cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Report on the annual conference of the association of American geographers

The Recreation, Tourism and Sport Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) organized four special sessions at the Or@nization’s annual meeting held in Washington, DC on April 22 25. 1984. The three oral sessions and one poster session included a total of 15 papers: 13 of which reported on a wide range of tourism topics. Although not organized in any specific manner. the papers conceptually clustered around three themes: tourism hinterlands, environmental perceptions. and economic and physical impacts. Darrell Norris. Adelaide Salisbury, and Leanne Naughton coauthored the paper “Reaching the Sublime: Mid-Nineteenth-Century Niagara Falls Visitor Origins.” They found between 1830 and 1860 that transportation improvement had a profound effect on distance decay models. Visitor profiles at establishments on both sides of the border were found to be similar and weather conditions had an important impact on the size and shape of daily tourist hinterlands. Jerome P. Fournier in his paper “Recreational Hinterland and the Recreational Gravity Model as Applied to Grand Isle, Louisiana” discovered the hinterland of 79 percent of the non-permanent landowners of the island extended well beyond New Orleans. The variables in the gravity model provided stgnificant explanation of the size of the Grand Isle’s catchment basin. The purpose of Robert L. S. Cole, Jr’s paper “Camper Attendance Regions for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: 1968 and 1983” was to compare the tourist hinterlands of two campgrounds within the national park between 1968 and 1983. The service areas were determined using several measures of attendance and a comparison of the participation regions revealed only minor differences between the time periods. Mark J. Okrant’s research “A Spatial Analysis of New Hampshire’s Fall and Winter Vacation Travel Markets” indicated: New Hampshire is overwhelmingly reliant upon contiguous, proximate, markets: middle range markets produce the greatest numbeaof overnight visits: and the impact of distance decay is more pronounced during the Winter season. The results of the study were based on a sample of visitor socioeconomic backgrounds, travel patterns and accommodation characteristics. “Spatial Structure and Outdoor Recreation Participation” by Stanley R. Lieber was an attempt to associate spatial structure (i.e., hinterlands) with the supply of state parks and the socioeconomic character of park visitors. He discovered within the spatial structure that the variables “actual travel distance” and “number of children in the household” were the most valuable in understanding consumption levels.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord and medulla: Implication of sensory and autonomic functions

Immunoreactivity to pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 was detected in numerous nerve fibres in layers I and II of the dorsal horn of the rat and some of these fibres extended into the deeper layers of all segments of the spinal cord. Immunoreactivity was also detected in the lateral funiculus projecting into the intermediolateral cell column of the lower cervical and thoracic segments and in the lateral pathway terminating in the intermediate gray area of the lower lumbar and sacral segments. Neurons in the lateral horn area were not immunoreactive nor were the ventral horn motoneurons. In the medulla, numerous immunoreactive fibres were observed in the spinal trigeminal tract and superficial layers of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus but few in the interpolar spinal trigeminal nucleus. A prominent immunoreactive nerve bundle emanated from the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus and projected into the solitary tract. A dense network of immunoreactive neurons and fibres was present in the nucleus raphe obscurus, lateral reticular nucleus and parvocellular lateral reticular nucleus. Immunoreactive fibres could also be detected in the solitary tract and area postrema. Labelled somata were occasionally noted in various subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract and nucleus raphe pallidus. In addition, a small number of positive neurons were detected in an area between the lateral reticular nucleus and inferior olive and near the ventral surface of the medulla (parapyramidal region). A few weakly-labelled cells were occasionally seen in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. A population of neurons in the trigeminal, nodose and dorsal root ganglia from all segments of the spinal cord displayed low to intense immunoreactivity. The presence of immunoreactivity in nodose and dorsal root ganglia, dorsal horn, spinal autonomic nuclei, solitary tract and in certain areas of the medulla suggests that this peptide may participate in a variety of sensory and autonomic functions.
Brain, body and encephalization in early primates

Abstract Encephalization—the evolution of relatively enlarged brains—was probably a characteristic adaptation in the order Primates from the earliest times. Evidence for this generalization is reviewed by reanalyzing data on brain size and body size in Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene genera: Plesiadapis, Tetonius, Necrolemur, Smilodectes, Adapis, Rooneyia and Aegyptopithecus. Uncertainties about the generalization are based primarly on problems in the estimation of body size. Mathematical (dimensional) and statistical issues in those estimations are reviewed and the errors-of-estimate are presented quantitatively. These are small enough to suggest that the generalization is correct. Although the early primates were progressive with respect to encephalization, only the omomyids appear to have reached present (tarsiid) grades during the earliest times. Plesiadapis and the adapids appeared to be somewhat below the present strepsorhine grade, and Aegyptopithecus was at a strepsorhine rather than haplorhine grade of encephalization, according to presently available evidence.
Regulation of Expression of abcA and Its Response to Environmental Conditions

