cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial and chromatic properties of neurons subserving foveal and parafoveal vision in rhesus monkey.

Abstract The response properties of neurons in the region of striate cortex subserving central retina (0°–2°) and in a region of representation of parafoveal retina (4°–7°) were studied in unanesthetized paralyzed macaque monkeys. Neurons sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus in the visual field (simple, complex and hypercomplex), and neurons lacking orientation selectivity (concentric, and a new class termed uniform) were found. In foveal cortex non-oriented cells were more numerous, and orientation sensitive cells had less strict spatial stimulus requirements than in parafoveal cortex. Most neurons received a monocular input, either exclusively or very predominantly. Three types of neurons were recognized on the basis of their responses to chromatic stimuli. (1)Luminosity neurons (about half the population) give the same qualitative response to all effective wayelengths and had a spectral sensitivity similar to that of the macaque, determined behaviorally. Cells with all spatial types of receptive fields, except simple, occurred in this group. (2)Spectrally-tuned neurons also responded in the same manner to different wavelengths, but over a narrower range than luminosity neurons, and their maximal sensitivity was shifted toward one or the other end of the visible spectrum. All tuned neurons had uniform or complex receptive field. (3)Spectrally-opponent neurons were either excited or inhibited by long wavelengths and responded in the opposite manner to short wavelengths. For cells with uniform or complex receptive fields the two opponent systems were coextensive. Simple or concentric neurons often had dual-opponent organization. The distribution of functional types among different cortical layers was similar in parafoveal and foveal cortex. The functional attributes of ocular dominance and orientation sensitivity were found to be statistically independent dimensions of cortical organization. On the other hand, the correlation between spatial and chromatic properties did not vary between different cytoarchitectonic layers, a finding suggesting that these neuronal properties depend on conjoined projectional and intracortical connecting mechanisms.
A simple shear cell for the direct visualization of step-stress deformation in soft materials

We introduce a custom-built stress-controlled shear cell coupled to a confocal microscope for direct visualization of constant-stress shear deformation in soft materials. The torque generator is a cylindrical Taylor–Couette system with a Newtonian fluid between a rotating inner bob and a free-to-move outer cup. A spindle/cone assembly is coaxially coupled to the cup and transfers the torque exerted by the fluid to the sample of interest in a cone-and-plate geometry. We demonstrate the performance of our device in both steady-state and transient experiments with different viscoelastic materials. Our apparatus can conduct unidirectional constant-stress experiments as accurately as most commercial rheometers, with the capability to directly visualize the flow field using tracer particles. Further, our step-stress experiments on viscoelastic materials are devoid of creep ringing, which is an advantageous aspect of our torque generation mechanism. We believe that the device presented here could serve as a powerful and cost-effective tool to investigate the microstructural determinants of nonlinear rheology in complex fluids.
Process oriented industrial classification based on energy intensity

The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code has been used in the United States to categorize manufactured products. This classification is useful for many commercial and business related applications. However, when checked against energy use data collected through the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) of San Diego State University (SDSU), the energy use profile of the SIC groups showed objectionable deviations within each group, rendering the code less than useful for overall energy based grouping and analyses. In this paper, a Process Oriented Energy Intensity Classification (POEIC) is introduced. When examined with data from about 270 plants of the IAC, this new classification offered more coherent and consistent energy use profile with smaller standard deviation for the selected energy intensity parameters than that of the SIC code.
Nonprofit Service Organizations: Fidelity with Strategic Plans for Financial Survival—Critical Roles for Chief Executive Officers

ABSTRACT This study focuses on two nonprofit health education-advocacy organizations and the impetus and goals for initiating and implementing a strategic plan for financial survival. The study addressed the similarities and differences in implementation processes and the degree of fidelity (adherence) to the plan once implemented. On-site interviews in two different geographic areas were conducted. Content analysis revealed a sense of optimism about the future tempered by sharpened awareness of the need for following a strategic plan for survival driven by the difficulties of fund raising in today's increasingly financially competitive environment. Findings of the study indicate that poststrategic plan fidelity after implementation did exist. Communication between and among chief executive officers and volunteer board members reflects an area for further exploration. The study has important applied implications for the small, financially challenged nonprofit organization.
Vitamin D intakes of children differ by race/ethnicity, sex, age, and income in the United States, 2007 to 2010 ☆

