cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Orbital Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the formal problem of reducing molecular orbital calculations to expressions involving one- and two-electron integrals over the spatial coordinates, with coefficients determined by the group theoretical properties of the spin functions and the electronic permutations. This problem is encountered, for example, when one undertakes to write the expectation value of the Hamiltonian for a given anti-symmetrized spin-orbital product, and in that particular case, the answer is well-known. The focus is on wave functions, which are constructed to be eigenfunctions of the spin, and shall consider the reduction of expressions not only for the energy and other spin-free one- and two-electron operators, but also for general one- and two-electron spin-dependent operators, such as the spin density or the Fermi contact interaction. It has been shown as how a spin-projected single-determinantal wave function based on different spatial orbitals for different spins can be related to the matrix representation method, and it is shown, how to calculate expectation values of both spin-free and spin-dependent operators.
On Self-Avoiding Walks across n-Dimensional Dice and Combinatorial Optimization: An Introduction.

Self-avoiding walks (SAWs) were introduced in chemistry to model the real-life behavior of chain-like entities such as solvents and polymers, whose physical volume prohibits multiple occupation of the same spatial point. In mathematics, a SAW lives in the n-dimensional lattices. In this paper, SAWs are a metaphor for walks across faces of n-dimensional dice, or more formally, a hyperhedron family H(Theta, b, n). Each face is assigned a label {x:Theta(x)}; x represents a unique n-dimensional coordinate string, Theta(x) is the value of the function. The walk searches Theta(x) for optima by following five simple rules: (1) select a random coordinate and mark it as the `initial pivot'; (2) probe all unmarked adjacent coordinates, then select and mark the coordinate with the 'best value' as the new pivot; (3) continue the walk until either the 'best value' <= `target value' or the walk is being blocked by adjacent coordinates that are already pivots; (4) if the walk is blocked, restart the walk from a randomly selected `new initial pivot'; (5) if needed, manage the memory overflow with a streaming-like buffer of appropriate size. Hard instances from a number of problem domains, including the 2D protein folding problem, with up to (2^{25})*(3^{24}) coordinates, have been solved with SAWs in less than 1,000,000 steps -- while also exceeding the quality of best known solutions to date.
Amino acid requirements for the production of enterotoxin B by Staphylococcus aureus S-6 in a chemically defined medium.

A minimal chemically defined medium has been developed for growth (approximately 25 Klett units) and production of detectable enterotoxin B (approximately 5-6 μg/ml) by Staphylococcus aureus S-6. This medium contains monosodium glutamate as a source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy, three additional amino acids (arginine, cystine, and phenylalanine), six inorganic salts, and four vitamins. Increasing the concentrations of several amino acids in a series of defined media gave no increase in enterotoxin production. Apparently the limiting factor for growth and enterotoxin production in these media is the biosynthesis of one or more missing amino acids, rather than the concentration of the amino acids present in the media. An additional requirement for proline and valine was observed when glucose was added as the primary source of energy. When compared to complex media, our results indicated that the inhibitory effect of glucose on enterotoxin synthesis in defined media was less evident or totally absent.
A Unique Panic-Disorder Presentation Among Khmer Refugees: The Sore-Neck Syndrome

This article describes a previously unreported cultural syndrome among Khmer refugees. This common presentation of distress centers on the complaint of a sore neck, the sufferer fearing that wind-and-blood pressure may burst the vessels in this area. During an acute episode, a Khmer endures many--if not all--of the following neck-and-head complaints: headache, blurry vision, a buzzing in the ear, and dizziness. While in the throes of the sore-neck attack, the patient frequently experiences palpitations as well as other symptoms of autonomic arousal, such as diaphoresis, shortness of breath, and trembling. A sufferer of sore-neck episodes often meets panic disorder criteria. In a clinic survey, thirty-five out of eighty-five patients (41%) were found to currently suffer the "sore-neck syndrome" (i.e., to have endured at least one episode in the last month), with almost all of these thirty-five patients (80%) fearing death during the acute event. The sore-neck syndrome represents a common and important way in which distress becomes embodied. The clinician must learn this body language; otherwise, the patient's communication of psychic, interpersonal, and physical pain goes unheard--and grave somatic suffering and disability unattended to--discounted as puzzling somatic complaints and unreasonable obsessionalism about blood pressure.
Ventilatory response to exercise in subjects breathing CO2 or HeO2

Babb, T. G. Ventilatory response to exercise in subjects breathing CO2 or HeO2.J. Appl. Physiol. 82(3): 746–754, 1997.—To investigate the effects of mechanical ventilatory limitation on the ventila...
A statistical pattern analysis framework for rooftop unit diagnostics

