cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific Antibodies to the External Vestibule of Voltage-gated Potassium Channels Block Current

Using delayed-rectifier potassium channels as examples, we have designed two specific blockers by generating specific antipeptide antibodies to epitopes in the external vestibules of two channel proteins, Kv1.2 and Kv3.1. These antibodies reduced whole-cell Kv1.2 or Kv3.1 currents in transfected cells and the effect was blocked by the corresponding peptide antigen, but not by control peptides. A control antibody had little effect on Kv1.2 currents and the Kv1.2 blocker antibody had limited effect on other related potassium currents. Furthermore, the Kv1.2 blocking antibody inhibited dendrotoxin binding to Kv1.2 channel proteins in transfected cells. Moreover, using the Kv1.2 blocker antibody, we determined the presence and relative contribution of endogenous Kv1.2 to the overall endogenous K+ currents in NG108 neuronal cells. This guided design of specific channel blockers will facilitate future physiological studies on ion channel functions.
Acculturation in Filial Practices Among U.S. Chinese Caregivers

In this article, we explore the phenomenon of acculturation in filial practices among 21 Chinese immigrants in a suburban city in the Midwestern United States using focus groups and individual interviews. All participants were situational-reciprocal-filial caregivers who had acculturated into mainstream filial practices while preserving their heritage to deal with the challenges of parental care. Factors that influenced participants' acceptance of new filial practices included comfort in accepting new practices, financial status, and past relationship with the care receiver. Their motivations to acculturate included being overwhelmed, a multitude of situational constraints from being an immigrant, access to and utilization of resources, and the need for a coordinated approach to filial responsibilities. Their filial motivations included love, honoring traditions, meeting personal values, and meeting social expectations. These findings provide insight for designing culturally competent training and immigrant caregiver education.
FDTD simulation of MWD electromagnetic tools in large-contrast geophysical formations

We describe numerical simulations of electromagnetic logging tools used in oil and gas exploration using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme extended to cylindrical coordinates. We pay particular attention to the simulation in geophysical formations exhibiting large contrast on the conductivity values of adjacent beds. Phase and amplitude (continuous wave) information are extracted from very early time domain data. A perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition extended to cylindrical coordinates and modified for conductive media (diffusion regime) is employed in the FDTD method to simulate the open domains of realistic oilfields. Results from the FDTD simulations of measurement-while-drilling tools are compared against numerical mode matching results, showing good agreement for conductivity contrasts between adjacent beds in geophysical formations as large as 10 000.
The birth-pangs of Portuguese Asia: revisiting the fateful ‘long decade’ 1498–1509 *

The essay sets out to re-examine the events and processes of inter-state and commercial competition that accompanied the arrival of the first Portuguese fleets in the Indian Ocean after the voyage of Vasco da Gama (1497–99). Focusing on the ‘long decade’ from 1498 to 1509, a series of differing perspectives on the challenges caused by the Portuguese to other rival powers is laid out and examined in detail. These include the Venetian conception of the Portuguese enterprise, which tended to be divided between an ‘optimistic’ view (suggesting that the Cape route would collapse quickly), and a more ‘pessimistic’ one, which saw the Serenissima itself as gravely threatened. The geo-political vision of Venetian observers, and the place given by them to the Vijayanagara empire in South India is duly noted with regard to the pepper trade in particular. This view is then contrasted with the abundant but uneven Portuguese documentation available from the time of the viceroyalty of Dom Francisco de Almeida (1505–09). The essay finally sets out to explain and contextualize the Mamluk maritime intervention in the affairs of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, culminating in the defeat of the fleet of Amir Husain al-Kurdi off Diu in 1509. We remind you that you should always take great care to send some men to discover (a descobryr), both to Melaka and to any other parts that are so far not that well-known, and you should send them with some goods in some local ships which are going there, so long as they can carry them safely. And those whom you send for this purpose should be men who know how to act upon it properly (devem ser homens que ho bem saybam fazer). Royal instructions to Dom Francisco de Almeida, 3 March 1505. 1
Aerial gas exchange in the terrestrial Brachyura Gecarcinus lateralis and Cardisoma guanhumi.

