cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Light on the Mouton-Natoire Case (1768): Freedom of Conscience and the Role of the Jansenists

In 1768, Adrien Mouton, a twenty-seven-year-old former stu dent of architecture at the French Academy in Rome, brought suit against Charles Natoire, an eminent artist and director of the academy, for damages and reparation of honor. Mouton accused Natoire of violating his rights by expelling him from the academy in the late summer of 1767 for refusing to comply with the director's order to fulfill the paschal duty prescribed by the Roman ecclesiastical authorities. This celebrated case has always been treated as much more than a simple legal dispute between two individuals.1 Historians have regarded it as a conflict be tween Gallican and Ultramontane principles of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, between bureaucratic despotism and parlement's principle of the rule of law, and between the artists of the French Academy in Rome and Natoire, its unpopular, paternal istic director. Previous studies, however, have failed to notice that Mouton's suit against Natoire was largely a veiled, Jansenist attack on an ecclesiastical structure that constrained the individ ual Christian's conscience. The roots of this conflict between Mouton and Natoire went back to an earlier similar episode. About 1750, the papal gov ernment began to enforce a system to ensure that all Catholics in Rome would fulfill their "paschal duty," i.e., confession and
Study on Standard Sample Collecting in Field for Agricultural Wild Plant Germplasm Resources

The merits and demerits of the method in traditional sample collecting in field for agricultural wild plant germplasm resources were discussed.The new method of sample collecting in field according to the natural populations were reported.The sample collecting and the standard practice of agricultural wild plant germplasm resources were introduced.The meaning of founding this standard was pointed out.
The Calculation of Secondary Arc Current on EHV Coupling Lines and Optimization Allocation for Reactor

The analytical method of optimizing reactor parameters is proposed,taking an example of 220 kV/500 kV four-circuit transmission lines,building electro-magnetic transient computing model for it,putting forward boundary conditions and calculation methods for high reactance and small reactance.It also analyses line transposition and the impact of multi-circuit transmission lines,parallel high resistance and neutral point on arc current.
Analyst Recommendations and Rational Speculation

Models predict that traders will engage in rational speculative trading when they collectively believe that a firm’s stock price in the next period will exceed the current stock price regardless of their beliefs about its intrinsic value, resulting in mispricing. We examine whether analyst recommendations are associated with mispricing due to rational speculative trading. We find a strong positive relation between the concentration in analyst recommendations and bubble continuation in two alternative settings. In the technology bubble in 2000 we find a positive association between bubble continuation and concentration in a tech firm’s analyst buy recommendations. In an out-of-sample analysis for firms in multiple industries from 1994-2009 we show that analyst buy recommendation concentration predicts future return patterns that exhibit characteristics of a rational speculative bubble. Our findings suggest that analysts output could be associated with the perpetuation instead of correction of this mispricing.
The nhTMEM16 Scramblase Is Also a Nonselective Ion Channel.

Abstract The TMEM16 family comprises Ca 2+ -activated Cl − channels and phospholipid scramblases. The crystal structure of a fungal homolog, nhTMEM16, revealed an important architectural feature of this protein family in the form of a bilayer-spanning hydrophilic groove that is directly exposed to the membrane. This groove likely provides a pathway for lipid translocation. As mutations that alter ion channel activity of the TMEM16 proteins localize around the groove, it was suggested that the ion and lipid pathways coincide such that the ion pore is partly lined by phospholipids. However, this proposal was not supported by the observation that nhTMEM16 does not mediate ion transport. Here we show that nhTMEM16 mediates both ion and lipid transport and that its properties closely resemble those of a previously characterized fungal homolog, afTMEM16. We show that the reported lack of ion transport activity of nhTMEM16 is due to the lipid composition of the reconstitution membranes and to the presence of a GFP tag. Thus, nhTMEM16, like afTMEM16 and the mammalian TMEM16F, mediates simultaneous lipid scrambling and nonspecific ion transport. This supports the hypothesis that these two processes are tightly correlated and likely to be a general functional feature of the TMEM16 scramblases and therefore of general importance in understanding their biological roles.
Anatomy, Access, and Length Determination

A sound knowledge of root canal anatomy is the first step in providing optimal treatment for the endodontic patient. In fact, each successive step in the clinical procedure is built upon the technical quality of the preceding step. However, modifications of the access preparation and especially the working length should be checked, rechecked, and modified as the clinical situation dictates. This chapter provides current and evidence-based information on three significantly important steps of the endodontic procedure.
AZD6244 (ARRY-142886), a Potent and Selective MEK1/2 Inhibitor Blocks the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway, Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation and Activation in Multiple Myeloma: Clinical Implications.

