cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Stevens coefficients for the prediction of magnetic transitions in pseudobinary R 1 − x R x ' Al 2 alloys: Application to Tm 1 − x Tb x Al 2

Recent heat-capacity and low-field magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed unusual magnetic phenomena occurring in Er${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$$R$${}_{x}$Al${}_{2}$ systems (where $R$ $=$ Dy,Tb) in the vicinity of a ``magic'' concentration of $x$ $=$ 0.25. Empirically, such behavior was attributed to different shapes of the 4f charge densities of the ${R}^{3+}$ ions, which are represented by the opposite signs of the second-order Stevens factors. Here we show that by using both the signs and magnitudes of the second- order Stevens factors, magnetic transitions can be predicted in a broader range of pseudobinary ${R}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{R}_{x}^{'}$Al${}_{2}$ alloys, where $R$ and $R$\ensuremath{'} are rare-earth metals that have opposite signs of second-order Stevens factors. The predictions have been verified using the Tm${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Tb${}_{x}$Al${}_{2}$ system as a model using x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, and heat-capacity measurements. First-principles calculations have also been performed to explore the behavior of the density of states near the Fermi level.
Acute and acute severe (fulminant) autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis frequently has an abrupt onset of symptoms, and it can present with acute liver failure. The abrupt presentation can indicate spontaneous exacerbation of a pre-existent chronic disease, newly created disease, a superimposed infectious or toxic injury, or new disease after viral infection, drug therapy, or liver transplantation. Deficiencies in the classical phenotype may include a low serum immunoglobulin G level and low or absent titers of the conventional autoantibodies. The original revised diagnostic scoring system of the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group can guide the diagnostic evaluation, but low scores do not preclude the diagnosis. Liver tissue examination is valuable to exclude viral-related or drug-induced liver injury and support the diagnosis by demonstrating centrilobular necrosis (usually with interface hepatitis), lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, hepatocyte rosettes, and fibrosis. Conventional therapy with prednisone and azathioprine induces clinical and laboratory improvement in 68–75 % of patients with acute presentations, and high dose prednisone or prednisolone (preferred drug) is effective in 20–100 % of patients with acute severe (fulminant) presentations. Failure to improve or worsening of any clinical or laboratory feature within 2 weeks of treatment or worsening of a mathematical model of end-stage liver disease within 7 days justifies liver transplantation in acute liver failure. Liver transplantation for acute severe (fulminant) autoimmune hepatitis is as successful as liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis with a chronic presentation and other types of acute liver failure (patient survival >1 year, 80–94 %). Liver transplantation should not be delayed or superseded by protracted corticosteroid therapy or the empiric institution of nonstandard medications.
Systemic administration of the endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC 11251 attenuates cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: dose study and review of endothelin-based therapies in the literature on cerebral vasospasm.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing evidence implicates endothelin (ET)-1 in the pathophysiological development of cerebral vasospasm. This study examined the ability of TBC 11251 (TBC), a new ET A receptor antagonist, to prevent vasospasm in a rabbit model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: Eighty-five New Zealand White rabbits were assigned to 1 of 10 groups. SAH was induced by injecting autologous blood into the cisterna magna. The treatment groups were as follows: 1) control (no SAH), 2) SAH alone, 3) SAH plus vehicle every 12 hours (BID), 4) SAH plus 5 mg/kg TBC BID, 5) SAH plus 10 mg/kg TBC BID, 6) SAH plus 20 mg/kg TBC BID, 7) SAH plus vehicle at 24 and 36 hours after SAH (24/36), 8) SAH plus 5 mg/kg TBC 24/36, 9) SAH plus 10 mg/kg TBC 24/36, and 10) SAH plus 20 mg/kg TBC 24/36. Animals were killed 48 hours after SAH, by perfusion-fixation, and then basilar arteries were histologically prepared and their cross-sectional areas were measured. RESULTS: The mean basilar artery cross-sectional area was constricted from 0.332 mm 2 in the control group to 0.131 mm 2 in the SAH alone group, 0.132 in the vehicle 24/36 group, and 0.125 in the vehicle BID group. All groups treated with TBC showed an increase in cross-sectional luminal basilar artery area, relative to the vehicle-treated groups. The 5 mg/kg TBC BID group exhibited a mean basilar artery area of 0.217 mm 2 , and the 10 mg/kg TBC BID group showed a mean basilar artery area of 0.240 mm 2 ; both groups were statistically improved, compared with the vehicle-treated groups (P < 0.05). No side effects were seen, and there were no differences in the mean arterial pressures between drug- and vehicle-treated groups. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that systemic administration of the ET A receptor antagonist TBC significantly attenuates cerebral vasospasm after SAH, thus providing additional support for the role of ET-1 in vasospasm.
Halonitroalkanes, Halonitriles, Haloamides, and N-Nitrosamines: A Critical Review of Nitrogenous Disinfection Byproduct Formation Pathways

