cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of dipole - dipole resistivity monitoring data at Cerro Prieto

Abstract Repetitive dipole-dipole resistivity data have been taken on a yearly basis by LBL at Cerro Prieto since 1978. Stations along a single profile line extending from the Cucapa Mountains to the center of the Mexicali Valley and passing over the present production zone have been remeasured with sufficient accuracy to detect subsurface changes in resistivity, some of which are probably related to fluid production. The precision of the most recent measurements (November, 1981) averages about 1%. Results from 2.5 years of monitoring indicate a 5% annual increase in apparent resistivity over the present production area and decreases in apparent resistivity of the same magnitude in the regions immediately eastward and westward from the production zone. The increase in resistivity in the production zone is most likely due to dilution of reservoir fluids with fresher water, as evidenced by a drop in chloride content of produced waters. An attempt was made to determine whether specific lithologic zones in wellbores show resistivity changes with time by comparing well logs from newly drilled wells with logs from older nearby wells. Results show that lateral resistivity variations within stratigraphic units between closely-spaced wells are sufficient to obscure possible temporal changes. The area of decreasing resistivity in the eastern part of the field is associated with a steeply dipping conductive body, a zone of higher thermal gradients and an increase in shale thickness in the section. Well log analysis shows that the low resistivity is mostly due to higher temperatures. Decreasing resistivity in this area may be caused by an influx of hotter and more saline brines from depth. Recent measurements also show dramatic increase in near-surface resistivity at the western end of the monitored line. This is most likely due to recent changes in local irrigation practices which resulted in a general improvement in groundwater quality. To investigate the phenomenon of resistivity changes caused by groundwater movement and chemical reactions, we propose the establishment of an additional resistivity line crossing both the new eastern production zone and the present survey line at an angle of 60°. This line would permit the acquisition of baseline data over the future production zone (Cerro Prieto 11 and 111 areas), in conjunction with the present line, and would establish a grid of stations which could be used to map subsurface groundwater fronts.
Acute chylothorax in children: selective retention of memory T cells and natural killer cells.

Abstract Objective To assess for immunodeficiency in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia in the setting of draining acute chylothorax. Study design Humoral and cellular immunity was evaluated in 8 patients with chylothorax. Chylous fluid was also analyzed to document cellular losses. Data regarding clinical course and immunologic characteristics were reviewed retrospectively. Results All patients had hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG = 179±35 mg/dL) as well as lymphopenia (985±636 cells/mm3). T cells were decreased and natural killer cells increased in peripheral blood. The converse was found in chylous fluid. The ratio of CD3+/CD45RA+ naive: CD3+/CD45RO+ memory T cells was greater in chyle than in peripheral blood. In vitro proliferative responses to antigens and mitogens were similar to control subjects, and previously immunized patients maintained evidence of protective vaccine-specific humoral immunity. To treat hypogammaglobulinemia, patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to maintain IgG within normal range; 6 of 8 patients had serious infections before receiving IVIG compared with 4 of 8 patients during the period of IVIG administration. Conclusion Draining chylothorax resulted in IgG and lymphocyte depletion with preferential retention of memory T cells and natural killer cells in the circulation. Overall, protective-specific antibody levels and T cell function were maintained. IVIG administration did not lead to discernible protection from infectious complications in this small group of patients.
Plant Regeneration with Callus and Protoplasts of Solanum uporo Dun

Summary Vigorous plants exceding 1 m in height and producing fruits with seeds have been regenerated from callus derived from hypocotyl segments in less than one year, using B5-media containing 0.5 mg · l -1 2,4-D, 0.25 mg · l -1 kinetin, and 0.5 g · l -1 casein hydrolyzate for callus formation, MS-media with 0.005 mg · l -1 NAA and 0.5 mg · l -1 zeatin for shoot formation, and MS-media with 0.005 mg · l -1 NAA for rooting and plantlet formation. Of cytokinins tested zeatin was the most effective. Protoplasts from leaves of regenerated shoots cultured in vitro divided and formed callus which again and reliably produced shoots and plantlets when placed on MS-media as specified before.
The energy dependence of 18O(π+, π−)18Ne(gs)

Abstract Eight angular distributions measured for 18(π+, π−)18Ne(gs) across the Δ33 resonance show the details of the energy dependence of the reaction. At higher energies, the maximum is at q ≅ 0.85 fm−1, in agreement with simple sequential scattering models, but a lower energies it is at q ≅ 0.5 fm−1, with the transition occuring over a narrow energy range.
ELL School Readiness and Pre-Kindergarten Care

