cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinal vessel density from optical coherence tomography angiography to differentiate early glaucoma, pre-perimetric glaucoma and normal eyes

Purpose To evaluate optic nerve vascular density using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with early primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), pre-perimetric glaucoma and normal eyes. Methods This is a prospective, observational study including 56 eyes in total and divided into 3 groups; 20 eyes with mild POAG, 20 pre-perimetric glaucoma eyes, and 16 age-matched normal eyes as controls. The optic disc region was imaged by a 1050-nm-wavelength swept-source OCT system (DRI OCT Triton, TOPCON). Vessel density was assessed as the ratio of the area occupied by the vessels in 3 distinct regions: 1) within the optic nerve head; 2) in the 3 mm papillary region around the optic disc; and 3) in the peripapillary region, defined as a 700-μm-wide elliptical annulus around the disc. The potential associations between vessel density and structural, functional measures were analyzed. Results There was a statistically significant difference for the peripapillary vessel density, optic nerve head vessel density, and papillary vessel density among all the groups (p<0.001). Control eyes showed a significant difference for all measured vessel densities compared to glaucomatous eyes (p values from 0.001 to 0.024). There was a statistically significant difference between control and pre-perimetric glaucoma eyes for peripapillary, optic nerve head and papillary vessel density values (p values from 0.001 to 0.007). The optic nerve head vessel density, superior and inferior papillary area vessel density (Pearson r = 0.512, 0.436, 0.523 respectively) were highly correlated with mean overall, superior and inferior RNFL thickness in POAG eyes (p = 0.04, p = 0.02 and p = 0.04 respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis of POAG group showed that optic nerve head vessel density in POAG group was more strongly linked to RNFL thickness than to any other variables. Conclusions Eyes with mild POAG could be differentiated from pre-perimetric glaucoma eyes, which also could be differentiated from normal eyes using OCTA-derived retinal vessel density measurements.
Spell of the Urubamba: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time

SPELL OF THE URUBAMBA: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time. By Daniel W. Gade. xv and 354 pp.; maps, diagrs., ills., bibliog., index. New York, London: Springer, 2016....
Surface Restructuring of Nickel Sulfide Generates Optimally Coordinated Active Sites for Oxygen Reduction Catalysis

Summary The Ni 3 S 2 bulk phase supports efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis in pH neutral aqueous electrolytes. Here, we combine electrochemistry, surface spectroscopy, and high-resolution microscopy to show that Ni 3 S 2 undergoes self-limiting oxidative surface restructuring under ORR conditions to form an amorphous surface film conformally coating the Ni 3 S 2 crystallites. The surface film has a nominal NiS stoichiometry and is highly active for ORR catalysis. Density functional theory calculations suggest that, to a first approximation, the catalytic activity of nickel sulfides is determined by the Ni-S coordination numbers at surface-exposed sites through a simple geometric descriptor. In particular, Ni surface sites with three S nearest neighbors, formed via reconstruction of the Ni 3 S 2 surface, provide an optimal energetic landscape for ORR catalysis. By providing a framework for understanding catalytic activity on reconstructed amorphous surface phases, the work enables the rational design of high-performance electrocatalysts based on kinetically labile, earth-abundant materials.
The differential influence of temperature on Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora pod lesion expansion, mycelia growth, gene expression, and metabolite profiles

Abstract Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora cause black pod rot of cacao. P. megakarya occurs in Africa while P. palmivora is distributed world-wide. P. palmivora has a higher temperature maximum (34 °C) than P. megakarya (30 °C). Factors contributing to temperature maxima in Phytophthora species have not been studied in detail. In culture, P. megakarya lost viability after 3 days at 32 °C while P. palmivora viability began decreasing after 3 days at 36 °C. When exposed to heat, genes encoding heat shock proteins and chaperones were most commonly induced in both species. Heat responsive genes in P. palmivora also tended to be induced at low temperatures (9 °C and 11 °C). In general, P. palmivora maintained higher metabolite pools than P. megakarya, although some temperature induced differences were recorded. When recovering from heat stress, P. megakarya produced a coralloid form of mycelia not previously observed in any Phytophthora species. P. megakarya's temperature range mimics the cacao production conditions in Africa and elevated seasonal field temperatures there are unlikely to persist long enough to eliminate P. megakarya although Phytophthora induced disease epidemiology may be influenced.
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: A case report with a novel mutation in the SLC34A2 gene and review of the literature

