cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entire majorants via Euler–Maclaurin summation

It is the aim of this article to give extremal majorants of type 2πδ for the class of functions f n (x) = sgn(x)x n , where n ∈ N. As applications we obtain positive definite extensions to R of ±(it) -m defined on R\[-1,1], where m ∈ N, optimal bounds in Hilbert-type inequalities for the class of functions (it) -m , and majorants of type 2π for functions whose graphs are trapezoids.
Epidemiology of law enforcement vehicle collisions in the US and California

Purpose – Concerns about the risk of traffic collision injury to both police officers and bystanders are increasing as the use of in-vehicle technologies becoming widespread among agencies. This study used national and California data to characterize traffic collisions in which a police vehicle was involved. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The authors used a California traffic collision database to retrospectively identify collisions that involved police vehicles for years 2007-2010. The authors summarized collision characteristics with descriptive methods and used log-binomial regression to estimate associations between personal and collision characteristics with officer culpability. Findings – The authors identified 5,233 traffic collisions in California. In total, 10 percent of law enforcement vehicles were motorcycles. In all, 9 percent of cruisers struck a pedestrian or bicyclist, compared with only 2 percent of motorcycles. Compared with officers aged 50 or olde...
Ordinary Social Interaction and the Main Effect Between Perceived Support and Affect.

Relational regulation theory hypothesizes that (a) the main effect between perceived support and mental health primarily reflects ordinary social interaction rather than conversations about stress and how to cope with it, and (b) the extent to which a provider regulates a recipient's mental health primarily reflects the recipient's personal taste (i.e., is relational), rather than the provider's objective supportiveness. In three round-robin studies, participants rated each other on supportiveness and the quality of ordinary social interaction, as well as their own affect when interacting with each other. Samples included marines about to deploy to Afghanistan (N = 100; 150 dyads), students sharing apartments (N = 64; 96 dyads), and strangers (N = 48; 72 dyads). Perceived support and ordinary social interaction were primarily relational, and most of perceived support's main effect on positive affect was redundant with ordinary social interaction. The main effect between perceived support and affect emerged among strangers after brief text conversations, and these links were partially verified by independent observers. Findings for negative affect were less consistent with theory. Ordinary social interaction appears to be able to explain much of the main effect between perceived support and positive affect.
Development Length of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars in Concrete

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars have become a viable option for reinforcement in concrete when corrosion is a concern. The objective of this research was to investigate the bond performance of GFRP reinforcing bars in concrete, to evaluate the existing ACI Committee 440 recommendations for development length of FRP bars in concrete, and to develop new design recommendations if needed. An equation for the development length of GFRP reinforcing bars in concrete was formulated by applying a methodology similar to one used to create the development length equation for steel reinforcing bars. Data collected from beam-based bond tests in the literature were used to construct two equations for development length: one based on a splitting mode of failure and the other on a pullout mode of failure. The effects of bar diameter, bar tensile strength, concrete compressive strength, cover, and the presence of transverse reinforcement were investigated. The proposed equations appear to be a conservative yet reasonable means to calculate the development length of GFRP reinforcing bars in concrete given the available test data. The proposed equations are compared to those found in ACI 440.1R-03 and the Japanese Design Guidelines.
Tridental molecular clip with corannulene pincers: is three better than two?

Abstract A molecular clip 3 (C 87 H 54 O 6 ) with cyclotriveratrylene tether and three corannulene pincers was synthesized and tested for its affinity toward fullerenes. 1 H NMR titration experiment in toluene- d 8 suggests the formation of 1:1 fullerene@ 3 complexes and provides the association constants of 1500 ± 50 and 1180 ± 30 M −1 for C 60 and C 70 , respectively, lower than those previously reported for buckycatcher 2 complexes with fullerenes. In comparison with 2 , 3 offers one more corannulene pincer able to bind with the fullerene guests, but the potentially higher gas-phase binding energies of its inclusion complexes are overridden by the more severe entropy and/or solvation penalties associated with the supramolecule formation in solution.
Comparison of mouse and human NASP genes and expression in human transformed and tumor cell lines.

Abstract We previously cloned and sequenced cDNAs encoding mouse NASP (mNASP), a cell cycle regulated histone H1 binding protein. Here we report the genomic sequence and organization for mNASP along with its 5′ regulatory region and compare these with human NASP (hNASP). The mNASP gene contains 16 exons interrupted by 15 introns. The sequence encoding testis mNASP uses all 16 exons while the somatic form uses 13 exons by differential splicing. All the exons conform to the AG/GT splicing rule. Putative TATA box-containing transcription initiation sites are present for somatic NASP in human and mouse and for testis hNASP. Comparison of the promoter regions of mNASP and hNASP approximately 1 kb upstream of the transcription start sites for the two splice variants revealed a number of possible transcription factor binding sites relevant to specific patterns of NASP tissue expression. The presence of single bands on Southern blots of mouse genomic DNA suggests that mNASP is a single copy gene although pseudogenes exist in both the mouse and human genomes. Chromosome fluorescence by in situ hybridization revealed that mNASP is present on chromosome 4, in an area that corresponds to band 4D1, a region syntenic to the locus of hNASP on chromosome 1. Additionally, we report that human somatic and testis NASP mRNAs are expressed at varying levels in all the transformed cell lines and human tumors tested, further supporting NASP's role in the cell cycle of dividing cells.
Adoptive Cell Therapy With Autologous Induced Regulatory B Cells In Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

