cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity in Primary and Metastatic Prostate Cancer as Defined by Cell Surface CD Profile

Cluster designation (CD) antigens are cell surface markers that can be used to identify constituent cell populations of an organ. We have previously determined the CD phenotype of normal prostate parenchymal cells (Am J Pathol 2002, 160:37–43) and are now extending this analysis to prostate cancer. Since expression of CD antigens is associated with cellular differentiation, cancer cells may differ from their normal counterpart in their CD profile. Compared with luminal secretory cells, prostate adenocarcinoma cells are frequently negative for CD10 and CD13, express increased levels of the cell activation molecule CD24, and decreased levels of the apoptosis-associated multifunctional enzyme CD38. Expression of CD57, CD63, CD75s, CD107a, CD107b, CD164, and CD166 by cancer cells is similar to that of secretory cells. Prostate basal epithelial cells do not express the CD antigens characteristic of prostate secretory cells; and the basal cell CD markers, CD29, CD44, CD49b, CD49f, CD104, and nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) are not expressed by cancer cells. The preferential expression of secretory cell-associated CD markers by prostate cancer cells suggests a closer lineage relationship between cancer cells and secretory cells than basal cells. Although the above cancer CD phenotype was the most frequently seen, some prostate cancers contained populations of CD10- and/or CD13-positive cells, and CD57-negative cells. Furthermore, the cancer phenotype of tumor metastasis is different. Despite its low frequency in primary tumors, CD10 is expressed by virtually all of the nodal metastases of prostate cancer. In addition, stromal fibromuscular cells associated with primary prostate cancer differ from stromal cells in benign prostate tissue by an increased level of expression of the cell activation molecule, CD90. In summary, our data show that the CD marker expression profile of prostate cancer cells most closely resembles that of secretory prostate epithelial cells and that some prostate cancers consist of heterogeneous cell populations as distinguished by CD-marker expression profiles.
Problem Definition and Public Policy: Congressional Committees Confront Work, Family, and Gender, 1945–1990

Public policy is strongly affected by how public problems are defined, and, in the United States, how Congressional committees define a problem sets the stage for legislative action. This article analyzes how Congressional committees dealt with problems linking paid work, family, and gender from 1945 through 1990. The authors use content analysis of committee reports to systematically describe committee definitions of the problem, competition among definitions, and disagreements between parties and committees. There have been multiple definitions of the problem; definitions incorporating more expansive views of gender equality have won increasing support; and there has been little support for keeping men and women in traditional roles. When the parties disagree, it is more over the scope of government than over paid work, family and gender
Comparison of multichannel and two-state calculations for H-atom transfer between two nearly degenerate states

Multichannel and two-state calculations are made for a collinear H-atom transfer between two heavy masses. The particular reaction studied is on where the initial vibrational state of the reactants is nearly degenerate with a vibrational state of the products. The two sets of results for the reaction probability are in good agreement with each other.
Surface Ultramicroscopy of Sickle Cells

SICKLE cell anaemia is a hereditary disease attributable to homozygosity for the abnormal haemoglobin S (HbS). It is generally accepted that on deoxygenation the HbS, by molecular alignment1, forms insoluble filaments which may produce various deformed types of cell2. In the presentation of the surface ultramicroscopy of human blood cells, Clarke and Salsbury3 represented the pathological red cells of sickle cell anaemia as typically elongated with a linear fold extending along the long axis. They did not specify the state of oxygenation of the cells they observed. Using the scanning electron microscope, we have examined the surfaces of oxygenated and de-oxygenated red blood cells from anaemic patients. We have observed various cell shapes ranging from the normal to elongated deformed types in the oxygenated preparations, and holly-leaf prickled forms to extreme elongation in the deoxygenated cells.
Critical analysis of hot topics in NOTES

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has gained a great deal of attention from gastroenterologists and surgeons all over the world since its introduction in 2000. The field of NOTES has advanced tremendously since that time and exciting and well-designed research has been reported. Both randomized controlled trials and results from large national and international registries have been published. Many experimental and clinical studies have discussed transesophageal, transgastric, transvaginal and transrectal access for a variety of NOTES procedures. Transvaginal access has been the most frequently reported NOTES access route in clinical trials. When suitable instruments become available, a true comparison of NOTES with current laparoscopic approaches can be realized.
Prescription drug misuse and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults

Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between prescription drug misuse (PDM) and sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) among adolescents and emerging adults.Method:In a hospital emergency department, 2,127 sexually active 14- to 20-year-olds (61% female) reported on past-year alcohol use severity (using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–consumption [AUDIT-C]), cannabis use, PDM (n = 422), and SRBs (inconsistent condom use, multiple partners, intercourse following alcohol/other drug use).Results:Bivariately, AUDIT-C score, cannabis use, and PDM of stimulants, opioids, and sedatives were positively associated with each SRB. Because many participants reported PDM for multiple drug classes (i.e., sedatives, stimulants, opioids), participants were categorized as (a) no PDM (n = 1,705), (b) PDM of one class (n = 251), (c) PDM of two classes (n = 90), or (d) PDM of three classes (n = 81). Three hierarchical logistic regression models evaluated the associations of number of classes o...
Gamow-Teller Interaction in the Decay of He-6

The coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ in the electron-neutrino angular correlation $W(\ensuremath{\varphi})=[1+\ensuremath{\alpha}(\frac{p}{W})cos\ensuremath{\varphi}]$ for the ${\mathrm{He}}^{6}$-${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ transition has been determined by measuring the coincidence rate between recoil ions and beta rays of selected energy as a function of the angle between the particles. Since the decay of ${\mathrm{He}}^{6}$ (allowed $\mathrm{ft}$ value and $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=1$) obeys only Gamow-Teller selection rules, the interaction Hamiltonian for this transition is specified completely by (${G}_{A}A+{G}_{T}T$). The measured values of the correlation coefficient are ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1.25}=+0.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11$ for beta rays with mean energy 1.25 Mev and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2.0}=+0.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14$ for the mean energy 2.0 Mev. These results are compared with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{T}=+\frac{1}{3}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{A}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}$ predicted from the pure tensor and axial vector invariants, respectively. The limiting value set by the experiment for ($\frac{{G}_{A}}{{G}_{T}}$) together with the observed absence of the Fierz interference terms for allowed beta spectra proves that the tensor invariant is dominant in the beta-decay interaction of ${\mathrm{He}}^{6}$.
Similarity of cross sections for peripheral collisions at 20 MeV/A and 2.1 GeV/A

Peripheral collisions between /sup 16/O and /sup 208/Pb are investigated at a laboratory energy of 315 MeV. The relative cross sections are remarkably similar to published cross sections measured at 33.6-GeV laboratory energy. They are compared with statistical models involving dinuclear systems and projectile fragmentation. (AIP)
Simple Reaction Time as a Function of Response Complexity: Christina et al. (1982) Revisited.

Abstract Two alternative interpretations to the one proposed by Christina, Fischman, Vercruyssen, and Anson (1982) were investigated. They interpreted the simple reaction time (SRT) increase they found, which was thought to reflect an increase in programming time, to be due to the increase in number of movement parts from one response to another. Experiment 1(N = 15 males) tested the alternative interpretation that the SRT increase was caused by the difference in how the first movement part of the three responses was executed. However, no evidence was found to support this interpretation. Experiment 2 (N = 15 males) tested the alternative interpretation that the SRT increase was due to the increase in the demand for movement accuracy from one response to another. The results revealed that only a very small portion of the SRT increase could be attributed to the increased accuracy demand while the major portion of the increase was due to the increase in number of movement parts.
Hemodynamic effects of inhaled nitric oxide in heart failure

Objectives. This study was performed to assess the utility of inhaled nitric oxide as a selective pulmonary vasodilator in patients with seven chronic heart failure and to compare its hemodynamic effects with those of nitroprusside, a nonselective vasodilator. Background. Preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance is a predictor of right heart failure after heart transplantation. Nonselective vasodilators administered preoperatively to assess the reversibility of pulmonary vasoconstriction cause systemic hypotension, limiting their utility. Methods. Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic measurements were made at baseline, during oxygen inhalation and with the addition of graded doses of inhaled nitric oxide or intravenous nitroprusside in 16 patients with New York Heart Association class III or IV heart failure referred for heart transplantation. Results. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased to a greater extent with 80 ppm nitric oxide (mean ± SEM 256 ± 41 to 139 ± 14 dynes · s · cm−5) than with the maximally tolerated dose of nitroprasside (264 ± 49 to 169 ± 30 dynes · s · cm−5, p < 0.05, nitric oxide vs. nitroprusside). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure increased with 80 ppm nitric oxide (26 ± 2 to 32 ± 2 mm Hg, p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure did not change with nitric oxide but decreased with nitroprusside. Seven of the 16 patients, including 1 patient who did not have an adequate decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance with nitroprasside but did with nitric oxide, have undergone successful heart transplantation. Conclusions. Inhaled nitric oxide is a selective pulmonary vasodilator in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to left heart failure and may identify patients with reversible pulmonary vasoconstriction in whom agents such as nitroprusside cause systemic hypotension. Inhaled nitric oxide causes an increase in left ventricular filling pressure by an unknown mechanism.
Cardiovascular Issues in Older Adults

Patients who are 65 years and older make up nearly half of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and approximately 60% of the ICU hospital days in the United States.1 Cardiovascular (CV) conditions are commonly the first or second diagnosis on admission to the ICU. Furthermore, even if an elderly patient is not admitted for a CV condition, the physiologic stress of any acute illness challenges the heart, often producing structural or functional compromise. For example, acute ischemia or dysrhythmias may be the primary condition or a consequence of an initial physiologic insult.
On Computing Maximum-Likelihood Estimates of the Unbalanced Two-Way Random-Effects Model

