cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chondrosarcoma in the United States (1973 to 2003): An Analysis of 2890 Cases from the SEER Database

Background: Current demographic, prognostic, and outcomes data on the diagnosis and treatment of chondrosarcoma have been based on case series reported by individual treatment centers. The SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) database is a validated national epidemiological surveillance system and cancer registry that has been used extensively to evaluate treatment outcomes in cases of malignancy. The purpose of the present study was to use this database to identify demographic and prognostic characteristics of chondrosarcoma and to describe the natural history following the treatment of this rare disease in the United States over the last thirty years. Methods: Two thousand eight hundred and ninety patients with chondrosarcoma were identified in the SEER database, and information regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, the histological features and grade of the tumors, the location and size of the tumors, the surgical stage at the time of diagnosis, the use of surgery and radiation treatment, and survival were extracted. Results: Comparison of the overall and disease-specific survival rates revealed that patients who survived for ten years were more likely to die of events that were unrelated to chondrosarcoma. The disease-specific survival rate leveled off at ten years of follow-up. Univariate analysis revealed that female sex, a low histological grade, and local surgical stage were associated with a significant disease-specific survival benefit. An age of fifty years or less and an appendicular location of the tumor were associated with a significant overall survival benefit. On multivariate analysis, only grade and stage had significant association with disease-specific survival. On the basis of a comparison of survival rates according to the decade of diagnosis, it appears that there has been no significant improvement in survival over the last thirty years. Conclusions: Only grade and stage are independent prognostic factors for survival in cases of chondrosarcoma. Current treatment algorithms have not improved the survival rates of patients with chondrosarcoma over the past thirty years. Routine patient surveillance following treatment should be extended to ten years of follow-up. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Challenges and approaches to on-chip millimeter wave antenna pattern measurements

We present two methods to remove wafer probe interference radiation from measured on-chip antenna patterns performed in a probe station environment. On-chip antenna pattern and gain measurements are affected by parasitic probe tip radiation as well as scattered energy from the metal probe station environment. In this work, we use superposition and S-parameter techniques to de-embed the effects of probe tip radiation. On-chip Dipole, Yagi, and Rhombic antennas were fabricated using standard 180nm CMOS, and radiation patterns were measured at 60 GHz. This work shows methods that improve the ability to reliably design, predict, and measure on-chip antenna patterns.
Is a stimulus associated with the escape from shock a positive or negative reinforcer? Study I

Rats failed to learn a new (bar press) response to either enter or leave a safe box which had been associated with the offset of shock. However, once the door between the boxes was open, those same rats ran faster leaving the safe box than entering it.
Versatile fill coils: initial experience as framing coils for oblong aneurysms. A technical case report.

Coil embolization of oblong aneurysms is difficult because the majority of commercially available coils are manufactured with a helical or spherical tertiary structure. While adopting framing strategies for oblong aneurysms (aspect ratio ≥ 2: 1), traditional coils may be undersized in the long axis but oversized in the short axis, resulting in increased aneurysmal wall stress, risk of re-rupture, and difficulty creating a basket that respects the aneurysmal neck. We review three cases in which versatile filling coils (VFCs) were used as the initial coils for embolization of oblong aneurysms and report coil distribution characteristics and clinical outcomes. Packing density after VFC implantation was assessed using the software AngioSuite-Neuro edition and AngioCalc. Illustrative case: a 58-year-old woman experienced a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm (7.5 mm × 3.5 mm). A 3-6 mm × 15 cm VFC was selected as the first coil because the flexibility of its wave−loop structure facilitates framing of an irregularly shaped aneurysm. The loop portions of the structures tend to be pressed to the extremes of the aneurysmal sac by the wave component. The VFC was introduced smoothly into the aneurysmal sac without catheter kickback. We were then able to insert detachable filling coils without any adjunctive technique and achieved complete occlusion. Complete occlusion without severe complications was achieved in all three cases in our study. Average packing density after the first coil was 15.63%. VFC coils may have a specific role in framing oblong aneurysms given their complex loop-wave design, allowing spacing of the coils at the dome and neck while keeping sac stress to a minimum.
Atrial fibrillation and prior MI: searching for balance in ischaemic and bleeding events in patients treated with factor-specific anticoagulants

