cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diminishing Returns in U.S.-China Security Cooperation

U.S.-China relations have entered a period best characterized as an era of increased tension with aspects of strategic competition. The two countries are escalating disagreements over issues such as trade, the North Korean nuclear and missile programs, and the South China Sea. Despite these tensions, China and the United States have increased their cooperation and strengthened their bilateral ties through international institutions and joint agreements. It is within this context of cooperation and competition that this paper evaluates ways in which the two sides can enhance cooperation in the security realm. The result is that the two sides could enhance their communication and dialogue about what they are doing, even though they're likely to refuse to make significant changes to their most contentious security policies.
The Extrinsic Incubation Period of Zika Virus in Florida Mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus

The Asian genotype of Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in Brazil in 2015 and subsequently spread throughout the Americas. In July 2016, Florida experienced its first locally acquired ZIKV infection in the continental U.S. Concerns about health risks from ZIKV infection have increased the need to investigate the interactions between potential mosquito vectors and ZIKV. The time it takes for an arbovirus to propagate within a mosquito, and become transmissible, is the extrinsic incubation period (EIP). The EIP for potential mosquito vectors in Florida is unknown. To address this gap in the understanding of ZIKV epidemiology, Florida Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) were orally exposed to ZIKV infected blood meals and fully engorged mosquitoes were held at a constant temperature of 28 °C through the duration of the experiment. Saliva expectorates were collected from cohorts of mosquitoes and tested for the presence of ZIKV at three-day intervals over a period of 24 days to allow for an evaluation of the EIP of the emergent Asian lineage of ZIKV. High rates of infected bodies in Ae. albopictus (75–94%) and Ae. aegypti (68–86%) were observed throughout the incubation period, which did not differ by species. Higher rates of disseminated infection were observed later during the incubation period but did not differ between species. We calculated the 50% EIP to be shorter in Ae. albopictus than Ae. aegypti (16.2 and 18.2 days post infection, respectively). The competence for ZIKV observed in both species may contribute to high rates of ZIKV transmission in Florida populations.
Kinetics of Recrystallization and Fission-Gas-Induced Swelling in High Burnup UO2 and U3Si2 Nuclear Fuels

Recent observations on experimental low-temperature swelling of irradiated uranium suicide dispersion fuels have indicated that the growth of fission-gas bubbles appears to be affected by fission rate. The swelling curve of the material exhibits a distinct knee that shifts to higher fission density with increased fission rate due to higher enrichments. Current state-of-the-art models of fission-gas behavior do not predict such a dependence. Grain “subdivision” has been observed in high-burnup uranium oxide. This observation and other indirect evidence from various experiments led the authors to speculate that a dense network of grain boundaries forms in uranium silicide at a dose corresponding to the knee in the swelling curve; fission-gas-bubbles nucleate at the boundaries and then grow at an accelerated rate relative to that of fission-gas bubbles in the bulk material. A theoretical formulation is presented wherein the stored energy in the material is concentrated on a network of recrystallization sites that diminish with dose due to interaction with radiation-produced defects (vacancy-solute pairs). Recrystallization is induced by statistical fluctuations when the energy per site is high enough that the creation of grain boundary surfaces is offset by the creation of strain-free volumes with, a resultant net decrease in the free energy of the material. This formulation, applied within the context of a mechanistic treatment of gas-bubble behavior, is shown to provide a plausible interpretation of the observed phenomena.
Cross-Language Information Retrieval Using Dutch Query Translation

This paper describes an elementary bilingual information retrieval experiment. The experiment takes Dutch topics to retrieve relevant English documents using Microsoft SQL Server version 7.0. In order to cross the language barrier between query and document, the researchers use query translation by means of a machine-readable dictionary. The Dutch run was void of the typical natural language processing techniques such as parsing, stemming, or part of speech tagging. A monolingual run was carried out for comparison purposes. Due to limitations in time, retrieval system, translation method, and test collection, there is only a preliminary analysis of the results.
Supersonic Flow over an Inclined Body of Revolution

A first approximation is obtained for the side force or the lift of a body of revolution inclined in a supersonic flow from the linearized equation of motion of compressible fluids. I t is shown that the lift a t any fixed Mach's number is directly proportional to the angle of attack of the body. The case of the cone is calculated in detail and a general method using step-wise doublet distribution is developed for a pointed projectile.
Syndrome, Disorder, and Disease

Defining syndrome, disease, and disorder can be challenging since they are all terms used to define a person's state of being. All have similarities and differences. A syndrome is a constellation of signs and symptoms that occur together and covary over time. A disorder is also a collection of signs and symptoms, but it has known associated features that are presumed to be related. A disease is an involuntary physiological or biological illness that typically has some underlying cause. Keywords: disease; disorder; psychopathology; syndrome; cultural difference; psychiatry
Fat Deficiency in Rats during Development of the Central Nervous System and Susceptibility to Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

