cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple fault detection in CMOS logic circuits

The possibility of using a single stuck-at fault test set to detect multiple faults and their combinations is studied. It is shown that a single stuck-at fault test set can detect single and multiple self-feedback bridging faults and combinations of feedback bridging, input bridging, and stuck-on faults when current monitoring is done. It is proved that a single stuck-at fault test set can detect the combination of single stuck-open fault and some other faults like bridging and stuck-on faults when both logic and current monitoring are done. >
Reducing Assimilation Effects in Performance Evaluation Judgments

Recent research indicates that context effects play an important role in accounting decision making, where information for a given decision task is evaluated differently depending on the nature of the prior contextual information (e.g., Tan and Jamal 2001; Bhattacharjee, et al 2007). While these studies have contributed significantly to the literature, this research has focused on decisions where only prior task information is available to contextualize current task information. Yet, many accounting decision tasks also contain relevant benchmark information (e.g., budget targets) that can and should be used as the basis to evaluate current task data. We extend the research in this area by conducting a series of experiments in which the robustness of context effects from prior task information are tested in a setting where managers are supposed to compare current performance metrics against relevant and available target information. Consistent with our theoretical arguments, experiment 1 reveals that managers’ judgments using a basic scorecard are subject to context effects that result in assimilation such that an individual’s current performance is rated more favorably (unfavorably) when the individual’s prior performance was rated as favorable (unfavorable). This is the case even though in both conditions the same relevant benchmark information is provided and indicative of average performance for the individual. In experiment 2, we find that color status indicators, often used in practice and designed to make scorecard evaluations cognitively easier, are only partially successful at reducing assimilation effects in managers’ judgments. In experiment 3, we take an approach that is different from what has been used in prior scorecard research by having managers perform analytics on the data. This approach was inspired by the attention-directing aspect of analytics, popularized in the audit domain. This attention directing approach was found to successfully reduce assimilation effects. Our results provide insight into a different approach to scorecard judgments that may be beneficial for certain biases. Our results also extend the accounting literature on comparative-based judgments by demonstrating that prior contextual information can have such a strong influence on judgments that relevant comparative benchmarks (budgeted data) are ignored.
AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE genes have partly overlapping functions with AINTEGUMENTA but make distinct contributions to Arabidopsis thaliana flower development

AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) is an important regulator of Arabidopsis flower development that has overlapping functions with the related AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 (AIL6) gene in floral organ initiation, identity specification, growth, and patterning. Two other AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE (AIL) genes, AIL5 and AIL7, are expressed in developing flowers in spatial domains that partly overlap with those of ANT. Here, it is shown that AIL5 and AIL7 also act in a partially redundant manner with ANT. The results demonstrate that AIL genes exhibit unequal genetic redundancy with roles for AIL5, AIL6, and AIL7 only revealed in the absence of ANT function. ant ail5 and ant ail7 double mutant flowers show alterations in floral organ positioning and growth, sepal fusion, and reductions in petal number. In ant ail5, petals are often replaced by filaments or dramatically reduced in size. ant ail7 double mutants produce increased numbers of carpels, which have defects in valve fusion and a loss of apical tissues. The distinct phenotypes of ant ail5, ant ail7 and the previously characterized ant ail6 indicate that AIL5, AIL6, and AIL7 make unique contributions to flower development. These distinct roles are also supported by genetic analyses of ant ail triple mutants. While ant ail5 ail6 triple mutants closely resemble ant ail6 double mutants, ant ail5 ail7 triple mutants exhibit more severe deviations from the wild type than either ant ail5 or ant ail7 double mutants. Furthermore, it is shown that AIL5, AIL6, and AIL7 act in a dose dependent manners in ant and other mutant backgrounds.
Growth of High-Resistivity Wurtzite and Zincblende Structure Single Crystal Gan by Reactive-Ion Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Epitaxial GaN films have been grown at temperatures between 600 and 900 °C by reactive-ion molecular-beam epitaxy. Ga was provided by evaporation from an effusion cell while nitrogen was supplied from a low-energy, single-grid, ion source. The average energy per accelerated N incident at the growing film surface was ≈ 19 eV. Films deposited on Al2O3(0112) and MgO(100)l×l substrates had wurtzite (a-GaN) and metastable zincblende (α-GaN) structures, respectively. The lattice constants were a = 0.3192 nm and c = 0.5196 nm for α;-GaN and a = 0.4531 nm for β -GaN. The room-temperature optical bandgap Eg of zincblende GaN, 3.30 eV, was found to be 0.11 eV lower than that of the hexagonal polymorph α-GaN. All films were n-type with electron carrier concentrations which decreased from 4×1018 to 8×1013 cm−3 with increasing incident N2+/Ga flux ratios between 0.63 and 3.9. Resistivities <106Ω-cm were achieved.
Nursing's central role in the care of individuals with cancer: 1900-1940.

