cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Location security in geographic ad hoc routing for VANETs

Vehicle-to-vehicle communication among vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) plays an important role in providing a high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Geographic routing protocol has been identified to be suitable for VANETs because of the special nature of such networks, e.g., frequently changed network topology and high dynamic mobility. There is considerable functional research about geographic routing, but the node location security issues have not been vastly concentrated on so far. While selecting every hop, the performance and security can be impacted severely by false position because of the position information importance for geographic routing. Making use of directional antennas, we propose a novel detection mechanism capable of recognizing nodes faking about their positions in beacon message. By checking through which directional antenna beacon messages are received, ones' neighborhood can be easily divided into two groups. In addition, combined with the three malicious node detection rules, nodes can efficiently detect malicious nodes around them after exchanging neighbors grouping information with each others. As the evaluation based on simulations shows, our position verification system can detect malicious nodes successfully and can prevent attacks on geographic routing by false position.
The Relationship between Response Qualities of Life Change Events and Future Illness Rates

A prospective study over three months explored whether measures of response "qualities" of life change events (e.g., whether the event was positive or negative in its subjective impact) enhance the ability of a simple counting of recent life change events to predict near future illness rates. Thirty-four nursing students were studied. Results confirm previous reports that future illness rates increase positively and significantly in direct relationship to the accumulation of recent past life change events. A simple count of the number of untimely or unexpected life stresses (31% of total life changes) or a simple count of the number of negative life events (53.8%) were as potent predictors as the total count of recent life changes. The total number of times each event occurred did not add to the predictive power of a count of the number of events experienced. Anticipated life events were poor predictors of future illness rates. The subjective life change unit scaling system (SLCU) did not add to the predictive power of a simple count of the number of events. Social support availability did not significantly lower illness rates.
Borrelia burgdorferi and Interleukin-1 Promote the Transendothelial Migration of Monocytes In Vitro by Different Mechanisms

A prominent feature of Lyme disease is the perivascular accumulation of mononuclear leukocytes. Incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured on amniotic tissue with either interleukin-1 (IL-1) or Borrelia burgdorferi , the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, increased the rate at which human monocytes migrated across the endothelial monolayers. Very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) and CD11/CD18 integrins mediated migration of monocytes across HUVEC exposed to either B. burgdorferi or IL-1 in similar manners. Neutralizing antibodies to the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) inhibited the migration of monocytes across unstimulated, IL-1-treated, or B. burgdorferi -stimulated HUVEC by 91% ± 3%, 65% ± 2%, or 25% ± 22%, respectively. Stimulation of HUVEC with B. burgdorferi also promoted a 6-fold ± 2-fold increase in the migration of human CD4 + T lymphocytes. Although MCP-1 played only a limited role in the migration of monocytes across B. burgdorferi -treated HUVEC, migration of CD4 + T lymphocytes across HUVEC exposed to spirochetes was highly dependent on this chemokine. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 reduced both migration of monocytes and endothelial production of MCP-1 in response to B. burgdorferi by approximately 50%, yet IL-10 inhibited neither migration nor secretion of MCP-1 when HUVEC were stimulated with IL-1. Our results suggest that activation of endothelium by B. burgdorferi may contribute to formation of the chronic inflammatory infiltrates associated with Lyme disease. The transendothelial migration of monocytes that is induced by B. burgdorferi is significantly less dependent on MCP-1 than is migration induced by IL-1. Selective inhibition by IL-10 further indicates that B. burgdorferi and IL-1 employ distinct mechanisms to activate endothelial cells.
Negotiation of meaning and co-construction of knowledge: An experimental analysis of asynchronous online instruction

Variations in group co-construction of knowledge and the extent to which participants engaged in negotiating meaning were directly related to instruction. The authors examined social interaction resulting from controlled variation in instruction using a counter-balanced design in two professional development courses for teachers. Both courses were held at the same time, included the same content with the same instructor, and were held in an asynchronous online format. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to the two courses. Using socio-historical constructivist theory to guide instruction interventions, instruction frequency and questioning were intentionally manipulated during one-half of each course. The variations in instruction were hypothesized to promote negotiation of meaning and co-construction of knowledge within both groups. Transcript analysis using a dependent measure of social interaction was applied to the 782 utterances of the participants. Multiple comparisons revealed significant differences in the dependent measure in portions of the course where modified instructional strategies were implemented. The results show that relatively simple alterations in instructional practice (e.g., increasing instructional statements from once to twice per week and engaging participants in dialogue through open-ended questioning) yields a substantially enhanced learning outcome within this environment. Strong evidence suggests that online learning groups depend heavily on instruction to facilitate negotiation of meaning and co-construction of knowledge. This research raises concerns about whether or not instructors employ instructional strategies that influence social knowledge construction and subsequent learning outcomes from asynchronous online courses. In addition, the study demonstrates the utility of a previously published measure for social interaction in CMC.
CALIPSO Observations of Transatlantic Dust: Vertical Stratification and Effect of Clouds