Abstract Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by intraalveolar psammomatous calcium phosphate deposition. Patients with PAM are often asymptomatic until the third or fourth decade, when they most frequently develop symptoms including dyspnea, and dry cough. Only one-third of the reported patients are under twenty years of age and manifestation during infancy is extremely rare. We present a case of an infant with chronic respiratory symptoms including tachypnea, retractions, crackles, and hypoxia since 2 months of age. Chest computed topography at age 8 months showed bilateral diffuse ground glass opacities and septal thickening suggestive of interstitial lung disease. Lung biopsy showed numerous intraalveolar calcified laminated structures consistent with PAM. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis, demonstrating a previously unreported mutation c.524-18_559del in the SLC34A2 gene.
Use of Photoemission and Related Techniques to Study Device Fabrication

This paper will be different from many of the others in this book. Although we share the interest of all the authors in the performance and testing of semiconductor devices, our approach is somewhat different. Rather than concentrating on examining completed devices, our approach is to examine, on a fundamental and atomic basis, the formation of a device structure or even a subcomponent of a device structure. The work was motivated by the realization of two factors: (1) that so many steps in a semiconductor device fabrication had become highly empirical, and (2) new tools have appeared which could be developed to investigate the device components and their fabrication on a detailed (atomic) level which had not been previously available. Rather than writing in the abstract, we will concentrate in this chapter on two major device components-the semiconductor-oxide interface and the Schottky barrier.
Thermal irradiation preferences of White-crowned Sparrows in relation to ambient temperature

Abstract Various aspects of behavior of White-crowned Sparrows in an irradiation perference unit were examined. Included were influences of the preference cages themselves, orientation in the room, illumination, and temperature-irradiation intensity combinations. Of these, temperature and thermal irradiation had the most pronounced effects. At low temperatures birds spent a relatively large fraction of their 480 min photoperiod in environments of moderate irradiation intensity and a smaller fraction at a higher intensity (e.g., mean values at 5°C: 188 min and 96 min in 1.0 and 0.4 gcal/cm 2 -min, respectively; and 67 min in 1.7 gcal/cm 2 -min). At higher temperatures the birds spent less time in the irradiated environments (e.g., mean values at 30°C: 6 min and 33 min in 1.0 and 0.4 gcal/cm 2 -min, respectively). Instead a larger proportion of time was spent in the air stream (e.g., 196 min vs 42 min at 30°C vs 5°C, respectively). Time intervals spent in irradiated environments were generally longer at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. Interpreted jointly with measurements of oxygen consumption as a function of air temperature and irradiation intensity, the data show that White-crowned Sparrows have sensitive powers of behavioral thermoregulation with respect to incident radiation.
FDA Regulatory Approach to Reproductive Tissues

FDA regulations related to reproductive tissue donation are designed to reduce the risk of communicable disease transmission. The goal of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of how FDA regulates donated reproductive tissues used for assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that will be useful for clinicians and laboratories providing these medical services and treatments. This chapter relies on FDA regulations and FDA guidance documents. It is recommended to refer to the regulations themselves, and the guidance documents and other references, for complete information about the regulatory requirements.
New method of out-of-time energy subtraction for the CMS hadronic calorimeter

The CMS hadronic calorimeter employs plastic scintillator active material in the barrel and endcap (HBHE). In Run 2, the LHC operates at 13 TeV center-of-mass energy with up to 50 simultaneous collisions per bunch crossing (pileup) and a 25 ns bunch spacing. The HBHE scintillator light pulse is only 60% contained in a 25 ns window, resulting in significant pulse overlap for consecutive events (out-of-time pileup). This talk presents a novel algorithm that will be used in 2018 for subtracting out-of-time pileup in HBHE both online in the software trigger and offline. The algorithm includes methods for both the barrel with hybrid photodiode photosensors and QIE8 digitizers, and the endcap with silicon photomultipliers and QIE11 digitizers, including the challenging charge-dependent pulse shaping effects of the QIEs. The on-detector pulse shape measurement method and results are also shown. The new algorithm is five-to-ten times faster than the previous one, and for the first time CMS will use the offline method at the trigger level.
Carbon footprint of corn-soy-oats rotations in the US Midwest using data from real biological farm management practices

Abstract Agricultural soil management is responsible for a significant portion of net greenhouse gas emission in the United States. Alternative and sustainable agricultural practices are important, as they may help minimize the carbon footprint from agriculture. We developed a framework to account for the carbon footprint (C-footprint), i.e., cumulative greenhouse gas generation of various stages in the cultivation of the crop rotation system of corn-soybean-oats. We obtained real-farm data for this analysis from a biological farming and management company (referred to as bio-farming), and benchmarked this footprint against a conventional farm baseline. The analysis included process modeling i.e., the upstream manufacture of fertilizers and crop applications, local mixing and transport of solid fertilizers (in the bio-farming scenario), on-farm fuel use by farm machinery, as well as agricultural modeling of on-farm soil interactions using the soil & water assessment tool (SWAT). Results varied based on individual crops, and showed that bio-farming practices generated a 44% lower C-footprint for corn, 69% lower footprint for soy and 70% lower footprint for oats compared to conventional farming on a kgCO2e/bushel basis. The on-field (N2O) emissions contributed most significantly to the total carbon footprint at 70%, 96%, and 89% of the total emissions in corn, soy and oats, respectively. C-footprint results of all crops showed a high dependence on the yield of the respective crop. Sensitivity analyses showed that the application of lime and lack of cover crop increased C-footprint. We identified strategies to reduce emissions from the bio-farming scenario further by implementing management strategies.
Taste Perception and Water Swallow Screen Results in Old-Old Women.

