energetically stable against the competing phases. It is concluded that i-TiZrNi is a ground-state quasicrystal, as it is experimentally the low-temperature phase for its composition.
Perceptual discrimination and reaction time in hallucinatory schizophrenics

Abstract Perceptual discrimination tasks were administered to a group of normal control subjects and the following three groups of schizophrenic subjects: those currently experiencing auditory hallucinations, those who experienced auditory hallucinations in the past but not at present, and those who never experienced auditory hallucinations. No one who ever experienced visual hallucinations was included. Reaction times (RTs) and accuracy in an auditory and in a visual perceptual discrimination task were recorded. The normal subjects were generally more accurate and had a faster RTs than the schizophrenic groups. Among the schizophrenic groups, the currently hallucinatory group was generally most accurate Also, their RTs early in the session were faster than those of the other schizophrenic subjects in the auditory, but not the visual, task. Unlike the other schizophrenic subjects, the currently hallucinatory group displayed faster auditory, as compared with visual, RTs throughout the session. The results point to altered processing of auditory information during the time schizophrenic subjects experience auditory hallucinations.
Chemical speciation of accumulated metals in plants: evidence from X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Abstract For centuries, man has been fascinated by the almost magical ability of plants to grow and reproduce on the simplest of materials — sunlight, air, water and minerals. As part of this conjuring act, plants require roots to acquire essential minerals such as iron, copper, nickel, zinc and selenium from the soil. Though these elements are essential, they are also potentially toxic, so plants possess complex biochemistry to control them. For reasons that are not yet clear, plants also have the ability to acquire and detoxify non-essential elements such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy to probe the oxidation state and chemical speciation of a number of essential and non-essential elements, we have been able to identify certain common themes in the physiology and biochemistry of trace element (hyper)accumulation by plants.
Detection and localization of tumor necrosis factor in human atheroma

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a secretory product of normal macrophages that can cause cell necrosis, new blood vessel formation and thrombosis. These are also 3 characteristic features of the progression of stable atheroma to endothelial disruption. Accordingly, an immunohistochemical method was developed to detect TNF in human tissue. Using this method TNF positivity was demonstrated in 57 of 65 (88%) of tissue sections classified as atherosclerotic and in 5 of 11 (45%) sections classified as minimally atherosclerotic. TNF was absent in 6 sections classified as normal. TNF positivity was found not only in the cytoplasm of macrophages, but also in the cytoplasm and attached to the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of the human atheroma. Because TNF is known to cause new vessel formation, hemorrhagic necrosis and increased thrombogenecity, it may play a role in the evolution of uncomplicated to complex atheroma.
Mouse DESC1 Is Located within a Cluster of Seven DESC1-like Genes and Encodes a Type II Transmembrane Serine Protease That Forms Serpin Inhibitory Complexes

We report the identification and functional analysis of a type II transmembrane serine protease encoded by the mouse differentially expressed in squamous cell carcinoma (DESC) 1 gene, and the definition of a cluster of seven homologous DESC1-like genes within a 0.5-Mb region of mouse chromosome 5E1. This locus is syntenic to a region of human chromosome 4q13.3 containing the human orthologues of four of the mouse DESC1-like genes. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that all seven DESC1-like genes encode functional proteases. Direct cDNA cloning showed that mouse DESC1 encodes a multidomain serine protease with an N-terminal signal anchor, a SEA (sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, and agrin) domain, and a C-terminal serine protease domain. The mouse DESC1 mRNA was present in epidermal, oral, and male reproductive tissues and directed the translation of a membrane-associated 60-kDa N-glycosylated protein with type II topology. Mouse DESC1 was synthesized in insect cells as a zymogen that could be activated by exposure to trypsin. The purified activated DESC1 hydrolyzed synthetic peptide substrates, showing a preference for Arg in the P1 position. DESC1 proteolytic activity was abolished by generic inhibitors of serine proteases but not by other classes of protease inhibitors. Most interestingly, DESC1 formed stable inhibitory complexes with both plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and protein C inhibitor that are expressed in the same tissues with DESC1, suggesting that type II transmembrane serine proteases may be novel targets for serpin inhibition. Together, these data show that mouse DESC1 encodes a functional cell surface serine protease that may have important functions in the epidermis, oral, and reproductive epithelium.
Structure‐activity relationships among DDT derivatives