This article applies the ECME algorithm to derive an easily implemented iterative feasible generalized least squares procedure for calculating maximum-likelihood estimates of the parameters of the ...
Multilocus Genotypes, a Tree of Individuals, and Human Evolutionary History

Our goal is to infer, from human genetic data, general patterns as well as details of human evolutionary history. Here we present the results of an analysis of genetic data at the level of the individual. A tree relating 144 individuals from 12 human groups of Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, inferred from an average of 75 DNA polymorphisms/individual, is remarkable in that most individuals cluster with other members of their regional group. In order to interpret this tree, we consider the factors that influence the tree pattern, including the number of genetic loci examined, the length of population isolation, the sampling process, and the extent of gene flow among groups. Understanding the impact of these factors enables us to infer details of human evolutionary history that might otherwise remain undetected. Our analyses indicate that some recent ancestor(s) of each of a few of the individuals tested may have immigrated. In general, the populations within regional groups appear to have been isolated from one another for <25,000 years. Regional groups may have been isolated for somewhat longer.
Go With the Flow or Fight the Power? The Interactive Effects of Social Dominance Orientation and Perceived Injustice on Support for the Status Quo

Previous research in social dominance theory has found an asymmetry in the relationship between social dominance orientation (SDO) and various hierarchy-enhancing ideologies, such that the relationship between the two variables is significantly more positive among high-status group members than among low-status group members (Sidanius, Pratto, & Rabinowitz, 1994; Sidanius, Levin, & Pratto, 1996). Perceptions of systemic injustice toward one's ingroup may help to explain this ideological asymmetry. The hypothesis of a three-way interaction among group status, SDO, and perceived injustice was tested by using survey responses from American university students to predict opposition to hierarchy-attenuating policies as well as levels of patriotism. Analyses revealed the presence of a three-way interaction (ps < .05). Ethnic minority students who scored high on SDO did not always maintain conservative policy stances or strong patriotic attachments—it depends on their level of perceived injustice. Implications for social dominance theory and system-justification theory are discussed.
Steroid-specific regulation of agonistic responding in the anterior hypothalamus of male hamsters

The agonistic behaviors of adult male golden hamsters (N = 108 dyads) were examined 5 min after stereotaxic microinjection of adrenal and gonadal steroids into the anterior hypothalamus. Flank marks, attacks, bites, and retreats were scored over a 15 min test period during which steroid-injected animals were paired in a neutral arena with vehicle-injected conspecifics. Animals microinjected with either 10(-6) M cortisol or 10(-6) M beta-estradiol displayed significantly (p less than 0.05) higher levels of flank marking than other steroid-treated animals. Animals microinjected with 10(-6) M cortisol displayed significantly higher levels of aggression than their opponents. In contrast, the behavior of the vehicle-injected animals paired with 10(-6) M cortisol-treated opponents was characterized by submissive responding. This profile of the 10(-6) M cortisol treatment, i.e., promoting aggression in a steroid-treated animal while eliciting submission from its vehicle-treated opponent, was not observed in pairs in which steroid-injected animals were treated with equimolar concentrations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, beta-estradiol, or deoxycorticosterone. These findings suggest steroids exert immediate effects on agonistic responding in the anterior hypothalamus of male hamsters. The immediate action(s) of cortisol appear to include facilitating aggression and flank marking, while the immediate action(s) of beta-estradiol appears to be confined to the communicative aspect of agonistic responding in this species.
Glucose‐dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Stimulates Transepithelial Glucose Transport

The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) on small intestinal glucose transport in vitro. Stripped proximal jejunum from fasted mice was mounted in Ussing chambers. The serosal side was bathed in Regular Ringer solution containing 5 mmol/l glucose, and the mucosal side, with solution containing 10 mmol/l 3-O-methyl glucose (3OMG). Intercellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), mucosa-to-serosa fluxes of 3OMG (J(ms)(3OMG)), and short-circuit current (I(SC)) were measured in the presence and absence of GIP. GIP increased cAMP by 2.5-fold in isolated enterocytes, consistent with a direct effect of GIP on these epithelial cells. GIP also increased I(SC) and J(ms)(3OMG) by 68 and 53%, respectively, indicating that the increase in J(ms)(3OMG) was primarily electrogenic, with a small electroneutral component. The stimulatory effect of GIP on J(ms)(3OMG) was concentration dependent. In addition, 1,000 nmol/l and 10 nmol/l GIP increased J(ms)(3OMG) by 70 and 30% over control, respectively, consistent with receptor activation. Phlorizin (20 mumol/l), an inhibitor of Na(+)-glucose cotransporter (SGLT-1), abolished the increase in I(SC) and decreased J(ms)(3OMG) by approximately 65%. These results indicate that stimulation of SGLT-1 activity by GIP partially accounts for the increase in J(ms)(30MG). These studies are the first to demonstrate direct stimulation of intestinal glucose transport by GIP independent of its insulinotropic properties. GIP stimulates cellular accumulation of cAMP and thereby upregulates glucose transport. The GIP-induced increase in glucose transport appears to be mediated, at least in part, by SGLT-1.
Symmetry restrictions and the semblance of neutrality in exchange rate models

