cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to the Forum

Maritime complex, infinite horizon, interregional arena, floating cosmopolis, Afrasian sea, poet's muse, linguistic caravan, coastal zone, superpower battleground, bookseller's highway, aquatic maelstrom, girmit passageway, civilizational basin, trade circuit, piecework carrier, pilgrim path, monsoon corridor, seafarer's route, mobile marketplace, province of pirates, burial ground – the Indian Ocean is all of these things and much more besides. Though historians have long imagined it as a world both unto itself and integral to histories of global capital, nation-building, imperial rivalry and sustainability in many dimensions, the Indian Ocean and environs have become a preoccupation for scholars from a wide variety of locations, disciplinary and institutional, in the last two decades.
Single-walled carbon nanotubes as a multimodal-thermoacoustic and photoacoustic-contrast agent.

We have developed a novel carbon nanotube-based contrast agent for both thermoacoustic and photoacoustic tomography. In comparison to deionized water, single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibited more than twofold signal enhancement for thermoacoustic tomography at 3GHz. In comparison to blood, they exhibited more than sixfold signal enhancement for photoacoustic tomography at 1064nm wavelength. The large contrast enhancement of single-walled carbon nanotubes was further corroborated by tissue phantom imaging studies.
An Overview of Six Sigma

Summary WeprovideanintroductoryoverviewoftheSixSigmadevelopmentandimprovementprocesses.A historical perspective is provided. We also discuss the statistical methods frequently used within this framework and briefly comment on the impact of Six Sigma on the practice of statistics in industry.
Assessing the Impact of Gender Inequality on Female Homicide Victimization Across U.S. Cities A Racially Disaggregated Analysis

To expand our understanding of gender inequality and violent crime, this study provides an assessment of the relationship between gender inequality and lethal violence against women. The authors use a cross-sectional design with racially disaggregated census data for 158 large U.S.cities in 1990 to assess the degree to which women's absolute status and their status relative to men affect their risk of homicide victimization. Overall, the findings suggestthat although certain measures of women's absolute and relative socioeconomic status are related to female homicide victimization rates, when race-specific measures are used, theeffects hold only for White women.
Functional consequences of anti-sense RNA-mediated inhibition of CD8 surface expression in a human T cell clone.

An experimental approach for defining the function of CD8 has been developed by linking anti-sense RNA mutagenesis and T cell cloning technologies. We have transfected an anti-sense CD8 episomal expression vector into a CD8+ nontransformed human T cell clone that is specific for the human class I alloantigen HLA-B35. Expression of CD8 on this T cell clone, JH.ARL.1, was selectively and efficiently inhibited. Stimulation of this CD8- variant with specific alloantigen resulted in a marked loss of a number of functional responses, including cytotoxicity, proliferation, IL-2 secretion, and IL-2-R expression. However, these same functional responses could be elicited with stimuli that do not require antigen recognition to activate the T cell (anti-CD3 mAbs, PHA). The results of our study support the hypothesis that CD8 is required for recognition of class I MHC alloantigens that results in activation of T cell functional responses.
A formulation for the design of neural processors

The author presents a mathematical framework for the design of neural networks as associative memories or as pattern classifiers. This framework takes into account the characteristics and the limitations of the electrical components which are the building blocks for the proposed devices. He also presents conditions that given vectors must satisfy to successfully store them in the network. The conditions suggest a preprocessing procedure of the desired memories to render them storable. >
A note on a common misconception in estimation

Abstract An example illustrating a common misconception in minimum mean squared error estimation is presented.
Cellular Topoisomerase I Modulates Origin Binding by Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 E1

In addition to viral proteins E1 and E2, bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) depends heavily on host replication machinery for genome duplication. It was previously shown that E1 binds to and recruits cellular replication proteins to the BPV1 origin of replication, including DNA polymerase alpha-primase, replication protein A (RPA), and more recently, human topoisomerase I (Topo I). Here, we show that Topo I specifically stimulates the origin binding of E1 severalfold but has no effect on nonorigin DNA binding. This is highly specific, as binding to nonorigin DNA is not stimulated, and other cellular proteins that bind E1, such as RPA and polymerase alpha-primase, show no such effect. The stimulation of E1's origin binding by Topo I is not synergistic with the stimulation by E2. Although the enhanced origin binding of E1 by Topo I requires ATP and Mg2+ for optimal efficiency, ATP hydrolysis is not required. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we showed that the interaction between E1 and Topo I is decreased in the presence of DNA. Our results suggest that Topo I participates in the initiation of papillomavirus DNA replication by enhancing E1 binding to the BPV1 origin.
Simplified plotting of statistical observations