38 ADOPTIVE CELL THERAPY WITH AUTOLOGOUS INDUCED REGULATORY B CELLS IN EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS A Pennati, JR Murphy, Y Wu, J Deng, J Galipeau Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, Department of Oncology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Frontotemporal Dementia and a Solid Gold Bracelet

Editor's Note: This piece represents the first installment of a new section of Educational Gerontology called Professional Thoughts and Experiences. The effective practice for professionals engaged with the aging population is an optimal balance of best available clinical evidence, personal expertise, and common intuition. At Educational Gerontology we have made it our primary goal to provide our readers with the highest quality of evidence-based aging studies. However, care providers' clinical expertise, i.e, the proficiency and judgment acquired through clinical experience and practice, which varies among care providers and the individual needs of the patients (clients), does not always receive published recognition. As such, we will, from time to time, publish the narratives, poetry, and anecdotes of our professional care providers so that we can all respect—and even aspire to—their dedicated service to this population. This article presents the story of a wife whose husband has frontotemporal dementia...
Diminished metastasis in tetraspanin CD151–knockout mice

Tetraspanin protein CD151 on tumor cells supports invasion and metastasis. In the present study, we show that host animal CD151 also plays a critical role. CD151-null mice showed markedly diminished experimental lung metastasis after injection of Lewis lung carcinoma or B16F10 melanoma cells. Diminished tumor cell residence in the lungs was evident 6-24 hours after injection. Consistent with an endothelial cell deficiency, isolated CD151-null mouse lung endothelial cells showed diminished support for B16F10 adhesion and transendothelial migration, diminished B16F10-induced permeability, and diminished B16F10 adhesion to extracellular matrix deposited by CD151-null mouse lung endothelial cells. However, CD151 deletion did not affect the size of metastatic foci or subcutaneous primary B16F10 tumors, tumor aggregation, tumor clearance from the blood, or tumor-induced immune cell activation and recruitment. Therefore, the effects of host CD151 on metastasis do not involve altered local tumor growth or immune surveillance. VEGF-induced endothelial cell signaling through Src and Akt was diminished in CD151-null endothelial cells. However, deficient signaling was not accompanied by reduced endothelial permeability either in vitro (monolayer permeability assay) or in vivo (VEGF-stimulated Miles assay). In summary, diminished metastasis in CD151-null host animals may be due to impaired tumor-endothelial interactions, with underlying defects in mouse lung endothelial cell extracellular matrix production.
Projecting Global Land-Use Change and Its Effect on Ecosystem Service Provision and Biodiversity with Simple Models

Background As the global human population grows and its consumption patterns change, additional land will be needed for living space and agricultural production. A critical question facing global society is how to meet growing human demands for living space, food, fuel, and other materials while sustaining ecosystem services and biodiversity [1]. Methodology/Principal Findings We spatially allocate two scenarios of 2000 to 2015 global areal change in urban land and cropland at the grid cell-level and measure the impact of this change on the provision of ecosystem services and biodiversity. The models and techniques used to spatially allocate land-use/land-cover (LULC) change and evaluate its impact on ecosystems are relatively simple and transparent [2]. The difference in the magnitude and pattern of cropland expansion across the two scenarios engenders different tradeoffs among crop production, provision of species habitat, and other important ecosystem services such as biomass carbon storage. For example, in one scenario, 5.2 grams of carbon stored in biomass is released for every additional calorie of crop produced across the globe; under the other scenario this tradeoff rate is 13.7. By comparing scenarios and their impacts we can begin to identify the global pattern of cropland and irrigation development that is significant enough to meet future food needs but has less of an impact on ecosystem service and habitat provision. Conclusions/Significance Urban area and croplands will expand in the future to meet human needs for living space, livelihoods, and food. In order to jointly provide desired levels of urban land, food production, and ecosystem service and species habitat provision the global society will have to become much more strategic in its allocation of intensively managed land uses. Here we illustrate a method for quickly and transparently evaluating the performance of potential global futures.
LOCALIZATION OF THE GLUT1 GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER TO BREFELDIN A-SENSITIVE VESICLES OF DIFFERENTIATED CIT3MOUSE MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELLS

Glucose is a precursor of lactose, the major carbohydrate and osmotic constituent of human milk, which is synthesized in the Golgi. The GLUT1 glucose transporter is the only glucose transporter isoform expressed in the mammary gland. The hypothesis that lactogenic hormones induce GLUT1 and cause its localization to the Golgi of mammary epithelial cells was tested in CIT(3)mouse mammary epithelial cells. Treatment with prolactin and hydrocortisone caused a 15-fold induction of GLUT1 by Western blotting, but 2-deoxyglucose uptake decreased. Subcellular fractionation and density gradient centrifugation demonstrated enrichment of Golgi fractions with GLUT1. Lactogenic hormones enhanced GLUT1 glycosylation, but did not determine whether GLUT1 was targeted to plasma membrane or to Golgi. Confocal microscopy revealed that lactogenic hormones alter GLUT1 targeting from a plasma membrane pattern to a predominant perinuclear distribution with punctate scattering through the cytoplasm. GLUT1 is targeted to a compartment which is more sensitive to Brefeldin A than the compartments in which GM130 and beta-COP reside. Targeting of GLUT1 to endosomes was specifically excluded. We conclude that prolactin and hydrocortisone induce GLUT1, enhance GLUT1 glycosylation, and cause glycosylation-independent targeting of GLUT1 to Brefeldin A-sensitive vesicles which may represent a subcompartment of cis-Golgi. These results demonstrate a hormonally-regulated targeting mechanism for GLUT1 and are consistent with an important role for GLUT1 in the provision of substrate for lactose synthesis.
The Economics of Cardiac Fast Tracking

Extubation within a few hours of cardiac surgery is possible in the majority of patients and is not associated with an increased risk for perioperative complications. Duration of intubation is an important factor in overall postoperative length of stay, and when early extubation is instituted as part of a comprehensive clinical pathway, it contributes to significant reductions in both intensive care unit and hospital length of stay. In association with reductions in direct variable costs, these reductions in length of stay have been shown in several studies to significantly reduce overall cost or charge.
Services Provided Nationally by Government Sponsored Senior Dining Programs

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe menu modifications and additional food assistance provided nationally to senior dining site participants. After pilot testing the instrument with a state group of Senior Nutrition Program Directors, a questionnaire was mailed, in December, 1995, to the 750 names on the mailing list for the National Association of Nutrition and Aging Services Programs (NANASP). One reminder notice was sent after the original mailing. Responses were received from 340 program directors. Data were summarized by frequency and percent. Almost 60% of the respondents served less than 1000 meals per day, but another 28% served 1001-2000 meals, and the reminder served more than 2000. Participants profiles varied from predominantly homebound (13.6% with more than 60% homebound) to very few homebound (16.9% with fewer than 30% homebound). Meals were served 5 days/week by 58% of respondents, but 36% served meals fewer than five days/week, including 11% who served meals only two days each week. Approximately 44% of directors reported average participant contributions to be less than $1.00. Another 37.7% reported average contributions of $1.01-$1.50. These contributions were far below the actual costs of the meals. The most common dietary modifications provided were salt/sodium restricted (25.2% of programs), no concentrated sweets (22.2%), and fat/cholesterol restricted (15.7%). Calorie restricted, pureed, renal, vegetarian and other modifications were also mentioned by several directors. However more than 75% of clients were reported by most respondents to eat regular (not modified) meals. In addition to regular noontime meals, emergency meals were provided by almost 37% of directors. Twenty to twenty five percent also provided takeout meals for week-ends and/or holidays. Often additional food assistance (such as commodity food distribution) was provided through dining sites. Ninety five percent of respondents expressed a need for additional assistance beyond noon meals for their clients. Many directors were obviously already working in innovative ways to meet these needs, but it is evident that more remains to be done in expanding services to meet the needs of elderly meal participants.
Synthesis of Cyclic Ethers with Fluorinated Side Chains.

Di-tert-butyl peroxide initiated free radical addition of THF to various fluorinated alkenes (CF2CH2, CF2CFH, CH2CHCF3, CF2CFCF3, CF2CFC5F11, CF2CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO2F) gives either bidirectional addition products [CH2CH2CH2OCH(CF2CH3) (1), CH2CH2CH2OCH(CH2CHF2) (2), CH2CH2CH2OCH(CF2CH2F) (3), and CH2CH2CH2OCH(CFHCHF2) (4)] or unidirectional products [CH2CH2CH2OCH(CH2CH2CF3) (5), CH2CH2CH2OCH(CF2CHFCF3) (6), CH2CH2CH2OCH(CF2CHFC5F11) (7), and CH2CH2CH2OCH(CF2CHFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO2F) (8)] depending on the structure of the alkene. Reaction of dioxane with CF2CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO2F gives a single product, CH2OCH2CH2OCH(CF2CHFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO2F) (9). In the case of hexafluoropropene or perfluoroallylbenzene, reaction with an excess of tetrahydrofuran gives only the monosubstituted products CH2CH2CH2OCH(CF2CHFCF3) (6) and CH2CH2CH2OCH(CF2CFHCF2C6F5) (11) respectively. When tetrahydrofuran is reacted with a 3:1 molar excess of the same two perfluoroalkenes, the disubstituted products CH2CH2CH(CF2CHFCF...
Petrography of modern marine sands from the Peru-Chile Trench and adjacent areas†

