cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Compaction Methods for Laboratory Performance of Full Depth Reclamation

Full depth reclamation (FDR) is a pavement recycling technique that incorporates the entire pavement section to create a rehabilitated, stabilized pavement layer. This method is cost effective, environmentally friendly, and structurally viable. Unfortunately, there is some uncertainty regarding how this composite material is classified. In this study, the material characterization of FDR was explored by comparing the effect of different compaction methods on the optimum moisture content, optimum amount of foamed asphalt or asphalt emulsion, the tensile strength, and the stability of the mixture. The superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) is typically used for the compaction of HMA samples, and the Proctor hammer is the most common method of compaction for soil samples. In addition to comparing these two methods, different sized compaction molds and varying amounts of compactive effort were considered. Samples compacted with the modified Proctor hammer produced the highest dry unit weights. Although samples compacted in the SGC had higher tensile strengths. At optimum mixture proportions, moisture conditioned samples compacted with the modified proctor hammer did not reach the minimum tensile strength requirements.
Arsenic Determination in Certifiable Color Additives by Dry Ashing Followed by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The preparations of digested samples of certifiable color additives by dry ashing and wet digestion for arsenic analysis by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were compared. The dry ashing technique was based on the preparation used in ASTM D4606-86 for determination of As and Se in coal. The acid digestion method used nitric and sulfuric acids heated by microwaves in sealed vessels. The digested color additives were analyzed for As by using hydride generated from sodium borohydride mixed with the acidified solution on a flow injection system leading to an atomic absorption spectrometer. Dry ashing was preferable to wet digestion because wet digestion yielded poor recoveries of added As. Dry ashing followed by hydride generation AAS gave determination limits of 0.5 ppm As in the color additives. At a specification level of 3 ppm As, the precision of the method using dry ashing was +/- 0.4 ppm (95% confidence interval).
More Private Equity, Less Government Subsidy, and More Tax Efficiency in Urban Revitalization: Modeling Profitable Philanthropy and Investment Incentives

In hopes of revitalizing depressed urban areas, US tax policy has been to use tax credits as a major incentive to induce private equity re-investment. But those give away subsidies to private investors have failed to have transformative effects, and come at a price in the billions to the public treasury. This article seeks a shift in the tax policy paradigm to increase the private equity investment, while reducing tax subsidy dependence. For the philanthropic urban investor, the short term incentive of an annual tax benefit (credits from the annual tax returns) is singularly inadequate to cause a major shift in equity investments for the urban core. A preferred method of increasing that investor’s participation is to increase the return on investments through joint ventures with tax exempt entities. As a catalyst for increasing that investment return, Congress should transform favorable, but non-precedential private letter rulings into statutory laws that strengthen the legal authority for joint ventures between private equity investors and tax exempt entities - a process this article terms 'statutorization'. This broadened base of private equity investors accelerates the timing and volume of projects that over the long term reduce both direct subsidies to the low income residents and the indirect subsidies to the investor-creators of those projects.
Acute Hepatitis and Pancytopenia in Healthy Infant with Adenovirus

Adenoviruses are a common cause of respiratory infection, pharyngitis, and conjunctivitis in infants and young children. They are known to cause hepatitis and liver failure in immunocompromised patients; they are a rare cause of hepatitis in immunocompetent patients and have been known to cause fulminant hepatic failure. We present a 23-month-old immunocompetent infant who presented with acute noncholestatic hepatitis, hypoalbuminemia, generalized anasarca, and pancytopenia secondary to adenovirus infection.
Color Grading with Color Management

Many productions today shoot with more than one model of camera, which create images in different color spaces. The final project also often needs to be mastered for delivery to different displays (BT.709, P3, BT.2020, HDR). This is a problem best addressed with carefully constructed color management, yet there is an overwhelming trend in the industry for colorists to simply take images as they come out of the camera, look at them on their display, and twist the knobs until they look “good.” This is something color grading tools were never designed to do well, leaving many scrambling to find lookup tables to achieve the desired look without generating image artifacts. There is a better way-using comprehensive color management as a foundation for creative color correction. Comprehensive color management considers the color space of cameras and displays and connects everything through a common color space for grading. The space chosen to grade in needs to be carefully chosen, as it can have a huge impact on the look, quality, and dynamic range of the images that can be produced with common color grading tools. The Academy Color Encoding System is an example of a framework that can be used in whole or in part to provide comprehensive color management.
Elevator pitches, crowdfunding, and the rhetorical politics of entrepreneurship

