cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urographic diagnosis of renovascular disease.

Intravenous pyelography is an excellent means of investigating renovascular abnormalities. The technic has been modified in many ways. A minute-sequence study followed by a constant-infusion study coupled with use of a diuretic appears to be the best urographic examination available at present. Among the radiographic observations pertinent to a diagnosis of significant renal arterial or arteriolar disease are renal size disparity, abnormal contour, abnormal nephrogram, and hypoconcentration and hyperconcentration of the opaque medium in the renal calyceal structures
Distribution and density of rats in rubbish field

Objective To study the distribution,population density and seasonal fluctuation of rat in large water-scale rubbish field,nearby village and on contrast spot. Methods Captured with mousetrap everyday. Results The aveage density of rat was under 3.5%.The peak of rat density of contrast point was in spring and indoor field point was in spring,outdoor field point was in summer.The dominant species indoor was Rattus norvegicus in field point and Mus musculus in contrast point.Suncus murinus was the dominant species outdoor of either field point or contrast point. Conclusion Rubbish field could generate a great influence of the distribution,population density and seasonal fluctuation of rat,but human factor played more important role in four pests control.
Numeric Simulation and Optimum Design for Large Pump Station with Complicated Flow Distribution

The forebay of Sanbao pump station has forward and lateral streams.In some situations,the lateral stream has a powerful influence on the forward stream,for instance the main stream shifting.separating from boundaries and vortex emerging,which has a negative influence on the pumps' efficiency.The numeric simulation is employed to calculate the flow distribution and evaluate the lateral stream's effect in the forebay under different cases.Base on above result,the scheme is adjusted to arrangement some diversion structures which can provide a reasonable flow distributioa
Determination of Methyl Carbamate and Ethyl Carbamate in White Liquor by GC-MS

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of ethyl carbamate in liquor is discussed,to study ethyl carbamate in liquor by diatomite solid phase extraction column enrichment and purification,the eluent concentration constant volume,with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of the target analytes,the mass spectrum and the retention time and the target analytes standard material mass spectrum and the retention times of light qualitative,internal standard method quantitative. The rate of recovery is 87%~110%,and relative standard deviation of 0.95%~2.35%,the detection limit is 0.23 ng/mL. The experimental results show that using DB-INNOWAX capillary chromatographic column for the separation of the target effect is good,the use of diatomite in extraction column and purifying ethyl carbamate recovery rate is high,can fully meet the determination of ethyl carbamate in liquor.
Designing a Brief Alzheimer Screen (BAS).

Context With advances in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), clinical focus has shifted to early patient identification. Memory recall tests and category fluency distinguish normal individuals from early AD patients. Objective Develop a brief test for general practitioners to screen for AD. Design Examination of items from the MMSE and category fluency. Setting and ParticipantsA Brief Alzheimer Screen (BAS) was developed from cognitive assessments on 406 normal subjects and 342 mild AD patients in the CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for AD) dataset. The derived measure was then applied to a second validation sample. Main Outcome MeasureLogistic regression was used to derive a predictive equation, which was then applied to two validation samples to estimate sensitivity and specificity. Results The resulting logistic model for discriminating between mild AD and controls included: recall of 3 words, number of animals named in 30 seconds, date, and spelling of WORLD backwards, ( p< 0.001 for each) accounting for 77% of the variance. When applied to the validation samples, sensitivity and specificity were over 99% and 87%, respectively. Conclusions These data support the use of the BAS as a potential screen of patients over 60 years of age.
Design lessons for older adult personal health records software from older adults

Online Personal Health Records (PHR) software has the potential to provide older adults with tools to better manage several aspects of their health, including their use of medications. In spite of this potential, we still know little about how to make PHRs accessible for older adults. We also know little about how to design PHRs in a way that will enable older adults to get a valuable return on their time investment in using such systems. In this paper, we present our experience partnering with a group of older adults to obtain design guidelines for the design of a PHR with a focus on medication management. We discuss the outcomes of our design partnership and provide an overview of the design of a web-based PHR we designed based on these outcomes.
Reply to "Comment on `Single-point kinetic energy density functionals: A pointwise kinetic energy density analysis and numerical convergence investigation' "

We find that the multivalued character of the $G$ factor as a function of the reduced gradient ($s$) still exists after accounting for pseudopotential artifacts and the kinetic energy global upper bound. We also find that the VT84F functional indeed exhibits stable convergence and more reasonable results for self-consistent bulk properties compared to other generalized gradient approximation (GGA) kinetic energy density functionals (KEDFs) that we tested earlier. However, VT84F generally yields overestimated equilibrium volumes, which may result from its inability (as with all GGAs) to reproduce the $G\ensuremath{-}s$ multivalued character. The analogous failure to predict the multivalued character of $G$ as a function of the reduced density $(d)$ is also likely to be responsible for the inaccuracy of our vWGTF functionals reported earlier. Our multivaluedness analysis therefore does not impugn any particular GGA KEDF. Instead, it merely confirms the importance of pointwise analysis for improving KEDFs by emphasizing the need to resolve the multivaluedness of $G$ with respect to various density variables.
Health Literacy Tool Shed: A Source for Validated Health Literacy Instruments

Assessing patients for health literacy levels can be an important tool in effective provider-patient communication and positive health care outcomes. A number of different assessment tools are avai...
A Teacher's Journey to Mindfulness: Opportunities for Joy, Hope, and Compassion.

