cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Attainment and the Cyclical Sensitivity of Employment

This article examines whether there are educational premiums on the quantity side of the labor market. We document four findings: (1) Trend employment patterns shifted for most educational levels post-1977; (2) the lower the level of educational attainment, the more volatile the employment ratio; (3) the volatility of employment for female high school dropouts increased over time even as the economy became less volatile; and (4) since 1984, the responses of skilled and unskilled employment to the business cycle have become more alike. This latter finding is consistent with a reduced degree of capital-skill complementarity during this period.
21) Measuring carbamoylation and decarbamoylation rate constants by continuous assay of AChE

Abstract The active site gorge of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) contains two distinct sites of ligand interaction: an acylation site (A-site) at the base of the gorge and a peripheral site (P-site) near the mouth of the gorge at the enzyme surface. While the role of the P-site in catalysis has been elusive, our recent studies have shown that it serves as an intermediate binding site for cationic ligands as they proceed to the A-site. P-site binding also can lead to allosteric activation of the acylation step and/or to steric blockade, defined as an equal reduction in the association and dissociation rate constants for the binding of a second ligand to the A-site when the P-site is occupied. Compelling evidence that allosteric activation occurs at the acylation step came from examination of the hydrolysis of a close substrate analog of acetylcholine, the acetanilide ATMA [J.L. Johnson, B. Cusack, M.P. Davies, A. Fauq, T.L. Rosenberry, Biochemistry 42 (2003) 5438–5452]. The acylation step in the AChE hydrolysis of ATMA can be isolated because of the slow cleavage of the anilide bond, revealing the positive deviation from Michealis-Menten kinetics that defines substrate activation. However, not all substrates that bind to the P-site show allosteric activation of acylation. In fact, the only substrates that we have identified thus far are ATMA and, to a lesser extent, acetylthiocholine. Carbamates are also poor substrates of AChE, but they differ from ATMA in that both the formation and hydrolysis of the intermediate acyl enzyme are slow. Thus, the hydrolysis of carbamates by AChE can be resolved into two distinct catalytic steps, carbamoylation and decarbamoylation. The ability to kinetically isolate these two catalytic steps also allows us to investigate which step, if any, is subject to allosteric activation.
Validation of social isolation related to maturational age: elderly

The purpose of this study was to obtain expert validation of the defining characteristics used when diagnosing social isolation in the elderly and to compare these characteristics with those identified in the NANDA Taxonomy I Revised (1990) and the characteristics identified by the investigator through a literature review. A descriptive survey design using Fehring's Diagnostic Content Validity Model and a Q-Sort methodology was used. The sample consisted of 300 registered nurses (68% response rate) selected randomly from the ANA's Council of Gerontology and Community Health. Findings suggest the need for clinical validation of this diagnosis and the possible need for the addition of developmental age categories to the defining characteristics of social isolation.
Quantitative Studies of White Matter II. Enzymes involved in triose phosphate metabolism

Total lipid and six enzymes closely related to the metabolism of glucose-6-phosphate have been measured in ten tracts of the rabbit. Lipid content appears to be a valid indicator of the degree of myelination. Heavily myelinated tracts have much larger amounts of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase than lightly myelinated ones but there is no corresponding difference in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. In fact the ratios between the two enzymes were found to vary over a ninefold range. Hexokinase is found in largest amounts in tracts with relatively little lipid, and this tends to be true for phosphofructokinase as well. The fibrillar layer of olfactory bulb is exceptional with regard to both enzymes, and to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzymes are present in amounts which are more than adequate to support glucose metabolism at a rate commensurate with the known rates of O2 uptake by various tracts. The distribution of some of the enzymes is compatible with the notion that the nodes of Ranvier are regions of high metabolic activity. A simple algebraic relationship is found to hold fairly well for the distribution of four of the enzymes among the tracts.
Analysis and Control Design of a Hydro-Mechanical Hydraulic Hybrid Passenger Vehicle

This paper gives the dynamic analysis of a hydro-mechanical transmission (HMT) drive train with regeneration and independent wheel torque control of a hydraulic hybrid passenger vehicle. From this analysis, we formulate the HMT control system, which is made up of high, mid and low-level control systems. The high-level consists of a state of charge management and the mid-level translates the storage requirement specified by the high-level into desired internal speed and gear ratio to be executed by the low-level. In this paper we focus on the low-level control analysis and design, where the actuation authority to regulate the internal speed variable comes from either the engine (mode 1) or the hydraulic system (mode 2). Experimental studies show good tracking performance of the proposed control systems and enable our vehicle system to be driven in the proposed HMT architecture.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A Continuation of Delay-Dependent Queue Disciplines