This editorial refers to ‘Ischaemic cardiac outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with vitamin K antagonism or factor Xa inhibition: results from the ROCKET AF trial’, by K.W. Mahaffey et al. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht428 Patients with both atrial fibrillation (AF) and prior myocardial infarction (MI) represent a unique and potentially high risk population. Strategies for managing these patients using the newer factor-specific oral anticoagulants are somewhat limited, as these patients represent a small fraction of the overall cohorts studied and only limited results have been published previously.1,2 Mahaffey et al. , investigators from the ROCKET AF (Rivaroxaban Once-daily, oral, direct Factor Xa inhibition Compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation) trial,3 now report on the prevalence of prior MI in that study; the incidence of new cardiovascular (CV) events; and the treatment effect of rivaroxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, compared with warfarin on the risk of new CV events in those with and without a history of MI. In the ROCKET AF trial, 17% of patients had prior MI at enrolment ( n = 2468/14 264).3 These subjects were significantly more likely to have other co-morbidities and risk factors, notably more heart failure, diabetes, and peripheral arterial disease. Additionally, concomitant aspirin (47% vs. 34%) and thienopyridine (3.4% and 2.1%) were more common in this subgroup. Patients with and without prior MI had similar rates of stroke and systemic embolism during a median 2 years of follow-up, but recurrent CV events and mortality were more frequent …
VMSoar: a cognitive agent for network security

VMSoar is a cognitive network security agent designed for both network configuration and long-term security management. It performs automatic vulnerability assessments by exploring a configuration’s weaknesses and also performs network intrusion detection. VMSoar is built on the Soar cognitive architecture, and benefits from the general cognitive abilities of Soar, including learning from experience, the ability to solve a wide range of complex problems, and use of natural language to interact with humans. The approach used by VMSoar is very different from that taken by other vulnerability assessment or intrusion detection systems. VMSoar performs vulnerability assessments by using VMWare to create a virtual copy of the target machine then attacking the simulated machine with a wide assortment of exploits. VMSoar uses this same ability to perform intrusion detection. When trying to understand a sequence of network packets, VMSoar uses VMWare to make a virtual copy of the local portion of the network and then attempts to generate the observed packets on the simulated network by performing various exploits. This approach is initially slow, but VMSoar’s learning ability significantly speeds up both vulnerability assessment and intrusion detection. This paper describes the design and implementation of VMSoar, and initial experiments with Windows NT and XP.
Starvation: Metabolic Changes

Animals, including humans, invoke a comprehensive programme of hormonal and metabolic adaptations that enable them to withstand prolonged periods of starvation. The brain is only capable of using glucose or ketone bodies as respiratory fuel. During prolonged starvation, the primary source of glucose is gluconeogenesis from amino acids arising from muscle proteolysis. To spare glucose use (and thus spare muscle protein) most tissues of the body utilise fat-derived fuels (fatty acid and ketone bodies). As starvation progresses ketone bodies also become the major fuel of the brain, again reducing the need for glucose. High concentrations of ketone bodies result in significant ketonuria with ketones excreted as ammonium salts. The ammonia is derived from the catabolism of glutamine in the kidney with the carbon skeleton being recovered as glucose. This well-orchestrated pattern of metabolism allows a consistent fuel supply to the brain and other tissues during prolonged starvation. Key Concepts Circulating glucose concentrations do not drop below 3.5 mmol L−1 even in prolonged starvation. During starvation, the brain must be supplied with fuel in the form of glucose or ketone bodies. Carbohydrate reserves are depleted after 24 h of starvation. In prolonged starvation, gluconeogenesis provides the glucose oxidised by the brain. The major substrates for gluconeogenesis are amino acids derived from skeletal muscle protein breakdown. Circulating ketone body concentrations rise during prolonged starvation. During starvation, most tissues utilise fatty acids and/or ketone bodies to spare glucose for the brain. Glucose utilisation by the brain is decreased during prolonged starvation as the brain utilises ketone bodies as the major fuel. High concentrations of ketone bodies result in significant excretion of ketones. Urinary ketones are excreted as ammonium salts derived from the renal metabolism of glutamine with the carbon skeleton being recovered through renal gluconeogenesis. Keywords: glucose; fatty acids; ketones; brain metabolism; insulin; amino acids
Random rough surface scattering based on Monte Carlo simulations with the sparse-matrix flat-surface iterative approach

With the advent of modern computers, numerical methods for solving Maxwell's equations are gaining popularity. In the authors' approach, the exact solutions of Maxwell's equations for scattering by a two-dimensional (2D) random rough surface are calculated with a sparse-matrix flat-surface iterative approach/canonical grid (SMFSIA/CAG). Numerical examples are illustrated with up to 131,072 surface unknowns, surface areas between 256 square wavelengths and 1024 square wavelengths, and rms heights of 0.5 wavelength and 1 wavelength. The scattering solution for each surface realization takes less than two CPU minutes for 32768 surface unknowns. Therefore, simulations based on Monte Carlo technique are illustrated with up to 1000 realizations. In this paper, backscattering enhancement of electromagnetic wave scattering from a perfectly conducting 2D random rough surface is studied with Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical simulation results are in excellent agreement with controlled laboratory experiments without adjustable parameters. SMFSLA/CAG has also been extended to the case of electromagnetic wave scattering from 2D dielectric surfaces.
Otitis Media and Speech and Language: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies

Objective. Considerable controversy surrounds whether a history of otitis media with effusion (OME) in early childhood causes later speech and language problems. We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies to determine: 1) whether a history of OME in early childhood is related to receptive language, expressive language, vocabulary, syntax, or speech development in children 1 to 5 years old and 2) whether hearing loss caused by otitis media in early childhood is related to children’s receptive language or expressive language through 2 years of age. Methods. We searched online databases and bibliographies of OME studies and reviews for prospective or randomized clinical trials published between January 1966 and October 2002 that examined the relationship of OME or OME-associated hearing loss in early childhood to children’s later speech and language development. The original search identified 38 studies, of which 14 had data suitable for calculating a pooled correlation coefficient (correlational studies) or standard difference between parallel groups (group studies). Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool data when at least 3 studies had usable data for a particular outcome. Results. We performed 11 meta-analyses. There were no significant findings for the analyses of OME during early childhood versus receptive or expressive language during the preschool years in the correlation studies. Similarly, there were no significant findings for OME versus vocabulary, syntax, or speech during the preschool years. Conversely, there was a significant negative association between OME and preschoolers’ receptive and expressive language (lower language) (0.24 and 0.25 standard difference, respectively) in the group studies. Additionally, hearing was also related to receptive and expressive language in infancy (3%–9% of variance). Conclusions. Our results indicate no to very small negative associations of OME and associated hearing loss to children’s later speech and language development. These findings may overestimate the impact of OME on outcomes, because most studies did not adjust for known confounding variables (such as socioeconomic status) and excluded data not suitable for statistical pooling, especially from methodologically sound studies. Although some OME language differences were detectable by meta-analysis due to increased statistical power, the clinical relevance for otherwise healthy children is uncertain.
Perceptron-based learning algorithms

A key task for connectionist research is the development and analysis of learning algorithms. An examination is made of several supervised learning algorithms for single-cell and network models. The heart of these algorithms is the pocket algorithm, a modification of perceptron learning that makes perceptron learning well-behaved with nonseparable training data, even if the data are noisy and contradictory. Features of these algorithms include speed algorithms fast enough to handle large sets of training data; network scaling properties, i.e. network methods scale up almost as well as single-cell models when the number of inputs is increased; analytic tractability, i.e. upper bounds on classification error are derivable; online learning, i.e. some variants can learn continually, without referring to previous data; and winner-take-all groups or choice groups, i.e. algorithms can be adapted to select one out of a number of possible classifications. These learning algorithms are suitable for applications in machine learning, pattern recognition, and connectionist expert systems. >
A Novel Program and Read Architecture for Contact-Less Virtual Ground NOR Flash Memory for High Density Application

We have successfully developed multilevel (MLC) contact-less virtual ground array (VGA-NOR) flash memory. Sequential program from the source side edge cell of each segment and 32cells unit program with data buffer enable to cancel the Vt interference. Sense amplifier (SA) assist equalize-sensing (SAES) is implemented for high accuracy sensing operation
A database for the study of marine mammal behavior: gap analysis, data standardization, and future directions

A relational database that contained published information on the diving behavior and/or movement patterns of marine mammals was compiled to facilitate a modeling effort of the Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment (ESME) program. A total of 448 references from reports, books, and peer-reviewed journal articles were obtained. The metadata describing each animal studied, location of the study, and equipment used were entered into the database as well as empirical data describing the diving behavior and movement patterns of each animal. In total, the database contained 1815 entries from 51 different marine mammal species or subspecies. The majority of animals were seals and sea lions with 1560 entries from 29 individual species. More than half the number of animals studied were from high latitude regions (e.g., Arctic and Antarctic). Other problem areas identified were: 1) Data reduction in summaries, 2) inability to easily summarize qualitative and quantitative data, and 3) lack of standardization in data reporting. A solution is to create a common access data archive where researchers contribute raw published or unpublished geospatially referenced data sets. This would improve access to original data sets with large volumes of data, which, overall, enhances the power to develop robust behavioral or ecological models that could help define critical habitats of marine mammals
Sensitivity Analysis Attacks Against Randomized Detectors

Sensitivity analysis attacks present a serious threat to the security of popular spread spectrum watermarking schemes. Randomization of the detector is thought to increase the immunity of such schemes against cryptanalysis. In this paper, we introduce a new attack against randomized detectors. This attack is successful, which implies that spread spectrum schemes still lack security.
Efficient hierarchical interconnection for multiprocessor systems

The authors present a novel approach to the design of a class of hierarchical interconnection networks for multiprocessor systems. This approach, based on an architecture providing separate networks for each level, gives a general and flexible way to construct efficient hierarchical networks. The performance and cost-effectiveness of the resulting networks are analyzed and compared in detail, using both unbuffered and buffered network models. It is shown that, if the design parameters are determined based on the degree of locality, the cost-effectiveness of a hierarchical network can be significantly improved. In addition, the authors investigate how to construct a cost-effectiveness hierarchical network by determining appropriate design parameters. Two associated algorithms are developed for this purpose. >
Cancer risks among workers exposed to metalworking fluids: A systematic review