Many mindfulness techniques and goals have natural connections for teachers, especially teachers of young children. Helping students expand their awareness beyond themselves, focus their attention, visualize, and be kind to one another are key aspects of a teacher's responsibilities. Mindfulness supports teachers as they focus on positive emotions and making the most of opportunities to connect with children, and consequently increases the positivity of the classroom. Teaching mindfulness practices in early childhood classrooms allows young children to be creative, live in the present moment, and develop the positive, winning attitudes they need for success in the future.
Making post-Soviet counterpublics: the aesthetics of Limonka and the National-Bolshevik Party

This article focuses on the shaping of the aesthetics and ideology of Eduard Limonov’s National-Bolshevik Party (NBP) through the pages of the radical newspaper Limonka. In order to study the making of the NBP as a political and intellectual community, the piece discusses Limonka’s editorial line, its graphic style, and the alternative cultural canon that this radical publication promoted, as well as several interviews with National-Bolshevik activists involved in this process. During its first years of existence, Limonka proposed a selection of controversial artistic, literary, and political role models, and the creation of an alternative fashion and lifestyle. The article argues that by provocatively combining totalitarian symbols, the aesthetics and posture of the historical avant-gardes, and Western counterculture, Limonka produced a collective narrative that contributed to the shaping of a new language of political protest in post-Soviet Russia. This resulted in a complex combination of stiob, a form...
(Gd-DOTA)2-KRAS PNA-peptide MRI contrast enhancement in AsPC1 pancreatic xenografts

416 Pancreas cancer occurs in about 30,000 US residents per year, with 80% mortality at one year. In 90% of pancreas cancers, KRAS oncogene is activated by mutation. Imaging of gene expression non-invasively with high sensitivity and specificity could identify cell malignancy at an early stage and provide a more powerful diagnostic tool than available currently. Non-invasive molecular imaging of gene expression by detection of specific messenger RNAs in cells to diagnose cancer and other diseases in living systems can be accomplished with antisense oligonucleotide derivatives. Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) have great potential for these applications because PNA is resistant to biological degradation and binds complementary mRNA with affinity, specificity, and stability exceeding those of corresponding DNA/RNA duplexes. Internalization of PNA into tumorigenic cells that overexpress insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptors can be accomplished with a short IGF1 peptide analog at the C-terminus of PNA. We have previously demonstrated Tc-99m and Cu-64 radioimaging of KRAS mRNA in xenografts with chelator-PNA-peptides. Chelating Gd to mRNA-specific DOTA-PNA-peptides might enable MRI of these pathogenic mRNAs in cells and living subjects, following Gd-DOTA-PNA-peptide permeation into tissue, endocytosis into the cells, hybridization with the target mRNA, accumulation in the specific cells, and effluxing of unbound probes. Non-hybridized probes must leave cells with little or no expression of the target mRNA in order to permit a specific image in the targeted cells. The aim of this study was to establish whether a (Gd-DOTA) 2 - KRAS PNA-peptide dendrimer that we synthesized was taken up by tumors, enabling the use of such chimeras for MRI experiments. We injected 0.10 mL of 1.5 mM (Gd-DOTA) 2 - KRAS PNA-peptide into the tail vein of an immunocompromised mouse bearing a human AsPC1 pancreatic cancer xenograft. The animal was imaged on a Philips 3T Achieva human MRI system fitted with a small animal solenoid coil (diameter = 4 cm) using THRIVE (3D T1-TFE fat suppressed) with resolution of 0.19 x 0.19 x 1 mm. Imaging parameters were: TR/TE 15/4.6 ms, Flip 10°, TSE factor 80, FOV 60 mm. Imaging 12 slices, with NSA 4, took ∼ 2 min. An initial sharp rise was seen in the concentration of the (Gd-DOTA) 2 - KRAS PNA-peptide in different organs, followed by a slower decrease of the signal to a common background value at 24 h. A 2.5% higher signal was recorded in the tumor vs. normal muscle from 25 min to 200 min. This suggests that administration of higher concentrations of the (Gd-DOTA) 2 - KRAS PNA-peptide might allow delineation of normal vs. cancerous tissue in vivo . Supported by NCI CO-27175.
Looking Strategically to the Future of Restaurants: Casual Dining or Fast Casual?:

The partners of Clean Eating stood outside of their newly launched restaurant, gazing upon the long line of guests waiting to enter the newest fast casual restaurant concept to open for business in...
"Wonder Woman, a True "Woman of Valor?” It’s a Man’s World (Pérez 1992)

