cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear and nonlinear dynamics of a differentially heated slot under gravity modulation

In this paper we consider the effect of sinusoidal gravity modulation of size e on a differentially heated infinite slot in which a vertical temperature stratification is imposed on the walls. The slot problem is characterized by a Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, and the imposed uniform stratification on the walls. When e is small, we show by regular perturbation expansion in e that the modulation interacts with the natural mode of the system to produce resonances, confirming the results of Farooq & Homsy (1994). For e ∼ O(1) we show that the modulation can potentially destabilize the longwave eigenmodes of the slot problem. This is achieved by projecting the governing equations onto the least-damped eigenmode, and investigating the resulting Mathieu equation via Floquet theory. No instability was found at large values of the Prandtl number and also low stratification, when there are no travelling modes present.To understand the nonlinear saturation mechanisms of this growth, we consider a two-mode model of the slot problem with the primary mode being the least-damped travelling parallel-flow mode as before and a secondary mode of finite wavenumber. By projecting the governing equations onto these two modes we obtained the equations for temporal evolution of the two modes. For modulation amplitudes above critical, the growth of the primary mode is saturated resulting in a stable weak nonlinear synchronous oscillation of the primary mode. An unexpected and intriguing feature of the coupling is that the secondary mode exhibits very high-frequency bursts which appear once every cycle of the forcing frequency.
Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy for infra-ampullary duodenal pathology.

Background Surgical management of distal duodenal pathology is challenging because of the duodenum's retroperitoneal location and its shared blood supply with the pancreas. For infra-ampullary pathology, surgical treatment may include local excision, pancreaticoduodenectomy, or pancreas-sparing duodenectomy (PSD). Patients and methods We retrospectively reviewed the management of 24 patients with infra-ampullary duodenal pathology treated by PSD between 1985 and 1994 at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Results There were 16 men and 8 women with a mean age of 51.2 ± 4.4 years. The indications for elective PSD in 19 patients were neoplasms (n = 15), Crohn's disease (n = 2), and other (n = 2). Of the neoplasms, 13 were malignant (11 adenocarcinoma, 1 lymphoma, 1 liposarcoma) and 2 were benign (1 villous adenoma, 1 benign stromal tumor). Five patients had PSD as an emergency procedure for penetrating trauma. The mean follow-up is 24.2 ± 5.8 months (range 1 to 122). In the group undergoing elective PSD, the mean length of operation was 5.3 ± 0.4 hours, and the estimated blood loss was 569 ±121 mL. In the entire series, there was 1 postoperative death from an anastomotic leak and 1 reexploration for anastomotic bleeding. Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy in patients with trauma or benign duodenal pathology resulted in a good outcome in all. In those 11 patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma, 7 have died, 2 have had recurrences and 2 are disease free. Actuarial and diseasefree, 2-year survival rates in the 11 patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma were 33% and 14%, respectively. Conclusions Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy is a safe and effective treatment in patients with distal duodenal benign neoplasms or trauma, and PSD appears to have limited effectiveness for malignant distal duodenal pathology.
Multiple tip nano probe actuators with integrated JFETs

We report a nano-electromechanical scanning three-probe system with monolithically integrated JFETS. JFETS can be used to pre-amplify differential tunneling currents and atomic forces. The JFET is integrated directly into the probes to reduce parasitics and mismatches and provide enhanced signal transduction and low noise operation. Three probes are co-fabricated, with the center probe being able to move relative to the two fixed probes using electrostatic actuators. The middle probe can be displaced 200nm in both longitudinal and lateral directions in the plane of the wafer, and this motion is sensed through a capacitively coupled JFET preamplifier. The measured transconductance parameter and pinch-off voltage for the JFET were 4.1 nA/V2 and −25V.
Lower glutamate levels in rostral anterior cingulate of chronic cocaine users — A 1H-MRS study using TE-averaged PRESS at 3 T with an optimized quantification strategy

Previous studies have shown significantly lower metabolism and functional activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of human cocaine addicts. The present study examined whether this ACC hypoactivity is associated with altered glutamate (Glu), the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), which has been recently implicated in drug addiction. Participants comprised 14 chronic cocaine addicts and 14 matched healthy volunteers who were examined using (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 T. A new quantification strategy for echo time (TE)-averaged point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) was applied to disentangle relaxation effects from J-evolution of coupled spin systems such as Glu. The concentrations of Glu as well as N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), total creatine (tCr), choline-containing compounds (tCho), and myo-inositol (Ins) were estimated from both groups. Glu/tCr was significantly lower in chronic cocaine users compared to control subjects and was significantly correlated with years of cocaine use. Glu/tCr was also positively correlated with NAA/tCr. NAA/tCr significantly decreased with age but was not significantly different between the two groups. These findings suggest a metabolic/neurotransmitter dysregulation associated with cocaine addiction and support a possible therapeutic intervention strategy aimed at normalizing the Glu transmission and function in the treatment of cocaine addiction.
The contribution of Alaskan, Siberian, and Canadian coastal polynyas to the cold halocline layer of the Arctic Ocean