Purpose/objectives To document the central role of nursing care in the continuum of cancer awareness, treatment, and palliation from 1900-1940. Data sources Primary sources were student nurses' lecture notes, hospitals' annual reports and other literature, and published materials of the period. Data synthesis Throughout the years reviewed, the warning signs of many types of cancer were included in nurses' education. Nurses were integral to the care and well-being of individuals diagnosed with cancer. Conclusions In the first four decades of the 20th century, nursing care of individuals with cancer became increasingly technical and specialized. This article documents the nursing care that was practiced at the time. The issue of concealment of a cancer diagnosis affected nurses' care. Nurses were seen by the American Society for the Control of Cancer as key players in the public's awareness of cancer. Implications for nursing The care, skill, and knowledge of nurses were central to patients coping with a cancer diagnosis.
Statistical approach for congestion control in gateway routers

Active Queue Management (AQM) aims at minimizing queuing delay while maximizing the bottleneck link throughput. This paper describes two statistical principles that can be exploited to develop improved AQM mechanisms. The first principle indicates that the statistical characteristics of packet markings provide a performance bound of AQM in relation to the queue's variance, which translates to a limitation of the traditional probabilistic marking. Based on the error diffusion algorithm, a simple marking strategy is proposed to reduce the queue's variance by one order of magnitude from that attained with probabilistic drops. The second principle focuses on the relationship between the queue occupancy and the likelihood of congestion of the link. This principle reveals that the likelihood of congestion grows exponentially with queue occupancy, suggesting that drop rates ought to increase accordingly. These fundamental principles are used jointly in the so called Diffusion Early Marking (DEM) algorithm, an AQM scheme introduced in this work leading to faster reaction, higher bottleneck link utilization, lower drop rates and lower router buffer occupancy than other AQM algorithms.
The Closing of the Ether: Communication Policy and the Public Interest in the United States and Great Britain, 1921-1926

How do media systems come to be structured in different ways? Through a comparative historical institutional analysis of the origins of broadcasting policy in the United States and Great Britain in the early twentieth century, this study examines reasons private, commercial interests dominated the U.S. system while Britain granted a monopoly to the publicly funded, noncommercial BBC. Policy outcomes at this critical juncture were contingent on different path-dependent notions of the public interest as well as temporal sequencing. Through an analysis of primary documents and secondary literature, this study considers the implications of these different approaches for modern communication policy and democratic society.
Furthering the Integration of Marketing and Logistics Through Customer Service in the Channel

Recent emphasis on customer service in both the academic and trade literature reveals a growing but confusing body of knowledge. Both the marketing and logistics disciplines have offered varying definitions of customer service, but have failed to offer a comprehensive framework which represents customer service and its related marketing and logistics issues. This article offers the viewpoint that customer service is a conceptual unifying factor for integrating marketing and logistics. The channel system is introduced as the vehicle by which buyer/seller relationships must be analyzed to understand formation of buyer expectations, interaction of marketing and logistics activities, and subsequent customer service performance. The institutional, behavioral, and physical dimensions of channel activity influence many of the marketing and logistics decisions made by management. The framework offered in this article differs from previous efforts in that customer service is the output of the unified activities of marketing and logistics. It considers marketing and logistics decisions jointly, re-evaluates and expands the production function in logistics, and ties customer service to customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
Abdominal Wall Infections with in situ Mesh

Abstract Background: Synthetic mesh is used commonly in the repair of abdominal wall hernias. Infection at the surgical site where mesh is present poses a formidable clinical problem. Methods: The current surgical literature was reviewed to formulate accepted approaches to the management of hernia repairs with infected mesh. Results: Prevention of mesh infection is best achieved by judicious use of systemic antibiotics. Topical antibiotics often are used without convincing evidence to support their value. Laparoscopic repairs have lower infection rates than open repairs. Evidence is lacking to support lower rates of infection with mesh of specific composition or with antibacterial agents that coat the mesh. The diagnosis of mesh infection is principally a clinical one. Repairs of infected mesh usually necessitate antibiotics and removal of the foreign material. Clinical judgment is required for attempts at salvaging portions of the mesh. Component separation or biological materials may be used in those ci...
Future of PACS

This paper attempts to forecast tow to five years to understand the future PACS environment and is the result of reviews of literature and interviews with nearly thirty organization sand individuals representing the PACS community. Two to five years was set as a realistic limit to projections although thoughts for the future of digital medical imaging beyond five years are included. The variance in projections even in the short term is significant and any projection beyond five years will be even more uncertain. The organizations that contributed to the interviews include academic centers, the federal government, consultants and vendors of PACS technology. The vendor products span the industry to include capture of images at the modality level, image management and distribution systems, services, and speech recognition. This paper will place the changes that will occur in PACS within the context of the larger changes that are occurring in health care, the practice of image acquisition and interpretation, and information systems. Selected technologies that will influence PACS are reviewed in more depth with a view towards the affect that they will have on PACS and the interpretation of images.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EXISTENCE OF LATTICES IN KAC–MOODY GROUPS OVER FINITE FIELDS