We use CALIOP nighttime measurements of lidar backscatter, color and depolarization ratios, as well as particulate retrievals during the summer of 2007 to study transatlantic dust properties downwind of Saharan sources, and to examine the influence of nearby clouds on dust. Our analysis suggests that (1) under clear skies, while lidar backscatter and color ratio do not change much with altitude and longitude in the Saharan Air Layer (SAL), depolarization ratio increases with altitude and decreases westward in the SAL (2) the vertical lapse rate of dust depolarization ratio, introduced here, increases within SAL as plumes move westward (3) nearby clouds barely affect the backscatter and color ratio of dust volumes within SAL but not so below SAL. Moreover, the presence of nearby clouds tends to decrease the depolarization of dust volumes within SAL. Finally, (4) the odds of CALIOP finding dust below SAL next to clouds are about of those far away from clouds. This feature, together with an apparent increase in depolarization ratio near clouds, indicates that particles in some dust volumes loose asphericity in the humid air near clouds, and cannot be identified by CALIPSO as dust.
Workflow management in GriPhyN

This chapter describes the work done within the NSF-funded GriPhyN project in the area of workflow management. The targeted workflows are large both in terms of the number of tasks in a given workflow and in terms of the total execution time of the workflow, which can sometimes be on the order of days. The workflows represent the computation that needs to be performed to analyze large scientific datasets produced in high-energy physics, gravitational physics, and astronomy. This chapter discusses issues associated with workflow management in the Grid in general and also provides a description of the Pegasus system, which can generate executable workflows.
The Huffington Post

In Feb. 2010, management of the Huffington Post, a fast-growing but not-yet-profitable Internet newspaper that aggregates blog posts from unpaid contributors and excerpts of stories originally published by other news sites, faces a number of decisions about its growth strategy. Foremost, Huffington Post management must determine whether to rely to a greater extent upon social networking technologies (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) to select and present the content delivered to specific users or continue to rely on human editors to play a curator role.Learning Objective:Build students' skill in evaluating business models and their understanding of trade-offs confronting entrepreneurs as they consider growth strategy options.
American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program as a quality-measurement tool for advanced cancer patients

Background: Multiple studies have shown the significantly increased post-operative morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing palliative operations. It has been proposed by some authors that the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database can be used reliably to develop risk-calculators or as an aid for clinical decision-making in advanced cancer patients. ACS-NSQIP is a population-based database that by design only captures outcomes data for the first 30-day following an operation. We considered the suitability of these data as a tool for decision-making in the advanced cancer patient. Methods: Six-year retrospective review of a single institution’s ACS-NSQIP database for cases identified as “Disseminated Cancer”. Procedures performed with palliative intent were identified and analyzed. Results: Of 7,763 patients within the ACS-NSQIP database, 138 (1.8%) were identified as having “Disseminated Cancer”. Of the remaining 7,625 entries only 4,486 contained complete survival data for analysis. Thirty-day mortality within the “Disseminated Cancer” group was higher when compared to all other surgical patients (7.9% vs. 0.9%, P vs. 709 days, P vs. 7.5%, P=0.72). Conclusions: Calculations utilizing ACS-NSQIP data fail to demonstrate the increased mortality associated with palliative operations. Patients diagnosed with advanced cancer are not adequately represented within the database due to the limited number of cases collected. Also, more suitable outcomes measures for palliative operations such as pain relief, functional status, and quality of life, are not captured. Therefore, the sole use of thirty-day morbidity and mortality data contained in the ACS-NSQIP database is insufficient to make sound decisions for surgical palliation.
Thermal Conductivity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Despite the significant amount of research on single-wall carbon nanotubes, their thermal conductivity has not been well established. To date only one experimental thermal conductivity measurement has been reported for these molecules around room temperature, with large uncertainty in the thermal conductivity values. Existing theoretical predictions based on molecular dynamics simulation range from several hundred to 6600 W/m-K. In an attempt to clarify the order-of magnitude discrepancy in the literature, this paper utilizes molecular dynamics simulation to systematically examine the thermal conductivity of several (10, 10) single-wall carbon nanotubes as a function of length, temperature, boundary conditions and molecular dynamics simulation methodology. The present results indicate that thermal conductivity ranges from about 30–300 W/m-K depending on the various simulation conditions. The results are unconverged and keep increasing at the longest tube length, 40 nm. Agreement with the majority of literature data is achieved for the tube lengths treated here. Discrepancies in thermal conductivity magnitude with experimental data are primarily attributed to length effects, although simulation methodology, stress, and intermolecular potential may also play a role. Quantum correction of the calculated results reveals thermal conductivity temperature dependence in qualitative agreement with experimental data.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Nursing and Alternative Medicine: Legal and Practice Issues

