cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of science data processing for the Hubble Space Telescope: a user's perspective

Upgrades of the science instrument complement on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and observing strategy innovations have combined to greatly increase the number of observations and the volume of data during the first decade of HST operations. At the same time, the data processing component of HST operations has undergone a parallel evolution in strategy and implementation, partly in response to the increased volume of data from HST while reducing staffing requirements, and partly due to the phasing out of old technologies and the exploring of new ones. This paper describes the original HST data processing strategy and implementation, how it has evolved to the current design today, and where it may be going for future space telescope missions (HST, NGST, et al.).
Localized modes in one-dimensional nonlinear periodic photonic structures

We study the generation of localized second-harmonic modes in a one-dimensional photonic crystal with a defect in the form of a phase slip. Due to the presence of the defect the photonic crystal has localized in-gap modes. We consider the case when the fundamental mode is localized in the first bandgap and because of its nonlinear properties it generates a localized second-harmonic mode. As a function of the parameters of the photonic crystal and the defect the intensity of the second-harmonic mode has sharp maxima, which correspond to the resonance condition, i.e. the frequency of the second-harmonic mode is equal to the frequency of the localized mode in the second bandgap. We find the conditions when such resonance can be achieved. We also determine the optimal parameters of the photonic crystal at which the generation of the second-harmonic mode becomes less sensitive to violation of the resonance condition.
Separation and characterization of single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes by using flow field-flow fractionation.

Oxidatively shortened single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were characterized by using flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) under normal and steric modes, respectively. Narrow size fractions were collected from FlFFF separations. The carbon nanotubes in each fraction were further characterized by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. FlFFF separates carbon nanotubes principally on the basis of length, leading to fractions with relatively uniform lengths. The relationship between nanotube length and FlFFF elution volume is discussed.
Simultaneous Onset of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome in Monozygotic Twins

Purpose/Methods We examined monozygotic twins of Vietnamese ancestry in whom the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome developed. Results/Conclusions Both patients demonstrated typical clinical findings of the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, and HLA typing disclosed HLA-DR4, an antigen that is present in a disproportionate number of patients with the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Although familial cases of the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome are rare, associations with HLA antigens may indicate that genetic factors play a role in this disease.
LTE in the unlicensed spectrum: A novel coexistence analysis with WLAN systems

In this paper, we consider the operation of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems in the unlicensed spectrum. Given the lack of the exclusive use of the spectrum, the operation in the unlicensed band is fundamentally limited by interference from other technologies using the same frequency band. By noting that the unlicensed spectrum is heavily used by Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), here we focus on the mutual effect between LTE and WLAN when they coexist. For this, we developed a novel inter-system interference analysis technique based on the continuum field approximation and spiral representation, which improves the accuracy of the previous approaches and is applicable to both large-scale and small-scale networks. To this end, we quantify the effect of inter-system interference when the LTE and WLAN systems operate in the same unlicensed spectrum.
Deposition of inhaled charged ultrafine particles in a simple tracheal model

The deposition of ultrafine (d [le] 200 nm) particles on airway surfaces is an important determinant of the radiation dose that results from inhalation of radon progeny. The activity median diameter of particles to which radon daughters attach is small (10--140 nm). In the absence of charge, deposition in the upper airways of the respiratory system occurs by impaction for large particles and diffusion for small particles. Sedimentation is negligible due to the high flow rates in these airways. Experiments conducted in hollow casts and in vivo in humans have all shown an increase in deposition due to the particle charge. In vivo experimental results showed that there exists a threshold value of charge on the particle (q[sub c]) above which the electrostatic charge enhances deposition. These experiments were performed for particles for which deposition by diffusion is small (d [le] 300 nm). Deposition of ultrafine particles in the airways may occur by a combined mechanism of diffusion and electrostatic charge.
How Often Should a Port-A-Cath be Flushed?

