cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lessons learned from successful Papanicolaou cytology cervical cancer prevention in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

In 1996, we documented that the burden of cervical cancer in Vietnam was associated with troop movements during the Vietnam War. Subsequently, establishment of Papanicolaou screening in southern Vietnam was associated with reductions in cervical cancer incidence from 29.2/100,000 in 1998 to 16/100,000 in 2003. This is one of the first English-language reports of a real-world cervical cancer prevention effort associated with a decisive impact on health outcomes in a contemporary developing country. Lessons learned: if our ideological commitment is to improve health outcomes as rapidly as possible among as many people as possible, then Papanicolaou screening (with or without HPV or visual screening) must be implemented without further delay in any setting where cervical screening is appropriate but unavailable; consideration must be given to HPV vaccination after, rather than before, full coverage of target demographic groups by screening services has been achieved and/or the possibility has been excluded that HPV vaccination may be ineffective for cancer prevention. Competing ideological commitments engender imprudent yet commercially useful alternative strategies prone to decelerate global reductions in mortality by suppressing the more-rapid uptake of less-expensive open-source technology in favor of the less-rapid uptake of more-expensive proprietary technologies with uncertain real-world advantages and unfavorable real-world operational limitations. Global cervical cancer prevention efforts will become more effective if global health leaders, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, embrace an ideological commitment to improving health outcomes as rapidly as possible among as many people as possible and assimilate the policy implications of that commitment.
Determination of Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Correlation with Risk Factors in Northern California Blood Donors

To determine the relative prevalence of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I and II, type-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done on seropositive northern California blood donors. From October 1988 through March 1990, 67 (0.055%) of 122,517 blood donors had confirmed HTLV antibody. Seropositive donors were more likely to be middle-aged, female, and nonwhite than the overall donor base. PCR of samples from 30 HTLV-seropositive donors yielded 19 (63%) with HTLV-II and 9 (30%) with HTLV-I; 2 (7%) were repeatedly negative by PCR. HTLV-I-infected subjects had ancestry (n = 3), sexual contact (n = 3), or paternal military service in (n = 1) Japan or the Caribbean. HTLV-II carriers reported past intravenous drug abuse (n = 3) or sex with a drug user (n = 11). Two carriers of each type reported previous blood transfusions, and 1 HTLV-II carrier was a dentist with no other risk factors for retroviral infection.
Isolating gluon jets

It is shown that the identification of gluon and quark jets in the process e/sup +/e/sup -/..-->..three jets is feasible if the gluon is radiated off heavy quarks. Gluon energy spectra are computed for e/sup +/e/sup -/..-->..bb-barg in the 30--40-GeV energy region and for e/sup +/e/sup -/..-->..Z/sup 0/..-->..tt-barg.
Stochastic Model of Glutamatergic PFC-NAc Synapse Predicts Cocaine-Induced Changes in Receptor Occupancy

Neurotransmitter homeostasis in and around synapses involves random processes such as diffusion, molecular binding and unbinding. A three-dimensional stochastic diffusion model of a synapse was developed to provide molecular level details of neurotransmitter homeostasis not predicted by alternative models based on continuum approaches. This framework was used to estimate effective diffusion and provide a more accurate prediction of geometric tortuosity in the perisynaptic region. The stochastic model was used to predict the relative contributions of non-synaptic sources to extracellular concentration in control, natural reward seeking, and chronic cocaine cases; and estimation of molecular influx rates required to maintain tone on presynaptic autoreceptors. Also, this was the first stochastic model to confirm the prediction of down-regulation of glutamate transporters by 40% after chronic cocaine. The model can be further generalized to study the role of diffusion path length in supporting neurotransmitter gradients and isolating the synapse.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
ω-phase formation in NiAl and Ni2Al alloys

The phase stability of bcc-like NiAl and Ni2Al with respect to phase transformations into the ω phase is examined by first-principles, full-potential, linear muffin-tin orbital method (FPLMTO), band-structure calculations. In agreement with experiment we find that bcc-like NiAl is stable, whereas Ni2Al is unstable. We have also performed some calculations in slightly disordered phases, and find that the disordering tends to inhibit the transformation. This supports the suggestion that a combined displacive/ordering transformation mechanism is involved in the phase transformations of the Ni2Al system. Calculated lattice parameters and the degree of internal shuffling of atoms for the ordered Ni2Al phase were found to be in excellent agreement with the experiment
Comparable worth in the united states legal and administrative developments in the 1980's

During the 1980's, the concept of comparable worth has become closely identified with women's rights and sex discrimination concerns, and is now recognized by advocates and critics alike as one of the major affirmative action issues of the decade. Simply put, comparable worth refers to the idea of equal pay for dissimilar jobs of equal value to an organization. According to comparable worth proponents, jobs traditionally associated with women have been systematically undervalued in the marketplace. The net result is a disparity in pay for women when compared with that for jobs largely held by men. It is also argued that this compensatory bias against women can be revealed and eliminated by assessing the economic value of disparate occupations through the use of objective standards of evaluation. For example, although secretarial and janitorial jobs are dissimilar in function, it is argued that pay equity can be achieved by assessing such factors as working conditions and the amount of training, responsibi...
Respiratory status of Los Angeles firemen. One-month follow-up after inhalation of dense smoke.

