cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical care medicine.

Considerable basic and clinical research has been devoted to understanding the natural history, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Several neutrophil-dependent and neutrophil-independent mechanisms are probably important in mediating the initial phase of acute lung injury. 1,2 The injury involves the airways, the interstitium, and the pleural spaces as well as the endothelial and the epithelial barriers of the lung. 1,2 The original description of acute lung injury (also known as the adult respiratory distress syndrome) emphasized that it is a clinical syndrome of acute respiratory failure with bilateral roentgenographic infiltrates from both atelectasis and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. 3 Although this initial description was useful, it became apparent that an expanded definition was needed to achieve better precision in identifying the mechanisms responsible for acute lung injury and to determine the prognosis for survival. An expanded definition has, therefore, been developed that includes a proposed semiquantitative scoring
Frontal Brain EEG Activation in ADHD

Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of 117 unmedicated children (66 aged 4 years, 51 aged 8 years) with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was analyzed at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
mHealth Interventions in Low-Income Countries to Address Maternal Health: A Systematic Review

Background The wide availability and relative simplicity of mobile phones make them a promising instrument for delivering a variety of health-related interventions. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have been tested in a variety of health delivery areas, but research has been restricted to pilot and small studies with limited generalizability. The aim of this review was to explore the current evidence on the use of mHealth for maternal health interventions in low- and low middle-income countries. Methods Peer-reviewed papers were identified from Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library via a combination of search terms. Quantitative or mixed-methods papers published in the English language between January 2000 and July 2015 were included. Results Three hundred and seventy papers were found in the literature search. We assessed the full text of 57 studies, and included 19 in the review. Study designs included were 5 randomized controlled trials, 9 before and after comparisons, 1 study with endline assessment only, 3 postintervention assessments, and 1 cohort study. Quality assessment elucidated 9 low-quality, 5 moderate, and 5 high studies. Five studies supported the use of mobile phones for data collection, 3 for appointment reminders, and 4 for both appointment reminders and health promotion. Six studies supported the use of mHealth for provider-to-provider communication and 1 for clinical management. Conclusions Studies demonstrated promise for the use of mHealth in maternal health; however, much of the evidence came from low- and moderate-quality studies. Pilot and small programs require more rigorous testing before allocating resources to scaling up this technology.
Privacy-security tradeoffs in biometric security systems

Biometric security systems are studied from an information theoretic perspective. A fundamental tradeoff between privacy, measured by the normalized equivocation rate of the biometric measurements, and security, measured by the rate of the key generated from the biometric measurements, is identified. The scenario in which a potential attacker does not have side information is considered first. The privacy-security region, which characterizes the above-noted tradeoff, is derived for this case. The close relationship between common information among random variables and the biometric security system is also revealed. The scenario in which the attacker has side information is then considered. Inner and outer bounds on the privacy-security region are derived in this case.
Remembering Colonial Korea in Postwar Japan

Japan’s defeat in 1945 was a turning point in its relations with Korea as it facilitated pacifism among the citizens and provoked many Japanese to understand Japan’s wartime policies and actions in the Pacific Basin from the viewpoints of an aggressor. Although not all crimes that the Japanese empire had committed were revealed to the public, Japan’s wartime atrocities and misconducts in Korea and elsewhere were reported in detail among the citizens. Often dismissed by the mass media and non-Japan specialists are the initiatives driven by individuals and grass-roots organizations in order to atone for Japan’s wartime aggression and atrocities, to educate their fellow citizens on Japan’s colonial rule in Korea, and to promote historical reconciliation between Japan and its neighboring nations. My chapter traces the developments of numerous scholarly and non-scholarly writings, films, gatherings, and other movements among pacifists in postwar Japan. It challenges a presumption that attempts to illuminate postwar Japan as a monolithic nation with people who whitewash its colonial past.
The Pathologies of Data-Generating Patents

Previously, we introduced the concept of “data-generating patents,” which are patented inventions that by design produce valuable data through their operation or use. When holders of data-generating patents possess market power over the patented invention, they often indirectly enjoy market power over the data generated by the invention. Here, we focus on concerns raised by biomedical data-generating patents, particularly in the context of the rise of “big data.” Data-generating patents are prevalent in the biomedical field and include patents covering genetic diagnostic tests, implantable and other medical devices, as well as consumer gadgets that track, store, and analyze information about patients and users.
Bringing Real-Time Collaboration to Visual Programming (Abstract Only)