This is a conference presentation on the relationship between two mythological women: Wonder Woman and the biblical Eshet Chayil (Woman of Valor).
Comparing implicit and explicit attitudes of gay, straight, and non-monosexual groups toward transmen and transwomen

Background: Transphobia studies have typically relied on self-report measures from heterosexual samples. However, there is evidence suggesting the need to use indirect measures and to explore trans...
Bayesian Methods and Entropy in Economics and Econometrics

A discussion of some previous and current uses of Bayesian methods and entropy in economics and econometrics is presented.
Application of Moderation Theorems to Metasomatic Processes

Moderation theorems can be used to predict the consequences of perturbing a system from a stable equilibrium state to an adjacent nonequilibrium state. Although in the absence of external constraints, the moderation theorem known as the Le Chatelier-Braun principle affords accurate prediction of the consequences of such perturbations in closed systems, it is not applicable to many reactions of geologic interest in open systems. As demonstrated by De Donder (1933), De Donder and Van Rysselberghe (1936), and Prigogine and Defay (1954), constraints imposed by the second law of thermodynamics commonly lead to contradictions of the Le Chatelier-Braun principle in the latter systems. Derivation of moderation criteria for simultaneous independent hydrolysis reactions for minerals indicates that the criteria can be applied directly to overall dehydration/decarbonation reactions in metasomatic processes. Although moderation with respect to the mole fraction of a perturbed component always occurs in fluids in which ideal mixing takes place, whether or not moderation of metasomatic reactions takes place with respect to addition to, or removal from the fluid of a small amount of a given component such as CO2 or H2O depends on the stoichiometry of the reaction. De Donder’s fundamental inequality (De Donder, 1922) can be used to calculate limiting fluid compositions for moderation with respect to addition or removal of such components. Isothermal-isobaric perturbation of equilibrium in the vicinity of these limiting compositions may lead to dramatic changes in the relative masses of reactants and products. Some CO2-H2O metasomatic reactions will not moderate in response to changes in the mass of either CO2 or H2O in the intermediate range of \({X_{{\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}\). Explicit recognition of moderation constraints in open systems and application of moderation theorems to both experimental and field observations facilitates considerably interpretation of phase relations and correlation of trends in the relative masses of metasomatic minerals to changes in temperature, pressure, and fluid composition.
Developing a Textile Laboratory Activities with Curriculum Base

Textile testing class with 20-textile testing laboratory has been developed to be a partial review of the fundamental knowledge gained in textile fundamentals through the use of review quizzes, video for textile testing equipment, and laboratory writing assignments. The learning activities are also extended from the classroom to the playful learning environment (PLE), an innovative playground enriched by technological tools. Curriculum-based learning was provide by instructor through the use of game co-creation, play, and computer (and TV show) games, along with activities that discussed textile quality outside of the normal setting of the classroom.
Emergent airway management in a patient with in situ tracheal stent: A lesson learned

The prevalence of in situ tracheal stents has increased in the past two decades for the management of malignant and benign central airway diseases for either palliation or definitive therapy. Recent placement of a tracheal stent has been associated with edema of the upper airway; therefore, these patients are at a great risk for airway collapse, especially within the days most recent to the procedure. The authors present the case of a morbidly obese patient with a tracheal stent admitted to the Intensive Care Unit who developed acute respiratory failure and was found to be "unable to ventilate, unable to intubate." Surgical airway approach through a cricothyroidotomy failed to provide a patent airway and the patient subsequently developed cardiac arrest and expired. The presence of tracheal stent poses a high challenge during emergent airway interventions; thus, carefully planned airway manipulation in such patients is paramount in order to avoid catastrophic outcomes.
(344) A Photoswitchable GPCR-Based Opsin for Synaptic Inhibition

The development of diverse molecular tools to manipulate the activity of defined cell types has greatly accelerated our understanding of the neural circuits underlying complex behaviors. The most commonly used opsins are light-gated ion channels or pumps to control activity on millisecond timescales. While optogenetic activation can be precisely tuned across a range of firing frequencies, neuronal inhibition has proven to be more problematic. The most commonly used inhibitory opsins are chloride or proton pumps requiring constant illumination, and biophysical constraints due to different subcellular ion gradients can trigger unwanted excitation. The development of opto-GPCR chimeras grants spatial and temporal control of distinct G-protein coupled intracellular signaling cascades, and in contrast to binary on/off manipulations, modulating endogenous activity patterns may more accurately reflect circuit dynamics. However, these rhodopsin-based approaches possess several limitations, including high photosensitivity and irreversible activation. Here we have identified a novel photoswitchable GPCR-based opsin that engages endogenous inhibitory signaling cascades to silence synaptic transmission. This UV/blue light-sensitive opsin couples to G-proteins to reversibly inhibit neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel function, with similar efficacy to endogenous GABABRs. Long-term optical inhibition can be achieved with pulsed light, does not desensitize, and most importantly, inhibition is rapidly reversed by illumination with amber light. This opsin can also be stimulated by 2-photon excitation, permitting subcellular activation of G-protein subunits, which may allow for precise patterns of inhibition deep within tissues. Lastly, we found that optical stimulation in vivo inhibits dopamine neurons to reduce motivated behaviors. We are now adapting this GPCR-based opsin to serve as a novel scaffold for next-generation opto-XR chimeras with photoswitchable control of GPCR signaling cascades to better understand the roles of these important therapeutic targets in different pain circuits.
Eccentric Exercise for Achilles Tendinopathy: A Narrative Review and Clinical Decision-Making Considerations.

