cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Status of Pediatric Refugees in Buffalo, NY

Objective: To characterize the health status of recent pediatric refugees. Research Design: Medical records of 107 pediatric refugees who underwent screening during a recent 24-month period were reviewed. Setting: A county hospital pediatric clinic in a metropolitan area with a population of 1189000. The majority of pediatric refugees who come to the Buffalo, NY, area receive a health screening in this clinic. Results: Most of the children were from Vietnam (67%), the Soviet Republics (19%), or Africa (14%). The median age was 8 years 2 months (range, 1 to 18 years). Only 39% of the children had evidence of adequate immunizations for age (39 of the children from Vietnam, two children from Africa, and one from the Soviet Republics). In 30%, physical examinations exposed conditions that required follow-up or referral to a medical or surgical specialist. Forty-two percent of the children required dental referral. Seven children were anemic; three had microcytic anemia. Of 81 children who underwent screening for hepatitis B, six (7%) were carriers, 35 (43%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antibody, and only four (5%) related a history of hepatitis exposure. Stool specimens were examined for ova and parasites in 87 children; 19 had pathogenic parasites with multiple organisms in two. Thirteen (24%) of 55 children who were tested from Vietnam, five (36%) of 14 children who were tested from Africa, and one (5%) of 18 children who were tested from the Soviet Republics had pathogenic parasites. Parasites included Ascaris lumbricoides (n=8), Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale (n=5), Giardia lamblia (n=3), Trichuris trichiura (n=2), Dientamoeba fragilis (n=2), and Entamoeba histolytica (n=1). Skin testing for tuberculosis with purified protein derivative (tuberculin) was completed in 83 children, and 17 (20%) had reactive tests (21% [12/58] from Vietnam, 11% [1/9] from Africa, and 25% [4/16] from the Soviet Republics). Conclusions: Refugee children who come to the United States frequently have conditions that put them at risk of future morbidity and may require utilization of substantial health care resources. Some of these conditions represent public health concerns. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:887-892)
System identification for air/fuel ratio modeling using switching sensors

Modeling the internal combustion engine for air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) control has been widely studied and several methodologies have been adopted toward the end goal of applying model based control schemes. In this paper, an online binary sensor identification (BID) technique using switching sensors is adopted for modeling the response from fuel input to AFR output of a spark-ignited, internal combustion engine, to be used in AFR control. In general terms, the algorithm identifies the impulse response of a linear time invariant (LTI) system by choosing an optimal sequence of inputs. The entire modeling process is done online with a four-cylinder engine in a test cell, using typical production switching sensors. Finite impulse response (FIR) linear time invariant (LTI) models are identified at prescribed operating points of the engine (specified by engine speed and the manifold air pressure). The validity of the resulting model is then tested on separate data streams with AFR measured from a wide-range sensor output. By scheduling the coefficients of the FIR models based on the operating condition, it is possible to identify a linear parameter varying AFR model for the appropriate operating regions of the engine.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
New HIV Incidence Estimates Underscore the Need for a National Commitment to Prevention

Kimberly Carbaugh, BA, MAT, is Director of Policy, Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, Akron, Ohio. On August 3, 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced revised estimates of annual HIV incidence rates in the United States (CDC, 2008). In an article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Hall et al. (2008) concluded that in 2006 there were an estimated 56,300 new HIV infections in the United States. This incidence rate represents a 40% increase over the previous estimate of 40,000 new HIV infections reported each year in the United States. The CDC (2008) emphasized that the revised estimate, although it did show that the U.S. HIV epidemic is worse than previously thought, did not represent an actual increase in the number of new cases. Rather, the annual new infection rate of 40,000 was shown to be incorrect; the actual rate has been between 55,000 and 58,500 since the late 1990s (Hall et al., 2008). The CDC has developed several fact sheets to explain the increased estimates, which are attributed to a more precise HIV surveillance system and improved methodology. The new HIV surveillance system uses the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS), a technology that enables the CDC to distinguish between new and longstanding HIV infections. As a result, the CDC can more accurately determine annual HIV incidence rates. A separate historical trend analysis called extended back-calculation was used by researchers to confirm the STARHS data (CDC, 2008). The increased number of new infections, even if attributable to newer and better technology, is alarming, especially in light of the status of federal funding for domestic HIV prevention programs. Holtgrave and Curran (2006) determined that federal funding
Functionally graded chemical vapor deposited mullite environmental barrier coatings for Si-based ceramics

Abstract Dense, uniform, crystalline mullite (3Al 2 O 3 ·2SiO 2 ) environmental barrier coatings have been deposited by chemical vapor deposition on SiC substrates, using the AlCl 3 –SiCl 4 –CO 2 –H 2 system. These coatings have exhibited excellent high temperature oxidation and hot-corrosion resistance. For very long-term exposures, it is desirable to reduce the silica activity at the coating surface. A graded coating composition has been achieved in the coatings, with the Al/Si ratio being stoichiometric (∼3) at the coating/substrate interface for coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) match, and increasing monotonically towards the outer coating surface to some of highest alumina-rich mullite reported to date. The structure of the high alumina mullite has been examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The effects of the CVD deposition parameters on the coating microstructure and growth kinetics have been investigated.
Regional myocardial contractile response to the beta-adrenergic stimulant prenalterol in the conscious dog following myocardial infarction. Mechanism of hemodynamic effect.

