cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pacific carbonate dissolution revisited

Abstract In order to understand the global CO2 cycle, it is important to be able to infer past ocean chemistry from the sedimentary carbonate record. Using a simple box model, we show that the modern sedimentary lysocline in the equatorial Pacific appears to be out of steady-state equilibrium with respect to water chemistry, as first suggested by Kier (1984). We attribute large excursions in lysocline depth to changes in carbonate chemistry and/or productivity fluxes. If carbonate ion changes in the atmospheric pCO2 change; about a quarter of the glacial-interglacial amplitude. We attribute the relative invariance of the depth of the CCD over the past 800 Ka to slow accumulation rates accompanying high dissolution fluxes. Relaxation times of the sediment mixed layer in these highly dissolved sediments are considerably longer than the timescale of glacial-interglacial cycles. A radiocarbon dilemma is manifested by an increase in the age of coretop calcite with water depth (and thus also with dissolution flux) below 4500 m in the equatorial Pacific. We present radiocarbon data from the Atlantic that suggest that this phenomenon is not produced by chemical erosion as has been previously suggested (Broecker et al., 1991). A fraction of the dissolution flux must occur at the sediment-water interface or by an equivalent mechanism.
Potentials for heavy ions scattering from 208Pb

Abstract Data for the elastic scattering of 12 C(96 MeV), 16 O(129.5 and 192 MeV) and 20 Ne (161.2 MeV) from 208 Pb have been used to deduce properties of the ion-ion potential. In particular, the strength of the absorptive potential in the surface region was found to be comparable to that of the real potential. The importance of small-angle data is emphasized.
Matching execution histories of program versions

We develop a method for matching dynamic histories of program executions of two program versions. The matches produced can be useful in many applications including software piracy detection and several debugging scenarios. Unlike some static approaches for matching program versions, our approach does not require access to source code of the two program versions because dynamic histories can be collected by running instrumented versions of program binaries. We base our matching algorithm on comparison of rich program execution histories which include: control flow taken, values produced, addresses referenced, as well as data dependences exercised. In developing a matching algorithm we had two goals: producing an accurate match and producing it quickly. By using rich execution history, we are able to compare the program versions across many behavioral dimensions. The result is a fast and highly precise matching algorithm. Our algorithm first uses individual histories of instructions to identify multiple potential matches and then it refines the set of matches by matching the data dependence structure established by the matching instructions. To test our algorithm we attempted matching of execution histories of unoptimized and optimized program versions. Our results show that our algorithm produces highly accurate matches which are highly effective when used in comparison checking approach to debugging optimized code.
"A ring around the rosie" (the rash that was).

The history of smallpox is recounted through the eyes of those who bore witness to its terrors. A suggestion is made that the nursery rhyme, "A Ring Around the Rosie," may represent a depiction, in the old oral tradition of communication, of a smallpox epidemic.
Efficacy of ultraviolet light in preventing Legionella colonization of a hospital water distribution system

We performed a controlled evaluation of ultraviolet light irradiation of hot and cold water supplies in a hospital colonized with Legionella by inserting the u.v. units near the "point-of-use". Showers on one wing of a hospital were supplied with u.v.-irradiated water. Showers on another wing and 20 other outlets served as controls. Cultures prior to the installation of u.v. units showed all outlets to be heavily colonized with L. pneumophila. Despite disinfection of incoming water by u.v., Legionella in established niches of the plumbing system continued to survive. Superheat/flush and chlorination was then applied prior to u.v. activation, Although cultures became negative initially, recolonization occurred after 1 month. Scale accumulation on u.v. lamps had compromised the efficacy of u.v. irradiation. Filters were added to prevent scale accumulation on the u.v. lamps and the u.v.-supplied showers remained Legionella-free. U.V. plus prefiltration can prevent Legionella recolonization for at least 4 months after disinfection if the u.v. units are installed near the "point-of-use". Disinfection must be directed not only at incoming water, but also at established niches within the existing plumbing system. The advantages of u.v. include easy installation, low expense, and no adverse effects on water or plumbing.
O-atom exchange in O(3P) + H2O(1A1) collisions

Abstract Global potential energy surfaces for the three lowest electronic triplet states of O( 3 P) + H 2 O( 1 A 1 ) are used to explore two unusual reaction pathways, not previously identified. Both pathways go through a D 2h rhombus geometry, with zero potential gradient and two imaginary frequencies. Motion along one imaginary frequency leads to O + H 2 O, while motion along the other leads to OH + OH. In each case, an O-atom is exchanged. Classical trajectory methods are used to compute exchange cross sections up to 11 km s −1 . Transition state theory rate constants for O-atom exchange processes are also computed.
Anemia in lymphoma: interleukin-6, hepcidin and erythropoietin

The identification [1] of hepcidin as a key regulator of iron metabolism has opened up new vistas for the investigation of poorly understood anemias, termed the “anemias of chronic disease.” We now...
Reconstructing the phylogeny of the Sipuncula

