cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Essential role for FtsL in activation of septal PG synthesis

Abstract Spatiotemporal regulation of septal PG synthesis is achieved by coupling assembly and activation of the synthetic enzymes (FtsWI) to the Z ring, a cytoskeletal element required for division in most bacteria. In E. coli the recruitment of the FtsWI complex is dependent upon the cytoplasmic domain of FtsL, a component of the conserved FtsQLB complex. Once assembled, FtsWI is activated by the arrival of FtsN, which acts through FtsQLB and FtsA that are also essential for their recruitment. However, the mechanism of activation of FtsWI by FtsN is not clear. Here, we identify a region of FtsL that plays a key role in the activation of FtsWI which we designate AWI (Activation of FtsWI) and present evidence that FtsL acts through FtsI. Our results suggest that FtsN switches FtsQLB from a recruitment complex to an activator with FtsL interacting with FtsI to activate FtsW. Since FtsQLB and FtsWI are widely conserved in bacteria this mechanism is likely to be also widely conserved. Significance A critical step in bacterial cytokinesis is the activation of septal peptidoglycan synthesis at the Z ring. Although FtsN is the trigger and acts through FtsQLB and FtsA to activate FtsWI the mechanism is unclear. Here we find an essential role for FtsL in activating septal PG synthesis and find that it acts on FtsI. Our results suggest a model where FtsWI is recruited in an inactive form by FtsQLB and upon FtsN arrival, FtsQLB undergoes a conformational change so that a region of FtsL, that we designate the AWI domain, becomes available to interact with FtsI and activate the FtsWI complex. This mechanism for activation of the divisome has similarities to activation of the elongasome and is likely to be widely conserved in bacteria.
The role of authentic teaching cases and mastery approach goals in online pre-service teachers’ self-regulated learning

Instructional methods in higher education are changing in response to the growing popularity for distance learning courses. Investigating methods of instruction that will assist in the manner that coursework is taught in online courses is therefore a significant enterprise to research. Specifically, examining the relation between theory and practice in programs of teacher education where application is an integral part of the curriculum as well as students’ future career is of utmost importance. Instruction using the case study method enables instructors to involve their students with the realities of teaching using scenarios built around authentic educational dilemmas, where students can problem-solve varying outcomes and generate possible solutions from multiple theoretical viewpoints. Self-regulated learning has been consistently shown to be a fundamental component in the academic success of online learners. Existing research studies on distance learners has specifically shown mastery-approach goals to be predictive of self-regulated learning. This study found significant relationships between the use of authentic case studies in online preservice teaching, self-regulation, and mastery approach goals. Additionally, the results of this study also identified that the relationship between self-regulation and mastery approach goals was strengthened when using case studies that were authentic.
Hierarchical Grow Network for Point Cloud Segmentation

In this paper, a novel deep learning-based point cloud segmentation model, referred to as the hierarchical grow network, is proposed. This model is based on the PointNet segmentation model.Different from PointNet, the entire point cloud is divided into several clusters, which are then combined at different hierarchical levels. This way, information from different receptive fields is used to make the final segmentation. The proposed hierarchical growing approach can also be used with other 3D feature extraction networks. Experiments performed on the indoor S3DIS database show that our proposed approach provides improvement and higher accuracy compared to the PointNet model.
A Case of Cutaneous Sarcoidosis with Direct Osseous Involvement

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder that presents with cutaneous manifestations in one-third of patients, often as an initial symptom prompting interaction with the healthcare system. Here, we report a case of cutaneous sarcoidosis on the forehead with directly underlying erosive osseous disease. The patient was imaged further, uncovering pulmonary involvement. The lesion was treated with topical and intralesional corticosteroids with significant resolution. Though there exist a range of classic eruptions associated with sarcoidosis, skin involvement can present variably and should prompt additional imaging, particularly to assess for osseous and pulmonary involvement. Topical and intralesional corticosteroids can be effective first-line therapy for cutaneous sarcoidosis.
FDG PET/CT imaging features and clinical utility in COVID-19.

