cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Structural Bayesian Approach To Estimating Inter-Organizational Network Formation

Research on inter-organizational networks has extensively examined the determinants of network formation to understand the performance di fferentials among firms. Recent empirical studies that examine this question have used exponential random graphs models (ERGM) to account for the endogenous nature of networks, wherein prior ties influence future relationships established by organizations. In this study, we develop a structural model of network formation that generates exponential random graphs as strategic equilibrium. The advantage of structural modeling is that each parameter has an economic interpretation in addition to the statistical meaning, allowing us to understand fi rms' incentives to create, maintain and delete links. We estimate our model using a Bayesian approach that improves on existing methods by minimizing problems of degeneracy and convergence. An application to the co-investment network of venture capital fi rms in the medical device industry suggests that controlling for the endogenous network structure in equilibrium is crucial to provide a good fi t of real-world network data.
A SAR dataset for ATR development: the Synthetic and Measured Paired Labeled Experiment (SAMPLE)

The publicly-available Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) dataset has been an valuable tool in the development of SAR automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithms over the past two decades, leading to the achievement of excellent target classification results. However, because of the large number of possible sensor parameters, target configurations and environmental conditions, the SAR operating condition (OC) space is vast. This leads to the impossible task of collecting sufficient measured data to cover the entire OC space. Thus, synthetic data must be generated to augment measured datasets. The study of synthetic data fidelity with respect to classification tasks is a non-trivial task. To that end, we introduce the Synthetic and Measured Paired and Labeled Experiment (SAMPLE) dataset, which consists of SAR imagery from the MSTAR dataset and well-matched synthetic data. By matching target configurations and sensor parameters among the measured and synthetic data, the SAMPLE dataset is ideal for investigating the differences between measured and synthetic SAR imagery. In addition to the dataset, we propose four experimental designs challenging researchers to investigate the best ways to classify targets in measured SAR imagery given synthetic SAR training imagery.
Toward Understanding and Enhancing Novice Students' Mental Models in Computer Science

The CS1 classroom is filled with ideas that may be difficult for novice students. Flawed transfer and knowledge gaps appear in mistakes such as incorrect syntax. Students may recognize core ideas while details confuse them. Students must work through these problems to grow, but instructor intervention can assist appropriate restructuring of their mental models.Student inquiries and submissions may exhibit misconceptions. We can use this insight into student mental model inconsistencies to better understand these models and to specifically explore analogies as a tool for intervention. Novice students have no background, so analogies relying on the "real world" may make implementation details more memorable and thus programming more approachable. The use of analogies may help to improve an incorrect mental model. Analogy usage is not new to computer science, but use for basic constructs or with "smaller" errors is largely unexplored. I aim to develop a detailed, viable collection of CS1 analogies. A subset will be studied in the classroom, particularly focused on how delivery time affects value and concept retention. This can offer insight into the intervention's impact on a student's mental model long term.My goal is to illustrate a multifaceted view of understanding students' mental model development.
The City of Brockton's "Champion Plan": The Role of Police Departments in Facilitating Access to Treatment.

The City of Brockton (Massachusetts) initiated The Champion Plan (TCP) in February 2016 as part of a community-wide effort to redefine the public safety sector’s approach to policing the drug crisi...
Trade connections’ effect on European regions’ interest in Brexit:

The European Union’s deepening of international economic integration might be expected to correspondingly increase interest in policy (and news) related to trade partners. The United Kingdom’s with...
Study of the influence of structure parameters on sealing performance of radial lip seal

Aiming at the radial lip seal,new expressions of heat generation and pumping rate with rotational rate and wringing force are deduced from the simplified 2-D model considering the relationship of wringing force and contact width,and the influence of structure parameters on the sealing performance is studied.The results show that there is good consistency between the calculated data and the existing experimental data.The lip deformation and contact width will be determined by the structure parameters,such as the lip angles of both sides,the thickness of lip and the shaft diameter,which will affect the sealing performance.The effect of the angle of air side on wringing force is more important,while the effect of the angle of oil side on pumping rate is more obvious.It is not conducive to promote pumping rate with the lip thickness increasing,as it will lead to an even pressure distribution.With the increase of shaft diameter,the wringing force,heat generation and pumping rate will rise.
Trends in Hospital-Based Specialty Palliative Care in the United States From 2013 to 2017.

