cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bio-inspired assembling/mineralization process as a flexible approach to develop new smart scaffolds for the regeneration of complex anatomical regions

Abstract Bio-inspired synthesis of smart biomaterials is an emerging nano-technological approach to develop new solutions for an ever-raising number of patients affected by degenerative and disabling pathologies. Particularly for purpose of tissue regeneration, the new materials should function as scaffolds with high mimicry of host tissues, in order to instruct cells to perform their task. Due to the complexity of living tissues and limitations of the current fabrication methods, synthesis methods reproducing the biologic processes may exploit the huge information inherent in macromolecular matrices, to build complex nano-composites with regenerative ability. As an example the assembling/mineralization phenomena involved in hard tissues can be mimicked to achieve smart devices able to regenerate different tissues such as joints and periodontium. Besides, the implementation of this approach with remote activation by low magnetic fields of bio-resorbable superparamagnetic apatite nano-phases, may provide new devices enabling activation on demand suitable for non-invasive and more effective therapies.
Disorientation of forms: An examination of Rock’s theory

Rock has suggested that recognition is facilitated when a form is oriented in conformity with the S’s phenomenal frame of reference. Establishing a phenomenal frame of reference by informing Ss of the exact orientation in which forms would appear did not, however, facilitate recognition in comparison with Ss informed merely that the forms would be disoriented.
The role of African Americans in Philadelphia sound change

A number of studies of African American communities show a tendency to approximate the phonological patterns of the surrounding mainstream white community. An analysis of the vowel systems of 36 African American speakers in the Philadelphia Neighborhood Corpus compares their development over the 20th century with that of the mainstream community. For vowels involved in change in the white community, African Americans show very different patterns, often moving in opposite directions. The traditional split of short-a words into tense and lax categories is a more fine-grained measure of dialect relations. The degree of participation by African Americans is described by measures of bimodality, which are applied as well to the innovative nasal short-a system. The prototypical African American speakers show no bimodality in either measure, recombining the traditional tense and lax categories into a single short-a in lower mid, nonperipheral position. The lack of relation between the two short-a systems is related to the high degree of residential segregation, in that linguistic contact is largely diffusion among adults rather than the faithful transmission found among children.
Myeloproliferative diseases; diagnostic value of the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase test.

Clinical and pathologic criteria for separating one member of the myeloproliferative syndromes from another are not sharply defined, and the nosologic problem has been confounded by the use of a large number of synonyms for each variant. The more generally used terms referring to the major subgroups are: granulocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera, erythroleukemia, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. A low level of granulocyte alkaline phosphatase in patients with granulocytic leukemia as compared with nonleukemic persons was first demonstrated by Valentine and Beck and has been confirmed by others.' I t is the purpose of this paper to present our experience using histochemical methods for studying leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in the myeloproliferative syndromes.
Ibāḍī Manuscripts at the Bibliothèque nationale de Tunisie: Descriptions, Watermarks, and Implications

This article offers descriptions of a handful of manuscripts by Ibāḍī Muslim authors held in the Bibliotheque nationale de Tunisie (BnT). In addition to the manuscript descriptions, it discusses some of the implications of these and other Ibāḍī manuscripts for the study of the medieval and early modern Ibāḍī traditions in Northern Africa. More specifically, it highlights the previously overlooked potential of manuscript evidence to illuminate our understanding of the formation and long-term maintenance of the Ibāḍī tradition in the Maghrib from the medieval period up to the 20th century.
DURABILITY DESIGN OF GROUND VEHICLE STRUCTURES

ABSTRACT Modern approaches to durability assurance in ground vehicle design are reviewed in the context of recent developments in computer-based analytical and experimental tools for use by designers and development engineers. Examples are presented to illustrate the application of this new technology in product development. Major challenges associated with the linking of various design tools into integrated networks appropriately configured for industrial problem solving are then presented along with an assessment of the potential benefits to be gained from such integration.
Submicron Schottky-Collector AlAs/InGaAs/InP Resonant Tunnel Diodes

Resonant tunnel diodes(RTD) are currently the widest bandwidth semiconductor devices [1,2], useful for high frequency oscillators and picosecond pulse generators. 712GHz oscillators [2] and pulse generators [3] fabricated with ~ 1.0TH.z bandwidth InAs/AlSb RTDs, are some examples of high speed RTD applications. Here, we report the fabrication, DC, and microwave characteristics of AlAs/In0.53Ga0.47.As/InP Schottky-collector resonant tunnel diodes (SRTDs) with deep submicron Schottky collectors and an estimated maximum frequency of oscillation fmax = 2.2TH z. Monolithic integration of severa1 SRTDs into sub-millimeter wave quasi optical oscillator arrays and for traveling wave deep sub-picosecond pulse generators is feasible with this device technology.
Sleep Disorders and Neuropsychological Abnormalities

The IQ and neurodevelopmental quotients of 17 of 32 children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome were determined at the Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
Left-right analysis of mammary gland development in retinoid X receptor-α+/- mice.

