cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Character-based CRF Segmenter of MSRA&NEU for the 4th Bakeoff.

This paper describes the Chinese Word Segmenter for the fourth International Chinese Language Processing Bakeoff. Base on Conditional Random Field (CRF) model, a basic segmenter is designed as a problem of character-based tagging. To further improve the performance of our segmenter, we employ a word-based approach to increase the in-vocabulary (IV) word recall and a post-processing to increase the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) word recall. We participate in the word segmentation closed test on all five corpora and our system achieved four second best and one the fifth in all the five corpora.
Triamterene and Renal Stone Formation

We investigated the influence of triamterene (TA), and its metabolites parahydroxytriamterene (PHTA), and parahydroxytriamterene sulfate (PHTAS) on the nucleation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), in supersaturated solution at 37C using a new constant composition technique. The spontaneous precipitation of COM is preceded by induction periods which decrease with increasing supersaturation. The addition of the triamterene seed materials substantially reduces there delay periods and induces the crystal growth of COM. Specific surface area and scanning electron microscopic results indicate that the seed materials act as sources for the heterogeneous nucleation of COM. In addition, the surface of the more crystalline PHTAS appears to offer sites from which COM crystals can develop as well formed rosettes. This evidence suggests that in addition to triamterene renal stone formation, TA and its metabolites may catalyze the precipitation of other stone forming minerals with which urines may be supersaturated.
Ingredients of intelligent user interfaces

Abstract In this paper, we discuss certain general features of intelligent user interfaces, such as the sources of knowledge needed by an interface to be considered intelligent, and characteristics desirable in an interface. We illustrate these ideas by examining two examples of interfacing between a user and a system: on-line HELP and tutoring. We conclude by briefly surveying some of the challenges to designers of interfaces.
Simultaneous administration of high-dose atorvastatin and clopidogrel does not interfere with platelet inhibition during percutaneous coronary intervention

Background Reloading with high-dose atorvastatin shortly before percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) has been proposed as a strategy to reduce periprocedural myonecrosis. There has been a concern that statins that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 may interfere with clopidogrel metabolism at high doses. The impact of simultaneous administration of high doses of atorvastatin and clopidogrel on the efficacy of platelet inhibition has not been established.
Educating Assessors: Preparing Librarians with Micro and Macro Skills

Abstract Objective – To examine the fit between libraries’ needs for evaluation skills, and library education and professional development opportunities. Many library position descriptions and many areas of library science education focus on professional skills and activities, such as delivering information literacy, designing programs, and managing resources. Only some positions, some parts of positions, and some areas of education specifically address assessment/evaluation skills. The growth of the Library Assessment Conference, the establishment of the ARL-ASSESS listserv, and other evidence indicates that assessment skills are increasingly important. Method – Four bodies of evidence were examined for the prevalence of assessment needs and assessment education: the American Library Association core competencies; job ads from large public and academic libraries; professional development courses and sessions offered by American Library Association (ALA) divisions and state library associations; and course requirements contained in ALA-accredited Masters of Library Science (MLS) programs. Results – While one-third of job postings made some mention of evaluation responsibilities, less than 10% of conference or continuing education offerings addressed assessment skills. In addition, management as a topic is a widespread requirement in MLS programs (78%), while research (58%) and assessment (15%) far less common. Conclusions – Overall, there seems to be more need for assessment/evaluation skills than there are structured offerings to educate people in developing those skills. In addition, roles are changing: some of the most professional-level activities of graduate-degreed librarians involve planning, education, and assessment. MLS students need to understand that these macro skills are essential to leadership, and current librarians need opportunities to add to their skill sets.
Intraoperative and postoperative biliary endoscopy (choledochoscopy)

Surgical exploration of the common bile duct is performed blindly, and perhaps this is one of the reasons the incidence of retained stones is higher than it should be. The introduction of the choledochoscope was promising, but a recent survey found that although a majority of hospitals where biliary surgery is performed have the instrument in the operating room, only a small percentage of surgeons use it routinely. This means that the general surgeon is not an endoscopist and choledocholithotomy cases are only 10 to 20 per cent of the existing biliary material. The introduction of the video choledochoscope shortened the learning curve for the surgeon significantly. The enlarged image can be seen conveniently from a distance with both eyes. Intraoperative stone retrieval requires four hands, and with video endoscopy, movements are coordinated, as the entire operating team can see the process. Therefore, the procedure is more precise and faster. The few missed stones can be removed with ease in the postoperative period through the T-tube tract. The procedure is safe and accurate and can be performed on an outpatient basis.
Metapopulation Quantitative Genetics: The Quantitative Genetics of Population Differentiation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes traditional or “Fisharian” quantitative genetics and uses it as a framework to discuss some of the modifications of this theory that are necessary when applying the theory to a metapopulation rather than a single panmictic population. It then discusses the interpretation of metapopulation quantitative genetics. Whereas traditional or Fisherian quantitative genetics is naturally related to measuring the response to selection, metapopulation quantitative genetics is more naturally related to the differentiation of populations and, as a consequence, speciation.
Kinetic inductance detectors for far-infrared spectroscopy

