cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognition Primed Decision Making in E-Commerce:

Recognition-primed decision making has been used to describe the behavior of experts in naturalistic environments. A significant body of research has led to the conclusion that RPD models describe decision making in environments characterized by time pressure, competing and/or changing goals and uncertainty. This paper compares the results of several new studies that investigated decision making in the e-commerce environment to what would have been predicted by the RPD model. These environments share some of the characteristics with traditional RPD application areas, but have more variability in terms of the expertise of the decision maker. Results show that RPD models can be used to explain e-commerce behavior, but further research is necessary to draw confident conclusions.
Emerging Role of mTOR in the Response to Cancer Therapeutics

The movement toward precision medicine with targeted therapeutics for cancer treatment has been hindered by both innate and acquired resistance. Understanding the molecular wiring and plasticity of oncogenic signaling networks is essential for the development of therapeutic strategies to avoid or overcome resistance. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) represents a highly integrated signaling node that is dysregulated in the majority of human cancers. Several studies have revealed that sustained mTORC1 inhibition is essential to avoid resistance to therapeutics targeted against the driving oncogenic pathway in a given cancer. We discuss the role of mTORC1 in dictating the response of tumors to targeted therapeutics and review recent examples from lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma.
MICROSTRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF Al-8Sn-2.5Si-2Pb-0.8Cu-0.2Cr/STEEL BONDED BEARING STRIP PRODUCED BY LIQUID-SOLID ROLLING PROCESSING

Al-8Sn-2.5Si-2Pb-0.8Cu-0.2Cr/steel bimetal strip produced by liquid-solid roll-bonding has higher bonding strength due to good wettability between the steel strip treated and Al alloy melt. In the process of liquid-solid roll-bonding, the cooling speed is so high that the microstructure of Al alloy is of fine grains. The metallography and EPMA show that the distributions of Si, Sn, Pb, Cr and Cu are uniform and dispersion, which is important for increasing bush performance.
Dynamic resource allocation algorithm in TD-LTE communication system

The dynamic resource allocation algorithm can improve spectrum utilization,system capacity,and reduce the transmitting power efficiently in radio communication system.OFDMA(orthogonal frequency division multiple access) is adopted in downlink in TD-LTE communication system,and dynamic resource allocation problem is always considered as a non-linear optimization model with non-linear restrictions.The paper aims at the characters of iterative allocation algorithm(no constraints),rate adaptive algorithm and margin adaptive algorithm.And it compares the algorithm complexity,capacity as well as power in three algorithms.It also discusses how to adopt algorithm to satisfy QoS requirement of different multimedia services and achieve better performance,how to allocate the carriers and power jointly.Finally it proposes the feasible scheme for research of dynamic resource allocation.
In Vitro Folding of β-1,4Galactosyltransferase and Polypeptide-α- N -Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase from the Inclusion Bodies

The aim of this article is to present a unique in vitro folding technique for glycosyltransferases to generate active proteins that can be used for X-ray crystallographic and bioconjugation protocols. Although a number of in vitro refolding methods are available, β1,4galactosyltransferases in large quantities can be made using the current protocol only. This technique is not only limited to glycosyltransferases alone but has been successfully used to refold single-chain antibodies and other molecules. Although this in vitro folding method is quite similar to other methods, it differs from them by the use of S-sulfonation of the inclusion bodies before setting up the in vitro refolding of the protein.
A Novel Preparation of Degradable Scaffolds Using BSA Microbubbles as Porogen

Biodegradable scaffolds play a key role in contemporary medicine for tissue replacement as well as regeneration. Many degradable scaffold fabrication techniques have been developed. However, these scaffolds often hamper the growth of cells due to material hydrophobicity and/or lack of biocompatible protein coating. To overcome the common problems, in this study, the use of protein microbubbles as a porogen and drug/protein carrier to produce polymeric scaffolds with good porosity was conceptualized. Albumin bubbles were produced by sonicating bovine serum albumin in the presence of nitrogen gas. PLGA scaffolds were then prepared by thermally induced phase separation with the incorporation of protein microbubbles as porogens. SEM and cryosectioning of scaffold revealed the presence of open interconnected pores measuring around 100 to 150 mum size, which is suitable for cell migration into scaffold. This novel technique provides two distinct advantages. First, microbubbles are made of biological materials which can provide biocompatible protein coating on the pores throughout the scaffold. Second, apart from having produced scaffolds with larger pores compared to conventional methods, our novel scaffold also has the potential to function as a delivery mechanism for delivering chemokines and drugs into the polymeric matrix.
Optimizing PGAS overhead in a multi-locale chapel implementation of CoMD

