cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing environmental uncertainty: How high performance work systems moderate the resource dependence-firm performance relationship

Firm performance is a major concern for all organizations and involves a multitude of antecedents. Reducing environmental uncertainty and dependency through the use of strategic actions in the resource dependency theory (RDT) framework and enhancing work practices through high performance work systems (HPWS) lead to higher levels of firm performance. We reveal the interconnectivity between RDT and HPWS and develop propositions as to how components of HPWS positively moderate the relationship between firm performance and the environmental uncertainty-reducing strategic actions proposed by RDT such as mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, boards of directors, political action, and executive succession. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decadal application of WRF/chem for regional air quality and climate modeling over the U.S. under the representative concentration pathways scenarios. Part 2: Current vs. future simulations

Abstract Following a comprehensive model evaluation, this Part II paper presents projected changes in future (2046–2055) climate, air quality, and their interactions under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios using the Weather, Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). In general, both WRF/Chem RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 simulations predict similar increases on average (∼2 °C) for 2-m temperature (T2) but different spatial distributions of the projected changes in T2, 2-m relative humidity, 10-m wind speed, precipitation, and planetary boundary layer height, due to differences in the spatial distributions of projected emissions, and their feedbacks into climate. Future O3 mixing ratios will decrease for most parts of the U.S. under the RCP4.5 scenario but increase for all areas under the RCP8.5 scenario due to higher projected temperature, greenhouse gas concentrations and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, higher O3 values for boundary conditions, and disbenefit of NOx reduction and decreased NO titration over VOC-limited O3 chemistry regions. Future PM2.5 concentrations will decrease for both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios with different trends in projected concentrations of individual PM species. Total cloud amounts decrease under both scenarios in the future due to decreases in PM and cloud droplet number concentration thus increased radiation. Those results illustrate the impacts of carbon policies with different degrees of emission reductions on future climate and air quality. The WRF/Chem and WRF simulations show different spatial patterns for projected changes in T2 for future decade, indicating different impacts of prognostic and prescribed gas/aerosol concentrations, respectively, on climate change.
How Much Trading Volume is Too Much

Is there excessive trading volume in financial markets? Recent proposals to tax transactions, limit short selling, or restrict clienteles for particular financial products reflect such a view but beg the fundamental question of how much trading is optimal for an economy. We show that the optimal level of volume done purely for risk-sharing cannot be determined from the real economy alone, dictating that there is no natural bound on trading volume. We analyze how a variety of restrictions on trading influence welfare. Our results provide an economic basis for evaluating the desirability of policy proposals to limit trading activity.
Web-based visual data exploration for improved radiological source detection

Summary Radiation detection can provide a reliable means of detecting radiological material. Such capabilities can help to prevent nuclear and/or radiological attacks, but reliable detection in uncontrolled surroundings requires algorithms that account for environmental background radiation. The Berkeley Data Cloud (BDC) facilitates the development of such methods by providing a framework to capture, store, analyze, and share data sets. In the era of big data, both the size and variety of data make it difficult to explore and find data sets of interest and manage the data. Thus, in the context of big data, visualization is critical for checking data consistency and validity, identifying gaps in data coverage, searching for data relevant to an analyst's use cases, and choosing input parameters for analysis. Downloading the data and exploring it on an analyst's desktop using traditional tools are no longer feasible due to the size of the data. This paper describes the design and implementation of a visualization system that addresses the problems associated with data exploration within the context of the BDC. The visualization system is based on a JavaScript front end communicating via REST with a back end web server.
Impact of Soaking Temperature and Duration on Fissure Incidence of Rough Rice Kernels

Internal stresses owing to moisture and temperature gradients often result in the development of rice kernel fissures. Fissured rough rice kernels tend to break upon milling and potentially reduce the market value of rice. This work was conducted on the premise that fissures may be healed by soaking in water at a specific temperature and duration. Fissured rough rice kernels of a long-grain cultivar, Wells, were selected by X-ray imaging. Fissured kernels were soaked in a water bath at six soaking temperatures (22, 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80°C) and three soaking durations (1, 2, and 3 h) and then gently dried for characterization. X-ray images revealed that soaking at 75°C for 3 h healed up to 70.0% of the fissured kernels. Soaking at 22, 60, or 65°C did not result in healing. For normal kernels, soaking at different temperatures for 3 h created fissures. Bending tests using a texture analyzer showed that brown rice breaking force increased from 18.5 N (fissured kernels) to 43.7 N (healed kernels). Soaking ro...
Cerebral microcirculatory changes during exposure to hypoxia.