The burgeoning interest in alternative medicine in the past decade has created a demanding health care climate for professional nursing. Rising consumer consciousness and the cost of traditional Western medicine have together influenced an environment in which individuals and payers seek low-cost, high-value remedies. This article presents a definition of alternative medicine and an overview of related research initiatives. In addition, legal and practice considerations for professional nursing are discussed. The language of current nurse practice acts neither prohibits nor actively promotes alternative medicine practices. However, differences in the regulation of health care professionals, specifically physicians and nurses, create challenges for nurses as they respond to both consumer demand and the need for consumer protection, and work with physician colleagues in alternative medicine. Accompanying these challenges is the need to protect nurses' regulatory freedom and autonomy.
Effects of Identification Requirements on Voting: Evidence from the Experiences of Voters on Election Day

ttheheartoftheeﬀortstoimproveelectionsinthe United States are two important values:accessandintegrity.Toguaranteetherighttovote,thepollsmustbeaccessibletoallwhowishtovote.Toguaranteelegitimateelections,onlyeligiblepeopleshouldbeallowedtovote,andallvotesmustbetabulatedcorrectly.Thesevalueshavediﬀerentimplica-tionsforadministrativeprocedures,rangingfromtheimple-mentation of registration systems to the choice of votingequipmenttothesetupofpollingplacesandtrainingofpollworkers.Oftenthesevaluesworkhandinhand,butattimestheyareatodds.Suchisthecasewiththeauthenticationofvotersatthepolls(seeNationalCommissiononFederalElec-tionReform2002).Thedebateovervoteridentiﬁcationisusuallyframedasatradeoﬀbetweenthegoalsofguaranteeingaccessandensur-ing integrity. Stricter authentication procedures, includingphotographicidentiﬁcationandproofofcitizenship,providehighlevelsofassurancethatthosevotingareinfactlegalvot-ers.Suchproceduresmay,however,createburdensthatpre-ventmanylegitimatevotersfromparticipating.Thedebatefurtherdividesalongpartisanlines,asitiscommonlyconjec-turedthatthoseleastlikelytohavetherequiredidentiﬁcationreadilyavailablearedisproportionatelypoor,racialminori-ties,andelderly,and,thus,morelikelyDemocratic.Conse-quently,eﬀortstocreatevoter-authenticationproceduresinstatesquicklybecomepartisanpoliticalmatters.Statelawsstipulatetheacceptablewaysthatpollworkersmayverifythatanindividualisalegitimatevoter,andiswhoheorsheclaimstobe.Thereisconsiderablevariationamongthestatesinthemethodsallowed.Thediﬀerentrulesgrouproughlyintotwopolarcases:(1)thosestatesthatallowpollworkerstorequestidentiﬁcation,and(2)thosestatesthatdonot.Themoststringentformofauthenticationcurrentlyinuserequiresthatallvoterspresentagovernment-issuedphoto-graphicidentiﬁcationatthepolls.Onlytwostatescurrentlyhavesuchlaws,althoughanothertwodozenallowpollwork-ersthediscretiontorequestidentiﬁcation.Inthesestates,vot-ersmayultimatelybeaskedforidentiﬁcationinordertovote.Theother25statesemployarangeoflessstringentidentiﬁ-cationrules,includingsignatureonanaﬃdavitoraregistra-tionlist;providingproofofresidence,suchasautilitybill;orsimplystatingone’snameandaddress.Inthesestates,votersneednotpresentidentiﬁcationinordertovote.Before2000,less stringent identiﬁcation rules were the norm, but theelection-reformeﬀortsfollowingthe2000electionledmanystatestoadoptstrictervoter-authenticationrules.Notsurprisingly,theselawshavebeenchallengedincourt,andthequestionbeforetheSupremeCourtwashowtobal-ancethetwingoalsofaccessandintegrity.Thosechalleng-ingphoto-IDlawsarguedthattheyplaceundueburdenonvotersandhavediscriminatoryconsequences;thosedefend-ingthelawsarguedthattheyareessentialtoensurethelegit-imacy of elections. The State of Missouri struck down aMissouriphoto-identiﬁcationlawastoorestrictive,butithefederal courts let stand such laws in Arizona and Indianaandleftopenthepossibilityoffurtherchallengestoidentiﬁ-cation laws in other contexts.The majority opinion in theIndianacase(
Polyester wax: a new embedding medium for the histopathologic study of human temporal bones.