Chapel supports distributed computing with an underlying PGAS memory address space. While it provides abstractions for writing simple and elegant distributed code, the type system currently lacks a notion of locality i.e. a description of an object's access behavior in relation to its actual location. This often necessitates programmer intervention to avoid redundant non-local data access. Moreover, due to insufficient locality information the compiler ends up using “wide” pointers—that can point to non-local data—for objects referenced in an otherwise completely local manner, adding to the runtime overhead.In this work we describe CoMD-Chapel, our distributed Chapel implementation of the CoMD benchmark. We demonstrate that optimizing data access through replication and localization is crucial for achieving performance comparable to the reference implementation. We discuss limitations of existing scope-based locality optimizations and argue instead for a more general (and robust) type-based approach. Lastly, we also evaluate code performance and scaling characteristics. The fully optimized version of CoMD-Chapel can perform to within 62%–87% of the reference implementation.
PD-L1 expression in primary clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) and their metastases.

467 Background: Clinical trials evaluating anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies (Abs) in ccRCC have shown promising efficacy in a subset of patients. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that tumor PD-L1 expression increases the likelihood of benefit with anti-PD-1 Ab, but fails to identify all responders. One potential explanation for these results is that predictive biomarkers are usually evaluated in the primary tumors, which are more readily available; however, biomarker expression in nephrectomy samples may not accurately reflect expression in the metastases that are being targeted by therapy. In this study, we compared PD-L1 expression in a series of ccRCCs and their metastases. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks from 34 primary ccRCCs and corresponding metastases were retrieved. Multiple areas of the primary tumors, including areas of predominant and highest Fuhrman nuclear grade (FNG), were selected for analysis. Slides were immunostained with a mouse monoclonal anti-PD...
Death Receptor 6 Promotes Wallerian Degeneration in Peripheral Axons.

Axon degeneration during development is required to sculpt a functional nervous system and is also a hallmark of pathological insult, such as injury [1, 2]. Despite similar morphological characteristics, very little overlap in molecular mechanisms has been reported between pathological and developmental degeneration [3-5]. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), developmental axon pruning relies on receptor-mediated extrinsic degeneration mechanisms to determine which axons are maintained or degenerated [5-7]. Receptors have not been implicated in Wallerian axon degeneration; instead, axon autonomous, intrinsic mechanisms are thought to be the primary driver for this type of axon disintegration [8-10]. Here we survey the role of neuronally expressed, paralogous tumor necrosis factor receptor super family (TNFRSF) members in Wallerian degeneration. We find that an orphan receptor, death receptor 6 (DR6), is required to drive axon degeneration after axotomy in sympathetic and sensory neurons cultured in microfluidic devices. We sought to validate these in vitro findings in vivo using a transected sciatic nerve model. Consistent with the in vitro findings, DR6-/- animals displayed preserved axons up to 4 weeks after injury. In contrast to phenotypes observed in Wlds and Sarm1-/- mice, preserved axons in DR6-/- animals display profound myelin remodeling. This indicates that deterioration of axons and myelin after axotomy are mechanistically distinct processes. Finally, we find that JNK signaling after injury requires DR6, suggesting a link between this novel extrinsic pathway and the axon autonomous, intrinsic pathways that have become established for Wallerian degeneration.
Aspect Perception and Philosophical Difficulty

This chapter continues the work of ‘On Learning from Wittgenstein’ of articulating an understanding of Wittgenstein’s approach to the understanding and dissolution of philosophical difficulties, and situates in that context Wittgenstein’s invocation of aspect perception, or ‘seeing as’, in the Brown Book, in connection with his discussion of the tendency to conflate the ‘transitive’ and ‘intransitive’ uses of ‘a quite particular’. The chapter also argues for the grammatical and phenomenological inseparability of the aspect from the object that ‘has’ it, or from the object that is perceived ‘under it’, and in this way prepares the ground for the argument, in later chapters, against the tendency to identify Wittgensteinian aspects with, or in terms of, concepts.
Estimating sizes and rotation angles of antarctic icebergs utilizing scatterometer data

A reliable method of automatically estimating Antarctic iceberg contours and sizes from satellite data is desirable to help better understand patterns in iceberg formation and behavior. Starting from scatterometer images, this paper develops a method of using the relatively constant backscatter values across the surface of an iceberg to derive a contour of its shape. Contours are then used to find an angle of rotation between images taken on successive days. This method produces size estimates that are within 10% of the area given by the National Ice Center (NIC).
A Radical Intermediate in Bacillus subtilis QueE during Turnover with the Substrate Analogue 6-Carboxypterin.