The 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to estimate vitamin D intakes of children 1 to 18 years old in the United States by race/ethnicity, sex, age, and family using 24-hour dietary intake recalls and dietary supplement use questionnaires. We hypothesized that total, dietary, and supplemental vitamin D intakes of children would differ by race/ethnicity, sex, age, and income. Statistical analyses of weighted data were performed using Statistical Analysis Software (V 9.2) to estimate means ± SE. Race and ethnic intake differences controlling for poverty income ratio (PIR), sex, and age were assessed by analysis of covariance. Total (dietary and supplement) vitamin D intake was greater in the high (7.9 ± 0.3 μg/d) vs the medium (6.5 ± 0.3 μg/d) income group, but not the low (7.2 ± 0.2 μg/d) PIR group. Total vitamin D intake of non-Hispanic (NH) white children (8.1 ± 0.2 μg/d) was greater than Hispanic (7.0 ± 0.2 μg/d) and NH black (5.9 ± 0.2 μg/d) children. Total vitamin D intake declined with age, and intake by boys was higher than girls. Only 17.4% of the children consumed supplements containing vitamin D. Overall, mean intake of vitamin D by all children in each age and ethnic group was lower than the estimated average requirement for vitamin D. Public health efforts should encourage consumption of foods high in vitamin D, expand the number of foods fortified, and target health messages to parents to increase use of vitamin D supplements by children.
Evolution of bract development and B‐class MADS box gene expression in petaloid bracts of Cornus s. l. (Cornaceae)

Despite increasing interest in the molecular mechanisms of floral diversity, few studies have investigated the developmental and genetic bases of petaloid bracts. This study examined morphological patterns of bract initiation and expression patterns of B-class MADS-box genes in bracts of several Cornus species. We suggest that petaloid bracts in this genus may not share a single evolutionary origin. Developmental pathways of bracts and spatiotemporal expression of B-class genes in bracts and flowers were examined for four closely related dogwood species. Divergent morphological progressions and gene expression patterns were found in the two sister lineages with petaloid bracts, represented by Cornus florida and Cornus canadensis. Phylogeny-based analysis identified developmental and gene expression changes that are correlated with the evolution of petaloid bracts in C. florida and C. canadensis. Our data support the existence of independent evolutionary origins of petaloid bracts in C. canadensis and C. florida. Additionally, we suggest that functional transference within B-class gene families may have contributed to the origin of bract petaloidy in C. florida. However, the underlying mechanisms of petaloid bract development likely differ between C. florida and C. canadensis. In the future this hypothesis can be tested by functional analyses of Cornus B-class genes.
Turbulence modeling for aerodynamic flows

The state of statistical turbulence modeling is reviewed with emphasis on compressible aerodynamic flows. A three-stage modeling process is suggested to act as a frame-work for improving turbulence models for complex flows. This process is then used to guide assessments of the comparative performance of various levels of turbulence models for several examples of flow fields of aerodynamic interest. The examples cover flows in two and three dimensions and with a broad range of Mach numbers. In addition to considerations of individual flow fields, some generalizations are drawn from the aggregate behavior of the comparisons.
Factitious hypertension by pseudoephedrine.

Received June 15, 2000; revised September 7, 2000; accepted November 27, 2000. From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and Psychology, Rochester Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, 200 Southwest 1st Street, Rochester, Minnesota. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Black, Mayo Foundation/Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905; e-mail: black.john@mayo.edu. Copyright 2001 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Factitious disorder is an uncommon psychiatric illness, but its incidence is difficult to ascertain because of the surreptitious nature of the condition. A review of the literature using MEDLINE (1966–1999) revealed 74 articles describing patients with factitious disorder who have simulated a huge array of illnesses. Many articles were written about factitious skin disorders, infections, hypoglycemia, and thyrotoxicosis. However, we were unable to find a case of factitious hypertension caused by ingestion of pseudoephedrine. Thus, to our knowledge, we report on the first case of factitious hypertension caused by the use of pseudoephedrine.
Deep-level wave functions including lattice-relaxation effects.

A tight-binding formalism for calculating the wave functions associated with deep levels in semiconductors, including lattice relaxation effects, is presented. This formalism is an extension of the theory of Ren et al. [Phys. Rev. B 26, 951 (1982)] to include lattice relaxation. It combines a Green's-function method for computing the wave function with the results of a previously discussed molecular-dynamics technique for calculating the relaxation around an impurity. The results of applying this scheme to substitutional impurities in Si, GaP, and GaAs are presented and compared with experiment.
Sporulation of Bacillus popilliae in liquid cultures

Abstract In 1966 Haynes and Rhodes reported that Bacillus popilliae NRRL B-2309S formed spores in liquid J-medium containing activated carbon. Although yields of a few hundred thousand spores per milliliter were ultimately obtained, the numbers in subsequent experiments diminished. We reversed this trend by using inocula composed of spores formed in successful experiments. The spores used had been stored as dry films for as long as 11.5 months. Inasmuch as Haynes and Rhodes (1969a) showed that the resistant cells formed early in the sporulation cycle are probably pre- or immature spores, we were interested in comparing their efficacy in evoking sporulation with that of mature spores from later stages of the cycle. We found that early cycle forms engender relatively few refractile spores, whereas mature spores yielded as many as 31 × 106/ml. Better than 90% of the spores were accompanied in sporangia by typical refractile parasporal bodies.
The Art of Combining Statistics with the Law.

