cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT IN SELF-ANALYTIC GROUPS

The purpose of this research was to examine patterns of information-processing over time in self-analytic groups. The communication in two groups was categorized by means of the Systems Information Processing Analysis (SIPA) category system. Messages were coded on four dimensions of information-processing: (1) source of information, (2) time orientation, (3) evolution of information, and (4) reduction of equivocality. The sequence of coded messages was then compared with a first-order Markov chain model. The results indicate the communication data from the groups are first-order; the groups are nonhomogeneous; stereotypy (predictability of patterns) is low to moderately high across the four dimensions; patterns in the evolution of information dimension are stationary over time. Patterns in the three other SIPA dimensions are nonstationary (time dependent) and suggest nonlinear changes. The information-processing patterns in the groups indicate that most information was spontaneously generated within the groups; the predominate time orientation was “present”; the form of message generally was either neutral opinion or new information; and moderate to moderately high uncertainty existed over time.
A giant impact origin for Pluto's small moons and satellite multiplicity in the Kuiper belt

In May 2005 Pluto was well placed for observation and the Hubble Space Telescope's survey camera was trained in its direction. The result was the discovery of two previously unknown satellites, called S/2005 P 1 and P 2 for now, making Pluto the first Kuiper belt object known to have multiple satellites. Two papers this week cover this milestone in detail. Weaver et al. describe the discovery process, and derive preliminary orbits and size estimates for both satellites. Stern et al. present work on the potential origin of the new satellites in the Charon-forming impact, on the likelihood of a ring system at Pluto, and the likelihood that there are many more multiple satellite systems in the Kuiper belt. On the cover, images of the Pluto-Charon system on 15 May (top) and 3 days later show the newly discovered moons on the move. Charon moves from one side of Pluto to the other between the two frames. The two newly discovered1 satellites of Pluto (P1 and P2) have masses that are small compared to both Pluto and Charon—that is, between 5 × 10-4 and 1 × 10-5 of Pluto's mass, and between 5 × 10-3 and 1 × 10-4 of Charon's mass. This discovery, combined with the constraints on the absence of more distant satellites of Pluto2, reveal that Pluto and its moons comprise an unusual, highly compact, quadruple system. These facts naturally raise the question of how this puzzling satellite system came to be. Here we show that P1 and P2's proximity to Pluto and Charon, the fact that P1 and P2 are on near-circular orbits in the same plane as Pluto's large satellite Charon1, along with their apparent locations in or near high-order mean-motion resonances, all probably result from their being constructed from collisional ejecta that originated from the Pluto–Charon formation event. We also argue that dust–ice rings of variable optical depths form sporadically in the Pluto system, and that rich satellite systems may be found—perhaps frequently—around other large Kuiper belt objects.
Statistical Aspects of Resonance Light Scattering in the Condensed Phase

A practical approach to understanding light scattering processes in the condensed phase is presented. First a theoretical discussion of the various parameters in resonance light scattering is given and there is a special emphasis on our simplified approach to this question. As with other approaches the two level density matrix in association with a quantum regression theorem leads to two types of emission from an ensemble of molecules at finite temperature (T2 ≠ 2T1). We have called one of these fluorescence and the other sharper emission Raman scattering because it results directly from the presence of a coherent polarization in the medium. A brief discussion of time dependent scattering is also given. An experiment that reproduces the main features of the theory is described for resonance scattering from azulene in naphthalene at 30 K. For all values of the laser frequency (near resonance) both a sharp (Raman) and diffuse (fluorescent) component occurs in the emission spectrum. These spectra when interpreted by the simplified theory yield a value of T2 = 0.7 ps from fluorescence linewidth, and T2 = 0.8 ps from the incoherent to coherent scattering ratio, for the 0–0 two level system of azulene in naphthalene. A discussion of practical aspects of the influence of inhomogeneous line broadening is also presented.
Race and ethnicity in decisions about unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donation

Large international registries of potential unrelated hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) donors, including the National Marrow Donor program (NMDP), continue to face difficulties finding matched donors for racial/ethnic minorities. One reason, in addition to the generally less common HLA types among minority patients, is the much higher registry attrition rate of racial/ethnic minorities compared with whites. Reasons for the higher attrition among minority potential donors remain unexplained. The goal of our cross-sectional telephone interview study was to generate a diverse sample of potential HSC donors who have preliminarily matched a patient and to identify factors associated with race/ethnicity and with the decision to continue toward potential donation or to opt out of the registry. Multiple culturally related, psychosocial, and donation-related factors were associated both with race/ethnic group membership and attrition from the registry. The most consistent factor associated with opting out of the registry across all race/ethnic groups was ambivalence about donation: doubts and worries, feeling unsure about donation, wishing someone else would donate in one's place. Our findings suggest that universal donor recruitment and management approaches based on reducing donation-related ambivalence and tailored messages and strategies for each of the individual race/ethnic groups are important.
A topological characterization of classical BRST cohomology

The recent identification of classical BRST cohomology with the “vertical cohomology” of a certain fibration is used to compute it in terms of the classical observables and the topology of the gauge orbits. When the gauge orbits are compact and orientable, a duality theorem is exhibited.
A new upper bound formula for the ground state energies of N-boson systems

The energy EN of an N-body system of pairwise interacting bosons is shown to satisfy the inequality, EN n ⩾ 2. This inequality generalizes the Bruch-Sawada result, E3 < 3E2, and is superior in its predictive ability to Lim et al.'s EN < 12N(N − 1)E2.
Literacy and development as discourse, cognition or as both?

