cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African American Women's Dress in Georgia, 1890-1914 A Photographic Examination

This study examines the types of clothing worn by African American women living in the state of Georgia between 1890 and 1914. The researchers used historical photographs as primary sources to docu...
Characterization of fatty acid biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis

Abstract The fatty acid synthetase and elongation systems from Anabaena variabilis were characterized using the 102 000 × g supernatant of cells disrupted using a French pressure cell. The fatty acid synthetase had an absolute requirement for acyl carrier protein and produced fatty acids which were still esterified to the acyl carrier protein. The only other cofactor required for maximal activity of the fatty acid synthetase was NADPH, and the synthetase was inhibited by coenzyme A. Saturated products were myristic, palmitic and stearic acids. The synthetase also produced two long-chain acyl intermediates of the synthetase. The elongation system also was active in the high-speed supernatants of A. variabilis. Myristoyl-acyl carrier protein and palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein were elongated to palmitic and stearic acids, respectively. The elongation system required only NADPH for activity. In addition to studying the fatty acid synthetase and elongase, an attempt was made to measure stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase activity. In either high-speed supernatants or crude homogenates of A. variabilis, there was no evidence of any desaturase activity.
Non-regular power homogeneous spaces

Abstract We show that the cardinality of any space X with Δ -power homogeneous semiregularization that is either Urysohn or quasiregular is bounded by 2 c ( X ) π χ ( X ) . This improves a result of G.J. Ridderbos who showed this bound holds for Δ -power homogeneous regular spaces. By introducing the notion of a local πθ -base, we show that this bound can be further sharpened. We also show that no H-closed extremally disconnected space is power homogeneous. This is a variation of a result of K. Kunen who showed that no compact F-space is power homogeneous.
Multimarket Analysis of Agricultural Price Policies in an Operational Context: The Case of Cyprus

This article presents a method of analysis of agricultural price policies. Its basic features are : i) the incorporation of important supply and demand substitution possibilities; ii) a flexible structure which can account for institutional features of the agricultural sector and its relationships with the rest of the economy; and iii) a focused, policy-oriented approach. An application to Cyprus is presented which highlights the differences between this approach and analyses of single markets. The method incorporates supporting software on personal computers, with the longer term objective of developing this type of approach as a standard tool in pricing policy analysis.
Isotopic evidence for diminishing supply of available carbon during diatom bloom in the Black Sea.

PLANKTON samples taken during the cruise of R/V Atlantis II in the Black Sea during March and April 1969 were analysed for their 13C/12C ratios. The results showed that over a large area of the Black Sea the plankton had uniform δ13C values near −23 parts per 1,000. A sample from a very pronounced diatom bloom, however, was enriched in 13C by 1.5 parts per 1,000. This isotopic shift was apparently produced by the organisms' accelerated carbon fixation which had decreased the available supply of inorganic carbon.
DIC in the pregnant patient.

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy is relatively uncommon though it may develop in various states during pregnancy. Once DIC becomes apparent, the patient demands expert medical management and skilled nursing care. Attention is given to changes in blood coagulation which occur, to the etiology, to alternative approaches to medical management, and to nursing care.
Comparison of Nikkiso and Bio-Medicus Pumps in Thoracoabdominal Aortic Surgery:

Left heart bypass reduces the risk of ischemic complications during the repair of extensive thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. This prospective study compared the performance of the recently developed Nikkiso centrifugal pump with the well-established Bio-Medicus pump during left heart bypass for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Thirty-five consecutive patients undergoing graft repair of extensive thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms were prospectively assigned to have left heart bypass using either the Bio-Medicus (in the first 19 patients) or Nikkiso pump (in the next 16 patients). There were no significant differences in pump flow rates or patient hemodynamics between the two groups and there was no evidence of pump malfunction. All patients survived and none developed postoperative coagulopathy, myocardial infarction, or left heart failure. Paraparesis developed in 2 patients in the Nikkiso group (12.5%); there were no neurologic complications in the Bio-Medicus group (p = 0.202). One patient in...
Does SV40 infection contribute to the development of human cancers

