cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convectively Coupled Waves Propagating along an Equatorial ITCZ

Abstract The dynamics of convectively coupled gravity waves traveling over a precipitating region are analyzed in an idealized model for the large-scale atmospheric circulation. The model is composed of a shallow water system coupled to an advection equation for moisture through the convection term, utilizing a quasi-equilibrium relaxation to moisture closure. Here the authors investigate the model in the strict quasi-equilibrium (SQE) of infinitely short relaxation time. This framework is applied to study the behavior of a disturbance propagating along a narrow precipitation band, similar to the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). For an ITCZ width on the order of the equatorial Rossby radius, Kelvin waves propagate at the moist gravity wave speed (about 15 m s−1), whereas for a narrow ITCZ, the propagation speed is comparable to the dry gravity wave (about 50 m s−1). It is also shown that a Kelvin wave propagating along a narrow precipitation region exhibits a meridional circulation that modulates th...
Tuning the kinetics of cadherin adhesion.

Cadherins are Ca2+-dependent cell–cell adhesion proteins that maintain the structural integrity of the epidermis; their principle function is to resist mechanical force. This review summarizes the biophysical mechanisms by which classical cadherins tune adhesion and withstand mechanical stress. We first relate the structure of classical cadherins to their equilibrium binding properties. We then review the role of mechanical perturbations in tuning the kinetics of cadherin adhesion. In particular, we highlight recent studies that show that cadherins form three types of adhesive bonds: catch bonds, which become longer lived and lock in the presence of tensile force; slip bonds, which become shorter lived when pulled; and ideal bonds, which are insensitive to tugging.
Media and the institutional perspective: U.S. and Canadian coverage of terrorism

Abstract This paper reports data from a content analysis of television news coverage of terrorism. A proposed typology of terrorism and media coverage is tested with stories from network news in the United States and Canada. The typology posits that media coverage of terrorism depends on the act's relation to institutional power bases. The two types of terrorism outlined either seek out or avoid media coverage, depending on whether they challenge or reinforce institutional power. Because of media's interrelationship with the economic and political institutions, coverage of terrorism will take on the flavor of these institutions’ perspective. The data show that although media cover terrorist acts that are linked to U.S. institutional interests, the tone of such coverage casts uncritical perspective. The implications for the general message system of news, with particular regard to the media's contribution to international understanding, are explored.
Approach to Paleobiodiversity: Mesozoic Calcareous NannoplanktonPreface

“ La Terre est bleue comme une orange ” — Paul Eluard, 1929, L’amour la Poesie The coccolithophorids are truly exceptional life forms. The smallest organisms able to secrete a skeleton, they have opted for biological complexity and ecological flexibilty, and seem to have ensured their destiny as vital participants in the most fundamental processes that regulate the earth system. Their unique cell surrounds itself with an exoskeleton (coccosphere) of calcium carbonate (mostly calcite, but also aragonite in some instances) precipitated in the form of tiny platelets (coccoliths), some with incomparably delicate morphology, others with remarkably complex structure. With alternately motile (biflagellate) and non-motile phases, most species produce such vastly dissimilar coccoliths during their life cycle that it has taken exactly 100 years to recognize this taxonomic deceit. As the cells proceed from the haploid to the diploid phase they acquire the ability to practice intracellular calcification, organizing rings of flattened rhombohedrons into a finite number of distinctive morphostructures. Like so many Ariadne’s threads, and with the recent assistance of molecular biology, these structures trace the phylogenetic evolution of the group since its origin ~225 Ma in the late Triassic Tethyan Ocean. As primary producers, the coccolithophorids inhabit the photic zone of the ocean, organizing themselves in vertical strata and along latitudinal belts. A distinct deep dwelling community thrives between 150 and 200m depth, while the upper photic zone (0 to 50m) has its particular adepts. Most diversified in the oligotrophic oceanic gyres, coccolithophorids are most productive in the mesotrophic waters of regions of upwellings and …
Motility agents for the placement of weighted and unweighted feeding tubes in critically ill patients

Objective To determine if successful attempts at feeding tube placement into the small bowel could be increased with the use of a weighted end or by pre-treatment with a drug to increase gastric motility.
Biogeochemical Processes In Ethanol Stimulated Uranium-contaminated Subsurface Sediments

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted with uranium-contaminated subsurface sediment to assess the geochemical and microbial community response to ethanol amendment. A classical sequence ...
Dual Averaging Method for Regularized Stochastic Learning and Online Optimization

We consider regularized stochastic learning and online optimization problems, where the objective function is the sum of two convex terms: one is the loss function of the learning task, and the other is a simple regularization term such as l1-norm for promoting sparsity. We develop extensions of Nesterov's dual averaging method, that can exploit the regularization structure in an online setting. At each iteration of these methods, the learning variables are adjusted by solving a simple minimization problem that involves the running average of all past subgradients of the loss function and the whole regularization term, not just its subgradient. In the case of l1-regularization, our method is particularly effective in obtaining sparse solutions. We show that these methods achieve the optimal convergence rates or regret bounds that are standard in the literature on stochastic and online convex optimization. For stochastic learning problems in which the loss functions have Lipschitz continuous gradients, we also present an accelerated version of the dual averaging method.
Electrophysiologic Properties of Isolated Preparations of Human Atrial Myocardium