While it is important during treatment to flush the port-A-cath (PAC) with heparin regularly, catheter maintenance needs to be evaluated in those patients who, after completion of therapy, retained their ports for extended periods of time. The manufacturer has recommended monthly accession to maintain catheter patency and function. Our objective is to demonstrate that a longer interval between maintenance accessions of PACs still may be medically safe, convenient, and more efficient. We performed a retrospective review of all patients who had undergone PAC insertion from 1988 to 1993 at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and from 1997 to 2002 at the New York Hospital Medical Center of Queens. An adequate maintenance time is defined as a period of at least 6 months without chemotherapy or total parenteral nutrition. Data collected included date and location of PAC insertion, date of PAC accessions, PAC complications, and results of attempts at flushing the catheters with no venous blood return. All data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed. The difference in interval accessions in patients without any complication to patients with complication was calculated using the Mann-Whitney "U" test. A total of 73 patients were included in the study. Compliance with visits for PAC maintenance varied considerably with the individual median accession times varying between 28 and 262 days with an overall median of 42 days. The individual means ranged from 29.5 to 244 days with an overall mean of 53.6 days. Seven patients in the group had episodes where the provider was unable to draw blood from the port during routine accession. The average intervals between accessions for each of these patients ranged from 38 to 244 days. The average intervals of accession among those patients who had no blood return during PAC accession was 79 days, versus 63 days for those without any difficulty. The difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Monthly maintenance of PAC is excessive, inconvenient for the patients, and expensive. Extending the interval of PAC maintenance proves to be medically safe and beneficial to the patients, the physicians and the health care system. Our clinical experience suggests that less frequent accessions of PACs is safe and feasible. We strongly advocate future prospective investigation of alternative PAC maintenance protocols in gynecologic cancer patients.
Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the mediastinum: review of current criteria for histopathologic diagnosis and classification

Primary neuroendocrine neoplasms occurring in the mediastinum are rare. The spectrum of such tumors can range from low- to high-grade neoplasms. The histogenesis of these tumors is varied, and some of them may originate from ectopic tissues in the mediastinum whereas others represent tumors native to the thymus. Primary thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas therefore need to be separated from other neuroendocrine neoplasms of the mediastinum, namely ectopic parathyroid tumors and paragangliomas. The histopathologic classification of primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the mediastinum is still under debate and continues to be controversial, as is attested to by the different publications on the topic. Some authors continue to use old terms such as "carcinoid" and "atypical carcinoid" to designate these lesions, whereas others favor the use of a more unifying nomenclature that acknowledges the malignant nature of these lesions, namely that of neuroendocrine carcinoma. However, one aspect that all agree on is that, when they occur in the thymic region, these tumors should be considered as aggressive neoplasms capable of local recurrence and distant metastasis. This review will center on the morphologic spectrum of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the thymus, with special emphasis on diagnostic features and criteria for classification.
Using a Laguerre-Gaussian Beam to Trap and Cool the Rotational Motion of a Mirror

We show theoretically that it is possible to trap and cool the rotational motion of a macroscopic mirror made of a perfectly reflecting spiral phase element using orbital angular momentum transfer from a Laguerre-Gaussian optical field. This technique offers a promising route to the placement of the rotor in its quantum mechanical ground state in the presence of thermal noise. It also opens up the possibility of simultaneously cooling a vibrational mode of the same mirror. Lastly, the proposed design may serve as a sensitive torsional balance in the quantum regime.
A pseudorabies virus-specific sulfated moiety.

Abstract Pronase digestion of the sulfated proteins excreted from pseudorabies virus-infected rabbit kidney cells produces sulfated fragments that are retarded on Sephadex G-50 columns to the same extent as the amino acid fragments. The sulfated fragments can be further fractionated by Sephadex G-10 chromatography which gives rise to a 35 S-labeled peak which is characteristic for the pseudorabies virus-infective process. Analogous uninfected host cell preparations do not yield this peak on Sephadex G-10. The putative pseudorabies virus-specific Sephadex G-10 peak is not detectably labeled by d -[6- 3 H]glucosamine or d -[1- 3 H]galactose. The sulfated proteins excreted by pseudorabies virus-infected cells are not significantly digested by chondroitinase ABC, whereas analogous uninfected host cell preparations are rapidly degraded.
On the Efficiency of Competitive Markets for Operating Licenses

Some economists and policy makers have suggested that market allocation of scarce operating licenses, broadcasting licenses, and airport "slots," for instance, would lead to their efficient use. This paper demonstrates that a competitive market allocation of operating licenses, whether attained through auctioning, selling, or allowing resale of the rights, does not, in general, assure efficiency. The profit criterion that would guide the allocation of licenses in a competitive market would not necessarily lead to the uses that maximize social benefits. The paper shows that the difference between private and social incentives in the allocation process can be quite large. The theory is then applied to discussions of allocating airport takeoff and landing slots and broadcasting licenses.
Gravitational wave bursts from cosmic (super)strings: Quantitative analysis and constraints

We discuss data analysis techniques that can be used in the search for gravitational wave bursts from cosmic strings. When data from multiple interferometers are available, we describe consistency checks that can be used to greatly reduce the false alarm rates. We construct an expression for the rate of bursts for arbitrary cosmic string loop distributions and apply it to simple known solutions. The cosmology is solved exactly and includes the effects of a late-time acceleration. We find substantially lower burst rates than previous estimates suggest and explain the disagreement. Initial LIGO is unlikely to detect field-theoretic cosmic strings with the usual loop sizes, though it may detect cosmic superstrings as well as cosmic strings and superstrings with nonstandard loop sizes (which may be more realistic). In the absence of a detection, we show how to set upper limits based on the loudest event. Using Initial LIGO sensitivity curves, we show that these upper limits may result in interesting constraints on the parameter space of theories that lead to the production of cosmic strings.
Study on Carbon and Sulfur Detection by Using Infrared Absorption Method

