cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Midline Thalamus: Alterations and a Potential Role in Limbic Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: In limbic or mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, much attention has been given to specific regions or cell populations (e.g., the hippocampus or dentate granule cells). Epileptic seizures may involve broader changes in neural circuits, and evidence suggests that subcortical regions may play a role. In this study we examined the midline thalamic regions for involvement in limbic seizures, changes in anatomy and physiology, and the potential role for this region in limbic seizures and epilepsy Methods: Using two rat models for limbic epilepsy (hippocampal kindled and chronic spontaneous limbic epilepsy) we examined the midline thalamus for evidence of involvement in seizure activity, alterations in structure, changes in the basic in vitro physiology of the thalamic neurons. We also explored how this region may influence limbic seizures. Results: The midline thalamus was consistently involved with seizure activity from the onset, and there was significant neuronal loss in the medial dorsal and reuniens/rhomboid nuclei. In addition, thalamic neurons had changes in synaptically mediated and voltage-gated responses. Infusion of lidocaine into the midline thalamus significantly shortened afterdischarge duration. Conclusions: These observations suggest that this thalamic region is part of the neural circuitry of limbic epilepsy and may play a significant role in seizure modulation. Local neuronal changes can enhance the excitability of the thalamolimbic circuits.
A robust on-demand path-key establishment framework via random key predistribution for wireless sensor networks

Secure communication is a necessity for some wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. However, the resource constraints of a sensor render existing cryptographic systems for traditional network systems impractical for a WSN. Random key predistribution scheme has been proposed to overcome these limits. In this scheme, a ring of keys is randomly drawn from a large key pool and assigned to a sensor. Nodes sharing common keys can communicate securely using a shared key, while a path-key is established for those nodes that do not share any common keys. This scheme requires moderate memory and processing power, thus it is considered suitable for WSN applications. However, since the shared key is not exclusively owned by the two end entities, the established path-key may be revealed to other nodes just by eavesdropping. Based on the random-key predistribution scheme, we present a framework that utilizes multiple proxies to secure the path-key establishment. Our scheme is resilient against node capture, collusive attack, and random dropping, while only incurring a small amount of overhead. Furthermore, the scheme ensures that, with high probability, all path-keys are exclusively known by the two end nodes involved in the communication along the path.
Dominance and competition in an herbivorous lizard

A study of social organization in an herbivorous lizard Ctenosaura hemilopha investigated the role of dominance in group member behavior. Attention focused on a very populous (16 ind.) colony to examine causes and effects of crowding with respect to competitive factors. Lizards were colonial, with a top-rank male, one or more adult females, and various subadults and juveniles. Top-rank males defended harems, with colonies female-biased (1:4 in focal colony). Dominance hierarchy was observed, with females more aggressive than males, except for the top-rank male. Group awareness facilitated adaptive responses to threatening dominants and predators. Strong correlations existed among individual size, rank, and aggression. Top-rank male aggressiveness was partly explained by harem defense. Food resource competition, which causes aggression in female insectivorous lizards, did not explain female C. hemilopha behavior. Response to predators, predator fecal pellet analysis, and tail break frequencies implicate crevice escape sites for predator avoidance as a prime controller of social and population structure in these lizards.
Mechanism of sulfate attack on portland cement concrete — Another look

Abstract Sulfate-generated deteriorations in normal portlant cement concretes include expansion, cracking, loss of strength and stiffness, and sometimes disintegration. The chemical phenomenon of ettringite formation as a result of reaction between sulfate water and hydration products of portland cement does not adequately explain all the physical manifestations of the sulfate attack. Furthermore, ettringite which causes expansions in some cases is apparently responsible for high strength in other cases. The published literature does not contain satisfactory explanations for this anomalous behavior of ettringite. In this paper, the author has attempted to provide answers to some of the questions.
Logic as calculus and logic as language

Answering Schroder’s criticisms of Begriffsschrift, Frege states that, unlike Boole’s, his logic is not a calculus ratiocinator, or not merely a calculus ratiocinator, but a lingua characterica.1 If we come to understand what Frege means by this opposition, we shall gain a useful insight into the history of logic.
Truncation of a Protein Disulfide Isomerase, PDIL2-1, Delays Embryo Sac Maturation and Disrupts Pollen Tube Guidance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Pollen tubes must navigate through different female tissues to deliver sperm to the embryo sac for fertilization. Protein disulfide isomerases play important roles in the maturation of secreted or plasma membrane proteins. Here, we show that certain T-DNA insertions in Arabidopsis thaliana PDIL2-1, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), have reduced seed set, due to delays in embryo sac maturation. Reciprocal crosses indicate that these mutations acted sporophytically, and aniline blue staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that funicular and micropylar pollen tube guidance were disrupted. A PDIL2-1-yellow fluorescent protein fusion was mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and was expressed in all tissues examined. In ovules, expression in integument tissues was much higher in the micropylar region in later developmental stages, but there was no expression in embryo sacs. We show that reduced seed set occurred when another copy of full-length PDIL2-1 or when enzymatically active truncated versions were expressed, but not when an enzymatically inactive version was expressed, indicating that these T-DNA insertion lines are gain-of-function mutants. Our results suggest that these truncated versions of PDIL2-1 function in sporophytic tissues to affect ovule structure and impede embryo sac development, thereby disrupting pollen tube guidance.
Filtering bad measurement data for water distribution system demand estimation.

