cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a piezoelectric actuator using topology optimization

This study investigates the optimal topology for a piezoelectric actuator mounted on a cantilever beam under a concentrated static load at the tip. The project consists of two major parts: implementation of the control law into the commercial finite element code ABAQUS and studies in topology optimization. The first part gives a derivation and explanation of the implementation of static feedback control. The result is compared with a derived analytical solution. The second part examines the results of topology optimizations with different geometries and constraints. Thus, this study develops fundamental understanding of advantageous shapes for optimal performing piezoelectric actuators.
An Indication for a Process Dimension in Medical Problem-Solving.

Summary Several recent studies have concluded that medical problem-solving, as evidenced in a written simulation, is heavily influenced by the medical content of the particular case. The method employed in these studies did not allow process and content aspects to be separated, so the contribution of each could not be independently assessed. The present study employed a method that allowed such a separation. Medical students were required to write problem lists, to order laboratory tests and to choose a final diagnosis for each of five casts. They were given corrective feedback after each part (e.g. after writing problem lists they were given the correct problem list) so that all students were working with the same information as they began each section of the case. The results on factor analysis showed more similarity in performance on the same aspect of problemsolving across different clinical cases than on the different processes within a given case. The present study clarifies some issues, but more work is needed to define further the specific processes in problemsolving.
Low noise up-conversion single photon detector and its applications in quantum information systems

ABSTRACT We developed low-noise up-conversion single photon detectors for 1310 nm based on a periodically-poled LiNbO 3 (PPLN) waveguide. The low-noise feature is achieved by using a pulsed optical pump at a wavelength longer than the signal wavelength. The detectors were used in a quantum key distribution (QKD) systems based on polarization encoding, measurement for entangled photon pairs and spectrum measurement at single photon levels. In this paper, the overall detection efficiency and noise level of the detectors are characterized and the polarization and wavelength sensitivity of the detection efficiency is analyzed. The appli cations of this detector in quantum information systems are also described. Keywords : Frequency up-conversion, Single photon detector, Quantum key distribution, Entangled photon pair, Infrared spectrometer, Optical fiber communication. 1. INTRODUCTION The performance of a quantum communications system depends on both transmission loss and detection efficiency. For current fiber systems, the transmission loss is small in near infrared (NIR) range, and many fiber-based communication systems and devices have tended to use this wavelength range . Therefore, the 1310 nm and 1550 nm bands have become the mainstream telecom wavelength windows. Currently available single photon detectors include photocathode-based detectors (such as a photomultiplier (PMT) and a micro-channel plate (MCP)), avalanche photodiode (APD)-based detectors, and superconducting detectors [1]. Among these detectors, InGaAs PMT, InGaAs MCP, InGaAs APD and two types of superconducting single photon detectors (transition edge sensor (TES) and superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD)) can work in the NIR range. An InGaAs PMT [2] and InGaAs MCP [3] have very low detecti on efficiency (DE) (<1%) at NIR range. An InGaAs APD has about 10% DE in the NIR range, but it suffers from a high dark count rate and afterpulsing and usually works at gated mode only [4]. Recently, a self-difference technique was developed for an InGaAs APD that suppresses the afterpulsing noise, allowing it to be operated in free-running mode [5]. The InGaAs APD has about 10% detection efficiency, but still has about 6% after-pulse probability which would contribute to the error rate of quantum information systems. Superconducting single photon detectors have excellent performance, including an extremely low dark count rate and a flat wavelength sensitivity from ultraviolet to in frared light. TES can approach almost 100% DE when proper optical coupling is provided [6], and SSPD has a very short response time and timing jitter with no hold-off time and no
Abstract 3100: MicroRNA profiling reveals miR-205 upregulation is associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and modulates E2F1 signaling.

