cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fragmentation of an alkali metal-attached peptide probed by collision-induced dissociation fourier transform mass spectrometry and computational methodology.

Collision-induced dissociation of metal-cationized N-CBZ-Gly-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ala was studied by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Lithium-, sodium-, potassium- and rubidium-cationized peptide species were generated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as matrix, together with appropriate metal salts. The experimental mass spectrometric results were interpreted with the aid of Monte Carlo conformational searches using the Amber * force field, together with ab initio molecular orbital calculations with Gaussian-94 for the singly lithium- and potassium-cationized peptides. It is concluded that metal coordination plays a key role in guiding the gas-phase fragmentation of the cationized peptide. In contrast to lithium and sodium, potassium and rubidium apparently do not coordinate to the C-terminal carbonyl. When the peptide is cationized with the two smaller alkali metals, losses corresponding to alanine and CBZ are observed, while the coordination of potassium and rubidium results in only CBZ loss upon dissociation.
Design of a stable fixed delay interferometer prototype for the ET project

The ET instrument being developed at Penn State is a novel approach that is capable of precision radial velocity measurements using a modest resolution. A prototype version of this instrument is now set up permanently at the Kitt Peak 2.1m telescope and has recovered the radial velocity curve of 51 Peg. The stability of the Michelson interferometer used in the setup is very crucial to obtain accurate velocity results. In this paper we discuss the issues associated with field widening and temperature compensation over a wide wavelength range and also describe the design of a prototype interferometer that meets these criteria. Our current prototype design built in the lab already outperforms our old interferometer over short time spans. A new interferometer based on the prototype will replace our current actively stabilized interferometer at Kitt Peak. The increased stability will enable us to start our planet search program in 2005, and to observe targets suitable for asteroseismology.
Excess enthalpies of decan-1-ol + n-pentane, + n-hexane, + n-heptane, + n-octane, + n-nonane, + n-decane, and + n-undecane at 298.15 K

Abstract Excess molar enthalpies H m E of (decan-1-ol + n -alkane) at 298.15 K are reported for the n -alkanes C 5 to C 11 . The H m E curves are skewed towards low mole fractions of alcohol and exhibit a regular progression in the values for the homologous series. Two methods of correlating the results are examined.
The other side of unusual first names.

Summary Although a number of studies have indicated that having an unusual first name has a deleterious effect on the individual, it was hypothesized that under certain conditions this would not be the case. Three studies were performed which support this hypothesis. In the first, it was found that unusual named members of the upper class were more, not less, likely to be found in Who's Who. The second study, performed on data that had been gathered on 11,246 North Carolina high school students, demonstrated the importance of considering the socioeconomic class, race, and sex of the individual before generalizing about the impact of an unusual first name. Though the patterns differed, none of the four subgroups studied–white males, white females, black males, and black females–showed consistent negative effects from having unusual names. In the third study, 154 undergraduates were asked to rate a set of potential first names that a hypothetical couple (black or white, high or low occupational status) were...
Toward a social constructivist psychology: The case of self-evaluative emotional development

Abstract A social constructivist model of emotional development, with a special focus on the development of guilt and shame, is elaborated. The model draws on theory and research from sociocultural, functionalist, and anthropological views of guilt and shame. This work suggests that these emotions emerge as a product of social activity that occurs between persons rather than simply as a result of processes that occur within individuals. As a result, guilt and shame, as examples of higher mental functions, can be regarded as socially constructed. The implications of a social constructivist model of emotions for personal construct psychology are discussed. Whereas Kelly emphasized the personal origins of meaning and activity, this article argues that higher psychological processes have their origins in social interaction with agents of culture. Because both self and other are active in the construction of meaning and activity, meaning and complex psychological activity are socially rather than personally co...
Increased Tc22 and Treg/CD8 ratio contribute to aggressive growth of transplant associated squamous cell carcinoma.

Immune suppressed organ transplant recipients suffer increased morbidity and mortality from primary cutaneous SCC. We studied tumor microenvironment in transplant-associated SCC (TSCC), immune-competent SCC and normal skin by IHC, IF and RT-PCR on surgical discard. We determined T cell polarization in TSCC and SCC by intracellular cytokine staining of T cell crawl outs from human skin explants. We studied the effects of IL-22, an inducer of keratinocyte proliferation, on SCC proliferation in vitro. SCC and TSCC are both associated with significantly higher numbers of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells compared to normal skin. TSCC showed a higher proportion of Foxp3+ T regs to CD8+ T cells compared to SCC and a lower percentage of IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells. TSCC, however, had a higher percentage of IL-22 producing CD8+ T cells compared to SCC. TSCC showed more diffuse Ki67 and IL-22 receptor (IL-22R) expression by IHC. IL-22 induced SCC proliferation in vitro despite serum starvation. Diminished cytotoxic T cell function in TSCC due to decreased CD8/T-reg ratio may permit tumor progression. Increased IL-22 and IL-22R expression could accelerate tumor growth in transplant patients. IL-22 may be an attractive candidate for targeted therapy of SCC without endangering allograft survival.
The effects of transplantation of granulocyte‐macrophage progenitors on bone resorption in osteopetrotic rats

