cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the promoter region of prepro-hypocretin by α-interferon

Abstract Hypocretins 1 and 2 (also called orexins A and B, respectively) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that have recently been shown to be involved in the sleep disorder narcolepsy and possibly in the normal regulation of sleep and wake functions. These two peptides are derived from a single precursor molecule called prepro-hypocretin, also known as prepro-orexin. We have cloned a 450 bp fragment from the 5′-flanking region of the human prepro-hypocretin gene and demonstrated that this fragment has promoter activity in vitro. Deletions at the 5′ end from −450 to −188 reduced the promoter activity by ∼50%. Further deletion from the 5′-end to −69 almost completely abolished promoter activity. The 450 bp fragment contains a number of potential transcription factor binding sites, including an interferon (IFN) response element. Our studies demonstrate that α-IFN strongly inhibits the promoter activity of both 450 and 188 bp fragments in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of α-IFN is consistent with recent studies which suggest that hypocretin 1/orexin A may be involved in modulating arousal states and with the literature indicating involvement of immune-related molecules in sleep regulation.
Intro Stats Students Need Both Confidence and Tolerance (Intervals)

Tolerance intervals are typically not taught in introductory statistics courses aimed at business, engineering, and science majors. This is regrettable, since students are likely to encounter practical problems that should be analyzed using tolerance intervals. Additionally, contrasting tolerance intervals against confidence intervals will improve students’ understanding of confidence intervals, eliminating frequent confusions. In this article, we make the argument for teaching tolerance intervals in introductory statistics courses, and we offer suggestions about what to teach.
Evidence for the aetiological role of blood-borne virus infections in causing reduced lectin-induced T-cell proliferation in haemophilic boys.

Summary T-lymphocyte function, as expressed by polyclonal proliferation to lectin mitogens phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A, has been studied in a normal control population and three groups of haemophilic boys: group 1, HIV and HCV seronegative and treated only with a single heat-treated factor VILT (FVITI) concentrate; group 2, HIV seronegative but HCV seropositive; group 3, all HIV and HCV seropositive. Groups 2 and 3 have been previously treated with unheated and heated FVIII concentrate. Group 1 boys (HIV/HCV uninfected) showed no significant reduction in lymphocyte proliferation when compared with a control population. Group 2 and 3 boys showed an impaired response to these mitogens compared to group 1 boys and the control group. There was no relationship between FVIII concentrate received and proliferative response. The absence of immune modulation in haemophilic boys who have not acquired HIV and HCV infection implicates chronic blood-borne virus infections as the major contributory factors to impaired lymphocyte proliferative responses seen in haemophiliacs treated with large-pool concentrates. The presence of virus infections, such as HCV, may account for similar lymphocyte function abnormalities observed in previously described cohorts.
Behavioral changes of a juvenile gorilla after a transfer to a more naturalistic environment

Play behavior and stress-associated behavior of a captive juvenile gorilla were observed before and after his transfer to a larger and more natural environment. The gorilla was observed for 4 months after the transfer and at 1 and 4 years after the transfer. Throughout his first month in the new environment play decreased dramatically. Although play subsequently increased again 2 months and 1 year after the transfer, it never reached the levels of play in the old environment. Four years after the move his play had decreased again to the low level of his first month in the new environment. Two of his stress-associated behaviors, coprophagy and regurgitation/reingestion, decreased after the transfer. Self-clasping behavior increased initially in the new environment and remained at high levels 1 year after the move. Four years after the move his self-clasping behavior was significantly less than at 1 year after the move; however, it continued to be significantly greater than in the old environment. These findings suggest that larger and more natural environments do not necessarily result in more play activity or a reduction in all stress-associated behavior.
Slow Closed-State Inactivation: A Novel Mechanism Underlying Ramp Currents in Cells Expressing the hNE/PN1 Sodium Channel

To better understand why sensory neurons express voltage-gated Na+ channel isoforms that are different from those expressed in other types of excitable cells, we compared the properties of the hNE sodium channel [a human homolog of PN1, which is selectively expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons] with that of the skeletal muscle Na+ channel (hSkM1) [both expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells]. Although the voltage dependence of activation was similar, the inactivation properties were different. The V1/2 for steady-state inactivation was slightly more negative, and the rate of open-state inactivation was ∼50% slower for hNE. However, the greatest difference was that closed-state inactivation and recovery from inactivation were up to fivefold slower for hNE than for hSkM1 channels. TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) currents in small DRG neurons also have slow closed-state inactivation, suggesting that hNE/PN1 contributes to this TTX-S current. Slow ramp depolarizations (0.25 mV/msec) elicited TTX-S persistent currents in cells expressing hNE channels, and in DRG neurons, but not in cells expressing hSkM1 channels. We propose that slow closed-state inactivation underlies these ramp currents. This conclusion is supported by data showing that divalent cations such as Cd2+ and Zn2+ (50–200 μm) slowed closed-state inactivation and also dramatically increased the ramp currents for DRG TTX-S currents and hNE channels but not for hSkM1 channels. The hNE and DRG TTX-S ramp currents activated near −65 mV and therefore could play an important role in boosting stimulus depolarizations in sensory neurons. These results suggest that differences in the kinetics of closed-state inactivation may confer distinct integrative properties on different Na+ channel isoforms.
Nationalism and the scottish subject: The uneasy marriage of London and Edinburgh in sir walter scott's the heart of midlothian