Abstract 1. Instantaneous and integrated mean flow of air through the gill chambers of Gecarcinus lateralis and Cardisoma guanhumi were measured using a hot-wire flow meter. 2. Resting rates of ventilation averaged 41 and 17 cm 3 min −1 100g −1 , and mean frequencies ranged from 45 to 447/min. 3. Instantaneous flow patterns were complex, characterized by periodic apnea at rest, occasional activity of one scaphognathite at a time, and asynchrony (producing oscillatory records) of the two scaphognathites. 4. The response of Gercarcinus to hypoxia was irregular, but did not include large compensatory increases in ventilation. 5. Ventilation in both species increased greatly in response to hypercapnia, making them more similar in this respect to other air-breathers than to aquatic crabs.
Real-world clinical practice of intracoronary radiation therapy as compared to investigational trials

Intracoronary radiation therapy (IRT) is well established in clinical practice as an effective treatment for in-stent restenosis. We aimed to determine if the 6-month clinical outcome of patients treated postapproval for marketing [commercial radiation (CR)] is equivalent to those patients enrolled in the Washington Radiation for In-Stent Restenosis Trials [Gamma WRIST and Beta WRIST; investigational radiation (IR)]. The 6-month clinical outcome of 110 consecutive patients with 125 lesions who received IRT (gamma, 192Ir, 15–18 Gy, n = 6; or beta, 32P, 20 Gy, n = 20; or 90Sr/Y, 18.4–23.0 Gy, n = 99) in CR was compared with the 6-month clinical outcome of 117 patients with 117 lesions who received IRT (192Ir, 15 Gy, n = 65, in Gamma WRIST; and 90Y, 20.6 Gy, n = 52, in Beta WRIST) in IR. Patients in CR were treated with wider radiation margins. The CR received antiplatelet therapy for at least 6 months and the IR for 1 month. The baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. Use of atheroablation devices was less in CR than IR (15.2% vs. 32.8%, respectively; P = 0.001). The overall major adverse cardiac events (death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization; 18.2% vs. 29.1% in IR; P = 0.05) were significantly lower in the CR when compared with patients in the IR. The real-world clinical practice of IRT demonstrates lower events and better clinical outcomes. This is most likely a result of implementation of the lessons learned from the clinical trials such as optimizing the dosimetry by using a higher dose, treating wider margins to minimize edge effect, and administering prolonged antiplatelet therapy to abolish late thrombosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:61–66. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of diazepam or lidocaine premedication on propofol induction and cardiovascular parameters in dogs.

The effects of diazepam or lidocaine on the propofol induction dose and certain cardiovascular parameters were documented in this randomized, blinded study. Dogs received 0.9% saline (0.1 mL/kg intravenously [IV]), lidocaine (2 mg/kg IV), or diazepam (0.25 mg/kg IV) prior to propofol IV until loss of jaw tone was achieved (up to a maximum of 8 mg/kg). Propofol was followed by 0.3 mg/kg atracurium IV. Direct arterial blood pressures and heart rates were recorded before premedication, induction, and intubation. No statistically significant differences were found among the groups for cardiovascular measurements or for the propofol dose required for intubation.
Cytokines and TLR agonists influence the expression of retention integrins CD49a, CD49b and CD103 by T cells.

T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is positively correlated with survival. Infiltration is not a stable state, but a dynamic process of homing, infiltration, retention and survival. Every step in this process is crucial for the eventual tumor reactive activity of T cells. Our laboratory has previously shown a marked upregulation of retention integrins (RI) CD49a, CD49b and CD103 on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in melanoma. T cells in peripheral tissues expressing RI appear to have a cytotoxic phenotype and RI+ TIL are associated with improved patient survival. Despite their importance in retention of tumor reactive TILs, little is known about pathways inducing RI expression, except that TGFβ induces CD103. We hypothesized that other cytokines, TLR agonists and T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation can induce RI expression by circulating T cells. PBMCs were grown in presence of cytokines after TCR stimulation and RI expression was evaluated by flow cytometry after 2-7 days. Both CD103 and CD49a are induced by TGFβ, most strikingly on activated T cells. IL2 and IL10 also influence CD49a expression. CD49b expression is increased by IL2, IL4 and IL10, although this depends on T cell subset and activation state. TLR2, TLR6 and TLR7 agonists appear to induce CD49a and CD49b as well. In addition we have found that IL2 and TGFβ upregulate RI expression on T cells with different proliferation rates and cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, above results support our hypothesis by showing that RI expression is tightly regulated by cytokine and TCR stimulation. Interestingly, the regulating factors have different effects among the RI and phenotype of RI+ T cells. Which suggests a different role for each of the RI and a substantial contribution of the induction route in the determination of this role. Furthermore the cytokines found to be involved with RI expression are associated with either Th1, Th2 or Treg cells. All raising interesting questions about the features of the TME that best support tumor reactive T cell retention in the tumor.
Abstract TMP82: Increased Intracerebral Hemorrhage During Acute and Chronic Hypertension in Alzheimer's Transgenic Mice