A large number of recent studies have reported the detection of simian virus 40 (SV40) nucleotide sequences in a number of unrelated human cancers which include paediatric and adult brain tumours, pleural mesotheliomas, bronchopulmonary carcinomas and osteosarcomas. Most of the data have been gathered by the use of PCR assays. These observations imply that SV40 is circulating in human communities by person-to-person transmission and that the virus is capable of wide dissemination in the infected individual. These claims must be regarded with skepticism for a variety of reasons. There are several inconsistencies in the reported data; for example, there is a wide variation (0–23%) in the frequency of SV40 sequences in normal tissues. The results of PCR assays have been difficult to confirm by less error-prone and independent assays and the relationship of the virus to the tumour cell is not characterised. The SV40 sequences reported from humans are essentially identical to those of wild-type SV40; it is difficult to conceive that a highly species-specific polyomavirus like SV40 would cross the species barrier, become a human infection, and acquire pathogenic potential for the new host without significant adaptive change in its genome. The available evidence, although not extensive, does not indicate that SV40 is circulating in human communities. It is premature to discuss or speculate on the potential role of SV40 in the development of human cancer until the presence of SV40 in cancers and in human communities is established unequivocally, the risk factors for SV40 infection are elucidated, and the effect of SV40 exposure on the development of specific cancers is examined in the context of other known risk factors for those cancers. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfur: Role in Genesis of Petroleum

Sulfur reacts readily with cholesterol at 150°C, and the product of the reaction contains aromatic hydrocarbons, some with a benzene, some a naphthalene, and some a phenanthrene ring system as part of the molecule. The reaction of farnesol with sulfur takes place at 135°C. Cadalene (1,6-dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene) is one of the products of the reaction. These reactions at relatively low temperatures support the proposition that a thermal reaction of sulfur with terpenoids and steroids plays a part in the genesis of petroleum.
Teaching-file-based workstation for radiology

The aim of the teaching workstation project is to develop a radiology workstation useful to students, practitioners, researchers, and faculty as a radiology learning and research tool. The user will develop skills and experience in interpretation through the teaching file cases as well as an understanding of the usage and capabilities of the host PACS system. This document represents the specifications and design for an effective teaching workstation built upon the Advanced Physicians Workbench, also under development at Georgetown University Hospital.
The Role of the Elementary Science Teacher and Linguistic Diversity.

This qualitative study looks at 23 elementary preservice teachers’ roles as science teachers and the importance of understanding linguistic diversity for science instruction. Using individual and group reflection papers, two important points are made that reflect the importance of preparing preservice teachers in science. Explicit conversations and tasks to connect science and linguistic diversity to science teaching suggests that preservice teachers need to discuss the implications of scientific language and linguistic diversity in terms of power and science teaching and learning in urban classrooms.
Value identification and psychiatric disability: an analysis involving Americans of Mexican descent.

The demographic features and value identifications of a sample of psychiatric outpatients and a probability sample of nonpatients are compared. Both groups were Americans of Mexican descent and lived in border regions of South Texas, an area characterized by competing cultural systems and known to be undergoing social change. The nonpatient group had a significantly higher level of economic self-sufficiency and also showed higher measures on the variables of education, occupation, and marital stability. Scalogram analysis was used to better define group differences in value identification. Answers to the items of the value questionnaire reflected either traditional (Mexican) or nontraditional (Anglo) value preferences. Analysis showed that the two groups did not differ significantly in the way they conformed to scale requirements, and that there were no significant differences between the groups in degree of traditionalistic emphasis. Comparing how the individuals of each group were distributed across the value continuum between traditionalism and nontraditionalism, however, showed that the nonpatient group had a significantly larger proportion of individuals who preferred either extreme of the continuum as compared to the patients. It is suggested that the results involving the demographic variables imply group differences in social productivity and assimilation. These differences, in turn, may relate to the implications of the distributional patterns of the groups on the value scale rather than to differences in the overall extent of identification with traditional values.
An evaluation of the amount of nonoxynol-9 remaining in the vagina up to 4 h after insertion of a vaginal contraceptive film (VCF) containing 70 mg nonoxynol-9.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the amount of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) remaining in the vagina 30 min and 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 h after vaginal insertion of a single sheet of VCF ® containing 70 mg N-9 and to compare these results to the manufacturer's instructions for use of this product. A new method of vaginal lavage was used to obtain samples for N-9 determination. This was an open-label, noncomparative, pharmacokinetic study in 12 healthy women volunteers not at risk for pregnancy. The study consisted of a screening visit followed by five test visits approximately 1 month apart and a final visit 1 week after all test visits were completed. At each test visit, the investigator inserted a single sheet of VCF in the vagina of the volunteer at midcycle. The volunteer remained in the clinic and underwent vaginal lavage with normal saline after one of five specified time intervals had elapsed. The sequence of the intervals completed by each volunteer was determined by randomization. When undissolved film was found in the vagina, it was removed prior to lavage and assayed for N-9 content separately from that recovered in lavage fluid. It was assumed that the N-9 in undissolved film would not contribute significantly to sperm immobilization. Between 18.5 and 28.5 mg of N-9 were recovered in lavage fluid after intervals of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 h. These levels did not differ statistically (p > 0.05). The amount of N-9 recovered dropped significantly at 4 h to 11.0 mg. If it is assumed that an N-9 concentration of 0.100 mg/mL is required to immobilize sperm in vitro, this study suggests that the amount of N-9 remaining in the vagina in the form of dissolved film up to 4 h after insertion of VCF is sufficient to immobilize sperm. The lavage procedure may not have recovered all N-9 remaining in the vagina. However, intercourse did not take place between insertion and lavage; if it had, the proportion of the film remaining undissolved and the total amount N-9 remaining in the vagina at the time of examination might have been affected.
Gilding and Staining and the Significance of Our Moral Sentiments