Importance Although palliative care (PC) historically focused on patients with cancer and those near the end of life, evidence increasingly demonstrates a benefit to patients with a broad range of serious illnesses and to those earlier in their illness. The field of PC has expanded and evolved rapidly, resulting in a need to characterize practice over time to understand whether it reflects evolving evidence and guidelines. Objective To characterize current practice and trends among patients cared for and outcomes achieved by inpatient specialty PC services in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study was performed from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2017, at 88 US hospitals in which PC teams voluntarily participate in the Palliative Care Quality Network (PCQN), a national quality improvement collaborative. A total of 135 197 patients were referred to PCQN teams during the study period. Initial analyses of the study data were conducted from March 3 to March 21, 2018. Exposure Inpatient PC consultation. Main Outcomes and Measures A total of 23 standardized data elements collected by PCQN teams that provided information about the characteristics of referred patients, including age, sex, Palliative Performance Scale score, and primary diagnosis leading to PC consult; reason(s) given for the consultation; and processes of care provided by the PC team, including disciplines involved, number of family meetings held, advance care planning documentation completed, and screened for and intervened on needs. Results A total of 135 197 patients were referred to inpatient PC (51.0% female; mean age, 71.3 years [range, 57.8-82.5 years]) and were significantly debilitated (mean Palliative Performance Scale score, 34.7%; range, 14.9%-56.8%). Cancer was the most common primary diagnosis (32.0%; range, 11.3%-93.9%), although rates decreased from 2013 to 2017 (odds ratio [OR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.79-0.91;P Conclusions and Relevance Inpatient PC teams cared for an increasing percentage of patients with diagnoses other than cancer and saw more patients discharged alive, consistent with guidelines recommending specialty PC for all patients with serious illness earlier in their illnesses. Most patients with symptoms improved quickly. Variation in practice and outcomes among PCQN members suggests that there are opportunities for further improvements in care.
Osteoarthritis and ACL Reconstruction—Myths and Risks

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common ligamentous injuries suffered by athletes participating in cutting sports. A common misperception is that ACL reconstruction can prevent osteoarthritis (OA). The goal of this paper is to review and discuss the contributing factors for the development of OA following ACL injury. There has been interesting new research related to ACL reconstruction. As understanding of knee biomechanics following ACL injury and reconstruction has changed over time, many surgeons have changed their surgical techniques to low anterior drilling to position their femoral tunnel in an attempt to place the ACL in a more anatomic position. Even with this change in the femoral tunnel position, 85% of knees following ACL reconstruction have abnormal tibial motion compared to contralateral non-injured knees. Studies have shown increases in inflammatory cytokines in the knee following ACL injury, and newer MRI sequences have allowed for earlier objective detection of degenerative changes to cartilage following injury. Recent studies have shown that injecting IL-1 receptor antagonist and corticosteroids can modulate the post-injury inflammatory cascade. ACL reconstruction does not prevent the development of OA but can improve knee kinematics and reduce secondary injury to the cartilage and meniscus. Advancements in imaging studies has allowed for earlier detection of degenerative changes in the knee, which has allowed researchers to study how new interventions can alter the course of degenerative change in the knee following ACL injury.
In-Hospital Mortality, Acute Kidney Injury, Length of Stay and Cost among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Related Cardiogenic Shock Complicated with Nosocomial Infections: Analysis of National Inpatient Sample Data

Purpose In-hospital mortality of patients with cardiogenic shock complicating ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI-CS) ranges from 30% to 50%. The impact of nosocomial infection(NI) is not well addressed in these patients. Methods We queried the 2005-2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to identify patients with STEMI-CS. Incidence of hospital-mortality, acute kidney injury (AKI), length of stay (LOS), cost of hospitalization and NI such as bloodstream infections due to central venous catheters (BI), bacteremia, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and clostridium difficile (CDI) infection among patients with and without mechanical circulatory support (MCS) use (intra-aortic balloon pump [IABP], Impella/TandemHeart [PVAD], and extra corporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]) were analyzed. Results We identified 172486 cases of STEMI-CS, of which 53% required MCS. Among STEMI-CS cases 6104 (3.5%) developed NI and 3977 cases required MCS. The rates of NI were increased among patients with MCS (p Conclusion NI are more frequent among patients with STEMI-CS requiring MCS and are associated with increased rates of AKI, LOS, and costs, but do not affect in-hospital mortality.
5 – THE PROPOSAL