We consider the largest observation in a sample of size n and ask: What is the mean number of observations such that this value, or a larger one, happens once again? This question is important for statistical variates as earthquake magnitudes, precipitations, floods, temperatures, and pressures, where the largest value involves specific dangers. Similar problems arise in quality-control and in gunnery. It will be shown that the mean number depends, in general, upon the nature of the variate. However, for a wide class of statistical distributions, it converges toward the sample-size. The general solution given in the first section will be applied, in the second section, to some interesting distributions; in the last section it will be used to simplify the plotting procedure advocated in a previous article [see 6 of “References” at end of paper].
Larval parasites of Oulema melanopus in Europe and their colonization in the United States

The cereal leaf beetle,Oulema melanopus (L.), of minor economic importance in Europe, was found in Michigan, USA, in 1959, and has caused increasing damage to small grains. Studies in Europe prompted the introduction into the United States, of 3 hymenopterous parasites of the larval stage:Tetrastichus julis (Walker),Diaparsis carinifer (Thomson), andLemophagus curtusTownes, as a multiplespecies biological control attempt.
A new method to evaluate the fracture toughness of thin films

A method based on microindentation is developed to determine the fracture toughness K-1c of a thin film bonded to a brittle substrate. Using an easily fabricated sample having a partially coated substrate, indentation on the uncoated portion of the substrate is used to generate a radial crack that propagates into and away from the coated region. Comparison of the lengths of the surface traces of the indentation crack into and away from the coated region is used to measure the toughening imparted by the coating. This test method avoids the complicating effects of delamination that often occur when the coating is indented directly. To extract quantitative results, a 3D finite element model of the system geometry is generated and a cohesive zone model is used to predict the complex equilibrium crack front. The model predicts the length of the crack penetration into the coating vs. the length of the crack growth away from the coating as a function of the elastic and toughness properties of the coating and the substrate, and the residual thermal stresses, which play an important contribution to the detailed crack growth. An approximate analytic model using energy balance ideas is developed to permit easy determination of the coating toughness from experimental data, and the model agrees well with full numerical results over a wide range of coating and substrate property values. The overall method is applied here to determine the toughness of a thin CVD diamond coating on a thick silicon single crystal substrate, and a coating toughness of K-1c = 8.4 MPa m(1/2) is obtained using a previously measured biaxial tensile coating residual stress of 1 GPa. (C) 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Redistributive Effects and Cost-Effectiveness of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage:

Simulation methods are applied to investigate the redistributive effects and cost effectiveness of the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 (FMWA) and an additional hypothetical increase in the federal minimum wage to $9.50. The simulations make use of a large data set created by matching and merging the March CPS hierarchical files with the Earner Study files containing the best available information on wages, hours and earnings. Each of FMWA’s three 70¢ increments in the minimum wage and the hypothetical rise of $2.25 are compared to two alternative policies – equiproportionate increases in the EITC and equiproportionate rebates of FICA taxes paid by low-income families. The redistributive effects of increasing the minimum wage and alternative policies with equivalent aggregate costs are evaluated using dominance methods. The cost effectiveness of raising the federal minimum wage is assessed by comparing its relative costs to EITC and FICA alternatives that achieve the same policy objective, which is defined and measured by reductions in the aggregate Sen Index of poverty.
Modeling Energy Absorption with a Damage Mechanics Based Composite Material Model

The Matzenmiller—Lubliner—Taylor (MLT) model, a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) based model, was used in modeling energy absorption of composite structures in crashworthiness applications. It was found that the assumption of linear elastic unloading and reloading in MLT model resulted in a lower calculated energy absorption in thin wall composite tube axial crush simulations. A modification to compressive unloading was proposed and tested in an MLT-based user material model. The modified model improved the stability of the tube crush simulation and the simulation results. This study demonstrates the importance of properly representing the unloading response of damaged composites in energy absorption prediction.
Differential systemic MyD88-dependent versus MyD88- independent cytokine ratio by etiologic agent in adults with severe community-acquired pneumonia

Purpose: Classifying bacteria early, before cultures results are available, would improve the choice of initial antibiotics in patients with severe pneumonia. TLR2 and TLR4 transduce signal through the MyD88- dependent pathway to stimulate IL-8 and TNF-α production. TLR4 can also signal through a MyD88- independent pathway to stimulate RANTES and IFN-β production. As gram-negative bacteria primarily activate TLR4, while gram-positive bacteria also activate TLR2, differential cytokine expression would be expected depending on specific bacterial etiologies.
Limb development in mouse embryos: protection against teratogenic effects of 6-diazo-5 oxo-L-norleucine (DON) in vivo and in vitro

