cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genitourinary Malformations in Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion

ABSTRACTPurpose: We reviewed our experience with genitourinary malformations associated with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patient intake charts at the 22q clinic at our institution. We assessed 73 renal/bladder ultrasounds and 7 autopsies performed between 1998 and 2000 for renal and bladder malformations. A total of 149 male patients were evaluated for possible testicular and urethral malformations.Results: Of 80 patients 25 (31%) had a structural urinary tract anomaly. Another 8 patients had renal agenesis or multicystic dysplastic kidney, 4 had hydronephrosis and 5 had vesicoureteral reflux or an irregular bladder, while 8 of 73 (11%) had dysfunctional voiding, 9 of 149 (6%) had undescended testes and 12 of 149 (8%) had hypospadias.Conclusions: Screening renal/bladder ultrasound, careful voiding history and medical but not surgical therapy are recommended for renal and bladder anomalies associated with 22q11.2 deletion. The need for surgery for cryptorc...
BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PKR ACTIVATION BY PACT

Many extracellular stresses cause inhibition of translation initiation by triggering phosphorylation of the initiation factor, eIF-2α. A major protein kinase responsible for this phosphorylation is PKR, a latent kinase which itself needs activation by autophosphorylation. In stressed cells, this activation occurs when PACT, a PKR-binding protein, is phosphorylated and activates PKR. We have previously demonstrated that the presence of specific residues in domain 3 of PACT is necessary for its ability to activate PKR in vivo. Here, we analyzed the biochemical properties of the inactive PACT mutants by assessing their ability to bind and activate PKR in vitro. Among the essential residues, two serines need to be phosphorylated in vivo for PACT’s ability to activate PKR. We substituted those serines with aspartic acids, mimics of phosphoserines, and investigated the properties of the corresponding mutant PACTs. In vitro, they activate PKR more efficiently because they bind to PKR more tightly. These results indicate that stress-induced phosphorylation of specific serine residues in domain 3 of PACT increases its affinity for PKR, which leads to better activation of PKR and resultant eIF-2α phosphorylation.
Relevant context inference

Relevant context inference (RCI) is a modular technique for flow- and context-sensitive data-flow analysis of statically typed object-oriented programming languages such as C++ and Java. RCI can be used to analyze complete programs as well as incomplete programs such as libraries; this approach does not require that the entire program be memory-resident during the analysis. RCI is presented in the context of points-to analysis for a realistic subset of C++. The empirical evidence obtained from a prototype implementation argues the effectiveness of RCI.
Graphene on ordered Ni-alloy surfaces formed by metal (Sn, Al) intercalation between graphene/Ni(111)

Abstract Deposition and intercalation of Al and Sn on Ni(111) supported graphene is investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy. Al intercalates at ~ 200 °C while Sn intercalates at ~ 350 °C, indicating that the intercalation process is element specific. Both Al and Sn alloy with the Ni-substrate at higher annealing temperatures and form ordered alloy surfaces and surface alloys, respectively. Sn forms a (√3 × √3) R30° surface alloy by substituting surface Ni-atoms with Sn and thus the alloy maintains the same good lattice match with graphene as for Ni(111). Both Sn and Al are interacting weakly with graphene and can therefore be used to decouple graphene from the strongly interacting Ni substrate.
New developments in the management of overactive bladder: focus on mirabegron and onabotulinumtoxinA

In the last few years, much new information has been generated on the pathophysiology, possible therapeutic targets, and pharmacologic treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). Antimuscarinic drugs are still first-line pharmacologic treatment for OAB and often have good initial response rates, but adverse effects and decreasing efficacy cause long-term compliance problems, prompting a search for new therapeutic alternatives. Mirabegron and onabotulinumtoxinA, two drugs with different mechanisms of action, and with adverse effect profiles different from those of antimuscarinics, were recently approved for treatment of OAB. However, their place in the treatment of this disorder has not yet been established. In this short review, the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles of these drugs are discussed and compared with those of the current gold standard, antimuscarinic agents.
Kinetic energy release distributions for the dissociation of internal energy selected acetone ions

Abstract Photoion—photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy has been used to select the initial energy of acetone and acetone- d 6 ions at energies 0.5–3.2 eV above the dissociation threshold. A discrete unfolding technique was used to extract the kinetic energy release distribution from the ion time-of-flight distribution. The results are compared to predictions of the statistical theory in which angular momentum is conserved and the Langevin cross-section for the reverse association is assumed. The theory underestimates the amount of kinetic energy release, especially for higher values of the excess energy above fragmentation threshold.
Degradation of a glucan containing β-(1→3) and β-(1→6) linkages by exo-(1→3)-β-d-glucanase