Kleinrock has studied linearly time-dependent queue disciplines with a set of positive variable parameters. This paper continues his work by deriving a result for a delay-dependent priority system in which a unit's priority is decreased from zero linearly with time in proportion to a negative rate assigned to the unit's group. The two queuing structures provide the system designers the same number of degrees of freedom.
SPHERICAL INCLUSIONS IN PLANT TUMORS CAUSED BY A VIRUS

WOUND-TUMOR is a plant disease caused by a virus, Aureogenus magnivena Black, known to be transmitted by the insects Agallia constricta Van Duzee, Agalliopsis novella (Say) and Agallia quadripunctata (Provancher) (Black, 1944). There are at least 43 species of higher plants belonging to 20 families which are known to be susceptible to the disease (Black, 1945). The most common symptoms of wound-tumor are enlargement of the leaf veins and the production of tumors on the roots. Kelly and Black (1949), in studying the origin and development of root tumors in sweet clover, Melilotus alba Desr., found that the tumors develop by abnormal cell multiplication and originate principally in the pericycle. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the staining properties and chemical nature of certain inclusion bodies found in the cytoplasm of root tumor cells of sorrel (Rumexn acetosa L.). The term spherule is proposed as a name for these bodies. The spherules were briefly mentioned in earlier papers (Black, 1946, 1947; Littau and Black, 1949) as inclusion bodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Tumors produced on the roots of infected sorrel plants were used for this study because the spherules were first noticed in this species, and because earlier observations showed that spherules were numerous in sorrel root tumors. Young seedlings were inoculated with the virus by allowing a colony of 5 viruliferous insects (A. constricta) to feed on each plant for 7 days. After symptoms developed, small sections of root, each bearing a tumor about 3 mm. in diameter, were removed, placed in fixing fluid, dehydrated and infiltrated by the tertiary butyl alcohol method (Johansen, 1940), and embedded in Turtox paraffin or Tissumat. A variety of fixing fluids were used, namely: Fleming's strong chrom-osmo-acetic (referred to hereafter as Flemming's fluid), formalinaceto-alcohol (FAA), Navashin's, Carnoy's alcoholacetic, Carnoy's alcohol-acetic-chloroform, 10 per cent formalin, alcohol-acetic acid-cerium nitrate (Bald, 1949a,b), and Allen and Wilson's modification2 of Bouin's fluid.
A computational study of chlorine inhibition of CO flames

Abstract The inhibitory effects of Cl2 on the hydrogen-catalyzed flame combustion of CO have been studied via detailed chemical kinetic modeling. The mechanism used involved the participation of 19 species in 64 reversible elementary reactions, and allowed the prediction of the burning velocities of CO/H2/Cl2 flames under a variety of conditions. Sensitivity analysis suggested that the mechanism of Cl2 inhibition is a function of the Cl H ratio of the system.
Classification of personnel and vehicle activity using a sensor system with numerous array elements

There is increasing interest in the use of sensors with a large number of elements for persistent coverage over large areas in terrestrial applications. In support of this, algorithms for detection and classification of footsteps, pounding activity, and vehicle activity are being developed. In practice, many applications take place in a busy environment, leaving an operator overwhelmed investigating every detection. In such cases, robust automatic classification becomes of primary importance. Such applications offer the additional challenge of classifying a large and diverse set of signals of interest, subject to the “curse of dimensionality” brought about by estimating probability density functions in a common, high-dimensional feature space. Using a Class-Specific Classifier offers the advantage of allowing separate low-dimensional feature sets for each class. In this paper, a detailed description of the signals of interest, detector, and classifier are presented. The performance of a hybrid discriminative/generative classifier is presented using experimental data collected from a scripted field test. Results demonstrate classifier performance of over 90%probability of correct classification for all classes of interest.
Capsule endoscopy in patients with chronic abdominal pain

Abstract Background Patients with chronic abdominal pain consult gastroenterologists frequently, requiring a large number of examinations. Aim To assess the diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in patients with chronic abdominal pain of unknown origin and negative diagnostic work-up. Patients From January 2002 to September 2004, 16 patients (10 female; mean age 42.7 years) who complained of chronic abdominal pain were referred to our unit for capsule endoscopy. Methods Chronic abdominal pain was defined as continuous or almost continuous, for at least 3 months and without criteria for other gastrointestinal disorders. All patients had a previous diagnostic work-up including abdominal ultrasonography, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy and small bowel follow through, performed within 2 months. Results Capsule endoscopy was normal in 12 patients (75%). Small bowel abnormalities were found in three patients, but were considered irrelevant. In one patient (6.3%), capsule endoscopy revealed ileal erosions and inflammation and was retained in a stricture undetected by radiology. This patient underwent elective surgery which revealed an ileal carcinoid neoplasm. Conclusions Capsule endoscopy identified a specific cause of chronic abdominal pain in only one patient. Capsule endoscopy is a safe procedure but does not seem to play an important role in the evaluation of patients with chronic abdominal pain of unknown origin.
Orientation and morphology of calcite nucleated under floating monolayers: A magnesium-ion-enhanced nucleation study