The glutamine analogue, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), has been shown to inhibit biosynthesis of purines and glycosaminoglycans, presumably by blocking the glutamine-dependent steps in the biosynthetic pathways. The teratogenic potential of DON on the developing mouse limb-bud in vivo and in vitro was studies in an attempt to discriminate whether DON is exerting its teratogenic effect by interfering with glycosaminoglycan or purine metabolism. A single intramuscular injection of DON (0-5 mg/kg) to ICR/DUB mice on day 10 of gestation resulted in 76% resorption, while fetuses surviving to day 17 exhibited growth retardation, median cleft lip, and limb malformation. Concurrent administration of L-glutamine (250 mg/kg) provided no protection against resorption of malformations, while 5-aminoimidazolecarboxamide (AIC, 250 mg/kg) decreased the resorption rate to 34% without significantly altering the incidence of malformations. Injection of DON alone on day 11 resulted in 87% of fetuses exhibiting limb formations, with only 2% resorption. Concurrent injection of AIC decreased the frequency of limb malformations to 32% L-Glutamine, D-glucosamine, or inosinic acid were without any protective effect in vivo. DON (5mug/ml medium) added in vitro to organ cultures of day 11 mouse limb-buds caused all limbs to evidence cartilage abnormalities. In this system, either L-glutamine ro D-glucosamine (0-5 mg/ml medium) provided protection against DON effects while AIC (0-5 mg/ml medium) offered no protection in vitro. These data suggest that DON exerts its effects in vivo by interfering with purine metabolism while in vitro its teratogenic action may be interruption of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. This may reflect upon the relative importance of growth and differentiation to limb development in vivo and in vitro. These data infer that limb development in vitro relies more on the differentiative process (differentiation of cartilage) than on growth, whereas limb development in vivo is dependent, at this stage, to a greater extent on growth for normal phenotypic expression.
Squamous-cell carcinoma of the endometrium.

Two cases of primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the endometrium are recorded. The first represented independent in situ lesions of endometrium and endocervix. These occurred in a patient with numerous sites of epidermoid carcinoma occupying the lower genital tract and perineum. The second case occurred as an invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the endometrium in the absence of a neoplasm involving the cervix, thoroughly studied histologically.
An evaluation of flight safety assessment and management to avoid loss of control during takeoff

This paper illustrates the application of a novel flight safety assessment and management (FSAM) system designed to assist a flight crew in avoiding loss of control (LOC) situations. Nominally, this system serves as a passive monitor, but in high-risk situations, warnings and ultimately override actions are initiated to recover a lower-risk state of operation. In this work, FSAM is applied to the task of preserving safety during takeoff. This paper presents logic and physics-based models that enable FSAM for takeoff. Case studies motivated by takeoff accidents described in National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident dockets are presented to evaluate how well FSAM is able to identify risk, generate contextappropriate warnings, and override only when needed and only when such override will critically reduce risk.
Electrophysiological effects of alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers

The effects of alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation on action potentials were measured in isolated canine Purkinje fibers. Action potential durations at 50 and 90% of repolarization (APD50 and APD90) were significantly prolonged by 0.25 microM l-norepinephrine + 0.5 microM dl-propranolol (NE+P) from baseline values of 166 +/- 7 and 249 +/- 9 (SE) ms (n = 7) to 174 +/- 7 and 265 +/- 9 ms, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). Selective alpha 2-blockade with 0.01 microM yohimbine (YO) reduced this prolongation by NE+P in APD50 and APD90 to 169 +/- 7 and 256 +/- 8 ms, respectively (P < 0.05 compared with NE+P). Additional selective alpha 1-blockade with 0.01 microM prazosin (PZ) completely blocked the effects of NE+P, returning APD50 and APD90 to 163 +/- 7 and 250 +/- 9 ms (not different from baseline). After incubation of isolated Purkinje fibers with pertussis toxin (1 microgram/ml), which reduced the availability of a 41-kDa membrane protein for ADP ribosylation by 70 +/- 7% (n = 4, P < 0.05), YO failed to reverse the prolongation in action potential durations brought on by NE+P, but the effects of PZ were intact. The effects of alpha 2-stimulation on beta-adrenergic-induced delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) were studied by burst pacing of Purkinje fibers in Tyrode solution containing 7.5 mM Ca2+. The DADs induced in the presence of NE+PZ (beta- + alpha 2-stimulation) were significantly smaller in amplitude and required a shorter pacing cycle length to reach threshold than those induced in the presence of NE+PZ+YO (unopposed beta-adrenergic stimulation). Furthermore sustained triggered activity, seen in five of eight preparations under beta-stimulation, could no longer be elicited in the presence of beta- + alpha 2-stimulation. These results suggest that the postjunctional alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in canine Purkinje fibers are coupled to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein and that stimulation of these receptors leads to action potential prolongation and suppression of DADs induced by beta-adrenergic stimulation.
Introducing JPE Special Series

This PDF file contains the editorial “Introducing JPE Special Series” for JPE Vol. 6 Issue 02
A Fault Tolerance Mechanism in Distributed and Complex System on a LAN

