cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bean pod mottle virus ecology and management in Iowa

Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a new disease problem for North Central states soybean (Glycine max (L.)) growers. The bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is the primary BPMV vector. The main objectives of this research were to understand BPMV ecology and explore possibilities for management. Bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), flight capacity was measured and seventy-one percent of beetles flew 301 m. The mean of flights <51 m was 11 m. The farthest flight made by an individual beetle was 4.9 km. A survey of Iowa counties confirmed BPMV was present throughout the state. In 2002, populations of the bean leaf beetle reached the highest abundance recorded in 14 years. Three BPMV primary inoculum sources in Iowa were confirmed. Seed transmission of BPMV was 0.037%, 1.5% of overwintered bean leaf beetles transmitted BPMV, and Desmodium canadense (L.) was identified as a naturally occurring host. Application of lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior®) (Syngenta, Wilmington, DE) after soybean emergence and again as first-generation bean leaf beetles emerged, reduced beetle densities for four and seven weeks, reduced BPMV field incidence by 26% and 27%, and reduced seed coat mottling by 10% and 19%, at locations in central and northwest Iowa respectively. Yield was 440.48 kg/ha (6.5 bu/acre) higher in the early followed by mid-season insecticide treatment at the northwest site. Four planting dates and two soybean cultivars were examined in relation to BPMV incidence. In 2000, the lowest BPMV incidence occurred in the third planting date, but the incidence was not significantly different than in the other planting dates. For all years, yield was occasionally highest (although not significantly) in the third planting date and lowest in the last planting date. In 2000, seed coat mottling was
Post's Problem for Admissible Sets

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to Post's problem for admissible sets. The Friedberg–Muchnik theorem is generalized to the context of recursion theory on admissible sets of the form L α . Admissible sets of this special form retain the basic property of ω . The chapter proves that there exists an admissible set M for which both (W) and the Friedberg–Muchnik theorem fail. The proof has one serious defect—it uses AD, the so-called axiom of determinacy, which is actually not an axiom but rather an unsupported (though pragmatically interesting) hypothesis. A theorem which states—if PD, projective determinacy, is assumed and let M = H ω1 , the hereditarily countable sets; then every Σ( M ) set is either ∆( M ) or complete—is discussed in the chapter.
Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Local Gender-Based Earnings Inequality and Women's Belief in the American Dream

This article ties together research on gender, income inequality, and political ideology, by exploring the effect of gender-based earnings inequality on women's belief in a fundamental tenet of the 'American Dream'-meritocracy. Focusing on gender-based earnings inequality in women's local residential context, and drawing upon relative deprivation theory, this article argues that variation across local areas in the relative economic status of women should influence the ideological outlook of resident women. In contrast to relative deprivation theory, but consistent with rising expectations theory, I argue that ideological disillusionment should peak in contexts in which women's earnings fall closely behind men, and that ideological optimism should rebound in contexts in which women's earnings have achieved parity with that of men. Utilizing pooled survey data, I find strong evidence that individual women's belief in the American Dream varies according to whether local women's relative earnings indicate confrontation with or breaking of the 'glass ceiling.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Levinas and the Parent–Child Relation: A Merleau-Pontyian Critique of Applying Levinas's Thought to Developmental Psychology

Central to Emmanuel Levinas's philosophical account of ethics and intersubjectivity is the parent–child relation. Throughout his major texts, paternity, maternity, and education all function as critical motifs that Levinas utilizes to claim that the subject is primordially oriented by a radical passivity and asymmetrical ethical obligation to the other. Further, several scholars, including Claude Lefort, Brian Vandenberg, Diane Perpich, and Joel Krueger, have highlighted Levinas's insights in relation to child development; however, I argue that they have not adequately accounted for the radicality of Levinas's view of original passivity as the essential ground of subjectivity. After explaining Levinas's account of radical passivity in the parent–child relation, I then turn to recent research in child development to evaluate Levinas's view. In light of the current research, I suggest that Merleau-Ponty's account of the parent–child relation not only complements Levinas's work, but it is also essential for ...
CONTROL OF STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE 2D CHANNEL FLOW

We consider steady incompressible flows in a 2D channel with flow quantities measured along some fixed, transverse sampling line. From a set of allowable flows it is desired to produce a flow that matches a given set of measurements as closely as possible. Allowable flows are completely specified by a set of control parameters which determine the shape of the inflow at the boundary and the shape of an internal bump which partially obstructs the flow. Difficulties concerning the transformation of this problem into a standard optimization problem are discussed, including the correct choice of functional and algorithm, and the existence of local minima.
The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience

The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. By Benny Shanon. 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 475 pages. $35 (paperback). ISBN 0199252939
Foundations of Real Estate Development Financing: A Guide to Public–Private Partnerships, Arthur C. Nelson

Given its interest in shaping the built environment, promoting compact and mixed-use development, and creating people places, there is a surprising disconnect between the planning profession and re...
Predicted gas exchange on the summit of Mt. Everest

