cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cigarette Design Features in Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries

Previous studies have shown that country income grouping is correlated with cigarette engineering. Cigarettes (N = 111 brands) were purchased during 2008–2010 from 11 low-, middle-, and high-income countries to assess physical dimensions and an array of cigarette design features. Mean ventilation varied significantly across low- (7.5%), middle- (15.3%), and high-income (26.2%) countries (P ≤ 0.001). Differences across income groups were also seen in cigarette length (P = 0.001), length of the tipping paper (P = 0.01), filter weight (P = 0.017), number of vent rows (P = 0.003), per-cigarette tobacco weight (P = 0.04), and paper porosity (P = 0.008). Stepwise linear regression showed ventilation and tobacco length as major predictors of ISO tar yields in low-income countries (P = 0.909, 0.047), while tipping paper (P < 0.001), filter length (P < 0.001), number of vent rows (P = 0.014), and per-cigarette weight (P = 0.015) were predictors of tar yields in middle-income countries. Ventilation (P < 0.001), number of vent rows (P = 0.009), per-cigarette weight (P < 0.001), and filter diameter (P = 0.004) predicted tar yields in high-income countries. Health officials must be cognizant of cigarette design issues to provide effective regulation of tobacco products.
Positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1 mediates repression of the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) type IV promoter

Abstract MHC class II transactivator (CIITA), a co-activator that controls MHC class II (MHC II) transcription, functions as the master regulator of MHC II expression. Persistent activity of the CIITA type III promoter (pIII), one of the four potential promoters of this gene, is responsible for constitutive expression of MHC II by B lymphocytes. In addition, IFN-γ induces expression of CIITA in these cells through the type IV promoter (pIV). Positive regulatory domain 1-binding factor 1 (PRDI-BF1), called B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) in mice, represses the expression of CIITA pIII in plasma and multiple myeloma cells. To investigate regulation of CIITA pIV expression by PRDI-BF1 in the B lymphocyte lineage, protein/DNA-binding studies, and functional promoter analyses were performed. PRDI-BF1 bound to the IFN regulatory factor-element (IRF-E) site in CIITA pIV. Ectopic expression of either PRDI-BF1 or Blimp-1 repressed this promoter in B lymphocytes. In vitro binding and functional analyses of CIITA pIV demonstrated that the IRF-E is the target of this repression. In vivo genomic footprint analysis demonstrated protein binding at the IRF-E site of CIITA pIV in U266 myeloma cells, which express PRDI-BF1. PRDI-BF1β, a truncated form of PRDI-BF1 that is co-expressed in myeloma cells, also bound to the IRF-E site and repressed CIITA pIV. These findings demonstrate for the first time that, in addition to silencing expression of CIITA pIII in B lymphocytes, PRDI-BF1 is capable of binding and suppressing CIITA pIV.
Pressure dependence of single crystal elastic constants and anharmonic properties of wurtzite

Abstract The single crystal, elastic constants of wurtzite (ZnS) have been measured by means of the ultrasonic pulse superposition technique at 25°C as a function of pressure, and at 1 bar as a function of temperature between 25 and 100°C. Within experimental accuracy the pressure dependence in the range up to 10 kbar was found to be linear for the longitudinal modes and quadratic for the shear modes. The elastic constants and their first pressure derivatives agree approximately with theoretical values for the hcp structure with first nearest neighbor central force interaction. The experimental data are used for the discussion of the Born stability limit in relation to the high pressure transformations of wurtzite into the sphalerite and rock salt structures, for the calculation of the Gruneisen parameter in the anisotropic elastic continuum approximation, and for the calculation of the isothermal equation of state at high pressure. The elastic properties of sphalerite (ZnS) are calculated from the data for wurtzite in the ‘equivalent sphalerite approximation’ of Sullivan and used for discussing the dependence on ionic radii of the pressure coefficients of the elastic constants in sphalerite-type II–VI compounds. The Born stability limit, the Gruneisen parameter and the isothermal equation of state of sphalerite are also calculated and compared with the corresponding quantities for wurtzite.
An arrow's point

The Physical Basis of the Direction of Time. By H. D. Zeh. Springer-Verlag: 1989. Pp.166. £6.50, DM18.
Cross time-frequency analysis of gastrocnemius electromyographic signals in hypertensive and nonhypertensive subjects