7-Carboxy-7-deazaguanine (CDG) synthase (QueE), a member of the radical S-deoxyadenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) superfamily of enzymes, catalyzes a radical-mediated ring rearrangement required to convert 6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (CPH4) into CDG, forming the 7-dezapurine precursor to all pyrrolopyrimidine metabolites. Members of the radical SAM superfamily bind SAM to a [4Fe-4S] cluster, leveraging the reductive cleavage of SAM by the cluster to produce a highly reactive 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical which initiates chemistry by H atom abstraction from the substrate. QueE has recently been shown to use 6-carboxypterin (6-CP) as an alternative substrate, forming 6-deoxyadenosylpterin as the product. This reaction has been proposed to occur by radical addition between 5′-dAdo· and 6-CP, which upon oxidative decarboxylation yields the modified pterin. Here, we present spectroscopic evidence for a 6-CP-dAdo radical. The structure of this intermediate is determined by characterizing its electronic structure by ...
Manifesting Spirits: Paranormal Investigation and the Narrative Development of a Haunting

Using a paranormal investigation of a reportedly haunted hotel as a model, I propose a five-phase narrative development process that integrates media representations of ghosts, place-based tales of...
Optimal Routing with In-Route Charging of Mobility-on-Demand Electric Vehicles

Mobility-On-Demand (MoD) systems using electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to play a significantly increasing role in near future urban transportation systems, to cope with the massive increases in urban population and reduce carbon emissions. One inconvenience in MoD- EV systems is the need of some customers to perform in-routing charging. In this paper, we propose a routing scheme that aims to reduce the inconvenience of in-route charging in MoD-EV systems. By modeling the routing problem between multiple MoD-EV stations with in-route charging as a multi-server queuing system, we formulate our objective as a stochastic convex optimization problem that minimizes the average overall trip time for all customers relative to their actual trip time without in-route charging. Optimal routing decisions that achieve this goal are then derived analytically. Simulation results show the significant merits of our proposed solution as compared to shortest and random routing decisions.
Integrating Vertebrate and Invertebrate Season of Capture Data from Ring III of the Sapelo Island Shell Ring Complex (9MC23), Georgia, USA

Seasonal movement and subsistence are important aspects of coastal research. This extends to those practiced by Late Archaic people of the Georgia coast (USA) who formed shell rings. Researchers ha...
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells for Kidney Regeneration

Abstract Amniotic fluid harbors a heterogeneous population of multipotent and progenitor-like characteristics. Thanks to their regenerative potential, these cells have been tested in various regenerative medicine applications ranging from in vitro cell differentiation to tissue engineering to cellular therapies for different organs including the heart, the liver, the lung, and the kidneys. In this chapter, we will discuss the derivation, characterization, and plasticity of amniotic fluid stem cells and renal progenitors with a specific focus on their application in kidney repair and regeneration. Moreover, we will discuss their mechanism of action, recent results in renal regenerative medicine and therapy, and novel challenges in our understanding of their biology and therapeutic potential for treatment of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Furthermore, based on recent findings we will highlight their mechanism of action, their limitations, and their regenerative and therapeutic potential for the treatment of acute and chronic kidney disease.
Cyber Forensics: Managing, Modeling, and Mining Data for Investigation

This chapter describes a collaborative project between the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) and the Automated Regional Justice Information System (ARJIS) entitled P3ELE (Public-Private-Partnership Enabling Law Enforcement). The project is focused on developing a model research infrastructure for the management, analysis and visualization of public and private multidimensional data. This includes addressing the technical and analytical models, methods, tools and techniques to effectively integrate and correlate law enforcement information with public, cyber-based information. This framework will enable researchers to study the impact of this expanded dimensional information on the efficient remediation and proactive capabilities of law enforcement, and ultimately, will enhance the operational capabilities of justice professionals in our digital society.
Efficiency of Searching Knowledge Bases for Robotic Control.

Autonomous intelligent robotic systems that can survive in dynamic changing environments have yet to be realized. The robot must process incoming information, make decisions, and learn from previous actions concurrently and in real time. Reliance on one all-encompassing system with one overburdened processor, no matter how fast, makes this goal unreachable. One of the primary reasons the goal is unreachable is that the knowledge base that the robot must access to make its decisions grows so large over time that simply searching the knowledge base for a decision becomes too time consuming for acceptable robotic behavior. One solution is to distribute the knowledge base among several processors and search in parallel. An experiment was contrived to test parallel searching algorithms which must search large databases of information, and provide some insight on performance of the underlying programming environment.
Trude Fonneland, Contemporary Shamanisms in Norway: Religion, Entrepreneurship, and Politics

Trude Fonneland, Contemporary Shamanisms in Norway: Religion, Entrepreneurship, and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 248pp., $99 (hardcover), $97.99 (ebook).
A graph theoretic framework for representation, exploration and analysis on computed states of physical systems

