cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Deicing Salts on Water Chemistry in Pinhook Bog, Indiana.

: A five-year study was conducted to identify the effects of road salt intrusion on the water chemistry of Pinhook Bog following operation of an uncovered salt storage pile adjacent to the bog for ten years. A distinct pattern of elevated salt concentrations was observed in the interstitial waters of the surface peat that corresponded to observed alterations in the bog vegetation. Yearly mean salt concentrations as high as 468 mg/l sodium and 1215 mg/l chloride were recorded in the plant root zone of the peat mat. The salt concentrations decreased significantly each year from 1979 to 1981 throughout the impacted area. Some increases of a lesser magnitude occurred in 1982 and 1983. Analysis of salt movements suggested that vertical transport by water movement was responsible for concentration changes. The major declines in salt levels occurred in the spring following snowmelt and heavy precipitation events. Evapotranspiration during periods of drought resulted in the gradual increases in surface peat salt concentrations. Diverted highway runoff was shown to be the major continuing source of sodium chloride contamination and was the likely source of the elevated calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, and pH levels also observed in the impacted area.
A Review of Synthetic Playing Surfaces, the Shoe-Surface Interface, and Lower Extremity Injuries in Athletes

The evolution of synthetic playing surfaces began in the 1960s and has had an impact on field use, shoe-surface dynamics, and the incidence of sports-related injuries. Modern third-generation turfs are being installed in recreational facilities and professional stadiums worldwide. Currently, > two-thirds of National Football League teams, > 100 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football teams, and > 1000 high schools in the United States have installed synthetic playing surfaces. Those in favor of such playing surfaces note their unique combination of versatility and durability; they can be used in both ideal and inclement weather conditions. However, the more widespread installation and use of these surfaces have raised questions and concerns regarding the impact of artificial turf on the type and severity of sports-related injuries. There appears to be no question that the shoe-surface interface has a significant impact on such injuries. Independent variables such as weather conditions, contact versus noncontact sport, shoe design, and field wear complicate many of the results reported in the literature, thereby preventing an accurate assessment of the true risk(s) associated with certain shoe-surface combinations. Historically, studies suggest that artificial turf is associated with a higher incidence of injury. Furthermore, reliable biomechanical data suggest that both the torque and strain experienced by lower extremity joints generated by artificial surfaces may be more than those generated by natural grass fields. Recent data from the National Football League support this theory and suggest that elite athletes may sustain more injuries, even when playing on the newer artificial surfaces. By contrast, some reports based on data collected from lower-level athletes suggest that artificial turf may protect against injury. This review discusses the history of artificial surfaces, the biomechanics of the shoe-surface interface, and some common turf-related lower extremity injuries.
Nondisease genetic testing: reporting of muscle SNPs shows effects on self-concept and health orientation scales

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of genetic self-knowledge (nondisease genotype information) on individual self-concept and Health Orientation Scale (HOS). Adult volunteers (n=257) were recruited from an ongoing genetic association study identifying muscle quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Participants completed psychosocial assessments before and after 12 weeks of resistance training of the nondominant arm. At study exit, a genetic counselor informed participants of genetic test results on three to four genes that have an association with muscle-related traits, and counseled subjects on the potential significance of these findings. The second psychosocial assessment was performed immediately following this counseling session. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale v.2 (TSCS:2) and the HOS showed female subjects to have a significantly greater positive change between first and second assessments, relative to male subjects. Most self-concept subscales improved significantly, when 'neutral' genotypes (no anticipated beneficial or deleterious impact) were reported, compared to positive genotypes. TSCS:2 subscales showing improvement included: total (P=0.013); physical (P=0.004); satisfaction (P=0.019); and behavioral (P=0.047). HOS subscales showing improvement included health image concern (P=0.006); and health expectations (P=0.047). In conclusion, these results suggest that genetic self-knowledge affects self-concept, consistent with the 'attribution' theory. Individuals who received neutral genetic information attributed positive changes from the exercise program to their own abilities, while those who received positive information were more likely to attribute positive changes to their genetics. This study is limited by the ability to determine the direction of the impact of nondisease genetic information presented to participants.
Sensitive mid-infrared detection in wide-bandgap semiconductors using extreme non-degenerate two-photon absorption

Identifying strong and fast nonlinearities for today’s photonic applications is an ongoing effort 1 . Materials 2–5 and devices 6–9 are typically sought to achieve increasing nonlinear interactions. We report large enhancement of two-photon absorption through intrinsic resonances using extremely non-degenerate photon pairs. We experimentally demonstrate two-photon absorption enhancements by factors of 100–1,000 over degenerate two-photon absorption in direct-bandgap semiconductors. This enables gated detection of sub-bandgap and sub-100 pJ mid-infrared radiation using large-bandgap detectors at room temperature. Detection characteristics are comparable in performance to liquid-nitrogen-cooled HgCdTe (MCT) detectors. The temporal resolution of this gated detection by two-photon absorption is determined by the gating pulse duration.
The Community and the World

