cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia during exercise testing in coronary artery disease

During exercise by patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia may precede the onset of angina or may be unassociated with angina, even at peak levels of stress. However, neither the precise incidence of silent versus symptomatic ischemic episodes nor their interrelation in this setting has been clearly defined. The prevalence of silent and symptomatic myocardial ischemia during treadmill exercise testing was determined in 92 patients with angiographically documented CAD. The study group comprised 77 men (84%) and 15 women (16%) of mean age 57 years (range 32 to 79). Exercise testing resulted in ischemic ST-segment depression (greater than or equal to 1 mm for greater than or equal to 80 ms) only or in association with delayed (greater than or equal to 1 minute) angina in 39 patients (42%); angina only or in association with delayed ST-segment depression occurred in 42 patients (46%); and simultaneous occurrence of angina and ST-segment depression was noted in 11 patients (12%). Analysis of clinical, exercise and angiographic factors (age, sex, history of myocardial infarction, heart rate, maximal ST-segment depression, extent of CAD and left ventricular ejection fraction) revealed no significant correlation with the frequency of symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia during exercise. Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia occurred commonly during exercise in patients with CAD, but there were no differences in the characteristics of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes.
Modeling and inference of multisubject fMRI data

This article reviews four commonly used approaches to group modeling in fMRI. The methods differ in their computational intensity (FSL with its two-level estimation including MCM being the most intense) and assumptions (SPM2 with its assumption of spatially homogeneous covariance V/sub g/ being most restrictive). This study also distinguishes fixed-effects models from mixed-effects models and motivates the importance of a mixed-effects model for group fMRI analysis. The sections following that describe single-subject modeling and show a general method for estimating the group model.
Anthrax Lethal Toxin Rapidly Activates Caspase-1/ICE and Induces Extracellular Release of Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18

Anthrax lethal toxin (LT), a critical virulence factor for Bacillus anthracis, has been demonstrated to cleave and to inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKKs) that propagate prosurvival signals in macrophages (1-5). Whether this action of anthrax LT leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages has been more controversial (6, 7). We now report that anthrax LT treatment leads to the specific extracellular release of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 by the murine macrophage cell lines, RAW264.7 and J774A.1. Studies of the processing of IL-1beta reveal that the levels of activated/cleaved IL-1beta in RAW264.7 and J774.A1 cells are increased following treatment with anthrax LT. Enhanced processing of IL-1beta directly correlates with increased levels in the activation of its upstream regulator, IL-1beta-converting enzyme/Caspase-1 (ICE). The extracellular release of IL-1beta and IL-18 in response to anthrax LT is ICE-dependent, as an ICE-specific inhibitor blocks this process. These data indicate that ICE, IL-1beta, and IL-18 are downstream effectors of anthrax LT in macrophages, providing the basis for new bioassays for anthrax LT activity and representing potential therapeutic targets.
Costs of Taxing Sodium: A Lunch Meat Application

The current American diet contains excessive amounts of sodium and saturated fat, which are high risk factors for cardiovascular disease (US Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010). Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported lunch meats to be the second highest source of sodium in American diets. Using 2006 Nielsen Homescan data and an AIDS framework, this study estimates the demand for eight disaggregated lunch meat products to determine the welfare costs associated with consuming these meat products. The estimated welfare analysis revealed that a tax rate that increases the price of the highest-sodium lunch meat (pepperoni) by 25 percent can reduce lunch meat consumption as well as lower the intake of lunch meat sodium by 20 percent.
Molecular analysis of Hurthle cell neoplasms by gene profiling

Background Though Hurthle cell tumors are considered a variant of follicular lesions, recent data have suggested that Hurthle cell carcinomas may be more closely related to papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). These studies were conducted to determine if molecular profiling can enhance our understanding of Hurthle cell neoplasms. Methods Thirteen Hurthle cell tumors (9 adenomas, 4 carcinomas) were analyzed with the Affymetrix HU-95 gene chips. Molecular profiles obtained were compared to 14 follicular adenomas (FAs), 7 follicular carcinomas (FCs), 10 PTCs, 11 follicular variant PTCs, and 9 hyperplastic nodules. Hierarchical cluster analysis defined potential groupings and differences among samples. Results Hurthle cell carcinomas grouped with FCs 100% of the time. Surprisingly, Hurthle cell adenomas clustered with FCs when compared to FAs and FCs in 8/9 (88%) cases. All 13 Hurthle cell lesions migrated as a distinct group separate from PTCs and FVPTCs. Finally, all Hurthle cell lesions clustered with FCs, rather than PTCs, when compared to both groups. Conclusions Molecular profiles of Hurthle cell adenomas and carcinomas are more similar to FCs than benign lesions or PTCs. Although Hurthle cell adenomas generally behave in a benign fashion, the molecular signature of these lesions suggests a more malignant phenotype.
An inherently fault tolerant sorting algorithm