Left–right (L–R) differences in mammographic parenchymal patterns are an early predictor of breast cancer risk; however, the basis for this asymmetry is unknown. Here, we use retinoid X receptor al...
Personalized medicine for prevention: can risk stratified screening decrease colorectal cancer mortality at an acceptable cost?

PURPOSE Tailored health care interventions are expected to transform clinical practice. The objective of this study was to develop an innovative model to assess the effectiveness, cost, and harms of risk stratified colorectal cancer screening. METHODS We updated a previously validated microsimulation model consisting of three interlinked components: risk assessment, natural history, and screening/treatment modules. We used data from representative national surveys and the literature to create a synthetic population that mimics the family history and genetic profile of the US population. We applied risk stratification based on published risk assessment tools to triage individuals into five risk categories: high, increased, medium, decreased, and low. RESULTS On average, the incremental cost of risk stratified screening for colorectal cancer compared to the current approach at 60% and 80% compliance rates is $18,342 and $23,961 per life year gained. The harms in terms of false positives and perforations are consistently lower for personalized scenarios across all compliance rates. False positives are reduced by more than 47.0% and perforations by at least 9.9%. There is considerable uncertainty in the life years gained, but the reduction in harms remains stable under all scenarios. CONCLUSION A key finding is that risk stratified screening can reduce harms at all levels of compliance. Therefore, selection of screening scenarios should include comprehensive comparisons of mortality, harms from screening, and cost. This study provides guidance for evaluating risk stratified cancer screening and further research is required to identify optimal implementation approaches in the real-world setting.
Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) Downregulates the Expression of the AML1/MDS1/EVI-1 (AME) Oncoprotein and Induces Differentiation and Apoptosis in AME-Leukemic Cells.

Arsenic is an ancient drug, used for many centuries to treat a broad range of ailments including cancer but was largely abandoned in the early 20th century. In the 1990s arsenic trioxide (ATO) was rediscovered as an effective treatment for patients suffering from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). ATO has been shown to specifically target the fusion protein resulting from the t(15;17) translocation, PML/RARα, and subsequently stimulate differentiation and apoptosis of APL cells both in vitro and in vivo. The success in using ATO as a targeted therapy for APL underscores the importance of matching the right drug to patients with appropriate molecular targets. We previously reported that expression of the AML1/MDS1/EVI1 (AME) transcription factor fusion protein [a product of the human t(3;21)(q26;q22) translocation found as a secondary mutation in some cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia during the blast phase and in some patients with de novo and therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)] in mouse bone marrow cells by retroviral transduction impaired hematopoiesis and eventually induced an AML in mice. Our results established a causal role of AME in t(3;21)-positive myeloid malignancies. We went on to examine whether ATO could target AME. We found that ATO treatment downregulated forced-expressed AME protein in Bosc23 (a cell line derived from human 293 kidney cell line) and BM6-4 cells, a primary myeloid blast cell line derived from bone marrow of a mouse with AME-induced AML, in a dose dependent manner (within therapeutic relevant dosage range). We also found that ATO inhibited proliferation of BM6-4 cells, induced these cells to differentiate into macrophages and induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. Our results suggest that ATO could be used as a targeted therapy for t(3;21)-positive MDS and AML. The in vivo effect of ATO in the AME mouse model and mechanism of ATO-induced AME downregulation is under investigation. Such research may extend ATO therapy to other hematological malignancies and help to identify new therapeutic targets for human cancer.
Image Processing at Your Fingertips: The New Horizon of Mobile Imaging

Abstract In this chapter, we briefly review the history of mobile imaging and current trend of mobile computing—namely interacting with a computer without an interface. Specifically, we highlight a list of image processing problems at fingertips: intelligent image acquisition, interactive image matting, dynamic image mosaicing and supervised image restoration. The unifying theme is how human interaction can reshape our thinking of conventional image processing algorithms. Several promising applications related to fingertip image processing are discussed at the end.
Leveraging Vision for Structural Identification: A Digital Image Correlation Based Approach

This paper describes a case study on a large scale structural test specimen using 3D-DIC as an image-based metrology approach for structural identification (St-ID). For the identification process, a commercial FEA software package was interfaced with MATLAB to converge on the optimal unknown/uncertain system parameters of the experimental setup. The 3D-DIC results provided a rich full-field dataset that was used in the identification process, which was compared against ground-truth measurements derived from traditional physical in-place sensors typically used in St-ID. For the identification, a novel hybrid algorithm, incorporating a combination of a genetic algorithm and a gradient-based scheme was utilized for updating the FEA model and obtaining the optimal values of the selected parameters. Results demonstrated that deflection, strain, and rotation measurements derived from DIC mirrored those from the ground-truth sensors and allowed for convergence of the updating with a variety of measurement responses that are challenging to acquire in typical applications.
Overlapping Hot Spots