Commenting on R&T's ‘Developing Linguistic Literacy’ is not an easy task. Their attempt addresses precisely the right questions, in all their complexities and breadth, centring and bundling these questions in strategic and potentially novel ways, and thereby exploring new territories and encouraging investigators to enter these territories. However, I still feel left with a sense of incompleteness and exclusion when it comes to a more discursive orientation to theorizing literacy and development.
Studies on opposite wood in conifers part III: Distribution of lignin

The distribution of lignin in opposite wood has been studied by removing the polysaccharides with hydrofluoric acid and examining the resulting lignin skeletons in the electron microscope. The thick S3 layer was more highly lignified than the S1 and S2 layers in Abies balsamea, Picea rubens, Pinus resinosa, and Tsuga canadensis. In Picea rubens, but not in the other species, there was, adjacent to the S3 layer, a transition zone in S2 with a high concentration of lignin. The S3 layer varied considerably in thickness and was often buckled, especially in the latewood. The structure of the bordered pits was that observed in the original wood. The margo, the torus, and the initial pit border were all highly lignified.
Economic performance of two new potato varieties using a fresh market consignment-packing model

New potato varieties may provide economic advantages in traditional potato markets. An economic analysis was conducted to determine potential advantages of two new varieties, ‘Gem Russet’ and ‘Summit Russet,’ when compared with ‘Russet Burbank’ in the fresh market. Yield and grade data from 15 location/years were used to calculate net returns for each variety using a price based on a fresh market consignment packing model. Gem Russet and Summit Russet had slightly higher total yield than Russet Burbank when averaged over all location/years. In only six of the 15 location/years for Gem Russet and four of the 15 for Summit Russet was total yield statistically higher than Russet Burbank. Gem Russet and Summit Russet had numerically higher % US No. 1 yield in all of the location/years and statistically higher in 12 and 13, respectively. Both varieties were equal to or higher than Russet Burbank in all location/years for % cartons, consignment sale net value and net returns. The higher net return for Gem Russet and Summit Russet over Russet Burbank make these varieties economically advantageous to grow. This type of analysis is important in assessing the value of a new variety to growers based on existing markets.
The effect of ionic strength on the manganese catalyzed oxidation of sulfur(IV)

We have measured the effect of ionic strength on the rate of the manganese catalyzed oxidation of sulfur in both the high (10−3M) and low (10−6M) sulfur concentration regimes. The effect is an extreme inhibition of the reaction as the ionic strength increases. Ionic strength, not hydrogen ion, accounts for the pH dependence of the rate, and makes it possible (1) to explain some unusual behavior described in the literature on this reaction, and (2) to reconcile in part a number of the literature rates. The inhibition is the same in both concentration regimes. Because of the complexity of this reaction, we believe that it is still not clear which rate law is appropriate for use in atmospheric calculations, athough we suggest provisional use of the first order, low sulfur rate.
3-D Jet Tomography: A Probe of the Hydrodynamic Initial State in Heavy Ion Collisions

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the hypothesis of “perfect” QCD fluid being produced at RHIC is heavily influenced by the assumptions used concerning the initial state input to ideal hydrodynamics. In an effort to differentiate between the different models for the initial state at RHIC (Participant and Color Glass Condensate (CGC)), we propose 3-D Jet Tomography in the ( p ⊥ , ϕ , η ) plane as a test to experimentally differentiate the models. We decompose R AA ( ϕ ; p ⊥ , η ) into fourier modes in ϕ and show that the observable v 1 ( p ⊥ , η ) may differentiate between Participant and CGC type initial state models.
Kinetics of coupled reactions: Lumping pentadecylbenzene pyrolysis into three parallel chains

Abstract The pyrolysis of pentadecylbenzene (PDB) was used as a vehicle example with which to develop a general methodology for the formulation of an analytical rate expression for the reaction of a single substrate to a complex product spectrum. The methodology organizes reaction products into pairs that form from closed-chain sequences, and allows chain transfer by both μ and β radicals to determine quantitative product selectivities. Including initiation steps and termination by all possible combinations of μ and β radicals provides quantitative reaction rates. PDB pyrolysis was modeled as three coupled parallel chains that led to the product pairs toluene plus 1-tetradecene, styrene plus tridecane, and minor products. Estimates of the rate constants for each elementary step allowed comparison with experimental data on the concentration dependence of a pseudo-first-order rate constant and product selectivities. Qualitative agreement between the model and the experiments was always good, and quantitative agreement was excellent at high PDB concentrations. The model and experiments demonstrated that chain transfer by μ radicals can influence both product selectivities and the apparent kinetics, and a criterion whereby its importance can be discerned is presented.
Structure-activity correlation in titanium single-site olefin polymerization catalysts containing mixed cyclopentadienyl/aryloxide ligation.

