cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance of 3'-phosphoglycolate DNA ends to digestion by mammalian DNase III.

Abstract Inamdar, K. V., Yu, Y. and Povirk, L. F. Resistance of 3′-Phosphoglycolate DNA Ends to Digestion by Mammalian DNase III. Radiat. Res. 157, 306 – 311 (2002). An essential step in the repair of free radical-mediated DNA strand breaks is the removal of sugar fragments such as phosphoglycolate from the 3′ termini. While the abasic endonuclease Ape1 can remove phosphoglycolate from single-strand breaks in double-stranded DNA, an enzyme capable of removing it from 3′ overhangs of double-strand breaks has yet to be identified. We therefore tested DNase III, the predominant 3′ → 5′ exonuclease in mammalian cell extracts, for possible 3′-phosphoglycolate-removing activity. However, all 3′-phosphoglycolate substrates, as well as a 3′-phosphate substrate, were resistant to DNase III under conditions in which the analogous 3′-hydroxyl substrates were extensively degraded. The DNA end-binding protein Ku (an equimolar mixture of Ku70, now known as G22P1, and Ku86, now known as XRCC5) did not alter the resistan...
An effect of the stage of lactation on the concentration of albumin in the serum of dairy cows.

The mean concentration of albumin in the serum of dairy cows from 5 large dairy herds was shown to be lowest in those cows which had recently calved. There was a significant, positive, linear relationship between the concentration of albumin and the stage of lactation duringthe first 120 days of lactation, the average rate of increase in albumin concentration being between 3.7 and 6.9 mg/100 ml/day. A similar relationship between the concentration of serum albuminand stage of lactation was found when blood samples were taken repeatedly from a group of 8 other cows. The fall in albumin concentration at calving, however, was shown to occur in only 3 of the 8 cows. By using 125I-labelled albumin this fall was shown to be caused partly by decreased synthesis by the liver and partly by increased loss from, or dilution in, the blood.
Water Waves: Fifth-Order Korteweg-Devries Equation

Capillary-gravity waves propagate in a layer of homogeneous fluid with a free surface under the combined influence of gravity and surface tension.
Development of a Cost-effective Clinical Assay to Simultaneously Screen, Quantitate and Isotype M-proteins in Real-Time Using MALDI-TOF

Background: Current laboratory detection of monoclonal gammopathies includes a panel of serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) and serum free light chain quantitation (FLC). In this study we sought to evaluate an emerging clinical platform: matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) as a cost effective, sensitive method to detect, isotype and quantitate M-proteins. Methods: We developed an immuno-enrichment MALDI-TOF MS assay utilizing nanobodies to detect, quantitate and isotype Mproteins. Residual patient serum was enriched for IgG, IgA, IgM, kappa and lambda using nanobodies. After disassociating the heavy or light chains, five separate samples were spotted onto a Bruker Microflex MALDI plate. Automated acquisition (w10 seconds/ sample) was performed and the mass spectra corresponding to light chains from each nanobody were overlaid. M-proteins were detected, quantitated and isotyped by the presence of distinct peaks (mspike) within light chain m/z regions. Results: In M-protein positive patient samples, serial dilution revealed MALDI-TOF MS to have w10-fold lower limit of detection than IFE. Screening concordance for the MALDI-TOF MS was 97.8% for IFE(+) and 100% for SPEP(+) samples. For IFE(-) samples, the concordance was 88.6% with the MALDI-TOF identifying 4 additional positive patients. In samples positive by both methods (N1⁄487), isotyping concordance was 98.9%. The M-Spike quantitation correlation between SPEP and MALDI-TOF was linear with the MALDI giving slightly lower values. The MALDI-TOF method also had good agreement with the Hevy-LiteTM assay for the all three Ig classes. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that detection, quantitation and isotyping of M-proteins by MALDI-TOF MS is robust and exceeds the sensitivity of IFE. Unlike current methods, the MALDI can also document isotype suppression. This method is amendable to automation, is rapid and in its current format is costcompetitive with current clinical isotyping assays.
Sequence Diversity, Intersubgroup Relationships, and Origins of the Mouse Leukemia Gammaretroviruses of Laboratory and Wild Mice