Abstract A β- d -glucan isolated from a Japanese marine alga known as “Arame” ( Eisenia bicyclis ) was shown by methylation analysis to be composed of (1→3) and (1→6) linkages and (1→3), (1→6) branch points. The 13 C-n.m.r. spectrum confirmed these linkages and also verified the absence of β-(1→4) linkages. The endo-(1→3)-β- d -glucanase of Rhizopus liberates from the native glucan oligosaccharides having an odd number of glucosyl residues, such as 3, 5, 7, and 9. The exo-(1→3)-β- d -glucanase of Basidiomyete QM 806 produces β-glucose, gentiobiose, and 6- O -β-laminarabiosyl- d -glucose, and a tetrasaccharide, β- d -Glc-(1→6)-β- d -Glc-(1→3)-β- d -Glc-(1→6)- d -Glc. Thus, the exo-enzyme appears to bypass glucosyl substituents at O-6 of 3-O-linked glucose in this polymer and, because it liberates oligosaccharides, it behaves as if it mediates an endo-type hydrolysis of the glucan.
Cognition, competition, and coordination: The "why" and the "how" of the relevance of the sports sciences to learning and performance in the military.

Research emerging from the sports sciences and related disciplines has developed a rich and robust body of knowledge related to human performance. Nonetheless, there is a surprising paucity of cros...
Occupational Health Nursing Practice through the Human Caring Lens

Many health care and academic centers have adopted Watson's Theory of Human Caring as their guiding principle; the theory is also used in other disciplines, such as library science. Human caring theory offers occupational health nurses as structure that not only defines a focus for practice, but also provides a basis for moral and philosophical practice analyses. In particular, nurses may find this theory useful in confirming the definition of "caring" and reconsidering what nursing is all about. More importantly, consideration and application of this theory may lead to research on its applicability to the field of occupational health nursing. This article presents the science and philosophy of human caring, specifically Watson's Theory of Human Caring. Two case studies are presented that demonstrate how the theory could be used to evaluate occupational health nursing practice. To demonstrate its possible relevance as an occupational health nursing framework, an analysis of and comparison to existing occupational health nursing guidelines are detailed and discussed.
File-level operations on network data structures

The time and cost of implementing data processing applications can be greatly reduced through the use of software systems which provide language for the expression of file-level operations on data, i.e., operations whose operands are sets of records or entire files, such as report generation and sorting. Such systems, which have been referred to as self-contained systems or generalized file management systems, have characteristically been restricted to logical data structure classes no richer than hierarchies. This paper explores the extension of the concept of file-level operations to network structures, as exemplified by the CODASYL DDLC data structure class, on the assumption that such a facility will prove useful to certain types of users (e.g., data administrators) for certain types of data manipulation (e.g., data base creation and updating). The paper first outlines the general requirements which must be met in such a facility, and then describes a specific approach to the development of a language for such a facility.
Protein solvation in allosteric regulation: a water effect on hemoglobin

The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin varies linearly with the chemical potential of water in the bathing medium, as seen from the osmotic effect of several neutral solutes, namely sucrose, stachyose, and two polyethyleneglycols (molecular weights of 150 and 400). The data, analyzed either by Wyman linkage equations or by Gibbs-Duhem relations, show that approximately 60 extra water molecules bind to hemoglobin during the transition from the fully deoxygenated tense (T) state to the fully oxygenated relaxed (R) state. This number, independent of the nature of the solute, agrees with the difference in water-accessible surface areas previously computed for the two conformations. The work of solvation in allosteric regulation can no longer go unrecognized.
The role of scanpaths in facial recognition and learning.

We carried out a comprehensive assessment of eye movements in 2 subjects with impaired facial learning and recognition to determine if the defect might be associated with abnormal scanning of faces. Standard electrooculogram showed that fixation, pursuit, saccades, and scanning of salient features of scenes and faces were normal, indicating that the defect was not due to abnormal scanning. However, study of the transitional properties of scanning revealed that the scanpaths of personally meaningful familiar faces, whether or not they were consciously recognized, were less predictable than those of other faces. This result indicates the existence of an internal and relatively specific schema for familiar faces sufficient to alter the “predictable” scanpath used for nonfamiliar faces. This internal schema is accessed even when conscious recognition fails, i.e., when other pertinent memories related to the possessor of the face are not evoked. The meaning of this finding is comparable to that obtained with autonomic studies of covert recognition in prosopagnosia and suggests that properties of scanning can be used as an index of higher neural processing.
Erratum to: “Novel actions of IGFBP-3 on intracellular signaling pathways of insulin-secreting cells” [Growth Horm. IGF Res. 16 (1) (2006) 41–48]

Xiaoyan Chen , Robert J. Ferry Jr. a,b,c,* a Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Pediatrics Department, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 540-F4 MSC 7806, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA b Cellular and Structural Biology Department, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA c Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 163rd Infantry Regiment (Mechanized), 116th Brigade Combat Team, 42nd Infantry Division, Army National Guard, near Al-Hawijah, Iraq
Language as a Key to Latin American Historiography

