cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
J. Cosmet. Sci., 58, 599–620 (November/December 2007) Ranking of aqueous surfactant–humectant systems based on an analysis of in vitro and in vivo skin barrier perturbation measurements

Accepted for publication July 19, 2007 Synopsis We propose that skin electrical current measurements can be used in vitro to effectively rank aqueous solutions containing surfactants and humectants (the enhancer) contacting the skin, relative to a PBS aqueous solution (the control) contacting the skin, based on their ability to perturb the skin aqueous pores. Specifically, we develop an in vitro ranking metric using the increase in the skin electrical current induced by an enhancer relative to the control. Aqueous contacting solutions containing (i) surfactants [SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate)] and C12E6 [dodecyl hexa (ethylene oxide)], (ii) humectants (glycerol and propylene glycol), and (iii) a control (PBS) were studied. Utilizing the new in vitro ranking metric, these aqueous contacting solutions were ranked as follows (from the mildest to the harshest): glycerol < propylene glycol < PBS < C12E6 < SDS. In order to further develop this ranking methodology, which can potentially lead to the reduction, or elimination, of costly and time-consuming procedures, such as human and animal testing and trial-and-error screening in vivo, it was important to correlate the findings of the in vitro ranking metric with direct in vivo skin barrier measurements. For this purpose, in vivo soap chamber measurements, including transepidermal water loss, visual skin dryness, and chromameter erythema measurements, were carried out on human volunteers using the aqueous surfactant–humectant solutions described above. The results of these in vivo measurements were found to be consistent with the ranking results obtained using the in vitro ranking metric. To further explore the validity of our model and to verify the skin barrier mitigating effect of glycerol, in vivo soap chamber measurements were carried out for aqueous SDS solutions containing 10 wt% added glycerol. These in vivo measurements support our recent in vitro finding that glycerol reduces the average radius and the pore number density of the skin aqueous pores, such that SDS micelles are hindered from penetrating into the skin and inducing skin barrier perturbation.
The use of economic analysis by the Supreme Court in applying the concept of the relevant market

Attention by the courts to what constitutes a market has resulted from litigation enforcement by both the Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice, especially in connection with the amended section 7 of the Clayton Act. The termmarket is not mentioned in either the Clayton or the Sherman Acts. What constitutes a “part of commerce,∝ “a line of commerce,∝ or “section of the country∝ has been interpreted by the courts to mean “a market.∝ A market in antitrust administration then becomes judicial—a process of interpreting the language of the antitrust statutes.
Improved axial resolution of FINCH fluorescence microscopy when combined with spinning disk confocal microscopy

FINCH holographic fluorescence microscopy creates super-resolved images with enhanced depth of focus. Addition of a Nipkow disk real-time confocal image scanner is shown to reduce the FINCH depth of focus while improving transverse confocal resolution in a combined method called “CINCH”.
Regulation of food intake in ruminants. 4. Effect of acetate, propionate, butyrate and glucose on voluntary food intake in dairy cattle.

Three dairy heifers received intraperitoneal infusions (one liter) of the following solutions in a 3 × 3 Latin-square-designed trial: (I) 0.9% sodium chloride (control); (II) 5.4% glucose; (III) 25% glucose. The heifers were fed a completely pelleted ration (60% alfalfa meal, 40% ground corn) ad libitum once daily for a 3-hr period, and the infusions were given immediately before food was offered. The food consumption for Treatments I, II, and III was 62.6, 71.6, and 72.1 g/BWkg.73, and jugular blood glucose concentration 1 hr after feeding was 50.5, 57.2, and 69.2 mg per 100 ml, respectively. It was concluded that the glucostatic mechanism for food intake regulation is not important in ruminants. Isocaloric amounts of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and a A7FA mixture (60, 20, and 20% of the calories from acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively) were infused intraruminally into two cows fed a pelleted ration (75% alfalfa meal, 25% ground corn) and two cows fed a good-quality alfalfa hay. The rations were fed ad libitum from 10 am to 1 pm and from 4:30 pm to 8 am. Three consecutive days of water infusion (control) preceded three days of metabolite infusion. The infusions were given from 8 am to 1 pm each day, and the level of metabolite infused was equivalent to 15% of the estimated digestible energy requirement of the animals. The infusion of acetate, propionate, and the VFA mixture reduced (P < .05) the voluntary consumption of the pelleted ration during the 10 am to 1 pm feeding interval. Propionate and butyrate infusion caused a significant (P < .05) reduction in the consumption of hay in the 10 am to 1 pm feeding interval. It was concluded that acetate, propionate, and butyrate can act as satiety signal compounds in the regulation of food intake. Blood and rumen metabolites were examined, and the possible mechanism of action of these metabolites in causing satiation was discussed.
Near-Junction Thermal Management for Wide Bandgap Devices