The fuzzy cognitive maps [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] are qualitative tools which can capture the extent from cause to effect in the links that exist within a complex system such as the information system. These cognitive maps are a simple way of representing knowledge with a huge capacity of interpreting the information. Indeed, they are exploited for the decision-making, the prediction of future states and the explanation of past actions. Added to these capacities, when the information is applied and propagated through the model, the topology of the map itself can be used in the diagnosis of breakdowns by identifying the causes of the nodes of interest [7]. The main objective of this paper is the conception of impact analysis of engine of rules in an environment object in which objects and their links of impact (CIs: elementary components of the information system contributing to the delivery of a service), are neither defined nor ordered and the real time restoration of analysis of impact results and presentation according to the various orchestrated processes. Thus our role is to conceive a design of impact analysis and its development guaranteeing in times of answer by using the inference of the fuzzy cognitive maps.
STUDY ON THE SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF DIENES IN FCC LIGHT GASOLINE OVER THE SUPPORTED Pd ION EXCHANGE RESIN CATALYST

Supported Pd strongly acidic cation exchange resin catalyst was prepared. The effect of loading amount of Pd and promoter catalyst on the performance of the prepared catalyst and the effect of operating parameters on the conversion of dienes in FCC light gasoline and selectivity were investigated. Results show that with the increasing of Pd loading, hydrogenation activity of the catalyst increases, and added promoter catalyst is favorable to improve the selectivity of the catalyst. The best operating parameters are reaction temperature 70℃, space velocity 3h-1, n(methanol)/n(tertiary carbonic olefins)=1.1, hydrogen pressure 1.5Mpa, n(hydrogen)/n(dienes)=3. With these conditions, the conversion of dienes reaches 97.37%,remanent dienes is lower than 0.02% .
Exchange-Rate Policy, International Capital Movements and the Financing of Development

The topic assigned to me is potentially vast. Of the many ways of cutting it down, I have thought it most interesting to choose an impressionistic one: namely, to address a few points which seemed particularly interesting from a policy point of view. There is some empirical evidence (particularly relating to ‘developing countries’), but much of the discussion is merely taxonomic. There are, consequently, no firm conclusions. It does not appear, however, that either the exchange-rate system or the exchange rate is a particularly apt instrument for stimulating capital flows and financing development.
Application of Healthy Life Year Measures to Environmental Health Issues

The environment in which we live greatly affects our health. Everyday hazards in the home environment, at the workplace, and in the outdoor environment pose significant threats to our health and livelihood. However, quantifying this burden has proved challenging due to lack of available data, nonstandardized use of definitions of the environment, disease, and attribution. Therefore, a clear understanding of summary measures of population health is required, which includes the types of measures, the inputs for their construction, and their relative strengths and weaknesses. Composite measures, such as the healthy life year (HeaLY), have the advantage of incorporating the mortality, morbidity, and disability impact of conditions that intersect health and the environment. The HeaLY offers a simple, transparent process, which is consistent with the natural history of disease concept, to measure the environmental burden of disease. However, key to any such effort would be the collection and use of good quality epidemiological, demographic, and causality data. This article, outlines the background to measures of health status in a population, reviews their strengths and limitations, and discusses their use in assessing the consequences of a wide variety of environmental factors and interventions on human health.
Exploring the Connection Between Synthetic and Natural RNAs in Genomes: A Novel Computational Approach

The central dogma of biology—that DNA makes RNA makes protein—was recently expanded yet again with the discovery of RNAs that carry important regulatory functions (e.g., metabolite-binding RNAs, transcription regulation, chromosome replication). Thus, rather than only serving as mediators between the hereditary material and the cell’s workhorses (proteins), RNAs have essential regulatory roles. This finding has stimulated a search for small functional RNA motifs, either embedded in mRNA molecules or as separate molecules in the cell. The existence of such simple RNA motifs in Nature suggests that the results from experimental in vitro selection of functional RNA molecules may shed light on the scope and functional diversity of these simple RNA structural motifs in vivo. Here we develop a computational method for extracting structural information from laboratory selection experiments and searching the genomes of various organisms for sequences that may fold into similar structures (if transcribed), as well as techniques for evaluating the structural stability of such potential candidate sequences. Applications of our algorithm to several aptamer motifs (that bind either antibiotics or ATP) produce a number of promising candidates in the genomes of selected bacterial and archaeal species. More generally, our approach offers a promising avenue for enhancing current knowledge of RNA’s structural repertoire in the cell.
Automated Quantification of the Impact of Defects on the Mechanical Behavior of Deoxyribonucleic acid Origami Nanoplates

