cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magmatic and hydrothermal inclusions in carbonatite of the Magnet Cove Complex, Arkansas

The carbonatite at Magnet Cove, Arkansas, USA contains a great variety and abundance of magmatic and hydrothermal inclusions that provide an informative, though fragmentary, record of the original carbonatite melt and of late hydrothermal solutions which permeated the complex in postmagmatic time. These inclusions were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy.
Should endovascular repair be used for small abdominal aortic aneurysms

The outcomes of endovascular repair for small abdominal aortic aneurysm (4.0-4.9 cm) is reported. All patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair between 2000 and 2006 with maximal diameter 4.0 to 4.9 cm form the small aneurysm study cohort. Data were analyzed retrospectively and life-table methods were used. Of 743 endovascular repairs, 132 (17.8%) were performed for small abdominal aortic aneurysm. Perioperative complication rate was 9.1%. Freedom from aneurysm expansion was 96% at 1 year, 86% at 3 years, and 77% at 5 years. Overall survival was 98%, 93%, and 84% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Perioperative 30-day mortality was 0.8% with an aneurysm-related mortality of 1.5% at 5 years. There were no deaths from delayed aneurysm rupture. Endovascular repair of small abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with low perioperative morbidity and mortality compared with published results for open repair, and treatment threshold can be reduced to 4 cm in selected patients.
Explaining Suicide Among Blacks and Whites: How Socio-Economic Factors and Gun Availability Affect Race-Specific Suicide Rates

What are the correlates of suicide among blacks and whites? One body of literature suggests that structural factors such as poverty, inequality, joblessness, and family disruption are the key contributors, while another literature considers the availability of firearms to be the central factor. No studies have thoroughly explored both possibilities together and thus we know little about the relative contributions of motivation to commit suicide due to structural conditions and opportunity to commit suicide due to firearm availability. The current study addresses this issue. Methods. Using suicide data from Mortality Multiple Cause of Death Records and 2000 Census data, we examine the roles of motivation and opportunity in shaping suicide rates among young white and young black males in U.S. cities. Results. We find racial differences in the predictors of suicide; although concentrated disadvantage directly affects suicide among young white males, it only raises levels for young black males by increasing access to firearms. This finding is confirmed in additional analyses, which examine the effects of concentrated disadvantage on black and white gun and nongun suicides separately. Conclusion. The findings suggest complex relationships among the structural characteristics of cities, gun availability, and suicide. They also begin to address unresolved issues in the literature including why blacks have demonstrated comparatively lower rates of suicide despite higher levels of disadvantage as well as what may have fueled the increase in young black male suicide over the last 30 years. Finally, the findings have important implications for the study of race and suicide prevention.
The “source-simplification” aspect of signaling

In decentralized control, a control agent often has the possibility of ‘signaling,’ i.e. the ability to affect the observations of other agents, enabling the agents to ‘talk.’ Signaling has been noted to make many decentralized control problems, in particular the celebrated Witsenhausen counterexample, hard. In this paper, in order to refine the understanding of signaling, we identify two separate notions of signaling that relate to Witsenhausen's counterexample: source-simplification and the presence of an implicit communication channel. We isolate the two aspects aspect of signaling by constructing two variations on the counterexample. Studying these variations, we conclude that the source-simplification aspect plays the more significant role in the counterexample. As a demonstration of the utility of this refinement, we formulate and address finite-time-horizon versions of the counterexample and of our second variation on the counterexample. For these problems, we use the understanding developed for Witsenhausen's counterexample to obtain asymptotically-approximately- optimal strategies in some cases. Finally, we suggest a thermodynamic analogy to signaling in the counterexample paralleling a similar analogy for Kalman filtering proposed by Mitter and Newton.
An Analysis of Problems with Auditory Alarms: Defining the Roles of Alarms in Process Monitoring Tasks

It has become a standard practice to use auditory alarm devices to enhance human monitoring performance in monitoring tasks. However, the effectiveness of such practice has been-challenged from time to time, which leads to the fundamental question of what roles alarms should and could assume. This paper reviews reported observations of interactions between human operators and alarm mechanisms in patient care, aviation, and process control. Based on the reviews, we propose that the roles of alarms in process monitoring tasks should be viewed more as a way of informing process status and less as a way of interpreting the significance of process status. The roles can best be understood in the skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based performance framework. Implications to alarm and auditory designs are discussed. Specifically, design of alarm devices should be guided by the principle of information provision regardless of whether an alarm may be true or false indication of “alarming” events.
Trainers' use of games: some preliminary explorations