The ATP-dependent transporter gene abcA in Staphylococcus aureus confers resistance to hydrophobic β-lactams. In strain ISP794, abcA is regulated by the transcriptional regulators MgrA and NorG and shares a 420-nucleotide intercistronic region with the divergently transcribed pbp4 gene, which encodes the transpeptidase Pbp4. Exposure of exponentially growing cells to iron-limited media, oxidative stress, and acidic pH (5.5) for 0.5 to 2 h had no effect on abcA expression. In contrast, nutrient limitation produced a significant increase in abcA transcripts. We identified three additional regulators (SarA, SarZ, and Rot) that bind to the overlapping promoter region of abcA and pbp4 in strain MW2 and investigated their role in the regulation of abcA expression. Expression of abcA is decreased by 10.0-fold in vivo in a subcutaneous abscess model. In vitro, abcA expression depends on rot and sarZ regulators. Moenomycin A exposure of strain MW2 produced an increase in abcA transcripts. Relative to MW2, the MIC of moenomycin was decreased 8-fold for MW2ΔabcA and increased 10-fold for the MW2 abcA overexpresser, suggesting that moenomycin is a substrate of AbcA.
Strain-rate dependent mechanism of cooperative dislocation generation: application to the brittle–ductile transition

Abstract A strain-rate dependent mechanism of cooperative dislocation generation in loaded solids above a critical temperature is described. The massive dislocation activity, which commences near the crack tip at the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature is modeled in terms of this mechanism. The strain-rate dependence of the critical temperature arises from the glide of both pre-existing dislocations and dislocations which are ‘thermally nucleated’ below the critical temperature by the cooperative process. Depending on their relative contributions, the apparent activation energy associated with the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature is either equal to or larger than the activation energy for dislocation motion. We compare the predictions of the model with observations in TiAl.
Distribution of Metals in Different Size Fractions of Sediment from the Niagara River

Abstract This study was carried out to demonstrate that the concentration of major and trace elements, determined in sediment samples separated mechanically into different size fractions, gives better information for assessing a potential hazard of in situ, dredged, or resuspended sediments than the bulk total concentration. The concentrations of major elements (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Ti, Mn, and P), trace elements (Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, V, Ni, and Pb), and organic and carbonate C were determined in six size fractions (
The ictal EEG as a predictive factor for outcome following corpus callosum section in adults

Published reports have indicated that after callosotomy half or more of all patients will experience a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency. Those callosotomy patients whose seizures produce falls appear to have the best results. We studied the value of ictal EEG in 41 patients 18 years or older who had undergone either a total or partial callosotomy at our program. Ictal EEG's were separated into two categories: Type I: generalized slow spike wave, electrodecrement, non-evolving low amplitude fast activity; Type II: all other patterns. Types I and II were then compared to a defined one-year outcome for the targeted seizure type using Chi-square or Fishers Exact Test. Previously identified predictors of good or worthwhile outcome as defined by the literature were also evaluated. Results: A significant association was noted for presence of specifically defined EEG patterns and a 90% reduction in seizure frequency but not for other factors analyzed. Conclusion: The ictal EEG but not other factors is able to identify a group of patients who have a better than 90% chance for total or nearly total resolution of seizures causing sudden falls.
Penile neuronal nitric oxide synthase and its regulatory proteins are present in hypothalamic and spinal cord regions involved in the control of penile erection.

Control of penile erection requires the coordination of the hypothalamus and the L6-S1 region of the spinal cord. Erection requires the activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which is tightly regulated. Because variants of nNOS (penile nNOS: PnNOS) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (truncated NMDAR subunit 1: NMDAR1-T) as well as protein inhibitor of NOS (PIN) have all been located in the pelvic ganglia and penile nerves, this work aims to determine whether these proteins are also present in the hypothalamus. It was found that PnNOS, the brain-type nNOS, and PIN, were expressed in the hypothalamus. In contrast, NMDAR1-T was expressed only in the penis, whereas the brain-type NMDAR1 was present in the brain and sacral spinal cord and not in the penis. PnNOS was found in the media preoptic area, posterior magnocellular, and the parvocellular regions of the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, septohypothalamic nucleus, medial septum, cortex, and in some of the nNOS staining neurons throughout the brain. It was absent in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. PIN staining was present in neurons of the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, medial septum, and cortex, but not in the supraoptic nucleus, septohypothalamic nucleus, or organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Colocalization between PnNOS and PIN was found in the medial preoptic area, medial septum, and cortex, and less in the paraventricular nucleus. PnNOS and oxytocin were colocalized in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. In hypothalamic extracts, recombinant PIN-GST protein bound to PnNOS in the extracts and partially inhibited NOS activity. These results indicate that both nNOS variants, and their respective regulatory proteins are present and colocalize in the hypothalamic and spinal cord regions involved in penile erection.
Eocene clocks agree: Coeval 40Ar/39Ar, U-Pb, and astronomical ages from the Green River Formation