Abstract This paper shows that the symmetry restrictions commonly used to simply the two-country, sticky-price monetary setup are not necessary for tractability as previously thought. The paper also shows that the practice of using these restrictions has obscurred the true long-run properties of the sticky-price setup. The paper shows that although one-time changes in money in the standard models of Frankel and Hooper and Morton lead to proportionate changes in the relative level of goods prices (i.e., domestic minus foreign), the absolute levels of these variables move disproportionately, with consequent movements in the steady-state levels of real interest rates and real money balances.
Mechanisms controlling steroid receptor binding to specific DNA sequences

Mammalian progesterone receptors activated by hormone binding in nuclei of intact cells exhibit substantially higher binding activity for specific DNA sequences than receptors bound with hormone and activated in cell-free cytosol. Differences in DNA-binding activity occur despite the fact that both activated receptor forms sediment at 4S on sucrose gradients and are apparently dissociated from the heat shock protein 90. This suggests that hormone-induced release of heat shock protein 90 from receptors is necessary, but not sufficient for maximal activation of DNA binding. This report is a review of studies from our laboratories that have examined the role of receptor interaction with other nuclear protein factor(s), and receptor dimerization in solution, as additional regulatory steps involved in the process of receptor activation and binding to specific gene sequences.
Sfrp5 is not essential for axis formation in the mouse

Secreted frizzled related protein (Sfrp) genes encode extracellular factors that can modulate Wnt signaling. During early post-implantation mouse development Sfrp5 is expressed in the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) and the ventral foregut endoderm. The AVE is important in anterior–posterior axis formation and the ventral foregut endoderm contributes to multiple gut tissues. Here to determine the essential role of Sfrp5 in early mouse development we generated Sfrp5-deficient mice by gene targeting. We report that Sfrp5-deficient mice are viable and fertile. To determine whether the absence of an axis phenotype might be due to genetic redundancy with Dkk1 in the AVE we generated Sfrp5;Dkk1 double mutant mice. AVE development and primitive streak formation appeared normal in Sfrp5−/−;Dkk1−/− embryos. These results indicate that Sfrp5 is not essential for axis formation or foregut morphogenesis in the mouse and also imply that Sfrp5 and Dkk1 together are not essential for AVE development. genesis 44:573–578, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Institutional Productivity Ratings and Publishing Trends in Nine Literacy Journals: 1972–2012

This study examined the productivity of faculty members who published in nine leading literacy professional journals from 1972–2012. Those universities with the greatest number of articles written by literacy faculty members are listed. This listing was also adjusted according to number of literacy faculty members at each institution, resulting in a productivity index that shows the average number of articles published per faculty member. Results from this study extend the work of four previous studies on institutional productivity in literacy journals.
New approach to deinterleaving for radar intercept receivers

We present a new approach to the design of deinterleavers for radar intercept receivers. We design the deinterleaver to target frequency and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) agile pulse Doppler emitters, a class of radar sources that is difficult to deinterleave with traditional approaches. Targeting this specific class of emitters allows us to take advantage of the coherent processing signal structure that is common to emitters in the class. The deinterleaver extracts constant pulse repetition interval (PRI) pulse packets from the receiver signal, and then clusters the pulse packets on the basis of coherency. Pulse packets that come from the same radar source form coherent signal structures, pulse packets from different sources do not. The paper describes the filtering algorithms that extract the pulse packets, presents an analysis of signal coherency that provides a priori estimate of the effectiveness of the design, and describes the clustering algorithms that separate the pulse packets into deinterleaved signal streams.
The nature of quiescent solar prominences

Quiescent prominences occur as long-lasting cool sheets of matter in the surrounding hot corona at the base of coronal streamers. Seen on the disk they appear as dark filaments dividing regions of opposite magnetic polarity. In this paper a theoretical model is presented, which describes the general appearance of quiescent prominences. It is shown that the neutral sheet between two regions of oppositely directed magnetic fields is thermally unstable. This gives rise to compression and cooling of coronal material to prominence material in a characteristic time of the order of one day for a field strength of 0.5 gauss in the lower corona. It is assumed that due to the finite electrical resistivity of the plasma, filamentary structures are formed by the ‘tearing-mode’ resistive plasma instability. These structures are thermally insulated from the hot surroundings by the newly formed closed azimuthal magnetic field configuration. It has been shown that for fine structures with a diameter of 300 km the growth rate of the ‘tearing-mode’ instability is of the same order as the cooling time. The occurrence of fine structures within the prominence is of vital importance for their origin.
Photodetachment of negative ions in strong laser fields

Abstract Multiphoton detachment and intensity dependent photodetachment threshold shifts have been studied using fluorine or chlorine negative ions stored in a Penning ion trap. Third, second, and first harmonic light pulses from a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser have been used to study one-, two-, and three-photon detachment from F−. Absolute cross sections have been measured in order to compare with theoretical results. In a separate experiment, a shift in the photodetachment threshold of Cl− was observed in the presence of the 1064 nm wavelength radiation. The measured shift is smaller than that expected from the ponderomotive potential. Recent calculations of the dynamic polarizabilities of Cl and Cl− show that these contributions to the shift should be significantly smaller than that due to the ponderomotive potential.
The relationship between smoking exposure and p53 overexpression in colorectal cancer