Sipunculans are marine spiralian worms with possible close affinities to the Mollusca or Annelida. Currently 147 species, 17 genera, 6 families, 4 orders and 2 classes are recognized. In this paper we review sipunculan morphology, anatomy, paleontological data and historical affiliations. We have conducted cladistic analyses for two data sets to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among sipunculan species. We first analyzed the relationships among the 45 species of Phascolosomatidea with representatives of the Sipunculidea as outgroups, using 35 morphological characters. The resulting consensus tree has low resolution and branch support is low for most branches. The second analysis was based on DNA sequence data from two nuclear ribosomal genes (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) and one nuclear protein-coding gene, histone H3. Outgroups were chosen among representative spiralians. In a third analysis, the molecular data were combined with the morphological data. Data were analyzed using parsimony as the optimality criterion and branch support evaluated with jackknifing and Bremer support values. Branch support for outgroup relationships is low but the monophyly of the Sipuncula is well supported. Within Sipuncula, the monophyly of the two major groups, Phascolosomatidea and Sipunculidea is not confirmed. Of the currently recognized families, only Themistidae appears monophyletic. The Aspidosiphonidae, Phascolosomatidae and Golfingiidae would be monophyletic with some adjustments in their definition. The Sipunculidae is clearly polyphyletic, with Sipunculus nudus as the sister group to the remaining Sipuncula, Siphonosoma cumanense the sister group to a clade containing Siphonosoma vastumand the Phascolosomatidea, and Phascolopsis gouldi grouping within the Golfingiiformes, as suggested previously by some authors. Of the genera with multiple representatives, only Phascolosoma and Themiste are monophyletic as currently defined. We are aiming to expand our current dataset with more species in our molecular database and more detailed morphological studies.
Unregulated Internal Investigations: Achieving Fairness for Corporate Constituents

This Article focuses on the relationship between corporations and their employee constituents in the context of corporate internal investigations, an unregulated multi-million dollar business. The classic approach provided in the 1981 Supreme Court opinion, Upjohn v. United States, is contrasted with the reality of modern-day internal investigations that may exploit individuals to achieve a corporate benefit with the government. Attorney-client privilege becomes an issue as corporate constituents perceive that corporate counsel is representing their interests, when in fact these internal investigators are obtaining information for the corporation to barter with the government. Legal precedent and ethics rules provide little relief to these corporate employees. This Article suggests that courts need to move beyond the Upjohn decision and recognize this new landscape. It advocates for corporate fair dealing and provides a multi-faceted approach to achieve this aim. Ultimately this Article considers how best to level the playing field between corporations and their employees in matters related to the corporate internal investigation.
Beneficial effects of perioperative statins for major pulmonary resection.

Objectives Statins improve overall outcomes after noncardiac surgery. The primary aim of the study was to determine whether use of perioperative atorvastatin reduced the rate of postoperative complications in patients undergoing pulmonary resection. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of patients undergoing elective pulmonary resection who received atorvastatin (40 mg daily) or placebo beginning 1 week before surgery and continued for 1 week postoperatively. Patient characteristics and postoperative complications were recorded. Plasma inflammatory markers were sampled at baseline, in the post-anesthesia care unit, and on postoperative day 3. Because of difficulty enrolling statin-naive patients, the study was stopped at the interim analysis. Results Postoperative complications occurred in 16 of 72 patients (22%) receiving placebo and in 8 of 65 patients (12%) receiving atorvastatin ( P = .13). For patients undergoing major anatomic resection, there were 24 complications in 15 of 45 placebo-treated patients and 8 complications in 7 of 43 atorvastatin-treated patients ( P = .04). Plasma levels of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase did not differ between the 2 treatment arms during the study. Conclusions After a 2-week perioperative course of atorvastatin (40 mg) in statin-naive patients undergoing major pulmonary resection, we found evidence of a reduction in the number of clinically important cardiovascular and pulmonary complications compared with placebo. These promising results merit evaluation in a larger, perhaps multicenter study.
Characteristics of the discussion in online and face-to-face focus groups

Focus groups are widely used in qualitative research. Recently, focus groups that are held online have become increasingly popular despite the objection by some researchers that the Internet is a p...
Discrete Bessel-based Arnoldi method for nonparaxial wave propagation

A discrete Bessel transform has been applied to the modified Arnoldi method to investigate propagation of cylindrical beams in both free space and a graded index waveguide. We compare the method to the Lanczos method and show its superb performance in modeling small beams with high resolution.
Clinical aspects of phencyclidine (PCP).

The authors provide a comprehensive review of the current phencyli-dine literature in exploring the history, clinical effects, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of PCP abuse. Seventy-one references are cited.
Can memory-less network adapters benefit next-generation infiniband systems?