U-Pb ages of zircon from the Firehole and Analcite ash beds in the Eocene Green River Formation (Wyoming, United States) are indistinguishable from 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of sanidine after adjusting the latter to the astronomically calibrated age of 28.201 Ma for the Fish Canyon sanidine standard. Six of nine zircon analyses from the Firehole ash yield concordant ages in an overlapping cluster and give a weighted mean 238 U- 206 Pb age of 51.66 ± 0.20 Ma (full external 2σ uncertainty), indistinguishable from the recalibrated 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 51.40 ± 0.25 Ma (full external 2σ uncertainty), which is adjusted to eliminate samples with low radiogenic 40 Ar*. Significant 238 U- 206 Pb age scatter likely reflects some combination of minor inheritance, Pb loss, and possibly magma chamber residence. Seven of eight analyses of Analcite ash zircon yield a weighted mean 238 U- 206 Pb age of 49.23 ± 0.13 Ma (full external 2σ uncertainty), whereas the sanidine 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age is 49.24 ± 0.18 Ma (full external 2σ uncertainty). Calibrating Green River Formation 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages to the 28.201 Ma age for Fish Canyon sanidine permits the first direct comparison of specific Green River Formation strata to the astronomical solution for Early Eocene insolation. This comparison supports the hypothesis that periods of fluvial deposition coincided with minima in long and short eccentricity, and that periods of lake expansion and evaporite deposition correspond to eccentricity maxima.
Induction of host DNA synthesis and DNA polymerase by DNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants of human cytomegalovirus

Abstract Four DNA-negative temperature-sensitive ( ts ) mutants of human cytomegalovirus, belonging to different complementation groups, were studied for their ability to induce cell DNA synthesis and DNA polymerase in permissive human embryo lung (HEL) and nonpermissive rabbit lung (RL) cells. These is mutants stimulated host cell DNA synthesis in HEL and RL cells and DNA polymerase activity in HEL and RL cells at permissive (33.5°) and nonpermissive temperatures (39.5°). Salt stimulation of induced DNA polymerase activity was used to distinguish between virus and cell DNA polymerase from HEL cells. DNA polymerase activity was stimulated by 100 m M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 at either 33.5 or 39.5° in cultures infected with three of the mutants ( ts 9, is 153, and ts 155). However, DNA polymerase activity was not stimulated by 100 m M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , in cultures infected with one of the ts mutants ( ts 13). These data suggest that at least four cistrons control the synthesis of virus DNA and that virus DNA synthesis is not required for the induction of cell DNA synthesis.
SHORT TERM RESPONSES AND CHEMICAL CONTROL OF RIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY IN TOMATO LEAFLETS

Summary Ribonuclease (RNase) activity of tomato leaflets increased 3–6 hours after excision in air and then declined to attached leaf levels within 12 hours after excision. Leaflets submerged in a c bar mannitol solution during excision failed to exhibit a significant RNase ‘pulse’ while more dilute mannitol solutions and a dilute nutrient solution failed to suppress this increase in RNase activity; the RNase ‘pulse’ appears to be a response to a disrupted water balance in the leaflet. The RNase response to leaf excision was also reduced by immersing air-detached leaflets in 0.2 ppm indoleacetic acid (IAA). Kinetin solutions were effective at 2 ppm when leaflets were immersed in kinetin solutions for 4 hours before excision as well as after detachment. Kinetin and IAA also suppressed gradual increases in RNase activity characteristic of tomato leaflet senescence. IAA and kinetin together were somewhat less effective than IAA applied alone. Cytidylic and adenylic acids as well as chloramphenicol were also effective in inhibiting this long term increase in RNase activity.
Activity of enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis in swede root disks

Abstract The activity of nine enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of lignin precursors has been studied during the ageing of swede root disks in the presence and absence of ethylene. Peroxidase, aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase and phenylalanine transaminase show very little change in activity during ageing under either ageing condition. O-methyl transferase, shikimate dehydrogenase and ferulyl CoA reductase show only a 2–3 fold increase on ageing and are relatively insensitive to ethylene treatment. A third group (comprising phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase and hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase) show 20–30 fold increase on ageing and are most sensitive to ethylene treatment. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase behave very similarly in respect of their time course of ageing and in their responses to metabolic inhibitors such as cycloheximide, puromycin and actinomycin D. In addition the properties of the O-methyl transferase of swede root tissue are described.
Swimming movements elicited by electrical stimulation of the turtle spinal cord: The high spinal preparation

