cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognizing the Threat Posed by an Incestuous Parent to the Victim's Siblings. Part II: Improving Legal Responses

Many courts refuse to protect the siblings of an incest victim even when faced with unmistakable evidence that they are at risk, arguing that no one can predict what will happen. For instance, some courts believe that a parent who molests his stepchild is unlikely to victimize biological offspring, while others believe that a father who violates a daughter will not also victimize sons. Although judges have relied principally on intuition, a substantial body of empirical studies can help them to better assess a sibling's risk. In Part I, I argued that once a parent establishes the first sexual relationship, other children in the family should be considered at risk. Nonetheless, not all children in the household face identical risks of molestation. In this paper, I continue this theme and argue that a legal presumption should arise that other children are endangered. Further, I maintain that offenders should have an opportunity to rebut this presumption. Without this opportunity, a child who never faced a significant risk of abuse may be removed from his home or unnecessarily lose his ties to a parent. In order to better protect children, I outline how legal decisions can better reflect what is known about child victimization.
Hidden Forms of Bargaining on China's Shop Floor

This article examines shop-floor bargaining in China in both the socialist and reform eras. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in three manufacturing factories, document analysis, and secondary sources, the author discusses how government policies and organizational structure shape the interaction between workshop managers and workers and how the practice on the shop floor alters managerial attempts in return. The author argues that, despite different economic structures in the two historical periods, Chinese workers are not the docile labor force often portrayed in literature and media. Instead, they utilize any leverage given within organizational structures and bargain for not only economic gains, but also for respect and autonomy. Their bargaining, though different from institutionalized union bargaining, influences managerial decisionmaking in a subtle way with ideological implications.
Coordinated Cell Type–Specific Epigenetic Remodeling in Prefrontal Cortex Begins before Birth and Continues into Early Adulthood

Development of prefrontal and other higher-order association cortices is associated with widespread changes in the cortical transcriptome, particularly during the transitions from prenatal to postnatal development, and from early infancy to later stages of childhood and early adulthood. However, the timing and longitudinal trajectories of neuronal gene expression programs during these periods remain unclear in part because of confounding effects of concomitantly occurring shifts in neuron-to-glia ratios. Here, we used cell type–specific chromatin sorting techniques for genome-wide profiling of a histone mark associated with transcriptional regulation—H3 with trimethylated lysine 4 (H3K4me3)—in neuronal chromatin from 31 subjects from the late gestational period to 80 years of age. H3K4me3 landscapes of prefrontal neurons were developmentally regulated at 1,157 loci, including 768 loci that were proximal to transcription start sites. Multiple algorithms consistently revealed that the overwhelming majority and perhaps all of developmentally regulated H3K4me3 peaks were on a unidirectional trajectory defined by either rapid gain or loss of histone methylation during the late prenatal period and the first year after birth, followed by similar changes but with progressively slower kinetics during early and later childhood and only minimal changes later in life. Developmentally downregulated H3K4me3 peaks in prefrontal neurons were enriched for Paired box (Pax) and multiple Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) motifs, which are known to promote glial differentiation. In contrast, H3K4me3 peaks subject to a progressive increase in maturing prefrontal neurons were enriched for activating protein-1 (AP-1) recognition elements that are commonly associated with activity-dependent regulation of neuronal gene expression. We uncovered a developmental program governing the remodeling of neuronal histone methylation landscapes in the prefrontal cortex from the late prenatal period to early adolescence, which is linked to cis-regulatory sequences around transcription start sites.
Hepatitis E virus replication requires an active ubiquitin-proteasome system

The mechanism of hepatitis E virus (HEV) replication remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that HEV replication requires an active ubiquitin-proteasome system and that proteasome inhibitors affect HEV replication, possibly by inhibition of viral transcription or/and translation without a significant effect on cellular translation. Overexpression of ubiquitin in inhibitor-treated cells partially reverses the inhibitor effect on HEV replication. The results suggest that HEV replication requires interactions with proteasome machinery, which could be a potential therapeutic target against HEV.
Provision of counseling on diabetes self-management: Are there any age disparities?☆

Abstract Objective To determine whether there are any age-related disparities in the frequency of provision of counseling and education for diabetes care in a large HMO in Central Texas. Methods EMR search from 13 primary care clinics on patients aged ≥18 years (n = 1300) who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Results There were no significant age differences in the frequency of provision of counseling about HBGM, diet, smoking or diabetes education. However, there were significant age differences in the provision of exercise counseling. Patients aged ≥75 were significantly less likely to have been provided exercise counseling than those aged Conclusion While age-related variations in self-management protocols were not found, the provision of formal diabetes education was low (29.4%). The persistence of key risk factors in later life (e.g., obesity) underscores the need for better self-management protocols for older adults. Practice Implications Additional efforts on strategies to increase counseling about lifestyle habits and diabetes self-management care by appropriate health care providers is needed. Diabetes counseling should be individually tailored in older population.
Overwintering of the Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper in Louisiana