The electrophysiologic properties of human atrium were studied with intracellular microelectrodes in 22 preparations of human right atrial tissue obtained at the time of corrective open heart surgery. Two types of fibers were identified: the first had electrical characteristics typical of atrial contractile cells and the second those of atrial specialized fibers. Automaticity developed only in the latter type of cell. In 36 impalements of specialized atrial fibers, resting membrane potential was -86 ± 5 mv (mean ±SD), transmembrane action potential amplitude was 102 ± 12 mv, transmembrane action potential overshoot was 16 ± 4 mv. Similar results were obtained in 49 impalements of contractile fibers. Conduction velocity measured 0.28-0.33 m/sec in contractile fibers and 0.41-0.45 m/sec in specialized atrial fibers. Action potential duration of specialized atrial fibers was linearly related to the basic cycle length between 200 and 1000 msec. At cycle lengths greater than 1000 msec the increase in action potential duration was no longer linear. There was a decrease of 58 mv in resting membrane potential of specialized atrial fibers when exposed to a tenfold increase in extracellular [K + ]. This decrease occurred in a linear fashion in [K + ] above 5 mM. These experiments provide reference values for future studies dealing with electrophysiology of human atrial tissue.
Species-independent, geographical structuring of chloroplast DNA haplotypes in a montane herb Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae)

Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the occurrence of hybrid zones between red-flowered Ipomopsis aggregata and white-flowered I. tenuituba. Either local adaptation to hummingbird and hawkmoth pollinators has given rise to sympatric (or parapatric) divergence of flower colour and morphology (primary intergradation at hybrid zones), or alternatively two previously allopatric species are coming into contact at several geographical areas of secondary intergradation. We examined restriction site patterns in nuclear DNA (nrDNA), chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from populations of I. aggregata and I. tenuituba representing seven zones of sympatry. No variation was detected in a 350-bp fragment of mtDNA and uninformative levels of variation were observed for nrDNA. We detected 22 potentially informative restriction site polymorphisms in cpDNA, all of which united geographical areas containing populations of both species. We detected no informative species-specific markers. Studies of other species (e.g. oaks) have detected similar species-independent geographical structure of cpDNA. However, in these cases secondary interegradation could be inferred from species-specific nuclear alleles. The pattern in Ipomopsis is consistent with both primary intergradation (independent speciation in each area of sympatry) or secondary intergradation involving complete cytoplasmic replacement. Thus, additional data are needed to explain the origin of hybrid zones in Ipomopsis.
Nonlinear distortion analysis of p-i-n diode attenuators using Volterra series representations

An application of Volterra series to the analysis of a network with nonlinear elements represented by Volterra series is presented. For the equivalent circuit of this network, the outputs of the n th-order nonlinear sources are given in the frequency domain. The model of the p-in diode in a form of the Volterra series, which was proposed earlier by the author, is implemented and the results of the analysis are used to derive the cross-modulation coefficient for a \pi -type attenuator with three p-in diodes. Computation results are compared with those obtained from measurements.
Kidney of giraffes

This study focuses on certain aspects of the renal structure of the giraffe, with some implications as to its function. About 4,000 collecting ducts open at the truncated end of a curved crest that juts into the renal pelvis as the inner medulla (IM). Extensions of the pelvis pass between the medullary (MP) and vascular (VP) processes almost to the corticomedullary border. The MPs contain an IM and an outer medulla (OM) containing clusters of capillaries (vascular bundles). The VPs contain the interlobar arteries and veins. All of the IM and almost all of the OM, with its vascular bundles, are bathed with pelvic urine. The cortex comprises 63% of the parenchyma. The OM has nine times the mass of the IM. The IM comprises 4% of the parenchyma. The ratio of mass of the adult cortex to the medulla is 1.7:1.0, and the number of glomeruli per kidney is 6.6 x 10(6). Glomerular mass is 6.2-6.7% of renal mass in the adult and 5.2% in the 6-month-old calf. The dimensions of the glomerular capsules are the same across the thickness of the cortex. Every terminal collecting duct drains an estimated 1,650 nephrons. In the adult giraffe the ratio of thickness of the muscularis of the main renal artery (RA) to its diameter is 0.117 (right RA) and 0.132 (left RA). These ratios are close to those in rhinoceros and ox but greater than in man. The visceral arteries (celiac, anterior mesenteric, and renal) have about the same muscularis : diameter ratio. Giraffes have arterial hypertension, but atherosclerosis is apparently absent and serum lipid fractions are low.
VIRAL INFECTIONS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENT

Human herpesviruses and human papillomaviruses are ubiquitous and may cause an array of oral disease. Herpesviruses are unique because recurrent localized disease occurs after the primary infection. Human papillomaviruses are known for their ability to produce benign epithelial proliferations and increasingly are implicated in the development of oral cancer. This article reviews the pathogenesis of common oral lesions induced by these viruses.
Genetics and Assembly Line Enzymology of Siderophore Biosynthesis in Bacteria

The regulatory logic of siderophore biosynthetic genes in bacteria involves the universal repressor Fur, which acts together with iron as a negative regulator. However in other bacteria, in addition to the Fur-mediated mechanism of regulation, there is a concurrent positive regulation of iron transport and siderophore biosynthetic genes that occurs under conditions of iron deprivation. Despite these regulatory differences the mechanisms of siderophore biosynthesis follow the same fundamental enzymatic logic, which involves a series of elongating acyl-S-enzyme intermediates on multimodular protein assembly lines: nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). A substantial variety of siderophore structures are produced from similar NRPS assembly lines, and variation can come in the choice of the phenolic acid selected as the N-cap, the tailoring of amino acid residues during chain elongation, the mode of chain termination, and the nature of the capturing nucleophile of the siderophore acyl chain being released. Of course the specific parts that get assembled in a given bacterium may reflect a combination of the inventory of biosynthetic and tailoring gene clusters available. This modular assembly logic can account for all known siderophores. The ability to mix and match domains within modules and to swap modules themselves is likely to be an ongoing process in combinatorial biosynthesis. NRPS evolution will try out new combinations of chain initiation, elongation and tailoring, and termination steps, possibly by genetic exchange with other microorganisms and/or within the same bacterium, to create new variants of iron-chelating siderophores that can fit a particular niche for the producer bacterium.
A Power Reflection Technique for Characterization of High Quality Varactor Diodes

High quality varactor diodes are currently characterized by either a "relative impedance" or a "transmission" technique. In view of the present limitations of these methods, a third method, a "reflection" technique, has been proposed. This method requires measuring the power reflected from a diode near its series resonant frequency. The diode is located as the termination of a low impedance coaxial line.The primary virtue of the power reflection technique is the possibility of accurate determination of the diode series resistance. Both the reflection method and the transmission method offer the advantage of microwave characterization near the diode series resonant frequency. The power reflection technique is presently limited to diodes that series resonante below 24 GHz. The accuracy of the technique is limited by possible impedance transformations due to the diode mount and diode package.
A Dimension of Cognitive Motivation: Need to Know the Known vs the Unknown:

An investigation of preference of college Ss for information widely known vs information unknown to most other persons indicated that the majority of Ss preferred the “unknown” information. The higher an S‘s college aptitude, the stronger this preference. Correlated with preference for the “unknown” information were a desire to be cognitively challenged, an attraction toward cognitive enjoyment and novelty, an interest in broad questions and ideas, a feeling of cognitive self sufficiency and social introversion. Correlated with preference for the widely known items of information were a desire to evaluate oneself in relation to others and a trait of social extraversion.
Bioassessing air pollution effects with epiphytic lichens in Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.

Abstract Lichen diversity and coverage on willow oaks were measured in 16 parks in the Raleigh area of North Carolina, plus one natural area in nearby Orange County (control), as a pilot study for a potential statewide lichen biomonitoring project. This study's objectives were to assess the air pollution effects of the Raleigh urban airshed on these lichen communities, and determine what methods are best for this bioassessment. Thirty-one macrolichens and 24 crustose lichens were detected with average trunk floras of 4–20 taxa per site. Lichen communities were dominated by: Buellia curtisii, Candelaria concolor, Candelariella reflexa, Lecanora strobilina, L. hybocarpa, Physcia millegrana, Pyxine subcinerea and Punctelia rudecta, of which the macrolichen species are known to be pollution-tolerant, including Py. subcinerea, which is here described as such. The control site largely lacked these species, and harbored lichens more representative of nearby protected forests. All sites lacked pollution-sensitive...
Lognormal selection with applications to lifetime data