In this work, we report the synthesis of eighteen titanium cyclopentadienyl aryloxide complexes and their propagation rate constants for 1-hexene polymerization. A correlation between kp values and the underlying catalyst structures is developed using DFT-computed ligand cone angles and ion pair separation energies as structural and electronic descriptors. The correlation takes the form of an Arrhenius-like relationship where the pre-exponential factor is correlated to the ligand cone angles and the activation energy term is correlated to the ion pair separation energies. This finding is consistent with the idea that the ability of the monomer to access the metal center is a key factor affecting the reaction rate.
Edge-clique graphs

The edge-clique graphK(G) of a graphG is that graph whose vertices correspond to the edges ofG and where two vertices ofK(G) are adjacent whenever the corresponding edges ofG belong to a common clique. It is shown that every edge-clique graph is a clique graph, and that ifG is either an interval graph or a line graph, then so too isK(G). An algorithm is provided for determining whether a graph is an edge-clique graph. A new graph called the STP graph is introduced and a relationship involving this graph, the edge-clique graph, and the line graph is presented. The STP graphs are also characterized.
Poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome: comment on the article by Delrieu et al.

Several genome-wide scans for systemic lupus ery-thematosus (SLE) susceptibility genes have shown linkage to aregion on human chromosome lq41-42 (1–3). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is one of the candidates in thisregion implicated by a transmission disequilibrium study of 124multiethnic (primarily Caucasian) SLE families, suggestingthat PARP alleles may be (or be close to) the SLE suscepti-bility gene within lq41-q42 (4). Therefore, we read withinterest the article by Delrieu et al (5) reporting a lack ofassociation of PARP alleles with SLE among French Cauca-sians. Our data described below suggest that PARP alleles maybe in linkage disequilibrium with an SLE susceptibility gene.The incidence of SLE in African Americans is 2–4times greater than that in Caucasians (6). Our study usedbanked DNA obtained from consecutive African AmericanSLE patients (n 5 91) at the Division of Rheumatologyand Immunogenetics, University of Texas–Houston MedicalSchool and from normal controls (n 5 53) recruited fromamong medical center personnel. All SLE patients fulfilledthe American College of Rheumatology criteria for thedisease (7).Consistent with the findings reported by Delrieu et al(5), no specific PARP promoter allele was found to besignificantly associated with SLE or with any subset of SLE(patients stratified by the presence of lupus nephritis, anti–double-stranded DNA [by
The average height of a node in the BANG abstract directory tree

Abstract The abstract logical data structure for the BANG file directory is a multiway tree structure with one node for each bucket in the file. Under assumptions of “perfect hashing” or “growth on data principle”, we model the growth of the tree. The average cost for search and insertion is found to be logarithmic in the file size. The order constant is small and depends on the capacity of a bucket. Simulation confirms the analytic results. Similar assumptions should be applicable to the analysis of other multi-dimensional file structures.
Selection of parents on the basis of components of yield

Parents selected on the basis of large numbers of tubers greater than 21/4″ or large size of tubers greater than 21/4″ did not produce progenies that were any higher yielding than selecting parents for high yield without regard to the components. It was possible to increase the average size of tubers of the progenies by selecting for large size of tubers in at least one of the parents.
Neuroendocrine expression in metastaticprostate cancer: Evaluation of high throughput tissue microarrays to detect heterogeneous protein expression

The theory that poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma develops a neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype is controversial. Supportive data is variable with NE expression being observed in anywhere from 5% to 83% of prostate cancers. These percentages are derived from standard immunohistochemistry studies, which make no attempt to quantify the results. High-density tissue microarrays (TMAs), represent a novel method for evaluating up to 1000 tissue samples with a 0.6 mm diameter on a single glass slide. This high throughput technology for screening antibodies, however, requires validation to determine if TMAs are useful in evaluating heterogeneously expressed proteins such as the NE markers chromogranin A (CGA) and synaptophysin (SYN). This study compares results from standard slides to TMAs in 50 primary and metastatic prostate tumors taken from 12 rapid autopsies from men with hormone refractory prostate cancer. One hundred standard and 2 TMA slides were immunostained for CGA and SYN. Using standard slides, focal NE expression was seen in 1/12 primary prostate tumors. Overall, 13/100 (13%) standard slides showed focal NE expression for both primary and metastatic prostate tumors; NE expression was observed in 4/12 autopsy cases (33%) when all tumor sites per case were considered. 458 tissue elements (tumor and normal) were arrayed into one paraffin block. Seventy-three percent (332/458) of the elements placed into the TMA were confirmed histologically to represent tumor. Seventy-five percent (250/332) and 66% (218/332) could be evaluated for CGA and SYN expression, respectively. Six of the metastatic tumors expressed CGA and SYN or 2.4% (6/250; 95% CI = 0.9% to 5.2%) and 2.3% (6/218; 95% CI = 0.8% to 5.3%), respectively. In conclusion, only focal NE expression was observed by both methods (eg, standard and TMA slides). The focal expression in these advanced prostate tumors was unexpected given data from prostate tumor cell lines and animal models suggesting that progression to the NE phenotype parallels tumor progression. This study also supports the use of high density TMAs to screen for protein expression, even when expression is focal.
The Bloomberg Financial Markets Information Databases: A Simple Introduction to a Complex Financial System