Multiple myeloma (MM)-associated bone disease is caused by upregulation of osteoclast (OCL) activity and constitutive inhibition of osteoblast function. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) MAP kinase pathway contributes to cytokine-induced OCL differentiation and maturation. We hypothesized that inhibition of ERK1/2 could prevent OCL differentiation and downregulate OCL function. Here we investigate the effects of AZD6244, which blocks the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway via direct inhibition of MEK1/2, on OCL in MM. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors (n=3) and MM patients (n=11) were harvested and stimulated with RANKL (50ng/ml) and M-CSF (25ng/ml) for 2 weeks to induce OCL formation, in the presence or absence of AZD6244. OCL characteristics were measured by flow cytometric analysis of anti-alphaVbeta3 integrin expression. AZD6244 inhibited OCL differentiation in a dose-dependent manner (n=11, median control: 77.4% at 0 uM; 77% at 0.02 uM; 54% at 0.2 uM; 53% at 2 uM; 38% at 5 uM; 29% at 10 uM). TRAP staining (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) was performed to identify OCL and to confirm activity. Importantly, AZD6244 inhibited OCL in a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by a marked loss of TRAP+ cells. To assess bone resorption activity, OCL were cultured with dentine discs in the presence or absence of AZD6244, followed by the measurement of soluble collagen I fragments in the supernatant. AZD6244 inhibited bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner. We next asked whether AZD6244 affects mature OCL. Mature OCL were induced by cytokine stimulation for 2 weeks and then AZD6244 was added for 3 days, followed by flow cytometric analysis. AZD6244 had no effect on total number of alphaVbeta3 integrin-expressing mature OCL (n=6). Two major myeloma growth and survival factors produced by OCL, B-cell activation factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), were measured in OCL culture supernatants by ELISA. AZD6244 significantly inhibited secretion of BAFF and APRIL. In addition, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1alpha), an important OCL differentiation factor and MM survival factor, was inhibited. These results indicate that AZD6244 inhibits OCL differentiation induced by M-CSF and RANKL, leading to reduced bone resorption activity. Moreover, AZD6244 downregulates MIP-1alpha and BAFF, APRIL secretion by OCL, which could inhibit MM cell survival in the bone marrow microenvironment. We have also demonstrated that AZD6244 inhibits proliferation and survival of human MM cell lines, either sensitive or resistant to conventional chemotherapy, as well as freshly isolated patient MM cells (Abstract #553572 and #553605, ASH 2006). In conclusion, the present study provides a preclinical rationale for the evaluation of AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) as a potential new therapy for patients with MM.
MEASUREMENTS OF STRATOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR USING A FROST-POINT HYGROMETER

A balloon-borne frost-point hygrometer has been used to measure the vertical distribution of water vapor in the stratosphere. The measurements which were begun in 1964 now cover a period of more than a decade and constitute the longest time series of stratospheric water vapor measurements available. The data provide a basis for assessing the natural concentration and its variability. A model of the annual variation of water vapor mixing ratio in the midlatitude stratosphere is presented. Measurements during 1979 show the stratospheric mixing ratio to be generally in the range of 2 to 3 ppm (mass) with an average concentration of 2.5 ppm. The frost-point hygrometer instrumentation is discussed.
Evaluating highway public-private partnerships: Evidence from U.S. value for money studies

Abstract This paper examines the state of practice used in the value for money (VfM) analysis of highway projects in the United States. Based on direct contact with public transportation agencies and the search of project websites, seven VfM studies were selected for a comparative analysis. The paper finds that the choice of public sector comparator (PSC) model varied from one study to another, which is driven by agency experience. The risks transferred from employing the public-private partnership (P3) model are closely related to the choice of repayment schemes. Discount rates used in practice are similar across studies despite wide-ranging debates over appropriate rates in the literature. VfM studies show the advantages of agency municipal bonds are reduced when favorable borrowing rates are available to private partners. The paper lastly examines reasons why agencies chose not to deliver projects as P3s based on VfM studies.
The ESCRT-III pathway facilitates cardiomyocyte release of cBIN1-containing microparticles

Microparticles (MPs) are cell-cell communication vesicles derived from the cell surface plasma membrane, although they are not known to originate from cardiac ventricular muscle. In ventricular cardiomyocytes, the membrane deformation protein cardiac bridging integrator 1 (cBIN1 or BIN1+13+17) creates transverse-tubule (t-tubule) membrane microfolds, which facilitate ion channel trafficking and modulate local ionic concentrations. The microfold-generated microdomains continuously reorganize, adapting in response to stress to modulate the calcium signaling apparatus. We explored the possibility that cBIN1-microfolds are externally released from cardiomyocytes. Using electron microscopy imaging with immunogold labeling, we found in mouse plasma that cBIN1 exists in membrane vesicles about 200 nm in size, which is consistent with the size of MPs. In mice with cardiac-specific heterozygous Bin1 deletion, flow cytometry identified 47% less cBIN1-MPs in plasma, supporting cardiac origin. Cardiac release was also evidenced by the detection of cBIN1-MPs in medium bathing a pure population of isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes. In human plasma, osmotic shock increased cBIN1 detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and cBIN1 level decreased in humans with heart failure, a condition with reduced cardiac muscle cBIN1, both of which support cBIN1 release in MPs from human hearts. Exploring putative mechanisms of MP release, we found that the membrane fission complex endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-III subunit charged multivesicular body protein 4B (CHMP4B) colocalizes and coimmunoprecipitates with cBIN1, an interaction enhanced by actin stabilization. In HeLa cells with cBIN1 overexpression, knockdown of CHMP4B reduced the release of cBIN1-MPs. Using truncation mutants, we identified that the N-terminal BAR (N-BAR) domain in cBIN1 is required for CHMP4B binding and MP release. This study links the BAR protein superfamily to the ESCRT pathway for MP biogenesis in mammalian cardiac ventricular cells, identifying elements of a pathway by which cytoplasmic cBIN1 is released into blood.
Suicidal Behaviors in Military and Veteran Populations: Risk Factors and Strategies for Prevention and Intervention