In Part 3 of Projection and Realism, P. J. E. Kail offers an original and thought-provoking analysis of Hume’s views on morality. Kail seeks to make sense of Hume’s talk of projection and realism. Kail’s stated aim is to help us understand Hume’s own views, rather than some new Humean view. Part 3 is thus a contribution to the literature on Hume’s meta-ethics. Kail’s particular approach presents two challenges to the student of Hume’s works. First, Kail gives us a set of terms that are not Hume’s; this includes a distinction between explanatory projection and feature projection; a distinction between two forms of realism, metaphysical hedonism and the identification of moral value with natural properties of character traits; and a distinction between what Kail terms relational value and essential value. The first challenge is thus to ascertain how well this terminology maps onto the substance of Hume’s arguments. The task of meeting the first challenge is made difficult by the strategy Kail employs to build a cumulative case for his mitigated, naturalistic realism. Kail first draws on what is now well known in the literature as the Comparison, that is, the argument that beauty and virtue are like sensible perceptions such as color, and exist only as perceptions in the mind, to show that at the pre-theoretical level, we make an error in attributing essential value to those things we take to be virtuous or beautiful. He then draws a parallel between the early modern understanding of the functional nature of bodily pains and pleasures and a similar functional nature of the moral sentiments. This parallel, if successfully drawn, militates against the characterization of Hume’s moral theory as an error theory and shows how we can make sense of our experience of the essential value
Statistical analysis of structure-activity relationships.

The relationship between organic structure and biological activity (toxicity) is examined by statistically comparing concentration-response regression lines among structurally related compounds. Response data from acute toxicity tests are initially transformed to the logistic function while concentration data are transformed to the logarithm base 10 before being fit to a linear model using a weighted least squares analysis. A sequential approach is presented that uses statistical models for testing differences among related compounds. The approach first tests for the overall equality of regression lines (slopes and intercepts). If the regression lines are found to be different, another set of tests are conducted to determine if the slopes of the lines are equal (i.e. parallel). If the slopes are equal, multiple comparisons are made using Scheffe's procedure for determining which compounds differ in their intercepts. Relative toxicities are then estimated for various concentrations of particular compounds.
Proton halos in the 1s0d shell

Abstract The shell-model properties of proton halo states in proton-rich 1 s 0 d shell nuclei are investigated. The most interesting cases appear to be those in 26,27 P and 27 S. The parallel-momentum distributions of core fragments from proton stripping reactions may provide experimental insight into the structure of the halo states and the role played by the reaction mechanism. The “generalized Coulomb shift”, defined as the difference between the neutron and proton separation energies for an analogue pair, is shown to vary smoothly as a function of proton-separation energy and provides a good tool for mass extrapolations. The relation between the total interaction cross section and the matter radius is discussed.
Hemodynamic conditions alter axial and circumferential remodeling of arteries engineered ex vivo.

We previously demonstrated that growth and remodeling was stimulated in arteries elongated ex vivo using step increases in axial strain. Viability and vasoactivity were similar to fresh arteries, however there was a substantial decrease in the ultimate circumferential stress. To test the hypothesis that the subphysiological perfusion conditions (i.e., low pressure and flow) previously used caused the reduction, arteries were subjected to the identical elongation protocol (50% increase over 9 days) while being perfused with physiological levels of flow, viscosity and pulsatile pressure. A significant increase in unloaded length was achieved by elongation under both perfusion conditions, although the increase was less under physiological (7 ± 1%) than under subphysiological conditions (19 ± 2%, p < 0.005). When length at physiological stress was estimated using mechanical testing data the values were similar. The ultimate circumferential stress of arteries elongated under physiological conditions was increased (33%), whereas the ultimate axial stress was decreased (50%) as compared with arteries elongated under subphysiological conditions. Elongated arteries under both perfusion conditions showed significant increases in proliferation and collagen mass, and similar viability and appearance to fresh arteries. These data suggest that there is substantial cross-talk between perfusion conditions and axial strain that modulates arterial remodeling and length.
Pediatric brain tumor consortium multisite assessment of apparent diffusion coefficient z-axis variation assessed with an ice-water phantom.

