cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION and EIGENFUNCTIONS OF THE GEOGRAPHIC WEIGHTS MATRIX ACCOMPANYING GEO‐REFERENCED DATA

Gaining a better understanding of spatial data and a deeper meaning of spatial statistical results gleaned from geo-referenced data requires a more complete knowledge of properties of the underlying geometry. This paperaddresses these two topics by further investigating important geometric features of spatial data. The importance of this work is expressed in the geographic information system literature regarding representations of geographic space, as well as various geographic literatures concerned with spatial statistical modelling. Answers to three questions are obtained here. One asks whether or not those eigenvectors associated with the three largest eigenvalues of a binary geographic weights matrix have natural interpretations. A second question asks whether or not the eigenvalues of a geographic weights matrix prove useful in understanding the sampling distribution for spatial autocorrelation in a given geographic landscape. A third question addresses the issue of spatial autocorrelation components of geo-refer-enced phenomena. The analysis summarized in this paper documents responses to these three questions. Empirical evidence is gleaned from both Canadian urban census tract data and the square tessellations of remotely sensed data. Afin ?obtenir une meilleure comprehension de donnees spatiales et un sens plus approfondi de resultats statistiques spatiaux decoulant de donnees spatialisees, il faut une connaissance plus complete des proprietes de la geometrie sous-jacente. La presente etude porte sur ces deux sujets en etudiant plus avant des caracteristiques geometriques importantes des donnees spatiales. La pertinence de ce travail est confirmee par la litterature sur les systemes ?information geographique concernant des representations de ľespace geographique, ainsi que par divers courants de la litterature gegraphique portant sur la modelisation statistique spatiale. Des reponses A donneratrois questions ont pu etre obtenues dans ce travail. Tout ?abord ľon se demande si les vecteurs propres associe's aux trois plus grandes valeurs propres ?une matrice gegraphique binaire de ponderation ont des interpretations naturelles. Une deuxieme question portant sur les valeurs propres ?une matrice geographique de ponderation concerne leur utilitye pour la comprehension de la distribution ?echantillonnage de ľauto-correlation spatiale sur un paysage gegraphique donnees Une troisieme question concerne le probleme de la composition de ľautocorrelation spatiale presente dans des donnees spatialisees. L ‘analyse resumee dans la presente etude comporte des elements de reponseaG ces trios questions. Une demonstration empirique est faite a partir de donnees du recensement urbain canadien aľechelle des secteurs, et a partir de la mosaique carree habituelle de donnees satellitaires. Mots-cles: Fonctions propres, Geometrie, donnees spatialisees, autocorrelation spatiale, statistique spatiale, partition de surfaces
iDC: A comprehensive toolkit for the analysis of residual dipolar couplings for macromolecular structure determination.

Measurement of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) has become an important method for the determination and validation of protein or nucleic acid structures by NMRf spectroscopy. A number of toolkits have been devised for the handling of RDC data which run in the Linux/Unix operating environment and require specifically formatted input files. The outputs from these programs, while informative, require format modification prior to the incorporation of this data into commonly used personal computer programs for manuscript preparation. To bridge the gap between analysis and publication, an easy-to-use, comprehensive toolkit for RDC analysis has been created, iDC. iDC is written for the WaveMetrics Igor Pro mathematics program, a widely used graphing and data analysis software program that runs on both Windows PC and Mac OS X computers. Experimental RDC values can be loaded into iDC using simple data formats accessible to Igor’s tabular data function. The program can perform most useful RDC analyses, including alignment tensor estimation from a histogram of RDC occurrence versus values and order tensor analysis by singular value decomposition (SVD). SVD analysis can be performed on an entire structure family at once, a feature missing in other applications of this kind. iDC can also import from and export to several different commonly used programs for the analysis of RDC data (DC, PALES, REDCAT) and can prepare formatted files for RDC-based refinement of macromolecular structures using XPLOR-NIH, CNS and ARIA. The graphical user interface provides an easy-to-use I/O for data, structures and formatted outputs.
The mission of public policy programs: A report on recent experience

This is the report of a meeting on graduate training and research programs in public policy organized by the Ford Foundation on September 10, 1975. The meeting was attended by various representatives of the Ford Foundation along with the following representatives of public policy schools: Graham Allison, Professor, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; William B. Cannon, Former Dean, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas; John P. Crecine, Former Professor, Institute of Public Policy Studies, University of Michigan; Otto A. Davis, Dean, School of Urban and Public Affairs, Carnegie-Mellon University; Joel L. Fleishman, Director, Institute of Policy Sciences and Public Affairs, Duke University; Edward K. Hamilton, Professor, Program in Public Management, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University; Donald E. Stokes, Dean, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University; Aaron Wildavsky, Dean, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of California (Berkeley); Charles Wolf, Jr., Head of Economics Department, and Director of Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, The Rand Corporation; Douglas T. Yates, Jr., Associate Dean, School of Organization and Management, Yale University.
New estimates of Southern Ocean biological production rates from O2/Ar ratios and the triple isotope composition of O2

