cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the ABAS-II with Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers

Publisher Summary Identifying difficulties and implementing appropriate interventions among very young children are some of the most important tasks assumed by educators, psychologists, and others responsible for the education and care of children. Adaptive skills comprise the most important developmental tasks accomplished during the first several years of life. Parents of infants and young children with or without disabilities wait and watch for those functional tasks that signal the development of independence and well-being. This chapter provides an overview of issues related to the assessment of adaptive skills using the ABAS-II with infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. The Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II (ABAS-II) is a comprehensive instrument designed for use with individuals ages birth to 89. Two forms of the ABAS-II, the Parent/Primary Caregiver Form (Ages 0–5) and the Teacher/Daycare Provider Form (Ages 2–5) are relevant for the assessment of infants and preschool children. A general discussion of assessment within this age range is provided, including a description of the nature of the conditions likely to result in referral for evaluation of children and special considerations for assessing very young children. A case study is presented to illustrate the clinical utility of the ABAS-II with a toddler at-risk for disabilities.
The role of prior and optimal team decision in binary classification

Optimal team decision making subject to error-prone team members with different capabilities has been studied extensively - particularly in the context of binary classification. The over-arching goal is to correctly classify an object as either being a True Target or a False Target. Each team member comes with pre-specified Type I and II error rates and is asked whether or not he determines the object to be a True Target. Based on the member responses, a collective decision that minimizes the probability of misclassification (or some other suitable metric) is made. This is a widely researched topic, having applications in pattern recognition, organizational decision making, social (dichotomous) choice situations, reliability studies etc.; however, in past work, the obvious connection to information theory is missing. In this work, we establish the optimal team decision rules that minimizes the probability of misclassification, by direct application of Bayesian decision theory. In doing so, we bring out the key role played by the a priori probability (prior) that the object is a True Target. In particular, for a homogeneous team composition, we establish the criteria whence the majority voting scheme is indeed optimal. Whereupon, it immediately follows that the higher the prior, the fewer the number of affirmative votes needed to classify the object as a True Target.
Exploitation by Economic Necessity

This study develops and tests a model that proposes economic necessity moderates the relationship between psychological contract violations (PCVs) and organizational commitment and trust in the emp...
Adolescent injuries in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Uruguay: Results from the 2012-2013 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS).

Abstract Objectives The goals of this study were to identify the proportion of early adolescents in southern South America who were injured in the past year, to identify risk behaviours and other exposures associated with injuries, and to evaluate the most common types and causes of injury in this population. Methods We used complex samples analysis to examine cross-sectional data from more than 35,000 students from all four countries in South America that participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) in 2012–2013. Results The proportion of students reporting at least one injury in the past year that required medical treatment or caused at least one full day of missed school or usual activities was 27.1% in Argentina, 29.5% in Uruguay, 30.9% in Chile, and 36.8% in Bolivia. Significantly more boys than girls reported injuries. Injured students were more likely than non-injured students to report anxiety-induced insomnia, being physically attacked, being in a physical fight, and being lonely in the past year, and they were also more likely to report being bullied, using tobacco, drinking alcohol, and missing school in the past month. For both boys and girls, the most common type of injury reported was a broken bone or dislocated joint and the most common injury cause was the student falling. However, most students were not able to provide a specific answer to either question. Conclusion The GSHS has been conducted in 100 low- and middle-income countries and territories around the world, and new waves of data collection are currently being planned and implemented. The utility of the injury data from the GSHS would be improved if the injury type and cause response items were updated to better capture information about self-harm, sports injuries, and other statistics that will provide a stronger foundation for evidence-based injury prevention interventions in adolescent populations.
Azacitidine Plus Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (GO): A Novel Combination in the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and High-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) in the Elderly.

Abstract AML and high-risk MDS in the elderly carry a poor prognosis. Only 46% of AML patients receiving standard chemotherapy achieve complete remission (CR) and treatment-related mortality approaches 30% above age 60. In 2005, we initiated a Phase II trial for elderly patients with newly diagnosed AML or MDS, using the following outpatient treatment schema: If white blood cell (WBC) count at presentation was >10,000/ul, pt was started on hydroxyurea 1500 mg twice daily by mouth. Leukapheresis was performed if WBC >100,000/ul. Once WBC count was
The Hippo-p53 pathway in megakaryopoiesis.

