cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical and structural properties of proteins extracted from dehulled industrial hempseeds: Role of defatting process and precipitation pH

Abstract Hempseed has been identified as a good source of plant proteins, which is characterized with high quality, such as well-balanced amino acids profile and excellent digestibility. Most of hempseed protein isolate (HPI) obtained in previous studies were prepared from whole meal or hexane-defatted flour and precipitated unanimously at pH 5.0 of alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation (AE−IEP) method. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of precipitation pH and defatting solvent on the chemical composition, structure and functional properties of HPI. Our findings suggested that HPI prepared from hexane/Folch defatted hemp flour at pH 6.0 precipitation exhibited increased extraction and protein recovery yields with higher protein purity (93.26%) and desired nutrition profile. In addition, Folch defatting process in combination with precipitation at pH 6.0 accumulated more edestin protein in HPI with more β-sheet structure and higher thermal stability. The aromatic profile determined by HS-SPME-GC-MS showed that Folch defatting process lowered the level of terpenes as well as secondary lipid oxidation products. The present work demonstrated that additional polar solvent defatting process could remarkable increase the physicochemical properties of HPI with cleaner aromatic profile.
Unexpected Synergy: Macrophages and Schwann Cells Modulate Pathology in a Newborn Disease through a Shared Substrate.

Krabbe disease is characterized by GALC deficiency and Schwann cell impairment. In a recent issue of Neuron, Weinstock et al. (2020) show that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, an established therapy, improves pathology in a mouse model through an unexpected GALC-dependent mechanism, i.e., by providing functional macrophages capable of phagocytosis, rather than by supplying GALC for Schwann cell function.
How to build an HIV out of care watch list: Remaking HIV surveillance in the era of treatment as prevention

This paper describes how state and local departments of public health (DPHs) in the United States build HIV “out of care” lists using “Data to Care” guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). DPHs use these lists in prevention outreach and contact tracing. DPHs build out of care lists using data sent to them by laboratories every time a clinician orders routine HIV-related bloodwork for a patient. If a person does not report bloodwork, or shows poor results, they can be placed on an out of care list. The processes DPHs use to construct and refine lists show how HIV care data changed during the 2010s, transforming from a class of sensitive information with many restrictions governing its exchange into a class of data that is accompanied by a mandate for public health actors to exchange and utilize it in a variety of programs. Re-uses of HIV care data for prevention follow confirmation that antiretroviral therapy for HIV is an effective way to prevent transmission, a paradigm called “treatment as prevention.” DPH personnel enhance lists by conducting investigations, matching lists against medical records, utilizing people search tools such as LexisNexis, searching social media platforms, and other methods. This can include collaboration with correctional and law enforcement agencies — a concern in jurisdictions where HIV nondisclosure is criminalized. Public health re-uses of HIV data are done without consent. This paper focuses on the labor and ethics of building HIV out of care lists, drawing on archival health policy data, fieldwork with the HIV/AIDS workforce in metropolitan Atlanta, and a literature review.
A sexual minority model of flourishing: Examining the interactions among negative emotions, positive emotions, and sexual orientation identity status

Introduction: Much of the sexual minority literature is developed from a deficit-based perspective with little consideration for flourishing. The purpose of the current study is to determine whethe...
Repairability analysis of the energy gas turbine rotor blade second stage shroud by high-temperature brazing

The article considers the repair of the energy gas turbine rotor blade second stage shroud. The paper presents an analysis of the possibility of the repair consisting of the replacement of both labyrinth and honeycomb seals by the high-temperature brazing process. All the steps of the repair process were discussed and the results of microscopic metallographic evaluation using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope were presented. Several advantages related to the use of this technology were indicated.
Plant transpiration in constructed treatment wetland: Effects on water budget and management consequences.

Abstract Plant transpiration is an important feature of wetlands with biological and hydraulic impacts. The global objective of this study was to question the influence of transpirational water losses on constructed treatment wetland water budget for a variety of wetland design and time of the year. Biomass and transpiration field measurements were carried out in constructed treatment wetlands (CTWs) submitted to oceanic climate and used for waste- or stormwater management. Measurements were carried out during spring, summer and fall. Biomass and transpiration rate were both significantly affected by season and site configuration, although the effect appears more sharply for season than for site. Transpiration can reach 26% of the incoming flow during the warmest part of the year for wastewater management CTW, when the effect on adjacent water courses is likely to be the most significant. The impact on multi-monthly water budget plummets to 2% of the incoming water volume. For stormwater CTW, transpiration can lead to strong water scarcity, virtually emptying all available water in these stochastically fed systems. As transpiration also plays a significant role in biogeochemical processes in wetlands, it seems important to design this type of ecological infrastructure in close relation with the pursued objectives, be it either the quality of outlet water (emphasis on treatment efficiency) or the quantity of outlet water (emphasis on flow regulation).
Detecting diabetic retinopathy through machine learning on electronic health record data from an urban, safety net healthcare system.

