cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920

In the 19th century, New York saw the development of a sex industry at the heart of a consumer world of entertainment, goods, newspapers and advertising. In this book, Gilfoyle blends first-hand experience with demographic research to present a study of the politics and economics of sex.
Genetic linkage studies of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: search for the second gene in a large Sicilian family

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutation in at least two different gene loci. The PKD1 gene has been localized on the short arm of chromosome 16. The location of a second genetic locus in the human genome is not yet known. A large PKD kindred, unlinked to chromosome 16, with over 250 members was studied using both DNA and classical markers. In total, 29 informative marker loci on 11 autosomes have been analyzed for linkage with PKD. The data significantly exclude the linkage with disease locus from 17 marker loci and show no evidence of close linkage with the other loci.
Effect of Channel Aspect Ratio on Planar SOFC Performance

The optimization process is in general an important issue to show the viability of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) compared to traditional power sources. This optimization process can be done in a faster and cheaper way by making use of numerical simulations. In this study, three-dimensional, non-isothermal, steady state numerical simulations of planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are performed using the commercial FLUENT software. First, a detailed analysis of grid and iteration-dependent simulations is performed. This analysis predicts a 20% difference between a coarse and fine grid in the velocity magnitude in both anode and cathode gas flow channels, and in the y-component of current density. Then, the performance of a planar SOFC with changing channel aspect ratio is analyzed comparing their V-I curves and critical parameters like temperature, concentration, and current density distributions. The predictions show a 12 degrees difference in temperature at the fuel exhaust between low and high aspect ratio channel simulations. These results suggest that the channel aspect ratio is a significant parameter, worthwhile to be investigated.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Review of experiments on the impact of satellite data on numerical weather prediction

A brief review is presented of simulation studies and real data experiments which were conducted to assess the impact of satellite observations on numerical weather prediction. These experiments show that while there has been some redundancy between observing systems, satellite data has made significant contributions toward improving global forecasting.
Employee engagement and performance management in the federal sector

Much research has demonstrated that employee engagement is significantly correlated with positive organizational outcomes such as productivity, customer satisfaction, and reduced absenteeism. This article focuses on the importance of effective performance management in driving engagement. The results of a government-wide survey of federal employees are reported. Every one of the 37 positive performance management practices reviewed was employed more widely in the agencies with the highest percentages of engaged employees.
Therapeutic targeting of the inflammome.

Abstract Inflammatory responses can vary depending on a myriad of factors including: (1) the initiating stimulus or trigger, (2) the cell types involved in the response, and (3) the specific effector cytokine–chemokine milieus produced. The compilation of these and other factors in a given mechanistic context is sometimes referred to as the “inflammome”. Humans and other higher-order mammals have evolved (over time) several discrete inflammomes to counter the effects of pathogens. However, when these inflammomes are induced inappropriately, they drive the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. The vast majority of biological anti-inflammatory treatments currently being developed are focused on the post hoc inhibition of downstream effectors by anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies and receptor antagonists. This prevailing “end-point treatment” has even directed a new disease classification paradigm, namely a cytokine-based disease classification, as opposed to a traditional diagnosis based on a particular tissue or organ system dysfunction. Although this approach has a number of advantages, it omits the processes that led to the generation of the inflammatory effectors in the first place. In this review, we will expand the cytokine-based disease taxonomy into an inflammome-based taxonomy that includes interventions that subvert a priori cytokine development and can complement post hoc inhibition.
Acute and repeated activation of male sexual behavior by tail pinch: opioid and dopaminergic mechanisms.

We studied the effect of tail pinch on male sexual behavior and its neurochemical basis. Male rats were gonadectomized and maintained on low doses of testosterone propionate (20.0 μg/day). Tail pinch significantly increased the percentage of males that mounted, intromitted, and ejaculated within a 30-min test, and these increases were attenuated by both pimozide (1.0 mg/kg, IP) and by naloxone (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, SC). Moreover, tail pinch in the presence of an estrous female led to significantly increased female-directed behavior 48 h later during a test without tail pinch. Repeated tail pinch tests led to progressively more sexual activity, and the development of this behavioral sensitization was prevented by naloxone. These findings suggest that tail pinch increases the salience of the incentive characteristics of the female. Furthermore, during subsequent tests, with or without tail pinch, the increased salience of the female remains, as measured by the continued increases in sexual activity. These acute and sensitized behavioral increases might result from tail pinch-induced activation of the midbrain dopamine system via an opioid mechanism; either preventing tail pinch-induced dopamine activation (by an opioid antagonist) or blocking the effects of dopamine activation (by a dopamine antagonist) attenuated the long-term facilitation of sexual behavior seen after pairing the female with tail pinch.
Effects of Misattribution in Assigning Cause of Death on Prostate Cancer Mortality Rates