Megakaryocytes are among the largest and rarest cells in the body, accounting for approximately 0.01% of nucleated cells in the bone marrow. Their differentiation involves a progression from hematopoietic stem cell to the megakaryocyte progenitor and finally to platelets.[1][1] A key step in their
Policy on Posthumous Sperm Retrieval: Survey of 75 Major Academic Medical Centers

Objective To evaluate the presence and content of policies on posthumous sperm retrieval at 75 major academic medical centers in the U.S. Materials and Methods We surveyed the top 75 major academic medical centers ranked for research in 2016 by U.S. News & World Report using a questionnaire-based telephone/web survey. We gathered data on the presence and content of posthumous sperm retrieval policies on the Internet. If not published, we contacted the legal counsel, the ethics and compliance offices, the urology department, as well as the infertility treatment center associated with each institution. In addition, we also surveyed members of the Society for Male Reproduction and Urology. Results We gathered data regarding posthumous sperm retrieval from 41 out of the 75 major academic medical centers. Of the 41 institutions, only 11 (26.8%) had policies regarding posthumous sperm retrieval. Out of those 11 centers, 4 required prior written consent, whereas the remaining 6 allowed for verbal or inferred consent from the surviving life partner. One policy prohibited the procedure. Five of the policies in this survey included a bereavement period. Of the 30 (73.2%) centers without policies, lack of legal guidance was cited as the most common barrier to policy adoption. Conclusion Only a small proportion of major academic medical centers have policies on posthumous sperm retrieval. Medical centers can adopt individualized policies based on guidelines published by professional societies.
Hispanic Population Growth Engenders Conservative Shift Among Non-Hispanic Racial Minorities:

The racial/ethnic diversity of the United States is increasing, yet recent social psychological research has focused primarily on White Americans’ reactions to this demographic trend. The present r...
A NOTE ON ΤΑ ΕΣΧΑΤΑ ΕΙΔΗ AT 644A23 IN ARISTOTLE'S PART. AN. 1.4 *

Is Aristotle committed, as a theoretical matter, to fixed species in biology? The answer seems to be a resounding no, if we were to infer his theoretical commitments from the actual practice found in his biological works. The answer, however, is far from clear, if we turn to the ‘philosophical discussion of biology’ found in Book 1 of Parts of Animals . In fact, I shall note that its context suggests that, contrary to some recent interpretations put forward, the phrase τὰ ἔσχατα eἴδη at 644a23 is best translated and understood as ‘ infima species’, and that such a reading implies that Aristotle favours the methodology that reflects his theoretical commitment to fixed species (at least in Book 1 of Part. an. ).
eHealth marketing to millennials: a view through a systemigram

With the help of Boardman soft systems methodology (BSSM) and its associated graphical system technique (i.e., systemigram), this work seeks to improve identification and comprehension of the intricate relationships between the factors that impact the millennial eHealth marketing landscape. This study contributes to the literature by: a) pinpointing the bottlenecks in the domain of millennial eHealth marketing; b) providing practitioners and academics with a detailed graphical representation of the circumstances they are facing; c) providing system analysts with relevant information for better comprehension of the systemic issues concerning millennial eHealth marketing; d) providing important insights that illuminate new avenues to explore through the medium of the systemigram. Further outcomes of these findings and implications for future research are elaborated.
Bullying versus creativity: Mutually exclusive workplace behaviors

Applied creativity relies on workers who trust the environment and feel confident in making uncustomary strides to solve everyday problems. However, when employees face workplace bullying, the opportunity for true creativity is compromised as the brain is thrown into a flight or fight response, instead of a state that allows for creativity. Hence, this essay will discuss the behavioral response and brain damage experienced by the targets of workplace bullying. Recent studies show that true damage to the brain occurs for those dealing with intense stress on the job; in addition, damage to the organization occurs as well. Therefore, this essay reflects on how the creative process, which is needed in tough economic times, is truly compromised by workplace bullying.
Hyperstructured illumination in disordered media

We study the performance of imaging based on hyperstructured illumination, the super-resolution approach using structured illumination with a hyperbolic substrate, in a realistic environment with material disorder. We demonstrate that the approach allows robust data recovery even with limited information on the disorder.
Data-Informed Ebook Discovery: An Analytical Approach to the User Experience

This article reports on an effort to better understand the discoverability of ebook collections at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). Library staff analyzed titles in nine eb...
Ayurveda and the science of aging

Since time immemorial, humanity has been concerned with developing and preserving youthful vigor, and extending longevity by stopping or delaying the aging process. By 2030, one in five of the world population will be over 65 years old. Longevity and old age are accompanied with a variety of health challenges and population studies indicate that the elderly will use between three to five times more healthcare services compared to the younger population. Modern medicine has made a great deal of progress in understanding the aging process and in controlling age-associated health issues including heart attacks, strokes, diabetes, cancer, senility, and arthritis. Thus, every individual is now looking forward to a youthful, productive lifespan of 100 or more years filled with unlimited health and opportunity. Research by aging experts is focused on ways to go against the natural order of the aging process in order to delay it. Interventions include among other things anti-aging pills, restricted food consumption and cloning body parts to stay young and delay biological aging. Ayurveda, one of the world's most authoritative mind-body-spirit medicinal systems, offers various concepts of the aging process. This system of medicine includes therapies for healthy aging so as to create an optimal health and lengthen an individual's healthspan by living in harmony with nature. This review will explore various aspects of aging and longevity by comparing the science of aging as defined by modern medicine with the Ayurvedic treatise of Jara and Vriddhavastha.
Examining the impact of race/ethnicity and gender intersectionality on preferences of social distance from individuals with mental health conditions

