cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive finite difference solutions of Liouville equations in computational uncertainty quantification

Abstract In the context of computational uncertainty quantification, we present a finite difference based solution of a Liouville equation that describes the evolution of a conditional probability density function depending on state variables and model input parameters. The efficiency of the numerical solution is enhanced through (i) a quadrature-based sampling of random variables corresponding to model input parameters and (ii) time-adaptive methods for determining the computational grid in the space of state or response variables. The proposed method, which allows for accurate and computationally efficient determination of the conditional density and resulting statistical moments, is applied to a decay problem and a problem which contains nonlinear deterministic dynamics with multiple equilibrium points. Through comparison with exact solutions and direct numerical simulation on a fixed time-invariant grid, it is demonstrated that the proposed methodology not only is able to accurately predict the large time behavior of the response density but also can significantly reduce the computational costs.
From Blackboard to Blogs: Teaching English Literature in the Digital Age

This essay explores the digitization of the English literature classroom and considers its current and future incarnations. What can web-based courses offer students and teachers of English literature? How might the use of blogs, Twitter, hypertexts, and course management systems like Blackboard, among other digital tools, change the structure and very nature of literature pedagogy? These questions are particularly important to consider as our society is transformed by digital technology and during a moment in which the internet has promised inclusivity and the democratization of culture. Concomitantly, however, the humanities have become vulnerable in our tech-focused era and digital divides among different social groups persist in higher education. Hence, we must deliberate our adoption and adaptation of digital pedagogy with great thoughtfulness and care.
Genetics of Grass Flower Development

Abstract The developmental genetic analyses of floral organ specification that led to the well‐known ABC‐model of flower development were primarily performed in eudicot model species. To better understand how pathways controlling flower development have either been conserved or modified more broadly in the angiosperms, it is necessary to examine the genetic basis of flowering in plant groups more distantly related to Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. Maize and rice are grass species with genomics and genetic resources that make them amenable to both forward and reverse genetics. A combination of these two strategies is beginning to elucidate how the ABC‐model is conserved, as well as ways in which grass flower development differs from eudicots. The ability to investigate the degree of conservation in developmental pathways, the evolution of derived morphologies, and the consequences of gene duplication events make the grass family an excellent model for studies on the evolution of flower development.
Repetitive Elements: Bioinformatic Identification, Classification and Analysis

Multicopy, or repetitive, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is routinely being detected and analysed by computer-assisted comparison of genomic DNA with reference databases of repeats. The most representative collection of repetitive elements is ‘Repbase Update’ (RU), which currently contains >15 000 unique entries from diverse eukaryotic species. The majority of transposable elements (TEs) in RU are consensus sequences based on multiple alignments of individual repeats. Consensus sequences are approximations of active TEs responsible for generating multiple mutated copies in the genome. The current two major repeat detection and annotation programs, RepeatMasker and CENSOR, both use RU for annotation of repeats in eukaryotic genomes. RU is also increasingly being used as a master reference library to create custom libraries for detection of repeats in newly sequenced genomes. Finally, a combination of different routines can be used to detect repeats not similar to those already present in the reference libraries (de novo approach). Key Concepts: Active transposable elements (TEs) produce families and subfamilies of multiple copies in the genome, called ‘interspersed repetitive elements’ or ‘repeats’. Consensus sequences derived from aligned families and subfamilies of repeats are excellent approximations of the active TEs from which they were derived. Consensus sequences are also preferred reference sequences used in screening and annotation of repetitive elements, especially the most divergent ones. RepeatMasker and CENSOR are basic repeat screening and annotation programs using reference sequence libraries. In the absence of reference sequences, repetitive DNA can be detected by screening for multiple copies and characteristic structural features (de novo approach). Keywords: transposable elements (TEs); simple sequence repeats (SSRs); repeat maps; computational biology; reference databases
The structural gene for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A in Salmonella typhimurium. Identity with the trzA locus.

Abstract Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium, resistant to 1,2,4-triazole and mapping in the trzA and trzB loci, have been found to have low to virtually absent levels of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase activity while remaining prototrophic for cysteine. Kinetic, chemical, and immunochemical studies of the highly purified enzymes from two trzA mutants prove that both strains bear mutant alleles for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A. A third trzA mutant contains a heat-labile enzyme. Little or no material cross-reacting with antibody to wild type O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A could be detected in three trzB mutants or in the trzA deletion examined. Since trzA is clearly the structural gene for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A, we suggest that the designation, cysK, seems more appropriate for this locus. The lack of any demonstrable growth requirement for cysteine in trz mutants, which completely lack O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A, indicates that the synthesis of cysteine from O-acetyl-l-serine and sulfide can be catalyzed by another enzyme in S. typhimurium.
Interprocedural Path Profiling

In path profiling, a program is instrumented with code that counts the number of times particular path fragments of the program are executed. This paper extends the intraprocedural path-profiling technique of Ball and Larus to collect information about interprocedural paths (i.e., paths that may cross procedure boundaries).
Synchronicity: when you're gone I'm lost without a trace?