In order to assess regional myocardial contractile responses to the beta-adrenergic stimulant prenalterol after recent myocardial infarction, 9 male mongrel dogs underwent left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) occlusion after implantation of miniature subendocardial sonomicrometer crystals in normal, marginally ischemic (border) and central ischemic zones. 90-min LCX occlusion with reperfusion resulted in substantial infarction (mean ± SEM 24 ± 3% of total left ventricular area) and characteristic regional functional alterations. In conscious, unsedated animals 72 h after infarction, intravenous prenalterol (30 μg/kg) significantly decreased end-diastolic and end-systolic segment length and increased percent systolic shortening in normal and border zones, but did not alter ischemic zone function. Heart rate increased significantly with prenalterol. Regional myocardial function before drug administration correlated closely with response to the inotropic agent. These results indicate that the mechanism by which prenalterol improves cardiac function 72 h after myocardial infarction is stimulation of normal and marginally ischemic myocardium.
Ontogeny of hematological cell and biochemical profiles in maternal and fetal baboons (Papio species)

The normal ranges of hematological cell profiles and biochemistry are documented in adult non-pregnant, pregnant, juvenile, and neonatal baboons. Despite the extensive use of the baboon as a model for the study of various aspects of pregnancy, there is no data from paired mothers and their fetuses at different stages of gestation. Hematologic and biochemical profile data were obtained from eight non-pregnant female baboons, 37 mothers and 38 fetal baboons at 30 +/- 2, 90 +/- 2, 125 +/- 2, and 175 +/- 2 days of gestation (mean +/- range; dGA; term, 180 dGA). Changes observed in fetal and maternal blood during normal baboon pregnancy were similar to those reported in human pregnancy. The level of alkaline phosphatase was two times higher in fetal blood circulation than that reported in human pregnancy.
Evolution of metabolisms: a new method for the comparison of metabolic pathways

The abundance of information provided by completely sequenced genomes defines a starting point for new insights in the multi-level organization of organisms and their evolution. At the lowest level enzymes and other protein complexes are formed by aggregating multiple polypeptides. At a higher level enzymes group conceptually into metabolic pathways as part of a dynamic information processing system substrates are processed by enzymes yielding other substrates. A new method based on a combination of sequence information with graph-topology of the underlying pathway is presented. By this approach pathways of different organisms are related to each other by phylogenetic analysis: Metabolic pathways in organisms are assigned by the presence of genes with corresponding functions. A global distance between pathways is defined by using individual distances between sequences of the same functional role. Gap-penalties are introduced for existing pathways with missing functional roles. As an example the method is applied to pathways related to the utilization of ferredoxin as redox-agent. First results report a high versatility and controversial phylogenies. Pathway which evolve early in evolution are present in organisms of all three domains (Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya). Functional roles which are utilized in these very pathways are common in many pathways of the cell. Pathways which are only present in organisms of a single (or at maximum two) domains often perform ”pathologic” tasks with rare and specialized functional roles. As example serves NADPH – Hg Electron transport with mercury(II) reductase reaction as enzyme. Beside a more comprehensive understanding of similarities and differences between organisms, this method already indicates different evolutionary rates between substrates and enzymes. It is also capable to hint towards variation and specialization of pathways in the sense of an evolution of metabolisms.
An analytical model of the mechanical properties of the single-crystal macro-fiber composite actuator

While exhibiting powerful characteristics, monolithic piezoelectric sensors and actuators suffer from many drawbacks due to inherent material properties and implementation issues. As a result of their stiff structure and primary operating principle, monolithic piezoelectric wafers perform poorly in a variety of important engineering applications. Piezoelectric Fiber Composites (PFCs) offer one possible solution to these limitations. Mechanically flexible and functioning on the basis of the d33 effect, these actuators enable and improve many piezoelectric applications. The NASA-Langley Research Center recently developed the Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC) actuator to address several shortcomings in the operational characteristics of competing PFC packages. While the construction of this actuator results in many advantages over comparable PFCs, potential exists for improvement in the design of the MFC. Thus, the single-crystal MFC is proposed. Single-crystal PMN, a specific piezoceramic compound, comprises the piezoceramic fibers of the proposed device, contributing larger piezoelectric coupling, higher bandwidth and higher stiffness to the MFC configuration. Development of this new actuator necessitates extensive characterization of its electromechanical properties. This paper describes the development and computational results of a short-circuit stiffness model that produces the four independent mechanical properties which describe the single-crystal MFC. Modeling results are compared to those of the standard MFC.
Light-dependent fixation of polyamines into chloroplasts of Chinese cabbage