The increased utilization of non-parental pre-kindergarten care has spurred interest by both researchers and policy makers as to what types of care might be effective at boosting school readiness. Under-developed in the research has been an assessment of the influence of pre-kindergarten care on school readiness for English Language Learners (ELLs). This research gap is critical to fill, as ELL students are not only a growing segment of the U.S. schooling population but also enter school at a disadvantage compared with other students. This study fills this gap by using nationally representative data (i.e., Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten [ECLS-K]) to examine the influence of pre-kindergarten care in the year before kindergarten entry on a range of socio-behavioral school readiness indicators measured at kindergarten entry. The findings indicate that ELL students in center-based care or non-center/non-parental care have lower problem behaviors and higher social skills compared with ELL stud...
Structure-property Relationships for Methyl-terminated Alkyl Self-assembled Monolayers

Abstract Structure–property relationships for methyl-terminated alkyl self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are developed using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). NEXAFS C K-edge spectra are used to compute the dichroic ratio, which provides a quantitative measure of the molecular structure. AFM data are analyzed with an elastic adhesive contact model, modified by a first-order elastic perturbation method to include substrate effects, to extract the monolayer mechanical properties. Using this approach, the measured mechanical properties are not influenced by the substrate, which allows universal structure–property relationships to be developed for methyl-terminated alkyl SAMs.
Generalized Fibonacci Numbers and Associated Matrices

(1960). Generalized Fibonacci Numbers and Associated Matrices. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 67, No. 8, pp. 745-752.
Optimization of multistage separation processes by dynamic programming

This paper is concerned with the optimization of multistage separation processes using the method of dynamic programming. In particular, optimal (economic) design and operating conditions are determined for binary, multistage mass transfer processes and for solid separation equipment. In the solid separation model, multicomponent feeds are considered. Examples are given in each case to illustrate the computational aspects of dynamic programming. Cet article traite de l'optimisation, a l'aide de programmation dynamique, des procedes de separation multistages. En particulier, la conception economique et les conditions d'operation optima sont determinees pour les procedes de transfert de masse multistages et de separation de solide pour les systemes binaires. Des alimentations a plusieurs composants sont considerees pour la separation des solides. Des exemples sont donnees dans chaque cas pour illustrer l'aspect calcul de la programmation dynamique.
Pneumopericardium and Esophago-Pericardial Fistula following Chronic Esophagitis Presenting as Acute Respiratory Distress

Following hospital admission, acute respiratory distress developed in a 67-year-old man with longstanding esophageal reflux. Pneumopericardium, pneumomediastinum and esophago-pericardial fistula were demonstrated, but surgical treatment was unsuccessful. This rare and bizarre complication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute cardiorespiratory conditions.
Androgen receptor expression in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Immunohistochemical, clinical, and prognostic associations.

We sought to determine the prevalence of androgen receptor (AR) expression in a predominantly estrogen receptor (ER)-negative subset of breast cancers and delineate the immunohistochemical and clinical associations, including whether AR expression has prognostic significance in ER-negative tumors. We identified 69 ER-negative and 19 ER-positive breast cancer cases with concurrent immunohistochemical prognostic panels (ER, PR, HER-2/neu, Ki-67, and p53); immunohistochemical analysis was performed for AR using standard techniques. Clinical data were extracted from medical records. chi 2 tests were used to assess associations between variables. AR was found in 49% (34/69) of ER-negative and 89% (17/19) of ER-positive cases. In ER-negative tumors, AR was associated with increased age (P = .02), postmenopausal status (P < .001), tumor grade (P = .03), tumor size (P = .03), and HER-2/neu overexpression (P = .003). In ER-positive tumors, AR was associated with progesterone receptor expression (P < .03). In univariate analysis of ER-negative tumors, patients with AR-positive tumors had significantly better disease-free survival (P = .049). AR is expressed in a significant number of ER-negative cases and shows significant associations with important clinical and pathologic prognostic factors.
Implementing strategic plans through strategic program evaluation

Abstract Strategic Program Evaluation (SPE) is proposed as a method for linking the choice elements of corporate strategy—missions, objectives, strategies, goals, programs etc.—to ensure that strategic plans are implemented. Such a use of SPE requires the exposition of the specific relationships among the strategic choice elements and the development of evaluation criteria that can be used to develop a program structure that effectively implements higher level strategic decisions.
The fishery in a fluctuating environment: Coexistence of specialist and generalist fishing vessels in a multipurpose fleet

Abstract The fishery is a prime example of a common property renewable resource industry. A second prominent feature is the extreme variability of its environment, both biologic and economic. Traditionally fishing vessels have harvested a single species or aggregation, but now powerful multipurpose vessels have been introduced which switch targets as opportunities arise. These vessels represent an adaptation to the fluctuating environment: they give up efficiency of specialized operation for flexibility under changing conditions. We analyze, from the point of view of economic efficiency, the common property operation of a mixed fleet of generalist and specialist fishing vessels in a fluctuating environment.
Entering the genetic arena

Who Do You Think You Are? Man or Superman: The Genetic Controversy. By Oliver Gillie. Pp. 255. (Hart-David, MacGibbon: London, 1976.) £4.95.
Comparative structural coordination chemistry of two tricyclic bisamidines