The three cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say) (Homoptera:Membracidae), overwinters as an adult in a state of reproductive diapause. In Louisiana, pine is the primary maintenance host used by overwintering populations. Laboratory experiments with overwintering adults showed survivorship on pine to be greater than that on water alone, but significantly lower than on leguminous breeding hosts. Histological studies suggest that probing hoppers locate phloem, the preferred target tissue, less efficiently in pine needles than in soybean petioles.
Accuracy of echocardiography versus electrocardiography in detecting left ventricular hypertrophy: Comparison with postmortem mass measurements

The accuracy of electrocardiography, M-mode echocardiography and two-dimensional echocardiography in predicting left ventricular hypertrophy was compared in 50 patients who came to autopsy within 6 months after the studies were performed. Several methods for determining left ventricular hypertrophy were examined for each of the three techniques. M-mode echocardiography was technically adequate to evaluate the presence or absence of left ventricular hypertrophy more often than either electrocardiography or two-dimensional echocardiography. Measurements from M-mode echocardiography also correlated best with autopsy measurements. Both echocardiographic techniques had a higher sensitivity than electrocardiographic criteria in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy. Two-dimensional echocardiography was not shown to improve the M-mode assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy. In an attempt to simplify both M-mode left ventricular mass calculations and the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy for the clinician, a left ventricular mass nomogram was constructed, enabling quick insertion of standard M-mode echocardiographic measurements.
Tissue-specific Expression of Hepatic Functions Genetic Aspects

Intertypic hybrids formed by fusing dissimilar cell types generally fail to express the tissue-specific products of either parent, a phenomenon termed extinction. To explore the genetic basis and phenotypic complexity of this phenomenon, 15 liver-specific cDNA clones have been used as probes to assay expression of the corresponding mRNAs in a series of hepatoma x fibroblast hybrids retaining different fibroblast chromosomes. Thirteen of the 15 liver-specific mRNAs were extinguished in karyotypically complete hepatoma x fibroblast hybrids, but were reexpressed in hybrid segregants that had eliminated fibroblast chromosomes. In three cases analyzed in detail, extinction of a particular hepatic marker required the presence of a single, specific fibroblast chromosome. These data define and localize a set of discrete genetic loci, the Tse loci, that negatively regulate liver-specific gene expression in trans.
Using rapid infrared forming to control interfaces in titanium-matrix composites

Control of the fiber-matrix reaction during composite fabrication is commonly achieved by shortening the processing time, coating the reinforcement with relatively inert materials, or adding alloying elements to retard the reaction. To minimize the processing time, a rapid infrared forming (RIF) technique for metal-matrix composite fabrication has been developed. Experiments have shown that the RIF technique is a quick, simple, and low-cost process to fabricate titanium-alloy matrix composites reinforced with either silicon carbide or carbon fibers. Due to short processing times, typically on the order of 1–2 minutes in an inert atmosphere for composites with up to eight-ply reinforcements, the interfacial reaction is limited and well controlled. Composites fabricated by this technique have mechanical properties that are either comparable to or, in several cases, superior to those made with conventional diffusion-bonding techniques.
Engineering Surfaces for Substrate-Mediated Gene Delivery Using Recombinant Proteins

Immobilized fibronectin and other natural proteins have been utilized to enhance substrate-mediated gene delivery, with apparent contributions from the intrinsic bioactivity and also physical properties of the immobilized proteins. In this report, we investigated the use of recombinant proteins, compared to the the full-length fibronectin protein, as surface coatings for gene delivery in order to investigate the mechanisms by which fibronectin enhances gene transfer. The recombinant fibronectin fragment FNIII7–10 (FNIII) contains the α5β1 binding domain of fibronectin and supports cell adhesion, whereas the recombinant protein polymer PP-12 is also negatively-charged and has a molecular weight similar to FNIII, but lacks cell binding domains. Transfection was compared on surfaces modified with FNIII, full-length fibronectin, or PP-12. The full-length fibronectin provided the greatest extent of transgene expression relative to FNIII or PP-12, which was consistent with the amount of DNA that associated with cells. FNIII had 4.2-fold or 4.7-fold lower expression levels relative to fibronectin for polyplexes and lipoplexes, respectively. PP-12 produced expression levels that were 317-fold and 12.0-fold less than fibronectin for polyplexes and lipoplexes, respectively. Although expression was greater on FNIII relative to PP-12, the levels of DNA associated per cell with FNIII were similar to or less than those with PP-12, suggesting that the bioactive sequences may contribute to an enhanced intracellular trafficking. For lipoplexes delivered on FNIII, the efficiency of intracellular trafficking and levels of caveolar DNA were greater than that observed with either the full-length fibronectin or PP-12. For polyplexes, fibronectin fragment resulted in greater intracellular trafficking efficiency compared to PP-12 protein polymer. Recombinant proteins can be employed in place of full-length extracellular matrix proteins for substrate-mediated gene delivery, and bioactive sequences can influence one or more steps in the gene delivery process to maximize transfection.
Effects of (+/-)-DOI on medial prefrontal cortical cells: a microiontophoretic study.

