cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A CONTROLLED STUDY OF SURFACTANT TA IN PRETERM BABOONS WITH HMD

We studied the effects of exogenous surfactant (S-TA,Fujiwara) on the course of HMD in baboons delivered at 76% of term, 100 mg/kg of S-TA in saline was instilled via the E-T tube in 5 animals (Group S) at 2.0 hrs. of age; 3 animals were controls. Blood gases, lung compliance (CL) and mean airway pressure (MAP) were measured for 16 hrs. (Table:x±SD, *p<0.02, **p<0.01). Variables were identical before therapy. Pre-treatment values of CL 0.14, a/APO2 0.19 increased in S. Grp. within 30 minutes (p<.001), to improve and were increased to 0.34 and 0.45, respectively at 16 hrs.; in C Group they were 0.13 and 0.23 at 16 hrs. (p<0.02). Pulmonary pressure volume curves obtained at autopsy showed: in S Group at 5, 10 and 30 cms of H2O distending pressure 12, 15 and 20 ml volumes were achieved (deflation) but in C Group they were only 1.2, 2.5 and 5.7 mls. (p<0.001). Our results sueeest S-TA significantly improves CL, blood gases, and x-ray changes of HMD.
SAMPLING-SURFACE ORIENTATION AND CLAST MACROFABRIC IN PERIGLACIAL COLLUVIUM

To isolate the influence of sampling-surface orientation on the macrofabric of periglacial colluvial deposits, clast orientation measurements were obtained from seven paired horizontal and vertical exposures in turf-banked solifluction lobes on Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range. Most samples form moderately strong, upslope-plunging clusters aligned with the local slope orientation. Fabrics obtained from vertical faces were stronger than those from horizontal exposures in six of the pairs. Near-horizontal sampling surfaces yield less biased results than vertical exposures, owing to operator perceptions, procedural difficulties, and the relative thinness of the layer affected by colluvial processes. Sampling procedures must be standardized before comparative studies of colluvium can yield reliable results. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The accuracy and patient preference for self-collected group B Streptococcus cultures☆

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the accuracy of and patient attitudes regarding self-collected group B Streptococcus cultures. STUDY DESIGN: Women seen for prenatal care at 24 to 42 weeks' gestation were asked to collect distal vaginal and anal samples for group B Streptococcus . Subsequently, distal vaginal and anal samples were obtained by the nurse. The patients were then asked their preference toward self-sampling. RESULTS: A total of 251 women participated in the study. The incidence of positive group B Streptococcus cultures was 12.7%, 9.6%, 10.0%, and 7.6% for the patient-collected vaginal and anal and nurse-collected vaginal and anal specimens, respectively. The incidence of group B Streptococcus carriage was 17.5% and 13.5% for any positive patient- or provider-collected specimens, respectively, and 19.1% for any positive culture. Single patient-collected vaginal and anal and nurse-collected vaginal and anal samples were insensitive for group B Streptococcus carriage (67%, 50%, 52%, 40%, respectively). The combination of patient-collected samples was more sensitive than nurse-collected samples (sensitivity 91.7% vs 70.8%, p Streptococcus carriage versus 94.4% for nurses. A total of 58% of women preferred obtaining their own specimens, whereas 9.6% found the technique difficult. Ninety percent desired the option of self-sampling in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Single vaginal or anal cultures were insensitive in detecting group B Streptococcus carriage. Combined patient-collected cultures were more sensitive than provider-collected specimens. On the basis of accuracy and patient preference, women should be given the opportunity of combined vaginal-anal self-sampling for group B Streptococcus when indicated.
In vivo detection of amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mice using gadolinium labeled ligands by MRI

administration. Binding specificity to amyloid plaque was evaluated with tissue homogenates from the postmortem brain (frontal cortex and cerebellum) from Alzheimer’s patients and control subjects. The tissue homogenates were incubated in PBS and 0.1% fetal bovine serum with radiotracers for 15 min, centrifuged and bound radioactivity measured. Brain tissue sections were incubated with radiotracers, washed and exposed to Storage Phosphor Screens. Adjacent sections stained with Congo red. Results: The octanol-water partition coefficient (log PC) was in the range (1-3) optimum for blood brain barrier transport. The uptake of the compounds in the normal mouse brain was rapid and so was the clearance. Mouse brain uptake (%ID/g SD) at 2 min was 3.14 0.71 and 1.39 0.29 for CQ and HQ respectively and in 1 h decreased by 98%. Blood activity was 9.5 2.12 and 4.73 1.09 at 2 min for CQ and HQ respectively and decreased by 96% at 1 h. Practically no radioactivity was detectable in the brain and blood at 24 h for both the tracers. Activity in the frontal cortex of the human AD brain was 400-500% of the cerebellum and 300-400% of control cortex. Autoradiography showed the localization of the tracers in regions containing amyloid plaques recognized by Congo red. Nanoparticles enhanced the brain uptake by 15% compared to the free drug. Conclusions: Radioiodinated quinoline derivatives have rapid brain uptake and fast clearance from the normal brain and blood in mice. They showed binding specificity to amyloid deposits in AD brain homogenates. Plaque deposits were visualized by autoradiography. These studies warrant further evaluation of this class of molecules as amyloid imaging agents.
Maintenance of ATP level of incubated human red cells by controlling the pH.