Abstract The tricyclic bisamidines L1 and L2 are designed to be preconstrained so as to present synperiplanar donor sites for metal coordination. Their very different bite angles of 35° and 70° result from the incorporation of two five-membered instead of six-membered rings in their respective backbones. Distinct coordination preferences in a variety of metal complexes have now been confirmed by X-ray structural studies. While L1 afforded monodentate, symmetrical and unsymmetrical chelating as well as bimetallic bridging modes in its complexes, L2 has been found exclusively in a bidentate chelating mode.
Cohesiveness and performance: Covariation and causality in an undersea environment

Abstract The relationship between group cohesiveness and performance was investigated using data from a field setting. An index of leisure time cohesion correlated highly with work performance, accounting for 42% of performance variance. Although many studies assume that cohesiveness causes performance, in many contexts the dominant direction of causality may be from performance to cohesiveness instead. Laboratory experimental studies impose a causal direction and thus cannot answer a question of this kind. It was concluded, at least in the context of this study, that cohesiveness was not an important determinant of performance, but that good performance may well have been a cause of cohesiveness.
Flexible pavement responses to different loading amplitudes considering layer interface condition and lateral shear forces

A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) parametric study was conducted to quantify the viscoelastic pavement responses due to different tire configurations: dual and wide-base tires, at three temperatures (5, 25 and 40°C) and two speeds (8 and 72 km/h). Three factors affecting pavement responses were investigated: type of moving wheel loading amplitude (continuous, trapezoidal), interface layer condition (simple-friction and elastic-stick models) and lateral surface forces. It was found that the continuous loading amplitude, which has an asymmetric stress magnitude and considers the difference between the entrance and exit of the tire, can simulate pavement responses to moving wheel vehicular loading more accurately than the currently used trapezoidal loading amplitude. The elastic-stick model resulted in a sensible improvement for predicting pavement responses to dual tire, while the simple-friction model is more comparable to field measurements in the case of the wide-base tire. The shear force was...
Preferential excitation transfer in Cs∗(6D32)- Cs(6S12) collisions

Abstract A cw dye laser beam, tuned near the Cs 8761 A resonance (Cs ∗ (6P 1 2 ) → Cs ∗ (6D 3 2 ) transition) is focused into a Cs vapor. At a Cs density higher than 5 × 10 15 cm -3 , we observe a greater 6P 1 2 population when the laser is on resonance than when it is off resonance. However, at a lower Cs density, the reverse is observed. This phenomenon is explained as due to the preferential excitation transfer process: Cs ∗ (6D 3 2 ) + Cs(6S 1 2 ) → Cs ∗ (6P) + Cs ∗ (6P), and the corresponding cross secti on is estimated to be (1.5 +1.5 -0.7 ) × 10 -14 cm 2 by fitting the experimental results to an approximate rate-equation analysis.
Sentinel lymphadenectomy in gynecologic and solid malignancies other than melanoma and breast cancer.

In 1976, Cabanas 9,10 coined the term "sentinel node" to describe a node or group of nodes associated with the superficial epigastric vein and theorized that the sentinel node would be the primary site of metastasis from penile carcinoma. Independently, work at the University of California Los Angeles, in the mid 1980s, indicated that a new operative technique could be used to map the dermal lymphatics in a feline model 63 and possibly could be used to identify lymph nodes most likely to contain metastatic tumor from the primary site. In contrast to Cabanas' hypothesis of a sentinel node that was fixed in anatomic location, the UCLA group proposed that the sentinel node might vary in location. This led to the description of the technique of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and selective lymphadenectomy for cutaneous melanoma, and more recently for breast cancer. Substantial evidence now supports the concept that the sentinel lymph node is the lymph node most likely to contain metastatic tumor cells from the primary lesion in cutaneous melanoma and breast cancer. The diagnostic and therapeutic implications of this approach are considerable. This simple yet revolutionary concept has raised the possibility that all solid malignancies might be remediable to the diagnostic and potential therapeutic benefits of sentinel node identification and staging, and to the diminished surgical morbidity of radical lymphadenectomy. The following article reviews the current status of the application of sentinel node identification in malignancies other than cutaneous melanoma and breast.
Ten Tips for Implementing a Successful Embedded Librarian Program

In January 2006, Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP) Libraries began a successful embedded librarian program in the university's College of Education and Educational Technology. The program has improved the library's relationship with faculty and students; shaped a more relevant collection of print, media, and electronic resources that meets curriculum, instruction, and research needs; created opportunities for college/university library collaboration through new programs, team-teaching, and scholarly endeavors; and, most importantly, improved the quality of teaching and learning in the College of Education. The following article outlines the strategies IUP Libraries used to hire an embedded librarian, develop that librarian's presence in the College of Education and, ultimately, strengthen the working relationship between the university library and the college.
Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma and European Birthplace of Grandparents