This paper focuses on discussing the principle of detecting carbon and sulphur by using infrared absorption method, characteristics of high-frequency heating, system blank value, and method for detecting trace carbon and sulphur.
Ontology concepts and tools for statistical genomics

In computer science, an ontology is any formally structured vocabulary covering a conceptual domain. Gene Ontology (GO) is a structured collection of terms defining biological processes, cellular components, or molecular functions for the purpose of characterizing gene products and functions. The structure of GO is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) with typed edges. We describe a simple formalism for working with ontologies for statistical purposes, and define object-ontology complexes, which encode the usage of the vocabulary to label objects under analysis. Recently developed concepts of information content and semantic similarity are evaluated and used to explore the association between LocusLink loci and GO. We investigate relations between GO DAG structure, association evidence codes and term information content, illustrate computation of semantic similarities of genes within and between clusters discovered in a microarray, and describe a more general ontology and its use in inference on genetic network structure.
Comments on “Electromagnetic Radiation and the Afterlife”

This paper by Steven M. Rosen comments on Janusz Slawinski's paper named "Electromagnetic Radiation And The Afterlife." This paper contains three critiques of an empirical, philosophical, and mathematical nature, respectively.
Screening behaviors among African American women at high risk for breast cancer: do beliefs about god matter?

Purpose/Objectives: To examine the relationship between beliefs about God as a controlling force in health and adherence to breast cancer screening among high-risk African American women. Design: Cross-sectional cohort. Setting: In-person interviews in rural, southeastern Louisiana and telephone interviews conducted at the University of Utah. Sample: 52 females who were members of a large kindred with a BRCA1 mutation; no subjects had breast cancer. Methods: Survey through in-person or telephone interviews. Main Research Variables: Belief in God as a controlling agent over health measured by the God Locus of Health Control (GLHC) scale; screening behaviors measured by self-report. Adherence was based on consensus-approved recommendations for BRCA1 carriers or women at risk of being carriers. Findings: Bivariate analysis indicated that presence of a primary care provider and low GLHC scores were associated with seeking clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography. With the variable "presence of a primary care provider" excluded, GLHC scores were inversely associated with seeking CBE and mammography. Conclusions: African American women at increased risk for breast cancer and with high GLHC scores may have a decreased inclination to adhere to CBE and mammography recommendations. Implications for Nursing: Assessing religious and spiritual beliefs and incorporating belief systems into education and counseling sessions may improve understanding and acceptance of presented material.
Interrelationships between pH, Populations of Propionibacterium Shermanii, Levels of Free Fatty Acids, and the Flavor Ratings of Swiss Cheeses

Summary Fifteen experimental cheeses were examined periodically during 1 yr. The following variations in the normal cheeses were found: pH off the press (experimentally induced variation), 4.95–5.37; maximum numbers of Propionibacterium shermanii, 145 million/g–2,100 million/g; maximum levels of acids—acetic, 38–59; propionic, 44–104; butyric, 6–40; higher, 22–48 μM /g. With added sodium propionate, pH and numbers of P. shermanii increased but production of propionic acid decreased. Five commercial cheeses, examined for flavor and fatty acid levels, typically had higher levels of acetic acid than the experimental cheeses. Significant relationships were found between pH off the press and growth of P. shermanii and also between the maximum levels of propionic acid and both the maximum numbers of P. shermanii and the P. shermanii numbers-time integrals. All relationships involving the "sweet" flavor component are without significance. With one exception, all relationships involving the "nutty" flavor component are either of doubtful or of no significance. The relationship between nutty flavor and propionic acid levels may be significant. Propionic acid is a component of the flavor complex, but other compounds appear to be responsible for both the nutty and the sweet characteristics of typical Swiss cheese flavor.
Production of high specific activity radiolanthanides for medical purposes using the UC Irvine TRIGA reactor

Radioactive lanthanides have become an important imaging, diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the medical field. The objective of our research was to investigate the feasibility of producing radioactive lanthanides with high specific activity in a small-scale research reactor using the Szilard–Chalmers method. The results indicate that the activated nuclides recoil out of the target after neutron capture and we obtain enrichment of the radionuclide compared to the bulk irradiation. These first attempts, result in enrichment factors and yields that are low but indicates a possibility of using this technique if the method is further optimized.
Magnetically dilute metallic glasses. II. 4f moments