Introduction: Based on our previous screen of miRNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we sought to functionally evaluate candidate transcripts that could modify Rb/E2F signaling. Thus, we chose to investigate miR-205 as a putative HNSCC oncogene and regulator of E2F1 protein expression. Methods: miRNAs were isolated from 29 newly diagnosed HNSCC tumors (HPV-positive: 14, HPV-negative: 15) and 4 normal mucosa samples using the PureLink RNA Isolation Kit (Invitrogen). miRNA was analyzed using the ABI Megaplex protocol without pre-amplification (Applied Biosystems). Reactions were run using the miRNA Reverse Transcription Kit and Megaplex RT Human Pool A primers, then analyzed by TaqMan Low-Density Array (TLDA) cards. miRNA data was normalized to MammU6 expression, with undetectable transcripts assigned a C t value of 40. Empirical Bayes moderated t-statistics were used to assess miRNA differential expression and the Benjamini- Hotchberg correction was applied to these p-values to account for multiple hypothesis testing. miR-205 expression was then transiently modified (Dharmacon) in an HPV-positive and -negative HNSCC cell line. These cells were characterized by Western blot and assayed for changes in proliferation utilizing two- and three-dimensional growth assays. Results: HNSCC miRNA expression was characterized by a general upregulation of individual transcripts and miRNA families compared to normal mucosa. This difference in expression was independent of HPV-status, with only two miRNAs demonstrating differential expression between HPV-positive and -negative tumors: miR-449a and miR-129-3p. miR-205, a transcript upregulated in both subtypes, was able to modulate proliferation and E2F1 expression levels in 93VU147T (HPV+), but not UM-SCC-15 (HPV-). Further Western blot analysis concluded modulations in Rb-phosphorylation status and apoptotic signaling factors may explain these E2F1-mediated effects. Conclusions: While significant differences are evident in the miRNA profiles of HNSCC compared to normal mucosa, a striking degree of similarity exists between HPV-positive and -negative miRNA deregulation. A functional evaluation of miR-205 determined this transcript is capable of modulating HNSCC growth in the genetic context of p16 expression and proapoptotic signaling. Citation Format: Jason D. Howard, Haixia Cheng, Elena Ratner, Elana J. Fertig, Jimena Perez, Harry Quon, Michael Considine, Michael Ochs, Joanne Weidhaas, Christine H. Chung. MicroRNA profiling reveals miR-205 upregulation is associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and modulates E2F1 signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3100. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3100
Cancer Biomarkers in HIV Patients

Purpose of review In this review, we update investigations related to cancer biomarkers in HIV-infected populations. Recent findings CD4 lymphocyte count is associated with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (except perhaps for Burkitt lymphoma), Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer, and anal cancer. HIV load is associated with Burkitt lymphoma and systemic NHL (but not PCNSL), with Kaposi's sarcoma and with anal cancer. CD40 ligand incorporated into the HIV envelope and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase may help explain the relationship between HIV load and Burkitt lymphoma. Genetic polymorphisms have been identified that are linked to lymphoma in HIV patients. B-cell activation as manifest in immunoglobulin light chain production may be an important marker for NHL risk. Cytokines and related molecules (IL10, sCD30) may identify patients at high risk for NHL. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is useful as a marker for PCNSL, although with the falling incidence of PCNSL, the specificity of the test has been called into question. EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) have not yet emerged as especially promising markers of risk for either lymphoma or Kaposi's sarcoma. Summary CD4 lymphocyte count, HIV load, germline genetic polymorphisms, cytokine and related molecules, and immunoglobulin light chains all show increasing promise as biomarkers of malignancy in HIV patients.
Mechanical harvesting of broilers

Abstract At the end of the growout phase of broiler production essentially all broilers are caught and loaded into coops or cages entirely by hand. The catching of broilers remains one of the few aspects of broiler production not yet automated. Vacuum systems, permanent conveyors recessed in the floors of growout facilities, collecting mats, scoops, and self-propelled, combine-type devices have been tried with little success over the past 30 yr. Renewed efforts at developing mechanical broiler harvesters have been encouraging in recent years. Several equipment companies in North America and Europe have developed prototype mechanical harvesters that appear to have promise. The benefits of mechanical harvesting as compared to hand catching include lower costs and improved working conditions. In addition, studies conducted thus far indicate that mechanical harvesting will improve bird welfare both from a stress and injury standpoint.
Magnesium metabolism in the hyperammonemic rat.

SummaryHyperammonemia was induced by injection of crystalline urease intraperitoneally in normal and Mg-deficient male rats. In hyperammonemic rats, plasma Mg tended to increase and plasma phosphate fell to about 50% of control values. Total Mg and the uptake of 28Mg by the liver, brain, heart, colon, or muscle were not changed. Mg concentrations in the kidney were decreased following acute ammonia toxicity, and release of 28Mg by liver slices in vitro was not changed by previous hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia did not alter the rate of disappearance of 28Mg from blood. Serum Mg of rats fed a Mg-deficient diet for 7 days was 50% of control, but the biochemical and toxicological responses to hyperammonemia were not markedly altered. Serum lactate, pyruvate, and α-ketoglutarate were increased in all urease-injected animals. Serum succinate was significantly lower in Mg-deficient rats. Significant changes in Mg metabolism during hyperammonemia were not observed.The assistance of Mrs. Mabel Goetchius, Mr. John...
Shock wave effects in biomechanics

