cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value of open-lung biopsy in 87 immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates

The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 87 consecutive immunocompromised patients who underwent open-lung biopsy at the University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, from January 1971 to June 1982. A specific histologic diagnosis was obtained in 62 (71%) of the patients, 33 of whom had infections. Pneumocystis carinii was the most common microbial pathogen (16 patients), but no cases have been observed since 1980 when the routine use of prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfa began. The other specific diagnoses included malignancy or drug-induced lung disease. Specific therapy was available for 52 patients, and in 33 cases, a change in therapy was necessary to treat according to the lung biopsy diagnosis. Forty-one patients received an adequate course of therapy and 27 (66%) of these improved clinically, including 16 of 26 patients with infections, 11 of 14 with malignancies, and 1 of 2 with a vasculitis. Among the subgroup of 33 patients for whom a new, specific therapeutic option was available as a result of the biopsy diagnosis 21 (64%) responded to the treatment. Eleven significant operative complications were encountered, but no deaths were attributable to the biopsy. An open-lung biopsy in immunocompromised patients is a relatively safe, accurate diagnostic procedure which frequently facilitates appropriate therapy and clinical improvement.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Surface Interrogation of Adsorbed Hydrogen and the Open Circuit Catalytic Decomposition of Formic Acid at Platinum

The surface interrogation mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is extended to the in situ quantification of adsorbed hydrogen, Hads, at polycrystalline platinum. The methodology consists of the production, at an interrogator electrode, of an oxidized species that is able to react with Hads on the Pt surface and report the amounts of this adsorbate through the SECM feedback response. The technique is validated by comparison to the electrochemical underpotential deposition (UPD) of hydrogen on Pt. We include an evaluation of electrochemical mediators for their use as oxidizing reporters for adsorbed species at platinum; a notable finding is the ability of tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) to oxidize (interrogate) Hads on Pt at low pH (0.5 M H2SO4 or 1 M HClO4) and with minimal background effects. As a case study, the decomposition of formic acid (HCOOH) in acidic media at open circuit on Pt was investigated. Our results suggest that formic acid decomposes at the surface of unbiased Pt thro...
Interfacial free energy calculations via virtual slip

The computation of a solid-solid interfacial free energy requires the calculation of the work required to form the interface from the perfect crystal along any reversible pathway. The practical difficulty lies in finding a computational path connecting the perfect crystal to the defective crystal that is reversible. We present a method for calculating the interfacial free energy of any solid-solid interface defined geometrically by a slip on a specified crystallographic surface, for example, a stacking fault or an antiphase boundary. A non-physical pathway is defined using a `virtual slip' of the system in which atoms can exist in two places at once. This avoids any `hard collisions' between atoms, and assures that the pathway is reversible. This connects the perfect and defective crystals directly, as described by a given interatomic potential, without recourse to any harmonic approximations.
Phylogenetic models and model selection for noncoding DNA.

Awareness of the complex structure and evolutionary dynamics of noncoding DNA has improved both noncoding sequence alignment and the use of microstructural changes as characters in phylogenetic analysis. The next step is to consider improvements in the use and selection of phylogenetic models for noncoding sequence data. Models of character evolution are central to phylogeny estimation, but the use of an inadequate model can mislead topology selection and branch length estimations. This is particularly likely when sequence divergence is either limited (nearly invariable, as in population-level or species-level studies) or extreme (nearly saturated, as in deep-level studies that focus on conserved secondary structures). Noncoding data sets are often at these extremes, and they can be particularly awkward for model definition and model selection. This paper introduces the goals of model use in phylogenetics and identifies ten issues that arise from the application of models to noncoding sequence data. It is concluded that most of these issues derive from small data set sizes, very low or very high sequence variability, limitations of current phylogenetic models, and possibly character definition and nonindependence. Recommendations are made that should help to improve alignment, character quality, model selection, and phylogeny estimation based on noncoding sequence data.
The Wellcome Foundation Lecture, 1984: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine: Physical Principles