Although epidemiological studies of the relationship between cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk have been equivocal, a positive association is consistently found for colorectal adenoma development. We performed an epidemiological study to determine whether p53 protein overexpression, in tumours obtained at the time of resection, is associated with cigarette exposure in colorectal cancer. A total of 163 colorectal cancer cases and 326 healthy controls responded to a standardised questionnaire on colorectal cancer risk factors including detailed information on their history of cigarette smoking. All patients' tumours were analysed immunohistochemically for p53 overexpression using an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase procedure and polyclonal anti-p53 antibody CM1. Comparison of colorectal cases with controls revealed an elevated risk for ex-smokers (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 0.85-2.12) and current smokers (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.63-2.02) when compared with non-smokers. No dose-response relationship was found for total pack-years of smoking (trend test: P = 0.19). However, a trend for total pack-years of smoking was found when p53-positive cases were compared with p53-negative cases suggesting aetiological, heterogeneity (trend test: P = 0.06). Estimating the individual relative risk of developing a p53-positive tumour relative to controls showed no associations for smoking status or total pack-years of smoking. However, when p53-negative cases were compared with controls, an elevated risk was found for ex-smokers (OR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.00-3.37) and current years of smoking (trend test: P = 0.03). Colorectal tumours developing through p53-positive dependent pathways were not associated with smoking exposure. A significant increase in risk was observed for the p53-negative independent pathway with smoking. p53 overexpression appears to be associated with smoking exposure in colorectal cancer.
Evaluation of functional sensation in the hand.

The ability to predict hand function based upon the degree of sensory impairment is required in determining disability rating, evaluating patients for reconstructive surgery, measuring end results of nerve repairs, and following peripheral neuropathies. The present study evaluated the ability of four tests of sensibility to predict hand function. It was found that the moving two-point discrimination test best correlated with the patient's ability to identify objects with the fingertips, p p
Model-based object recognition in dense-range images—a review

The goal in computer vision systems is to analyze data collected from the environment and derive an interpretation to complete a specified task. Vision system tasks may be divided into data acquisition, low-level processing, representation, model construction, and matching subtasks. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of model-based vision systems using dense-range images. A comprehensive survey of the recent publications in each subtask pertaining to dense-range image object recognition is presented.
Laser nuclear studies

The ability of optical pumping to produce nuclear orientation and the advent of single frequency tunable dye lasers has brought about a new interesting area of study, Laser Induced Nuclear Orientation (LINO). The impact of LINO on the nuclear structure studies of short lived nuclei along with a discussion on various relaxation mechanisms involved are presented. As an example, recent experimental results on85mRb (T1/2=1.0 μs) are given in detail. Possible application of LINO to151Eu discussed.
Bayes-Fiducial Inference for the Weibull Distribution

Abstract Procedures are developed for specifying confidence intervals, from possibly censored data, for any characteristic of a two-parameter Weibull population. Although the methods are formally Bayesian, they have exact relative frequency interpretation for uncensored and Type II censored data. Some simulation results are given to indicate relative frequency behavior for Type 1 censoring, and for comparison to other methods.
Commutators and compressions

We present a short proof of the known theorem that every operator, not of the formλI + compact, whereλ ≢ 0, is a commutator.
Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF) in the Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine: Technical Report and Early Outcomes.

Background Previous studies have demonstrated the distinct advantages of thoracoscopically assisted spinal fusion compared to traditional open thoracotomy. However, these techniques are limited by a steep learning curve, prolonged operative time, and lack of three-dimensional visualization of the surgical field.
Fatty acid desaturation in an animal cell mutant defective in plasmanylethanolamine desaturase.

Abstract We have recently reported the isolation of three plasmalogen-deficient mutants in a murine, macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7 (Zoeller et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 8299–8306). One of these mutant strains, RAW.12, is deficient in Δ1′-desaturase (plasmanylethanolamine desaturase, EC 1.14.99.19), the activity responsible for introducing the vinyl-ether double bond found in plasmalogens. We have examined these mutant cells to determine whether any of the desaturase activities involved in the desaturation of fatty acyl-CoAs were affected and found no evidence to suggest this. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Δ9-desaturase) activity was normal when measured in microsomes from RAW.12 cells and the conversion of stearate to oleate (which requires the Δ9-desaturase system) by intact RAW.12 cells was unaltered compared to wild-type cells. The conversion of linoleate to arachidonate by intact cells (which requires the Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase activities) was also normal in the mutant cells. Fatty acid analyses showed no decreases in the relative levels of the unsaturated fatty acids that require the Δ9, Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase activities for biosyntheses of 18:1, 18:3, and 20:4 respectively. Analysis of the cytochrome b 5 cytochrome b 5 reductase ele transport system, which supports Δ1'-desaturase activity, showed only a modest (30%) decrease in activity. These data suggest that the Δl′-desaturase system contains at least one component (possibly the terminal desaturase) that is not shared by the acyl-CoA desaturases examined and that RAW.12 is deficient in this component.
Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of the NPY-Y1 receptor antagonist, 1229U91, on hyperphagic and glycemic responses to acute and chronic intermediate insulin-induced hypoglycemia in female rats.