The effects of hypertension are chronic and continuous; it affects gait, balance, and fall risk. Therefore, it is desirable to assess gait health across hypertensive and nonhypertensive subjects in order to prevent or reduce the risk of falls. Analysis of electromyography (EMG) signals can identify age related changes of neuromuscular activation due to various neuropathies and myopathies, but it is difficult to translate these medical changes to clinical diagnosis. To examine and compare geriatrics patients with these gait-altering diseases, we acquire EMG muscle activation signals, and by use of a timesynchronized mat capable of recording pressure information, we localize the EMG data to the gait cycle, ensuring identical comparison across subjects. Using time-frequency analysis on the EMG signal, in conjunction with several parameters obtained from the time-frequency analyses, we can determine the statistical discrepancy between diseases. We base these parameters on physiological manifestations caused by hypertension, as well as other comorbities that affect the geriatrics community. Using these metrics in a small population, we identify a statistical discrepancy between a control group and subjects with hypertension, neuropathy, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, and several other common diseases which severely affect the geriatrics community.
Integration and Regression of Implanted Engineered Human Vascular Networks During Deep Wound Healing

The ability of vascularized constructs to integrate with tissues may depend on the kinetics and stability of vascular structure development. This study assessed the functionality and durability of engineered human vasculatures from endothelial progenitors when implanted in a mouse deep burn-wound model. Human vascular networks, derived from endothelial colony-forming cells in hyaluronic acid hydrogels, were transplanted into third-degree burns. On day 3 following transplantation, macrophages rapidly degraded the hydrogel during a period of inflammation; through the transitions from inflammation to proliferation (days 5-7), the host's vasculatures infiltrated the construct, connecting with the human vessels within the wound area. The growth of mouse vessels near the wound area supported further integration with the implanted human vasculatures. During this period, the majority of the vessels (∼60%) in the treated wound area were human. Although no increase in the density of human vessels was detected during the proliferative phase, they temporarily increased in size. This growth peaked at day 7, the middle of the proliferation stage, and then decreased by the end of the proliferation stage. As the wound reached the remodeling period during the second week after transplantation, the vasculatures including the transplanted human vessels generally regressed, and few microvessels, wrapped by mouse smooth muscle cells and with a vessel area less than 200 μm² (including the human ones), remained in the healed wound. Overall, this study offers useful insights for the development of vascularization strategies for wound healing and ischemic conditions, for tissue-engineered constructs, and for tissue regeneration.
Heterodimer Formation by Retinoid X Receptor: Regulation by Ligands and by the Receptor's Self-Association Properties†

The retinoid X receptor (RXR), a nuclear receptor that is activated by 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA), can regulate transcription as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with numerous other receptors. It wa...
O-fucosylation of thrombospondin type 1 repeats in ADAMTS-like-1/punctin-1 regulates secretion: implications for the ADAMTS superfamily.

Abstract The ADAMTS superfamily contains several metalloproteases (ADAMTS proteases) as well as ADAMTS-like molecules that lack proteolytic activity. Their common feature is the presence of one or more thrombospondin type-1 repeats (TSRs) within a characteristic modular organization. ADAMTS like-1/punctin-1 has four TSRs. Previously, O-fucosylation on Ser or Thr mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum-localized enzyme protein-O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2) was described for TSRs of thrombospondin-1, properdin, and F-spondin within the sequence Cys-Xaa1-Xaa2-(Ser/Thr)-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Gly (where the fucosylated residue is underlined). On mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic peptides from recombinant secreted human punctin-1, the appropriate peptides from TSR2, TSR3, and TSR4 were found to bear either a fucose monosaccharide (TSR3, TSR4) or a fucose-glucose disaccharide (TSR2, TSR3, TSR4). Although mass spectral analysis did not unambiguously identify the relevant peptide from TSR1, metabolic labeling of cells expressing TSR1 and the cysteine-rich module led to incorporation of [3H]fucose into this construct. Mutation of the putative modified Ser/Thr residues in TSR2, TSR3, and TSR4 led to significantly decreased levels of secreted punctin-1. Similarly, expression of punctin-1 in Lec-13 cells that are deficient in conversion of GDP-mannose to GDP-fucose substantially decreased the levels of secreted protein, which were restored upon culture in the presence of exogenous l-fucose. In addition, mutation of the single N-linked oligosaccharide in punctin-1 led to decreased levels of secreted punctin-1. Taken together, the data define a critical role for N-glycosylation and O-fucosylation in the biosynthesis of punctin-1. From a broad perspective, these data suggest that O-fucosylation may be a widespread post-translational modification in members of the ADAMTS superfamily with possible regulatory consequences.
PRISM: a visual programming system for pipelined image processors

Pipelined image processing hardware has become increasingly popular because it makes it possible to build real-time machine vision systems at reasonable cost. Unfortunately, this type of hardware is often difficult to program, and the difficulty increases rapidly as the machines become more flexible and powerful. In this paper we present PRISM, a visual programming language that supports rapid prototyping and algorithm development on pipelined image processors. Computations are represented by graphs whose nodes are data transformations and whose arcs are data paths. The system allows the user to build and edit graphs and attach attributes to graph nodes specifying details of the computation (gains, masks, et cetera). Once the graph is adequately connected, the system traverses the graph, analyzes the data dependencies, and constructs an execution schedule. It then repeatedly executes the schedule, mapping graph nodes to specific hardware resources as needed. We discuss the overall architecture of the system, describe the class of hardware devices to which it is applicable, and then present an implementation for the Datacube MV 20. We analyze the implementation in terms of how well it makes use of the underlying hardware, and discuss ways of improving its efficiency.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Adaptation of Kubista's Method for Spectral Curve Deconvolution.

