cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of olefin polymerization reactions with chromium-based catalysts

Detailed GC analysis of oligomers formed in ethylene homopolymerization reactions, ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization reactions, and homo-oligomerization reactions of 1-hexene and 1-octene in the presence of a chromium oxide and an organochromium catalyst is carried out. A combination of these data with the analysis of 13C NMR and IR spectra of the respective high molecular weight polymerization products indicates that the standard olefin polymerization mechanism, according to which the starting chain end of each polymer molecule is saturated and the terminal chain end is a CC bond (in the absence of hydrogen in the polymerization reactions), is also applicable to olefin polymerization reactions with both types of chromium-based catalysts. The mechanism of active center formation and polymerization is proposed for the reactions. Two additional features of the polymerization reactions, co-trimerization of olefins over chromium oxide catalysts and formation of methyl branches in polyethylene chains in the presence of organochromium catalysts, also find confirmation in the GC analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 5330–5347, 2008
Mixed-phase wavelet estimation using fourth-order cumulants

In recent years methods have been developed in the field of high‐order statistics that can reliably estimate a mixed‐phase wavelet from the noisy output of a convolutional process. These methods use high‐order covariance functions of the data called cumulants, which retain phase information and allow recovery of the wavelet. The assumption is that the reflection coefficient series is a non‐Gaussian, stationary, and statistically independent random process. The method described in this paper uses the fourth‐order cumulant of the data, and a moving‐average, noncausal parametric model for the wavelet. The fourth‐order moment function of this wavelet matches the fourth‐order cumulant of the data in a minimum mean‐squared error sense. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the method can accurately estimate mixed‐phase wavelets, even when the reflectivity has a distribution close to Gaussian. Three seismic data examples demonstrate possible uses of the method. In the first two, an average source wavelet is est...
Structural studies of graphite intercalation compounds using ( 0 0 l ) x-ray diffraction

Analysis of the ($00l$) x-ray diffractograms of graphite intercalation compounds reveals important structural information concerning these compounds. In particular, the in-plane intercalate density is observed to depart from the commonly accepted stoichiometric values. This result has important implications concerning various structural phase transformations that have been reported in these materials. The application of Fourier synthesis to the ($00l$) integrated intensities yields the projected structure of the intercalate layer onto the $c$ axis. A least-squares refinement program RFINE4 was used to analyze the ($00l$) integrated intensities, yielding in-plane intercalate densities, Debye-Waller temperature factors, and various layer separations. The graphite-graphite layer separations were found to be not significantly different from the values for pristine graphite. Connections of the results of ($00l$) x-ray diffraction with other structural-analysis techniques such as electron diffraction and electron microscopy are discussed.
Kinetic theory of free electron lasers

Abstract We have developed a comprehensive kinetic theory of the free-electron laser (FEL) interaction, including the effects of self-fields. To demonstrate its utility, three examples are selected for presentation. First, we discuss the role of emittance and axial velocity spread in order to define what constitutes beam quality in the context of FEL interaction. The longitudinal beam quality in an FEL may be quantified by the ratio of the thermal velocity to the difference between the beam and the ponderomotive wave velocity. Using this, we proceed to investigate the effect of longitudinal beam compression on the growth rate. In the last example, we consider the effect of self-fields. We find that self-fields can improve electron beam quality in certain regimes. The reason for this anti-intuitive result is a decrease in the axial velocity spread due to self-fields. That is, self-fields effectively cool the beam.
Effects of Hypothalamic Deafferentation on Light-Stimulated Ovarian Function in Turkeys

Abstract Previous studies in the turkey have shown that lesions placed in the preoptic brain (POR) block ovulation, while lesions placed in the tuberal hypothalamus (TH) induce regression of rapidly growing ovarian follicles. In the present experiments, the nature of the neural pathways to and between these regions is explored by the method of neural transection performed with a small, stereotaxically positioned knife. Superior deafferentation of the POR allowed light-stimulated rapid growth of ovarian follicles but appeared to block or suppress ovulation. Complete deafferentation of the TH prevented development of the ovary as indicated by the failure of ovarian follicles to enter the phase of rapid growth. Partial cuts that severed anterior inputs to the TH blocked follicular growth, whereas cuts that severed lateral and posterodorsal connections or posterior connections to this region had no effect on development of a functional ovary. Deafferentation of the posterior two-thirds of the TH, which created an island including the posterodorsal region of the infundibular nuclear complex, did not block ovulation.
Potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin release by tolazamide and paradoxical absence of glucose facilitation (Staub effect) in non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Abstract Acceleration of glucose tolerance after repetitive intravenous glucose loads (Staub-Traugott effect) has not previously been tested in non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Six overt, untreated subjects were administered three hourly IV glucose tolerance tests (GTT). The glucose disappearance rate (K) changed very little between loads, indicating a suppressed Staub effect. However, insulin levels increased with each load. The characterstic loss of early phase insulin release after the first intravenous glucose injection was recovered with the third injection. After four months of tolazamide treatment the fasting plasma glucose fell from 180 ± 19 to 134 ± 13 mg/dL. Despite dramatic potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin release and further improvement of early phase insulin release, K values again failed to progressively rise. This paradox occurred even in three additional subjects tested after two years of tolazamide treatment, suggesting that tolazamide may not ameliorate the postreceptor defects that impede the expression of the Staub effect. The applicability of the glucose facilitatory effect to the treatment of NIDDM might be limited to subjects in whom adjunctive measures have reestablished effective tissue responsiveness to endogenous insulin.
High temperature steam oxidation of SiC coating layer of TRISO fuel particles

