cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection of Isogenic Epstein-Barr Virus Genome-Negative and -Positive Burkitt's Lymphoma-Derived Cell Lines

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome-negative Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell lines BJAB and Ramos and their in vitro EBV-converted sublines BJAB-B1, BJAB-A5, BJAB-B95-8, and AW-Ramos were infected with high multiplicities of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; 10 to 70 PFU/cell). Cultures were monitored for cell growth and HSV-1 DNA synthesis. EBV-converted BJAB cultures were more permissive for HSV-1 infection than BJAB cultures. Significant cell killing and HSV-1 DNA synthesis were observed during the first 48 h of infection in the EBV-converted BJAB cultures but not in the BJAB cultures. The EBV-converted BJAB-B1 cell line contains an appreciable fraction of EBV-negative cells. Therefore, it was cloned. EBV-positive and -negative cells were identified by using EBV-determined nuclear antigen anti-complement immunofluorescence. Two types of subclones were identified: (i) those which contained both EBV-determined nuclear antigen-positive and -negative cells and (ii) those which contained only EBV-determined nuclear antigen-negative cells. When levels of HSV-1 DNA synthesis were measured in these subclones, it was found that the former were more permissive for HSV-1 infection than the latter. Thus, the presence of the EBV genome in BJAB cells correlates with increased permissiveness of these cells for HSV-1 during the first 48 h of infection. Nonetheless, persistent HSV-1 infections were established in both BJAB and EBV-converted BJAB-B1 cultures. No differences in extent of permissiveness for HSV-1 infection were found for Ramos and EBV-converted AW-Ramos cells.
Methodology for estimating probability of success of Escape, Evacuation, and Rescue (EER) strategies for arctic offshore facilities

Abstract Offshore oil and gas production platforms must have Escape, Evacuation, and Rescue (EER) plans and resources to protect personnel in the event of a major accident. However, for offshore platforms in arctic regions, existing solutions may not be sufficient due to the extreme environmental conditions. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the relative probabilities of success of arctic EER strategies to (1) help prioritize technology development and data collection efforts needed to develop and select a robust EER strategy and (2) analyze the predicted probabilities of success of various EER strategies in more detail once the input parameters are better known. The methodology is based on well known risk assessment tools (event trees and Monte Carlo simulation) that can easily be adjusted to account for the appropriate level of detail. As an example, the method is applied to hypothetical EER strategies composed of various combinations of helicopters, ice-breaking platform supply vessels, Air Cushioned Vehicles, Tracked Amphibious Vehicles, and ice-strengthened lifeboats. Input parameters used in the analysis include prevalence of various environmental conditions by month (low temperature, high seas, low visibility, etc.), ability to deploy craft in a hazardous situation, ability to transit over ice ridges, ability to transit heavy seas, operator competence, etc.
Photosynthesis in mesophyll protoplasts and bundle sheath cells of various types of C4 plants I. Carboxylases and CO2 fixation studies

Summary Mesophyll protoplasts and bundle sheath cells have been isolated from 3 groups of C4 plants by enzymatic digestion of leaves with cellulase and pectinase. In all species studied the phosphopyruvate carboxylase was localized almost exclusively in mesophyll cells, and ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase in bundle sheath cells. Isolated bundle sheath cells from species having high NADP-malic enzyme activity showed varying degrees of light dependent fixation of CO2. Bundle sheath cells of sorghum and sugarcane showed little capacity for CO2 fixation while bundle sheath cells of Digitaria sanguinalis and Setaria lutescens showed substantial activity of light induced CO2 fixation. Similar or higher rates of CO2 fixation in the light were obtained with the isolated bundle sheath cells of C4 plants having low NADP-malic enzyme activity. The highest rate of CO2 fixation (103 μmoles/mg chl/hr) was obtained with bundle sheath cells of Panicum capillare. In all cases, there was a light induced fixation of CO2 by mesophyll protoplasts of C4 plants although the rates were low in comparison to the rates with isolated mesophyll protoplasts of C3 plants. The addition of phosphopyruvate to mesophyll protoplasts of C4 plants induced high rates of CO2 fixation. The results are discussed in relation to the proposed function of the C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway in C4 plants.
Cost minimization while satisfying hard/soft timing constraints for heterogeneous embedded systems

In high-level synthesis for real-time embedded systems using heterogeneous functional units (FUs), it is critical to select the best FU type for each task. However, some tasks may not have fixed execution times. This article models each varied execution time as a probabilistic random variable and solves heterogeneous assignment with probability (HAP) problem. The solution of the HAP problem assigns a proper FU type to each task such that the total cost is minimized while the timing constraint is satisfied with a guaranteed confidence probability. The solutions to the HAP problem are useful for both hard real-time and soft real-time systems. Optimal algorithms are proposed to find the optimal solutions for the HAP problem when the input is a tree or a simple path. Two other algorithms, one is optimal and the other is near-optimal heuristic, are proposed to solve the general problem. The experiments show that our algorithms can effectively reduce the total cost while satisfying timing constraints with guaranteed confidence probabilities. For example, our algorithms achieve an average reduction of 33.0p on total cost with 0.90 confidence probability satisfying timing constraints compared with the previous work using worst-case scenario.
Experimentally induced ankylosis and facial asymmetry in the macaque monkey