Osteopetrosis in the ia (incisors absent) rat is the result of reduced bone resorption due to abnormal osteoclasts. This mutant and others have been used to determine the precursor(s) to osteoclasts. Hemopoietic stem cells, isolated from bone marrow of normal littermates, cure the skeletal sclerosis and result in the formation of normal osteoclasts when transplanted into ia rats. These studies were conducted to define further the precursor to the osteoclast by evaluating the effects of the transplantation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors on bone resorption in the ia rat. Granulocyte-colony forming cells (G-CFC), granulocyte-macrophage-colony forming cells (GM-CFC), and macrophage-colony forming cells (M-CFC) were isolated from normal bone marrow using an FITC-labeled monoclonal antibody directed against rat Thy-1.1 and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The isolates were evaluated in soft agar culture; granulocyte isolates generated 71% G-CFC of all colonies formed and were enhanced 27 times over unfractionated cells. Mixed isolates generated 57% GM-CFC of all colonies formed and were 15 times enhanced, while macrophage isolates were 75% M-CFC with an enhancement factor of 18. The isolated populations were injected into 3-week-old ia recipients and evaluated for the ability of these cellular isolates to correct the bone resorption defect by measuring the size of the tibial marrow cavity and by identifying morphologically normal osteoclasts. In addition, isolated populations of cells were labeled with FITC and injected into ia donors to determine if labeled osteoclasts developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ontogeny of substance P-containing neurons in relation to serotonin-containing neurons in the central nervous system of the mouse.

Abstract In order to begin to investigate the developmental factors influencing co-localized neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, we have studied the ontogenesis of coexisting transmitters, substance P and serotonin, in cells of the medullary raphe of the fetal mouse using double-label immunocytochemistry. The results indicate that initial detection of these neurotransmitters occurs at embryonic day 12 in non-overlapping cell populations. Substance P-like immunoreactivity is first co-localized with serotonin in cells of the caudal medullary raphe (raphe pallidus and raphe obscurus) at embryonic day 13. The percentage of serotonin cells containing substance P was estimated at embryonic day 13 and subsequent gestational ages both by double-label immunofluorescence using fluorescein- and rhodamine-conjugated secondary antibodies and also by the elution technique. Double-label immunofluorescence routinely and reliably yielded the highest proportion of co-localized cells. At embryonic day 13, 89% of serotonin cells contained substance P-like immunoreactivity. A consistently high degree of co-localization occurred throughout embryonic development (87% at postnatal day 3) and into adulthood (87%). Colchicine treatment was required at older ages to elicit these data. Unexpectedly, we found that neurons containing substance P-like immunoreactivity in the piriform cortex and in the hypothalamus transiently expressed serotonin immunoreactivity during normal ontogenesis.
Wind farm layout for mitigating output power intermittency

The placement of wind turbines (WTs) on a terrain to form a wind farm (WF) has significant impact on the total output power resulting from aggregating the WT powers at the point of common coupling (PCC). Output power intermittency is inherent in a WT as the wind speed invariably changes in intensity and direction. A combination of fast-acting energy storage (ES) and (relative) slow-acting spinning reserve may be used for smoothing the WF total output power when connected to the power grid. ES adds to the WF capital and operating costs. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to present a simple methodology for evaluating the output power intermittency and ES requirements for a given WF layout. This methodology should minimize the number of WF layouts requiring more complex analysis before final siting. The methodology is illustrated by considering the spatial smoothing effects in three WF layouts having 16 WTs; namely, the straight-line, circular and square layouts. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the total output power at the PCC when the wind direction varies from 0 to 90 degrees is used as a comparative figure of merit. For the direction with the worst THD, the amount of ES needed to limit the worst-case power ramp is calculated using a first-order approximation of the ES unit. The best layout is the one whose output power characteristic is least affected by changes in the wind direction, and thus, having the lowest THD and requiring the least amount of ES; this is the circular one for the analyzed layouts.
The significance of C4d staining with minimal histologic abnormalities

Purpose of reviewC4d deposition within peritubular capillaries (PTCs) in renal allograft biopsies is a specific marker for interaction of antibody with the graft, and is an extremely useful tool for the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Whereas PTC C4d itself is not diagnostic of AMR,
Novel immobilization techniques in the fabrication of efficient electrochemical biosensors