Visual programming environments have been effective educational resources but are typically limited to a single user at a time. Given the amount of collaboration in modern software development and the value of group projects for beginner programmers, providing collaboration capabilities could be invaluable for students using a block-based programming environment. Online collaboration support would not only allow students to more actively work together on projects but would also facilitate other educational activities such as tutoring and interactive demos. Moreover, providing robust collaboration utilities allows the programming environment to more closely reflect the team-based nature of large scale, real-world programming projects. Note that collaborative editing offers a number of additional benefits under the hood: the same underlying software code can easily provide detailed logging of student actions and the capability to replay them. That is, researchers will be able to study how students solve problems and not just the end result. To this end, we have extended the Snap! visual programming environment to support real-time collaboration similar to Google Docs. In our model of collaboration, sprites and scripts can be edited by multiple users simultaneously, but the execution of the programs on the stage remains local. But is this the best collaboration model for students? If not, what alternative model would be better? Should the entire programming environment be synchronized across collaborators? Would simple screen sharing be more effective? Finally, how can we leverage a real-time collaborative environment to promote teamwork on programming projects?
Leadership development practices and hospital financial outcomes.

Affordable Care Act legislation is requiring leaders in US health systems to adapt to new and very different approaches to improving operating performance. Research from other industries suggests leadership development can be a helpful component of organizational change strategies; however, there is currently very little healthcare-specific research available to guide design and deployment. The goal of this exploratory study is to examine potential relationships between specific leadership development practices and health system financial outcomes. Results from the National Center for Healthcare Leadership survey of leadership development practices were correlated with hospital and health system financial performance data from the 2013 Medicare Cost Reports. A general linear regression model, controlling for payer mix, case-mix index, and bed size, was used to assess possible relationships between leadership practices and three financial performance metrics: operating margin, days cash on hand, and debt t...
Tracking control of a small unmanned air vehicle with airflow awareness

Flying animals are so well adapted to their complex natural environment, that their aerial locomotive flight mechanisms attract much attention in the context of designing high performance flying robots. Inspired from the sensing and flight control strategies of birds and bats, a bioinspired robust tracking control method for small unmanned air vehicles using in-situ measured airflow information, is proposed. First, the relationship between the airflow measurment and aerodynamic forces is presented. Then, an aerodynamic model is derived, with the aerodynamic forces calculated from the flow measurment. To cope with the un-modeled dynamics, wind gust disturbances, and measurement noise, a robust sliding mode tracking controller is derived using the backstepping framework. Finally, a simulation system is created to test the effectiveness of the proposed tracking control method. The results demonstrate that the proposed tracking control system provides an enhanced tracking performance.
Disaggregating sorghum yield reductions under warming scenarios exposes narrow genetic diversity in US breeding programs

Historical adaptation of sorghum production to arid and semiarid conditions has provided promise regarding its sustained productivity under future warming scenarios. Using Kansas field-trial sorghum data collected from 1985 to 2014 and spanning 408 hybrid cultivars, we show that sorghum productivity under increasing warming scenarios breaks down. Through extensive regression modeling, we identify a temperature threshold of 33 °C, beyond which yields start to decline. We show that this decline is robust across both field-trial and on-farm data. Moderate and higher warming scenarios of 2 °C and 4 °C resulted in roughly 17% and 44% yield reductions, respectively. The average reduction across warming scenarios from 1 to 5 °C is 10% per degree Celsius. Breeding efforts over the last few decades have developed high-yielding cultivars with considerable variability in heat resilience, but even the most tolerant cultivars did not offer much resilience to warming temperatures. This outcome points to two concerns regarding adaption to global warming, the first being that adaptation will not be as simple as producers' switching among currently available cultivars and the second being that there is currently narrow genetic diversity for heat resilience in US breeding programs. Using observed flowering dates and disaggregating heat-stress impacts, both pre- and postflowering stages were identified to be equally important for overall yields. These findings suggest the adaptation potential for sorghum under climate change would be greatly facilitated by introducing wider genetic diversity for heat resilience into ongoing breeding programs, and that there should be additional efforts to improve resilience during the preflowering phase.
Understanding the Role of Exercise in Cancer Cachexia Therapy

Cachexia, the unintentional loss of body weight, is prevalent in many cancer types, and the associated skeletal muscle mass depletion increases patient morbidity and mortality. While anorexia can be present, cachexia is not reversible with nutritional therapies alone. Pharmacological agents have been proposed to treat this condition, but there are currently no approved treatments. Nonetheless, the hallmark characteristics associated with cancer cachexia remain viable foundations for future therapies. Regular physical activity holds a promising future as a nonpharmacological alternative to improve patient survival through cachexia prevention. Evidence suggests exercise training is beneficial during cancer treatment and survival. However, the mechanistic examination of cachectic skeletal muscle’s response to exercise is both needed and justified. The primary objective of this review is to discuss the role of exercise for the prevention and treatment of cancer-associated muscle wasting. Initially, we provide...
Dynamic Decision Making Across Cultures

