cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abelson Family Protein Tyrosine Kinases and the Formation of Neuronal Connectivity

The nervous system is an organ of immense complexity. Neural function and the integration of neural input depend upon the formation of an intricate network of synaptic connections. Building this neural architecture during development involves several aspects of neuronal morphogenesis, from neuronal polarization and the extension of neuronal processes, to the pathfinding of axons across long distances to appropriate target cells and the elaboration of dendritic arbors, resulting in the assembly and maintenance of synapses between each neuron and its targets. Each neuronal subclass relies upon multiple extracellular cues to direct its pathfinding and synaptogenesis to the correct locations within the developing embryo. While much progress has been made in the identification of the extracellular factors and corresponding cell surface receptors that control these aspects of neuronal differentiation, much less is known about the intracellular molecules and signaling pathways that control the process of morphogenesis.1
Sex is not a natural act and other essays

Introduction: An Uphill Battle Sex Is Not A Natural Act: Theme And Variations Am I Normal? The Question of Sex Social Constructionism and the Study of Human Sexuality Sexual Biology and the Symbolism of the Natural Historical, Scientific, Clinical, and Feminist Criticisms of the Human Sexual Response Cycle Model Applications of Social Constructionism to Research on Gender and Sexuality Popular Writings On The Theme Six Months at the Daily News The Kiss Advice to the Lovelorn Feminism And Sexuality An Activist in Sexology Gender and Meaning in the Nomenclature of Sexual Dysfunctions Deconstructing Prefeminist Sexuality Research The Feminist Revolution and Sexuality Feminisms and Pornographies Some Harms to Women of Restrictions on Sexually Related Expression Phallocentrism Redux Sexism in Sex Therapy: Whose Idea Is Sensate Focus? In Pursuit of the Perfect Penis: The Medicalization of Male Sexuality The Medicalization of Impotence: Normalizing Phallocentrism Might Premature Ejaculation Be a Physical Disorder? The Perfect Penis Takes a Giant Step Forward Conclusion: The Politics Of Sexology Three Crises Facing Sexology New Perspectives in Sexology: From Rigor (Mortis) to Richness Womens Sexuality: Not a Matter of Health Sex Is Not a Natural Act: The Next Phase.
Hepatic effects of chloroform anesthesia in obstetrics.

Abstract 1. 1. Ten cases of toxic hepatitis have been presented. 2. 2. The results of liver function studies in 199 patients who had received chloroform anesthesia for delivery are presented and analyzed. 3. 3. Liver function and transaminase studies as controls in 39 patients who were delivered with regional or no anesthesia are presented.
Acoustic modes of the phonon dispersion relation of Nb D x alloys

The acoustic modes of the phonon dispersion relation in Nb, Nb${\mathrm{D}}_{0.15}$, and Nb${\mathrm{D}}_{0.45}$ have been measured at 473 K for phonons with wave vectors along the [100], [110], and [111] axes by coherent neutron scattering. The observed neutron groups for both alloys were well defined, with little or no apparent broadening. The results are compared to similar data for Nb-Mo alloys and with previous lattice-dynamics results for Pd${\mathrm{D}}_{0.63}$. This comparison shows that despite differences in detail, the general features of the dispersion relations of $\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{D}}_{x}$ and Nb-Mo are similar after allowing for the differences in lattice parameters for the two alloys. The measured dispersion curves and derived phonon frequency distributions for the Nb-D alloys are quite different from the analogous results for Pd${\mathrm{D}}_{0.63}$ in that the average acoustic phonon frequencies increase with increasing deuterium concentration and lattice parameter.
Bridging the "Bayley-Binet Gap".

This study demonstrated that encountering children ages 18-23 months whose performance is not scorable by standard methods for either the Stanford Binet Intelligence Test or the Bayley Scales of Infant Development mental scale is a relatively frequent occurrence. However, the results of this study bring into question Sternlicht's (1965) suggestion that an 18-month basal level on the Stanford-Binet may be assumed, given success by a child on only one item at the two-year level. The study indicates that a child must succeed on at least two, or more conservatively, four items at the two-year level on the Stanford-Binet in order to assume an 18-month basal level.
A Multiple-Attribute Housing Disequilibrium Model of Residential Mobility

This paper presents a model of residential mobility to investigate the relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics of a household and housing dissatisfaction. The paper extends the microeconomic model of residential migration by incorporating the hedonic theory of housing prices. The proposed model is estimated by logistic regression with interaction terms, with data from a national longitudinal survey. It is shown that the model provides a statistically significant improvement in fit over existing approaches.
Chinos and Paisanos: Chinese Mexican Relations in the Borderlands