Publisher Summary This chapter expounds on the scientist's ability to write a research proposal, which can be vital for obtaining a degree, getting a job, and advancing to higher positions. A scientist encounters two important kinds of proposals: the graduate research proposal and the grant proposal. Distinctions in the two exist because of different audiences, guidelines, and purposes, but both require similar planning, composition, and execution. The graduate proposal is a plan for the scientist and his committee to follow relative to the research objectives. The basic purpose in writing the grant proposal is to obtain funds to pursue certain research objectives. Developing skills in writing proposals is especially important for the young scientists. A graduate student proposal is not just a plan to follow; it is also a commitment to a departmental research program, to the graduate school, and to advisors. The same admonitions that are true for the graduate proposal are also true for the proposal to be sent to a granting agency. The audience is different and purposes may be motivated by the stage of career and by the desires of the granting agency. It is important to have a good idea and clarify thinking, planning, reading of background literature, and formulating of hypotheses and objectives to have appropriate content to put into a format.
Efficacy of proteasome inhibitor-based maintenance following autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION Lenalidomide maintenance, commonly prescribed in the postautologous transplantation (AHCT) setting for multiple myeloma (MM), is associated with development of secondary primary malignancies (SPM). Proteasome inhibitor maintenance (PIM) has also been evaluated in MM. We conduct a systematic review/meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of PIM in MM. METHODS Performing a comprehensive search of the medical literature using PubMed/Medline and EMBASE on September 11, 2019, we extracted data on clinical outcomes related to benefits (OS, PFS, and depth of hematologic response [DOHR]) and harms (SPM and adverse events). 2144 references were identified; three studies were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS A total of 1760 patients were included in the analysis; 507 patients received bortezomib and 395 received ixazomib maintenance. Control arms were either placebo (n = 261) or thalidomide (n = 358). PIM did not improve OS (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.73-1.05, P = .15) but improved PFS (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69-0.86, P ≤ .00001) and DOHR (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.98, P = .02) compared with control. There were no significant differences between PIM and control regarding SPM (p = NS) and ≥grade 3 peripheral neuropathy (PN) (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS PIM following AHCT in MM improves PFS and DOHR without an increase in development of SPM or severe PN compared with placebo/thalidomide.
Passive transfer of Steinernema riobrave entomopathogenic nematodes with potential implications for treatment of cattle fever tick-infested nilgai

The entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema riobrave is under evaluation for eradication of the southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus microplus infesting nilgai antelope, in South Texas. Previou...
Cosmetic injection techniques: a text and video guide to neurotoxins and fillers: edited by Theda C. Kontis and Victor G. Lacombe, New York, Thieme Publishing, 2019, $199.99 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-62623-457-4

This is the second edition of Cosmetic Injection Techniques, which is a practical, illustrated handbook focused on neurotoxins and facial fillers. It is a comprehensive, 210-page book that is equal...
The effect of SiO 2 particles on electrical properties of superhydrophobic antiflash coatings

In this paper, the effect of SiO2 particles on electrical properties of superhydrophobic antiflash coatings was studied, which electrical properties include, the volume resistivity (ρv), the electrical strength (UB), relative permittivity (er), and the dielectric dissipation factor (tanδ). This kind of superhydrophobic coating uses modified SiO2 and TiO2 particles to construct micro-nano composite structures on the surface of FEVE fluorocarbon resin, and its surface has superhydrophobic characteristics. The results show that, with the addition of 5um SiO2 content, ρv of the coating showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The amount of 20 nm SiO2 particles added has little effect on ρv. The content of 5um and 20 nm SiO2 has little influence on the UB of the coating. With the increase of 5um and 20 nm SiO2, er and the tangent of tanδ show an increasing trend. Compared with 5um SiO2, 20nm SiO2 has less influence on tanδ. The addition of 80nm SiO2 has obvious significantly adverse effects on the four electrical properties of the coating.
Opioid and/or Psychotropic Use Increases Intraprocedural Sedation Drug Requirements

Objectives Acute pain management in opioid users can be challenging in the perioperative period. This study focuses on whether use of opioids increases sedation medication requirements in patients undergoing port placement under moderate sedation. Materials and Methods A retrospective review was performed on all patients undergoing port placement between June 1, 2017, and June 30, 2019. Exclusion criteria included receiving general anesthesia, no sedation, and errors in data entry. Data collection included demographics, use of opioids, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, tobacco, alcohol, and sedation data. Results Opioid, benzodiazepine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) use was significantly associated with higher sedation drug dose requirements. Patients using opioids required 10.5% higher doses of midazolam compared with nonusers. Benzodiazepine users required 16.3% additional dosage of midazolam than nonusers. Finally, patients on SSRIs/SNRIs medications required 11.8% higher midazolam dosing when compared with nonusers. Conclusion Anticipating higher needs of sedation medications during procedures in patients with history of psychotropic agents use can allow for more effective sedation and patient satisfaction. More patient and provider awareness is needed on this topic, as health care policy is moving toward value-based healthcare, with patient satisfaction surveys being one of its indicators.
Telecom Spin-Photon Quantum Interface Based on Silicon Nanophotonics

We develop a telecom-band nanophotonic spin-photon interface with erbium dopants in silicon. We perform photoluminescence spectroscopy of Er3+ in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers and measure Purcell enhancement, optical linewidths and transition dipoles in nanophotonic cavities.
Uncovering non-random sequence patterns within intrinsically disordered proteins

