cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the Tariff-Growth Correlation of the Late 19th Century

Immediately following World War II, many economists believed that a trade policy based on import substitution would best promote economic development. Subsequent experience instead revealed the costs of protectionism (Anne 0. Krueger, 1997). In the late 19th century as well, many political economists (such as Friedrich List) advocated import tariffs to promote the growth of domestic manufacturing in countries that were behind the industrial leader, then the United Kingdom. Unlike the recent period, however, the late 19th-century experience is often interpreted as confirming the wisdom of import substitution.' Recent work by Kevin H. O'Rourke (2000) and Michael A. Clemens and Jeffrey G. Williamson (2001) has strengthened this impression by finding a positive correlation between import tariffs and economic growth across countries from 1875 to 1914. Such a correlation does not establish a causal relationship between tariffs and growth, but it is tempting to view the correlation as constituting evidence that protectionist or inward-oriented trade strategies were successful during this period. This paper argues that such a conclusion is unwarranted and that the tariff-growth correlation should be interpreted with great care. First, several individual country experiences in the late 19th century are not consistent with the view that import substitution promoted growth. For example, the two most rapidly expanding, high-tariff countries of the period (Argentina and Canada) grew because capital imports helped stimulate export-led growth in agriculturalstaples products, not because of protectionist trade policies. Second, most land-abundant countries (such as Argentina and Canada) imposed high tariffs to raise government revenue, and revenue tariffs have a different structure than protective tariffs. The fact that labor-scarce, land-abundant countries had a high potential for growth and also tended to impose high revenue-generating tariffs confounds the inference that high tariffs were responsible for their strong economic performance during this period.
Stem cell theory of carcinogenesis

Abstract Our present understanding of the carcinogenic process, involving complex interactions of genetic, developmental, sex, dietary and environmental factors during the multistage initiation/promotion/progression process of carcinogenesis, would lead us to reject simplistic non-biologically based risk assessment models. This understanding, plus recent results of the National Toxicology Bioassay program and of the studies of short-term tests for genotoxicity, has challenged the primary paradigm of ‘carcinogens as mutagens’ which governs our current risk assessment models. The concepts of the stem cell theory of cancer, of oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes, of gap junctional intercellular communication, and of mutagenic and epigenetic mechanisms must be integrated into a biologically-based model of the multistage nature of carcinogenesis. Current understanding of the complex interactions during this process prevents us from believing that a simple and accurate, biologically-based risk assessment model will be developed soon, if ever.
Pharmacokinetic comparison of leukocyte and Escherichia coli-derived human interferon type alpha.

Human alpha interferons derived from leukocytes (HuIFN-α-Le) and from an Escherichia coli clone (HuIFN-α1) were compared for their relative abilities to distribute systemically in mice following intramuscular or intraperitoneal injections, and for their rate of clearance from the blood. HuIFN-α1, which is about 30–50 times more active on bovine cells than on human cells, was as efficient as HuIFN-α-Le at entering the bloodstream following injections by either route. However, HuIFN-α-Le was still present in the circulation at about 30% of peak serum IFN levels at 8 h post-inoculation and was present at about 3–5% at 24 h, whereas HuIFN-α1 was present at only about 3% of peak IFN serum levels at 8 h and was undetectable (< 1%) at 24 h. These data indicate the importance of evaluating the pharmacokinetic properties of each of the molecular forms of interferons obtained from genetically engineered organisms, as each molecular species of interferon may have importantly distinct pharmacologic properties.
CREATING A STATEWIDE EDUCATIONAL DATA SYSTEM FOR ACCOUNTABILITY AND IMPROVEMENT : A COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR MAKING EVIDENCE-BASED CHANGE AT SCHOOL, DISTRICT, AND POLICY LEVELS

This article reports on one ongoing statewide effort to create a high-quality data reporting and utilization system (i.e., High-Performance Learning Community [HiPlaces] Assessment) to inform educational accountability and improvement efforts system. This effort has undergoing refinement for more than a decade. The article describes the features of this system, particularly how empirically based psychological theory and research informed both the development and the overall design of the assessment method. This system, unlike those used by other educational institutions, is unusual in that from the onset of the development and then the implementation, the assessment moved well beyond the simple assessment of the performance and achievement of students to include a comprehensive assessment of all aspects of the developmental, educational, fiscal, and policy conditions that comprise the ecology of the public education system, at all levels, as well as of the developmental and educational needs and attainment of students. The use of data was integral in guiding specific and ongoing, state-, district-, school-, and classroom-level improvement plans and efforts, including the development, monitoring, evaluation, and refinement of the program. The major goal that guided this system is, and always has been, the enhancement of schools and students' lives. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental switch in the pharmacology of Ca2+ channels coupled to acetylcholine release.