On day 14 of gestation, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to a diet adequate in fat (C), a fat-deficient diet (FD), or a fat-deficient diet supplemented with ethyl linoleate (FD-S). The same diets were continued during lactation. On weaning, the offspring were fed the same diets as their mothers. Rats were killed at 21 and 33 days, and the lipid compositions of brain, brain myelin, and spinal cord myelin were determined. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in animals from each group at 54 days of age. Acute EAE occurred after 13 days, and on day 14 (day 68 of age), the rats were killed. Body, brain, and brain myelin developments were slower in the FD and FD-S rats during early life. At 68 days, brain myelin from all groups reached mature composition, although body and brain weights of FD and FD-S rats remained lower than those of controls. With the exception of a slightly lower plasmalogen content at 33 and 68 days, the composition of spinal cord myelin from FD and FD-S rats was similar to that of C rats throughout the period of study. The plasmalogen content at 33 and 68 days, the composition of spinal cord myelin from FD and FD-S rats was similar to that of EAE occurred in animals from the FD group. The incidence of the disease in FD-S rats was similar to that in the controls. A reduction in total brain protein occurred in FD-EAE rats and in C-EAE and FD-EAE cerebrosides. Myelin from brain and spinal cord of EAE rats did not differ appreciably in protein content or lipid composition from myelin of controls. It was concluded that fat deficiency during development leads to increased susceptibility to EAE, and that a supplement of a source of linoleic acid has a marked protective effect against EAE.
Learning behavioral parameterization using spatio-temporal case-based reasoning

This paper presents an approach to learning an optimal behavioral parameterization in the framework of a case-based reasoning methodology for autonomous navigation tasks. It is based on our previous work on a behavior-based robotic system that also employed spatio-temporal case-based reasoning in the selection of behavioral parameters but was not capable of learning new parameterizations. The present method extends the case-based reasoning module by making it capable of learning new and optimizing the existing cases where each case is a set of behavioral parameters. The learning process can either be a separate training process or be part of the mission execution. In either case, the robot learns an optimal parameterization of its behavior for different environments it encounters. The goal of this research is not only to automatically optimize the performance of the robot but also to avoid the manual configuration of behavioral parameters and the initial configuration of a case library, both of which require the user to possess good knowledge of robot behavior and the performance of numerous experiments. The presented method was integrated within a hybrid robot architecture and evaluated in extensive computer simulations, showing a significant increase in the performance over a nonadaptive system and a performance comparable to a non-learning CBR system that uses a hand-coded case library.
Pancreatic cancer surgery: past, present, and future.

The history of pancreatic cancer surgery, though fraught with failure and setbacks, is punctuated by periods of incremental progress dependent upon the state of the art and the mettle of the surgeons daring enough to attempt it. Surgical anesthesia and the aseptic techniques developed during the latter half of the 19 th century were instrumental in establishing a viable setting for pancreatic surgery to develop. Together, they allowed for bolder interventions and improved survival through the postoperative period. Surgical management began with palliative procedures to address biliary obstruction in advanced disease. By the turn of the century, surgical pioneers such as Alessandro Codivilla and Walther Kausch were demonstrating the technical feasibility of pancreatic head resections and applying principles learned from palliation to perform complicated anatomical reconstructions. Allen O. Whipple, the namesake of the pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), was the first to take a systematic approach to refining the procedure. Perhaps his greatest contribution was sparking a renewed interest in the surgical management of periampullary cancers and engendering a community of surgeons who advanced the field through their collective efforts. Though the work of Whipple and his contemporaries legitimized PD as an accepted surgical option, it was the establishment of high-volume centers of excellence and a multidisciplinary approach in the later decades of the 20 th century that made it a viable surgical option. Today, pancreatic surgeons are experimenting with minimally invasive surgical techniques, expanding indications for resection, and investigating new methods for screening and early detection. In the future, the effective management of pancreatic cancer will depend upon our ability to reliably detect the earliest cancers and precursor lesions to allow for truly curative resections.
Impaired Sexual Function

The incidence of impaired sexual function in adults with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is greater than in the general population. Studies have examined different aspects of sexual function among adults with PD and their partners. Comparison groups have included healthy adults matched for age and gender, as well as age-matched controls with chronic, nonneurological disease with motor impairment. Impaired sexual function in PD is most likely multifactorial. Depression, physical disability, and autonomic dysfunction may contribute to the increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) among men with PD. Given this multifactorial basis, clinicians should routinely assess patient needs. For women with PD, therapeutic interventions and impaired sexual function have not been adequately described. Further research is required to develop treatment for adults with PD and sexual dysfunction.
Correlations between variations in solar EUV and soft X-ray irradiance and photoelectron energy spectra observed on Mars and Earth

Solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV; 10-120 nm) and soft X-ray (XUV; 0-10 nm) radiation are major heat sources for the Mars thermosphere as well as the primary source of ionization that creates the ionosphere. In investigations of Mars thermospheric chemistry and dynamics, solar irradiance models are used to account for variations in this radiation. Because of limited proxies, irradiance models do a poor job of tracking the significant variations in irradiance intensity in the EUV and XUV ranges over solar rotation time scales when the Mars-Sun-Earth angle is large. Recent results from Earth observations show that variations in photoelectron energy spectra are useful monitors of EUV and XUV irradiance variability. Here we investigate photoelectron energy spectra observed by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Electron Reflectometer (ER) and the FAST satellite during the interval in 2005 when Earth, Mars, and the Sun were aligned. The Earth photoelectron data in selected bands correlate well with calculations based on 1 nm resolution observations above 27 nm supplemented by broadband observations and a solar model in the 0-27 nm range. At Mars, we find that instrumental and orbital limitations to the identifications of photoelectron energy spectra in MGS/ER data preclude their use as a monitor of solar EUV and XUV variability. However, observations with higher temporal and energy resolution obtained at lower altitudes on Mars might allow the separation of the solar wind and ionospheric components of electron energy spectra so that they could be used as reliable monitors of variations in solar EUV and XUV irradiance than the time shifted, Earth-based, F(10.7) index currently used.
Tiered citation and measures of document similarity

The degree of subject similarity between pairs of cited and citing documents is frequently small. One factor may be the ways in which authors draw upon and cite the work of others. The idea of tiered, or multilayered, citation is proposed as a means of testing this hypothesis. A tentative citation typology is outlined
Fire effects on California chaparral systems: an overview

Chaparral is a shrubby, sclerophyllous vegetation type that is common in middle elevations throughout much of California. It occupies 3.4 Mha throughout the state in some of the steepest terrain and adjacent to some of the most populated urban areas. Although chaparral has little direct commodity value, it does have great value in slope stabilization, watershed cover, wildlife habitat, and nutrient cycling. Combined effects of the summer-dry climate and the high flammability of chaparral vegetation render it extremely susceptible to periodic crown fires. Fires in the urban interface not only impact the chaparral ecosystem, but may burn homes, and also can effect regional air and water quality. Wildfires remove plant crown cover and may alter vegetation composition. Many chaparral plant species are well adapted to regenerate after fire, either through the ability to sprout vegetatively, or through fire-related cues that enhance germination. Fire also alters animal habitat and affects species composition and population levels. Perhaps most dramatic are the postfire effects on water and sediment movement. Flooding and debris flows which are common in years after fires may cause substantial loss of soil and nutrients and major damage to homes and other structures.
Sequence-specific interaction of DNA and chromosomal protein.

Abstract The principles which regulate nucleotide sequence-specific binding of chromosomal protein to DNA have been studied with isolated chromatin. The experimental strategy is to dissociate chromosomal proteins from chromatin by 2 m -NaCl and then to determine the conditions under which the chromosomal proteins can be caused to reassociate with DNA at sites the same as, or equivalent to, those to which they were originally bound. Similarity or difference of reconstituted and native chromatin is determined by hybridization competition for denatured DNA between RNA transcribed from native chromatin and that transcribed from reconstituted chromatin. It is shown that when chromosomal proteins, principally histones, are dissociated from DNA by 2 m -NaCl and then reassociated by gradient dialysis to low ionic strength, the original chromatin is not reconstituted. Reconstitution by gradient dialysis from 2 m -NaCl in the presence of 5 m -urea followed by removal of the urea does result in chromatin equivalent to native by the hybridization-competition criterion. At the temperature and salt concentrations used, 5 m -urea constitutes a condition under which RNA hybridizes to DNA. For such sequence-specific reconstitution of chromatin the participation of chromosomal RNA is required.
Chilling injury in cucumbers (Cucumis sativa L.) associated with lipid peroxidation as measured by ethane evolution

The development of chilling injury in cucumbers stored at 4°C and 95% RH was evaluated. Irreversible damage due to chilling required 7 to 10 days as indicated by increases in tissue electrolyte leakage (from 30 to 70%), stress ethylene production (to 30-60 pMol g_1 hr−1) and visual manifestations of injury. Low levels of ethane evolution (<1 pMol g−1 hr−1) were observed for unchilled and continuously chilled fruits. Upon rewarming, ethane evolution was stimulated by an order of magnitude following a prior chilling exposure of at least 7 days. These results indicate that the potentiation of lipid peroxidation in chilled cucumbers is associated with the onset of irreversible injury.
High-Resolution Saturation Spectroscopy of the Sodium D Lines with a Pulsed Tunable Dye Laser