(1993). Nationalism and the scottish subject: The uneasy marriage of London and Edinburgh in sir walter scott's the heart of midlothian. History of European Ideas: Vol. 16, No. 1-3, pp. 41-47.
Interrelationship of trabecular mechanical and microstructural properties

Noticeable changes in bone density are often first evident in trabecular bone. Moreover, qualities beyond density are important in identifying fracture risk. This study seeks to identify the degree to which the variability in trabecular material properties can be explained by using micro-CT (/spl mu/CT) imaging. The material properties studied include stiffness, yield strength, and ultimate strength, while the /spl mu/CT parameters analyzed include bone volume fraction, mean intercept length analysis, and degree of anisotropy. Trabecular bone was harvested from both the medial and lateral condyle of the left distal femur of 38 adult female sheep. The maximum correlation was found by combing all the /spl mu/CT properties to explain approximately majority of the variability in modulus, yield, and ultimate strength (r/sup 2/=0.87). In the principal loading direction, a lower amount of the variability in modulus is explained (r/sup 2/=0.83), which is slightly less than the mediolateral direction but more than the anteroposterior direction. As the goal is to identify changes and potential fracture risk at the earliest possible time, the remaining variability should be identified. Further work with nano-indentation, fractals, and finite element modeling may yield the desired specificity.
Design of part family robust-to-production plan variations based on quantitative manufacturability evaluation

This paper presents a systematic method for designing part families whose production costs are insensitive to changes in production plans due to market demand fluctuations. A unified feature-based representation of functional geometry and manufacturability has been developed to manipulate and evaluate part designs. Based on this information and production plans for multiple periods, an optimization-based method provides alternative part designs. The manufacturability of the part designs is quantitatively estimated by the facility cost of the manufacturing system best configured for a given part family and the average cycle time estimated by the discrete event simulation of production scenarios. Redesign suggestions are made on datum definitions of the original parts. Two case studies of a family of prismatic parts and that of turned parts are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Architecture of a 802.11b Access Point with Single-Packet Radiolocation

This is the third in a series of articles describing an 802.11b (wi-fi) radiolocator. This device determines the direction of arrival of individual data packets, at a speed equal to the rate of wireless traffic. Radiolocation is based on rapid sampling of signal strengths from an array of stationary antennas, during the reception of a single wireless packet. This article addresses the issue of integrating the radiolocation and communication functions, which have incompatible requirements in their front-end RF sections and different real-time characteristics. We define an architecture in which these functions are integrated, describe the implementation in a working prototype device, and report the results of functionality tests. This work is intended to make radiolocation part of standard wireless infrastructure, with multiple benefits: it will improve diagnostics and security management of networks, and allow for adaptive directional response, which in turn leads to better signal quality and more rational usage of the wi-fi radio band.
Magnetoelastic evidence for a local structural transformation in Co-rich glasses

The magnetostriction of Fe-rich glasses is large and positive (λ = +32×10−6) whereas that of polycrystalline α-Fe is small and negative (λ = -7×10−6). This is understood to be a consequence of the sharp difference in local atomic order between these two materials: a 12-fold coordinated short-range order dominated by trigonal prismatic arrangements of Fe about B atoms in the glass, versus an eight-fold coordinated bcc structure in the crystal. Co-rich glases on the other hand show temperature and compositional dependences which closely parallel those of polycrystalline hcp (ϵ) cobalt and Co-Fe alloys. Specifically: (1) the addition of iron to ϵ-Co (polycrystalline λ = -16×10−6) drives a martensitic transformation to the γ (fcc) phase in Co1-xFex at approximately x = 0.07. Near this composition λ = 0 and for x 62 0.09, λ is positive. Similar behavior is observed with the addition of iron to amorphous Co80B20 (λ = -4×10−6) in the series (Co1-xFex)80B20 where λ passes through zero at x = 0.06. (2) The martensitic transformation from the hcp to the fcc phase can also be thermally driven and is observed in Co at 420°C, near which temperature λ again changes sign and is positive in the high-temperature phase. Similarly, amorphous Co80B20 shows by extrapolation to above crystallization [1] (and Co78Fe2B20, Co72Mn8B20 and Co70Cr10B20 show explicitly [2]) a thermally induced transition to a positive magnetostriction phase at 400°C. To the extent that the magnetostriction of polycrystalline cobalt signals the occurrence of the long-range e-γ transformation, the magnetostriction of amorphous cobalt-rich alloys can be taken to indicate a similar, but local, transformation in the glasses. These transformations are reversible in both the crystals and glasses. In the amorphous materials most other macroscopic manifestations of the cooperative, local atomic rearrangements involved in the transformation are masked by the random orientation of the local structural units. The electronic origin of the transformations in both crystalline and noncrystalline materials is suggested to be a Jahn-Teller mechanism involving two states close to EF which have orbital character similar to dx2-y2 (near EF-kBT/2) and dz2-r2 (near EF + kBT/2) levels. The ground state of the system is then characterized by an oblate spheroidal d-charge distribution and the ϵ phase (basal plane expansion, λ<0) is stable in the crystal and a similar local order is assumed to obtain in the glass. Increasing temperature (or shifting EF relative to these nearly degenerate levels by alloying) will tend to equalize their populations and drive the system to the higher-symmetry local order seen in the crystal as the γ phase.
Stimulatory and suppressive effects of novaluron on the Colorado potato beetle reproduction.

