cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N2-CH4-Ar Chemical Kinetic Model for Simulations of Atmospheric Entry to Titan

A detailed chemical kinetic model for N 2 -CH 4 -Ar mixtures is developed for nonequilibrium simulation of shock layers formed in front of probes entering Titan's atmosphere. The detailed kinetic model uses up-to-date chemical reaction mechanisms and reaction rates, and it is validated against existing shock tube experiments. A reduced kinetic model is also developed through sensitivity analysis of chemical reactions in the detailed model and reproduces the chemical kinetics of major species within the parameter space that may be encountered during Titan atmospheric entry. The reduced model, having fewer species and reactions than the detailed model, is better suited to coupled reacting computational fluid dynamics flowfield calculations.
Cushing's disease presenting as amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia: report of two cases.

SUMMARY Two patients with Cushing's disease first presented with amenorrhoea, hyperprolactinaemia, and normal tomograms of the sella turcica. Both women underwent trans-sphenoidal removal of a pituitary microadenoma resulting in a decreased serum prolactin concentration in both, and cessation of galactorr-hoea and return of menses in one of them. One woman became ACTH deficient while the other has persistent Cushing's disease. A survey of the literature on Cushing's disease and prolactinomas shows the association to be uncommon. A likely mechanism is secretion of both hormones by the microadenomas. These two patients illustrate the need for screening other pituitary hormone function in patients with hyperprolactinaemia.
Factor Analysis of the Children's Depression Inventory

Factor analyses of responses to the Children's Depression Inventory were compared for two groups: 123 children at a psychiatric outpatient clinic and 175 elementary school children who attended Grades 4, 5, and 6. Varimax rotations of principal-axis factors yielded four factors for the clinic children and two factors for the non-clinic student group. The items constituting the factors for the clinic group appeared to be theoretically related. These four factors were considered to reflect cognitive, motivational, social integration, and somatic components. In contrast, for the students there were a general factor with no predominant theme and a second factor characterized by non-compliant behavior. The implications for the relationship between adult and childhood depressive symptomatology are discussed as well as suggestions for studying the inventory as a screening instrument.
Hollow waveguide as an online microliter spectroscopy sensor for gas chromatography

Quantum cascade laser is coupled into Hollow Waveguide as an inline sensor after GC separation. We show the sensor has high ppbV sensitivity for carbon and other species, yet maintaining the GC peaks.
Anticipatory scheduling: a disk scheduling framework to overcome deceptive idleness in synchronous I/O

Disk schedulers in current operating systems are generally work-conserving, i.e., they schedule a request as soon as the previous request has finished. Such schedulers often require multiple outstanding requests from each process to meet system-level goals of performance and quality of service. Unfortunately, many common applications issue disk read requests in a synchronous manner, interspersing successive requests with short periods of computation. The scheduler chooses the next request too early; this induces deceptive idleness, a condition where the scheduler incorrectly assumes that the last request issuing process has no further requests, and becomes forced to switch to a request from another process.We propose the anticipatory disk scheduling framework to solve this problem in a simple, general and transparent way, based on the non-work-conserving scheduling discipline. Our FreeBSD implementation is observed to yield large benefits on a range of microbenchmarks and real workloads. The Apache webserver delivers between 29% and 71% more throughput on a disk-intensive workload. The Andrew filesystem benchmark runs faster by 8%, due to a speedup of 54% in its read-intensive phase. Variants of the TPC-B database benchmark exhibit improvements between 2% and 60%. Proportional-share schedulers are seen to achieve their contracts accurately and efficiently.
Tax Evasion, the Provision of Public Infrastructure and Growth: A General Equilibrium Approach to Two Very Different Countries, Egypt and Mauritius

A dynamic multi-period general equilibrium model is used to analyse prospects for growth in two very different countries, Egypt and Mauritius. The advantage of using a single model, when comparing alternative policies across countries, is that it removes the concern that different conclusions are based solely upon model differences, which would be the case with multiple models. Each country faces certain key impediments to growth. In Egypt, the high level of tax evasion reduces the country's ability to carry out growth-enhancing fiscal policies, while the inadequacy of public infrastructure in Mauritius leads to a similar impediment to growth, requiring a fiscal solution. For Egypt, the revolution of 2011 affected growth, particularly because of the impact of a dramatic decline in tourism. In looking at how to increase growth, the focus is on the low rate of tax compliance in Egypt; the study finds that fiscal policies designed to reduce tax evasion are successful in modestly increasing GDP growth. Unlike Egypt, Mauritius has not suffered from any immediate shock, but public infrastructure shortages are bottlenecks in GDP growth, which has slowed in recent years. Therefore, the elasticities of private production with respect to stocks of public infrastructure are examined, and used to implement the general equilibrium model. Modest increases in spending upon public infrastructure, compensated for by corresponding decreases in current spending, were found to lead to increases in real GDP growth. However, beyond certain levels, higher infrastructure spending results in an eventual decline in real GDP growth.
Japanese Competitiveness and Japanese Management.