Abstract The relatively selective 5-HT2 receptor agonist, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane ((±)-DOI) ejected by microiontophoresis at low currents potentiates glutamate (GLU)-induced excitation and at higher currents(>20nA) invariably inhibits both spontaneous and GLU-induced activity of cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFc). The inhibitory action of DOI is blocked by the 5-HT2 antagonists, ritanserin, metergoline and spiperone, but not other receptor antagonists. Microiontophoresis of 1 M Mg2+ for 5–20 min did not alter DOI's inhibitory effect suggesting that DOI's action is a direct one. These results show that DOI predominantly inhibits mPFc neuronal activity and this inhibitory action is mediated by 5-HT2 receptors.
Ethylene production as an indicator of stress conditions in hydroponically-grown strawberries

Abstract As a soilless system, hydroponics eliminates competing weeds and soil-born pests while conserving water and providing conditions that can be quickly altered to suit specific crops. However, stress-induced physiological conditions may arise within the system from factors such as mechanical injury, pests, or inconsistent nutrient flow rates that result in some plants receiving too much or too little water. Most abiotic stress conditions result in increased production of the plant hormone ethylene. High levels of ethylene inhibit growth, cause premature ripening, and induce the onset of senescence, potentially reducing the productivity of hydroponically-grown crops. In this study, we demonstrate that assessing ethylene levels from leaves of hydroponically-grown strawberry plants can be used as an early indicator of stress conditions. Our results demonstrate that there is no significant correlation between ethylene production and temperatures ranging from 15 to 37 °C or with light intensities ranging from 63 to 1500 μmol m −2 s −1 . However, an increase in ethylene production tended to be positively correlated with sampling time; levels were higher during midday compared to early morning or later afternoon. The daily ethylene fluctuations under greenhouse conditions due to sampling time, light intensity, or temperature changes were not significantly high enough to indicate stress conditions. Overall, three system analyses showed altered ethylene production in plants farthest from the pump supplying the nutrient solution. This effect was interpreted to be caused by excess accumulation of nutrient solution around the plant roots, causing increased ethylene production in the leaves. Our results indicate that different watering patterns, manifested as pump pressure or drainage control, was the more difficult component to control in the design of these hydroponic systems. For example, in one system, an increase in ethylene production was measured for the position farthest from the pump, and resulted in those plants having a lower number of flowers and significantly reduced overall plant radii relative to the system average. In a separate experiment, plants from trays that had been flooded for 24 h showed a significant decrease in the plant radii and number of leaves and flowers 1 month after the flooding treatment. We conclude that system-wide ethylene measurements can be used to identify stressed plants within hydroponic systems. This type of analysis would be especially useful as an indicator of general stress conditions no matter the cause, identifying locations that may result in lower plant productivity.
Complication rate of minimally invasive cochlear implantation.

ObjectivesTo assess the complication rate of minimally invasive cochlear implantation (MICI).Study Design and SettingData for this study were obtained via a retrospective analysis of records at the...
Metabolic syndrome in children

A sindrome metabolica [consistindo de um aumento na circunferencia abdominal, hipertensao, hipertrigliceridemia, colesterol em lipoproteina de alta densidade (HDL-C) baixo e hiperglicemia] tornou-se um diagnostico medico em adultos no final da decada de 1980, apos a publicacao do conceito de que esses fatores de risco cardiovascular (CV) podem estar ligados por meio de uma relacao com a resistencia a insulina1. Mais tarde, a sindrome foi definida formalmente como a presenca de quaisquer tres dos cinco componentes acima2, sendo amplamente aceita como indicador importante de doenca CV e diabetes tipo 2.
Acupuncture in Clinical Neurology

