cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical fields of thin superconducting films. I. Thickness effects

A theoretical model is presented with which the critical magnetic fields of thin superconducting films can be calculated from any theory of superconductivity for which the kernel of the current-vector potential relationship is known. The model is worked out in detail for the nonlocal theory of Pippard with specular boundary conditions, and the critical field is shown to be a function of film thickness and the nonlocal parameters $\ensuremath{\xi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{L}}^{2}$. The results are compared to critical-field data for pure indium films and are found to predict very well the observed thickness dependence of critical field. On the basis of reasonable assumptions, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{L}(0)$ are calculated from the indium critical field data to be 2600\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}400 \AA{} and 350\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 \AA{}, respectively.
Hormone sensitivity of adenylate cyclase activity in cardiac sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations.

Abstract The functional significance of the adenylate cyclase activity found in cardiac microsomal preparations enriched in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was examined by comparing the effects of agents known to modify this enzyme in sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions prepared from guinea pig ventricles. The sensitivity of the sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase to adrenergic agonists resembled that of a typical β-receptor. Although the response to these agonists was similar in the case of the sarcoplasmic reticulum enzyme, the extent of stimulation was much less than in the sarcolemma. The pH optimum of the sarcoplasmic reticulum enzyme of 7.5 was slightly lower than that of the sarcolemmal enzyme, which was 8.0; and NaF shifted the pH optimum of the latter, but not the former. The sarcoplasmic reticulum adenylate cyclase was less sentitive to alkali metal salts and GTP than was the sarcolemmal enzyme. While these studies cannot exclude the possibility that the lesser response of the sarcoplasmic reticulum enzyme to catecholamines, alkali metal salts, and GTP arose from contaminating sarcolemmal fragments that were modified during the preparation of these subcellular fractions, they are consistent with the view that the cardiac cell sarcoplasmic reticulum contains an adenylate cyclase that is less regulated, or regulated by different factors, than those which modulate sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase.
Intramolecular palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation: enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of [2.2.2] bicycles.

Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation provides both enantio- and diastereoselectivity in formation of bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-2,3-diones and quinuclidin-2-ones, the latter potential precursors to quinine alkaloids.
Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal

Abstract The large volume of water, approximately one-fifth of the total surface fresh water on the planet, contained in Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia is distinguished by having a relatively high concentration of uranium (ca. 2 nM), and, together with the surface sediments, an unusually high234U238U alpha activity ratio of 1.95. About 80% of the input of uranium to the lake, with a234U238U ratio of 2.0, comes from the Selenga River. Profiles of uranium, as well as the extent of isotopic disequilibrium in a 9 m sediment core collected on Academic Ridge, generally show high values during interglacial periods corresponding to high diatom frustule numbers (DiFr) and biogenic silica (BSi) data that have been reported elsewhere. During glacial periods (low DiFr and BSi), uranium progeny (234U and230Th) were in secular equilibrium with low concentrations of their parent238U. Radionuclide distributions were interpreted in terms of a quantitative model allowing for adsorption of riverine inputs of uranium onto two classes of sedimenting particles with differing238U232Th ratios and uranium progeny in secular equilibrium. If the234U238U activity ratio of adsorbed uranium has remained constant, mean sedimentation rates can be independently estimated as 3.6 ± 0.6 and 3.7 ± 0.9 cm · kyr−1 for the decay of234U and in-growth of230Th, respectively. These rates are consistent with a mean rate of 3.76 cm · kyr−1, calculated by optimization of the correspondence between adsorbed238U and δ18O in dated oceanic sediments. The adsorbed uranium apparently tracks variable river flow during interglacials and is drastically reduced during periods of glaciation. Evidently, uranium has not been significantly redistributed within Baikal sediments over at least the past 250 kyr and is a unique, biologically non-essential, tracer for climate-sensitive processes, which provide their own internal geochronometers, potentially useful for ages up to 1 Myr BP.
Making Google Books n-grams useful for a wide range of research on language change

The “standard” Google Books n-grams were released by Google in 2010, and they include more than 155 billion words of data for the American English data alone. Unfortunately, the standard interface is far too simplistic to allow many types of useful research on this massive dataset. In this paper, I discuss an alternative “advanced” architecture and interface for these datasets, which is freely available at googlebooks.byu.edu. This resource allows for a wide range of research on lexical, phraseological, syntactic, and semantic changes in English, in ways that would not be possible with the standard interface. With this new resource, researchers now have access to hundreds of billions of words of data, and can map out changes in English in ways that were not previously possible.
Cellular transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: altered disease pattern in irradiated recipient lewis rats.