The paper defines inherent fault tolerance and illustrates this approach by developing an inherently fault tolerant parallel sorting algorithm. In particular, it shows, how the algorithm can be developed systematically in four steps, namely, by starting with a conventional algorithm, extending it to an infinite iterative algorithm, incorporating inherent fault tolerance, and improving the performance. This inherently fault tolerant sorting algorithm sorts the input sequence of size N using N/2 processors in O(log/sup 2/N) time if there is no processor failure and sorts in O(2/sup (log(f+1))/log/sup 2/N), time if f processors have failed. >
Multicast routing and wavelength assignment in wide-area networks

This paper considers multicast routing and wavelength assignment (MCRWA) in a wide area all-optical network. We present static and dynamic MCRWA algorithms, and evaluate their blocking performance under various fanout splitting policies. Through simulations and comparisons with a lower bound, we demonstrate that dynamic MCRWA can perform significantly better than its static counterparts. We then quantify the throughput gain due to link sharing in multicasting. We also present an analytical model for estimating the blocking performance of the static MCRWA algorithms. The performance improvement with multifiber networks and with wavelength conversion are also investigated.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effect of Demand on Optimum Launch Vehicle Size

T HE reduction in operating costs associated with increasing vehicle size (economy of scale) is a well-known phenomenon common to both air and space transport vehicles. In order to realize the full effect of this reduction, however, load factor and utilization must remain constant as size increases. This implies a demand increasing as available capacity increases—in effect, an unlimited demand. In the air transportation market demand is usually limited. Hence a wide spectrum of aircraft sizes are available to fit specific market requirements with later configurations tending to lower rather than higher gross weights. It is interesting to examine the optimum launch vehicle size for both unlimited and limited demands using direct operating cost per pound of payload carried to low earth orbit (LEO) as the measure of effectiveness . The direct cost per pound in LEO includes a nonrecurring cost (mainly development), a recurring production cost, a recurring refurbishment cost (equivalent to vehicle maintenance), and the cost of fuel. If N vehicles are bulit and each vehicle is reused n times, then the nonrecurring cost, expressed as dollars per pound in orbit, is
Evaluation of apical seal in straight canals after obturation using the Lightspeed sectional method.

This study evaluated the sectional gutta-percha obturation technique advocated by Lightspeed Technology, Inc. Single relatively straight-canaled teeth were prepared with rotary instruments and divided into three groups. Groups A and B served as controls and were obturated using laterally condensed gutta-percha and either Roth's 801 or Ketac-Endo sealer. Group C was obturated using the Lightspeed technique that included placement of a 5-mm apical section of gutta-percha. followed by backfill with Ketac-Endo sealer and a single gutta-percha cone. All teeth were suspended in India ink for 14 days then cleared. Four additional teeth, which were obturated as in group C then sectioned, revealed a tightly adapted apical section of gutta-percha with a very thin layer of sealer. However, voids were noted in the middle and coronal areas. There was no significant difference in apical microleakage among the three groups. The sectional method was significantly faster than lateral condensation and seems to offer promise as an effective obturation method.
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL-RESISTANCE GENES AMONG ENTEROCOCCUS AND COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS ISOLATES RECOVERED FROM POULTRY LITTER

Abstract Data on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant enterococci and staphylococci from the poultry production environment are sparse in the United States. This information is needed for science-based risk assessments of antimicrobial use in animal husbandry and potential public-health consequences. In this study, we assessed the susceptibility of staphylococci and enterococci isolated from poultry litter, recovered from 24 farms across Georgia, to several antimicrobials of veterinary and human health importance. Among the 90 Enterococcus isolates recovered, E. hirae (46%) was the most frequently encountered species, followed by E. faecium (27%), E. gallinarum (12%), and E. faecalis (10%). Antimicrobial resistance was most often observed to tetracycline (96%), followed by clindamycin (90%), quinupristin–dalfopristin (62%), penicillin (53%), erythromycin (50%), nitrofurantoin (49%), and clarithromycin (48%). Among the 110 staphylococci isolates recovered, only coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) w...
The Concept of Retained Strength as Applied to Thermal Shocks

Retained Strength has been used to characterize the damage incurred by brittle materials when exposed to a thermal shock or to a sequence of thermal shocks. While it is a valid measure to qualitatively rank materials in a simplistic way, it cannot be used in any quantitative sense since it depends upon the specific thermal shock conditions and upon the type of test used to measure it. Given the current state of knowledge about fracture of brittle materials, retained strength should be considered as an artifact of a time when little was understood about fracture of brittle materials. When the residual strength of a ceramic is measured by mechanical tests subsequent to the exposure of a ceramic to a thermal shock, the isothermal test condtions must produce a stress field that is consistent with the stresses produced by the thermal shock. This paper describes the theoretical basis for retained strength and presents experimental data to show that retained strength measured from the isothermal tests cannot be used in general as an accurate measure of the thermal damage.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The Reduction of α-Tocopherolquinone by Human NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase: The Role of α-Tocopherolhydroquinone as a Cellular Antioxidant