Near-junction thermal management is critical to achieving the promise of electronic and photonic devices using wide bandgap materials. In such devices, including GaN HEMTs in PAs, the thermal resistance associated with the "near-junction" region dominates the heat removal path and is often as large as the thermal resistance of all the other elements in the resistance chain. As part of DARPA's portfolio in Thermal Management Technologies (TMT), efforts are underway to develop transformative, paradigm-changing cooling techniques. This paper will briefly review the thermal management needs of WBG devices and DARPA's Thermal Management Technologies portfolio, with emphasis on the goals and status of these efforts relative to the current State-of-the-Art. Attention will then turn to promising options in near-junction cooling and the challenges inherent in realizing their potential for WBG device thermal management.
Prevention policies in the light of the changed distribution of dental caries

Changes in the distribution of caries in economically developed nations over the last 15-20 years include 1) an overall decline in prevalence and severity in child populations; 2) an increasingly skewed distribution, with most disease now found in a small number of children; and 3) concentration of caries in pit and fissure lesions. Exposure to fluoride is usually seen as the principal reason for the caries decline, with little change in intraoral levels of cariogenic organisms or the annual consumption of sugars. Prevention activities are still most often conducted under policies that were established at a time when caries was a more widespread public health problem, so these policies should be critically examined in the light of modern conditions. While prevention should remain the prime activity of public health agencies, despite the reduced severity of caries, the relative economic efficiency of various procedures should be constantly evaluated. Despite the attractions of targeting, cost-effective prevention should be aimed first at the whole population, with more expensive activities targeted to all children in a chosen geographic area rather than to individually selected children. In the Scandinavian countries the prime population strategies are the regular use of fluoride toothpaste and public education that emphasizes oral hygiene. In selected areas where caries levels are still relatively high (that is, targeted geographic areas), fluoride rinse and tablet programs, provided for a whole classroom at a time, can enhance intraoral fluoride levels where necessary. Fluoride varnish and sealants, though effective, are expensive and need careful selection of locality and teeth to be efficient. Individual children with a persistent caries problem, now relatively small in number, can receive individualized preventive treatment in the clinics of the school dental service.
Combining lexical and structural information for static bug localisation

In bug localisation a developer uses information about a bug present in a software system to locate the source code elements that must be modified to correct the bug. Researchers have developed static bug localisation techniques using Information Retrieval techniques such as Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) to model lexical information from source code. In this paper we present a new technique, LSICG, that combines LSI to model lexical information and call graphs to model structural information. A case study of 21 bugs in Rhino demonstrates that our technique provides improved performance compared to LSI alone.
Inclusion of Lateral Pressure/Curvature Stress Effects in Implicit Membrane Models

Implicit membrane models usually treat the membrane as a hydrophobic slab and neglect lateral pressure/curvature stress effects. As a result, they cannot distinguish, for example, PE from PC lipids. Here, the implicit membrane model IMM1 is extended to include these effects using a combination of classical thermodynamics and membrane elasticity theory. The proposed model is tested by molecular dynamics simulation of the peptides alamethicin, melittin, cyclotide kalata B1, 18A, and KKpL15. The lateral pressure term stabilizes interfacial binding due to the negative pressure at the hydrocarbon-water interface. In agreement with experiment, increase in the peptide/lipid molar ratio shifts the equilibrium from the interfacial to the transmembrane orientation. Simulations of mixed DOPC/DOPE bilayers show that increase of the DOPE mole fraction in general stabilizes interfacial orientations and destabilizes transmembrane orientations. The extent of the stabilization or destabilization varies depending on the exact position of the peptides. The computational results are in good agreement with experiments.
Presence of erythropoietic factor in plasma of normal and hypophysectomized rats following bleeding.

Summary1. Normal adult-female rats were injected intravenously with a total of 6 or 9 cc of plasma, over a 3-day period, obtained from normal rats, bled normal rats, hypophysectomized rats, or bled hypophysectomized rats. Reticulocyte response was used as criterion of erythropoietic activity and blood was removed for reticulocyte counts 24 and 48 hours after the last plasma injection. 2. Best results were obtained with the larger dose level. Erythropoietic factor was present in the plasma of the bled normal rats, the reticulocyte count being elevated 483% above normal. The plasma factor was also found to be present in bled hypophysectomized rats, the reticulocyte count of the recipient rats being elevated 138% above normal levels. This factor was also found in the plasma of unbled hypophysectomized rats, a fact which needs further investigation.Conclusions. This experiment indicates that erythropoietic factor can be demonstrated in normal bled rats and that hypophysectomy does not prevent its formation.
American-British Aircraft Competition in South China, 1926-1936

In the 1920s and 1930s China was racked by civil strife. Although the Nationalist government was established in Nanking in 1928, it exerted its power only in a small part of China, mainly in the lower Yangtze valley. When the Nanking government endeavored to unify China by force, the local warlords, who strove to maintain their own armies and bases, directed against this central government. Political divisions and tensions persisted between Nanking and the local governments until 1936.
A remark on different norms and analyticity for many-particle interactions