The aim of this study was to initiate exploratory research into what trainers say are their purposes for using training games. Although a number of studies has examined the use of training games, little attention has thus far been given to individual trainer differences with respect to the use of these games. From a pedagogical or group process perspective, barely anything is known about what trainers hope to accomplish by using instructional games. The same can be said for the ways individual trainer characteristics and demographics influence trainers' use of games.
Gender Differences In The Investment Decision-Making Process

Researchers and financial practitioners have suggested that women choose to invest their financial resources more conservatively and are generally more risk averse than men (Bajtelsmit & VanDerhei, 1997; Bajtelsmit, Bernasek, & Jianakoplos, 1996; Hinz, McCarthy, & Turner, 1997; Yuh & Hanna, 1997). As a conservative long-term investment strategy can result in a lower accumulation of investment assets (Siegel, 1994), there may be serious implications for women who adopt such a strategy when planning for long-term financial goals. Planning for a comfortable retirement is a good example of a long-term financial goal. The simple fact that women can expect to spend as many as five more years than men in retirement implies that retirement goals cannot be attained in the same manner for women as for men (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1996, Table 120). The retirement planning problem is compounded by the fact that women, on average, have significantly lower earnings than men while needing to accumulate higher overall levels of
Optimization of the Insulation Level of Energy Efficient Houses in Montreal

This paper presents a thermal and economical analysis of the optimum insulation level of the energy-efficient houses in Montreal. The analysis was performed by com puter simulation and took into consideration factors such as: size, orientation, window-to-wall ratio, infiltration and ventilation rates, initial cost of insulation, ac tual price of fuel or escalation cost of energy. The main conclusion is that lower ther mal insulation levels than those usually recommended, are economically justified for energy-efficient houses in Montreal. Moreover, as the optimum insulation level de pends on the material cost, the design recommendations should mention the type of insulation.
On k-optimal distributed constraint optimization algorithms: new bounds and algorithms

Distributed constraint optimization (DCOP) is a promising approach to coordination, scheduling and task allocation in multi agent networks. In large-scale or low-bandwidth networks, finding the global optimum is often impractical. K-optimality is a promising new approach: for the first time it provides us a set of locally optimal algorithms with quality guarantees as a fraction of global optimum. Unfortunately, previous work in k-optimality did not address domains where we may have prior knowledge of reward structure; and it failed to provide quality guarantees or algorithms for domains with hard constraints (such as agents' local resource constraints). This paper addresses these shortcomings with three key contributions. It provides: (i) improved lower-bounds on k-optima quality incorporating available prior knowledge of reward structure; (ii) lower bounds on k-optima quality for problems with hard constraints; and (iii) k-optimal algorithms for solving DCOPs with hard constraints and detailed experimental results on large-scale networks.
Documenting dermatology practice: ratio of cutaneous tumors biopsied that are malignant.

Background. Skin biopsy is an important part of dermatology practice. Little is known regarding dermatologist biopsying practices. Objective. The objective was to assess the ratio of malignant lesions biopsied in practice and factors that influence this ratio. Methods. Using a dermatopathology database, we analyzed tumors biopsied by dermatologists to determine the ratio of malignant to all tumors (malignancy ratio). Additional analyses were performed for factors influencing this ratio. Results. Over 6 months, 11,072 tumors were submitted. Overall, the malignancy ratio was 41.7%, 3.8% for pigmented lesions. Practice type, location, or use of dermatoscopy did not influence this ratio; provider age was positively correlated with a higher malignancy ratio (r=0.51; p=0.02) and was a predictor of malignancy ratio (b=0.02; p=0.04). Conclusion. Approximately 40% of biopsied tumors were malignant. Dermatologists exhibit a wide range in their individual practice patterns. Increasing provider age predicted higher malignancy ratios with a 2% increase for each incremental year.
Partitioning algorithms for 1-D and 2-D discrete phase-retrieval problems with disconnected support

The discrete phase-retrieval problem with disconnected support is to reconstruct a discrete-time signal whose support is the union of disjoint intervals from the magnitude of its discrete Fourier transform. We use the Good-Thomas (1958) FFT mapping to transform the one-dimensional (1-D) version of this problem into a two-dimensional (2-D) discrete phase-retrieval problem. We then solve the latter problem by partitioning it into a set of 1-D phase-retrieval problems. The discrete and modulated Radon transforms are used to formulate two coupled 1-D problems, the solution to which specifies solutions to the other 1-D problems. This effectively partitions the original disconnected support 1-D problem into smaller 1-D problems, which may be solved in parallel. Small amounts of noise in the data can be rejected by using more than two coupled 1-D problems, The 2-D phase-retrieval problem with disconnected support is also considered. Numerical examples are provided, including comparison with the hybrid I/O algorithm.
Sequence of the spacer in the recombination signal sequence affects V(D)J rearrangement frequency and correlates with nonrandom Vkappa usage in vivo.