Demand estimation has been solved by using a weighted least-squares (WLS) estimator incorporating field measurements with system simulation model. WLS estimator results are sensitive to spurious measurements caused by supervisory control and data acquisition malfunctions. Estimates using the contaminated measurements are not reliable and bad data should be filtered prior to demand estimation. This study presents a series of statistical methods to detect bad data, identify their locations, and correct the data values. The proposed methods are based on a linear measurement model that linearly relates state variables (nodal demands) to the field measurements (pipe flow rates). Application to a simple hypothetical network using synthetically generated data shows that the method can be successfully used as a preprocessing for single and multiple noninteracting bad data for reliable demand estimation.
IMMUNOLOGIC RELATION OF STREPTOCOCCAL AND TISSUE ANTIGENS : II. CROSS-REACTION OF ANTISERA TO MAMMALIAN HEART TISSUE WITH A CELL WALL CONSTITUENT OF CERTAIN STRAINS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

Further evidence of a cross-reactive relationship between a cell wall antigen of certain Group A streptococcal strains and mammalian heart tissue is provided by the demonstration that goat antisera to washed human or rabbit heart tissue homogenates exhibit precipitation with cell wall extract preparations. A single line of precipitation was observed in agar gel diffusion tests. Precipitating activity of goat antiheart sera was related to the gamma-globulin fraction in zone electrophoresis. The cell wall antigen was demonstrated in cell wall extracts of a Type 5 and Type 19 but not of a Type 12 strain. Antigenic activity was concentrated in the same neutral salt and chromatographic fractions of acid extracts of cell wall previously reported to exhibit this activity by immunofluorescent inhibition of the cross-reaction of antistreptococcal serum with heart tissue.
Political Decentralization and Inflation: Sub-National Evidence from China

One possible political determinant of macroeconomic instability scholars have explored at length is decentralization, but cross-national research measuring political decentralization in terms of constitutional federalism has produced mixed evidence regarding its effects on inflation. Conceptualizing political decentralization in terms of governing political party decentralization but acknowledging the challenges of cross-national data collection, the authors suggest the utility of a sub-national approach by studying one country under single-party rule. Drawing on provincial-level cross-section time-series data, they find that political decentralization measured as the inverse of central government political control, via the ruling party, over the different provincial governments is positively correlated with provincial inflation in China during 1978–97. The finding is robust to alternative specifications, expanded year coverage and Granger causality tests.
Ecosystem Services and Global Trade of Natural Resources : Ecology, Economics and Policies

1. Ecosystem Services and Global Trade of Natural Resources: An Introduction Thomas Koellner Part 1: Foundations for Understanding the Trade of Natural Resources and its Implication for Ecosystem Services 2. Global Human Dependence on Ecosystem Services Jordan Levine and Kai M.A. Chan 3. Economics of Global Trade and Ecosystem Services David Zilberman 4. International Trade Policies and Ecosystem Services David Blandford 5. The Need for Global Governance of Ecosystem Services: a Human-Environment Systems Perspective on Biofuel Production Roland W. Scholz Part 2: Ecosystem impacts of global flows of virtual land, water and sea in the physical economy 6. Ecosystem Impacts of Virtual Land Use Embodied in Traded Goods and Services Thomas Koellner and Manel van der Sleen 7. Ecosystem Impacts of Virtual Water Embodied in Global Trade of Agricultural Products Hong Yang, Jungo Liu, Alexander J.B. Zehnder, and Johan Rockstrom 8. Global Trade of Fisheries Products-implications for marine ecosystems and their services Lisa Deutsch, Max Troell, Karin Limburg and Miriam Huitric Part 3: Accounting Tools for Global Ecosystem Services 9. Life Cycle Assessment and Ecosystem Services Thomas Koellner, Stephan Pfister and Annette Koehler 10. Ecosystem Services in Green National Accounting Jean-Louis Weber Part 4: Instruments for Global Governance of Ecosystem Services 11. Fair Trade, Environmental Labels, Bans and Ecosystem Services Ulrike Grote and Pradyot R Jena 12. International Payments for Ecosystem Services: Principles and Practices Graciela Chichilnisky 13. International Biodiversity Offsets Annah L. Peterson, Chloe Hill, Louise A. Gallagher 14. Landscape Labeling: Combining Certification with Ecosystem Service Conservation at Landscape Scales Jaboury Ghazoul Conclusion 15. Governance of Ecosystem Services in a World of Global Trade Thomas Koellner et al.
Parental Social Support and the Physical Activity-Related Behaviors of Youth: A Review

