cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ENDOPHYLLUM–LIKE RUSTS OF PORTO RICO

The writers recently spent a little over two months in Porto Rico, from February 23 to April 26, i9i6, collecting and studying mainly the parasitic fungi. A fairly representative lot of rusts were collected from many localities about the Island. Among these were five aecidioid and one peculiar uredinoid form which, after germination studies, we found to be short-cycled and similar to, if not indeed identical with, the Endophyllums. We wish to acknowledge special obligation to Professor J. C. Arthur, not only for determining all our rust collections after our return, and for making many suggestions in the preparation of the systematic portion of this paper, but also for directing our attention, prior to our journey, to certain unsolved problems, in particular to the urgent need of clues in the case of the unconnected aecidia of Porto Rico. For the preparation of the agar-water medium and for many other courtesies we are much indebted to Plant Pathologist E. W. Brandes and Director May of the Federal Experiment Station, as well as to Dean Garwood, Professor C. E. Hunn and others of the Agricultural College at Mayaguiez. For laboratory facilities and for other freely tendered assistance we are also under great obligations to Mr. J. A. Stevenson, plant pathologist, and to Director Tower, of the Insular Experiment Station at Rio Piedras. After our return from Porto Rico, most of the hosts of our fungi were determined by Director Britton and others of the New York Botanical Garden; the grass hosts by Professor Hitchcock and Mrs. Chase; the ferns by Miss Slosson, to all of whom we desire to acknowledge our great indebtedness. We wish to express our thanks especially to Mr. Percy Wilson of the staff of the New York Botanical Garden, who for several days so generously placed his wide knowledge of West Indian plants entirely at our disposal. Arthur's "Uredinales of Porto Rico, based on collections by F. L. Stevens,"' which proved so very stimulating in our search, enumerates io aecidium-forms, all of which he at that time supposed to be heter-
Turbulent drag reduction in dilute polymer solutions: The Deborah number dilemma

Abstract The Deborah number, a dimensionless ratio of characteristic fluid and flow times, is often used to correlate turbulent drag reduction data. It appears, though, that the proper definition of this quantity is somewhat elusive. Here we discuss various expressions for De that have been proposed, and some drag reduction correlations based on these expressions. Some interesting new correlations are suggested.
On the nonlinear continuum mechanics of space and the notion of luminiferous medium

Abstract We prove that, when linearized, the governing equations of an incompressible elastic continuum yield Maxwell’s equations as corollaries. Through judicious distinction between the referential and local descriptions, the principle of material invariance is established and shown to be a true covariance principle, unlike the Lorentz covariance, which is valid only for non-deforming frames in rectilinear relative motion. Thus, this paper establishes that electrodynamics can be fully explained if one assumes that it is the manifestation of the internal forces of an underlying elastic material which we term the metacontinuum. The new frame-indifferent formulation of electrodynamics is shown to incorporate the Lorentz force as an integral part of Faraday’s law, rather than as an additional empirical variable. Respectively, if the upper-convected derivative is added in Maxwell’s displacement current it can explain Biot–Savart’s and Oersted–Ampere’s laws. An immediate corollary of the material invariance is the Galilean invariance of the model. The possible detection of the absolute continuum is also discussed. First, the famous experiment of Ives and Stilwell is reexamined with a modified Bohr–Rydberg formula for the emitted frequencies from a moving atom, and it is shown that the results are fully compatible with the presence of an absolute medium. Second, a new interferometry experiment is proposed in which the first-order Doppler effect can be measured, and thus the presence of a medium at rest can be unequivocally established.
Privacy-preserving credit checking

Typically, when a borrower (Bob) wishes to establish a tradeline (e.g., a mortgage, an automobile loan, or a credit card) with a lender (Linda), Bob is subjected to a credit check by Linda. The credit check is done by having Linda obtain financial information about Bob in the form of a credit report. Credit reports are maintained by Credit Report Agencies, and contain a large amount of private information about individuals. Furthermore, Linda's criteria for loan qualification are also private information. We propose a "privacy-preserving" credit check scheme that allows Bob to have his credit checked without divulging private information to Linda while protecting Linda's interests. We give protocols for achieving the above while: i) protecting Bob's private information, ii) making sure that Bob cannot lie about his credit (thus Linda is assured that the information is accurate), iii) that Linda's qualification criteria are protected, and iv) that the CRA does not learn from the protocols anything other than "Bob requested a loan from Linda". What distinguishes this work from the traditional two-party privacy-preserving framework is (i) the need for secure and privacy-preserving third-party verification of the accuracy of the inputs used, and (ii) the fact that the function being computed is private to the lender and should not be revealed to either the borrower or to the above-mentioned third-party verifier. Although we choose to present the techniques of this paper for the credit checking application domain, they have much broader applicability and in fact work for any situation where there is a repository of public and private information about individuals, that is subsequently used for making decisions that impact the individuals (a credit rating agency is but one example of such a repository).
Role for the RecBCD Recombination Pathway for pilE Gene Variation in Repair-Proficient Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The role of the RecBCD recombination pathway in PilE antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is contentious and appears to be strain dependent. In this study, N. gonorrhoeae strain MS11 recB mutants were assessed for recombination/repair. MS11 recB mutants were found to be highly susceptible to DNA treatments that caused double-chain breaks and were severely impaired for growth; recB growth suppressor mutants arose at high frequencies. When the recombination/repair capacity of strain MS11 was compared to that of strains FA1090 and P9, innate differences were observed between the strains, with FA1090 and P9 rec+ bacteria presenting pronounced recombination/repair defects. Consequently, MS11 recB mutants present a more robust phenotype than the other strains that were tested. In addition, MS11 recB mutants are also shown to be defective for pilE/pilS recombination. Moreover, pilE/pilS recombination is shown to proceed with gonococci that carry inverted pilE loci. Consequently, a novel RecBCD-mediated double-chain-break repair model for PilE antigenic variation is proposed.
Chirp, squeal and dynamic instability of misaligned V-ribbed belts in automotive accessory belt drive systems