Abstract The structure activity approach to mode‐of‐acti on studies utilizes series of closely related DDT analogs. Steric, electronic, and lipophilic parameters are used to examine relationships between structure and toxicity to insects and mice, as well as penetration and knockdown.
Offspring quality and female choice in the guppy,Poecilia reticulata

Abstract This study evaluated the offspring viability prediction of the condition-dependent and Fisherian models of female choice in the guppy. Families of full-sibling females were bred with the male they preferred or did not prefer in a choice experiment. The physical condition, sexual behaviour and coloration of the offspring were evaluated. There were no significant differences between offspring attributable to the type of sire. However, there were significant family and sire-type by family interactions for physical condition, male mating behaviour and coloration. These significant effects indicate that consistency within families may be due to genetic effects. Genetic analyses indicate that genetic variation probably exists for prolonged swimming performance, physical condition and display rate. The results of this study and other studies on other fish have shown that these measures of constitution are correlated with components of viability. These results are interpreted in the framework of the condition-dependent and Fisherian models of female choice.
Air Cable Transport System

Currently, aircraft are used to move payloads and passengers from one place to other. This method is expensive because aircraft use expensive fuel and have high capital costs. New method for less expensive delivery of payload and people from one city to other city (similar to airlines), or across streams, river, canyons, and mountains, is proposed. The method uses a closed-loop cable path with the propulsion system located on the ground. The system can utilize any inexpensive energy source and air vehicles or cheaper wing containers without expensive electronic equipment. This method is particularly effective for providing an air bridge across straits or mountains. It is less expensive then conventional air transport systems. The analysis provides computations for two projects: airline travel from New York to Washington and an air bridge across Gibraltar. The closed results are for English Channel. The proposed systems can also transfer large amounts of mechanical energy from one place to an earth's surface to another with high efficiency.
SU-FF-J-43: Technical Evaluation of Respiration Monitoring Devices and Breathing Training Techniques

Purpose: To compare external respiration monitoring devices and breathing training techniques for use in gated imaging and radiotherapy. Method and Materials: Respiration was monitored on four humans with three devices: a spirometer, a pressure gauge inside an adjustable belt, and an infrared marker tracking system. Monitoring was performed under free breathing, with audible instruction, with visual instruction, and with both audible and visual instruction. Each test was executed for two minutes. Belt placement was tested on both the chest and abdomen, while marker placement was on the abdomen alone. Period and amplitude variability was analyzed on all traces to determine optimal belt placement and instruction technique. Individual cycle periods were compared between the three devices to test their correlation. Results: Abdominal belt placement was optimal in all aspects. The uncertainty in periodicity with all devices was 4.6%, 15.3%, 18.6%, and 16.7% for free breathing, visual instruction, audible instruction, and both instruction techniques, respectively. The most consistent relative amplitudes were found using both instruction techniques. Significant drift in amplitude was observed under free breathing conditions. Comparison of individual cycle periods showed that the pressure gauge and infrared marker systems agreed on average within 10 ms, while the spirometer data differed from the others by 60 ms on average. Conclusion: If using a pressure gauge system, the belt should be placed around the patient's abdomen. The most consistent periodicity results from free breathing, while the most consistent amplitude results from visual and audible instruction. The differences in period measurement between the devices can be attributed to the differences in sampling interval, while the consistently larger difference found with the spirometric data most likely is due to the calculation of volume from measured flow. This work is supported in part by Grant ♯ 03-028-01-CCE from the American Cancer Society and Siemens Medical Solutions.
Newtonian vs. Newtonian: Baxter and MacLaurin on the Inactivity of Matter

In my essay I look at the specifics of the dispute between the Scottish metaphysician Andrew Baxter and the mathematician Colin MacLaurin in an attempt to identify the source or sources of their contradictory, yet in both cases Newtonian, positions regarding occasionalism. After some general introductory remarks about each thinker, I examine the metaphysical implications that Baxter sees as following from Newton's concept of vis inertiae. Following this, I look at MacLaurin's commitment to the role of sense experience in natural philosophy. Finally, I discuss the different passages from Newton's Opticks on which the two thinkers focus.
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE OF A CHAETOGNATH.