Although the practice of law and the science of statistics are often incongruent, they can and should be used together.
Human insulin receptor substrate-1 gene ( IRS1 ): chromosomal localization to 2q35-q36.1 and identification of a simple tandem repeat DNA polymorphism

The protein designated as insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is a major substrate for the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Since post-receptor defects in the insulin signalling pathway are a common feature of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, we have cloned the human IRS-1 gene in order to study the role of genetic variation in this gene in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. As a first step in these studies, we have mapped the IRS-1 gene to chromosome 2, bands q35–q36.1 and identified a simple tandem repeat DNA polymorphism in this gene that will be useful for genetic studies.
Rayleigh-wave induced crack extension

Abstract Micro-crack extension induced by both a single and two approaching surface or Rayleigh waves ( R- waves ) is examined experimentally and theoretically. The experimental model consists of a thin rectangular plate of Homalite 100, a transparent bi-refringent material, on whose edge a micro-crack is located close to where one or two PETN explosive holders are mounted. The events occurring subsequent to setting-off the explosive(s) are photographed using a multiple spark camera equipped to function as a dynamic light field polariscope. This permits the observation of the isochromatic patterns associated with the R- wave(s) and the detailed examination of R- wave induced crack extension. The theoretical model relies on a two-dimensional plane stress description of the propagation of a surface wave in a homogeneous, isotropic, linear elastic material. This full-field description of the R- wave stresses is used in conjunction with a quasi-static Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) approach to mixed-mode cracking. This approach permits the utilization of the experimental conditions obtained an instant prior to R- wave induced crack extension as input conditions for the theoretical model and allows for the prediction of the crack path and final crack length. A comparison of the experimental and theoretical results yields reasonable agreement.
The value of the formal standards process

The purpose of this article is to critique the process of developing formal standards, which are those that have been approved by an official standards-making body. The bodies that impact US computer standards most include the International Standards Organization (ISO), the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Other groups develop important standards that are outside the formal process. These include the Open Software Foundation (OSF), X/Open, and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The main difference between a formal standards organization and the other groups is the legal framework in which the body operates. The formal organizations are often chartered by the government with strict procedures and rules imposed on the standards development process. OSF and X/Open are each directed by a board of directors, whereas the IETF is an independent, self-governing body that develops its own rules and procedures. >
Full‐wave analysis of planar radiofrequency coils and coil arrays with assumed current distribution

For the analysis of single radiofrequency (RF) surface coils at frequencies commonly used for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, magnetostatic analysis often provides sufficiently accurate results. However, the availability of higher field whole body magnets and the widespread use of RF coil arrays have demonstrated the need for more accurate solutions. While more advanced approaches are available, such as the finite-element method or integral equation methods, commercial codes are not widely available and the techniques can be difficult to implement. This paper presents a computationally and analytically simple full-wave analysis method to determine the self and mutual impedances and magnetic fields of planar RF coils and coil arrays. The approach is formulated in the spectral domain and results in a computationally efficient method that includes the conductivity and permittivity of a planar load. Thus, high-field shielding effects are included. As described here, the method requires knowledge of the current distribution on the coils, which can be assumed to be constant in the case of simple rectangular or circular coil elements or determined from other methods such as equivalent circuit analysis in the case of more complicated structures. Complete expressions for the calculation of self and mutual impedances and the magnetic fields of circular and rectangular coils are provided. Examples are shown which demonstrate effects not modeled by quasistatics, including shielding effects and frequency-dependent field asymmetries. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance (Magn Reson Engineering) 15: 2–14, 2002.
The millennial challenge: Modelling the agentic self in context

Behind every challenge is an opportunity. As a milestone for both societal and scientific development, the new millennium highlights the growing challenge of change and diversity. Modelling the agentic self in context is the opportunity it reveals. Developmentalists can seize this opportunity by increasing our emphasis on three aspects of developmental research. First, developmental research can examine the influence of context on development more aggressively to test the generality of developmental mechanisms. Second, developmental research can integrate an organismic perspective on human development more explicitly to account for the role of human agency in development. Third, developmental research can apply advanced statistical and analysis methods more sophisticatedly to effectively model the agentic self as it evolves across time and context.
Indentification of plastic waste using spectroscopy and neural networks