Abstract Irradiation of recipient Lewis rats 6–24 hr prior to injection of sensitized lymph node cells (LNC) altered the pattern of transferred experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recipients subjected to total body irradiation in doses ranging from 500 to 1000 rads developed paralysis; nonirradiated control recipients did not do so. Histopathologic changes of EAE, in terms of number of descrete cellular infiltrates, were potentiated in the total body irradiated recipients. Among LNC recipients subjected to regional irradiation (850 rads) of the head or lower spinal column, paralysis was observed only in those animals where the irradiation impinged upon the spinal cord. Cellular infiltrates of EAE were numerically more common in the irradiated region of the neuraxis. The findings are discussed in terms of irradiation rendering the central nervous system of animals and man more vulnerable to autoimmune injury.
ACID DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY IN PERIPHERAL LEUCOCYTES OF SWISS MICE.

THE general morphological details of the blood cells of the common mammalian species have been thoroughly examined. Recently, increased interest in the distribution of the intracellular chemical components of these cells has suggested that cytochemical analysis of acid deoxyribonuclease activity in leucocytes of Swiss mice might prove profitable.
Determining co-location using a sequential hypothesis test on patterns of silence

In everyday meetings, automatic association of co-located mobile devices would ease sharing of web-links, media, and other information. We propose a method that compares patterns of silence from device microphones to detect co-location of those devices. This method works with unsynchronized audio capture, requires only 100bps and preserves privacy. We show how to formulate pattern matching in a sequential hypothesis framework so that changes in co-location status (when people leave or join a meeting) can be determined promptly, and how to compute the likelihood ratio in practice. Using 16 hours of captured audio, we show that our approach can correctly determine device co-location with a low error rate of 0.05%, and can detect co-location changes 10 seconds faster than a similar decision rule based on a constant time window. Compared to a prior audio signature method, we achieve higher accuracy at 1/7 the bit rate.
The influence of context on hemispheric recruitment during metaphor processing

Although the left hemisphere's prominence in language is well established, less emphasis has been placed on possible roles for the right hemisphere. Behavioral, patient, and neuroimaging research suggests that the right hemisphere may be involved in processing figurative language. Additionally, research has demonstrated that context can modify language processes and facilitate comprehension. Here we investigated how figurativeness and context influenced brain activation, with a specific interest in right hemisphere function. Previous work in our laboratory indicated that novel stimuli engaged right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and that both novel and familiar metaphors engaged right IFG and right temporal pole. The graded salience hypothesis proposes that context may lessen integration demands, increase the salience of metaphors, and thereby reduce right hemisphere recruitment for metaphors. In the present study, fMRI was used to investigate brain function, whereas participants read literal and metaphoric sentences that were preceded by either a congruent or an incongruent literal sentence. Consistent with prior research, all sentences engaged traditional left hemisphere regions. Differences between metaphors and literal sentences were observed, but only in the left hemisphere. In contrast, a main effect of congruence was found in the right IFG, the right temporal pole, and the dorsal medial pFC. Partially consistent with the graded salience hypothesis, our results highlight the strong influence of context on language, demonstrate the importance of the right hemisphere in discourse, and suggest that, in a wider discourse context, congruence has a greater influence on right hemisphere recruitment than figurativeness.
Effect of Certain Drugs on Perfused Human Placenta VIII: Angiotensin-II Antagonists

The majority of the drugs tested as angiotensin antagonists in this investigation were from two pharmacologic classes: negative musculotropic agents (papaverine, sodium cobaltinitrite, isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin, sodium nitrite, and dipyridamole) and agents which selectively block α-adrenergic receptors (dibenamine, phentolamine, tolazoline, and hydralazine). Of the direct smooth muscle depressants, sodium nitrite and dipyridamole were the most effective; dibenamine and phentolamine were the most potent adrenergic blocking agents employed. Atropine, cocaine, and cyproheptadine were also tested as antagonists of the pressor effect of angiotensin and exhibited only moderate effectiveness. Lidoflazine, a specific angiotensin antagonist, was the most potent compound tested in this study; the degree of antagonism exhibited by it, however, was only slightly greater than either dibenamine or phentolamine. The results indicate that the pressor effect of angiotensin in the perfused human placenta is primarily the result of a direct stimulation of vascular smooth muscle and secondarily to a stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors.
Electrophoretic Characterization of Bovine Serum Lipoproteins Throughout Gestation and Lactation

Abstract The electrophoretic characteristics of the serum lipoproteins of Holstein cows were studied throughout gestation and lactation. The serum lipoproteins were separated into four ultracentrifugal density classes: very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons ρ ρ 1.006 to 1.040, high density lipoproteins sub one ρ 1.040 to 1.063, and high density lipoproteins ρ 1.063 to 1.21. Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to analyze the lipoprotein fractions. The electrophoretic patern of blood serum was characterized by a dominant alpha band, a weak beta band, and no detectable pre-beta band. Agarose electrophoresis of the ultracentrifugal density classes demonstrated the association of very low density lipoproteins with pre-beta mobility, low density lipoproteins with beta mobility, and the association of high density lipoproteins sub one and high density lipoproteins with alpha mobility. There was an overlap in density between the lipoproteins demonstrating beta mobility and those with alpha mobility that was unresolvable based on ultracentrifugal separation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two bands of alpha mobility in the high density lipoproteins sub one throughout lactation, whereas only one alpha band was detected during nonlactation.
Ion spatial distributions at the liquid–vapor interface of aqueous potassium fluoride solutions