α-Tocopherolquinone (TQ), a product of α-tocopherol oxidation, can function as an antioxidant after reduction to α-tocopherolhydroquinone (TQH2). We examined the ability of human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) to catalyze the reduction of TQ to TQH2 in cell-free and cellular systems. In reactions with purified human NQO1, TQ was reduced to TQH2. Kinetic parameters for the reduction of TQ by NQO1 (Km = 370 μm;kcat = 5.6 × 103 min−1;kcat/Km = 15 min−1 · μm−1) indicate that NQO1 can efficiently reduce TQ to TQH2. A comparison of the rate of reduction of TQ and coenzyme Q10 by NQO1 showed that TQ is reduced more efficiently than coenzyme Q10. Experiments with either Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human NQO1 or CHO cell sonicates demonstrated a correlation between NQO1 activity and TQ reduction to TQH2. CHO cells with elevated NQO1 generated and maintained higher levels of TQH2 after treatment with TQ relative to NQO1-deficient CHO cells. TQH2generated from NQO1-mediated reduction of TQ prevented cumene hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. In addition, cumene hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation was inhibited more efficiently by TQ in CHO cell lines with elevated NQO1 activity. These data demonstrate that NQO1 can reduce TQ to TQH2 and that TQH2 can function as an efficient antioxidant. This work suggests that one of the physiological functions of NQO1 may be to regenerate antioxidant forms of α-tocopherol.
Low-Dose Irradiation Enhances Gene Targeting in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are now being used for both disease modeling and cell therapy; however, efficient homologous recombination (HR) is often crucial to develop isogenic control or reporter lines. We showed that limited low-dose irradiation (LDI) using either γ-ray or x-ray exposure (0.4 Gy) significantly enhanced HR frequency, possibly through induction of DNA repair/recombination machinery including ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, histone H2A.X and RAD51 proteins. LDI could also increase HR efficiency by more than 30-fold when combined with the targeting tools zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Whole-exome sequencing confirmed that the LDI administered to hPSCs did not induce gross genomic alterations or affect cellular viability. Irradiated and targeted lines were karyotypically normal and made all differentiated lineages that continued to express green fluorescent protein targeted at the AAVS1 locus. This simple method allows higher throughput of new, targeted hPSC lines that are crucial to expand the use of disease modeling and to develop novel avenues of cell therapy.
Large Carbonate Associated Sulfate isotopic variability between brachiopods, micrite, and other sedimentary components in Late Ordovician strata

Carbonate Associated Sulfate (CAS) is trace sulfate incorporated into carbonate minerals during their precipitation. Its sulfur isotopic composition is often assumed to track that of seawater sulfate and inform global carbon and oxygen budgets through Earth's history. However, many CAS sulfur isotope records based on bulk-rock samples are noisy. To determine the source of bulk-rock CAS variability, we extracted CAS from different internal sedimentary components micro-drilled from well-preserved Late Ordovician and early Silurian-age limestones from Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. Mixtures of these components, whose sulfur isotopic compositions vary by nearly 25‰, can explain the bulk-rock CAS range. Large isotopic variability of sedimentary micrite CAS (^(34)S-depleted from seawater by up to 15‰) is consistent with pore fluid sulfide oxidation during early diagenesis. Specimens recrystallized during burial diagenesis have CAS ^(34)S-enriched by up to 9‰ from Hirnantian seawater, consistent with microbial sulfate reduction in a confined aquifer. In contrast to the other variable components, brachiopods with well-preserved secondary-layer fibrous calcite—a phase independently known to be the best-preserved sedimentary component in these strata—have a more homogeneous isotopic composition. These specimens indicate that seawater sulfate remained close to about 25‰ (V-CDT) through Hirnantian (end-Ordovician) events, including glaciation, mass extinction, carbon isotope excursion, and pyrite-sulfur isotope excursion. The textural relationships between our samples and their CAS isotope ratios highlight the role of diagenetic biogeochemical processes in setting the isotopic composition of CAS.
The Role of Cardiac Troponin T Quantity and Function in Cardiac Development and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Background: Hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathies result from sarcomeric protein mutations, including cardiac troponin T (cTnT, TNNT2). We determined whether TNNT2 mutations cause cardiomyopathies by altering cTnT function or quantity; whether the severity of DCM is related to the ratio of mutant to wildtype cTnT; whether Ca 2+ desensitization occurs in DCM; and whether absence of cTnT impairs early embryonic cardiogenesis. Methods and Findings: We ablated Tnnt2 to produce heterozygousTnnt2 +/2 mice, and crossbreeding produced homozygous null Tnnt2 2/2 embryos. We also generated transgenic mice overexpressing wildtype (TG WT ) or DCM mutant (TG K210D ) Tnnt2. Crossbreeding produced mice lacking one allele of Tnnt2, but carrying wildtype (Tnnt2 +/2 /TG WT ) or mutant (Tnnt2 +/2 /TG K210D ) transgenes.Tnnt2 +/2 mice relative towildtype hadsignificantly reducedtranscript(0.8260.06[SD] vs. 1.0060.12 arbitraryunits; p=0.025),butnot protein (1.0160.20 vs. 1.0060.13 arbitrary units;p=0.44). Tnnt2 +/2 mice had normal hearts(histology, mass, left ventricular end diastolic diameter [LVEDD], fractional shortening [FS]). Moreover, whereas Tnnt2 +/2 /TG K210D mice had severe DCM, TG K210D mice had only mild DCM (FS 1864 vs. 2967%; p,0.01). The difference in severity of DCM may be attributable to a greater ratio of mutant to wildtype Tnnt2 transcript in Tnnt2 +/2 /TG K210D relative to TG K210D mice (2.4260.08, p=0.03). Tnnt2 +/2 /TG K210D muscle showed Ca 2+ desensitization (pCa50=5.3460.08 vs. 5.5860.03 at sarcomere length 1.9 mm, p,0.01), but no difference in maximum force generation. Day 9.5 Tnnt2 2/2 embryos had normally looped hearts, but thin
Fast displacement probability profile approximation from HARDI using 4th-order tensors