The development of enzyme electrodes plays a major role in the performance of an electrochemical biosensor. In this paper, we describe two generic methods for efficient immobilization of enzymes or biomolecules at the electrode surface. These methods are based on physical entrapment of the enzymes during biochemical polymerization of phenols and electrochemical copolymerization of aromatic diamines with enzymes that are covalently coupled to the monomer. Both of these techniques have proven to be chemically mild and provide efficient polymer matrices for the fabrication of enzyme electrodes. Enzymes including horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose oxidase have been immobilized in these polymeric matrices and used for electrochemical as well as colorimetric detection of various substrates. Response times of the order of 5 - 10 seconds and sensitivities of the order of mM have been achieved with these electrodes. The use of these immobilization techniques towards the development of microelectrode arrays for multianalyte sensors is also discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recurrent cerebrovascular accident with L-asparaginase rechallenge.

We report a 15-year-old boy diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in 1983. Induction therapy included L-asparaginase. After the second dose of L-asparaginase, he had a left sided focal seizure and computed tomography (CT) scan of the head showed a right frontal infarct. No further L-asparaginase was given. Complete remission was achieved and he successfully completed therapy in 1986. Eight months later he had an isolated bone marrow relapse. Reinduction therapy included L-asparaginase. After the fourth dose of L-asparaginase, he presented with severe headache and a CT scan showed a right temporal infarct. Repeat infarction on rechallenge with L-asparaginase has not been previously reported. Prophylactic therapy, such as fresh frozen plasma, should be considered before patients, with a previous cerebral insult, are rechallenged with L-asparaginase. However the effectiveness of such therapy has not been established. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Cold on Norepinephrine Turnover in Tissues of Seasonally Acclimatized Redpolls (Carduelis flammea)

1. The response of the avian sympathetic nervous system during cold exposure was examined by injecting3H-norepinephrine and estimating norepinephrine (NE) turnover rate in skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and brain of seasonally acclimatized redpolls (a granivorous passerine) in interior Alaska. 2. Thermoneutral NE turnover rate (ng NE/g·h) was greater in winter (January) than in summer (July) for muscle (12 ng/g·h, +115%) and heart (65 ng/g·h, +62%). This may be correlated to higher resting metabolism of winter redpolls. 3. Acute cold exposure (24 h) necessary to increase metabolism 2 x caused increased NE turnover, compared to thermoneutral NE turnover, in muscle (10 ng/g·h, +95% in summer; 18 ng/g·h, +57% in winter) and heart (88 ng/g·h, +117% in summer; 108 ng/g·h, +65% in winter). 4. Endogenous NE concentration declined during cold exposure of summer redpolls by a mean of 22% in muscle, liver, and brain, but not in winter birds. 5. Thus, sympathetic nerve activity was stimulated by cold exposure in both seasonal groups, but winter acclimatization may involve an increased capacity to maintain steady state NE levels. 6. A peripheral NE injection (2 mg NE/kg body weight) in winter redpolls depressed metabolism by a mean of 31% from resting metabolism of 7.2 ml O2/g·h. This may be due to the effect of NE on thermoregulatory centers in the brain.
Metonidazole inhibition of nitrogenase activity in Azotobacter vinelandii

Abstract Five electron were compared for their effects on respiration and nitrogenase activity in Azotobacter vinelandii . Metronidazole, menadione bisulfite, nitroblue tetrazolium, methyl viologen and benzyl violagen all inhibited nitrogenase activity. The electron acceptors did not significantly decrease oxygen uptake when nitrogenase activity was inhibited by about 40%. Concentrations of ATP, ADP and AMP were no altered by incubation with metronidazole or menadione bisulfite. Menadione bisulfite and nitroblue tetrazolium inhibited oxygen uptake by a cell fraction containing respiratory membrane particles. The fraction catalyzed the reduction of methyl viologten, benzyl viologen and niroblue tetrazolium but metronidazole reduction was not detected. These results indicate that metronidazole is the most selective of the acceptors for low-potential processes, but during steady-state conditions other electron acceptors can be equally selective. This selectivity apparently arises from reductant production that is in excess of that needed for respiration.
Synthesis of Generational Polyester Dendrimers Derived from Glycerol and Succinic or Adipic Acid

The divergent syntheses of dendrimers composed of glycerol and varying layers of succinic and adipic acids are described. These alternating and bilayer generational copolymers are prepared in high yield using sequential esterification and hydrogenolysis reactions. The glass transition temperatures and solubilities are dependent on the composition of the outer generation layer.
Nonlinear optimization with a massively parallel Evolution Strategy-Pattern Search algorithm on graphics hardware