Changes in the red blood cell content of the cat cerebral cortical vessels were monitored using reflecting light during a decrease in PIO2. The following observations were made: 1) the capillary bed red blood cell content increased during hypoxia prior to the arteriole response at an arterial oxygen tension of 52.0 mmHg; 2) at arterial oxygen tensions below 52 mmHg the red blood cell content increased in all vessels simultaneously; 3) as the PIO2 decreased, the increase in red blood cell content occurred earlier in all vessels. Capillaries, therefore, can respond to hypoxia independently of the arteriole in cat cerebal cortical tissue.
Quality of Care Indicators for Radical Cystectomy

Radical cystectomy is the gold standard treatment for invasive bladder cancer, and requires high standards for both surgical skill and ancillary support to achieve consistently good outcomes. As is the case elsewhere in the health care system, increasing attention has been paid in recent years to the quality of care delivered before, during, and after surgery. Defining high-quality care in the context of cystectomy, however, is far from straightforward. Multiple outcomes are relevant – perioperative morbidity and mortality, long-term oncologic outcomes, and urinary and sexual health-related quality of life – as there exists as yet no consensus on the best way to measure these outcomes and appropriately risk-adjust them based on patient case mix.
The Duplexing of the Genetic Code and Sequence-Dependent DNA Geometry

It is well known that sequences of bases in DNA are translated into sequences of amino acids in cells via the genetic code. More recently, it has been discovered that the sequence of DNA bases also influences the geometry and deformability of the DNA. These two correspondences represent a naturally arising example of duplexed codes, providing two different ways of interpreting the same DNA sequence. This paper will set up the notation and basic results necessary to mathematically investigate the relationship between these two natural DNA codes. It then undertakes two very different such investigations: one graphical approach based only on expected values and another analytic approach incorporating the deformability of the DNA molecule and approximating the mutual information of the two codes. Special emphasis is paid to whether there is evidence that pressure to maximize the duplexing efficiency influenced the evolution of the genetic code. Disappointingly, the results fail to support the hypothesis that the genetic code was influenced in this way. In fact, applying both methods to samples of realistic alternative genetic codes shows that the duplexing of the genetic code found in nature is just slightly less efficient than average. The implications of this negative result are considered in the final section of the paper.
Which Islam? Whose Shariah? Islamisation and citizen recognition in contemporary Indonesia

Since Indonesia’s return to electoral democracy in 1998–1999, analysts have spoken of the deepening ‘Islamisation’ of politics, public culture, and personal life in this Southeast Asian nation. Jus...
A sensitive method for quantitative measurement of plasma dna: a marker for cancer progression and treatment

3642 Introduction: Necrosis is a common characteristic of cancer progression, and causes the release of DNA into the circulation. This cell death and release of DNA is due in part to uncontrolled tumor growth overwhelming the capacity of its supply of oxygen and nutrients. The DNA fragments released from spontaneous apoptosis of cancer cells can also enter the circulation and be detected in plasma. While plasma DNA level is likely to be a marker for cancer progression and treatment, the method for rapid and quantitative measurement of plasma DNA without extraction is not well developed. Recently, we have utilized QuantiGene 2.0 technology to develop a method that can sensitively measure the level of plasma DNA with potential for monitoring cancer progression and treatment. Methods: A novel assay based on QuantiGene 2.0 technology was developed. Several capture probes were designed to immobilize the plasma DNA on plate. The bound DNA was detected using several layers of amplifications, i.e. the label extender, preamplifier, amplifier and label probe conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. The substrate Lumigen APS-5 yields chemiluminescence (RLU), which is quantitatively related to the amount of bound DNA. The plasma DNA was measured in plasma sample from 1) normal adults; 2) patients with different diseases, including lymphoma, leukemia, liver cancer; 3) patients with autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which has antibody generated against autologous DNA; 4) pregnant subjects; and 5) leukemia patient that had received radiation for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The significance of results was assessed. Results: The correlation co-efficient (R value) between RLU and plasma DNA concentration of our assay was 0.9996. While the normal adults had a very low level of plasma DNA, all the cancer patients (lymphoma, leukemia and liver cancer) had much higher (11-26 fold). The patients with SLE also had a high level of plasma DNA as did pregnant women. The leukemia patients who received TBI (1.65 Gy BID x 4 days) prior to BMT had a huge surge (about 140 times normal) of plasma DNA seen immediately after the first dose of total body radiation (TBI), and which remained high during the whole course of radiation. When TBI was stopped on day 6, the level gradually declined to the basal level on day 9. Conclusion: We have developed a highly sensitive method to determine the plasma DNA level. The method can be used for several clinical applications, and has potential for monitoring cancer progression and therapeutic effect. The value of this index will be tested in a large-scale clinical trial.
Stable Heterometallic Cluster Ions based on Werner's Hexol

