cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural control of the bladder Recent advances and neurologic implications

Normal bladder function includes a storage phase and a voiding or micturition phase, which are controlled by neural circuits integrated at the level of the forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord. Urine storage depends on lumbosacral spinal reflexes, whereas normal micturition involves a spino-bubo-spinal reflex mediated by the pontine micturition center (PMC). Behavioral and emotional influences affect the micturition reflex via integration of inputs from the frontal lobe and bladder afferents at the level of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Experimental studies in animals and functional neuroimaging studies in humans have provided abundant information into the normal mechanisms of micturition, including the role of the bladder urothelium, plasticity of the spinal micturition reflexes, and behavioral control of micturition by cortical networks. This information has provided new insight into the pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder, including detrusor overactivity, in spinal cord and other neurologic disorders. There are recent excellent reviews by investigators who have contributed to the current understanding of bladder control mechanisms.1,–,5 Only few salient concepts will be emphasized here. ### Urothelium and mechanosensory transduction. The urothelium is the epithelial lining of the lower urinary tract and includes a superficial layer composed of large hexagonal cells, called “umbrella cells”; these cells are interconnected by tight junctions and covered by crystalline proteins called uroplakins.2,6 The urothelium has a major role in mechanosensory transduction via reciprocal interactions with afferent and efferent nerves (figure 1). During bladder filling, the umbrella cells release several chemical signals, including acetylcholine (ACh), nitric oxide (NO), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which alter the excitability of afferent fibers. For example, ATP, acting via P2X and P2Y receptors, excites C-fiber afferents by reducing threshold of activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels. ATP also acts as an autocrine signal between urothelial cells and as a paracrine signal …
Severe tinnitus in pregnancy, necessitating caesarean delivery

We report an interesting case of a secundagravida who presented to the antenatal clinic at 31 weeks' gestation with severe unilateral (right) pulsatile tinnitus, insomnia, progressive hearing loss,...
4-Methyl-7-thioumbelliferyl-β-d-cellobioside: A Fluorescent, Nonhydrolyzable Substrate Analogue for Cellulases†

The kinetics of cellulose binding and hydrolysis by cellulases is not well understood except at steady-state conditions. For use in studies of cellulase pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics, we have prepared 4-methyl-7-thioumbelliferyl-beta-D-cellobioside (MUS-CB), a ground-state nonhydrolyzable analogue of the fluorescent cellulase substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-cellobioside (MU-CB). MUS-CB is not hydrolyzed by the catalytic domain of cellulase E1 from Acidothermus cellulolyticus under conditions where this enzyme rapidly degrades MU-CB. Thermodynamic parameters describing the steady-state binding of MUS-CB to Thermobifida fusca cellulase Cel6A are similar to those for MU-CB, indicating that MUS-CB can be used in place of MU-CB to study binding events in the Cel6A active-site cleft. In the pre-steady-state, MUS-CB binds to Cel6A by a simple, one-step bimolecular association reaction. It is anticipated that similar thio-containing 4-methylumbelliferyl compounds will have applications in studies of other enzyme systems.
Transthoracic ventricular defibrillation in the dog with unidirectional rectangular double pulses.

The energy requirement for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation with unidirectional rectangular double pulse shocks was evaluated by means of 4,560 fibrillation-defibrillation episodes in dogs. The results obtained compare unfavourably with those previously observed with single pulse defibrillatory shocks.
Expanding the instructional triangle: conceptualizing mathematics teacher development

As mathematics educators think about teaching that promotes students’ opportunities to learn, attention must be given to the conceptualization of the professional development of teachers and those who teach teachers. In this article, we generalize and expand the instructional triangle to consider different interactions in a variety of teacher development contexts. We have done so by addressing issues of language for models of teachers’ professional development at different levels and by providing examples of situations in which these models can be applied. Through the expansion of our understanding and use of the instructional triangle we can further develop the concept of mathematics teacher development.
Art, evolution, and arts education