Latin americanists have in recent years become increasingly concerned with constructing the basis for a unified history of Latin America. Frequently this enterprise leads them to contemplate the even larger design of a history of the Americas. While the New World may still be, in Hegel’s words, “a land of desire for all those who are weary of the historical lumber-room of old Europe,” it is now recognized as having an independent heritage; its history is no longer experienced as “only an echo of the Old World.”
Negotiation Theory and the Development of Identity

This issue of International Negotiation examines how negotiation theory can be used to understand the development of people's identity, especially their political identity. All of the articles in the issue involve ``negotiation'' if it is defined broadly as a process aimed at reconciling conflicting desires or viewpoints. The development of group (collective) identity and individual political identity is explored, and the contribution of negotiation theory to understanding identity development is investigated. Overall, these articles present a challenge to negotiation theory: to develop itself in directions that will be useful for understanding how identities are negotiated. Crucial gaps in this theory are considered.
Hypothetical Thermodynamic Properties: Vapor Pressures and Vaporization Enthalpies of the Even n-Alkanes from C40 to C76 at T = 298.15 K by Correlation−Gas Chromatography. Are the Vaporization Enthalpies a Linear Function of Carbon Number?

The temperature dependence of gas chromatographic retention times of tetracontane to hexaheptacontane is reported. These data are used in combination with earlier work to evaluate the vaporization enthalpies and vapor pressures of these n-alkanes from T = (298.15 to 540) K. The vapor pressure and vaporization enthalpy results obtained are compared with data calculated by the program PERT2 and Antoine constants estimated by Kudchadker and Zwolinski. The results are also compared with a model previously developed from empirical data which predicts that vaporization enthalpies measured at the boiling temperatures should approach a maximum value and then asymptotically approach zero as the chain length approaches infinity. Some curvature is indeed observed as the number of carbon atoms exceeds sixty.
Early onset epilepsy is associated with increased mortality: A population-based study

We examined mortality in early onset (age <12 months) epilepsy in a population-based group of children. Children with early onset epilepsy were significantly more likely to die (case fatality, CF 8/60 versus 8/407, p<0.001; mortality rate, MR 14.5/1000 versus 2/1000 person years; standardized mortality ratio, SMR 22.25 versus 5.67). Mortality was greater in children with malignant neonatal (age <1 month) epilepsy (CF 4/12 versus 12/450, p<0.001; MR 54/1000 person years versus 2.7/1000 person year; SMR 46.55 versus 7.22). Given that only 1/8 early onset epilepsy deaths was seizure-related, mortality appears to be more affected by underlying etiology.
High-dose fenoldopam reduces postoperative neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocaline and cystatin C levels in pediatric cardiac surgery.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of high-dose fenoldopam, a selective dopamine-1 receptor, on renal function and organ perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). A prospective single-center randomized double-blind controlled trial was conducted in a pediatric cardiac surgery department. We randomized infants younger than 1 year with CHD and biventricular anatomy (with exclusion of isolated ventricular and atrial septal defect) to receive blindly a continuous infusion of fenoldopam at 1 μg/kg/min or placebo during CPB. Perioperative urinary and plasma levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocaline (NGAL), cystatin C (CysC), and creatinine were measured to assess renal injury after CPB. We enrolled 80 patients: 40 received fenoldopam (group F) during CPB, and 40 received placebo (group P). A significant increase of urinary NGAL and CysC levels from baseline to intensive care unit (ICU) admission followed by restoration of normal values after 12 hours was observed in both groups. However, urinary NGAL and CysC values were significantly reduced at the end of surgery and 12 hours after ICU admission (uNGAL only) in group F compared with group P (P = 0.025 and 0.039, respectively). Plasma NGAL and CysC tended to increase from baseline to ICU admission in both groups, but they were not significantly different between the two groups. No differences were observed on urinary and plasma creatinine levels and on urine output between the two groups. Acute kidney injury (AKI) incidence in the postoperative period, as indicated by pRIFLE classification (pediatric score indicating Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of function, and End-stage kidney disease level of renal damage) was 50% in group F and 72% in group P (P = 0.08; odds ratio (OR), 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14 to 1.02). A significant reduction in diuretics (furosemide) and vasodilators (phentolamine) administration was observed in group F (P = 0.0085; OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.7). The treatment with high-dose fenoldopam during CPB in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery for CHD with biventricular anatomy significantly decreased urinary levels of NGAL and CysC and reduced the use of diuretics and vasodilators during CPB. Clinical Trial.Gov NCT00982527 .
Effects of SH-modifying reagents on the rat hepatic Ah receptor: inhibition of ligand binding and transformation, and disruption of the ligand-receptor complex.