We have been studying the infection of Chinese cabbage by turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), an infection which causes vesiculation of chloroplast membranes, aggregation of chloroplasts and accumulation of virus specifically in pockets between the chloroplasts [ 1,2]. TYMV is rich in spermidine associated with the RNA [3] and the infected plant contains high levels of this triamine [4]. We have observed that a chloroplast fraction isolated from leaf protoplasts can synthesize spermidine from methionine and contains spermidine synthase [S]. The infected plant is also high in putrescine and spermine, and the former increases late in infection, apparently concomitantly with the yellowing and withering of the plant [4]. Since it is known that putrescine accumulates generally in plants in unfavorable soils [6] and is itself toxic to the plant [7], we have asked if the increase of this polyamine in infection is causally related to the developing pathology. Two sets of observations bear on this point: . (1) Putrescine was found to be lethal to a Cyanobacterium, Anacystis nidulans in the light, and to bind covalently to various cellular proteins, including ribosomal subunits [ 81; (2) Protoplasts of the healthy leaves were found to convert methionine to acid-insoluble form by chloroplasts isolated from disrupted protoplasts. It has been found that in the presence of light, chloroplasts do bind polyamines in an acid-insoluble form, of which -l/2 is soluble in 80% acetone or alcohol.
Relationship between alcohol and seizures in a city hospital population

Alcohol use can contribute to seizure occurrence, but the exact relationship is unclear. Possible mechanisms include alcohol neurotoxicity, withdrawal effects, interference with antiepileptic drug metabolism, and noncompliance with prescribed treatment. We studied the relationship between alcohol use and seizures in patients admitted to a city hospital or seen in its emergency room during a 1-year period. Nonalcohol users with seizures served as controls. Groups did not differ by age, history of head trauma, duration of seizures, or EEG findings. Alcohol users were more likely to be men, have subtherapeutic antiepileptic drug levels, and have abnormal computed tomography scans, especially diffuse atrophy. Among alcohol users, seizures were almost as likely to occur during acute intoxication as during withdrawal. Alcohol withdrawal as the only risk factor for seizures occurred in a minority of patients (30%). The relationship between alcohol and seizures is multifactorial and complex.
Stochastic dynamical reduction theories and superluminal communication.

In theories which describe the reduction of the state vector as a physical process, the possibility exists, for certain experiments, of predictions which differ from those of quantum theory. These are ``interrupted reduction interference'' experiments, characterized by an interaction which triggers the reduction, followed rapidly (before the reduction is completed) by a measurement of interference between the superposed states that make up the state vector (possible examples: double Stern-Gerlach experiment, two-slit neutron interference). We consider the general class of stochastic reduction theories, and ask whether they allow superluminal communication by means of such experiments. We show that, if the state vector that precedes reduction is precisely reproducible, then superluminal communication can occur in certain circumstances, unless the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix decay exponentially, with a universal time constant. We also show, in that case, that no state vector ever reduces in a finite time, so such a theory is not satisfactory. However, superluminal communication can be avoided if reduction is triggered only in irreproducible state vectors, of such complexity that prior to reduction the ``effective'' density matrix, constructed from the ensemble of such state vectors and traced over the variables outside the experimenter's control, is diagonal. Then predictions are identical to those of quantum theory for ``interrupted reduction interference'' experiments and thus apparently for all experiments. The lesson of this paper is that the ``effective'' density matrix must always be used to make physical predictions in dynamical reduction theories. This supplies a resolution of the problem of reconciling state-vector reduction with relativity: even if the reduction dynamics is not relativistically invariant, its experimental predictions are. It also implies that the ``effective'' entropy increases during a measurement, but remains constant during reduction, which is the reverse of a common dictum.
FishPong: encouraging human-to-human interaction in informal social environments

In this paper we introduce FishPong, an interactive system designed to stimulate informal computer-supported cooperative play (CSCP) in public spaces such as coffeehouses and cafes. FishPong consists of a tabletop tangible user interface (TUI) that allows users to control a fish-themed video game using magnetically tagged coffee cups. FishPong has been designed as an "icebreaker" technology to encourage spontaneous social interaction among coffeehouse patrons. This work serves as an example of how environments might be subtly and unobtrusively augmented in order to facilitate informal human-to-human interaction.
A stringent requirement for Plk1 T210 phosphorylation during K-fiber assembly and chromosome congression