The star formation mechanisms at work in the early universe remain one of the major unsolved problems of modern astrophysics. Many of the luminous galaxies present during the period of peak star formation (between redshifts 1 and 3) were heavily enshrouded in dust, which makes observing their properties difficult at optical wavelengths. However, many spectral lines exist at far-infrared wavelengths that serve as tracers of star formation during that period, in particular fine structure lines of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen, as well as the carbon monoxide molecule. Using an observation technique known as intensity mapping, it would be possible to observe the total line intensity for a given redshift range even without detecting individual sources. Here, we describe a detector system suitable for a balloonborne spectroscopic intensity mapping experiment at far-infrared wavelengths. The experiment requires an “integralfield” type spectrograph, with modest spectral resolution (R~100) for each of a number of spatial pixels spanning several octaves in wavelength. The detector system uses lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs), which have the potential to achieve the high sensitivity, low noise, and high multiplexing factor required for this experiment. We detail the design requirements and considerations, and the fabrication process for a prototype LEKID array of 1600 pixels. The pixel design is driven by the need for high responsivity, which requires a small physical volume for the LEKID inductor. In order to minimize two-level system noise, the resonators include large-area interdigitated capacitors. High quality factor resonances are required for a large frequency multiplexing factor. Detectors were fabricated using both trilayer TiN/Ti/TiN recipes and thin-film Al, and are operated at base temperatures near 250 mK.
Trade and Trade Relations between Developed and Developing Countries in the Decade Ahead

Trade between developed and developing countries, and the trade policies of the two groups of countries, are matters of considerable interest. It has been suggested, for example, that this trade should have a central role in any ‘new round’ of GATT negotiations. Yet, it is difficult to find a comprehensive statement of what the interests of developed and developing countries in trade liberalization actually are.
Multiple tone interference of frequency-hopped noncoherent MFSK signals transmitted over Ricean fading channels

This paper investigates the performance degradation resulting from multitone interference of orthogonal, frequency-hopped, noncoherent M-ary frequency-shift keyed receivers (FH/MFSK) where the effect of thermal and other wideband noise is not neglected. The multiple, equal power jamming tones are assumed to correspond to some or all of the possible FH M-ary orthogonal signaling tones. Furthermore, the channel is modeled as a Ricean fading channel; and both the signaling tones and the multiple interference tones are assumed to be affected by channel fading. It is also assumed that channel fading need not necessarily affect the signaling tones and the interference tones in the same-way. When the information signal power exceeds the power of the individual interference tones, poorer overall system performance is obtained when the multiple interfering tones experience fading. This trend is accentuated as M increases. When the information signal experiences fading, the effect of fading multiple interference tones on overall system performance lessens, and for a Rayleigh-faded information signal, fading of the multiple interference tones has no effect on overall system performance regardless of M.
Harnessing the Power of the Water-Gas Shift Reaction for Organic Synthesis

Since its original discovery over a century ago, the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) has played a crucial role in industrial chemistry, providing a source of H2 to feed fundamental industrial transformations such as the Haber–Bosch synthesis of ammonia. Although the production of hydrogen remains nowadays the major application of the WGSR, the advent of homogeneous catalysis in the 1970s marked the beginning of a synergy between WGSR and organic chemistry. Thus, the reducing power provided by the CO/H2O couple has been exploited in the synthesis of fine chemicals; not only hydrogenation-type reactions, but also catalytic processes that require a reductive step for the turnover of the catalytic cycle. Despite the potential and unique features of the WGSR, its applications in organic synthesis remain largely underdeveloped. The topic will be critically reviewed herein, with the expectation that an increased awareness may stimulate new, creative work in the area.
Site-selective C–H arylation of primary aliphatic amines enabled by a catalytic transient directing group

Transition-metal-catalysed direct C(sp3)−H functionalization of primary aliphatic amines is an attractive – but elusive – process that could provide efficient access to biologically and pharmaceutically important compounds. Now, a palladium-catalysed γ-arylation of primary alkylamines is achieved using an inexpensive, catalytic and transient directing group.
Refrain from adopting the combination of citation and journal metrics to grade publications, as used in the Italian national research assessment exercise (VQR 2011---2014)

