cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delinquency Reinforcement and Balance: Is Exposure to Delinquent Peers Always Risky?

This study investigates whether exposure to delinquent peers increases the risk of committing delinquent acts. To incorporate a balance argument in a conventional setting, we develop an adjusted exposure level to study an individual’s delinquency choice. We show this choice is affected by not only how many delinquent peers an individual directly and indirectly connects with, but also who those peers are. Specifically, exposure to delinquent peers is not universally risky, and could even be protective if the average exposure level of the individual’s delinquent peers is significantly less than her own exposure level. In addition, we show that individuals with high exposure levels are more sensitive to structural changes in the delinquent network. Therefore, a policy aiming to isolate key players in the network could be more cost-effective than strengthening the law-enforcement system.
Differential Power Analysis of MAC-Keccak at Any Key-Length

Keccak is a new hash function selected by NIST as the next SHA-3 standard. Keccak supports the generation of Message Authentication Codes (MACs) by hashing the direct concatenation of a variable-length key and the input message. As a result, changing the key-length directly changes the set of internal operations that need to be targeted with Differential Power Analysis. The proper selection of these target operations becomes a new challenge for MAC-Keccak, in particular when some key bytes are hidden under a hierarchical dependency structure. In this paper, we propose a complete Differential Power Analysis of MAC-Keccak under any key-length using a systematic approach to identify the required target operations. The attack is validated by successfully breaking several, practically difficult, case studies of MAC-Keccak, implemented with the reference software code on a 32-bit Microblaze processor.
Turner's Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case Report with Immunologic Studies

A patient with Turner's syndrome who developed ulcerative colitis (UC) is reported, and reports from the literature of 16 cases of Turner's syndrome with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are reviewed. Most of the patients previously described had severe disease. Half of the patients had ulcerative colitis and half had Crohn's disease (CD). Of those with Crohn's, most had colonic involvement. Of note, also, half of the patients had an isochromosome for the long arm of X which usually is found in only 17% of all patients with Turner's syndrome. A high incidence of autoimmune diseases is associated with this syndrome. We demonstrate the presence of specific anticolonic antibodies in this patient and propose some possible explanations for the association of this particular chromosomal disorder with autoimmune diseases.
Albertus Magnus and Nicole Oresme on Force and Nature

The question concerning the ontological status of universals in medieval thought has effects that extend well beyond logic and ontology, for the question cuts to the very heart of how one conceives of and carries out the task of philosophy. The issue of whether and how universals exist outside the mind is precisely the issue of whether that which is the object of our knowledge (the universal concept) is at the same time that which is responsible for the being of existing singulars.1
Genetics of drought tolerance at seedling and maturity stages in Zea mays L.

Shortage of irrigation water at critical growth stages of maize is limiting its production worldwide. Breeding drought-tolerant cultivars is one possible solution while identification of potential genotypes is crucial for genetic improvement. To assess genetic variation for seedling-stage drought tolerance, we tested 40 inbred lines in a completely randomized design under glasshouse conditions. From these, two contrasting inbred lines were used to develop six basic generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1F1, BC2F2). These populations were then evaluated in a triplicated factorial randomized complete block design under non-stressed and drought-stressed conditions. For statistical analyses, a nested block design was employed to ignore the replication effects. Significant differences (p≤0.01) were recorded among the genotypes for investigated seedling-traits. Absolute values of fresh root length, fresh root weight, and dry root weight lead to select two genotypes, one tolerant (WFTMS) and one susceptible (Q66). Estimates of heritability, genetic advance, and genotypic correlation coefficients were higher and significant for most of the seedling-traits. Generation variance analysis revealed additive gene action. Narrow-sense heritability [F2 ≥ 65; F∞ ≥ 79] revealed the same results. Generation mean analysis signified additive genetic effects in the inheritance of cob girth, non-additive for plant height, grains per ear row and grain yield per plant, and environmental for ear leaf area, cob length, grain rows per ear, biomass per plant, and 100-grain weight under drought-stressed conditions. For conferring drought-tolerance in maize, breeders can adopt the recombinant breeding strategy to pyramid the desirable genes.
Accidental Dural Puncture: Should an Intrathecal Catheter Be Threaded?