Recordings from the human medial temporal lobe suggest that synchronization of oscillations between rhinal cortex and hippocampus may contribute to building declarative memories.
Experiences in running workloads over grid3

Running workloads in a grid environment is often a challenging problem due the scale of the environment, and to the resource partitioning based on various sharing strategies. A resource may be taken down during a job execution, be improperly setup or just fail job execution. Such elements have to be taken in account whenever targeting a grid environment for execution. In this paper we explore these issues on a real grid, Grid3, by means of a specific workload, the BLAST workload, and a specific scheduling framework, GRUBER – an architecture and toolkit for resource usage service level agreement (SLA) specification and enforcement. The paper provides extensive experimental results. We address in high detail the performance of different site selection strategies of GRUBER and the overall performance in scheduling workloads in Grid3 with workload sizes ranging from 10 to 10,000 jobs.
Narrow Moving Fe Kα Lines from Magnetic Flares in Active Galactic Nuclei

We show that luminous magnetic flares, thought to occur in standard accretion disks in active galactic nuclei, cannot be located much higher than a few pressure scale heights above the disk. Using this fact, we estimate the fraction of the disk surface illuminated by a typical flare to be very small for geometrically thin disks, which implies that the instantaneous Fe Kα emission line from a specific magnetic flare is narrow. The line is red- or blueshifted depending on the position of the observer relative to the flare and sweeps across the line band with time. We present several examples of theoretical time-resolved line profiles from such flares for Schwarzschild geometry. Search for such moving features with future X-ray telescopes will present a powerful test of the accretion disk geometry; if observed, these features may let us test general relativity in the strong field limit.
Oxygen demand and sulfate reduction in petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated salt marsh soils

Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted using salt marsh cores to determine the oxygen demand exerted by spilled crude oil and fertilizers added to stimulate biodegradation. Measurements of oxygen uptake and CO2 efflux in flooded and non-flooded cores were conducted in addition to measurements of the magnitude and depth distribution of sulfate reduction rates using 35 SO 2 − 4 . Additions of crude oil and fertilizers increased sediment oxygen demand (SOD) by a factor of 1.5 to 5 through a combination of enhanced aerobic respiration and sulfate reduction. A strong dependency was observed between the oxygen demand and the overlying dissolved oxygen concentration when crude oil and fertilizers were added. Oiled/fertilized cores did not exhibit an SOD higher than control cores when overlying dissolved oxygen levels dropped below 5 mg/l. Crude oil stimulated sulfate reduction rates by a factor of two under flooded and non-flooded conditions. Highest sulfate reduction rates were observed in the top 2-cm of marsh. Oxygen demand was apportioned between sulfide oxidation and aerobic respiration. Apportionment of SOD indicated that despite doubling of the sulfate reduction rate, most of the demand in non-flooded cores (65%) is exerted by aerobic respiration with the majority of this demand exerted by hydrocarbon degrading organisms. When examined together, data indicate that significant biodegradation of crude oil in salt marshes occurs only when the tidal cycle exposes the surface of the salt marsh to the atmosphere.
Isotopic characteristics of the Gurla Mandhata metamorphic core complex: Implications for the architecture of the Himalayan orogen

Isotopic data from the Gurla Mandhata metamorphic core complex provide insight on the character of rocks exposed within it and permit possible correlations of these rocks to those exposed in the Himalayan thrust belt. Whole-rock Sr and Nd isotopic analyses show that rock units in the metamorphic core have isotopic signatures that correlate to those of Greater and Lesser Himalayan rocks exposed in the foreland. These data are the first to document Lesser Himalayan rocks north of the Higher Himalayan physiographic zone. When combined with previously published structural reconstructions of the Himalayan orogen, these data reveal a crustal architecture that requires significant uplift of Lesser Himalayan rocks in the hinterland with respect to their position in the foreland, a greater amount of underthrusting of the Lesser Himalayan rocks, and more shortening in the hinterland within the Tethyan Himalaya physiographic zone than currently estimated.
Effects of pressure and fluid saturation changes on time-lapse AVO response

Summary Time-lapse seismic analysis has been successfully applied to monitor fluid saturation changes during production. Even though the seismic difference is observable in preferred environments, it might be produced not by changes in fluid saturation but by changes in other reservoir properties such as temperature or pore pressure. This might misdirect the interpretation of time-lapse seismic data. AVO attributes can also be useful tools to distinguish causes of some of these changes in reservoir properties. In this paper we investigate this problem by simulating timelapse AVO attributes in two different reservoir models. Our model examples show that amplitude changes for far offset data in a light oil saturated reservoir subjected to water injection are twice as large as analogous changes in zero offset data. The gas saturated reservoir also shows a large amplitude change in the far offset data, but it is relatively small compared to the oil saturated model. This is because the Vp/Vs ratio increases in the oil reservoir but changes by only a slight amount in the gas reservoir. The simulated time-lapse AVO is less sensitive to the pressure change than to changes in fluid type.
Detection of X-rays and electron energy loss events in time coincidence