The importance of sulfhydryl (SH) groups in maintenance of physicochemical properties of the rat hepatic Ah receptor was demonstrated using a variety of sulfhydryl (SH)-modifying reagents. Inhibition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) specific binding was approximately equivalent by 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), mersalyl, N-ethylmaleimide, and p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, whose inhibition curves were steep in the concentration range close to that of nonprotein SH groups in cytosol (ED50 values 50–200 μM or 13–48 nmol/mg cytosolic protein). Inhibition by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB), although exhibiting a lower ED50, was more gradual over this range; iodoacetamide was an order of magnitude less potent. The ability of dithiothreitol to reverse binding inhibition induced by 150 μM (approximately 60 nmol/mg protein) mersalyl diminished with time; it decreased more rapidly in the simultaneous presence of TCDD and mersalyl than when mersalyl was present alone, consistent with increased accessibility of key SH group(s) due to conformational changes attending TCDD-receptor complex formation. Brief exposure of unoccupied receptor to mersalyl prior to TCDD binding caused slower sedimentation of the complex in O-KCl sucrose gradients and alterations in its elution profiles of DEAE- and DNA-Spharose suggestive of some impairment of the transformation process. When reagents were added to the transformed TCDD-receptor complex, loss of binding was observed only at concentrations which were an order of magnitude higher than those inhibiting TCDD binding. Loss of binding by each reagent was biphasic, and except for that caused by mersalyl, was not complete even after 6–8 h. Dithiothreitol was able to reverse the effects of mersalyl or PHMB only partially and only if added during the early phase (10–30 min) of binding loss. Mersalyl was much more potent in disrupting the untransformed than the transformed TCDD receptor complex. Physical alteration of the mersalyl-treated TCDD-receptor complex was evident from gel filtration, sucrose gradients, and DNA- and DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. Our results are in striking contrast to the effects of these reagents on steroid receptors, whose bound steroid hormone ligand is rapidly and reversibly displaced by lower concentrations of reagent. The observations are consistent (1) mersalyl inducing an irreversable change such as aggregation and / or denaturation of the unoccupied Ah receptor as well as the receptor-ligand complex and (2) decreased sensitivity of the transformed TCDD-receptor complex compared to both the untransformed complex and the unoccupied receptor to disruption by these SH regeants (i.e., ligand binding and transformation elicit changes in the receptor which may modify the accessibility of SH groups).
Mathematical modeling of cancer incidence rates: linear models of colon cancer in Connecticut.

Abstract Mathematical models of cancer incidence were developed to evaluate substantively trends in age and period of diagnosis and to identify differences in these trends with regard to qualitative variables such as sex and anatomical localization of tumor. Parameter estimates were obtained through a weighted least-squares procedure, and hypothesis testing was carried out using minimum modified χ 2 statistics. These procedures were applied to colon cancer incidence rates for Connecticut males and females during the period 1940–1974. The initial model of changes in incidence over calendar time for males and females showed a different pattern and excess risk among males and a possible birth cohort effect among females. The changing pattern of risk in males was modeled as an exponential function of age and a two-stage, age-related process was identified. While proportional comparisons of time trends between the ascending and sigmoid colon showed significant differences for certain groups, patterns in absolute changes were not found to be statistically different. Using mathematical models of cancer incidence rates for substantive analysis can be useful for hypothesis generation in cancer epidemiology. Such modeling proves worthwhile because it allows the investigator to summarize the trends and patterns of cancer incidence through model parameters which then may be tested statistically for the purpose of identifying significant effects of independent variables.
YAP-mediated induction of monoacylglycerol lipase restrains oncogenic transformation

The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of normal and oncogenic growth. Engagement of Hippo pathway signaling results in the inactivation of the transcriptional coactivator YAP by preventing its nuclear entry. The mechanisms underlying the oncogenic properties of YAP remain incompletely understood. Here we find that although the transactivation (TA) domain of YAP mediates YAP-dependent gene expression, it serves as an inhibitor of YAP-mediated anchorage-independent growth. We identify monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) as a YAP transcriptional target and an inhibitor of anchorage-dependent cell growth. Significantly, knockdown of MAGL expression leads to the augmentation of YAP-dependent cell transformation. Our results identify MAGL as a transcriptional target of YAP that restrains YAP-mediated cellular transformation.
Superacids of nitrogen and carbon

Abstract PK's of nitrogen and carbon acids are remarkable and polyfunctional acids show no discernable decrease in successive PK values in water. Covalent derivatives exhibit unusual chemistry as exemplified by the N-F derivatives which show excellent potential in the selective fluorination of many organic compounds [1]. Electrochemical properties of these acids are of potential utility in many applications [2]. Covalent derivatives of the nitrogen acids are planar as are the anions of the carbon acids. Metal salts of these acids give unprecedented layered structures which may have unusual solid-state properties. A brief overview of this area will be presented.
Preparation of Acute Subventricular Zone Slices for Calcium Imaging

