cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of standard criteria for assessment of cancer vaccines

Excitement in the immunotherapy of cancer has never been greater. Objective clinical responses are now seen in about 50% of patients treated with the adoptive transfer of antitumour T cells after non-myeloablative chemotherapy. 1 Objective and often complete regressions of large, established, highly vascularised tumours are also seen in mice treated with a current adoptive immunotherapy regimen, when used in conjunction with appropriate antigen stimulation and cytokines. 2,3 Much progress has been made in the immunotherapy of cancer. Although the development of cancer vaccines is a promising area of experimental work, no current cancer vaccine used alone has induced significant objective clinical responses in patients. 4 There remains some confusion about this point because many reports on the clinical status of cancer vaccines do not use standard criteria for the assessment of clinical responses. Mocellin and colleagues’ recent Review on vaccines for solid tumours in the November, 2004, issue of The Lancet Oncology is an example of a report that fails to use rigorously standard, agreed criteria. 5 These sorts of errors are most evident in webtable 1 of their review. It is important that standard oncological criteria are used so that researchers can compare results and so that practicing physicians can make enlightened choices about how best to treat their patients. In oncology, the most commonly used criteria are those set forth by the International Union Against Cancer and WHO, which define an objective clinical response as a reduction of at least 50% in the sum of the product of perpendicular diameters of all tumours, without the growth of any tumour by more than 25% and without the appearance of any new tumours. 6 Another set of criteria, designated response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST), is in many ways similar to the WHO criteria and designates that an objective response can be declared if there is at least a 30% reduction in the longest diameters of all target lesions. In the RECIST criteria, no target lesion can grow by 20% or more and no new lesions can appear. 7 It is obvious that a clear-eyed perspective on cancer vaccines is needed if we are to make real progress. It is important with use of these standard criteria that responses cannot automatically be attributed to the effect of a cancer vaccine when patients are treated simultaneously with other known and effective therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, interleukin 2, or radiotherapy. Evidence of the effectiveness of a response to a cancer vaccine (or any other experimental treatment) cannot be proved in patients unless the appropriate controls are included.
Anti-basement membrane autoantibodies in patients with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid bind the alpha subunit of laminin 5.

Recent studies have identified a group of cicatricial pemphigoid patients who have IgG anti-basement membrane autoantibodies that recognize epiligrin, a set of disulfide-linked polypeptides closely related if not identical to laminin 5 (formerly called kalinin, nicein, or BM600). To further understand the pathophysiology of blister formation in these patients, we have sought to identify the specific polypeptide(s) targeted by their autoantibodies. Comparative studies show that sera from these patients (nine of nine), P1E1 monoclonal anti-epiligrin antibody, and polyclonal as well as monoclonal anti-laminin 5 antibodies immunoprecipitate the same set of disulfide-linked polypeptides from media of biosynthetically radiolabeled human keratinocytes. Moreover, sera from eight of nine patients with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid immunoblot the α subunit of laminin 5 but show no reactivity to its β or γ subunits. In addition, circulating IgG from a representative patient was affinity-purified against the α subunit of laminin 5 and shown to bind the dermal side of 1 M NaCl split skin in the same manner as autoantibodies from all patients with anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid. Sera from patients with bullous pemphigoid (n = 5), other forms of cicatricial pemphigoid (n = 5), epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (n = 4), or bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 1) show no reactivity against any subunit of this laminin isoform in immunoprecipitation or immunoblot experiments. These findings correlate with prior reports showing that a monoclonal antibody directed against the α subunit of laminin 5 (i.e., laminin subunit α3) induces detachment of human keratinocytes from extracellular matrix in vitro as well as epidermis from human skin in situ .
Aquifer environment selects for microbial species cohorts in sediment and groundwater

Little is known about the biogeography or stability of sediment-associated microbial community membership because these environments are biologically complex and generally difficult to sample. High-throughput-sequencing methods provide new opportunities to simultaneously genomically sample and track microbial community members across a large number of sampling sites or times, with higher taxonomic resolution than is associated with 16 S ribosomal RNA gene surveys, and without the disadvantages of primer bias and gene copy number uncertainty. We characterized a sediment community at 5 m depth in an aquifer adjacent to the Colorado River and tracked its most abundant 133 organisms across 36 different sediment and groundwater samples. We sampled sites separated by centimeters, meters and tens of meters, collected on seven occasions over 6 years. Analysis of 1.4 terabase pairs of DNA sequence showed that these 133 organisms were more consistently detected in saturated sediments than in samples from the vadose zone, from distant locations or from groundwater filtrates. Abundance profiles across aquifer locations and from different sampling times identified organism cohorts that comprised subsets of the 133 organisms that were consistently associated. The data suggest that cohorts are partly selected for by shared environmental adaptation.
The sialoglycoprotein subunits of human placental brush border membranes characterized by two-dimensional electrophoresis