We have studied the biomimetic growth of calcium carbonate crystals under floating monolayer templates, in the presence of Mg ions, using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and SEM imaging. Crystals grown under sulfate monolayers nucleate from the (0 0 1) plane with and without Mg ions, while undergoing substantial changes in morphology. Crystals grown under alcohol monolayers nucleate from the (1 0 4) plane in the presence of Mg. X-ray data do not detect orientation in crystals grown under acid monolayers, but at higher Mg concentrations the resulting morphologies are indicative of template-nucleated growth. These results suggest that Mg provides living organisms a way to enhance the orientation and control the morphology of acid-templated crystals.
Aspects of carbon metabolism in Welwitschia

Abstract Under glasshouse and growth chamber conditions, Welwitschia mirabilis showed a typical C3 type of gas exchange with 14CO2 uptake occurring largely during the day. Total titratable acidity was high, in the range typical of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, and in the case of the growth chamber experimental conditions, a definite diurnal fluctuation of acidity was observed. The carbon isotope composition expressed as δ13C for the plants used in the growth chamber experiments was −25.8%, and in the greenhouse it was about −24.4%. We conclude that Welwitschia shows cycling of organic acids, a phenomenon now known to occur in succulent plants, rather than CAM photosynthesis.
Subchronic studies of doxylamine in Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract Doxylamine succinate was administered as an admixture in the feed to male and female Fischer 344 rats for either 14 or 90 days. The 14-day study included dose levels of 0, 100, 250, 500, 1000, or 2000 ppm doxylamine. Except for a 7% decrease in final body weight in female rats in the 2000 ppm group, there were no significant clinical observations made in the 14-day study. Microscopic lesions judged to be treatmentrelated were limited to cytoplasmic vacuolization in the livers. The lesions were more numerous in the higher dose groups of males and present only in the 2000 ppm group of females. Dose levels of 0, 162, 405, 1012, 2530, and 6325 ppm doxylamine were administered in the 90-day study. There were no deaths during the study. Final body weights were decreased 13.3% in males of the 6325 ppm group and 5.2, 10.1, and 14.4% in females in the 1012, 2530, and 6325 ppm groups, respectively. Liver/brain weight ratios were increased in all treated male groups and in the two highest dose groups of females. Other organ weight changes were decreases and believed to result from general reduction in weight gain in those groups where the decreases occurred. Treatment-related histological changes were identified in the liver and parotid salivary gland. Cytoplasmic vacuolization or fatty change of the liver was found in all groups of males but was more severe in the higher dose groups. In females, these liver lesions were observed only in the two highest dose groups. A dose-related change in the parotid salivary gland, consisting of cytomegaly with basophilic and coarsely granular or vacuolated cytoplasm, was observed.
The City as Studio; The World as Back Lot: The Impact of Vertical Disintegration on the Location of the Motion Picture Industry

Motion picture production is currently carried out by small firms under contract to an independent producer rather than in large integrated firms, the major studios. In this paper the emergence of this vertically disintegrated industry is traced and its impact on the location of the motion picture industry is analyzed. Vertical disintegration has led to a reagglomeration of motion picture employment and establishments in Los Angeles, despite the dispersal of film shooting throughout the world. The processes that are shaping the present-day organization of motion pictures can be observed across a range of industries. An examination of these processes in motion pictures suggests that their association with reagglomeration in urban centers could have an important impact on patterns of urbanization.
TEACHING STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES IN INCLUSIVE SCIENCE CLASSROOMS : SURVEY RESULTS

Inclusive classrooms are becoming the norm in schools, fulfilling the instructional needs of students with disabilities in regular K–12 classrooms. However, little evidence exists describing the experiences, preparedness, and attitudes held by educators who are teaching or who are preparing teachers. The results of a survey of elementary teachers, middle and high school level science teachers, and university science educators are reported in this article. The results indicate that teacher education programs reflect little commitment to preparing or in-servicing science teachers to work effectively with students who have disabilities. This study provides evidence that teachers of science and professors teaching science methods have had little training and experience in teaching students with disabilities, are not aware of the research on best practice as it applies to students with disabilities, and often hold stereotypical views of what students with disabilities can and cannot do. Additionally, they are receptive to receiving additional training in teaching science to students with disabilities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed82:127–146, 1998.
Facilitating sympatric species coexistence via pollinator partitioning in endemic tropical trees of Madagascar