Abstract High-temperature oxidation behavior of SiC coating layer of TRISO fuel particles in 1500–1700 °C steam at 1 atm has been examined inside a zirconia furnace. The SiC coating layers experienced a thickness loss of less than 2.5 μm under these conditions up to 24 h. The thickness of the oxide layer formed under these conditions was consistent with prior steam oxidation tests on high-purity bulk SiC. Upon reducing the presence volatile impurities from the test environment (particularly Al) by conducting the tests inside a zirconia furnace, melting of the silica layer at 1700 °C was avoided.
The Biological production of ethanol from synthesis gas

There has been considerable interest recently in the production of liquid fuels from coal through direct or indirect liquefaction. A culture has been isolated from animal waste that is capable of producing ethanol and acetate from carbon monoxide and from hydrogen and carbon dioxide, the major components of synthesis gas. This paper presents results of batch and continuous laboratory studies with this culture. Special efforts are directed toward maximizing the ratio of ethanol to acetate.
Exotic birds show lags in population growth

Aim A key aspect of the ecology and management of biological invasions is the prevalence and duration of lag phases in population growth. Here, we explore the occurrence of lag phases in exotic bird populations using the Audubon Christmas Bird Count database. Location Hawaiian Island archipelago. Methods We expand on the use of piecewise model fitting techniques to detect lags in exotic bird populations on Hawaii. We searched for explanations as to the occurrence of these lags using five possible mechanisms (body size, niche breadth, propagule pressure, length of record and lag phase growth rate). Results We found evidence of lag phases for 14 of 17 species we evaluated (range: 10–38 years, mean using observed data = 16 ± 12), and we discovered very rapid growth to maximum abundance following the end of the lag phase (mean using observed data = 8 ± 6 years). We found no evidence for any association between the possible mechanisms influencing the occurrence and duration of the lag phases. Main conclusions Our results are the first to rigorously quantify lags in exotic animal populations; most existing evidence comes from plants. We show that lags are as common in birds as in plants, although we provide preliminary evidence that the duration of lags in birds is shorter than in plants. We highlight the need for continued efforts to elucidate lag phase occurrence and duration in biological invasions, and we demonstrate the expanded utility of piecewise model fitting approaches to quantify these lags using count data.
BioSense 2.0

BioSense 2.0 protects the health of the American people by providing timely insight into the health of communities, regions, and the nation by offering a variety of features to improve data collection, standardization, storage, analysis, and collaboration. Using the latest technology, BioSense 2.0 integrates current health data shared by health departments from a variety of sources to provide insight on the health of communities and the country. The demonstration will include a basic overview of the application and the functionality available to public health departments and their data providers, as well as a real-world example of the system.
Development of the database for environmental sound research and application (DESRA): design, functionality, and retrieval considerations

Theoretical and applied environmental sounds research is gaining prominence but progress has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive, high quality, accessible database of environmental sounds. An ongoing project to develop such a resource is described, which is based upon experimental evidence as to the way we listen to sounds in the world. The database will include a large number of sounds produced by different sound sources, with a thorough background for each sound file, including experimentally obtained perceptual data. In this way DESRA can contain a wide variety of acoustic, contextual, semantic, and behavioral information related to an individual sound. It will be accessible on the Internet and will be useful to researchers, engineers, sound designers, and musicians.
The Dance That Makes You Vanish: Cultural Reconstruction in Post-Genocide Indonesia

Rachmi Diyah Larasati, in her excellent and insightful book, The Dance that Makes You Vanish, Cultural Reconstruction in Post-Genocide Indonesia, takes the position that the politically charged mas...
Emissions of mercury vapor from tree bark