The prediction of the long-term impact of a scientific article is challenging task, addressed by the bibliometrician through resorting to a proxy whose reliability increases with the breadth of the citation window. In the national research assessment exercises using metrics the citation window is necessarily short, but in some cases is sufficient to advise the use of simple citations. For the Italian VQR 2011---2014, the choice was instead made to adopt a linear weighted combination of citations and journal metric percentiles, with weights differentiated by discipline and year. Given the strategic importance of the exercise, whose results inform the allocation of a significant share of resources for the national academic system, we examined whether the predictive power of the proposed indicator is stronger than the simple citation count. The results show the opposite, for all discipline in the sciences and a citation window above 2 years.
NEUTRAL MECHANICAL ALIGNMENT: APPRECIATING THE BOUNDARIES

Most discussions of alignment after TKA focus on defining “malalignment”; the prefix mal- is derived from Latin and refers to bad, abnormal or defective and thus by definition malalignment is bad, abnormal or defective alignment. No one then wants a “malaligned” knee. The intellectually curious, however, might switch the focus to the other end of the spectrum and ask what does an ideally aligned knee look like in 2015? Is there really one simple target value for alignment in all patients undergoing TKA? Is that target broad (zero +/−3 degrees mechanical axis) or is it a narrow target in which a penalty, in regard to durability or function, is incurred as soon as you deviate even 1 degree? Is that ideal target the same if we are evaluating the functional performance of the TKA versus the durability of the TKA or could there be 2 different targets, one that maximises function and one that maximises durability? Is that target adequately described by a single 2-dimensional value (varus/valgus alignment in the frontal plane) as measured on a static radiograph? Is that value the same if the patient has a fixed pelvic obliquity, a varus thrust in the contralateral knee or an abnormal foot progression angle? It is revealing to ask “do we understand TKA alignment better in 2015 than in 1979…?” Maybe not. We allowed ourselves over the past 2 decades to be intellectually complacent in regard to questions of ideal alignment after TKA. The constraints on accuracy imposed by our standard total knee instruments and the constraints on assessment imposed by 2-dimensional radiographs made broad, simple targets like a mechanical axis +/− 3 degrees reasonable starting points yet we have not further worked to verify if we can do better. It is naive to think that the complex motion at the knee occurring in 6-dimensions over time can be reduced to a single static target value like a neutral mechanical axis and have strong predictive value in regard to the success or failure of an individual TKA. We assessed 399 knees of 3 different modern cemented designs at 15 years and found that factors other than alignment were more important than alignment in determining the 15-year survival. Until more precise alignment targets can be identified for individual patients or sub-groups of patients then a neutral mechanical axis remains a reasonable surgical goal. However, the traditional description of TKA alignment as a dichotomous variable (aligned versus malaligned) defined around the broad, generic target value of 0 +/− 3 degrees relative to the mechanical axis is of little practical value in predicting the durability or function of modern TKA.
Windowed Green Function Method for Nonuniform Open-Waveguide Problems

This contribution presents a novel Windowed Green Function (WGF) method for the solution of problems of wave propagation, scattering, and radiation for structures that include open (dielectric) waveguides, waveguide junctions, as well as launching and/or termination sites and other nonuniformities. Based on the use of a “slow-rise” smooth-windowing technique in conjunction with free-space Green functions and associated integral representations, the proposed approach produces numerical solutions with errors that decrease faster than any negative power of the window size. The proposed methodology bypasses some of the most significant challenges associated with waveguide simulation. In particular, the WGF approach handles spatially infinite dielectric waveguide structures without recourse to absorbing boundary conditions, it facilitates proper treatment of complex geometries, and it seamlessly incorporates the open-waveguide character and associated radiation conditions inherent in the problem under consideration. The overall WGF approach is demonstrated in this paper by means of a variety of numerical results for 2-D open-waveguide termination, launching and junction problems.
Swelling, structure, and phase stability of compressible microgels

Microgels are soft colloidal particles that, when dispersed in a solvent, swell and deswell in response to changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature, concentration, and pH. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we model bulk suspensions of microgels that interact via Hertzian elastic interparticle forces and can expand or contract via trial moves that allow particles to change size in accordance with the Flory–Rehner free energy of cross-linked polymer gels. We monitor the influence of particle compressibility, size fluctuations, and concentration on bulk structural and thermal properties by computing particle swelling ratios, radial distribution functions, static structure factors, osmotic pressures, and freezing densities. For microgels in the nanoscale size range, particle compressibility and associated size fluctuations suppress crystallization, shifting the freezing transition to a higher density than for the hard-sphere fluid. As densities increase beyond close packing, microgels progressively deswell, while their intrinsic size distribution grows increasingly polydisperse.
MR Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: Comparison with Clinical and CT Examinations in 74 Patients