Sand samples from piston cores taken in the Peru-Chile Trench and adjacent areas were examined petrographically in an attempt to characterize sands from the oceanward side of a continent-margin volcanic arc. Framework composition averaged Q18F44L38, close to the average reported for this type of setting, but showed wide variation in the ratio of feldspar to lithic fragments; quartz was uniformly low, less than 30%. Samples rich in lithic grains were from sites that lie off areas of recent volcanism on the adjacent continent. Samples from off southern Central America had compositions more like those found in island-arc settings, averaging Q3F21L76, whereas those from the Straits of Magellan increased in quartz and decreased in lithic fragments toward the Atlantic. Plagioclase was greatly predominant over K-feldspar in all samples, and averaged An28. A considerable portion of the plagioclase was close to end-member albite, suggesting recycling from pre-existing sedimentary rocks. Climate had no obvious effect on the framework proportions or the feldspar composition, but the volume of sediment in the trench increases with increasing rainfall on the continent.
Happiness and The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers: Carl Becker Revisited

This article reexamines Carl Becker’s The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers from the perspective of the history of happiness.
Human genetics: Tracing India's invisible threads.

One measure of the extraordinary level of human diversity found in India is the use of 15 languages on its banknotes. The genetic underpinnings of that population diversity are yielding to whole-genome analysis.
A New Numerical Procedure for Coupling Radiation in Participating Media With Other Modes of Heat Transfer

Traditionally, radiation in participating media is coupled to other modes of heat transfer using an iterative procedure in which the overall energy equation (EE) and the radiative transfer equation (RTE) are solved sequentially and repeatedly until both equations converge. Although this explicit coupling approach is convenient from the point of view of computer code development, it is not necessarily the best approach for stability and convergence. A new numerical procedure is presented in which the EE and RTE are implicitly coupled and solved simultaneously, rather than as segregated equations
Alteration of iron metabolism during androgen therapy of advanced breast cancer.

Alterations in iron metabolism were studied in 38 postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer prior to and during androgenic hormone therapy. A comparison was made between those patients with a serum iron greater than 50μg/100 ml and those below this value and 12 normal postmenopausal women. The rate of removal of radioiron was more rapid in the patients with cancer than in the normals despite the level of the serum iron. The amount of plasma iron cleared during 24 hours was the same in the normals and in all of the breast cancer patients; however, the amount of iron cleared was greater in the cancer patients with normal serum iron than in the normal patients. Administration of massive doses of androgenic hormone resulted in a stimulation of erythropoiesis and a significant increase in hemoglobin values occasionally to polycythemic levels. The rate of removal of radioiron decreased when measured at intervals of 2 to 5 months after the onset of androgen therapy and was further decreased when androgen therapy was continued beyond 5 months. There was an increase in the amount of iron cleared in the 2- to 5-month interval after the onset of androgen therapy. After 5 months of therapy there was a significantly greater clearance of iron from the plasma than occurred before hormone therapy. These alterations of iron metabolism occurred whether the cancer improved or progressed.
Surface reduction and support interactions in the water-gas shift reaction catalyzed by europium oxides

Abstract The reaction H2 + CO2 CO + H2O has been studied at 500 °C over bulk Eu2O3 and supported europium. A regenerative kinetic sequence with CO2 poisoning fits the rate maximum as a function of PCO2 for Eu2O3. A regenerative sequence for highly dispersed europium is supported by a strong correlation between the rate and the extent of Eu3+ → Eu2+ reduction in H2 at 500 °C shown by the Mossbauer effect. Comparison of data for Eu2O3 and supported Eu indicates that dispersion of europium on Al2O3 or SiO2 alters both the nature of CO2 chemisorption and the kinetic parameters. This is taken as the catalytic result of the strong Eu-support interactions shown in the Mossbauer spectra.
Methodological problems with the use of the retroactive interference design to infer what is stored

The retroactive interference paradigm has been used in a variety of settings to investigate the nature of the representation of memory. Much of the research using this paradigm is methodologically flawed because it involves treatment comparisons which are inappropriate. It is argued that comparisons must be made between presentation conditions having the same interpolated activity and that, in addition, evidence is required that the differences are not confounded by acquisition level differences if one is to infer mode-specific interference and representation. The methodological issues are discussed in detail and the utility of the retroactive interference design is questioned. Studies employing the design are reviewed, and several conclusions are drawn: (1) there has been no unambiguous demonstration of visual mode-specific interference, (2) there has been no clear demonstration that imagery instructions produce memories that are more susceptible to visual than to auditory interpolation, and (3)no clear demonstrations are yet available that memory for spatial location is more susceptible to visual interference than memory for letters
An Experimental and Computational Study of the Elastic-Plastic Transition in Thin Films