In this paper we investigate a new approach for the automated sorting of post-consumer plastic waste. We show that rapid and reliable identification of polymers can be achieved using a combination of fixed-filter near-infrared spectroscopy and neural network data analysis, and we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for sorting polyethylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene, and poly(vinyl chloride). Finally, we discuss a proposed compact, rugged instrument based on the new sorting method. Owing to the flexibility gained by incorporating neural networks in our system, this method can easily be extended to include additional polymers.
A Study of the Regeneration Pattern of Euplotes eurystomus

SYNOPSIS. Euplotes eurystomus Wrzesniowski was cultured on bacterial media with Tetrahymena pyriformis serving as the food organism. Animals were injured with various types of operations using the Chambers' micromanipulator. These animals were followed during the course of their regeneration using various nuclear stains, silver impregnation techniques and vital staining methods. It was found that two cirral fields arose as a result of injury removing one or more of the locomotor organelles and that the posterior field was soon resorbed, while the anterior one replaced all of the old cirri of the regenerating animal. In addition, in response to this sort of injury, complete nuclear reorganization took place. Animals which were injured in a manner not affecting the locomotor organelles directly, responded by proliferating a fine network in the area of injury. This network seemed to reinforce the injured area and persisted until the next binary fission of the animal. No nuclear reorganization took place in these cases.
Endogenous protection and retaliation between Canada and the United States

Abstract Endogenous protection theory and the theory of retaliation explain movements in tariffs differently. Using a VARMA model to test for the presence of Granger causality, we examine the interrelationships between tariffs and political pressure in the U.S. and Canada.
Cryopreserved mouse embryos can successfully survive biopsy and refreezing

We examined whether cryopreserved mouse eight-cell embryos could be thawed, biopsied, refrozen, thawed, and grown in vitro and in vivo in two sets of experiments.
Temporal heterogeneity and ecological community structure

Time is both a resource and a window of opportunity for resource allocation. Species are partitioned by the timing of resource use in a finite environment. Species use daily, seasonal, and multi‐annual patterns of migration, colonization, and foraging, to take advantage of pulses of resources. Temporal separation, in terms of resource utilization, is an important factor that allows for the co‐existence of species. Usually, temporal issues are examined in relation to ecological succession, and temporal heterogeneity is defined in conjunction with physical disturbance. We use temporal heterogeneity to describe the entire complex of interactions between abiotic and biotic factors that relate time and resource use. Community development has a temporal component in that abiotic and biotic resources become interwoven in time. In stable landscapes, where resources are predictable, more diverse communities are likely to develop.5 Temporal heterogeneity is a critical factor that allows this increase in diversity t...
Modern torture as a civic marker: Solving a global anxiety with a new political technology

(2003). Modern torture as a civic marker: Solving a global anxiety with a new political technology. Journal of Human Rights: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 153-171.
Increased adhesion molecule and chemokine receptor expression on CD8+ T cells trafficking to cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1 infection.

BACKGROUND The central nervous system (CNS) is a recognized target for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). CD8(+) T cells may mediate viral clearance from the CNS but also may contribute to immune-mediated neuronal damage. METHODS Using 4- and 6-color flow cytometry, we investigated the role of adhesion molecules (very late antigen [VLA]-4 [ alpha 4 beta 1 integrin] and leukocyte function antigen [LFA]-1 [ alpha L beta 2 integrin]) and chemokine receptors (CXCR3 and CCR5) in CD8(+) T cell migration to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during HIV-1 infection. RESULTS CD8(+) T cells trafficking to CSF were uniformly VLA-4(high), LFA-1(high). CCR5 expression was significantly enhanced in T cells from CSF, compared with those from blood (P<.001), including HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells, and most T cells from CSF expressed both CXCR3 and CCR5. Interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10 (CXCL10) levels in CSF were significantly increased in HIV-1-positive individuals, relative to IP-10 levels in control subjects (P=.007), and a positive correlation was found between IP-10 levels and virus load in CSF (r2=.777; P=.0007). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LFA-1, CCR5 and CXCR3, and IP-10 play an important role in lymphocyte trafficking to CSF during HIV-1 infection. These observations suggest a "push-pull" model, in which lymphocyte extravasation is driven by lymphocyte activation, expression of adhesion molecules, and increased vascular permeability and is coupled with chemokine-mediated trafficking to inflammatory sites in the CNS.
Psychological Adaptation and Adjustment of Mothers of Children With Congenital Heart Disease: Stress, Coping, and Family Functioning

Objective: Investigate support for the transactional stress and coping model for mothers of children with congenital heart defects, in accounting for the variance in maternal adjustment. Methods: Participants were 52 mothers of children recruited from a university medical center. Measures included illness variables, cognitive processes (i.e., appraisals of stress, expectations, methods of coping, family functioning, and maternal psychological adjustment). Results: Maternal adjustment was associated with high levels of daily stress and palliative coping techniques and was not significantly associated with severity of the cardiac defect. Together, the variables of the model accounted for approximately 38% of the variance in maternal adjustment. Conclusions: The findings are in accord with previous research among other chronically ill populations in suggesting an association between stress, coping, and maternal adjustment. Within the limitations of the study, the data were interpreted to support the utility of theoretical models in identifying areas in need of intervention across chronic illness groups.
Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich.

Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich Robert Michael and Karin Doerr. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002 xx. 480 pp.
Mycobacteria-primed macrophages and dendritic cells induce an up-regulation of complement C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (CD88) in CD3+ murine T cells.

Complement C5a anaphylatoxin is a potent activator of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DC) and binds the C5a receptor (C5a-R; CD88). Although C5a is chemotactic for T cells, expression of C5a-R on murine T cells has been disputed. We report here that naive, Con A-activated, and cytokine (IL-12, IL-18)-stimulated murine CD3+ T cells from three strains of mice [C57Bl/6, B10.nSn (C5+/+), B10.on (C5-/-)] lacked C5a-R, as evaluated by immunophenotyping with an anti-C5a-R mAb. Ligation of CD3 induced a modest up-regulation with 3% of CD3+ T cells expressing cell surface C5a-R. T cells primed by APC differentiate into effector T cells. Activation of mycobacteria [bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)]-sensitized T cells through MHC II and TCR interactions via BCG-infected macrophages enhanced the expression of C5a-R with approximately 14% of CD3+ T cells positive for C5a-R. Comparable expression was found in C5+/+ as well as C5-/- strains of mice (14% and 15%, respectively). Furthermore, anti-CD3-activated T cells were primed by BCG-infected DC, and a larger proportion of the primed T cells expressed C5a-R (30-40%). Finally, mice infected with BCG showed significant numbers of CD3+ T cells expressing C5a-R in the spleens during infection. As APC, such as macrophages and DC, can secrete C5 and cleave C5 to C5a and C5b through a peptidase, we suggest that macrophage and DC-T cell interactions can up-regulate C5a-R on T cells through MHC II-TCR and provide a C5a peptide for additional local activation of T cells via C5a-R.
Altered phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription profile of CD4+CD161+ T cells in asthma: Modulation by allergic status and oral corticosteroids

Background Asthma is a complex immunologic disorder linked to altered cytokine signaling. Objective We tested whether asthmatic patients showed any change in cytokine-dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) levels, focusing on the central/effector-memory CD4 + CD161 + subset, which represents 15% to 25% of circulating T cells. Methods We quantified intracellular levels of active phosphorylated STAT (phospho-STAT) 1, 3, 5, and 6 by means of flow cytometry, without any activation or expansion. Results Baseline phospho-STAT1 and phospho-STAT6 levels were increased in CD4 + CD161 + T cells from asthmatic patients compared with those from healthy control subjects (by 10- and 8-fold, respectively). This asthma-associated alteration was both subset specific because no change was seen in CD4 + CD161 − CD25 + (regulatory T cells) and CD4 + CD161 − CD25 − subsets and isoform specific because phospho-STAT5 and phospho-STAT3 levels were unchanged. Among asthmatic patients, phospho-STAT1 and phospho-STAT6 levels correlated negatively with each other, suggesting antagonistic regulation. Oral corticosteroid (OCS) treatment significantly decreased phospho-STAT6 and IL-4 levels but not phospho-STAT1 levels. Disease parameters showing significant correlations with phospho-STAT1, phospho-STAT6, or both included age at onset, plasma IgE levels, and levels of the T H 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 and the T H 1 cytokine IL-2. Overall, combined phospho-STAT1 and phospho-STAT6 measurements showed excellent predictive value for identifying (1) asthmatic patients versus healthy control subjects, (2) allergic versus nonallergic asthmatic patients, and (3) asthmatic patients taking versus those not taking OCSs. Conclusion Baseline changes in phospho-STAT1 and phospho-STAT6 levels in blood CD4 + CD161 + T cells identify asthmatic patients and mirror their allergic status and response to OCSs. Clinical implications These results confirm the pathologic importance of activated STAT1 and STAT6 in asthma and suggest their potential use as clinical biomarkers.
Formation of a strategy for energy development and utilization with power electronic conversion technologies: a southeast USA regional approach