We compare a recent result of Dobrushin and Martirosyan with previous results by Gallavotti and Miracle-Sole and by Israel and point out that the analytic behavior at high temperatures for many-particle interactions is different depending on whether the interactions are weighted with a lattice-gas or Ising norm or, on the other hand, with the supremum norm.
Helium at high density

Abstract We show that all available high pressure equation of state and melting data for helium can be fitted with an exponential-six potential. This potential is slightly softer than the best theoretical pair potentials and thus implies the existence of attractive many- body forces. The theory also predicts a zero Kelvin fcc to bcc phase transition at 10.6 Mbar, and a maximum temperature of 690 K for the fcc phase.
Higher-Rank Correlation NMR Spectra with Spectral Moment Filtering

Higher-rank correlation spectroscopy is introduced as an alternative to 3D Fourier transform (FT) NMR spectroscopy for resonance assignment and molecular structure determination. The method combines standard 2D FT spectra that share a common frequency dimension, such as a 2D 13C−1H HSQC and a 2D 1H−1H TOCSY spectrum, and constructs higher-rank correlation spectra with ultrahigh spectral resolution. Spectral overlap along a common dimension, in particular, the 1H dimension, is addressed by a spectral filtering method, which identifies mismatches between the first and second moments of cross-peak profiles. The method, which provides a substantial speed-up over traditional 3D FT spectroscopy while effectively suppressing false peaks, is demonstrated for the triple-rank 13C−1H HSQC−TOCSY spectrum of a cyclic decapeptide with different mixing times. Higher-rank correlation spectroscopy is usefully applicable to the analysis of a wide range of NMR spectra of synthetic and natural products.
FULL INCLUSION AND STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES: ONE SIZE FITS ALL?

(1996). FULL INCLUSION AND STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES: ONE SIZE FITS ALL? Reading & Writing Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 241-244.
Experimental realization of perfect infrared absorber

Low-absorbing materials can be made strongly absorbing by utilizing plasmonic metamaterials. We propose and experimentally validate the concept of a plasmonic MetaMirror which improves energy absorption efficiency by an order of magnitude.
Direct simulation of rotational and vibrational nonequilibrium

The ways in which energy transfer is calculated in the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method are presented. An energy exchange model that deals with translational and rotational modes is described. A model for simulating the transfer of energy between the translational and vibrational modes is presented as well.
A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Forensics and Communication Education on Critical Thinking.

This meta‐analysis considers the impact of various methods of improving public communication skills on critical thinking. The results indicate that communication instruction improves the critical thinking ability of the participants (longitudinal designs r= .18, cross‐sectional designs r= .20). Forensic participation demonstrated the largest positive impact on critical thinking improvement, but all communication skill experiences demonstrated significant improvement. The cumulative evidence indicates that communication skill instruction generates, using the Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD), a 44% increase in critical thinking ability. These results provide important evidence to support the maintenance of forensics programs in an era of increased educational accountability, downsizing, and budgetary cutbacks.
Archival correlations for average heat transfer coefficients for non-circular and circular cylinders and for spheres in cross-flow

Abstract Average Nusselt number information was collected for all textbook-standard, non-circular cylinders in cross-flow in air. These non-circular cross-sections include: squares, diamonds, flat plates perpendicular to the freestream, ellipses, hexagons, rectangles, and circles. This collection encompassed both venerable data which form the basis of the correlations recommended by current textbooks and all of the modern data that could be found in the literature. For each of the selected non-circular cross-sections, the available data were displayed, evaluated, and compared with those for all related cross-sections. On the basis of the merits of the information collected for each cross-sectional shape, correlations are recommended which are intended to form a new set of textbook standards. Also, the new correlations avoid errors made in the current textbook correlations which are caused by an inconsistency in the selection of the characteristic dimension relative to that used by the original investigators. Almost exclusively, the new correlations are based on modern experimental data. In order to provide a complete compendium of cross-flow heat transfer information, correlations for the circular cylinder and the sphere have been included in the table. The correlation for the circular cylinder is original to this paper.
Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly: Study Design and Methodology

A project initiated by the intramural Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry Program of the National Institute on Aging, entitled "Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly" (EPESE), has developed information on death, chronic conditions, disabilities, and institutionalization for representative samples of elderly people living in communities. The EPESE consists of prospective epidemiologic studies of approximately 14,000 persons 65 years of age and older in four different communities: East Boston, Massachusetts; two rural counties in Iowa; New Haven, Connecticut; and segments of five counties in the north-central Piedmont area of North Carolina. The study design includes an initial baseline household interview followed by continued surveillance of morbidity and mortality. Participants are re-contacted annually in conjunction with the collection of data on cause of death and factors related to hospitalization and nursing home admissions. Concurrently, the investigators developed substudies focused on specific problems of the elderly. The value of this research lies in the longitudinal design which allows for analyses aimed at identifying risk factors of diseases, disabilities, hospitalizations, institutionalization, and mortality.
Osteosarcomas of the larynx