Abstract The pharmacological specificity of Ca 2+ channel-secretion coupling in acetylcholine (ACh) and somatostatin (SOM) release was studied in the chick eye choroid neuromuscular junctions and in dissociated ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons. ACh secretion changes in development from stage (St) 40, when release is dihydropyridine (DHP) and partially ω-conotoxin (ω-CgTX) sensitive, to posthatch, when release is insensitive to DH Ps but sensitive to ω-CgTX. St 40 CG neurons cultured with striated muscle have release properties similar to those of St 40 iris and choroid but different from those of St 34 neurons, which are neither DH P nor ω-CgTX sensitive. SOM (also coreleased from posthatch choroid terminals) can inhibit ACh release in both posthatch and St 40 choroids, suggesting that the SOM receptor interacts with both DHP-sensitive and -insensitive channels.
How Diversity Influences Knowledge, Identity, and Doctoral Education

The goal of this volume was to expand readers’ understanding of diversity in doctoral education. Chapter authors considered not only the role of racial, ethnic, and gender diversity, but also the diversity of institutional type, academic discipline, social ecology, and professional context. Our intent was to acknowledge the numerous factors that influence access and participation among different student groups while also bringing other cat-egories of difference to the forefront. While enrollment data that reflect such categories as gender and ethnicity are easily measurable indications of diversity, other areas exist that demand attention. By adding nuanced com-plexity to the issue of diversity, the authors sought to provide guideposts for future research, policy, and practice in this area.Two underlying assumptions throughout this volume are that diversity has value and that such value is an essential component of higher education institutions. As one example, students become aware of different global per-spectives when they interact with diverse peers. Gurin, Dey, Hurtado, and Gurin (2002) wrote, “Colleges that diversify their student bodies and insti-tute policies that foster genuine interaction across race and ethnicity pro-vide the first opportunity for many students to learn from peers with different cultures, values, and experiences” (p. 336). This engagement is furthered when students are challenged by a curriculum that fosters critical thinking and cultural awareness. Not only do students as individuals ben-efit from this development, but so also does the institution, as well as larger society. “A key impetus for linking diversity with central educational and civic goals is to better position the next generation of leaders for the project of advancing social progress,” suggested Hurtado (2007, p. 186).Doctoral programs play a critical role in higher education’s mission to advance educational and civic goals. These programs make possible an
P03.07: Early prenatal diagnosis of a vein of Galen aneurysm

over time were now deemed highly suspicious of lissencephaly. Amniocentesis showed a normal 46XX karyotype, and no short arm deletion of chromosome 17 (Miller-Dieker-syndrome) was detectable. Emergency Cesarean section (XX, 2235g, APGAR 1/1/3) was necessary at 37 weeks due to fetal bradycardia caused by abruptio placentae. Postnatal ultrasound and MRI confirmed prenatal diagnosis of lissencephaly. Our case demonstrates that early sonographic findings may raise suspicion for abnormal cortical development, but definite diagnosis based on sonographic criteria may usually not be achieved prior to 28 weeks’ gestation. Obstetric management in our case was complicated by the parent’s desire for maximal delivery efforts despite poor prognosis.
Mitochondrial DNA Replication: What We Know

Since the isolation and physical characterization of mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) over 35 years ago, numerous works have been published that have examined its physical structure and properties, including its mode of replication and transcription. The established replication model posits that leading-strand replication of mammalian mtDNA begins at closely spaced, defined sites located downstream from a major transcription promoter and proceeds unidirectionally with displacement of the parental leading strand until approximately two-thirds of the closed circular mtDNA has been copied. As a consequence, the replication fork passes a major origin for lagging-strand synthesis, exposing it in single-stranded form. Displacement as a single-strand is thought to allow the characteristic secondary structure of this origin to occur, thereby permitting initiation of lagging-strand synthesis. A natural consequence of the separate and distinct locations of the two origins is that the two segregated progeny mtDNA circles are of two types: one a duplex circle with a newly synthesized leading strand and the other a gapped circle with a partial newly synthesized lagging strand. In each case, the final steps of synthesis and ligation result in closed circular mtDNA products. Recently, mammalian mtDNA isolates have been subjected to 2D-gel electrophoretic analysis in attempts to assign features to mtDNA molecules that, by virtue of their anomalous migration behavior, could infer them to be candidates for replication intermediates. This review will describe the essential features of the historical findings of mammalian mtDNA replication studies and integrate the more recent observations in developing a current model for this process.
Knowledge of the health consequences of obesity among overweight/obese Black and Hispanic adults

Objective To measure knowledge of the health consequences of obesity among overweight/obese Black and Hispanic adults and examine the relationship to prior weight loss.
An Extracellular Loop Region of the Serotonin Transporter May Be Involved in the Translocation Mechanism

