cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic and empirical analysis of dose-response curves illustrated with a cardiac example.

Abstract Experiments are described both to illustrate techniques of empirical analysis of dose-response curves and to determine whether effects on vagal action might contribute to positive chronotropic effects seen clinically with gallamine and pancuronium. From comparison of the activities of these two agents, of metocurine and of tubocurarine with regard to (i) occlusion of nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, (ii) block of the response to stimulation of the vagal trunk, (iii) occlusion of muscarinic receptors of the pacemaker and (iv) block of the response to activation of terminal vagal fibers in the region of the pacemaker, it is concluded that gallamine, and probably pancuronium as well, are likely to produce vagal block at levels used to block neuromuscular transmission and this block appears to reflect an action on the terminal vagal nerve ending. The experiments demonstrate how useful quantitative information can be derived from empirical dose-response relationships when suitable statistical design is incorporated into the experimental approach.
MHD simulations with resistive wall and magnetic separatrix

Abstract A number of problems in resistive MHD magnetic fusion simulations describe plasmas with three regions: the core, the halo region, and the resistive boundary. Treating these problems requires maintenance of an adequate resistivity contrast between the core and halo. This can be helped by the presence of a magnetic separatrix, which in any case is required for reasons of realistic modeling. An appropriate mesh generation capability is also needed to include the halo region when a separatrix is present. Finally a resistive wall boundary condition is required, to allow both two dimensional and three dimensional magnetic perturbations to penetrate the wall. Preliminary work is presented on halo current simulations in ITER. The first step is the study of VDE (vertical displacement event) instabilities. The growth rate is consistent with scaling inversely proportional to the resistive wall penetration time. The simulations have resistivity proportional to the −3/2 power of the temperature. Simulations have been done with resistivity contrast between the plasma core and wall of 1000 times, to model the vacuum region between the core and resistive shell. Some 3D simulations are shown of disruptions competing with VDEs. Toroidal peaking factors are up to about 3.
Opioid Treatment of Chronic Pain in Patients with Addiction

Patients with a history of drug or alcohol addiction may present to physicians with pain complaints. The medical literature is weak on the treatment of pain with opioids in patients in recovery or active addiction. This is because inconsistent criteria were used to define addiction and the types of chronic pain. There are clear differences between physical dependence, tolerance, and addiction. Addiction is different from pseudoaddiction and must be determined by the patient's behavior after appropriate pain management. Long-acting opioids are often the medications of choice for moderate to severe pain control. Short-acting opioids can be used for breakthrough pain. There are many other medications that can enhance pain control as adjunctive analgesics. Drug-seeking behavior may be seen with either active addiction or pseudoaddiction, or as part of deviant behavior such as drug diversion. A way to distinguish between these conditions is by giving the patient appropriate pain medication and observing the pattern of behavior to determine which is causing the drug-seeking behavior. Safe prescribing of medications with abuse potential includes use of a medication agreement, setting goals with the patient, giving appropriate amounts of pain medication, monitoring with pill counts and drug screens, and careful documentation. Even patients with a history of addiction can benefit from opioid pain medications if monitored appropriately.
A rapid procedure for assaying nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase.

Abstract A precipitation-filtration assay which measures the activity of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase is described. The assay, based on the differential solubility of nicotinamide and nicotinamide mononucleotide in acetone, is rapid, convenient, and inexpensive when compared to chromatographic methods. It is sensitive enough to detect the formation of as little as 10 pmol of nicotinamide mononucleotide under the reaction conditions described. With minor modifications, the assay procedure can be adapted for measuring a variety of other enzymes.
Pseudoaneurysm of the lateral geniculate artery at the distal interlocking screw site

Arterial complications at the site of distal interlocking screws of interlocked intramedullary nails are uncommon. This case report illustrates a 45-year-old male who was diagnosed with a pseudoaneurysm of the lateral geniculate artery when he was worked-up for persistent pain and swelling over the distal lateral thigh. He underwent obliteration of the pseudoaneurysm with thrombin injection and had excellent relief of pain and subsequent decrease in swelling. We are not aware of any case reports of pseudoaneurysm of the lateral geniculate artery at the distal screw insertion site of interlocked intramedullary nails.
Emitter controlled negative resistance in GaAs

A triode which uses the negative differential mobility of GaAs is proposed for various microwave applications and is analyzed as an oscillator. With proper bias conditions, this device has a microwave equivalent circuit that is simply a capacitance in parallel with a negative resistance. The magnitude of the negative resistance is controlled by injected current. The major characteristics as an oscillator are: 1 < −Q < 10 for nL ⋍ 1011 cm−2 and 107 < fL < 108, maximum device efficiency between 15 and 20 per cent, power density approximately 110 that of LSA mode device, absence of noise associated with domain formation, and third terminal control of negative resistance. The maximum efficiency as an oscillator is available over a finite range of current density, which decreases as nL increases.
The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children