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptors are implicated in CNS regulation of food intake, but their role in hypoglycemic hyperphagia remains unclear. The present studies utilized a pharmacological approach to investigate the hypothesis that NPY acts via Y1 receptor-dependent mechanisms to regulate feeding and blood glucose profiles during intermediate insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Groups of ovariectomized, estradiol benzoate-treated female rats were injected subcutaneously with one or four doses of neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (NPH), on as many days, or with diluent alone. Before final treatments on day four, the animals were pretreated by intracerebroventricular ( icv ) delivery of the NPY Y1 receptor antagonist, 1229U91, or the vehicle, artificial cerebrospinal fluid (acsf). Food intake during acute hypoglycemia was significantly diminished between t o and + 2 h in animals pretreated with the Y1 receptor antagonist versus vehicle. Administration of 1229U91 prior to the fourth of four NPH doses suppressed hypoglycemic hyperphagia over a relatively longer interval, e.g. 4 h, after t o relative to the acute insulin group. Blood glucose levels after a single NPH injection were similar in acsf- and antagonist-pretreated rats at + 2, + 4, and + 6 h, but were lower at + 9 h in the latter group. Pretreatment with 1229U91 did not modify glucose profiles between + 2 and + 9 h after multiple dosing with NPH, but prevented recovery from hypoglycemia at + 12 h. The present results show that central NPY Y1 receptor antagonism inhibits hypoglycemic hyperphagia, and that this suppressive effect on feeding was of greater duration during recurring hypoglycemia. The data also show that Y1 receptor blockade decreases glycemic responses to both single and serial NPH dosing, albeit at different post-injection time points. The current studies support the view that NPY Y1 receptors function within central neural pathways that govern feeding and glycemic responses to intermediate-acting insulin, and that Y1 receptor-mediated stimulation of food intake may habituate in a positive manner to repetitive insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of chronic insulin-induced hypoglycemia on neuropeptide Y neurotransmission and Y1 receptor expression within regulatory circuitries that control food intake and glucostasis.
Rhodium(II)-catalyzed decomposition of 3-O-(2-diazo-2-phenylacetyl)-1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-allofuranose: diastereoselective ether formation

Abstract Standard diazo transfer to 3- O -(2-phenylacetyl)-1,2;5,6-di- O -isopropylidene-α- d -allofuranose ( 2 ), using p -acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide ( p -ABSA, 3 ) and DBU as base, provides the expected 3- O -(2-diazo-2-phenylacetyl)-1,2;5,6-di- O -isopropylidene-α- d -allofuranose ( 4 ) as an orange syrup in 49% isolated yield. Subsequent decomposition of 4 using Rh 2 (OAc) 4 yields ether 5 in a highly diastereoselective manner and in 58% isolated yield. The X-ray crystal structure of 5 proves that both newly produced stereocenters have the ( S ) configuration; the conformation of the ester group at O-3 of the furanose ring of 5 is used to discuss the possible cause of the observed stereoselectivity.
Effective Flange Width Definition for Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge Girder

A composite section is made up of a concrete slab attached to a steel girder by means of shear connectors. Under positive bending moment, part of the slab will act as the flange of the girder resis...
How I treat hairy cell leukemia

The description of hairy cell leukemia as a specific clinical entity was published 50 years ago. The clinical outcome for patients was hampered by ineffective chemotherapy, and splenectomy was the major therapeutic approach to improve peripheral blood counts. The median survival after diagnosis was 4 years. With the introduction of α-interferon in 1984, marked improvements in patient responses were observed. Shortly thereafter, the introduction of the purine nucleoside analogs transformed this disease into a highly treatable form of leukemia, and patients with the classic form of this rare leukemia now have a near-normal life expectancy. However, other clinical entities mimicking this disease do not respond; thus, accurate diagnosis is important. Immunophenotypic features in classic hairy cell leukemia show that the leukemic cells express CD11c, CD25, CD103, and CD123 and display bright CD20. Despite the high percentage of durable complete remissions with modern therapy, the long-term disease-free survival curves have not reached a plateau. Many patients who achieve a complete remission by morphologic criteria have minimal residual disease demonstrable by either flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining, and this population may be at higher risk for earlier relapse. Continued clinical research is essential to optimize therapy for this disease.
Predator-Induced Life-History Shifts in a Freshwater Snail