Functional variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments contribute unequally to the primary repertoire. One factor contributing to this nonrandom usage is the relative frequency with which the different gene segments rearrange. Variation from the consensus sequence in the heptamer and nonamer of the recombination signal sequence (RSS) is therefore considered a major factor affecting the relative representation of gene segments in the primary repertoire. In this study, we show that the sequence of the spacer is also a determinant factor contributing to the frequency of rearrangement. Moreover, the effect of the spacer on recombination rates of various human Vκ gene segments in vitro correlates with their frequency of rearrangement in vivo in pre-B cells and with their representation in the peripheral repertoire.
A response to a letter to the Editor: “A note on (+)-catechin” by Dr Christophe Wiart

Weare flattered that our article attracted the attention of such a prominent authority in the field of Asian ethnopharmacology, chemotaxonomy, and ethnobotany. You expressed your concerned that, after the treatment, “(+)-catechin incorporated in drinking water of streptozotocindiabetic Wistar rats at a dose of 35 mg/d for 12 weeks increases glycemia from 413 to 420 mg/dL”[1]. I want to direct your attention to the fact that the difference between 410±17 mg/dL (SEM) at week 3 and 420±19 mg/dL (SEM) at the end of experiment was neither statistically nor clinically significant. Please notice that animals treated with enalapril alone (10 mg/kg) had a glucose level of 468±7 mg/dL (SEM) at 3 weeks of treatment. It is an established fact that angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors cause no change in glucose metabolism either in diabetic or nondiabetic subjects or in patients with chronic renal failure treated with angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors [2]. On theother hand, (+)-catechin impacts glucosemetabolism and, as it has been recently shown, might ameliorate renal dysfunction in diabetic mice by inhibiting advanced glycation end-products formation and by cutting off inflammatory pathways via glycolytic metabolite methylglyoxal trapping [3]. You also stated that this flavonoid [(+)-catechin] in a pure form is obviously, at that regimen, toxic and hazardous for diabetics. We are confused at what regimen you are talking about. If you are talking about 35 mg/d, we want to point out that prune juice has 25 mg/100 mL of (+)-catechin [4]. If you are talking about a possible dose per kilogram of body mass, we are sure you are well aware that rats differ markedly from humans in many respects, making rat doses difficult to extrapolate to humans [5].
The role of radionuclides in the evaluation of pancreatic blood flow, size, and exocrine function.

Radionuclide studies of the endocrine functions of the pancreas have progressed well. These procedures have employed extensively radioimmuno-assay techniques and 14 C-glucose. Unfortunately, investigations of the exocrine function of this organ have not yielded such dramatic results in nuclear medicine. There are available a variety of experimental approaches that may ultimately achieve clinical value. 14 C starch, 75 Se selenomethionine, and 14 C labeled fatty acids may be used to evaluate the enzymatic functions of the pancreas directly or indirectly. These newer labels appear to avoid many of the disadvantages associated with the early studies that employed 131 I-triolein and other relatively unstable radionuclide labels. Although this field is still in its infancy, there is reason to expect further developments. The pancreatic scan can also be regarded as a relatively unrefined test of pancreatic function.
A graphical method for analyzing distance restraints using residual dipolar couplings for structure determination of symmetric protein homo‐oligomers

High-resolution structure determination of homo-oligomeric protein complexes remains a daunting task for NMR spectroscopists. Although isotope-filtered experiments allow separation of intermolecular NOEs from intramolecular NOEs and determination of the structure of each subunit within the oligomeric state, degenerate chemical shifts of equivalent nuclei from different subunits make it difficult to assign intermolecular NOEs to nuclei from specific pairs of subunits with certainty, hindering structural analysis of the oligomeric state. Here, we introduce a graphical method, DISCO, for the analysis of intermolecular distance restraints and structure determination of symmetric homo-oligomers using residual dipolar couplings. Based on knowledge that the symmetry axis of an oligomeric complex must be parallel to an eigenvector of the alignment tensor of residual dipolar couplings, we can represent distance restraints as annuli in a plane encoding the parameters of the symmetry axis. Oligomeric protein structures with the best restraint satisfaction correspond to regions of this plane with the greatest number of overlapping annuli. This graphical analysis yields a technique to characterize the complete set of oligomeric structures satisfying the distance restraints and to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each distance restraint. We demonstrate our method for the trimeric E. coli diacylglycerol kinase, addressing the challenges in obtaining subunit assignments for distance restraints. We also demonstrate our method on a dimeric mutant of the immunoglobulin-binding domain B1 of streptococcal protein G to show the resilience of our method to ambiguous atom assignments. In both studies, DISCO computed oligomer structures with high accuracy despite using ambiguously assigned distance restraints.
Buffer sharing in CSP-like programs