It was a late night on the obstetrics floor. I was the resident on call, overseeing the management of 7 epidurals in laboring patients. Just as I was about to lay my head down in the call room, I received a call from the nurse, who told me that a patient being admitted was asking to speak with me about an epidural. I looked over her chart and saw that she was a healthy 32-year-old female giving birth to her second child. She had 1 uncomplicated pregnancy in the past and no previous miscarriages or abortions. When I met the patient in the labor room, the obstetrics resident informed me she was 6 cm dilated and would likely deliver that evening.
Analysis and exploitation of mobile traffic datasets

Mobile devices are becoming an integral part of our everyday digitalized life. In 2014, the number of mobile devices, connected to the internet and consuming traffic, has even exceeded the number of human beings on earth. These devices constantly interact with the network infrastructure and their activity is recorded by network operators, for monitoring and billing purposes. The resulting logs, collected as mobile traffic datasets, convey important information concerning spatio-temporal traffic dynamics, relating to large populations with millions of individuals. The thesis sheds light on the potential carried by mobile traffic datasets for future cellular networks. On one hand, we target the analysis of these datasets. We propose a usage patterns characterization framework, capable of defining meaningful categories of mobile traffic profiles and classifying network usages accordingly. On the other hand, we exploit mobile traffic datasets to evaluate two dynamic networking solutions. First, we focus on the reduction of energy consumption over typical Radio Access Networks (RAN). We introduce a power control mechanism that adapts the RAN's power configuration to users demands, while maintaining a geographical coverage. We show that our scheme allows to significantly reduce power consumption over the network infrastructure. Second, we study the problem of topology management of future Cloud-RAN (C-RAN). We propose a mobility-driven dynamic association scheme of the C-RAN components, which takes into account users traffic demand. The introduced strategy is observed to lead to important savings in the network, in terms of handovers.
The results of tension band rotator cuff suture fixation of locked plating of displaced proximal humerus fractures.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to assess 1-year outcomes of patients with displaced proximal humerus fractures who underwent treatment with locked plate fixation with rotator cuff suture augmentation. Methods A total of 86 patients who had sustained 2, 3 and 4-part displaced proximal humerus fractures underwent locked plate fixation with multiple sutures placed in the cuff tendons. Clinical outcome variables included active forward elevation (AFE), active external rotation (AER), and Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores. Post-operative variables included the following complications: varus re-collapse, loss of fixation, osteonecrosis of the humeral head (AVN), screw cut out, hardware failure and infection. Results Forty-one patients were available with minimum of 1-year follow-up. Mean AFE was 142 ± 17.0° and AER was 41 ± 13.0°. The overall complication rate was 14.6%, with osteonecrosis being the most common (12.2%). Of the 21 patients (51.2%) that initially had varus displacement, all but one maintained anatomic reduction and fixation. Mean ASES score was 78.2 ± 20.0 and average Constant score was 72.7 ± 17.6. Bivariate analyses demonstrated that pre-operative medial comminution (p = 0.297) or varus collapse (p = 0.95) were not associated with an increased likelihood of sustaining a complication. Conclusions Follow-up of patients in this series demonstrated a low overall complication rate and excellent functional outcomes. We believe suture augmentation of the rotator cuff can counteract varus forces on proximal humerus fractures fixed with locked plates, and should be performed routinely in displaced 2, 3 and 4 part fractures.
Formal Timing Analysis of Distributed Real-Time Programs

Abstract For verifying timing properties of real-time distributed programs we investigate the worst-case response time of concurrent tasks which run independently but share logical or physical devices. For such tasks, a crucial factor for predicting the worst-case response time is to estimate the time spent waiting for synchronization events. We study the class of Client-Server distributed programs in which independent, time-critical tasks (Clients) are synchronized only through additional Server tasks, as recently suggested in real-time design guidelines proposed to enhance schedulability and synchronization analysis. Focussing on the timing analysis we reduce the general analysis problem to studying reduced program paths in terms of flow graphs in which the arcs are labelled with minimum and maximum execution time estimates. The first formal result shows that the problem of evaluating the worst-case waiting (blocking) time is NP-compIete. For a reduced problem version in which only operations involving communication are considered a conjecture was held that even for only 2 tasks the evaluation of the worst-case blocking time was NP-complete. We disprove this by constructing, and proving correct, a polynomial algorithm for its closed form solution which works even for an arbitrary number of tasks. The effectiveness and complexity of this algorithm are discussed, also regarding the quality of of the solutions as upper bounds for the original timing analysis problem.
Emergent Ising degrees of freedom above a double-stripe magnetic ground state

Double-stripe magnetism $[\mathbf{Q}=(\ensuremath{\pi}/2,\ensuremath{\pi}/2)]$ has been proposed as the magnetic ground state for both the iron-telluride and ${\mathrm{BaTi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ families of superconductors. Double-stripe order is captured within a ${J}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{J}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{J}_{3}$ Heisenberg model in the regime ${J}_{3}\ensuremath{\gg}{J}_{2}\ensuremath{\gg}{J}_{1}$. Intriguingly, besides breaking spin-rotational symmetry, the ground-state manifold has three additional Ising degrees of freedom associated with bond ordering. Via their coupling to the lattice, they give rise to an orthorhombic distortion and to two nonuniform lattice distortions with wave vector $(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$. Because the ground state is fourfold degenerate, modulo rotations in spin space, only two of these Ising bond order parameters are independent. Here, we introduce an effective field theory to treat all Ising order parameters, as well as magnetic order, and solve it within a large-$N$ limit. All three transitions, corresponding to the condensations of two Ising bond order parameters and one magnetic order parameter are simultaneous and first order in three dimensions, but lower dimensionality, or equivalently weaker interlayer coupling, and weaker magnetoelastic coupling can split the three transitions, and in some cases allows for two separate Ising phase transitions above the magnetic one.
Linguistic and Pedagogical Considerations for Teaching Portuguese to Spanish Speakers.