Japanese-style management and industrial policy are shown to serve as a source of industrial dynamism and are used as a way to illminate what is wrong with the American system. Japanese labor practices—specifically extra hours of unpaid work—are seen as a form of insurance fee that the worker pays in exchange for job security.
Defending anonymous communications against passive logging attacks

We study the threat that passive logging attacks pose to anonymous communications. Previous work analyzed these attacks under limiting assumptions. We first describe a possible defense that comes from breaking the assumption of uniformly random path selection. Our analysis shows that the defense improves anonymity in the static model, where nodes stay in the system, but fails in a dynamic model, in which nodes leave and join. Additionally, we use the dynamic model to show that the intersection attack creates a vulnerability in certain peer-to-peer systems for anonymous communications. We present simulation results that show that attack times are significantly lower in practice than the upper bounds given by previous work. To determine whether users' Web traffic has communication patterns required by the attacks, we collected and analyzed the Web requests of users. We found that, for our study frequent and repeated communication to the same Web site is common.
Evaluation and Management of Psychogenic Nonepileptic Attacks

Psychologists are frequently called upon to help evaluate and manage patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacks (PNEAs), seizure-like events that are psychologically based. Psychologists’ diagnostic and therapeutic skills uniquely qualify them to discover the life circumstances that have given rise to these events and to communicate this understanding in a supportive and effective way. This chapter provides an overview of PNEA, with a focus on current etiologic theories that will prepare the psychologist to address the confusion that often surrounds this diagnosis. It also describes in detail, using case vignettes, an approach to making and delivering the diagnosis that is designed to promote understanding and acceptance and facilitate the treatment plan.
Resetting the Clock: Dexras1 Defines a Path

The signaling pathways by which light and activity shift the circadian clock are not well understood. In this issue of Neuron, Cheng et al. analyze mice lacking Dexras1 (a Ras family GTPase protein) and demonstrate an important role for G(i/o) signaling mediating both photic and nonphotic phase shifts of the circadian clock.
Activating frataxin expression by repeat-targeted nucleic acids

Friedreich's ataxia is an incurable genetic disorder caused by a mutant expansion of the trinucleotide GAA within an intronic FXN RNA. This expansion leads to reduced expression of frataxin (FXN) protein and evidence suggests that transcriptional repression is caused by an R-loop that forms between the expanded repeat RNA and complementary genomic DNA. Synthetic agents that increase levels of FXN protein might alleviate the disease. We demonstrate that introducing anti-GAA duplex RNAs or single-stranded locked nucleic acids into patient-derived cells increases FXN protein expression to levels similar to analogous wild-type cells. Our data are significant because synthetic nucleic acids that target GAA repeats can be lead compounds for restoring curative FXN levels. More broadly, our results demonstrate that interfering with R-loop formation can trigger gene activation and reveal a new strategy for upregulating gene expression.
Studies on the electron transfer system

Abstract The substitution of a negative carboxyl group in the form of succinic acid confers water solubility properties to otherwise aggregated and insoluble proteins. This tactic has proven to be a powerful new method for obtaining highly purified subunit proteins from the electron transfer chain of mitochondrial membranes. Although other membrane systems have not been tested, it is hoped that this technique may prove to have wider applicability.
The Atomic Theory of Society

In few affairs is political wisdom so put to the test as in the treatment of institutions that are growing old. Age in these cases has little to do with mere antiquity: the forms of social life are subject to no set term of years. It is a matter of continuing adaptability. Some institutions, like the British monarchy, possess this attribute in an astounding degree. Others, like the House of Lords, betray a hardening of the arteries that bodes ill for their survival in times of rapid change. For the speed of social change affects not only their physical and conceptual environment; it acts also upon, and through, the temper of the politicians and the public. In such periods society will sometimes administer a sudden coup de grâce to its more recalcitrant institutions, abolishing at one stroke both the abuses they have inflicted and the garnered wisdom they enshrine. The loss involved in these moments is seldom evident until long after, when it has to be made good ab ovo . To such moods the Gallic genius is peculiarly liable; and it was in one of them that the French crashed open the gates of the nineteenth century and nailed the atomic theory of society to the lintel. “There are no longer any guilds in the state, but only the private interest of each individual and the general interest. No one may arouse in the citizens any intermediate interest, or separate them from the public weal by corporate sentiment.”
Cell Density Dependent Reduction Kinetics of Hexavalent Uranium by Shewanella oneidensis