Magnetic-susceptibility and high-field magnetization measurements are presented for amorphous ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{40}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{50}{M}_{10}$ ($M$ denoting Fe, Mn) and ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{50}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{50\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}$, with $x$ ranging from zero to about ten. Curie-Weiss fits to the susceptibility data were made to determine effective moments ${p}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and paramagnetic Weiss temperatures, $\ensuremath{\bigominus}$. The small values of ${p}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ suggest the presence of moment instabilities depending on local environment, and the negative $\ensuremath{\bigominus}$ values suggest antiferromagnetic local-moment-conduction-electron interactions. The Fe alloys develop hysteresis at low temperatures indicating the presence of a magnetically ordered state. These alloys can be characterized as cluster glasses because of the apparent importance of magnetic clusters and the development of an ordered state of spin-glass character. However, the Mn alloys show no evidence of magnetic order down to 1.3 K.
Dietary intake in the Diabetes Prevention Program cohort: Baseline and 1-year post-randomization

Purpose To describe usual dietary intake assessment at baseline and 1-year post-randomization in the ethnically diverse Diabetes Prevention Program cohort. Methods Participants were randomized to Lifestyle Modification, Metformin, or Placebo. Usual diet was assessed by a modified, previously validated food frequency interview. Results Complete data were available for 2934 subjects (90.7% of those randomized). Baseline median estimated energy intake was 7676 kJ/d (1828 kcal/d) and 8585 kJ/d (2044 kcal/d) for women and men, respectively. The median percent of energy from fat ranged from 30.6% for Asian American men to 37.5% for American Indian men and women. After 1 year among the Lifestyle group, the median change in total energy and percent energy from fat was −1897 kJ/d (−452 kcal/d) and −6.6%, respectively. For the Metformin and Placebo groups, change in median total energy was −1235 kJ/d (−294 kcal/d) and −1051 kJ/d (−250 kcal/d), respectively, and change in median percent energy from fat was −0.8% and −0.8%, respectively ( p Conclusions One-year post-randomization, significant differences in dietary intake were observed in the Lifestyle compared with the Metformin or Placebo group, and these were consistent with the general intent of the DPP lifestyle modification intervention.
Occupation and Divorce

Analyses of the combined General Social Surveys for 1972-1983 are used to estimate propensity to divorce (proportion of ever-married persons who have ever been divorced or legally separated) for major occupational categories and for selected occupations. Separate analyses for males and females show significant estimated effects of occupation on propensity to divorce even when occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, income, education, and number of children are statistically controlled. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, male professional and technical workers do not have the lowest propensity to divorce. Propensity to divorce for male professional and technical workers, when adjusted for income, occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, education, and number of children, is higher than for any occupational category except transport equipment operatives. For female workers, on the other hand, professional and technical workers do have the lowest propensity to divorce among no...
Scientific Understanding and Synthetic Design

One of the indisputable signs of the progress made in organic chemistry over the last two hundred years is the increased ability of chemists to manipulate, control and design chemical reactions. The technological expertise manifest in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry is, at least in part, due to developments in the theory of organic chemistry. By appealing to a notable chemist’s attempts to articulate and codify the heuristics of synthetic design, this paper investigates how understanding theoretical organic chemistry facilitates progress in synthetic organic chemistry. The picture that emerges of how the applications of organic chemistry are grounded in its theory is contrasted with both standard and some more contemporary philosophical accounts of the applications of science.
You don't know jack about shared variables or memory models

A Google search for "Threads are evil" generates 18,000 hits, but threads are ubiquitous. Almost all of the processes running on a modern Windows PC use them. Software threads are typically how pro...
The CLEO RICH detector

Abstract We describe the design, construction and performance of a Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector (RICH) constructed to identify charged particles in the CLEO experiment. Cherenkov radiation occurs in LiF crystals, both planar and ones with a novel “sawtooth”-shaped exit surface. Photons in the wavelength interval 135–165 nm are detected using multi-wire chambers filled with a mixture of methane gas and triethylamine vapor. Excellent π / K separation is demonstrated.
Dynamic Minkowski sum of convex shapes

Computing the Minkowski sums of rotating objects has always been done naively by re-computing every Minkowski sum from scratch. The correspondences between the Minkowski sums are typically completely ignored. We propose a method, called DYMSUM, that can efficiently update the Minkowski sums of rotating convex polyhedra. We show that DYMSUM is significantly more efficient than the traditional approach, in particular when the size of the input polyhedra are large and when the rotation is small between frames. From our experimental results, we show that the computation time of the proposed method grows slowly with respect to the size of the input comparing to the naive approach.
Bird Communities and Vegetation Structure in the United States