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are commonly used in a variety of industrial machining and grinding operations. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that more than one million workers are exposed to MWFs. NIOSH conducted a comprehensive and systematic review of the epidemiologic studies that examined the association between MWF exposure and cancer. Substantial evidence was found for an increased risk of cancer at several sites (larynx, rectum, pancreas, skin, scrotum, and bladder) associated with at least some MWFs used prior to the mid-1970s. This paper provides the evidence pertaining to cancer at these sites. Cancer at those sites found to have more limited or less consistent evidence for an association with MWF (stomach, esophagus, lung, prostate, brain, colon, and hematopoietic system) will not be discussed in this paper but are discussed in the recent NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard-Occupational Exposure to MWFs. Because the changes in MWF composition that have occurred over the last several decades may not be sufficient to eliminate the cancer risks associated with MWF exposure, reductions in airborne MWF exposures are recommended. Am. J. Ind. Med. 33:282–292, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Intracellular regulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells

Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL, Apo2 ligand) effectively kills multiple myeloma (MM) cells in vitro irrespective of refractoriness to dexamethasone and chemotherapy. Because clinical trials with this anticancer agent are expected shortly, we investigated the signaling pathway of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in MM. We detected rapid cleavage of caspases-8, -9, -3, and -6, as well as the caspase substrates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA fragmentation factor-45 (DFF45), but not caspase-10, upon TRAIL treatment in sensitive MM cells, pointing to caspase-8 as the apical caspase of TRAIL signaling in MM cells. These phenomena were not observed or were significantly delayed in TRAIL-resistant MM cells, suggesting that resistance may arise from inhibition at the level of caspase-8 activation. Higher levels of expression for various apoptosis inhibitors, including FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), and lower procaspase-8 levels were present in TRAIL-resistant cells and sensitivity was restored by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (BIM), which both lowered FLIP and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 (cIAP-2) protein levels. Forced expression of procaspase-8 or FLIP antisense oligonucleotides also sensitized TRAIL-resistant cells to TRAIL. Moreover, the cell permeable nuclear factor (NF)–κB inhibitor SN50, which sensitizes TRAIL-resistant cells to TRAIL, also inhibited cIAP2 protein expression. Finally, CHX, BIM, and SN50 facilitated the cleavage and activation of procaspase-8 in TRAIL-resistant cells, confirming that inhibition of TRAIL-induced apoptosis occurs at this level and that these agents sensitize MM cells by relieving this block. Our data set a framework for the clinical use of approaches that sensitize MM cells to TRAIL by agents that inhibit FLIP and cIAP-2 expression or augment caspase-8 activity.
The Concept of “Coalition” in Organization Theory and Research

This paper provides an historical review of coalitions in organizations and presents key issues that must be confronted if research on coalitions is to contribute to an understanding of intraorganizational dynamics. Included are: an explicit definition of a coalition within an organization, consideration of how the organizational context differs from the contexts of previous coalition research, a specification of the process that leads to coalitions, and a discussion of the impact of coalitions.
Surviving Post-merger ‘Culture Clash’: Can Cultural Leadership Lessen the Casualties?:

Merger and acquisition (M&A) activity continues to rise, despite evidence that the majority of M&As fail to meet the financial and synergistic expectations of shareholders or employees. Post-merger ‘cultural clashes’ are often blamed for disappointing M&A outcomes, yet little research exists to guide organizations through the difficult process of cultural integration. In particular, the process of cultural leadership as an important influence on merging organizational cultures and subcultures has been only sporadically examined. Through an analysis of interviews with 42 post-merger employees, this study qualitatively explores the construct of cultural leadership (Trice & Beyer, 1991, 1993). The results advance the definition and measurement of cultural leadership, bringing it out of the theoretical realm to explore the key processes of creation, change, and integration that comprise effective post-merger cultural leadership. These findings have important implications for how organizations can anticipate p...
Are We Ready for God?: Value and Profit in Sustainable Development and Market Capitalism

Introduced by a cover story promising "a skeptical look at corporate social responsibility," The Economist recently published four articles under the title "The Good Company: A Survey of Corporate Social Responsibility" (January 22-28, 2005). The second of these, "The World According to CSR," is uncompromisingly critical of sustainable development and its triple bottom line. Although The Economist does not offer definitions of sustainable development (or, for that matter, of corporate social responsibility), they are not difficult to locate elsewhere. The United Nations World Commis sion on Environment and Development, for example, defines sustainability with respect to the present and the future: "Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future gener ations to meet their own needs" (Smart Communities Network). The envi ronmental architect Muscoe Martin cites the etymological origin of the word, and describes its scope to include "physical, cultural, and . . . spiri tual characteristics":
The MASC Word Sense Corpus

