cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A contemporary science and engineering education program for 8th and 9th grade students

This paper describes a 5-day science and engineering education program for 8th and 9th grade students, held at Penn State Altoona in August 1997. The objectives of this program were (a) to create a vision of science and engineering that is process-oriented, motivational, exploratory, and encourages problem solving, and (b) to impart students tools which would be helpful to them in learning more advanced scientific concepts. Participants conducted a series of inquiry-based exercises designed to introduce them to contemporary concepts in engineering design, materials science, lasers/electro-optics/fiber-optics, statistical quality control, and biological sciences. Working collaboratively in teams, 8th and 9th graders who participated in this program designed experiments, manipulated equipment, made measurements, and interpreted and presented data in an appropriate style. Each student created a portfolio of written, graphic, and project materials which was evaluated by the project faculty at the conclusion of the program. The portfolio approach was used to enhance: verbal and written communication skills, interdisciplinary learning, conceptual understanding of science and engineering, student responsibility for learning, self esteem. The paper begins with a description of the reasons for conducting the above mentioned summer school of excellence for 8th and 9th graders. A discussion of portfolio approach is presented. The activities carried out as a part of the above mentioned program are described. Finally, the student assessment and program evaluation are discussed.
Annual Variation in Habitat Use by White-footed Mice, Peromyscus leucopus : The Effects of Forest Patch Size, Edge and Surrounding Vegetation Type

White-footed Mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ) were trapped for two years in the exterior matrix, edge, and interior forest habitat sections of six forests patches in a fragmented agricultural landscape. We used data on the capture locations of P. leucopus individuals from the two years, which differed in rainfall (i.e., summer of 2000 with 50% more rain than summer of 1999), to assess how patch size, edge habitat, and surrounding habitat type influence habitat use and movements in populations of this forest habitat generalist. We found that the proportion of individuals subsequently captured in the forest edge from the exterior was 16 times greater in the wet year than in the dry year and approximately twice as many P. leucopus were not subsequently recaptured from the exterior matrix in the dry year compared to the wet year. For each year, captures between habitats did not differ in relation to patch size, edge forest habitat, or exterior matrix type. These results illustrate the generalist habitat preferences of P. leucopus , but emphasize annual variation in their behavior and distribution.
Leucine Aminopeptidase (Bovine Lens) MECHANISM OF ACTIVATION BY MG2+ AND MN2+OF THE ZINC METALLOENZYME, AMINO ACID COMPOSITION, AND SULFHYDRYL CONTENT

Abstract Spark emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy of crystalline leucine aminopeptidase (bovine lens) (EC 3.4.1.1) shows the presence of 2 zinc atoms per subunit molecular weight of 54,000 (12 zinc atoms per oligomer of 320,000). Removal of zinc by dialysis yields a zinc-free product with no enzymatic activity which upon readdition of Zn2+, regains full activity with the concomitant binding of 2 zinc atoms per subunit. Addition of Cu2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, or Mn2+ to the zinc-free enzyme does not result in stoichiometric binding of these ions or in significant regain in activity. Incubation of the enzyme containing 2 zinc atoms with various concentrations of Zn2+ and Mg2+ or Zn2+ and Mn2+ shows (a) that there is a competition between the ions for one binding site, (b) that the ratio of dissociation constants for this site is Kmg:Kzn = 150 at pH 9.5 and Kmn:Kzn = 35 at pH 8.5, and (c) that a maximum of 1 mole of Mg2+ or Mn2+ is bound per 54,000 g of leucine aminopeptidase. The results suggest that leucine aminopeptidase has two metal binding sites: a specificity site that must be occupied by zinc in order to have an active enzyme and an activation site which can be occupied by Zn2+, Mg2+, or Mn2+ to give zinc-zinc, zinc-magnesium, or zinc-manganese enzymes with different specific activities. The nature of the ion occupying the activation site has a pronounced effect on the maximum velocity of the reaction and a minor effect on the Michaelis constant. A new amino acid analysis of the lens leucine aminopeptidase is presented which accounts for all of the total nitrogen and dry weight of the enzyme in terms of amino acid residues and which indicates that the enzyme contains eight half-cystines per 54,000-dalton subunit. Six of these are in the sulfhydryl form, but only one of these is available for reaction in the native enzyme. This reactive sulfhydryl is not needed for enzymatic activity. On a dry weight basis the absorbance of a 1% solution of leucine aminopeptidase at neutral pH in a 1-cm cuvette at 280 nm is 10. The partial specific volume as calculated from the amino acid composition is 0.74.
Estimating conditional certainty equivalents using choice-experiment data

