cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An information retrieval system for reusable software

Abstract The reuse of software components becomes increasingly important as the demand for cost-effective software rises. One of the problems in reusing software components is cataloging the components and then locating and retrieving them from a large collection. To ease the process of reusing software components, we have designed a cataloging scheme for reusable components based on their reusability-related attributes, and have implemented an information retrieval system for reusable software components using the SMART system operating under the UNIX operating system. We have addressed problems associated with cataloging and retrieval of software components rather than problems associated with the design of the software components.
Building Community Disaster Preparedness with Volunteers: Community Emergency Response Teams in Illinois

The community emergency response team (CERT) program is an attempt to facilitate citizen response and preparedness across the United States. Predisaster planning and preparedness, as embodied in the CERT program, is becoming increasingly pertinent for those interested in decreasing the immediate and long-term, individual and community impacts of disasters. The study highlighted in this paper evaluated CERTs in the state of Illinois. In-depth interviews and short telephone surveys with local, county, and state CERT and Citizen Corps coordinators were conducted to understand the various roles that Illinois CERTs play in their communities. Programs varied from training active volunteer emergency responders to more supportive roles behind traditional first responders and nearly all saw roles for building community capacity in nondisaster programmatic functions. Rural CERTs differed from those in urban and suburban areas in their perceived need for self-sufficiency and lower reliance upon or availability of formal infrastructure and resources. Common challenges and future recommendations are discussed.
STRATEGIC DECISIONS IN ORGANIZATIONS: RATIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL VIEWS

Various models or lenses have been used to predict and understand strategic decisions in organizations. This article examines four classes: (1) the unitary rational; (2) the organizational; (3) the political; and (4) the contextual. They are conceptualized as stemming from different assumptions about goal congruency and co-ordinative efficiency. the contextual view is especially highlighted, as it is a relatively new perspective, both organizationally and cognitively. A brief discussion is offered of disciplines and findings that either support or refute some of these models. Possible syntheses and reconciliations of the four views are explored, focusing on: (1) assumptional fit; (2) level of analysis; (3) cost of fashioning collective rationality; (4) information processing limits in organizational design; and (5) the role of adaptation lags and disequilibrium. the article concludes with a call for a meta-theory that places the various perspectives in a larger framework.
Effects of point configuration on the accuracy in 3D reconstruction from biplane images.

Two or more angiograms are being used frequently in medical imaging to reconstruct locations in three-dimensional (3D) space, e.g., for reconstruction of 3D vascular trees, implanted electrodes, or patient positioning. A number of techniques have been proposed for this task. In this simulation study, we investigate the effect of the shape of the configuration of the points in 3D (the “cloud” of points) on reconstruction errors for one of these techniques developed in our laboratory. Five types of configurations (a ball, an elongated ellipsoid (cigar), flattened ball (pancake), flattened cigar, and a flattened ball with a single distant point) are used in the evaluations. For each shape, 100 random configurations were generated, with point coordinates chosen from Gaussian distributions having a covariance matrix corresponding to the desired shape. The 3D data were projected into the image planes using a known imaging geometry. Gaussian distributed errors were introduced in the x and y coordinates of these projected points. Gaussian distributed errors were also introduced into the gantry information used to calculate the initial imaging geometry. The imaging geometries and 3D positions were iteratively refined using the enhanced-Metz-Fencil (EMF) technique. The image data were also used to evaluate the feasible R-t solution volume. The 3D errors between the calculated and true positions were determined. The effects of the shape of the configuration, the number of points, the initial geometry error, and the input image error were evaluated. The results for the number of points, initial geometry error, and image error are in agreement with previously reported results, i.e., increasing the number of points and reducing initial geometry and/or image error, improves the accuracy of the reconstructed data. The shape of the 3D configuration of points also affects the error of reconstructed 3D configuration; specifically, errors decrease as the “volume” of the 3D configuration increases, as would be intuitively expected, and shapes with larger spread, such as spherical shapes, yield more accurate reconstructions. These results are in agreement with an analysis of the solution volume of feasible geometries and could be used to guide selection of points for reconstruction of 3D configurations from two views.
The romance of the Inland Isle: Tocqueville's Democracy in America and the landscape of Providence

Nearly two centuries after its publication, Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America (1990a) remains among the most influential accounts of American political culture. This essay argues that the rhetorical foundation of the Democracy's enduring cultural power is its “imaginative geography” (Said 2000), about which I make two, interrelated claims. The first has to do with the Democracy's identification of the American land with divine Providence. I claim that the providential landscape is the chief means by which Tocqueville contains and organizes the account of the tension between achieved liberty and natural freedom that drives the Democracy. My second focus is on the romantic character of the providential landscape. Cosgrove (2005, p. 302) reflects upon the “tenacity of the island condition on the Western imagination” as frame and vessel of “imagination, desire, hopes and fears.” I argue that the Democracy's “Inland Isle,” as I call it, is a metaphorical island in this sense, and that its theoretica...
Growth of International Exports among the States: Can a Modified Shift-Share Analysis Explain it?:

This paper develops a modified shift-share model for foreign exports of states. We identify the sectoral mix as a proxy for supply conditions and the relative mix of foreign markets as a proxy for demand conditions. We measure the relative importance of both demand and supply factors using the MISER data set. The results suggest that demand conditions are as important, if not more so, than supply conditions in explaining recent foreign export among states.
PROGRAM CHANGE, REVENUE EFFECTS, AND THE PATHOLOGY OF IMPROVED PERFORMANCE

In certain circumstances, improved performance in government programs can actually lead to declines in program impacts. Ironically, increases in efficiency do not invariably lead to increases in effectiveness. Regulatory programs are especially prone to this pathology of improved performance, as the targets of regulatory actions may increase avoidance tactics of program efficiency increases. Declines in effectiveness may not be discovered until revenues from the regulatory activities decline, because of weaknesses of internal monitoring systems in local government. Data on the licensing of businesses in Chicago are presented that illustrate the phenomena.
An immunocytochemical search for potential neurotransmitters in larvae of Phestilla sibogae (Gastropoda, opisthobranchia)

Abstract 1. Cells and axons in the cerebral ganglia and cerebral commissure were shown to contain substances labeling positively with antibodies to small cardioactive peptides (SCP) and FMRFamide. Specific neurons and axons in other parts of the central nervous system (CNS) also contained substances reactive to antibodies against these peptides 2. Positive labeling with antibodies to generative enzymes for L-dopa, norepinephrine and acetylcholine was present in the CNS as punctate spots in the pedal ganglia or cerebral commissure or apical organ. 3. The larval swimming structure, the velum, showed specific labeling with anti-dopamine and anti-choline acetyltransferase in linearly arranged varicosities just below the large ciliated cells of this structure. 4. The occurrence of neurotransmitter-like substances, especially catecholamines, just below the large cells that are shed during metamorphic velar loss, provides new evidence for participation of monoamines in molluscan metamorphosis.
A Composite Score for Use with the Food Guide Pyramid

Abstract The Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) is a government-produced food guidance system. The FGP is the most researched food guide and was the most costly to produce, yet there is no procedure to objectively determine individual adherence to guidelines. This article describes the development of a composite score to address this issue. The scoring evaluates how well or how poorly individuals are eating based on FGP guidelines, including serving recommendations, variety, and proportionality. The scoring uses food databases that contain standard FGP serving sizes to identify servings from the five food groups and the fats and sweets category. Food intake data are scored using a paper and pencil questionnaire to determine an individual's compliance with the FGP. The scoring is designed to enhance the use of the FGP in school-based nutrition education programs as a learning tool to improve food choice behavior.
Child Care in the United States Today

This article describes the consumers and providers of child care in the United States. It uses data from nationally representative surveys and research studies conducted from the late 1960s through 1995 to examine the child care arrangements parents select for their young children, comparing today’s arrangements with those made by parents decades ago. It then discusses the availability of child care, examining both the number of child care spaces available and whether quality programs are available to suit the needs and resources of parents. The article concludes with speculation about how proposed new policies and continuing trends may lead to future changes in child care.
VitisNet: “Omics” Integration through Grapevine Molecular Networks

Background: Genomic data release for the grapevine has increased exponentially in the last five years. The Vitis vinifera genome has been sequenced and Vitis EST, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic tools and data sets continue to be developed. The next critical challenge is to provide biological meaning to this tremendous amount of data by annotating genes and integrating them within their biological context. We have developed and validated a system of Grapevine Molecular Networks (VitisNet). Methodology/Principal Findings: The sequences from the Vitis vinifera (cv. Pinot Noir PN40024) genome sequencing project and ESTs from the Vitis genus have been paired and the 39,424 resulting unique sequences have been manually annotated. Among these, 13,145 genes have been assigned to 219 networks. The pathway sets include 88 ‘‘Metabolic’’, 15 ‘‘Genetic Information Processing’’, 12 ‘‘Environmental Information Processing’’, 3 ‘‘Cellular Processes’’, 21 ‘‘Transport’’, and 80 ‘‘Transcription Factors’’. The quantitative data is loaded onto molecular networks, allowing the simultaneous visualization of changes in the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome for a given experiment. Conclusions/Significance: VitisNet uses manually annotated networks in SBML or XML format, enabling the integration of large datasets, streamlining biological functional processing, and improving the understanding of dynamic processes in systems biology experiments. VitisNet is grounded in the Vitis vinifera genome (currently at 8x coverage) and can be readily updated with subsequent updates of the genome or biochemical discoveries. The molecular network files can be dynamically searched by pathway name or individual genes, proteins, or metabolites through the MetNet Pathway database and web-portal at http://metnet3.vrac.iastate.edu/. All VitisNet files including the manual annotation of the grape genome encompassing pathway names, individual genes, their genome identifier, and chromosome location can be accessed and downloaded from the VitisNet tab at http://vitis-dormancy.sdstate.org.
Mechanism of iron potentiation of hepatic uroporphyria: Studies in cultured chick embryo liver cells