Rooftop units are the most common source of heating, cooling, and ventilation in small- and medium-sized commercial buildings. However, it has become apparent that only a small portion of these systems work efficiently or in accordance with the design intent. Operational faults are known to be one of the main reasons for such inefficient performance. A statistical framework for rooftop unit diagnostics is proposed. The proposed approach is not dependent on high-accuracy models. It has systematic solutions for measurement constraints and, importantly, does not have the limitation of using data measured in a steady-state condition. The proposed approach employs techniques from signal processing and time series analysis to evaluate the correlation among measuring parameters and assessing the presence or absence of faults in the system. The proposed approach is illustrated by analyzing the performance of rooftop units located at different retail stores to demonstrate how abnormal behaviors can successfully be...
Hierarchical-PEP model for real-world face recognition

Pose variation remains one of the major factors adversely affect the accuracy of real-world face recognition systems. Inspired by the recently proposed probabilistic elastic part (PEP) model and the success of the deep hierarchical architecture in a number of visual tasks, we propose the Hierarchical-PEP model to approach the unconstrained face recognition problem. We apply the PEP model hierarchically to decompose a face image into face parts at different levels of details to build pose-invariant part-based face representations. Following the hierarchy from bottom-up, we stack the face part representations at each layer, discriminatively reduce its dimensionality, and hence aggregate the face part representations layer-by-layer to build a compact and invariant face representation. The Hierarchical-PEP model exploits the fine-grained structures of the face parts at different levels of details to address the pose variations. It is also guided by supervised information in constructing the face part/face representations. We empirically verify the Hierarchical-PEP model on two public benchmarks (i.e., the LFW and YouTube Faces) and a face recognition challenge (i.e., the PaSC grand challenge) for image-based and video-based face verification. The state-of-the-art performance demonstrates the potential of our method.
Kidney exchange programs: attitudes of transplant team members toward living donation and kidney exchanges.

Abstract Introduction Several living donor kidney exchange programs (LDKEPs) have been established throughout the world; however, none have yet achieved the perceived substantial potential for increasing the number of living donor kidney transplants. Over the past 2 years, the Ohio Solid Organ Transplant Consortium (OSOTC) has developed and implemented an LDKEP with a complementary, robust web-based computerized matching program for living donor/recipient pairs. Prior to implementation of the OSOTC LDKEP, attitudes of transplant professionals from each of eight participating kidney transplant programs were surveyed to determined attitudes toward living donation and LDKEP and to identify potential barriers to LDKEP. The state of decision making toward LDKEP was also examined. Methods Transplant professionals were surveyed using an instrument designed to assess attitudes toward living donation and LDKEPs. Most questions were answered on a Likert scale (1 = strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree). Results Respondents agreed that living donor transplantation should be encouraged (mean 1.17 ± 0.6) and that the laparoscopic donor procedure was preferred (1.36 ± 0.82). Respondents had largely read about KEPs (2.02 ± 1.02) but had “thought about participating in KEPs” (2.57 ± 1.26), or actively sought information (2.87 ± 1.3) to lesser degrees. Despite this, significant indecisiveness existed regarding participation in LDKEPs (2.73 ± 1.39). Conclusions Transplant professionals are highly aware of LDKEPs. However, they remain indecisive about LDKEP participation. These results indicate that barriers exist in the transplant community toward LDKEP, and these must be defined to increase LDKEP acceptance and participation.
Aroma extract dilution analysis of cv. Meeker (Rubus idaeus L.) red raspberries from Oregon and Washington.

The aromas of cultivar Meeker red raspberry from Oregon and Washington were analyzed by aroma extract dilution analysis. Seventy-five aromas were identified [some tentatively (superscript T)] by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography−retention index; 53 were common to both, and 22 have not been previously reported in red raspberry. Twenty-one compounds had an equivalent odor impact in both: 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-(2H)-furanone, hexanal, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one, (E)-β-3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatrieneT, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptaneT, 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one, ethanoic acid, (Z)-3-hexenalT, 3-methylmercaptopropionaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenol, 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-6-ol, butanoic acid, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, (E)-2-hexenal, hexyl formateT, 2,3-butanedione, heptanalT, thiacyclopentadieneT, cyclohexane carbaldehydeT, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-olT, and 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone. Oregon Meeker had 14 odorants with higher fl...
E-commerce and firm bargaining power shift in grocery marketing channels: A case of wholesalers' structured document exchanges

Electronic commerce is transforming interorganizational relationships in marketing channels. Reports frequently note that 'power' goes to those who gain relevant trading information in marketing channels. The paper then asks whether and how structured or 'automated' trading information exchanges (e.g. electronic data interchange (EDI) links) between suppliers and wholesalers impact on their bargaining power in grocery marketing channels. This paper starts with the view that automated information exchanges favour the suppliers because they obtain trading information and gain marketing flexibility more than the wholesalers do. Focusing on the perspective of grocery wholesalers, the paper examines the relationships between (1) EDI use, (2) suppliers' incentives for EDI, (3) wholesalers' perceived bargaining power and (4) trust and cooperation between wholesalers and suppliers. Based on exploratory survey data from 33 grocery wholesalers, the paper finds that automated information exchanges may lower wholesal...
Functioning solitary nodule of the thyroid in a child

