cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small‐ and intermediate‐angle neutron scattering from amorphous and semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate

Small- and intermediate-angle (0.006 < Q < 0.25 A) neutron scattering experiments have been performed on polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Amorphous and semicrystalline samples with deuterated PET molecular weights of 24,200 and 40,500 were prepared. The average value of R/M determined in the small-angle region for the amorphous samples is 0.406, in close agreement with the experimental θ-solvent (0.398–0.420) and theoretical (0.394) values for unperturbed dimensions. The intermediate-angle results for the amorphous sample are consistent with the random coil prediction to Q = 0.08 A, but beyond this Q value there is some deviation from Gaussian behavior. The semicrystalline samples show a decrease in the radius of gyration as measured in the small-angle region and an increase in intensity (when compared to the amorphous data) in the intermediate-angle region, especially for the low-molecular-weight material. These results suggest that crystallization in PET is accompanied by greater molecular reorganization than has previously been observed in most bulk polymers.
Differential Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neurotrophin-3, and Neurotrophin-4/5 in the Adult Rat Spinal Cord: Regulation by the Glutamate Receptor Agonist Kainic Acid

Previous in vitro studies indicate that select members of the neurotrophin gene family, namely brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5), contribute to survival and differentiation of spinal cord motoneurons. To investigate the potential roles of these factors in the adult spinal cord, we examined their cellular localization and regulation after systemic exposure to an excitotoxic stimulus, kainic acid (KA). Of the neurotrophins examined, NT-4/5 mRNA was most robustly expressed in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the normal adult rat, including expression by neurons throughout the gray matter, and in a subpopulation of white and gray matter glia. Both BDNF and NT-3 mRNAs were also densely expressed by α motoneurons of lamina IX, but were detected at lower levels elsewhere in the gray matter. NT-3 mRNA was additionally expressed by spinal cord glia, but was less widespread compared to NT-4/5. In response to systemic administration of KA, NT-4/5 and BDNF mRNAs were dramatically upregulated in a spatially and temporally restricted fashion, whereas levels of NT-3 mRNA were unchanged. These results provide strong in vivo evidence to support the idea that BDNF, NT-3, and in particular, NT-4/5, play a role in the normal function of the adult spinal cord. Furthermore, our results indicate that the actions of BDNF and NT-4/5 participate in the response of the cord to excitotoxic stimuli, and that those of NT-4/5 and NT-3 include both neurons and glia.
Community and community development in resource-based areas: Operational definitions rooted in an interactional perspective

ABSTRACT An understanding of community development in resource-based areas must begin with an awareness of what a community is and how it develops. In this article I provide a conceptual foundation for operational definitions of community and community development. The proposed working definitions are grounded in sociological theory and empirical research. This endeavor is timely since so much of our social, economic, and political rhetoric makes reference to these two concepts yet fails to provide adequate interpretations for the terms.
Work in progress - understanding paths from the community college to a four-year Engineering Program

Community colleges are frequently identified as sources for increasing and diversifying the pool of engineering students. The purpose of this study is to better understand the experiences of students who transfer from community colleges to baccalaureate engineering programs. We have scheduled interviews with a diverse population of students who have transferred from Northern Virginia Community College to four-year engineering programs at George Mason University. Through one-on-one semi-structured interviews, students are asked to discuss (1) their decision to enroll at NVCC, (2) their decision to pursue a four-year engineering degree, and (3) their adjustment experience during the transfer process. In particular, the effects of outside employment and full-time vs. part-time student status are explored. We will analyze interview responses in combination with academic and demographic data to identify (1) factors that have influenced the academic paths of transfer students and (2) actions that may encourage a larger population to consider similar paths.
Teaching Experience with an Independent Study Programme in Epidemiology and Biostatistics

An independent study programme (ISP) was devised to permit self-paced learning in a combined epidemiology and biostatistics course for second-year medical students. The ISP was offered as an alternative to lecture instruction and the enrolment was restricted to 40 students out of a class of 176. The students who selected the ISP were superior to the remainder of the class with regard to MCAT scores and performance in first-year subjects. The ISP group scored higher on the examinations given in the course, including a set of 35 final examination questions which were identical for all students. This difference persisted even when the scores were adjusted for ability by use of MCAT scores. The time taken to complete the ISP varied considerably and there was no correlation between completion time and performance. Almost all the ISP students indicated satisfaction with the course and expressed a desire to have a similar option in subsequent courses.
Passenger Locomotives for Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway

DECEMBER 9th, 1915, may be considered the date of the initial electrical operation over the electrified lines of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. During the following winter the electrification was extended over 440 miles of route from Harlowton, Montana, to Avery, Idaho, a section which crossed the Belt Mts., the Rocky Mts., and the Bitter Roots. The locomotives for this initial electrification were of the geared type, designed and built especially with a view to the most economical operation of the freight service. The locomotives for passenger service differed from the freight locomotives only in the details where it was absolutely necessary to meet the operating requirements, such as changing the gear ratio to increase the speed and providing car heating and lighting equipment.
Dichotic and diotic presentation of speeded speech.