The MASC project has produced a multi-genre corpus with multiple layers of linguistic annotation, together with a sentence corpus containing WordNet 3.1 sense tags for 1000 occurrences of each of 100 words produced by multiple annotators, accompanied by indepth inter-annotator agreement data. Here we give an overview of the contents of MASC and then focus on the word sense sentence corpus, describing the characteristics that differentiate it from other word sense corpora and detailing the inter-annotator agreement studies that have been performed on the annotations. Finally, we discuss the potential to grow the word sense sentence corpus through crowdsourcing and the plan to enhance the content and annotations of MASC through a community-based collaborative effort.
Pilot Clinical Trial of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence-Augmented Colonoscopy in High Risk Patients.

White light colonoscopy is the current gold standard for early detection and treatment of colorectal cancer, but emerging data suggest that this approach is inherently limited. Even the most experienced colonoscopists, under optimal conditions, miss at least 15–25% of adenomas. There is an unmet clinical need for an adjunctive modality to white light colonoscopy with improved lesion detection and characterization. Optical molecular imaging with exogenously administered organic fluorochromes is a burgeoning imaging modality poised to advance the capabilities of colonoscopy. In this proof-of-principle clinical trial, we investigated the ability of a custom-designed fluorescent colonoscope and indocyanine green, a clinically approved fluorescent blood pool imaging agent, to visualize polyps in high risk patients with polyposis syndromes or known distal colonic masses. We demonstrate (1) the successful performance of real-time, wide-field fluorescence endoscopy using off-the-shelf equipment, (2) the ability of this system to identify polyps as small as 1 mm, and (3) the potential for fluorescence imaging signal intensity to differentiate between neoplastic and benign polyps.
When the Patient Seeks Cure: Challenging Chemotherapy and Radiation Side Effects Requiring Creative Solutions

When undergoing concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for anal cancer, patients often experience significant side effects, including grade 1 or 2 radiation dermatitis, pain, exudate, and diarrhea. This case study presents a grade 3 reaction complicated by complex medical conditions. In addition to an evidence-based skin care treatment and side effect management plan that support patients during this intense period, this article offers creative strategies to provide a cost-effective healing option.
Simulation and optimization for a computer-controlled large-tool polisher

Large aspheric mirrors are ground and polished at the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab (SOML) using stressed-lap polishers under computer control.1 Stressed-lap polishing uses large stiff circular polishing tools, which are actively deformed under computer control so the lap continually fits the aspheric mirror surface.2,3 The size of the tool is typically one-third to one- sixth the diameter of the mirror. As the lap is translated across the rotating mirror, the lap's horizontal speed and rotation rate, the total force on the lap, and applied moments to the lap are all dynamically controlled. In order to take full advantage of these many degrees of freedom, computer simulation and optimization software has been developed. The simulation is based on Preston's relation (local removal rate proportional to pressure and relative velocity) but allows the inclusion of non-linear effects based on measured results. The optimization of polishing parameters is accomplished by a damped least squares cp- timization algorithm which varies the polishing parameters to obtain a desired simulated removal profile. This software has been successfully used at SOML to guide grinding and polishing of numerous large primary and secondary telescope mirrors? The software was developed for the stressed lap polishers at the University of Arizona, but it can be used with equal effae- tiveness for other types of polishers.
The rovibrational nature of closed-shell third-row triatomics: HOX and HXO, X = Si + , P, S + , and Cl

Abstract Atmospheric and even interstellar chemistry are dominated by the presence of small molecules. This work examines closed-shell, triatomic, hydroxide molecules containing a single third-row atom: HOSi+, HSiO+, HPO, HOS+, HSO+, HOCl, and HClO as well as their deuterated isotopologues and those with 37Cl. The use of proven composite energy-defined quartic force fields is further benchmarked where experimental data is known in order to provide an estimate for the accuracy of other previously unknown values for these and even previously unexamined species. Rotational constants within 1 MHz and vibrational frequencies within 1 cm−1 of experiment are produced in some cases with typical comparison around 50 MHz and 10 cm−1, respectively. As such the remaining previously unreported geometries, spectroscopic constants, vibrational frequencies, and dipole moments will enhance the spectroscopic analysis of any environment, terrestrially or astronomically, where the properties of these molecules may serve better to inform the chemistry of these regions.
The Justification of Inverse Discrimination