Shewanella oneidensis is a widely distributed species of bacteria and is known to utilize several elements such as iron, manganese and sulfur as electron acceptors. In an anoxic environment lacking more electrochemically favourable electron acceptors S. oneidensis is shown to reduce uranium, changing its oxidation state from hexavalent to tetravalent, by the following reaction: H2+ UO2 2+ → 2H+ + UO2. The uranyl solution concentration (U(VI)) was measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and the reduction data were fit to first order. Several cell concentrations were examined and both the rate of uranyl reduction and the total amount of uranyl reduced are found to be dependent upon cell density. The largest rate constant was 0.7 hr-1 corresponding to a cell density of 2.4*109 cells/mL and an initial reduction rate of 1414 μM/hr. A cell concentration of 6.6*108 cells/mL gave rise to an initial reduction rate of 400μM U(VI) per hour, and had, within a period of 72 hours approximately 98% of the original 2 mM uranyl acetate reduced, as opposed to only 87% for 2.4*109 cells/mL.
Origin of giant difference between fluorescence, resonance, and nonresonance Raman scattering enhancement by surface plasmons

Fluorescence, resonance, and off-resonance Raman spectroscopy are all precise and versatile techniques for indentifying small quantities of chemical and biological substances. One way to improve the sensitivity and specificity of these measurement techniques is to use enhancement of optical fields in the vicinity of metal nanoparticles. The degree of enhancement, however, is drastically different as Raman enhancement of 10 orders of magnitude or more has been consistently measured in experiment, while the enhancement of the seemingly similar process of fluorescence is typically far more modest. While resonance Raman scattering has the advantages of higher sensitivity and specificity when compared with the ordinary, nonresonant Raman process, its plasmon enhancement is far less spectacular. In fact, both fluorescence and resonance Raman measurements are subject to quenching when the molecule is placed too close to the metal surface. Such an effect, however, is completely absent from the normal nonresonant Raman process. In this work, we present an analytical model that reveals the physics behind the strikingly different orders of magnitude in enhancement that have been observed, provide a fundamental explanation for the quenching effect observed in fluorescence and resonance Raman but not in normal Raman, establish limits for attainable enhancement, and outline the path to optimization of all three processes.
Robust Tracking Algorithm Based on Multiple Appearance Models

Based on multiple appearance models,a novel multi-scale mean shift tracking algorithm was proposed to deal with the problems caused from the relative simplicity of the single appearance model and the absence of the update strategy under the original framework of mean shift tracking.Based on the multiple appearance models which can be obtained by using sparse principal component analysis,numerous converging points were located by running the basic mean shift trackers in parallel.The weighted center was calculated by setting the converging points as the candidate particles,and the best particle was chosen to determine the current state of the object.Experimental results showed that the proposed method was more robust and stable against pose variation,background clutter and occlusion in comparing with other competing tracking models.
Negotiating tensions: The religious landscape of St. Eustatius, 1636–1795

The Dutch had a nearly blank slate on which to produce their new colony when they settled the Caribbean island of St. Eustatius in 1636. The colonists sought to create a productive agricultural colony, which would require a structured system of economic production and a means for social reproduction. The Dutch elites strategically situated churches on the island’s landscape to produce St. Eustatius as a social space. There were two key tensions that shaped the Dutch elites' decisions on where to construct religious places on the island landscape: how to maintain the Dutch Reformed Church as the sole public religion while respecting individuals’ right to the freedom of conscience, and how to find the proper balance between capitalist accumulation and Protestant aestheticism. While the Dutch elites hoped that their positioning of religious places would create a stable society, the majority of the population lived this space in a manner different from the Dutch elites’ plan.
The surgical treatment experience of 30 patients with parasagittal sinus meningiomas

Objective To discuss the relevant information of patients with parasagittal sinus meningiomastreated by surgicaltreatment. Methods 30 cases of patients with parasagittal sinus meningiomas were selected,and all were treated with traditional surgical treatment. Then analysedthe clinical effect,and compared the treatment conditions of patients of different clinical classifications. Results 73. 3% patients were treated well; the recurrence rate and mortality were both 3. 3%; the complication rate was6. 7%; patients with type Ⅰhad the best optimal clinical situation,and patients with type Ⅲ had the worst optimal clinical situation( P 0. 05). Conclusion When using traditional surgery treatment for PSM,Reasonable operation methodshall be chosen according to clinical classification. In addition,theoperation shall be strictly applied to improve therapeutic effect.
Analysis of temperature influence on 2μm KTA OPO

In order to find out temperature influence on 2μm KTA OPO(KTA optical parametric oscillator) laser,the temperature effect on phase-matching angle and nonlinear coefficient was calculated,the graph of the relationship between the temperature and the tunable-angle was drawn and the walk-off angle and accept angle of the phase-matched crystal in different temperature were analyzed.It was found that the crystal was in the best condition when the temperature kept in 20℃.
Psychiatric care of the homeless mentally ill: an opportunity for military psychiatry training.