Rationale and Objectives Magnetic resonance diffusion imaging can characterize physiologic characteristics of pediatric brain tumors used to assess therapy response. The purpose of this study was to assess the variability of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) along z-axis of scanners in the multicenter Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC). Materials and Methods Ice–water diffusion phantoms for each PBTC site were distributed with a specific diffusion imaging protocol. The phantom was scanned four successive times to 1) confirm water in the tube reached thermal equilibrium and 2) allow for assessment of intra-examination ADC repeatability. ADC profiles across slice positions for each vendor and institution combination were characterized using linear regression modeling with a quadratic fit. Results Eleven sites collected data with a high degree of compliance to the diffusion protocol for each scanner. The mean ADC value at slice position zero for vendor A was 1.123 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s, vendor B was 1.0964 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s, and vendor C was 1.110 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s. The percentage coefficient of variation across all sites was 0.309% (standard deviation = 0.322). The ADC values conformed well to a second-order polynomial along the z-axis, (ie, following a linear model pattern with quadratic fit) for vendor–institution combinations and across vendor–institution combinations as shown in the longitudinal model. Conclusions Assessment of the variability of diffusion metrics is essential for establishing the validity of using these quantitative metrics in multicenter trials. The low variability in ADC values across vendors and institutions and validates the use of ADC as a quantitative tumor marker in pediatric multicenter trials.
Mineral nutrition of sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense Crantz) in relation to nutrient supply

Abstract Sawgrass ( Cladium jamaicense Crantz) seedlings were subjected to enrichment in a greenhouse both as a means of calibrating the mineral-nutrient status of plants in the field and estimating their response to nutrient enrichment. Available soil nutrients partially predicted seedling response to fertilization. Seedlings responded to sulfur, potassium, and phosphorus (P) fertilization. Small additions of P produced significant increases in dry weight, shoot length, and vegetative reproduction of new plants. Seedling growth response was highly determined by tissue-P levels. Tissue concentrations of P in shoots and roots increased with increasing external concentrations. High levels of P inhibited dry-matter production, shoot elongation, and shoot production. This indicates a potential for adverse consequences resulting from artificial enrichment of Everglades sawgrass marshes. Critical P concentration in seedlings was 0.07%, a value higher than that in sawgrass plants in the field. Experimentally determined critical nutrient levels do not appear to be adequate for diagnosing the nutrient status of plants in the field, unless plants or plant parts of similar maturity are compared.
Analysis for the prediction of non-equilibrium phase formation in rapid conduction cooling

Abstract A new model for alloy solidification, stimulated by results from rapid liquisol quenching experiments, is proposed. The model incorporates kinetic processes into the liquid-solid interfacial conditions by introducing a kinetic delay time for solidification. The ratio of this kinetic delay time to the thermal diffusion time in a slab becomes a dimensionless parameter in determining the motion of the interface with time, and a perturbation analysis for very large values of the parameter is constructed. The problem for determining the progress of the interface for arbitrary values of the parameter and general boundary conditions is set up. In this case, a critical value of the parameter for a given set of experimental conditions is identified above which non-equilibrium phases are formed, and below which the equilibrium products are formed. Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental results are made and found to be in agreement for several known cases.
Does Homeschooling “Work”? A Critique of the Empirical Claims and Agenda of Advocacy Organizations

The phenomenal growth of homeschooling in recent years demonstrates not only the appeal of this educational approach but also the notable policy acumen of the homeschooling movement's leading advocates. This analysis examines and critiques the empirical claims made by homeschooling proponents to justify further expansion and deregulation of the movement, and sheds light on the homeschool advocacy agenda explicit in those claims. Advocates often strongly suggest a causal connection between homeschooling and academic success, postsecondary attainment, and even enjoyment of life. Seemingly, these benefits are experienced all at a reduced cost per student. It is through such claims that homeschooling advocates have expanded the practice of homeschooling and have pressed for fewer state regulations and less oversight. This article outlines and challenges those claims, showing the tenuous basis for such conclusions. Instead, in an era when policymakers demand evidence of effective educational practices, we note...
Supply chain innovation diffusion: going beyond adoption

Purpose – A comprehensive evaluation of the constructs that contribute to the incorporation of a supply chain innovation into an organization is markedly absent in the literature. Even in academic fields where the post‐adoption diffusion stages of acceptance, routinization, and assimilation are often investigated, no study integrates these constructs and their constituent dimensions into a unified framework. In addition, these post‐adoption activities are largely ignored in the supply chain innovation literature. This paper aims to integrate extant literature regarding acceptance, routinization, and assimilation for the purpose of clarifying the definitions and identifying the dimensions of each construct to provide guidance to scholars who are investigating innovation diffusion in the supply chain.Design/methodology/approach – Through the lens of diffusion of innovation theory, a broad base of literature both within and beyond the scope of traditional supply chain management (SCM) journals is considered ...
Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in the Adolescent Athlete