A chemometric approach to spectral curve deconvolution is described, evaluated, and applied to micellar systems. The technique is based on the method of principal component analysis of a spectral matrix followed by transformation of the abstract vectors into real spectra and concentrations. The approach reported here is similar to that of Kubista et al. (Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 994−998). In the present study, however, more spectral information is known about the system of interest. This information is included in the deconvolution, which should, in general, increase the reliability of the method. From this method we obtain very reliable (noise-insensitive) λmax values of indicator molecules in the micellar pseudophase free from contributions of the indicator in the aqueous phase. The water-to-micelle partition coefficients are also determined. The effects of noise and the extent of indicator partitioning on the reliability of the method are evaluated using model data. The application of the method to the st...
Minimal complications in a surgical population with severe asthma receiving prophylactic corticosteroids

Sixty-eight patients with asthma followed by the Northwestern Allergy Service underwent a total of 92 surgical procedures from July 1973 to December 1986. In 41 of 92 procedures outpatient prednisone was administered, and in 92 procedures a pretreatment regimen of 100 mg hydrocortisone parenterally every 8 hours beginning the night before surgery was administered. Postoperatively, the overall incidence of pulmonary complications (either pulmonary infection or asthma) was 9.7%. Three patients developed pneumonia, demonstrated by an infiltrate on chest x-ray examination, and two patients developed wheezing requiring epinephrine, giving a complication rate of 5.4%. In addition, four patients developed mild wheezing postoperatively. Statistical analyses to compare the overall infection rate in this asthmatic population with that in two other surgical populations showed no statistical differences. There were no deaths and no patient developed any wound complication or adrenocortical insufficiency. These results indicate that patients with asthma in optimal respiratory condition who have received preoperative clinical evaluation and a hydrocortisone pretreatment regimen can undergo surgery with minimal complications.
Effect of 2'-nor-cyclic GMP against guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection.

Cyclic phosphate derivative of DHPG, 29-nor-cGMP [9-[(2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl]-guani ne phosphate-oxide] was evaluated for activity against guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infection in cultured guinea pig embryo cells and in guinea pigs. By virus yield reduction and plaque reduction assays, 29-nor-cGMP was demonstrated to be 15- to 20-fold more potent against GPCMV infection than its parental drug DHPG. The selectivity index of 2-nor-cGMP was 110, which was 10-fold higher than that of DHPG. In cultured cells, 29-nor-cGMP attained maximal antiviral activity when added to the cells within 12 h postinfection. In the studies on GPCMV infection in guinea pigs, 29-nor-cGMP administered subcutaneously once daily (5 mg/kg per day) for 8 days, starting 24 after virus inoculation, significantly suppressed GPCMV infectivity titers in the blood, spleen, lung, and salivary gland during acute infection (10 days postinfection) as compared with sham-treated infected animals. A greater reduction of GPCMV infectivity titers in the salivary gland was noted during chronic infection (i.e., 24 days postinfection). Clinically, splenomegaly and peripheral lymphocytosis were significantly modified as compared with the sham-treated animals (P less than 0.05). The drug, administered at this dosage, was reasonably tolerated by the guinea pigs and showed clinical benefit.
The Challenge of Social Justice for School Psychology

This commentary suggests that a critical dialogue about the role of social justice within the practice of school psychology is needed for the field to embrace and advance a social justice agenda.
Measuring Attitudes of School-Age Children: a Note On Effects of Place of Measurement On Validity of Outcomes

The setting in which attitude data are collected can be a source of measurement error. This paper reports the results of an experimental study concerned with the effects that place of measurement might have on measuring attitudes of school-age children. Using a numerical scale, children in grades 4 to 8 rated 16 nonschool activities, with the measurements being made either at school or at home, on the basis of a replicated randomized block design. The results supported the belief that place of measurement can affect measurement scores of school-age children.
Towards semi-automatic reconstruction of neural circuits.

