cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multiphysics Theory for the Static Contact of Deformable Conductors With Fractal Rough Surfaces

In this paper, we present a multifield and multiscale theory leading to derivations of electric and thermal conductivities for the interface between two rough surfaces in contact, activated by mechanical load and electric current pulses. At the macroscale, the proposed approach involves multifield coupling of conduction and induction currents, with heat conduction induced by joule heating. The structural mechanics of the conducting materials are also considered. At the mesoscale and microscale, the theory contains a Weierstrass-Mandelbrot description of the rough contact surface profilometry and an asperity-based comprehensive model, respectively. They are both combined to derive homogenized macroscale properties for the interface boundary. The mechanical pressure and the repulsion effect from electric current through the microcontacts are accounted for as well. The results of the numerical analysis illustrate the dependence of the derived properties on the surface characteristics, external load, and electric current. Finally, the entire framework is applied to an actual conductor configuration of hollow cylinders under compression and a high current pulse to demonstrate the feasibility of the entire approach. In addition to providing typical simulation results for all selected fields present during the experiment, we also provide a comparison between the experimentally acquired resistance and the numerically derived resistance to validate the contact theory.
Differential Thermal Analysis Investigation of the High-Low Cristobalite Inversion Under Hydrostatic Pressure to 7 Kbar

The high-low inversion in polycrystalline cristobalite, synthesized from quartz at 1500°C, was investigated by differential thermal analysis to 7 kbar in hydrostatic apparatus. A region of anomalous curvature (d2T/dp2>0) exists to ∼1 kbar; at higher pressure, the low→high and high→low transition temperatures vary linearly with pressure, with slopes of ∼51.1 and 53. 6 deg kbar−1, respectively. Extrapolated 1-bar intercepts are ∼232° and ∼209°C, respectively. It is concluded that high cristobalite is less compressible than low cristobalite near the inversion. The hysteresis between the high→low and low→high transition temperatures decreases with increasing pressure.
PAGER: constructing PAGs and new PAG-PAG relationships for network biology.

In this article, we described a new database framework to perform integrative “gene-set, network, and pathway analysis” (GNPA). In this framework, we integrated heterogeneous data on pathways, annotated list, and gene-sets (PAGs) into a PAG electronic repository (PAGER). PAGs in the PAGER database are organized into P-type, A-type and G-type PAGs with a three-letter-code standard naming convention. The PAGER database currently compiles 44 313 genes from 5 species including human, 38 663 PAGs, 324 830 gene–gene relationships and two types of 3 174 323 PAG–PAG regulatory relationships—co-membership based and regulatory relationship based. To help users assess each PAG’s biological relevance, we developed a cohesion measure called Cohesion Coefficient (CoCo), which is capable of disambiguating between biologically significant PAGs and random PAGs with an area-under-curve performance of 0.98. PAGER database was set up to help users to search and retrieve PAGs from its online web interface. PAGER enable advanced users to build PAG–PAG regulatory networks that provide complementary biological insights not found in gene set analysis or individual gene network analysis. We provide a case study using cancer functional genomics data sets to demonstrate how integrative GNPA help improve network biology data coverage and therefore biological interpretability. The PAGER database can be accessible openly at http://discovery.informatics.iupui.edu/PAGER/. Contact: ude.iupui@nehcekaj Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The structure of organized vortices in a free shear layer

A new family of solutions to the steady Euler equations corresponding to spatially periodic states of a free shear layer is reported. This family bifurcates from a parallel shear layer of finite thickness and uniform vorticity, and extends continuously to a shear layer consisting of a row of concentrated pointlike vortices. The energetic properties of the family are considered, and it is concluded that a vortex in a row of uniform vortices produced by periodic roll-up of a vortex sheet must have a major axis of length approximately 50% or more of the distance between vortex centres; it is also concluded that vortex amalgamation events tend to reduce vortex size relative to spacing. The geometric and energetic properties of the solutions confirm the mathematical basis of the tearing mechanism of shear-layer growth first proposed in an approximate theory of Moore & Saffman (1975).
SOME ENERGY RELATIONS IN THE SYSTEMS PbO‐B2O3 AND PbO‐SiO2*

Heats of solution of a series of glasses in the system PbO-B2O3 were measured in 2 N nitric acid with a simple vacuum-bottle calorimeter. Heats of solution of a series of glasses in the system PbO-SiO2 ranging in composition from 6 to 35% of SiO2 were measured in a mixture of HF and 2.5 N nitric acid with an electrically calibrated isothermal jacket calorimeter. From these data and heats of fusion available in the literature, calculations were made of the heats of reaction of the component oxides in either amorphous or crystalline states in forming glasses in these systems.
On Gumbel limit for the length of reactive paths