Abstract A graph theoretic perspective is taken for a range of phenomena in continuum physics in order to develop representations for analysis of large scale, high-fidelity solutions to these problems. Of interest are phenomena described by partial differential equations , with solutions being obtained by computation. The motivation is to gain insight that may otherwise be difficult to attain because of the high dimensionality of computed solutions. We consider graph theoretic representations that are made possible by low-dimensional states defined on the systems. These states are typically functionals of the high-dimensional solutions, and therefore retain important aspects of the high-fidelity information present in the original, computed solutions. Our approach is rooted in regarding each state as a vertex on a graph and identifying edges via processes that are induced either by numerical solution strategies, or by the physics. Correspondences are drawn between the sampling of stationary states, or the time evolution of dynamic phenomena, and the analytic machinery of graph theory. A collection of computations is examined in this framework and new insights to them are presented through analysis of the corresponding graphs.
State Conservation Efforts of Seasonal Wetlands along the Mississippi River

Since a 2001 US Supreme Court decision that permanently altered the federal protection of non-navigable waters, scientists and policy-makers have struggled to determine whether state agencies are conserving wetlands and which wetlands no longer receive protection. Subsequent court cases have also made protection of non-navigable waters difficult as the regulatory definition of “navigable waters” continues to change. This study compares regulations and the administrative actions of ten states along the Mississippi River corridor to protect and conserve isolated wetlands. It uses GIS methodology to determine differences in wetland area change for a twenty-year period, and compares past and recent wetland destruction and wetland buffer zone loss using nationally established Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) categories. The results show that conservation of the wetlands and buffer zones have only been successful in places where agricultural area or urban sprawl did not statistically increase. The findings indicate that some biological functions and ecological values of federal wetlands have been conserved by a few state agencies and local governments that have clarified the regulations about small, ephemeral, and seasonal wetlands. The study highlights the need for trustworthy data for sensitive or at risk wetlands so that conservation stakeholders have robust evidence for developing appropriate mitigation policies and implementation strategies.
AI-10 Tfh cells and B-cell selection

Background and methods Initiation of a thymus-dependent humoral immune response requires interaction of activated B cells and follicular B helper T (Tfh) cells, a specialized subset of CD4 T helper (Th) cells. Differentiation of Tfh cells leads to their localization to B cell follicles and germinal centers (GC) of secondary lymphoid organs, with their expression of costimulatory proteins and secretion of cytokines promoting GC B-cell proliferation, immunoglobulin gene hypermutation, and development of B-cell memory and long-lived plasma cells. Results and conclusions The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 acts cell autonomously to drive a Tfh-cell development program, including upregulation of proteins necessary for function, with environmental signals promoting differentiation of these cells at the expense of other CD4 T-cell subsets. Tfh cells undergo differentiation within the GC, in part mediated by STAT4 and STAT6-driven chromatin remodeling, enabling differential cytokine production and consequent help to B cells, with affinity selection of the latter promoted by regulatory GC T cells. Therapeutically, blockade of Tfh-GC B interactions interrupts end-organ disease in the systemic autoimmune disease lupus, while resetting the Tfh-cell phenotype toward normal homeostasis. Acknowledgements Supported by NIH AR40072 and AR068662, and the Lupus Research Alliance.
Meta-analysis of urbanization impact on rainfall modification.

Even though it is known that urbanization affects rainfall, studies vary regarding the magnitude and location of rainfall change. To develop a comprehensive understanding of rainfall modification due to urbanization, a systematic meta-analysis is undertaken. The initial search identified over 2000 papers of which 489 were carefully analyzed. From these papers, 85 studies from 48 papers could be used in a quantitative meta-analysis assessment. Results were analyzed for case studies versus climatological assessments, observational versus modeling studies and for day versus night. Results highlight that urbanization modifies rainfall, such that mean precipitation is enhanced by 18% downwind of the city, 16% over the city, 2% on the left and 4% on the right with respect to the storm direction. The rainfall enhancement occurred approximately 20–50 km from the city center. Study results help develop a more complete picture of the role of urban processes in rainfall modification and highlight that rainfall increases not only downwind of the city but also over the city. These findings have implications for urban flooding as well as hydroclimatological studies. This meta-analysis highlights the need for standardizing how the results are presented in future studies to aid the generalization of findings.
Indirect signals from solar dark matter annihilation to long-lived right-handed neutrinos

We study indirect detection signals from solar annihilation of dark matter (DM) particles into light right-handed (RH) neutrinos with a mass in a 1--5 GeV range. These RH neutrinos can have a sufficiently long lifetime to allow them to decay outside the Sun, and their delayed decays can result in a signal in gamma rays from the otherwise ``dark'' solar direction, and also a neutrino signal that is not suppressed by the interactions with solar medium. We find that the latest Fermi-LAT and IceCube results place limits on the gamma ray and neutrino signals, respectively. Combined photon and neutrino bounds can constrain the spin-independent DM-nucleon elastic scattering cross section better than direct detection experiments for DM masses from 200 GeV up to several TeV. The bounds on spin-dependent scattering are also much tighter than the strongest limits from direct detection experiments.
Enhanced efficacy of anti-VEGFR2/taxane therapy after progression on immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in patients (pts) with metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (mGEA).