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural progenitor cells with astrocytic features (called SVZ astrocytes), neuroblasts, and intermediate progenitor cells. Neuroblasts born in the SVZ tangentially migrate a great distance to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Intercellular signaling through adhesion molecules and diffusible signals play important roles in controlling neurogenesis. Many of these signals trigger intercellular calcium activity that transmits information inside and between cells. Calcium activity is thus reflective of the activity of extracellular signals and is an optimal way to understand functional intercellular signaling among SVZ cells. Calcium activity has been studied in many other regions and cell types, including mature astrocytes and neurons. However, the traditional method to load cells with calcium indicator dye (i.e. bath loading) was not efficient at loading all SVZ cell types. Indeed, the cellular density in the SVZ precludes dye diffusion inside the tissue. In addition, preparing sagittal slices will better preserve the three-dimensional arrangement of SVZ cells, particularly the stream of neuroblast migration on the rostral-caudal axis. Here, we describe methods to prepare sagittal sections containing the SVZ, the loading of SVZ cells with calcium indicator dye, and the acquisition of calcium activity with time-lapse movies. We used Fluo-4 AM dye for loading SVZ astrocytes using pressure application inside the tissue. Calcium activity was recorded using a scanning confocal microscope allowing a precise resolution for distinguishing individual cells. Our approach is applicable to other neurogenic zones including the adult hippocampal subgranular zone and embryonic neurogenic zones. In addition, other types of dyes can be applied using the described method.
Interactions of Drugs and Other Amphiphiles with Membranes: Implications for Membrane Protein Function

Membrane protein function is regulated by the host lipid bilayer. This regulation may be lipid-dependent (due to specific lipid-protein interactions), bilayer-dependent (due to changes in bilayer material properties⎯bilayer thickness, lipid intrinsic curvature and bilayer elastic moduli) or some combination of the two. The bilayer-dependent regulation arises because the conformational changes that underlie membrane protein function usually involve the proteins' bilayer-spanning domains, which causes protein conformational changes to alter the local lipid packing adjacent to the protein. This bilayer deformation has an energetic cost that contributes to the energetics of the membrane protein conformational change. The bilayer deformation energy varies with changes in the chemical composition of the bilayer_meaning that the bilayer becomes a regulator of membrane protein function. One can measure the energetic consequences of changes in bilayer material properties, as sensed by bilayer-spanning channels, using the bilayer-spanning gramicidin (gA) channels as probes. gA channels are near-ideal reporters of changes in bilayer properties because: they form by the trans-bilayer dimerization of two non-conducting subunits; and their hydrophobic length is less than the hydrophobic thickness of the bilayer core. gA channel formation thus produces a well-defined bilayer deformation, and changes in the associated deformation energy will shift the gA monomer↔dimer equilibrium ⎯and be observed as changes in the channel appearance rate (f) and lifetime (τ), as well the time-averaged channel density (= f·τ). When amphiphiles adsorb at the bilayer/solution interface, they alter lipid bilayer properties like intrinsic curvature and elasticity, which in turn will alter the bilayer deformation energy associated with protein conformational changes. That is, biologically active amphiphiles (including drugs and phytochemicals) may alter membrane protein function not only by specific binding to but also by altering the physical properties of the host bilayer, which can be probed using gA channels.
Headgear therapy: The most efficient way to distalize molars

Abstract This is primarily a clinical article, however, substantive evidence is presentedincluding studies of 42 and 58 patients to show the treatment to be uncommonly stable. The use of Kloehn cervical gear is considered in regard to Class II skeletal correction, Class II dental correction, slow apical base expansion as a means for creating arch length, as an anchorage source to correct anterior overbite, and its direct application to the mandibular dental arch. Owing to the great versatility and effectiveness of the appliance, the author believes that Kloehn cervical gear is the most significant appliance developed to date in orthodontic-orthopedic history.
Anomalous Diffusion, Superlocalization and Hopping Conductivity on Fractal Media

We obtain simple, but rigorous bounds for impurity quantum states, for a tight-z binding model on random fractal structures. From these we conclude that a "typical" state on a percolation cluster decays with Euclidean distance r as exp [- cra], with 1 ≤ a ≤ c, where rc is the average chemical distance. Averaging over all random configurations yields regular exponential decay, a = 1. Our bounds indicate that the probability of a classical random walker to reach distance r at time t decays as exp [- (rd/w/t)α], t < rdw, with 1/(dw - 1) ≤ α ≤ c/(dw - c). For the fully averaged probability we expect α = 1/(dw - 1). The thermally activated hopping conductivity between impurities on a random structure with fractal dimensionality D is found to behave as exp [- (T0/T)β], with β = c/(D + c).
Solvent–amino acid interaction energies in 3-D-lattice MC simulations of model proteins. Aggregation thermodynamics and kinetics