In this article, Meredith discusses a financial service that has been available to stockbrokers and investment institutions and is trying to gain acceptance in the academic world. The information system monitors news around the world 24 hours a day, 365 days a year with expert analysts operating its telephone lines in New York 24 hours a day. Financial analysts can perform analyses on this system that are not available on any other system. Performance, valuation, and comparative analysis can be done on companies, indexes, and industries. It monitors the stock and bond markets.
Encouraging Existing Customers to Switch to Self-Service Technologies: Put a Little Fun in their Lives

This research examines factors influencing the consumer decision to alter how to interact with a firm and adopt a new technology-based means of consuming a service. Two central factors in the introduction of self-service technologies (SSTs) are the use of the technology and that the customer must change existing behavior patterns. A structural model relating attitudes and anticipated outcomes to intentions to change existing behavior is tested in a banking context. Key findings are theoretical (anticipated outcomes with attitudes are better predictors of intentions) and practical (fun is more important than utility influencing adoption of SSTs, even in a banking context not normally associated with fun). We conclude with managerial implications and directions for future research.
A novel representation of HLA allele specificity and prediction algorithm for HLA class I binding

Current software tools and algorithms for prediction of HLA class I peptide binding prediction are based on the frequency of 2 anchoring residues from peptides of 8 to 9 residues long with less account for variable peptide length or amino acid residues internal to anchor positions. We herein propose an algorithm based on data obtained by mass spectrometric sequencing of eluted peptides using amino acid properties of key peptide anchor position residues and internal residues between anchor positions.
Drug-activated multiple pathways of defensin mRNA regulation in HL-60 cells are defined by reversed roles of participating protein kinases

Defensin transcription in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells is greatly enhanced during retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation. We have probed this regulatory pathway by selective modulation of various kinase activities. Induction was potentiated by elevated cAMP and attenuated by protein kinase C inhibition, entirely correlated to enhanced or blocked morphological differentiation, respectively. Yet, defensin mRNA was also induced in undifferentiated HL-60 cells, but not in others, by cAMP alone. By contrast, modulators that cooperated with RA had adverse effects on the normal capacity of dimethyl sulfoxide to up regulate these transcripts as well. Thus, defensin mRNA accumulation can be selectively uncoupled from maturation stage; and transcript levels may be regulated by multiple pathways, each independently acted upon by different chemical inducers.
Revisiting Huck: Idol and Target Reading Twain: Critical Humbug and Mysterious Stranger The Mark Twain Circle at MLA 2004–2005

As a landmark in the present-or more accurately, the ever present-culture wars, Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the arguments surrounding its meaning and value may now appear to be little more than skirmishes. After all, we live in an era full of interpretive battles that trumpet their significance through any number of commercial and political venues. While beliefs about Intelligent Design have successfully contended with the "theory" of evolution, scientists from around the world pursue the promise of human cloning as if it were the holy grail. While parents worry over the sexuality of SpongeBob Squarepants, two gay cowboys have roped and wrestled their way to an Academy Award nomination. And while the Supreme Court takes on the look and the agenda of an old-boys' Catholic School, two of the most viable candidates to run for the Presidency in 2008 are Condoleezza Rice, the first female, African American Secretary of State, and Senator Hillary Rodham-Clinton, a (mostly) unapologetic firstwave feminist. If blue-state liberals and redstate conservatives are in fact battling for the hearts and minds of the American public-and it's entirely possible that such divisions actually mask a more sophisticated political landscaping-they no longer seem preoccupied with determining the color of Twain's politics or the content of Huck's character. Yet, when the Mark Twain Circle of America invited Jonathan Arac to revisit his controversial book, Huckleberry Finn as Idol and Target: The Functions of Criticism in Our Time , at the MLA's 2005 annual convention, we did not do so as a nostalgic gesture. Instead, it was our hope to draw attention to the timeliness of Huckleberry Finn, and even necessity of examining its role in American education and culture. Thanks to the Mark Twain Annual , we are able to widen the scope of these
Increased tau phosphorylation and tau truncation, and decreased synaptophysin levels in mutant BRI2/tau transgenic mice.