We consider selection problems on k lognormal (/spl mu//sub i/,/spl sigma//sub i//sup 2/) populations when the /spl sigma//sub i//sup 2/ are unequal, under both known & unknown cases. Selection based on linear functions of /spl mu/ & /spl sigma//sup 2/ are considered. For the unequal & unknown /spl sigma//sub i//sup 2/ case, a two-stage Rinott-type asymptotic procedure is proposed. In consideration to reliability & survival analysis applications, an asymptotic procedure is also proposed for the parametric selection based on the /spl alpha/-quantiles. Simulation studies to evaluate the procedures & to compare the latter procedure to the nonparametric procedure based on the /spl alpha/-quantiles are presented. The procedures are demonstrated using examples from reliability & quality control.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ESSAY TESTS AND OBJECTIVE TESTS OF LANGUAGE SKILLS FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Interest in the relationship between essay tests and objective tests has been a persistent one in educational measurement. Research on this relationship may be divided into two broad categories. First, there are those studies which compare the relative effectiveness of the essay and the objective tests as measures of knowledge of content, such as science, history, etc. Coffman's (1971) excellent review of the literature concentrates primarily, although not exclusively, on this area. Second, there are those studies which compare essays and objective tests as measures of writing skill. While a substantial amount of research has been devoted to this latter issue, significant questions have yet to be answered-or even raised-and the questions are becoming more critical in light of demands for competency testing and criticisms of all objective tests used to assess writing skill (see, for example, National Council of Teachers of English, 1975). Research has been particularly scarce below the college entrance level. Traditionally, most research regarding essays versus objective tests as measures of writing skill has been related to college selection and/or placement and, hence, has dealt with the higher developmental levels of writing skill. For a large sample of college freshmen, Breland and Gaynor (1979) report correlations between single essays and single scores on the objective (multiplechoice) Test of Standard Written English of .56-.63; see also Breland (1977). The widely cited study by Godshalk, Swineford, and Coffman (1966), using a largely college-bound group of high school juniors and seniors reported correlations generally in the .30's between several objective measures and single essays rated by two or three readers. But correlations of .57 to .71 were obtained between objective measures and an elaborately constructed essay score (four writing samples, each scored by five readers). Major attempts to measure writing skill at younger ages, specifically at ages 9 and 13, have been made by National Assessment of Educational Progress (1972, 1975). However, because of the special nature of the NAEP effort, no correlations between essay-type and objective-type measures of writing skill have been reported from this
Wide field of view transmission holography

Abstract We present a new type of hologram recording geometry employing a waveguide hologram beamsplitter. Due to the unique properties of this configuration, achromatic transmission holograms with wide field of view have been recorded. Modifications of this novel holographic recording procedure may lead to a compact holographic camera.
Model predictive hydrodynamic regulation of microflows

An application of model predictive hydrodynamic regulation of a flow stream in a microfluidic geometry is provided in this paper. Using bit-accurate emulations we mimic the optimization operations, carried out in an embedded 32-bit microcontroller. Additionally, finite element method simulations are utilized to solve the coupled partial differential equation problem that describes the dynamics of the examined system. A combination of these simulations and hardware emulations allows us to apply real-time predictive control to the microflows by adjusting the inlet streams at the macroscopic level.
Marketability and Value: Measuring the Illiquidity Discount

Should investors be willing to pay higher prices for more liquid assets than for otherwise similar assets that are less liquid? If the answer is yes, how much should the premium be for liquid assets? Conversely, how do we estimate the discount for illiquid assets? In this paper, we argue that it is a mistake to think of some assets as illiquid and others as liquid and that liquidity is a continuum, where some assets are more liquid than others. We then examine why liquid assets may be priced more highly than otherwise similar illiquid assets and why some investors value liquidity more than others. We follow up be presenting the empirical evidence that has accumulated over time and across different assets - financial and real - on the cost of illiquidity. Finally, we consider how we can use the theory and evidence on illiquidity to estimate the effect of illiquidity on the value of an asset or business.
(S)‐ and (R)‐S‐Methyl‐S‐Phenyl Sulfoximine

[60933-65-5] [33903-50-3] C7H9NOS (MW 155.22) InChI = 1S/C7H9NOS/c1-10(8,9)7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6,8H,1H3/t10-/m1/s1 InChIKey = YFYIDTVGWCYSEO-SNVBAGLBSA-N InChI = 1S/C7H9NOS/c1-10(8,9)7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6,8H,1H3/t10-/m0/s1 InChIKey = YFYIDTVGWCYSEO-JTQLQIEISA-N Physical Data: R-isomer: [α]D −28.5±3, c = 1 in acetonitrile; S-isomer: [α]/D +28.5±3°, c = 1 in acetonitrile; (racemate: bp 103–106 °C, mp 31–33 °C, picrate mp 171–173 °C, HCl salt mp 141–142 °C). Solubility: polar organic solvents. Form supplied in: solid or oil. Purification: chiral chromatography of racemate; crystallization of camphorsulfonic acids salts during resolution; distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: sulfoximines are quite stable, only slightly less stable than sulfones. Loss of stereochemical integrity requires bond breaking and is thus essentially impossible even under extremes of heat possible in various reactions.
Flux gain for next-generation neutron-scattering instruments resulting from improved supermirror performance