1. The movements of each limb of the turtle,Pseudemys scripta elegans, are out-of-phase with the movements of its ipsilateral neighboring limb during normal swimming. Protraction of one limb coincides with retraction of an adjacent limb. The period of the movement cycle in one limb is equal to that of its neighbor. This coordination pattern is termed 1∶:1 or absolute coordination. 2. Swimming movements of the limbs are not produced spontaneously in a turtle with an acute section of the spinal cord at the first cervical segment. This “high spinal” turtle can produce swimming movements in several limbs, however, in response to unpatterned, i.e. constant frequency, electrical stimulation applied to the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) caudad to the spinal transection. On many occasions, it was possible to place a stimulating electrode in the DLF so that the swimming movements exhibited the normal pattern of absolute coordination (Figs. 2, 4, 5, 8). 3. On a few occasions, it was possible to place a stimulating electrode in the DLF so that the swimming movements elicited by electrical stimulation displayed an abnormal pattern of coordination. In these cases, protraction of the hindlimb coincided with every second occurrence of retraction of the forelimb. The period of the movement cycle of the hindlimb was twice as long as that of the ipsilateral forelimb. This coordination pattern is termed 2∶:1 coordination, and is an example of one type of relative coordination (Figs. 7, 11). 4. These results are consistent with the hypotheses (i) that each limb has its neural control center resident mainly in the spinal cord and (ii) that the neural elements necessary for interlimb coordination are not dependent upon supraspinal connections.
Progressive neurodegeneration after intracerebroventricular kainic acid administration in rats: implications for schizophrenia?

Abstract Background: Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of kainic acid to rats produces limbic-cortical neuronal damage that has been compared to the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Methods: Groups of adult rats were administered ICV kainic acid and then assessed for neuronal loss and the expression of proteins relevant to mechanisms of neuronal damage after one and fourteen days. Neuronal loss was assessed by two-dimensional cell counting and protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: ICV kainic acid administration was associated with both immediate (day 1) and delayed (day 14) neuronal loss in the dorsal hippocampus. The immediate injury was largely limited to the CA3 hippocampal subfield, while the delayed injury included the CA1 subfield. Multiple mechanisms of cell death appeared to be involved in the delayed neuronal loss, as evidenced by changes in the expression of glutamate receptor subunits, heat shock protein and jun protein. Conclusions: ICV kainic acid administration to adult rats produces progressive damage to limbic-cortical neurons, involving both fast and slow mechanisms of cell death. Given the evidence for clinical deterioration, cognitive deficits and hippocampal neuropathy in some cases of schizophrenia, this animal model may be relevant for hypotheses regarding mechanisms of neurodegeneration in that disorder.
In Situ Observations of Toughening Processes in Alumina Reinforced with Silicon Carbide Whiskers

An in situ study is made of crack interfaces in composites of alumina reinforced with silicon carbide whiskers. Both qualitative observations of the whisker-bridging micro-mechanisms and quantitative measurements of the crack profile are made to assess the specific role of the whiskers on the toughness curve (T-curve or R-curve). At small crackwall separations the whiskers act as elastic restraints to the point of rupture. In some cases the whiskers remain in frictional contact with the alumina matrix over large pullout distances (more than 1 μm) corresponding to a bridging zone approaching 1 mm. The results are discussed in relation to existing models of whisker reinforcement and published long-crack T-curve data.
Leaf cuticle and water loss in maize lines differing in dehydration avoidance

Summary The plant cuticle plays an important role in protecting plants against water loss. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships between (a) epidermal water loss and epidermal cell-wall thickness and cuticle thickness, and (b) epidermal water loss and cuticular wax quantity and composition in two lines of Zea mays L. (maize) differing in dehydration avoidance. Epidermal water loss from 16-day-old plants was determined by measuring water loss in shoots and detached leaves (leaf blades) under dark conditions. The results revealed an inverse relationship between the epidermal water loss and cell-wall and cuticle thickness. A maize line with lower rates of shoot and detached-leaf water loss, ZPBL 1304, had thicker epidermal cell wall and thicker cuticle than a maize line with higher rates of shoot and detached-leaf water loss, ZPL 389. The amount of cuticular wax did not correlate inversely with epidermal water loss, suggesting that wax quantity alone may not be important in epidermal transpiration. Water flow through the cuticle may thus be more complex than simple diffusion through a homogenous lipid layer.
In vivo crypt surface hyperproliferation is decreased by butyrate and increased by deoxycholate in normal rat colon: associated in vivo effects on c-Fos and c-Jun expression

Background Studies on colon carcinogenesis suggest that the short-chain fatty acid butyrate may be protective, whereas the secondary bile acid deoxycholate may promote tumor development. Crypt surface hyperproliferation is regarded as a biomarker of colon cancer risk and can be modulated in vitro by the differentiation inducer butyrate and the tumor promoter deoxycholate. We hypothesized that butyrate decreases and deoxycholate increases crypt surface proliferation in vivo and that these effects are mediated by changes in the expression of the protooncogenes c-Fos and c-Jun, which are known to regulate proliferation and differentiation. Methods Twenty-five adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent colonic isolation and 24-hour intraluminal instillation of 10 mmol/L sodium chloride, 10 mmol/ L sodium butyrate, or 10 mmol/L sodium deoxycholate. Proliferation of the whole crypt and five crypt compartments from base to surface was assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry. The oh value, an index of "premalignant" hyperproliferation, was calculated as the ratio of labeled cells in the two surface compartments divided by the labeled cells in the entire crypt. Expression of c-Fos and c-Jun was evaluated by Western blot. Results Crypt surface proliferation and the oh value were significantly decreased by butyrate and increased by deoxycholate. Butyrate increased colonic expression of c-Jun, whereas deoxycholate significantly induced c-Fos. Conclusions The in vivo effects on surface proliferation are consistent with a potential protective [corrected] role for butyrate and a promotive role for deoxycholate in colon carcinogenesis. The concurrently observed effects on colonic c-Jun and c-Fos expression represent a novel finding and suggest that direct or indirect modulation of protooncogene expression may be the mechanism by which these dietary byproducts regulate proliferation in vivo.
The relationship of doxorubicin binding to membrane lipids with drug resistance