The ascent of Mt. Everest (altitude 8848 m) by two climbers in May 1978 without supplementary oxygen has prompted us to make a theoretical analysis of gas exchange under these conditions of extreme hypoxia. On the basis of previous measurements made up to an altitude of 7440 m and other data, we have calculated a barometric pressure on the summit of 250 Torr, alveolar PCO2 of 10 Torr, and Hb concentration of 20.5 g/100 ml. Values for cardiac output, pulmonary capillary blood volume, and diffusing capacity were based on measurements made at 5800 m. A striking result of calculations of oxygenation along the pulmonary capillary is that, even at rest, there is an alveolar-end capillary PO2 of about 6 Torr caused by diffusion limitation, and this widens rapidly on mild exercise. Arterial and mixed venous PO2 fall precipitously as the VO2 is raised further. If we assume that the PO2 in mixed venous blood cannot fall below 15 Torr, a maximal VO2 of less than 700 ml/min is predicted. Arterial O2 saturation and, to a smaller extent, the mixed venous PO2 can be increased by shifting the O2 dissociation curve to the left. This can be accomplished by fully compensating for the respiratory alkalosis at a lower altitude, and then climbing rapidly to the summit. Maximal VO2 is extremely sensitive to barometric pressure, and to a lesser extent to lung diffusing capacity. The results are in general agreement with extrapolations from measurements of maximal VO2 at altitudes up to 7440 m.
Development of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model (PBPK) of Cancer Treatment in Mice

In hormone-dependent cancers, tumor growth is driven by the binding of the hormone to its receptor. Vitamin D3 can have both preventive and therapeutic effects by regulating cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation - a role much greater than earlier views that focused primarily on bone health and maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Epidemiological studies have found a significant association between low serum levels and low dietary intake of Vitamin D3 and the incidence, degree of malignancy, metastases, and mortality of cancers of the breast, prostate, colon, and ovaries. We used Semiconductor Nanoparticles (Quantum Dots, (QDs)) in conjunction with a binding procedure to develop a Calcitriol-QD conjugate. Based on this research a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed to determine steady-state distribution of Calcitriol-QD in mice. The multi-compartmental PBPK model represents relevant organ/tissues with physiological accuracy. Four processes characterized the change in the concentration of the protein in every compartment: blood flow in, blood flow out, protein turnover and receptor binding in the organ. The unique aspects of the model are the determination of elimination using receptor kinetics and generation using protein turnover. The model also predicts steady state concentrations of Calcitriol-QD in tissues in mice and may be used for possible scale-up of dosage regimens in humans. Due to the QDs fluorescent characteristics, our Calcitriol conjugates can be applied successfully to image the distribution and uptake of Calcitriol into cells. Our data show that we successfully generated a Calcitriol-QD conjugate that is biologically active and stable for at least 48h at RT. Additionally we were able to image the uptake and the distribution of Calcitriol in real time and determine its interaction with the cell membrane and accumulation in the cell nucleus.
Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance Study of Cr Ions and Exchange-Coupled Cr Ion Pairs in the Bi I 3 Structure

This paper reports the results of an EPR study of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ single ions in Bi${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ and Sb${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$, and exchange-coupled pairs of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ions in Bi${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$. The spectrum for ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ single ions in Bi${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ can be fitted by the spin Hamiltonian ${\mathcal{H}}_{S}=g\ensuremath{\beta}\mathbf{H}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{S}+D{{S}_{z}}^{2}$, where $g=2.058$ and $D=\ensuremath{-}0.5$ kOe. The spin Hamiltonian for ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ single ions in Sb${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ is given by ${\mathcal{H}}_{S}={g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}\ensuremath{\beta}{H}_{z}{S}_{z}+{g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\beta}({H}_{x}{S}_{x}+{H}_{y}{S}_{y})+DS_{z}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}$, where ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=2.078$, ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2.088$, and $D=+3.85$ kOe. The spectrum for exchange-coupled intralayer pairs of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ions in Bi${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ can be fitted by a spin Hamiltonian which has the terms $J{\mathbf{S}}_{1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathbf{S}}_{2}+\frac{3}{2}{J}_{z}{S}_{1z}{S}_{2z}+\frac{1}{4}K[{{S}_{1}}^{+}{{S}_{2}}^{+}+{{S}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{{S}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}]$ in addition to the single-ion terms for each ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion. In the above expression $J$ is negative, ${J}_{z}+34$ kOe, and $K=2.0$ kOe. Two of the results are rather unusual: a $g$ value greater than 2, and an anisotropic exchange parameter about $\frac{1}{5}$ the isotropic exchange parameter. Explanations which involve the quite high covalent bonding and the extremely large spin-orbit constant on the halogens are given for both unusual parameters. The relevance of the EPR results to the magnetic anisotropy in the chromium trihalides is discussed. Also observed and included in this paper is the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{2+}$ single-ion spectrum of Bi${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$: Cr. The spin Hamiltonian for the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{2+}$ transitions is given by ${\mathcal{H}}_{S}=g\ensuremath{\beta}\mathbf{H}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{S}+D{{S}_{z}}^{2}+E({{S}_{x}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{{S}_{y}}^{2})$, where $g=1.98$, $D=6.9$ kOe, and $E=1.6$ kOe.
Thermochemistry of Radicals and Molecules Relevant to Atmospheric Chemistry : Determination of Group Additivity Values using G3//B3LYP Theory