We give a new proof of the vanishing noise limit theorem for exit times of one-dimensional diffusions conditioned on exiting through a point separated from the starting point by a potential wall. We also prove a scaling limit for exit location in a model two-dimensional situation.
Prosecutorial Discretion and the Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences

In Pennsylvania, the imposition of mandatory minimum sentences presents an important opportunity to examine relatively “pure” prosecutorial discretion over sentencing outcomes. The authors present a multilevel analysis of the prosecutorial decision to apply a mandatory minimum among mandatory-eligible offenders sentenced for drug crimes or as repeat, “three-strikes” offenders. They find that prosecutors' decisions to apply the mandatory minimum are significantly affected by the type and characteristics of offenses and guideline sentence recommendations, prior record, mode of conviction, and gender. They also find that Hispanic males are more likely to receive mandatory minimums and that Black–White differences in mandatory application increase with county percentage Black. The authors frame and interpret their analysis and findings in light of the uncertainty reduction theory of prosecutorial discretion, the view of courts as communities, and an integrative focal concerns perspective on criminal justice d...
Orthogonal Matching Pursuit with Replacement

In this paper, we consider the problem of compressed sensing where the goal is to recover all sparse vectors using a small number of fixed linear measurements. For this problem, we propose a novel partial hard-thresholding operator that leads to a general family of iterative algorithms. While one extreme of the family yields well known hard thresholding algorithms like ITI and HTP[17, 10], the other end of the spectrum leads to a novel algorithm that we call Orthogonal Matching Pursuit with Replacement (OMPR). OMPR, like the classic greedy algorithm OMP, adds exactly one coordinate to the support at each iteration, based on the correlation with the current residual. However, unlike OMP, OMPR also removes one coordinate from the support. This simple change allows us to prove that OMPR has the best known guarantees for sparse recovery in terms of the Restricted Isometry Property (a condition on the measurement matrix). In contrast, OMP is known to have very weak performance guarantees under RIP. Given its simple structure, we are able to extend OMPR using locality sensitive hashing to get OMPR-Hash, the first provably sub-linear (in dimensionality) algorithm for sparse recovery. Our proof techniques are novel and flexible enough to also permit the tightest known analysis of popular iterative algorithms such as CoSaMP and Subspace Pursuit. We provide experimental results on large problems providing recovery for vectors of size up to million dimensions. We demonstrate that for large-scale problems our proposed methods are more robust and faster than existing methods.
Multiple bridge surfaces restrict knot distance

Suppose M is a closed irreducible orientable 3–manifold, K is a knot in M, P and Q are bridge surfaces for K and K is not removable with respect to Q. We show that either Q is equivalent to P or d(K,P)≤2−χ(Q−K). If K is not a 2–bridge knot, then the result holds even if K is removable with respect to Q. As a corollary we show that if a knot in S3 has high distance with respect to some bridge sphere and low bridge number, then the knot has a unique minimal bridge position.
Estimating Heavy-Tail Exponents Through Max Self–Similarity

In this paper, a novel approach to the problem of estimating the heavy-tail exponent α >; 0 of a distribution is proposed. It is based on the fact that block-maxima of size m scale at a rate m1/α for independent, as well as for a number of dependent data. This scaling rate can be captured well by the max-spectrum plot of the data that leads to regression based estimators for α. Consistency and asymptotic normality of these estimators is established for independent data under mild conditions on the behavior of the tail of the distribution. The proposed estimators have an important computational advantage over existing methods; namely, they can be calculated and updated sequentially in an on-line fashion without having to store the entire data set. Practical issues on the automatic selection of tuning parameters for the estimators and corresponding confidence intervals are also addressed. Extensive numerical simulations show that the proposed method is competitive for both small and large sample sizes, robust to contaminants and continues to work under the presence of substantial amount of dependence. The proposed estimators are used to illustrate the close connection between long-range dependence and heavy tails over an Internet traffic trace.
General coordinate invariance and conformal invariance in nonrelativistic physics: Unitary Fermi gas

We show that the Lagrangian for interacting nonrelativistic particles can be coupled to an external gauge field and metric tensor in a way that exhibits a nonrelativistic version of general coordinate invariance. We explore the consequences of this invariance on the example of the degenerate Fermi gas at infinite scattering length, where conformal invariance also plays an important role. We find the most general effective Lagrangian consistent with both general coordinate and conformal invariance to leading and next-to-leading orders in the momentum expansion. At the leading order the Lagrangian contains one phenomenological constant and reproduces the results of the Thomas-Fermi theory and superfluid hydrodynamics. At the next-to-leading order there are two additional constants. We express various physical quantities through these constants.
An integer programming framework for optimizing shared memory use on GPUs

