cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wet landfill decomposition rate determination using methane yield results for excavated waste samples.

Abstract An increasing number of landfills are operated to accelerate waste decomposition through liquids addition (e.g., leachate recirculation) as a wet landfill. Landfill design and regulation often depend on utilizing landfill gas production models that require an estimate of a first-order gas generation rate constant, k . Consequently, several studies have estimated k using collected gas volumes from operating wet landfills. Research was conducted to examine an alternative approach in which k is estimated not from collected landfill gas but from solid waste samples collected over time and analyzed for remaining gas yield. To achieve this goal, waste samples were collected from 1990 through 2007 at two full-scale landfills in Florida that practiced liquids addition. Methane yields were measured from waste samples collected over time, including periods before and after leachate recirculation, and the results were applied to a first-order decay model to estimate rate constants for each of the sites. An initial, intensive processing step was conducted to exclude non-biodegradable components from the methane yield testing procedure. The resulting rate constants for the two landfills examined were 0.47 yr −1 and 0.21 yr −1 . These results expectedly exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s rate constants for dry and conventional landfills (0.02–0.05 yr −1 ), but they are comparable to wet landfill rate constants derived using landfill gas data (0.1–0.3 yr −1 ).
Multi-dimensional wide-area visualization of power system dynamics using Synchrophasors

Majority of the traditional visualization techniques for Synchrophasor-based wide-area monitoring of large power grids are based on displaying measured values of voltage, phase angle, currents, and frequencies at discrete points in space, thereby providing only limited insight into the spatio-temporal relationships between the dynamic features embedded in the measured signals. To bridge this gap, we present several geospatial and multi-dimensional visualization methods that correlate various dynamic attributes of phase angle and power oscillations, and explicitly quantify their spatio-temporal couplings, on both absolute and relative scales. In particular, we focus on four main attributes, namely, modal frequency, damping factor, residues, and modal energy. We show how the proposed methods can interpret the interdependencies of these respective features over space and time leading to more global situational awareness, how they can be visualized in real-time using 3-dimensional plots, and, most importantly, how they can be used for robust outlier detection and baseline modification in large PMU datasets.
Laurentian magmatism of the southern Appalachian Blue Ridge: Post-Iapetan rifting

Tectonically significant postrift metaigneous rocks occur within three genetically distinct cover-rock sequences along a 400 km strike segment of the southeastern margin of Laurentia, in the southern Appalachian western Blue Ridge. These include (1) Neoproterozoic rift facies rocks, (2) lower Paleozoic drift facies rocks, and (3) unconformably overlying postdrift Paleozoic successor basin sequences. This region is divisible into two along-strike, ensialic, continental margin volcanic belts, separated by a probable Neoproterozoic transfer fault. To the northeast, igneous rocks are intrusive into sequences 1 and 2 above, whereas in the overlying successor basins on both sides of the transfer boundary, they occur predominantly as eruptive rocks. These igneous rocks can be separated into several suites that are distinct from the Neoproterozoic rift-related igneous rocks, based on stratigraphic position, geographic location, and composition. Mafic dikes and sills intrusive into the rift facies and mafic metavolcanic rocks of the Hillabee Greenstone represent low-K tholeiitic magmatism associated with derivation from a “depleted” mantle source, whereas most igneous rocks in the northeastern belt exhibit an alkaline basalt affinity. The successor basin sequences associated with the volcanic activity formed above extended and thinned continental crust, near and parallel to the southeastern Laurentian margin. This igneous activity can be constrained broadly between stratigraphic position and age of metamorphism (Middle Ordovician to earliest Mississippian time). Most likely this magmatic activity was associated with a destructive plate boundary during Paleozoic A-type subduction, but was largely decoupled from slab-derived magmatism, being instead more likely associated with backarc or pull-apart basin evolution.
A fast algorithm for the minimax flow problem with 01 weights

Abstract In this paper, we define the minimax flow problem and design an O(k · M(n,m)) time optimal algorithm for a special case of the problem in which the weights on arcs are either 0 or 1, where n is the number of vertices, m is the number of arcs, k (where 1 ≤ k ≤ m) is the number of arcs with nonzero weights, and M(n,m) is the best time bound for finding a maximum flow in a network.
VACCINATION OF MONKEYS AND LABORATORY WORKERS AGAINST PSITTACOSIS

Monkeys that have recovered from psittacosis pneumonia have an increased resistance to infection with the virus and possess neutralizing antibodies in their sera. Large amounts of active psittacosis virus can be introduced intravenously and intramuscularly into monkeys without the production of a serious infection such as pneumonia. Relatively small amounts of virus introduced intratracheally into monkeys usually lead to psittacosis pneumonia. Monkeys vaccinated intramuscularly with unattenuated psittacosis virus have an increased resistance to the active agent and possess neutralizing antibodies in their sera. The intramuscular introduction of active psittacosis virus in moderate amounts into human beings is relatively harmless, and repeated inoculations lead to the appearance of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of vaccinated individuals.
LIE TRANSFORM PERTURBATION THEORY FOR HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS

Abstract A review of the theory of Lie transform perturbation theory for Hamiltonian systems is presented. The operator theory of Dewar for continuous families of canonical transformations is discussed. It is then used to derive the perturbation method of Deprit. Two examples of the use of this method are provided. In addition, the more efficient perturbation method of Dragt and Finn is discussed.
Sustainable development: why the focus on population?