The sodium $D$ resonance lines have been studied in saturated absorption with a repetitively pulsed tunable dye laser. The hyperfine splitting of the $3^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $3^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$ is resolved. Measurements with a delayed probe reveal a remanent hole burning in the velocity distributions of the two ground-state levels, caused by a velocity-selective optical pumping cycle. A time-resolved observation of the collisional-velocity thermalization in the presence of Ar buffer gas is reported.
BMI and Cervical Cancer Screening among White, African‐American, and Hispanic Women in the United States

WEE, CHRISTINA C., RUSSELL S. PHILLIPS, AND ELLEN P. MCCARTHY. BMI and cervical cancer screening among white, African-American, and Hispanic women in the United States. Obes Res. 2005;13:1275–1280. Objectives: We examined cervical cancer screening by BMI in white, African-American, and Hispanic women and explored women’s reasons for not undergoing screening. Research Methods and Procedures: We used logistic regression to examine Pap testing in the preceding 3 years across BMI groups for white (n 6419), African-American (n 1715), and Hispanic women (n 1859) age 18 to 75 years who responded to the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. We used bivariable analyses to describe women’s reasons for not undergoing testing and examined whether unscreened women received physician recommendations for screening. Results: Of 12,170 women, 50% were normal weight, 26% were overweight, and 21% were obese. The proportion who reported Pap testing in the last 3 years was 86% in whites, 88% in African Americans, and 78% in Hispanics. After adjustment for sociodemographics, health care access, and illness burden, severely obese white women (BMI 40 kg/m 2 ) were significantly less likely to undergo Pap testing (relative risk, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.99) compared with normal weight women. BMI was not associated with screening in African Americans or Hispanics. A higher proportion of obese white women than normal weight women cited putting off the test or embarrassment or discomfort as the primary reason for not undergoing screening. Among the unscreened, obese women were as likely as normal weight women to receive a physician recommendation to undergo screening. Discussion: Disparities in cervical cancer screening by body weight persist for white women with severe obesity. Disparities were not explained by differences in the rate of physician recommendations for screening, but obese white women may be more likely to delay screening or to find screening painful, uncomfortable, or embarrassing than normal weight white women. Efforts to increase screening among obese women should address women’s reservations about screening.
An exact analysis of reservoir effects for rotational viscometers

Abstract An exact analysis of the reservoir effect for the flow of a Newtonian fluid in a parallel-plate rotational viscometer is presented. The determination of the velocity field and the torque involves the solution of a mixed boundary value problem. The analysis makes it possible to obtain accurate values of the viscosity of a fluid from torque measurements taken using a sample reservoir. The predictions of the exact solution are in good agreement with experimental data obtained using the parallel-plate geometry with a sample reservoir.
Transformation and exchange of multimedia objects in distributed multimedia systems

One of the challenges in the design of a distributed multimedia system is devising suitable specification models for various schemas in different levels of the system. Another important research issue is the integration and synchronization of heterogeneous multimedia objects. In this paper, we present our models for multimedia schemas and transformation algorithms. They transform high-level multimedia objects into schemas that can be used to support the presentation and communication of the multimedia objects. A key module in the system is the Object Exchange Manager (OEM). In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the OEM module, and discuss in detail the interaction between the OEM and other modules in a distributed multimedia system.
Minimizing total weighted completion time with an unexpected machine unavailable interval

In the past two decades, scheduling with machine availability constraints has received considerable attention. Until recently most research has focused on the setting where all machine unavailability information is known at the beginning of the scheduling horizon. In reality, this is not practical in some cases. The machine may become unavailable to process jobs due to a machine breakdown or an occurrence of an emergent job that has to be processed immediately. In both cases, the start time of the unavailable interval is unknown beforehand, and the length of the interval may not be known until the end of the interval. In this article, we consider the situation in which the scheduler has to make scheduling decisions without any knowledge of the machine unavailable intervals. Of particular interest is the problem of minimizing total weighted completion time. When there are two or more unavailable intervals on a single machine, Fu et al. (2009) have shown that the problem is exponentially inapproximable even when jobs' weights are equal to their processing times and one has full knowledge of unavailability. So in this paper we consider the scheduling problem on a single machine with a single unavailable period. And, we assume that every job has a weight proportional to its processing time. Based on whether the unavailable interval is due to a breakdown or an emergent job, we have the breakdown model and the emergent job model. First we show that no $$\tfrac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}$$ 5 + 1 2 -competitive online algorithm exists for the breakdown model, and no $$\tfrac{11-\sqrt{2}}{7}$$ 11 ? 2 7 -competitive online algorithm exists for the emergent job model. Next, we show that the simple LPT rule can give a 2- and a $$\tfrac{9}{5}$$ 9 5 -competitive ratio for the breakdown model and the emergent job model, respectively. Further, we show that the ratios are tight by examples. For the offline case, we show that the First Fit LPT (FF-LPT) rule can give a tight approximation ratio of 2 and 4/3 for the breakdown model and the emergent job model, respectively. Finally, our experimental results show that, in practice, both LPT and FF-LPT perform very well and the performance improves when the number of jobs $$n$$ n increases. In both models, when $$n \ge 50$$ n ? 50 , the worst case error ratio is much better than the theoretical bounds.
Comparison of acute rest myocardial perfusion imaging and serum markers of myocardial injury in patients with chest pain syndromes