InfiniBand is emerging as a high-performance interconnect. It is gaining popularity because of its high performance and open standard. Recently, PCI-Express, which is the third generation high-performance I/O bus used to interconnect peripheral devices, has been released. The third generation of InfiniBand adapters allow applications to take advantage of PCI-Express. PCI-Express offers very low latency access of the host memory by network interface cards (NICs). Earlier generation InfiniBand adapters used to have an external DIMM attached as local NIC memory. This memory was used to store internal information. This memory increases the overall cost of the NIC. In this paper we design experiments, analyze the performance of various communication patterns and end applications on PCI-Express based systems, whose adapters can be chosen to run with or without local NIC memory. Our investigations reveal that on these systems, the memory fetch latency is the same for both local NIC memory and host memory. Under heavy I/O bus usage, the latency of a scatter operation increased only by 10% and only for message sizes IB -4 KB. These memory-less adapters allow more efficient use of overall system memory and show practically no performance impact (less than 0.1%) for the NAS parallel benchmarks on 8 processes. These results indicate that memory-less network adapters can benefit next generation InfiniBand systems.
Application of the 5′ Fluorogenic Exonuclease Assay (TaqMan) for Quantitative Ribosomal DNA and rRNA Analysis in Sediments

In this study, we report on the development of quantitative PCR and reverse transcriptase PCR assays for the 16S rRNA of Geobacter spp. and identify key issues related to fluorogenic reporter systems for nucleic acid analyses of sediments. The lower detection limit of each assay was 5 to 50 fg of genomic DNA or ≤2 pg of 16S rRNA. TaqMan PCR spectral traces from uncontaminated, amended aquifer sediments were significantly lower (P < 0.0002) than traces for the external standard curve. We also observed a similar, significant decrease in mean quencher emissions for undiluted extracts relative to those for diluted extracts (P < 0.0001). If PCR enumerations were based solely upon the undiluted sample eluant, the TaqMan assay generated an inaccurate result even though the threshold cycle (Ct) measurements were precise and reproducible in the sediment extracts. Assay accuracy was significantly improved by employing a system of replicate dilutions and replicate analyses for both DNA and rRNA quantitation. Our results clearly demonstrate that fluorescence quenching and autofluorescence can significantly affect TaqMan PCR enumeration accuracy, with subsequent implications for the design and implementation of TaqMan PCR to sediments and related environmental samples.
Constrained Relay Node Placement in Wireless Sensor Networks to Meet Connectivity and Survivability Requirements

The relay node placement problem for wireless sensor networks is concerned with placing a minimum number of relay nodes into a wireless sensor network to meet certain connectivity and survivability requirements. In this paper, we study constrained versions of the relay node placement problem, where relay nodes can only be placed at a subset of candidate locations. In the connected relay node placement problem, we want to place a minimum number of relay nodes to ensure the connectivity of the sensor nodes and the base stations. In the survivable relay node placement problem, we want to place a minimum number of relay nodes to ensure the biconnectivity of the sensor nodes and the base stations. For each of the two problems, we discuss its computational complexity, and present a framework of polynomial time O(1) -approximation algorithms with small approximation ratios.
A two-port digital discrete-time non-Foster circuit designed for negative capacitance

A digital discrete-time approach is presented for the design of two-port non-Foster circuits. The proposed digital approach offers the potential for effective implementation of complex non-Foster circuits in a wide variety of applications such as wideband metamaterials, broadband impedance matching, electrically small antennas, and artificial magnetic conductors. To illustrate the proposed digital design approach, a straightforward discrete-time implementation of a floating two-port negative capacitance is considered. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the implementation and design approach in producing −50 pF capacitance.
Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Hypersensitivity in Food-Producing Animals

Immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated (type I) immediate hypersensitivity is described in food animal species. Mechanisms of pathogenesis of diseases involving IgE, including anaphylactic responses to vaccines, are discussed. The historical description of IgE and its quantitation in these species are documented and related to efforts to develop reagents and assays with which to measure IgE. The role of IgE in parasite infection, which involves both protection and exacerbation of lesions, is also addressed.
Relation of Fat and Protein Intake to Fatty Changes, Fibrosis and Necrosis of the Liver.*

Summary1. Groups of rats were fed diets of 16% protein and 51% fat; 6% protein and 6% fat; and 4% protein and 6% fat. These diets resulted in a fatty infiltration of the liver, and in the long term experiments this was accompanied by a diffuse, progressive, hepatic fibrosis.2. The hepatic lesions produced by all 3 of these diets appeared to be the same type and probably had the same basic pathogenesis.3. Hepatic necrosis was not produced by the diets used, and deaths from acute hepatic necrosis were not obtained with a low protein intake.
Purpura Associated with Bacillus Mucosus in the Blood