Sustainable development is a policy approach that has gained quite a lot of popularity in recent years, especially in international circles. By attaching a specific interpretation to sustainability, population control policies have become the overriding approach to development, thus becoming the primary tool used to “promote” economic development in developing countries and to protect the environment. These policies, however, have failed to achieve either goal. By analyzing the theoretical underpinning of such policies as well as the available scientific research, this paper aims at bringing some light to these results. The findings suggest that, while the focus on population is not necessarily incorrect, the policies implemented are mistaken since they hamper the growth of a key element of economic development: human capital, and thus render it unsustainable.
MultiJava: Design rationale, compiler implementation, and applications

MultiJava is a conservative extension of the Java programming language that adds symmetric multiple dispatch and open classes. Among other benefits, multiple dispatch provides a solution to the binary method problem. Open classes provide a solution to the extensibility problem of object-oriented programming languages, allowing the modular addition of both new types and new operations to an existing type hierarchy. This article illustrates and motivates the design of MultiJava and describes its modular static typechecking and modular compilation strategies. Although MultiJava extends Java, the key ideas of the language design are applicable to other object-oriented languages, such as Cn and Cpp, and even, with some modifications, to functional languages such as ML.This article also discusses the variety of application domains in which MultiJava has been successfully used by others, including pervasive computing, graphical user interfaces, and compilers. MultiJava allows users to express desired programming idioms in a way that is declarative and supports static typechecking, in contrast to the tedious and type-unsafe workarounds required in Java. MultiJava also provides opportunities for new kinds of extensibility that are not easily available in Java.
Letter by Shroff regarding article, "prognostic implications of left ventricular filling pressure with exercise".

To the Editor: The article by Holland et al1 is an important study describing abnormal diastolic function, specifically elevated E/e′, as an additional tool in the armamentarium of the cardiologist for prognostication following exercise echocardiography. Some additional information, however, will be helpful in order to better understand the pathophysiology …
High-throughput scalable parallel resampling mechanism for effective redistribution of particles

A novel resampling mechanism for parallel processing of fixed-point particle filtering is discussed. The proposed mechanism utilizes a particle-tagging scheme during quantization to compensate possible loss of replicated particles due to the finite precision effect. Particle tagging divides replicated particles into two groups for systematic redistribution of particles to eliminate particle localization in parallel processing. The mechanism utilizes an efficient interconnect topology for guaranteeing complete redistribution of particles even in case of potential weight unbalance among processing elements. The proposed architecture supports high throughput and ensures that the overall parallel particle filtering execution time scales with the number of processing elements employed.
T-cell lymphomas: a tale of heterogeneity masking clarity

Neoplasms derived from T-cells constitute a small but heterogeneous subset of hematologic malignancies that range from highly aggressive lymphomas to those that follow an indolent clinical course [...
Nonsinusoidal Waves in Cavity Resonators

It has been shown that nonsinusoidal waves can propagate dispersion-free in loss-free waveguides. This situation opens the possibility of nonsinusoidal waves existing distortion-free in cavity resonators. A general solution of Maxwell's equations for nonsinusoidal waves in rectangular cavity resonators is derived. For the special case of a square wave, the electric and magnetic field strengths as functions of time and space are analyzed in detail. The implication of this analysis is that square waves or other periodic nonsinusoidal waves with various periods T can be separated by cavity resonators just as sinusoidal waves with various periods T can be separated. This paper is part of an ongoing effort to advance the technology of antennas and associated circuits for nonsinusoidal electromagnetic waves.
Social Security and the Retirement Decision

The effect of Social Security and private pensions on individual retirement decisions is modeled, relaxing in turn three commonly maintained assumptions—perfect capital markets, actuarial fairness, and certain lifetimes—which together imply that there is no effect. In each case, raising the contribution level can cause systematic changes (of either sign in general) in individual retirement decisions. For Social Security, the effects associated with forced saving and deviations from actuarial fairness probably tend to advance retirement. But those effects that arise solely from the insurance aspect of Social Security and private pensions are ambiguous in sign, owing to the presence of a substitution effect that tends to delay retirement because the insurance benefits can be fully realized only by working longer.
Issues in Emergency Planning for Nuclear Accidents: The Three Mile Island Context