General purpose computing using GPUs is becoming increasingly popular, because of GPU's extremely favorable performance/price ratio. Like standard processors, GPUs also have a memory hierarchy, which must be carefully optimized for in order to achieve efficient execution. Specifically, modern NVIDIA GPUs have a very small programmable cache, referred to as shared memory, accesses to which are nearly 100 to 150 times faster than accesses to the regular device memory. An automatically generated or handwritten CUDA program can explicitly control what variables and array sections are allocated on the shared memory at any point during the execution. This, however, leads to a difficult optimization problem. In this paper, we formulate and solve the shared memory allocation problem as an integer linear programming problem. We present a global (intraprocedural) framework which can model structured control flow, and is not restricted to a single loop nest. We consider allocation of scalars, arrays, and array sections on shared memory. We also briefly show how our framework can suggest useful loop transformations to further improve performance. Our experiments using several non-scientific application show that our integer programming framework outperforms a recently published heuristic method, and our loop transformations also improve performance for many applications.
Institutional path dependence and international research intensity

Abstract Whereas there is informal and formal recognition and understanding of research inertia in driving the intensity of research, there is little formal evidence on the role of historical and political legacy or institutional path dependence in affecting research intensity. This paper uses data on about 100 nations to address this aspect, focusing on the long, medium and short-term research intensity. Across two measures of a nation's institutional history, we find that broader national stability positively affects research intensity both in the long and the medium terms, while the narrower path dependence measure supports these findings, albeit with weak statistical significance. The effects on short-term research intensity lack statistical support across both measures. Comparing institutional path dependence with research inertia, we find that both factors significantly affect research intensity. The main findings are robust to various modifications.
Macroeconomics for MBAs and Masters of Finance

Using a rigorous and concise framework, this book teaches the foundations of modern macroeconomic theory and its methods. It is ideally suited for students taking a first graduate course in macroeconomics as part of an MBA, finance, or economics degree. The book explains recent advances of modern macroeconomic theory with respect to growth, business cycles, and asset pricing by focusing on aspects of firm and household behavior that are embedded in modern macroeconomic studies. Throughout the book data issues are discussed in detail: where to find the data, how to download it, and the correspondence of data with model predictions. The mathematical level assumes that students have taken a course in calculus. With its emphasis on dynamic inter-temporal macroeconomics and the use of data, the book provides students with a core toolkit that will equip them both for more advanced study and for professional careers as economists.
Consequence-Cause Matching: Looking to the Consequences of Events to Infer Their Causes

This article documents a bias in people’s causal inferences, showing that people nonnormatively consider an event’s consequences when inferring its causes. Across experiments, participants’ inferences about event causes were systematically affected by how similar (in both size and valence) those causes were to event consequences, even when the consequences were objectively uninformative about the causes. For example, people inferred that a product failure (computer crash) had a large cause (widespread computer virus) if it had a large consequence (job loss) but that the identical failure was more likely to have a smaller cause (cooling fan malfunction) if the consequence was small—even though the consequences gave no new information about what caused the crash. This “consequence-cause matching,” which can affect product attitudes, may arise because people are motivated to see the world as predictable and because matching is an accessible schema that helps them to fulfill this motivation.
Electroweak origin of cosmological magnetic fields

Magnetic fields may have been generated in the electroweak phase transition through spontaneous symmetry breaking or through the subsequent dynamical evolution of semiclassical field configurations. Here I demonstrate explicitly how magnetic fields emerge spontaneously in the phase transition also when no gradients of the Higgs field are present. Using a simple model, I show that no magnetic fields are generated, at least initially, from classical two-bubble collisions in a first-order phase transition. An improved gauge-invariant definition of the electromagnetic field is advocated which is more appropriate in the sense that it never allows electrically neutral fields to serve as sources for the electromagnetic field. In particular, semiclassical configurations of the Z field alone do not generate magnetic fields. The possible generation of magnetic fields in the decay of unstable Z strings is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
HIGH DISTANCE KNOTS IN CLOSED 3-MANIFOLDS

Let M be a closed 3-manifold with a given Heegaard splitting. We show that after a single stabilization, some core of the stabilized splitting has arbitrarily high distance with respect to the splitting surface. This generalizes a result of Minsky, Moriah, and Schleimer for knots in S3. We also show that in the complex of curves, handlebody sets are either coarsely distinct or identical. We define the coarse mapping class group of a Heegaard splitting, and show that if (S, V, W) is a Heegaard splitting of genus ≥2, then the coarse mapping class group of (S, V, W) is isomorphic to the mapping class group of (S, V, W).
Dystechnia: A model of technology deficiency and implications for entrepreneurial opportunity