Using the testimonio of Manuel Lee Mancilla, a Chinese Mexican man born in Mexicali in 1921, this article explores the experiences of the Chinese in northern Mexico in the early 1900s. It examines the conditions under which Chinese immigrants came to and helped build new borderland communities and simultaneously recovers the day-to-day relationships that were negotiated and nurtured there. Meaningful moments of Chinese Mexican cooperation emerged amid intense conflict and despite the anti-Chinese campaigns of the Mexican Revolution and the infamous Sonoran purges of the 1930s. Challenging static notions of ethnic and racial identities and relations, and analyzing the anti-Chinese movements in less monolithic terms, this article examines not only how Chinese and Mexicans weathered revolutionary violence and xenophobia but also the turbulent forces of U.S. capital and labor exploitation on both sides of the border.
Helical thickenings and helical cavities in normal and compression woods of Taxus baccata

The longitudinal tracheids in compression wood of Taxus baccata contain helical thickenings but no helical cavities. The thickenings are as frequent and well developed and have the same ropelike appearance as in normal wood of this species. They are an integral part of the S3 in normal and of the S2 in compression wood and have the same orientation as the innermost microfibrils in these layers. Except for the absence of cavities and presence of thickenings, compression wood tracheids of Taxus baccata possess all the anatomical features typical of such cells, including a rounded outline, intercellular spaces, a thick S1 layer, a highly lignified S2 (L) layer, and no S3 layer. Pronounced compression wood of Pseudotsuga menziesii contains helical cavities but no helical thickenings. Thickenings and cavities seem to be mutually exclusive in Pseudotsuga and Taxus.
Relation of Systolic Blood Pressure to Survival in Both Ischemic and Nonischemic Systolic Heart Failure

High systolic blood pressure (SBP) is a predictor of survival for patients with heart failure (HF). Whether SBP predicts survival in both ischemic and nonischemic HF has not been well examined. We analyzed 2,178 patients with advanced HF (47.3% ischemic etiology, 75.5% men, 93.5% New York Heart Association class III or IV, age 52 ± 13, left ventricular ejection fraction 24 ± 9%) referred to a university center between 1983 and 2006. SBP and invasive hemodynamic variables were recorded after optimization of medical therapy. Patients were divided into SBP quartiles (≤90, 91 to 100, 101 to 112, ≥113 mm Hg) based on SBP frequency. Survival free from death or urgent transplant in ischemic versus nonischemic HF was 53.2% versus 61.1% at 2 years. Higher SBP quartile was associated with increased survival in the total cohort and in subgroups of both nonischemic and ischemic HF. On multivariate analysis adjusting for age, left ventricular ejection fraction, cholesterol, gender, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, New York Heart Assocation class, β-blocker use, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker use, statin use, and smoking history, relative risk (95% confidence interval) of death or urgent transplant at 2 years for quartile 1 compared with quartile 4 was 1.9 (1.4 to 2.6) in the total cohort, 1.6 (1.1 to 2.5) in nonischemic HF, and 2.4 (1.5 to 3.7) in ischemic HF. In conclusion, SBP predicts HF survival in both ischemic and nonischemic HF independent of other risk factors and invasive hemodynamic variables.
Conjugation of Aldosterone by Bovine and Mouse Liver and Kidney

PREVIOUS in vivo experiments in man have shown that the formation of water-soluble conjugates of aldosterone is a very important part of its metabolism1. These investigators have also demonstrated the presence of a urinary conjugate of aldosterone which is split by mild acid hydrolysis and which has been designated the ‘3-oxo-conjugate’1. In addition, the discovery of urinary tetrahydro aldosterone and glucuronide conjugates of this compound reveals that glucuronides of aldosterone are of great importance in the metabolism of this compound2–4.
A comparison of face-to-face and electronic peer-mentoring: Interactions with mentor gender

Abstract The present study compared the relative impact of peer-mentoring that took place either face-to-face or through electronic chat. Proteges were 106 college freshmen randomly assigned to a senior college student mentor and to one of the two communication modes. Fifty-one mentors interacted with one of these proteges face-to-face and one solely through electronic chat. Electronic chat resulted in less psychosocial support, career support, and post-mentoring protege self-efficacy for those with male but not female mentors. Analyses of coded transcripts revealed that males condensed their language to a greater extent than did females in the electronic chat condition relative to the face-to-face condition. Dyads in the electronic chat condition had more interactive dialogue than did those in the face-to-face condition. Finally, dialogue interactivity predicted post-mentoring self-efficacy but only for those who communicated through electronic chat.
Modeling substance use in emerging adult gay, bisexual, and other YMSM across time: The P18 cohort study

Objective To examine patterns of substance use over time in a new generation of emerging adult gay, bisexual, and other young men who have sex with men (YMSM).
Racial differences in patients' potassium concentrations during spironolactone therapy for heart failure