Let be a Kac–Moody Lie algebra. We give an interpretation of Tits' associated group functor using representation theory of and we construct a locally compact "Kac–Moody group" G over a finite field k. Using (twin) BN-pairs (G,B,N) and (G,B-,N) for G we show that if k is "sufficiently large", then the subgroup B- is a non-uniform lattice in G. We have also constructed an uncountably infinite family of both uniform and non-uniform lattices in rank 2. We conjecture that these form uncountably many distinct conjugacy classes in G. The basic tool for the construction of non-uniform lattices in rank 2 is a spherical Tits system for G which we also construct.
Inference about Variance Components in the One-Way Model

Abstract The estimation of variance components in the one-way model is considered from a subjective Bayesian point of view. The situation in which the classical unbiased estimate of the between variance component is negative is explored in some detail. Exact and approximate posterior distributions are obtained in both the balanced and unbalanced case. Common sense aspects of the problem are emphasized, and some contrasts with other approaches. For example, Bayesianly speaking, a large negative unbiased estimate of the between variance component indicates an uninformative experiment in which the effective likelihood for that variance component is extremely flat, instead of strong evidence that the variance component is nearly zero.
FOLIAR ACCUMULATION OF ZINC IN TREE SPECIES GROWN IN PINE BARK MEDIA AMENDED WITH CRUMB RUBBER

Incorporated crumb rubber (CR) increased Zn tissue levels up to nine times the normal range in tree species. There was a linear increase in Zn tissue accumulation with increasing percentages of crumb rubber for river birch (Betula nigra L.), lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.), and pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. Pecan leaves containing high levels of Zn exhibited no visual symptoms, unlike the remaining tree species exhibiting leaf chlorosis. Results suggest that crumb rubber incorporated at rates greater than 25% may cause abnormally high concentrations of Zn to accumulate in plant tissue.
TH‐A‐214‐06: Organ Dose Weighting Methods for Tube Current Modulated CT Exams: Demonstration Using Adult Patient Phantoms

Purpose: To demonstrate a method to estimate organ doses from tube current modulated (TCM) CT examinations using angular organ dose weighting. Method and Materials: An extensive set of Monte Carlo dose calcualtions has become available in recent years using realistic models of human anatomy. Dose to individual organs are documented for particular CT slice positions. For longitudinal TCM CT scans, the available slice‐wise dose is weighted by the tube current for that position. This method has been applied to the RPI series of pregnant phantoms at different genstational ages. Organ doses for x‐ray exposures in flat projections in the four primary directions are also available from tabulated data. To account for rotational TCM in organ dose calculations, a geometric combination of these flat projection organ doses is used to generate weighting factors for tube currents that vary with angle. Sample TCM CT scans have been constructed for standard CT scan ranges using the RPI‐Adult Male and RPI‐Adult Female phantoms. Results: Applicaiton of longitudanal TCM to scans of pregnant patients are shown to reduce fetal dose by 25–35% relative to uniform current at maximum patient thickness. The effective dose applying rotational TCM is reduced by 29% for chest scans and 37% for abdominal scans relative to constant‐current scans at those positions. These dose reductions are verified with direct Monte Carlo simulation of the applied TCM scheme. Conclusion: TCM use is known to result in significant dose savings to the patient. Due to the uniqueness of each individual tube current modulated CT scan, direct Monte Carlo simulations of every possible scheme are impractical. This study demonstrates a method to estimate organ doses from an arbitrary TCM scheme using existing CT dose data. This algorithm is being adopted for use in a CT dose software tool, VirtualDose.
Inhibition of GLUT4 Translocation by Tbc1d1, a Rab GTPase-activating Protein Abundant in Skeletal Muscle, Is Partially Relieved by AMP-activated Protein Kinase Activation

Insulin increases glucose transport by stimulating the trafficking of intracellular GLUT4 to the cell surface, a process known as GLUT4 translocation. A key protein in signaling this process is AS160, a Rab GTPase-activating protein (GAP) whose activity appears to be suppressed by Akt phosphorylation. Tbc1d1 is a Rab GAP with a sequence highly similar to that of AS160 and with the same Rab specificity as that of AS160. The role of Tbc1d1 in regulating GLUT4 trafficking has been unclear. Our previous study showed that overexpressed Tbc1d1 inhibited insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, even though insulin caused phosphorylation on its single canonical Akt motif. In the present study, we show in 3T3-L1 adipocytes that Tbc1d1 is only 1/20 as abundant as AS160, that knockdown of Tbc1d1 has no effect on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, and that overexpressed Tbc1d1 also inhibits GLUT4 translocation elicited by activated Akt expression. These results indicate that endogenous Tbc1d1 does not participate in insulin-regulated GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes and suggest that the GAP activity of Tbc1d1 is not suppressed by Akt phosphorylation. In addition, we discovered that Tbc1d1 is much more highly expressed in skeletal muscle than fat and that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator 5′-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside partially reversed the inhibition of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation by overexpressed Tbc1d1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 5′-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside activation of the kinase AMPK is known to cause GLUT4 translocation in muscle. The above findings strongly suggest that Tbc1d1 is a component in the signal transduction pathway leading to AMPK-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in muscle.
An improved multichannel drift-stabilization system

At present, all but the smallest d-c analogue computers employ some method of drift stabilization to reduce drift at the output of the computing amplifiers. The method most often used is called chopper stabilization. With this method, some drift-free gain is added to the forward loop of a d-c feedback amplifier. If the added drift-free gain is placed in the loop ahead of the primary sources of drift, the steady-state drift with stabilization is equal to the drift without stabilization divided by the amount of drift-free gain added. The required drift-free gain can be achieved with a chopper and an associated stabilization amplifier.
Effects of septal stimulation on active avoidance in rats.