Abstract Purpose To determine the imaging findings and potential clinical utility of FDG PET/CT in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Methods We performed a single institution retrospective review of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 using real time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) who underwent FDG PET/CT for routine cancer care between March 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020, during the height of the pandemic in New York City, New York, United States. PET/CT scans were retrospectively reviewed for imaging findings suspicious for COVID-19. For positive scans, PET and CT findings were recorded, including location, FDG avidity (SUVmax) and CT morphology. Patient demographics and COVID-19 specific clinical data were collected and analyzed with respect to PET/CT scan positivity, lung SUVmax, and time interval between PET/CT and RT-PCR. Results Thirty-one patients (21 males and 10 females, mean age 57 years ± 16) were evaluated. Thirteen of 31 patients had positive PET/CT scans, yielding a detection rate of 41.9%. Patients with positive scans had significantly higher rates of symptomatic COVID-19 infection (77% vs 28%, p = 0.01) and hospitalizations (46% vs. 0%, p = 0.002) compared to patients with negative scans. Eleven of 13 patients (84.6%) with positive scans had FDG-avid lung findings, with mean lung SUVmax of 5.36. Six of 13 patients (46.2%) had extrapulmonary findings of FDG-avid thoracic lymph nodes. The detection rate was significantly lower when the scan was performed before RT-PCR versus after RT-PCR (18.8% (n = 3/16) vs. 66.7% (n = 10/15), p = 0.009). Lung SUVmax was not associated with COVID-19 symptoms, severity, or disease course. Conclusion FDG PET/CT has limited sensitivity for detecting COVID-19 infection. However, a positive PET scan is associated with higher risk of symptomatic infection and hospitalizations, which may be helpful in predicting disease severity.
Servant Leadership and Religious Values: Drawing Speculation to Commonalities between Servant Leadership Characteristics and Faith-Based Values

The theory of servant leadership has been considered a grey area within leadership literature, as certain perspectives suggest the theory to resemble an oxymoron as it focuses on service and leading others. However, literature reflects servant leadership to have a positive impact on organization and team level performance. The focus of paper was to draw conclusion to an existence of commonalities between servant leadership characteristics and faith-based values.
Decade in review-IBD: IBD-genes, bacteria and new therapeutic strategies.

IBD is known to be associated with an abnormal response to an unbalanced gut microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals. The therapeutic goal now is to control progression of the disease. Given the heterogeneity of IBD, the two universes of basic and clinical science must work in parallel to realize the hope of personalized therapy.
General and nested wiberg minimization: L 2 and maximum likelihood

Wiberg matrix factorization breaks a matrix Y into low-rank factors U and V by solving for V in closed form given U, linearizing V(U) about U, and iteratively minimizing ||Y−UV(U)||2 with respect to U only. This approach factors the matrix while effectively removing V from the minimization. We generalize the Wiberg approach beyond factorization to minimize an arbitrary function that is nonlinear in each of two sets of variables. In this paper we focus on the case of L2 minimization and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), presenting an L2 Wiberg bundle adjustment algorithm and a Wiberg MLE algorithm for Poisson matrix factorization. We also show that one Wiberg minimization can be nested inside another, effectively removing two of three sets of variables from a minimization. We demonstrate this idea with a nested Wiberg algorithm for L2 projective bundle adjustment, solving for camera matrices, points, and projective depths.
Chlorate-induced inhibition of tyrosine sulfation on bone sialoprotein synthesized by a rat osteoblast-like cell line (UMR 106-01 BSP)

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a major noncollagenous, RGD-containing glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix of bone. The RGD sequence is flanked by two tyrosine-rich regions, which fit the established consensus requirements for tyrosine sulfation. Tyrosine sulfation is suggested to be important in the regulation of protein secretion and function. The role of this post-translational modification on the cell attachment activity and secretion of a highly sulfated form of BSP isolated from a rat osteoblast-like cell line (UMR 106-01 BSP) was investigated by inhibiting sulfation with chlorate. [35S]Sulfate, [3H]glucosamine, and [3H]tyrosine were used as metabolic precursors to monitor biosynthetic products. Chlorate was effective in inhibiting total [35S]sulfate incorporation by 90% without altering overall protein synthesis and secretion in cultures up to 72 h under serum-free conditions. Isolated proteoglycans and purified BSP were analyzed for sulfate incorporation. Proteoglycans isolated from the medium of cells treated with chlorate displayed a difference in the hydrodynamic properties of the molecules as compared with control cultures. An increase in the specific activity of proteoglycans labeled with [3H]glucosamine isolated from chlorate-treated cells was also observed suggesting a change in hexosamine metabolism induced by chlorate. BSP purified from the medium of chlorate-treated cells contained approximately 7% of the 35S incorporation as compared with nontreated control cultures. Quantification of sulfate incorporation into glycoconjugates versus tyrosine sulfate of BSP indicates that the amount of sulfate associated with N- and O-linked oligosaccharides was reduced by approximately 97%, while that on tyrosine residues was reduced by approximately 90%. Using normal human bone cells, the cell attachment activity of the reduced sulfate form of BSP was nearly equivalent to that of the fully sulfated product.
Risk factors for early revision after total hip arthroplasty

Objective Revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) is associated with increased cost, morbidity, and technical challenge compared to primary THA. A better understanding of the risk factors for early revision is needed to inform strategies to optimize patient outcomes. Methods A total of 207,256 patients who underwent primary THA between 1997–2005 in California and New York were identified from statewide databases. Unique patient identifiers were used to identify early revision THA (<10 years from index procedure). Patient characteristics (demographics, comorbidities, insurance type, and preoperative diagnosis), community characteristics (education level, poverty, and population density), and hospital characteristics (annual THA volume, bed size, and teaching status) were evaluated using multivariable regression to determine risk factors for early revision. Results The probabilities of undergoing early aseptic revision and early septic revision were 4% and 400 THAs annually (P < 0.001). Conclusion A number of identifiable factors, including younger age, Medicaid, and low hospital volume, increase the risk of undergoing early revision THA. Patient-level characteristics distinctly affect the risk of revision within 10 years, particularly if due to infection. Our findings reinforce the need for continued investigation of the predictors of early failure following THA.
Marlowe and Bruno