Study Objective. To determine whether the effects of spironolactone on potassium homeostasis vary by race by comparing serum potassium concentrations and potassium supplement use in African-American and Caucasian patients receiving spironolactone for heart failure. Design. Retrospective medical record review. Setting. Two heart failure centers. Patients. Fifty African-American and 67 Caucasian patients with heart failure who were receiving a stable dosage of spironolactone in addition to standard heart failure therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. Measurements and Main Results. Medical records of eligible patients were reviewed by pharmacists and physicians who specialize in heart failure management. No significant differences were observed in diuretic therapy or renal function between racial groups; however, African-Americans were receiving higher doses of ACE inhibitors. African-Americans had lower serum potassium concentrations (4.2 ± 0.4 vs 4.5 ± 0.5 mEq/L, p<0.01) and a higher prevalence of potassium supplementation (48% vs 15%, p<0.01). In a subset of patients, spironolactone therapy was associated with a 2-fold greater increase in serum potassium concentration and a 3-fold greater reduction in potassium supplement use among Caucasians than African-Americans. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that a large percentage of patients with heart failure, particularly African-Americans, still require potassium supplementation despite treatment with spironolactone and standard vasodilator therapy.
Measurement and monitoring of the production of proteins during cell culture using plasmonic structures

A new method for surface-based fluoroimmunoassays that eliminates separation steps while still allowing high sensitivity detection of biomolecular interactions is presented. The capture antibody is electrostatically immobilized on a glass slide coated with a high density silver island film. The metal-enhanced fluorescence generated by the presence of the islands allows the sensitive detection of bound reporter antibodies versus those free in solution. In order to perform the measurement, phase-modulation fluorometry is employed which allows observation of the distinct fluorescence signal of the bound antibodies with a shorter lifetime than unbound antibodies. Here, we show the use of metal-enhanced fluorescence with phase-modulation fluorometry to quantify monoclonal antibody from a cell culture. The results show the new technique produces very similar data upon analysis as measured with ELISA analysis. With further optimization of the procedures, it is forecast that real time monitoring during bioprocessing will be feasible with the described technique.
A final assessment.

NVHERE HARDY stands today in the hierarchy of literature is obviously not an easy question to answer. If one asks the Hardy scholars, one hears that Hardy is being more and more recognized for his true worth and that he is emerging as one of the three or four master novelists in English literature. If one asks literary people in general, one is told that Hardy is “interesting” but that he hardly belongs with those who wear the purple. A question directed to the layman brings an enthusiastic response: “Hardy? I’ve always liked his novels. I really ought to read more of them some day.” Literary reputation depends on too many variables and fluctuates too widely for anyone to judge it with assurance on any long term basis. It is like a stock exchange in which a vast number of imponderables, including such crass matters as economics and human ambitions, play a mysterious and incalculable part. At the present time, James, Joyce, and Yeats are leaders, blue-chip commodities with sustained earning power; Shakespeare and Milton are solid investments, like government bonds and utilities; Golding and Salinger are bullish; Faulkner a bit bearish; and Hemingway is selling short.
Nondiffracting optical fields: some remarks on their analysis and synthesis

Recently Durnin pointed out the existence of nondiffracting beams that propagate in free space with their energy confined around their axis but that experience no spread or divergence [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A4, 651 ( 1987)]. This Communication provides an alternative way of interpreting these results. The approach is based on the McCutchen theorem from which the necessary conditions for a nondiffracting field are derived. This description may be useful in suggesting several different means of synthesizing such fields and in providing a convenient way of estimating their practical limitations. Some examples, inspired by known techniques studied for depth of field enhancement, are briefly mentioned.
Topical Mydriatics Affect Light-Evoked Retinal Responses in Anesthetized Mice

Myrdiatics, pharmacologic agents used to dilate the pupils of the eye, are a requirement for many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in ophthalmology (for review, see Ref. 1). Selective α-adrenergic agonists such as phenylephrine (a synthetic analogue of epinephrine) produce contraction of the radial muscles of the iris, causing pupillary dilation. Muscarinic receptor antagonists such as atropine or tropicamide, on the other hand, relax the circular muscles to dilate the pupils (for review, see Ref. 2). These agents can diffuse throughout the anterior structures of the eye and into the systemic circulation, so that even at the low doses used for topical instillation, mydriatics can enter the systemic circulation to affect remote organs, such as the heart and lungs.3,4 Anesthetics are necessary for various diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical interventions in humans and animals. Of the different anesthetics used, a combination of ketamine, an NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor antagonist,5 and xylazine,6 an α2-receptor agonist, are used in a variety of species. Electroretinograms (ERGs) are routinely recorded in mice by using combinations of atropine and phenylephrine for mydriasis, and, ketamine and xylazine for anesthesia (for review, see Refs. 7, 8 The mouse has become one of the most widely used models for studying mammalian vision, largely because of the ease with which the mouse genome can be manipulated. The use of genetically altered mice has led to an increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of visual function in the retina. These models have provided insight into the mechanisms of retinal dysfunction degeneration and have and allowed development of new therapeutic interventions. Interpreting in vivo mouse retinal physiology in normal or pathologic states requires the recording and interpretation of their electroretinograms, which require the development of a consistent protocol for their recording to make interpretation dependable and comparable across laboratories. A previous study reported that there was no significant difference in pupillary mydriasis in anesthetized mice tested with several commonly used topical mydriatics.9 In contrast, another study mentioned the need for a combination of topical α-adrenergic agonist (2.5% phenylephrine HCl) and a muscarinic receptor antagonist (tropicamide 5 mg/mL) for maximal pupillary dilation and optimal electroretinogram amplitudes in anesthetized mice.8 In optimizing procedures for our studies of ERG in knockout mice,10 we noted that a combination of the muscarinic antagonist, atropine, and phenylephrine was needed to obtain maximum b-wave amplitudes, but their application did not seem to affect the light sensitivity of the responses, as would be expected for an effect primarily due to mydriasis. Therefore, we undertook an investigation of the effects of these drugs on pupil dilation and ERG responses in mice.
Implementing a Schoolwide Literacy Framework: Improving Achievement in an Urban Elementary School