This paper presents a study of chirp, squeal and dynamic instability of V-ribbed (Micro-V™) belt under misalignment. In this study, historic results were reviewed and new experiments were conducted to investigate chirp generation mechanism. The new observations suggest that the chirp noise and dynamic instability are due to the friction-induced mode coupling of rib natural vibration modes. The investigation also suggests that the squeal noise, which takes place at some belt misalignment conditions, is a continuous chirp noise and shares the same features as individual chirp. A new mechanism of instability for radial rib slippage is proposed and used to correlate the experimental results with FEM results. A new mathematical model was used to illustrate the concept. It was shown that the friction-induced coupling of vibrational mode of slip rib results in mathematically unbounded oscillation solution with identical frequency. This illustrates the feature of identical frequency and harmonic oscillation dominating chirp and squeal noise. The proposed mechanism and model are expected to provide belt power transmission drive designers with new insight into the issues associated with improving the misaligned belt vibration and noise performance.
Multiple-mode Lamb wave scattering simulations using 3D elastodynamic finite integration technique.

Abstract We have implemented three-dimensional (3D) elastodynamic finite integration technique (EFIT) simulations to model Lamb wave scattering for two flaw-types in an aircraft-grade aluminum plate, a rounded rectangle flat-bottom hole and a disbond of the same shape. The plate thickness and flaws explored in this work include frequency–thickness regions where several Lamb wave modes exist and sometimes overlap in phase and/or group velocity. For the case of the flat-bottom hole the depth was incrementally increased to explore progressive changes in multiple-mode Lamb wave scattering due to the damage. The flat-bottom hole simulation results have been compared to experimental data and are shown to provide key insight for this well-defined experimental case by explaining unexpected results in experimental waveforms. For the rounded rectangle disbond flaw, which would be difficult to implement experimentally, we found that Lamb wave behavior differed significantly from the flat-bottom hole flaw. Most of the literature in this field is restricted to low frequency–thickness regions due to difficulties in interpreting data when multiple modes exist. We found that benchmarked 3D EFIT simulations can yield an understanding of scattering behavior for these higher frequency–thickness regions and in cases that would be difficult to set up experimentally. Additionally, our results show that 2D simulations would not have been sufficient for modeling the complicated scattering that occurred.
ASTM nondestructive testing standards program

The American Society for Testing and Materials' (ASTM) program for developing nondestructive testing (NDT) standards resides primarily in Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing. To meet this responsibility, Committee E-7 is subdivided functionally into subcommittees representing most of the major methods of NDT. The many activities necessary to the development of standard documentation that are conducted include industry surveys to determine interest, needs, and practices, performance of experimental studies through extensive cooperative studies in both government and private organizations, document preparation, and interlaboratory testing. Committee E-7 is responsive to requests from other ASTM committees as well as other standard organizations (for example, American Society of Mechanical Engineers). Although benefits to industry have accrued in the consensus standards, significant improvements are needed to provide more relevant, quantitative, reproducible results.
Three-Body Recombination into Deep Bound States in a Bose Gas with Large Scattering Length

An effective field theory for the three-body system with large two-body scattering length $a$ is applied to three-body recombination into deep bound states in a Bose gas. The recombination constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is calculated to first order in the short-distance interactions that allow the recombination. For $al0$, the dimensionless combination $m\ensuremath{\alpha}/(\ensuremath{\Elzxh}{a}^{4})$ is a periodic function of $\mathrm{ln}|a|$ that exhibits resonances at values of $a$ that differ by multiplicative factors of 22.7. This dramatic behavior should be observable near a Feshbach resonance when $a$ becomes large and negative.
Formulation of Penetration Enhancers in Polymers