Effects of iron were studied in cultured chick embryo liver cells to help elucidate the effect of hepatic iron in the human disease porphyria cutanea tarda and in toxic porphyria caused by chemicals. These cultures have proven useful because (a) phenobarbital and phenobarbital-like drugs induce a common form(s) of cytochrome P-450 (P-450-phenobarbital) in these cultures; (b) 20-methylcholanthrene and certain other polycyclic hydrocarbons induce a different form(s) (P-450-methylchol-anthrene), and (c) uroporphyria can be produced rapidly by exposure to suitable chemicals. In these cultures, treatment with iron alone did not produce porphyrin accumulation, and treatment with iron + 5-aminolevulinate caused accumulation of protoporphyrin, as did treatment with 5-aminolevulinate alone. However, treatment with phenobarbital-like drugs and iron, the latter at a concentration as low as 0.2 microM, led to accumulation of uro- and heptacarboxylporphyrins. Potentiation of uroporphyrin accumulation by iron began before there was a detectable synergistic increase in activity of 5-aminolevulinate synthase, the rate-controlling enzyme of heme synthesis. In contrast, treatment of cultures with 20-methylcholanthrene, in the presence or absence of iron, did not result in uroporphyrin accumulation or an increase in the activity of 5-aminolevulinate synthase. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity was unchanged by drug and iron treatments. Inhibitors of P-450-phenobarbital, SKF525A and piperonyl butoxide, as well as cadmium and cycloheximide prevented the porphyrin accumulation produced by glutethimide + iron, even though, except with cycloheximide, these substances further increased 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity. In vitro, uroporphyrin was oxidized autocatalytically by iron. In intact hepatocytes, even low concentrations of iron (0.2 to 20 microM), in the presence of a form of cytochrome P-450 induced by phenobarbital-like chemicals, produces uroporphyria primarily by enhancing uroporphyrinogen oxidation, not by inhibition of the decarboxylase. Induction of 5-aminolevulinate synthase amplifies the porphyrin overproduction.
Improved compressor performance using recessed clearance (trenches)

A systematic investigation of the effects on compressor performance of recessing (trenching) the case over the rotor tips was conducted in a four-stage research compressor. Variations in the slope and depth of the trench, rotor tip penetration into the trench, distances of start and termination of the trench relative to the blade edges, and rotor-tip clearances were evaluated. The effects of each geometric parameter on compressor efficiency and stall margin were determined. A new sloped trench configuration was developed and found to be superior to any other trench configuration tested, giving in one case a 0.5 point improvement in efficiency without adversely affecting stall margin.
Comparison of acid neutralizing and non-acid neutralizing stress ulcer prophylaxis in thermally injured patients.

We have compared the effectiveness of non-acid neutralizing stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUC) with sucralfate (n=48) with that of acid neutralizing prophylaxis (AN) utilizing antacids and cimetidine (n=48) in the prevention of stress ulcer bleeding and nosocomial pneumonia (PN) in thermally injured patients. In the subset of intubated patients, the incidence of PN was 17.8% and 42.8% in the AN and SUC groups, respectively (p<0.05) despite a similar postburn time of onset of pneumonia. Ten patients in each group died. Three patients in the SUC group developed upper GI bleeding with one requiring gastrectomy. Bacterial colonization of the upper airway occurred in virtually all patients, whereas 83% (SUC) and 96% (AN) had colonization of gastric contents
The Next Generation Science Standards are Coming to Wisconsin

The Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium provided the state science leadership team with a grant that funded a meeting of the state appointed science leadership team. Occurring at a critical time, the team was able to respond to a draft the of the Next Generation Science Standards on behalf of science teachers around the state. The team then was able to develop a comprehensive plan of implementation for the standards.
Water Distribution Studies Within Microcrystalline Cellulose and Chitosan using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Dynamic Vapor Sorption Analysis

Abstract The objective of the study was to assess and compare the interaction and distribution of water within microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and chitosan by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic vapor sorption analysis. The amounts of nonfreezing and freezing water in hydrated samples were determined from melting endotherms obtained by DSC. After accounting for the percent crystallinity of MCC and chitosan, no statistically significant difference was observed in their ability to bind water molecules per repeating unit at the minimum water content at which freezing water is evident. Exposure of chitosan to water for 30 min was sufficient to achieve equilibration at 61% w/w actual water content. The moisture sorption profiles were analyzed according to the GAB and Young and Nelson equations. The adsorbed monolayer, externally adsorbed moisture, and internally absorbed moisture were not statistically different for MCC and chitosan after accounting for the amorphous content of the polymers. These studies suggest that chitosan can act as a “molecular sponge,” and thus aid in the production of beads by extrusion and spheronization. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93: 1766–1779, 2004
Zearalenol and 8'-hydroxyzearalenone from Fusarium roseum.