X-Ray photoemission spectroscopy operating under ambient pressure conditions is used to probe ion distributions throughout the interfacial region of a free-flowing aqueous liquid micro-jet of 6 M potassium fluoride. Varying the energy of the ejected photoelectrons by carrying out experiments as a function of X-ray wavelength measures the composition of the aqueous–vapor interfacial region at various depths. The F− to K+ atomic ratio is equal to unity throughout the interfacial region to a depth of 2 nm. The experimental ion profiles are compared with the results of a classical molecular dynamics simulation of a 6 M aqueous KF solution employing polarizable potentials. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the simulations when integrated over an exponentially decaying probe depth characteristic of an APPES experiment. First principles molecular dynamics simulations have been used to calculate the potential of mean force for moving a fluoride anion across the air–water interface. The results show that the fluoride anion is repelled from the interface, consistent with the depletion of F− at the interface revealed by the APPES experiment and polarizable force field-based molecular dynamics simulation. Together, the APPES and MD simulation data provide a detailed description of the aqueous–vapor interface of alkali fluoride systems. This work offers the first direct observation of the ion distribution at an aqueous potassium fluoride solution interface. The current experimental results are compared to those previously obtained for saturated solutions of KBr and KI to underscore the strong difference in surface propensity between soft/large and hard/small halide ions in aqueous solution.
Age of male delinquents when father left home and recidivism.

Numerous studies have supported the conclusion that the absence of father in the home may adversely effect the personality development of the children. As part of a larger study (Kelly & Baer, 1968) concerning the effects of a shortterm program involving severe physical challenge on the subsequent recidivism of male adolescent delinquents, the family constellation was examined. Consistent with expectations, delinquents coming from families where both parents were present had significantly lower recidivism rates (7%) than those from broken homes (33% ). Since the father's absence is most frequently the case in broken homes, the age of the child when the father left the home was then examined. In Table 1 it may be seen that only 12% of the delinquents coming from homes where the father had not left subsequently recidivated, while 39%
Genetic and environmental correlations between various anthropometric and blood pressure traits among adult Samoans.

Shared polygenic effects (i.e., pleiotropy) are assumed to exist for such obesity-related phenotypes as blood pressure and adiposity. It is possible to identify these shared genetic effects through bivariate genetic analyses. This analysis of 1,342 adult Samoans, across 801 pedigrees, indicates that significant heritable components (P < 0.05) ranging from 29-58% exist for weight, height, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, body mass index, and sum of skinfolds. In general, the anthropometric measurements share additive genetic effects, as do the anthropometric measures, with blood pressure. Heritabilities for central fat distribution are not significant in this population, which could be due to a lack of power. On the other hand, heritabilities have been found in Hispanics; hence the genes responsible for central fat distribution may not be evenly distributed among populations.
The medial precordial leads: Overburdened and underinvestigated

Leads V 1 , V 2 , and sometimes V 3 are omnibus leads that are overburdened because they monitor the left ventricular anterior wall, the left ventricular posterior wall, and the right ventricle ; because they are the only leads normally expressing the ventricular gradient (QRS -T discordance); and because they consequently reflect numerous anatomic and electrical abnormalities and apparently normal variants. These require familiarity with and differentiation among a variety of pathologic and normal conditions.
Polycystic Kidneys Have Decreased Vascular Density: A Micro‐CT Study

Objective Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common cause of end stage renal failure and many of these patients suffer vascular dysfunction and hypertension. It remains unclear whether PKD is associated with abnormal microvascular structure. Thus, this study examined the renovascular structure in PKD.
Protonic Conduction in Y-, Yb- and Sc-Doped SrZrO3 Ceramics

Protonic conduction of SrZrO3 doped with Y3+(5%), yb3+(5 and 10%) and Sc3+(5, 10, 15 and 20%) has been investigated in a frozen-in condition at 20-400°C following a high-temperature pre-treatment in water vapor. Water uptake was also determined gravimetrically. The pure sample shows no proton incorporation and relatively low conductivity. The oxygen partial pressure dependence of conductivity under dry atmosphere shows hole conduction only when P(O2) >10−5 atm. All of the doped samples show good protonic conduction and a non-classical H2O/D2O isotope effect. The conductivity and water uptake is always higher for samples slowly cooled from the pre-treatment than for quenched samples. The activation energy, as well as the pre-exponentials, of the slowly cooled samples consistently suggest Stage II behavior, with an activation energy for proton migration of 0.61±0.02eV and an effective proton concentration close to the actual concentration. It is concluded that SrZrO3 deserves serious consideration as a proton electrolyte.
Exposure histories in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia patients with a prior preleukemic condition