Focused shock waves convey energy from a source and deposit it in a localized region remote from the source. This mechanism is used to deliver crushing impulses to kidney stones in patients, but it may also be an undesirable source of tissue injury. Tissue injury occurs in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a popular procedure used around the world to treat kidney stone disease. Shock waves can also be responsible for unexpected symptoms appearing remote from the site of blunt impact trauma. This paper describes two examples of the effects of focused shock waves on tissue. A victim of gunshot wound suffered specific neurological symptoms indicating highly localized injury to the spinal cord remote from the impact point and penetration of the missile. We suggest that wave focusing by thoracic vertebrae can concentrate energy into the spinal canal, with consequent injury to the spinal cord. Impulsive stress in repeated shock waves of order 20 MPa strength administered in ESWL is the mechanical stimulus of injury to the kidney. Research to increase the understanding of the causal relationship between the shock-induced mechanical stimulus and the consequent biomedical symptoms in the shock-wave treatment of kidney stone disease is described. The interaction of focusing shock waves with simple, planar polymeric membranes immersed in tissue-mimicking fluids has been studied. We have explored the nature of membrane failure in both cavitating and non-cavitating fluids. In water, thin nitrocellulose membranes are easily damaged during the passage of a lithotriptor shock wave by the collapse of proximal bubbles generated by cavitation. In uniform non-cavitating liquids, focusing shock waves do not by themselves cause damage, but after passing through tissue or simulated tissue, they do. Shocks with large amplitude and short-rise time (for example, in uniform media) cause no damage in non-cavitating fluids, while long-rise time, dispersed shock waves, though only moderately attenuated, do. A simple model of shearing at small scale provides a framework for accounting for the properties of the scattering medium and the membrane material in dynamic fatigue. The fact that the membranes exhibit fatigue-like behaviour suggests that a definition of dose can be formulated based on Miner’s Law. This definition gives the dose at failure in terms of the stress applied to the membrane by each shock wave and the failure stress. This analysis suggests that ESWL shock waves induce strain rates in tissue of order 10000 s−1 and that behind a tissue, phantom membranes fail after a dose of about 1400 effective shock waves, of the same order as the number of shock waves typically used in lithotripsy therapy and research. Above strain rates of about 40000 s−1, ESWL shocks cause virtually no damage.
The checkered history and bright future of intrauterine contraception in the United States.

The IUD was once a popular form of birth control in the US. It is noted that the sharp drop in IUD use resulted from a combination of interrelated factors and events. However since the IUD is almost impossible to misuse and is far less likely to fail than the pill the condom or the injectable a national increase in IUD use that comes at the expense of such methods would reduce the number of unintended pregnancies. This paper outlines factors that comprise the history and future of IUD in the US. Factors such as new research documenting safety a clear public health need many advantages over other reversible contraceptive methods newly discovered noncontraceptive health benefits a choice of two excellent devices and favorable assessments (by contraceptive experts women physicians satisfied current users and women in other countries) predict a renewed interest in IUD among women users in the US. Together these positive forces may well overcome barriers to IUD provision rid the device of its tainted image and lead to expanded reproductive health choice.
A Metric for Identifying Detectable Path Delay Faults

Path delay faults are used for modeling small delay defects. Due to the large numbers of paths and the large numbers of undetectable path delay faults, test generation procedures for path delay faults use path selection procedures and procedures for the identification of undetectable faults to facilitate test generation. To complement these procedures, this paper describes a metric for assessing the likelihood that a path delay fault is detectable. Path selection procedures should prefer such faults in order to yield sets of target faults that are detectable even if not all the undetectable faults are identified prior to test generation. The metric is defined such that it allows all the path delay faults with the same value of the metric (the same likelihood of being detectable) to be enumerated together. The metric is computed based on the numbers of detections of transition faults under a test set for such faults, and requires N-detection fault simulation of transition faults for a sufficiently large value of N. The results of test generation for path delay faults confirm that faults with higher values of the metric are more likely to be detectable.
Selective insolubility of active hsp70 gene chromatin.

Abstract A gentle chromatin fractionation procedure was used to investigate solubility properties of Drosophila hsp70 heat-shock genes. After a brief digestion of isolated nuclei with micrococcal nuclease, most DNA is readily solubilized under low-ionic-strength conditions that maintain native nucleosomal organization. Actively transcribing hsp70 genes, however, are found to be enriched in the insoluble nuclear residue. Inactive genes are not resistant to solubilization, showing a fractionation pattern similar to that of bulk DNA. The insolubility characteristic correlates well with two other structural features of active hsp70 chromatin: increased sensitivity to endonuclease attack and disruption of the nucleosomal repeat pattern. The 5′-flanking regulatory region of active hsp70 genes is particularly resistant to solubilization, suggesting a role for binding of transcription factors in mediating this effect.
The chromosomes of the guinea‐pig

The spermatogenesis of five guinea-pigs was studied. The spermatogonial chromosome number is approximately sixty-two plus or minus two. The primary spermatocyte number is approximately thirty-one. The spermatogonial number in the early prophase is lower than it is in later stages. This condition is due to late fragmentation of the large chromosomes found in the earlier stage. A possible sex chromosome of the X-Y type may be identified. Its components segregate during the first maturation division.
Trilinear commutation relations between fields

A set of trilinear equal-time commutation relations is derived from Schwinger’s Action Principle under the assumption that for equal times the field variations commute with bilinears of field operators. Some consequences of these trilinear equal-time commutation relations are investigated and representations of the operators which satisfy them are considered.
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody bevacizumab reduced the risk of anemia associated with chemotherapy–A meta-analysis