Mouse leukemia viruses (MLVs) are found in the common inbred strains of laboratory mice and in the house mouse subspecies of Mus musculus. Receptor usage and envelope (env) sequence variation define three MLV host range subgroups in laboratory mice: ecotropic, polytropic, and xenotropic MLVs (E-, P-, and X-MLVs, respectively). These exogenous MLVs derive from endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that were acquired by the wild mouse progenitors of laboratory mice about 1 million years ago. We analyzed the genomes of seven MLVs isolated from Eurasian and American wild mice and three previously sequenced MLVs to describe their relationships and identify their possible ERV progenitors. The phylogenetic tree based on the receptor-determining regions of env produced expected host range clusters, but these clusters are not maintained in trees generated from other virus regions. Colinear alignments of the viral genomes identified segmental homologies to ERVs of different host range subgroups. Six MLVs show close relationships to a small xenotropic ERV subgroup largely confined to the inbred mouse Y chromosome. env variations define three E-MLV subtypes, one of which carries duplications of various sizes, sequences, and locations in the proline-rich region of env. Outside the env region, all E-MLVs are related to different nonecotropic MLVs. These results document the diversity in gammaretroviruses isolated from globally distributed Mus subspecies, provide insight into their origins and relationships, and indicate that recombination has had an important role in the evolution of these mutagenic and pathogenic agents. IMPORTANCE Laboratory mice carry mouse leukemia viruses (MLVs) of three host range groups which were acquired from their wild mouse progenitors. We sequenced the complete genomes of seven infectious MLVs isolated from geographically separated Eurasian and American wild mice and compared them with endogenous germ line retroviruses (ERVs) acquired early in house mouse evolution. We did this because the laboratory mouse viruses derive directly from specific ERVs or arise by recombination between different ERVs. The six distinctively different wild mouse viruses appear to be recombinants, often involving different host range subgroups, and most are related to a distinctive, largely Y-chromosome-linked MLV ERV subtype. MLVs with ecotropic host ranges show the greatest variability with extensive inter- and intrasubtype envelope differences and with homologies to other host range subgroups outside the envelope. The sequence diversity among these wild mouse isolates helps define their relationships and origins and emphasizes the importance of recombination in their evolution.
Comparative Effectiveness of Etanercept and Adalimumab in Patient Reported Outcomes and Injection-Related Tolerability.

Objective To describe patient preferences in selecting specific biologics and compare clinical response using patient reported outcomes (PROs) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) started on different anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapies. Methods Participants were enrollees in Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Patients with RA who had at least two provider visits and started a new anti-TNF therapy from 10/2010–8/2011, were eligible for participation in this longitudinal study. Using a telephone survey, patient preferences in biologic selection and RAPID3, MDHAQ, and SF-12 scores were collected at baseline and at 6 months. Patient scores rating injection/infusion-site burning and stinging (ISBS) were collected at 6 months. Results In all, 267 patients with RA responded to the baseline survey, of whom 57% preferred an injectable biologic, 22% preferred an infused biologic, and 21% had no preference. Motivation for injectable biologics was convenience (92%) and for infusion therapy was dislike or lack of self-efficacy for self-injection (16%). After 6 months of treatment with anti-TNF, 70% of the 177 patients who answered the ISBS question reported ISBS with the last dose; on a scale of 1 (none) to 10 (worst), 41% of these reported a score of 2–5; and 29% reported a score of 6–10. Adalimumab users experienced 3.2 times (95% confidence interval 1.2–8.6) the level of ISBS that etanercept users experienced. There were no significant differences in RAPID3, MDHAQ, or SF-12 scores between etanercept or adalimumab initiators. Conclusion Convenience and fear of self-injection were important considerations to patients selecting a biologic drug. Although more convenient, adalimumab associated with more ISBS than did etanercept, and this rate was higher than reported in clinical trials. At 6 months, PROs did not differ between etanercept and adalimumab users.
Synthesis of alkenylgold(I) compounds via sequential hydrozirconation and zirconium to gold transmetalation

A new method for the synthesis of stereodefined organogold(I) compounds has been developed using an alkyne hydrozirconation and Zr to Au transmetalation sequence to prepare a series of functionally diverse (E)-alkenylgold(I) compounds that were inaccessible or unreported using other synthetic methods. This facile reaction sequence is complete in 4 h at ambient temperature and can employ commercially available starting materials. As part of this synthetic study, we also discovered an organogold compound that underwent an E to Z isomerization consistent with progression through a novel carbenoid pathway.
Elementary discussion on enterprises' human resource accounting

With the coming of knowledge economy,it is more and more important to develop and research human resource for enterprise.Financial accounting is an issue for accountant.So it is necessary to research and discuss deeply the speciality,calculation method and exposal of human resource accounting.
Identities for Logarithmic Means: A Survey

We provide a survey of identities for sums of the type \(\sum _{n\leq x}a(n)\log (x/n).\) In each case, a(n) is an arithmetical function generated by a Dirichlet series satisfying a functional equation involving the gamma function. Moreover, all of the identities given in this paper feature infinite series of Bessel functions.
Operational Modal Analysis of a Helicopter Rotor Blade Using Digital Image Correlation

