cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical process opportunities for vibrated powders 3. Provisional design for an experimental sidewards flying bed

Abstract At a scale suitable for laboratory experimentation, a provisional mechanical design illustrates a concept for a “sidewards flying bed” (SFB), a layer of particulate matter held upon the inner wall of a cylinder that rotates at varying speed. Acting upon the layer are centrifugal and tangential forces whose patterns of variation create time intervals during which the latter is the greater. During such intervals, the layer is postulated to respond by “flying sidewards.” In a laboratory SFB set-up, experiments can elucidate a new area of non-steady-state soil mechanics, with outcomes bearing upon a full-scale SFB's chemical processing potential. An important question is, what will be the delay in the SFB layer's taking flight after the moment tangential force just begins to exceed centrifugal? For the SFB design to be successful, this delay should be significantly shorter than a time interval during which the tangential force dominates. If experiments were to show this not to be so, a “what-then?” might be to install several stationary rakes near the cylinder's inner wall, parallel to its axis. Loosening the particulate layer as the cylinder turns, these should advance the timing of the layer's flight. Achieving adequate flight in an experimental SFB could point to a design at a commercial scale capable of promoting rapid local mixing — more rapid than that afforded by conventional vibrated or fluid beds. Such should become a strong candidate for applications requiring rapid heating of hydrocarbonaceous matter followed by quick separation of vapor product and carbonaceous residue (e.g., flash pyrolysis of coal or oil-shale). The SFB's competencies should include ability to treat moieties of especially large size (e.g., for producing a smokeless solid fuel from coal, for heat-treating a metal part or a polymer, for flash-cooking foodstuffs without oil, for drying large particulates); ability to treat highly heterogeneous matter (e.g., for burning or gasifying comminuted biomass or solid wastes); and ability to promote excellent heat transfer between SFB and stationary surfaces embedded therein (e.g., in an air-cooled SFB steam-condenser).
Highly monodisperse multiple twinned AuCu-Pt trimetallic nanoparticles with high index surfaces.

Trimetallic nanoparticles possess different properties than their mono- and bi-metallic counterparts, opening a wide range of possibilities for diverse potential applications with the notion to study possible morphology, atomic ordering, reduce precious metal consumption and many others. In this paper, we present a comprehensive experimental study on AuCu–Pt trimetallic nanoparticles with an average diameter of 15 ± 1.0 nm, synthesized in a one-pot synthesis method and characterized by the Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy technique that allowed us to probe the structure at the atomic level resolution. A new way to control the nanoparticle morphology by the presence of third metal (Pt) is also discussed by the overgrowth of Pt on the as prepared AuCu core by Frank–van der Merwe (FM) layer-by-layer and Stranski–Krastanov (SK) island-on-wetting-layer growth modes. With the application of this research, we are now a step closer to produce optimum catalysts in which the active phase forms only surface monolayers. In addition, the nanoalloy exhibits high index facet surfaces with {211} and {321} families that are highly open-structure surfaces and are interesting for the catalytic applications.
Instantaneous local heat transfer coefficients and related frequency spectra for a horizontal cylinder in a high temperature fluidized bed

Abstract Experimental data are reported for instantaneous local heat transfer coefficients on the surface of an immersed 50.8 mm diameter horizontal cylinder in a high temperature (562° C) fluidized bed of particles with 1 mm mean size using air as the fluidizing gas. Comparison of the reported data with analytical models of bed-to-surface heat transfer shows good agreement for heat transfer near particle contact points and in the interstitial channels between particles. The shallow bed height above the instrumented cylinder (0.10 m) allowed bubbles to erupt to the surface while still in contact with the cylinder. Heat transfer during periods of bubble phase contact increased, compared to the case of fully immersed bubbles, by a factor of 2 or 3 due to erupting bubbles contacting the cylinder. The frequency spectra related to the instantaneous local heat transfer coefficients displayed sharp maxima at low frequencies (0.36–1.46 Hz). Based on these frequency spectra, it is suggested that instrumentation for similar measurements be designed for a bandwidth of at least 100 Hz.
A Case Study Using Kinematic Quantities Derived from a Triangle of VHF Doppler Wind Profilers

Horizontal divergence, relative vorticity, kinematic vertical velocity, and geostrophic and ageostrophic winds are computed from Colorado profiler network data to investigate an upslope snowstorm in northeastern Colorado. Horizontal divergence and relative vorticity are computed using the Gauss and Stokes theorems, respectively. Kinematic vertical velocities are obtained from the surface to 9 km by vertically integrating the continuity equation. The geostrophic and ageostrophic winds are computed by applying a finite differencing technique to evaluate the derivatives in the horizontal equations of motion. Comparison of the synoptic-scale data with the profiler network data reveals that the two datasets are generally consistent. Also, the profiler-derived quantities exhibit coherent vertical and temporal patterns consistent with conceptual and theoretical flow fields of various meteorological phenomena. It is suggested that the profiler-derived quantities are of potential use to weather forecasters in that they enable the dynamic and kinematic interpretation of weather system structure to be made and thus have nowcasting and short-term forecasting value.
Periodic finite-genus solutions of the KdV equation are orbitally stable