The island of Madagascar ranks second to the neotropics in diversity of Bignoniaceae. Tribe Coleeae (Bignoniaceae) is a monophyletic group of tropical trees endemic to Madagascar and surrounding islands. The Masoala assemblage of Coleeae, in northeastern Madagascar, utilizes four mechanisms for avoiding competition via niche specialization: (1) morphologically via characters that comprise syndromes, explaining part of the pattern in this system – although the syndrome concept is not perfect; (2) spatially via vertical stratification and potentially pollen placement; (3) temporally via phenological stagger; (4) ethologically via flowering duration and display. The 13 sympatric species of understory treelets and canopy trees did receive low flower visitor numbers. Contrary to the prevailing view of pollination systems where generalized systems predict equivalency between floral traits and pollinators, I found that different pollinators pollinated the 13 species of trees, that floral characters of different trees did not overlap in multidimensional phenotype space, and that few species of trees were visited by more than two pollinator groups. The use of multiple niches is potentially important in understanding both the origin and maintenance of tropical tree diversity.
Viewit: a software system for multidimensional biomedical image processing, analysis, and visualization

We have developed a general purpose multidimensional image processing, analysis, and visualization software system for biomedical applications. This system, called Viewit, is an interpreter for an image processing language based upon a stack calculator paradigm where each stack element is a multidimensional array. Over two hundred primary functions are available for general purpose multidimensional image processing applications including Fourier transforms, back-projection, n-dimensional neighborhood operations, volume rendering, and animation. Viewit is available for most Unix based computers and includes specialized code for Cray vector architectures and the Connection Machine. Distributed image display interfaces are available using several different protocols, including X Windows. Viewit can be downloaded through Internet network access to NCSA. Viewit has evolved over a three year period through collaboration with researchers in the fields of 3-D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy, confocal microscopy, and other biomedical imaging areas. It can be used as a flexible research tool both for the development of analysis methods and for production application processing. In this article we discuss some of the features of the system and report on application research results.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adaptive quantization for fading channels with feedback

The effect of the presence of a feedback channel on the transmission of information was first considered by Shannon, who showed that the capacity of a memoryless channel is not increased by the existence of a feedback link even if the feedback link is noiseless. Later it was shown that the information on a feedback channel can be used to improve considerably the performance of channel coding. In this work we study the transmission of an information source through a fading channel with feedback, modeled by a finite-state channel in the Gilbert-Elliot sense. We show that by employing the feedback information in the quantizer design for this finite-state channel, one can achieve lower overall distortion compared to the case where feedback is not available. The feedback channel is used to estimate the channel state using a hidden Markov model, and a quantizer matched to the channel state is chosen based on this information.
Reading Tutor Checklist: A Guide for Supplemental Reading Support for Volunteer Tutors.

The authors recommend a reading tutoring lesson framework, in a checklist format, to guide volunteer tutors during tutoring sessions for children in elementary grades 1-3. The reading tutor checklist is intended to be used by literacy coaches, reading specialists, and classroom teachers to train literacy volunteers in schools. The checklist consists of 7 main components, with each section listing specific instructional strategies including (a) guided reading, (b) phonological awareness, (c) phonics, (d) word study and vocabulary development, (e) word recognition, (f) fluency and (g) writing. Additionally, the checklist allows for introduction of a new book in each session with review or rereading of a book from the previous session. Specific strategies listed under each component provide tutors a structure for teaching respective skills. The authors discuss the use of the checklist during tutor training, parent workshops, and reflection meetings. The tutor checklist provides a systematic framework for vol...
Radiation response of FeTiO3, MgTiO3, and α-Al2O3

Abstract The radiation response of three rhombohedral oxides, namely, ilmenite (FeTiO3), geikielite (MgTiO3), and sapphire (α-Al2O3) has been examined by irradiating electron transparent samples with 1 MeV Kr+and 1.5 MeV Xe+ ions. The microstructural changes during irradiation were observed in situ in a high-voltage electron microscope using electron diffraction and microscopy. The irradiation conditions were designed to minimize beam heating and chemical effects due to the implanted ion. In all three materials, the critical temperature for amorphization was below 300 K indicating good room temperature resistance to amorphization by energetic beams. The resistance to amorphization was found to increase with the melting point of the oxide—sapphire was the most resistant and ilmenite the least resistant to amorphization.
A revised law of comparative judgment

In contrast to Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgment, a model in which a comparison pair and its complement are assumed to give rise to two different distributions of differences is considered. The consequences of this revised model on scaling problems is developed.
Varicella vaccination for healthcare workers at a university hospital: an analysis of costs and benefits.

Objective:To demonstrate the costs and benefits of vaccinating varicella-susceptible healthcare workers at a university hospital with live, attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccine.Design:Retrospective review of employee medical records and data on the cost of special paid absence for susceptible healthcare workers after exposure to varicella or herpes zoster.Setting:A 988-bed tertiary-care university hospital.Results:In 1994, 224 hospital employees (3.4%) were susceptible to the varicella-zoster virus. There were 40 exposures to varicella and herpes zoster in that year, involving 29 of the susceptible employees. Nine (31%) of the exposed susceptibles became varicella immune by indirect fluorescent antibody testing subsequent to exposure. Seventeen (59%) have had multiple varicella exposures and special paid absences while employed by the hospital. In 1994, wages paid to healthcare workers while furloughed for the communicable period following varicella exposure totaled $17,920. Absences due to varicella and herpes zoster exposure also result in disruptions to patient care.Conclusions:Varicella vaccination for varicella-susceptible healthcare workers at a university hospital would result in financial savings and improved patient care. We recommend that other institutions consider the costs and benefits of adopting a varicella immunization program for their susceptible employees.
Mechanical insufflation/exsufflation: has it come of age? A commentary.