Abstract Doxorubicin (DOX, Adriamycin) binds with high affinity to cellular membranes inflicting multiple lesions which are believed to be important in DOX-mediated neoplastic cell death. Using fluorescence and radioactive [14- 14 C-14]DOX assays for DOX, we have measured the partitioning of DOX between the cytosolic and membrane fractions of erythrocytes and of DOX-sensitive (V-79) and resistant (LZ) Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells. In both erythrocytes and fibroblasts, a significant fraction of DOX was associated with the membrane fraction. More significantly, the quantity of lipid-bound DOX in the fibroblasts correlated with the cell's susceptibility to DOX. The significance of these findings in the context of existing knowledge about DOX-membrane interactions is discussed.
Glycine Transporter Type 2 (GlyT2) Inhibitor Ameliorates Bladder Overactivity and Nociceptive Behavior in Rats

Background Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, the concentration of which is regulated by two types of glycine transporters (GlyTs): GlyT1 and GlyT2. We hypothesized that the inhibition of GlyTs could ameliorate bladder overactivity and/or pain sensation in the lower urinary tract.
Polymorphic SERCA2a variants do not account for inter-individual differences in phospholamban-SERCA2a interactions in human heart failure.

Heart failure is a worldwide public health problem. Despite significant improvements in the management of congestive heart failure, morbidity and mortality rates remain high with a 5-year mortality rate approaching 50% [1]. The syndrome of heart failure is a common complication that ensues from a wide variety of cardiovascular pathologies, including coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, or congenital malformations [2]. Despite the multiplicity of inciting mechanisms, the response of the heart to these diverse events indicates that only a few molecules are critical for monitoring myocyte malfunction [2]. Among these, calcium is the most crucial ion for regulation of both cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and remodeling [3,4]. In turn, calcium itself is under the regulatory control of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Evidence from several laboratories indicates that SR-calcium cycling is depressed in heart failure, and this may have a prominent role in the progression of the disease. Specifically, decreases in SRcalcium uptake, elicited by either depressed SR-CaATPase (SERCA2a) levels or increased inhibition by phospholamban (PLN), have been suggested to contribute to SR dysfunction in failing hearts [5,6]. Moreover, recent studies indicate that inhibition of the SERCA2a-PLN interaction may prevent the progression of dilated cardiomyopathy [7,8]. The regions of SERCA2a proposed to interact with PLN [9] involve transmembrane helices M2 (AA 88–107; exon 4), M4 (AA 292–321; exon 8), M6 (AA 786–811; exon 16) [10], and M9 (AA 928–950; exon 20), and a cytoplasmic site, involving the sequence (AA 397–402) Lys-Asp-Asp-LysPro-Val (exon 11) [11] in the nucleotide-binding domain, adjacent to the phosphorylation domain. The loop between transmembrane helices M6 and M7 (AA 809–831; exon 16) has been shown to have indirect effects on the interaction between PLN and SERCA2a [12]. In addition, transmembrane helices M5 (AA 765–785; exons 15 and 16), M6 (AA 786–811; exon 16), and M8 (AA 893–918; exons 18 and 19), which form the Ca-binding and -translocation domains, may modulate the interaction between SERCA2a and PLN [13,14]. However, there are currently no reports on naturally occurring mutations in the human SERCA2a gene, which may modify this interaction and predispose to the development of heart failure, similar to mutations found in cytoskel> The peer review of this manuscript was handled by consulting editor, Stephen F. Watner, M.D. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-513-558-2327; fax: +1-513-558-2269. E-mail address: litsa.kranias@uc.edu (E.G. Kranias). Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with heart failure
Storm Tracks in the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract From 1979 to 1989, global European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses of many meteorological variables important in baroclinic storms have been bandpass filtered to highlight fluctuations on 2- to 8-day time scales in order to illuminate the relationships among the variables in baroclinic storm-track regions. Because of the greater zonal symmetry in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) versus the Northern Hemisphere (NH), it is possible to examine these relationships over a zonal sector without being dominated by local effects associated with jet stream entrance and exit regions of the storm tracks. The bandpassed variance of geopotential height is used to define the storm track, and its meridional profile has a pronounced midlatitude maximum in the SH. The locations of the jet stream and the variance maxima of meridional and zonal velocity components, vorticity, vertical motion, specific humidity, and temperature all bear a distinctive relationship to the storm track, but the lat...
On the Positive Bias of Peak Horizontal Velocity from an Idealized Doppler Profiler