Abstract The stability of periodic solutions of partial differential equations has been an area of increasing interest in the last decade. The KdV equation is known to have large families of periodic solutions that are parameterized by hyperelliptic Riemann surfaces. They are generalizations of the famous multi-soliton solutions. We show that all such periodic solutions are orbitally stable with respect to subharmonic perturbations: perturbations that are periodic with period equal to an integer multiple of the period of the underlying solution.
Human mitochondrial DNA polymerase holoenzyme: reconstitution and characterization.

We have reconstituted the holoenzyme of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase from cloned and overexpressed catalytic and accessory subunits. We have examined the polymerization activity of the catalytic subunit alone and of the holoenzyme to establish the function of the accessory subunit in this two subunit enzyme. The accessory subunit associates with the catalytic subunit with a dissociation constant of 35 ± 16 nM as measured by the concentration dependence of its effect in stimulating maximal DNA binding and polymerization. At saturating concentrations, the accessory subunit contributes to every kinetic parameter examined to facilitate tighter binding of DNA and nucleotide and faster replication. The accessory protein makes the DNA binding 3.5-fold tighter (Kd of 9.9 ± 2.1 nM compared to 39 ± 10 nM for the catalytic subunit alone) without significantly affecting the DNA dissociation rate (0.02 ± 0.001 compared to 0.03 ± 0.001 s-1). The ground-state nucleotide binding is improved from 4.7 ± 2.0 to 0....
The comparative ability of self-organizing neural networks to define cluster structure

The ability to determine clusters or similarity in large, multivariate data sets is critical to many business decisions. Unfortunately, current cluster algorithms are sensitive to dispersion that occurs naturally in empirical data. As the level of relative cluster dispersion in the data increases, current clustering techniques fail to accurately identify cluster membership. An improved clustering methodology is needed that produces more accurate cluster definitions than the methods commonly used today. Our research investigates the ability of specific neural network architectures utilizing unsupervised learning to recover cluster structure from multivariate data sets with various levels of relative cluster dispersion. The results demonstrate that the Self Organizing Map network is a superior clustering technique and that its relative advantage over conventional techniques increases with higher levels of relative cluster dispersion in the data.
GMM Based Semi-Supervised Learning for Channel-Based Authentication Scheme

Authentication schemes based on wireless physical layer channel information have gained significant attention in recent years. It has been shown in recent studies, that the channel based authentication can either cooperate with existing higher layer security protocols or provide some degree of security to networks without central authority such as sensor networks. We propose a Gaussian Mixture Model based semi-supervised learning technique to identify intruders in the network by building a probabilistic model of the wireless channel of the network users. We show that even without having a complete apriori knowledge of the statistics of intruders and users in the network, our technique can learn and update the model in an online fashion while maintaining high detection rate. We experimentally demonstrate our proposed technique leveraging pattern diversity and show using measured channels that miss detection rates as low as 0.1% for false alarm rate of 0.3% can be achieved.
Enhancement of immunogenic activity of ribosomal preparations from Haemophilus influenzae by various adjuvants

Ribosomes from Haemophilus influenzae type b have been reported to have immunoprotective activity in animals that can be enhanced by adjuvants. In this report we evaluated the adjuvant activity of several compounds in conjunction with ribosomes from the b and c serotypes of H. influenzae. Alhydrogel, saponin, and DPT were found to significantly enhance the immunoprotective response in mice, equalling or exceeding the activity of Freund's incomplete adjuvant. All of these adjuvants also enhanced significantly the IgM response of mice to sheep red blood cells. Ribosomes were also found to enhance this response. Among the compounds failing to provide adjuvant activity for ribosomes were poly(A:U), muramyl dipeptide, mycobacterial extract, dimethylglycine, methylated bovine serum albumin, sodium diethylthiocarbamate, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.
An examination of the assumptions of specialization, mental disorder, and dangerousness in sex offenders