Traced to editors at Vanity Fair in the early 1990s, the term "elevator pitch" has literary rather than entrepreneurial origins. Within a few years, this tactic of cornering a captive listener became a genre with remarkable breadth, covering all kinds of short speeches. Even as any talk under three minutes became a "pitch," though, the genre's defining rhetorical situation moved from journalism to venture capital, which shifted the focus to value propositions and created a hierarchical relationship between speaker and potential investor. Part of the mythology of entrepreneurship has always been its meritocratic allure, but the scenario of the elevator pitch emphasizes that the entire game is most often played within traditional arrangements of power. Today's crowdfunding platforms host pitches that in many ways follow the elevator pitch's familiar blueprint. Staging these arguments in a public forum, however, changes them appreciably—sometimes unearthing business opportunities that had been invisible to traditional industries, and sometimes enabling campaigns with different motives. Despite the potential limitations of both models, the flexibility of the pitch as a genre provides insight into a more diverse conception of the entrepreneur as rhetor.
Retinal and Nonretinal Contributions to Extraclassical Surround Suppression in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.

Extraclassical surround suppression is a prominent receptive field property of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the dorsal thalamus, influencing stimulus size tuning, response gain control, and temporal features of visual responses. Despite evidence for the involvement of both retinal and nonretinal circuits in the generation of extraclassical suppression, we lack an understanding of the relative roles played by these pathways and how they interact during visual stimulation. To determine the contribution of retinal and nonretinal mechanisms to extraclassical suppression in the feline, we made simultaneous single-unit recordings from synaptically connected retinal ganglion cells and LGN neurons and measured the influence of stimulus size on the spiking activity of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Results show that extraclassical suppression is significantly stronger for LGN neurons than for their retinal inputs, indicating a role for extraretinal mechanisms. Further analysis revealed that the enhanced suppression can be accounted for by mechanisms that suppress the effectiveness of retinal inputs in evoking LGN spikes. Finally, an examination of the time course for the onset of extraclassical suppression in the LGN and the size-dependent modulation of retinal spike efficacy suggests the early phase of augmented suppression involves local thalamic circuits. Together, these results demonstrate that the LGN is much more than a simple relay for retinal signals to cortex; it also filters retinal spikes dynamically on the basis of stimulus statistics to adjust the gain of visual signals delivered to cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the gateway through which retinal information reaches the cerebral cortex. Within the LGN, neuronal responses are often suppressed by stimuli that extend beyond the classical receptive field. This form of suppression, called extraclassical suppression, serves to adjust the size tuning, response gain, and temporal response properties of neurons. Given the important influence of extraclassical suppression on visual signals delivered to cortex, we performed experiments to determine the circuit mechanisms that contribute to extraclassical suppression in the LGN. Results show that suppression is augmented beyond that provided by direct retinal inputs and delayed, consistent with polysynaptic inhibition. Importantly, these mechanisms influence the effectiveness of incoming retinal signals, thereby filtering the signals ultimately conveyed to cortex.
Review of Kelly Bulkeley’s Big Dreams: The Science of Dreaming and the Origin of Religion

This review examines Bulkeley's concept of quaternities in his Big Dreams book, and compares the concept of Big Dreams with ideas from West Bengal, India.
Monolayer WS2 Nanopores for DNA Translocation with Light-Adjustable Sizes

Two-dimensional materials are promising for a range of applications, as well as testbeds for probing the physics of low-dimensional systems. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers exhibit a direct band gap and strong photoluminescence (PL) in the visible range, opening possibilities for advanced optoelectronic applications. Here, we report the realization of two-dimensional nanometer-size pores in suspended monolayer WS2 membranes, allowing for electrical and optical response in ionic current measurements. A focused electron beam was used to fabricate nanopores in WS2 membranes suspended on silicon-based chips and characterized using PL spectroscopy and aberration-corrected high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. It was observed that the PL intensity of suspended WS2 monolayers is ∼10-15 times stronger when compared to that of substrate-supported monolayers, and low-dose scanning transmission electron microscope viewing and drilling preserves the PL signal of WS2 around the pore. We establish that such nanopores allow ionic conductance and DNA translocations. We also demonstrate that under low-power laser illumination in solution, WS2 nanopores grow slowly in size at an effective rate of ∼0.2-0.4 nm/s, thus allowing for atomically controlled nanopore size using short light pulses.
Dorsal scapular artery as a recipient vessel in the vessel‐depleted neck during free tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction

Background The vessel-depleted neck poses a unique challenge to the microvascular surgeon. Using 3D modeling and cadaveric dissection, we describe the approach and advantages of a known but less frequently used recipient vessel, the dorsal scapular artery, during free tissue transfer. Methods Three patients with vessel-depleted necks required reconstruction with free tissue transfer. The dorsal scapular artery was used as a recipient vessel. Three-dimensional anatomic models were created and cadaveric dissections were performed to characterize the anatomy. Results The dorsal scapular artery was successfully used in 3 patients as the recipient pedicle for free tissue transfer. The vessel was identified deep in the posterior triangle after emerging through the brachial plexus. In all cases, the artery was in a previously undissected field, and had a large caliber and favorable geometry for microvascular anastomosis. Conclusion The dorsal scapular artery is a viable recipient vessel during head and neck reconstruction in the vessel-depleted neck.
Assessing genetic diversity of Citrus by DArT_seq™ genotyping

AbstractIn citrus despite the diversity among cultivated genotypes related to morphological, physiological, and agronomic traits, low polymorphism is detected at the molecular marker level, and the number of DNA-markers technologies has been insufficient to identify genetic diversity among all citrus varieties. However, DArT_seq™ markers can overcome this limitation and identify genetic diversity in several species of citrus. This work developed and applied DArT_seq™ platform to study the relationships among species, cultivars, and hybrids of citrus. DArT_seq™ yielded a total of 37,260 polymorphic presence/absence markers that generated a dendrogram of similarity among the studied genotypes. The results confirmed the relationships of sweet orange, mandarin, and citron species. DArT_seq™ markers showed extensive genetic variation among citrus species and can be applied to Citrus genetic diversity studies.
Art and Freedom of Speech

This book analyzes the broad range of Supreme Court cases that concern the protection of art and free speech under the First Amendment. Finding that debates about free expression (whether in speech or art) swirl around sex and cultural blasphemy, Randall P. Bezanson tracks and interprets the Court's decisions on film, nude dancing, music, painting, and other visual expressions. Showing how the Court has dealt with judgments of art, quality, meaning, and how to distinguish types of speech and expression, Bezanson explores issues as diverse as homosexuality in the Boy Scouts, gay and lesbian parade floats, 2 Live Crew's alleged copyright infringement, National Endowment for the Arts grants and diversity, dangerous art, and screenings of the film Carnal Knowledge. In considering the transformative meaning of art, the importance of community judgments, and the definition of speech in Court rulings, Bezanson focuses on the fundamental questions underlying the discussion of art as protected free speech: What are the boundaries of art? What are the limits on the government's role as supporter and \u0022patron\u0022 of the arts? And what role, if any, may core social values of decency, respect, and equality play in limiting the production or distribution of art? Accessibly written and evocatively argued, Art and Freedom of Speech explores these questions and concludes with the argument that, for legal purposes, art should be absolutely free under the First Amendment--in fact, even more free than other forms of speech.
Major femoral bleeding complications after percutaneous coronary intervention: incidence, predictors, and impact on long-term survival among 17,901 patients treated at the Mayo Clinic from 1994 to 2005.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate secular trends and factors associated with major femoral bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in routine clinical practice during the past decade and to assess the impact of these complications on outcomes including mortality. Background Significant changes in patient demographic data, adjunctive pharmacotherapy, and access site management have occurred during the coronary stent era. Trends in major vascular complications after PCI during this time have not been well characterized. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent transfemoral PCI from 1994 to 2005 at the Mayo Clinic (n = 17,901) were studied. Patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (1994 to 1995, n = 2,441); Group 2 (1996 to 1999, n = 6,207); and Group 3 (2000 to 2005, n = 9,253). Results The incidence of major femoral bleeding complications decreased (from 8.4% to 5.3% to 3.5%; p l 0.001). Reductions in sheath size, intensity and duration of anticoagulation with heparin, and procedure time were observed (p l 0.001), and multivariate analysis confirmed each as an independent predictor of complications (p l 0.001). Adverse outcomes of major femoral bleeding included prolonged hospital stay (mean 4.5 vs. 2.7 days; p l 0.0001) and increased requirement for blood transfusion (39% vs. 4.7%; p l 0.0001). Major femoral bleeding and blood transfusion were both associated with decreased long-term survival, driven by a significant increase in 30-day mortality (p l 0.001 for both). Conclusions We noted a marked decline in the incidence of major femoral bleeding after PCI over the past decade. Mortality associated with these bleeding complications and with blood transfusion remains a significant issue.
Tricks and Routes to Success

As an enhancement to standard multiport laparoscopic surgery and a safe alternative to natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, single-incision laparoscopic surgery has been gaining popularity. As this technique evolved, it was adopted into the field of colorectal surgery. However, in comparison to the original reported procedures such as single-incision appendectomy, cholecystectomy, and nephrectomy; single-incision colectomy is touted as more complex as it involves a mobile organ that needs to be mobilized and retracted. Single-incision surgery itself presents unique challenges such as loss of triangulation, the use of only two working instruments and having a decreased freedom of motion. Working with a mobile organ adds more complexity to the procedure and as a consequence there is a fairly steep learning curve. We present tips and tricks to help overcome many of these inherent difficulties in performing single-incision laparoscopic colectomy.
Dielectric properties and resistive switching characteristics of lead zirconate titanate/hafnia heterostructures

