cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constant-Time Approximation Algorithms via Local Improvements

We present a technique for transforming classical approximation algorithms into constant-time algorithms that approximate the size of the optimal solution. Our technique is applicable to a certain subclass of algorithms that compute a solution in a constant number of phases. The technique is based on greedily considering local improvements in random order.The problems amenable to our technique include vertex cover, maximum matching, maximum weight matching, set cover, and minimum dominating set. For example, for maximum matching, we give the first constant-time algorithm that for the class of graphs of degree bounded by d, computes the maximum matching size to within epsivn, for any epsivn > 0, where n is the number of nodes in the graph. The running time of the algorithm is independent of n, and only depends on d and epsiv.
System of systems approach to a human tracking problem with mobile robots using a single security camera

Solving the problem of integrating several independent systems to work intelligently and autonomously together has been an important task for an area called System of Systems (SoS). Currently there are initiatives in large-scale systems utilizing a SoS approach, such as Internet and Ballistic Missile Defense systems. In this work, a smaller, yet complex human tracking task by a mobile robot in a dynamic outdoor environment has been achieved by utilizing a SoS design approach. The detection of moving humans is performed using statistical background modeling and foreground detection on sequential images provided by a single fixed security camera in an outdoor location. The robot control is achieved through established communication formatted as XML messages containing positional data of a moving human target. A real world application of such a SoS architecture includes border thread detection, where humans crossing the border illegally can be tracked by autonomous border protection vehicles.
Expression of the Irisin Precursor FNDC5 in Skeletal Muscle Correlates With Aerobic Exercise Performance in Patients With Heart Failure

Background— Exercise-induced increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression has been shown to increase the expression of the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 ( FNDC5 ) gene and thereby its product, irisin, in mice. Given that exercise intolerance is a hallmark characteristic of heart failure (HF), and because PGC-1α and irisin promote exercise benefits in animals, we hypothesized that expression of these genes relates to aerobic performance in patients with HF. Methods and Results— Systolic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%) patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing to evaluate aerobic performance. High versus low aerobic performance was assessed using oxygen consumption (peak Vo2 [>14 versus ≤14 mL O2·kg−1·min−1]) and ventilatory efficiency (VE/Vco2 slope [<34 versus ≥34]). Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to quantify muscle gene expression. Twenty-four patients were studied. FNDC5 (5.7±3.5 versus 3.1±1.2, P<0 .05) and PGC-1α (9.9±5.9 versus 4.5±1.9, P <0.01) gene expressions were greater in the high-peak Vo2 group; correlation between FNDC5 and PGC-1α was significant ( r =0.56, P <0.05) only in the high-peak Vo2 group. Similarly, FNDC5 and PGC-1α gene expression was greater in the high-performance group based on lower VE/Vco2 slopes (5.8±3.6 versus 3.3±1.4, P <0.05 and 9.7±6 versus 5.3±3.4, P <0.05); FNDC5 also correlated with PGC-1α ( r =0.55, P <0.05) only in the low VE/Vco2 slope group. Conclusions— This is the first study to show that FNDC5 expression relates to functional capacity in a human HF population. Lower FNDC5 expression may underlie reduced aerobic performance in HF patients.
A note on marriage market clearing

Abstract We provide a formula for marriage sex ratios based on birth sex ratios and dynamic factors like the marriage age gap and gender-specific mortality. We show that ignoring dynamic considerations can lead to faulty conclusions about scarcity in marriage markets.
Abnormal rhythms in patients without known cardiac disease after a first dose of fingolimod.

Abstract Background Fingolimod is used to reduce the rates of relapse and slow the progression of disability in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In-office monitoring of patients for 6 h after the first dose of fingolimod is currently recommended due to rare cardiac rhythm disturbances. The objective of this paper is to describe our experience with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring of patients with RRMS starting on fingolimod. Methods Since changes to the FDA recommendations for first dose observation, a total of 59 patients with RRMS began treatment with fingolimod. After the first dose, all patients were observed for 6 h with continuous electrocardiographic telemetry, vital signs were checked every hour, and 12 lead ECG performed before and after the 6-h period. Results Three out of 59 (5%) patients developed arrhythmia that led to discontinuation of fingolimod. The first patient had a sinus bradycardia with idioventricular escape rhythm that lasted 45 s and two patients developed second-degree atrio-ventricular block Mobitz type I. None of the patients had a history of prior cardiacc disease or was taking other medications that may cause arrhythmia or bradycardia. Conclusion Continuous on-line electrocardiographic telemetry may detect abnormal rhythms in a small number of patients started on fingolimod. The clinical significance of these is unclear and warrants further study.
A Novel Technology for Measuring Cumulative Cardiac Biomarker Exposure over Time: What Happened When We Weren't Looking?