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is one of the most damaging insect pests of potato, Solanum tuberosum L. Novaluron is a relatively new benzoylphenyl urea insect growth regulator with good activity against this pest. Earlier studies revealed that feeding on potato foliage treated with novaluron induces reversible egg hatch inhibition in adult Colorado potato beetles. We investigated whether novaluron effects depend on physiological state of the beetles at the time of exposure. The following four treatments were created: young beetles unmated at the beginning of the experiment and feeding on potato foliage treated with novaluron, young beetles unmated at the beginning of the experiment and feeding on untreated foliage, older beetles mated at the beginning of the experiment and feeding on foliage treated with novaluron, and older beetles mated at the beginning of the experiment and feeding on untreated foliage. The beetles were exposed to the respective treatments for 5 d. After that, both young and older beetles feeding on novaluron-treated leaves were switched onto untreated leaves and monitored for another 5 d to test their ability to recover. Young beetles unmated at the beginning of the experiment produced more eggs after feeding on the treated foliage, possibly indicating the presence of a pesticide-induced homeostatic modulation. No such effect was observed in the older beetles. Regardless of beetle physiological state at the beginning of the experiment, eggs produced on treated foliage did not hatch. The beetles eventually resumed laying viable eggs after being switched onto untreated foliage, with the recovery being delayed by ≈24 h in young beetles compared with older beetles. Our results corroborate that novaluron reduces fertility of treated adults.
Presuppositions are Fast, whether Hard or Soft - Evidence from the visual world

One focus of work on the processing of linguistic meaning has been the relative processing speed of different aspects of meaning. While much early work has focused on implicatures in comparison to literal asserted content (e.g., Bott & Noveck 2004; Huang & Snedeker 2009, among many others), the present paper ex- tends recent efforts to experimentally investigate another aspect of meaning, namely presuppositions. It investigates the triggers again and stop using the visual world eye tracking paradigm, and provides evidence for rapid processing of presupposed content. Our study finds no difference in timing for the two triggers, which is of theoretical relevance given proposals for distinguishing classes of triggers, such as hard vs. soft (Abusch 2010). Whatever differences between these there may be are apparently not affecting the online processing time-course. As a further comparison, again was also compared to twice, which expresses essentially the same meaning without a presupposition. Shifts in eye movements for these two cases also appear to be entirely on par, further supporting the notion that presupposed and asserted content are available in parallel early on in online processing.
Impact of Pruning Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana)

In recent years, eastern redcedar has been the most rapidly expanding tree resource in the Great Plains from Oklahoma to South Dakota, primarily in rangelands and pastures. Based on these increases and potential management-related problems, eastern redcedar is perceived as a threat to the rangeland resource. Pruning eastern redcedar can allow for increased herbaceous growth under the eastern redcedar's crown, improve livestock handling, maintain the species for diversity and habitat contributions, and improve wood quality for potential future utilization by forest industries. To determine the effect of pruning to different heights on tree growth, we compared unpruned trees' total height and diameter to trees pruned from ground level to heights of 60, 90, 120, and 150 cm. No significant differences in the total height were found for all pruning treatments over all time periods. After more than 10 yr, trees pruned to 60, 90, and 120 cm had smaller diameters at ground level than unpruned trees. There were no differences in ground diameters for trees pruned to 150 cm compared to unpruned trees after 4 yr of growth. There were no significant differences in dbh for eastern redcedar trees pruned to all heights. Management of eastern redcedar, including pruning, is recommended as an alternative to control measures.
Chloride Channels Regulate HIT Cell Volume but Cannot Fully Account for Swelling-Induced Insulin Secretion