Background: Achilles tendinopathy is a common health condition encountered in the orthopedic and sports medicine settings. Eccentric exercise is a common intervention in the management of pain and limited function for this patient population, although contemporary evidence suggests additional exercise methods may be effective as well. Study design: Narrative review: Methods: A literature review was performed using the electronic databases Pubmed and PEDRO for articles through February 2019. Randomized clinical trials integrating eccentric exercise, with or without co-interventions, were evaluated. Outcomes related to pain and/or function were considered. A patient case is provided to highlight decision making processes related to clinical prescription of eccentrics for Achilles tendinopathy. Results: After screening titles and abstracts, seven studies were included for full review. Two articles compared eccentric exercise to a control group, four compared eccentrics to the use of modalities, while one used eccentric exercise as part of a multimodal intervention. In each case, eccentric exercise was effective in reducing pain and improving function. In comparison to other forms of exercise or additional interventions, eccentric exercise was frequently not more effective than other options. Discussion: Eccentric exercise has been associated with clinical benefit in improving pain and function for patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Despite the available evidence reporting effectiveness of eccentrics, other options may be equally useful. Appropriate load modification and exercise prescription for patients with Achilles tendinopathy requires systematic clinical reasoning and incorporation of patient values to optimize outcomes.
Continuous quantum hidden subgroup algorithms

In this paper we show how to construct two continuous variable and one continuous functional quantum hidden subgroup (QHS) algorithms. These are respectively quantum algorithms on the additive group of reals R, the additive group R/Z of the reals R mod 1, i.e., the circle, and the additive group Paths of L 2 paths x:[0,1] → R n in real n -space R n .
Money, Sociology of

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by V.A Zelizer, volume 15, pp. 9991–9995, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Melanoma Progression Inhibits Pluripotency and Differentiation of Melanoma-Derived iPSCs Produces Cells with Neural-like Mixed Dysplastic Phenotype

Melanomas are known to exhibit phenotypic plasticity. However, the role cellular plasticity plays in melanoma tumor progression and drug resistance is not fully understood. Here, we used reprogramming of melanocytes and melanoma cells to induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) to investigate the relationship between cellular plasticity and melanoma progression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor resistance. We found that melanocyte reprogramming is prevented by the expression of oncogenic BRAF, and in melanoma cells harboring oncogenic BRAF and sensitive to MAPK inhibitors, reprogramming can be restored by inhibition of the activated oncogenic pathway. Our data also suggest that melanoma tumor progression acts as a barrier to reprogramming. Under conditions that promote melanocytic differentiation of fibroblast- and melanocyte-derived iPSCs, melanoma-derived iPSCs exhibited neural cell-like dysplasia and increased MAPK inhibitor resistance. These data suggest that iPSC-like reprogramming and drug resistance of differentiated cells can serve as a model to understand melanoma cell plasticity-dependent mechanisms in recurrence of aggressive drug-resistant melanoma.
Letter to the Editor: 1H, 15N, and 13C resonance assignments for a 20 kDa DNA polymerase from African swine fever virus

The African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is known to cause a lethal disease in domestic pigs. The virus contains two DNA polymerases; a eukaryotic-like DNA polymerase involved in viral DNA replication and a 174 amino acid DNA polymerase that is a member of the polymerase X family (Pol X). This family includes DNA polymerase β (β-Pol), terminal transferase (TdT), DNA polymerase μ (Pol μ) (Dominguez et al., 2000), and DNA polymeraseλ (Pol λ) (Aoufouchi et al., 2000). One notable difference between Pol X and the Pol X family is the absence of N-terminal DNA binding domains that are found in β-Pol, TdT, Pol μ, and Pol λ and the absence of BRCT domains that are found in Pol μ and Pol λ. In comparison to β-Pol, Pol X comprises only the palm and C-terminal subdomains. Based on biochemical analysis, Pol X was shown to be similar to β-Pol with respect to template-directed DNA synthesis, preference for deoxynucleotides versus ribonucleotides, and repair of a single nucleotide gap DNA (Oliveros et al., 1997). This would suggest that Pol X acts in base excision repair of the viral DNA inside the cytoplasm of the host cell. In addition, Pol X catalyzes the formation of a G:G mismatch with relatively high catalytic efficiency (Showalter and Tsai, 2001) and may provide mutase function to ASFV. As the smallest DNA polymerase, Pol X represents the minimal core needed for a protein to act as a template directed nucleotidal transferase. Here we report on the nearly complete backbone and side chain 1H, 15N, and 13C resonance assignments for the 20 kDa Pol X.
Power-Minimizing Control of a Variable-Pitch Propulsion System for Versatile Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In response to an abundance of applications, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are being called upon to perform missions of high difficulty for increasingly long periods of time. Traditional paradigms of propeller design and actuation are reaching a design ceiling, motivating creative approaches to the design of propeller-based propulsion mechanisms. Within the last decade, one particular kind of mechanism, the variable-pitch propeller, has been studied by researchers for its applications to the class of small UAVs. This paper pushes for new results in this area by exploring the use of Variable Pitch Propulsion (VPP) to minimize power consumption for small, versatile UAVs. A control algorithm is presented to minimize the consumed electrical power during a quasi-steady propulsive state. In particular, the algorithm is not confined to operation in limited regions of the state space, but it seeks to minimize power at whatever point in the state space a steady state is reached. Several experimental results are presented to validate the approach.
Parachute Mitral Valve: A Case of Isolated Accessory Mitral Valve Tissue.