Nanoindentation studies of thin metal films have provided insight into the mechanisms of plasticity in small volumes, showing a strong dependence on the film thickness and grain size. It has been previously shown that an increased dislocation density can be manifested as an increase in the hardness or flow resistance of a material, as described by the Taylor relation [1]. However, when the indentation is confined to very small displacements, the observation can be quite the opposite; an elevated dislocation density can provide an easy mechanism for plasticity at relatively small loads, as contrasted with observations of near-theoretical shear stresses required to initiate dislocation activity in low-dislocation density materials. Experimental observations of the evolution of hardness with displacement show initially soft behavior in small-grained films and initially hard behavior in large-grained films. Furthermore, the small-grained films show immediate hardening, while the large grained films show the ‘softening’ indentation size effect (ISE) associated with strain gradient plasticity. Rationale for such behavior has been based on the availability of dislocation sources at the grain boundary for initiating plasticity. Embedded atom method (EAM) simulations of the initial stages of indentation substantiate this theory; the indentation response varies as expected when the proximity of the indenter to a Σ79 grain boundary is varied.
Influence of glucan structure on the swelling and leaching properties of starch microparticles.

Abstract Microparticles were made by a water-in-oil emulsion technique from acid-hydrolyzed and debranched normal, waxy and high-amylose corn starches. The starches prepared had a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) ranging 3.6 × 107–2.5 × 104, a polydispersity ranging 1.16–9.16, an apparent amylose content ranging 2.84–100%. These microparticles exhibited crystallinity ranging 4.41–22.84%, swelling power ranging 2.45–7.84 and percentage of leaching ranging 1.72–74.91%. Swelling power in water (R2 = 0.86) and percentage of leaching in water (R2 = 0.89) were modeled by a response surface method, using the following parameters: Mw, polydispersity, apparent amylose content and crystallinity of starch in microparticles. Overall, this study showed the key parameters for controlling the behavior of starch microparticles were related to the cohesiveness of the three-dimensional network, particularly through the retrogradation of starch polymers, the formation of crystallites and junctions zones. Such microparticles could be used for designing economical and biocompatible delivery systems of compounds for food, drug, or other applications.
General Panel Sizing Computer Code and Its Application to Composite Structural Panels

A computer code for obtaining the dimensions of optimum (least mass) stiffened composite structural panels is described. The procedure, which is based on nonlinear mathematical programming and a rigorous buckling analysis, is applicable to general cross sections under general loading conditions causing buckling. A simplified method of accounting for bow-type imperfections is also included. Design studies in the form of structural efficiency charts for axial compression loading are made with the code for blade and hat stiffened panels. The effects on panel mass of imperfections, material strength limitations, and panel stiffness requirements are also examined. Comparisons with previously published experimental data show that accounting for imperfections improves correlation between theory and experiment.
MARKOV: a BASIC program for numerical analysis of sequential data on the microcomputer

Abstract The computer program presented in this paper performs numerical analysis of sequential data. It is written in BASIC and is intended to run on an IBM PC or compatible microcomputer. The program can use either sequential data or tally matrices as input. Data may be entered interactively or from data files. The user has the option of performing any or all of three types of analysis: (1) Markov analysis, which tests the statistical significance of the sequence; (2) substitutability analysis, which tests the tendency of states in a sequence to occur in a common context, that is to be preceded or followed by the same states; and (3) entropy analysis, which calculates the amount of disorder in the sequence, and allows the recognition of the type of succession represented by the data.
Transition of dielectric window breakdown from vacuum multipactor to collisional microwave discharge: a general scaling law

Summary form only given. Dielectric window breakdown remains a significant issue for high power microwave systems. Using a particle-in-cell model with Monte Carlo collisions, we investigate the transition of dielectric window breakdown from a vacuum multipactor discharge to a collisional microwave discharge in a number of noble gases. At low pressure, the dominant mechanism of electron creation is the single-surface multipactor, and the mean energy of the electron population is hundreds of eV. As pressure increases to 10-50 Torr, an intermediate regime is obtained in which electrons generated in volumetric ionization compete with the multipactor electrons generated at the dielectric window surface. In this regime, the mean energy declines significantly, and we observe two distinct electron populations: a surface population participating in the multipactor process, and a detached population shielded from the surface fields by ions. Approaching atmospheric pressure, the volumetric ionization dominates, and the multipactor process is extinguished as the electron mean energy drops to a few eV. In this collisional regime, the nearly neutral discharge detaches from the dielectric window surface, and the surface charge and field that drives electrons into the window is also eliminated. The electron energy probability function changes from a bi-Maxwellian at low pressure to a Druyvesteyn at high pressure. Multidimensional effects, such as waveguide field structure and electron-absorbing transverse walls, are considered. The time to achieve breakdown is described across a broad range of pressures for Ne, Ar, and Xe, and a general analytic scaling law is deduced. The scaling law compares well with the simulation results, and work is presently underway to extend the scaling law to complicated discharges such as air.
Precursors to Splashing of Liquid Droplets on a Solid Surface

