cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical and Experimental Study of Turbulent Flows Around Clark Y-14 Aerofoil

Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have been instrumental in Fluid Mechanics to help solve scientific and engineering problems. This research attempts to use both techniques to perform a parametric study of turbulence flow around airfoil ClarkY-14 at various velocity and angle of attack (AoA).Clark Y-14 airfoil was designed in the 1920’s. It demonstrated good overall performance at low and moderate Reynolds numbers. With the progress in the aviation field, its performance was sub-optimal for newer aircraft designs. However, with the advent of RC airplanes and model aircrafts, there is a renewed interest in this airfoil. Various research projects have been conducted using this airfoil, but there hasn’t been a combined EFD and CFD study of the performance characteristics of the airfoil itself, which still finds real world applications today. One important aspect of this research included the investigation of the effects of a Force Measurement Device/Sensor, which is typically used in scaled/full-size wind tunnels to mount the test model as well as measure the forces/moments acting on it during the testing. The presence of such a device could affect the quality of the data obtained from the wind tunnel testing when compared to a real world application scenario where the aforementioned device may not be present. To the best of the author’s knowledge, no detailed study has been published on the effects of such devices.In this study, the results with and without the measuring device were generated by using CFD simulations. The results were then compared to see to what extent the inclusion of these devices will affect the results. The methodology used for this research was experimental as well as computational. In the present research, a commercially available CFD software STAR-CCM+ was employed to simulate the flows around airfoil Clark Y-14. The experimental data was obtained from wind tunnel tests using AEROLAB Educational Wind Tunnel (EWT) and compared with the simulation data from the CFD. The two data sets were in good agreement. Both experimental and simulation results were used to understand the effects of the measurement device/sensor used in the scaled wind tunnel on the lift and drag coefficients of the airfoil.Two separate CFD simulation setups were designed to model the presence and absence of the measurement device/sensor. These setups replicated the wind tunnel setup. The airfoil was tested and simulated at different speeds as well as different AoA. The comparative study gave a useful insight on the accuracy of the CFD simulations in relation to the actual testing. The analysis of results concluded that the force measurement device/sensor had insignificant effects on the accuracy and quality of data collected through wind tunnel testing.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
"Let us go into the house of the Lord": participation in African American churches among young African American men who have sex with men.

Describes the church involvement of young African American men who have sex with men (MSM). Reports data secured from 76 individual semistructured interviews with men between the ages of 18 and 29 who reported recent sexual behavior with other men in Atlanta and Chicago that revealed high levels of involvement in African American churches and its impact on self-esteem and sexual behavior. Notes that participation in African American churches encourages sexual secrecy and is associated with decreased frequencies of same-sex contacts. Suggests that African American clergy and other church leaders can initiate dialogue with church-going MSM and redirect ministerial efforts to foster inclusive, nurturing religious communities that no longer marginalize these African American men.
3 Environmental DNA Analysis and the Expansion of the Fungal Tree of Life

The diversity of the Fungi has been estimated to be as much as 5.1 million species, however only a small fraction of this number are currently described. Traditional methods based around culturing and microscopic analyses of specimens enable taxonomic classification and can lead to detailed phenotypic and genotypic analysis. However, these methods select for those species easily cultured in laboratory conditions or with distinctive morphologies such as multi-cellular reproductive structures. As such the uncultured majority is overlooked. Clone library construction is widely used to identify uncultured species within an environment but few environmental gene libraries are sampled to saturation and the process can often be biased towards certain groups. However, using such methods a large number of novel sequences branching with the fungi in phylogenetic analyses have been retrieved from a variety of environments including freshwater sites, marine environments, soils, and insects. In this chapter we review some of this recently discovered novel diversity and the techniques used to obtain them. We will also discuss recent advances in second generation sequencing technology and fluorescence in situ hybridisation microscopy, and what the application of such techniques could mean for our understanding of the diversity of fungi in natural environments and the fungal tree of life.
Improved Particle Swarm Optimization with Adaptive Inertia Weight

In order to overcome the drawbacks of standard particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm,such as prematurity and easily trapping into local optimum,a modified PSO algorithm was proposed,in which special techniques including global best perturbation and changing inertia weight were adopted.The convergence speed and accuracy of the algorithm were improved.In this study,individual search ability was used to define inertia weight and make it in the range of 0.9-0.4.Then the global exploration and local exploitation abilities were rationally adjusted.At each iteration,a perturbation was given to the current global best particle to prevent it from falling into local optimum.The experiments about some benchmark problems show that it achieves higher performance,including convergence precision,convergence rate and stability.
Mass Conservative Coupling of Non-Hydrostatic Meteorological Models with Air Quality Models