Abstract The composition of breeding-bird communities, as represented by the relative importance of foraging guilds, is different for vegetation of differing structures. We identified seven vegetation types and the character of the bird community associated with each. Desert shrub has birds with generalist feeding habits, grasslands have species that are primarily seed-eaters, and nondesert brush vegetation supports generalists and seed-eaters that feed on the ground as well as insect-eaters that feed in the foliage of plants. Open woodlands have the greatest diversity of foraging guilds. Feeding guilds in the three types of forests—needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, and mixed—are not strongly differentiated from one another, but foliage-feeders are generally more important there than in the other vegetation types. Such patterns are consistent within vegetation types, even though representative samples are geographically separate and in some cases climatically different.
Autonomic correlates of the subjective anxiety scale

Summary-The subjective anxiety scale is an assessment tool commonly used in behavioral research and therapy to quantify verbal report of private events, usually states of fear. An investigation was undertaken to determine the extent of relationship between the subjective anxiety scale and two concurrent measures of autonomic arousal, peripheral vasoconstriction and heart rate. Measures were recorded during baseline, surgical film and second baseline phases for 20 subjects. The subjective and autonomic measures indicated increased anxiety during the film phase and significant correlations were found between subjective report of anxiety and the two physiological indices. The results support the continued use of the subjective anxiety scale as a clinical assessment tool. Practice and research implications are discussed. Behavioral researchers have repeatedly advocated the use of multiple response system assessment of psychological phenomena (Lang, 1968). In this approach the dependent variables are measured by means of the subject’s or client’s self-report, systematic recording of overt behavior and the assessment of relevant physiological variables. In an ideal situation, these three response channels produce synchronous results. For example, in the measurement of phobic anxiety, the client reports acute fear and at the same time has an elevated heart rate and attempts to avoid the anxiety evoking stimulus. Uniform elevations in all three response channels provides unambiguous evidence for the existence of “phobic anxiety”. Instances of overt avoidance without fear, or behavioral approach while heart rate remains high, are examples of the phenomenon of desynchrony between response channels (Rachman and Hodgson, 1974; Hodgson and Rachman, 1974; Grey, Sartory and Rachman, 1979), and allow less clear cut interpretation of results.
Platelet-Rich Plasma Guided Injections: Clinical Application in Peripheral Neuropathies

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is defined as an autologous concentrated preparation of platelets and their associated growth factors in a small volume of plasma. The presence of these growth factors has stimulated the scientific community to search about possible benefits of the use of PRP in tissue regeneration. Provided that previously in vitro and animal research demonstrated that PRP could probably play an important role in the treatment of neural tissue disorders, we aimed to review the current literature, regarding the clinical studies that have been conducted to confirm this hypothesis. More specifically, we have reviewed the literature concerning the clinical application of PRP in peripheral neuropathies and investigated if there is strong evidence to establish the use of PRP in clinical practice as a therapeutic option. In contrast with animal studies, we have been able to identify only few clinical data concerning the use of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in peripheral neuropathies. We found 5 trials matched to our research that have yield positive and promising results for the future for the application of PRP for the therapy of disorders of the peripheral nervous system. It is obvious that this interesting field of research gives to the scientists the ability to expand it extensively, in terms of both quality and quantity.
Peer support: making a difference in breast-feeding duration.

Although the value of providing infants with human milk has long been understood, a torrent of studies published in the last decade have provided undeniable evidence that breast-feeding reduces morbidity and mortality during the first year of life, not only in developing countries but in North
Spin Wave Logic Circuit on Silicon Platform

We analyze spin wave-based logic circuits for information transmission and processing in integrated magneto-electric circuits. A bit of information is encoded into the phase of the spin wave propagating in the magnetic waveguide referred to as spin wave bus. It makes possible to transmit and process a number of bits at constant time. By exploiting sin wave superposition, a set of logic gates such as AND, OR, and Majority gate can be realized in one circuit. This paper presents the realization of a spin-wave based logic circuit fabricated on a silicon platform. The prototype micrometer scale circuit operates in the GHz frequency range and offers exciting potential as a multifunctional logic gate that could be scaled down to 0.1 mum2 with energy per bit as low as 10-18 J. Another potential advantage of the spin wave-based logic circuitry is the ability to implement logic gates with fewer elements as compared to CMOS- based circuits in achieving same functionality. The shortcomings and disadvantages of the spin wave-based devices are discussed.
Assessing contaminant sensitivity of endangered and threatened aquatic species: part III. Effluent toxicity tests.