ABSTRACTThis study examined the difference between the relationship of socio-demographic variables as well as the intersection between race/ethnicity and gender on nine indicators of social distance from people with mental health conditions (MHC). Secondary analysis of a randomized telephone survey drawn from the Missouri Institute of Mental Health and the Missouri Mental Health Foundation in the spring of 2013 was conducted. The sample included 2,244 Midwestern respondents. Multivariate logistic regressions were utilized. The sample was mostly White (91.7%) and female (59.8%), with a mean age of 57.1 years. Being female, 65+ years of age, and having a higher annual income ($50,000+) was associated with a lower preference for social interactions with individuals experiencing MHC. Black males, however, had an increased willingness to interact with this population. Findings suggest that it may be beneficial for anti-stigma programs to target populations that seem to be consistently less willing to interact ...
mTORC1 Activation by Loss of Tsc1 in Myelinating Glia Causes Downregulation of Quaking and Neurofascin 155 Leading to Paranodal Domain Disorganization

Mutations in human tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes TSC1 and TSC2 are the leading causes of developmental brain abnormalities and large tumors in other tissues. Murine Tsc1/2 have been shown to negatively regulate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in most tissues, and this pathway has been shown to be essential for proper oligodendrocytes/Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. Here, we report that ablation of Tsc1 gene specifically in oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells activates mTORC1 signaling resulting in severe motor disabilities, weight loss, and early postnatal death. The mutant mice of either sex showed reduced myelination, disrupted paranodal domains in myelinated axons, and disorganized unmyelinated Remak bundles. mRNA and protein expression analyses revealed strong reduction in the RNA-binding protein Quaking (Qk) and the 155 kDa glial Neurofascin (NfascNF155). Re-introduction of exogenous Qk gene in Tsc1 mutant oligodendrocytes restored NfascNF155 protein levels indicating that Qk is required for the stabilization of NfascNF155 mRNA. Interestingly, injection of Rapamycin, a pharmacological mTORC1 inhibitor, to pregnant mothers increased the lifespan of the mutant offspring, restored myelination as well as the levels of Qk and NfascNF155, and consequently the organization of the paranodal domains. Together our studies show a critical role of mTORC1 signaling in the differentiation of myelinating glial cells and proper organization of axonal domains and provide insights into TSC-associated myelinated axon abnormalities.
Monoamines: Release Studies

The business of a neuron within the brain is to receive chemical input and often to generate a chemical output. Both the input and the output are primarily a relatively small molecule, such as an amino acid or an amine. The latter comprises the ‘monoamines,’ of which dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are the most prominent. Much is known about the release of these monoamines: where and how they are released, as well as the conditions under which that release occurs. This knowledge comes in part by analogy with the more tractable peripheral nervous system, partly from inferences from approaches such as electrophysiology, and partly from biochemical approaches. The latter can be divided into three major categories: (1) in vivo voltammetry; (2) the physical collection of sample, followed by chromatographic separation and detection (usually via electrochemistry); and (3) the imaging of the amount of a radioligand that is displaced during drug-induced transmitter release. Although lacking in the temporal resolution of electrophysiology or the spatial resolution of immunohistochemistry, these biochemical approaches have done much to elucidate the dynamic characteristics of monoaminergic neurons within the intact brain.
Insulin Production in Overt (Maturity-Onset) Diabetes: Absence of Hyperinsulinemia Despite Hyperglycemia Induced by Contraceptive Steroids

During the course of recent studies with glyhexamide, a new cyclic sulfonylurea, it was found that while this agent was an effective hypoglycemic agent in adult diabetics (1), this activity was unaccompanied by increases in serum (immunoreactive) insulin concentrations (2). These studies fully confirmed reports by other workers with chlorpropamide (3), tolbutamide (4), and acetohexamide (5). The failure of sulfonylureas to raise serum insulin not only leaves uncertain the mode of sulfonylurea action during prolonged treatment but, in addition, invites questions regarding the insulin response of untreated diabetics to hyperglycemia. Thus, while glyhexamide failed to elevate circulating insulin, it was equally apparent from our data that, unlike normals (6) and untreated maturity-onset diabetics (7), restoration of hyperglycemia following treatment was also an ineffective stimulus to insulin secretion.
Schooling and Learning in U.S.-Mexican Families: A Case Study of Households

Recent research indicates that learning and the academic performance of Mexican-American students are influenced by the interplay of economic, cultural, linguistic, and educational factors. In this work, a household analysis is used to illustrate how students' schooling and academic achievement are influenced by household members' activities at home, in the community, and in the schools. The study reports that a household analysis help us understand the relative weight of these factors in shaping students' school performance, and that it also accounts for differential academic achievement in any Mexican-American community. This household analysis indicates that level of family stability and the social and economic conditions of poor communities are the strongest factors affecting students' learning and academic achievement.
Relationship of clinical presentation and angiographic findings in patients with indirect cavernous carotid fistulae.