Expected-utility theory is embraced by some researchers because of its theoretical and empirical tractability, although empirical testing has exposed systematic behavioral inconsistencies that violate the axiom of independence in the theory. In particular, empirical evidence suggests that people making choices under uncertainty do not have a unique certainty equivalent when single-stage games are turned into multistage games, even if the likelihood of outcomes remains unchanged. We show analytically why a violation of the independence axiom is not inconsistent with random-utility models and data obtained from discrete-choice experiments. Results from a health care application are used to demonstrate the feasibility of estimating certainty-equivalent functions that can be used to test the validity of the independence axiom by modeling data from choice-experiment surveys. Further, we show how estimating certainty-equivalent functions with a simple survival model can also help us understand choice-experiment respondents' implicit perceptions of the likelihood of future outcomes. This information is particularly valuable when only part of the risk details in a multistage game can be provided to respondents who complete a discrete-choice experiment either because the actual risk levels are unknown or because risk levels vary significantly from person to person, neither one of which is uncommon in health applications.
Human NK cells: SET to kill

In this issue of Blood , Trotta et al define a novel mechanism of human granzyme B and perforin regulation and identify 2 new signaling players involved in modulating NK cytotoxicity.[1][1] Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in viral and antitumor innate immunity, commonly through 2
Is there an intimate relation between amorphous and crystalline semiconductors

Abstract Pressure measurements have often been used to clarify the band structure and the fundamental properties of crystalline semiconductors. An account is given of such measurements on the optical absorption edge and the refractive index of amorphous Ge. Less complete data on Si, GaP and GaAs are also reported. The implication of the results for present models of the amorphous band structure and the optical and transport properties is examined. Finally, the value of the Penn gap in the amorphous phase is estimated from the calculated heat of crystallization.
The Jacobi transition and the giant-dipole resonance in rapidly rotating hot nuclei

Abstract The giant-dipole resonance (GDR) in rapidly rotating hot nuclei is calculated at constant spin by projection from the GDR response function at constant angular velocity. The theory is applied to the Jacobi phase transition of a hot rotating liquid drop and the GDR is found to be a sensitive signature of the transition. Comparison with recent experiments on 45 Sc confirm a Jacobi phase transition from oblate to almost prolate shapes with large deformation.
"I didn't know i could turn colors": health problems and health care experiences of women strangled by an intimate partner

Strangulation is a unique and particularly pernicious form of intimate partner violence. To increase the relatively little that is known about strangulation survivors, focus groups and interviews were conducted as part of a practice–research engagement with a domestic violence shelter. All of the participants had been strangled and, among them, almost all were strangled multiple times. The loss of consciousness was common. Participants associated “choking” with use of body parts and “strangling” with use of objects. Although some minimized the assault, most considered strangulation to be serious and reported a variety of medical conditions following the assault. Few sought medical care. Of those who did, few disclosed the assault, or were asked about strangulation, which commonly resulted in misdirected treatment. Implications for improving detection and treatment are discussed.
On the Residual Stress Profiles in New API 579/ASME FFS-1 Appendix E

In this paper, the mechanics basis underlying the parametric through-thickness residual stress profiles proposed for the new joint fitness for service document referred to as API 579/ASME FFS-1 Appendix E is presented. The proposed residual stress profiles are described to a large extent by a unified parametric function form valid for a broad spectrum of pipe and vessel welds. The functional relationship is established based on the comprehensive knowledge base developed within a recent major international joint industry project (JIP) under the auspice of Pressure Vessel Research Council (PVRC) and a large amount of residual stress measurement data from recent literature. One of the most important features associated with the proposed revision is that residual stress profile is uniquely determined by two important sets of governing parameters: (1) parameters relevant to pipe geometry, i.e., r/t and t; (2) a parameter related to welding linear heat input Q (J/mm), referred to as the characteristic heat input \(\hat Q\)which has a dimension of J/mm3. As a result, the corresponding through-wall residual stress distribution exhibits a continuous change as a function of r/t, t, and \(\hat Q\), instead of falling into a few discrete and unrelated profiles, as seen in the current Codes and Standards.
The use of Riemann problems in solving a class of transcendental equations

A method of finding explicit expressions for the roots of a certain class of transcendental equations is discussed. In particular it is shown by determining a canonical solution of an associated Riemann boundary-value problem that expressions for the roots may be derived in closed form. The explicit solutions to two transcendental equations, tan β = ωβ and β tan β = ω, are discussed in detail, and additional specific results are given.
Mapping the effects of motor cortex stimulation on single neurons in the dorsal column nuclei in the rat: Direct responses and afferent modulation