An extensive set of emergency plans for the area neighboring the nuclear power station at Three Mile Island (TMI) serves as a backdrop for an analysis of the issues attendant on emergency planning for nuclear accidents. A comprehen sive review of federal, state, local, and utility plans, reports on drills and exer cises, and the experiences of other states combines with field interviews and a survey of resources to describe the context for the TMI area. The paper pro ceeds to analyze the potential for further improvements in existing plans to effect a reduction in hazards posed to communities neighboring the TMI facil ity in particular and nuclear power in general. The overall analysis builds upon an earlier analysis of the problems attendant on the existing emergency-re sponse system. The authors propose remedies for the hazards identified in six distinct but interdependent issues: (1) mainstreaming, (2) readiness and per formance, (3) resources, (4) groupthink, (5) triage, and (6) flexible planning.
Theoretical Aspects of Photonic Structures

These theoretical methods are very powerful tools, if one keeps aware of their limitations and interprets results correctly.
Supraspinal fatigue impedes recovery from a low-intensity sustained contraction in old adults.

This study determined the contribution of supraspinal fatigue and contractile properties to the age difference in neuromuscular fatigue during and recovery from a low-intensity sustained contractio...
Elimination of post-release adhesion in microstructures using thin conformal fluorocarbon films

The adhesion of polysilicon microstructures to their substrates is eliminated using a thin coating of a hydrophobic fluorocarbon film. The film is grown in a plasma reactor in a field-free zone yielding a relatively conformal film growth. Experiments confirm the presence of the film on the surfaces of 100 /spl mu/m undercuts with contact angles of 110/spl deg/. The film eliminates the adhesion of polysilicon beams up to 230 /spl mu/m-long even after direct immersion in water. Initial accelerated aging tests indicate that the film withstands temperatures up to 400/spl deg/C. Wear test show the film remains effective after 10/sup 8/ contact cycles.
Perfluorovinyl Morpholine and Perfluorovinyl Pyrrolidine with Nucleophiles and Electrophiles

In this study, both monofunctional and bifunctional nucleophiles, as well as the electrophile FNO, are reacted with perfluorovinyl amines. The perfluorovinyl amines CFCF2 and CFCF2 have been reacted with dimethylamine and diethylamine in the presence of small amounts of water to give CHFC(O)N(CH3)2 (1), CHFC(O)N(CH3)2 (2), and CHFC(O)N(C2H5)2 (3). With perfluorovinyl pyrrolidine and perfluorovinyl morpholine, ethanolamine gives the cyclized products CHF (4) and CHF (5), respectively. Reaction of the vinyl amines with (CH3)3SiOCH2CF3 in the presence of catalytic amounts of CsF results in the formation of cis- (6) and trans- (7) CFCF(OCH2CF3) and cis- (8) and trans- (9) CFCF(OCH2CF3). The electrophile FNO reacts slowly with perfluorovinyl pyrrolidine and perfluorovinyl morpholine, and more rapidly with (CF3)3CCFCF2 to give CF(NO)CF3 (10), CF(NO)CF3 (11) and (CF3)3CF(NO)CF3 (12), respectively. Single crystal X-ray analysis is used to confirm the identity of the product obtained from the controlled hydrolysis of the sultone of perfluorovinyl pyrrolidine as the sulfonic acid anhydride C(O)CF2OS(O)2OCF2C(O) (13). The X-ray crystal structure of perfluorosuccinic acid monohydrate (14), which is obtained when the perfluorovinyl pyrrolidine sultone is hydrolyzed in excess water, is also reported for the first time. Reaktion von Perfluorvinyl-Morpholin und Perfluorvinyl-Pyrrolidin mit Nukleophilen und Elektrophilen Es wird die Umsetzung von monofunktionellen und bifunktionellen Nukleophilen sowie des Elektrophils FNO mit Perfluorvinylaminen mitgeteilt. Die Perfluorvinylamine CFCF2 und CFCF2 wurden mit Dimethylamin und Diethylamin in Gegenwart kleiner Mengen Wasser umgesetzt zu CHFC(O)N(CH3)2 (1), CHFC(O)N(CH3)2 (2), bzw. CHFC(O)N(C2H5)2 (3). Mit Perfluorvinylpyrrolidin und Perfluorvinylmorpholin ergibt Ethanolamin die cyclischen Produkte CHF (4) bzw. CHF (5). Die Reaktion der Vinylamine mit (CH3)3SiOCH2CF3 in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen von CsF ergibt cis- (6) und trans- (7) CFCF(OCH2CF3) sowie cis- (8) und trans-(9) CFCF(OCH2CF3). Das elektrophile FNO reagiert langsam mit Perfluorvinylpyrrolidin und Perfluorvinylmorpholin und schneller mit (CH3)3CCFCF2 zu CF(NO)CF3 (10), CF(NO)CF3 (11) bzw. (CF3)CF(NO)CF3 (12). Die Einkristall-Rontgen-Analyse wird zur Klarung der Produkte der kontrollierten Hydrolyse der Sultone von Perfluorvinylpyrrolidin wie des Sulfonsaureanhydrids C(O)CF2OS(O)2OCF2C(O) (13) eingesetzt. Die Rontgenstruktur von Perfluorbernsteinsaure · Monohydrat (14), die durch Hydrolyse von Perfluorvinylpyrrolidin mit einem Uberschus an Wasser erhalten wurde, wird erstmals mitgeteilt.
Assessment of visual artifacts in the information economy