Sex offenders have been singled out for differential treatment by the legal and mental health systems. This article attempts to inform law reform efforts and criminal justice mental health policy by examining the assumptions underlying differential legal and mental health treatment of sex offenders. These assumptions include the theories that sex offenders are mentally disordered and in need of treatment, specialists in sex crimes, and more dangerous than other criminal offenders. Empirical findings demonstrate that sex offenders are not specialists in sex crimes and are not mentally disordered. Examination of past research suggests that sex offenders are not at more risk than other criminal offenders to commit future sex crimes. Implications of research findings for selective prosecution of sex crime cases, mental health policy, sex offender legislation, and predictions of future dangerousness are discussed. Proposals for future research needs and law reform are presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MODIFICATION OF CELL MEMBRANE COMPOSITION BY DIETARY LIPIDS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Dietary lipids can modify the properties of cell membranes, including membrane fluidity and membrane permeability. The saturation and isomerization of dietary fatty acids may affect the pattern of fatty acids acylated to glycerol in phospholipids. Oxidized sterols may affect membrane properties directly by their insertion in the membrane or indirectly through their effects on lipid metabolism. The flow of calcium and other nutrients into the cells appears to be a major property affected by those changes in lipid composition of membranes and may be important in the onset of atherosclerosis. The factors that alter the character of the lipids in cell membranes should receive increased study in both in vitro and in vivo systems to clarify their role in diseases processes.
Thermophysical properties of tantalum, tungsten, and tantalum-10 wt. per cent tungsten at high temperatures

Abstract A high-temperature multi-property apparatus is briefly described. Experimental data covering the range from about 1400 ° to 2800 °K are presented for one sample of tantalum, three samples of tungsten and two samples of tantalum-10 wt.% tungsten alloy. The tungsten samples were from a batch used in a high-temperature thermal conductivity reference standards program and the tantalum-10 tungsten alloy has been incorporated in an international round-robin study. Properties measured were thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, normal spectral emittance at 0.65 μm, hemispherical total emittance, Weidemann-Franz-Lorenz ratio and Thomson coefficient.
Pubertal Exposure to High Fat Diet Causes Mouse Strain-dependent Alterations in Mammary Gland Development and Estrogen Responsiveness

Pubertal exposure to high fat diet causes mouse strain-dependent alterations in mammary gland development and estrogen responsiveness
Ductility and the abrasive wear of an ultrahigh strength steel

Abstract Ploughing of material to either side of the grooves made by abrasive particles and single indenters was observed for both abrasive wear and single point cutting. The degree of ploughing decreases as the hardness of the material being tested increases. It is possible to incorporate ploughing into the usual equation for the volume abrasive wear rate by introducing a term 1 − f, where f is the fraction of a wear groove ploughed to either side of the abrasive particle but not removed from the surface. The equation becomes volume wear rate ≈ L(1−f H s where L is the applied load and Hs is the surface hardness. Although it is possible to relate 1 − f to hardness through single point scratching experiments, there is evidence that 1 − f could depend primarily on ductility and not on hardness. As an initial step in exploring the dependence of this ploughing term on the mechanical properties of the abraded material, a simple model of the abrasive wear process is proposed. This model is evaluated in terms of the abrasive wear and tensile properties of a low alloy steel heat treated to hardnesses ranging from 496 to 680 HV.
Genetic analysis of ageing: Role of oxidative damage and environmental stresses

Evolutionary theory predicts substantial interspecific and intraspecific differences in the proximal mechanisms of ageing. Our goal here is to seek evidence for common (‘public’) mechanisms among diverse organisms amenable to genetic analysis. Oxidative damage is a candidate for such a public mechanism of ageing. Long-lived strains are relatively resistant to different environmental stresses. The extent to which these stresses produce oxidative damage remains to be established.
Learning complex systems with story-building in scratch

Complex systems are difficult for many students to understand. But new technologies are promising tools for helping students learn about systems thinking. In this paper, I present a case study of a middle school student creating stories in Scratch to learn about programming and complex systems. I discuss his learning in relation to the affordances of the Scratch activities and the student's abilities and goals. Results show that while the student did learn about programming, the linearity of stories in Scratch did not afford opportunities for learning about interconnections in complex systems.
High-velocity plate impact of metal foams

Abstract The ballistic impact of a massive, effectively 1-D plate on an initially stationary foam layer is considered. It is shown that four discrete velocity regimes must be considered. Two of these regimes are of major interest for ballistic impact studies. Regime 2 considers the case when the initial velocity of the plate is lower than the sound velocity of the constitutive material of the foam, but higher than the linear sound velocity of foam. Regime 3 considers the case when the initial plate velocity is lower than the linear sound velocity of the foam; but remains higher than the effective sound velocity for a perturbation in which the amplitude lies in the so-called “plateau region” of the static stress–strain diagram. Analytical solutions for dynamic deformation and energy absorption of foam materials under the plate impact condition for Regimes 2 and 3 are developed. It has been shown that in both cases, a compressive shock wave appears. The physical difference between these two regimes entails not only the creation of a shock front associated with the collapsing foam, but also an acoustic precursor in the case of Regime 3. As a result, the efficiency of energy absorption in Regime 2 depends only on the initial density of the foam, the density of the constitutive material of the foam, and the areal mass of the impacting plate, whereas the efficiency of energy absorption for Regime 3 also depends on the Mach number and the critical stress of the foam. Numerical plate impact simulations have been carried out in impact Regime 2. Explicit finite element analysis is performed using LS-DYNA 960. The time history of dynamic deformation and energy of the impact plate is presented. The numerical prediction is found to be in good agreement with the analytical results.
Heroin self-administration and reinstatement of heroin-seeking in adolescent vs. adult male rats.