Fresh human blood was incubated at 37 C. in ACD solution, heparin-glucose solution, and heparin-glucose solution with pH controlled by automatic titration with sterile NaHCO3 solution. In ACD solution glycolysis of the red cells slowed down with time and concomitantly the ATP level decreased sharply. In heparin-glucose solution, glycolysis continued more vigorously and the ATP levels were maintained longer. In the flasks in which the lactic acid was neutralized continuously, glycolysis proceeded almost unabated, and the ATP levels were correspondingly well maintained. Red cell viability and survival are presently assumed to be related to glycolytic maintenance of adequate levels of ATP. These studies demonstrate that storage of blood in heparin-glucose may prolong the red cell viability over that in ACD, and that neutralization of the lactic acid produced in glycolysis gives such dramatic improvement that a whole new system of blood storage may be predicated on this principle.
Ultrastructural effects of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor herbicide on developing cotton fibers

Cotton fibers are often utilized as a model system to investigate cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall elongation. In this study, we grew cotton fibers in vitro, with ovules dissected at day zero post anthesis as the expiant source, in the presence of three herbicides that inhibit cellulose biosynthesis. Cultures were sampled for electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry 1–2 days after beginning the treatments. After dichlobenil treatment, the fibers were much shorter than the controls and assumed a variety of abnormal shapes, from shortened versions of the control fiber to nearly spherical. The inner layers of the fiber wall often contained juxtaposed electron-translucent and -transparent areas; this layer reacted strongly with antibodies to callose. Cellulase-gold labeling in these newly developed fibers grown in the presence of dichlobenil was present at only about 3% of the control labeling. After treatment with either isoxaben or flupoxam, the fibers assumed spherical shapes and frequently (more than 60% of fibers) exhibited a new cell plate within the fiber, indicating that cell division had occurred, a process that rarely occurred in the controls. Unlike the dichlobenil-treated fibers, fibers grown in the presence of isoxaben or flupoxam contained an extensive accumulation of chiefly deesterified pectins, replacing the entire wall with an elaborated version of the pectin sheath found in control cotton fibers. These data indicate that all three herbicides are effective disrupters of cellulose biosynthesis and cause radical changes in cell wall structure and composition. Moreover, these data indicate that the composition of the walls may influence indirectly cell cycle kinetics, keeping these fiber cells in a more meristematic mode.
Integrated Geophysical Approach to Delineating Shallow, Concealed Faults Along the Wasatch Front

Gravity, magnetic, and seismic refraction surveys were conducted in eastern Provo, Utah along the Wasatch Mountain front to help delineate shallow, concealed faults. The seismic data were acquired with a Geometries ES-IZIOF multichannel signal enhancement seismograph, with a 16 lb. sledge hammer source. Three to seven shots were stacked into each profile to increase the signal to noise ratio. Close-order gravity and magnetic surveys were run in the same area, using a Worden gravimeter and Geometries proton precession magnetometer.
Estradiol increases the dendritic length of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons in female Syrian hamsters.

Abstract We examined the effects of ovarian hormones on dendritic architecture of neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in female Syrian hamsters. Treatment with 10 μg of estradiol benzoate for two days, or estradiol benzoate for two days followed by an injection of 500 μg of progesterone, increased the total dendritic length of ventromedial nucleus neurons by almost 50% compared with neurons from the ventromedial nucleus of ovariectomized, oil-treated females. Neurons in a control region, the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, were unaffected by these hormone treatments. These results demonstrate that steroids can induce changes in dendritic structure within 48 hr, suggesting that such morphological reconfiguration of hypothalamic neurons may underlie variations in behavior associated with the female's 4-day estrous cycle.
Erosional troughs in deep-sea carbonates and their relationship to basement structure

Abstract A detailed survey of a small area in the eastern equatorial Pacific with the Marine Physical Laboratory's Deep-Tow instrument package reveals erosionally excavated troughs in an area of relatively rapid accumulation of carbonate. The troughs lie on top of a basement high implying a relationship between the troughs and the basement feature. Differential accumulation and compaction may explain the origin of the troughs. Sediment deposited around the basement high preferentially accumulates on gentle slopes and in troughs. This results in a thick sequence of sediment on the flanks of the basement high and a thin sequence above on top of the hill. Unstable sediment masses and differential compaction generate a tensile-stress field above the peak of the basement high which causes slumping and faulting. The steep slopes generated by faulting and slumping may then serve to intensify tidal currents or act as spillways and locally generate increased turbulence. This increased turbulence results in local erosion by dissolution. A trough will form above a basement high, however, only when a combination of (1) basement steepness, (2) high sedimentation rate, (3) sediment thickness, and (4) sediment erodibility are present.
The Fibrinogen-like Globe of Tenascin-C Mediates Its Interactions with Neurocan and Phosphacan/Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase-ζ/β