A standardized respiratory questionnaire and detailed pulmonary function tests were administered to 21 Los Angeles firemen one month following exposure to toe combustion products of polyvinylchloride, which had produced transient hypoxemia in 19 of the firemen. The results of these studies were compared with those obtained in a sample of nonfiremen residing in the Los Angeles area who were matched by computer with the firemen for anthropomorphic characteristics and smoking status. The frequency of respiratory symptoms, the results of spirometric and plethysmographic studies, and toe single-breath nitrogen washout were similar in toe firemen, compared with the matched sample, whereas closing volume was higher in toe matched controls. These findings suggest that although fighting fires may result in acute pulmonary injury secondary to discrete episodes of inhalation of smoke, it does not appear to predispose to toe development of chronic respiratory symptoms or chronic functional respiratory impairment.
“The Opium Wars”: The Biopolitics of Narcotic Control in the United States, 1914–1935

The emergence of the narcotic control regime in the early twentieth century US provides a historical case study of what Michel Foucault has called “biopolitics”. At the collective level, narcotic control policy emerged as a regulatory mechanism to secure the national population from the spread of addictive substances through an elaborate system of surveillance and control. At the individual level, the drug user emerged as a new criminal subject at the center of an array of medico-penal technologies that sought to understand the psychological and somatic dimensions of addiction, and to normalize the addicted person.
Effects of surface impurity layers on the hydrogen permeability of vanadium

Abstract Surface impurity layers were found to reduce the hydrogen permeability of vanadium by a factor of several hundred over the temperature range from 200 to 850°C. These impurity layers formed during hydrogen permeation studies that were carried out over periods of ~1500 h under conditions where the ultimate vacuum ranged from ~10 −5 to 10 −8 torr. Studies using Auger, ion microprobe, and nuclear microprobe methods showed that the major impurity elements on the surface of contaminated vanadium samples were oxygen and carbon. The depth of penetration of oxide into the vanadium due to diffusion was found to be in excess of 10 μm. Hydrogen permeation rates determined for surface-oxidized vanadium samples appeared to have a half-power dependence on upstream hydrogen pressure. The implications of these results with respect to the use of vanadium as a structural or clad material in fission and fusion reactors are discussed.
Multi-species two-level atomic media displaying electromagnetic left handedness

A multi-species two-level atomic system, the simplest being a representative two species collection of atoms studied here, contained in either a gaseous host medium or as dopants in a solid state host medium, determines the macroscopic permittivity and permeability seen by a probe field. Electronic or optical state initialization prepares the diagonal density matrix. Multi-species design of the atomic system allows assignment of different constituent densities in relation to the electric or magnetic matrix elements, generating left-handed electrodynamics in some detuning regions of the probe field.
Impact of atomic parity violation measurements on precision electroweak physics.

The impact of atomic parity violation experiments on the determination of the weak mixing parameter sin{sup 2}{theta} and the Peskin-Takeuchi parameters {ital S} and {ital T} is reassessed in the light of recent electroweak measurements at CERN LEP, SLAC, and Fermilab. Since the weak charge {ital Q}{sub {ital W}} provides unique information on {ital S}, its determination with a factor of 4 better accuracy than present levels can have a noticeable effect on global fits. However, the measurement of {Delta}{ital Q}{sub {ital W}}/{ital Q}{sub {ital W}} for two different isotopes provides primarily information on sin{sup 2}{theta}. To specify this quantity to an accuracy of {plus_minus}0.0004, comparable to that now provided by other electroweak experiments, one would have to determine {Delta}{ital Q}{sub {ital W}}/{ital Q}{sub {ital W}} in cesium to about 0.1{percent} of its value, with comparable demands for other nuclei. The relative merits of absolute measurements of {ital Q}{sub {ital W}} and isotope ratios for discovering effects of new gauge bosons are noted briefly. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Sources of Responsiveness by a Government Monopoly The Case of a People Processor

People processing organizations function primarily to classify individuals and to confer public statuses on them. Such processors have clients who are the individuals they classify; they also have market units or customers who use the classification furnished by the processor. Under what circumstances will pro cessing organizations which are essential monopolies attempt to be responsive to their customers? By focusing on a civil service office located in Oakland, California, some answers emerge. In addition to considering the origins of responsiveness, the article shows how attempts to please customers can work against the interests of clients.
Ethnic differences in body mass index trajectories from adolescence to adulthood: a focus on Hispanic and Asian subgroups in the United States.