Recently, we devised an energy scale to vary systematically amino acid–solvent interactions for Monte Carlo simulations of lattice model proteins in water. For 27-mer and 64-mer protein chains, changes in the interaction energies produce quite different protein-folding behavior. Here, for two- to six-chain systems, we investigate the effect of interaction parameters and chain length on protein aggregation. Here too, small changes in the interaction energies produce different classes of protein behavior: non-aggregating; reversibly aggregating; irreversibly aggregating while maintaining part or all of the native structure. Interaction parameters optimized for fast folding and high cooperativity in single-chain simulations provide the least aggregation in multi-chain simulations. Simulations with 27-mers and with 64-mers suggest that the interaction-energy parameters optimal for stability against aggregation depend only weakly on protein size. Although we are not able to find an energy parameter set for 27-mers that makes the native, non-aggregating state the most stable state, we have obtained such a set of parameters for 64-mers, indicating a strong influence of chain length on aggregation properties.
Analysis of purine and pyrimidine bases, ribonucleosides, and ribonucleotides by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the separation and quantitation of purine and pyrimidine bases, ribonucleosides, and ribonucleotides. The procedure is carried out on a 1.8 × 700-mm column packed with Aminex-A-25 anion-exchange resin. The column is eluted with a linear gradient of ammonium chloride. The elution buffer contained borate also to complex the sugar phosphates and ethanol to improve the separation of bases and nucleosides. The analysis is completed in about 160 min. The potential application of this method for the quantitation of acid-soluble metabolites in fibroblasts is described.
ELECTRON STATES IN A NEARLY IDEAL RANDOM-NETWORK MODEL OF AMORPHOUS SIO2 GLASS

A large continuous random-network model with 1296 atoms and periodic boundary conditions has been constructed for amorphous SiO{sub 2} glass. The atoms in this model are all fully coordinated with an overall small bond length and bond angle distortions. The calculated pair distribution function is in close agreement with the diffraction data. Based on this model, a first-principles calculation of the electron states is performed and the resulting wave functions are analyzed. Subtle differences in the density of states with the crystalline SiO{sub 2} are found. The calculated density of states are in good agreement with x-ray emission data and show the importance of Si 3{ital d} orbitals. The distributions of effective charges on Si and O atoms are studied in relation to the short-range order in the glass. It is found that O atoms with a Si-O-Si bridging angle of less than 120{degree} have smaller effective charges and can be identified as quasidefective centers that are responsible for the two-level tunneling at low temperature. It is also shown that localized states at the top of the band are induced by the elongation of the Si-O bond and those at the bottom of the band are related to atoms withmore » shortened bonds. A mobility edge of 0.2 eV at the top of the valence band is obtained. A similar mobility edge for the conduction band cannot be located because of the much less localized nature of the states. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Masculinity and femininity: The role of desirability in the relationships among measures based on self-concept and personality traits

With data gathered from 96 female college students, intercorrelations were examined among self-concept ratings of masculinity and femininity, and scales from two personality-trait measures of masculinity and femininity—the Adjective Check List (ACL) and the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ). The sign and magnitude of the correlations between pairs of measures were successfully predicted on the basis of the congruence between measures of both the gender relevance and the desirability of the self-rated traits comprising each measure. The desirability of the trait items employed in self-report personality-trait scales of masculinity and femininity evidently introduces methods variance that can either inhibit or potentiate the relationship with other scales composed predominantly of either desirable or undesirable traits. When balanced for the desirability of trait items, personality-trait scores of masculinity and femininity were substantially inversely correlated with each other, and only marginally correlated with self-concept ratings of masculinity and femininity, but these correlations remained in the anticipated directions. This result is consistent with the findings of Pedhazur and Tetenbaum (“Bem Sex Role Inventory: A Theoretical and Methodological Critique,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37, 996–1016), and supports Spence's (Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender-Related Traits: A Conceptual Analysis and Critique of Current Research,” In B. A. Maher and W. B. Maher (Eds.), Progress in Experimental Research, Vol. XIII, Normal Personality Processes, New York: Academic Press, 1984) position that personality traits should be viewed as only one of many possible referents for gender/sex role identity.
The Identification of Language Impairment in the Selection of Specifically Language-Impaired Subjects

This review focused on the methods used to identify language impairment in specifically language-impaired subjects participating in 72 research studies that were described in four journals from 1983 to 1988. The single most frequent source of information used in the identification process was found to be test data. There was, however, considerable variability and, often, a lack of clarity regarding the specific number and identity of tests used. More specific findings on test use indicated that researchers routinely assessed both expressive and receptive language and that they used incomplete tests. When test scores used in identification and selection were examined, there was a wide range of score types, and age-equivalent scores were by far the most common and often the only type of score utilized. Conclusions are drawn regarding the impact of these findings on the interpretation and generalizability of this research literature.
Costs and benefits of water quality: Massachusetts as a case example