Large aqueous ions are interesting because they are useful in materials science (for example to generate thin films) but also because they serve as molecular models for the oxide-aqueous mineral interface where spectroscopy is difficult. Here we show that new clusters of the type M[(μ-OH)2 Co(NH3 )4 ]3 (NO3 )6 (M=Al, Ga) can be synthesized using Werner's century-old cluster as a substitutable framework. We substituted Group 13 metals into the hexol Co[(μ-OH)2 Co(NH3 )4 ]36+ ion to make diamagnetic heterometallic ions. The solid-state structure of the hexol-type derivatives were determined by single-crystal XRD and NMR spectroscopy and confirmed that the solid-state structure persists in solution after dissolution into either D2 O or [D6 ]DMSO. Other compositions besides these diamagnetic ions can undoubtedly be made using a similar approach, which considerably expands the number of stable aqueous heteronuclear ions.
View from New York

Joan Liman, who was in the thick of the events on 11 September, shares her thoughts for the future
Cortical Control of Eye Movements

The cortical control of visually guided saccadic eye movements is accomplished through two major interactive systems, the anterior and the posterior. The posterior system from the occipital and parietal cortices reaches the brain stem oculomotor centers through the superior colliculus and plays a central role in the generation of short-latency saccadic eye movements. The anterior system from the frontal and medial eye fields has direct access to the brain stem oculomotor centers and plays an important role in the execution of planned sequences of eye movements and target selection. Bilateral inactivation of the superior colliculus and the frontal eye fields eliminates all visually guided saccadic eye movements.
Tuning electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve for abdominal signaling while reducing cardiovascular side effects

Abstract Electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has the potential to treat a wide variety of diseases by modulating afferent and efferent communication to the heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Although distal vagal nerve branches, close to end organs, could provide a selective therapeutic approach, these locations are often surgically inaccessible. In contrast, the cervical vagus nerve has been targeted for decades using surgically implantable cuff electrodes to treat epileptic seizures and depression; however, to date, clinical implementation of VNS has relied on an electrode with contacts that fully wrap around the nerve, producing non-selective activation of the entire nerve. Here we demonstrate selective cervical VNS using cuff electrodes with multiple contacts around the nerve circumference to target different functional pathways. These flexible probes were adjusted to the diameter of the nerve using an adhesive hydrogel wrap to create a robust electrode interface. Our approach was verified in a rat model by demonstrating that cervical VNS produces neural activity in the abdominal vagus nerve while limiting effects on the cardiovascular system (i.e., changes in heart rate or blood pressure). This study demonstrates the potential for selective cervical VNS as a therapeutic approach for modulating distal nerve branches while reducing off target effects. This methodology could potentially be refined to treat gastrointestinal, metabolic, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases amenable to vagal neuromodulatory control.
Consideration of Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases during Differential Diagnosis

Objective Recognition and reporting of vector-borne and zoonotic disease (VBZD) cases is largely dependent upon the consideration of such diseases by healthcare practitioners during the initial diagnosis and ordering of specific confirmative diagnostic tests. This study was conducted to assess the general knowledge and understanding of VBZD transmission and clinical presentation. Methods Healthcare practitioners were surveyed to determine the extent of training and educational experiences they received relative to VBZDs, and their likelihood to consider such diseases during differential diagnoses. In addition, an assessment of their knowledge of arthropod species that may transmit VBZD pathogens was conducted. Results Having postprofessional school training relevant to VBZDs significantly influenced diagnostic accuracy for such disease cases based on the presented clinical signs and symptoms. Conclusions The prevalence of VBZDs in the United States likely is significantly underestimated. The authors suggest the enhancement of VBZD-focused education as an important initiative that would significantly improve timely diagnosis, treatment, and, ultimately, prevention of these diseases.
Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization Versus Conventional Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematomas.

Background Middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization is an emerging minimally invasive endovascular technique for chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH). Currently, limited literature exists on its safety and efficacy compared with conventional treatment (open-surgical-evacuation-only). Objective To compare MMA embolization to conventional treatment. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients with cSDHs treated with MMA embolization in a single center from 2018 to 2019 was performed. Comparisons were made with a historical conventional treatment cohort from 2006 to 2016. Propensity score matching analysis was used to assemble a balanced group of subjects. Results A total of 357 conventionally treated cSDH and 45 with MMA embolization were included. After balancing with propensity score matching, a total of 25 pairs of cSDH were analyzed. Comparing the embolization with the conventional treatment group yielded no significant differences in complications (4% vs 4%; P > .99), clinical improvement (82.6% vs 83.3%; P = .95), cSDH recurrence (4.3% vs 21.7%; P = .08), overall re-intervention rates (12% vs 24%; P = .26), modified Rankin scale >2 on last follow-up (17.4% vs 32%; P = .24), as well as mortality (0% vs 12%; P = .09). Radiographic improvement at last follow-up was significantly higher in the open surgery cohort (73.9% vs 95.6%; P = .04). However, there was a trend for lengthier last follow-up for the historical cohort (72 vs 104 d; P = .07). Conclusion There was a trend for lower recurrence and mortality rates in the embolization era cohort. There were significantly higher radiological improvement rates on last follow-up in the surgical only cohort era. There were no significant differences in complications and clinical improvement.
Evaluation of Ribavirin–Poloxamer Microparticles for Improved Intranasal Absorption