Abstract The reliability of DSM-III/DSM-III-R childhood anxiety disorder diagnoses was determined using a new semistructured interview, the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children child and parent versions (ADIS-C and ADIS-P). The interviewer-observer paradigm was used. Pairs of independent clinicians examined 51 outpatients and their mothers and assigned independent primary and secondary diagnoses. Product-moment correlations were calculated between pairs of raters and by computing kappa coefficients, based upon perfect matches on primary diagnoses. Both overlap and differences were evident in the anxiety disorders diagnosed. Agreement between clinicians was moderate to high, with the exception of overanxious disorder. The latter resulted in a low kappa coefficient based upon the child interview data only. Reasons for diagnostic disagreements between the parent and child interviews are discussed.
Mechanisms of distant enhancer action on DNA and in chromatin

Enhancers and insulators are regulatory DNA sequences that can work over a large distance. Efficient action over a distance clearly requires special mechanisms for facilitating communication between a regulatory region and its target. Studies from our laboratory identified DNA supercoiling as primary factor that mediates efficient enhancer-promoter communication over a distance in prokaryotes through a “DNA slithering” mechanism. These studies allowed rational design and construction of an insulator that can block enhancer action over a distance both in vitro and in vivo. Our most recent studies suggest that eukaryotic chromatin structure can support action over a distance using similar principles, but in a mechanistically distinct way.
Quantification of Phagocytosis in Human Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry

Phagocytosis represents a central element of the host response to microbial invasion. We describe a flow cytometric method for measuring the kinetics of phagocytosis of two bacteria by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Over a 60-min period, isolated human PMNs were exposed to Staphylococcus aureus (rapidly phagocytosed) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (slowly phagocytosed). This method distinguished adherent from ingested bacteria by quenching fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled extracellular bacteria with ethidium bromide. This further allowed the exclusion of dead, highly permeable, and subsequently bright-red fluorescent PMNs. Our experiments with two different bacteria, various PMN-to-bacteria ratios (1:1, 1:10, 1:100), and different individuals proved that 1) flow cytometric analysis is accurate and useful for characterizing phagocytosis, 2) adherent bacteria can be distinguished from ingested bacteria after quenching with ethidium bromide, and that 3) phagocytosis kinetics of two bacteria with different onsets of phagocytosis can be determined by flow cytometry and the assessment of a score that quantifies phagocytosis.
Legislation on Pornography in Russia

The production, circulation, or advertising of pornographic works, printed publications, pictures or any other articles of a pornographic character, and also the trading therein or the possession with the goal of sale or dissemination... shall be punished by deprivation of freedom for a term of up to three years, or a fine of up to three months' minimum pay, with the mandatory confiscation of the pornographic articles and the means of their production. Article 228, Russian Criminal Code1
Knots and links of nonabelian string

Abstract We consider a class of closed stringlike configurations, called essentially knotted , which occur in certain (3 + 1)-dimensional Yang-Mills-Higgs theories where a compact gauge group G breaks to a finite, nonabelian subgroup H. Such objects are labelled by more than one flux element in H, and cannot be deformed into the vacuum without overlapping the cores of two segments of string carrying noncommuting fluxes. Analogous results for multicomponent links of string are also given. Our analysis is performed within a general topological framework for discussing the knotting and linking of strings in spontaneously broken gauge theories.
Computerized tomography and Trotter's syndrome in the diagnosis of maxillofacial pain.

Trotter's syndrome is a clinical triad of unilateral deafness, neuralgia affecting branches of the trigeminal nerve, and defective mobility of the soft palate, which is caused by malignant tumors involving the lateral pharyngeal recess (Rosenmuller's fossa). It is an ominous presentation, which can masquerade as dental or masticatory pain. Computerized tomography (CT) can be used not only to explain the anatomic basis of Trotter's syndrome but also to determine the extent and distribution of the malignant tumor involved. The advantages of CT over conventional radiography are illustrated by a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma that presented as Trotter's syndrome. Perineural invasion by tumor is shown on the gross level for the first time with CT, and important diagnostic considerations, which may aid in the early diagnosis of future cases, are discussed.
Market clustering goes graphic: The Weiss trilogy and a proposed extension

In this article, the author reviews three works by the geodemographer Michael J. Weiss, concluding that his trilogy provides material of considerable value to marketing or consumer researchers concerned with understanding patterns of consumption or with the formulation of marketing strategy. A partial reservation involves the difficulty of comprehending the overall structure of consumption patterns without a type of mapping that goes beyond the merely geographic to represent taste clusters by means of preference spaces derived by techniques like multidimensional scaling (MDS). The author illustrates such an extension by conducting an MDS analysis of data provided by Weiss in ways that appear to shed light on the power and profundity of the insights he offers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methods of adapting ion beam analysis techniques for use on curved surfaces