It's getting hard to remember that there was a time, not too long ago, when urban community studies, and urban ethnography in general, were on the margins of U.S. sociology. Streetwise multimethod studies of the urban communities were one of the founding traditions of U.S. social science, yet by the time I entered graduate school at the end of the 1970s, this sort of work was decidedly on the outs. Of course, we all read the classic urban community studies. And the leading practitioners of the fieldworker's craft were much honored as elder statesmen and states women. Yet few ambitious young scholars were encouraged to follow in their footsteps. Ethnography was at the height of its postmodern crisis of confidence, and what had begun as admirable reflexivity was fast turning into the paralysis of autoethnographic self-absorption. Cutting-edge urban social theory assured us that the very notion of community was a "myth," and insisted our focus should be on global processes of production, accu mulation, and consumption. And for sociology's then increasingly quanti tative "mainstream," community-based field work seemed as quaint as the counter-sorter. Not bad for its day, perhaps, but a prescientific blend of insight, hunches, and slow-paced journalism that, in light of advances in quantitative technique, was decidedly outmoded. Things have changed. Starting in the mid 1980s, mainstream sociol ogy began to pay renewed attention to poverty and the role urban neigh borhoods played in it. Shortly thereafter, the growth of immigrant communities burst onto the agenda. Many of the researchers engaging these topics had backgrounds in quantitative or policy-oriented research, yet they were frustrated that the questions they were asking about "neigh borhood effects" and other local processes could not really be addressed using quantitative techniques alone. Soon we were hearing calls for a
A Paleontology Primer for Oncologists

Just as a blazing meteor wiped out large dinosaurs, health care reform may eliminate solo practitioners.
The Effect of Interfering Signals on the Performance of Angle of Arrival Estimates

The performance of angle of arrival estimates using an array in the presence of interfering signals is evaluated using the Cramer-Rao bound. To do this, a model for interference is developed which presents the interference as narrowband, temporally white, but spatially correlated, noise. The bound is evaluated and it is shown to depend upon the ambiguity function of the array and spatial correlation matrix of the noise plus interference. Motivation of the model in the context of air traffic control and sonar surveillance is presented.
Single-Particle Density of States of a Superconductor with a Spatially Varying Gap and Phase Fluctuations

Recent experiments have shown that the superconducting energy gap in some cuprates is spatially inhomogeneous. Motivated by these experiments, and using exact diagonalization of a model $d$-wave Hamiltonian, combined with Monte Carlo simulations of a Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional, we have calculated the single-particle local density of states LDOS $(\ensuremath{\omega},r)$ of a model high-${\mathrm{T}}_{c}$ superconductor as a function of temperature. Our calculations include both quenched disorder in the pairing potential and thermal fluctuations in both phase and amplitude of the superconducting gap. Most of our calculations assume two types of superconducting regions: $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ with a small gap and large superfluid density, and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ with the opposite. If the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ regions are randomly embedded in an $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ host, the LDOS on the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ sites still has a sharp coherence peak at $T=0$, but the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ component does not, in agreement with experiment. An ordered arrangement of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ regions leads to oscillations in the LDOS as a function of energy. The model leads to a superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ well below the pseudogap temperature ${T}_{c0}$ and has a spatially varying gap at very low $T$, both consistent with experiments in underdoped Bi2212. Our calculated LDOS $(\ensuremath{\omega},r)$ shows coherence peaks for $Tl{T}_{c}$, which disappear for $Tg{T}_{c}$, in agreement with previous work considering phase but not amplitude fluctuations in a homogeneous superconductor. Well above ${T}_{c}$, the gap in the LDOS disappears.
Forecasting Stock Prices Using a Hierarchical Bayesian Approach

The Ohlson model is evaluated using quarterly data from stocks in the Dow Jones Index. A hierarchical Bayesian approach is developed to simultaneously estimate the unknown coefficients in the time series regression model for each company by pooling information across firms. Both estimation and prediction are carried out by the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Our empirical results show that our forecast based on the hierarchical Bayes method is generally adequate for future prediction, and improves upon the classical method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fructose oligosaccharides in monocotyledons: A possible delimitation of the order liliales