A study was done to determine the utility of recovering the discarded segments which are a necessary product of speech time compression using the method of Fairbanks. In this study the discarded segments were saved, and the speech signal processed digitally in such a way that the discarded segments could be played for one ear while the remaining segments were presented to the other ear. It was found that this manner of dichotic presentation was more intelligible than the customary manner of diotic presentation for several compression ratios and discard intervals.
Decreasing D-dimer after recent negative computed tomographic pulmonary angiogram does not rule out pulmonary embolism

An algorithmic approach to testing utilizing risk stratification and quantitative D-dimer has been considered an acceptable approach to ruling out pulmonary embolism (PE). When D-dimer is elevated, further testing for PE is indicated. However, no evidence exists to guide practitioners when patients return after a recent negative workup for PE who previously had an elevated D-dimer. This case describes a patient who initially had an elevated D-dimer with negative workup for PE who, on repeat visit, had a decreasing D-dimer but was diagnosed with a PE. When evaluating patients after a negative workup for PE after an elevated D-dimer, a decrease in D-dimer cannot be used to rule out PE.
The anxiety disorder spectrum: Fear imagery, physiological reactivity, and differential diagnosis∗

Abstract This review considers recent research assessing psychophysiological reactivity to fear imagery in anxiety disorder patients. As in animal subjects, fear cues prompt in humans a state of defensive motivation in which autonomic and somatic survival reflexes are markedly enhanced. Thus, a startle stimulus presented in a fear context yields a stronger (potentiated) reflex, providing a quantitative measure of fearful arousal. This fear potentiation is further exaggerated in specific or social phobia individuals when viewing pictures or imagining the phobic object. Paradoxically, fear imagery studies with more severe anxiety disorder patients – panic disorder with agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, or anxious patients with comorbid depression – show a blunted, less robust fear potentiated response. Furthermore, this reflex blunting appears to systematically be more pronounced over the anxiety disorder spectrum, coincident with lengthier chronicity, worsening clinician-based judgments of severit...
The exercise dose response: key lessons from the past.

This essay looks at the historical significance of an APS classic paper that is freely available online: Fitts RH, Booth FW, Winder WW, Holloszy JO. Skeletal muscle respiratory capacity, endurance, and glycogen utilization. Am J Physiol 228: 1029–1033, 1975 (<http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/
Endothelin antagonists block α1-adrenergic constriction of coronary arterioles

We have previously observed that intracoronary administration of the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) over a period of minutes induced both an immediate and long-lasting (2 h) vasoconstrict...
On the use of cyber-physical hierarchy for smart grid security and efficient control

We study the application of cyber-physical hierarchy on a class of smart grid systems to improve scalability. Our framework employs a multi-agent flocking-based approach to study the transient stability problem in emerging power systems. An agent in this context embodies a coherent group of system generators. We demonstrate how our paradigm conveniently facilitates the identification of coherent machine clusters through spectral bisection of the associated Kron-reduced power system graph. This enables a state-dependent system hierarchy whereby inter-agent interactions are cyber-physical (tier-1) and intra-agent synergies are physical (tier-2). By leveraging this layered perspective, active control can be employed only at a select “lead” generator of each agent; secondary generators that are necessarily coherent to a lead generator will naturally follow suit. Thus this cyber-physical hierarchy improves communications and energy overhead by introducing cyber couplings only within components of the smart grid where physical relationships are insufficient for transient stability in the face of a incidental fault or intentional attack. We demonstrate the performance of our approach on the 9-bus WECC system demonstrating its lower overhead and greater robustness to cyber attacks resulting in information delay.
Representing weather in travel behaviour models: a case study from Sydney, AUS

In the transportation literature in general and the travel behaviour literature specifically, there is no consensus on the representation of weather in behavioural models, ranging from studies that use direct meteorological measurements, such a continuous variable for inches of rainfall or temperature, to indicator variables (which themselves are often subjectively derived) for qualitative weather assessments. To explore the representation of weather, this paper develops constructs of weather based upon cluster analysis of various daily weather characteristics and test the validity of these weather representations against two dimensions of travel behaviour: mode share and trip generation. Using Sydney, AUS as a case study, ten years of hourly weather data for the region are reduced using a two-stage cluster analysis technique, resulting in 17 meteorologically distinct weather types. These weather types are then tested for their correlation with one way of data from the Sydney area Household Travel Survey. Initial results comparing mode shares with weather types indicate that the weather types can be further reduced into fewer types. The inclusion of these weather types into models of trip generation show improved model performance; however, the results are weak with respect to contributing to a final valid set of weather constructs. More work needs to be done to explore the representation of weather in travel behaviour models and the overall effect of weather on travel choices.
Identification of Chromosomal Regions Involved in decapentaplegic Function in Drosophila