Disconnects among system components preempt technology adoption by the diminution or absence of potential user's perceptions-a state of second-order ignorance (ignorance of ignorance). The condition of flawed or failed efficacy in the use, deployment, or logistics of technology, we term dystechnia. Dystechnia is ubiquitous, and its origin in second-order ignorance implies entrepreneurial opportunity. Entrepreneurship is the recognition and exploitation of economic potential by shifting the established means of economic creation and control, strategically reappointing economic resources from established pathways to innovative pathways. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a theoretical construct of the relationship between the perceptions of potential users and the behavioral intentions leading to actual technology adoption and acceptance. The lens of TAM presumes an existing, workable technology or technological system, the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of which determine the intention to use, which in turn mediates actual adoption. It is the inception of entrepreneurial solutions as alternatives to the dystechnic status quo upon which TAM operates. A technology must be ventured before usefulness and ease of use can be perceived. This paper examines the phenomenon of dystechnia, the entrepreneurial action that predicates TAM, and entrepreneurial mechanisms whereby dystechnia is remedied.
KAPAO: a MEMS-based natural guide star adaptive optics system

We describe KAPAO, our project to develop and deploy a low-cost, remote-access, natural guide star adaptive optics (AO) system for the Pomona College Table Mountain Observatory (TMO) 1-meter telescope. We use a commercially available 140-actuator BMC MEMS deformable mirror and a version of the Robo-AO control software developed by Caltech and IUCAA. We have structured our development around the rapid building and testing of a prototype system, KAPAO-Alpha, while simultaneously designing our more capable final system, KAPAO-Prime. The main differences between these systems are the prototype's reliance on off-the-shelf optics and a single visible-light science camera versus the final design's improved throughput and capabilities due to the use of custom optics and dual-band, visible and near-infrared imaging. In this paper, we present the instrument design and on-sky closed-loop testing of KAPAO-Alpha as well as our plans for KAPAO-Prime. The primarily undergraduate-education nature of our partner institutions, both public (Sonoma State University) and private (Pomona and Harvey Mudd Colleges), has enabled us to engage physics, astronomy, and engineering undergraduates in all phases of this project. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0960343.
Advances in oxide-confined vertical cavity lasers

Summary form only given. During the past two years significant performance advances have been achieved in selectively oxidized vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), many of which have established overall benchmark records for semiconductor lasers. For example, a wall plug efficiency (at 1 nW output) of greater than 50% and threshold currents less than 10 /spl mu/A have been obtained from VCSELs containing a stable and low refractive index Al-oxide formed from AlGaAs. These oxidized VCSEL structures leverage the high oxidation selectivity of Al(Ga)As and the capability of forming buried oxide layers within the epilayers of the laser. Here we review the advances made in device fabrication, structure and performance of selectively oxidized VCSELs.
A Comparison of the Postal Telegraph Movement in Great Britain and the United States, 1866–1900

This article places the British and American postal telegraph movements in the broader context of a transatlantic reform tradition. More specifically, British nationalization in 1870 gave American reformers both a rallying point and a rationale for postalizing the telegraphs. The legacies of both movements were mixed. In Britain, the postal telegraph provided inexpensive and accessible service, but it soon ran a large deficit and retarded the development of the telephone industry. In the United States, reformers failed to nationalize the telegraph or to secure a place in historical memory, but they succeeded in pressuring Western Union to provide better service, and they provided the impetus for the municipal ownership movement of the Progressive Era.
Algebraic reformulation of connes embedding problem and the free group algebra

We give a modification of the I. Klep and M. Schweighofer algebraic reformulation of Connes’ embedding problem by considering *-algebra of the countably generated free group. This allows one to consider only quadratic polynomials in unitary generators instead of arbitrary polynomials in self-adjoint generators.
An efficient second-order projection method for viscous incompressible flow

In this paper we describe a second-order projection method for the time-dependent, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The method is a second-order fractional step scheme in which one first solves diffusion-convection equations to determine intermediate velocities which are then projected onto the space of divergence-free vector fields. The diffusion-convection step uses a specialized second-order Godunov method for differencing the nonlinear convective terms that is conservative and free-stream preserving and provides a robust treatment of the nonlinearities at high Reynolds number. The projection is based on cell-centered centered difference approximations to divergence and gradient operators with the resulting linear system solved using a multigrid relaxation scheme. We apply the method to vortex spindown in a box to validate the numerical convergence of the method and to measure its overall performance. 13 refs., 2 figs.
The holography of F-maximization

We find new supersymmetric backgrounds of N = 8 gauged supergravity in four Euclidean dimensions that are dual to deformations of ABJM theory on S 3 . The deformations encode the most general choice of U(1)R symmetry used to define the theory on S 3 . We work within an N = 2 truncation of the N = 8 supergravity theory obtained via a group theory argument. We find perfect agreement between the S 3 free energy computed from our supergravity backgrounds and the previous field theory computations of the same quantity based on supersymmetric localization and matrix model techniques.
Energy Efficient Transmission Strategies for Body Sensor Networks with Energy Harvesting