Thermochemistry of radicals is not as extensively tabulated as that of stable molecular species, even when group additivity schemes are applied. When these radicals contain oxygen or nitrogen atoms, the availability of radical groups is even more limited. Many oxygen- and nitrogen-containing radicals and molecules are present in the atmosphere, and thermochemistry is a valuable component of the development of atmospheric models with predictive capabilities. This paper presents quantum chemical calculations using G3//B3LYP that have been performed to obtain heats of formation, entropies, and heat capacities as a function of the temperature of radicals and molecules from which group additivity values were obtained. Isodesmic and homodesmotic reactions were used to obtain improved estimates of the heats of formation. Thermodynamic property estimates were corrected to account for internal rotations. A total of 323 molecules were studied from which a total of 122 different groups, 21 gauche and cis corrections, and 5 secondary corrections were regressed.
Statistical approach to combining the results of similar experiments, with application to the hematologic effects of extremely-low-frequency electric field exposures

A large proportion of scientific effort in investigating the possible biological effects of exposure to extremely-low-frequency (ELF) fields consists of laboratory studies on experimental animals. Most experiments in which hematologic properties are measured show no statistically significant effect due to exposure. However, some studies show significant effects which, in general, are not clearly reproducible. A difficult question must then be addressed: Are these relatively few indications of ELF effects statistical artifacts due to the increased risk of a type I error in multiple studies, or is there a real biological effect that is undetected in most studies due to the relatively small sample sizes commonly used? A statistical approach for examining the accumulated results of multiple experiments which results in a single test for treatment effect is presented. The technique requires very mild assumptions, and is valid for experiments that vary widely in specific characteristics such as exposure level, duration, and laboratory. The method is applied to the results of a collection of hematologic and serum chemistry experiments, and the combined results indicate the existence of experimental effects on some end points.
EARLY POSTMORTEM SKELETAL ALTERATIONS EFFECT ON SARCOMERE LENGTH, MYOFIBRILLAR FRAGMENTATION, AND MUSCLE TENDERNESS OF BEEF FROM LIGHT‐WEIGHT, BRANGUS HEIFERS

Approximately 2 h after exsanguination, two skeletal cuts (TC) were made on randomly selected sides from 13 light-weight, Brangus heifers; companion sides served as untreated controls (C). After a 24-h chill period, four muscles (Longissimus muscle from the IMPS#112A ribeye roll, LT, and from the IMPS#180 strip loin, LL; Biceps femoris, BF; Semitendinosus, ST; and Semimembranosus, SM) were excised from each side, vacuum-packaged, and aged for 7 days. Five 2.54-cm thick steaks were cut from each of the muscles to determine the effectiveness of the TC treatment on sarcomere length (SL), myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) and cooked beef tenderness. The LT and LL steaks from TC-carcasses had longer (P 0.05) from C. Muscles from the TC sides had similar (P > 0.05) MFI values to those from control sides. This study demonstrated that the TC procedure, when applied 2 h postmortem, can effectively improve cooked beef tenderness of the Longissimus muscle.
The ultrastructure of book lung development in the bark scorpion Centruroides gracilis (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Near the end of the nineteenth century the hypothesis was presented for the homology of book lungs in arachnids and book gills in the horseshoe crab. Early studies with the light microscope showed that book gill lamellae are formed by outgrowth and possibly some invagination (infolding) of hypodermis (epithelium) from the posterior surface of opisthosomal limb buds. Scorpion book lungs are formed near the bilateral sites of earlier limb buds. Hypodermal invaginations in the ventral opisthosoma result in spiracles and sac-like cavities (atria). In early histological sections of embryo book lungs, widening of the atrial entrance of some lamellae (air channels, air sacs, saccules) was interpreted as an indication of invagination as hypothesized for book gill lamellae. The hypodermal infolding was thought to produce the many rows of lamellar precursor cells anterior to the atrium. The ultrastructure of scorpion book lung development is compared herein with earlier investigations of book gill formation. In scorpion embryos, there is ingression (inward migration) of atrial hypodermal cells rather than invagination or infolding of the atrial hypodermal layer. The ingressing cells proliferate and align in rows anterior to the atrium. Their apical-basal polarity results in primordial air channels among double rows of cells. The cuticular walls of the air channels are produced by secretion from the apical surfaces of the aligned cells. Since the precursor cells are in rows, their secreted product is also in rows (i.e., primordial air channels, saccules). For each double row of cells, their opposed basal surfaces are gradually separated by a hemolymph channel of increasing width. The results from this and earlier studies show there are differences and similarities in the formation of book lung and book gill lamellae. The homology hypothesis for these respiratory organs is thus supported or not supported depending on which developmental features are emphasized. For both organs, when the epithelial cells are in position, their apical-basal polarity results in alternate page-like channels of hemolymph and air or water with outward directed hemolymph saccules for book gills and inward directed air saccules for book lungs.
Myocardial effects of bishydroxycoumarin and warfarin