In the Introduction to her 1965 edition of Doctor Faustus , Roma Gill reminds us that the comic pope and anti-pope scene in the B-text are based upon certain elements in history as recorded in Foxe's Actes and Monuments . I should like to hypothesize about the relationship of the source to the scene.
Performance driven programmimg models

Most projections for high-performance, massively parallel processors (MPPs) include deep and complex memory hierarchies. Making efficient use of these systems will require making efficient use of these memory hierarchies, without sacrificing the advancements that have been made in algorithms. Efficient programming models were developed for vector computers, particularly the memory system structure, providing high performance. Where are the programming models for MPPs? Much effort has gone into automatic programming systems, such as parallelizing compilers for existing languages and new languages expressing concurrency. Unfortunately, these have rarely led to programs that can achieve near-peak performance. In this paper, we review the issues and some current approaches and suggest some new memory-oriented programming models. The development of these models is essential, because, just as with vector computing, the programming model can strongly influence the new algorithms that are needed for high-performance applications on massively parallel processors.
The Power of a Co‐witness: When More Power Leads to More Conformity

Summary The effect of the power dynamic between co-witnesses on memory conformity for images was investigated. Participant–confederate pairs were first presented with 50 images on a computer and then were randomly assigned to one of three social power role combinations analogous to those present in the workplace: manager and subordinate, subordinate and manager, or collaborators with equal power and status. After role assignment (but without ever engaging in the role-related tasks), pairs were tested on whether each of 100 images (50 old and 50 new) had or had not been shown previously. Confederates always responded before participants. Subordinates were significantly less likely to conform than managers. Findings are discussed in light of the work-related facet of social power and memory distortion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History of Adultery and Fornication Criminal Laws

This is a portion of a paper I am working on about the history of fornication and adultery criminal laws. This portion of the paper examines evidentiary issues in fornication and adultery prosecutions, how those issues were overcome by the courts, and the historical rationales for criminalizing adultery and fornication.
Peripheral Nerve Surgery Models Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Model

The acute crush injuries of peripheral nerves are seen frequently after various traumas. The resulting morbidity depends on combined effect of mechanical pressure and ischemic injury, timing and extent of injury. The sensorial and functional deficits range from paresthesias to complete sensory loss and from partial motor weakness to complete nerve paralysis. The rat sciatic nerve crush injury model is the most commonly used experimental model for understanding the crush injury mechanism, treatment modalities and recovery of the nerve. In this chapter, we briefly present a standardized crush injury model and methods of nerve recovery evaluation after peripheral nerve crush injury.
Modulation of Tcf3 repressor complex composition regulates cdx4 expression in zebrafish

The caudal homeobox (cdx) gene family is critical for specification of caudal body formation and erythropoiesis. In zebrafish, cdx4 expression is controlled by the Wnt pathway, but the molecular mechanism of this regulation is not fully understood. Here, we provide evidence that Tcf3 suppresses cdx4 expression through direct binding to multiple sites in the cdx4 gene regulatory region. Tcf3 requires corepressor molecules such as Groucho (Gro)/TLE and HDAC1 for activity. Using zebrafish embryos and cultured mammalian cells, we show that the transcription factor E4f1 derepresses cdx4 by dissociating corepressor proteins from Tcf3 without inhibiting its binding to cis-regulatory sites in the DNA. Further, the E3 ubiquitin ligase Lnx2b, acting as a scaffold protein irrespective of its enzymatic activity, counteracts the effects of E4f1. We propose that the modulation of Tcf3 repressor function by E4f1 assures precise and robust regulation of cdx4 expression in the caudal domain of the embryo.
Strain induced room temperature ferromagnetism in epitaxial magnesium oxide thin films

We report on the epitaxial growth and room-temperature ferromagnetic properties of MgO thin films deposited on hexagonal c-sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The epitaxial nature of the films has been confirmed by both θ-2θ and φ-scans of X-ray diffraction pattern. Even though bulk MgO is a nonmagnetic insulator, we have found that the MgO films exhibit ferromagnetism and hysteresis loops yielding a maximum saturation magnetization up to 17 emu/cc and large coercivity, Hc = 1200 Oe. We have also found that the saturation magnetization gets enhanced and that the crystallization degraded with decreased growth temperature, suggesting that the origin of our magnetic coupling could be point defects manifested by the strain in the films. X-ray (θ-2θ) diffraction peak shift and strain analysis clearly support the presence of strain in films resulting from the presence of point defects. Based on careful investigations using secondary ion mass spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies,...
ESTIMATION OF BILIRUBIN USING ACETAMIDE.