Cartesian tensor basis have been widely used to approximate spherical functions. In Medical Imaging, tensors of various orders have been used to model the diffusivity function in Diffusion-weighted MRI data sets. However, it is known that the peaks of the diffusivity do not correspond to orientations of the underlying fibers and hence the displacement probability profiles should be employed instead. In this paper, we present a novel representation of the probability profile by a 4th order tensor, which is a smooth spherical function that can approximate single-fibers as well as multiple-fiber structures. We also present a method for efficiently estimating the unknown tensor coefficients of the probability profile directly from a given high-angular resolution diffusion-weighted (HARDI) data set. The accuracy of our model is validated by experiments on synthetic and real HARDI datasets from a fixed rat spinal cord.
Extended Outcomes of Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation Using MammoSite Balloon-Based System

3%, 0%, 3%, 5%, 8% and 19% with average VDOI standard deviation at 0.05, and average VDOI percentage standard deviation at 5%. Conclusions: The unified VDOI provides quantitative information for evaluation of the overlay degree of the treatment target and prescription dose volume, and this index helps correlating the outcome and treatment variation due to geometric displacement and other uncertainty. Also VDOI for larger irradiated area needs further investigation.
Effects of Ethanol on Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Elderly

We have previously reported that in young men, ethanol caused acute insulin resistance, but compensatory insulin secretion prevented deterioration of glucose tolerance (1). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that elderly men, because of their pre-existing insulin resistance and compromised insulin secretory capacity, may experience worsening of their glucose tolerance after ethanol. Nine elderly men (65.7 +/- 0.8 yr, BMI 25.8 +/- 1.4 kg/m2) received ethanol (13 mmol/kg for 30 min i.v.) or saline followed 30 min later by i.v. glucose (2.8 mmol/kg for 5 min). To determine the mechanism of the ethanol effect, six of the men underwent euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic (approximately 350 pM) clamping with simultaneous infusion of ethanol or saline. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and 1 and 4 h after insulin infusion. In all nine men, glucose concentrations after i.v. glucose were higher after ethanol than after saline, whereas insulin was the same and glucose tolerance decreased by 23% (Kg 2.41 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.86 +/- 0.1%/min, P < 0.01). Ethanol reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake from 40.6 +/- 3.1 to 25.6 +/- 1.9 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (-37%, P < 0.05), glucose oxidation from 11.7 +/- 1.1 to 7.0 +/- 0.7 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (-33%, P < 0.01), and glucose storage from 28.7 +/- 2.4 to 18.6 +/- 1.7 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (-35%, P < 0.01). Ethanol increased muscle lactate concentration from 0.49 +/- 0.14 to 1.99 +/- 0.99 mumol/mg protein (P < 0.05), but had no effects on muscle concentration of free glucose, G-6-P, and citrate concentrations, nor did it affect muscle GS activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The impact of comorbid gastroesophageal reflux disease on endoscopic sinus surgery quality-of-life outcomes.