Newer diagnostic modalities such as serum markers and acute rest myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) have been evaluated diagnostically in patients with chest pain in the emergency department (ED), but never concurrently. We compared these two modalities in distinguishing patients in the ED with symptomatic myocardial ischemia from those with non-cardiac causes. Serum markers and acute technetium-99m sestamibi/tetrofosmin rest MPI were obtained in 75 patients admitted to the ED with chest pain and nondiagnostic electrocardiograms. Venous samples were drawn at admission and 8 to 24 hours later for total creatine kinase, CK-MB fraction, troponin T, troponin I, and myoglobin. Three nuclear cardiologists performed blinded image interpretation. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was confirmed either by diagnostic testing or by the occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI). Acute rest MPI results were abnormal in all 9 patients with MI. An additional 26 patients had objective evidence of CAD confirmed by diagnostic testing. The sensitivity of acute rest MPI for objective evidence of CAD was 73%. Serum troponin T and troponin I were highly specific for acute MI but had low sensitivity at presentation. Individual serum markers had very low sensitivity for symptomatic myocardial ischemia alone. In the multivariate regression model, only acute rest MPI and diabetes were independently predictive of CAD. At the time of presentation and 8 to 24 hours later, acute rest MPI has a better sensitivity and similar specificity for patients with objective evidence of CAD when compared with serum markers.
Load and resistance factor design of fiber reinforced polymer composite bridge deck

Abstract The majority of our bridges were constructed with conventional civil engineering materials of steel and concrete in a typical slab on girder or truss construction. Reinforced concrete bridge decks have approximately 40% life of the steel girders that support these structures. In order to support the use of alternative materials to replace deteriorating concrete decks, this paper outlines the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Fiber Reinforced Polymer composite (FRP) panel highway bridge deck. The deck would be of a sandwich construction where 152.4 mm × 152.4 mm × 9.5 mm square pultruded glass FRP (GFRP) tubes are joined and sandwiched between two 9.5 mm GFRP plates. The deck would be designed by Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and LRFD to support AASHTO design truckload HL-93. There are currently no US standards and specifications for the design of FRP pultruded shapes including a deck panel therefore international codes and references related to FRP profiles will be examined and AASHTO-LRFD specifications will be used as the basis for the final design. Overall, years of research and laboratory and field tests have proven FRP decks to be a viable alternative to conventional concrete deck. Therefore, conceptualizing the design of FRP bridge decks using basic structural analysis and mechanics would increase awareness and engineering confidence in the use of this innovative material.
Chemical modification of GaPc-Cl thin film photoelectrodes

Abstract Modification of chlorogallium phthalocyanine (GaPC-Cl) thin film photoelectrodes with thin films of polyvinylferrocene (PVF), thin films of PVF with incorporated ferricyanide, and thin films of a coprecipitated ferricenium-ferricyanide salt is demonstrated. The analysis of the coprecipitated ferriceniuin-ferricyanide salt demonstrates the formation of a Prussian Blue (PB)-like electroactive film. PVF films on bare gold were first characterized to demonstrate incorporation of ferricyanide during formation of ferricenium ions. This was followed by demonstration of the direct interaction of ferrocenium and ferricyanide, without the polymer, on bare gold, and on the Pc surface. GaPc-Cl films overlayed with PB thin films formed from ferricenium/ferricyanide can produce either negative or positive photopotentials, depending upon the dopant condition of the Pc layer, relying only upon the photoelectrochemical redox activity of the PB layer. On the PVF-modified GaPc-Cl electrodes, the ferrocene redox activity could be depleted in the dark through oxidation at potentials positive of the apparent flat band potential of the p-type molecular semiconductor. Following this, reduction of the ferricenium centers was suppressed by the rectifying nature of the Pc layer, until solution contact was made with a reductant such as ascorbate. Redox activity of the ferrocene (oxidation of ferrocene in PVF) could be restored in relation to the solution concentration of the ascorbate.
The relationship between health habits and health interests of students and employees in a nontraditional university.