Summary Six Macaca nemestrina were used for induction of ankylosis by different methods. One TMJ capsule was either (a) mechanically damaged, (b) injected with sodium morrhuate, or (c) injected with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus . The other capsule served as a control. Facial asymmetry of varying degrees was evident from dry-skull preparations and histologically. Sodium morrhuate caused the least degree of alteration; mechanical damage, the most. The effects of Staph. aureus injection into the TMJ seemed to depend upon the length of time elapsed since injection. In one animal there was no change at autopsy after two injections several weeks apart, once on each side; in the other, the capsule injected initially showed no change at autopsy, whereas that injected several weeks prior to autopsy was considerably altered. Induction of ankylosis was achieved with varying degrees of success, causing differing degrees of facial asymmetry.
Vascular repair processes mediated by transforming growth factor-β

Objectives. The goal of this study was to determine the role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members in arterial repair processes related to vascular injury. Background. TGF-β plays important roles in many tissues including calcifying tissues and blood vessels. The family members of TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 have overlapping functions and signal via the same receptor complex. To examine the role of the TGF-β in vascular remodeling and intimal hyperplasia we disrupted this signaling pathway using recombinant soluble TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βR:Fc). Methods. The balloon catheter injury model of the rat carotid artery was used and TGF-βR:Fc was injected every other day for a period of two weeks after which the vessels were harvested for analysis by histology, morphometry, and Northern blotting. Results. In situ hybridization showed TGF-β receptor II expression in smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the injured vessel wall while the same cells also revealed abundant expression of all three TGF-β ligands. Injection of TGF-βR:Fc localized to the adventitia and developing neointima in the injured carotid artery, causing a reduction in intimal lesion formation (65%) and an increase in lumen area (88%). The increase in lumen area was largely due to inhibition of negative remodeling which coincided with reduced adventitial fibrosis and collagen synthesis. Four days after inury, TGF-βR:Fc treatment almost completely inhibited the induction of smooth muscle α-actin expression in adventitial cells. Conclusions. These results identify TGF-β isoforms as the major mediators of adventitial fibrosis and negative remodeling after arterial injury, which is a major cause for restenosis following angioplasty.
Do We Need To Modify Our Approach to Legionella Prevention in the Setting of Natural Disasters

Abstract ISSUE: Legionella is an important cause of nosocomial pneumonia, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality in oncology patients. Prior to the opening of a new cancer center (CC) building at our institution in 2000, chlorine dioxide (CD) disinfection of the water system was implemented to be in compliance with CDC and state health department guidelines for water treatment. The CC houses solid tumor, leukemia, and lymphoma patients, as well as bone marrow transplant recipients. Routine surveillance cultures (SCs) of the water (usually 27 sites) is performed quarterly. Although initially SC revealed growth of Legionella and gram-negative species in the water, growth decreased significantly during the first 18 months of implementation of the CD system. No Legionella pneumophila (LP) had ever been isolated. CD levels could be maintained below 0.4ppm (lower than EPA recommendations) without significant growth. After an unusually large amount of rainfall this past spring and summer, followed by flooding and disruption of the city's water supply associated with Hurricane Isabel, scheduled SCs revealed LP type 1 in 9 of 12 sites. LP also grew in the city water. PROJECT: The CC was placed on water restrictions to protect the vulnerable patient population. Patients were given bottled water to drink and bathed with prepackaged clothes; they were not allowed to use the tap water. The water was treated with higher concentrations of CD to supplement the baseline in the system. Water faucets were opened for 10 minutes each day to ensure that CD-treated water reached terminal sites. RESULTS: There were no clinical cases of Legionella identified before or after expanded CD treatments. Follow-up cultures after the first treatment grew LP in 7 of 14 sites. After two additional treatments, SCs revealed successful eradication of Legionella. Routine SCs remain negative for Legionella. LESSONS LEARNED: CD has proven to be an effective method of disinfecting a water system in a CC that houses high risk patients. Institutions should be aware of the potential for increased bioburden in water after heavy rainfall or hurricanes and should consider surveillance or “prophylactic” treatment to protect the water in healthcare systems.
ADEQUACY OF IODISED SALT FOR GOITER PREVENTION