A brush border membrane enriched fraction was isolated from human full-term placenta. This membrane fraction exhibited large membrane fragments with microvilli projecting from the basal membrane in electron micrographs and was enriched tenfold in alkaline phosphatase, a brush border enzyme marker. The sialoglycoproteins associated with this membrane fraction were tritiated by mild periodate oxidation of sialic acid and reduction with tritiated NaBH4. The membranes were solubilized in 8 M urea, 2 percent Triton X-100, and the tritiated glycoprotein subunits were reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol and characterized by 2-dimensional poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis using a method similar to that described by O'Farrell and Bhakdi, Knuferman, and Wallach. The tritiated subunits were detected in the gels by autofluorography. The 2-dimensional subunit "maps" resolved at least 17 major sialoglycoprotein subunits whereas only 10 major periodate-Schiff reagent staining components were resolved by 1-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PAP) was identified on the subunit maps by inclusion of 32P-labeled PAP in the tritiated membrane sample. The 32P-labeled PAP corresponded to a major tritiated sialoglycoprotein subunit, which was heterogeneous with respect to charge as demonstrated by 3 closely running spots of the same molecular weight.
Schizotypy and individual differences in the frequency of normal associations in verbal utterances.

Abstract Background Recent empirical evidence [Maher, B.A., Manschreck, T.C., Linnert, J., Candela, S., 2005. Quantitative assessment of the frequency of normal associations in the utterances of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Schizophrenia Research 78, 219–224] shows that schizophrenia patients produce an elevated rate of normative thought associations in verbal utterances as measured by an objective computerized procedure. An important theoretical question concerns whether such an elevated rate of associative activity is due merely to psychosis, or can it be found in schizotypic subjects with no prior history of psychosis. Methods We hypothesized that schizotypic features should be correlated with associative performance, especially the positive symptom-like schizotypic features. The present study examined associative performance in psychometrically-identified schizotypic subjects ( n = 25) and normal control ( n = 29) subjects. We studied individual differences in schizotypal personality features in relation to the associative performance index. Results Level of normative associations was correlated with total schizotypic features, particularly those involving reality distortion and disorganization. Regression analysis revealed higher levels of disorganization features and lower levels of negative schizotypal features uniquely accounted for variation in the associative performance index. Partial correlation analysis suggested that the negative schizotypic features dimension may function as a suppressor variable moderating the relationship between disorganization and level of normative associations. Conclusions Disorganization-related schizotypal features among individuals with no prior history of psychosis are correlated with elevated levels of normative associations. This relationship is most likely moderated by negative schizotypic features. These data support the presence of hyperassociative processes in those deemed to be at elevated risk for schizophrenia (or, more broadly perhaps, psychosis). Our findings support the utility of measuring associative performance using an objective measure and suggest that associative performance may be an endophenotype [Gottesman, I., Gould, T., 2003. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 636–645] for schizophrenia.
Twisting the Phenyls in Aryl Diphosphenes (Ar-P=P-Ar). Significant Impact upon Lowest Energy Excited States

Aryl diphosphenes (Ar-P=P-Ar) possess features that may make them useful in photonic devices, including the possibility for photochemical E-Z isomerization. Development of good models guided by computations is hampered by poor correspondence between predicted and experimental UV/vis absorption spectra. A hypothesis that the phenyl twist angle (i.e., PPCC torsion) accounts for this discrepancy is explored, with positive findings. DFT and TDDFT (B3LYP) were applied to the phenyl-P=P-phenyl (Ph-P=P-Ph) model compound over a range of phenyl twist angles, and to the Ph-P=P-Ph cores of two crystallographically characterized diphosphenes: bis-(2,4,6-tBu(3)C(6)H(2))-diphosphene (Mes*-P=P-Mes*) and bis-(2,6-Mes(2)C(6)H(3))-diphosphene (Dmp-P=P-Dmp). A shallow PES is observed for the model diphosphene: the full range of phenyl twist angles is accessible for under 5 kcal/mol. The Kohn-Sham orbitals (KS-MOs) exhibit stabilization and mixing of the two highest energy frontier orbitals: the n(+) and pi localized primarily on the -P=P- unit. A simple, single-configuration model based upon this symmetry-breaking is shown to be consistent with the major features of the measured UV/vis spectra of several diphosphenes. Detailed evaluation of singlet excitations, transition energies and oscillator strengths with TDDFT showed that the lowest energy transition (S(1) <-- S(0)) does not always correspond to the LUMO <-- HOMO configuration. Coupling between the phenyl rings and central -P=P- destabilizes the pi-pi* dominated state. Hence, the S(1) is always n(+)-pi* in nature, even with a pi-type HOMO. This coupling of the ring and -P=P- pi systems engenders complexity in the UV/vis absorption region, and may be the origin of the variety of photobehaviors observed in diphosphenes.
A synthesis of the naphthalene core of streptovaricin D via A synthon of NH2