Introduction Indirect cavernous carotid fistulae (ICCFs) can present with insidious, non-specific symptoms and prove difficult to diagnose. This study evaluates associations among ICCF symptoms and angiographic findings. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of prospectively maintained records at four medical centers to identify patients with ICCFs evaluated with angiography. Patient demographics, symptoms, and angiographic findings were tabulated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify associations among these variables. Results Records sufficient for review existed for 267 patients evaluated with angiography. Patients were most commonly women, in the sixth or seventh decade of life, and had symptoms for months before a definitive diagnosis. The most common symptoms included proptosis, diplopia, cranial nerve palsy, and chemosis. Cortical venous reflux was most common in patients with chemosis, orbital pain, or bruit. Intracranial hemorrhage was associated with cortical reflux and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus occlusion. Patients with loss of symptoms demonstrated higher rates of inferior petrosal sinus occlusion and a trend towards rupture. Conclusion A high index of suspicion is needed to promptly diagnose patients with ICCFs. High risk features are more common in the setting of chemosis, orbital pain, bruit, or spontaneous loss of symptoms. Patients with such symptoms warrant expedited angiographic evaluation.
PhD Forum: Resource Allocation and Task Offloading in Cloud-Assisted Wireless Networks

Our goal is to design, develop, and validate via computer simulations and testbed experiments novel resource allocation and computation offloading algorithms aimed at improving the spectral and energy efficiency in next generation cellular networks. To achieve this goal, we exploit the high degree of cooperation provided by Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) for cloud-assisted wireless networks, including Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) infrastructures.
P63. Comparing patient-reported outcome scores among spine patients: motor vehicle accident insurance versus workers compensation versus general population

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) allow patients to validly self-report functional status, pain level and mental health in comparison with the greater population. Many patients with MVA insurance have concerns regarding causation of their injuries and may be prone to litigation. There is a concern that patients seeking spine care with MVA insurance or WC may report worse symptoms than the general spine population in order to gain external benefit. PURPOSE To determine whether Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF), Pain Interference (PI), and Depression scores at new patient spine visits differed based on whether a patient has Motor Vehicle Accident (MVA) insurance, suffered a workers compensation (WC) injury, or are part of the general population. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective review of prospectively collected data at an urban, tertiary care, academic medical center spine clinic. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 15,158 new patient visits to a spine clinic. OUTCOME MEASURES 1) Insurance type (Motor Vehicle Accident (MVA) Insurance vs. Workers Compensation vs. General Population/All Else); 2) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF), Pain Interference (PI), and Depression. METHODS Patients presenting to a tertiary academic spine clinic between 02/2015 and 01/2018 for a new patient visit completed PROMIS PF, PI and Depression CATs. Patients were divided into three groups: 1) MVA insurance, which may be used as a proxy for potential pending litigation; 2) WC; 3) all other patients. Bivariate analyses were used to: 1) compare patient characteristics; 2) compare mean PROMIS scores; and 3) compare PROMIS score floor effects across the 3 groups. RESULTS A total of 15,158 new patient visits (general pop: 14,452; WC: 336; MVA: 370) fit our inclusion criteria. Patients with MVA insurance or WC had worse PROMIS PF (37.0 vs WC: 36.7 vs general pop: 40.4), PI (65.7 vs WC: 65.9 vs general pop: 61.7), and Depression (55.1 vs. WC: 54.5 vs general pop: 50.8) scores than the general population. PROMIS Depression and PROMIS PI had lower floor effects in the MVA insurance and WC groups (Depression: MVA, 6.2% vs WC, 8.3% vs. general pop, 12.5%; PI: MVA, 0.5% vs WC, 0.3% vs general pop, 2.8%). All differences were statistically significant at p CONCLUSIONS Patients seeking spine care who have MVA insurance, which may represent potential pending litigation, or WC have worse self-reported physical function, pain coping mechanisms, and depression than the general spine population. This may be due to hopes of external gains, monetary or otherwise, or because injuries leading to such situations are genuinely more severe. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
A Retrospective Analysis of Nursing Home to ED Transfer Correspondence Length and ED Length of Stay.