Ribavirin is a water-soluble antiviral compound which, owing to its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier, has limited effectiveness in treating viruses affecting the central nervous system. Direct nose-to-brain delivery was investigated for ribavirin in combination with poloxamer 188, an excipient known to enhance the absorption of drug compounds administered intranasally. Composite solid microparticles suitable for intranasal insufflation were prepared by suspending fine crystals of ribavirin in a matrix of poloxamer 188, which were cryogenically milled and characterized to ensure that ribavirin remained stable throughout preparation. In vitro diffusion of ribavirin across a semi-permeable regenerated cellulose membrane showed comparable cumulative drug release after 180 min from both fine solid particles (<20 µm) and 1:1 ribavirin:poloxamer microparticles (d50 = 20 µm); however, the initial release from polymer microparticles was slower, owing to gel formation on the membrane surface. When solid ribavirin was directly deposited on excised olfactory mucosa, either as fine drug particles or 1:1 ribavirin:poloxamer microparticles, permeation was significantly increased from microparticles containing poloxamer 188, suggesting additional interactions between the polymer and olfactory mucosa. These data indicate that for highly water-soluble drugs such as ribavirin or drugs subject to efflux by the nasal mucosa, a formulation of poloxmer-containing microparticles can enhance permeability across the olfactory epithelium and may improve direct nose-to-brain transport.
Constraints and Adjustments in the US–Yemeni Relations:

This article analyzes the course of US–Yemeni relations from the 1940s to the present and aims to explain the reasons for the twists and turns in bilateral relations. It argues that the US governme...
Photochemistry democratizes 3D nanoprinting

For 20 years, nanoscale 3D printing has been based on two-photon absorption, requiring expensive pulsed lasers. Now, via a two-step absorption process, such printing has been demonstrated using a low-cost, low-power continuous-wave laser diode, showing the potential for dramatic cost reductions in 3D nanoprinting.
Multiport Circuit Parameters and Transmission Lines

This chapter contains sections titled: Voltage-Current Two-Port Parameters ABCD Parameters Image Impedance Telegrapher's Equations Transmission Line Equation Smith Chart Transmission Line Stub Transformer Commonly Used Transmission Lines Scattering Parameters Indefinite Admittance Matrix Indefinite Scattering Matrix Conclusions Problems References ]]>
Electromagnetically induced transparency and lasing without population inversion in semiconductor quantum wells

Summary form only given. In this paper, we present coherent optical effects in a quantum well system with two electron subbands coupled by a pump laser. The Coulomb and light induced electronic renormalization is investigated with generalized density-functional theory. On the basis of the renormalized electron states, the absorption coefficient of a probe light beam is studied for intersubband transition by using a self-consistent field theory. Both the electromagnetically induced transparency (EMIT) and probe light amplification without population inversion are found.
Remembering James Tobin: Stories Mostly from His Students

James Tobin was renowned as an economist of great distinction. Moreover, his students and colleagues witnessed dimensions of his personality and behavior often unknown to others. Up close, Tobin was a memorable figure who made lasting impressions on those he taught and influenced. This article describes Tobin close up, in the words of his students who became professional economists. Rather than focusing on his research, these stories instead present Tobin the teacher, both inside and out of the classroom, Tobin the person, and Tobin the friend and mentor, painting a picture of a remarkable personality. Exchange rates fluctuate very rapidly, in comparison to the prices of goods and labor. An internationally uniform tax on all spot conversions of one currency into another would reduce these fluctuations. Foreign exchange markets focus strongly on the short run, but this tax would reduce these fluctuations by increasing the cost of such transactions. It throws some sand in the wheels of short-term speculation while increasing the relative advantage of longer-term international investment flows.
Support services: persuading employees and customers to do what is in the community's best interest

Getting workers to share knowledge in situations where "knowledge" is the primary asset making them valuable is a pressing problem in many organizations - leading to what we call "the knowledge worker's prisoner's dilemma." Interesting variants of this dilemma arise in the contexts of customer support and server system administration. We begin by describing some of the reasons why the uncooperative resolution of the dilemma is so detrimental from an organizational perspective. We then discuss a successful example of a cooperative resolution to the dilemma - the Open Source initiative. We articulate an ambitious long-term thesis regarding the electronic support ecosystem and then describe a multi-pronged approach for facilitating knowledge capture and sharing in the context of IBM's service industry, thereby facilitating a "win-win" or collaborative solution to the knowledge worker's prisoner's dilemma.
Participatory geographic information systems and active transportation: collecting data and creating change.

