cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Collection of Amino Acid Replacement Matrices Derived from Clusters of Orthologs

Sequence divergence among orthologous proteins was characterized with 34 amino acid replacement matrices, sequence context analysis, and a phylogenetic tree. The model was trained on very large datasets of aligned protein sequences drawn from 15 organisms including protists, plants, Dictyostelium, fungi, and animals. Comparative tests with models currently used in phylogeny, i.e., with JTT+Γ±F and WAG+Γ±F, made on a test dataset of 380 multiple alignments containing protein sequences from all five of the major taxonomic groups mentioned, indicate that our model should be preferred over the JTT+Γ±F and WAG+Γ±F models on datasets similar to the test dataset. The strong performance of our model of orthologous protein sequence divergence can be attributed to its ability to better approximate amino acid equilibrium frequencies to compositions found in alignment columns.
Wnt/β-Catenin and Fgf Signaling Control Collective Cell Migration by Restricting Chemokine Receptor Expression

SUMMARY Collective cell migration is a hallmark of embryonic morphogenesis and cancer metastases. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating coordinated cell migration remain poorly understood. A genetic dissection of this problem is afforded by the migrating lateral line primordium of the zebrafish. We report that interactions between Wnt/b-catenin and Fgf signaling maintain primordium polarity by differential regulation of gene expression in the leading versus the trailing zone. Wnt/b-catenin signaling in leader cells informs coordinated migration via differential regulation of the two chemokine receptors, cxcr4b and cxcr7b. These findings uncover a molecular mechanism whereby a migrating tissue maintains stable, polarized gene expression domains despite periodic loss of whole groups of cells. Our findings also bear significance for cancer biology. Although the Fgf, Wnt/b-catenin, and chemokine signaling pathways are well known to be involved in cancer progression, these studies provide in vivo evidence that these pathways are functionally linked.
How the proton acquires mass

The proton is shown to be analogous to a quantum-vortex system of three heavy quarks, plus a light-quark component of 3.2277 MeV. It is inherently a Bose condensed state. The neutral pion-to-proton mass ratio is derived as 1/2 ln (4/3), from which the neutral-pion mass of (134.9631±0.0004) MeV is found. This result is believed to be the first known highly accurate relationship between meson and hadron masses. The effective chemical potential of quarks inside the proton is found to be 41.757 MeV. The neutron-proton mass difference is investigated.
Take only pictures, leave only...fear? The effects of photography on the West Indian anole Anolis cristatellus

Ecotourism encourages an environmentally friendly exploration of the world's natural habitats. Tourists often engage in wildlife photography, an activity that is generally not considered disturbing to animals. We investigated the effects of cam- era-related stimuli to determine whether shutter noise and/or flash affected the immediate behavior of female crested anoles Ano- lis cristaellus. Anoles decreased their display rate following stimuli that included shutter noises, but did not change their behavior in response to flash or silence treatments. To determine the relative importance of this response, we observed anole behavior fol- lowing playbacks of calls from kestrels Falco sparverius, a predator, and bananaquits Coereba flaveola, a non-predator. Anoles decreased display rates following kestrel calls when compared to their response to bananaquit calls. Furthermore, anoles spent a greater proportion of time displaying following bananaquit calls compared to both kestrel calls and silence. The magnitude of response to shutter noises was about the same as that to predator calls. This demonstrates that photography may not be as be- nign as commonly believed, and we should consider whether restrictions on camera noises should be implemented to reduce ani- mal disturbance (Current Zoology 57 (1): 77-82, 2011).
Thoughts toward a clinical database of architecture: evidence, complexity, and impact

This paper examines how architecture is building a clinical database similar to that of law and medicine and is developing this database for the purposes of acquiring complex design insight. This emerging clinical branch of architectural knowledge exceeds the scope of everyday experience of physical form and can thus be shown to enable a more satisfying scale of design thinking. It is argued that significant transformational kinds of professional transparency and accountability are thus intensifying. The tactics and methods of this paper are to connect previously disparate historical and contemporary events that mark the evolution of this database and then to fold those events into an explanatory narrative concerning clinical design practice. Beginning with architecture’s use of precedent (Collins 1971), the formulation of design as complex problems (Rittel and Webber 1973), high performance buildings to meet the crisis of climate change, social mandates of postindustrial society (Bell 1973), and other roots of evidence, the paper then elaborates the themes in which this database is evolving. Such themes include post-occupancy evaluation (Bordass and Leaman 2005), continuous commissioning, performance simulation, digital instrumentation, automation, and other modes of data collection in buildings. Finally, the paper concludes with some anticipated impacts that such a clinical database might have on design practice and how their benefits can be achieved through new interdisciplinary relations between academia and practice.
The Intercorneocyte Space