Abstract The major aim of this study was to define the topography of descending motor cortical influences on the dorsal column nuclei of the rat. A total of 1442 single neurons were recorded throughout the rat cuneate (Cu) or external cuneate (ECu) nuclei and classified according to their: 1) location within the nuclei, 2) receptive fields and 3) response to standardized deep layer microstimulation in the forelimb area of the motor (MI) cortex. Excitatory neuronal responses to this MI cortical stimulation ranged in latency from 2–28 msec, with 80% of responses in the 4–12 msec range. Overall, the rostral extremity of the Cu (0.5–1.0 mm rostral to the obex) and the ECu contained the highest percentage of recorded neurons responding to the MI cortical stimulation (61%). By contrast, only 11% responded in the middle subregion of the Cu (+0.4 to −0.9 mm relative to the obex) and 28% responded in the caudal-most subregion (1.0–2.0 mm caudal to obex). A similar paradigm was used to investigate the topography of MI corticofugal modulation of afferent transmission through the Cu and ECu. The MI cortical stimulation was used as a conditioning (C) stimulus in a condition-test (C-T) paradigm in which the test (T) stimulus was standardized mechanical vibration of digit No. 4 of the contralateral forepaw. A total of 30 cells from different subregions were analyzed by measuring the averaged evoked unit responses to the T-stimulii and plotting them as a function of C-T intervals from 0–50 msec. Neurons recorded in all the subregions of the Cu experienced some suppression of their responses to the T-stimuli in approximately the 0–50 msec range of C-T intervals (overall mean suppression = 7.6%). However, neurons in the most caudal portion of Cu were most strongly suppressed (−27.85%), whereas in the middle region 4.3% facilitation was observed. Responses of neurons in the rostral and middle Cu, and the ECu were generally facilitated in the short C-T intervals, but were strongly suppressed at longer C-T intervals in the ECu. These results demonstrated a marked compartmentalization of motor cortical effects in the rat dorsal column nuclei.
SU‐E‐J‐108: Quantitative Analysis of Longitudinal Cognitive Impairment Due to Radiation Therapy Based on Automatic Segmentation of Hippocampus and Subcortical Structure

Purpose: In this study, we developed a quantitative analysis tool based on patient's longitudinal MR images to 1) measure the radiationdose received by each subcortical structure, 2) follow the change of volume and shape of each structure longitudinally. This tool provides a systematic approach to study the radiation therapy (and subsequent chemotherapy) associated with cognitive impairments. Methods:MRI scans of one patient taken before and after radiation therapy are demonstrated in this study. 3D Conformal radiation therapy was performed on RapidArc™. An open source MRIanalysis tool, FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST), was used for segmentation. The images are registered to a standard template with expert‐defined labeling for all sub‐cortical structures, and the labeling of each structure is mapped back to the individual MRI space for segmentation. After the segmentation, the radiationdose map was coregistered to the MRI space to calculate the dose received by each structure. Results: For the structure that is contained within the radiation zone, we can calculate the total dose based on the volumetric distribution of radiationdose. For the structure that is outside the radiation field, we can calculate the distance from the radiation zone. We have demonstrated in this work that the analysis can be done for all segmented sub‐cortical structures. The change of volume before and after radiation treatment can be analyzed, and the results can be correlated with the change of cognitive performance over time. Conclusions: We presented an automated tool for efficient, quantitative and user‐independent measurements of radiationdose in subcortical structures. The obtained results can be correlated with the cognitive test score and the clinical outcome to evaluate radiation and the subsequent chemotherapy induced changes in brain structures and functions.
Estimating the ideal dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for growth of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson)

Juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus, Richardson) were fed or starved for 4 weeks, and their whole body amino acid composition determined at the beginning and the end of the study. The amino acid compositions of muscle, liver, gill and gastrointestinal tract, and the free amino acids in plasma of fed and starved fish were also determined. Very little variation was observed in the amino acid compositions of all the tissues examined after starvation. However, the plasma free amino acids were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased following starvation. On the basis of the amino acid composition and nitrogen retention values of the whole fish, daily indispensable amino acid requirements for protein accretion and obligatory nitrogen losses (mg amino acid 100 g body weighr−1 day−1) were estimated. The pattern of indispensable amino acids required for each of these is different, with the pattern for protein accretion containing much higher levels of lysine, but lower levels of tryptophan and sulfur amino acids. Individual amino acid retention rates varied from 33.3% of dietary tryptophan to 80.2% for arginine. The estimated dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for young growing white sturgeon (expressed as a percentage of total indispensable amino acids plus cystine and tyrosine) is: arginine, 14.0; histidine, 6.6; isoleucine, 8.8; leucine, 12.5; lysine, 15.8; methionine (plus cystine), 6.6; phenylalanine (plus tyrosine), 15.5; threonine, 9.7; tryptophan, 0.8; and valine, 9.7.
The alkaline earth intercalates of molybdenum disulfide

Molybdenum disulfide has been intercalated with calcium and strontium by means of the liquid ammonia technique. Chemical, x−ray, and superconductivity data are presented. The x−ray data reveal a lowering of crystal symmetry and increase of complexity of the structure upon intercalation with the alkaline earth metals. The Ca and Sr intercalates start to superconduct at ∼4 and 5.6°K, respectively, and show considerable anisotropy regarding the critical magnetic field.
Evaluation of Urine Toxicology Screens in an Oocyte Donor Population