362Background: Most pts with mGEA do not respond to ICI or ramucirumab/paclitaxel (RAM/TAX). Emerging data suggest that ICI may potentiate subsequent therapy (Tx). In KN059 we unexpectedly observed...
Structure of a Zinc Porphyrin-Substituted Bacterioferritin and Photophysical Properties of Iron Reduction.

The iron storage protein bacterioferritin (Bfr) binds up to 12 hemes b at specific sites in its protein shell. The heme b can be substituted with the photosensitizer Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP)...
3D Spectrum Sharing for Hybrid D2D and UAV Networks

In this paper, we study a three-dimensional (3D) spectrum sharing between device-to-device (D2D) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) communications. We consider that UAVs perform spatial spectrum sensing to opportunistically access the licensed channels that are occupied by the D2D communications of ground users. The objective of the considered 3D spectrum sharing networks is to maximize the area spectral efficiency (ASE) of UAV networks while guaranteeing the required minimum ASE of D2D networks. Using the tools from machine learning, we obtain the probability of spatial false alarm and the probability of spatial missed detection at the UAV, which helps us to characterize the density of active UAVs. Then, based on the Neyman-Pearson criterion, we further derive the coverage probability of D2D and UAV communications by leveraging the tools from stochastic geometry. In addition, the ASE of the D2D and UAV networks are also obtained. Simulation results show that a decrease in the spatial spectrum sensing radius of UAVs reduces the coverage probability of UAV communications but improves the ASE of UAV networks. Furthermore, the proposed tools allow obtaining the optimal spatial spectrum sensing radius of UAVs given certain network parameters.
Reproducibility and variability of submesoscale frontal eddies on a broad, low-energy shelf of freshwater influence

A multi-decadal simulation of ocean circulation in the northern Gulf of Mexico produces strong submesoscale instabilities in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya plume fronts. The model skill in reproducing these submesoscale frontal eddies over the Texas-Louisiana shelf is assessed using simulated and observed salinity and velocity fields as a way to investigate simulation accuracy and quantify the variability of frontal eddies. The model successfully reproduces mean salinity structure observed in multi-year densely sampled CTD profiles. Variability associated with submesoscale eddies is the largest source of error in predicted salinity. On the other hand, the model is statistically able to reproduce the magnitude and characteristics of frontal eddies; metrics for eddy kinetic energy are similar between the observations and simulation, and observed horizontal salinity gradients have similar occurrence rates in the model when sampled in a manner similar to the observations. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of frontal eddies is associated with the volume of freshwater onto the shelf and wind stress. Wind stress, the highest in winter and lowest in summer, contributes to the suppression of baroclinic instability during non-summer seasons. River streamflow, highest in spring, creates strong horizontal and vertical density gradients. These strong horizontal density gradients, along with weak seasonal upwelling-favorable winds that tend to broaden the plume, are the primary factors in exciting submesoscale instabilities during summer on the Texas-Louisiana shelf. At decadal scales, streamflow, EKE, and salinity gradients have a positive correlation suggesting that long-term variability of frontal eddies may be influenced remotely by inter-annual variability in the Mississippi River outflow.
Strain sensitivity of dielectric polarization to doping in a host: guest medium

In this work, we show controlled spatial and spectral modulation of local dielectric polarization in amorphous organic Alq3: DCM host: guest medium. We use self-strained silicon-dioxide microbeams to apply tensile strain on thin films at different DCM doping. From the measured spectral shift of the emission peak, we estimate the orientational polarizability (and in turn dielectric polarizability) in the strained host: guest medium at different guest doping. Orientational polarizability in the thin film follows a linear relationship with applied tensile strain at different guest material doping while the strain sensitivity shows an inverse relationship with guest doping.
GHG Emissions and Fossil Energy Use as Consequences of Efforts of Improving Human Well-being in Africa

This paper addresses two shortcomings of existing studies on the interconnection between economic growth, energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: the mechanism through which the latter interconnection operates and the existence of geographical spillovers in both fossil energy use and CO2 emissions. Asserting that efforts of improving living conditions create an energy demand and the higher fossil energy use, the higher environmental degradation, we exploit a recursive system of three equations that accounts for regressor endogeneity and spatial spillovers. The empirical results for a sample of 41 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries thoroughly support our hypotheses. Thus, contrary to studies linking gas emissions to economic growth, implicitly holding the latter responsible for CO2 emissions, our results suggest that gas emissions are direct consequences of fossil energy use, the latter being driven by efforts of improving living conditions. Such conclusions advocate for environmental management strategies towards an energy transition in SSA, in order to mitigate environmental pollution while improving human living conditions.
Output-based adaptive aerodynamic simulations using convolutional neural networks