AbstractTwo commercial polymer matrices were prepared : the hydrophilic macromolecular polyvinyl alcohol-povidone type and the hydrophobic microseal silastic silicone type. Different blends of the penetration enhancers Azone, 2-Pyrol and M-Pyrol in glycerine were incorporated with the drug, levodopa. The in-vitro dissolution of drug from these matrices and its diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane were measured. Results show that povidone polymers released 10 times more levodopa than did silicone polymers. The penetration enhancers significantly increased the rate of release of drug.
Mars Global Surveyor Bistatic Radar Probing of the MPL/DS2 Target Area

Abstract Mars Global Surveyor bistatic radar was used to probe the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 target areas (76°S, 195°W) in May 2000. The behavior of quasi-specular echoes at wavelength λ=3.6 cm indicates that the top few centimeters of regolith are similar in their reflecting properties everywhere along a track of approximately 1000 km which crosses the MPL/DS2 area. Our provisional estimate of surface dielectric constant e∼2.25 is consistent with loose soil, moderately packed H 2 O snow, solid CO 2 , or a mixture of at least two. But other data rule out both H 2 O and CO 2 near the surface in late southern summer ( L s =351°), leaving dry soil with density ∼1.4 g/cm 3 as the most likely material.
Signed domination numbers of a graph and its complement

Abstract Let G=(V,E) be a simple graph on vertex set V and define a function f:V→{−1,1}. The function f is a signed dominating function if for every vertex x∈V, the closed neighborhood of x contains more vertices with function value 1 than with −1. The signed domination number of G, γs(G), is the minimum weight of a signed dominating function on G. Let G denote the complement of G. In this paper we establish upper and lower bounds on γ s (G)+γ s ( G ) .
Enhanced sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 expression underlies female CNS autoimmunity susceptibility

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS that is characterized by BBB dysfunction and has a much higher incidence in females. Compared with other strains of mice, EAE in the SJL mouse strain models multiple features of MS, including an enhanced sensitivity of female mice to disease; however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the sex- and strain-dependent differences in disease susceptibility have not been described. We identified sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) as a sex- and strain-specific, disease-modifying molecule that regulates BBB permeability by destabilizing adherens junctions. S1PR2 expression was increased in disease-susceptible regions of the CNS of both female SJL EAE mice and female patients with MS compared with their male counterparts. Pharmacological blockade or lack of S1PR2 signaling decreased EAE disease severity as the result of enhanced endothelial barrier function. Enhanced S1PR2 signaling in an in vitro BBB model altered adherens junction formation via activation of Rho/ROCK, CDC42, and caveolin endocytosis-dependent pathways, resulting in loss of apicobasal polarity and relocation of abluminal CXCL12 to vessel lumina. Furthermore, S1PR2-dependent BBB disruption and CXCL12 relocation were observed in vivo. These results identify a link between S1PR2 signaling and BBB polarity and implicate S1PR2 in sex-specific patterns of disease during CNS autoimmunity.
Improved Euler potential method for three-dimensional magnetospheric equilibrium

[1] A new Euler potential method is presented for computing 3-D magnetospheric equilibria with prescribed plasma pressure, that significantly improves on a previous flux coordinate approach. In the new approach, the Euler potential α is no longer necessarily the magnetic flux, but can be specified much more freely, allowing equilibrium calculations in much more extended magnetospheric domains. With an empirical plasma pressure model as input and the T96 empirical magnetic field for boundary conditions, the new method is applied to compute a force balanced quiet time magnetospheric state extending to 30 RE in the magnetotail. While the force-balanced results for the magnetic field are not too different from T96 on the midnight axis, a very large discrepancy is found between field aligned currents (FACs) in the force balanced state and those computed from the empirical field and pressure using Vasyliunas equation; this shows that explicitly computed force balance is required for deriving FACs from plasma pressure and magnetic field by way of Vasyliunas equation.
High-dimensional chaos can lead to weak turbulence

One of the outstanding unresolved questions of nonlinear dynamics is the relationship between chaos and turbulence. This is a deep and difficult question, not the least reason being that the definitions of “chaos” and “turbulence” are not universally agreed upon. Here we define chaos as the time history of a single descriptor of a deterministic dynamical system which undergoes a loss of temporal correlation with a change in some system parameter and that displays sensitivity to initial conditions. Turbulence is defined as the time history of the spatial distribution of a deterministic dynamical system which undergoes a loss of temporaland (subsequently) spatial correlation with a change in some system parameter(s). By analogy and numerical simulation it is argued that turbulence can be a consequence of multi-mode interaction of individually chaotic modes. The physical system used here is a fluttering panel in a supersonic airstream. a m = modal amplitude coefficients D = panel stiffness (=Eh 212(1−v 2)) E = modulus of elasticity of panel material h = panel thickness k = dimensional foundation stiffness K = nondimensional foundation stiffness (=kL 4/Dh) L = length of panel in direction of flow M = Mach number N = number of modes in series expansion of panel deflection N fv/pa = dimensional applied inplane load Δp = dimensional static pressure differential across panel P = nondimensional static pressure differential across panel (=ΔpL 4/Dh) q = dimensional dynamic pressure (=ρχ U 2/2) R v = nondimensional inplane load (=N fx paa2/D) t = dimensional time T = period over which correlation is averaged U = dimensional flow velocity w = dimensional panel deflection W = nondimensional panel deflection (deflection/h) x = dimensional coordinate along panel α = inplane spring stiffness parameter λ = nondimensional dynamic pressure of flow over panel ( $$\begin{gathered} \hfill \\ \left( { = 2qL^3 /D\sqrt {M^2 - 1} } \right) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ ) μ = mass ratio (ρχL/ρmh)) ν = Poisson's ratio ξ = nondimensional location along panel (x/L) Δξ = separation between points used in correlation function ξu = nondimensional correlation length ψ = correlation function
Maximally Robust Redundant System with Minimal Coherence