Background Celloidin and paraffin are the two common embedding mediums used for histopathologic study of the human temporal bone by light microscopy. Although celloidin embedding permits excellent morphologic assessment, celloidin is difficult to remove, and there are significant restrictions on success with immunostaining. Embedding in paraffin allows immunostaining to be performed, but preservation of cellular detail within the membranous labyrinth is relatively poor.
Scalability and equilibrium of quality of service for high speed networks

We revisit the notions of Quality of Service (QoS) and Effective Bandwidth (EB) in broadband networks from the point of view of scalability and equilibrium, borrowing notions from the theory of thermodynamics. We also look at how network resources could be utilized most efficiently in terms of equilibrium of resource allocation. Several routing schemes are proposed using the macroscopic and microscopic quantities devised. I. Functional Relationships and Scalability For network performance analysis, we generally have a functional dependence among four essential quantities, namely capacity C, buffer B, traffic N, and Quality of Service Q 111. These could be vectors for resources in a network. These four macroscopic quantities are jointly determined if three of the four are treated as independent variables. For example, we have the QoS canonical equation Q(C, N, B) , the QoS sustained for given traffic N and network resources C and B. Alternative, we may have the capacity canonical equation c(Q,N,B). The mathematical analog of (Q,c,N,B) for Thermodynamics is the 4-tuple (s,E,N,v) , namely entropy, energy, number of particles and volume. For large classes of networks, we have linear scalability, namely Q(CUC,aN,&) = aQ(C, N, B) . Such linearity reduces further the dimension of the problem, as it can be proved a simpler relation exists for normalized parameters. In fact, Q is linear in C for given p = N t C, y = B I c . Simply,
Learning the theory of constraints with a simulation game

This article describes the theory of constraints, an approach for enacting a process of continuous improvement that focuses on the factors that limit a system's performance. A user-friendly simulation game to teach the theory of constraints is discussed. The authors think that practicing managers as well as students of management can benefit from the theory as a useful conceptual framework for improving business performance and can benefit from interaction with the simulation game to reinforce the theory's principles. The game has been played by practitioners and academics at conferences sponsored by the Avraham Y. Goldratt Institute and has served as an active learning tool for students in graduate and undergraduate operations management classes.
Idealized Adaptive Observation Strategies for Improving Numerical Weather Prediction.

Adaptive sampling uses information about individual atmospheric situations to identify regions where additional observations are likely to improve weather forecasts of interest. The observation network could be adapted for a wide range of forecasting goals, and it could be adapted either by allocating existing observations differently or by adding observations from programmable platforms to the existing network. In this study, observing strategies are explored in a simulated idealized system with a three-dimensional quasigeostrophic model and a realistic data assimilation scheme. Using simple error norms, idealized adaptive observations are compared to nonadaptive observations for a range of observation densities. The results presented show that in this simulated system, the influence of both adaptive and nonadaptive observations depends strongly on the observation density. For sparse observation networks, the simple adaptive strategies tested are beneficial: adaptive observations can, on average, reduce analysis and forecast errors more than the same number of nonadaptive observations, and they can reduce errors by a given amount using fewer observational resources. In contrast, for dense observation networks it is much more difficult to benefit from adapting observations, at least for the data assimilation method used here. The results suggest that the adaptive strategies tested are most effective when the observations are adapted regularly and frequently, giving the data assimilation system as many opportunities as possible to reduce errors as they evolve. They also indicate that ensemble-based estimates of initial condition errors may be useful for adaptive observations. Further study is needed to understand the extent to which the results from this idealized study apply to more complex, more realistic systems.
On dynamic aperture (SSC accelerator)

An analytical method is presented to study the beam stability in large accelerators such as the SSC (Superconducting Supercollider) and an alternative to using the kick approximation (particle tracking) over large time intervals. This includes the stability factor f, which determines the convergence of the superconvergent perturbation theory, and the behavior of the system, e.g. stable if f>1, and unstable if f 1) to chaotic (f >
Imatinib ameliorates renal morphological changes in Cyp1a1-Ren2 transgenic rats with inducible ANG II-dependent malignant hypertension.

The present study was performed to assess the effects of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate on the renal morphological changes occurring during th...
Self-deception and self-knowledge: Jane Austen’s Emma as an Example of Kant’s Notion of Self-Deception

In this paper, I address the theme of harmony by investigating that harmony of person necessary for obtaining wisdom. Central to achievement of that harmony is the removal of the unstable, unharmonious presence of self-deception within one’s moral character.
c-Fos expression in the central nervous system elicited by phrenic nerve stimulation.

Phrenic nerve afferents (PNa) have been shown to activate neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and forebrain regions. The c-Fos technique has been widely used as a method to identify neuronal re...
Economics of home grown forestry.

Costs of applying silvicultural treatments prescribed to increase yields of timber and non-timber forest products from natural forests should be calculated differently for industrial logging companies, private non-industrial forest owners, and community based forest management operations. For forest owners who are not concerned solely with maximizing short term profits from their forests, the opportunity costs of forest labor are often lower than official minimum wages. Furthermore, for forest owners who do not have ready access to interest-accruing savings mechanisms or where bank solvency is in question, the opportunity costs of waiting for long rotation forest crops to mature may not be as high as public interest rates would suggest. Both the true costs of management and the multitude of marketed and non marketed benefits from well managed natural forests need to be considered when assessing forestry as one component of a diverse portfolio of conservation options. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. www.elsevier.com:locate:ecolecon
Yeast Sec23p acts in the cytoplasm to promote protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract The SEC23 gene product (Sec23p) is required for transport of secretory, plasma membrane, and vacuolar proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization demonstrate that Sec23p is an 84 kd unglycosylated protein that resides on the cytoplasmic surface of a large structure, possibly membrane or cytoskeleton. Vigorous homogenization of yeast cells or treatment of yeast lysates with reagents that desorb peripheral membrane proteins releases Sec23p in a soluble form. Protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi in vitro depends upon active Sec23p. Thermosensitive transport in sec23 mutant lysates is restored to normal when a soluble form of wild-type Sec23p is added, providing a biochemical complementation assay for Sec23p function. Gel filtration of yeast cytosol indicates that functional Sec23p is a large oligomer or part of a multicomponent complex.
Water-induced folding of 1,7-diammoniumheptane.