Abstract Stems from 198 species representing 165 genera of 46 monocotyledonous families were examined for the presence of fructose oligosaccharides. Aside from occurring in the subfamily Festucoideae of the Poaceae, in Cyperaceae and in Zostera marina of the Zosteraceae, the sugars were found exclusively in some closely related liliaceous families. These are the Agavaceae, Alstromeriaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Cyanastraceae, Haemodoraceae, Iridaceae, Liliaceae, Ruscaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. On the other hand, the fructosides were not detected in representatives of certain families whose placement in the order Liliales is controversial or dubious. These are the Dioscoreaceae, Philesiaceae, Philydraceae, Pontederiaceae, Smilacaceae, Stemonaceae, Taccaceae and Velloziaceae. These findings support the assertion of some systematists that these latter families should perhaps not be placed in the order.
Development of an intelligent structural damage assessment system: Preliminary results

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the overall goal of the project, which is to develop a structural damage assessment system (ISDAS) to quantify the damage due to different sources in aging structures, estimate the severity of the quantified damage, and integrate the developments into an intelligent system so that it can be used to empirically predict fatigue failure and fatigue life of aging materials and structures. The ISDAS program uses analytical/neural network solutions to predict the residual strength, fatigue crack-initiation, fatigue crack-growth, and fatigue life based on several user defined failure criteria. The framework of the ISDAS program is designed in such a way that it is user friendly and has limited graphics capabilities. The developed system is tested against the experimental and analytical data and preliminary results were found to be in good agreement. Currently, this system is being extended to include an optimization method to determine the safety index of an aged structure. The overall software system is written in JAVA environment and can be easily portable.
Knowledge Based Tools for Reusable ADA Software

Based on a research program at Georgia State University on software reusability and metrics, an investigation is being made into library tools for managing Ada Reusable Software Components (RSC’s). The effort is directed towards the development and evaluation of library tools that will be useful in managing libraries of Ada RSC’s. A major focus of the work, and the primary subject for this paper, is the development of a Knowledge Based Software Assistant (KBSA) to ease the transition from informal to formal requirements and specifications. This system will interact with the user in a domain specific limited natural language to generate a set of formal specifications or requirements in one of the currently used formalisms. We plan to interface this system with our RSC storage and retrieval system, which was presented in the companion paper.
Native Copper, Silver, and Gold Accessible to Early Metallurgists

The weathered zones of ore deposits, which no longer exist, are reconstructed by inference to provide estimates of relative abundances of usable nuggets of native copper, silver, and gold in ancient times. New analyses and selected data from the literature summarize metallic impurities in native copper, silver, gold, and lead and in the oxidized copper minerals, oxide, silicate, carbonate, chloride, and sulfate, together with impurities in lead carbonate and silver halide minerals. The influence that these occurrences and compositions exerted upon the origin and development of metallurgy in Mesoamerica and South America is discussed in relation to new analyses of artifacts and selected data from the literature. Topics emphasized are: the discovery of smelting and melting by the Moche; the inability of New World metallurgists to smelt copper from sulfide ores or silver from lead ores; and the lack of influence by transoceanic contacts. This paper is contribution number 1702 of the Division of Geological Sciences, C.I.T.
Prevailing Intermolecular Bonding for Dinitrotoluene Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111)

The self-assembly of 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene was investigated on Au(111) surfaces using a combined experimental and density functional theory approach. Well-ordered monolayers were observed with rectangular unit cells commensurate with the Au substrate along the next-nearest-neighbor direction. The unit cell is made of two molecules per cell in an unusual vertical configuration, driven by a strong dipole–dipole interaction between molecules and with lesser interaction with the substrate. van der Waals density functional theory models of bonding in the molecular layer show strong intermolecular interactions that dominate over substrate interactions with cohesive energies near 24 kcal/mol. The calculations are corroborated by temperature-programmed desorption experiments and demonstrate that intermolecular interactions dominate the self-assembly of this molecular adsorption system. Both dipole–dipole and van der Waals interactions are significant contributors to the bonding, and the importance of van de...
Dynamics of Solvent-Mediated Electron Localization in Electronically Excited Hexacyanoferrate(III)

We have used polarization-resolved UV pump–mid-IR probe spectroscopy to investigate the dynamics of electron hole localization for excited-state ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) excitation in Fe(CN)63–. The initially generated LMCT excited state has a single CN-stretch absorption band with no anisotropy. This provides strong evidence that this initial excited state preserves the octahedral symmetry of the electronic ground state by delocalizing the ligand hole in the LMCT excited state on all six cyanide ligands. This delocalized LMCT excited state decays to a second excited state with two CN-stretch absorption bands. We attribute both peaks to a single excited state because the formation time for both peaks matches the decay time for the delocalized LMCT excited state. The presence of two CN-stretch absorption bands demonstrates that this secondary excited state has lower symmetry. This observation, in conjunction with the solvent-dependent time constant for the formation of the secondary excited s...
A Bernsteinian Analysis of Content Area Literacy