Insulin-secreting pancreatic islet beta-cells possess anion-permeable Cl- channels (I(Cl,islet)) that are swelling-activated, but the role of these channels in the cells is unclear. The Cl- channel blockers 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and niflumic acid were evaluated for their ability to inhibit I(Cl,islet) in clonal beta-cells (HIT cells). Both drugs blocked the channel, but the blockade due to niflumic acid was less voltage-dependent than the blockade due to DIDS. HIT cell volume initially increased in hypotonic solution and was followed by a regulatory volume decrease (RVD). The addition of niflumic acid and, to a lesser extent, DIDS to the hypotonic solution potentiated swelling and blocked the RVD. In isotonic solution, niflumic acid produced swelling, suggesting that islet Cl- channels are activated under basal conditions. The channel blockers glyburide, gadolinium, or tetraethylammonium-Cl did not alter hypotonic-induced swelling or volume regulation. The Na/K/2Cl transport blocker furosemide produced cell shrinkage in isotonic solution and blocked cell swelling normally induced by hypotonic solution. Perifused HIT cells secreted insulin when challenged with hypotonic solutions. However, this could not be completely attributed to I(Cl,islet)-mediated depolarization, because secretion persisted even when Cl- channels were fully blocked. To test whether blocker-resistant secretion occurred via a distal pathway, distal secretion was isolated using 50 mmol/l potassium and diazoxide. Under these conditions, glucose-dependent secretion was blunted, but hypotonically induced secretion persisted, even with Cl- channel blockers present. These results suggest that beta-cell swelling stimulates insulin secretion primarily via a distal I(Cl,islet)-independent mechanism, as has been proposed for K(ATP)-independent glucose- and sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of HIT cell mRNA identified a CLC-3 transcript in HIT cells. In other systems, CLC-3 is believed to mediate swelling-induced outwardly rectifying Cl- channels. This suggests that the proximal effects of swelling to regulate cell volume may be mediated by CLC-3 or a closely related Cl- channel.
Nitrogen adsorption on Re(0001) studied by LEED, TPD, AES and ELS

Abstract The interaction of nitrogen with a Re(0001) surface has been studied by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS). Two LEED patterns have been observed upon adsorption of nitrogen on Re(0001). One, identified as the 4 × 1, is induced by N2 exposure at 115 K and is related to the ordering of molecular nitrogen. Annealing the 4 × 1 phase to 300 K leads to the appearance of a 2 × 2 structure, an ordered structure formed from atomically adsorbed nitrogen, Nads. Two peaks are evident in the TD spectra following N2 exposure. A low temperature one, α, at ~160 K, whose desorption correlates with the disappearance of the 4 × 1 phase, is believed to correspond to physisorbed N2. A second feature, β, between 900 and 1300 K, desorbs with second order kinetics and corresponds to the recombination of Nads. Adsorption of N2 at 115 K induces sharp electron energy loss peaks at 5, 10, and 15 eV. These loss features disappear at 170 K upon desorption of the α N2 and are interpreted to correspond to the electronic excitation of molecular nitrogen perturbed by the Re(0001) substrate. The e −-beaminduced dissociation of molecularly adsorbed nitrogen on Re(0001) is also discussed.
Hybrid immersed interface-immersed boundary methods for AC dielectrophoresis

Abstract Dielectrophoresis, a nonlinear electrokinetic transport mechanism, has become popular in many engineering applications including manipulation, characterization and actuation of biomaterials, particles and biological cells. In this paper, we present a hybrid immersed interface–immersed boundary method to study AC dielectrophoresis where an algorithm is developed to solve the complex Poisson equation using a real variable formulation. An immersed interface method is employed to obtain the AC electric field in a fluid media with suspended particles and an immersed boundary method is used for the fluid equations and particle transport. The convergence of the proposed algorithm as well as validation of the hybrid scheme with experimental results is presented. In this paper, the Maxwell stress tensor is used to calculate the dielectrophoretic force acting on particles by considering the physical effect of particles in the computational domain. Thus, this study eliminates the approximations used in point dipole methods for calculating dielectrophoretic force. A comparative study between Maxwell stress tensor and point dipole methods for computing dielectrophoretic forces are presented. The hybrid method is used to investigate the physics of dielectrophoresis in microfluidic devices using an AC electric field. The numerical results show that with proper design and appropriate selection of applied potential and frequency, global electric field minima can be obtained to facilitate multiple particle trapping by exploiting the mechanism of negative dielectrophoresis. Our numerical results also show that electrically neutral particles form a chain parallel to the applied electric field irrespective of their initial orientation when an AC electric field is applied. This proposed hybrid numerical scheme will help to better understand dielectrophoresis and to design and optimize microfluidic devices.
Myelin basic protein phosphatase activity in rat brain.