Electron microscopy reveals a star-like pigment cell at the center of the eye of the arrow-worm, Sagitta scrippsae. Between the arms of the pigment cell are clusters of photoreceptor cell processes, each process consisting of: (1) a tubular segment containing longitudinally arranged microtubules about 500 A in diameter and 20 µ in length; (2) a remarkable conical body, composed of cords and large granules, situated at the base of the tubular segment; and (3) a connecting piece which, like that of rods and cones, connects the process with the sensory cell proper and through which runs a fibrillar apparatus consisting of nine peripheral double tubules. Beneath the connecting piece lies a typical centriole with a striated rootlet. The receptor cell process is deeply recessed into the sensory cell which may possess a corona of microvilli at its inner surface. A nerve fiber arises from the outer end of the cell and passes into the optic nerve. Additional features are some supporting cells, an external layer of flattened epithelial cells, and an over-all investment of basement membrane and thick fibrous capsule. The fine structure and function of these elements of the eye are discussed in relation to earlier studies with the light microscope. The ciliary nature of the photoreceptor cell process in S. scrippsae points to a probable evolutionary relationship of chaetognaths to echinoderms and chordates.
Effects of anti-fatigue mats on perceived discomfort and weight-shifting during prolonged standing.

Objective:The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of anti-fatigue mats on perceived discomfort and behavioral responses (weight-shifting between the feet) during prolonged standin...
Electron-Transfer Reactions of Nitrosyl and Superoxo Metal Complexes

Novel chromium nitrosyl complexes L(H2O)CrNO2+ (L = L1 = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, L2 = meso-Me6-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) are oxidized by Ru(bpy)33+ to LCr(H2O)23+ and NO with ra...
The year-class phenomenon and the storage effect in marine fishes

Abstract Factors contributing to population growth through strong year-class formation have driven a century of directed research in fisheries science. A central discovery of Hjort's paradigm was that multiple generations overlap and longevity is matched with frequency of strong recruitments. Here, I elaborate on this tenet by examining how intra-population modalities in spawning and early habitat use favour population resiliency. A modern theory that has application is the storage effect [Warner, R.R., Chesson, P.L., 1985. Coexistence mediated by recruitment fluctuations – a field guide to the storage effect. Am. Nat. 125, 769–787], whereby spawning stock biomass accumulates each year so that when early survival conditions are favourable, stored egg production can result in explosive population growth. I review two early life history behaviours that contribute to the storage effect: split cohorts (i.e., seasonal pulses of eggs and larvae) and contingent behaviour (i.e., dispersive and retentive patterns in early dispersal). Episodic and pulsed production of larvae is a common feature for marine fishes, well documented through otolith microstructure and hatch-date analyses. In temperate and boreal fishes, early and late spawned cohorts of larvae and juveniles may have differing fates dependent upon seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations in weather and climate. Often, a coastal fish may spawn for a protracted period, yet only a few days' egg production will result in successful recruitment. In these and other instances, it is clear that diversity in spawning behaviour can confer resilience against temporal variations in early survival conditions. Although many factors contribute to intra-population spawning modalities, size and age structure of adults play an important role. Contingent structure, an idea dating to Hjort (herring contingents) and Gilbert (salmon contingents), has been resurrected to describe the diversity of intra-population modalities observed through otolith microchemical and electronic tagging approaches. Retentive and dispersive behaviours confer resiliency against early survival conditions that vary spatially. Examples of contingent structure are increasingly numerous for diadromous fishes. Here, a nursery habitat associated with a contingent behaviour may make a small contribution in a given year, but over a decade contribute significantly to spawning stock biomass. For flatfish and other marine fishes, contingent structure is probable but not well documented. Proximate factors leading to contingent structure are poorly known, but for diadromous fishes, time of spawning and early life history energetic thresholds is hypothesized to lead to alternative life cycles. Here again time of spawning may lead to the storage effect by hedging against spatial variance in early vital rates. Managing for the storage effect will be promoted by conservation of adult age structure and early habitats upon which both strong and weak year-classes rely.
Effects of lipid soluble antioxidants on cytotoxicity induced by photochemical products of cholesterol