Two nervous tissue-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neurocan and phosphacan (the extracellular domain of protein-tyrosine phosphatase-zeta/beta), are high-affinity ligands of tenascin-C. Using portions of tenascin-C expressed as recombinant proteins in human fibrosarcoma cells, we have demonstrated both by direct radioligand binding assays and inhibition studies that phosphacan binding is retained in all deletion variants except those lacking the fibrinogen-like globe and that phosphacan binds to this single domain with nearly the same affinity (Kd approximately 12 nM) as to native or recombinant tenascin-C. However, maximum binding of neurocan requires both the fibrinogen globe and some of the adjacent fibronectin type III repeats. Binding of phosphacan and neurocan to intact tenascin-C, and of phosphacan to the fibrinogen globe, is significantly increased in the presence of calcium. Chondroitinase treatment of the proteoglycans did not affect their binding to either native tenascin-C or to any of the recombinant proteins, demonstrating that these interactions are mediated by the proteoglycan core proteins rather than through the glycosaminoglycan chains. These results are also consistent with rotary shadowing electron micrographs that show phosphacan as a rod terminated at one end by a globular domain that is frequently seen apposed to the fibrinogen globe in mixtures of phosphacan and tenascin-C. C6 glioma cells adhere to and spread on deletion variants of tenascin-C containing only the epidermal growth factor-like domains or the fibronectin type III repeats and the fibrinogen globe. In both cases cell adhesion was inhibited by similar concentrations of phosphacan, demonstrating that the fibrinogen globe is not necessary for this effect, which is apparently mediated by a direct action of phosphacan on the cells rather than by its interaction with the proteoglycan binding site on tenascin-C.
Comparison of Functional Status of 8- to 12-Year-Old Children Born Prematurely: An Integrative Review of Literature

Prematurity affects one in eight infants in the United States, a rate that reflects an overall increase of 20% between 1990 and 2005 (March of Dimes, 2008). This integrative review presents a synthesis of the current research addressing the functional status of 8- to 12-year-old children born prematurely. Findings from this review support the belief that children born prematurely function differently than their term peers. These children have academic and social delays that may necessitate special service support through middle childhood.
Nonlinear theory for laser diodes

This paper outlines a nonlinear theory for the output power vs excitation current of an injection diode laser. The dependence upon electric field amplitude of effective negative conductivity in the region of inverted population derived and used to determine the level of steady oscillation in the quasilinear approximation (nonlinear conduction current small compared with displacement current). This level is simply related to the output power. A field dependent negative conduction current is derived from the negative conductivity which indicates that, in the quasilinear approximation, the presence of two modes with the same polarization will be an unstable situation; one mode will grow at the expense of the other.
The Vaccination Confidence Scale: A brief measure of parents’ vaccination beliefs

Abstract Purpose The success of national immunization programs depends on the public's confidence in vaccines. We sought to develop a scale for measuring confidence about adolescent vaccination in diverse populations of parents. Methods Data came from 9623 parents who completed the 2010 National Immunization Survey-Teen, an annual, population-based telephone survey. Parents reported on a 13- to 17-year-old child in their households. We used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to identify latent constructs underlying parents’ responses to 8 vaccination belief survey items (response scale 0–10) conceptualized using the Health Belief Model. We assessed the scale's psychometric properties overall and across demographic subgroups. Results Parents’ confidence about adolescent vaccination was generally high. Analyses provided support for three factors assessing benefits of vaccination (mean = 8.5), harms of vaccination (mean = 3.3), and trust in healthcare providers (mean = 9.0). The model showed good fit both overall (comparative fit index = 0.97) and across demographic subgroups, although internal consistency was variable for the three factors. We found lower confidence among several potentially vulnerable subpopulations, including mothers with lower levels of education and parents whose children were of Hispanic ethnicity (both p Conclusions Our brief, three-factor scale offers an efficient way to measure confidence in adolescent vaccination across demographic subgroups. Given evidence of lower confidence by educational attainment and race/ethnicity, program planners should consider factors such as health literacy and cultural competence when designing interventions to promote adolescent vaccination to ensure these programs are fully accessible.
Changes in abundance or structure of the per gene product can alter periodicity of the Drosophila clock

The period (per) locus, which controls biological rhythms in Drosophila, was originally defined by three chemically induced mutations1. Flies carrying the per° mutation were arrhythmic, whereas pers and perl mutants had circadian behavioural rhythms with 19-hour and 29-hour periodicities, respectively1. Wild-type flies have 24-hour rhythms. Here we compare the per locus DNA sequences of the three mutants with the parental wild-type. The pers and perl mutations lead to amino-acid substitutions, whereas per° introduces an early translation stop (amber). The results indicate that the protein product of per controls biological rhythms. We also report that the abundance of this protein may set the pace of the Drosophila clock. Although circadian rhythms are restored when arrhythmic (per–) Drosophila are transformed with per locus DNA, flies receiving identical transforming DNA segments can produce rhythms with periods that differ by more than 12 hours. Transcription studies reveal a tenfold variation in the level of per RNA among transformed lines. Levels of per RNA are inversely correlated with period length, so that flies with lowest levels of the per product have slow-running biological clocks. On the basis of the combined studies we suggest that perl and pers mutants produce hypoactive and hyperactive per proteins, respectively.
Orientational order, topology, and vesicle shapes.