Social support from parents serves as one of the primary influences of youth physical activity-related behaviors. A systematic review was conducted on the relationship of parental social support to the physical activity-related behaviors of youth. Four categories of social support were identified, falling under two distinct mechanisms-tangible and intangible. Tangible social support is divided into two categories: instrumental-purchasing equipment/payment of fees and transportation-and conditional-doing activity with and watching/supervision. Intangible social support is divided into the two categories of motivational- encouragement and praise-and informational-discussing benefits of. The majority of studies demonstrated positive associations among selected measures of parental tangible and intangible social support and youth activity. Overall, parental social support demonstrated positive effects. Many studies, however, combine social support categories and/or respondents into composite measures, making it difficult to disentangle the specific effects of parents and the type of support provided.
Space-frequency coded broadband OFDM systems

Space-time coding for fading channels is a communication technique that realizes the diversity benefits of multiple transmit antennas. Previous work in this area has focused on the narrowband flat fading case where spatial diversity only is available. We investigate the use of space-time coding in OFDM-based broadband systems where both spatial and frequency diversity are available. We consider a strategy which basically consists of coding across OFDM tones and is therefore called space-frequency coding. For a spatial broadband channel model taking into account physical propagation parameters and antenna spacing, we derive the design criteria for space-frequency codes and we show that space-time codes designed to achieve full spatial diversity in the narrowband case will in general not achieve full space-frequency diversity. Specifically, we show that the Alamouti (see IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm., vol.16, p.1451-58, 1998) scheme across tones fails to exploit frequency diversity. For a given set of propagation parameters and given antenna spacing, we establish the maximum achievable diversity order. Finally, we provide simulation results studying the influence of delay spread, propagation parameters, and antenna spacing on the performance of space-frequency codes.
A Method for Efficient Transmittance Spectrum Prediction of Transparent Composite Electrodes

The interest in indium-free transparent composite electrode (TCE), a thin metal layer embedded between two transparent metal oxide (TMO) layers resulting in TMO/metal/TMO composite structure, has grown recently with the advent of their high figures of merit and its potential application in photovoltaic applications. However, most of the work to date has focused on experimentally producing the best optically transmitting TCE. To better design TCEs and minimize experimental work, it would be useful to develop a model that predicts the optical transmission. In the current work, the transfer-matrix method is employed to calculate the transmittance spectrum of TCE. To validate this approach, the transmittance spectra of TiO2/Au/TiO2 and TiO2/Ag/TiO2 multilayer thin-film TCEs are calculated with use of extracted material parameters. The calculated transmittance spectrum of TiO2/Au/TiO2 matches the measured spectrum quite well. However, the calcualted transmittance of TiO2/Ag/TiO2 is higher than its measured transmittance. The presence of voids in the Ag film is probably responsible for the decreased transmittance of the TiO2/Ag/TiO2 sample, and the continuous Au film in TiO2/Au/TiO2 ensures a good agreement between transmittance prediction and measurement. Our approach is a reliable tool to predict the optical transmittance of TCE with continuous films, and it can efficiently expedite the selection from numerous possible combinations of transparent metal oxides and metals when developing TCEs for future photovoltaic applications. It can also serve as a convenient method to assess the continuity of embedded metal layer.
Micromachined biomimetic artificial haircell sensors

The biological haircell is a modular building block of a rich variety of biological sensors. Using micro- and nanofabrication technology, an engineering equivalent artificial haircell sensor can be developed, imitating the structure and transfer function of the biological haircell. The artificial haircells can be made of hybrid semiconductor, metal and polymers. This paper discusses a number of strategies, using representative material systems, for building artificial haircell sensors and briefly outlines their fabrication method and performance. The motivation for imitating the biological haircell is also discussed to provide a background for this work.
Eosinophils are necessary for pulmonary arterial remodeling in a mouse model of eosinophilic inflammation-induced pulmonary hypertension