Changes in both swallowing and taste commonly occur in advanced age, though the relationship between the two is unknown. This study examined the association between a water swallow screen test and taste identification and intensity rating. Participants included 47 community-dwelling women aged 85–94 years. Participants completed three trials of a water swallow screen and were observed for signs of aspiration, which, if present, indicated failure. Four pure taste stimuli at low and high concentrations and water were presented, and participants selected one of five taste labels and rated their intensity on the generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale. Ratios of intensity ratings were computed for each taste stimulus to compare the perception of low and high concentrations. The association between water swallow screen failure, correct taste identification, and taste intensity ratio was evaluated with logistic regression modeling, with mediating factors of frailty and number of comorbidities. Failure of three water swallow screen trials was associated with a higher taste intensity ratio for caffeine (bitter) and a lower taste intensity ratio for sucrose (sweet). Correct identification of taste, frailty, and number of comorbidities were not associated with failure of any number of water swallow screen trials. Intensity ratings of certain tastes may be associated with swallowing in old-old women. Heightened vigilance in this population may be necessary to prevent complications related to dietary intake.
The racial coding of performance debate: race, difference, and policy debate

It is time for debate to do away with performance debate—not the practices this label describes, but rather the label itself. This article argues that performance debate is racially-coded language ...
Systems Thinking and Educating the Heads, Hands, and Hearts of Chemistry Majors

The recent calls to reorient chemistry education so that it explicitly incorporates a systems perspective offer the potential for learning environments where students not only learn how chemists think and do various tasks in the lab, but also learn about the relationship between chemistry and the larger society. This reorientation will more fully engage students in the three complementary dimensions central to their preparation to become members of a profession like chemistry. The pedagogical approach developed by SENCER (Science Education for New Civic Engagements and Responsibilities) is one way that faculty could reorient chemistry courses toward a systems perspective and provide increased emphasis on the ethical nature of chemistry’s impact on society. An undergraduate chemistry curriculum that educates “head, hands, and heart” offers great potential to prepare students to become chemists that are fully committed to the ACS vision of “improving people’s lives through the transforming power of chemistry”.
Determination of hardness-strength and -flow behavior relationships in bulged aluminum alloys and verification by FE analysis on Rockwell hardness test

Determination of mechanical properties in bulged specimens has its own challenges due to their nonhomogeneous geometry. In the present study, a set of empirical hardness-strength-hardening law correlations is proposed to estimate the flow behavior of the bulged specimens. To do so, comprehensive empirical strength-hardness correlations applicable for all aluminum alloys were developed by collecting datasets from 16 individual studies. These relationships were then compared with hardness/strength experimental data obtained from heat-treated AA6061 and AA7075 tubular specimens. Then, a set of empirical models was developed to calibrate the coefficients of the Holloman and Voce type hardening laws by utilizing the measured hardness and strength values. Finally, to assure the validity of the proposed model, Rockwell hardness test, conducted on the bulged AA6061 and AA7075, was simulated. To do so, the generated flow behavior of bulged specimens based on hardness measurement was used as input plastic flow data in Abaqus commercial FE software, and the indentation geometry on bulged Al specimens were then compared to the experiments. Comprehensive linear and second-degree polynomial relationships were regressed on compiled data for ultimate tensile and yield strengths, respectively. Reasonable agreement was achieved between hardness-strength relationships obtained for all Al alloys and processed AA6061 and AA7075 tubular samples, confirming that these relationships are applicable for any Al alloys regardless of product type and process design. Finally, although both Holloman and Voce type hardening laws gave reasonable estimation of flow behavior in Al tubular specimens particularly at high strain values, Voce model provided a better estimation in comparison to Holloman hardening law. The FE analysis of Rockwell hardness test confirmed that the proposed hardness-strength-hardening law relationship based on Voce type hardening rule was sufficiently accurate in predicting the flow curve in bulged 6061 and 7075 Al alloys.
The Visible Hand

This essay is part of a symposium reviewing JoAnne Yates and Craig N. Murphy's "Engineering Rules: Global Standard Setting Since 1880" (John Hopkins University Press).
Effects of network structure on the mechanical and thermal responses of liquid crystal elastomers

Thermoresponsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have a high potential to be used for actuation applications. There has been a substantial amount of literature on synthesis of different LCE networks and their corresponding performance. However, much of the prior work focuses on the experimental aspect of the effects of mesogenic species, crosslinkers, and spacers on the thermal and mechanical response of LCE. Here we have built on these prior studies, and expanded understanding of LCE work capacity and thermal properties to the molecular and network structures by comparing the experimental results to the theoretically predicted values based on a random walk model derived from classical rubber elasticity. A previously developed two stage thiol-acrylate LCE chemistry was used as the model system. On the basis of increasing the chain entropy, we varied crosslinker concentration, crosslinker functionality, and liquid crystal mesogen length and showed that average molecular weight between crosslinks and molecular weight of the Kuhn segment play important roles in controlling the work capacity. The rubber elastic model predicted network performance agreed reasonably well with the experimental results.
Response of Aquatic Life to Coal Mining in Appalachia

Rivers and streams of Appalachia harbor some of the most biologically diverse, endemically rich, freshwater faunas in the world. Many aquatic species, however, are threatened by a wide array of anthropogenic stressors, including past and present mining. This chapter reviews impacts of mining on aquatic life in Appalachia, including interactive effects on food web dynamics, effects on ecosystem functional processes, and effects that are manifested in aquatic communities at watershed scales. Responses to mining depend on whether mine effluent is acidic in nature or highly alkaline; this dichotomy structures much of the discussion. Mining directly impacts aquatic biota because effluents can be toxic due to elevated major ions, trace metals, notably selenium, and/or acidity. Drainage from mined areas also affects complicated changes to biota indirectly by altering food webs, biotic interactions, and movement processes in stream networks. Finally, we review the response and recovery of aquatic biota to remediation efforts that treat mine effluent, and we discuss the use of aquatic organisms in assessing and managing impacts of mining activities. Throughout, we present uncertainties and gaps in our knowledge about impacts of mining activity on aquatic life in Appalachia, which represent important directions for future research.
Learning to Love Globalization: Education and Individual Attitudes Toward International Trade

Recent studies of public attitudes toward trade have converged on one central finding: support for trade restrictions is highest among respondents with the lowest levels of education. This has been interpreted as strong support for the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, the classic economic treatment of the income effects of trade that predicts that trade openness benefits those owning factors of production with which their economy is relatively well endowed (those with skills in the advanced economies) while hurting others (low-skilled workers). We reexamine the available survey data, showing that the impact of education on attitudes toward trade is almost identical among respondents in the active labor force and those who are not (even those who are retired). We also find that, while individuals with college-level educations are far more likely to favor trade openness than others, other types of education have no significant effects on attitudes, and some actually reduce the support for trade, even though they clearly contribute to skill acquisition. Combined, these results strongly suggest that the effects of education on individual trade preferences are not primarily a product of distributional concerns linked to job skills. We suggest that exposure to economic ideas and information among college-educated individuals plays a key role in shaping attitudes toward trade and globalization. This is not to say that distributional issues are not important in shaping attitudes toward trade - just that they are not clearly manifest in the simple, broad association between education levels and support for free trade.
Controlling the Co–S coordination environment in Co-doped WS2 nanosheets for electrochemical oxygen reduction

Cobalt sulfide nanomaterials are among the most active and stable catalysts for the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction in pH 7 electrolyte. However, due to the complexity and dynamism of the catalytic surfaces in cobalt sulfide bulk materials, it is challenging to identify and tune the active site structure in order to achieve low overpotential oxygen reduction reactivity. In this work, we synthesize isolated Co sites supported on colloidal WS2 nanosheets and develop a synthetic strategy to rationally control the first-shell coordination environment surrounding the adsorbed Co active sites. By studying Co–WS2 materials with a range of Co–S coordination numbers, we are able to identify the optimal active site for pH 7 oxygen reduction catalysis, which comprises cobalt atoms bound to the WS2 support with a Co–S coordination number of 3–4. The optimized Co–WS2 material exhibits an oxygen reduction onset potential of 0.798 V vs. RHE, which is comparable to the most active bulk phases of cobalt sulfide in neutral electrolyte conditions.
Professional Exercise Recommendations for Healthy Women Who Are Pregnant: A Systematic Review.