Toxicity tests using standard effluent test procedures described by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), and seven threatened and endangered (listed) fish species from four families: (1) Acipenseridae: shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum); (2) Catostomidae; razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus); (3) Cyprinidae: bonytail chub (Gila elegans), Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas) Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), and spotfin chub (Cyprinella monacha); and (4) Poecillidae: Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis). We conducted 7-day survival and growth studies with embryo-larval fathead minnows and analogous exposures using the listed species. Survival and reproduction were also determined with C. dubia. Tests were conducted with carbaryl, ammonia—or a simulated effluent complex mixture of carbaryl, copper, 4-nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol and permethrin at equitoxic proportions. In addition, Cape Fear shiners and spotfin chub were tested using diazinon, copper, and chlorine. Toxicity tests were also conducted with field-collected effluents from domestic or industrial facilities. Bonytail chub and razorback suckers were tested with effluents collected in Arizona whereas effluent samples collected from North Carolina were tested with Cape Fear shiner, spotfin chub, and shortnose sturgeon. The fathead minnow 7-day effluent test was often a reliable estimator of toxic effects to the listed fishes. However, in 21 % of the tests, a listed species was more sensitive than fathead minnows. More sensitive species results varied by test so that usually no species was always more or less sensitive than fathead minnows. Only the Gila topminnow was consistently less sensitive than the fathead minnow. Listed fish species were protected 96% of the time when results for both fathead minnows and C. dubia were considered, thus reinforcing the value of standard whole-effluent toxicity tests using those two species. If the responses of specific listed species are important for management decisions, our study supports the value in developing culture and testing procedures for those species.
Revolution and Nationalism: Two studies on the History of Communism in Eastern Europe

ON March 27, I938, just two days before signing the Munich agreement, by which Czechoslovakia was dismembered, Neville Chamberlain referred to the Czech-German dispute in the Sudetenland as "a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing." The insularity and outright ignorance displayed in this remark, while surprising in a national leader, were not untypical of the views prevailing before World War II among the English-speaking public regarding not only the Sudeten problem, but much else in Eastern Europe. The accounts of journalists, travelers, and writers in search of sensation did little to counteract, and frequently merely reflected, the shallow and often disdainful opinions held by many Westerners regarding the quarrelsome nationalities of Eastern Europe. Scholarly activity also mirrored the low status accorded the area. In the United States, scholarly knowledge depended largely on a handful of historians, primarily Robert J. Kerner (himself of Czech origin), on a very few political scientists, especially Malbone W. Graham, and on an occasional well-informed journalist, such as Hamilton Fish Armstrong. Britain supported a somewhat larger band of experts, notably Elizabeth Wiskemann, Doreen Warriner, Ian F. D. Morrow, C. A. Macartney, David Mitrany, H. W. V. Temperley, and, above all, R. W. Seton-Watson. Their activity largely focused around either the School of Slavonic Studies at the University of London, or the Royal Institute of International Affairs, which commissioned various works on Eastern Europe that were either overall surveys of contemporary conditions, or intensive studies of specific problems of international concern.1 While
Connective Tissue Pattern in the Ventriculus of Certain Lubber Grasshoppers (Orthoptera, acridiidae)

In the routine course of examining the tissues of the entire gut length of two selected grasshoppers the writer was impressed by the fact that the literature, especially generalized texts on insect anatomy and physiology, give practically no space to the important but somewhat obscure connective tissue of the midgut. Although loose connective tissue is sufficiently obvious in the large folds of pharynx, proventricular teeth, and of the fore-intestine, the author had to persuade himself by repeated examination of the midgut tissues of Brachystola magna (Gir.) and Romalea microptera (Beauv.) that connective tissue was definitely an essential constituent in the region here referred to. It became increasingly obvious that such tissue should be present both from genetic and adaptational considerations. Especially was the adaptional value evident when it was observed in a variety of preparations that the midgut is completely invested in loose connective tissue so reinforced as to constitute a probably firm “elastic” network covering the bases of epithelial masses and penetrating up between them. The unsupported epithelium soft and folded as it is in the midgut and its caeca, could scarcely be expected to endure the viscissitudes of the abrasive and stretching effects of a mass of such coarse vegetation as these insects ingest.
Newly Discovered Manchu-Chinese Hybrid Verses of Jakdan

Jakdan was a famous translator in Qing Dynasty, whose representative is "Translation Adopted from Liao Zai Zhi Yi". The paper selected two poems of Manchu-Chinese Verses of Jakdan stored in Yanjing Library of Harvard and made note of them so that people could get further acknowledge about Manchu literatures.
Noncompliance and Self Medication: Two Neglected Aspects of Pediatric Pharmacology

Studies indicate that noncompliance and self medication are more widespread than most physicians believe, and are influenced by factors such as perceived seriousness of the illness and the quality of the doctor-patient relationship. The factors associated with noncompliance and overmedication are examined in order to alert physicians to those clinical situations in which inadequate or too much medication is likely to occur.
Application of Crowd Simulation for a Layout Improvement