Numerous Arctic Ocean circulation and geochemical studies suggest that ice growth in polynyas over the Alaskan, Siberian, and Canadian continental shelves is a source of cold, saline water which contributes to the maintenance of the Arctic Ocean halocline. The purpose of this study is to estimate for the 1978-1987 winters the contributions of Arctic coastal polynyas to the cold halocline layer of the Arctic Ocean. The study uses a combination of satellite, oceanographic, and weather data to calculate the brine fluxes from the polynyas; then an oceanic box model is used to calculate their contributions to the cold halocline layer of the Arctic Ocean. This study complements and corrects a previous study of dense water production by coastal polynyas in the Barents, Kara, and Laptev Seas.
Four-level ‘N-scheme’ in bare and quasi-dressed states pictures

In this work, we consider a four-level ‘N-scheme’ (three radiation fields coupling four atomic levels) that has previously been shown to feature different group velocity regimes (sub-luminal, super-luminal, and negative) controlled by the strength of the third interacting field, which is referred to as the control field. Another interesting aspect of the N-scheme is the ‘appearance’ and ‘disappearance’ of an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window at resonance. In this paper, based on a study in the bare states picture, we point out differences and similarities between two settings (different strengths of the acting fields) of this four-level N-scheme. Conclusions are drawn based on a work in a simplified quasi-dressed states picture. We find that the four-level N-scheme under study can be approached as either a one or two three-level lambda-like system(s) that display the same physics regardless of the relative strength between the two fields that form the EIT portion of the system.
Educação bilíngue nos Estados Unidos: uma possível transição moral para a cidadania global

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo teorico cujo objetivo e investigar a importância de competencias interculturais, tais como habilidades de comunicacao, para o desenvolvimento de uma educacao para a cidadania global. Tem como hipotese a sugestao de que os argumentos contra a educacao bilingue nos Estados Unidos da America (EUA) podem representar indicios da existencia de uma transicao entre uma abordagem conservadora de cidadania e uma de cidadania global. Para esse fim, uma reflexao teorica sobre os aspectos morais associados a argumentos contra a educacao bilingue e em favor de movimentos English-only dentro do sistema educacional dos EUA, bem como sobre as suas implicacoes para a cidadania global, sera construida por meio de uma analise critica da literatura produzida na area. Demonstra-se que os argumentos a favor do uso exclusivo do ingles e contra a educacao bilingue parecem reforcar a necessidade de uma reforma educacional baseada tanto na teoria de Adela Cortina (2005) sobre etica minima, quanto na proposicao de Makoni e Pennycook (2007) a respeito da necessidade de uma desinvencao e reconstituicao das linguas. Concluiu-se que uma analise critica dos argumentos contra a educacao bilingue, e em favor movimentos educacionais English-only, parece reforcar a proposta de que os EUA podem estar enfrentando um periodo de transicao entre uma condicao de monismo moral para uma de pluralismo moral, ao mesmo tempo em que o pluralismo moral pode ser um pre-requisito para a cidadania global.
Spectroscopic study of carbaryl sorption on smectite from aqueous suspension.

Sorption of carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methyl-carbamate) from aqueous suspension to smectite was studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (for batch sorption), and quantum chemical methods. The amount of carbaryl sorbed was strongly dependent on the surface-charge density of the smectite with more sorption occurring on the two “low” surface-charge density smectites (SHCa-1 and SWy-2) compared to that of the high surface-charge SAz-1 smectite. In addition, the amount of carbaryl sorbed was strongly dependent on the nature of the exchangeable cation and followed the order of Ba ∼ Cs ∼ Ca > Mg ∼ K > Na ∼ Li for SWy-2. A similar trend was found for hectorite (SHCa-1) of Cs > Ba > Ca > K ∼ Mg > Na ∼ Li. Using the shift of the carbonyl stretching band as an indicator of the strength of interaction between carbaryl and the exchangeable cation, the observed order was Mg > Ca > Ba ∼ K > Na > Cs. The position of the carbonyl stretching band shifted to lower wavenumb...
Characterization of very young mineral phases of bone by solid state 31phosphorus magic angle sample spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray diffraction.

The properties of bone mineral change with age and maturation. Several investigators have suggested the presence of an initial or “precursor” calcium phosphate phase to help explain these differences. We have used solid state 31P magic angle sample spinning (MASS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray radial distribution function (RDF) analyses to characterize 11-and 17-day-old embryonic chick bone and fractions obtained from them by density fractionation. Density fractionation provides samples of bone containing Ca-P solid-phase deposits even younger and more homogeneous with respect to the age of mineral than the calcium phosphate (Ca-P) deposits in the whole bone samples. The analytical techniques yield no evidence for any distinct phase other than the poorly crystal-line hydroxyapatite phase characteristic of mature bone mineral. In particular, there is no detectable crystalline brushite [DCPD, CaHPO4 2H2O< 1%] or amorphous calcium phosphate (< 8–10%) in the most recently formed bone mineral. A sizeable portion of the phosphate groups exist as HPO42− in a brushite (DCPD)-like configuration. These acid phosphate moieties are apparently incorporated into the apatitic lattice. The most likely site for the brushite-like configuration is probably on the surface of the crystals.
Triamcinolone acetonide inhibits lymphocyte differentiation in B cells decorated with artificial antigen receptors.