A novel procedure to perform operational modal analysis on a reduced-scale, 2 m diameter helicopter rotor blade is described. Images of the rotor blade rotating at 900 RPM are captured by a pair of high-speed digital cameras at a sampling rate of 1000 frames per second. From these images, the out-of-plane bending deformation of the rotor blade is measured using Digital Image Correlation, with a spatial resolution of 7.2 mm and an accuracy of 60 μm, or 0.006 % of the rotor radius. Modal parameters including natural frequencies and mode shapes are determined from the bending deformation through application of the Ibrahim Time Domain method. The first three out-of-plane bending modes were identified at each rotational speed and compared to an analytical finite element model of the rotor blade. The experimental and analytical natural frequencies agreed to within 0.2 % in the best case and 10.0 % in the worst case. The experimental mode shapes were also found to closely match the analytical predictions. The results of this study demonstrate the ability of this procedure to accurately determine the modal parameters of rotating helicopter rotor blades.
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms present the greatest challenge to the vascular surgeon. The inclusion technique, which is based on reattachment of visceral vessel origins to openings made in the replacment aortic graft, was developed by Crawford and his associates. It can be accomplished much more rapidly and with less loss of blood than previous methods and has been shown to reduce the level of operative morbidity and mortality.
Beauty in the breakdown: Morphology of the first polar body in mature mouse eggs.

In vitro maturation (IVM) is the process whereby oocytes arrested in prophase of meiosis I are stimulated to resume meiosis and progress to metaphase of meiosis II (MII) ex vivo. Here we examined the cytoskeletal morphology of mature MII eggs obtained following IVM. Cumulus oocyte complexes were isolated from antral follicles of hyper-stimulated female mice, and cumulus cells were removed to induce spontaneous oocyte meiotic maturation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue

Like millions of white working-class American youth in the post-WWII boom era, my parents, seeking the upward mobility a university education promised, attended and met at college in the late 1960s. My mom and my dad’s ancestral trajectories are strikingly similar—from Western European immigrants, to Ohio farmers, to factory works, to carpenters and construction workers, to university professors.
Norgesic® Forte (Riker)

Norgesic is a combination with analgesic, muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Orphenadrine citrate is a centrally acting brain stem compound with analgesic and some anticholinergic properties. It selectively blocks facilitory functions of the reticular formation. The actions of the other compounds are well known.
The diurnal ethology of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), in cowpeas.

A behavioral catalogue of the adult southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), was developed from observations taken in a cowpea field. A total of 23 behaviors are described, and the effects of sex, mating status, time of day, height on the plant, and substrate on these behaviors are quantified. Of the seven most common behaviors, which occupied 97% of the total observation time, sex significantly influenced the duration and/or frequency of kicking, rocking, and mating. Mating status significantly affected the frequency of antennal waving and walking. Time of day had a significant effect on the duration and/or frequency of resting, antennal waving, feeding, kicking, and mating. Height on the plant significantly affected the duration and/or frequency of resting, antennal waving, walking, feeding, kicking, rocking, and mating. Substrate significantly influenced the duration and/or frequency of antennal waving, feeding, kicking, and mating. The proportion of time spent basking on the tops of plants decr...
Disease tolerance: concept and mechanisms

Two distinct defense strategies provide a host with survival to infectious diseases: resistance and tolerance. Resistance is dependent on the ability of the host to kill pathogens. Tolerance promotes host health while having a neutral to positive impact of pathogen fitness. Immune responses are almost inevitably defined in terms of pathogen resistance. Recent evidence has shown, however, that several effects attributed to activation of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, cannot be readily explained with the paradigm of immunity as effectors of microbial destruction. This review focuses on integrating the concept of disease tolerance into recent studies of immune system function related to the regulation and resolution of tissue damage, T cell exhaustion, and tolerance to innocuous antigen.
Potentiation of Warfarin Associated with Salsalate Therapy Resulting in Bleeding.

Background Salsalate may offer many advantages over other non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents in patients taking warfarin, however a drug-drug interaction may occur which has not been reported in the medical literature or by the manufacturer of salsalate. Objective To report a case of warfarin potentiation associated with salsalate treatment, which resulted in bleeding. Method Clinical review of the course of a patient, who was stable on warfarin when salsalate therapy was added for chronic pain. Case report A patient taking stable doses of warfarin for over 1 year (with good control) was prescribed salsalate 3 g/day for pain in his knee and lower back. Approximately 1 month later he presents to the anticoagulation clinic with bruising and an International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 6.8. The patient had a good response to his salsalate therapy and wanted to continue it. The warfarin was held for 3 days and dose lowered by 50 %. His bruising then subsided and he had good control of his warfarin therapy with INRs ranging from 1.9 to 2.2 over the next 4 months. The patient was then lost to follow up. Conclusion This case illustrates a strong association between starting salsalate and subsequent potentiation of warfarin, which heretofore has not been reported in the medical literature.
Identifying Patient Needs in the Context of the Medication Use Situation