This paper addresses the problem of developing energy efficient transmission strategies for Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) with energy harvesting. It is assumed that multiple transmission modes that allow a tradeoff between the energy consumption and packet error probability are available to the sensor nodes. Taking into account the energy harvesting capabilities of the nodes, decision policies are developed to determine the transmission mode to use at a given instant of time in order to maximize the quality of coverage. The problem is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and the performance of the transmission policy thus derived is compared with that of energy balancing as well as aggressive policies. An upper bound on the performance of arbitrary policies, and lower bounds specific to energy balancing and aggressive policies are derived.
Synthesis and patterning of tunable multiscale materials with engineered cells

Many natural biological systems--such as biofilms, shells and skeletal tissues--are able to assemble multifunctional and environmentally responsive multiscale assemblies of living and non-living components. Here, by using inducible genetic circuits and cellular communication circuits to regulate Escherichia coli curli amyloid production, we show that E. coli cells can organize self-assembling amyloid fibrils across multiple length scales, producing amyloid-based materials that are either externally controllable or undergo autonomous patterning. We also interfaced curli fibrils with inorganic materials, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and quantum dots (QDs), and used these capabilities to create an environmentally responsive biofilm-based electrical switch, produce gold nanowires and nanorods, co-localize AuNPs with CdTe/CdS QDs to modulate QD fluorescence lifetimes, and nucleate the formation of fluorescent ZnS QDs. This work lays a foundation for synthesizing, patterning, and controlling functional composite materials with engineered cells.
Distributed Averaging Via Lifted Markov Chains

Motivated by applications of distributed linear estimation, distributed control, and distributed optimization, we consider the question of designing linear iterative algorithms for computing the average of numbers in a network. Specifically, our interest is in designing such an algorithm with the fastest rate of convergence given the topological constraints of the network. As the main result of this paper, we design an algorithm with the fastest possible rate of convergence using a nonreversible Markov chain on the given network graph. We construct such a Markov chain by transforming the standard Markov chain, which is obtained using the Metropolis-Hastings method. We call this novel transformation pseudo-lifting. We apply our method to graphs with geometry, or graphs with doubling dimension. Specifically, the convergence time of our algorithm (equivalently, the mixing time of our Markov chain) is proportional to the diameter of the network graph and hence optimal. As a byproduct, our result provides the fastest mixing Markov chain given the network topological constraints, and should naturally find their applications in the context of distributed optimization, estimation and control.
Standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation for Cu2O: high-resolution electrochemical measurements from 900 to 1300 K

Abstract Oxygen-concentration cells with zirconia solid electrolytes have been used to make equilibrium measurements of the standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation for copper(I) oxide, Δ f G m o (Cu 2 O), over the temperature range from 900 to 1300 K. Compared with previous measurements, systematic errors due to thermal gradients across the zirconia solid electrolyte have been greatly reduced. Measurements with three different types of zirconia solid electrolytes have yielded results that differ by only ±40 J·mol −1 (±0.2 mV). This is the best agreement yet achieved between solid electrolytes of different composition. Our recommended value for the standard molar enthalpy of formation, Δ f H m o (Cu 2 O, 298.15 K), is −(170.59±0.08) kJ·mol −1 ( p o = 1 × 10 5 Pa).
High Density Digital Magnetic Recording Techniques

The merit of any high density detection method is ultimately dependent on the ``resolution'' characteristic of the magnetic recording components. Justification of readback waveform synthesis through ``single pulse'' superposition is given. A comprehensive, yet general readback simulation program is described which will automatically, for any characteristic pulse, simulate all possible readback signal patterns and test them for specified reading logic as a function of bit density. Amplitude, phase, peak, etc., sensing are compared and the influence of parameter variation on performance indicated. Good correlation with experiment has been realized and has greatly reduced time at the bench. The significance of pulse waveform is clearly revealed and this study has provided a guide to head design (ring and probe), permitting the optimization of a total recording system for high-density storage.
Correction for the Flux Measurement Bias in X-Ray Source Detection

With a high spatial resolution imaging instrument such as the Chandra ACIS, one can confidently identify an X-ray source with only a few detected counts. The detection threshold of such sources, however, varies strongly across the field of view of the instrument. Furthermore, the low-detection counting statistics, together with a typical steep source number-flux relation, causes more intrinsically faint sources to be detected at apparently higher fluxes than the other way around. We quantify this "X-ray Eddington bias" as well as the detection threshold variation and devise simple procedures for their corrections. To illustrate our technique, we present results from our analysis of X-ray sources detected in the fields of the large-scale hierarchical complex A2125 at z = 0.247 and the nearby galaxy NGC 4594 (Sombrero). We show that the sources detected in the A2125 field, excluding 10 known complex members, have a number-flux relation consistent with the expected from foreground or background objects. In contrast, the number-flux relation of the NGC 4594 field is dominated by X-ray sources associated with the galaxy. This galactic component of the relation is well characterized by a broken power law.
Novel Aqueous Aluminum/Sulfur Batteries