Decision making is a key cognitive process in all aspects of human life, professional as well as private life. The goals of this chapter are threefold. First, the chapter provides a short theoretical background on decision-making research highlighting the need for more comprehensive models of decision making. Whereas decision-making research has focused for a long time on simple choices, recent research has investigated the decision-making process in complex, uncertain, and dynamic situations. Second, the chapter discusses one methodology especially suited for the study of dynamic decision making. The methodology consists of situations that have been simulated on the computer and have been called, for example, microworlds, virtual environments, or serious strategy games. Third, and most importantly, the chapter will discuss new empirical research on how culture influences dynamic decision making both in microworlds and in the real world. Such findings contribute to a more comprehensive theory of decision making and allow for a better understanding of decision-making conflicts. Finally, applications of these findings are discussed, and can be utilized for cultural competence training programs or international work teams.
Eukaryotic DNA polymerases

The eukaryotic DNA replication machinery is conserved from yeast to humans and requires the actions of multiple DNA polymerases. In addition to replicative DNA polymerases for duplication of the leading and lagging DNA strands, another group of specialized polymerases is required for DNA repair and/or translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). We emphasize here recent findings that accelerate our understanding of the structure and mechanisms of these remarkable enzymes. We also highlight growing evidence on the role of DNA polymerases in the origin of certain cancers, and paradoxically as emerging targets for cancer therapy.
Roaming the Number Line With a Markov Chain: Dependence

In Alphaville, it has been observed that whether a day is wet or dry depends only on the knowledge of whether the preceding day was wet or dry. Data accumulated over a period of years indicates transitions between wet and dry days are approximately in accordance with the following probability description:
Components of the antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum exposome impact on distinct short-term adverse neonatal outcomes of premature infants: A prospective cohort study.

We aimed to test the hypothesis that determinants of the perinatal clinical exposome related to the underlying etiology of premature birth (PTB) impact differently on select neonatal outcomes. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study of 377 singleton preterm neonates [gestational age (GA) at birth: 23-34 weeks] separated into three distinct contemporaneous newborn cohorts: i) spontaneous PTB in the setting of intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (yes-IAI, n = 116); ii) spontaneous PTB in the absence of IAI (no-IAI, n = 130), and iii) iatrogenic PTB for preeclampsia (iPTB-PE, n = 131). Newborns (n = 372) were followed until death or discharge. Amniotic fluid defensins 1&2 and calgranulins AC ii) PVL (n = 11): cord blood IL-6; iii) NEC (n = 25), GA; iv) BPD (n = 53): ventilator support, need for surfactant, GA; v) ROP (n = 79): ventilator support, Hp switch-on, GA; vi) fetal and neonatal death (n = 31): GA, amniotic fluid IL-6; vii) suspect EONS (n = 92): GA, Hp switch-on; viii) LOS (n = 81): GA. Our findings are applicable to pregnancies delivered between 23 and 34 weeks' gestation in the setting of IAI and PE, and suggest that GA and inflammatory intrauterine environment play key roles in occurrence of IVH, PVL, ROP, death, EONS and LOS. Postnatal determinants seem to play major role in NEC and BPD.
Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of cervicothoracic differentiation testing and regional unloading for identifying improvement after thoracic manipulation in individuals with neck pain.

Abstract Background & purpose The cervicothoracic differentiation test (CTDT), cervical and thoracic unloading are used clinically to guide treatment. This study sought to determine the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of these tests. Methods A prospective diagnostic accuracy study was performed at two outpatient clinics and one university research center. A convenience sample of 48 individuals with neck pain was recruited. Cervical and thoracic unloading tests and CTDT were performed with symptom relief considered a positive test. Pain was assessed using a visual analog pain scale (VAS) at rest and during provocative movements. The reference standard was pain relief following thoracic manipulation. Change in pain was used to identify improvement at the MCID (15 mm) and 50% improvement thresholds. Results All three tests demonstrated high levels of inter-rater reliability, K = 0.90[0.77–1.00]. Of 48 individuals who completed the study, 39 (81.3%) were improved ≥ MCID; compared to 34 (70.8%) at the 50% threshold. As a single test, the CTDT yielded the strongest diagnostic utility (at MCID threshold) based on ROC curve: AUC 0.791 s.e. 0.078; with high specificity (0.89[51.75–99.72]); LR+ 6.23 [0.97–40]; LR- 0.35 [0.20–0.58]; and PPV 96.43. Unloading tests demonstrated high sensitivity, but poor specificity and likelihood ratios. Composite tests improved specificity, but with lower accuracy and minimal changes in ROC area compared to the CTDT in isolation. Conclusions The CTDT is a specific test with significant diagnostic utility to identify individuals who will experience immediate pain relief following thoracic manipulation. The CTDT should be considered during the clinical decision making process when treating individuals with neck pain.
Absolutely Expedient Algorithms