The serotonin transporter (SERT) is a member of a highly homologous family of proteins responsible for the reuptake of biogenic amines from the synaptic cleft. We took advantage of native restriction sites in SERT to construct a chimeric transporter containing a small (34 amino acid) region of the norepinephrine transporter. The substituted region corresponds to about half of the largest extracellular loop. This chimera transports serotonin very slowly compared to wild type SERT. However, it binds serotonin and the cocaine analog 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-[125I]iodophenyl)tropane with a high affinity indistinguishable from wild type. It has the same specificity as wild type SERT for the antidepressants paroxetine and desipramine. The low rate of transport does not appear to be due to poor expression, since the chimeric transporter is expressed at the membrane surface at close to wild type levels as measured by cell surface biotinylation. These observations lead us to conclude that, rather than playing a role ...
Colloid Restabilization at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Effect of Ion Valency

The scope of this paper is to explain the restabilization of colloidal dispersions at sufficiently high electrolyte concentrations. This restabilization could not be explained in the framework of the traditional double layer theory. An improved theory which accounts for the field generated in water by neighboring dipoles (the polarization gradient) as well as the field induced by surface dipoles could, however, explain the experimental results. The latter dipoles are generated by the adsorption of the ions of the electrolyte upon the surface charges with opposite sign formed through the dissociation of acidic and basic sites. This adsorption changes not only the surface charge but also generates ion pairs (dipoles), which induce a field in the neighboring water molecules that propagates further in the liquid. A higher valency has an important effect upon the restabilization because it makes the field induced by the neighboring water molecules stronger and the change of the surface charge with electrolyte ...
Identification of borderline thyroid tumors by gene expression array analysis.

BACKGROUND: A subset of follicular lesions of the thyroid is encapsulated similar to follicular adenomas but with partial nuclear features suggestive of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), raising the possibility of biologically borderline tumors. METHODS: Gene expression profiling and advanced significance analyses were performed on 50 histologically unequivocal benign and malignant tumors, and a list of 61 differentially expressed genes was generated. By using this 61-gene list, unsupervised hierarchical and K-means cluster analyses were performed on 40 additional tumors, including 15 histologically borderline tumors, 11 benign tumors, and 14 PTCs. RESULTS: Analysis revealed 3 distinct tumor groups—benign, malignant, and intermediate. Tumors in the intermediate group (n = 15) were mostly histologic borderline tumors and had an expression profile overlapping with the benign and malignant groups. Twenty-seven genes were expressed differentially between the benign and intermediate groups, including the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein/p300-interactivator with glutamic acid/aspartic acid-rich carboxy-terminal domain 1 or CITED1 gene and the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 or FGFR2 gene. Fourteen genes were expressed differentially between the intermediate group and malignant tumors, notably overexpression of the met proto-oncogene and of the high-mobility group adenine/thymine-hook 2 or HMGA2 gene in malignancies. Mutations of the v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 or BRAF gene were identified in 4 of 14 malignant tumors but not in benign or intermediate tumors. Patients who had either histologically or molecularly borderline tumors did not have metastasis or recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: Gene expression profiling supported the finding that encapsulated thyroid follicular lesions with partial nuclear features of PTC are biologically borderline tumors that are distinct molecularly from benign and malignant tumors. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Comment on the letter by A. Ben-Shaul: "entropy, energy, and bending of DNA in viral capsids".

Abstract The conformational entropic penalty associated with packaging double-stranded DNA into viral capsids remains an issue of contention. So far, models based on a continuum approximation for DNA have either left the question unexamined, or they have assumed that the entropic penalty is negligible, following an early analysis by Riemer and Bloomfield. In contrast, molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations using bead-and-spring models consistently show a large penalty. A recent letter from Ben-Shaul attempts to reconcile the differences. While the letter makes some valid points, the issue of how to include conformational entropy in the continuum models remains unresolved. In this Comment, I show that the free energy decomposition from continuum models could be brought into line with the decomposition from the MD simulations with two adjustments. First, the entropy from Flory-Huggins theory should be replaced by the estimate of the entropic penalty given in Ben-Shaul's letter, which corresponds closely to that from the MD simulations. Second, the DNA-DNA repulsions are well described by the empirical relationship given by the Cal Tech group, but the strength of these should be reduced by about half, using parameters based on the Rau-Parsegian experiments, rather than treating them as "fitting parameters (tuned) to fit the data from (single molecule pulling) experiments."
An artefact explains the apparent association of the transferrin receptor with a ras gene product.

There is substantial evidence implicating ras genes in a number of human neoplasms1. The ras genes of several human tumours2–6 display mutational changes which are likely to be responsible for their transforming activity. Normal cells also express ras genes7, over-expression of which can induce cellular transformation8, ras genes encode proteins of ∼21,000 molecular weight (MW) (p21)9 that are localized to the inner surface of the plasma membrane10,11. Much effort is being focused on the elucidation of the physiological function of ras-encoded proteins in normal and transformed cells, concentrating on interactions between p21 and other cellular elements. Recently, Finkel and Cooper12 reported that p21 in extracts of human bladder carcinoma cells is involved in a molecular complex with the transferrin receptor of these cells. This report aroused considerable interest, particularly as expression of the transferrin receptor has been linked to cell proliferation13–15. I present here evidence that the apparent association of p21 and the transferrin receptor is an artefact of the immunoprecipitation technique12.
Tensile properties of Ti3SiC2 in the 25–1300°C temperature range