AbstractIntroduction. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may play a role in erythropoiesis. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to determine the effect of the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab on anemia in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Methods. Databases from PUBMED, the Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and abstracts presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) conferences until May 2010 were searched to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies included prospective RCTs in which the combination of bevacizumab and chemotherapy was compared with chemotherapy alone. Summary incidence rate, relative risk (RR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results. A total of 6439 patients with a variety of solid tumors were included for analysis from 11 RCTs. Among those patients receiving bevacizumab and chemotherapy, the incidences of all-grade and high-grade (grade 3 and above) anemia were 17.8% (95% CI: 11.1–27.1%) and 2....
Signal chain architectures for efficient ionospheric radar processing

Summary form only given. Powerful remote sensing techniques have been developed over the last several decades by the radio science community for probing of the ionospheric plasma state using radio wave scattering combined with passive or active illuminators. The last three decades have seen huge advances in processing and analysis speed afforded by modern specialized and general purpose computing platforms. Accordingly, elements and architectures in a software radar framework have grown to encompass much of the infrastructure used in modern ionospheric sensing platforms. particularly in applications of RF capture, signal processing, and inverse analysis. The dominance of software in these platforms has endowed them with new attributes of greatly enhanced Bexibility and reconfigurability. If managed carefully, these qualities can be used for improved spatial and temporal resolution, while reducing instrumental effects and improving measurement fidelity. Furthermore, streamlined and maximally generic pattern implementations in the design and execution of overall signal processing Bows have the significant advantage of minimizing overhead burdens in implementing new techniques. Finally, these architectures allow for the design of more generic analysis suites which partially insulate the operational facility against RF hardware migrations made necessary by system upgrades and maintenance. We will discuss strategies and implementations for interconnection of key signal pattern elements in the construction of modern software radar signal chains for reliable ionospheric remote sensing. Our philosophy of design encourages clear separation of key boundaries in the signal processing Bow, and speeds coding and debugging by focusing efforts on the essential software radar patterns. It also provides pathways for automated configuration and execution of signal chains for systems with large numbers of RF sensing elements such as phased array configurations. Finally, the presentation will describe a specific implementation of these concepts for a general radar calibration signal chain for incoherent scatter radar platforms, currently under development at the Millstone Hill Geospace Facility.
Allosteric post-translational modification codes

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been recognized to impact protein function in two ways: (i) orthosterically, via direct recognition by protein domains or through interference with binding; and (ii) allosterically, via conformational changes induced at the functional sites. Because different chemical types of PTMs elicit different structural alterations, the effects of combinatorial codes of PTMs are vastly larger than previously believed. Combined with orthosteric PTMs, the impact of PTMs on cellular regulation is immense. From an evolutionary standpoint, harnessing this immense, yet highly specific, PTM code is an extremely efficient vehicle that can save a cell several-fold in gene number and speed up its response to environmental change.
Developmental neurotoxicity of low dose diazinon exposure of neonatal rats : Effects on serotonin systems in adolescence and adulthood

The developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides targets serotonin (5HT) systems, which are involved in emotional and appetitive behaviors. We exposed neonatal rats to daily doses of diazinon on postnatal days 1-4, using doses (0.5 or 2mg/kg) spanning the threshold for barely-detectable cholinesterase inhibition. We then evaluated the effects on 5HT(1A) and 5HT(2) receptors, and on the 5HT transporter in cerebral cortical regions and the brainstem in adolescence through adulthood. Diazinon evoked a lasting deficit in 5HT(1A) receptors in males only, whereas it caused a small but significant increase in 5HT transporters in females; neither effect showed a significant regional selectivity. This pattern differed substantially from that seen in earlier work with another organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, which at pharmacodynamically similar doses spanning the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition, evoked a much more substantial, global upregulation of 5HT receptor expression; with chlorpyrifos, effects on receptors were seen in females, albeit to a lesser extent than in males, and were also regionally distinct. The effects of diazinon were nonmonotonic, showing larger alterations at the lower dose, likely reflecting positive trophic effects of cholinergic stimulation once the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition is exceeded. Our results reinforce the idea that different organophosphates have fundamentally distinct effects on the developmental trajectories of specific neurotransmitter systems, unrelated to their shared action as cholinesterase inhibitors. The effects on 5HT circuits expand the scope of behavioral endpoints that need to be considered in evaluating the developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates.
Temperature-dependent photoabsorption cross section measurements of O2 at the OI-1304 Å triplet emission lines

We report the first temperature-dependent measurements (at 295, 373, 473, and 573 K) of the O2 photoabsorption cross sections at the aeronomically-important OI-1304 A triplet emission lines. A high current, low voltage argon mini-arc source was used as the light source. The measurements were carried out at a spectral resolution of 0.5 A at full-width-at-ahlf-maximum (FWHM). Direct application of the Beer-Lambert absorption equation yielded the absolute photoabsorption cross sections for O2 at each line of the OI triplet.
Virtual memory transaction management

In this paper we examine the consequences of an operating system providing transaction management in an environment where files are bound into a user's address space. The discussion focuses on inherent limitations in providing concurrency control and crash recovery services in this environment and on hardware extensions needed to overcome these deficiencies.
Platelet lipoxygenase-dependent oxygen burst. Evidence for differential activation of lipoxygenase in intact and disrupted human platelets.