This chapter deals with the analysis and design of non-linear reward penalty learning algorithms of the absolutely expedient NAR−P type. A fundamental property that distinguishes this class of algorithms from those of Chapter 2 is that the set VM= ej | j = 1,2,…,M, ej = jth unit vector consisting of the corners of the simplex SM form the (only) absorbing states of the Markov process p(k). Each ej c VM is topologically closed and it will be shown that ej is also stochastically closed under NAR−P algorithms. Thus, in this case each element of v (there are M of them) according to problem 1.1 form an ergodic kernel as opposed to the only one ergodic kernel (which is SM) of the NER−P algorithms discussed in chapter 2. The presence of such multiple ergodic kernel makes the asymptotic behavior of the Markov process p(k) under this class of algorithms, as to be expected, very much dependent on the initial state as against the independence of the asymptotic behavior of p(k) on the initial state in case of the NER−P algorithms.
Tet38 of Staphylococcus aureus Binds to Host Cell Receptor Complex CD36-Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Protects from Teichoic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors Tunicamycin and Congo Red.

ABSTRACT Using an affinity column retention assay, we showed that the purified Tet38 membrane transporter of Staphylococcus aureus bound specifically to host cell CD36 and to the complex CD36–Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), but not to TLR-2 alone or TLR-2 and S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA). We tested the effect of LTA on the internalization of S. aureustet38 mutant QT7 versus RN6390 by A549 epithelial cells. Addition of anti-LTA antibody to the bacteria prior to adding to A549 cells reduced internalization of QT7 2-fold compared to that with nonspecific antibody treatment. QT7 internalized 4- to 6-fold less than RN6390 with or without anti-LTA antibody. These data suggested that Tet38 and LTA were independently involved in the invasion process. The wall teichoic acid (WTA) inhibitor tunicamycin had an 8-fold decrease in activity with overexpression of tet38 and a 2-fold increase in activity in QT7 (tet38). Reserpine (an inhibitor of efflux pumps) reduced the effect of tet38 overexpression on tunicamycin resistance 4-fold. In addition, tet38 affected growth in the presence of LTA inhibitor Congo red, with overexpression increasing growth and deletion of tet38 reducing growth. In conclusion, Tet38 contributes to S. aureus invasion of A549 via direct binding to CD36 of the complex CD36–TLR-2, and LTA independently bound to TLR-2. The reduction of tunicamycin resistance in the presence of reserpine and the survival ability of the tet38 overexpressor in the presence of Congo red suggest that Tet38 can also protect the synthesis of LTA and WTA in S. aureus against their inhibitors, possibly functioning as an efflux pump.
Initiation, propagation and arrest of an interface crack subjected to controlled stress wave loading

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the initiation, propagation, and arrest of bimaterial interface cracks subjected to controlled stress wave loading in the form of a tensile dilatational stress wave pulse. The tensile pulse is generated by detonating lead azide explosive in a specially designed specimen. Dynamic loading of the bimaterial interface results in crack initiation, propagation, and arrest, all in the same experiment. This failure event is observed using photoelasticity in conjunction with high speed photography. Full field data from the experimentally obtained isochromatic fringe patterns is analyzed to determine time histories of various fracture parameters such as the crack tip speed, the dynamic complex stress intensity factor, the energy release rate, and the mixity. The experimental data is also used to quantify the values of the dynamic initiation and arrest toughness and to evaluate a recently proposed dynamic interface fracture criterion.
The Relationship Between the Repeated Social Defeat Stress Experimental Model, Delegitimization, and Neuroresilience in Experiences of Young African-American Males

Repeated Social Defeat Stress is a mouse model in which depressive phenotyping is elicited by the application of stressful procedures and stressful events. Delegitimization is the process of egregiously and negatively stereotyping one group with the intention of excluding and harming a particularly targeted group by depriving it of visibility, legitimacy, and resources through dehumanization and marginalization. Based on a survey on delegitimization, the characterization and the experiences of delegitimized groups, it can be said that through the RSDS model we can understand the psychology and the real-life experiences of those in delegitimized groups like young African American males.
Development of adhesion preventing method during deep drawing of TP340 titanium sheets

Generally, the adhesion of titanium alloys easily occurs between die and blank during press forming because the sliding and contact surface of die and blank with high surface pressure. In the case ...
Enhancing the selectivity of optical sensors using synthetic transmembrane ion transporters

Herein, we introduce a new method to optimize the properties of optical sensors, coined the transporter-liposome-fluorophore (TLF) approach. It is shown that this approach can greatly improve the selectivity of the sensor, increase the dynamic range and maintain the sensitivity of the original fluorophore.
Manufacturing Bill-of-Materials Plus Operations Visualization Using D3

Visualization of factory production flow facilitates test optimization decision-making, given the complexity inherent in many organization’s manufacturing environments. Constructing production flow visualizations can be difficult and time-consuming, and has often involved expensive simulation software. In this paper we describe successful work populating NIST CMSD Core Manufacturing Simulation Data from existing factory data, visualizing factory flows using the open source D3.js visualization toolset. By mapping existing factory test data using the CMSD standard, the open source visualization toolset represents a lower-cost mechanism for understanding and optimizing test operations, detailed in this paper. The visualization was developed with a small team and deployed into production at a large aerospace manufacturer over the course of four months, and is now used by multiple business units for factory flow optimizations of their complex engineered products.
Expressing unpopular opinion or trolling: Can dark personalities differentiate them?