This research study examines the pedagogical considerations and linguistic challenges regarding teaching Portuguese to speakers of Spanish. That the Portuguese language is similar to Spanish presen...
National norms for the expanded version of the inventory of depression and anxiety symptoms (IDAS-II).

Objectives The present study developed normative data for the expanded version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS-II). The IDAS-II is a self-report measure containing 18 factor-analytically derived scales, each assessing a specific symptom of internalizing disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, bipolar disorder, and PTSD. These normative data were used to examine group differences in internalizing symptoms across demographic characteristics. Method A total of 1,836 Mechanical Turk users (47.6% male; mean age = 35.6) completed the IDAS-II; the sample was weighted to be representative of the U.S. population on gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Results Percentiles were derived for each of the IDAS-II scales. Age was the demographic characteristic most consistently associated with lower internalizing symptoms. Conclusions The present study provides information on the distribution of specific internalizing symptoms in a large national sample, as well as on how these symptoms are related to demographic characteristics.
Sexual Perfectionism and Women’s Sexual Assertiveness: Understanding the Unique Effects of Perfectionistic Expectations about Sex Originating from and Directed toward the Sexual Partner

We investigated how dimensions of sexual perfectionism (i.e., self-directed, partner-directed, partner-prescribed, and socially-prescribed), which reflect expectations to be a perfect sexual partner, related to sexual assertiveness in women. Women (n = 202) in the United States recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, who self-reported having previously engaged in sexual activity, served as participants and completed the Multidimensional Sexual Perfectionism Questionnaire and the Sexual Assertiveness Scale. Results revealed that all four dimensions of sexual perfectionism related to lower levels of assertiveness around refusal of unwanted sexual activity and accounted for approximately 19% of its variance. When controlling for shared variance across dimensions of sexual perfectionism, only partner-prescribed sexual perfectionism uniquely related to lower levels of refusal assertiveness. In addition, partner-prescribed sexual perfectionism related to lower levels of assertiveness around initiation of desired sexual activity (i.e., initiation assertiveness) when holding levels of sexual perfectionism on other dimensions constant. In contrast, partner-directed sexual perfectionism related to higher levels of initiation assertiveness when holding constant the other dimensions of sexual perfectionism. We conclude that sexual perfectionism (particularly perceived perfectionistic expectations from sexual partners) appears to be a salient concept in understanding what may hinder women from sexually asserting themselves.
The earnings, income, and assets of persons aged 51-61 with and without musculoskeletal conditions

Objective. To describe the personal and family earnings, income. and assets of persons with musculoskeletal conditions. Methods. This study uses the Health and Retirement Survey, a national. community based probability sample of persons 51-61 years of age and their spouses in 1992 to estimate earnings. income, and assets (by kind) in the years immediately prior to the normal age of retirement. Results. Fifty-nine percent of persons 51-61 years of age (13,76 million) report one or more musculoskeletal condition; of these 38% (8.74 million) also report at least one comorbid condition and 21% (5.02 million ) report no such comorbidity. Persons with musculoskeletal conditions and comorbidity report 18% lower family earnings, 15% lower family income, and 35% fewer assets than the average among all persons these ages. Persons with musculoskeletal conditions and no comorbidity have earnings, incomes, and assets closer to the average among their peers. Conclusion. Persons with musculoskeletal conditions and comorbidity have lower earnings and incomes now and fewer assets with which to face the future than the remainder of their peers.
Abstract 1453: History of Rheumatic Heart Disease and Increased Risk of Incident Heart Failure Among Older Adults: A Propensity-Matched Study of a Prospective Population Cohort

Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the leading cause of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality among the population Methods: Of the 5795 Cardiovascular Health Study participants ≥65 yrs, 5521 were without baseline HF, of which 5386 had data on RHD and 284 had baseline RHD. Data on self-reported physician-diagnosed CV morbidity including RHD was collected at baseline. Propensity scores for RHD, estimated for each subject, were used to match 267 and 1299 subjects with and without RHD, using a 1 up to 5 greedy matching protocol. Matched subjects (n=1566) with and without RHD were balanced on 64 baseline characteristics. Matched Cox regression models were used to estimate the association of RHD with incident HF during a mean follow-up of 10 years. Results: Subjects had a mean age of 72 (±5) years, 67% were women, 11% were African Americans and 22% developed incident HF. Incident HF developed in 27% (rate, 294/10000 person-yrs) and 20% (rate, 213/10000 person-yrs) of subjects with and without RHD, respectively (matched hazard ratio (HR) when RHD was compared with no-RHD, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01–1.77; P=0.041; Figure ). Pre-match unadjusted, multivariable-adjusted and propensity-adjusted HR (95% CI) for RHD-associated incident HF were 1.52 (1.21–1.90; P Conclusion: Among community-dwelling older adults, RHD increased the risk of incident HF.
nNOS immunoreactivity co-localizes with GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, and associates with β-endorphinergic and met-enkephalinergic opioidergic fibers in rostral ventromedial medulla and A5 of the mouse

Abstract The present study examined the co-expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and A5 regions of the mouse brainstem within several neurochemical populations involved in nociceptive modulation. Double immunohistochemical methods showed that nNOS+ neurons do not co-localize with serotonergic neurons within any of these regions. Within the RVM, the nuclei raphe magnus and gigantocellularis contain a population of nNOS+/GAD67+ neurons, and within the paragigantocellularis lateralis, there is a smaller population of nNOS+/CHAT+ neurons. Further, nNOS+ neurons overlap the region of expression of β-endorphinergic and met-enkephalinergic fibers within the RVM. No co-labeling was found within the A5 for any of these populations. These findings suggest that pain-modulatory serotonergic neurons within the brainstem do not directly produce nitric oxide (NO). Rather, NO-producing neurons within the RVM belong to GABAergic and cholinergic cell populations, and are in a position to modulate or be modulated by local opioidergic neurons.
STING Promotes Homeostasis via Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Chromosomal Stability

Given the integral role of stimulator of interferon genes (STING, TMEM173) in the innate immune response, its loss or impairment in cancer is thought to primarily affect antitumor immunity. Here we demonstrate a role for STING in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis through regulation of the cell cycle. Depletion of STING in human and murine cancer cells and tumors resulted in increased proliferation compared with wild-type controls. Microarray analysis revealed genes involved in cell-cycle regulation are differentially expressed in STINGko compared with WT MEFs. STING-mediated regulation of the cell cycle converged on NFκB- and p53-driven activation of p21. The absence of STING led to premature activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), early onset to S-phase and mitosis, and increased chromosome instability, which was enhanced by ionizing radiation. These results suggest a pivotal role for STING in maintaining cellular homeostasis and response to genotoxic stress. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings provide clear mechanistic understanding of the role of STING in cell-cycle regulation, which may be exploited in cancer therapy because most normal cells express STING, while many tumor cells do not.See related commentary by Gius and Zhu, p. 1295.
Principales decisiones relativas a los costos y gastos, para enfrentar escenarios de desaceleración económica en una empresa del retail.

La economia chilena durante los ultimos anos ha entrado en una etapa de desaceleracion economica, sobre todo al sector comercial. La presente investigacion se enfoca en analizar las reducciones de costos y gastos mas relevantes y comprender esta nueva tendencia del retail, en la cual ya no se busca una expansion agresiva sino mas bien la busqueda de ser mas eficientes con los recursos que se tienen invertidos en los diversos mercados. El presente estudio es una investigacion cualitativa con alcance comprensivo, basado en un analisis documental de la informacion disponible relacionada con Cencosud y el retail. Se concluye que Cencosud venia con un gran apalancamiento operativo hasta principios del ano 2015, el cual perjudicaba negativamente los ingresos de la compania, provocando que esta fuera poco atractiva para el inversionista promedio.
Assessment of Duration of Facial Plastic Ambulatory Surgery and Risk of Complications: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review examines the association of the length of surgical procedures performed at ambulatory surgery centers with the risk of complications.
Calculation of Transformer Core Heat Generation Based on Finite Element Coupling Calculation Model

In order to accurately calculate the core loss of the transformer, based on the analysis of the traditional finite element analysis method and the Steinmetz formula, an $\mathbf{E}-\psi$ method model is proposed to calculate the core loss of the transformer and the node element. Taking a 20kHz, 50kV, 60kW high-frequency transformer as an example, a three-dimensional model is established to calculate the core loss of the transformer. By comparing the measured data of transformer core loss with the figures calculated. By edge-nodal coupled $\mathbf{E}-\psi$ method, NFEM, EFEM and Steinmetz method, he comparison results show that: the $\mathbf{E}-\psi$ edge-nodal coupled method has higher accuracy than results calculated by Steinmetz model, edge finite element method and node finite element method.
Computing circumscription