Interest in the formation of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) has increased because toxicological research has indicated that they are often more genotoxic, cytotoxic, or carcinogenic than many of the carbonaceous disinfection byproducts (C-DBPs) that have been a focus for previous research. Moreover, population growth has forced utilities to exploit source waters impaired by wastewater effluents or algal blooms. Both waters feature higher levels of organic nitrogen, that might serve as N-DBP precursors. Utilities are exploring new disinfectant combinations to reduce the formation of regulated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. As some of these new combinations may promote N-DBP formation, characterization of N-DBP formation pathways is needed. Formation pathways for halonitroalkanes, halonitriles, haloamides, and N-nitrosamines associated with chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, UV, and chloramine disinfection are critically reviewed. Several important themes emerge from the review. First, ...
Biochemical control of melanogenesis and melanosomal organization

Current knowledge on the regulation of mammalian pigmentation at the genetic and biochemical level, and constituents that participate in melanosomal organization, is summarized. Approximately 25% of the more than 80 genes known to regulate pigmentation in mammals have been cloned and characterized to date. Almost half of those encode proteins that localize, either specifically or nonspecifically, to melanosomes; mutations in those genes generally lead to phenotypic changes in pigmentation as well as in other pleiotropic changes. The expression and function of these proteins not only affects phenotypic appearance, but also the properties of melanins, especially their photoprotective characteristics. Because many of those melanosomal proteins also serve as melanoma-specific targets, regulation of their expression has dramatic implications for immune targeting of malignant melanoma.
Rapid Simultaneous Amplification and Detection of the MBR/JH Chromosomal Translocation by Fluorescence Melting Curve Analysis

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and product analysis for the detection of chromosomal translocations, such as the t(14;18), has traditionally been a two-step process. PCR product detection has generally entailed gel electrophoresis and/or hybridization or sequencing for confirmation of assay specificity. Using a microvolume fluorimeter integrated with a thermal cycler and a PCR-compatible double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding fluorescent dye (SYBR Green I), we investigated the feasibility of simultaneous thermal amplification and detection of MBR/JH translocation products by fluorescence melting curve analysis. We analyzed DNA from 30 cases of lymphoproliferative disorders comprising 19 cases of previously documented MBR/JH-positive follicle center lymphoma and 11 reactive lymphadenopathies. The samples were coded and analyzed blindly for the presence of MBR/JH translocations by fluorescence melting curve analysis. We also performed dilutional assays using the MBR/JH-positive cell line SUDHL-6. Multiplex PCR for MBR/JH and β-globin was used to simultaneously assess sample adequacy. All (100%) of the 19 cases previously determined to be MBR/JH positive by conventional PCR analysis showed a characteristic sharp decrease in fluorescence at ∼90°C by melting curve analysis after amplification. Fluorescence melting peaks obtained by plotting the negative derivative of fluorescence over temperature (− d F/ d T) versus temperature ( T ) showed melting temperatures ( T m ) at 88.85 ± 1.15°C. In addition, multiplex assays using both MBR/JH and β-globin primers yielded easily distinguishable fluorescence melting peaks at ∼90°C and 81.2°C, respectively. Dilutional assays revealed that fluorescence melting curve analysis was more sensitive than conventional PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis with ultraviolet transillumination by as much as 100-fold. Simultaneous amplification and fluorescence melting curve analysis is a simple, reliable, and sensitive method for the detection of MBR/JH translocations. The feasibility of specific PCR product detection without electrophoresis or utilization of expensive fluorescently labeled probes makes this method attractive for routine molecular diagnostics.
Perfluoropropane gas in the management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Perfluoropropane (C 3 F 8 ), an expanding fluorinated hydrocarbon gas, was used as an adjunct to vitreous surgery in the management of 18 patients with retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ten patients had reattached retinas six months after disappearance of the gas. The average intraocular longevity of the gas in successful cases was 92 days; that in failed cases was 62.7 days. This difference was not statistically significant. However, internal retinal tamponade by longer-lasting gases appears to increase the rate of retinal reattachment in the surgical management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
The sudden approximation as applied to vibrationally inelastic scattering

Abstract The sudden approximation is used to calculate transition probabilities for vibrationally inelastic scattering in the c.m. energy range of 0.17–17 eV. The system studied was He+H 2 using the potential of Krauss and Mies. Effects of concurrent rotationally inelastic scattering and the orientation dependence of the potential were included in the calculations. In general, colinear collisions were found to give the largest energy transfer, although there were large transition probabilities for other orientations of the molecule and for non-zero impact parameters.
Robust Multiple Comparisons

Abstract The first-order terms of the joint Edgeworth expansion for the p Studentized M estimates of location in a oneway layout are presented and the probabilities that generate the Bonferroni, maximum modulus, and Scheffe methods of multiple inference are approximated. The validity-robustness of these methods, based on both classical estimators and a variety of M estimators, will be compared for increasing numbers of simultaneous comparisons. The Bonferroni and maximum modulus methods are seen to be nonrobust when many comparisons are made. Scheffe's method is more stable. These results are fairly independent of the choice of estimator. Monte Carlo results indicate these expansion approximated probabilities accurately reflect qualitative behavior and give reasonable numerical values for moderately trimmed M estimators, but are insufficiently accurate to generate critical points for heavily trimmed estimators.
Asymptotic numbers of non-equivalent codes in three notions of equivalence