Teachers at an urban elementary school developed and implemented a literacy instructional framework based on a gradual release of responsibility model. The framework included focus lessons guided instruction collaborative learning independent learning Over six years, literacy and math achievement at this school increased dramatically. The teachers at the school attribute the changes to the focused professional development they received that was based on a literacy framework they created.
Two Principles for the Next Round or, How to Bring Developing Countries in from the Cold

T HE November 1999 WTO Ministerial meeting in Seattle was expected to usher in a new Round of negotiations, the ninth in a series that began in Geneva in 1947. Although WTO members proved unable to launch a Round, efforts will continue in 2000 to develop a negotiating agenda. In this paper I want to reinforce the call of the WTO’s Director-General, Mr. Moore, for the next set of negotiations to be a ‘development round.’ Basic notions of equity and a sense of fair play require that the next Round reflect developing country interests and concerns more than was the case in earlier Rounds. Seattle demonstrated that without greater balance the success of future negotiations will be imperiled. Dissatisfaction by developing countries regarding the extent to which their interests were reflected was a factor leading to the failure of the Ministerial meeting. The stakes are high. There is a growing gap between the developed and the less developed countries, highlighted in this year’s World Development Report (World Bank, 1999). The international community is doing too little to narrow this gap: aid per capita to the developing world has fallen by nearly a third in the 1990s. Too often, cuts in aid budgets are accompanied by the slogan ‘trade, not aid,’ exhortations for the developing world to participate fully in the global marketplace, and lectures about how government subsidies and protectionism distort prices and impede growth. All too often there is a hollow ring to these exhortations. As developing countries take steps to open their economies and
Endoscopic examination of lower urinary tract in children. Basic instrumentation requirements.

Abstract Pediatric urologic evaluation requires proper selection of endoscopic instruments of varying sizes and functional potentials to avoid trauma to the differing sizes of urethras to be traversed. Reviewing an experience which has included 4,088 pediatric urologic cystoscopic examinations during the past decade, several basic instruments have been found to provide a broad spectrum of endoscopic capability. These are described.
Ten-year measurements of gaseous pollutants in urban air by an open-path analyzer

Abstract Object of this study is the versatility of a remote-sensing measurement system through experimental survey of the levels of primary and secondary pollutants in urban areas. For the first time a long-range measurement of different pollutant for a long period are reported in the urban area of Rome. Over 10 years of data collection, levels of NO 2 , O 3 , SO 2 , benzene and toluene are measured and discussed by means of a differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system installed at ground level. The period is interesting because it represents one of the most important life-changes in Europe and in Italy: in fact, during the 1990s some significant decrees introduced the catalytic pots and limited the amount of benzene and sulfur dioxide in the fuel. The paper will describe how the main primary and secondary pollutants are changed during all the period: particularly, benzene and SO 2 are not over a big social problem for the human health whereas the secondary pollutants, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, have the same trends during the period, meaning a no contribution to their evolution from the atmospheric processes. The DOAS technique is resulted very useful and versatile: comparisons with other traditional analyzers (i.e., GC-PID for benzene and toluene investigations) demonstrate how it allows to have information over all the territory saving the qualitative trends and giving a similar quantitative result. In this respect the authors show that the difference is due to the different sampling ways (the traditional analyzers are punctual whereas the DOAS is a remote-sensing technique covering a wide area) and does not influence the atmospheric process interpretation. Finally, it should be considered that the pollutant trends have been interpreted using the concentration measurements of natural radioactivity as tracer of the dynamic properties of the atmospheric boundary layer.
Perspectives on Uncertainty and Traceability in Optics Manufacturing

Traceability requires an unbroken chain of intercomparisons to a reference (often a national measurement institution such as NIST), each with stated uncertainties. However, traceable measurements of optics can be made by any competent metrologist.
On the Summation of Fourier and Bessel Series