A subset of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) have evidence of a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), low infiltrate leukemia, or other preleukemic condition that may be present for several months before onset of disease. The hypothesis that these conditions act as markers for environmentally induced cancer was examined in 270 ANLL patients, 46 with a preleukemic phase and 224 with an acute onset. Although the effects of previously identified risk factors (male sex, age older than 50 years, prior cytotoxic therapy) were demonstrated, no associations with common environmental conditions (cigarette smoking, alcohol use, occupations with exposure to chemicals or radiation) were present with the exception of hobbies involving potential chemical exposure, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals = 4.2 (1.4 to 12.3) and self-reported exposure to pesticides, OR = 10.2 (1.8 to 63.1). These may be chance associations although a previous case-control study of MDS reported similar findings.
Depth distribution of Campostoma grazing scars in an Ozark stream

Campostoma spp., widespread and abundant herbivorous minnows of eastern North America, produce distinctive ‘grazing scars’ when feeding on algae attached to natural substrates in streams. These scars are particularly prominent upon the low growth forms of blue-green algae that dominate the attached algal flora of many upland streams. In one stream pool in the Ozark uplands of Oklahoma, numbers and sizes of grazing scars coincided with numbers and sizes of individual Campostoma that occurred across a depth gradient, demonstrating that the information contained in the scars can provide quantification of microhabitat use and grazing intensity of these important herbivores. The results also support the hypothesis that in environments free of aquatic predators, larger fish use deeper parts of available stream habitats, particularly if threats from terrestrial or avian predators exist.
Comparison of intrauterine and intracervical insemination with frozen donor sperm: a meta-analysis

Abstract Objective: To determine whether artificial insemination with frozen donor sperm yielded a higher pregnancy rate per cycle by intracervical (ICI) or intrauterine (IUI) techniques. A meta-analysis was performed. Data Identification: A computerized MEDLINE search of the English-language literature on artificial insemination with donor sperm was performed and augmented by a review of meeting abstract books and references in published papers. Study Selection: Only prospective randomized studies that reported monthly fecundity rates for IUI and ICI with frozen donor sperm were included. Data Analysis: Seven studies were identified. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined with use of the general estimating equation method for the three studies for which raw data could be obtained. For the remaining four studies, the OR and CI were assessed with use of the published summary data. A random-effects meta-analysis was then performed. Result: Intrauterine insemination resulted in a significantly higher monthly fecundity rate with a common OR of 2.4 (CI 1.5–3.8). Conclusion: On the basis of this meta-analysis of the seven prospective studies, IUI results in higher pregnancy rates than ICI for frozen donor insemination.
Toxicity of pyrolysis gases from natural and synthetic materials

The authors present toxicity data on various natural and synthetic materials under simulated fire conditions, provide comparisons between materials, and discuss the significance of the data and the impact of public acceptance.
Linear and Branched Architectures from the Polymerization of Lactide with Glycidol

Samples of polylactide (PLA) were synthesized by initiating lactide ring opening with glycidol using Sn(Oct)2 catalyst. Under low-temperature solution polymerization conditions, epoxide ring opening is precluded, leading to predominately linear epoxide capped PLA. With high-temperature bulk polymerization, simultaneous lactide and epoxide ring opening leads to hyperbranched polyesters characterized by linear PLA segments separating glycerol branch points. Molecular weights and extent of branching were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and the presence of branching was confirmed by solution viscosity measurements and g‘ calculations. Solution polymerizations yielded linear samples with controlled number-average molecular weights in the range 4800−19 200 g/mol. Number-average molecular weights of branched samples from bulk polymerization ranged from 19 800 to 100 800 g/mol. The branched samples exhibited relatively low polydispersity indices (PDI) in the range 1.48−2.00. Glass transition te...
Clonal diversity of a malaria parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum, and its transmission success from its vertebrate-to-insect host.

Abstract Infections of the lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum are often genetically complex within their fence lizard host (Sceloporus occidentalis) harbouring two or more clones of parasite. The role of clonal diversity in transmission success was studied for P. mexicanum by feeding its sandfly vectors (Lutzomyia vexator and Lutzomyia stewarti) on experimentally infected lizards. Experimental infections consisted of one, two, three or more clones, assessed using three microsatellite markers. After 5 days, vectors were dissected to assess infection status, oocyst burden and genetic composition of the oocysts. A high proportion (92%) of sandflies became infected and carried high oocyst burdens (mean of 56 oocysts) with no influence of clonal diversity on these two measures of transmission success. Gametocytemia was positively correlated with transmission success and the more common vector (L. vexator) developed more oocysts on midguts. A high proportion (∼74%) of all alleles detected in the lizard blood was found in infected vectors. The relative proportion of clones within mixed infections, determined by peak heights on pherograms produced by the genetic analyser instrument, was very similar for the lizard’s blood and infections in the vectors. These results demonstrate that P. mexicanum achieves high transmission success, with most clones making the transition from vertebrate-to-insect host, and thus explains in part the high genetic diversity of the parasite among all hosts at the study site.
Calcium content in liver and heart and its intracellular distribution in liver during endotoxicosis and sepsis in rats.