Background Compared to whites, U.S. Hispanics have higher obesity rates; U.S. Asians have lower rates. However Hispanics and Asians are each comprised of several ethnic subgroups that differ with respect to country of origin, immigration history, and geographic distribution across the U.S. Among adolescents, ethnic differences in obesity have been previously reported, but no studies have examined longitudinal change in body mass index (BMI) by Hispanic and Asian subgroup category to understand when and why these disparities emerge, especially during the critical transition between adolescence and adulthood.
Fracture toughness and crack instability in tough polymers under plane strain conditions

The plane strain fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of several tough engineering plastics have been studied and compared with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a relatively brittle polymer. The tough polymers all are observed to form a multiple craze zone at the crack tip, which is shown to be the primary source of plane strain fracture toughness in these materials. The multiple craze zone is retained during slow crack growth but is metastable, and at a critical stress intensity and associated crack velocity, the system passes through a transition to a greatly accelerated single craze mode of unstable propagation.
Combustion behavior of suspended paper spheres

Paper spheres with initial diameters (d0) ranging from 0.8 cm to 4.5 cm have been burned in air, at variable speeds ranging from zero to 160 cm/sec, and oxygen concentrations from 21% to 70%. The burning times (tb) were found to obey a fairly close approximation of the standard “square-law” relation even though 80% of the mass loss was by pyrolysis. The burning constant (Kb) in the equation obtained: tb=Kb·d01.85; was a function of velocity, decreasing up to Re=2800 (based on the combustion tube), and then increasing again beyond that. The burning times also became almost linear with diameter indicating a transition from diffusional to kinetic dominance at Re, based on the sphere, of 2000. The variation of Kb with oxygen concentration was substantially as predicted; and adequate agreement was obtained between the experimental and calculated values of the burning constant KD of the char alone, and also of the combustion temperature. Simultaneous weight and diameter measurements were also made as these varied with time. From these, densities were calculated showing that the char residue that remained after termination of pyrolysis, burned out at constant density. The conclusions were that the pyrolysis and the char combustion were substantially independent (except for competition for oxygen), with both proceeding simultaneously for 80% of the total weight loss. Even so, char burn-out, of 10% of the total weight, took 60% of the burning time in air. The relevance of these data to incinerator behavior is also discussed.
A broadband RF noise generator

A simple broadband noise generator was constructed which produced substantial noise power over the frequency range from 10 mc to 1,000 mc. The measured noise factors were 90 db or better over this range. The noise was generated by an electric arc discharge that operated in a conventional RC relaxation oscillator circuit. A continuous spectrum was produced because of the natural incoherence in the pulse repetition rate of such a circuit. The mechanism of operation is described, along with an experimental tube that was constructed for the purpose of demonstrating the principle.
Protein metabolism in preimplanted mouse ova

Abstract Intracellular specific radioactivity of an amino acid (leucine) was measured in preimplantation mouse ova. The measured specific activity along with leucine incorporation rates allow calculation of the protein synthetic rate in mouse ova. Unfertilized ova, fertilized ova, two-cell ova, and blastocysts convert amino acid to protein at the rate of 8.60, 7.36, 6.92, and 56.68 × 10−13 moles of amino acid per hour per ovum, respectively. The specific activity measurements also allowed the calculation of intracellular leucine pool size. For the unfertilized, fertilized, two-cell, and blastocyst stage, the endogenous leucine pool was 11.9, 15.9, 6.4, and 62.4 × 10−14 moles of leucine, respectively. Most of the increase in pool size in the blastocyst probably results from the increase in total volume of cells. Protein degradation measurements indicated a marked difference between protein turnover in the two-cell and blastocyst stage. Approximately 10% of the protein at the two-cell stage turns over with a half-life of 18.3 hr and 35% of the protein at the blastocyst stage turns over with a half-life of 11.2 hr. The large remaining fraction of protein turns over much more slowly.
Factors influencing the risk of falls in the construction industry: a review of the evidence

Falls are a significant public health risk and a leading cause of non‐fatal and fatal injuries among construction workers worldwide. A more comprehensive understanding of casual factors leading to fall incidents is essential to prevent falls in the construction industry. However, an extensive overview of causal factors is missing from the literature. In this paper, 536 articles on factors contributing to the risk of falls were retrieved. One hundred and twenty‐one (121) studies met the criteria for relevance and quality to be coded, and were synthesized to provide an overview. In lieu of the homogeneity needed across studies to conduct a structured meta‐analysis, a literature synthesis method based on macro‐variables was advanced. This method provides a flexible approach to aggregating previous findings and assessing agreement across those studies. Factors commonly associated with falls included working surfaces and platforms, workers' safety behaviours and attitudes, and construction structure and facili...
Strong and robust Bragg gratings in photo-thermo-refractive glass fiber