FOLLOWING THE DEMONSTRATION (1) that colloid goiter could be prevented or cured by use of small doses of iodine given during childhood and adolescence there arose a suspicion that universal use of iodine by the population in the ‘goiter belt’ might be dangerous. This was because of fear that an induced thyrotoxicosis would follow (2) in a significant number of adults. This fear has been dispelled in most quarters (3, 4) by the experience of the past quarter century. During this time iodine has been used on personal prescription, administered in tablet form to school children in large groups, and has been made available to the entire population of certain urban areas by iodization of water supplies. The most popular form of iodine supply has become the iodized table salt which is now provided by most manufacturers of salt as an alternate form of boxed or bag salt. Two further criticisms of this form of iodine supply have been expressed, that the iodine content of such salt may be variable and unstable (5) ...
Uhv linear actuators for NSLS bean lines

Abstract Linear actuators used for beam line operations in the National Synchrotron Light Source are described. The standard model, many of which are built and in use, is outlined. Details ara given of some more recent developments in this field.
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis with β-galactosidase in nanostructured devices

Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) has been explored as a powerful analytical technique in recent years. Unlike with larger entities such as cells, bacteria or organelles, the mechanism of iDEP transport of proteins remains little explored. In this work, we extended the pool of proteins investigated with iDEP in nanostructured devices with β-galactosidase. Our work indicates that β-galactosidase shows concentration due to negative DEP which we compare to DEP response of immunoglobulin G (IgG) encapsulated in micelles also showing negative DEP. Experimental observations are further compared with numerical simulations to elucidate the influence of electrokinetic transport and the magnitude of DEP mobility. Numerical simulations suggest that the DEP mobility calculated using the classical model underestimates the actual contribution of DEP on the experimentally monitored concentration effect of proteins. Moreover, we observed a unique voltage dependent β-galactosidase concentration which we attribute to an additional factor influencing the protein concentration at the nanoconstrictions, namely ion concentration polarization. Our work aids in understanding factors influencing protein iDEP transport which is required for the future development of protein preconcentration or separation methods based on iDEP.
Leading global virtual teams

Purpose – A new collaborative workplace is evolving which is both global and virtual. Those working in this environment are faced with two major challenges: isolation and confusion. This paper aims to look at what leaders can do to overcome these challenges.Design/methodology/approach – Building on years of experience of working on and coaching global virtual teams, the author presents ten practical guidelines for enabling such teams to perform at their best. These guidelines highlight the importance of, for example, thinking proactively about the specific conditions faced by the team, applying cultural intelligence, staying person‐centric, establishing predictability, and driving for precise communications.Findings – Applying these guidelines helps teams co‐create a shared workplace that is conducive to efficiency and psychological wellbeing.Originality/value – Virtual global teamwork is only going to increase in the years ahead. This paper provides a basis on which leaders in the new workplace can begin...
Evaluation of compositional depth profiles in mixed-phase (amorphous+crystalline) silicon films from real time spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract The ability to characterize the phase of the intrinsic (i) semiconductor layers incorporated into amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) thin film solar cells is critically important for device optimization. In this study, a new method has been developed to extract the thickness evolution of the μc-Si:H volume fraction in mixed-phase amorphous+microcrystalline silicon [(a+μc)-Si:H] i-layers. This method applies real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) performed using a rotating-compensator multichannel ellipsometer during r.f. plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of the films, in conjunction with a two-layer virtual interface analysis of the RTSE data. In this analysis, the depth profile of the μc-Si:H volume fraction in the mixed-phase growth regime can be determined simultaneously with the evolution of the surface roughness layer thickness. From this information, the microcrystallite nucleation density and cone angle can be estimated, the latter describing the preferential growth of the silicon microcrystallites. The results from RTSE analysis correlate well with structural and p–i–n solar cell device measurements.
The BlueGene/L supercomputer

Abstract The architecture of the BlueGene/L massively parallel supercomputer is described. Each computing node consists of a single compute ASIC plus 256 MB of external memory. The compute ASIC integrates two 700 MHz PowerPC 440 integer CPU cores, two 2.8 Gflops floating point units, 4 MB of embedded DRAM as cache, a memory controller for external memory, six 1.4 Gbit/s bi-directional ports for a 3-dimensional torus network connection, three 2.8 Gbit/s bi-directional ports for connecting to a global tree network and a Gigabit Ethernet for I/O. 65,536 of such nodes are connected into a 3-d torus with a geometry of 32×32×64. The total peak performance of the system is 360 Teraflops and the total amount of memory is 16 TeraBytes.
Construction of fractal objects with iterated function systems

In computer graphics, geometric modeling of complex objects is a difficult process. An important class of complex objects arise from natural phenomena: trees, plants, clouds, mountains, etc. Researchers are at present investigating a variety of techniques for extending modeling capabilities to include these as well as other classes. One mathematical concept that appears to have significant potential for this is fractals. Much interest currently exists in the general scientific community in using fractals as a model of complex natural phenomena. However, only a few methods for generating fractal sets are known. We have been involved in the development of a new approach to computing fractals. Any set of linear maps (affine transformations) and an associated set of probabilities determines an Iterated Function System (IFS). Each IFS has a unique "attractor" which is typically a fractal set (object). Specification of only a few maps can produce very complicated objects. Design of fractal objects is made relatively simple and intuitive by the discovery of an important mathematical property relating the fractal sets to the IFS. The method also provides the possibility of solving the inverse problem. given the geometry of an object, determine an IFS that will (approximately) generate that geometry. This paper presents the application of the theory of IFS to geometric modeling.
Differential glutamate release in brain regions of long sleep and short sleep mice.