Abstract The hypothesis was tested that several metabolic and functional alterations associated with endotoxicosis and sepsis could be due to a Ca overload of liver and heart in rats. Male rats were given intravenously E. coli endotoxin (ET) or rendered septic by cecal ligation and puncture. At various intervals after ET injection and 16–18 h after the onset of peritonitis the animals were sacrificed and the liver and heart sampled for assay of the total Ca content. Also, livers of saline- or ET-treated rats were perfused in vitro to study several aspects of Ca movements as affected by phenylephrine infusion. Livers, were also fractionated to study the subcellular distribution of Ca. ET treatment produced a slight, but significant increase in total hepatic Ca content (12.6% at 4 h and 7.7% at 24 h after ET injection). Sepsis did not affect this parameter in either liver or heart. ET also produced a decrease of Ca content in the microsomal fraction of liver, while sepsis was associated with an elevated Ca content of liver mitochondria. Perfused livers of saline-treated rats responded to phenylephrine by accumulating Ca, while the perfused organs of ET-treated rats did not display such a response to agonist infusion. We conclude that impairment of intracellular Ca homeostasis — under the conditions studied — consists of a slight Ca overload in endotoxicosis, associated with discrete alterations of Ca fluxes and compartmentalization within the cell both in endotoxicosis and sepsis.
A continuum hard-sphere model of protein adsorption

Protein adsorption plays a significant role in biological phenomena such as cell-surface interactions and the coagulation of blood. Two-dimensional random sequential adsorption (RSA) models are widely used to model the adsorption of proteins on solid surfaces. Continuum equations have been developed so that the results of RSA simulations can be used to predict the kinetics of adsorption. Recently, Brownian dynamics simulations have become popular for modeling protein adsorption. In this work a continuum model was developed to allow the results from a Brownian dynamics simulation to be used as the boundary condition in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Brownian dynamics simulations were used to model the diffusive transport of hard-sphere particles in a liquid and the adsorption of the particles onto a solid surface. The configuration of the adsorbed particles was analyzed to quantify the chemical potential near the surface, which was found to be a function of the distance from the surface and the fractional surface coverage. The near-surface chemical potential was used to derive a continuum model of adsorption that incorporates the results from the Brownian dynamics simulations. The equations of the continuum model were discretized and coupled to a CFD simulation of diffusive transport to the surface. The kinetics of adsorption predicted by the continuum model closely matched the results from the Brownian dynamics simulation. This new model allows the results from mesoscale simulations to be incorporated into micro- or macro-scale CFD transport simulations of protein adsorption in practical devices.
Building bridges in the Great Lakes: How objects and organization facilitate collaboration across boundaries

Abstract The Great Lakes region has a history of innovative approaches to natural resource management. The Great Lakes Futures Project (GLFP), a scenario analysis process, built upon this history of participatory approaches to environmental governance. The GLFP connected diverse communities of participants, including natural scientists, social scientists, graduate students, and practitioners in an iterative process conducted over one and one-half years. The ongoing process resulted in the development of a collective understanding of current policy, possible ecosystem outcomes, as well as the identification of shared principles and policy recommendations. The purpose of this article is to investigate how the GLFP created the conditions for a bi-national community of scholars and practitioners to participate in a collaborative manner, overcoming disciplinary barriers in order to function as members of a team organized around an object that was important to all of the participants, the Great Lakes. The article presents a discussion of collaboration between disciplines and possible ways of overcoming the barriers. Data were collected through participant observation, where the author participated on a graduate student scenario-writing team. Observation was supplemented with semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The article contributes to a new understanding of how scenario analysis provides a forum for collaboration and how the use of objects can facilitate communication across disciplinary boundaries.
Stark Effect Modulation of a Passively Q-Switched CO(2) Laser.