Most compilers focus on optimizing performance, often at the expense of memory, but efficient memory use can be just as important in constrained environments such as embedded systems.In this paper, we present a memory reduction technique for the deterministic concurrent programming language SHIM. We focus on reducing memory consumption by sharing buffers among tasks, which use them to communicate using CSP-style rendezvous. We determine pairs of buffers that can never be in use simultaneously and use a shared region of memory for each pair.Our technique produces a static abstraction of a SHIM program's dynamic behavior, which we then analyze to find buffers that can share memory. Experimentally, we find our technique runs quickly on modest-sized programs and can sometimes reduce memory requirements by half.
Convergent-Beam Diffraction in the Characterization of Crystalline Phases

Convergent-beam diffraction in the transmission electron microscope is a powerful technique for the characterization of crystalline materials. Examples are presented to show the way in which convergent-beam zone-axis patterns can be used to determine: the unit cell; the symmetry; the strain of a crystal. The patterns are also recognizable and so can be used, like fingerprints, to identify phases.
Local Optical Probes of Microwave Dielectric Dispersion in Ferroelectric Thin Films

The soft-mode contribution to the dielectric response of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 ferroelectric thin films is measured locally at microwave frequencies using time-resolved confocal scanning optical microscopy. Optical measurements performed on an ensemble of nanometer-scale regions show a well-defined phase shift between the paraelectric and ferroelectric response at 2-4 GHz. Application of a static electric field produces large local variations in the phase of the ferroelectric response. These variations are attributed to the growth of a-axis ferroelectric nanodomains whose size-dependent relaxation frequencies lead to strong dielectric dispersion at mesoscopic scales. The in-plane paraelectric response is believed to arise from the surrounding c-axis matrix and non-polar regions, and shows negligible dispersion. These results provide a direct view of the soft-mode mechanisms of microwave dielectric loss in ferroelectric thin films.
Chapter 8 Eight-membered and larger rings

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses eight-membered and larger rings. The chapter reviews meso- and macrocycles possessing heteroatoms and/or subheterocyclic rings, including carbon–oxygen rings, carbon–nitrogen rings, carbon–sulfur rings, carbon–oxygen/carbon–nitrogen rings, carbon–nitrogen–oxygen rings, carbon–nitrogen–sulfur rings, carbon–phosphorus–oxygen rings, carbon–phosphorus–sulfur rings, carbon–sulfur–oxygen rings, carbon–nitrogen–sulfur–oxygen rings, carbon–silicon/selenium/tellurium rings, carbon–metal rings, carbon–nitrogen–metal rings, carbon–oxygen–nitrogen–metal rings, carbon–silicon/germanium–nitrogen–metal rings, and carbon–phosphorus–oxygen–metal rings. The reversible acid-catalyzed transacetalation of a cyclophane has been shown to undergo a ring-fusionlring-fission process to generate a mixture of polymer cyclicformaldehyde acetals by means of oxonium ion intermediates. A methanofullerene derivative possessing an ammonium subunit has been prepared and subsequently shown to form a supramolecular complex with a porphyrin-crown ether conjugate. The synthesis and study of these fullerene-containing supramolecular photoactive devices have also been reported. Some interesting non-medical applications have been found for pyrimidines.
Topological realizations of chain complexes 1. the general theory

Abstract This paper studies the following question: Given a group π, and a projective Z π-chain complex C, does there exist a topological space with a fundamental group π and with the property that the chain-complex of its universal cover is chain-homotopy equivalent to C? This is generalization of the Steenrod Problem. In the Steenrod Problem (proposed by Steenrod in 1960) the chain complex was a projective resolution of a Z π-module. The present paper develops an obstruction theory for the existence of topological realizations of a chain-complex, algebraically classifies these realizations (if the obstructions vanish), and proves that rational chain-complexes are always stably realizable.
Politics and Society Political Diversity and Uniformity in Households as a Theoretical Puzzle

The authors resolve a theoretical puzzle that characterizes the political preferences of members of social groups by (a) demonstrating that political homogeneity is a variable to be explained, (b) ...
The Life of the Law: Judicial Politics and Legal Change

To what extent is legal change influenced by judicial politics? This question, as initially posed by legal realists, provided the stimulus for much of the early study of the judicial process Although judicial scholars have since explored the impact of judicial policy views, the litigation environment, and the political environment, no systematic analysis of the impact of these factors on legal change has been undertaken. I develop a measure of legal change and use it to test the impact of judicial politics by examining search and seizure cases decided by the Supreme Court between 1962 and 1989 Using a multinomial logit model, I find that several aspects of the judicial process, particularly the Court's political composition, legal constraints, litigant resources, attorney experience, amicus support, and presidential preferences, affect the direction of legal change.
Plasma cells in human gingiva: an electron microscope study.