We demonstrate strong and robust fiber Bragg gratings in the first low-loss optical fiber made from photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass. A high grating strength of 20 dB is maintained even at 12 hour exposure to temperatures above 400 °C.
Evaporation of Cold Metallic Hydrogen

Solid metallic hydrogen is only metastable at low pressures, but the transition to the molecular form may require surface phenomena. The "evaporation" of pairs of adjacent surface atoms (forming free $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ molecules) is discussed. A monolayer of surface atoms is lost in ${e}^{G}$ times a lattice vibration period, where $G\ensuremath{\lesssim}20$ at zero pressure and temperature. $G$ increases with pressure and decreases with temperature above ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}150$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Constrained dendritic growth and spacing

Abstract The break-up of a planar solid-liquid interface into a cellular or a dendritic interface under directional solidification conditions is examined. Experimental results on the effect of composition on the dendrite tip radius, primary dendrite spacing and secondary dendrite spacing are presented for the growth of succinonitrile dendrites from succinonitrile-acetone solutions. These results, combined with the existing data in the literature, are compared with theoretical models to assess our current understanding of the dendritic growth process.
Wideband Autocorrelation Radiometric Sensing of Microwave Travel Time in Snowpacks and Planetary Ice Layers

Wideband autocorrelation radiometry (wideband AR) offers a deterministic method of remotely sensing microwave travel time τs in planetary surface layers that are quasi-transparent to microwaves. Combining τs with an independent estimate of the layer's average microwave index of refraction ns yields a measure of layer thickness whose accuracy is primarily limited by the accuracy of ns. The technique requires that four conditions be met: 1) The correlation time of the radiometric signal must be less than the time difference at the radiometer between an upwelling ray that traverses the quasi-transparent layer once and a multiply reflected ray that traverses the quasi-transparent layer three times; 2) interfaces at the top and bottom of the layer must be effectively specular at the frequency of the radiometer; 3) dielectric transitions at the top and bottom of the layer must be distinct; and 4) rays transiting the layer must not be significantly absorbed or scattered. The performance of wideband AR for sensing dry snowpacks is governed by the relationship between system bandwidth and minimum snowpack thicknesses that can be sensed, the microwave indices of refraction of snowpacks and their underlying media, and the integration time required to depress the autocorrelation noise floor below the autocorrelation signal. Findings of this paper are that microwave travel times within dry snowpacks over frozen or thawed soils, or over ice, could be deterministically measured for snowpack thicknesses between 10 cm and 2 m using wideband AR sensors having 10-GHz center frequencies, 1-GHz bandwidths, and 1-ms integration times.
Current status of aneuploidy testing in drosophila

Abstract Based on the literature on file at EMIC, 181 papers contained material on aneuploidy testing. Initial screening rejected papers providing no data, no negative control and/or poorly designed genetic schemes; 67 papers representing tests of 76 compounds were reported on. Statistical classifications were established as follows: (+) =a statistically significant difference at the 5% level between the treated and control frequencies; (-) = no significant difference at the 5% level when the number of offspring tested was sufficient to have identified an increase of 0.2% over the control with a power of 75%; I = inconclusive = (a) no significant difference at the 5% level but the number of offspring tested was below that necessary to detect an increase of 0.2% with a power of 75%; (b) the nature of apparent complete loss is undetermined; or (c) the nature of the germ cells sampled is not determined. Of the 76 compounds analyzed, calls were made on 34 compounds. 17 34 compounds were positive for chromosome gain ( 11 34 for chromosome gain and chromosome loss, 6 34 for chromosome gain only). 17 34 compounds were negative for chromosome gain ( 11 34 for chromosome gain and chromosome loss and 6 for chromosome gain only). Are any of the compounds found to induce aneuploidy specific for aneuploid induction? 7 of the compounds positive for chromosome gain were positive in one or more tests assaying for other genetic endpoints, and no reliable data exists regarding results in other tests for the remaining 10 compounds; accordingly, the answer to the question awaits further work.
Channel-mapping for speech corpus recycling

The performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR) is heavily dependent on the acoustic environment in the target domain. Large investments have focused on ways to record speech data in specific environments. In contrast, recent Internet services using hand-held devices such as smartphones have created opportunities to acquire huge amounts of “live” speech data at low cost. There are practical demands to reuse this abundant data in different acoustic environments. To transform such source data for a target domain, developers can use channel mapping and noise addition. However, channel mapping of the data is difficult without stereo mapping data or impulse response data. We tested GMM-based channel mapping with a vector Taylor series (VTS) formulation on a per-utterance basis. We found this type of channel mapping effectively simulated our target domain data.
Identification of electrophysiologically distinct subpopulations of rat taste cells