This article examines two approaches to teaching content area literacy: a strategies approach focused on general practices of reading and writing and a disciplinary approach attuned to the particular discourses of particular domains. Basil Bernstein’s theory of the pedagogic device is used to critique both approaches’ assumptions about content area literacy. Neither approach, it is argued, accounts for the ways content areas bring together discourses from multiple fields. The strategies approach, for instance, does not account for the ways literacies in different content areas are bound up with different discourses. The disciplinary approach, on the other hand, conflates content area discourses with university and professional discourses. At the same time, the disciplinary approach minimizes content area discourses’ connections to the discourses of domains such as the public sphere and everyday life. At the end of the article, Bernstein’s ideas are used to formulate questions content area teachers might c...
ROP: A Cautionary Tale: What We Know and What We Think We Know

Retinopathy of prematurity is a complex disease with many subtleties and considerable individual variation. In order to obtain highly reliable evidence as to the nature of ROP, rigorous, randomized, controlled, multicenter trials that enroll a large number of eligible subjects are required. Fortunately, such trials have been conducted and have yielded a wealth of information. It is essential to critically evaluate these trials as well as other levels of scientific evidence to determine what our current state of knowledge is. This review focuses on what we know as fact and what may be common practice or empirical knowledge not based on rigorous evidence.
Aerobic microbial Fe acquisition from ferrihydrite nanoparticles: effects of crystalline order, siderophores, and alginate.

This research compared the bioavailability of Fe associated with two forms of the hydrous Fe oxyhydroxide nanomineral ferrihydrite (Fh)—the smaller (1–3 nm), less ordered 2-line (2L) phase and the slightly larger, (2–6 nm) more ordered 6-line (6L) phase—to the common aerobic soil bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina ymp. P. mendocina can acquire Fe from minerals using high-affinity Fe(III) binding ligands known as siderophores and a cell-associated metalloreductase that requires direct cell-mineral contact. Wild-type (WT) P. mendocina and a siderophore(−) mutant were used to monitor siderophore −related and −independent Fe acquisition from 2L and 6L Fh. Both WT and mutant strains acquired Fe from Fh, although Fe acquisition and growth were substantially greater on the 2L phase than on the 6L phase. In the absence of bacteria, copious quantities of the biofilm exopolysaccharide alginate slightly promoted dissolution of 2L and 6L Fh. In biotic experiments, added alginate slightly enhanced growth and Fe acquisiti...
Multiple sclerosis: Fingolimod failure in progressive MS INFORMS future trials

Fingolimod is approved for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), and evidence suggests that it has neuroprotective effects. The recent INFORMS phase III trial in primary progressive MS demonstrated no beneficial effects of fingolimod on disability progression or whole-brain atrophy, but provides important information for future therapeutic development.
Ulcerative colitis and its treatment

Ulcerative colitis and its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical findings, complications, treatment, and prognosis are reviewed. Ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory disease of unknown origin that varies in severity and clinical course, occurs most often in patients 30 to 70 years old. It appears to have a genetic component and to involve the immunological system. The cardinal symptom is usually bloody diarrhea, and the disease may be classified by either the severity of an attack, the clinical course, or by anatomic localization of inflammation. Initial treatment of ulcerative colitis generally includes corticosteroids administered either rectally, orally, or parenterally. Oral sulfasalazine has been found useful in treating this condition and is often used for prolonged therapy to prevent relapses. Azathioprine, cromolyn sodium, antidiarrheal/anticholinergic agents, and nutritional supplements are used at times. Surgery is indicated under certain conditions and usually involves panproctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy. The prognosis of ulcerative colitis depends upon the age of the patient, the extent of colonic involvement, and the severity of the attach.
Analysis of Hemorrhage Volumes After Angiogram-Negative Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background Antiplatelet medication use is associated with worsened outcome after angiogram-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It has been hypothesized that these worsened outcomes may be the result of an association between antiplatelet medication use and increased hemorrhage volumes after angiogram-negative SAH. To test this hypothesis, we performed volumetric analysis of computed tomography (CT)-defined hemorrhage after angiogram-negative SAH. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients presenting with nontraumatic, angiogram-negative SAH in the Columbia University Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Outcomes database between 2000 and 2013. SAH volumes on admission head CT scans were measured using the MIPAV software package, version 7.20 in a semiautomated fashion. Results A total of 108 presenting CT scans from patients with angiogram-negative SAH were analyzed. The mean hemorrhage volume was 14.3 mL in the patients with a history of antiplatelet medication use, compared with 6.8 mL in those with no history of antiplatelet use. This difference was found to be significant (P = 0.0029). Conclusions Antiplatelet medication use is associated with increased SAH volumes in patients with angiogram-negative SAH. Increased hemorrhage volumes may contribute to poor outcomes in this patient population. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm this association.
β-Endorphin: initial clinical studies