A study of the effect of acetamide as an accelerator of the reaction between free bilirubin and diazotized sulfanilic acid (DSA) has led to its use in a method for serum bilirubin which is simple, sensitive, linear over a wide range, and which requires neither excessive dilution nor protein precipitation. The conditions necessary for greatest sensitivity and for linearity have been established with regard to the pH of coupling and photometry, the concentration of DSA, the minimizing of turbidities, and the effect of protein.
Investigation of “Bath Salts” Use Patterns Within an Online Sample of Users in the United States

"Bath salts" are synthetic stimulant "legal highs" that have recently been banned in the US. Epidemiological data regarding bath salts use are limited. In the present study, 113 individuals in the US reporting use of bath salts completed an anonymous, online survey characterizing demographic, experiential, and psychological variables. Respondents were more often male, 18-24 years old, and Caucasian/White with some college education. Past-year use was typically low (≤ 10 days), but marked by repeated dosing. Intranasal was the most frequently reported administration route and subjective effects were similar to other stimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines). Bath salts use was associated with increased sexual desire and sexual HIV risk behavior, and met DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for disordered use in more than half of respondents. Bath salts use persists in the US despite federal bans of cathinone-like constituents. Self-reported stimulant-like effects of bath salts suggest their use as substitutes for traditional illicit stimulants. Data revealed more normative outcomes vis-a-vis extreme accounts by media and medical case reports. However, indications of product abuse potential and sexual risk remain, suggesting bath salts pose potential public health harm.
Cost-effectiveness of TAVR in the non-surgical population

Until recently, patients with severe aortic stenosis have had only one truly effective treatment option to address their life-threatening condition: surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR). With ov...
Effect of dietary protein on high-producing dairy cows in early lactation.

Abstract Thirty Holstein cows capable of producing at least 30kg of milk per day were assigned to one of three completely mixed rations containing corn silage, chopped alfalfa hay, and concentrate mixture. These rations differed only in crude protein content (12.7, 16.3, or 19.3% dry matter). All cows were fed their assigned ration continuously for 90 days beginning on the 4th day postpartum. Differences in average 4% fat corrected milk, persistency of production, change in body weight, milk protein content, blood ammonia, plasma albumen, and rumen pH between groups of cows were not significant. Cows fed the higher protein rations had more 4% fat-corrected milk and feed intake throughout the trial. Groups of cows differed in average rumen ammonia and urea in blood plasma in relation to the protein content of the ration. Income above cost of feeds for the 90-day trial was greatest for the group fed the 16.3% crude protein ration and lowest for the group fed the 19.3% crude protein ration.
Energy levels and charge distributions of nonideal dangling and floating bonds in amorphous Si

Defect-state wave functions and energies are calculated for numerous configurations of nonideal dangling and floating bonds in a-Si with use of Bethe-lattice-terminated clusters and a tight-binding approach. The energy eigenvalue for the dangling bond is highly dependent on deviations from ideality while the wave-function amplitudes are much less so. Exactly the opposite holds for the floating bond. The experimental consequences of these calculations are discussed.
Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings

Abstract Emotionally intelligent people are defined in part as those who regulate their emotions according to a logically consistent model of emotional functioning. We indentify and compare several models of emotion regulation; for example, one internally consistent model includes tenets such as “happiness should be optimized over the lifetime.” Next, we apply that internally consistent model to the way a person can intervene in mood construction and regulation at non-, low-, and high-conscious levels of experience. Research related to the construction and regulation of emotion at each of these levels is reviewed. Finally, we connect our concept of emotionally intelligent regulation to its potential applications to personality and clinical psychology.
The Use of Race-Related Variables in Counseling Research

This study provides a detailed analysis of all race-related articles published in prominent counseling journals between 1995 and 2004. Findings indicate that 75% of articles did not define race variables and in the absence of an operational definition, authors tended to conceptualize race as an inherent biological variable.
The path to far-IR interferometry in space: recent developments, plans, and prospects

The far-IR astrophysics community is eager to follow up Spitzer and Herschel observations with sensitive, highresolution imaging and spectroscopy, for such measurements are needed to understand merger-driven star formation and chemical enrichment in galaxies, star and planetary system formation, and the development and prevalence of waterbearing planets. The community is united in its support for a space-based interferometry mission. Through concerted efforts worldwide, the key enabling technologies are maturing. Two balloon-borne far-IR interferometers are presently under development. This paper reviews recent technological and programmatic developments, summarizes plans, and offers a vision for space-based far-IR interferometry involving international collaboration.
An optimal algorithm for the construction of the system dependence graph