Background: Exercise in pregnancy favorably affects maternal and fetal outcomes, yet only 50% of women receive exercise guidance during prenatal care and 15% are told to stop exercising. Reasons for clinician reluctance to recommend exercise include safety concerns and ambiguity of recommendations. To better inform clinicians, this systematic review assembled a consensus exercise prescription (ExRx) for healthy pregnant women framed by the Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT) principle. Methods: In April 2021, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Cochrane databases were searched. Reports were eligible if: (1) targeted healthy pregnant women, (2) framed the ExRx by the FITT, and (3) published by a professional society from 2000 to 2021 in English. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool assessed risk of bias. Results: Twelve reports of poor to good quality were included. Nine societies conducted systematic reviews, but only three provided a detailed, transparent description of the review conducted. Although the FITT varied, the most common was most days of the week, moderate intensity, 30 minutes/session to accumulate 150 minutes/week, and aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercise with three societies advising neuromotor exercise. All professional societies specified activities to avoid and eight societies included contraindications to exercise. Conclusions: This systematic review produced a consensus ExRx for healthy pregnant women to better inform clinicians about advising their patients to exercise during pregnancy. Future research is needed to determine the upper limits of exercise while pregnant and provide better informed guidance relating to safety concerns for women who are pregnant.
High-quality neurosurgeon communication and visualization during telemedicine encounters improves patient satisfaction

Abstract Introduction While recent studies have focused on confirming satisfaction with telemedicine during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, we leveraged a novel survey instrument to identify associations between patient experience and telemedicine-specific factors such as device selection, audio/visual resolution, and connection stability. Methods Telemedicine visit data were gathered from our institution between June 22, 2020 and February 14, 2021. Each patient indicated their overall visit score, likelihood-to-recommend (LTR) score, and device used for the encounter. Remaining questions were randomly distributed to patients to ensure equal distribution across respondents. Results Over 34 weeks, there were 901 unique neurosurgical telemedicine visits linked to a post-visit survey at our institution. The LTR top box score percentage showed no significant change across 34 weeks (p = 0.218). After adjusting across available covariates, patients who experienced wait times exceeding 20 min were significantly less likely to report high overall scores (aOR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03–0.41; p = 0.001). Patients who indicated they were less able to understand the provider (aOR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.66; p = 0.007), or who indicated the provider was not able to properly see them (aOR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03–0.43; p = 0.002) were associated with substantially lower overall scores. Visits with interrupted connectivity or those forced to move to a regular phone call were not important predictors of overall score. Conclusions In the largest description of patient satisfaction with telemedicine in the neurosurgical setting during the COVID-19 era, we identified timely and high-quality physician-patient visualization and communication as among the most important predictors of patient satisfaction in virtual settings.
The Story of Henry Adams' Soul: Education and the Expression of Associations

In several decisions handed down during its 1999 Term, the United States Supreme Court focused on the freedom of expressive association. Generally speaking, expressive association is regarded by courts and commentators as just another form of individual self-expression, and voluntary associations as facilitators for such self-expression. In this Essay, Professor Garnett suggests that a shift in focus, from individual self-expression-through-association to the expression of voluntary associations themselves. It is suggested that, in several recent decisions ­including Dale, Mitchell, and California Democratic Party - the Court has indicated an appreciation of the role played by mediating institutions in shaping citizens, in transmitting values and loyalties­that is, in educating. In this role, associations are not only vehicles for the messages of individuals, but also speakers themselves. Associations are seen as more than conduits, but as crucial parts of the scaffolding of civil society. And the messages they express are valued not only to the extent they carry the voices of individuals, but also because they compete with the messages of government in the arena of education, broadly understood.
Limits to the validity of the conventional, classical Nyquist theorem

It is suggested that the conventional, classical Nyquist theorem, as given by us, may be only approximately correct and breaks down if the collision frequency is sufficiently large. In the case of fusion plasmas containing impurities, the criterion for the validity of the conventional Nyquist theorem can be more narrowly specified by the conditionν/ωD ≡y ≲ 0.3, whereν is the collision frequency and ωD is the thermal Doppler-shift frequency. This result is obtained by using an adaption of Chambers’ classical method for handling the kinetic theory of matter. Practical applications of our results are mentioned.
Activation of hepatic guanylate cyclase by nitrosyl-heme complexes. Comparison of unpurified and partially purified enzyme.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of several agents on activation of both unpurified and partially purified hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase by performed NO (nitric oxide or nitrosyl)-heme complexes. Guanylate cyclase was activated by NO complexes of the heme compounds, hematin, hemoglobin, myoglobin, catalase and cytochrome c , and also by the reaction product of NO and ferredoxin, a non-heme, iron sulfur electron transfer protein. NO-lipoxygenase, which contains non-heme iron, did not activate guanylate cyclase. NO-heme complexes activated unpurified enzyme almost equally well in the presence of either Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ . However, activation of purified (350- to 750-fold) guanylate cyclase was markedly greater with Mg 2+ than with Mn 2+ . At concentrations that did not alter basal enzymatic activity, Ca 2+ markedly inhibited guanylate cyclase activation in the presence of Mg 2+ but not of Mn 2+ . Hemoproteins inhibited activation of unpurified and purified enzyme by NO-heme complexes, and increasing the concentrations of the latter overcame the inhibition. Gel filtration studies indicated that uncomplexed and NO-complexed hematin bind to common or adjacent sites on guanylate cyclase. Whereas dl -dithiothreitol enhanced activation, ferricyanide, cystine, o -iodosobenzoic acid and ethacrynic acid inhibited activation of guanylate cyclase by NO-heme complexes. The data indicate that the effects of these diverse agents on guanylate cyclase activation by preformed NO-heme are similar to their effects on enzyme activation by NO and nitroso compounds, both of which readily form NO-heme complexes. Therefore, the effects of these diverse agents may be on guanylate cyclase rather than on NO-heme formation.
Haunting moments in technocontexts: A framework for understanding the emergence of power, identities, and emotions