We report the dielectric response and resistive switching properties of bilayers of PbZr0.40Ti0.60O3 [PZT (40:60)] and HfO2 of varying thickness on platinized Si substrates. PZT (40:60) and HfO2 films were grown using chemical solution deposition and atomic layer deposition, respectively. We show here that the addition of an interposed linear dielectric layer with a high permittivity between the ferroelectric film and the top electrode modifies the polarization and resistive switching characteristics of the multilayer stack. We observe an increase in the coercive field by 45% for PZT films of 250 nm thickness with a 20 nm HfO2 layer compared to 250 nm thick PZT films grown under identical conditions. Simultaneously, the dielectric constant decreases by 43% from 409 to 175 for a 250 nm PZT film with 20 nm HfO2, accompanied by a significant improvement in the leakage current density from 5.6 × 10−4 A/cm2 to 8.7 × 10−8 A/cm2. Our resistance measurements show that there are two separate resistance states that are accessible with at least an order of magnitude in resistance difference from 5 × 108 to 5 × 109 Ω. We show that the dielectric response and the coercivity of the bilayer system can be explained by a capacitors-in-series model. This indicates that the PZT and the HfO2 layer could effectively be considered decoupled, presumably due to bound/trapped charges at the interlayer interface. This charged ferroelectric/dielectric interface could be the reason for the intermediate resistance states which could be used as multistate resistive memories in neuromorphic computing applications.We report the dielectric response and resistive switching properties of bilayers of PbZr0.40Ti0.60O3 [PZT (40:60)] and HfO2 of varying thickness on platinized Si substrates. PZT (40:60) and HfO2 films were grown using chemical solution deposition and atomic layer deposition, respectively. We show here that the addition of an interposed linear dielectric layer with a high permittivity between the ferroelectric film and the top electrode modifies the polarization and resistive switching characteristics of the multilayer stack. We observe an increase in the coercive field by 45% for PZT films of 250 nm thickness with a 20 nm HfO2 layer compared to 250 nm thick PZT films grown under identical conditions. Simultaneously, the dielectric constant decreases by 43% from 409 to 175 for a 250 nm PZT film with 20 nm HfO2, accompanied by a significant improvement in the leakage current density from 5.6 × 10−4 A/cm2 to 8.7 × 10−8 A/cm2. Our resistance measurements show that there are two separate resistance states that...
Secure Data Exchange and Data Leakage Detection in an Untrusted Cloud

In service-oriented architecture, services can communicate and share data amongst themselves. It is necessary to provide role-based access control for data. In addition, data leakages made by authorized insiders to unauthorized services should be detected and reported back to the data owner. In this paper, we propose a solution that uses role- and attribute-based access control for data exchange among services, including services hosted by untrusted environments. Our approach provides data leakage prevention and detection for multiple leakage scenarios. We also propose a damage assessment model for data leakages. The implemented prototype supports a privacy-preserving exchange of Electronic Health Records that can be hosted by untrusted cloud providers, as well as detecting leakages made by insiders.
Trigeminal Neuralgia Caused by Dural Arteriovenous Fistula in Meckel Cave Treated with Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.

Background Classic trigeminal neuralgia is an often debilitating condition that frequently results from vascular compression at the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve. We report a case of dural arteriovenous fistula surrounding the trigeminal nerve from near the root entry zone extending as far ventral as the Meckel cave treated solely with Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Case Description A 71-year-old woman presented with a history of persistent attacks of right facial pain after failed conservative management. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated dilated vasculature in the right cerebellopontine angle, and diagnostic cerebral angiography revealed a dural arteriovenous fistula surrounding the right trigeminal nerve. Stereotactic radiosurgery using Gamma Knife was performed. At 6-month follow-up, she was symptom-free with decreased caliber of abnormal vascularity surrounding the trigeminal nerve on magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions This case suggests that trigeminal neuralgia associated with dural arteriovenous fistula can potentially be treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery; however, more extensive studies and long-term follow-up to evaluate vessel patency will be necessary to elucidate further the role of stereotactic radiosurgery alone in treating this entity.
Assessing Probe Damage in Constant Frequency and Frequency-Modulation Shear-force Acoustic Near-field Microscopy