β-endorphin is an endogenous opiate-like peptide isolated from human pituitary glands in 1976 by Li and associates (Li et al. 1976). Subsequently, human) β-endorphin has been synthesized (Li et al. 1977), and its pharmacological effects extensively studied (see Loh and Li, 1977). In animal studies, one of the most consistent observations is that) β-endorphin has antinociceptive properties (Li et al. 1976, 1977; Loh et al. 1976; Meglio et al. 1977; Cox et al. 1976; Feldberg and Smyth, 1977). Tolerance to, and physical dependence on 0-endorphin have been demonstrated (Wei and Loh, 1976; Tseng et al. 1976c; van Ree et al. 1976; Hosobuchi et al. 1977), and it will inhibit the jumping response associated with abrupt withdrawal of morphine in mice (Tseng et al. 1976a). On the basis of the studies cited above, it is reasonable to anticipate that 0-endorphin may possess analgesic activity in man, and that it may suppress the narcotic abstinence syndrome. In this chapter we discuss our experience (Catlin et al. 1977; 1978) with the intravenous (i.v.) administration of synthetic human) β-endorphin to human subjects with pain and to narcotic addicts undergoing abrupt withdrawal of methadone.
Thermodynamic Fluctuations in “Zero-Dimensional” Superconductors

We have examined the magnetic superconducting transition of ensembles of very small insulated aluminum particles. These particles can be viewed as zero-dimensional superconductors in the sense that all dimensions are less than the superconducting coherence length ξ. The purpose of these measurements was to investigate the effect of thermodynamic fluctuations on the superconducting transition. The experiment was motivated by the prediction that the magnitude of the effect of such fluctuations relative to the mean-field transition (without fluctuations) would be very large. Also, the width of the true critical region as specified by Ginzburg,1 where the mean-field theory should no longer be valid, should become experimentally accessible in sufficiently small particles. This region has hitherto never been accessible in a superconducting system.
Design and Implementation of a Smart Irrigation System for Improved Water-Energy Efficiency

Although water, in some parts of the world is as abundant as the air that we breathe, it is still a precious resource in dry regions. Such regions must use it carefully and efficiently because of its scarcity. However, the irrigation systems are still wasteful as they unnecessarily flood the farms. This results into wastage of water and energy that is used for pumping the water. With the improvement of the technological infrastructure, effective management of water usage and power consumption of irrigation systems can be achieved. This can be done by enabling the irrigation system to identify specific areas to irrigate. This paper presents a smart irrigation system that uses environmental information to determine when and where irrigation is required. The system is comprised of microcontroller, sensors and integration of water pumps with the decision making system. A truth table is developed to help the system determine the necessity to irrigate based on the collected environment information. The sensors narrow down the location that requires irrigation and the decision-making system activates sprinklers. In this fashion, water is given to dry locations of the field, already damp locations are not irrigated and this results efficient water use. Different parameters used, i.e. temperature, humidity and moisture, makes it possible to adjust the system according to the needs of a particular location.
Tree-Related Injuries Associated With Response and Recovery From Hurricane Sandy, New Jersey, 2011-2014.

Objectives:Extreme weather events require extensive tree removal and disposal, tasks associated with severe injury risks among workers and residents. To help understand the risks of such activities...
Where One Size Does Not Fit All: Small Community Diversity

Using a community classification based on key demographic and geographic factors and data from the U.S. Census, analyses from 212 small communities indicate significant interand intra-state differences. The communities studied were located in two states within the North Central Region. The sample was limited to incorporated places with populations between 1,000 and 2,500. Several commonly-held ideas about small communities are either challenged or confirmed by this research. Similarities and differences among the communities as well as between the states support the conclusion that small communities have diverse characteristics. Not all small communities ofthis size are geographically isolatedplaces with declining population. While many small communities have a large proportion oftheir residents age 65 or older, not all do. Finally, while most small communities are populated by large proportions ofwhite residents, some small communities have growing minority populations. The diversity ofsmall communities has substantial implications for public policy decisions such as the allocation ofCommunity Development Block Grant funding or the distribution ofservices for community residents. Recommendations for future research directions are also
VNIR Spectroscopy Estimates of Within-Field Variability in Soil Properties