Abstract The 30 mM K + -induced release of endogenous glutamate has been examined in slices of cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum from "short sleep" and "long sleep" mice, lines genetically selected for differential response to acute ethanol administration. In cortex and straitum, glutamate release was significantly higher in "short sleep" mice, while in hippocampus the difference was reversed. No differences were observed in glutamate release from cerebellum. The release was Ca ++ -dependent, being inhibited by lanthanum and verapamil.
Considerations for evaluating hot-electron reliability of strained Si n-channel MOSFETs

Abstract Tensile-strained Si on relaxed Si 1− x Ge x buffers has emerged as an important channel material for improving CMOS performance. The ability of tensile-strained Si to dramatically improve MOSFET drive currents has received much attention in the literature in recent years, but little is known about its reliability characteristics. In this review we discuss some of the issues that should be considered in the analysis of hot-electron reliability of strained Si n-channel MOSFETs.
Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia: Challenge in Diagnosis and Vascular Reconstruction A Case Report

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a rare, benign nonneoplastic vascular lesion. A case of IPEH occurring in a 41-year-old woman is described. Suspicion for malignancy prompted the taking of an intraoperative frozen section, which disclosed this unusual pathologic diagnosis. Since the tumor growth involved the bifurcation of the brachial artery, the vascular reconstruction was technically challenging. Descriptions of IPEH are not widely published in the vascular surgical literature since these lesions are usually small and their excision does not require vascular reconstruction. Vascular surgeons should be aware of this benign vascular malformation since it resembles a low-grade angiosarcoma.
Changes of Soil and Plant Tissue Selenium Status in an Upland Grassland Contaminated by Selenium-Rich Agricultural Drainage Sediment after Ten Years Transformed from a Wetland Habitat

Abstract A field survey was conducted in 1989, 1994, and 1999 in order to monitor the soil and vegetation Se concentrations at the Kesterson upland grassland contaminated by Se-rich drainage sediment. The rate of Se dissipation estimated by the change of soil Se concentration, via volatilization, found to be about 1.1% per year. Soil water-extractable Se increased in 1994, but greatly reduced in 1999. The increase of soil Se concentration in the top 15 cm of soil at the fresh-soil fill sites indicates that the plants were able to effectively take up the soluble soil Se from the lower soil profile and to deposit it on the top of the field. This process may reduce the rate of leaching of soil Se. Overall, the concentration of soil water-soluble Se was relatively low and it is unlikely that problems of transport of Se from the Kesterson soil to the adjacent uncontaminated environment by leaching can occur. Plant tissue Se concentration was found to coincide with the soil water-extractable Se concentration. The average plant tissue Se concentration and soil water-extractable Se detected in 1999 was about 10 μg Se g −1 and 110 μg Se kg −1 dry weight, respectively, and the estimated bioaccumulation value of this upland grassland is less than 10% of the previous wetland habitat. Therefore, the existing Kesterson grassland should not be at high risk to the environment.
A call for more mixed methods in sport management research

Abstract Despite the popularity and strong advocacy for combining quantitative and qualitative methods, few mixed methods approaches are found in the sport management research. As a result, this article examines the frequency with which mixed methods research has been used in recent sport management research, and demonstrates ways in which mixed methods can help improve the validity of research findings in sport management related topics. Because research in sport management often is concerned with causal questions, this article provides mixed methods designs for improving causal inference. Examples are provided from three areas of sport management research, including marketing, organizational behavior, and finance. The designs that are provided are based on the mixed methods design dimensions of time order and priority of quantitative and qualitative data.
Quantitative Video Laryngoscopy to Monitor Recovery from Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury in the Rat

Recovery from unilateral vocal-fold paralysis is lengthy, unpredictable, and often incomplete, highlighting the need for better treatments of the injured recurrent laryngeal nerve. To be able to monitor recovery of vocal-fold motion in studies with rats, we developed a procedure for quantitative video laryngoscopy. An asymmetry index was defined as a continuous and robust measure of unequal vocal-fold motion and calculated from spectral-density plots of vocal-fold displacements. In a cohort of 8 animals, unilateral vocal-fold paralysis was observed within seconds after clamping of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve and was accompanied by a markedly negative asymmetry index. Over the next month, the asymmetry index gradually returned to zero, concomitant with a visible recovery of vocal-fold motion. Our results suggest that quantitative video laryngoscopy is a sensitive and discriminating method for monitoring recovery from recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and set the stage for testing novel surgical and ...
Nanomedicine and nanomedical ethics.