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an essential mitotic regulator and undergoes periodic phosphorylation on threonine 210, a conserved residue in the kinase's activation loop. While phosphate-mimicking alterations of T210 stimulate Plk1's kinase activity in vitro, their effects on cell cycle regulation in vivo remain controversial. Using gene targeting, we replaced the native PLK1 locus in human cells with either PLK1 (T210A) or PLK1 (T210D) in both dominant and recessive settings. In contrast to previous reports, PLK1 (T210D) did not accelerate cells prematurely into mitosis, nor could it fulfill the kinase's essential role in chromosome congression. The latter was traced to an unexpected defect in Plk1-dependent phosphorylation of BubR1, a key mediator of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Using chemical genetics to bypass this defect, we found that Plk1(T210D) is nonetheless able to induce equatorial RhoA zones and cleavage furrows during mitotic exit. Collectively, our data indicate that K-fibers are sensitive to even subtle perturbations in T210 phosphorylation and caution against relying on Plk1(T210D) as an in vivo surrogate for the natively activated kinase.
Technology as an operant resource in service (eco)systems

In this paper, we explore the role and scope of technology in value co-creation, service innovation and service systems--value co-creation configurations of people technology and value propositions (Maglio and Spohrer in J Acad Mark Sci 36:18---20, 2008). We draw on a structurational model of technology (Orlikowsky in Organ Sci 3(3):398---427, 1992) to provide a framework for considering the role of technology in service systems and how it influences and is influenced by human actions (i.e., practices) and institutions. We broaden the scope of technology in this model, beyond a material artifact, or outcome of human actions, by applying an S-D logic, service ecosystems (Vargo and Lusch in J Market 68(1):1---17, 2004, Ind Mark Manag 40(2):181---187, 2011a) approach, which focuses on the processes by which value is co-created and new ways of creating value (i.e., innovation) emerge. In this view, technology can be conceptualized as an operant resource--one that is capable of acting on other resources to create value--and, thus, becomes a critical resource for value co-creation, service innovation and systems (re)formation. We argue that the consideration of technology as an operant resource in service (eco)systems provides a more encompassing view for systematically studying the way in which technologies are integrated as resources, value is collaboratively created, and service is innovated.
N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole-induced peptide formation in aqueous solution.

1. 1.|N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole reacts with amino acids in aqueous imidazole buffers at 0° to yield N-[imidazolyl-(1)-carbonyl]-amino acids, for example, compound (I): These intermediates condense slowly to give oligopeptides. We believe that N-carboxyanhydrides are involved as intermediates. 2. 2.|The reaction of N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole with amino acids may provide a convenient method for the synthesis of peptides in aqueous solution.
A simple comet assay for archived sperm correlates DNA fragmentation to reduced hyperactivation and penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes.

Abstract Objective: To correlate sperm variables with sperm DNA fragmentation, as assessed by using a modified alkaline comet assay for sperm smears. Design: The comet assay was adapted for fixed sperm smears (59 cases), and the level of DNA fragmentation was determined. Setting: Clinical and academic research environment. Patient(s): 59 patients undergoing fertility treatment. Intervention(s): Sperm samples leftover from IVF procedures were fixed and processed for the comet assay. Main Outcome Measure(s): Sperm head DNA density and sperm variables. Result(s): A correlation was observed between increased sperm head DNA fragmentation and decreased penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes. Heat-induced hyperactive motility decreased as DNA fragmentation increased. The DNA fragmentation did not correlate with percentages of intact acrosome, normality, maturity, and strict normal morphology. Conclusion(s): The advantages of the comet assay for archived cells include simplicity, low intraassay coefficient of variation, and low performance cost; in addition, DNA analysis can be carried out at leisure. Low DNA damage was associated with higher hyperactivation and oocyte penetration, suggesting that failed fertilization was linked to compromised DNA integrity in the sperm. Exploration of compounds to repair damaged DNA is warranted.
Potential for efficiency improvement of future electric energy systems with distributed generation units

This paper discusses and identifies the effect of Distributed Generation (DG) units on delivery loss reduction and efficiency improvement of future electric systems. It demonstrates that optimal placement and utilization of DGs in distribution feeders and radial distribution networks can lead to significant efficiency improvement through different parts of electric power systems. To this end, Utilities and Distribution System Operators (DSO) need to encourage DG owners to participate in optimization process. This can be done by implementing encouragement mechanisms such as price signal or feed-in tariffs. Furthermore, this paper investigates and optimizes the effect of μ-level DG units on delivery loss reduction and efficiency improvement of distribution feeders. The paper also proposes two major optimization algorithms for optimum placement and utilization of medium-size and MW-scale DGs in LV distribution networks. Finally, the paper closes with a discussion of policies needed to support efficiency improvement and delivery loss minimization of future distribution systems with large penetration of DG units.
The role of hypertension in the development of nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus

Which comes first when developing clinical diabetic nephropathy, the blood pressure rise or the increasing urinary albumin excretion? This issue is discussed based on recent literature of studies in humans with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We conclude that hypertension has a central role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy and has deleterious effects on the life expectancy of patients who already have signs of diabetic renal disease in terms of elevated urinary albumin excretion. However, blood pressure is preceded by small increments of urinary albumin excretion rates, an indicator of universally increased vascular leakiness, and thus does not seem to be the cause of diabetic nephropathy.
Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum studied by magnetic resonance imaging: Fact, fallacy and statistical confidence

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 120 normal right-handed individuals (60 males, 60 females) to clarify existing contradictory data concerning possible sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum (CC). Five linear and three area measurements of the CC and brain were obtained directly at the MR scanner console from midline sagittal T1-weighted images. The anteroposterior length of the CC was significantly larger in males than in females (p = 0.0005). No other differences in absolute callosal measurements between the sexes could be demonstrated. However, several size ratios did achieve statistical significance (p
Cyanide toxicity in mice pretreated with diethylamine nitric oxide complex

1. Since the literature suggested a portion of the overall toxicity of cyanide (CN) may be affected by nitric oxide, we investigated a long acting NO releasing complex (diethylamine/nitric oxide (DEA/NO)) which may exhibit vasodilatory as well as other nitric oxide effects to determine its ability to modify CN toxicity. Sodium nitrite, a vasodilator commonly used to treat cyanide toxicity thought to act by methemoglobin (MHb) formation, can be rapidly transformed to nitric oxide (NO). 2. Mice (n = 10 per dose) were administered one of five doses of sodium cyanide (NaCN) intraperitoneally (4.28, 5.08, 6.03, 7.17 and 8.52 mg kg-1). DEA/NO was given intravenously (20 mg kg-1) 2 min prior to NaCN. As a control, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), which inhibits NO synthesis, was administered intravenously (70 mg kg-1) to mice, 3 min prior to DEA/NO. 3. Before CN toxicity studies, we determined whether DEA/NO was producing MHb by collecting tail vein blood from mice and measuring MHb levels. For example, 4 min after DEA/NO administration (5, 10, and 20 mg kg-1), MHb levels were 1.27 +/- 0.28%, 2.60 +/- 0.26% and 6.53 +/- 0.54% respectively. O2 capacity was also decreased in a dose related manner. Carboxyhemoglobin or percent O2 saturation, on the other hand, was not significantly inhibited. The LD50 increased from 5.75 +/- 0.026 (CN alone) to 7.66 +/- 0.021 mg kg-1 (CN+DEA/NO) resulting in a protective ratio of 1.73. 4. Results suggest the following: (1) L-NMMA, which inhibits the synthesis of endogenous NO, appears to exacerbate the DEA/NO (or exogenous NO) response; (2) DEA/NO appears to reduce the toxicity of CN which suggests that a portion of CN toxicity may be affected by a NO component; and (3) low DEA/NO doses may act via a direct effect while higher doses (40 mg kg-1) may allow for formation of a concentration of MHb which can bind CN to form cyanomethemoglobin and reduce the toxicity of CN.
CdTe Detectors from Indium-Doped Tellurium-Rich Solutions

Semi-insulating CdTe was grown from indium-doped tellurium-rich solutions. Ten 1/2-cm3 devices were fabricated with resolutions as low as 6% (FWHM) for 137Cs. Polarization phenomena were not observed for tests performed from -36 to 65°C. Full energy peak counting efficiencies were less than theoretically predicted because of trapping. In addition, resolutions as low as 3 keV for 241Am were obtained with smaller (?15 mm3) devices.
Occupational Therapy Interventions to Improve Driving Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

This systematic review synthesizes the research on interventions used by occupational therapy practitioners to address cognitive and visual function, motor function, driving skills, self-regulation and self-awareness, and the role of passengers and family involvement in the driving ability, performance, and safety of older adults. After a comprehensive search of the research literature, 29 studies were reviewed and synthesized into five themes: (1) educational interventions including family education, (2) cognitive-perceptual training, (3) interventions addressing physical fitness, (4) simulator training, and (5) behind-the-wheel training. Outcome measures used in the studies included changes in knowledge through speed of processing, physical and cognitive skills predicted to reduce crash risk, simulated driving, and real-world driving. The studies demonstrated low to moderate positive effects for interventions used by occupational therapy practitioners to improve older driver performance.
Preparation of Mg-doped GaN diodes exhibiting violet electroluminescence

Abstract Mg-doped GaN diodes have been prepared, which exhibit violet electroluminescence. The emitted radiation shows a peak at 4250 A. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of visible electroluminescence at this wavelength. The method of synthesis of these GaN devices is outlined.
Anodic preparation of [Re2Cp2(CO)6]2+: a dimeric dication that provides the powerful one-electron oxidant [ReCp(CO)3]+.