Assessment of technical visual representations poses challenges for professionals in both academic and non-academic settings. Recent research demonstrates the challenge faced by technical communicators who assume responsibility for visual communication with little or no formal training in design or related fields [1]. Because many people now responsible for oversight, editing, and production of visual communication are primarily verbal communicators, we tend to either ignore matters of design or superimpose linguistic evaluation strategies onto images. The alternative model suggested here pulls from the rich scholarship based on Gestalt, narrative, and semiotic theories to shape an assessment heuristic that encourages visual assessment based on some foundational tenets of visual literacy.
A Numerical Model Study of Ground-Water Contamination from Price's Landfill, New Jersey— I. Data Base and Flow Simulation

Toxic waste contamination is currently threatening the Atlantic City, New Jersey public water-supply wells. The geohydrologic data for this region are presented and organized into a format suitable for a numerical model study of the contamination problem. Presentation of the data in light of numerical work reveals the importance of good estimates of boundary conditions, historical pumping records, reliable water-quality data, accurate well logs, and reasonable parameter estimates. One set of measured head data is simulated.
Privatization of Wastewater Treatment Plants: Lessons from Changing Corporate Strategies:

Burgeoning budgetary pressures have created considerable interest for the privatization of public services. Privatization is usually justified in terms of the cost effectiveness that laissez-faire economics impose on the private sector. Yet, this model has come under challenge in the corporate world because businesses often must pursue other goals than just cost minimization, such as product quality, flexibility of production, and long-term alliances with other corporations, including ostensible competitors. A similar situation exists concerning the privatization of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during the 1980s. Rather than adhering to the laissez-faire model, WWTP privatization was much more concerned with quality, flexibility, and "public-private partnerships," suggesting that a broader and more sophisticated view of privatization is needed.
Reflection and transmission properties of reinforced concrete walls

The proliferation of communication systems used in and around man-made structures has resulted in a growing need to determine the reflection and transmission properties of various commonly used building materials at radio frequencies typically used in businesses and residential environments. This paper gives examples of calculated reflection and transmission coefficients for a reinforced concrete wall over a frequency range of 100-6000 MHz. The reflection and transmission coefficients were calculated using a finite-difference time domain solution of Maxwell's equations. In general, the results show that the reinforced concrete structures severely attenuate signals with wavelengths that are much larger than the re-bar lattice, and the transmitted signal has a complex structure with resonances and nulls that strongly depend upon the geometry of the reinforcing structure and the concrete wall thickness.
Effect of Slaughter-Dressing, Fabrication and Storage Conditions on the Microbiological and Sensory Characteristics of Vacuum-Packaged Beef Steaks

Aerobic plate counts (APC) of steaks from carcasses processed under strict sanitary slaughter-dressing conditions did not differ (P>0.05) from those of steaks from carcasses handled under conventional conditions. However, the former had frequently less off-odor than the latter. Steaks obtained under strict sanitary fabrication procedures had lower (P<0.05) APC and often less off-odor than conventionally fabricated steaks. Steaks stored at 0–1°C in the dark usually had less off-odor than steaks stored in a retail display case at 2–5°C. The micro-flora of conventionally fabricated steaks had a greater percentage of Pseudomonas and Moraxella-Acinetobacter spp. than that of steaks fabricated under strict sanitary conditions.
Synthesis and reactivity of cis-FeH2(dcpe)2 (dcpe = 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane)

Abstract A new six-coordinate iron dihydride cis-FeH2(dcpe)2 (1) has been synthesized (dcpe = 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane). It has been found to react with either 1,4-cyclohexadiene or tert-butylethylene in toluene to give the respected hydrogenated hydrocarbon and the zero valent species Fe(dcpe)(toluene) (2). When this reaction with acceptor olefins was performed in methylcyclohexane, transfer dehydrogenation was observed to give low-yields of iron-bound toluene in 2.
Inhibition of COX-2 decreases colorectal cancer metastases to the liver in an orthotopic murine model