The vision of the stratum corneum as a dead, disorganized layer in various stages of desquamation, as seen in both light and transmission electron microscope images, is now known to be an artifact of tissue processing. Frozen sections of stratum comeum, swollen with dilute alkali, and viewed by either phase contrast [52], scanning electron microscopy [54], or by fluorescence microscopy after labeling with fluorescein [11] or 8-anilino-l-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) [19], reveal the stratum corneum to be a latticework of polyhedral cells arranged as interlocked vertical columns. This morphological reappraisal, coupled with the biophysicists’ new appreciation for the barrier properties of the stratum corneum [4, 67, 77], has rekindled interest in the subcellular organization of this tissue (reviewed in [15, 16]). The major hypothesis that will be examined in this review depicts the stratum corneum as a two-compartment system of lipid-depleted cells surrounded by lipid-enriched intercellular domains. This model replaces the older view of the stratum corneum as a homogeneous sheet of filaments interspersed with lipid matrix [3, 13,30, 75]. We will summarize morphological, cytochemical, biochemical, and direct experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis, and will examine certain predictions based upon this two-compartment model.
Influence of Partial Base Fixity on Frame Stability

Buckling strength of pinned-base rigid frame is considerably lower than that of identical fixed-base frame; in United States, however, pinned column bases are preferred for economical reasons; paper shows that rotational restraint offered by commonly used pinned column bases is sufficient to increase buckling strength of these frames to almost that of identical fixed-base rigid frames.
Persistent Catechol-O-methyltransferase–dependent Pain Is Initiated by Peripheral β-Adrenergic Receptors

Background:Patients with chronic pain disorders exhibit increased levels of catecholamines alongside diminished activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines. The authors found that acute pharmacologic inhibition of COMT in rodents produces hypersensitivi
Two-Pump Four-Wave Mixing in Silicon Waveguides

We report dual-pump four wave mixing in silicon waveguides and demonstrate generation of up to 10 sidebands with self-seeded higher order pumps. A conversion efficiency of −8.38dB was measured between the signal and phase-conjugated idler.
Are Abused Women’s Protective Actions Associated With Reduced Threats, Stalking, and Violence Perpetrated by Their Male Intimate Partners?

Victims of intimate partner violence may take various actions to protect themselves from their partner. This research examined the association between abused women’s (N = 755) protective strategies at baseline and her partner’s threats, stalking, and moderate and severe violence 8 months later. Emergency domestic violence shelter and orders of protection significantly reduced subsequent abuse. Receiving medical treatment was associated with a significant increase in violence, and security devices (e.g., mace, changing locks) with an increase in stalking. Safety planning and other strategies had no statistical association with abuse at follow-up. Future research should continue to examine the efficacy of safety strategies.
Retrieval of the polarized submarine light field from above surface measurements using polarimetric imaging

Knowledge of the underwater light field is fundamental to determining the health of the world's oceans and coastal regions. For decades, traditional remote sensing retrieval methods that rely solely on the spectral intensity of the water-leaving light have provided indicators of marine ecosystem health. As the demand for retrieval accuracy rises, use of the polarized nature of light as an additional remote sensing tool is becoming necessary. For two weeks in December 2015, the NOAA NPP-VIIRS Calibration/Validation cruise continuously observed the polarized radiance of the ocean and the sky using a HyperSAS-POL system. Additionally, a full Stokes imaging polarimetric camera was used to acquire images and videos of the sea surface and sky during stations at coincident angles with HyperSAS-POL. Polarized remote sensing reflectance is computed for all viewing elevations present in the polarization images, and the results are compared to vector radiative transfer calculations.
A Noise Source Identifying Technology of Automobile Accelerating

Inducing a methodology that uses noise transfer function to identify pass-by noise sources based on digital acquisition and signal test analysis technology.The methodology can quickly and accurately identify main noise source.
Adoção das IFRS no Brasil: Efeitos no Conservadorismo Contábil

The objective in this study is to investigate the effect of the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on the degree of conditional conservatism in the financial statements of companies listed on BM&FBOVESPA. Considering that the convergence process with the international standards aims for the standardization of accounting information disclosure and the enhancement of its quality, the goal was to investigate the quality standards of the accounting information in Brazilian companies after the adoption of the IFRS in the phases characterized by the period 2008, when accounting pronouncements (CPC) 1 to 14 were adopted, and as from 2010, when the adoption of the full IFRS became compulsory. Therefore, a sample of financial statements was used from 320 companies listed on BM&FBOVESPA between 2000 and 2012. As a proxy of information quality, the attribute Conservatism was used, as proposed by Basu (1997) and Ball and Shivakumar (2005). The results did not evidence changes in the degree of conservatism in the statements analyzed.
High-resolution AUV mapping and ROV sampling of mid-ocean ridges