In recent years nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) has become means of providing excellent images of the interior of the human body which are proving useful in medical prcatice. The development of n.m.r. imaging, much of which was pioneered in Britain, is outlined. Proton image resolutaion of human anatomy is comparable with X-ray computed tomography images, but without the hazard of ionizing radiation. There is improved soft tissue discrimination and pathological contrast throuth the basic imaging parameters of the proton density and the relaxation times T$_{1}$ and T$_{2}$,whose difference from one tissue to another are exploted by use of appropriate radiofrequency pluse sequences. Images may be obtained dirextly of transverse, control and segittal sections of the head and body. Single slices or multiple slices may ne imaged and imaging may be done in three dimensions. The lecture describes the more important imaging techniques and gives illustrative examples of images obtained. The efficient use of time in n.m.r. imaging is discussed, particularly metioning the multiechomultislice procedure and the development of real-time n.m.r. imaging. Magnetic field strengths in current use for proton n.m.r. imaging range from 0.02 to 2 T. At the lower end of the range resistive magnets are used, while for higher fields superconducting magnets are needed. A considerable improvement in image quality is obtained by use of special coils.
Development of a high-throughput assay for aldosterone synthase inhibitors using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Aldosterone plays a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Aldosterone biosynthesis involves three membrane-bound enzymes: aldosterone synthase, adrenodoxin, and adrenodoxin reductase. Here, we report the development of a mass spectrometry-based high-throughput whole cell-based assay for aldosterone synthesis. A human adrenal carcinoma cell line (H295R) overexpressing human aldosterone synthase cDNA was established. The production of aldosterone in these cells was initiated with the addition of 11-deoxycorticosterone, the immediate substrate of aldosterone synthase. An automatic liquid handler was used to gently distribute cells uniformly to well plates. The adaption of a second automated liquid handling system to extract aldosterone from the cell culture medium into organic solvent enabled the development of 96- and 384-well plate formats for this cellular assay. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was established for the detection of aldosterone. Production of aldosterone was linear with time and saturable with increasing substrate concentration. The assay was highly reproducible with an overall average Z' value=0.49. This high-throughput assay would enable high-throughput screening for inhibitors of aldosterone biosynthesis.
Effects of electrode configuration on cochlear implant modulation detection thresholds

Cochlear implant function, as assessed by psychophysical measures, varies from one stimulation site to another within a patient’s cochlea. This suggests that patient performance might be improved by selection of the best-functioning sites for the processor map. In evaluating stimulation sites for such a strategy, electrode configuration is an important variable. Variation across stimulation sites in loudness-related measures (detection thresholds and maximum comfortable loudness levels), is much larger for stimulation with bipolar electrode configurations than with monopolar configurations. The current study found that, in contrast to the loudness-related measures, magnitudes of across-site means and the across-site variances of modulation detection thresholds were not dependent on electrode configuration, suggesting that the mechanisms underlying variation in these various psychophysical measures are not all the same. The data presented here suggest that bipolar and monopolar electrode configurations are...
A Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb for Simulating Automotive Impacts

A finite element (FE) model of a vehicle occupant’s lower limb was developed in this study to improve understanding of injury mechanisms during traffic crashes. The reconstructed geometry of a male volunteer close to the anthropometry of a 50th percentile male was meshed using mostly hexahedral and quadrilateral elements to enhance the computational efficiency of the model. The material and structural properties were selected based on a synthesis of current knowledge of the constitutive models for each tissue. The models of the femur, tibia, and leg were validated against Post-Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) data in various loading conditions which generates the bone fractures observed in traffic accidents. The model was then used to investigate the tolerances of femur and tibia under axial compression and bending. It was shown that the bending moment induced by the axial force reduced the bone tolerance significantly more under posterior-anterior (PA) loading than under anterior-posterior (AP) loading. It is believed that the current lower limb models could be used in defining advanced injury criteria of the lower limb and in various applications as an alternative to physical testing, which may require complex setups and high cost.
Quantitative echocardiographic characterization of abdominal aortic pulsatility in children with coarctation.

Obstructed blood flow due to aortic coarctation leads to a pressure drop and loss of the pulse wave distal to the stenosis. This can be observed by echocardiography as typically decreased pulsatility of the abdominal aorta after cardiac systole. Our study intended to quantitatively describe abnormal abdominal aortic pulsatility in children with coarctation. A standardized M-mode echocardiographic study of the abdominal aorta was prospectively performed with measurements of minimum and maximum abdominal aortic diameters and the corresponding time intervals during the cardiac cycle. Of these measurements the percent increase in aortic diameter was calculated and this increase was indexed to a unit of time. A total of 50 children were studied: 27 had angiographically proven severe coarctation (19 unoperated and 8 operated children with recurrent coarctation) with a mean minimum aortic lumen of 32 ± 6% of the prestenotic aortic lumen. A total of 23 healthy children were studied as a control group. Children with significant coarctation differed from normals in all parameters evaluated. Two calculated values, the percent increase in aortic diameter (5-25% in patients and 27-50% in normals) and the percent increase per unit of time (18-108%/s in patients and 154-288%/s in normals) allowed for a clear discrimination between patients and normals with no overlap of individual values. Quantitative characterization of abnormal pulsatility of the abdominal aorta due to the loss of pulse wave pressure clearly discriminated children with angiographically proven significant coarctation from normal controls.
Absence of thiolated nucleotides in ribosomal RNA of E. coli.