Over the past decade, suicide rates in the US Armed Forces have increased substantially, prompting considerable efforts to address this devastating public health concern. The effects of a suicide can echo through families, unit members, and the military community. Better understanding of the epidemiology of suicidality among soldiers, and increased ability to identify factors that predict or protect from suicidal thoughts and behaviors, have important implications for risk assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment planning. However, these phenomena have multiple determinants, and the interactions among preexisting vulnerabilities, stressors, and protective factors are complex. This chapter briefly summarizes suicidal behaviors among military servicemembers and veterans, including epidemiology and history, risk and protective factors, and prevention and treatment. Recent findings from the Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers-Longitudinal Study (STARRS-LS), the largest and most comprehensive study of mental health risk and resilience ever conducted in the US Army, are highlighted as an important step in improving the ability of organizations, policymakers, and health-care professionals to respond to this significant public health issue.
Generating Stereodiversity: Diastereoselective Fluorination and Highly Diastereoselective Epimerization of α-Amino Acid Building Blocks.

Diastereoselective fluorination of N-Boc (R)- and (S)-2,2-dimethyl-4-((arylsulfonyl)methyl)oxazolidines and a previously unknown diastereoselective epimerization at the fluorine-bearing carbon atom α to the sulfone was realized. Diastereoselectivities of both reactions were excellent for benzothiazolyl sulfones, allowing access to two enantiomerically pure diastereomers from one chiral precursor. To demonstrate synthetic utility, the benzothiazolyl sulfones were converted to diastereomerically pure (S,S)- and (R,S)-benzyl sulfones via sulfinate salts and to amino acids. To understand the diastereoselectivities, DFT analysis was performed.
Developing Infrastructures for Economic Progress, Market Development, and Entrepreneurship

Infrastructure development is a necessary condition for economic development, which leads to expansion of macro markets and creates a better quality of life. However, infrastructure development is a neglected topic. This chapter articulates two strategic orientations, that is, industrial orientation and export–import orientation, the former is critical and developing countries must use such an orientation for positive results. However, conditions in many countries are forcing them to be more export–import oriented with questionable results.
A novel method for the prediction of focal wavefront origins in cardiac arrhythmias.

Abstract Background Current techniques for mapping and ablating cardiac arrhythmias are valuable, but have limitations. We devised a novel method of predicting the origin of a focal arrhythmia wavefront that utilizes conduction velocity (CV), the difference in electrogram timing during arrhythmia (t), and the distance between two points (z) to generate prediction curves which can be applied to an electroanatomic map. The intersection of two such curves predicts the origin of the wavefront. Objective To describe the rationale behind a novel method of arrhythmia mapping and assess its feasibility in a retrospective study of focal arrhythmias. Methods We retrospectively studied 12 patients with arrhythmias with focal chamber activation that were successfully mapped and treated with ablation. CV during arrhythmia was measured using electroanatomic mapping software. Values for z and t were calculated for two pairs of points. Two prediction curves were generated and superimposed onto the electroanatomic maps. The distance between the intersection of the two curves and the wavefront origin was recorded. The shortest distance between individual curves and the wavefront origin was also measured. Results Twenty-four curves were successfully generated in 12 patients. The distance from the intersection of two curves and the wavefront origin was 9.2 ± 7.7 mm. The shortest distance between individual prediction curves and the wavefront origin was 5.2 ± 5.2 mm. Conclusions Wavefront origins may be predicted by a novel method utilizing a limited number of measurements. Further study of this method requires its integration with an electroanatomical mapping system.
Aviation/Aerospace Forecast 2005: Industry and Employment Outlook

This paper briefly examines the current economic status of the aviation/ aerospace industry, its projected growth to the year 2005, and the prospects for different aviation-related careers during the next decade. Since 1960, the industry has faced a series of boom and bust cycles. As a result of programs to severely cut airline costs, a healthy economy, and continued airline traffic growth, the financial picture for the industry in the decade ahead looks better than it has since 1989, although not all analysts agree on the scope and profitability of that growth. These industry changes, coupled with technological advances, will alter the industry and its workforce requirements. New scientific and management skills will be required. Finally, the paper examines the anticipated demand for personnel in various aviation/aerospace fields from 1995 to 2005.
Rooting Response of Photinia × fraseri Dress ‘Birmingham’ to 25 Carrier and Carrier Plus IBA Formulations

Abstract Twenty-five carriers (solvents) either separately or in combination with IBA were tested for effectiveness in promoting rooting of Photinia × fraseri ‘Birmingham’, Fraser photinia. Maximum...
Multiple-trait restricted maximum likelihood for simulated measures of ovulation rate with underlying multivariate normal distributions.