Signaling molecules of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family contribute to numerous developmental processes in a variety of organisms. However, our understanding of the mechanisms which regulate the activity of and mediate the response to TGF-beta family members remains incomplete. The product of the Drosophila decapentaplegic (dpp) locus is a well-characterized member of this family. We have taken a genetic approach to identify factors required for TGF-beta function in Drosophila by testing for genetic interactions between mutant alleles of dpp and a collection of chromosomal deficiencies. Our survey identified two deficiencies that act as maternal enhancers of recessive embryonic lethal alleles of dpp. The enhanced individuals die with weakly ventralized phenotypes. These phenotypes are consistent with a mechanism whereby the deficiencies deplete two maternally provided factors required for dpp's role in embryonic dorsal-ventral pattern formation. One of these deficiencies also appears to delete a factor required for dpp function in wing vein formation. These deficiencies remove material from the 54F-55A and 66B-66C polytene chromosomal regions, respectively. As neither of these regions has been previously implicated in dpp function, we propose that each of the deficiencies removes a novel factor or factors required for dpp function.
Topology optimization of switched reluctance motors for the desired torque profile

This paper presents the design optimization of switched reluctance motors (SRMs). The design goals are high average torque, low torque ripple and low mass under the constrained phase current of SRMs. To achieve these goals, we design not only the geometries of SRMs using topology optimization, but also voltage on---off angles. The performance analysis of SRMs is carried out to predict the torque profile. Fourier series expansion is used to obtain the explicit expression of inductance curves, which allows us to perform the analytical design sensitivity analysis of the torque profile. The optimization problem is solved using the sequential linear programming (SLP) method. In the optimized geometry, the arc lengths of poles are increased with the notched shape near airgap, and the holes inside the rotor are created. In addition, the mechanical characteristics of the optimized SRM are investigated using the modal and thermal analysis by MSC/NASTRAN.
Cause and natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a highly prevalent disorder of the spine, occurring in phenotypically normal individuals for unknown reasons. The role of genetic factors in this condition has been widely documented through clinical observations and population studies. Multiple areas of research, including connective tissue, neuromotor mechanisms, hormonal system, and biomechanics, have been explored for a potential relationship to the cause of idiopathic scoliosis; however, no clear evidence supports any one area as a etiologic factor of this disorder. The main difficulty of most investigations is to determine whether the observed abnormalities are primary or secondary features in the scoliotic deformity. It is hoped that continued research efforts will aid in the understanding of this disorder in an effort to improve the ability to assign a more specific prognosis.
Traffic analysis of avatars in Second Life

New forms for interaction in virtual worlds, such as Second Life, bring dynamic network traffic because the number of online users can vary greatly from region to region and users can add their own content, such as dynamic objects and custom artwork. While there have been numerous studies on network traffic for multimedia applications and even online games, there has been little effort in understanding the traffic profile for virtual worlds. Earlier work suggests bandwidth used by Second Life varies with the avatar actions and amount of streaming content. Our paper complements this work, first by confirming some earlier results, then by strengthening the network analysis by extending the set of avatar actions studied and by varying the number of objects and avatars interacted with in the virtual world. Our results show that the population and number of objects near an avatar in the virtual world have a dramatic effect on the network characteristics, with dense, crowded areas demanding far more bandwidth than sparse, deserted areas. Similarly, avatar actions that require fast motion, such as walking and flying, use more bandwidth than standing, especially when the former is in a dense area and the latter is in a sparse area. The analysis in this paper can help network planning for access links and core networks as well as provide a base for building synthetic models for simulation.
Dynein‐2 and ciliogenesis in Tetrahymena

Dynein-2 is the motor responsible for retrograde intraflagellar transport. In situ, dynein-2 comprises four subunits: the dynein-2 heavy chain (DYH2); the dynein-2 intermediate chain; the dynein-2 light-intermediate chain (D2LIC); and dynein light chain 8 (Rompolas et al. 2007. Chlamydomonas FAP133 is a dynein intermediate chain associated with the retrograde intraflagellar transport motor. J Cell Sci 120:3653–3665). In contrast to what has been reported in other model organisms, when the DYH2 gene or the D2LIC gene was disrupted in Tetrahymena, the cells continued to produce motile cilia that were not swollen or filled with material [Rajagopalan et al.2009. Dynein-2 affects the regulation of ciliary length but is not required for ciliogenesis in Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol Biol Cell 20:708–720]. When compared to wildtype cells, the dynein-2 mutants were found to have cilia that were at a lower density, shorter, and much more variable in length. One possible explanation for these effects is that the dynein-2 knockout cells grow cilia too slowly to enable them to achieve normal length and density before the cell divides. In the present study, dynein-2 knockout cells were deciliated and then allowed to regrow their cilia for 22 hr under conditions in which the cells did not divide. When dynein-2 was disabled, three effects were observed: (1) a decreased rate of cilia growth; (2) a lower cilia density that did not change over time; and (3) a wide distribution of cilia lengths that increased over time. These results confirm the importance of dynein-2 in regulating ciliary length in Tetrahymena. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two Classes of Models for Magnitude Estimation