Purpose:To assess the accuracy of drug self-reporting in oocyte donors. Methods:Retrospective chart review of donors at Stanford University. Results:7% of the donor population had a significant positive urine toxicology screen. Conclusions:Donors may not fully disclose details of drug use, so urine toxicology screening should be considered in this patient population.
Triacylglycerol Composition of Coffee Beans (Coffea canephora P.) by Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Positive Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectroscopy

The triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of coffee beans (Coffea canephora P.) was determined by reversed phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. The TAGs were separated on a Microsorb RP C-18 column in series with a Supelcosil RP C-18 column using isocratic elution with acetonitrile/2-propanol/hexane (v/v/v, 57:38:5) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min for 100 min. Under these conditions, 13 TAGs were identified (elution order): trilinoleyl-glycerol (LLL, 11.76%), dilinolenoyl-palmitoyl-glycerol (PLnLn, 2.94%), dilinoleyl-oleyl-glycerol (OLL, 7.77%), dilinoleyl-palmitoyl-glycerol (PLL, 25.90%), dipalmitoyl-linolenoyl-glycerol (PPLn, 1.66%), dioleoyl-linoleyl-glycerol (OOL, 1.68%), dilinoleyl-stearyl-glycerol (SLL, 8.28%), palmitoyl-oleyl-linoleyl-glycerol (POL, 8.76%), dipalmitoyl-linoleyl-glycerol (PPL, 13.74%), dilinoleyl-arachidyl-glycerol (ALL, 3.51%), trioleoyl-glycerol (OOO, 2.33%), palmitoyl -linoleyl-stearyl -glycerol (PLS, 8.73%), and distearoyl-linolenonyl-glycerol (SSLn, 2.91%). The relative composition (%) was obtained directly from the data system with the photodiode array detector.
Goodness of fit tests for multivariate counting process models with applications

In this paper, we develop some distribution-free tests for checking the adequacy of the parametric forms of the intensity processes of a multivariate counting process model. The proposed tests, based in Khmaladze's transformations, are derived from the transforms of weighted aggregated martingale residual processes. The transformed processes converge weakly to independent Gaussian martingales under the assumed model. The distribution- free tests, such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer-von Mises type tests, are appropri- ately defined to account for deviations in each of the transformed aggregated martingale residual processes. Consistency of the tests are discussed. The tests are applicable to multiplicative intensity models such as a competing risks model as well as to non-multi- plicative intensity models such as a constant relative or excess mortality model. A smali simulation study is conducted and an imustration to a real data example is provided.
Assessing the Multivariate Evolutionary Responses of Phenological Differentiation for Sibling Species: Biosystematics in the Macrosteles fascifrons Complex (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

A brief history of the concept of the Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal) complex (aster leafhoppers) in the literature is given. Taxonomic problems are discussed involving the use of the name M. fascifrons for vector work in the lower Nearctic, the origin of the holotype of Macrosteles severini Hamilton, 1983, and the taxonomic status of long-winged and short-winged Macrosteles cultures at the University of California, Berkeley. A method is presented for distinguishing, quantifying, and comparing the biologically inherent seasonal phenological differentiation between these two laboratory-reared sibling species in the complex. The results can be used in taxonomic decisions. Morphometric traits are used after variance information associated with species level differentiation is removed. The method generates a comparative indicator for the multivariate evolutionary pathway between spring and fall mean group phenotypes for each of two species reared under equivalent laboratory conditions over several generations. The relative slope of this phenological pathway is then compared between the species. Results on two Macrosteles spp. indicate seasonal phenological slopes are quite similar between sexes within a species but differ markedly between species. The quantitative genetic contributions of a set of traits imparting the phenological (plus sexual) differentiation is ascertained.
Parallel I/O: an introduction

Abstract As an introduction to and motivation for this special issue we discuss the definition of parallel I/O, why it is necessary and the major issues that need to be addressed. We expand on the research issues by recording an e-mailed ‘roundtable’ discussion among the authors of papers in this issue. The authors were asked to respond to three questions concerning the state of and needed direction of research in parallel I/O. Authors were also given the chance to respond to each others' answers.
Prevalence of fat redistribution and metabolic disorders in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.