This paper discusses the approach, results, and keys to success in using new mobile geographic information system (GIS) technology in a public involvement context to assess the transportation infrastructure of most relevance to livable and healthy communities. Research on active transportation and the built environment is a fairly recent area of inquiry, accelerated over the past 10 years by an increased interest in the relationship between urban form and public health. As the research has progressed, so has the interest in developing ways to collect data at a fine scale--the streetscape level--and link these data to transportation behavior. This paper discusses the development and implementation of two mobile GIS-based tools that communities can use or adapt for quick, georeferenced, and useful local area analysis; one tool focuses on safe routes to school and the other on more complete local street networks. The public involvement component can help to create a political coalition that becomes active in translating data into political or technical action by appropriate public departments. Both tools were developed specifically to include a general, nontechnical public in the data-gathering and data analysis processes and have been tested in a variety of communities across the country. This paper summarizes both tools and some results from their use in different settings. It also discusses how the tools can be used in research investigating the relationship between the layperson's subjective perception of pedestrian and bicycle environments and objective design variables. KW: SR2S Language: en
Electricity restructuring in France

The trend shows that the electricity restructuring in France is leading the several aspects of this evolution in Europe. This paper presents an overview of the electrical market situation in France. Among the questions addressed by this paper are: What is the status of restructuring in France? Who are the real players in the French electricity market? What is actually the panel of electricity production plants inside the country? The paper discusses some of the issues that are managed by the French market to fulfill the European mandatory requirements. At this time, there are some concerns about the French market. For instance, what has been accomplished by the French trading market Powernext? What are the roles of players in the market its future? Will the French market complete its role in becoming the major European trading place in near future? What will the market look like after the new European laws of last November are enforced? What will be the impact of restructuring on the entire country?.
Price and Quality Relationships in Local Service Industries

This working paper presents the findings of research on the relationship between price and quality in consumer service industries in the Washington, D.C. area. The study relies primarily upon consumer ratings of service provider quality and other data published in Washington Consumer's Checkbook Magazine. The data base includes nineteen service industries and, in virtually all cases, time series information for price and quality ratings over several ratings periods since the magazine's inception in 1976. The results provide interesting and frequently surprising information on basic price-quality relationships in this sector, and on the reliability of several non-price "signals" that consumers might use to gauge a service provider's probable performance. Specifically, only three of the nineteen industries report consistently significant positive price-quality correlations, and industries specializing in repair services frequently display significant negative correlations between price and quality. Further, possible signaling mechanisms, such as the size of a firm's Yellow Pages advertisement, or a firm's status as a member of a nationwide chain, do not function as indicators of higher quality in this data set.
The Old Deluder, Educational Salvation, and the Limits of Distributive Justice:

The first piece of educational legislation in the American colonies divides neatly into two parts: a local school funding policy that is familiar as the basis of current public school funding in the United States; and a preamble that identifies Satan as the enemy of the community and the justification for common schools. In this article, the author explores the relationship between a public enemy and public schools in the United States, demonstrating the continued influence of the Old Deluder Satan Act even as the relationship it proposes between access to schools and educational salvation has unraveled. While the Puritans based their distributive model of schooling on the formative power of the divine, the formative task of contemporary schooling remains dimly defined. In order to address the formative function of schooling, the author turns to Robbie McClintock's concept of ‘formative justice’ as a possible supplement to discussions of distribution.
A prospective study of oropharyngeal excretion of Epstein-Barr virus in renal homograft recipients.

AbstractThis prospective study was undertaken to examine the incidence of oropharyngeal excretions of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the period after transplantation in human renal allograft recipients. Throat gargles from 23 recipients were tested for EBV. Five patients were already EBV excretors when the first specimens were tested. Of the remaining 18 patients 15 converted to positive within the first 7 months following transplantation. Three patients never excreted EBV in their throat gargles. This prospective study showed that 15/18 (83%) renal ***homograft recipients acquired active EBV infection (as indicated by excretion of EBV) after transplantation; 10/15 (66%) acquired active infection between 3–7 months after transplantation. We conclude that renal homograft recipients are highly susceptible to active EBV infection especially after the second month of transplantation.
Metabolism of cinnoline to N-oxidation products by Cunninghamella elegans and Aspergillus niger

Cultures of the fungi Cunninghamella elegans and Aspergillus niger were grown in fluid Sabouraud medium at 28°C for 3 days and then dosed with cinnoline (1,2-diazanaphthalene). After 3 more days, metabolites were extracted from the cultures with ethyl acetate, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and identified by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both fungi oxidized 2–10% of the added cinnoline to mixtures of cinnoline 2-oxide and cinnoline 1-oxide.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERCEIVED ORDERING OF NATURAL SPEECH STIMULI

