cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMDA receptor-mediated depolarizing action of proline on CA1 pyramidal cells

This study investigated the actions of proline on CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells with use of slice preparations. Bath-applied L-proline first induced these cells to fire multiple orthodromic population spikes in response to a single stimulus and then blocked their response to both orthodromic and antidromic stimulation. These effects could be explained by postsynaptic depolarization followed by depolarization block. Grease-gap studies confirmed that L-proline depolarizes CA1 pyramidal cells. D-Proline was inactive in these tests. Excitatory amino acid antagonists reduced depolarizing responses to proline and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in parallel. Mn2+ failed to attenuate proline-evoked depolarizations at concentrations that substantially inhibited synaptic transmission, but at a higher concentration it reduced responses to both proline and NMDA. These results suggest that proline depolarized CA1 pyramidal cells mainly by activating postsynaptic NMDA receptors. The neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic actions of proline in the hippocampus may contribute to the seizures and mental retardation associated with hyperprolinemia.
Acute shear stress direction dictates adherent cell remodeling and verifies shear profile of spinning disk assays

Several methods have been developed to quantify population level changes in cell attachment strength given its large heterogeneity. One such method is the rotating disk chamber or 'spinning disk' in which a range of shear forces are applied to attached cells to quantify detachment force, i.e. attachment strength, which can be heterogeneous within cell populations. However, computing the exact force vectors that act upon cells is complicated by complex flow fields and variable cell morphologies. Recent observations suggest that cells may remodel their morphology and align during acute shear exposure, but contrary to intuition, shear is not orthogonal to the radial direction. Here we theoretically derive the magnitude and direction of applied shear and demonstrate that cells, under certain physiological conditions, align in this direction within minutes. Shear force magnitude is also experimentally verified which validates that for spread cells shear forces and not torque or drag dominate in this assay, and demonstrates that the applied force per cell area is largely independent of initial morphology. These findings suggest that direct quantified comparison of the effects of shear on a wide array of cell types and conditions can be made with confidence using this assay without the need for computational or numerical modeling.
Calcium-sensitizing inotropic agents in the treatment of heart failure : a critical view

Interventions that augment the contractile state of the heart are associated with, or caused by, alterations in Ca2+ exchange in heart muscles. New inotropic agents have been developed that increase the sensitivity of the myofilaments to Ca2+. To examine the effect of calcium-sensitizing agents on force development, we measured systolic and diastolic intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and constructed [Ca2+]i-force relationships in normal (n=6) and myopathic human hearts (n=10). Using the bioluminescent calcium indicator aequorin, we found that the diastolic [Ca2+]i was 225±52 nM in normal muscles, whereas in myopathic muscles diastolic [Ca2+]i was significantly higher at 361±68 nM. Calcium-sensitizing agents that shift the [Ca2+]i-force relationship toward lower [Ca2+]i increase the diastolic force of myopathic hearts significantly more than in normal human hearts. This leads us to the conclusion that inotropic agents that increase the sensitivity of the myofilaments to Ca2+ further impair relaxation in myopathic hearts, resulting in a reduced contractile reserve and diminished actice force production.
Optimization of UV LED-Curable Ink for Reverse-Offset Roll-to-Plate (RO-R2P) Printing

Reverse-offset roll-to-plate printing has become increasingly popular in the printing industry because of the ease with which the printing process can be manipulated to achieve a high-resolution pattern with line widths as narrow as 5 μm with precision and accuracy. The printing procedure involves three stages, and a roller is required to transfer ink from each stage. The substrates used throughout this experiment were chosen by measuring their contact angles (θ) and using them in accordance with the sequence: θ (Stage 1) >θ (roller) >θ (Stage 2) and θ (Stage 3). An ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED)-curable ink was used during the printing process; however, the pristine solution of this ink was unsuitable for printing a final pattern on the substrate because of its viscosity. Diluting the solution of the UV LED-curable ink with 40% CH3OH resulted in reduced viscosity. The original solution had a viscosity of approximately 40.7 cP whereas that of the diluted solution was approximately 25 cP. The two solutions behaved as non-Newtonian, dilatant, shear-thickening fluids. The UV LED-curable ink solutions, both dilute and non-dilute, were successfully printed by use of an inkjet printer and three-dimensional printing methods.
Transmission of High-Voltage Impulses at Controllable Speed

SIR J. J. THOMSON1 first observed that if a difference of potential was applied to the ends of a long discharge tube (by an induction coil) the luminosity traversed the tube with a finite velocity. When either a positive or negative impulsive potential is suddenly applied to one end of a discharge tube while the other end is maintained at ground potential, one of us2 found that the luminosity traversed the tube from the high-voltage electrode to ground. Immediately following this, a luminosity frequently traversed the tube from the ground back to the high-voltage electrode. A similar type of propagation of luminosity has been observed in a million volt spark between point and plane by Allibone and Schonland3 and by Schonland and others4 for certain types of lightning flashes. In order to obtain more information about the initial breakdown in gases, we have undertaken an investigation of the propagation of potential in long discharge tubes when impulsive voltages are applied to one end of the tube while the other end is earthed.
Development of hyperphagia in female rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions placed at four different ages.