Abstract Using Fourier and Hankel transform techniques and a complex contour integration method that arises in interpolating electrical signals [H. D. Helms and J. B. Thomas, Proc. IRE 50 (1962), 179-184; M. D. Rawn, SIAM J. Appl. Math. , April 1989], we are able to derive many classical Fourier summation formulae and many interesting new Bessel summations that involve the zeros of the Bessel functions of the first kind. Our method is similar in form to the one employed by P. J. Forrester [ Rocky Mountain J. Math . 13, (1983), 557-572], and M. L. Glasser [ Math. Comp. 37, (1981), 499-501]. Finally, we extend several of the classical Fourier summations to character series, in the spirit of [B. C. Berndt, Publ. Elektrotehnickog Fak. Univ. Beograder, No. 381-409 (1972), 25-29].
The Current Practice of Orthopaedic Oncology in North America

The field of orthopaedic oncology in North America has been formalized over the past 30 years with the development of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) and fellowship education opportunities. To characterize current practices we assessed the fellowship education, practice setting, constitution of clinical practice, bone and soft tissue sarcoma treatment volume, perceived challenges and rewards of the career, and the nonclinical activities of orthopaedic oncologists. Members of the MSTS and attendees of the 2009 AAOS–MSTS Specialty Day meeting were invited to participate in a twenty-three question online survey. One hundred and four surgeons including 99 of the 192 (52%) MSTS members completed the online survey. Sixty-nine of the 104 (66%) responding surgeons completed a 1-year musculoskeletal oncology fellowship. Thirty-eight (37%) completed an additional orthopaedic subspecialty fellowship. Seventy-four (79%) work in an academic practice and 70 (+/− 16) % of clinical time is spent practicing musculoskeletal oncology. An average of 20 (+/− 16) bone and 40 (+/− 36) soft tissue sarcomas were treated annually. Insufficient institutional support, reimbursement, and emotional stresses were perceived as the most important challenges in a musculoskeletal oncology practice. Sixty-seven (64%) of the surgeons reported serving in a leadership position at the departmental or national level. Professional time distribution is similar to other academic orthopaedists. The members of the MSTS are responsible for the treatment of more than two-thirds of bone and soft tissue sarcomas in the United States. This information can assist the fellowship directors and related professional societies in tailoring their educational programs and the interested orthopaedic resident to make a more informed career choice.
Effects of the aminonucleoside of puromycin on kidney cortex sulfhydryl and disulfide-containing components and their respective oxidoreductase activities.

Abstract Comparative study of glutathione reductase and of mixed disulfide reducing activity assayed with a bovine serum albumin-glutathione substrate in kidney cortex of normal and of aminonucleoside-nephrotic rats reveals significantly higher activities in the latter. Total acid-soluble sulfhydryl and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also found to be significantly higher in kidney cortex of the aminonucleoside-treated rats. Neither total mixed disulfides nor mixed disulfides in which glutathione is covalently bound by disulfide linkage to kidney cortex protein are significantly altered by the nephrosis-producing aminonucleoside.
Acid hydrolysis of proteins in matrix assisted laser desorption ionization matrices.

Sample preparation is crucial to the success of experiments in biological mass spectrometry. In proteomics, digestion of the proteins into peptides is a key step for “bottom-up” approaches. Often, the use of enzymes requires physiological conditions, producing peptides that must be extracted or further purified before mass analysis. Chemical cleavage reagents offer more flexibility and can be more compatible with downstream mass analysis. Expanding on prior work using acid hydrolysis, proteolysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) matrices is presented. This sample preparation can be performed rapidly with a minimum of reagents and sample handling, but it must first be evaluated in terms of digestion efficiency, missed cleavages, and side reactions before implementation for in-gel digestion and in-solution digestion using minimal volumes of protein. Time courses of acid hydrolysis are shown for protein standards, illustrating the sensitivity of this type of sample preparation, minimization of side reactions, and performance for proteins in mixtures. To illustrate the potential for sensitive detection of a specific protein, MALDI matrix hydrolysis is used to digest a protein immunoprecipitated from cell lysate.
A Static Constant-Current Circuit

Static constant-current circuits have been constructed by connecting an iron-core reactor, with predetermined characteristics, in parallel with a capacitor of a specified size such that the resultant input current is independent of line voltage. This parallel circuit is connected in series with the element through which the current is to be regulated. The current will remain essentially constant for large variations in line voltage; large variations in load impedance; or a variation in both quantities simultaneously as long as the variation in voltage across the parallel circuit does not exceed certain limits. This type of circuit is useful for applications where a constant heating independent of line voltage is desired; for series lighting circuits; and vacuum-tube filament circuits.
Laser-induced fluorescence measurements and modeling of nitric oxide in counterflow partially premixed flames