Abstract Transfer RNA labeled with35S was found to be reversibly associated with the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA species of E. coli fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Recentrifugation of the ribosomal RNAs resulted in a progressive decline in the amount of label associated with these molecules and a concurrent increase in the label appearing in the 4S transfer RNA region of the gradient. Washed ribosomal RNA contained no detectable thio-nucleotides.
On the ethionine-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in male and female rats—Lack of effect on intestinal mucosa

1. 1. Ethionine inhibits synthesis of liver and plasma proteins in both male and female rats. Very low density lipoproteins are reduced to a similar degree in both sexes. However, no ethionine-induced inhibition of incorporation in vivo of labeled leucine into proteins of jejunal mucosa is observed. 2. 2. The accumulation of triglycerides in the liver of ethionine-treated rats is significantly greater after oral administration of corn oil than in animals not receiving corn oil. It is concluded that the low levels of plasma triglycerides observed in ethionine-treated rats after feeding corn oil are not a reflection of decreased fat absorption but result mainly from the developing fatty liver which traps chylomicra triglycerides and fails to release them back into the systemic circulation.
Exercise-induced hypoxaemia in highly trained athletes.

Traditionally, the pulmonary system has not been considered the limiting factor in determining maximal oxygen uptake (V2max) in healthy individuals since arterial oxygen-haemoglobin saturation is thought to remain high during intense exercise. However, there appears to be a major exception to this rule. Recent evidence suggests that arterial hypoxaemia results during heavy exercise in well trained individuals with a high V2max. Further, the degree of arterial desaturation is inversely related to V2max. This exercise-induced hypoxaemia does not appear to be due to hypoventilation although athletes who have limited hyperventilation seem to exhibit the lowest arterial oxygen-haemogloblin saturation. A significant venoarterial shunt has been ruled out as a primary cause of the hypoxaemia based on both experimental and theoretical considerations. Therefore, it appears that the exercise-induced hypoxaemia seen in highly trained athletes during heavy exercise is primarily due to diffusion limitations and ventillation-perfusion inequality. It is postulated that incomplete diffusion in the healthy lung may be due to a rapid red blood cell transit time through the pulmonary capillary. In summary, recent findings suggest that the limits of the human pulmonary system may be reached or even exceeded during intense exercise in some individuals. In light of these findings the role of the pulmonary system as a limiting factor during maximal exercise in the highly trained endurance athlete warrants further investigation.
Epirur_Cattle: A spatially explicit agent-based simulator of beef cattle movements

We present Epirur_Cattle, a spatially explicit agent-based simulator for synthesizing beef cattle movements and forecasting zoonotic disease spread in the American beef cattle industry. Farm, ranch, and feedlot operators make decisions on cattle trades according to cattle weights and market conditions. Contact networks of cattle are generated by geographical proximity and disease is spread through a simple compartmental model on the dynamic contact structures. An analysis of the network metrics of the contact networks and the aggregated contact networks provides insight into the influence of the network dynamics on the epidemic dynamics. Using farm data based on the Kansas cattle industry, our experiments show a tri-modal distribution of total case counts that becomes bi-modal for weaker diseases. These results are explained by the interaction of the disease and trading processes. We show how simple network metrics, such as the average node degree, can track the complex trading processes which shape the evolution of the disease at an agent level.
Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models

Abstract This paper describes a data assimilation method that uses observations of snow covered area (SCA) to update hydrologic model states in a mountainous catchment in Colorado. The assimilation method uses SCA information as part of an ensemble Kalman filter to alter the sub-basin distribution of snow as well as the basin water balance. This method permits an optimal combination of model simulations and observations, as well as propagation of information across model states. Sensitivity experiments are conducted with a fairly simple snowpack/water-balance model to evaluate effects of the data assimilation scheme on simulations of streamflow. The assimilation of SCA information results in minor improvements in the accuracy of streamflow simulations near the end of the snowmelt season. The small effect from SCA assimilation is initially surprising. It can be explained both because a substantial portion of snowmelts before any bare ground is exposed, and because the transition from 100% to 0% snow coverage occurs fairly quickly. Both of these factors are basin-dependent. Satellite SCA information is expected to be most useful in basins where snow cover is ephemeral. The data assimilation strategy presented in this study improved the accuracy of the streamflow simulation, indicating that SCA is a useful source of independent information that can be used as part of an integrated data assimilation strategy.
Drosophila melanogaster diphenol oxidase A2: gene structure and homology with the mouse mast-cell tum- transplantation antigen, P91A.