Fusarium roseum f. sp.gibbosum andF. roseum f. sp.semitectum were isolated from blighted culms of grain sorghum. Zearalenol and 8′-hydroxyzearalenone were produced by these isolates cultured on grain sorghum or cracked yellow field corn. Zearalenol is reported to have uterotropic activity and might be an important mycotoxin in sorghum.
Infinite populations and counterfactual frequencies in evolutionary theory.

Abstract One finds intertwined with ideas at the core of evolutionary theory claims about frequencies in counterfactual and infinitely large populations of organisms, as well as in sets of populations of organisms. One also finds claims about frequencies in counterfactual and infinitely large populations—of events—at the core of an answer to a question concerning the foundations of evolutionary theory. The question is this: to what do the numerical probabilities found throughout evolutionary theory correspond? The answer in question says that evolutionary probabilities are ‘hypothetical frequencies’ (including what are sometimes called ‘long-run frequencies’ and ‘long-run propensities’). In this paper, I review two arguments against hypothetical frequencies. The arguments have implications for the interpretation of evolutionary probabilities, but more importantly, they seem to raise problems for biologists’ claims about frequencies in counterfactual or infinite populations of organisms and sets of populations of organisms. I argue that when properly understood, claims about frequencies in large and infinite populations of organisms and sets of populations are not threatened by the arguments. Seeing why gives us a clearer understanding of the nature of counterfactual and infinite population claims and probability in evolutionary theory.
Fast and Exact Simulation of Fractional Brownian Surfaces

Fractional Brownian surfaces are commonly used as models for landscapes and other physical processes in space. This work shows how to simulate fractional Brownian surfaces on a grid efficiently and exactly by embedding them in a periodic Gaussian random field and using the fast Fourier transform. Periodic embeddings are given that are proven to yield positive definite covariance functions and hence yield exact simulations for all possible densities of the simulation grid. Numerical results show these embeddings can sometimes be made more efficient in practice. Further numerical results show how the ideas developed for simulating fractional Brownian surfaces can be used for simulating other Gaussian random fields. The simulation methodology is used to study the behavior of a simple estimator of the parameters of a fractional Brownian surface.
Educating biologists in the 21st century: bioinformatics scientists versus bioinformatics technicians

For many years algorithms were taught exclusively to computer scientists, with relatively few students from other disciplines attending algorithms courses. A biology student in an algorithms class would be a surprising and unlikely (though not entirely unwelcome) guest in the 1990s. Things change; some biology students now take some sort of Algorithms 101. At the same time, curious computer science students often take Genetics 101. Here comes an important question of how to teach bioinformatics in the 21st century. Will we teach bioinformatics to future biology students as a collection of cookbook style recipes or as a computational science that first explain ideas and builds on applications afterwards? This is particularly important at the time when bioinformatics courses may soon become required for all graduate biology students in leading universities. Not to mention that some universities have already started undergraduate bioinformatics programs and the discussions are underway about adding new computational courses to the standard undergraduate biology curriculum a dramatic paradigm shift in biology education. Since bioinformatics is a computational science, a bioinformatics course should strive to present the principles and ideas that drive an algorithm’s design or explain a crux of a statistical approach, rather than to be a stamp-collection of the algorithms and statistical techniques themselves. Many existing bioinformatics books and courses reduce bioinformatics to a compendium of computational protocols without even trying to explain the computational ideas that drove the development of bioinformatics in the last 30 years. Other books (written by computer scientists for computer scientists) try to explain bioinformatics ideas at the level that is well above the computational level of most biologists. These books often fail to connect the computational ideas and applications thus reducing a biologist’s motivation to invest time and effort into such a book. We feel that focusing on ideas has more intellectual value and represents a long-term investment: protocols change quickly, but the computational ideas don’t seem to. However, the question of how to deliver these ideas
Musical metals: empirical rules and predictions for superconductivity theory and materials development