Cardiac troponin testing is front and center for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of an acute coronary syndrome, and in the absence of an ST-segment elevation on their electrocardiogram. For at least 15 years, the troponin concentration on presentation or the peak value during hospitalization has been recognized to carry both short- and long-term prognostic information. More recently, longitudinal follow-up of biomarkers after an MI has led to the recognition that patients with persistent increases in cardiac troponin or natriuretic peptide concentrations also have a poor prognosis compared with post-MI patients who have a decrease in concentrations (1, 2). With the recent evolution to “high-sensitivity” cardiac troponin assays, which can achieve a 10-fold increase in low-end sensitivity compared with their contemporary counterparts, detectable troponin concentrations can now be measured in 25%–67% of the general population, depending on the patient's age (3, 4). Even these low-level increases are not benign in these seemingly asymptomatic individuals, because such increases are associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events, including MI. Although cardiac imaging can provide some insight into the cardiac pathology underlying a persistent biomarker increase after an MI or in the general population, imaging still provides limited insight into a longitudinal process, given the cross-sectional nature of an imaging study. For example, in a patient with a high coronary calcium score according to computed tomography and an increased left ventricular mass by echocardiography, it is difficult to determine whether a detectable cardiac troponin concentration is due to a clinically unrecognized MI or to a persistent increase caused by myocardial pathology. Examples of 2 possible post-MI patterns for patients identified with a chronic troponin increase are shown in Fig. 1. Over an extended period of time, the patient with …
The Molten Salt Reactor Adventure

A personal history of the development of molten salt reactors in the United States is presented. The initial goal was an aircraft propulsion reactor, and a molten fluoride-fueled Aircraft Reactor E...
Accelerated LV remodeling after myocardial infarction in TIMP-1-deficient mice: effects of exogenous MMP inhibition.

Alterations in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) have been implicated in adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the...
The Plasmodium protein network diverges from those of other eukaryotes

Plasmodium falciparum is the pathogen responsible for over 90% of human deaths from malaria. Therefore, it has been the focus of a considerable research initiative, involving the complete DNA sequencing of the genome, large-scale expression analyses, and protein characterization of its life-cycle stages. The Plasmodium genome sequence is relatively distant from those of most other eukaryotes, with more than 60% of the 5,334 encoded proteins lacking any notable sequence similarity to other organisms. To systematically elucidate functional relationships among these proteins, a large two-hybrid study has recently mapped a network of 2,846 interactions involving 1,312 proteins within Plasmodium. This network adds to a growing collection of available interaction maps for a number of different organisms, and raises questions about whether the divergence of Plasmodium at the sequence level is reflected in the configuration of its protein network. Here we examine the degree of conservation between the Plasmodium protein network and those of model organisms. Although we find 29 highly connected protein complexes specific to the network of the pathogen, we find very little conservation with complexes observed in other organisms (three in yeast, none in the others). Overall, the patterns of protein interaction in Plasmodium, like its genome sequence, set it apart from other species.
Mechanism of Activation of β-d-2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluoro-2′-C-Methylcytidine and Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B RNA Polymerase

Beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine (PSI-6130) is a potent specific inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA synthesis in Huh-7 replicon cells. To inhibit the HCV NS5B RNA polymerase, PSI-6130 must be phosphorylated to the 5'-triphosphate form. The phosphorylation of PSI-6130 and inhibition of HCV NS5B were investigated. The phosphorylation of PSI-6130 by recombinant human 2'-deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and uridine-cytidine kinase 1 (UCK-1) was measured by using a coupled spectrophotometric reaction. PSI-6130 was shown to be a substrate for purified dCK, with a Km of 81 microM and a kcat of 0.007 s-1, but was not a substrate for UCK-1. PSI-6130 monophosphate (PSI-6130-MP) was efficiently phosphorylated to the diphosphate and subsequently to the triphosphate by recombinant human UMP-CMP kinase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, respectively. The inhibition of wild-type and mutated (S282T) HCV NS5B RNA polymerases was studied. The steady-state inhibition constant (Ki) for PSI-6130 triphosphate (PSI-6130-TP) with the wild-type enzyme was 4.3 microM. Similar results were obtained with 2'-C-methyladenosine triphosphate (Ki=1.5 microM) and 2'-C-methylcytidine triphosphate (Ki=1.6 microM). NS5B with the S282T mutation, which is known to confer resistance to 2'-C-methyladenosine, was inhibited by PSI-6130-TP as efficiently as the wild type. Incorporation of PSI-6130-MP into RNA catalyzed by purified NS5B RNA polymerase resulted in chain termination.
On the performance of high-rate TPC/SPC codes and LDPC codes over partial response channels