Objective Clinical guidelines recommend annual eye examinations to detect diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with diabetes. However, timely DR detection remains a problem in medically underserved and under-resourced settings in the United States. Machine learning that identifies patients with latent/undiagnosed DR could help to address this problem. Materials and methods Using electronic health record data from 40 631 unique diabetic patients seen at Los Angeles County Department of Health Services healthcare facilities between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017, we compared ten machine learning environments, including five classifier models, for assessing the presence or absence of DR. We also used data from a distinct set of 9300 diabetic patients seen between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018 as an external validation set. Results Following feature subset selection, the classifier with the best AUC on the external validation set was a deep neural network using majority class undersampling, with an AUC of 0.8, the sensitivity of 72.17%, and specificity of 74.2%. Discussion A deep neural network produced the best AUCs and sensitivity results on the test set and external validation set. Models are intended to be used to screen guideline noncompliant diabetic patients in an urban safety-net setting. Conclusion Machine learning on diabetic patients' routinely collected clinical data could help clinicians in safety-net settings to identify and target unscreened diabetic patients who potentially have undiagnosed DR.
Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cell Simulation With Reduced Absorber Thickness and Efficiency Exceeding 25

Monocrystalline solar cells (c-Si) are one of the best solar energy technologies. Since the early 1900’s c-Si has had one of the highest power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), compared to other types of solar energy technologies. A major down side to c-Si is the price. c-Si are the highest priced solar cells, selling for $0.254 to$0.455 per watt. The goal of this research is to find a c-Si device architecture that uses less material and still has a high PCE greater than 20%. By using Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures (wxAMPS), a solar cell simulation program, to vary and simulate the average c-Si solar cell design parameters. The changes of the c-Si were applied both to the n and p- type dopant layers modifying the thickness, hole mobility, and electron mobility. The simulations performed resulted in the current density – voltage (J-V curves), energy band gap, and the external quantum efficiency (EQE). The power conversion efficiency resulted in a PCE of 28%. The results of this research show that with a reduction in c-Si materials, the PCE is remains higher than many of the other solar energy photovoltaic technologies.
Complementary Vacuum Field Emission Transistor

A complementary vacuum field emission device structure is proposed, and its operation is analyzed by multiphysics simulation. A freely moving double-clamped cantilever, which balances the electrostatic attraction force and elastic restoration force, is used as the source electrode while the drain electrode is fixed. The electron-emitting cathode is formed on the source for the n-type device and on the drain for the p-type. Thus, complementary current–voltage characteristics are obtained only with Fowler–Nordheim tunneling electron transport. The impact of various design parameters such as vacuum gap, cantilever beam thickness, gate width, and tip offset on the drain and gate leakage currents is investigated. Inverter logic operation is verified successfully using complementary devices.
Schools and disasters: examining the evidence for K-12 settings across the emergency management phases.

Disasters may have profound impacts on children and schools. We reviewed the evidence on schools and disasters, and analyzed these impacts across the four main emergency management (EM) phases. We reviewed 190 abstracts from 60 journals published between 2000 and 2019, using the definitions of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery from the National Research Council. Over 48 percent of articles fell within two or more phases, particularly when they addressed popular topics such as disaster risk reduction. School safety and mitigation efforts, curriculum development and awareness training around disaster risk reduction, and the importance of cross-sector collaborations and partnerships emerged as common themes, identifying opportunities for research and practice in the process. A natural next step could be the creation of a centralized online databank for schools and administrators who need access to resources such as survey and evaluation instruments, risk / threat assessment methodologies, cultural competency training modules, and other tool kits. Use of the EM phases increases the ability to exchange ideas and actionable approaches to EM research and policy practice for school-aged children.
Effect of host diet on production of organic acids and methane by cockroach gut bacteria.

The effect of high-fiber diets on microbial populations and processes in cockroach guts was investigated by feeding American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) milled cereal leaves, milled corn cob, or commercial bran-type breakfast cereal in place of the commonly used laboratory diet of dog chow. The activities and numbers of specific gut bacteria varied significantly with the insect9s diet and developmental stage. Acetate and lactate were the principal organic acids present in the gut fluid of adult cockroaches and occurred at concentrations of up to 17 and 8 mM, respectively. These acids were most abundant in the gut fluid of dog chow-fed insects, and the greatest amounts were generally found in the foregut and midgut regions. Foreguts of dog chow-fed cockroaches contained an abundant population of lactic acid bacteria that formed acetate and lactate from endogenous hexoses present in the foregut. When adult cockroaches were fed dog chow amended with antibacterial drugs, (i) the concentrations of acetate, lactate, and total hexoses in gut fluid decreased significantly, (ii) the numbers of lactic acid bacteria in the foregut also decreased significantly, and (iii) the production of acetate and lactate by foregut homogenates was suppressed. It was estimated that acetate and lactate produced by bacteria in the foregut of dog chow-fed adult P. americana could support up to 14% of the insect9s respiratory requirement if taken up and used by the animal. When insects were fed high-fiber diets of bran cereal, cereal leaves, or corn cob, bacterial production of acetate and lactate in the foregut diminished.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Images
The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies

The greatest obstacle to sound economic policy is not entrenched special interests or rampant lobbying, but the popular misconceptions, irrational beliefs, and personal biases held by ordinary voters. This is economist Bryan Caplan's sobering assessment in this provocative and eye-opening book. Caplan argues that voters continually elect politicians who either share their biases or else pretend to, resulting in bad policies winning again and again by popular demand. Boldly calling into question our most basic assumptions about American politics, Caplan contends that democracy fails precisely because it does what voters want. Through an analysis of Americans' voting behavior and opinions on a range of economic issues, he makes the convincing case that noneconomists suffer from four prevailing biases: they underestimate the wisdom of the market mechanism, distrust foreigners, undervalue the benefits of conserving labor, and pessimistically believe the economy is going from bad to worse. Caplan lays out several bold ways to make democratic government work better--for example, urging economic educators to focus on correcting popular misconceptions and recommending that democracies do less and let markets take up the slack. The Myth of the Rational Voter takes an unflinching look at how people who vote under the influence of false beliefs ultimately end up with government that delivers lousy results. With the upcoming presidential election season drawing nearer, this thought-provoking book is sure to spark a long-overdue reappraisal of our elective system.
Molecular Display Technologies

Molecular display refers to the presentation or the display of molecules—mostly proteins and peptides—on the surface of a virus, a cell, or a molecular complex such as a ribosome or messenger RNA. The coding information of the displayed molecule is carried by the entity displaying it, thereby establishing a physical link between the properties (phenotype) and DNA sequence (genotype) of the displayed molecule. All molecular display techniques have in vivo or in vitro methods for enrichment by selective propagation of the molecule with the desired properties. This, along with the genotype–phenotype link, allows large numbers (up to 1014) of variations to be surveyed for the desired characteristics. These properties have made molecular display technologies a very valuable tool for the study of molecular interactions, the isolation of affinity reagents with increased affinities and stabilities, and the development of therapeutics with tissue- and cell-targeting capabilities. This article introduces different display methods, the types of random libraries most commonly used to isolate binders, and some of the interesting and creative applications of molecular display technologies in answering a variety of biological questions. Keywords: Antibody Mimetic; Affinity Reagent; Bacteriophage/phage; Binder; CDR; Fab; scFv
Loop Transformations for Prolog Programs

Parallel execution models for Prolog have generally focused on either AND or OR parallelism. In both cases the largest speedups come from recursive computations similar to procedural language loops. Parallel models to date, however, have neither treated this loop parallelism by a common implementation nor provided speedups comparable to automatic parallelizers for procedural languages. In this paper we present a framework for the use of loop transformations on Prolog programs. We show by critical path timing of several benchmarks that our transformations give a significant improvement over existing parallelization methods.
Site-specific valence-band photoemission study of α − Fe 2 O 3

We have measured the site-specific valence electronic structure of α-Fe 2 O 3 by using a spatially modulated x-ray standing wave as the excitation source for photoemission. Contributions to the valence-band density of states from oxygen and iron ions are separated by this method. Both a bonding and nonbonding state originating from oxygen ions are obtained. The valence densities of states from iron agree well with predictions based on configuration-interaction cluster calculations by Fujimori et al. [Phys. Rev. B 34, 1318 (1986)] which considered charge transfer from ligand to metal. The effects of strong hybridization between Fe and O valence states to x-ray emission and resonance photoemission are also evident.
Life-Cycle Investing: Financial Education and Consumer Protection

The third conference on the future of life-cycle saving and investing, entitled “Financial Education and Consumer Financial Protection,” was held at the Boston University School of Management on 23–25 May 2011. Like the previous two conferences, it was organized by Professor Zvi Bodie of Boston University and financially supported by the Research Foundation of CFA Institute, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, and Boston University. Also as in the previous conferences, speakers from a wide variety of disciplines, not just finance, offered their perspectives.
Analysis of Violence Against Women Act and the South Asian Immigrants in the United States

The issue of domestic violence among South Asian immigrant population in the United States is examined in the light of the Violence Against Women Act. The paper gives a background to the issue of domestic violence in the South Asian community and examines the Violence Against Women Acts of 1994, 2000 and 2005 with regard to issues affecting South Asian women. It addresses issues around marriage and has emphasized the difficulties of women with dependent immigration status. Policy alternatives are examined and discussed with regard to efficacy and efficiency of the policy.
Hypothalamic aromatase cytochrome P450 and 5α-reductase enzyme activities in pregnant and female rats