Program slicing can be used to aid in a variety of software maintenance activities including code understanding, code testing, debugging, and program reengineering. Program slicing (as well as other program analysis functions including forward slicing) can be efficiently performed on an internal program representation called a system dependence graph (SDG). The construction of the SDG depends primarily on the calculation of the transitive dependences which in turn depends in the calculation of the data dependences. In this paper we demonstrate the correctness and the optimality (with respect to the number of iterations required) of our method of calculating the transitive data dependences. We make a worst-case analysis of our algorithm, and find that is faster than the Horwitz, Reps, and Binkley (HRB) algorithm, and comparable to the Reps, Horwitz, Sagiv, and Rosay (RHSR) algorithm. Furthermore, our method requires neither the (explicit) calculation of the GMOD and GREF sets nor the construction of a linkage grammar and the corresponding subordinate characteristic graphs of the linkage grammar’s non-terminals. Unlike both the HRB and RHSR algorithms, our algorithm treats recursive procedures separately, permitting a faster (linear time) solution of non-recursive procedures. Additionally, a beneficial side effect of this method is that it provides us with a new method for performing interprocedural, flow-sensitive data flow analysis.
Reductive dealkylation of alkylcobaloximes, alkylcobalamins, and related compounds: Simulation of corrin dependent reductase and methyl group transfer reactions

Abstract The cobalt-carbon bond in alkylcobaloximes, alkylcobalamins, and alkylcobalt derivatives of related chelates is reductively cleaved by thiols and dithiols. The cleavage occurs optimally in neutral or mildly acidic anaerobic medium and involves trans -attack on the cobalt atom by the thiol as the first step. The initial products of the cleavage reaction are carbanionic species which react with protons of the solvent to form alkanes. Consistent with this mechanism, the dealkylation is inhibited by bases competing with thiols for the cobalt coordination site. The methyl carbanionic species generated by the reductive cleavage of methylcobinamide and methylcobaloximes may be trapped by carbon dioxide to form acetate. The latter reaction represents a plausible model for the terminal step of acetate biosynthesis from methylcobalamin and carbon dioxide by cell-free extracts of Clostridium thermoacelicum . Reductive Co C bond cleavage reactions also provide pertinent information concerning the rate-determining step in corrin or coenzyme B 12 -dependent reductase reactions, such as methane biosynthesis by Methanobacillus omelianskii , ribonucleotide reduction by ribonucleotide reductase of Lactobacillus leichmanniii , methylarsine and methylselenide formation by cell extracts of Methanobacterium strain M.O.H. in the presence of arsenite or selenite.
Climate and the equilibrium state of land surface hydrology parameterizations

For given climatic rates of precipitation and potential evaporation, the land surface hydrology parameterizations of atmospheric general circulation models will maintain soil-water storage conditions that balance the moisture input and output. The surface relative soil saturation for such climatic conditions serves as a measure of the land surface parameterization state under a given forcing. The equilibrium value of this variable for alternate parameterizations of land surface hydrology are determined as a function of climate and the sensitivity of the surface to shifts and changes in climatic forcing are estimated.
A Comparison of HIV-Positive Patients with and without Infective Endocarditis: An Echocardiographic Study—The Emory Endocarditis Group Experience

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the clinical features in HIV-positive patients with and without infective endocarditis (IE). Patients and Methods All bacteremic, HIV-positive patients with suspected IE admitted over a four-year period who underwent either transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) or transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were retrospectively reviewed with regard to clinical, laboratory, and demographic characteristics. Results Ten (11.5%) of 87 HIV-positive patients had a clinical diagnosis of IE based on the Duke Criteria. The mean age of patients with IE was 37.8 years and without IE 39.9 years ( P = NS). Both patient groups were similar with respect to gender, race, IVDA, renal failure requiring hemodialysis, history of predisposing heart disease, origin of infection, and causative organism of infection. The mean CD4 count (cells/ μ L) was 200.7 in patients with IE and 95.9 in patients without IE ( P = NS). Of 10 HIV-positive patients with IE, seven had left-sided heart involvement, two had complications related to IE, three required cardiothoracic surgery, and three died. Conclusions There were no differences found with regard to the clinical characteristics of HIV-positive patients with and without IE. No correlation could be drawn between mortality and the degree of immunosuppression in patients from this study. The high incidence of IE (11.5%) and mortality rate (30%) in this study suggests that IE in HIV-positive patients, including non-intravenous drug abusers, represents a real concern for clinicians and their management of these patients.
Thiazolidinedione-induced edema

Edema is an adverse event associated with thiazolidinedione therapy. The potential for mild-to-moderate peripheral edema with thiazolidinedione is known, especially in patients who have heart failure or use insulin. Our experience reveals that patients who do not have heart failure or do not use insulin also can develop moderate-to-severe edema that necessitates discontinuation of the thiazolidinedione. A 77-year-old man developed ankle, hand, and facial swelling 2 weeks after starting rosiglitazone. After discontinuing the drug, his edema resolved. A 75-year-old man developed bilateral lower leg edema 6 months after switching from troglitazone to pioglitazone. He was hospitalized for 51 days and, after aggressive diuresis and discontinuation of pioglitazone, was discharged with a weight loss of 30 pounds. A 53-year-old man developed lower leg edema 4 weeks after rosiglitazone was increased from 4 mg once/day to 4 mg twice/day. Rosiglitazone was discontinued and the edema resolved. Until the mechanism of action responsible for fluid overload is known, we suggest that thiazolidinediones be administered with caution in all patients.
Tax and trade: a hybrid climate policy instrument to control carbon prices and emissions