Background: A majority of people in the United States use alternative or complementary therapy at some point in their lives, and acupuncture is among the most frequently used modalities. Many United States medical schools offer courses in alternative medicine, and a growing number of insurers offer coverage for alternative therapies. This paper critically reviews our current knowledge about the safety and efficacy of acupuncture for neurologic conditions. Review summary: Acupuncture is a safe procedure when performed by trained professionals. Complications from acupuncture are rare and mainly related to negligence of sterile technique. Studies of the therapeutic value of acupuncture are fraught with challenging methodologic problems, including the choice of a placebo, a suitable control treatment, and the technique of stimulation applied. Clinical trials of the use of acupuncture for pain syndromes (headache, neck, and back pain), stroke rehabilitation, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and substance abuse are reviewed. Conclusions: Based on the current literature, no definitive recommendation can be made regarding the efficacy of acupuncture for common pain syndromes including headache, and neck and back pain. Better quality clinical trials fail to demonstrate efficacy for the use of acupuncture as part of a rehabilitation program following stroke or as a treatment for drug addiction. Acupuncture may have a role in the treatment of sleep disturbance associated with Parkinson's disease but was not efficacious for the primary symptoms of either Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis. In light of increasing public interest and use of alternative therapies, this review may be helpful in promoting more discussion between patients and physicians about the use of acupuncture.
Improving Satellite Multicast Security Scalability by Reducing Rekeying Requirements

As multicasting technologies grow in popularity, so does the need for scalable security architectures to support the user base. Significant research efforts are ongoing in the areas of group-key distribution and management. However, little research has addressed the security of very large, distributed groups communicating via low-earth orbit satellite networks. In this article, we review the requirements common to most secure, multicast networking environments; discuss existing scalable multicast security architectures; and present a novel modular scalable architecture for secure multicast, adapted to a low-earth orbit satellite system. Simulated results reveal a twelve-fold reduction in average user rekeying and an order of magnitude reduction in required key distribution versus the baseline architecture.
Low-temperature preparation of binary oxides

Abstract The synthesis of ABO 3 at low temperature is discussed. The acid-anhydride component, the oxide of B, in the form of a gel, is reacted with the hydroxide of the base-anhydride component, the oxide of A. With an optimum choice of reactants, the tetragonal form of BaTiO 3 was prepared under saturated steam at 120° C 2 atm . For an analogous choice of reactants, the formation of KNbO 3 up to 215° C 20 atm was blocked by the intervention of a stable intermediate, H 2 Nb 2 O 6 .H 2 O.
High-harmonic generation from replenishing solid tapes

High-harmonic generation from a replenishing tape surface allows for multi-Hz applications. Operating in the sub-relativistic Coherent Wake Emission (CWE) regime, we have experimentally investigated the spectrum, conversion efficiency, and divergence for several different tape materials.
Atorvastatin and Aβ(1-40): not as simple as cholesterol reduction in brain and relevance to Alzheimer disease.

Article history: Received 12 October 2010 Revised 9 December 2010 Accepted 15 December 2010 Available online 28 December 2010 oligomeric peptide. Several cross-sectional or case control epidemiological studies have revealed a tight link between cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins or others) and up to as high as a 70% reduction of risk for the development of AD (Dufouil et al., 2005; Hajjar et al., 2002; Jick et al., 2000; Rockwood et al., 2002; Rodriguez et al., 2002; Wolozin et al.,
The molecular theory of polarized emission: Linear, circular, and magnetically induced circular polarization of emission

Abstract Quantum field theory is used to derive transition probabilities pertinent to natural and magnetically induced polarized emission. First order terms in
Tephra fountaining, rheomorphism, and spatter flow during emplacement of the Pitigliano Tuffs, Latera caldera, Italy

Abstract Toward the end of the main ash-flow phase (ca. 156 ka) of the Latera caldera, central Italy, explosive eruptions near the NW caldera rim produced coarse-grained tephra exposed in > 35 m high faces of the Toscapomice (Casa Collina) quarry. The pyroclastic sequence fills a narrow SW-NE paleovalley and records the near-continuous eruption of a compositionally zoned magma batch. White phonolitic pumice clasts abruptly grade upward to, and partly intrude, black spatter-like pumice fragments, also of phonolite composition. This sequence, in turn, is overlain by densely welded tuff that grades upward to tephriphonolitic scoriae and ash. The upper welded part of this sequence—referred to as the “Vulcanite Complessa di Pitigliano”—has long been among the more enigmatic deposits in the Latera area. This sequence displays evidence for both fall and flow emplacement, and is here interpreted as an ash fountain-fed deposit that locally welded as spatter, yet became sufficiently fluidized in distal parts to behave as a spatter-rich pyroclastic flow. This mechanism requires that the eruption underwent abrupt transition from a vigorously convecting column to a weakly convecting ash fountain, and that this period of explosive activity culminated with unusually high accumulation rates. The rapidly emplaced tephra retained sufficient heat to weld by compaction and undergo rheomorphism close to the vent, yet contained high enough proportions of fluidized dust to have flowed outward along the northern caldera rim and, eventually, to have welded by vapor-phase sintering.
New interpretations of the earliest conifers