Abstract A Five step synthesis of the naphthalene nucleus of streptovaricin D in 33% overall yield uses phenylthiomethyl azide for introduction of the amino group.
Master-planned in exurbia: Examining the drivers and impacts of master-planned communities at the urban fringe

Abstract Smart growth strategies of infill and compact growth in existing suburban cities will most likely not be sufficient to absorb a new US household growth in the future. To meet housing demands and preferences, master-planned communities will continue to be built in outlying exurban areas. However, little is known about the impacts these communities may have on the surrounding physical, built and social environment in the exurban landscape. In this paper, we provide a review of the literature of what is known about the drivers behind the development of master-planned communities and the physical, built and social impacts of these developments on the surrounding exurban landscape. We then provide a case study of an exurban area outside of Seattle, Washington containing a large master-planned community. Through focus group interviews, we explore residential motivations to move to the area, and the benefits and challenges of living in an exurban landscape with a newly built master-planned community. Using qualitative data analyses, we find that residents are drawn to this exurban area for the abundance of natural amenities and outdoor recreation opportunities. However, the new master-planned community development presents many benefits and challenges for those living in the area; particularly the residential perceptions of impacts that the development has had on the surrounding natural and built environment. These real and perceived impacts of the master-planned community development has compounded and magnified the impacts to the social environment throughout the entire exurban community. Implications for planners and suggestions for future research are given.
Modeling shifts in the rate and pattern of subthalamopallidal network activity during deep brain stimulation.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthlamic nucleus (STN) represents an effective treatment for medically refractory Parkinson’s disease; however, understanding of its effects on basal ganglia network activity remains limited. We constructed a computational model of the subthalamopallidal network, trained it to fit in vivo recordings from parkinsonian monkeys, and evaluated its response to STN DBS. The network model was created with synaptically connected single compartment biophysical models of STN and pallidal neurons, and stochastically defined inputs driven by cortical beta rhythms. A least mean square error training algorithm was developed to parameterize network connections and minimize error when compared to experimental spike and burst rates in the parkinsonian condition. The output of the trained network was then compared to experimental data not used in the training process. We found that reducing the influence of the cortical beta input on the model generated activity that agreed well with recordings from normal monkeys. Further, during STN DBS in the parkinsonian condition the simulations reproduced the reduction in GPi bursting found in existing experimental data. The model also provided the opportunity to greatly expand analysis of GPi bursting activity, generating three major predictions. First, its reduction was proportional to the volume of STN activated by DBS. Second, GPi bursting decreased in a stimulation frequency dependent manner, saturating at values consistent with clinically therapeutic DBS. And third, ablating STN neurons, reported to generate similar therapeutic outcomes as STN DBS, also reduced GPi bursting. Our theoretical analysis of stimulation induced network activity suggests that regularization of GPi firing is dependent on the volume of STN tissue activated and a threshold level of burst reduction may be necessary for therapeutic effect.
Socioeconomic Inequality and Giftedness: Suppression and Distortion of High Ability

Severe socioeconomic inequality strongly suppresses and distorts the discovery of aspirations and the concomitant development of talents among the gifted. More comprehensive understanding of this suppression and distortion is available through a wide-ranging interdisciplinary search for research findings and theories that illuminate economic, ideological–political, historical, philosophical, and psychological contextual influences on bright young people. This theoretical synthesis draws from multiple disciplines to reveal some of these contextual influences and then provides some recommendations for ways in which educators and policymakers might attempt to counteract some of the most pernicious effects of growing inequality on the gifted.
Structure, mechanism and inhibition of γ-secretase and presenilin-like proteases

Presenilin is the catalytic component of γ-secretase, a complex aspartyl protease and a founding member of intramembrane-cleaving proteases. γ-Secretase is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and a top target for therapeutic intervention. However, the protease complex processes a variety of transmembrane substrates, including the Notch receptor, raising concerns about toxicity. Nevertheless, γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators have been identified that allow Notch processing and signalling to continue, and promising compounds are entering clinical trials. Molecular and biochemical studies offer a model for how this protease hydrolyzes transmembrane domains in the confines of the lipid bilayer. Progress has also been made toward structure elucidation of presenilin and the γ-secretase complex by electron microscopy as well as by studying cysteine-mutant presenilins. The signal peptide peptidase (SPP) family of proteases are distantly related to presenilins. However, the SPPs work as single polypeptides without the need for cofactors and otherwise appear to be simple model systems for presenilin in the γ-secretase complex. SPP biology, structure, and inhibition will also be discussed.
Quantifying spatial patterns of overgrowth in epibenthic communities