IN answer to J. W. Nickel's claim (ANALYSIS 32.4, PP. 113-114) that inverse discrimination is acceptable because the relevant characteristic is the fact that Blacks were discriminated against and not just that they are Black, J. L. Cowan (ANALYSIS 33.1, PP 10-i12) has countered: 'The reason why he was discriminated against is not what should now ground reparation, but rather simply the fact that, and extent to which, he was unjustly discriminated against for whatever reasons' (pp. io-i i). Cowan claims that if prior discrimination is the basis it will apply to White and Black, male and female, depending on the individual case, and inverse discrimination is replaced by a more conventional model of fairness. It does seem to me, however, that Cowan is not giving the inverse discrimination view its due. He has failed to consider the possibility of correlational factors. Suppose, which I think is the case, that Blacks have been discriminated against to such a degree that one is on fairly safe ground in assuming that in repaying all Blacks we are, with few exceptions, repaying fairly. In this kind of situation are we not justified in using, because of empirical correlation, a characteristic which, in itself, would lack moral relevance? There might be two objections to this approach: i. The extent of the correlation could be questioned. 2. It might be claimed that the use of this kind of correlation just is what we mean by improper discrimination. The first is, however, a criticism against this bit of inverse discrimination and not against the soundness of the procedure in general. The second presents more of a problem. In punishing and, in general, acting in a negative way towards categories of people we do not consider it proper to act even on high correlations; we feel each individual should be judged on his own merits. There are limits to this approach. There are always doubts about the individual. We never really know. Invariably we do act on correlation if it is very high. Yet in punishing we shy away from this kind of thing. The same does not apply to positive action, however. In giving we accept a much higher risk of unfairness respecting the individual case; we are less afraid of unjustly giving too much than of hurting the innocent. The above considerations point, then, to the impropriety of coercing Whites, for example, to give reparations to Blacks; but voluntary reparations would be correct despite the unfairness (overpayment) in particular cases.
The diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea.

Gonorrhea has been known under different names since ancient times. The disease is pandemic throughout the world. The reason for lack of control is that about 75% of infected females have no symptoms and may act as carriers. Male carriers are less frequent. Gonorrhea is essentially a behavioral disease. It can only be controlled when sexual behavior is controlled. The epidemic of gonorrhea in the U.S. began in 1957 when the case rate was 129/100000 population. In 1967 the reported case rate was 193 and in 1971 285/100000. It is chiefly a disease of big metropolitan centers where the rate may reach 610/100000/year. Males are infected 3 times more often than females. More nonwhites than whites become infected. Young adults have the highest incidence followed by teen-agers. An attack fails to confer immunity to subsequent infection. Except for conjunctivitis and occasionally vulvovaginitis in preadolescent girls gonorrhea is almost always sexually contracted. Among homosexuals proctitis from rectal exposure is common. Fellatio or oral-genital contact may result in gonorrheal pharymgitis. The organism causing infection is a gram-negative diplococcus commonly seen in biscuit-shaped pairs within the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Organisms grow best on special media with reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide. An irritant endotoxin causes the inflammation and purulent discharge. The average incubation period for males is 3-5 days but symptoms may occur as early as 1 day or as late as 2 weeks. In the male the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea is easy except when the patient has taken penicillin or another wide-spectrum antibiotic. In the female the diagnosis is more difficult . Specimens of pus must be taken from the urethra and cervix preferably at the time of menstrual period. Trichomonas vaginalis may cause confusing symptoms. Oral treatment of these patients and their sexual partner with metronidazole (Flagyl) is effective. Prevailing strains of the gonococcus vary widely in sensitivity to penicillin. In females a dose of 2400000 units im with a 2nd dose in 48 hours is routine. In areas where insensitive strains of the organism are common a dose of 4800000 units is 1st given. Probenecid 500 mg may be given an hour before the penicillin injection. Ampicillin may be used instead of peni cillin G. In patients allergic to penicillin the drug of choice is tetracline .5 mg every 6 hours for 12 doses. Spectinomycin 4 gm im may be substituted. An examination and blood test for syphilis should be done on all patients with gonorrhea and should be repeated after 1 month. In addition every patient should be questioned regarding sexual contacts and those named should be reported to the proper health authorities for follow-up.
Modulation Design for Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward Relay HARQ

As a practical technique for enhancing relay and HARQ transmissions, modulation diversity (MoDiv) uses distinct constellation mappings for data retransmissions. In this work, we study the MoDiv optimization in a amplify-and-forward (AF) two-way relay channel (TWRC). The design of MoDiv to minimize the bit-error rate (BER) is formulated into a successive Koopmans–Beckmann quadratic assignment problem (QAP), which is solved sequentially with a robust tabu search method. The performance gain of our MoDiv scheme over retransmission without remapping and a heuristic MoDiv scheme is demonstrated with numerical results.
Analysis on Epidemiological Characteristics and Control Measures of Measles in Kaifeng City During 2006-2010