A data set that was used to estimate covariance components with REML for an animal model with eight measures of ovulation rate treated as separate traits was used as a template to simulate data sets of eight multivari- ate normal traits that were then truncated to binomial traits. The model for simulation included eight measures on 610 animals with 1,071 animals in the numerator relationship matrix. Heritabili- ties were equal for the eight measures, and both genetic and phenotypic correlations among the measures were equal. Ten replications for each combination of heritability C15, .25, and .35) and genetic correlation (.50, .6& and .901 were simu- lated on the normal scale. For each replicate, estimates of the eight heritabilities and 28 genetic correlations were obtained by multiple-trait REML. The usual transformation of heritability estimated on the binomial scale overestimated heritability on the normal scale. Genetic correla- tions on the binomial scale seriously underesti- mated the correlations on the normal scale. Standard errors of the estimates obtained by replication were somewhat larger than the ap- proximate SE from REMLPK (the multitrait REML program of K. Meyer). A final set of 10 simulated replications with heritability of .25 and genetic correlation of 1.00 resulted in average estimates of .18 for heritability and of .66 for genetic correlation that agree closely with those from the analysis of measures of ovulation at eight estrous cycles used as a template; averages for heritabil- ity of .l6 and for genetic correlation of .66 were obtained .
Refining information systems competencies: the role of big data analytics resilience in organisational learning

Information systems competencies (ISC) have been an important area of inquiry for both business managers and academicians. It is now widely believed that in order to achieve sustainable business advantages, a firm must be able to renew IS competencies. Although the literature has discussed the importance of organisational learning (OL), there is not much known about how organisational learning renews IS competencies. Less is known about big data analytics resilience in information system competencies (BDARISC) and the organisation's ability to recover from lost information. In this research, we take a step in this direction and analyse the relationship of organisational learning on IS competencies for business advantages and investigate IS infrastructure flexibility, expertise, trust relationships, business performance and big data analytics resilience.
Genetics of the Human Interferon Lambda Region.

Humans are polymorphic in their ability to produce type-III interferons. Most individuals of African ancestry are genetically capable of generating all 4 type-III interferons (IFN-λ1, 2, 3, and 4),...
Three-dimensional flow dynamics and mixing in a gas-centered liquid-swirl coaxial injector at supercritical pressure

Three-dimensional flow dynamics and mixing in a gas-centered liquid-swirl coaxial injector at supercritical pressure is numerically studied using the large-eddy-simulation technique. In this class of injectors, typical of liquid-fueled propulsion engines, high-temperature gaseous oxygen (GOX) is axially delivered into the center tube and kerosene is tangentially injected through discrete orifices into the coaxial annulus. The operating conditions and geometry mimic those of the main injector elements used in staged-combustion propulsion engines. The present work details the full three-dimensional flow evolution over the entire injector configuration, including axial and circumferential dynamics that are essential for small-scale mixing between GOX and kerosene. Various key flow structures and instability mechanisms in the injector, including axial and azimuthal shear-layer instabilities, secondary instabilities (baroclinic torque and volume dilatation), centrifugal instability, flow recirculation, and acoustic motion, are identified. The significance of these instability mechanisms is explored in the context of streamwise and azimuthal vorticity transport. The GOX core is found to exhibit a hexagonal shape, mainly due to the interactions of vortex rings detached from the center post and coaxial annulus. For comparison, a cylindrical sector of the configuration is also simulated. The results of the present study will support the design and development of high-performance injectors for future propulsion applications.
Optimized Ring Closing Metathesis Reaction Conditions To Suppress Desallyl Side Products in the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides Involving Tyrosine( O -allyl).