In compressed sensing theory, small dictionary coherence is desirable in both obtaining and recovering sparse signal representations in a redundant system. It has been known that equiangular tight frames are optimal redundant systems with minmal coherence in M.
Chemical Characterization of Testes Meals Made from Alaska's Seafood Processing Byproducts

ABSTRACT Our objective was to produce a unique feed ingredient from underutilized walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) testes. Protein content in meals from both species (72% and 80%, respectively) were above the values found in high quality herring meals (∼70%), but both were poor in some essential amino acids, e.g., methionine. Additionally, both were good sources of the amino acid taurine (1.7 and 2.2% of meal, respectively). Pollock meal was very rich in phospholipids (82% of total lipids) and in DHA (28 mg/g meal) and EPA (18 mg/g meal), indicating potential as an ingredient in larval starter diets. The purine contents in both pollock and salmon testes meals were more than 10 times the concentrations found in other fish byproducts or commercial fishmeals. The high concentrations of purines found in these testes, especially in the salmon meal, make it an ideal candidate for an immune system stimulant when added to dietary formulations.
A geometrical approach to inverse kinematics for continuum manipulators

We present a new geometrical approach to solving inverse kinematics for continuous backbone (continuum) robot manipulators. First, this paper presents a solution to the inverse kinematics problem for a single-section trunk. Assuming end-points for all sections of a multi-section trunk are known, this paper then details applying single-section inverse kinematics to each section of the multi-section trunk by compensating for resulting changes in orientation. Finally, an approach which computes per-section endpoints given only a final-section endpoint provides a complete solution to the multi-section inverse kinematics problem. The results of implementing these algorithms in simulation and on a physical continuum robot are presented and possible applications are discussed.
Combustion modeling of mono-carbon fuels using the rate-controlled constrained-equilibrium method

Abstract The rate-controlled constrained-equilibrium (RCCE) method for simplifying the kinetics of complex reacting systems is reviewed. This method is based on the maximum entropy principle of thermodynamics and involves the assumption that the evolution of a system can be described using a relatively small set of slowly changing constraints imposed by the external and internal dynamics of the system. As a result, the number of differential and algebraic equations required to determine the constrained-equilibrium state of a system can be very much smaller than the number of species in the system. It follows that only reactions which change constraints are required to determine the dynamic evolution of the system and all other reactions are in equilibrium. The accuracy of the method depends on both the character and number of constraints employed and issues involved in the selection and transformation of the constraints are discussed. A method for determining the initial conditions for highly non-equilibrium systems is also presented. The method is illustrated by applying it to the oxidation of methane (CH 4 ), methanol (CH 3 OH), and formaldehyde (CH 2 O) in a constant volume adiabatic chamber over a wide range of initial temperatures, pressures, and equivalence ratios. The RCCE calculations were carried out using 8–12 constraints and 133 reactions. Good agreement with “Detailed Kinetic Model” (DMK) calculations using 29 species and 133 reactions was obtained. The number of reactions in the RCCE calculations could be reduced to 20 for CH 4 , 16 for CH 3 OH, and 12 for CH 2 O without changing the results significantly affecting the agreement. It may be noted that a DKM with 29 species requires a minimum of 29 reactions.
Radiation dose-rate effects on gene expression for human biodosimetry