There is increasing evidence that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of some forms of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We recently demonstrated that deficiency of adiponectin (APN) in a mouse model of PH induced by eosinophilic inflammation increases pulmonary arterial remodeling, pulmonary pressures, and the accumulation of eosinophils in the lung. Based on these data, we hypothesized that APN deficiency exacerbates PH indirectly by increasing eosinophil recruitment. Herein, we examined the role of eosinophils in the development of inflammation-induced PH. Elimination of eosinophils in APN-deficient mice by treatment with anti-interleukin-5 antibody attenuated pulmonary arterial muscularization and PH. In addition, we observed that transgenic mice that are devoid of eosinophils also do not develop pulmonary arterial muscularization in eosinophilic inflammation-induced PH. To investigate the mechanism by which APN deficiency increased eosinophil accumulation in response to an allergic inflammatory stimulus, we measured expression levels of the eosinophil-specific chemokines in alveolar macrophages isolated from the lungs of mice with eosinophilic inflammation-induced PH. In these experiments, the levels of CCL11 and CCL24 were higher in macrophages isolated from APN-deficient mice than in macrophages from wild-type mice. Finally, we demonstrate that the extracts of eosinophil granules promoted the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in vitro. These data suggest that APN deficiency may exacerbate PH, in part, by increasing eosinophil recruitment into the lung and that eosinophils could play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation-induced PH. These results may have implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of PH caused by vascular inflammation.
The effect of environmental factors on phytoplankton growth: Light and the interactions of light with nitrate limitation1

The effects of simultaneous limitations of light and nutrient on growth were investigated with turbidostat and chemostat cultures of Scenedesmus sp. and Fragilaria crotonensis. The combined effects were greater than the sum of individual effects and were not multiplicative. Under nitrate-limited conditions the cell quota of the limiting nutrient for a constant growth rate and the subsistancc quota (qO) increased as irradiance decreased. Within a certain limit of growth rates, light and qN can compensate for each other in maintaining growth rate. Under nutrient-sufficient conditions, cell quotas of C, N, and P, and cellular chlorophyll a concentration increased as light decreased below saturation. The cell quotas are the maximum level (y,,[) that can be achieved at a given irradiance. Cell quotas of nonlimiting nutrients in nutrient-limited cultures are the same as these (I~? values. The increasing levels of g, and q. with decreasing irradiance indicate that nutrient requirements increase as irradiance decreases. Irradiance in an aquatic environment diminishes with depth. Physical mixing of the epilimnion therefore exposes phytoplankton to a series of vertical light gradients. When nutrients become limiting in this layer, phytoplankton may be sub
Loop Calculus for satisfiability

Loop Calculus, introduced by Chertkov and Chernyak, is a new technique to incrementally improve approximations computed by Loopy Belief Propagation (LBP), with the ability to eventually make them exact. In this extended abstract, we give a brief overview of this technique, and show its relevance to the AI community. We consider the problem of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) and use LBP with Loop Calculus corrections to perform probabilistic inference about the problem. In this preliminary work, we focus on identifying the main issues encountered when applying Loop Calculus, and include initial empirical results in the SAT domain.
Explaining movement decisions of forest rodents in fragmented landscapes

Functional connectivity is a measure of the interaction of landscape structure and a spe- cies' dispersal ability to determine the degree to which a landscape facilitates movement among patches. Dispersal through an inhospitable matrix requires that a species is willing to enter the matrix and can successfully colonize another habitat patch. Many connectivity indices have been developed which incorporate various attributes of the landscape, but lit- tle empirical evidence of the accuracy of these indices is available. We studied the ability of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus), and southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) to move through agricultural fields in west-central Indi- ana. Radio-collared animals were translocated into corridors that either were connected to or unconnected from an associated forest patch to determine their willingness to enter the matrix. Animals also were translocated into fields to determine how motivation to find resources influences movement through the matrix. All species demonstrated a strong motivation to find the forest. Animals were capable of moving through the matrix success- fully, however, we were unable to determine whether they would do so willingly. Initial bearing was an important predictor for successfully reaching a forest patch, which has implications for modeling dispersal. Additionally, abiotic variables, such as temperature and precipitation, had a strong effect on latency to move from the release site. Although weather often correlates with seasonal migration, our study emphasizes the importance of weather in influencing short-term decisions on timing of movement.
Enhanced Risk of Lung and Prostate Adenocarcinoma in African-American Smokers Carrying a Novel Cypiai Gene Polymorphism

Abstract The CYPlA1 gene codes for aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxlase (AHH), a critical enzyme in the metabolism of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polymorphisms in this gene have been implicated in aberrant gene function, and in increased risk of cancer from exposure to hydrocarbons such as those found in tobacco smoke. We have discovered a novel restriction polymorphism (“AA RFLP”) in this gene that is found only in people of African descent. African Americans suffer a disproportionate high incidence of lung and prostate cancer. This is not due to increased smoking, but may be related to either environmental or genetic factors. We have examined the possibility that the African American specific CYPlA1 RFLP may be associated with higher risk for tobacco related carcinogenesis. The incidence of the AA polymorphism in the healthy African-American population was 14.5%. In African-Americans with adenocarcinoma of the lung the incidence of the polymorphism was doubled. We observed no difference be...
Campus–Community Partnerships: The Terms of Engagement