Summary A solitary thyroid nodule was detected on physical examination of a euthyroid 9-year-old girl and found to be her exclusive site of thyroid uptake. Complete suppression of nodule function occurred with the administration of thyroid hormone. TSH stimulation failed to induce uptake in the extra-adenomatous thyroid gland, suggesting that the nodule was her only functional thyroid tissue. Nonautonomous solitary functioning nodules are rare in adults and have not been previously described in children. Reported cases in adults do not suggest progression to either malignancy or toxicity. Therefore, scan studies and trial of suppression of functioning nodules in children should precede consideration of surgical excision.
Patterns of Cognitive Style in Normal and Handicapped Children

The present study used a battery of nine neuropsychological tests/subtests to derive patterns of cognitive style in normal and handicapped students. Consistent with previous research, three subtypes of cognitive style emerged which were common to subjects in both groups. Results suggested that cognitive style operated independently of level of cognitive functioning in normal and handicapped children.
Regeneration of the Mauna Kea silversword Argyroxiphium sandwicense (Asteraceae) in Hawaii

The Mauna Kea silversword Argyroxiphium sandwicense is an endangered plant endemic to the high elevation cinder deserts of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii. Restoration efforts have increased the total naturally occurring population of ca. 50 adult plants by ca. 500 individuals, primarily by the outplanting of silverswords initially grown under controlled conditions. We evaluated the direct sowing of seeds into field sites as an alternative to outplanting. Gravel-covered surfaces enhanced germination and growth of seedlings and increased soil moisture. The presence of shrubs and trees was associated with increased silversword germination but decreased silversword growth and reproduction. The best environment for silverswords varied throughout the life cycle of the plant, but critical stages are pollination, seed production, germination, and seedling survival. Sowing and outplanting each have unique advantages. High elevation, moist, gravel surfaces that can be protected from ungulate browsing should be the focus of future sowing and outplanting efforts to maximize restoration success.
Protein methylation at the surface and buried deep: thinking outside the histone box

Methylated lysine and arginine residues in histones represent a crucial part of the histone code, and recognition of these methylated residues by protein interaction domains modulates transcription. Although some methylating enzymes appear to be histone specific, many can modify histone and non-histone substrates and an increasing number are specific for non-histone substrates. Some of the non-histone substrates can also be involved in transcription, but a distinct subset of protein methylation reactions occurs at residues buried deeply in ribosomal proteins that may function in protein–RNA interactions rather than protein–protein interactions. Additionally, recent work has identified enzymes that catalyze protein methylation reactions at new sites in ribosomal and other proteins. These reactions include modifications of histidine and cysteine residues as well as the N terminus.
Measurement of the anisotropic thermal conductivity of the porcine cornea.

Accurate thermal models for the cornea of the eye support the development of thermal techniques for reshaping the cornea and other scientific purposes. Heat transfer in the cornea must be quantified accurately so that a thermal treatment does not destroy the endothelial layer, which cannot regenerate, and yet is responsible for maintaining corneal transparency. We developed a custom apparatus to measure the thermal conductivity of ex vivo porcine corneas perpendicular to the surface and applied a commercial apparatus to measure thermal conductivity parallel to the surface. We found that corneal thermal conductivity is 14% anisotropic at the normal state of corneal hydration. Small numbers of ex vivo feline and human corneas had a thermal conductivity perpendicular to the surface that was indistinguishable from the porcine corneas. Aqueous humor from ex vivo porcine, feline, and human eyes had a thermal conductivity nearly equal to that of water. Including the anisotropy of corneal thermal conductivity will improve the predictive power of thermal models of the eye.
Depression Symptomatology in Mothers with Mild Intellectual Disability: An Exploratory Study.

The Beck Depression Inventory was administered to mothers with a history of mild intellectual disability and to mothers in a contrast group. The results showed that not only did mothers with intellectual disability score significantly higher on the Beck, but also three times as many of these mothers scored above a frequently used cutoff score considered to be indicative of depression. There were also differences in patterns of symptomatology. Further studies are suggested where relationships between depression symptomatology and childcare in mothers with intellectual disability should be examined.
In Vitro Skin Diffusion Study of Pure Forskolin versus a Forskolin-Containing Plectranthus barbatus Root Extract

An in vitro skin diffusion study of pure forskolin (1) versus a 1-containing Plectranthus barbatus root extract (P. barbatus extract) in hairless guinea pig skin and human skin in a flow-through diffusion cell system was conducted and is being reported for the first time. Both topical agents were formulated in a solution of 70% ethanol and 30% propylene glycol (v/v). The results showed that forskolin can be delivered through the stratum corneum and that the flux of this compound was enhanced when 1 was delivered as a constituent of the P. barbatus extract as compared to an equivalent amount in pure form. These results suggest that the P. barbatus extract used contains permeation enhancement activity from other compound(s) contained in the crude root extract. It is possible that P. barbatus root extract may be used as an economical source of 1 to perform topical chemical manipulation of pigmentation in high-risk populations.
Blood cardioplegic protection in profoundly damaged hearts: role of Na+-H+ exchange inhibition during pretreatment or during controlled reperfusion supplementation.