The metabolism of steroid hormones in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) is known to play a critical role in neural development, the modulation of neuroendocrine function and regulating sexual behavior. While the important biological functions of the aromatase enzyme are well established, the importance of brain 5alpha-reductase has been revealed and elucidated only in the last few years. The distribution and regulation of brain aromatase and 5alpha-reductase enzyme activities have been investigated for the most part in male rats. Therefore, in the present study, MBH aromatase cytochrome P450 and 5alpha-reductase activities were characterized in pregnant and female rats during postnatal development under various hormonal conditions. MBH aromatase activity was determined in each tissue sample using the 'tritiated water release' assay, whereas, the 5alpha-reductase rates were determined by thin layer chromatography and scintillation counting of the isolated 5alpha-metabolites. Both activities were highest in infantile animals, then declined with increasing postnatal age; whereas, in aged non-cycling or ovariectomized/adrenalectomized (Ovx/Adx) rats high rates of androgen metabolism were seen in MBH tissue. No significant alterations in MBH aromatase were observed when the 5alpha-reductase pathway was blocked in pregnant animals during late gestation with a known 5alpha-reductase inhibitor (Proscar). However, plasma estradiol levels were significantly increased in the Proscar-treated animals. These results indicate that: 1) the decreasing MBH aromatase and 5alpha-reductase profile (in infantile to adult cycling animals) is developmentally regulated, 2) evidently, there is a divergent regulatory mechanism controlling MBH aromatase versus 5alpha-reductase in aged animals where the aromatase activity increased in aged non-cycling and Ovx/Adx rats while 5alpha-reductase rates remained at moderate levels and, 3) apparently, the 5alpha-reductase pathway is not involved in regulating MBH aromatase activity during late pregnancy.
On-line sensing and estimation of laser surface modification by computer vision

Laser surface modification with alloying or remelting often yields unstable results. To achieve on-line control, process sensing and estimation are the key technologies. This paper introduces molten pool imaging as laser processing feedback. Well-contrasted molten pool images are acquired in experiments by eliminating the strong light from spatter and plasma. An algorithm for real-time image processing is developed that shows robust and high-speed performance. Analytical models of laser surface modification are studied using moving heat source models. The simplified analytical model shows a roughly linear relationship between laser power and depth of modified surface (molten depth). Based on key feature analysis in analytical models, an on-line estimation model of molten depth is built using a neural network, which applies a time- series of widths of the molten pools as an input vector. By controlling laser power, the neural network model is trained for different heat inputs in a transient process. The testing results by another group of experiments show that the on-line estimation model can predict the depth of the modified surface accurately.
Antitumor agents. 221. Buceracidins A and B, two new flavanones from Bucida buceras

As part of a study on antitumor agents from rainforest plants, two new flavanones, buceracidin A (1), 5,2‘-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7-(2‘ ‘,2‘ ‘-dimethylchromene)flavanone, and buceracidin B (2), 5,2‘-dihydroxy-6,7-(2‘ ‘,2‘ ‘-dimethylchromene)flavanone, were isolated together with four known prenylated flavanones, minimiflorin (3), 3-hydroxyminimiflorin (4), 3-methoxyminimiflorin (5), and mundulinol (6), from Bucida buceras. The structures of buceracidins A and B were elucidated from detailed 2D NMR analyses. Among the six flavanones, 3, 5, and 6 were marginally cytotoxic in a human tumor cell line panel.
Time, interference, and rate of presentation in short-term recognition memory for items

Abstract A list of 9 or 15 letters was presented at a rate of 1, 2, or 4 letters per second, followed by a test letter, followed by the subject's decision as to whether the test letter appeared in the previous list. The decay of trace strength was a simple exponential decay function of delay. However, the rate of decay was not constant for different rates of presentation, whether delay was measured in time or intervening items. Rather, time decay rate increased approximately linearly with presentation rate, but with a positive intercept, not a zero intercept as required by the hypothesis that delay is measured in intervening items. Decay rate for previous items appears to be greater during the time (less than 0.25 sec.) for acquisition of an item than during the time between acquisition of adjacent items.
Evaluating College Student Interest in Pet Therapy

The first year of college can be extremely stressful, especially for students residing on campus. Objective: The authors obtained information from college freshmen about their relationships with pets and investigated interest in a pet therapy program as social support for transient stressful periods. Participants: As part of a university orientation program, 246 college freshman attended 1 of 5 health issues sessions offered during the 2006-2007 academic year. Approximately 50 freshmen attended each session. Method: Participants completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the session, followed by a 20-minute presentation about pet therapy that ended with pet therapy visitation. Results: Students identified that visits with certified pet therapy dogs could be beneficial to college freshman during their first year away from home. Conclusions: These students indicated that a pet therapy program could temporarily fill the absence of previous support systems and be a catalyst for establishing new social rela...
Study of the Angular Dependence of a Prompt Gamma Detector Response during Proton Radiation Therapy