As Fritz Allhoff (2009) argues in the target article, the size, interactive, multifunctional, and precision features that nanoscale science and engineering enables is in the process of redefining m...
A system organization for parallel image processing

Abstract One of the problems in the development of multiprocessor systems for image analysis is the selection and efficient utilization of an interconnection network between the multiple processing units. This paper proposes a system organization centered around a class of interconnection networks and a global bus. Control schemes are developed for realizing the intertask communication requirements typically encountered in the parallel formulation of problems for image analysis. These schemes are simple, distributed and efficient. The utility of this organization is demonstrated by evaluating the performance of two applications.
Memory for frequency of occurrence: Intelligence level and retrieval cues

Abstract The purposes were (a) to assess the effects of the nature of the retrieval cue on frequency processing, (b) to determine the effects of type of stimulus on frequency processing, and (c) to test the Hasher and Zacks (1979, 1984) intelligence invariance criterion for automaticity. Mentally retarded and nonretarded persons judged frequency of occurrence of words and photographs under oral and visual retrieval cue conditions. They saw a study list of one type of stimulus presented on 35-mm slides at a 5-s rate under incidental instructions. Immediately following the study phase, they estimated frequencies (0, 1, 3, 5) under either a visual (original stimulus) retrieval cue or an oral retrieval cue condition. There were no differences between the groups on frequency estimates. There was a stimulus effect with both groups giving more accurate estimates for pictorial stimuli. The oral retrieval cue resulted in less accurate frequency estimates for the nonretarded in the word condition and for the retarded in the picture condition, but these were small effects. Results were discussed in terms of the Hasher and Zacks position on automaticity as well as the Greene (1986) and Begg, Maxwell, Mitterer, and Harris (1986) positions on the nature of frequency processing.
Linguistic problems with patriarchal reconstructions of Indo-European culture: A little more than kin, a little less than kind

Synopsis During the past decade, archeologists have unearthed throughout much of southern Europe shrines in which the central object of worship is a female deity. Yet linguists analyzing the vocabulary of Indo-European, the unrecorded language from which most of the languages of Europe and Northern India descend, contend that the reconstructed vocabulary of Indo European points to a patriarchal culture with a patriarchal religion. Investigating their analyses of the terminology of kinship and religion in Indo-European languages, however, we find many ‘anomalies’ suggesting the presence of a matrilineal, matriarchal substratum in Europe and India. Linguistic treatments within a patriarchal perspective appear to overlook or dismiss any data which points toward female power and influence in the development of our culture, but such data do exist, providing evidence that women's current position as the ‘second sex’ is by no means biologically-determined.
Suspended sediment concentration profiles using conservation laws

The suspended sediment transport problem in open channels is studied from the conservation laws point-ofview. Beginning with equations describing the conservation of mass and momentum of both sediment and water, equations for suspended sediment concentrations in free surface flow are derived. Sediment shear and normal stresses are modeled in a manner similar to that of fluid turbulent stresses. Ordinary differential equations for concentration profiles in the viscous sublayer and in the logarithmic velocity region of a steady uniform flow are developed. Although analytical solutions of these equations were attempted, no closed form solution was found. Therefore, a numerical technique such as the fourth order Runge-Kutta method, is used to solve the concentration profile equations. For lack of data in the viscous sublayer, only the concentration profile for flow with the logarithmic velocity distribution is solved and compared to data.
Single laser detection of CO and OH via laser-induced fluorescence

Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence detection of carbon monoxide with excitation in the Fourth Positive System near 280 nm is demonstrated in carbon monoxide/nitrogen mixtures at ambient conditions and in a methane/air Bunsen flame. Fully resolved rotational spectra are presented for the A–X (5,0) and (4,0) bands near 279 and 284 nm, respectively. Energy transfer from excited molecular nitrogen to carbon monoxide with subsequent fluorescence from carbon monoxide that was reported for low pressure conditions in the literature has also been observed at atmospheric conditions. It was further demonstrated that overlaps of some CO A–X (4,0) rotational lines with OH A–X (1,0) rotational lines allow simultaneous excitation of both species with a single laser. The fluorescence bands are completely separated, enabling detection without crosstalk. Detection limits are adequate to detect CO in nascent state in a flame and it is expected that for application in high-pressure, low-temperature combustion environments, where high quantities of CO are present, this approach can provide advantages compared to the excitation of CO at shorter wavelengths due to decreased laser beam attenuation.
Activation of chloride conductance induced by potassium in tracheal epithelium.