Abstract Background Inhibition of the Na + /H + exchanger before ischemia protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury, but use as pretreatment before blood cardioplegic protection or as a supplement to controlled blood cardioplegic reperfusion was not previously tested in jeopardized hearts. Methods Control studies tested the safety of glutamate-aspartate–enriched blood cardioplegic solution in 4 Yorkshire-Duroc pigs undergoing 30 minutes of aortic clamping without prior unprotected ischemia. Twenty-four pigs underwent 30 minutes of unprotected normothermic global ischemia to create a jeopardized heart. Six of these hearts received normal blood reperfusion, and the other 18 jeopardized hearts underwent 30 more minutes of aortic clamping with cardioplegic protection. In 12 of these, the Na + /H + exchanger inhibitor cariporide was used as intravenous pretreatment (n = 6) or added to the cardioplegic reperfusate (n = 6). Results Complete functional, biochemical, and endothelial recovery occurred after 30 minutes of blood cardioplegic arrest without preceding unprotected ischemia. Thirty minutes of normothermic ischemia and normal blood reperfusion produced 33% mortality and severe left ventricular dysfunction in survivors (preload recruitable stroke work, 23% ± 6% of baseline levels), with raised creatine kinase MB, conjugated dienes, endothelin-1, myeloperoxidase activity, and extensive myocardial edema. Blood cardioplegia was functionally protective, despite adding 30 more minutes of ischemia; there was no mortality, and left ventricular function improved (preload recruitable stroke work, 58% ± 21%, p + /H + exchanger inhibition as either pretreatment or added during cardioplegic reperfusion improved myocardial recovery (preload recruitable stroke work, 88% ± 9% and 80% ± 7%, respectively, p Conclusions Na + /H + exchanger blockage as either pretreatment or during blood cardioplegic reperfusion comparably delays functional, biochemical, and endothelial injury in jeopardized hearts.
Repeated Measurements on Distinct Scales With Censoring—A Bayesian Approach Applied to Microarray Analysis of Maize

We analyze data collected in a somatic embryogenesis experiment carried out on Zea mays at Iowa State University. The main objective of the study was to identify the set of genes in maize that actively participate in embryo development. Embryo tissue was sampled and analyzed at various time periods and under different mediums and light conditions. As is the case in many microarray experiments, the operator scanned each slide multiple times to find the slide-specific ‘optimal’ laser and sensor settings. The multiple readings of each slide are repeated measurements on different scales with differing censoring; they cannot be considered to be replicate measurements in the traditional sense. Yet it has been shown that the choice of reading can have an impact on genetic inference. We propose a hierarchical modeling approach to estimating gene expression that combines all available readings on each spot and accounts for censoring in the observed values. We assess the statistical properties of the proposed expression estimates using a simulation experiment. As expected, combining all available scans using an approach with good statistical properties results in expression estimates with noticeably lower bias and root mean squared error relative to other approaches that have been proposed in the literature. Inferences drawn from the somatic embryogenesis experiment, which motivated this work changed drastically when data were analyzed using the standard approaches or using the methodology we propose.
Reference Stream Selection for Multiple Depth Stream Encoding

With advances in technology, a dynamic real world scene can be captured, represented, and streamed for realistic interaction in 3D using multiple digital cameras and computers. However, the captured data would be too massive to be streamed uncompressed. Fortunately, these data exhibit spatial and temporal coherence that can be utilized for compression, and research in compression of multiple streams has increased. To facilitate the use of spatial coherence between streams for multiple stream compression, reference streams must be selected. Reference streams are streams that serve as a basis for spatial prediction. Though the selection of reference streams affects encoding efficiency, there has been little research on it. In this paper, we identify the two main approaches for selecting reference streams, and demonstrate that when selecting reference streams, maximizing the volume overlap of reference streams and non-reference streams is more effective than maximizing volume coverage of the reference streams.
Radar observations of wave transformations in the vicinity of islands

Remote sensing by ground-based HF radar and airborne synthetic aperture radar and in situ wave measurements performed on March 25, 1977 during the West Coast Experiment have made it possible to form an overall picture of the 7-sec-period wave climate over a 35,000 sq km region off the southern California coast. The picture which emerges from these measurements shows a broad deep-ocean directional distribution arriving from the west and being significantly modified as it travels coastward passing San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands.
Methane adsorption and dissociation and oxygen adsorption and reaction with CO on Pd nanoparticles on MgO(1 0 0) and on Pd(1 1 1)