The emergence of service-learning in higher education and the renewed emphasis on community involvement presents colleges and universities with opportunities to develop campus-community partnerships for the common good. These partnerships can leverage both campus and community resources to address critical issues in local communities. Campus-community partnerships are a series of interpersonal relationships between (a) campus administrators, faculty, staff, and students and (b) community leaders, agency personnel, and members of communities. The phases of relationships (i.e., initiation, development, maintenance, dissolution) and the dynamics of relationships (i.e., exchanges, equity, distribution of power) are explored to provide service-learning instructors and campus personnel with a clearer understanding of how to develop healthy campus-community partnerships.
Multiple access performance in UWB systems using time hopping vs. direct sequence spreading

Ultra-wideband radio systems operate using extremely short duration signaling pulses. Spread spectrum techniques for multiple access and interference suppression are commonly considered for such systems. We compare time-hopping spread spectrum with pulse position modulation (TH-PPM) and time-hopping/direct-sequence spreading with antipodal signaling (TH/DS-BPSK) in terms of their multiple access performance, and present some arguments for the use of one versus the other in a given system.
The conundrum of unmeasured confounding: Comment on: "Can some of the detrimental neurodevelopmental effects attributed to lead be due to pesticides? by Brian Gulson".

The problem described by Dr. Brian Gulson – confounding by unmeasured exposures to pesticides – is only the most recent in a series of potential confounders cited to explain the observed effect of lead on children's intellectual abilities or behavioral problems. Despite the persistent problem of unmeasured confounders, there are several lines of evidence implicating lead as a toxicant at blood lead levels < 10 μg/dL. First, in striking contrast with pesticides, there is considerable evidence from numerous studies linking low-level lead exposure with cognitive deficits and behavioral problems, even after controlling for a variety of potential confounders. Second, the consistency of evidence from diverse cohorts and distinct, if not always directly measured potential confounders — enhances our confidence that the lead effect observed at blood lead levels < 10 μg/dL is not attributable to unmeasured confounders. Third, in our reanalysis of the Rochester Lead Study, the inclusion of parent-reported mouthing behaviors and breastfeeding status did not attenuate the effect of lead exposure on children's intellectual function. Finally, although we can never entirely dismiss unmeasured confounding in observational studies, we can rely on experimental studies of lead-exposed animals to confirm that lead is a toxicant. Thus, while we must remain vigilant for unmeasured or poorly measured confounders, it is crucial to balance the endless search for confounders with the evidence of toxicity and the need to take action to protect public health. The alternative, to perpetually permit children to be exposed to lead and other emerging toxicants, is both absurd and unacceptable.
Improving the Performance of Sampling-Based Motion Planning With Symmetry-Based Gap Reduction

Sampling-based nonholonomic and kinodynamic planning iteratively constructs solutions with sampled controls. A constructed trajectory is returned as an acceptable solution if its ldquogaps,rdquo including discontinuities within the trajectory and mismatches between the terminal and goal states, are within a given gap tolerance. For a given coarseness in the sampling of the control space, finding a trajectory with a small gap tolerance might be either impossible or extremely expensive. In this paper, we propose an efficient trajectory perturbation method, which complements existing steering and perturbation methods, enabling these sampling-based algorithms to quickly obtain solutions by reducing large gaps in constructed trajectories. Our method uses system symmetry, e.g., invariance of dynamics with respect to certain state transformations, to achieve efficient gap reduction by evaluating trajectory final state with a constant-time operation, and, naturally, generating the admissible perturbed trajectories. Simulation results demonstrate dramatic performance improvement for unidirectional, bidirectional, and PRM-based sampling-based algorithms with the proposed enhancement with respect to their basic counterparts on different systems: one with the second-order dynamics, one with nonholonomic constraints, and one with two different modes.
Quantum-locked key distribution at nearly the classical capacity rate.

United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Quiness Program (United States. Army Research Office. Award W31P4Q-12-1-0019)
Lessons in Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Vaccine Research: From Minefields to Milestones

Nonhuman primate (NHP) disease models for AIDS have made important contributions to the search for effective vaccines for AIDS. Viral diversity, persistence, capacity for immune evasion, and safety considerations have limited development of conventional approaches using killed or attenuated vaccines, necessitating the development of novel approaches. Here we highlight the knowledge gained and lessons learned in testing vaccine concepts in different virus/NHP host combinations.
Long-term potentiation of exocytosis and cell membrane repair in fibroblasts.

We previously found that a microdisruption of the plasma membrane evokes Ca2+-regulated exocytosis near the wound site, which is essential for membrane resealing. We demonstrate herein that repeate...
Registered nurses' job satisfaction in Navy hospitals.