The shoulder and elbow represent two of the most commonly injured joints in the adolescent population. Specific injuries vary by sport and can involve various structures, depending on the mechanism of injury. Unlike the adult shoulder, the immature skeletal structure of the adolescent athlete can lead to several unique injuries. By understanding the special demands placed on the immature shoulder, the sports physician can more effectively treat the resultant injury. This article reviews the diagnosis and management of unique injuries to the shoulder and elbow in the adolescent athlete.
The effects of applications of zinc and different sources of phosphorus on growth and nutrient uptake by rice

Abstract An investigation was conducted in the greenhouse to determine the effects of applications of zinc (Zn) and different sources of phosphorus (P) on the production of dry matter and on the concentration and uptake of P and Zn in plant tissue of rice, Oryza sativa L., cultivar Saturn, at the vegetative growth phase on Crowley silt loam, pH 5.3. When no Zn was applied, normal superphosphate (NSP) was superior to concentrated superphosphate (CSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and mono‐ammonium phosphate (MAP), but it was not a better source of phosphorus than ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in the production of dry matter of rice plants. When Zn was applied, NSP and APP were superior to the other sources of P. The application of CSP with or without Zn resulted in the highest concentration of P in the rice tissue. The largest amount of P taken up by the rice plants occurred on the soil that received an application of NSP or APP irrespective of the Zn treatment. The application of all of the sources of P resu...
Positron Annihilation Studies of the Internal Surfaces of Selected Zeolites and the Effect of Hydration

Positron annihilation techniques have been applied to study the pore diameters and volumes of 11 crystalline and amorphous zeolites. The data, consisting of the number of counts per channel recorded on a multichannel analyzer, were analyzed by means of the POSITRONFIT program. The data were presented as four lifetimes, τ1 to τ4, with their associated intensities, I1 to I4. The pore volumes reported here were based on a quantum mechanical model. The derived volumes are in reasonable agreement with pore volumes obtained with X-ray and other data. The intensity of our fourth positron lifetime correlates with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements of the surface area of the powders. These results are consistent with two studies by other authors.
Renal cell carcinoma local recurrences: impact of surgical treatment and concomitant metastasis on survival

The local recurrence of renal cancer is an uncommon event, but it is often tempting to remove such recurrences surgically. Authors from the USA analysed the survival benefit of such a strategy in the presence and the absence of concomitant metastatic disease. They found that, in the absence of metastases, complete surgical resection of local recurrences is associated with improved survival. Authors from the same institution compared outcomes in elective partial vs radical nephrectomy for renal cancers of 4.7 cm. They found no clear evidence that partial nephrectomy was associated with worse cancer control, but suggest that continued follow-up of this cohort is required. OBJECTIVE To analyse the survival benefit of resecting local recurrence (LR) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the presence and absence of concomitant metastasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 1989 to 2004 we identified 34 patients with LRs (2.9%) of the 1165 radical nephrectomies performed for T1–4N0M0 disease. Of these, 18 (53%) had no evidence of metastasis (isolated LR incidence, 1.5%) and 16 (47%) had synchronous metastasis. Of the 18 patients with no metastasis, 11 had complete surgical resection (group I) and seven had nonsurgical therapy (group II). Of the 16 patients with synchronous metastasis, five had surgery (group III) and 11 did not (group IV). Survival was projected using the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test for each group. RESULTS Eight of the 34 patients (24%) were symptomatic. The T stage of the initial nephrectomy was T1a in two cases, T1b in six, T2 in five, T3a in six, T3b in eight, T4 in six and unknown in one; 22 patients (65%) had clear cell histology. There were no significant differences in median time to LR or the LR size among the groups. The median (range) follow-up was 16.9 (0.5–103.6) months. Of the 11 patients in group I, three remain with no evidence of disease, three are alive with metastatic disease, and five died from disease. By contrast, 21 of the 23 patients (91%) in groups II, III and IV died from disease. The overall estimated 1-, 3- and 5-year survivals were 63%, 31% and 18%. The median survival time was 71.4 months for group I, 9.9 for II, 16.3 for III, and 11.8 for IV (P < 0.01) with a 5-year survival of 62% for group I and 0% for groups II, III, and IV. CONCLUSIONS LR after radical nephrectomy is rare (2.9%) and has a poor prognosis. The presence of synchronous metastasis and nonoperative therapy are related to these low survival rates. However, if there is no metastatic disease, complete surgical resection of LRs is associated with improved survival.
Localization of NADPH diaphorase in the thoracolumbar and sacrococcygeal spinal cord of the dog.