A method is presented that allows rapid and accurate measurement of changes in the spatial pattern of space occupation in encrusting organisms. The boundaries of organisms are represented as polygons, and geometric difference calculation~ are used to establish the perimeters of the areas gained or vacated between sampling dates. The influence of interspecific interactions on occupation of space is also quantified: geometric intersection calculations are used to define the perimeters of the areas gained or lost in overgrowth interactions. A method is presented for estimating the sampling frequency necessary for detection of significant changes in occupation of space. The method provides a means of quantifying not only changes in percent cover and diversity but also the dynamics of colony movement and the rates and outcomes of competitive interactions.
The stigma of migraine.

Background People who have a disease often experience stigma, a socially and culturally embedded process through which individuals experience stereotyping, devaluation, and discrimination. Stigma has great impact on quality of life, behavior, and life chances. We do not know whether or not migraine is stigmatizing.
Use of streptavidin to detect biotin-containing proteins in plants☆

A procedure to detect biotinyl proteins after fractionation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was developed. Proteins were immobilized on nitrocellulose and biotin-containing proteins were detected by probing with 125I-streptavidin. Using this procedure a small survey of biotinyl protein in plants was undertaken. In total four biotin-containing proteins were detected in higher plants of molecular weights 62,000, 50,000, 34,000, and 31,000. These biotinyl proteins were not ubiquitous in the plants surveyed. In the cyanobacterium Anabeana variabilis, a single biotin-containing protein of 21,000 Da was detected. In isolated spinach chloroplasts, the two biotinyl proteins detected were soluble. The results are discussed in relation to acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Physical adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces

Abstract The two principal criteria used to evaluate the physical nature of the physically adsorbed state, namely, fit-to-model isotherm equations and comparison of entropy quantities, are examined for the situation of a heterogeneous surface. It is concluded that even for quite homogeneous surfaces, the possibility of some heterogeneity offers enough scope to erase the differences between adsorption isotherms derived from different models. A similar situation pertains in the case of adsorption entropies. An added problem is that surface heterogeneity imposes apparent entropy contributions which can in fact lead to erroneous conclusions if comparison is made to calculated entropies for adsorption on a homogeneous surface. It is suggested that the interaction energy distribution function is the dominant one for most surfaces and the most uniquely characterizable, so that emphasis on it rather than on an adsorption model should have preference. An experimental approach is suggested that may help decide whether for a given surface, the heterogeneities are present randomly or patch-wise.
Marital disruption and physical illness: The impact of divorce and spouse death on illness

Most research focusing on life stresses and illness have focused on the history of stress on persons who present physicians with disease symptoms and have used ex-post-facto samples. These studies have tended to focus on specialized samples and, thus, screen out the potential effects of psychosocial factors. This study examines the relationship between two critical life stressors, divorce and spouse death, and physical illness in the general population. Data for this study were gathered from a national probability sample of noninstitutionalized adults in the continental United States. The influence of age, sex, education, and income on the relationship between the two life stressors and illness are examined. Statistically significant results were found between both life stressors and illness. Conditional analysis also yielded evidence that both divorce and spouse death were responded to differently depending on the respondent age, sex, income, and educational attainment. Among the findings, the significant increase of illness among younger persons who had experienced a divorce or the death of a spouse is considered most noteworthy.
Developing a Student Mentoring Program: Building Connections for At-Risk Students

Though mentoring has a long history, it has just recently begun to mature as a field to provide a research base of "best practice" for program development. Today, professionals are looking for ways to better connect with students, particularly those at risk, and mentoring programs are one way to do so. Mentoring programs are expanding rapidly, particularly in schools. In this article, the authors describe the development and implementation of an adult-student mentoring program, identify some cautions, and provide specific direction for program support.
An Approach for Distribution Transformer Management With a Multiagent System

The objective of this paper is to propose an approach for smart distribution transformer (TR) management to help implement emergency demand response (DR) at a TR. In this paper, a DR algorithm embedded in a multiagent system is presented. The proposed algorithm ensures that an instantaneous power demand at a TR is kept below a certain demand limit during a DR event while the impacts of demand restrike are minimized. At the same time, homeowners' goals of securing critical loads, mitigating comfort level violation, and minimizing appliance's compensation time during a DR event are taken into account. To validate and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed DR algorithm, a case study of a TR serving three homes is demonstrated.
Protein lipidation in cell signaling

The ability of cells to communicate with and respond to their external environment is critical for their continued existence. A universal feature of this communication is that the external signal must in some way penetrate the lipid bilayer surrounding the cell. In most cases of such signal acquisition, the signaling entity itself does not directly enter the cell but rather transmits its information to specific proteins present on the surface of the cell membrane. These proteins then communicate with additional proteins associated with the intracellular face of the membrane. Membrane localization and function of many of these proteins are dependent on their covalent modification by specific lipids, and it is the processes involved that form the focus of this article.
Antimicrobial Action of Terramycin in Vitro and in Vivo.