Ventromedial-hypothalamische Lasionen fuhren bei nicht mehr saugenden weiblichen Ratten zu temporarer Hypophagie, bei alteren Tieren zu Hyperphagie. In den folgenden Wochen wird eine autonome Stabilitat und normale Futteraufnahme wieder erreicht. Bezogen auf das Korpergewicht assen die nicht mehr saugenden Ratten weniger als gleich alte Kontrolltiere, mehr jedoch als altere ladierte Ratten.
The direct oxidative carbohydrate cycle of bovine corneal epithelium.

Abstract Evidence has been presented that there exists another metabolic pathway, the direct oxidative cycle, for the utilization of glucose in the bovine corneal epithelium. The cycle consists of three main stages: (a) the two-step oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate to pentose 5-phosphate and carbon dioxide; (b) the conversion of pentose 5-phosphate to sedoheptulose phosphate, a seven-carbon sugar; and (c) the resynthesis of hexose phosphate from sedoheptulose phosphate. These steps of the cycle have been demonstrated in homogenates of the corneal epithelium.
The morphology of the prepared root canal: a study utilizing injectable silicone.

Abstract Postdebridement canal anatomy of 217 teeth was studied. Models of the canals were made with injectable silicone impression material. Many variations in the anatomy of these prepared canals were seen under the dissecting microscope. These included minute lateral canals, webbing between canals, fins, and instrument markings. It was also found that the anatomy of the prepared canal was very dissimilar to the instruments used to prepare them, especially in the apical third. Standard instrumentation techniques tend to leave a considerable portion of the canal wall untouched. Further investigations utilizing similar methods to aid in the development of new instruments and techniques for debridement and canal obturation are under way.
Interface Energies for Carbide Precipitates in TiAl

Carbon has been extensively investigated as an additive to TiAl alloys to improve high-temperature mechanical properties. The ternary-carbide-precipitate phases that have received most attention are Ti3AlC (cubic perovskite), and Ti2AlC (hexagonal). The perovskite (P) precipitates in the form of needles along the 〈001〉 direction of γ-TiAl, and the hexagonal phase (H) primarily forms platelets perpendicular to 〈111〉 directions. Using the first-principles density functional theory code VASP, calculations of host-precipitate interface energies were performed for these two carbides. An atomic-scale formulation of the interface energy is adopted. Calculations for the coherent interfaces are performed to determine the preferred terminations and translation states. An approximate correction to the interface energy for the effect of misfit is applied to estimate the energy of incoherent interfaces. The relative interface properties of the P-type and H-type carbides are determined by, in addition to the misfit strains, (i) the stronger bonding of the P-type than the H-type precipitate with the host at the interface, and (ii) the more pronounced variations of the interatomic potentials as a function of parallel translation state across non-close-packed (100) P layers than those across close-packed (0001) H layers.
The application of gradual releasing precipitant method in the preparation of YBCO superconducting powder

Abstract The oxalate generated from sonication aided hydrolysis of diethyl oxalate could offer a way to produce high quality YBCO superconducting powder. The mean particle size of 1.1±0.6 μm powder providing good property for sintering and it will have an excellent opportunity for mass production.
Religiosity and Spirituality: Influence on Quality of Life and Perceived Patient Self-Efficacy among Cardiac Patients and Their Spouses

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of spirituality, religiosity, and religious coping on quality of life and self-efficacy among couples following a first time cardiac event. There was no significant association between measures for spirituality and religiosity and couples’ ratings for quality of life and self-efficacy. Negative forms of religious coping were associated with lower levels of quality of life and decreased confidence in the patient’s ability to perform physical tasks. Spouses’ measures for quality of life, self-efficacy, spirituality, religiosity, and religious coping were associated with patients’ measures for the same study variables.
Infrared spectra of BeNO and MgNO in solid argon

Abstract Laser-ablated Be atoms were reacted with NO in excess Ar during condensation at 10 K. Absorptions due to BeNO (913.8 cm −1 ) and BeOBeNO (1483.0 cm −1 ) are identified based on isotopic substitution and density functional theory frequency calculations. Similar experiments with Mg gave MgNO at 1461.3 cm −1 .
African Trypanosomes Have Differentially Expressed Genes Encoding Homologues of the Leishmania GP63 Surface Protease