Abstract A 69-year-old male presented to the emergency room with dyspnea on exertion lasting more than 2 weeks. Echocardiography showed an ill-defined subaortic structure. Subsequent transesophagea...
Patient-Related Risk Factors Associated With Surgical Site Complications After Elective Hand Surgery.

Background:The purpose of this study was to identify independent risk factors associated with an increased rate of surgical site complications after elective hand surgery.Methods:This study is a re...
Evaluation of Time-Limited Trials Among Critically Ill Patients With Advanced Medical Illnesses and Reduction of Nonbeneficial ICU Treatments.

Importance For critically ill patients with advanced medical illnesses and poor prognoses, overuse of invasive intensive care unit (ICU) treatments may prolong suffering without benefit. Objective To examine whether use of time-limited trials (TLTs) as the default care-planning approach for critically ill patients with advanced medical illnesses was associated with decreased duration and intensity of nonbeneficial ICU care. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective quality improvement study was conducted from June 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, at the medical ICUs of 3 academic public hospitals in California. Patients at risk for nonbeneficial ICU treatments due to advanced medical illnesses were identified using categories from the Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines for admission and triage. Interventions Clinicians were trained to use TLTs as the default communication and care-planning approach in meetings with family and surrogate decision makers. Main Outcomes and Measures Quality of family meetings (process measure) and ICU length of stay (clinical outcome measure). Results A total of 209 patients were included (mean [SD] age, 63.6 [16.3] years; 127 men [60.8%]; 101 Hispanic patients [48.3%]), with 113 patients (54.1%) in the preintervention period and 96 patients (45.9%) in the postintervention period. Formal family meetings increased from 68 of 113 (60.2%) to 92 of 96 (95.8%) patients between the preintervention and postintervention periods (P < .01). Key components of family meetings, such as discussions of risks and benefits of ICU treatments (preintervention, 15 [34.9%] vs postintervention, 56 [94.9%]; P < .01), eliciting values and preferences of patients (20 [46.5%] vs 58 [98.3%]; P < .01), and identifying clinical markers of improvement (9 [20.9%] vs 52 [88.1%]; P < .01), were discussed more frequently after intervention. Median ICU length of stay was significantly reduced between preintervention and postintervention periods (8.7 [interquartile range (IQR), 5.7-18.3] days vs 7.4 [IQR, 5.2-11.5] days; P = .02). Hospital mortality was similar between the preintervention and postintervention periods (66 of 113 [58.4%] vs 56 of 96 [58.3%], respectively; P = .99). Invasive ICU procedures were used less frequently in the postintervention period (eg, mechanical ventilation preintervention, 97 [85.8%] vs postintervention, 70 [72.9%]; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, a quality improvement intervention that trained physicians to communicate and plan ICU care with family members of critically ill patients in the ICU using TLTs was associated with improved quality of family meetings and a reduced intensity and duration of ICU treatments. This study highlights a patient-centered approach for treating critically ill patients that may reduce nonbeneficial ICU care. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04181294.
Self-Efficacy Experiences of Graduate Students Working in a Sport-based Leadership Program at a Youth Prison

The use of sport as a developmental tool for youth has been widely studied. However, one important segment of the population that has been largely overlooked in this work, likely due to its restrictive and hard to access nature, is youth from juvenile detention centers. Incarcerated youth represent at least 1% of all children in the United States who are faced with a complex set of psychological, physical, and social needs. In recent years, the rehabilitative role of sport within prison has been explored; however, limited research in this area exists. One critical line of investigation is to explore programs leaders’ experiences leading sport-based programs in the prison setting in order to inform how to tailor instructor training programs and inevitability foster better program quality and youth outcomes. Therefore, this study examined four graduate students’ self-efficacy beliefs for leading a leadership and life skills sports program within a youth prison. Data included weekly voice reflections and periodic interviews across a two-year program span. Deductive analyses indicated participants’ beliefs were influenced by Bandura’s (1977) four sources of self-efficacy with corresponding subthemes describing their nerves, highs and lows, good days, growth overtime, shared identities, observations of prison staff, and support from others. The current study offers insight on how individuals perceive their competencies for leading a sport program within a highly volatile environment. Suggestions for enhancing self-efficacy beliefs in order to better foster positive developmental youth outcomes are discussed.
Movement-Evoked pain is differentially associated with physical and psychological functioning in non-Hispanic Blacks vs. non-Hispanic Whites

Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs), Non-Hispanics Blacks (NHBs) report greater pain intensity and worse physical functioning. It has been hypothesized that movement-evoked pain might be a better predictor of pain-related outcomes; yet, limited research exists regarding the extent to which movement-evoked pain (MEP) differs across racial and ethnic minorities with knee osteoarthritis and its relation to physical and psychological functioning. A sub-sample of 237 participants (NHBs=111 and NHWs=126) with and without knee OA from the Understanding Pain and Limitations in Osteoarthritis Disease (UPLOAD-2) study were included in this analysis. Questionnaires assessed physical functioning in the past 48 hours (WOMAC), pain interference in the past 6 months (GCPS), movement-evoked pain (SPPB), and current depressive symptoms (PROMIS-depression). Bivariate correlations were conducted to examine the association between study variables. Regression analyses were conducting to examine the moderating effect of race/ethnicity on the relationship between MEP with physical and psychological functioning. Our results revealed that the relationship between MEP and disability varied across race/ethnicity. After controlling for sociodemographic and clinical variables, higher levels of MEP were associated with greater impairments in WOMAC physical functioning and GCPS pain interference; however, these relationships were stronger among NHBs (b=1.20 p=.00; b=.45, p=.00) compared to NHWs (b=.82, p=.00; b=.25 p=.00), respectively. There was also a significant interaction between race/ethnicity and MEP with depressive symptoms. Specifically, higher MEP was associated with greater depressive symptoms, but only among NHBs (b=.79, p=.00). Our findings highlight the role that racial/ethnic differences have on MEP and physical and psychological functioning. In particular, our results suggest that MEP may have a greater influence on physical functioning and depressive symptoms among NHBs. Future research is warranted to examine the clinical utility of MEP and whether this provides a unique understanding of pain-related outcomes, particularly among NHBs. Ethnic Differences in Pain Response, R37 AG033906-11 (NIH/NIA) awarded to Dr. Roger Fillingim.
Background on mpLCP

In this chapter we present important definitions and some notation, provide a detailed discussion on invariancy regions and the properties of these sets, and study the geometry of the multiparametric Linear Complementarity Problem.
TESLA Broadcast Authentication

How can we authenticate broadcast messages? This chapter begins to answer our central question. We introduce TESLA, short for Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication, a protocol for broadcast authentication. TESLA has a number of features, so for clarity of exposition, we develop TESLA in stages. We begin with a basic protocol, and we add additional features in subsequent stages. (In later chapters, we examine alternative approaches to broadcast authentication.)
Text Mining and Cybercrime

This chapter describes the state of technology for studying Internet crimes against children, specifically sexual predation and cyberbullying. We begin by presenting a survey of relevant research articles that are related to the study of cybercrime. This survey includes a discussion of our work on the classification of chat logs that contain bullying or predatory behavior. Many commercial enterprises have developed parental control software to monitor these behaviors, and the latest version of some of these tools provides features that profess to protect children against predators and bullies. The chapter concludes with a discussion of these products and offers suggestions for continued research in this interesting and timely sub-field of text mining.
The decay of temperature fluctuations and heat flux in grid generated turbulence

Previous experimental determinations of the decay of passive scalar fluctuations in grid generated isotropic turbulence show large variations in their decay rate. We simulate some of these measurements and show that for passive temperature fluctuations their decay rate is a function of the initial intensity of the temperature fluctuations. Variation in heat applied to the grid to create the temperature fluctuations changes the thermal length scale and probably induces anisotropy in the temperature field. In order to eliminate the dependence of the decay rate on initial temperature fluctuation intensity we describe a new way of generating temperature fluctuations by means of placing a heated parallel array of fine wires (a mandotine) downstream from the unheated grid. Results of this experiment show that the decay rate of thermal fluctuations is uniquely determined by the scale size of the initial temperature fluctuations. By increasing the heat applied to the mandoline we generate a heat flux and present preliminary results of the decay of heat flux in isotropic decaying turbulence. Full details of the work described here will appear in Warhaft and Lumley (1978) and Newman, Warhaft and Lumley (1978).
Liberalism and Atomistic Individualism