Lipid soluble antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene and vitamin E, were shown to suppress cytotoxicity induced by cholesterol-derived photoproducts in Chinese hamster embryo cells. These cholesterol-derived photoproducts were rather toxic.
Molecular mechanisms controlling nutritive blood flow: role of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

This short review summarizes the potential role of cytochrome P450 (P450) in regulating blood flow in the brain tissue and in the skeletal muscle. We provide data showing that pressure-induced myogenic activity in the brain is largely responsible for autoregulation of CBF. This myogenic response to pressure is maintained, in part, by 20-HETE formation in arterial muscle cells through a P450 ω-hydroxylase coded for by a P450 4A cDNA. Autoregulation of CBF is a hallmark of the cerebral circulation and provides adequate nutritive blood flow despite large fluctuations in arterial pressure. Given the importance of oxidative metabolism in the brain, support of neuronal activity is mediated by functional hyperaemia to active neurones providing adequate delivery of oxidative substrate. We provide data demonstrating that this functional hyperaemia in the brain is regulated by astrocytes which sense neural activity and release dilator metabolites which shunt blood flow to active neurones. One of the metabolites released by astrocytes in this regard are epoxygenated products of arachidonic acid (AA) formed by P450 enzymes. These AA metabolites of P450 enzymes are epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EETs). One of these P450 enzymes is coded by a 2C11 cDNA present in astrocytes. Furthermore, astrocytes are capable of inducing capillary angiogenesis which appears to be mediated, in part, by P450-derived EETs.
A model for temporal correlation of biological neuronal spike trains

Identification of temporal patterns of events is one of the objectives in real-time signal analysis. One of the techniques for identifying multiple temporal patterns in a noisy background environment, such as firing patterns of biological neurons, is the use of correlation analysis. A time-shifted hybrid model of a parallel-distributed processing network employing modified Hebbian rules and the backpropagation error-correction algorithm has been developed to compute the temporal correlation of firing patterns among many simultaneously recorded neuronal spike trains. These spike trains are analyzed by a multilayer network, with each hidden layer computing the correlation of time-shifted patterns of activity between the input and output. That is, once the network is trained to associate the input spike trains (time series) with the output spike train, the correlation among the input and output neurons at any lag time of k Delta t is represented by the connection weights at the kth hidden layer. These weights can be displayed graphically in a three-dimensional histogram form, providing an easily interpretable form of the input/output relationship. Simulation results show that the temporal correlation characteristics among different neurons are revealed by this technique. >
Thermal diffusivity of liquid gallium

Abstract The thermal diffusivity of liquid gallium was measured by the laser flash technique at temperatures from 45 to 512° C. By using values from the literature for the specific heat, density, and electrical conductivity, the present measurements were found to be in reasonable agreement with a temperature-independent Lorenz ratio equal to the Sommerfeld value.
Childhood Sexual Experiences: Problems and Issues in Studying Long-Range Effects

Existing studies of the long‐range consequences of childhood sexual experiences are marred by problems which render many of their findings useless. A review of the literature reveals the methodological problems of the definition of terms, sampling methods, and measures of consequences. In this review, scientific criteria are used to evaluate each of 34 studies which attempted to account for long‐range effects of childhood sexual experiences. Ten studies were found which met the scientific criteria. The findings of these 10 studies do not support the three different hypotheses that childhood sexual experiences inevitably lead to either long‐term harmful effects, neutral effects, or beneficial effects.
Electrical Transport Processes in Heavy Hydrocarbon Fluids