OBJECTIVES To describe a) the length of nursing home (NH) to emergency department (ED) transfer correspondences and b) determine the relationship between NH-ED transfer correspondence length and ED length of stay (LOS). METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study that examined the health records of NH patients who visited one of three Rhode Island EDs included in the study. We used descriptive statistics to examine correspondence length and ED LOS and median quantile regression to evaluate the association between correspondence length and ED LOS. RESULTS Of the 456 ED visits, the median correspondence length was 12 pages (25th, 75th percentile: 8.5, 17 pages). For every one-page increase in correspondence length, the median ED LOS was not significantly changed (Coefficient: 0.82 minutes, 95% CI: -0.56, 2.19). CONCLUSIONS While correspondence length was not associated with ED LOS, this study suggests that stakeholders should work to decrease documentation burden.
Determination of a serum total calcium concentration threshold for accurate prediction of ionized hypercalcemia in dogs with and without hyperphosphatemia.

BACKGROUND: Total serum calcium (tCa) concentrations are poorly predictive of ionized calcium (iCa) status in dogs. HYPOTHESIS: There is an optimal threshold of tCa concentration that is highly predictive of ionized hypercalcemia and this threshold is higher in hyperphosphatemic dogs as compared to nonhyperphosphatemic dogs. ANIMALS: Nonhyperphosphatemic (n = 1593) and hyperphosphatemic (n = 250) adult dogs. METHODS: Retrospective medical record review of paired tCa and iCa concentration measurements in dogs presented to a university teaching hospital over a 5‐year period. Positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for tCa concentration thresholds of 11.0‐15.0 mg/dL (upper limit of laboratory reference interval = 11.5 mg/dL) in nonhyperphosphatemic and hyperphosphatemic groups. RESULTS: In nonhyperphosphatemic dogs, an optimal tCa concentration threshold of 12.0 mg/dL resulted in a positive predictive value of 93% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84%‐98%) and sensitivity of 52% (95% CI, 43%‐61%) for ionized hypercalcemia. An optimal tCa concentration threshold was not identified for hyperphosphatemic dogs. The nonhyperphosphatemic dogs had a higher prevalence of ionized hypercalcemia than the hyperphosphatemic dogs (7 versus 3%, P = .04) and a lower prevalence of ionized hypocalcemia (23 versus 62%, respectively; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: High tCa concentrations are strongly predictive of ionized hypercalcemia in nonhyperphosphatemic adult dogs and should prompt further diagnostic testing to determine the underlying cause of hypercalcemia. In this population, dogs without increased tCa concentrations rarely had ionized hypercalcemia, but iCa concentrations still should be evaluated in patients with tCa concentrations within the reference interval if there is clinical suspicion for calcium abnormalities.
Temporal and spatial changes in bone accrual, density, and strain energy density in growing foals

Bone adaptation is in part driven by mechanical loading, and exercise during youth has been shown to have life-long benefits for bone health. However, the development of early exercise-based interventions that reduce the incidence of fractures in racing horses is limited by the lack of characterization of normal development in growing bone. Previous efforts to quantify bone development in the horse have relied on repeated radiographs or peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans, which are limited in their assessment of the entire bone. In this study, we acquired computed tomography scans of three Standardbred trotting colts longitudinally between 2 and 12 months of age. Finite-element models were constructed of the left forelimb proximal phalanx and used to assess strain energy density during quiet standing. Growth related changes in mineral density and bone area fraction in the distal epiphysis, mid-diaphysis, and proximal epiphysis were evaluated. Mineral density and bone area fraction uniformly increased in the diaphysis and strain energy density was constant during growth, indicating adaptation to quiet standing. Bone mineral density and bone area fraction increased in the medial quadrant of the proximal epiphysis but not in the fracture-prone lateral quadrant. The data presented provides a benchmark of normal growth trajectories that can be used to evaluate the effect of training regimens during growth.
English and internationalization of Korean universities: Emergent multilingual practices and second language learning

Abstract The internationalization of higher education in South Korea has brought marked changes to the linguistic and cultural diversity of university campuses. This ethnographic case study examined language policies, language use, and intercultural interactions in two localized English-Medium-Instruction courses that incorporated both English and Korean as mediums of instruction. The results drawn from interviews with ten participants and observations of classroom interactions show that English was a primary medium for students’ academic literacy and Korean as an additional communication tool in the absence of any explicit Medium of Instruction policy. They also illustrate how the different statuses of the two languages limited students’ investment in learning Korean as a second language and created unequal intercultural interactions between speakers of different languages. The results illuminate how a neoliberal ideology adopted and enacted at a national and institutional level through internationalization translated into implicit policies and practices at different levels on campus.
Photoacoustic imaging demonstration