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to determine whether the risk of ovarian carcinoma was related to latitude or to genetically based patterns of European geographic origin. Patients and methods. We studied the countries of origin of European-born grandparents of 168 newly diagnosed patients in two hospitals in New York City, compared with 159 controls from similar neighborhoods. We measured the risk of this cancer associated with having one or more white, non-Jewish grandparents born in North Europe versus none or in South Europe versus none. We also classified geographic origins in other ways to reflect the two main trends in genetic variations between Europeans mapped by Cavalli-Sforza et al. ( The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1994). Unconditional logistic regression was used to control for age, parity, years of use of oral contraception, age at menarche, education, Catholic religion, and area of residence and for numbers of Jewish grandparents, siblings, and first-degree relatives with breast or ovarian cancer. Results. Approximately half of the subjects had least one white, non-Jewish grandparent born in Europe. There was no significant effect of ancestral latitude: among women born in the United States the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence limits associated with North European ancestry were 0.87 (0.47–1.63) compared with a reference group of women with no such ancestry. The corresponding OR for South Europe was 0.73 (0.39–1.74). Using the genetically based classifications of countries of origin, however, we found significant differences between cases and controls; ancestries from North West Europe and those from countries concentrically near Spain showed lower risks of ovarian carcinoma. Conclusions. The results support the hypothesis that the previously observed effects of latitude must act through environmental effects or through gene–environment interactions. Other variations in risk related to geographic origins are consistent with known patterns of genetic differences, but require confirmation in larger, population-based studies.
Aromatic perchlorocarbons and perchlorocarbon radicals as mass spectral reference standards

The mass spectral cracking patterns of several aromatic perchlorocarbons and perchlorocarbon radicals are reported. These include the first examples of mass spectra of stable carbon free-radical substrates, and they do not differ significantly from those of structurally similar neutral substrates. All the compounds show successive loss of chlorine atoms with very little fragmentation of the carbon skeleton. This class of compounds has potential value to mass spectroscopists as reference standards in the range m/e 300 to 700.
Detection of collusion behaviors in online reputation systems

Online reputation systems are gaining popularity. Dealing with collaborative unfair ratings in such systems has been recognized as an important but difficult problem. The current defense mechanisms focus on analyzing rating values for individual products. In this paper, we propose a scheme that detects collaborative unfair raters based on similarity in their rating behaviors. The proposed scheme integrates abnormal detection in both rating-value domain and the user-domain. To evaluate the proposed scheme in realistic scenarios, we design and launch a cyber competition, in which attack data from real human users are collected. The proposed system is evaluated through experiments using real attack data. The proposed scheme can accurately detect collusion behaviors and therefore significantly reduce the damage caused by collaborative dishonest users.
Retrieval of Vertical Profiles of Cirrus Cloud Microphysical Parameters from Doppler Radar and Infrared Radiometer Measurements

Abstract This paper describes a new method to retrieve vertical profiles of the parameters of cirrus cloud microphysics that are important for the estimation of climatic feedback. These parameters are the particle characteristic size and ice mass content. The method also allows calculations of vertical profiles of particle concentrations and ice mass flux. The method uses measurements of radar reflectivities and Doppler velocities from the ground-based zenith-viewing radar combined with measurements of downwelling brightness temperatures from an infrared radiometer operating in the “window” (1012 µm) region. The proposed method is illustrated on data obtained on 26 November 1991 during FIRE-II [First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment] in Coffeyville, Kansas. This paper also presents estimates of uncertainties of parameter retrieval due to different a priori assumptions about particle shapes, distributions, fall velocity-size relationships and due to errors in m...
Introduction to Geomorphology

Geomorphologists have an insiders' joke that I'll share here, as Eos garners a particularly appropriate audience: “There are as many geomorphologists who think that they're doing geophysics as there are geophysicists who think that they're doing geomorphology, but neither group is doing it very well.”The allegation misrepresents the truth, of course, but it does reflect upon a trend that grew throughout the 20th century. For several decades, scientists with diverse training have investigated the interactions between endogenic (crustal movements and volcanism) and exogenic (weathering, denudation, and sediment transport) processes. Despite the claim of the preceding allegation, their work has led to a better understanding of landform development.
ADULT AND FETAL HEMOGLOBINS IN THE OVIPAROUS SWELL SHARK, CEPHALOSCYLLIUM VENTRIOSUM

Cephaloscyllium ventriosum is an oviparous, bottom-dwelling shark inhabiting shallow waters from central California to Chile. Hemoglobin oxygen affinities for adult, juvenile (5 and 8 months old), and pre- and posthatch (fetal up to 10 days posthatching) individuals were determined using thin-layer spectrophotometry of hemoglobin solutions stripped of organic phosphates. Adult hemogiobin had a P50 of 4.72± 0.30 mm Hg (N = 4, mean ± SE), juvenile hemoglobin had a P50 of 3.77 ± 0.65 mmHg (N = 3), and pre- and posthatch hemoglobin had a P50 of 2.51 ± 0.19 mmHg (N = 6)—significantly (P < 0.05) higher than adult hemoglobin oxygen affinity. Adult blood was slightly alkaline (7.60–8.04; N = 4), had low venous PO2 values (0.5–14.5 mmHg; N = 4), and hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration increased with age. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed slight structural differences between the hemoglobin of adult and prehatch individuals. A hemoglobin with a higher intrinsic oxygen affinity may enable fetuses of C. ventriosum to more efficiently extract oxygen from the relatively stagnant environment within the egg case.
The capability for hormone-stimulated enzyme adaptation in liver cells isolated from aging rats.