Abstract In this study, we want to conceptually and empirically distinguish those who deliberately seek to create division in an online forum by inauthentically voicing an anti-majority opinion—a specific type of “online trolls,” from the vocal minorities—those who speak out against the majority to express their unpopular viewpoint. 599 participants recruited from Amazon MTurk completed an online experiment. They were randomly assigned to post a comment after reading a series of either all positive or all negative reviews of a branded product. We coded participants’ comments based on their preexisting attitude towards the product brand and grouped the participants into five behavioral types: 1) vocal and silent (normative) majorities (n = 235), 2) silent minorities (n = 75), 3) social conformers (n = 117), 4) vocal minorities (n = 95), and 5) “online trolls” (n = 46). Both vocal minorities and “online trolls” explicitly expressed opposition to the majority opinion, but the “trolls” spoke out against the majority opinion against their own beliefs. Based on past research, we identified Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism as the set of personality markers that might differentiate the trolls from the vocal minorities. Our results were mixed. As expected, the “online trolls’ scored the highest on psychopathy and sadism among all the behavioral types. However, the trolls were not distinguishable from the vocal minorities on the psychopathy trait. This study extends the existing literature on linking personality traits to technology-mediated social behavior. It also informs social research on online trolling and cyberactivism.
Establishing and Managing an In-House Mastitis Lab

Milk culture is another mastitis detection tool that has been used for numerous years in udder health management. It is usually considered the gold standard for diagnosing subclinical and clinical intramammary infections in dairy cattle. Private veterinarians should seriously consider setting up a milk microbiology laboratory in their practice for the benefit to the clients, the diversification of their services and the economic return to their practice.
Diffuse Geometric Erosions on the Skin of a Premature Infant, Fraternal Twin Unaffected.

1. Nicola Natsis, MD*,†,‡ 2. Fred Soeprono, MD, JD†,‡ 3. Aislyn Nelson, MD, PhD†,‡ 4. Victoria R. Barrio, MD†,‡ 5. Wynnis L. Tom, MD†,‡ 1. *School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 2. †Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 3. ‡Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA A boy is born at 27 weeks’ gestation with generalized erosions of the skin, facial bruising, respiratory distress, hypotension, and poor tone. His fraternal twin brother is without any skin abnormalities. Their 20-year-old Gravida 2 Para 1 mother had no complications during pregnancy and no history of sexually transmitted infections. Prenatal testing from an outside hospital was negative for syphilis, chlamydia, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. She presented in preterm labor and was treated with steroids, magnesium, and terbutaline. Cesarean delivery was performed prior to rupture of membranes, reportedly because the infants were each in the frank breech position and this twin was having decelerations on the fetal heart tracing. The newborn’s Apgar scores are 3, 5, and 7 at 1, 5, and 10 minutes. Due to his skin erosions and prematurity, he is treated with ampicillin and cefotaxime. On day 3, he is transferred to our facility for a higher level of care. His examination reveals dry, diffuse superficial erosions on the neck, trunk, and extremities (Figs 1 and 2). Many lesions are geometric, with some more linear and angulated on the arms and legs. The back has scattered adherent hemorrhagic crusts. He also has thrombocytopenia at 52,000 platelets/mcL, hyperbilirubinemia (total/direct bilirubin 5.2/2.9 mg/dL), elevated C-reactive protein to 5.9 mg/L, and hypertriglyceridemia to 133 mg/dL. His white blood cell count and differential is normal. Additional testing confirmed the diagnosis. Figure 1. A 3-day-old boy with diffuse erosions with superficial crusting, many geometric or linear. Figure 2. Left leg with diffuse erosions with superficial crusting, many geometric or linear. The differential diagnosis for this rash includes infections such as congenital candidiasis, Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pyogenes , varicella zoster virus (VZV), syphilis, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Noninfectious etiologies include …
Prospective study of dietary mushroom intake and risk of mortality: results from continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2014 and a meta-analysis.