Abstract This paper presents a new method to perform output error estimation and mesh adaptation in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using machine-learning techniques. The error of interest is the functional output error induced by the numerical discretization, including the finite computational mesh and approximation order. Given the data of adaptive flow simulations guided by adjoint-based error estimates, a surrogate model is trained to predict the output error and drive the mesh adaptation with only the low-fidelity solution as input. The goal is to generalize the error estimation and mesh adaptation knowledge from the simulation data at hand. The proposed method uses an encoder-decoder type convolutional neural network (CNN), supervised by both the adaptive error indicator field and the total output error, to capture both the local and global features related to the numerical error. To handle geometries and irregular meshes in adaptive simulations, topology mapping and local projection are introduced into traditional CNN models. The feasibility of the proposed machine-learning approach for error prediction and mesh adaptation is demonstrated in inviscid transonic flow simulations over airfoils. Both the output error and the localized adaptive indicators are well predicted by the trained CNN model, which is then used to drive the mesh adaptation as an alternative to standard adjoint-based methods. The good performance and relatively simple deployment encourage more study and development of the proposed method.
Design and characterization of a new oxidation flow reactor for laboratory and long-term ambient studies

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are frequently used to study the formation and evolution of secondary aerosol (SA) in the atmosphere and have become valuable tools for improving the accuracy of model simulations and for depicting and accelerating realistic atmospheric chemistry. Driven by rapid development of OFR techniques and the increasing appreciation of their wide application, we designed a new all-Teflon reactor, the Particle Formation Accelerator (PFA) OFR, and characterized it in the laboratory and with ambient air. A series of simulations and experiments were performed to characterize (1) flow profiles in the reactor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, (2) the UV intensity distribution in the reactor and the influence of it and varying O 3 concentration and relative humidity (RH) on the resulting equivalent OH exposure (OH exp ), (3) transmission efficiencies for gases and particles, (4) residence time distributions (RTDs) for gases and particles using both computational simulations and experimental verification, (5) the production yield of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from oxidation of α -pinene and m -xylene, (6) the effect of seed particles on resulting SA concentration, and (7) SA production from ambient air in Riverside, CA, US. The reactor response and characteristics are compared with those of a smog chamber (Caltech) and of other oxidation flow reactors: the Toronto Photo-Oxidation Tube (TPOT), the Caltech Photooxidation Flow Tube (CPOT), the TUT Secondary Aerosol Reactor (TSAR), quartz and aluminum versions of Potential Aerosol Mass reactors (PAMs), and the Environment and Climate Change Canada OFR (ECCC-OFR). Our studies show that (1) OH exp can be varied over a range comparable to that of other OFRs; (2) particle transmission efficiency is over 75 % in the size range from 50 to 200 nm, after minimizing static charge on the Teflon surfaces; (3) the penetration efficiencies of CO 2 and SO 2 are 0.90 ± 0.02 and 0.76 ± 0.04, respectively, the latter of which is comparable to estimates for LVOCs; (4) a near-laminar flow profile is expected based on CFD simulations and suggested by the RTD experiment results; (5) m -xylene SOA and α -pinene SOA yields were 0.22 and 0.37, respectively, at about 3 × 10 11 molec. cm −3 s OH exposure; (6) the mass ratio of seed particles to precursor gas has a significant effect on the amount of SOA formed; and (7) during measurements of SA production when sampling ambient air in Riverside, the mass concentration of SA formed in the reactor was an average of 1.8 times that of the ambient aerosol at the same time.
The American State from the Civil War to the New Deal: The Twilight of Constitutionalism and the Triumph of Progressivism

This book tells the story of constitutional government in America during the period of the 'social question'. After the Civil War and Reconstruction, and before the 'second Reconstruction' and cultural revolution of the 1960s, Americans dealt with the challenges of the urban and industrial revolutions. In the crises of the American Revolution and the Civil War, the American founders - and then Lincoln and the Republicans - returned to a long tradition of Anglo-American constitutional principles. During the Industrial Revolution, American political thinkers and actors gradually abandoned those principles for a set of modern ideas, initially called progressivism. The social crisis, culminating in the Great Depression, did not produce a Lincoln to return to the founders' principles, but rather a series of leaders who repudiated them. Since the New Deal, Americans have lived in a constitutional twilight, not having completely abandoned the natural-rights constitutionalism of the founders, nor embraced the entitlement-based welfare state of modern liberalism.
Minimizing a unimodal function of two integer variables

We suppose that a function of several variables is known to be unimodal (a certain generalization of ‘convex’), but that we are able to calculate only its value (not its gradient), and that only at integer-valued points in its domain. Its minimum over the integers is required. We present an algorithm, which seems reasonably efficient, for solving this problem in the case of two variables. The algorithm can be extended to handle a quadratic function of three variables.
A message-passing, distributed memory parallel algorithm for direct numerical simulation of turbulence with particle tracking