Abstract One class of models assumes that presentation of a signal results in an internal representation as a random variable. Depending on whether the signal is close to or far from the preceding signal, the variance of the representation is smaller or larger. Responses are determined largely by this random variable; however, when the signal is close to the preceding one, the response is generated by modifying the representation multiplicatively by some function of the ratio of the previous response to its representation. Power and linear functions are explored. The form of the random variable is assumed to be that arising from either the timing or the counting model operating on a Poisson process. Detailed analyses are carried out successfully only for the timing model with neural sample sizes independent of intensity; however, the data require the sample to increase with intensity. The linear response function coupled with the constant sample size counting model appears somewhat viable, but detailed calculations are very difficult to carry out. The second class of models postulates a power function relation between magnitude estimates and signals intensity for which the exponent is a Gaussian distributed random variable and the unit is the product of two log normal random variables. Again we assume an attention band such that succesive stimuli that are widely separated in intensity lead to independent samples of the random variables while a variety of assumptions is explored for successive stimuli that are near each other in intensity. Although they each give rise to the qualitative features of the data, estimates of parameters are sufficiently inconsistent that we are led to reject all of the submodels studied.
Saphenous vein loop to femoral artery arteriovenous fistula: a practical alternative.

Secondary to central venous stenosis or thrombosis, alternate sites for permanent hemodialysis need to be explored. The authors’ experience with the greater saphenous vein to common femoral artery loop arteriovenous fistula (GSV-CFA AVF) is presented. A retrospective review was performed of 4 women and 3 men with a mean age of 52.7 (range, 44-68) years. The mean number of prior access procedures was 3.85 (range, 1-5). Duplex ultrasound showed the greater saphenous vein (GSV) to be at least 3 mm in diameter. Perioperatively, no acute occlusion or significant steal syndrome developed. Groin wound complications (57.1%) resolved with local wound care and selectively antibiotic administration. Six patients developed mild to moderate edema, which required knee-high compression stockings. The mean follow-up was 15 (range, 9-24) months. Mean primary patency was 7 months, primary assisted patency was 15 months, and secondary patency was 16 months. The fistula was functional for hemodialysis in 71.4% (5/7). All patients developed stenoses within the GSV loop, with a mean of 3.0 balloon angioplasties per fistula. Three secondary surgical procedures were performed (two pseudoaneurysm repairs, one vein patch angioplasty). The GSV did not increase significantly in diameter. Use of a GSV-CFA AVF for dialysis access has acceptable results for alternate-site hemodialysis access. Secondary procedures were common. Factors recognized to be important for success were an adequate-sized GSV preoperatively, positioning of the GSV loop, and patient body habitus.
Intra-abdominal Desmoid Tumor:

Desmoid tumors, aggressive fibromatosis, are neoplasms that rarely become malignant and do not metastasize. These tumors often infiltrate and destroy adjacent vital structures and organs. The exact etiology of these tumors is unknown, but there are three known factors associated with desmoid tumors: a genetic, a hormonal, and a physical factor related to trauma. As with this case, a sonogram is commonly the first diagnostic examination that is performed to determine the identity of the soft tissue tumor.
Diagnostics of magnetospheric electron density and irregularities at altitudes <5000 km using whistler and Z mode echoes from radio sounding on the IMAGE satellite

[1] When the Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on the IMAGE satellite operates in the inner plasmasphere and at moderate to low altitudes over the polar regions, pulses emitted at the low end of its 3-kHz to 3-MHz sounding frequency range can propagate in the whistler mode and/or in the Z mode. During soundings with both 25.6-ms pulses and 3.2-ms pulses, whistler mode echoes have been observed in (1) “discrete,” lightning whistler–like forms and (2) diffuse, widely time spread forms suggestive of mode coupling at the boundaries of density irregularities. Discrete echoes have been observed at altitudes less than ≈5000 km both inside the plasmasphere and over the auroral and polar regions, being most common inside the plasmasphere. Diffuse echoes have also been observed at altitudes less than 5000 km, being most common poleward of the plasmasphere. Either discrete or diffuse echoes or both have been detected during one or more soundings on at least half of all IMAGE orbits. In regions poleward of the plasmasphere, diffuse Z mode echoes of a kind reported by Carpenter et al. (2003) were found to accompany both discrete and diffuse whistler mode echoes 90% of the time and were also present during 90% of the soundings when no whistler mode echoes were detected. It is proposed that the observed discrete whistler mode echoes are a consequence of RPI signal reflections at the bottom side of the ionosphere and that diffuse whistler mode echoes are a result of scattering of RPI signals by geomagnetic field-aligned electron density irregularities located within 2000 km earthward of the satellite and in directions close to that of the field line passing through IMAGE. Diffuse Z mode echoes are believed to be due to scattering of RPI signals from electron density irregularities within 3000 km of the satellite, particularly those in the generally cross-B direction. Consistent with previous works, our results indicate that the magnetosphere at high latitudes is highly structured, with electron density irregularities that exist over cross-B scales ranging from 10 m to 100 km and that profoundly affect whistler mode propagation. It is demonstrated that both kinds of whistler mode echoes as well as diffuse Z mode echoes have potential for local and remote diagnostics of electron density distributions and structures.
Height Distribution of Adult Parasitoids of the Southern Pine Beetle Complex