Abstract An adaptive increase in tyrosine aminotransferase activity was observed in vitro following the incubation of hepatocytes, isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 2- to 24-months, with various concentrations of hydrocortisone. Time course and magnitude of the increase in enzyme activity, as well as sensitivity to hydrocortisone, are independent of donor age. These data add further support to the concept that previously documented age-dependent changes in liver enzyme adaptation probably reflect alterations in extrahepatic regulatory mechanisms.
Influence of Panax ginseng on the steady state pharmacokinetic profile of lopinavir-ritonavir in healthy volunteers.

Study Objective Panax ginseng has been shown in preclinical studies to modulate cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of HIV protease inhibitors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of P. ginseng on the pharmacokinetics of the HIV protease inhibitor combination lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV-r) in healthy volunteers. Design Single-sequence, open-label, single-center pharmacokinetic investigation. Setting Government health care facility. Subjects Twelve healthy human volunteers. Measurements and Main Results Twelve healthy volunteers received LPV-r (400–100 mg) twice/day for 29.5 days. On day 15 of LPV-r administration, serial blood samples were collected over 12 hours for determination of lopinavir and ritonavir concentrations. On study day 16, subjects began taking P. ginseng 500 mg twice/day, which they continued for 2 weeks in combination with LPV-r. On day 30 of LPV-r administration, serial blood samples were again collected over 12 hours for determination of lopinavir and ritonavir concentrations. Lopinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetic parameter values were determined using noncompartmental methods, and preadministration and postadministration ginseng values were compared using a Student t test, where p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Conclusion Neither lopinavir nor ritonavir steady-state pharmacokinetics were altered by 2 weeks of P. ginseng administration to healthy human volunteers. Thus, a clinically significant interaction between P. ginseng and LPV-r is unlikely to occur in HIV-infected patients who choose to take these agents concurrently. It is also unlikely that P. ginseng will interact with other ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor combinations, although confirmatory data are necessary.
Alendronate gastric ulcers.

Background : It appears likely that drugs other than NSAIDs may cause ulcers and ulcer complications (e.g. potassium chloride). Alendronate (Fosamax) is used in the treatment and prevention of metabolic bone disease and has also been associated with severe oesophageal damage and stricture. We have previously shown that the dose of alendronate used for Paget's disease (40 mg) causes gastric damage similar to NSAIDs. The usual dose for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis is 10 mg per day. Aim : To investigate whether the 10 mg dose of alendronate causes gastric ulcers. Methods : We performed an endoscopist-blind, crossover, randomized, single-centre comparison of 10 mg of alendronate/day and placebo in volunteers aged 40 years or more. Video-endoscopy was used to evaluate the presence and degree of mucosal damage to the oesophagus, stomach, or duodenal bulb after 7 and 14 days of treatment. Results : Twenty-four healthy volunteers participated, including 15 women and nine men, ranging in age from 41 to 52 years. Visible gastric mucosal damage was present in nine (38%) who received alendronate compared to three (13%) in the placebo group. There was a marked difference in the severity of mucosal damage; there were no ulcers or large erosions in those receiving placebo. In contrast, potentially clinically significant gastric mucosal injury was seen in six subjects receiving alendronate (two developed antral ulcers and four had large (4–8 mm) superficial antral erosions) compared to none in the placebo group (P = 0.0219). One subject developed oesophageal damage in the form of multiple linear superficial erosions in the mid and distal oesophagus. Duodenal injury was not seen. Conclusion : Alendronate causes gastric ulceration, suggesting that alendronate use may be associated with ulcer complications such as acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The results of this study suggest the need for post-marketing surveillance to clarify the nature, frequency and magnitude of any potential gastrointestinal side-effects associated with the use of this drug.
Flow between aquifers through filled cylindrical conduits: analytical solution and application to underground nuclear testing sites

Simple analytical solutions are derived for groundwater flow in filled cylindrical conduits connecting multiple aquifers. Artificial conduits of this type are found in underground mining and nuclear testing settings, and can have a profound impact on groundwater flow and contaminant transport. The solutions demonstrate that conduit flux will depend on the bulk transmissivity of the conduit-aquifers system, and will be large only when there is little variation from this average throughout the system. If the upper aquifer is unconfined, flow is generally double that for a confined upper aquifer. Transmissivity of the unconfined aquifer has little effect on the magnitude of conduit flux. Application of these solutions at a representative underground nuclear testing site in fractured rock indicates a conduit flow approximately equal to that allowed by an unsealed borehole 0.3 m in diameter. In general, the impact of a large filled conduit will be similar to that of an abandoned well, as the effect of the greater conduit radius is offset by resistance to flow in the conduit fill.
Alterations in Splenic Hilar Lymphatics in Patients with Congestion of the Spleen