This paper evaluates two-dimensional turbo product codes based on single-parity check codes (TPC/SPC) and low-density parity check (LDPC) codes for use in digital magnetic recording systems. It is first shown that the combination of a TPC/SPC code and a precoded partial response (PR) channel results in a good distance spectrum due to the interleaving gain. Then, density evolution is used to compute the thresholds for TPC/SPC codes and LDPC codes over PR channels. Analysis shows that TPC/SPC codes have a performance close to that of LDPC codes for large codeword lengths. Simulation results for practical block lengths show that TPC/SPC codes perform as well as LDPC codes in terms of bit error rate, but possess better burst error statistics which is important in the presence of an outer Reed-Solomon code. Further, the encoding complexity of TPC/SPC codes is only linear in the codeword length and the generator matrix does not have to be stored explicitly. Based on. the results in the paper and these advantages, TPC/SPC codes seem like a viable alternative to LDPC codes.
Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Critical Review of Published Original Data

Objective The issue of thimerosal-containing vaccines as a possible cause of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has been a controversial topic since 1999. Although most practitioners are familiar with the controversy, many are not familiar with the type or quality of evidence in published articles that have addressed this issue. To assess the quality of evidence assessing a potential association between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism and evaluate whether that evidence suggests accepting or rejecting the hypothesis, we systematically reviewed published articles that report original data pertinent to the potential association between thimerosal-containing vaccines and ASD/NDDs. Methods Articles for analysis were identified in the National Library of Medicine's Medline database using a PubMed search of the English-language literature for articles published between 1966 and 2004, using keywords thimerosal, thiomersal, mercury, methylmercury, or ethylmercury alone and combined with keywords autistic disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, and neurodevelopment. In addition, we used the "related links" option in PubMed and reviewed the reference sections in the identified articles. All original articles that evaluated an association between thimerosal-containing vaccines and ASD/NDDs or pharmacokinetics of ethylmercury in vaccines were included. Results Twelve publications that met the selection criteria were identified by the literature search: 10 epidemiologic studies and 2 pharmacokinetic studies of ethylmercury. The design and quality of the studies showed significant variation. The preponderance of epidemiologic evidence does not support an association between thimerosal-containing vaccines and ASD. Epidemiologic studies that support an association are of poor quality and cannot be interpreted. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that the half-life of ethylmercury is significantly shorter when compared with methylmercury. Conclusions Studies do not demonstrate a link between thimerosal-containing vaccines and ASD, and the pharmacokinetics of ethylmercury make such an association less likely. Epidemiologic studies that support a link demonstrated significant design flaws that invalidate their conclusions. Evidence does not support a change in the standard of practice with regard to administration of thimerosal-containing vaccines in areas of the world where they are used.
Interactions Between Positive and Negative Regulators of GCN4 Controlling Gene Expression and Entry Into the Yeast Cell Cycle

The GCN4 gene encodes a transcriptional activator in yeast whose expression is regulated at the translational level in response to amino acid availability. gcn3 mutations block derepression of GCN4 expression in starvation conditions. gcd1 and gcd12 mutations restore derepression of GCN4 expression in gcn3 deletion mutants, suggesting that GCN3 positively regulates GCN4 indirectly by antagonism of these GCD functions. gcd1 and gcd12 mutations also lead to temperature-sensitive arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in gcn3 deletion mutants. The GCN3 allele completely suppresses both derepression of GCN4 expression and the temperature-sensitive growth conferred by gcd12 mutations and partially suppresses these phenotypes in gcd1 mutants. This suggests that the GCN3 product can promote or provide GCD function in nonstarvation conditions even though it opposes GCD function when cells are starved for amino acids. The gcn3-102 allele is completely defective for positive regulation of GCN4 expression; however, it mimics GCN3 in suppressing gcd1 and gcd12 mutations and thus retains the ability to restore GCD function in nonstarvation conditions. These data suggest that GCN3, GCD1 and GCD12 have closely related functions required for regulation of GCN4 expression and entry into the cell cycle. We suggest that GCN3 antagonizes the regulatory functions of GCD1 and GCD12 in starvation conditions either by competing with these factors for the same sites of action or by modifying their structures by physical interaction.
Regulation of postembryonic G(1) cell cycle progression in Caenorhabditis elegans by a cyclin D/CDK-like complex

In many organisms, initiation and progression through the G(1) phase of the cell cycle requires the activity of G(1)-specific cyclins (cyclin D and cyclin E) and their associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2, CDK4, CDK6). We show here that the Caenorhabditis elegans genes cyd-1 and cdk-4, encoding proteins similar to cyclin D and its cognate cyclin-dependent kinases, respectively, are necessary for proper division of postembryonic blast cells. Animals deficient for cyd-1 and/or cdk-4 activity have behavioral and developmental defects that result from the inability of the postembryonic blast cells to escape G(1) cell cycle arrest. Moreover, ectopic expression of cyd-1 and cdk-4 in transgenic animals is sufficient to activate a S-phase reporter gene. We observe no embryonic defects associated with depletion of either of these two gene products, suggesting that their essential functions are restricted to postembryonic development. We propose that the cyd-1 and cdk-4 gene products are an integral part of the developmental control of larval cell proliferation through the regulation of G(1) progression.
Expression of Plasmid Genes Encoding Escherichia Coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin in Bacterial Strains with Different Genetic Backgrounds