Research Summary In this study, the extent to which hot spots of different crime types overlapped spatially in Philadelphia, PA, were examined. Multiple techniques were used to identify crime hot spots for 11 different crime types. Univariate and bivariate statistics also were used to quantify the extent to which hot spots across the 11 crime types overlapped spatially. Hot spots of different crime types were not found to overlap much. Policy Implications The results raise concerns regarding the resource efficiency of hot-spots policing for addressing all crime types. Police commanders will need to consider how the extent to which hot spots overlap in their jurisdiction should be incorporated into their strategic plans to meet their organizational goals. Furthermore, if police departments plan to use hot-spots policing to address all crime types, then many local criminal justice systems would need an infusion of resources.
Fractals for Everyone

This chapter describes the fractals for everyone. Fractal geometry studies complicated subsets of geometrically simple spaces such as the Euclidean plane. The focus is on those subsets of a space that are generated by, or possess invariance properties under, simple geometrical transformations of the space into itself. A simple geometrical transformation is one that is easily conveyed or explained to someone else. Usually it can be completely specified by a small set of parameters. The importance of two-dimensional affine transformations, which are expressed using 2 × 2 matrices and 2-vectors, is emphasized. The device of applying the various functions available on the fractal design screen to a single affine transformation teaches the nature of affine transformations and will help to understand the various types of transformations which can be applied in the present system and the meaning of the messages that appear at the bottom of the screen. In the desktop fractal design system, there can be no more than 16 transformations in an IFS, which means that TV is less than or equal to 16. Each IFSs can be represented completely by the coefficients in the affine transformations that define it.
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation in the Very Elderly: Anticoagulant Therapy Is No Longer a Sin.

It is well established that older individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF) are less likely to receive oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy compared with their younger counterparts,[1][1], [2][2] and when treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), there is a relatively high rate of discontinuation
Tenure and Promotion Experiences of Music Teacher Educators: A Mixed-Methods Study.

To examine music education faculty members’ promotion and tenure experiences, we interviewed (N = 9) and surveyed (N = 124) music teacher educators (MTEs) who were pretenure or tenured within the p...
Student evaluation of teaching and matters of reliability

AbstractThe student evaluation of teaching process is generally thought to produce reliable results. The consistency is found within class and instructor averages, while a considerable amount of inconsistency exists with individual student responses. This paper reviews these issues along with a detailed examination of common measures of reliability that are utilised with the instruments. While inter-item consistency of the evaluations has been shown to be high, the agreement between students was shown to be no better than what would be expected by chance, indicating that students do not agree on what they are being asked to evaluate. The reliability measures generated by the student evaluations of teaching are an insufficient foundation for establishing validity. Further, the pattern of reliability indicates that the instruments are generally providing information about students, not instructors.
Cataloging backlogs: Perennials, seaweeds, or others?

Cataloging backlogs are a perennial part of cataloging work, but they differ from library to library. In some libraries, cataloging backlogs are temporary imbalances between the fast growth of new acquisitions and shrinking of cataloging personnel and support. In other libraries, cataloging backlogs are simply those materials that go beyond the regular scope of bibliographical management. No matter the type of cataloging backlog, they are bulky, substantial, and visible. Some might even use them as an advantage to contribute to their job security. However, when cataloging backlogs sneak into a library’s bibliographic system and build up there for years, they are not perennials any more. They become like seaweeds in the ocean: you know they are there, and you can even have a glance at their tips provocatively bouncing along with the waves; but if you really want to grasp them and dig out their roots, you will have to dive in deep.
Applications of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in Human Systems Integration

This paper reviews applications of fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) in the in the field of human factors and ergonomics, with special consideration of human systems integration efforts.
Circadian and photic modulation of daily rhythms in diurnal mammals

The temporal niche that an animal occupies includes a coordinated suite of behavioral and physiological processes that set diurnal and nocturnal animals apart. The daily rhythms of the two chronotypes are regulated by both the circadian system and direct responses to light, a process called masking. Here we review the literature on circadian regulations and masking responses in diurnal mammals, focusing on our work using the diurnal Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) and comparing our findings with those derived from other diurnal and nocturnal models. There are certainly similarities between the circadian systems of diurnal and nocturnal mammals, especially in the phase and functioning of the principal circadian oscillator within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, the downstream pathways, direct or indirect from the SCN, lead to drastic differences in the phase of extra-SCN oscillators, with most showing a complete reversal from the phase seen in nocturnal species. This reversal, however, is not universal and in some cases the phases of extra-SCN oscillators are only a few hours apart between diurnal and nocturnal species. The behavioral masking responses in general are opposite between diurnal and nocturnal species, and are matched by differential responses to light and dark in several retinorecipient sites in their brain. The available anatomical and functional data suggest that diurnal brains are not simply a phase-reversed version of nocturnal ones, and work with diurnal models contribute significantly to a better understanding of the circadian and photic modulation of daily rhythms in our own diurnal species.
Modeling the Influence of Correlated Molecular Disorder on the Dynamics of Excitons in Organic Molecular Semiconductors

In this paper, we investigate the role of correlated molecular disorder on the dynamics of excitons in oligothiophene-based organic semiconductors. We simulate exciton dynamics using the Frenkel ex...
Utility of restaging bone marrow biopsy (BMB) in PET-negative patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with bone marrow involvement.