Abstract In the presence of 3D turbulence, peak horizontal velocity estimates from an idealized Doppler profiler are found to be positively biased due to an incomplete specification of the vertical velocity field. The magnitude of the bias was estimated by assuming that the vertical and horizontal velocities can be separated into average and perturbation values and that the vertical and horizontal velocity perturbations are normally distributed. Under these assumptions, properties of the type-I extreme value distribution for maxima, known as the Gumbel distribution, can be used to obtain an analytical solution of the bias. The bias depends on geometric properties of the profiler configuration, the variance in the horizontal velocity, and the unresolved variance in the vertical velocity. When these variances are normalized by the average horizontal velocity, the bias can be mapped as a simple function of the normalized variances.
Effects of acid aspiration-induced lung injury on left ventricular function.

Background Acid aspiration-induced acute lung injury (AALI) leads to myocardial leukosequestration and edema in rats and hemodynamic depression in dogs, but the effects of AALI on left ventricular (LV) function have not been carefully studied. Methods We examined the effects of 0.1 N HCl administration into the lung on LV function, leukosequestration, and edema in pentobarbital-anesthetized, atropinized (n=8), or autonomically blocked (n=7) dogs. Saline solution was administered into the lungs of a control group of autonomically blocked dogs (n=6). LV contractility was assessed by end-systolic elastance (E ES ) and preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW). Active relaxation was assessed by the time constant of LV pressure decline (τ). Results AALI resulted in significant (p ES and PRSW were increased significantly at 2 and 3 hours after injury, despite significant myeloperoxidase activity and extravascular fluid wet-dry weight ratios. E ES , PRSW, and τ did not change in the autonomically blocked dogs in response to AALI or in the saline control group. Conclusions We concluded that AALI results in a baroreflex mediated enhancement of LV contractility in dogs, despite mild myocardial leukosequestration and edema formation.
VIII?Epistemic Deference: The Case of Chance

Epistemic deference is the phenomenon in which one person uses the deliverances of some information source, perhaps the opinions of another person, as a model for what to believe. The paper aims to clarify the nature of epistemic deference in probabilistic contexts, to explain the conditions under which deference is appropriate, and to examine deference to objective chances, as epitomized in David Lewis's Principal Principle. This latter analysis will show, in contrast with views that portray chance as an ideal inductive logician with total recall, that our deference to chance is grounded in contingent limitations on our ability to access information and our recognition that the physical probabilities that instantiate the actual chances codify all the types of information that humans are able to possess.
Individualized Short-Term Core Temperature Prediction in Humans Using Biomathematical Models

This study compares and contrasts the ability of three different mathematical modeling techniques to predict individual-specific body core temperature variations during physical activity. The techniques include a first-principles, physiology-based (SCENARIO) model, a purely data-driven model, and a hybrid model that combines first-principles and data-driven components to provide an early, short-term (20-30 min ahead) warning of an impending heat injury. Their performance is investigated using two distinct datasets, a field study and a laboratory study. The results indicate that, for up to a 30 min prediction horizon, the purely data-driven model is the most accurate technique, followed by the hybrid. For this prediction horizon, the first-principles SCENARIO model produces root mean square prediction errors that are twice as large as those obtained with the other two techniques. Another important finding is that, if properly regularized and developed with representative data, data-driven and hybrid models can be made ldquoportablerdquo from individual to individual and across studies, thus significantly reducing the need for collecting developmental data and constructing and tuning individual-specific models.
Topological analysis of Hin‐catalysed DNA recombination in vivo and in vitro

In vitro studies have demonstrated that Hin-catalysed site-specific DNA inversion occurs within a tripartite invertasome complex assembled at a branch on a supercoiled DNA molecule. Multiple DNA exchanges within a recombination complex (processive recombination) have been found to occur with particular substrates or reaction conditions. To investigate the mechanistic properties of the Hin recombination reaction in vivo, we have analysed the topology of recombination products generated by Hin catalysis in growing cells. Recombination between wild-type recombination sites in vivo is primarily limited to one exchange. However, processive recombination leading to knotted DNA products is efficient on substrates containing recombination sites with non-identical core nucleotides. Multiple exchanges are limited by a short DNA segment between the Fis-bound enhancer and closest recombination site and by the strength of Fis-Hin interactions, implying that the enhancer normally remains associated with the recombining complex throughout a single exchange reaction, but that release of the enhancer leads to multiple exchanges. This work confirms salient mechanistic aspects of the reaction in vivo and provides strong evidence for the propensity of plectonemically branched DNA in prokaryotic cells. We also demonstrated that a single DNA exchange resulting in inversion in vitro is accompanied by a loss of four negative supercoils.
Shape-Driven 3d segmentation using spherical wavelets