Hypertension is a major risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the cerebrovascular system, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is also a significant risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage ICH. Currently, there are no animal studies demonstrating a direct involvement of hypertension in the accumulation of Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology. To address this issue we have developed several mouse models that combine hypertension protocols with amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice (Tg2576), which accumulate significant CAA in the large cerebral vessels and the meninges by 18 months of age. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of acute and chronic hypertension on ICH in wildtype and a transgenic mouse model overexpressing a mutant human amyloid precursor protein (Tg2576 mice) associated with early onset AD and CAA. Fifteen-month-old Tg2576 mice and non-transgenic (nTg) littermates were treated with an angiotensin II (AngII) infusion (1000 ng/kg/min) and L-NAME (100 mg/kg/day) in drinking water to produce chronic hypertension. One week later, transient acute hypertension was induced by daily AngII injections (0.5 μg/g, s.c., twice daily) to produce ICH. A similar increase in mean blood pressure was observed in Tg2576 and nTg mice when evaluated 2 weeks after initiation of treatment. However Tg2576 mice had a higher incidence of signs of stroke compared with nTg littermates (P > 0.05). These data suggest that the accumulation of Aβ in the brain has an important role in development of ICH. Moreover, there was robust glial activation and increase in CAA in the gray matter of Tg2576 mice showing that hypertension may affect gray as well as white matter in the brain. Further studies may provide insights into the hypertension-induced changes in the cerebral vascular system that initiated the increase in CAA. The accumulation of Aβ in the cerebrovascular system is a significant risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and has been linked to endothelial transport failure and blockage of perivascular drainage. While management of hypertension and atherosclerosis can reduce the incidence of ICH, there are currently no approved therapies for attenuating CAA.
Finale: Color in Foods, Photochemistry, Photoluminescence, Pharmaceuticals, Fireworks, Fun, and the Future

This final chapter will alliteratively pick up many topics that fell outside the trajectory traced by the history–chemistry—color interface in the previous seven chapters. We will see how colored additives affected the food quality of the past and, by extension, how color has affected, and continues to influence, so many other aspects of our daily lives.
Quantum Noise and Asymmetric Scattering of Electrons and Holes in Graphene

We present measurements of quantum interference noise in double-gated single layer graphene devices at low temperatures. The noise characteristics show a nonmonotonic dependence on carrier density, which is related to the interplay between charge inhomogeneity and different scattering mechanisms. Linearly increasing 1/f noise at low carrier densities coincides with the observation of weak localization, suggesting the importance of short-range disorder in this regime. Using perpendicular and parallel p–n junctions, we find that the observed asymmetry of the noise with respect to the Dirac point can be related to asymmetric scattering of electrons and holes on the disorder potential.
Pivot-Independent Relativization in Japanese

It has generally been assumed that Japanese relativization consists of a simple process of deletion, in the relative clause, of a noun phrase coreferential with the noun phrase that the clause modifies. Thus, it has been believed that, as McCawley puts it, “a relative clause, whether restrictive or nonrestrictive, consists of a truncated sentence (specifically, a sentence which lacks the NP that is relativized over and any case markers that go with that NP”, and “the relative clause precedes the NP which it modifies”. 1 In a series of articles, I will present and discuss the claim that alongside this familiar type of relativization Japanese also possesses the type of relative clause which recently has increasingly drawn linguists’ attention and which is commonly referred to as ‘headless relative clause’.
The Work of Educational Psychologists in a Digitally Networked World

New digital technologies have had a dramatic effect on all arenas of human work, and the work of educational psychologists is no exception . There are many ways in which we can think about the role that technologies play in what we do as scholars and researchers of educational psychology. Technology, for instance, has changed how we think about teaching and learning in two key ways . First, it has intluenced the kinds of models and theories we have of the mind (from clay tablets to digital computers) . Second, technology has changed the ecology or contexts within which learning occurs to include several intersecting spaces (temporal, spatial, home, community, online, etc.). A close examination of the relationship between technology and the work of educational psychologists reveals changes in nearly every aspect of the work that educational psychologists do. Thus, we have organized this chapter according to the role that technology has played in the everyday activities of educational psychologists, grouped into eight general categories, briefly described below.
Giving Bad News: Comparing First- and Third-Year Medical Student Performance

Giving bad news has been identified by physicians as a difficult task. This study compares the skills of first-year medical students to those of third-year students that had received training in giving bad news using role-play with standardized patients. Observers completed a checklist developed to determine student skill level.
Location on vectors map based on Mobile SVG

In this paper,based on study of the system of J2ME and the technology of Mobile SVG,realizes the organization and expression of data for vectors map based on the mapping relationship between space entities and SVG layers.Sets up a frame of the system of location on vectors map based on Mobile SVG and realizes the method of showing,translating,scaling the vectors map and location on the mobile phone.Based on this frame,designs and realizes a system of location on vectors map used in oil field,this system already has been applied in oil field.
Simulation of Single-Stage Flyback Power Factor Corrector Employing Charge Control