PURPOSE: Estimate the magnitude of misattribution in death certification and to determine whether misattribution could explain temporal trends in New Mexico prostate cancer mortality. METHODS: Investigators retrospectively reviewed medical records to classify cause of death for men with prostate cancer who died in New Mexico in either 1985 or 1995. The investigator-assigned cause of death, either prostate cancer or another cause, was compared with the New Mexico Bureau of Vital Statistics' (BVS) assignment. Net misattribution was the difference between BVS and investigators in the number of deaths attributed to prostate cancer relative to the number attributed by investigators. RESULTS: Concordance for death certification between BVS and investigators was higher in 1995 (95.8%) than 1985 (85.1%), p <0.01, but net misattribution was higher in 1995 (16.8% vs. 1.9%). During this time, the crude prostate cancer mortality rate in New Mexico increased 33.5%, from 18.5 to 24.7 per 100,000. However, after adjusting for misattribution, mortality increased only 15.9%, from 18.2 to 21.1 per 100,000. CONCLUSIONS: Net misattribution in death certification was higher in 1995 than 1985. The adjusted increase in crude mortality rates was substantially less than the observed increase, suggesting that misattribution explained about half of the observed increase.
Oocyte and semen donation: a survey of UK licensed centres

In view of the difficulties encountered by licensed clinics in the recruitment of oocyte and semen donors, the present survey was commissioned by the National Gamete Donation Trust (NGDT) to provide systematic information on current practice as a basis for planning future recruitment strategies. Sixty-four clinics agreed to participate in the survey, of which 55 recruited oocyte donors, 30 recruited semen donors, and 24 recruited both oocyte and semen donors. Almost all of the clinics had experienced difficulty in obtaining a sufficient supply of donated oocytes, and many patients requiring treatment with donated oocytes were placed on a waiting list for more than one year. Three-quarters of potential donors changed their mind about donating after receiving information on the procedures involved. The difficulties in recruiting semen donors were generally less acute. In this case, the greatest problem was the high proportion of potential semen donors who were deemed unsuitable after completing the screening process. Clinics also reported a shortage of both oocyte and semen donors from specific ethnic groups.
Species Differences in Spatial Memory Performance on a Three-dimensional Task

Three species of seed-caching corvids were tested in a spatial, three-dimensional analog of the radial maze. The apparatus consisted of five artificial trees, each with six branches. A wooden feeder could be attached to each branch. Each feeder contained a hole that could hold a pine seed. During the first 40 trials of acquisition testing, all three species improved rapidly with nutcrackers and pinyon jays performing at higher levels than scrub jays. Testing was then interrupted for 31 d. After the interruption, the two species of jays continued to improve but the nutcrackers did not. This species performed with only modest accuracy through the remainder of the experiment. Mixed-interval testing was done at 10, 60, 180, and 300 min. All species declined in accuracy with increased retention interval. However, at 10 and 180 min, pinyon jays performed significantly better than scrub jays. This is the fourth spatial memory task in which pinyon jays have out-performed scrub jays. The difference in performance between these two species provides more evidence for divergence in spatial cognition as a function of dependence on cached food.
Social Network Changes Over the School Year Among Elementary School-Aged Children with and Without an Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study examined the stability of children’s social networks and friendship features over one academic school year. Differences in the social network salience between typically developing children, children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and children with a non-ASD disability were explored. As a whole, social network salience increased for all students across the school year; however, children in the upper grades had higher social network salience as the school year progressed than those in the younger grades. Compared to children with a non-ASD disability and typically developing children, children with ASD had significantly lower social network salience and received significantly fewer friendship nominations and more non-preferred nominations across the school year. While these data suggest that children’s social networks and patterns of peer relationships are relatively stable over time, school-based interventions that foster social development and peer engagement are still needed for children with ASD.
A Framework for Human Total Ownership Cost Based On Universal Human Performance Cost Components

The engagement between various human performance elements is overwhelming because the human element, at the center of each and every process, is unpredictable, highly variable, and often changes in context dependent upon the situation. Economic modelling of human total ownership cost (TOC) establishes the foundation of measuring human or manpower cost drivers as they relate to acquisition and during the lifecycle of any program. Thus, research presented in this paper attempts to build a human performance economical modeling framework based on human TOC library of artifacts that reflect human value-performance, technology trade-offs, and human performance task and mission requirements representation in terms of dollar value.
Hypochlorite degradation of crosslinked polyamide membranes: II. Changes in hydrogen bonding behavior and performance

Abstract In this work the effect of chlorination on the change of hydrogen bonding behavior and performance of crosslinked aromatic polyamide membrane has been systematically investigated. Chlorination replaced hydrogen with chlorine on the amide group of the membrane polymer and caused the loss of hydrogen bonding sites, confirmed by the systematic shift of the amide I band (C O stretching vibration) to the higher wavenumbers and the disappearance of the amide II band (N–H bending vibration) by FT-IR spectrum analysis. Performance experiments demonstrated that the change of hydrogen bonding behavior due to the chlorination caused the change of flexibility of polymer chains followed by the change of initial flux and subsequent flux change with filtration time.
Delay of Gratification and Make-Believe Play of Preschoolers.