Abstract Quantitative measurements of NO concentration ([NO]) have been obtained along the centerline of atmospheric pressure, methane–air, counterflow partially premixed flames using the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. The effect of partial premixing was studied by investigating flames with fuel-side equivalence ratios (φ B ) of 1.45, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0 at a constant global strain rate near 20 s −1 . Linear LIF measurements of [NO] are corrected for variations in the electronic quenching rate coefficient by using major species profiles generated by an opposed-flow flame code and quenching cross-sections for NO available from the literature. Corrected linear LIF measurements of [NO] and temperatures measured using thin filament pyrometry are compared with numerical predictions from the opposed-flow flame code by utilizing the GRI (version 2.11) mechanism for the NO kinetics. The effect of radiative heat loss on code predictions is accounted for by using an optically thin radiation model. Reasonably good agreement exists between LIF [NO] measurements and predictions in all flames. In particular, all predictions fall within 10% of measurements at peak [NO] locations. Spatial separation was observed between regions where prompt-NO and thermal-NO dominate in the φ B = 1.45 flame. A previously modified rate coefficient for the prompt-NO initiation reaction improved agreement between predictions and measurements in the region dominated by prompt NO.
Hydrogel Encapsulation to Improve Cell Viability during Syringe Needle Flow

This work examines pluronic F-127 poloxamer for cell protection during injection through a syringe needle. Direct cell injection is a minimally invasive method for cell transplantation; however, it often results in poor cell viability. We proposed that encapsulating cells in this hydrogel would protect cells from detrimental mechanical forces during injection and increase cell viability. The hydrogel was tested at multiple weights and carbon nanobrush concentrations to determine how gel weight affects cell viability as well as to allow the gels to remain as electrically conductive scaffolds. This work assessed the ability of the hydrogel to prevent cell membrane bursting. We used D1 multipotent mouse bone marrow stromal precursor cells for this study. We found that the pressure drop increases with increasing weight of the gels. However, cell viability also increases as the weight of the gels increases. These results support the proposition that hydrogels can be used to protect cells during syringe needle injection. Since these hydrogels undergo a reverse phase transition, the gels can be used to transplant cells into the body in solution form through injection. The gels will then harden in situ to allow for cell proliferation and tissue regeneration at the desired site.
Population biology of the deep-sea amphipod Eurythenes gryllus: inferences from instar analyses

Eurythenes gryllus, a large, cosmopolitan, bentho-pelagic amphipod, was captured in high numbers during a 3 year sampling program in the central North Pacific. Instars were determined by using a combination of morphological criteria and size frequency data. Males mature at instar VIII (mean length, 7.0 cm) and females at instar XV (mean length, 10.9 cm). Both males and females are mature through several instars; females can have multiple broods. Because males mature in approximately half the number of instars as females, the approximately 1:1 sexual ratio in juveniles changes to a 3:1 mature male to female ratio. The growth pattern is similar for both sexes for the first seven instars, with a significant decrease in the growth per molt occuring at instar VIII. Changes in growth patterns are correlated with maturation of the gonads. Comparison of the instar/age class structure between years revealed what may be an age class. With these data and a growth curve derived for crustaceans in general, the age to maturity and that of younger instars can be estimated. Female E. gryllus probably mature at 9 years, while males mature at 4 years.
Processes of scientific intelligence

Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939-1945. By R. V. Jones. Pp. 542. (Hamish Hamilton: London, 1978.) £6.95. (Published as The Wizard War by Coward, McCann and Geoghegan: New York, $12.95.)
Positrons in cosmic rays from dark matter annihilations for uplifted Higgs regions in the MSSM

We point out that there are regions in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) parameter space which successfully provide a dark matter (DM) annihilation explanation for observed ${e}^{+}$ excess (e.g., PAMELA), while still remaining in agreement with all other data sets. Such regions (e.g., the uplifted Higgs region) can realize an enhanced neutralino DM annihilation dominantly into leptons via a Breit-Wigner resonance through the $CP$-odd Higgs channel. Such regions can give the proper thermal relic DM abundance, and the DM annihilation products are compatible with current antiproton and gamma ray observations. This scenario can succeed without introducing any additional degrees of freedom beyond those already in the MSSM.
Effects of group V precursor and step structure on ordering in GaInP

The effects of the P precursor have been studied for GaInP layers grown at 670°C on singular (001) GaAs substrates. Use of either of the two precursors, tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) and phosphine (PH3), for the organometallic vapor phase epitaxial growth, has been shown to result in the same degree of CuPt order in the epitaxial layers. However, the steps on the surface are mainly bilayers, approximately 5.8A in height, for growth using TBP and mainly monolayers for growth using PH3. This indicates that the step structure plays no role in the ordering process occurring on the surface during growth. Examination of the spacing between these surface steps vs the input partial pressure of the P precursor indicates that neither the surface diffusion coefficient nor the sticking coefficients of group III adatoms at the step edge is dependent on the P precursor. This suggests that the step structure also has no effect on the sticking coefficient.
Self-organization of markets: an example of a computational approach

A model of decentralized trade is simulated with firms that produce a given commodity, and consumers who repeatedly wish to purchase one unit of that commodity. Consumers ‘shop around’, while firms may attract the attention of potential customers by sending information signals and offering good service. The main objective of this paper is to present an example of a computational approach to address the following question: How do self-organized markets emerge in the economy, and what are their characteristics?
DFVF: database of fungal virulence factors