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the latest test for evaluation of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), was assessed against clinical evidence in 74 patients with definite or probable MS. MR imaging was positive in 55 (85%) of 65 patients with definite MS but in only one (11 %) of nine patients with probable MS. The examination is most likely to be positive when the patient is classified clinically as having definite MS; when the disease is active and not in remission; and if the constellation of symptoms indicates a multiplicity of regions with neurologic dysfunction. The examination was most sensitive for detecting lesions in the cerebral hemispheres, the posterior fossa, and the cervical spinal cord, in that order; it did not detect any lesions in the optic nerves. The paraclinical tests and MR imaging were of equal sensitivity in detecting MS lesions, but the latter method was more specific in localization. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation was slightly less sensitive than the other two tests. There was no correlation between MR imaging and these examinations. The authors conclude that MR imaging is more sensitive than computed tomography (CT), which was positive in 25% of 59 patients with definite MS; it is always positive when CT is positive; and it probably can replace CT in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with MS.
New results on the capacity of the Gaussian cognitive interference channel

The capacity of the two-user Gaussian cognitive interference channel, a variation of the classical interference channel where one of the transmitters has knowledge of both messages, is known in several parameter regimes but remains unknown in general. In this paper, we consider the following achievable scheme: the cognitive transmitter pre-codes its message against the interference created at its intended receiver by the primary user, and the cognitive receiver only decodes its intended message, similar to the optimal scheme for “weak interference”; the primary decoder decodes both messages, similar to the optimal scheme for “very strong interference”. Although the cognitive message is pre-coded against the primary message, by decoding it, the primary receiver obtains information about its own message, thereby improving its rate. We show: (1) that this proposed scheme achieves capacity in what we term the “primary decodes cognitive” regime, i.e., a subset of the “strong interference” regime that is not included in the “very strong interference” regime for which capacity was known; (2) that this scheme is within one bit/s/Hz and a factor two of capacity for a large set of parameters, thus improving the best known constant gap result; (3) we provide insights into the trade-off between interference pre-coding at the cognitive encoder and interference decoding at the primary receiver.
Convex Shapes and Harmonic Caps

Any planar shape $$P\subset {\mathbb {C}}$$ can be embedded isometrically as part of the boundary surface S of a convex subset of $$\mathbb {R}^3$$ such that $$\partial P$$ supports the positive curvature of S. The complement $$Q = S {\setminus } P$$ is the associated cap. We study the cap construction when the curvature is harmonic measure on the boundary of $$({\hat{{\mathbb {C}}}}{\setminus } P, \infty )$$ . Of particular interest is the case when P is a filled polynomial Julia set and the curvature is proportional to the measure of maximal entropy.
To Study, to Party, or Both? Assessing Risk Factors for Non-Prescribed Stimulant Use among Middle and High School Students

This study examines the risk factors predicting non-prescribed stimulant use (NPSU) among adolescents, with an emphasis on whether such factors are reflective of instrumental (e.g., studying) and/or recreational (e.g., partying) drug consumption settings. Using data from Monitoring the Future (2011), we employed a series of logistic regression models to establish predictors of 12-month self-reported Adderall or Ritalin use without a doctor's note among eighth and tenth graders. Whereas studies of college students have found NPSU to correlate with instrumental motives and productivity-related demands, we find no association between NPSU and indicators of academic strain for this younger sample. Rather, we find that the age of onset and current use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are most predictive of NPSU, which are substances generally associated with social and recreational consumption settings. These findings have potential implications for practitioners concerned with mitigating the harms of general prescription drug misuse, as intervention efforts informed by research conducted among college students may not readily apply to younger populations. Drawing from central tenets of developmental and life course criminology, we call for continued inquiry into the broader socialization and developmental processes that influence NPSU and other prescription drug use patterns prior to early adulthood.
IS HIP DISTRACTION POST FEMORAL HEAD COLLAPSE IN SEVERE UPPER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS A VIABLE TREATMENT OPTION