In this study we assessed the prevalence of fat redistribution and metabolic disorders in a population of HIV-infected children on antiretroviral treatment. To make associations with epidemiological parameters, clinical-immune status, viral load and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we performed a cross-sectional study in HIV-infected children. Epidemiological parameters (age, sex, family history), clinical and immune status, viral load, and duration of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and HAART, including protease inhibitors, were recorded. Presence of clinical signs of fat redistribution and lipid, glucose and lactic acid levels were evaluated. A total of 56 HIV-infected children, including 30 boys (54%), aged between 21 months and 18 years (mean 9.5 years) were studied. In all, 49 patients (87.5%) were receiving ART (mean duration 4 years) and 43 (77%) were receiving HAART (mean duration 3.6 years). Fat redistribution or lipodystrophy was present in 14 patients (25%); seven had lipohypertrophy (12.5%), two lipoatrophy (3.5%) and five a mixed pattern (8.9%). Fat redistribution was higher in children older than 11 years (50%). Of the lipodystrophic patients, 71.4% presented hypertriglyceridaemia (>130 mg/dl) and 57% hypercholesterolaemia (>180 mg/dl). We found significant associations between lipodystrophy and age, ART and HAART duration and hypertriglyceridaemia ( P <0.001, 0.002, 0.016 and <0.001, respectively), but no significant association with sex, family history, clinical or immune status and viral load. Conclusion:The prevalence of lipodystrophy was 25% (95% confidence interval 14.8–34.6) with lipohypertrophy being the commonest pattern. Clinical fat redistribution was significantly associated with older age, duration of antiretroviral treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy and hypertriglyceridaemia.
Cocaine's long run.

Locomotor activity in response to cocaine increases with repeated administration. A clever microarray approach now yields clues to the basis for this heightened sensitivity.
The microJansky and nanoJansky population

Abstract We present a review of faint radio source populations, starting with constraints from the radio source counts over 7 dex in flux density and ∼1 dex in frequency, as well as from the angular-size and spectral-index vs. flux-density relations. We present possible extrapolations of the μJy source counts to nanoJy levels as they may be observed with the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). We review clues to the nature and evolution of faint radio sources from deep optical identification and spectroscopy programs, as well as from HST imaging. The faint radio source population is a mixture of starburst, post-starburst and elliptical galaxies. The microwave radio emission at μJy–mJy levels is caused by a combination of (nuclear) starbursts and weak AGN activity. Each of these radio source populations evolved strongly with cosmic epoch, likely driven by the strongly epoch dependent galaxy merger rate, which has been winding down since z≲0.5–1.0 when Λ took over the expansion.
Logos and Logoi Ensarkos: Christology and a Problem of Perception

: The question of how we perceive objects remains a highly mysterious issue. One particular problem is how the primary perceivable properties of objects relate to their secondary properties, in particular how secondary properties can equally be true of objects. John Locke offered two possibilities: dispositionalism and divine action. Unfortunately, both fail to relate primary and secondary properties in the object. In this article I argue that the means to overcome this disjunction is christological – by interpreting objects in their primary and secondary properties as existing in ontological derivation from the Christ who eternally will become incarnate.
Studies of group-velocity reduction and pulse regeneration with and without the adiabatic approximation

We present a detailed semiclassical study of the propagation of a pair of optical fields in resonant media with and without the adiabatic approximation. In the case of near- and on-resonance excitation, we show detailed calculations, both analytical and numerical, of the extremely slowly propagating probe pulse and the subsequent regeneration of a pulse via a coupling laser. Further discussions of the adiabatic approximation provide much subtle understanding of the process, including the effect on the bandwidth of the regenerated optical field. We show that the adiabatic condition does not generally predict that the regenerated field will have the same bandwidth as that of the original probe pulse. Indeed, we show analytically that for a set of coupling pulses well satisfying the adiabatic conditions, the regenerated field usually has a different bandwidth from the original probe pulse. For very-far-off resonance excitations, we show that the analytical solution is nearly detuning independent, providing a simple condition is satisfied. This surprising result is vigorously tested and compared to numerical calculations with very good agreement.
Alteration of avoidance and ingestive behavior after destruction of central catecholamine pathways with 6-hydroxydopamine

Abstract Alterations of shuttle-box avoidance acquisition, ingestive behavior, and catecholamine content in 4 different parts of brain were determined following bilateral infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ventral tegmental area containing A-10 dopamine cell bodies, the tegmental segment of the ascending norepinephrine pathways, the globus pallidum, or the caudate-putamen. The maximum antagonism of active avoidance acquisition occurred following placement of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ventral tegmental and caudate areas. No effect on either avoidance or ingestive behavioral measures occurred after infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine into the norepinephrine pathways. Factor analysis of behavioral and biochemical data suggested that only striatal dopamine content bore a high relationship to avoidance behavior, while ingestive behavioral measures were highly related to both striatal and limbic dopamine content. Results suggest a functional—anatomical differentiation of dopamine pathways in brain.
Alterations by antidepressants of cerebrospinal fluid formation and calcium distribution dynamics in the intact rat brain.