A high velocity impact between a liquid droplet and a solid surface produces a splash. Classical work traced the origin of the splash to a thin sheet of fluid ejected near the impact point. Mechanisms of sheet formation have heretofore relied on initial contact of the droplet and the surface. We demonstrate that, neglecting intermolecular forces between the liquid and the solid, the liquid does not contact the solid, and instead spreads on a very thin air film. The interface of the droplet develops a high curvature and emits capillary waves.
EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE WITHDRAWAL ON OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF BONE MARROW STROMAL CELLS

Dexamethasone is capable of directing osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro, but its effects are not lineage-specific, and sustained exposure has been shown to down-regulate collagen synthesis and induce maturation of an adipocyte subpopulation within BMSC cultures. Such side effects might be reduced if dexamethasone is applied in a regimented manner, but the discrete steps in osteoblastic maturation that are stimulated by dexamethasone are not known. To examine this, dexamethasone was added to medium to initiate differentiation of rat BMSCs cultures and then removed after a varying number of days. Cell layers were analyzed for cell number, rate of collagen synthesis, expression of osteocalcin (OC), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and lipoprotein lipase (LpL), and matrix mineralization. Withdrawal of dexamethasone at 3 and 10 days was found to enhance cell number relative to continuous exposure, but did not affect to decrease collagen synthesis slightly. Late markers of osteoblastic differentiation, BSP expression and matrix mineralization, were also sensitive to dexamethasone and increased systematically with exposure while LpL systematically decreased. These results indicate that dexamethasone acts at both early and late stages to direct proliferative osteoprogenitor cells toward terminal maturation.
AFM of amidine latex particles attachment on mica

Abstract The attachment of amidine latex particles with 290 nm diameter on mica surface in the presence of humic acid (HA) and/or Calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) was investigated with atomic force microscopy. In the absence of both HA and Ca 2+ , adhesion of the colloidal particles onto the solid substrate increased with time as clusters formed and grew. The attachment occurred almost evenly across mica's surface. HA substances in the latex suspension significantly reduced the attachment of amidine latex particles onto the mica surface. In addition, most attached latex particles tended to aggregate so as to form some big clusters at very sparse spots in the presence of HA, therefore, exhibiting a selective style of attachment. The presence of Ca 2+ greatly enhanced the attachment of amidine latex particles whether in the absence or in the presence of HA.
Cascaded OPGaAs OPO for increased longwave efficiency

Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) producing longwave output from a much shorter pump wavelength suffer from low conversion efficiency into the idler due to the large quantum defect compared with similar devices operating in the 3 – 5 μm regime. One method to increase pump to idler conversion efficiency is to recycle the undesired and higher energy signal photons into additional idler photons in a second nonlinear stage. We present numerical simulation results showing the improvement in efficiency that can be obtained in a linear, two stage, cascaded orientation patterned gallium arsenide (OPGaAs) nanosecond OPO. It includes diffraction, crystal loss, phase mismatch, pump depletion, and back conversion; and it assumes monochromatic waves but it neglects group velocity dispersion. For a singly resonant oscillator (SRO) pumped by a 2.054 μm Tm:Ho,YLF laser with 45 ns pulse widths, the addition of the second crystal in the cavity increases idler generation by overall factor of two and exceeds the quantum defect limit. The model has been validated by comparison with SNLO for the case of a single-stage OPO, and suggests crystal and resonator parameters that will lead to an optimized cascaded OPO.
Abstract 3377: Oncolytic herpes simplex virus treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cancer stem-like cell orthotopic tumor model