Abstract The metabolism of arachidonic acid in platelets by both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase involves the rapid consumption of molecular oxygen. However, selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase completely abolishes the arachidonate-induced oxygen burst in intact platelets. This is in contrast to platelet lysates, in which approximately 50% of the arachidonate-induced oxygen burst remains detectable following inhibition of cyclooxygenase with acetylsalicylic acid. This lipoxygenase oxygen burst is blocked by preincubation of the platelets with ETYA, which inhibits both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. In cell-free 100 000 × g supernatants of platelet lysates, which contain only lipoxygenase activity, arachidonate induces an oxygen burst which is not blunted by preincubation with aspirin but is completely abolished by preincubation with ETYA. The finding of a lipoxygenase-dependent oxygen burst in platelet lysates but not in intact platelet suspensions suggests differential activation or differential availability of platelet lipoxygenase in intact and disrupted platelets. This was confirmed by a 5 min lag in the generation of [14C]HETE (the major lipoxygenase product) from [14C]arachidonic acid in intact platelets, but an almost immediate initiation of [14C]HETE production in platelet lysates. In contrast, the synthesis of [14C]thromboxane B2 (the major cyclooxygenase product) from [14C]arachidonic acid began immediately in both intact and disrupted platelet preparations and peaked within 5 min. These observations provide new insight into factors controlling platelet hydroxy acid production and help to explain the nature of the platelet oxygen burst.
Specific binding of inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid) to adrenal chromaffin cell membranes and effects on calcium-dependent catecholamine release.

Abstract In a membrane preparation of cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, [3H]inositol hexakisphosphate ([3H]InsP6) was shown to bind specifically with a kd of 90 nM and a Bmax of 700 fmol/mg protein. The Hill coefficient was not significantly different from unity. The association of [3H]InsP6 was slow, with equilibrium binding being reached within 10 min. The dissociation of [3H]InsP6 showed monophasic kinetics. In [3H]InsP6 competition binding experiments, we found that reduction in the number of phosphorylated sites in inositol resulted in a gradual loss of binding potency. In intact bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, InsP6 elicited a concentration-dependent facilitation of 45C2+ influx along with the release of the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine. The latter responses were slower and longer-lasting than responses to depolarizing stimuli, such as nicotine and high K+. The catecholamine release required the presence of extracellular Ca2+. In good agreement with the binding studies, lower inositol phosphates displayed reduced secretagogue potency. In conclusion, in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, InsP6 appeared to bind to specific sites and elicited Ca2+ influx and catecholamine release.
Temperature dependence of fluid phase endocytosis coincides with membrane properties of pig platelets.

Abstract In previous studies we have shown that platelets take up low molecular weight molecules from the medium by fluid phase endocytosis, a phenomenon that we previously have used to load trehalose into human platelets, after which we have successfully freeze-dried them. We now extend those findings to a species to be used in animal trials of freeze-dried platelets:pigs. Further, we report results of studies aimed at elucidating the mechanism of the uptake. Temperature dependence of fluid-phase endocytosis was determined in pig platelets, using lucifer yellow carbohydrazide (LY) as a marker. A biphasic curve of marker uptake versus temperature was obtained. The activation energy was significantly higher above 22 °C (18.7±1.8 kcal/mol) than below that critical temperature (7.5±1.5 kcal/mol). The activation energy of fluid phase endocytosis in human platelets was 24.1±1.6 kcal/mol above 15 °C. In order to establish a correlation between the effect of temperature on fluid phase endocytosis and the membrane physical state, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescence anisotropy experiments were conducted. FTIR studies showed that pig platelets exhibit a main membrane phase transition at approximately 12 °C, and two smaller transitions at 26 and 37 °C. Anisotropy experiments performed with 1,6 diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene (DPH) complemented FTIR results and showed a major transition at 8 °C and smaller transitions at 26 and 35 °C. In order to investigate the relative roles of known participants in fluid phase endocytosis, the effects of several chemical inhibitors were investigated. LY uptake was unaffected by colchicine, methylamine, and amiloride. However, disruption of specific microdomains in the membrane (rafts) by methyl-β-cyclodextrin reduced uptake of LY by 35%. Treatment with cytochalasin B, which inhibits actin polymerization, reduced the uptake by 25%. We conclude that the inflection point in the LY uptake versus temperature plot at around 22 °C is correlated with changes in membrane physical state, and that optimal LY internalization requires an intact cytoskeleton and intact membrane rafts.
Yeast ribosomal proteins L4, L17, L20, and L25 exhibit different binding characteristics for the yeast 35S precursor rRNA.