8541 Background: Less than 10% of DLBCL patients have stage IV disease with BM involvement at diagnosis. For these patients, restaging BMB is required to document complete remission (CR). In additi...
Effective breast cancer combination therapy targeting BACH1 and mitochondrial metabolism.

Mitochondrial metabolism is an attractive target for cancer therapy1,2. Reprogramming metabolic pathways could improve the ability of metabolic inhibitors to suppress cancers with limited treatment options, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)1,3. Here we show that BTB and CNC homology1 (BACH1)4, a haem-binding transcription factor that is increased in expression in tumours from patients with TNBC, targets mitochondrial metabolism. BACH1 decreases glucose utilization in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and negatively regulates transcription of electron transport chain (ETC) genes. BACH1 depletion by shRNA or degradation by hemin sensitizes cells to ETC inhibitors such as metformin5,6, suppressing growth of both cell line and patient-derived tumour xenografts. Expression of a haem-resistant BACH1 mutant in cells that express a short hairpin RNA for BACH1 rescues the BACH1 phenotype and restores metformin resistance in hemin-treated cells and tumours7. Finally, BACH1 gene expression inversely correlates with ETC gene expression in tumours from patients with breast cancer and in other tumour types, which highlights the clinical relevance of our findings. This study demonstrates that mitochondrial metabolism can be exploited by targeting BACH1 to sensitize breast cancer and potentially other tumour tissues to mitochondrial inhibitors. The transcription factor BACH1, which targets mitochondrial metabolism, is expressed at high levels in several types of cancer; reducing its expression in tumours makes them more susceptible to treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors.
The Story of a Business Formation and its Failure

Outdoor Cooking Islands Inc. (OCI) was a manufacturer and installer of outdoor BBQ islands with its headquarters located in Upland, CA. The company was founded by Louis Garcia as a competitor to an existing company who virtually had a strangle-hold on the market share. The company’s primary focus was on producing backyard entertainment islands consisting of a built-in grill in a customized unit. The BBQ units ranged in price anywhere from $1,499 to $24,995. This wide range in price was mainly attributable to customization with respect to size, color, outer texture, quality and types of tiles used, and quality and types of components. Customers could add such additional amenities as ice buckets, drawers, cutting boards, waterproof stereos, keg-fridges, refrigerators, lighting, side-burners, and sinks, to name just a few. In addition, these units could also come with bar seating to accommodate guests to sit with the cook and socialize in the backyard. Customers who were interested in a backyard facelift would consider investing in the OCI’s products to both add value to their property and satisfy their outdoor entertainment needs. Early years of the company are characterized by hard work, innovations, and an incredible drive for success. However, the economy turned south, business started to slow down, and the company could not overcome economic hardships that ultimately lead to its demise in 2007. This case outlines a detailed history of Outdoor Cooking Islands Inc., its origin, founders, products, business dealings, and tribulations.
Neurotensin receptor 1 deletion suppresses methamphetamine self-administration and the associated reduction in dopamine cell firing

We previously reported that pharmacological blockade of neurotensin receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) decreases methamphetamine (METH) self-administration in mice. Here we explored the consequences of genetic deletion of neurotensin receptor 1 (NtsR1) in METH self-administration and VTA dopamine neuron firing activity. We implanted mice with an indwelling jugular catheter and trained them to nose-poke for intravenous infusions of METH. Mice with NtsR1 deletion (KO) acquired self-administration similar to wildtype (WT) and heterozygous (HET) littermates. However, in NtsR1 KO and HET mice, METH intake and motivated METH seeking decreased when the response requirement was increased to a fixed ratio 3 and when mice were tested on a progressive ratio protocol. After completion of METH self-administration, single cell in vivo extracellular recordings of dopamine firing activity in the VTA were obtained in anesthetized mice. In WT METH-experienced mice, dopamine cell firing frequency dramatically decreases compared to WT drug-naive mice. NtsR1 KO and HET mice did not exhibit this decline of dopamine cell firing activity after prolonged METH self-administration. We also observed an increase in population activity following METH self-administration that was strongest in the WT group. Our results suggest a role for NtsR1 in METH-seeking behavior, and ablation of NtsR1 receptors prevents the detrimental effects of prolonged METH self-administration on VTA dopamine cell firing frequency.
Local Enrichment of Unsaturated Chains around the A2A Adenosine Receptor

Two 15 μs all-atom simulations of the A2A adenosine receptor were obtained in a ternary mixture of cholesterol, saturated phosphatidylcholine lipids, and unsaturated phosphatidylcholine lipids. An ...
Assisted outpatient treatment orders and the therapeutic relationship in Assertive Community Treatment: a mixed-methods study

Background: A large proportion of clients served by Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) teams in New York City (NYC) are referred through “Assisted Outpatient Treatment” (AOT), which involves civil...
Case—Production Scheduling at DeLand Crayon Company

DeLand Crayon Company (DCC) is a large manufacturer of molded wax crayons. DCC sells three sizes of crayons, namely standard, large and jumbo. Standard-sized crayons, which account for most of the ...
Sacral nerve stimulation prompts vagally-mediated amelioration of rodent colitis.