This paper presents a massively parallel Evolution Strategy-Pattern Search Optimization (ES-PS) algorithm with graphics hardware acceleration on bound constrained nonlinear continuous optimization problems. The algorithm was specifically designed for a graphic processing unit (GPU) hardware platform featuring 'Single Instruction Multiple Thread' (SIMT). Evolution Strategy is a population-based evolutionary algorithm for solving complex optimization problems. GPU computing is an emerging desktop parallel computing platform. The hybrid ES-PS optimization method was implemented in the GPU environment and compared to a similar implementation on Central Processing Units (CPU). Computational results indicated that GPU-accelerated SIMT-ES-PS method was orders of magnitude faster than the corresponding CPU implementation. The main contribution of this paper was the parallelization analysis and performance analysis of the hybrid ES-PS with GPU acceleration. The computational results demonstrated a promising direction for high speed optimization with desktop parallel computing on a personal computer (PC).
Chemistry of radiation crosslinking of branched fluorocarbon resins

A number of commercial and experimental fluoropolymers were subjected to ionizing radiation at elevated temperatures and the changes in melt viscosity were measured as an indication of the degree of crosslinking or degradation which occurred. Polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, and a copolymer of hexafluoropropylene with perfluoroheptene-1 decrease in melt viscosity when irradiated at 200–250°C., while copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene with hexafluoropropylene, octafluorobutylene, or perfluoroheptene-1 increase in melt viscosity, indicating crosslinking. The results suggest that the reaction of species of the type · (where × is F or CF3) with is the important one leading to crosslinking.
Web-Enhanced Behavioral Sciences Courses: Ethnicity and Perceptions of Community College Students

This research examined language, ethnicity, and course participation among participants at a community college in a poor, rural county bordering Mexico. Some participants' first language was English; the language of other participants was Spanish, and many were bilingual. The goal was to examine a Web-enhanced course for differences between Hispanic and Caucasian (non-Hispanic) students. The central research question was whether students report increased discussion and interaction in the Web-based course.
Data access optimization in a processing-in-memory system

The Active Memory Cube (AMC) system is a novel heterogeneous computing system concept designed to provide high performance and power-efficiency across a range of applications. The AMC architecture includes general-purpose host processors and specially designed in-memory processors (processing lanes) that would be integrated in a logic layer within 3D DRAM memory. The processing lanes have large vector register files but no power-hungry caches or local memory buffers. Performance depends on how well the resulting higher effective memory latency within the AMC can be managed. In this paper, we describe a combination of programming language features, compiler techniques, operating system interfaces, and hardware design that can effectively hide memory latency for the processing lanes in an AMC system. We present experimental data to show how this approach improves the performance of a set of representative benchmarks important in high performance computing applications. As a result, we are able to achieve high performance together with power efficiency using the AMC architecture.
PKA and ERK1/2 are involved in dopamine D1 receptor-induced heterologous desensitization of the δ opioid receptor

Aims Chronic administration of cocaine attenuates delta opioid receptor (DOPR) signaling in the striatum and the desensitization is mediated by the indirect actions of cocaine on dopamine D1 receptors (D1R). In addition, DOPR and D1R co-exist in some rat striatal neurons. In the present study, we examined the underlying mechanism of DOPR desensitization by D1R activation.
Positive and negative regulation by the cII and cIII gene products of bacteriophage λ

Abstract Previous experiments have indicated that the cII and cIII gene products of bacteriophage λ serve to establish repression in an infected cell through a bifunctional regulatory activity: an activation of synthesis of cI protein (the maintenance repressor) and an inhibition of production of late lytic proteins. We have investigated further the relationship between the two regulatory activities of c II c III by measurements of genetic and environmental influences on synthesis of endolysin and cI protein. A cy− mutation which exhibits a cis dominant defect in positive regulation of the cI gene also is defective in negative regulation of endolysin. These data are consistent with a mechanism in which the cII and cIII proteins act at a single site in the y-region of λ DNA to provide for both positive and negative regulation. Multiplicity of infection exerts a strong influence on endolysin production, dependent on active cII and cIII genes; higher multiplicity favors repression. However, positive regulation of the cI gene is not substantially more effective at higher multiplicity. Thus there exists a capacity for discoordinate expression of the two regulatory activities of c II c III .
EFFECT OF GUARD SPACING, GUARD ATTACHMENTS AND REEL TYPE ON CHICKPEA HARVESTING LOSSES