The gustatory sensory system provides animals with a rapid chemical analysis of a potential food substance providing information necessary to facilitate ingestion or rejection of the food. The process of gustatory transduction is initiated in the taste cells in the lingual epithelium. However, due to the small size, scarcity of the cells and their location, embedded in a keratinized squamous epithelium, it has been difficult to study the primary events in the transduction process. Recently, we have developed a preparation of dissociated rat taste cells that permits studies of the taste transduction process in single isolated cells. We have now investigated the electrophysiological properties of the rat taste cells using the patch-clamp technique. We have identified two populations of cells within the taste bud: one expressing a voltage-dependent potassium current and the second containing both voltage-dependent sodium and potassium currents. The potassium current in both cell groups is blocked by external TEA, Ba2+, and quinine. Two types of K+ channels have been identified: a 90-pS delayed rectifier K+ channel and a “maxi” calcium-activated K+ channel. The sodium current is blocked by TTX, but not by amiloride.
Innovation and Multimedia in the Poetry of cummings and Mayakovsky

In her article "Innovation and Multimedia in the Poetry of cummings and Mayakovsky" Svetlana Nikitina discusses how e.e. cummings and Vladimir Mayakovsky foreshadowed the digital revolution of today in their multimedia experiments in poetry. Although they spoke different languages and lived in different societies, the two modernist poets display similarities in their modernist aesthetics. Both are artists as well as poets who blur the line between the two forms of art. Their synesthesia inoculates them against postmodern disintegration of meaning or form. Although cummings is a staunch individualist, and Mayakovsky the tribune of the collective, they both rebel against traditional poetic forms and invent a new language of multisensory and multimedia processing. Both make orthography and page design sculpt the spontaneous experience they want to convey. By showing Mayakovsky and cummings as consummate makers of words, images, experiences, and new social orders who treated their verbal material as a physical medium, Nikitina supports the claim that the poets' visual sensibility and multimedia orientation prevented them from sliding into postmodern deconstruction and created the center that could hold. Svetlana Nikitina, "Innovation and Multimedia in the Poetry of cummings and Mayakovsky" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.4 (2009):
Elemental analysis of a tumor from a nocturnal prosimian with special emphasis on bromine

Abstract Few naturally occurring tumors have been reported in primates. A spherical mass was noticed on the medial aspect of the thigh and caudal abdomen of a 15-year old female Perodicticus potto . The mass was surgically removed and the recovery was uneventful. Histological examination provided the diagnosis of myeloliposarcoma. Thirty-two elements were detected by chemical analysis. These are Na, K, Rb, Cs, Li, Cu, Ag, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd, Hg, B, Al, Ga, Si, Sn, Ti, P, Bi, V, S, Se, Mo, F, Cl, Br, Fe, Co and Ni. It has been proposed by some that tumor tissue tends to be chemically similar to embryonic tissue. Bromine is unexpectedly high in the potto tumor, in other tumor analyses reported in the literature, as well as in the only available embryonic tissue from the female potto, a placenta. Data are presented that lend credence to the speculation that Br may have a hitherto unexpected function in reproduction.
Ab initio calculations and RRKM/Master Equation modeling of chloroalkanes → alkenes + HCl reactions for use in comparative rate studies

This paper reports computations that were done in conjunction with an experimental study, reported in an accompanying paper, involving single pulse shock tube measurements of the thermal decomposition of 2-chloropropane, chlorocyclopentane, and chorocyclohexane. The overall aim of the combined work is to provide a well-defined, self-consistent, and reliable set of rate constants for those species over an extended temperature range for use as reference reactions in comparative rate studies. To provide additional validation of the results for the compounds of direct interest, the dehydrochlorination reactions of the related compounds chloroethane, 1-chloropropane, and 2-chlorobutane are also considered. The present work reviews and summarizes the literature information regarding the molecular properties, thermochemistry, and chemical kinetic data for the above six alkyl chlorides. Quantum chemical methods are used to compute the structure and energies of reactants, products, and transition states and the fundamental nature of these types of reaction (four-centered “semi-ion pair” transition states) is discussed. The experimental and theoretical results are compared in detail, and uncertainties are assessed. The computations are used, in conjunction with experimentally determined rate constants, to develop Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM)/Master Equation models and thereby allow extrapolation of the experimental data over an extended range of temperatures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* Int J Chem Kinet 44: 369–385, 2012
Commerce report could limit fundamental research

A controversial recommendation by the U.S. Department of Commerce's Inspector General (IG) to tighten controls on “deemed“ exports used in the course of university research has prompted more than 300 comments. The comments to the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, RIN 0694-AD29, “Revision and Clarification of Deemed Export Related Regulatory Requirements,” were posted to the department's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) Web site (http://www.bis.doc.gov) on 11 August.
Multiple Inductive Signals Are Involved in the Development of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi

Ctenophores possess eight longitudinally arrayed rows of comb plate cilia. Previous intracellular cell lineage analysis has shown that these comb rows are derived from two embryonic lineages, both daughters of the four e(1) micromeres (e(11) and e(12)) and a single daughter of the four m(1) micromeres (the m(12) micromeres). Although isolated e(1) micromeres will spontaneously generate comb plates, cell deletion experiments have shown that no comb plates appear during embryogenesis following the removal of e(1) descendents. Thus, the m(1) lineage requires the inductive interaction of the e(1) lineage to contribute to comb plate formation. Here we show that, although m(12) cells are normally the only m(1) derivatives to contribute to comb plate formation, m(11) cells are capable of generating comb plates in the absence m(12) cells. The reason that m(11) cells do not normally make comb rows may be attributable either to their more remote location relative to critical signaling centers (e.g., e(1) descendants) or to inhibitory signals that may be provided by other nearby cells such as sister cells m(12). In addition, we show that the signals provided by the e(1) lineage are not sufficient for m(1)-derived comb plate formation. Signals provided by endomesodermal progeny of either the E or the M lineages (the 3E or 2M macromeres) are also required.
Wave–sediment interaction on a muddy inner shelf during Hurricane Claudette

Measurements of wave and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were conducted near the 5-m isobath on the muddy inner shelf fronting Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana, during Hurricane Claudette. The data show that wave and current activity resuspended large quantities of sediment, with SSC R 0.5 kg/m 3 throughout the water column. In the waning phase of the storm, settling generated a suspension layer, with concentrations over 1.7 kg/m 3 measured as high as 1 m above the bottom. Numerical simulations of post-storm sediment settling showed that observations are consistent with a high-density fluid mud layer (SSC between 10 and 20 kg/m 3 ), and separated from the upper water column by a lutocline located at about 1 m above the bottom. The formation of the fluid-mud layer is correlated with strong, broad-spectrum wave dissipation, consistent with the hypothesis that surface–interface wave interaction plays an important part in the energy transfer from the surface to the soft bottom. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Papillary muscle infarction in relation to left ventricular infarct distribution and transmurality - assessment by delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Summary This study used delayed enhancement CMR (DE-CMR) and invasive angiography to evaluate relationships between papillary muscle and left ventricular (LV) chamber wall infarction following ST segment elevation MI (STEMI). Results demonstrate that papillary muscle infarction (PMI) parallels infarct transmurality and contractile dysfunction within the adjacent LV wall. Background Papillary muscles and myocardium within the adjacent LV wall constitute two components of the mitral valve apparatus. Prior studies have demonstrated variable papillary arterial supply, and the relationship between PMI and overall LV infarct pattern is unknown. DECMR enables in-vivo study of infarct pattern within the LV - papillary muscle complex. Methods Patients with initial STEMI were enrolled in a prospective imaging registry. CMR (1.5T) was performed within 6 weeks (27±8 days) post-STEMI. Cine-CMR (SSFP) was used to assess LV wall motion (17 segment model, 5 point per-segment score) DE-CMR (IR-GRE, acquired 10-30 minutes post gadolinium [0.2 mmol/kg]) was used to assess infarct morphology: PMI was graded for location and extent (partial or complete, stratified by >50% papillary hyperenhancement); LV infarction was quantified based on global size and regional transmurality (17 segment, 5 point per-segment score). Invasive coronary angiograms were read blinded to CMR. Results 153 patients were studied, among whom 30% had PMI (74% posteromedial/37% anterolateral; 11% bilateral). Overall LV infarct size on DE-CMR was larger among patients with PMI (p=0.01). PMI strongly related to LV infarct distribution (Table 1), with prevalence increased 3-fold among patients with lateral wall, and over 1.5fold with inferior wall infarction on DE-CMR (p≤0.01). Angiography findings paralleled DE-CMR, with over a 2-fold increase in PMI with right coronary artery (RCA) or left circumflex (LCX) culprit vessel infarction (p<0.01). Among patients with RCA infarcts, PMI exclusively occurred (100%) in the setting of right or codominant coronary anatomy and was associated with larger angiographic jeopardy score (20.8±6.0 vs. 15.8 ±5.9, p=0.007). In contrast ,o nly one-third (36%) with PMI and LCX infarcts were left or co-dominant, with similar jeopardy scores between patients with and without PMI (19.4±9.8 vs. 15.3±11.6, p=0.45). Regarding extent, PMI was partial (≤50% hyperenhancement) in 76% of cases. PMI extent paralleled infarct transmurality in adjacent LV segments (Figure 1), with similar results when regional wall motion score was used as a surrogate for LV injury (all p<0.001). Additionally, there was a stepwise increase in LV lateral wall infarct size (% myocardium) among patients with bilateral PMI (12.8 ±4.2%) compared to those with isolated (3.5±4.2%) or absent PMI (0.8±2.0%) (p<0.001 for trend).
Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in paediatric cardiac surgery

RISK OF INFECTION, AND ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS, are topics that have been debated for decades by those involved in the care of children undergoing cardiac surgery. In this review we attempt to analyse what is known and what has been postulated about this subject. Suggestions regarding the best strategies for treatment have been formulated, based on published reports, as well as current practices worldwide.
Wildland fire ash and particulate distribution in adjacent residential areas