Since the mid-1980s, eight eruptions have occurred along the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Ridges in the NE Pacific. MBARI has examined seven of them, including the April 2015 eruption at Axial Seamount, using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to map at 1-m lateral resolution and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to observe and sample the lava flows and hydrothermal deposits. We have done similar work on the Alarcon Rise at the mouth of the Gulf of California, where all eruptions pre-date our studies of the ridge system, but are recent enough to host impressive active hydrothermal systems.
Three-dimensional circuit fabrication using four-dimensional printing and direct ink writing

Three-dimensional (3D) circuit has good properties such as compact design, shape conformity, and better performance. The spatial layout of a 3d circuit design, however, adds difficulty and complexity in the fabrication process. In this paper, a hybrid process of four-dimensional (4D) printing and Direct Ink Writing is developed to implement customized 3D circuit design. In the process, a two-dimensional (2D) foldable structure with a heat-triggered self-folding mechanism is fabricated. On the structure the conductive circuit traces are printed that will transform its shape with the foldable structure in a heating environment. Hence the 3D circuit design can be achieved by using the 2D direct ink writing process. The 4D printing process provides a potentially faster and effective way of fabricating 3D circuit design. Process parameters as well as design considerations are analyzed in the paper. Verification test cases are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the developed method. Potential applications are also discussed.
Control-relevant design of periodic test input signals for iterative open-loop identification of multivariable FIR systems

Abstract In this paper, the problem of control-relevant test input design for iterative system identification is considered. Two approaches are presented for the L-optimal input test signal design by Cooley and Lee (2001). which minimizes the a posteriori closed-loop error based on a priori information given by the data already collected from previous iterations. To simplify the computation, we limit our design to a period signal of period n, which is the number of FIR coefficients. The first approach is direct time-domain search for optimal test input values, which can be formulated as a nonconvex optimization or a concave Quadratic Program. The second approach considers frequency domain solution of the L-optimal design problem to obtain the optimal discrete spectra of the test signals, which is subsequently realized as a periodic signal.
Evaluating the molecular, physiological and behavioral impacts of CO2 narcosis in bumble bees (Bombus impatiens)

Exposure to carbon dioxide (CO2) has pleiotropic effects in many insect species, ranging from eliciting rapid behavioral responses such as attraction, to dramatic physiological changes, including ovary activation. In bumble bees, CO2 narcosis causes queens to bypass diapause and initiate egg laying, but its mode of action is not well-understood. Here, we evaluated the effects of CO2 narcosis on the behavior, physiology and immune function of virgin bumble bee queens (Bombus impatiens). We tested the hypothesis that CO2 induces these changes by stimulating oxidative stress response pathways. We found that CO2 stimulates ovarian activation and egg production and suppresses lipid (but not glycogen) accumulation in virgin queens. Additionally, CO2 treated queens were more active (particularly in terms of flight) and performed, but did not receive, more aggressive behaviors compared to controls. Moreover, CO2 positively affected immune function in queens, reduced transcript levels of 5/6 antioxidant enzyme genes and had no effect on longevity. Thus, although CO2 treatment stimulated reproduction, we did not observe any evidence of a trade-off in queen health parameters, aside from a reduction in lipids. Overall CO2 narcosis does not appear to stimulate a typical stress response in virgin bumble bee queens. On the contrary, CO2 narcosis appears to stimulate changes that prepare queens to cope with the nutritional, metabolic and behavioral challenges associated with reproduction and colony-founding.
Inelastic electron scattering from hydrogen at 50° and 60°☆

Abstract Inelastic electron scattering cross sections have been measured for four-momentum transfers between 4.1 GeV 2 and 30.5 GeV 2 . At the large scattering angles of this experiment, the dominant contribution to the cross section comes from the W 1 structure function. In the conventional scaling variables, x and x ′, this structure function does not exhibit scaling behavior, and at fixed x or x ′ it is found to decrease with increasing four-momentum transfer.
Severe Mitral Regurgitation in a Child With Henoch-Schönlein Purpura and Pulmonary Hemorrhage.

Introduction: Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis of childhood. The classic triad of HSP consists of nonthrombocytopenic purpura, arthritis/arthralgia, and gastrointestinal complaints. Pulmonary hemorrhage and cardiac involvement are rare complications of HSP. Case Report: We report the case of a 10-year-old girl with HSP complicated by both severe mitral regurgitation and pulmonary hemorrhage. Discussion: HSP is typically a self-limited illness with an excellent prognosis in children. Pulmonary hemorrhage is a rare complication that increases morbidity and mortality; it generally indicates the presence of severe vasculitis. Cardiac involvement in HSP is extremely rare and associated with a poor prognosis. Conclusion: Cardiac involvement in HSP may be more common than believed. Because of the increased morbidity and mortality associated with HSP complicated by pulmonary hemorrhage and cardiac involvement, it is important for clinicians to be aware of these potential complications.
Angular momentum and protostellar disks