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2600 Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRCA) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. Of the patients who die, most will succumb with metastatic disease to the liver. An impact on the early progression of metastatic disease could be important in the treatment of CRCA. COX-2 is an enzyme that is important regulator of prostaglandin synthesis and is involved in pathways such as angiogenesis during the progression of adenoma to carcinoima in the colon. The purpose of this study is to examine the hypothesis that early inhibition of COX-2 prior to the establishment of large metastases can decrease proliferation of metastatic disease in the liver from CRCA. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were separated into WT untreated controls and those treated with celecoxib (1000mg/kg diet). Both groups underwent orthotopic splenic injection of 1X105 syngeneic murine colon carcinoma cells that had been transfected with a luciferase reporter gene. To model treatment of patients at risk for the development of metastases, the celecoxib treated group was begun on drug 72 hours prior to orthotopic splenic injection. Mice were continued on therapeutic levels for the duration of the 14 day study. Liver metastases in both groups were followed using bioluminescence imaging for 14 days. Results: At the end of this period, animals were sacrificed and examined. Comparison of liver weights (in grams) in the two groups at the end of 14 days showed WT controls 4.63g (± 0.76) and the celecoxib treated group 2.7g (± 0.74), reflecting increased gross metastases in the liver in controls. Quantitation of photon counts from bioluminescence data (average total flux) acquired at 14 days post tumor cell injection, corroborated the increased burden of metastases in the WT animals 12.9x106 (± 1.5x106) vs. 2.0x106 (± 0.7x106) in celecoxib treated animals. Conclusions: Treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib significantly decreased the metastatic burden of CRCA in the liver in an orthotopic murine model. Further study to understand the mechanism of this effect is warranted. COX-2 inhibition in patients at risk for developing metastatic colorectal cancer could be clinically beneficial.
Designed metalloprotein stabilizes a semiquinone radical

Enzymes use binding energy to stabilize their substrates in high-energy states that are otherwise inaccessible at ambient temperature. Here we show that a de novo designed Zn(II) metalloprotein stabilizes a chemically reactive organic radical that is otherwise unstable in aqueous media. The protein binds tightly to and stabilizes the radical semiquinone form of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol. Solution NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations show that the substrate binds in the active site pocket where it is stabilized by metal-ligand interactions as well as by burial of its hydrophobic groups. Spectrochemical redox titrations show that the protein stabilized the semiquinone by reducing the electrochemical midpoint potential for its formation via the one-electron oxidation of the catechol by approximately 400 mV (9 kcal mol(-1)). Therefore, the inherent chemical properties of the radical were changed drastically by harnessing its binding energy to the metalloprotein. This model sets the basis for designed enzymes with radical cofactors to tackle challenging chemistry.
Discussion: Stability of the Cotton and Tobacco Industries Under Present and Alternative Programs

[12] SAYRE, CHARLES R., "Prospects for Southern Cotton Production and Its Place in the Regional Economy, 1965-1975," J. Farm Econ. 47:1175-85, Dec. 1965. [13] TELSER, L. G., "The Support Program and the Stability of Cotton Prices," J. Farm Econ. 39:389-408, May 1957. [14] TRAMEL, THOMAS E., An Evaluation of Alternatives Under the New Cotton Program, Mississippi Agr. Exp. Sta., AEC M.K. No. 47, Feb. 1966. [15] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Commercial Tobacco Farms, Coastal Plain, North Carolina, ERS, FCR, April 1966. [16] , ERS, Cotton Situation. [17] , The Farm Index, ERS, June 1966. [18] , Fibers in the United States, ERS, April 1966. [19] , Foreign Agriculture Including Foreign Crops and Markets, June 1966. [201 WAUGH, F. V., Demand and Price Analysis, USDA Tech. Bul. 1316, 1964. RAY BILLINGSLEY
Enhanced learning classifier to locate data in cloud data centres

Cloud subscribers would like to verify the location of outsourced data in the cloud data centres to ensure that the availability of data satisfies the service level agreement SLA. Cloud users may not have access to their outsourced data in the event of operational failures in data centres or occurrence of natural disasters and/or power outages. Recently, IP geolocation techniques have been proposed to locate data files in cloud data centres. However, these techniques exploit relationships between internet delays and distance and are not extensible to incorporate different network measurements, which may be used along with internet delay to improve accuracy. Also, most of the existing techniques have only been validated with one cloud provider Amazon Web Services. In this paper, we propose an enhanced learning classier IP geolocation algorithm, which incorporates multiple network measurements to improve the accuracy of geolocating data files in data centres in four commercial cloud providers. To demonstrate the accuracy of our approach, we evaluate the performance on Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google App Engine, and Rackspace. Our experimental results demonstrate that our approach is geolocating data files accurately, more closely to the true location and also detecting violation of location restrictions.
Comparative chemistry of the aminoglycoside and aminocyclitol antibiotics.

The title originally assigned for this paper, "Comparative Chemistry of the Aminoglycosides," is really too broad in terms of what an organic chemist understands by aminoglycosides. An aminoglycoside is simply a compound in which a sugar containing an amino group is attached via a glycosidic linkage to some other fragment, and this classification includes a very large number of antibiotics belonging to several different classes.
Filament-Driven Impulsive Raman Spectroscopy