This paper reviews the phenomenon of homelessness in the United States and locally in Washington, D.C. Prevalence data of psychiatric illness in the homeless is presented, as is the formation of a psychiatric service network to treat the homeless mentally ill. Additionally, the author describes the development of an innovative training program in community psychiatry, focusing specifically on issues inherent in understanding the work of the psychiatric resident in community-based training and service delivery. The relevance of this experience to military medicine involves training psychiatric residents to develop service-delivery schemes in times of rapidly expanding mental health needs, such as combat.
Scan path and movie trailers for implicit annotation of videos

Affective annotation of videos is important for video understanding, ranking, retrieval, and summarization. We present an approach that uses excerpts that appeared in the official trailers of movies, as training data. Total scan path is computed as a metric for emotional arousal, based on previous eye tracking research. Arousal level on trailer excerpts is modeled as a Gaussian distribution, and signed distance from the mean of this distribution is used to separate out exemplars of high and low emotional arousal in movies.
The sentimental novel

What is the sentimental novel? People discussing the sentimental novel often begin by observing the genre's remarkable commercial success. Sentimental novels, such as Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) by Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Wide, Wide World (1850) by Susan Warner, and The Lamplighter (1854) by Maria Cummins were best-sellers when the mass market for novels was a relatively new phenomenon (Davidson 16–37, Gilmore 46–54). Nathaniel Hawthorne famously complained, “What is the mystery of these innumerable editions of the Lamplighter, and other books neither better nor worse? – worse they could not be, and better they need not be, when they sell by the 100,000” (Fern xxxiv). More recently, critics have sharply differed on the significance of the genre's popularity – some seeing it as a sign of the sentimental novel's expressive power and others as evidence of the culture's vapidity (e.g., Tompkins 124, Douglas 114). These discussions often overlook a revealing point of connection between the sensational romance and the sentimental novel. Before the extraordinary sales of Uncle Tom's Cabin (estimated at 5 million before the Civil War), the biggest seller in American fiction had been George Lippard's The Quaker City (1845) (Gilmore 54). A marketing expert trying to understand the comparable popularity of such ostensibly different productions would be quick to note that they share an emphasis on powerful emotion. Both genres seek to produce in the reader an overwhelming emotional reaction, and both genres are willing to shock the reader in order to generate the desired intensity of feeling.
Abstract A05: Menopausal vasomotor symptoms and mammographic density in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation

Background: Declines in endogenous estrogen during menopause have been linked to the onset of menopausal vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and to reduced breast cancer risk. Percent mammographic density (PMD) is viewed as a marker for breast cancer susceptibility. Establishing a relationship between VMS and PMD may justify future prospective investigations of VMS and breast cancer risk. Methods: We investigated this association in the Study of Women9s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Mammgraphic Density Substudy (N=833). Women were pre- or perimenopausal at enrollment and followed through menopause. VMS were assessed at annual SWAN visits. PMD was ascertained from routine screening mammograms. A linear mixed effects model was used to evaluate the longitudinal association between VMS and PMD. Results: Women contributed a total of 4,748 mammograms (2-10 per woman) over a median 5.4 years. We observed no overall association between VMS and PMD. When stratified by menopausal status, VMS was associated with lower PMD among perimenopausal women (β = -1.29%, 95%CI -2.58, -0.001) and those with unknown menopausal status due to hormone use during the study period (β = -3.62%, 95%CI -7.17, -0.07). VMS was not associated with absolute dense area in any analyses. Among women who transitioned to postmenopausal, VMS was not associated with change in PMD across the menopausal transition. Conclusion: Although our findings do not suggest a strong association between VMS and PMD, we observed a significant effect among perimenopausal women and those using hormones during menopause.. Further prospective studies are needed to establish a relationship between VMS and breast cancer risk, and to ascertain the extent to which this relationship may be mediated by PMD. Citation Format: Vicki Hart, Susan Sturgeon, Nicholas Reich, Lynnette Leidy Sievert, Sybil Crawford, Ellen Gold, Laurel Habel, Katherine W. Reeves. Menopausal vasomotor symptoms and mammographic density in the Study of Women9s Health Across the Nation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr A05.
Differentiation and Integration of Machine Learning Feature Vectors

This paper presents a new approach to the production of feature maps for the improvement of classification in machine learning. The idea is based on a calculus of differentiation and integration of feature vectors, which can be viewed as functions on a metric space or network. Based on this we propose a novel network-based binary machine learning classifier. We illustrate our method using molecular networks alone to distinguish phenotypes, including cancer types and subtypes. We include feature sets derived from diseasespecific gene co-expression networks in different cancer data sets using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) along with other previously published studies. We also illustrate our network-based predictor on another data type, based on infrared spectroscopy of lung cancer tissue.
Microstructure Characteristics of A356 Nanocomposites Manufactured via Ultrasonic Cavitation Processing Under Controlled Solidification Conditions