Next-generation spallation neutron source facilities will offer instruments with unprecedented capabilities through simultaneous enhancement of source power and usage of advanced optical components. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), already under construction at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and scheduled to be completed by 2006, will provide greater than an order of magnitude more effective source flux than current state-of-the-art facilities, including the most advanced research reactors. An additional order of magnitude gain is expected through the use of new optical devices and instrumentation concepts. Many instrument designs require supermirror (SM) neutron guides with very high critical angles for total reflection. In this contribution, we will discuss how the performance of modern neutron scattering instruments depends on the efficiency of these supermirrors. We outline ideas for enhancing the performance of the SM coatings, particularly for improving the reflectivity at the position of the critical wave vector transfer. A simulation program has been developed which allows different approaches for SM designs to be studied. Possible instrument performance gains are calculated for the example of the SNS reflectometer.
Measuring the prevalence of regional mutation rates: an analysis of silent substitutions in mammals, fungi, and insects

The patterns of mutation vary both within and across genomes. It has been shown for a few mammals that mutation rates vary within the genome, while for unknown reasons, the sensu stricto yeasts have uniform rates instead. The generality of these observations has been unknown. Here we examine silent site substitutions in a more expansive set (20 mammals, 27 fungi, 4 insects) to determine why some genomes demonstrate this mosaic distribution and why others are uniform. We applied several intragene and intergene correlation tests to measure regional substitution patterns. Assuming that silent sites are a reasonable approximation to neutrally mutating sequence, our results show that all multicellular eukaryotes exhibit mutational heterogeneity. In striking contrast, all fungi are mutationally uniform – with the exception of three Candida species: C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and C. tropicalis. We speculate that aspects of replication timing may be responsible for distinguishing these species. Our analysis also reveals classes of genes whose silent sites behave anomalously with respect to the mutational background in many species, indicating prevalent selective pressures. Genes associated with nucleotide binding or gene regulation have consistently low silent substitution rates in every mammalian species, as well as multiple fungi. On the other hand, receptor genes repeatedly exhibit high silent substitution rates, suggesting they have been influenced by diversifying selection. Our findings provide a framework for understanding the regional mutational properties of eukaryotes, revealing a sharp difference between fungi and multicellular species. They also elucidate common selective pressures acting on eukaryotic silent sites, with frequent evidence for both purifying and diversifying selection.
Issues Associated with the Development of a Wide-Area Analysis and Visualization Environment

This paper provides a discussion of issues associated with the development of an environment for wide-area power system analysis and visualization. In particular, the paper considers issues associated with the exchange of information between regional transmission operators, the use of a unified state estimation and contingency analysis solution, and the visualization of the results.
LATTICE-BASED WORD IDENTIFICATION IN CLARE

I argue that because of spelling and typing errors and other properties of typed text, the identification of words and word boundaries in general requires syntactic and semantic knowledge. A lattice representation is therefore appropriate for lexical analysis. I show how the use of such a representation in the CLARE system allows different kinds of hypothesis about word identity to be integrated in a uniform framework. I then describe a quantitative evaluation of CLARE's performance on a set of sentences into which typographic errors have been introduced. The results show that syntax and semantics can be applied as powerful sources of constraint on the possible corrections for misspelled words.
Annotating Structured Data of the Deep Web

An increasing number of databases have become Web accessible through HTML form-based search interfaces. The data units returned from the underlying database are usually encoded into the result pages dynamically for human browsing. For the encoded data units to be machine processable, which is essential for many applications such as deep Web data collection and comparison shopping, they need to be extracted out and assigned meaningful labels. In this paper, we present a multi-annotator approach that first aligns the data units into different groups such that the data in the same group have the same semantics. Then for each group, we annotate it from different aspects and aggregate the different annotations to predict a final annotation label. An annotation wrapper for the search site is automatically constructed and can be used to annotate new result pages from the same site. Our experiments indicate that the proposed approach is highly effective.
Signal power upper bound in parameter estimation

In this note, an upper bound on the signal power corresponding to a hypothesized model is derived assuming unknown signal and noise characteristics. A residual matrix is obtained from the observed data correlation matrix by subtracting a weighted outer product of the model vector. The upper bound is the largest signal power such that the residual correlation matrix stays nonegative. It is shown that this bound is the same as the minimum variance (or the maximum likelihood with Gaussian assumption) estimate of the signal power for the given model.
Loboixys ryukyuensis (Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Notodelphyidae), a new genus and species, living in the compound ascidian Diplosoma virens at Okinawa, Japan

ABSTRACT Loboixys ryukyuensis, a new genus and species of the family Notodelphyidae, is described based on females living in the compound ascidian Diplosoma virens (Hartmeyer). The host was collected on the coral reef in Okinawa, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Among notodelphyids, most of which are associated with compound ascidians, the new copepod closely resembles, in morphology, species of Doroixys Kerschner, 1879. In comparison with all known species of Doroixys and two other allied notodelphyid genera, this copepod can be assigned to a new genus on the basis of the following characters: the inflated body is lobed, the antennule is indistinctly 7-segmented, the labrum has four lobes, the fifth leg consists of one inner seta and a 2-segmented outer lobe with one seta, and the setiferous caudal ramus is extremely reduced.
Was Photios an Anti-Latin?: Heresy and Liturgical Variation in the Encyclical to the Eastern Patriarchs