I do not know art when I see it or hear it. I may be more forthright in making this confession than most people, but I am surely not alone. A 1988 study conducted by the National Endowment for the Arts, Toward Civilization, tells the story. According to the report, most Americans have not had any form of arts education. While nearly half claim that they have had lessons or classes in music (47 percent), just 25 percent have had a course in the visual arts, 18 percent in creative writing, 16 percent in visual arts appreciation, and 20 percent in music appreciation. Formal courses are not the only way to gain awareness and understanding of the arts, of course, yet a 1982 Endowment Survey of Public Participation in the Arts found that less than 40 percent of Americans participate in the myriad arts supported by the NEA (39 percent). I do enjoy what I think is art: I visit art museums, exhibitions, and festivals as well as other cultural events. Until quite recently, I had left to the judgments of the "experts" boards of trustees, foundation executives, arts administrators and organizers, and the l iketo confirm that what I was experiencing was art. In a keynote address delivered on November 12, 1989, entitled "The Morality of Philanthropy" (a shortened version appears in this issue of Society), noted arts critic Samuel Lipman asks that we reconsider those judgments. This article examines his conclusion and offers a strategy for improving decision-making conceming support for the arts.
Methamphetamine Use, Attitudes About Condoms, and Sexual Risk Behavior Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men

This study examined attitudes about condoms as a moderator of the relationship between methamphetamine use and sexual risk behavior in a sample of 297 HIV-positive, methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men (MSM). To test for a moderating effect of attitudes towards condoms, an interaction term was included in multiple regression analysis along with age, income, negative condom attitudes, frequency of methamphetamine use, and Beck depression score. A post hoc analysis was conducted to determine the relations between methamphetamine use and unprotected sex for persons with more vs. less negative attitudes toward condoms. These analyses indicated that when individuals had more negative attitudes toward condoms, the relation between methamphetamine frequency and unprotected sex was significant, while among participants with less negative attitudes toward condoms, no significant association was found. Addressing methamphetamine-using MSM’s attitudes about condoms can serve as a form of harm reduction for those who are not yet ready or willing to discontinue methamphetamine use.
Child abuse and neglect, social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: a prospective investigation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether child abuse and neglect predicts low levels of social support in middle adulthood and understand whether social support acts to mediate or moderate the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect and subsequent outcomes (anxiety, depression, and illicit drug use). METHOD: Using data from a prospective cohort design study, children with documented histories of physical and sexual abuse and neglect (ages 0-11) during the years 1967 through 1971 and a matched control group were followed up and interviewed in adulthood. Social support was assessed at mean age 39.5, and anxiety, depression, and illicit drug use at mean age 41.2. RESULTS: Adjusting for age, sex, and race, individuals with documented histories of child abuse and neglect reported significantly lower levels of social support in adulthood [total (p Language: en
Protein Changes Related to Ham Processing Temperatures I. Effect of Time-Temperature on Amount and Composition of Soluble Proteins

SUMMARY Knowledge of protein changes produced by heat is basic to the development of a needed analytical method for determining whether canned meats have been pasteurized at high enough temperatures. Ground cured uncooked ham was heated, with different programming, to temperatures up to 165°F; and the influence of the treatments on the amount and composition of proteins soluble in 0.9% NaCl solution was determined. Rate of heating as well as the temperature reduced the amount of ex-tractable protein. Fractionation of soluble proteins by disc electrophoresis showed five components to be relatively resistant to heat coagulation. One of these components was identified as an acid phosphatase.
Simultaneously developing laminar flow in an isothermal circular tube

Abstract An accurate numerical solution for simultaneously developing laminar flow in an isothermal circular tube is presented for Pr = 0.01, 0.70, 5.0 and 50.0 for 10 −6 x + . Local and average Nusselt numbers are tabulated. very large number of radial nodes is required to achieve grid independence and accuracy. Previous results are inaccurate at small nondimensional axial distances from the tube entrance because of an insufficient number of radial nodes and simplifying assumptions.
The protestant ethic and the religious tattoo