The spatial layout of neuronal arbors and their synapses in the brain, also known as the wiring diagram or the connectome,1 may provide the basis for formulating experimentally testable hypotheses of neural circuit function. In the brain, the small dimensions of terminal dendrites and synapses, and the anatomical flexibility of neuronal arbors implementing the same function in the brains of two different individuals, conspire against the standard scientific approach of examining a small piece of tissue and generalizing to the rest. Furthermore, the identification of the synaptic contacts between neurons is not sufficient to capture important aspects of circuitry function such as neuromodulation,2 which operates via volume release and difusion through the extracellular space. To obtain a connectome complete with spatial information, scientists must image the brain at nanometer resolution and reconstruct neuronal arbors, synapses, and glial cells. So far, only electron microscopy (EM) has proven effective,3 if limited to relatively small volumes of brains4,5,6 or to complete nervous systems of small organisms such as C. elegans.7,8
Elastic moduli of two-dimensional composites with sliding inclusions : a comparison of effective medium theories

Abstract We study the effective elastic moduli of two-dimensional (2D) composite materials containing sliding circular inclusions distributed randomly in the matrix. To simulate sliding we introduce a sliding parameter, which in two limiting cases gives perfect bonding and pure sliding boundary conditions. We evaluate elastic moduli using four effective medium theories; the self-consistent method, the differential scheme, the Mori-Tanaka method and the generalized self-consistent method. In this paper we focus on two aspects: one is the study of the effect of interface on the elastic constants of composites and the other is a comparison of the results from effective medium theories for the cases of both sliding and perfect bonding. In the discussion we use the recently-stated Cherkaev-Lurie-Milton theorem, which gives general relations between the effective elastic constants of 2D composites. We also compare the results from the effective medium theories with those from numerical simulations.
Review of On Becoming a Woman Leader: Learning from the Experiences of University Presidents

(2010). Review of On Becoming a Woman Leader: Learning from the Experiences of University Presidents. NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 275-277.
The complexity of the equivalence problem for commutative semigroups and symmetric vector addition systems

This paper shows that the equivalence problems for commutative semigroups and symmetric vector addition systems are decidable in space cNlogN for some fixed constant c, solving an open question by Cardoza, Lipton, Mayr, and Meyer. From the exponential-space completeness of the word problems, it follows that our upper bound is nearly optimal.
Efficient production of electronically excited BiF(AO+) via collisions with NF(a1Δ)

An efficient process for converting the energy stored in electronically excited NF(a1Δ) into blue-green BiF (AX) band emissions has been discovered. Bismuth atoms are converted to BiF and then repeatedly pumped to the (AO+) state in two steps via collisions with NF(a1Δ). A model has been formulated that predicts BiF emission intensities that are in excellent agreement with the observed values. Some of the rate coefficients required for this model are estimated by means of charge-transfer theories. The cyclic nature of this system, along with its other basic properties, suggests that it has a strong potential to be an efficient blue-green laser system.
Calcium-Calmodulin Modulation of the Olfactory Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channel

Although several ion channels have been reported to be directly modulated by calcium-calmodulin, they have not been conclusively shown to bind calmodulin, nor are the modulatory mechanisms understood. Study of the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-activated cation channel, which is modulated by calcium-calmodulin, indicates that calcium-calmodulin directly binds to a specific domain on the amino terminus of the channel. This binding reduces the effective affinity of the channel for cyclic nucleotides, apparently by acting on channel gating, which is tightly coupled to ligand binding. The data reveal a control mechanism that resembles those underlying the regulation of enzymes by calmodulin. The results also point to the amino-terminal part of the olfactory channel as an element for gating, which may have general significance in the operation of ion channels with similar overall structures.
Base plate mechanics of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (=Amphibalanus amphitrite).

The mechanical properties of barnacle base plates were measured using a punch test apparatus, with the purpose of examining the effect that the base plate flexural rigidity may have on adhesion mechanics. Base plate compliance was measured for 43 Balanus amphitrite (=Amphibalanus amphitrite) barnacles. Compliance measurements were used to determine flexural rigidity (assuming a fixed-edge circular plate approximation) and composite modulus of the base plates. The barnacles were categorized by age and cement type (hard or gummy) for statistical analyses. Barnacles that were ‘hard’ (≥70% of the base plate thin, rigid cement) and ‘gummy’ (>30% of the base plate covered in compliant, tacky cement) showed statistically different composite moduli but did not show a difference in base plate flexural rigidity. The average flexural rigidity for all barnacles was 0.0020 Nm (SEM ± 0.0003). Flexural rigidity and composite modulus did not differ significantly between 3-month and 14-month-old barnacles. The relatively ...
Identification of Novel QTL Governing Root Architectural Traits in an Interspecific Soybean Population