We are exploring constraining aromatic residues in the kappa opioid receptor selective antagonist arodyn (Ac[Phe1,2,3,Arg4,d-Ala8]dynorphin A(1-11)-NH2) by ring closing metathesis (RCM) involving t...
Exploiting Solved Genomes of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes to Understand Parasitism

Abstract The growing portfolio of sequenced plant-parasitic nematodes genomes is helping to drive the research agenda for the discipline of plant nematology. Comparative genomics has confirmed much of what had been deduced from expressed sequence tag sequencing, and expanded our understanding of the extent of horizontal gene transfer as a source of novelty during the evolution of parasitism. Full catalogues have been annotated for various phytolytic and other enzymes, and the evolutionary history of those genes deduced. Beyond these direct analyses, the genome sequences serve to underpin genetic, biochemical and physiological approaches, and we suspect that this will prove to be an invaluable legacy of genome sequencing.
Should Loss of Appetite Be Palliated in Patients with Advanced Cancer

OPINION STATEMENT Loss of appetite is common among patients with advanced cancer. However, it remains controversial how, when, and if to palliate this symptom. Here, we provide an update on recent as well as past literature to address the question of whether loss of appetite should be palliated in patients with advanced cancer. In our opinion-and as discussed here-we believe that this symptom should be palliated, although perhaps not always with pharmacologic interventions.
Scandal-ridden campaigns: the relationship between cognitive load and candidate evaluation

Scandal has been shown to affect politicians’ fortunes in inconsistent ways, with some suffering severe consequences from the voters while others are able to weather multiple scandals with seemingl...
Liquid–Liquid Demonstrations: Spinodal Decomposition

Under most conditions, a liquid mixture does not have long-range structural order and may be considered to be a homogeneous collection of molecules in random motion. However, if a single-phase critical mixture of a partially miscible liquid–liquid system is subjected to a small temperature jump into the two-phase region, then structural coherence across macroscopic distances can form in the liquid. The process is called spinodal decomposition and results because the temperature jump has made the entire sample thermodynamically unstable. This process is fundamentally different from the more typical phase-separation mechanism of nucleation and growth, which involves localized droplet formation. Here, a benchtop setup is described for showing students a critical isobutyric acid + water mixture undergoing spinodal decomposition using only ambient cooling and a low-power laser. When structural order within the phase-separating sample reaches the micron scale, students see a diffraction ring pattern formed by the transmitted laser. The pattern persists for up to 30 s, and students can use Bragg’s law to estimate the size of structural order within the liquid mixture. The critical temperature of the isobutyric acid + water sample is just above room temperature, so the experiment is easily repeated. Preparation of a four-phase immiscible liquid mixture is also described; when this mixture is vigorously shaken, the resulting emulsion separates in a manner visually analogous to spinodal decomposition.
The New Trend: The Word Plus the Image

This chapter discusses the new trend of co-use of words and images in digitally-mediated text as well as its impact on our cognition. The function of the left and right hemispheres of the brain is first reviewed. Next, how images are processed, compared to words, is reviewed. Reading words recruits different neural networks than those of “reading” images. Literacy acquisition changes neuronal pathways in the brain, as evidenced by the research findings of pre-literate and literate subjects. Based on the suggestive evidence, script relativity is revisited and highlighted. Research evidence from the comparison of image processing and word processing as well as the comparison of how literate and illiterate subjects process objects and faces indirectly support script relativity.
Radiation-Induced Skin Dermatitis: Treatment With CamWell® Herb to Soothe® Cream in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer Receiving Radiation Therapy.

Background Radiation-induced skin dermatitis (RISD) is a common outcome experienced by adult patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) who have undergone radiation therapy. There is no standardized recommended agent for the prevention or management of RISD. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate for effectiveness of a botanical topical agent, CamWell® Herb to Soothe® cream, on RISD. Methods 112 patients with HNC undergoing radiation therapy self-reported their RISD topical skin care agent during treatment as standard of care, CamWell used prophylactically, or CamWell use started after the first week of treatment. The primary endpoint was impact of RISD on the patient, as measured by mean Skindex-16 score throughout treatment. Measures were completed weekly. Findings The mean Skindex score was statistically significantly lower for the prophylactic group than for the standard-of-care group. CamWell may have played a role in managing RISD when compared to standard-of-care agents.
Ultrasound in Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis and is increasing in prevalence with a large burden on the individual, society, and the health-care system. OA has traditionally been imaged with conventional radiography although this modality has several drawbacks including insensitivity to early/mild disease and change over time. Ultrasound provides a number of benefits over radiography while remaining accessible and relatively cost-effective, making it an attractive option for early and repeated imaging in this common disease.
Actin organization in the sea urchin egg cortex

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biochemical nature of the elastic element in the cortex. The discovery of two distinct assembly states of actin in the prefertilization cortex and the purification of numerous actin-associated proteins that are likely to regulate these cortical changes provide appropriate materials for future studies. The applications of cryofixation techniques and lowicryl embedding methods now allow the localization of the various actin-associated proteins as a function of time after fertilization. Such structural studies provide important clues regarding the possible involvement of these proteins in the fertilization-induced changes in actin organization in the sea urchin egg cortex.
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Mechanism with Imprecise Interatomic Potentials

In molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, atomic interaction is characterized by the interatomic potential energy as the input of simulation models. The interatomic potentials are derived experimentally or from first-principles calculations. Therefore they are inherently imprecise because of the measurement or model-form errors. In this work, a reliable molecular dynamics (R-MD) mechanism is developed to extend the predictive capability of MD given the input uncertainty. In R-MD, the locations and velocities of particles are not assumed to be precisely known as in traditional MD. Instead, they are represented as intervals in order to capture the input uncertainty associated with the atomistic model. The advantage of the new mechanism is the significant reduction of computational cost from traditional sensitivity analysis when assessing the effects of input uncertainty. A formalism of generalized interval is incorporated in R-MD, as an intrusive uncertainty quantification method, to model the propagation of uncertainty during the simulation. Error generating functions associated interatomic potentials are developed to capture the bounds of input variations.
Findings in gunshot wounds from tandem projectiles.