Shear- force acoustic near-field microscopy (SANM) has recently been introduced as a metrology tool to characterize the viscoelastic properties of fluids trapped between two solid boundaries that are under relative shear motion and separated by a nano-sized gap. Such properties are in many instances quite different from the bulk. SANM uses a) the apex of a laterally oscillating tapered nano-probe as one of the trapping boundaries, while the other boundary is typically a flat substrate, and b) an acoustic sensor (in intimate contact with the flat boundary,) which allows an independent monitoring of the fluid's near-field acoustic emission that results from the shear interaction. Evaluation of the probe's integrity during the shear interactions is necessary for ensuring accurate and reproducible metrology of the SANM system. This paper evaluates the effects of interfacial interaction forces on the eventual deformations of tapered gold probes. By gradually decreasing the probe-substrate distance, the probe is subjected to increasingly larger interaction forces; assessment of the damage is implemented by comparing SEM images of the probe acquired before and after each approach/retraction test. Results using constant driving frequency and frequency modulation are presented; the latter allows discriminating the role played by the damping force components on the eventual probe damage.
Fracture Toughness Characterization of High-Performance Steel for Bridge Girder Applications

AbstractThe use of high-performance steel (HPS) in new bridge construction continues to increase as engineers and owners recognize the potential for cost savings and performance benefits. One inten...
Managing rivers under changing environmental and societal boundary conditions, Part 1: National trends and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs

Most major rivers in the United States are managed by a system of reservoirs; many of which were built more than a half century ago. These reservoirs were designed based on environmental, societal, and regulatory assumptions at the time of construction. Since then, we have learned that climate is not stationary, population growth is being decoupled from energy needs and water demand, and new regulations (such as the Clean Water Act and Endangered Species Act) affect how river systems are managed. This study explores changing environmental, societal, and regulatory conditions relevant to the design and operation of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs across the conterminous United States. Results demonstrate large geographic variability in how these conditions have changed over time. In the south‐western United States, there is an amplified trend towards drier conditions and less reservoir flexibility with warmer temperatures, less precipitation, high sedimentation rates, and large population growth. In the north‐eastern United States, the impacts of increased temperature on reservoirs may be masked by greater precipitation and lower water demand. Environmental, societal, and regulatory changes can reduce the flexibility of reservoir operations and, in some instances, make it challenging for the reservoir to meet its intended purpose as designed decades ago. This study is the first step towards formalizing a process for monitoring broad trends relevant to water resources management for the purpose of moving towards adaptation of infrastructure. An interactive tool was developed for each condition: https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/reservoir‐national‐trends/.
Are Audit Committees more challenging given a specific investor base? Does the answer change in the presence of prospective critical audit matter disclosures?

Abstract This study examines the joint effect of investor sophistication and the prospect of critical audit matter (CAM) disclosure on experienced audit committee members' propensity to ask challenging questions about management's significant accounting estimates. Using the theory of helping behavior and social responsibility norm, I predict that audit committee members will ask more challenging questions given a more unsophisticated investor base, particularly when there is a prospect of additional CAM disclosures in the audit report. I test my hypotheses using highly experienced audit committee members in an experimental setting. The results are supportive of my hypotheses. Additional analysis indicates the results are driven by audit committee members perceiving greater oversight duty in the presence of a more unsophisticated investor base and when there is the prospect of additional CAM disclosures. Overall, my findings shed light on factors that affect audit committee members' questioning behavior in the oversight process and are likely of interest to regulators and standard setters given their traditional emphasis on protecting unsophisticated investors as well as the current move towards expanding the audit report to include CAMs.
Circulating tumor cells in pancreatic cancer: a review

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest types of cancer with little or no recent evidence of significant improvement in survival. This is, in large part, due to the current unavailability of effective screening or even early detection methods. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), particularly with the rapidly improving methods for isolation, enrichment, and characterization methods, have emerged as the next best hope to overcome these challenges. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art of CTC technologies with particular focus on the various isolation and enrichment methods based on liquid biopsy, the current limitations of these technologies and, consequently, the areas of further research and improvements in CTC methods that are needed to translate it to the clinical setting of routine diagnosis, treatment, and management of pancreatic cancer. Key words: Circulating tumor cells; Pancreatic cancer; Translational medicine
Health-Care Disparities, Civil Rights, and Human Rights