The genomes of various Leishmania parasites contain tandemly arrayed genes encoding an abundant 63-kDa surface glycoprotein called GP63. Leishmania GP63s are metalloproteases that play an important role in the invasion and survival of the parasites within the macrophage, and their presence on the Leishmania surface has been correlated with resistance to complement-mediated lysis. Here we report the identification of GP63-like genes in African trypanosomes. The predicted trypanosome and Leishmania GP63s share a metalloprotease catalytic site motif of HEXXH as well as 19 cysteines and 10 prolines, implying a conservation of enzymatic activity and secondary/tertiary structure. The trypanosome GP63 genes are transcribed equally in procyclic and bloodstream trypanosomes, but their mRNAs accumulate to a 50-fold higher steady state level in bloodstream trypanosomes, where the ratio of mRNAs for GP63 and variant surface glycoprotein is about 1:150. Transcription of the GP63 genes is sensitive to alpha-amanitin, indicating that they are transcribed by a different polymerase than the variant surface glycoprotein genes. These results lead to a reconsideration of the potential functions of GP63, inasmuch as African trypanosomes are not known to interact with macrophages and do not have an intracellular stage during their life cycle.
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase along the rabbit and rat nephron.

Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase along the rabbit and rat nephron. The activity of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.42) is reported for four or five different segments of the rat and rabbit nephron as well as for patches from the papilla. In the rat the levels ranged 40-fold, from a high in the thick ascending limb of Henle to a low in the proximal convoluted tubule. The peak activity is far above that reported for most other parts of the body. Maximum activity was located also in the thick ascending limb in the rabbit, but the level was only one-third as high as in the rat. It is postulated that ammonia liberated by this amino transferase, in cooperation with glutamate dehydrogenase, could diffuse readily into the adjacent proximal straight tubule where all of the renal glutamine synthase and the highest level of alanine aminotransferase are located. Thus alanine and glutamine could be produced when the ammonia was not needed to neutralize excess acidity.
Intracellular sodium in cardiomyocytes using 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance

Intracellular sodium content in superfused isolated rat cardiomyocytes was measured using 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance. The shift reagent dysprosium tripolyphosphate was added to the buffer to distinguish between NMR signals from the intracellular region and the extracellular buffer. The NMR visibility of the intracellular sodium signal was experimentally determined by measuring the changes induced in the sodium NMR signals by application of ischemia as an intervention. Intracellular volume was accounted for by determining the change in the sodium signal upon adding cells (in beads) to the buffer solution at the beginning of each experiment and by killing the cells (in beads) with Triton X-100 at the end of each experiment. The visibility of intracellular sodium (relative to extracellular) was 0.47 +/- 0.12 (mean +/- S.D., n = 12). The average intracellular sodium concentration using this visibility is 29 +/- 4.5 mM (n = 12). This value is much higher than results obtained by some investigators using NMR techniques and by others using different standard methods, with the exception of those methods which evaluate the total intracellular sodium (atomic absorption spectroscopy and X-ray microanalysis). We conclude that total Nai is higher than generally reported, using other accepted techniques such as ion-specific electrodes, and that 23Na-NMR analysis can be used to accurately determine Nai in intact cells.
Federal Defense Spending and Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Disparities in Economic Growth in the Southeast

Objective. This study examines how defense spending in the 1980s and early 1990s affected economic growth in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties in the southeast. Methods. Using county-level Census and other government data, the study employs a spatial lag regression model to predict how defense spending interacts with manufacturing growth to affect county economic growth during the business cycles of the 1980s and early 1990s, while controlling for other measures of regional processes. I supplement the regression analysis with brief case studies of five counties in this region. Results. The analysis shows that there is a positive interaction effect between federal defense spending and manufacturing growth on measures of income and employment growth. However, the interaction effects are much stronger and more consistent in metropolitan counties. Conclusion. As predicted, defense spending created regional variations in economic growth across the metropolitan-nonmetropolitan divide in the southeast during the business cycles of the 1980s and early 1990s. Moreover, documented economic growth in nonmetropolitan counties is partly a function of spatial integration with metropolitan counties. The results have implications for current trends in defense spending.
Strain as a novel index of regional pulmonary function from thoracic 4D CT images: in-vivo validation with tomographic SPECT ventilation and perfusion

Since many diseases or injuries can cause biomechanical or structural property changes that can alter lung function, there is great interest in measuring regional lung function by measurement of regional mechanical changes. To date, the most prevalent approach for assessing regional lung function from 4-D X-ray CT data has been a measure of Jacobian of deformation. However, although the Jacobian describes regional volume changes of the lung during deformation, it lacks any consideration of directional changes of local compressions and expansions during respiration. Herein, we propose the use of strain as a measure of regional lung function from 4-D thoracic CT and we perform correlation of principal strains of calculated deformation by s recently proposed 3-D optical flow technique (MOFID) computed from radiotherapy treatment planning 4-D X-ray CT data sets collected in seven subjects suffering from non-small cell primary lung cancer. In addition to 4-D CT data, both SPECT ventilation ( V SPECT ), and SPECT perfusion ( Q SPECT ) data were acquired in all subjects. For each subject, we performed voxel-wise statistical correlation of the Jacobian as well as principal strains of deformation (CT-derived pulmonary function images) with both ventilation and perfusion SPECT. For all subjects, the maximum principal strain resulted in a higher correlation with both SPECT ventilation and SPECT perfusion than other indices including the previously established Jacobian metric.
Spatial dispersion in metamaterials with negative dielectric permittivity and its effect on surface waves