The effects of partial replacement of bathing solution sodium by potassium on potential difference, conductance and ion transport of canine tracheal epithelium were studied in Ussing chambers. Whereas up to 100 mmol/l mucosal K+ had no effect, raised serosal [K+] induced a concentration dependent decrease in transepithelial potential difference and increase in conductance. When serosal K+ was 100 mmol/l, the potential difference fell 30 mV to 1.1±1.0 mV and conductance rose 4.5 mS/cm2 to 6.6 ±0.9 mS/cm2. Seventy-five percent of the K+ induced conductance required Cl− (120 mmol/l) in the luminal bathing solution. Unidirectional Cl− fluxes were increased by raised serosal K+ but14C-mannitol permeability was unchanged. The increased unidirectional Cl− flux induced by high K+ exposure was inhibited by luminal exposure to diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC) or other chloride channel blockers, but was not inhibited by loop diuretics. These results suggest that in the presence of 100 mmol/l serosal K+ the transcellular chloride conductance of tracheal epithelium was increased. Increased chloride conductance of the apical cell membrane contributed to the raised transcellular permeability, but the route across the basolateral cell membrane was not identified.
Modeling flowability of mushy zone with a hybrid model utilizing coherency solid fraction

Abstract This paper reports on the progress made in the development of a hybrid model of the mushy region in phase change problems. The mushy region is modeled as a non-Newtonian semi-solid medium below the coherency point and a porous medium thereafter. The validity of the model is tested on the solidification of a generic binary alloy in a 2D rectangular cavity. The predictions include temporal evolution of the flow and thermal fields and spatial distribution of the viscosity, velocity components and temperature. The predicted results are comparable with those of the conventional porous medium model. The predicted maximum viscosity isopleths appear as ‘islands’ suggesting that the hybrid model has potential to represent interdendritic flow. The choice of the coherency point has a profound effect on the velocity, thermal gradient and size of the mushy region, especially at the bottom of the cavity.
Imaging colorimetry: a new approach

A new technique is described for the in-process measuring of the color content of images with pixel resolution, using commercially available devices. Color measurement is extremely important in the printing industry for assessing the quality of printed graphic images. Commercially available instruments designed to measure color, in process, have outputs that represent the average color content over specific areas of the printed surface. The color content of an image feature on the printed surface that may be important to consumers is then difficult to assess from these general readings. Instead of an average reading, the technique that we describe provides a color measurement of each pixel within the area of interest on the printing surface so that the color content of specific features can be evaluated.
Behavioral and heart rate effects of infusing kainic acid into the dorsal midbrain during early development in the rat

The dorsal midbrain including the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is involved in the control of threat-induced vocalizations and other behavioral and autonomic defensive responses in adult animals. Little is known of its function early in life. The present study examined the ability of kainate receptor stimulation in these midbrain areas to trigger behavioral and physiological responses during the first three postnatal weeks in the rat. Kainate (0.03-0.3 nmol) was infused into the dorsal midbrain of postnatal day 7 (P7), P14 and P21 rat pups. At P7, subjects exhibited only a brief period of locomotor activation immediately following infusion of kainate. There were no changes in the heart rate or in any other behavioral measures, including their production of ultrasonic vocalizations. At P14, kainate induced adult-typical escape behaviors consisting of running and jumping, increases in the duration of time spent immobile, and increases in heart rate. At P21, subjects given kainate exhibited escape behavior coupled with elevated heart rate and immobility coupled with decreased heart rate. P14 and P21 subjects produced only small, non-significant increases in their production of ultrasonic vocalizations. These results indicate that kainate receptor stimulation in the dorsal midbrain does not mediate most adult-typical, threat-induced responses until sometime during the second postnatal week in the rat.
Effect of the Peroxisome Proliferator LY171883 on Hepatocellular Replication in Female B6C3F1 Mice

Abstract LY171883 was shown to increase the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and other proliferative lesions in female B6C3F1 mice. This appeared to be unrelated to the induction of peroxisomal β-oxidation. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary LY171883 for 7 or 94 days on hepatocellular replication using continuous 7-day infusion of bromodeoxyuridine. LY171883 caused a dose-related increase in hepatocyte replication during the first 7 days, with statistical significance in the two higher dose groups. There was no effect on hepatocyte replication after 94 days of treatment. Liver weight and peroxisomal β-oxidation were incerased in the two higher dose groups after 7 and 94 days, indicating there was not a general loss of hepatic responsiveness to LY171883. The data indicate that the hepatocarcinogenesis of LY171883 in female B6C3F1 mice is not associated with sustained replication in the general population of hepatocytes. It is possible that a mitogenic effect of LY171883 exerted on spontaneously initiated cells is involved in the development of the proliferative lesions; however, further work is needed to determine this.
Use of light-dependent-resistor circuit to remotely reset digital constancy meter