In this paper,the small-signal model and properties of Single-Stage Flyback Power Factor Corrector Employing Charge Control is introduced summarily.By using Mathcad and Saber,the frequency-domain and time-domain characteristics of this utility are analyzed.The experiment result shows that this converter has good prospects of application.
Relationship between apoptosis and expression of Caspase-3 after cerebral hemorrhage

AIM: To explore the change of apoptosis around the hematoma after cerebral hemorrhage and relationship between apoptosis and expression of Caspase 3. METHODS: The intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) rat model was made by intracranial injection of Ⅳ collagenase. Healthy male Wistar rats were divided into ICH and control groups in random. Collagenase/heparin in saline solution or pure saline solution was injected into the caudate nucleus. 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 d and 7 d after the injection, We got the brain frozen sections. The sections were stained by TUNEL to find the apoptosis cell. The expression of Caspase 3 was observed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The number of the positive cells were observed by the image analyzer. RESULTS: Some TUNEL positive cells were found around the hematoma 6 h after cerebral hemorrhage.The largest area with TUNEL positive cells occurred at 3 d after injection of collagenase/heparin in saline solution. The expression of Caspase 3 changed as the apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Apoptosis exists around the hematoma after cerebral hemorrhage. The expression of Caspase 3 changed as the apoptosis. The expression of Caspase 3 decide the level of apoptosis induced by ICH.
Specific red cell adherence: immunologic evaluation of random mucosal biopsies in carcinoma of the bladder.

AbstractWe studied 103 random biopsies from patients with overt transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder for specific red cell adherence. We evaluated 62 random biopsies from patients whose primary tumors were positive for specific red cell adherence and 100 per cent of the biopsies in these patients also were positive for specific red cell adherence regardless of the pathologic finding in the random biopsy. We evaluated 41 random biopsies from patients whose primary bladder tumors were negative for specific red cell adherence and only 27 per cent of all biopsies in this group of patients were positive for specific red cell adherence. Thus, we found that in 92 of the 103 random biopsies (89 per cent) the specific red cell adherence of the biopsy agreed with that of the primary tumor. The loss of red cell antigens in random biopsies that are histologically normal may prove to be the earliest measurable changes of the malignant potential of the urothelium.
Soil microbial biomass and function are altered by 12 years of crop rotation

Abstract. Declines in plant diversity will likely reduce soil microbial biomass, alter microbial functions, and threaten the provisioning of soil ecosystem services. We examined whether increasing temporal plant biodiversity in agroecosystems (by rotating crops) can partially reverse these trends and enhance soil microbial biomass and function. We quantified seasonal patterns in soil microbial biomass, respiration rates, extracellular enzyme activity, and catabolic potential three times over one growing season in a 12-year crop rotation study at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station LTER. Rotation treatments varied from one to five crops in a 3-year rotation cycle, but all soils were sampled under a corn year. We hypothesized that crop diversity would increase microbial biomass, activity, and catabolic evenness (a measure of functional diversity). Inorganic N, the stoichiometry of microbial biomass and dissolved organic C and N varied seasonally, likely reflecting fluctuations in soil resources during the growing season. Soils from biodiverse cropping systems increased microbial biomass C by 28–112 % and N by 18–58 % compared to low-diversity systems. Rotations increased potential C mineralization by as much as 53 %, and potential N mineralization by 72 %, and both were related to substantially higher hydrolase and lower oxidase enzyme activities. The catabolic potential of the soil microbial community showed no, or slightly lower, catabolic evenness in more diverse rotations. However, the catabolic potential indicated that soil microbial communities were functionally distinct, and microbes from monoculture corn preferentially used simple substrates like carboxylic acids, relative to more diverse cropping systems. By isolating plant biodiversity from differences in fertilization and tillage, our study illustrates that crop biodiversity has overarching effects on soil microbial biomass and function that last throughout the growing season. In simplified agricultural systems, relatively small increases in crop diversity can have large impacts on microbial community size and function, with cover crops appearing to facilitate the largest increases.
Public views on renewable energy in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States: Distinct attitudes, exposure, and other key predictors of wind energy ☆

Abstract Renewable energy is often framed by policymakers and the media as an environmental or ‘green’ issue motivated by global climate change and the need for greenhouse gas reductions. However, some researchers studying social responses to renewables have found that factors other than opinions about climate change may be more influential in determining support for renewables. This study analyzes survey data from a study of five communities in the Rocky Mountain region of the U.S. experiencing wind energy development to examine the relationship between environmental beliefs, climate change opinions, and support for renewable energy. Results show that views on renewable energy comprise a distinct dimension of public views on energy, environment, and climate, suggesting that public support for renewable energy is less related to environmental beliefs than to some other factors, including beliefs about economic benefits and concerns about landscape impacts. Findings also indicate that the frequency with which individuals see nearby wind turbines are strongly related to their level of support for renewable energy, while physical proximity is not. Overall, results suggest that ceasing to frame renewable energy as an environmental issue and instead framing it in a way that invokes locally relevant social values may garner broader public support.
Classification of Thyroid Malignancies