Let be the set of all subspaces of . The following three groups act on : (i) the symmetric group on the coordinate positions of ; (ii) the group of monomial transformations of ; (iii) the group of semi-linear monomial transformations of . The orbits of under these actions are the equivalence classes of linear codes in under three notions of equivalence: permutation equivalence, monomial equivalence and equivalence. Let , , N n,q Γ denote the numbers of the orbits under the three actions on respectively. It was recently proved that as n → ∞, and . In this article, we show that , where q = pr and p is a prime.
Esmolol infusion during nitroprusside-induced hypotension: impact on hemodynamics, ventricular performance, and venous admixture.

Abstract The impact of esmolol infusion on hemodynamics, ventricular performance, venous admixture, sympathoadrenal, and renin-angiotensin system responses during sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced hypotension was studied in 11 patients undergoing lymph node dissection during general anesthesia with 60% nitrous oxide and fentanyl. Radial arterial and thermistor-tipped pulmonary catheters were employed for hemodynamic monitoring. Arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions, arterial plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma catecholamine levels were measured. Derived hemodynamic parameters and venous admixture (Qs/Qt) data were obtained from standard equations. Transesophageal echocardiography (6 patients) was used to assess left ventricular performance using the relationship between end-systolic wall stress (ESWS) and velocity of circumferential shortening (VCFC). After surgical incision, arterial hypotension was induced with SNP alone. Esmolol was infused at each of the following rates in sequence: 200, 300, and 400 μg/kg/min. Each esmolol infusion lasted 20 minutes and the SNP dose was adjusted to maintain MAP at 55 to 60 mm Hg. The mean dose of SNP required to induce hypotension was 5.5 μg/kg/min ± 0.5 SE. Compared to prehypotension values, SNP induced significant increases in Qs/Qt and reductions in PaO2, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and stroke volume index (SVI). Esmolol infusion caused dose-dependent (highest with 400 μg/kg/min) reductions in the SNP requirement, heart rate (HR), SVI, Qs/Qt, and PRA, and also led to significant increases in SVR and left ventricular (LV) internal diameter in diastole as well as systole. Furthermore, esmolol infusion was associated with a dose-dependent downward and leftward shift of the ESWS versus VCFC relationship, implying diminished contractility. These findings indicate that β-blockade with esmolol during SNP-induced hypotension is effective in reducing SNP dose requirement and PRA, while improving arterial oxygenation. However, in this setting, esmolol causes reductions in cardiac inotropic and chronotropic responses, resulting in diminished ventricular performance.
Voluntary contraction of middle ear muscles: effects on input impedance, energy reflectance and spontaneous otoacoustic emissions.

Abstract Two types of measurements were performed on a subject able to voluntarily contract her middle ear muscles (MEM). First, wideband measurements (0–11 kHz) of middle ear input impedance and energy reflectance were obtained when the subject was relaxed and when she contracted her MEM. The changes in impedance observed with voluntary MEM contraction were similar to those reported in the literature for acoustically-elicited MEM contractions. The energy reflectance increased for frequencies below about 4 kHz. Second, the effects of voluntary MEM contraction on the frequencies and levels of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) were measured and compared to effects evoked by contralateral acoustic stimulation. Effects on SOAEs appear to be a more sensitive indicator of MEM activity than changes in impedance, and the effects due to voluntary MEM contraction were qualitatively similar to those evoked by contralateral acoustic stimulation. These results suggest that in subjects with normally-functioning middle ears, only some effects on otoacoustic emissions caused by contralateral stimuli whose levels are below the contralateral acoustic reflex threshold can be unequivocally attributed to the action of cochlear efferents. The temporal aspects of SOAE frequency shifts caused by voluntary contraction of MEM show that voluntary contraction fatigues rapidly over a time period of tens of seconds.
Biophysical characterization of the olfactomedin domain of myocilin, an extracellular matrix protein implicated in inherited forms of glaucoma