Abstract Measurements of the rate of elemental Hg vapor (Hg°) emissions from the bark of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) and white oak (Quercus alba L.) were conducted in a controlled laboratory chamber with a mean air Hg° concentration of 1.6 ng m−3. Measured Hg° emissions for the four bark species studied ranged from a maximum of 10.8 ng m−2 h−1 for white oak to a minimum of 1.2 ng m−2 h−1 for red maple. Chestnut oak, yellow-poplar, and red maple bark all had similar Hg° emission rates with a mean of 1.9 ng m−2 h−1, but the mean emission rates from white oak were up to five times greater. This discrepancy was correlated with higher rates of evaporation from the white oak bark samples. When compared to published values of Hg° emissions from foliage and soils, it was concluded that bark surfaces would contribute less than 10% of all Hg° emissions from a forest landscape.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B induced release of macrophage migration inhibition factor from normal lymphocytes.

Abstract Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a potent lymphocyte mitogen, inhibits migration of peritoneal exudate cells from most guinea pigs but does not inhibit migration of purified macrophages. Experiments were designed to test the ability of highly purified SEB to induce normal lymphocytes to release migration inhibition factor (MIF). Supernatants of lymph node lymphocytes cultured with SEB inhibited the migration of purified macrophages, indicating the release of a migration inhibition factor. Mitomycin-C blocked the SEB-induced release of MIF. SEB-induced MIF localized in the albumin fraction on Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Antibody to SEB specifically blocked the inhibitory effect of SEB on migration of normal guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells.
Bone marrow is a reservoir for proangiogenic myelomonocytic cells but not endothelial cells in spontaneous tumors

The hypothesis that bone marrow–derived, circulating endothelial cells incorporate into tumor blood vessels is unresolved. We have measured the numbers of bone marrow–derived versus resident endothelial cells in spontaneous prostate cancers during different stages of tumor progression and in age-matched normal prostates. Bone marrow–derived endothelial cells were rare in dysplasia and in well differentiated cancers representing between 0 and 0.04% of the total tumor mass. Instead, approximately 99% of all tumor-associated bone marrow–derived cells were CD45+ hematopoietic cells, including GR-1+, F4-80+, and CD11b+ myeloid cells. Similar to peripheral blood mononuclear cells, these tumor-associated myeloid cells expressed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), consistent with their proposed catalytic role during tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, freshly isolated CD11b+ cells stimulated tumor endothelial cell cord formation by 10-fold in an in vitro angiogenesis assay. The bone marrow is, therefore, a reservoir for cells that augment tumor angiogenesis, but the tumor endothelium is derived primarily from the local environment.
Uranium Isotopes in Groundwater: Their Use in Prospecting for Sandstone-Type Uranium Deposits

ABSTRACT Cowart, J.B. and Osmond, J.K., 1977. Uranium isotopes in groundwater: their use in prospecting for sandstone-type uranium deposits. J. Geochem. Explor., 8: 365–379. The relative abundances of dissolved 238U and its daughter 234U appear to be greatly affected as the uranium is transported downdip in sandstone aquifers. In an actively forming uranium accumulation at a reducing barrier, an input of 234U occurs in proximity to the isotopically non-selective precipitation of uranium from the water. The result is a downdip water much lower in uranium concentration but relatively enriched in 234U. The measurement of isotopic, as well as concentration, changes may increase the effectiveness of hydrogeochemical exploration for uranium. The investigation includes the uranium isotopic patterns in aquifers associated with known uranium orebodies in the Powder River and Shirley Basins, Wyoming, and Karnes County, Texas, U.S.A. In addition, the Carrizo sandstone aquifer of Texas was studied in detail, and the presence of an uranium accumulation inferred.
Building a Distance Function for Gestalt Grouping

A central problem in the area of scene analysis is that of segmenting a scene into its natural objects. Current work emphasizes the semantic approach in which a priori knowledge of the shape of an object is used. Yet there is much to learn about more primitive cues for segmentation such as texture, color, and brightness. In the case of human perception, segmentation appears to be due to a multiplicity of cues which operate in a redundant fashion.
Adaptive estimation schemes for minimizing uncertainty in manual control tasks

The present research has sought to expand our understanding of human information processing and control behavior in target tracking tasks. Specifically, it has focused on the problem of quantifying the human's "internal" model that characterizes his perception of short-term target motion, and on the development of con-commitant adaptive schemes for generating estimates of target velocity and acceleration using these models. A combined experimental and analytic program has studied simulated target tracking performance as modified by short periods (~ 1 sec) of target blanking. The blankings occur at pseudo-random times during a flyby. During the blanking period, human operator performance is governed almost entirely by his internal model representation of the target's motion. Ensemble data from blanking experiments has been used to suitably refine the Optimal Control manual tracking model, including the target submodel.
Treatment of a metabolic disease, scurvy, by administration of the missing enzyme