Abstract Although significant progress has been achieved in understanding the mechanical behavior of bulk, polycrystalline Ti 3 SiC 2 in compression and flexure, as far as we are aware there are no reports in the literature dealing with its mechanical response under tension. In this paper, we report on the functional dependence of the tensile response of fine-grained (3–5 μm) Ti 3 SiC 2 samples on strain rates in the 25–1300°C temperature range. The tensile response of Ti 3 SiC 2 is a strong function of strain rate and temperature. Increases in testing temperatures, and decreases in testing strain rates lead to large (≈25%) tensile plastic deformations. Strain-rate jump/drop tests and stress-jump creep tests confirm the high values for the strain-rate sensitivity coefficients (0.42–0.56) obtained from the tensile tests. These values are equal to, or greater than, the strain-rate sensitivity of most superplastic ceramics. The large strains to failure result primarily from a high degree of damage, not from a microstructure that remains self-similar throughout deformation (as in superplasticity). Another important distinction between superplasticity in ceramics and the deformation of Ti 3 SiC 2 is that in the former the grains are typically about an order of magnitude smaller than the ones tested here.
Clinical issues of mucus accumulation in COPD

Airway mucus is part of the lung's native immune function that traps particulates and microorganisms, enabling their clearance from the lung by ciliary transport and cough. Mucus hypersecretion and chronic productive cough are the features of the chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Overproduction and hypersecretion by goblet cells and the decreased elimination of mucus are the primary mechanisms responsible for excessive mucus in chronic bronchitis. Mucus accumulation in COPD patients affects several important outcomes such as lung function, health-related quality of life, COPD exacerbations, hospitalizations, and mortality. Nonpharmacologic options for the treatment of mucus accumulation in COPD are smoking cessation and physical measures used to promote mucus clearance. Pharmacologic therapies include expectorants, mucolytics, methylxanthines, beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, anticholinergics, glucocorticoids, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, antioxidants, and antibiotics.
Longitudinal change in sex role orientations: Differences between men and women

Longitudinal comparisons over the five-year period of 1975–1980 show that both men and women have significantly lessened in sex role traditionalism. The change among women, further, is significantly greater than that for men. Using multiple regression analysis it is found that for women, entry into marriage, but not employment, is associated with lessened traditionalism. For men, it is not entry into marriage, but continuation in it that seems important. Restricting attention only to those who are married shows a general effect of the importance of role demands for women. For married men, none of the predictor variables are important.
Synthesis and structure-activity evaluation of isatin-β-thiosemicarbazones with improved selective activity toward multidrug-resistant cells expressing P-glycoprotein.

Cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters presents a significant unresolved clinical challenge. One strategy to resolve MDR is to develop compounds that selectively kill cells overexpressing the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (MDR1, P-gp, ABCB1). We have previously reported structure–activity studies based around the lead compound NSC73306 (1, 1-isatin-4-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazone, 4.3-fold selective). Here we sought to extend this work on MDR1-selective analogues by establishing whether 1 showed “robust” activity against a range of cell lines expressing P-gp. We further aimed to synthesize and test analogues with varied substitution at the N4-position, and substitution around the N4-phenyl ring of isatin-β-thiosemicarbazones (IBTs), to identify compounds with increased MDR1-selectivity. Compound 1 demonstrated MDR1-selectivity against all P-gp-expressing cell lines examined. This selectivity was reversed by inhibitors of P-gp ATPase activity. Str...
Convergence rates for multivariate smoothing spline functions

Abstract Let Ω be an open bounded subset of R d , the d -dimensional space, and let ƒ be an unknown function belonging to H m (Ω) , where m is an integer ( m > d 2 ). Given the values of ƒ at n scattered data point in Ω known with error, i.e., given z i = ƒ(t i ) + e i , i = 1, …, n , where the e i 's are i.i.d. random errors, we study the error E[¦ƒ − σ λ ¦ k,Ω 2 ], where ¦·¦ k,Ω 2 are the Sobolev semi-norms in H m (Ω) and σ λ is the thin plate smoothing spline with parameter λ, i.e., the unique minimizer of λ¦u¦ m 2 + ( 1 n )∑ i = 1 n (u(t i ) − z i ) 2 . Under the assumption that the boundary of Ω is smooth and the points satisfy a “quasi-uniform” condition, we obtain E[¦ƒ − σ λ ¦ k,Ω 2 ] ⩽ C[λ (m − k) m ¦ƒ¦ m,Ω 2 + D (nλ (2k + d 2m ) )], k = 0, 1,…, m − 1 .
Lanthanide blockade of antigen-presenting cells suppresses lymphocyte proliferation by inducing nitric oxide synthesis