The half-sandwich piano-stool compounds Re(η5-C5R5)(CO)3 (1, R = H; or 2, R = Me) are oxidized to the corresponding 17-electron Re(II) cations at glassy carbon anodes in CH2Cl2/[NBu4][B(C6F5)4]. Despite the very strongly positive E1/2 values of the couples (1.16 V for 1/1+ and 0.91 V for 2/2+ vs ferrocene/ferrocenium), the radical cations are persistent in this medium and exist in equilibrium with the corresponding dimeric dications, which may be cathodically reduced back to the neutral starting material. DFT calculations show that the dimer of 1+ achieves its stability through formation of a single long (almost 3.3 A) Re−Re bond made possible when the HOMO in 1 is rehybridized away from the metal in the one-electron oxidation process. The pure salts [1][B(C6F5)4]2 and [2][B(C6F5)4]2 were isolated by preparative anodic electrochemistry. The former may be used for storage of the very strong one-electron oxidant 1+, which was used to prepare a number of oxidation products as their [B(C6F5)4]- salts.
Role of Different Regions of α-Synuclein in the Assembly of Fibrils†

Elucidating the details of the assembly of amyloid fibrils is a key step to understanding the mechanism of amyloid deposition diseases including Parkinson's disease. Although several models have been proposed, based on analyses of polypeptides and short peptides, a detailed understanding of the structure and mechanism of α-synuclein fibrillation remains elusive. In this study, we used trypsin and endoproteinase GluC to digest intact α-synuclein fibrils and to analyze the detailed morphology of the resultant fibrils/remnants. We also created three mutants of α-synuclein, in which the N-terminal and C-terminal regions were removed, both individually and in combination, and investigated the detailed morphology of the fibrils from these mutants. Our results indicate that the assembly of mature α-synuclein fibrils is hierarchical: protofilaments → protofibrils → mature fibrils. There is a core region of ∼70 amino acids, from residues ∼32 to 102, which comprises the β-rich core of the protofilaments and fibril...
Effect of Grinding and Firing Treatment on the Crystalline and Glass Content and the Physical Properties of Whiteware Bodies

The quantitative determination of the amount of quartz, mullite, and glass resulting from varying grinding and firing treatments was correlated with the physical properties of a whiteware body. The body composition selected contained 20% potash feldspar, 30% flint, 7.5%, ball clays, and 42.5% kaolins. The body mix was ground for 8−, 25−, and 100−hour periods, and, in addition, the flint and feldspar were preground for 25 and 100 hours. Special fluxes such as talc and nepheline syenite were also tried. All bodies were heated to cones 5, 7, and 9, and the fired porosity, modulus of rupture, and volume shrinkage after firing were determined. The amounts of quartz, mullite, and glass (by difference) were determined quantitatively with a Geiger-counter X-ray spectrometer, using a powdered sample with an internal standard. The results showed that the finer grinding of the body, flint, or the potash feldspar reduced the quartz content, increased slightly the mullite formation, and increased the amount of glass. The combination of finely ground feldspar and flint gave a much higher mullite formation and a lower quartz content. The results showed that an increase of talc is unfavorable to mullite formation. The transverse strength of the bodies investigated was proportional to the total mullite and glass content.
What lies beneath the face of aggression

Recent evidence indicates that a sexually dimorphic feature of humans, the facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR), is positively correlated with reactive aggression, particularly in men. Also, predictions about the aggressive tendencies of others faithfully map onto FWHR in the absence of explicit awareness of this metric. Here, we provide the first evidence that amygdala reactivity to social signals of interpersonal challenge may underlie the link between aggression and the FWHR. Specifically, amygdala reactivity to angry faces was positively correlated with aggression, but only among men with relatively large FWHRs. The patterns of association were specific to angry facial expressions and unique to men. These links may reflect the common influence of pubertal testosterone on craniofacial growth and development of neural circuitry underlying aggression. Amygdala reactivity may also represent a plausible pathway through which FWHR may have evolved to represent an honest indicator of conspecific threat, namely by reflecting the responsiveness of neural circuitry mediating aggressive behavior.
CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY IN THE BABOON (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS): EXAMINATION OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADULT AND FETAL LYMPHOID CELLS

We studied structural and functional characteristics of lymphocytes from adult and fetal baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies to human lymphocyte antigens and plant lectins was used to define expression of surface antigens on lymphocytes from adult and 140 day fetal baboons (term = 180 days). Major T cell antigenic determinants on adult and fetal baboon lymphocytes were the Tp50, Tp32-45, and p45 glycoproteins detected by monoclonal reagents T11, OKT8, and OKT10 respectively. Baboon T lymphocytes did not react with the OKT3/anti-Leu4 or OKT4/anti-Leu3a reagents which detect, respectively, Tp19-29 and Tp55, major surface glycoproteins on human T lymphocytes. OKT6, which identifies the human TL antigen equivalent on thymocytes, did not react with baboon thymocytes. These data demonstrate major evolutionary divergence between human and baboon T lymphocytes. By contrast, baboon lymphocytes resembled human peripheral lymphocytes in reactivities with several non-T cell reagents. Lectin binding studies revealed substantially fewer peanut agglutinin-and wheat germ agglutinin-binding cells in suspensions of baboon fetal splenocytes and adult peripheral lymphocytes compared with fetal thymocytes. Therefore, maturation of baboon T lymphocytes is associated with loss of surface carbohydrate structures that bind these lectins. Adult and fetal baboon lymphocytes resembled human and murine lymphocytes in their capabilities to respond to mitogens and to produce interleukin-2. As in other species, adult, but not fetal baboon lymphocytes, mediated NK activity against a variety of nucleated target cells. Despite divergence in lymphocyte antigen expression, baboon lymphocyte functional development closely parallels that seen in humans.
New evidence on the economic effects and diffusion of FMS