Abstract Objectives (1) To identify whether differences in the likelihood of using pharmacy services exist for consumers when faced with different medication use situations; (2) to identify differences in consumers' expectations of pharmacy services according to type of pharmacy; and (3) to determine whether a relationship exists between patient demographics and the likelihood of using different pharmacy services. Design Consumers were provided a survey instrument consisting of four medication use situations that varied with the following: (1) new or previously used medication; (2) acute/chronic use; (3) self/dependent; (4) history/no history of adverse drug experiences; and (5) concomitant/no concomitant drug use. The respondents rated their likelihood of using three pharmacy services for each situation: (1) face-to-face communication with the pharmacist; (2) drug information leaflets; and (3) access to the pharmacist by telephone. Also, respondents were asked to indicate in which type of pharmacy they expect to find the three pharmacy services. Results Respondents identified five different groups of situations for face-to-face communication and access to pharmacist by telephone, and six different groups of situations for the drug information leaflet service. Concomitant drug use and history of adverse drug effects were common situational characteristics for which consumers indicated the highest likelihood of using pharmacy services. Conclusion The context of prescription drug use must be accounted for in designing pharmacy services and in studying service quality from the patient perspective. The results provide evidence that consumers do desire different types of services, given the context in which they find themselves when they visit the pharmacy.
Reptilia-Related Viruses

Publisher Summary Reports concerned with reptilia-associated viruses are few in number compared to those on viruses of the other four major vertebrate classes. The amphibia have generated numerous virus-related publications, restricted in general to frog viruses involved in the initiation of Lucke renal adenocarcinoma and the polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus system. Fish virology has progressed to a considerable extent in no small measure because of the economic importance of these animals to humans. Virological studies, utilizing avian and mammalian host systems, have all but dominated animal virology during the past decade in part because of the heightened emphasis in recent years on scientific “relevance.” The argument for studying viruses of warm-blooded vertebrate hosts is essentially an applied one— namely, that such hosts naturally provide closer analogies, and perhaps even homologies to human infectious processes than those of ectothermic systems. Reptilian virological studies vary considerably in their degree of completeness. No single reptilian virus has been completely characterized and none of the viruses described have been irrevocably implicated in disease causation. Many reports, for example, demonstrate the presence of virus in a particular host by means of electron microscopy (EM) or serological analysis without further characterization of virus-host interaction. While these studies are interesting, and thus are briefly considered in this chapter, the major emphasis of this chapter is more on complete studies. Furthermore, reports are frequently published in journals that are not considered strictly virological in emphasis, such as those concerned with tropical medicine, hygiene, entomological, veterinary, and cancer research. Thus, the basic thrust of this chapter is to gather pertinent information from these various sources, with emphasis on in-depth studies in the hope of stimulating interest in a largely neglected area of virological research.
Where are the women computer science students

This paper discusses the ongoing decline in female students in computer science (CS) and related fields. A questionnaire was developed and used to gather information from current female computer science and other science majors at two universities. The development and issuance of the questionnaire is discussed, along with an analysis of the results. Suggestions related to the motivation of female college students to pursue degrees in computer science and related fields are made based on the results of the survey.
Sporicidal activity of chemical sterilants used in hospitals.

Objective:The current study was designed to assess the sporicidal activity of chemical sterilants using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) sporicidal test. Chemical sterilants are used most commonly in the healthcare setting to disinfect medical instruments such as endoscopes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of several newer formulations of glutaraldehydes and hydrogen peroxide as chemical sterilants.Design:Using the AOAC test the following agents were tested: two 2% alkaline glutaraldehydes (2% Alk-Glut), 2% acid glutaraldehyde (2% Acid Glut), 2% glutaraldehyde-7.05% phenol-1.20% sodium phenate, 10% glutaraldehyde-0.5% phenylphenol-0.1% tertiary amylphenol, and 6% hydrogen peroxide (H202). Growth in > 1 of 60 seeded penicylinders is considered by the AOAC to indicate failure of sporicidal activity,Results:Test results of the six disinfectants against Bacillus subtilis using the manufacturers' specified use-dilution and exposure time were: 0/60 with 2% Alk-Glut (product 1) at 10 hours, 0/60 with 2% Alk-Glut (product 2) at 8 hours, 0/60 with 2% Acid Glut at 10 hours, 2/60 with 2% glutaraldehyde-7.05% phenol-1 .20% sodium phenate at 6.75 hours, 0/60 with a 1:5 dilution (2.0% Glut) of 10% glutaraldehyde-0.5% phenylphenol-0. 1% amylphenol at 6 hours, 59/60 with a 1:20 dilution (0.5% Glut) of 10% glutaraldehyde-0.5% phenylphenol-0.1% tertiary amylphenol at 12 hours and 0/60 with 6% H202 at 6 hours. Test results against Clostridium sporogenes were: 2/60 with 2% Alk-Glut (product 1) at 10 hours, 1/60 with 2% Alk-Glut (product 2) at 8 hours, 1/60 with 2% Acid Glut at 10 hours, 2/60 with undiluted 2% glutaraldehyde-7.05% phenol-1.20% sodium phenate at 6.75 hours, 6/60 with a 1:5 dilution (2% Glut) of 10% glutaraldehyde-0.5% phenylphenol-0.1% amylpenol at 6 hours, 60/60 with a 1:20 dilution (0.5% Glut) of 10% glutaraldehyde-0.5% phenylphenol-0.1% amylpenol at 12 hours, and 0/60 with 6% H202 at 6 hours. Dilutions of 2% glutaraldehyde-7.05% phenol-1.20% sodium phenate yielded the following results against C sporogenes: 59/60 with a 1:8 dilution (0.25% Glut) at 6.75 hours, 60/60 with a 1:16 dilution (0.125% Glut) at 6.75 hours, 11/90 with a 1:8 (0.25% Glut) dilution at 12 hours, and 60/60 with a 1:16 dilution (0.125% Glut) at 12 hours.Conclusions:Both 2% acid and alkaline glutaraldehydes are effective chemical sterilants. Diluting glutaraldehyde-based sterilants below 2% glutaraldehyde resulted in failure to kill spores of B subtilis and C sporogenes.
A Framework for Reduce-or-Retreat Minimization