Neuromodulation based on the vagal anti-inflammatory reflex has emerged as an exciting therapeutic approach for chronic inflammatory diseases. However, it is unclear whether direct stimulation of the vagus or of pelvic nerves coming from sacral roots, providing the bulk of colonic parasympathetic innervation, is the best approach. We hypothesized that sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) would be an effective treatment for colitis. Age and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 5% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in drinking water ad libitum for 7 days. A group of rats was sacrificed after DSS treatment, and the remaining rats were randomized to either sham-SNS or SNS groups, which were performed for 1 hr daily for 10 days. Stimulations were delivered via chronically implanted electrodes using an 8-channel universal pulse generator. Sacral nerve stimulation promoted recovery of colitis demonstrated by decreased disease activity index, myeloperoxidase activity, tissue TNF-alpha, and histological scores as well as an increased colonic M2 macrophage population. Heart rate variability analysis demonstrated a decrease in low frequency and increase in high frequency with SNS, corresponding to increased vagal tone. Additionally, plasma pancreatic peptide was increased and norepinephrine was decreased after SNS in colitis while colon tissue acetylcholine was increased with SNS. This is the first study to the best of our knowledge that demonstrates the benefit of SNS with autonomic mediation. SNS alters the expression of inflammatory cytokines and macrophages as well as modulates neurotransmitters involved in systemic inflammation.
What Were World’s Fairs for? Catalysts for Trade-Based Urban Development in the Second Industrial Revolution:

This essay proposes a new approach to world’s fairs. Local elites, representing manufacturing, banking, transportation, merchandizing, and commercial interests, organized pre–World War I exposition...
Analysis in epithelial ovarian cancer identifies KANSL1 as a biomarker and target gene for immune response and HDAC inhibition.

Abstract Objective There is an immunoreactive subtype of ovarian cancer with a favorable prognosis, but the majority of ovarian cancers have limited immune reactivity. The reason for this is poorly understood. This study aimed to approach this question by identifying prognostically relevant genes whose prognostic mRNA expression levels correlated with a genomic event. Methods Expression microarray and 5-year survival data on 170 ovarian tumors and aCGH data on 45 ovarian cancer cell lines were used to identify amplified/deleted genes associated with prognosis. Three immune-response genes were identified mapping to epigenetically modified chromosome 6p21.3. Genes were searched for roles in epigenetic modification, identifying KANSL1. Genome-wide association studies were searched to identify genetic variants in KANSL1 associated with altered immune profile. Sensitivity to HDAC inhibition in cell lines with KANSL1 amplification/rearrangement was studied. Results Expression of 196 genes was statistically significantly associated with survival, and expression levels correlated with copy number variations for 82 of them. Among these, 3 immune-response genes (HCP5, PSMB8, PSMB9) clustered together at epigenetically modified chromosome 6p21.3 and their expression was inversely correlated to epigenetic modification gene KANSL1. KANSL1 is amplified/rearranged in ovarian cancer, associated with lymphocyte profile, a biomarker for response to HDAC inhibition, and may drive expression of immune-response genes. Conclusion This study identifies 82 genes with prognostic relevance and genomic alteration in ovarian cancer. Among these, immune-response genes have correlated expression which is associated with 5-year survival. KANSL1 may be a master gene altering immune-response gene expression at 6p21.3 and drive response to HDAC inhibitors. Future research should investigate KANSL1 and determine whether targeting it alters the immune profile of ovarian cancer and improves survival, HDAC inhibition, and/or immunotherapy response.
Mitigating Health Disparities After Natural Disasters: Lessons From The RISK Project

Climate change exacerbates the severity of natural disasters, which disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. Mitigating disasters' health consequences is critical to promoting health equity, but few studies have isolated the short- and long-term effects of disasters on vulnerable groups. We filled this gap by conducting a fifteen-year (2003-2018) prospective study of low-income, predominantly Black parents who experienced Hurricane Katrina: the Resilience in Survivors of Katrina (RISK) Project. Here we describe this project and synthesize lessons from work that has resulted from it. Our findings can guide policy makers, service providers, and health officials in disaster planning and response. We synthesize them into an organizational schema of five priorities: Primary efforts should be aimed at preventing exposure to trauma through investments in climate resilience and by eliminating impediments to evacuation, health care policies should promote uninterrupted and expanded access to care, social services should integrate and strive to reduce the administrative burden on survivors, programs should aid survivors in forging or strengthening connections to their communities, and policy makers should fund targeted long-term services for highly affected survivors.
The Relationship of Channel Structure, Climate and Power to Exchange: Pennington Revisited