Abstract The Drosophila melanogaster diphenol oxidase (DOX) A2-encoding gene ( Dox-A2 ) is involved in catecholamine metabolism, melanin formation and sclerotization of the cuticle. Insect phenol oxidases (POX) are well studied biochemically, but not genetically and molecularly. The Dox-A2 (2–53.9) gene is the first insect POX-encoding gene to be cloned and sequenced. It encodes a protein product unique among currently known POX. The deduced protein, however, exhibits extensive similarity (58–81%) to the mouse mast cell tum − antigen, P91A [Lurquin et al., Cell 58 (1989) 293–303] and may identify the normal mouse protein as a DOX.
Charged particle beam energies measured by twisting an aluminum foil

Abstract A new method of remotely measuring a cyclotron's proton beam energy over the range of 10–45 MeV is described. Aluminum foils are placed in front of the beam to reduce the beam energy to about 2–4 MeV; then an aluminum foil, 0.030 inches thick, and an insulated Faraday plate (0.25 inch thick) are rotated in the beam path through an angle of 45°, and the beam current on the Faraday plate is measured as a function of the angle of rotation. A graph of beam current vs thickness of aluminum, is plotted and the beam energy is then calculated from these data points using tables of range vs energy.
Pulse response of nonlinear nonstationary vibrational systems

This paper deals with an approximate analysis of the response of nonlinear, nonstationary vi bational systems subject to arbitrary pulse excitations. The nonstationary system parameters are considered to be slowly v arying f unctions of time and may include masses, restoring forces, material properties or damping. Bogoliubov-Mitro polsky technique is used to develop approximate solutions in the first approximation. Explicit results for step function excitation are derived and compared with numerical solutions. Effects of nonlinearity and parameter variations are discussed.
STYLES OF THINKING IN THE SCHOOL

Educators know that variables beyond abilities affect students’ performance in school and their interactions with their teachers. Thinking styles are such a variable. Thinking styles are preferred ways of thinking. They are not abilities but rather preferred ways of expressing these abilities. Both students and teachers vary in thinking styles, and in systematic ways. For example, teachers tend to match the stylistic pattern of the school, and students to match the stylistic pattern of their teachers. Teachers tend to overestimate the extent to which their students match their own styles, and also evaluate more favorably students whose styles match their own. Thus, teachers are more likely to identify as “gifted” not only high ability students, but those who match them stylistically. 1Research for this article was supported under the Javits Act Program (Grant #R206R00001) as administered by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement of the US Department of Education. Grantees undertaking such proj...
Neuronal Expression of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Alzheimer Mutations Causes Intracellular Accumulation of a C-terminal Fragment Containing Both the Amyloid β and Cytoplasmic Domains

Five different Alzheimer mutations of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) were expressed in neurons via recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors, and the levels of APP metabolites were quantified. The predominant intracellular accumulation product was a C-terminal fragment of APP that co-migrated with the protein product of an HSV recombinant expressing the C-terminal 100 amino acids (C100) of APP, which is known to cause neurodegeneration. Fractionation studies revealed that the C-terminal fragment generated by expression of the Alzheimer mutations, like C100, partitioned into membrane fractions and was particularly enriched in synaptosomes. The processing abnormality caused by expression of the Alzheimer mutations occurs predominantly in neurons. Expression of these mutations or of C100 alone in neurons caused increased secretion of Aβ relative to that of neurons infected with wild type APP recombinant vectors. These data show that expression of APP mutations that cause familial Alzheimer's disease increases the intracellular accumulation of potentially amyloidogenic and neurotoxic C-terminal fragments of APP in neurons.
Rally ‘Round the Union Jack? Public Opinion and the Use of Force in the United Kingdom, 1948–2001

This paper provides the most comprehensive and extensive analysis to date of the possibility of a “rally ‘round the flag” effect—an increase in support for the government caused by involvement in international conflict—in Britain, for the years 1948–2001. We use a fractionally integrated time series model with an array of political and economic controls. Our primary dependent variable is intention to vote for the ruling party. The results confirm earlier studies that the Falklands War generated a rally effect, but they provide a more sophisticated understanding of the Gulf War rally. New results also include the findings that participation in international crises which stopped short of war did not engender rallies, and that there were no rallies for the Korean, Suez, or Kosovo Wars. The findings indicate that when they do occur rallies are heterogeneous in nature, that rallies are most likely when there is intense and direct threat to the national interest, that the relationship between multilateralism and rallies in the British case is tenuous, and that rallies for the ruling party are sometimes expressed through satisfaction with the prime minister.
Chaos-monde and the Aesthetics of Depth in Artur Barrio, Jacques Coursil, and Damián Ortega