This thesis addresses a series of disconcerting moments that emerged during a research study with seven fourth and fifth grade students who participated in an after-school Technology Think Tank and their classroom teachers at a Midwestern elementary school. These moments were marked by heightened power, identity performances, and emotions and were disturbing not only as they occurred, but remained bothersome upon reflection in the days and weeks afterwards. In this research I call them ‘haunting moments.’ The primary data sources for this research were audio and video files that I initially analyzed for volume. This process verified my premise that the haunting moments were linked to an increase in speaking volume that differentiated them from other discourse. Then I employed a two-fold coding approach including interpretive phenomenological analysis which generated a comprehensive list of codes including textual and social functions of technologies. My analysis led to a pursuit for a framework for understanding the haunting moments in the Think Tank and classrooms. I contextualized them within a theoretical matrix which included the dialectical relationship of standardization and resistance and the inextricable role of power, identities, and emotions with that dialectic. Standardization was accomplished through mechanisms of control that I identified as discursive positioning and surveillance. These mechanisms were resisted by mechanisms of agency. I also described the important role of technology-which mediated the mechanisms of control and agency that were used in the service of standardization and resistance.
Can the enhanced renal clearance of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis patients be explained by P-glycoprotein transport?

Purpose. To investigate in vitro if P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport can differentiate between antibiotic drugs exhibiting increased active renal clearance (CLr) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (i.e., dicloxacillin, trimethoprim) and drugs that do not exhibit this phenomenon (i.e., cefsulodin, sulfamethoxazole).
Blunt Force Injury Deaths

Chapter 12 deals with some of the most common deaths encountered by death investigation offices, namely blunt force injuries. The chapter includes discussion of the classification of blunt force injury types (abrasions, contusions, lacerations, fractures, and avulsions), followed by a relatively detailed discussion of blunt trauma of the head and neck. The final section of the chapter deals with special topics related to blunt force injuries and includes mechanisms of death, delayed deaths, patterned injuries, clothing examination, and specific subtypes of blunt force injury.
Correction for Xing et al., The Z Proteins of Pathogenic but Not Nonpathogenic Arenaviruses Inhibit RIG-i-Like Receptor-Dependent Interferon Production

Volume 89, no. 5, p. [2944–2955][1], 2015. Page 2954, Acknowledgments, paragraph 2: “AI093680” should read “AI093580.” [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/JVI.03349-14
URINARY WATER EXCRETION AND NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL FUNCTION IN FULL TERM AND PREMATURE INFANTS SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH

In infants studied in the first month of life there was a gradual development of the ability to excrete excess water in a short period of time. When a water load was given according to body weight, orally or intravenously, no diuresis was observed in infants under 3 days of age. In comparison, all individuals tested over 3 days of age responded with a definite increase in water excretion. As early as 2 weeks of age and in all infants over one month of age the entire water load of 3 to 5% of their body weight was excreted in a three hour period following the administration of fluid. No difference in the diuretic response to a water load was apparent in full term and premature infants of comparable postpartum age. Antidiuretic hormone whether produced endogenously following thirst, excitation or pain, or injected in the form of exogenous antidiuretic principle, caused a decrease in urine output only in infants who received a water load and who were responding to it with a diuresis. When diuresis followed a water load, the degree of the renal response to antidiuretic hormone could not be compared in the various age groups studied, because of the inability to control a sudden release of endogenous hormone provoked by excitatory stimuli. The hormone was detectable in the urines of infants under 3 days of age after fluid deprivation; this is assumed to be evidence of a functioning neurohypophysis.
Birdsong Differs between Mercury-Polluted and Reference Sites

ABSTRACT. Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that can cause obvious physiological and reproductive problems in animals. Very little is known, however, about its subtle behavioral effects. We examined whether birds that inhabited mercury-contaminated sites exhibited differences in singing behavior compared with birds at uncontaminated reference sites nearby. We recorded the songs of 3 oscines, the Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), and 1 suboscine, the Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe). Spectrographic analysis revealed that songs of oscines living on contaminated sites contained a lower diversity of note types and were sung at lower tonal frequencies than songs of birds on reference sites. Additionally, both species of wren tended to sing shorter songs. By contrast, the songs of Eastern Phoebes did not differ between contaminated and reference sites, suggesting that mercury may affect singing behavior only in species that learn their s...
Innovation in School-Based Mentoring: Matching the Context, Structure and Goals of Mentoring with Evidence-Based Practices.