Reaction of immunoprecipitated L-gulonolactone oxidase with glutaraldehyde allows multiple administrations of large amounts of this enzyme extracted from either chicken or rats to guinea pigs. L-Gulonolactone oxidase converts L-gulonolactone to ascorbic acid, and its absence from guinea pigs and primates results in their requirement for this vitamin. By administration of this enzyme guinea pigs are able to survive on an ascorbic-acid-deficient regimen.
Closure to "State-of-the-Art of Integral Abutment Bridges: Design and Practice" by M. Arockiasamy, Narongrit Butrieng, and M. Sivakumar

Closure to a discussion of an article with the aforementioned title, published in this journal (Vol. 9, No. 5, September/October 2004), is presented. The authors have previously stated that the soil response is a nonlinear function of pile deflection and that determining the practical point of fixity of the buried pile is complex, but it is not difficult as the discusser suggests. The discusser, Peter Kocsis, presents expressions for pile length to fixity for three cases and two different soil types. The authors represent embedded piles by using the equivalent cantilever method as a column with a base fixed at some distance below the ground surface. For the long piles generally used in bridges, the horizontal displacements at the pile head have a negligible effect beyond a certain depth. Beyond this length, the lateral displacements and bending moments are a small percentage of those at the pile head. The authors use the equivalent cantilever idealization such that its maximum moment would be equal to the maximum moment in a real pile.
Ocular Mast Cells and Mediators

Mast cells have long been recognized for their role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, by virtue of the presence of high affinity receptors for IgE (FcɛRI) on their surface. More recently, mast cells have been postulated to be involved in a variety of chronic inflammatory disorders as numerous mediators released by activated mast cells are characterized. This article summarizes current information on mast cell mediators, heterogeneity, and differentiation, and it reviews studies of mast cells in the normal eye and various ocular disorders.
Vortex decoupling crossover in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8

Abstract We present measurements of c -axis transport in single-crystal Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 which suggest that decoupling of the superconducting CuO 2 layers occurs via a continuous crossover in this material. We discuss the process of decoupling and supplement our arguments with Monte Carlo simulations of the vortex fluctuations. Our data suggest two regimes in the coupling process. The first is the establishment of a macroscopic correlation length in the c -direction associated with a sharp drop in the c -axis resistivity. The second stage is the establishment of a finite critical current in the c -axis direction which spans the rest of the temperature range down to the irreversibility/melting line.
Carrier recombination at grain boundaries and the effective recombination velocity

Abstract The recombination of excess minority carriers at grain boundaries, or other interfaces with space-charge regions, is treated theoretically for general energy distributions of interface states (recombination centers). The distinction is made between minority carrier recombination velocity at the (grain-boundary) interface itself, and the effective recombination velocity for the collection of these carriers by the adjacent space-charge region. Calculations of the effective recombination velocity are made, as a function of the excess minority-carrier concentration at the edge of the space-charge region, since this is the quantity of most convenience for device modelling.
'Putting one over on the boss': The political economy of strategic behavior in organizations

The chief executive of an organization is often dependent on his subordinates for formulating the set of options he will consider. He may also be dependent on them for advice as to which option to choose. Due to the limits on his time, energy, and attention, he cannot always monitor the subordinates as they formulate the options and settle on their recommendations. He must, to some extent, accept their recommendations as reasonable estimates of what is good organizational policy. But what the subordinates think is good policy often diverges from what the boss thinks is good policy. What is good for the subordinates may also diverge from what is good for their boss. The fact that their views and interests diverge from his gives them a motive to manipulate his choices to their own ends. The fact that he has difficulty monitoring their behavior makes it possible for them to manipulate his choices. If the subordinates want to manipulate his choices and can do so 'without being found out,' it is not unreasonable to expect them to do so: they will tell him what they want him to hear and not what his interests and concerns require him to hear. That choices can be manipulated is a generic feature of all social institutions. As Gibbard (1973) and Satterthwaite (1975) have formally demonstrated, for every nondictatorial way of making social choices there will exist situations in which someone can improve outcomes for himself by voting for in our terms, recommending to the boss something other than what he truly most prefers.' Hence the problem of hierarchical distor-
T cells in mycobacterial infection and disease.

There has been an increase in our understanding of the complexity of the T cell response to mycobacterial infection recently. Improved tools have allowed the determination of the location and kinetics of naive T cell activation in the mouse as well the variety of function of mycobacteria-specific cells in humans. There is also an increased appreciation of the balance required during mycobacterial infection between anti-bacterial activity and control of the immunopathologic response. The integration of the T cell functional data with the consequences of infection should improve rational vaccine design.
Negative association of neuroticism with brain volume ratio in healthy humans.