ABSTRACTBecause of the increasing use of civilian registered nurses to supplement the nursing staff at U.S. Navy hospitals, it is imperative to understand the factors that influence satisfaction in both Navy and civilian nurses in military hospitals. This study sought to expand knowledge of satisfaction in hospital-based active duty Navy registered nurses and federal civilian nurses. Respondents completed a survey with a response rate of 42% (N = 496). The survey was designed using well-known satisfaction models and included measures of work attitudes, work setting, and demographic characteristics. Linear regression models explained 51% of the variance in job satisfaction for Navy nurses and 55% for civilian nurses. Routinization had the strongest significant negative association with job satisfaction for Navy and civilian nurses. Supervisor support was significantly associated with satisfaction for Navy nurses although coworker support was a significant factor for civilians. These findings have implicati...
ATP Synthesis from Carbon-based Fuels by Glycolysis and Glycogenolysis

The metabolic machinery needed to meet the energy demands of the myocyte without allowing [ATP] to fall is impressive. ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria is usually sufficient to meet the constantly changing demands for energy (0.1–1 mM/s) in the heart. ATP production by glycolysis makes a quantitatively trivial contribution (0.03 mM/s) to overall ATP production by the normal myocyte. The amount of ATP produced from glucose by glycolysis is a small fraction of the amount made as a result of the oxidation of glucose. Nonetheless, because glucose and glycogen can be metabolized rapidly, they are important sources of ATP during rapid transitions to increased work or in ATP supply/demand mismatches, which occur in ischemia.
Introduction to Proceedings

We provide a brief summary of each paper contained in this volume, provide some indications of the relationships between these papers, and provide a few additional references for the interested reader.
Quantitative Study Of Guide Field Effects on Hall Reconnection In A Laboratory Plasma

The effect of guide field on magnetic reconnection is quantitatively studied by systematically varying an applied guide field in the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX). The quadrupole field, a signature of two-fluid reconnection at zero guide field, is altered by a finite guide field. It is shown that the reconnection rate is significantly reduced with increasing guide field, and this dependence is explained by a combination of local and global physics: locally, the in-plane Hall currents are reduced, while globally guide field compression produces an increased pressure both within and downstream of the reconnection region.
Parents of adults with developmental disabilities: Age and reasons for reluctance to use another caregiver

Parents of individuals with developmental disabilities differ in their expressed reluctance to use another caregiver depending on their age. Older parents, more than younger parents, reported a reluctance to use another caregiver because of financial reasons and the unavailability of qualified caregivers. The results suggest that elderly parents may be willing to leave their developmentally disabled child with someone else but they require financial assistance and education regarding program quality and availability.
Influence of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Respiration Rate of Sperm.

Conclusions(1) Hydrogen ion concentrations of the media in which sperm of the boar and ram are suspended definitely influence respiration rates of the sperm. (2) Optimum pH for respiration of boar semen is 7.2 to 7.3, and for ram semen 7.0 to 7.2. (3) As the pH is raised or lowered from the optimum the respiration rate progressively declines. (4) Unit change in pH has significantly less influence on respiration rate of ram sperm than on that of boar sperm. (5) Differences of 0.4 pH unit or more are accompanied by significant differences in respiration rates of boar and ram semen. Conditions for valid comparisons of different samples are presented.
A Horse Is a Horse, of Course, of Course.

You've probably all heard the joke about the horse that walks into a bar. The health care version goes like this: “A miniature horse walks into the emergency department. The triage nurse asks the horse ‘Why the long face?’” It's funny until you realize that the miniature horse is a service animal under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and you now have a horse hanging out in the emergency department with the patient. But let's rein this in and talk about that horse later. Joking aside, how do you manage a service animal in the health care setting? In 1990, the ADA became the US law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including the workplace, schools, transportation, and any public and private place that is open to the general public. Specific to service animals, the ADA states that “individuals with disabilities shall be permitted to be accompanied by their service animals in all areas of a place of public accommodation where members of the public, program participants, clients, customers, patrons, or invitees, as relevant, are allowed to go.” 1 The ADA is divided into5 sections. Title I addresses employment issues and is designed to assist people with disabilities access the same employment opportunities and benefits available to people without disabilities. Often, this is manifested in employers providing reasonable accommodations to qualified applicants and current employees. Title II prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability by “public entities.” This covers programs, services, and activities operated by state and local governments. The public entity must ensure accessibility to individuals with disabilities. Title III prohibits private places of public accommodation from discriminating against individuals with disabilities. “Public accommodation” means anywhere the public is invited or permitted; this is the section that has the greatest impact on health care because it specifically includes doctor's offices and hospitals.2 Additionally, it establishes the minimum standards for accessibility for renovations and new construction. Title III classifies private health care services as a public accommodation regardless of federal financing status. 3
Scattering of Acoustic Waves by Impedance Surfaces