Abstract Rats were given non-contingent electrical stimulation of the septal region during 1-way or 2-way avoidance training. Stimulation that began before the onset of an avoidance trial enhanced performance in both situations. Avoidance enhancement was not related to the amount of self-stimulation in a subsequent test. It was proposed that septal stimulation enhances active avoidance through an enhancement of active motor performance.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Business Analytics

We are pleased to present this special issue of Management Science on “Business Analytics.” There is probably no other domain of business that is changing as rapidly as our ability to process, collect, and analyze data (typically) at a level that is more granular than ever before. Over the last decade, this has enabled entirely new forms of products and services and has transformed how we manage practically every dimension of business. Given the magnitude and the scope of this change, our goal with this special issue has been to provide a forum for novel and interdisciplinary research that highlights fundamentally new ways of thinking about the new opportunities that have been created. We believe that this special issue, with its collection of very different papers, accomplishes our goal and provides a launch pad for additional exciting research that will surely come. This special issue contains 13 papers selected from more than 100 submissions drawn from a wide range of disciplines, including optimization, statistics, information systems, and marketing The wide span of methodological approaches represented in this issue is a testament to the diverse thinking that is now applied to challenges in business analytics. Special issues always require special effort on the part of the editorial team. We thank Kathleen Luckey, the managing editor of Management Science, for her impressive organizational talent that kept us on track and on time. We also thank our collection of Associate Editors, who not only handled papers for the special issue but in some cases continued to handle regular submissions for the journal in addition to supporting this project. Finally, we thank all of the authors who submitted to the special issue. The strong response to our call made the issue a success. Associate Editors Alessandro Acquisti, Carnegie Mellon University Gedas Adomavicius, University of Minnesota Asim Ansari, Columbia University Sinan Aral, New York University Ravi Bapna, University of Minnesota Omar Besbes, Columbia University Douglas Bowman, Emory University Yuxin Chen, New York University Shanghai Pradeep Chintagunta, University of Chicago J.P. Dube, University of Chicago Laurent El Ghaoui, University of California, Berkeley Theos Evgeniou, INSEAD Vivek Farias, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fred Feinberg, University of Michigan Chris Forman, Georgia Institute of Technology Anindya Ghose, New York University Terrence Hendershott, University of California, Berkeley Lorin Hitt, University of Pennsylvania Kartik Hosanagar, University of Pennsylvania Garud Iyengar, Columbia University Carl Mela, Duke University Harikesh Nair, Stanford University Serguei Netessine, INSEAD Kamalini Ramdas, London Business School Paat Rusmevichientong, University of Southern California Gary Russell, University of Iowa Haipeng Shen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Yong Tan, University of Washington Chung Piaw Teo, National University of Singapore Huseyin Topaloglu, Cornell University Olivier Toubia, Columbia University Florian Zettelmeyer, Northwestern University Yong-Pin Zhou, University of Washington
Maslahat , the state and the people: opium use in the Islamic Republic of Iran

This article tracks the development of opium use in present day Iran. Investigating how opium use is influenced by ideological change within the country, this paper intimately attempts to understand how Iranian intellectual, religious and national movements affected and still affect opium use. Working from an historicist approach, this paper furthermore investigates the changing response of the state to this opiate addiction. Analyzing the Islamic Republic's response to opiate-drug use is key in understanding how state policy decisions are influenced by and embedded within these ideological movements of a nation, and, specifically, how the Islamic Republic’s constitutional policy of maslahat allows for flexible legal strategies to combat drug control. Such an investigation is important, not only in understanding the etiology of Iranian policies of drug control and criminalization, but also in understanding how ideological movements affect an individual’s choice to use illegal substances.
Production of polydisperse sprays.

A device which produces a spray with a controllable drop size distribution is described. This system is especially well suited for generating nonsmooth (e.g., bimodal) distributions, although smooth distributions can also be produced. Droplets of uniform size result from the rapid growth of an oscillatory disturbance in a free liquid jet. Simultaneous generation of droplets of various diameters by this method produces the polydisperse spray. The range of drop diameters is approximately 300–3000 μ.
Live Recollections: Uses of the Past in U.S. Concert Life

As an institution, the concert has long been one of the central mechanisms through which a sense of musical history is constructed and conveyed to a contemporary listening audience. Examining concert programs and critical reviews, this paper will briefly survey U.S. concert life at three distinct moments: in the 1840s, when a conflict arose between virtuoso performance and an emerging classical canon; in the 1910s through 1930s, when early jazz concerts referenced the past to highlight the music’s progress over time; and in the late twentieth century, when rock festivals sought to reclaim a sense of liveness in an increasingly mediatized cultural landscape.
Reducible HPMA-co-oligolysine copolymers for nucleic acid delivery.