Abstract This study examined the relationship between children's ability to delay gratification and time spent in make-believe play in a sample of 39 three-to five-year-old children. Delay of gratification was determined in an experimental situation (Mischel, 1974). Children's play was assessed using a teacher questionnaire, a mother interview, a child interview, and videotaped naturalistic preschool classroom observations. Children who spent more time in make-believe play were able to delay gratification longer than children who spent less time in make-believe play (p = .025). There was a significant correlation between make-believe play at home and delay of gratification (p = .047), but no significant relationship between make-believe play at preschool and delay of gratification. Separate one-way analyses of variance found make-believe play (p = .042) was the only significant variable related to delay of gratification when age, sex, family structure, ethnicity, child care center, mother education, and m...
Cost analysis of intensive glycemic control in critically ill adult patients.

Study objectives: To assess the effect of an intensive glycemia management protocol on the cost of care of a heterogeneous population of critically ill adult patients. Design: Economic analysis of a 1,600-patient “before-and-after” study of intensive glycemia management. Setting: Fourteen-bed mixed medical-surgical adult ICU of a university-affiliated community teaching hospital. Patients: Eight hundred consecutive admissions to the ICU prior to the institution of an intensive glucose management protocol were compared to the first 800 patients admitted to the ICU following institution of the protocol. Interventions: Cost data were analyzed using the comprehensive database of the ICU as well as other hospital data repositories. Measurements and results: The ICU database was used to quantify the major components of the cost of care. The analysis includes costs associated with ICU and non-ICU patient days, ventilator days, and laboratory, pharmacy, and radiology services. Comparing the baseline and treatment periods, there were decreases in patient days in the ICU; ventilator days; total laboratory, pharmacy and radiology costs; and post-ICU hospital length of stay. The net annualized decrease in costs during the treatment period was $1,339,500, or $1,580 per patient. Conclusions: The institution of a program to intensively monitor glucose levels and treat even modest hyperglycemia in the ICU was associated with substantial cost savings. This finding, in conjunction with the previously demonstrated improvement in mortality and morbidity, strongly supports the adoption of this intervention as a standard of care in the ICU.
Microbial community composition on native and drastically disturbed serpentine soils

During construction of roads, entire hillsides can be cut away, dramatically disturbing the ecosystem. Microbial communities play important, but poorly understood roles in revegetating roadcuts because of the many functions they perform in nutrient cycling, plant symbioses, decomposition, and other ecosystem processes. Our objective was to determine relationships among microbial community composition, soil chemistry, and disturbance on a serpentine soil disturbed by a roadcut and then partially revegetated. We hypothesized that the adjacent undisturbed serpentine soil would have a different microbial community composition from barren and revegetated sections of the roadcut and that undisturbed soils would have the greatest microbial biomass and diversity. We measured phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and soil nutrient concentrations on barren and revegetated sections of the roadcut and on adjacent undisturbed serpentine and nonserpentine soils. Most roadcut samples had soil chemistry similar to the serpentine reference soil. The microbial biomass and diversity of barren sites was lower than that of revegetated or the serpentine reference site. The nonserpentine reference site had significantly (P≤0.05) greater microbial biomass than serpentine or disturbed sites but significantly lower relative proportions of actinomycetes, and slow growth biomarkers. The Barren site had the lowest microbial biomass and a significantly (P≤0.05) greater proportion of that biomass was fungi. Barren, revegetated, and serpentine sites all had dissimilar microbial community composition. The composition of the revegetated communities, however, was intermediate between the serpentine reference and barren soils, suggesting that community composition of revegetated soils is approaching that of an undisturbed site with similar soil chemistry.
Atmospheric deposition of toxaphene to eastern north America derived from peat accumulation

Abstract Dated peat cores from Minnesota east to Nova Scotia analyzed for toxaphene provided spatial variation in historical and recent atmospheric fluxes and an atmospheric input function for toxaphene extending over the past 40 years. This input function is consistent with toxaphene production data and the input of a well documented insecticide, DDT. Total core burdens of toxaphene across a west to east transect were highest in the upper midwest and Nova Scotia, with recent peat accumulation rates ranging from 0.5 to 9 μg m −2 a −1 . Atmospheric concentrations of toxaphene, back-calculated from accumulation rates in peat, range from 8 to 150 pg m −3 , in agreement with recently-measured concentrations in remote atmospheres. Recent atmospheric inputs of toxaphene are two to four times those of PCBs and DDT, respectively.
Differentiation of acute and chronic myeloid leukemic blasts into the dendritic cell lineage: analysis of various differentiation-inducing signals.