Abstract Background: Brain volume decreases with normal aging. We sought to determine whether, in addition to age, individual differences in stress reactivity (i.e., neuroticism) would also predict reductions in brain volume. Methods: Brain volume ratios were calculated for a sample of 86 healthy volunteers, based on segmented brain volumes taken from T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging and corrected for intracranial volume. Standardized self-reported measures of dispositional neuroticism were concurrently obtained by administering the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Results: After statistically controlling for age and sex, neuroticism showed a significant negative association with the ratio of brain to the remainder of the intracranial volume, but was not related to intracranial volume itself. In particular, subfactors of neuroticism related to the chronic experience of arousing negative emotions were associated with reduced brain ratio. Conclusions: These results suggest that individual differences in stress reactivity contribute to reductions in brain volume observed during adulthood.
Sixty years of paleolimnology

I am very grateful to the Association for the honor of its Lifetime Achievement Award. I could elaborate on that gratitude at length, but Rick Battarbee has asked me to dwell instead on the early days of paleolimnology. It is more than 60 years since I first drove a Hiller sampler into lake sediment, so he hoped my long personal experience might give me a useful perspective. I was less sanguine about providing any insight that was not self-evident. On reflection, however, I perceive sweeping changes in our subject since 1949, and in where and how it is pursued. The reason we are interested in paleolimnology, or at least the reason we give the outside world for being interested in it, has changed radically. We look more useful now. Probably we have always studied lake history for the same reason: it is fascinating and we enjoy it. Rather than attempt an historical account of what has happened to our field over 60 years, I will present the subject as it has seemed to me. This will involve a temperate North American bias, or at best an amphi-atlantic one. Today such a bias would seriously misrepresent our subject. A glance at recent issues of our journal or the program of this meeting shows how much of the action takes place elsewhere, particularly in the arctic and the tropics. In 1949, however, few of us could afford to travel far and we had our hands full with what needed to be done closer to home. My undergraduate record was spotty, barely good enough to get me hired after my third university year as a summer field collector for the Nova Scotia Museum. I spent the next four summers on the lakes and bogs of the province, where the glacial till in every road cut, the erratic boulders, and the glacially polished bedrock bosses screamed out a message of climatic change. Encouraged by a few professors and fellow students who shared some of my interests, and guided by Goldthwaite’s Physiography of Nova Scotia (1924) I thought a lot about the effects of glacial history on the distribution of plants and animals across Nova Scotia. I also laid plans for a lifetime of research into the ecology of postglacial time. Dalhousie’s highest degree was the M.Sc., so I moved onto Yale in 1950 to complete my studies. I thought I already knew what I was going to do in life, and how to do it, so I went mostly to get the Ph.D. that was required for a career in research. Yale quickly taught me how little I knew and how much more there was to learn. G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Richard Foster Flint, and Edward S. Deevey, Jr. were my principal professors. I was attracted there by Hutchinson, a limnologist, biogeochemist and polymath (Slobodkin and Slack 1999; Hutchinson 1941, The author was the recipient of a ‘‘Lifetime Achievement Award’’ presented by the International Paleolimnology Association (IPA) in Guadalajara, Mexico on 16 December 2009.
Public Reporting of PCI Outcomes: For Better or for Worse

Public reporting of PCI outcomes has had a polarizing effect on the cardiology community. The potential benefits of public reporting are many, but a host of unintended consequences have likely mitigated the anticipated positive impact of current reporting systems. In this review, we discuss what the goals of public disclosure are, the limitations of current reporting systems and the resultant unintended consequences. We also offer a perspective on future directions with a view to ensuring the benefits of public reporting while minimizing the risk of unintended consequences.
Methods of analysis of the "Ferro and regulator replacement" power supply

The "Ferro and Regulator Replacement" (FARR) power supply is characterized by its ability to maintain a constant d-c output voltage with variations in the power line input, such as during a "brownout" condition. Two modeling techniques were used to evaluate design features and performance. The primary method of analysis is a computer simulation model of the representative circuits. This simulation adequately represents the FARR power supply for both steady state and transient power supply operations. Auxiliary analytical models were also programmed to determine ideal signal waveforms and circuit values required to compensate for dynamic behavior under various power line conditions. Results obtained from the analytical models were tested in the more realistic simulation model. This paper emphasizes the methodology used to analyze and evaluate the FARR power supply.
ENUMERATING VIABLE BACTERIA.