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are common entities that overlap in patient demographics. The pathophysiologic role of GERD has yet to be elucidated, but it is postulated that extraesophageal reflux may contribute to worsening symptoms of CRS. This study seeks to investigate whether patients with CRS with and without a history of GERD experience comparable quality-of-life (QOL) improvement after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Methods An adult cohort (n = 229) with medically refractory CRS was prospectively assessed following ESS using 3 disease-specific QOL constructs. A patient subset with a history of comorbid GERD was retrospectively identified (n = 72) and preoperative and postoperative QOL were compared to patients without GERD (n = 157). Results Patients with comorbid GERD and CRS were comparable across all baseline patient characteristics (p > 0.050) with the exception of patients with a history of GERD; those patients were less likely to have undergone allergy testing (p 0.050). Both groups experienced significant QOL improvement across all QOL constructs (p ≤ 0.021), and no difference was detected in the magnitude of that improvement between patients with and without a history of GERD (p > 0.050). Similarly, patients on active medical therapy for GERD (n = 49) had QOL gains comparable to patients not reporting GERD medical therapy (p > 0.050). Conclusion Patients electing ESS for CRS with and without comorbid GERD have comparable baseline characteristics and QOL outcomes following surgery.
Visible wavelength Doppler Lidar for measurement of wind and aerosol profiles during day and night

The University of Michigan's Space Physics Research Laboratory has constructed a mobile high-spectral-resolution Doppler lidar capable of measuring wind and aerosol loading profiles in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The system uses a 3-W pulsed frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm as the active source. Backscattered signal is collected by a 44.4-cm-diameter Newtonian telescope. A two axis mirror scanning system allows the instrument to achieve full sky coverage. A pair of Fabry-Perot interferometers in combination with a narrowband (0.1nm) interference filter are used to filter daylight background and provide a high spectral resolving element to measure the Doppler shift. In addition, the aerosol and molecular scattered components of the signal can be separated, giving a measure of the relative aerosol loading. Measurements have been made day and night in the boundary layer with vertical resolution of 100 m and a temporal resolution of approximately 5 minutes. Accuracy of the wind velocity is on the order of 1 to 2 m/s in the boundary layer.
Added release time in diffusion/dissolution coupled release

While increasingly sophisticated models have been developed to more accurately predict dispersed solute release from complex systems, distillation of their results into quantitative trends has been difficult. Here, the numerically calculated release profiles of coupled diffusion/dissolution systems are quantified by their cumulative release time (CRT) and compared against corresponding diffusion-controlled limits. The increase in CRT due to a finite dissolution rate was found to vary inversely with the second Damkohler number across several orders of magnitude, and also vary linearly with the amount of solid drug loaded in the system. The analytical nature of the relationship provides new physical insights into the system and appears to be indifferent to the form of the secondary rate-limiting step. This work provides a simple analytical expression with which one can not only predict the mean release time for a given set of parameter values, but understand precisely how each parameter value will affect it. The simplicity of the correlation and the lack of apparent limits to its validity also suggest the existence of an analytical pathway for its derivation, which may yield additional insights into the effect of secondary rate processes on controlled release.
Riding The Crest of a Protest Wave? Collective Action Frames in The Gay Liberation Movement, 1969-1973

The major collective action frames of the U.S. gay liberation movement between 1969 and 1973 are described and their development traced. The origins of these frames lie in either the sixties protest wave or in the older homophile movement. These frames—gay is good, sexual liberation, heterosexism, oppression is everywhere—emerged dialectically and creatively from these two protest streams. Their emergence illustrates the utility of a focus on both social movement continuity and cycles of protest in explaining how social movement culture is created. This creative convergence did not produce a unitary ideology or a master frame from which the movement drew its strategy, goals, and collective identity. Instead, it created a tension between the notion of gay people as a minority group and the notion of gay people as cultural critics.
Impact of high-fat diet on the proteome of mouse liver

Chronic overnutrition, for instance, high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, is a major cause of rapidly growing incidence of metabolic syndromes. However, the mechanisms underlying HFD-induced adverse effects on human health are not clearly understood. HFD-fed C57BL6/J mouse has been a popular model employed to investigate the mechanisms. Yet, there is no systematic and comprehensive study of the impact of HFD on the protein profiles of the animal. Here, we present a proteome-wide study of the consequences of long-term HFD feeding. Utilizing a powerful technology, stable isotope labeling of mammals, we detected and quantitatively compared 965 proteins extracted from livers of chow-diet-fed and HFD-fed mice. Among which, 122 proteins were significantly modulated by HFD. Fifty-four percent of those 122 proteins are involved in metabolic processes and the majority participate in lipid metabolism. HFD up-regulates proteins that play important roles in fatty acid uptake and subsequent oxidation and are linked to the transcription factors PPARα and PGC-1α. HFD suppresses lipid biosynthesis-related proteins that play major roles in de novo lipogenesis and are linked to SREBP-1 and PPARγ. These data suggest that HFD-fed mice tend to develop enhanced fat utilization and suppressed lipid biosynthesis, understandably a self-protective mechanism to counteract to excessive fat loading, which causes liver steatosis. Enhanced fatty acid oxidation increases reactive oxygen species and inhibits glucose oxidation, which are associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. This proteomics study provides molecular understanding of HFD-induced pathology and identifies potential targets for development of therapeutics for metabolic syndromes.
Integration of Host Plant Resistance and Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticides in the Management of Lepidopterous Pests of Celery

J. Econ. Entomol. 88(6) : 1787-1794 (1995) Experiments were conducted to assess the combined effects of host plant resistance in Apium graveolens and Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides on damage caused by the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), under field conditions. The celeriac, A. graveolens variety rapaceum, cultivar 'PI 357333' had significantly less feeding damage than another celeriac, cultivar, 'PI 223333'. Celeriac cultivars had fewer petioles with lepidopteran feeding damage compared with celery, A. graveolens variety dulce, cultivars. When B. thuringiensis treatments significantly reduced feeding damage, the combined effect of host plant resistance and B. thuringiensis was additive, suggesting that these are compatible pest management tactics.
Performing a lung disability evaluation: how, when, and why?