Abstract Information concerning surface contamination of powder particles obtained by ion beam analysis would prove very useful in the fields of powder metallurgy and ceramics, however current methods of analysis generally require flat, laterally uniform sample surfaces. We describe two methods for adapting backscattering spectroscopy techniques for use on samples consisting of small spherical or cylindrical particles. These methods make use of current flat surface spectra simulation programs and require no additional programming. The first method simulates a spherical or cylindrical surface with an array of tilted flat segments and constructs an energy spectrum by summing flat surface spectra simulations from each segment. The second method utilizes flat surface depth profiles that, when used in a flat surface simulation program, will mimic the results for a particular spherical or cylindrical surface configuration. The limitations, and relative strengths and weakness, of each method will be discussed. Examples of the use of these methods in conjunction with Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy will be shown, although they are also applicable to other types of ion beam analysis.
Cultivating design competence: online support for beginning design studio

Abstract A primary lesson of a beginning design studio is the development of a fundamental design competence. This entails acquiring skills of integration, projection, exploration, as well as critical thinking—forming the basis of thinking “like a designer”. Plaguing the beginning architectural design student as she develops this competence are three typical problems: a lagging visual intelligence, a linking of originality with creativity, and the belief that design is an act of an individual author instead of a collaborative activity. We believe that computation support for design learning has particular attributes for helping students overcome these problems. These attributes include its inherent qualities for visualization, for explicitness, and for sharing. This paper describes five interactive multi-media exercises exploiting these attributes which were developed to support a beginning design studio. The paper also reports how they have been integrated into the course curriculum. Le developpement des competences en design: support on-line pour le studio de design elementaire Une des premieres lecons lors du studio de design est le developpement d’une competence fondamentale en conception. Ceci implique l’acquisition des habiletes d’integration, de projection, d’exploration ainsi que la pensee critique—anterieurement les bases de la facon de penser nommee “comme un concepteur”. Il y a trois problemes fondamentaux qui pesent sur l’etudiant debutant en architecture lors du developpement cette competence: une intelligence visuelle insuffisante, le fait de lier l’originalite a la creativite, et la croyance que le processus de conception est une activite individuelle, plutot que collaborative. Nous sommes de l’avis que le soutien en informatique lors de l’apprentissage de la conception architecturale possede des attributs bien particuliers pour aider les etudiants a surmonter ces difficultes. Ces attributs comprennent des qualites inherentes pour la visualisation, pour etre explicite, et pour le partage. Ce papier decrit cinq exercices de medias interactifs qui exploitent ces attributs, et qui ont ete developpes pour supporter un studio de design elementaire. Il presente aussi un reportage sur la facon dont ces exercices ont ete integres dans le curriculum du cours.
Recent Developments in Carrier-Current Communication

Carrier-current communication over transmission lines has been developed to a point where its practicability and value are thoroughly established. This paper discusses several recent developments in apparatus and methods of operation. Carrier-frequency energy flow along the line is discussed briefly to give a mental picture of the electromagnetic and electrostatic conditions existing. Standard 50 and 250-watt apparatus are shown in the illustrations and described briefly.
High-temperature strength and deformation of γ/γ′ two-phase Co–Al–W-base alloys

Abstract The high-temperature strength and deformation behavior of γ/γ′ two-phase Co–Al–W-base alloys have been studied with polycrystalline and single-crystal materials. The ternary, quaternary and higher-order alloys containing Ta, Cr and/or Re exhibit flow stress anomalies above 873 K due to slip of pairs of 1/2〈1 1 0〉 superpartial dislocations on {0 0 1} planes, in addition to {1 1 1} planes, in the γ′ precipitates. Compression tests on the single-crystal specimens reveal a true anomalous peak temperature of 1073 K for both ternary and Ta-containing quaternary alloys. Above the peak, the ternary alloy exhibits a rapid decrease in strength with temperature, as 1/2〈1 1 0〉 dislocations bypass the γ′ precipitates without significant shearing. Conversely, the Ta-containing quaternary alloy sustains strength to higher temperatures due to the activation of 1/3〈1 1 2〉 partial dislocation slip that introduces a high density of stacking faults in the γ′ precipitates.
Vasopressin and epinephrine stimulation of phosphatidylinositol breakdown in the plasma membrane of rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Hepatocytes obtained from rats injected 18 hours previously with tritiated inositol showed significant phosphatidylinositol breakdown after treatment with 20 mU/ml vasopressin or 10 uM epinephrine. Vasopressin produced only a 4.7% and 7.4% decrease in breakdown of total phosphatidylinositol at 5 and 15 minutes. The subcellular localization of vasopressin and epinephrine induced phosphatidy linositol breakdown was examined in prelabeled hepatocytes incubated with 20 mU/ml vasopressin or 10 uM epinephrine for 5 minutes. There was an appreciable loss (16 to 19%) of labeled phosphatidylinositol from the plasma membrane of isolated hepatocytes exposed to epinephrine or vasopressin for 5 minutes. There was no significant breakdown of the labeled phosphatidylinositol present in endoplasmic reticulum. These results indicate that vasopressin and epinephrine stimulate phosphatidylinositol breakdown in the plasma membrane after activation of cell surface receptors.
Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver: mimicker of echinococcal cyst

Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver (MCN) is uncommon and sometimes misdiagnosed as Echinococcal cyst, especially when patient with history of echinococcus infection. We report an asymptomatic 60 year-old woman with history of echinococcal cyst in the liver which was resected approximately 20 years ago, developed a new liver cystic lesion approximately 7 years after resection. Contrast enhanced computed tomography demonstrated a 7.4 x 5.6 x 5.4 cm cystic lesion in the right hepatic lobe with thin septations and no enhancing solid components. Though the serum antibody to Echinococcus was negative, the diagnosis of Echinococcal cyst was made and the patient was started empirically on Echinococcal therapy based on her clinical history and imaging findings. Post treatment CT scan showed that the cyst continued to grow. A partial right lobectomy was performed and the final diagnosis was mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver (MCN).
The effect of ouabain on water diffusion in the rat hippocampal slice measured by high resolution NMR imaging.

High resolution NMR imaging of the isolated perfused rat hippocampal slice was used to quantitate ADC changes following ouabain-induced cell swelling. Hippocampal slices were studied in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and then in ouabain using a 600-MHz narrow bore spectrometer and a home-built perfusion chamber. The brain slices demonstrated biexponential diffusion behavior. After perfusion with 1 mM ouabain, there was an increase in the fraction of slowly diffusing water. The ADCs of the two fractions did not change. These data support the hypothesis that the decrease in the ADC of brain water following an ischemic attack is caused by cell swelling. The relative amplitudes of the two diffusing fractions do not match the expected ratio of intracellular and extracellular fractions. This discrepancy may be principally due to the difference in T-2 relaxation rates of the two compartments. Magn Reson Med 41:137-142, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Convective heat transfer inhibition in an annular porous layer rotating at weak angular velocity

Abstract A study is made of natural convection in a horizontal annular porous layer in rotation about its axis. Isothermal boundary conditions are applied on both inner and outer boundaries, with the outer boundary being warmer. For such conditions, no symmetry with respect to a vertical diameter can be expected for the flow and temperature fields and the whole annular region must be considered. Two-dimensional steady state solutions are obtained numerically. Results indicate that the rotation generates a net circulating flow around the annulus relative to the porous matrix and drastically reduces the overall heat transfer. These effects occur at relatively low angular velocities for which the centrifugal forces are negligible compared to gravity, and inertial effects may be neglected.
Impact of three-dimensional geometry on the performance of isolated electron-injection infrared detectors

We present a quantitative study of the influence of three-dimensional geometry of the isolated electron–injection detectors on their characteristics. Significant improvements in the device performance are obtained as a result of scaling the injector diameter with respect to the trapping/absorbing layer diameters. Devices with about ten times smaller injector area with respect to the trapping/absorbing layer areas show more than an order of magnitude lower dark current, as well as an order of magnitude higher optical gain compared with devices of same size injector and trapping/absorbing layer areas. Devices with 10 μm injector diameter and 30 μm trapping/absorbing layer diameter show an optical gain of ∼2000 at bias voltage of −3 V with a cutoff wavelength of 1700 nm. Analytical expressions are derived for the electron-injection detector optical gain to qualitatively explain the significance of scaling the injector with respect to the absorber.
Normal serum biotin levels in infants and adults: A modified assay method

Summary Modifications in the microbiologic assay of biotin in serum are presented. Values for biotin in the serum of healthy infants are reported for the first time in the literature and range from 0.4 to 2.2 mγ per cubic centimeter, with an average of 1.2 mγ per cubic centimeter in 25 infants from birth to 5 months of age. The serum biotin level for healthy adults from 15 to 45 years of age ranges from 1.3 to 2 mγ per cubic centimeter, with an average of 1.6 mγ in 12 subjects.
Misalignments in the human pelvis measured on radiographs