Abstract Introduction of antigen into the portal venous circulation can induce a state of antigen-specific tolerance. Reversal of this phenomenon by the administration of gadolinium chloride (GD) before portal venous inoculation with antigen has been thought to result from the inhibition of macrophage phagocytosis by GD, thereby permitting passage of antigen through the hepatic sinusoids into the systemic circulation where sensitization can occur. We recently demonstrated that iv GD also greatly enhances the ability of the hepatic macrophage, or Kupffer cell (KC), to suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro . In this study, lymphocytes from ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized Lewis rats were cocultured with OVA plus KC or adherent splenocytes from syngeneic rats injected iv with GD or saline. Whereas small numbers of either hepatic or splenic untreated macrophages enhanced lymphocyte proliferation, both macrophage populations treated with GD were markedly inhibitory. Neither the presence of lymph node macrophages nor of normal KC was able to prevent the effect of GD-treated KC indicating a mechanism of active suppression rather than defective macrophage antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. While cyclooxygenase inhibition had no effect, the addition of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, i.e., aminoguanidine and NG -methyl- l -arginine, fully reversed the suppression of proliferation by GD-treated macrophages. Nitrite, but not PGE2, levels correlated with the degree of inhibition by the GD-treated macrophages. The suppression of lymphocyte proliferation and elevated supernatant nitrite levels associated with the presence of GD-treated macrophages were reversed when the macrophages were preincubated with EDTA indicating that GD's effect was directly on macrophages and due to its persistence in cultured cells. The findings of this study suggest that GD's in vivo prevention of portal venous tolerance may be due to enhanced nitric oxide synthesis whose effect on lymphocytes could be to inhibit adhesion or replication in the hepatic sinusoid.
Rates of growth and increase of Myzus persicae on virus-infected potatoes according to type of virus-vector relationship

Growth, reproduction and survival (= performance) of the aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer was measured on virus-free and virus-infected potato plants. The principle objective was to evaluate if various viral infections affected aphid performance differently, and if so, whether any order in the performance response of the aphid was discernible according to the type of virus-vector relationship. Three viruses varying in their dependency on M. persicae as a vector were used. Plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), a circulative virus highly dependent upon M. persicae for dispersal and transmission, were superior hosts as determined by the significantly greater mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of M. persicae compared with those of aphids reared on other plants. Plants infected with potato virus Y, a noncirculative virus less dependent upon M. persicae for dispersal than PLRV, were intermediate in their quality based upon intermediate MRGR and rm values. Plants infected with potato virus X, a nonvectored virus independent of M. persicae, were least suitable hosts along with the group of virus-free plants according to the lower MRGR and rm values.
3-Hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid forms a predominant intermediate pool in ubiquinone biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The biosynthesis of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) was studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lipid extracts were prepared from wild-type yeast grown in the presence of p-[U-14C]- and p-[carboxy-14C]hydroxybenzoic acid. Ergosterol was removed by adsorption to digitonin-celite, and radiolabeled lipids were purified by sequential reverse-phase and normal-phase HPLC steps. Radiolabeled peaks were identified by comparison with synthetic standards using retention time and electron ionization mass spectrometric criteria. The recovery and identification of the unstable 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid molecule were facilitated by treatment of the lipid extract with diazomethane under conditions that resulted in the formation of the stable derivatives methyl 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate or methyl 3-hexaprenyl-4-methoxybenzoate. In stationary-phase yeast cultures, the major radioactive lipid products are coenzyme Q and 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, constituting 62 and 38% of the radioactive lipids, respectively. However, under log-phase growth conditions the biosynthetic intermediate 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid predominates (accounting for 81% of the radioactive lipids). The data indicate that in wild-type yeast, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid forms a predominant intermediate pool in ubiquinone biosynthesis and that in log-phase growth this ubiquinone intermediate is present at fourfold higher abundance than the end product. The physiological rationale for this concentration of a membrane-bound intermediate is unclear.
Investigation of the PDZ Domain Ligand Binding Site Using Chemically Modified Peptides

Abstract Several chemically modified analogues to a tightly binding ligand for the second PDZ domain of MAGI-3 were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to compete with native peptide ligands. N -methyl scanning of the ligand backbone amides revealed the energetically important hydrogen bonds between the ligand backbone and the PDZ domain. Analogues to the ligand's conserved threonine/serine(−2) residue, involved in a side chain to side chain hydrogen bond with a conserved histidine in the PDZ domain, revealed that the interaction is highly sensitive to the steric structure around the hydroxyl group of this residue. Analogues of the ligand carboxy terminus revealed that the full hydrogen bond network of the GLGF loop is important in ligand binding.
Predicting the start week of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks using real time weather variables