With regard to cancer management, minority populations do not fare as well as the majority in the US health-care system. There is clear evidence of an increased incidence of cancer in minority populations, in many cases accompanied by reduced survival. Several factors appear to contribute to these differences, and the biomedical community has begun to focus on definining the scope of the problem and possible solutions. This review will address specific areas of disparity in cancer care, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, and will consider steps toward resolving these issues.
How and when is self-efficacy related to entrepreneurial intentions: exploring the role of entrepreneurial outcome expectations and subjective norms

espanolEste estudio investiga como y cuando la autoeficacia general esta relacionada con las intenciones emprendedoras. Proponemos que las expectativas de resultados emprendedores funcionan como mediador en esta relacion, mientras que las normas subjetivas actuan como moderador. Usando una muestra de 1052 estudiantes de universidades publicas de Estados Unidos, probamos un modelo de mediacion moderada. Los resultados mostraron que la autoeficacia general se relaciona positivamente con las intenciones emprendedoras a traves del efecto mediador de las expectativas de resultados emprendedores, y que esta relacion es significativamente positiva para individuos con normas subjetivas favorables hacia el emprendimiento, mientras que es significativamente negativa para individuos con normas subjetivas menos favorables. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a la literatura sobre emprendimiento. Ademas, tambien refuerzan la necesidad de que los educadores y los encargados de formular politicas se aseguren de que los programas tienen en cuenta las expectativas de resultados y reconocen el valor de los companeros, padres y mentores como modelos de conducta. EnglishThis study investigates how and when general self-efficacy is related to entrepreneurial intentions. We propose that entrepreneurial outcome expectations function as a mediator in this relationship, while subjective norms act as a moderator. Using a sample of 1052 students from U.S. Public Universities, we tested a moderated mediation model. Results showed that general self-efficacy is positively related to entrepreneurial intentions through the mediating effect of entrepreneurial outcome expectations, and that this relationship is significantly positive for individuals with favourable subjective norms towards entrepreneurship, while significantly negative for individuals with less favourable subjective norms. These findings contribute to literatures on entrepreneurial intentions. Keywords: entrepreneurial intentions, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial outcome expectations, subjective norms
The Transcription Factor NIGT1.2 Modulates Both Phosphate Uptake and Nitrate Influx during Phosphate Starvation in Arabidopsis and Maize.

Phosphorus and nitrogen are essential macronutrients for plant growth and crop production. During phosphate (Pi) starvation, plants enhanced Pi but reduced nitrate (NO3-) uptake capacity, and the mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that a GARP-type transcription factor NITRATE-INDUCIBLE, GARP-TYPE TRANSCRIPTIOANL REPRESSOR1.2 (NIGT1.2) coordinately modulates Pi and NO3- uptake in response to Pi starvation. Overexpression of NIGT1.2 increased Pi uptake capacity but decreased NO3- uptake capacity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Furthermore, the nigt1.1 nigt1.2 double mutant displayed reduced Pi uptake but enhanced NO3- uptake under low-Pi stress. During Pi starvation, NIGT1.2 directly up-regulated the transcription of the Pi transporter genes PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1;1 (PHT1;1) and PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1;4 (PHT1;4) and down-regulated expression of NO3- transporter gene NITRATE TRANSPORTER1.1 (NRT1.1) by binding to cis-elements in their promoters. Further genetic assays demonstrated that PHT1;1, PHT1;4, and NRT1.1 were genetically epistatic to NIGT1.2. We also identified similar regulatory pathway in maize (Zea mays). These data demonstrate that the transcription factor NIGT1.2 plays a central role in modulating low-Pi-dependent uptake of Pi and NO3-, tending toward maintenance of the phosphorus to nitrogen balance in plants during Pi starvation.
A Surfactant-Free Microfluidic Process for Fabrication of Multi-Hollow Polyimide Aerogel Particles

This work focuses on fabrication of multi-hollow polyimide gel and aerogel particles from a surfactant-free oil-in-oil emulsion system using a microfluidic droplet generator operating under dripping mode. The multi-hollow gel and aerogel particles have strong potential in thermal insulation. Under jetting and tip-streaming regime of microfluidic flows, droplets are generated with no occluded liquid phase. The present study investigates a means of designing polyimide gel particles with plurality of internal liquid droplets by strategically manipulating the flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phase liquids through the microfluidic droplet generator. The multi-hollow polyimide aerogel particles obtained after supercritical drying of the gel particles present mesopores, high BET surface area, and excellent prospect for thermal insulation.
Determination of phthalate concentrations in paper-based fast food packaging available on the U.S. market

Phthalates are one of many chemical compounds that are used as plasticisers. Packaging can transfer plasticisers to the surfaces of foods or other materials. A recent study suggested a link between...
Cannabis Abuse and Perioperative Complications Following Inpatient Spine Surgery in the United States.