Vibrational Raman spectroscopy is performed in the gas phase using a femtosecond laser pulse undergoing filamentation as an impulsive excitation source. The molecular coherence induced by the filamentary pulse is subsequently probed using a narrowband, sub-picosecond laser pulse to produce Raman spectra of gas phase species in a few tens of milliseconds (∼10 laser shots). Pulse shortening with concomitant spectral broadening during filamentation results in a pulse that is both sufficiently short and of sufficient spectral power density to impulsively excite the highest energy ground state vibrations (up to 4158 cm–1 corresponding to H2). Gas phase detection of chloroform, methylene chloride, cyclohexane, toluene, pentane, triethylamine, ammonia, nitromethane, and gasoline is performed.
Oxygen insertion into boroles as a route to 1,2-oxaborines

The synthesis of 1,2-oxaborines is accomplished via the reaction of pentaarylboroles with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide via a 1,1-insertion reaction. The aromatic nature of 1,2-oxaborines was evaluated by computing nuclear independent chemical shift (NICS) values. Collectively, the experimental and computational studies indicate the unsaturated central BOC4 ring has appreciable aromatic character.
Feed additives for control of flies on dairy farms (Diptera: Muscidae).

In previous tests at Beltsville, stirofos (Rabon®) used as a feed additive for cattle was an effective larvicide against house flies, Musca domestica L. (Miller & Gordon, 1972, J. Econ. Ent. 65 : 1064–66). It also left no detectable residues in milk or tissues and had no deleterious long-term effects on dairy cattle (Miller & Gordon, 1973, J. Econ. Ent. 66 : 135–38). We therefore evaluated the larvicidal effect of stirofos used as a feed additive in a commercial situation during the summer of 1972.
Effects Curing Conditions and Drying Methods on Hand-torn Beef Quality

The effects of curing conditions such as salt amount,temperature and time and different drying methods such as natural drying,hot air drying,microwave drying and hot air-microwave drying on sensory and physico-chemical characteristics of hand-torn beef were examined.Based on an overall consideration of beef quality,temperature and time consumption,the optimal curing conditions were salt amount of 3%,temperature of 15 ℃,and curing time of 2 d.Hot air-microwave drying was the most suitable drying method,and the optimal drying conditions were hot air drying at 65 ℃ until a moisture content of 50% and then microwave drying at a 350 W power.
Towards an ethics of life

Abstract In the broad context of intergenerational justice, this paper is an effort towards developing a theory of an ethics of life. My thesis is that that continuity of life is the foundation for an ethics of life. The fundamental question associated with the ethics of life is, ‘What is best for life.’ Following brief discussions about life and the long-term continuity challenges life will face as the sun begins to die, three legs of a triad for an ethics of life will be proposed and explicated.
Supraclavicular Cervical Sympathectomy

Supraclavicular cervical sympathectomy is performed to treat patients with vasospastic occlusive disease of the upper extremity that is not amenable to conservative management or to nerve block therapy. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Niche Television Content

This research ties together the concepts of group vitality and niche television content. Group vitality, the position a group takes based on structures in society, is partially formed by institutional support. This includes representation and depiction in the media. Niche describes specialized content that gratifies individuals, groups, and their needs. This content can be found in the form of books, music, film, television, and more. The current study focused on niche television content preference within specific groups of people based on their demographics. Separate genres were considered niche categories in this research. Participants were asked if to rate how much they enjoyed different genres of television on a Likert-type scale. They were also asked to report how much television they watch per day, which television services they use to watch, and their demographic information. Based on the data, sports are more popular with males than females, reality television is more popular with females than males, and Netflix is extremely popular. Future research possibilities include a focus on psychographics instead of demographics, exploring how different audiences feel about another medium and its variety of choices, or doing this research on a larger scale.
The Theory of Monopolistic Terms of Trade

It will be argued in this study that, from 1934 to 1939, Nazi Germany utilized exchange control as a monopolistic pricing device. The exchange control mechanism, the elements of bilateralism, and the special exchange procedures which had been developed under the Weimar Republic were adapted to use as instruments of aggressive commercial policy. The thesis is that German monetary authorities purposefully maintained an overvalued currency on the foreign exchange markets and manipulated the terms of trade through various exchange control devices in order to improve the German position in world trade vis a vis her trading partners. German exchange control exemplified the monopoly aspects of international pricing. Not only did her exchange control set a monopoly price for the Mark (and hence for German goods), it also discriminated between countries and goods, making monopolistic exploitation more perfect. It may be doubted that Germany achieved an “optimum” level of the terms of trade. Nonetheless, it is the opinion of this writer that the primary purpose of exchange control in Germany during this period was to improve the economic welfare of the German state (as German leaders conceived of it) at the expense of those countries which dealt with Germany in foreign trade.
1993: The Year of the Great Opportunity?