The height distribution of adult parasitoids of the Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann complex trapped on the boles of Pinus taeda L. trees was examined. The study was conducted within two active D. frontalis infestations in the Talladega National Forest in Alabama in July 1998. Stickem Special-coated 15 × 20 cm wire mesh (6 mm2) traps were placed on pines with late instar to adult D. frontalis and Ips spp. at 2 m intervals to a height of 16 m on 12 trees and at 4-m intervals to a height of 16 m on 6 trees. Traps were changed on alternate days for 14 d, and all adult parasitoids of the D. frontalis complex were identified and counted. There was a positive correlation between height and number of parasitoids. This is most likely due to the high proportion of Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg and Heydenia unica Cook and Davis collected, because both of these species preferred the upper bole. Each parasitoid species had different height distributions. R. xylophagorum, H. unica and Dendrosoter sulcatus Muesebeck all preferred the upper bole, with a peak trap catch between 12 and 16 m. In contrast, Coeloides pissodis (Ashmead) and Dinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead) both preferred the midbole, with a peak catch at 6 m. Only Spathius pallidus Ashmead showed no height preference; however, this species also had the lowest trap catch. Although each parasitoid species had its height preferences, all species were distributed throughout the length of the infested bole.
Trustworthiness Measurement of E-commerce Systems Using Fuzzy Hybrid Multi-criteria Analysis

Mutual trust has been the most important factor for users to do business with each other. But the trustworthiness of an entire system provides assurance for users to choose a particular e-commerce platform at the first place. As a difficult-to-observe property of an e-commerce system, the measurement of overall trustworthiness is obstructed by quantification, accuracy and reliability. This paper proposes a fuzzy hybrid multi-criteria analysis approach to measure the trustworthiness of e-commerce systems. Trust factors involved in e-commerce systems are collected and grouped. Then, these factors are quantified and placed in a designated trust space using customized fuzzy membership functions. Based on the nature of various trust factors and alternatives, multi-criteria analysis is applied. After all relevant factors are filtered, categorized and quantified, the proposed multi-criteria analysis method will process all trust factors and analyze their features from different perspectives. To precisely process the proposed trustworthiness measurements, feature categorization, membership function adjustment, criteria function and priority voting function adaptation are also used. Finally, a combination of fuzzy quantified factors and multi-criteria analysis can expose the credibility of all e-commerce system aspects. Experiment results show that the proposed measurements can evaluate and rank e-commerce system trustworthiness accurately and effectively.
Bacardi Southampton (D): Analyzing Agile System Savings

This case series (see also UVA-OM-1067, UVA-OM-1080, and UVA-OM-1081) deals with the transition from a push-based supply chain to an agile pull-based system. This case describes a spreadsheet model useful for students evaluating the multiyear cost consequences of three alternative production-planning systems that follow from analyses in the A case. Users can identify the sources of costs and benefits of the alternative production-planning systems under consideration at Southampton and then analyze the seven operating scenarios presented. There are three operations-coordinating systems that can be analyzed: the current push system, the new pull system based on agile thinking, and an improved push system operating with higher efficiency.
Designing hybrid onconase nanocarriers for mesothelioma therapy: a Taguchi orthogonal array and multivariate component driven analysis.

Onconase (ONC) is a member of a ribonuclease superfamily that has cytostatic activity against malignant mesothelioma (MM). The objective of this investigation was to develop bovine serum albumin (BSA)–chitosan based hybrid nanoformulations for the efficient delivery of ONC to MM while minimizing the exposure to normal tissues. Taguchi orthogonal array L9 type design was used to formulate ONC loaded BSA nanocarriers (ONC-ANC) with a mean particle size of 15.78 ± 0.24 nm (ζ = −21.89 ± 0.11 mV). The ONC-ANC surface was hybridized using varying chitosan concentrations ranging between 0.100 and 0.175% w/v to form various ONC loaded hybrid nanocarriers (ONC-HNC). The obtained data set was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and principal component regressions (PCR) to decode the effects of investigated design variables. PCA showed positive correlations between investigated design variables like BSA, ethanol dilution, and total ethanol with particle size and entrapment efficiency (EE) of formulated na...
Distributor Power versus Manufacturer Power: The Customer Role:

Though distributor power should be affected by both manufacturer and customer market power, previous research on channel power has addressed only the manufacturer-middleman dyad. In an empirical study, the authors significantly extend previous research by demonstrating that customer market power as well as manufacturer market power has a role in determining distributor power. They also identify the specific dimensions of both manufacturer and customer market power that may affect distributor power. Finally, they discuss the implications of the findings for marketing management and future research.
Application of GF-951 Water Stabilizer in Liaoyang Electrochemical Factory

Practical problem that efficiency of heat exchanger reduced by a wide margin because of corrosive products, dirt and mud on the heat exchanger was solved through research and application of GF-95 water stubilizer. To prolong life of heat exchange and prevent efficiency of heat transfer from reducing, Importance of scientific management and right usage of water stabilizer and remarkable economic profits that its brought to enterprise were discussed.
Two kinds of PACS

PACS has been developed recently.It is the composite product of development of radiation technic and comˉputer.PACS advance the medical picture to the era of digital network administration.This paper describes two kinds of PACS.
Predictors of Calf Arterial Compliance in Male Veterans With Psychiatric Diagnoses.

BACKGROUND Peripheral arterial compliance (PAC) is a measure of the ability of the vascular tree to dilate in response to a pressure wave. Reduced PAC is seen in patients with psychiatric diagnoses and has been associated with increased risk for stroke, myocardial infarction, and mortality. The objective of this pilot study was to identify predictors of reduced PAC in subjects with psychiatric diagnoses. METHODS Male psychiatric subjects (N = 77) were studied in a cross-sectional study of medication effects on PAC conducted from August 2005 to February 2010. Calf and thigh compliance were modeled in separate linear regressions. The models were adjusted for age, race, smoking status, presence or absence of the metabolic syndrome, current treatment with a statin, diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, current antipsychotic treatment, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Of the 77 subjects (mean ± SD age of 53.7 ± 8.8 years), 41 were white, 36 were black, and 27 were diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IV criteria). Fifty participants were being treated with an antipsychotic medication, while the remaining 27 were off of antipsychotics for at least 2 months. Our model explained 27% of the variance in calf compliance. Black subjects had reduced calf compliance compared to white subjects (P = .02). Having metabolic syndrome was associated with reduced PAC at a trend level (P < .08), and BMI (P = .004) and BMI2 (P = .011) were significant predictors of calf compliance. Schizophrenia versus other psychiatric diagnoses and antipsychotic treatment were not significantly associated with calf compliance. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, significant predictors of calf compliance were race (black vs white) and BMI. PAC is a noninvasive measure that may be a predictor of cardiovascular risk in psychiatric patients. The reduced PAC seen in patients with psychiatric diagnoses does not appear to be directly related to their diagnosis or antipsychotic treatment but rather to other characteristics inherent to the subject. Future studies are warranted to better understand the pathophysiology of PAC including but not limited to inflammation in psychiatric patients.
Recent Progress in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

Because of the number of different types of anti-Parkinsonian medications, a number of options in the treatment of PD are now available. Each patient's medication regimen should be individualized. Many of the medication choices are made based on the stage of the disease. For patients who have newly diagnosed PD, and who are on no medications, treatment with deprenyl should be strongly considered. While some controversy remains concerning its possible slowing of the rate of disease progression, there is no evidence to suggest that its use is detrimental. It is generally well tolerated in patients with early disease. These factors must be weighed against the cost of the medication, and the fact that little if any therapeutic effect is seen in most patients who are not being treated with LD. A useful analogy when considering this issue is the prophylactic use of aspirin for cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease. Newly diagnosed patients requiring treatment, who have tremor as their only symptom or their most prominent symptom, may be given an anticholinergic medication. Patients who have significant bradykinesia, rigidity or gait disturbance can be given amantadine. A combination of these two medications may be useful, and a combination of deprenyl with an anticholinergic drug or amantadine may provide excellent relief of early symptoms. At some point, most patients' symptoms progress such that treatment with LD is considered. Given its possible, but unproven, acceleration of the rate of disease progression, this decision should be weighed carefully. In a relatively young patient who may be treated for many years, a dopamine receptor agonist can be initiated without LD therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Adhesive Tape-Like Silk of Aquatic Caddisworms