It is somewhat paradoxical that the evolutionary progression of channels research has been marked by a widening departure from channel’s ontologicai core, exchange. Channels research has increasingly focused on the collective effects of an interaction rather than the idiosyncratic nature of channel members. A disaggregate approach is used in this paper to develop a triadic model of channel conditions. Channel structure, climate and power are positioned in the model as interdependent constructs linked by the norm of reciprocity. The model offers a interactionalist framework from which internal political economies may be examined.
Synthetic Peptide Dendrimers Block the Development and Expression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Multiple Ag peptides (MAPs) containing eight proteolipid protein (PLP)139–151 peptides arranged around a dendrimeric branched lysine core were used to influence the expression and development of relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice. The PLP139–151 MAPs were very efficient agents in preventing the development of clinical disease when administered after immunization with the PLP139–151 monomeric encephalitogenic peptide in CFA. The treatment effect with these MAPs was peptide specific; irrelevant multimeric peptides such as guinea pig myelin basic protein GPBP72–84 MAP (a dendrimeric octamer composed of the 72–84 peptide) and PLP178–191 MAP (a dendrimeric octamer composed of the PLP178–191 peptide) had no treatment effect on PLP139–151-induced EAE. PLP139–151 MAP treatment initiated after clinical signs of paralysis also altered the subsequent course of EAE; it limited developing signs of paralysis and effectively limited the severity and number of disease relapses in MAP-treated mice over a 60-day observation period. PLP139–151 MAP therapy initiated before disease onset acts to limit the numbers of Th17 and IFN-γ-producing cells that enter into the CNS. However, Foxp3+ cells entered the CNS in numbers equivalent for nontreated and PLP139–151 MAP-treated animals. The net effect of PLP139–151 MAP treatment dramatically increases the ratio of Foxp3+ cells to Th17 and IFN-γ-producing cells in the CNS of PLP139–151 MAP-treated animals.
Molecular Approaches in Natural Resource Conservation and Management

1. Biodiversity discovery and its importance to conservation Rodney L. Honeycutt, David M. Hillis, John W. Bickham and Amy B. Baird 2. Gene flow, biodiversity and GM crops: weedy rice in Thailand B. Schaal, W. J. Leverich, S. Jamjod, C. Maneechote, A. Bashir, A. Prommin, A. Punyalue, A. Suta, T. Sintukhiew, A. Wongtamee, T. Pusadee, S. Niruntrayakul, B. Rerkasem, Robert H. Devlin and Fredrik L. Sundstrom 3. A community and ecosystem genetics approach to conservation biology and management Thomas G. Whitham, Catherine A. Gehring, Luke M. Evans, Carri J. LeRoy, Randy K. Bangert, Jennifer A. Schweitzer, Gerard J. Allan, Robert C. Barbour, Dylan G. Fischer, Bradley M. Potts, Joseph K. Bailey and Jeff Holland 4. Vertebrate sex determining genes and their potential utility in conservation, with particular emphasis on fishes J. Andrew DeWoody, Matthew C. Hale, John C. Avise and Lisette Waits 5. Historical and contemporary dynamics of adaptive differentiation in European oaks Antoine Kremer, Valerie Le Corre, Remy J. Petit, Alexis Ducousso and Stephen R. Palumbi 6. Association genetics, population genomics, and conservation: revealing the genes underlying adaptation in natural populations of plants and animals Krista M. Nichols, David B. Neale, Jake Gratten, Alastair J. Wilson, Allan F. McRae, Dario Beraldi, Peter M. Visscher, Josephine M. Pemberton and Jon Slate 7. Hybridization in threatened and endangered animal taxa: implications for conservation and management of biodiversity Kelly R. Zamudio, Richard G. Harrison and Marjorie Matocq 8. Pollen and seed movement in disturbed tropical landscapes J. L. Hamrick, Joseph D. Busch, Jennifer McCreight and Peter M. Waser 9. Implications of landscape alteration for the conservation of genetic diversity of endangered species Paul L. Leberg, Giridhar N. R. Athrey, Kelly R. Barr, Denise L. Lindsay, Richard F. Lance, Julie R. Etterson and Rebecca M. Holmstrom 10. Integrating evolutionary considerations into recovery planning for Pacific salmon Robin S. Waples, Michelle M. McClure, Thomas C. Wainwright, Paul McElhany, Peter Lawson and Kermit Ritland 11. Using molecular methods to improve the genetic management of captive breeding programs for threatened species Jamie A. Ivy, Robert C. Lacy and Yousry El-Kassaby 12. Wildlife reintroductions: the conceptual development and application of theory Olin E. Rhodes, Jr, Emily K. Latch, Lisa Worthen, Charles Michler and Keith Woeste 13. Evolutionary toxicology Lee R. Shugart, Chris W. Theodorakis, John W. Bickham, Stan D. Wullschleger and David J. Weston.
Approximations to solute transport in porous media with flow transverse to layering.