Intrinsically disordered proteins / regions (IDPs / IDRs) pose unique challenges for deriving sequence-function relationships from multiple sequence alignments. These challenges arise from variations in sequence lengths, similarities, and identities across orthologs. Recent computational efforts have demonstrated the utility of comparing large numbers of distinct sequence features as a strategy to identify conserved sequence-function relationships in IDPs / IDRs. Inspired by these efforts, and by biophysical studies that have established the importance of binary patterning features in IDPs / IDRs, we present here a computational method, NARDINI (Non-random Arrangement of Residues in Disordered Regions Inferred using Numerical Intermixing), to uncover truly non-random binary patterns within disordered proteins / regions. Binary patterns refer to the linear clustering or dispersion of specific residues or residue types with respect to all other residues or specific types of residues. Our approach does not use, nor does it require sequence alignments. Instead for each IDR, we generate an ensemble of scrambled sequences and use this to set up expectations from a composition-specific null model for the patterning parameters of interest. We annotate each IDR in terms of pattern-specific z-score matrices by computing how specific patterns deviate from the null model. The z-scores help in identifying the non-random linear sequence patterns within an IDR. We tested the accuracy of NARDINI derived z-scores by assessing the ability to identify sequence patterns that have been identified as determinants of sequence-function relationships in specific IDPs / IDRs.
The Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Among Nursing Home Residents With ADRD: Does Race Matter?

Objective To examine racial differences in the frequency of schizophrenia diagnosis codes used among nursing home (NH) residents with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD), pre and post the implementation of public reporting of antipsychotic use in NHs. Methods The 2011-2017 Minimum Data Set and Medicare Master Beneficiary Summary File were linked. We identified long-stay NH residents (i.e., those who had quarterly or annual assessments) with ADRD aged 55 years and older (N = 7,734,348). Outcome variable was defined as the diagnosis of schizophrenia documented in the MDS assessments. Main variables of interest included individual race (black versus white), the percent of blacks in a NH and time trend. Multivariate regressions were estimated. Results The frequency of schizophrenia diagnosis codes among NH residents with ADRD steadily increased over the study period, and blacks experienced a greater increase than their white counterparts. For example, the overall likelihood of having schizophrenia diagnosis increased 1.9 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.019, 0.020, p Conclusion Following the implementation of public reporting of antipsychotic use in NH, black residents experienced a greater increase in the likelihood of having schizophrenia diagnosis than white NH residents. NHs with a higher proportion of blacks had a greater increase in schizophrenia diagnosis, and blacks experienced an increased likelihood of schizophrenia diagnosis than whites within a NH. Further research is needed to determine a causal relationship between the federal policy mandating public reporting and disparities in schizophrenia diagnostic coding.
Rare Subtypes of Extranodal T-Cell Lymphoma

The extranodal T-cell lymphomas comprise approximately 10 % of aggressive T-cell lymphomas. Defined largely by their tissue trophism, these disorders have generally been associated with a poor outcome after conventional therapeutic approaches. The panniculitis-like T-cell lymphomas may be associated with inflammatory panniculitis or autoimmune disorders and often have an excellent prognosis, while the gamma delta cytotoxic T-cell lymphomas of the skin have a poor outcome. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphomas are often associated with isochromosome 7q and have been associated with immunosuppressive therapy, while the enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphomas are comprised of two morphologic types, one of which arises in the setting of celiac sprue. Treatments for these rare T-cell lymphomas are not well defined, but newer agents have shown promise.
Voice Identification Experts

This article examines United States v. Schiro, 679 F.3d 521 (7th Cir. 2012) and the issue of reliability of voice identification or "earwitness identification." Given that mistaken eyewitness identification is a major contributor to wrongful convictions, courts should instruct jurors of the frequency of voice identification mistakes. In addition, jurors should be educated as to factors that promote or detract from accuracy. Jurors should be instructed to examine identification testimony carefully.
Chapter 12 Mechano-Sensitive Ion Channels in Microbes and the Early Evolutionary Origin of Solvent Sensing

Publisher Summary Protozoans, yeast, and even bacteria all have one class of portals, the ion channels. It, therefore, appears that all cellular forms of life have ion channels. Ion channels are gated pores. A certain stimulus can increase the probability of a given channel being open. Such a stimulus (gating principle) can be an external ligand (e.g., acetylcholine for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor or channel), an internal second messenger (e.g., Ca 2+ for Ca 2+ -gated K + channel, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) for the cGMP-gated channel in the rod outer segment), or cross-membrane voltage. These classes of channels have been extensively studied and reviewed. Other ion channels have subsequently been found to be gated by guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins or by arachidonic acid. Last, but not least, is a class of channels that are gated by mechanical forces in the membrane. The activities of the last type of channels, those gated by mechanical forces, have been studied in the hair cells of the inner ear and in ciliated protozoans. The activities of individual stretch-activated channels were first demonstrated in chick skeletal muscle with a patch clamp. Since then, stretch-activated channels have been found in neurons, endothelial cells, blood cells, eggs, cultured plant cells, and guard cells, through patch-clamp examinations.
Empty Nose Syndrome

Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a rare, late complication of turbinate surgery. The most common clinical symptoms are paradoxical nasal obstruction, nasal dryness and crusting, and a persistent feeling of dyspnea. Little is known about the pathogenesis of ENS, though it is speculated that anatomical changes leading to alterations in local environment, disruption of mucosal cooling, and disruption of neurosensory mechanisms are strongly implicated. The diagnosis is clinical, though often difficult to make due to the poor correlation between subjective and objective findings. Medical therapies include mucosal humidification, irrigations, and emollients. Surgical therapy should be reserved for refractory cases and may involve turbinate reconstruction, most commonly using implantable biomaterials. Ultimately, prevention of this feared complication through turbinate-sparing techniques is essential.
System safety in computer-controlled automotive systems

In this paper, the author presents a summary of the state of the art in software system safety. The paper begins with a discussion on different types of accidents encountered in software systems. The role of software in accidents is covered, followed by a discussion on system safety. The author discuss the safeware methodology which extends the basic system safety engineering process to handle digital components and subsystems. The paper concludes with a description of an experimental design and development environment known as Specification Tools and Requirements Methodology (SpecTRM). The focus of SpecTRM is to support the design,implementation and maintenance of complex, safety-critical systems.
Resource Drain vs. Constitutive Circularity: Comparing the Gendered Effects of Post-Soviet Migration Patterns in Ukraine

While there is relatively little social science analysis of the impact of emigration on the sending country, the popular stories we tell about the effects of emigration on the sending tend to fall into two camps: positive and negative. Those who emphasize a mostly positive impact on the sending country see emigration as providing monetary remittances, a “release valve” for social tension due to overpopulation or unemployment, and a viable (sometimes state-driven) economic development strategy (Guarnizo 2003, Massey et al. 1998). Those who emphasize a mostly negative impact on the sending country see emigration as causing brain drain, a myriad of social problems, and challenges to the sending country’s national identity (see Fitzgerald 2009). Recently increased attention is being paid to the “homeland impact” of emigration.
The effects of stem I and loop A on the processing of 5 S rRNA from Drosophila melanogaster

The 135-nucleotide Drosophila melanogaster 5 S RNA precursor is processed by removal of 15 nucleotides from its 3' end before incorporation into the large ribosomal subunit. Mature 5 S RNA consists of five helical stem-loops; stem IV and part of V are dispensable, whereas stem III and the 1/118 G-C base pair closest to the processing site at nucleotide 120 are required for processing (Preiser, P., and Levinger, L. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7509-7516; Preiser, P., and Levinger, L. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23602-23605). We have investigated the effects of stem I and loop A transversions, transitions, selected additions and deletions on 5 S RNA processing. Stem I single substitutions generally prevent processing, whereas compensatory double substitutions restore a range of processing rates. Proximal to the processing site, stem I double substitutions inhibit processing. In the distal portion of stem I and loop A, the processing effect of paired sequence changes varies widely in an irregular pattern. The 7/112 GU pair and nucleotide 13A least tolerate sequence changes; several mutations clustered close to the stem I-loop A boundary stimulate processing. We interpret these results in terms of the RNA helix path and possible RNA-protein contacts.
Prediction of Environmental Pollutant Concentration

An accurate estimate of the environmental concentration of a chemical substance resulting from its manufacture, use, and disposal is essential to any organized hazard assessment program. This estimate of dose can then be used in combination with results from laboratory-derived toxicity tests to assess the associated risks to aquatic species. In following this approach, one must consider what the environment does to the pollutant rather than the reverse. Chemical transformations of a pollutant can take many routes, several of the more significant being ionization as typified by simple acid-base equilibria, hydrolysis, photolysis, microbial degradation, volatilization, and partitioning (sorption). In general, first-order equations can be used to estimate each of these reaction rates using expressions that involve a term for the aqueous concentration and a function of some property of the environment such as pH, turbulence, or microbial population size. These major processes are identifiable, experimentally manageable, and can be arranged easily into differential equations expressing the net rate of change under given conditions. By specifying realistic ranges of these environmental properties, an analysis of pollutant changes can be carried out for a wide variety of aquatic environments. Such evaluative models of environmental processes as they affect pollutant behavior have been used to model successfully the aqueous concentration and fate of several pesticide formulations. This approach is useful since it incorporates the dynamics of no real environment but is based on the properties of stylized environments for which we can mathematically specify rather than measure inputs. This modeling approach can ultimately be improved as better understanding of its underlying concepts develops and as our knowledge of environmental processes improves.
Ecological genomics of mutualism decline in nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Anthropogenic changes can influence mutualism evolution; however, the genomic regions underpinning mutualism that are most affected by environmental change are generally unknown, even in well-studied model mutualisms like the interaction between legumes and their nitrogen (N)-fixing rhizobia. Such genomic information can shed light on the agents and targets of selection maintaining cooperation in nature. We recently demonstrated that N-fertilization has caused an evolutionary decline in mutualistic partner quality in the rhizobia that form symbiosis with clover. Here, population genomic analyses of N-fertilized versus control rhizobium populations indicate that evolutionary differentiation at a key symbiosis gene region on the symbiotic plasmid (pSym) contributes to partner quality decline. Moreover, patterns of genetic variation at selected loci were consistent with recent positive selection within N-fertilized environments, suggesting that N-rich environments might select for less beneficial rhizobia. By studying the molecular population genomics of a natural bacterial population within a long-term ecological field experiment, we find that: (i) the N environment is indeed a potent selective force mediating mutualism evolution in this symbiosis, (ii) natural variation in rhizobium partner quality is mediated in part by key symbiosis genes on the symbiotic plasmid, and (iii) differentiation at selected genes occurred in the context of otherwise recombining genomes, resembling eukaryotic models of adaptation.
Sexual Abuse of Minors in Jamaica