Discussion and SummaryThe data reported in this and in a previous communication by Finlay et al.(1) emphasize the strong antimicrobial activity of terramycin and its salts against a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and against certain of the rickettsiae. In addition, attention is called to the possible tuberculostatic activity of this compound. Terramycin is absorbed readily following oral or parenteral administration and is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent, active against a variety of experimental infections in mice. A comparative study of the chemotherapeutic activities of terramycin and its salts indicates that the highly insoluble amphoteric form of terramycin as well as its more soluble salts are all chemotherapeutically effective. In most instances, the CD50 of the hydrochloride has been less than that of the other forms of terramycin, especially when administered by the oral route. More satisfactory results, as indicated by lower CD50 values, ...
Imagery and deep structure in the prompted recall of passive sentences

In a prompted-recall task, the deep structure complexity of sentences was varied orthogonally with the imagery value of the prompt word. As predicted by a deep structure analysis, full-passive sentences were recalled better than passive sentences with the agent replaced. In addition, high-imagery prompts were more effective than low-imagery prompts. However, the effects were attenuated by their interaction: Syntax was effective only in the low-imagery condition and there were imagery differences only in the agent-replaced sentences. Thus, mode of memory storage was dictated by the particular syntactic and imagery properties of the sentence.
Switching of subunit composition of muscle spectrin during myogenesis in vitro

Spectrin comprises a family of polypeptides thought to be involved in mediating linkage of actin filaments to the plasma membrane in a wide variety of cell types (for reviews see refs 1-3). Spectrin is present as a tetramer composed of two non-identical subunits. Most cells express a common subunit with a molecular weight (Mr) of 240,000 (240 K; termed alpha-spectrin) in association with a polymorphic cell type-specific subunit: Mr 260 K in the intestinal terminal web (termed TW260), Mr 235 K in nervous tissue., liver, lymphocytes and fibroblasts (termed gamma-spectrin; also referred to as fodrin), and Mr 225/220 K in erythrocytes and adult cardiac and skeletal muscle (termed beta'- and beta-spectrin, respectively). We show here that primary chicken myoblasts express predominantly alpha gamma-spectrin, but on terminal differentiation in vitro the cells gradually switch to alpha beta-spectrin as a result of the onset of beta- and beta'-spectrin synthesis and by the subsequent differential stabilization of beta- and gamma-spectrin. This switching correlates with known changes in the biophysical properties and function of the developing muscle sarcolemma and cytoskeleton.
Maturation of the proteasome core particle induces an affinity switch that controls regulatory particle association

Proteasome assembly requires the coordinated association of over sixty proteins and is dependent on chaperones. Wani et al. show that the core particle undergoes a maturation-associated decrease in its affinity for the chaperone Pba1-Pba2 that ensures timely association with the regulatory particle.
The Abraham theory of the electron: The symbiosis of experiment and theory

Much attention has been paid recently to the work of Einstein, Lorentz and PoiNCARE with regard to their contributions to the development of the electrodynamics of moving bodies and relativity.1 At the time of the publication of Lorentz's second order theory2 (1904), and Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (RT)3 (1905), the only data available with which to test these theories were Kaufmannes early measurements (19OI 02) on the mass of swiftly moving electrons.4 But as I have pointed out elsewhere,5 the predictions of the Lorentz theory were identical in every respect with the predictions of RT, so that it would not be possible in any case, to distinguish between these theories on experimental grounds.
Momentum induced by laser-tissue interaction

Impulsive momentum is imparted to residual tissue during pulsed-laser ablation because the mass ablated is generally ejected with a sizable velocity. Accurate measurements of the impulse are possible, which can provide an important monitor of the ablation process. Simple models can be used to predict the impulse under a variety of conditions; in some cases, complex radiation-hydrodynamic code calculations are required. In this paper, this modeling is discussed along with the dependence of momentum on the pulsed heating and target conditions. Momentum measurement techniques are discussed briefly. The behavior is explained in terms of dimensionless parameters and the impulse coupling coefficient as a function of incident fluence, which has a well defined threshold as well as a maximum. Complications in the mixed liquid-vapor phase are also addressed.
The comparison of the effect of endodontic irrigation on cell adherence to root canal dentin.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of 10 different endodontic irrigation and chelating treatments on dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) attachment to root canal surfaces. Thirty-eight extracted human nondiseased single-canal teeth were cleaned and shaped using ProTaper and ProFile rotary instrumentation (Tulsa Dentsply, Tulsa, OK). The irrigation treatments investigated were 6% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, Aquatine Endodontic Cleanser, and Morinda citrifolia juice. The irrigation treatments were used in conjunction with EDTA or MTAD. The instrumented teeth were immediately placed in cell culture with confluent DPSCs for 1 week. The number of attached DPSCs appeared to be correlated with the cytotoxicity of the root canal irrigating solution (analysis of variance, p 0.05). The results suggest that biocompatible irrigants are needed to promote DPSC attachment to root canal dentin, which is essential to accomplish some regenerative endodontic therapies.
Hydrogenated and oxidized vicinal Si(001) surfaces investigated by reflectance-difference spectroscopy