Cultivated soybean (Glycine max L.) cv. Dunbar (PI 552538) and wild G. soja (PI 326582A) exhibited significant differences in root architecture and root-related traits. In this study, phenotypic variability for root traits among 251 BC2F5 backcross inbred lines (BILs) developed from the cross Dunbar/PI 326582A were identified. The root systems of the parents and BILs were evaluated in controlled environmental conditions using a cone system at seedling stage. The G. max parent Dunbar contributed phenotypically favorable alleles at a major quantitative trait locus on chromosome 8 (Satt315-I locus) that governed root traits (tap root length and lateral root number) and shoot length. This QTL accounted for >10% of the phenotypic variation of both tap root and shoot length. This QTL region was found to control various shoot- and root-related traits across soybean genetic backgrounds. Within the confidence interval of this region, eleven transcription factors (TFs) were identified. Based on RNA sequencing and Affymetrix expression data, key TFs including MYB, AP2-EREBP and bZIP TFs were identified in this QTL interval with high expression in roots and nodules. The backcross inbred lines with different parental allelic combination showed different expression pattern for six transcription factors selected based on their expression pattern in root tissues. It appears that the marker interval Satt315–I locus on chromosome 8 contain an essential QTL contributing to early root and shoot growth in soybean.
Lung transplantation versus lung volume reduction as surgical therapy for emphysema.

There are currently two surgical therapies aimed at crippling, end-stage emphysema: lung transplantation and lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). Unfortunately, most emphysema patients are poor candidates for any surgical intervention. The authors favor a meticulous selection process in which indications and contraindications are considered and the best solution is devised for each patient. Patients with ideal circumstances for LVRS—hyperinflation, heterogeneous distribution of disease, FEV1 of more than 20%, and normal PCO2—are offered LVRS. Patients with diffuse disease, low FEV1, hypercapnia, and associated pulmonary hypertension are directed toward transplantation. LVRS has not been a satisfactory option for patients with a1-antitrypsin deficiency, and we prefer a transplant in most of these patients. With these considerations, we find that few patients are serious candidates for both procedures. Combinations of lung volume reduction and lung transplantation, simultaneously or sequentially, are possible but rarely necessary.
A validated LC method for imatinib mesylate.

Abstract An isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography method with UV detection has been developed for the purity evaluation of imatinib mesylate in bulk drug. The method is selective and is capable of detecting all process intermediates and other related compounds, which may be present at trace levels in the drug substance. The method was validated on a Symmetry Shield RP18 analytical column (150×4.6 mm, 5 μm), mobile phase consisting of 30 mM sodium octane sulphonic acid in 10 mM aqueous KH 2 PO 4 (pH 2.5 with H 3 PO 4 ): MeOH in the ratio of 42:58 v/v. The flow rate was set at 1.0 ml/min and the column was maintained at room temperature. The injection volume was set to 10 μl and the detector was set at a wavelength of 237 nm. The method was validated in terms of system precision, method precision, linearity, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantification.
Competitive Advantage Through Design

At a time when almost every business practice is undergoing a thorough reengineering process, many companies are discovering the value of going back to basics in one crucial area: design. Management, preoccupied during much of the 1980s with a set of concerns that were far removed from creating value for customers, is rediscovering the power of that fundamental building block of all commercial success: the interaction between a customer and a product, tangible or intangible. The quality of that interaction is overwhelmingly driven by two things: product and process design.
Density functional studies of LaMnO3 under uniaxial strain

Abstract We study the electronic and magnetic properties of tetragonal LaMnO 3 (LMO) under uniaxial strain, appropriate for epitaxially grown LMO heterostructures, from density functional calculations. The optimized tetragonal structure without strain has volume, magnetic order, and Jahn–Teller distortions similar to the bulk LMO, which forms in the orthorhombic structure. Strain affects the relative magnitudes of these distortions and changes the magnetic and conduction properties. While unstrained LMO is a type A antiferromagnet and insulating, we find that it changes to a ferromagnetic metal under tensile strain condition ( c -axis stretched). The latter is the result of a diminishing magnitude of the Jahn–Teller distortion with strain, which in turn reduces the splitting of the Mn- e g orbitals, eventually leading to a metallic state, and finally to a ferromagnet due to the double exchange interaction. The calculated Poisson's ratio from geometry optimization agrees with the experimental values for the bulk.
Perception of three-dimensional form by human infants

Human adults can perceive the three-dimensional form of an object from single views or from the continuously transforming two-dimensional projections of an object rotating in depth. The present work reports that 16-week-old infants can perceive three-dimensional form from transforming optical projections, but not from single or multiple static views of an object. In a habituation-of-looking-time procedure, infants in a kinetic condition were shown videotapes of one of two three-dimensional objects continuously rotating, on alternate trials, around two different axes of rotation in depth. Infants in two other conditions saw successive static views taken from the same rotation sequences. After habituation, perception of three-dimensional form was tested by presenting the same three-dimensional form moving around a new axis of rotation in depth and a different three-dimensional form moving around the same, new axis. Infants shown continuously transforming displays generalized habituation to the same object and dishabituated dramatically to the new object, whereas infants in the two static conditions showed no differential responding to the test objects as a function of habituation object. Kinetic information seems to be primary in the development of three-dimensional form perception.
Cost-based labeling of groups of mass spectra