Scarcely any information is available about electrical transport in heavy petroleum oils, which, in addition to having large and complicated hydrocarbon molecules, also contain heteroatoms (especially N, OH, and S) which should affect the transport processes. Petroleum conductivity is an important Parameter for a number of commercial particulate separations processes based on electrophoresis, but information on the mechanism is lacking. Furthermore, the heteroatoms will affect the orientation polarizability in ac electric fields; the presence of permanent dipoles may affect the viscoelastic properties of these oils. The response of heavy oils to applied electric fields proved to be quite similar to that of polar polymers. There is a glass transition, followed by a rapid but frequency-dependent increase in the dielectric permittivity. At higher temperatures , a true dc component is modelled as the translation of charges among the ir-orbitals of the polynuclear aromatics in the oil; no permanent electrochemical effects were observed. Although the oil does not possess a long-chain structure with identifiable repeat units like a polymer, the close resemblance of the dielectric data of the oil to that of polymers may well imply that the oil is not simply composed of an entirely random mixture of unaffiliated molecu1es.
Beyond Mass Production: Analysis of the Emerging Manufacturing Transformation in the US Textile Industry

The intense dynamics of the global marketplace, characterized with increasing volatility and novelty, have challenged the conventional paradigm of Mass Production. Hence, a new way of production and competition termed ‘agile, intelligent manufacturing’, is emerging. Understanding the shift from Mass Production requires analysis of the business change context, including major forces and market trends that define the elements of change, and the specific management responses focused on enhanced manufacturing competitiveness in the age of information. Owing to the importance of the US textile industry to the viability of the overall economy, application of insights from the modern management literature and the experience of industry leaders is the key to accelerating the rate of change for an improved global competitive position. The paper summarizes the essence of the old production paradigm, the need for change, and the enabling techniques and strategies for manufacturing transformation toward agile, intell...
Beyond bilobal: transferrin homologs having unusual domain architectures.

Abstract Background Most transferrin family proteins have a familiar bilobal structure, the result of an ancient gene duplication, with an iron binding site in each of two homologous lobes. Scattered throughout the evolutionary tree from algae to mammals, though, are transferrin homologs having other kinds of domain architectures. Scope of review This review covers a variety of unusual transferrin forms, including monolobals, bilobals with one or both iron-binding sites abrogated, bilobals accessorized with long insertions or with membrane anchors, and even trilobals. The monolobal transferrin homologs from marine invertebrate ascidians are especially highlighted here. Major conclusions Unusual transferrin homologs appear scattered through much of the evolutionary tree. For some of these proteins, iron binding and/or iron transport appear to be the primary roles; for others they clearly are not. Many are incompletely or not at all studied. General significance Taken together, these proteins begin to offer a glimpse into how the transferrin architecture has been repurposed for a diversity of applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
INSTABILITY OF A SUPERCURRENT IN THE CRITICAL DEPAIRING REGION.

Considering the proposal of Fulde and Ferrell on electron depairing in super-conductors, we investigate the stability of the supercurrents in the critical depairing regime where the supercurrent decreases with increasing momentum of the Cooper pairs. We find that this region is unstable and that disturbances (due to fluctuations) grow exponentially in time.
Modes of understanding and mindfulness in clinical medicine.

Beginning with a case vignette, this paper uses a semiotic approach to analyze several different kinds of understanding used in clinical medicine. By outlining semiotic structures, four distinct “modes of understanding” can be defined: (1) the representational mode, corresponding to scientific medicine; (2) the pragmatic mode, constituting the basic standpoint of medicine; (3) the hermeneutic mode, underlying the empathic, humanistic spirit of medicine; and (4) the ontologic mode, associated with both the ethical and ritual aspects of medicine. Clarifying the relationship between these modes avoids common confusions in clinical situations. Although experienced clinicians intuitively use these different modes, they do not necessarily reflect upon them. They are instead “mindful” of them, and this unique multi-modal consciousness, I suggest, provides a model for integrating theory and practice.
A note on locally Lipschitzian functions

An oversight in a paper of Correa and Lemarechal (this journal, 1993) is noted; a counterexample is given.
Exploratory spatial data analysis of older adult migration: A case study of North Carolina