The fine structure of plasma cells in clinically healthy human gingiva has been investigated. The cytoplasm was occupied by a profuse rough endoplasmic reticulum, consisting of parallel and circular arrays of cisternae, which contained a moderately dense, flocculant material. Attached to the cisternal membranes were ribosomal configurations in spirals or coils. Round and elongated mitochondria were distributed in a perinuclear fashion and possessed cristae with sharp angulations along their membranes. A well developed Golgi complex was situated in the cytocentrum adjacent to the nucleus and consisted of three major elements: smoothmembraned saccules with characteristic terminal expansions, vacuoles, and dispersed vesicles. These elements frequently contained material of considerable electron-opacity. Transitional elements (see text) were observed on the endoplasmic reticulum immediately adjacent to the Golgi complex, and evaginations or “blebs” occurred at variable points along their membranes. Cytoplasmic dense bodies in various stages of development were intimately associated with the Golgi. Small forms were membrane-bound and contained a fine, dense, granular material. Large bodies were also limited by a unit membrane and demonstrated a crystalline internal structure with a major and minor periodicity of about 100 A. Russell bodies, as described by previous investigators, were not encountered. It is suggested that the dense bodies are formed by the Golgi complex, and may represent lysosomes or non-hydrolytic enzyme storage units.
Measles Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Children Aged 5–10 Years After Primary Measles Immunization Administered at 6 or 9 Months of Age

Background. Given the high infant measles mortality rate, there is interest in whether a measles immunization regimen beginning at <12 months of age provides lasting immunity. Methods. Measles-specific immune responses were evaluated in 70 children aged 5–10 years after primary measles vaccine administered at 6, 9, or 12 months. Results. At 5–10 years of age, the stimulation index for measles T-cell proliferation was 11.4 (SE, 1.3), 10.9 (SE, 1.5), and 14.4 (SE 2.1) when the first measles dose was given at 6, 9, or 12 months, respectively. Neutralizing antibody concentration (geometric mean titer [GMT]) in those immunized at 6 months of age was 125 mIU/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 42–377) in the presence of passive antibodies (PAs) and 335 mIU/mL (95% CI, 211–531) in those without PAs; in those immunized at 9 months, GMTs were 186 mIU/mL (95% CI, 103–335) and 1080 mIU/mL (95% CI, 642–1827) in the presence and absence of PAs, respectively. The GMT was 707 mIU/mL (95% CI, 456–1095) when vaccine was administered at 12 months (P ≤ .04). Conclusions. Measles-specific T-cell responses were sustained at 5–10 years of age regardless of age at time of primary measles immunization. Neutralizing antibody concentrations were lower in cohorts given the first vaccine dose at 6 months of age and in the presence of PAs; however, responses could be boosted by subsequent doses. Starting measles vaccination at <12 months of age may be beneficial during measles outbreaks or in endemic areas.
The Effects of Warnings, Computer-Based Media, and Probing Activity on Successful Lie Detection

This study on computer-mediated deception features an experiment involving an interactive interview of deceitful applicants for a fictitious scholarship, using one of three different computer-based communication media. Results showed that people were successful at deceiving others no matter what medium was used, but interviewers who used interactive, as opposed to non-interactive, media probed interviewees more during the interviews. Probing led to better lie detection. Also, interviewers who had received simple warnings about the possible presence of deception were better at detecting deception than were interviewers who had received no warnings. However, warnings alone were not sufficient to increase interviewers' probing.
Sindbis Virus Expression Systems for the Manipulation of Insect Vectors

In this chapter we will introduce and describe the use of RNA virus expression systems based on the Alphavirus, Sindbis (SIN; Togaviridae). We will describe the unique biological properties of the mosquito-borne SIN virus that have been exploited to efficiently transduce mosquito cells and mosquitoes and obtain stable, cytoplasmic expression of a number of heterologous genes in the arthropod. Additionally, we will discuss the use of SIN virus expression systems as powerful tools for studying basic virus-vector interactions and identifying molecular strategies for interfering with the transmission of vector-borne diseases (VBD), such as dengue fever and LaCrosse encephalitis.
Selection of Remotely Sensed Data

An increasing number of sensors are available for forest ecologists and managers seeking to map attributes of forest canopy cover, forest structure and composition, and their dynamics. This Chapter seeks to put these advances within the context of the needs of forest managers and scientists. To do so, we review the basic physics behind a variety of imagery types, discuss fundamental limitations and trade-offs that apply to all remotely sensed data, review sensor options for several established and emerging technologies, and present our approach for matching imagery and attributes of interest.
Realizing an Interoperable and Secure Smart Grid on a National Scale