The economic viability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is limited in part due to excessive gathering losses during mechanical harvest. Eight different combine header configurations were investigated to determine if header technologies developed for other pulse crops were also effective at reducing harvesting losses in chickpea. Equipment evaluated were two types of knife guards, two guard attachments, and two types of reels. The experiment was laid out and analyzed as a randomized complete block design and then further analyzed as two, two-way factorial designs. Depending on header configuration, header losses accounted for 58% to 99% of total harvesting losses which ranged from 3% to 20% of total yield. Double density guards reduced header losses by 54% as compared to single density guards when used with an air reel. Reductions in header losses did not occur when double density guards were used with the batted pick-up reel. Averaged across both reel types, long finger guard attachments were found to reduce losses by 44% as compared to guards without the attachment. As compared to the batted pick-up reel, the air reel reduced header and total harvesting losses by more than 54% when used with double density knife guards and guard attachments. When the header was configured with double density guards, long finger guard attachments and the air reel, header losses were 3% of total yield, while total losses were 4% of total yield and significantly lower than for any other header configuration. As compared to the conventionally equipped header with a batted pick-up reel and single density guards, this header configuration reduced header and total losses by 86% and increased combine yield by 126 kg/ha. The results of this study indicated that chickpea header losses can be excessive and that combinations of header technologies can be used to significantly reduce chickpea harvesting losses to levels comparable with other pulse crops.
How one gambles if one must: Effects of differing return rates on multistage betting decisions

Abstract In the multistage betting game (MBG), a decision maker (DM) is provided with some capital x which he is required to bet over m ( m > 1) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive alternatives, each of which occurs with probability p i ( p i > 0, i = 1,…, m ; Σ i = 1 m p i = 1). If y i is bet on alternative i ( y i ≥ 0, Σ i = 1 m y i = x ) and alternative i obtains, the DM's capital for the next stage is y i r i , ( r i > 0). The MBG lasts until either the DM loses his capital or N stages elapse, whichever comes first. Each of six subjects participated in six sessions consisting of several hundred 3-alternative MBG stages. A within-subject design assigned negative expected value (EV) bets to the first three sessions and positive EV bets to three more sessions. Significant effects were found due to return rate, capital size, homogeneous runs of either wins or losses, and individual differences. Four maximization of expected utility and two minimization of risk models were presented and tested. A modified logarithmic utility model is proposed, which provides the best fit to the data. The implications of the results and directions for further research are briefly discussed.
A time domain based efficient block decision algorithm for audio coders

In typical audio encoders the block decision is done either using time-domain techniques like energy computation or frequency domain techniques like temporal noise shaping (TNS) [1], [2]. The time-domain energy computation based decisions are less effective for detecting many of the stringent scenarios presented by test cases like castanets and fatboy. The frequency domain based algorithms have better decision making capabilities, however they are inherently complex as they require the computation of the FFT, additionally in case of TNS the computation of LPC (Linear Prediction coding) in the frequency domain. An improved time-domain technique with better block decision capability compared to TNS and with lesser computational complexity is proposed in this paper.
Recovery of key components from real flavor concentrates by pervaporation

Experimental study was conducted on pervaporation processes for recovering key flavor compounds from aqueous flavor systems for three real flavor systems (apple essence, orange aroma, and black tea distillate). Both continuous and batch operations were carried out. Key flavor compounds were identified and successfully recovered from the real flavor systems that were tested. Mass transfer equations for pervaporation were derived based on the nonequilibrium thermodynamics principles [L. Onsager, Reciprocal relations in irreversible process I, Phys. Rev. 37 (1931) 405; L. Onsager, Reciprocal relations in irreversible process II, Phys. Rev. 38 (1931) 2265]. Mathematical models for process simulation were developed. A material balance was applied to calculate recovery and loss percentages of flavor compounds. Flavor loss rate due to evaporation leakage was determined by fitting experimental data into a developed batch operation model. Separation performance for long-term operation was predicted based on the process simulation model. Significant flavor loss was observed in the pervaporation recovery process. Pervaporation design with better sealing and collection methods was highly recommended for process scale-up.
Demonstration and implications of habitat-specific chemical signatures in otoliths of juvenile summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus Linnaeus) in North Carolina

The objective of this pilot study was to determine if otolith signatures of juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus) were differentiable between beach and marsh habitat types within two North Carolina (NC), U.S.A., estuarine systems. Elemental signatures were differentiable between habitats in both systems, and in one system at smaller spatial scales (<5 km) than have been reported for any estuarine species using otolith microchemistry. These results indicate the potential for using summer flounder otolith elemental analysis to assess the nursery role of habitats within NC estuaries.
Nitric oxide-releasing sol–gels as antibacterial coatings for orthopedic implants