High-resolution data produced by recent non-hydrostatic meteorological models (MMs) are expected to significantly improve the characterization of transport in air quality models (AQMs). However, the use of data from non-hydrostatic MMs presents new problems for the air quality modeler. First, there is the consistency issue. The wind components together with air density satisfy the continuity equation in MMs. On the other hand, AQMs rely on the species continuity equation to enforce the principle of mass conservation. Though the continuity equation does not appear explicitly in their formulation, AQMs are expected to maintain a uniform mass mixing ratio field for an inert tracer after transport with the winds produced by the MM. This expectation could only occur if the two models used the same discretization, i.e., grid, time step, and finite difference forms. However, the models may not share the same grid structure and the forms used for advection in AQMs are usually very different from those in MMs. Also, since the outputs of the MM are stored less frequently than the AQM time step, the input variables cannot be reconstructed exactly at the desired instants. Consequently, the winds and the air density used in AQMs may not be consistent (i.e., they do not satisfy the continuity equation) and the uniform tracer field cannot be maintained. The perturbation of uniform fields is usually more pronounced with data from non-hydrostatic MMs than with data from hydrostatic MMs for the same domains. These perturbations grow in time and may generate instabilities in AQM solutions. A second issue, species or tracer mass conservation, presents itself because of the attempts to establish consistency and produce stable results. In some existing AQMs, the conservation of species mass was sacrificed in order to obtain stable results. However, large mass conservation errors are not tolerable in AQMs used to establish source-receptor relationships for the design of emission control strategies. Therefore, it is desirable to establish consistency in a mass-conservative manner.
Bacillus cereus Mechanisms of Resistance to Food Processing

Abstract It is estimated that there are an average of 63,623 illnesses and 20 hospitalizations caused by Bacillus cereus every year in the United States. Spores of Bacillus species are of concern in the food industry, owing to their common occurrence and resistance to food processing methods. Common foods associated with contamination by B. cereus include rice, milk, grains, cereals, potatoes, vegetables, and low-nutrient foods. Evolving species, such as psychrotolerant strains of B. cereus, are of even greater concern because they have adapted to growth at reduced temperatures.
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury of Adolescents

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is more common in adolescent and young adult populations than in the past. NSSI is typically used to deal with distressing negative affective states, especially anger and depression, and mixed emotional states. Pediatricians; primary care, family medicine, and emergency room physicians; and mental health professionals are faced with the charge of responding to NSSI behaviors among patients. Physicians in family medicine, pediatrics, and primary care settings play an essential role in initiating the beginning step in the treatment process for those who self-injure. All providers can strengthen the care provided to those who engage in NSSI via assessing the risk accurately, understanding the functions of the behavior, and assisting the patient in connecting with treatment. This article provides medical and mental health professionals with an overview of intervention strategies that may be useful when counseling adolescents and their families. In addition, areas for continued research are discussed.
Providing Assistance for Orienting 3D Objects Using Monocular Eyewear

Many tasks require that a user rotate an object to match a specific orientation in an external coordinate system. This includes tasks in which one object must be oriented relative to a second prior to assembly and tasks in which objects must be held in specific ways to inspect them. Research has investigated guidance mechanisms for some 6DOF tasks, using wide--field-of-view, stereoscopic virtual and augmented reality head-worn displays (HWDs). However, there has been relatively little work directed toward smaller field-of-view lightweight monoscopic HWDs, such as Google Glass, which may remain more comfortable and less intrusive than stereoscopic HWDs in the near future. We have designed and implemented a novel visualization approach and three additional visualizations representing different paradigms for guiding unconstrained manual 3DOF rotation, targeting these monoscopic HWDs. We describe our exploration of these paradigms and present the results of a user study evaluating the relative performance of the visualizations and showing the advantages of our new approach.
Bioinformatics web data and service integration - An experiemnt with Gene Regulatory Networks

Web data integration has been an active research topic for the last few years. Bioinformatics is a huge domain wealth of data. By reverse engineering web data, in this paper we report a Java based implementation of biologically relevant application of web data integration consisting of few sites such as Flybase, YMF and STAMP. We have developed a tool that can automate the finding of transcription factor binding sites for arbitrary gene regulatory networks. We employed vertical (i.e link) and horizontal (i.e combine) integration for the whole process. As a running example and proof of concept of our approach, we report here a real example motivated by the biological domain of Drosophila Melanogaster model organism database. For a given set of genes, we could find a set of sequences (800~1500 bp) from Flybase site, then we feed those into YMF site to get a motif of 6{~}8 bp. The result motifs were fed into STAMP site and by combining result from Fly curated by Bergman and by TRANSFAC, we were able to get a sample correct result for a Bicoid gene, namely bin. The lesson learned from the exercise can be applied in generic dynamic web form based data integration application like e-commerce, comparison shopping etc.
Puberty Experiences of Low-Income Girls in the United States: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Literature From 2000 to 2014.