This paper utilizes the 2009 and 2010 American Community Survey (ACS) to examine spatial patterns of older adult in-migration. This focus area is timely given the Baby Boom generation entering retirement and the emergence of North Carolina as a select destination for older adults (see Vincent & Velkoff, 2010; and He & Schachter, 2003). Results from this paper reveal interesting trends, which can help shape policy relating to aging, health services, housing, and transportation. For example, the 65 and older population in North Carolina has increased from 10 to over 13 percent during the past, few decades (see Census Historical Decennial Reports, U.S. Census, 2002; and NC Office of State Budget and Management, 2010). If this trend holds, North Carolina may become demographically similar to Florida. More specifically, areas outside Asheville, Charlotte, and Greeneville have experienced large inflows and may become prime retirement communities. As Wilmoth (2010) succinctly states, “geographic areas that receive these types of older migrants [i.e., comfort] should expect more demand on programs and services that promote engaged, active lifestyles” (page 878).
Impact of Monomer Sequence, Composition and Chemical Heterogeneity on Copolymer-Mediated Effective Interactions between Nanoparticles in Melts

The microscopic polymer reference interaction site model theory is applied to study the structural correlations of dilute spherical nanoparticles dissolved in AB copolymer melts of variable architecture (alternating, random), composition, and monomernanoparticle adsorption strengths that span the depletion, steric stabilization, and bridging regimes. Comparison of the calculations of the monomerparticle pair correlations and polymer-mediated nanoparticle potential of mean force (PMF) with the behavior of reference homopolymers and a binary AB blend are also performed. All intermonomer potentials are hard core, which precludes polymer macrophase or microphase separation, thereby allowing the consequences of differential monomer wettability on nanoparticle spatial organization to be isolated. For each copolymer case, one monomer species adsorbs more strongly on the filler than the other, mimicking a specific attraction. The PMF for the alternating copolymer is similar to that of an analogous homopolymer with additional spatial modulation or layering features. Random copolymers, and the polymer blend, mediate a novel strong and spatially long-range attractive bridging type interaction between nanoparticles at moderate to high adsorption strengths. The depth of this attraction in the PMF is a nonmonotonic function of random copolymer composition, reflecting subtle competing enthalpic and entropic considerations. Virial-based estimates of the maximum solubility of nanoparticles aremore » computed.« less
B7(+)-transfectant tubular epithelial cells induce T cell anergy, ignorance or proliferation.

B7 + -transfectant tubular epithelial cells induce T cell anergy, ignorance or proliferation. We have previously established that interferon (IFN)-γ stimulated, antigen-pulsed tubular epithelial cells (TEC) stimulate antigen (Ag) specific activation of T cell hybridomas to express IL-2. In contrast, these Ag pulsed TEC do not stimulate T helper 1 (Th1) clones to proliferate, but rather render them unresponsive, since Ag pulsed spleen cells cannot restore these cells to proliferate. The interaction of the T cell CD28 surface protein with its ligand B7 expressed on Ag presenting cells bearing la is a potent co-stimulatory signal capable of inducing T cell proliferation. Hence, the lack of B7 on TEC was hypothesized to be responsible for anergy in these Th1 cells. Therefore, the B7 gene was transfected into a SV40 transformed TEC or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and created TEC and CHO cells expressing surface B7 protein. TEC-B7 (IFN-γ stimulated, Ag pulsed) express la and induce IL-2 production by T cell hybridomas. In contrast, T cell proliferation was not induced by TEC-B7 or CHO-B7 cells; however, these Th1 cells were not anergic since they could be stimulated to proliferate to Ag pulsed spleen cells (immunological ignorance). However, co-cultivating TEC- B7 (IFN-γ stimulated, Ag pulsed) with Th1 cells stimulated through the T cell receptor (TCR) using anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) caused these Th1 cells to proliferate. Furthermore, anti-CD28 and anti-B7 mAbs blocked this response. These data suggest that the spectrum of Th1 cell activation after encounter with Ag is dictated by: (1) the vigor of TCR/CD3 signal, and (2) presence or absence of co-stimulatory signals through the CD28 pathway. Since expression of Ia on TEC induces anergy, this may serve as a mechanism to thwart—not foster—autoimmunity.