The effect of spatial dispersion on the electromagnetic properties of a metamaterial consisting of a three-dimensional mesh of crossing metallic wires is reported. The effective dielectric permittivity tensor ϵij(ω,k) of the wire mesh is calculated in the limit of small wavenumbers. The procedure for extracting the spatial dispersion from the ω versus k dependence for electromagnetic waves propagating in the bulk of the metamaterial is developed. These propagating modes are identified as similar to the longitudinal (plasmon) and transverse (photon) waves in a plasma. Spatial dispersion is found to have the most dramatic effect on the surface waves that exist at the wire mesh-vacuum interface.
USE OF LASER HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY AND IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR THE STUDY OF FRACTURE SPECIMENS

Holographic interferometry is a very useful method for studying fracture specimens. Using the laser technique and image analysis, it is possible to evaluate crack-opening displacement and displacements and strains around the crack with a high degree of accuracy. With computerization, the process can be largely automated, making the method useful for large scale projects or industrial applications. Finally, since holography can detect cracks anywhere on the surface, it is not necessary to use notches or grooves to ‘steer’ the crack toward instrumentation. Eliminating notches and grooves may lead to a more accurate characterization of crack initiation and propagation.
Novel properties of a 0.1- mu m-long split-gate MODFET

A MODFET with two 30-nm-long gates (separated by 40 nm) has been fabricated using ultrahigh-resolution electron-beam lithography. The proximity of the two gate fingers along with the ability to independently bias them results in the following features: (a) tunability of the threshold voltage, (b) enhancement of the transconductance, especially at low current levels, (c) reduction in short-channel effects, and (d) high-voltage gain and cutoff frequency. >
Alcohol effects on behavioral thermoregulation with microwave radiation

Summary.-Ethanol may play an active role in modifying "set point" levels in conjunction with behavioral thermoregulation. A geometric series of doses of ethanol solutions was administered (ip) prior to fiied-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold environment. Four Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement. Friedman's nonparametric test showed significant differences between ethanol doses, and Sign tests showed that moderate and high doses of ethanol suppressed operant behavior reinforced by MW radiation. Interactions between changes in "setpoint" and discriminative properties of ethanol are discussed. Alcohol is classified as a central nervous system depressant, the behavioral consequences of which are comparable in many respects to those produced by the benzodiazepines and barbiturates (Hamilton & Timmons, 1990). This study concerned the thermoregulatory influence of alcohol in modifying operant behavior. If alcohol functions to lower hypothalamic "set point," then organisms should behave in such a way as to "seek" coolness; and if alcohol functions to raise "set point," then organisms should work to increase heat, to achieve homeostasis. For example, O'Comer, Crawshaw, Kosobud, Bedichek, and Crabbe (1989) found that in mice, moderate doses of ethanol decreased "set-point" so that mice "selected" cooler temperatures. They used an "aquatic temperature gradient" to control ambient fluctuations. The present study was designed to test the "set-point" hypothesis in rats working in a cool environment and regulating their body temperature by operant adjustments of microwave radiation (MW). Detailed descriptions of the methods used to enable rats to warm themselves with MW radiation in a cold operant test chamber (Skinner Box) have been published (Vitulli, Mort, Quim, LosKamp, & Dodson, 1986; Vitdi, Lambert, Brown, & Quinn, 1987; Vituh, Tyler, Hartzog, & Quinn, 1989; Vitulh, Anderson, Quinn, & Jarvis, 1990; Vitulli, Rust, Quinn, & McNeil, 1991). Four Sprague-Dawley rats (males) approximately 8 mo. of age at the beginning of the research were randomly sampled from a population of rats who had received lever-conditioning for food reinforcement in a class in operant conditioning. The mean ad libitum weight for all animals was 580 gm. (SD = 62.97). The animals were conditioned in a Skinner Box on a fixed-interval 2-min. (FI-2') schedule of microwave (SAR = ,034 watts/kg/(m~/cmz ) reinforcement (5
Lifetime Bridge Maintenance Strategies Based on System Reliability

This study proposes a methodology for a system reliability-based condition evaluation of existing highway bridges. The approach is illustrated for an existing steel bridge located in Colorado, USA....
On subnormal subgroups of skew fields

Abstract If D is a skew field with infinite center Z and [D: Z]= ∞ then any subnormal subgroup of D∗ which satisfies a Laurent generalized polynomial identity is central.
Synthesis of Ruthenium(II) 2,6‐Bis(imino)pyridyl Complexes for C—H Amination of Sulfamate Esters.