reported capsulated bacilli were twice recovered from the blood and the urine during life, as well as from the heart's blood, various organs, and urine at autopsy. Our case is also of interest in its clinical course, the development of the blood infection from the urethra and the late onset of the purpura. The term bacillus mucosus capsulatus employed by Fricke for the group of bacteria here referred to, is the one which we prefer rather than bacillus pneumoniae (Friedlainder), since the former is descriptive of one of the characteristics common to all the members of the group, is indicative of no particular disease, and is broad enough to include the many Gram-negative capsulated bacilli which show common biological and cultural characters. There has been and still is confusion in the nomenclature, as shown by the long list of names applied to bacteria, which undoubtedly are members of the mucosus group. The general characteristics of the group are as follows: The bacilli occur as short plump rods, singly or in pairs, often coccoid, while long and even thread-like forms may develop and under certain circumstances fairly long chains occur. No spores are formed. Motility is not observed. Capsules are produced in most media, the addition of serum favoring their development. Growth is luxuriant on all media, aerobic conditions being more favorable than anaerobic. A mucus-like substance is formed in the cultures. Coagulated serum, casein and gelatin are not liquefied. Indol is generally not formed in peptone solution. Fermentation to acid and gas of certain carbohydrates is characteristic of the group, the members differing in the carbohydrates they attack,
Spectroscopic characterization of molecular aggregates in solutions: Impact on crystallization of indomethacin polymorphs from acetonitrile and ethanol

Infrared (IR), Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques were used to investigate the nature of molecular aggregation of indomethacin (I) in acetonitrile and ethanol solutions. Spectroscopic data provided no evidence for self-aggregation of I in supersaturated solutions of acetonitrile or ethanol. As the concentration of I was increased by more than 130 fold, from 5 × 10–4 to 0.067 M in acetonitrile, the diffusion coefficients of I and water (residual) measured by pulse field gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance (PFGSE-NMR) showed a decrease of about 5 and 27%, respectively, while the diffusion coefficient of acetonitrile did not change. The chemical shift and Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy data confirmed formation of hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl group of I and residual water at low concentrations of I in acetonitrile, while IR-Raman data suggest formation of weak hydrogen bonds between I and acetonitrile at higher concentrations. In contrast, the diffusi...
Investigation and appraisal of non-clinical drug dependence in new drug development

Investigantion and appraisal of drug dependence is an integral link of assessing the potential of drug to be abused.This article introduced the investigation and evaluation methods involved in drug dependence in brief,and analyze the problems in the submitted data and the status quo in the new drug development.In addition,the relevant requirements for assessing drug dependence in the new drug application process were introduced.
Value of ultrasound in diagnosing neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of ultrasound in diagnosing neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE).Methods Thirty-nine HIE cases and 10 healthy neonate were enrolled.The intracranial image changes were observed by ultrasonography.Results Among the 39 cases,10 cases were mild HIE.3 cases had ependyma cysts.1 case had choroid plexus cyst.8 cases were moderate HIE.4 cases had ependyma cysts.3 cases had ependyma bleeding.21 cases were severe HIE.4 cases had craniocerebral bleeding.2 cases had ependyma bleeding.2 cases who had lateral ventricle bleeding and enlarged ventricle.Conclusion Ultrasound can clearly display the encephalic structure of neonate,it has high diagnostic accuracy and good clinical value for dynamically observing and assessing the state and prognossis of HIE.
Integrated DC-DC converter design for Electric Vehicle powertrains

In this paper, an integrated, reconfigurable DC-DC converter for plugin and hybrid Electric Vehicles (EV) is proposed. The converter integrates functionality for both EV powertrain and charging operation into a single unit. During charging, the proposed converter functions as a DAB converter, providing galvanic isolation. For powertrain operation, the converter functions as an interleaved boost converter. During light load powertrain operation, the efficiency of the converter can be further improved by employing the integrated DAB. The proposed integrated converter does not require any extra relays or contactors for charging and powertrain operation. By using such integration, the overall volume and weight of the power electronics circuits, passives and associated cooling system can be improved. In addition, the power flow efficiency from EV battery to the high voltage DC bus for the motor inverter can be improved. The experimental results of the prototype are presented to verify the functionality of the proposed converter.
Blood flow elevation increases VO2 maximum during repetitive tetanic contractions of dog muscle in situ.

Blood flow through the gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle of the dog in situ was increased by a pump in the arterial supply during a 30-min period of 1/s isotonic tetanic contractions. Compared with a control series of experiments with normoxemia and spontaneous flow, the pump increased flow 84%, from 1.51 +/- 0.08 to 2.78 +/- 0.15 ml.g-1.min-1. The perfusion pressure was increased from 125 to 196 mmHg. The pump hyperemia increased maximal O2 uptake (VO2) at 5 min of contractions by 31%, from 8.97 +/- 0.44 to 12.89 +/- 0.30 mumol.g-1.min-1. The extraction was decreased, and venous PO2 (PVO2) was increased. Fatigue, measured as a drop in power production from the highest level at 10 s to 30 min, was 49% during pump hyperemia and 54% in the control conditions. VO2 decreased 30% from the 5-min value to the 30-min value with pump hyperemia and 28% over the same time in the control conditions. At maximal VO2, the ratio VO2/PVO2 was increased by pump hyperemia compared with control conditions, suggesting an increased O2 diffusing conductance of the muscles. We conclude that the elevated perfusion pressure of pump hyperemia increased flow to raise maximal VO2 mainly in areas of the muscle that had restricted flow under control conditions.
The need for a second dose of ceftriaxone in febrile infants age 4-8 weeks.