We report O2/Ar ratios (a constraint on net community production) and the triple isotopic composition of dissolved O2 (a constraint on gross primary production) in samples collected from the surface mixed layer on 23 Southern Ocean transits. Samples were collected at 1–2° meridional resolution during the austral summer. Methodological limitations notwithstanding, the results constrain the net/gross production ratio, net O2 production, and gross O2 production at unprecedented resolution throughout the Southern Ocean mixed layer. Gross O2 production rates inferred from the oxygen triple isotopes are greater than production rates calculated from a model based on remotely sensed chlorophyll. This result agrees with previous 18O and 14C incubations along 170°W. O2/Ar ratios exceeding saturation are consistently observed within the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones south of New Zealand and Australia, showing that a net autotrophic community predominates during austral summer. Lower O2/Ar values are observed within the Drake Passage and Antarctic Zone, suggesting unresolved influences of low net community production, net heterotrophy, and upwelling of O2-undersaturated waters. In autotrophic waters of the austral summer mixed layer, ratios of net community production/gross O2 production scatter about 0.13, corresponding to f ratios of ∼0.25. Net community/gross O2 production ratios show no meridional gradient across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, suggesting that an approximately constant fraction of gross primary productivity is regenerated or exported. Our calculated net O2 production rates are in satisfactory agreement with comparable published estimates. Net and gross O2 production rates are highest in the Subantarctic and decline to the south, paralleling the well-known trend of chlorophyll a concentrations. In an analysis of variance of net O2 production and gross O2 production with other environmental variables, the strongest correlations are between net O2 production and sea surface temperature (SST) (direct correlation), climatological [NO3−] (inverse correlation), and estimates of primary productivity derived from a remote sensing (direct correlation). These trends are as expected if aerosol iron input is the most important influence on production. They are unexpected if upwelling-derived SiO2 and iron are the leading influence or if lower SSTs promote greater export in this region.
The memory of a tree: an interactive storytelling installation

Interactive art has emerged as a distinctive genre in media art that relies on digital contents to express the artist's message. Situated within this field, this work presents an approach to multimedia storytelling that allows audience members to control separate but overlapping parts of the story chapters. We believe that the system engages its audience with a high level of immersion due to its combination of digital computation and tangibility; the tangible system supports a stronger connection to the storytelling than traditional screen-based systems, helping to bridge the gap between the physical world and cyberspace within the field of multimedia storytelling 1]. Consequently, it offers significant potential to share storytelling among a group based its immersive environment and support for embodied interaction paradigms.
Adsorption of peptides to poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide): 1. Effect of physical factors on the adsorption

Abstract Four peptides, salmon calcitonin (sCT), the 8–22 amino acid portion of sCT (CT15), an LHRH superagonist, triptorelin (DP) and a somatostatin analogue (RC160) were studied for adsorption to poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as a function of peptide and polymer concentration. The adsorption of sCT and DP to the polymer showed a primary transient-equilibrium followed by a more rapid and extensive adsorption without reaching a concentration plateau for sCT which occurred earlier with higher peptide concentration. The amount of adsorption for CT15 was much lower than that for sCT and DP and RC160 showed no adsorption. Adsorption isotherms of sCT and DP were fitted to a Langmuir-type of relationship and the monolayer concentration was close to that observed in the kinetic studies or that calculated by the theoretical approach.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Caveolin 1 by Oxidative Stress Is Reversible and Dependent on the c-src Tyrosine Kinase but Not Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Placental Artery Endothelial Cells

Acute H(2)O(2) exposure to placental artery endothelial cells induced an array of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, including caveolin 1 (CAV1) rapid and transient tyr(14) phosphorylated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Basal tyr(14) phosphorylated CAV1 was primarily located at the edges of cells and associated with actin filaments. Phosphorylated CAV1 was markedly increased and diffused with the disorganization of actin filaments at 20 min, disappeared at 120 min treatment with 0.2 mM H(2)O(2). Treatment with H(2)O(2) also disorganized actin filaments and changed cell shape in a time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with antioxidants catalase completely, whereas the other tested superoxide dismutase, N-acetyl-l-cysteine and sodium formate partially attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced CAV1 phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. Acute treatment with H(2)O(2) activated multiple signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) members (MAPK3/1-ERK2/1, MAPK8/9-JNK1/2, and MAPK11-p38(mapk)) and the c-src tyrosine kinase (CSK). Pharmacological studies demonstrated that, among these pathways, only the blockade of CSK activation abolished H(2)O(2)-induced CAV1 phosphorylation. Additionally, H(2)O(2)-induced CAV1 phosphorylation was reversible rapidly (<10 min) upon H(2)O(2) withdrawal. Because maternal and fetal endothelia must make dynamic adaptations to oxidative stress resulting from enhanced pregnancy-specific oxygen metabolism favoring prooxidant production, which is emerging as one of the leading causes of the dysfunctional activated endothelium during pregnancy, these unique features of CAV1 phosphorylation on oxidative stress observed implicate an important role of CAV1 in placental endothelial cell biology during pregnancy.
To Thine Own Self Be True: A New Model of Female Talent Development:

This article describes an innovative model of female talent development based upon the life experiences of gifted women from a wide variety of backgrounds and talent domains. The model was synthesized from original studies contributed by more than 20 scholars, psychologists, and educators, known collectively as Remarkable Women: Perspectives on Female Talent Development (Arnold, Noble, & Subotnik, 1996). Key issues addressed by this model are the personal, professional, and cultural challenges common to gifted females as well as strategies for coping with then, spheres of influence and achievement to which gifted women aspire, and ways to help gifted women and girls identify and actualize their talents and gifts.
Amphoteric nature of vacancies in zinc blende semiconductors

Abstract We find that the donor-like properties of anion-site vacancies (and similarly the acceptor-like properties of cation-site vacancies) can be completely “inverted” through lattice relaxations leading to a dimerization of the dangling-bonds around a vacancy. On the basis of results obtained from first-principles total-energy calculations, we find that the amphoteric nature of anion-site vacancies plays an important role in dopant compensation and helps explain the difficulties encountered in the doping of some large band gap II–VI semiconductors.
Dependence of Heat and Particle Transport on the Ratio of the Ion and Electron Temperatures

Experiments in high confinement (H-mode) plasmas on the DIII-D tokamak show that the heat and particle transport are sensitive to the ratio of the ion and electron temperatures. Increasing the ion-to-electron temperature ratio decreases the electron and ion heat transport and the particle transport regardless of which temperature is being varied. A likely explanation of these results is the dependence of the ion-temperature-gradient instability on the ratio of the ion and electron temperatures.
Isomer-dependent adsorption and release of cis- and trans-platin anticancer drugs by mesoporous silica nanoparticles.

We report on adsorption and release of the anticancer drugs cisplatin and transplatin from mesoporous silica nanomaterials, emphasizing the differences between cisplatin and its much less toxic isomer. Two types of particles, MCM-41 and SBA-15, were used, either as just synthesized or after calcination to remove the templates. The particles were characterized by TEM, nitrogen physisorption, and elemental analysis. The UV−vis spectra of cisplatin and transplatin were obtained and the intensities of several bands (205−210 nm, 210−220 nm, 220−235 nm, and 300−330 nm) were found proportional to drug concentrations, allowing their use for measuring drug concentration. To evaluate drug adsorption by nanoparticles, nanoparticles were incubated in drug solutions and removed by centrifugation, after which the supernatants were scanned by spectrometer to determine drug remaining. It was found that calcined MCM adsorbed less cisplatin or transplatin per particle than as-synthesized MCM. SBA nanoparticles adsorbed sli...
Delayed Scleral Buckle Infection Due to Alternaria Species

Objective: To report a case of scleral buckle infection by Alternaria fungus.Case report: A 75-year-old male who underwent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair 11 years ago developed a scleral buckle infection during the course of serial injections of bevacizumab for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration. Removal of the scleral buckle was done and culture results revealed Alternaria species.Results: The infected scleral buckle was removed and the patient received oral voriconazole. The patient’s best corrected visual acuity changed from 20/50 preoperatively to 20/150 six months after the procedure.Conclusion: Alternaria species may be encountered as a cause of scleral buckle infection.
Torsion effusion vapor pressure determinations of Os, Rh, Ru, W, Co, and Cr solid carbonyls *

Vaporization thermodynamics of low and high ( > 400 g/mol) molecular weight (MW) carbonyls is compared in this study. A gravimetric-torsion effusion method was used to measure vapor pressures of carbonyls such Os 3 (CO) 12 , Rh 6 (CO) 16 , Ru 3 (CO) 12 , Co 2 (CO) 8 , Cr(CO) 6 , and W(CO) 6 carbonyls. The vapor pressure thermodynamic data is used for many low and high temperature CVD applications Disproportionation of solid carbonyls was found to be virtually independent of molecular weight of the species. Vaporization studies of Rh 6 (CO) 16 showed complete decomposition to nano-structured porous metallic Rh metal; the measured MW Rh6(CO)16(effusing gas) is 27.75 g/mol was close to that of carbon monoxide as compared to MW Rh6(CO)16(solid) of 1065.56 g/mol for the value of solid Rh 6 (CO) 16 However, Ru 3 (CO) 12 and Co 2 (CO) 8 show very complex behavior. The molecular weights of the vaporizing species have been estimated anc the numbers of vaporizing species are proposed. For example, there was partial decomposition of Ru 3 (CO) 12 to (approx. 52%) metallic Ru and CO gas during vaporization as suggested by the difference in the molecular weight of the vaporizing species of 107.58 g/mol compared tc the actual value of 639.33 g/mol. The dimer Co 2 (CO) 8 partially disproportionates to tetramer Co 4 (CO) 12 , monomer Co(CO) 4 , and CO gas Whereas, the Os 3 (CO) 12 , Cr(CO) 6 , and W(CO) 6 have shown virtually no disproportionation. The total vapor pressures of all the above mentioned carbonyls, partial pressures of various species, average molecular weights of the effusing gases, equilibrium constants for the vaporization reactions, their enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs energies have been determined.
A sensitive class specific immunoassay for the detection of pyrethroid metabolites in human urine.