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), a major cause of bronchiolitis, has a large impact on the census of pediatric hospitals during outbreak seasons. Reliable prediction of the week these outbreaks will start, based on readily available data, could help pediatric hospitals better prepare for large outbreaks. Naive Bayes (NB) classifier models were constructed using weather data from 1985-2008 considering only variables that are available in real time and that could be used to forecast the week in which an RSV outbreak will occur in Salt Lake County, Utah. Outbreak start dates were determined by a panel of experts using 32,509 records with ICD-9 coded RSV and bronchiolitis diagnoses from Intermountain Healthcare hospitals and clinics for the RSV seasons from 1985 to 2008. NB models predicted RSV outbreaks up to 3 weeks in advance with an estimated sensitivity of up to 67% and estimated specificities as high as 94% to 100%. Temperature and wind speed were the best overall predictors, but other weather variables also showed relevance depending on how far in advance the predictions were made. The weather conditions predictive of an RSV outbreak in our study were similar to those that lead to temperature inversions in the Salt Lake Valley. We demonstrate that Naive Bayes (NB) classifier models based on weather data available in real time have the potential to be used as effective predictive models. These models may be able to predict the week that an RSV outbreak will occur with clinical relevance. Their clinical usefulness will be field tested during the next five years.
ELECTRON CYCLOTRON HEATING POWER SUPPLIES ON DIII-D

Abstract The electron cyclotron heating system on DIII-D has been supporting experiments with six gyrotrons. The gyrotrons are connected to three power supplies: two have single modulators, each energizing two gyrotrons, while the third has three modulators that can energize three gyrotrons asynchronously. However, only two gyrotrons can be run synchronously due to the limitation of the high voltage dc power supply providing the input voltage to the modulators. These two configurations mimic proposed architectures of power systems for multiple gyrotron systems and demonstrate their advantages or disadvantages, which will be discussed in more detail. A fourth power system is being built as part of an upgrade to eight gyrotrons. The two future gyrotrons will have depressed collectors. A 1.2 MW gyrotron will be delivered in mid-2011 and the design of a 1.5 MW gyrotron has been initiated. This fourth power supply will have two modulators to independently energize the cathode of each gyrotron. Commercially available high voltage amplifiers will provide the body voltage. It will also have a solid-state crowbar instead of an ignitron crowbar. This power supply is described in more detail, as well as the testing performed on the solid-state crowbar to prove its performance.
Automatic Analog Testing - 1979 Style

The bewildering changes currently facing designers and users of analog test equipment are leading to new techniques and improved hardware that should reduce test time by a factor of four within the next decade.
Face recognition and alignment using support vector machines

Face recognition in the presence of pose changes remains a largely unsolved problem. Severe pose changes, resulting in dramatically different appearances, is one of the main difficulties. We present a support vector machine (SVM) based system that learns the relations between corresponding local regions of the face in different poses as well as a simple SVM based system for automatic alignment of faces in differing poses. We then present experimental results from multiple random splits of the CMU PIE Database to verify the strength of our approach.
Fuel Processing for Fuel Cell Applications

At its essence, a fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to form electricity, heat, and water. The source of this hydrogen may be from natural gas, coal, gasoline, diesel, alcohols, or natural decomposition products. Pure hydrogen is the ideal fuel, but it needs to be obtained by processing fossil fuels (natural gas, gasoline, diesel, oil, coal, etc.), biofuels (e.g., landfill gas, anaerobic digester gas, etc.), or chemical intermediates, or must be produced via renewable energy sources through electrolysis of water. Currently pure hydrogen is produced cryogenically at both a great energy and fiscal expense. In this paper, we cover all important fuel reforming processes for generating hydrogen for fuel cells and then discuss the associated reformers. The common techniques utilized for external fuel reforming processes are steam reforming, partial oxidation and autothermal reforming. For high temperature fuel cells, direct and indirect internal reforming techniques are used and will be discussed. The methods for reforming of chemical intermediates (alcohol and ammonia), reforming of bio-fuels and aviation fuels are also discussed in this paper. For low temperature fuel cells such as PEM, carbon monoxide is a poison that adversely affects fuel cell performance. The CO content must be reduced to below 100 ppm. This is accomplished by use of the water-gas shift reaction, preferential oxidation, methanation, or may be accomplished by membrane separation techniques. Special emphasis in this paper will be the challenges and opportunities in fuel processing for fuel cells.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The morphology and interaction with the interstellar medium of the planetary nebula IC 4593

We present a morphological study of the planetary nebula IC 4593, based on our observations in H-alpha, forbidden O III, and forbidden S II. From the H-alpha intensity map, we calculate densities and masses for constituent structures and for the nebula as a whole. We argue that the morphology of IC 4593 suggests that it is moving supersonically through the ISM, and that the ISM shock may be thermally unstable, oscillating between adiabatic and radiative (isothermal) shock conditions. Spectroscopic observations are necessary to further explore the nature of the interaction between IC 4593 and the ISM. An improved understanding of such interactions will greatly expand the potential use of planetary nebulae to probe the ISM.
Interaction between dopamine and its transporter: role of intracellular sodium ions and membrane potential.