Circumscription is a transformation of predicate formulas proposed by John McCarthy for the purpose of formalizing non-monotonic aspects of commonsense reasoning. Circumscription is difficult to implement because its definition involves a second-order quantifier. This paper presents metamathematical results that allow us in some cases to replace circumscription by an equivalent first-order formula.
Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolates Endemic to Almond, Fig, and Pistachio Orchards in California with Potential to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination in these Crops

In California, aflatoxin contamination of almond, fig, and pistachio has become a serious problem in recent years due to long periods of drought and probably other climatic changes. The atoxigenic biocontrol product Aspergillus flavus AF36 has been registered for use to limit aflatoxin contamination of pistachio since 2012 and for use in almond and fig since 2017. New biocontrol technologies employ multiple atoxigenic genotypes because those provide greater benefits than using a single genotype. Almond, fig, and pistachio industries would benefit from a multi-strain biocontrol technology for use in these three crops. Several A. flavus vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) associated with almond, fig, and pistachio composed exclusively of atoxigenic isolates, including the VCG to which AF36 belongs to, YV36, were previously characterized in California. Here, we report additional VCGs associated with either two or all three crops. Representative isolates of 12 atoxigenic VCGs significantly (P 80%) aflatoxin accumulation in almond and pistachio when challenged with highly toxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus under laboratory conditions. Isolates of the evaluated VCGs, including AF36, constitute valuable endemic, well-adapted, and efficient germplasm to design a multi-crop, multi-strain biocontrol strategy for use in tree crops in California. Availability of such a strategy would favor long-term atoxigenic A. flavus communities across the affected areas of California, and this would result in securing domestic and export markets for the nut crop and fig farmer industries and, most importantly, health benefits to consumers.
Psychosocial considerations and recommendations for care of pediatric patients on dialysis

Dialysis treatment has evolved to enable children to live longer and transition to adulthood. Thus, the focus of care shifts to a consideration of pediatric patients' quality of life and psychosocial functioning across childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Despite well-documented concerns in various domains (including depression/anxiety, self-esteem and social functioning, behavior problems, and academic and cognitive functioning), limited literature exists regarding psychosocial guidelines for children and adolescents undergoing dialysis. This article aims to address this gap by providing a review of the pediatric literature examining psychosocial functioning in patients treated with dialysis, as well as recommendations for specific psychosocial concerns. Overall recommendations for care include screening for anxiety and depression, referral to pediatric psychologists for evidence-based intervention, utilization of child life specialists, opportunities to promote social functioning, neuropsychological evaluation and school programming, ongoing support in preparing for transition to adult care, and periodic measure of quality of life. Together, these suggestions promote a holistic approach to patient-centered care by supporting both physical and psychosocial well-being.
Basing conservation policies for the deep-sea floor on current-diversity concepts: a consideration of rarity

Exploitation of deep-sea resources is now underway and there is economic pressure to renew and expand currently restricted waste disposal in that environment. Since the deep sea is noted for very high species diversity, it is appropriate that diversity conservation be initiated. Review of current concepts of diversity maintenance finds that the ideas have evolved more through increasing information about sources of heterogeneity than through rigorous testing. This history weakens the immediate value of these concepts for the development of conservation strategies and demonstrates the need for additional investigation. Such inquiry might focus upon the rare component of overall species richness. A comparison of box core samples at 2100m in the western Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf reveals that deep soft bottoms are not unique in having many rare species. The rare component at depth is largely comprised of species more common at other locations near and far. The rare component on the shelf is comprised mostly of species which are consistently rare and restricted in distribution. These observations suggest a shallow–deep difference that is more one of degree than fundamental in nature; the deep having larger regions and regional species pools.
Robert M. Gagné: Nurturing the Development of Junior Faculty

Bob Gagne was already a well-established leader in the instructional design field when, in January 1976, shortly after obtaining my doctoral degree, I joined the Instructional Systems faculty at Florida State University. Indeed, at that time Bob was undoubtedly THE intellectual leader in the field, and I already had great admiration for him. Nonetheless, my admiration for Bob as a leader further increased as a result of my interactions with him at Florida State. Return with me now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, as I describe some of those interactions and leadership skills I observed Bob employing.
Cranial burr holes in the emergency department: to drill or not to drill?