The pyrethroids are one of the most heavily used insecticide classes in the world. It is important to develop sensitive and rapid analytical techniques for environmental monitoring and assessment of human exposure to these compounds. Because major pyrethroids contain a phenoxybenzyl group and phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) is a common metabolite form or intermediate, PBA might be used as a biomarker of human exposure to pyrethroids. A sensitive and selective immunoassay for the common pyrethroid metabolite PBA was developed. Rabbits were immunized with 3-[4-(3-carboxyphenoxy)phenoxy] N-thyroglobulin ethylamine. All sera were screened against numerous coating antigens. The assay with the least interference and the best sensitivity was optimized and characterized. The average IC50 for free PBA was 1.65 ng/mL. No cross-reactivity was measured to parent pyrethroids and other metabolites. Urine matrix effects can be eliminated by simple dilution. Results from urine samples from exposed workers suggest that this PBA...
Free radical generation from an aniline derivative in HepG2 cells: A possible captodative effect

Abstract Xenobiotic metabolism can induce the generation of protein radicals, which are believed to play an important role in the toxicity of chemicals and drugs. It is therefore important to identify chemical structures capable of inducing macromolecular free radical formation in living cells. In this study, we evaluated the ability of four structurally related environmental chemicals, aniline, nitrosobenzene, N,N-dimethylaniline, and N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (DMNA), to induce free radicals and cellular damage in the hepatoma cell line HepG2. Cytotoxicity was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase assays, and morphological changes were observed using phase contrast microscopy. Protein free radicals were detected by immuno-spin trapping using in-cell western experiments and confocal microscopy to determine the subcellular locale of free radical generation. DMNA induced free radical generation, lactate dehydrogenase release, and morphological changes in HepG2 cells, whereas aniline, nitrosobenzene, N,N-dimethylaniline did not. Confocal microscopy showed that DMNA induced free radical generation mainly in the cytosol. Preincubation of HepG2 cells with N-acetylcysteine and 2,2′-dipyridyl significantly prevented free radical generation on subsequent incubation with DMNA, whereas preincubation with apocynin and dimethyl sulfoxide had no effect. These results suggest that DMNA is metabolized to reactive free radicals capable of generating protein radicals which may play a critical role in DMNA toxicity. We propose that the captodative effect, the combined action of the electron-releasing dimethylamine substituent, and the electron-withdrawing nitroso substituent, leads to a thermodynamically stabilized radical, facilitating enhanced protein radical formation by DMNA.
Progesterone Receptor Regulation by 17β-Estradiol in Human Endometrial Carcinoma Grown in Nude Mice

Regulation of progesterone receptor (PR) in human endometrial carcinoma was investigated in vivo in a multisite nude mouse tumor experimental system by estrogen administration and withdrawal. The cytosolic PR concentration was low in tumors grown in the absence of 17 beta-estradiol, but increased rapidly upon estrogen administration, reaching a maximal receptor concentration of 1.4-1.6 pmol/mg cytosol protein within 7 days. Protein blot analysis using a monoclonal antibody (hPRa 1) raised against PR from EnCa 101 showed no immunoreactivity in tumors grown in the absence of estrogen. Immunoreactive proteins of mol wt 116,000 and 81,000 were detectable 8 h after estrogen administration and increased in intensity as the cytosolic PR concentration increased. Interestingly, the protein of mol wt 116,000 was composed of mol wt isoforms and was detectable as a doublet 8 h after estrogen administration and finally as a triplet. The effect of estrogen withdrawal on EnCa 101 PR concentration and structure was determined by removal of 17 beta-estradiol pellets (200 pg/ml plasma) from EnCa 101-bearing animals after achievement of maximal tumor PR concentrations. The PR concentration in tumor cytosols decreased in a biphasic manner after estrogen removal, with the initial rapid phase having a half-life of around 2 days. Cytosolic PR was still detectable 21 days after estrogen withdrawal. Protein blot analysis showed that immunoreactive proteins of mol wt 116,000 and 81,000 were also detectable up to that time. Photoaffinity labeling with [3H]R5020 demonstrated that the 81,000 mol wt protein, as well as each of the triplet proteins at mol wt 116,000, was specifically photoaffinity labeled. The 116,000-mol wt protein was detected as a triplet on protein blots until 13 days after estrogen withdrawal, when diminution in the intensity of the highest mol wt triplet protein was noted.
Keep the candle burning: Morehouse college into the 21st century

Despite a trail of seemingly insurmountable philosophical and societal pressures surrounding the early academic education of blacks, Morehouse, early on, lifted its “candle in the dark” by stressing the academic preparation of its students for leadership positions through emphasis on a liberal arts curriculum. Such an emphasis has earned the college a stellar academic reputation; its historical record of graduates reads like a mini Who’s Who in America publication.
After-images observed with intermittent background illumination.