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) origami is a method for the bottom-up self-assembly of complex nanostructures for applications, such as biosensing, drug delivery, nanopore technologies, and nanomechanical devices. Effective design of such nanostructures requires a good understanding of their mechanical behavior. While a number of studies have focused on the mechanical properties of DNA origami structures, considering defects arising from molecular self-assembly is largely unexplored. In this paper, we present an automated computational framework to analyze the impact of such defects on the structural integrity of a model DNA origami nanoplate. The proposed computational approach relies on a noniterative conforming to interface-structured adaptive mesh refinement (CISAMR) algorithm, which enables the automated transformation of a binary image of the nanoplate into a high fidelity finite element model. We implement this technique to quantify the impact of defects on the mechanical behavior of the nanoplate by performing multiple simulations taking into account varying numbers and spatial arrangements of missing DNA strands. The analyses are carried out for two types of loading: uniform tensile displacement applied on all the DNA strands and asymmetric tensile displacement applied to strands at diagonal corners of the nanoplate.
A two-step theory and test of the oil curse: the conditional effect of oil on democratization

Does oil impede democratization? This article posits that in order to understand the effect of oil on democratization one has to decompose the transition process into two steps: (1) the ending of t...
Antioxidant Defense Network in the Lens and Benefits of Glutathione Prodrugs in Cataracts

Cataract, the opacification of an eye lens, is a common pathological abnormality of the lens that accounts for approximately 50 % of all blindness. Over 40 % of all visits to ophthalmologists by Medicare patients are associated with cataracts and cataract surgery accounts for approximately $5 billion in Medicare payments. The lens depends on a balanced redox state for maintaining its transparency, and a high content of glutathione (GSH) in the lens is believed to play a key role in doing so. Since depletion of GSH has been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of cataracts and other eye disorders, a logical approach to drug development would be the prevention of oxidative damage to the lens by the use of GSH prodrugs. GSH may be increased by supplying esters of GSH, γ-glutamylcysteine, cysteine esters, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). However, their poor bioavailability and toxicity limit their use as a therapeutic agent. A potential candidate for development as a GSH prodrug is the low molecular weight thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteineamide (NACA), which has enhanced ability to penetrate cells giving the drug a greater therapeutic index by lowering the risk of side effects. The development of a useful GSH prodrug therapeutic would be a noninvasive, cost-effective, and safer option for both prevention and treatment of cataracts and would significantly improve patient health and the clinical care of cataracts.
The Empirical Relationship Between Brief Quality and Summary Judgement Success in State and Federal Courts

The legal profession and the legal academy stress the importance of clear writing as a substantial component of effective law practice. But does clear writing translate into effective lawyering? This study takes a novel approach by using lawyers’ writing to measure the quality of legal advocacy. It is the only study to do so at the trial court level, where most lawyers practice, and is the first to track the difference in the readability of opposing parties’ briefs in the same case. After earlier studies of appellate brief quality and success on appeal yielded conflicting results, our study provides a clear association between brief readability and favorable outcomes on summary judgment motions. The study focuses on summary judgment motions because they offer a clear dichotomous outcome: the motions are either granted or denied. After controlling for attorney experience, law firm size, and a lawyer’s status as a repeat player before the motion judge, we find a statistically significant correlation between brief readability and summary judgment decisions.
Doom, Destiny, And Grace: The Prodigal Son In Marilynne Robinson’s Home

Both Robinson’s novel Home (2008) and Gilead (2005) invigorate longstanding theological debate on the doctrine of predestination, creating perhaps the most indelible Prodigal Son figure in modern literature. Home offers readers a more intimate characterization of Jack, told from the perspective of his younger sister Glory, a figure not characterized in the Biblical parable, but whose importance in this novel replaces that of the all-embracing father in the Biblical tale. Unlike their siblings, Jack and Glory struggle with a deep self perception of being doomed: Jack by alcoholism, a history of transgression, inability to believe in God, and his father’s unwillingness to forgive him; Glory by a too-trusting, deferential nature that has deprived her of a husband, children, and a true calling. Jack’s troubles with belief mark him as representative of modern self consciousness. His sad return to a home where he cannot stay exposes nuances and pitfalls of the human tendency to pass judgment on oneself and others, especially to perceive some individual destinies as overshadowed by doom. This paper identifies a supposedly obsolete definition of doom: the faculty of judgment itself, which can be personal and private. Applying this definition of doom to the development of Robinson’s novel, it argues that the interior quest to fulfill a sense of destiny remains unfinished as our attention changes and refocuses on what constitutes meaning in our lives.
Transition to turbulence over convex surfaces