Abstract New evidence from pre-Permian strata provides an opportunity to enhance our knowledge of the earliest conifers, and together with previously known information forms the basis for evaluating both the time and mode of origin for the group. The earliest co-occurrence of eustelic stems with needle-like leaves, saccate pollen and compound ovulate strobili with bilaterally symmetrical ovules, suggests that the conifers originated at about the beginning of the Westphalian. The first extensive evidence for conifer anatomy from Pennsylvanian sediments of North America reveals remarkably modern-appearing internal features, and confirms Florin's general interpretation of the morphology of ovulate Lebachia cones. The specimens also exhibit a more specialized structure than previously suspected. Based on a basic similarity in reproductive features among conifers, cordaites and some pteridosperms, and upon the developmental variations in the shoot systems of tracheophytes, it is proposed that the origin of conifers may have involved a change in shoot structure among either pteridosperms or cordaites. If true, then archaeopteridalean progymnosperms may not be as closely related to gymnosperm origins as presently believed.
Effects of host plant phenolic acids and nutrient status on oviposition and feeding of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae

Abstract. Females of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, lay eggs (oviposit) on plants in the Brassicaceae family (crucifers) that will serve as foodplants for their larvae. The presence of plant secondary metabolites (PSM), specifically glucosinolates in crucifers, serves as the primary cue for feeding and oviposition. However, the influence of other PSM, such as phenolic acids, has not been well characterized. Seedlings of Brassica rapa were treated with a phenolic acid (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid or protocatechuic acid) to see if they would deter or stimulate oviposition. Female butterflies were provided a choice of whether to lay eggs on control plants sprayed with deionized water or plants sprayed with a phenolic acid. Ferulic and p-coumaric acid, which are very similar in chemical structure, both had significant stimulatory effects on oviposition. The other two phenolic acids did not affect ovipositional choices. The effects of PSM may interact with other factors such as th...
Combined trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification: a one-site vs a two-site approach

Purpose To compare the results of combined trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification surgery with intraocular lens implant by means of a one-site vs a two-site approach. Methods Glaucomatous patients with a coexisting cataract were randomly assigned to undergo either a one-site or two-site combined procedure. One-site surgery was performed with a limbus-based conjunctival flap and scleral tunnel at the 12-o'clock position. Two-site surgery was performed with a limbus-based conjunctival flap for the trabeculectomy in the superior nasal quadrant and a temporal clear cornea incision for phaco-emulsification. Mitomycin C (0.4 mg/ml for 2 minutes) was applied to the scleral surface at the trabeculectomy site for both approaches. All patients received intraocular lens implants at the time of combined surgery. Results Thirty-three eyes of 33 patients were included in this study. Preoperative intraocular pressure and number of glaucoma medications were similar in the two groups. Corrected visual acuity improved similarly in both groups. Intraocular pressure decreased in both groups at last follow-up but was not significantly different (P = .129) between the one-site and two-site groups. At last follow-up, the one-site group required significantly more (P = .030) medications than did the two-site group. Conclusions Combined trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification surgery in which one-site and two-site techniques were used yielded similar improvements in corrected visual acuity and intraocular pressure reduction. However, the one-site group required more medication to maintain intra-ocular pressure control than did the two-site group.
Patients evaluate their hospital care: a national survey.

Respect for patients’ needs and wishes is central to a humane health care system. To better meet patients’ needs, providers have expressed increased interest in using patients’ evaluations and reports to complement other methods of quality assessment and assurance. Many hospitals routinely survey patients, but relatively little analysis of patients’ evaluations of hospital care has been published. Most of the literature on such evaluations is based on studies of outpatients. There have been some excellent descriptions of both the theoretical and practical issues involved in measuring patients’ assessments of inpatient care, but much more work in this area remains to be done. Project goals. The primary goals of the research on which this DataWatch is based were to determine which specific aspects of inpatient care are most important to patients and to document patients’ perceptions of those aspects of care in hospitals nationwide. Another goal was to assess the extent to which variations in reported quality of care might be related to characteristics of patients. In particular, we wanted to investigate whether patients with fewer resources, older patients, or patients in poorer health were more likely to report problems with their care. Here we report the results of a national telephone survey about selected aspects of care. We interviewed 6,455 adult patients recently discharged from the medical and surgical services of sixty-two hospitals selected to represent different hospital types and. all regions of the United States. The interview focused on events that indicate the quality of care in several clinically important areas of which patients are the best judges: patient education and communication with providers, respect for pa-
Development of Heptachlor Resistance in the Alfalfa Weevil in Virginia

Because of a general failure of heptachlor treatments to control the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), in eastern Virginia, laboratory tests were conducted to determine if heptachlor resistance had developed in this pest. Larvae, pupae, and/or adult alfalfa weevils were collected from several counties in Virginia. They were maintained in the insectary until they were 30-day old adults. Individual adults were treated topically with measured drops of heptachlor, or dieldrin, solutions in acetone. The resulting dosage-mortality data indicate that weevils from several counties east of the Allegheny Mountains are resistant to heptachlor, with considerable cross resistance to dieldrin. There was no evidence that weevil from the higher elevations of Virginia had developed heptachlor resistance.
Longline hook testing in the mouths of pelagic odontocetes

WilliamA.McLellan1*, LoganH.Arthur1, SarahD.Mallette1, StevenW.Thornton1, Ryan J.McAlarney1, Andrew J. Read2, and D. Ann Pabst1 Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Lab, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
Sub-micron texturing for reducing platelet adhesion to polyurethane biomaterials.