While ideal fluid membranes are characterized solely by curvature elasticity, many structural (``external'') properties of real membranes are strongly influenced by internal degrees of freedom. Here, we consider, within mean-field theory, the effect of in-plane vector order (such as the molecular tilt in surfactant bilayers) on the shapes of closed vesicles with the topology of a sphere. We find that coupling between in-plane order and Gaussian curvature causes continuous shape changes from spherical to cylindrical vesicles as the degree of in-plane order increases.
Preparation of a Nafion composite membrane using a porous teflon support

This article describes several approaches that can be used to prepare a composite membrane having a very thin Nafion film supported on a porous Teflon substructure.
Rostroventral caudate putamen involvement in ethanol withdrawal is influenced by a chromosome 4 locus

Physiological dependence and associated withdrawal episodes are thought to constitute a motivational force that sustains alcohol use and abuse and may contribute to relapse in dependent individuals. Although no animal model duplicates alcoholism, models for specific factors, like withdrawal, are useful for identifying potential genetic and neural determinants of liability in humans. Previously, we identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) and gene (Mpdz, which encodes the multi-PDZ domain protein) on chromosome 4 with a large effect on alcohol withdrawal in mice. Using congenic mice that confirm this QTL and c-Fos expression as a high-resolution marker of neuronal activation, we report that congenic mice show significantly less neuronal activity associated with alcohol withdrawal in the rostroventral caudate putamen (rvCP), but not other parts of the striatum, compared with background strain mice. Moreover, bilateral rvCP lesions significantly increase alcohol withdrawal severity. Using retrograde (fluorogold) and anterograde (Texas Red conjugated dextran amine) tract tracing, we found that ∼25% of c-Fos immunoreactive rvCP neurons project to caudolateral substantia nigra pars reticulata (clSNr), which we previously found is crucially involved in withdrawal following acute and repeated alcohol exposure. Our results expand upon work suggesting that this QTL impacts alcohol withdrawal via basal ganglia circuitry associated with limbic function, and indicate that an rvCP-clSNr projection plays a critical role. Given the growing body of evidence that the syntenic region of human chromosome 9p and human MPDZ gene are associated with alcohol abuse, our results may facilitate research on alcohol dependence and associated withdrawal in clinical populations.
Essential fatty acid profiling for routine nutritional assessment unmasks adrenoleukodystrophy in an infant with isovaleric acidaemia

We report a 16-month-old asymptomatic male with enzyme confirmed isovaleric acidaemia (IVA; isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency; OMIM 243500) who, upon routine nutritional follow-up, presented evidence of peroxisomal dysfunction. The newborn screen (2 days of life) revealed elevated C5-carnitine (2.95 μmol/L; cutoff <0.09 μmol/L) and IVA was subsequently confirmed by metabolic profiling and in vitro enzymology. Plasma essential fatty acid (EFA) analysis, assessed to evaluate nutritional status during protein restriction and l-carnitine supplementation, revealed elevated C26:0 (5.0 μmol/L; normal <1.3). Subsequently, metabolic profiling and molecular genetic analysis confirmed X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (XALD). Identification of co-inherited XALD with IVA in this currently asymptomatic patient holds significant treatment ramifications for the proband prior to the onset of neurological sequelae, and critically important counselling implications for this family.
Gastric effects of μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptor agonists on brainstem unitary responses in the neonatal rat

Single units in the medial subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii, responding to electrical stimulation of subdiaphragmatic vagal fibers, were recorded extracellularly in an in vitro neonatal rat brainstem-gastric preparation. Selective opioid receptor agonists were applied only to the gastric compartment of the bath chamber and therefore, the brainstem functions of the preparation were not affected. The peripheral gastric effects of the mu-opioid receptor agonist, [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) and kappa-opioid receptor agonist, ?trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate hydrate? (U-50, 488H), were evaluated on 69 units that received the subdiaphragmatic vagal input. For approximately 75% of the units observed, DAMGO (1.0 microM; IC70; 80 nM) and U-50, 488H (1.0 microM; IC70:200 nM) induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of 62.7 +/- 8.9% (mean +/- S.D.) and 50.6 +/- 6.2% of the control level of the brainstem neuronal activity, respectively. The mu-opioid selective receptor antagonist, naltrexone and non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, respectively, blocked the inhibitory effects by DAMGO and U-50, 488 H. The delta-opioid receptor agonist, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) (10 microM; IC70:400 nM) produced a lesser extent of inhibition of 21.9 +/- 8.0% in the only 10 out of 51 (20%) neurons tested, and this effect was blocked by naloxone. The area of the stomach where gastric opioid receptors contributed most to brainstem unitary activity was also examined. This was achieved by comparing the opioid effects on a whole-stomach preparation to its effects on a partial-stomach preparation. Our data indicated that the distal stomach containing the pylorus played a key role in the gastric effects of mu- and kappa-opioid receptors on brainstem neuronal activity. These results suggest that the mu- and kappa-opioid receptors of the distal stomach are important in modulation of brainstem neuronal activity and may play a role in regulating the digestive process.
Studies on the renal sac of the ascidian Molgula manhattensis. I. Development of the renal sac.