Experiments are described in which characteristic X-rays are detected in coincidence with the electron energy losses that are responsible for these X-rays. The possibility to use this technique for improving the detection limits of microanalysis is evaluated. It is concluded that, because of the occurrence of false coincidences, better than the state-of-the-art instrumentation will be required for most practical applications.
THE INTERACTION OF VARIOUS IMPULSES IN THE CEREBELLUM.

Abstract Interaction of afferent impulses to the cerebellum were studied in cats under the influence of two drugs (chloralosane and flaxedil) following auditory, visual, and electrical stimulation to peripheral nerves, the colliculi, and sensory areas of the cerebrum. The method of conditioning stimuli followed at various intervals by test stimuli was used. 1. (1) Impulses originating from the areas listed above induced evoked responses in the tuber vermis which were more widely dispersed in the chloralosane than in the flaxedil series. 2. (2) Recovery of excitability in most cases for a second stimulus following a threshold response was slower under chloralosane than under flaxedil often by as much as 200 msec. The curves for recovery of excitability in 18 different combinations of conditioning and test stimuli were studied. In those cases where responses occurred, recovery was always slower with chloralosane than with flaxedil. 3. (3) Spontaneous fast cerebellar activity was more prominent when flaxedil rather than chloralosane was used. However, evoked responses were larger when recorded under the influence of the latter rather than the former drug. 4. (4) In the combinations of conditioning and test stimuli used, the superior and inferior colliculi (except for auditory impulses) were less effective than any other centers tested when used as test stimuli. 5. (5) Evidence is given to show that reactional interference was occurring within the cerebellum and a possible relation to the mechanism of convergence is considered. Impulses from auditory, visual, and electrical stimulation to peripheral nerves, the colliculi, and sensory areas of cerebrum were found to interact in the tuber vermis to produce long recovery periods (up to 400 msec with chloralosane medication) and shorter periods (60–220 msec with flaxedil medication) for succeeding stimuli.
The sources of water in Martian meteorites: clues from hydrogen isotopes

Abstract H isotope measurements of carbonate, phosphate, feldspathic and mafic glasses, and post-stishovite silica phase in the shergottites Zagami, Shergotty, SaU 005, DaG 476, ALHA 77005 and EETA 79001, as well as in Chassigny and ALH 84001, show that all these phases contain deuterium-enriched water of extraterrestrial origin. The minerals and glasses analyzed may contain an initial primary hydrogen component, but their isotopic composition was modified to varying degrees by three different processes: interaction with a fractionated exchangeable water reservoir on Mars, hydrogen devolatilization by impact melting, and terrestrial contamination. Positive correlations between δD and water abundance in feldspathic glass and post-stishovite silica in Zagami, Shergotty, and SaU 005 is indicative of mixing of a high δD component (3000–4000‰) and a less abundant, low δD component (∼0‰). The high δD component is primarily derived from the Martian exchangable reservoir, but may also have been influenced by isotopic fractionation associated with shock-induced hydrogen loss. The low δD component is either a terrestrial contaminant or a primary “magmatic” component. The negative correlation between δD and water abundances in mafic and feldspathic glasses in ALH 84001, ALHA 77005, and EETA 79001 is consistent with the addition of a low δD terrestrial contaminant to a less abundant high-deuterium Martian component. The low δD of magmatic glass in melt inclusions suggests that the δD of Martian parent magma was low and that the initial H isotope signature of Mars may be similar to that of Earth.
Enterprise solutions structure

Enterprise Solutions Structure (ESS) is a major IBM initiative to establish a standard architectural framework to support creation, reuse, and maintenance of architecture and design assets for developing and delivering enterprise solutions. It draws on experiences with building customer solutions to distill "best practice" structures, models, and methods. The framework provides a rich set of architectural building blocks for solution architects and provides guidance on when and how to use this content to advantage. This paper gives an overview of ESS, describes the advantages of this approach, and serves as an introduction and context for some of the other papers in the issue.
Effects of large-scale limb deafferentation on the morphological and physiological organization of the forepaw barrel subfield (FBS) in somatosensory cortex (SI) in adult and neonatal rats.