In discussing Epistle 2, most of the attention has been focused on the discussion of the filioque, to the exclusion of Photios’ other liturgical and ecclesiastical comments. While the filioque arguments are now widely seen as an interpolation into the text (though whether by the hand of Photios or another author can be debated), these additional comments are largely glossed over. However, the liturgical comments in Photios’ Ep. 2 are indeed a central point of contention for the Patriarch himself, rather than a scribe or secondary author. Photios’ antagonism towards Latin liturgy is part of a broader cultural conflict between the two halves of medieval Christendom. For Photios, as well as his predecessors and successors, Orthodoxy was increasingly defined as not only a theological issue, but an issue of praxis, and the presence of innovative liturgical practices was indicative of a perverted theology. These sorts of differences would have been especially notable for Greek missionaries to the Bulgars who lived and worked beside, and in opposition to, Latin missionaries in a competition for ecclesiastical hegemony. Ultimately, Photios’ writings against the liturgical practices of the Latins were of considerably greater importance to his contemporaries than the filioque was to his successors, and the implications of Photios’ theology, given his enduring importance to Orthodox Christianity, have the potential to create new flashpoints in contemporary discussions between Orthodox and Western Christians.
The demonstration of antibodies to para-aminosalicylic acid in human serum.

Abstract A method is described for measuring antibody to para-aminosalicylic acid with formalin-fixed para-aminosalicylic acid-sensitized sheep erythrocytes in hemagglutination titrations. Positive hemagglutination reactions were found with sera from patients being treated with para-aminosalicylic acid and also from control subjects. Anti-para-aminosalicylic acid activity could be specifically inhibited with the drug and was found to be associated with immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M containing moieties of serum. The presence of anti-para-aminosalicylic acid activity in serum could not be correlated with clinical hypersensitivity reactions.
Machines Versus Humans: The Counting and Recounting of Pre-Scored Punchcard Ballots

Carnegie Corporation of New York; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation; John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation
‘Here, without English, you are dead’: ideologies of language and discourses of neoliberalism in adult English language learning

ABSTRACTIdeologies of language (and language learning) – in concert with discourses of individualism and meritocracy that characterize neoliberalism – shape pedagogical policies and practices in ways that are consequential for multilingual students all over the developing and developed world. To investigate how such intersections and influences work in adult language teaching/learning settings, this paper critically examines written documents produced by an adult ESL programme, comments made by some of the teachers, and the everyday talk of advanced students in the programme. Understanding neoliberalism as ‘a theory of political economic practices that proposes that human well-being can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong private property rights, free markets, and free trade’ [Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3], I examine ‘the local political economy of li...
Ultra-Low Dielectric Permitfivity Ceramics and Composites for Packaging Applications

To accomplish the interconnect systems which will be required in the next generation of very high speed Ga:As digital ICs, it will be necessary to use strip line techniques for signal traces which must be deposited over very low permittivity dielectric substration. Materials with relative dielectric permittivities k < 3.0 and very low loss tangent up to microwave frequencies will be required. For ceramic systems such values are impossible to achieve in single phase monoliths, and composite approaches are required. Techniques for processing ceramic insulators which permit the introduction of controlled pore structures are discussed. The introduction of pores degrades some other desirable properties of the ceramic such as mechanical strength and thermal conductivity so that control of both scale and location of pores is desirable. Materials investigated include sol-gel processed silica films and monoliths, reactively sputtered silica, etched glass compositions and Macro-Defect-Free (MDF) cements.
Statistical Treatment of Wave Instability in Rotating Detonation Combustors

Rotating Detonation Combustor operation is found to ensconce an inherent low frequency pulsation in addition to the dominant frequency of rotation of the Continuous Spin Detonation (CSD) waves. This low frequency oscillation of the CSD waves in a Rotating Detonation Combustor is studied by extracting the frequency, the number of detonation waves present within a period of waxing and waning, and the standard deviation of detonation wave pressure amplitudes. The experiments use a Hydrogen-Air mixture for different air flow rates and equivalence ratios and two parametric design variations: fuel injection orifice size and air injection gap width. The instability is found to be inherently linked to injection sizing, and fuel plenum pressure.
The complement component C4 in black Americans with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus

The complement component C4 variants C4A4, C4B 4 and C4B QO were found to be significantly increased in 64 black patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes compared with 169 black control subjects, yielding relative risks of 3.3, 2.9 and 3.4, respectively. The increased frequencies of C4B 4 and C4B QO in black Type 1 diabetic patients are similar to those found in Caucasoid Type 1 diabetic patients. The data suggest that Type 1 diabetes in black Americans may be partially due to admixture of genes from whites.
Rapid synthesis and secretion of intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV after gastric fat loading in rats