Primary auditory stream segregation--the perceptual segregation of acoustically related elements of a continuous auditory sequence into spatially distinct streams--disrupts recovery of the relative temporal order of repeated sequences of consonant and vowel syllables. Three experiments were performed to determine why the apparent temporal order of natural speech is not similarly disrupted. Exp. 1 (N =24) showed that the disruption is not dependent on repetition of the 32 experimental sequences of consonant and vowel syllables. Exps. 2 (N = 48) and 3 (N = 20) showed that when 4 English monosyllables are used as stimuli and syntactic and intonational structure is present then the temporal integrity of the acoustic signal is preserved perceptually. Despite accurate resolution of order for the 40 experimental sequences, errors of words were common. These errors often imposed a syntactic organization on the resulting sequence.
Satellite Mapping and Monitoring of Wild Rice

Wild rice is the number one natural commodity in the state of Minnesota, and a major food source for Native Americans. Wild rice was estimated and mapped with Landsat data from 1998-2004 on the Leech Lake Indian Reservation in Minnesota. Due to increased precipitation in late 1998-early 1999 the reservation had a 65.7% loss in wild-rice crop area in 1999. In 2000, the wild rice crop returned to 52% of the original area. By 2004, the crop area had increased to 66% of the original crop area before the crop loss. The rate of recovery of wild rice following crop loss should be reflected in Leech Lake's insurance policy for wild rice.
Disease Mechanisms in Rheumatology—Tools and Pathways: Multiparameter Flow Cytometry for Discovery of Disease Mechanisms in Rheumatic Diseases

Flow cytometry has emerged as an essential tool for investigators in the study of the complexity of the immune system and the examination of its role in human health and disease. This technology has developed to the point where one can readily generate a large descriptive data set that details the levels of important immune cell subsets and defines an individual immune cell signature or “Immune-cellome”. This immune cell signature would clearly display individual variation but also would change in a manner reflective of disease state. Analysis of the “immune-cellome” may provide novel insight into disease pathophysiology, provide new biomarkers of disease activity and perhaps identify therapeutic targets. In this brief review we will cover current advances in complex flow cytometry and suggest ways this may be applied to the study of rheumatic diseases.
Non-Existence of Single-Wage Equilibria in Search Models with Adverse Selection

In this paper we explore an interesting feature of a class of equilibrium search models with asymmetric information; namely, pure-strategy, symmetric Nash equilibria, i.e., single-wage equilibria, fail to exist. Non-existence is due to non-concavity of firms' payoff functions, which in turn is caused by adverse selection. This link between adverse selection and non-existence has not been discussed previously in the equilibrium search literature. We present a simple equilibrium search model that illustrates the non-existence of a single-wage equilibrium. Non-existence arises because of an informational asymmetry: workers differ according to the disutility of effort, and these disutilities, which are continuously distributed, are workers' private information. If all firms offer a common wage, adverse selection occurs: a disproportionate fraction of the unemployed consists of workers with high effort disutilities who would be unwilling to work at the going wage. Workers with lower effort disutilities are more likely to have accepted job offers and exited the pool of unemployed. As a result, a wage increase and a wage decrease of equal magnitude have asymmetric effects on the probability that the job will be filled. This creates a non-concavity in each firm's payoff function at any common wage and implies that a firm can profit by deviating from the common wage. When the common wage is low, the firm will find it profitable to pay a higher wage. The opposite is true when the common wage is high. Indeed, for a common wage that is neither unambiguously too low nor too high, positive and negative deviations will both be profitable. Since it will never be in the firm's interest to offer the common wage, a pure-strategy, symmetric Nash equilibrium is precluded. The next section presents the search model and the non-existence result. We then interpret our result, link it to the equilibrium search literature, and consider its generality. Concluding remarks are given in the final section.
A critical assessment of adjuvant radiotherapy for inguinal lymph node metastases from melanoma.

Background: Although patients with inguinal or pelvic lymph node (LN) metastases from melanoma may develop regional recurrence after dissection, the role of adjuvant radiotherapy remains controversial. Methods: The medical records of 40 patients with inguinal and/or pelvic lymph node metastases from melanoma were reviewed retrospectively. Indications for adjuvant radiotherapy included the following nodal characteristics: extracapsular extension, LNs ≥3 cm in diameter, ≥4 involved LNs, and LN recurrence after prior nodal surgery. Thirty-seven of 40 patients underwent formal LN dissection. Three patients had only local excision of gross disease for recurrence after prior dissection. All patients received radiation to a median dose of 30 Gy at six Gy/fraction delivered twice weekly. Results: With a median follow-up time of 22.5 months, the 3-year actuarial distant metastasis–free and overall survival rates were 35% and 38%, respectively. The 3-year regional control rate was 74%. Univariate analyses of patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics failed to reveal any association with distant metastasis–free survival, overall survival, or regional control. Regional failures occurred in nine patients; seven of these were isolated dermal failures within the field of irradiation. Only two patients (5%) had LN basin recurrences; one of these patients also developed dermal recurrence. Fifteen of 40 patients developed lymphedema; in seven of these, lymphedema was present before initiation of radiation therapy. Conclusions: Radiation may prevent recurrence of nodal disease in patients at high risk for regional failure, but in-field dermal recurrences may sometimes occur (8 of 40, 20%). Treatment-related lymphedema and death from metastatic melanoma were common.
Dipole operators in photoionization calculations