Si une etoile ou un systeme stellaire se forme dans un nuage protostellaire s'effondrant, la plus grande partie du moment cinetique du nuage est perdue ou redistribuee
Patellofemoral pain syndrome in female athletes: A review of diagnoses, etiology and treatment options

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common causes of knee pain and is present in females disproportionately more relative to males. PFPS causes tend to be multifactorial in nature and are described in this review. From a review of the current literature, it is clear that there needs to be further research on PFPS in order to better understand the complex etiology of this disorder in both males and females. It is known that females with patellofemoral pain syndrome demonstrate a decrease in abduction, external rotation and extension strength of the affected side compared with healthy patients. Conservative management, including optimizing muscle balance between the vastus medialis and lateralis around the patella along with formal therapy should be the first line of treatment in patients presenting with PFPS. Surgery should be reserved for patients in which all conservative management options have failed. This review aims to guide physicians in accurate clinicaldecision making regarding conservative and surgical treatment options when specifically faced with PFPS in a female athlete. Furthermore, we will discuss the anatomic variants, incidence and prevalence, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of PFPS.
Bioconversion of pentoses to 2,3-butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae

The facultative anaerobe Klebsiella pneumoniae converts a wide variety of sugars to 2,3-butanediol. The theoretical maximum yield of butanediol from sugar is 0.50 kg per kg. All of the sugars commonly found in hemicellulose and cellulose hydrolysates can be converted to butanediol, including glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, and cellobiose. In contrast with most yeast, the inducibility of the key enzyme, xylose isomerase, facilitates rapid metabolism of xylose. In this report the metabolic pathways leading from pentoses to 2,3-butanediol are reviewed. In addition, some of the key factors affecting butanediol production are discussed. These variables include temperature, pH, sugar concentration, oxygen supply, and water activity.
Introduction to Modern Climate Change

This is an invaluable textbook for any introductory survey course on the science and policy of climate change, for both non-science majors and introductory science students. The second edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect the most recent science from the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, and many illustrations include new data. The new edition also reflects advances in the political debate over climate change. Unique amongst textbooks on climate change, it combines an introduction to the science with an introduction to economic and policy issues, and is tightly focused on anthropogenic climate change. It contains the necessary quantitative depth for students to properly understand the science of climate change. It supports students in using algebra to understand simple equations and to solve end-of-chapter problems. Supplementary online resources include a complete set of PowerPoint figures for instructors, solutions to exercises, videos of the author's lectures, and additional computer exercises.
The Different Routes to Metastasis via Hypoxia-Regulated Programs

Hypoxia is linked to metastasis; however, how it affects metastatic progression is not clear due to limited consensus in the literature. We posit that this lack of consensus is due to hypoxia being studied using different approaches, such as in vitro, primary tumor, or metastasis assays in an isolated manner. Here, we review the pros and cons of in vitro hypoxia assays, highlight in vivo studies that inform on physiological hypoxia, and review the evidence that primary tumor hypoxia might influence the fate of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in secondary organs. Our analysis suggests that consensus can be reached by using in vivo methods of study, which also allow better modeling of how hypoxia affects DTC fate and metastasis.
Some Additional Topics on Distributed Inference

While the previous two chapters considered the problems of distributed detection and estimation in the presence of Byzantines and with binary quantized data, this chapter focuses on their generalizations. Specifically, Sec. 5.1 considers the general distributed inference problem in the presence of Byzantines when the sensors use an M-ary quantizer.
The roles and functions of opinion journalists

Opinion is a prominent, yet understudied, aspect of American journalism. The lack of empirical research on opinion journalists is problematic because it means little is known about the roles of the...
An exploratory study of factors affecting the longevity of manufacturing operations offshore

Abstract Because of changes in tax regulations and increased political pressure, firms are reconsidering their practices of shifting manufacturing operations offshore to lower wage countries. Although outsourcing has been well researched, few studies examine managerial practices that influence offshore operations. We investigate the effects of choices regarding labor, suppliers, and outsourcing that influence firm longevity in the maquiladora industry in Mexico. We argue that firms are exposed to labor frictions, supply-chain constraints, and compliance and regulatory risks that if left unresolved can lead to plant closure attributable to labor or regulatory frictions and rising costs. We consider specific actions pursued by managers at maquiladora plants to mitigate the underlying constraints and then analyze factors that affect the likelihood of continuing operations, that is, the longevity of the plants. We find a positive relation between the likelihood of longevity in operations and the following plant characteristics: hourly wages, workforce stability, skill, and the decision to outsource regulatory compliance functions. We document a negative relation between longevity and total labor cost as a percent of total costs as well as using suppliers based in Mexico. We also find that high-tech plants have higher stability, pay higher wages, and experience greater longevity than low-tech plants. Overall, we identify key managerial choices that are related to longevity in offshoring production.
FIMA: Fault Intensity Map Analysis