In 1852, the English physician Meryon 1 described how a 16-yr-old male with what was to become known as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, died from acute respiratory failure during a febrile episode with “profuse secretion of mucus from the trachea and larynx”. One-hundred and fifty years later, over 90% of episodes of respiratory failure in patients with muscular dystrophy are caused by ineffective coughing during intercurrent chest colds 2. Most people with neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) still die prematurely or are hospitalised and undergo tracheotomy, because of failure to assist respiratory muscles to prevent respiratory failure. The study by Chatwin et al. 3 of cough augmentation with mechanical in‐exsufflation (MI‐E) is an important step towards ending this perennial trend. Over 700 patients with NMDs, postpoliomyelitis, high-level spinal cord injury, and other conditions with respiratory muscle weakness or paralysis have used noninvasive positive pressure ventilation delivered via mouthpieces 4 and nasal interfaces 5 for continuous ventilatory support, in many cases, for over 40 years 2, 5–9. However, it would have been impossible for these patients to have avoided tracheotomy had they been unable to effectively clear airway secretions during intercurrent chest colds. Whereas the mucociliary elevator is generally intact in patients with NMD unless they undergo tracheotomy, the cough is not. Leith 10 reported that a normal cough requires that the vocal folds enlarge airway diameter and the inspiratory muscles inspire up to ∼85–90% of total lung capacity. There is then a rapid and firm closure of the glottis for ∼0.2 s. Both glottic opening and closure require intrinsic laryngeal (bulbar) muscle contractions. Subsequent contraction of abdominal and intercostal (expiratory) muscles results in intrapleural pressures of ≤18.62 kPa (140 mmHg). Upon glottic opening, this causes an explosive decompression …
Possible Earthquake Rupture Connections on Mapped California Faults Ranked by Calculated Coulomb Linking Stresses

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment is requiring an increasingly broad compilation of earthquake sources. Fault systems are often divided into char- acteristic ruptures based on geometric features such as bends or steps, though events such as the 2002 M 7.9 Denali, and 2011 M 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquakes raise the possibility that earthquakes can involve subsidiary faults and/or rupture through iden- tified geometric barriers. Here we introduce a method to discriminate among a wide range of possible earthquakes within a large fault system and to quantify the prob- ability of a rupture passing through a bend or step. We note that many of the conditions favoring earthquake rupture propagation can be simulated using a static Coulomb stress change approximation. Such an approach lacks inertial effects inherent in a full dynamic simulation but does capture many of the empirical observations drawn from examining past ruptures, such as continuity of rake and strike, as well as distance across gaps or stepovers. We make calculations for a test region in northern California and find that the method provides a quantitative basis for ranking possible ruptures within localized fault systems.
Focused community discovery

We present a new approach to community discovery. Community discovery usually partitions the graph into communities or clusters. Focused community discovery allows the searcher to specify start points of interest, and find the community of those points. Focused search allows for a much more scalable algorithm in which the time depends only on the size of the community, and not on the number of nodes in the graph, and so is scalable to arbitrarily large graphs. Furthermore, our algorithm is robust to imperfect data, such as extra or missing edges in the graph. We show the effectiveness of our algorithm using both synthetic graphs and on the real-life Livejournal friends graph, a publicly-available social network consisting of over two million users and 13 million edges.
Autonomy, Personal Empowerment, and Quality of Life in Long-Term Care

The philosophical principle of autonomy provides a conceptual framework within which an understanding of quality of life for the elderly can be developed. This structure provides the basis for designing interventions to enhance the quality of life of older persons by maintaining their autonomy in spite of long-term care service needs. Such programs should encourage proactive strategies to anticipate and plan for potential health crises, promote empowerment of the elderly, expand knowledge, and clarify personal and familial values regarding service options. Examples of the kinds of programs needed to enhance autonomy in community-based and institutional long-term care settings are presented to illustrate how independence can be supported even under conditions of increasing frailty and service needs. These applied approaches to enhancing personal autonomy give explicit recognition to the importance of ethical concepts in developing and implementing long-term care services to improve the elderly's quality of...
Inhibition of viral gene expression by human ribonuclease P