Several years ago, I was working in a small community ED. A young man who had been stabbed in the right chest was dropped off in the ambulance bay. He was pale with a rapid and weak pulse. He then went unresponsive. I quickly performed a needle thoracostomy followed by a 32F chest drain evacuating approximately 400 mL of blood. There was an immediate improvement in his perfusion and overall condition. He was eventually transferred to the regional trauma centre and had an uneventful hospital stay. Later that same evening, a large (150 kg) middle aged man was brought in by ambulance …
Making Sense of the Interpreter Role in a Healthcare Service-learning Program

This study examines the interpreter role among students who serve as interpreters in a community health clinic system in the Midwestern USA as part of a community health-themed service-learning course for advanced Spanish students. Drawing on Positioning Theory (Davies and Harre 1990), I consider the ways in which three second language learners and three heritage speakers who participated in the program describe their roles as interpreters with reference to the Code of Ethics, negotiate their roles with the medical students and doctors also serving at the clinic, and make sense of moments in which they chose to advocate for the patients, or otherwise provide assistance to them, beyond interpreting. Each student encountered different types of challenges that reflected their individual backgrounds and experiences, and these challenges led to reflection, learning, and new perspectives on their roles in providing patient care. The article problematizes the role of bilingual student interpreters in community health programs and offers recommendations for preparing students to provide the highest possible quality of healthcare for speakers of minoritized languages.
Protein–carbohydrate interaction. A turbidimetric study of the interaction of concanavalin A with amylopectin and glycogen and some of their enzymic and chemical degradation products

The interaction of the plant protein concanavalin A with glycogen and amylopectin was studied. The protein concentration-dependency of the interaction and the effect on the interaction of various enzymic and chemical degradations of the polysaccharides were investigated by using a turbidimetric technique. The results indicate that, in addition to certain structural requirements, the molecular weight of the polysaccharides and the concentration of protein are important factors controlling the extent of interaction. The observed similarity of the interaction of polysaccharides with concanavalin A to the more specific polysaccharide–protein interactions indicates that it should provide a useful model system for the study of these interactions in general.
Uncoupled Brain and Behavior Changes in Lexical, Phonological, and Memory Processing in Struggling Readers

Paired behavioral and ERP measures were used to track change over time in 17 third- and fourth-grade struggling readers. Word and nonword reading on standardized tests improved, but differentiation...
Membrane Interactions of α-Synuclein Probed by Neutrons and Photons.

Conspectusα-Synuclein (α-syn) is a key protein in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. In a disease state, α-syn accumulates as insoluble amyloid fibrils enriched in β-sheet structure. However, in its functional state, α-syn adopts an amphipathic helix upon membrane association and plays a role in synaptic vesicle docking, fusion, and clustering. In this Account, we describe our contributions made in the past decade toward developing a molecular understanding of α-syn membrane interactions, which are crucial for function and have pathological implications. Three topics are covered: α-syn membrane binding probed by neutron reflectometry (NR), the effects of membrane on α-syn amyloid formation, and interactions of α-syn with cellular membranes.NR offers a unique perspective by providing direct measurements of protein penetration depth. By the use of segmentally deuterated α-syn generated through native chemical ligation, the spatial resolution of specific membrane-bound polypeptide regions was determined by NR. Additionally, we used NR to characterize the membrane-bound complex of α-syn and glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase whose mutations are a common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Although phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant lipid species in mammalian cells, interactions of PC with α-syn have been largely ignored because they are substantially weaker compared with the electrostatically driven binding of negatively charged lipids. We discovered that α-syn tubulates zwitterionic PC membranes, which is likely related to its involvement in synaptic vesicle fusion by stabilization of membrane curvature. Interestingly, PC lipid tubules inhibit amyloid formation, in contrast to anionic phosphatidylglycerol lipid tubules, which stimulate protein aggregation. We also found that membrane fluidity influences the propensity of α-synuclein amyloid formation. Most recently, we obtained direct evidence of binding of α-syn to exocytic sites on intact cellular membranes using a method called cellular unroofing. This method provides direct access to the cytosolic plasma membrane. Importantly, measurements of fluorescence lifetime distributions revealed that α-syn is more conformationally dynamic at the membrane interface than previously appreciated. This exquisite responsiveness to specific lipid composition and membrane topology is important for both its physiological and pathological functions. Collectively, our work has provided insights into the effects of the chemical nature of phospholipid headgroups on the interplay among membrane remodeling, protein structure, and α-syn amyloid formation.
Methanogens and Their Syntrophic Partners Dominate Zones of Enhanced Magnetic Susceptibility at a Petroleum Contaminated Site