Although boundary-layer flows over convex surfaces are exponentially stable, non-modal mechanisms may enable significant disturbance growth which can make the flow susceptible to secondary instabilities. A parametric investigation of the transient growth and secondary instabilities in flows over convex surfaces is performed. The optimal disturbance in the steady case corresponds to alternating streaks and streamwise vortices of opposite sign that reinforce one another due to lift-up and centrifugal forces, respectively. The process repeats with a constant (naturally appearing) streamwise wavelength which is proportional to the square root of the radius. Unsteady disturbances achieve a higher optimal gain, compared to the steady case, as a result of the opposing effects of the lift-up and centrifugal mechanisms. Linear analysis shows that the curvature has a negligible effect on secondary instabilities. Direct numerical simulations of transient growth with and without secondary instabilities confirm the predictions obtained by the local stability theory. It is found that the presence of a secondary instability is not sufficient, on its own, to ensure transition to turbulence. Only sufficiently long and energetic streaks trigger the breakdown to turbulence.
Do Vaccines Cause Vasculitis or Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) has been reported as a rare complication of natural infection with hepatitis B virus. Thus, hepatitis B vaccine prevents PAN by protecting against natural infection. Vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S. have not been shown to cause vasculitis or PAN.
Cyber Attack-Defense Analysis for Automatic Generation Control with Renewable Energy Sources

The advancements in the power grid due to integration of new technology arises concerns regarding its reliability in terms of performance and security. On one hand, the gradual shift towards renewable energy sources leads to rise in uncertainty in terms of control and demand satisfaction. On the other hand, the integration of communication devices in order to make the grid smart increases its vulnerability to malicious activity. Automatic Generation Control (AGC) which is needed to maintain the system frequency and inter-area exchange has an important place in both the concerns. This paper presents an attack-defense analysis on the AGC operation of the power grid under varying conditions of renewables. It has two main contributions. First, a cyber-attack is conducted on the AGC algorithm with various levels of renewable penetration, to analyze the effect of an attack with renewables. Then a new algorithm for AGC using a PID control based approach is used and the attack is repeated to evaluate the impact. Secondly, an algorithm for attack mitigation is designed and its performance is analyzed with both the AGC algorithms. The various factors considered are effectiveness in reducing the impact on the system and adverse effects on normal operations. The experiments were conducted using the PowerCyber CPS security testbed at Iowa State University.
Allometric equations for aboveground biomass estimation of Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F. White tree species

Introduction: Quantifying forest biomass requires the application of allometric equations which is a fundamental step. Generalized allometric equations have been applied to quantify aboveground bio...
Local Recurrence from Cancer of the Rectum

At age 49, a white woman had a right tubo-ovarian abscess removed. Nine months later a 10 cm rectal mass was found at the level of the uterine fundus. An extended abdominal-perineal resection (APR) revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum invading the right ovary and uterine myometrium. Two months post APR, a necrotic lesion which was associated with a 7 cm pelvic mass was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma on biopsy in the vaginal vault. Liver function tests (LFTs) were normal, but the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was 24.5 ng/ml.
CLONING OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER ECORI DNA FRAGMENTS

ABSTRACT Recombinant plasmid DNAs were constructed in. vitro by ligating Eco RI endonuclease-cleaved Escherichia coli plasmids pSF2124 or pMB9 and selected large fragments of EcoR I endonuclease digested Prosophila melanogaster DNA. The mixture of ligated DNAs was used to transform E. coli K12 strain RRl. Transformed cells were selected for ampicillin resistance (pSF2124) or for tetracycline resistance (pMB9) and were further analyzed for the presence of Prosophila DNA. Fourteen clones containing recombinant plasmid DNAs were studied. Hybridization experiments with most of the plasmid DNAs yielded Cot½ values consistent with a unique sequence of that molecular weight with no internal repetition of base sequences. Only three plasmids contained DNA sequences repeated between 10 and 100-fold in the Drosophila genome.
A Lookahead Effect in Mbe Reduplication: Implications for Harmonic Serialism

Various phenomena involving the interaction of reduplication and phonology have been brought to bear on evaluating parallel versus serial theories of phonology. In Base-Reduplicant (BR) Corresponde...
The emerging role of CDK4/6i in HER2-positive breast cancer:

Prior to the advent of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, human epidermal growth-factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) was associated with an aggressive clinical course and poor survival outcomes. In the era of effective HER2-directed therapies, median survival rates for patients with metastatic HER2+ BC now approach 5 years. Despite these improvements, the majority of affected patients unfortunately die from disease. Therapies to overcome treatment resistance are being actively pursued. One strategy has been to target the cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6), as they are downstream of HER2 and many of the cellular pathways driving resistance to HER2-targeted therapies, and play a key role in proliferation by controlling transition through the G1 restriction point to the S phase of the cell cycle. In this article, we review the published literature with regard to the rationale for CDK4/6-directed therapies in HER2+ BC and discuss ongoing clinical research and new challenges in the field.
Cost-Effectiveness of Depression Screening for Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Residents.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the cost-effectiveness of screening and treating otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residents for depression. METHODS A Markov model was built using TreeAgePro, version 2019 (TreeAge Software Inc.; Williamstown, MA) to assess the cost-effectiveness of five potential treatment algorithms: 1) treat all residents with psychotherapy, 2) screen and treat depressed residents with psychotherapy, 3) screen and treat depressed residents with pharmacotherapy, 4) screen and treat depressed residents with combination psychotherapy/pharmacotherapy, and 5) no intervention. A Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA), consisting of 1 thousand simulations over a cumulative 5-year period, was performed to evaluate both base case values and a range of values for model variables. RESULTS Screening residents for depression and treating with combination psychotherapy/pharmacotherapy was cost-effective and the optimal strategy at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50 thousand per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). This option demonstrated an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $27,578 per QALY for base case values. PSA confirmed these results and demonstrated that screening residents for depression and treating with either combination pharmacotherapy/psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy alone, or psychotherapy alone were cost-effective options in 94.9% of simulations. CONCLUSION Depression and burnout remain crucial issues among resident physicians. This study demonstrates that actively screening residents for depression is cost-effective. Based on these results, residency programs may consider trialing standardized depression screening protocols. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I and II. Laryngoscope, 131:502-508, 2021.
Commentary on “A Prospective, Single-Blinded, Bicentric Study, and Literature Review to Assess the Need of C2-Ganglion Preservation - SAVIOUR’s Criteria”