Abstract Purpose: Several studies have recently shown that the characteristics of prompt gamma (PG) rays emitted during proton radiation therapy are beneficial for verifying proton beam range during treatment delivery. Since PG rays are produced instantaneously upon the proton beam delivery, the viability of in vivo beam range verification using PG rays depends greatly on the design optimization of not only intrinsically highly efficient detectors, but also detector location around the beam to maximize detection efficiency. The purpose of this study is to characterize angular dependence of the PG detection rates as a function of proton beam energy to help develop the design of clinically feasible detectors. Materials and Methods: In this study as a part of the long-term goal of developing a clinically feasible multistage Compton camera, we performed a Monte Carlo–based study of the detector response in a water phantom over the clinical range of beam energies, 50 to 200 MeV, and characterized PG emission s...
Height growth modeling using second order differential equations and the importance of initial height growth

Abstract In a study of height growth patterns of quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan, we represented the height-age pattern using a second order ordinary differential equation with environmentally governed parameters. Solving a second order differential equation that has been converted to a system of two first order equations requires knowledge of, or information on, initial conditions for both state variables, height and height growth. We used the natural boundary condition, h ( t = 0) = 0. Initial conditions for the second state variable, height growth, were estimated when fitting the equations to observations. This paper reports our research to predict the initial height growth from stem analysis data, and to assess the sensitivity of predicted height to differences in initial condition estimates. We found initial height growth to be the single most important ‘parameter’ to be estimated in our model.
Doping of silica during sintering

The effect of temperature on the dopant concentration profile is studied for the case of fluorine doping of porous silica performs during sintering. The fluorine doping profile in a sintered blank is a function of relative rates of diffusion of fluorine carrying gas species through the porous preform, gas–solid reaction of fluorine species with silica preform and sintering of fluorine doped glass/soot. At low temperatures (<1225 °C), the rate of diffusion is much faster than the reaction and sintering rates and gas phase fluorine species (here taken to be SiF4) is able to easily reach the inner portions of the preform, resulting in very uniform doped profiles. However, as the temperature of the doping/sintering is increased, the rates of reaction and sintering increase at a much faster rate than diffusion. Therefore, at temperatures above 1275 °C, non-uniform fluorine doped profiles are obtained. At temperatures around 1350 °C, the sintering and reaction rates are such that fluorine cannot even reach the inner portions of the preform. A model is presented here which predicts fluorine doping behavior of silica preform during sintering. The model considers simultaneous diffusion of fluorine carrying gas species through the porous preform, gas–solid reaction of fluorine species with silica preform and sintering of fluorine doped glass. Predictions from the model are in agreement with the experimental trends reported in Deliso et al. [E.M. Deliso, C.E. Lacy, D.L. Marlatt, Method for controlling fluorine doping in soot preforms, US6263706 B1, 2001] and Dawes et al. [S.B. Dawes, A.P. Schermerhorn, V. Srikant, P. Tandon, Fluorine doping a soot preform, US Patent Application Publication No. US2002/0073740 A1, 2002].
Modified Darboux transformations with foreign auxiliary equations

Abstract We construct a new type of first-order Darboux transformations for the stationary Schrodinger equation. In contrast to the conventional case, our Darboux transformations support arbitrary (foreign) auxiliary equations. We show that among other applications, our formalism can be used to systematically construct Darboux transformations for Schrodinger equations with energy-dependent potentials, including a recent result (Lin et al., 2007) [16] as a special case.
Extent of chest wall invasion and survival in patients with lung cancer.

Abstract Background . The long-term survival after operation of patients with lung cancer involving the chest wall is known to be related to regional nodal involvement and completeness of resection, but it is not known whether the depth of chest wall involvement or the type of resection (extrapleural or en bloc) affects either the rate of local recurrence or survival. Methods . We retrospectively reviewed the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience between 1974 and 1993 of 334 patients undergoing surgical exploration for lung cancer involving the chest wall or parietal pleura. Results . Of 334 patients who underwent exploration, 175 had apparently complete (R0) resections, 94 had incomplete (R1 or R2) resections, and 65 underwent exploration without resection. The overall 5-year survival of R0 patients was 32%, of R1 or R2 patients 4%, and of patients undergoing exploration without resection 0%. In the patients undergoing R0 resections, the extent of chest wall involvement was limited to the parietal pleura in 80 patients, and extended into the ribs or soft tissues in 95. The 5-year survival of R0 patients with T3 N0 M0 disease was 49%, T3 N1 M0 disease 27%, and T3 N2 M0 disease 15% ( p Conclusions . Survival of patients with lung cancer invading the chest wall after resection with curative intent is highly dependent on the extent of nodal involvement and the completeness of resection, and much less so on the depth of chest wall invasion.
SONOGRAPHIC RENAL FINDINGS IN 20 DOGS WITH LEPTOSPIROSIS