To assess the benefits of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing sol-gels as potential antibacterial coatings for orthopedic devices, medical-grade stainless steel is coated with a sol-gel film of 40% N-aminohexyl-N-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 60% isobutyltrimethoxysilane. Upon converting the diamine groups in these films to diazeniumdiolate NO donors, the NO release from the sol-gel-coated stainless steel is evaluated at both ambient and physiological temperature. Sol-gel films incubated at 25 degrees C have a lower NO flux over the first 24 h compared to those at 37 degrees C, but release more than five times longer. The bacterial adhesion resistance of NO-releasing coatings is evaluated in vitro by exposing bare steel, sol-gel, and NO-releasing sol-gel-coated steel to cell suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Cell adhesion to bare and sol-gel-coated steel is similar, while NO-releasing surfaces have significantly less bacterial adhesion for all species and temperatures investigated.
Occam's Reader: A Manifesto on the New Frontiers in Resource Sharing and Content Collaboration

Texas Tech University Library, in collaboration with the University of Hawai’i at Manoa and the Greater Western Library Alliance, recently announced the development and deployment of Occam's Reader...
Marital Instability and Juvenile Delinquency Among the Nez Perces

This study is concerned with the causes of juvenile delinquency among the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho. Marital instability is examined in the past and present for its relationship to contemporary juvenile delinquency. Additional factors considered include the loss of aboriginal communal discipline, the loss of patrilocality, and the continuation of inappropriate aboriginal male and female roles into the present.
A moving target: Image guidance for stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Purpose Precise patient positioning is critical due to the large fractional doses and small treatment margins employed for thoracic stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). The goals of this study were to evaluate the following: (1) the accuracy of kilovoltage x-ray (kV x-ray) matching to bony anatomy for pretreatment positioning; (2) the magnitude of intrafraction tumor motion; and (3) whether treatment or patient characteristics correlate with intrafraction motion. Methods and Materials Eighty-seven patients with lung cancer were treated with SBRT. Patients were positioned with orthogonal kV x-rays matched to bony anatomy followed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), with matching of the CBCT-visualized tumor to the internal gross target volume obtained from a 4-dimensional CT simulation data set. Patients underwent a posttreatment CBCT to assess the magnitude of intrafraction motion. Results The mean CBCT-based shifts after initial patient positioning using kV x-rays were 2.2 mm in the vertical axis, 1.8 mm in the longitudinal axis, and 1.6 mm in the lateral axis (n = 335). The percentage of shifts greater than 3 mm and 5 mm represented 39% and 17%, respectively, of all fractions delivered. The mean CBCT-based shifts after treatment were 1.6 mm vertically, 1.5 mm longitudinally, and 1.1 mm laterally (n = 343). Twenty-seven percent and 10% of shifts were greater than 3 mm and 5 mm, respectively. Univariate and multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant association between intrafraction motion with weight and pulmonary function. Conclusions Kilovoltage x-ray matching to bony anatomy is inadequate for accurate positioning when a conventional 3-5 mm margin is employed prior to lung SBRT. Given the treatment techniques used in this study, CBCT image guidance with a 5-mm planning target volume margin is recommended. Further work is required to find determinants of interfraction and intrafraction motion that may help guide the individualized application of planning target volume margins.
GT-1 binding site confers light responsive expression in transgenic tobacco

Light-dependent expression of rbcS, the gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, which is the key enzyme involved in carbon fixation in higher plants, is regulated at the transcriptional level. Sequence analysis of the gene has uncovered a conserved GT motif in the -150 to -100 region of many rbcS promoters. This motif serves as the binding site of a nuclear factor, designated GT-1. Analysis of site-specific mutants of pea rbcS-3A promoter demonstrated that GT-1 binding in vitro is correlated with light-responsive expression of the rbcS promoter in transgenic plants. However, it is not known whether factors other than GT-1 might also be required for activation of transcription by light. A synthetic tetramer of box II (TGTGTGGTTAATATG), the GT-1 binding site located between -152 to -138 of the rbcS-3A promoter, inserted upstream of a truncated cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter is sufficient to confer expression in leaves of transgenic tobacco. This expression occurs principally in chloroplast-containing cells, is induced by light, and is correlated with the ability of box II to bind GT-1 in vitro. The data show that the binding site for GT-1 is likely to be a part of the molecular light switch for rbcS activation.
Adaptation of the liquid chromatograph as a micro-reactor; immobilised lactase kinetics

A catalytic, micro-reactor system has been developed using a modified liquid chromatograph with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer detector. The continuous flow, micro-reactor method has been adapted to the measurement of the activity of enzyme catalysts immobilised on porous glass beads. The system offers advantages over other systems in terms of convenience and provisions for steady-state analysis and control. The speed and ease of obtaining reproducible data make it feasible to study the efficacy of immobilisation techniques systematically and to explore liquid chromatographic reactor methods further. The kinetic data obtained were compatible with those found with other methods for the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside with immobilised lactase from the fungus Aspergillus niger.
California civil rights initiative.