Effects of hydration on the gaseous structures of diprotonated 1,7-diaminoheptane and protonated heptylamine are investigated by infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and computational chemistry. IRPD spectra in the hydrogen bond stretching region (2800–3900 cm–1) indicate that 1,7-diammoniumheptane is linear and that hydration occurs predominantly by alternate solvation of the two protonated amine groups for clusters with up to 10 water molecules. The relative intensities of bonded versus free hydroxyl (OH) stretches are greater in the spectra of 1,7-diammoniumheptane with more than 12 water molecules attached than the corresponding reference spectra of heptylammonium. This indicates that in the larger clusters, 1,7-diammoniumheptane adopts a more folded conformation in which the two protonated amine groups are solvated by a single water nanodrop. These results are supported by molecular dynamics simulations which show more hydrogen bonds in representative folded structures of hydrated 1,7-diamm...
Biology of Tetranychus “multisetis,” the Polychaetous Form of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

The mite studied was originally identified as Tetranychus multisetis McGregor, which is now regarded as a polychaetous form of T. cinnabarinus (Boisd.). No outstanding differences were found between it and either T. telarius (L.) or T. cinnabarinus in regard to the effect of temperature on each life stage or the sizes of the various instars. Some variations in host range were noted which did not agree with published records on T. telarius . Comparative feeding tests were inconclusive. A temperature of about 32° C, with a fairly low humidity, appeared to provide optimum conditions; high humidities delayed hatching of eggs and emergence of active mites from the quiescent stages. Females averaged 67% of the offspring reared from five fertilized females, but the sex ratio varied considerably in the offspring of the various individual parents.
The constitutive behavior of refractory metals as a function of strain rate

The constitutive response and deformation mechanisms in refractory metals with a hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure are reviewed. The research focuses on the high-strain-rate stress-strain response under uniaxial compressive loading and the associated microstructural deformation mechanisms. Some aspects relating to dynamic failure such as adiabatic shear banding in refractory metals and subsequent failure processes are also discussed.
Black Sheep: The Phrygian Mode and a Misplaced Madrigal in Marenzio’s Seventh Book (1595)

Modal theory has been fraught with shortcomings and inconsistencies from the Renaissance to the present, but the Phrygian mode has proven especially problematic, earning a reputation as the unruly black sheep of the modal family. Much of the difficulty stems from the inadequacy of the clausula in mi to serve as an effective terminal cadence, the threat of mi contra fa between scale degrees 5 and 2 (B and F), and the tendency of Phrygian works to prefer the fourth and sixth degrees (A and C) as cadential goals. Although recent studies have attempted to provide nonmodal explanations for the melodic and cadential peculiarities of the Phrygian mode, these efforts have for the most part fallen short of serving as effective, normative theories, leaving instead a gap between music, mode, and model. The present study examines how the Phrygian mode functions both on the musical surface and on the larger scale in music of the late sixteenth century, showing how a new form of terminal cadence came into widespread practice after 1550 that proved utterly devoid of theoretical grounding. This overview leads to the exposition of a structural model for the Phrygian mode that is both normative within this repertory and accountable to contemporary modal theory. Although analyses of works by Rore, Palestrina, and Wert are used in support of this theoretical model, the main analytical focus is devoted to the madrigals “Tirsi morir volea” (1580) and “Cruda Amarilli, che col nome ancora” (1595) of Luca Marenzio. Based on these examples of Marenzio’s handling of the Phrygian mode, I question the modal designation of one work from Marenzio’s Seventh Book (1595), offering a new explanation for the book’s enigmatic departure from an ordering based on its principal textual source, Guarini’s Il pastor fido .
"Getting the Knowledge Right": Patient Communication, Agency, and Knowledge.