Platelet adhesion is a key event in thrombus development on blood-contacting medical devices. It has been demonstrated that changes to the chemistry of a material surface can reduce platelet adhesion. In this work, it is hypothesized that sub-micron surface textures may also reduce adhesion via a decrease in the surface area of material with which platelets can make contact, and hence a decreased probability of interaction with adhesive ligands. A polyether(urethane urea) was textured with two different sizes of sub-micron pillars using a replication molding technique that did not alter the material surface chemistry. Adhesion of platelets was assessed in a physiologically relevant shear stress range of 0–67 dyn/cm2 using a rotating disk system. Platelets were immunofluorescently labeled and adhesion was compared on smooth and textured samples. Platelet adhesion was greatest at low shear stress ranging from 0 to 5 dyn/cm2, and sub-micron textures were observed to reduce platelet adhesion in this range. Additionally, non-adherent platelets did not demonstrate large-scale activation after exposure to textured samples. We conclude that surface textures with sub-platelet dimensions may reduce platelet adhesion from plasma to polyether(urethane urea) at low shear stress. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
The thiomethyl anion: Formation, reactivity, and thermodynamic properties.

The thiomethyl anion (1) has been generated by fluorodesilylation of trimethylsilylmethanethiol in a variable-temperature flowing afterglow device. The proton affinity (1649 ± 12 kJ mol−1) and electron affinity (0.67 ± .13 eV) were determined and compared to a previously reported molecular orbital calculation. Isomerization via a 1,2-proton shift does not take place between −40° and 100°C despite a 156 kJ mol−1 driving force. Ion-molecule reactions of 1 were examined with a number of reagents including N20, O2, CS2, COS, and CO2, Hydride ion transfer was observed in every case, along with other products, and thermodynamic information has been derived.
The structure of verdohemochrome and its implications for the mechanism of heme catabolism.

Abstract The synthesis, purification as a tetrafluoroborate salt and structural elucidation of the verdohemochrome 2 a derived from the coupled oxidation of octaethylhemochrome 1 is described. Based on elemental analyses, spectroscopic studies (visible and infrared absorption, 1 H-NMR) and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, the assignment of the iron(II) oxaporphyrin structure for the verdohemochrome 2 a and the blue monocarbonyl species 2 b , obtained upon treatment of 2 a with carbon monoxide, has been accomplished. This assignment raises a number of questions regarding the iron oxidation state of intermediates in the pathway of heme catabolism both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the implications of the occurrence of an iron oxaporphyrin intermediate in the pathway of heme metabolism, which is suggested by the similarity of the visible absorption spectrum of the CO species 2 b with that of a new intermediate recently observed in the heme oxygenase-catalyzed degradition of heme and mesoheme, is considered.
Luis de Carvajal and His People

This work discusses some aspects of the life of Luis de Carvajal, the head of the well-known Carvajal family. This man was Portuguese by birth, which meant that he was not allowed to go to the Spanish New World. Nevertheless, in 1579, Philip II awarded him a vast territorial entity in New Spain, called Nuevo Reino de Leon, and allowed him to bring to it a large number of people without having to certify their being Old Christians. Nearly ten years later, he was apprehended by orders of Viceroy Manrique de Zuniga and brought to Mexico City, where he was jailed in the Crown's prison. On April 14, 1589, he was transferred to the secret jails of the Spanish Inquisition, where he was subjected to a nine-month-long trial, accused of heresy, of knowingly bringing Jews to New Spain, and of concealing their religious activities. Ultimately, he was found guilty of the last two charges and was sentenced to a six-year exile from New Spain. However, before the sentence was carried out, he was returned to the Crown's jail, where he died a year later.
Reporting Patterns for “Lapses of Consciousness” by California Emergency Physicians