Youth mentoring is a popular and well-respected volunteer activity in the USA. Although there is support for the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of community-based mentoring (CBM), the research on school-based mentoring (SBM) – the most popular form of youth mentoring – is mixed. Most of the SBM studies find inconsistent or small effects. The reason for the difference in the success of CBM and SBM may be the unique context, structures and goals of SBM relative to CBM. In an effort to guide SBM programmes towards larger and more consistent positive results, the authors review context-specific considerations of providing mentoring in schools. We present several evidence-based practices that are compatible with SBM and should strengthen the effects of this popular intervention. To illustrate the importance of these considerations, we provide a case example of redeveloping a failed SBM programme into a promising programme by reviewing two iterative randomized evaluations. Finally, we encourage school-based me...
Destructive alkylation of benzene with pentane

1. The destructive alkylation of benzene with pentane over an aluminosilicate catalyst under autoclave conditions have effected for the first time. 2. The effects of the duration of reaction, temperature, and amount of catalysts on the yield of reaction products were investigated. 3. It was shown that destructive alkylation of benzene with an equimolecular amount of pentane under autoclave conditions results in the formation of a mixture of alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons (in an amount equal to 34% by weight of the original mixture) together with gaseous hydrocarbons (23% by weight on the original mixture). 4. The alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons obtained in the autoclave experiments were investigated, and it was shown that they included toluene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, xylenes, and ethylmethylbenzene. The gaseous reaction products were investigated and it was shown that they consisted mainly of saturated hydrocarbons.
Resurgence of serine: An often neglected but indispensable amino acid

Serine is generally classified as a nutritionally nonessential (dispensable) amino acid, but metabolically, serine is indispensible and plays an essential role in several cellular processes. Serine is the major source of one-carbon units for methylation reactions that occur via the generation of S-adenosylmethionine. The regulation of serine metabolism in mammalian tissues is thus of critical importance for the control of methyl group transfer. In addition to the well known role of d-serine in the brain, l-serine has recently been implicated in breast cancer and other tumors due in part to the genomic copy number gain for 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that controls the entry of glycolytic intermediates into the pathway of serine synthesis. Here, we review recent information regarding the synthesis of serine and the regulation of its metabolism and discuss the role played by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in this process.
DSM proposed changes, part II: reclassifying pediatric bipolar disorder.

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANUniversity of California—Los Angeles, School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California, USALast month's cultural competence column covered proposed changes ...
Changes in the composition of soybeans on sprouting.

Changes in nitrogen and oil contents and loss in dry weight have been followed during the first six days of germination of the Hawkeye variety of soybeans; thiamin and ascorbic acid content have been followed for four days. During the first three days about 1.5% of the dry matter was lost; the nonprotein nitrogen increased from 3 to 6% of the total nitrogen, with no change in the petroleum ether extractables and with a decrease in free fatty acids. At the end of six days, with sprouts about 2 1/2 in. long, only 2.6% of the dry matter was lost, the nonprotein nitrogen had increased to 13% of the total nitrogen with 2.6% loss of total nitrogen, and a 12% loss was observed in petroleum ether extractables; the free fatty acids did not increase appreciably. No change in the thiamin content occurred during the first four days of germination. Ascorbic acid was found to be absent in mature beans but appeared after the start of germination and increased rapidly during the fourday period.
Challenges in Replantation of Complex Amputations

Surgical ingenuity has resulted in continuing microsurgical innovation in replantation. In this article, the authors define complex amputations as those that stretch the boundaries or fall outside traditionally defined indications for replantation. They discuss management of difficult situations involving multiple digit amputations, multiple-level amputations, prolonged ischemia, and multiple trauma. The role of transpositional and ectopic replantation, as well as the requirement for secondary procedures in replantation is also discussed. Although technically challenging, microsurgical management of complex amputations ultimately results in far superior outcomes.
Toward consensus-based balancing of smart batteries

Smart reconfigurable battery systems allow access to individual cells for monitoring and control purposes, enabling an efficient and flexible energy management among cells that can also be used for voltage balancing. This paper studies consensus protocols and cooperative control tools to illustrate the use of distributed control strategies for voltage balancing in such reconfigurable battery systems. By considering the individual cell as agents, the voltage balancing problem can be reformulated as a consensus problem. In case of leaderless consensus, the criteria required to obtain average consensus is discussed. Moreover, in case of leader-follower consensus approach, the leader selection and its impact on the time-to-reach consensus is analyzed. Several case studies are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
A study of electrophilic substitution in the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring†