In 2013, in accordance with a provision in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010), the U.S. government began fining hospitals with “excessive” patient readmission rates. Those working to respond to this issue have identified discharge communication with patients as a critical component. In response to this exigency and to contribute to the conversation in the medical humanities about the field’s purview and orientation, this article analyzes studies of and texts about communication in health and medicine, ultimately arguing that the on-going circulation of compliance rhetoric and assumptions has limited efforts to improve patient communication. The article, furthermore, considers that humanist ideals of agentic action, the patient-centered care movement’s emphasis on the patient, and biomedicine’s tendency to treat evidence-based knowledge as fixed and given may have combined to support a rationale for using patient adherence to treatment guidelines as metrics in measurement studies designed to identify effective communication strategies. Finally, the article proposes that those working in the medical humanities consider the value of interdisciplinary posthumanist scholarship—specifically, its treatment of agency and knowledge as emergent, distributed, and contingent—and its potential to transform or extend in productive ways the conversation about what constitutes effective communication with patients.
The Nutritive Value of Dietary Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nutritive value of dietary proteins. All estimates of the nutritive value of a dietary protein involve a direct or indirect measurement of the retention of nitrogen in the body for maintenance and growth. Maintenance and growth of the whole body is an algebraic sum of gains and losses within the various cells and tissues. The relationship between body weight gain and nitrogen intake can be extended into the region of body weight loss when nitrogen intake is decreased to very low values including zero intake. The rise in catabolism and reduction in synthesis of certain tissue proteins, when the caloric intake is reduced, is a complex response to lack of energy intake. Given an adequate intake of calories and also of metabolites other than amino acids, the nutritive value of a dietary protein can be essentially a function of the pattern of indispensable amino acids absorbed into the body, the relative percentage of these amino acids to those considered dispensable, and the nitrogen intake. Supplementation involves an attempt to improve the pattern of absorbed amino acids and the amount of nitrogen intake.
Delayed presentation of retained acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) fragment after uncomplicated cataract surgery.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of delayed presentation of a severed acrylic single-piece intraocular lens (IOL) haptic fragment causing corneal edema after uneventful phacoemulsification surgery. Observations An 85-year-old male presented with inferior corneal decompensation six months after a reportedly uneventful phacoemulsification in his left eye. A distal haptic fragment of an acrylic single-piece posterior chamber intraocular lens was found in the inferior anterior chamber angle. Intraoperative examination revealed that the dislocated fragment originated from the temporal haptic, the remainder of which was adherent to the anterior surface of the capsular bag. The clipped edge of the haptic fragment showed a clean, flat surface, suggesting it was severed by a sharp object. The findings were considered consistent with cutting of the fragment during implantation presumably from improper lens loading, improper implantation technique, or defective implantation devices. Conclusions and Importance This is the first case report of a foldable acrylic intraocular lens severed during routine uncomplicated cataract surgery that was not noted at the time of the surgery or in the immediate postoperative period. Delayed presentation of severed IOL fragments should be considered in cases of late onset corneal edema post-operatively, when other causes have been ruled out. Careful implantation technique and thorough examination of the intraocular lens after implantation to assess for lens damage intraoperatively is essential to avoid such rare complications.
Cardiac Abnormalities in Youth with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Childhood obesity has been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in adulthood. Of great concern is the expected increase in the population's CVD burden in relation to childhood obesity. This is compounded by the risk related to chronic hyperglycemia exposure in youth with type 2 diabetes. We herein provide an overview of the spectrum of early cardiovascular disease manifestation in youth with obesity and type 2 diabetes, in particular abnormalities in cardiac structure and function. Cardiac remodeling and adverse target organ damage is already evident in the pediatric age group in children with obesity and type 2 diabetes. This supports the importance of intensifying obesity prevention efforts and early intervention to treat comorbidities of obesity in the pediatric age group to prevent cardiac events in early adulthood.
Crossflow instability in a hypersonic boundary layer

The crossflow instability in a hypersonic, laminar boundary layer is investigated using point measurements inside the boundary layer for the first time. Experiments are performed on a 7° right, circular cone with an adiabatic wall condition at 5.6° angle of incidence in the low-disturbance Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel at Texas A&M University. Measurements are made with a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer system with a frequency response up to 180 kHz. Stationary crossflow waves are observed to grow and saturate. A travelling wave coexists with the stationary wave and occurs in a frequency band centred around 35 kHz. A type-I secondary instability is also observed in a frequency band centred around 110 kHz. The behaviour of all three modes is largely consistent with their low-speed counterparts prior to saturation of the stationary wave. Afterward, the behaviour remains in partial agreement with the low-speed case. Neither type-II secondary instability nor transition to turbulence are observed in this study.
Effectiveness and Potential Strategies to Improve Outcomes Following Chemomobilization with Etoposide + G-CSF in Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Lymphoma