Summary We examined the effects of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on T cell independent antigen-induced differentiation of human B cells. Purified human B cells artificially decorated with palmitate-conjugated monoclonal IgA antibody specific for 2,4-dinitrophenyl differentiated polyclonally when challenged with optimum concentrations of dinitrophenyl-derivatized polymerized flagellin. This B cell response was reduced by the synthetic corticosteroid TA at a concentration of 10 −6 M. This suggests that TA can inhibit in vitro B lymphocyte differentiation independent of T cells.
Synthesis of proton conducting tungstosilicate mesoporous materials and polymer composite membranes

Abstract Tungstosilicate mesoporous materials (WMM) were synthesized using the ionic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C 16 H 33 N + (CH 3 ) 3 Br − , CTMABr) and non-ionic surfactants, including C 12 H 25 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 10 OH (Brij 22, C 12 EO 10 OH), C 16 H 33 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 10 OH (Brij 56, C 16 EO 10 OH), and C 18 H 37 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 10 OH (Brij 76, C 18 EO 10 OH). Using CTMABr, the highest W/Si ratio achieved for the molecular sieve product was 0.03. The proton conductivity ranged from 0.5 to 2.2 × 10 −2 S/cm, where the highest conductivity was observed with the H 3 PO 4 based preparation. Non-ionic surfactants produced materials with a W/Si ratio as high as 0.05 without any dense WO 3 impurities. These samples showed thicker pore walls (39 A), higher thermal stability, and higher proton conductivity (4.0 × 10 −2 S/cm). The WMMs were also employed to make a composite membrane with linear polyethyleneimine (PEI)-3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GLYMO)-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (HTFSI). At 100 °C and 100% relative humidity, the composite membrane with 30 wt.% calcined (at 500 °C) WMM showed the highest conductivity of 6.1 × 10 −2 S/cm. At 130 °C and 20% relative humidity, the highest conductivity of 6.4 × 10 −3 S/cm was obtained for the composite membrane with 30 wt.% as-synthesized WMM.
Race, health, and disease in 19th-century-born males

This study analyzed skeletal health disparities among African American and Euro-American males of low socioeconomic status born between 1825 and 1877. A total of 651 skeletons from the Cobb, Hamann-Todd, and Terry anatomical collections were macroscopically examined for skeletal pathologies related to dietary deficiencies and disease. Individuals were separated into age, ancestry, birth (Antebellum, Civil War, Pre-Reconstruction, and Reconstruction), combined ancestry/birth, enslaved versus liberated, and collection cohorts. These groups were statistically evaluated using ANOVA and χ(2) analyses to determine if age, ethnic, and temporal differences existed. Results indicated that African Americans, especially those born during Reconstruction, had significantly higher frequencies of tuberculosis (P = 0.004) and treponematosis (P = 0.006) than Euro-Americans. Historical sources are important in contextualizing why these different ethnic and temporal patterns were present, pointing to environmental conditions related to enslavement, postliberation migration to the industrialized North, crowded urban living conditions, and poor sanitation.
Observation of glass behavior at low fields in polycrystalline YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7

We have measured the magnetic susceptibility of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ at low fields and observed a glass transition at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{g}}$${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. This glass behavior, which is different from the vortex glass-fluid transition at high fields, can be interpreted as due to a Josephson weak-link effect. ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{g}}$ shifts to lower temperatures with increasing applied field and is completely suppressed at higher fields, where \ensuremath{\chi}(T) shows typical diamagnetic behavior. As H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{g}}$ initially increases as the pressure on the sample pellet is increased and then saturates at higher pellet pressures. The pellet pressure dependence of ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{d}}$, the field necessary to suppress the glass state, is qualitatively consistent with theoretical prediction, that is, it is inversely proportional to the projected area normal to the field for an average loop of connected superconducting regions.
Temporal Stability, Correlates, and Longitudinal Outcomes of Career Indecision Factors:

A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tested the fit of Kelly and Lee’s six-factor model of career decision problems among 188 college students. The six-factor model did not fit the data well, but a...
Directional medium access control for ad hoc networks

Using directional antennas in ad hoc networks may introduce the well-known deafness problem, exacerbate the hidden terminal problem and the exposed terminal problem, add difficulty on mobile communication, and distort the operation of existing routing and TCP protocols. Although a lot of studies have been undertaken on the directional MAC protocols, most of them focus only on one or several aspects in their design and performance evaluations, and a comprehensive comparative study is missing. In this paper, we first explore the design space of directional MAC and present a taxonomy of existing schemes. Then, we discuss the major problems in using directional antennas under different category of MAC schemes. After that, we propose coordinated directional medium access control (CDMAC), a novel directional MAC protocol to improve throughput via facilitating the simultaneous contention-free communications for multiple local node-pairs. We evaluate our CDMAC, one representative existing scheme and IEEE 802.11 via extensive ns2 simulations. Our results show CDMAC provides a satisfactory solution to all the major problems and significantly improves the throughput performance.
Bleaching products of rose bengal under reducing conditions

Abstract The bleaching behavior of Rose Bengal under reducing conditions has been elucidated by determining the products of chemical and photochemical reduction of Rose Bengal.
Sex chromatin in cultured human tissues.