To further investigate the possible role of apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) in the short-term control of food intake, we examined the kinetics of intestinal apo A-IV synthesis and release into lymph and plasma after intragastric delivery of physiological amounts of lipid. Within 30 min of intragastric administration of 0.1 g of triglyceride, plasma and lymph levels of apo A-IV were similar to those produced by exogenous apo A-IV that inhibit food intake. Within 15 min, 5% of gastrically delivered radioactive lipid reached the distal small bowel and cecum; by 30 min radioactivity was evenly distributed throughout the small intestine, with 10-15% of the load in the distal gut. By 30 min, synthesis of apo A-IV was significantly stimulated in proximal and distal jejunum and distal ileum and remained elevated up to 4 h after the delivery of lipid. Our results indicate that the delivery of physiological amounts of lipid into the stomach produces a significant and rapid stimulation of apo A-IV secretion into lymph and plasma, together with a rapid delivery of lipid and increases in mucosal synthesis of apo A-IV along the entire length of the small intestine. The results support a possible role for apo A-IV in the short-term control of food intake and suggest a role for the entire gut in the integrative response of apo A-IV to a fat meal.
The Responses in Culture of Human Tumour Astrocytes and Neuroblasts to N6, O2'-Dibutyryl Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphoric Acid

N 6 , O 29 -dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP) (3 x 10 -4 M) causes reproducible changes in the morphology, growth rate and terminal cell density of 3 different types of human tumour cells grown in culture. Human tumour astrocyte lines 1181N1 and EH-118MG show generalized ablation of membrane systems when grown in the presence of this cyclic AMP analogue. This is not consistent with differentiation; it may be a toxic effect but possibly represents the response of these cell types to DBcAMP. These cells also grow more slowly and to lower terminal cell densities as a function of the concentration of DBcAMP. Although the growth kinetics demonstrate a return of these malignant cells to a state of density-dependent growth, micrographic analyses of inter-cellular relationships reveal that the cells still grow in overlapping patterns. Thus as judged by the commonly accepted criteria, DBcAMP does not induce contact inhibition of growth. All observed changes induced by the presence of DBcAMP are rapidly and completely reversed upon its removal from the growth medium. Human neuroblasts (NB1) grown in the presence of DBcAMP show irreversible morphological changes and the rate and extent of cell division is reduced. There is marked hyperplasia of intracytoplasmic microfilaments, which is considered consistent with differentiation.
Nanoimprinted Patterned Pillar Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Applications.

A pragmatic method to deposit silver nanoparticles on polydopamine-coated nanoimprinted pillars for use as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates was developed. Pillar arrays consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) that ranged in diameter from 300 to 500 nm were fabricated using nanoimprint lithography. The arrays had periodicities from 0.6 to 4.0 μm. A polydopamine layer was coated on the pillars in order to facilitate the reduction of silver ions to create silver nucleation sites during the electroless deposition of sliver nanoparticles. The size and density of silver nanoparticles were controlled by adjusting the growth time for the optimization of the SERS performance. The size of the surface-adhered nanoparticles ranged between 75 and 175 nm, and the average particle density was ∼30 particles per μm2. These functionalized arrays had a high sensitivity and excellent signal reproducibility for the SERS-based detection of 4-methoxybenzoic acid. The substrates were also able to allow ...
Challenging 'girls only' publicly funded human papillomavirus vaccination programmes.

This analysis examines the ‘girls only’ policy for publicly funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes. Current funding policy in most Canadian provinces covers ‘girls only’ with the goal of reducing mortality and morbidity rates of HPV-related cervical cancer. Recent studies indicate increasing rates of other HPV-related cancers among cisgender men and women. The HPV vaccine is proving effective against some of these cancers. Statistics on HPV vaccine uptake among individuals with different gender expressions are scarce. Critics argue that a ‘girls only’ HPV vaccine policy is inequitable. We add to this critique by reflecting on the gender binary embedded in such policies and produced through epidemiological studies that attend differentially to females, reinforcing exclusionary practices that leave out those who form their gender identities across the spectrum. We then draw on deontological (duties-based) and utilitarian (utility-based) frameworks to show that these gendered policies are also unethical. These challenges to the assumptions underlying ‘girls only’ immunization programmes have implications for nurses and the healthcare system. If we are to advance equitable and ethical health outcomes, we entreat nurses as a collective to mobilize the public to lobby federal, provincial and territorial governments to fund more inclusive HPV vaccination policies.
Percutaneous Sacropelvic Fixation

Lumbopelvic fixation has increasingly become an important adjunct for stabilization of the lumbosacral spine. The ability to place larger diameter and longer screws anterior to the center of gravity of the body promotes stability both regionally and globally and can also reduce the likelihood of a pseudarthrosis or hardware construct failure [21]. For these reasons, the use of iliac screws and bolts has become popular since the original descriptions of the precursors to these methods by Allen and Ferguson [1].
Climate variability and extremes, interacting with nitrogen storage, amplify eutrophication risk