OBJECTIVE To determine if a second intramuscular injection of ceftriaxone was necessary in febrile infants who meet low-risk criteria for outpatient therapy. SETTING Children's Hospital Emergency Department. PATIENTS Febrile infants 4-8 weeks of age. METHODS Outpatient treatment criteria included non-toxic appearance, no identifiable source for infection on physical examination, CSF WBC > or = 10/mm3, peripheral WBC < or = 15,000/mm3, normal UA, and normal chest radiograph study, if obtained. Additional requirements included a reliable caretaker and re-evaluation in 24 hours. Infants who met these criteria received intramuscular ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg with instructions to follow-up in 24 hours. At the follow-up visit, infants with no identifiable source for infection and negative cultures received a second dose of intramuscular ceftriaxone and were discharged. Cultures were read at 48 hours and at the conclusion of the study. Medical records were reviewed to identify delayed complications. RESULTS 172 infants were enrolled. The mean age was 45 days. All CBC, UA, CSF analyses were normal. Chest radiographs were obtained in 56 (30%) infants; all were normal. One (.05%) patient was admitted at the follow-up visit. The mean time to follow-up was 25 hours. Two positive cultures were identified at the re-evaluation visit; one blood culture grew Salmonella and a urine culture grew E. coli. The CSF cultures were all negative at follow-up and remained negative. CONCLUSION Febrile infants 4-8 weeks of age who meet outpatient therapy criteria and have negative cultures and no identifiable source for infection at 24 hours may not require the second dose of intramuscular ceftriaxone.
The Molecular Landscape of the Developing Human Central Nervous System

The development of the central nervous system requires the orchestration of dynamic molecular and cellular processes over a long period of time and across many different cell types, neural circuits, and brain regions. Dysregulation of these complex and precisely regulated processes underlies the pathogenesis of a wide array of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Advancements in functional genomics are enabling an increasingly comprehensive characterization and spatiotemporal profiling of the transcriptome, epigenome, regulome, and proteome in healthy and diseased human brains. Furthermore, these data have provided novel insights into the molecular basis of developmental and disease-related processes in the human brain. In this chapter, we detail our current understanding of the molecular landscape of the developing human brain and related insights into normal and abnormal neurodevelopment.
Environmental Impact Analysis

Canada, the European Union and the United States all regularly conduct ex ante environmental impact analyses of their impending trade agreements, although using somewhat different approaches. Some other countries also carry out analyses to determine the impacts on the environment of their free-trade agreements — the OECD has recommended that environmental impacts of trade policies be reviewed (Alf et al. 2010). These assessments are an outgrowth of environmental impact analyses required since the United State’s 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for public sector projects and activities that can affect the environment (Salzman 2000). This experience led to a demand for environmental analysis during the NAFTA negotiating process where potential impacts on the environment were emphasized by critics of the trade agreement. A result was a number of analyses by economists and others to estimate the potential impacts of the agreement on the environment (see, e.g., Grossman and Krueger 1993). In fact, both the USTR and Canada prepared environmental reviews of NAFTA. Salzman (2000, p. 2), in commenting on the US review, said: The NAFTA review, for example, highlighted the likely environmental degradation caused by maquiladoras along the US-Mexico border and led to a separate Border Plan and funding mechanism for border area environmental problems. Concerns over potential race-to-the-bottom pressures (i.e., pressure to lower environmental protections as an inducement for industry location) informed the NAFTA’s environmental side agreement. And these, in turn, led to the requirement that the Commission on Environmental Cooperation “consider on an ongoing basis the environmental effects of the NAFTA.”
Bilateral Iliac Fracture: An Unusual Sequela of Osteoporosis and Spinal Fusion: A Case Report.