In her letter of 23 August (p. [p. 1031][1]), Lucy Johns repeats the charge that a clause in the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI) “drastically dilutes protection against discrimination by gender.” This charge, an effort to defeat the CCRI, is simply untrue. In an open letter to the people of California, 26 of the most distinguished constitutional lawyers in the country, some in favor of and some opposed to the CCRI, were prompted by this charge to go on record as saying so ([1][2]). The letter includes the following statements. > The CCRI is a general ban on a wide range of sex classifications: “The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.” > > But clause (c) says that “Nothing in this section shall be interpreted as prohibiting bona fide qualifications based on sex which are reasonably necessary to the normal operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.” … > > The [bona fide qualifications] proviso doesn't set up some weak “reasonableness test.” It allows only those sex classifications that pass both the existing California constitutional tests and fit within the very narrow area of bona fide qualifications. And it avoids the problems that a total ban on sex classifications might cause: The law shouldn't, for instance, require that the state let male guards do strip searches of female jail inmates. Likewise, the law shouldn't require high school girls' basketball teams to allow boys to participate. The signers end on the following note. > We welcome honest, thoughtful debate on affirmative action. But we oppose erroneous statements such as those made about clause (c). 1. 1.[↵][3] The complete letter and the names of the signers can be found at World Wide Web site . [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.273.5278.1029d [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text"
The NMR structure of the RNA binding domain of E. coli rho factor suggests possible RNA-protein interactions.

The NMR structure of the RNA binding domain of E.coli rho factor suggests possible RNA–protein interactions
Body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in black compared with white women

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has recently been applied to the measurement of body composition using a three-compartment model consisting of fat, lean and bone mineral. The mass of skeletal muscle may be approximated by measurement of the lean tissue mass of the extremities. In addition, body fat distribution can be estimated by determining the ratio of fat in the trunk to the fat in the extremities. In the current study, DXA was used to compare body composition and fat distribution between black (n = 162) and white women (n = 203). Black women had a higher mineral mass and a higher skeletal muscle mass. The ratio of mineral to muscle mass was higher in black women, even when the data were adjusted for age, height and weight. Both total body bone mineral and muscle mass declined with age in both races, with evidence for an accelerated loss of bone mineral after menopause. Body size (height and weight) was generally a significant variable in developing regressions of each compartment against age. Their higher musculoskeletal mass may lead to misclassification of 12% of black women as obese if body mass index is used as an index of obesity. Body fat distribution (trunk/leg) did not differ between races in the raw data. However, for women of the same age, height and weight, white women have a significantly higher trunk/leg fat ratio. Body composition values for fat, lean and bone mineral obtained from DXA should be adjusted not only for gender but also for age, height, weight and ethnicity.
Distraction, destruction, deliverance: the presence of mindscape in marketing’s new millennium

Marketing‐driven consumer culture is often indicted in the degradation of the ecosphere. Futurists envision an ecological crisis in the new millennium. Marketing and consumer research can be enlisted in the aversion of this crisis. Political and philosophical regimes of environmental reclamation and redemption must be mobilized by conversion experiences in the individual’s soul. In this paper, I propose that marketers instigate millenarian activities to trigger a revitalization movement in the service of ecotheology. Such a provocative enterprise is well suited to the discipline’s posture of eminent domain at century’s end. I offer some suggestions for the shape that such a revitalization might take.
Porewater cadmium geochemistry and the porewater cadmium:δ13C relationship

Results from two continental margin cores collected off Pt. Sur, California, make possible a direct determination of the relationship between dissolved cadmium and the carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in the interstitial water of suboxic marine sediments. The δ13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon decrease nearly 1‰ in the top 0.5 cm of the sediments and display a more gradual decrease through the top 20 cm of the sediments. Dissolved cadmium concentrations increase by 0.6 to 1.5 nmol/kg in the top 0.5 cm of the sediments, and then rapidly decrease to values of approximately 0.12 nmol/kg between 5 and 10 cm into the sediments, apparently as a result of scavenging onto iron oxide surfaces. This pattern contrasts with porewater cadmium profiles previously reported for pelagic sediments, which show no evidence of cadmium scavenging by the sediments. However, porewater cadmium concentrations are poorly correlated with porewater δ13C values in both oxic and suboxic sediments. These results suggest that the cadmiumcalcium ratios and δ13C values of infaunal benthic foraminifera need not be tightly linked, and that the relationship between these two aspects of foraminiferal shell chemistry may vary in response to changes in sediment geochemistry.
P-59: Starfield Contrast: A Quantitative Method to Determine the Contrast of Displays with Dynamic Backlights