Economists have long argued for economic principles to play a major role in pollution control as the most efficient way to achieve goals. To date, there has been limited use of such principles for several reasons including the difficulty of placing a value on intangibles such as environmental quality or, specifically in this case, clean water. However, as financial resources have become more limited, some thought is being given to fuller use of marginal (as opposed to total) benefit-cost analysis as a component rather than the absolute arbiter in evaluating environmental improvements. The present paper explores some of the background for such an analysis, areas where data exist, where they are needed and draws information from the state of Massachusetts for a case example. The results suggest that overall in the United States and in Massachusetts specifically, a point of economic inefficiency may be near based on available tools. However, existing tools are likely to be deficient and protocols for assessing benefits as well as costs need to be verified and a consensus reached on their use; also, the pertinent data need to be collected before great reliance is placed on benefit-cost techniques as a principal component in decision making.
Heterogeneity in harmony: diverse practice in a multimedia arts collective

HCI and CSCW researchers have begun to call for greater and more explicit support of creative endeavors. Current theories of creativity suggest that it is an inherently collaborative activity, situated and highly contextualized. This work argues that a contextualized view of creativity calls in turn for assessment and technological support to be considered in situ.This poster presents a case study of the creative collaboration in a multimedia arts collective, with the goal of describing their current practices to inform appropriate information system design. We found that even a small and cohesive collaborative arts group contained a multitude of artistic practices and production tool choices, several distinct but interdependent work tracks and a variety of attitudes about the individual members' collaborative roles. Such heterogeneity, evidenced even within a self-selected and self-organized group, suggests challenges for future technological support of creative practices.
Solubilization of water by dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates in hydrocarbon solutions.

Abstract The apparent solubilization of water in hydrocarbon solvents by the addition of 0.1% to 2.0% w/w di-(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) has been studied. In n -octane and n -decane, transitions of clear-turbid-clear-turbid were observed with increasing water content, whereas in dodecane, tetradecane, hexadecane, cyclohexane, and toluene only one clear-turbid transition was seen. Separation of the first turbid region in n -octane and n -decane gave two clear phases. Direct analysis indicates a hydrocarbon phase containing surfactant-solubilized water and an aqueous phase containing some surfactant. Increasing amounts of water partition between these phases until a second clear region appears. Separation of phases in the second turbid region in n -octane and n -decane and in the turbid region of the other solvents produces a pure hydrocarbon phase and a phase containing a complex aggregate of AOT/water/hydrocarbon. Solubilization of water in n -octane solutions of di-( n -octyl) sodium sulfosuccinate and di-( n -hexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate is greatly reduced when compared to AOT. This suggests a significant effect due to the ethyl side chain in the AOT molecule.
Cholesterol, Cholesterol Esters and Phospholipids in Health and in Coronary Artery Disease II. Morphology and Serum Lipids in Man

Employing the Sheldon method of physique classification, it has been shown that a definite relationship exists between the various physiques and the level of lipids in the serum of a coronary disease group and a control group. Positive correlations existed between endomorphy and serum lipids, negative correlations existed between ectomorphy and serum lipids. There were negligible correlations between mesomorphy and the serum lipids. Intragroup comparison in the coronary disease patients showed that the general trend of endomorph-ectomorph differences continued, but that the lipid values in coronary mesomorphs were higher than in the coronary endomorphs.
Methane emissions from Louisiana rice fields amended with nitrogen fertilizers

Methane emissions and dissolved CH4 concentrations were measured from a flooded Louisiana rice field. Treatment plots contained the early long-grain cultivar Lacassine, drill-seeded into a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs). Before flooding urea, ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate were applied at 0,60 or 120 kg N ha−1 and CH4 fluxes were measured twice a week until harvest. Dissolved CH4 concentrations in vertical floodwater-soil profiles (with or without plants) were measured during the early, middle and late growing season. Methane evolution during the 93 day sampling was ca 60, 70, 80 and 110kg ha−1 from the control and low N rate of ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate and urea, respectively. Methane emissions from plots treated with 120 kg N ha−1 totaled 90, 100, and 220 kg ha−1 for potassium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and urea treatments, respectively. The high ammonium sulphate and potassium nitrate rate reduced CH4 emissions by 55 and 59%, respectively, compared to fluxes measured from the high urea rate. No positive correlations were observed between seasonal soil temperatures (0, 5 and 10 cm depths) and fluxes. Dissolved concentrations increased during the growing season and concentrations as high as 245 μM were measured in unplanted plots ca 3 weeks before harvest.
Soft X-ray observations of the binary sigma σ Cr B with HEAO-1

The detection of X-ray emission in the 0.15-2 keV band from the vicinity of the radio-emitting binary star HD 146361 in the binary system sigma-Corona Borealis, with low-energy detectors of the HEAO A-2 experiment, is reported. Graphs are presented that show plots of count rate versus scan angle in half-degree bins, that are obtained from the superposition of the 13 source scans. Attention is given to source position and identification as well as to the energy spectrum of the source.
VIP and PACAP down-regulate CXCL10 (IP-10) and up-regulate CCL22 (MDC) in spleen cells.