This chapter presents a creative experiment, where a series of simulations in Crowd-Z have been used for improvement of an architectural floor-plan. As an example one floor of a retail store has been used for this experiment. A simple scenario of crowd passing from the entrance towards the exit has been implemented. The objective is to possibly uniform the usage of space, in other words to reduce the number of unvisited areas and congestion in other places. Two types of layout elements are introduced: fixed and modifiable. The fixed elements represent structural members such as construction walls, pillars, other unmodifiable elements such as elevators, escalators, etc. The modifiable elements represent partition walls, sale stands, etc. The heat maps (HMs) are used to determine the use of spaces. A semi-totalistic two-dimensional cellular automaton has been defined to “melt” modifiable elements of the layout if the value of HM exceeds a given threshold and to “create” wall-cells in the unvisited areas. The process is iterative. A brief interpretation of the results has been presented.
State intervention and contradictions

Exclusive rule and greater centralization, combined with increasing resources, enabled the three states to intervene extensively in the economy and promote development. To varying degrees, state intervention turned each government into a key economic actor and the center of capital allocation or accumulation. These governments controlled major banks, enterprises and sources of revenue in their countries. They actively affected capital allocation through their control of the banking system by means of their own revenues, foreign aid, or extensive borrowing. These states also expanded their regulation of the economy, thus affecting many aspects of the market. All three governments also deliberately pursued development strategies that favored private sector capital accumulation. These efforts often paid off as state intervention produced impressive results, most notably growth in the initial stages. Despite impressive growth rates, the development strategies employed by the three governments laid the foundation for contradictions and conflicts. Although these states achieved a high level of autonomy from the privileged groups and classes, state intervention largely served particular, rather than general, societal interests. In the first place, it enriched state rulers, their associates and allies who accumulated massive wealth often in a short period of time. Furthermore, government development strategies, whether in the form of import-substitution or export-led industrialization, served the interests of modern, capital-intensive sectors of the economy while working against the small, traditional sectors.
Is Normal Saline Solution the Best Crystalloid for Intravascular Volume Resuscitation

A 30-year-old male with no significant past medical history presents to the emergency room with complaints of severe abdominal pain. The patient reports that the pain began 2 days ago. It has since migrated to the right lower quadrant. Associated symptoms include nausea without vomiting, anorexia, and a subjective fever. Significant vital signs include a temperature of 103.4 °F, a heart rate of 110 beats per minute, and a blood pressure of 80/50. Physical examination reveals a diffusely tender abdomen with guarding and rebound tenderness. Pertinent preoperative laboratories include a WBC of 22,000 cells/µ(mu)L and a lactate level of 5.8 mmol/L. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan confirms the suspected diagnosis of perforated appendicitis. The general surgery service is consulted and the chief resident recommends IV antibiotics and emergent laparotomy for appendectomy and irrigation and drainage of the peritoneal cavity.
Self-stopping epidemic routing in cooperative wireless mobile sensor networks

Epidemic routing is considered useful for wireless mobile sensor networks where infrastructure support is limited and sensed information has to be disseminated in a timely manner. The relaying overhead of epidemic routing, however, needs to be reduced to conserve energy. In this paper, we study a new problem: what is a good strategy in epidemic routing to self-stop forwarding a message when a certain percentage of nodes have received a copy of the message? The goal of such a strategy is to disseminate the information to a certain percentage of nodes in the network in a timely and predictable manner, and at the same time to cooperatively avoid further spreading when the goal has been reached. As a first attempt, we focus on wireless mobile sensor networks where nodes move rapidly and randomly around and a synchronous time model is applied. We first select an accurate mathematical model to characterize the information dissemination in wireless mobile sensor networks. We then apply and extend the model to analyze and design different self-stopping strategies. Moreover, we propose a new self-stopping strategy, called the time-based probabilistic self-stopping strategy, by taking advantages of both the time-based and the probability-based strategies. We find that such a self-stopping strategy is fast, accurate, and energy efficient.
Review: Metabolism: The City of the Future