It is argued that flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are a very important recent development in industrial automation. Based on a three-year study of over 200 firms in Japan, the United States, and Western Europe, a summary of new data concerning the economic effects of flexible manufacturing systems and their rate of diffusion is presented. The following three conclusions are suggested: the potential economic advantages of FMS seem often to have been achieved, the average estimated rate of return from an investment in FMS appears to have been substantially lower in the United States than in Japan, and, relative to other important industrial innovations of this century, the rate of diffusion of FMS has been slow. >
Attitudes and media use of the moral majority

Members of a local Moral Majority chapter watched just as much sex and violence programming as a cross‐section of the community and held significantly more conservative views on a number of morality‐related issues.
Rab14 regulation of claudin-2 trafficking modulates epithelial permeability and lumen morphogenesis

Epithelial permeability is regulated by targeted insertion and recycling of tight junction proteins. Rab14 regulates the lysosomal targeting of the leaky claudin, claudin-2, and depletion of Rab14 ...
Squamous Cell Carcinoma

In addition to urothelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma represents a major morphologic subtype of bladder cancer that harbors unique pathogenetic and molecular alterations. In the United States, squamous cell carcinoma affects less than 5 % of all bladder cancer patients, with primary risk factors that include tobacco smoke, long-term catheterization, urinary tract calculi, and a nonfunctioning bladder [1]. A male predominance is common (approximate 3:1 male:female ratio) and patients tend to be older (>60 years of age). Squamous cell carcinoma may also occur in the upper tract, with this form of carcinoma representing up to 10 % of all renal pelvis carcinomas and also likely incited by chronic inflammatory conditions [2–4]. In contrast to the bladder, upper tract squamous cell carcinoma tends to have a roughly equal proportion of men and women affected by the disease [3].
EMI control for VLSI biosensor circuitry

Design and fabrication techniques are presented which can be applied to improve the performance of biological processing devices in the presence of electromagnetic interference (EMI). A VLSI-compatible antialiasing filter was constructed and tested for application in an implanted medical device. The circuit consists of a continuous-time low-pass filter, a decimation filter, and a combined sample-and-hold and low-pass filter stage. The prefilter was implemented using a second-order Sallen-Key filter, although the chip version would substitute a passive first-order RC circuit. The frequency response of the combined filter stages is such that biosignals from DC to 150 Hz are within the passband while higher frequencies, including those caused by EMI, are rejected. >
Anti‐brand communities, negotiation of brand meaning, and the learning process: The case of Wal‐Mart

In this article, we employ a case‐study method to investigate the learning processes used to negotiate brand meaning within an anti‐brand community. The negotiation of brand meaning is a social process where community members engage in brand‐related discourses, interpretations, and sense‐making. Situated within new social movement theory, we investigate the anti‐Wal‐Mart community. Our study identifies three learning processes that are fundamental to social movement formation and mobilization: (1) counterfactual thinking, (2) discursive storytelling, and (3) noncompulsory observation. We conclude the article with a discussion of our findings and offer suggestions for future research.
Shape Memory Polymer Stent With Expandable Foam: A New Concept for Endovascular Embolization of Fusiform Aneurysms

We demonstrate a new concept for endovascular embolization of nonnecked fusiform aneurysms. A device prototype consisting of a stent augmented with expandable foam, both made from shape memory polymer, was fabricated and deployed in an in vitro model. Visual observation indicated that the foam achieved embolization of the aneurysm while the stent maintained an open lumen in the parent artery. The shape memory polymer stent-foam device is a potential tool for treatment of nonnecked fusiform aneurysms, as well as an alternative to stent- and balloon-assisted coil embolization of wide-necked aneurysms
Information Security for Electric Power Utilities (EPUs)—CIGRÉ Developments on Frameworks, Risk Assessment, and Technology