Abstract Purpose Puberty is a critical period of development that lays the foundation for future sexual and reproductive health. It is essential to learn about the puberty experiences of low-income girls in the United States given their increased vulnerability to negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. To understand the present-day puberty experiences of this population, we conducted a qualitative systematic review. Methods We systematically searched the peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2014 on the puberty experiences of low-income girls in the United States. Reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and the full texts of articles. Using standardized templates, reviewers assessed the methodologic quality and extracted data. Data were synthesized using thematic analysis. Confidence in each finding was assessed using Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research. Results Twenty qualitative articles were included. They described the experiences of mostly African-American, Caucasian, and Hispanic girls living primarily in urban areas of Northeastern United States. Five overarching themes emerged: content of girls' puberty experiences, quality of girls' puberty experiences, messages girls receive about puberty, other factors that shape girls' puberty experiences, and relationships that shape girls' experiences of puberty. Conclusions The limited existing evidence suggests that low-income girls in the United States are unprepared for puberty and have largely negative experiences of this transition.
Kinesin-1 Cargo Transport through Dense Microtubule Networks

Essential motor transport processes occurring in living cells rely heavily on trafficking of cargoes by kinesin motors through dense microtubule networks. Kinesin-1 motors in particular have been shown to walk unidirectionally along single filaments, and to fall off their tracks upon encountering obstacles, lattice defects, and network intersections. Knowing that both microtubule network density and arrangement are highly controlled in vivo, it is likely that microtubule network organization is a key component in the regulation of cargo transport. To better understand how network geometry controls multi-motor cargo transport, we have tracked quantum-dot molecular cargoes decorated with different numbers of kinesin-1 motors through microtubule networks of different densities and intersection geometries. Using single molecule motility assays and STORM imaging of the network, we have found that cargoes with greater numbers of motors travel via highly non-linear pathways, while single motor transport is confined to single filaments. These experiments help to illuminate the mechanisms by which motor number and network geometry are used in combination to carefully direct transport of essential cargoes throughout the cell.
Optical Biosensing of Bacteria and Bacterial Communities

Bacterial sensing is important for understanding the numerous roles bacteria play in nature and in technology, understanding and managing bacterial populations, detecting pathogenic bacterial infections, and preventing the outbreak of illness. Current analytical challenges in bacterial sensing center on the dilemma of rapidly acquiring quantitative information about bacteria with high detection efficiency, sensitivity, and specificity, while operating within a reasonable budget and optimizing the use of ancillary tools, such as multivariate statistics. This review starts from a general description of bacterial sensing methods and challenges, and then focuses on bacterial characterization using optical methods including Raman spectroscopy and imaging, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, and plasmonics, including both extended and localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The advantages and drawbacks of each method in relation to the others are discussed, as are their applications. A particularly promising direction in bacterial sensing lies in combining multiple approaches to achieve multiplex analysis, and examples where this has been achieved are highlighted.
Community context, human needs, and transportation choices: A view across San Francisco Bay Area communities

Abstract The aggregate of many individuals driving alone in private vehicles, common practice in most U.S. communities, is a major source of carbon emissions in the United States. Finding ways to couple sustainable transportation with individual self-interest and fulfillment of human needs may be critical to shifting transportation behavior to other modes. Taking a community perspective, this study considers how individuals discuss their needs in relation to community conditions impacting personal transportation choices. We collected data through 14 community listening sessions, or modified focus groups, conducted in diverse communities across the greater San Francisco Bay Area (USA). The community context for the groups indicated three types of transportation orientation: (1) car-dominant in which driving alone was the primary mode of travel, (2) mixed-mode in which driving alone as well as a variety of other transportation modes were used for travel, and (3) sustainable transportation-oriented in which alternatives to driving alone were primarily used. In all three types of communities, personal transportation choices related to physical and sociocultural conditions that allowed residents to meet different needs. Our findings suggest that considering how community-level conditions meet practical and psychological needs may offer ways to more effectively support individual-level sustainable transportation choices.
Complete response of skull base inverted papilloma to chemotherapy: Case report.