1993 is for Italy the year of the great opportunity. As Mario Baldassarri first pointed out (in Il Sole 24 Ore, 6 February 1993) a coincidence of circumstances, such as repeats itself very rarely in the history of a country, makes it possible for Italy to make a great leap forward, a second miracle, which will enable the country to move from the tail to the head of the international pecking order. This will require but a small sacrifice on the part of those who are fortunate to have a job today, a sacrifice that will be more than compensated by improvements for those who are currently ‘outside the system’, the unemployed, in particular the unemployed youth.
The Political Economy of Development in India

(1985). The Political Economy of Development in India. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 1016-1018.
Settler colonial incorporation and inheritance: historical sciences, indigeneity, and settler narratives in post-WWII Taiwan

In this article, I argue that the incorporation and inheritance of indigeneity is central to the making of settler colonialism. While scholars in settler colonial studies predominantly focus on the...
Tired of Commuting? Relationships among Journeys to School, Sleep, and Exercise among American Teenagers:

Public education policies that aim to improve educational outcomes can have the effect of increasing the distance that many students must travel to attend school. In this article, we use American T...
Surgical Technique and Difficult Situations During the Gastric Sleeve Resection from Michel Gagner

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) was performed for the first time in July 1999 as part of laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (LBPD/DS). By serendipity, LSG alone was started as part of a two-stage operation for super-super obese patients, trying to avoid morbidity, which then led to a stand-alone operation for smaller patients. Indications for this procedure have expanded over a decade to high-risk patients: the usual body mass index (BMI) indications for weight loss surgery, extreme ages (adolescent and elderly), low BMI, diabetes type 2, transplantation candidates, cirrhotic with or without portal hypertension, etc. It also has been used for the reversal and revision of gastric bypass in patients who present with severe hypoglycemia syndromes, weight regain, severe micronutrient deficiencies, and old jejunoileal bypass or failed gastric band. Contraindications are just a few, and I would reconsider a patient with severe reflux disease on long-term medication, with an incompetent sphincter and/or Barrett’s esophagus. This in my view is better treated with a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The sleeve gastrectomy may compromise the use for stomach pull-up replacement in the future. Another could be a complicated duodenal ulcer history with perhaps a pyloric stenosis, with altered emptying (although it could theoretically be solved with a pyloroplasty) (Fig. 15.1).
Risk Differences in Disease-Specific Infant Mortality Between Black and White US Children, 1968–2015: an Epidemiologic Investigation

Black/African American (AA) infants have been persistently observed with survival disadvantage compared to White infants in the USA, implying excess mortality. While reliable epidemiologic data continue to illustrate these disparities, data are yet to provide a substantial explanation to the observed rates and risk differences over the past six decades. We aimed in this study to examine the infant mortality risk differences by temporal trends and to provide an ecologic and non-concurrent explanation for the persisted variability. A retrospective design with aggregate data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was used to access the risk difference in cause-specific mortality, while stratification analysis was utilized for the risk ratio estimation. We also estimated the percent change for mortality trends. The cumulative infant mortality (IM) incidence was two times as likely for Black/AA relative to White, risk ratio (RR), 2.05. There were temporal trends in IM between 1968 and 2015 with excess IM among Black/AA children. Specifically, between 1968 and 2015, the percent change (% change) for digestive system disorders (58.43%); genito-urinary tract system disorders (58.20%); muscle, skeleton, and connective tissue disorders (66.60%); congenital anomalies (23.79%); and certain perinatal causes (38.65%) indicated upward trends in infant mortality Black/AA and White risk ratio. Except for neoplasm, and the initial study period (1968–1978) for congenital anomalies, Black/AA infants indicated survival disadvantage, implying excess mortality ratio relative to their White counterparts. Disease-specific infant mortality is higher among black/AA except for neoplasm, and increasing percent changes are observed in digestive; genito-urinary; and muscle, skeleton, and connective tissue disorders. These findings are suggestive of the pressing needs to examine the cause of these disparities namely social determinants of health and social inequity for specific risk-adapted intervention in achieving health equity in US infant mortality.
In-situ real-time characterization of micro-filaments for electrohydrodynamic ink-jet printing using machine vision

Abstract Electrohydrodynamic ink-jet printing (e-jet printing) is one of micro/nano scale 3D printing techniques that automatically deposit functional materials to form 3D structures on the substrate. Unlike traditional thermal or acoustic inkjet printing, e-jet printing utilizes high electrical forces that enable the ink to overcome surface tension at the tip of micro needles. The filaments/droplets coming out from the needle have dimensions much smaller than the dimensions of the nozzle, thus printing geometries in micro and nano scale. Process parameters in e-jet printing could affect the final quality attributes of fabricated constructs. Currently, assessment of these critical geometries and attributes must be performed offline using optical microscopy or scanning electron microscopy. This drawback affected the efficiency of micro/nano printing from translation into industrial practice. The research in this paper focused on fundamental research to enable in-situ monitoring of e-jet printing using a real-time image characterization technique. In conclusion, the study in this paper investigated using machine vision for real-time monitoring of micro scale 3D printing. The method worked well for characterization of micro-filaments, and may be further implemented into feedback control system of complicated e-jet printing. However, the optical machine vision was limited to micro scale detection. One of the future research topic is to develop nano scale in-situ characterization mechanism for e-jet printing.
Formation of Carded Webs from Microfibers