This paper presents a novel active surface segmentation algorithm using a multiscale shape representation and prior. We define a parametric model of a surface using spherical wavelet functions and learn a prior probability distribution over the wavelet coefficients to model shape variations at different scales and spatial locations in a training set. Based on this representation, we derive a parametric active surface evolution using the multiscale prior coefficients as parameters for our optimization procedure to naturally include the prior in the segmentation framework. Additionally, the optimization method can be applied in a coarse-to-fine manner. We apply our algorithm to the segmentation of brain caudate nucleus, of interest in the study of schizophrenia. Our validation shows our algorithm is computationally efficient and outperforms the Active Shape Model algorithm by capturing finer shape details.
Adaptive Clustering Protocol for Sensor Networks

In this paper, we present adaptive clustering protocol (ACP) for sensor networks. Clustering techniques are used by different protocols and applications to increase scalability and reduce delays in sensor networks. Examples include routing protocols, and applications requiring efficient data aggregation. Our approach which is based on The Covering Problem that aims at covering an area with minimum possible circular disks assuming ideal conditions. ACP is a lightweight protocol that does not require any neighborhood information and imposes lesser communication overhead. We present simulation results to show the efficiency of ACP in both ideal cases and randomly distributed networks. Moreover, ACP is scalable with respect to density and network size
Research Note: Effect of Cage Level (Tier) on the Performance of White Leghorn Chickens

Abstract Conflicting reports exist in the literature about the effects of cage level (tier) on laying hen performance. Results clearly indicate, under conditions of this study, that performance as measured by egg production, egg weight, and mortality significantly deteriorated in a linear fashion progressing from the bottom to the top in three and four tier cages. Causes may be related to fear associated with differences in light intensity or differences in exposure to visual stimuli between the tiers.
On-orbit damage detection and health monitoring of large space trusses - Status and critical issues

The long lifetimes, delicate nature and stringent pointing requirements of large space structures such as Space Station Freedom and geostationary Earth sciences platforms might require that these spacecraft be monitored periodically for possible damage to the load carrying structures. A review of the literature in damage detection and health monitoring of such structures is presented, along with a candidate structure to be used as a testbed for future work in this field. A unified notation and terminology is also proposed to facilitate comparisons between candidate methods.
Contraction of Jets from Conduits

The degree of contraction of jets issuing from conduits depends upon the geometry of the approach flow, particularly upon (1) the angle of convergence of the walls and (2) the ratio of the area of the jet opening to that of the approach flow. The work of Von Mises, which provided coefficients of contraction for the convergence angles that are multiples of π/4, has been extended to include all multiples of π/12. The analysis of the two-dimensional, irrotational flow is based on the classical free-streamline technique of Helmoltz and Kirchoff. Plots of the tabulated values of Cc for the various angles and area ratios illustrate the trends and assist with interpolations. The computed coefficients have applications, to a useful approximation, to a wide variety of flows encountered in practice, including flows that are neither two-dimensional nor entirely free from effects of viscosity. Among them are flow through valves and gates in conduits and flow under floating bridges.
The Children of Copan: Issues in paleopathology and paleodemography

The estimated 600 individuals in the Copan skeletal sample make it one of the largest and most important collections from Precolumbian Mesoamerica. The sample is analyzed using a bioarchaeological approach. An overview of the goals of the osteological study and its progress are presented. As an illustration of the results obtainable from osteological analysis, mortality patterns and the incidence of enamel defects in the deciduous dentition of the children of an elite compound, 9N-8, are discussed. Even at an early stage of analysis, children commonly have evidence of health stress that is relevant to understanding the collapse of the Classic Maya society at Copan.
Recall of pure lists of prolonged and repeated (spaced) words

In a free recall experiment, total study time per item (2, 4, or 6 sec between subjects) was crossed, with number of item presentations (1 vs. 2, within subjects). Consequently, each subject studied two lists in which each item was presented once for durations of 2, 4, or 6 sec (the prolonged lists), and two lists in which each item was presented twice, spaced, for durations of 1, 2, or 3 sec, respectively. There was no recall advantage for spaced repetitions in any of the three-study time conditions. For the longer study times, recall from the early serial positions relative to the later positions was greater for the prolonged than for the spaced lists. The results may be accounted for by assuming that displaced rehearsal occurs more during prolonged presentations (or massed repetitions) than during spaced repetitions.
The New Geography of Contemporary Urbanization and the Environment

Contemporary urbanization differs from historical patterns of urban growth in terms of scale, rate, location, form, and function. This review discusses the characteristics of contemporary urbanization and the roles of urban planning, governance, agglomeration, and globalization forces in driving and shaping the relationship between urbanization and the environment. We highlight recent research on urbanization and global change in the context of sustainability as well as opportunities for bundling urban development efforts, climate mitigation, and adaptation strategies to create synergies to transition to sustainability. We conclude with an analysis of global greenhouse gas emissions under different scenarios of future urbanization growth and discuss their implications.
Indirect calorimetry: Methodological and interpretative problems