Aquatic caddisfly larva spin a sticky silk tape used underwater to construct a protective composite stone case. Caddisworm silk fibers are drawn on-demand from fluid precursors stored in the posterior region of the silk gland. Fibers begin to form in the gland at a cuticular narrowing at the entrance into the short (2–3 mm) anterior conducting channel leading to the spinneret. The caddisworm silk comprises a thin adhesive peripheral coating on a tough viscoelastic core fiber. The thin adhesive layer contains glycoproteins and a heme-peroxidase in the peroxinectin subfamily (Pxt). Pxt catalyzes dityrosine cross-linking in the fiber periphery and may catalyze covalent adhesive cross-links to surface-active natural polyphenolic compounds. The major component of the silk core, H-fibroin, contains around 13 mol% phosphoserines (pS) in repeating (pSX) n motifs, wherein X is usually hydrophobic, and n is 4 or 5. The (pSX) n motifs form β-domains crossbridged and stabilized by multivalent metal ions, predominantly Ca2+ in natural fibers. During loading, the Ca2+/(pSX) n β-domains reversibly rupture to reveal hidden length and dissipate strain energy. The tough fibers can be strained to more than 100 % of their initial length before fracture. The work of extension to failure, ~17.3 ± 6.2 MJ/m3, is higher than articular cartilage. Silk fibers cycled to 20 % elongation completely recover their initial stiffness, strength, and hysteresis within 120 min as an elastic covalent network guides the post-yield recovery of the Ca2+/(pSX) n β-domains.
Modeling RNA Secondary Structure with Sequence Comparison and Experimental Mapping Data

Secondary structure prediction is an important problem in RNA bioinformatics because knowledge of structure is critical to understanding the functions of RNA sequences. Significant improvements in prediction accuracy have recently been demonstrated though the incorporation of experimentally obtained structural information, for instance using selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) mapping. However, such mapping data is currently available only for a limited number of RNA sequences. In this article, we present a method for extending the benefit of experimental mapping data in secondary structure prediction to homologous sequences. Specifically, we propose a method for integrating experimental mapping data into a comparative sequence analysis algorithm for secondary structure prediction of multiple homologs, whereby the mapping data benefits not only the prediction for the specific sequence that was mapped but also other homologs. The proposed method is realized by modifying the TurboFold II algorithm for prediction of RNA secondary structures to utilize basepairing probabilities guided by SHAPE experimental data when such data are available. The SHAPE-mapping-guided basepairing probabilities are obtained using the RSample method. Results demonstrate that the SHAPE mapping data for a sequence improves structure prediction accuracy of other homologous sequences beyond the accuracy obtained by sequence comparison alone (TurboFold II). The updated version of TurboFold II is freely available as part of the RNAstructure software package.
Die Geschichte der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie in Österreich

Die Geschichte unseres Faches in Osterreich im engeren Sinne ist erst sehr kurz – seit 1975 respektive 2007, allerdings wurden in den Zeiten davor im Namen der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie unter dem Deckmantel hochsten wissenschaftlichen Interesses Kinder und Jugendliche ihren Eltern weggenommen, gequalt und getotet, weil sie als „unwertes Leben“ befunden worden waren. Auch die Geschichte nach 1945 zeigt, wie stark bestimmte Ideen und Vorstellungen in den Menschen weiterleben und wir daher taglich dazu angehalten sind, unsere Handlungen auf Menschlichkeit zu uberprufen und auf die Menschenrechte zu beziehen. In den letzten zehn Jahren hat sich unser Fach in Osterreich hervorragend entwickelt, die Versorgung ist wesentlich besser geworden und auch Lehre, Wissenschaft und Aus- und Weiterbildung sind dramatisch ausgebaut worden. Die Fachgesellschaft hat sich – obwohl ausschlieslich ehrenamtlich gefuhrt – professionalisiert und wird daher politisch und gesellschaftlich entsprechend wahrgenommen.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Risk of Aspiration in Elderly Cancer Survivors Residing in Skilled Nursing Facilities:

Background Aspiration can occur in patients of any age group, but it can be prevented. The primary population at risk is made up of survivors of cancer because of their increased risk of mucositis, mucosal atrophy, and dysphagia associated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and the disease process itself. The rate of incidence of aspiration cannot be quantified, because minor cases of aspiration often go unreported. Sequelae ensuing from aspirations can include pneumonia, end-stage kidney disease, dialysis, and death. Methods Analyses of cost, decision-tree modeling, and cost effectiveness were performed to compare a hypothetical, interventional model based on best practices with usual (standard) care. A societal perspective was used as the economic view point. Direct costs, caregiver time, and market values for wages were estimated for the 2 interventions. Effectiveness values for the cost-effectiveness and decision-tree analyses were obtained from the literature. The incremental-cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated and used to compare the intervention with usual care. Results The interventional method was more costly but more effective than usual care. A sensitivity analysis considered the uncertainty of event probability (aspiration vs no aspiration). The interventional protocol for aspiration reduction continued to be more cost effective than usual care. Conclusions Aspiration takes a financial toll on all facets of health care, including on nurses, skilled nursing facilities, patients, their families, and insurers, among others. Implementing guidelines that describe best practices for aspiration appears to be a cost-effective strategy for reducing aspirations among cancer survivors - especially elderly patients - who live in skilled nursing facilities.
Simultaneous Angular Rate Estimates Extracted From a Single Axisymmetric Resonator