We introduce our framework, including all of the elements generated at each iteration, as well as the major components of reduction and retreat. The property of nonincreasing function values inherent in the framework is strengthened via the definition of a descent method, and lower-diminishing target-gaps are explored as the result of a successful run of a method within the framework. Finally, we develop our extended notion of approaching stationarity and link this property both to stationary points and to lower-diminishing target-gaps.
Operant ethanol reward in C57BL/6 mice: influence of gender and procedural variables.

Abstract Food-deprived C57BL/6 (C57) mice of either sex responded for oral ethanol rewards delivered on ratio schedules of reinforcement, thus extending to female C57 mice effects previously reported only for male members of the strain. Lever responding for ethanol reward was influenced by thirst motivation (post- vs. preprandial tests), time of access to ethanol reward, ethanol concentration, and reinforcement schedule. A particularly high response output for 12% ethanol delivered on a PR2 schedule (e.g., ∼ 1400/15 min test session) indicates its efficacy as a reinforcer for C57 mice. Estimated consumption of ethanol differed from lever responding when reward access time was relatively long (10 s) and response demand of the reinforcement schedule was low, but paralleled lever responding when reward access time was restricted (3 s) and response demands were greater. Gender influenced lever responding for ethanol reward and its consumption, the difference depending upon reward access time and reinforcement schedule. When the response demands were low and the reward access time long, females tended to respond more than males for ethanol reward; with greater response demands and shorter reward access time, males tended to respond more. In conjunction with our companion report, the present study helps define the behavioral conditions under which ethanol is rewarding for C57 mice and establish the conditions under which ethanol reward differs for male and female mice.
Modeling natural fracture networks using improved geostatistical inferences

Abstract Estimation of a reservoir’s production potential depends on accurate physical and mathematical modeling of natural fracture networks. However, prediction of spatial locations and connectivity of these fracture networks is uncertain due to lack of sufficient data to model them. A stochastic simulation technique has been developed based on Multiple Point Statistics (MPS) using non-gridded training images and flexible spatial templates. The local angle of propagation of fractures are simulated based on the pattern of fractures in the vicinity of the simulation mode. The fracture is propagated in the simulated direction and a new set of simulation nodes are generated. The process is continued until the target fracture lengths are attained. A synthetic case was successfully used for demonstrating the working of the algorithm.
Systematic assessment of multi-echo dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI using a digital reference object.

PURPOSE Brain tumor dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI is adversely impacted by T1 and T2∗ contrast agent leakage effects that result in inaccurate hemodynamic metrics. While multi-echo acquisitions remove T1 leakage effects, there is no consensus on the optimal set of acquisition parameters. Using a computational approach, we systematically evaluated a wide range of acquisition strategies to determine the optimal multi-echo DSC-MRI perfusion protocol. METHODS Using a population-based DSC-MRI digital reference object (DRO), we assessed the influence of preload dosing (no preload and full dose preload), field strength (1.5 and 3T), pulse sequence parameters (echo time, repetition time, and flip angle), and leakage correction on relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and flow (rCBF) accuracy. We also compared multi-echo DSC-MRI protocols with standard single-echo protocols. RESULTS Multi-echo DSC-MRI is highly consistent across all protocols, and multi-echo rCBV (with or without use of a preload dose) had higher accuracy than single-echo rCBV. Regression analysis showed that choice of repetition time and flip angle had minimal impact on multi-echo rCBV and rCBV, indicating the potential for significant flexibility in acquisition parameters. The echo time combination had minimal impact on rCBV, though longer echo times should be avoided, particularly at higher field strengths. Leakage correction improved rCBV accuracy in all cases. Multi-echo rCBF was less biased than single-echo rCBF, although rCBF accuracy was reduced overall relative to rCBV. CONCLUSIONS Multi-echo acquisitions were more robust than single-echo, essentially decoupling both repetition time and flip angle from rCBV accuracy. Multi-echo acquisitions obviate the need for preload dosing, although leakage correction to remove residual T2∗ leakage effects remains compulsory for high rCBV accuracy.
Do descriptive norms messaging interventions backfire? Protocol for a systematic review of the boomerang effect