THE sex chromatin clump of Barr has been reported as occurring in human female tissues cultured in vitro for short periods, and as not occurring in long-established cultures1,2. The purpose of this communication is to provide a quantitative summary of the available knowledge in this respect, and to indicate that sex chromatin apparently occurs routinely in suitably stained primary explants, but not in long cultured cells.
Characteristics of ARC Currents on a Negatively Biased Solar Cell Array in a Plasma

The time dependence of the emitted currents during arcing on solar cell arrays was studied. Arcs are characterized using three parameters: the voltage change of the array during an arc (i. e., the charge lost), the peak current during the arc, and the time constant describing the arc current decay. This paper reports the dependence of these characteristics on two array parameters, the bias voltage and the array capacitance to ground. It was found that the voltage change of the array during an arc is nearly equal to the bias voltage. The array capacitance, on the other hand, causes both the peak current and the decay time constant of the arc to increase with increasing capacitance.
Acute Interventions for Stenosed Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Conduit Following the Right-Sided Modification of Norwood-Sano Procedure

Introduction. The Norwood stage 1 procedure was modified by Sano with right ventricle-pulmonary artery (RV–PA) conduit replacing BT shunt. In our institution, this has been further modified by placing the conduit from the RV outflow tract to the right side of the neo-aorta. Patients and Methods. Between April 2002 and October 2008, 227 modified Norwood procedures were performed. Eighteen had the Sano modification with the conduit to the left of the neo-aorta whereas 209 had the right-sided modification, which is the study population. A total of 18 (8.6%) patients presented with cyanosis due to conduit stenosis with median age 4 months and median weight 6.3 kg. Results. Twelve patients underwent transcatheter stent placement in stenosed RV–PA conduit. A total of 16 coronary stents were implanted in 12 patients with 4 patients each receiving 2 stents. The mean saturations increased from 60% to 74%. There was one late mortality which was non-procedure related. Five patients treated with surgical take down of the RV–PA conduit and creation of a cavo-pulmonary shunt, whilst one patient had replacement of RV–PA conduit. There were no early postoperative deaths. The mean saturations improved from 54% to 75%. Conclusions. The RV–PA conduit stenosis is a life-threatening complication after the modified Norwood Stage I procedure. This may require urgent surgery to replace the conduit or to perform a cavo-pulmonary shunt but as an alternative, transcatheter stent placement can be used with equal effectiveness and with a low risk of complications. The catheter approach is less invasive and the results show that it is an excellent option to relieve the stenosis even in the right-sided RV–PA conduit.
The Fast Hartley Transform Algorithm

The fast Hartley transform (FHT) is similar to the Cooley-Tukey fast Fourier transform (FFT) but performs much faster because it requires only real arithmetic computations compared to the complex arithmetic computations required by the FFT. Through use of the FHT, discrete cosine transforms (DCT) and discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) can be obtained. The recursive nature of the FHT algorithm derived in this paper enables us to generate the next higher order FHT from two identical lower order FHT's. In practice, this recursive relationship offers flexibility in programming different sizes of transforms, while the orderly structure of its signal flow-graphs indicates an ease of implementation in VLSI.
Dual Roles of Endogenous Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase in a Murine Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Human preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) have increased circulating and luminal levels of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and decreased serum PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), the enzyme that inactivates PAF. Formula supplemented with recombinant PAF-AH decreases NEC in a neonatal rat model. We hypothesized that endogenous PAF-AH contributes to neonatal intestinal homeostasis and therefore developed PAF-AH mice using standard approaches to study the role of this enzyme in the neonatal NEC model. After exposure to a well-established NEC model, intestinal tissues were evaluated for histology, proinflammatory cytokine mRNA synthesis, and death using standard techniques. We found that mortality rates were significantly lower in PAF-AH pups compared with wild-type controls before 24 h of life but surviving PAF-AH animals were more susceptible to NEC development compared with wild-type controls. Increased NEC incidence was associated with prominent inflammation characterized by elevated intestinal mRNA expression of sPLA2, inducible NOS, and CXCL1. In conclusion, the data support a protective role for endogenous PAF-AH in the development of NEC, and because preterm neonates have endogenous PAF-AH deficiency, this may place them at increased risk for disease.
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma following organ transplantation in a 16-year-old boy.

: Organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressant therapy are at risk of developing lymphoproliferative disorders. Although rare, there have been reported cases of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma occurring in this population. We present a pediatric patient who developed cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with mycosis fungoides histology after liver transplantation.
The photochemistry of 4-azidopyridine-1-oxide.