Abdominal ultrasound examinations of 20 dogs with confirmed leptospirosis were reviewed retrospectively for renal abnormalities. Three dogs had a normal ultrasound examination. The remaining 17 dogs had sonographic abnormalities of the kidneys. These abnormalities, seen either alone or in combination, included renalmegaly (n=10), pyelectasia (n=9), increased cortical echogenicity (n=15), perinephric effusion (n=5), and a medullary band of increased echogenicity (n=6). At our institution, the medullary band of increased echogenicity has only been seen in dogs with leptospirosis and may therefore be a specific sonographic sign for this disease.
Neutron activation of NDDP, a liposomal platinum antitumor agent

Cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diamminocyclohexane platinum (II) [NDDP] is a liposome-entrapped platinum compound currently, in phase II clinical trials, that has been shown to undergo intralip...
Plasmodium gallinaceum: Erythrocyte factor essential for zygote infection of Aedes aegypti

Zygotes of Plasmodium gallinaceum, fertilized in vitro and fed to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes through a membrane, formed oocysts only when a substance in the cytoplasm of uninfected erythrocytes was present. The relation between erythrocyte volume and infectivity was linear (1:1.2) up to a 50% hematocrit. The intraerythrocytic substance was both nondialyzable and poorly soluble in plasma. By carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, cytoplasmic constituents eluted at pH 8.6 supported the same infection as control blood did; but higher and lower pH eluates supported none. Dialyzable factors present in the plasma, but absent from M199, enhanced infection but were not essential. Zygotes developed normally to ookinetes in the gut of plasma-fed mosquitoes, or when cultured in plasma or M199. Ookinetes from culture formed normal oocysts when fed to mosquitoes in blood or when injected with M199 into the hemocoels of unfed females. Mosquitoes fed infected blood containing lima bean or soybean trypsin inhibitor were unable to digest the erythrocytes and, although normal ookinetes developed, no oocysts formed. It appears from this and histological evidence that an erythrocyte substance, released by mosquito digestion, is needed for ookinete invasion of the gut epithelium.
Amine complexes of tungstein(II) and molybdenum(II): M(NH2R)Cl2(PMePh2)3 and M(NH2CH2CH2NH2)Cl2(PMePh2)2

Abstract Addition of primary amines or ammonia to solutions of WCl2(PMePh2)4 (1) or MoCl2(PMePh2)4 (6) results in the formation of [M(NH2R)Cl2(PMePh2)3] (MW (2, Mo (7); RH, Me, nPr, iPr, C6H11, CH2CF3, or CH2CHCH2). With larger secondary amines, no reaction is observed, except for a transient adduct of aziridine. Ethylenediamine substitutes for two phosphines, forming M(en)Cl2(PMePh2)2, but further substitution has not been observed even in neat ligand. Reactions of [WCl2(CH2CH2)2(PMePh2)2] (4) with NH2Me and NH2nPr yield equilibrium amounts of amine-ethylene complexes [W(NH2R)Cl2(CH2CH2)(PMePh2)2] (5) plus ethylene. The characterization of these compounds by paramagnetic NMR, IR, and mass spectra is described. The amine complexes do not lose hydrogen to form imido complexes, in contrast to the analogous reactions of alcohols and thiols with 1 which yield oxo and sulphido complexes. This appears to be related to the lower acidity of amines versus alcohols and thiols.
Correlation of In Vivo and In Vitro Screening Tests

In vitro experimentation presents advantages that include a higher degree of controlling test situations than currently used in in vivo experiments. The method is simple, inexpensive, and fast, and allows useful guidance during development of the material as well as control of production. Standardized, well-designed methods should be used so that meaningful conclusions can be made. The experiments described provide conclusive evidence of the usefulness of in vitro tests.
Situation aware computing for big data

Big Data applications need a situation aware computing model to manage data, knowledge, and processes in an ever increasing amount, complexity, and speed while reacting as efficiently and timely as possible to any evolving situation. We introduce a Knowledge Intensive Data-processing System (KIDS) that empowers Big Data applications to support situation awareness. Frameworks such as Apache Hadoop YARN can be leveraged for repeated and near real-time execution of knowledge intensive applications. KIDS bridges the gap between the world of low-value data and the world of high-value information and knowledge, which are best handled by state of the art databases. These databases provide a host of much needed functions such as multi-temporality, flashback, provenance, and registered queries. With KIDS model, Big Data applications are well structured and can evolve perpetually.
Calibration of the spectral radiant power responsivity of windowed pyroelectric radiometers from 785 nm to 14 μm