Background Whether mushroom consumption, which is a rich source of potent antioxidants ergothioneine and glutathione, vitamins, and minerals (e.g., selenium & copper), is associated with a lower mortality risk is not well understood. This study aimed to examine the association between mushroom consumption and risk of mortality in a prospective cohort study and a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Methods We followed 30,378 participants from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) extant data (2003-2014). Dietary mushroom intake was assessed using up to two 24-h recalls. Mortality was evaluated in all participants linked to the National Death Index mortality data through December 31, 2015. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We also conducted a meta-analysis, including results from our present study and 4 other cohort studies. Results During a mean (SD) of 6.7 (3.4) years of follow-up, a total of 2855 death cases were documented among NHANES participants. In our analysis of continuous NHANES, we found a non-significant association between mushroom consumption and all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.67-1.06) after adjusting for demographic, major lifestyle factors, overall diet quality, and other dietary factors, including total energy. The meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, including 601,893 individuals, showed that mushroom consumption was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (pooled risk ratio: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.98). Conclusion In a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, mushroom consumption was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality.
Using factor mixture modeling to identify dimensions of cognitive test anxiety

Abstract The research on test anxiety has repeatedly attempted to provide a more refined measurement of multiple dimensions of the construct. Divergence in the field has repeatedly arisen in the specific dimensions, but there is a broad acceptance that there are various manifestations of test anxiety. The current study attempts to specifically explore the potential for identifying subcomponents of the construct referred to as cognitive test anxiety. The analyses did not support the initial prediction that a temporal determination of factors (i.e., related to the Learning-Testing Cycle) would arise. Alternatively, exploratory factor mixture modeling (EFMM) demonstrated that there were two latent classes of students (based on levels of reported test anxiety). Furthermore, the EFMM demonstrated that the factorial structure of cognitive test anxiety differed between these two latent classes. Specifically, undergraduate students with low levels of cognitive test anxiety represented cognitive test anxiety as a unidimensional construct. However, for those students with high levels of test anxiety, there were two distinct factors. The results suggest that those learners with high-test anxiety are able to differentiate among more different “types” of test anxiety as compared to their non-anxious peers.
Correlations Between Brightness Fields and Magnetic Fields on the Sun

In places on the solar surface where longitudinal magnetic fields are detectable using Leighton’s photographic technique, spectroheliograms taken in the cores of many Fraunhofer lines show a bright photospheric network similar to, but with finer structure than, the familiar chromospheric network visible on Ca+ K232 spectroheliograms. This paper describes preliminary results of a study of the relation between the photospheric network and its associated magnetic fields.
Controllable single-strip generation for triangulated surfaces

In this paper, we introduce a method to represent a given triangular model using a single triangle strip. Since this problem is NP-complete, we break the limitation by splitting adjacent triangles when necessary. The common edge is split at the mid-point, and the newly formed triangles are coplanar with their parent triangles. Hence, the resulting geometry of the model is visually and topologically identical to the original triangular model. Our method can develop any edge-connected oriented 2-manifold of arbitrary topology, with or without boundary, into a single strip. Our stripification method can be controlled to start and end at triangles incident on specific vertices. Further, an acyclic set of edges of the input model can be marked as "constraint edges" and our method can generate a single strip that does not cross over these edges, but still cover the whole model.
Contribution of Advances in Immunology to Vaccine Development

During the last 10 years, investigation of the bovine immune system has generated knowledge and reagents that can now be applied to study the mechanisms of immunity to disease and the identity of antigens recognized by protective immune responses. Such studies can indicate which antigens are likely to be effective in subunit vaccines and also highlight the type of antigen delivery system that will be required for a vaccine to induce a protective immune response. In the case of bovine RSV, studies of immune responses in the target host have demonstrated that both antibody and CTL responses play an important role in immunity. Both the F and G glycoproteins have been identified as targets of protective antibodies, and systems have been established that will allow the identification of the viral antigens recognized by CTL. Further studies of CD4 + T-cell responses to the virus are required to determine whether or not components of the response have the potential to enhance disease and, therefore, need to be avoided in vaccination strategies.
Treatment of Laser-Induced Retinal Injury and Visual Loss Using Sustained Release of Intra-Vitreal Neurotrophic Growth Factors. Addendum

Abstract : Laser injury to the superior or inferior region of the retina results in structural and functional retina deficits. Damage to the superior retina resulted in an intrinsic up- regulation of brain- derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell- line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and a trend towards increased ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) expression between three and 14 days after injury. Intravitreal injection of growth factor- containing seemed to have some protective effect on both structural and functional properties of rods in laser- injured retinas. GDNF was somewhat more effective when compared to CNTF. However, GDNF seemed to have a negative effect on cone function (decreased photopic a- and bwaves and photopic flicker response). Even though GDNF preserved peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness, none of the growth factors had positive effect on the function of retinal ganglion cells. On the contrary, both CNTF and GDNF seemed to have additional negative effect in addition to laser damage on RGC function. The endogenous expression of GDNF and BDNF were significantly correlated with several functional and structural retinal parameters.
Evaluation of Function in Single Segments of Isolated Renal Blood Vessels, Nephrons, and Collecting Ducts