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Kaifeng City from 2006 to 2010,and put forward measures for measles elimination in 2010. [Methods]Descriptive epidemiology method was adopted to analyze the measles incidence and control measures in Kaifeng City from 2006 to 2010. [Results]Measles cyclical trend showed in 8 years,with peak incidence appeared every 3 years;after peak in 2005,the incidence reached a lower level in 2006,then rose up in 2007,and reached a new high level in 2008.After 2009,the incidence decreased and reached minimum level in 2010.Measles cases were widely distributed,epidemic modes were dissemination and outbreaks.The incidence was mainly in Weishi County,Qi County and Kaifeng County.Epidemic season is April to June.Incidences mainly belonged small-age mode,a high incidence of measles was found among children between 0 and 1 year old who occupied 29.39% to 54.29% of total cases.75% cases had non-immune or immune unknown history,19% only received measles vaccine inoculation for 1 dose. [Conclusion]It is necessary to strengthen the routine immunization for measles prevention and control,the collection and analysis of epidemic data and the supplementary immunization before peak incidence appeared,to expand the vaccination age range of school-age children,to implement supplementary immunization timely,and adopt comprehensive control measures(e.g.supplementary immunization) on different groups of population(women of childbearing age,pregnancy women),so as to achieve the goal of measles elimination in 2012.
Moving multi-object detecting and tracking in stable scene

An approach to detecting and tracking moving objects is presented.For an image sequence of including moving objects,background frame is first generated using the method which is presented,then color images are converted into binary ones according to brightness distortion and chromaticity distortion of current-frame pixels from background-frame pixels,and morphologic operation and connected component measurement are introduced to solve background disturb problem,in order to improve impact of moving object detecting,the background pixels are updated by period'global background updated method and local background updated method.Moving areas about human or vehicle are tracked by Kalman filter,and recognized by using color-based information and figure-based models.This method can compute fast enough to suffice real-time system.
Room contamination, patient colonization pressure, and the risk of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus colonization on a unit dedicated to the treatment of hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Background Contaminated surfaces and colonization pressure are risk factors for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) colonization in intensive care units (ICUs). Whether these apply to modern units dedicated to the care of hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) procedures is unknown. Methods We reviewed the records of 780 consecutive admissions for acute leukemia, autologous HSCT, or allogeneic HSCT in which the patient was at risk for hospital-acquired VRE and underwent weekly surveillance. We also obtained staff and room cultures, observed staff behavior, and performed VRE molecular strain typing on selected isolates. Results The overall rate of VRE colonization was 11.4 cases/1,000 patient days. Cultures of room surfaces revealed VRE isolates in 10% of terminally cleaned rooms. A prior VRE-colonized room occupant did not increase risk, and paired isolates from 20 patients and prior occupants were indistinguishable on molecular typing in only 1 pair. VRE colonization pressure was significantly associated with acquisition. Cultures of unit personnel and shared equipment were negative except for weighing scales. Observation of unit clinical personnel showed high compliance for hand sanitation and but less so for gowns. Conversely, ancillary staff showed poor compliance. Conclusions Transmission of VRE from room surfaces seems to be an infrequent event. Encouraging adherence to surveillance, disinfection, and contact isolation protocols may decrease VRE colonization rates.
Social media cultivating perceptions of privacy: A 5-year analysis of privacy attitudes and self-disclosure behaviors among Facebook users:

In light of the omnipresence of personal information exchange in the virtual world, this study examines the effects of Facebook use on privacy perceptions and self-disclosure behaviors across a 5-year period from 2010 to 2015. Findings at the global level support the socializing role of Facebook in cultivating more relaxed privacy attitudes, subsequently increasing self-disclosure in both offline and online contexts. However, longitudinal trends indicate that while risk perceptions increased for heavy users, they remained stable for light users. Furthermore, the negative relationship between privacy concerns and self-disclosure weakened across time. Implications for the application of cultivation theory to a contemporary social media context and the year-to-year changes in the impact of Facebook use on privacy attitudes and self-disclosure are discussed.
An autosomal genomic screen for autism

Collaborative Linkage Study of Autism: Stacey Barrett,4 John C. Beck,2 Raphael Bernier,1 Erica Bisson,1 Terry A. Braun,2 Thomas L. Casavant,2 Deb Childress,2 Susan E. Folstein,1* Melissa Garcia,3 Mary Beth Gardiner,3 Stephen Gilman,1 Jonathan L. Haines,3 Kelly Hopkins,3 Rebecca Landa,4 Nicole H. Meyer,2 Julie Ann Mullane,1 Daryl Y. Nishimura,2 Pat Palmer,2 Joseph Piven,2** Joy Purdy,3 Susan L. Santangelo,1,5 Charles Searby,2 Val Sheffield,2 Jennifer Singleton,2 Susan Slager,2 Tom Struchen,2 Sarah Svenson,1 Veronica Vieland,2 Kai Wang,2 Brian Winklosky1 1New England Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 2University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 3Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 4The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 5Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
Between Planning and Politics : Intellect vs. Interaction as Analysis