Abstract The present study demonstrates that bishydroxycoumarin exerts a direct depressant effect on the blood-perfused mammalian heart independent of changes in coronary flow. This depression in contractile force is accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption and at high deliveries of bishydroxycoumarin by an increase in total coronary flow. In contrast, the infusion of warfarin sodium at rates which achieved comparable blood levels had little influence on myocardial oxygen consumption, contractile force and coronary blood flow.
Structure and Biochemical Properties of PRL-1, a Phosphatase Implicated in Cell Growth, Differentiation, and Tumor Invasion.

The PRL (phosphatase of regenerating liver) phosphatases constitute a novel class of small, prenylated phosphatases that are implicated in promoting cell growth, differentiation, and tumor invasion, and represent attractive targets for anticancer therapy. Here we describe the crystal structures of native PRL-1 as well as the catalytically inactive mutant PRL-1/C104S in complex with sulfate. PRL-1 exists as a trimer in the crystalline state, burying 1140 A2 of accessible surface area at each dimer interface. Trimerization creates a large, bipartite membrane-binding surface in which the exposed C-terminal basic residues could cooperate with the adjacent prenylation group to anchor PRL-1 on the acidic inner membrane. Structural and kinetic analyses place PRL-1 in the family of dual specificity phopsphatases with closest structural similarity to the Cdc14 phosphatase and provide a molecular basis for catalytic activation of the PRL phosphatases. Finally, native PRL-1 is crystallized in an oxidized form in whi...
Correlates of Success in Leaderless Group Discussion

(1961). Correlates of Success in Leaderless Group Discussion. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 359-365.
The successful use of Boston ocular surface prosthesis in the treatment of persistent corneal epithelial defect after herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

PURPOSE To describe the use of the Boston ocular surface prosthesis (BOSP) to successfully treat a persistent corneal epithelial defect (PCED) after herpes zoster ophthalmicus that was minimally responsive to conventional therapies. METHODS A case report. RESULTS A 44-year-old man who developed a PCED in the right eye after herpes zoster ophthalmicus was treated with conventional therapies, including topical difluprednate opthalmic emulsion, 0.05% cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion, topical autologous plasma, and oral doxycycline. Silicone plugs were inserted in the right upper and lower puncta. An 18-mm therapeutic hydrogel contact lens was placed in the right eye. After 4 weeks of this treatment, double layer amniotic membrane transplantation and temporary lateral tarsoraphy were performed. Ten days after the procedure, the amniotic membrane had dissolved and the tarsorrhaphy was opened. Because only partial healing of the corneal epithelial defect was observed, the patient was fit with the BOSP that he wore all waking hours. A soft contact lens was worn overnight after the BOSP was removed. Rapid reepithelization was observed within the week after starting the BOSP. The epithelial defect completely healed after 3 weeks, and the uncorrected visual acuity in the right eye improved to 20/50. CONCLUSIONS The BOSP should be considered as an important treatment option for management of PCEDs in eyes with altered corneal sensitivity.
Nonlinear source-sink flow in a rotating pie-shaped basin

Source-sink flows in a rotating pie-shaped basin provide a laboratory analogue of wind-driven ocean circulation (Stommel, Arons & Faller 1958). Experiments and theory are presented here for flows which are mildly nonlinear. Theory and experiment show satisfactory agreement for the intense flow in the western boundary-layer region which contains the strongest nonlinear effects. The strengths of the sources and sinks were increased in the experiments in an attempt to induce an instability in the western boundary layer. However, the western boundary layer was always stable, even for relatively large Rossby numbers. Photographs from experiments with a basin of semicircular cross-section show the difference between eastern and western boundary layers in a striking manner.
Infrared absorptivity of the 9.6 μm ozone band as a function of spectral resolution and abundance

Abstract The i.r. absorptivity of the R -branch maximum (9.48 μm) of gaseous ozone was determined at 25°C as a function of spectral resolution and absorbance a/a total pressure of 735 torr of dry air. Ozone samples produced by a high voltage discharge in oxygen, and measured accurately by either a pressure or volume change, were spectroscopically measured in a 57741. environmental chamber at paths up to 69.17 m. A linear relation between spectral slit (Δ v ) and the ratio of the absorbances ( R v/p ) of the observed absorption minimum between the R and Q branches to the absorption maximum of the R -branch was found for cm -1 v -1 and for absorption up to 48%. The i.r. absorptivity varied approx. 20% (from 3.9 to 4.8 cm -1 STP) over the range of values for R v/p studied. Absorptivity was weakly dependent on ozone abundance ( w ) for w ⩽0.03 cm STP.
797 NEONATAL STABILIZATION AT COMMUNITY HOSPITALS IS IMPROVED BY OUTREACH EDUCATION: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