Geophysical investigations documenting enhanced magnetic susceptibility (MS) within the water table fluctuation zone at hydrocarbon contaminated sites suggest that MS can be used as a proxy for investigating microbial mediated iron reduction during intrinsic bioremediation. Here, we investigated the microbial community composition over a five-year period at a hydrocarbon-contaminated site that exhibited transient elevated MS responses. Our objective was to determine the key microbial populations in zones of elevated MS. We retrieved sediment cores from the petroleum-contaminated site near Bemidji, MN, and performed MS measurements on these cores. We also characterized the microbial community composition by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing from samples collected along the complete core length. Our spatial and temporal analysis revealed that the microbial community composition was generally stable throughout the period of investigation. In addition, we observed distinct vertical redox zonations extending from the upper vadose zone into the saturated zone. These distinct redox zonations were concomitant with the dominant microbial metabolic processes as follows: (1) the upper vadose zone was dominated by aerobic microbial populations; (2) the lower vadose zone was dominated by methanotrophic populations, iron reducers and iron oxidizers; (3) the smear zone was dominated by iron reducers; and (4) the free product zone was dominated by syntrophic and methanogenic populations. Although the common notion is that high MS values are caused by high magnetite concentrations that can be biotically formed through the activities of iron-reducing bacteria, here we show that the highest magnetic susceptibilities were measured in the free-phase petroleum zone, where a methanogenic community was predominant. This field study may contribute to the emerging knowledge that methanogens can switch their metabolism from methanogenesis to iron reduction with associated magnetite precipitation in hydrocarbon contaminated sediments. Thus, geophysical methods such as MS may help to identify zones where iron cycling/reduction by methanogens is occurring.
Creatively Increasing Empathy: The Impacts of an Online Empathy Workshop

Despite empathy’s centrality, there is a paucity of research on empathy development in counselor education. This study extends work which calls for counselor educators to promote the role of empath...
Fraud Detection in Meat Using Hyperspectral Imaging

Fraud detection in meat is a challenging task for researchers, consumers, industries, and regulatory agencies. Traditional approaches for fraud detection are time-consuming, complicated, laborious, and expensive; they require technical skills. Therefore, much effort has been devoted in academia and industry to developing rapid and nondestructive optical techniques for fraud detection in meat. Among them, hyperspectral imaging has gained enormous attention and curiosity throughout the world. Hyperspectral imaging is an emerging analytical technique that combines spectroscopy and imaging in one system to acquire spectra and spatial information from an object simultaneously. Hyperspectral imaging is the only analytical technology that answers commonly asked analytical questions such as what chemical species are in the samples, how much, and most importantly, where they are located. Therefore, the technology will undoubtedly play indispensable roles in research and industry for fraud detection in the coming days.
A Survey of Doctoral Internships Offering Clinical Neuropsychology Training: Updated Expectations for Competitive Applicants.

OBJECTIVE The specialty of clinical neuropsychology has experienced significant professional growth and increasing standardization of educational and training guidelines over the past 20 years. Previous literature demonstrated the importance of routine distribution of selection criteria used by training directors and supervising neuropsychologists for competitive applicants aiming to specialize in neuropsychology during internship. This study examined supervisors' updated expectations for competitive applicants from a more diverse sample of doctoral internship programs offering neuropsychological training. These data also provide cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons to help trainees tailor their graduate training experiences. METHOD The sample included training directors and/or supervising neuropsychologists from 80 internship programs (73.4% of submitted surveys). Spearman correlations, analyses of variance, and chi-square tests of independence were conducted for cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. RESULTS Clinical experience in assessment and the personal interview were consistently the two most prioritized criteria across all groups, whereas prioritization of the additional criteria was variable based on the program's characteristics. Internship programs generally preferred practica experience at university-affiliated medical centers, Veterans Affairs medical centers, and private/community-based hospitals. University-affiliated medical centers and internships offering ≥50% neuropsychology training showed similar preferences for applicants with a depth and breadth of graduate school experience in neuropsychology. Longitudinally, the applicant expectations for programs offering ≥50% neuropsychology training remained largely unchanged between 2000 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS This study updated expectations for competitive applicants from a diverse sample of neuropsychology training programs, underscored the importance of fit between trainee and program, and demonstrated consistency over time for trainees seeking neuropsychology training during internship.
Influence of Potassium Deficiency on Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll Content, and Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Cotton Plants

In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in controlled-environment growth chamber the effects of K deficiency during floral bud development on leaf photosynthesis, contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and nonstructural saccharides, leaf anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure, and plant dry matter accumulation were studied. After cotton plants received 35-d K-free nutrient solution at the early square stage, net photosynthetic rate (PN) of the uppermost fully expanded main-stem leaves was only 23 % of the control plants receiving a full K supply. Decreased leaf PN of K-deficient cotton was mainly associated with dramatically low Chl content, poor chloroplast ultrastructure, and restricted saccharide translocation, rather than limited stomata conductance in K-deficient leaves. Accumulation of sucrose in leaves of K-deficient plants might be associated with reduced entry of sucrose into the transport pool or decreased phloem loading. K deficiency during squaring also dramatically reduced leaf area and dry matter accumulation, and affected assimilate partitioning among plant tissues.
History of Vascular Surgery