Critics of classical liberalism assume that its radical individualist foundations are both necessary for its defense and its Achilles’ heel. Radical individualism is the view that human individuals are, first and foremost, unique, particular beings with just one concern, namely, to advance their own goals. Critics of classical liberalism have said that its individuals are atomistic or asocial. Proponents of classical liberalism had often appeared to embrace an atomistic conception of the person because of their acceptance of the new science of classical mechanics. Hobbes admired mechanistic science so much that he visited Galileo in Italy to learn it from him. For Hobbes, human beings are just instances of matter-in-motion, only more complicated in their configuration than other things.
The Will to Learn: A Guide for Motivating Young People

This book introduces the basic principles of motivation as they apply to classroom learning and management in a readable, non-technical form. Covington argues against the popular notion that the problems existing in schools today stem primarily from a lack of student motivation. Instead, he asserts that students are motivated, sometimes even overly motivated, but often for the wrong reasons. Traditional teaching methods, including conventional grading procedures and an emphasis on competition, can contribute to student demoralization, and Covington identifies the ways in which students respond to misguided incentives. For some students, motivation is directed at avoiding failure by avoiding participation. For others, demoralization leads to withdrawal from an educational system that they believe to be irrelevant to their lives. Still other students are driven to prove their worth by outperforming fellow students. The book suggests practical, concrete ways that teachers can use classroom incentives to inspire a desire to learn.
Goal-directed visuomotor skill learning: off-line enhancement and the importance of the primary motor cortex.

Purpose: The time course and neural substrates of motor skill learning are not well-understood in healthy or neurologic patient populations. Certain motor skills undergo off-line skill enhancement following training and the primary motor cortex (M1) may be involved. It is unknown if goal-directed visuomotor skill undergoes off-line enhancement or if M1 is associated with that enhancement. Methods: 32 right-handed, healthy subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: real repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or sham rTMS applied to the contralateral M1 immediately following one 20-minute finger tracking training session. Tracking performance and cortical excitability were assessed before and after training, following rTMS and 24 hours post-training. Results: Results demonstrate that skill performance continues to develop for at least 30 minutes after training completion, is maintained for 24 hours post-training, and is not affected by inhibitory rTMS applied to M1. Level of skill improvement was associated with the degree of intracortical inhibition increase. Conclusions: These results suggest dispersed information processing for goal-directed visuomotor skill learning following training and a relationship between cortical excitability and skill development in healthy individuals. These findings invite further investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying motor skill learning and may have rehabilitation implications for patients with neurologic injury.
Mobile information agents for processing under information overload: a position statement

Information in electronic form is proliferating rapidly in a variety of forms. We now have powerful search engines that can return pointers to millions of documents on any subject. How can we tap into this fortune, while avoiding information overload? The productivity and success of an individual in a society inundated with electronic data will be largely determined by timely access to information. This is particularly challenging when the data is unstructured, active, and heterogeneous. It seems unlikely that we could package information in a standardized form for the purposes of extraction and interpretation, because people's information needs are varied and the production of information is easy. The production of information is such that "manufacturing" facilities can be moved easily at little, or no cost, giving rise to transient data sources. Just as the invention of the railroad (and other means of mass transportation) has made it possible for consumers to obtain products quickly, our vision is to provide ubiquitous, customized, and organized access to all users. To this end, we advocate technologies for systems in which customers can express information needs in flexible ways, and that provide facilities for an intelligent and customized exploration of the Web and other information spaces.
Analysis of factors related to development, regulatory level and change in municipal no-smoking by-laws in Ontario.

Objectifs : nous voulions etudier et mesurer l'existence, la teneur et l'evolution des reglements municipaux contre le tabagisme et examiner les facteurs pouvant expliquer les ecarts dans la portee et l'integralite de ces reglements. Methode : nous avons consulte les reglements de chaque municipalite ontarienne en leur attribuant un score, a l'aide de l'indice Asbridge-O'Grady, pour en etablir la portee et les restrictions. Par analyse de variance Kruskal-Wallis, nous avons compare la repartition des caracteristiques des municipalites selon le niveau de restriction de la reglementation anti-tabac. Resultats : 23 % des municipalites ontariennes (215/951) avaient des reglements anti-tabac a la fin de 1998, contre 18 % (169/951) en 1994. Les grandes municipalites ont eu tendance a adopter des reglements beaucoup plus restrictifs que les petites. Conclusion : la portee et la severite des reglements anti-tabac ont augmente en Ontario depuis la promulgation, en 1994, de la Loi reglementant les produits du tabac. Nous avons constate peu d'ecarts sur le plan de la reglementation entre les regions comportant des municipalites productrices de tabac et les regions qui n'en comportent pas.
Beyond the Single‐Person, Single‐Insight Attribution in Understanding Entrepreneurial Opportunities

This article helps develop the creativity perspective within entrepreneurship in two ways. First, it elaborates on the nature of opportunity as a creative product. Rather than viewing opportunities as single insights, it suggests that they are emerging through the continuous shaping and development of (raw) ideas that are acted upon. Second, rather than attributing them to a particular individual, it highlights the contextual and social influences that affect the generation and shaping of ideas. This helps move entrepreneurship research beyond the single-person, single-insight attribution that currently permeates it.
Analogical Reasoning Under Different Methods of Test Administration