We report our early experience with distracting external fixation used to offload the hip after avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head secondary to severe slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE). A case series of five patients treated in a tertiary centre is reported. Electronic case records and radiographs were reviewed. Data recorded included demographics, initial presentation, timing of head collapse, timing and duration of distraction and outcome including referral to adult arthoplasty services. Mean age at presentation was 12 years (range 12–15). 4 were females. Initial treatment in 4 cases was a delayed cuneiform osteotomy and pinning, one patient underwent serendipitous reduction and percutaneous pinning. Mean duration to initial surgery was 10 days (range 5–16). All patients had femoral head collapse at a mean of 148 days from time of presentation. 2 patients required backing out of screws due to intra-articular protrusion. All patients underwent distraction at a mean 193 days from presentation. Average distraction achieved was 10 mm and duration of application was 125 days (range 91–139) All patients experienced improvement or resolution of pain but persistence of poor function, characterised by fixed adduction and limb length discrepancy. 3 patients were referred to adult arthroplasty services. This may be an effective treatment option for pain associated with AVN post SUFE. However, in our experience normal anatomy and function of the hip is not restored if performed after collapse of the femoral head. Consideration should be given to application of the distractor either at the time of initial fixation or prior to femoral head collapse. Authors believe that timing of the application of the distractor is critical for a successful outcome and recommend a prospective study with large numbers.
Design for manufacturability of SISE parallel plate forced convection heat sinks

The study reported herein extends a previously reported "design for manufacturability" methodology, to forced convection cooled rectangular plate heat sinks. Using a well validated analytical model, the thermofluid performance of the side-inlet-side-exit (SISE) heat sink has been characterized, parametric optimization carried out, and the maximum heat transfer capabilities for a range of operating points has been determined. A least-material optimization has been performed to achieve optimal material use. The analysis indicates the least-material design to provide significant mass savings for a moderate penalty in thermal performance. Empirical criteria for manufacturability obtained from several heat sink manufacturers lead to qualitative guidelines.
Planetary Probe Entry Atmosphere Estimation Using Synthetic Air Data System.

This paper develops an atmospheric state estimator based on inertial acceleration and angular rate measurements combined with a vehicle aerodynamic model. The approach uses the navigation state of the vehicle to recast the vehicle aerodynamic model to be a function solely of the atmospheric state. Force and moment measurements are based on vehicle sensed accelerations and angular rates. These measurements are combined with an aerodynamic model and a Kalman–Schmidt filter to estimate the atmospheric conditions. The method is applied to data from the Mars Science Laboratory mission, which landed the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars in August 2012. The results of the estimation algorithm are compared with results from a flush air data sensing algorithm based on onboard pressure measurements on the vehicle forebody. The comparison indicates that the proposed method provides estimates consistent with the air data measurements, without the use of pressure transducers. Implications for future missions such as the Mars 2020 entry capsule are described.
Resource Allocation: Realizing Mean-Variability-Fairness Tradeoffs

Network utility maximization (NUM) is a key conceptual framework to study reward allocation amongst a collection of users/entities in disciplines as diverse as economics, law and engineering. However when the available resources and/or users' utilities vary over time, reward allocations will tend to vary, which in turn may have a detrimental impact on the users' overall satisfaction or quality of experience.
Soliton repetition rate in a silicon-nitride microresonator

The repetition rate of a Kerr comb composed of a single soliton in an anomalous group velocity dispersion silicon-nitride microcavity is measured as a function of pump frequency. By comparing operation in the soliton and non-soliton states, the contributions from the Raman soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) and the thermal effects are evaluated; the SSFS is found to dominate the changes in the repetition rate, similar to silica cavities. The relationship between the changes in the repetition rate and the pump frequency detuning is found to be independent of the nonlinearity coefficient and dispersion of the cavity. Modeling of the repetition rate change by using the generalized Lugiato–Lefever equation is discussed; the Kerr shock is found to have only a minor effect on repetition rate for cavity solitons with duration down to ∼50 fs.
The impact of small-cell bandwidth requirements on strategic operators

Small-cell deployment in licensed and unlicensed spectrum is considered to be one of the key approaches to cope with the ongoing wireless data demand explosion. Compared to traditional cellular base stations with large transmission power, small-cells typically have relatively low transmission power, which makes them attractive for some spectrum bands that have strict power regulations, for example, the 3.5GHz band [1]. In this paper we consider a heterogeneous wireless network consisting of one or more service providers (SPs). Each SP operates in both macro-cells and small-cells, and provides service to two types of users: mobile and fixed. Mobile users can only associate with macro-cells whereas fixed users can connect to either macro-or small-cells. The SP charges a price per unit rate for each type of service. Each SP is given a fixed amount of bandwidth and splits it between macro- and small-cells. Motivated by bandwidth regulations, such as those for the 3.5Gz band, we assume a minimum amount of bandwidth has to be set aside for small-cells. We study the optimal pricing and bandwidth allocation strategies in both monopoly and competitive scenarios. In the monopoly scenario the strategy is unique. In the competitive scenario there exists a unique Nash equilibrium, which depends on the regulatory constraints. We also analyze the social welfare achieved, and compare it to that without the small-cell bandwidth constraints. Finally, we discuss implications of our results on the effectiveness of the minimum bandwidth constraint on influencing small-cell deployments.
Three asymptotic regimes for ranking and selection with general sample distributions