A series of ruthenium(II) complexes such as (I) is synthesized and tested as catalysts for C—H amination of sulfamate ester (II).
The effect of ethanol and calcium on fluid state of plasma membranes of rat hepatocytes

Basolateral (blLPM) and canalicular (cLPM) plasma membrane vesicles were isolated from rat liver to compare membrane fluidity, fluidity responses to membrane perturbants, and the relationship between fluidity and a membrane protein function such as carrier-mediated taurocholate transport. Membrane fluidity was measured by fluorescence polarization using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a probe. Uptake of [3H] taurocholate was measured by a rapid Millipore filtration technique. blLPM were more fluid than cLPM. Ethanol produced a concentration-dependent fluidizing effect on both membrane preparations, the change being greater in blLPM. Incubation with calcium for 2 hr at 37 degrees C rendered both membrane preparations more rigid, again the cLPM being more resistant to perturbation. There was a linear correlation between an increase in membrane fluidity and inhibition of taurocholate uptake into blLPM in the presence of increasing concentrations of ethanol. The data support the concept that membrane lipid fluidity is an important regulator of membrane protein functions and hence also of overall cellular activity.
Intelligent design of multifunctional lipid-coated nanoparticle platforms for cancer therapy

Nanotechnology is rapidly evolving and dramatically changing the paradigms of drug delivery. The small sizes, unique chemical properties, large surface areas, structural diversity and multifunctionality of nanoparticles prove to be greatly advantageous for combating notoriously therapeutically evasive diseases such as cancer. Multifunctional nanoparticles have been designed to enhance tumor uptake through either passive or active targeting, while also avoiding reticuloendothelial system uptake through the incorporation of PEG onto the surface. First-generation nanoparticle systems, such as liposomes, are good carriers for drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics, although they have some limitations. These lipid bilayers are now being utilized as excellent carriers for drug-loaded, solid core particles such as iron oxide, mesoporus silica and calcium phosphate. In this article, their design, as well as their multifunctional role in cancer therapy are discussed.
Analytical results on quantum interference and magnetoconductance for strongly localized electrons in a magnetic field: Exact summation of forward-scattering paths

We study quantum interference effects on the transition strength for strongly localized electrons hopping on two-dimensional (2D) square and three-dimensional (3D) cubic lattices in the presence of a magnetic field. These effects arise from the interference between phase factors associated with different electron paths connecting two distinct sites. For electrons confined on a square lattice, with and without disorder, we obtain closed-form expressions for the tunneling probability, which determines the conductivity, between two arbitrary sites by exactly summing the corresponding phase factors of all forward-scattering paths connecting them. By analytically summing paths which allow backward excursions in the forward-scattering direction, we find that the interference patterns between the dominant winding paths are not drastically different from those between the directed paths. An analytic field-dependent expression, valid in any dimension, for the magnetoconductance (MC) is derived. A positive MC is clearly observed when turning on the magnetic field. In 2D, when the strength of B reaches a certain value, which is inversely proportional to twice the hopping length, the MC is increased by a factor of 2 compared to that at zero field. The periodicity in the flux of the MC is found to be equal to the superconducting flux quantum hc/2e. We also investigate transport on the much less-studied and experimentally important 3D cubic lattice case, where it is shown how the interference patterns and the small-field behavior of the MC vary according to the orientation of the applied field B. At very small fields, for two sites diagonally separated a distance r, we find that the MC behaves as rB in quasi-1D systems, ${\mathit{r}}^{3/2}$B in 2D with B=(0,0,B), and rB (${\mathit{r}}^{3/2}$B) in 3D with B parallel (perpendicular) to the (1,1,1) direction. Furthermore, for a 3D sample, the effect on the low-flux MC due to the randomness of the angles between the hopping direction and the orientation of B is examined analytically. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Future of mobile devices and experiences

Summary form only given. Mobility — increased access to affordable transportation — is among the most important of global forces for the alleviation of poverty and the achievement of world peace. This is true in already developed nations but is even more important in the most rapidly developing areas of the world where it is the principal means for their development. The world will not be politically nor economically sustainable without increasing mobility where it lags behind. Can such growth be a realistic goal given growing concern over the need to address global sustainability in terms of energy demands, greenhouse gases, and other damaging byproducts of a more mobile world? It is often suggested that improved mobility will have to be sacrificed in order to achieve sustainability, but the goal of Integrated Sustainable Transport Systems is to achieve both mobility and sustainability. The attainment of “sustainable mobility” requires increased global access to goods, services, education, and economic opportunity alongside reductions in the production of greenhouse gases. The attainment of one cannot be made an excuse for foregoing the other. Transportation technology and policy must address the twin goals of improving mobility while decreasing environmental damage. The challenge for us is enormous but can be achieved by technological innovation alongside improvements in governance and human institutions.
Simulating atmosphere phase screens for dilute arrays