Abstract Physician reporting of lapses of consciousness (LOC) to the Department of Motor Vehicles is a controversial topic in medicine. The objective of this study was to describe current LOC reporting practices by emergency physicians (EPs) in a state with mandatory reporting requirements (California). A questionnaire describing 14 different clinical scenarios involving LOC was distributed to a diverse sample of California EPs. Clinical scenarios included new seizure, hypoglycemia, atrial fibrillation/rapid heart rate, cerebrovascular accident, micturation syncope, vasovagal syncope, hepatic encephalopathy, alcohol intoxication, closed head injury, hyperosmolar coma, methamphetamine psychosis, dementia, hyperventilation syndrome, and hypercalcemia. Emergency physicians were asked how often they would report these LOC-related conditions to the state. Simple summary statistics were calculated. The response rate was 207/340 (61%) of the forms distributed. The average number of years in Emergency Medicine practice among respondents was 12 (range 1–35), and 57% were Emergency Medicine trained. Of the 14 scenarios, only one (new-onset seizure) was reported frequently by EPs (89% reported “nearly always” or “most of the time”). The remaining 13 scenarios were rarely reported (mean of 86% for “occasionally” or “never”). Although reporting of LOC, from any cause, is mandatory in California, only new-onset seizures are frequently reported by California EPs.
Validation of remote sensing products produced by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Scanning Imager (SSUSI): a far UV-imaging spectrograph on DMSP F-16

Operational sensors are designed and intended to reliably produce the measurements needed to develop high-value key environmental parameters. The Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) is slated to fly on the next five Defense Meteorological Satellite Program launches (beginning with the launch of F16 in Fall 2001). SSUSI will routinely produce maps of ionospheric and upper atmospheric composition and image the aurora. In this paper we describe these products and our validation plans and the process through which we can assure our sponsors and data products users of the reliability and accuracy of these products.
A semi-global reaction rate model based on experimental data for the self-hydrolysis kinetics of aqueous sodium borohydride

Abstract This work studied the self-hydrolysis kinetics of aqueous sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for hydrogen generation and storage purposes. Two semi-global rate expressions of sodium borohydride and hydrogen ion consumption were derived from an extensive series of batch process experiments where the following parameters were systematically varied: solution temperature (298 K–348 K), NaBH4 concentration (0.5 wt% to 25.0 wt%), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration (0.0 wt% to 4.0 wt%). Transient hydrogen generation rates and transient solution pH were measured during the hydrolysis experiments. Given initial conditions (temperature, NaBH4 concentration, and H+ concentration), the two coupled semi-global rate equations can be integrated to obtain the transient time history of H2 generation (or NaBH4 consumption) and solution pH (or H+ concentration). Comparing analytical results of transient hydrogen generation rate and transient solution pH with experimental data, good agreement was reached for many conditions, especially for elevated solution pH values, levels at which NaBH4 solutions are used practically.
The Fate of L-Tyrosine-UL−14C in Shoot-Forming Tobacco Callus

Tobacco callus fed L-tyrosine-UL−14C was sampled at 3-day intervals for 15 days, homogenized and studied with respect to distribution of incorporated radioactivity. The supernatant obtained by centrifuging of the homogenates at 270 g contained the bulk of the radioactivity although significant activity was also detected in the pellet. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the supernatant showed over 90% of the recovered label to be associated with a fraction designated as “less dense than mitochondria”, with the remainder being found in the fraction identified as “mitochondria”. During tissue culture, virtually all of the radioactivity in the fraction “less dense than mitochondria” was recovered in the supernatant obtained by centrifugation at 100,000 g. From 4 to 18% of the labeling in the 100,000 g supernatant fraction was attributable to tyrosine-containing protein, and the rest to free tyrosine and unidentified anionic constituents. The highest proportions of radio-activity in the 270 g pellet were associated with substances extractable with NaCl, pronase, 4.6 N NaOH, and acetolyzing reagent. Low but substantial labeling characterized the extracts obtained with Triton X-100 and 1 N NaOH. The final unextractable residue contained 20% of the 270 g pellet radioactivity.
Channeling knowledge: Expert Systems as communications media

Expert Systems (ES) are as yet imperfectly defined. Their two consistently cited characteristics are domain knowledge and expert-level performance. We propose that current structural definitions are inadequate and suggest a view of ES as communication channels. We proceed to explore the factors influencing applicability of ES technology to an enterprise and the impacts that could be expected. A consequence of this view is the idea of incremental information loss on the path from the expert to the ES user. Strategies for minimizing this loss derive naturally from our perspective and are evident in successful ES.
The effectiveness of headquarters-subsidiary relationships: The role of coordination, control, and conflict