Abstract This research illustrates how basic ideas from Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism are reflected in religious individuals’ choices in obtaining tattoos. Qualitative responses to survey questions show that, among 60 university students who indicated they have one, religious tattoos reflect asceticism in their lives, point them to service (calling) in the name of God, or provide a level of assurance (or anxiety) regarding life after death. We offer this work as an illustration of how the essence of Weber's work persists in the popular culture of the 21st century.
An Adaptive Ontology Based Hierarchical Browsing System for CiteSeerx

As an indispensable technique in addition to the field of \emph{Information Retrieval}, \emph{Ontology based Retrieval System} (or Browsing Hierarchy) has been well studied and developed both in academia and industry. However, most of current systems suffer the following problems: (1) Constructing the mappings between documents and concepts in ontology requires the training of robust hierarchical classifiers, it's difficult to build such classifiers for large-scale documents corpus due to the time-efficiency and precision issues. (2) The traditional Browsing Hierarchical System ignores the distribution of documents over concepts, which is not realistic when a large number of documents distributed biasly on certain concepts. Browsing documents such concepts becomes time-consuming and unpractical for users. Therefore, further splitting these concepts into sub-categories is necessary and critical for organizing documents in the browsing system. Aiming at building the Hierarchical Browsing System more realistically and accurately, we propose an adpative Hierarchical Browsing System framework in this paper, which is designed to build a Browsing Hierarchy for $CiteSeer^x$. In this framework, we first investigate the supervised learning approaches to classify documents into existing predefined concepts of ontology and compare their performance on different datasets of $CiteSeer^x$. Then, we give a empirical analysis of unsupervised learning methods for adding new clusters to the existing browsing hierarchy. Experimental analysis on $CiteSeer^x$ corpus shows the effectiveness and the efficiency of our method.
Characterization of Solid-Supported Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Membranes Containing Cholesterol

The incorporation of cholesterol into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) membranes, even in small amounts, has been shown to significantly alter the properties of the membrane. In this work, force-distance interaction profiles of DPPC membranes containing 8 mol % cholesterol obtained using the surface force apparatus are analyzed in the context of high-resolution structural characterization by atomic force microscopy and neutron reflectometry. The adhesion between the mixed membranes was greater than that for pure DPPC and was variable-depending on the number of defects in the outer membrane leaflets. These defects were only detectable by atomic force microscopy and had an average size of 230 ± 30 nm and 1-5% surface density in the outer leaflet. The adhesion between the membranes monotonically increased as the thickness of the membrane decreased-in direct correlation with the number of defects present (exposed hydrophobic groups) in the membrane contact region. Because of the low diffusion rate of gel-phase membranes, the interaction force profiles were stable and no membrane restructuring was observed.
The roots of contemporary Platonism

Though many working mathematicians embrace a rough and ready form of Platonism, that venerable position has suffered a checkered philosophical career. Indeed the three schools of thought with which most of us began our official philosophizing about mathematics—Intuitionism, Formalism, and Logicism—all stand in fundamental disagreement with Platonism. Nevertheless, various versions of Platonistic thinking survive in contemporary philosophical circles. The aim of this paper is to describe these views, and, as my title suggests, to trace their roots.I'll begin with some preliminary remarks about the big three schools. This seems a reasonable approach to the issues both because most observers are familiar, at least in a general way, with the tenets of Intuitionism, Formalism, and Logicism, and because it is in reaction to these that contemporary Platonism has taken shape.
Heterocyclic Amines: 1. Kinetics of Formation of Polar and Nonpolar Heterocyclic Amines as a Function of Time and Temperature