Stark effect saturable absorber modulation of passively Q switched carbon dioxide laser, using difluoroethane, difluoroethylene, methyl fluoroform, trichloroethylene and vinyl chloride
Gate field induced electronic current modulation in a single wall boron nitride nanotube: Molecular scale field effect transistor

Abstract We report a first-principles quantum transport study in a single wall boron nitride nanotube sandwiched between a pair of gold electrodes. The non-equilibrium Green’s function approach, in which the electric field effect is explicitly included within a many body framework, is used to calculate the channel current, I sd , in the presence of a transverse gate field, E g . The E g is found to have a profound effect on the electronic current between the source and drain – revealing transistor behavior . The significant modulation in electronic current (ON–OFF current ratio of ∼ 18 at V sd of 3 V) is attributed to the giant Stark shift caused by the gate field.
ON TWIN-TRIANGULAR ADDITIVE GROUP ACTIONS ON C4

This paper concerns some of the conditions satisfied by additive group actions on complex affine space which can be written locally as a translation of a variable. Assume X is the affine variety C n , Ga = (C, +), and σ : Ga × X → X is the action defined by a group monomorphism G a → Aut C X. If σ is locally trivial, then the action satisfies what is termed a “GICO” condition. It will be shown that a large class of Ga -actions on C 4, that is, fixed-point free, “twin-triangular” actions with finitely-generated rings of invariants, are at least GICO. Remaining questions are discussed.
SURFACE INTEGRITY CHARACTERIZATION AND PREDICTION IN MACHINING OF HARDENED AND DIFFICULT-TO-MACHINE ALLOYS: A STATE-OF-ART RESEARCH REVIEW AND ANALYSIS

This paper presents a review of the state-of-art research on surface integrity characterization, especially the characteristics of residual stresses produced in machining of hardened steels, titanium and nickel-based superalloys using the geometrically defined tools. The interrelationships among residual stresses, microstructures, and tool-wear have been discussed. Current research on residual stress modeling and simulation using finite element method has been critically assessed. Also, the rationale for developing multi-scale simulation models for predicting residual stresses in machining has been presented. At the end, possible future work has been proposed.
Spatially modelling pathways of migratory birds for nature reserve site selection

Conserving habitat for migratory birds presents a unique set of challenges, because multiple reserves distributed across space are required for complete protection of single species. We developed the Flight Leg Allocation Problem (FLAP), a distance-constrained shortest path problem, to identify optimal configurations of stopover habitats for migratory bird conservation. FLAP is based on a relational network topology model, where stopovers are represented as nodes and potential pathways by links. FLAP finds the optimal migratory pathway that consists of the fewest number of stops in the shortest distance, given that flocks of birds are limited by maximum daily flight capabilities and constrained by carrying capacities of individual habitats. We first present the FLAP model formulation and describe results of an empirical test for a large wetland dataset under different climatic conditions. Our results illustrate how migratory birds might respond to changes in both the temporal and spatial distribution of available stopovers. We also discuss conservation implications for using FLAP to identify priority sites for migratory birds in nature reserve networks. Additionally, the methods presented in this paper may be useful for modelling other types of spatially and temporally dynamic networks.
Solving the heat equation symbolically with MuSimp

Algorithms are derived to solve the heat equation symbolically using Widder's ''Heat Polynomials''. The algorithms have been implemented in MuSimp.
The spores of Phytophthora : weapons of the plant destroyer

Members of the genus Phytophthora are among the most serious threats to agriculture and food production, causing devastating diseases in hundreds of plant hosts. These fungus-like eukaryotes, which are taxonomically classified as oomycetes, generate asexual and sexual spores with characteristics that greatly contribute to their pathogenic success. The spores include survival and dispersal structures, and potent infectious propagules capable of actively locating hosts. Genetic tools and genomic resources developed over the past decade are now allowing detailed analysis of these important stages in the Phytophthora life cycle.
Isolated glycosaminoglycans from cooked haddock enhance nonheme iron uptake by Caco-2 cells.

This study continues previous research to confirm that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) exert a positive effect on promoting iron uptake by Caco-2 cells. Cooked haddock was digested with papain, and GAGs were further purified on the basis of their sulfur content. Reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) and digestion with chondroitinase ABC (Chase) (50 mU/mg) were used to approach the identification of the GAGS. FeCl 3 was mixed with the purified GAGs, and Fe uptake was measured by ferritin formation using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. The identificative analyses suggest that chondroitin/dermatan sulfate-related structures promote Fe uptake by Caco-2 cells; however, this effect was lower (40%) than that observed with whole fish muscle. Chase eliminated the positive effect on Fe uptake. These results indicate that specific GAGs may contribute to the enhancing effect of meat on Fe absorption. Further in vivo studies addressing these aspects of the meat factor are needed.
A Dominant Negative Type I Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor Inhibits Metastasis of Human Cancer Cells