Descriptive norms messaging interventions are used to motivate people to adopt or maintain desirable behaviors. Such interventions provide people with information that describes an undesirable behavior as uncommon or a desirable behavior as prevalent within a relevant social group. Descriptive norms messaging interventions have shown promise in increasing individual and social benefit for a broad range of health and sustainability programs. However, evidence suggests that people who have adopted desirable behaviors sometimes regress to undesirable behaviors after receiving descriptive norms messages due to the type of information provided in the messages. This phenomenon is called the boomerang effect. We aim to conduct a systematic review of boomerang effects on health and environmental sustainability behaviors resulting from exposure to descriptive norms messaging interventions. We will employ our search strategy to identify studies of descriptive norms messaging interventions published prior to December 31, 2020. We will search the Cochrane Library, Campbell Library, PsycINFO, PubMed, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), and Web of Science to retrieve peer-reviewed articles published in English. We will restrict inclusion to studies (e.g., randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and observational studies) of health and environmental sustainability interventions that assess behaviors before and after exposure to descriptive norms messaging. Two reviewers will independently extract data about study populations and design, intervention components, and behavioral measures. We will use the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool (RoB2) and Risk Of Bias in Non-randomized Studies—of Intervention (ROBINS-I) to assess the risk of bias, and the Liverpool Quality Assessment Tool (LQAT) to assess the quality of evidence. We will conduct thematic analyses to codify interventions, and examine intervention effects across subgroups of individuals based on their behavior prior to intervention exposure (e.g., those practicing desirable behaviors vs. undesirable behaviors). We will also conduct moderator analyses to determine whether boomerang effects are contingent upon other factors including intervention framing and delivery modality. This systematic review will provide information about descriptive norms messaging intervention effects across subgroups of individuals and elucidate factors that potentially moderate boomerang effects. The review will yield evidence-based recommendations for the structure and content of descriptive norms messages that can be employed to avoid unintended boomerang effects within the context of health and sustainability programming. PROSPERO CRD42020156989
Hippocampal cells multiplex positive and negative engrams

Abstract The hippocampus is involved in processing a variety of mnemonic computations including the spatiotemporal components, as well as the corresponding emotional dimensions, of contextual memory.1–3 Recent studies have demonstrated vast structural and functional heterogeneity along the dorsal-ventral axis4 of the hippocampus, and while much is known about how the dorsal hippocampus processes spatial-temporal content, much less is known about whether or not the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) partitions positive and negative experiences into distinct sets of cells.4–9 Here, we combine transgenic and all-virus based activity-dependent tagging strategies to visualize multiple valence-specific engrams in the vHPC and demonstrate two partially segregated, albeit physiologically similar, populations that respond to positive and negative experiences. Next, using an RNA Sequencing approach, we find that vHPC positive and negative engram cells display distinct transcriptional programs in which neuroprotective- and neurodegenerative-related gene sets are enriched, respectively. Additionally, while optogenetic manipulation of tagged cell bodies in vHPC is not sufficient to drive behavior, tagged vHPC terminals projecting to the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, but not the prefrontal cortex, have the capacity to drive preference and avoidance when stimulated, as well as to “switch” or “reset” their capacity to drive either, thereby demonstrating their flexible contributions to behavior. We conclude that the vHPC contains genetically, cellularly, and behaviorally distinct populations of cells processing positive and negative memory engrams. Together, our findings provide a novel means by which to visualize multiple engrams within the same brain and point to their unique genetic signatures as putative avenues for future therapeutic interventions. One sentence summary The hippocampus contains neurons corresponding to positive and negative engrams, which are segregated by their molecular, cellular, and projection-specific features.
Effects of rehabilitation on joint-coupling in patients with chronic ankle instability

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with kinematic changes in the lower extremity. Alterations in joint-coupling have been identified during gait in patients with CAI. Rehabilitation rema...
Justice After Atrocity

Anthropologists have been critical of the global asymmetries of knowledge and power embedded in justice institutions established in the aftermath of violence. Truth commissions and mediation processes may be coopted by states seeking to nation-build and extend their coercive and normative capacity in local communities. International criminal courts may impose an alien version of justice that disrupts national politics and a peace process, and they often misapprehend the causes of mass crimes because they employ a form of legal inquiry that is far removed from local historical contexts. Litigation against companies for complicity in crimes against humanity may raise survivors’ expectations, only to dash them when states refuse to recognize universal jurisdiction. Even when legal recourse is not successful, new social movements focused on accountability, reparations, and legal remedy can emerge that engender new forms of sociality and political subjectivity. Anthropological investigations into transitional justice reveal a complex process in which survivors can recover an emancipatory political agency, and anthropologists testifying as experts often influence outcomes more than anticipated.
Investigating a new methodology for ranking international mutual funds