We have developed a new algorithm for simulating atmospheric phase screens that is extremely efficient and flexible. It retains the N log N efficiency of algorithms based on the FFT and is able to take advantage of the small amount of atmosphere actually sampled by highly dilute arrays such as NPOI. Additionally, there is flexibility in the technique to relax (or adopt) the traditional "frozen screen" approximation. We describe the basis for the algorithms and how the code has been structured. Timing estimates are developed and we show preliminary results from the code which exhibit the correct behavior of phase difference power spectra with baseline.
Further refinement of the linear quotient hashing method

Abstract A refinement of the linear quotient hashing scheme which simplifies the insertion of a new element into a table is presented.
RPC in the x-Kernel: evaluating new design techniques

This paper reports our experiences implementing remote procedure call (RPC) protocols in the x-kernel. This exercise is interesting because the RPC protocols exploit two novel design techniques: virtual protocols and layered protocols. These techniques are made possible because the x-kernel provides an object-oriented infrastructure that supports three significant features: a uniform interface to all protocols, a late binding between protocol layers, and a small overhead for invoking any given protocol layer. For each design technique, the paper motivates the technique with a concrete example, describes how it is applied to the implementation of RPC protocols, and presents the results of experiments designed to evaluate the technique.
Environment, Communication, and Status Change Aboard an American Aircraft Carrier

In the spring of 1951, the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Dauntless, operating against Communist forces in Korea, developed problems in feeding her crew and disembarking the liberty party. At sea, the chow lines were long, slow-moving and in a state of confusion. Because it kept men from their jobs, this was a potential threat to the efficient operation of the ship and contributed to lowered morale. In port, the process of disembarking the liberty party degenerated into a confused melee which hindered in-port routine and further contributed to lowered morale.1 The second problem was resolved rather simply but, in the period of the writer's service aboard the Dauntless, no solution was found to the chow line situation.
Applications of regional strain energy in compliant structure design for energy absorption

Topology optimization of regional strain energy is studied in this paper. Unlike the conventional mean compliance formulation, this paper considers two main functions of structure: rigidity and compliance. For normal usages, rigidity is chosen as the design objective. For compliant design, a portion of the structure absorbs energy, while another part maintains the structural integrity. Therefore, we implemented a regional strain energy formulation for topology optimization. Sensitivity to regional strain energy is derived from the adjoint method. Numerical results from the proposed formulation are presented.
The significance of sound interception to males of the bicolor damselfish,Pomacentrus partitus, during courtship

Playback experiments conducted in the field and the laboratory demonstrated the use of sound interception in bicolor damselfish,Pomacentrus partitus. Two courtship sounds produced by male bicolors: the ‘chirp’ which occurs at the initiation of courting and the ‘grunt’ which occurs near the termination, just prior to spawning, were found to hold different meanings to intercepting male competitors. Males responded to grunt playback with directional swimming towards the sound source and increased courtship behavior. No directional response was observed during chirp playback. The grunt sound appears to indicate that a spawn-ready female is present near the sound source. Males therefore move towards it, likely to interfere with the imminent spawning or to gain a possible spawning partner. Such is not observed in response to chirps, as little advantage would be gained by moving to the source of a sound which is known to serve as an ‘advertisement’ or ‘territorial keep-out’ signal. Thus, upon intercepting a neighbor's chirps, males exhibit courting within their own territory, or directly court a nearby female.
Abstract 4469: Carbamoylating activity associated with the antitumor prodrug Laromustine inhibits angiogenesis in vitro by inducing ASK1-dependent endothelial cell death