Although rapid progress has been made in understanding the ecology and molecular biology of Ent plasmids and in defining the structure, mode of action, and immunochemistry of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), little is known concerning the factors that control the synthesis of this plasmid-coded toxin. In an initial effort to identify genetic factors that might control production of LT, we have compared the expression of plasmidcoded LT structural genes in bacterial with known regulatory mutations and in strains representing a variety of bacterial genera found among the aerobic gram negative flora of the intestinal tract. The role of each of the following genetic variables has been evaluated: defects in cyclic-3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) metabolism in E. coli, a chromosomal hypertoxinogenic (htx) mutation in E. coli, and genera other than Escherichia as hosts for Ent plasmids.
Long-horizon Robotic Search and Classification using Sampling-based Motion Planning.

This paper presents the Rapidly-exploring Adaptive Search and Classification (ReASC) algorithm, a sampling-based algorithm for planning the trajectories of mobile robots performing real-time target search and classification tasks in the field. The proposed algorithm incrementally builds up a tree of solutions and evaluates the utility of each solution for identifying targets in an environment. An optimistic approximation for the classification utility is used, which reduces the computational cost of evaluating trajectories and makes real-time adaptive planning feasible. The proposed algorithm is tested on an autonomous aquatic vehicle and are shown to outperform myopic methods by up to 36% in a lake monitoring scenario.
Mutations in the Nuclear Encoded Novel Mitochondrial Protein CHCHD10 Cause an Autosomal Dominant Mitochondrial Myopathy (S55.001)

Objective: To report a novel causative gene for an autosomal dominant mitochondrial myopathy. Background Mitochondrial myopathies belong to a larger group of systemic diseases caused by morphological or biochemical abnormalities of mitochondria. Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutation either in the mitochondrial or in the nuclear genome. Design/Methods: Patients are part of previously reported Hispanic kindred with autosomal dominant mitochondrial myopathy (Heiman-Patterson et al 1997). Linkage analysis was established using fluorescent microsatellite markers and illumina genome wide SNP markers. Candidate gene was identified using MitoCarta (Vamsi K. Mootha, personal communication). Candidate gene was sequenced using Beckman Coulter CEQ 8000 DNA analysis system. The cDNA of wild type, single and double mutant gene were cloned in pCMV-Myc vector and co-transfected with pDsRed2-mito in HEK293 cells. The co-localization was monitored with confocal microscopy. Results: In this five generation Hispanic family we established linkage to chromosome 22q11. Using the tools of integrative gneomics, we established CHCHD10/ C22orf16 as the high scoring mitochondrial candidate gene in our minimal candidate region. Sequence analysis revealed a double heterozygote missense mutation in this gene. These two mutations segregated with disease phenotype and were absent in 500 Caucasians and Hispanic non affected controls. Both wild types, single and double mutant proteins co-localized with mitochondria. Conclusions: We identified a new nuclear encoded mitochondrial gene ( CHCHD10 ) as the cause of an autosomal dominant mitochondrial myopathy. CHCHD10 encodes a non characterized 142 aa protein with a target mitochondrial signaling peptide and a conserved CHCH domain. This CHCH domain is present in many intermembrane space proteins, such as the family of small Tim proteins. The exact function of this protein remains to be determined. Our findings expands the spectrum of mitochondrial myopathies caused by nuclear gene dysfunction. Disclosure: Dr. Ajroud-Driss has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fecto has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ajroud has nothing to disclose. Dr. Siddique has nothing to disclose.
Studies on the Genus Forcipomyia, 2. the Nearctic Species of the Subgenera Thyridomyia and Synthyridomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

The 11 Nearctic species of the subgenera Thyridomyia and Synthyridomyia of the genus Forcipomyia are described and illustrated. Three species are new: floridensis from Florida, sinuosa from Sinaloa, Mexico, and tenuichela from California. F. aspinosa Saunders is a synonym of frutetorum (Winnertz), F. hirta Lundstrom and palustris Saunders are synonyms of monilicornis (Coquillett), F. abludens Remm is a synonym of knockensis Goetghebuer, and F. moascari Macfie is a synonym of murina (Winnertz) (NEW SYNONYMIES).
Lithium augments pilocarpine-inducedfos gene expression in rat brain