In the ICDM DMS (Display Metrology Standard), we introduce a method to help quantify contrast for displays which have backlight dimming for low-level drive levels — Starfield Contrast. LCD Displays with Dynamic Contrast (global/local dimming) reduce the output level of the backlights for display content with low average content. At the extreme (for all black or near black content) the backlight might be turned off, giving very high contrast values which might even be stated as infinite. Starfield Contrast determines the contrast of a display with global/local dimming at the threshold as the dimming circuitry begins operation. It controls the dimming to determine the real contrast of the display and provides the highest contrast before the display goes into its dynamic mode.
Aging and the Role of the HPA Axis and Rhythm in Sleep and Memory-Consolidation

Changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its rhythm with aging have interesting implications for sleep. Herein, the authors review sleep and HPA changes associated with normal aging and point out the similarities in how they change over time. The authors also discuss the effects of sleep on declarative memory consolidation, in particular. This focused review suggests that some of the declarative memory dysfunction with normal aging, and possibly procedural memory dysfunction, may be partially reversible by instituting methods to augment slow-wave sleep (SWS). Also, agents that decrease nocturnal corticotropin-releasing hormone and the cortisol nadir and enhance SWS may offer potential ways to manipulate the HPA axis/rhythm and improve sleep and memory. In this regard, the authors propose that drugs that act directly on the HPA axis (e.g., mineralocorticoid agonists) may be potentially quite useful for improving both sleep and declarative memory consolidation during sleep.
Modeling of Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Processes with Links to Geochemistry Associated with Bentonite-Backfilled Repository Tunnels in Clay Formations

This paper presents simulation results related to coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) processes in engineered barrier systems (EBS) and clay host rock, in one case considering a possible link to geochemistry. This study is part of the US DOE Office of Nuclear Energy's used fuel disposition campaign, to investigate current modeling capabilities and to identify issues and knowledge gaps associated with coupled THMC processes and EBS- rock interactions associated with repositories hosted in clay rock. In this study, we simulated a generic repository case assuming an EBS design with waste emplacement in hor- izontal tunnels that are back-filled with bentonite-based swelling clay as a protective buffer and heat load, derived for one type of US reactor spent fuel. We adopted the Barcelona basic model (BBM) for modeling of the geo- mechanical behavior of the bentonite, using properties corresponding to the FEBEX bentonite, and we used clay host rock properties derived from the Opalinus clay at Mont Terri, Switzerland. We present results related to EBS host-rock interactions and geomechanical performance in general, as well as studies related to peak temperature, buffer resaturation and thermally induced pressurization of host rock pore water, and swelling pressure change owing to variation of chemical composition in the EBS. Our ini- tial THM modeling results show strong THM-driven interactions between the bentonite buffer and the low- permeability host rock. The resaturation of the buffer is delayed as a result of the low rock permeability, and the fluid pressure in the host rock is strongly coupled with the temperature changes, which under certain circumstances could result in a significant increase in pore pressure. Moreover, using the BBM, the bentonite buffer was found to have a rather complex geomechanical behavior that eventually leads to a slightly nonuniform density distribu- tion. Nevertheless, the simulation shows that the swelling of the buffer is functioning to provide an adequate increase in confining stress on the tunnel wall, leading to a stabil- ization of any failure that may occur during the tunnel excavation. Finally, we describe the application of a pos- sible approach for linking THM processes with chemistry, focusing on the evolution of primary and secondary swelling, in which the secondary swelling is caused by changes in ionic concentration, which in turn is evaluated using a transport simulation model.
Analysis of approximations and errors in equations of motion method calculations

Abstract We analyze a number of fundamental questions associated with the use of a finite one-particle orbital basis in equations of motion (EOM) method calculations of excitation energies etc., of atomic and molecular systems. This approximation yields an approximate n e -electron ground state and say, N excited states, while there are ( N + 1) 2 different possible basis operators for EOM calculations. We show that sets of at most 2 N basis operators can contribute to the EOM calculations. Any set of 2 N basis operators, satisfying certain conditions, provides the exact EOM energies which are equivalent to complete configuration interaction results within the same orbital basis. We investigate the use of particle-particle shifting operators which are not employed in EOM calculations in model calculations on He with operator bases smaller than the complete 2V to consider the convergence of the expansion. The dependence of EOM calculations on the quality of the approximate ground state wavefunction is studied through calculations for Be where additional support is provided for the frequent need for multiconfigurational zeroth order reference functions (as corrected perturbatively). Excited state EOM wavefunctions from EOM calculations are shown to not necessarily be orthogonal to either the exact or approximate ground state wavefunction, suggesting implications in the use of EOM methods to evaluate excited state properties. The He and Be examples and a simple two-level problem are also utilized to illustrate questions concerning the use of the EOM equations to obtain an iteratively improved ground state wavefunction.