Over the last three decades or more, researchers have estimated soil properties using visible and near-infrared (VNIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), with varying results. Using VNIR DRS for estimating soil property variation within fields is particularly challenging, because in many cases the variation in the property of interest may be relatively small and because of the need to deal with spatially correlated data. In this study, we used VNIR DRS to estimate the variability in soil physical and chemical properties within a typical production field in north-east Missouri, USA. Soil samples were obtained to 15 cm depth on a 30 m grid spacing, plus at a number of random sampling locations. Laboratory analyses were conducted for sand, silt, and clay fractions, organic matter, pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). VNIR reflectance of dried and sieved samples was obtained in the laboratory using a spectrometer with a wavelength range from 350 to 2,500 nm. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to estimate soil properties from spectra, both for the full range and for subset wavelength ranges above and below 1,000 nm. A regression kriging approach was used to account for spatial dependence. We found that for these soils, an NIR-only instrument (1,000–2,500 nm) would be able to quantify CEC, organic matter, and texture with accuracy similar to that from a VNIR (350–2,500 nm) instrument. Some soil properties, including CEC and pH, were well estimated with PLS regression, while others, including organic matter, were not. Coupling regression kriging with PLS regression improved estimates in some cases, but was not as effective as has been reported in some other studies. More advanced calibration methods should be investigated for their ability to improve within-field VNIR DRS results on these soils.
Leisure Studies is for Experience, Not Industry

AbstractIn the last decade, some in the field of leisure studies have embraced the experience economy/industry model introduced by Pine and Gilmore (2011) in the late 1990s. While tenets of the experience industry can be found earlier in leisure studies, especially in regards to programing and event management, the idea that experiences should be manufactured for leisurists has become in vogue. This is clearly evidenced by programs at Brigham Young University and California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, which have both changed their departmental names to reflect the embrace of this ethos. This article critiques the experience industry model and points out the collateral damage that will befall the field, and society, if the concept is embraced throughout the field.
Extending authenticity: Going corporate in a craft market

Abstract Authenticity is a critical feature of a brand’s quality, integrity, and reputation. Scholars maintain that craft companies face a legitimacy crisis after an acquisition because customers question the brand’s authenticity. Significantly less is known about fan loyalty after a buyout. This article tracks the strategies and conditions that enable the extension of authenticity in the move from a craft to a corporate identity. Qualitative case study analysis indicates that consumers are pursuing new contexts to signal superiority and accrue cultural capital. Producer-consumer relations, what I call artisan kinship and craft celebrity, allow for the affirmation of uniqueness and attainment of status. Evolving trends in the procurement and display of cachet have created opportunities for entrepreneurs to avoid criticism of inauthentic behavior.
Research on Quick Distributed Feeder Automation for Fast Fault Isolation/Self-healing in Distribution Network

The traditional centralized feeder automation must rely on the master station. It takes a long time to deal with the fault, and there is a short power outage in the non-fault area of the distribution network. Thus this paper researches the quick distributed feeder automation (QDFA) for fast fault isolation and self-healing in distribution network and analyses the constraint of the distribution network reliability. It is considered that the QDFA is one of the important ways to improve the reliability of distribution network. This paper proposes the definition, technical condition and implementation principle of the QDFA and builds a distribution network model in the Real Time Digital Simulator(RTDS).The examples are verified by experiments and there has been successful fault isolation and self-healing case in distribution network by QDFA in JiangBei new area, NanJing, China. It shows that the QDFA has the characteristic of fast fault treatment and can effectively improve the reliability of distribution network.
Developing an Understanding of Emotion Categories: Lessons from Objects

How and when infants and young children begin to develop emotion categories is not yet well understood. Research has largely treated the learning problem as one of identifying perceptual similarities among exemplars (typically posed, stereotyped facial configurations). However, recent meta-analyses and reviews converge to suggest that emotion categories are abstract, involving high-dimensional and situationally variable instances. In this paper we consult research on the development of abstract object categorization to guide hypotheses about how infants might learn abstract emotion categories because the two domains present infants with similar learning challenges. In particular, we consider how a developmental cascades framework offers opportunities to understand how and when young children develop emotion categories.
How do supervisors assess and develop professional dispositions among counselors in vocational rehabilitation agencies? A qualitative inquiry

Evolving accreditation standards have prompted interest in the role of professional dispositions (PDs) in rehabilitation counselor education and practice. The purpose of this study was to explore (...
Statistical modeling of electrowetting-induced droplet coalescence for condensation applications