Abstract Biodegradability can be incorporated into cationic polymers via use of disulfide linkages that are degraded in the reducing environment of the cell cytosol. In this work, N -(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and methacrylamido-functionalized oligo- l -lysine peptide monomers with either a non-reducible 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHX) linker or a reducible 3-[(2-aminoethyl)dithiol] propionic acid (AEDP) linker were copolymerized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Both of the copolymers and a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of copolymers with reducible and non-reducible peptides were complexed with DNA to form polyplexes. The polyplexes were tested for salt stability, transfection efficiency, and cytotoxicity. The HPMA–oligolysine copolymer containing the reducible AEDP linkers was less efficient at transfection than the non-reducible polymer and was prone to flocculation in saline and serum-containing conditions, but was also not cytotoxic at charge ratios tested. Optimal transfection efficiency and toxicity were attained with mixed formulation of copolymers. Flow cytometry uptake studies indicated that blocking extracellular thiols did not restore transfection efficiency and that the decreased transfection of the reducible polyplex is therefore not primarily caused by extracellular polymer reduction by free thiols. The decrease in transfection efficiency of the reducible polymers could be partially mitigated by the addition of low concentrations of EDTA to prevent metal-catalyzed oxidation of reduced polymers.
ELISA system for detection of immune responses to FVIII: a study of 246 samples and correlation with the Bethesda assay

Inhibitors of FVIII are usually IgG polyclonal antibodies that develop as alloimmune responses in patients with congenital haemophilia A or as autoimmune responses resulting in acquired haemophilia. Their recognition can be difficult, especially when the titre is low. Furthermore, results from a Bethesda assay often require several days as samples are referred to a specialty laboratory. The aim of this study is to assess the utility of an ELISA system for detecting immune responses to FVIII. A total of 246 plasma samples submitted from 176 individuals with immune responses to FVIII, as verified with the Bethesda assay, and samples from 50 control subjects were tested for the presence of FVIII-specific IgG using an ELISA-based assay. Paired sera from 18 of the patients were also tested by the ELISA. Of the 246 samples that were positive for a FVIII inhibitor by the Bethesda assay, 235 (95.5%) were also positive by ELISA. The regression coefficient, using Log BU was r = 0.82. The correlation data were strengthened when 27 inhibitor samples were diluted further. There was a strong correlation between ELISA results for the 18-paired serum and plasma samples (r = 0.99). There is a strong correlation between the ELISA and Bethesda methods in detecting immune responses to FVIII. The ELISA provides rapid screening that could be available well in advance of confirmation by the Bethesda assay.
Thermosensitive lactitol-based polyether polyol (LPEP) hydrogels

A series of new thermosensitive polymer hydrogels were prepared by reacting acylated poly(ethylene glycol) bis(carboxymethyl) ether (PEGBCOCl) with lactitol-based polyether polyols (LPEP). The polyether polyols were generated from propoxylation of lactitol and have molecular weights ranging from 1337 to 4055 g/mol. The hydrogels absorb water up to 1000% of their dry weight and expel free water at temperatures at and above 30°C. The wide ranging swelling behavior and excellent thermosensitivity depend closely on the degree of crosslinking and the propylene oxide lengths in the polyols. Differential scanning calorimetry of the hydrogels showed two endotherms associated with the phase transitions of PO and EO segments in the hydrogel structures.
A Unique Case of a Patient with Rectal Cancer Who Developed Benign Esophageal Stenosis after Localized Rectal Radiation and Systemic Chemotherapy

Acute esophagitis and esophageal strictures typically occur after local radiation therapy to the thoracic field. Toxicity is usually limited to the field of radiation and potentially augmented by concomitant use of chemotherapy, however esophageal stricturing due to chemotherapy alone is exceedingly rare. Gastrointestinal toxicity has been previously reported in the setting of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy with abnormal thymidylate synthase or dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activities. We present a unique case of isolated chemotherapy-induced esophageal stricture in the setting of stage IIIa rectal adenocarcinoma which presented shortly after initiation of treatment with 5-FU-based chemotherapy in a patient with normal thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase assays. These findings prompt further investigation of pathways and potential risk factors leading to esophageal toxicity in patients treated with 5-FU-based chemotherapy.
On the high energy behavior in field theory

The high energy behavior of cross sections and vertices is of great interest in dispersion theory and bears heavily on the consistency problem of field theory. Using the methcd of Lehmann et al., it is shown that the pi yields N + N + pi vertex cannot go to the Born approximation result in the limit of infinite invariant momentum transfer. These conclusions are validated by those of Aramaki, and Kallen for a meson propagator and an effective coupling constant. (B.O.G.)
Technical Production of Aldehydes by Continuous Bleach Oxidation of Alcohols Catalyzed by 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO

Aldehydes can be easily prepared from the corresponding alcohols in good to excellent yields by oxidation with technical bleach and catalytic amounts of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (1b, 4-hydroxy TEMPO, “HOT”). Whereas the well-known batch process performed on lab scale is not suitable for the technical synthesis especially of activated β-substituted aldehydes, this transformation can be performed continuously in a simple tube reactor. This layout meets all requirements necessary for the process, i.e., turbulent mixing of the biphasic mixture, removal of heat, short contact times, and high output. Thus, a single tube of 3 mm diameter renders about 60 mol of aldehyde per day.
THE STATE AND THE PROFESSOR

In this, the Walter D. Cocking Lecture for 1975, the author examines the emerging relationship between the professor of educational administration and the state governance of education in the U.S.A. The paper is developed around five critical issues, (1) increasingly major decisions for education will be made at the state level, (2) educators will have less autonomy in making these decisions, (3) many professors are essentially school district oriented with little sense of state action, (4) professors need additional understanding and appreciation of state level policy making, and (5) this increased understanding and appreciation should lead to revised programs for research and training in educational administration.
The DNA methylome

Abstract Methylation of cytosines is a pervasive feature of eukaryotic genomes and an important epigenetic layer that is fundamental for cellular differentiation processes and control of transcriptional potential. DNA methylation patterns can be inherited and influenced by the environment, diet and aging, and disrupted in diseases. Complete DNA methylomes for several organisms are now available, helping clarify the evolutionary story of this epigenetic mark and its distribution in key genomic elements. Nonetheless, a complete understanding of its role, the mechanisms responsible for its establishment and maintenance, and its cross talk with other components of cellular machinery remains elusive.
Far-infrared spectra of octahedral NiII Halide complexes containing nitrogen and sulfur donors☆

Abstract Infrared spectra of trans-Ni(L-L′)2X2 type complexes where L-L′ is 2,5-dithiahexane, 2-(ethylthio)-ethylamine, 2-(methylthio)-ethylamine, and N,N-dimethylethylenediamine and X is Cl, Br, I, and NO3 have been measured in the 4000–50 cm−1 region. Raman spectra of some of these compounds have also been measured in the crystalline state. Band assignments have been made based on observed shifts due to metal isotope (58Ni/62Ni) substitution, chlorine isotope (Cl/ 37Cl) substitution, ligand deuteration (NH2/ND2 and SCH3/SCD3) and ligand substitution Cl/Br/I/NO3). The Ni-N, Ni-S, and Ni-Cl stretching bands have been assigned at 400–360, 260–210, and 260–210 cm-1, respectively. The Dq and β values of these complexes have been calculated from their electronic spectra.
Toward a Social Science of Sexual Satisfaction: Commentary on “Virginity Lost, Satisfaction Gained? Physiological and Psychological Sexual Satisfaction at Heterosexual Debut”

Higgins, Trussell, Moore, and Davidson (2010) expand our understanding of sexual satisfaction by showing that first vaginal sex is more likely to be psychologically than physically satisfying and by revealing differences between women and men and similarities between African Americans and Whites. Their analyses highlight the need for further theory-building, explicating the dynamics of change over time, integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches, and articulating implications for public policy. These are crucial steps toward developing a social science of sexual satisfaction. More research that focuses on positive aspects of sexuality, such as satisfaction, should be encouraged.
The myoglobins of the gastropod molluscs Busycon contrarium Conrad, Lunatia heros Say, Littorina littorea L. and Siphonaria gigas Sowerby.

Abstract 1. 1. The radular muscle myoglobins of the molluscs Busycon contrarium and Siphonaria gigas have been purified. 2. 2. The myoglobins of the genus Busycon have molecular eights in the range 31,400–34,300 and possess two heme groups per molecule. 3. 3. The myoglobins of Busycon contrarium consist of three components designated Mb-1, Mb-2 and Mb-3. Each has a molecular weight of about 34,000. 4. 4. The amino acid composition of B. contrarium Mb-1 is Lys 33 His 12 Arg 6 Asp 37 Thr 19 Ser 12 Glu 16 Pro 7 Gly 29 Ala 37 1 2 Cys 5 Val 14 Met 12 Ileu 5 Leu 36 Tyr 3 Phe 20 Trp 2 . 5. 5. The amino acid composition of B. contrarium Mb-2 is Lys 32 His 12 Arg 6 Asp 37 Thr 19 Glu 17 Pro 6 Gly 31 Ala 38 1 2 Cys 7 Val 15 Met 10 Ileu 4 Leu 35 Tyr 2 Phe 19 Trp present . 6. 6. The amino acid composition of B. contrarium Mb-3 is Lys 32 His 12 Arg 6 Asp 35 Thr 18 Ser 11 Glu 16 Pro 7 Gly 31 Ala 37 1 2 Cys 7 Val 15 Met 10 Ileu 5 Leu 34 Tyr 2 Phe 18 Trp present . 7. 7. The myoglobins of Siphonaria gigas consist of two components designated Mb-1 and Mb-2, of molecular weight 17,200 and 17,700 respectively. Mb-2 contains one heme group per molecule. 8. 8. The amino acid composition of S. gigas Mb-1 is Lys 15 His 3 Arg 4 Asp 20 Thr 1 Ser 14 Glu 15 Pro 9 Gly 9 Ala 16 1 2 Cys 1 Val 9 Met 9 Ileu 2 Leu 10 Tyr 2 Phe 10 Trp present . 9. 9. The amino acid composition of S. gigas Mb-2 is Lys 15 His 3 Arg 4 Asp 21 Thr 1 Ser 16 Glu 15 Pro 9 Gly 9 Ala 17 1 2 Cys 1 Val 9 Met 10 Ileu 2 Leu 10 Tyr 2 Phe 10 Trp present . 10. 10. The radular muscle myoglobin of Lunatia heros has an apparent molecular weight of about 17,000. 11. 11. The radular muscle myoglobin of Littorina littorea has an apparent molecular weight of about 30,000 in concentrated solution but this value diminishes with increasing dilution.
The organizational formation of atmospheric science