The effects of dose-rate and its implications on radiation biodosimetry methods are not well studied in the context of large-scale radiological scenarios. There are significant health risks to individuals exposed to an acute dose, but a realistic scenario would include exposure to both high and low dose-rates, from both external and internal radioactivity. It is important therefore, to understand the biological response to prolonged exposure; and further, discover biomarkers that can be used to estimate damage from low-dose rate exposures and propose appropriate clinical treatment. We irradiated human whole blood ex vivo to three doses, 0.56 Gy, 2.23 Gy and 4.45 Gy, using two dose rates: acute, 1.03 Gy/min and a low dose-rate, 3.1 mGy/min. After 24 h, we isolated RNA from blood cells and these were hybridized to Agilent Whole Human genome microarrays. We validated the microarray results using qRT-PCR. Microarray results showed that there were 454 significantly differentially expressed genes after prolonged exposure to all doses. After acute exposure, 598 genes were differentially expressed in response to all doses. Gene ontology terms enriched in both sets of genes were related to immune processes and B-cell mediated immunity. Genes responding to acute exposure were also enriched in functions related to natural killer cell activation and cell-to-cell signaling. As expected, the p53 pathway was found to be significantly enriched at all doses and by both dose-rates of radiation. A support vectors machine classifier was able to distinguish between dose-rates with 100 % accuracy using leave-one-out cross-validation. In this study we found that low dose-rate exposure can result in distinctive gene expression patterns compared with acute exposures. We were able to successfully distinguish low dose-rate exposed samples from acute dose exposed samples at 24 h, using a gene expression-based classifier. These genes are candidates for further testing as markers to classify exposure based on dose-rate.
Anatomical considerations of posterior tibialis tendon entrapment in irreducible lateral subtalar dislocation.

Irreducible lateral subtalar dislocation is associated with posterior tibialis tendon entrapment. Mulroy7 and Leitner6 have proposed conflicting theories regarding the exact mechanism of tendon entrapment.Cadaveric analysis of lateral subtalar dislocation supported Leitner's5 contention that tearing of the flexor retinaculum promotes posterior tibialis tendon entrapment. Retinacular disruption allowed tendon subluxation over the medial malleolus and talar head to the entrapped position.Entrapment of the flexor digitorum longus only occurred in the Leitner model. When the flexor retinaculum and deep posterior compartment fascia were preserved, the muscle failed at the musculotendinous junction. Flexor hallucis longus entrapment could not be produced in either experimental model. Plantarflexion of the great and lesser toes, noted on clinical presentation, is caused by functional lengthening of the route coursed by the flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus.
Adaptive filtering-based iterative channel estimation for MIMO wireless communications

Accurate channel state information (CSI) is a prerequisite for diversity and multiplexing gains in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems. More refined CSI can be attained by bootstrapping channel estimation techniques. We propose adaptive filtering-based iterative channel estimators with the incorporation of an iterative receiver over a flat-fading MIMO wireless link. The performance of three different algorithms with the aid of hard decision feedback is evaluated and compared through simulations. We show that the least-mean-square algorithm is a reasonable choice among the other considered algorithms in terms of performance and feasibility.
Beyond Research on Cultural Minorities: Challenges and Implications of Research as Situated Cultural Practice

This article examines the cultural nature of research. This is a consequential idea as research knowledge is expected to inform professional practices for our increasingly multicultural society. We highlight theoretical and methodological limits of the traditional practice of research on cultural groups and outline research as situated cultural practice. This notion challenges researchers to widen the analytic spotlight from a focus on certain groups to shed light on two additional aspects, namely, the sociocultural location of the researcher as a cultural being and member of a scientific field, and the cultural presuppositions in a field's habitual practices. We outline a model of culture that underlies the idea of research as situated cultural practice. We illustrate this notion with quantitative and qualitative research examples and reflect on implications for future research.
Prostate-specific antigen response after definitive radiotherapy for Skene's gland adenocarcinoma resembling prostate adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Objectives To assess prostate-specific antigen response after definitive radiotherapy in a patient with localized Skene's gland adenocarcinoma resembling prostate adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods A 71-year-old patient was evaluated for a 2 year history of painless hematuria and found to have a localized Skene's gland adenocarcinoma resembling prostate adenocarcinoma with a pre-therapy PSA of 54.52 ng/ul. She elected to undergo definitive radiotherapy holding radical surgery for salvage. She received 73.8 Gy of intensity modulated radiotherapy in 41 fractions. Serum PSA, imaging, and cystoscopy were followed at 6 month intervals for 2.5 years. Results The PSA decreased to 0.65 ng/ul 32 months after treatment, her clinical symptoms resolved, and on imaging and exam she has no evidence of residual disease. The PSA half life was 6.16 months (r 2 = 0.97). Conclusions For this rare tumor we show that PSA is a reliable marker for disease response and also show that definitive radiotherapy can be an option for organ and functional preservation in patients with localized disease. Cases of periurethral adenocarcinomas should be pathologically screened to assess if they are of Skene's gland origin, as our results suggest a radiotherapy treatment paradigm may be appropriate management in a select subgroup of women with periurethral adenocarcinoma.
Experience with the R-RDOT out-of-Step Relay

A new out-of-step relaying concept has been previously reported. The concept involves augmaenting apparent resistance (R) measurement with rate-of-change of apparent resistance (Rdot) computation. The new R-Rdot relay thus has more intelligence for control decisions. This follow-up paper presents the following new information: large scale simulation results, including use of relay outputs for discrete supplemental control action; additional details on design and testing of the microprocessor based relay; and experience during an extensive monitoring period at Malin Substation on the Pacific AC Intertie. The relay is now energized for initiating controlled separations at several locations within the Western North American Power System.
Ethical Decision-Making by Staff Nurses