Heroin abuse is prevalent among teenagers, and early onset drug use might predict long-term drug dependence. However, adolescent sensitivity to drug reinforcement has not been explored thoroughly in animal models. This study aimed to compare intravenous (i.v.) self-administration of heroin, as well as extinction and reinstatement of heroin-seeking, in adolescent vs. adult male rats. Adolescent (35 days old at start) and adult (86 days old at start) male Sprague–Dawley rats spontaneously acquired lever pressing maintained by i.v. heroin infusions. In experiment 1, self-administration was tested on a fixed ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement (0.05 and 0.025 mg/kg per infusion), followed by within-session extinction and reinstatement tests after 1 or 12 days of abstinence. In experiment 2, self-administration was tested on a progressive ratio schedule (0.0125–0.1 mg/kg per infusion), followed 12 days later by a single test of extinction responding in the presence of cues. In experiment 1, adolescent rats self-administered more heroin than adults. After 1 or 12 days of abstinence, adolescents exhibited less heroin-seeking than adults, although levels of heroin-seeking increased over abstinence period for both age groups. In experiment 2, adolescents and adults reached the same maximal response ratio (breakpoint), although adolescents earned more infusions when response requirements were low. For extinction responding in the presence of cues, heroin-seeking was similar across ages. Lower levels of heroin-seeking suggest that younger rats are less sensitive than adults to some residual effects of heroin intake.
Fabrication of tissue engineered tympanic membrane patches using computer-aided design and injection molding.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The goal of the current study was to use computer-aided design and injection molding technologies to tissue engineer precisely shaped cartilage in the shape of butterfly tympanic membrane patches out of chondrocyte-seeded calcium alginate gels. Methods: Molds were designed on SolidWorks 2000 and built out of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using fused deposition modeling (FDM). Tympanic membrane patches were fabricated using bovine articular chondrocytes seeded at 50 × 106 cells/mL in 2% calcium alginate gels. Molded patches were cultured in vitro for up to 10 weeks and assessed biochemically, morphologically, and histologically. Results: Unmolded patches demonstrated outstanding dimensional fidelity, with a volumetric precision of at least 3 μL, and maintained their shape well for up to 10 weeks of in vitro culture. Glycosaminoglycan and collagen content increased steadily over 10 weeks in culture, demonstrating continual deposition of new extracellular matrix consistent with new tissue development. Conclusions: The use of computer-aided design and injection molding technologies allows for the fabrication of very small, precisely shaped chondrocyte-seeded calcium alginate structures that faithfully maintain their shape during in vitro culture. In vitro fabrication of tympanic membrane patches with a precisely controlled geometry may have the potential to provide a minimally invasive alternative to traditional methods for the repair of chronic tympanic membrane perforations.
Functional-anatomic correlates of remembering and knowing

Neural correlates of remembering were examined using event-related functional MRI (fMRI) in 20 young adults. A recognition paradigm based on the remember/know (RK) procedure was used to separately classify studied items that were correctly identified and accompanied by a conscious recollection of details about the study episode from studied items that were correctly identified in the absence of conscious recollection. To facilitate exploration of the basis of remember decisions, studied items were paired with pictures and sounds to encourage retrieval of specific content during scanned testing. Analyses using a priori regions of interest indicated that remembering recruited both regions that associate with the perception and/or decision that information is old and regions that associate preferentially with visual content, while knowing recruited regions associated with oldness, but did not recruit visual content regions. Exploratory analyses further indicated a functional dissociation across regions of parietal cortex that may aid to reconcile several divergent results in the literature. Lateral parietal regions responded preferentially to remember decisions, while a slightly medial region responded robustly to both remember and know decisions. Taken collectively, these results suggest that remembering and knowing associate with common processes supporting a perception and/or the decision that information is old. Remembering additionally recruits regions specific to retrieved content, which may participate to convey the vividness typical of recollective experience.
Electromyographic activity during the motionless period in chewing.