The technique of indirect calorimetry is now widely used to examine rates of energy production and substrate oxidation in humans. Although the basic principles of indirect calorimetry are well established, it is important to recognize that there are several potential pitfalls in the methodology and data interpretation that must be appreciated to properly understand and apply the results derived from this technique. In particular, one must recognize that the fundamental measurement provided by indirect calorimetry is the net disappearance rate of a substrate regardless of the metabolic interconversions that the substrate may undergo before its disappearance from its metabolic pool. Under most circumstances, direct oxidation represents the major route by which a substrate disappears from its metabolic pool, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. However, under conditions when rates of gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, or lipogenesis are elevated, the presumed equivalence between oxidation and disappearance may no longer apply, even though the actual measurements derived from indirect calorimetry remain valid. When indirect calorimetry is combined with other in vivo metabolic techniques (e.g., the insulin clamp or radioisotope turnover methods) it can provide a powerful tool for noninvasively examining complex metabolic processes.
The SNS Machine Protection System: Early Commissioning Results and Future Plans

The Spallation Neutron Source under construction in Oak Ridge TN has commissioned low power beam up to 187 MeV. The number of MPS inputs is about 20% of the final number envisioned. Start-up problems, including noise and false trips, have largely been overcome by replacing copper with fiber and adding filters as required. Initial recovery time from Machine Protection System (MPS) trips was slow due to a hierarchy of latched inputs in the system: at the device level, at the MPS input layer, and at the operator interface level. By reprogramming the MPS FPGA such that all resets were at the input devices, MPS availability improved to acceptable levels. For early commissioning MPS inputs will be limited to beam line devices that will prohibit beam operation. For later operation, the number of MPS inputs will increase as both software alarms and less intrusive MPS inputs such as steering magnets are implemented. Two upgrades to SNS are on the horizon: a 4 MW upgrade and a second target station. Although these are years away the MPS system as designed should easily accommodate the increase in power and pulse-to-pulse target switching at 120 Hz.
The applicability of particleboard residue as a litter material for male turkeys

Particleboard residue is a by-product of the secondary wood products manufacturing industries. Large quantities of this product are landfilled for lack of better use. The objective of the current study was to investigate the possibility of using particleboard residue as a litter source for male turkeys. Two sizes of particleboard residue, fine and coarse, were compared to hardwood shavings. Compared to hardwood shavings, fine and coarse particleboard was a drier, cleaner product initially, as indicated by lower moisture content as well as bacteria and mold counts at Day 0. Turkeys reared for 123 d on fine particleboard had several advantages over those reared on either the coarse particleboard or hardwood shavings, which included significantly lowered incidences of breast buttons and leg abnormalities. Perhaps due to the jagged edges and coarser texture, coarse particleboard increased the incidence of foot pad dermatitis when compared to the other two litter sources. Turkeys reared on fine particle- board had a 0.16 kg reduction (P < 0.01) in live market body weights compared to the toms reared on hard- wood shavings, but this was offset by a 0.22 kg gain in muscle deposition (P < 0.05). Mortality, breast weights and yields, and feed efficiency were unaffected by litter source. Based on the variables studied, it was concluded that fine particleboard residue could be used as an alternative bedding material for male turkeys.
Enrichment and Isolation of Metal Respiring Hydrocarbon Oxidizers

The energy conservation strategies of plants and animals are exceedingly homogeneous in comparison with those of bacterial cells. Among the wide variety of mechanisms that exist to provide energy and electrons to support bacterial life, the use of insoluble metallic elements as electron acceptors is one of the most interesting. The prevalence of metallic elements in the minerals that comprise soils and sediments raises the possibility that metalrespiring organisms play a significant role in a variety of biogeochemical transformations. The environmental abundance of metals also inspires the hope that cells capable of coupling metal respiration to the oxidation of contaminant hydrocarbons can be captured, studied, and manipulated to enhance biodegradation processes (Lovley et al., 1994; Wischgoll et al., 2005).
Textbooks for Asian American Studies

Editor's Note: In the following review essay, Professor Min discusses three recently published books: Asian Americans: Emerging Minorities by Harry H. L. Kitano and Roger Daniels (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988. vi + 214 pp., softcover). Pacific Bridges: The New lmmigration ,from Asia and the Pucifc Islands, edited by James Fawcett and Benjamin Carino (Staten Island, New York Center for Migration Studies, 1987. xii + 489 pp., softcover $14.95). Reflections on Shattered Windows: Promises and Prospects f0T Asian American Studies, edited by Gary Okihiro, Shirley Hune, Arthur Hansen, and John Liu (Pullman, Washington: Washington State University, 1988. xviii + 238 pp., softcover $14.95).