Many thyroid tumors arise in essentially normal thyroid tissue; however, one must be aware of the fact that definition of normal thyroid tissue in the era of ultrasound is subjective since approximately 60 % of the US population has one or more thyroid nodules. Thyroid neoplasms demonstrate a variety of morphologic patterns, which complicate their pathological interpretation. All neoplasms that arise either from follicular or C cells may have some functional capacities. They may respond to TSH and may even produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones or, if medullary carcinoma, release abnormal quantities of calcitonin and/or other hormones. Localization of thyroid transcription factor (TTF-1) and thyroglobulin or calcitonin by immunohistochemistry aids in the classification of unusual thyroidal tumors and in providing definite identification of metastatic thyroid carcinomas. Most thyroid cancers grow slowly and are amenable to appropriate treatment. The majority are papillary cancers, especially in those areas of the world in which adequate iodides are present in the diet and environment.
Science of Mental Modeling

Accommodating social and human dimensions in risk management and other domains is gaining recognition as a key component of successful process improvement outcomes. However, tools that integrate the knowledge, interests, and values of stakeholders with those of expert groups and risk management agencies are not used to the extent they could be and are underdeveloped (Linkov and Moberg, Multi-criteria decision analysis: Environmental applications and case studies. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011). Mental Modeling is a useful framework for better understanding and addressing values and beliefs that can enhance stakeholder engagement and involvement in decision making. Mental Modeling is a toolkit that is increasingly used to inform management processes, improve organizational processes, encourage stakeholder engagement, and a host of other applications. This chapter elaborates on the roots of the Mental Modeling approach and its relation to other methods of visually representing stakeholder beliefs.
Integration of a Low-Cost Introductory Ultrasound Curriculum Into Existing Procedural Skills Education for Preclinical Medical Students

We evaluated integration of an introductory ultrasound curriculum into our existing mandatory procedural skills program for preclinical medical students. Phantoms consisting of olives, pimento olives, and grapes embedded in opaque gelatin were developed. Four classes encouraged progressive refinement of phantom-scanning and object identification skills. Students improved their ability to identify hidden objects, although each object type achieved a statistically significant improvement in correct identification at different time points. The total phantom cost per student was $0.76. Our results suggest that short repeated experiences scanning simple, low-cost ultrasound phantoms confer basic ultrasound skills.
User-friendly design approach for analog layout design

Analog circuits are sensitives to the changes in the layout environment conditions, manufacturing processes, and variations. This paper presents analog verification flow with five types of analogfocused layout constraint checks to assist engineers in identifying any potential device mismatch and layout drawing mistakes. Compared to several solutions, our approach only requires layout design, which is sufficient to recognize all the matched devices. Our approach simplifies the data preparation and allows seamless integration into the layout environment with minimum disruption to the custom layout flow. Our user-friendly analog verification flow provides the engineer with more confident with their layouts quality.
Cities in American Federalism: Evidence on State–Local Government Conflict from a Survey of Mayors

Previous scholarship on American federalism has largely focused on the national government's increasingly conflictual relationship with the states. While some studies have explored the rise of mandates at the state level, there has been comparatively less attention on state–local relationships. Using a new survey of mayors, we explore variations in local government attitudes towards their state governments. We find some evidence that, regardless of partisanship, mayors in more conservative states are unhappy about state funding and—especially—regulations. More strikingly, we also uncover a partisan mismatch in which Democratic mayors provide especially negative ratings of their state’s funding and—even more strongly—regulations. These findings have important implications for state–local relations as cities continue to become more Democratic and Republicans increasingly dominate state-level contests.
Mixed Valence Manganese Carboxylates of Various Nuclearities

Synthetic procedures have been developed which yield mixed valence manganese compounds. The structures of these species are described. The products all involve discrete molecular species consisting, with one exception, of an oxide-bridged Mnx core with peripheral ligation by a combination of carboxylates, neutral donor groups and/or Cl- ions. In every case, trapped valency is observed. The intramolecular exchange interactions have been investigated by variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility studies, and both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions have been observed. The obtained values of the exchange parameters J are tabulated.
Healthy Dietary Patterns for Preventing Cardiometabolic Disease: The Role of Plant-Based Foods and Animal Products