This study investigated the health interests of students and full-time employees of a small, nontraditional university, and examined the relationships between selected health habits and correlated health interests. Health habits were assessed using the Wellness Check for Adults developed by the Rhode Island Health Department, and interest in health promotion programs was ascertained by the Health Interests Survey modified by the investigator. Significant (p < .05) differences between students and employees were found in their interest in 5 of the 11 health promotion programs listed. Responses to ranking 3 programs of most interest revealed that for students, exercising, weight control, and nutrition were prioritized, whereas employees ranked managing stress, nutrition, and weight control. Results of bivariate analyses (Mann-Whitney U) relating health habits to specific health interests varied in direction of association and in significance. The results suggest a need to ask potential participants what hea...
Alternating asymmetric topography of the Alaska range along the strike‐slip Denali fault: Strain partitioning and lithospheric control across a terrane suture zone

Contrasting lithospheric strength between terranes often results in the concentration of strain and deformation within the weaker material. Dramatic alternating asymmetric topography of the central and eastern Alaska Range along the active Denali fault is due to contrasting lithospheric strength between terranes and a suture zone, controlled by fault location with respect to the irregular boundary of a relatively stronger terrane backstop. Highest topography and greatest Neogene exhumation in the central Alaska Range occur on the concave side of the arcuate Denali fault, yet to the north and on the convex side of the fault in the eastern Alaska Range. The Denali fault largely lies along a Mesozoic suture zone between two large composite terranes (Yukon and Wrangellia composite terranes: YCT and WCT), but the McKinley strand of the fault cuts across an embayment of weaker suture-zone rocks (Alaska Range suture-zone, ARSZ) within the irregular southern boundary of the YCT (Hines Creek fault). Deformation (and uplift of the Alaska Range) is driven by slip and partitioning of strain along the Denali fault, occurring preferentially in weaker rocks of the ARSZ against the stronger YCT. Where the YCT lies well north of the McKinley strand, deformation is primarily to the north of the fault (eastern Alaska Range). Where the YCT is close to the fault, deformation is primarily to the south (central Alaska Range). While the trace of the McKinley strand approximates a small circle, two restraining bends (McKinley and Hayes) pinned equidistant from the ends of this strand localize uplift and exhumation.
Resolving the radon problem in Clinton, New Jersey, houses

Abstract Significantly elevated radon concentrations were found in several adjacent houses in Clinton, New Jersey. The United States Environmental Protection Agency screened 56 of the houses and selected 10 for demonstration of radon-reduction techniques. Each of the 10 houses received an intensive radon diagnostic evaluation before a house-specific radon reduction plan was developed. Depressurization effects caused by temperature differentials and the operation of mechanical equipment were quantified. Before and after radon reduction plans were implemented, radon concentrations were determined by charcoal canisters and continuous radon monitors. A variety of sealing and subslab depressurization techniques were applied to the 10 houses. Radon concentrations were reduced by over 95% in all 10 houses. The cost of applying radon reduction techniques ranged from $1500 to $8500 per house. House construction characteristics were described which contributed to the high cost of radon reduction. In summary, the 10-house radon reduction demonstration in Clinton, New Jersey was successful in showing homeowners with similar house types some effective ways of reducing radon concentrations.
Ontogeny of X-chromosome inactivation in the female germ line.

Abstract Data are presented on G6PD electrophoretic patterns in fetal ovarian preparations of G6PD heterozygotes. The results indicate that in the early or mitotic period of female germ cell development, only a single X chromosome is active in each oogonium just as is the case for X inactivated somatic tissue. However, in the later or meiotic stage, reactivation of the inactive X chromosome in each oocyte occurs so that two functional X chromosomes are present in each oocyte.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on biomass production and soil carbon in conventional and conservation cropping systems

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration has led to concerns about potential effects on production agriculture as well as agriculture’s role in sequestering C. In the fall of 1997, a study was initiated to compare the response of two crop management systems (conventional and conservation) to elevated CO2. The study used a split-plot design replicated three times with two management systems as main plots and two CO2 levels (ambient 5 375 l LL ! 1 and elevated CO2 5 683 l LL ! 1 ) as split-plots using open-top chambers on a Decatur silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults). The conventional system was a grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation with winter fallow and spring tillage practices. In the conservation system, sorghum and soybean were rotated and three cover crops were used (crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)) under no-tillage practices. The effect of management on soil C and biomass responses over two cropping cycles (4 years) were evaluated. In the conservation system, cover crop residue (clover, sunn hemp, and wheat) was increased by elevated CO2, but CO2 effects on weed residue were variable in the conventional system. Elevated CO2 had a greater effect on increasing soybean residue as compared with sorghum, and grain yield increases were greater for soybean followed by wheat and sorghum. Differences in sorghum and soybean residue production within the different management systems were small and variable. Cumulative residue inputs were increased by elevated CO2 and conservation management. Greater inputs resulted in a substantial increase in soil C concentration at the 0–5 cm depth increment in the conservation system under CO2-enriched conditions. Smaller shifts in soil C were noted at greater depths (5–10 and 15–30 cm) because of management or CO2 level. Results suggest that with conservation management in an elevated CO2 environment, greater residue amounts could increase soil C storage as well as increase ground cover.
Social contexts of development: Parent-child interactions during reading and play