In recent decades, the frequency of wildland fire incidents near residential areas has decreased but the number of acres burned has increased, in large part due to changes in forest management methods and further human encroachment in forested regions. There is much debate about whether the wood ash generated by these wildfires can significantly affect residential buildings outside the fire zone perimeter. This study investigates the distribution of ash, soot and char that are generated from wildfires and migrate into adjacent residential regions. For this purpose, a wildland fire in Bastrop, Texas, was studied with samples collected from a variety of locations within the fire site and in adjacent areas. The collected samples were assayed for pH, asbestos, heavy metals and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The results of this investigation showed that the magnitude of the deposition on residential buildings near wildfires is dependent on a variety of variables, in particular the distance from the centre of the fire.
The Impacts of Emoticons on Message Interpretation in Computer-Mediated Communication:

Emoticons are graphic representations of facial expressions that many e-mail users embed in their messages. These symbols are widely known and commonly recognized among computer-mediated communication (CMC) users, and they are described by most observers as substituting for the nonverbal cues that are missing from CMC in comparison to face-to-face communication. Their empirical impacts, however, are undocumented. An experiment sought to determine the effects of three common emoticons on message interpretations. Hypotheses drawn from literature on nonverbal communication reflect several plausible relationships between emoticons and verbal messages. The results indicate that emoticons’ contributions were outweighed by verbal content, but a negativity effect appeared such that any negative message aspect—verbal or graphic—shifts message interpretation in the direction of the negative element.
Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin A Subtypes 1 Through 5 by Investigation of Activities in Mice, in Neuronal Cell Cultures, and In Vitro

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are synthesized by Clostridium botulinum and exist as seven immunologically distinct serotypes designated A through G. For most serotypes, several subtypes have now been described based on nominal differences in the amino acid sequences. BoNT/A1 is the most well-characterized subtype of the BoNT/A serotype, and many of its properties, including its potency, its prevalence as a food poison, and its utility as a pharmaceutical, have been thoroughly studied. In contrast, much remains unknown of the other BoNT/A subtypes. In this study, BoNT/A subtype 1 (BoNT/A1) to BoNT/A5 were characterized utilizing a mouse bioassay, an in vitro cleavage assay, and several neuronal cell-based assays. The data indicate that BoNT/A1 to -5 have distinct in vitro and in vivo toxicological properties and that, unlike those for BoNT/A1, the neuronal and mouse results for BoNT/A2 to -5 do not correlate with their enzymatic activity. These results indicate that BoNT/A1 to -5 have distinct characteristics, which are of importance for a greater understanding of botulism and for pharmaceutical applications.
Investigation of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2–polyoxometalate systems for the oxidation of methanol

We have developed a TiO2–POM co-catalyst system for use in a hybrid photo-electrochemical cell to oxidize methanol. We employed a simple -Keggin-type polyoxometalate (PW12O40 3− ) that is known to adsorb to the surface of positively charged TiO2 particles at low pH. The use of a co-catalyst dramatically improves the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs in suspended TiO2 nanoparticles, leading to a 50-fold increase in the observed photocurrent compared to the use of TiO2 alone. The photocurrent densities we observed exceeded those recently reported by Kamat and co-workers [K. Drew, G. Girishkumar, K. Vinodgopal, P.V. Kamat, J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005) 11851]. Due to the improved charge separation offered by the co-catalyst system, electron transfer from the reduced polyoxometalate to the anode now appears to be the kinetic limitation. In addition, we find that the polyoxometalate itself can oxidize methanol efficiently in the absence of TiO2. However, photogenerated holes in the POM are unable to oxidize either formic acid or acetic acid, in contrast to the behavior of TiO2. The dependence of the photocurrent on [PW12O40 3− ] was also investigated. We find that the optimum [PW12O40 3− ] is approximately 2 mM.
Psychiatric Issues in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic disabling disease of the central nervous system in young adults. Early onset and long duration of disease result in tremendous individual, family, and societal costs as well as reductions in quality of life and work productivity. Persons who have MS have a higher prevalence of a number of psychiatric symptoms and disorders. This article seeks to summarize the existing literature on the epidemiology, impact, and treatment of psychiatric disorders among persons who have MS and to identify the areas in which further research is needed.
Transfrontier conservation areas: Integrating biodiversity and poverty alleviation in Southern Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa continues to face the daunting challenge of alleviating poverty due to slow economic growth. In southern Africa, most countries are adopting policies that promote the integration of biodiversity conservation and rural development to contribute to rural poverty alleviation. Numerous approaches have been undertaken in this endeavour, including Transfrontier Parks (TFPs) and Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs). This paper discusses some of the limitations of the TFPs. In conclusion I posit that unlike TFPs, which are state controlled and managed, TFCAs, which promote multi-land use and multi-stakeholder participation are attainable and have a higher probability of sustaining biodiversity conservation and contributing to the alleviation of rural poverty, if: (i) areas of high biodiversity conservation within communal areas can be identified, zoned and leveraged to biodiversity conservation and managed in partnership between the communities and the private sector; (ii) local communities can secure legal rights to their customary land being devoted to biodiversity conservation and use such pieces of land as collateral in negotiating partnerships with the private sector in developing conservation-based enterprises; (iii) functional community natural resource governance institutions can be established and empowered to represent their constituencies in securing fair equity from profits made from sustainable use of the conserved biodiversity assets and tourism businesses; (iv) concerted effort can be invested in developing and implementing family planning and fertility reduction strategies that would slow down human population growth to levels that can be sustained by the available natural resources; and (v) if sustainable financing mechanisms can be developed, and the governance of protected areas occurring in the TFCAs can be broadened to include other stakeholders.
Part-Ownership and Farm Enlargement in the Midwest