Professors and policy analysts share one thing at least: they prefer explanations depending on latent rather than manifest functions—theories that are not obvious because they can account for action more profound than the specific behavior to be explained. After all, if things are just as they seem on the surface, who needs theorists? These academic scribblers have differed critically, however, in their evaluation, of the mysterious mechanisms that guide society.
Development and validation of the CALIPSO ocean subsurface data

CALIOP, the dual wavelength, polarization sensitive lidar flying aboard the CALIPSO satellite, has been operating since June 2006 and is expected to continue beyond 2017. CALIOP's depolarization ratio is one of the best calibrated measurements from space. Over the life of the CALIPSO mission, the stability of the CALIOP depolarization ratio calibration has remained within 1%. CALIOP's highly stable depolarization ratio measurements can be used for studying changes in phytoplankton backscatter and carbon biomass (Behrenfeld et al., 2013). Using the depolarization ratio measurements from CALIOP together with collocated A-Train measurements (such as the ocean surface backscatter cross section derived from CloudSat ocean surface backscatter measurements, AMSRE/AMSR-2 wind speeds, and MODIS diffuse attenuation coefficients), we have developed innovative retrieval methods that translate the CALIOP ocean subsurface signals into the following optical and physical properties (Behrenfeld et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2015): • the cross polarization component of the column integrated ocean subsurface backscatter signal; • the particulate backscatter coefficient (bbp); • the depolarization ratio of ocean subsurface backscatter; and • the ocean subsurface beam attenuation coefficient. These new CALIOP data products can provide a wealth of unique information to complement existing ocean color measurements, including nighttime measurements, measurements underneath aerosols and non-opaque clouds, measurements in polar regions during all seasons and near sea-ice, and direct measurements of beam attenuation coefficients.
Shoeboxer: An algorithm for abstracted rapid multi-zone urban building energy model generation and simulation

Abstract In this paper the authors present an algorithm that abstracts an arbitrarily shaped set of building volumes into a group of simplified ‘shoebox’ building energy models. It is shown that for generic perimeter and core floorplans the algorithm provides a faster but comparably accurate simulation results of annual load profiles vis-a-vis multi-zone thermal models generated according to ASHRAE90.1 Appendix G guidelines. Envisioned applications range from rapid thermal model generation for urban building energy modelling to schematic architectural design. Following a description of the algorithm, its ability to produce load profiles for a mixed-use neighborhood of 121 fully conditioned buildings for a variety of climates is demonstrated. The comparison yields relative mean square errors in simulated annual building energy use intensity of five to 10 percent compared to ASHRAE 90.1 compliant building energy models while reducing simulation times by a factor of 296.
Thousand Oaks Library, Grant R. Brimhall Library, Special Collections, American Radio Archives, Thousand Oaks, California

The American Radio Archives is one of the largest radio broadcasting collections in the world. The Archives focus on entertainment programming from the “Golden Age” of radio, up to the 1950s. It in...
The Neural Circuitry Subserving Aversive Conditioning of Contact Placing in Cats

Before considering aversive conditioning of contact placing (CP), it is useful to review the circuitry subserving this behavior. Previous studies from our laboratory utilizing lesions, cold blocks, and recordings from individual somatosensory and motor control neurons led to the proposal that CP in the adult cat is dynamically subserved by at least two major thalamocortical projection systems, the ventralis posterior to sensorimotor cortex and the cerebellum to ventralis lateralis and anterior to motor cortex (Amassian et al., 1972a,b). More recently, the rubral projection system was shown also to contribute dynamically to CP (Batson and Amassian, 1986), the major contributing input deriving from the deep cerebellar nuclei (Amassian and Batson, 1983). In the neonatal kitten, the sensorimotor cortex initially does not contribute to CP, but during the second week, the pyramidal tract (PT) begins contributing tonically to CP, the adult pattern of control of CP subsequently emerging after 6–7 weeks (Amassian and Ross, 1978). The claim that full hindlimb placing can be elicited in the spinal kitten (Forssberg et al., 1974) has been refuted in several laboratories (Amassian et al., 1977; Bradley et al., 1983; Bregman and Goldberger, 1982), the lower brainstem being essential, especially the vestibular complex (Amassian et al., 1977).
La moralidad básica de la personalidad humana, en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos: un límite para los asuntos inmigratorios

El articulo examina la jurisprudencia de la Corte Europea de Derechos Humanos relacionada con el articulo 3 de la Convencion Europea de Derechos Humanos, por la que impone limites a la potestad legal de los Estados para expulsar extranjeros o admitir su entrada al territorio. Debido a que en ciertos casos, dicho curso de accion puede ser contrario a la clausula del convenio.