FOR many purposes the number of viable organisms has to be known. In antibiotic assays, for example, the size of the inoculum influences the result of the test1,2. Optical densities of bacterial suspensions, not corroborated by viable counts, are misleading, as dead cells are also registered. Viable numbers are usually estimated from poured plates3.
Near-tip behavior of a crack in a plane anisotropic elastic body

Abstract The asymptotic form of the stress and displacement components near the tip of a straight crack in a generally rectilinear anisotropic plane elastic body are resolved. As in the isotropic analysis, the solutions for the stresses display a r − 1 2 dependence, where r is the distance from the tip, while the angular dependence depends upon the anisotropy in a complicated way. The effect of some special anisotropies upon these solutions is fully explored. Finally, these solutions are used to solve the problem of a finite length straight crack in an anisotropic elastic plane when uniform stresses are applied far from the crack. This solution includes obtaining the stress intensity factors, and the nature and magnitude of the crack face displacements.
Noninvasive quantitative method for measuring isovolumetric bladder pressure and urethral resistance in the male: I. Experimental validation of the theory

Noninvasive measurement of intravesical pressure, impulsive flow rate, and localized urethral resistance is achieved by clamping the penis immediately above the glans with a pneumatic cuff and then instructing the patient to initiate voiding. The cuff is then deflated slowly until urinary flow of at least 1 ml/s is detected and is then released rapidly to permit unimpeded flow. Cuff pressure, voided volume, and flow rate are recorded as functions of time. From the resulting tracings it is possible to determine the isovolumetric bladder pressure, the impulsive flow rate, and the flow pattern specific to the test. We studied 53 male patients demonstrating that data thus obtained are reproducible and that the cuff pressure at the initiation of voiding does measure the bladder pressure at this moment. We then modeled the lower urinary tract by an analog electrical circuit which facilitated the analysis of the urodynamic data. This analysis suggests that if is possible to separate the effects of bladder dysfunction from the effects of urethral resistance and to localize the resistance to the proximal or distal urethra without invasive testing. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Extent and Consequences of High School Employment

During the mid-1970s, a number of prestigious commissions convened to study the problems of adolescents reached the common conclusion that additional early work experience would foster the development of personal responsibility, smooth the transition from youth to adulthood, and improve educational performance and occupational attainment. Shortly thereafter, a number of federal initiatives were passed with the goal of increasing the employment experience of youths. These recommendations were made in the absence of hard empirical evidence that increased job-holding caused or even was correlated with favorable outcomes. Economic theory also fails to provide unambiguous predictions concerning the efficacy of youth employment. For example, the human capital model identifies both potential benefits and costs of working. On the one hand, time devoted to jobs could detract from potentially more productive educational investments. On the other, the employment might provide skills and knowledge which increase future productivity and complement in-class learning. Early work experience could also speed the process by which youths obtain positions where there is a good match between job requirements and worker qualifications.
The Teukolsky-Starobinsky Constant for Arbitrary Spin

A determinantal expression for the Teukolsky-Starobinsky constant for arbitrary integral and half-odd integral spins is obtained.
Privacy: A few definitional aspects and consequences for minimax mean-squared error

We explore several definitions of “privacy” in statistical estimation and data analysis. We present and review definitions that attempt to capture what, intuitively, it should mean to limit disclosures from the output of a statistical estimation task, providing minimax upper and lower bounds on mean squared error for estimation problems under several common (and some new) definitions of privacy.
Diffusion in magmas at depth in the Earth: The effects of pressure and dissolved H2O

Abstract Experimental data on cation diffusion in silicate melts and glasses at atmospheric pressure cannot be quantitatively applied to diffusion in magmas at depth because pressure and dissolved H2O have significant effects. Diffusivities of Ca and Cs in soda-lime aluminosilicate melt are reduced by roughly an order of magnitude as pressure increases from 1 to 30 kbar at 1100°C (in the case of calcium, the pressure effect is smaller at higher temperatures). The influence of dissolved H2O is opposite to and (for some ions) far more important than that of pressure: at 700°C, Cs diffusion in granitic obsidian is enhanced by four orders of magnitude by the addition of 6 wt.% H2O, and Ca diffusivity increases by 2.5 orders of magnitude. Sodium diffusion, on the other hand, is relatively immune to changes in H2O content. The retarding effect of pressure on diffusion in deep-seated magmas is largely compensated by higher magmatic temperatures, such that overall “depth” effects on diffusion are of secondary importance — diffusion rates in mantle melts are probably well approximated by 1-atm, near-liquidus values. Diffusion rates in crustal magmas, however, are extremely sensitive to H2O content, so that models of rate-controlled processes in hydrous magmas may be grossly in error if 1-atm diffusivity values are used.
The process of developing an instrument: the JPL electronic nose