ABSTRACT There have been a few anecdotal accounts in the local newspapers and otherwise relatively small sample studies of the problem in Jamaica in recent years by groups such as Jamaicans for Justice, the United Nations and faculty at the University of the West Indies. Although the child sexual abuse literature is dominated by the lens of American scholarship and these paradigmatic explanations of abuse are an ill-fit for the child sexual abuse victimizations in Jamaica, there are some transferable or universal standards of dignity which Jamaica is yet to embrace in law, policy, and practice in the care and protection of its children. This paper presents a brief description of the Jamaican cultural context in terms of those who sexually abuse minors, the typical victims of that abuse, and suggestions for preventing the abuse.
Hyperspectral imaging using RGB color for foodborne pathogen detection

This paper reports the development of a spectral reconstruction technique for predicting hyperspectral images from RGB color images and classifying food-borne pathogens in agar plates using reconstructed hyperspectral images. The six representative non-O157 Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) grown on Rainbow agar plates were used for the study. A line-scan pushbroom hyperspectral imaging spectrometer was used to scan full reflectance spectra of pure non-O157 STEC cultures in the visible and near-infrared spectral range from 400 to 1000 nm. RGB color images were generated by simulation from hyperspectral images. Polynomial multivariate least-squares regression analysis was used to reconstruct hyperspectral images from RGB color images. The mean R-squared value for hyperspectral image reconstruction was ∼0.98 in the spectral range between 400 and 700 nm for linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomial regression models. The accuracy of the hyperspectral image classification algorithm based on k-nearest neighbors algorithm of principal component scores was validated to be 92% with the test set (99% with the original hyperspectral images). The results of the study suggested that color-based hyperspectral imaging would be feasible without much loss of prediction accuracy compared to true hyperspectral imaging.
Speech modification by selective Fourier-Bessel series expansion of speech signals

Speech modification for voice disguising and spectrum modifying applications has been explored using a Fourier-Bessel series (FB) expansion of speech signals. With the approximately bandpass spectrum of the first order Bessel functions, the FB expansion coefficients may be altered and the expansion may be truncated to yield a desired speech quality in the modified speech. Results demonstrate that reasonable quality of altered speech at low bit rate coding can be achieved.
Evaluation and Supervision of Co-Teaching: A Study of Administrator Practices in New Jersey.

With the continuing increase of inclusive education in our public school classrooms today, there is a great deal of interest in co-teaching teams. Research indicates that administrative support is ...
COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY ASPECTS IN BOUNDARY ELEMENT BASED STRUCTURAL SHAPE OPTIMIZATION

Abstract The paper examines the use of boundary element methods in optimal shape synthesis from the standpoint of an integrated formulation. A set of linear equations obtained from the boundary element analysis are treated as equality constraints in the mathematical programming optimization problem. Requirements of computational efficiency mandate the inclusion of grid refinement and grid adaptation in boundary element analysis, which in the present formulation is treated as a nested optimization problem. Two strategies for the solution of this optimization problem, one based on a variational approach and another employing non-linear programming methods, are presented in the paper. The use of non-linear programming methods in grid definition allows greater flexibility in selecting the form and relative importance of criteria employed for grid adaptation and refinement.
Quantum-diffractive background gas collisions in atom-trap heating and loss

We derive a simple formula for the heating rate that arises from quantum-diffractive background gas collisions in atom traps. This result appears to explain the residual heating rates reported for recent experiments with a Cs vapor-loaded, far-detuned optical trap at $\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ Torr [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5768 (1998)]. Diffractive collisions may determine the minimum heating rates achievable in shallow all-optical or magnetic atom traps operating at low temperature and high density.
Factors affecting infiltration and recharge in a loess covered basin