Antero-posterior, 14″×36″ X-ray views of the upper femoral shafts, pelvis, spine and craniovertebral articulation were obtained for 200 patients with spinal pain in a public clinic. Intrapelvic and spinal asymmetries were measured. Twenty per cent showed rotation of the pelvis at the public symphysis-sacral tubercle axis of 1 cm or more. A physiologic leg discrepancy of 1 cm or more was identified in 19·5%. Lateral tipping of the sacral platform of 5° or more occurred in 18·0%. In 5·0% of all patients, asymmetries on these levels of magnitude occurred in a pattern of pelvic shifting in which the low sacral base and short leg occurred on the side opposite to the side of pelvic rotation. The vertebra prominens near the cranial end of the spine deviated 1 cm or more laterally from the gravitational center in the sacrum in 40·0% of all radiographs. In 37·5%, at least 10° of scoliosis was seen. Misalignments in the foundation structures of the pelvis show a tendency to correlate with misalignments in the spinal superstructure, and thus to be associated with soft-tissue stress. The implications of these findings for human health need to be explored.
The relationship between biophysical and social setting factors in the recreation opportunity spectrum

Abstract Descriptions of the relationships between the setting components (biophysical and social) of the recreation opportunity spectrum can be taken to be unidimensional and linear. Data on biophysical and social setting preferences of campers were used to test whether campers’ preferences reflect linear arrangements of components or whether relationships are more complex. The results indicate that there are multiple linear and nonlinear relationships between biophysical and social setting conditions. This finding has important implications for the application of ROS as an inventory, allocation, and management system. Future research on experience‐setting relationships should consider the multiple relationships between setting components.
STRUCTURE, STEREOTYPES, AND STUDENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR A THEORY OF ETHNIC INTERACTION

Dimensions of the Case Study It is the purpose of the following case study to provide data on ethnic stereotyping within a theoretical framework that takes into account the cognitive dimensions of behavior. In order to do so, I treat ethnic groups as social persona, categories composedl of statuses, social identities, and distributions of these in a social field. In ordler to maintain boundaries, viewed as the distribution of statuses (rights and duties vis a vis members of other groups), there is a need for the use of symbolic behavior. This symbolic behavior can be viewed as an ethnic boundary marker. 1 Of course, it is members of ethnic groups who interact. In situations such as that prevailing in Yauri, in which ethnicity is the major principle for the recruitment of groups, then a person's ethnic identity becomes an over-riding one, one that enters into any possible syntactic combination of social identities into a persona. A person's initial perception of a rmemnber of another ethnic group in Yauri is stereotypical and his choice of' behavior is consequent on his choice of identity. Furthermore, he knows how alter perceives him--as a member of a category of social persona whose behavior is predictable on the basis of that knowledge alone.
Metabolic heterogeneity of the proximal and distal kidney tubules

Proximal and distal tubule suspensions were prepared from kidneys of Sprague-Dawley rats by an isolation procedure on a Percoll gradient. The marker enzymes alkaline phosphatase (brush border) and hexokinase (cytoplasmic) as well as p-aminohippurate transport capacity, gluconeogenic activity and electron microscopy were used to characterize the two kidney tubule suspensions. The results of this study indicate that cytochrome P-450 is localized to the proximal tubular cells and that the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin was higher in the proximal than distal fraction. Both proximal and distal tubules showed glucuronidation and deacetylation capacities and a relatively equal distribution of non-protein sulfhydryls. These studies demonstrate metabolic heterogeneity of the nephron, the proximal tubule being the main site of renal xenobiotic metabolism. Understanding of metabolic heterogeneity of proximal and distal kidney tubules should provide important information regarding cell specific mechanisms of nephrotoxicity.
Receptive field organization of ganglion cells in the cat's retina

Abstract The response of retinal ganglion cells to a scanning disc was recorded from their axons in the optic nerve. A 25 × 25 deg region of the visual field with the fixation point at its approximate center was mapped. Units with receptive fields (RF) outside this region were discarded; 145 RF were mapped in a variety of conditions. Of the fields mapped, 110 were center activated or center suppressed, with a surround of the opposite sign. These concentrically organized RF were divided into two subclasses: concentric-a, in which the surround was a complete annulus; and concentric-b, in which the surround was present only on leaving the center even at very low (0.39 deg/sec) scanning speeds. A total of seven bar- and edge-shaped RF had different sizes and orientations and were somewhat similar to the line and edge-shaped RF described by Hubel and Wiesel in the visual cortex of the cat. A group of eight units which were center activated and had no inhibitory surround was found. They had the characteristic of maintaining an increased rate of discharge after the disc had passed through the center, provided that the disc moved at moderate speed (5 deg/sec) and remained in the vicinity of the center. These units were referred to as “presence detectors.” Twenty units were left unclassified. Scanning the RF at different speeds and at different levels of ambient light had relatively small effects on the shape of the RF analyzed. The relatively small percentage of nonconcentric RF in the cat's retina indicates that much analyzing remains to be done at higher levels. On the other hand, these findings, combined with previous findings of units sensitive to direction of movement and light flux in the cat's retina, indicate that considerably more processing of the visual image is performed at the retinal level than hitherto suspected.
Phospholipid incorporation into plasma membrane of lactating mammary cell with special reference to sphingomyelin.