Author(s): Kuan, Edward C; Frederick, John W; Palma Diaz, Miguel F; Lim, Dean W; Suh, Jeffrey D | Abstract: BackgroundInverted papilloma (IP) is the most common benign sinonasal neoplasm. Endoscopic techniques, improved understanding of pathophysiology, and novel surgical approaches have allowed rhinologists to treat IPs more effectively, with surgery being the mainstay of therapy. Frontal sinus IP poses a challenge for surgical therapy due to complex anatomy and potentially difficult surgical access.ObjectivesWe reported a unique case of a massive frontal sinus IP that presented with intracranial and orbital extension, with near resolution after chemotherapy.MethodsA retrospective case review of a patient with a frontal sinus IP treated at a tertiary academic medical center.ResultsA 75-year-old male patient presented with nasal obstruction, purulent nasal discharge, and a growing left supraorbital mass. Endoscopy demonstrated a mass that filled both frontal and ethmoid sinuses, with orbital invasion. There also was substantial erosion of the posterior table, which measured 1.73 × 1.40 cm. A biopsy specimen demonstrated IP with carcinoma in situ. The patient was deemed unresectable on initial evaluation and, subsequently, underwent chemotherapy (carboplatin and paclitaxel). The tumor had a dramatic response to chemotherapy, and the patient elected for definitive surgery to remove any residual disease. During surgery, only a small focus of IP was found along the superior wall of the frontal sinus. No tumor was found elsewhere, including at the site of skull base erosion. The final pathology was IP without carcinoma in situ or dysplasia.ConclusionThis was the first reported case of chemotherapeutic "debulking" of IP, which facilitated surgical resection, despite substantial intracranial and orbital involvement. Although nearly all IPs can be treated surgically, rare cases, such as unresectable tumors, may benefit from systemic chemotherapy.
The detection of minor erythrocyte populations by mixed agglutinates.

The principle of the "mixed agglutination" reaction has been applied to the development of a technic for the detection of minor populations of erythrocytes in mixtures in which the minor component is identifiable by means of one or another of the blood group iso-antigens. The method lends itself to the quantification of a minor population and provides a degree of sensitivity which compares very favorably with that which can be achieved through the use of radioactive tracers.
Abstract 18896: Casein Kinase 1α Gene Therapy Facilitates Cardiac Regeneration After Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Background: Cardiomyocyte specific conditional overexpression of SDF1 prevents heart failure after permanent coronary ligation, facilitates cardiac regeneration and leads to increased casein kinase 1α (CK1α) expression. Hypothesis: CK1α is a key element modulating cardiomyocyte regeneration after myocardial infarction. Methods and Results: Mice underwent permanent coronary artery ligation immediately after which lentivirus was administered by intramyocardial injection in the borderzone. CK1α expression increased 76-fold 10 days after injection of lentivirus (Gateway systems, Invitrogen) expressing lenti-CK1α-GFP compared to lenti-GFP treated controls. CK1α treatment resulted in a marked increase in cardiac function demonstrated by improved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (CK1α-GFP [n=10]: 54±3% [mean±SEM] vs. GFP [n=10]: 43±4%, p + cardiomyocytes (CM) in the borderzone of the infarct (3.8±0.8% CM nuclei, p + / CK + CM were not found in GFP virus injected mice. Cardiomyocyte cross sectional areas in the border zone and remote zone were significantly reduced in lenti-CK1α-GFP treated mice (border zone: 338±9 μm 2 vs. 363±10 μm 2 , p 2 vs. 199±8 μm 2 ) compared to control virus injected mice. Conclusion: This study demonstrates for the first time that CK1α increases myocardial regeneration and improves LV function 4 weeks after myocardial infarction.
Study of the Lytic Activities of Actinomycetes Isolated from Different Soils in Georgia

The lytic activities of 310 cultures from the Collection of Actinomycetes of the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Academy of Sciences of Georgia, were studied; 18% of these strains appeared capable of lysing yeast cell wall. The active producer of the enzyme was selected. This culture was isolated from chestnut soil in Gardabani raion (Central Georgia). Its cultural–morphological, biochemical, and antagonistic properties allowed the culture to be ascribed to the species Geodermatophilus obseurusLuedemann, 1968. The maximal lytic activity under submerged cultivation conditions, exceeding the activity of Actinomyces griseinusby twofold, was observed during the logarithmic growth phase.
The Application of Water Market Doctrines in Texas

The State of Texas is the U.S.’s second largest state in terms of land area and it has recently become the second largest state in terms of population (xcU.S. Department of Commerce, 1995). It is hydrologically diverse and, at over 692,000 km2, it is larger than some countries. As a coastal state, some river basins lie fully within the State while other rivers originate in upstream states. Precipitation at Texas’s arid western tip averages 20 cm annually (xcTexas Department of Water Resources, 1984). There, large expanses of land may be too parched to provide forage for livestock, groundwater availability is meager, and the few available surface water supplies are heavily used. Contrarily, at the humid southeastern edge of the State, precipitation averages 142 cm annually (xcTexas Department of Water Resources, 1984). There, water is abundant, rice is an important crop, and flooding is a periodic problem.
Mechanical, physical, and biological properties of borate-modified oriented strandboard