Abstract The photoionization cross section and asymmetry parameter are reported for hydrogen molecule-ion. The calculations were performed using the dipole length and dipole velocity operators in the energy range from threshold to 270 eV photon energy. The results indicate that the calculations are very sensitive to the accuracy of the bound state wavefunction, and that the velocity operator gives more accurate results.
Rotavirus NSP4: Cell Type-dependent Transport Kinetics to the Exofacial Plasma Membrane and Release from Intact Infected Cells

Background: Rotavirus NSP4 localizes to multiple intracellular sites and is multifunctional, contributing to RV morphogenesis, replication and pathogenesis. One function of NSP4 is the induction of early secretory diarrhea by binding surface receptors to initiate signaling events. The aims of this study were to determine the transport kinetics of NSP4 to the exofacial plasma membrane (PM), the subsequent release from intact infected cells, and rebinding to naive and/or neighboring cells in two cell types. Methods: Transport kinetics was evaluated using surface-specific biotinylation/streptavidin pull-downs and exofacial exposure of NSP4 was confirmed by antibody binding to intact cells, and fluorescent resonant energy transfer. Transfected cells similarly were monitored to discern NSP4 movement in the absence of infection or other viral proteins. Endoglycosidase H digestions, preparation of CY3- or CY5- labeled F(ab)2 fragments, confocal imaging, and determination of preferential polarized transport employed standard laboratory techniques. Mockinfected, mock-biotinylated and non-specific antibodies served as controls. Results: Only full-length (FL), endoglycosidase-sensitive NSP4 was detected on the exofacial surface of two cell types, whereas the corresponding cell lysates showed multiple glycosylated forms. The C-terminus of FL NSP4 was detected on exofacial-membrane surfaces at different times in different cell types prior to its release into culture media. Transport to the PM was rapid and distinct yet FL NSP4 was secreted from both cell types at a time similar to the release of virus. NSP4-containing, clarified media from both cells bound surface molecules of naive cells, and imaging showed secreted NSP4 from one or more infected cells bound neighboring cell membranes in culture. Preferential sorting to apical or basolateral membranes also was distinct in different polarized cells. Conclusions: The intracellular transport of NSP4 to the PM, translocation across the PM, exposure of the Cterminus on the cell surface and subsequent secretion occurs via an unusual, complex and likely cell-dependent process. The exofacial exposure of the C-terminus poses several questions and suggests an atypical mechanism by which NSP4 traverses the PM and interacts with membrane lipids. Mechanistic details of the unconventional trafficking of NSP4, interactions with host-cell specific molecules and subsequent release require additional study.
Evaluation of the periaqueductal central gray (PAG) as a morphine-specific locus of action and examination of morphine-induced and stimulation-produced analgesia at coincident PAG loci.

Abstract Experiments were carried out in rats to (1) elaborate upon the specificity of drug action in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and (2) to evaluate the possible congruence of PAG sites of morphine-induced and stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA) applied at virtually identical PAG loci. It was demonstrated that the effect of morphine intracerebrally (i.c.) administered into the PAG was not duplicated by other centrally acting agents (chlorpromazine, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital or naloxone) administered i.c. at the same PAG site. This selective action of morphine in the PAG was further demonstrated not to be test-bound since morphine significantly altered responding in all four of the analgesiometric tests employed. Thus, multiple i.c. injections of drugs at the same PAG locus were useful in demonstrating site specificity of drug action where behavioral and electroencephalographic methods alone had previously provided ambiguous information. Morphine-induced analgesia and SPA, evaluated at virtually coincident PAG sites, revealed only a general congruence of efficacious loci. The most effective PAG loci for morphine-induced analgesia were not the same as those for SPA; analgesia effected by one analgesia-producing manipulation did not reliably predict that analgesia would also be produced by the other analgesia-producing manipulation at the PAG sites examined. In general, the more efficacious analgesia-producing PAG loci were localized in the ventral-ventrolateral PAG.
Adsorption of the antibiotic actinobolin by hydroxyapatite

Abstract A spectrophotometric assay was used to study the adsorption by hydroxyapatite (HA) of the antibiotic actinobolin, as well as 31 chemical analogues of this antibiotic. 30 of the analogues were as readily adsorbed as actinobolin. Results indicate that actinobolin is adsorbed to HA as a multilayer. Adsorption probably occurred by weak bonding between the electron-rich portion of the actinobolin molecule and calcium ions of HA.
BICEPS AND TRICEPS INJURIES OF THE ELBOW

In this article, the common biceps and triceps injuries about the elbow are reviewed. The relevant anatomy, presenting signs, symptoms, and treatment of these injuries are discussed.
Differential cross sections for Higgs boson production at tevatron collider energies.