Abstract The distribution of NADPH-d activity and NOS-immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the dog was studied to evaluate the role of nitric oxide in lumbosacral afferent and spinal autonomic pathways. At all levels of the spinal cord examined, NADPH-d staining and NOS-immunoreactivity were present in neurons and fibers in the superficial dorsal horn, dorsal commissure and in neurons around the central canal. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rostral lumbar segments identified by choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity exhibited prominent NADPH-d and NOS-immunoreactive staining; whereas the ChAT-immunoreactive parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the sacral segments were not stained. The most prominent NADPH-d activity in the sacral segments occurred in fibers extending from Lissauer's tract through lamina I along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn to the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. These fibers were prominent in the S1–S3 segments but not in adjacent segments (L5–L7 and Cx1) or in thoracolumbar segments. The NADPH-d fibers were not NOS-immunoreactive, but did overlap with a prominent fiber bundle containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in the sacral spinal cord. These results indicate that nitric oxide may function as a transmitter in thoracolumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons, but not in sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. The functional significance of the NADPH-d positive, NOS-negative fiber bundle on the lateral edge of the sacral dorsal horn remains to be determined. However, based on anatomical studies in other species it seems reasonable to speculate that the fiber tract represents, in part, visceral afferent projections to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus.
State Capacity and Support for Village Institutions in Rural Shaanxi

For successful political reforms, such as village elections or elimination of arbitrary fees, the central party-government must have the political capacity to implement new laws down to the village...
New land tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Miocene of Africa

The described fossil testudinids from the Miocene of Africa are reviewed. Geochelone stromeri sp. nov. is described from Lower Pliocene (Langebaanweg) and Miocene (Namib) specimens. Kinixys erosa, an extant species, is reported from Songhor Hill. Chersina sp. is reported from Arrisdrift. Impregnochelys pachytectis gen. et sp. nov. is described from Rusinga Island, Kenya, and is unique in having the anterior shell opening orientated ventrally and in having struts on the internal surface of the neurals, but shares with Kinixys a unique epiplastron shape, a high number of axillary scutes and unique orientation of the head of the femur.
Diabetes Intrusiveness and Wellness among Elders: A Test of the Illness Intrusiveness Model.

Using data collected from 147 predominately African American senior citizens in Arkansas, this research examined the Illness Intrusiveness Model (Devins, 1991; Devins & Seland, 1987; Devins & Shnek, 2000) to explain variations in wellness specifically related to participants' adaptation to diabetes. The theoretical model hypothesized that the relationships between five explanatory variables and wellness would be mediated through illness intrusiveness and personal control. Moreover, it was hypothesized that illness intrusiveness would be directly related to wellness, as well as indirectly related to wellness, mediated through personal control. Partial support for the model was observed with some hypotheses supported and others not supported. Limitations and implications of this study for both future research and practice are discussed.
The reaction of potassium dihydrogen arsenide with halobenzenes

Abstract Potassium dihydrogen arsenide reacts with aryl halides at ambient temperature to give benzene, tetraphenyldiarsine and triphenylarsine. The yield of benzene ranged from 74% in the case of iodobenzene to 0% in the case of chlorobenzene. The normal coupling product, triphenylarsine, was obtained (in low yields) only from chlorobenzene and bromobenzene.
Familial occurrence of the aniridia-Wilms tumor syndrome with deletion 11p13-14.1

A report of a family with two half-brothers and a maternal aunt affected with the aniridia-Wilms tumor syndrome is presented. The proband showed a deletion of most of band 11p13 and of subband 11p14.1 of one chromosome 11, and the proband's mother and an older brother, both phenotypically normal, showed a balanced chromosomal rearrangement. This family demonstrates that deletion of a small chromosome segment (11p13-14.1) is responsible for the aniridia-Wilms tumor syndrome and, that in some cases, the syndrome can be familial.
Synthesis and secretion of apolipoprotein E by cultured human keratinocytes.

Non-polar lipids are synthesized by keratinocytes in the epidermis and transported to the extracellular space where they contribute to formation of a permeability barrier. Transport of non-polar lipids in other organs and tissues usually occurs with the lipid complexed to an apolipoprotein. In this study we set out to learn if apolipoprotein E is produced by human epidermal keratinocytes in culture. Analysis of tota' cellular RNA from cultured keratinocytes showed the presence of human apolipoprotein E mRNA at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 35 molecules/cell. The cells secrete a protein identified as apo E on the basis of molecular weight, isoform pattern, and immunoreactivity. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of media from keratinocyte cultures indicated that apolipoprotein E is secreted at a rate of 0.92 ng/h/106 cells.
Thermodynamic Properties of Light Synthetic Natural Gas Mixtures Using the RK-PR Cubic Equation of State