Publisher Summary This chapter evaluates the performance characteristics of borate-modified oriented strandboard (OSB) manufactured using southern wood species, according to the industry test standards. The static bending properties of the OSB are affected little at the room condition by the added borate. The internal bond strength is, however, generally smaller at the higher borate loading levels. Thickness swelling (TS) under the 24-hour water soaking increases with the increase in borate content, especially for calcium borate. Part of the borate leaches out under the water soaking condition due to the glueline washing and decomposition of the borate to form less water-soluble boric acid. The use of borate with a smaller particle size helps reducing TS and leaching rate significantly. Laboratory no-choice termite tests indicate that both zinc and calcium borate modified OSB resist Formosan Subterranean Termites (FSTs) well. Thus, termite resistant OSB with required mechanical and physical performance could be successfully developed using southern wood species. This technology will allow more OSB producers to manufacture chemically modified OSB to meet increasing market demands.
The effects of ciprofloxacin on human chondrocytes in cell culture.

Ciprofloxacin is a highly potent antibacterial agent that is used extensively in bone and joint infections. Because of reports of potential chondro-toxicity in animals, the effects of this drug on cells derived from human cartilage were tested in liquid micromass and agarose gel cultures. An inhibition of cell proliferation as indicated by a decrease in [3H]-thymidine uptake and bromodeoxyuridine labeling at ciprofloxacin concentrations of 0.5 and 50 mg/l was found which corresponded to the therapeutic and toxic serum levels. There was no effect on proteoglycan synthesis as indicated by35SO4 incorporation. Immunocytochemistry showed no changes in morphology or staining patterns for type-I procollagen, type-II collagen, keratan sulfate and unsulfated chondroitin. Because the amount of inhibition of DNA synthesis varied with different ciprofloxacin concentrations, this data suggests that this agent has a differential effect on newly differentiating cells and might be the basis for contraindication in pediatric patients.
The Status of Pacifism

The current status of pacifism is considered in this chapter. After the arguments against pacifism presented in Chap. 7 and their rejoinders have been briefly commented upon, several noteworthy twentieth-century pacifists are cited, including Mahatma Gandhi and Bertrand Russell. In the Second World War, it is observed, there were American conscientious objectors, and later many Americans protested the Vietnam War and other American war efforts. While many of these protestors objected only to specific wars, some were pacifists. The effort of one contemporary philosopher to reconcile just war theory and pacifism is examined, and it is observed that, though just war theory and pacifism finally are logically and morally incompatible, because no modern wars meet the just war criteria just war proponents and pacifists in recent decades have been able to protest against these war efforts together.
Role of Mineralogy and Climate in the Soil Carbon Cycle

Abstract Soils contain globally significant stocks of C, but the mechanisms regulating the preservation and stability of soil C stocks are not well defined. The role of climate has long been implicated as a major driver of soil C stock variation, with rising temperatures associated with higher decomposition rates and therefore smaller C stocks. The role of minerals in directly regulating the size and stability of C stocks has only recently become a focus of interest as researchers seek out new mechanistic explanations for the observed variance in the distribution of C across soils. The complex interactions among climatic and soil mineral variables and how these mechanistic relationships will change under different climate change scenarios are currently unknown. Although soil organic C is the focus of most soil C cycle research, soils also contain substantial inorganic C stocks. Climate and soil mineral assemblage influence the cycling of both these C reservoirs. Although the processes and mechanisms governing the cycling of these two pools are very different, both represent globally important C reservoirs with unique capacities to influence atmospheric CO2 concentrations and, by extension, feedbacks to global climate.
Role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of colorectal cancer: focus on nivolumab

Introduction: Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is a challenging disease, whose systemic therapy has traditionally been based on a generalized population of patients, with unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. Immunotherapy has been shown to be efficacious in hypermutated tumors, such as those with microsatellite-instability (MSI-H). Nivolumab, and other immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), have recently been evaluated in MSI-H mCRC, with remarkable results.Areas covered: Focused on nivolumab, we aim to present the rationale for the applicability of ICI in MSI-H CRC, and the results of completed phase I/II studies. Ongoing studies, including randomized clinical trials, and perspectives of immunotherapy in clinical scenarios in CRC will be discussed.Expert opinion: Phase I and II clinical trials provide strong evidence for the use of nivolumab and other ICI in the systemic therapy of MSI-H mCRC. Regulatory approvals are restricted to subsequent lines of therapy, but preliminary results in treatment-naive patients are encouraging. The findings for advanced disease and in the pilot phase II study in early-stage colon cancer open a new avenue for the applicability of immunotherapy in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, which are currently under investigation. With the exception of POLE-mutated patients, there is little evidence for the use of immunotherapy in MSS patients.
Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease

Hypertension causes increased pressure to the ventricular wall leading to ventricular hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis (Schoen and Mitchell, Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2015). Systemic hypertension affects on the left ventricle causing concentric hypertrophy leading to poor filling of the ventricle causing left atrial dilation (Schoen and Mitchell, Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2015). Pulmonary hypertension affects on the right heart, called cor pulmonale, cause right ventricular and atrial hypertrophy (Schoen and Mitchell, Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2015). Chest x-ray, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used for evaluation of hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Findings on echocardiography includes symmetric ventricular hypertrophy, impaired early diastolic relaxation, ascending aortic dilation, decreased right ventricular volume relative to mass, and loss of vena caval flattening with inspiration (Otto, Textbook of clinical echocardiography. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2018).
General Ordinary Iyengar Inequalities

Here we present general Iyengar type inequalities with respect to \(L_{p}\) norms, with \(1\le p\le \infty \). The method is based on the generalized Taylor’s formula. See also [2].
Enabling Data-Driven API Design with Community Usage Data: A Need-Finding Study

APIs are becoming the fundamental building block of modern software and their usability is crucial to programming efficiency and software quality. Yet API designers find it hard to gather and interpret user feedback on their APIs. To close the gap, we interviewed 23 API designers from 6 companies and 11 open-source projects to understand their practices and needs. The primary way of gathering user feedback is through bug reports and peer reviews, as formal usability testing is prohibitively expensive to conduct in practice. Participants expressed a strong desire to gather real-world use cases and understand users' mental models, but there was a lack of tool support for such needs. In particular, participants were curious about where users got stuck, their workarounds, common mistakes, and unanticipated corner cases. We highlight several opportunities to address those unmet needs, including developing new mechanisms that systematically elicit users' mental models, building mining frameworks that identify recurring patterns beyond shallow statistics about API usage, and exploring alternative design choices made in similar libraries.
Implementation of School Culture Management in State Elementary School in the District of Aur Birugo Tigobaleh

The formation development and maintenance of school cultural values is very important in order to create honesty, mutual trust, discipline, neat, clean, beautiful and create a harmonious atmosphere so that the formation of student character is good. This study aims to describe the school's cultural planning and implementation. The subjects of this study were principals of primary schools, teachers and students in primary schools in the Aur Birugo Tigobaleh district. Data collection techniques in this study were carried out by means of observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques use techniques developed by Miles and Huberman (1996). The findings of this study include: (1) school cultural planning is not planned according to MoNE standards; (2) the implementation of school culture is implemented by every school member but it does not yet refer to the correct guidelines. For this reason, it is recommended that schools make plans and implement correctly according to applicable guidelines.
Kidney and the Heart in Multiorgan System Failure

The kidney and the heart individually, and interacting together, are key in determining whole body perfusion, and perfusion of individual organs. This interaction determines fluid balance, hemodynamics, and oxygen delivery and is of great importance in preventing and reversing multiorgan system failure. The definition of cardiorenal syndromes highlights the interaction between the kidney and the heart. Advances in monitoring and imaging technology now provide the critical care team with new targets to guide hemodynamic management. The key to treating low cardiac output is to adjust heart rate/rhythm, preload, afterload, and contractility to achieve optimal ventricular function. In the presence of acute kidney injury, renal replacement therapy has an important role in preventing and reversing multiorgan system failure. The pharmacologic treatment of vasodilatory shock, or vasoplegia, is now well established. Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation, an index of whole body perfusion, is now possible, and measurement of specific biomarkers for the early recognition of injuries to specific organs is becoming a reality. Renal biomarkers exemplify this important advance. The overall result is that perfusion can be optimized, making it possible for critical care patients to have a smooth and more rapid recovery.
Anticipated reduction in COVID-19 mortality due to population-wide BCG vaccination: evidence from Germany.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is known to have "bystander benefits" in protecting against heterologous infections; interim analysis of the "ACTIVATE" trial shows protection against respiratory infections in the elderly population. Epidemiologic studies suggest a potential benefit of BCG vaccination on COVID-19 outcomes. Differential past BCG vaccination policies between the former East and West German states provides a unique natural experiment to assess the potential effect of prior BCG vaccination on COVID-19. We estimated a 5% heterologous vaccine efficacy in the highly vaccinated former East Germany using the COVID-19 International Modeling (CoMo) Consortium model. A comparable BCG vaccination campaign undertaken prior to the pandemic in former West Germany, instituted along with known country-wide transmission reduction measures, is associated with a 37% decrease in projected mortality by mid-summer, 2020. These findings support a combined heterologous vaccine and non-pharmaceutical interventions (HVI+NPI) approach to mitigate the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic until SARS-CoV-2 specific vaccines are widely distributed.
Active Control Strategy for Wind Farm Systems to Prevent Sub/super-Synchronous Oscillations