Abstract Lithium salts are considered the most effective agents used in treating manic-depression. Previous studies in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells indicate that lithium has a dramatic augmenting effect on expression of thefos proto-oncogene, a component of the AP-1 transcription factor. Althoughfos expression is activated by agonists that function through different signal transduction pathways, the lithium augmenting effect appears to be specific for receptor and post-receptor stimulators of protein kinase C (PKC). In particular,fos induction mediated by the m1 muscarinic receptor linked to PKC activation was found to be exquisitely sensitive to lithium enhancement. We now show that a similar augmenting effect can be demonstrated in rat brain. Following treatment with the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine,fos mRNA accumulates in the cortex, an effect that is blocked by the m1 antagonist pirenzepine. Rats treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride exhibited a substantial increase in pilocarpine-mediatedfos expression. In contrast,fos expression induced in several brain regions by a single electroconvulsive shock is not augmented by lithium. The finding that short-term treatment with lithium enhancesfos expression in the brain suggests a mechanism for its therapeutic action.
Severity Diagnosis and Assessment of the Partial Discharge Provoked by High-voltage Electrode Defect on GIS Insulator Surface

We designed a scheme to diagnose and assess the severity levels of the partial discharge(PD) provoked by high-voltage electrode defect on GIS insulator surface.With the application of gradually increased voltage,long-term tests were conducted on a well-established 252 kV GIS experiment platform to observe the entire evolution process of partial discharge from its very initiation till the eventual flashover.Real-time measurement was also undertaken during the tests to capture the trend curve of partial discharge as a result of test time,the scatter plot,histogram,grey-scale map,and the time-frequency map of the partial discharge.The results indicate that,1) partial discharge initiated by high-voltage electrode defect in GIS can be classified into three severity levels,namely,petty discharge,medium discharge,and threatening discharge;2) as partial discharge exacerbates,the phase distribution widens gradually,and corresponding shape changes occur in the scatter plot,histogram,grey-scale map,and the time-frequency map.It is suggested that the features of phase distribution and the corresponding spectra can be used as important criterion in diagnosing and assessing the severity levels of the partial discharge triggered by high-voltage electrode defect on GIS insulator surface.
Cytopathologic Diagnosis of Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma

We identified 29 bronchial washing, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, and fine-needle aspiration specimens with corresponding surgical pathology specimens with features of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). Surgical pathology correlates were reclassified according to the 1999 World Health Organization classification into pure BAC, mixed adenocarcinoma–BAC (AD-BAC), and papillary adenocarcinoma (PAP-AD). Twelve cases of invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma (INV-AD) without a bronchioloalveolar component were reviewed for comparison. The cytology slides were evaluated for 12 features of BAC. No statistically significant feature permitted separation of BAC from AD-BAC or from PAP-AD. However, comparison of BAC with INV-AD identified 9 statistically significant cytologic features: clean background, absence of 3-dimensional clusters, neoplastic cells in flat sheets, orderly arrangement of cells with round uniform nuclei, predominance of mucinous cells, absence of nuclear overlap, absence of irregular nuclear membranes, fine granular chromatin, and nuclear grooves that were features of BAC cases. Although cytologic evaluation cannot prospectively diagnose BAC, the bronchioloalveolar pattern may be recognized and suggests in situ proliferation that is present in BAC, AD-BAC, or PAP-AD. The bronchioloalveolar pattern must be correlated with clinical, radiographic, and histologic parameters to determine whether the tumor is localized, multifocal, or diffuse and whether there is parenchymal invasion.
Expansion of the nest of Nasutitermes costalis

The nest expansion behavior ofNasutitermes costalis, a common Neotropical arboreal termite, was analyzed by means of direct and photographic observation of a thriving laboratory colony over a 45-month period. 52 expansion episodes were recorded, each resulting in the addition of as much as 10% to the nest volume. The expansion process can be divided into 3 phases Initiation, Building, and Termination. Termination results in a nest surface whose shape focuses initial building efforts during the Initiation of subsequent expansion. Building consists almost entirely of multiple repetitions of a few simple architectural elements — primarily the branching of one wall into two and the joining of neighboring walls via a bridge — all occurring on a smooth “active surface” which persist throughout each expansion episode. Interesting similarities between certainN. costalis nest expansion architectural features and structures builtde novo by queened termite groups from 3 subfamilies of the Termitidae suggest that this is a relatively primitive mode of nest expansion.
Disease Resistance in Rice

Rice in different parts of the world is grown in many different agroecosystems and in different pathosystems. This means that the kinds and levels of resistance needed will differ among locations and thus, among rice improvement programs. Moreover, the rice ecology (dry or wet upland, irrigated, swamp, etc.) influences greatly the epidemiological potential of various common pests and diseases, beyond general climatic differences. The tendency for any new level of resistance to be short or long lasting is also dependent on these different factors, above and beyond the genetic plasticity of the pathogen and the type of resistance added to the host genotype.
The War of Succession