ABSTRACT As part of the optical detector character ization program at the Optical Technology Division at NIST, we have established a capability for the calibration of spectral radiant power responsivity in the infrared from 785 nm to 14 P m. We have used our facilities to characterize two commercial pyroelectric radiometers with KRS5 windows. The calibration methodology consists of the determination of the responsivity at single wavelength tie points together with relative spectral responsivity measurements. Responsivity tie points at 785, 1064, 1320, 1600, 2000 and 10600 nm are obtained against the NIST ACR-L1 absolu te cryogenic radiometer as well as a domed pyroelectric transfer standard, using an OPO tunable laser and a stabilized CO 2 laser as sources. The spatial variation of the responsivity of the test radiometers has also been measured. This enables us to minimize the uncertainties due to interference fringes from the KRS5 window. The relative spectral responsivity curves for the two radiometers are ob tained indirectly through measurement of the detector absorptance with an FTIR-based integrating sphere reflectometer. In order to obtain the actual absorptance at the detector from the reflectance measurements, an individual KR S5 window and a bare detector were also measured. The results are compared and th e uncertainty budgets will be discussed. Keywords: Pyroelectric radiometer with KRS5 window, spectral radiant power responsivity, absolute cryogenic radiometer, domed pyroelectric transfer st andard, OPO tunable laser, stabilized CO
Improving Patent Search by Search Result Diversification

Patent retrieval has some unique features relative to web search. One major task in this domain is finding existing patents that may invalidate new patents, known as prior-art or invalidity search, where search queries can be formulated from query patents (i.e., new patents). Since a patent document generally contains long and complex descriptions, generating effective search queries can be complex and difficult. Typically, these queries must cover diverse aspects of the new patent application in order to retrieve relevant documents that cover the full scope of the patent. Given this context, search diversification techniques can potentially improve the retrieval performance of patent search by introducing diversity into the document ranking. In this paper, we examine the effectiveness for patent search of a recent term-based diversification framework. Using this framework involves developing methods to identify effective phrases related to the topics mentioned in the query patent. In our experiments, we evaluate our diversification approach using standard measures of retrieval effectiveness and diversity, and show significant improvements relative to state-of-the-art baselines.
The reliability and validity of the 20-meter shuttle test in American students 12 to 15 years old.

Abstract The purpose of this study was threefold: to determine (a) the test–retest reliability of the 20-m shuttle test (20 MST) (number of laps), (b) the concurrent validity of the 20 MST (number of laps), and (c) the validity of the prediction equation for VO2max developed by Leger, Mercier, Adour, and Lambert (1988) on Canadian children for use with American children 12–15 years old. An intraclass coefficient of .93 was obtained on 20 students (12 males; R = .91 and 8 females; R = .87) who completed the test twice, 1 week apart (MT1 = 47.80 ± 20.29 vs. MT2 = 50.55 ± 22.39 laps; p ⩾ .13). VO2peak was obtained by a treadmill test to volitional fatigue on 48 subjects. The number of laps run correlated significantly with VO2peak in males (n = 22; r = .65; F [1, 20] = 14.30 p ⩽ .001), females (n = 26; r = .51; F [1, 24] = 8.34; p ⩽ .01), and males and females = (r = .69; F [1, 46] = 42.54, p ⩽ .001). When the measured VO2peak (M = 49.97 ± 7.59 ml kg−1 min−1) was compared with the estimated VO2max (M = 48.72...
Deterministic signal associated with a random field

Stochastic fields do not generally possess a Fourier transform. This makes the second-order statistics calculation very difficult, as it requires solving a fourth-order stochastic wave equation. This problem was alleviated by Wolf who introduced the coherent mode decomposition and, as a result, space-frequency statistics propagation of wide-sense stationary fields. In this paper we show that if, in addition to wide-sense stationarity, the fields are also wide-sense statistically homogeneous, then monochromatic plane waves can be used as an eigenfunction basis for the cross spectral density. Furthermore, the eigenvalue associated with a plane wave, exp[i(k · r-ωt)], is given by the spatiotemporal power spectrum evaluated at the frequency (k, ω). We show that the second-order statistics of these fields is fully described by the spatiotemporal power spectrum, a real, positive function. Thus, the second-order statistics can be efficiently propagated in the wavevector-frequency representation using a new framework of deterministic signals associated with random fields. Analogous to the complex analytic signal representation of a field, the deterministic signal is a mathematical construct meant to simplify calculations. Specifically, the deterministic signal associated with a random field is defined such that it has the identical autocorrelation as the actual random field. Calculations for propagating spatial and temporal correlations are simplified greatly because one only needs to solve a deterministic wave equation of second order. We illustrate the power of the wavevector-frequency representation with calculations of spatial coherence in the far zone of an incoherent source, as well as coherence effects induced by biological tissues.
Blood for use in exchange transfusion in the newborn.