The snail Physella virgata virgata, a widely distributed freshwater pulmonate, was observed to change its life-history characteristics in the presence of the crayfish Orconectes virilis in spring-fed Oklahoma streams. These changes were apparently initiated by a water-borne cue released when crayfish fed on conspecific snails. In the presence of the cue, snails exhibited rapid growth rates and little reproduction until they reached a size of about 10 mm after 8 months. In the absence of the cue, snails typically grew to about 4 mm (3.5 months) and then began reproduction. The chemically inducible shift indicates that the life histories of these snails are phenotypically plastic. By increasing the variance associated with size and age of maturity, prey may increase the likelihood of coexisting with seasonal predators.
The Garden City Revisited? A Commentary to Okulicz-Kozaryn’s Article “Natural Sprawl”

Okulicz-Kozaryn’s article “Natural Sprawl” analyzes the link between happiness and place. This research suggests that suburbanites are happier than city dwellers and that there is an independent ef...
Identification of estrogen receptor mRNA and the estrogen modulation of parathyroid hormone-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in opossum kidney cells.

The opossum kidney (OK) cell was used as a model to test the hypothesis that estrogen directly affects proximal renal tubular epithelial cells. To demonstrate the expression of estrogen receptor in OK cells, we developed an approach using reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction. Analysis of the DNA amplified with nested primers revealed the predicted size fragment and restriction enzyme digestion products. To demonstrate the functional effects of estrogen, OK cells at confluence were preincubated in serum-free medium for 7-10 days with or without 17 beta-estradiol. Bovine PTH(1-34) (bPTH(1-34)) then stimulated a dose-dependent intracellular accumulation of cAMP that was maximal after 1 min and then gradually declined. Cyclic AMP in the medium slowly increased over 60 min. Preincubation with 17 beta-estradiol did not affect cell proliferation as measured by total protein content but caused an inhibition of bPTH(1-34)-stimulated intracellular cAMP accumulation that was maximal at 10(-11) M 17 beta-estradiol (71 +/- 3% control, p less than .001). bPTH(1-34) also increased cAMP release into the medium, an effect maximal using 10(-10) M 17 beta-estradiol (118 +/- 3% control, p less than .001). Preincubation with the inactive isomer 17 alpha-estradiol caused no changes in cAMP accumulation or release. Coincubation with the antiestrogen tamoxifen blocked the effects of 17 beta-estradiol. Sodium-dependent phosphate transport was: (1) inhibited by 2-h incubations with 10(-8) or 10(-10) M bPTH(1-34) and not affected by preincubation with 17 beta-estradiol, and (2) not inhibited by a 20-min incubation with 10(-8) M bPTH(1-34) unless cells were preincubated with 10(-8) M 17 beta-estradiol, suggesting that any possible effects of estrogen on phosphate transport are not directly mediated by changes in cAMP. These studies demonstrate the presence of estrogen receptor mRNA in OK cells as well as direct and specific effects of physiologic concentrations of estrogen on cAMP accumulation in these cells. This system may be a good model for further study of estrogen and PTH effects on the kidney.
Native Thai Speakers’ Acquisition of English Word Stress Patterns

The influence of syllabic structure, lexical class and stress patterns of known words on the acquisition of the English stress system was investigated in ten native Thai speakers. All participants were adult learners of English with an average length of residence in the US of 1.4 years. They were asked to produce and give perceptual judgments on 40 English non-words of varying syllabic structures in noun and verb sentence frames. Results of the production data suggested that syllables with a long vowel attracted stress more often than syllables containing a short vowel and nouns received initial stress more often than verbs. Additionally, regression analyses with the three factors as predictors suggested that Thai participants' pattern of stress assignment on non-words was significantly influenced by the stress patterns of phonologically similar real words. These results were compared and contrasted to those found in previous work with Spanish-English and Korean-English bilinguals.
Pittsburgh in Fort Worth: Football Bars, Sports Television, Sports Fandom, and the Management of Home

This article examines how sports fandom fits into the nexus of late capitalism, displacement, and identity within the United States. The article adds to a growing literature on late capitalism and ...
Act well thy part: performing technical writer and engineer

This article presents communication strategies for technical writers and engineers. These strategies are developed from applying Erving Goffman's social interaction theories to the technical writer/engineer relationship. These strategies should also help dispel some of the criticisms that engineers and technical writers have of each other.
Lactating Porcine Mammary Tissue Catabolizes Branched-Chain Amino Acids for Glutamine and Aspartate Synthesis

The uptake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) from plasma by lactating porcine mammary gland substantially exceeds their output in milk, whereas glutamine output is 125% greater than its uptake from plasma. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that BCAA are catabolized for glutamine synthesis in mammary tissue. Mammary tissue slices from sows on d 28 of lactation were incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h in Krebs buffer containing 0.5 or 2 mmol/L l-[1-(14)C]- or l-[U-(14)C]-labeled leucine, isoleucine, or valine. Rates of BCAA transport and degradation in mammary tissue were high, with approximately 60% of transaminated BCAA undergoing oxidative decarboxylation and the remainder being released as branched-chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKA). Most ( approximately 70%) of the decarboxylated BCAA were oxidized to CO(2). Rates of net BCAA transamination were similar to rates of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, asparagine, and alanine synthesis. Consistent with the metabolic data, mammary tissue expressed BCAA aminotransferase (BCAT), BCKA decarboxylase, glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase, glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase, and asparagine synthetase, but no phosphate-activated glutaminase, activity. Western blot analysis indicated relatively high levels of mitochondrial and cytosolic isoforms of BCAT, as well as BCKA dehydrogenase and GS proteins in mammary tissue. Our results demonstrate that glutamine and aspartate (abundant amino acids in milk protein) were the major nitrogenous products of BCAA catabolism in lactating porcine mammary tissue and provide a biochemical basis to explain an enrichment of glutamine and aspartate in sow milk.
Performance evaluation of mobility management scheme in DTN