Key issues for design and research needs in power electronic conversion technologies as applied to energy development and utilization are presented. The analysis is geared for the southeast region of the United States, but the information can be of use to firms and universities in other regions of the country seeking guidance in this area. The technical background and a project justification in terms of applications and utilization of power electronic based conversion technologies are presented. The author examines the research issues identified in power quality, energy efficiency, and controls. The research approach developed to address the identified research is discussed. >
Functions on symmetric spaces and oscillator representation

In this paper, we study the L 2 functions on U( 2n)/O(2n) and Mp(n, R). We relate them using the oscillator representation. We first study some isometries between various L 2 spaces using the compactification we defined in [H. He, An analytic compactification of the symplectic group, J. Differential Geom. 51 (1999) 375–399]. These isometries were first introduced by Betten and Olafsson in [F. Betten, G. Olafsson, Causal compactification and Hardy spaces for spaces of Hermitian type, Pacific J. Math. 200 (2)
Use of more than one chelating agent simultaneously for different micronutrients in hydroponic nutrient cultures

Abstract Best growth with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Improved Tender‐green) in hydroponic culture was obtained with all the Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn chelated with DTPA and of solution pH 8.2, or with 110% of the Fe chelated with EDDHA and the Zn, Cu and Mn chelated with DTPA at pH 6.4. The concentration of the four elements supplied in mg.1‐1 were 1.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.05 for Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu respectively. In another experiment in which Zn was decreased to 0.2 ing.l‐1 and solution pH of 5.5 and also 7.8, best growth of bush beans was with Fe only chelated with DTPA although good growth was also obtained when more than one micronutrient was chelated. In another experiment, best growth of tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum L. cv. Tropic) was obtained with Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu chelated with DTPA at one level of micronutrients. With a lower level of Mn and Zn and other nutrients unchanged, best growth was obtained when all four micronutrients were chelated‐½ with EDDHA and ½ with DTPA. The results of the studies ...
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point

[1] Hubbard Glacier, the largest temperate tidewater glacier in the world, has been advancing since 1895 AD and has now twice dammed 60-km-long Russell Fjord, once in 1986 and more recently in 2002. This paper focuses on the 2002 event, when a strong spring advance pushed shallow submarine proglacial sediments against Gilbert Point, closing off Russell Fjord by late June. As a consequence, upstream ice flow decelerated from 5 m d−1 to 1.5 m d−1, with flow diverging to either side of Gilbert Point. Lake height reached 15 m asl before intense rains caused lake water to overtop the moraine dam on 14 August 2002. Three cubic kilometers of water were released within 30 hours, with peak discharge reaching 55,000 m3 s−1 24 hours after the flood began. The discharge records for the 1986 and 2002 outbursts differ significantly and reflect differences in lake height (26 m versus 15 m) and dam types (ice versus moraine). The 2002 outburst proceeded in two stages: (1) relatively slow overtopping of the subaerial moraine with downward erosion rates of 1–2 m h−1 with little lateral expansion, (2) followed by faster downward erosion of the submarine moraine (up to 7 m h−1) with rapid lateral expansion of the channel by ice calving (∼7 m h−1). The annual average terminus position at Gilbert Point has remained constant since 2002, although there are seasonal variations of 100–200 m. The deep channel, strong tidal currents, and seasonally warm ocean water appear to have prevented the advance of this segment of the terminus despite the glacier's continued advance elsewhere along its terminus. Sediments are slowly filling in the channel at a rate of about 4 m yr−1, and their steady accumulation may eventually trigger the next closure.
Towards a Fair and Balanced Assessment of Supermax Prisons

Supermaximum (“supermax”) security prisons have become a common feature of the corrections landscape. Despite their substantial costs, questions about their constitutionality, growing fiscal and managerial challenges confronting correctional systems, and increased demand for evidence‐based practices, little systematic empirical research about their effectiveness exists. Against this backdrop and a debate often framed in ideological terms, we identify five dimensions that we argue should be taken into account to provide a fair and balanced assessment of supermax prisons. Our study draws on a comprehensive analysis of existing research, site visits to three states, and interviews with 60 corrections policymakers, officials, and practitioners. We conclude with recommendations for research and policy.
Semantic integration through invariants

A semantics-preserving exchange of information between two software applications requires mappings between logically equivalent concepts in the ontology of each application. The challenge of semantic integration is therefore equivalent to the problem of generating such mappings, determining that they are correct, and providing a vehicle for executing the mappings, thus translating terms from one ontology into another. This article presents an approach toward this goal using techniques that exploit the model-theoretic structures underlying ontologies. With these as inputs, semi-automated and automated components may be used to create mappings between ontologies and perform translations.
Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Regulates Inducible Prostaglandin E Synthase Expression in Human Amnion Mesenchymal Cells