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to review the etiology, presentation, treatment, and prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma of the larynx using an illustrative case example. Study Design: Case report and literature review. Methods: A case is reported, and a review of all available published cases of osteosarcoma of the larynx is presented. Results: Osteosarcoma of the larynx may be a difficult clinical diagnosis. To be able to reach the correct diagnosis, a high index of suspicion and due diligence in obtaining deep biopsy specimens are important. Treatment is primarily surgical. Outcomes for this disease are generally poor, with most patients dying of the disease as a result of pulmonary metastasis. Conclusion: Osteosarcoma of the larynx is a rare entity, with only 14 cases reported to date. Pathological confirmation of osteoid is required for diagnosis. It is likely that aggressive surgical intervention directed at complete tumor extirpation is the treatment of choice, although long-term prognosis is poor.
Genetics and evolution of the acute phase proteins in mice.

In mammals, a number of liver-derived plasma proteins, termed acute phase reactants, are induced during an inflammation response. We have studied genetic variation in the structure and expression of several of these proteins in a variety of inbred and wild-derived mice. In a genetic cross, electrophoretic polymorphisms for the two α1-acid glycoproteins, AGP-1 and AGP-2, co-segregated in 58 backcross progeny, indicating that either a single gene or two tightly-linked genes on chromosome 4 encode the AGPs. In the same backcross, segregation of variation in haptoglobin structure showed that the gene encoding this acute phase reactant is on chromosome 8. Structural variation in serum amyloid A correlated with restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the Saa gene determined by Taylor and Rowe (1984). Analysis of a number of highly diverged species of mice indicated that AGP expression has undergone considerable modification during evolution of the Mus genus; this is associated with alterations in Agp gene organization, which may include species-specific amplification and/or deletion events.
The Womanpower Problem in Britain during the Second World War

At the national women's conference convened by the government in September 1943 Winston Churchill assured the women delegates that the contribution to the war effort by British women had ‘definitely altered those social and sex balances which years of convention had established’. His belief that the war had brought about profound changes in the status of women was shared by contemporary authors attempting to evaluate the effect of the war on British women. Studies written near the end of the war by Margaret Goldsmith and Gertrude Williams refer to a wartime ‘revolution’ in the position of women. Both authors defined this revolution primarily in terms of the changed position of women workers.
Scattering of guided waves by surface periodic gratings for arbitrary angles of incidence: perturbation field theory and implications to normal-mode analysis

A first-order perturbation theory describing the deflection of guided optical waves by sinusoidal surface corrugations on a slab waveguide is presented. The wave equation is satisfied everywhere in space, and the tangential fields are continuous across all interfaces to order δ0k, where k is the optical wave vector and δ0 is the maximum surface displacement. Analytical expressions are derived for synchronously generated normal modes for the geometries TEm → TEm′, TEm → TMm′, TMm → TMm′, and TMm → TEm′. Comparison with normal-mode analyses for the backscattering problem show agreement for TEm → TEm for both the local- and ideal-mode approximations. However, for TMm → TMm the results differ when ideal modes are used to describe the incident fields.
Diurnal effects of acute and chronic administration of ethanol on sleep in rats.

Background Disturbances in sleep patterns are a complicating factor in recovery from alcoholism. The effects of acute and chronic alcohol treatments on sleep in rats were determined. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were acclimated to a temperature-controlled chamber, and electromyograms and electroencephalograms (EEGs) were obtained during 23-hr recording sessions. Time spent in rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REM sleep (NREMS), EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) during NREMS, a spectral analysis of the EEG by fast Fourier transform, and brain temperatures were determined. Results Acute exposure to alcohol (2.3 and 3.0 g/kg) by gastric intubation at the beginning of dark onset produced an increase in NREMS and a suppression of SWA. Spectral analysis revealed that during the first 4 hr there was a small increase in very-low-frequency bands (0.5–2 Hz), with a suppression of higher-frequency bands. This was followed by a suppression of low-frequency bands. A dose of 3.0 g/kg at light onset caused an increase in NREMS and a suppression of SWA. Spectral analysis revealed a suppression of low-frequency bands throughout the first 12 hr of recording but no change on high-frequency bands with light-onset alcohol. Chronic treatment with alcohol (6% alcohol in a liquid diet with pair-fed isocaloric controls) for 3 weeks produced an increase in NREMS and a decrease in EEG power density in frequency bands above 2 Hz. Chronic alcohol also reduced the circadian variation of REMS, an effect that showed a rebound 1 week after the alcohol treatment was terminated. Two weeks after the alcohol treatment was stopped, NREMS and REMS values returned to baseline. Conclusions These results demonstrate differences in the effect of acute alcohol on sleep depending on the time of administration and demonstrate that distinct alterations in sleep patterns are induced by chronic treatments in as little as 3 weeks.
3D electromagnetic plasma particle simulations on a MIMD parallel computer