— Previous work from this and other laboratories has demonstrated phosphorylation of myelin BP in vivo and in vitro. The rapid turnover of BP phosphate has suggested the presence of a phosphatase. The present studies have identified two BP phosphatases. One is present in the cytosol of rat brain homogenate. It has the highest specific activity (37 pmol/min/mg) and total activity of BP phosphatase present in any subcellular fraction. The partially purified cytosol enzyme can readily dephosphorylate soluble 32P-labelled BP but is only half as effective in dephosphorylating membrane-bound BP. Conversely, the phosphatase which remains associated with highly purified myelin is 2.3 times as effective on BP in the membrane (7.2 pmol/min/mg) as on soluble BP (3.2 pmol/min/mg). The myelin phosphatase is tightly bound to the membrane and cannot be removed with concentrated salt solutions. During development the specific activity of the cytosol phosphatase remains constant. The specific activity of the myelin phosphatase, however, is twice as high during the period of maximum myelin formation (6.8 pmol/min/mg at 18 days) as it is in adult myelin (3.2 pmol/min/mg at 12 weeks). In order to compare enzyme effectiveness under the various conditions employed in these studies, we have assumed that both soluble and particulate substrates are phosphorylated at equivalent sites on the polypeptide. We have further assumed that soluble and/or particulate substrates are dephosphorylated at equivalent sites on the polypeptide chain and that the various particulate and soluble enzymes have comparable access to the substrate. Within the limitations of these assumptions, our data suggest myelin phosphatase may play a significant role in phosphate turnover of BP.
Welfare Assistance Levels and Homicide Rates

Government officials have resolved to carry out major changes in the U.S. welfare system, changes that may affect the incidence of homicide. This study examined the issue of whether welfare aid to the poor has served a criminal justice policy function of limiting the frequency of lethal violence. Multiple regression procedures were employed to test for possible relationships between welfare assistance and homicide rates among all U.S. large metropolitan counties (N = 437). Controlling for indices of resource deprivation, population structure, and several other economic and social variables, higher levels of welfare assistance were found to be associated with lower homicide rates. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
Adjustable Annuloplasty for Tricuspid Insufficiency

Abstract De Vega described a technique for tricuspid annuloplasty using synthetic suture to reduce the size of the dilated annulus. We present our experience with an adjustable modification of de Vega's suture annuloplasty technique. The records of 12 patients followed for 15 to 30 months were reviewed. All 10 survivors had a significant drop in right-sided filling pressure (average, 39% decrease) and an associated improvement in clinical status. The 2 deaths in the series were not related to persistent tricuspid insufficiency. This technique represents a reliable, rapid, and readily teachable method for the surgical management of tricuspid insufficiency.
Prototyping a light field display involving direct observation of a video projector array

We present a concept for a full-parallax light field display achieved by having users look directly into an array of video projectors. Each projector acts as one angularly-varying pixel, so the display's spatial resolution depends on the number of video projectors and the angular resolution depends on the pixel resolution of any one video projector. We prototype a horizontal-parallax-only arrangement by mechanically moving a single pico-projector to an array of positions, and use long-exposure photography to simulate video of a horizontal array. With this setup, we determine the minimal projector density required to produce a continuous image, and describe practical ways to achieve such density and to realize the resulting system. We finally show that if today's pico-projectors become sufficiently inexpensive, immersive full-parallax displays with arbitrarily high spatial and angular resolution will become possible.
Functional Assessment Based Parent Intervention in Reducing Children's Challenging Behaviors: Exploratory Study of Group Training

This study examined the effects of group parent training on children’s challenging behaviors in home settings. Eight parents of young children with challenging behaviors were trained in a large group setting on using functional assessment to design interventions that fit the strengths and needs of individual families. The training included information sharing and collaborating with parents on designing functional-assessment based interventions. An Interrupted Time Series Design was used to examine the effects of large group training by comparing parent and child behaviors prior to intervention with behaviors after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA. The results indicated that group training increased parents’ ability to implement functional assessment based strategies and these strategies resulted in a significant reduction in children’s challenging behaviors. Furthermore, parent implementation of functional assessment based strategies and children’s decreased levels of challenging behaviors were maintained after the completion of the intervention.
Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory, and simulator sickness in a virtual environment

The effects of field-of-view (FOV) in a virtual environment (VE) on presence, enjoyment, memory and simulator sickness (SS) were studied. A refined scale, designed to assess subjects' engagement, enjoyment and immersion (E/sup 2/I), was developed. Items to examine subjects' memory of the VE were included. SS was examined using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). Using a within-subjects design, data were collected from 10 subjects at four FOVs (60/spl deg/, 100/spl deg/, 140/spl deg/ and 180/spl deg/). The VE, called "Crayolaland", was presented in a driving simulator. The results indicated that presence, enjoyment and SS varied as a function of the display FOV. Subjects exhibited higher SSQ and presence subscale scores with increasing FOV. SSQ and presence values approached asymptotes for FOVs beyond 140/spl deg/. Presence and SS were positively correlated, while enjoyment and SS were negatively correlated.
A Stage-Tailored Multi-Modal Intervention Increases Fruit and Vegetable Intakes of Low-Income Young Adults:

Abstract Purpose. Assess effectiveness of an intervention to improve fruit and vegetable consumption in economically disadvantaged young adults. Design. Randomized treatment-control, pre-post design. Setting. Ten states. Subjects. Young adults (n = 2024, ages 18–24) were recruited from noncollege venues; 1255 (62%) completed assessment interviews at baseline and at 4 and 12 months. Intervention. Treatment participants received a series of mailed materials and two educational calls in 6 months. Controls received a mailed pamphlet. Measures. Assessment calls determined two measures of fruit and vegetable intakes, demographics and stage of change at baseline, 4 and 12 months, plus treatment participants' decisional balance, processes, and self-efficacy. Analysis. Repeated measure analysis of variance, intent-to-treat, χ2, and logistic regression. Results. At follow-up, participants in the experimental group had higher intakes of fruit and vegetables than controls (perceived daily intakes of 4.90 vs. 4.60 ser...
Use of knitted oxidized cellulose (Nu-knit) for the definitive packing of grade III liver fracture

A 23-year old woman presented as the unrestrained back seat passenger in a high-speed motor vehicle accident. Computed tomography scanning of the abdomen and pelvis following the administration of oral contrast disclosed free abdominal uid, a grade III liver fracture [1] (Fig. 1a) and a right renal fracture (Fig. 1b). Laparotomy revealed no splenic or mesenteric injuries. Following nephrectomy continuous bleeding was noted from segment VII of the liver which could not be controlled with cautery, argon beam coagulation or ligatures. The patient appeared coagulopathic and the area was eectively packed with ®ve laparotomy pads. Overnight, her haemoglobin decreased from 10 to 7 mg/dL prompting a hepatic angiogram. Arterial bleeding was identi®ed in branches of both the right and left hepatic arteries that were eectively embolized. She was taken to the operating room on the second postoperative day to unpack her liver. Her platelet count was 88,000 and prothrombin time was 14 s and she was given 10 units of platelets and 4 units of fresh frozen plasma en route to the operating room. At laparotomy, a large subcapsular haematoma, that had not been present on initial exploration and which encompassed the entire anterior surface of the liver, made mobilization of the liver hazardous (see Fig. 2a). Persistent bleeding was noted from segment VII of the liver following unpacking that was refractory to cautery, argon beam coagulation or ligature. At this point ®ve large sheets of knitted oxidized regenerated cellulose (Nu-knit) were packed into the fracture within segment VII. After ensuring that haemostasis was complete, ®brin glue was sprayed over the knitted oxidized regenerated cellulose packing. All laparotomy pads were removed and the patient was closed after placement of two closed suction drains. Postoperatively she remained haemodynamically stable with a haemoglobin of 10 mg/dL. She required no further blood products. (The total blood product requirements from time of admission were 23 units of packed red cells, 20 units of fresh frozen plasma, six platelet plasmaphoresis units and 30 units of cryoprecipitate). A liqui®ed sterile right renal fossa haematoma was drained on postoperative day 12 (Fig. 2b). All drains were removed and she was discharged on the 16th postoperative day. A follow-up CT scan obtained 2 months following injury showed resolution of the retroperitoneal air and partial resolution of the subcapsular haematoma (Fig. 3). She continues to do well 11 months following injury and has attained her preoperative weight.
Arrested Development: Does the Grade Level at Which Juveniles Experience Arrest Matter?

This study examines the effect of arrest on delinquency at a salient transition during adolescence: the move from middle to high school. The effects of arrest on delinquency via deviant attitudes, attenuation of prosocial bonds, and involvement with deviant groups are examined to determine whether labeling processes and consequences vary for youth in 7th, 8th, or 9th grade. Longitudinal data from a school-based survey are used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of arrest on delinquency for youth in 7th, 8th, and 9th grades. Wald tests are used to determine whether there are significant differences across cohorts. While arrest is associated with increased delinquency for all three grade cohorts, effects are most detrimental for 7th graders. For these youth, arrest exerts a significant, direct effect across all intermediate outcomes and accounts for increased delinquency via neutralizations, weak school commitment, delinquent peers, and negative peer commitment. Although some of these mediators explain increases in delinquency among 8th and 9th graders, effects are smaller in magnitude. In total, arrest is associated with a 132 % increase in delinquency among 7th graders, but only a 55 % increase among 9th graders. The findings indicate that the effects of arrest become less severe as youth age and delinquency becomes “normative.” It is recommended that the unintended consequences of arrest should be carefully considered—particularly for younger youth as they relate to deviant attitudes and commitment to and involvement with delinquent peers—and interventions should be coupled with efforts to improve prosocial attitudes and relations to prevent future delinquency. Although the effects of arrest wane over time, they do not disappear, and youth continue to experience consequences associated with arrest after they transition to high school.
Ischemia, revascularization, and perioperative troponin elevation after vascular surgery.