We make two main contributions in this paper. First, we motivate and introduce a novel class of data mining problems that arise in labeling a group of mass spectra, specifically for analysis of atmospheric aerosols, but with natural applications to market-basket datasets. This builds upon other recent work in which we introduced the problem of labeling a single spectrum, and is motivated by the advent of a new generation of Aerosol Time-of-Flight Spectrometers, which are capable of generating mass spectra for hundreds of aerosol particles per minute. We also describe two algorithms for group labeling, which differ greatly in how they utilize a linear programming (LP) solver, and also differ greatly from algorithms for labeling a single spectrum.Our second contribution is to show how to automatically select between these two algorithms in a cost-based manner, analogous to how a query optimizer selects from a space of query plans. While the details are specific to the labeling problem, we believe that is a promising first step towards a general framework for cost-based data mining, and opens up an important direction for future search.
MO-A-213AB-10: Scattering System Optimization for Proton Therapy

Purpose: To describe a method for optimization and production of a dual scattering system for proton beam delivery.Methods: Dual‐foil passive scattering is currently the prevalent modality for proton therapydelivery. Large uniform proton fields are created using a 2‐stage scattering system comprising an upstream uniform lead foil (stage 1) followed by a contoured lead/Lexan foil to provide beam and range uniformity (stage 2). Optimizing the parameters of these foils, including thickness, contour and placement, provides not only a flat and symmetrical radiation field with a uniform range, but also affects the overall efficiency of the beam line. An analytical method for optimizing the scattering system design was applied and validated with GEANT4 simulations. This method has been used to create passively scatteredtherapeutic and research proton fields at our proton therapy facility. A novel Cerrobend casting method is described that allows for cost‐effective and accurate production of this important beam‐line component. Results: A number of dual scattering foil combinations for research and therapeutic purposes have been created and were evaluated with GEANT4 simulations. We demonstrated that the use of this system can generate passively scatteredproton fields up to 60cm diameter with improved efficiency and beam flatness over existing dual‐scattering systems. Scattering system performance was verified using physical measurements including Gafchromic film and ion chamber data. Conclusions: This analytical method allows the user to optimize the proton dual scattering system with respect to specific input parameters, while the casting method provides a cost‐effective way to create a unique scattering system for a given application.
The Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Reliability and Validity for Use Among 5 to 8 Year Olds with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

The Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) is the instrument of choice for assessing symptom severity in older children (i.e., 8–18 years) diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The reliability and validity of this measure for use among younger children (i.e., 5–8 years of age), however, has never been examined. The primary aim of this study was to examine this scale’s use among those presenting with early childhood OCD. Forty-two children with OCD between the ages of 4 and 8 years of age were recruited as part of a larger treatment outcome study, and the reliability and validity of the CY-BOCS was examined. Results revealed questionable reliability for the measure’s 5-item Obsessions subscale but good reliability (i.e., internal consistency, temporal stability) for the 5-item Compulsions subscale and 10-item total scale. Results also revealed that the CY-BOCS total scale demonstrated mixed discriminant validity but strong convergent validity and sensitive to change. Collectively, the 10-item, CY-BOCS total score yields a reliable and valid scale for the assessment of symptom severity in early childhood OCD. However, we urge caution in use of the Obsessions subscale in isolation for either clinical or research purposes. Limitations and future areas of research are discussed including the potential benefit of developing a measure of OCD-related symptom severity specifically for younger children with greater attention to developmental differences among children within this population.
Vitamin E in aging, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease

Since its discovery, vitamin E has been extensively researched by a large number of investigators in an attempt to fully understand its role in a variety of pathophysiological contexts. The vast majority of published work has focused on vitamin E's antioxidant properties, which is why it is well known as a lipophilic antioxidant that protects membranes from being oxidatively damaged by free radicals. However, several lines of investigation have recently revealed that vitamin E has biological roles unrelated to its antioxidant properties. Among these roles, vitamin E has been described as: a regulator of signal transduction, gene expression, and redox sensor. In parallel with the discovery of novels cellular functions of vitamin E, the introduction of the free radical theory of brain aging has propelled a renewed interest in this vitamin. Most of the resulting work has been based on the postulate that, by preventing and/or minimizing the oxidative stress-dependent brain damage, vitamin E could be used as therapeutic approach. In this article, we will consider the existing literature regarding the biological properties of vitamin E and the potential therapeutic and/or preventative roles that this natural dietary factor plays in brain aging, cognition, and Alzheimer's dementia.
Gene network models robust to spatial scaling and noisy input.