Aluminum sulfur batteries based on concentrated polysulfide catholytes and an alkaline aluminum anode are introduced and investigated. The new battery is expressed by aluminum oxidation and aqueous sulfur reduction for an overall battery discharge consisting of 2Al + S[sub 4][sup 2[minus]] + 2 OH[sup [minus]] + 4H[sub 2]O [yields] 2Al(OH)[sub 3] + 4HS[sup [minus]]; E[sub cell] = 1.79V. The theoretical energy density of the Al/S battery (based on potassium salts) is 647 Wh/kg. A first generation aluminum sulfur battery is demonstrated with an open-circuit voltage of 1.3 V, and energy densities based, respectively, on dry and total battery materials of 170 and 110 Wh/g.
Sparse High-Dimensional Models in Economics

This article reviews the literature on sparse high-dimensional models and discusses some applications in economics and finance. Recent developments in theory, methods, and implementations in penalized least-squares and penalized likelihood methods are highlighted. These variable selection methods are effective in sparse high-dimensional modeling. The limits of dimensionality that regularization methods can handle, the role of penalty functions, and their statistical properties are detailed. Some recent advances in sparse ultra-high-dimensional modeling are also briefly discussed.
THE MODULI SPACE OF N = 2 SUPER-RIEMANN SPHERES WITH TUBES

Within the framework of complex supergeometry and motivated by two-dimensional genus-zero holomorphic N = 2 superconformal field theory, we define the moduli space of N = 2 super-Riemann spheres with oriented and ordered half-infinite tubes (or equivalently, oriented and ordered punctures, and local superconformal coordinates vanishing at the punctures), modulo N = 2 superconformal equivalence. We develop a formal theory of infinitesimal N = 2 superconformal transformations based on a representation of the N = 2 Neveu–Schwarz algebra in terms of superderivations. In particular, via these infinitesimals we present the Lie supergroup of N = 2 superprojective transformations of the N = 2 super-Riemann sphere. We give a reformulation of the moduli space in terms of these infinitesimals. We introduce generalized N = 2 super-Riemann spheres with tubes and discuss some group structures associated to certain moduli spaces of both generalized and non-generalized N = 2 super-Riemann spheres. We define an action of the symmetric groups on the moduli space. Lastly we discuss the nonhomogeneous (versus homogeneous) coordinate system associated to N = 2 superconformal structures and the corresponding results in this coordinate system.
Two-dimensional modulation codes

A new class of run-length-limited codes in introduced. These codes are called two-dimensional or multitrack modulation codes. Two-dimensional modulation codes provide substantial data storage density increases for multitrack recording systems by operating on multiple tracks in parallel. Procedures for computing the capacity of these new codes are given along with fast algorithms for implementing these procedures. Examples of two-dimensional codes are given to provide a comparison between the encoding rates obtainable with multitrack and traditional single-track codes. >
A New Synthesis of Imidazolidin-2-ones via Pd-Catalyzed Carboamination of N-Allylureas

A new strategy for the preparation of substituted imidazolidin-2-ones in two steps from readily available N-allylamines is described. Addition of the amine starting materials to isocyanates affords N-allylureas, which are converted to imidazolidin-2-one products with generation of two bonds and up to two stereocenters when treated with aryl bromides and catalytic amounts of Pd2(dba)3/Xantphos in the presence of NaOtBu.
Fabrication of Micro- and Nanoscale SiC Structures Using Selective Deposition Processes

A method to fabricate nanometer scale SiC beams and nanoporous SiC shells using conventional microlithographic techniques combined with selective APCVD has been developed as an alternative to nanolithographic patterning and electrochemical etching. The process involves the selective deposition of poly-SiC films on patterned SiO 2 /polysilicon/SiO 2 thin film multilayers on (100) Si substrates using a carbonization-based 3C-SiC growth process. This technique capitalizes on significant differences in the nucleation of SiC on SiO 2 and polysilicon surfaces in order to form mechanically durable and chemically stable structures.
An economic evaluation of catalytic supercritical water oxidation: Comparison with alternative waste treatment technologies

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a relatively new technology that has been developed to treat aqueous waste streams. The addition of a heterogeneous catalyst can increase the overall efficiency of supercritical water oxidation. In particular, addition of Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst increased the reaction rates compared to the homogeneous case. Complete conversion of pyridine was obtained at temperatures as low as 370°C. A power law rate expression was used to describe the effect of pyridine and oxygen concentration and temperature on the rate of pyridine oxidation. In both homogeneous and heterogeneous cases, the main products from this reaction were carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrate ions. The reaction did not yield ammonia, nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide. The economics of a waste treatment process based on SCWO were calculated based on these rate expressions, and used to compare CSCWO to other waste treatment technologies, These calculations reveal that CSCWO can be a cost effective treatment technology for the conversion of aqueous organic wastes.
A 16-mW, 120-dB linear switched-capacitor delta-sigma modulator with dynamic biasing