Myocilin is an eye protein found in the trabecular extracellular matrix (TEM), within the anatomic region that controls fluid flow. Variants of myocilin, localized to its olfactomedin (OLF) domain, have been linked to inherited forms of glaucoma, a disease associated with elevated intraocular pressure. OLF domains have also been implicated in psychiatric diseases and cancers by their involvement in signaling, neuronal growth, and development. However, molecular characterization of OLFs has been hampered by challenges in recombinant expression, a hurdle we have recently overcome for the myocilin OLF domain (myoc-OLF). Here, we report the first detailed solution biophysical characterization of myoc-OLF to gain insight into its structure and function. Myoc-OLF is stable in the presence of glycosaminoglycans, as well as in a wide pH range in buffers with functional groups reminiscent of such glycosaminoglycans. Circular dichroism (CD) reveals significant β-sheet and β-turn secondary structure. Unexpectedly, the CD signature is reminiscent of α-chymotrypsin as well as another ocular protein family, the βγ-crystallins. At neutral pH, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and CD melts indicate a highly cooperative transition with a melting temperature of ∼55 °C. Limited proteolysis combined with mass spectrometry reveals that the compact core structural domain of OLF consists of approximately residues 238-461, which retains the single disulfide bond and is as stable as the full myoc-OLF construct. The data presented here inform new testable hypotheses for interactions with specific TEM components, and will assist in design of therapeutic agents for myocilin glaucoma.
Predictors of Carotid Thickness and Plaque Progression During a Decade The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background and Purpose—Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque are noninvasive markers of subclinical arterial injury that predict incident cardiovascular disease. We evaluated predictors of longitudinal changes in IMT and new plaque during a decade in a longitudinal multiethnic cohort. Methods—Carotid IMT and plaque were evaluated in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants at exams 1 and 5, a mean (standard deviation) of 9.4 (0.5) years later. Far wall carotid IMT was measured in both common and internal carotid arteries. A plaque score was calculated from all carotid segments. Mixed-effects longitudinal and multivariate regression models evaluated associations of baseline risk factors and time-updated medication use with IMT progression and plaque formation. Results—The 3441 MESA participants were aged 60.3 (9.4) years (53% women; 26% blacks, 22% Hispanic, 13% Chinese); 1620 (47%) had carotid plaque. Mean common carotid artery IMT progression was 11.8 (12.8) μm/year, and...
Bouquets of Baer modules

Abstract In this paper some transcendental numbers are used to construct infinite-dimensional indecomposable Baer modules. Let R be a ring whose category of modules has a torsion theory. An R -module, M , is Baer if every extension of M by any torsion R -module splits. In this paper, R will be a path algebra, i.e., an algebra whose basis over a field K are the vertices and paths of a directed graph. Multiplication is given by path composition. When R is a path algebra obtained from an extended Coxeter-Dynkin diagram with no oriented cycles, we characterize Baer modules of countable rank. This characterization is used to show that modules constructed from Liouville sequences yield a family, = { B n } ∞ n =0 , of Baer modules satisfying the following conditions: every extension of B m by B n splits for every pair ( m,n ); if m ≠ n , B m is not isomorphic to B n , while automorphisms of B n are given by multiplications by nonzero elements of K . Each B n is shown to be a submodule of a rank-one module. Another application of our characterization is the determination of the rank-one modules with the property that every submodule of infinite rank has a nonzero direct summand that is Baer. In analogy with ℵ r -free modules, we define ℵ r -Baer modules and give an example of an ℵ 1 -Baer module that is not Baer. The existence of a Baer module, M , that is not a direct sum of Baer modules of countable rank is also proved. However every nonzero submodule of M has a nonzero direct summand. A problem suggested by these results is the existence and structure of indecomposable Baer modules of uncountable rank.
A numerical simulation of machining glass by dual CO2-laser beams

Abstract In the flat panel display (FPD) industry, lasers may be used to cut glass plates. In order to reduce the possibility of fracture in the process of cutting glass by lasers, the thermal stress has to be less than the critical rupture strength. In this paper, a dual-laser-beam method is proposed, where an off-focus CO 2 -laser beam was used to preheat the glass sample to reduce the thermal gradients and a focused CO 2 -laser beam was used to machine the glass. The distribution of the thermal stress and the temperature was simulated by using finite element analysis software, Ansys. The thermal stress was studied both when the glass sample was machined by a single CO 2 -laser beam and by dual CO 2 -laser beams. It was concluded that the thermal stress can be reduced by means of the dual-laser-beam method.
Metric fluctuations, entropy, and the Wheeler-deWitt equation

Quantization using quantum potentials is described in terms of momentum fluctuations, and it is related to Fisher information and entropy.
Practice changes in response to the malpractice litigation climate. Results of a Maryland physician survey.

Data from a 1987 survey of Maryland physicians in three specialties (internal medicine, family or general practice, and obstetrics-gynecology) were used to study the types of changes physicians have made in their practices during the last 2 years as a result of the current malpractice litigation climate. Overall, 51% reported making some type of practice change. The practice changes that physicians reported reflect both risk-reduction (e.g., increased use of tests) and risk-avoidance (e.g., cutting back high-risk patients) strategies, although risk-reduction actions were reported more frequently. Raising patient fees was also reported. Specialty predicts whether or not physicians make each type of change; in particular, obstetrician-gynecologists are more likely to report practice changes of all types. Prior litigation experience does not, in general, predict practice changes. The implications of the types of changes reported for access to care and costs of care were considered.
Origin, evolution and present thermal state of the Moon

The relative absence of lunar volcanism in the last 3,000,000,000 years and the Apollo 15 heat flow measurement suggest that present-day temperatures in the moon are approximately steady-state to depths of about 100 km. An exponential distribution of heat sources with depth may then be scaled by equating the surface heat flow to the integrated heat production of this exterior shell. Presumed present-day interior temperatures, as well as the present-day surface heat flow of about 30 erg/sq cm-sec, may be obtained with an initial temperature roughly corresponding to the Apollo 11 basalt solidus and exponential scaling of heat sources. The concentrations of U for an originally homogeneous moon are estimated to be about 0.009 micrograms per gram, close to that measured for eucrites and inferred for primitive inclusions of the Allende meteorite. The estimated homogeneous concentrations of U, the chemistry of the lunar surface material and inferences to modest depth, and the short accretion time of the moon necessary to provide large-scale differentiation at 4.6 AE suggest that the moon had its origin in the rapid accretion of compounds first condensing from the protoplanetary nebula.
Serial lateral hypothalamic destruction: infancy and adulthood.