SummaryThe number and content of dilated splenic hilar lymph vessels were examined in patients with and without congestion of the spleen. Sections from 10 patients without congestion showed no dilated lymph vessels. Sections from 7 patients with congestion all showed an increased number of dilated lymph vessels many of which contained red blood cells. One other patient who died after portal decompression demonstrated normal lymph vessels.The results indicate that splenic hilar lymphatics enlarge as a result of splenic congestion and reflect an increase in splenic lymph formation. Absence of red blood cells in splenic lymph vessels under normal circumstances and their appearance in congested states supports the view that the intermediate circulation of the spleen is normally closed and that in congested states may be open.
Hormone-dependent development of milk protein synthesis in mammary gland in vitro

Abstract 1. 1. Insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin acting synergistically selectively stimulate in vitro the synthesis of milk proteins by the pregnant mouse mammary gland. 2. 2. Synthesis of soluble cytoplasmic non-milk protein derived from epithelial cells is stimulated maximally by insulin alone and is believed to reflect proliferation. 3. 3. There is a coordinate increase in the synthesis of the casein components throughout mammary gland development. 4. 4. The increase of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin synthesis is not coordinate throughout mammary gland development. Thus as the lactational state is approached the ratio β-lactoglobulin to α-lactalbumin increases. 5. 5. Culture of mid-pregnancy mammary gland demonstrates that the 3 hormone combination effects stimulation of casein and whey protein synthesis of the same magnitude, with the same time course, and that the ratio of whey proteins to casein synthesized corresponds well with the ratio found in mouse milk.
Diagnosis and management of vesicoureteral reflux in children

Vesicoureteral refulx (VUR) is often a self-limiting condition, but it can lead to renal scarring and end-stage renal disease in some affected children. The author of this Review discusses the diagnosis of VUR and different management options, highlighting the need for an individualized approach when diagnosing and managing children with this condition. Critical evaluation of previously accepted dogma regarding the evaluation and treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has raised significant questions regarding all aspects of VUR management. Whereas the standard of care previously consisted of antibiotic prophylaxis for any child with VUR, it is now unclear which children, if any, truly benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis. Operative intervention for VUR constitutes overtreatment in many children, yet there are limited data available to indicate which children benefit from VUR correction through decreased rates of adverse long-term clinical sequelae. Studies with longer follow-up demonstrate decreased efficacy of endoscopic therapy that was previously hoped to approach the success of ureteroneocystostomy. Prospective studies might identify risk factors for pyelonephritis and renal scarring without antibiotic prophylaxis. Careful retrospective reviews of adults with a history of reflux might allow childhood risk factors for adverse sequelae to be characterized. Through analysis of multiple characteristics, better clinical management of VUR on an individualized basis will become the new standard of care.
The laterality effect in reaction time to speech stimuli.

Abstract The difference favoring the right ear, in vocal reaction time to speech stimuli, does not appear to be smaller for stimuli presented strictly monaurally than for stimuli opposed by contralateral noise.
Human x mouse somatic cell hybrid clone secreting immunoglobulins of both parental types.

HYBRIDS between two distinct differentiated cell types usually do not express the differentiated characteristics of either parental cell. The synthesis of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of the cell continues, while the synthesis of specialized products of differentiation often is suppressed1. Mouse myeloma cells, after fusion with mouse fibroblasts, follow this pattern ; that is, the hybrid cells cease synthesis of immunoglobulin2,3. A myeloma × lymphoma hybrid, however, continues secretion of immunoglobulin4,5. We report here the isolation of a hybrid clone, resulting from fusion of mouse myeloma cells secreting immunoglobulin of known specificity and human peripheral blood lymphocytes not secreting detectable immunoglobulin. The hybrid cells continue secretion of mouse immunoglobulin and initiate synthesis and secretion of human immunoglobulin.
Nothing to Laugh About: Student Interns' Use of Humor in Response to Workplace Dissatisfaction

Humor is an important option for employees responding to frustrating circumstances because humorous responses can be less confrontational than alternative ways of expressing dissatisfaction. The present study examined how student interns enacted humor as a response to workplace dissatisfaction. Results indicated a continuum of humorous messages and a variety of goals motivating those messages. These findings demonstrate the nuances in humor as a way of communicating dissatisfaction while also underscoring the need to further understand how goals and outcomes are related as employees dissent. At a deeper level, these results speak to issues of power and identity as low-positioned, contingent employees used humor to recast their identities apart from their status and to negotiate the boundaries of acceptable communication.
Field intensity and localized mode pattern symmetry in photonic crystals

A mode pattern photonic band structure representation is created by the finite element method to demonstrate the connection between the mode pattern, the band symmetry and the localized light intensity inside a photonic crystal.
Gaussian fading interference channels: Power control