A digital constancy meter which has been used in our institution uses a plane-parallel chamber for daily morning output checks of treatment machines. After exposure, the user has to enter the treatment room to obtain the charge reading and reset the meter for the next reading. To avoid this extra step and save time, a remote reset circuit which includes a light-dependent-resistor (LDR), was built into the meter. When the room light is turned off (or dimmed) from the console, the light-dependent-resistor will trigger a circuit which will reset the meter.
Preventing Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected Persons: A Survey of Physicians' Knowledge and Practices

Abstract Background. Guidelines exist for screening, diagnosing, and preventing tuberculosis (TB) among HIV-infected persons, but their application and utility are unknown. Methods. We conducted a survey of knowledge and practices among 1,300 physicians in the San Francisco Bay area to assess their practices towards TB among HIV-infected persons. Results. Of 630 respondents, 350 (56%) provided care for HIV-infected persons. Thirty-four percent of the respondents had seen the most recent guidelines for preventing tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons; 65% routinely provide information to HIV-infected patients about the risks of exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; 39% provide annual tuberculin skin testing (TST) to HIV-infected patients without a history of a positive test; 86% knew that ≥5-mm induration is considered a positive TST result in HIV-infected persons; and 47% provide a 12-month regimen of chemoprophylaxis for HIV-infected persons who have a positive TST but not active tuberculosis. Physician specialty and experience with HIV-infected persons were not strongly correlated; experience was a better predictor of correct knowledge and practices. Conclusions. Many physicians were not aware of the standards of care for preventing tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients, even in a geographic area with a high prevalence of M. tuberculosis and HIV.
A note on extending Euler's connection between continued fractions and power series

Euler's Connection describes an exact equivalence between certain continued fractions and power series. If the partial numerators and denominators of the continued fractions are perturbed slightly, the continued fractions equal power series plus easily computed error terms. These continued fractions may be integrated by the series with another easily computed error term.
Topological structures, universality classes, and statistics screening in the anyon superfluid.

Developpement de theories a grande distance du fluide de Hall et du fluide d'anyon. Ces theories effectives sont topologiques et peuvent etre entierement ecrites en termes de champs de jauge. Pour certaines classes du parametre statistique, dans un superfluide d'anyons, un anyon est entoure de vortex de telle sorte que la statistique effective de l'etat lie devient du type Bose. Ces theories sont egalement appliquees a l'etude des classes d'universalite du superfluide d'anyons
On the power of point optimal tests of the trend stationarity hypothesis

Abstract This paper considers tests of the hypothesis that a series is trend stationary. It provides simulation results showing the gain in power from using a point optimal test.
Harmonic analysis of monthly insolation levels in the United States

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze independent temporal variance structures in long-term mean monthly insolation data for the conterminous United States. Harmonic analysis is applied to the annual march of insolation levels at 221 stations, and nearly all variance in the data is explained by one harmonic fit. The statistics from the harmonic analysis display coherent spatial patterns that reveal the extent to which radiation levels are affected by synoptic climatological phenomena. The results suggest a method for accurately interpolating insolation estimates using as few as three parameters.
Telescience at the university of California, Berkeley

The University of California at Berkeley (UCB) is a member of a university consortium involved in telescience testbed activities under the sponsorship of NASA. Our Telescience Testbed Project consists of three experiments using flight hardware being developed for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer project at UCB's Space Sciences Laboratory. The first one is a teleoperation experiment investigating remote instrument control using a computer network such as the Internet. The second experiment is an effort to develop a system for operation of a network of remote workstations allowing coordinated software development, evaluation, and use by widely dispersed groups. The final experiment concerns simulation as a method to facilitate the concurrent development of instrument hardware and support software. We describe our progress in these areas.
A new educational program in energy conversion

The energy-conversion portion of the new electrical engineering curriculum at Massachusetts Institute of Technology is described. The motivation for the curriculum revision is to equip engineers with adequate electrical science to contribute to the advancement of electrical technology in any industry, not merely those normally thought of as electrical.
Mass transfer in parallel-plate dialyzers—A conjugated boundary value problem

Abstract Mass transfer in semi-infinite parallel-plate dialysers has been analyzed by solving the convective diffusion equations for the two fluids (blood and dialysate) for arbitrary interfacial concentration distributions, and linking the two solutions via a continuity-of-flux boundary condition at the membrane surfaces. This yields expressions for the true interfacial concentration distributions which, when substituted for the arbitrary distributions, produces complete solutions for the concentration fields in both fluid phases. This model was applied to typical parallel-plate Kiil hemodialyzers. A parametric study was performed to determine which variables influence hemodialyzer performance most strongly. Our computed results provide substantial information about mass transfer in such systems without introducing empirical constants, which are not known a prior.
Incoherent beam combining using stimulated Brillouin scattering in multimode fibers