Abstract A search for empirical rules for superconductivity in materials on X=O, N, C, B… etc. suggests a common origin and requirements for covalency and pairing of radical bonds with focus on the electronegative subspecies. For the cuprates an empirical linear Tc filling and overfilling dependence, which is universally calibrated to the electronegative species, indicates the involvement of a common optimal charge order. For the cuprates, maximum Tc=167 K is extrapolated from the charge order constraints but higher values should be obtainable in B and C containing systems, based on similar considerations. The high hole concentrations and the low coherence lengths for the cuprates indicate great proximity in the pairing in real space involving the overlapping anionic species. A charge ordering along strings of alternate pairs is indicated. The optimal charge order corresponds to the densest packing of these strings (alternate charge order P2 corresponding to formal Cu2.5+). Dilution of P2 results in striped underdoped materials. Cuprate phenomena, such as selfdoping steps under thermal stress, point to local elastic stress waves as pair correlation and propagation mechanisms and to lattice pressure as a universal origin for the phenomena. Lattice fit requirements place stripes exclusively into the O sublattice along lattice contraction lines. Several Tc decreases, conventionally referred to as overdoping, indicate various crystal chemical O− placement problems. Levels and limits of selfdoping on M=Bi, Hg, Tl analogs also reflect lattice pressure, induced, e.g. through E=Ba, Sr, allowing crystal chemical Tc design. Hole creation through overoxidation or selfdoping tends to a ‘musical’ level scheme, involving charge order energetics. Similar ideas also hold generally for related materials based on electronegative species.
Preeclampsia: mediadores moleculares del daño placentario

La preeclampsia se constituye como una de las complicaciones mas serias del embarazo y una causa importante de mortalidad materna y perinatal. Pese a ser una de las patologias del embarazo mas estudiadas, muchas dudas e incertidumbre rondan aun acerca de su mecanismo fisiopatologico. En esta revision se intenta hacer un analisis sobre las nuevas teorias acerca de la fisiopatologia de la preeclampsia, dando enfasis en las distintas moleculas que transfieren el dano placentario hacia el territorio sistemico.
Development and evaluation of realistic microbioassays in freely suspended droplets on a chip.

A novel technique for biomolecular detection in microliter droplets floating on the surface of high density oil is presented. Each droplet was captured and manipulated dielectrophoretically and was used as a site for a microscopic bioassay based on agglutination of antibody-conjugated particles. The results were read out by the pattern of unagglomerated gold nanoparticles collected on the droplet surface. Two formats of bioassays, namely gold only agglutination and gold and latex agglutination, were investigated experimentally by varying analyte concentration, particle size and concentration, number of antigen binding sites per particle, time for incubation, and rate of particle collection on the droplet surface. The microbioassays performance was also evaluated with ricin antibodies and compared to the ricin assays in field use. It is estimated that the droplet based assays require 100× smaller sample volume and are ten times more sensitive, though they require longer times to complete. The experiments were interpreted by modeling the kinetics of particle agglutination and mass transfer processes inside the droplets. The incubation time and antigen concentration values calculated by the model correlate well with the experimental results. The results could allow for development of efficient immunoassays on a chip requiring even smaller sample volumes.
Fine-structural localization of aldose reductase and ouabain-sensitive, K(+)-dependent p-nitro-phenylphosphatase in rat peripheral nerve.

Aldose reductase was visualized by light and electron microscopy using a goat anti-rat antibody with immunoperoxidase and immunogold, respectively. Ouabain-sensitive, K+-dependent, p-nitro-phenylphosphatase, a component of (Na+, K+)-ATPase, was localized at the electron microscopic level by enzyme histochemistry using p-nitro-phenylphosphate as substrate. In peripheral nerve, spinal ganglia and roots, the Schwann cell of myelinated fibers was the principal site of aldose reductase localization. Immunostaining was intense in the paranodal region and the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts as well as in cytoplasm of the terminal expansions of paranodal myelin lamellae and the nodal microvilli. Schwann cell cytoplasm of unmyelinated fibers were faintly labelled. Endoneurial vessel endothelia, pericytes and perineurium failed to bind appreciable amounts of aldose reductase antibody. However, mast cell granules bound antibody strongly. In contrast, p-nitro-phenylphosphatase reaction product was detected in the nodal axolemma, terminal loops of Schwann cell cytoplasm and the innermost layer of perineurial cells. In endothelial cells, reaction product was localized on either the luminal or abluminal, or on both luminal and abluminal plasmalemma. Endothelial vesicular profiles were often loaded with reaction product. Occasional staining of myelin and axonal organelles was noted. Mast cells lacked reaction product.
Systematic Reduction of Data Movement in Algebraic Multigrid Solvers

Algebraic Multigrid (AMG) solvers find wide use in scientific simulation codes. Their ideal computational complexity makes them especially attractive for solving large problems on parallel machines. However, they also involve a substantial amount of data movement, posing challenges to performance and scalability. In this paper, we present an algorithm that provides a systematic means of reducing data movement in AMG. The algorithm operates by gathering and redistributing the problem data to reduce the need to move it on the communication-intensive coarse grid portion of AMG. The data is gathered in a way that ensures data locality by keeping data movement confined to specific regions of the machine. Any decision to gather data is made systematically through the means of a performance model. This approach results in substantial speedups on a multicore cluster when using AMG to solve a variety of test problems.
Parents' understanding of and guilt over their children's blood glucose control.