OBJECTIVES The objective of this review is to present a case-based clinical discussion on this topic. METHODS The article represents part of the proceedings of the Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease conference held by the American College of Chest Physicians at Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in 2013, and is based upon a nonsystematic review of the current literature by the author. RESULTS Although the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment is the mainstay for evaluating respiratory impairment, many other impairment schemata are currently available in the United States. Impairment evaluation for a case with chronic respiratory disease and a separate case with asthma is discussed. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary function tests are the cornerstone for evaluating respiratory impairment. Impairment values differ between various impairment schemata. Impairment evaluation for asthma may be particularly difficult.
Intrageneric Effect of Killer Toxin Produced by Cryptococcus Laurentii

(1986). Intrageneric Effect of Killer Toxin Produced by Cryptococcus Laurentii. Mycologia: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 287-289.
Abnormal postpartum renal development and cystogenesis in the bcl-2 (-/-) mouse.

Mice deficient for B cell leukemia/lymphoma gene 2 [bcl-2 (-/-) mice] manifest congenital renal hypoplasia and develop multicystic kidney disease and renal failure postnatally. To characterize postpartum renal development, to identify the cellular origin of the cysts, and to provide insight into the role that bcl-2 deficiency plays in the cystogenic process, we examined the morphology of kidneys from bcl-2 (-/-) mice and wild-type littermates [bcl-2 (+/+)] from birth (P0) to postpartum day 28 (P28), determined whether abnormalities of cellular proliferation and apoptosis accompany cyst development, and characterized expression of the bcl-2-related protein, bax. Between P0 and P7, kidneys from bcl-2 (-/-) and bcl-2 (+/+) mice undergo a comparable increase in weight and have similar histological appearances. However, during the next 2 wk of life, weight gain in kidneys from bcl-2 (-/-) mice is reduced compared with that in kidneys from bcl-2 (+/+) animals, and cysts develop in tubules with staining characteristics of proximal tubule, distal tubule/medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, and collecting duct. Unaffected glomeruli and proximal tubules in kidneys of bcl-2 (-/-) ) mice undergo compensatory growth. Cystogenesis is accompanied by enhanced incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in cells within cortex and medulla and apoptosis of cells within cysts and in the renal interstitium. Bax protein is expressed in the distal tubule in kidneys of bcl-2 (+/+) and bcl-2 (-/-) mice and in some, but not all cysts. We conclude that abnormal regulation of DNA synthesis and apoptosis accompany cystogenesis in bcl-2 (-/-) mice during postpartum kidney development. Continued expression of bax could enhance apoptotic cell death.
Process for making soluble granules of florfenicol

A new process is put forward for making florfenicol soluble granules,which has been optimized by orthogonal experiment.It uses 5% PVP and 50% ethanol as binder.The yield is up to 90%,and the product has good solubility.
Development and Field Application of Type TY - 2000 Detector with Absorption Features

Type TY - 2000 detector with absorption feature developed by Fushun Branch of CCRI is the research result of state ' the tenth five- year 'project , It is an kind of device with high automation and high accuracy which can be used for detecting and analysis absorption feature of coal samples (i. e. gas pressure and the relation between cutting desorption index △h2. . ). The principle、 testing process and field testing for this device is introduced in this text.
PARP6 is a Regulator of Hippocampal Dendritic Morphogenesis

Mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation) of mammalian proteins was first described as a post-translational modification catalyzed by bacterial toxins. It is now known that endogenous MARylation occurs in mammalian cells and is catalyzed by 11 members of the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) family of proteins (17 in humans). The physiological roles of these PARPs remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that PARP6, a neuronally enriched PARP that catalyzes MARylation, regulates hippocampal dendrite morphogenesis, a process that is critical for proper neural circuit formation during development. Knockdown of PARP6 significantly decreased dendritic complexity in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons in culture and in vivo. Expression of wild-type PARP6 increased dendritic complexity; conversely, expression of a catalytically inactive PARP6 mutant, or a cysteine-rich domain deletion mutant that has significantly reduced catalytic activity, decreased dendritic complexity. The identification of PARP6 as a regulator of dendrite morphogenesis supports a role for MARylation in neurons during development.
Development and evaluation of feature-focused dynamic routing policy