External guide sequences (EGSs) are small RNA molecules which consist of a sequence complementary to a target mRNA and render the target RNA susceptible to degradation by ribonuclease P (RNase P). EGSs were designed to target the mRNA encoding thymidine kinase (TK) of herpes simplex virus 1 for degradation. These EGSs were shown to be able to direct human RNase P to cleave the TK mRNA sequence efficiently in vitro. A reduction of about 80% in the expression level of both TK mRNA and protein was observed in human cells that steadily expressed an EGS, but not in cells that either did not express the EGS or produced a "disabled" EGS which carried a single nucleotide mutation that precluded RNase P recognition. Thus, EGSs may represent novel gene-targeting agents for inhibition of gene expression and antiviral activity.
Compensation Justification Criteria: An Expanded Perspective

While publications on compensation practices and methods are abundant, relatively little is known about preferences of the working population in regard to factors that can be used as compensation justification criteria. A heterogeneous sample consisting of 354 individuals residing in a urban community in the US was asked to rate the following factors as criteria of compensation on 7-point scales: productivity, effort, cost of living, level of education, seniority, age, sex, ethnic background, workers' financial need, and workers' family size. For the sample as a whole, high level of support (scores over 5.0) was found for productivity, effort and cost of living as criteria of compensation; moderate support (scores of 4.0 to 4.9) wasfoundfor education and seniority; low level of support (scores of 1.0 to 2.9) was found for age, worker's financial need and family size, ethnic background, and sex. However, tests of significance showed that ratings of compensation criteria were significantly influenced by worker demographic characteristics and work values as measured by questions from work values inventories. Implications of these findings are traced for compensation administration and current social concerns relating to the work ethic.
Oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate in deep sea pore fluid: Evidence for rapid sulfur cycling

Changes in the major element and related isotope profiles in porewaters of organic-rich sediments suggest that various microbial processes using a succession of electron acceptors are in play during the remineralization of organic matter. Of the electron acceptors, bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) is responsible for most organic matter remineralization in sediments. In addition, nearly all the methane produced during methanogenesis below the sulfate minimum zone is oxidized anaerobically through sulfate reduction (anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO)). In places where AMO occurs, recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of the sulfate is reduced by methane. When sulfate is reduced through OMO or AMO the sulfur isotope profile of the residual sulfate pool (δ34SSO4) increases monotonically from seawater values of 20‰ to values as high as 60‰ or 70‰, reflecting the kinetic isotope fractionation for sulfur isotopes associated with BSR. We have measured oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate (δ18OSO4) in pore fluid profiles through organic-rich deep-sea sediments from eleven ODP sites around the world. In almost all sites studied sulfate is depleted with depth, through both OMO and AMO. The δ18OSO4 increases rapidly near the top of the sediments, from seawater values of 9‰ to maxima between 22‰ and 25‰, and remains isotopically heavy and constant at these values with depth. The δ18OSO4 in these pore fluid profiles is decoupled from the δ34SSO4 measured on the same pore fluid samples. This isotopic decoupling between the δ34SSO4 and the δ18OSO4 is hard to reconcile with the traditional understanding of bacterial sulfate reduction in sediments. Our data support the idea that sulfate or some sulfur intermediate and water isotopically exchange during sulfate reduction and that some of the isotopically altered sulfur pool returns to the environment. The rapid increase in the δ18OSO4 in the upper part of these sediments requires rates of this oxygen isotope exchange that are several orders of magnitude higher than the rates of net sulfate reduction calculated from the sulfate concentration profiles and the δ34SSO4. We will explore several mechanisms by which this may occur, including “net-zero” sulfur cycling, as well as further experiments through which we can test and resolve these processes.
A Review: Molecular Aberrations within Hippo Signaling in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas

The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved developmental network vital for the regulation of organ size, tissue homeostasis, repair and regeneration, and cell fate. The Hippo pathway has also been shown to have tumor suppressor properties. Hippo transduction involves a series of kinases and scaffolding proteins that are intricately connected to proteins in developmental cascades and in the tissue microenvironment. This network governs the downstream Hippo transcriptional co-activators, YAP and TAZ, which bind to and activate the output of TEADs, as well as other transcription factors responsible for cellular proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. Surprisingly, there are few oncogenic mutations within the core components of the Hippo pathway. Instead, dysregulated Hippo signaling is a versatile accomplice to commonly mutated cancer pathways. For example, YAP and TAZ can be activated by oncogenic signaling from other pathways, or serve as co-activators for classical oncogenes. Emerging evidence suggests that Hippo signaling couples cell density and cytoskeletal structural changes to morphogenic signals and conveys a mesenchymal phenotype. While much of Hippo biology has been described in epithelial cell systems, it is clear that dysregulated Hippo signaling also contributes to malignancies of mesenchymal origin. This review will summarize the known molecular alterations within the Hippo pathway in sarcomas and highlight how several pharmacologic compounds have shown activity in modulating Hippo components, providing proof-of-principle that Hippo signaling may be harnessed for therapeutic application in sarcomas.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SPANISH VERSION OF A SPORT SOCIALIZATION INVENTORY