ABSTRACT: The influence of time, temperature, glucose, and creatine on the formation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) in beef was investigated. Kinetic models as a function of time and temperature were used to examine the formation of polar and nonpolar HAs, as described by Arrhenius and Eyring equations. The highest amount of MeIQx was 23.93 ng/g at 220°C for 20 min. However, no formation of 4,8-DiMeIQx was observed at 160°C, 180°C, 200°C, and 220°C for 5 min. Norharman and 4,8-DiMeIQx were more sensitive to temperature change, whereas MeIQx and AαC were less sensitive. The formation of HAs increased with increasing time and temperature. Glucose and creatine decreased at the same pattern with increasing time and temperature. The formation of HAs and the degradation of precursors were inversely correlated. The results provide valuable information toward modulating and inhibiting the formation of HAs in cooked meats.
The reactivity of phenol in irradiated aqueous suspensions of TiO2. Mechanistic changes as a function of solution pH

Abstract The reactivity of phenol under oxic and anoxic conditions in irradiated (350 nm) aqueous suspensions of TiO2 as a function of pH was studied. The initial rate of disappearance of phenol is significantly influenced by solution pH. The initial disappearance rates and Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic parameters are comparable over a range from pH 3 to 9 and at pH 13.7, while substantial changes are observed at pH 1 and 11. These differences are attributed to speciation of the reactants and changes in the surface of the TiO2 as a function of solution pH. The involvement of oxide radical anion .O− is proposed at pH ⩾ 12. Under highly acidic or basic conditions, colored oligomers are formed as a results, at least in part, of direct photolysis. In the presence of TiO2 the colored oligomers are readily degraded, while in the absence of TiO2 the color continues to develop upon extended irradiation.
Effect of dose of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus on infection, mortality, development rate, and larval and pupal weights of the pink bollworm☆☆☆

Abstract Host-pathogen relationships were studied between the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, and a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV). Results showed that the median effective dose (ED50), the dose that infects half the test subjects, was 1.91 × 102 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/ml of diet. The median lethal dose (LD50) was 1.72 × 105 PIB/ml. Diagnosis for CPV infection was more reliable in adult pink bollworms than in late-instar larvae. Duration of the larval stage increased with viral dose, but duration of the pupal stage was not affected by CPV. Weights of infected male and female pupae were 23.7 and 24.0% less than those of untreated pupae, respectively. Pupal weights were not significantly influenced by increases in the viral dose. Weights of larvae of a given age decreased as dose increased. The effect of CPV on duration of the immature stages and on pupal weight was not significantly influenced by rearing temperatures between 25.0° and 32.5°C. Pupal weight of infected pink bollworms decreased as the duration of the larval stage increased.
Responses to depression scale items among Mexican‐Americans and non‐Hispanic Whites

This study examined two possible patterns of ethnic differences in responses to Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale items: isolated differences in relatively disparate items and consistent differences in conceptually related items. Data were from randomly selected household residents (4,222 Mexican-Americans, 1,063 non-Hispanic Whites). The most common symptoms reflected lack of positive affect; least common were crying, feelings of failure, and feeling disliked. Mexican-Americans were more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to report symptoms that reflect lack of positive affect, which suggests possible limitations on this dimension's cross-cultural validity. U.S.-born Mexican-Americans reported more somatic and negative affect symptoms than did the Mexican-born, which suggests an overall immigration difference in depressed mood.
Self-adapting decision support for interactive fault diagnosis of manufacturing systems

As the manufacturing environment involves more automation, fault diagnosis of automatic production systems becomes an increasingly critical issue in production control. System fault diagnosis presents considerable difficulty to the human because many diagnostic facilities available on commercial manufacturing systems are designed not for ease of fault diagnosis but for convenience of automatic control. To reduce significant production delay and expense associated with handling of system fault events, a diagnostic decision support system is highly desirable. With an understanding of specific requirements for diagnostic decision support, this paper describes a design model and relevant techniques that enable the implementation of a diagnostic decision support system (DDSS) to meet the requirements. Specifically, the DDSS is composed of a soft testing routine for selectively sampling data, an expert system for directly recognizing faults and maintaining a profile of fault occurrence and diagnosis history, a ...
Evidence‐based librarianship: the EBL process