Abstract Hydrographs of shallow piezometers installed in a basin overlain primarily by loess reveal that water infiltrating and percolating through the loess recharges ground water. Local gravity ground-water flow systems adjacent to some intermittent streams thereby are established. Relief on the water table is at a maximum during late winter or spring but decreases steadily through the summer when dry weather and maximal evapotranspiration minimize recharge. Several factors make the loess more or less susceptible to infiltration and percolation. Among the more important are cultivation practices and type of crop grown. Smooth, heavily worked surfaces (commonly planted in winter wheat) appear to act as a major limitation to infiltration capacity. Soil moisture concomitantly is low beneath such surfaces. Root mats developed beneath grassy surfaces provide optimal conditions for infiltration, and consequently for recharge. Measured infiltration capacities are often influenced by near vertical tubular openings extending to a depth of at least 30 feet in the loess. Tracer studies indicate that when sufficient water is available and when surficial infiltration capacity is sufficiently high to form a zone of positive pressure above these openings, they conduct water ahead of the saturation front. Water moves both downward in the openings and laterally into small rootlet holes in the matrix of the loess. By maximization of surface infiltration capacity it may be possible to utilize the tubular openings to induce groundwater recharge.
A simple laser alignment system for spinning disk aerosol generator

Abstract A cross laser beam system to center the liquid feed to the spinning disk in an aerosol generator is described. The system is simple, rapid, and can be constructed inexpensively.
Synthesis and Growth Kinetics of Carbon Nanocoils using Sn-Fe-O Xerogel Film Catalyst

Carbon nanocoils (CNCs) were synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition method using tin-iron-oxide (Sn-Fe-O) xerogel film catalyst. The Sn-Fe-O catalyst was prepared by a low-cost sol–gel method using stannous acetate and ferric acetate as precursors. The growth kinetics of CNCs were monitored by a thermogravimetric analyzer, and the experimental result was correlated using one-dimensional tip growth kinetic model. The kinetic model consists of three steps: (1) dissociative chemisorption of acetylene and formation of encapsulating carbon on a leading face of the catalyst, (2) diffusion and reduction of Sn-Fe-O catalyst in bulk structure, and (3) carbon cluster nucleation on a tailing face of the catalyst.
Naloxone effects on a nociceptive response of hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized mice.

Abstract Naloxone (1 and 3 mg/kg) or saline was administered to adrenalectomized, sham-adrenalectomized, hypophysectomized, and sham-hypophysectomized mice prior to placing them on a 55° C hot plate. Naloxone reduced the jump latency of the adrenalectomized, sham-adrenalectomized, and sham-hypophysectomized mice, but did not reduce the jump latency of hypophysectomized mice. Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy per se did not significantly affect the jump latency. These results indicate that the pituitary is necessary for naloxone to reduce the escape latency of mice on the hot plate. The possibility of a hyperalgesic factor is suggested.
Comment on the paper “Exafs measurements on Nb3Ge thin films” by G.S. Brown et al.

Abstract Brown et al. have reported recently that Nb 3 Ge specimens showing superconducting transition temperatures less than the maximum possible value contain a “quasi-amorphous phase”. We discuss the possibility that the lower values of T c of these specimens may be accounted for by the proximity effect due to these quasi-amorphous regions.
Cognitive Factors and Their Interaction with Instructional Mode.

Current thinking in education emphasizes the desirability of individualizing instruction in order to maximize "payoff" in terms of achievement, retention, and transfer of training. However, until recent years, educational research tended to deal largely with questions related to the significance of the differences between group mean scores. Aptitude-treatment-interaction (ATI) research, on the other hand, seeks to provide a basis for employing differential treatments in order to exploit the cognitive preferences displayed by different individuals for differing content or mode of instruction. The regression lines for TA and TB in Figure 1 illustrate the concept of maximizing outcome by making differential assignments on the basis of some aptitude-variable score. The author was prompted to conduct the study described herein largely by the findings of one of his earlier investigations (Hancock, 1972). The
Body-Image Disturbances and Bulimia Nervosa: An Empirical Analysis of Recent Revisions of the DSM-III

In the recent revision of the DSM-III, the diagnosis of “bulimia nervosa” includes the criterion of “persistent overconcern with body shape and weight,” which may be conceptualized as a form of body-image disturbance. The new diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa include only those who exhibit a binge-purge eating patern, excluding binge-eaters who, in the older DSM-III, receive a diagnosis of bulimia. This study was conducted to investigate body-image disturbances in bulimia nervosa and simple bulimia (i.e., binge-eating without purging). The experimental design included two control groups, obese and normal subjects, in order to determine whether the binge-eater had body-image disturbances different form those of normal and overweight samples. The study evaluated 596 subjects (417 normals, 109 bulimia nervosa subjects, 50 binge-eaters, and 30 obese subjects) in terms of perception of current body size and selection of ideal body size. Results indicated that the bulimia nervosa group selected a current body size larger than that selected by normals and an ideal body size smaller than that chosen by normals. However, bingeeaters did not differ from the obese control group on either current or ideal body size. These results are discussed in terms of the recent debate regarding the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa and sociocultural influences upon body-image disturbances.
Enrichment of PHA transformed lymphocytes in samples containing mixed populations