Abstract In vitro synthesized radioactive yeast 35S precursor rRNA (35S pre-rRNA) molecules were used to determine the binding characteristics of 13 proteins from the yeast 60S ribosome subunit. L4, L17, L20 and L25 were found to bind the 35S pre-rRNA molecule in vitro in the absence of any other cellular components as determined by a modified membrane filtration assay and an agarose gel mobility shift assay. In all cases, RNA-protein complex formation was proportional to the amount of protein added to the binding reaction mixture. Binding to the pre-rRNA could be saturated yielding a molar RNA/protein ratio approaching one. Non-radioactive 35S pre-rRNA transcript competed for the binding in a dosage-dependent manner. Presence of 18S rRNA species and poly(A) did not affect their binding to the 35S RNA. However, in the presence of the 25S rRNA species, the four proteins exhibited distinct binding characteristics for the pre-rRNA molecule. L4 did not bind the 25S rRNA but interacted specifically with the 35S pre-rRNA molecule with a binding constant of 4.4×10 6 /M. L17 bound the pre-rRNA molecule preferentially ( K a =17×10 6 /M) but also bound the mature 25S rRNA species ( K a =10×10 6 /M). L20 bound both the pre-rRNA molecule and the 25S rRNA species equally well ( K a =11–12×10 6 /M). L25 also bound both the 35S pre-rRNA and the mature 25S rRNA with slightly different affinities, with K a =3.1 vs. 2.5×10 6 /M, respectively. We speculate that L4, L17, and L25 are among the early assembled ribosomal proteins but L4 may be one of the first ribosomal proteins that bind to the 35S pre-rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis.
Production of carbon coated selenium-76 targets

Abstract Selenium foils 600–6000 μg/cm2 thick with a 10 μg/cm2 carbon coating on both sides were prepared by evaporation. The selenium was then converted from the red amorphous state into the more stable gray hexagonal state by floating the target on water and raising the water temperature to 353 K. This procedure prevents the target from breaking because of shrinking during conversion.
Single Photon Emission Computed Body Tomography Using a Multiplane Scanner

This paper addresses a computer interface and required software developed for data acquisition and tomographic reconstruction using a standard nuclear medicine computer (32K Modumed-Medical Data Systems) interfaced to the Anger Multiplane Tomographic Scanner (PhoCon-Searle Radiographics). This combination provides single-photon emission computed body tomography, with longitudinal and transverse section capabilities. During acquisition the computer digitizes and records on magnetic disk the information generated by each scintillation event. Serial mode acquisition is utilized to create a list of the coordinates of the scintillation events in the crystal and which probe detected the event. This list contains markers every 10 milliseconds. These markers are pointers to the X coordinate of the probes. The Y coordinate of the probes are stored in a directory at the first disk record. Tomograms are reconstructed by back-projection of each scintillation event along a line passing through the focal point of the collimators. Programs have been developed to reconstruct one or multiple longitudinal or transverse sections. Once the image has been reconstructed, standard image manipulations such as contrast enhancement, color display, and movie display can be performed.
The relationship between cocaine‐induced paranoia and compulsive foraging: a preliminary report

Two prominent behavioral syndromes associated with chronic cocaine use that have been described in the literature are cocaine-induced paranoia (CIP) and cocaine-induced compulsive foraging (CICF) for cocaine. To help to clarify the relationship between the two cocaine-induced syndromes, the concordance and sequence of onset of the two cocaine-induced behaviors over the course of the patients' lifetime use of cocaine and during the course of a binge was examined in 62 crack cocaine-dependent men. Thirty-four (54.8%) reported experiencing both CIP and CICF. In 18 (29%) of the patients, only one of these cocaine-induced behavioral syndromes was reported. Ten (16.1%) of the subjects reported neither CIP nor CICF. Patterns of cocaine or other substance use and degrees of tolerance to cocaine were not significantly different between the groups endorsing different patterns of cocaine-induced behaviors. CIP typically preceded the onset of CICF both over the course of the patients' lifetime use of cocaine and over the course of a binge. The study results suggest varying thresholds for the expression of these behaviors in chronic cocaine-abusing individuals.
MONETARY POLICY, STOCK RETURNS AND INFLATION

Abstract The relationship between stock returns and inflation depends on both the monetary policy regime and the relative importance of demand and supply shocks. A simple analytical framework by which to empirically examine the relative importance of these two factors is developed in this paper. Our findings indicate that the positive relationship between stock returns and inflation in the 1930s is mainly due to strongly pro-cyclical monetary policy, while the strong negative relationship of stock returns and inflation during the period of 1952–1974 is largely caused by supply shocks that were relatively more important in that period. Our results are broadly consistent with the general economic literature on monetary policy and stagflation.
Impact of impaired wrist motion on hand and upper-extremity performance