LIFE in the cell is a function of its membranes. Much current research effort is directed toward the plasma membrane because of its profound importance in transport, cell recognition and many other communication processes.
Beliefs About the Biological (vs. Nonbiological) Origins of Mental Illness and the Stigmatization of People with Mental Illness

The present study focuses on the relationship between an individual's attributions of cause regarding mental illness (i.e., the degree by which psychopathology is perceived as biologically or nonbiologically caused) and resulting stigmatization (particularly social distancing, a form of social rejection). To date, much of the research concerning attributional beliefs and stigma use general terms such as “mental patient” and “psychiatric client,” thereby overlooking the variance apparent between individuals of varying pathology. When specific pathologies have been mentioned, nearly all the research has focused on the diagnoses of schizophrenia, depression, and alcoholism. In this study, one hundred eighteen Midwestern university students were surveyed regarding their attributional beliefs toward mental illness. Regression analysis found that attributional beliefs, both biological and nonbiological, failed to predict social distance. A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant variance between conditions...
Transforming Growth Factor-β- and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-mediated Induction and Proteolytic Activation of MMP-9 in Human Skin

Both cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are active during physiologic and pathologic processes such as cancer metastasis and wound repair. We have systematically studied cytokine-mediated MMP regulation. Cytokine-mediated proteinase induction and activation were initially investigated in organ-cultured human skin followed by determination of underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms using isolated skin cells. In this report we demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) synergistically induce pro-MMP-9 in human skin as well as isolated dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes. Furthermore, TNF-α promotes proteolytic activation of pro-MMP-9 by conversion of the 92-kDa pro-MMP-9 to the 82-kDa active enzyme. This activation occurred only in skin organ culture and not by either isolated fibroblasts or keratinocyte, although the pro-MMP-9 activation could be measured in a cell-free system derived from TNF-α-activated skin. The cytokine-mediated induction of pro-MMP-9 in dermal fibroblasts was evident by increased mRNA. At the transcription level, we examined the cytokine-mediated transactivation of the 5′-region promoter of the human MMP-9 in dermal fibroblasts. The results demonstrated that TNF-α and TGF-β could independently stimulate the 5′-flanking 670-base pair promoter. A TGF-β-response element (−474) and an NF-κB-binding site (−601) were identified to be the cis-elements for TGF-β or TNF-α activation, respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest a specific mechanism whereby multiple cytokines can regulate MMP-9 expression/activation in the cells of human skin. These results imply roles for these cytokines in the regulation of MMP-9 in physiologic and pathologic tissue remodeling.
Assessing a multidimensional measure of radical technological innovation

For almost 30 years, innovations have been characterized as radical or incremental. Nevertheless, the construct has not been precisely defined and ad hoc measures have been the norm in the literature. This paper describes the development of measures which address multiple dimensions of the concept of innovation radicalness and treat it as a continuous variable. A rigorous process of item development, reliability analysis, and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used. The developed measures meet psychometric standards, demonstrate criterion-related validity, and capture four dimensions of radicalness: technological uncertainty, technical inexperience, business inexperience, and technology cost. Findings support the conceptualization of radicalness as a continuum with multiple dimensions, and suggest that those dimensions may be differentially related to project characteristics and outcomes. The utility of these measures and dimensions as diagnostic tools in project management is discussed. Radicalness as a multidimensional concept is also discussed as a valuable tool in project planning, project evaluation, and understanding the strategic implications of pursuing radical innovation. >
Phase reconstruction for speckle fields of light-induced scattering in a LiNbO3:Fe crystal

Reconstructing the phase distribution of scalar speckle fields arising under light-induced scattering in a photorefractive LiNbO3:Fe crystal is considered. A phase distribution reconstruction method based on simultaneous processing of two interferograms obtained for orthogonal planes of converging reference and signal beams is proposed. The method is more advantageous than single-interferogram methods for analyzing interferograms in the frequency domain because it enables to reduce the number of false-detected optical vortices and increase the SNR in phase reconstruction.
The History of Women in Interior Design: A Review of Literature