Experiments [T. J. Allen and P. C. Beard, “High power visible light emitting diodes as pulsed excitation sources for biomedical photoacoustics,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(4), 1260–1270 (2016)] describe the use of a visible light-emitting diode (LED) as an alternative to using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser as a photoacoustic excitation (1 mJ pulse) source for below-the-surface vascular imaging. They describe the feasibility of using a low-cost LED, overdriven by a factor of 10 in current, with short pulses ∼200 ns operating at a 0.01% duty cycle to achieve ∼10 μJ in an imaging experiment involving hemoglobin absorption (wavelength of 623 nm). A version of the experiment is demonstrated where an SST-90R LED (λ = 620 nm, 18 A maximum CW current) is driven from a home-made MOSFET pulsed driver, capable of providing pulses up to 50 A. Our demonstration of photoacoustic tomography involves a ∼1cm diam LED beam illuminating three closely-spaced vertical 1.4 mm tubes filled with blood (35% haematocrit), mounted in an open acrylic water tank. An immersion transducer (3.5 MHz, cylindrically focused PZT with 60 dB gain) detects time-averaged photoacoustic signals versus rotation angle. Then back-projection imaging can construct a two-dimensional image.
The Ultrasonic Measurement of Stress on Ferrous Plate using Pulsed Electromagnet Magnetostrictive Emat Probes

Last year we finished the design and assembly of a semi-automatic system for the measurement of stress in textured ferritic steel[2], Magneto- strictive EMATs, which have no contributions generated by Lorentz force, were used on ferrous alloys since the absence of the Lorentz force mechanism precludes any velocity errors that might be produced by interference of Lorentz force and magnetostrictively generated signals. Phase shifts due to lift-off were solved by driving the transmitter EMAT’s in series. To make reliable wave-speed measurements in an industrial environment with an economical sampling period of 100 nanoseconds, a Fourier Transform-Phase-Slope technique was implemented which not only solves the zero-crossing problem[1,2], but achieves accuracy approaching the Cramer-Rao bound[3], Initial data are improved over the previous year’s work, however, further refinements are required to archive the expected error bound of ± 2 ksi. These refinements take the form of reducing the effects of temperature induced velocity changes during the measurement process.
Recent experiments using the ARL Rail-SAR

The Army Research Laboratory has constructed an indoor, rail-mounted, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system capable of simulating airborne data collection geometries. The collection facility includes both a “building within a building” for through-the-wall measurements and a “sand pit” for buried-target measurements. While we collect background measurements for the purpose of clutter removal, the elimination of multi-path responses due to target emplacements presents a significant problem. These multipath effects can manifest themselves as artifacts in the processed SAR imagery— artifacts that were observed in data presented at last year’s Defense, Security and Sensing Radar Sensor Technology conference. In this paper, we present the results of additional data collections and analysis performed to identify the source of observed Rail-SAR artifacts. We analyze data collected using various target-emplacement scenarios and describe the procedures developed to eliminate artifacts in future Rail-SAR experiments. We examine results obtained both with and without the new measurement procedures in place.
Studies on Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens: XIX. IMMUNOGENICITY AND ANTIGENIC SITE STRUCTURE OF INTRAMOLECULARLY CROSS-LINKED POLYPEPTIDES

Abstract The introduction of spatially ordered structure into poly Glu52Lys33Tyr15 by intramolecular cross-linking does not change its immunogenicity, but markedly alters its antigenic specificity. The antigenic sites involving the cross-link are much more potent in directing antibody specificity than sites on the linear portions of the polypeptide chain. The presence of these cross-linked antigenic sites, however, does not destroy the antigenic sites on the linear portions of the polypeptide chain, and the latter are capable of reacting completely with antibody directed against them. There is variation in the specificity of different types of spatially organized structure: those formed by an amide cross-link between the side chains of lysine and glutamic acid are more specific than those formed by a dinitrophenylene cross-link connecting lysine residues, tyrosine residues, or both. In addition, the antibody specificity increases as the number of cross-links increases. A series of cross-reaction and inhibition studies shows that the dinitrophenylene group introduces a potent antigenic determinant which is composed of the dinitrophenylene ring and a portion of the polypeptide chain attached to each side of the ring. The size of the antigenic sites on polypeptides varies inversely as the potency of the determinant: linear sites on the polypeptide chain consists of 13 to 19 amino acid residues; the dinitrophenylene determinant involves the dinitrophenylene ring, the amino acids to which it is connected, and a few adjacent amino acids; and the dinitrophenyl-determinant consists of the dinitrophenyl-residue, the amino acid to which it is attached, and a few adjacent amino acid residues.
Mechanical and Physical Properties of Plasma‐Sprayed Stabilized Zirconia

Physical and mechanical properties were determined for plasma-sprayed MgO- or Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings. Properties were determined for the ceramic coating in both the freestanding condition and as-bonded to a metal substrate. The properties of the NiCrAlY bond coating were also investigated.
Die Mittelbeschaffung der Kreditinstitute

Wichtigste Aufgabe der Kreditinstitute ist die Versorgung der Wirtschaft mit Krediten. Hierzu benotigen sie liquide Mittel, die sie als eigene oder fremde Mittel beschaffen konnen. Das Eigenkapital der Kreditinstitute ist verhaltnismasig gering. Es betragt bei den meisten Kreditinstituten weniger als 5 % der Bilanzsumme.
The effect of estrogen on fetal oxygenation.