Abstract In this paper, the history of atmospheric science is traced, from the earliest discussions from meteorologists, and the first meetings to describe this new research area. The development of atmospheric science proceeded in three phases with each phase being marked by the attempt to organize resources, and bring into the atmospheric science network, scientists from other fields. I argue here that this construction of a science provides evidence of the social nature of science as well as the importance of organizations to the creation of a science.
Investigatory behavior inthe plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix) and several additional species

Garter snakes (Thamnophis radix), hognose snakes (Heterodon platyrhinos), and rattlesnakes (Crotalus species) flick their tongues and crawl about in an open field containing no food or sexual (i.e., reproductive) odors. As Experiment I shows, the taxa differ reliably in both rate of tongue flicking and rate of locomotion. In Experiment II, garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) placed into an open field for 5 min showed more tongue flicking than snakes that were handled and placed directly back into their home cages, indicating that the first group was exploring the apparatus rather than responding only to handling. During Minutes 3 through 5 (Experiment III) in the open field, garter snakes emitted fewer tongue flicks than they did during the first minute, and after 20 min, the rate of tongue flicking was virtually zero. However, snakes were capable of responding to presentation of new objects and/or odors, indicating that the previous response decrement was not derived from effector fatigue but rather from some habituatory process. Experiment IV revealed that satiated snakes habituated more rapidly than hungry snakes during exploration ofihe open field. Hence, exploratory behavior in these snakes is at least partially under the control of the same factors which mediate food·related appetitive activities. Although researchers have long known about the involvement of the vomeronasal system (tongue and Jacobsen's organ) in snake and lizard investi­ gatory behavior (e.g:, Carr, 1934), there are few systematic studies directed specifically at this system. Moreover, the major papers have been primarily concerned with the manner in which the system func­ tions in locating potential mates (Noble, 1937) or food (Burghardt, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970). Hence, the extent to which tongue flicking occurs during exploration of environments containing no food or ~exual odors is unclear; it is also uncertain if the chemoreceptive tissues of the tongue and! or Jacobsen's organ are sensitive to molecules other than those arising from prey and mates. A main pur­ pose of this investigation is to provide an answer to the first of.these two questions. At a more general level, the study by Glickman and Sroges (1966) provides additional inspiration for the present work. These investigators introduced novel objects (e.g., blocks of wood, pieces of plastic tube, lengths of chain, etc.) into the cages of various mammals and reptiles at the San Diego Zoo; and they recorded the number of visual orientations to these objects as well as the number of contacts each animal made with the objects (with mouth, nose, paws, etc.). Primates and carnivorous mammals had the highest mean scores for all objects, and
Bioactive, Degradable Composite Microspheres

: Composite microspheres with two different fillers were developed using a solid-in-oil-in-water (s/o/w) emulsion solvent removal method. Two types of bioactive ceramic powders, specifically calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) and modified bioactive glass (MBG), were incorporated into degradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer matrix to form composite microspheres. For each filler material, microspheres with three different weight ratios of filler material to polymer, namely, 1: 1, 1: 3, and 1: 9, were synthesized. In vitro immersion using simulated physiological fluid (SPF) was employed to evaluate the surface reactivity of the microspheres. SEM analysis revealed that after a 14-day immersion the surface of the microspheres containing 50% MBG was fully transformed into a bone-like apatite. In contrast, a limited number of mineral nodules were present on the surface of microspheres containing HA. The solution chemical analyses performed to determine changes of Ca, P, and Si concentrations as a function of the immersion time showed that the ion concentration profiles were similar for all microspheres, except the [Si] profile. A higher Si concentration was detected in the SPF immersed with MBG-containing microspheres. These data show that the MBG filler significantly enhances the surface reactivity of the composite microspheres. This observation enables us to conclude that the composite MBG-containing microspheres are the preferable microspheres for three-dimensional bone tissue engineering.
Processive interfacial catalytic turnover by Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase on sphingomyelin vesicles.