Purpose: To quantify and compare the disabilities caused by reduced and absent wrist motion using objective measurements of task performance and perceived disability, and to assess the compensatory motions of the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and trunk caused by impaired wrist motion. Methods: A clinical study of 21 normal subjects was done to measure physical performance and to assess wrist function under conditions of reduced (30° flexion and 30° extension) and nearly absent wrist motion using established physical tests and questionnaires (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand [DASH], Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation [PRWE], and a study-specific survey). The clinical study also measured compensatory motions of the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and trunk. Results: Average times to perform the Jebsen test and activities of daily living (ADLs) test increased for both motion-restricted conditions of the wrist but did not differ significantly between the conditions. Questionnaire scores regarding function were significantly worse for both motionrestricted conditions and poorest for nearly absent motion. Average compensatory motions in the extremity and trunk statistically increased for both motion-restricted conditions but were not marked and did not differ between the conditions. High variability among subjects occurred in all physical tests and questionnaires for both motion-restricted conditions. Conclusions: Perceived disability from reduced wrist motion appeared greater than measured functional loss using common physical tests and outcome surveys. (J Hand Surg 2003;28A: 898 –903. Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Beyond earnings management: Using ratios to predict Enron's collapse

This paper proposes a revised analytical model for accounting professionals that can be used to evaluate the financial well being of innovative companies that rely on earnings management practices (EM) for their growth. Through an analysis of corporate governance, financial reporting standards, and ratio analysis this paper reaches the conclusion that Enron extended previously researched earnings management practices that could have been detected in early 2000. Results of the analysis indicate that by using price book, price earnings multiple, net margin percentage, and return on assets, and taking into consideration the so‐called risk management activities which seemed to disguise highly volatile speculative derivative‐based activities, Enron was headed for implosion at least one year before its collapse.
Pyrolysis studies of organic oxygenates. IV. Naphthalene methyl ether pyrolysis under batch autoclave conditions

Aryl alkyl ethers undergo two major kinds of thermal reactions at temperatures of about 450/sup 0/C. They cleave homolytically at the O-C alkyl bond to produce phenols and they cleave homolytically at the C-H alkyl bond, and rearrange to an aryloxy radical leading to carbonyl compounds and ultimately to other products. Results obtained with the methyl ethers of 1- and 2-naphthol and with anisole show clearly that relative kinetics for these pathways differ for different substrates. Unimolecular decomposition rates at 400/sup 0/C and at 450/sup 0/C show that 1-methoxy naphthalene decomposes faster than 2-methoxy naphthalene which in turn is more thermally reactive than anisole.
Thin bilayer resists approach for 193nm and future photolithography

Resist aspect ratio has always been an issue for lithographic processes. Smaller CD forces the use of thinner resist films, but dry etch needs a certain amount of thickness in the resist. Various techniques have been proposed and researched to overcome these single-layer resist limitations. Bilayer Si-containing resists are a technique of interest and a strong candidate to replace CVD processes. In this paper, we have characterized bilayer resists and their dry-develop processes, and sought possible uses for advanced lithography, especially by using a thin film (70nm-90nm). Bilayer resist dry-develop consists of a film shrink as in an exposure reaction with an early-stage resist surface oxidation. We discuss material requirements for this purpose and provide some after-dry-develop images with small CD.
The next step towards making use meaningful: electronic information exchange and care coordination across clinicians and delivery sites.

Background Care for patients with chronic conditions often requires coordination between multiple physicians and delivery sites. Electronic Health Record (EHR) use could improve care quality and efficiency in part by facilitating care coordination. Objective We examined the association between EHR use and clinician perceptions of care coordination for patients transferred across clinicians and delivery sites. Research design Repeated surveys of primary care clinicians during the staggered implementation of an outpatient EHR (2005-2008), followed by an integrated inpatient EHR (2006-2010). We measured the association between EHR use stages (no use, outpatient EHR only, and integrated inpatient-outpatient EHR) and care coordination using logistic regression, adjusting for clinician characteristics, study year, and medical center. Subjects Adult primary care clinicians in a large Integrated Delivery System. Measures Three measures of clinician-reported care coordination for patient care transferred across clinicians (eg, from specialist to primary care team) and across delivery sites (eg, from the hospital to outpatient care). Results Outpatient EHR use was associated with higher reports of access to complete and timely clinical information and higher agreement on clinician roles and responsibilities for patients transferred across clinicians, but not for patients transferred across delivery sites. Use of the integrated outpatient-inpatient EHR was associated with higher reports of access to timely and complete clinical information, clinician agreement on the patient's treatment plan for patients transferred across delivery sites, and with all coordination measures for patients transferred across clinicians. Conclusion Use of an integrated EHR with health information exchange across delivery settings improved patient care coordination.
Postnatal growth of the mammalian lung: lack of influence by carbon monoxide exposure.