This paper tests the hypothesis that a composite forecast is, at times, more accurate than separate forecasts. The rationale for forecast superiority is that valuable information missing from one model may be captured by the other model. The expected asset returns from the traditional CAPM and the mean-lower partial moment CAPM have been combined to generate a composite systematic risk measure. The measure is then used in Treynor's performance index and tested on a sample of U.S.-based international mutual funds. The results show that the composite beta is a statistically significant and meaningful parameter. However due to sample size, the Wilcoxon signed rank test fails to provide strong evidence that there is a significant difference between Treynor's fund rankings when using the two different asset-pricing models.
Modeling Nonstationary Time Series using Locally Stationary Basis Processes

Methods of estimation and forecasting for stationary models are well known in classical time series analysis. However, stationarity is an idealization which, in practice, can at best hold as an approximation, but for many time series may be an unrealistic assumption. We define a class of locally stationary processes which can lead to more accurate uncertainty quantification over making an invalid assumption of stationarity. This class of processes assumes the model parameters to be time-varying and parameterizes them in terms of a transformation of basis functions that ensures that the processes are locally stationary. We develop methods and theory for parameter estimation in this class of models, and propose a test that allow us to examine certain departures from stationarity. We assess our methods using simulation studies and apply these techniques to the analysis of an electroencephalogram time series.
Pharmacologic Management of Agitation in Patients with Dementia.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risperidone are moderately effective at decreasing agitation in all types of dementia. Olanzapine and risperidone reduce dementia-related agitation much longer than placebo. Dextromethorphan/quinidine may be effective at reducing agitation in patients with dementia.
Truth in Political Struggle

This chapter introduces the overall project: a synthesis of a model-theoretic account of truth for natural languages with an intersectional critical theory that interrogates the role of power in creating false conceptions of reality through the use of misinformation.
Transition From Microscale to Nanoscale Breakdown Dynamics

The transition to microscale and smaller devices necessitates a more robust understanding of breakdown discharge mechanisms at these length scales where the conventional Paschen's law (PL) fails. Many “modified Paschen's laws1, 2” have been derived to account for field emission effects that have been hypothesized to drive this deviation from the classical PL. We previously nondimensionalized one such model2 to derive a universal breakdown model3 valid from the mean free path of an electron to the classical Paschen law.
Carbon aerogels: An update on structure, properties, and applications

Aerogels are unique porous materials whose composition, structure, and properties can be controlled at the nanometer scale. This paper examines the synthesis of organic aerogels and their carbonized derivatives. Carbon aerogels have low electrical resistivity, high surface area, and a tunable pore size. These materials are finding applications as electrodes in double layer capacitors.
Fitting Straight Lines When Both Variables are Subject to Error

(This paper was presented at the Journal of Quality Technology Session of the 27th Annual Fall Technical Conference of the Chemical and Process Industries Division of the American Society for Quality Control and the Section on Physical and Engineering S..
System analysis of a multi-standard direct conversion wireless receiver

Wireless devices with multi-mode function are gaining popularity, but existing multi-mode devices use separate chipsets, or separate receiver paths for different standards on the same chip. A multistandard receiver with a high level of hardware share between different standards is proposed. Measures to perform system analysis for the direct conversion architecture are analyzed and used in a Simulink model to extract design specifications for multi-standard receiver components.
Negative mass effects in Brillouin flows

The Brillouin flow is the dominant flow in crossed-field devices. We systematically study its stability in conventional, planar, and inverted magnetron. We found that the negative mass effect in the inverted magnetron tends to destabilize the planar flow, and that the positive mass effect in the conventional magnetron tends to stabilize the planar flow.
Recuperación de virus de poliomielitis de una epidemia en Iquitos y de casos en el hospital del niño de Lima

Polioviruses were isolated from cases of paralytic poliomyelitis which occurred in an Iquitos epidemic. From seven faces specimen, one Type I, two Type II, and Type III polioviruses were recovered. Also, on Type III, virus was recovered from a contact who had no clinical symptoms. It is postulated that the source of infection could have been a common water supply recently contaminated with fecal material; this could account for the appearance of all three virus types in a single epidemic. Polioviruses were also isolated fron paralytic poliomyelitus patients in the Hospital del Nino de Lima, Four Type I and one Type III viruses were recovered from these patients.
SAGE Analysis from 1 µg of Total RNA

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a powerful transcription-profiling method that allows simultaneous expression analysis of thousands of transcripts, provides absolute digital readout of the expression level, and identifies new genes. A disadvantage of SAGE is the relatively high amount of input RNA required. Consequently, several techniques have been developed to overcome this limitation, so that SAGE can be applied to very limited amounts of starting material, e.g., small biological samples such as tissue biopsies or microdissected materials. Here we describe a modified version of the original microSAGE protocol, which requires only 1 to 2 microg total RNA. This method avoids PCR amplification of cDNA and reamplification of ditags, procedures that potentially compromise the quantitative nature of this technique.
Parallel and out-of-core view-dependent isocontour visualization using random data distribution