We present a new statistical fault analysis technique called fault intensity map analysis (FIMA) that evaluates the responses of cryptographic implementations to biased-fault injections with varying intensities. FIMA exploits information from fault bias, as well as the correlation between fault distribution and intensity, to retrieve the secret key with fewer fault injections than existing techniques. FIMA generalizes several existing statistical fault analysis techniques, such as fault sensitivity analysis (FSA), differential fault intensity analysis (DFIA), ciphertext-only fault analysis (CFA), and statistical ineffective fault analysis (SIFA). FIMA has the flexibility of using different observables, e.g., faulty ciphertexts, correct ciphertexts under ineffective fault inductions, and data-dependent intensity profiles, and is successful against a wide range of countermeasures. In this paper, we use FIMA to retrieve the entire 128-bit secret key of the Ascon authenticated cipher, a CAESAR finalist for lightweight applications. On a software implementation of Ascon, simulations show that FIMA recovers the secret key with fewer than 50% of the fault injections required by previous techniques that rely on fault bias alone; furthermore, in the presence of error-detection and infective countermeasures, FIMA is \(6\times \) more efficient than previous bias-based techniques.
Identifying Risk Factors for Disordered Eating among Female Youth in Primary Care

Eating disorders are a serious, life-threating condition impacting adolescents and young adults. Providers in primary care settings have an important role in identifying disordered eating (DE) symptoms. Unfortunately, symptoms go undetected in 50% of patients in medical settings. Using the behavioral health screen, this study identified DE risk profiles in a sample of 3620 female adolescents and young adults (ages 14–24), presenting in primary care. A latent class analysis with twenty psychosocial factors identified three DE risk groups. The group at highest risk for DE was characterized by endorsement of internalizing symptoms and a history of trauma. The next risk group consisted of those with externalizing symptoms, particularly substance use. The group at lowest risk for DE reported more time spent with friends compared to their peers. Primary care providers and psychiatric teams can benefit from knowing the psychosocial risk patterns affiliated with DE, and using brief, comprehensive screening tools to identify these symptoms.
Introduction: Historicizing the Master Archive

This chapter lays out the particular theories of archive and archival discourse that inform this book’s interrogative impulse and guide its analytical instincts. Starting with Jacques Derrida’s notions of “archive fever” and “archivization,” this chapter traces a contextualizing method among archival theorists that attunes the critical gaze toward the master archive’s indexes of subjectivities. This critical mode points to a shift in critical archival discourse such that it problematizes the way elite power instrumentalizes the archive in order to ensure its reproduction. In the end, this chapter creates a link between historicizing modes of archival theory and the original theory functioning in this book. This theoretical linkage not only points to the governing rationale for the book, but it also sets up this book’s primary focus—to historicize the British Museum in relation to the professionalization and credentialing of the biblical scholar in the nineteenth century.
Parents Reliably Identify Pain Dismissal by Pediatric Providers.

Objectives Approximately 40% of children and adolescents with chronic pain report at least 1 dismissal experience, citing medical providers and parents as the primary and most distressing dismissers. Previous research indicates sex differences in pain dismissal experience and observer pain perception. This study examined parental reactions to dismissive provider-child scenarios and the influence of provider and patient sex on perceptions. Methods Community parents (N=326) completed an online survey. Parents were randomized to listen to 1 of 8 vignettes of a provider-child chronic pain scenario. Vignettes varied by type of scenario (appropriate vs. dismissive)×provider sex×patient sex. Results Overall, parents rated the dismissive scenario more negatively. There was a significant interaction between provider sex and scenario regarding likelihood to bring their own child to this provider and a significant 3-way interaction regarding provider belief of the pain complaint. When asked how they would feel if this was their own child, parents who heard the dismissive scenario reported more negative reactions. When asked what they would say to the provider, parents in the dismissive condition were more likely to defend their child and request a second opinion. Discussion Parents consistently identified the dismissive language in a child and provider scenario. Female providers and sex-matched dyads seem to be more polarizing in terms of likelihood to bring their child to the provider and belief of pain, respectively. Providers within these groups may need to be especially cautious with their language when responding to pediatric chronic pain complaints.
Development of Network Topology and Functional Connectivity of the Prefrontal Cortex.