Abstract In 6 pregnant ewes and 2 goats the umbilical uptake of oxygen was measured before and after the administration of estrogen. In 5 animals with an umbilical uptake of oxygen of less than 8 ml. per kilogram per minute the administration of estrogen resulted in higher oxygen uptakes. It seems probable that the improved fetal oxygenation is the result of increased uterine blood flow.
The Influence of Sex on the Sleep-Cardiovascular Disease Relationship: a Review

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition characterized by frequent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep that affects nocturnal sleep quality and often manifests as symptoms of daytime fatigue and sleepiness. Traditionally considered to be a condition uncommon in the female population, recent large population-based epidemiological studies have reported a much higher prevalence of OSA in females than previously estimated. This shift has brought attention to the influence of sex on risk factors and various health-related consequences associated with OSA. Specifically, there is increasing interest in the sex-related differences in cardiovascular outcomes of OSA—such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, and related mortality. Although the mechanisms underlying the sex-related differences in OSA itself have been explored, the influence of sex on the relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease has not been adequately examined. Our review assesses this influence of sex on the relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease. We emphasize the need for further research to improve our understanding of the effect of sex on the relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease.
Web Services Security: Techniques and Challenges (Extended Abstract)

Web services-based computing is currently an important driver for the software industry. While several standards bodies (such as W3C and OASIS) are laying the foundation for Web services security, several research problems must be solved to make secure Web services a reality. This talk will present techniques for Web services security and some of the challenges and recommendations for secure web services. This paper is based on our experience in developing the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication SP 800-95, "Guide to Secure Web Services". Some of the challenges for secure web services are 1 End to End Quality of Service and Protection 1 Availability of Service 1 Protection from Command Injection Attacks 1 Identity Management To adequately support the needs of Web services-based applications, effective risk management and appropriate deployment of alternate countermeasures are essential. Defense-in-depth through security engineering, secure software development, and architecture risk analysis can provide the robustness and reliability required by these applications.
Signals determining protein tyrosine kinase and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein targeting to a glycolipid-enriched membrane fraction.

Abstract Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane proteins and certain protein tyrosine kinases associate with a Triton X-100-insoluble, glycolipid-enriched membrane fraction in MDCK cells. Also, certain protein tyrosine kinases have been shown to associate with GPI-anchored proteins in other cell types. To characterize the interaction between GPI-anchored proteins and protein tyrosine kinases, GPI-anchored proteins were coexpressed with p56lck in HeLa cells. Both proteins were shown to target independently to the glycolipid-enriched membranes. Coimmunoprecipitation of GPI-anchored proteins and p56lck occurred only when both proteins were located in the glycolipid-enriched membranes, and gentle disruption of these membranes abolished the interaction. The GPI anchor was found to be the targeting signal for this membrane fraction in GPI-anchored proteins. Analysis of mutants indicated that p56lck was nearly quantitatively palmitoylated at Cys-5 but not palmitoylated at Cys-3. The nonpalmitoylated cysteine at position 3 was very important for association of p56lck with the membrane fraction, while palmitoylation at Cys-5 promoted only a low level of interaction. Because other src family protein tyrosine kinases that are associated with GPI-anchored proteins always contain a Cys-3, we propose that this residue, in addition to the N-terminal myristate, is part of a common signal targeting these proteins to a membrane domain that has been linked to transmembrane signaling.
‘Eccellentissimo poeta et amatore divinissimo’: Benedetto Varchi and Michelangelo’s poetry at the Accademia Fiorentina

This study examines the first of two public lectures on Michelangelo delivered by Benedetto Varchi at the Accademia Fiorentina in 1547. The lecture played an unprecedented role in disseminating Michelangelo’s poetry to a broad audience both orally and in print, and the article contends that Varchi was able to do so after receiving a manuscript of poems from an associate of Michelangelo in Rome. Varchi’s broadcast of the poems has significant implications in relation to Michelangelo’s rapport with Tommaso de’ Cavalieri, who is named in the lecture as a recipient of Michelangelo’s poetry. By upholding Michelangelo’s enactment of Socratic love, Varchi grounds this Neoplatonic virtue in lived experience. Drawing on evidence including epistolary correspondence, archival sources, and Varchi’s own poetry, the article shows why the Accademia would have been a uniquely receptive setting for the ideals espoused in Varchi’s commentary.
Biological membrane structure. 3. The lattice structure of membranous cytochrome oxidase.