Abstract It has been reported that an intermittent background can considerably prolong the duration of after-images. The luminances of both an intermittently illuminated background and a one degree stimulus were varied as three subjects made observations foveally and five degrees in the periphery. The results confirmed that longer durations of after-images were observed with an intermittent background compared to the durations of those observed in the dark, and further showed that with the intermittent background peripheral after-images lasted longer than foveal ones. After-image duration also increased with stimulus intensity, but the effects of background luminance varied with subjects.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Plays a Major Role in Innate Resistance in the Lung against Murine Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma lipoproteins are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLR), but TLRs' role in responses to infection are unknown. Mycoplasma pulmonis is a naturally occurring respiratory pathogen in mice. In the current study, we used TLR-transfected HEK cells and TLR2−/− bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to demonstrate TLR2-mediated events are important in the initial host-mycoplasma interactions promoting cytokine responses. As we found alveolar macrophages expressed TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 mRNAs, a role for TLR2 in innate immune clearance in lungs was examined. Three days post-infection, TLR2−/− mice had higher M. pulmonis numbers in lungs, but not in nasal passages. However, TLR2−/− mice had higher lung cytokine levels, indicating TLR2-independent mechanisms are also involved in host responses. Thus, TLR2 plays a critical role in the ability of innate immunity to determine M. pulmonis numbers in the lung, and it is likely that early after respiratory infection that TLR2 recognition of M. pulmonis triggers initial cytokine responses of host cells.
Towards Management of Environmental Problems in Egypt

As a poor, developing country, Egypt faces a wide variety of pollution and other environmental problems associated with poverty. In this essay are reviewed the most severe environmental problems currently facing Egypt, as well as the range of policies which the government has assayed in order to manage them. Some of the widespread environmental problems are growing acute. Water pollution is seen as serious, and many new factories are being built without sufficient pollution control. There are real threats to agricultural productivity and public health. While many new institutional and legal steps have been undertaken in the last 7 years, most have failed to curb effectively mounting environmental stresses in the country. A rare counter-example is Mediterranean water quality, which is being helped by activation of UNEP's Mediterranean Action Plan.
Daring to Be Grateful: Robert C. Solomon on Gratitude in the Face of Fanaticism

Because I am tracking some of Robert C. Solomon’s most provocative claims about the importance of cultivating our ability to give thanks, the focus of my discussion is on the philosophically complex relation among comportments of gratitude over against certain gestures of fanaticism. On Solomon’s view, the phenomenon of fanaticism emerges as socially and culturally more pervasive than is commonly assumed. To see why this is the case, I offer a detailed critical exposition of Solomon’s analysis of death fetishism, which is featured as the main impulse behind fanatical tendencies and the spiritual destruction they can wreak on any community’s esprit de corps. At the same time, this exposition goes to show why harnessing the “emotional intelligence” of gratitude is our best bet for obviating fanaticism both in its covert forms and in its most spectacular and lethal manifestations. Finally, this line of inquiry will illuminate why Solomon went so far as to extol gratitude as “the best approach to life itself.”
Can Faith-Based Organizations Compete?

On the heels of the 1996 Charitable Choice provisions, a variety of welfare reform measures are drawing smaller faith-based groups, especially congregations, into the social service arena. These ne...
Learning for stereo vision using the structured support vector machine

We present a random field based model for stereo vision with explicit occlusion labeling in a probabilistic framework. The model employs non-parametric cost functions that can be learnt automatically using the structured support vector machine. The learning algorithm enables the training of models that are steered towards optimizing for a particular desired loss function, such as the metric used to evaluate the quality of the stereo labeling. Experimental results demonstrate that the performance of our method surpasses that of previous learning approaches and is comparable to the state-of-the-art for pixel-based stereo. Moreover, our method achieves good results even when trained on different image sets, in contrast with the common practice of hand tuning to specific benchmark images. In addition, we investigate the impact of graph structure on model performance. Our study shows that random field models with longer-range edges generally outperform the 4-connected grid and that this advantage is especially pronounced for noisy images.
Links between electrophysiological and molecular pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Synopsis Multiple deficits have been described in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), from the first changes in normal functioning of the motoneurons and glia to the eventual loss of spinal and cortical motoneurons. In this review, current results, including changes in size, and electrical properties of motoneurons, glutamate excitotoxicity, calcium buffering, deficits in mitochondrial and cellular transport, impediments to proteostasis which lead to stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and glial contributions to motoneuronal vulnerability are recapitulated. Results are mainly drawn from the mutant SOD1 mouse model of ALS, and emphasis is placed on early changes that precede the onset of symptoms and the interplay between molecular and electrical processes.
Photoinduced toxicity of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots with different surface coatings to Escherichia coli

Quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles are increasingly used for various biomedical applications. To increase their biocompatibility, QDs are frequently coated with different surface coatings. Since QDs are photoactive under UV irradiation and may lead to oxidative stress, in this study the photoinduced toxicities of CdSe/ZnS QDs with three different coatings at three different wavelengths (530, 580 and 620 nm), along with a reference sample, a non–cadmium based QD CuInS2/ZnS were tested with E. coli under solar irradiation and dark conditions. QEI QDs coated with polyethylenimine (PEI) were found to be highly phototoxic to E. coli, conversely, QSA QDs with polyethyleneglycol coating and QSH QDs with amphiphilic polymer coating did not show toxicity. LC50 values for QEI QDs are smaller in the light exposure groups than those in the dark exposure groups. CuInS2/ZnS was less toxic to E. coli both under the light and dark conditions. The release of cadmium ions from the QD core was found to be negligible. Instead, the primary mechanism of the phototoxicity of QDs is the oxidative stress via formation of hydroxyl radicals that leads to lipid peroxidation and a concomitant decrease in reduced glutathione. The results also indicated that CdSe/ZnS QDs with PEI coating are highly toxic to E. coli and the non–cadmium based QD CuInS2/ZnS have better biocompatibility.
An Improved Free Amino Acid Diet for the Growing Turkey

Abstract EARLIER findings from this laboratory (Snetsinger et al., 1962) indicated that a protein-free diet containing an amino acid mixture based on chicken egg white protein was capable of supporting growth of 6 grams per poult per day. This was acheived by utilizing all l -forms in the amino acid mixture with the exception of dl -methionine. Increasing the protein equivalent (PEq) level from 20 to 25% did not result in an improved rate of gain and a further increase to 30% resulted in 100% mortality. Dean and Scott (1962, 1965) have developed a free amino acid diet for chicks which will support normal growth. Gains of 12–14 grams per chick per day were equivalent to growth of chicks fed a natural control diet. The present investigation was conducted to compare the Minnesota (turkey) and the Illinois (chick) patterns of amino acids at different dietary nitrogen levels for the growing turkey, to…
Integrated face and gait recognition from multiple views

We develop a view-normalization approach to multi-view face and gait recognition. An image-based visual hull (IBVH) is computed from a set of monocular views and used to render virtual views for tracking and recognition. We determine canonical viewpoints by examining the 3D structure, appearance (texture), and motion of the moving person. For optimal face recognition, we place virtual cameras to capture frontal face appearance; for gait recognition we place virtual cameras to capture a side-view of the person. Multiple cameras can be rendered simultaneously, and camera position is dynamically updated as the person moves through the workspace. Image sequences from each canonical view are passed to an unmodified face or gait recognition algorithm. We show that our approach provides greater recognition accuracy than is obtained using the unnormalized input sequences, and that integrated face and gait recognition provides improved performance over either modality alone. Canonical view estimation, rendering, and recognition have been efficiently implemented and can run at near real-time speeds.
AN ELASTOPLASTIC ANALYSIS OF THE INTERFACE CRACK WITH CONTACT ZONES

AN ELASTOPLASTIC solution for the interface crack with contact zones is presented in this paper. The elastic asymptotic solution is discussed first and approximate expressions for the Comninou stress intensity factors of a Griffith interface crack are obtained. It is shown that the elastic asymptotic solutions based on the assumption of a closed crack tip predict material interpenetration : material elements near the crack tip are “turned inside out” and cross the bimaterial interface. The problem of a crack along the interface of an elastoplastic material and a rigid substrate is analyzed in detail. Any contact between the crack surface and the substrate is assumed to be frictionless. An elastoplastic asymptotic solution for a closed crack tip under plane strain conditions is presented. It is shown that the asymptotic solution is separable in r and 0, where (r, 0) are polar coordinates at the crack tip. A boundary layer approach is used to study the near tip elastoplastic fields under small-scale yielding conditions. The finite element method is used for the solution of the small-scale yieldmg problem and the validity of the developed plastic asymptotic solution is verified numerically. Large-scale yielding solutions for a Griffith interface crack with contact zones are also presented.
Physiological Memory in Primary Auditory Cortex: Characteristics and Mechanisms