The sections in this article are: 1 Glomerulus and Vessels 1.1 Mammalian 1.2 Nonmammalian 2 Proximal Tubule 2.1 Mammalian 2.2 Nonmammalian 3 Thin Limbs of Henle's Loop 3.1 Mammalian 4 Thick Ascending Limbs of Henle's Loop 4.1 Mammalian 4.2 Nonmammalian 5 Distal Convoluted and Connecting Segments 5.1 Mammalian 5.2 Nonmammalian 6 Collecting Tubules and Ducts 6.1 Mammalian 6.2 Nonmammalian
Chapter 3: Narcotic Antagonists and Analgesics

Publisher Summary Good parenteral analgesia has been reported in advanced clinical trials with the structurally unique analgesic nefopam. In double blind trials assessing intramuscular potency, nefopam (20 mg) was as effective as meperidine (40 mg) and morphine (12 mg) and was without significant respiratory depression. The anthranilate, floctafenine (RU 15750) exemplifies the increasing use of antiinflammatory/analgesic agents for the treatment of non-arthritic pain. In clinical trials with patients suffering from post-operative pain, floctafenine (200 mg) was as effective an analgesic as aspirin (600 mg), pentazocine (50 mg), dihydrocodeine (60 mg) and d-propoxyphene (130 mg) with fewer side effects. Procedures like Opiate mechanisms are reviewed in this chapter. The report of a benzomorphan series possessing potent analgesic activity without physical dependence capacity highlighted this year's SAR studies. Biospecificity remains the key issue for the potential development of cannabinoids as analgesics. A brief review has come up covering the opiate receptor and the endogenous opiate. It has been noticed that the most potent derivative in a series of reduced benzazepines and benzazocinesh had anagesic activity 1.4x morphine in the mouse writhing test. Atropine antagonized the analgesic activity, suggesting a cholinergic component in the analgesic activity of this class. The applications of state-dependent learning to the evaluation of analgesics have been extended not only to the assessment of dependence liability, but also to the detection of side effects. For example, cyclazocine that is known to possess psychotomimetic properties was equated with LSD by rats trained to discriminate LSD from vehicle. The agonist–antagonist profiles of naltrexone and naloxone are shown to be highly sensitive to functional change at the 6-carbonyl position. Significant antinociceptive activity was demonstrated for snalorphine and pentazocine in the mouse writhing test
Candidiasis of the Duodenum and Jejunum

Abstract Infection of the small bowel with Candida species has previously been noted to occur in as many as 20% of autopsy cases with histologically demonstrated gastrointestinal candidiasis. Antemortem diagnosis, however, has been difficult and not previously reported. A renal transplant recipient presented with esophageal, duodenal, and jejunal candidiasis, and the correct antemortem diagnosis of small bowel involvement was suggested by radiologic and endoscopic findings. Antifungal therapy resulted in complete resolution of these findings.
Preconditioning for classical relationships: a note relating ridge regression and OLS p-values to preconditioned sparse penalized regression

When the design matrix has orthonormal columns, “soft thresholding” the ordinary least squares solution produces the Lasso solution. If one uses the Puffer preconditioned Lasso, then this result generalizes from orthonormal designs to full rank designs (Theorem 1). Theorem 2 refines the Puffer preconditioner to make the Lasso select the same model as removing the elements of the ordinary least squares solution with the largest p-values. Using a generalized Puffer preconditioner, Theorem 3 relates ridge regression to the preconditioned Lasso; this result is for the high-dimensional setting, p > n. Where the standard Lasso is akin to forward selection, Theorems 1, 2, and 3 suggest that the preconditioned Lasso is more akin to backward elimination. These results hold for sparse penalties beyond; for a broad class of sparse and non-convex techniques (e.g. SCAD and MC+), the results hold for all local minima. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collective Willeto: The Visionary Carvings of a Navajo Artist

Collective Willeto: The Visionary Carvings of. Navajo Artist. Shonto Begay. Walter Hopps. Lee Kogan. Graeg Lachapelle. John Smither and Stephanie Smither. Photography by Bruce Hucko. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2002.115pp. viii. 90 color and. black and white photos, bibliography. $2.95 (paper); $45.00 (cloth).
Role of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors in rat conjunctival goblet cell secretion and proliferation.