We describe the first prospective evaluation of the effects of an outreach education program on pre-transport stabilization of sick neonates born in community hospitals. The relationship between the adequacy of stabilization and the timing of participation in a perinatal outreach program was studied. Information regarding stabilization procedures done by referring hospital personnel prior to the arrival of our transport team was recorded and expressed as the percentage of appropriate actions. Highly significant improvement was seen in these percentage scores in the six-month period following outreach education compared to the 12 months immediately preceding the educational program (mean post-outreach score 81%, n=58 transports versus pre-outreach score 68%, n=40, p < .001). In contrast, no spontaneous improvement with time (i.e. without outreach education) was seen during the two years prior to the program (mean pre-outreach score A 64%, n=3t, pre-outreach score B 68%, n=10, non-significant). This study shows that neonatal outreach education improves the stabilization of neonates in community hospitals and implies a beneficial effect on neonatal outcome.
Frequency dependence of the resistivity of a fully ionized plasma

A graph of the classical frequency dependent resistivity for long wavelength waves in a fully ionized, equilibrium, hydrogenic plasma is presented as a function of frequency. For wavelengths that are long compared to the Debye lengih lambda /sub D/ = (4 pi ne/sup 2/ theta )/sup -1/2/ the collisional contribution to the resistivity dominates the Landau damping. (P.C.H.)
Digital image correlation-based experimental stress analysis of reinforced concrete beams, strengthened using carbon composites

The strengthening of reinforced concrete beams through the use of epoxy-bonded carbon composites has been widely researched in the United States since 1991. Despite the widespread attention of researchers, however, there are no reliable methods of predicting the failure of the repaired and strengthened beams by delamination of the carbon composite from the parent concrete. To better understand delamination, several investigators have presented analytical work to predict the distribution of stresses along the interface between the carbon composite and the concrete. Several closed-form solutions can be found in the literature to predict the levels of shear stress present between the bonded composite plate and the parent concrete beam. However, there has been very little experimental verification of these analytical predictions. The few experiments that have been conducted have used numerous electrical resistance strain gages, adhered to the surface of the carbon composite at various intervals along the length of the test section, in order to deduce the interfacial shear stress using first differences. This method, though very crude, demonstrated that there are substantial differences between the distributions of interfacial shear stresses in actual repaired beams versus the analytical predictions. This paper presents a new test program in which large-scale (2.4 m long), carbon-fiber-strengthened reinforced concrete beams are load-tested to failure, while employing digital image correlation (DIC) to record the three-dimensional displacements of the surface of the carbon fiber plate. Three-dimensional digital image correlation is a two-camera, stereoscopic technique for measuring true, 3D full-field surface displacements. The technique uses a subset-based correlation method to determine the correspondence between images from the two cameras and between images at different load levels. From each load’s full-field surface displacements, a surface strain map can be generated. The resulting strain maps allow the investigation of the load transfer from the carbon fiber to the concrete beam with a level of detail not achievable with standard strain gages. The focus of this paper is the application of the three-dimensional digital image correlation technique to the investigation of FRP reinforced concrete beams. The paper presents: 1) the results of the experimental testing; 2) an overview the three-dimensional digital image correlation technique; 3) the adaptations required to utilize the 3D correlation method on the large, 0.1m x 2.0m, imaged area of the beam; and 4) the effect of the discontinuous failure mechanisms, inherent in reinforced concrete structures, on the analysis of the data.
An investigation of Machiavellianism and imagined interaction

The present study attempted to link social cognition and personality by investigating cognitive planning, or imagined interactions, related to Machiavellianism. Results indicated that high and low Machs differ significantly on three different dimensions identified by research on imagined interaction. These results suggest that, at least to some degree, the Machiavellian trait is correlated with certain types planning for communication in interpersonal situations.
Improvement to a Neural Network Cloud Classifier

Abstract Examination of various feature selection algorithms has led to an improvement in the performance of a probabilistic neural network (PNN) cloud classifier. Thee algorithms reduce the number of network inputs by eliminating redundant and/or irrelevant features (spectral, textural, and physical measurements). One such algorithm, selecting 11 of the 204 total features, provides a 7% increase in PNN overall accuracy compared to an earlier version using 15 features. This algorithm employs the same search procedure as before, but a different evaluation function than used previously, which provides a similar bias to that of the PNN classifier. Noticeable accuracy improvements were also evident in individual cloud-pipe classes.
The Flexible Hypercube