Abstract Many biological systems are inherently noisy, yet demonstrate robustness to perturbations and changes in external influences. Such is the case in the Bicoid–Hunchback (Bcd–Hb) system, which is critical to axis specification in the developing Drosophila embryo. We use this system as motivation to explore the larger problem of how precise patterning can be achieved under imprecise conditions. While evidence suggests Bicoid gradients are uncorrelated with respect to embryo length, downstream genes, such as Hb, are expressed in a precise manner with regard to position along the anterior–posterior (AP)-axis. In addition to precision under variability of embryo length, Hb also exhibits robustness to perturbations to the regulatory network, gene dosage, and temperature. Understanding the reduced variability of patterns in this system is of interest to both experimentalists and theoreticians, lending itself well to the field of mathematical modeling. In this paper, a class of reaction–diffusion models is presented, which produce precise patterns, despite receiving noisy input and other perturbations to the system. An essential property of the network includes the existence of a strong inhibitor for the Hb representative, where the strength of the inhibition is directly related to the amount of variation that can be tolerated. With a higher inhibitory effect, larger perturbations of Bcd can be made with relatively small changes to the location of the Hb boundary. Network topology and interaction strength are the essential properties of the minimal model giving rise to the robust features, and possible interpretations are made with regard to the Bcd–Hb system.
Amphiphilic phosphines for catalysis in the aqueous phase

Abstract Two new phosphines, Tris[ p -(10-phenyldecyl)phenyl]phosphine and 2,2′-Bis{di[ p -(10-phenyldecyl)phenylphosphinomethyl}-1,1′-biphenyl were successfully synthesized and sulfonated in concentrated H 2 SO 4 . The resulting water soluble surface active phosphines were applied to the rhodium catalyzed hydroformylation of higher olefins. It is found that these two ligands are not only excellent for octene hydroformylation, but catalyze tetradecene hydroformylation under two phase conditions as well. Rates and selectivities are superior to TPPTS modified rhodium catalysts under the same reaction conditions.
Repatriating American film heritage or heritage hoarding? Digital opportunities for traditional film archive policy

This article investigates the high-profile film repatriation projects between such organizations as the US Library of Congress, the Museum of Modern Art, the National Film and Sound Archive in Australia, and the New Zealand Film Archive. Heralded for bringing ‘home’ the so-called lost films, repatriation projects capture public imagination and prove vital in galvanizing the much needed press interest in the media preservation movement. National film archives, however, continue to pursue traditional modes of repatriating film material, spending thousands of dollars to ship nitrate film prints to underfunded and overwhelmed US media repositories, and perpetuating the dominance of the nation-state in preservation discourse. This article challenges the long-standing, celluloid-focused approach by providing an overview of media repatriation practice and policy, contemporary analysis of cultural property theory and law, and offering a pragmatic suggestion for digital repatriation models that can empower a great...
Analysis of Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Suspensions

B = Bi, = C = C* = C = E= = e = Fo = h, = K, = k = L = rn = Nu, = Pe = 4 = R = Rd = Re = r = r* = r,. = r,, = Is1. = Ste = S = T= t = u = 47, = X = X = a = A numerical solution of laminar forced convection heat transfer of a microencapsulated phase change material suspension in a circular tuhe with constant heat flux has been presented in this article. Melting in the microcapsule was solved by a temperature transforming model instead of a quasisteady model. The effects of the microcapsules crust, the initial subcooling, and the width of the phase change temperature range on the variation of the dimensionless tuhe wall temperatures, along the axial direction, were also considered in the present model. The agreement between the present numerical results and the experimental results is very good.
The use of topographical landmarks to improve the outcome of Agee endoscopic carpal tunnel release.

Abstract A modified approach to endoscopic carpal tunnel release has been developed and tested in 60 cadaveric specimens by three surgeons using the Agee endoscopic carpal tunnel release system. The modified approach, which includes specific localization of the hook of the hamate, flexor retinaculum, and the superficial palmar arch utilizing topographical landmarks, avoids entry into Guyon's canal and injury to the ulnar artery and nerve, median nerve, and common digital nerves. Use of the anatomic approach resulted in significantly superior results. There were fewer incomplete releases, and fewer surgical passes were required, for the inexperienced surgeons. When these anatomic considerations were not included, the learning curve was much steeper. For surgeons planning endoscopie surgical release of the transverse carpal ligament, the described topographical approach improves the technical competence with the procedure and reduces the number of complications and learning curve associated with new procedures. We recommend the use of topographical landmarks and other anatomic considerations during endoscopic carpal tunnel release.
Clarification and Purpose of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Injury Model

The author responds to the four reactions authored by Thompson-Miller and Feagin, Griffin, Speight, and Bryant-Davis in this issue. In responding, he clarifies the purpose of the model presented in his major contribution and adds information about the model's legal and forensic applications that he did not touch on with any detail. He also discusses the purpose of the use of “injury” to describe the harm of racism, the intersection of psychology and law, and how legal definitions are not useful in the effort to understand the mental health effects of racism. He further points out that both objective and subjective stressors are harmful since, where racism is concerned, there seems to be a tendency to discount subjective experience. Lastly, the author acknowledges points made by the reaction authors that extend and expand the model of race-based traumatic stress injury he presented.
Holding out for a haircut: financial crisis, moral hazard, and interest rate policy