Abstract Male and female albino rats sustained unilateral destruction of the lateral hypothalamic area as infants (10 days of age) or as adults (150 days of age). Also, rats receiving unilateral destruction of the lateral hypothalamic area as infants had their contralateral (intact) lateral hypothalamic area destroyed at 150 days of age, i.e., two-stage serial lateral hypothalamic area destruction separated by 140 days, thereby producing bilateral destruction. The animals were tested for homeostatic regulatory capacity. Loss of one lateral hypothalamic area during adulthood produced greater regulatory deficits than were produced by the loss of one during infancy. These results suggest that the intact lateral hypothalamic area of infant rats has greater capacity to maintain function than does the same intact area of adults. The regulatory deficits produced with two-stage lateral hypothalamic area destruction (one lateral hypothalamic area destroyed during infancy followed by destruction of the contralateral area during adulthood) were nearly identical to the deficits produced with one-stage bilateral destruction, i.e., the regulatory deficits were persistent and severe in spite of the fact that 140 days separated the two lesions. Thus, infant rats can maintain approximately normal regulatory capacity with one intact lateral hypothalamic area. This “sparing of function” was due to the intact lateral hypothalamic area, as its subsequent destruction produced more profound regulatory deficits than were produced with unilateral destruction of the lateral hypothalamic area sustained during adulthood. These results suggest that the “plasticity” of the infant lateral hypothalamic area is greater than that of the adult and that infantile “plasticity” is manifest by the capacity of the intact lateral hypothalamic area to subsume the function of the damaged contralateral area.
THE EFFECT OF PROSTATE VOLUME, AGE, TOTAL PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN LEVEL AND ACUTE INFLAMMATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF FREE SERUM PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN LEVELS IN MEN WITHOUT CLINICALLY DETECTABLE PROSTATE CANCER

AbstractPurpose: We determine the influence of age, prostate volume, total serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level and histological evidence of acute inflammation in biopsy specimens on the percent free serum PSA level in men without clinically detectable prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We studied 70 men with total PSA levels of 2.6 to 9.9 ng./ml. who had undergone at least 3 sets of prostate biopsies that were negative for cancer as part of our PSA based prostate cancer screening program. Total and free PSA levels were measured using Hybritech immunoassays. Prostate volume and the presence of acute inflammation were determined from the most recent transrectal ultrasonography and prostate needle biopsy.Results: Percent free PSA levels correlated significantly with age (r = 0.48, p = 0.0001) and prostate volume (r = 0.44, p = 0.0002) but not with total PSA (r = 0.04, p = 0.7). The mean percent free PSA did not differ for those with or without acute inflammation. Multivariate regression models de...
Reaction of cholesterol 5,6-epoxides with simulated gastric juice.

Cholesterol 5α,6α-epoxide (α-epoxide) and cholesterol 5β,6β-epoxide (β-epoxide) were individually suspended in simulated gastric juice (pH 1.2) at 37 C, and their reaction was followed by gradient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with flame ionization (FID) detection. Both epoxides reacted rapidly in the aqueous acid medium. The α-epoxide formed 6β-chlorocholestane-3β,5α-diol (α-chlorohydrin) and 5α-cholestane-3β,5,6β-triol (triol), while the β-epoxide formed 5α-chlorocholestane-3β,6β-diol (β-chlorohydrin) and triol. The isomeric chlorohydrins reacted further to form the triol. In mildly alkaline aqueous medium, each chlorohydrin reverted to the epoxide from which it was formed. The data suggest that both epoxides, which have been reported to have adverse health effects in animals, would be largely hydrolyzed in the stomach and to the triol, which also has been reported to have biological activity. The data furher suggest that residual chlorohydrins surviving stomach residence can be expected to revert to epoxide in the more alkaline intestinal environment.
Recapturing Moral Discourse in Evaluation