The structure of the electrical system has not changed much since it was first developed: it is characterized by the one-way flow of electricity from centralized power generation plants to users. The smart grid will enable the dynamic, two-way flow of electricity and information needed to support growing use of distributed green generation sources (such as wind and solar), widespread use of electric vehicles, and ubiquitous intelligent appliances and buildings that can dynamically adjust power consumption in response to real-time electricity pricing. The realization of the smart grid is a huge undertaking requiring an unprecedented level of cooperation and coordination across the private and public sectors. A robust, interoperable framework of technical standards is critical to making it happen.
Greek Mathematics and Greek Logic

By ‘logic’ I mean ‘the analysis of argument or proof in terms of form’. The two main examples of Greek logic are, then, Aristotle’s syllogistic developed in the first twenty-two chapters of the Prior Analytics and Stoic propositional logic as reconstructed in the twentieth century. The topic I shall consider in this paper is the relation between Greek logic in this sense and Greek mathematics. I have resolved the topic into two questions: (1) To what extent do the principles of Greek logic derive from the forms of proof characteristic of Greek mathematics? and (2) To what extent do the Greek mathematicians show an awareness of Greek logic?
The Story of Mary Sue and Junior Davis

Davis v. Davis appears in many property books as well as some casebooks about family law. It features property rights in unique goods, and stimulates discussion about whether embryos should be the subject of court decisions, much less market transactions. Davis touches on ideas of commensurability, self, and dignity. The story of Junior and Mary Sue Davis can also be seen as a cautionary tale about a family destroyed by lost pregnancies and the havoc this causes in a marriage. Once the centripetal forces reach gale strength, Davis turns into a power struggle at an elemental level, one in which middle class former spouses are willing to pay huge sums to litigate, and publicly vent their plight and their disaffection. What is most intimate and private becomes the subject of mainstream television programming, editorial commentary and continued fame, even 15 years later. This piece will address the question about why having a genetic child first became so important that Junior and Mary Sue would spend more than their combined yearly salaries on IVF and the even more experimental cryopreservation technique. It will discuss why bearing a child might ultimately have become less meaningful than possessing the right to disposal of the frozen embryos, and thus why first Junior and then Mary Sue changed their minds.
Changes in enjoyment, self-efficacy, and motivation during a randomized trial to promote habitual physical activity adoption in bariatric surgery patients.

Abstract Background The Bari-Active trial found that a physical activity (PA) intervention (PAI), versus standard presurgical care control (SC), produced significant increases in daily bout-related moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA, in≥10-min bouts) preoperatively. The present study examined whether PAI also produces superior improvements in psychological and/or motivational processes that may be important for PA adoption. Objectives Compare PAI and SC on baseline to postintervention changes in PA-related enjoyment, self-efficacy, and motivations, and examine whether greater bout-related MVPA changes are associated with greater improvements in these variables. Setting University hospital, United States. Methods Participants (87% female; body mass index=45.0±6.5 kg/m 2 ) were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of PAI (n = 40) or SC (n = 35). PAI received weekly counseling sessions to increase daily walking exercise. At baseline and postintervention, both groups completed 7-day objective PA monitoring and questionnaires to evaluate changes in bout-related MVPA and PA enjoyment, self-efficacy, and motivation. Results Retention was 84% at postintervention. Intent-to-treat analyses showed that PAI on average reported more favorable changes than SC in PA enjoyment, self-efficacy, amotivation (i.e., lack of PA motivation), and identified and intrinsic regulations (i.e., more autonomous PA motivations; P Conclusion PAI produced greater improvements in PA-related enjoyment, self-efficacy, and motivations than SC. The lack of association between objectively measured PA changes and psychological/motivational processes highlights the need for future research to identify which processes are most important for PA adoption and maintenance in bariatric surgery patients, and to determine whether the method used to measure PA affects the pattern of association.
The Fragility of Twitter Social Networks Against Suspended Users

Social media is rapidly becoming one of the mediums of choice for understanding the cultural pulse of a region; e.g., for identifying what the population is concerned with and what kind of help is needed in a crisis. To assess this cultural pulse it is critical to have an accurate assessment of who is saying what in social media. However, social media is also the home of malicious users engaged in disruptive, disingenuous, and potentially illegal activity. A range of users, both human and non-human, carry out such social cyber-attacks. We ask, to what extent does the presence or absence of such users influence our ability to assess the cultural pulse of a region? We conduct a series of experiments to analyze the fragility of social network assessments based on Twitter data by comparing changes in both the structural and content results when suspended users are left in and taken out. Because a Twitter account can be suspended for various reasons including spamming or spreading ideas that can lead to extremism or terrorism, we separately assess the impacts of removing apparent spam bots and apparent extremists. Experimental results demonstrate that Twitter-based network structures and content are unstable, and can be highly impacted by the removal of suspended users. Further, the results exhibit regional and temporal variation that may be related to the political situation or civil unrest. We also provides guidance on the differential impact of different types of potentially suspend-able users.
Shape Memory Assisted Self-Healing Coating