The paper is reporting an extensive experimental investigation to optimize the processing of microfibers on a flat top card. Carding parameters, type of fiber finish and their interactions were stu...
A coordinate descent approach for sparse Bayesian learning in high dimensional QTL mapping and genome-wide association studies

MOTIVATION Genomic scanning approaches that detect one locus at a time are subject to many problems in genome-wide association studies and quantitative trait locus mapping. The problems include large matrix inversion, over-conservativeness for tests after Bonferroni correction and difficulty in evaluation of the total genetic contribution to a trait's variance. Targeting these problems, we take a further step and investigate a multiple locus model that detects all markers simultaneously in a single model. RESULTS We developed a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) method for quantitative trait locus mapping and genome-wide association studies. This new method adopts a coordinate descent algorithm to estimate parameters (marker effects) by updating one parameter at a time conditional on current values of all other parameters. It uses an L2 type of penalty that allows the method to handle extremely large sample sizes (>100 000). Simulation studies show that SBL often has higher statistical powers and the simulated true loci are often detected with extremely small P-values, indicating that SBL is insensitive to stringent thresholds in significance testing. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION An R package (sbl) is available on the comprehensive R archive network (CRAN) and https://github.com/MeiyueComputBio/sbl/tree/master/R%20packge. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
How acute pain leads to chronic opioid use.

Several recent studies suggest how doctors can better treat acute pain to prevent chronic opioid use.
Aristotle's De Anima: A Critical Commentary

Aristotle's De Anima is the first systematic philosophical account of the soul, which serves to explain the functioning of all mortal living things. In his commentary, Ronald Polansky argues that the work is far more structured and systematic than previously supposed. He contends that Aristotle seeks a comprehensive understanding of the soul and its faculties. By closely tracing the unfolding of the many-layered argumentation and the way Aristotle fits his inquiry meticulously within his scheme of the sciences, Polansky answers questions relating to the general definition of soul and the treatment of each of the soul's principal capacities: nutrition, sense perception, phantasia, intellect, and locomotion. The commentary sheds light on every section of the De Anima and the work as a unit. It offers a challenge to earlier and current interpretations of the relevance and meaning of Aristotle's highly influential treatise.
Risks for noncutaneous second primary malignancy in cutaneous malignant melanoma survivors: an analysis of data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program

Background It is known that malignant melanoma (MM) survivors are at increased risk of future primary MM. However, the risk for noncutaneous second primary malignancies (SPMs) is not as well-understood. Methods An observational study utilizing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was performed, assessing data from patients diagnosed with primary cutaneous MM to measure overall, as well as specific, tumor type and risk of SPM. Results Of the 132,438 patients recruited in the study population (mean age 55.5 years; 54% male), 23,794 SPMs were observed (O) (18% of patients at a mean age of 68.8 years), while 17,923 SPMs were expected (E) to occur (O : E 1.33, 95% CI 1.31-1.34). Excluding cutaneous MM occurring as a new primary malignancy, there was a significantly increased risk for SPMs among cutaneous MM survivors for each of the following tumor types: eye and orbit melanoma, tracheal, thyroid, salivary gland, retroperitoneum, small intestine, kidney, lymphoid and hematopoietic system, lymphoma overall, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lymphocytic leukemia overall, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, male genital system (including prostate), and breast. Certain gender-specific trends for SPMs were also detected. Conclusions Patients with primary cutaneous MM are at increased risk for primary noncutaneous MM as well as noncutaneous SPMs that include numerous tumor types. Enhanced oncologic surveillance for a variety of tumor types in melanoma survivors is warranted.
Situating the Scientist: Creating Inclusive Science Communication Through Equity Framing and Environmental Justice

This article draws on environmental justice (EJ) scholarship to develop a novel concept of equity framing that can be used to achieve more inclusive science communication. We argue that centering equity in our communications framing can provide an essential point of access for marginalized communities to engage with scientific communication, and also an important opportunity for scientific researchers and writers to become more accountable to disadvantaged communities. What is at stake is our ability to train the next generation of science communicators, to either interrupt or reinscribe inequities based on class, gender and other social positions. Viewing science communication through an equity lens asks communicators to not only frame science in ways that are salient to particular audiences, but it also asks communicators to attend to particular discriminatory historical practices that have targeted marginalized communities, and continue to do so through current scientific discourse. EJ strategies for equity framing include asking science communicators to 1) become aware of their own positionality and partial perspectives, 2) name sources of inequity that arise from uneven power relations, and 3) find intersections with initiatives that are rooted in the experiences of disadvantaged communities. To ground our approach to equity framing, we also present our experiences teaching Stanford University’s first comprehensive class on environmental justice as a case study. Key outcomes included: adding missing perspectives to scientific knowledge production by inviting representatives from diverse and marginalized communities to teach us; increasing the social relevance of scientific findings by asking our students to center the concerns and insights of marginalized communities in their communication; and encouraging collective action to address equity concerns and achieve a healthier society for all.