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) comprises distinct regions and networks that vary in their trajectories across development. Further understanding these diverging trajectories may elucidate the neural mechanisms by which distinct PFC regions contribute to cognitive maturity. In particular, it remains unclear whether PFC regions of distinct network affiliations differ in topology and their relationship to cognition. We examined 615 individuals (8-21 years) to characterize age-related effects in participation coefficient of 28 PFC regions of distinct networks, evaluating connectivity profiles of each region to understand patterns influencing topological maturity. Findings revealed that PFC regions of attention, frontoparietal, and default mode networks (DMN) displayed varying rates of decline in participation coefficient with age, characterized by stronger connectivity with each PFC's respective network; suggesting that PFC regions largely aid network segregation. Conversely, PFC regions of the cinguloopercular/salience network increased in participation coefficient with age, marked by stronger between-network connections, suggesting that some PFC regions feature a distinctive ability to facilitate network integration. PFC topology of the DMN, in particular, predicted improvements in global cognition, including motor speed and higher order abilities. Together, these findings elucidate systematic differences in topology across PFC regions of different network affiliation, representing important neural signatures of typical brain development.
Molecular Model for the Surface-Catalyzed Protein Self-Assembly.

The importance of cell surfaces in the self-assembly of proteins is widely accepted. One biologically significant event is the assembly of amyloidogenic proteins into aggregates, which leads to neuro-degenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. The interaction of amyloidogenic proteins with cellular membranes appears to dramatically facilitate the aggregation process. Recent findings indicate that, in the presence of surfaces, aggregation occurs at physiologically low concentrations, suggesting interaction with surfaces plays a critical role in the disease-prone aggregation process. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the on-surface aggregation process remains unclear. Here we provide a theoretical model that offers a molecular explanation. According to this model, mono-mers transiently immobilized to surfaces increase the local monomer protein concentration and thus work as nuclei to dramatically accelerate the entire aggregation process. This physical-chemical theory was verified by exp...
CHAPTER 3-8 – STEREOCHEMISTRY AND THE CHEMICAL SHIFT

Publisher Summary The chemical shift of any proton, or group of equivalent protons, depends on the sum of all remote influences and on the relative position in space of the groups concerned, whether determined by configurational or conformational factors, which are generally not easily separated. A group may influence the chemical shift of a proton via a variety of mechanisms, which are, to a greater or lesser extent, dependent on stereochemical factors and which need not necessarily all act in the same direction, much as the inductive and resonance effects because of a particular group often oppose each other. This chapter focuses on chemical shifts for ring protons and methyl groups in cyclopropanes and hetero-cyclopropanes. As with structures containing double bonds or three-membered rings, the presence of fused rings often implies relative rigidity of the molecular framework and, hence, some likelihood of obtaining useful stereochemical information from chemical shifts. The chapter discusses the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of substituted norbornanes and related systems.
Training Propulsion via Acceleration of the Trailing Limb

Walking function, which is critical to performing many activities of daily living, is commonly assessed by walking speed. Walking speed is dependent on propulsion, which is governed by ankle moment and the posture of the trailing limb during push-off. Here, we present a new gait training paradigm that utilizes a dual belt treadmill to train both components of propulsion by accelerating the belt of the trailing limb during push-off. Accelerations require participants to produce greater propulsive force to counteract inertial effects, and increases extension of the trailing limb through increased belt velocity. We hypothesized that one session of training in this paradigm would produce after effects in propulsion mechanics and, consequently, walking speed. We tested the training paradigm on healthy young adults at two acceleration magnitudes–7 m/s2 (HA) and 2 m/s2 (LA)–and compared their results to a third control group (VC) that walked at a higher velocity during training. Results show that the HA group significantly increased walking speed following training (mean ± s.e.m: 0.073 ± 0.013 m/s, p < 0.001). The change in walking speed in the LA and VC groups was not significant (LA: 0.032 ± 0.013 m/s, VC: -0.003 ± 0.013 m/s). Responder analysis showed that changes in push-off posture and in activation of ankle plantar-flexor muscles contributed to the greater increases in gait speed measured in the HA group compared to the LA and VC groups. The duration of after effects post training suggest that the measured changes in neuromotor coordination are consistent with use-dependent learning.
American Constitution-Making: The Neglected State Constitutional Sources

"American Constitution-Making: The Neglected State Constitutional Sources" looks at a frequently overlooked genre of literature pertinent to American constitution-making: comprehensive compilations of state constitutions that made their appearance from the first wave of constitution-making preceding (and following) the Federal constitution. Routinely issued in pocket-sized editions, the authors demonstrate the presence of these compilations in constitutional conventions and their use by constitution-makers from the Revolutionary period through the late 19th century. The significance of the process of "borrowing" provisions from other state constitutions is placed in a new and different light that raises intriguing questions about the level of American awareness, understanding, and interest in written constitutions in the 18th and 19th centuries. The article contains a Bibliographic Appendix of Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Compilations of American State Constitutions.
Physiological Effects of High Temperature Stress on Grain-Setting for Guodao 6 during Flowering and Filling Stage