Tandem projectiles are unusual events which can cause erroneous case interpretations if one is unfamiliar with them. This paper presents two such cases. The first case involved three .32 caliber bullets, two of which became lodged in a revolver barrel because of faulty ammunition. A third fired bullet subsequently pushed itself and the lodged bullets out of the barrel resulting in a single entrance wound with three bullets in the body. The second case involved a 20 gauge shotgun shell which apparently was inadvertently loaded into a 12 gauge shotgun. This resulted in an unusual entrance wound and unusual X-rays with fragments of the 20 gauge shotgun shell, as well as 12 gauge shotgun shell wadding, being removed from the same wound. The pertinent findings in such cases are discussed so that they may be correctly identified when they occur.
Quantifying temperature-dependent T1 changes in cortical bone using ultrashort echo-time MRI

Purpose To demonstrate the feasibility of using ultrashort echo-time MRI to quantify T1 changes in cortical bone due to heating. Methods Variable flip-angle T1 mapping combined with 3D ultrashort echo-time imaging was used to measure T1 in cortical bone. A calibration experiment was performed to detect T1 changes with temperature in ex vivo cortical bone samples from a bovine femur. Ultrasound heating experiments were performed using an interstitial applicator in ex vivo bovine femur specimens, and heat-induced T1 changes were quantified. Results The calibration experiment demonstrated that T1 increases with temperature in cortical bone. We observed a linear relationship between temperature and T1 with a linear coefficient between 0.67 and 0.84 ms/°C over a range of 25–70°C. The ultrasound heating experiments showed increased T1 changes in the heated regions, and the relationship between the temperature changes and T1 changes was similar to that of the calibration. Conclusion We demonstrated a temperature dependence of T1 in ex vivo cortical bone using a variable flip-angle ultrashort echo-time T1 mapping method. Magn Reson Med 74:1548–1555, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS

Femtosecond laser ablation was investigated for direct solid sample chemical analysis. The phonon relaxation time in a solid is of the order of 100 fs, which is the same as the laser pulse duration. For such excitation, there should be little time for the matrix to experience a “temperature” during the laser pulse. If the surface explodes before the photon energy is dissipated as heat in the lattice, the ablation process should produce stoichiometric vapor (elemental fractionation should be negligible). Based on this hypothesis, NIST glasses were ablated using 100 fs laser pulses at 800 nm, with subsequent elemental analysis using the ICP-MS. Pb and U intensities, and Pb/U ratios in the ICP, were measured during repetitively femtosecond-pulsed ablation. These data show that fluence (laser energy/spot area) has a significant influence on the amount of mass ablated and on the degree of fractionation. An optimal fluence was found at which the fractionation index approached unity; negligible fractionation. Infrared femtosecond laser ablation produced similar characteristics to UV nanosecond laser ablation.
Practical quantitative solderability testing

Quantitative solderability testing is explored in all its aspects. The methods are discussed as well as the standardization problems and the limited usage in the electronics industry. The latest wetting balance test methods are discussed in detail. A practical, easy-to-use system is examined which can combine any wetting balance with an off-the-shelf computer to enhance the use of quantitative solderability testing in the incoming inspection environment. The resulting program utilizes an advanced interpretation technique which culminates in a single solderability number. This solderability number reflects all the known solderability mechanisms, allowing consistent decisions to be made about the overall solderability of a lead. The output of the system is data on buoyancy-correlated wetting time, wetting force at 2 s, the maximum withdrawal force minus the maximum wetting force (the delta kick force), and the calculated solderability number. >
Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: Tried and True

Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is a reliable procedure to treat primary osteoarthritis of the shoulder. The purpose of this review is to highlight the important discoveries regarding TSA, underscore its longevity, and compare its results with alternative reconstructive options. When comparing the results of TSA to hemiarthroplasty for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, the authors of numerous well-designed studies have found TSA to provide superior pain relief, function, and long-term survival. Cemented all-polyethylene glenoid components have excellent long-term survival, whereas metal-backed glenoid components have shown high rates of failure. TSA has stood the test of time and remains the gold standard treatment for glenohumeral arthritis.
Patient selection for lung volume reduction surgery.