Analytical approaches for the prediction of solute transport in layered porous media are investigated for the case of flow perpendicular to the direction of layering. One approach involves the use of averaging techniques to treat the profile as an equivalent homogeneous medium. The method is demonstrated on hypothetical and laboratory- measured data sets and a criterion for validity of the method is given. The second approach involves the use of time convolution to predict breakthrough curves for layered systems on the assumption that layer interactions have no significant effect on transport. Accuracy criteria are derived by comparing moments of the exact and approximate solutions and it is found that the convolution method has broader applicability than the equivalent single-layer analysis. An extension of the convolution method to include consideration of nonequilibrium transport due to the presence of mobile-immobile regions is presented and demonstrated by analysis of laboratory breakthrough data from a two-layer system exhibiting mobile-immobile regions.
Nicotinic acid metabolism. 3. Purification and properties of a nicotinic acid hydroxylase.

Abstract An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydroxylation of nicotinic acid to 6-hydroxynicotinic acid has been purified from extracts of a nicotinic acid-fermenting clostridium. The enzyme appears to be a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing non-heme iron protein and utilizes triphosphopyridine nucleotide as the ultimate electron acceptor. The purified enzyme also exhibits reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase and diaphorase activity.
Transposon mutagenesis disentangles osteosarcoma genetic drivers

The genetic drivers of osteosarcoma have been difficult to identify because of the genomic complexity consistently encountered in cancer cells at diagnosis. A new study uses Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis to drive osteosarcomagenesis in the mouse and identify likely drivers of the disease in humans.
Climbing behavior of northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus) and scansoriality in Myodes (Rodentia, Cricetidae)

Scansoriality (climbing) allows access to valuable resources in the arboreal niche and is widespread among mammals, yet little is known about how it originates from obligate terrestriality. The northern red-backed vole (Myodes rutilus) is a small, Holarctic rodent long presumed to be strictly terrestrial, yet 3 of its congeners (M. gapperi, M. glareolus, and M. californicus) have been observed climbing in trees. We conducted paired arboreal and ground trapping surveys in interior Alaska to investigate anecdotal accounts of tree-climbing behavior in M. rutilus. Results indicate that they readily climb up to 2 m above ground in trees of their own volition, a phenomenon heretofore undocumented in the literature. Camera trap videos show M. rutilus exhibiting behavior and dexterity—such as terminal branch arboreal quadrupedalism and head-first descent mediated by hindfoot rotation—generally associated with more arboreal species. Northern red-backed voles may therefore provide a new perspective on early stages ...
Thermoregulatory reflexes and cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress in hypertensive humans

During dynamic exercise in the heat, increases in skin blood flow are attenuated in hypertensive subjects when compared with normotensive subjects. We studied responses to passive heat stress (water-perfused suits) in eight hypertensive and eight normotensive subjects. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous-occlusion plethysmography, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured by Finapres, and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) was calculated. Bretylium tosylate (BT) iontophoresis was used to block active vasoconstriction in a small area of skin. Skin blood flow was indexed by laser-Doppler flowmetry at BT-treated and untreated sites, and cutaneous vascular conductance was calculated. In normothermia, FVC was lower in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects (P 0.80); concurrent cutaneous vascular conductance increases were unaffected by BT treatment (P > 0.60). MAP was greater in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects during normothermia (P 0.80). FVC is reduced during normothermia in unmedicated hypertensive subjects; however, they respond to passive heat stress in a fashion no different from normotensive subjects.
The promise of nutrition: Nourish and flourish