The renal sac of the ascidian family Molgulidae (Tunicata, phylum Chordata) has been thought to function as a kidney, yet its structure, contents and activities seem incompatible with current generalizations regarding excretory processes in marine animals. The development of the renal sac is described here as part of a general effort to reexamine the organ's role in Molgula manhattensis. Light microscopy of living animals and fixed material has shown the following: (1) The renal sac begins to sequester concretions before the heart starts beating and before feeding begins. Therefore, blood circulation by heartbeat is not necessary for production or transport of the initial concretions, whatever its effects may be on the renal sac in older individuals. Ingested food cannot provide the initial concretion material. (2) In laboratory-raised animals, concretions appear in the renal sac before “renal sac organisms” (fungus-like organisms seen in the renal sac of all field-collected adults) can be detected. Thus, at least some portion of the concretions can be produced by Molgula in the absence of renal sac organisms. (3) No openings have been detected in the renal sac at any stage of its development, nor is there any evidence that concretions are dissolved or transported out of the renal sac. (4) The development and morphology of the renal sac are consistent with the hypothesis that the organ is an epicardial derivative, except that the renal sac arises from post-pharyngeal (presumptive gut) endoderm, rather than pharyngeal endoderm.
A proton medical accelerator by the SBIR route — an example of technology transfer

Abstract Medical facilities for radiation treatment of cancer with protons have been established in many laboratories throughout the world. Essentially all of these have been designed as physics facilities, however, because of the requirement for protons up to 250 MeV. Most of the experience in this branch of accelerator technology lies in the national laboratories and a few large universities. A major issue is the transfer of this technology to the commercial sector to provide hospitals with simple, reliable and relatively inexpensive accelerators for this application. The author has chosen the SBIR route to accomplish this goal. ACCTEK Associates has received grants from the National Cancer Institute for development of the medical accelerator and beam delivery systems. Considerable encouragement and help has been received from Argonne National Laboratory and the Department of Energy. The experiences to date and the pros and cons on this approach to commercializing medical accelerators are described.
Diabetic Patients and Ramadan

More than 50 million people with diabetes mellitus fast during Ramadan, a religious obligation for all healthy adult Muslims. Fasting leads to several physiological changes in the body and these may result in acute complications in persons with uncontrolled diabetes such as hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, dehydration and thrombosis. Evidence from existing literature guides the physicians in their assessment of Muslim patients with diabetes who wish to fast. Assessment should include risk stratification based on existing control of diabetes and its chronic complications. In the light of this assessment medical recommendation is given which includes dose modification of oral medication and insulin, dietary advice and structured patient education.
Patient Electronic Health Data–Driven Approach to Clinical Decision Support

This article presents a novel visual analytics (VA)-based clinical decision support (CDS) tool prototype that was designed as a collaborative work between Renaissance Computing Institute and Duke University. Using Major Depressive Disorder data from MindLinc electronic health record system at Duke, the CDS tool shows an approach to leverage data from comparative population (patients with similar medical profile) to enhance a clinicians' decision making process at the point of care. The initial work is being extended in collaboration with the University of North Carolina CTSA to address the key challenges of CDS, as well as to show the use of VA to derive insight from large volumes of Electronic Health Record patient data.
Microtome Knife Sharpeners Operating on the Abrasive-ground Glass Principle

Developments in the abrasive-ground glass type of microtome knife sharpener have been traced from 1857 to the present. Merits and disadvantages of each apparatus are critically discussed, particula...
Clozapine, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and pancerebellar syndrome.