Biochemical and coagulation parameters were studied in fresh whole citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) blood, whole blood stored for four days, and blood reconstituted from four-day-old packed cells with fresh frozen plasma. Plasma potassium levels were significantly elevated (mean 9.5 mEq/1) in both stored whole blood and reconstituted blood. The mean factor VIII activity in stored blood was 41 per cent compared with a mean of 75 per cent in both fresh whole blood and reconstituted blood. Platelet microaggregates as measured by the Swank filtration technique were elevated in stored whole blood, but not in fresh whole blood or reconstituted blood. Both stored blood and reconstituted blood were deficient in platelets. Based on in vitro studies, reconstituted blood, supplemented by platelet transfusions if necessary, may be a suitable alternative to fresh whole blood for exchange transfusion in the neonate. Preliminary observations are reported of exchange transfusions performed on sick infants, four receiving whole blood, and three receiving reconstituted blood. Six out of seven infants had a postexchange fall in their factor VIII level. These studies do not show any significant differences in the infants' response to exchange transfusion whether whole blood or reconstituted blood was received. No detectable evidence of adverse effects was seen in the infants receiving reconstituted blood.
Frequency of hypercholesterolemia after cardiac transplantation

Cardiac transplant patients are prone to accelerated coronary atherosclerosis. The mechanism by which this process occurs is not yet known, although immunologically mediated arterial injury is thought to play a primary role in its pathogenesis. Despite immunosuppressive potency, patients treated with cyclosporin A remain at significant risk for the development of accelerated atherosclerosis. It is hypothesized that cyclosporin A's hepatotoxic effects might contribute to the atherosclerotic process by impairing low density lipoprotein hepatic clearance in transplant patients, which would be reflected in a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile. To test this hypothesis, serum cholesterol levels were analyzed after transplantation. Significant and progressive increases in total cholesterol and in the total-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were found. This atherogenic lipoprotein profile may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis in cardiac transplant patients treated with cyclosporin A.
The Impact of ''Media Contact'' on Attitudes Toward Gay Men

In order to understand better the relation between "media contact" and attitudes, college students were asked to view a documentary film depicting events surrounding the life and death of a prominent gay politician. The participants completed the Attitudes Toward Homosexuals Scale during screening sessions and either prior to or after viewing the documentary. The film had a significant and positive effect on attitudes. In addition, data on the mood of the subjects were collected and analyzed in light of Devine's (1989) model of prejudice. The findings suggest possible extensions for Devine's model.
Rhythmically firing (20-50 Hz) neurons in monkey primary somatosensory cortex: activity patterns during initiation of vibratory-cued hand movements.

The activity patterns of rhythmically firing neurons in monkey primary somatosensory cortex (SI) were studied during trained wrist movements that were performed in response to palmar vibration. Of 1,222 neurons extracellularly recorded in SI, 129 cells (∼11%) discharged rhythmically (at ∼30 Hz) during maintained wrist position. During the initiation of vibratory-cued movements, neuronal activity usually decreased at ∼25 ms after vibration onset followed by an additional decrease in activity at ∼60 ms prior to movement onset. Rhythmically firing neurons are not likely to be integrate-and-fire neurons because, during activity changes, their rhythmic firing pattern was disrupted rather than modulated. The activity pattern of rhythmically firing neurons was complimentary to that of quickly adapting SI neurons recorded during the performance of this task (Nelson et al., 1991). Moreover, disruptions of rhythmic activity of individual SI neurons were similar to those reported previously for local field potential (LFP) oscillations in sensorimotor cortex during trained movements (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993). However, rhythmic activity of SI neurons did not wax and wane like LFP oscillations (Murthy and Fetz, 1992; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993). It has been suggested that fast (20–50 Hz) cortical oscillations may be initiated by inhibitory interneurons (Cowan and Wilson, 1994; Llinas et al., 1991; Stern and Wilson, 1994). We suggest that rhythmically firing neurons may tonically inhibit quickly adapting neurons and release them from the inhibition at go-cue onsets and prior to voluntary movements. It is possible that rhythmically active neurons may evoke intermittent oscillations in other cortical neurons and thus regulate cortical population oscillations.
PIDs and cancer: an evolving story.

Analysis of overall and site-specific cancer risk in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) may shed light on the role played by the immune system in controlling malignancies. The association of PID and cancer has been known for many years.[1][1] However, until recently, data on
A statistical description of turbulent diffusion flame holes

Abstract A statistical approach to the dynamics of diffusion-flame holes is presented. The dynamics of the holes are assumed to be controlled by the edge-flame velocity that is determined by the mixture fraction rate of dissipation, a random variable in a turbulent flow. The formulation is then specialized to the case of small circular holes and a stochastic model is used to investigate the dynamics of the joint probability density function of flame-hole radius and scalar dissipation. The associated Fokker–Planck transport equation for the joint pdf is solved and the hole area evolution with time is computed. Furthermore, the one-dimensional marginal probability density function transport equation for the hole radius is derived and the conditional edge-flame velocity is studied for both expanding and collapsing holes.