This article discusses the plastic arts' non-dialectical engagement with materiality, by focusing on figures of depth in three recent artworks in mixed media by artists from the Americas: Artur Barrio's coffee-grounds installations (2000–08), Jacques Coursil's avant-garde jazz album Clameurs (2007), and Damian Ortega's action Moby Dick (2004). All three offer aesthetic experiences of depth that propose an approach to the questions of relation and chaos-monde addressed by Edouard Glissant in terms of plasticity and assemblages—unhinged from anthropocentrism and signification.
Helping Students Come to Grips With the Meaning of Division

Many years ago, Arons pointed out the incomprehension science students exhibit of the basic mathematical operations multiplication and division and the need to address the problem in physics classes to assure student understanding of the physical world. McDermott et al.'s Physics by Inquiry program does address this need directly and in detail (by defining two meanings for division). However, in the author's classes many students had relatively low scores (ranging from 60–80%) when trying to explain simple operations. Reported in this paper are ways to supplement the text that force students to address the actual meaning of division by stressing the relation between a “whole” and a “package,” and connect that meaning with previously learned operational definitions for area and volume.
Selective catalytic reduction of 7-methyl-6-dehydrotestosterone acetate to 7β-methyltestosterone acetate by benzyl alcohol

Abstract Using benzyl alcohol as a hydrogen donor in the presence of Pd on charcoal, 7-methyl-6-dehydrotestosterone acetate was selectively reduced to 7β-methyltestosterone acetate in 90% yield. The addition of hydrogen atoms to the 6,7 double bond proceeded from the less hindered α-face of the steroid molecule, giving rise to the 7β-methyl product. Gas chromatograph analysis indicated small amounts of the 7α-methyl epimer, 7β-methyl-5α-dihydrotestosterone acetate and the 5β-epimer. The 6,7 double bond was hydrogenated in preference to 4,5 double bond, although both are trisubstituted.
Limb movements and locomotor function in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)

The peculiar amphibious mode of life of California sea lions suggests that their locomotor systems may contain adaptations both to life on land and in the water. Previous studies of their locomotor behaviour have been either superficial or based on inferences which were derived from limb structure. Limb movements associated with locomotor behaviour in California sea lions are described on the basis of frame-by-frame analysis of slow motion cinematography of typical aquatic and terrestrial locomotor sequences. Results are compared to reports of terrestrial and aquatic locomotor behaviour in fissiped carnivores, whose locomotor behaviour is presumed to reflect the framework from which the locomotor behaviour of sea lions was derived. The major distinction between sea lions and fissipeds in terms of aquatic locomotor behaviour involves the use of the forelimb in sea lions. Propulsive thrust is generated by medial rotation, adduction and retraction of the forelimbs in sea lions, in contrast to nearly pure limb retraction in fissipeds. The major features which distinguish terrestrial locomotor behaviour in sea lions from that of fissipeds are use of the manus as a transverse rather than sagittal propulsive lever and extensive use of posterior axial and head and neck movements rather than hindlimb movements. The biomechanical implications of these movements are used to elucidate their potentially adaptive features.
Supporting collaborative processes with ConversationBuilder

Abstract Conversation Builder is a collaborative open system which can be tailored to support group activities in specialized domains of application. In particular we are interested in supporting collaborative processes, i.e. those activities performed by groups such that the actions of one individual in turn impacts the possibilities for action of the other group members. This paper discusses the concept of collaborative processes and the theoretical basis for Conversation Builder, as well as outlining the architecture of the system and illustrating its use through an example.
Pain perception in sequential cataract surgery: comparison of first and second procedures.

Purpose To compare pain and anxiety between first and second cataract extractions under topical anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care. Setting University ophthalmology clinic. Design Cohort study. Methods Consecutive adults having bilateral sequential clear corneal cataract extraction using phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care were recruited. Exclusion criteria included baseline eye pain, poor comprehension, and complicated cataract extraction. Patients completed 4 short perioperative surveys with each cataract extraction as follows: the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI) preoperatively and a 0-to-10 visual analog scale pain survey twice after surgery. Pain and difference in pain were the primary outcomes. Results Of the 65 patients who completed the study, 26 (40%) reported higher visual analog scale pain scores for the second cataract extraction. Overall, the median pain score was 0 (range 0 to 6) for the first cataract extraction and 1 (range 0 to 9) for the second ( P =.004). By 1 day postoperatively, the pain scores were similar (median 0; range 0 to 9; P =.58). Both APAIS and STAI anxiety scores decreased between surgeries ( P =.003 and P Conclusions Although cataract extraction remained relatively painless under topical anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care, there was a subtle increase in pain in the second surgery relative to the first. This appears to be associated with decreased preoperative anxiety and may be related to the amnestic effects of intravenous sedation. These data may explain a common operative observation. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Disruptive prefetching: impact on side-channel attacks and cache designs