This paper presents the new Flexible Hypercube architecture. The Flexible Hypercube is a fault-tolerant network topology that can be constructed for an arbitrary number of nodes and is incrementally expandable. This topology maintains the strong features of the Hypercube while overcoming deficiencies in expandability. It is shown to have strong node connectivity, a small diameter, and to be tolerant of faults. The Flexible Hypercube is a suitable architecture for the design of both tightly coupled parallel systems and distributed systems. Efficient fault-free and fault-tolerant algorithms for message routing and broadcasting are presented for the architecture. The fault-free algorithm guarantees successful routing inO(logN) time, whereNis the number of nodes in the system, and the fault-tolerant algorithm guarantees routing to functioning nodes if a route exists. The fault-free and fault-tolerant broadcasting algorithms have time complexityO(logN), and the fault-tolerant algorithm guarantees success if no two faulty nodes are adjacent and no functioning node is adjacent to two faults.
Structure of a sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein from Nereis diversicolor refined at 2·0 Å resolution☆

The crystal structure of a sarcoplasmic Ca2+-binding protein (SCP) from the sandworm Nereis diversicolor has been determined and refined at 2·0 A resolution using restrained least-squares techniques. The two molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit, which are related by a non-crystallographic 2-fold axis, were refined independently. The refined model includes all 174 residues and three calcium ions for each molecule, as well as 213 water molecules. The root-mean-square difference in co-ordinates for backbone atoms and calcium ions of the two molecules is 0·51 A. The final crystallographic R-factor, based on 18,959 reflections in the range 2·0 A ≤ d ≤ 7·0 A, with intensities exceeding 2·0 σ, is 0·182. Bond lengths and bond angles in the molecules have root-mean-square deviations from ideal values of 0·013 A and 2·2 °, respectively. SCP has four distinct domains with the typical helix-loop-helix (EF-hand) Ca2+-binding motif, although the second Ca2+-binding domain is not functional due to amino acid changes in the loop. The structure shows several unique features compared to other Ca2+-binding proteins with four EF-hand domains. The overall structure is highly compact and globular with a predominant hydrophobic core, unlike the extended dumbbell-shaped structure of calmodulin or troponin C. A hydrophobic tail at the COOH terminus adds to the structural stability by packing against a hydrophobic pocket created by the folding of the NH2 and COOH-terminal Ca2+-binding domain pairs. The first and second domains show different helix-packing arrangements from any previously described for Ca2+-binding proteins.
Halton sequences avoid the origin

The nth point of the Halton sequence in [0,1]d is shown to have components whose product is larger than Cn-1, where C > 0 depends on d. This property makes the Halton sequence very well suited to quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) integration of some singular functions that become unbounded as the argument approaches the origin. The Halton sequence avoids a similarly shaped (though differently sized) region around every corner of the unit cube, making it suitable for functions with singularities at all corners. Convergence rates are established for QMC integration based on two assumptions: a growth condition on the integrand, and a measure of how the sample points avoid the boundary. In some settings the error is O(n-1 + epsilon), while in others the error diverges to infinity. Star discrepancy does not suffice to distinguish the cases.
A high-intensity bowtie nano-aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser for near-field optics

We demonstrated a record-high-intensity bowtie nano-aperture vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser (VCSEL) with near-field spot size of 65 nm. The bowtie aperture VCSEL is very promising to realize near-field applications such as ultradense optical data storage.
ATRACURIUM: CLINICAL STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING HISTAMINE RELEASE AND ATTENUATING THE HAEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE

This study was designed to determine the effects of a rapid bolus dose of atracurium 0.6 mg kg−1 on arterial pressure, heart rate and plasma histamine concentration (n = 9), and to compare these values with those obtained by (a) giving the same dose of atracurium slowly (over 75 s) (n = 9), or (b) pre-treating with H1- and H2- antagonists (n = 9). The rapid (5-s) bolus dose of atracurium i.v. resulted in a significant increase in plasma histamine concentration (P P > 0.05).
Fuel oxidation by sulphuric acid

A quantitative study has been made of the oxidation of various coals by sulphuric acid–water mixtures. Two coals of different particle sizes showed identical oxidation rates. A mechanism of the oxidation reaction is suggested.
Effects of Forage Particle Size, Forage Source, and Grain Fermentability on Performance and Ruminal pH in Midlactation Cows