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses scattering of acoustic waves by impedance surfaces. The chapter summarizes the recent results for the Robin problem for the Helmholtz equation in exterior domains, which is the mathematical model for scattering of small amplitude acoustic waves by a surface with known acoustic impedance. The existence and uniqueness results for boundary data in L 2 is developed and used to establish the completeness of a family of functions. These are then used to obtain the main result, which is the construction of the T-matrix whose elements are shown to be coefficients of a representation of the Green's function for the problem.
Evaluating Por Nuestra Salud A Feasibility Study

AIMS This feasibility study evaluated the impact of a culturally consistent diabetes educational program, led by a Latino pastor, on Latino community diabetes knowledge levels. METHOD Latino adults were recruited from two churches serving Latino populations, one identified as intervention, the other as nonintervention. Both churches received the American Diabetes Association's booklets on diabetes education, "Four Steps to Control Your Diabetes for Life." The intervention group also received weekly reviews of the booklet's information from the church pastor, who was educated about diabetes by a Latino family nurse practitioner. Pre- and postintervention levels of diabetes knowledge were measured using the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire. RESULTS Mean changes in the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-24) survey from pretest to posttest indicated a significant increase in knowledge in both groups. Only the grades for the participants from the pastor-led group, however, moved from failure in knowledge to high levels of passing. One hundred percent of intervention group participants reported having read the literature. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study supports the feasibility of a local Latino pastor, as a culturally consistent diabetes educator, to increase Latino parishioner's knowledge of diabetes.
Social & Cultural Metrics: Measuring the Intangible Benefi ts of Designed Landscapes

A research team from the University of Illinois reports on three case studies from the 2013 Landscape Architecture Foundation's Case Study Investigation(CSI) program: all of them public spaces in the Midwestern region of the United States. Despite the clear relationship between intangible social benefits and sustainability, the challenges in measuring intangible benefits of designed landscapes can be significant. Socio-cultural research questions, methodology, and findings for the team's case studies are described and critiqued. Steps toward improving measurement procedures for social and cultural benefits in the CSI program are suggested.
Pharmacodynamics study of Gukangning on osteoporosis

Objective:To investigate preventive and therapeutic effect of Gukangning on osteoporosis induced by dexamethasone(DEX).Methods:Osteoporosis was induced by im injection of DEX in rats.Results:Experiments showed that Gukangning could evidently increase bone weight,bone mineral density,bone strength,TBV,ash weight,bone calcium,and bone phosphorus,and decrease urine calcium as well.Conclusion:Gukangning has remarkably preventive and therapeutic effects on osteoporotic in rats.
A Study on Evaluation Methods of Local Basic Public Health Services

Objective To develop appropriate evaluation methods of local basic public health services which are suitable to county level and above. Methods Data on basic public health services of 11 cities in Zhejiang province in 2012 was evaluated by different evaluation methods including weighted synthetic scored method,weighted synthetic index method, Weighted Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution( Topsis) and Weighted Rank- Sum Ratio( RSR). The consistency of evaluation results were tested by Kendall's coefficient of concordance W test. Combination evaluation was conducted to evaluate four single synthetic evaluation results through average method,weighted average combination evaluation method and hierarchical clustering analysis. Results Different synthetic evaluation methods had different evaluation results. However,in the order,the top two were all Hangzhou and Ningbo. Kendall's W test showed good consistence of four evaluation results. Rank of 11 cities were Hangzhou,Ningbo,Shaoxing,Jiaxing,Huzhou, Taizhou,Jinhua,Zhoushan,Lishui,Wenzhou and Quzhou based on combination evaluation value by average method, which was the same to the rank based on weighted average combination evaluation result. Eleven cities could be classified into four categories by hierarchical clustering analysis with statistical significance( P 0. 01) : Excellent( Hangzhou, Ningbo),Good( Huzhou,Jiaxing,Shaoxing),Middle( Zhoushan,Jinhua,Taizhou) and Poor( Wenzhou,Quzhou, Lishui). Conclusion These four synthetic evaluation methods used in this study are all suitable to county level and above in basic public health services evaluation. Various synthetic evaluation methods could be used in practice with combination evaluation of various evaluation results. Average method which is convenient and accurate is preferred when consistency of various synthetic evaluation results was testified. Hierarchical clustering analysis could be used for combination evaluation when no precise rank is needed.
Report on a workshop to develop management recommendations for the prevention of progression in chronic renal disease