Diets rich in plant foods are increasingly recommended to lower the risk of cardiometabolic diseases because of strong evidence that fruit, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and seeds are protective. Although some animal products, such as unprocessed lean red meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products, are recommended in dietary patterns to prevent cardiometabolic diseases, many health professionals advocate for exclusively plant-based dietary patterns. The aim of this article was to review recent evidence on the relative contributions of plant-based foods and animal products to a healthy dietary pattern. Secondary aims were to discuss current consumption patterns and adherence to dietary recommendations. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that a higher intake of plant-based foods is associated with a lower risk of cardiometabolic disease, whereas a higher meat intake increases the risk of cardiometabolic disease and the replacement of small quantities of animal protein with plant protein is associated with lower risk. Randomized controlled studies show that nutrient-dense diets containing animal protein, including some unprocessed lean meats, improve cardiovascular disease risk factors. Therefore, it is likely that the consumption of animal products, at recommended amounts, in the context of a dietary pattern that meets recommendations for fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes, and does not exceed recommendations for added sugar, sodium, and saturated fat, may not increase cardiometabolic risk. Currently, adherence to these recommendations is suboptimal. Therefore, rather than debating the merits of healthy dietary patterns that are exclusively plant-based or that include animal sources in recommended amounts, the focus should be on improving overall eating patterns to align with dietary guidelines. Registered Dietitian/Nutritionists (RDNs) have the requisite nutrition expertise to facilitate change at the individual and population levels to promote adherence to healthy dietary patterns. Importantly, advocacy activities are urgently needed to create a healthier food environment, and all health professionals, including RDNs, must play a role.
Effects of Weed-Free Periods on Organic Romaine Lettuce Production

Weed management in Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) is an economic challenge for organic farmers. This study evaluated the effect of weed-free durations on crop yield and quality...
The Debater, the Speechwriter and the Challenge of Public Persuasion

(1970). The Debater, the Speechwriter and the Challenge of Public Persuasion. The Journal of the American Forensic Association: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
Remarks by Thomas Antkowiak

As many of you know, the Inter-American Human Rights System is composed of two institutions, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (the Court or the IACtHR) and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the Commission or the IACHR). Despite its shortcomings, the Inter-American System is very important in our era, a time overrun by violence, xenophobia, and discrimination.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Its Application in Asthma

The first studies attempting bronchoalveolar lavage date back to the early nineteenth century. In the mid-nineteenth century, Green reported on his studies to the Medical and Surgical Society of New York. His work was met with considerable skepticism and as related by Fick and Gee was declared “an anatomical impossibility and an unwarrantable innovation in medical practice.” He was asked to withdraw from membership in the Society as a result (1). Despite this controversial beginning, the techniques of airway endoscopy had been developed by the beginning of the twentieth century (2). Most widely utilized for the removal of aspirated foreign objects, in such cases lavage could also be performed.
Cowboy Capitalism or Welfare Ranching? The Public Lands Grazing Policies of the Bush Administration

George W. Bush ran for president as an advocate of a "cowboy capitalist" ideology of low taxes, deregulation, free markets, and free trade. The ranching industry that produced the cowboy, however, has long had a heavy dose of government planning and welfare state subsidies, especially in public lands grazing. This article examines the Bush Administration public lands grazing record to answer the question: when cowboy capitalist ideology met the welfare ranching reality, how did each fare?
VHDL Simulation of the IKS Chip

The fundamentals of VHDL (VHSIC (Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits) Hardware Description Language) are presented in this chapter. The emphasis is placed on the concepts of signal and design entity. The presentation is organized from a user’s perspective viewing VHDL as a programming language, as a design tool, and as a design environment. Further detailed information on VHDL can be found in [LRM88, URG85, D&T86, Tut88, UsCL89, Arm89, Coe89].
The Tate Parametrization

In this section, we have essentially copied an unpublished manuscript of Tate. For an exposition of Tate’s results which is more complete we refer to Roquette [B9]. We have done essentially what is needed to prove the isogeny theorem afterwards.
Biochemical derangements in diabetes mellitus.

During the fifty-sixth year since the discovery of insulin, most physicians who are concerned with the care of the diabetic have become more willing to accept the possibility that the development of diabetic complications may be related to the metabolic consequences of hyperglycemia. Since those tissues which require insulin for the intracellular transport of glucose (i.e., muscle and fat) appear to be relatively immune to the ravages of diabetes, current research into the mechanisms by which an elevated glucose concentration could result in cellular damage has focused upon the so-called “noninsulin-dependent pathways of glucose metabolism.” Obviously, this term implies that, whereas these pathways are not directly activated by insulin, the hyperglycemia which results from insulin deficiency does foster their activation. It is the purpose of this review to consider certain of these pathways and the roles which they have been speculated to play in the development of diabetic complications.
Weak ferromagnetism accompanying loop current order in underdoped cuprate superconductors