In this communication, we report the preparation and characterization of new shape memory assisted self-healing (SMASH) coatings. The coatings feature a phase-separated morphology with electrospun thermoplastic poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers randomly distributed in a shape memory epoxy matrix. Mechanical damage to the coating can be self-healed via heating, which simultaneously triggers two events: (1) the shape recovery of the matrix to bring the crack surfaces in spatial proximity, and (2) the melting and flow of the PCL fibers to rebond the crack. In controlled healing experiments, damaged coatings not only heal structurally, but also functionally by almost completely restoring the corrosion resistance. We envision the wide applicability of the SMASH concept in designing the next-generation self-healing materials.
C–H Arylation Reaction: Atom Efficient and Greener Syntheses of π-Conjugated Small Molecules and Macromolecules for Organic Electronic Materials

π-Conjugated small molecules, oligomers, and macromolecules are being used in the fabrication of a wide variety of organic electronic devices such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Efficient syntheses involving fewer steps, fewer toxic reagents, and highly reactive compounds are needed to lower the cost of materials in a manner that is fundamentally more eco-friendly. Additionally, synthetic approaches for π-conjugated materials with more functional group tolerance are desirable to expand the range of properties that can be realized in such materials. Developing new synthetic routes to materials can both broaden the scope of science that can be explored and increase the probability that interesting materials can be developed in an economically viable manner for inclusion in consumer products. One such synthetic strategy that can impact all of these issues is carbon–hydrogen bond activation and subsequent carbon–carbo...
Neutron energy spectroscopy on the International Space Station

INTRODUCTION High energy charged particles of extra-galactic, galactic and solar origin collide with spacecraft structures in Earth orbit outside the atmosphere and in interplanetary travel beyond the Earth's magnetosphere. These primaries create a number of secondary particles inside the structures that can produce a significant ionizing radiation environment. This radiation is a threat to long term inhabitants or travelers for space missions and produces an increased risk of cancer, DNA and central nervous system damage. The primary high energy cosmic rays and trapped protons collide with common spacecraft materials such as aluminum and silicon and create secondary particles inside structures that are mostly heavy charged particle fragments, protons and neutrons. Charged protons and heavy ions are readily detected and instruments are already in existence with new versions in development for this task. Neutrons are electrically neutral and therefore much more difficult to detect and measure. These neutrons are reported to contribute 30-60% of the dose inside space structures. A recent measurement of low energy neutrons on a shuttle flight indicates a contribution of 36% inside a shuttle locker. As of mid-1997 there was no compact, portable and realtime neutron detector instrumentation available for use inside spacecraft or on planetary surfaces where astronauts will live and work. We report here on the development of such an instrument and include data from ground based accelerator experiments and aircraft flights.
646 Parent’S Perceptions and Initial Management of Febrile Convulsions

Background and Aims Febrile convulsions are the most common seizure disorder in childhood, affecting 2–5% of children between the ages of 3 and 60 months. It is a frightening and anxiety-provoking event for parent and caregivers. The initial management of this condition is often poor in rural setting in third world countries. Aims To assess the factors affecting the initial management of children with febrile convulsions. Methods A prospective study interviewing parents of 20 children with febrile convulsions admitted to a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results 19 mothers and 2 fathers of children with febrile convulsions were interviewed. Only 1 parent knew what a febrile convulsion was. 50% initially managed their children by massaging oil onto the back. 60% of the children were seen by a local religious healer. 90% of parents believed their child was possessed by an evil spirit. 50% thought their children will die. 60% of the parents had been educated up to only primary school level. 90% reported their local hospital to be 10 miles away. Conclusions The education level, religious beliefs and location of nearest hospital significantly affected the way parents initially manage their children with febrile convulsions. It is important in third world countries that media methods such as television, radio and newspapers are used to discuss management of common conditions to avoid inappropriate treatments by parents. Leaflets should also be made available to collect from local shops and family physicians.
National survey of ovarian carcinoma. I. A patient care evaluation study of the American College of Surgeons.