This paper describes computer particle simulation in plasma physics research; also discussed are the results of plasma wave radiation by a moving current source in a magnetized plasma.
A platform-based design environment for synthetic biological systems

Genomics has reached the stage at which the amount of DNA sequence information in existing databases is quite large. Synthetic biology is now using these databases to catalog sequences according to their functionality thus creating a system of standard biological parts. Flexible tools are needed which both permit access and modification to that data and also allow one to perform meaningful, intelligent manipulation. A Platform-Based Design approach views genetic information as having a particular functionality and assembles platforms (collections of DNA elements) to perform this functionality. Specifically this paper presents the Clotho toolset which uses these concepts to create a complete design environment for standardized biological parts.
Imaging the Drosophila retina: zwitterionic buffers PIPES and HEPES induce morphological artifacts in tissue fixation

Tissue fixation is crucial for preserving the morphology of biological structures and cytological details to prevent postmortem degradation and autolysis. Improper fixation conditions could lead to artifacts and thus incorrect conclusions in immunofluorescence or histology experiments. To resolve reported structural anomalies with respect to Drosophila photoreceptor cell organization we developed and utilized a combination of live imaging and fixed samples to investigate the exact biogenesis and to identify the underlying source for the reported discrepancies in structure. We found that piperazine-N,N’-bis(ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), two zwitterionic buffers commonly used in tissue fixation, can cause severe lumen and cell morphological defects in Drosophila pupal and adult retina; the inter-rhabdomeral lumen becomes dilated and the photoreceptor cells are significantly reduced in size. Correspondingly, the localization pattern of Eyes shut (EYS), a luminal protein, is severely altered. In contrast, tissues fixed in the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer results in lumen and cell morphologies that are consistent with live imaging. We suggest that PIPES and HEPES buffers should be utilized with caution for fixation when examining the interplay between cells and their extracellular environment, especially in Drosophila pupal and adult retina research.
Climate, environment and disease: The case of Rift Valley fever

Rift Valley fever is a disease of animals and humans found throughout much of Africa, and recently in the Arabian Peninsula. It is spread via mosquito vectors and direct contact with infected tissu...
Effective Rocker Shapes Used by Able-Bodied Persons for Walking and Fore-aft Swaying: Implications for Design of Ankle-Foot Prostheses

The use of rocker models to understand functional tasks of the human lower limb is attractive because of their simplicity. Recent studies have determined a consistent feature of able-bodied walking termed the roll-over shape (ROS), which is the effective rocker shape that the lower limb system conforms to between initial contact and contralateral initial contact during walking. However, it is unclear what effective rocker shapes are used for fore-aft swaying. A better understanding of these shapes could be used to develop improved prostheses for this task, perhaps improving balance and balance confidence, and reducing the occurrence of falling in lower limb prosthesis users. We measured effective rocker shapes used by 11 able-bodied persons during walking and fore-aft swaying. We hypothesized that the curvature of the swaying shapes would be smaller (radius larger) than that of the walking shapes, providing a more stable interface with the ground during swaying. The radius (measured as the inverse of the curvature of the shape) was found to be about 1/3 of the leg length for walking, but over two times the leg length for swaying. A model examining the effective ankle stiffness necessary to achieve these curvatures suggests that the stiffness of a biomimetic prosthetic ankle would need to be over three times higher for fore-aft swaying than for walking. These results suggest that two separate modes would be needed in an ankle-foot prosthesis to mimic the physiologic system for walking and swaying.
Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of rhodamine based sensors for nerve gas mimics

Abstract Six new rhodamine-B based compounds were synthesized (1–6) and used as fluorescent turn-ON sensors for diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in aqueous media at pH 7.0. Compound 1 and 3 gave high fluorescent enhancement with DCP compared to the other compounds. Very high selectivity and sensitivity were observed as these compounds did not show significant fluorescent enhancement with dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), HCl, and metal ions, such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+. Depending on the way the sensor is presented, results are instantaneous or observed over some minutes.
Blood samples collected under venous oxygen pressure from patients with sickle cell disease contain a significant number of a new type of reversibly sickled cells: constancy of the percentage of sickled cells in individual patients during steady state.