Theory and practice in evaluation in particular and in applied social science in general are principally focused on methodological issues and on instrumental conceptions of knowledge use while relegating questions about morals and values to the periphery. Drawing on recent writing in social and political philosophy, particularly the critique of the liberal democratic tradition, the author examines liberalist beliefs and their consequences for contemporary thinking about evaluation. He outlines an argument for restoring moral discourse to the center of our concerns about evaluation practice and examines what such a restoration might entail.
FEEDING TRACES ASSOCIATED WITH BIRD TRACKS FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS HAMAN FORMATION, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Abstract The bird track localities of the Republic of Korea are among the richest and most diverse avian tracksites in the world; however, no behavioral studies have been conducted with them. This paper examines the association of invertebrate traces, avian footprints, and small, enigmatic elongate and double-oval traces from silicone casts (KS001 and KS064) taken from two specimens from the Haman Formation near Jinju. Two distinct types of bird tracks are present: a larger type with a well-defined hallux impression on the majority of the tracks, Koreanaornis isp., and a smaller type without a clear hallux impression, K. hamanensis. Elongate traces interpreted to be peck marks and double-oval traces interpreted to be probe marks were found on KS001. The peck marks range from 4.0 to 11.2 mm long and average 7.6 mm in width. There are two distinct morphologies of probe marks which may represent different species or genera of birds. The large probe mark is 6.9 mm long and 2.9 mm wide, whereas the smaller pro...
PROTOSTELLAR OUTFLOWS: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON MESOSCOPIC STRUCTURE AND MACROSCOPIC FEEDBACK

This paper presents a brief review of new perspectives in the field of protostellar outflows concentrating on scales above those associated with the launch region (L > 10 AU). The formation and propagation of protostellar or Young Stellar Object (YSO) jets and collimated outflows has been intensively studied over the last 30 years with enormous progress being made in both theory and observations. As both the resolution and integration of observational platforms increases new features are revealed which have shifted the emphasis of research efforts. In this paper we review results in two different domains of YSO outflows research which focus on these new perspectives. We first review attempts to model jets as intrinsically heterogeneous (clumpy) systems. The role of sub-radial clumps (rc < rj) within a jet are explored and these models are differentiated from the classic paradigm of pulsed jets. In the second section we look at YSO jets in a global, environmental context. The ability of YSO jets and outflows to generate and/or sustain turbulence in star forming environments has been suggested as a major source of feedback in young clusters. Until recently this suggestion has been untested via direct simulations. We review new work on star formation outflow feedback and discuss issues for future studies.
Euler computations of AGARD Working Group 07 airfoil test cases

In an attempt to provide a set of accurate standard test problems for computational code developers, a series of inviscid airfoil test cases were chosen by the AGARD Working Group 07, a subpanel of the AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel. The cases include three different airfoils at transonic to supersonic conditions. A large number of international experts responded in this effort with computations that have been contrasted for accuracy and consistency. This paper is a summary of the authors' contribution to this study. In particular, the important aspects of the solution process that made it possible to obtain the high level of accuracy needed in this study are stressed.
Weak-Singlet Fermions: Models and Constraints

We employ data from precision electroweak tests and collider searches to derive constraints on the possibility that weak-singlet fermions mix with the ordinary standard model fermions. Our findings are presented within the context of a theory with weak-singlet partners for all ordinary fermions and theories in which only third-generation fermions mix with weak singlets. In addition, we indicate how our results can be applied more widely in theories containing exotic fermions.
Commissurotomies in children.

Although corpus callosotomy has been used since 1940 to treat severe, medically intractable seizure disorders, controversy remains as to when, or even if, the surgery should be performed. Unlike other types of surgical therapy of epilepsy where the epileptic focus is identified and removed, corpus callosotomy is used to interrupt the propagation of epileptic discharges. The procedure is primarily used in patients with secondarily generalized seizures in whom focal resections are not possible. Long-term follow-up studies of post-callosotomy patients are few and flawed by lack of accurate seizure counts and quality-of-life measures. Although it remains difficult to predict those patients who will benefit from the surgery, it appears that patients with "drop" attacks benefit the most from the procedure. (J Child Neurol 1994;9(Suppl):2S50-2S60).
Ingestion of Lepeophtheirus salmonis by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

Abstract Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is an exciting alternative approach to mono-culture aquaculture that reduces environmental impacts of commercial aquaculture systems by combining the cultivation of fed aquaculture species (finfish) with extractive aquaculture species (e.g., shellfish and seaweed). This increases the sustainability and profitability of finfish culture as the organic particulate wastes can be removed by the shellfish extractive component and dissolved inorganic nutrients are extracted by the seaweed component. Shellfish play a critical role in an IMTA system by extracting particulate bound organic nutrients; however they may also influence pathogen dynamics by serving as a reservoir or as a barrier for finfish pathogens, depending on pathogen physiologies. The sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis , has recently made a spectacular comeback as a major parasitic pest of farmed Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) in the Northeast of the United States. The re-emergence of this parasite is due to development of louse resistance to SLICE™, the drug of choice for treating L. salmonis infestations over the last decade. Incorporation of mussel crops on salmon farms may be an alternative method to reduce the infectious pressure of sea lice on farms if mussels can consume copepodids, the planktonic and infectious stage of sea lice. Our study demonstrated that mussels can remove copepodids from the water column. Individual mussels were exposed to copepodids (200 copepodids l −1 ) for 30- and 60-min durations. Copepodids were observed in the buccal cavity and in stomach contents. Molecular analyses confirmed the presence of copepodids in mussel stomach contents.
Objective and strategy determination: Some empirical results