The immunoregulatory neuropeptides VIP and PACAP favor Th2-type immune responses. Antigen-stimulated Th2 cells produce VIP, VIP/PACAP induce Th2 cytokine responses, and promote the preferential survival of Th2 effectors. In this study, we investigate the effects of VIP/PACAP on two chemokines, i.e. CXCL10 (IP-10) acting on CXCR3 expressed on activated Th1 cells, and CCL22 (MDC) acting on CCR4 and 8 expressed on activated Th2 cells. VIP and PACAP down-regulate CXCL10, and up-regulate CCL22 in vivo and in vitro. The effects on the two chemokines appear to be different in mechanistic terms. The fact that VIP/PACAP might promote the directed migration of Th2 cells adds a new dimension to their participation in the Th2 auto-regulatory loop.
Considerations for designing Web-based programs

Summary With over two million students projected to be enrolled in higher education distance learning courses by the year 2002, it is imperative that consideration be given to the design of high-quality online programs. Using the framework of grounded design as a context for dealing with the range of design decisions that best facilitate learning outcomes, five areas are discussed: psychological, pedagogical, technical, cultural, and pragmatic (Hannafin, Hannafin, Land, & Oliver, 1997). Examples are provided of how each area of grounded design can be used, as instructional designers, content experts, and others establish Web-based programs in higher education.
14N nuclear quadrupole resonance study of the NO−2 ion in simple nitrites

Abstract The nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance spectrum of several simple nitrites has been observed and found to be relatively insensitive to the particular crystal lattice. The results are interpreted in terms of the electronic structure of the NO − 2 ion.
Historical biomass of Limnocalanus in Lake Michigan

Abstract The magnitude of a reported recent increase in the biomass of Limnocalanus macrurus Sars in Lake Michigan was based on a length–weight regression model developed for a different species, Diaptomus siciloides . We created a length–weight model specifically for Limnocalanus in Lake Michigan and discovered that the D. siciloides model gives satisfactory estimates for animals in May but not in subsequent months. After Limnocalanus mature to C6 copepodid instars, animals progressively add mass through June, July, and August while maintaining near-constant metasome lengths and widths. Adults begin to lose mass in September as mating and reproduction begins. By August, mass estimates based on D. siciloides can underestimate Limnocalanus biomass by more than four-fold. We inspected archival Lake Michigan collections of Limnocalanus from 1985 to 1992 and calculated a mean summer biomass of 16.2 mg DW/m 3 , which is approximately 3.5 times greater than previously reported. The pattern displayed by Limnocalanus is consistent with its univoltine life history and synchronized cohort structure. Biomass may have genuinely increased since 2004, but the magnitude of the increase is likely much greater than reported. Increased numerical abundance of Limnocalanus cohorts surviving to reproductive age appears to be the main reason for their increased biomass. This has important consequences for trophic interactions, bioenergetic considerations, and relative dominance with respect to Cladocera and Diaptomidae in Lake Michigan.
Ultra-stable Hg(+) trapped ion frequency standard

Abstract We report the development of a fieldable frequency standard based on 199Hg+ ions confined in a hybrid r.f./dc linear ion trap. This trap permits storage of large numbers of ions with reduced susceptibility to the second-order Doppler effect caused by the r.f. confining fields. A 160 mHz wide atomic resonance line for the 40·5 GHz clock transition is used to steer the output of a 5 MHz crystal oscillator to obtain a stability of 2 × 10−15 for 24 000 s averaging times. For longer averaging intervals, measurements are limited by instabilities in available hydrogen maser frequency standards. Measurements with 37 mHz linewidth for the Hg+ clock transition demonstrate that the inherent stability for this frequency standard is at least as good as 1 × 10−15.
The Effects of Participation and Resources on Democratic Attitudes: Role of Social Capital in Four Latin and South American Countries

ABSTRACT Social capital research in Latin and South American countries has been gravely limited by the absence of valid measures of social capital. This study seeks to create a scale for measuring social capital in the Latin and South American context using exploratory and confirmatory statistical procedures. It also seeks to test the effect of social capital on democratic attitudes in Latin America through structural equation modeling methods. Analysis of four countries in Latin and South America suggests that social capital is positively related to democratic attitudes. Recommendations for future studies are highlighted, and scale properties and outcomes are discussed.
Reactions of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in the Common Ion Binary Ionic Liquid 1,2-Dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium/Copper(II) Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide

Ionic liquids have the potential for being ideal alternatives for organic solvents in chemical warfare agent reactions and demilitarization processes. They are considered to be an excellent substitute, because of their extraordinarily wide liquid range, low melting points, chemical and thermal stability, high conductivity, and nonvolatility. In addition, many have excellent hydrophobic properties and immiscibility with water and offer the opportunity to isolate the chemical agents and reaction products from the environment. In this report, we describe a two-step process in which chemical warfare simulants are reacted with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) followed by basic methanol in a common ion binary ionic liquid that consists of 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide and copper(II) bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide. The chemical agent simulants used in this study are diisopropylfluorophosphate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite, and 2-chloroethylphenyl sulfide, which simulate agents GB, ...