Transverse or Chance fractures of the pelvis are extremely rare and do not fit within existing pelvic fracture classifications. Only three have been reported in the literature; all resulted from high-energy motor vehicle accidents1. We describe an unusual fracture pattern in a patient with a prolonged history of bisphosphonate use who experienced a low-energy mechanical fall. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she provided consent. A fifty-nine-year-old woman with a complicated orthopaedic history, which originated with a spinal fusion for scoliosis at age seventeen, subsequently required multiple lumbar spine operations, including several revision fusions. Prior to the injury that resulted from a low-energy fall, she had been treated with alendronate for nearly fifteen years. Before the injury, the most recent dual x-ray absorptiometry scan was consistent with osteoporosis, with a T score of –3.3 for the proximal aspect of the right femur. The T score had improved from earlier scans, but she still was considerably osteoporotic. After the low-energy fall, the patient was taken to a local hospital where a concussion and the pelvic fractures were noted. There were insufficiency fractures of both iliac wings; the transverse lucencies began at the lower portion of the sacroiliac joints and extended laterally to the region of the iliac tubercles (Figs. 1-A, 1-B, and 1-C). The injuries necessitated a prolonged hospital inpatient admission. She was allowed to bear weight as tolerated after the injury but was admitted to a rehabilitation hospital because of difficulty mobilizing and substantial pain. Initial injury films. The fractures (arrows) are difficult to visualize on the anteroposterior radiograph (Fig. 1-A), but computed tomography (Fig. 1-B and Fig. 1-C) clearly shows the fracture (arrows). Fig. 1-A Fig. 1-B Fig. 1-C The patient was …
Saddam versus the inspectors: the impact of regime security on the verification of Iraq’s WMD disarmament

ABSTRACTThe discovery that Iraq had no weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in 2003 raised the question of why Saddam had prevented UN weapons inspectors from fully accounting for his disarmament. The leading explanation for Saddam’s behavior is that he valued ambiguity as part of a strategy of ‘deterrence by doubt’. This article argues that Iraq’s obstruction of inspectors in the late 1990s was motivated by his desire to shield Iraq’s regime security apparatus from UNSCOM’s intrusive counter-concealment inspections. The failure to understand how strongly Saddam’s concerns about his personal safety drove Iraq’s contentious relationship with UNSCOM set the stage for the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
A comprehensive literature review of theories and constructs utilized in type 2 diabetes self-care management research involving African-American men

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the extent and quality of theory and theoretical construct utilization among published empirical studies specific to self-care management research involving African-American men living with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: Systematic literature review for peer-reviewed articles was performed. Articles with barriers, facilitators, masculinity, social support, mistrust, behaviors and decision making among this specific group were sought out. Results: Some studies mentioned a specific theoretical framework or model. However, 35 out of fifty studies did not report any use of theoretical framework or model. Conclusions: This paucity of theory utilization points to a breach in the quality of both qualitative and quantitative research in this area with is particular population of men. Researchers either failed to sufficiently use theory or did so but failed to specify how.
Large-scale recovery of an endangered amphibian despite ongoing exposure to multiple stressors

Amphibians are one of the most threatened animal groups, with 32% of species at risk for extinction. Given this imperiled status, is the disappearance of a large fraction of the Earth’s amphibians inevitable, or are some declining species more resilient than is generally assumed? We address this question in a species that is emblematic of many declining amphibians, the endangered Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae). Based on >7,000 frog surveys conducted across Yosemite National Park over a 20-y period, we show that, after decades of decline and despite ongoing exposure to multiple stressors, including introduced fish, the recently emerged disease chytridiomycosis, and pesticides, R. sierrae abundance increased sevenfold during the study and at a rate of 11% per year. These increases occurred in hundreds of populations throughout Yosemite, providing a rare example of amphibian recovery at an ecologically relevant spatial scale. Results from a laboratory experiment indicate that these increases may be in part because of reduced frog susceptibility to chytridiomycosis. The disappearance of nonnative fish from numerous water bodies after cessation of stocking also contributed to the recovery. The large-scale increases in R. sierrae abundance that we document suggest that, when habitats are relatively intact and stressors are reduced in their importance by active management or species’ adaptive responses, declines of some amphibians may be partially reversible, at least at a regional scale. Other studies conducted over similarly large temporal and spatial scales are critically needed to provide insight and generality about the reversibility of amphibian declines at a global scale.
Chopper stabilised analogue to digital conversion

A chopper stabilised ΠΔΣ ADC architecture is proposed. A chopper stabilised version of ΠΔΣ ADC, which has identical performances to the regular ΠΔΣ ADC but is immune to low frequency noises such as DC offsets, can be obtained without adding hardware complexities.
Interval-Valued Rank in Finite Ordered Sets

We consider the concept of rank as a measure of the vertical levels and positions of elements of partially ordered sets (posets). We are motivated by the need for algorithmic measures on large, real-world hierarchically-structured data objects like the semantic hierarchies of ontological databases. These rarely satisfy the strong property of gradedness, which is required for traditional rank functions to exist. Representing such semantic hierarchies as finite, bounded posets, we recognize the duality of ordered structures to motivate rank functions with respect to verticality both from the bottom and from the top. Our rank functions are thus interval-valued, and always exist, even for non-graded posets, providing order homomorphisms to an interval order on the interval-valued ranks. The concept of rank width arises naturally, allowing us to identify the poset region with point-valued width as its longest graded portion (which we call the “spindle”). A standard interval rank function is naturally motivated both in terms of its extremality and on pragmatic grounds. Its properties are examined, including the relationship to traditional grading and rank functions, and methods to assess comparisons of standard interval-valued ranks.
Rotator Cuff Disease: Diagnostic Tests.