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas arising in peripheral nerves that often occur in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and have an extremely poor prognosis. Therapy consists of surgery followed by radiation and/or chemotherapy, which are generally of limited efficacy. Cancer stem cells are a subpopulation of tumor cells with stem cell like properties that are thought to be important in tumor progression, resistance to therapy, and metastasis. We have isolated MPNST cancer stem-like cells (MSLCs) from a human MPNST cell line by non-adherent sphere-culture in neurosphere media with EGF and bFGF (without serum). Implantation of the MSLCs in the sciatic nerve generates an orthotopic MPNST model in athymic mice. As the tumors grow, mice develop neurologic deficits that are quantified using a neurologic scoring system and externally measurable masses. As a novel therapeutic strategy we are using oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) vectors, which replicate in and kill tumor cells but not normal tissue. Tumor selectivity is engendered by mutating viral genes that make virus replication non-permissive in ‘normal’ cells, while retaining permissivity in cancer cells. For these studies, we used G47α, a multi-mutated oHSV with deletions in the α34.5 and ICP47 genes and an inactivating LacZ insertion in the ICP6 gene. G47α is very efficacious in many tumor models and is currently in clinical trial for glioblastoma. G47α was able to infect and spread in MSLCs in vitro and MSLC-derived tumors in vivo. Treatment of established MSLC-derived sciatic nerve tumors with a single intratumoral injection of G47α significantly prolonged survival of mice and reduced neurologic deficits. There was no difference in survival between mice treated with 2 x 10^5 pfu versus 2 x 10^6 pfu, although the mice receiving the higher virus dose had significantly higher neurologic score (less deficit). We describe a new preclinical MPNST model generated by implantation of human MSLCs into the sciatic nerve of immune-deficient mice. Treatment of established tumors by oHSV G47α is highly efficacious. These preclinical studies suggest that oHSV should be considered for the treatment of patients with MPNST. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3377. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3377
Quantification of Oil Price Uncertainty in Economic Evaluation Using Sequential Gaussian Simulation

Abstract In this paper, we propose improved methodology for quantifying the uncertainty in petroleum economic evaluations due to uncertainty in future oil prices. Conventional “hockey stick” price forecasts commonly used in industry significantly underestimate uncertainty because they do not reproduce the volatility inherent in oil prices. Some authors have proposed stochastic methods, such as the bootstrap method, to better model oil price volatility. A disadvantage of the bootstrap method, however, is that it can produce price realizations with unrealistically low or high prices. To address this shortcoming, we present two stochastic methods that honor both the historical distribution of oil prices as well as the historically observed variability in oil prices. The first is an approximate method in which multiple future price realizations are taken directly from different windows of historical uninflated price data. The method is easy to apply and can provide greater insights into the uncertainty and ri...
Experimental and modeling investigation of a 3-5 μm imaging spectrometer

The design and construction of new types of imaging systems has become feasible with the availability of reliable, relatively low cost focal plane arrays (FPA's). This paper presents experimental and modeling investigations of an imaging grating spectrometer utilizing a 128 X 128 InSb FPA for measurements in the 3 - 5 micrometers region. The modeling efforts verify the conceptual feasibility and identify practical limitations in sensitivity and dynamic range by considering system throughput, significant instrument thermal self-emission, and system noise. The model includes a detailed examination of the optical parameters, the focal plane noise sources, and the electronics. The design concepts and performance were verified experimentally by building and testing a prototype imaging spectrometer using commercially available optics, FPA, electronics, and computer equipment. Data is presented which illustrate the simultaneous spectra and spatial measurement features and the versatility of the sensor system. Both the model and the measurement results show the impact of instrument self-emissions, FPA noise, and FPA nonuniformities on the sensor system. It is very apparent that cryogenic optics, improved FPA non-uniformity correction, and an upgraded data acquisition system will significantly improve the performance of the prototype imaging spectrometer system and are important considerations for future designs.
DYNAMICS OF NEUTRON SCATTERING BY MOLECULES

The scattering of low-energy neutrons by molecules is investigated by a method which facilitates the treatment of inelastic processes. Dynamical systems characterized by the degrees of freedom of gas molecules are examined in detail. The formalism is applied first to the derivation of the differential cross section for scattering by an ensemble of coupled harmonically oscillating nuclei in thermal equilibrium. Rotator scattering is investigated in the limits of high and low energy, and inelastic corrections to the static approximation are also calculated. The cross section of a thermally excited monatomic gas is presented in a closed form which shows its dependence on the ratio of the mean velocity of thermal motion to the neutron velocity. Results appropriate to large and to small values of the velocity ratio are derived. Quantitative estimates for the validity of the various approximations are given.
Antimalarial Properties of Floxacrine, a Dihydroacridinedione Derivative

Evaluations of the activities of floxacrine [7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9(2H, 10H)-dione] in owl monkeys infected with trophozoites of a chloroquine-quinine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum , a strain of this plasmodium resistant to both of these quinolines and pyrimethamine, or a strain of P. vivax resistant only to pyrimethamine showed that: (i) this compound regularly effected temporary clearance of parasitemia at daily doses of 1.25 to 2.5 mg/kg; (ii) doses required for the cure of established infections were larger by factors of 6 to 64 than those that effected parasite clearance; (iii) there was more than a 10-fold difference in doses required for the cure of infections with the different strains; and (iv) resistance to floxacrine developed rapidly. Evaluations of the activities of floxacrine in rhesus monkeys challenged with sporozoites of P. cynomolgi showed that: (i) 0.625-mg/kg doses administered daily throughout the incubation period provided complete protection against infection; (ii) single 40.0-mg/kg doses delivered 2 h before sporozoite challenge were without prophylactic activity; and (iii) daily doses of 40.0 mg/kg, the maximum tolerated level, productive of a hemorrhagic syndrome in some subjects, would not cure established infections. These observations suggest that the potential contribution of floxacrine to malaria therapy would be limited to the prophylactic area and for practical reasons would be restricted there by the requirement for daily dosage.
Laser-scanning photoacoustic microscopy with ultrasonic phased array transducer