In this paper we consider power allocation policies for 2-user Gaussian interference channels (IFC) with ergodic fading, perfectly known at all terminals. Based on recently found outer bounds on the capacity region of unfaded IFCs, we determine the power allocation that maximizes a sum-rate outer bound. With this power allocation both users are simultaneously active when the power of the interfering signals is small relative to the power of the intended signals. Otherwise, only the user with the largest fading gain is active, similar to multi-access and broadcast channels. By considering a simplified version of the Han-Kobayashi region, we derive the power allocation that maximizes a sum-rate inner bound. Numerical results for iid Rayleigh fading show that the inner and our bounds are very close to one another. The structure of the determined power allocation policies suggests that practical power allocations can be designed based on only a bit of channel state information.
Effect of drag and frictional losses on the hydrodynamics of gas-lift reactors

The purpose of this communication is to examine several assumptions concerning the drag and frictional losses in gas-lift reactors that are common to the Saez et al. (1998) and Marquez et al. (1999) models, and to some other published models. These assumptions are as follows. (1) The friction factor in the downcomer must be adjusted upward with respect to correlations for fully developed, single-phase flow in pipes in order to account for developing flow. (2) Mechanical energy losses in the gas/liquid separator and the straightening vanes can be neglected. (3) Frictional losses in the riser are adequately described by the correlation of Akita et al. (1988), which explicitly accounts for two-phase flow.
The function of the finger intrinsic muscles in response to electrical stimulation

The actions of the dorsal interosseous, volar interosseous, and lumbrical muscles were investigated using applied electrical stimulation and recording the moments that were generated across the metacarpophalangeal joint in flexion/extension and abduction/adduction, the proximal interphalangeal joint in flexion/extension, and the distal interphalangeal joint in flexion/extension. These measurements were made isometrically at various joint angles and levels of stimulation with both able bodied subjects and persons who had sustained tetraplegia. It was determined that the dorsal interossei, including the first, were strong abductors of the fingers and generated a significant moment in metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint flexion and interphalangeal (IP) joint extension. The volar interossei were the primary adductors of the fingers, as well as providing a significant moment in MP joint flexion and IP joint extension. The lumbrical muscles were found to be MP joint flexors and IP joint extensors, although the moments that were generated were on average 70% lower than the interossei. The role of the lumbricals as finger abductors or adductors could not be determined from the data. This information on the actions and moment generating capabilities of the intrinsic muscles led to the incorporation of the interossei into electrically induced hand grasp provided by an implanted neuroprosthesis. The evaluation of the intrinsic muscles in the neuroprosthesis was accomplished by recording the moment generating capabilities of these muscles across each of the joints of the finger. These muscles were capable of generating moments that were 80-90% of the average attained by the able bodied subjects, and have provided a substantial improvement to the electrically induced hand grasp.
Measuring and Interpreting Holo-Transcobalamin (Holo-Transcobalamin II)

At one time, diagnosing cobalamin deficiency was fairly simple, usually involving a patient with clinical problems, and was usually settled by determining whether the serum cobalamin concentration was low or not. As reviewed elsewhere (1), things began to change after sensitive metabolic tests were introduced and as attention extended to the cobalamin status of asymptomatic persons. Metabolic studies confirmed that most low cobalamin concentrations in asymptomatic patients and seemingly healthy persons represented subclinical cobalamin insufficiency, but ∼30–40% of these cobalamin concentrations did not represent insufficiency and thus could be considered “falsely low”. The diagnostic reliability of serum cobalamin was further challenged by metabolic demonstrations of “falsely normal” cobalamin concentrations; these too occurred most often, but not exclusively, in asymptomatic persons. The search continues for the optimal test to diagnose deficiency because the metabolic tests also have disadvantages. Increased plasma total homocysteine is too nonspecific; methylmalonic acid determination, although posing fewer problems of specificity, is complex and expensive; and the deoxyuridine suppression test is too unwieldy for practical use. Interest has been drawn to the possible benefit of measuring only the cobalamin attached to transcobalamin (TC; also called TC II; the TC-cobalamin complex is called holo-TC or holo-TC II) rather than the total cobalamin content of plasma. The concept, suggested by Lindemans et al. in 1983 (2), is simple and attractive: holo-TC contains the biologically available cobalamin because only TC promotes specific uptake of its cobalamin by all cells. The much larger fraction of serum cobalamin carried by haptocorrin (HC; also called TC I, R binder, or sometimes cobalophilin) is considered metabolically inert because no cellular receptors exist for holo-HC (also called holo-TC I). However, the physiologic cycle of holo-TC is quite complex: ( a ) ileal holo-TC enters the portal circulation, carrying cobalamin absorbed from the gut (3); ( b ) some of the …
The built environment and obesity: A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence

We completed a systematic search of the epidemiologic literature on built environment and obesity and identified 63 relevant papers, which were then evaluated for the quality of between-study evidence. We were able to classify studies into one of two primary approaches for defining place and corresponding geographic areas of influence: those based on contextual effects derived from shared pre-determined administrative units and those based on individually unique geographic buffers. The 22 contextual papers evaluated 80 relations, 38 of which did not achieve statistical significance. The 15 buffer papers evaluated 40 relations, 24 of which did not achieve statistical significance. There was very little between-study similarity in methods in both types of approaches, which prevented estimation of pooled effects. The great heterogeneity across studies limits what can be learned from this body of evidence.
Saturation of a Longitudinal Instability Due to Nonlinearity of the Wake Field

Self-sustained synchrotron oscillations are observed in electron storage rings. In general the theoretical description of the saturation of an instability for large oscillation amplitude is a difficult problem, and techniques have not yet been developed which yield analytic approximations to the appropriate nonlinear Vlasov or Fokker-Planck equations. In this paper, a single point bunch interacting with the wake field from a single resonant mode of an RF cavity is considered, and the averaging method of Bogoliubov and Mitropolsky is used to study the saturation of the initial exponential growth of the oscillation amplitude, due to the nonlinearity of the wake field. The determination of the limiting amplitude of oscillation is discussed both in the presence and in the absence of radiation damping.
A General Method for the Synthesis of Diacetylenic Acids

Abstract A simple and convenient method for the synthesis of twelve novel alkadiynoic acids, HOOC(CH2)mC[tbnd]C-C-C[tbnd](CH2)n-CH3, is reported.
Seismic data compression using adaptive filters

This paper describes a technique for waveform data compression. The technique is a variation on a two-stage lossless method that was developed by one of the authors. Whereas the earlier work employed a special version of the classical linear predictor in its first stage, the present method uses a lossless successive difference operation combined with an adaptive differential pulse code modulation-type (ADPCM) scheme to output a integer residual sequence for transmission, storage, or further encoding. The present method was found to operate best by taking the fourth difference of the data. Two ADPCM implementations are considered; the basic FIR filter scheme and a frequency selective scheme proposed earlier. To reconstruct the original integer data, only the first four unfiltered data values and the initial adaptive filter parameters are needed in addition to the integer residual sequence. The proposed adaptive scheme is compared to that of the linear predictor for seismic data. Results show that the original integer sequence can be recovered without loss.
Professional Development Issues for School Psychologists: What's Hot, What's Not in the United States

This study queried practicing school psychologists in the United States about the extent to which advances in the field have improved their individual service provision and fostered a desire for additional professional development. The researchers surveyed 1,000 members of the largest professional organization for school psychologists in the United States (NASP) and examined 336 survey respondents' perceptions as a total sample and by demographic subgroups. The results highlight the uniformity of US psychologists' perceptions, nationwide, regardless of respondents' demographic characteristics. The researchers conclude that school psychologists should more actively advocate for and influence the direction of future training initiatives and local, state, national and international organizations should provide professional development in alignment with the needs of practicing psychologists.
α1‐Adrenergic receptor control of the cerebral vasculature in humans at rest and during exercise

We tested the hypothesis that pharmacological blockade of α(1)-adrenoreceptors (by prazosin), at rest and during steady-state dynamic exercise, would impair cerebral autoregulation and result in cerebral vasodilatation in healthy humans. In 10 subjects, beat-to-beat mean arterial pressure and mean middle cerebral artery blood velocity were determined at rest and during low (Ex90) and moderate workload (Ex130) on an upright bicycle ergometer without and with prazosin. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations increased significantly from rest to Ex130 during control conditions (from 1.8 ± 0.2 to 3.2 ± 0.3 pmol (ml plasma)(-1)). In the control conditions, the transfer function gain between mean arterial pressure and mean middle cerebral artery blood velocity in the low-frequency range was decreased at Ex90 (P = 0.035) and Ex130 (P = 0.027) from rest. A significant increase in critical closing pressure (CCP) was also observed in the control conditions from rest to Ex90 to Ex130 (from 18 ± 3 to 24 ± 4 to 31 ± 4 mmHg). An average of 74 ± 2% blockade of blood pressure response was achieved with oral prazosin. Following blockade, plasma noradrenaline concentrations further increased at rest and during Ex130 from the control value (from 2.6 ± 0.3 to 4.4 ± 0.5 pmol (ml plasma)(-1)). Prazosin also resulted in an increase in low-frequency gain (P < 0.003) compared with the control conditions. Prazosin blockade abolished the increases in CCP during Ex130 and increased the cerebrovascular conductance index (P = 0.018). These data indicate that in the control conditions a strengthening of cerebral autoregulation occurred with moderate dynamic exercise that is associated with an increase in CCP as a result of the exercise-mediated augmentation of sympathetic activity. Given that α(1)-adrenergic receptor blockade attenuated the increase in dynamic cerebral autoregulation and CCP, we conclude that increases in sympathetic activity have a role in establishing cerebral vascular tone in humans.