This paper reports on a development of feature-focused dynamic routing policy and its evaluation in a flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) simulation framework. The dynamic policy is based on an integrative methodology in which process planning system IMPlanner is integrated with FMS simulation module. IMPlanner’s rule-based system process selection system performs knowledge-intensive task of generating alternative processing options for each feature for parts in production plan. Generated alternative routings (process plan network) for each part are utilized in the FMS simulation module such that routing decision in FMS are made on periodic intervals by considering alternative processes for each feature and making decision based on the current system status and performance. The proposed framework has been evaluated in an experimental FMS simulation module, implemented in Arena, in which two performance criteria, machine utilization and WIP, were used to make routing decisions. The feature-focused approach is compared with traditional static decision-making, and its improved performance is demonstrated.
Evolution of vortical structures in a curved artery model with non-Newtonian blood-analog fluid under pulsatile inflow conditions

Steady flow and physiological pulsatile flow in a rigid 180° curved tube are investigated using particle image velocimetry. A non-Newtonian blood-analog fluid is used, and in-plane primary and secondary velocity fields are measured. A vortex detection scheme (d 2-method) is applied to distinguish vortical structures. In the pulsatile flow case, four different vortex types are observed in secondary flow: deformed-Dean, Dean, Wall and Lyne vortices. Investigation of secondary flow in multiple cross sections suggests the existence of vortex tubes. These structures split and merge over time during the deceleration phase and in space as flow progresses along the 180° curved tube. The primary velocity data for steady flow conditions reveal additional vortices rotating in a direction opposite to Dean vortices—similar to structures observed in pulsatile flow—if the Dean number is sufficiently high.
Impact of climate change on precipitation patterns: a comparative approach

Assessment of the impact of climate change on future precipitation scenarios is critical for water resources planning and development. Despite the advances reported in climate modelling, it remains a challenge to adequately develop approaches for impact assessment that can be easily interpreted by a wide range of decision makers in the society. The future scenarios are customarily projected with a range of uncertainties. Based on a case study, this article first discusses the complementarity of different statistical tools that are relevant for assessing the impact of climate change. Then, it reports a probabilistic method, which shows promising applicability. Specifically, we address the effect of climate change over the entire range of monthly precipitation and the number of precipitation events (>3 mm) across the Texas Gulf watershed. We consider daily precipitation series released by the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program for historical (1971–2000) and future (2041–2070) periods. The precipitation series are bias-corrected and are then analysed using different statistical methods, including trends and pooled analyses. Subsequently, we present a probabilistic approach that is capable of depicting the plausible effects of climate change in time and space. Finally, we infer temporal changes in seasonal precipitation across the watershed, which suggest meaningful spatial disparity. The probabilistic approach may serve as a complementary tool that seems to be relevant for a holistic interpretation of critical changes in precipitation patterns under climate change.
Invariants of the general linear group

This chapter deals with methods for computing the invariants of an arbitrary polynomial representation of the general linear group GL(C n). The main algorithm, to be presented in Sect. 4.6, is derived from Hilbert (1893). We will discuss Hilbert’s algorithm from the point of view of Grobner bases theory. This chapter is less elementary than the previous three. While most of the presentation is self-contained, familiarity with basic notions of commutative algebra and representation theory will be assumed.
“It’s worth our time”: a model of culturally and linguistically supportive professional development for K-12 STEM educators

Professional development on issues of language and culture is often separate from professional development on issues related to STEM education, resulting in linguistic and cultural gaps in K-12 STEM pedagogy and practice. To address this issue, we have designed a model of professional development in which we work with educators to build cultural and linguistic competence and to disseminate information about how educators view the relevance of language, communication, and culture to STEM teaching and learning. We describe the design and facilitation of our model of culturally and linguistically responsive professional development, grounded in theories of multicultural education and culturally supportive teaching, through professional development workshops to 60 K-12 STEM educators from schools in Maryland and Virginia that serve African American students. Participants noted that culturally and linguistically responsive approaches had yet to permeate their K-12 STEM settings, which they identified as a critical challenge to effectively teaching and engaging African-American students. Based on pre-surveys, workshops were tailored to participants’ stated needs for information on literacy (e.g., disciplinary literacies and discipline-specific jargon), cultural conflict and mismatch (e.g., student–teacher miscommunication), and linguistic bias in student assessment (e.g., test design). Educators shared feedback via post-workshop surveys, and a subset of 28 participants completed in-depth interviews and a focus group. Results indicate the need for further implementation of professional development such as ours that address linguistic and cultural issues, tailored for K-12 STEM educators. Although participants in this study enumerated several challenges to meeting this need, they also identified opportunities for collaborative solutions that draw upon teacher expertise and are integrated with curricula across content areas.
Pace Law School China Program

The Pace Law School China Program is primarily built on the American arm of the Sino-American Center for Environmental Legal Education and Research (SACELER). Established in 2005, SACELER is a collaboration between Pace Law School and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Law (SJTU). The mission of SACELER is to increase academic dialogue between China and the United States on topics related to environmental, energy, and land use law. Enhanced communication among legal students and scholars will prepare a new generation of environmental advocates to cooperate with China on transnational environmental and energy issues like climate change, energy efficiency and renewable energy. In addition, experience with U.S.-China environmentalism and energy policies will produce students who are ready to tackle the challenges of global environmental governance.Pace Law School maintains extensive relationships in China and has the ability to convene prominent environmental scholars from around the world. Vital to the strength of the China Program are Pace Law School’s university relationships that include memoranda of understanding (MOUs) with Wuhan University Law School and Southwest University of Policy, Science and Law as well as SJTU. These MOUs include provisions for scholarly collaboration, student and faculty exchanges, and the creation in process of a Pace-SJTU Confucius Institute and an Advisory Board.
Knock-out models reveal new aquaporin functions.