Parents (n =145) of 86 children with diabetes who attended an educational seminar wrote anonymous responses to questions about poor glycemic control, guilt feelings, and coping behaviors. Children from this group were similar to our clinic population in age, sex, duration of diabetes, and HbA1 levels. Results revealed a wide range of ideas about the meaning of poor control, intense feelings of guilt, and maladaptive responses. The largest number of parents had feelings of guilt relating to dietary issues. Parents of children with diabetes have stresses that frequently may go unrecognized and may require professional help to overcome.
Effect of co‐administration of nelfinavir and covariates on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in ACTG 388 trial

Pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions among HIV protease inhibitors are expected, as most are substrates for, and inhibitors of, CYP3A4. The goal of this PK analysis was to explore mechanisms for the differences observed in indinavir (IDV) PK among treatment arms (IDV alone, ARM1 or with nelfinavir (NFV), ARM3) in clinical trial ACTG 388 in which HIV-positive patients received IDV 800 mg TID or 1000–1200 mg BID with NFV as part of a multi-drug regimen including lamivudine and zidovudine. Two hundred thirty-four patients provided a total of 727 IDV concentration measurements. These were drawn at week 2 (12 (8) h PK study for ARM3 (1), approximately 10 (8) samples/study; 18 patients) and at week 40 (12h PK study for arm 3, approximately 10 samples/study; 7 patients). An additional random (“population”) sample was drawn at one or more follow-up visits (non-observed prior dose) in 230 patients. A two-compartment PK disposition model with first order absorption and “well stirred” hepatic elimination was fit to the concentration data. The oral clearance (CL/F) of IDV was 49.2 L/h. IDV CL/F was significantly reduced with co-administration of NFV (-26%). Patient weight was associated with a marginal increase of IDV CL/F (5% higher CL/F/10 Kg; p<0.05). Neither gender, age, race, nor height were correlated with IDV CL/F. In conclusion, these data extend our original observation from a small intensive PK substudy and confirm that IDV CL/F was lower when combined with NFV. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P82–P82; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.315
Kinetics of NH formation and dissociation on Pt(111)

The kinetics of formation and dissociation of the NH species on the Pt(111) surface has been studied experimentally with time-resolved reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and theoretically with density functional theory (DFT). An intense and narrow peak at 3321 cm-1 due to the NH stretch vibration characterizes the NH species. This RAIRS peak enables the NH coverage to be accurately measured as a function of time during the formation and dissociation reactions. The experiment is performed by first preparing a well-ordered p(2 × 2)-N layer through oxydehydrogenation of NH3, then exposing the p(2 × 2)-N layer to H2 at low temperature. It is found that NH formation follows first-order kinetics, whereas the dissociation reaction follows second-order kinetics. Because NH is more stable on the surface than N and H, the dissociation rate is limited by the recombinative desorption of H2, which accounts for the observed reaction order. The experimental rate constants were compared with the correspo...
Sodium Poly(α,L-glutamate)/Ethylene Oxide-Propylene Oxide (Block and Random) Copolymer Macromolecular Complexes. Method of Preparation and Structure of Complex

Macromolecular complexes of sodium poly(α,L-glutamate) (PGNA) (molecular weight (MW) 1, 49 and 71 k) and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide tri-block copolymer (MW 8 400) have been prepared by a novel method involving dehydration of reverse micelles (DRM method). This series of complexes was compared with the complexes of PGNA (MW 1, 49 and 71 k)/ethylene oxide-propylene oxide random and tri-block copolymers prepared by the common method involving evaporation of aqueous mixtures (EAM method). By the DRM process fifteen times more copolymer was incorporated in the pure macromolecular complex than by the EAM process. CD spectra of the EAM series of complexes showed formation of α-helical PGNA conformation as evidenced by the observation of +ve peak at 194 nm and two –ve peaks at 201 and 221 nm. Formation of the α-helical conformation is further supported by FT-IR spectroscopy. On the other hand, CD spectra of the DRM macromolecular complexes showed neither α-helical nor random conformation, and the spectra may be attributed to a distorted helical PGNA conformation. DSC studies revealed that the copolymers in EAM macromolecular complexes were intimately blended with PGNA, while in the DRM series only 65% of the copolymer were blended at the molecular level, with the rest present as a pure copolymer domain. 23Na NMR spectra of both series of complexes showed presence of free sodium ions indicative of dissociated Na+—O dipolar interactions in aqueous solution. Hydrophobic interaction between PGNA and copolymer remained intact even in very dilute solutions of both series of complexes as observed by strong 2D-NOESY 1H NMR correlation between β and γ CH2 groups of PGNA and CH2 groups of copolymers. However, in the DRM series, only the CH2 groups of PEO blocks of the PEO-PPO-PEO copolymer showed the 2D-NOESY 1H NMR correlation indicating that only the PEO blocks are involved in the complex formation. The PPO block that had no interaction with PGNA may have formed pure PPO domains. NMR data combined with the DSC, CD and FT-IR data suggest that the structure of both series of macromolecular complex is a composite composed of copolymer molecules intimately interacting with PGNA chains. Interactions between β and γ groups of PGNA side groups with CH2 groups of the copolymer are involved in forming the complex. 2D-NOESY 1H NMR correlation further indicate that both the DRM and EAM series of macromolecular complexes are stable in water for at least seven weeks.
Specific impedance of rabbit cerebral cortex