The prodrug Laromustine (1,2-bis[methylsulfonyl]-1-[2-chloroethyl]-2-[(methylamino) carbonyl] hydrazine; Cloretazine; VNP40101M) yields methyl isocyanate and a chloroethylating species (90CE) upon decomposition in situ. Laromustine9s cytotoxicity is principally attributed to 90CE via a proposed mechanism that involves interstrand DNA cross-linking. However, the role of methyl isocyanate in the antineoplastic function has not been fully defined. A derivative of Laromustine that generates only methyl isocyanate and not the chloroethylating species, 1,2-bis[methylsulfonyl]-1-[(methylamino) carbonyl] hydrazine (101MDCE), is reported here to induce endothelial cell (EC) death through a non-apoptotic pathway at both relatively low (50 μM) and relatively high (200 μM) concentrations. 90CE, which lacks carbamoylating activity, did not induce this cell fate. 101MDCE, but not 90CE, also inhibited EC tube formation in vitro, a process involved in angiogenesis, which is critical for tumor growth and metastases. To understand the molecular mechanism for 101MDCE-induced EC death, we examined signaling pathways activated by 101DMCE in ECs. We found that 101DMCE, but not 90CE, activated JNK/p38 pathways and their upstream apoptosis activator signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) using Western blot analyses. In resting ECs, ASK1 forms a complex with the reduced form of thioredoxin (Trx). The single cysteine residue in ASK1 (C250) and C32 or C35 in Trx are critical for this interaction. 101MDCE effected ASK1 dissociation from Trx, but not from the phosphoserine-binding inhibitor 14-3-3, in vitro and in vivo, consistent with the known reactivity of methyl isocyanate with the sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues. We previously reported that the carbamoylating activity of Laromustine inhibits the enzyme Trx reductase from leukemia cell extracts. We conclude that carbamoylating agents induce ASK1-dependent EC death through dissociation of ASK1 from Trx either directly by targeting the critical Cys groups in the ASK1-Trx complex or indirectly by inhibiting Trx reductase. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4469. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4469
Determination of catecholamines in sheep plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: comparison of deoxyepinephrine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine as internal standard.

3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine (DHBA) is commonly used as the internal standard in HPLC catecholamine assays. Sheep are frequently used in studies of cardiovascular physiology and in such studies measurement of catecholamines is important. The recovery of DHBA from sheep plasma is, however variable and poor. Therefore, we have developed a reliable and sensitive HPLC-ED method with alumina extraction for measurement of catecholamines in sheep plasma using deoxyepinephrine (epinine) as the internal standard. Separation was performed on a μBondapak C18 column (300×3.9 mm, 10 μm) with a mobile phase containing 2% acetonitrile and 98% buffer (0.05% sodium acetate-0.02% EDTA-0.013% sodium heptanesulfonate), pH 3.25. The extraction of epinine from water, human plasma, dog plasma and sheep plasma did not differ (p>0.05), but extraction of DHBA from sheep plasma was significantly impaired (p<0.0001). The R2 of regression curves (n=5) of norepinephrine (NE) (25.02 pg/ml-1.00 ng/ml) and epinephrine (E) (25.82 pg/ml-1.03 ng/ml), using epinine as internal standard were greater than 0.99. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were 2.11–11.15 and 0.88–12.60% for NE and 1.12–10.91 and 2.88–12.60% for E, respectively. The detection limits for NE and E are 12 pg/ml. The technique described has the advantage that it allows the simultaneous determination of both endogeneous and [3H]norepinephrine in sheep plasma using a sensitive and reproducible HPLC technique.
Some Linguistic Determinants of Word Classification Times.

Ss were asked to judge, and to indicate by pressing one of two keys, whether or not tachistoscopically presented strings of letters were words. RTs were collected for actual, possible but nonoccurring, and impossible English word stems, and prefixed and suffixed versions of each kind. Ss were slowest to reject possible stems, fastest to accept real stems, and intermediate to reject impossible stems. Affixation increased RT for actual and impossible words but did not affect RT for possible ones. The results are interpreted within the framework of a two-stage phonological-semantic processing model.
Is There Evidence of Birth Control in Late Imperial China

Several demographers who have studied Chinese historical demography claim that the people of imperial China deliberately controlled their fertility. Wang Feng James Lee and Cameron Campbell claim to have found in the genealogies of the Qing imperial lineage evidence that Qing nobles reduced their fertility through a combination of late starting early stopping and long spacing. They further claim that the fertility rates of Han bannermen in Liaoning could not have been so low without reduced sexual activity or methods of family planning. Some revisionist demographers claim that modern Chinas population policy was unnecessary and that it could not have been so successful if the people had not already been very accustomed to fertility control. The author of this article argues against these claims. He agrees that compared to premodern Europe Chinese birth intervals were longer especially the interval from marriage to first birth and marital fertility was higher among the wealthy than among the poor. He also acknowledges that the Chinese regulated family size through marriage age breast-feeding adoption and sex-selective infanticide. The author claims however that Chinese regulation of fertility was primarily directed at the goal of increasing the number of sons. He supports his theory by re-examining the revisionist studies and with data from a survey he conducted during 1980-1981 of 580 women.
The Process of Reconnecting: Recovery from the Perspective of Addicted Women

This study examined women's experiences with addiction to drugs and/or alcohol and their process of recovery. The techniques of in-depth interviews and participant observations were employed to elicit the perspectives of the women. The study consisted of 12 participants, 6 who were currently involved in a 90-day community-based drug and alcohol treatment program and 6 who had more than five years of recovery.Grounded theory method guided data collection and analysis. The women in this study described experiences of connectedness and disconnectedness throughout their lives, their addiction, and their recovery. The researcher constructed a substantive theory and model to explain this process of connectedness and disconnectedness. The findings support that making connections and establishing healthy relationships play a significant role for women in achieving sobriety and maintaining recovery.
Assessment of nonlinear interaction between nonlinearly coupled modes using higher order spectra