Familial Danish dementia (FDD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a 10-nucleotide duplication-insertion in the BRI2 gene. FDD is clinically characterized by loss of vision, hearing impairment, cerebellar ataxia and dementia. The main neuropathologic findings in FDD are the deposition of Danish amyloid (ADan) and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Here we investigated tau accumulation and truncation in double transgenic (Tg-FDD-Tau) mice generated by crossing transgenic mice expressing human Danish mutant BRI2 (Tg-FDD) with mice expressing human 4-repeat mutant Tau-P301S (Tg-Tau). Compared to Tg-Tau mice, we observed a significant enhancement of tau deposition in Tg-FDD-Tau mice. In addition, a significant increase in tau cleaved at aspartic acid (Asp) 421 was observed in Tg-FDD-Tau mice. Tg-FDD-Tau mice also showed a significant decrease in synaptophysin levels, occurring before widespread deposition of fibrillar ADan and tau can be observed. Thus, the presence of soluble ADan/mutant BRI2 can lead to significant changes in tau metabolism and synaptic dysfunction. Our data provide new in vivo insights into the pathogenesis of FDD and the pathogenic pathway(s) by which amyloidogenic peptides, regardless of their primary amino acid sequence, can cause neurodegeneration.
One-loop matching of lattice and continuum heavy-light axial vector currents using NRQCD

The temporal component of the heavy-light axial vector current is constructed to one-loop order in perturbation theory and to order 1/M, where M is the heavy quark mass, in terms of operators suitable for use in lattice simulations of B and D mesons. The O(a)-improved clover action is used for the massless light quark, where a is the lattice spacing, and propagation of the heavy quark is described by a nonrelativistic lattice action. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Patient auditing with potent results: a boon to protection and quality

The role of Internal Auditing is to provide Protection at a level that management requires and, beyond that, to influence the manner of conducting business operations so that high Quality of performance results.
Healing after Arterial Dilatation with Radiofrequency Thermal and Nonthermal Balloon Angioplasty Systems

Thermal balloon angioplasty has been proposed as a means of reducing acute and delayed reclosure of arteries after percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. A radiofrequency (rf) balloon catheter was used to perform thermal balloon angioplasty on canine arteries in vivo. The histologic appearance of rf-treated sites was compared with that of control sites treated by conventional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Acutely, rf-treated sites showed a reduced medial cellularity with preservation of internal elastic lamina except at the transitional zone between thermal injury and normal artery, where localized internal elastic lamina disruption was found. Nonthermal sites showed generalized disruption of internal elastic lamina and normal medial cellularity. Both thermal and nonthermal sites displayed a return of intimal cover commencing at 1 to 2 weeks and completed by 4 weeks. Diffuse myointimal hyperplasia appeared by 2 weeks after injury at breaks in the internal elastic lamina along the nontherm...
Stop and Smell the Fries: Collaborative Bio-Fuel Research in the Community College.

Our project was to provide a community college undergraduate an authentic research opportunity in a science discipline. To do this, students who have completed a two-semester sequence in chemistry or physics were recruited to investigate the technical aspects of producing economically viable bio-diesel fuel from donated discarded restaurant cooking oils.
Comparison of four regions in the replicase gene of heterologous infectious bronchitis virus strains.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) produces six subgenomic (sg) mRNAs, each containing a 64 nucleotide (nt) leader sequence, derived from the 5V end of the genome by a discontinuous process. Several putative functional domains such as a papain-like proteinase (PL pro ), main protease (M pro ), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and RNA helicase encoded by the replicase gene are important for virus replication. We have sequenced four regions of the replicase genes corresponding to the 5V-terminal sequence, PL pro ,M pro , and RdRp domains from 20 heterologous IBV strains, and compared them with previously published coronavirus sequences. All the coronavirus 5Vtermini and PL pro domains were divergent, unlike the M pro and the RdRp domains that were highly conserved with 28% and 48% conserved residues, respectively. Among IBV strains, the 5V untranslated region including the leader sequence was highly conserved (>94% identical); whereas, the N-terminal coding region and the PL pro domains were highly variable ranging from 84.6% to 100%, and 77.6% to 100% identity, respectively. The IBV M pro and RdRp domains were highly conserved with 82.7% and 92.7% conserved residues, respectively. The BJ strain was the most different from other IBVs in all four regions of the replicase. Phylogeny-based clustering based on replicase genes was identical to the antigen-based classification of coronaviruses into three groups. However, the IBV strain classification based on replicase gene domains did not correlate with that of the type-specific antigenic groups. The replicase gene sequences of many IBVs recovered from infected chickens were identical to those of vaccine viruses irrespective of serotype, suggesting that either there has been an exchange of genetic material among vaccine and field isolates or that there is a convergent evolution to a specific replicase genotype. There was no correlation between the genotype of any region of the replicase gene and pathotype, suggesting that the replicase is not the sole determinant of IBV pathogenicity.
Search and detection modeling of military imaging systems

This paper provides an overview of research in search and detection modeling of military imaging systems. For more than forty-five years the US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) and others have been working to model the performance of infrared imagers in an effort to link imaging system design parameters to observer-sensor performance in the field. The widely used ACQUIRE model accomplished this by linking the minimum resolvable contrast of the sensor to field performance. From the original hypothesis put forth by John Johnson in 1958, to modeling time limited search, to modeling the impact of motion on target detection, to modeling target acquisition performance in different spectral bands, search has a wide and varied history. This paper will first describe the search-modeling task and then give a description of various topics in search and detection over the years. Some of the topics to be discussed will be classic search, clutter, computational vision models and the ACQUIRE model with its variants. It is hoped that this overview will provide both the novice and experienced search modeler alike with a useful summary and a glance at current issues and future challenges.
The Portuguese female immigrant: the 'marginal man'.