Abstract A considerable amount of normative research exists on how managers should set objectives and accompanying strategies, but there has been little descriptive work on how such decisions are made. In this paper, two aspects of the objective/strategy setting task are examined. First, it is determined that a small number of general strategic thrusts underlie the large number of objective/strategic options available. Second, firm descriptor variables consistent with competitive analysis models explain much of the variance in managerially-assessed objective-strategy selection and indicate relationships consistent with strategic planning theory.
Cimetidine and Theophylline

Excerpt To the editor: We were interested in the article by Reitberg and associates (1) describing a decreased theophylline clearance in six volunteers given cimetidine. We recently cared for a pat...
The Teleostean Swim-bladder

THE enigmatic secretion of gas into the teleostean swim-bladder has been attributed to the acidification of the blood bathing the gas gland epithelium1. The resultant local changes of pH, pCO2 and pO2 are thought to be sequestered from the rest of the circulation by counter-current exchange in the rete mirabile. This has been the only credible explanation; but its acceptance has rested upon its credibility. Even though the isolated gas gland epithelium actively converts glucose to lactic acid2, there has been no evidence, either in vivo or in vitro, for an oriented hydrogen-ion extrusion into the solution bathing the serosal surface of the epithelium, the surface normally bathed by blood.
Assessing vegetation types of Big Bend National Park, Texas for image-based mapping

Aerial photo interpretation and satellite image processing are techniques pervasive in contemporary vegetation mapping. Usually the vegetation categories selected for mapping are either previously defined from an existing classification or are formulated in a descriptive, or qualitative, manner. Quantitative analysis tends to be concentrated upon identifying the spectral characteristics of the categories from the remotely sensed data. In this work, a quantitative comparison is made among twenty prospective categories for mapping vegetation cover within Big Bend National Park, Texas. Vegetation types were subjectively identified at 131 sites within the park. Each site was also examined numerically by measuring the extent of the floristic and lifeform constituents sampled within the site. A cluster analysis was performed using measures of floristic similarity and lifeform similarity among the sites. A dendrogram was constructed as part of the cluster analysis. Most of the category names corresponded to groupings interpreted on the dendrogram. Sites within these groupings typify the character of the vegetation cover, so their locations can also be used to derive spectral statistics for the purpose of mapping. While correspondences also suggest that vegetation cover may be reliably identified qualitatively in the field, several sites were either outliers of categories or were anomalous to the classification. Some vegetation types were inseparable on the dendrogram or were closely linked. Such categories may be difficult to spectrally distinguish on remotely sensed scenes.
Diversity, phenology, and elevational distribution of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera in American Fork Canyon, Utah

ABSTRACT. Although the aquatic insect fauna of Utah and their associated adult forms are well documented taxonomically and biogeographically, little is known about seasonal and elevational patterns of aquatic insect diversity in individual Wasatch streams. We selected the American Fork River, a relatively pristine stream with little anthropogenic disturbance, as our target stream to investigate elevational distribution and seasonal phenology of adult forms of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT). From April to October in 2003 through 2005, a total of 71 adult forms of EPT species were documented along the American Fork River. No single sampling period captured more than 30 species, and richness per sampling period averaged 8 species for all sites combined. The mid-elevational site (1862 msl) was the most species rich, with 54 species of transitional fauna captured along the elevational gradient. As such, this site is an important reference for maximum potential richness. Plecoptera emerged ear...
The impact of early trauma on response to psychotherapy

Abstract The primary thesis of this paper is that most patients who have experienced sexual abuse or early loss of a parent are optimally treated with psychotherapy as a core component of their treatment, though pharmacotherapy is often also required. We briefly review the prevalence and clinical sequelae of early sexual abuse and parental loss. Then, we present an overview of a biopsychosocial model that can inform and guide clinical practice and serve as a heuristic framework for clinical research. We review the extant outcome studies with a focus on controlled clinical trials. We conclude with some practical clinical suggestions based on our experiences with treatment that combines psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for patients who have suffered from complex clinical syndromes secondary to abuse and parental loss during critical developmental periods of their lives.
Specification back-propagation and its application to DC fault simulation for analog/mixed-signal circuits

In this paper we present the specification backpropagation technique which enables one to derive the constraint of an internal functional block with respect to a given DC specification for an analog/mixed-signal system. Based on this technique, we implement an efficient fault simulator which reduces the required efforts by (1) removing undetectable faults from the fault list, and (2) performing fault simulation only locally for the fault block. Simulation results on an industrial design show a speedup factor of 7.2 with 98% correct classification of detected and undetected faults as compared with full-chip DC fault simulation.
Repulsive 3∑− and low-lying (⩾ 1.9 eV) 3∑+ states of BeO☆