In rabbits anesthetized with urethane, cortical impedance was measured by applying nonstimulating sinusoidal currents through a 20-μ platinum electrode. Voltage was recorded differentially from two similar electrodes. All three electrodes were within 1 mm of each other. The animal was grounded through a current-monitoring resistor. The EEG was monitored throughout the experiment. The frequency response of the system was flat from 0 to better than 100 kc/sec. A subsidiary experiment which measured the voltage changes in all directions from a 20-μ current source on the cortical surface showed that hemispherical symmetry was true out to 1.3 mm from the current source. The effect of current shunting by pial blood vessels was also determined. Plotted in polar form, the impedance locus was noncircular and left the real axis at 356 ohm-cm at 10 to 20 cycle/sec, had a maximum phase shift of ca 7° at 50 to 100 cycle/sec, and completed the loop at ca 5000 cycle/sec at 256 ohm-cm. At 20,000 to 50,000 cycle/sec another loop started to open. Nothing resembling an inductive component was seen.
Numerical Simulation of Full-Span Delta Wing Buffet at High Angle of Attack

In this work, the buffet of a full-span, highly flexible, 50-deg-sweep delta wing at high angle of attack is studied using a computational aeroelastic solver. The aeroelastic solver couples a second-order finite difference solution of the Euler equations to a large-rotation nonlinear finite element structural solver. Particular attention is paid to the poststall region, in which previous experiments on highly flexible low-sweep delta wings have noted increased buffet response accompanied by lift enhancement and a delay in stall. It is thought that these phenomena are due to the reorganization of the flow and reformation of a leading-edge vortex structure. The nature of this enhanced lift is studied here for the flexible delta wing at an angle of attack of 25 deg and a flow velocity of 30 m/s. Using a prescribed wing motion, it is shown that it is possible to predict lift enhancement by solving only the inviscid Euler equations. The enhanced lift is due to a reorganization of the flow and the resulting region of increased suction near the apex of the wing. It is found that the mode of wing vibration has little influence on the enhanced lift phenomena, because both a prescribed symmetric first-mode motion and a prescribed antisymmetric third-mode motion led to lift enhancement. It is also insensitive to the wing vibration frequency for the range of frequencies tested, with the concession that below some minimum frequency, lift enhancement does not occur. The amplitude of wing vibration has some effect on the time-averaged lift coefficient. Fully coupled aeroelastic computations were also performed in this study for the wing. The fully aeroelastic computation did not predict the enhanced structural dynamic behavior and lift that was observed in the experiment. The dominant dynamic response of the wing was near the first mode, which has a frequency that is too low to initiate flow organization and the resulting enhanced lift due to increased suction.
Pharmacokinetic profile of immediate-release omeprazole in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux associated with gastroparesis.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 516–522 Summary Background Immediate-release omeprazole has a more rapid absorption compared with delayed-release omeprazole in asymptomatic volunteers. However, effects of delayed gastric emptying on omeprazole absorption remain unknown. Aim To compare pharmacokinetics between immediate and delayed-release omeprazole in patients with GERD associated with gastroparesis. Methods Open-label, randomized, cross-over study was performed. Antireflux and prokinetic medications were discontinued. Subjects were randomized into: (i) Immediate-release omeprazole 40 mg suspension o.m. for 7 days, wash-out for 10–14 days, followed by delayed-release omeprazole 40 mg capsule o.m. for 7 days, or (ii) the same schedule in reverse order. On day 7, omeprazole concentrations were obtained before and up to 5 h after taking the study drug. Patient Assessment of GI Disorders–Symptom Severity Index was obtained. Results A total of 12 women (mean age 51 years) completed the protocol. Time to maximal omeprazole concentration was significantly shorter for omeprazole. Maximal concentration was significantly greater for omeprazole, but total area under concentration–time curves was similar. Pharmacokinetic profile was less variable for immediate compared with delayed-release omeprazole. Conclusions Immediate-release omeprazole was associated with a more rapid absorption and less variable pharmacokinetic profile compared with delayed-release omeprazole in reflux patients associated with gastroparesis.
Spherical Wave Scattering Matrix Description of Antenna Coupling in Arbitrary Environments