Abstract Coalescence of water droplets strongly influences dropwise condensation on hydrophobic surfaces. This work reports a study on experimental data-based statistical modeling to predict the coalescence dynamics of an ensemble of water droplets under the influence of an electrowetting (EW) field. Previous related studies have primarily used high speed visualization to characterize coalescence. However, this study uses statistical modeling to analyze the parameter space associated with EW-induced coalescence, noting that physics-based modeling of EW-induced coalescence is challenging. The objective of this study is to quantify the influence of the applied voltage, frequency of the AC waveform and the geometry of the EW device on two parameters related to droplet coalescence (droplet radius enhancement and reduction in wetted area). Multiple supervised learning techniques are used to identify dominant variables and statistically model the influence of these variables on coalescence. Data for the statistical models is obtained via image analysis from coalescence experiments. The statistical models lead to a reference tool to predict droplet coalescence-related parameters versus the applied voltage and electrode geometry. Importantly, data analysis shows that droplet coalescence is independent of the AC frequency; this conclusion would be challenging to infer from conventional analysis. It is also seen that an EW field significantly narrows the droplet size distribution. Overall, this study leads to a detailed understanding of the factors that impact EW-induced coalescence and provides a tool (which matches experimental data) to predict the change in droplet size distribution. These findings are key to quantifying the influence of EW on condensation rates and heat transfer. This work leverages the large amount of data from experiments to develop statistical analysis-based predictive models. This approach can be utilized for predictive modeling of other data-rich but complex physical phenomena.
Municipal stakeholders’ perceptions of the importance and outcomes of multi-sector recreation partnerships

Research Question: Recreation partnerships, often characterized by the pooling, exchange, or sharing of resources, information, capabilities, or initiatives, may help communities to more effectivel...
Meet the parents: Parental interactions, social influences, and college drinking

Previous research suggests that, even in college, parents influence the alcohol consumption of their children directly and indirectly through peers. However, research has not tested whether face-to-face interactions with parents buffer students against social influences on drinking. In the current study, 1168 undergraduate students selected 5 people they contact regularly and then completed a 30-day daily diary reporting on interactions with those people and drinking behavior. The 401 students who selected a parent drank less and less often than those who did not select a parent as a frequent contact. In addition, on evenings when these students had met with their parents, they drank less alcohol and the association between others' drinking and participant drinking was weakened. This adds to evidence suggesting that parents continue to influence emerging adults after they have left home and may be helpful in informing future intervention efforts.
Serious neonatal morbidities are associated with differences in DNA methylation among very preterm infants

Infants born very preterm are more likely to experience neonatal morbidities compared to their term peers. Variations in DNA methylation (DNAm) associated with these morbidities may yield novel information about the processes impacted by these morbidities. This study included 532 infants born < 30 weeks gestation, participating in the Neonatal Neurobehavior and Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants study. We used a neonatal morbidity risk score, which was an additive index of the number of morbidities experienced during the NICU stay, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe brain injury, serious neonatal infections, and severe retinopathy of prematurity. DNA was collected from buccal cells at discharge from the NICU, and DNAm was measured using the Illumina MethylationEPIC. We tested for differential methylation in association with the neonatal morbidity risk score then tested for differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and overrepresentation of biological pathways. We identified ten differentially methylated CpGs (α Bonferroni-adjusted for 706,278 tests) that were associated with increasing neonatal morbidity risk scores at three intergenic regions and at HPS4, SRRD, FGFR1OP, TNS3, TMEM266, LRRC3B, ZNF780A, and TENM2. These mostly followed dose–response patterns, for 8 CpGs increasing DNAm associated with increased numbers of morbidities, while for 2 CpGs the risk score was associated with decreasing DNAm. BPD was the most substantial contributor to differential methylation. We also identified seven potential DMRs and over-representation of genes involved in Wnt signaling; however, these results were not significant after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing. Neonatal DNAm, within genes involved in fibroblast growth factor activities, cellular invasion and migration, and neuronal signaling and development, are sensitive to the neonatal health complications of prematurity. We hypothesize that these epigenetic features may be representative of an integrated marker of neonatal health and development and are promising candidates to integrate with clinical information for studying developmental impairments in childhood.
Cigarette Smoke Triggers Loss of Corneal Endothelial Cells and Disruption of Descemet's Membrane Proteins in Mice.

Purpose To investigate changes at a molecular level in the mouse corneal endothelium (CE) exposed to chronic cigarette smoke (CS). Methods Pregnant mice (gestation days 18-20) were placed in a whole-body exposure smoking chamber, and a few days later pups were born. After 3.5 months of CS exposure, a ConfoScan4 scanning microscope was used to examine the corneal endothelial cells (CECs) of CS-exposed and control (Ct) mice. The CE was peeled under a microscope and maintained as four biological replicates (two male and two female) for CS-exposed and Ct mice; each replicate consisted of 16 CEs. The proteome of the CE was investigated through mass spectrometry. Results The CE images of CS-exposed and Ct mice revealed a difference in the shape of CECs accompanied by a nearly 10% decrease in CEC density (P < 0.00003) following CS exposure. Proteome profiling identified a total of 524 proteins exhibiting statistically significant changes in CE from CS-exposed mice. Importantly, proteins associated with Descemet's membrane (DM), including COL4α1, COL4α2, COL4α3, COL4α4, COL4α5, COL4α6, COL8α1, COL8α2, and FN1, among others, exhibited diminished protein levels in the CE of CS-exposed mice. Conclusions Our data confirm that exposure to CS results in reduced CEC density accompanied by diminished levels of multiple collagen and extracellular matrix proteins associated with DM.
Investigation of Aromatic Voltage Stabilizers for Enhancing High Voltage Stability of Epoxy for Power Electronics