"Physiological memory" is enduring neuronal change sufficiently specific to represent learned information. It transcends both sensory traces that are detailed but transient and long-term physiological plasticities that are insufficiently specific to actually represent cardinal details of an experience. The specificity of most physiological plasticities has not been comprehensively studied. We adopted receptive field analysis from sensory physiology to seek physiological memory in the primary auditory cortex of adult guinea pigs. Receptive fields for acoustic frequency were determined before and at various retention intervals after a learning experience, typified by single-tone delay classical conditioning, e.g., 30 trials of tone-shock pairing. Subjects rapidly (5-10 trials) acquire behavioral fear conditioned responses, indexing acquisition of an association between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimuli. Such stimulus-stimulus association produces receptive field plasticity in which responses to the conditioned stimulus frequency are increased in contrast to responses to other frequencies which are decreased, resulting in a shift of tuning toward or to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus. This receptive field plasticity is associative, highly specific, acquired within a few trials, and retained indefinitely (tested to 8 weeks). It thus meets criteria for "physiological memory." The acquired importance of the conditioned stimulus is thought to be represented by the increase in tuning to this stimulus during learning, both within cells and across the primary auditory cortex. Further, receptive field plasticity develops in several tasks, one-tone and two-tone discriminative classical and instrumental conditioning (habituation produces a frequency-specific decrease in the receptive field), suggesting it as a general process for representing the acquired meaning of a signal stimulus. We have proposed a two-stage model involving convergence of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in the magnocellular medial geniculate of the thalamus followed by activation of the nucleus basalis, which in turn releases acetylcholine that engages muscarinic receptors in the auditory cortex. This model is supported by several recent findings. For example, tone paired with NB stimulation induces associative, specific receptive field plasticity of at least a 24-h duration. We propose that physiological memory in auditory cortex is not "procedural" memory, i.e., is not tied to any behavioral conditioned response, but can be used flexibly.
Determinants of reported health promotion behaviors in employed Mexican American women

This study based on the revised Pender Health Promotion Model (HPM) was conducted to determine the extent to which selected demographic modifying factors, health locus of control, self-efficacy, and current health status explained engaging in six health promotion practices in a sample of 397 employed Mexican American women aged 19 to 70 years who lived and worked in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Self-administered test packets contained measures of demographic characteristics, health locus of control, self-efficacy, health status, and the six health promotion practices. Canonical correlational analysis demonstrated two significant canonical variate pairs explaining 88% of variance in the dependent set, the subscale mean scores of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile. Age; education; self-efficacy; internal and powerful others health locus of control; and prior, current, and future health status made statistically significant contributions. However, the demographic variables made only a minimal contribution, confirming the recent conclusions of researchers that the HPM as currently configured provides an inadequate explanation of the modifying factors' role in health promotion activity. Study results make an important addition to the understanding of how lifestyle factors contribute to Mexican American women's health and well-being.
Upper bounds on the capacity of the digital magnetic recording channel

Upper bounds are derived for the channel capacity of a model for a digital magnetic disk storage device. The model is similar to that of C.A. French and J.K. Wolf (1988) in that it contains a linear filter to represent the Lorentzian step response and two additive Gaussian noise processes to represent the electronic and media noises. It differs in that both the lineal bit density and the track density are parameters that may be varied, as opposed to just track density. Using typical media parameters, it is estimated that, for this model, the channel capacity (in bits per unit area) may be increased up to a factor of approximately 20 by appropriately increasing the lineal and track densities. >
Modeling and Control of a Shape Memory Alloy Actuator

In this paper, we present a complete mathematical model of a spring-biased shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuator driven by an electric current. The working of the SMA actuator is based on diverse physical phenomena, viz., heat convection, phase transformation, stress-strain variations and electrical resistance variation accompanying the phase transformation. The proposed model decomposes the operation of the actuator into these phenomena and comprises modules which represent each of these phenomena independently. The phase transformation involves significant temperature hysteresis. We model this hysteresis by a differential hysteresis model, which can conveniently represent both major and minor loops. We also propose a differential inverse of the hysteresis model, whereby, we obtain the differential inverse of the complete SMA actuator model. We propose a feedback control scheme with inverse compensation based on the inverse SMA model. Simulation results are presented, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control technique
Velocity Observations From Discrete Position Encoders

A discrete position encoder is an inexpensive means for sensing the angular position of a rotating device. Often a system with higher performance can be achieved if the angular velocity is known in addition to the position. Typically, the output of a discrete position encoder is two square wave signals in quadrature. This paper investigates various methods for processing these signals to observe the velocity in real time. High performance observers based on Taylor series expansions, backward difference expansions, and least square curve fits are developed. The accuracy of the different observers are analyzed by simulations for systems with time measurement truncation and imperfect encoders. The least square curve fit based observers are the most tolerant observers investigated due to the inherent low pass filtering.
Power Efficiency Comparisons of Interchip Optical Interconnect Architectures