Several 4,5-disubstituted pyrrolo[2,3-d ]pyrimidines were prepared for the first time via electrophilic substitution, e.g. halogenation, nitration and sulfonation. PMR data for certain pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are included which has furnished conclusive evidence that electrophilic substitution occurred at position 5. These pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, with electron -withdrawing substituents at position 5, are of considerable interest as bases for the preparation of nucleoside derivatives related to tubercidin, toyocamcin and sangivamycin.
Organizational factors affecting implementation of the ATHENA-Hypertension clinical decision support system during the VA’s nation-wide information technology restructuring: a case study

This case study documents organizational factors that affected implementation of the ATHENA-Hypertension (ATHENA-HTN) clinical decision support system (CDSS) at five medical centers within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The ATHENA-HTN implementation occurred during a system-wide reorganization of the VA’s Office of Information & Technology (OI&T) to a centralized information technology (IT) system with heightened security. Guided by a logic-model framework, we used template analysis and grounded methods to identify barriers and enablers to the ATHENA-HTN implementation process. Implementation barriers included limited autonomy within a centralized reporting structure, permissions issues for remote computer access, and uncertainty regarding standardized procedures. Strategies to overcome these barriers included garnering support from clinical and IT leadership, validating data with physicians at local medical centers, and establishing IT communication channels. The findings from this study provide insights for the implementation of CDSS within integrated healthcare networks, particularly during periods of IT restructuring and organizational change.
Are self-reports of adolescent deviance valid? Biochemical measures, randomized response, and the bogus pipeline in smoking behavior.

Two measures of questionnaire response validity were used in a survey of teenage smoking (student respondents in grades 7-12) in a midwest community. Responses to a confidential questionnaire were validated by responses to an anonymous ""randomized response" instrument and a biochemical measure of smoking (salivary thiocyanate). Both measures support the validity of questionnaire responses. The randomized response measure is an anonymous self-report check on the accuracy of confidential self-reports, and the biochemical measure provides a strong validity measure that is not subject to the problems of deliberate faking. The validity of responses was not significantly affected by the introduction of a "bogus pipeline" condition. In sociological research the standard technique of obtaining self-reports of behavior faces a standard problem, the possible or probable discrepancy between the actual behavior and the report of it. The validity of oral or written reports of behavior is at issue regardless of the behavior measured, but it is especially salient if the information asked for in the interview or survey questionnaire is sensitive, potentially incriminating, or embarrassing. 1 For this reason, the self-report technique was considered inapplicable to studies of deviant behavior until self-report studies of delinquency in the 1950s and early 1960s (Akers; Clark and Wenninger; Short and Nye). Since then, self-report has become the most frequently applied measure of *The research reported here was supported by Grant #HD 00376 of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R. W. Lauer and R. L. Akers, Co-principal Investigators), and by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant #HL 14230 (SCOR in Atherosclerosis), and Grant #HLRO1-20124 (R. M. Lauer, Principal Investigator). ? 1983 The University of North Carolina Press
Effects of Cellobiose and Monensin on In Vitro Fermentation of Organic Acids by Mixed Ruminal Bacteria

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cellobiose and monensin on the in vitro fermentation of organic acids (L-aspartate, fumarate, and DL-malate) by mixed ruminal bacteria. Ruminal fluid was collected from a steer fed 36.7 kg of forage and 4.5 kg of concentrate supplement once per day. Ruminal fluid was centrifuged to sediment feed particles and protozoa, and the resulting supernatant, which contained bacteria, was added (33%, vol/vol) to anaerobic media (500 ml). Incubations (n = 2) were performed in batch culture at 39 degrees C and sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h. Organic acids were added to achieve a final concentration of 7.5 mM. Cellobiose was added to obtain a final concentration of 5 mM, and monensin dissolved in ethanol was included at concentrations of 0 or 5 ppm. Addition of cellobiose to organic acid fermentations increased the rate of organic acid utilization by the mixed bacterial population. Total concentrations of volatile fatty acids were increased by the addition of cellobiose to all fermentations. A lag period (< or = 8 h) occurred in fermentations that were treated with monensin before organic acids were utilized. Total concentrations of volatile fatty acids were increased, and the acetate to propionate ratio was decreased, by monensin treatment. When cellobiose and monensin were added together, propionate production and organic acid utilization were increased. Both cellobiose and monensin affected the in vitro fermentation of organic acids by mixed ruminal bacteria by providing a carbon and energy source and by influencing electron disposal.