Background. The Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons recently finished a national survey of patients with ovarian cancer patients. The goal was to compare the patterns of care over a 5-year period. Methods. Data were collected from 25 consecutive patients whose disease was diagnosed first at 904 hospitals with cancer programs in 1983 and 1988. Results. There was a total of 12,316 patients, of whom 80% were 45-85 years old. Contrary to popular belief, only 8.2% of patients were nulliparous; 85% of patients had one to five children
Intuition in Britannicus

This study represents a stage of my research into the epistemology of French classical tragedy: the relation in classical literature between words and truth.1 Alongside this theoretical focus, I am methodologically and temperamentally committed to the close analysis of texts: my work attempts to unite literary theory with practical criticism. In this paper, I will begin by briefly outlining the hypothesis of the classical episteme as it has been developed by Michel Foucault, Louis Marin,2 and others; then I will discuss the place of tragedy within this theory of classical discourse, referring to Timothy Reiss’ Tragedy and Truth. In Reiss’ book, which is an intelligent extension of Foucault’s theories to literature, he argues that French classical tragedy is central to, and indeed helped constitute, the truth-centered discourse of the seventeenth century.
Large-scale finite state game engines

This paper presents a new model reduction technique that exploits large-scale, parallel precomputation to create interactive, real-time games with the visual fidelity of offline rendered films. We present an algorithm to automatically discretize a continuous game into a large finite-state machine that can be pre-rendered in the film world. Despite radical differences from existing game engines, our finite-state approach is capable of preserving important characteristics of continuous games including smooth animation, responsiveness to input, triggered effects and passive animation. We demonstrate our technique with a 30-second interactive game set in an award-winning short film.
A Computer Model for the Transport and Chemical Reaction of Debris in Direct Containment Heating Experiments

A computer model is described that simulates the effects of releasing molten debris into a gas-filled container. This work is motivated by studies of direct containment heating due to the dispersal...
Investigation of supersonic combustion dynamics via 50 kHz CH* chemiluminescence imaging

Abstract Time-resolved CH * chemiluminescence imaging was performed at 50 kHz in order to study flame motion and stabilization in the axial flow direction in a dual-mode scramjet at the University of Virginia Supersonic Combustion Facility. The combustor was operated in a fully premixed mode at a global equivalence ratio of 0.40 using ethylene fuel and air with stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure of 1200 K and 300 kPa, respectively. From the high-speed CH * measurements, information regarding the flame anchoring position and flame spreading angle is collected, providing insight on the effect of cavity flame holding and flame penetration into the freestream flow. Statistics have been collected on the variation of flame brush width as a function of axial position (or along the flame length). The flame spreading angle of 9.5 ○ calculated from the CH * chemiluminescence imaging is comparable to flame angles derived from previous LES calculations. In addition, the combustor is noted to be highly dynamic, exhibiting significant variations in the integrated CH * chemiluminescence signal and the flame brush width as a function of time. A characteristic frequency of 340 Hz has been determined from the CH * imaging which governs the periodic oscillations of the CH * signal, flame brush width, and convective motion of the flame brush front. It is likely due to an instability in which acoustic waves are reflected and convected between the shock train and flame front.
Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges and Policy Conundrum

Terrorism has been around since the beginning of recorded history. What have changed are the dissident groups’ capability of inflicting harm on an ever-larger number of people, their ability to organize through the Internet, and, thanks to the media, a heightened concern, bordering on paranoia, among the populace about their own security. Domestically, nations, particularly in the West, are deeply concerned about the radicalization of the youth along the entire ideological spectrum. Increased migration from the war-torn areas and failed states is not only putting strains on the nations’ resources but is also fomenting xenophobic reactions among native populations. There are also fears of terrorist cells among immigrant minorities, isolated in their enclaves. To this volatile mix, we must add the internecine warfare with deep historical roots in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. This chapter argues for a measured approach that examines the threat in its proper perspective.
Detection of Receptor Heteromerization Using In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay

Although G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteromerization has been extensively demonstrated in vitro using heterologous cells that overexpress epitope-tagged receptors, their presence in endogenous systems is less well established. This is because a criterion to identify receptor heteromerization is the demonstration that the two interacting receptors are present not only in the same cell but also in the same subcellular compartment in close enough proximity to allow for direct receptor-receptor interaction. This has been difficult to study in native tissues due to a lack of sensitive and selective tools not only capable of detecting low-abundance proteins but also of demonstrating that they are in sufficiently close proximity to interact. The latter can be achieved using a proximity ligation assay (PLA). Detailed in this unit are protocols for demonstrating the presence of GPCR heteromers in endogenous cells as well as animal and human tissues, the controls required for these assays, and troubleshooting tips. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Review: 1-time ultrasonography screening reduces abdominal aortic aneurysm-related mortality and rupture.

Source Citation Ali MU, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Miller J, et al. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in asymptomatic adults. J Vasc Surg. 2016 ;64:1855-68. 27871502