We have previously shown that LCC6 wild-type (WT) cells, a metastatic variant of MDA-MB-435 cancer cells originally derived from a breast cancer patient, exhibit enhanced motility in response to IGF-I compared with the parent MDA-MB-435 cells. To further understand the role of the type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor (IGF1R) in cancer metastasis we inhibited signaling via IGF1R using a C-terminal-truncated IGF1R. The truncated receptor retains the ligand binding domain but lacks the autophosphorylated tyrosine residues in the carboxyl terminus. Cells stably transfected with this truncated receptor (LCC6-DN cells) overexpressed the truncated IGF1R messenger RNA nearly 50-fold over endogenous receptor. The truncated receptor in the LCC6-DN cells behaved in a dominant negative manner to inhibit endogenous IGF1R activation by IGF-I. Compared with the LCC6-WT cells, LCC6-DN cells failed to phosphorylate the adaptor proteins insulin receptor substrate-1 and -2 in response to IGF-I and did not activate Akt after exposure to IGF-I. Unlike LCC6-WT cells, LCC6-DN cells did not show enhanced motility in response to IGF-I. To assay for metastasis, LCC6-WT and LCC6-DN cells were injected into the mammary fat pads of mice, and the primary xenograft tumors were removed after 21 days. Mice sacrificed 5 weeks later showed multiple lung metastases derived from LCC-WT xenografts, whereas mice harboring LCC6-DN xenografts showed no lung metastases. Our data show that IGF1R can regulate several aspects of the malignant phenotype. In these cells, metastasis but not proliferation requires IGF1R function.
Towards static-security assessment of a large-scale power system using neural networks

A neural-network-aided solution to the problem of static-security assessment of a large scale power system is proposed. It is based on a pattern-recognition technique where a group of neural networks is trained to classify the secure/insecure status of the power system for specific contingencies based on the precontingency system variables. The large dimensionality of the input data is reduced by partitioning the problem into smaller subproblems at different stages. When each trained NN is queried online, it can provide the power-system operator with the security status of the current operating point for a specified contingency. Parallel network architecture and the adaptive capability of the neural networks can be combined to achieve high speeds of execution and good classification accuracy.
Thickness determination of biological thin sections by multiple-least-squares fitting of the carbon K-edge in the electron energy-loss spectrum.

We show that the local thickness of biological thin sections can be measured by fitting the electron energy-loss spectrum of the plurally scattered carbon K-edge, and that such measurements are consistent with the results obtained by a conventional method based on the relationship t/lambda alpha ln(It/I0). The new method allows the simultaneous measurement and/or mapping of both local thickness and core-level excitations (e.g. Ca L-edge) in this energy range (280-400 eV) without requiring the measurement of the zero-loss and the valence/plasmon excitations.
Chasing the Garlock: A study of tectonic response to vertical axis rotation

Vertical-axis, clockwise block rotations in the Northeast Mojave block are well documented by numerous authors. However, the effects of these rotations on the crust to the north of the Northeast Mojave block have remained unexplored. In this paper we present a model that results from mapping and geochronology conducted in the north and central Owlshead Mountains. The model suggests that some or all of the transtension and rotation observed in the Owlshead Mountains results from tectonic response to a combination of clockwise block rotation in the Northeast Mojave block and Basin and Range extension. The Owlshead Mountains are effectively an accommodation zone that buffers differential extension between the Northeast Mojave block and the Basin and Range. In addition, our model explores the complex interactions that occur between faults and fault blocks at the junction of the Garlock, Brown Mountain, and Owl Lake faults. We hypothesize that the bending of the Garlock fault by rotation of the Northeast Mojave block resulted in a misorientation of the Garlock that forced the Owl Lake fault to break in order to accommodate slip on the western Garlock fault. Subsequent sinistral slip on the Owl Lake fault offset the Garlock, creating the now possibly inactive Mule Springs strand of the Garlock fault. Dextral slip on the Brown Mountain fault then locked the Owl Lake fault, forcing the active Leach Lake strand of the Garlock fault to break.
A Test Apparatus for Measuring the Effects of Waviness in Mechanical Face Seals

A unique mechanical-face seal test apparatus is described, and some experimental results are presented. The apparatus is designed to test a single 96-mm shaft diameter face seal. Provision is made to measure friction torque, leakage and seal face temperature and to record these data as a function of time automatically using a computerized data acquisition system. The unique feature of the machine is that face waviness is imposed on one of the rings using gas pressure. In order to minimize the effects of wear on the waviness so that long-term tests can be made, the waviness is moved slowly relative lo the ring. Results show that seal wear and friction are greatly reduced by the face waviness when compared to a flat face seal. Presented at the 35th Annual Meeting in Anaheim, California, May 5–8, 1980
Studies in optimization—VIII Questing control of a stirred tank reactor☆

Abstract The Li—Box—Chanmugam scheme of adaptive optimization is used in a simulation study of two stirred tank reactors in series. The coolant flow rates to each tank are perturbed sinusoidally to find the temperatures in the two reactors that will give the maximum conversion. In spite of the non-linearities the scheme works well even in the presence of very considerable measurement errors. Two schemes are presented to overcome the effect of this noise, one with a fixed programme of questing and a second in which the significance of the performance integral is tested before a decision is based on it.
A performance study of energy detection for dual-hop transmission with fixed gain relays: area under ROC curve (AUC) approach