Abstract LVRS represents a valid surgical option for a limited number of patients who have symptomatic emphysema. The results of recent controlled studies have provided a realistic view of LVRS outcomes and yielded a validated algorithm for selection of optimal candidates for surgery. Furthermore, the NETT has provided simultaneously collected cost data that have provided a unique view of the costs and benefits of LVRS in patients who have advanced emphysema. Additional data collection will better define the long-term benefits of such surgical intervention in patients who have COPD.
Effects of Freshwater and Nutrient Input on Chemical Concentrations in Spartina alterniflora (Loisel)

Spartina alterniflora (loisel) is critical to wetland structure, productivity, and vertical accretion in marshes worldwide. Previous studies along the Atlantic coast have addressed responses of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sodium (Na), and phosphorous (P) concentrations and ratios in S. alterniflora tissue to variation in salinity and nutrient availability, but data are lacking from Louisiana wetlands. Spartina alterniflora were collected from sites with a range of freshwater and nutrient availability along Louisiana’s coast and measured chemical contents in leaf tissue. The C/N ratios in leaf tissue of S. alterniflora in Louisiana were unaffected by salinity, but the researchers also failed to detect a relationship between Na and salinity. There was no evidence found of P limitation. These results indicate that Spartina alterniflora responds similarly on both coasts, but that salinity and nutrient availability differ between coasts.
Metabolic Responses of Aquatic Bacterial Populations to Selected Insecticides

: Indigenous bacterial populations from a fresh water reservoir were treated by adding five mg/1 Sevin or Malathion to the water at 23, 28, and 33 C. The degradation of Sevin was evidenced by the increased uptake of O2 as measured by Warburg manometry. The principal degradation product of Sevin, 1-naphthol, appeared to stimulate metabolic activity of these populations to the same extent as the parent compound. The addition of Malathion to this system appeared, on the other hand, to suppress metabolic activity to some degree. Warburg manometry was shown to be a useful, rapid method for detecting effects of insecticides on aquatic microbial populations.
Forest soils research and changing societal needs and values

Abstract The 10th North American Forest Soils Conference was held in Sault Ste. Marie, Canada, 20–24 July 2003. These conferences, held at 5-year intervals since 1958, are intended to provide a forum to discuss and summarize the state of knowledge on selected topics related to forest soils. Approximately 60 papers were presented on a variety of topics related to understanding and managing soils that support forests with particular emphasis given to field research, soil carbon, and site management/classification. We discuss the topics of this conference in relation to earlier ones and conclude that advances are made unevenly and that there is a need for new approaches to investigating many of the topics. We note the change in forest management that has occurred since the first of these conferences and the resulting changes needed in our approach to research and management. The need for interaction of scientists and clientele groups is noted as necessary for development of sound management and research policy. The interaction of scientific disciplines is needed to attack problems that have been difficult to elucidate. The challenge to forest soil scientists is to mesh their scientific interests with the needs of society to obtain the resources needed to advance science and provide information that will improve forest management.
A fresh and calculated look at U.S. teenagers: Examining the present to predict the future

In this paper a fresh look is taken at the teenage population in the U.S. In addition to reviewing a series of recent empirical studies on teenagers, a straightforward model whereby research findings pertaining to teenagers might be conceptualized and organized is presented. Ultimately, the model may be utilized not only to develop a better understanding of teens, but also to predict their behavior and derive sound economic strategy on behalf of the various organizations and institutions entrusted to serve and support this important segment of the population. Current cognitions and affect of U.S. teenagers and their parents are considered, as well as current and future teen behavior. As a unique and ever-changing segment of the population, teenagers are socially as well as economically significant, and warrant continued study and contemplation by a variety of public, private, for-profit, and not-for-profit firms, organizations, and/or institutions.
Bax suppresses tumorigenesis and stimulates apoptosis in vivo

The protein p53 is a key tumour-suppressor, as evidenced by its frequent inactivation in human cancers. Animal models have indicated that attenuation of p53-dependent cell death (apoptosis) can contribute to both the initiation and progression of cancer, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. Although p53-mediated transcriptional activation is one possible explanation, none of the known p53-responsive genes has been shown to function in p53-dependent apoptosis. Here we test the role of the death-promoting gene bax in a transgenic mouse brain tumour, a model in which p53-mediated apoptosis attenuates tumour growth. Inactivation of p53 causes a dramatic acceleration of tumour growth owing to a reduction in apoptosis of over ninety per cent. We show that p53-dependent expression of bax is induced in slow-growing apoptotic tumours. Moreover, tumour growth is accelerated and apoptosis drops by fifty per cent in Bax-deficient mice, indicating that it is required for a full p53-mediated response. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration that Bax acts as a tumour suppressor, and our findings indicate that Bax could be a component of the p53-mediated apoptotic response in this system.
Elastic lattice in a random potential

Using Monte Carlo simulations, we study the properties of an elastic triangular lattice subject to a random background potential. As the cooling rate is reduced, we observe a rather sudden crossover between two different glass phases, with exponential decay of translational correlations, the other with power-law decay. Contrary to predictions derived for continuum models, no evidence of a crossover in the mean-square displacement B(r) from the quadratic growth at small r to the logarithmic growth at large r is found. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
On the separation of quasi-Fermi levels and the boundary conditions for junction devices☆