We found various levels of a new type of reversibly sickled cell (RSC) with blunt edges in 44 blood samples obtained from 32 steady-state patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) without exposure to air (UnExp-blood). Because these RSCs could be generated in vitro by partial oxygenation of once-deoxygenated SS cells to venous oxygen pressure, we named them “partially oxygenated sickled cells” (POSCs). These RSCs were classified into elongated and non-elongated RSCs, depending on the ratio of the short axis to long axis. The presence of these cells was previously unknown because the standard blood collection method oxygenates most of the POSCs to discocytes due to oxygen in the air space in the needle, syringe, and blood collection tube (Exp-blood). Although the shape of elongated POSCs is similar to that of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs), POSCs revert to discocytes upon exposure to air. We found the following: (1) the percentage of total sickled cells (total POSCs + ISCs) in UnExp-blood (29.0 ± 14.5%) was significantly higher than the percentage of sickled cells (mainly ISCs) in Exp-blood (7.3 ± 5.7%); (2) the percentage of sickled cells in UnExp-blood was specific to individual patients during steady state, while it decreased at the onset of a vaso-occlusive event; and (3) the percentage of sickled cells in UnExp-blood varied widely among steady-state patients (4–56%). This new type of RSC may be used as an internal biomarker to evaluate the disease state of individual patients. Am. J. Hematol. 80:249–256, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Component-Testing Procedure For A Parallel System With Type II Censoring

We consider the problem of acceptance testing for a parallel (1-out-of-n:G) system of n different components with constant failure rates. The components are individually tested and the tests are terminated as soon as a preassigned number of each component fails. This paper provides a criterion for accepting or rejecting the system based on the product of the total times on test for each component. The critical level for the test statistic is chosen so as to guarantee that the specified levels of consumer and producer risks on the system reliability are not exceeded. If the testing costs depend on the number of each component tested, aminimum-cost procedure can be found from the feasible set of plans.
Gap solitons in nonlinear periodic structures.

In a medium with a dielectric constant periodic in one spatial direction, there are gaps in the dispersion relation of electromagnetic waves which propagate in the structure. If the index of refraction also contains a term proportional to the local-field intensity, we show that for frequencies within the gap, there exist soliton solutions to the nonlinear wave equation of the medium. This is demonstrated by analytic methods; the results agree with conclusions reached earlier, in numerical studies of power-dependent transmission through a finite superlattice, with a nonlinear element in each unit cell.
Detection of temperature ramps and flow structures at a deciduous forest site

Abstract Objective methods for the identification of coherent turbulent structures observed in the air layers within and above a forest are described. The techniques are based on the detection of scalar ramps, such as those frequently appearing in temperature traces, and on the detection of ejection/sweep flow structures. Coherent structures are revealed most distinctly by characteristic ramp patterns in scalar traces. A relatively simple multipoint technique to pick up the abrupt decrease of temperature terminating each ramp was successful, as was the variable-interval time-averaging (VITA) method with respect to detection at a single level. Identification of coherent ejection/sweep flow structures was accomplished by examination of the components of the fluctuating velocity, along the major axis of the elliptical joint probability contours of the longitudinal and vertical turbulent velocities. Integration of the absolute value of this rotated velocity over each period encompassing a negative excursion followed by a positive one (approximating an ejection/sweep combination), yielded a detection signal that matched well that from the temperature ramps. Detection of large accelerations in the rotated velocity, indicating rapid transitions from ejection to sweep, was less successful because such velocity changes were not easily distinguished from background turbulence.
Performance-based fire resistance design of concrete-filled steel columns

Abstract A simplified design equation for evaluating the fire resistance of concrete-filled circular and square hollow structural steel (HSS) columns is presented. The equation is expressed in terms of various structural design parameters affecting the fire resistance, and hence can easily be integrated into conventional structural design. This equation can be used to evaluate the fire resistance of HSS columns filled with various types of concrete filling. The use of the design equation greatly facilitates the calculation of the fire resistance of structural members on a performance basis. It also enables the designer to find cost-effective solutions in providing the required fire resistance performance for structural members, simply by varying the parameters of the members. The applicability of the proposed equation to a design situation is illustrated through a numerical example. Practical guidelines that can be implemented during the design and construction phase, and which have beneficial effects on the fire resistance behaviour concrete-filled of hollow steel columns, are also presented.
Bacterial citrate synthases: purification, molecular weight and kinetic mechanism.

Abstract Citrate synthase (citrate oxaloacetate-lyase, CoA-acetylating, EC 4.1.3.7) from cells of Azotobacter vinelandii and Acinetobacter anitratum was purified to apparent homogeneity. The molecular weight of native citrate synthase from A. anitratum was determined to be 242 000, and the enzyme from A. vinelandii had a molecular weight of 250 000. The subunit molecular weights of A. vinelandii and A. anitratum citrate synthases appeared identical. Each had a monomeric molecular weight, determined by sedimentation equilibrium studies, of 58 500–59 000. Purification of citrate synthase from Bacillus subtilis was hampered by low specific activity levels and poor enzyme stability and was not purified to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the active enzyme was determined to be 60 000–95 000 by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The patterns observed from initial velocity and product inhibition studies of citrate synthase catalysis are consistent with those predicted for a random sequential reaction order mechanism. Extensively purified citrate synthase from each of the three genera studied gave similar kinetic patterns, despite variations in enzyme size and regulatory complexity.
Egalitarians at the gate: one-sided gatekeeping practices in social media