An axisymmetric planar microelectromechanical (MEM) resonator resonator is configured, such that the $n = 2$ elliptical pair of modes near 13.5kHz, and the $n = 3$ pair of modes near 23.8kHz, are both degenerate, i.e., the frequency difference within a given pair of modes is close to the resonance bandwidth. This configuration enables not only the exploitation of the standard elliptical pair of modes for angular rate sensing but also permits the operation of the $n = 3$ pair of modes as a high-sensitivity Coriolis vibratory gyro. The performance for each pair of modes separately acting as a vibratory gyro is quantified, however, the control architecture also facilitates the simultaneous operation of both pairs of modes. In this scenario, two measurements of angular rate are extracted from a single resonator and although the short-term rate noise associated with the $n = 3$ pair is an order of magnitude larger than the rate extracted from the $n = 2$ pair, the long-term drift in the rate offsets are correlated. Thus, a filter architecture for fusing the rate measurements is proposed and it is shown how the derived rate estimate possesses superior offset stability but also retains the low short-term noise associated with the rate measurement from the $n = 2$ pair.
A novel polarization independent angularly stable high impedance surface for antenna miniaturization

A novel ultrathin high impedance surface (HIS) whose response is independent of polarization and incidence angle of the incident wave is presented. The proposed HIS reflects the incident electromagnetic wave with unity magnitude and zero phase reversal over the operating frequency band 1.7–3 GHz. Due to very small unit cell size 0.1λ, the surface does not cause any scattering and surface waves. The designed HIS is then applied to a standard patch antenna to improve the gain. The use of HIS results in a very compact antenna design as compared to the conventional ground plane that must be placed at distance of λ/4 to attain maximum gain. Increase in gain, compactness in size and prevention of the surface waves are the major advantages achieved by using proposed HIS instead of conventional ground plane.
Arthropod Hosts and Habitats

All known hosts of trichomycetes belong to the Subphylum Mandibulata of the Arthropoda. To the extent that these fungi have been studied, no assimilative stage occurs while they are disassociated from their hosts, although maturation of some resistant spores and the development of cysts in the Amoebidiales may take place in the shed molt or on a nonhost substrate. Three classes of arthropods are involved: Crustacea, Diplopoda, and Insecta (Figs. 4.1 and 4.2). Asellaria scutigera (nom. nud.) was reported by Manier in 1954 from the rectal cuticle of a centipede (Chilopoda), but the description was not sufficient to determine if it was, in fact, a trichomycete. Lists of known arthropod hosts and their habitats are given in Appendix B. It must be stressed that these lists, as well as the discussion presented in this chapter, are based on current knowledge of the range of hosts, and will undoubtedly have to be modified as new discoveries are made. When one considers that the Arthropoda may represent more species than all other groups of living organisms combined, and that the trichomycete flora has been sought in relatively few parts of the world, it becomes evident that generalizations must be to some extent tentative.
Kinetics of the Abiotic Reduction of Polymeric Manganese Dioxide by Nitrite: An Anaerobic Nitrification Reaction

Manganese oxides are strong environmental oxidants recently found to be involvedin the nitrogen cycle. Of the several possible reactions with reduced nitrogen species,the reduction of MnO2 by nitrite has only received marginal attention. Yet, this reaction might explain why nitrification can occur in the absence of O2, observed in both sediments and water columns. We have determined the stoichiometry of this reaction, as well as the chemical kinetics and the activation parameters, using a soluble polymeric form of MnO2. The reaction rate decreases with increasing pH and decreasing temperature. The reaction is first order in each reactant with a second order rate constant (k) = 493 M-1 min-1 at 21.5 °C and pH = 5.00. The energy of activation (Ea = 9.370 kJ/mole) and the entropy of activation (Δ S‡ = -169.5 J/mole) show the reaction to be associative and diffusion controlled, occurring via an inner-sphere mechanism, likely with O atom transfer from MnO2 to HNO2. The reaction is proton assisted and slowsdown at pH ≥ 5.5 where NO2 - and MnO2 (unprotonated and negatively charged) become the dominant species. In natural waters and sediments where anaerobic nitrification has been observed the pH is higher than this. Thus, the thermodynamically favorable reaction will likely proceed by microbial mediation.
Zur Konstruktion von Eckpunkten des Risikobereichs bei unendlichstufigen Testproblemen mit endlich vielen Hypothesen

Ausgangspunkt un serer Betrachtungen ist das folgende Modell sequentieller Tests bei endlich vielen Hypothesen (zur Interpretation siehe [6] und [4]:
Recessed oxygen electrodes: getting more than PO2.

Several different experimental techniques have been developed using recessed gold cathode (Whalen/Nair-type) 02 microelectrodes to investigate 02 transport to tissue. After relatively large 02 cathodes were first used in tissue over 60 years ago, serious measurement errors were soon recognized, including electrochemical depletion of tissue 02, sensitivity to blood flow or convective mixing (stirring artifact), signal averaging due to the tip size, and damage to cells or the microcirculation during penetration. To address these problems, 02 electrodes were miniaturized, although this did not always eliminate PO2 measurement errors.