This article describes a ‘tax and trade' emission regulations system that controls both emission costs and emission quantities. Emitters are taxed at a fixed price on carbon emissions and the government uses the tax revenue to buy carbon offsets on existing emissions markets. Unlike a traditional carbon tax, regulated firms may also produce carbon credits which may be sold to the government. Thus, the government bears the compliance cost risk rather than an individual firm and has control over the number of offsets purchased and the effective emission reduction. This unusual form of hybrid has potential political advantages of creating an economic incentive on corporate choices (at the margin) substantially greater than the actual trading price, and with lower financial transfers than in most schemes.Policy relevanceThe article presents a hybrid carbon emissions system that adds to the growing discussion of hybrid policy instruments which could be implemented by policy makers, particularly in nations with...
Acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase localization patterns do correspond in cat and rat retinas

Abstract Is acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a reliable marker for cholinergic activity in the cat and rat retinas? To evaluate this question, radial sections, labeled for AChE, have been compared to sections labeled for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of each species, two lightly-stained AChE bands are revealed which correspond to the depths of ChAT immunoreactivity. Although retinal AChE is not limited exclusively to sites where ChAT is present, AChE and ChAT acivity do occur in the same IPL sublaminae. Used with proper caution, AChE is a reliablesecondary indicator of cholinergic activity.
Artemisia Gentileschi—A New Documented Chronology

During a working career of more than forty years, Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-ca. 1652) established herself as an extraordinary personality and the foremost woman painter of Italy. She practiced her adaptation of Caravaggio's style in Rome, Florence, Naples, London, and, most probably, in Genoa and Venice as well. Yet in spite of this prominence and notwithstanding the scholarship of the last fifty years, only a speculative chronology of her art has emerged.1 Furthermore, with the new documentation presented here and the consequent re-evaluations of known texts and of the autograph and attributed pictures, the present view of Artemisia's development must be considerably altered.
The Articulated Learning: An Approach to Guided Reflection and Assessment

The value of reflection on experience to enhance learning has been advanced for decades; however, it remains difficult to apply in practice. This paper describes a reflection model that pushes students beyond superficial interpretations of complex issues and facilitates academic mastery, personal growth, civic engagement, critical thinking, and the meaningful demonstration of learning. Although developed in a service-learning program, its general features can support reflection on a range of experiences. It is accessible to both students and instructors, regardless of discipline; and it generates written products that can be used for formative and summative assessment of student learning.
THE EXTRACELLULAR RELEASE Of GLYCOLIC ACID BY A MARINE DIATOM1

SUMMARY The excretion of glycolic acid by the marine diatom Chaetoceros socialis through time was studied. Excretion in axenic cultures was linear for the time intervals used, but for nonaxenic cultures an equilibrium was created, suggesting bacterial uptake of glycolic acid. In studies with an inhibitor of glycolate dehydrogenase, the level of glycolic acid in the medium jumped 15–fold. This shows the presence of this enzyme, and implies the presence of the entire set of enzymes which convert glycolic acid to serine and release carbon dioxide. In both axenic and nonaxenic cultures a steady state was reached. All of the data suggest that at high cell densities glycolic acid is liberated from the cell by a passive mechanism. The effect of such an excretion in natural waters is discussed.
In Situ Fe K-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure of a Pyrite Electrode in a Li/Polyethylene Oxide(LiClO4)/FeS2 Battery Environment

Electronic and structural properties of materials generated by the reduction and subsequent oxidation of pyrite (FeS2) in a Li+-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) have been examined in situ by fluorescence Fe K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) in a Li/SPE/FeS2 battery environment. The in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) of fully, i.e., four-electron, discharged FeS2 displayed features consistent with the presence of metallic iron, in agreement with information derived from in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in situ 57Fe Mossbauer effect spectroscopy (MES) reported by other groups. The two-electron reoxidation (half-recharge) of such fully reduced material yielded an in situ XANES very similar to that of genuine crystalline Li2FeS2 prepared and characterized in this laboratory. These spectroscopic findings support conclusions made purely on the basis of electrochemical information, which identified Li2FeS2 as an intermediate in the charge−discharge mechanism of FeS2 in room-...
SH3BP2 is an activator of NFAT activity and osteoclastogenesis

Heterozygous activating mutations in exon 9 of SH3BP2 have been found in most patients with cherubism, an unusual genetic syndrome characterized by excessive remodeling of the mandible and maxilla due to spontaneous and excessive osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoclasts differentiate after binding of sRANKL to RANK induces a number of downstream signaling effects, including activation of the calcineurin/NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) pathway. Here, we have investigated the functional significance of SH3BP2 protein on osteoclastogenesis in the presence of sRANKL. Our results indicate that SH3BP2 both increases nuclear NFATc1 in sRANKL treated RAW 264.7 preosteoclast cells and enhances expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a specific marker of osteoclast differentiation. Moreover, overexpression of SH3BP2 in RAW 264.7 cells potentiates sRANKL-stimulated phosphorylation of PLCgamma1 and 2, thus providing a mechanistic pathway for the rapid translocation of NFATc1 into the nucleus and increased osteoclastogenesis in cherubism.
Feasibility of contralateral trapezius transfer to restore shoulder external rotation: part I.