The physiological representation of the shoulder and surrounding body was examined in layer IV of somatosensory cortex (SI) in rats that had underground removal of the forelimb, either as newborns on postnatal day three (PND-3) or as adults (at least 8 weeks of age). Electrophysiological recordings were used to map the shoulder and body representations (physiological map), and the mitochondria marker, cytochrome oxidase (CO), was used to visualize recording sites in barrel and barrel-like structures (morphological map) in layer IV of deafferents and intact controls. The SI shoulder representation lies in a nebulously stained region that lies posterior to the forearm, wrist, and forepaw representations; the latter region is associated with the well-defined forepaw barrel subfield (FBS). The major findings are: (1) the shoulder is represented as a single zone located at the posterior extent of the SI body map in intact rats; (2) limb deafferentation in adult or neonatal rats that were physiologically mapped 6–16 weeks post-amputation resulted in two or more islets of ”new” representation of the shoulder in the FBS in addition to the representation of the ”original” shoulder in the posterior part of the body map; (3) deafferentations made in neonatal rats, physiologically mapped as adults, had a significantly greater (Mann-Whitney U) amount of ”new” cortical representation within the FBS than did rats deafferented as adults; (4) fewer unresponsive sites in the FBS were found for neonate deafferents than for adult deafferents; (5) evoked response latencies following electrical stimulation of the shoulder were shortest for cortical sites within the ”original” shoulder representation in intact controls, and latencies recorded at the ”original” shoulder representation in deafferents were also shorter than latencies recorded in ”new” shoulder representations in both groups of deafferents; and (6) morphological maps of the FBS were altered in neonate deafferents to the extent that the barrel structure was poorly formed, as exemplified by the absence of the four mediolateral running bands; however, the overall ovoid shape of the FBS was still apparent, but not as sharply defined as for intact controls or adult deafferents. Possible mechanisms for reorganization following large-scale deafferentation are discussed.
Use of Salts, Anesthetics, and Polymers to Minimize Handling and Transport Mortality in Delta Smelt

Abstract We tested the effects of transport containers and transport water treatments on the survival of field-collected delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a threatened osmerid endemic to the Sacramento–San Joaquin estuary in California. Use of cylindrical polyethylene bags instead of rectangular coolers as transport containers increased survival from 40.7 to 83.6% at 4 h postcollection, from 11.9 to 33.1 % at 48 h, and from 6.9 to 27.9% at 72 h. Addition of NovAqua, a commercial water conditioner containing polymers, to transport water of 8‰ NaCl significantly increased 72-h survival (54.8%) over that of the 8‰ NaCl control (27.9%). Survival of fish lightly anesthetized with MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate) during transport was intermediate between the NaCl and NaCl plus NovAqua treatments. Survival of delta smelt in the NaCl plus NovAqua treatment also improved from August through November, as fish increased in size and water temperature decreased. Improved survival of delta smelt treated with NovA...
The computation of the exponential and logarithmic mappings and their first and second linearizations

We describe two simple methods for the evaluation of the exponential and logarithmic mappings and their first and second linearizations based on the Taylor expansion and the spectral representation. We also provide guidelines for switching between those representations on the basis of the size of the argument. The first and second linearizations of the exponential and logarithmic mappings provided here are based directly on the exponential formula for the solutions of systems of linear ordinary differential equations. This representation does not require the use of perturbation formulae for eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Our approach leads to workable and straightforward expressions for the first and second linearizations of the exponential and logarithmic mappings regardless of degeneracies in the spectral decomposition of the argument.
Blending ERS‐1 altimetry and tide‐gauge data

The European Space Agency's (ESA) remote-sensing satellite, ERS-1, launched in 1991, is the first in a series of satellite altimeters that should provide uninterrupted global coverage of sea level throughout the 1990s. We have analyzed these new data, together with Geosat data from the 1980s, to derive time series of sea level throughout the tropical Pacific. While altimeter observations are unique in their ability to provide sea-level descriptions that are both large-scale and detailed, these data suffer from a variety of errors. Currently, the biggest source of error for ERS-1 is uncertainty in the satellite orbit at wavelengths corresponding to one revolution around the Earth. Conversion of ERS-1 data into sea-level deviations requires that this error be removed by some form of long-arc adjustment.
Crystal structure of an active form of RAS protein, a complex of a GTP analog and the HRAS p21 catalytic domain.

Abstract Normal RAS proteins play a key role of molecular switch in the transduction of the growth signal from extracellular to intracellular space. The state of the switch is "on" when GTP is bound and "off" when GDP is bound to the protein. The crystal structure of a complex between a nonhydrolyzable GTP analog and the catalytic domain of a RAS protein has been determined by a rotation-translation search method. The orientations and positions of four independent molecules have been determined using a single molecule as a probe in the search. The crystal structure reveals that the gamma phosphate of the GTP analog induces extensive conformational changes on two loop regions of the protein.
Effect of influenza vaccine on warfarin anticoagulation