For a better understanding of high temperature stress on flowering and grain setting of rice during anthesis,a new rice hybrids Guodao 6 and a leading rice hybrid Xieyou 46 were selected to study the physiological and morphological adaptability to 40–42℃ of high temperature stress.The treatment was conducted with high temperature for 6 h each day from initial heading to following 15 days,and plants under natural condition was studied as control.Guodao 6 was less sensitive to high temperature stress,showing a stable yield and spikelet fertility and lower heat injury index in the stress condition.Physiologically analyzed data showed that in Guodao 6 during maturation,there were:(1) higher flag leaf photosynthetic rate and higher transform rate from light energy to chemical energy,abundant carbohydrates stored in stem and leaf-sheath as well;(2) relatively stronger physiological activity of roots,and higher leaf transpiration rate,this enhanced translocation of photo-synthate to panicle;(3) bet-ter adjustment on "Apical grain superiority",enhancing the filling of inferior spikelets.
Extreme Temperature Characterization of Amplifier Response up to 300 Degrees Celsius Using Integrated Heaters and On-chip Samplers

An on-chip analog waveform sampling system was demonstrated in a 65nm process focusing on extreme temperature step response measurements. Amplifier output waveforms were measured under different temperatures ranging from -40 degrees Celsius ambient temperature to 300 degrees Celsius heater temperature. For reliability testing, the amplifiers were stressed at a 1.6x supply voltage and a 350 degrees Celsius stress temperature for 100 hours.
Experience with a prototype PACS system in a clinical environment

In the Department of Diagnostic Radiology at the University of Kansas Medical Center we have designed and implemented an on-line prototype PACS system in a clinical environment which has permitted us to identify hardware, software and human interface problems associated with the PACS prototype. Currently, in Radiology, digital images are recorded on magnetic media, displayed on a cathode ray tube, placed on film by a multiformat video film recording system. The films from a patient are placed in a film jacket which is kept in the film file room. The film jacket is manually retrieved and is the only copy available. The radiologist’s text report is also kept in the film jacket and is the only report of the films. Frequently films are mis-filed and lost, occasionally the patient’s report folder is lost but rarely is the patient’s entire film jacket lost. It is not uncommon, however, for there to be delays exceeding several hours when the film jacket and the report folder are unavailable.
Cell surface glycosyltransferase activities.

Publisher Summary Three basic components are involved in the reactions catalyzed by glycosyltransferases. These are the enzyme itself, a sugar donor, and a sugar acceptor. Often divalent cations are needed for catalytic activity. Another component, α-lactalbumin also participates in the reactions of some galactosyltransferases. The glycosyltransferases are named according to the sugars they transfer. A galactosyltransferase transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to an acceptor. In the more familiar reactions, sugar nucleotides serve as the sugar donor. These donors consist of a nucleoside di- or monophosphate linked through its terminal phosphate ester to the reducing terminus of the carbohydrate. The glycosyltransferases within each class may be defined according to the particular acceptors they utilize. The majority of the glycosyltransferase activities require millimolar levels of divalent cations for optimal activity. Depending on the enzyme, Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ most often stimulate activity to the greatest extent. Some cell surface transferase activities require lower levels of cation for maximal stimulation than do the same activities of homogenates of cells.
On the estimation of certain exponential sums

I. Let k = Fq be a finite field of characteristic p, let kn = Fqn be the unique extension of k of degree n, let V be a quasi-projective variety defined over k and let f ∈ k(V ) be a rational function on V , also defined over k. As usual, V (kn) will denote the set of points of V defined over kn. We also denote by K an algebraic closure of k and for a scheme X over k we denote by XK the scheme XK = X ⊗K, i.e. X after base change from k to K. In what follows we shall assume that f is defined everywhere on V and has no poles on V , so that f : V → Ak is a morphism. Let ψ0 be a non-trivial additive character on Fp and let ψn = ψ0 ◦ Trkn/ p be the corresponding character on kn; every additive character on kn can be written as ψn(lx) for some l ∈ kn. Also, we shall write ψ instead of ψ1 for the character induced on k. The exponential sum associated with V, f, kn and the character ψn is by definition
The Inhibition by Citrate of Inorganic Pyrophosphate-Glucose Phosphotransferase and Glucose 6-Phosphatase