In this paper we describe a parallel and out-of-core view-dependent isocontour visualization algorithm that efficiently extracts and renders the visible portions of an isosurface from large datasets. The algorithm first creates an occlusion map using ray-casting and nearest neighbors. With the occlusion map constructed, the visible portion of the isosurface is extracted and rendered. All steps are in a single pass with minimal communication overhead. The overall workload is well balanced among parallel processors using random data distribution. Volumetric datasets are statically partitioned onto the local disks of each processor and loaded only when necessary. This out-of-core feature allows it to handle scalably large datasets. We additionally demonstrate significant speedup of the view-dependent isocontour visualization on a commodity off-the-shelf PC cluster.
Mechanics of the Triaxial Test for Soils

Triaxial test is analyzed against background of plastic theory; it is shown that equilibrium conditions and failure criterion such as Coulomb's law are insufficient to define unique failure load, stress-strain relationship is also needed; problem is solved completely for ideally plastic material; significance of test data for sands and alternative yield criterion is suggested. (26 refs.)
Combined long-term and short-term access storage for sustainable energy system

Although popular renewable energy sources based on solar or wind energy conversion are renewable, environmentally friendly and increasingly competitive in terms of cost, their intermittent availability results in problems. The output of power depends on the given solar radiation or wind speed, and the load following characteristics are poor. Local and wide area storage systems are discussed as a solution. The proposed concept consists of a stochastic source that is coupled via a DC bus with multilevel access storage and a grid interface. The multilevel access storage is a combination of long-term and short-term access storage that allows to compensate for the intermittent availability of power over a wide range of time constants. It is discussed how the coordinated operation of source and multilevel access storage can support the large-scale integration of renewable distributed sources into a sustainable energy system
`Teaching What I Learned': Exploring students' Earth and Space Science learning experiences in secondary school with a particular focus on their comprehension of the concept of `geologic time'

According to the national survey of science education, science educators in the USA currently face many challenges such as lack of qualified secondary Earth and Space Science (ESS) teachers. Less qualified teachers may have difficulty teaching ESS because of a lack of conceptual understanding, which leads to diminished confidence in content knowledge. More importantly, teachers’ limited conceptual understanding of the core ideas automatically leads to a lack of pedagogical content knowledge. This mixed methods study aims to explore the ways in which current secondary schooling, especially the small numbers of highly qualified ESS teachers in the USA, might influence students’ learning of the discipline. To gain a better understanding of the current conditions of ESS education in secondary schools, in the first phase, we qualitatively examined a sample middle and high school ESS textbook to explore how the big ideas of ESS, particularly geological time, are represented. In the second phase, we quantitative...
Determination of recombination radius in Si for binary collision approximation codes

Abstract Displacement damage caused by ions or neutrons in microelectronic devices can have significant effect on the performance of these devices. Therefore, it is important to predict not only the displacement damage profile, but also its magnitude precisely. Analytical methods and binary collision approximation codes working with amorphous targets use the concept of displacement energy, the energy that a lattice atom has to receive to create a permanent replacement. It was found that this “displacement energy” is direction dependent; it can range from 12 to 32 eV in silicon. Obviously, this model fails in BCA codes that work with crystalline targets, such as Marlowe. Marlowe does not use displacement energy; instead, it uses lattice binding energy only and then pairs the interstitial atoms with vacancies. Then based on the configuration of the Frenkel pairs it classifies them as close, near, or distant pairs, and considers the distant pairs the permanent replacements. Unfortunately, this separation is an ad hoc assumption, and the results do not agree with molecular dynamics calculations. After irradiation, there is a prompt recombination of interstitials and vacancies if they are nearby, within a recombination radius. In order to implement this recombination radius in Marlowe, we used the comparison of MD and Marlowe calculation in a range of ion energies in single crystal silicon target. The calculations showed that a single recombination radius of ∼7.4 A in Marlowe for a range of ion energies gives an excellent agreement with MD.
Regulating Looping in

Regions of the chromosome that are many thousands of bases away often have to come in contact for turning some genes on or off. The specificity of such contacts is maintained by interposed boundaries or insulators, which are able to block these long distance interactions. The physical basis for the control of chromatin contact is still not well understood. We model the chromatin fiber as a semi-flexible polymer to explain how 'distant' regulatory interaction happens and how it is controlled by other sequence elements. There appears be region in the of parameters space of where mesoscopic attractive polymers fold to form branched polymer like structures, which are key to understanding our results. We will explore the connection between this regime and disordered systems treated by large N expansion. We finish by discussing how we could use the polymer model of chromatin to analyze data related to chromatin conformation and learn about regulatory contacts.
Xhosa Beer Drinking Rituals: Power, Practice and Performance in the South African Rural Periphery

Xhosa Beer Drinking Rituals: Power, Practice and Performance in the South African Rural Periphery. Patrick A. McAllister. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2006. 355 pp.