In recent years, the sub/super- synchronous oscillations problem has emerged as an important operational risk in the large-scale wind power systems of China. Some practical solutions that are mainly based on the control parameters improvements of wind turbine generators have been taken to prevent the oscillations. However, due to the complex operation conditions and continuous development of wind power, these off-line measurements cannot completely eliminate the potential oscillations risks. This paper is to propose an on-line stability analysis and active control method for large-scale wind power systems to prevent the sub/super-synchronous oscillation. At first, two-input two-output (TITO) system model and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system model are presented for wind farm system, as well as the corresponding stability analysis approach. Then, an active control strategy for wind farm systems to prevent oscillations are proposed, which contains system level control and farm level control. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the detailed time-domain simulation of a multiple wind farms system defined based on actual wind power base in China.
Sex differences in the auditory functions of rodents

Abstract Background In humans, it is well known that females have better hearing than males. The mechanism of this influence of sex on auditory function in humans is not well understood. Testing the hypothesis of underlying mechanisms often relies on preclinical research, a field in which sex bias still exists unconsciously. Rodents are popular research models in hearing, thus it is crucial to understand the sex differences in these rodent models when studying health and disease in humans. Objectives This review aims to summarize the existing sex differences in the auditory functions of rodent species including mouse, rat, Guinea pig, Mongolian gerbil, and chinchilla. In addition, a concise summary of the hearing characteristics and the advantages and the drawbacks of conducting auditory experiments in each rodent species is provided. Designs Manuscripts were identified in PubMed and Ovid Medline for the queries “Rodent”, “Sex Characteristics”, and “Hearing or Auditory Function”. Manuscripts were included if they were original research, written in English, and use rodents. The content of each manuscript was screened for the sex of the rodents and the discussion of sex-based results. Conclusions The sex differences in auditory function of rodents are prevalent and influenced by multiple factors including physiological mechanisms, sex-based anatomical variations, and stimuli from the external environment. Such differences may play a role in understanding and explaining sex differences in hearing of humans and need to be taken into consideration for developing clinical therapies aim to improve auditory performances.
Regional Brain Volumes As Mediators of the Association Between Circulating Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Function: The Boston Puerto Rican Health Study

Objectives To assess the mediating role of regional brain volume in the relationship between circulating very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and global cognitive function.
Some Comments on Certain Idealized Variance Spectra of the Seaway Currently in Fashion

The purpose of this note is to offer some comments on the variance spectra of seaways of the type which includes, among others, the Pierson-Moskowitz, Bretschneider and International Ship Structures Congress spectra, and on related aspects which enter into the prediction of the short-term statistics of a steady seaway. More specifically, the intent is to bring out an inconsistency which, even if not necessarily serious is, nevertheless, present when the variance spectrum describing the seaway contains the factor T cubed or Omega to the negative five power, where T and W are, respectively, spectral period and frequency. A partial solution is suggested which although as yet wanting in accuracy because of the paucity of supporting experimental data, removes the inconsistency and yields somewhat more plausible outputs. However, there still remains a point to be clarified with respect to the so-called spectral width parameter E.
Proactive control of irrelevant task rules during cued task switching

In task-switching paradigms, participants are often slower on incongruent than congruent trials, a pattern known as the task-rule congruency effect. This effect suggests that irrelevant task rules or associated responses may be retrieved automatically in spite of task cues. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the task-rule congruency effect may be modulated via manipulations intended to induce variation in proactive control. Manipulating the proportion of congruent to incongruent trials strongly influenced the magnitude of the task-rule congruency effect. The effect was significantly reduced in a mostly incongruent list relative to a mostly congruent list, a pattern that was observed for not only biased but also 50 % congruent items. This finding implicates a role for global attentional control processes in the task-rule congruency effect. In contrast, enhancing the preparation of relevant (cued) task rules by the provision of a monetary incentive substantially reduced mixing costs but did not affect the task-rule congruency effect. These patterns support the view that there may be multiple routes by which proactive control can influence task-switching performance; however, only select routes appear to influence the automatic retrieval of irrelevant task rules.
Some Effects of Nursing on Nurse Bees

SummarySmall colonies of honeybees (Apis mellifera) with different worker-larva ratios provided a range of nursing loads for workers. Large nursing loads appeared to be associated with greater losses in nursing ability as worker bees became older. When workers became old, they ate less food and reared less brood than young workers. Their survival at the end of nursing appeared to be little affected by the intensity of their nursing activity.
His Wife's Intermissions