Abstract The formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after chronic treatment with imipramine (IMI), lithium (Li), or electroshock (EST) was studied in urethane-anesthetized rats by ventricular-cisternal perfusion with 14 C-inulin. Effects of these treatments on the removal of 45 Ca from the cerebroventricular perfusate were also studied. The mean value for CSF formation in control rats was 2.6 ± 0.2 μ/min. EST and IMI both increased CSF formation significantly ( + 38% and +19%, respectively). Li caused a significant decrease ( − 19%). Endogenous removal of 45 Ca was by bulk CSF absorption to blood and by uptake to brain. In control animals, the uptake by brain accounted for 42% of the total endogenous removal at the steady state. Each of the applied treatments resulted in a significant decrease in the fraction of 45 Ca taken up by the brain (EST 26%, IMI 33%, Li 29%). Thus, although chronic EST or IMI resulted in an effect opposite to that obtained by Li on CSF formation, all three treatments appear to act similarly in reducing calcium passage from the cerebroventricular compartment to brain tissue .
The Effects of History of Mathematics on Attitudes Toward Mathematics of College Algebra Students.

A basic tenet of teachers of mathematics is that student attitudes toward mathematics are important and that a major task of the teacher is to promote positive attitudes. Because of this belief, a number of studies during the past several years have been concerned with the manner in which such attitudes develop. Results of these studies indicate that although student attitudes in the early grades are positive and increasing, a peak is attained during the junior high school years, which is followed by a steady decline continuing through high school (Begle, 1973). As a consequence, a problem confronting teachers of first-year college mathematics is that of arresting this decline and promoting more positive student attitudes toward mathematics.
Rett Syndrome: A Case Report from an Audiovisual Program

A case report of a 13-yr-6-mo-old girl with the Rett syndrome is provided from an audiovisual program featuring home movies taken from 2 mos of age and onward. The patient shows the following symptoms not previously emphasized in the Rett syndrome: deceleration of head growth (rather than acquired microcephaly), fall-off in linear growth in infancy, early hypotonia, precocious puberty and respiratory alkalosis. Except for the precocious puberty, a second, 35-mo-old, patient has followed the same clinical course with similar laboratory findings.
Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel Classification with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares

Abstract : The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will have regulations in effect no later than 2010 requiring sulfur content to be no greater than 15 parts per million (ppm) for on-road, off-road, and marine diesel fuel applications. Hydrotreatment will remove sulfur, but it also removes other polar compounds that impart fuel lubricity. The rapid and accurate discrimination of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuels is then important for both regulation compliance and lubricity assessment. While near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has not yet been able to accurately predict the sulfur content of fuels, partial least-squares (PLS) models can be constructed to predict ULSD identity indirectly through the other chemical changes caused by hydrotreatment that do, in fact, affect NIR instrument responses, albeit only subtly (see the Supporting Information). Therefore, it is possible to develop relatively low-cost portable NIR field instrumentation for the rapid identification of fuels that have undergone hydrotreatment, which, by virtue of the inevitably low resulting sulfur content, are ULSD fuels. Data were collected from a set of 391 worldwide diesel fuel samples, consisting of 251 Naval distillate (NATO F-76), 129 marine gas oil (MGO), and 11 ULSD fuels from various North American sources. The non-ULSD fuels had measured sulfur contents ranging from 200 to over 9000 ppm, and the ULSD fuels contained 10 ppm or less sulfur. NIR absorbance spectra were collected from 1000-1600 nm with a fiber optic reflectance probe coupled to a custom Bruker Optics NIR spectrometer, which employed a thermoelectrically cooled 512 element GaAs detector array.
Regioselectivity in enzymatic hydration of cis-1,2-disubstituted [18O]-epoxides

Abstract The hydration of cis -β-methylstyrene oxide, cis -2,3-octene oxide, and their 18O-enriched forms by epoxide hydrase of rat liver microsomes has been investigated. Both cis epoxides underwent quantitative enzymatic hydration yielding exclusively the corresponding threo diols, indicating that complete stereochemical inversion at a single oxirane carbon had occurred. Mass spectral analysis of diols formed enzymatically from the 18O enriched epoxides indicated they were formed with great regioselectivity, 89% and 85% of the 18O being located at the benzylic carbon of the styrene diol and at C-3 of the octane diol, respectively.
Evidence of disynaptic projections from the rostral ventrolateral medulla to the thoracic spinal cord.

Sympathetic outflow is regulated by a direct pathway of the rostral ventrolateral reticular formation (rvlm) to the thoracic spinal cord. For the first time, a dual retrograde/anterograde transport technique was used to demonstrate by light microscopy, potential disynaptic pathways from the rvlm to the thoracic spinal cord in the rat. An anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the rvlm and a retrograde tracer, FluoroGold (FG) deposited into the upper thoracic spinal cord in the same animal. Rostral ventrolateral medullary efferents labeled with BDA were apposed to thoracic reticulospinal neurons labeled with FG in the ventrolateral tegmentum, ipsilateral and contralateral to the injection site in the rvlm. Suggestive evidence was obtained of synaptic interactions with neuronal somata and proximal dendrites. The results support the idea that the rvlm projects to the thoracic cord via disynaptic, intrareticular pathways paralleling the well established monosynaptic projection.
An interactive graphical display monitor in a batch-processing environment with remote entry