We discuss the necessary symmetry conditions and the different ways in which they can be physically realized for the occurrence of ferromagnetism accompanying the loop current orbital magnetic order observed by polarized neutron-diffraction experiments or indeed any other conceivable principal order in the under-doped phase of cuprates. We contrast the Kerr effect experiments in single crystals observing ferromagnetism with the direct magnetization measurements in large powder samples, which do not observe it. We also suggest experiments to resolve the differences among the experiments, all of which we believe to be correct.
The Antigens of Paramecium

The study of antigens in paramecia has yielded valuable genetic information and criteria for showing resemblances and differences in clones, strains, and species of Paramecium and other protozoa. In a number of cases, serological methods have proved to be more precise than certain other methods in demonstrating relationships among organisms.
The representativeness and spatial bias of volunteered geographic information: a review

Many applications of volunteered geographic information (VGI) involve inferring the properties of the underlying population from a sample consisting of VGI observations, i.e. VGI sample. The repres...
A non-classical Kirchhoff rod model based on the modified couple stress theory

A new non-classical Kirchhoff rod model is developed using the modified couple stress theory, which contains one material length scale parameter and can account for microstructure-dependent size effects. The governing equations and boundary conditions are determined simultaneously by a variational formulation based on the principle of minimum total potential energy. The newly developed model recovers its classical elasticity-based counterpart as a special case when the microstructure effect is not considered. To illustrate the new non-classical Kirchhoff rod model, two sample problems are analytically solved by directly applying the general formulas derived. One problem is the equilibrium analysis of a helical rod of circular cross section deformed from a straight rod, and the other is the buckling of a straight rod of circular cross section induced by an axial compressive force. In the former, the rod undergoes a twisting-dominated deformation, while in the latter the rod deformation is bending dominated. Two closed-form expressions are obtained for the force and couple needed in deforming the helical rod, and an analytical formula is derived for the critical buckling load required to perturb the axially compressed straight rod, with the microstructure effect incorporated in each case. These formulas reduce to those based on classical elasticity when the microstructure effect is suppressed. For the helical rod problem, the numerical results show that the couple predicted by the current non-classical rod model is significantly larger than that predicted by the classical model when the rod radius is very small, but the difference is diminishing with the increase in the rod radius. For the buckling problem, it is found that the critical buckling load based on the new non-classical Kirchhoff rod model is always higher than that given by the classical elasticity-based model, with the difference being significant for a very thin rod.
Applying the mastery learning model in a wildlife recreation planning and management class

Wildland Recreation Planning and Management is a 400 level course taken by Wildland Recreation majors (B.S. in Forestry) in the spring semester of their Junior year prior to their summer internship. Due to the number of field trips taken during the semester, the course is limited to 12 students. Generally 7-9 students are Wildland Recreation majors with the remaining students from Wildlife and Fisheries Science, Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Design, or Liberal Arts. The course meets once a week from 12:40 to 6:30 pm although the class period varies with the use and length of field trips. The Mastery Learning approach in this class evolved out of the desire to raise the competency level of students in preparation for their internship experience and their future professional careers. In particular, the need for a mastery approach was based on the demands and expectations placed on the students by their internship experience. In their internships, students address issues and concerns associated with visitor and resource management often in presentations, conversations, and meetings with people from different backgrounds and disciplines. Essentially, the students are communicating with and educating the public and other professionals about concepts related to resource protection and visitor management.
Revealing structural evolution of PbS nanocrystal catalysts in electrochemical CO2 reduction using in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction

We investigated the structural evolution of PbS catalysts under electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) conditions using an in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) technique. The PbS catalyst with an initial form of size-tunable nanocrystals (NCs) performed efficiently in the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formate with a record-high mass activity (MA) of 52.2 ± 5.2 mA mgPb−1 at −1.2 V and 74.9 ± 4.7 mA mgPb−1 at −1.4 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). In situ SR-XRD analyses revealed that PbS NCs underwent rapid structural transformation to Pb thin films during the eCO2RR, providing the real catalytic surface for the eCO2RR. Such a structural change is complex, with PbS first being converted to PbCO3 and the latter species being further reduced to Pb. This work highlights the importance of understanding environmental impacts on the instability of nanocatalysts under eCO2RR conditions and the need for designing more robust electrocatalysts.
Experimental observations of amorphization in stoichiometric and boron-rich boron carbide

Abstract Boron carbide is extremely hard but has been shown to undergo stress-induced amorphization when subjected to large nonhydrostatic stresses. This localized amorphization has been associated with the sudden loss of its shear strength and poor ballistic performance. Recent quantum mechanics predictions suggest that boron-enrichment may be used to mitigate amorphization in boron carbide. As a means to test this hypothesis, stoichiometric boron carbide (nominally B4C) and a novel composition of B-rich boron carbide (nominally B6.3C) were investigated. Nanoindentation followed by Raman spectroscopy revealed an obvious reduction in the Raman peaks associated with amorphization in the B-rich material. Transmission electron microscopy observations of the region below the nanoindents facilitated direct observation of amorphization, confirmed the Raman finding that amorphization is reduced in the B-rich specimens, and provided additional insight into deformation mechanisms. It is surmised that boron-rich alloys offer a path to reducing local amorphization in boron carbide.
Radiation-Induced Sarcoma After Heterotopic Ossification Prophylaxis: A Case Report.