EVERAL large clinical trials on the management/prevention of progressive renal disease have been published within the last year.‘” Three of these trials relate to diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and a fourth relates to renal disease of diverse etiologies (excluding IDDM). These studies show that the incidence of chronic renal disease can be decreased by approximately 50%, that the rate of progression of proteinuria can be decreased by a similar percentage, and that these favorable results also apply to patients with advanced nephropathy. Thus, for the first time, it has been conclusively shown that chronic progressive renal disease is amenable to both prevention and treatment. There had not been a consensus as to the implications of these studies for general patient care. For this reason, a conference was held on April 4 and 5, 1994, for the purpose of developing practical management recommendations. The conference was composed of several panels of nephrology experts drawn from around the world. The panels reviewed the existent literature, listened to presentations on the published studies, and reviewed manuscripts in press from secondary analyses of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study data. The panels developed initial recommendations and presented them to an audience of more than 150 physicians who provided a critique of the recommendations. A draft of the recommendation report was then read to the audience participants for final comments. The final recommendations were agreed upon and are the subject of this report.
Evidence of incompatibility for topical anionic agents used in conjunction with chlorhexidine gluconate: A systematic review

Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is a widely used antiseptic agent for skin and wound disinfection. The cationic properties of CHG may allow its inactivation and precipitation by anionic agents in commonly used topical agents. We conducted a systematic review by searching through PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases and selected original research articles reporting on CHG incompatibility, defined as inactivation or precipitation. The search yielded 22 publications that demonstrated CHG incompatibility via: 1) reduced antibacterial activity (carbomer, acrylates/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, dentin, bovine serum albumin, copolymer M239144, sodium lauryl sulfate, heat-killed microbes, triethanolamine, and bark cork); and 2) visible precipitate formation (sodium hypochlorite, EDTA, saline, ethanol, andnystatin). Only three publications reported on CHG incompatibility in dermatology, specifically for carbomer, triethanolamine, and acrylates/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer. Although limited evidence linking CHG incompatibility and anionic agents exists, clinicians should carefully consider the nature of topical agents used if CHG is concurrently applied. Increased awareness of CHG incompatibility may result in better antibacterial activity thus ensuring optimal patient management.
A theory of dynamic investment in education in response to accountability pressure

While well-implemented accountability systems are effective in inducing sharp test scores gains after intervention, it remains a mystery why such schools with the technical capacity to improve would allow productivity to decline to the point of sanction in the first place. We present a theory of dynamic investment where schools look forward and rationally choose the timing of reforms to increase achievement at the point of sanctions. Theory shows that policy makers must select the strength of sanctions carefully to maximize education production. Regression discontinuity analysis of a merit-pay system in North Carolina corroborates the theory.
Mental health literacy, stigma, and help-seeking behaviors among male college students

Objective: Mental health literacy (MHL) is low in college-aged men potentially resulting in impaired mental wellbeing. This study assessed MHL, psychosocial determinants, and help-seeking behaviors...
Language Ideologies and (Im)Moral Images of Personhood in Multilingual Family Language Planning.

Scholars have demonstrated that small-scale relatively private family decisions about language are intertwined with parental language ideologies. Using data from the context of multilingual Central Asian families—including those living in Central Asia and those living abroad—this study employs socially situated analysis of discourse and narrative inquiry to show how parents invoke language ideologies in justifying their decisions about their children’s education and linguistic exposure. The notion of “chronotope” is used to demonstrate how parental ideologies are embedded in images of space, time and moral personhood. Focusing on these images, rather than only on language ideologies, allows an incorporation of the many social factors—both linguistic and non-linguistic—involved in bottom-up language planning, and facilitates increased attention to emic perspectives. This focus also illustrates how state discourses are internalized by participants through their understandings of morality relative to other issues such as language education.
Versions in the Ancient Commentators

Of all the works in the Archimedean corpus, none has been more widely studied from ancient and medieval times to the present day than the short tract on the measurement of the circle.1 It was cited frequently by the ancient mathematical commentators, was known in the Latin Middle Ages in translations both from the Arabic and directly from the Greek, and remains prominent in all general discussions of Archimedes’ geometry to this day.2 The popularity of this work is easily understood. Its technical demands are slight, requiring little beyond the theory in Book XII of Euclid’s Elements and the resolve to wade through the details of an extended computation. Yet a close reading reveals unexpected subtleties, and for all its brevity it represents well the objectives and methods evident throughout the Archimedean corpus.
Oxidative Damage and Responses in Retinal Nuclei Arising from Intense Light Exposure

Prolonged or high intensity visible light exposure leads to photoreceptor cell damage and loss by incompletely understood mechanisms. In the rat retina, the sequence of events associated with intense light damage is triggered by the bleaching of rhodopsin (1), and the extent of damage is modulated by other photoreceptor cell proteins involved in visual transduction (2). Thus, environmental light-rearing conditions that alter the steady state levels of rhodopsin, α-transducin and s-antigen (arrestin) can affect the ultimate fate of visual cells (2,3). However, irrespective of their prior light-rearing environment, when rats are pretreated with natural or synthetic antioxidants, retinal light damage is less than in unsupplemented animals (4–8). This indicates that intense light exposure also results in oxidative reactions within the photoreceptor cell.