A graphic monitor program is described. It was developed at Carnegie-Mellon University for the CDC G21 computer, which is a general purpose, batch-processing system with remote entry. The existing G21 system and the graphics hardware are described. The graphic monitor is a resident auxiliary monitor which provides comprehensive managerial capability over the graphical system in response to commands from the human user. It also will respond to commands from a user program through a similar interface, where routine calls take the place of manual actions. Thus the human and program can interact on a symmetrical and equal basis through the medium of the graphic monitor.The choices made in designing the graphic monitor, given the constraints of the existing hardware and computer system, are discussed.The structure of the monitor program and the human and program interfaces are described. There is also a transient swapping version with a small resident part, and provision for swapped used submonitors.
Social networks and globalization: Facebook, YouTube and the impact of online communities on France's protectionist policies

As the Internet continues to evolve, new uses for digital communication tools like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube continue to increase beyond expectations, creating large global communities acting in concert for social, environmental and even political change. Although a direct affront to authoritarian governments, this explosion of international online communities raises questions for nations like France and its policies to protect its own unique culture from outside invasion. Yet as part of a trend toward globalization, scores of participating citizens are transcending France's cultural borders to join these powerful online communities and in turn, bypassing established policies concerning the free flow of information, isolation and protectionism. The example in France offers an opportunity to explore online social networks and their possible impact on France's cultural protectionist policies and globalization.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF SOUND WAVES AND INSTABILITIES TO THE PENETRATION OF THE SOLAR DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION BELOW THE CONVECTION ZONE

The response of a layer to a horizontal shear flow at its top the surface was studied numerically as an initial value problem. The geometry was Cartesian and the conservation equations were solved with the help of the Zeus-3D code. In the initial state, the pressure, p, and density, ρ, of the layer were assumed to be related by a polytropic equation of index 1.14, which best approximates the solar values in the region of interest. The values of p and ρ at the lower boundary of the layer, namely r=R l=0.4 R ⊙, were taken to be the solar values. The upper boundary was chosen to be the base of the solar convection zone, r=R c=0.7 R ⊙. The shear flow at the surface, v φ(R c), was proportional to the solar differential rotation, and acoustical oscillations were present in the layer. It is shown that if the initial state is stable, a dynamical coupling between sound waves and the shear flow transmits the surface flow to the inner regions of the layer, even in the absence of dissipation. The shear flow in the sublayer below the one at the surface is proportional to v φ(R c), to the time, and to the strength of the oscillations. The constant of proportionality is calculated from the numerical integrations, performed for times of the order of 100 hr. Extrapolation of these results to longer times shows that the surface shear flow is transmitted to the inner regions in a time of the order of of 30 000 years. If the initial state is unstable to the vertical shear, the region of maximum instability depends also on the horizontal shear, and is located away from the equator (where the vertical shear is maximum). As a consequence, the longitudinal flow below the surface shows two equidistant maxima across the equator, located at intermediate latitudes.
Matrix vesicles produced by osteoblast-like cells in culture become significantly enriched in proteoglycan-degrading metalloproteinases after addition of β-Glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid

Matrix vesicles, media vesicles, and plasma membranes from three well-characterized, osteoblast-like cells (ROS 17/2.8, MG-63, and MC-3T3-E1) were evaluated for their content of enzymes capable of processing the extracellular matrix. Matrix vesicles were enriched in alkaline phosphatase specific activity over the plasma membrane and contained fully active neutral, but not acid, metalloproteinases capable of digesting proteoglycans, potential inhibitors of matrix calcification. Matrix vesicle enrichment in neutral metalloproteinase varied with the cell line, whereas collagenase, lysozyme, hyaluronidase, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) were not found in any of the membrane fractions examined. MC-3T3-E1 cells were cultured for 32 days in the presence of ascorbic acid (100 μg/ml), β-glycerophosphate (5 mM), or a combination of the two, to assess changes in matrix vesicle enzymes during calcification. Ascorbate or β-glycerophosphate alone had no effect, but in combination produced significant increases in both active and total neutral metalloproteinase in matrix vesicles and plasma membranes, with the change seen in matrix vesicles being the most dramatic. This correlated with an increase in the formation of von Kossa-positive nodules. The results of the present study indicate that osteoblast-like cells produce matrix vesicles enriched in proteoglycan-degrading metalloproteinases. In addition, the observation that matrix vesicles contain significantly increased metalloproteinases under conditions favorable for mineralization in vitro lends support to the hypothesis that matrix vesicles play an important role in extracellular matrix processing and calcification in bone.
An iterated three-layer model of the double layer with permanent dipoles