During the last half of Shah Jahan's reign a long-standing political and intellectual conflict in the Mughal empire polarized around the two most able and forceful Mughal princes: Dara Shukoh and Aurangzeb. An experienced military commander and administrator, Aurangzeb served as governor of the Mughal Deccan and Gujarat, and then as commander of Mughal armies in the invasion of Balkh and the first two sieges of Qandahar fort. Aurangzeb and Mir Jumla had for some time worked up a plan for the invasion of the kingdom as soon as the long-anticipated death of Muhammad Adil Shah occurred. When Shah Jahan fell ill, pent-up tensions between the mature Timurid princes exploded into a four-sided war of succession. On June 5, 1659, Aurangzeb sat on the throne in the Hall of Public Audience in the fortress at Shahjahanabad. It was Aurangzeb's insistence on Islamic exclusivity that shaped imperial policy over the next half century.
Influence of Soft Kernel Texture on the Flour, Water Absorption, Rheology, and Baking Quality of Durum Wheat

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) production worldwide is substantially less than that of common wheat (T. aestivum). Durum kernels are extremely hard; thus, most durum wheat is milled into semolina, which has limited utilization. Soft kernel durum wheat was created by introgression of the puroindoline genes via homoeologous recombination. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the puroindoline genes and soft kernel texture on flour, water absorption, rheology, and baking quality of durum wheat. Soft Svevo and Soft Alzada, back-cross derivatives of the durum varieties Svevo and Alzada, were compared with Svevo, a hard durum wheat, Xerpha, a soft white winter wheat, and Expresso, a hard red spring wheat. Soft Svevo and Soft Alzada exhibited soft kernel texture; low water, sodium carbonate, and sucrose solvent retention capacities (SRCs); and reduced dough water absorptions similar to soft wheat. These results indicate a pronounced effect of the puroindolines. Conversely, SDS...
The Philosophical Boom: The 1990s

Beginning in 1991, the Russian reading public suddenly found a world of opportunity available in print, to each according to his interest. Music lovers could subscribe to the rock-and-roll magazine Rockcor, contractors might read the bimonthly newspaper Household Rules (Domostroi), and the magazine Overcoming (Preodolenie) offered stories and advice for the disabled. For fish enthusiasts there was the hobbyist journal Aquarist (Akvariumist), while the scientifically inclined entrepreneur could subscribe to Chemistry and Business (Khimiia i Biznes), all founded in 1991. Special-interest periodicals like these and others were joined by countless new literary journals, along with academic and professional journals in every field imaginable, from dentistry to the preservation of military memoirs. Post-Soviet expression went hand in hand with a robust journalistic presence, wherein the subcultures that had formed in the 1970s and 1980s could now express themselves in print on the pages of new periodicals founded in the nascent post-Soviet nation.
Neurophysiological Theory of Ureteral Function

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the neurophysiological theory of ureteral function. All ureteral changes that may develop later in the course of the disease are secondary to bladder dysfunction and are not primarily caused by the effect of the neurogenic deficit on the ureter. Experiments give evidence for the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in the ureter that are responsive to both endogenous and exogenous mediators. Ureteral contraction waves usually involve a relatively long segment rather than one spot at a time. In the absence of urine flow distal to complete obstruction, as after nephrectomy, there are no contraction waves. Ureteral dyskynesia in functional ureteral obstruction is the only lesion that was thought to be because of a neurogenic deficit with lack of ganglion cells, as is seen in Hirschsprung disease.
Moisturizers, Lubricants, and Vulvar Hygiene Products: Issues, Answers, and Clinical Implications

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a group of symptoms that encompasses vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), and affects more than half of all postmenopausal females. There are many etiologies that may cause GSM-like symptoms including declining hormone levels, post partum lactation, medications, and certain medical illnesses. GSM is often under-recognized by both the woman and her health care professional. VVA can cause a constellation of signs and symptoms including irritation, pain burning, and itchiness. Although systemic and local hormonal treatment is often recommended, many women may decline their use or opt for a more conservative approach. Numerous women are opting for over-the-counter products for their dryness solutions, including moisturizers, lubricants, and vulvar washes to help manage these symptoms. There is a lot of consumer confusion concerning these products, and with a plethora of varieties on the market, it is easy for the woman to get confused concerning type of products and the additives and chemical that maybe found within them. This review article summarizes the common characteristics of vaginal moisturizers, lubricants, washes, and dispels some of the misperceptions concerning common chemical/additives found in these products. It is important for the reader to note that trade names of several over-the-counter products are mentioned throughout the manuscript and this should not be interpreted as a specific product endorsement.
History of RNase P and Overview of Its Catalytic Activity

A description of the history of RNase P, including a few of the personal events in the experimental process, is given. The discovery of the catalytic action of the RNA subunit of RNase P from Escherichia coli is also presented in some detail.
EDFA Wavelength Dependent Gain Spectrum Measurement Using Weak Optical Probe Sampling

Wavelength dependent gain is a critical parameter in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and is the primary determinant of the channel power divergence and excursions in optical transmission systems, each of which varies with channel loading in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems. In an optical transmission system, measurements of the wavelength dependent gain between two locations can be used to obtain estimates of optical power excursions that occur in optical circuit switching. Non-intrusive sampling of just 10% of the WDM channel positions using weak probe signals achieves less than 0.15 dB error for the gain spectrum estimation of the amplifier with 5 dB tilt. In a two-span node-to-node network with a 3 dB peak-to-peak channel power difference, the weak probe approach further shows to provide less than 0.2 dB error in optical channel power excursion prediction for changes in channel loading.
Effectiveness of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrates versus plasma on vitamin K antagonist associated plasma international normalized ratio reversal: a systematic review protocol.