In this paper, we report our latest progress on proving the concept that ultrasonic phased array can improve the detection sensitivity and field of view (FOV) in laser-scanning photoacoustic microscopy (LS-PAM). A LS-PAM system with a one-dimensional (1D) ultrasonic phased array was built for the experiments. The 1D phased array transducer consists of 64 active elements with an overall active dimension of 3.2 mm × 2 mm. The system was tested on imaging phantom and mouse ear in vivo. Experiments showed a 15 dB increase of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when beamforming was employed compared to the images acquired with each single element. The experimental results demonstrated that ultrasonic phased array can be a better candidate for LS-PAM in high sensitivity applications like ophthalmic imaging.
An electron impact mass spectrometry investigation of VOCl3(g), VCl3(g) and their dissociative fragments

Abstract Knudsen effusion quadrupole mass spectrometry investigations on a mixture of VOCl3(g) and VCl3(g) were performed. Mass spectra and electron impact appearance potentials for the singly charged ions formed from these molecules were obtained. Differences exist in the mass spectra and appearance potential values for fragment ions obtained in the present work and those reported in previous investigations.
Workers' compensation for mental stress cases

Workers' compensation, the USA's oldest social insurance program, is encountering new challenges in the form of mental stress claims. It is necessary to sort these cases three ways, in the terminology of compensation practitioners, physical-mental, mental-physical, and mental-mental. Although each of these appear to represent only a small part of all compensation claims presently, each category is difficult to administer, and all hold the potential for large growth in activity. At the extreme, any of the three could swamp a state's compensation program, administratively or economically. A case can be made that mental stress cases are simply variants of challenges previously posed and in many instances, successfully resolved by the state systems. That question will be determined by the future decisions of legislators, courts, and state administrators. The economic impact of such cases is not known. Their importance, however, extends well beyond the direct costs of indemnity and medical benefits paid. Ultimately, the indirect efforts on employer-worker-union relations may be larger than the direct costs. Language: en
The detection of viral genomes by polymerase chain reaction in the myocardium of pediatric patients with advanced HIV disease

Abstract OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of viral nucleic acid detection in the myocardium of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children to determine whether an association exists with the development of heart disease. BACKGROUND As improved medical interventions increase the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients, increased incidences of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are becoming more apparent, even in patients without clinical symptoms. METHODS Myocardial samples were obtained from the postmortem hearts of 32 HIV-infected children and from 32 age-matched controls consisting of patients with structural congenital heart disease and no myocardial inflammation and no cardiac or systemic viral infection. The hearts were examined histologically and analyzed for the presence of viral sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS Myocarditis was detected histologically in 11 of the 32 HIV-infected patients, and borderline myocarditis was diagnosed in another 13 cases. Infiltrates were confined to the epicardium in two additional hearts. Virus sequences were detected by PCR in 11 of these 26 cases (42.3%); adenovirus in 6, CMV in 3 and both adenovirus and CMV in 2. Two cases without infiltrates were also positive for adenovirus: one had congestive heart failure (CHF) and the other adenoviral pneumonia. No other viruses were detected by PCR, including HIV proviral DNA. All control samples were negative for all viruses tested. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the presence of viral nucleic acid in the myocardium is common in HIV-infected children, and may relate to the development of myocarditis, DCM or CHF and may contribute to the rapid progression of HIV disease.
Inertial and Vision Sensor Based End-Effector Sensing and Control for Robot Manipulators

In the application of industrial robot manipulators, it is often desirable to obtain accurate position and velocity information regarding the end-effector. Estimations based on motor-side encoders alone are often inaccurate due to joint flexibilities and errors in the robot link kinematics. A vision based approach may also be insufficient due to its low sampling rate and image processing and transportation delay. However, with additional accelerometer measurements, a kinematic Kalman filter (KKF) can be formulated to estimate the end-effector motion accurately without encoder signals. The estimation results can be utilized for real time tracking control effectively. In this paper a multirate kinematic Kalman filter (KKF) scheme is formulated using vision and acceleration measurements from the end-effector. Estimations based on the scheme are utilized as feedback signals for tracking control. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by experiments on a single joint direct drive setup.Copyright © 2010 by ASME