A positive lag sign with external rotation is the best test for full-thickness tears of the infraspinatus and supraspinatus (positive likelihood ratio = 7.2). A positive lag sign with internal rotation is best for assessing full-thickness tears of the subscapularis (positive likelihood ratio = 5.6).
Compatibility of an FeCrAl alloy with flowing Pb-Li in a thermal convection loop ☆

Abstract A mono-metallic thermal convection loop (TCL) fabricated from alloy APMT (Fe21Cr5Al3Mo) tubing and filled with 0.025 m long tensile specimens of the same alloy was operated continuously for 1000 h with commercially pure Pb-17 at.%Li (Pb-Li) at a peak temperature of 550 ± 1.5 °C and a temperature gradient of ∼116 °C. The resulting Pb-Li flow rate was ∼0.0067 m/s. A 1050 °C pre-oxidation treatment (to form an external alumina scale) given to most specimens exposed within the TCL decreased total mass loss by a factor of 3–30 compared to adjacent specimens that were not pre-oxidized. However, all specimens exposed above 500 °C lost mass suggesting that the alumina scale was not entirely stable in flowing Pb-Li at these temperatures. Post-exposure room temperature tensile tests indicated that the mechanical properties of APMT were substantially influenced by extended exposures in the range of 435–490 °C, which caused an increase in yield strength (∼65%) and a corresponding decrease in ductility associated with α′ embrittlement. Specimens annealed in argon at the same temperature exhibited identical changes without exposure to Pb-Li. Scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed Cr-clusters within the microstructure in specimens exposed in the low temperature regions (
Abstract 600: Activation of p53 in Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells with Dysfunctional BMPR2 Rescues DNA Damage, Apoptosis and Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial (PA) hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by loss of microvessels, the result of endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis associated with dysfunction or a mutation in BMPR2. We identified p53 as critical in the formation of a DNA damage-inducible transcriptionally active complex with PPARγ, an important downstream factor of BMPR2 signaling. The p53-PPARγ complex regulates genes promoting PAEC homeostasis. Upon reoxygenation after hypoxia, PAEC with defective BMPR2 fail to stabilize p53 leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, endothelial apoptosis and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice. We therefore hypothesized that in PAEC, pharmacological activation of p53 by the small molecule compound Nutlin-3 would stabilize the PPARγ-p53 complex downstream of BMPR2 to reverse the PH phenotype. Indeed, we showed that in PAEC transfected with BMPR2 siRNA, disruption of the PPARγ-p53 complex upon reoxygenation was prevented by Nutlin-3 treatment. This was associated with a reduction in DNA damage as assessed by Histone 2AX phosphorylation. In PAEC isolated from PAH patients with a BMPR2 mutation, Nutlin-3 treatment induced repair of prevalent DNA damage as determined by the Comet assay, and improved PAEC survival as measured by Caspase 3/7 activity. In PAEC with a BMPR2 mutation, Nutlin treatment stabilized p53, and induced PPARγ-p53 complex formation and expression of target genes, i.e., apelin (a pro-angiogenic factor), GADD45A (a DNA repair enzyme) and p21 (a cell cycle inhibitor) as detected by quantitative PCR and western immunoblots. In EC-specific BMPR2 knockout mice, we have observed persistent chronic hypoxia induced PH even after a month of reoxygenation in room air. We now show that this can be reversed by daily i.p. treatment with Nutlin-3a (12 mg/kg) during reoxygenation. In conclusion, pharmacological stabilization of p53 by Nutlin-3 in PAEC with dysfunctional BMPR2 induces repair of DNA damage, improves PAEC survival and rescues persistent pulmonary hypertension. These results auger well for pursuing the use of Nutlin-3 in pulmonary hypertension and other vascular diseases associated with DNA damage such as atherosclerosis.
High-Frequency Price Discovery of Gold

I analyze the price discovery process of gold by using high-frequency price series of three commonly traded gold investment products and find that first: modern markets disseminate new gold pricing information in less than one hundred milliseconds. My second finding is that gold future contracts lead the price discovery process of gold, closely followed by a physical gold based exchange traded fund — prices of an exchange traded fund based on gold mining stocks do not provide much informational content, but track the price of gold closely. This implies that institutional investors, who predominantly trade gold future contracts, lead the price discovery process; retail investors (trading ETFs) do not contribute much to price discovery and act as consumers.
Intelligence: The Interdependence of Independent Members of Teams