The transverse momentum Q{sub T} distribution is computed for inclusive Higgs boson production at {radical}{ovr S} = 1.96 TeV. We include all-orders resummation of large logarithms associated with emission of soft gluons at small Q{sub T}. We provide results for Higgs boson and Z* masses from M{sub Z} to 200 GeV. The relatively hard transverse momentum distribution for Higgs boson production suggests possibilities for improvement of the signal to background ratio.
Growth-hormone signal transduction

Growth hormone (GH) has long been recognized as one of the principal factors that control postnatal growth. Advances made in the last 5 years have increased our understanding of the intracellular signaling mechanisms subsequent to GH binding. The earliest event in GH signaling appears to be the binding of a single GH molecule by a pair of GH receptors (GHRs). The dimerization of GHRs leads to the activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that associates with the cytoplasmic domain of GHR. It is thought that all signaling downstream from GHR depends on this initial activation of JAK2. Once activated, JAK2 tyrosyl-phosphorylates both itself and the cytoplasmic domain of GHR. These phosphorylated tyrosine residues act as docking sites for various signaling molecules that contain Src homology 2 (SH-2) or other phosphotyrosyl-binding domains. The signaling molecules that are recruited and activated by the GHR-JAK2 complex include signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) factors, the adapter protein Shc, and the insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) 1 and 2. The recruitment and activation of these signaling intermediates leads to the activation of enzymes such as MAP kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase, protein kinase C, and phospholipase A2 and to the release of various second messengers such as diacylglycerol, calcium, and nitric oxide. Ultimately, these pathways modulate cellular functions such as gene transcription, metabolite transport, and enzymatic activities that affect the GH-dependent control of growth and metabolism.
Relationship of intracanal medicaments to endodontic flare-ups

The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of three intracanal medicaments on the incidence of post-instrumentation flare-ups. All teeth were instrumented to a predetermined minimum size using a 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite as the irrigant. Formocresol, Ledermix, and calcium hydroxide were placed in strict sequence irrespective of the presence or absence of symptoms or radiographic signs of apical periodontitis. The patients were given written post-operative instructions and a prescription for 600 mg ibuprofen to be taken if mild to moderate pain developed. If severe pain and/or swelling developed the patient was instructed to call the office immediately and was considered to have had a flare-up. Twelve flare-ups occurred in teeth with radiographic signs of apical periodontitis; none in teeth without periapical radiolucencies. Six of the twelve flare-ups occurred in retreatment cases and the other six occurred in teeth without previous endodontic treatment. No significant difference was found in the flare-up rate among the three intracanal medicaments.
The comparative effects of oxaprozin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on renal function

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to exert numerous effects on renal function ranging from actions on renal hemodynamic parameters to direct alterations in renal endocrine and tubular transport. Whereas many of these effects result from the capacity of these agents to alter the production of prostaglandins (PGs) in the renal vasculature as well as in the renal tubular cells, some of the observed actions may be due to the direct pharmacologie effects of these agents. In this review, we will discuss the actions of NSAIDs on renal hemodynamics and tubular transport. Particular emphasis will be placed on the comparative effects of Oxaprozin on these various parameters, using data obtained in specific studies designed to evaluate the renal pharmacology of this agent.
Usage and impact of technology enabled job learning

Individuals use technology to experiment with new ways of carrying out their tasks and in doing so they learn more about their jobs. The current study examines the role of technology enabled job learning as a key component in the complex relationship between information systems use and technology outcomes. Data from 308 end-users were analyzed to evaluate the relationships between system use and technology enabled job learning, and technology enabled job learning and technology outcomes. Technology enabled job learning was conceptualized in terms of how computer applications helped individuals learn and better perform their jobs. System use was conceptualized in terms of decision support, work integration, and customer service. Technology outcomes were conceptualized in terms of management control, task innovation, task productivity, and customer satisfaction. Results suggest that systems use has a significant, positive effect on job learning, and that job learning has a significant, positive effect on technology outcomes. Post hoc analyses were then conducted to examine the potential mediating role of job learning between systems use and technology outcomes. The findings from this research lead to a greater understanding of how patterns of systems use influence organizationally relevant outcomes through technology-enabled job learning.