This paper presents an analysis of the role of Portuguese women in the migration decision of typical Portuguese `male-dominated families; their continued importance in the actual departure and in the acculturative process upon arrival. The author seeks to redress a previous imbalance in migration literature neglecting the role of women in these processes. (authors)
Biogeochemical processes affecting selenium cycling in wetlands

Important selenium data in the literature are discussed with reference to the biogeochem-ical processes affecting selenium cycling in wetlands. Selenium oxidation-reduction reactions are shown to be the most important biogeochemical processes controlling speciation, precipitation/dissolution, sorption/desorption, methylation, and volatilization of selenium. Furthermore, bioavailability and toxicity of selenium, with reference to wetland ecosystems, are summarized. Based on the information available in the literature, a conceptual model depicting selenium chemistry and behavior in wetlands is described.
Triiodothyronine Nuclear Receptors: An in Vitro Comparison of the Binding of Triiodothyronine to Nuclei of Adult Rat Liver, Cerebral Hemisphere, and Anterior Pituitary*

An analysis of Scatchard plots of triiodothyronine (T3) binding to purified nuclei from liver, cerebral hemisphere, and anterior pituitary of adult rats is presented. The data indicate that the binding of T3 to nuclei from these tissues is linear over the concentration range 50–5000 pM, and show that the binding of hormone to the nuclear receptors is independent, saturable, and obeys Michaelis-Menton kinetics. Analysis of the combined Scatchard data from several experiments reveals that the number of T3 binding sites per microgram of DNA is greatest for the anterior pituitary (2.0 fmol/μg DNA) followed by cerebral hemisphere (0.8 fmol/μg DNA), and liver (0.2 fmol/μg DNA). The dissociation constants determined for the receptors from the above tissues varies between 0.2–0.4 nM and are in agreement with previously published data from several other laboratories. A comparison of the pH dependence and magnesium ion dependence of nuclear T3 binding to cerebral hemisphere and liver show that both receptors have p...
Pituitary volume in men with concurrent heroin and cocaine dependence

Pituitary gland volume was measured in 16 men between the ages of 26-33 with magnetic resonance imaging. Eight male patients had a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III-Revised, American Psychiatric Association Axis I diagnosis of concurrent opioid and cocaine dependence. The average duration of opioid and cocaine abuse was 7.8 +/- 2.0 and 6.9 +/- 1.4 yr, respectively. All patients were in good physical health as determined by physical examination, blood chemistry, hemogram and hormone analysis, and all tested negatively for the HIV antibody. No patient had any other Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III-Revised Axis I diagnosis or neurological disorder. Eight healthy males served as age-matched control subjects. None of the control subjects had any past or current history of substance abuse or any clinical indication for magnetic resonance imaging. Opioid and cocaine dependent men had significantly larger pituitary gland volumes (730.0 +/- 24.4 mm3) than control subjects (540.0 +/- 26.6 mm3) (P < 0.01). The significant increase in pituitary gland volume in men who abuse opiates and cocaine may be antecedent to detection of abnormal anterior pituitary hormone function.
Uniform hashing is optimal

It was conjectured by J. Ullman that uniform hashing is optimal in its expected retrieval cost among all open-address hashing schemes [4]. In this paper, we show that, for any open-address hashing scheme, the expected cost of retrieving a record from a large table that is a-fraction full is at least (1/a) log (1/(1 - a)) + o(1). This proves Ullman's conjecture to be true in the asymptotic sense.
Role and Regulation of Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila Fat Body

In response to starvation, eukaryotic cells recover nutrients through autophagy, a lysosomal-mediated process of cytoplasmic degradation. Autophagy is known to be inhibited by TOR signaling, but the mechanisms of autophagy regulation and its role in TOR-mediated cell growth are unclear. Here, we show that signaling through TOR and its upstream regulators PI3K and Rheb is necessary and sufficient to suppress starvation-induced autophagy in the Drosophila fat body. In contrast, TOR's downstream effector S6K promotes rather than suppresses autophagy, suggesting S6K downregulation may limit autophagy during extended starvation. Despite the catabolic potential of autophagy, disruption of conserved components of the autophagic machinery, including ATG1 and ATG5, does not restore growth to TOR mutant cells. Instead, inhibition of autophagy enhances TOR mutant phenotypes, including reduced cell size, growth rate, and survival. Thus, in cells lacking TOR, autophagy plays a protective role that is dominant over its potential role as a growth suppressor.
Flamelet and PDF modeling of CO and NOx emissions from a turbulent, methane hydrogen jet nonpremixed flame