Received January 22, 1998; accepted April 28, 1999. From the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tulane University Medical Center, 900 Powell’s Point, Gautier, MS 39553; e-mail: drugeffects@ibm.net. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Brown at the same address. Copyright 1999 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) has been recognized as a complication of antipsychotic drug therapy since Delay and Deniker wrote about it in 1968, and the earliest case of NMS can probably be traced as far back as 1959. The classic findings in NMS are the quartet of fever, autonomic instability, altered mental status, and skeletal muscle rigidity. The incidence of NMS has been debated for decades, with a low figure of 0.07% sometimes offered, but the debated incidence has generally ranged from 0.1% to 2.5%. Pope and coauthors reviewed 500 patient records, and they found that 1.4% of patients developed “definite or probable” NMS. This correlated well with a figure of 0.5% to 1.0% calculated for the development of NMS in a population of several hundred patients observed by Delay and coauthors. Factors that have been reported to predispose to NMS include dehydration, mood disorder, youth, being male, severe agitation, low serum iron concentrations, intramuscular route of antipsychotic administration, higher dosages of antipsychotic medication, and probably mental retardation or prior structural brain injury. Although generally regarded as a rare complication of antipsychotic drug therapy, such percentages strongly suggest that underrecognition of this disorder may play a role in the apparent infrequence of NMS. First reported in conjunction with the use of lithium by Pope and coauthors, clozapine-associated NMS has subsequently been reported in conjunction with other nonneuroleptic medications, and with clozapine alone. Complicating the potential problem of underrecognition of NMS when it presents as fever, autonomic instability, altered mental status, and skeletal muscle rigidity, is the problem of determining whether NMS is present when one of the findings is absent. This is important in the case of clozapine, for which both typical cases of NMS involving all four findings, and “atypical” cases, in which rigidity is lacking, have been reported. Of note, NMS in the absence of rigidity has been reported for traditional neuroleptics. The following is a case of NMSwithout rigidity that developed after the initiation of clozapine in a patient with multiple predisposing factors, and concluded with residual brain injury consistent with a pancerebellar syndrome.
IL-33 promotes airway remodeling in pediatric patients with severe steroid-resistant asthma

Background T H 2 cytokines are not responsible for the ongoing symptoms and pathology in children with severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA). IL-33 induces airway hyperresponsiveness, but its role in airway remodeling and steroid resistance is unknown. Objective We sought to investigate the relationship between IL-33 and airway remodeling in pediatric patients with STRA. Methods IL-33 levels were quantified in neonatal mice given inhaled house dust mite (HDM), and the effect of blocking IL-13 on remodeling and IL-33 levels was assessed. HDM-induced allergic airways disease (AAD) in neonatal ST2 −/− mice lacking the IL-33 receptor was assessed, together with collagen production after IL-33 administration. The effect of steroid therapy on IL-33 levels in patients with neonatal AAD was explored. IL-33 expression was quantified in endobronchial biopsy (EB) specimens from children with STRA and related to remodeling, and collagen production by airway fibroblasts from pediatric patients stimulated with IL-33 and budesonide was quantified. Results Blocking IL-13 after AAD was established in neonatal mice and did not reduce remodeling or IL-33 levels; airway hyperresponsiveness was only partially reduced. IL-33 promoted collagen synthesis both from asthmatic fibroblasts from pediatric patients and after intranasal administration in mice. Increased cellular expression of IL-33, but not IL-13, was associated with increased reticular basement membrane thickness in EB specimens from children with STRA, whereas remodeling was absent in HDM-exposed ST2 −/− mice. IL-33 levels were maintained, whereas IL-13 levels were abrogated by steroid treatment in neonatal HDM-exposed mice and in EB specimens from children with STRA. Conclusion IL-33 is a relatively steroid-resistant mediator that promotes airway remodeling in patients with STRA and is an important therapeutic target.
On using continuous flow lines to model discrete production lines

We extend previous research on the use of models ofcontinuous tandem (CT) lines for performance analysis ofdiscrete tandem (DT) production lines. We formalize the translation of input parameters from the DT line to the CT model, as well as the translation of performance measures (PMs) obtained from the CT model back to the DT line. We show that although the CT model conceptually represents a line with continuous fluid, it can be represented as a generalized semi-Markov process (GSMP). This representation leads to a simple and concise simulation algorithm for a CT model. We investigate the accuracy of the CT model for prediction of PMs in the DT line, and show that, with proper translation of parameters and PMs, the CT model provides reasonable estimates for the DT line PMs. We provide preliminary results on gradient estimation for CT models via infinitestimal perturbation analysis. The aim of the paper is to provide a firm foundation for the future exploration of CT models as a means to parameter optimization for DT lines.
An Inverse Heat Transfer Approach to Mitigating Sources of Experimental Error in Transient Heat Transfer Experiments

The Inverse Flux Solver for Arbitrary Waveforms (IFSAW) algorithm is a transient, simultaneous solution of time resolved adiabatic effectiveness, η(t), and heat transfer coefficient, h(t). Numerical simulations showed IFSAW maintained its high accuracy despite two experimental sources of error typically found when using a transient heat transfer method. The traditional transient method involves exposing a film cooled wind tunnel model at uniform temperature to a step change in freestream temperature. The experimental design results in nearly one-dimensional heat transfer and allows the surface to be modeled as semi-infinite. Typically, the surface temperature history is correlated to an analytical solution to the governing heat transfer equation (yielding η and h), but the required temperature step change is impossible to achieve in a laboratory. This paper first analyzed the error introduced by imperfect step changes and evaluated an alternative methodology, IFSAW, requiring only an arbitrary change in freestream temperature occurring at any rate. Secondly, severe error in h (found in locations where η is near unity because the surface temperature changes little from the initial temperature) was shown to be mitigated using IFSAW combined with a gradual change in coolant temperature at any point during measurement. With both complications, IFSAW maintains its ability to determine periodic η(t) and h(t) waveforms. In these ways, IFSAW is shown to be superior to the legacy transient method.© 2013 ASME
Innovative product design based on customer requirement weight calculation model