Fungal pathogens cause various diseases for plant and animal hosts. Despite the extensive impact of fungi on human health and life, the threats posed by emerging fungal pathogens are poorly understood. Specifically, there exist few fungal virulence gene databases, which prevent effective bioinformatics studies on fungal pathogens. Therefore, we constructed a comprehensive online database of known fungal virulence factors, which collected 2058 pathogenic genes produced by 228 fungal strains from 85 genera. This database creates a pivotal platform capable of stimulating and facilitating further bench studies on fungal pathogens. Database URL: http://sysbio.unl.edu/DFVF/
Blown Soybean Oil Ceramer Coatings for Corrosion Protection

A series of ceramer coatings were formulated using blown soybeam oil as the organic phase, and sol-gel precursors [titanium(IV) isopropoxide, titanium(IV) diisopropoxide bisacetoacetonate, and zirconium propoxide] as the inorganic phase. The corrosion resistance of the ceramer coatings was evaluated using failure-at-scribe and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on aluminium after exposure in a Prohesion Chamber. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (ADXA) were also used to evaluate the coatings after exposure. The ceramer coatings demonstrated higher pull-off adhesion, impedance modulus (after exposure), and lower failure-at-scribe than the blown soybean oil film. It was surmised that the addition of sol-gel precursor enhanced the corrosion protective properties of the ceramer coatings via a self-assembling layer of metal-oxo clusters at the film substrate (aluminium) interface.
Energy Reserve and Cation Composition of Irreversibly Sickled Cell in Vivo

Summary. Cation composition, cellular hydration, and adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) content were measured in irreversible sickle cells (ISC's) separated from the blood of patients with sickle cell anaemia. Total monovalent cation (Na++K+) content was markedly reduced in ISC's and this largely was due to cell K+ depletion. Corresponding to the reduced cation content, cells were dehydrated as indicated by a reduced mean cell volume. ISC's also appeared to be grossly depleted of ATP. These biochemical characteristics allow us to expand the definition of ISC's beyond morphologic characteristics. In addition, these chemical alterations provide a means for elucidating the mechanism of ISC production in vitro.
Discriminating Salt Fingering from Turbulence-induced Microstructure. Analysis of Towed Temperature Conductivity Chain Data

Abstract Several techniques are explored for discriminating salt fingering from turbulence-induced microstructure in towed array measurements of temperature and conductivity. Such separation of source mechanisms for ocean mixing is critical before applying models to estimate the vertical diffusivity from microstructure measurements. The density ratio (Rρ); the conductivity gradient spectral slope; the conductivity gradient kurtosis; and the optimal discriminator for a two-parameter (slope and kurtosis) system, the likelihood ratio, are examined. Density ratio can indicate where salt fingering is likely or not possible, but alone it cannot distinguish between turbulence-induced microstructure and salt fingering for Rρ values that permit either. From the “control” microstructure patches previously reported by Mack, it is shown that the probability density functions (PDFs) of slope and kurtosis for salt fingering differ from the corresponding PDFs for turbulence-induced microstructure. The parameters of the ...
Sensory Comparison of Runner Peanut Market Grades from Selected Varieties1

Abstract Peanut processors have often inquired about the sensory quality difference between market grades. A literature search indicates that information on this subject is not directly available nor uniformly presented. Where statistical tests were applied, larger size grades of peanuts generally were measurably superior in flavor to those of the smallest size grade (Jumbo Runner or virginia extra large kernels and medium versus No. 1). However, in none of the cited studies did panelists make paired comparisons of different grades of peanuts to determine whether the difference in flavor was discernable. In this study, a triangle comparison testing was used to determine if trained panelists could discern a flavor difference between adjacent grades of runner peanuts and the sensory attributes that might contribute to discernment. Discernment was attained in four out of 10 combinations: Jumbo Runner versus medium kernels of Florida MDR 98 and all three comparisons of medium versus No. 1. When the flavor dat...
A Chinese critique on Western ways of warfare

I will argue that there are two pervasive and enduring Western attitudes towards warfare: one involves the romanticism of violent conflict, the other concerns moral justification for it. These stan...
El intento de regreso de Huerta en 1915 y su relación con el reconocimiento de Estados Unidos a Carranza

El articulo se centra en el intento de Victoriano Huerta de regresar al poder en Mexico en 1915 y las repercusiones que tuvo en el reconocimiento de Estados Unidos (EUA) a Carranza. Los dos objetivos principales del articulo son: conocer con mayor profundidad el movimiento que Huerta, junto con sus aliados internacionales y nacionales, realizo en EUA para tratar de regresar a Mexico; y por otra parte, dar cuenta de la influencia y la relacion que este movimiento tuvo en el reconocimiento que Washington otorgo al constitucionalismo en 1915.
A Radar Study of Turbulent Diffusion in the Lower Atmosphere