Metabolism: The City of the Future . Mori Art Museum, Tokyo. 17 September 2011–15 January 2012. Today we often regard Japan’s Metabolists as young dreamers proffering technologically advanced, audaciously overscaled schemes. A show at the Mori Art Museum in Tokyo—the first retrospective dedicated to the group—underscored instead Metabolism’s ideological origins and, more importantly, unearthed a treasure trove of artifacts. The exhibition opened with a single image: a 1953 photograph of Kenzo Tange’s celebrated central structure at Hiroshima’s Peace Park. The Metabolists’ debut was still seven years away, via a booklet distributed at the 1960 World Design Congress in Tokyo that featured four architects—Masato Otaka, Kiyonori Kikutake, Fumihiko Maki, and Kisho Kurokawa—and others from related disciplines: author and editor Noboru Kawazoe, industrial designer Genji Ekuan, and graphic designer Kyoshi Awazu.1 Adjacent Japanese and English wall text used to isolate this image argued that Tange, though not a member of the movement, was its progenitor; the point was then followed by additional photographs of Peace Park interspersed with rarely seen construction and presentation documents from the Tange office, many now held by Harvard’s Frances Loeb Library. A public housing complex designed by Masato Otaka, built on an adjacent plot, was served up subsequently on the same wall. The Mori exhibition thus presented its first Metabolist with a subtlety that was untypical of the movement itself, via a grouping of residential towers overshadowed by Tange’s masterwork—an unappreciated complex not completed until the 1970s, designed by the only Metabolist architect who was more interested in Japan’s proletariat and never established an international reputation. The opposite wall of this opening gallery offered a historical preamble to the exhibition: on a panel some 45 feet long, a timeline tracked Japan’s population and economic growth from 1905 through 1960. Set against the data were computer animations, reproductions of photographs, and recently built models related to a period long ignored in polite circles: …
Non-invasive hormonal characterization of the ovarian cycle, pregnancy, and seasonal anestrus of the female addra gazelle (Nanger dama ruficollis).

Abstract Non-invasive fecal hormone metabolite monitoring was used to characterize the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and seasonal anestrus of the critically endangered addra gazelle (Nanger dama ruficollis). With less than 250 animals remaining in the wild and ∼168 individuals managed in captivity, it is crucial to maintain sustainable populations. Progestogen and estrogen profiles were obtained from analysis of fecal samples collected approximately every other day, within varying intervals, over the course of 7 years (n = 8 adult females). Average estrous cycle length was 19.5 ± 0.4 days (range, 14–26 days), with a luteal phase length of 14.6 ± 1.2 days (range, 10–16 days), and an inter-luteal period of 5.2 ± 1.4 days (range, 2–7 days). Mean gestation length for six pregnancies was 200.7 ± 0.4 days (range, 200–202 days). Fecal progestogens increased at 12 weeks of gestation and remained elevated until parturition. Addra gazelle females exhibited a period of seasonal anestrus with consistently low progestogen concentrations and no cyclic activity from about September to March. Analysis of reproductive and climate records demonstrated a peak in U.S. births that coincided with maximal rainfall in the native habitat of the addra gazelle. Results show that estrous cycle, luteal phase, and inter-luteal phase lengths in addra are similar to those observed in other gazelle species, however, to our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate seasonal anestrus in the Nanger genus.
The Cinema of Afflictions

Viktor Tausk was an early member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society whom Freud described as “clever and dangerous.” In his now famous paper „On the Origin of the ‘Influencing Machine’ in Schizophrenia,” Tausk discussed a rare variant of schizophrenia in which patients hallucinated persecution by a mysterious cinematographic machine. As Kirkwood argues, the paper surreptitiously offered the first psychoanalytic theory of film by explaining how a machine-and particularly an image-machine-could produce conditions of subjective identification, even if only in cases of extreme pathology. This was a threatening proposal to Freudian orthodoxy, as it not only drew an analogy between psychoanalysis and the cinema, which had long remained a forbidden object for members of Freud's circle but also seemed to resolve, at least partially, the long-standing agon between the psychophysiological apparatus and the symbolic operations of the ego.
Coming to Terms with Diagnosis â€œNon-Invasive Follicular Neoplasm with Papillary Like Nuclear Features (NIFTP)â€™: Practice Changer in Endocrine Pathology

This review summarizes the history and development of the concept of noninvasive follicular thyroid tumor with papillary like nuclear features (NIFTP). The salient histopathologic features of this lesion are discussed with emphasis on inclusion and exclusion criteria in light of available data. Immunohistochemical and molecular profiles are presented. The authors also provide their own point of view regarding the practical issues and concerns that are known to surface based on the diagnosis of NIFTP. This discussion also includes the re-review of lesions that once were classified as carcinoma.
Multiple Phenotypic Changes Define Neutrophil Priming.

Exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, mitochondrial contents, and bacterial and viral products induces neutrophils to transition from a basal state into a primed one, which is currently defined as an enhanced response to activating stimuli. Although typically associated with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species by the NADPH oxidase, neutrophils are activated by priming agents to undergo an array of phenotypic changes involving most neutrophil functions, in addition to enhanced responsiveness to activating signals. This review summarizes the breadth of phenotypic changes associated with priming and reviews current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind those changes. We conclude that the current definition of priming is too restrictive. Priming represents activation of neutrophil functions that regulate both the adaptive and innate immune responses, rather than just an enhanced ability to release toxic chemicals that kill microbes.