Standard ad hoc routing protocols do not work in intermittently connected networks since end-to-end paths may not exist in such networks. A store-and-forward approach (K. Fall, 2003) has been proposed for such networks. The nodes in such networks move around. Thus, the proposed delay tolerant network (DTN) architecture (K. Fall, 2003) needs to be enhanced with a mobility management scheme to ensure that nodes that wish to correspond with mobile hosts have a way of determining their whereabouts. The mobile hosts may move a short distance and hence remain within the vicinity of a DTN name registrar (DNR) (one communication link away) or they may move far away (multiple communication links away). In this paper, we present the mobility management scheme we propose for DTN environments. In addition, we provide simple analytical formulae to evaluate the latency required for performing location updates, and the useful utilization that each node can use for data transfer assuming that the communication links between nodes are periodically available for a short period of time. Our simple analytical model allows us to draw insights into the impact of near/far movements on the useful utilization
Aerodynamic Damping in the Along-Wind Response of Tall Buildings

We present a novel methodology for the estimation of the aerodynamic damping that affects the along-wind response of tall buildings. The estimation uses (1) measurements of the external pressures on the windward and leeward faces under wind normal to a building face; (2) a simplified model of the relation between those pressures and the longitudinal fluctuating velocities with respect to the building; and (3) time-domain estimates of the along-wind building response that preserve the phase relationships between pressures and response. The methodology accounts explicitly for the shapes of the building’s modes of vibration, the natural frequencies of vibration, and the mechanical damping ratios, and takes advantage of the recent development of efficient time-domain algorithms for calculating dynamic structural response to wind. The methodology is applied to an isolated tall building in suburban terrain. The results of the calculations show that, for the example being considered, the aerodynamic damping (1) ...
Hierarchische Darstellungsformen für Kurven

Diese Arbeit beschreibt den Kurvenbaum, eine neue hierarchische Datenstruktur zur Darstellung beliebiger Kurven. Der Kurvenbaum ist ein ausgeglichener Binarbaum, der eine Kurve der Lange l so reprasentiert, dass jeder Teilbaum mit Wurzel auf der k-ten Baumstufe eine Teilkurve der Lange l/2k-1 darstellt. Jeder Baumstufe entspricht eine Approximation der dargestellten Kurve; hoheren Baumstufen entsprechen grobere Approximationen. Ausgehend von einer solchen Detailhierarchie konnen Mengen- und Suchoperatoren (wie z.B. Schnittpunkte oder Punktanfragen) hierarchisch berechnet werden. Wir prasentieren die Ergebnisse einer praktischen Analyse des Kurvenbaums und geben Beispiele fur das Laufzeitverhalten unserer Algorithmen zur Berechnung unterschiedlicher Mengen- und Suchoperatoren. Die Vor- und Nachteile des Kurvenbaums im Vergleich mit verwandten Datenstrukturen werden ebenfalls ausfuhrlich diskutiert.
Identifying phenotypic signatures of neuropsychiatric disorders from electronic medical records.

Objective Mental illness is the leading cause of disability in the USA, but boundaries between different mental illnesses are notoriously difficult to define. Electronic medical records (EMRs) have recently emerged as a powerful new source of information for defining the phenotypic signatures of specific diseases. We investigated how EMR-based text mining and statistical analysis could elucidate the phenotypic boundaries of three important neuropsychiatric illnesses—autism, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Methods We analyzed the medical records of over 7000 patients at two facilities using an automated textprocessing pipeline to annotate the clinical notes with Unified Medical Language System codes and then searching for enriched codes, and associations among codes, that were representative of the three disorders. We used dimensionality-reduction techniques on individual patient records to understand individual-level phenotypic variation within each disorder, as well as the degree of overlap among disorders. Results We demonstrate that automated EMR mining can be used to extract relevant drugs and phenotypes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and characteristic patterns of associations among them. Patient-level analyses suggest a clear separation between autism and the other disorders, while revealing significant overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They also enable localization of individual patients within the phenotypic ‘landscape’ of each disorder. Conclusions Because EMRs reflect the realities of patient care rather than idealized conceptualizations of disease states, we argue that automated EMR mining can help define the boundaries between different mental illnesses, facilitate cohort building for clinical and genomic studies, and reveal how clear expert-defined disease boundaries are in practice.