Ethical decision-making is inherent in nursing practice. Although a definite portion of the nursing literature is devoted to ethics and ethical decision-making, the profession is just beginning to ground its ethics research in the actual experience of nurses. Therefore, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine the experience of staff nurses as they engage in ethical decision-making. Interview data were collected from 19 staff nurses in a large, midwestern American metropolitan hospital. Interviews were subsequently transcribed and Giorgi's method of data analysis applied. The emerging description revealed four common aspects of ethical decision-making among staff nurses: context, trigger, ethical decision-making process (i.e. deliberation and integration), and outcomes. This description provides a foundation for future research regarding a descriptive theory of ethical decision-making in nursing.
Gender Differences in Ca2+ Entry Mechanisms of Vasoconstriction in Wistar-Kyoto and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Abstract —We investigated whether putative vascular protection against hypertension in females reflects differences in the Ca 2+ mobilization mechanisms of vasoconstriction depending on the gender and the status of the gonads. Active stress and 45 Ca 2+ influx were measured in aortic strips isolated from intact and gonadectomized male and female Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In aortic strips of intact male WKY incubated in normal Krebs’ solution (2.5 mmol/L Ca 2+ ), both phenylephrine (10 −5 mol/L) and membrane depolarization by 96 mmol/L KCl caused significant increases in active stress and 45 Ca 2+ influx. In intact female WKY, the phenylephrine- and KCl-induced stress and 45 Ca 2+ influx were significantly reduced. In Ca 2+ -free (2 mmol/L EGTA) Krebs’ solution, stimulation of aortic strips with phenylephrine or caffeine (25 mmol/L) to induce Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores caused a transient increase in stress that was not significantly different between males and females. In SHR, the phenylephrine- and KCl-induced stress and 45 Ca 2+ influx were significantly greater than those in WKY in all groups of rats. The reduction in stress and Ca 2+ entry in intact females compared with intact males was greater in SHR than in WKY. The contractile responses and Ca 2+ entry in castrated male and ovariectomized female WKY or SHR were not significantly different from the respective responses in intact males. The contractile responses and Ca 2+ entry in ovariectomized female WKY or SHR with 17β-estradiol implant were not significantly different from the respective responses in intact females. Thus, the phenylephrine- and depolarization-induced vascular reactivity and Ca 2+ entry in vascular smooth muscle are dependent on gender and on the presence or absence of functional female gonads. Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores is not affected by gender or gonadectomy. The gender-specific changes in vascular reactivity and Ca 2+ entry are augmented in hypertension.
Ecological and evolutionary mechanisms for low seed: ovule ratios: need for a pluralistic approach?

Central to the ecology and evolution of a broad range of plants is understanding why they routinely have submaximal reproduction manifested as low seed : ovule and fruit : flower ratios. We know much less about the processes responsible for low seed : ovule ratios than we do for fruit : flower ratios. Current hypotheses for low seed : ovule ratios are largely drawn from those for fruit : flower ratios, including proximate (ecological) causes of pollen limitation, resource limitation, and pollen quality, as well as the ultimate (evolutionary) hypothesis of ''bet hedging'' on stochastic pollination. Yet, such mechanisms operating on fruit : flower ratios at the whole-plant level may not best explain low seed : ovule ratios at the individual-flower level. We tested each of these proximate and ultimate causes for low seed : ovule ratios using the specialized pollination mutualism between senita cacti (Pachycereus schottii) and senita moths (Upiga virescens). Seed : ovule ratios were consistently low (;0.61). Such excess ovule production by senita likely has a strong genetic component given the significant differences among plants in ovule number and the consistency in ovule production by plants within and among flowering seasons. Excess ovule production and low seed : ovule ratios could not be explained by pollen limitation, resource limitation, pollen quality, or bet hedging. Nevertheless, phenotypic selection analyses did show significant selection gradients for increased ovule number, suggesting that other evolutionary processes may be responsible for excess ovule production and low seed : ovule ratios. In contrast, low fruit : flower ratios at the whole-plant level were explained by an apparent equilibrium between pollen and resource limitation. Thus, mechanisms responsible for low fruit : flower ratios at the whole-plant level are not necessarily in accord with those of low seed : ovule ratios at the individual-flower level. This suggests that we may need to adopt a more pluralistic approach to seed : ovule ratios and consider alternative hypotheses, including a greater array of proximate and ultimate causes. Initial results of this study suggest that floral allometry, selection on correlated floral traits, stigma clogging with pollen grains, and style clogging with pollen tubes may provide promising avenues for understanding low seed : ovule ratios.
Strategy‐proofness and Essentially Single‐valued Cores