"You know there's one thing I've always had this fear of," he confessed to his wife. She offered no answer but he went on anyway. "All my life I've been afraid that people were following me." He glanced into the rearview mirror to assess her response, but the persistent headlights of the policeman on his tail distracted him. "Ill just follow you for awhile," the policeman had said. "Then I'll decide what to do about you." Sometimes as a boy on his way home from school he had been so certain someone was following him that he had turned into alleys and run home so fast his chest had come close to exploding. Even when older, as a man, he had often felt so strongly that a particular car was on his tail that he had pulled to the side of the road and waited for it to pass and disappear from sight. And now this cop was on his tail and it was for real. He had known this was going to be a bad day, had had a foreshadowing of it this morning, when, during his regular 9:45 bowel movement after his Victorian novel class, he had leaned over to flush the toilet and the bowl of his pipe had dropped off and been flushed away forever. It was his favorite pipe, a Peterson, and consequently his 10:30 class had been a disaster. If Alice hadn't had her heart set on going to the drive-in tonight he would have suggested they stay at home.
Toward a New Vocabulary of Human Genetic Variation

This paper proposes a new framework for engaging in a dialogue about the validity of race as a variable genetic variation research. Rather than arguing for or against race, or proposing a substitute such as genetic markers or ethnicity, the paper asks researchers to carefully consider for what purpose they are using race, to define and use the term consistently, and to be aware that race is not a fixed biological entity, but only one way among many to describe human variation.
A Review of “Sharing the Wealth: Member Contributions and the Exchange Theory of Party Influence in the U.S. House of Representatives”

In a series of scholarly works, Keith Krehbiel asserted that, at best, the effects of parties in the legislative process had been exaggerated. The alleged power of political parties does not match ...
A suicidal gunshot wound of the back.

An 18-year-old woman committed suicide by shooting herself in the right temple, presternal region, and lower thoracic back. The anatomic and other investigative data on this case are reported and discussed in the perspective of our experience with suicides by firearms. Language: en
Edge-based QoS provisioning for point-to-set assured services

In this paper we propose an edge-based quality of service (QoS) architecture aimed at site-to-site private networks over the Internet. We extend the traditional point-to-point service model to a point-to-set service model, assuming a finite, bounded set of destination sites. A point-to-set service allows a user to have a pool of premium tokens, which could be flexibly assigned to traffic going towards any destination within the set. The proposed point-to-set service provides statistical assurances and flexibility to users while allowing providers to obtain multiplexing gains. To realize the point-to-set service model, we introduce edge-based dynamic bandwidth tracking and provisioning schemes. The tracking algorithm predicts demand towards a given destination edge. This information is used to efficiently allocate bandwidth towards the destinations in the set. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the merits of the proposed architecture in terms of cost savings to the customer and efficient resource utilization to the provider.
Death and Dying in Camus' The Plague

ABSTRACT: Albert Camus' allegorical novel The Plague provides meaningful insight into the process of death and dying. As with other literary masterpieces the author shares with his audience his concern with and knowledge of the vicissitudes of the human condition. In The Plague Camus employs the reactions and responses of a community and its citizenry to an epidemic of the bubonic plague as a symbolic representation of the individual's grappling with death and dying. His main themes are those of separation and exile, despair and despondency, and helplessness and hopefulness.
The adoption and use of health information technology in rural areas: results of a national survey.

Context: Health information technology (HIT) is a national policy priority. Knowledge about the special needs, if any, of rural health care providers should be taken into account as policy is put into action. Little is known, however, about rural-urban differences in HIT adoption at the national level. Purpose: To conduct the first national assessment of HIT in rural primary care offices, with particular attention to electronic medical record (EMR) adoption, range of capabilities in use, and plans for adoption. Methods: A national mail survey of 5,200 primary care offices, stratified by rurality using Rural-Urban Commuting Area categories, was conducted in 2007-2008. Regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between office characteristics and EMR adoption, capabilities used, and future adoption plans. Results: A commercial EMR system was present in 31% of offices, with no significant differences by rurality. Of offices with EMRs, 12% reported using a full range of EMR capabilities, with 51% using a basic range and 37% using less than the basic range. Large Rural (adjusted OR = 3.71, P= .022) and Small Rural (aOR = 3.75, P= .049) offices were more likely than Urban offices to use a broader range of EMR capabilities. Among offices without EMRs, those in Isolated areas were less likely to have more immediate plans to adopt (aOR = 0.19, P= .02). Conclusions: HIT adoption and use in rural primary care offices does not appear to be lower than in urban offices. The situation, however, is dynamic and warrants further monitoring.