A framework is presented for investigating antenna coupling in arbitrary environments by way of antenna and environment scattering parameter matrices. The environment scattering parameter matrices are bona fide scattering parameters that describe the environment when all radiation ports are terminated with nonreflecting loads. Simplification of the antenna coupling equations leads to a second formulation that is compatible with classically-defined antenna scattering parameter matrices. A third formulation, based on an auxiliary set of matrices describing the environment's scattering when all unexcited radiation ports are open-circuited, extends the coupling formulation used in spherical near-field antenna measurements to arbitrary environments.
Efficient numerical methods for nonlinear-facilitated transport and exchange in a blood-tissue exchange unit

The analysis of experimental data obtained by the multiple-indicator method requires complex mathematical models for which capillary blood-tissue exchange (BTEX) units are the building blocks. This study presents a new, nonlinear, two-region, axially distributed, single capillary, BTEX model. A facilitated transporter model is used to describe mass transfer between plasma and intracellular spaces. To provide fast and accurate solutions, numerical techniques suited to nonlinear convection-dominated problems are implemented. These techniques are the random choice method, an explicit Euler-Lagrange scheme, and the MacCormack method with and without flux correction. The accuracy of the numerical techniques is demonstrated, and their efficiencies are compared. The random choice, Euler-Lagrange and plain MacCormack method are the best numerical techniques for BTEX modeling. However, the random choice and Euler-Lagrange methods are preferred over the MacCormack method because they allow for the derivation of a heuristic criterion that makes the numerical methods stable without degrading their efficiency. Numerical solutions are also used to illustrate some nonlinear behaviors of the model and to show how the new BTEX model can be used to estimate parameters from experimental data.
Home Care of the High-risk Newborn

When a newborn at high risk because of prematurity is discharged from the hospital, the family involved faces a time of crisis. Because parents experience increased stress during the transition to home care, both the parents and their infant are vulnerable to the effects of the added stress on the family's health and well-being. Community nursing intervention is a necessary component of care for the family of a high-risk newborn. Nursing strategies that address specific counseling and teaching needs of the family of a high-risk newborn are presented.
Intraductal carcinoma of the breast: Follow-up after biopsy only

Twenty-eight women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast treated by biopsy only were identified in a histologic review of 11,760 biopsies performed between 1950 and 1968. Seven of the 25 women followed for more than three years developed invasive breast carcinoma, all in the same breast with a previously detected DCIS. Average follow-up interval for the 18 women not developing invasive carcinoma was 16 years. The invasive carcinomas presented clinically from three to ten years (average, 6.1) after the biopsies demonstrating DCIS. Four women with invasive carcinoma developed distant metastases following mastectomy. This study suggests that 28% of women treated with biopsy only for DCIS presenting as an incidental histologic finding will develop invasive carcinoma in a follow-up period of approximately 15 years.
Kinetics of biodegradation of mixtures of substrates in soil

Abstract A number of organic compounds were added to soil to determine their effects on the mineralization of P -nitrophenol (PNP) by indigenous soil microorganisms. At a concentration of 10 μgg −1 of soil, phenol slowed the initial rate but increased the final extent of mineralization (cumulative evolution of 14 CO 2 ) of 5 ng of radiolabeled PNP g −1 of soil, whereas glucose and glutamate had no effect. Glucose and glutamate at 500μg g −1 reduced the extent of PNP mineralization but did not change the shape of the mineralization curve. The reduction in extent was not a result of deficiencies of inorganic nutrients. The addition of phenol at 10μg g −1 of soil changed the curve of PNP mineralization from a nongrowth shape to a sigmoidal shape reflecting growth; however, no growth of the PNP-mineralizing population was indicated by most-probable-number counts. At 250 μg g −1 of soil, phenol prolonged the initial lag phase, the final extent of PNP mineralization and the abundance of PNP-mineralizing microorganisms. The simultaneous curves of phenol and PNP mineralization were fit by models describing the kinetics of mineralization of single and dual substrates, and the results indicate that the growth rates were the same for the populations using 5 ng PNP and 250 μg phenol g −1 . Phenol at 10 and 250 μg g −1 was not toxic to the populations carrying out the initial mineralization of acetate or glucose at 5 ng g −1 . The data show that growth on a second compound may substantially alter the kinetics of mineralization of low concentrations of organic chemicals in soil.
Cesium-137 from environmental sources in desert range cattle from 1962 through 1968.

Abstract Following the cessation of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in late 1962, cesium-137 concentrations in desert range cattle continued to increase for a year and then decreased following the trend in world-wide fallout. On the Nevada Test Site of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, range cattle soft-tissue concentrations of 147Cs reached a maximum earlier, indicating response to local contamination. Tissue 137Cs concentrations did not respond to small, isolated releases of fission products from underground testing. The levels of 137Cs observed were comparable with those found in meat elsewhere in the northern hemisphere.