In this work, we test the recently developed generalized Redlich−Kwong/Peng−Robinson (RK−PR) three-parameter cubic equation of state for predicting thermodynamic properties of light, synthetic natural gas mixtures using the simple one-fluid mixing rule. The required binary interaction parameters (considered temperature-independent) come from correlation of literature vapor−liquid equilibrium data for the involved binary systems covering wide temperature and pressure ranges. Densities and phase envelopes of natural gas mixtures calculated with the equation of state are compared to highly accurate literature data to check the validity of the model. We also report comparisons with the predictions obtained from the Patel−Teja (PT) and the molecular-based, perturbed-chain SAFT (PC−SAFT) equations of state. RK−PR has good predictive ability for these systems considering its simplicity.
A Consumer-Oriented Control Framework for Performance Analysis in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have attracted considerable attention due to their potential to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. The objective of this paper is to enhance our understanding of the associated tradeoffs among the HEV subsystems, e.g., the engine, the motor, and the battery, and investigate the related implications for fuel consumption and battery capacity and lifetime. Addressing this problem can provide insights on how to prioritize these objectives based on consumers’ needs and preferences. The results of the proposed optimization approach can also be used to investigate the implications for HEV costs related to ownership and warranty.
Linkage Disequilibrium and the Search for Complex Disease Genes

During the past two decades, linkage analysis has been phenomenally successful in localizing Mendelian disease genes. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, which effectively incorporates the effects of many past generations of recombination, has often been instrumental in the final phases of gene localization (Feder et al. 1996; Hastbacka et al. 1994; Kerem et al. 1989). These successes have fueled hopes that similar approaches will be effective in localizing genes underlying susceptibility to common, complex diseases. With the exception of Mendelian subsets of common diseases (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2 for breast cancer, APC for colon cancer, the LDL receptor gene for heart disease), progress on this front has been limited. Typically, a nonparametric linkage analysis, such as a sib-pair analysis, will implicate several genetic regions as targets for further investigation. These regions, often 10–20 Mb in size, remain intractably large for effective positional cloning. It is now hoped that LD approaches, using hundreds of thousands of new polymorphic markers, will overcome this impasse (Risch and Merikangas 1996). The rationale underlying LD mapping of complex disease genes is straightforward and similar to the justification for LD mapping of Mendelian disease genes. With both types of disease genes, the primary advantage of LD analysis remains its ability to use the effects of dozens or hundreds of past generations of recombination to achieve fine-scale gene localization (Jorde 1995). An important difficulty, common to both types of disease genes, is that past historical events (admixture, genetic drift, multiple mutations, and natural selection) can disturb the relationship between LD and inter-locus physical distance. A major difference, of course, is that locus heterogeneity complicates the analysis of complex diseases and may be more extensive for these diseases than for most Mendelian diseases. Furthermore, allelic heterogeneity may be present at each locus. This heterogeneity, the scope of which is largely unknown, will limit the strength of association between a given polymorphism and an observable phenotype. Despite these challenges, LD mapping holds considerable appeal, and there is great demand to resolve the genetics of complex diseases. Consequently, many new techniques have been devised to carry out LD analysis, often with a view toward mapping complex disease loci. The purpose of this review is to summarize these techniques and some of the issues surrounding their application. In particular, the evolutionary factors that can confound or enhance disequilibrium analysis will be discussed, and some thoughts will be offered on the optimal choice of markers and populations for LD analysis.
Effects of furosemide on medullary oxygenation in younger and older subjects

Effects of furosemide on medullary oxygenation in younger and older subjects. Renal medullary hypoxia is characteristic of mammalian kidneys and can be assessed noninvasively in animals and humans by blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD MRI). Water diuresis has been shown to improve medullary oxygenation in young human subjects but not in elderly subjects, a difference attributed to a decline in renal prostaglandin production with age. Loop diuretics such as furosemide also increase medullary oxygenation in experimental animals, by inhibiting active transport and oxygen consumption in the medullary thick ascending limb. We examined, using BOLD MRI, this response to furosemide in eight younger (23 to 34 years) and eight elderly (64 to 81 years) healthy women. We also attempted to assess the role of prostaglandins in age-related differences, using ibuprofen to inhibit prostaglandin E 2 synthesis. Renal medullary oxygenation, initially low, increased during furosemide diuresis in younger subjects. In the older population, however, furosemide usually elicited little or no change in oxygenation of the renal medulla, despite profuse diuresis. Ibuprofen did not inhibit the action of furosemide to improve medullary pO 2 in younger subjects. Conclusions The action of loop diuretics to improve medullary oxygenation, apparent in younger subjects, is blunted by normal aging. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis did not counteract the effect of furosemide in younger subjects, suggesting that a decline in prostaglandin E 2 production with age is not the central cause of this age-related defect.
Role of Sampling Designs in Obtaining Representative Data