CASE Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological formation of bone in nonosseous tissue and is a common complication of orthopaedic procedures. Radiotherapy is often used to prevent HO despite the small risk of secondary malignancy. Here, we report a case of a patient who developed a periprosthetic, radiation-induced sarcoma after delivery of a single fraction of 7 Gy for HO prophylaxis. This sarcoma was found to lie entirely within the treatment field and occurred within 5 years of radiation. CONCLUSION Appropriate counseling regarding radiation-induced sarcoma formation should be provided to patients considering radiotherapy for this HO prophylaxis.
Transvaginal rectopexy using the Flex® Colorectal Drive Robotic System: a proof-of-concept approach to rectal prolapse.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate a proof-of-concept approach to rectopexy that would provide the durability of the transabdominal procedure through use of sacral rectopexy with the decreased morbidity of a perineal procedure. This was done by utilizing a transvaginal approach and developing the rectovaginal space to accommodate sacral rectopexy placement using the Flex® Colorectal Drive Robotic System by Medrobotics (Medrobotics Corp., Raynham, MA, USA). A fresh female cadaver was acquired and placed in the high lithotomy position. The rectovaginal space was developed to accommodate the trocar of the Flex robot using blunt and sharp dissection between the posterior vaginal wall and anterior rectum. A piece of mesh was introduced into the space and using an endoscopic tacker, which was secured to the sacral promontory. The mesh was secured to the anterior rectal wall using interrupted vicryl sutures. The purse string suture was removed and the rectovaginal orifice was closed using a running vicryl suture. At the completion of the procedure, a low midline laparotomy was conducted to verify anchoring of the mesh appropriately at the sacral promontory. This proof-of-concept protocol is the first description of the Flex® Colorectal Drive being used successfully to perform a transvaginal rectopexy for rectal prolapse in a cadaver. This is also the first description of the Flex® Colorectal Drive robot being used transvaginally. This proof-of-concept approach demonstrates that transvaginal rectopexy using the Flex® Colorectal Drive is a potential surgical option to address rectal prolapse that could provide patients the durability of a transabdominal approach with the decreased morbidity of a perineal approach. While early results are promising, additional cadaveric studies are required before this procedure can be attempted in vivo.
Crashing Creatively: Trial and Error in the Hip Hop Battle

Hip hop battles are high stakes events: dancers stand face to face, and must improvise to the music and outperform an opponent. Although substantial scholarship attends to hip hop dance, experiences of failure are rarely addressed. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork on dance battles in Philadelphia, in the first part of the chapter I examine how dancers across a range of hip hop styles read and manage error through attention to the face, and in the second part of the chapter I focus specifically on breaking. I look at how b-boys and b-girls use ‘crashing’, a vernacular term for a physical error, as an opportunity for creative reinvention and a vital skill that can be deployed in other areas of their lives.
Utilization of acute gout prophylaxis in the real world: a retrospective database cohort analysis.

Determine the real-world incidence of acute gout prophylaxis (AGP) prescribing when a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) is initiated and describe characteristics of AGP prescribing. Retrospective cohort analysis from 2007 to 2017 using medical and prescription claims from an administrative database (IQVIA™ Health Plan Claims Database) among adult patients with a diagnosis of gout. Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients receiving AGP among all patients newly initiated on XOI therapy. Secondary endpoints included incidence proportions of acute flare and of XOI discontinuation among patients who received AGP compared to those who did not. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used in univariate analysis of proportions between treatment groups. A total of 7414 patients were included for analysis. There were 697 patients (9.4%) who received AGP with XOI initiation and colchicine alone was the most common medication used among patients who received prophylaxis (n = 303, 43.4%). The incidence proportion of patients with an acute gout flare within 3 months of index was 21.5% in the AGP cohort and 12.7% in the no prophylaxis cohort (p < 0.001). The proportion of patients who discontinued XOI within 12 months of initiation was 38.7% in the AGP cohort and 46.2% in the no prophylaxis cohort (p < 0.001). In the real world, the proportion of patients who receive AGP with initiation of XOI therapy is low and discontinuation of XOI within 12 months of initiation is significant. In this analysis, use of AGP was not associated with a lower risk of acute gout flare after initiation of XOI therapy.
Optimization of Thermal Pretreatment of Food Waste for Maximal Solubilization

AbstractFood waste has become an increasing concern across the globe. Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been recognized as an effective approach for handling this waste while generating biogas. AD’s per...