The present study addresses the effect of intracellular Na+ and membrane potential on the binding of dopamine (DA) to the dopamine transporter (DAT). Perforation of plasma membranes of DAT-expressing cells with gramicidin diminished DA uptake and decreased the potency (increases Ki) of DA in inhibiting the binding of cocaine analog [3H]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (CFT). It also compromised the ability of external Na+ to reduce DA Ki. No substantial effect on DA Ki was observed upon gramicidin treatment in Na+-free buffer, membrane depolarization with high [K+]o, or elevation of [Na+]i with monensin under non-depolarizing conditions. Elevation of DA Ki was greater at more positive potentials when [Na+]i was raised to a similar level, or at higher [Na+]i when the membrane was depolarized to a similar level. In cells expressing D313N DAT, DA Ki was significantly higher but less sensitive to gramicidin than that in wild-type (WT) cells. In contrast, DA Ki in cell-free membranes was insensitive to Na+, gramicidin, and D313N mutation. The data suggest that (i) intracellular Na+ plays a role in affecting the external access to DA binding sites at DAT on depolarized plasma membranes of cells, and (ii) access to DA binding sites in cell-free membranes may occur from the intracellular side of the membrane. Unlike DA binding, CFT binding to both cells and membranes was sensitive to Na+ and D313N mutation but insensitive to gramicidin, consistent with exclusively external access to sites that are different from but conformationally linked to those for DA.
The "Strong Man" at Dartmouth College: Two Uncollected Parodies of Whitman's 'As a Strong Bird on Pinions Free.'

Prints and comments on two parodies of the poem Whitman delivered at Dartmouth College in 1872; both were printed in the New York World within a few days of Whitman's appearance at Dartmouth.
Stigma as an Obstacle to AIDS Action The Case of the African American Community

The control of the spread of AIDS depends on the willingness of the U.S. society to undertake a series of prevention actions. A corollary of this is that the prevention action must be managed in a manner that is sympathetic to affected populations. The presence of homophobia is widely recognized in African American churches, and has hampered their ability to engage in AIDS prevention. This article explores the problem of homophobia in the African American community. A secondary analysis of focus group transcripts was undertaken. The data indicate that homophobia is common in various segments of the community. Stigma creates a heavy burden for gay men and impedes their ability to fight AIDS. The data suggest that more effective AIDS prevention will require eradicating stigmatizing attitudes toward gay men.
Functional state of the β cell affects expression of both forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase

SummaryGlutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a candidate target autoantigen involved in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The functional state of the p cells has been suggested to play a pathogenic role in IDDM by altering p-cell autoantigen expression. In this study, we
Integrated data ciphering unit design for secure message transfer in networks

Abstract The importance of transmitting voice messages in a secure manner over telephone networks has recently started attracting the attention of telephone companies. In order to provide an encryption-based secure communication of voice messages over telephone networks, the telephone companies will be faced with the problem of where to locate the encryption/decryption devices and also how to interface them with the existing telephone switching and multiplexing equipment. This problem is of prime importance in the sense that proper placement of such encryption/decryption devices would bring down the overall cost of providing secure communication services to their customers that would in turn bring more revenue to the telephone companies. In this respect, the design of an integrated data ciphering unit (DCU) and proper deployment of the same inside a low bit rate voice (LBRV) transcoder equipment are presented in this paper. The accuracy of adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) prediction algorithm and the impact of errors due to decoding are analyzed for such deployment in order to provide a better level of security. Also, a cost analysis is carried out to show that the cost of providing a secure communication service to the customers is quite negligible.
Kurosawa's Existential Masterpiece: A Mediation on the Meaning of Life

In the first part of the paper, I try to clarify the cluster of moods and questions we refer to generically as the problem of the meaning of life. I propose that the question of meaning emerges when we perform a spontaneous transcendental reduction on the phenomenon ‘my life,’ a reduction that leaves us confronting an unjustified and unjustifiable curiosity. In Part 2, I turn to the film ikiru, Kurosawa's masterpiece of 1952, for an existentialist resolution of the problem.
Removal of U and Mo from water by immobilized Desulfovibrio desulfuricans in column reactors.

Intact cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel and used to remove soluble U and Mo from water by enzymatically mediated reduction reactions in column reactors. Formate or lactate served as the electron donor and oxidized U(VI) and Mo(VI) species served as electron acceptors. Greater than 99% removal efficiencies were achieved for both metals with initial concentrations of 5 mg/L U and 10 mg/L Mo. Hydraulic residence times in the columns were between 24 and 36 h. Sulfate concentrations as high as 2,000 mg/L did not inhibit reduction of U or Mo in the columns. However, nitrate inhibited uranium reduction at concentrations near 50 mg/L and inhibited molybdenum reduction at concentrations near 150 mg/L. The results indicate that enzymatic reduction of U and Mo by immobilized cells of D. desulfuricans may be a practical method for removing these contaminants from solution in continuous-flow reactors.
Rotation-inversion spectrum of methylaminoethane