Recent studies have indicated that viral infections, influenza vaccination, or drugs that increase interferon synthesis all decrease hepatic drug metabolism. We report a case in which influenza vaccination was temporally related to an increased anticoagulant effect of warfarin. A prospective study evaluating the effect of influenza vaccination on the prothrombin time of eight patients anticoagulated over the long term showed that there was prolongation of prothrombin time of 40%. In a second study, the effect of influenza vaccination on warfarin t1/2 was determined in healthy subjects. No significant effect on warfarin metabolism was observed after vaccination. We conclude that influenza vaccination is associated with increased anticoagulant response in some patients receiving anticoagulants over a long term. This effect appears to be related to some step in the coagulation pathway and not to decreased warfarin metabolism and a subsequent rise in serum concentration.
Meaningfulness and instruction: Relating what is being learned to what a student knows

Any comprehensive theory of instruction must include ways to optimize the acquisition, organization, and retrieval of new knowledge. An important concern in this regard is making new knowledge meaningful by relating it to prior knowledge. Although meaningfulness is usually thought of in terms of relating new knowledge to prior superordinate knowledge (as with the advance organizer), there are at least six other kinds of prior knowledge that can facilitate the acquisition, organization, and retrieval of new knowledge. Seven kinds of prior knowledge are described below, followed by a section on instructional strategies that an instructional designer or teacher can use to help optimize the learner's use of the seven kinds of prior knowledge for acquiring, organizing, and retrieving new knowledge.
The influence of current collection on the performance of tubular anode-supported SOFC cells

Abstract A mathematical model is developed and used to investigate the effects of axially distributed current collection on the performance of an anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The physical model considers coupled fluid and thermal transport within the tube, reactive porous-media flow within the electrodes, electrochemical charge-transfer, thermal transport within the MEA structure, and an electric circuit to represent the current-collection system. Four examples are used to illustrate the model and evaluate current-collection strategies. All the examples consider a particular Ni–YSZ | YSZ | LSM–YSZ tube, but with different current collection. The inlet fuel stream is a syngas mixture that results from steam reforming of dodecane. Results show that current collection can strongly affect local performance (i.e., composition, temperature, and current density profiles) along the length of the tube as well as overall performance (i.e., efficiency and utilization).
Liquid-phase epitaxial growth of bismuth silicon oxide single-crystal film: a new optically activated optical switch

A single-crystalline double-layered structure of a pure (80-μm)/doped (39-μm)/pure Bi12SiO20 (BSO) substrate was grown for the first time by a new liquid-phase epitaxial griowth to form an optical waveguide. The waveguide layer is BSO doped with CaCO3 (0.1 wt. %) and Ga2O3 (0.197 wt. %) and has a refractive index 0.07 % higher than the substrate. The optical absorption coefficients were decreased by more than 1 order of magnitude by doping with the elements Ca and Ga. The high-sensitive photoconductivity of pure BSO was also reduced. Using these unique properties, we have constructed a new type of optically controlled planar optical switch.
Hours of service violations among tractor-trailer drivers

Federal regulation limits interstate truck drivers to 10 hours of driving after an 8-hour off-duty period. The need for enforcing these limits is supported by research showing that long driving hours is a risk factor for tractor-trailer crashes. To estimate the percentage of hours of service violators among long-haul tractor-trailer drivers, truck drivers were interviewed at an inspection site in Spokane, Washington and later observed arriving at inspection sites in either Moorhead or Worthington, Minnesota (approximately 1,200 miles). The sample used for the calculation of violators consisted of truckers driving alone who reportedly did not plan to make an interim pickup or delivery stop prior to arrival in Minnesota. The percentages of drivers violating the hours of service rules by more than one hour at average trip speeds ranging from 35 mph to 65 mph are presented. Assuming that the drivers averaged 40 mph over the complete course of the trip segment, including stopped time, 90% were in violation by more than one hour. Assuming that they averaged 50 mph, 51% were in violation by more than one hour. These speed assumptions are based on findings in the current study that team drivers averaged 38 mph, fleet managers' reports of scheduling single drivers at trip speeds of 45 mph to 47 mph, and reports in the literature that loaded tractor-trailers average 41 mph over flat terrain. Although the true percentage cannot be determined without knowing actual trip speeds, the estimated range of violators at probable speeds of 40 mph and 50 mph points to a substantial problem.
Differentiation of canine coronavirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus by neutralization with canine, porcine and feline sera

Abstract Monospecific antisera were prepared in rabbits against canine coronavirus (CCV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs (TGEV), and in 24 pigs and 3 cats against TGEV alone. Neutralizing antibody titres were higher for the immunizing than the heterologous virus, although cross-neutralization usually was detected. This confirmed that CCV and TGEV are distinct, but antigenically related coronaviruses. In sera from 41 dogs, CCV-neutralizing titres were on average 2.7 fold higher than TGEV-neutralizing titres, suggesting that CCV was the causal agent. Sera from 29 cats in colonies with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and known to contain TGEV-neutralizing antibody, were found to have titres 12.3 fold higher against CCV. The FIP virus (FIPV) is probably more closely related to CCV than TGEV as judged by antigens involved in virus neutralization. Antisera to two isolates of bovine coronavirus, three isolates of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, seven strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus and the 229E strain of human coronavirus all failed to neutralize CCV and TGEV. Thus CCV, TGEV and probably FIPV fall into a group of antigenically related agents, separable from other members of the family Coronaviridae, by both virus neutralization and immunofluorescence tests.
The spectrum of peripheral neuropathy associated with ARC and AIDS