OBJECTIVE Joint manipulation for craniovertebral junction instability is often hindered by the C2-ganglion (C2G). Our study aims to compare the surgical outcome among patients with or without C2G preservation and discuss the technical nuances. METHODS We did a prospective, bicentric study and included all the operated patients with craniovertebral junction anomaly. The outcome was assessed by the Pain Numeric Rating Scale, Patient Satisfactions Score, and Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale. The fusion was assessed using Lenke fusion grade. RESULTS One hundred seventy-one patients (88 in group A and 83 in group B) were included. The most common symptom was spastic quadriparesis (n = 165, 96.5%) with median Nurick grade 3.3. Thirteen patients had suboccipital numbness and 12 patients had paraesthesia. Mean blood loss in group A was 490 ± 96.2 mL and group B was 525 ± 45.7 mL; median operative time was 217.9 and 162.2 minutes in the groups A and B, respectively (p < 0.05). At the follow-up (median, 46.8 months), Lenke fusion grade A was achieved in 92.4% and grade B in 7.6%. A trend suggesting better functional outcomes (numbness, parestheisa, scar outcome, and postoperative ulcer formation) in group A was seen with all 6 patients, who underwent O-C2 fixation, developed pressure sore. CONCLUSION Our results support ganglion preservation, especially in the subset of patients where occipital plating is required. Although the study fails to show any statistical significance, we suggest that one should always start with an 'intent' of preservation as the functional outcome is better.
Single Center Experience With Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury.

Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) use in patients following traumatic injury continues to increase. Some consider traumatic brain injury (TBI) as an absolute contraindicatio...
Standing longwave formations in reef-lagoon bathymetries

Abstract Standing longwave formations are investigated in the presence of a broad submerged sill off the vertical reflective wall: this configuration represents a model of reef-lagoon formations often present in coral-reef coasts. A series of laboratory and numerical experiments are performed for the waves of which wavelengths are comparable to the bathymetry length scale. The results reveal that the wave amplitude at the reflective boundary wall can surpass the case without the presence of the reef. Adverse wave conditions are also observed in the reef-lagoon span when the waves are longer than the reef breadth. Enhancement of the higher harmonics of the waves is seen inside the lagoon. The present experimental results highlight the potential that the presence of an offshore reef could worsen the wave climate in the nearshore region behind the reef for the case of standing longwave formations. The zone of influence of the reef is however localized to the lagoon and the reflective wall extent, while the offshore standing wave formation remains minimally influenced except for the phase shift in the standing-wave envelope.
KNEE RADIOGRAPHS DEMONSTRATE SMALL BUT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN POSTERIOR TIBIAL SLOPE IN PATIENTS WITH OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE:

Background:Previous research has demonstrated an association between Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) and increased posterior tibial slope (PTS) in a small subset of patients with MRI and clinical ex...
Retinoic acid ameliorates blood–brain barrier disruption following ischemic stroke in rats

The intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential in maintaining a stabilized milieu for synaptic and neuronal functions. Disruptions of the BBB have been observed following ischemia and reperfusion, both in patients and in animal models. Retinoic acid (RA), which plays crucial roles during vertebrate organogenesis, has been reported to participate in BBB development. However, it remains unclear whether RA could prevent BBB disruption in ischemic stroke. In this study, we determined that the injection of RA for 4 consecutive days resulted in increases in zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) expression, which are crucial components of the BBB structure. We demonstrated that RA pretreatment could alleviate the ischemic stroke-induced enlargement of vascular permeability, which is related to the up-regulated expression of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin proteins in rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Our findings further corroborated that the RA protective effect on BBB is dependent on RA receptor α in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment. Significantly, RA administration immediately after MCAO reduced tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and ameliorated neurological deficits 24h after ischemic stroke. Taken together, our results suggest that RA may become a new therapeutic approach to prevent BBB dysfunction and tPA-induced ICH in ischemic stroke.
Abstract 17075: Outcomes in Radiation Associated Cardiac Disease Patients that present with Coronary Artery Disease: Comparison between PCI and CABG