One hundred eighty-five college undergraduates were given the Advanced Progressive Matrices un der one of five conditions of testing: standard, simple feedback, examinee verbalization during problem solution, elaborated feedback, and full elaboration. The Group Embedded Figures Test, Paragraph Completion Test, and Zelniker and Jeff rey's revision of the Matching Familiar Figures Test were also administered. The study was designed (1) to investigate the differential effects of method of test administration on performance for college stu dents and (2) to examine the relationship of individ ual differences dimensions and varying conditions of testing. Analysis of variance coupled with or thogonal comparisons revealed higher levels of per formance under the more elaborative testing condi tions. The cognitive style variables were differential ly related to performance in the different testing conditions. The processing dimensions were related to performance to a higher degree under partially elaborative condit...
EPRI-Sponsored Transmission Line Wind Loading Research

Extreme winds make up a substantial portion of the design loads for transmission lines. This paper briefly reviews the problems associated with current wind loading calculation procedures. Specific areas addressed include basic geographical design wind speeds, variation in velocity with height, gust factors, span reduction factors and drag coefficients (shape factors). To remove uncertainty associated with quantifying the actual loads imposed on transmission lines by the wind, EPRI has sponsored a research effort to investigate transmission line wind loading (RP1277). Results obtained thus far on this project are presented and while they are not yet conclusive, they will undoubtedly have a significant influence on future transmission line designs.
Kvβ Subunit Oxidoreductase Activity and Kv1 Potassium Channel Trafficking

Voltage-gated Kv1 potassium channels consist of pore-forming α subunits and cytoplasmic Kvβ subunits. The latter play diverse roles in modulating the gating, stability, and trafficking of Kv1 channels. The crystallographic structure of the Kvβ2 subunit revealed surprising structural homology with aldo-keto reductases, including a triosephosphate isomerase barrel structure, conservation of key catalytic residues, and a bound NADP+ cofactor (Gulbis, J. M., Mann, S., and MacKinnon, R. (1999) Cell 90, 943–952). Each Kv1-associated Kvβ subunit (Kvβ1.1, Kvβ1.2, Kvβ2, and Kvβ3) shares striking amino acid conservation in key catalytic and cofactor binding residues. Here, by a combination of structural modeling and biochemical and cell biological analyses of structure-based mutations, we investigate the potential role for putative Kvβ subunit enzymatic activity in the trafficking of Kv1 channels. We found that all Kvβ subunits promote cell surface expression of coexpressed Kv1.2 α subunits in transfected COS-1 cells. Kvβ1.1 and Kvβ2 point mutants lacking a key catalytic tyrosine residue found in the active site of all aldo-keto reductases have wild-type trafficking characteristics. However, mutations in residues within the NADP+ binding pocket eliminated effects on Kv1.2 trafficking. In cultured hippocampal neurons, Kvβ subunit coexpression led to axonal targeting of Kv1.2, recapitulating the Kv1.2 localization observed in many brain neurons. Similar to the trafficking results in COS-1 cells, mutations within the cofactor binding pocket reduced axonal targeting of Kv1.2, whereas those in the catalytic tyrosine did not. Together, these data suggest that NADP+ binding and/or the integrity of the binding pocket structure, but not catalytic activity, of Kvβ subunits is required for intracellular trafficking of Kv1 channel complexes in mammalian cells and for axonal targeting in neurons.
Altered neural and behavioral dynamics in Huntington's disease: an entropy conservation approach.

BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited condition that results in neurodegeneration of the striatum, the forebrain structure that processes cortical information for behavioral output. In the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD, striatal neurons exhibit aberrant firing patterns that are coupled with reduced flexibility in the motor system. The aim of this study was to test the patterns of unpredictability in brain and behavior in wild-type (WT) and R6/2 mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Striatal local field potentials (LFP) were recorded from 18 WT and 17 R6/2 mice (aged 8-11 weeks) while the mice were exploring a plus-shaped maze. We targeted LFP activity for up to 2 s before and 2 s after each choice-point entry. Approximate Entropy (ApEn) was calculated for LFPs and Shannon Entropy was used to measure the probability of arm choice, as well as the likelihood of making consecutive 90-degree turns in the maze. We found that although the total number of choice-point crossings and entropy of arm-choice probability was similar in both groups, R6/2 mice had more predictable behavioral responses (i.e., were less likely to make 90-degree turns and perform them in alternation with running straight down the same arm), while exhibiting more unpredictable striatal activity, as indicated by higher ApEn values. In both WT and R6/2 mice, however, behavioral unpredictability was negatively correlated with LFP ApEn. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE HD results in a perseverative exploration of the environment, occurring in concert with more unpredictable brain activity. Our results support the entropy conservation hypothesis in which unpredictable behavioral patterns are coupled with more predictable brain activation patterns, suggesting that this may be a fundamental process unaffected by HD.