Although Wikipedia has increasingly attracted attention for its in-depth and timely coverage of breaking news stories, the social dynamics of how Wikipedia editors process breaking news items has not been systematically examined. Through a 3-month study of 161 deliberations over whether a news item should appear on Wikipedia's front page, we demonstrate that elite users fulfill a unique gatekeeping role that permits them to leverage their community position to block the promotion of inappropriate items. However, these elite users are unable to promote their supported news items more effectively than other types of editors. These findings suggest that "one-sided gatekeeping" may reflect a crucial stasis in social media where the community has to balance the experience of its elite users while encouraging contributions from non-elite users.
Calcium interactions with d-glucans: crystal structure of α,α-Trehalose-calcium bromide monohydrate

Abstract Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data were used to determine the crystal structure of α,α-trehalose-calcium bromide monohydrate, a model system for investigation of factors involved in the binding of calcium ions to d -glucans of dental plaques. Crystals of C12H22O11 ·CaBr2·H2O are orthorhombic, space group C2221, with a  11.058(1) b  11.537(1), c  15.101(1) A, and Z  4. Intensity data for 925 independent reflections were measured with an automated diffractometer. A trial structure, obtained by the heavy-atom method, was refined by least-squares to R  0.03. An outstanding feature of the crystal packing is the interaction of trehalose molecules with calcium ions. Each calcium is coordinated to hydroxyl groups from four symmetry-related d -glucose moieties, thereby cross-linking the trehalose molecules. Similar interactions between calcium ions and the d -glucose residues of extracellular d -glucans may be of importance in the agglutination processes involved in dental-plaque formation.
Watching One’s P’s and Q’s: Promiscuity, Plasticity, and Quasiequivalence in a T = 1 Virus

Although quasiequivalence is not needed to explain the assembly of the T = 1 canine parvovirus capsid, the interactions of the 60-fold symmetrical capsid protein with less symmetrical viral components illustrate the elements of plasticity and promiscuity of interactions that are embodied in quasiequivalence. The current analysis is based on interactions of fivefold related proteins with a single peptide running along the fivefold axis, and on interactions of the capsid protein with various fragments of the genomic DNA, each having a different sequence and exposing the protein to interactions with different types of nucleotide base.
Inverting vertical-slice omography measurements for asymmetric ocean sound-speed profiles

Abstract Algorithms are developed and presented for converting measured pulse arrival sequences in vertical-slice ocean acoustic tomography to equivalent range-independent sound-speed profiles. Previous methods are extended to handle asymmetrical ocean sound-channel profiles. The algorithm applies whenever both the source and receiver are on the sound-channel axis. The method is demonstrated by applying it to a simulated pulse arrival sequence calculated using ray tracing for a canonical sound-speed profile.
The Double Dutch Technique: Split Ileal Graft and Double Monti Tube in Ileocystoplasty

Purpose We introduce a modification of ileocystoplasty combined with double Monti tube. This modification prevents the dog ear of the ileum during detuberalisation and also the Monti tube is supported by the surrounding mesenterium of the ileal augment. Material and Methods In 5 patients that needed ileocystoplasty the new technique has been used. Four patients had a small neuropathic bladder, one patient had a small contracted bladder without neurological disorder. The surgical technique is as follows: 30 or 40 cm ileum is isolated and plicated in a U shape and completely divided in the middle. A 16 mm wide strip of ileum is then cut from the top of the right ileal part, and a similar strip is cut from the bottom of the left ileal part. The strips are cut near the mesentery to form the Monti tubes. The small strips are tubelarised and joined in the middle to form a catheterisable tube. The ileal segments are opened antimesenterially. These ileal flaps are closed over the Monti tube in the middle. The lower part of the Monti tube is implanted with a submucosal tunnel in the bladder wall and the ileal patch is then anastomosed with the bladder. The Monti tube is anastomosed to the umbilicus in an ordinary way without any traction. Results All patients have umbilical stoma's without leakage or strictures. Intermittend cathetrisation is very easy. It seems that the Monti tubes are strait and well supported by the surrounding tissues so that kinking is not possible. The augmented bladders show excellent volume and compliance. Conclusions Although we treated only a small number of patients we are convinced that this modification provides advantages during the procedure and produces better results in the future.
Properties and regulation of high-affinity pituitary receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor.