Laser flash photolysis of 4-azidopyridine-1-oxide at 266 or 308 nm yields triplet 4-nitrenopyridine-1-oxide as the dominant reactive intermediate species, with kISC of approximately 2 × 107 s-1. No evidence of products arising from the singlet nitrene was observed, indicating a slow rate of cyclization to the benzazirine and didehydroazepine species. The slow rate of cyclization is postulated to be due to the aminoxyl-like electronic configuration of this species, which withdraws spin density from sites for potential cyclization.
Coral Pinnacle Sedimentation, Alacran Reef Lagoon, Mexico: ABSTRACT

Coral pinnacles growing in Alacran Reef lagoon can be characterized by three different depositional environments. These are: (1) pinnacle crest--a rigid framework of living colonial corals and unconsolidated sediment which is poorly sorted, consisting of 2.5^phgrv coral sand, with relatively high permeability, 20% calcite (90% aragonite), and 1-1.7% magnesium; (2) pinnacle slope--a transitional environment which accumulates very poorly sorted mixtures of gravelly coral, Halimeda sand and silt, having relatively low permeability, 10% calcite (90% aragonite), and 1% magnesium; and (3) lagoon floor--a topographic basin in which is accumulated poorly sorted 4.5^phgrv Observed diagenetic processes are: (1) pelleting of lagoon-floor mud, (2) formation of galleries in the rigid framework by lithophagid pelecypods and in coral and mollusk sediment grains by boring algae, (3) growth of euhedral aragonite crystals in grain cavities, and (4) recrystallization of coral grains. Expected diagenetic processes in the future are cementation and dolomitization of pinnacle-crest sand, compaction of lagoon-floor mud, and mold-porosity formation in the rigid framework and in sediments of all three environments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 617------------
NEUTRINO PHYSICS AT SHORT BASELINE

Neutrino oscillation searches at short baseline (defined as ≲ 1 km) have investigated oscillations with Δm2 ≳ 0.1eV2. One positive signal, from the LSND collaboration, exists and is being tested by the MiniBooNE experiment. Neutrino cross-section measurements are being made, which will be important for reducing systematic errors in present and future oscillation measurements.
Nanosecond Time-Resolved Polarization Spectroscopies: Tools for Probing Protein Reaction Mechanisms

Polarization methods, introduced in the 1800s, offered one of the earliest ways to examine protein structure. Since then, many other structure-sensitive probes have been developed, but circular dichroism (CD) remains a powerful technique because of its versatility and the specificity of protein structural information that can be explored. With improvements in time resolution, from millisecond to picosecond CD measurements, it has proven to be an important tool for studying the mechanism of folding and function in many biomolecules. For example, nanosecond time-resolved CD (TRCD) studies of the sub-microsecond events of reduced cytochrome c folding have provided direct experimental evidence of kinetic heterogeneity, which is an inherent property of the diffusional nature of early folding dynamics on the energy landscape. In addition, TRCD has been applied to the study of many biochemical processes, such as ligand rebinding in hemoglobin and myoglobin and signaling state formation in photoactive yellow protein and prototropin 1 LOV2. The basic approach to TRCD has also been extended to include a repertoire of nanosecond polarization spectroscopies: optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), magnetic CD and ORD, and linear dichroism. This article will discuss the details of the polarization methods used in this laboratory, as well as the coupling of time-resolved ORD with the temperature-jump trigger so that protein folding can be studied in a larger number of proteins.
Effect of time errors on infinity values obtained using Prony's method

The estimates of infinity values obtained using Prony's method are shown to be subject to significant error arising from small errors in the assigned sample times. The error of the estimate may be reduced by increasing the time interval between samples.
Synthesis of a regiospecific, soluble poly(2-alkoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene)

Abstract Organopalladium-catalysed carbon-carbon bond-forming polymerization (Heck reaction) was used to synthesize a regiospecifically head-to-tail, asymmetric poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene) derivative, poly(2- n -dodecyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene), 3 . Polymer 1 was soluble in common organic solvents, had a M w of 980–24000 depending on the conditions of polymerization, had an all- trans configuration to within limits of detection, and had a strong yellow fluorescence in the solid state ( λ max = 542 nm at 400 nm excitation). The choice of phosphine co-catalyst in the Heck coupling had a considerable effect on the degree of polymerization, with the hindered tri- o -tolylphosphine giving the best results.
MAPK-dependent expression of p21WAF and p27kip1 in PMA-induced differentiation of HL60 cells

Treatment of HL60 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) results in growth arrest and differentiation towards the macrophage lineage. PMA-induced changes are easily monitored by morphological changes while cells in suspension start adhering onto substrate. PMA induces rapid activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Activation of the ERK pathway is essential to PMA-induced differentiation of HL60 cells. PMA also induces the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21WAF and p27kip1, which is modulated by the use of an inhibitor of the ERK cascade. This implies that a link exists between ERK activation and p21WAF and p27kip1 induction in the process of terminal differentiation.
Electron distribution function of a weakly ionized gas in magnetic and time-dependent electric fields