Abstract Membranous cytochrome oxidase forms a regular two-dimensional array, as visualized by negative staining and electron microscopy. The lattice formed by the spots in the micrographs, which are assumed to be the cytochrome oxidase protein complexes, belongs to the two-dimensional rectangular space group pg; the unit cell dimensions are 88 ± 4 × 127 ± 7 A , with two protein complexes per unit cell. By using the unit cell area in conjunction with the chemical composition of the membrane and the molecular weights and volumes of the constituents, it was possible to construct a geometrical model for the membrane which quantitatively accounts for the measurements in hand. The lipids are present as lamellar bilayer, and the protein complexes pass all the way through the bilayer.
Declining use of the eponym "Reiter's syndrome" in the medical literature, 1998-2003.

The German physician Hans Reiter (1881–1969) is associated eponymously with the syndrome of arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis occurring during or after episodes of diarrhea or urethritis. During World War II, Reiter, a physician leader of the Nazi party, authorized medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. Because of this, some physicians have argued against further use of the Reiter eponym. We investigated trends in use of the Reiter eponym from 1998 to 2003. We searched MEDLINE to identify English-language articles published between 1998 and 2003. Articles were classified by whether the eponym was used without qualification (ie, without mentioning its disfavored use) or not. Five hundred thirty-nine articles were identified. Use of the eponym without qualification was less common in articles published later (34.0% in 2003 vs 57.0% in 1998; adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-0.71; P = .001) and in articles published in higher impact journals (36.8% vs 56.8% in journals without calculated impact factors; adjusted RR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.29-0.73; P = .002). Use without qualification was more common in articles written by US-based authors (60.6% vs 31.1% for European-based authors; adjusted RR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.58-2.97; P
Controlling Revolution: Understandings of Violence through the Rural Soviet Courts, 1917-1923

This essay is a study of how Soviet jurists and rural citizens attempted to understand and control illicit social violence during the Civil War and its immediate aftermath in the rural courts. It examines how Soviet leaders, people's courts and criminologists understood the role of the courts in controlling violence and how decisions of local courts actually limited the effects of the violence of revolution and civil war. It underscores the complexity of violence and the need to understand state and peasant attempts to control social violence in an age marked by political, state violence.
Glucose, insulin, HGH, and cortisol plasma levels in granuloma annulare patients during glucose tolerance and cortisone glucose tolerance test

Glucose, insulin, human growth hormone and cortisol levels are reported during both a standard glucose tolerance test and a cortisone-glucose tolerance test in eleven Granuloma Annulare patients and five healthy subjects. Although little difference seemed to exist between these two groups during the standard GTT they differed significantly (p
Hair grooming practices and central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia

Background The cause of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) in African American women remains to be elucidated. Objective This study was designed to determine the hair-grooming practices in African American women with and without CCCA and to evaluate possible etiologic factors. Methods Utilizing a novel survey instrument, the Hair Grooming Assessment Survey, we performed a retrospective comparative survey of the hair-grooming practices of two populations of African American women seen and evaluated at the Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, MI, between 2000 and 2007. The case group were women with clinical and histologic diagnosis of CCCA, and the control group were those without a history of alopecia. Results All 101 surveys that were returned were analyzed (51 from the case group and 50 from the control group). A strong association was found between the use of both sewn-in hair weaving and cornrow or braided hairstyles with artificial hair extensions and CCCA ( P P P P P Limitations Results are limited by patient recall of past hair grooming practices. Also, as hair grooming practices may vary by geographic region, these results may not be generalized to all women of African descent. Conclusion There is a clear difference in both quantitative and qualitative hair grooming practices among African American women with CCCA.
Algebraic Representation of Dynamics and Behavior for Continuous-Time Linear Systems

An algebraic approach to continuous-time linear systems is presented which closely parallels the discrete-time decomposable systems approach of Arbib and Manes, as well as the older k[z]-module theory of linear systems of Kalman
Sharpness of upper-mantle discontinuities determined from high-frequency reflections

AN understanding of the nature of seismic discontinuities in the Earth's upper mantle is important for understanding mantle processes: in particular, the amplitude and sharpness of these discontinuities are critical for assessing models of upper-mantle phase changes and chemical layering. So far, seismic studies aimed at determining the thickness and lateral variability of upper-mantle discontinuities have yielded equivocal results, particularly for the discontinuity at 410km depth1,2. Here we present short-period (0.8–2.0 s) recordings of upper-mantle precursors to the seismic phase P′P′ (PKPPKP) from two South American earthquakes recorded by the ∼700-station short-period array in California. Our results show that the 410- and 660-km discontinuities beneath the Indian Ocean are locally simple and sharp, corresponding to transi-tion zones of 4 km or less. These observations pose problems for mineral physics models3–5, which predict a transitional thickness greater than 6 km for the peridotite to β-spinel phase transition. In contrast to the results of long-period studies6,7, we observe no short-period arrivals from near 520 km depth.