T In studies of h uman chewing, it has been noticed that jaw movements often ceased at jaw closure.1-4 This stoppage or pause in movement occurred for about 20 per cent of the period of the chewing cycle, occurred only at jaw closure, and occurred more frequently in subjects with good occlusion than subjects with malocclusion.” The functional purpose for the pause in jaw movement might be better understood if jaw forces were recorded simultaneously with jaw movement. In this study, electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter muscles was recorded simultaneously with jaw movement as an estimate of jaw force. Recordings from the muscles on both working and nonworking sides were compared to test if forces were related to food placement. A greater or longer-lasting EMG activity on the working side may indicate that a final crushing force is applied to the food during this period.
Family size and child mental disorders in Bahia, Brazil

The relationship between family size and child mental disorders was assessed through a prevalence study conducted in an urban neighborhood of Salvador, Brazil. From a representative sample of 828 children aged between 5 and 14 years, 23.3% were diagnosed as exhibiting varying degrees of mental disorders. Diagnoses were based on psychiatric interviews, following screening using the QMPI (a Portuguese-language screening questionnaire). Results supported the hypotheses that: (1) children from smaller families would exhibit higher prevalence of mental disorders than those from larger families; and (2) prevalence of neurotic and psychosomatic disorders would be lower for children from larger families than from smaller ones. Significant associations were also found between family size and diagnosis and severity of child mental disorders. Controlled analyses indicated that these relationships were not confounded by age or sex of the child, family social class, or family type.
Structural and thermal analysis of a MEMS angular gyroscope

This paper describes the structural and thermal modeling of a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) z-axis angular gyroscope. The gyroscope consists of a oscillating proof mass supported by a suspension made up of six concentric interconnected rings rigidly attached to an anchored frame. The device is capable of measuring angular displacement through precession of the proof mass line of oscillation in the presence of rotation induced Coriolis force. Using a strain energy method, a closed form solution for the effective stiffness of the suspension system is developed, which is confirmed using finite element modeling. A comparative study of the suspension with a commonly used serpentine spring suspension demonstrates that the studied device is robust to thermal fluctuations and residual stresses. A parametric analysis is used to identify an appropriate micromachining technology suitable for the fabrication of the angular gyroscope.
Relaxation of damped debye lattices in the primary transition region

A brief review of the literature concerning damped Debye lattices as models for viscoelastic relaxation in the primary transition region is presented. We have observed that polystyrene plasticized with dioctylsebacate behaves in a fashion which is inconsistent with previous predictions based on this model. We have suggested an expanded interpretation of the model which predicts that plasticizers with solubility parameters appreciably different from that of the polymer will behave differently from diluents with the same solubility parameter as the polymer. The results of further experimentation are in accord with this new prediction. Our work supports the contention that the damped Debye lattice is a viable model and clearly demonstrates that interchain interactions are important in determining physical properties in the primary transition region.
Patient Compliance with a Home Parenteral Nutrition Program

ABSTRACT. A systematic study of patient compliance to home parenteral nutrition (HPN) was done by an independent nurse who visited 10 patients and families at varying periods after HPN had been started. A compliance scale was based on assessment of aseptic technique, sequence of steps followed, safety precautions, proper use of equipment, and knowledge of complications. Compliance percentiles ranged from 73 to 97, with a median of 95. Seven of the 10 patients scored 90% or more in overall compliance. The only category that clearly showed a deficiency was patient knowledge of potential complications of HPN. Factors that correlated positively with a high compliance score were male sex, absence of children in the home, and wives who were enthusiastic about HPN and who offered the most moral support. This study shows that patients with chronic disabling diseases of the small bowel and severe malnutrition can be managed safely at home with HPN if they are properly trained and supervised.
Area-filling distributive network model

A deterministic area-filling distributive network model is introduced. In contrast to previous works, this new model is able to cover two dimensional convex areas of any shape. Point sets that cover a line segment are also discussed. The results may be applied to biological or artificial distributive networks.
Theoretical Considerations on Corrosion Fatigue Crack Initiation

Based on corrosion kinetics and fracture mechanics, it has been possible to determine quantitatively the corrosion fatigue life for three different types of corrosion behavior. Under general, active corrosion, corrosion fatigue life is controlled by the corrosion rate and the applied alternating stress range. If pitting corrosion occurs, corrosion fatigue life depends on the incubation time for nucleating a pit, the pit growth kinetics, and a critical pit depth, which is a function of the applied stress range. It has been assumed that under passive corrosion conditions, the passive layer has to be penetrated by slip steps, to form corrosion fatigue cracks. The corrosion fatigue crack initiation in this case is controlled by the repassivation kinetics of the material and also by a critical notch depth, depending on the applied stress range. It has been found that a critical current density exists, below which no corrosion fatigue cracks can initiate. Comparison of the theoretically calculated life times with experimental results showed a quite good correlation.
A mutation in repB, the Dictyostelium homolog of the human xeroderma pigmentosum B gene, has increased sensitivity to UV-light but normal morphogenesis