In this paper, we study three asymptotic regimes that can be applied to ranking and selection (R&S) problems with general sample distributions. These asymptotic regimes are constructed by sending particular problem parameters (probability of incorrect selection, smallest difference in system performance that we deem worth detecting) to zero. We establish asymptotic validity and efficiency of the corresponding R&S procedures in each regime. We also analyze the connection among different regimes and compare the pre-limit performances of corresponding algorithms.
Toward the automated analysis of complex diseases in genome-wide association studies using genetic programming

Machine learning has been gaining traction in recent years to meet the demand for tools that can efficiently analyze and make sense of the ever-growing databases of biomedical data in health care systems around the world. However, effectively using machine learning methods requires considerable domain expertise, which can be a barrier of entry for bioinformaticians new to computational data science methods. Therefore, off-the-shelf tools that make machine learning more accessible can prove invaluable for bioinformaticians. To this end, we have developed an open source pipeline optimization tool (TPOT-MDR) that uses genetic programming to automatically design machine learning pipelines for bioinformatics studies. In TPOT-MDR, we implement Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) as a feature construction method for modeling higher-order feature interactions, and combine it with a new expert knowledge-guided feature selector for large biomedical data sets. We demonstrate TPOT-MDR's capabilities using a combination of simulated and real world data sets from human genetics and find that TPOT-MDR significantly outperforms modern machine learning methods such as logistic regression and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). We further analyze the best pipeline discovered by TPOT-MDR for a real world problem and highlight TPOT-MDR's ability to produce a high-accuracy solution that is also easily interpretable.
BONE DEFICIENCY: BIOLOGIC TOOLBOX SOLUTIONS

Bone is a dynamic organ with remarkable regenerative properties seen only otherwise in the liver. However, bone healing requires vascularity, stability, growth factors, a matrix for growth, and viable cells to obtain effective osteosynthesis. We rely on these principles not only to heal fractures, but also achieve healing of benign bone defects. Unfortunately we are regularly confronted with situations where the local environment and tissue is insufficient and we must rely on our “biologic tool box.” When the process of bone repair requires additional assistance, we often look to bone grafting to provide an osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and/or osteogenic environment to promote bone healing and repair. The primary workhorses of bone grafting include autogenous bone, cadaver allograft, and bone graft substitutes. Among the first types of bone graft used and still used in large quantities today include autogenous and cadaver allograft bone. Allografts are useful because it is present in multiple forms that conform to the desired situation. But autogenous bone graft is considered the gold standard because it possesses all the fundamental properties to heal bone. However, it has been associated with high rates of donor site morbidity and typically requires an inpatient hospitalization following the procedure only adding to the associated costs. The first bone graft substitute use was calcium sulfate in 1892, and over the past 122 years advancements have achieved improved material properties of calcium sulfate and helped usher in additional bioceramics for bone grafting. Today there are predominantly 4 types of bioceramics available, which include calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, and coralline hydroxyapatite. They come in multiple forms ranging from pellets and solid blocks to injectable and moldable putty. In comparison to autogenous bone graft, the primary limitation of bioceramics are the lack of osteogenic and osteoinductive properties. Bioceramics work by creating an osteoconductive scaffold to promote osteosynthesis. The options of bone graft substitutes don9t end with these four types of bioceramics. Composite bioceramics take advantage of the differing biomechanical properties of these four basis types of bioceramics to develop improved materials. To overcome the lack of osteoinductive and osteogenic properties growth factors or bone marrow aspirate can be added to the bioceramic. As a result, the list of combinations available in our “biologic tool box” continues to expand. More than 20 BMPs have been identified, but only BMP-2 and BMP-7 have FDA approval. As we look forward to areas of future research and need within orthobiologics, some will likely come in the near future while others are much further in the future. We will continue to strive for the ideal bone graft substitute, which will have similar osteoinductive properties as autograft. The ultimate bone graft substitute will likely involve stem cells because it will allow an alternative to autogenous bone with the same osteogenic potential.
Geographical indications, food safety, and sustainability: conflicts and synergies

This paper examines the legal and policy relationships amongst international standards for GIs, food safety requirements, and voluntary claims related to a food’s attributes. The paper addresses those relationships within the context of international trade agreements protecting GIs, such as the 1994 TRIPS Agreement, the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), and the chapter on intellectual property and geographical indications in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) currently under negotiation. Trade agreements also discipline food safety measures and non-GI indications of quality or safety such as “organic” and “GMO-free.” Accordingly, the paper also considers the extent to which international trade agreements such as the WTO Agreements on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards (SPS Agreement) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) might interact with the analysis.
On Money and Magic