To determine which neurotrophins (NTs)—nervegrowth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophin (BDNF), neu-rotrophin-3 (NT3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT4)—and their re-ceptors (NTrs) TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and p75 are present in ratconjunctiva and cultured rat goblet cells (CGCs) and whetherNTs stimulate glycoconjugate secretion or cell proliferation.
Psychological Status and Weight-Related Distress in Overweight or At-Risk-for-Overweight Children

Objective: To associate psychological status, weight-related distress, and weight status during childhood in overweight or at-risk-for-overweight children. Research Methods and Procedures: We associated self-report of depression, trait anxiety, and weight-related distress (body size dissatisfaction and weight-related peer teasing after controlling for the effects of weight) in 164 children (black 35%; age 11.9 ± 2.5 years; girls 51%) who were overweight or at-high-risk-for-overweight and were not seeking weight loss. Results: Overall, heavier children reported more psychological and weight-related distress. Black children reported more anxiety and body size dissatisfaction than white children, despite equivalent weights. However, psychological distress was not significantly associated with weight in white children. Girls reported more weight-related distress than boys. Depression was associated with weight-related teasing in all predictive models, except in the model using only black subjects. Trait anxiety was associated with report of peer teasing when using all subjects. Depression was also significantly associated with children's report of body size dissatisfaction in models using all subjects, only girls, or white subjects, but not in analyses using only boys or black subjects. For boys peer teasing was associated with body size dissatisfaction. In models including only black children, depression and trait anxiety were not significantly associated with either report of peer teasing or body size dissatisfaction. Discussion: Regardless of race or sex, increasing weight is associated with emotional and weight-related distress in children. However, associations of psychological status, weight, and weight-related distress differ for girls and boys, and for black and white children.
Antiproliferative and Protein Kinase Binding Activities of Some N6,5'-Bis-ureido 5'-Amino-5'-deoxyadenosine Derivatives

Two novel N(6),5'-bis-ureido 5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine derivatives are shown to inhibit tumor cell growth in the NCI 60 human tumor cell panel. Compounds 2c and 2d exhibited GI(50) values of 1-6 microM in 35 and 14 cell lines, respectively. Compound 2c was shown to selectively inhibit binding of protein kinases to immobilized ATP-binding site ligands via a competitive binding assay (11 of 353 protein kinases inhibited by > or =30% at 10 microM compound concentration). Enzyme inhibition assays revealed modest inhibition for PAK4 and FMS (21 and 17%, respectively). A brief SAR study suggests that a 2'-O-TBDMS is necessary for antiproliferative activity.
Degradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product, 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol, in soil

The degradation of 14C‐chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product, 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol (TCP), was investigated in soil in laboratory experiments. Between 12 and 57% of the applied chlorpyrifos...
Can Ethical Organizational Character Be Stimulated and Enabled?: “Upbuilding” Dialog As Crisis Management Method

Crisis management can be simultaneously a content specific problem solving process and an opportunity for stimulating and enabling an organization’s ethical tradition. Crisis can be an opportunity for ethical organizational development. Kierkegaardian “upbuilding” dialog method builds from within the internal ethical tradition of an organization to respond to crises while simultaneously adapting and protecting the organization’s tradition. The crisis itself may not be a directly ethical crisis, but the method of responding to the crisis is built upon the ethical foundations of an organization’s tradition. A limitation of this method is that it may be less applicable to organizations with questionably ethical traditions. The concept of “upbuilding” dialog is derived from Kierkegaard, but here is applied to organizational crisis management. The method is illustrated and discussed in the context of a wrongful death crisis of the Dana- Farber Cancer Institute, a nonprofit organization, and an economic survival crisis at Ben and Jerry’s, a business organization.
Optical coherence tomography in multiply scattering tissue

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a new technique that is used to obtain cross- sectional images of highly scattering tissue. OCT has been applied to image both architectural and cellular morphologic structures in clinically relevant in vitro human tissues, including the human epiglottis and full-thickness skin. The performance of OCT at 850 nm and 1300 nm is compared. In addition, high numerical aperture OCT enhanced confocal microscopy have potential for non-invasive in vivo diagnosis.
Coping responses to HIV-1 serostatus notification predict concurrent and prospective immunologic status

We prospectively related coping strategies and immunologic measures in HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative gay men over the 1-year period following notification of their antibody test results. First, we related 18 asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive men's coping responses to antibody status notification with concurrently measured phenotypic and functional immunologic markers. Repeated-measures ANOVAs indicated that seropositive subjects scoring above the median on post-notification disengagement coping strategies (denial, behavioural disengagement, mental disengagement) had significantly lower concurrently measured T-helper/suppressor (CD4/CD8) cell ratios, T-inducer subset (CD4+CD45RA+) percentage values, and proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) than subjects scoring below the median on these scales. Disengagement coping responses also predicted 1-year follow-up immune markers; greater disengagement predicted poorer lymphocyte responsivity to PHA. Thirty sociodemographically-equivalent, HIV-1 seronegative gay men showed the opposite pattern such that greater disengagement coping predicted significantly greater lymphocyte responsivity to PHA and larger CD4+CD45RA+ percentage values at 1-year follow-up. Together these preliminary findings suggested that: (a) coping strategies relate to immunologic status differentially for infected and non-infected risk group members; (b) strategies that distract seropositive individuals from the stress of infectivity are related to more impairment on some immunologic markers; and (c) these relationships occur concurrently and some appear to persist over as long as a 12-month period.