Knockout mice have been informative in the discovery of unexpected biological functions of aquaporins. Knockout mice have confirmed the predicted roles of aquaporins in transepithelial fluid transport, as in the urinary concentrat- ing mechanism and glandular fluid secretion. A less obvious, though predictable role of aquaporins is in tissue swelling under stress, as in the brain in stroke, tu- mor and infection. Phenotype analysis of aquaporin knockout mice has revealed several unexpected cellular roles of aquaporins whose mechanisms are being eluci- dated. Aquaporins facilitate cell migration, as seen in aquaporin-dependent tumor angiogenesis and tumor metastasis, by a mechanism that may involve facilitated water transport in lamellipodia of migrating cells. The 'aquaglyceroporins', aqua- porins that transport both glycerol and water, regulate glycerol content in epider- mis, fat and other tissues, and lead to a multiplicity of interesting consequences of gene disruption including dry skin, resistance to skin carcinogenesis, impaired cell
A performance study of the impact of recombination on species tree analysis

The most widely used state-of-the-art methods for reconstructing species phylogenies from genomic sequence data assume that sampled loci are identically and independently distributed. In principle, free recombination between loci and a lack of intra-locus recombination are necessary to satisfy this assumption. Few studies have quantified the practical impact of recombination on species tree inference methods, and even fewer have used genomic sequence data for this purpose. One prominent exception is the 2012 study of Lanier and Knowles. A main finding from the study was that species tree inference methods are relatively robust to intra-locus recombination, assuming free recombination between loci. The latter assumption means that the open question regarding the impact of recombination on species tree analysis is not fully resolved. The goal of this study is to further investigate this open question. Using simulations based upon the multi-species coalescent-with-recombination model as well as empirical datasets, we compared common pipeline-based techniques for inferring species phylogenies. The simulation conditions included a range of dataset sizes and several choices for recombination rate which was either uniform across loci or incorporated recombination hotspots. We found that pipelines which explicitly utilize inferred recombination breakpoints to delineate recombination-free intervals result in greater accuracy compared to widely used alternatives that preprocess sequences based upon linkage disequilibrium decay. Furthermore, the use of a relatively simple approach for recombination breakpoint inference does not degrade the accuracy of downstream species tree inference compared to more accurate alternatives. Our findings clarify the impact of recombination upon current phylogenomic pipelines for species tree inference. Pipeline-based approaches which utilize inferred recombination breakpoints to densely sample loci across genomic sequences can tolerate intra-locus recombination and violations of the assumption of free recombination between loci.
Physiological consequences of astrocyte-to-neuron signaling

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION! Introduction 1 Dissertation Organization 14 References 16 CHAPTER 2. GLUTAMATE-DEPENDENT ASTROCYTE MODULATION OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION BETWEEN CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS 26 Abstract 26 Introduction 27 Materials and Methods 28 Results 31 Discussion 38 Acknowledgments 43 Abbreviations 43 References 43 CHAPTER 3. CALCIUM ELEVATION IN ASTROCYTES CAUSES AN NMDA RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF MINIATURE SYNAPTIC CURPJENTS IN CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS 63 Abstract 63 Introduction 64 Materials and Methods 66
Discrete Time Nonlinear Balancing

Abstract This paper extends earlier work on balanced realizations for smooth nonlinear systems to the discrete time setting. The main idea behind the global balanced structure, if it exists, is that the linearized system along a nominal solution is balanced in the usual linear time-varying sense. Hence the global nonlinear balanced system is defined as the one that closes the commutative diagram between linearization and balancing.
Initiating the Two Legal Cultures of the Early United States: St. George Tucker vs. James Wilson

Different perspectives on the idea of merging states and the meaning of the word itself, as well as the nature of the law among them were raised in the earliest law courses offered in the United States for which detailed documentation survive. In 1790, courses on law were taught for the first time by James Wilson, at the University of Pennsylvania, and by St. George Tucker at the College of William and Mary. Wilson only lectured for two terms and never delivered about half of his lectures: nevertheless, his manuscripts were collected and published posthumously by his son Bird Wilson in 1804. At the College of William and Mary, between 1790 and 1803, St. George Tucker offered a course on law, the gist of which he published in 1803 as appendices to Sir William Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England.