The purpose of this study is to analyze the development and current state of literature regarding the history of the interior design profession, particularly as it relates to the female decorators and interior designers of the 20th century. Currently, a masculine narrative of architects constitutes the identity of a field dominated by women in number, but by men in perceived significance. With the growth and development of the feminist movement over the past few decades, numerous scholars have re-examined the role of women within their individual disciplines. As a result, histories have been rewritten and professional identities have been redefined. However, the field of interior design-specifically the writing of its history—has not been affected by feminist scholarship to the same degree as many other fields. This has prevented a fully-developed history of the profession. The following literature review identifies three types of publications: 1) general surveys of women in design, 2) critiques of the current state of the history of interior design, and 3) specific case studies/biographies. A comparative content analysis of the texts is conducted with the intent of identifying major themes and issues. The presentation of materials in chronological order sets up an opportunity to analyze evolving attitudes and theories. The findings are twofold. First, a cyclical trend of survey-critique characterizes the last three decades of the 20th century with little advancement. Second, five major concepts dominate those poststructuralist case studies that demonstrate a 21st-century shift in methodological approaches regarding the evaluation of women and design. These concepts include: gender, taste, consumerism, identity, and modernism. The overall conclusion is encouraging. Scholarship has momentum in a positive direction, but there is still much to be done.
A Study of the Nitrogen Laser Power Density and Some Design Considerations

The laser power density and its time history from a pulsed molecular nitrogen laser are calculated. Their dependence on the fill pressure and on various parameters of an electric circuit, in which the nitrogen gas acts as a variable resistor, is illustrated. It is shown that the peak power density increases in a circuit with low inductance and high capacitor voltage and that the energy density has an optimum at a fill pressure of ~28 Torr. Based on these and the gain calculations, some design considerations are also discussed.
Astrobiology in Culture: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life as “Science”

This analysis examines the social construction of authority, credibility, and legitimacy for exobiology/astrobiology and, in comparison, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), considering English-language conceptions of these endeavors in scientific culture and popular culture primarily in the United States. The questions that define astrobiology as a scientific endeavor are multidisciplinary in nature, and this endeavor is broadly appealing to public audiences as well as to the scientific community. Thus, it is useful to examine astrobiology in culture-in scientific culture, official culture, and popular culture. A researcher may explore science in culture, science as culture, by analyzing its rhetoric, the primary means that people use to construct their social realities-their cultural environment, as it were. This analysis follows this path, considering scientific and public interest in astrobiology and SETI and focusing on scientific and official constructions of the two endeavors. This analysis will also consider whether and how scientific and public conceptions of astrobiology and SETI, which are related but at the same time separate endeavors, converge or diverge and whether and how these convergences or divergences affect the scientific authority, credibility, and legitimacy of these endeavors.
Modeling doline populations with logistic growth functions

Initiation and evolution of a large karst depression population consisting of parent and daughter dolines were spatially and temporally modeled using logistic growth functions. Logistic growth models are well suited for analyzing doline population initiation and evolution because they reflect the density-dependent growth mechanisms present in the evolution of karst depressions. Seven assumptions based upon previous studies were refined into mathematical statements and tested using more than 2000 dolines from a subpopulation of both parent and daughter karst depressions on the Western Highland Rim and Pennyroyal Plain of Tennessee and Kentucky. Logistic growth models quantify the initiation and evolution of doline populations and interface well with recent models describing the evolution of three-dimensional conduit systems. Logistic growth models should apply to modeling other doline populations in karst terranes with hydraulically efficient, three-dimensional conduit systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint discomfort human performance measure for driver posture prediction: some insights

Digital human models have proven to be valuable tools for understanding human reach envelope inside a vehicle. Typical digital human posture prediction simulations employ optimisation techniques that find the most likely posture that a human would realise to achieve a given task. Human performance measures are included as an objective function in the optimisation formulation. A previous study (Yang et al., 2004) defined a joint discomfort human performance measure based on joint angles that incorporates three distinct aspects of joint discomfort. However, the previously defined joint discomfort function is poorly understood. This paper investigates the properties of the joint discomfort function and how each parameter in the function affects the predicted posture. An alternate formulation of the joint discomfort human performance measure is proposed. The parameters of the new joint discomfort function are investigated through graphical analysis, ANOVA analysis, and sensitivity analysis. The joint discomfort function is then employed in several posture prediction simulations that pertain to reach space inside a vehicle. The postures are given to demonstrate the effect that the parameters of joint discomfort have on predicted postures.
Leishmania promastigotes activate PI3K/Akt signalling to confer host cell resistance to apoptosis.