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an efficient Distributed-Memory Parallel Pseudo-Spectral Algorithm for the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of Turbulence. Timing studies illustrate the effects of various parameters on parallel performance with and without tracking fluid particles. The chapter describes the new parallel algorithm and its implementation on a 512-node IBM SP2 at the Cornell Theory Center by using a single program, multiple data (SPMD) approach. Performance data are presented and analyzed for a fast Fourier transform (FFT) code, and the DNS code with and without particle tracking. Detailed analyses of computation and communication time have been made, especially for a Fourier transform code used to investigate the feasibility of simulations up to 5123. The chapter briefly presents representative results at 2563 resolution showing the attainment of the well-known inertial range energy spectrum for high Reynolds number turbulence. It describes parallelized capability for tracking fluid particles and extracting Lagrangian statistics from the Eulerian velocity field.
Activity of an ethanolic extract of Cryptantha flava and Cryptantha cinerea against the MCF-7, BT-20, and HT-29 human tumor cell lines

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 1924 Ethnobotanical literature is replete with information regarding the treatment of common illnesses, typically self limiting, but there is infrequent information regarding the use of plant materials to treat cancerous tumors. Indeed, it is unclear if natives of the Southwest United States prior to 100 years ago recognized the difference between a benign tumor and a malignancy. However, there is one report that the Hopi used an extract of the plant Crypthantha flava (Boraginaceae) for treating “tumors” (Moerman, D.E., Native American Ethnobotany, 1998 (ISBN 0-88192-453-9)). This plant is native to the desert southwest United states, and grows on the marginal edges of mesas, typically in sandy soils. We have collected this plant, as well as the closely related plant Crypthantha cinerea , from Chaco Canyon National Historic Park, to test whether an ethanolic extract of this plant has anticancer properties in cell culture. We found that an ethanol extract of both C. cinerea and C. flava have significant anticancer activity in the breast cancer cell lines BT-20 and MCF-7, as well as activity against the colon carcinoma line HT-29 (Extraction of dried leaves and stems: 95% ethanol, 24 hours, evaporation of solvent under vacuum to constant weight. HPLC analysis showed near identical fingerprints for extracts of C. flava and C. cinerea .). The extract did not have significant activity against the human melanoma cell line A-375 at concentrations above 10 ug/ml. IC50 for C. cinerea extract was, respectively, 7.0 ug/ml, 3 ug/ml, and 5 ug/ml for MCF-7, BT-20, and HT-29. Similar results were obtained for the C. flava extract. This work offers substantiation of the ethnobotanical information, and further elucidation of the active components is currently being pursued.
A Treatment of Languages with Stages of Evaluation

The notion of languages that inherently have multiple stages of evaluation is introduced. Typically, evaluation is done in stages so that evaluation in some one stage is able to be done very efficiently, even at the expense of prior stages of evaluation. A key novel feature in such languages is that constructs may have appropriate times of meaning as well as appropriate meanings. While it is possible to give semantics to such languages without regard to times of meaning, it is shown that certain semantic related concepts, such as translation, cannot be adequately described without reference to times of evaluation. The major contribution provided here to the study of complex languages with multiple stages of evaluation is the development of a method of describing such languages so that semantics reflecting various times of evaluation can be derived from the descriptions.
Program transformation using HATS 1.84

This article gives an overview of a transformation system called HATS – a freely available platform independent IDE facilitating experimentation in transformation-oriented software development. Examples are discussed highlighting how the transformational abstractions provided by HATS can be used to solve various problems.
Experiments to Determine Small Offset Yield Surfaces for 304L Stainless Steel under Combined Tension and Torsion.

The highly strain-hardening nature of 304L stainless steel, coupled with hardening due to a stress-induced martensitic transformation, caused considerable difficulty in determination of yield curves by a multiple-probe small-offset technique. Small probes of added shearing stress appeared to cause considerably more accumulated strain-hardening damage to a yield curve than small probes of added tensile stress. When a portion of a yield curve could be defined it appeared to be convex, and the plastic strain increment vector was normal in agreement with the stability postulate. Some evidence to support corner formation on a yield curve due to the disturbance of probing is presented. The exact nature of corners is indeterminant. An extreme Bauschinger effect for surprisingly small prestrains was observed in both tension and torsion.
Pregnancy in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Messages for the Clinician

In this issue, Buyon and colleagues report findings from a large prospective study of pregnancy outcomes in ethnically diverse women with SLE. The editorialist discusses the study and concludes tha...
Patriarchy, property and death in the Roman family: Introduction: approaches to the history of the Roman family