Abstract Microwave spectral assignments have been made for the ground and several excited vibrational states of the normal and amino d1 species of methylaminoethane. The inversion-rotation spectrum is consistent with a trans rotameric form with an amino inversion barrier of ∼5.2 kcal mole−1. The dipole moment of 8.88 ± 0.02 Debye has components |μa| = 0.00 ± 0.03, |μb| = 0.25 ± 0.03, and |〈 ± μ c ⊣ 〉| = 0.84 ± 0.01 Debye. The normal species N14 nuclear quadrupole coupling constants are (in MHz) 2.82 ± 0.09, 0.88 ± 0.13, and −3.70 ± 0.09 for χaa, χbb, and χcc, respectively.
Anesthetic-dependent field potential interactions in the olfactory bulb.

Abstract The effect of anesthetic upon olfactory bulb field potentials evoked by paired stimuli to the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) was examined in male rats. Experiments were performed on rats anesthetized with urethane or barbiturates and on unanesthetized rats with midcollicular braim stem sections. Anesthetic doses of urethane (1.5 g/kg) produced an increase in the test response for condition-test intervals of 15–60 msec or more. With barbiturate anesthesia there was a decrease in the test response for all intershock intervals up to 150 msec. In unanesthetized rats with midbrain sections there was an increase in the test response with low intensity shock pairs and a decrease in the test response with high intensity shock pairs. Simultaneous use of both anesthetics produced either an increase or a decrease in the test response, depending upon the relative doses and upon the stimulus intensity. Paired stimuli to the olfactory nerve produced results similar to those with LOT stimulation. Augmentation of the olfactory bulb field potential produced by paired olfactory nerve shocks was not abolished by lesions which sectioned the LOT and produced extensive damage of the anterior olfactory nucleus.
Impact of image guidance on outcomes after external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.

Purpose To verify whether rectal distention at the time of planning impacts outcomes in patients with localized prostate cancer treated with daily image guidance. Methods and Materials Between 1998 and 2002, a total of 488 prostate cancer patients were treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. The radiation dose was 70 Gy delivered at 2.5 Gy per fraction in all cases. All cases were treated with a 4-mm margin posteriorly. In all cases the total rectal volume documented on the CT scan was used for treatment planning. No special bowel preparation instructions were given, either for the simulation or the daily treatments. Before each daily treatment, alignment of the prostate was performed with the B-mode acquisition and targeting (BAT) transabdominal ultrasound system. The median follow-up for all 488 patients was 60 months (range, 24–96 months). Results For all patients the biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) rate at 5 years was 86%. The 5-year bRFS rate for the rectal distention 3 , 50 to 3 , and ≥100 cm 3 groups was 90%, 83%, and 85%, respectively ( p = 0.18). To adjust for other potential variables affecting bRFS rates, a multivariate time-to-failure analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model was performed. Rectal distention was not an independent predictor of biochemical failure on multivariate analysis ( p = 0.80). Rectal distention was not a predictor of rectal or urinary toxicity. Conclusion The use of daily image guidance eliminates errors such as rectal distention at the initial planning stage that can affect outcomes after radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.
Spacecraft attitude variations of NOAA-11 inferred from AVHRR imagery

Abstract A series of 1 km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images for the period of 1991-1992 are used to compute the attitude variations of the NOAA-11 spacecraft using ground control points (GCPs or land surface reference points) in conjunction with a recently developed precise AVHRR image navigation software package (Rosborough et al. 1994). The images were first corrected for the NOAA satellite clock drift and then roughly 2-3 images per month were used to compute roll, pitch and yaw to match the GCPs in each image. Higher frequency satellite attitude variations were monitored using a 2 to 3 day sampling interval for two month-long periods in May 1991 and February 1992. The pitch and yaw behaviour of NOAA-11 was found to oscillate about a mean value near 0·0, with an amplitude of ±0·002 radians for pitch and ±0·001 radians for yaw. The variability in the roll axis was characterized by an amplitude of ±0·0015 radians about a mean offset of −0·002 radians. The higher frequency month-long...
β-Blockers in Hypertension: A Reassessment of the Benefit of Combined α-/β-Blockade

β-Blockers have a long history of use in patients with high blood pressure, either alone or in combination with other classes of antihypertensive agents. Although β-blockers can lower blood pressure effectively, they have not been convincingly shown to reduce the likelihood of some cardiovascular complications from hypertension, and their utility for this purpose has been critically questioned of late. This growing distrust of β-blocker therapy, however, is misguided. Negative sentiments about one drug in a class, as has been the case for atenolol, often become unfairly disparaging of all drugs in a class. In the process of such lumping, the heterogeneity of the various compounds making up a drug class is often neglected. Such is the case for combined α-/β-blockade, which is to be distinguished from β-blockade alone because of differences in hemodynamic and metabolic effects. This should prompt a reappraisal of the role of selected agents, such as the combined α-/β-blocker carvedilol, in the long-term treatment of hypertension.