An electronic nose is a sensing array designed to monitor for targeted chemical species or mixtures. From 1995 to 2008, an electronic nose was developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to monitor the environment in human occupied spacecraft for the sudden release, such as leaks or spills, of targeted chemical species. The JPL ENose was taken through three generations of device, from basic exploratory research into polymer-carbon composite chemiresistive sensors to a fully operating instrument which was demonstrated on the International Space Station for several months. The Third Generation JPL ENose ran continuously in the U.S. Lab on the International Space Station to monitor for sudden releases of a targeted group of chemical species. It is capable of detecting, identifying and quantifying targeted species in the parts-per-million range in air, and of operating at a range of temperatures, humidities and pressures.
Transformation field analysis of damage evolution in composite materials

Evolution of distributed damage in heterogeneous solids is modeled using the transformation field analysis method (Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A (1992) 437, 311) and selected models of interface debonding in fibrous or particulate composites. In this approach, stress changes caused by local debonding under increasing overall loads are represented by residual stresses generated by damage-equivalent eigenstrains that act together with the applied mechanical loading program and physically based local transformation strains on an undamaged elastic aggregate. Interaction of the actual and equivalent eigenstrains with the mechanical loads at any state of damage is described by certain transformation influence functions; this provides explicit expressions for the local stress averages and the damage-induced enhancement of the overall compliance at any current damage state. Damage rates are then derived from a prescribed probability distribution of interface strength and local potential energy released by debonding. Numerical simulations of damage evolution in a glass/elastomer composite indicate which of these two conditions controls the process at different reinforcement densities and overall stress states. In general, the energy released by a single particle at a given overall stress decreases with increasing reinforcement density, and in proportion to particle size. Therefore, dense reinforcement by small-diameter particles or fibers should enhance resistance to inclusion debonding in composite systems.
Manifestations of intelligence: Expanding the measurement space to reconsider specific cognitive abilities

Abstract Individual differences in intellectual abilities are arguably more important than ever for success in the constantly changing and increasingly complex modern business world. Historically, attention has been focused on the general cognitive ability factor at the center of the intelligence nexus (i.e., the ‘ g ’ factor). Although the focus on ‘ g ’ has and continues to provide insight into successful behavior in the workplace, there is interest and need to expand the measurement space to include other aspects of the intelligence nexus. Drawing on examples in the differential and educational literatures, we argue that giving attention to constellations of more specific cognitive aptitudes can provide additional insight into the manifestation of the complex skills and competencies that are required for success in today's workplace. Unfortunately, as I-O psychology has pulled away from the study of mental abilities, the effort to increase the measurement space has spawned an increase in construct proliferation (e.g., competency-based constructs such as decision-making, strategic thinking, etc.) that crowds and confuses the construct domain without properly leveraging what is known about specific mental abilities. Thus, our purpose is to encourage I-O psychology to reconnect with the science of mental abilities and measurement theory so as better understand how basic constructs within the intelligence nexus manifest in the context of work.
Bippity, boppity, boo: magical presentations using color and large format printing

IT User Services at the University of Delaware offers students, faculty and staff large-format color printing to enhance presentations and graphic communication in a cost-effective manner. We offer support for their projects from start to finish. Extensive documentation and one-on-one help is available to assist users in designing their documents for large format color printing, configure their print drivers, and create and view their documents as PDF files before printing the final copy. The response to printing large-format color documents on campus has been overwhelming. We have seen an increase in volume due to contests, advertising for departments, campus-wide campaigns, conferences, and course-specific projects. Our convenient location, inexpensive pricing, and extensive support all contribute to the success of the service. This poster session will cover the hardware and software evaluation process, configuration, printing material selection and costs, cost comparisons and recovery, and ongoing support for this service.
Deflection of Electrons by a Magnetic Field on the Wave Mechanics

The wave equation for a stream of electrons passing through a uniform magnetic field is solved and the characteristic functions discussed. The motion at right angles to the field is found to be completely quantized.The current density is investigated, and the mean square and mean fourth power radii of curvature found for each quantum state. The mean square radius of curvature is found to be the same for all quantum states of the same energy and identical with that predicted by the classical theory.The mean radius of curvature is determined by interpolation and is found to be less than that predicted by the classical theory. Therefore values of $\frac{e}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ calculated by means of the classical formula from measured values of the mean radius of curvature should be too large. The error is estimated and found to be of the same general magnitude as the discrepancy between the results of deflection experiments and those of spectroscopic measurements.
Quantization of color image components in the DCT domain