IN THIS PAPER WE SEARCH for solutions to various classes of allocation problems. We hand results pertaining to housing markets are much more encouraging. Roth 1982b shows that in the context of housing markets the core correspondence, which is shown to Ž. Ž . be single-valued by Roth and Postlewaite 1977 , is strategy-proof. Moreover Ma 1994 shows that it is the only solution that is Pareto efficient, individually rational, and strategy-proof.
Occult Purulent Pericarditis Detected by Indium-111 Leukocyte Imaging

Leukocyte imaging with indium-111 is a relatively new technique which, to this point in time, has been discussed almost exclusively in the radiologic literature. Although this procedure has been used mainly to detect intra-abdominal infection, the thorax is routinely imaged along with the abdomen, and therefore detection of cardiac disease may be feasible. This case report is of a young woman after liver transplantation who developed occult purulent pericarditis initially detected by a leukocyte scan with indium-111. This case demonstrates that striking pericardial uptake on a whole-body indium-111 leukocyte scan can occur with purulent pericarditis, and it reemphasizes how insidiously purulent pericarditis may present in an immunosuppressed patient.
Efficacy of alendronate in the treatment of low bone density in the pediatric and young adult population.

Background: Pediatric osteoporosis is uncommon but can result in painful and debilitating insufficiency fractures. Treatment options for osteoporosis in children are few. Bisphosphonate therapy for children has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, but its use in that population has been increasing. Randomized controlled studies have not been done because of the small subject pool and the difficulty in randomizing a child with an insufficiency fracture to a placebo arm of a study. This retrospective case-control study of a population of children with primarily neuromuscular disease was done to review changes in bone mineral density as reflected by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. Methods: Medical records and DXA scans were screened to identify children with low bone density who had been treated with alendronate as well as similar control subjects with low bone density for their age who had not received alendronate. Medication acquisition was confirmed by refill records, and cumulative exposure was calculated. Interval DXA scans were reviewed to correlate bone mineral density change in grams per square centimeter as well as the percent change and percent change over time for both alendronate-treated and control subjects. Results: Twenty-eight alendronate-treated subjects and thirty control subjects met the inclusion criteria. No significant improvement in bone mineral density was seen in the alendronate-treated subjects as compared with the control subjects. Some patients in both groups exhibited marked improvement, with improvement of >31% seen only in the alendronate-treated subjects. Conclusions: Alendronate does not reliably improve bone density in children and young adults with primarily neuromuscular disease and without osteogenesis imperfecta. Individual patients treated with bisphosphonates must be carefully followed to ensure medication compliance and appropriate response. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hierarchical Methodology for Modeling Hydrogen Storage Systems. Part II: Detailed Models

Detailed models for hydrogen storage systems provide essential design information about flow and temperature distributions, as well as, the utilization of a hydrogen storage media. However, before constructing a detailed model it is necessary to know the geometry and length scales of the system, along with its heat transfer requirements, which depend on the limiting reaction kinetics. More fundamentally, before committing significant time and resources to the development of a detailed model, it is necessary to know whether a conceptual storage system design is viable. For this reason, a hierarchical system of models progressing from scoping models to detailed analyses was developed. This paper, which discusses the scoping models, is the first in a two part series that presents a collection of hierarchical models for the design and evaluation of hydrogen storage systems.
Magneto-Optical Properties of the Eu-Chalcogendes

The Eu-chalcogenides, EuO, EuS, EuSe, and EuTe exhibit remarkably large magneto-optical effects in the visible and infrared spectral regions arising from highly polarized europium 4f7 → 4f65d optical transitions. Faraday rotations as large as 8.5 × 105 deg/cm have been observed in EuO at 20° K and a wavelength of 0.7 µ, comparable to the value observed in iron. However, in contrast to the metallic ferromagnets, the Eu-chalcogenides are relatively transparent in this wavelength region. For example, at 0.75 µ and 4.2°K EuSe has a Faraday rotation of 1.4 x 105 deg/cm and an absorption coefficient of only 66 cm-1. This results in a specific rotation per unit attenuation of 500 deg/dB, approximately four orders of magnitude greater than that of iron. In the infrared, at energies below the semiconducting band-gap, the absorption is less and the specific rotation per unit attenuation can be even larger. The specific rotation of EuO at low temperatures is in excess of 2 x 104 deg/dB at 2.5 µ and 230 deg/dB at 10.6 µ These materials also exhibit remarkably large Kerr effects with longitudinal Kerr rotations as large as 2ϕ = 2.1° being observed in EuO at 12°K, 0.56 µ and 30° angle of incidence. The Kerr effects can also be considerably enhanced by antireflection coating and/or by depositing the film on a mirror substrate. These very large effects are of considerable technological importance and the possible use of the Eu-chalcogenides for magneto-optical memory systems, amplitude and phase modulation of light beams and optical isolators for laser systems will be briefly indicated.
Linking community coherence, individual coherence, and bricolage: The co-occurrence of (r), raised bought and raised bad in New York City English