Abstract We have investigated the effects of hydrogenation and oxidation on the surface-induced optical anisotropy (SIOA) of vicinal Si(001) as measured by reflectance-difference (-anisotropy) spectroscopy (RDS/RAS). By considering several vicinal Si(001) surfaces we better isolate terrace from step-induced contributions. For double-domain surfaces etched by HF or oxidized by H2O2, the RD response has an energy-derivative-like shape and can be characterized by three main features, the first near 3.4 eV and a second and third around 4.3 eV. These energies are near those of the (E′0, E1) and E2 interband critical points of bulk silicon. The magnitudes of these peaks vary strongly with offcut angle suggesting that there is a strong step-induced contribution to the SIOA. Two of these features are affected by a change of the surface species, which indicates that the species bonded to the steps are changing. The RD response obtained by exposing atomic H to a double-domain surface hydrogenated by HF is similar to that obtained by exposing a clean single-domain surface to atomic hydrogen.
Interleukin-2 induction of ACTH secretion: presence of an interleukin-2 receptor α-chain-like molecule on pituitary cells

Pituitary cells were shown to release corticotropin (ACTH) in response to interleukin-2 (IL-2) and to express a protein that is related to the alpha-chain of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). The alpha-chain-like molecule was bound by a rat monoclonal antibody to the murine IL-2 receptor as well as to IL-2. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the affinity-purified material from pituitary cells demonstrated a protein which was similar to that which was isolated from activated splenocytes. Thus, IL-2 and its receptor may be one of several hormone-receptor pairs utilized by both the immune and neuroendocrine systems for intersystem communication.
Identification of a poliovirus neutralization epitope through use of neutralizing antiserum raised against a purified viral structural protein

VP4, one of the poliovirus structural proteins, was purified and used to prepare rabbit anti-VP4 serum. In addition to the anti-VP4 activity, this serum was also found to contain significant anti-VP3 and antivirion activities. The serum also effectively neutralized viral infectivity. The ease with which nonneutralizable variants were obtained indicated that neutralization was due to an antibody population which bound to a single virion epitope. Antigen saturation and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that antibody to this epitope was also responsible for the serum's antivirion and anti-VP3 activities, as well as for a part of the anti-VP4 activity. The identification of a neutralization epitope most probably present on VP3, which cross-reacts with a site on denatured VP4, is the first report of such an epitope on a poliovirus structural protein other than VP1.
Intergovernmental Organizations, Interaction, and Member State Interest Convergence

This article presents a general theory of how the interaction of state agents within intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) leads to a convergence in member state interests over time. The theory is based on the notion that, all else being equal, IGOs that facilitate more interaction between individuals from various states are conducive to greater member state interest convergence over time because there are more opportunities for agents from one or more member states to persuade agents from other member states to accept new ideas that affect how they define their states’ interests. I argue that such persuasion does not necessarily have to involve a shift in state identities but can also involve a diffusion of ideas about cause-and-effect relationships. Also, by focusing on IGOs as structures within which state agents interact, I argue against a narrow focus on socialization defined as the induction of new members into community norms. I present three hypotheses regarding which institutional attributes are...
Glucocorticoids downregulate Fyn and inhibit IP3-mediated calcium signaling to promote autophagy in T lymphocytes

T cell receptor activation induces inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated calcium signaling that is essential for cell metabolism and survival. Moreover, inhibitors of IP3 or pharmacological agents that disrupt calcium homeostasis readily induce autophagy. Using a glucocorticoid-sensitive CD4/CD8 positive T cell line, we found that dexamethasone prevented both IP3-mediated and spontaneous calcium signals within a timeframe that correlated with the induction of autophagy. We determined that this loss in IP3-mediated calcium signaling was dependent upon the downregulation of the Src kinase Fyn at the mRNA and protein level. Because it has previously been shown that Fyn positively regulates IP3-mediated calcium release by phosphorylating Type I IP3 receptors (IP3R1), we investigated the effect of glucocorticoids on IP3R1 phosphorylation at Tyr353. Accordingly, glucocorticoid-mediated downregulation of Fyn prevented IP3R1 phosphorylation at Tyr353. Moreover, selective knockdown of Fyn or treatment with a...
Erythrocyte cation transport activities as a function of cell age.