Our study investigated the effects of, and interactions between, forage particle size, level of dietary ruminally fermentable carbohydrate (RFC), and level of dietary starch on performance, chewing activity, and ruminal pH for dairy cows fed one level of dietary NDF. Twelve cows (48 DIM) were assigned to six treatments in a replicated 6 x 6 Latin square. Treatments were arranged in an incomplete 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Factors were: dry cracked shelled corn (DC, low RFC) or ground high-moisture corn (HMC; high RFC), finely chopped or coarse silage, and alfalfa silage as the only forage or a 50:50 ratio (DM basis) of alfalfa and corn silage. Diets combining HMC with only alfalfa silage were not included in the experiment. Diets were fed for ad libitum intake as a TMR with a concentrate:forage ratio of 61:39. Diets based on only alfalfa silage and diets based on a mix of alfalfa and corn silage averaged 18.6 and 15.8% CP, 25.8 and 24.7% NDF, 17.7 and 14.8% ADF, and 29.1 and 37.3% starch, respectively. Mean particle sizes were 5.3, 2.7, 5.6, and 2.8 mm for coarse alfalfa, fine alfalfa, coarse corn silage, and fine corn silage, respectively. Decreasing forage particle size decreased DMI (23.3 vs. 21.6 kg) and organic matter intake (22.0 vs. 20.2 kg). Increasing RFC decreased DMI (22.8 vs. 21.0 kg) and organic matter intake (21.5 vs. 20.0 kg). Decreasing forage particle size increased energy-corrected milk for alfalfa based diets (34.9 vs. 37.4 kg). Percentage of milk fat decreased with decreasing forage particle size (3.07 vs. 2.90%) and increased level of RFC (3.04 vs. 2.57%). Percentage of protein increased when corn silage partially replaced alfalfa silage (2.84 vs. 2.90%) but decreased when HMC replaced DC (2.90 vs. 2.84%). Apparent total tract digestibility of DM (66.7 vs. 68.5%), OM (65.9 vs. 70.7%), and starch (88.9 vs. 93.4%) increased when level of RFC was increased. Increasing level of RFC decreased mean ruminal pH from 5.82 to 5.67 and decreased minimum pH. Hours per day at which pH was <5.8, and area <5.8, increased when corn silage partially replaced alfalfa silage (2.6 vs. 4.4 h and 8.9 h x pH vs. 11.4 h x pH) and decreased further when level of RFC was increased (4.4 vs. 6.4 h and 11.4 h x pH vs. 14.3 h x pH). Decreasing forage particle size in HMC diets increased hours and area <5.8, but for DC diets, the effect of forage particle size depended on forage source. Interactions were found between level of physically effective fiber, forage source, and level of RFC on production and pH, complicating the inclusion of these effects in dairy ration formulation and evaluation.
Non-stationary discharge patterns in motor cortex under subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) directly modulates the basal ganglia, but how such stimulation impacts the cortex upstream is largely unknown. There is evidence of cortical activation in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats and facilitation of motor evoked potentials in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, but the impact of the DBS settings on the cortical activity in normal vs. Parkinsonian conditions is still debated. In recent studies, we used point process models to analyze non-stationary activation patterns and inter-neuronal dependencies in the motor and sensory cortices of awake non-human primates during STN DBS. We reported that these features are enhanced after treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which causes a consistent PD-like motor impairment, and that high-frequency DBS (i.e., >100 pulses-per-second [pps]) strongly reduces the short-term patterns (3-7ms period) both before and after MPTP treatment, while it elicits a consistent short-latency post-stimulus activation. Low-frequency DBS (≤50pps), instead, had negligible effects on the non-stationary features while decreased the burstiness of the spike trains. We evaluate here the impact of the DBS settings on the cortical discharge patterns by using tools from the information theory (receiver operating characteristic curve, information rate, etc.) and report that the probability of spiking of the cortical neurons is significantly conditioned on the DBS settings, with such dependency being significantly larger for high- vs. low-frequency DBS. Overall, the selective suppression of non-stationary features and the increased modulation of the spike probability suggest that high-frequency STN DBS enhances the neuronal activation in motor and sensory cortices, presumably because of reinforcement mechanisms, which perhaps involve the overlap between feedback antidromic and feed-forward orthodromic responses along the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop.
Pesticides: Transatlantic Movements in the Northeast Trades

Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in airborne dust carried by the trade winds from the European-African land areas to Barbados range from less than 1 to 164 parts per billion. The lower limit of the average content of 1 cubic meter of air is 7.8 x 10-14 gram. The contributions of river-borne and atmospherically transported pesticides to parts of the marine environment are calculated approximately and comtpared. The amnounts of pesticides contributed to the tropical Atlantic by the trade winds appear to be comparable to those carried to the sea by major river systems.
Introduction to the Death Penalty Symposium

In 1975, Isaac Ehrlich launched the modern econometric evaluation of the impact of the death penalty on the prevalence of murder with a controversial paper that concluded that each execution would lead to eight fewer homicides. A year later, the Supreme Court cited Ehrlich's work in issuing an opinion ending the execution moratorium that had started with the 1972 decision in Furman v. Georgia. The court held that capital punishment could satisfy constitutional requirements if it was administered in accordance with more elaborate capital sentencing procedures as a punishment for only the most egregious, highly aggravated murders.
C-smithing of Voyager 2 non-imaging instrument pointing information at Uranus

The development of a family of techniques, collectively called C-smithing, for improving spacecraft nonimaging instrument pointing knowledge is discussed. C-smithing studies using data from the Voyager 2 Uranus Encounter show that significant improvements in pointing knowledge for nonimaging instruments can be achieved with these techniques. This improved pointing information can be used to regenerate instrument viewing geometry parameters for the encounter, which can then be made available to science investigators.
The effects of preadsorbed oxygen on the adsorption and decomposition of methanol on Ni(110)