Although most sociolinguists assume that regional varieties are coherent – that features co-occur in the speech of individuals and in the broader sociolinguistic patterns of the speech community – little empirical work has verified this co-occurrence. This paper considers three approaches to the study of co-occurrence – community coherence, individual coherence, and bricolage – for three variables of NYCE. There is community coherence for (r), raised bought and raised bad in NYCE, three features which are all in withdrawal in the regional variety. In addition, some speakers, mainly older and younger white New Yorkers, also show individual coherence for these variables, but over 70% of speakers are “incoherent” in their use of the three variables. A bricolage analysis of one speaker's use of the three variables in micro-interaction reveals a range of co-occurrence strategies, including both alignment and dis-alignment with the traditional social meanings associated with these variables as well as a lack of co-occurrence. These practices highlight the importance of a bricolage perspective in linking individual speaker practice to community-level patterns, and suggest that both views are necessary in understanding how multiple variables co-occur in speech communities.
Portrayal vs. practice: Contemporary women’s contributions to Christian mission:

From the late 1800s onward, women have comprised two-thirds of the missionary workforce. Yet despite their numbers, women’s mission practice is frequently overlooked in accounts of mission work; instead it may be attributed to a male missionary. Single women are frequently cast in supportive roles and their work credited to that of a male supervisor. Married women’s mission practice is often attributed to their husband as part of the two-person career structure. As a result, women’s mission practice is rarely considered in mission theorizing, and few women are counted among missiologists even today. Studies that do seek to uncover women’s mission theorizing and practice typically focus on their historical contributions. There is a need for further research on contemporary women missionaries to understand their contributions, both embodied and theoretical, to the global mission enterprise. This article presents the findings from the study of women in one mid-sized mission organization. Results show that th...
Isospin decomposition of the photoproduced Σπ system near the Λ(1405)

Abstract Recent experimental results for the reaction γ + p → K + + Σ + π from CLAS at Jefferson Lab are discussed. It was found that the mass distributions or “line shapes” of the three charge combinations Σ + π − , Σ 0 π 0 and Σ − π + differ significantly. Our results show that the Λ ( 1405 ) , as the I = 0 constituent of the reaction, must be accompanied by an I > 0 component. We discuss phenomenological fits to the data to test the possible forms and magnitudes of these amplitudes. A two-amplitude I = 0 fit of Breit–Wigner form to the Σ 0 π 0 channel alone works quite well. The addition of a single I = 1 amplitude works fairly well to model all the line shapes simultaneously.
Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) on the environment and the cultural integrity of the st. regis mohawk tribe in the mohawk nation of akwesasne

The following research project examines the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the environment and the cultural integrity of the St. Regis Mohawk tribe in the Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne. This indigenous community has been subjected to widespread long-term industrial pollution from nearby toxic hazardous waste facilities and Superfund sites. The Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne has the distinction of being the only tribe whose officially recognized territory straddles the border between the United States and Canada. Using qualitative methodologies, coupled with an interdisciplinary framework, this study successfully engages with Akwesasne community members to explore such issues as bottom-up approaches to addressing complex environmental issues, by gaining a comprehensive understanding of organizational structures and tribal governance networks. This study also identifies a clear parallel between the Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne's struggles and history of environmental justice efforts in the U.S. by articulating the effects of environmental degradation on their cultural integrity, in addition to surfacing themes of resistance and resilience in the community as building blocks for future action. The research project focuses on the place of the community's voice in the transnational public policy response to PCB contamination in the Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne. Three case studies were conducted in environmental organizations on the Mohawk Nation territory: the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division, the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne, and the Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment. These environmental organizations have been working to protect the environment for approximately three decades. A case study analysis relies on data collected from interviews with staff members to determine how they organized themselves to address the environmental and social disruption caused by exposure to harmful chemical pollutants. Strong parallels can be drawn as a result of an analysis of environmental justice literature, since native communities have not, traditionally, been included in the scholarly academic literature on the Environmental Justice Movement in the United States. In addition to information gathered from institutional policy actors and related stakeholders, in-depth interviews with community members revealed a community framework for future policy development and action. Finally, the research focuses on how those community voices articulate the impacts of PCB contamination on the natural resources in the area, and as a result, on the ability of the St. Regis Mohawk tribe to maintain their culture, heritage, ceremonies, and traditional way of life.
Propagating precipitation waves: experiments and modeling.

Traveling precipitation waves, including counterrotating spiral waves, are observed in the precipitation reaction of AlCl3 with NaOH [Volford, A.; et al. Langmuir 2007, 23, 961−964]. Experimental and computational studies are carried out to characterize the wave behavior in cross-section configurations. A modified sol-coagulation model is developed that is based on models of Liesegang band and redissolution systems. The dynamics of the propagating waves is characterized in terms of growth and redissolution of a precipitation feature that travels through a migrating band of colloidal precipitate.