“The Bank will strengthen management of the virtual currencies used in online games and will stay on the lookout for any assault by such virtual currencies on the real economic and financial order.” When the world first heard of virtual currencies in the early years of this century, some speculated that there might be a future blending of economy between the real and the virtual. That future came sooner than expected; the statement above was issued by the Bank of China in February 2007, in reaction to a genuine monetary shock produced by the virtual currency QQ Coins.
Antidiscrimination law and shared prosperity : an analysis of the legal framework of six economies and their impact on the equality of opportunities of ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities

This paper looks at the structural marginalization of eth-nic, religious, and sexual minorities in six pilot economies (Bulgaria, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, Tanzania, and Vietnam) and proposes a new methodology for collecting cross-country comparable data on antidiscrimination legal frameworks. The data cover six areas of law, ad-dressed by six indicators: (a) access to institutions, (b) access to education, (c) access to the labor market, (d) access to property, (e) access to public services and social protection, and (f) protection from hate crimes and hate speech. The laws, policies, and regulations presented fall under one of these indicators. For each, the paper attempts to identify the minority gap, the difference between the legal treatment of the ruling majority and that of the minority. Data were collected through two sources: first, standardized surveys submitted to ombudsman institutions, lawyers, academics, and civil society organizations; second, public government records on laws and regulations and data from international legal databases and human rights organizations. The idea driving the study is that institutional measures that hamper the access of ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities to the labor market and financial systems directly affect their economic performance and, as a consequence, represent a cost for the economy. Among the findings of the study is that antidiscrimination labor legislation is well developed in all six pilot economies, but many gaps still exist in access to property and in access to public goods and social services. The study also found that, of the three groups covered by the study, the least protected under the law are the sexual minorities. Although data from six economies cannot provide statistical evidence, findings suggest the need for further research. The authors hope to encourage a wider debate on the consequences of systematic discrimination against minorities and to help governments critically review their legal frameworks to ensure equal opportunities for all citizens, regardless of religion, ethnicity, gender identity or sexual orientation.
On the Bit Complexity of Sum-of-Squares Proofs

It has often been claimed in recent papers that one can find a degree d Sum-of-Squares proof if one exists via the Ellipsoid algorithm. In a recent paper, Ryan O'Donnell notes this widely quoted claim is not necessarily true. He presents an example of a polynomial system with bounded coefficients that admits low-degree proofs of non-negativity, but these proofs necessarily involve numbers with an exponential number of bits, causing the Ellipsoid algorithm to take exponential time. In this paper we obtain both positive and negative results on the bit complexity of SoS proofs. First, we propose a sufficient condition on a polynomial system that implies a bound on the coefficients in an SoS proof. We demonstrate that this sufficient condition is applicable for common use-cases of the SoS algorithm, such as Max-CSP, Balanced Separator, Max-Clique, Max-Bisection, and Unit-Vector constraints. On the negative side, O'Donnell asked whether every polynomial system containing Boolean constraints admits proofs of polynomial bit complexity. We answer this question in the negative, giving a counterexample system and non-negative polynomial which has degree two SoS proofs, but no SoS proof with small coefficients until degree sqrt(n).
LOGARITHMIC STACKS AND MINIMALITY

Given a category fibered in groupoids over schemes with a log structure, one produces a category fibered in groupoids over log schemes. We classify the groupoid fibrations over log schemes that arise in this manner in terms of a categorical notion of "minimal" objects. The classification is actually a purely category-theoretic result about groupoid fibrations over fibered categories, though most of the known applications occur in the setting of log geometry, where our categorical framework encompasses many notions of "minimality" previously extant in the literature.
BONE LOSS: RE-ACCOMMODATING THE GROWING VOID