High-bandwidth interchip optical interconnect architectures have the potential to address increasing input-output bandwidth demands. This brief compares several optical interconnect architectures on the basis of power efficiency in 90- and 45-nm CMOS technologies. Under consideration are a near-term architecture consisting of discrete vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with p-i-n photodetectors (PDs) and three long-term integrated photonic architectures that use waveguide metal-semiconductor-metal PDs and either electroabsorption modulator (EAM), ring resonator modulator (RRM), or Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) sources. An optimal current density methodology with normalized transistor parameters extracted from circuit simulations is applied to jointly optimize driver and receiver circuitry to minimize the total link power dissipation. The analysis results show that the VCSEL-based link is limited by VCSEL bandwidth and maximum power levels, rather than circuit bandwidth, and achieves a maximum of 24 Gb/s in both the 90- and 45-nm nodes. The EAM and the RRM are both attractive integrated photonic technologies capable of scaling data rates past 30 Gb/s at power efficiency levels near 0.5 mW/Gb/s in the 45-nm node and are primarily limited by coupling and device insertion losses. While the MZM offers robust operation due to its wide optical bandwidth, significant improvements in power efficiency must be achieved to become applicable for high-density applications.
A subspecialist's view of training and pediatric practice in the next millennium.

Since the early 1990s, it has become apparent to American physicians that major changes in the practice of medicine would be forthcoming during the last decade of this century so that medicine, as we have known it, will be strikingly different in the next millennium. When medical costs during the last 10 years, particularly Medicare costs, began rising at a rate considerably faster than inflation and medical costs as a percentage of the gross national product were noted to be much higher in the United States than in other developed countries,1–3 medical care became a political issue for the American people. As a result, new expense containment/saving measures were instituted to bring its cost under control. The most significant of these changes involved the rapid rise in the total percentage of patients covered by managed care plans. This change in patient coverage has led to major alterations in medical practice and a need for the reassessment of the distribution of medical doctors within the national workforce, particularly the ratio of specialists to generalists.1,,4 Consequently, new guidelines for the number of physicians and the type of physicians per unit population have been published (Table 1).5–7 These guidelines, in many instances, suggest that in certain subspecialties, particularly in internal medicine (Table 1B), we have an excess of trained physicians. If these guidelines are realistic, many subspecialists will have to either relocate to a less desirable and less medically saturated part of the country or possibly broaden their practice to include general patients. View this table: Table 1. Managed Care Staffing Patterns Versus US Supply Physician FTEs/100,000 Enrollees Fortunately, trends in pediatrics seem to lag behind those of internal medicine8 and, therefore, the practicing number of pediatric subspecialists, as projected by the new practice guidelines, in most subspecialties does not …
Encounters with language

First of all, I am overwhelmed and humbled by the honor the ACL Executive Committee has shown me, an honor that should be shared by the colleagues and students I’ve been lucky enough to have around me this past decade-and-a-half while I’ve been engaged in the FrameNet Project at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley. I’ve been asked to say something about the evolution of the ideas behind the work with which I’ve been associated, so my remarks will be a bit more autobiographical than I might like. I’d like to comment on my changing views of what language is like, and how the facts of language can be represented. As I am sure the ACL Executive Committee knows, I have never been a direct participant in efforts in language engineering, but I have been a witness to, a neighbor of, and an indirect participant in some parts of it, and I have been pleased to learn that some of the resources my colleagues and I are building have been found by some researchers to be useful. I offer a record of my encounters with language and my changing views of what one ought to believe about language and how one might represent its properties. In the course of the narrative I will take note of changes I have observed over the past seven decades or so in both technical and conceptual tools in linguistics and language engineering. One theme in this essay is how these tools, and the representations they support, obscure or reveal the properties of language and therefore affect what one might believe about language. The time frame my life occupies has presented many opportunities to ponder this complex relationship.
Matroid automorphisms of the root system H3

Let H 3 be the root system associated with the icosahedron, and let M(H 3) be the linear dependence matroid corresponding to this root system. We prove $${\rm Aut}(M(H_3)) \cong S_5$$ , and interpret these automorphisms geometrically.
Glass interposer integrated millimeter wave antennas for inter-/intra chip communications

Millimeter wave antennas are integrated in the glass interposer layer for wireless inter-/intra chip/board communications. For in-plane communication, a disc loaded monopole antenna with an omni-directional radiation pattern is designed while for out-of plane communication, a similar architecture with patch mode radiation is configured. These antennas are useful for wireless interconnects in three dimensional integrated systems in package.
An Underdetermined Linear System for GPS

(2002). An Underdetermined Linear System for GPS. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 384-390.
Mathematical model of diffusion of solvents in rubbers

Abstract The chemical potential associated with the diffusion through polymeric systems is assumed to be a function of the concentration and the stress induced by the swelling. The flux for such a model is calculated and is found to be in agreement with the experimental data involving acetone, dichloromethane, and toluene through natural rubber, bromobutyl rubber, and nitrile rubber.
The Oregon ACO Experiment — Bold Design, Challenging Execution

Oregon has embarked on an ambitious program centered on accountable care organizations (ACOs) that aims to change Medicaid financing and health care delivery. The experiment highlights both the bold vision of ACO-based health care reform and the challenges it faces.