Purpose We evaluated the feasibility of contralateral trapezius transfer to restore shoulder external rotation. Materials and methods The length of the lower trapezius and distance necessary for contralateral trapezius transfer were measured in 20 volunteers and directly in 12 cadavers. The average distances between the medial spine of the scapula and T12 (length of lower trapezius) and the spine to the greater tuberosity (distance for transfer) were measured with the scapula neutral, maximally protracted, and maximally retracted. In cadavers, the origin of the lower trapezius was detached, transferred to the contralateral greater tuberosity, and retracted to determine its effectiveness in external rotation and tension on the vascular pedicle. Results In volunteers, the average difference between the length of the lower trapezius and the transfer distance was 19 mm in neutral. When the scapula was protracted and retracted, the difference was 79 and −49 mm. In the cadavers, the average transfer distance (in mm) was 290 ± 12, 365 ± 15, and 209 ± 25 in the neutral, protracted, and retracted positions, respectively. The average length of the lower trapezius (in mm) was 270 ± 10, 285 ± 12, and 258 ± 10 in the neutral, protracted, and retracted positions. The transfer was universally feasible when the scapula was partially retracted. Prolongation of the lower trapezius with lumbar fascia made the transfer possible in all scapular positions. Pulling on the transferred muscle resulted in contralateral shoulder external rotation without tension or impingement on the neurovascular pedicle. Conclusion Contralateral trapezius transfer to the infraspinatus insertion appears feasible and potentially effective in restoration of shoulder external rotation.
Probabilistic Seismic Demand Model for California Highway Bridges

A performance-based seismic design method enables designers to evaluate a graduated suite of performance levels for a structure in a given hazard environment. The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center is developing a framework for performance-based seismic design. One component of this framework is a probabilistic seismic demand model for a class of structures in an urban region with a well-defined seismic hazard exposure. A probabilistic seismic demand model relates ground motion intensity measures to structural demand measures. It is formulated by statistically analyzing the results of a suite of nonlinear time-history analyses of typical structures under expected earthquakes in the urban region. An example of a probabilistic seismic demand model for typical highway bridges in California is presented. It was formulated using a portfolio of 80 recorded ground motions and a portfolio of 108 bridges generated by varying bridge design parameters. The sensitivity of the demand models to variation of...
The Effect of Ethnic Threat on Ethnic Self-Concept and Own-Group Ratings

The effect of ethnic threat on adolescents' ethnic self-concept and own-group ratings, and the role of self-esteem and ethnic identity in mediating this effect were examined. Hispanic high school students in the United States received either negative (threat) or neutral information about their ethnic group. Ethnic self-concept and own-group ratings were then assessed. The negative information resulted in lower overall ethnic group ratings, but not in lower ethnic self-concept. Self-esteem was a better predictor of ethnic ratings than ethnic identity was.
An evaluation of nonprecious alloys for use with porcelain veneers. Part I. Physical properties.

Abstract The physical properties of two representative nonprecious alloys, Jel-Span and Ultratek, were determined and compared to those of a control gold-based alloy Ceramco "O". The values for hardness, rigidity, resistance to permanent deformation, sag resistance, and bond strength to porcelain of the nonprecious alloys were significantly greater than those of the gold-based alloy. The nonpercious alloys differed from each other in that Jel-Span (a nickel-chromium-cobalt-palladium alloy) had higher hardness and yield strength values, while Ultratek (a nickelchromium alloy) had a higher ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and per cent elongation. In general, it would appear that the physical properties of the nonprecious alloys, Jel-Span and Ultratek, represent a significant improvement which could be of potential clinical importance to the success of porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations.
Structural characteristics of the Leydig cell lactogen receptors.