Total knee arthroplasty in the setting of osseous defects has multiple management options. However, the optimal treatment strategy remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to report the clinical and radiographic results of trabecular metal cones in managing osseous defects in the setting of complex primary and revision total knee arthroplasty. There were 129 consecutive total knee arthroplasty procedures performed utilising trabecular metal cones reviewed for clinical and radiographic outcomes. Twenty-five had less than 2 years of follow-up and seven died, leaving 96 patients for evaluation. This cohort included a total of eighty-six (86) tibias with eleven (11) having Type 1 defects, twenty-five (25) having Type 2A defects, forty-three (43) with Type 2B defects and seven (7) with Type 3 defects. There were twenty-seven (27) femurs with one (1) Type 1 defect, nine (9) Type 2A defects, sixteen (16) with Type 2B defects and one (1) Type 3 defect based on the AORI classification. There were 28 male patients and 68 female patients, with an average age of 68 years and an average BMI of 35.0. There were six primary procedures and ninety revision procedures. Continuous variables were evaluated using a t-test. Twelve patients required revision leaving 84 knees (87.5%) with the cones in place at an average of 31 months of follow-up (range, 24–77.3 months). The mean KSS score increased from 51.0 preoperatively to 80.2 postoperatively (p<0.0001). The mean KSS functional score increased from 32.9 preoperatively to 47.8 postoperatively (p=0.0002). Including the twelve revisions, there were twenty-two knees requiring re-operation (22.9%) with another seventeen requiring manipulation under anesthesia and there were four additional non-operative complications (1 foot drop, 1 stress fracture, 2 superficial infections).
Orthogonal bases for transportation polytopes applied to Latin squares, magic squares and Sudoku boards

Abstract We construct an orthogonal basis for the space of m × n matrices with row and column sums equal to zero. This vector space corresponds to the affine space naturally associated with the Birkhoff polytope, contingency tables and Latin squares. We also provide orthogonal bases for the spaces underlying magic squares and Sudoku boards. Our construction combines the outer (i.e., tensor or dyadic) product on vectors with certain rooted, vector-labeled, binary trees. Our bases naturally respect the decomposition of a vector space into centrosymmetric and skew-centrosymmetric pieces; the bases can be easily modified to respect the usual matrix symmetry and skew-symmetry as well.
Computational design of short pulse laser driven iron opacity experiments

The resolution of current disagreements between solar parameters calculated from models and observations would benefit from the experimental validation of theoretical opacity models. Iron's complex ionic structure and large contribution to the opacity in the radiative zone of the sun make iron a good candidate for validation. Short pulse lasers can be used to heat buried layer targets to plasma conditions comparable to the radiative zone of the sun, and the frequency dependent opacity can be inferred from the target's measured x-ray emission. Target and laser parameters must be optimized to reach specific plasma conditions and meet x-ray emission requirements. The HYDRA radiation hydrodynamics code is used to investigate the effects of modifying laser irradiance and target dimensions on the plasma conditions, x-ray emission, and inferred opacity of iron and iron-magnesium buried layer targets. It was determined that plasma conditions are dominantly controlled by the laser energy and the tamper thickness. The accuracy of the inferred opacity is sensitive to tamper emission and optical depth effects. Experiments at conditions relevant to the radiative zone of the sun would investigate the validity of opacity theories important to resolving disagreements between solar parameters calculated from models and observations.
INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN D LEVELS ON REVISION AND COMPLICATION RATES FOLLOWING TOTAL JOINT ARTHROPLASTY

Introduction Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients undergoing total hip (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) which may affect prosthesis survival and 90-day readmission rates. The purpose of this study was to assess whether preoperative Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency have an influence on revision, readmission, and complication rates following THA and TKA. We hypothesized that low Vitamin D levels in patients undergoing THA and TKA have a negative effect on revision rates. Methods Patients who underwent primary THA or TKA in a 2-year period university hospital were identified and stratified into 3 groups based on preoperative 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels: normal levels of 30 ng/ml or greater, (2) deficient levels of 20–29.9 ng/ml, and (3) insufficient levels of less than 20 ng/ml. Patient demographics and postoperative course were collected from the electronic medical record. Results This study found that 45% out of 197 THA had Vitamin D levels less than 30ng/ml and significantly higher odds (14.1, p=0.018) of requiring revision surgery at a mean follow-up of 34 ± 11.2 months. Out of 167 TKA, 46% were Vitamin deficient/insufficient without an influence on revision rate. Vitamin D levels did not influence 90-day readmissions, wound complications, or reaching discharge goals. Low Vitamin D levels correlated with high BMI and young patient age for THA. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, the authors recommend preoperative Vitamin D3 supplementation (2,000–4,000 IU daily) for patients with a BMI greater than 30kg/m2 undergoing THA. Patient with Vitamin D deficiency may require referral for endocrinologic work-up. Based on the findings of this study, the authors have adopted postoperative Vitamin D3 supplementation with 2,000–4,000 IU daily for 3 months as part of the rehabilitation protocol for all patients undergoing THA.
A study of cylindrical Hall thruster for low power space applications

A 9 cm cylindrical thruster with a ceramic channel exhibited performance comparable to the state-of-the-art Hall thrusters at low and moderate power levels. Significantly, its operation is not accompanied by large amplitude discharge low frequency oscillations. Preliminary experiments on a 2 cm cylindrical thruster suggest the possibility of a high performance micro Hall thruster.