Perioperative cardiac risk may be related in several ways to the type of noncardiac surgery being performed. Some types of noncardiac surgery identify a group of patients at increased risk for concomitant cardiac disease based on shared risk factors that predispose patients to both noncardiac and
Elastic resource utilization framework for high capacity and energy efficiency in cloud RAN

Current radio access network architectures, characterized by a static configuration and deployment of base stations, have exposed their limitations in handling the temporal and geographical fluctuations of capacity demand. Moreover, small cell networks have exacerbated the problem of electromagnetic interference and decreased the energy efficiency. Although there are some solutions to alleviate these problems, they still suffer from static provisioning of BSs and lack of inter-BS communication. Cloud RAN is a new centralized paradigm based on virtualization technology that has emerged as a promising architecture and efficiently addresses such problems. C-RAN provides high energy efficiency together with gigabit-per-second data rates across software defined wireless networks. In this article, novel reconfigurable solutions based on C-RAN are proposed in order to adapt dynamically and efficiently to the fluctuations in per-user capacity demand. Co-location models for provisioning and allocation of virtual base stations are introduced, and pros and cons of different VBS architectures are studied. Also, the potential advantages of VBS clustering and consolidation to support recently proposed cooperative techniques like cooperative multipoint processing are discussed.
Elucidating the role of methyl viologen as a scavenger of photoactivated electrons from photosystem I under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

We present detailed electrochemical investigations into the role of dissolved O2 in electrolyte solutions in scavenging photoactivated electrons from a uniform photosystem I (PS I) monolayer assembled on alkanethiolate SAM (self-assembled monolayer)/Au surfaces while using methyl viologen (MV2+) as the redox mediator. To this end, we report results for direct measurements of light induced photocurrent from uniform monolayer assemblies of PS I on C9 alkanethiolate SAM/Au surfaces. These measurements, apart from demonstrating the ability of dissolved O2 in the electrolyte medium to act as an electron scavenger, also reveal its essential role in driving the solution-phase methyl viologen to initiate light-induced directional electron transfer from an electron donor surface (Au) via surface assembled PS I trimers. Specifically, our systematic electrochemical measurements have revealed that the dissolved O2 in aqueous electrolyte solutions form a complex intermediate species with MV that plays the essential role in mediating redox pathways for unidirectional electron transfer processes. This critical insight into the redox-mediated electron transfer pathways allows for rational design of electron scavengers through systematic tuning of mediator combinations that promote such intermediate formation. Our current findings facilitate the incorporation of PS I-based bio-hybrid constructs as photo-anodes in future photoelectrochemical cells and bio-electronic devices.
Multifaceted Efforts to Create an Inclusive Environment and Increase Diversity (Abstract Only)

The goal of increasing the representation of women and minorities in Computer Science is widespread and one to which we are strongly committed. There are several notable academic programs and professional organizations that are making headway on this goal themselves and are making resources available to others. While we have learned from others, we have also developed some novel approaches appropriate to our institution we feel are suitable for others.In this poster, we outline the best practices that we've adopted and describe our novel approaches. Some of these efforts were funded by an NSF S-STEM grant which provided scholarships and supporting services for females pursuing degrees in Computer Science or Mathematics. Other ideas spawned independently of that grant and require few resources. Our efforts include: (1) actively recruiting female students (2) early advising and peer mentoring (3) creating a supportive department culture, paying special attention to underrepresented groups and first-generation students (4) developing teaching practices to increase freshmen interest and retain students through graduation (5) encouraging students to become members of the larger community (6) promoting professional and leadership development. We describe how the novel approaches we've developed contribute to these recognized best practices, report on our actions, and include our qualitative assessment of improved climate and quantitative results related to improved recruitment and retention. The human and financial resources required for each action item are indicated. Our ultimate goals are to share our approaches, learn from our colleagues, and to foster continued engagement.
Comparisons of Stress -Rupture Models For COPV Life Prediction

with the failure of the composite must b e considered during the design and operation of these COPVs. One of the known primary failure modes that can appear after successful qualification of a COPV design is stress rupture of the overwrap. Stress rupture is manifested as sudden, catastrophic fa ilure of the overwrap, and it is a function of fiber stress ratio in the composite and time spent at pressure. A mechanistic based model has not been developed for stress rupture and models are based on phenomenological data. There are four models that have been developed, some over the last 30 years that allow prediction of the operating lifetimes of COPVs. These are power law models, such as those developed by Phoenix, Robinson, and Glaser; and exponential law models, such as that developed by Thomas . Similarities and differences between these models will be discussed in detail using Kevlar 49 ® /Epoxy COPV data from a stress rupture test program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) as an example.
Application of Reduced Rates of Systemic Insecticides for Control of Foliar Pecan Arthropods