The average size of farms in the eastern United States fluttered around 100 acres between 1900 and 1940, then soared to 235 acres by 1987. Part-ownership (the operation of rented and owned farmland from an owned base) has been the principal strategy for farm enlargement. The close geographical correspondence between the acreages owned by part-owner and full-owner farmers in the eight states of the Midwest suggests that part-owner farmers have enlarged their operations by renting land rather than by buying it. The acreage rented by part-owner farmers has no discernible relationship to the acreage they own. Part-owner farmers have bought less than the regional norm in cash-grain farming areas, in the Ozark and Appalachian hills, and on the fringes of some developing metropolitan areas. They have bought more than the regional norm in marginal agricultural areas where land is relatively cheap, in dairy-farming areas, and in cattle-raising areas.
The Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Beyond Blood Pressure and Lipids

In Brief The pathophysiology of the link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex and multifactorial. Understanding these profound mechanisms of disease can help clinicians identify and treat CVD in patients with diabetes, as well as help patients prevent these potentially devastating complications. This article reviews the biological basis of the link between diabetes and CVD, from defects in the vasculature to the cellular and molecular mechanisms specific to insulin-resistant states and hyperglycemia. It concludes with a discussion of heart failure in diabetes, a clinical entity that demonstrates many of the mechanisms discussed.
Particle Transport in Magnetophoretic Microsystems

We present methods and models for predicting the transport and trapping of magnetic particles in microfluidic systems with magnetic functionality. We discuss particle transport models that take into account the dominant magnetic and fluidic forces, as well as Brownian motion for sufficiently small particles. We use the transport models to study the performance of magnetically-biased and electrically actuated microsystems.
An Exploratory Study on the Evolution of OSS Developer Communities

Software is developed in a dynamic context where team structure, requirements, and processes evolve together with the product. Although researchers have been studying the evolution of software systems since the early 70s, the study on the evolution of software development teams remains rare. Such evolutionary patterns and their impact on software quality are especially important in the context of OSS (Open Source Software) development, where a group of volunteer developers collaborate online for an extended period of time. By analyzing how social networks of developers evolve over time while building OSS products, we can gain knowledge and experience to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of resource management and distribution in future OSS projects. To this end, we studied the evolution of the developer communities using a suite of OSS products developed under the KOffice project. We found that in general, the social networks of OSS developer communities change over time in certain ways. Identifying such patterns can help OSS managers better understand the unique process of OSS development and improve their management and coordination of the projects.
Endocytosis of Epithelial Apical Junctional Proteins by a Clathrin-mediated Pathway into a Unique Storage Compartment

The adherens junction (AJ) and tight junction (TJ) are key regulators of epithelial polarity and barrier function. Loss of epithelial phenotype is accompanied by endocytosis of AJs and TJs via unknown mechanisms. Using a model of calcium depletion, we defined the pathway of internalization of AJ and TJ proteins (E-cadherin, p120 and β-catenins, occludin, JAM-1, claudins 1 and 4, and ZO-1) in T84 epithelial cells. Proteinase protection assay and immunocytochemistry revealed orchestrated internalization of AJs and TJs into a subapical cytoplasmic compartment. Disruption of caveolae/lipid rafts did not prevent endocytosis, nor did caveolin-1 colocalize with internalized junctional proteins. Furthermore, AJ and TJ proteins did not colocalize with the macropinocytosis marker dextran. Inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis blocked internalization of AJs and TJs, and junctional proteins colocalized with clathrin and α-adaptin. AJ and TJ proteins were observed to enter early endosomes followed by movement to organelles that stained with syntaxin-4 but not with markers of late and recycling endosomes, lysosomes, or Golgi. These results indicate that endocytosis of junctional proteins is a clathrin-mediated process leading into a unique storage compartment. Such mechanisms may mediate the disruption of intercellular contacts during normal tissue remodeling and in pathology.