Purpose: Ex vivo differentiation of myeloid leukemic blasts into dendritic cells (DCs) holds significant promise for use as cellular vaccines, as they may present a constellation of endogenously expressed known and unknown leukemia antigens to the immune system. Although variety of stimuli can drive leukemia→DC differentiation in vitro, these blast-derived DCs typically have aberrant characteristics compared with DCs generated from normal progenitors by the same stimuli. It is not clear whether this is due to underlying leukemogenic mechanisms (e.g., specific oncogenes), genetic defects, stage of maturation arrest, defects in cytokine receptor expression or signal transduction pathways, or whether different stimuli themselves induce qualitatively dissimilar DC differentiation. Methods: To assess what factors may contribute to aberrant leukemic blast→DC differentiation, we have examined how the same leukemic blasts (AML and CML) respond to different DC differentiation signals—including extracellular (the cytokine combination GM-CSF+TNF-α+IL-4) and intracellular (the protein kinase C agonist PMA, the calcium ionophore A23187, and the combination of PMA plus A23187) stimuli. Results: We have found that the same leukemic blasts will develop qualitatively different sets of DC characteristics in response to differing stimuli, although no stimuli consistently induced all of the characteristic DC features. There were no clear differences in the responses relative to specific oncogene expression or stage of maturation arrest (AML vs CML). Signal transduction agonists that bypassed membrane receptors/proximal signaling (in particular, the combination of PMA and A23187) consistently induced the greatest capability to activate T cells. Interestingly, this ability did not clearly correlate with expression of MHC/costimulatory ligands. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that signal transduction may play an important role in the aberrant DC differentiation of leukemic blasts, and demonstrate that direct activation of PKC together with intracellular calcium signaling may be an effective method for generating immunostimulatory leukemia-derived DCs.
Hypnosis, childhood trauma, and dissociative identity disorder: Toward an integrative theory

It is contended that prevailing exogenous trauma theory provides in most cases neither a sufficient nor a necessary explanation for the current large number of diagnosed cases of dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder) and related dissociative syndromes purported to have arisen as a response to severe early childhood physical and sexual abuse. Relevant aspects of instinctual drive theory, ego psychology, object relations theory, self psychology, social psychological theory, sociocultural influences, and experimental hypnosis findings are drawn on to demonstrate the importance of adopting a more integrative theoretical perspective in the diagnosis and treatment of severe dissociative syndromes. Further cooperative experimental and clinical research on the etiology, prevalence, and clinical manifestations of the group of dissociative disorders is strongly encouraged.
Far-infrared perturbation of electron tunneling in reaction centers?

Abstract We use the intense pulsed far-infrared laser of the UCSB FEL as a probe for the role that low-frequency protein modes could have on the tunneling rates of photosynthetic reaction centers. We will present our results and try to convince the skeptical reader that this is not yet another stupid paper trying to find simple minded physics in complex biological systems.
Adaptation of OFDM under visible light communications and illumination constraints

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is increasingly studied and adopted as a modulation technique for RF and optical communication systems. In this paper, we investigate challenges to the adoption of OFDM for use in lighting systems that support both intensity control and data communication based on the visible light communication (VLC) technology. In particular, we survey the requirements for energy efficiency, intensity control (dimming) and light-emitting diode (LED) driver integration in lighting systems. These requirements are mapped to contemporary and novel OFDM adaptations to show how both the lighting and communications needs can be met in dual-use scenarios while preserving both missions with reasonable performance.
New Approach to General Relativity

It is pointed out that if one did not know the Einstein--HamiltonJacobi equation one might hope to derive it straight off from plausible first principles, without ever going through the formulation of the Einstein field equations themselves. (auth)
The nature of somatic complaints among psychiatric patients: the Chinese case.