Abstract An investigation is made of the electron behavior in a weakly ionized gas in a magnetic field and arbitrarily time-dependent electric field. This problem is of interest either in astrophysics or the study of the basic phenomena in gas discharge. The electron distribution function is studied based on the Boltzmann equation which takes only the electron-atom collisions into account. A “moment method” is devised to solve the case when the electron collision frequency is uniform. In the subsequent analysis, the electron distribution function is first expanded in terms of both the “moments” and the associate Laguerre polynomials and then a generating equation of the moments is derived. This generating equation which is linear and of first order in time can be integrated readily. The persistent solution is obtained in closed form for the quasi-steady case. In case of high-frequency oscillating electric field the drift velocity, the mean energy, the conductivity and the dielectric constant are all discussed.
Egalitarian Social Movements in Western Europe: Can They Survive Globalization and EMU?

Scholars have traditionally explained egalitarian social movements in terms of interest-based politics applied to specific policy domains and defined by distinct and immutable identities, such as class, nation, race, or gender. Recent contextual changes limit the analytical power of this traditional mode of analysis. This essay proposes that globalization and European regionalism have opened space for social movements organized by “modular” and context-dependent politics, in which identities are not fixed but multiple, interchangeable, and crosscutting. The convergence criteria of European integration, in tandem with the deregulatory pressures of globalization, repress egalitarian interests in national policy agendas. But the uncertain and overlapping authorities across territory and identity provide new political opportunities for broad-based mobilization, especially when wedded with strategies that take advantage of modular politics. Two recent cases illustrate the increasing significance of context-dependent identity formation in West European social movements. In Sweden, wage-earner feminism gained prominence for its appeal when it went beyond gender interests and captivated a broad-based alliance for a post-Fordist labor compromise. Similarly, the 1997 Eurostrike against Renault gained concessions, for it cast a wide net to attract different identities: class, nation, and Europe. The interplay among European regionalism, globalization, and “modular” politics will ultimately shape the future of egalitarian social movements in Western Europe.
Flow injection analysis-atomic absorption determination of serum zinc

Abstract Flow injection analysis-atomic absorption (FIA-AA) determination of zinc in human serum samples is demonstrated. The same samples were analyzed for zinc by conventional atomic absorption spectrometry and no significant difference was found between the two methods. Proteins were precipitated from samples by adding equal volumes of 25% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid and 100-μl aliquots of the protein-free-filtrate were injected. Precision was ± 3.47% relative standard deviation. The frequency of measurements can be as high as 180 per hour. No pump was used, only the negative pressure from the nebulizer was utilized to aspirate the carrier stream. Simple 1: 5 dilution of sample with water, followed by FIA-AA measurements, gave higher zinc levels. The effect of sample volume and the length of dispersion coil on the FIA signal was studied.
Fracture Energy Test for Highway Concrete: Determining the Effect of Coarse Aggregate on Crack Propagation Resistance:

Portland cement concrete fracture properties—specific fracture energy, fracture toughness, and brittleness—were investigated for typical Michigan highway concretes containing different coarse aggregates and varying in age: 7,28, and 91 days. These fracture properties can be determined from the complete load-deflection curve of a notched beam. The effective beam is 965 mm long, 100 mm wide, and 200 mm high, with a 100-mm center notch. Results show that the specific fracture energy, which determines the resistance to crack propagation, for a concrete pavement mix is controlled primarily by the coarse aggregate type. Differences of 100 percent were obtained between aggregate types. A glacial gravel yielded the highest resistance (160 N/m), and the dolomitic limestones and blast furnace slag yielded the lowest resistance (80-100 N/m), although the concretes all had similar strength properties. The fracture toughness, resistance to crack initiation, was found to be linear related with concrete strength. Typica...
Logic BIST silicon debug and volume diagnosis methodology

Post silicon speed-path debug and production volume diagnosis for yield learning are critical to meet product time to market demand. In this paper, we present Logic BIST speed-path debug technique and methodology for achieving higher frequency demand. We have developed a methodology for Logic BIST production fail volume diagnosis and presented tester time and memory overhead tradeoffs and optimization for enabling volume diagnosis. Results are presented showing successful isolation of silicon speed-paths on Intel® SOCs.
A semi-spectral primitive equation ocean circulation model using vertical sigma and orthogonal curvilinear horizontal coordinates

Abstract We describe a new diabatic primitive equation model for studying regional and basin-scale ocean circulation processes. The model features coordinate transformations that efficiently incorporate moderately irregular basin geometries and large variations in bottom topography, and permits the inclusion of both thermal and wind forcing. A novel semi-spectral solution procedure, in which the vertical structure of the model variables is represented as a finite sum of user-specifiable structure functions (e.g., Chebyshev polynomials), provides faster-than-algebraic convergence of the vertical approximation scheme. Model performance is assessed on a variety of test problems drawn from coastal and large-scale oceanography including unforced, linear wave propagation in both regular and irregular geometries; non-linear flow over rough bottom topography; and eddy/mean flow interaction in a wind-driven, midlatitude ocean basin. Computational efficiency of the model is found to be comparable to other existing primitive equation ocean models despite the utilization of the higher order spectral methods.
Planning for the Next Generation of Risk Studies