Despite 30 years of basin-wide nutrient-reduction efforts, severe hypoxia continues to be observed in the Chesapeake Bay. Here we demonstrate the critical influence of climate variability, interacting with accumulated nitrogen (N) over multidecades, on Susquehanna River dissolved nitrogen (DN) loads, known precursors of the hypoxia in the Bay. We used the process model LM3-TAN (Terrestrial and Aquatic Nitrogen), which is capable of capturing both seasonal and decadal-to-century changes in vegetation-soil-river N storage, and produced nine scenarios of DN-load distributions under different short-term scenarios of climate variability and extremes. We illustrate that after 1 to 3 yearlong dry spells, the likelihood of exceeding a threshold DN load (56 kt yr−1) increases by 40 to 65% due to flushing of N accumulated throughout the dry spells and altered microbial processes. Our analyses suggest that possible future increases in climate variability/extremes—specifically, high precipitation occurring after multiyear dry spells—could likely lead to high DN-load anomalies and hypoxia.
The Episodic Nature of Social Confrontation

In this chapter we report a research program focusing upon one aspect or form of confrontation that we call social confrontation. The domain of social confrontation consists of situations in which an individual perceives that another person has violated a rule or norm for appropriate conduct. The major thrust of the research program is to describe the patterns of interaction that emerge as one individual confronts the other and the other responds. Guided by the interactional view (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967), we approach such conversations as negotiated enactments through which participants not only exchange turns but also mutually construct the purpose of their interaction. A description is offered of social confrontation as a particular kind of communication episode. The enactment of confrontation is described in terms of initiation, development, and closure of the episode. In addition, a social cognition perspective is adopted as we explore factors that influence initiation of the confrontatio...
The Cryobiology of Mammalian Oocytes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the cryobiology of mammalian oocytes. Oocytes present with a relatively complex subcellular structure within which many of the subcellular components are particularly temperature and osmotically sensitive. It has been reported that cumulus cells and tranzonal processes have a metabolic role and also play an important part in the development of immature oocytes. There are subtle, but potentially critical, subcellular differences which exist among oocytes from different species. It is found that fundamental changes in the structure and function of the oocyte occur as they develop from the germinal vesicle (GV) stage to the MII stage. It is apparent that effective cryopreservation of bovine oocytes will certainly enhance the utilization of oocytes from animals with high genetic value. It is found that the lipid phase transition of the membrane lipids for GV stage oocytes is 13°C–20°C no phase transition was observed in MII stage oocytes. Comparison of the cytoskeletal systems of murine and human oocytes has indicated significant differences in the organization in their respective responses to cooling and exposure to cryoprotectant compounds. It is suggested that if oocyte cryopreservation is to become a safe and efficacious clinical application in the rapidly growing assisted reproductive technology field, an in-depth understanding of the biophysical factors which lead to success or failure must be developed.
No Mechanism is an Island: Interactions Among Monoclonal Antibody Mechanisms of Action

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including rituximab, are now a mainstay in the therapy of cancer. Despite their undeniable therapeutic value, there is much we do not fully understand about the mechanisms of action responsible for their anti-tumor effects. These mechanisms are often studied in isolation. In this chapter, we will review the mechanisms of action of anti-cancer mAbs and discuss how they interact. The focus of this discussion will be on rituximab, but similar conclusions can be reached with other mAbs.
Ibrutinib suppresses alloantibody responses in a mouse model of allosensitization

Abstract Background Ibrutinib is a Bruton's tyrosine Kinase (BTK) antagonist that inhibits B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Complete BTK deficiency is associated with absence of B-cells. Ibrutinb is currently approved by FDA for treatment of B-cell malignancies, including Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. We recently carried out studies to determine if ibrutinib could modify alloantibody responses. Materials and methods A mouse model of allogenic sensitization using a C57BL/6 mouse as the recipient of a skin allograft from an HLA-A2 transgenic mouse was utilized to examine the effects of ibrutinib on alloantibody responses and B cell effector functions. Donor-specific antibody (DSA) levels were measured in a flow-cytometric antibody binding assay. Splenic T and B cell subsets and plasma cells were analyzed in flow cytometry. Results Control mice developed peak levels of DSA IgM at day 14 PTx while the ibrutinib treated mice had significantly lower levels of DSA IgM ( p = 0.0047). Control mice developed HLA.A2-specific IgG antibodies at day 14 (230 ± 60 MFI) and reached peak levels at day 21 (426 ± 61 MFI). In contrast, mice in the treatment group had low levels of HLA.A2-specific IgG at day 14 (109 ± 59 MFI, p = 0.004) and day 21 (241 ± 86 MFI, p = 0.003). FACS analysis found a reduction of B220 + or CD19 + B cell population ( p p + CD138 + plasma cells ( p Conclusions Ibrutinib is effective in suppressing alloantibody responses through blocking BTK-mediated BCR signaling, leading to reduction of B cells and short-lived plasma cells in the spleens. Use of ibrutinib may provide benefits to HLA-sensitized transplant patients for alloantibody suppression.