It has been recently demonstrated that microstructure as well as mechanical properties of metal-matrix-nano-composites can be highly improved by using ultrasonic cavitation. The main reason is ultrasonic cavitation processing can help to spread and break the clusters of nanoparticles in the melt during the fabrication process. The present investigation attempted to evaluate how different solidification conditions effect the microstructure of nanocomposites and how nanoparticles influence the evolution of microstructure during solidification. An A356 alloy and Al2O3 nanoparticles are used as the matrix and the reinforcements, respectively. Ultrasonic cavitation was applied during the induction melting to assist in the dispersion of the nanoparticles. Ultrasonic cavitation was also applied during solidification for different cooling conditions. Experimental results indicated that ultrasonic cavitation processing and Al2O3 nanoparticles play an important role for microstructure refinement. In addition, Al2O3 nanoparticles can refine the eutectic Si.
Not Just Novels: The Pedagogical Possibilities of the Graphic Narrative

Bourelle uses the case study of his advanced composition course to highlight the use and advantages of short graphic narratives in enhancing students’ reading, critical thinking, and writing. As Bourelle outlines in this chapter, his students compose both written analytical papers and their own attempts at graphic narratives, exercises which enable students to appreciate and understand the comic book/sequential art/graphic novel genre broadly, as well as gain a greater understanding of multimodal literacy. Students also learn about the short form as well, coming to understand graphic narratives as a discrete literary art form, much like studying the short story is distinct from studying the novel. Finally, by exploring multiple examples of graphic narratives, students gain a broad understanding of the variety of storytelling and illustration techniques, much more so than if they were only looking at a handful of full-length graphic novels.
Analysis of U.S. Real GNP

The quintessential macroeconomic time series is U.S. real GNP; this is the U. S. Department of Commerce’s principal measure of the value of U. S. production of goods and services, corrected for changes in the aggregate price level. The battery of tests analyzed above was applied to the logarithmic growth rate of U.S. real GNP (yt) over a sample of 163 quarters from the first quarter of 1953 through the third quarter of 1993, or 1953:1 to 1993:3. These data are plotted in Figure 9-1 below; they appear to be reasonably stationary over this time period. The test results themselves are given in Table 9-1.
Globalization and Risk Protection in Developing Countries

Before 1980, democracy and egalitarian redistribution were closely linked. For recently democratizing countries, however, these patterns have become much less clear. Instead, many new democracies, which are mostly middle-income countries, have experienced little improvement, if not outright worsening, of inequality despite democratic transitions. Such trends challenge prominent theoretical models predicting that the extension of the franchise will allow the poor in more unequal societies to impose redistribution on the rich. This paper challenges that assumption, proposing instead a logic through which individuals faced with high and correlated risks, and who lack access to state-sponsored means to insure them, will forbear from using the opportunities afforded by political democracy to demand redistribution. The preliminary analysis provides support for this expectation, showing that insecure democracies – where political democracy is established without a basic social safety net to protect the most vulnerable citizens – tend, paradoxically, to entrench sharp economic inequalities. Instrumental variables analysis shows that economic integration has not contributed substantially to this outcome when controls for safety nets and human capital formation are introduced. Only where social safety nets are robust do we observe a positive contribution of democracy toward more egalitarian income redistribution in recent decades.
My Second Life as a Cyber Border Crosser

This article explores Chicana (Mexican-American woman) experiences of being a cyber border crosser – someone of both and neither real life and Second Life. The presumption and privilege of whiteness as the foundation of Second Life is seen to limit participation of people of color. Further, I write against the notion that cyber worlds provide transcendence from the limitations of the non-normative body. Second Life and official Linden discourse are devoid of references to race, ethnicity, disability, or any other type of salient identity that might interfere with Linden Lab’s vision of a perfect world. Indeed, there is a pervasive blindness to color which has negative rather than positive effects for people of color. As long as SL persists mostly as an entertainment platform, the larger SL population may not consider the lack of interest by people of color anything to be concerned about. However, the SL grid will continue to grow and engage with educational and commercial operations that will desire the participation and economic resources of people of color. The issue that needs to be addressed now is will the borders that limit users of color be build up or knocked down?
Nanomaterial enabled sensors for environmental contaminants

The need and desire to understand the environment, especially the quality of one’s local water and air, has continued to expand with the emergence of the digital age. The bottleneck in understanding the environment has switched from being able to store all of the data collected to collecting enough data on a broad range of contaminants of environmental concern. Nanomaterial enabled sensors represent a suite of technologies developed over the last 15 years for the highly specific and sensitive detection of environmental contaminants. With the promise of facile, low cost, field-deployable technology, the ability to quantitatively understand nature in a systematic way will soon be a reality. In this review, we first introduce nanosensor design before exploring the application of nanosensors for the detection of three classes of environmental contaminants: pesticides, heavy metals, and pathogens.
The role of sex in the genomics of human complex traits