A dextran density gradient centrifugation method has been used to separate PHA transformed lymphocytes from nontransformed lymphocytes obtained from rat blood. Fifty-four percent of the transformed lymphocytes were recovered in the fraction at a density of 1.0620 g/ml. Eighty-five percent of the cells in this fraction were transformed cells while the remainder were non-transformed lymphocytes.
Comparison of open with laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: a single institution's transition over a 7-year period.

Objectives Many studies have shown laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) to have benefits over open distal pancreatectomy (ODP). This institution made a unique abrupt transition from an exclusively open approach to a preference for the laparoscopic technique. This study aimed to compare outcomes in patients undergoing LDP and ODP, respectively, over the period of transition.
The Role of Activated Protein C Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Venous Thrombosis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common cardiovascular disease in the United States. VTE is usually a consequence of either acquired or inherited alterations in hemostatic regulatory proteins. These regulatory proteins are predominantly those of the protein C/protein S natural anticoagulant pathway. Acquired deficiencies in this pathway are frequently a consequence of other clinical entities (eg, cancer, AIDS, and diabetes), while inherited deficiencies can be responsible for venous thrombosis in an otherwise healthy individual. The purpose of this article is to briefly describe the pathobiology of the anticoagulant protein system and to review the clinical implications of activated protein C resistance.
Self-Trapped Excitons in LH2 Antenna Complexes between 5 K and Ambient Temperature

High-spectral-resolution hole-burning and fluorescence line-narrowing spectra of excitons in LH2 complexes from the photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been investigated together with conventional broadband fluorescence spectra and their temperature dependence. The steady-state spectroscopy has been complemented by fluorescence lifetime measurements. The experimental results are discussed on the basis of the adiabatic Holstein exciton polaron model, modified by including diagonal disorder. As a result, a new interpretation for the LH2 antenna optical spectra is provided. The exciton when optically excited becomes localized after relaxation. The LH2 fluorescence is mainly due to self-trapped excitons not only at low temperature, as previously suggested (Timpmann, K.; Katiliene, Z.; Woodbury, N. W.; Freiberg, A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 12223), but also over the whole temperature range up to physiological temperatures because the self-trapped exciton binding energy is of the same...
Rate-dependent dissipation in type II superconductors in swept D.C. fields

Abstract Dissipative phenomenon in the mixed state of type II superconductors are reported, and explanations suggested.
The Development of Interpersonal Problem Solving among Elementary School Children

Abstract An experiment was undertaken to investigate developmental changes in interpersonal problem solving among elementary students (N = 81 boys and girls in kindergarten through sixth grade). Children were given a measure of interpersonal problem solving designed to measure both general and specific interpersonal problem solving skills. A multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to assess the effect of grade on the measures of interpersonal problem solving. There were a number of significant results. Specifically, older children were able to define problems more thoroughly, to generate more alternatives and consequences, and to select solutions that reflected more relevant perspectives. In addition, older children were significantly more likely to define problems psychologically and conceptually, to generate more satisfactory alternatives, and to emphasize more psychological consequences. Finally, they exhibited a greater degree of differentiation in generating alternative solu...
Local heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics for airflow oblique or normal to a square plate

Abstract Wind tunnel experiments have been performed to determine the local and average heat-transfer coefficients and the patterns of fluid flow for a square plate situated at various orientations to the flow direction. The naphthalene sublimation technique was employed for the transfer coefficient determinations while the flow patterns adjacent to the plate were made visible by the oil/lampblack technique. The plate orientations used for the average coefficient measurements extended the range previously studied, and the results of these measurements affirmed the insensitivity of the average coefficient to orientation. The local heat- (or mass-) transfer coefficients are presented as contour diagrams in which lines depicting constant values of the coefficient are plotted. In general, the highest heat-transfer coefficients occur near the edges of the plate. These high coefficients are closely coupled to edge-related hydrodynamic phenomena, which include not only the conventional leading edge boundary layer but other processes related to the finite size of the plate. Of particular interest is the fact that for a plate oriented normal to the flow, the lowest coefficients occur in a centrally positioned stagnation region and the coefficients increase from the center of the plate toward the edges. The fluid flow patterns are presented via photographs. The flow is shown to be highly complex and three dimensional. One of the interesting findings is that the stagnation region migrates from a central position at normal incidence to a more forward position as the plate is inclined.