Abstract A systematic treatment of quasi-Fermi levels and carrier densities for a forward biased junction is given. The separation of quasi-Fermi levels and boundary conditions at the edges of the space-charge region and the device terminals are clearly related to both the junction and applied voltages. Sufficient conditions for the well-known relation equating the separation of majority quasi-Fermi levels to the applied voltage are obtained. Generalized Fletcher boundary conditions valid for Fermi-Dirac statistics are given. The analysis is valid for all levels of injection. Extention of results to position-dependent band structure where electron affinity, band gap and the density of states vary with position are indicated.
Sexual Awareness Training for Counselors

An intensive weekend experience focuses on participants' sexual feelings, attitudes, and behavior in preparation for effective counseling.
Adsorption and reactions of C(6) hydrocarbons at high pressures on Pt(111) single-crystal surfaces studied by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy: mechanisms of isomerization and dehydrocyclization of n-hexane.

The adsorption geometries and surface reactions of various C6 hydrocarbons (n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 1-hexene) adsorbed on Pt(111) were investigated using sum frequency generation (SFG) surface vibrational spectroscopy. The adsorptions and reactions were carried out in 1.5 Torr of C6 hydrocarbons in the absence and presence of excess hydrogen (15 Torr) and in the temperature range 296−453 K. At 296 K and in the presence of excess hydrogen, n-hexane and 3-methylpentane adsorbed molecularly on Pt(111) mostly in “flat-lying” geometries. Upon heating the sample up to 453 K, the molecules underwent dehydrogenation to form new surface species in “standing-up” geometries, such as hexylidyne and metallacyclic species. However, 2-methylpentane and 1-hexene were dehydrogenated to metallacyclobutane and hexylidyne, respectively, at 296 K in the presence of excess hydrogen. The dehydrogenated species remained unreacted on the surface upon heating the sample up to 453 K. The absence of excess hy...
Ion cyclotron heating system design for BPX

Abstract The ion cyclotron heating system for the Burning Plasma Experiment (BPX) is required to deliver at least 20 MW of rf power to the plasma for pulse lengths of up to 15 s over a range of plasma operating conditions (e.g., average plasma densities from 0.5 × 1020 to 4.5 × 1020 m−3, toroidal fields from 5 to 8 T). Because of the high, reactor-like energy density in the fusion plasma, the antenna and first wall will be exposed to significantly higher thermal loads and disruption forces than present-generation antennas. The increased loads have a major influence on the design choices that are made. Calculations indicate that the antenna for BPX would survive the anticipated environment, but only with proper choice of materials and design.
H2-Calponin Dynamics and Function in Cytokinesis

H2-calponin (h2-CaP) is an actin filament-associated protein and plays a role in regulating cytoskeletal function such as phagocytosis, cell migration and cell division (Hossain et al., AJP Cell Physiol 284:C156-67,2003; Huang et al., JBC 283:25887-99, 2008). Our previous studies showed that the levels of h2-CaP affected the rate of cell proliferation. To understand the mechanisms, we investigated a hypothesis that regulated expression and degradation of h2-CaP is critical to the normal process of cytokinesis. Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopic studies showed that the levels of endogenous h2-CaP in NIH3T3 cells and HEK 293 cells decreased prior to cell division characterized by an absence in the F-actin-based contractile ring. GFP-fusion h2-calponin was constructed for dynamic studies in live cells. Control experiments using NIH3T3 cells and HEK 293 cells showed minimal difference between non-fusion and GFP-fusion h2-CaP in cytoskeleton association and effects on cell proliferation. A smooth muscle-originated cell line SM3 lacking endogenous calponin was transiently transfected with a GFP-h2-CaP expression plasmid and imaged using fluorescent microscopy at a series of time points. The results showed that 1) the level of h2-CaP decreased prior to cell division, especially at the site contractile ring; 2) the overall level of h2-CaP expression had an inverted correlation to the duration of cytokinesis; and 3) cells had high level transfective expression of h2-CaP could not complete cytokinesis, which was followed by cell death. The data suggest that h2-CaP is a factor regulating cytokinesis. This novel function of h2-CaP may be targeted to control cell proliferation during development, wound healing, inflammation, pathological remodeling, and tumor growth and metastasis.
Ionic rotational selection rules for (n + 1) resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization

We derive a selection rule for production of ionic rotational states in resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of diatomic molecules. This selection rule enables a separation of both the particular symmetry components of the ionic rovibronic state and the even (gerade) and odd (ungerade) partial wave components of the electronic continuum even in heteronuclear molecules. The extreme sensitivity of the ionic rotational spectra to the symmetry of states allows one to influence the population of ionic rotational states through careful choices of REMPI schemes.