I T IS generally accepted that the manifestation of psychiatric disorders varies enormously among different groups of individuals who have different sociocultural backgrounds. One of the most distinctive features about Chinese neurotic patients is that their complaints are predominantly characterized by somatic complaints rather than psychological ones. Consequently it has been generally considered that Chinese patients tend to “somatize” their emotional conflicts. From the developmental point of view primitive emotion is characterized by syncretism, i.e., affective excitement is closely bound up with physical response. Later, in higher mental life, emotion is gradually differentiated from the somatic response.’ For certain individuals who are organically vulnerable to the physiological concomitants of affect there may develop psychophysiological disorders as a consequence of emotional arousal. If an individual has an underdeveloped ability to communicate by verbal symbols he may utilize a primitive bodylanguage to communicate his problems.2 It is a well recognized fact that the Chinese have developed a high level of civilization from ancient times, particularly in the area of literature and ethics, and have greatly emphasized the supremacy of the human mind over material surroundings. In literature, the manifestation of feeling is distinguished by its delicacy and complexity. Nevertheless, in daily life, the verbal expression of emotion is still remarkably characterized by body-oriented expression.3 This is true not only for ordinarily healthy people but also for emotionally disturbed persons, as is reflected by the fact that psychiatric patients’ complaints are predominantly characterized by somatic complaints. Clinical surveys of psychiatric outpatients in Taiwan who are eventually diagnosed as having a neurosis or other minor mental disorder revealed that, regarding the nature of the complaints made by the patients at their first visit to the psychiatric clinic, about 40% complained only of somatic symptoms and 30% of predominantly somatic complaints with some emotional problems, while the remaining 30% complained only of emotional problems. Thus nearly 70% of the psychiatric outpatients present somatic complaints to the psychiatrist at their first visit. When such patterns of presenting the initial complaint, either as somatic or psychological, are analyzed according to the patients’ social class based on the criteria of educational level, economic condition, etc., it is found that there is a certain correlation between the pattern of presenting problems and the social class. Namely, those patients who present somatic symptoms usually belong to
In vitro effects of antitumor antibody-chemotactic factor complexes

Abstract Antitumor antibodies with in vitro chemotactic activity for guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were obtained by covalent linkage of the chemotactic peptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) to rabbit IgG reactive with a strain 13 guinea pig hepatoma. In addition to its chemotactic properties, the fMLP coupled to antibody also retained its ability to stimulate the production of superoxide anions by macrophages. Neither the IgG nor the IgG treated with the carbodiimide coupling reagent exhibited any of these biological activities. The antibodies, which were adsorbed with sheep erythrocytes and normal strain 13 liver cells prior to the coupling procedure, reacted with surface antigens present on the hepatoma cells but not with those on fibrosarcoma cells or fibroblasts as determined by complement-dependent cytotoxicity. This complement-mediated function was, however, greatly diminished by coupling the IgG to fMLP although indirect immunofluorescent staining patterns established binding of the complexes to hepatoma cells but not to normal liver cells. When bound to tumor cells the antibody-peptide conjugates were also chemotactic, implying that the conjugated antibodies, conjugated antibody-tumor antigen complexes, or fMLP may be released and establish an effective chemotactic gradient for peritoneal exudate cells in vitro.
Pulmonary Atresia or Severe Stenosis and Coronary Artery-to-Pulmonary Artery Fistula

Five patients have had the common features of pulmonary atresia or severe stenosis associated with a septal defect and a coronary artery-to-pulmonary artery (CA-PA) fistula. Four had pulmonary valvular atresia, and one had severe pulmonary stenosis. In all five, the CA-PA fistula contributed the principal component of the pulmonary blood flow. Cyanosis, continuous murmur, right ventricular hypertrophy, and decreased or normal pulmonary vascularity were frequent clinical manifestations, but angiocardiography was required to establish the diagnosis. The fistula was a side-to-side communication between the left coronary artery and the main pulmonary artery in each of the five patients. The dilated proximal coronary artery connecting the aortic root with the pulmonary artery gave a unique angiocardiographic appearance distinguishing it from truncus arteriosus or aorticopulmonary window. It is suggested that this unique angiocardiographic appearance be called an "aorticopulmonary tunnel." The surgical repair of this anomaly is closely related to that for severe tetralogy of Fallot and should involve a comparable risk and achieve a comparable result.
Cultural Knowledge in African American Children

Purpose: This study sought to determine whether typically developing African American children’s culturally based mainstream and ethnocultural knowledge increased between grades four and six. Becau...
Cap-fitted colonoscopy: a randomized, tandem colonoscopy study of adenoma miss rates