Summary Previous reports have shown that cells infected with promastigotes of some Leishmania species are resistant to the induction of apoptosis. This would suggest that either parasites elaborate factors that block signalling from apoptosis inducers or that parasites engage endogenous host signalling pathways that block apoptosis. To investigate the latter scenario, we determined whether Leishmania infection results in the activation of signalling pathways that have been shown to mediate resistance to apoptosis in other infection models. First, we showed that infection with the promastigote form of Leishmania major, Leishmania pifanoi and Leishmania amazonensis activates signalling through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), NFκB and PI3K/Akt. Then we found that inhibition of signalling through the PI3K/Akt pathway with LY294002 and Akt IV inhibitor reversed resistance of infected bone marrow-derived macrophages and RAW 264.7 macrophages to potent inducers of apoptosis. Moreover, reduction of Akt levels with small interfering RNAs to Akt resulted in the inability of infected macrophages to resist apoptosis. Further evidence of the role of PI3K/Akt signalling in the promotion of cell survival by infected cells was obtained with the finding that Bad, which is a substrate of Akt, becomes phosphorylated during the course of infection. In contrast to the observations with PI3K/Akt signalling, inhibition of p38 MAPK signalling with SB202190 or NFκB signalling with wedelolactone had limited effect on parasite-induced resistance to apoptosis. We conclude that Leishmania promastigotes engage PI3K/Akt signalling, which confers to the infected cell, the capacity to resist death from activators of apoptosis.
MOVING ON: A Cooperative Study of Student Transfer

With no statewide student tracking system in place for California's tripartite postsecondary education system, three of the state's leading institutions joined in a study of the effectiveness of student transfer—the bridge between community college and university-level education. Transfer success was measured by student preparation, persistence, and performance both before and after transfer. The study examined whether the need for remediation before transfer affected students' progress and degree attainment. The findings run counter to the traditional notion that few remedial students persevere and transfer. A comparison of graduation rates with other community college transfers and with native university students indicated these transfers performed better.
Genetics, Shell Morphology, and Life History of the Freshwater Pulmonate Limpets Ferrissia rivularis and Ferrissia fragilis

ABSTRACT The weak and variable nature of the shell morphometric criteria by which the North American ancylid limpets Ferrissia rivularis and Ferrissia fragilis are distinguished has led to speculation that they may be ecophenotypic variants. The shells of F. rivularis that we collected from a rocky river in the upper piedmont of South Carolina were significantly higher and wider per length than those of an F. fragilis population collected from a weedy ditch in the coastal plain. Both populations laid singleton eggs approximately 0.6 mm diameter in culture, hatching in one week and maturing in four-five weeks at 2.0–3.0 mm shell length. Adult F. rivularis reared in our laboratory environment were morphologically indistinguishable from F. fragilis, suggesting that the differences in shell shape displayed by their wild-collected parents may have little additive genetic component. Both populations were fixed for identical allozyme alleles at nine loci, with two alleles segregating at a tenth, IsdhF. The absen...
Influenza virus structural and nonstructural proteins in infected cells and their plasma membranes.

Abstract The virus-specific proteins in three types of cultured cells infected with the WSN strain of influenza virus have been analyzed. The seven structural proteins of the WSN virion were identified in infected cells, and in addition a nonstructural protein, designated NNP, was found in large amount in the nucleus of the infected cell. This nonstructural protein has an estimated molecular weight of ∼25,000 and is slightly smaller than protein 7, the smallest viral structural protein. Proteins NNP and 7 were isolated on an agarose column and shown to be distinct by peptide mapping. The seven viral structural proteins have been found in association with the plasma membrane of infected cells. Glycoproteins 5 and 6 are the last proteins to appear at the plasma membrane. The available evidence suggests that protein 2, which is found in much larger amount in infected cells than in the mature virion, is cleaved at the plasma membrane to yield proteins 5 and 6.
Photon-photon scattering at high energy and fixed angle

In this paper, we study the photon-photon elastic scattering amplitude in the limit of the incident energy $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ with the scattering angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ fixed. In the lowest (4th) order, this amplitude is a function of $\ensuremath{\theta}$ only. We calculate explicitly these scaling functions of $\ensuremath{\theta}$ and find that they are surprisingly simple. The higher-order photon-photon scattering amplitudes have $\mathrm{ln}s$ factors. Thus scaling is violated. These $\mathrm{ln}s$ factors come from self-energy diagrams and vertex diagrams only and can therefore be absorbed into the running coupling constant. The photon-photon scattering amplitude of the $n\mathrm{th}$ perturbative order is hence of the form of ${e}^{4}{[e(t)]}^{n\ensuremath{-}4}$ times a function of $\ensuremath{\theta}$.
Discrete geometry and Azriel Rosenfeld

Abstract Professor Azriel Rosenfeld did important work in several areas of Image Processing, Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision. I had the good fortune to interact with him on several topics for over 30 years and it is difficult to select a single topic to cover in a short paper. I settled on digital geometry because both our first and last contact dealt with this area. Furthermore Azriel not only did pioneering work on digital geometry, he also continued research on the topic for the rest of his life. Instead of trying to write something on a specific sub-topic of digital geometry, I opted to discuss why the area is so challenging.