Placement of aldicarb near the emitters of a drip irrigation system in a mature pecan, Carya illinoensis Koch, orchard in a single application during the spring was an effective control tactic against certain foliar insects. Reduced rates of ⅛, ¼, and ½h of the full dosage (9 kg [AI]/ha) were tested and compared to conventional application of the granules in swathes between trees at the full dosage. The ¼ and ½ reduced doses controlled the pecan aphid complex better than, or equally as well as, full dosage with conventional application. Only the full dose applied near the emitters controlled pecan leaf scorch mites, Eotetranychus hicoriae (McGregor). In a second experiment, single and double applications of carbofuran , carbosulfan, and aldicarb were tested at three rates applied near the drip emitters. Aldicarb controlled both aphids and mites for the entire season. Carbofuran controlled aphids, but not mites, for the entire season. CarbosuIfan only controlled late-season aphids.
Shape Estimation from Shading, Defocus, and Correspondence Using Light-Field Angular Coherence

Light-field cameras are quickly becoming commodity items, with consumer and industrial applications. They capture many nearby views simultaneously using a single image with a micro-lens array, thereby providing a wealth of cues for depth recovery: defocus, correspondence, and shading. In particular, apart from conventional image shading, one can refocus images after acquisition, and shift one's viewpoint within the sub-apertures of the main lens, effectively obtaining multiple views. We present a principled algorithm for dense depth estimation that combines defocus and correspondence metrics. We then extend our analysis to the additional cue of shading, using it to refine fine details in the shape. By exploiting an all-in-focus image, in which pixels are expected to exhibit angular coherence, we define an optimization framework that integrates photo consistency, depth consistency, and shading consistency. We show that combining all three sources of information: defocus, correspondence, and shading, outperforms state-of-the-art light-field depth estimation algorithms in multiple scenarios.
An Athletic Approach to Software Engineering Education

We present our findings after two years of experience involving three instructors using an "athletic" approach to software engineering education (AthSE). Co-author Johnson developed AthSE in 2013 to address issues he experienced teaching graduate and undergraduate software engineering. Co-authors Port and Hill subsequently adapted the original approach to their own software courses. AthSE is a pedagogy in which the course is organized into a series of skills to be mastered. For each skill, students are given practice "Workouts" along with videos showing the instructor performing the Workout both correctly and quickly. Unlike traditional home-work assignments, students are advised to repeat the Workout not only until they can complete it correctly, but also as quickly as the instructor. In this experience report we investigate the following question: how can software engineering education be redesigned as an athletic endeavor, and will this provide more efficient and effective learning among students and more rapidly lead them to greater competency and confidence?
The Value Effects of Analysts Coverage Initiations

We analyze the effects of analyst forecast coverage initiations in the United States in the 1995-2000 time period. It is usually believed that analysts provide valuable information about the firms they cover as well as reduce agency costs by acting as a monitor for the managers. This, in turn, may reduce the information problems between the firms and the investment community. To the extent that these attributes are valuable, investors may take into account the presence of analysts in pricing of securities. By using a unique data set of analysts' coverage initiations, the evidence presented herein supports the prediction that firms experience positive abnormal returns (of about three percent) as well as enhanced liquidity and lower information costs at the time of the initiations. Our results are more pronounced for NASDAQ firms versus NYSE and AMEX firms as consistent with the previously observed differences among firms traded in these markets. Finally, the reputation of the analyst company is positively associated with the initiation return, and the initiation return is less if the analyst company is also an underwriter of the IPO.
Management of chronic aspiration by subtotal and submucosal cricoid resection

Modern techniques of conservation surgery of the laryngopharynx often result in narrowing, immobility, and decreased sensation of the hypopharynx. These procedures also compromise the most vital function of the larynx--protection of the airway. Permanent tracheostomy is always necessary for protection of the airway. Teflon injection, cartilage implant to the larynx, and extended pharyngeal myotomy can provide only temporary relief. Swallowing studies under fluoroscopy as well as laryngopharyngoscopy verify a narrowed pharyngeal inlet with the pharynx trapped between the cricoid and the cervical spine. Extrapharyngeal, subtotal, submucosal resection of the posterior cricoid ring results in a flaccid posterior laryngeal wall and enlarged hypopharyngeal inlet. At the same time the laryngeal inlet is narrowed, reducing aspiration and still preserving the voice.
Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Physical Fitness Measures

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between socioeconomic status and the seven aspects of physical fitness measured by the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test. The subjects of the study were 329 girls and 304 boys of ages 10, 11, and 12 who were attending the public schools of a small central Texas community. Significant relationships were found, but they did not favor one status group in all the components of fitness. There were indications that lower-status girls were faster, were better coordinated, and had more endurance but that upper-status girls were stronger in arm and shoulder girdle strength, in abdominal and hip flexor muscles, and in muscular explosiveness. Results indicated that lower-status boys were faster and better coordinated but that higher-status boys scored better in combined agility and speed and in strength of abdominal and hip flexor muscles.