Abstract Abstract 2083 INTRODUCTION: The addition of chemotherapy to G-CSF for stem cell mobilization prior to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) provides the potential for increased cell yield and improved mobilization outcomes relative to G-CSF alone. We have investigated the use of mid-dose VP-16 plus G-CSF in pts with lymphoma and examined whether plerixafor might be incorporated into this chemomobilization backbone in a cost-effective way for a population with inferior outcomes. METHODS: Between June 2004 and September 2010, 159 pts with lymphoma underwent ASCT following the use of VP-16 (375mg/m2 on D#1 and D#2) and G-CSF (5mcg/kg twice daily from D#3 through the final day of collection) for mobilization. 26 pts also received a dose of Rituximab (375mg/m2) on D#1. Stem cell collection was initiated when the peripheral blood CD34 cell count was more than 7 per ul. Data on costs for fixed and variable expenditures associated with mobilization and collection were calculated on an individual patient basis. Costs also included unexpected complications such as inpatient hospitalizations, antibiotic use and blood product transfusions. “Poor mobilizers” were defined as pts failing to collect 5 × 106 cells in one or two days. Univariable and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify predictive models for poor mobilization and to identify hypothetical breakpoint scenarios for the cost-effective utilization of plerixafor. For the breakpoint scenarios, a median of 3 doses of plerixafor was assumed based on the published phase III data with plerixafor plus G-CSF. RESULTS: Of 159 pts with lymphoma, 90 (57%) were identified as “good mobilizers,” 43% were “poor mobilizers”, and 150 (94%) collected at least 2 × 10 6th/kg CD34 cells in total (83% within 4 apheresis sessions), comparing favorably to published data with G-CSF alone or G-CSF + plerixafor. 51 (32%) required PRBC or platelet transfusion, 10 (6%) were admitted to the hospital during the mobilization period, and 8(5%) required a second mobilization or bone marrow harvest. There was no increased incidence of secondary malignancies. Average costs were $14923 ($6121-$24546) for good mobilizers and $27044 ($12206-$51846) for poor mobilizers (p Disclosures: Shea: Otsuka Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding.
Research in Urologic Oncology in an Era of Minimally Invasive Surgery

Urologists have a rich and proud tradition of innovation and research, leading to significant advances within the discipline of urologic oncology and the field of urology. Most prominently, Huggins et al. evaluated the effect of androgens on advanced prostate cancer in 1941, and they were subsequently awarded the Nobel Prize in 1966 for their landmark insight into the impact of hormones on neoplastic cells.
Sodium-Coupled Bicarbonate Transporters

Together, the Na+ -coupled HCO3 - transporters and the AE family of anion exchangers (i.e., ClHCO3 exchangers) comprise the bicarbonate transporter (BT) superfamily. Virtually all BTs are important for the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) in cells throughout the body. Specific BTs also play roles in cell-volume regulation, as well as for the transport of salt and/or acidbase equivalents across many epithelia. Electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporters (NBCe’s) play key roles in HCO3 - reabsorption by the renal proximal tubule, and HCO3 - secretion by the pancreatic duct. Electroneutral NBC’s (NBCn’s) regulate pHi in vascular smooth muscle and are present in/near axons in the brain. Finally, the Na+ -driven Cl-HCO3 exchanger (NDCBE’s) appear to be the major pHi regulators in CNS neurons. A characteristic of most, but not all, BT’s is that they are inhibited rather effectively by 4,4'- diisothiocyanostilbene-4,4'-disulfonate (DIDS).
Spatial Distribution of Electrostatically Deposited Sprays on Living Plants

Spray deposition density (ng/cm2) was measured leaf by leaf throughout broccoli plants to compare mass-transfer characteristics of charged-droplet application with those of uncharged droplets and with conventional application by a hydraulic nozzle. Throughout the majority of the plant, charged-droplet deposition was significantly greater than either other method; the electrode position benefit achieved at a droplet charge per mass ratio of −8.2 mC/kg ranged from 2.4- to l.4-fold vs. conventional spraying. Highly significant cumulative deposition increases attrihutable to electrostatic attraction of charged spray were 1.75-fold as compared with uncharged and 1.85-fold as compared with conventional application methodology.
To investigate the Physiological/ Pathophysio-logical Function of Glutaredoxin-1 on the Metabolic Cardiovascular Disease

To meet the constant energy demand, the heart utilizes fatty acid oxidation as the primary source and glucose, lactate, ketone bodies, and pyruvate as secondary sources to generate ATP. The healthy heart quickly adapts to changes in the abundance of these metabolites. Type II diabetes (T2D), however, impairs this metabolic flexibility, in part to insulin resistance. The loss of metabolic flexibility in T2D can damage cardiomyocytes leading to cardiomyopathy, cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is an enzyme that removes glutathione adducts from proteins and participates in redox signaling. Ablation of Glrx perturbs lipid metabolism and causes dyslipidemia and obesity in mice. Glrx knockout mice fed high fat high sucrose (HFHS) diet for six months developed systolic dysfunction which led to around 25% decrease ejection fraction and fractional area shortening. Global gene expression analysis revealed changes in important metabolic enzymes including upregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 4 in Glrx KO hearts. PDK4 inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, which links glucose metabolism with the Krebs cycle and mitochondrial respiration. Upregulation of PDK4 limits glucose catabolism and increases fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, other biomarkers of fibrosis and cardiac remodeling including CTGF and matrix metalloproteinases inhibitor (Timp3) were changed in HFHS fed Glrx KO mice. Overall, our data suggests that Glrx may play an important role in regulating cardiac lipid metabolism and metabolic flexibility that can lead to metabolic cardiomyopathy.
Smart Health Facilitator: Chinese Consumers’ Perceptions and Interpretations of Fitness Mobile Apps