This paper deals with the important issue of proper treatment of information security for electric power utilities. It is based on the efforts of CIGRE Working Group (WG) D2.22 on ldquoTreatment of Information Security for Electric Power Utilities (EPUs)rdquo carried out between 2006 and 2008/2009. The WG produces a Technical Brochure (TB), where the purpose is to emphasize three main issues: security frameworks, risk assessment, and security technology. Here, guidance is given on different security frameworks based on an information security domain model. Also, baseline controls are treated. For risk assessment, a survey has been carried out. Only few commonalities, but several differences, have been found. Here, a methodology must be developed together with practical recommendations. For security technologies, guidance is given for deployment of different solutions, based on a logical diagram using different controls. Last, proposal on further work is given.
Non cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

Abstract Bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis is an important cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality in children globally. A vicious cycle of infection, muco-ciliary impairment and chronic inflammation leads to structural damage and irreversible dilatation of bronchi. A wide range of underlying conditions can lead to bronchiectasis and it is vital to investigate these children thoroughly. Management should be proactive and aim at minimizing daily symptoms, maximizing quality of life and preventing decline in lung functions. Central to management of bronchiectasis is identification and treatment of the underlying condition. Prompt treatment of exacerbations with antimicrobials and limiting further damage by strategies like immunization are other important aspects. Macrolides may help cut down exacerbations and reduce airway inflammation.
Immediate antecedents of marijuana use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment

Abstract Background and objectives Marijuana remains the most commonly used illicit substance. Marijuana craving, anxiety, and peer marijuana use are thought to play important roles in the etiology and maintenance of marijuana use. The present study aimed to identify patterns between marijuana use and these affective and situational risk factors in the natural environment. Methods The sample consisted of 49 current marijuana users (38.8% female), 63.2% of whom evinced a current cannabis use disorder. Ecological momentary assessment was used to collect multiple daily ratings of marijuana craving, state anxiety, and peer marijuana use over two weeks. Mixed effects linear models were used to examine within- and between-day antecedents, correlates, and consequences of marijuana use. Results Between-day analyses indicated that marijuana use days were associated with higher marijuana craving but lower state anxiety. Within-day analyses confirmed that marijuana craving was higher prior to marijuana use and lower following use. Anxiety was related to marijuana craving. Although anxiety was somewhat higher prior to marijuana use, it did not decrease significantly following use. The vast majority of marijuana use occurred when others were also using marijuana. Limitations The sample was comprised of college students, a group at particular risk for marijuana use and use-related problems. Future work is necessary to determine whether results generalize to other populations. Conclusions These data support the contention that marijuana craving, anxiety, and peer use play important roles in the maintenance of marijuana use.
Design of a Data Communications Hub for use in Research and Education

In this paper we present the design of a data communication hub for use in research labs and classroom teaching. One main aim of the communication hub is to provide embedded system students hands-on experience in handling data communication by using several technologies. The board includes four distinct communication hardware subsystems: optical fiber, infrared, RS232 serial communication, and USB serial communications. This paper identifies the need of such a communication hub for teaching. The later part of the paper presents the design of the board in detail and the various data communication modules used along with their speeds and throughputs. The use of the communication educational board for classroom teaching will help students obtain the kind of practical exposure which they can not get through theoretical studies. Lab exercises and test code provided with the board can be used by students in the lab to test the various data communication techniques and determine the data rate and bit error rates. The student will be capable of programming the board for different functionalities
Thermal Expansion Behavior of Hot-Pressed Engineered Matrices

Advanced engineered matrix composites (EMCs) require that the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the engineered matrix (EM) matches those of the fiber reinforcements as closely as possible in order to reduce thermal compatibility strains during heating and cooling of the composites. The present paper proposes a general concept for designing suitable matrices for long fiber reinforced composites using a rule of mixtures (ROM) approach to minimize the global differences in the thermal expansion mismatches between the fibers and the engineered matrix. Proof-of-concept studies were conducted to demonstrate the validity of the concept.
Logarithms and Exponentials

Nicolas Chuquet first noticed in 1484 that to multiply any two members of the geometric series 1, r, r2, r3, r4, …, we only need to add their exponents, r a ×r b = r a+b . Similarly, Chuquet found that division among terms corresponds to subtraction of exponents: r a ÷r a-b = r a-b . More than 100 years later John Napier made this idea useful by calculating “logarithms” for all 8-digit decimal fractions. It is difficult to overestimate the value of Napier’s log tables. They have been used billions of times each year to do accurate multiplications of every conceivable sort in navigation, engineering, science, and business.
Complications Following Radical Nephroureterectomy

Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is the gold standard treatment strategy for bulky, high-grade, or muscle-invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Many patients with UTUC who require RNU are elderly, comorbid, and at risk for perioperative complications. Recognition of likelihood and extent of such complications guides preoperative counseling, decision-making process for major surgery, and perioperative care. A critical review of such data is essential, given the inevitable impact of complications on hospital duration, need for readmission, resource utilization, and costs associated with management.
Mr. G And The Revolving Door: Breaking The Readmission Cycle At A Safety-Net Hospital

A patient with complex needs returns to the hospital again and again, despite his care team’s efforts to reduce readmissions.