Representative environmental data are necessary to make defensible environmental decisions. Representative data can be obtained using unbiased sampling designs developed in the context of the project to achieve sampling objectives with required confidence and minimal cost. This article stresses the importance of systematic planning and an adequate conceptual site model to develop an appropriate sampling design. Various sampling designs are discussed and examples are used to illustrate sampling designs for various sampling objectives.
Large fontanels in congenital hypothyroidism: A potential clue toward earlier recognition

Congenital hypothyroidism is seldom suspected in the newborn infant. Although it is known that infants with congenital hypothyroidism tend to have large fontanels for age, this is usually not the initial clue which alerts the clinician to the possibility of this disorder. The present study of fontanel size and its relationship to hone age in infants with congenital hypothyroidism suggests that most of them have a prenatal onset of osseous immaturity, as indicated by bone age for enchondral ossification and large fontanels for membranous ossification; hence the practical suggestion is made that the detection o fa large anterior fontanel and an open posterior fontanel of unexplained etiology in a neonate could serve as the initial clue toward the suspicion of congenital hypothyroidism, realizing that other disorders can also lead to immature development of the calvarium at birth.
Osteomyelitis of the mandible as a complicating factor in paget's disease of bone

A case of osteomyelitis of the mandible in a patient with extensive Paget's disease of bone is presented. The changes in the bone with Paget's disease makes the diagnosis, clinical assessment and management of the osteomyelitis in such patients a difficult task.
Psychiatric disturbance in serious delinquents.

Psychiatric disturbance, and its relationship to delinquent behavior, was investigated in 71 incarcerated seriously delinquent adolescents (40 male, 31 female) using structured diagnostic instruments (SADA-DSM-III) and a definition of delinquency based on adjudicated felonies. A wide range of psychopathology was identified, with all subjects receiving multiple psychiatric diagnoses. Substance abuse/alcoholism, borderline personality disorder, and major/minor affective disorders were the most common diagnoses. Measures associated with severity of delinquency and adult antisocial outcome were most clearly associated with borderline personality disorder and substance/alcohol abuse. Results are discussed with regard to future studies and treatment implications.
Pine mouth syndrome – an emerging food hypersensitivity?

Between July 2008 and November 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received 197 consumer reports of prolonged taste disturbances following consumption of pine nuts. Most consumers consistently reported a delayed bitter or metallic taste with foods beginning 4 to 48 hours after pine nut consumption. This bitter taste recurred with any food consumed, lasting on average 5 to 10 days. Symptoms resolved in all cases without serious health consequences. To evaluate these complaints, a questionnaire was developed to address specific characteristics of the pine nuts consumed, associated symptoms and pertinent medical history, including allergies. In total, 130 of 197 consumers answered the questionnaire. All complainants were adults and 73.1% were female. The majority of the pine nuts were imported from Asia (China, 68.2%) and consumed in a raw state (75.2%). All consumers reported no rancid or foul taste with the pine nuts. Analysis of 15 different complaint samples found no evidence of pesticides or related contaminants; however, measurable concentrations of hexanal (0.2 - 4.1 mg/kg) – an indicator of lipid oxidation - were found. The majority of consumers were non-smokers and 30.8% reported one or more allergies: seasonal (20%), food (6.9%), drug (3.8%) and food intolerances (2.3%). Only 15.7% of consumers reported additional symptoms, such as tingling in the mouth, hives and/or gastrointestinal complaints, suggestive of a possible food allergy or intolerance. Except for a few cases in which oral allergy-like symptoms were noted in individuals with seasonal or tree nut allergies, there was no association between symptoms and an allergic condition. No other relevant medical information to explain the taste disturbances was found. The reported complaints are consistent with a previously described condition called pine mouth syndrome. Although the mechanism remains unknown, pine mouth syndrome should be recognized as an emerging food hypersensitivity in patients presenting with atypical oral complaints to pine nuts.
An application of a new meta-heuristic for optimizing the classification accuracy when analyzing some medical datasets

Medical data mining has recently become one of the most popular topics in the data mining community. This is due to the societal importance of the field and also the particular computational challenges posed in this domain of data mining. However, current medical data mining approaches oftentimes use identical costs or just ignore them for the different cases of classification errors. Thus, their outcome may be unexpected. This paper applies a new meta-heuristic approach, called the Homogeneity-Based Algorithm (or HBA), for optimizing the classification accuracy when analyzing some medical datasets. The HBA first expresses the objective as an optimization problem in terms of the error rates and the associated penalty costs. These costs may be dramatically different in medical applications as the implications of having a false-positive and a false-negative case may be tremendously different. When the HBA is combined with traditional classification algorithms, it enhances their prediction accuracy. It does so by using the concept of homogenous sets. Five medical datasets, obtained from the machine learning data repository at the University of California, Irvine (UCI), USA, were tested. Some computational results indicate that the HBA, when it is combined with traditional methods, can significantly outperform current stand-alone data mining approaches.