Caches are integral parts in modern computers; they leverage the memory access patterns of a program to mitigate the gap between the fast processors and slow memory components.Unfortunately, the behavior of caches can be exploited by attackers to infer the program's memory access patterns, by carrying out cache-based side-channel attacks, which can leak critical information.Secure caches that were proposed employ cache partitioning or randomized memory-to-cache mapping techniques to prevent these attacks. Such techniques may add to the complexity of cache designs.In this work, we suggest the use of specialized prefetching algorithms for the purpose of protecting from cache-based side-channel attacks. Our prefetchers can be combined with conventional set associative cache designs, are simple to employ, and require low incremental hardware overhead costs, if the base prefetching scheme is already employed.We integrated our prefetching policies with commonly used GHB and stride prefetching schemes, and compared their performance with the standard implementations of those schemes, on both conventional and secure cache designs. More specifically, our results show that the use of our secure prefetching policy delivers original prefetching performance when integrated with a stride prefetcher. Finally, we demonstrate how a disruptive prefetching scheme can protect the cache from an access based side-channel attack.
Cruciferous nutraceutical 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione protects human primary astrocytes against neurocytotoxicity elicited by MPTP, MPP(+), 6-OHDA, HNE and acrolein.

Astrocytes possess important roles in maintaining normal brain function and providing trophic support to the neurons. They also suffer a range of toxic insults, being a chief target of prooxidants such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), and acrolein. Recently, we have observed that the cellular antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes can be upregulated by 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T), a nutraceutical found in cruciferous vegetables, against many prooxidants in human neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y). However, the regulation of the above cellular factors by D3T in astrocytes and their role in ameliorating the neurotoxic effects of the above neurotoxins have not been investigated. In this study, we show that incubation of human primary astrocytes with micromolar concentrations (5–100 μM) of D3T for 24 h resulted in significant increases in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), and the phase 2 enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). D3T treatment also caused time-dependent increases in mRNA expression of the gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), GR, and of NQO1 in these cells. Pretreatment of astrocytes with D3T was found to afford remarkable protection against the neurocytotoxicity elicited by MPTP, MPP+, 6-OHDA, HNE and acrolein. Taken together, this study demonstrates for the first time that in human astrocytes, the cruciferous nutraceutical D3T potently induces the cellular GSH system and the phase 2 enzyme NQO1, which is accompanied by dramatically increased resistance of these cells to the damage induced by various neurotoxicants. The results of this study may have important implications for the development of novel neuroprotective strategies.
Effect of Histidine on Thermostability of Lipase and Protease of Pseudomonas fluorescens 27

Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens 27 was grown on a dialysis membrane resting on the surface of semisolid media. Thermostability of the lipase and protease between 35 and 90°C was measured in phosphate buffer, a milk salts buffer, peptone-yeast extract broth, and rehydrated nonfat dry milk. Both enzymes were stable to heating for 20min at 90°C. However, both could be inactivated at lower temperatures. Protease was inactivated maximally between 45 and 55°C, probably by autolysis. Lipase was inactivated maximally at 65°C in peptone-yeast extract broth but not in other media. The apparent cause for inactivation of lipase in peptone-yeast extract broth at 65°C was the presence of histidine or histamine and magnesium chloride in the medium. The mechanism was pH-dependent, active at pH 6.0 but not at pH 7.3, and results suggested that the imidazole group of histidine was the component that led to enzyme inactivation from heating at 65°C. The enzyme was stabilized to heating at 65°C by dialysis of the broth, and addition of 5m M histidine and .5m M magnesium chloride to the broth restored the enzyme's sensitivity to this heat treatment.
Bandelier: The Life and Adventures of Adolph Bandelier, by Charles H. Lange and Carroll L. Riley, 1996