Abstract Ab initio calculations have been carried out on the lowest 3 ∑ − and 3 ∑ + states of beryllium oxide. A “double zeta plus polarization” set of Slater functions was used. The self-consistent-field wavefunction for the 3 ∑ − state dissociates properly to ground state Be and O atoms and is repulsive. Electron correlation was explicitly considered for the 3 ∑ + state using “first-order” wavefunctions, which have yielded reliable dissociation energies for other diatomic molecules. The 3 ∑ + state, which has not been observed experimentally, is predicted to lie 1.91 eV above the lowest 1 ∑ + state. Predicted spectroscopic constants for the 3 ∑ + state are r e = 1.384 A, ω e = 1234 cm −1 , and B e = 1.527 cm −1 .
Labor relations at the shop floor level

The tenacious myth that a free economy and free society impoverish working people undergirds modern government interference in labor markets and legal privilege for adversarial labor unions. Managers are concerned about harmony and productivity at the shop floor level. The opposite characteristics of conflict, disco-ordination and inefficiency are anathema. Most of the union difficulties managers must cope with at the shop floor level stem from a fundamental source, namely the philosophy of collectivism. This paper analyzes the fable of labor's disadvantage, wage determination under personal and impersonal conditions, public policy toward labor contracts and the role of businessmen in making labor markets operate more efficiently.
CLOZE AND MAZE INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: DIFFERENCES AND DEFINITIONS

This article promulgates definitions of instructional cloze and instructional maze procedures. The basic facets of these techniques are clarified, and distinctions are drawn between instructional and diagnostic uses of both types of activity. The article concludes with a call for additional research and the development of both tests and teaching materials based on clearer definitions of the tasks involved.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ultrafast Laser Ablation of Fused Silica

In recent decades, ultrafast lasers have been used successfully to micro-machine fused silica. The high intensity laser pulses first excite valence electrons to the conduction band via photoionization and avalanche ionization. The excited free electrons absorb laser energy, and transfer its energy to the ions, resulting in the temperature rise. This ionization leads to significant changes in Coulomb forces among the atoms. Both thermal and non-thermal (Coulomb explosion) ablation processes have been discussed in the literature [1]. This work applies molecular dynamics technique to study the interaction between ultrafast laser pulses and fused silica and the resulting ablation. The main goal of this work is to investigate the ultrafast laser ablation process of fused silica, and to reveal the mechanisms leading to the material's removal. In this MD simulation, the equilibrium state of fused silica is first established at 300 K, and the laser heating and material removal processes are simulated. The ionization of the material and the energy coupling between the laser beam and free electrons and ions are considered. Thermal and non-thermal mechanisms of fused silica ablation are discussed based on calculation results.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Multimorbidity and its measurement

Multimorbidity is increasing in frequency. It can be quantitatively measured and is a major correlate of high use of health services resources of all types, especially over time. The ACG System for characterizing multimorbidity is the only widely used method that is based on combinations of different TYPES of diagnoses over time, rather than the presence or absence of particular conditions or numbers of conditions. It incorporates administrative data (as from claims forms or medical records) on all types of encounters and is not limited to diagnoses captured during hospitalizations or other places of encounter. It can be employed in any one or combination of analytic models, and can incorporate medication use if desired. It is being used in clinical care, management of health services resources, in health services research to control for degree of morbidity, and in understanding morbidity patterns over time. In addition to its research uses, it is being employed in many countries in various applications as a policy to better understand health needs of populations and tailor health services resources to health needs.
Dose-dependent induction of mRNAs encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor and heat-shock protein-72 after cortical spreading depression in the rat

Previous studies have demonstrated that cortical spreading depression (CSD) increases the expression of putative neuroprotective proteins. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between the number of episodes of CSD and steady-state levels of mRNAs encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), heat-shock protein-72 (hsp72) and c-fos. Wistar rats were administered one, five, or twenty-five episodes of CSD evoked by application of 2 M KCl to the frontal cortex of one hemisphere. Animals were permitted to recover for 30 min, 2 h or 24 h prior to sacrifice. Total RNA was isolated from the parietal cortex of each hemisphere and analyzed using Northern blots. At 30 min recovery, levels of BDNF mRNA were not significantly elevated after 1 episode of CSD, but were increased 4-fold after five episodes of CSD and 11-fold after twenty-five episodes of CSD, relative to levels in the contralateral hemisphere. At 2 h recovery, BDNF mRNA levels increased 2-, 3- and 9-fold, respectively. At 24 h, BDNF mRNA had returned to control levels in all groups. Thus, CSD increased levels of BDNF mRNA in a dose-dependent fashion at the early recovery times. Hsp72 mRNA was below the level of detection after 1 and 5 episodes of CSD. However, after twenty-five episodes of CSD, hsp72 mRNA levels were increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere at 30 min and 2 h recovery. Unlike levels of BDNF and hsp72 mRNA, levels of c-fos mRNA were increased nearly to the same extent at 30 min and 2 h after one, five or twenty-five episodes of CSD before returning to control by 24 h recovery. These results demonstrate that CSD triggers a dose-dependent increase in the expression of genes encoding neuroprotective proteins, which may mediate tolerance to ischemia induced by CSD.