REVIEW QUESTION The question of this review is: what is the effectiveness of Kcentra/Beriplex/Confidex compared to plasma for international normalized ratio (INR) reduction in adult patients (18 years and over) on any vitamin K antagonist therapy?
Image Guidance for Ventricular Shunt Surgery: An Analysis of Ventricular Size and Proximal Revision Rates.

BACKGROUND Image guidance is a promising technology that could lead to lower rates of premature shunt failure by decreasing the rate of inaccurate proximal catheter placement. OBJECTIVE To perform a detailed radiographic analysis of ventricular size using 3 well-described methods and compare proximal revision rates. METHODS Our shunt surgery research database was queried to identify procedures (new placement or revision) where frameless stereotactic electromagnetic neuronavigation was used (January 2010-June 2016). A randomly selected cohort of surgeries done without image guidance during the same time period served as the comparison group. A radiographic analysis utilizing the following indices was used to classify ventricular size: bifrontal, bicaudate, and frontal-occipital horn ratio. The primary outcome was shunt failure due specifically to proximal catheter malfunction at 90 and 180 days. RESULTS A total of 108 stereotactic and 95 free-hand cases were identified. Overall, there was no difference in ventricular size between the 2 groups. Neuronavigation yielded improved accuracy rates (73% grade 1; P < .001). Although there was no statistically significant difference in proximal revision rates when all patients were analyzed, there was a clinically beneficial reduction in the 90- and 180-day failure rates across all radiographic indices in children with small-to-moderate ventricular sizes when using image guidance. CONCLUSION Electromagnetic neuronavigation results in more accurate placement of catheters, but did not result in an overall reduction in proximal shunt failure at 90 and 180 days after the index surgery. However, subgroup analysis suggests a clinically important benefit in those patients with harder to cannulate ventricles.
The Effect of Electroencephalography Leads on Image Quality in Cerebral Perfusion SPECT and 18F-FDG PET/CT

Cerebral perfusion SPECT and 18F-FDG PET/CT are commonly performed diagnostic procedures for patients with epilepsy. Individuals undergoing these tests are often inpatients with electroencephalography leads. We have routinely removed these leads because of concern that they would lead to imaging artifacts. The leads would then be replaced at the conclusion of the scan. The goal of our study was to determine whether the electroencephalography leads actually do cause artifacts that can lead to erroneous scan interpretation or make the scan uninterpretable. Methods:18F-FDG PET/CT and 99mTc-pertechnetate SPECT were performed on a 2-dimensional brain phantom. The phantom was scanned with standard leads, CT/MR-compatible leads, and no leads. The quality of the images was ranked by 3 experienced nuclear medicine physicians, who then determined whether they could differentiate each of the scans from a scan in which it was known that no leads were present. Results: No differences could be detected between scans obtained without leads and scans obtained with either set of leads. The standard electroencephalography leads did create artifacts in the CT portion of the PET/CT images, whereas the CT/MR-compatible leads did not. Conclusion: This phantom study suggests that electroencephalography leads, whether standard or CT/MR-compatible, do not need to be removed for SPECT or PET procedures. Further study evaluating the effect on actual patient scans would be of value to support this conclusion.
Predominantly Lymphocytic Group

In this chapter, lichen planopilaris, Graham Little syndrome, frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), pseudopelade (Brocq), and central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia are described. Two additional entities that are not primary cicatricial alopecias are included, namely chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD) because they are important to recognize and differentiate.
Specific Heats of Some Cryogenic Structural Materials I—Fe-Ni-Base Alloys

The results of low-temperature and intermediate-temperature specific heat measurements on stainless steel 310S (two heat treatment conditions) and Inconel X750 (four melting practice/heat treatment combinations) were presented and discussed at the 1975 International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) [1]. In a continuation of that work, measurements have been made on 10 more samples, consisting of Inconel X750 (HIP), Inconel 706, Kromarc 58, and Nitronic 33, in various metallurgical conditions.
Spatial Equilibrium and the Spatial Characteristics of a Simple City