Higher order spectral analysis techniques are used to identify nonlinear interaction involving the electromechanical modes of oscillation in complex power systems. First, the presence and extent of nonlinear interactions between frequency components in oscillatory processes following large perturbations are identified using bispectrum and bicoherence analysis methods. Then, the strength and distribution of nonlinear couplings between frequency components is investigated using the phase relationships between spectral components. A case study with a 377-generator model of the Mexican interconnected system is used to illustrate nonlinear aspects arising from the nonlinear interaction of the different low-frequency inter-area modes. The results of the numerical simulations show that low-frequency modes may interact nonlinearly producing intermodulation components at the sum and/or difference frequency of the fundamental modes of oscillation. Such an identification can be used as a benchmark for validation of nonlinear analysis methods, and to reduce the burden associated with these methods.
Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis Associated with the Mushroom Schizophyllum commune in a Patient with AIDS

Invasive infection with fungi of the Basidiomycota (rusts, smuts, toadstools, mushrooms, and puffballs) is extremely rare. We report such an infection in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus disease who presented with chronic maxillary sinusitis associated with the mushroom Schizophyllum commune. The organism was isolated from the surgical drainage material, and septate hyphae were seen invading the maxillary submucosa. The limited literature on this subject is reviewed.
Unsupervised biomedical named entity recognition

Display Omitted BM-NER is approached by an unsupervised stepwise method.Noun phrase chunking is a good approximation of boundary detection.Distributional semantics works well in classifying entities.The system performs well on clinical and biological texts. Named entity recognition is a crucial component of biomedical natural language processing, enabling information extraction and ultimately reasoning over and knowledge discovery from text. Much progress has been made in the design of rule-based and supervised tools, but they are often genre and task dependent. As such, adapting them to different genres of text or identifying new types of entities requires major effort in re-annotation or rule development. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised approach to extracting named entities from biomedical text. We describe a stepwise solution to tackle the challenges of entity boundary detection and entity type classification without relying on any handcrafted rules, heuristics, or annotated data. A noun phrase chunker followed by a filter based on inverse document frequency extracts candidate entities from free text. Classification of candidate entities into categories of interest is carried out by leveraging principles from distributional semantics. Experiments show that our system, especially the entity classification step, yields competitive results on two popular biomedical datasets of clinical notes and biological literature, and outperforms a baseline dictionary match approach. Detailed error analysis provides a road map for future work.
The Value of Performance in Physical Education Teacher Education

The current philosophical paradigm in higher education, where theory transcends practice, consigns physical education to the bottom of a hierarchy of educational content (Kretchmar, 2005). Leaders of physical education teacher education programs are left with three difficult choices: (a) accept physical education's lowly position in the hierarchy, (b) emphasize the theory and science of physical activity and teaching to make the program appear academically respectable, or (c) argue for a different philosophical paradigm (Kretchmar, 1996). I contend the final option is the best strategy. Using John Dewey's philosophy of experience and conception of human intelligence, I argue that skillful performance of dance, games, play, and sport should maintain a more prominent position in physical education teacher education curricula because skillful performance of the content represents a legitimate domain of human activity worthy of significant involvement in an academic program. Also, pre-service teachers need co...
Low-level liquid types

We present Low-Level Liquid Types , a refinement type system for C based on Liquid Types . Low-Level Liquid Types combine refinement types with three key elements to automate verification of critical safety properties of low-level programs: First, by associating refinement types with individual heap locations and precisely tracking the locations referenced by pointers, our system is able to reason about complex invariants of in-memory data structures and sophisticated uses of pointer arithmetic. Second, by adding constructs which allow strong updates to the types of heap locations, even in the presence of aliasing, our system is able to verify properties of in-memory data structures in spite of temporary invariant violations. By using this strong update mechanism, our system is able to verify the correct initialization of newly-allocated regions of memory. Third, by using the abstract interpretation framework of Liquid Types, we are able to use refinement type inference to automatically verify important safety properties without imposing an onerous annotation burden. We have implemented our approach in CSOLVE, a tool for Low-Level Liquid Type inference for C programs. We demonstrate through several examples that CSOLVE is able to precisely infer complex invariants required to verify important safety properties, like the absence of array bounds violations and null-dereferences, with a minimal annotation overhead.
Decay of correlations, central limit theorems and approximation by Brownian motion for compact Lie group extensions

Holder continuous observations on hyperbolic basic sets satisfy strong statistical properties such as exponential decay of correlations, central limit theorems and invariance principles (approximation by Brownian motion). Using an equivariant version of the Ruelle transfer operator studied by Parry and Pollicott, we obtain similar results for equivariant observations on compact group extensions of hyperbolic basic sets.