Nearly all human complex traits and disease phenotypes exhibit some degree of sex differences, including differences in prevalence, age of onset, severity or disease progression. Until recently, the underlying genetic mechanisms of such sex differences have been largely unexplored. Advances in genomic technologies and analytical approaches are now enabling a deeper investigation into the effect of sex on human health traits. In this Review, we discuss recent insights into the genetic models and mechanisms that lead to sex differences in complex traits. This knowledge is critical for developing deeper insight into the fundamental biology of sex differences and disease processes, thus facilitating precision medicine.
Geogenic groundwater solutes: the myth

What is the source of geogenic (natural or native) solutes in groundwater? The orthodox explanation suggests it is largely a function of water–rock interaction (weathering of the soil zone and aquifer mineral framework). It is proposed herein that atmospheric deposition (combination of wet and dry aerosols from ocean spray, smoke, volcanoes, continental dust, and lightning) is a significant source, and in many cases the dominant source, of the major and minor geogenic solutes in groundwater. Solute mass-balance analyses suggest that much of the mass of major and minor ions must be transported into the aquifer from an external source. Example case studies are presented: analysis of groundwater in a coastal marine aquifer located in an arid area (United Arab Emirates) suggests that over 50% of several major ions potentially originate from atmospheric deposition; in an alluvial fan in a semi-arid system (High Plains, USA), 100% of most solutes potentially originate from atmospheric deposition; and in a humid glacial aquifer system (Michigan, USA), 20–30% of many major ions are potentially from atmospheric deposition. These observations contrast with many hydrogeologic textbooks, which still propose the origin to be water–rock interaction—hence, the myth.
Intaglio Surface Dimension and Guide Tube Deviations of Implant Surgical Guides Influenced by Printing Layer Thickness and Angulation Setting

PURPOSE To measure overall intaglio dimensional and tube deviations of implant guides printed at 50 and 100 µm layer thickness at 0°, 45°, and 90° angulation using a stereolithographic (SLA) printer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A surgical implant guide design from a subject missing a maxillary right central incisor, used as the original standard tessellation language (STL) were stereolithographically fabricated at each thickness and angulation, 50 and 100 µm layer thickness at 0°, 45°, and 90° angulation (n = 10 each group). The guide was then scanned using cone beam computed tomography. The digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) scanned files were then converted to an STL format. The overall dimensional deviations of the intaglio surface and the positioning of the implant guide tube were then superimposed onto the original designed STL file using best-fitting alignment. A t-test and an F-test as well as ANOVA followed by a post hoc t-test were used to determine statistical significant differences (α = 0.05) for the intaglio surface and guide tube deviation, respectively. RESULTS The overall intaglio surface discrepancies (µm) printed at 0°, 45°, and 90° were 55.07 ± 1.36, 52.39 ± 2.09, and 61.02 ± 15.96 for 50 µm layer; and 98.38 ± 10.55, 84.47 ± 10.61, and 90.26 ± 5 for 100 µm layer with statistically significant differences for both t-test and F-test, p < 0.001. The maximal guide tube linear deviations (µm) printed at 0°, 45°, and 90° were 10.78 ± 3.84, 8.16 ± 3.68, and 12.57 ± 5.39 for 50 µm layer (ANOVA, p = 0.096); and 10.95 ± 5.23, 16.79 ± 4.97, and 22.63 ± 2.81 for 100 µm layer (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The maximal guide tube angular deviations (°) printed at 0°, 45°, and 90° were 1.29 ± 0.30, 0.64 ± 0.13, and 0.56 ± 0.21 for 50 µm layer (ANOVA, p < 0.001); and 1.57 ± 0.29, 0.86 ± 0.14, and 1.02 ± 0.31 for 100 µm layer (ANOVA, p = 0.034). There was a statistical difference in the deviations between 50 and 100 µm layer printing in all printed angulations except at 0° (t-test, p = 0.05, p = 0.03, and p = 0.001 for 0°, 45°, and 90°) and linear deviations (t-test, p < 0.001, p = 0.009, and p = 0.001 for 0°, 45°, and 90°). CONCLUSION Printing at 50 µm layer reduces dimensional intaglio deviations in general and reduces tube angular deviations with different angulations of printing. However, the deviations were only ∼60 to 100 µm for the intaglio dimension deviations; and ∼0.04 to 0.26 mm and ∼0.25° to ∼2° for tube deviations.
Feasibility of Interprofessional Education in a Community Pharmacy

Objective:To evaluate student learning, preceptor opinions, and feasibility of conducting interprofessional education in a community pharmacy.Methods:Six pharmacy and 6 physician assistant students...
Data Reuse Practices and Expectations for Data Resources and Services among Public Library Users

Public library users’ expectations of library resources and services related to open data as well as their own estimation of their data literacy skills are examined. Library users were surveyed fro...
Impulsive States and Impulsive Traits: A Study of the Multilevel Structure and Validity of a Multifaceted Measure of Impulsive States:

Emerging evidence suggests impulsive states may be reliably measured in the moment using ecological momentary assessment (EMA); however, research has not investigated whether the multi-factor structure of impulsive traits also characterizes impulsive states. In two independent samples spanning adolescence through young adulthood (n = 211, n = 222), we adapted global self-report measures of impulsive traits to EMA and conducted multilevel confirmatory factor analyses to characterize the within- and between-person factor structure of five impulsive traits (negative urgency, planning, persistence, sensation seeking, and positive urgency). Across both studies, factor models with one factor for each UPPS-P facet fit the data well at both levels, though some latent factors were highly correlated. Aggregated impulsive states, especially negative urgency, predicted oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, emotional problems, alcohol problems, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Our results suggest that EMA measures can capture a range of impulsive states that mirrors the heterogeneity seen in the trait literature.
Alcohol Recidivism Following Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement: Frequency and Predictive Factors

To determine the frequency and predictive factors for alcohol recidivism following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) placed in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. One hundred ninety-nine patients who had a TIPS placed at a single institution for different indications in the setting of alcoholic cirrhosis were reviewed. Length of sobriety prior to TIPS placement and maintained sobriety at 1, 3 and 6–12 months after TIPS placement were recorded. Smoking history, substance abuse and psychiatric comorbidities were also recorded as was ascitic response to TIPS at 1, 3 and 6–12 months. At 1 month 11/199 (5.5%) patients had experienced a relapse while, 20/199 (10.1%) had at 3 months, and 44/199 (22.1%) had at 12 months. There was no difference in ascitic response in those who did and did not relapse at 1 month (p = 0.57), 3 months (p = 1.00) or 1 year (p = 0.44). The mean time of sobriety at the time of TIPS placement for those who relapsed by 12 months was significantly less than those who did not relapse (5.11 (1.10–7.90) months vs 18.32 (8.63–48.12) months, p < 0.001). Concurrent psychiatric comorbidity (p < 0.001), substance abuse (p < 0.001), age less than 40 (p = 0.004) and smoking history at the time of procedure (p < 0.001) were also associated with alcohol relapse. Recidivism is a frequent issue for patients following TIPS placement; those who have concurrent psychiatric comorbidity, substance abuse, smoking history are younger than 40 and shorter sobriety duration prior to TIPS may be at increased risk.
Populations and Individuals

A population is a set of organisms of the same species living in a particular place and time. This simple definition begs the question of how to define “species,” since the traditional criterion that it be composed of “interbreeding” organisms is difficult or impossible to apply in many cases. Nevertheless, the definition works for most purposes. The key idea, to which we will return below, is that populations are composed of interacting individuals. An operational definition of the concept of ecological community is more elusive, however. One anonymous, but cynical, wag defined it as a set of populations about which it is interesting to speak. There is a frighteningly important element of truth in this definition. And we could accept it, provided community ecologists were never boring. This not always being the case, we content ourselves with the more typical definition: the set of co-occurring and interacting populations in a place. In practice, the set of populations and relations studied is often confined to specific taxa and ecological processes.
Impact of social mixing on beef and dairy cattle—A scoping review

Abstract Beef and dairy cattle are commonly housed in homogenous groups to help facilitate management. In order to achieve homogenous groups, producers will employ social mixing (i.e., commingling). Social mixing methods differ across operations and industries due to variation in cattle, infrastructure, management, and climate. Cattle are social creatures, therefore, social mixing is a psychological stressor. Social bonds and dominance hierarchies are disrupted when individuals are removed or added to a group. Thus, since social mixing is a welfare concern, and the practice has considerable variation, a review of the literature to evaluate the extent, range, and nature of research activity assessing social mixings impact on cattle behavior, health, physiology, and productivity was warranted. Searches of CAB Abstracts, AGRIS, Scopus, and SPAC performed prior to October 2019 resulted in 21 articles (22 studies) that evaluated the effects of social mixing on cattle. Socially mixed cattle had increased activity levels, spent less time resting, and increased performance of agonistic interactions, irrespective of social mixing and cattle characteristics. The majority of studies focused on cattle behavior responses to social mixing, thus there was little conclusive evidence that productivity, feeding behavior, physiological, health responses were impacted by social mixing. Yet, few studies assessed social mixing in a setting that closely resembled either modern beef or dairy production. This scoping review examined studies of varied cattle production types, sample sizes, cattle attributes, methodological approaches, and experimental design and presents areas of cattle social mixing research with solid evidence and the main research gaps.
Elite networks for environmental philanthropy: shaping environmental agendas in the twenty-first century

Examining all donations of one-million dollars or more to environmental and animal-related causes from 2000–10 in the U.S., this paper employs network methodologies to identify structural patterns ...
Does it help to talk about it? Co-rumination, internalizing symptoms, and committed action during the COVID-19 global pandemic