Abstract We present measurements of the desorption kinetics and dissociative sticking probability of methane on the surfaces of Pd(1 1 1) and Pd nanoparticles supported on MgO(1 0 0). A molecular beam system was used to directly probe the fraction of methane molecules that dissociate at the Pd surfaces as a function of the molecular beam energy and incident angle. Measurements on the Pd(1 1 1) surface confirm “normal energy scaling” for the methane dissociative sticking probability, consistent with an activation barrier normal to the surface, although there may be additional barriers in other degrees of freedom, but with little corrugation parallel to the surface. Sticking measurements on supported Pd particles (∼3 nm wide) with the methane beam directed normal to the MgO(1 0 0) surface results in a large fraction of the methane/Pd collisions occurring on regions of the particles where the beam direction is far from the local particle surface normal, resulting in lower sticking probability. We attempt to decouple this effect from the measured sticking probabilities in order to compare the intrinsic reactivity of the Pd particles with Pd(1 1 1). We find that the sticking probability on ∼3 nm Pd particle surfaces is at most twice as large as on Pd(1 1 1). This result depends on our assumption that these annealed Pd particles have the known equilibrium particle shape (truncated half octahedron). We also discuss the need for detailed structural knowledge of the particles and careful geometric analysis when probing direct collisional activation barrier crossing using molecular beams. Temperature programmed desorption studies of physisorbed (not dissociated) methane reveal that the Pd particles bind methane more strongly than Pd(1 1 1). Oxygen adsorbs on the Pd nanoparticles via a mobile, molecular O 2 precursor state which is transiently adsorbed on the MgO(1 0 0) surface. An induction period is observed on Pd nanoparticles for the titration of adsorbed O by CO gas to make CO 2 which is not observed on Pd(1 1 1). This is attributed to inhibition by adsorbed O, whose saturation coverage on the Pd particles is 41% greater than on Pd(1 1 1).
Photoproduction of π 0 With Plane Polarized 3-GeV Photons

The cross section for photoproduction of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ mesons was measured at a photon energy of 3 GeV and squared four-momentum transfer ($t$) of -0.1 to -1.2 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ using plane-polarized photons. The asymmetry was found to be consistent with +1.0 for $t$ values above -0.4 and below -1.1. For $\ensuremath{-}0.4l~tl~\ensuremath{-}1.0$ there is a dip in the asymmetry and at $t=\ensuremath{-}0.6$ it drops to 0.55 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.15. This result precludes a simple Regge model with ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{0}$ and $B$; a theoretical description requires Regge cuts or an ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ exchange.
Purification and properties of bacteriophage MS2 and of its ribonucleic acid.

Methods are described for the isolation in pure form of bacteriophage MS2 and of its RNA. The virus has a particle weight of 3·6 × 10^6, and from phosphorus content is estimated to be 32% RNA by weight. The particle weight of the isolated RNA is 1·05 ± 0·1 × 10^6, indicating that there is one molecule of RNA per virus particle. The RNA is shown to have several unusual properties. In 0·2 M-NaCl it has a very small radius of gyration and a large sedimentation coefficient for its molecular weight, indicating a very compact structure. Upon heating the RNA in 0·14 M-NaCl solutions, the ultraviolet absorbancy transition has a midpoint at 76°C, suggesting a high degree of hydrogen bonding. In lower salt concentrations the RNA aggregates; in 0·02 M-NaCl the observed molecular weight is twice that in 0·2 M-NaCl, and in 0·003 M-tris it is 3 times this value.
Dose dependence of cadmium kinetics in the rat liver following intravenous injection.

The objective of these experiments was to investigate the dose dependence of the kinetics of cadmium accumulation and redistribution within the rat liver over the period of 6 hr following iv administration. Male Wistar rats, 450–550 g, were injected with total doses of 20, 200, and 1000 μ g of cadmium as CdCl 2 . Total cadmium accumulated by the liver attained a steady state within 3 hr following injection. The fraction of the cadmium dose accumulated in the liver decreased from 76 ± 6% of the dose at the lowest exposure to 45 ± 7% at the highest exposure. These results indicate partial saturation of the capacity of the liver to accumulate cadmium. Cadmium accumulation in the 106,000 g 60-min centrifugation pellet was a linear function of dose while accumulation in the supernatant fraction was partially saturated at the highest dose. Gel permeation chromatography of supernatant indicated that this effect was due to partial saturation of the binding capacity of high molecular weight (>60,000) cytoplasmic macromolecules (HMWM). Although uptake into HMWM is complete by 2 hr, incorporation of cadmium into low molecular weight (6000–10,000) cadmium-binding proteins, metallothionein, continues linearly throughout the 6 hr. The rate of cadmium incorporation into metallothionein shows saturation kinetics with respect to dose. Cadmium exposure up to 6 hr had no effect on total liver zinc concentration; however, there are alterations in the distribution of zinc among hepatic cytoplasmic macromolecules. These data indicate that the dose dependence of cadmium accumulation by the liver can be accounted for by binding to HMWM while the dose dependence of intracellular redistribution can be explained by the saturation of the incorporation rate of cadmium into metallothionein.
Interpreting inconsistent response patterns: A reaction to William's estimate of “true hypothesis behavior”