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is an important cellular defense mechanism which protects the integrity of the genome by removing DNA damage caused by UV-light or chemical agents. In humans, defects in the NER pathway result in the disease xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) which is characterized by increased UV-sensitivity, with increased propensity for skin cancer, and an array of developmental abnormalities. Some XP patients exhibit, in addition, symptoms of Cockayne's syndrome (CS) and trichothiodystrophy (TTD), which are characterized by increased UV-sensitivity, without increased cancer incidence, and an array of developmental abnormalities. Some NER genes, including the DNA helicases XPB and XPD, have been shown to function in transcription as well as repair, by virtue of being an integral part of the transcription initiation factor TFIIH. This dual function may account for the above-mentioned wide pleiotropy of phenotypes associated with defects in NER genes, and may explain why some XP patients exhibit developmental abnormalities in addition to XP symptoms. To date, only five XPB patients with three different mutations in the XPB gene have been reported. One of these mutations is a C to A transversion at the splice site at the beginning of the last exon, which resulted in a frameshift throughout the last exon. This patient shows combined clinical symptoms of XP and CS. The recent cloning of the repB gene, the Dictyostelium discoideum homolog of XPB, allowed us to generate a similar C-terminal mutation in the Dictyostelium, in order to test whether the defect in this NER gene has an effect on growth or development. To this end, we have constructed a C-terminal deletion repB mutant in Dictyostelium. To avoid the possibility that a null mutant would be lethal, we used direct homologous recombination to create a 46 amino acid C-terminal deletion mutant. Indeed, we were unable to obtain mutants with a longer 95 amino acid deletion. The repB delta C46 mutants showed an increased sensitivity to UV-light, but a normal pattern of UV-induced expression of repair genes, and no immediately obvious defect in either growth rate or development. The results suggest that the associated developmental defects in the human XPB patients may be due to mutations in another gene.
In-Plane Vibration and Buckling of a Rotating Beam Clamped Off the Axis of Rotation

Some work on the in-plane vibrations and buckling of rotating beams, clamped off the axis of rotation, is unclear as to behavior in the limit of small stiffness and small off-clamping. In this paper, asymptotic expansion formulas are developed for both small and large values of stiffness and off-clamping parameters. A composite expansion formula is also introduced as an engineering approximation to the buckling curve for all values of parameters. The present results agree quite well with an exact numerical solution and indicate that buckling can occur for arbitrarily small stiffness and off-clamping.
High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist: normal anatomy.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provided adequate depiction of carpal soft tissue structures in normal volunteers, as well as accurate anatomic correlation with cadaveric specimens. Using a high field strength system and surface coil techniques, the intricate anatomy of the wrist was best defined on long TR short TE images. However, from a practical view, T1 weighted images (TR 600 ms, TE 25 ms) were most useful because of short imaging times, satisfactory image quality, and the absence of motion artifacts. The coronal plane provided the clearest definition of important structures. Potential diagnostic limitations exist due to the inability of MRI ot clearly delineate articular cartilage, joint capsules, and small interosseous ligmaents. The presence of intra-articular fluid in both living subjects and cadaveric specimens, however, allowed for fine depiction of these structures on T2 weighted images.
Monitoring amino acids, organic acids, and ripening changes in Cheddar cheese using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to monitor amino acids, organic acids, and changes during ripening. Twelve Cheddar cheese samples were ripened for 73 days and samples were drawn periodically. Water-soluble fractions of samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (20 amino acids), liquid chromatography (three organic acids), and FTIR spectroscopy (4000–700 cm −1 ). Spectra were correlated with chromatographic data and ripening events and analyzed by multivariate statistics to develop prediction and classification models. Most models showed a good fit (correlation coefficient ≥0.89) and could predict the levels of amino acids and organic acids and age of the cheese in less than 20 min. Lactic acid, leucine, glutamic acid, asparagine, phenylalanine, and valine were present in significantly high concentrations. Samples could be classified based on their age due to the differences in spectral region 1800–900 cm −1 . Some of the changes in the FTIR spectra of WSF during ripening were also characterized.
Characterization and Quantification of Isoprene-Derived Epoxydiols in Ambient Aerosol in the Southeastern United States

Isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX) are identified in ambient aerosol samples for the first time, together with other previously identified isoprene tracers (i.e., 2-methyltetrols, 2-methylglyceric acid, C(5)-alkenetriols, and organosulfate derivatives of 2-methyltetrols). Fine ambient aerosol collected in downtown Atlanta, GA and rural Yorkville, GA during the 2008 August Mini-Intensive Gas and Aerosol Study (AMIGAS) was analyzed using both gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS) with prior trimethylsilylation. Mass concentrations of IEPOX ranged from approximately 1 to 24 ng m(-3) in the aerosol collected from the two sites. Detection of particle-phase IEPOX in the AMIGAS samples supports recent laboratory results that gas-phase IEPOX produced from the photooxidation of isoprene under low-NO(x) conditions is a key precursor of ambient isoprene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. On average, the sum of the mass concentrations of IEPOX and the measured isoprene SOA tracers accounted for about 3% of the organic carbon, demonstrating the significance of isoprene oxidation to the formation of ambient aerosol in this region.
Cost-effectiveness and economic benefits of vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review

Abstract Background Public health interventions that prevent mortality and morbidity have greatly increased over the past decade. Immunization is one of these preventive interventions, with a potential to bring economic benefits beyond just health benefits. While vaccines are considered to be a cost-effective public health intervention, implementation has become increasingly challenging. As vaccine costs rise and competing priorities increase, economic evidence is likely to play an increasingly important role in vaccination decisions. Methods To assist policy decisions today and potential investments in the future, we provide a systematic review of the literature on the cost-effectiveness and economic benefits of vaccines in low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2010. The review identified 108 relevant articles from 51 countries spanning 23 vaccines from three major electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase and Econlit). Results Among the 44 articles that reported costs per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted, vaccines cost less than or equal to $100 per DALY averted in 23 articles (52%). Vaccines cost less than $500 per DALY averted in 34 articles (77%), and less than $1000 per DALY averted in 38 articles (86%) in one of the scenarios. 24 articles (22%) examined broad level economic benefits of vaccines such as greater future wage-earning capacity and cost savings from averting disease outbreaks. 60 articles (56%) gathered data from a primary source. There were little data on long-term and societal economic benefits such as morbidity-related productivity gains, averting catastrophic health expenditures, growth in gross domestic product (GDP), and economic implications of demographic changes resulting from vaccination. Conclusions This review documents the available evidence and shows that vaccination in low- and middle-income countries brings important economic benefits. The cost-effectiveness studies reviewed suggest to policy makers that vaccines are an efficient investment. This review further highlights key gaps in the available literature that would benefit from additional research, especially in the area of evaluating the broader economic benefits of vaccination in the developing world.
A method for real-time generation of augmented reality work instructions via expert movements

Augmented Reality (AR) offers tremendous potential for a wide range of fields including entertainment, medicine, and engineering. AR allows digital models to be integrated with a real scene (typically viewed through a video camera) to provide useful information in a variety of contexts. The difficulty in authoring and modifying scenes is one of the biggest obstacles to widespread adoption of AR. 3D models must be created, textured, oriented and positioned to create the complex overlays viewed by a user. This often requires using multiple software packages in addition to performing model format conversions. In this paper, a new authoring tool is presented which uses a novel method to capture product assembly steps performed by a user with a depth+RGB camera. Through a combination of computer vision and imaging process techniques, each individual step is decomposed into objects and actions. The objects are matched to those in a predetermined geometry library and the actions turned into animated assembly steps. The subsequent instruction set is then generated with minimal user input. A proof of concept is presented to establish the method’s viability.
Multiple adenomatous polyps arising in a continent reservoir ileostomy

In a 29-year-old man who presented with leakage from a continent ileostomy after proctocolectomy, endoscopic evaluation of the reservoir revealed extensive adenomatous polyposis. The polyps were not present at the time of revision of the reservoir 4 years earlier. Because it was not possible to fashion an adequate nipple valve in the presence of so many polyps and the concern over possible malignant transformation, the reservoir was excised. This is the second reported case of polyposis involving a continent reservoir ileostomy. Patients with a continent ileostomy constructed after proctocolectomy for polyposis coli should be evaluated endoscopically at regular intervals.
Intracellular events during infection by Haemophilus influenzae phage and transfection by its DNA.

Abstract Intracellular events following infection of competent Haemophilus influenzae by HPl c l phage, or transfection by DNA from the phage, were examined. Physical separation of a large fraction of the intracellular phage DNA from the bulk of the host DNA was achieved by lysis of infected or transfected cells with digitonin, followed by low-speed centrifugation. The small amount of bacterial DNA remaining with the phage DNA in the supernatants could be distinguished from phage DNA by its ability to yield transformants. After infection by whole phage, three forms of intracellular phage DNA were observable by sedimentation velocity analysis: form III, the slowest-sedimenting one; form II, which sedimented 1.1 times faster than III, and form I, which sedimented 1.6 times faster than III. It was shown by electron microscopy, velocity sedimentation in alkali, and equilibrium sedimentation with ethidium bromide, that forms I, II and III are twisted circles, open circles, and linear duplexes, respectively. After the entry of phage DNA into wild-type cells in transfection, the DNA is degraded at early times, but later some of the fragments are reassembled, resulting in molecules that sediment faster than the monomer length of phage DNA. Some of the fast-sedimenting molecules are presumably concatemers and are generated by recombination. In strain rec 1 − the fast-sedimenting molecules do not appear and degradation of phage DNA is even more pronounced than in wild-type cells. In strain rec 2 − there is little degradation of phage DNA, and the proportion of fast-sedimenting molecules is much smaller than in wild-type cells. Since rec 1 − and rec 2 − are transfected with much lower efficiency than wild type, our hypothesis is that both fragmentation and generation of fast-sedimenting phage DNA by recombination are required for more efficient transfection.
A Reconfigurable CAM Architecture for Network Search Engines