The International Monetary Fund (IMF)-prescribed introduction of higher interest rates in crisis-hit economies has been criticized as being unnecessarily contractionary. This criticism ignores the effects of interest rate policy on the incentives to restructure corporate debt once it has become strategically optimal for domestic firms to declare a state of over-indebtedness. A wide-spread state of debt moratoria constitutes a "bad" equilibrium, whereas the widespread adoption of a quick debt workout strategy is a potentially "good" equilibrium. The latter can be encouraged through various policies, most controversially a short-term policy of high interest rates. Other potential policies include (i) widespread debt forgiveness; (ii) enhanced implementation of the bankruptcy court; and (iii) the enforcement of free market competition. Copyright @ 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
A New Holcocera Clemens from Guatemala and Redescription of H. iceryaeella (Riley) from the United States (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae: Blastobasinae: Holcocerini): Two Congeners with Incidental Preference for Avocado

Two species of Holcocera Clemens (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae: Blastobasinae: Holcocerini) are known to feed on Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae), but their frequency of infestation appears low. One species, Holcocera plagatola, n. sp., from Guatemala, is described herein. Holcocera iceryaeella (Riley) is known only from California and has been recorded on many different host plants; it is also known to be a predator of immature Hemiptera and scale insects. Photographs of the imagos of both Holcocera species are included, in addition to illustrations of the male and female genitalia. We comment on host preferences for both species.
Using Markov chains to filter machine-morphed variants of malicious programs

Of the enormous quantity of malicious programs seen in the wild, most are variations of previously seen programs. Automated program transformation tools-i.e., code morphers-are one of the ways of making such variants in volume. This paper proposes a Markov chain-based framework for fast, approximate detection of variants of known morphers wherein every morphing operation independently and predictably alters quickly-checked global program properties. Specifically, identities from Markov chain theory are applied to approximately determine whether a given program may be a variant created from some given previous program, or whether it definitely is not. The framework is used to define a method for finding telltale signs of the use of closed-world, instruction-substituting transformers within the frequencies of instruction forms found in a program. This decision method may yield a fast technique to aid malware detection.
Hot carrier degradation improvement on submicron NMOSFET in Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process

We report a systemic study of hot carrier degradation improvements on submicron NMOSFET in Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process. The electric parameters Vth and Idsat in N-Channel MOSFET of BCD process show negligible degradation, whereas Idlin and GM exhibit significant degradation. The interface trapped charge due to hot electron injection makes the image charges at surface of NLDD. The hot carrier effect can be significantly reduced or screened out through properly increasing NLDD surface concentration. Also Back-End-of Line (BEOL) process effects on hot carrier degradation have been studied. We demonstrate that BEOL especially with high-density-plasma (HDP-CVD) oxide deposition can significantly degrade device hot carrier performance. We show experimentally that using properly high refractive index (RI) SiN film or SiON film can reduce the BEOL effect on hot carrier performance.
Microscopic examination of acidic hot springs of Waiotapu, North Island, New Zealand

Abstract Microorganisms other than Sulfolobus are reported for the first time in the low pH high temperature springs of Waiotapu, North Island, New Zealand. In one spring of the tourist reserve, rod‐shaped organisms with a toga‐like wall were observed, in addition to Sulfolobus‐like spheres. In another acid hot spring, microbial cells were small and intermingled with mineral crystals, making their presence difficult to detect, even by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Evidence for the existence of microorganisms included: (1) phase contrast microscopic observation; (2) DNA‐specific staining with UV microscopy; and (3) SEM examination of natural samples. At pH 2, the highest temperature at which microbes were observed was 77°C and at pH 4.5, it was 87°C. Cells at pH 2, 77°C were small rods encrusted with mineral crystals shown by X‐ray microanalysis to consist mainly of silicon and aluminum. At pH 4.5, spherical, rod‐shaped, and filamentous cells were seen. Attempts to culture the observed microbes were ...
Partial simulation-driven ATPG for detection and diagnosis of faults in analog circuits

In this paper, we propose a novel fault-oriented test generation methodology for detection and isolation of faults in analog circuits. Given the description of the circuit-under-test, the proposed test generator computes the optimal transient test stimuli in order to detect and isolate a given set of faults. It also computes the optimal set of test nodes to probe at, and the time instants to make measurements. The test generation program accommodates the effects introduced by component tolerances and measurement inaccuracy, and can be tailored to fit the signal generation capabilities of a hardware tester. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can be applied to generate transient tests for both linear and non-linear analog circuits of moderate complexity in reasonably less CPU time. This will significantly impact the test development costs for an analog circuit and will decrease the time-to-market of a product. Finally, the short duration and the easy-to-apply feature of the test stimuli will lead to significant reduction in production test costs.