T HE real function of nutrition is to form and sustain the structures and functions of all organs and tissues in the body. Physiologically and psychologically we are the result of the food we have eaten. Therefore, it cannot be made too clear that a small deficiency in any one of three dozen or more substances and elements may cause subnormal health and, if long continued in infancy and youth, may cause permanent damage. In Drummond’s recent book, The Englishman’s Food, which is a chronicle of the English diet through more than five centuries, evidence is presented to show that mankind was best nourished during the era 1750 to 1850. Subsequent to this time the dietary has been progressively refined and processed to suit the palate. One effect of this development on the diet is shown by the replacement of the centuries-old process of grinding grains between stones by the modern roller mills. Within fifteen years this change dropped the per capita consumption of vitamin B, from about 1,000 I.U. daily to less than one-third that amount. From that day to this a large portion of the population has been subsisting on a diet deficient in vitamin B, all because of this change in milling procedure. Roller milling and subsequent bleaching also removed all the carotene, half the riboflavin, half the calcium, and two-thirds the iron of the wheat and corn, markedly reducing the total daily intake of these food essentials. This important effect of milling is but one of many which may be cited to prove that our “civilized” foods are definitely inferior in nutritional value to those eaten by our ancestors. There is no doubt whatever that during the nineteenth century bad teeth became more common, while during the present century the rise in the incidence of caries has been alarming. This increase in caries incidence coincided with decrease in intake of calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, C, and D, each of which is essential for tooth formation. The parallelism is not hapinstance. In defense of our grandfathers, it should be said that they believed that they were improving foods. To them calories were of prime importance and foods were only fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. The discoveries that proteins differ in nutritive values and that foods contain physiologically essential vitamins and minerals had not been made. They can be excused for what they did not know. During the Middle Ages a failure in crops resulted in devastating famine. This famine was so often succeeded by pestilence that the phrase “famine and pestilence” has become a part of our language.
Isotope-edited 1D and 2D n.m.r. spectroscopy of 13C-substituted carbohydrates.

Abstract Three isotope-edited n.m.r. methods have been applied to selectively 13C-substituted monosaccharides and nucleosides to simplify their spectra and/or measure 1H1H, 13C1H, or 13C13C spin-couplings detected via the labeled site. 1D INADEQUATE spectra allowed the selective detection of the natural-abundance carbons that are spin-coupled to the labeled carbon, and adjustment of the mixing time permitted further discrimination between one-bond and longer-range 13C13C coupling pathways. Geminal and vicinal 13C1H coupling constants were determined from the analysis of 1H1H COSY cross-peaks for those protons coupled to the labeled carbon. Long-range 13C-(HETCOR) and 1H-detected (HMBC) 13C1H chemical-shift correlation spectra permitted the selective observation of those protons coupled to the labeled site, and JH,H values were measured from data projections. The implications of these methods for structural studies of more complex systems is briefly discussed.
Anthropic tuning of the weak scale and of m u /m d in two-Higgs-doublet models

It is shown that, in a model in which up-type and down-type fermions acquire mass from different Higgs doublets, the anthropic tuning of the Higgs mass parameters can explain the fact that the observed masses of the $d$ and $u$ quarks are nearly the same with $d$ slightly heavier. If Yukawa couplings are assumed not to scan (vary among domains), this would also help explain why $t$ is much heavier than $b$. It is also pointed out that the existence of dark matter invalidates some earlier anthropic arguments against the viability of domains where the standard model Higgs has positive ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$, but makes other even stronger arguments possible.
Accountants and a religious covenant with the public

Abstract This paper encourages accounting professionals to consider adopting the Biblical concept of covenant when representing their clients and reporting financial information to the public. Covenant is introduced as an ideal, something to strive for, that could improve an accountant's perception of his/her work. It might also improve the public's perception of the accounting professional's role in society. Establishing a covenantal relationship with the public could foster a concern for those most in need of professional services and least able to obtain professional representation.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Analysis of Single-Cell Trisomies for Determination of Clonality

Abstract Conflicting data currently exist pertaining to the significance of single-cell trisomies found in a 20-cell cytogenetic analysis of hematologic malignancies. In order to determine the clonality of the numerical abnormalities found in these cases, we performed a retrospective study on a cohort of patients previously analyzed by GTG-banding at Rhode Island Hospital, from July 1, 1990 to November 30, 1996. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed using chromosome enumeration probes on previously fixed bone marrow and, in some cases, peripheral blood slides from patients identified to have single-cell trisomies of selected chromosomes in 20-cell routine GTG-banded analyses. We seek to determine whether the single cell trisomies represent random nonclonal events or "the tip of an iceberg." The results of the present study indicate that a single unifying answer to the above question does not exist. While some cases are apparently random events as predicted by chance, other cases appear to represent "the tip of an iceberg." It is therefore important for cancer cytogeneticists to interpret the results of each patient on a case-by-case basis and to formulate the most optimal strategy for follow-up in the particular case under study.
The Repeatability and Effect of Age on Yearly Breeding Efficiency of Sires used in Artificial Breeding

Summary Yearly average conception rates (60- to 90-day non-returns) for 164 Holstein, 72 Jersey and 117 Guernsey sires were studied with respect to repeatability ( r ) and effect of age. The repeatability of single records of conception rate was found to be 0.59 for Holsteins, 0.45 for Guernseys and 0.31 for Jerseys. No uniform change in conception rate associated with advancing age was found. The failure to find a significant age trend in the conception rate of bulls at ages ranging from 2 to 13 yr. does not necessarily indicate that advancing age does not lower fertility. It does indicate, however, that it is possible to select bulls with high conception rates at all ages, ranging from 2 to 13 yr., inclusive, and that the influence of adding 1 or 2 additional years to the age of such bulls was not of sufficient magnitude to measure. This lack of significant change also was true over a period of 5 yr. for the 12 bulls which were kept that long.