In this paper, energy detector's performance is investigated for the blind (fixed gain) amplify & forward (AF) dual-hop relay networks using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) metric. Different from the well-known receiver operating characteristics (ROC) metric, AUC is a single statistical parameter which can be used to describe and compare performance of different types of energy detectors. In this article, we derive closed-form AUC expressions for the fixed-gain AF relay networks over the Rayleigh fading channels. The analysis is then extended to the maximum ratio combing (MRC) and square-law combing (SLC) diversity detectors for a dual-hop but multi-relay systems. Our analytical framework and the closed-form AUC expression is based on the kth order derivatives of the moment generating function (MGF) of the combiner output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Coronary Artery Toxicity in Beagle Dogs Given Indolidan, a Type III Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor

Abstract Coronary Artery Toxicity in Beagle Dogs Given Indolidan, a Type III Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor. Sandusky, G. E., Means, J. R., and Yeager, H. K. (1993). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 21, 228-235. The hemodynamic changes and cardiovascular lesions produced by a single iv dose of 2.0 mg/kg indolidan were evaluated in four beagle (two male, two female) dogs. Four additional dogs (two male, two female) served as vehicle controls. This was followed by a multidose study in which the same dose of indolidan or vehicle was given iv to clogs (4/group) on 4 consecutive days. Both studies were followed for 4 days postdose before termination. Clinical signs, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were evaluated. Seven sections of the heart, approximately 25 sections of the coronary arteries, and 3 sections of the carotid, subclavian, spermatic or ovarian, renal, and femoral arteries were examined. Mean blood pressure was decreased 20 to 25% over a 24-hr period and heart rates were increased 40 to 50% after treatment and remained elevated for at least a 24-hr period in both single and multidose treated groups. The earliest lesions occurred in three of four treated dogs after a single intravenous dose of 2.0 mg/kg. The main lesion was sporadic in distribution and seen in the outer one-half of the smooth muscle media of the coronary arteries. Smooth muscle degeneration and necrosis were present, with little secondary inflammation. No lesions were observed in the peripheral arteries or the myocardium. The coronary arterial lesions observed after the multidose study were more extensive and severe. The lesions were seen in large extramural and large intramural coronary arteries. These were characterized by marked smooth muscle necrosis involving most of the media, destruction of the internal elastic membrane, and marked adventitial fibroplasia. The inflammatory infiltrate varied from mild to moderate and was usually seen in the adventitia. No lesions were observed in the peripheral arteries or the myocardium in the multidose study.
Byrne's Social Psychology of Sexual Behavior and the Social Behaviorism Approach: Pre-Paradigmatic Separatism

It is suggested that psychology is in a pre-paradigmatic state, divided into separate and isolated sub-fields and theories. Furthermore, there is contemporary disbelief in and suspicion of unified science and unified theory in social psychology as well as in psychology in general. This separatism is seen as an obstacle to scientific development as illustrated in the present case in which Byrne's social psychology of sexual behavior appears to be developing along the lines of social behaviorism, but in a separatistic manner that has disadvantageous effects.
A sensitive radioimmunoassay for 11-deoxy-13,14-d i h yd ro-15-k eto-11,16-cycloprostaglandin E2: Application as an index of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis during human pregnancy and parturition

A radioimmunoassayfor 11-deoxy-13,14-dihydro-15-keto-11 ,16-cycloprostaglandin E2 (PGEM-11) is described. At p[l 10.5, in the presence of albumin, 13,214-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2 (PGEM-I) is transformed quantitatively into PGEM-11. Hence, after plasma samples are subjected to this transformation procedure, PGEM-II can be measured in such samples and be a true reflection of PGEM-I production and thereby prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis. The antiserum raised against PGEM-II is minimally cross-reactive with all prostaglandins tested (<O.01%). The mean least detectable mass of PGEM-II is 0.8 pg and the mean mass of added PGEM-II required to displace zero-point binding by 50% is 16.6 pg. The assay meets all the standard criteria for accuracy, reproducibility and parallelism. Concentrations of PGEM-11 measured by this assay in peripheral plasma from men and nonpregnant women are similar to those reported for PGEM-l after measurements by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of PGEM-II in men were greater than in nonpregnant women. PGEM-11 in increased concentration was found in early pregnancy although concentrations declined in the third trimester until labor when a significant increase was found. Concentrations of PGEM-11 in umbilical venous plasma were significantly greater than those in maternal plasma.
An Inside Approach to Networked Document Cataloging

Abstract Information professions identified the need for a set of standard metadata almost as soon as the World Wide Web became a reality. Several initiatives have already identified the types of bibliographic information that would be necessary to describe and locate an electronic publication. The descriptors identified in the OCLC/NCSA Dublin Core are combined with those assembled by the Coalition of Networked Information and the Internet Engineering Task Force to produce a list of electronic citation elements. This article advocates embedding these citation elements within electronic documents through the use of HTML tags and other markup techniques. There is also a call to cataloging librarians to contribute their expertise in information resources management to documents being prepared for the World Wide Web in order to influence the quality of electronic publication from the inside.