Peripheral neuropathy is increasingly recognized as a complication of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC), but the varied clinical features have been incompletely described. Thirty homosexual men with peripheral neuropathy were evaluated in this study. Twenty-one had ARC and nine had AIDS. Four distinct clinical syndromes were recognized: distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), mononeuropathy multiplex, and progressive polyradiculopathy. Four patients with clinical, electrophysiologic, and histologic evidence of CIDP and severe progressive weakness improved with plasma exchange, three regaining normal function.
The pattern of neurotransmitter alterations in LP-BM5 infected mice is consistent with glutamatergic hyperactivation

To gain insight into the neurochemical pathologies contributing to AIDS dementia complex, neurotransmitter levels were measured in the brains of mice infected with the LP-BM5 leukemia retrovirus. These mice develop immunologic and cognitive deficits analogous to human HIV-1 infection. Met-enkephalin and substance-P levels declined approximately 50% in the striatum and hypothalamus beginning as early as 4 weeks after infection. Hippocampal met-enkephalin levels were reduced to 50% only at 12 weeks after inoculation. Significant decreases (60-70%) in acetylcholine concentrations were observed in the striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus by 12 weeks after virus inoculation, while striatal GABA concentrations decreased to 50-60% at 8-12 weeks after infection. Striatal somatostatin levels were unchanged. Administration of the NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 or LY 274614 ameliorated the decline in striatal met-enkephalin levels observed in mice after 8 weeks of infection. This pattern of neurotransmitter depletion and the ability of NMDA receptor antagonists to attenuate the loss of striatal met-enkephalin are consistent with an excitotoxic lesion. Thus, the elevation of glutamate levels secondary to glial activation may contribute to the contemporaneous development of cognitive deficits observed in mice infected with the LP-BM5 virus.
Early Surgical Site Infection Following Tissue Expander Breast Reconstruction with or without Acellular Dermal Matrix: National Benchmarking Using National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

BACKGROUND Surgical site infections (SSIs) result in significant patient morbidity following immediate tissue expander breast reconstruction (ITEBR). This study determined a single institution's 30-day SSI rate and benchmarked it against that among national institutions participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). METHODS Women who underwent ITEBR with/without acellular dermal matrix (ADM) were identified using the ACS-NSQIP database between 2005 and 2011. Patient characteristics associated with the 30-day SSI rate were determined, and differences in rates between our institution and the national database were assessed. RESULTS 12,163 patients underwent ITEBR, including 263 at our institution. SSIs occurred in 416 (3.4%) patients nationwide excluding our institution, with lower rates observed at our institution (1.9%). Nationwide, SSIs were significantly more common in ITEBR patients with ADM (4.5%) compared to non-ADM patients (3.2%, P=0.005), and this trend was observed at our institution (2.1% vs. 1.6%, P=1.00). A multivariable analysis of all institutions identified age ≥50 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.7), body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2) vs. 4.25 hours (OR, 1.9; CI, 1.5-2.4) as risk factors for SSIs. Our institutional SSI rate was lower than the nationwide rate (OR, 0.4; CI, 0.2-1.1), although this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.07). CONCLUSIONS The 30-day SSI rate at our institution in patients who underwent ITEBR was lower than the nation. SSIs occurred more frequently in procedures involving ADM both nationally and at our institution.
Environmental Perception Rating Scales: A Case for Simple Methods of Analysis

Environmental perception researchers frequently use rating scales to measure perceptions of environments. Using data from diverse environmental rating tasks, this study compares the scale values an...
A Plastic Intraoral Device for the Collection of Human Parotid Saliva

A plastic intraoral (10) cup developed to facilitate collection of human parotid saliva was tested on two groups of patients. Samples collected in both IO and tubed cups exhibited no significant differences in lysozyme or lactoperoxidase activity, levels of total protein or secretory IgA, or in flow rates. Results suggest that the IO cup provides a simple, reliable method for collecting parotid saliva.
Towards a Prescriptive Semantic Basis for Change-type Ilities