The study purpose was to describe parent—child engagement and parental guidance of children’s participation in literacy-related activities at home. Of the 37 families who participated in a home-based multimethod assessment of storybook reading and play activities, 13 were considered low income. The children’s mean age was 60 months. Parents read two storybooks with their child and engaged in a 15-minute play session with toys related to the stories. Results indicated that the overall amount of guidance provided did not differ due to income level of the families. Certain findings indicated that middle income parents provided greater support for early literacy learning, in that they engaged in more teaching during reading, made more connections between the book and the play episode, and reported reading to their children daily. However, regardless of income or education, parents provided high levels of support to sustain the children’s interest and engagement in both activities, using social connections suc...
Introduction to WODA '06

Dynamic analysis techniques reason over program executions and deal with data produced at program execution time. Dynamic analysis and static analysis techniques complement each other. Hence, a key focus of the WODA'06 workshop is dynamic analysis of software systems with an emphasis on research that integrates static and dynamic analyses.
Regenerative abnormalities in Notophthalmus viridescens induced by repeated amputations

The fidelity of the regenerative response in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, was examined following repeated amputations at the level of the distal one-third of humerus. Three to four months following amputation, all regenerates were scored for gross morphology, reamputated, and stained with methylene blue for skeletal elements. The occurrence of abnormal regeneration with respect both to gross morphology and to skeletal structure was found to increase directly with the number of times the limb stumps were required to initiate dedifferentiation and repair. The initial amputation-regeneration process produced structurally normal replacement limbs in 91% of the cases examined. Reamputations of 4-digit regenerates (3--4 months after the previous transection) resulted in structurally abnormal regenerates in 28% of the cases following two amputations; 50% of the cases following three amputations; 65% of the cases following four amputations; and 81% of the cases following five amputations. The relationships between repeated dedifferentiation, proliferation, and redifferentiation and normal limb development are discussed.
Effects of cuing actor vs cuing object on word order in sentence production

Twenty Ss learned a 12-xtem paired-associate task consisting of either actor or object cue-slides paired with collored-cartoon response slides. The Ss generated their own sentences to correspond to the response slides. Word order and grammatical construction varied as a function of cue, where the cue element tended to be said early in the description of an event.
In search of a residual dividend policy

Abstract We survey 309 sample firms exhibiting behavior consistent with a residual dividend policy and their matched counterparts to learn how they set their dividend policies. The findings reveal that the sample firms are more likely than their counterparts to maintain a long-term dividend payout ratio, use long-run earnings forecasts in setting the dividend, and be unconcerned about the cost of raising external funds. Yet, firms behaving as though they follow a residual dividend policy generally do not profess to follow the policy. At best, the sample firms follow a “modified” residual policy in which they carefully manage their payout ratio and dividend trend. Although it may not be an explicit goal of such a dividend policy, consistently low free cash flow typically results.
Rapid operant training of guinea pigs with lettuce as the appetitive reinforcer

The traditional view of the guinea pig as difficult to train (e.g., Roberts, 1972) has been altered by de~?n­ strations that this species is adept in operant training when correct combinations of deprivation, training environment, and reinforcer are used (Berryman, 1976; Gundy, 1959; Jonson, Lyle, Edwards, & Penny, 19~5; Petersen, Prosen, Moody, & Stebbins, 1977; Valenstein, 1959' Walloch & Taylor-Spikes, 1976). Preliminary to employing the conditioned suppression procedure with guinea pigs, we sought a reliable and ~~ick me~hod for establishing a stable baseline of appetitively remforce? leverpressing. Valenstein (1959) demonstrated conditioned suppression in deprived guinea pigs, but the deprivation and training procedures for establishing the operant baseline in that experiment, and in most of .the others cited above, were sufficiently complex and time consuming that we sought a simplified procedure. F~il­ ing to confirm a report that carrot juice is an effective reinforcer for nondeprived guinea pigs (Gundy, 1959), we subsequently encountered difficulty in achieving stable responding when plain or sweetened water was used as a reinforcer for water-deprived guinea pigs.This impasse was resolved when we utilized the well-known fact that guinea pigs have a strong affinity for fresh lettuce (e.g., Miller & Murray, 1966; Roberts, 1972; Valenstein, 1959). The present paper describes the conditions under which we have found lettuce particularly effective as a reinforcer for establishing leverpressing in guinea pigs not deprived of food or water. Five adult guinea pigs (Cavia parcel/us) purchased from local pet suppliers were individually housed in a temperature/humidity controlled room with a 12-hlight/ I 12-h dark cycle. Purina guinea pig chow and water supplemented with vitamins (Avitron) were available con-
A finite model for the renormalisation group on quantum lattices