A novel reconfigurable content addressable memory, called RCAM, is proposed that supports on-the-fly reconfiguration between CAM and TCAM. The area overhead of the proposed RCAM cell is only 5.6% when compared to conventional TCAM. This overhead is compensated by area saving due to removal of the priority encoder. Other features of our architecture include reconfigurability, and better overall performance and power. To achieve these we incorporated two novel techniques: (i) a hybrid CAM/TCAM architecture that allows user to pre-define CAM/TCAM cell behavior in each bit or word position and ultimately curtail the overall power consumptions of memory unit: and (ii) a wired-AND technique by which we can completely eliminate the sorting requirement and thus significantly reduce the update time. A 4 Kb RCAM architecture was implemented using 0.18 mum CMOS technology. The simulations indicate a search time of 6.15 ns, i.e. capability of handling about five OC-192 at wire speed.
Tunable, micromachined parallel-plate transmission lines

We have fabricated for the first time cantilevered, tunable, out of the plane transmission lines and demonstrated the active change of impedance levels using banks of finger capacitors as motors. The tunable lines are fabricated in a coplanar waveguide-like configuration thereby making them compatible with existing monolithic millimeter wave devices. The architecture can be readily applied to make variable matching circuits for antennas, and cascading several in series, variable length stubs. The process provides enough flexibility for design variations and future enhancements, for instance, n-switching devices, filters and phase array antennas. This novel device is simple, monolithic, does not require any high temperature steps, and can therefore, be readily incorporated to other processes.
Comparison of SiC, GaAs, and Si RF MESFET power densities

The maximum power density of Si, GaAs, and 4H-SiC MESFET's was modeled using material parameters, a planar MESFET cross section, and a piecewise linear MESFET drain characteristic. The maximum power density for the Si, GaAs, and 4H-SiC was calculated to be 0.45 W/mm, 0.78 W/mm, and 17.37 W/mm at drain voltages of 8.4 V, 8.3 V, and 105 V, respectively. Modeling power density as a function of drain voltage showed that, for low voltage applications, the GaAs MESFET has the highest power density because of its high electron mobility and very low channel resistance (R/sub on/). For high voltage applications, the 4H-SiC MESFET has the highest absolute power density because of the higher breakdown voltage of this material. Experiment data agree qualitatively with the modeled results. >
KINETICS OF COLLISION-INDUCED DISSOCIATION IN THE PAUL TRAP : A FIRST-ORDER MODEL

A first-order model describing the kinetics of collision-induced dissociation (CID) of polyatomic ions as effected via single-frequency resonance excitation in the Paul ion trap is presented. A mathematical expression for the dissociation rate constant associated with the model is developed from the kinetic theory of ion transport in gases, the forced, damped harmonic oscillator model for ion-trap resonance excitation, and thermal kinetic theory. Ion-trap CID is also simulated using a random walk sequence, corresponding to the processes believed to occur during collisional activation, which allows ion internal energy changes due to inelastic ion/helium collisions to be followed as a function of time; dissociation kinetics are included in the simulation by terminating the random walk when the ion internal energy exceeds the minimum required for fragmentation. Validity of the mathematical analysis and random walk simulation for the model is confirmed by comparison with experimental phenomenology associated with CID kinetics in the Paul trap. The first-order model in its present form, along with refinements resulting from further detailed comparison with experimental data, should therefore be a useful tool in expanding our understanding of polyatomic ion energetics in the Paul trap.
Interactive Andragogy: Principles, Methods, and Skills.

The subject of the paper is andragogy. In social work ed- ucation (as in all education), complex issues emerge regarding the nature of learning and teaching. One pervasive and persisting issue is the rela- tion between subject matter, i.e., what is to be taught, and teaching meth- odology, i.e., how it is to be taught. The paper discusses and illustrates interactive teaching principles, methods, and skills such as creating a cli- mate and providing structure for collaborative learning, dealing with ob- stacles to collaborative learning, and helping students to experience, operationalize, and build abstractions. (Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: © 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.)