Adolph F. Bandelier (1840-1914) is best known for his work in the Southwestern United States, particularly among the pueblos and prehistoric sites of the Rio Grande area, although he did extensive field and archival research in Mexico and South America as well. Self-taught, like most of his contemporaries, his research included archaeology, ethnology, history, and geography, plus a serious interest in botany, zoology, and meteorology. Bandelier was born in Bern, Switzerland, but when he was eight his family moved to the largely Swiss settlement of Highland, Illinois, 30 miles east of St. Louis, where he attended school, was tutored privately, and taught by his well educated mother. He mastered German and English, as well as his native French, and later added Spanish and Latin. For many years he worked in his father's general store, finally, at the age of forty, making the difficult decision to devote himself to scholarship rather than business. In 1869 at the St. Louis Mercantile Library he had begun the study of prehistoric Mexican cultures. He met Lewis Henry Morgan on a trip to the east and for many years was greatly influenced by his view of cultural evolution, but he.remained far more fact oriented than concerned with theory. Bandelier's first major work, "On the Art of War and Mode of Warfare of the Ancient Mexicans," was published in 1877 by the Peabody Museum of Harvard.
Benzene and Leukemia

Abstract To assess quantitatively the association between benzene exposure and leukemia, we examined the mortality rate of a cohort with occupational exposure to benzene. Cumulative exposure for each cohort member was estimated from historical air-sampling data and, when no sampling data existed, from interpolation on the basis of existing data. The overall standardized mortality ratio (a measure of relative risk multiplied by 100) for leukemia was 337 (95 percent confidence interval, 154 to 641), and that for multiple myeloma was 409 (95 percent confidence interval, 110 to 1047). With stratification according to levels of cumulative exposure, the standardized mortality ratios for leukemia increased from 109 to 322, 1186, and 6637 with increases in cumulative benzene exposure from less than 40 parts per million–years (ppm-years), to 40 to 199, 200 to 399, and 400 or more, respectively. A cumulative benzene exposure of 400 ppm-years is equivalent to a mean annual exposure of 10 ppm over a 40-year working l...
A neural network-based sequential Bayes classifier for moving target discrimination

In this paper, a new neural network-based sequential Bayes classifier is developed for target classification exploring the target's dynamic behavior. The system consists of a feature extractor, a neural network directed conditional probability generator and a sequential Bayes classifier. The velocity and curvature sequences extracted from each trade are used as the primary features. Several hidden states are used to train the neural network, the output of which is the conditional probability of occurring the hidden states given the observations. These conditional probabilities are then used as the inputs to the Bayes classifier to make the classification. The classification results are updated regressively whenever a new scan of data is received. Simulation results on both clean tracks and heavily cluttered infrared (IR) satellite images are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Outcomes and Experience with Lumbopleural Shunts in the Management of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

Objective To report five patients who underwent lumbopleural (LPl) shunting for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and to describe the considerations, complications, and outcomes related to this rarely described procedure. Methods The clinical data of five patients treated with LPl shunting over a 23-year period were retrospectively analyzed. Factors including the age at diagnosis of IIH, age at time of LPl shunting, body mass index (BMI), reason for LPl shunt placement, number of revisions before LPl shunt placement, valve type, time to first revision, presence of overdrainage and its management, complications and their management, survival time of LPl shunt, and clinical course at last follow-up were analyzed. Results All patients were morbidly obese females with an average of 4.6 shunt revisions before an LPl shunt. The average overall survival time of the LPl shunt was 48 months. Two patients experienced failure of their LPl shunts with subsequent replacement within the first year. Four patients experienced complications related to shunt overdrainage, requiring placement of an antisiphon device (ASD) or additional valve. One patient developed a symptomatic pleural effusion, and one patient developed a small pneumothorax, which was managed conservatively. Conclusions LPl shunting, though rarely used, is a viable option in the treatment of IIH refractory to standard peritoneal shunting. When pursuing this treatment, a valve and ASD are recommended to mitigate the risks of overdrainage and pleural effusion. Chest imaging should be obtained if the patient becomes symptomatic but can be deferred if the patient remains asymptomatic and is doing well.
Birefringence in inhomogeneous stress fields

The propagation of polarised light through a birefringent medium subjected to an inhomogeneous stress field in the direction of propagation, is usually described in terms of Neumann's differential equations, the Poincare sphere, or 2times2 complex transformation matrices. A comparative treatment of these three methods is presented.
Contact order and ab initio protein structure prediction