This chapter reviews the development of a simple model of a city incorporating the basic features of the economic structure of cities. Such a model should capture the essence of spatial interaction between producers and consumers in a city, and it should yield theoretical results that correspond to the basic empirical facts about cities. In cities, most or all commercial activity occurs in the central business district (CBD), which is located in the central part of the city. This central location of all commercial activity results from businesses outbidding residents for this central land. Firms in the CBD produce the city's traded or export good. Surrounding the CBD is the residential sector where all city residents live. From their home sites, residents commute to the city center and then disperse to their work sites. Residents in the city maximize utility defined over market goods and amenities subject to a budget constraint and the amenity choices facing them. Housing represents both a consumer good and a particular spatial location in the city. Associated with each spatial location in the residential sector is a level of amenities consumed by residents. Finally, in a stable equilibrium solution, both the CBD and the total city will be symmetric circles.
Opial-Type Inequalities that Involve Higher Order Derivatives

Estimates of integrals of the form ∫ |y (x) y′ (x) |dx are made in terms of integrals of the form ∫[y(n) (x)]2 dx for functions y satisfying appropriate end point conditions. Certain extremal functions are shown to exist and have particular mon-otonicity properties. For each n, these extremals can be found explicitly by solving associated systems of linear equations. The best constants in the estimates can then be obtained.
Comparing Changes in Diet Quality Between Two Technology-Based Diet Tracking Devices

This study aimed to examine changes in Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores, components, and energy intake between automated Bite Counter (Bite) and traditional diet tracking mobile app (App) groups. This was a secondary analysis of the DIET Mobile study, a 6-month weight loss intervention. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data were collected. Overweight/obese adults (N = 81) were randomized to Bite or App groups. The intervention was delivered through behavioral podcasts. Participants were provided customized calorie/bite goals and used their device to track intake. We assessed changes in HEI-2010 scores from baseline to 6 months between groups. t tests, chi-square, and repeated measures ANOVA were performed. Models included time, group, and group×time interaction, controlling for no other covariates. There were no significant changes in HEI-2010 scores, components, or energy intake between groups at 3 or 6 months. This study found that both the Bite and App groups were able to reduce their energy intake and there was no difference in changes in diet quality between groups, which provides some support for using the less intensive, more automated method (Bite Counter) for long-term dietary self-monitoring. The study had a low sample size according to power calculations. Future interventions aimed at improving diet quality through mHealth technology should investigate the potential to develop a new app or modify an existing app that would allow for dietary self-monitoring that provides specific feedback on how users’ diets align with diet quality components in the HEI to improve overall diet quality.
Evaluation of Non-Oxide Fuel for Fission-based Nuclear Reactors on Spacecraft

AbstractThis project investigated the use of uranium nitride (UN) and uranium carbide (UC) reactor fuel and compared their performance to uranium oxide (UO2) in a nuclear reactor for space-based applications. As a baseline for analysis, the Prometheus Project reference reactor module was considered: a gas-cooled fast reactor using highly enriched UO2 fuel with 1 MW of thermal power output and a 15-year core life. An estimate of the temperature feedback effect on reactivity was made for each fuel type at the beginning, middle, and end of core life; results for each fuel were compared. This analysis indicates that UN-fueled reactors may exhibit a stabilizing negative reactivity feedback for increasing temperatures and that this benefit persists in the face of fuel composition changes over core life. The benefit of increased uranium loading density was assessed through a quantitative estimate of overall core weight for each fuel. It was found that weight savings on the order of 1000 kg can be realized for a ...
An analysis of the safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban (Riv) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in gastrointestinal cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (GICA-VTE).

374Background: CAVTE has a significant morbidity and mortality burden, with higher incidence and bleeding complications of anticoagulation (AC) in GICA. Current guidelines prefer LMWH, and recently...
Abstract # 3179 The interaction of benefit finding and behavioral disengagement in predicting inflammatory biomarkers

Objective This study aimed to examine relationships between benefit finding (BF) and inflammatory biomarkers after prostate cancer. BF has been linked to positive mood after cancer and, when paired with active coping, to better health outcomes. A recent model (Zoellner & Maercker, 2006) suggests that the benefits of BF depend on the use of coping strategies (e.g., approach vs. avoidance). We examined whether higher BF at study entry (T1) would be associated with lower proinflammatory markers (i.e., sTNF-RII, CRP, IL-6), four months later (T2). Then, we explored whether active coping or behavioral disengagement moderated the relationship. Methods A sample of 66 men treated for localized prostate cancer within the prior two years completed assessments of BF and coping at T1 and provided blood samples for immune assessments at T2. Results Controlling for age, BMI and ethnicity, BF predicted higher CRP ( β = 40, p = .02), but was not significantly associated with IL-6 or sTNF-RII. Interactions between BF and behavioral disengagement significantly predicted CRP and sTNF-RII, suggesting that BF is associated with higher inflammation ( β = .39 and .08, p = .01 and.02 for CRP and sTNF-RII, respectively) only in the context of relatively high behavioral disengagement. Conclusions Although finding benefit after cancer is generally thought to promote adjustment, it may be physiological dysregulating in the context of higher avoidance.