Abstract The growth and internal partitioning of the lung are increased in young animals exposed to high altitude. Neither the mechanism whereby O 2 lack brings this about nor the anatomic site of action of hypoxia is known. To test whether extrapulmonary tissue hypoxia can stimulate lung growth in the presence of normal alveolar pulmonary morphology was studied quantitatively in young rats exposed to 208 ppm carbon monoxide for 29–30 days. The results show no effect of this exposure on lung dimensions and thus argue against extrapulmonary tissue hypoxia as the relevant stimulus in the increased lung growth that occurs at high altitude.
The Work Environment Scale: baseline data for dental schools.

Comparisons of data from 298 preclinical and 104 clinical dental students in 1981 and 1982 on the Work Environment Scale are significant for Staff Support, Task Orientation, Work Pressure, and Clarity. Test results have been used to understand how students perceive their work environment. Baseline data should facilitate decisions about work environments.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: MRI and CT Assessment

Precise assessment of the extent of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) represents the basic step towards optimal treatment. We compared the capacity of CT and MRI in assessing the extent of NPC in 67 patients. MRI was superior to CT in demonstrating lesions in the retropharyngeal node, skull base, intracranial area, carotid space, longus colli muscle and levator palatini muscle. Of 25 cases in which retropharyngeal adenopathy was recognised only on MRI, seven had been reported as showing oropharyngeal involvement and 18 as primary extension to the carotid space on CT. MRI showed skull-base involvement in 40 patients compared with 27 on CT and intracranial involvement in 38 patients versus 24 on CT. There was not a single case in which skull base invasion was seen on CT but not on MRI. MRI enabled improved recognition of tumour infiltration of longus colli muscles (34 cases compared with 15 on CT). It allowed us to clarify 12 questionable sinonasal opacities on CT. Overall, T-staging was changed in 18 of 67 patients (26.9 %), including upstaging in 15 cases and downstaging in 3 cases, after comparing CT with MRI. The nodel status was changed from negative on CT to positive on MRI in 4 of 67 patients (6 %). We believe that MRI allows more accurate evaluation of the extent of NPC than CT and should be the primary mode of investigation.
Point defects and cation tracer diffusion in (Co, Fe, Mn)3−δO4 spinels: II. Mixed spinels (CoxFezMn2z)3−δO4

Abstract This is the second paper reporting results of systematic studies of the nonstoichiometry and the cation tracer diffusion in quaternary oxide spinels comprised of Co, Fe, and Mn cations. In the first paper, point defects and cation tracer diffusion were discussed for compositions of the type (CoxFe2yMny)3−δO4 (x + 3y = 1). In this study, compositions of the type (CoxFezMn2z)3−δO4 (x + 3z = 1) are considered. The deviation from stoichiometry, δ, has been measured at 1200°C as a function of oxygen activity, aO2, and cationic composition by thermogravimetric measurements. The obtained δ versus log10aO2 curves are basically S-shaped for all cationic compositions investigated. This suggests that two types of point defects, cation vacancies and cation interstitials, are present as majority point defects. Cation tracer diffusion in these spinels has been investigated at 1200°C as a function of oxygen activity and cationic composition by simultaneously using radioactive isotopes, 60Co, 59Fe and 54Mn. Cation tracer diffusion coefficients as a function of oxygen activity in general show a minimum indicating that two types of point defects, cation vacancies and cation interstitials, contribute to the cation tracer diffusion.
The incremental information content of non-US GAAP earnings disclosures: Evidence from UK firms

Abstract This paper examines price and trading volume responses in the US equity market to the preliminary earnings announcements (PEAs) in the UK of UK firms listed on US exchanges (e.g., NYSE and AMEX). The inquiry focuses on whether the return forecast error (absolute and squared values) and volume residual (standardized and unstandardized) for each day were significantly different from the average on the day of the earnings announcements (PEA). The most significantly unexpected return occurred the day prior to the Financial Times (FT) announcement. The results suggest prompt volume and price responses to the UK PEAs in the US security market. Excess trading volume occurred the day prior to and the day of the FT release price response occurred on the day subsequent to the PEAs. This may suggests that investors possess differential prior beliefs or likelihood functions in evaluating public disclosure. Consistent with Frost and Pownall [Frost, C., & Pownall, G. (1996), Interdependencies in the global markets for capital and information: The case of Smithkline Beecham plc. Accounting Horizons, 1, 38–57], US investors seem not to be confused by US/UK generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) differences, and in fact use information about UK GAAP earnings in their valuations and trading decisions. This implies that traders correctly use UK accounting output to the determination of values in setting security prices and arriving at trading decisions. Broadly, these findings support the assumption that disclosures by UK-listed firms in their domestic market influence share liquidity and trading in the US market.