Erythrocyte cation transport systems were evaluated on cell fractions from 17 subjects. Density centrifugation was used to separate washed red cells into fractions enriched with younger and older cells; the cell age differences in these fractions were verified by reticulocyte counts (means are 3.5% for younger cell fractions and 0.7% for older cell fractions). Red cell age has a pronounced effect on several cation transport activities. The older cell fractions had increases in lithium-potassium cotransport (p < 0.001), the rate constant for the lithium-potassium cotransport (p < 0.001) and cellular cation permeability. The older cells had decreases in the number of ouabain binding sites (p < 0.001), the rate constant for sodium efflux via the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase pumps (p < 0.001) and the sodium-lithium countertransport (p < 0.025). In subjects with markedly different cell ages, these effects should be considered when evaluating red cell cation transport activities.
Dynamics of Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Oscillators With Colliding Components

Abstract An analysis is presented for determining exact steady state response for a class of strongly non-linear multiple-degree-of-freedom oscillators. These oscillators consist of a linear component, with an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom and configuration, incorporating a component with a geometric non-linearity. Their behavior is analyzed by generalizing previous work on single- and two-degree-of-freedom piecewise linear systems under harmonic excitation. First, a methodology is developed for locating harmonic and subharmonic response characterized by one abrupt change of the parameters of the non-linear element per response cycle. Then, a stability analysis is presented, which is appropriate for general piecewise linear systems. The present analysis is applicable to a variety of engineering areas. Here, its validity and effectiveness is demonstrated by applying it to two classes of problems with large practical significance and rich dynamics. Performance of vibration absorbers with elastic stops is investigated first, while in the second category of examples the oscillators exhibit 2:1 and 3:1 internal resonance. Regular and irregular motions are encountered and analyzed. The response characteristics are compared with those of systems with continuous non-linearities.
Spot Variation FCS in the 2D Ising Model

Spot Variation Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (svFCS) was developed to study the movement and organization of single molecules in plasma membranes. This experimental technique varies the size of the confocal beam waist while measuring correlation times using standard FCS methods. For Brownian motion, correlation times should decrease linearly with decreasing excitation area and intersect zero in the limit of vanishing beam waist. When this is not the case, results are frequently interpreted as providing evidence for confined motion, either through corralling or through partitioning into domains. These interpretations rely on the assumption that the FCS measurement provides information on the time-scale of single molecule motions, and not the correlation time of the average composition. In this poster, we use a simple implementation of a conserved order parameter 2D Ising model to explore how temperature and the surface density of tracer molecules impact simulated svFCS measurements within a fluctuating model membrane environment. At low tracer concentration, svFCS largely detects Brownian motion, with some deviation as temperatures approach the critical temperature (TC). When tracer molecules are included at a high enough density, FCS correlation times are dominated by motions of the average composition, which become very slow as temperature is lowered to TC. We explore the cross-over between these two regimes, in addition to the impact of coupling Ising simulations to a rigid cortical cytoskeleton. Possible implications for existing svFCS measurements will also be discussed.
Glomerular hemodynamic alterations during acute hyperinsulinemia in normal and diabetic rats

Glomerular hemodynamic alterations during acute hyperinsulinemia in normal and diabetic rats. Treatment of insulin dependent diabetes invariably requires exogenous insulin to control blood glucose. Insulin treatment, independent of other factors associated with insulin dependent diabetes, may induce changes that affect glomerular function. Due to exogenous delivery of insulin in insulin dependent diabetes entering systemic circulation prior to the portal vein, plasma levels of insulin are often in excess of that observed in non-diabetics. The specific effects of hyperinsulinemia on glomerular hemodynamics have not been previously examined. Micropuncture studies were performed in control (non-diabetic), untreated diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats 7 to 10 days after administration of 65 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin. After the first period micropuncture measurements were obtained, 5 U of regular insulin (Humulin-R) was infused i.v., and glucose clamped at euglycemic values (80 to 120 mg/dl). Blood glucose concentration in non-diabetic controls was 99 ± 6 mg/dl. In control rats, insulin infusion and glucose clamp increased nephron filtration rate due to decreases in both afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance (afferent greater than efferent) resulting in increased plasma flow and increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure gradient. However, insulin infusion and glucose clamp produced the opposite effect in both untreated and insulin-treated diabetic rats with afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction resulting in decreases in plasma flow, glomerular hydrostatic pressure gradient and nephron filtration rate. Thromboxane A 2 (TX) synthetase inhibition partially decreased the vasoconstrictive response due to acute insulin infusion in diabetic rats preventing the decrease in nephron filtration rate. However, the action of TX inhibition decreased nephron filtration rate prior to insulin infusion in both diabetic and control rats, which may indicate participation of other neuro-humoral agents potentiated by TX inhibition.
An exploratory study of visual perception in relation to levels of meaning for children