Although much of the motivation for experimental studies of protein folding is to obtain insights for improving protein structure prediction, there has been relatively little connection between experimental protein folding studies and computational structural prediction work in recent years. In the present study, we show that the relationship between protein folding rates and the contact order (CO) of the native structure has implications for ab initio protein structure prediction. Rosetta ab initio folding simulations produce a dearth of high CO structures and an excess of low CO structures, as expected if the computer simulations mimic to some extent the actual folding process. Consistent with this, the majority of failures in ab initio prediction in the CASP4 (critical assessment of structure prediction) experiment involved high CO structures likely to fold much more slowly than the lower CO structures for which reasonable predictions were made. This bias against high CO structures can be partially alleviated by performing large numbers of additional simulations, selecting out the higher CO structures, and eliminating the very low CO structures; this leads to a modest improvement in prediction quality. More significant improvements in predictions for proteins with complex topologies may be possible following significant increases in high–performance computing power, which will be required for thoroughly sampling high CO conformations (high CO proteins can take six orders of magnitude longer to fold than low CO proteins). Importantly for such a strategy, simulations performed for high CO structures converge much less strongly than those for low CO structures, and hence, lack of simulation convergence can indicate the need for improved sampling of high CO conformations. The parallels between Rosetta simulations and folding in vivo may extend to misfolding: The very low CO structures that accumulate in Rosetta simulations consist primarily of local up–down β–sheets that may resemble precursors to amyloid formation.
Marcuse's Challenges to Education

1 1. Introduction 2 2. Brooklyn College 1968 Lecture on education 3 3. 1975 Lecture Berkeley Lecture on Higher Education and politics 4 4. Biopower and Play: Contemporary Reflections on Herbert Marcuse and Education 5 5.Thanatos and Civilization: Lecan, Marcuse, and the death drive 6 6. For a Marcusian Ecopedagogy 7 7. Marcuse, Bloch, and Freire: reinvigorating a pedagogy of hope 8 8. The Dialectic of Tolerance and Intolerance in the Ethics of Caring 9 9. Democratic Science and Technology with Marcuse and Latour 10 10. Herbert Marcuse, Critical Race Theory & Multicultural Education: Transformative Educational Practices 11 11. Critical Theory and Information Studies: A Marcusean Infusion 12 12. Toward a Critical Legal Pedagogy: Using Herbert Marcuse to Examine and Reform Legal Education 13 13. Marcuse and the New Culture Wars: Campus Codes, Hate Speech, and the Critique of Pure Tolerance 14 14. Herbert Marcuse and the Humanities: Emancipatory Education vs. Predatory Capitalism
Reactive routing overhead in networks with unreliable nodes

This paper presents a new mathematical and simulative framework for quantifying the overhead of a broad class of reactive routing protocols, such as DSR and AODV, in wireless variable topology (ad-hoc) networks. We focus on situations where the nodes are stationary but unreliable, as is common in the case of sensor networks. We explicitly model the application-level traffic in terms of the statistical description of the number of hops between a source and a destination. The sensor network is modelled by an unreliable regular Manhattan (i.e. degree four) grid, and expressions for various components of the routing overhead are derived. Results are compared against ns-2 simulations for regular and random topologies, which corroborate the essential characteristics of the analytical results. One of the key insights that can be drawn from the mathematical results of this paper is that it is possible to design infinitely scalable reactive routing protocols for variable topology networks by judicious engineering of the traffic patterns to satisfy the conditions presented in this paper.
Gonadal Cycle of Northern Quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne, 1758), from Fished and Non-fished Subpopulations in Narragansett Bay

Abstract To determine if population density in areas closed to fishing in Narragansett Bay is causing differences in the reproductive potential of the organisms, this study used two approaches to determine the reproductive condition of the animals. The first approach consisted in employing a gravimetric condition index (CI) to evaluate the general condition of quahogs from nine different sites, 3 sites open conditionally for fishing (conditional areas) and 6 sites closed to fishing. The second approach was a determination of gonadal index (GI) of a subset of the sample sites, by histological observation of gonadal tissue sections. Initial sampling included determination of CI only, and lasted from March 25 to Sep. 22, 2005. The subset of six of the sites was sampled the next year (2006), every three weeks from April 15 until Sep. 28 to determine CI and the gonadal index (GI). Results show that there is a significant difference between the CI of northern quahogs from conditional areas and quahogs from clos...
Cochleo-saccular degeneration in Hedlund white mink.

Inner ear histological abnormalities can be recognized three weeks after birth in deaf Hedlund mink. Nuclear swelling and cytoplasmic vacuolization of coch-lear hair cells, rupture of the saccular wall, and atrophy of the stria vascularis were observed beginning three weeks after birth. Secretory and sensory epithelia of the utricle and ampullae were normal. Only minimal changes were found in the lining of the endolymphatic duct and sac.
Information Exchange as a Management Tool in a Large Research Organization

The foundation of teamwork in a large research organization is the effective exchange and dissemination of information regarding technical and administrative matters. Present-day researchers and managers are faced with a tremendous task in making effective use of the information-exchange methods that are available. This paper discusses information exchange and dissemination from the viewpoint of management. Examples of successful information exchange as a management tool are given, as well as examples where inefficient information-exchange methods have been a hindrance to the over-all research program.