Drive train electrification in automotive industry has become the general trend in recent years. As crucial components in the encapsulation and isolation of future wide-bandgap semiconductor-based power cards, epoxy resin and its composites face great challenges from the high voltage operation. This work provides an exploration into employing a group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules with varied number of aromatic rings, namely naphthalene, anthracene and pyrene, as voltage stabilizers in epoxy resin. The conjugated $\pi$ system can be excited by the incoming high energy electrons, thus absorbing their kinetic energy which endangers the polymer integrity. The UV-Vis spectra of the compounds were recorded to illustrate the energy absorbing behavior, and the effects of these additives on epoxy curing, glass transition temperature and dielectric properties are presented. In the study, pyrene was found to enhance the breakdown voltage of the epoxy film.
Spin-orbital coupling effects on light-emitting properties in organic and perovskite materials through orbital and spin polarizations in spontaneous and stimulated emission

This presentation will present our recent studies on spin-orbital coupling (SOC) effects of light-emitting properties in organic and perovskite materials. In general, SOC generates two fundamental outcomes: (i) spin flipping in the absence of orbital momentum and (ii) Rashba effects in the existence of orbital momentum. The former and latter play a critical role in controlling light-emitting properties. In organic materials, this presentation will discuss the new mechanism of forming SOC from amorphous charge-transfer states in the absence of heavy-metal complex structures. Essentially, a charge-transfer state simultaneously possesses internally-interacting electrical dipole and spin dipole, providing the fundamental possibility to generate an electric-magnetic coupling phenomenon functioning as an artificially-formed SOC, towards realizing a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in organic molecules. In perovskites, this presentation will discuss the orbit-orbit interaction
IFN-Gamma Inhibits JC Virus Replication in Glial Cells by Suppressing T-Antigen Expression.

Objective Patients undergoing immune modulatory therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, and individuals with an impaired-immune system, most notably AIDS patients, are in the high risk group of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often lethal disease of the brain characterized by lytic infection of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) with JC virus (JCV). The immune system plays an important regulatory role in controlling JCV reactivation from latent sites by limiting viral gene expression and replication. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms responsible for this regulation. Methods and Results Here, we investigated the impact of soluble immune mediators secreted by activated PBMCs on viral replication and gene expression by cell culture models and molecular virology techniques. Our data revealed that viral gene expression and viral replication were suppressed by soluble immune mediators. Further studies demonstrated that soluble immune mediators secreted by activated PBMCs inhibit viral replication induced by T-antigen, the major viral regulatory protein, by suppressing its expression in glial cells. This unexpected suppression of T-antigen was mainly associated with the suppression of translational initiation. Cytokine/chemokine array studies using conditioned media from activated PBMCs revealed several candidate cytokines with possible roles in this regulation. Among them, only IFN-γ showed a robust inhibition of T-antigen expression. While potential roles for IFN-β, and to a lesser extent IFN-α have been described for JCV, IFN-γ has not been previously implicated. Further analysis of IFN-γ signaling pathway revealed a novel role of Jak1 signaling in control of viral T-antigen expression. Furthermore, IFN-γ suppressed JCV replication and viral propagation in primary human fetal glial cells, and showed a strong anti-JCV activity. Conclusions Our results suggest a novel role for IFN-γ in the regulation of JCV gene expression via downregulation of the major viral regulatory protein, T-antigen, and provide a new avenue of research to understand molecular mechanisms for downregulation of viral reactivation that may lead to development of novel strategies for the treatment of PML.
Status Preferences, Consumption-Income Sensitivity, and Portfolio Choice

Contrary to the predictions of traditional life-cycle models, households do not engage in perfect consumption smoothing. Similarly, weak evidence of income hedging runs against standard portfolio theory. We link these two puzzles by proposing a model in which investors derive utility from consumption and income status. In contrast to the traditional life-cycle model, status conscious investors use financial assets to either over- or under-hedge income fluctuations, depending on whether they treat consumption and status as complements or substitutes. We confirm the predictions of the status preference model using data from the PSID, and find that status preferences empirically affect the income hedging motive in household portfolio decisions.