In the processes of product innovation and design, it is important for the designers to find and capture customer's focus through customer requirement weight calculation and ranking. Based on the fuzzy set theory and Euclidean space distance, this paper puts forward a method for customer requirement weight calculation called Euclidean space distances weighting ranking method. This method is used in the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process that satisfies the additive consistent fuzzy matrix. A model for the weight calculation steps is constructed; meanwhile, a product innovation design module on the basis of the customer requirement weight calculation model is developed. Finally, combined with the instance of titanium sponge production, the customer requirement weight calculation model is validated. By the innovation design module, the structure of the titanium sponge reactor has been improved and made innovative.
For whom is argument and explanation a necessary distinction? A response to Osborne and Patterson†

Scientific argumentation and explanation are essential practices of science that have been highlighted as equally important for K-12 science education (Berland & McNeill, 2010; Kuhn, 2010; National Research Council [NRC], 2007, 2011; Osborne, 2010; Sampson & Clark, 2008). However, as Osborne and Patterson (2011) have recently argued, both the term “argument” and “explanation” have multiple, overlapping, meanings, and uses in science education. In what follows, we explore two possible educational strategies for responding to the overlapping meanings of these two key practices, in K-12 science classrooms.
Celestial orientation by surface-swimming Aplysiabrasiliana Rang (Mollusca:Gastropoda)

Abstract The marine gastropod Aplysia brasiliana Rang can maintain a straight path for extended periods while swimming at the water's surface. Free-swimming sea hares whose paths were deflected 180° reacquired their pre-deflection orientation within 15 s. Animals tested in arenas blocking view of terrestrial objects swam in the same direction as they were swimming at the end of a previous 45-s free-swimming experience when nothing or clear plastic covered the arena. Animals were randomly oriented when a translucent white cover was used, indicating that an unblocked view of the sky is important in this behavior. This is the first documentation of visually-mediated behavior in this neuroethological model organism, and the first demonstration of open water orienting by celestial cues among marine invertebrates.
Pulmonary ischemia and surfactant in the neonatal lung

Hyaline membrane disease is associated with a functional and possibly a quantitiative deficiency in surfactant. It has been suggested that this is caused by hypoperfusion of the lungs. This work demonstrates that when the left pulmonary artery is occluded in the fetal state and the animal is permitted to breathe, there is no change in surfactant. Nine fetal lambs varying in gestational age from 132–147 days were partially delivered by Caesarian section. With the umbilical circulation intact, a thoracotomy was performed under local anesthesia and the left main pulmonary artery ligated. The chest was closed and 45 minutes postligation, the unbilical cord was clamped and the animal was allowed to breathe. The lambs were sacrificed and the lungs removed 8 hours (mean) after ligation, Heart rate, blood pressure, pH, PCO2 and PO2 were monitored through a carotid catheter to evaluate the lamb's condition throughout the experiment. DNA total and compositional phospholipid analysis were performed on both the right and left lung of each animal. There was no significant differences between the non-lighted and ligated lungs in the total amount of phospholipid/mg DNA, phosphatidylcholine/mg DNA, DNA/gm wet wt. and pressure volume characteristics. These results indicate that in the fetal lamb short term pulmonary ischemia within the last 10% of gestation, does not affect pulmonary surfactant.
Color and spatial error in block design in stone-age Auca Indians: ecological underuse of occipital-parietal system in men and of frontal lobes in women.

Abstract The entire healthy adult population of 19 nonmissionized nomadic Auca Indians of the Ecuadorian Amazon basin were given tests involving the four-colored Kohs Block Design, spatial-relational, lexical, and body and face shapes. The test results reveal a specific grouping of deficiencies in color naming (with preservation of color concept), block design especially related to representation, and construction of certain intrapattern spatial relations and graphic representational skills. This ecologically determined grouping of deficiencies suggests a homology to certain neuropsychological syndromes ( E. Stengel, 1948, Journal of Mental Science, 94, 46–58; J. de Ajuriaguerra & H. Hecaen, 1960, Le cortex cerebrale; N. Geschwind & M. Fusillo, 1966, Archives of Neurology, 15, 137–146). Further, specifically deficient components of constructional praxis ( A. R. Luria & L. S. Tsvetkova, 1964, Neuropsychologia, 2, 95–107) are proposed to reflect genderrelated limitations of daily tasks, suggesting occipital-parietal underuse in Auca men and frontal system underuse in Auca women.
Robustness of proxy-based climate field reconstruction methods

[1] We present results from continued investigations into the fidelity of covariance-based climate field reconstruction (CFR) approaches used in proxy-based climate reconstruction. Our experiments employ synthetic “pseudoproxy” data derived from simulations of forced climate changes over the past millennium. Using networks of these pseudoproxy data, we investigate the sensitivity of CFR performance to signal-to-noise ratios, the noise spectrum, the spatial sampling of pseudoproxy locations, the statistical representation of predictors used, and the diagnostic used to quantify reconstruction skill. Our results reinforce previous conclusions that CFR methods, correctly implemented and applied to suitable networks of proxy data, should yield reliable reconstructions of past climate histories within estimated uncertainties. Our results also demonstrate the deleterious impact of a linear detrending procedure performed recently in certain CFR studies and illustrate flaws in some previously proposed metrics of reconstruction skill.
Nonarterialized venous replantation of part of amputated thumb-a case report and review of the literature.