Several reports have suggested that prolactin plays an important role in the modulation of Leydig cell function, probably supporting LH-stimulated androgen production.’” Specific receptors that could mediate prolactin action have been demonstrated in Leydig cells using aut~radiographic~ as well as radioligand binding techniques. 5,6 We have found that these receptors can be solubilized from Leydig cell membranes with I% (w/vol) Triton X-100. The solubilized preparation is able to bind IZ5I-hGH, displaying an affinity constant of 3.8 x lo9 Mand a binding capacity of 167 fmollmg of proteins. Lactogenic hormones such as hGH, oPRL, hPRL, and hPL inhibit binding of Iz5I-hGH to the solubilized receptors whereas non-lactogenic hormones do not cause any effect up to concentrations of 0.01 mg/ml. With the aim of studying the structural characteristics of these receptors. IZ5IhGH was covalently coupled to the receptor molecules with the bifunctional cross-linking reagent disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) and the reaction products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. The procedure employed consisted of incubating ‘ZsI-hGH (1.4-2. I x 10’ cpm) with a 1% (w/vol) Triton X-100 extract of membrane-rich Leydig cell particles (100-200 pg of proteins) in 200 p1 of 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA)/DulbecCO’S PBS pH 7.4 for 5 hr at 22°C. Samples were then cross-linked with 3-8 pI of freshly prepared 25 mM DSS in dimethyl sulfoxide for 15 min at 0°C. The reaction was terminated by the addition of 30 pI of I M Tris/HCI buffer, pH 7.4. Samples were boiled for 10 min in 60 mM Tris/HCI buffer, pH 6.8/10% (vollvol) glycerol/ 2% SDS/S mM EDTAI0.7 m P-mercaptoethanol and analyzed by SDS-PAGE on 7.5% acrylamide gels. Dried gels were subjected to autoradiography . The patterns obtained in the absence of cross-linking reagent (lane A) or in the presence of 0.4 mM DSS (lane B) and 1 mM DSS (lane C) are shown in FIGURE 1 (left panel). Two sets of radioactive bands could be observed. The first set was composed of a band at an approximate M, of 103,000 and of a fainter and sometimes not well resolved band at a M, of 113,000. The second set was composed of two bands at M, = 59,000 and M, = 53,000. Since 12sI-hGH has a M , of 22,000. therefore the labeled hormone was coupled to molecules having approximate M,s of 91,000,81,000,37,000, and 31,000. All of these molecules appear to be components of the lactogen receptors, since incubation in the presence of hGH or hPRL significantly decreased the intensity of the higher M, doublet and completely abolished the lower M , doublet; whereas bGH, oLH, and oFSH had no effect. The same pattern of cross-linking was observed using other bifunctional reagents such as ethylene glycol bis succinimidyl succinate and bis 2-succinimido oxycarbonyloxy ethyl sulfone. No changes in the distribution of the bands were evident
The Politics of Union: Northern Politics during the Civil War

"The best general account of politics in the North," as David Herbert Donald calls this book, is also the first one-volume history of its subject. Abraham Lincoln's single goal of saving the Union required not simply subduing the South but contending as well with divisiveness in the North - with refractory state officials, draft resisters, peace advocates, secret organizations, with Northern Democrats (too often seen only as Copperheads or as traitors to the Union), and with powerful Republicans who often vocally disagreed with Lincoln's policies. In this account, Radical Republicans represent consensus with Lincoln more than conflict, sectional more than economic interests, and party over faction. Largely, dissent was heard and accommodated; and, if the federal legislation of the time did amount to a Second American Revolution, it emerged from the conflicts, within the North as well as against the South, of a nation at war. The outcome was a nation not only saved but strengthened and slavery ended.
Chemical Compositional Mapping by Microbeam Analysis at the Micrometer Scale and Finer

Abstract Spatially-resolved analysis on the micrometer to nanometer spatial scale is possible through the techniques of microbeam analysis. Radiation used includes electrons, ions, photons and neutrons. Both a microprobe and a microscope approach are possible. Techniques generally combine a form of microscopy with an analytical spectrometry. Electron beam techniques are among the most mature and widely applied. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis under conventional conditions (beam energy 10–30 keV) generally samples on a lateral scale of a micrometer, with sample masses from 1 to 100 pg. Strategies for improving the spatial resolution include operation at low overvoltage, operation at low incident beam energy ( 100keV).
The two-dimensional Diophantine approximation constant. II.

Given real numbers a and β, let cλ{a,β) denote the Diophantine approximation constant for the linear form x 4- ay + βz and let c2(α, β) denote the corresponding dual constant for the simultaneous approximation of a and β. The paper gives various results about these constants in the case where a and β lie in some real cubic field. For example, it is shown that the suprema of cx(a, β) and c2(α, β), taken over all α, β such that 1, α, β is an integral basis for a real cubic field, are equal, and a necessary and sufficient condition for this common value to be equal to 2/7 is given. 1. Introduction. There is associated with each real number a a constant c(a) defined to be the infimum of those c > 0 such that the inequality \x{aχ-y)\ 0 such that the inequality I x + ay + βz I max( j>2, z2) 0 such that the inequality max(| x I (ax — y) , | x \ (βx — z)2) 2/7. Davenport [11] proved that L- S and [10] that S < .384. Define L* = sup cλ(a, β) and S* = sup c2(a, β), where the suprema are taken over all α, β such that 1, α, β is a basis of a real cubic field. It is