Background Failures of adenoma detection diminish the effectiveness of colonoscopy. Objective This study investigated the impact of cap-fitted colonoscopy (CFC) on the adenoma miss rate at colonoscopy. Design Randomized, tandem colonoscopy study. Setting University hospital. Patients This study involved patients undergoing elective screening or surveillance colonoscopy. Intervention Patients were randomized to undergo cap-fitted (n = 52) or regular, high-definition (n = 48) colonoscopy before undergoing a second colonoscopy by the alternate method. During CFC, a plastic cap or hood was attached to the tip of the colonoscope, which was used to flatten haustral folds and improve mucosal exposure. Main Outcome Measurements The primary outcome measure was the miss rate for adenomas between patients who underwent CFC first and patients who underwent regular colonoscopy first. Results A total of 238 adenomas were detected in 67 patients (67%), with a combined overall miss rate of 27.7%, comprising 66 missed adenomas in 38 patients. Patients undergoing initial CFC had a significantly lower miss rate for all adenomas compared with that of patients undergoing regular colonoscopy (21% vs 33%, P = .039). Miss rates with CFC were significantly lower for adenomas of ≤5 mm (22% vs 35%; P = .037). There was no significant difference in per-patient miss rates between the initial CFC group (51%, n=18) and the initial regular colonoscopy group (63%, n=20, P = .36). Limitations Single-center study with two endoscopists. Conclusion CFC reduces miss rates for all adenomas and specifically for small adenomas. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT00577083)
Effects of oxygen on surface reconstruction of carbon

Abstract Recent experiments on diamond growth by chemical vapor deposition indicate that atomic oxygen converts the diamond (100)-(2 × 1) surface to the (1 × 1) structure. Ab initio total energy calculations are performed on a cluster of carbon atoms simulating the (100) surface in order to investigate the effect of oxygen on surface reconstruction. Calculations are reported for the clean surface and for O atoms adsorbed atop carbon and at a C-C bridge site. Bridge and atop carbon sites for oxygen have nearly identical adsorption energies and adsorption of O at either site prevents the C(100)-1 × 1 to 2 × 1 dimerization reconstruction. Adsorption of oxygen at one bridge site affects, but does not prevent, the dimerization of an adjacent pair of surface carbon atoms.
Cell surface binding sites for peanut agglutinin in the differentiating eye disc of Drosophila.

Abstract The distribution of peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding sites in imaginal discs is described using fluorescence and electron microscopy. PNA binds preferentially to the photoreceptor cell precursors in eye discs resulting in a rectilinear array of fluorescent spots that reflects that lattice-like arrangement of the presumptive ommatidia. The lectin binds to the apical surface of fixed disc cells and is taken up in presumed endocytotic vesicles in living discs. Photoreceptor precursors can be visualized with fluorescein isothyocyanate-PNA from the time they first form preclusters in the morphogenetic furrow and this technique is used to demonstrate a temperature-sensitive defect in precluster formation in the mutant shibire. PNA is localized along the sides of microvilli of disc cells, in general. The preferential binding of PNA to photoreceptor precursors is related in part to the high density of apical microvilli on these cells.
Novel mechanism of action of ACE and its inhibitors

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl peptidase transmembrane-bound enzyme (for review see Ref. [2][1]). A soluble form of ACE in plasma is derived from the plasma membrane-bound form by proteolytic cleavage of its COOH-terminal domain. There are two distinct isoforms of ACE: somatic
Ultra high-speed networking solution: Fibre Channel Architecture and its implementation

The design of a host-system adapter that exploits the full capabilities of Fibre Channel can present a major technical challenge because of the Gb/s data rates involved. In this paper, we discuss various architectural issues and features of a high-performance protocol engine that we are developing as part of an ultra highspeed networking solution based on Fibre Channel. Our approach attempts to maximize hardware-assisted "realtime" protocol processing, while minimizing involvement by the software. The paper also presents a brief overview of recent developments in the Fibre Channel technology in general, potential applications of our protocol engine, and trends in Fibre Channel technology as an ultra-high speed networking solution.
A Microcomputer-Based Teaching Evaluation System

Abstract Student evaluation of teaching performance is often done using standardized evaluation instruments. This study presents a computerized method of collecting student evaluation information that allows students to interactively develop and use their own evaluation instruments. Because evaluation information gathered in this fashion is unique to each student, a method of aggregating the data is also proposed. The results indicate that students take the task seriously and elect to use more questions than traditionally appear on standardized instruments. Data analysis from the individualized evaluations provides more accurate and specific suggestions about improving teaching effectiveness.
GUILT IN AN AGE OF PSYCHOPATHY