MINI Due to its complicated legal status, the effects of cannabis on elective spine surgery patients have not been well studied. In this nationwide analysis, we find that cannabis abuse is associated with higher perioperative thromboembolism and neurologic complications, respiratory complications, sepsis, length of stay, hospital charges, and rates of unfavorable discharge disposition.
A divided kingdom? Variation in polarization, sorting, and dimensional alignment among the British public, 1986–2018

Understanding changes in the structure of public opinion is necessary to evaluate both contemporary claims about political divisions in Brexit Britain, as well as to uncover any long-term mapping of public opinion on the depolarization and subsequent polarization of elites from the birth of New Labour to the aftermath of the Great Recession. I assess trends from British Social Attitudes surveys, utilizing recent conceptual and methodological distinctions between different features of public opinion change. I find that the public, on average, moved to the left during the early 1990s, to the right during New Labour, and back to the left from 2010. Such oscillations are even more pronounced for positions along a welfare dimension. In contrast, average positions along a libertarian-authoritarian dimension were constant until around 2010, when the public became more liberal. Polarization of left-right opinion has increased in recent years but does not match that estimated between the mid-1980s and early 1990s, while low and stable levels of polarization are estimated along libertarian-authoritarian and welfare dimensions. Overall trends are dis-aggregated by social class, educational attainment, party identification, strength of partisanship, interest in politics, and position on Europe. Further, the relationships between positions along these three ideological dimensions vary systematically across time and between groups.
High Predictive Accuracy of Negative Schizotypy With Acoustic Measures

Negative schizotypal traits potentially can be digitally phenotyped using objective vocal analysis. Prior attempts have shown mixed success in this regard, potentially because acoustic analysis has...
The analytics of uncertainty and information: Introduction: The economics of uncertainty and information

All human endeavors are constrained by our limited and uncertain knowledge – about external events past, present, and future; about the laws of Nature, God, and man; about our own productive and exchange opportunities; about how other people and even we ourselves are likely to behave. Economists have of course always recognized the all-pervasive influence of inadequate information, and its correlate of risk, on human affairs. But only in the period after the Second World War did an accepted theory of uncertainty and information begin to evolve. This theory provides a rigorous foundation for the analysis of individual decision-making and of market equilibrium, under conditions where economic agents are unsure about their own situations and/or about the opportunities offered them by market dealings. With recent explosive progress in the analysis of uncertainty, the topic can no longer be described as neglected. Nor have the advances been “merely academic.” The economic theory of uncertainty and information now flourishes not only in departments of economics but in professional schools and programs oriented toward business, government and administration, and public policy. In the world of commerce, stockmarket analysts now regularly report measures of share-price uncertainty devised by economic theorists. Even in government and the law, formal analysis of uncertainty is beginning to play a role in dealing with issues like safety and health, allowable return on investment, and income distribution.
On the Thermodynamics of Non-Classical Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the thermodynamics of nonclassical systems. It discusses about developing a mathematical theory of thermodynamics in which the existence and regularity of caloric functions of state, such as entropy and free energy, are deduced rather than assumed. When applied to several classes of materials—for example, elastic and viscous materials—materials with internal state variables, and materials with fading memory, the new formulation of thermodynamics yields restrictions on the constitutive relations for the stress, temperature, and heat flux agreeing with those obtained in treatments that start with a differentiable entropy function and employ the Clausius–Duhem inequality. The theory has been applied also to hypoelastic materials and elastic–plastic materials for which the thermodynamical restrictions had not previously been fully understood. The new formulation of the principles of thermodynamics has two advantages: (1) it permits to determine the class of entropy functions compatible with given constitutive relations for stress, temperature, and heat flux and (2) it permits to find thermodynamical restrictions on such constitutive relations without ever mentioning entropy or free energy. In the chapter, the matter of the existence of entropy function is discussed in detail.
The Identification of Smokeless Powders and Their Residues by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography

The identification and characterization of smokeless powders by means of gas chromatographic examination of their pyrolysis products is possibly the most significant method of selective identification available to the forensic examiner. Minor constituent analysis has been established as a rapid and accurate means of distinguishing various powders from each other [1], but the inherent limitations resulting from the amount of sample necessary for examination and the chemical changes associated with the burning of surface coatings restrict the utility to situations where grains of virtually unaltered powder can be obtained. The examination of powders by thermoanalytical methods [2,3] introduces the advantage of reduced sample size, but these techniques are not so selective and have limitations when partially burned powder is being examined. Pyrolysis gas chromatography, on the other hand, is advantageous in that it requires only small samples and the examination is primarily of homogeneous constituents that exhibit considerable variations among different lots of powder.
Silicon photonics platform for national security applications