Modeling of NO formation in a turbulent, nonpremixed jet flame with a fuel mixture of 31% methane and 69% hydrogen has been performed using the joint scalar probability density function (PDF) approach and the traditional flamelet model. The importance of various effects such as transients, flame interaction, preferential diffusion, and radiative heat loss on NO formation is evaluated by comparisons of predictions with experimental data. The radiative heat loss is included in the PDF approach using the optically thin limit model. A simple model to account for the effect of temperature decrease on thermal NO formation is used in the flamelet model. The model results suggest that radiative heat loss becomes increasingly important for NO predictions in the far field, and it can lower the predicted values by a factor of 3 leading to a better agreement with the experimental data. Preferential diffusion, which is not included in the PDF model, is found to be insufficient to account for the overprediction in the NO levels by the flamelet approach. Comparisons of the predicted CO concentrations from the two models indicate that transient and flame interaction may be important for describing the flame behavior in the near field.
Sedimentology of Large Olistoliths, Southern Cordillera Central, Hispaniola

ABSTRACT More than 500 large, well exposed, calcareous olistoliths of Paleocene to Eocene age are exposed in the Eocene deep-water Rio Ocoa Formation of southern Hispaniola. Due to the low degree of tectonic overprint, their sedimentary characteristics can be studied in detail. The olistoliths reach up to 6 km in length and are largely conformable with regional bedding. Slump folds formed within some semiconsolidated blocks during downslope transport. Olistolith age, geometry, lithology, facies, orientation of slump fold axes, and regional geology indicate provenance from a carbonate platform and slope environment that overlay the Cretaceous island-arc rocks of the Cordillera Central to the northeast. The blocks were transported as far as 15 km and a show a logarithmic size-distance relationsh p. Seismicity associated with the initiation of strike-slip faulting along the subsiding, inactive arc during the Middle Eocene is likely to have triggered the detachment and mobilization of the olistoliths.
An FP-CVM calculation of pre-precipitation clustering in AlCuMgAg alloys

Abstract Trace element additions can efficiently control nucleation and, hence, affect final precipitate structures of metastable coherent second phases. As an improved and self-consistent treatment with respect to the quasi-chemical model [Aiwu Zhu et al. Acta Mater 2004;52:3671], a tetrahedron cluster-variation-method (CVM) based on first principles total energy calculation (FP-CVM) is employed to assess cluster formation prior to the second phase precipitation in Al Cu Mg Ag alloys. The overall lattice elastic relaxation (accommodation of atomic unit cells of different volumes) is taken into account.
On Becoming a Client

Participant observation and interview methods were used to study the informal typing decisions of parole officers employed in urban branch offices of a state parole agency. The data show that routine career contingencies determine not only the typology but also the nature of the typing decision. In general, parole officers are punished and rewarded on the basis of how much or how little trouble their caseloads cause the parole agency. To minimize this trouble, parole officers must control their parolees in an absolute sense. To control parolees in an absolute sense, parole officers misuse the informal typing system. The essay describes the data on which typing decisions are made, the decisionmaking process, and three types of parolees: dangerous men, noncriminals, and clients. Finally, the phenomena are related to Merlon's theory of the bureaucratic personality.
Spectrographic Analysis and Patterns in Pronunciation.

Though there are good reasons to improve instruction in pronunciation, the teaching of pronunciation has lost popularity among language teachers. This is because the traditional indirect analyses of sounds according to places and manners of articulation are clumsy when applied to classroom teaching. By shifting the focus of instruction to the direct feedback of real-time acoustic analysis in the visual mode, instructors are free from the complex and often unproductive terminology of articulatory phonetics, and students are free from the burden of translating instructors' general comments such as “try again” or “repeat after me” into plans for specific changes.
When Pregnant Patients Disclose Substance Use: Missed Opportunities for Behavioral Change Counseling

Abstract Objective The first obstetric visit is an opportunity to provide counseling to women with substance abuse risks, including smoking, drug use, and alcohol use. Little is known about how obstetric care providers and patients discuss these issues. Our objective was to examine patient–provider communication about substance use behaviors during these visits. Methods We audio-taped and transcribed verbatim first prenatal visits in an outpatient hospital clinic, then qualitatively analyzed them for content and process of communication using modified grounded theory methods. Results Twenty-nine providers (21 residents, 5 midwives, 3 nurse practitioners) and 51 patients participated. Twenty-five patients were smokers, 4 used alcohol, and 11 used drugs. Provider responses to smoking disclosures included discussions of risks, encouragement to quit-cut down, affirmation of attempts to quit-cut down, and referral to smoking cessation programs. Responses to alcohol or drug disclosures included only a general statement regarding risks and referral to genetics. Conclusion Providers were less attentive to alcohol and drugs than smoking where they had pre-established patterns of response. Practice implications Providers should discuss behavioral change strategies and motivations with pregnant patients who use drugs and/or alcohol as well as those who smoke.
Exposure to Macaque Monkey Bite.