Guilt: A big topic. We can take little nibbles. We can be little fish taking little nibbles. We understand that everything we say is partial. To say one thing, we leave another out. But in addition to things we know but do not say, there is more that we do not know, that we are not yet able to think, things that have not yet swum into view, that have not yet crossed the thought horizon. Thus we speak humbly in face of the future, grateful to search for the little bit we can give. Saying this, you will understand that if I speak boldly, it is born of a pride of speech that is really a modest portion of the immensity that touches us. We are all killers. Thus we are all guilty. We are all guilty killers. There is no way around it. We can not get out of it. We kill to live. We kill each other to live. Killing is part of living. It is built into life. But like light refracts into so many colors, aliveness is alive with many tendencies and countertendencies, many emotional colors. We kill but are not just killers. We love, we are curious, we wonder, we explore, we drink life fully, we appreciate ourselves and each other, we appreciate the world. We care about life. We want to do life justice. We are thus given a range of possibilities, including emotional possibilities. Isaac Baashevis Singer said, “God gave us so many emotions and such strong ones. Every human being, even This paper was presented to a meeting of the Italian Psychoanalytic Society in Rome, April 2005. It is part of my book Age of Psychopathy, on Robert Young’s online site: http://www.psychoanalysis-and-therapy.com/human_nature/eigen/ part1.html. Portions of this paper are based on my chapter “Guilt” in Emotional Storm Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2005. Age of Psychopathy is published in Italian as Eta Di Psicoppatia in Rome by FrancoAngelli publishers, 2007.
Algorithm partition for a fixed-size VLSI architecture using space-time domain expansion

The space-time domain expansion method has recently been used to transform a computational task with a recursive formula into a VLSI architecture. In addition to its simplicity and completeness, an important advantage of this method is that it can easily solve the problem of partitioning an algorithm to fit a fixed size VLSI architecture. We propose a computational model and a partition rule which can be easily used to partition any recursive computation problem suited to the space-time domain expansion method so it can be solved on fixed-size VLSI architectures. Several examples, such as partitioned vector inner product, partitioned comparators in relational database management, partitioned matrix multiplications, and partitioned transitive closure computation, parallel recognition of general context-free languages, string matching and dynamic time-warp pattern-matching are used to illustrate the proposed method.
Applications of Algebraic Multigrid to Large-Scale Finite Element Analysis of Whole Bone Micro-Mechanics on the IBM SP

Accurate micro-finite element analyses of whole bones require the solution of large sets of algebraic equations. Multigrid has proven to be an effective approach to the design of highly scalable linear solvers for solid mechanics problems. We present some of the first applications of scalable linear solvers, on massively parallel computers, to whole vertebral body structural analysis. We analyze the performance of our algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods on problems with over 237 million degrees of freedom on IBM SP parallel computers. We demonstrate excellent parallel scalability, both in the algorithms and the implementations, and analyze the nodal performance of the important AMG kernels on the IBM Power3 and Power4 architectures.
Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from human tick bite sites: A guide to the risk of infection

Abstract Background: The risk of acquiring Lyme disease has been evaluated by xenodiagnostic procedures with laboratory strains of Borrelia burgdorferi and laboratory-reared Ixodes ticks, or by clinical trials in which diagnosis was based on clinical findings, culture, or serologic tests. Objective: Our purpose was to determine the risk of infection from tick bites in a natural setting in which wild strains of B. burgdorferi were involved, by a biopsy culture technique. Methods: Skin biopsy specimens were obtained from Ixodes scapularis tick bite sites, processed, and examined for the presence of B. burgdorferi . Results: B. burgdorferi was cultivated from only 2 of 48 skin biopsy specimens. In both instances duration of tick attachment was approximately 24 hours. Conclusion: In a hyperendemic region for Lyme disease the risk of infection after a deer tick bite appears to be low, particularly if the tick has been attached for less than 24 hours.
Religion, Aging, and Health: Current Status and Future Prospects

AN impressive body of research indicates that elderly . people who are involved in religion tend to enjoy better physical and mental health than older adults who are not as religious (Koenig, 1995; Levin, 1996). The articles in this issue by Idler and Kasl (1997a, 1997b) provide convincing evidence of this point. Their research indicates that increased church attendance is associated with better physical functioning in late life. This work is compelling because it is based on a large-scale random probability sample and a prospective study design. Idler and Kasl's (1997a, 1997b) research is part of an apparent surge of interest in religion, health, and aging. The purpose of this editorial is to comment on this trend and to speculate on where it may be headed. Evidence of increased interest in religion and health comes from at least three sources. First, although hard to document, there appears to be an increase in the number of scholarly papers and grant applications concerning this subject submitted to mainstream journals and major funding sources. Second, journals devoted solely to religion and aging have emerged (e.g., the Journal of Religious Gerontology), and special issues in existing journals have recently been devoted to this topic (e.g., Journal of Aging Studies). Third, major funding sources have sponsored committees designed to promote a better understanding of religion and health. For example, I chair a standing committee that is supported by the Fetzer Foundation and the National Institute on Aging (NIA). This group has been charged with developing a comprehensive set of religion measures to be used in surveys of health across the life course. The Templeton Foundation is currently supporting a similar effort.
Control of Powdery Mildew in Wild and Cultivated Grapes by a Tydeid Mite