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of methanol on a partially oxidized nickel surface, the Ni(110)-(2×1)O structure, has been studied using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Methanol adsorbs molecularly at 80 K and multilayers of methanol can be condensed at this temperature. Molecular methanol is thermally unstable above ∼ 150 K and decomposes to a methoxy intermediate. Half of the chemisorbed methoxy desorbs by recombination in three desorption states with peak temperatures at 200, 240 and 300 K. Most of the remaining CH 3 O decomposes to CO and H 2 between 300 and 350 K, while a small amount is stabilized as a surface formate. HCOO, species. The formate decomposes into CO 2 and H 2 at 385 K. The presence of the surface oxygen affects the decomposition of methanol on Ni(110) in two ways: it stabilizes the methoxy group to higher temperatures, and induces the formation of a second intermediate, HCOO, above the methoxy decomposition temperature.
Dual reactivity of a photochemically-generated cyclic enyne–allene

A reactive ten-membered ring enyne–allene (τ25 °C = 5–6 min) is efficiently generated (Φ300 nm = 0.57) by UV irradiation of a thermally stable precursor in which a triple bond is masked as a cyclopropenone moiety.
Evolution and Distribution of Record-Breaking High and Low Monthly Mean Temperatures

AbstractThe ratio of record highs to record lows is examined with respect to extent of time series for monthly mean temperatures within the continental United States for 1900–2006. In counting the number of records that occur in a single year, the authors find a ratio greater than unity in 2006, increasing nearly monotonically as the time series increases in length via a variable first year over 1900–76. For example, in 2006, the ratio of record highs to record lows ≈ 13:1 with 1950 as the first year and ≈ 25:1 with 1900 as the first year; both ratios are an order of magnitude greater than 3σ for stationary simulations. This indicates a warming trend. It is also found that records are more sensitive to trends in time series of monthly averages than in time series of corresponding daily values. When the last year (1920–2006, starting in 1900) is varied, it is found that the ratio of record highs to record lows is strongly correlated with the ensemble mean temperature. Correlation coefficients are 0.76 and ...
An algorithm for generating root locus diagrams

A technique for using a digital computer to draw both ordinary and time-lag root locus diagrams is described. Ordinary diagrams are drawn much faster and more accurately than ever before. Time-lag diagrams, which had been impossible to obtain, are drawn with the same speed and accuracy as ordinary diagrams.
Common emitter operation of III-N HETs using AlGaN and InGaN polarization-dipole induced barriers

In conclusion, we show that injection energy and base thickness are the critical parameters for achieving gain in III-N HETs. It is important to make sure that high leakage currents and large base resistance do not result in inaccurate extraction of gain and transfer ratio. A better understanding of the design space is required to achieve CE current gain and move towards our goal of building a high-frequency III-N HET.
Child and adolescent psychiatry residency training : Current issues and controversies

ABSTRACT Objective To examine major current influences on child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) residency training, highlighting the most common problems. Potential solutions and unresolved dilemmas are presented. Method Data were gathered from empirical studies, review articles, national census data, and discussions over the past decade at national meetings on recruitment of residents and faculty; clinical, didactic, and research training; the impact of managed care and changes in graduate medical education funding; and the professional development of CAP residents. Results Overal there are significant problems recruiting U.S. medical students and attracting faculty into CAP training programs. Economic forces, including decreased reimbursements from managed care and the federal government, are threatening the survival and vitality of training programs. Managed care is harmful for sound residency training and identity formation of the child and adolescent psychiatrist. Conclusions The integrity of CAP residency training in the future will depend on increased efforts of teaching hospitals and programs to develop fiscally viable systems of care integrated with residency training; seek new sources of training subsidies; modify traditional models of clinical and didactic curricula; and foster greater collaboration between training programs locally and nationally.
A Bayesian Approach for Phonetic Decision Tree State Tying in Conversational Speech Recognition

This paper presents a new method of constructing phonetic decision trees (PDTs) for acoustic model state tying based on implicitly induced prior knowledge. Our hypothesis is that knowledge of pronunciation variation in spontaneous, conversational speech contained in a relatively large corpus can be used for building domain-specific or speaker-dependent PDTs. In the view of tree structure adaptation, this method leads to transformation of tree topology in contrast to keeping fixed tree structure as in traditional methods of speaker adaptation. A Bayesian learning framework is proposed to incorporate prior knowledge of decision rules in a greedy search of new decision trees, where the prior is generated by a decision tree growing process on a large data set. Experimental results on the telemedicine automatic captioning task demonstrate that the proposed approach results in consistent improvement in model quality and recognition accuracy.
Is KRAS mutation associated with interval colorectal cancers

Background Colorectal cancers diagnosed in the interval after a complete colonoscopy may occur due to rapid tumor growth. Interval colorectal cancers are associated with microsatellite instability (MSI).