With ad hoc models of individuals that often fail to replicate, social science has been unable to generalize theory into physics models of social reality that benefit the new field of robotic teams. For example, Shannon’s information theory and the social sciences, including economics, assume that the individual observation of individual behavior records the true perceptions of the actual behaviors that have occurred, including for the self-reports of self-observed behavior. In computational social science, this phenomenon has been informally labeled as the “god’s eye view”, indicating that the “computer” within which computational thoughts and actions occur knows immediately whatever thought or action a computational agent holds or takes. In the social sciences this phenomenon allows social scientists to assume that self-reported behavior is actual behavior (e.g., but if true, deception would not exist), justifying the replacement of models of physical behavior with cognitive models. We claim that this assumption is unsupported by the evidence, including the laboratory finding agreeing with religious beliefs that cooperation provides for the best social good. At the heart of these rational, but false, models, interdependence is seen as a constraint (information theory) or experimental confound (cognitive models) that must be overcome to confirm a-theoretical models based on methodological individualism (MI). By replacing MI with quantum-like models, we have found that only a competition among teams establishes social reality; that the sum of non-affiliated individuals, as neutrals, determines the team that best captures reality; and that best performing teams maximize their search of the environment for solutions to the problems they were designed to solve, while the poorer performers search for better mates (e.g., business mergers) or seek to jettison weaker mates (e.g., business spinoffs). We extend these findings with relative entropy to show that poorly performing teams are improperly fitted. We conclude that, like entanglement at the atomic level, interdependence at the social level is the primary resource that ordinary humans exploit to innovate and promote social welfare.
Identifying Which Urban Children With Asthma Benefit Most From Clinician Prompting: Subgroup Analyses From the Prompting Asthma Intervention in Rochester-Uniting Parents and Providers (PAIR-UP) Trial.

Abstract Objective Clinician prompts increase the likelihood of guideline-recommended corrective actions (preventive medication prescription, dose change, and/or adherence promotion) for symptomatic children with poorly controlled or persistent asthma in the primary care setting, but it is unclear if all children equally benefit. The objectives of this study were to identify whether asthma severity, visit type, and current preventive medication use were predictive of corrective actions during visits for children with symptomatic asthma, and determine whether these factors modified the effect of a prompting intervention. Methods We conducted prespecified subgroup analyses of a cluster randomized controlled trial of physician prompting that promoted guideline-based asthma management for urban children with symptomatic asthma. We tested predictors of corrective actions with bivariate and multivariate multilevel logistic regressions, compared intervention effects across factor categories via stratified analyses, and characterized effect modification with interaction term analyses. Results Prompting intervention exposure, moderate/severe disease, asthma-focused visits, and current preventive medication use were predictive of corrective actions. The prompting intervention significantly increased the rate of corrective actions for children across categories of disease severity, visit type, and preventive medication use. However, the intervention effect was significantly smaller for children already using a preventive medication (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–3.38) compared with children without preventive medication use (adjusted OR, 6.25; 95% CI, 3.39–11.54). Conclusions Prompting increases the likelihood of corrective actions during clinic encounters; however, children already using preventive medication benefit less. It is critical for providers to recognize the need for corrective actions among these symptomatic children.
Virus Evolution and Genetics

Viruses are very diverse and they infect organisms from all domains of life and across all ecosystems, but related viruses often infect very different types of organisms, pointing to their very ancient origins. Three commonly proposed mechanisms for the origins of viruses are: Viruses descended from primitive precellular life forms; viruses are escaped cellular genetic elements; viruses devolved from more complex intracellular parasites. None of these theories easily explains the origins of all viruses and it is widely accepted that all viruses did not share a single common ancestor. Instead, distinct lineages of viruses probably evolved by different mechanism. There is also good evidence that viruses have shaped the evolution of their hosts, for at least hundreds of millions of years. While some virologists consider the ancient origins of viruses, others examine the forces that drive virus evolution today. Examples of ongoing virus evolution include: Cross-species jumps; decreased or increased virulence; emergence of drug resistance; escape from immune responses at the level of individuals and populations. Virus evolution is the outcome of two independent events. The first is genome mutation and the second is selection. Viruses with RNA genomes tend to have high mutation rates, but some appear to be evolutionarily stable nonetheless. Viruses have distinct phenotypes. For examples, some influenza viruses are highly virulent but others are much less so; influenza viruses also differ tremendously in their ability to be transmitted. Modern studies of virus genetics seek to correlate diverse phenotypes with specific genes and sequences. The ability to do reverse genetics is key to understanding viral genes. Reverse genetics involves cloning viral genomes, designing specific mutation, and introducing the mutated genomes back into cells to produce infectious particles whose phenotypes can then be measured.
The Potential of Culture for Sustainable Development in Heritage Studies

In this paper, Marie-Theres Albert discusses the function of culture as one of the most important drivers of and for human development. She reflects upon the former discussion on the three pillars of sustainability and the new discourse on the four pillars. Based on a holistic concept of culture, she emphasizes how this relatively new paradigm has enriched not only the scientific discourse but also the discourses within the UN organs and agencies since Brundtland. Culture understood as driving force of human development is reflected within the Millennium Development Goals and its related social, economic and environmental strategies. The papers brings together what normally is discussed separately, namely, the function of culture within the tangible and intangible understanding of heritage.