The leaf surface of woody perennials is inhabited by an extraordinary diversity of mites. Although a majority of these mite species are thought to feed on fungi or other microbes, their ability to control plant pathogens has not been rigorously investigated. We present experimental evidence that a tydeid mite, Orthotydeus lambi, can suppress the development of grape powdery mildew on wild and cultivated grapes. Orthotydeus lambi is abundant on the leaves of a number of different tree and vine species in the northeastern United States, including the riverbank grape, Vitis riparia. When released at realistic densities, O. lambi was able to reduce the incidence and severity of grape powdery mildew on potted V. riparia vines placed in the field. Orthotydeus lambi was also able to reduce the severity of powdery mildew on the cultivated grape V. vinifera (cv ‘‘Cabernet Sauvignon’’) under greenhouse conditions and on the cultivated grape ‘‘Chancellor’’ (a Vitis interspecific hybrid) under vineyard conditions. A survey of wild and cultivated grapes in central New York indicated that O. lambi is common on wild grape leaves but generally rare in commercial vineyards. We present experimental data showing that two commonly used fungicides, sulfur and mancozeb, suppress O. lambi populations under vineyard conditions. Our results suggest that O. lambi and other mycophagous mites play an important role in regulating some epiphyllous fungi in the wild. We may be able to exploit mycophagous mites as biological control agents of important fungal pathogens of crop plants. r 1999 Academic Press
Adaptive fault-tolerant fuzzy control of robotic systems

This paper presents an integrated fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control methodology for a two-link planar nonlinear robotic systems. Based on the information obtained during a fault diagnostic procedure, a fault-tolerant control component is designed to compensate for the effect of faults using an adaptive learning structure in the form of Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems. First, a baseline controller is designed to guarantee the closed-loop system stability in the absence of a fault. Then, a fault-tolerant controller is designed to compensate for the effect of the fault, which is used after fault detection. Under certain assumptions, the stability and tracking performances of the closed-loop system are rigorously investigated. It is shown that the system signals always remain bounded, and the output tracking error converges to a neighborhood of the origin of the state space.
An ERP analysis of implicit structured sequence learning

When task exposure facilitates performance without producing corresponding changes in verbalizable knowledge, learning is said to be implicit. In Experiment 1, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as individuals practiced an implicit structured sequence learning (ISSL) task wherein only some target events required a response. With practice, the ERPs to targets that obeyed the underlying grammar diverged from those that did not at around 200 ms; grammatical targets appeared to be more positive between 200 and 500 ms because a similar positivity for the ungrammatical targets was delayed. In Experiment 2, the grammar was simplified allowing a direct comparison to be made between an implicit learning group and an explicit group, who were taught the grammar prior to recording. The results of the comparison revealed a remarkable similarity but did implicate at least partially nonidentical neural mechanisms in implicit and explicit structured sequence learning.
Effect of Aspect Ratio and Liquid-Phase Content on Densification of Alumina-Silicon Carbide Whisker Composites

Densification of alumina-SiC whisker composites by pressureless sintering is inhibited as a result of whisker interference with particle rearrangement and composite shrinkage. Reduction of the aspect ratio improves densification by improving particle/whisker packing for increased green densities and enhances the ability of the whiskers to rearrange themselves during sintering. Increasing the amount of liquid phases present during sintering also improves densification by aiding whisker rearrangement.
A comparison of land‐sharing and land‐sparing strategies for plant richness conservation in agricultural landscapes

Strategies for conserving plant diversity in agroecosystems generally focus on either expanding land area in non-crop habitat or enhancing diversity within crop fields through changes in within-field management practices. In this study, we compare effects on landscape-scale species richness from such land-sharing or land-sparing strategies. We collected data in arable field, grassland, pasture, and forest habitat types (1.6 ha sampled per habitat type) across a 100-km2 region of farmland in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA. We fitted species–area relationships (SARs) for each habitat type and then combined extrapolations from the curves with estimates of community overlap to estimate richness in a 314.5-ha landscape. We then modified these baseline estimates by adjusting parameters in the SAR models to compare potential effects of land-sharing and land-sparing conservation practices on landscape richness. We found that species richness of the habitat types showed a strong inverse relationship to the re...
Expanding Science Policy Regarding Research with Vulnerable Families

Research with families described as vulnerable is a rapidly evolving area. This study provides a brief commentary on articles from the Eastern Nursing Research Society (ENRS) symposium on research of vulnerable families using standards for research of families. These standards constitute science policy that is intended to advance nursing or family science through setting broad-based standards and providing guidelines for research. This commentary also discusses the usefulness of these standards for research with vulnerable families and provides recommendations for positioning this research to inform social and health policy to improve the outcomes for these families.