We review Sandia's silicon photonics platform for national security applications. Silicon photonics offers the potential for extensive size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-c) reductions compared to existing III–V or purely electronics circuits. Unlike most silicon photonics foundries in the US and internationally, our silicon photonics is manufactured in a trusted environment at our Microsystems and Engineering Sciences Application (MESA) facility. The Sandia fabrication facility is certified as a trusted foundry and can therefore produce devices and circuits intended for military applications. We will describe a variety of silicon photonics devices and subsystems, including both monolithic and heterogeneous integration of silicon photonics with electronics, that can enable future complex functionality in aerospace systems, principally focusing on communications technology in optical interconnects and optical networking.
Gastrointestinal complications associated with pelvic exenteration

Between October, 1969, and August, 1981, 125 pelvic exenterations were performed by gynecologic oncologists at the University of Alabama in Birmingham. One hundred twenty patients underwent an exenterative procedure that required urinary diversion and a gastrointestinal anastomosis. Gastrointestinal complications accounted for 60% of all nonmalignant indications for reoperation after exenteration. The common factor in the majority of gastrointestinal complications was the presence of an anastomosis in previously irradiated small bowel. Other preoperative factors, such as significant medical disease, previous laparotomy, or malnutrition, had little apparent effect on the rate of gastrointestinal complications. Avoidance of a small bowel anastomosis by means of a colon conduit, use of an omental pedicle to bring new blood supply into the pelvis, and hyperalimentation have reduced the risk of small bowel obstruction and fistula to 2.2%, while alteration in surgical technique has decreased the rectovaginal fistula rate to 5.3%.
The effect of gastric distension on duodenal aspirates in man.

The general impression for many years has been that the secretin and pancreozymin mechanisms are largely responsible for the control of pancreatic secretion. Recently, Lundh 1 has shown that there were always proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine of the Billroth I patient and about one­ third of Billroth II patients had no such enzymes in their small intestines. Differences in the degree of gastric distension were sug­ gested as an explanation for these observa­ tions. This idea was tested in a series of animals. It was found that distension of the stomach of the dog with a condom to a pressure of 12 to 15 mm. Hg, did indeed increase pancreatic flow and protein pro­ duction in every case. 2 Vagotomy eliminated the response, usually only temporarily, but if splanchnicectomy was done as well, the distension response did not reappear over a 2- to 6-month period. 3 Splanchnicectomy alone did not influence the reflex. 4 Distension of vagally innervated total gastric pouches resulted in an increase in pancreatic flow, whereas there was no response to distension of a vagotomized pouch. In antrectomized dogs with gastrojejunostomy or gastroileos­ tomy, distension of the remaining stomach stimulated pancreatic secretion as before. In dog pancreases maximally stimulated with secretin, the protein content of the juice increased in response to gastric dis­ tension. On the basis of these experiments we have concluded that there is a reflex pancreatic secretory response to gastric distension which is mediated primarily by the vagus and secondarily by the splanch­ mc nerves.
An MOCVD-grown, pseudomorphic InAsSb multiple quantum well injection laser emitting at 3.5 /spl mu/m

Summary form only given. The authors pseudomorphic multiple quantum well device displays the same characteristic temperature as InAsSb-InAlAsSb injection lasers, emitting at 3.9 /spl mu/m, which have been recently reported. Both the MOCVD and MBE devices are designed with comparable, small valence band offsets for the multiple quantum wells. This valence band offset controls hole confinement in the quantum well and affects the Auger rate.
Implementing Off-Campus Activities.

(1974). Implementing Off-Campus Activities. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 16-18.
What Does Research Say About Social Perspective-Taking Interventions for Students With HFASD?

The term theory of mind (ToM) was introduced by Premack and Woodruff as the ability to infer mental states of others. Many researchers believe that social deficits seen in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are directly linked to deficits in ToM or the inability to realize that others’ perspectives are different from their own, decreasing social understanding. The present review examines the empirical research of effectiveness of interventions targeting social perspective-taking skills for high-functioning individuals with ASD. Twelve studies have been published since the year 2000. Results indicate that perspective-taking skills can be taught using systematic instruction, group interventions, and technology. Generalization of skills into naturalistic settings was inconsistent. Practice implications and future research directions are discussed.
Percentage points of Wilks'Lmvc andLvc criteria

Likelihood ratio tests have been proposed by Wilks for testing the hypothesis of equal means, variances, and covariances (Hmvc) and the hypothesis of equal variances and covariances (Hvc) in ap-variate normal distribution. Using exact distributions of the appropriate likelihood ratio statistics, tables of the .05 and .01 points of these distributions are constructed forp = 4, 5, 6, 7 and sample sizen = 25 (5) 60 (10) 100. A correction factor is recommended for largern. Two numerical examples illustrate use of the tables. A nonparametric test is proposed forHmvc when the multivariate parent population is known to be non-normal.