Abstract This study examines the relationship of the effectiveness of the headquarters- sunsidiary relationship to 1) the conflict between the headquarters and the subsidiary and 2) two key process of integration: coordination and control. Specifically, it is hypothesized that the effectiveness of the headquarters-subsidiary relationship is related negatively to the level of conflict and positively to the coordination of both primary and support activities. Furthermore, the use of bureaucratic and personal integration mechanisms are each posited as being positively related to headquarters-subsidiary effectiveness. To examine the hyphothese, information was collected from 105 foreign subsidiary in the U.S., representing 14 different countries. based on the responses of top-level subsidiary managers, coordination of parimary activites and personal integrating mechanisms had the expected positive relationship and conflict the expected negative relationship with headquarters- subsidiary effectiveness. No support was found for the expected relationship between effectiveness and the use of bureaucratic integrating mechanisms and the coordination of support activities.
Morphological details of primate axons and dendrites revealed by extracellular injection of biocytin: an economic and reliable alternative to PHA-L.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if biocytin would reliably label details of distant axons and dendrites when injected extracellularly in primates. Biocytin (2.5–5%) was injected iontophoretically or by pressure into several areas of the visual and somatosensory systems of macaque monkeys, squirrel monkeys, tree shrews and galagos. After survival times that ranged from 9 h to 2 weeks, fine details of anterogradely filled axons and/or retrogradely filled dendrites were reliably reveaved with an avidin-biotin-HRP complex (ABC solution) that was enhanced with heavy metals. Biocytin labeling was successfully combined with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry to reveal double-labeled cells. Our results show that biocytin is a versatile, easy-to-use label that completely fills cell processes both anterogradely and retrogradely in several primate species.
Peroxynitrite‐mediated oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 occurs in early stages of endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock and ischemia‐reperfusion injury

To quantify peroxynitrite production during shock, we measured oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 in rats. In endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock and splanchic ischemia-reperfusion, dihydrorhodamine oxidation rapidly increased, which was prevented by inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide (·NO) synthase (ecNOS). Thus, peroxynitrite is already formed at early stages of shock from ecNOS-derived ·NO. Overproduction of ·NO by the inducible NOS at late shock was not associated with additional increases in dihydrorhodamine oxidation. ecNOS inhibition enhanced dihydrorhodamine oxidation in control rats. These latter findings may be explained by ·NO-mediated inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced dihydrorhodamine oxidation, a phenomenon also observed in vitro.
Health at Every Size College Course Reduces Dieting Behaviors and Improves Intuitive Eating, Body Esteem, and Anti-Fat Attitudes.

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of a Health at Every Size general education course on intuitive eating, body esteem (BES), cognitive behavioral dieting scores, and anti-fat attitudes of college students. Methods Quasi-experimental design with 149 students in intervention (45), comparison (66), or control (46) groups. Analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey adjusted tests were used. Results Mean scores for total general education course on intuitive eating ( P P P P P = .006), BES weight ( P P Conclusion and Implications Students in the Health at Every Size class improved intuitive eating, body esteem, and anti-fat attitudes and reduced dieting behaviors compared with students in the control and comparison groups.
Reactivity of the ductus arteriosus: Implications for transcatheter therapy

We report our experience in a 13-month-old boy undergoing transcatheter coil occlusion of a patent ductus arteriosus. Constriction of the ductus arteriosus with subsequent relaxation resulted in inadvertent coil embolization. This case report and review of the literature have implications for transcatheter treatment of persistent ductus arteriosus.
Using the Untested Ebola Drug in Ebola Affected Patients: An Ethical Dilemma

The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the largest Ebola outbreak in history and the first in West Africa [1]. No specific vaccine or medicine (e.g., antiviral drug) has been proven to be effective against Ebola [2]. The standard treatment for Ebola remains supportive therapy [3]. ZMapp, being developed by Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., is an experimental treatment, for the use of the individuals infected with Ebola virus [3]. The product is a combination of three different monoclonal antibodies that bind to the protein of the Ebola virus [3]. The use of the drug "ZMapp" for the Ebola infection presents a huge dilemma since it could have harmful side-effects and it has not yet been tested in humans for its effectiveness [3]. The Ebola infected patients might survive the Ebola infection but may die from side-effects of the drug ZMapp which are not yet known. ZMapp may cause side-effects which may not occur immediately and may be seen much later. Moreover, at this time very few courses of this experimental treatment have been manufactured [3] which raises issues on whom to use this drug if infected with the Ebola virus. Since, ZMapp is an experimental drug, patients may not agree to take this drug. This may be easy if the relationship between the patient and the health care provider is good. It will be interesting to study whether or not the Ebola infected patients who have received ZMapp develop any side-effects in future which could be related to this drug. The Ebola infection has posed a great challenge to the anti-microbial world and has raised many questions on the readiness of health care providers to contain this infection.
Reform and Remembrance: The Place of the Private Sector in the Future of Health Care Policy

Although the nation failed during the past decade to enact large-scale, structural change in government health policy, it has seen health care in the private sector remodeled dramatically during the same period. In this article I argue that a new round of equally significant changes is quite possible, this time at the hands of the national government. More specifically, I argue that for a variety of reasons, both enduring and more recently born, support for the private sector and the market in health care is relatively weak; that given likely trends in costs, demographics, and inequalities, it is likely to get even weaker; and that in the potential coming crisis of the health care system, there will be a real opportunity for seizing the agenda and win- ning policy battles on the part of would-be reformers pushing large-scale, public sector-oriented changes that go well beyond the recent reform efforts directed at man- aged care and HMOs.