The human amnion is a major intrauterine source of prostaglandin (PG) E 2 , a potent mediator of uterine contractions and cervical ripening. During parturition, inflammatory cytokines promote PGE 2 production through increased prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS2, also known as cyclooxygenase-2) expression. This is mediated, in part, through activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB). Prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES, also known as microsomal PGE synthase-1) acts downstream of PTGS2 and is inducibly expressed in most systems. We hypothesized that NFkappaB might regulate cytokine-induced PTGES expression in amnion cells. With amnion mesenchymal cells, we found that proinflammatory cytokines coordinately upregulated PTGS2 and PTGES mRNA expression. In parallel, increased expression of the PTGS2 and PTGES proteins was observed. In comparison, the expression of two other PGE synthases (PTGES2 and PTGES3) was unmodified. PTGES induction was blocked both in the presence of pharmacological NFkappaB inhibitors and following adenovirus-mediated overexpression of a dominant-negative NFkappaB pathway protein. In cells transiently transfected with a luciferase reporter bearing a portion (� 597/þ33) of the human PTGES gene promoter, interleukin-1beta (IL1B) produced a moderate increase in luciferase activity; this effect was abrogated in the presence of an indirect NFkappaB inhibitor (MG-132). Finally, a kappaB-like regulatory element was identified that, when mutated, markedly attenuated IL1Bresponsive PTGES promoter activity. In conclusion, our results support a role for NFkappaB in cytokine-induced PTGES expression in amnion mesenchymal cells in vitro. By coordinately regulating PTGS2 and PTGES, NFkappaB may contribute to an inducible PGE 2 biosynthesis pathway during human parturition.
Two‐surface versus multi‐surface plasticity theories: A critical assessment

It is the objective of this note critically to assess the merits and shortcomings of two-surface and multi-surface plasticity theories.
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with significant morbidity and cost.1 AF is seen across a wide spectrum of patients, from lone AF without structural heart disease, to the postoperative setting, to patients with significant left ventricular dysfunction and advanced heart failure. AF is clinically classified as paroxysmal ( 7 days or requiring intervention to restore sinus rhythm), longstanding persistent (>1 year), or permanent, when restoration of sinus rhythm is no longer pursued.2 The presence of AF is associated with increased mortality, and treatment of patients requires symptom relief and prevention of thromboembolism. Optimal antithrombotic therapy is determined on the basis of stroke risk as predicted by the CHADS2 scoring system (a system that awards 1 point each for congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, and diabetes mellitus and 2 points for prior stroke or transient ischemic attack).3,4 More recently, a modified scoring system, CHA2DS-VASC2, has been shown to improve risk prediction for patients previously thought to be at low risk for thromboembolic events.5 Large-scale randomized trials have not shown mortality reduction with a rhythm control strategy compared with a rate control strategy6; however, many patients continue to have symptoms despite adequate rate control. For these patients, 3 therapeutic options are available for AF: (1) Antiarrhythmic drug therapy, (2) catheter ablation, and (3) surgical intervention (Maze procedure). Antiarrhythmic drug therapy has limited efficacy (40%–60%) and important side effects and has been shown to be less effective than catheter ablation in multiple comparative studies.7 In this Clinician Update, we illustrate current ablation strategies used to treat paroxysmal and persistent AF in the electrophysiology laboratory. A 57-year-old man with a history of hypertension presented with palpitations for 2 …
Reconstructing 3d human pose from 2d image landmarks

Reconstructing an arbitrary configuration of 3D points from their projection in an image is an ill-posed problem. When the points hold semantic meaning, such as anatomical landmarks on a body, human observers can often infer a plausible 3D configuration, drawing on extensive visual memory. We present an activity-independent method to recover the 3D configuration of a human figure from 2D locations of anatomical landmarks in a single image, leveraging a large motion capture corpus as a proxy for visual memory. Our method solves for anthropometrically regular body pose and explicitly estimates the camera via a matching pursuit algorithm operating on the image projections. Anthropometric regularity (i.e., that limbs obey known proportions) is a highly informative prior, but directly applying such constraints is intractable. Instead, we enforce a necessary condition on the sum of squared limb-lengths that can be solved for in closed form to discourage implausible configurations in 3D. We evaluate performance on a wide variety of human poses captured from different viewpoints and show generalization to novel 3D configurations and robustness to missing data.
Construction and characterization of a BAC library from a gynogenetic channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed by cloning Hind III-digested high molecular weight DNA from a gynogenetic channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, into the vector pBeloBAC11. Approximately 53 500 clones were arrayed in 384-well plates and stored at -80°C (CCBL1), while clones from a smaller insert size fraction were stored at -80°C without arraying (CCBL2). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of 100 clones after Not I digestion revealed an average insert size of 165 kb for CCBL1 and 113 kb for CCBL2. Further characterization of CCBL1 demonstrated that 10% of the clones did not contain an insert. CCBL1 provides a 7.2-fold coverage of the channel catfish haploid genome. PCR-based screening demonstrated that 68 out of 74 unique loci were present in the library. This represents a 92% chance to find a unique sequence. These libraries will be useful for physical mapping of the channel catfish genome, and identification of genes controlling major traits in this economically important species.
Tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry for the analysis of molecular sequence and architecture of hyperbranched glycopolymers