Abstract The concept of incorporating “ilities” into systems seems a self-evidently good idea, as expressed by both written and spoken positions by technical and political leaders. Indeed, incorporating lifecycle properties such as flexibility, adaptability, and recently affordability and resilience, into systems is touted as the solution to modern day's ever increasing complexity, schedule and budget pressures, and the need for finding sustainable solutions. While expressing desires for ilities seems straightforward, tracing these desires to verifiable system instantiations remains ambiguous at best. This paper describes the semantic challenge underlying the concept of a coherent set of system properties, a sampling of various efforts to ascribe meaning to particular ilities, and proposes a prescriptive 20 category semantic basis for specifying a set of ilities, while avoiding the assertion of new definitions. The intention for this first pass prescriptive semantic basis is to begin a structured approach for exploring the existence of one or more semantic fields, which together form a coherent semantic framework for tracing desired ilities into verifiable system requirements and specifications. Preliminary results indicate that at least three semantic fields exist within the larger set of system lifecycle properties including change-type, architecture-type, and new ability-type ilities.
A review of nonverbal behaviors of women and men

A review of the literature on gender‐linked aspects of nonverbal behavior reveals that the differences in nonverbal behavior are in line with societal expectations calling for women to be reactive and for men to be proactive. Women demonstrate their reactivity by being more sensitive to others’ expressivity, and more nonverbally variable in order to complement their partner's behavior. Men demonstrate their proactivity by talking more, interrupting more, and in general being nonverbally dominant, particularly with women.
Identification and characterization of a functional human Ig VλVI germline gene

We have isolated from a human genomic library a potentially functional and distinctive germline gene, designated IGLV6S1, that encodes for light chains of the VλVI subgroup. An identical germline gene was cloned from fibroblasts obtained from a patient with light-chain-associated amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis) whose serum and urine contained, respectively, a monoclonal IgGλvi protein and a λvi Bence Jones protein. Isolation and characterization of cDNA cloned from the patient's bone marrow-derived monoclonal plasma cells revealed that the nucleotide and predicted protein sequences of the rearranged gene were ∼95% and ∼90% homologous to those of the germline gene, respectively. The finding that the transcriptional start site for λvi RNA synthesis was located upstream of the putative TATA-box promoter, rather than downstream as found for the VλII subgroup, implies that a different transcriptional machinery controls the expression of the human VλVI-gene family.
Osteoclasts, mononuclear phagocytes, and physiological bone resorption.

The concerns expressed here, as well as those noted by others in recent reviews, underscore the confusion that has entered the literature regarding the role of osteoclasts, as distinct from that of mononuclear phagocytes, in bone resorption. This confusion could be resolved if the following suggestions are adopted. First, the term “resorption” or “bone resorption” should be reserved for describing a process of bone removal in which osteoclasts are the primary function cell type. Second, the term osteoclast should be used to define a bone-resorbing cell characterized by the criteria presented earlier. Third, until unambiguous evidence is provided, it must not be assumed that cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series, such as peripheral blood monocytes or elicited peritoneal macrophages, are osteoclast precursors.
Cornucopia Stock, Wallowa Mountains, Northeastern Oregon: Field Relationships

The composite Cornucopia stock, a satellite of the Wallowa batholith, intrudes a heterogeneous assortment of eugeosynclinal sediments and volcanic rocks of greenschist-facies regional metamorphism. Important field evidence for emplacement of magmas is furnished by contact relationships, wall-rock deformation, and structural features of the granitic rocks. The pluton contains at least five distinct granitic rocks. A related series of explosion breccias, intrusive breccias, and porphyry dikes forms part of the sequence. Willow Lake-type layered rocks are notable in a biotite trondhjemite unit but are more striking in parts of different intrusions of cordierite trondhjemite. Taubeneck and Poldervaart (1960) defined Willow Lake-type layered rocks as being composed of alternating bands of felsic and mafic constituents in which the minerals are characteristically elongated and oriented roughly perpendicular to the banding. Detailed mapping of Willow Lake-type layered rocks in Cornopia stock was instrumental in belated field recognition of the composite character of the trondhjemites. Elsewhere, Willow Lake-type layered rocks should also be useful in unraveling intrusive histories of some igneous complexes.
Evaluation of adrenal disease by computed tomography.

Abstract CT is the imaging modality of choice for screening possible adrenal pathology. It is non-invasive, safe, accurate and widely available. Excretory urography is not a good screening procedure. Ultrasound and radionuclide scanning are complementary procedures which often resolve equivocal or unsatisfactory CT studies. Angiography should be reserved for demonstration of vascular anatomy and/or cases unsolved by other techniques.
Children's Appraisal of Peer Rejection Experiences: Impact on Social and Emotional Adjustment

In the current study, 95 children of different social status classifications (rejected, neglected, average, and popular) were exposed to hypothetical vignettes designed to assess their ‘generalized’ rejection sensitivity (GRS) and a mild social rejection experience designed to assess their ‘on-line’ rejection sensitivity (ORS). Measures of internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed through a composite of peer- , parent- , and self-reports. As expected, sociometric rejection was associated with more internalizing and externalizing problems. More importantly, both types of rejection sensitivity were associated with internalizing and externalizing problems after controlling for the effect of peer rejection. High levels of GRS were associated with more internalizing problems for both boys and girls. In addition, rejection sensitivity emerged as a significant moderator of the relation between rejection and externalizing problems. The nature of the moderating effect varied as function of type of rejection sensitivity and gender. Rejected girls with low GRS and rejected boys with high ORS displayed the highest levels of externalizing behavior problems.
Role of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease: a prospective, controlled study using polymerase chain reaction.