Seventy longitudinal studies of social competence in children conducted over the past 3 decades are critically reviewed in an effort to pinpoint current and potential problems in conducting longitudinal research with samples of children at elevated risk for developing severe forms of psychopathology. The review outlines chronic problems in accurately specifying objectives, choosing adequate and appropriate samples, and selecting maximally useful predictor and outcome measures in this reseach area. A variety of institutional and organizational problems that make risk research difficult to undertake and to carry to completion are also described. A federation of risk projects, which could seek unified funding and coordinate institutional support, is suggested. In addition, new grant review procedures that embody coordination of management efforts between funding and research agencies are recommended as one possible alternative to present practices.
Magnetic field effects on the fluorescence of two reaction centerless mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.

Magnetic field induced changes in the fluorescence intensity are observed from two reaction centerless mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. These results constitute the first direct assignment of such effects arising solely from the antenna pigments in photosynthetic bacteria.
Thermal Transport at Carbon Nanotube-Graphene Junction

We present results of a molecular dynamics study to analyze thermal transport at carbon nanotube (CNT)-graphene junctions comprising of single layer graphene and (6,6) armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Two possible junction types with different degrees of sp2 and sp3 hybridization are investigated. Reverse Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (RNEMD) simulations are used to obtain the thermal conductivities in these hybrid structures and also analyze the role of the interfacial thermal resistance at the SWCNT-graphene junctions in limiting thermal transport. The highest out-of-plane (along the SWCNT axis) thermal conductivity of a hybrid structure with a CNT-graphene junction was obtained to be 158.9±1.2 W/m-K when the junction comprised of only sp2 bonds with an interpillar distance of 15 nm and a pillar height of 200 nm. The highest in-plane thermal conductivity (along the graphene layer plane) with two CNT-graphene junctions was found to be 392.2±9.9 W/m-K with junctions comprising of only sp2 bonds and an interpillar distance of 20 nm and a pillar height of 25 nm. In all cases, junctions with mixed sp2/sp3 hybridization showed higher interfacial thermal resistance than junctions with pure sp2 bonds, and the thermal interfacial resistance was found to be weakly dependent on the length of CNT and the interpillar distance. The highest interfacial thermal resistance measured across the CNT-graphene junction was 3.10×10−6 K-cm2/W when the junction comprised of mixed sp2/sp3 bonds and with 15 nm interpillar distance and 50 nm pillar height.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT OF HUMAN SERA ON GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI : II. COMPARATIVE BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT OF NORMAL WHOLE BLOOD FROM DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES IN THE PRESENCE OF HUMAN CONVALESCENT SERA.

1. Heparin was more satisfactory for preventing blood from clotting than defibrination, potassium and ammonium oxalate, or sodium citrate in bacteriostasis of group A streptococci in the presence of streptococcal antibodies in convalescent serum. 2. Blood from rabbit, guinea pig, or sheep could not be substituted for human blood in promoting bacteriostasis when human antibody was used. Mixtures of human leukocytes and plasma of each of these animals or of animal leukocytes and human plasma were also not effective with human antibody. 3. Complement, leukocytes, and a thermostable factor which was found in human plasma were essential in the indirect bacteriostatic technique employed for the inhibition of streptococcal growth in the presence of convalescent human serum. 4. The thermostable component was active in human serum, as well as in plasma, in 1:12 dilution, withstood storage at 4° C. for at least 7 weeks, and was destroyed by heating at 70° C. for 30 minutes.
Is there an increased risk of hip fracture in Parkinson's disease? A nationwide inpatient sample.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether people with Parkinson's disease (PD) are overrepresented in a national cohort of hip-fracture admissions. BACKGROUND: Frequent falls, combined with a higher rate of osteoporosis in people with PD, should lead to an increased risk of hip fracture. METHODS: This work was a retrospective cohort analysis from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1988 to 2007, a stratified sample of 20% of U.S. hospital admissions. Admissions with a primary diagnosis of acute hip fracture were identified, as was a subset with a secondary diagnosis of PD. RESULTS: A total of 3.63% of 1,066,404 hip-fracture admissions had PD. When compared to the population of prevalence among patients with hip fracture, the prevalence of PD was up to 4.48 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.46, 4.49) more than predicted, and when adjusted for gender and age, it was 4.02 (95% CI: 4.00, 4.03). CONCLUSIONS: In this 20-year nationwide sample of hip fractures, patients with PD were overrepresented by a factor of 4. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society. Language: en
Shaping of grain architecture in tungsten using selective doping