There does not exist a theory of the ionic double layer at a completely blocking metal electrode in liquid electrolytes which is adequate in the charge/potential region where ions and solvent molecules begin to approach saturated conditions. Under these conditions, a continuum theory, such as that of Gouy and Chapman (GC), becomes entirely inadequate. Here the problem is attacked in a semi-discrete way by first partitioning the space charge region into layers parallel to the planar blocking electrode. Each layer is part of a cubic lattice with lattice-site spacing determined by the pure solvent concentration. Lattice sites may be occupied by ions of either sign or by solvent molecules, taken as spheres having a permanent dipole moment. The solvent molecule finite-length dipoles are then approximated by slabs of constant point-dipole polarization. Thus each of the planes parallel to the electrode is a locus of ion centers, and the polarization is accounted for by equal and opposite charge layers equidistant on either side of an ionic charge layer. The mean polarization and ionic concentration in each three-layer region are determined self-consistently by free energy minimization, and electrostatic equations are employed to couple the electrical conditions in one layer to those adjacent. This ion-dipole model (IDM) is solved self-consistently for arbitrary molarity in two regimes: the weak-field situation where the electrode charge approaches zero, and the arbitrary field-strength regime. In the first case, an, exact, closed-form solution is obtained which reduces to that of GC in the appropriate limit, but numerical analysis is required in the second situation. The present treatment provides a more realistic account of the electrical effects of discrete solvent dipoles than do those treatments, such as the GC model, which represent them entirely by a background, non-saturable, or even saturable, bulk dielectric constant. Here polarization saturation enters naturally in a fully self-consistent way Thus although dipoles line up with the field in high-field regions, they tend to be displaced by ions of a given sign in the layers immediately adjacent to the blocking, electrode, reducing the net polarization. A simpler model, more directly appropriate for single crystals than for liquids, the layered lattice gas model (LLM), retains layering but represents the permanent dipolar polarization by a non-saturable continuum bulk dielectric constant; it is thus intermediate between the IDM and the GCM. Predictions of the three, models are compared with Grahame's experimental differential capacitance results for NaF in the low-field region. The IDM is found to be much superior to either the LMM or the GCM. Many results are presented for the three models in the arbitrary field region. One of the most striking is that the IDM alone yields a strong oscillation in potential versus distance away from the blocking electrode, as first predicted by Kirkwood and Poirier for layered ionic structures.
Freshman interest groups in criminal justice education

Freshman group programs have been promoted by many institutions of higher learning. However, few empirical evaluations of such programs have been reported in the scholarly literature, and none have focused on programs in criminal justice education. Subjects in this study included 130 students enrolled in an introductory criminal justice course at one institution, a portion of which (32 students) were also enrolled in sections of a group program called Freshman Interest Groups. Results showed that students enrolled in this program did better in the course than their freshmen peers and upper-class students, which analyses showed was largely due to higher attendance.
Roundings in Floating-Point Arithmetic

In this paper we discuss directed roundings and indicate how hardware might be designed to produce proper upward directed, downward directed, and certain commonly used symmetric roundings. Algorithms for the four binary arithmetic operations and for rounding are presented, together with proofs of their correctness; appropriate formulas for a priori error analysis of these algorithms are presented. Some of the basic applications of directed roundings are surveyed.
Microgravity experiments and analysis of oscillatory thermocapillary flows in cylindrical containers

Results are reported of thermocapillary flow experiments performed aboard the Spacelab. Oscillatory thermocapillary flows were investigated in open cylindrical containers filled with 2 cS kinematic viscosity (Prandtl number = 27 at 25 °C) silicone oil. The fluid was heated by a cylindrical cartridge heater placed at the symmetry axis of the container while the container sidewall was maintained at a lower temperature. Test containers with three different diameters of 1.2, 2.0 and 3.0 cm were used. The ratio of heater to test container diameter was fixed at 0.1. The liquid free-surface shape was either flat or concave. The flow and temperature fields were investigated for steady and oscillatory flows. Free-surface deformation was observed during oscillations. The conditions for the onset of oscillatory flow were determined. It is shown that the Marangoni number alone does not correlate the onset conditions. A new parameter, which represents free surface deformation, is derived for flat free surfaces and is shown to correlate the onset conditions well. Infrared images of free surface and oscillation frequencies are also presented.
Antireceptor Antiserum Causes Specific Inhibition of Reactivity to Rat Histocompatibility Antigens

The antigen receptor of lymphocytes destined to form antibody appears to have the characteristics of the immunoglobulin produced. Antibody directed against the combining region of this immunoglobulin should interact with the combining region of the cell receptor for the antigen. Purified Lewis rat alloantibody prepared against Brown Norway (BN) rat histocompatibility antigens was used to immunize L x BN F1 hybrids. The resultant antiserum has anti-receptor activity because (i) it yields precipitin lines in gel diffusion when reacted against the immunizing alloantibody; (ii) it inhibits the hemagglutinin antibody response of Lewis rats to BN histocompatibility antigens; and (iii) it inhibits the local graft-versus-host response of Lewis lymphoid cells against BN antigens. This suggests that antireceptor antibody may inhibit cell-mediated responses as well as antibody responses to histocompatibility antigens and may play a role in the regulation of immune responses to such antigens.