PURPOSE:Mycobacterium paratuberculosis has been proposed as a causative agent in patients with Crohn's disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whetherM. paratuberculosis was present in tissue from patients with Crohn's disease in a defined geographic area. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated, using polymerase chain reaction and culture, whetherM. paratuberculosis was present in 44 specimens (37 from intestinal mucosal biopsies and 7 from surgical resections) from patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or normal colonic mucosa. RESULTS: Of the 25 specimens tested from the 21 Crohn's patients, only 1 positive specimen was noted, whereas the 8 specimens from the 5 ulcerative colitis patients and the 11 specimens from the 11 control patients failed to demonstrate a positive result with polymerase chain reaction. Cultures of all specimens revealed no growth ofM. paratuberculosis. CONCLUSION:M. paratuberculosis was only rarely detected in biopsy or surgical specimens from patients with Crohn's disease. These results do not support a common causative role ofM. paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease.
Development of an Interactive Social Media Tool for Parents With Concerns About Vaccines

Objective. Describe a process for designing, building, and evaluating a theory-driven social media intervention tool to help reduce parental concerns about vaccination. Method. We developed an interactive web-based tool using quantitative and qualitative methods (e.g., survey, focus groups, individual interviews, and usability testing). Results. Survey results suggested that social media may represent an effective intervention tool to help parents make informed decisions about vaccination for their children. Focus groups and interviews revealed four main themes for development of the tool: Parents wanted information describing both benefits and risks of vaccination, transparency of sources of information, moderation of the tool by an expert, and ethnic and racial diversity in the visual display of people. Usability testing showed that parents were satisfied with the usability of the tool but had difficulty with performing some of the informational searches. Based on focus groups, interviews, and usability...
THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF RATINGS OF EXPLORATORY RESPONSES SHOWN BY A SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL'

Summary.-Ten exploratory responses systematically varying in rated Activity Level were judged by 38 psychotherapists against a 21-scale Semantic Differential. Factorization of the matrix of rs among scales by the Multiple Grouping Method yielded tiree factors. Factor 1, properly labeled as Precision/ Potency, accounts for 44% of the total variance. Factors 2 and 3, respectively interpreted as Professional Evaluation and Objectivity, together explain 445% of the total variance. All three factors are similar in strucrure to those observed in an earlier study using a heterogeneous group of therapist's responses; but the evaluative factor, as anticipated, is no longer the major source of variance. The implications of rhe find~nps for quantification of the therapist's verbal behavior are discussed. It is sugpesred that at bottom Precision/Potency defines a major variable studied under various guises by others; that an independent Objectivity factor will inevitably occur for exploratory statements but not for interpretive statements; and that Professional Evaluation is not necessarily the primary concern of the rater when confronted by therapist's statements in a rating situation. A three-dimensional model of the 10 responses is presented.
Wind environment around buildings: A knowledge-based approach

Abstract Tall buildings may create inhospitable or even dangerous wind environmental conditions at street level. Reported in this paper are recent experimental results obtained from a boundary layer wind tunnel study for pedestrian-level winds around buildings. These data with additional literature information are generalized and organized to form the knowledge base for an expert system designed for evaluating wind environmental conditions at the pedestrian level around buildings. This study shows the knowledge-based approach is suitable to provide information about wind environmental conditions for preliminary building design and city planning.
Employing an Ethogram to Detect Reactivity of Black Bears (Ursus americanus) to the Presence of Humans

There has been little quantitative research on the reactivity of non-human species to either an observer or to the presence of humans in general. This study describes the responses of black bears (Ursus americanus) to the presence of humans. Two pairs (male-female) and (female-female) of same-aged captive black bears kept at separate locations were observed in 60-min sessions with their behavior scanned every 30 s. 146 h of systematic observation were completed over a 30-month period. Data for each session were collapsed into 30 two-min blocks and linear regression analysis was performed on the rates of various behavior patterns. At a relatively remote, undisturbed location rates of many behavior patterns and groupings by activity level were highly correlated with time period within the 60-min session. Behaviors that indicated resting or “relaxed” behavior increased from beginning to end of a session while behaviors requiring more energy decreased. Such large changes in rates of some behaviors apparently involve habituation to the presence of the observer. At the other location there was far more stimulation from sources other than the observer (tourists), and the bears' behavior was less affected by both the observer and other humans. Reactivity has been well-studied with humans, but more systematic studies are needed with all species to develop guidelines for both evaluating and countering reactivity.