Several topics connecting basic vision research to image compression and image quality are discussed: (1) A battery of about 7 specially chosen simple stimuli should be used to tease apart the multiplicity of factors affecting image quality. (2) A 'perfect' static display must be capable of presenting about 135 bits/min2. This value is based on the need for 3 pixels/min and 15 bits/pixel. (3) Image compression allows the reduction from 135 to about 20 bits/min2 for perfect image quality. 20 bit/min2 is the information capacity of human vision. (4) A presumed weakness of the JPEG standard is that it does not allow for Weber's Law nonuniform quantization. We argue that this is an advantage rather than a weakness. (5) It is suggested that all compression studies should report two numbers separately: the amount of compression achieved from quantization and the amount from redundancy coding. (6) The DCT, wavelet and viewprint representations are compared. (7) Problems with extending perceptual losslessness to moving stimuli are discussed. Our approach of working with a 'perfect' image on a 'perfect' display with 'perfect' compression is not directly relevant to the present situation with severely limited channel capacity. Rather than studying perceptually lossless compression we must carry out research to determine what types of lossy transformations are least disturbing to the human observer. Transmission of 'perfect', lossless images will not be practical for many years.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of phage Mu DNA transposition by whole-genome Escherichia coli tiling arrays reveals a complex relationship to distribution of target selection protein B, transcription and chromosome architectural elements

Of all known transposable elements, phage Mu exhibits the highest transposition efficiency and the lowest target specificity. In vitro, MuB protein is responsible for target choice. In this work, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the genome-wide distribution of MuB and its relationship to Mu target selection using high-resolution Escherichia coli tiling DNA arrays. We have also assessed how MuB binding and Mu transposition are influenced by chromosome-organizing elements such as AT-rich DNA signatures, or the binding of the nucleoid-associated protein Fis, or processes such as transcription. The results confirm and extend previous biochemical and lower resolution in vivo data. Despite the generally random nature of Mu transposition and MuB binding, there were hot and cold insertion sites and MuB binding sites in the genome, and differences between the hottest and coldest sites were large. The new data also suggest that MuB distribution and subsequent Mu integration is responsive to DNA sequences that contribute to the structural organization of the chromosome.
Tourism disaster management in an age of terrorism

The following article differentiates between the concepts of risk management, disaster management, and crisis management. Although a great deal has been written about the need for risk and crisis management, precious little has been written about the intermediate steps between risk and crisis management, disaster management. The article attempts to look at this issue both from the academic and applied perspective, offering both a theoretical vision and an applied aspect. The article is meant to create debate within the tourism professional community and challenge that community to be prepared for continual change in an ever more dangerous world. Special emphasis is given to issues of tourism and terrorism.
A Review of: “Reputation and Power: Organizational Image and Pharmaceutical Regulation at the FDA by Daniel Carpenter”

I was a fan of Carpenter's earlier book, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy (2001), and I am even more impressed with the scholarship that went into Reputation and Power. In this latest volume, C...
In vitro simulation of calorie restriction-induced decline in glucose and insulin leads to increased insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle.

In vivo calorie restriction [CR; consuming 60% of ad libitum (AL) intake] induces elevated insulin-stimulated glucose transport (GT) in skeletal muscle. The mechanisms triggering this adaptation ar...
Human Resources Management for the Pharmacy Director

This article of the Director's Forum provides hospital pharmacy directors with an introduction to the essential human resources skills of behavioral interviewing and performance management. While patients are a pharmacy department's most valued asset, the staff that care for those patients are critical to a patient-centered pharmacy service. Hospital pharmacy directors must practice effective human resource management to effectively recruit and retain a highly qualified and professionally satisfied staff.
GLUCAGON RESISTANCE AS A HORMONAL BASIS FOR ENDOGENOUS HYPERLIPÆMIA

Abstract Glucagon has a potent pharmacological effect in reducing serum-triglyceride concentrations in man and animals. The concentration of this hormone is raised in some patients with endogenous hyperlipaemia and in rats with analogous artificially induced hyperlipaemia. It is suggested that " glucagon resistance " may result in the seemingly inappropriate increase in serum concentration of this hormone in hyperlipaemic patients, and contribute to the evolution of the lipaemia by means of a loss of the normal lipid-lowering action of glucagon.
Unusual forms of magnetite in the Orgueil carbonaceous chondrite

— The Orgueil CI carbonaceous chondrite contains magnetite (Fe3O4) that displays a rich and seemingly unique variety of morphologies. While many have already been described, recent images provide far greater definition and, thus, provide more unambiguous identification of trapezohedral crystals and possibly also trisoctahedral forms. Although it is an extremely abundant terrestrial mineral and commonly occurs in well-developed crystals, neither of these forms have been recognized previously from magnetite. The barrel-shaped arrays of magnetite discs (“plaquettes”) are also unique. It appears as if the circumstances for the formation of these unusual crystals were somehow exceptional. Their morphologies and association with sulfates and carbonates suggest an aqueous origin.