The discipline of history began nearly two and a half millennia ago with the study of war and politics. Little more than two and a half decades old, the subfield of family history is still struggling to agree on the right questions and the appropriate level of generalization. The family as a historical phenomenon can be both banal and symbolically charged. It can be banal in the sense that family life so thoroughly permeates our experience that a description of mothers, fathers and children may hold few surprises and little interest. Roman authors believed family formation and the organization of the household to be natural steps in social evolution, rather than a matter of culturally specific development susceptible to historical analysis (Cicero, Off . 1.54). At the same time, as a nearly universal experience, family relations have been used as a politically charged barometer of moral and social wellbeing. This is true today, as sociologists attempt to measure the disintegration of the family and the popular media carry stories such as the Chicago Tribunes front-page series entitled “Killing our Children.” The moral preoccupation with the family can be found in ancient Rome as well. In accounts of the horrors of the civil wars of the last century before Christ, stories of the violation of family bonds were narrated to illustrate social breakdown, and stories of family loyalty were told in praise of individual virtue. When Augustus enforced a new regime on the Romans, his legislation to improve society focussed primarily on matters of family and household – marriage, child-bearing, and slavery.
The Biblical Commission, the Jews, and Scriptures:

This article contains a summary and critique of the most recent document from the Pontifical Biblical Commission (2001) that was made available in an official English translation in 2002. The book-length study embraces both Testaments. The approach to the Old Testament explores “fundamental themes”—covenant, law, and so forth—well known from past studies in biblical theology, and interpreted here in the light of Christian faith. Attitudes toward the Jews are briefly examined in each book of the New Testament; general and pastoral conclusions are drawn.
Depressive Symptoms Clusters and Insulin Resistance: Race/Ethnicity as a Moderator in 2005–2010 NHANES Data

Although depression has been linked to insulin resistance, few studies have examined depressive symptom clusters. We examined whether certain depressive symptom clusters are more strongly associated with insulin resistance in a nationally representative sample, and we evaluated potential moderators and mediators. Respondents were 4487 adults from NHANES 2005–2010. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and insulin resistance was indexed by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) score. Positive relationships between PHQ-9 total, somatic, and cognitive-affective scores and HOMA score were detected (ps <0.001). In a simultaneous model, the somatic (p = 0.017), but not the cognitive-affective (p = 0.071), score remained associated with HOMA score. We observed evidence of (a) moderation by race/ethnicity (relationships stronger in non-Hispanic Whites) and (b) mediation by body mass and inflammation. The depressive symptoms–insulin resistance link may be strongest among non-Hispanic Whites and may be driven slightly more by the somatic symptoms.
Discrete choice with an oddball alternative

Abstract A discrete choice model is presented that explicitly recognizes differences in the error structure associated with a single “oddball” alternative within the choice set that has properties not common to the other alternatives. The model purportedly resolves questions related to the use of alternative-specific variables in transportation choice models to capture the effects of attributes unique to a single travel alternative, such as “schedule frequency” in the case of modal choice between personal auto and public transit. The model, which shares the general error structure of multinomial logit, is shown to be a modification of a multinomial logit subchoice by terms involving the exponential integral. The model is shown to yield different results from those produced by an equivalent multinomial logit specification. Comparisons to multinomial probit and nested logit formulations are also made.
PRODUCTION CHOICES FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES

This article models the production choice decision of local governments for the delivery of services to citizens. fie production choice decision depends on the demand by the local government for co...
Tie-Simplex Parameterization for EOS-Based Thermal Compositional Simulation

Summary Thermodynamic equilibrium computations are usually the most time-consuming component in compositional reservoir flow simulation. A compositional space adaptive tabulation (CSAT) approach was developed as a preconditioner for equation of state (EOS) computations in isothermal compositional simulation. The compositional space is decomposed into sub- and supercritical regions. In the subcritical region, we adaptively parameterize the compositional space using a small number of tie-lines, which are assembled into a table. The critical surface is parameterized and used to identify supercritical compositions. The phase-equilibrium information for a composition is interpolated as a function of pressure using the tie-line table. We extend the CSAT approach to thermal problems. Given an overall composition at a fixed temperature, the boundary between sub- and supercritical pressures is represented by the critical tie-line and the corresponding minimal critical pressure (MCP). A small set of subcritical tie-lines is computed and stored for a given temperature. This process is repeated for the pressure and temperature ranges of interest, and a coarse (regular) tie-line table is constructed. Close to the critical boundary, a refined tie-line table is used. A combination of regular and refined interpolation improves the robustness of the tie-line search procedure and the overall efficiency of the computations. Several challenging problems, including an unstructured heterogeneous discrete fracture field model with 26 components, are used to demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of this general tie-line-based parameterization method. Our results indicate that CSAT provides accurate treatment of the near-critical region. Moreover, the computational efficiency of the method is at least an order of magnitude better than that of standard EOS-based reservoir simulation approaches. We also show the efficiency gains relative to standard techniques as a function of the number of gridblocks in the simulation model.