Abstract Co-rumination (defined as perseverative, negatively-focused discussions about problems) has been linked to internalizing symptoms, especially following psychosocial stress. The sudden outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during Spring 2020 may have been a common focus of co-rumination. Conceptualized within a contextual behavioral science framework, the current study examined pandemic-focused co-rumination and its components: co-brooding (i.e., passively dwelling on concerns and associated consequences and negative emotions in a dyadic context) and co-reflection (i.e., repetitively discussing problems dyadically to enhance insight). A total of 320 undergraduates (62 %, female, 37 % male, 1 % non-binary gender) completed an online survey from late April-early May 2020 shortly after their universities abruptly ended in-person instruction and removed students from campus. COVID-19-focused co-rumination (specifically co-brooding) was associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms. Co-brooding and co-reflection each moderated the association between COVID-19 stress exposure and a) internalizing symptoms (COVID-related fears and depressive symptoms) and b) committed action, but in opposite directions, with co-brooding predicting increased symptoms and decreased committed action, and co-reflection predicting the opposite. Results suggest that when the nature of social support-seeking discussions promote psychological flexibility via increased perspective and understanding (vs. dwelling on negative content of experiences), they may ameliorate emotional distress and promote committed action following stress exposure.
ABCL-226: Triple Whammy Hemolytic Anemia: Malaria, Cold and Warm Antibody

Introduction Autoimmune hemolytic anemias (AIHAs) are a group of disorders with warm-, cold-, or mixed-reactive antibodies against the red blood cell surface. AIHA is a disorder of hyperfunctioning B lymphocytes associated with immune-related disorders, infections, and other lymphoproliferative disorders. We describe a case of both warm and cold hemolytic anemia associated with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Case Report A 47-year-old gentleman from Liberia initially presented in October 2014 with severe fatigue. Evaluation revealed pelvic lymph node enlargement, hemoglobin 3.5 g/dl, indirect bilirubin 1.6 mg/dl, and haptoglobin Discussion Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia is a rare cause of anemia in DLBCL. More than 80% of cases are due to warm antibodies, and the incidence of cold antibodies is even rarer. In our case, initially, IgG warm antibodies and C3d cold antibodies were present; over time, IgG disappeared, and C3d persisted. He also had hemolysis secondary to Plasmodium reactivation. Although hemolysis was initially responsive to rituximab monotherapy, upon lymphoma recurrence, treatment with BR regimen resulted in simultaneous lymphoma remission and hemolysis control. Non-immune causes of hemolytic anemia and the recurrence of lymphoma should be considered in patients in whom hemolysis persists after treatment.
Standoff Detection of Solid Materials Using Laser Induced Fluorescence of Laser-Produced Plasmas

Selective and sensitive detection technologies for rapid identification of substances at standoff distances are ultimately important for a large number of applications. For example, standoff, rapid detection is the most desired capability for an analytical tool for identifying dangerous substances in the field such as high-energy explosives and radioactive nuclear materials. Currently extensive efforts are going on to use emission spectroscopy of laser-produced plasma (LPP) or Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for standoff detection. However, the sensitivity of LIBS is poorer compared to sampling based detection techniques (eg. mass-spectroscopy). In addition to this, the spectral resolution available for all emission based methods are limited to instrumental broadening of the detection system. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of LPPs can address these limitations.1 In LIF, a second laser is used to excite the lower-level or ground state population which exists during the entire lifespan of LPP even when the plasma is cooler in comparison with LIBS where hotter conditions are prerequisite for thermal excitation. By monitoring the plasma conditions at later times of its evolution there is a significant reduction in line broadening mechanisms in the plasma. The instrumental broadening with the LIF method is dictated by the linewidth of the probe laser, which for CW laser sources is very small (~ a few femtometers).
What Economic Complexity Theory Can Tell Us about the EU’s Pandemic Recovery and Resilience Plans (preprint)

A little over a year ago, the European Union’s (EU) political leaders agreed on an unprecedented fiscal package – dubbed ‘Next Generation EU’ – to aid Europe’s recovery from the pandemic. We analyze how economic complexity theories can be used for evaluating whether the recovery and resilience plans submitted by EU member states to receive this funding are well-designed. Assessing the case of Greece, we argue that investments should be tailored toward export-oriented sectors and aim to help close the country’s product complexity gap with other EU states.
The Informational Properties of Institutions: An Experimental Study of Persistence in Markets with Certification

Institutions that form to reduce moral hazard often eliminate discretion and pool the actions of heterogeneous agents. An unintended consequence of this pooling is that agents' types cannot be determined by their actions. While in the short run such mechanisms may be optimal, in the long run ineffcient institutions may persist because information about changes in the environment is lost. This paper studies a market with a moral hazard reducing certification technology. When certification is adopted, information embedded in market primitives is eliminated. This leads to the persistence of certification, an ineffcient institution that makes all participants weakly worse off.