Abstract Background The herpes B virus is a zoonotic agent that is endemic among macaque monkeys only, but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in humans. Case Report A 26-year-old female presented to a U.S. emergency department after being bitten by a wild macaque monkey. The emergency medicine team administered rabies immunoglobulin and rabies vaccine. The team also prescribed acyclovir for prophylactic coverage against herpes B, a deadly zoonotic agent that is endemic among macaque monkeys. A discussion of background, exposure, transmission, symptoms, treatment for herpes B, including latest data available, literature, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines are included. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Zoonotic exposures can cause infectious diseases, which are unfamiliar and deadly. The emergency physician's knowledge of the association between the deadly herpes B infection and wild macaque monkey may expedite treatment and be instrumental in patient morbidity and survival.
Escrituras recurrentes: la ficción del tiempo en la poesía de José Manuel Caballero Bonald

El tiempo, la memoria y el olvido son motivos recurrentes en la obra de los poetas de la generacion de los 50 o del medio siglo. Este articulo se centra en la revision personalisima que Jose Manuel Caballero Bonald lleva a cabo de uno de los temas universales de la poesia de todos los tiempos. De la tradicion barroca toma su retorica el autor para reciclar sus materiales en una nueva reinterpretacion que contrasta claramente con la de los poetas coetaneos y establece al mismo tiempo un claro hilo conductor con la cultura literaria del pasado. Para su meditacion temporal, el poeta incorpora el legado de otros actos presentes en la cultura en una amalgama unica de pensamiento borgiano y conceptismo barroco. A partir de Quevedo fundamentalmente, el nuevo barroquismo del poeta se certifica en una poetica que fusiona culteranismo y conceptismo, abundancia lexica con ajustamiento expresivo para dar como resultado un universo lirico de reconciliacion de contrarios, una concepcion de la escritura poetica mas nutrida de conocimiento que de vivencia, ademas de como de una forma de expresion en la que se advierten poderosamente las marcas de sistemas formales y conceptuales del Barroco.
Phatic communication and Relevance Theory: a reply to Zegarac & Clark

Recent work in Relevance Theory (henceforth RT) illustrates the coming of age of modern pragmatic scholarship in creating an environment in which a particular theory of pragmatics can be taken for granted, without explanation or justification, and an analysis of a phenomenon previously unaccounted for within that theory can be advanced. One is reminded of much of the recent syntactic work within GB/Principles & Parameters/Minimalist Theory: the dominance of the Chomskyan approach – particularly in certain geographic regions – allows researchers, for better or worse, to simply assume the correctness of the theory in their work and proceed to illustrate how that theory might (or must) be extended or modified to accommodate a new class of data. In this volume, Žegarac & Clark (1999) provide the latest illustration of a similar strategy in pragmatics: the correctness of RT is assumed and an analysis of ‘phatic communication’ proposed within that framework. On the one hand, this constitutes an advance for pragmatic theory, since until recently there was no comprehensive all-inclusive framework within which certain pragmatic generalizations could be stated. If nothing else, RT has served to raise a number of important issues surrounding the semantics-pragmatics interface, helping to crystallize the debate and make explicit many assumptions that had been either implicit or non-existent in other frameworks. In particular, RT work on scalar implicature/explicature and on echoic mention and metalinguistic negation (e.g. Carston 1988, 1995; Recanati 1989) has represented major advances in our understanding of these phenomena and their theoretical implications. Thus, whatever one may think of RT, it is a theory that must be taken seriously by anyone working in this area. On the other hand, we find that RT suffers from one of the principal afflictions of the aforementioned work in the GB/P&P/Minimalism mainstream: a remarkable failure to address, come to terms with, and incorporate the extensive previous literature on the topic under current consideration.
Linear reactive control for efficient 2D and 3D bipedal walking over rough terrain

The kinematics of human walking are largely driven by passive dynamics, but adaptation to varying terrain conditions and responses to perturbations require some form of active control. The basis for this control is often thought to take the form of entrainment between a neural oscillator (i.e., a central pattern generator and/or distributed counterparts) and the mechanical system. Here we use techniques in evolutionary robotics to explore the potential of a purely reactive, linear controller to control bipedal locomotion over rough terrain. In these simulation studies, joint torques are computed as weighted linear sums of sensor states, and the weights are optimized using an evolutionary algorithm. We show that linear reactive control can enable a seven-link 2D biped and a nine-link 3D biped to walk over rough terrain (steps of 5% leg length or more in the 2D case). In other words, the simulated walker gradually learns the appropriate weights to achieve stable locomotion. The results indicate that oscillatory neural structures are not necessarily a requirement for robust bipedal walking. The study of purely reactive control through linear feedback may help to reveal some basic control principles of stable walking.