The purpose of this work is to experimentally demonstrate that overlapping grain structures can be generated and stabilized at high temperatures by embedding arrays of grain boundary barriers. In tungsten lamp wire, strings of embedded potassium bubbles stabilize an overlapping grain structure along the wire axis. This markedly increases its resistance to creep and rupture. Stabilized overlapping grain structures can be achieved in sheet components by selectively doping a material using a combination of ion implantation and diffusion bonding. In this method foils of polycrystalline matrix material are doped with an insoluble element (potassium) by the ion implantation technique. This establishes atomically dispersed potassium in the near-surface regions of the foils. The doped foils are diffusion bonded to form a laminate with embedded, discrete layers of dopant. During diffusion bonding, the dopant atoms diffuse, cluster, and form planar arrays of potassium bubbles. After diffusion bonding, the laminate is annealed for recrystallization. The grain boundaries migrate parallel to the bubble arrays, but are pinned in directions perpendicular to them. This establishes a stabilized, brick-like grain structure.
The yield of CO in the reaction: CH2(ã 1A1) + CH2CO

Abstract The yield of CO from CH 2 (a 1 A 1 ) + CH 2 CO has been measured by monitoring the transient IR absorption of carbon monoxide following pulsed laser photolysis of ketene (CH 2 CO + hv (308 nm) → CH 2 (a 1 A 1 ) + CO). Analysis of the prompt CO production as a function of CH 2 (a 1 A 1 ) scavenger concentration ([ i -C 4 H 8 ] and [N 2 ]) gives a CO yield of 0.63 ± 0.13, which suggests that collision-induced intersystem crossing (CH 2 (a 1 A 1 ) + CH 2 CO → CH 2 (X 3 B 1 ) + CH 2 CO) is important in this reaction.
Are Strong Work-First Welfare Policies Aligned with Generous Child Care Provisions? What States Are Doing and the Implications for Social Work:

Welfare reform devolved authority to states in designing and implementing Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TAN F) and child care subsidy programs, thereby creating substantial variation in both programs across states. TAN F and child care subsidy programs are, in theory, designed to work together to support employment among low-income families, yet we have little information on how these two programs collectively impact work and family life among the target population. This study examines the intensity of TAN F work requirements and generosity of child care subsidy provisions across states and the interaction of the two programs. Overall, we find that states with stringent work requirements do not typically provide generous child care subsidies. This article discusses the implications for families, policy, and social work practice in light of our findings.
Feasibility and performance analyses of adapting Ethernet-based protocols in space-based networks

The usage of satellite communication (SATCOM) resources by the Department of Defense (DOD) to deliver global IP-based services has increased dramatically in the last decade. The rapid growth in demand for IP-based application services in the DOD and the flexibility of information services in commercial communication networks are influencing the designs of the future DOD communication satellite systems. The emergence of the high-speed metro and carrier Ethernet technology in recent years has fueled the widespread interest from commercial service providers to deploy Ethernet as the next-generation metro area network (MAN) and potentially wide area network (WAN) transport technology. Ethernet technology utilizes spanning tree control protocol for initial network topology discovery and failure/recovery detection to provide network resiliency where the network can quickly establish an alternate path in the event of link device failure. Compared with terrestrial networks, the space-based networks are characterized by longer propagation delays. To establish a deeper understanding of Ethernet's control plane protocols and the performance implications when operating over a space-based network, we have developed a simulation capability that will analyze the protocol's operations and performance. In this paper, we will first present the feasibility of adapting Ethernet-based technology in space networks, then describe Ethernet's spanning tree protocol operations, and finally provide performance results of the protocol's convergence delay measurement.
Recommendations to eliminate subjective olfactory methods from compendial identification tests.

Substitution of IR and UV absorption spectroscopy and use of the various test papers listed in the compendia provide satisfactory means of identifying drugs and other substances that presently require subjective odor identification.
Serotonin in Involuntary Movement Disorders

Several recent studies have emphasized that serotonergic pathways in the CNS are intimately involved in the modulation of motor behavior, and in the pathophysiology of human involuntary movement disorders. These observations are supported by recent reports demonstrating large serotonergic innervation of the striatum and substantia nigra, and a close interaction between the activity of serotonergic neurons with the dopamine system in the striatum and nigra. In the following communication we summarize evidence demonstrating defective serotonergic functions in a number of human movement disorders and discuss their management with serotonergic drugs.
Locomotory aspects of squid mantle structure

Morphological aspects of squid (Loligo, Lolliguncula) mantle relevant to locomotory function were studied. Methods used included polarized light microscopy of frozen sections of untreated tissue taken from animals immediately after death and electron microscopy. The mantle consists of circular and radial muscles arranged in alternating rings along the whole length of the mantle. The muscle is obliquely striated. Connective tissue fibres are found in the body of the muscle and in the outer and inner tunics. The outer tunic consists of layers of large collagenous fibres. The fibres run in superimposed right- and left-handed helical courses that lie at an angle of 27° to the long axis of the animal. The tunics and the intramuscular connective fibres are thought to resist length changes in the mantle while permitting the changes in girth required for the jet power stroke. Both the intramuscular and the tunic fibre systems may provide elastic energy for the return phase of the jet cycle. Tunic fibres appear to be a geodesic tensile reinforcing system ensuring smooth shape changes in the mantle.