Abstract Specific receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) were identified in the rat anterior pituitary gland by binding studies with 125I-Tyr-CRF. Binding of the labeled CRF analog to pituitary particles was rapid and temperature-dependent, and reached steady state within 45 min at 22°C. The CRF binding sites were saturable and of high affinity, with dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.76 × 10−9 M. Pituitary binding of 125I-Tyr-CRF was inhibited by CRF, Tyr-CRF and the active 15–41 fragment of CRF, but not by the inactive 21–41 CRF fragment and unrelated peptides. The binding-inhibition potencies of the CRF peptides were similar to their activities as stimuli of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release. The high-affinity CRF sites were markedly reduced in adrenalectomized rats, and this change was reversed by dexamethasone treatment. These data indicate that the high-affinity CRF sites demonstrated in the anterior pituitary are the functional receptors which mediate the stimulatory action of the peptide on ACTH release, and that CRF receptors are down-regulated during increased secretion of the hypothalamic hormone.
Determination of felbamate in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Summary A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of the antiepileptic felbamate in human serum has been developed. Following protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing the internal standard alphenal, the drugs are extracted from serum using dichloromethane. The extraction efficiency averages 98% for felbamate. Chromatography is performed with use of reversed phase octyl (C8) column, monitored at 210 nm. The isocratic mobile phase is acetonitrile:acetate buffer, pH 5.3, flow rate 2.0 ml/min. Felbamate is resolved from other common antiepileptic drugs that may be co-administered. The assay is linear to 200 μg/ml in serum. The effect of mobile phase pH changes on the chromatographic characteristics of the antiepileptic drugs and some potential interferents is discussed.
The Sculpture Of Mountains By Glaciers

(1906). The sculpture of mountains by glaciers. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 76-89.
Fluctuations for annihilations of Brownian spheres

Abstract As a model for a diffusion-limited chemical reaction, we consider a large number N of spheres, of small radius rN, which perform independent Brownian motions in Euclidean space and annihilate one another on contact. We consider the point process of annihilations, and show that according to the limiting behavior of rN, this point process may converge weakly, either to a Poisson process or (after re-normalization) to white noise.
1152 ENHANCED RAT AND HUMAN NASOPHARYNGEAL(NP) COLONIZATION BY PILIATED (p+) HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (Hib)

The pilus of Hib appears to increase adherence to human epithelial cells (EC) in vitro. Yet, previous experiments in rats have led some authors to suggest that piliation does not implement colonization by Hib. From 35 strains, p+ populations were selected by adherence to human erythrocytes (RBCs). One strain, H305, simultaneously acquired an increased adherence to rat RBCs (rHA+) and buccal EC. In contrast to other strains such as Eag p+, which does not agglutinate rat RBC's, H305 in p+ form, was more effective than the p- form in the NP colonization of 21-26 day old infant rats by intranasal inoculation. After the p+ inoculum, however, the organisms cultured in the nasal washes were found to be p-: Human experiments, now ongoing, indicate that pili of Hib enhance NP colonization in vivo. Furthermore, human data suggest that p+ Hib resist being washed off EC while giving rise to p-progeny that are more likely to be cultivable by nasal washing.
Cyclooxygenase products and atherosclerosis.

Prostaglandins (PGs) and their specific receptors play critical roles in atherothrombosis. Produced from arachidonic acid via two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms, PGs mediate their actions via G-protein coupled receptors. Thromboxane (TX) A2 is a vasoconstrictor and platelet agonist, prostacyclin (PGI2) is a vasodilator that inhibits platelet function, and PGE2 modulates inflammation. The cardioprotective effects of aspirin are attributed to inhibition of COX-1 mediated platelet TX production. In contrast, the selective COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib, was removed from the market due increased cardiovascular events. Studies of pharmacological modulation of PGs and genetic deletion of specific PG receptors in murine models have provided insights into their roles in atherosclerosis, but murine models have major limitations in addressing issues of plaque rupture and thrombosis. Nonselective COX inhibition, COX-1 inhibition, TP antagonism, and deletion of the TX receptor (TP) reduce atherosclerosis in murine models; yet, elimination of COX-1 or TP expression in bone marrow-derived cells does not reduce atherosclerosis, indicating that COX-1-mediated platelet TX production is not a major driving force in murine atherogenesis. The results of COX-2 inhibition on atherosclerosis have been mixed with studies showing increased, decreased or unchanged lesion area, suggesting that the impact of COX-2 inhibition may vary with lesion stage. However, COX-2 inhibition or COX-2 gene deletion have a profound ability to prevent angiotensin II-induced aneurysm formation in mice. A number of studies have shown that genetic deletion of the PGI2 receptor (IP) accelerates the vascular response to injury. However, the data do not support a “balance” between COX-2-derived PGI2 and COX-1-derived platelet TX as a critical determinant of atherogenesis. Genetic deletion of microsomal PGES-1, a synthase that produces PGE2, reduces atherosclerosis, an effect attributed to increased PGI2 production. PGE2 modulates inflammation and may impact atherogenesis directly via a number of mechanisms. A more detailed understanding of the roles of PGs and their receptors in atherothrombosis may point to more specific targets for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.