Multidimensional mass spectrometry techniques, combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization (ESI) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS2), multistage mass spectrometry (MSn) or ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), have been employed to gain precise structural insight on the compositions, sequences and architectures of small oligomers of a hyperbranched glycopolymer, prepared by atom transfer radical copolymerization of an acrylate monomer (A) and an acrylate inimer (B), both carrying mannose ester pendants. The MS data confirmed the incorporation of multiple inimer repeat units, which ultimately lead to the hyperbranched material. The various possible structures of n-mers with the same composition were subsequently elucidated based on MS2 and MSn studies. The characteristic elimination of bromomethane molecule provided definitive information about the comonomer connectivity in the copolymeric AB2 trimer and A2B2 tetramer, identifying as present only one of the three possible trimeric isomers (viz. sequence BBA) and only two of the six possible tetrameric isomers (viz. sequences BBA2 and BABA). Complementary IM-MS studies confirmed that only one of the tetrameric structures is formed. Comparison of the experimentally determined collision cross-section of the detected isomer with those predicted by molecular simulations for the two possible sequences ascertained BBA2 as the predominant tetrameric architecture. The multidimensional MS approaches presented provide connectivity information at the atomic level without requiring high product purity (due to the dispersive nature of MS) and, hence, should be particularly useful for the microstructure characterization of novel glycopolymers and other types of complex copolymers.
A prioritized and adaptive approach to volumetric seeded region growing using texture descriptors

The performance of segmentation algorithms often depends on numerous parameters such as initial seed and contour placement, threshold selection, and other region-dependent a priori knowledge. While necessary for successful segmentation, appropriate setting of these parameters can be difficult to achieve and requires a user experienced with the algorithm and knowledge of the application field. In order to overcome these difficulties, we propose a prioritized and adaptive volumetric region growing algorithm which will automatically segment a region of interest while simultaneously developing a stopping criterion. This algorithm utilizes volumetric texture extraction to establish the homogeneity criterion by which the analysis of the aggregating voxel similarities will, over time, define region boundaries. Using our proposed approach on a volume, derived from Computed Tomography (CT) images of the abdomen, we segmented three organs of interest (liver, kidney and spleen). We find that this algorithm is capable of providing excellent volumetric segmentations while also demanding significantly less user intervention than other techniques as it requires only one interaction from the user, namely the selection of a single seed voxel.
Low-Rank Variance Approximation in GMRF Models: Single and Multiscale Approaches

We present a versatile framework for tractable computation of approximate variances in large-scale Gaussian Markov random field estimation problems. In addition to its efficiency and simplicity, it also provides accuracy guarantees. Our approach relies on the construction of a certain low-rank aliasing matrix with respect to the Markov graph of the model. We first construct this matrix for single-scale models with short-range correlations and then introduce spliced wavelets and propose a construction for the long-range correlation case, and also for multiscale models. We describe the accuracy guarantees that the approach provides and apply the method to a large interpolation problem from oceanography with sparse, irregular, and noisy measurements, and to a gravity inversion problem.
Brief Series expansions for analytic systems linear in control

This paper presents a series expansion for the evolution of a class of nonlinear systems characterized by constant input vector fields. We present a series expansion that can be computed via explicit recursive expressions, and we derive sufficient conditions for uniform convergence over the finite- and infinite-time horizon. Furthermore, we present a simplified series and convergence analysis for the setting of second-order polynomial vector fields. The treatment only relies on elementary notions on analytic functions, number theory, and operator norms.
Immediate recall of sentences plus digits: a new approach.

Subjects were asked to recall sentences followed by random strings of digits. Presentation was auditory, recall was spoken and the format followed the Wechsler digit retention sub-test. Consideration of the number of digits correctly recalled following correct recall of the sentence indicated that (a) simple active affirmative declarative sentences reduced the average digits recalled by 2, (b) passivization did not significantly increase this reduction while (c) adding clauses did. Consideration of the serial position of digit recall errors indicated that the sentences and digits were disjoint in memory. Analysis of errors in sentence recall suggested that detransforming occurs in immediate recall tasks and that reversibility was a factor in correct recall.