A beam combining technique for producing a single, spatially coherent beam from two mutually incoherent (temporally and spatially) lasers is demonstrated and the spatial coherence properties of the resulting beam are characterized. The technique is based on simultaneous excitation of stimulated Brillouin scattering by two independent lasers operating at two different wavelengths in a long multimode optical fiber. Though spectrally independent, the resulting Stokes beams produce essentially identical intensity distributions corresponding to the fundamental fiber mode.
Direct effect of thyroid hormone on intracardiac conduction in acute and chronic hyperthyroid animals

Studies of intracardiac conduction utilizing His bundle electrograms demonstrate direct thyroid hormone action on the conduction system in both acute and chronic hyperthyroid animals.
High temperature superconductors-a progress report

The discovery of the copper-oxide-based high transition temperature superconductors is reviewed, and their properties are described. The structure of one of the families of these compounds, the yttrium barium copper oxides, is examined. The fabrication of thin films of high-T/sub c/ superconductors is discussed. >
Tobacco use and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results from a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay Area, California.

Objective: Investigate the association between tobacco use and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Methods: Tobacco-use data were collected during in-person interviews in a population-based case–control study of NHL (N=1593 patients, N=2515 controls) conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1988 and 1995. Odds ratios (ORs) for HIV-negative participants were obtained from adjusted unconditional logistic regression models stratified by sex. Results: NHL was not associated with overall tobacco use, intensity or duration of cigarette smoking in women or men. However, ORs were increased for NHL among men who used any non-cigarette tobacco alone (OR=1.7), non-cigarette tobacco and cigarettes (OR=1.4), multiple types of non-cigarette tobacco alone (OR=2.1) and smokeless tobacco alone (OR=4.0). In analyses stratified by sex and age, ORs for NHL associated with cigarette smoking in general were above unity among those aged ≥60 years. ORs for follicular lymphoma were increased in men who used cigarettes and other tobacco, cigars alone and smokeless tobacco alone. Diffuse large-cell lymphoma in men was associated with use of cigarettes and other tobacco, and multiple types of non-cigarette tobacco. Conclusion: Our data do not support an association between overall tobacco use and all NHL in women or men. Further analyses are warranted in larger studies to evaluate non-cigarette tobacco use, tobacco-related biologic markers and genetic factors in the development of NHL.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngeal walls treated with radiotherapy

Abstract Purpose : To assess the impact of fractionation schedule, chemotherapy, and tumor location on local control and survival in patients treated with definitive irradiation for carcinoma of the pharyngeal walls. Methods and Materials : Between May 1971 and December 1991, 74 patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngeal walls (excluding nasopharynx, tonsil, and pyriform sinus) were treated with radical megavoltage irradiation with or without chemotherapy at Oregon Health Sciences University. Results : Two-year local control rates by stage were: T1: 100%, T2: 55%, T3: 31%, and T4: 29%. Twice-a-day irradiation improved local control rates as compared with once-a-day irradiation for patients with Stage T3 lesions, with 5 out of 7 (71.4%) vs. 4 out of 19 (21%) patients controlled at 2 years ( p = 0.015). No improvement was seen in 2-year local control of all stages when chemotherapy was used in conjunction with once-a-day fractionation; however, six of eight patients (75%) treated with twice-a-day irradiation combined with either induction or concurrent chemotherapy had local control. The 2-year local control rate of 100% (6 out of 6) for the group of patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and b.i.d. irradiation (all with Stage T3 and T4 tumors) is a dramatic improvement over the 2-year local control rate of 30% (10 out of 33) for our entire group of patients with Stage T3 and T4 tumors. Local control rates did not differ by tumor location on the pharyngeal walls. Adjusted disease-specific survival rates by stage were: I: 100%, II: 85%, III: 58%, IV: 40%. Overall survival rates by stage were: I: 75%, II: 67%, III: 33%, IV: 30%. Conclusion : We advocate radical irradiation as the primary therapy for pharyngeal wall carcinomas with the use of twice-a-day fractionation for Stages T2–T4. Our preliminary results with concurrent chemotherapy and b.i.d. irradiation for advanced T3 and T4 tumors appear to be comparable to reported results with hyperfractionated radiation alone. The relative contribution of chemotherapy to b.i.d. irradiation cannot be determined from this small retrospective series; however, in view of the relatively poor results for patients with advanced stage disease, we feel this treatment combination deserves further investigation.
Obvious and Subtle Contributions of Merlin C. Wittrock to Programmatic R&D.

We describe some of Merl's more subtle contributions that extended beyond his own prodigious scholarly record, his high-quality teaching, and his mentoring of students. The context of our remarks on Programmatic R&D focuses on his contribution to the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Education. Merl was the first director of the Center for the Study of Evaluation. When leadership passed to his then associate director, Marvin C. Alkin, Merl focused on his greater interest in the area of learning. His work on generative theory, referenced throughout this issue, was adapted with our own interests in complex learning and measurement. His work influenced the research agenda of the National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing. A great debt is owed to Merl Wittrock for helping to articulate and model the kinds of research that took theory into usable practice.