Young children often participate in reading picture books at home, public libraries, and preschools. Picture books provide children with meaning and an experience united in words and illustrations. Based on unobtrusive and participant observations in public libraries and preschools, this study employs surveys with parents and interviews with children in order to understand whether 3-to 5-year-old children find distinct levels of meaning in images of picture books, and factors that influence their visual perception.
A Photographic Method For The Measurement Of The Spatial Distribution Of Highway Luminance

A photographic method was developed to meet the need for measuring the low level luminance distribution of highway and obstacle target arrangements in a program of studies on automobile headlighting (Ref. 1).© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lithium Treatment Effect on Serotonin Function-Reply

In Reply.— In their very thoughtful letter, Drs Glue and Nutt suggest a number of possible reasons to account for the discrepant findings between our patients with affective disorder and their normal volunteers. We are in agreement with them that interpretation of our data is complicated by the greater pretreatment prolactin responses in the long-term lithium treatment group. We therefore conducted additional data analyses to examine the specific possibilities they raise. 1. The difference in mean age between the two lithium groups does not appear to account for the discrepancy. Although the short-term group was older (42.5 ± 14.8 years) than the longterm group (35.2 ±12.5 years), this difference was not statistically significant ( t = 1.4, P =.18). Moreover, in contrast to the significant negative correlation of age with peak prolactin response observed in our previous studies with normal volunteers, age was nonsignificantly positively correlated with peak prolactin response (p =.21, P
Mechanism of DNase I hypersensitive site formation within the human globin locus control region.

Abstract The human beta-like globin gene locus contains embryonic, fetal, and adult globin genes that are regulated in a developmentally timed, as well as a tissue-specific, manner. The locus control region (LCR), located 5' of the globin genes, is characterized by four erythroid-specific nuclease-hypersensitive sites within native chromatin. These sites contain the active elements of the LCR. The LCR establishes an active chromatin conformation across the globin locus and enhances globin gene expression in transfected erythroleukemia cells and transgenic mice. We have used 5' DNase I hypersensitive site (HS) 4 as a model to define the minimum elements necessary for site formation. We have identified a 101-base-pair fragment within 5' HS4 that is the active site-forming element. DNase I footprint and gel-mobility shift assays have identified binding sites for transcription factors AP-1/NF-E2, Sp-1, and GATA-1 within the HS-forming element. We conclude that HS formation, the characteristic feature of the LCR in nuclear chromatin, requires interaction between erythroid-specific and ubiquitous nuclear proteins.
Toward a cognitive theory of art therapy

Abstract If we accept the premises of this paper that imagerry, visual thinking, and creativity are all important facets of cognition then it seems reasonable to believe that art is one way in which these cognitive abilities can be activated and be used in therapy. Art can be, especially for “high visualizers,” an effective vehicle for problem solving. “The effort to visualize and thereby to define the powers which the patient vaguely faces and to discover the correct relations between them means more than rendering observations on paper. It means to work out the problem by making it potrayable“ (Arnheim, 1969, p. 262). The art experience activities all four modes of cognition discussed in this paper thus expanding and increasing the possibilities available in daily living. Working out a problem through art involves many of the cognitive operations known. “The completion of a picture is also the solution of a thought problem, although there may be no words to tell about the finding” (Anheim, 1969, p. 120).
Covert positive reinforcement: Efficacy and conceptualization

Abstract A critical investigation was conducted of the operant conceptualization of covert positive reinforcement in the context of alleviating test anxiety. Fifty-four subjects were subjected to one of six schedules. Posttreatment comparisons of the six treatments yielded the following results: (1) covert positive reinforcement was generally superior to no-treatment control, but no more effective than an attention focusing group, (2) contrary to operant prediction, if the reinforcement followed anxious test-related behaviors, improvement occured comparable to covert positive reinforcement, and (3) no differences were found between a covert positive reinforcement group and one in which the reinforcement preceded the desired behavior. Thus, no support was found for covert positive reinforcement's operant conceptualization. Counterconditioning is offered as a preferable and more parsimonious explanation of the results.
Structures promoting research, training, and technology transfer in mobility: lessons learned from a visit to European centers

The purpose of this paper is to describe the education, research, technology transfer, and cooperative models that appear to have the greatest likelihood of successfully tackling the issue of technology to improve mobility. Ideally better models in each of these areas will lead to an increased number of researchers who are more productive. There will be increased international collaboration that will allow for better research with small and/or disadvantaged populations, and the research completed will lead to changes in clinical care that positively impact individuals with impair mobility.