A high-resolution, fourth-order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ analog-to-digital converter is presented. Power-reduction techniques have been applied across many aspects of the design. A class-A amplifier was designed with bias currents optimized according to the expected activity in each clock phase. The modulator achieves a 122 dB dynamic range over a 400-Hz bandwidth, -123-dB total harmonic distortion, and 16-mW power consumption from a single 5-V supply. It is implemented in a 0.6-/spl mu/m double-polysilicon CMOS process and has an active area of 2 mm/sup 2/.
Microwave-assisted preparation of imidazolium-based tetrachloroindate(III) and their application in the tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols

Abstract Microwave-assisted preparation of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroindate(III), [Rmim][InCl 4 ] (R = methyl, ethyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl) and their application as recyclable catalysts for the efficient and eco-friendly protection of alcohols to form tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ethers are described.
The Cosmological Signatures and Flux Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts with a Broad Luminosity Distribution

Cosmological expansion cannot produce the reported correlations of the gamma-ray burst timescale and spectral energy with peak flux if the burst model reproduces the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) 3B peak flux distribution for a nonevolving burst source density. The required ratios of time dilation and redshift factors are only produced by monoluminous models at peak fluxes below the BATSE threshold, and they are never produced by power-law luminosity models. Monoluminous models produce acceptable fits to the peak flux distribution only for very specific combinations of the spectral and cosmological parameters. The redshift of gamma-ray bursts at the BATSE threshold is z ≈ 1.5. Power-law luminosity distribution models ∝L-β produce acceptable fits to the data for most values of the spectral parameters when β < 1.6. In this model, gamma-ray bursts of a given peak flux have a distribution of redshifts, with a maximum redshift of 3 for peak fluxes near the BATSE threshold and with an average redshift of <1 for all values of peak flux. This qualitative behavior occurs whenever the luminosity distribution determines the shape of the peak flux distribution, regardless of whether source density evolution occurs. The reported correlations of the burst timescale and the spectral energy with peak flux are systematically 1 standard deviation above the monoluminous model and 1.5-2 standard deviations above the power-law luminosity model. These results suggest that an intrinsic correlation of burst timescale and spectral energy with luminosity is present. Studies of the peak flux distribution for bursts selected by Epeak or the hardness ratio provide a test for this intrinsic correlation.
Design Considerations for Heat-Pipe Solar Receivers

Heat pipes are being developed to transfer solar energy from the focal point of a parabolic dish concentrator to the working fluid of Stirling engines. With these receivers, concentrated solar energy that is absorbed on the concave surface of a dome is removed by the evaporation of liquid sodium on the convex side of the dome. Vaporized sodium then condenses on an engine's heater tubes and transfers energy to the working fluid of the engine. The condensed sodium returns to the absorber surface where it is redistributed across the dome by the capillary action of a wick. Issues concerning the flow of sodium in a heat-pipe solar receiver are investigated in this paper. A comparison is made between various wick options, and general issues concerning the design of heat-pipe receivers are also discussed.
HISTORICAL EVIDENCE ON THE FINANCE-TRADE-GROWTH NEXUS

Abstract We study linkages between financial development, international trade, and long-run growth using data since 1880 for 17 now-developed “Atlantic” economies and a set of cross country and dynamic panel data models. We find that finance and trade reinforce each other in data before 1930, but that these effects do not persist after the Second World War. Financial development affects growth positively throughout the sample period, while trade affects growth strongly and independently after 1945. We attribute the rising importance of trade to major post-World War II changes in tariffs and quantity restrictions associated with the GATT, the establishment of the European Common Market, and the gradual elimination of capital controls after 1973. The findings are robust to the use of ‘deep’ fundamentals such as legal origin and indicators of the political environment as instruments for financial development and trade. Financial development, however, links more closely than trade to these fundamentals.
Lead User Analyses for the Development of New Industrial Products

Recently, a "lead user" concept has been proposed for new product development in fields subject to rapid change von Hippel [von Hippel, E. 1986. Lead users: A source of novel product concepts. Management Sci.32 791-805.]. In this paper we integrate market research within this lead user methodology and report a test of it in the rapidly evolving field of computer-aided systems for the design of printed circuit boards PC-CAD. In the test, lead users were successfully identified and proved to have unique and useful data regarding both new product needs and solutions responsive to those needs. New product concepts generated on the basis of lead user data were found to be strongly preferred by a representative sample of PC-CAD users. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of this first empirical test of the lead user methodology, and suggest directions for future research.
Vision-based motion planning and exploration algorithms for mobile robots