The past 50 years have witnessed the most spectacular period of growth and development of vascular surgery during its long and fascinating history. As in all matters, the basis for today’s modern vascular surgery rests on achievements from the past. As Thomas Carlyle said, “History is the essence of innumerable biographies.”
The effect of emergency department crowding on the management of pain in older adults with hip fracture.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of emergency department (ED) crowding on assessment and treatment of pain in older adults. DESIGN: Retrospective review of ED records from a prospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban, academically affiliated, tertiary medical center. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty-eight patients, aged 50 and older, evaluated and hospitalized from the ED with hip fracture. MEASUREMENTS: Patient-related risk factors: age, sex, nursing home residence, ED triage status, dementia, Acute Physiology in Age and Chronic Health Evaluation II physiological score, and RAND comorbidity score. ED crowding risk factors: ED census and mean length of stay. Outcomes: documentation of pain assessment, time to pain assessment, time to pain treatment, patients reporting pain receiving analgesia, and meperidine use. RESULTS: Mean age was 83 (range 52‐101), 81.0% of patients complained of pain, mean time to pain assessment was 40 minutes (range 0‐600), time to treatment was 141 minutes (range 10‐525), and mean delay to treatment was 122 minutes (range 0‐526). Of those with pain, 35.9% received no analgesia, 7.0% received nonopioids, and 57.0% received opioids. Of those receiving opioids, 32.8% received meperidine. ED crowding at census levels greater than 120% bed capacity was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of documentation of pain assessment (P 5.05) and longer times to pain assessment (P 5.01). CONCLUSION: Older adults with hip fracture are at risk for underassessment of pain, considerable delays in analgesic administration after pain is identified, and treatment with inappropriate analgesics (e.g., meperidine) in the ED. Higher levels of ED census are significantly associated with poorer pain management. J Am Geriatr Soc 54:270–275, 2006.
Sensation seeking: a commentary.

Aims To discuss some of the conceptual and methodological issues about race/ethnicity and sensation seeking not discussed fully in the two empirical papers in this issue. Methods The authors of this commentary examined critically the papers in this issue by Vallone et al. and Stephenson et al. and asked if there were underlying or foundational issues that were ignored or not discussed adequately regarding the sensation seeking construct. After reviewing an initial list of those issues, a decision was made to discuss four of them. Findings There is inadequate attention paid to: (i) the developmental aspects of sensation seeking and the almost exclusive focus on youth; (ii) the possibility that sensation seeking is relevant primarily for initial events and not continuation, progression within and across drug classes, progression to dependence, regression, cessation and relapse; (iii) the putative multi-dimensionality of sensation seeking and the pervasive tendency of researchers to ignore the dimensions; and (iv) possible lack of validity of the construct within and across racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions The two papers in this issue by Vallone et al. and Stephenson et al., each of which is focused on racial/ethnic differences in the relationship of sensation seeking to tobacco attitudes, intentions and tobacco use, suggest that it is time for more foundational research on the relevance of the multi-dimensional definition of the construct. The relationship of the putative dimensions to each other and to other variables, and the utility of the construct for segmenting audiences and predicting public health outcomes, is an area where more foundational research is needed.
Patent Laws, Product Lifecycle Lengths, and the Global Sourcing Decisions of U.S. Multinationals

This paper investigates the impact of patent laws on firms’ global sourcing decisions. I develop a theoretical model of multinational firms’ location and production decisions in the presence of cross-country differences in intellectual property rights and cross-sector differences in the length of product lifecycles. I show that patent reforms are irrelevant to firms’ sourcing decisions in industries with rapid product turnover. By contrast, strong patent laws attract affiliate activity in industries with longer product lifecycles, because products in these industries are more likely to be imitated prior to obsolescence and are thus more reliant on patent enforcement to protect revenues. These effects are more pronounced for less-productive firms. Using comprehensive panel data on the sales, assets, and employment of U.S. multinationals and their affiliates abroad and a new measure of product obsolescence, I find robust empirical support for these predictions. Effects are significant along all margins of multinational activity, including multinational presence by country and sector, total affiliate sales conditional on presence, the number of affiliates, and affiliate-level sales. In addition, I find that stronger patent rights tilt the balance of cross-border activity away from exports and toward multinational activity. Finally, my identification strategy allows me to isolate the causal effect of patent reforms on multinational operations, which the prior literature has struggled to establish because of concurrent policy reforms.
Tecnologías contraceptivas y feminidad: la pastilla como un script de género

This paper analyzes the historical, scientific, and social contexts that guided the development and commercialization of the contraceptive pill. The essay sheds light on the power structures that shaped the construction of this technology and the discourses that it promotes about the female body. The contraceptive pill is conceptualized as a gender script, that is, a technology that crystallizes specific gender representations, values, and practices. This constructivist approach allows us to reveal the social and cultural structures that sustain this gender script and, in this way, helps us question the notion of the contraceptive pill as an intrinsically emancipatory technology.