Abstract Williams (1974) has proposed a model that attempts to estimate true hypothesis behavior from inconsistent response patterns during sets of blank trials. This model includes an assumption of random responding during such blank-trial sets. Several kinds of data, however, suggest that inconsistent response patterns are produced by systematic processes. These patterns, therefore, may not contribute to a simple estimate of true hypothesis behavior.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and childhood asthma

We investigated the role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in childhood asthma by examining associations of functional variants at codons 29 (A --> T), 241 (G --> A), and 469 (A --> G) in Children's Health Study participants. Among African-Americans, 469G carriers had lower risk for asthma (ever asthma OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9) but increased risk among 29T carriers (early onset active asthma OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.9). Protective associations with the 241A allele were observed among non-Hispanic and Hispanic whites (ever asthma OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.9; early onset active asthma OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.8), and these associations were not confounded by population stratification. To gauge the potential impact of confounding by population stratification, we performed analyses by ethnic group and in an independent family-based sample. Regional associations were stable across analyses. Haplotype associations of the four common haplotypes (29A/241G/469A, AGG, TGA, and AAG) with asthma showed that Hispanics with the AAG haplotype had lower asthma risk compared to carriers of two copies of AGA haplotype (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9). Among non-Hispanic whites, the AAG haplotype was associated with reduced risk for active asthma. For African-Americans, who had a low frequency of the AAG haplotype, carrying one copy of the AGG haplotype was associated with a lower risk of asthma (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8), as compared with two copies of the AGA haplotype. Consistent with information on variant function, the 241A and 469G variants may indicate haplotypes that are associated with reduced risk for asthma.
Dissipative dynamics of orbits homoclinic to a resonance band

Abstract This paper presents an example of geometric singular perturbation theory for a near-integrable dissipative system with two degrees of freedom. In this example, small dissipative perturbations yield orbits homoclinic to an equilibrium in a resonance band. The solution method for this example illustrates a new combination of the Melnikov method and geometric singular perturbation theory.
The effect of brassinosteroid and 2,4-D-L-amino acid conjugates on ethylene production by etiolated mung bean segments

Brassinosteroid (BR) an analogue of brassinolide was tested in combination with thirteen 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-L-amino acid conjugates for its possible synergistic effects on ethylene production by etiolated mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Rwilcz cv. Berken) hypocotyl segments. When BR was used in combination with 2,4-D-L-amino acid conjugates the degree of enhanced ethylene production varied with the conjugate tested. In fact, the activity of the conjugate alone was directly related to its activity with BR.
Validity of school history as a diagnostic criterion for reading disability

In order to assess the validity of school history information as a diagnostic criterion for reading disability, reading performance data from 304 children with a positive history for reading problems were compared to those from 319 children with a negative school history. These children are members of twin pairs who are participants in the Colorado Reading Project (DeFries 1985). A multivariate analysis of variance of Reading Recognition, Reading Comprehension, and Spelling subtest scores from the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (Dunn and Markwardt 1970) yielded a highly significant (p <0.001) difference between groups for both the multivariate and univariate comparisons. The difference between the unweighted mean scores of the school-history positive and negative groups for Reading Recognition was 2.1 standard deviations. Moreover, when discriminant weights estimated from an independent sample of 140 reading-disabled and 140 control nontwin children were used to reclassify the sample of twins, 75% of those with a positive history for reading problems were classified as being reading disabled and 95% of those with a negative history were classified as unaffected. Thus, results of this study establish the validity of school history information and suggest that such information may have considerable utility for ascertaining samples of reading-disabled children.
Darwin’s Other Bulldog: Charles Kingsley and the Popularisation of Evolution in Victorian England

The nineteenth-century Anglican Priest Charles Kingsley (1819–1875) was a significant populariser of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. Kingsley was successful in this regard because he developed such diverse connections throughout his career. In the 1840s he associated with Chartists and radical journalists; in the 1850s and 1860s he moved freely in scientific circles and was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1856 and Fellow of the Geological Society of London in 1863. In 1859 he was appointed Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. In 1860 the Prince Consort was willing and able to secure Kingsley appointment as the Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University and he subsequently became tutor to the Prince of Wales. Thereafter he was frequently invited into high Victorian Society. A friend of ‘Darwin’s Bulldog’ Thomas Huxley, of the eminent geologist Charles Lyell and a correspondent of Darwin, at every turn he sought to promote Darwin’s ideas as theologically orthodox, a life-long campaign in which he was eminently successful.
Cellular Interactions in the Development of Annelid Neuromuscular Systems