This paper considers the problem of systematically exploring an unfamiliar environment in search of one or more recognizable targets. The proposed exploration algorithm is based on a novel representation of environments containing visual landmarks, called the boundary place graph. This representation records the set of recognizable objects (landmarks) that are visible from the boundary of each configuration space obstacle. The exploration algorithm constructs the boundary place graph incrementally from sensor data. Once the robot has completely explored an environment, it can use the constructed representation to carry out further navigation tasks. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition under which the algorithm is guaranteed to discover all landmarks. This algorithm has been implemented on our mobile robot platform RJ, and results from these experiments are presented.
Computational Complexity in Electronic Structure

In quantum chemistry, the price paid by all known efficient model chemistries is either the truncation of the Hilbert space or uncontrolled approximations. Theoretical computer science suggests that these restrictions are not mere shortcomings of the algorithm designers and programmers but could stem from the inherent difficulty of simulating quantum systems. Extensions of computer science and information processing exploiting quantum mechanics has led to new ways of understanding the ultimate limitations of computational power. Interestingly, this perspective helps us understand widely used model chemistries in a new light. In this article, the fundamentals of computational complexity will be reviewed and motivated from the vantage point of chemistry. Then recent results from the computational complexity literature regarding common model chemistries including Hartree–Fock and density functional theory are discussed.
Cyber-surfing: the state-of-the-art in client server browsing and navigation

Modern network technology has spawned an entirely new cybernetic experience: cyberspace surfing. This surfing is as much a social experience as an information gathering resource. While providing the communication infrastructure for an ever-increasing percentage of the global population, it is also becoming the focal point of an identifiable sub-culture of cybernauts who are attracted to the Internet as moths to light. There is every indication that the forthcoming cyberspace revolution will have an even more dramatic impact on society than the microcomputer revolution.In this paper we analyze the cyber-surfing experience from the point of view of the supportive client-server technologies involved. On the basis of this analysis and some emerging trends we speculate on the future of cyberspace.
Current gas turbine combustion and fuels research and development

Nomenclature a, A = constant AL = liner cross-sectional area B = transfer number C = constant C P, g = gas-phase specific heat d = drop diameter DH = hydraulic diameter of atomizer air duct at the atomizer exit DL = liner diameter or height Dp = atomizer prefilmer diameter H = enthalpy k = kinetic energy of turbulence kg = gas-phase thermal conductivity — generic variable
Understanding conserved amino acids in proteins

It has been conjectured that evolution exerted pressure to preserve amino acids bearingthermodynamic, kinetic, and functional roles. In this letter we show that the physical requirement to maintain protein stability gives rise to a sequence conservatism pattern that is in remarkable agreement with that found in natural proteins. Based on the physical properties of amino acids, we propose a model of evolution that explains conserved amino acids across protein families sharingthe same fold. c
Risks to the Returns to Medical Innovation: The Case of Myriad Genetics

We describe the broad range of uncertainties faced by the developers of medical technologies. Empirically, we estimate the asset market incidence of two realizations of uncertainties we classify as ex post policy risks. The events we analyze concern the intellectual property of Myriad Genetics, Inc., an American molecular diagnostics firm. In June 2013, the Supreme Court invalidated several of Myriad's intellectual property claims. Subsequently, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) re-evaluated the reimbursements it pays for the services at issue in the Supreme Court's ruling. Each of these events moved Myriad's market capitalization by several hundred million dollars, or on the order of 20%. Myriad's exposure to the realization of these events reflected the concentration of its revenue streams among the affected services. We discuss the implications of the risks we analyze for the total volume of medical innovation and for its organization across firms. (JEL I18, O3, D8)
Recent Advances in Silver-Catalyzed Nitrene, Carbene, and Silylene-Transfer Reactions

Silver salts are commonly used as Lewis acids in organic synthesis. Silver complexes can also exhibit strong oxidation power due to their high oxidation potentials. This review features the recent development of nitrene, carbene and silylene-transfer reactions catalyzed by silver complexes. Interesting activity was observed in several reactions highlighting the unique redox chemistry of silver. A disilver(I) catalyst was shown to mediate efficient aziridination of simple olefins, intramolecular amidation of saturated C–H bonds and imination of sulfoxides with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Silver compounds also catalyze intermolecular carbene insertion into carbon–halogen bonds, carbon–hydrogen bonds, and aromatic systems. In addition, simple silver salts were found to mediate silylene-transfer reactions to different olefins and alkynes efficiently. Future mechanistic study of these reactions and further exploration of the redox chemistry of silver could lead to more exciting discoveries.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)