Abstract A new technique for the experimental study of atmospheric turbulent diffusion is presented and applied to the study of diffusion in the lower 3 km of a cloudless summer atmosphere. This new technique makes use of Doppler radar and of radar reflecting chaff. The design and operation of a new chaff releasing device is presented. This device makes possible the creation of vertical columns of chaff through several kilometers of the atmosphere. The chaff is used to model atmospheric contaminants in diffusion measurements and as an air motion tracer in Doppler studies of turbulent air motions. The shear is observed to have a strong effect on horizontal turbulent diffusion, with the diffusion rates frequently being an order of magnitude greater in the direction of the shear than across it. The strong shear enhancement of horizontal diffusion is interpreted to imply shear-generated eddies which are oriented by the shear. Empirical equations are presented which relate the apparent eddy diffusivity, the po...
Two Phases of Actin Polymerization Display Different Dependencies on PI(3,4,5)P3 Accumulation and Have Unique Roles during Chemotaxis

The directional movement of cells in chemoattractant gradients requires sophisticated control of the actin cytoskeleton. Uniform exposure of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae as well as mammalian leukocytes to chemoattractant triggers two phases of actin polymerization. In the initial rapid phase, motility stops and the cell rounds up. During the second slow phase, pseudopodia are extended from local regions of the cell perimeter. These responses are highly correlated with temporal and spatial accumulations of PI(3,4,5)P3/PI(3,4)P2 reflected by the translocation of specific PH domains to the membrane. The slower phase of PI accumulation and actin polymerization is more prominent in less differentiated, unpolarized cells, is selectively increased by disruption of PTEN, and is relatively more sensitive to perturbations of PI3K. Optimal levels of the second responses allow the cell to respond rapidly to switches in gradient direction by extending lateral pseudopods. Consequently, PI3K inhibitors impair chemotaxis in wild-type cells but partially restore polarity and chemotactic response in pten- cells. Surprisingly, the fast phase of PI(3,4,5)P3 accumulation and actin polymerization, which is relatively resistant to PI3K inhibition, can support inefficient but reasonably accurate chemotaxis.
Rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of itraconazole and its hydroxy-metabolite in human serum.

Published high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for the determination of itraconazole (ITZ) in biological matrices are labor intensive, extraction-based procedures which operate at a pH approaching the limit of column tolerance, and unless modified, cannot measure its hydroxy-metabolite (OH-ITZ). A protein precipitation-based method requiring no solvent extraction and utilizing a base-deactivated C18 analytical column to minimize peak tailing is described herein. Calibration curves for OH-ITZ and ITZ were linear from 25-1500 ng ml-1 (r2 > or = 0.999). Intra-assay relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) were below 12%. Inter-assay R.S.D. were below 14%. This method provides a rapid means for the accurate and precise determination of both OH-ITZ and ITZ concentrations in human serum.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulence / Radiation Interactions in a Reacting Turbulent Channel Flow

Large-eddy simulation (LES) has been performed for a planar turbulent channel flow between two infinite, parallel, stationary plates. The capabilities and limitations of the LES code in predicting correct turbulent velocity and passive temperature field statistics have been established through comparisons to DNS data from the literature for nonreacting cases. Mixing and chemical reaction (infinitely fast) between a fuel stream and an oxidizer stream have been simulated to generate large composition and temperature fluctuations in the flow; here the composition and temperature do not affect the hydrodynamics (one-way coupling). The radiative transfer equation is solved using a spherical harmonics (P1) method, and radiation properties correspond to a fictitious gray gas with a composition- and temperature-dependent Planck-mean absorption coefficient that mimics that of typical hydrocarbon-air combustion products. Simulations have been performed for different optical thicknesses. In the absence of chemical reaction, temperature fluctuations and turbulence/radiation interactions (TRI) are small, consistent with earlier findings. Chemical reaction enhances the composition and temperature fluctuations, and hence the importance of TRI. Contributions to emission and absorption TRI have been isolated and quantified.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Study of Airport Access Mode Choice

This paper reports on an investigation of air traveler behavior in choosing a mode of access to the airport. Data from a 1980 survey of departing air passengers in the San Francisco Bay Area were used to study the characteristics of access mode choice for local residents. Separate models were developed for business and non-business travel. The analysis demonstrates that air travelers are highly sensitive to access travel time, and become more so with increasing flight time. Price sensitivities are about the same as for conventional work trip mode choice. Values of time for airport access appear considerably higher than commonly is assumed in transport project evaluation, suggesting that substantial investments in airport access improvements might be justified.
A new technique to determine wettability of powders-imbibition time measurements

Abstract A new technique to determine wettability of powders is presented in this paper. In this technique the times for immersion of individual particles from air into liquids, defined as imbibition times, are measured. Through the measurements of imbibition times for a large number of particles, it is possible to determine homogeneity/heterogeneity of a powder sample with regard to its wetting behavior. Quartz particles give a very narrow distribution of imbibition times showing a homogeneous wetting surface whereas coal particles give a broad distribution indicative of the heterogeneous nature of its surface. The imbibition time measurement technique is considered to have certain advantages over other methods to determine wettability of powders in surfactant solutions. In this study we have also compared the imbibition times with the wetting rate measurements obtained by a modified Walker test.