The ontogeny of muscles, motor neurons, and the central circuitry involved in producing patterned motor outputs is often thought of as a series of relatively independent and stereotyped events. Although mature neuromuscular systems are indeed often highly stereotyped, there is mounting evidence that the developmental mechanisms that give rise to such stereotypy may often be interactive. The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis , has stereotyped neurons and muscles, yet at least some of the neuromuscular components seem to depend upon a particular sequence of cell-cell interactions to differentiate, express identifiable phenotypes, or select synaptic partners. Three examples are summarized to illustrate these possibilities. First, a pattern-forming cell (the C-cell) develops at an early stage and projects parallel processes that are used as a scaffold upon which myocytes assemble. In the absence of the C-cell, oblique muscle fascicles never become organized. Second, at least one way to match neuronal phenotype to that appropriate for a segment-specific target is for homologous neurons to receive a signal from that target locally to partially respecify further differentiation of that neuron. Third, how do identified motor neurons select appropriate target muscles and how do interneuronal circuits become matched to particular muscles when an interposed motor neuron disallowsdirect interactions? A well-defined pattern-generating system driving the muscular heart tubes in this leech is beginning to provide insights into these issues.
MAPP: a Mathematics Placement Program

MAPP (A Mathematics Placement Program) is used to place entering freshmen in mathematics courses which are commensurate with their backgrounds and abilities. It consists of two COBOL programs. The first descrambles information from an optical scanner tape, while the second uses built-in variables to set up a counter, to grade a mathematics placement examination, to check biographical data, and to select an appropriate course. The course in which each student is recommended to enroll is based upon ten different (weighted) factors. Having been used for three years, the program is considered to be a viable alternative to the traditional mathematics placement process.
Biological Weapons, Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence: The Biotechnology Revolution

The strategic use of biological weapons has presented some difficulties. Biological weapons use has been always uncertain, invisible, and delayed due to factors such as the incubation period. With the intervention of biotechnology techniques, the possible applications of biological weapons may increase and gain new strategic value. That may enhance the deterrence capability of these weapons against countries with nuclear weapons. To better understand these changes, we must look first at how biotechnology can eliminate some of the disadvantages of the strategic biological weapons use and therefore may enhance the use of biological weapons for deterrence.
Endometrial hyperplasia/adenocarcinoma. A conventional approach

Hyperplasia of the endometrium is a process characterized by an irregular, noninvasive proliferation of glands with a variable amount of stroma. Precise classification of endometrial hyperplasia in biopsy material is important in order to identify those hyperplasias that are likely to be precursors of endometrial adenocarcinoma. The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification provides a scheme that has become widely accepted, primarily dividing hyperplasias in to those with and those without cytologic atypia while the degree of glandular crowding (simple vs. complex) has secondary importance. A wide variety of other endometrial changes, ranging from artifacts, metaplasias and polyps to well-differentiated adenocarcinoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis. Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma is diagnosed when one of 3 essential criteria is found in biopsy specimens: (1) a confluent gland pattern; (2) an extensive papillary pattern; or (3) a desmoplastic stromal response. Using the WHO classification allows segregation of endometrial hyperplasia into clinically meaningful categories. Strict morphologic criteria also enable separation of hyperplasia from well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.
Potentiometric titration and equivalent weight of humic acid

Abstract The “acid nature” of humic acid has been controversial for many years. Some investigators claim that humic acid is a true weak acid, while others feel that its behaviour during potentiometric titration can be accounted for by colloidal adsorption of hydrogen ions. The acid character of humic acid has been reinvestigated using newly-derived relationships for the titration of weak acids with strong base. Re-interpreting the potentiometric titration data published by Thiele and Kettner in 1953, it was found that Merck humic acid behaves as a weak polyelectrolytic acid having an equivalent weight of 150, a pKa of 6.8 to 7.0, and a titration exponent of about 4.8. Interdretation of similar data pertaining to the titration of phenol-formaldehyde and pyrogallol-formaldehyde resins, considered to be analogs for humic acid by Thiele and Kettner , leads to the conclusion that it is not possible to differentiate between adsorption and acid-base reaction for these substances.
Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions.

Within American psychology, there has been a recent surge of interest in self-compassion, a construct from Buddhist thought. Self-compassion entails: (a) being kind and understanding toward oneself in times of pain or failure, (b) perceiving one’s own suffering as part of a larger human experience, and (c) holding painful feelings and thoughts in mindful awareness. In this article we review findings from personality, social, and clinical psychology related to self-compassion. First, we define self-compassion and distinguish it from other self-constructs such as self-esteem, self-pity, and self-criticism. Next, we review empirical work on the correlates of self-compassion, demonstrating that self-compassion has consistently been found to be related to well-being. These findings support the call for interventions that can raise self-compassion. We then review the theory and empirical support behind current interventions that could enhance self-compassion including compassionate mind training (CMT), imagery work, the gestalt two-chair technique, mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Directions for future research are also discussed.
Duration discrimination between weak test lights.