Since the first successful replantation of a human thumb reported by Komatsu and Tamai in 1968, thousands of severed digits and body parts have been successfully salvaged. Restoration of anatomic form and function are the goals of replantation after traumatic tissue amputation. Regardless of anatomic location, methods include microsurgical replantation and nonmicrosurgical replantation, such as composite graft techniques. Numerous techniques to maximize tissue survival after revascularization have been described, including “pocket procedures” to salvage composite grafts, interposition vein grafts, and medicinal leeches to name a few. Artery-to-venous anastomoses have been performed with successful “arterialization” of the distal venous system in fingertip replantation. Although there is documented survival of free venous cutaneous flaps, to our knowledge this is the first report of a replanted composite body part (bone, tendon, soft tissues, and skin) utilizing exclusively multiple, microvascular, nonarterialized venous–venous anastomoses. We present a patient with an isolated band saw fillet amputation to the back of the thumb at the metacarpal–phalangeal joint region, resulting in a composite graft composed of bone, tendon, soft tissue, and skin. The hand wound provided no viable regional arterial inflow source, but there were multiple good caliber superficial veins present. The amputated tissues were replanted and revascularized by using only venous blood flow. The replanted part survival was 100% with excellent function of the digit. We conclude that a hand composite body part involving bone, tendon, soft tissues, and skin can survive replantation with a strict venous blood supply if sufficient good caliber, microvascular, venous–venous anastomoses are performed, granted that arterial inflow options are not available. This is an isolated case, yet introduces a new way of thinking regarding tissue replantation.
Psychotropic medication and art therapy: Overview of literature and clinical considerations

Abstract This paper reviews literature regarding psychopharmacological treatment options for ADHD, depression and dual diagnosis, and explores perceptions of treatment and considerations for art therapy in conjunction with psychotropic medication. This review attempts to initiate discussion and propel further research in the expressive arts field regarding the growing need to conceptualize our understandings of the role art therapy plays in combined treatment with psychopharmacology.
Distribution of Computer Functionality for Accelerator Control at the Brookhaven AGS

A set of physical and functional system components and their interconnection protocols have been established for all controls work at the AGS. Portions of these designs were tested as part of enhanced operation of the AGS as a source of polarized protons and additional segments will be implemented during the continuing construction efforts which are adding heavy ion capability to our facility. Included in our efforts are the following computer and control system elements: a broad band local area network, which embodies MODEMS; transmission systems and branch interface units; a hierarchical layer, which performs certain data base and watchdog/alarm functions; a group of work station processors (Apollo's) which perform the function of traditional minicomputer host(s) and a layer, which provides both real time control and standardization functions for accelerator devices and instrumentation. Data base and other accelerator functionality is assigned to the most correct level within our network for both real time performance, long-term utility, and orderly growth.
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early-onset severe preeclampsia.

Objective Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of this investigation was to assess total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) levels at diagnosis of early-onset severe preeclampsia (EOSPE). Study Design After institutional review board approval, we enrolled subjects with EOSPE ( U and multivariable regression. Results Subjects with EOSPE (n = 50) were noted to have decreased total 25-OH-D levels relative to healthy control subjects (n = 100; P Conclusion Total 25-OH-D is decreased at diagnosis of EOSPE. Further study is needed to understand the impact of vitamin D deficiency on pregnancy outcomes.
Carbohydrate metabolism and its regulatory hormones in anorexia nervosa

Findings of studies of carbohydrate metabolism in anorexia nervosa are reviewed. Topics covered included fasting blood sugar concentrations; serum insulin concentrations, insulin receptor binding activity, insulin sensitivity, and insulin resistance; plasma ketone bodies and free fatty acids; glucose tolerance tests; growth hormone, cortisol, intestinal hormones, and norepinephrine. Metabolic changes reported in anorexia nervosa are similar to those found in human and animal studies of states of caloric and carbohydrate restriction. Restoration of normal body weight is associated with normalization of virtually all measures. It is concluded that published studies offer no conclusive evidence for a syndrome-specific impairment in carbohydrate metabolism in anorexia nervosa.
On the dimensionality of the Buss/Perry Aggression Questionnaire

Buss and Perry (1992, Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459) developed a 29-item test that presumably measures four aggression-related dimensions (physical aggression, verbal aggression, hostility, and anger). This study examined the factor structure of the items with particular concern towards seeing how much of the structure previously noted was an artifact of differences in item distributions. Although the scales are intercorrelated to the point that they may not span four dimensions, the scales are in fact multivariate in that the structure is not an artifact of differences in item distributions found with other presumed multifactor scales.