Background: Radiation associated cardiac disease (RACD) patients have a characteristic presentation, including aggressive coronary artery disease (CAD), observed years after index radiation for thoracic malignancy; & portends a worse prognosis, as compared to matched controls. In patients with prior thoracic radiation & obstructive CAD, we sought to compare outcomes between those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) vs. coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: We studied 267 consecutive patients with prior thoracic malignancy (including 58% breast & 20% Hodgkin’s) & thoracic radiation (25 % to right breast, 30% to left breast, 45% to mediastinum) who presented for treatment of RACD manifesting as advanced CAD (138 for PCI & 129 for CABG) between 1994-2013 (excluding those with known CAD prior to radiation or concomitant valvular disease). Clinical, angiographic & echo data were recorded. Mortality was recorded (including due to recurrent malignancy). Results: Clinical data of 2 groups are shown in the Table. At 9±5 years of follow-up, there were 58 (22%) deaths (17 due to recurrent malignancy). On stepwise multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Analysis, Euroscore (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.28 [1.13-1.45], p Conclusion: Patients with prior thoracic radiation & suspected RACD, the majority of whom are females, have a varied presentation for CAD (including a high % with proximal disease). Long-term survival from cardiac death is similar in PCI vs. CABG groups. RACD patients that have recurrent malignancy tend to have more PCI than CABG for relief of symptomatic CAD.
Vegetation and elevation influence the timing and magnitude of soil CO 2 efflux in a humid, topographically complex watershed

Abstract. In topographically complex watersheds, landscape position and vegetation heterogeneity can alter the soil water regime through both lateral and vertical redistribution, respectively. These alterations of soil moisture may have significant impacts on the spatial heterogeneity of biogeochemical cycles throughout the watershed. To evaluate how landscape position and vegetation heterogeneity affect soil CO2 efflux (FSOIL), we conducted observations across the Weimer Run watershed (373 ha), located near Davis, West Virginia, for three growing seasons with varying precipitation. An apparent soil temperature threshold of 11 °C for FSOIL at 12 cm depth was observed in our data, where FSOIL rates greatly increase in variance above this threshold. We therefore focus our analyses of FSOIL on instances in which soil temperature values were above this threshold. Vegetation had the greatest effect on FSOIL rates, with plots beneath shrubs at all elevations, for all years, showing the greatest mean rates of FSOIL (6.07 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) compared to plots beneath closed-forest canopy (4.69 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) and plots located in open, forest gap (4.09 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) plots. During periods of high soil moisture, we find that CO2 efflux rates are constrained, and that maximum efflux rates occur during periods of average to below-average soil water availability. While vegetation was the variable most related to FSOIL, there is also strong interannual variability in fluxes determined by the interaction of annual precipitation and topography. These findings add to the current theoretical constructs related to the interactions of moisture and vegetation in biogeochemical cycles within topographically complex watersheds.
Coarctation of the Aorta

Coarctation of the aorta is a serious, although rather rare, clinical occurance that is ammenable to surgical repair. Experimentally produced coarctation is most useful in that both hypertensive and normotensive tissues are available for study.
Simulating Perforation Permeability Damage and Cleanup

Completion of cased and cemented wells by shaped charge perforation causes its own damage to the formation, potentially reducing well productivity. In practice it is found that underbalance conditions clean up the damaged zone to some extent, however, the mechanisms of these processes are poorly understood. Most hydrocodes typically used to simulate rock response to shaped charge penetration do not provide permeability estimates. Furthermore, the time scales for formation clean up are potentially much longer than the period of jet penetration. We have developed a simple, yet accurate model for the evolution of porosity and permeability which can easily be incorporated into existing hydrocodes using information from the history of each cell. In addition, we have developed a code that efficiently simulates fines migration during the post-shot surge period using initial conditions taken directly from hydrocode simulations of jet penetration. Results from a one-dimensional model simulation are in excellent agreement with measured permeability distributions. We also present two-dimensional numerical results which qualitatively reproduce experimentally obtained permeability maps for different values of underbalance. Although initial results have been promising, further comparison with experiment is essential to tune the coupling between the hydrocode and fines migration simulator. Currently the permeability model ismore » most appropriate for high permeability sandstones (such as Berea), but with little effort, the model can be extended to other rock types, given sufficient experimental data.« less
Slack Elasticity in Concurrent Computing

We present conditions under which we can modify the slack of a channel in a distributed computation without changing its behavior. These results can be used to modify the degree of pipelining in an asynchronous system. The generality of the result shows the wide variety of pipelining alternatives presented to the designer of a concurrent system. We give examples of program transformations which can be used in the design of concurrent systems whose correctness depends on the conditions presented.