A phenomenological study was conducted to explore how Chinese consumers perceive fitness mobile apps in their everyday lives. Twenty in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Findings suggested that the meanings of mobile fitness apps are multidimensional, dialectical, and multilayered. On the positive side, mobile fitness apps embody control, empowerment, and networked individualism which assist Chinese consumers in achieving their fitness goals, maintaining healthy lifestyles, and enhancing the quality of their lives. On the negative side, mobile fitness apps have a constraining effect, geographically and temporally speaking. Some participants even linked fitness app use to their feelings of loneliness. Practical implications were offered to mobile fitness app companies and health organizations.
Conducting the NLM/AHCPR Large Scale Vocabulary Test: a distributed Internet-based experiment.

Abstract The Large Scale Vocabulary Test, sponsored by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), was conducted to determine the extent to which a combination of existing health-related terminologies cover vocabulary needed in health care information systems. The test was conducted over the Internet using a sophisticated World Wide Web interface with over 60 participants and over 40,000 terms submitted. This paper discusses the issues encountered in the design and execution of the experiment, including the design of the interface and the issues of recruitment, training, and guidance of remote participants over the Internet. Test data are currently undergoing expert review. Upon completion of the expert review, the results of the test will be fully reported.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins That Promote Hybrid DNA Formation in Vitro

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins that promote hybrid DNA formation in vitro . In order to identify additional factors that are involved in hybrid DNA formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae an in vitro stimulation of strand-exchange protein 1 (SEPl) is used to identify proteins that reconstitute strand-exchange activity in reactions containing limiting amounts of SEPl. Two proteins are identified that functionally interact with SEPl. First, an M r 34,000 single-stranded, DNA-binding protein stimulated the reaction by lowering the requirement for SEPl about three- to four-fold. This protein is a fragment of the large subunit of a heterotrimeric complex called yRPA (yRFA), which is thought to be the functional eukaryotic equivalent of prokaryotic single-stranded, DNA-binding proteins. Additional analysis has demonstrated that the intact three-subunit form of yeast RPA will also stimulate SEPl, similar to the M r 34,000 fragment of the large subunit of RPA. The gene encoding this protein (RPA1) is essential for growth. Second, an M r 33,000 polypeptide, termed Stimulatory Factor 1 (SF1), dramatically stimulated the SEPl-catalyzed reaction by lowering the requirement for SEPl about 300-fold. This protein specifically stimulated SEPl in a way that is quantitatively and qualitatively different from that observed with other strand-exchange stimulatory proteins.
Evaluation of Drug-Containing Polymer Films Prepared from Aqueous Latexes

Polymeric films containing salicylic acid or propranolol HC1 were prepared by casting and drying a drug-containing, aqueous colloidal polymer dispersion (Eudragit NE 30D) as an alternative to films cast from organic polymer solutions. The drug was either dissolved (salicylic acid) or dissolved/ dispersed (propranolol HC1) in the polymeric matrix. Incompatibilities (flocculation or coagulation) between salts of basic drugs and two ethylcellulose latexes were overcome by substituting the anionic surfactants with a nonionic surfactant (Pluronic P103). The drug release was studied as a function of drug loading, film thickness, amount of hydrophilic additive (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), and storage humidity. The release of propranolol HC1 (monolithic dispersion) was a combination of diffusion through the polymer and pores or channels; the extent of each release mechanism depended on the drug loading. On DSC thermograms, melting transitions were obtained with monolithic dispersions but not with monolithic solutions. The heat of fusion was linearly correlated to the amount of drug in the films. The amount of drug remaining in the film after the dissolution study was not detectable and corresponded to the drug dissolved in the polymer. The drug release increased with increased drug loading and increased amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose but was independent of film thickness and relatively insensitive to different storage humidities.
Current Evaluation of Antibiotic Usage in Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infection after the STOP IT Trial: Did We STOP IT?

Abstract Background: After publication of the Study to Optimize Peritoneal Infection Therapy (STOP IT) trial, we sought to determine if we were implementing study findings into practice appropriate...
Forecasting cyber maintenance costs with improved scan analytics using simulation

This article proposes a discrete event simulation model of an organization that maintains computer hosts and incurs several millions of dollars in maintenance and incident response costs. The common maintenance policy is referred to as "out-of-sight is out-of-mind" (OSOM) because the majority of hosts are absent from scans and ignored. Hosts are "dark" (absent) because they are not accessible (turned off or with restricted permissions). The proposed model is used to compare OSOM with alternatives including improved analytics that make dark host vulnerabilities visible. Findings clarify the apparent benefits of OSOM unless indirect costs for intrusions or improved policies are applied. Also, benefits from using Windows operating systems and improved policies are clarified including millions in expected savings (vs. Linux).