Abstract Sphingomyelinase (SMase), a water-soluble enzyme from Bacillus cereus, is shown to bind with high affinity to vesicles of sphingomyelin (SM) but not to vesicles of phosphatidylcholine (PC). The reaction progress by SMase bound to SM vesicles occurs in the scooting mode with virtually infinite processivity of the successive interfacial turnover cycles. Three conditions for the microscopic steady state during the reaction progress at the interface are satisfied: the bound SMase does not leave the interface even after all the SM in the outer layer is converted to ceramide; the SMase-treated vesicles remain intact; and the ceramide product does not exchange with SM present in excess vesicles or in the inner layer of the hydrolyzed vesicle. Within these constraints, on accessibility and replenishment of the substrate, the extent of hydrolysis in the scooting mode reaction progress is a measure of the number of vesicles containing enzyme. The slope of the Poisson distribution plot, for the enzyme per vesicle versus the logarithm of the fraction of the total accessible substrate remaining unhydrolyzed in excess vesicles, shows that a single 32 kDa subunit of SMase is fully catalytically active. The maximum initial rate of hydrolysis, at the limit of the maximum possible substrate mol fraction, XS*=1, is 400 s−1 in H2O and 220 s−1 in D2O, which is consistent with the rate-limiting chemical step. The integrated reaction progress suggests that the ceramide product does not codisperse ideally on the hydrolyzed vesicles. Furthermore, complex reaction progress seen with covesicles of SM+PC are attributed to slow secondary changes in the partially hydrolyzed SM vesicles.
Challenges to research productivity of doctoral program nursing faculty

The Institute of Medicine, responding to a national health care crisis and related nursing labor force concerns, has called for an increase in the proportion of registered nurses with baccalaureate or higher degrees to 80% and a doubling of the number of nurses with doctorates by 2020. Simultaneously, large numbers of senior faculty are starting to retire, whereas the movement of doctorally prepared nurses into academia is insufficient to replace them. Issues associated with the efforts of nursing programs to increase their capacity to respond to the Institute of Medicine's recommendations, particularly the effect on scholarly productivity among nursing faculty in doctoral programs, are examined in this article. Creative strategies for promoting scholarly productivity among doctoral program faculty are identified.
Adhesive and mechanical properties of reactive polysulfone modified epoxy resins

Abstract The diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resin (EPON 828®) was cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) and, optionally, an animophenyl functional reactive polyethersulfone (R-PES, ⟨ Mn ⟩=10k) as a co-curing agent. Commercial polysulfone, Udel® P-1700, was also utilized to afford epoxy-Udel® blends (or semi-IPNs). Cured epoxy polymers were subjected to Tg determinations, plane strain fracture toughness (KIC) tests, adhesive bond strength measurements, tensile tests and chemical resistance studies. The morphologies of the fractured samples were studied by SEM and correlated to the property changes. Only the reactive polysulfone modification improved both fracture toughness and adhesive properties without detracting from the good mechanical properties and chemical resistance.
Improving the Jar Slake, Slake Index, and Slake Durability Tests for Shales

This study proposes modifications to three shale durability tests to improve reproducibility, reduce the level of effort required, and better correlate the test to actual slaking characteristics. Modifications to the jar slake test reduced test variability by one-third, offering a substantial improvement in consistency, with only a slight loss in the ability of the test to predict slake durability. Analysis showed that slake index test error could be reduced or at least pinpointed by testing groups of samples, rather than single samples. Furthermore, the wet-sieving procedure should be more carefully defined. Analysis of correlations between single- and multiple-cycle slake durability tests shows that the first cycle slake durability, ID(1), is an excellent predictor of later cycles. Therefore, testing of the second cycle, ID(2), as recommended by ASTM D4664-87, is unnecessary.
Electron acceleration to relativistic energies by traveling interplanetary shocks

Between 1978 and 1985, the Pioneer 10/11 measurements identified 11 traveling interplanetary (IP) shocks in the outer heliosphere, which accelerated ions to at least 11-20 MeV/nucleon and some electrons to 7 MeV. The measurements of the particle, plasma, and magnetic-field characteristics at shock fronts over the radial range 7 to 28 AU were used to determine the conditions which must exist at a traveling IP shock for both ion and relativistic electron acceleration to occur. Based on these conditions, a model was developed, which uses the shock-drift mechanism in conjunction with Fermi acceleration to explain the simultaneous acceleration of electrons and ions in the outer heliosphere.
Three-dimensional shape measurement using digital shearography

Three dimensional shape measurement using digital shearographyChristopher T. GriffenYau Y. HungFrank ChenOakland University, Department of Mechanical EngineeringRochester, Michigan 48309ABSTRACTThis paper presents a method for obtaining the shape of an object using digital shearography. The techniquemakes use oftwo types ofphase shifting. One provides a nonuniform phase shift which is related to the shape ofthe object.The other is independent to the shape of the object and utilizes uniform phase shifting. Theory together with experimentalverification are demonstrated.1. INTRODUCTIONDigital shearography is an interferometric method which has been used for the measurement of derivatives ofsurface displacement"2. Defmition of shape plays an important role in CAD/CAMICAE applications for engineering designanalysis/optimization, manufacturing and quality inspection. Two recent types of phase shifting approaches have beenintroduced into digital shearography applications"4. One provides a nonuniform phase shift which is related to the slope ofthe object surface. The other is independent to the slope of the object and incorporates a uniform phase shift. Combining