Summary.-The Sport Socialization Inventory of Greendorfer and Lewko was translated into Spanish and administered to two samples of Costa Rican children, ages 9 to 12 yr. Concurrent and construct validities were examined. The correlation of Active Sport Involvement score with demographic data on number of sports participated in yielded an r of .51 for concurrent validity. Principal components factor analysis, using loadings of .40 and higher, verified that the structure of the Spanish version was similar to that of the English version. Both test-retest stability over 8 days and internal consistency reliability were .95 for the total inventory.
The biorthonormal filter bank convolver, and application in low sensitivity FIR filter structures

It was shown by P.P. Vaidyanathan (1993) that in the case of orthonormal and biorthonormal filter banks one can convolve two signals x(n) and g(n) by directly convolving the subband signals and combining the results. In the present work, this result is further generalized. The coding gain for a biorthonormal convolver is also derived. As an application, a novel low-sensitivity FIR (finite impulse response) filter structure is derived from the convolution theorem. This FIR filter structure is shown to be attractive when the filter coefficients are quantized to low bit rate. For a fixed word length implementation, the deterministic coding gain over direct convolution for the cases of quantizing the input signal and filter coefficients is considered. >
A Comparison of Metaproterenol and Theophylline for Control of Childhood Asthma

Twenty asthmatic children who had daily wheezing requiring constant medi cation as outpatients were given oral metaproterenol or oral theophylline in a randomized double-blind crossover study. Each medication was given for four weeks, after the theophylline dosage necessary to give a therapeutic level was established. Pulmonary function parameters, daily peak-flow measurements and diary symptom scores were statistically comparable in most patients during these four-week intervals. Metaproterenol may be used in place of oral theophylline for at least a four-week interval with no decrease in effectiveness.
A method for serial tissue processing and parallel analysis of aberrant crypt morphology, mucin depletion, and Beta-catenin staining in an experimental model of colon carcinogenesis.

The use of architectural and morphological characteristics of cells for establishing prognostic indicators by which individual pathologies are assigned grade and stage is a well-accepted practice. Advances in automated micro- and macroscopic image acquisition and digital image analysis have created new opportunities in the field of prognostic assessment; but, one area in experimental pathology, animal models for colon cancer, has not taken advantage of these opportunities. This situation is primarily due to the methods available to evaluate the colon of the rodent for the presence of premalignant and malignant pathologies. We report a new method for the excision and processing of the entire colon of the rat and illustrate how this procedure permitted the quantitative assessment of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a premalignant colon pathology, for characteristics consistent with progression to malignancy. ACF were detected by methylene blue staining and subjected to quantitative morphometric analysis. Colons were then restained with high iron diamine–alcian blue for assessment of mucin depletion using an image overlay to associate morphometric data with mucin depletion. The subsequent evaluation of ACF for beta-catenin staining is also demonstrated. The methods described are particularly relevant to the screening of compounds for cancer chemopreventive activity.
Normal Recognition of Emotion in a Prosopagnosic

In the leading model of face perception, facial identity and facial expressions of emotion are recognized by separate mechanisms. In this report, we provide evidence supporting the independence of these processes by documenting an individual with severely impaired recognition of facial identity yet normal recognition of facial expressions of emotion. NM, a 40-year-old prosopagnosic, showed severely impaired performance on five of six tests of facial identity recognition. In contrast, she performed in the normal range on four different tests of emotion recognition. Because the tests of identity recognition and emotion recognition assessed her abilities in a variety of ways, these results provide solid support for models in which identity recognition and emotion recognition are performed by separate processes.
Major Complications in 213 Laparoscopic Nephrectomy Cases: The Indianapolis Experience

ABSTRACTPurpose: We assessed the incidence of and analyzed factors that may help prevent major complications and open conversion during laparoscopic nephrectomy at our institutions.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all laparoscopic nephrectomies performed between August 1, 1999 and July 31, 2001. Data were stratified for nephrectomy type, intraoperative and postoperative complications. Conversion to open surgery was stratified for emergency versus elective procedures.Results: Of the 292 laparoscopic procedures performed at our institutions in 2 years 213 (73%) involved laparoscopic nephrectomy, including 84 live donor nephrectomies, 61 radical nephrectomies, 55 simple nephrectomies and 13 nephroureterectomies. A total of 16 major complications (7.5%) occurred, including access related, intraoperative and postoperative complications in 3, 9 and 4 cases, respectively. The conversion rate was 6.1% (13 patients), the transfusion rate was 1.9% and the mortality rate was 0.5% (1 death). Only 1 ...
NUTRITIVE QUALITY OF FERMENTED COWPEAS (VIGNA SINENSIS) AND CHICKPEAS (CICER ARIETINUM)