Abstract Rat liver microsomal glucose 6-phosphatase previously has been shown to catalyze an inorganic pyrophosphate-glucose phosphotransferase reaction. Citrate, which has been employed as a buffer in some earlier studies of this enzyme, recently has been found to inhibit both of these activities. Detailed investigations of the inhibition of both phosphohydrolase and phosphotransferase reactions by this tricarboxylic acid have been carried out with enzyme prepared by fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation of deoxycholate-treated rat liver microsomal preparations. These studies involved (a) kinetic analysis of inhibition of both activities, including an evaluation of Km and Ki values at a variety of hydrogen ion concentration levels, and (b) investigations of inhibitor specificity. Inhibition, which was observed only below pH 7, was found in all instances to be competitive with respect to phosphate substrate and noncompetitive with respect to glucose. Kglucose (0.083 M) was independent of pH. Km values for glucose 6-phosphate and pyrophosphate and Ki (citrate) values were markedly dependent on pH. Minimal values were observed at the following pH values: KPPi = 0.94 mM at pH 6.1, Kglucose-6-P = 0.42 mM at pH 6.5, and Ki, (citrate) ≅ 6 mM at pH 5.6. Good agreement was observed between Ki (citrate) values determined with both the phosphohydrolase and phosphotransferase activities over the entire pH range studied (pH 4.65 to 6.5). This finding lends additional substantiation for the common identity of both enzymic activities. Of a variety of citrate analogues and other chelating agents and buffers tested, only oxalate approached citrate in effectiveness as an inhibitor. Dixon (38) plots of both pKm and pKi values with respect to pH suggest the possible participation of an imidazolium group of a histidine residue of the enzyme in enzyme-substrate complexation. The results also reveal that KPPi values are appreciably smaller than reported earlier; at pH 6.1, KPPi (0.94 mM) is approximately one-fifth of that previously determined with citrate as buffer. A comparison of activity-pH profiles of pyrophosphate-glucose phosphotransferase and glucokinase indicates that, on the basis of units of activity per g of wet liver, the latter is the principal hepatic glucose-phosphorylating activity above pH 7, while the former activity predominates below this hydrogen ion concentration. A possible role for citrate as an agent regulating pyrophosphate-glucose phosphotransferase and hepatic glucose utilization in general is suggested.
Motional Averaging of Nuclear Resonance in a Field Gradient

The traditional view of nuclear-spin decoherence in a field gradient due to molecular self-diffusion is challenged on the basis of temperature dependence of the linewidth, which demonstrates different behaviors between liquids and gases. The conventional theory predicts that in a fluid, linewidth should increase with temperature; however, in gases we observed the opposite behavior. This surprising behavior can be explained using a more detailed theoretical description of the dephasing function that accounts for position autocorrelation effects.
Experiments On Gravity Effects in Supercavitating Flow

Experiments on the effect of a transverse gravitational field on the supercavitating flow past a wedge tend to confirm predictions based on linearized free-streamline theory. A small though systematic dependence upon Froude number not accounted for by the existing theory is revealed, however.
The effect of phencyclidine on the turnover rate of acetylcholine in various regions of rat brain.

Although the mechanism of action of phencyclidine is poorly understood, an interaction of phencyclidine with central cholinergic systems has been proposed. To test this hypothesis directly, we investigated the effects of this compound on the turnover rate of acetylcholine (TRACh) in various areas of the rat brain. In doses of 14.3 to 114.4 mumol/kg (i.p.), phencyclidine increased the TRACh in the frontal cortex, parietal cortex and diencephalon when rats were sacrificed 30 min after drug treatment. In contrast, these doses of phencyclidine had no effect on the TRACh in the hippocampus or striatum. The increases in cortical and diencephalic TRACh were temporally correlated with the behavioral activity elicited by phencyclidine. A 7 day chronic treatment regimen (28.6 mumol/kd/day) provided no further evidence for tolerance development to the effects of phencyclidine on the TRACh in the frontal cortex or diencephalon. These results demonstrate that phencyclidine differentially affects cholinergic dynamics in various areas of the rat brain. The neurochemical profile of phencyclidine reported herein is similar to those previously described for central stimulants such as d-amphetamine, nomifensine and cocaine.
Building and utilizing an IT data center lab

This paper describes the development of a lab to provide students with an opportunity to gain hands-on experience constructing and managing a data center. The primary use is by IT majors in a capstone project course who are divided into teams and responsible for different technologies and applications which have to be integrated and ultimately work together. The current state of the lab is described in detail along with an explanation of how it was built over the past two years, including lessons learned. Examples of projects are described. Plans for growth of the lab are described along with realized benefits in the areas of teaching, research and service.
Effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor and leukemia inhibiting factor on oxytocin and vasopressin magnocellular neuron survival in rat and mouse hypothalamic organotypic cultures

Organotypic cultures of mouse and rat magnocellular neurons (MCNs) in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) have served as important experimental models for the molecular and physiological study of this neuronal phenotype. However, it has been difficult to maintain significant numbers of the MCNs, particularly vasopressin MCNs, in these cultures for long periods. In this paper, we describe the use of the neurotrophic factors, leukemia inhibiting factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to rescue rat vasopressin (Avp)- and oxytocin (Oxt)-MCNs from axotomy-induced, programmed cell death in vitro. Quantitative data are presented for the efficacy of the LIF family of neurotrophic factors on the survival of MCNs in three nuclei, the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic (SON), and accessory (ACC) nuclei in the mouse and rat hypothalamus.