Abstract Renormalisation group transformations are defined for a system of four Ising spins in transverse magnetic field. The critical properties of the model system are very similar to those of the infinite system. The renormalisation group tranformations are singular in a large region of the coupling parameters.
Development of Small Molecular Proteasome Inhibitors Using a Caenorhabditis elegans Screen

We have developed a screening protocol to identify compounds with characteristics of small molecule proteasome inhibitors using the real-time analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line. This screen is able to identify compounds that induce germ line phenotypes characteristic of a reduction in proteasome function such as changes in polarity, aberrant nuclear morphology, and stimulation of apoptosis. This basic protocol is amenable to a high throughput (96-well) format and has been used successfully to identify multiple compounds for further analysis based on structural elements from the naturally occurring compounds lactacystin and the β-lactone homologs omuralide and salinosporamide A. The further development of this assay system should allow for the generation of novel small molecule proteasome inhibitors in a genetically tractable whole animal amenable to biochemical analysis.
Changes in lymphocyte subset distribution aid in the differential diagnosis of renal allograft dysfunction

The distribution of selected lymphocyte subset populations in renal transplant patients was used to assist in the differential diagnosis of graft dysfunction. Patients experiencing dysfunction due to rejection showed consistent and significant decreases in relative numbers of CD 8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) lymphocytes. The ratio of CD 4 cells to CD 8 cells in this group of patients was generally greater than 2.00 due to decreases in CD 8 cells. Patients showing graft dysfunction due to viral infections showed consistent and significant increases in CD 8 cells which also bear the HNK-1 or the HLA-Dr determinants. Serial monitoring for these dual-marked lymphocytes on a weekly basis can be of considerable use in determining the etiology of graft dysfunction. Increases in other "activation" markers, including transferrin receptors, CD 38, and a T cell lineage specific activation antigen (TLiSA) were not specific for rejection; in fact, increases in CD38 were more often associated with viral infections. These studies indicated that lymphocyte subset determinations done on a regular basis can help distinguish graft dysfunction due to viral infections from other causes. The ability to distinguish rejection episodes from stable grafts is less obvious. Although the alterations in lymphocyte subset distribution are not entirely specific, they can distinguish viral infections from rejection.
Coupled multifield finite element analysis model of upsetting under an applied direct current

Recent research studying the deformation of various metals in compression, while running an electric current through the material, has been quite promising. A problem occurs when trying to identify the specific mechanisms that cause the changes in the mechanical properties, however, since the flow of electricity produces resistive heating, which also affects the mechanical properties of metals. However, previous research has proven that not all of the effects on the properties can be explained through resistive heating, implying that the electron flow through the metal also causes changes to the mechanical properties. Therefore, this work develops a model capable of differentiating between the effects of resistive heating and the effects of the electron flow when deforming 6061-T6511 aluminum in compression. To accomplish this, a detailed finite element simulation has been developed using ANSYS® with two models in symbiosis. The first model predicts the temperature of the specimen and compression fixtures due to the applied electrical current. The resulting thermal datq are then input into a deformation model to observe how the temperature change affects the deformation characteristics of the material. From this model, temperature profiles for the specimen are developed along with true stress versus strain plots. These theoretical data are then compared with experimentally determined data collected for 6061-T6511 aluminum in compression. By knowing the exact effects of resistive heating, as obtained through the finite element analysis (FEA) model, the effects of the electron flow are isolated by subtracting out the effects of resistive heating from the data obtained experimentally. Future work will use these results to develop a new material behavior model that will incorporate both the resistive and fiow effects from the electricity.
An idealized molecular geometry library for refinement of poorly behaved molecular fragments with constraints

An idealized molecular geometry library with 40 geometries of molecules and ions optimized by density functional theory methods has been created. All geometries are accessible through a web site. The library entries are tailored for constrained (also known as rigid body) refinements of problematic small-molecule structures with the OLEX2 and SHELXL software packages. The library application is demonstrated with the refinement of a Pd complex, trans-Pd(dimethyl sulfoxide)(OH2)(trifluoroacetate)2, that co-crystallizes in a 2:1 ratio with a solvent molecule of ethyl acetate disordered over an inversion center. Alternative approaches to constrained refinements are discussed.
Polydrug abusers display impaired discrimination-reversal learning in a model of behavioural control.

Long-term cocaine and alcohol use is associated with neuropsychological impairments that implicate poor inhibitory mechanisms of behavioural control. This study tested acquisition and discriminatio...
Media Deals, College Football, and Governance: Who's in Charge?

In all of its 100+-year history, college sports has not seen an upheaval as great as the “realignment” that has occurred over the last few years. The Big Ten now has 14 teams, and the Big 12 now ha...