Abstract Maloney and Wandell [Vision Res. 24, 633–640 (1984)] describe a model of the response of a single visual channel to weak test signals. In the model an initial continuous visual response is randomly sampled, and each sample gives rise—with a probability that increases with the magnitude of the sample—to a discrete detection event. The authors derive a parameter-free prediction for the upper bound on the discriminability of two lights of different durations. In this paper we describe an experimental test of that prediction. We find that the model accurately distinguishes between discrimination performance under conditions where both test lights are detected by a single channel and conditions where the test lights are detected by different channels.
Energy conditions and spacetime singularities

In this paper, a number of theorems are proven which collectively show that singularities will occur in spacetime under weaker energy conditions than the strong energy condition. In particular, the Penrose theorem, which uses only the weak energy condition but which applies only to open universes, is extended to all closed universes which have a Cauchy surface whose universal covering manifold is not a three-sphere. Furthermore, it is shown that the strong energy condition in the Hawking-Penrose theorem can be replaced by the weak energy condition and the assumption that the strong energy condition holds only on the average. In addition, it is demonstrated that if the Universe is closed, then the existence of singularities follows from the averaged strong energy condition alone. It is argued that any globally hyperbolic spacetime which satisfies the weak energy condition and which contains a black hole must be null geodesically incomplete.
Improving HPC application performance in cloud through dynamic load balancing

Driven by the benefits of elasticity and pay-as-you-go model, cloud computing is emerging as an attractive alternative and addition to in-house clusters and supercomputers for some High Performance Computing (HPC) applications. However, poor interconnect performance, heterogeneous and dynamic environment, and interference by other virtual machines (VMs) are some bottlenecks for efficient HPC in cloud. For tightly-coupled iterative applications, one slow processor slows down the entire application, resulting in poor CPU utilization. In this paper, we present a dynamic load balancer for tightly-coupled iterative HPC applications in cloud. It infers the static hardware heterogeneity in virtualized environments, and also adapts to the dynamic heterogeneity caused by the interference arising due to multi-tenancy. Through continuous live monitoring, instrumentation, and periodic refinement of task distribution to VMs, our load balancer adapts to the dynamic variations in cloud resources. Through experimental evaluation on a private cloud with 64 VMs using benchmarks and a real science application, we demonstrate performance benefits up to 45%. Finally, we analyze the effect of load balancing frequency, problem size, and computational granularity (problem decomposition) on the performance and scalability of our techniques.
Immune deposits and mesangial hypercellularity in minimal change nephrotic syndrome: clinical relevance.

Occasional patients with nephrotic syndrome and minimal histologic change demonstrate glomerular deposition of small amounts of immunoglobulin and complement. Some consider this a disease distinct from MCNS. To investigate the clinical importance of immune deposits and mesangial hypercelluarity in the initial biopsy, the clinical records, follow-up data, and renal biopsies of 68 patients (ages 6 months to 16 years) with MCNS by light microscopy were reviewed. Among 68 patients followed a mean of 6.2 years, eight of 25 patients with immune deposits present on initial renal biopsy were steroid nonresponsive. Only one of 43 patients without immune deposits was steroid nonresponsive ( P =0.0005). Of 44 patients with normal mesangial cellularity, 31 experienced fewer than three relapses a year, whereas of 15 patients with mesangial hypercellularity, only six experienced fewer than three relapses a year ( P =0.035). The data suggest that immune deposits and increased mesangial cellularity in children with NS and minimal light microscopic change may predict the clinical course.
A supplement to the paper on exponential representations of analytic functions in the upper half-plane with positive imaginary part

In a paper which appeared a few years ago the authors investigated the exponential representation of functions analytic in the upper half-plane with positive imaginary part there [1]. We refer to that paper in the sequel as A-D. One of the principal results of A-D, there called Theorem A, can be extended to a considerably more general result, the proof of which is perhaps simpler than that given in A-D. We give the extended version of Theorem A here. We will use the notations and results of A-D without further explanations. Before we present the extension and its proof we would like to add some information that by oversight was omitted from the list of fundamental properties of the functions in the class P given in Section 1 of A-D. In such a comprehensive review one should mention that the classical theorem on representation of a positive harmonic function in a circle by a Poisson-Stieltjes integral is due to G. Herglotz [2]. The following results of L. H. Loomis [3] were not given: XVII. For all ~ for which /t[~] = O, the limits lira Im[~b(~ + iq)] ~l~ O and lira hOg(A) exist and are f ini te simultaneously and are equal. Their ~ 0 common value is the symmetric derivative of #(A) at 2 = ~ multiplied by ~r. XVIII. I f for two values of 0 in the interval 0 < 0 < ~,
A Method of Estimating Space-Time Spectra from Polar-Orbiting Satellite Data

Abstract Space-time spectral formulas are modified to estimate wavenumber-frequency spectra correctly from space-time series data sampled at the same local time but at different hours of a day by a polar-orbiting satellite. It is shown that a significant error occurs in the wavenumber-frequency spectra of the space-time series for wave periods less than 10 days. This error can be eliminated without time interpolation by taking a space-Fourier transform with respect to the frequency-shifted wavenumbers measured at the same local time.