Cowpeas and chickpeas were allowed to undergo natural fermentation for 4 days at 25° C. The microorganisms isolated from cowpeas and chickpeas were Lactobacillus casei, L. leichmanii, L. plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and P. acidilactici. Lactobacillus helveticus was found in chickpeas only. This makes the fermentation chiefly lactic acid. Pathogenic organisms were not found in the system. Relative nutritive value (RNV) and limiting amino acids increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the fermented beans. Niacin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in both of the fermented beans. Thiamine decreased in fermented chickpeas while riboflavin increased in fermented cowpeas. Trypsin inhibitor decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in both of the fermented beans. Raffinose was eliminated in cowpeas and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in fermented chickpeas.
Race and Ethnicity in Post-network American Television From MTV-Desi to Outsourced

This article examines post-network American television’s fraught relationship with race and ethnicity by exploring two recent media ventures focused on South Asian Americans: MTV-Desi and NBC’s Out...
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement: A Current Review

Since first reported in 2000, transcatheter (percutaneous) pulmonary valve (TPV) replacement has become an important tool for the management postoperative right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) dysfunction in patients with congenital heart disease, either as alternative or adjunct to surgery. Implantation of a pulmonary valve for treatment of RVOT obstruction or pulmonary regurgitation without performing open-heart surgery offers obvious appeal, and short-term results from multiple institutions throughout the world support the effectiveness and safety of this therapy. At present, there are two TPV prostheses available in the U.S.: the Medtronic Melody® valve is available commercially, and the Edwards Sapien® valve is available at limited centers as part of an investigational protocol. Although TPV therapy is likely to have a major impact on the management of postoperative RVOT dysfunction in patients with congenital heart disease or a Ross procedure, the technology is young and there is much that remains to be learned.
Analysis of Voting Behavior on a Fluoridation Referendum

In many cities throughout the United States during the past two decades there have been heated debates about the proposal to add minute amounts of fluoride to the water supply. In more than half of them the opposition has been victorious. In this paper the results of a referendum in Cambridge, Massachusetts, are analyzed to determine some of the factors that are related to the support of the proposals or opposition to them. The author had his professional training in both social science and public health. He is currently Research Fellow in Mental Health at the Family Guidance Center of the Harvard School of Public Health, a staff member of the Training Program in Community Mental Health Theory and Practice at Massachusetts General Hospital, and a consultant on community health.
How is the intracellular fate of the Legionella pneumophila phagosome determined

The following pair of articles, the first by Gil Segal and Howard Shuman, and the second by James Kirby and Ralph Isberg (Trends Microbiol. 6, 256-258), explore the genetics and function of the icm/dot genes of Legionella pneumophila. This gene family is implicated in several aspects of virulence and appears to constitute components of a conjugal transfer system that has been adopted to prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion in the host cell and to mediate host cytotoxicity by pore formation. Whether these functions are natural consequences or operate in parallel remains to be discovered.
A Host of Factors Regulating Influenza Virus Replication

A new series of genetic screens begins to illuminate the interaction between influenza virus and the infected cell.
Validation of building energy modeling tools: ecotect™, green building studio™ and IES™

Building energy modeling (BEM) helps architects, engineers and green building consultants in designing increasingly energy-efficient buildings. When used in conjunction with Building Information Modeling (BIM), integration of energy modeling into the design process allows the environmental ramifications of design decisions to be tested in a relatively seamless way. While energy modeling has proven useful as a design tool, there is a need to validate the accuracy of BEM tools. A case study was conducted to compare the results of energy simulations obtained by three BEM tools (Ecotect™, Green Building Studio™, and IES ™) against measured data for two academic buildings located in Gainesville, Florida. A LEED Gold-certified building and a non-LEED-certified building were investigated in the case study. Research findings showed that the three BEM tools were not able to accurately predict actual building energy consumption in the majority of analyzed cases.
Digging Deeper: Mining‐Dependent Regions in Historical Perspective1

The implications of natural resource extraction for local economic development have become the subject of sharply conflicting expectations, with long-term outcomes predicted to range from regional economic growth and development to “progressive underdevelopment.” These differences in longer-term expectations cannot be satisfactorily resolved through the use of cross-sectional or short-term data. In addition, existing theories tend to be stated in universalistic terms that discourage rather than facilitate the examination of differences across cases. These points are illustrated through a case-study examination of what has been called the first mining boom in the United States, involving lead mines in the Upper Mississippi Valley during the first half of the 19th century. The developmental consequences of this mining boom appear neither to have been as favorable as predicted by the most enthusiastic proponents of extraction nor as negative as those predicted by the harshest critics. Instead, outcomes appear to have reflected intersecting configurations of physical resource characteristics, the organizational form/scale of extractive activities, the historical period in question, and the nature of relationships among competing resource uses and users.