Purpose – The paper seeks to describe the EBL process in sufficient detail that the readers can apply it to their own professional practice.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of a narrative literature review.Findings – The EBL process can be summarized through its five steps: formulate a clearly defined, relevant, and answerable question; search for an answer in both the published and unpublished literature, plus any other authoritative resources, for the best available evidence; critically appraise the evidence; assess the relative value of expected benefits and costs of any decided upon action plan; and evaluate the effectiveness of the action plan.Originality/value – References for readers to pursue more in‐depth research into any particular step or a specific aspect of the EBL process are provided. The EBL process assists librarians in applying the best available evidence to answering the more important questions facing their practice, their institutions, and the profession. This e...
Memory for unique personal events: Effects of pleasantness

College students recorded unique personal events for a 3-month period. At the time of recording, they rated the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the event. Subsequent memory ratings showed no effect of type of affect (i.e., pleasant vs. unpleasant events) but a strong influence of intensity of affect. In contrast, the data for estimating the date of occurrence of events showed an effect of type of affect, with pleasant events estimated more accurately than unpleasant events. A detailed analysis of the data indicated that the effect could not be attributed to the predictability of pleasant events. A “red-letter day” effect was proposed as an explanation for the estimation data.
The empirical performance of a polynomial algorithm for constrained nonlinear optimization

In [6], a polynomial algorithm based on successive piecewise linear approximation was described. The algorithm is polynomial for constrained nonlinear (convex or concave) optimization, when the constraint matrix has a polynomial size subdeterminant. We propose here a practical adaptation of that algorithm with the idea of successive piecewise linear approximation of the objective on refined grids, and the testing of the gap between lower and upper bounds. The implementation uses the primal affine interior point method at each approximation step. We develop special features to speed up each step and to evaluate the gap. Empirical study of problems of size up to 198 variables and 99 constraints indicates that the procedure is very efficient and all problems tested were terminated after 171 interior point iterations. The procedure used in the implementation is proved to converge when the objective is strongly convex.
On the Nonlinear Oscillations of Plates Composed of Composite Materials

In this work, the Berger's approach for large deflections and a modified Reissner's variational principle are exploited to treat the nonlinear dynamic problem of plates. A system of approximate equ...
The nocturnal primate niche in the New World

Abstract This integrated approach to understanding the evolution of the nocturnal monkey Aotus combines new information from field research on behavioral ecology with research results describing physiology and sensory capabilities. First, comparisons are made between the ecology of Aotus in rain forest and a sympatric same-sized diurnal monkey, Callicebus moloch. Differences were found in: (1) ranging patterns and population densities (but not home range size); (2) sleep-tree selection and regularity of exit times; (3) diet in the season of scarce resources and (4) harassment by diurnal monkeys. Next, studies of Aotus in a contrasting habitat, with diurnal raptor predators and harassing diurnal monkeys absent, suggest that Aotus has behavioral flexibility in ranging patterns, sleep-tree site selection, and day time activity. But in other parameters, such as the monogamous social system and small territory size, Aotus shows no deviation, regardless of changes in environment. Adaptations to a nocturnal lifestyle shared among the night monkey and nocturnal prosimians include a low basal metabolic rate, small body size and good vision at low light levels. Comparisons suggest that convergences between the monkey with a diurnal ancestor and the prosimians with nocturnal ancestors exist, but Aotus is intermediate between prosimians and diurnal monkeys in visual acuity in low light levels, color vision, and olfactory capabilities. Auditory acuity and reproductive biology are not different from diurnal monkeys. Within the radiation of primates found in the New World, the nocturnal niche is a successful alternative lifestyle.
Evaluating the Advocacy Coalition Framework

The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) was developed to provide a causal theory of the policy process which would serve as one of several alternatives to the familiar stages heuristic, with its recognized limitations. This paper first summarizes the central features of the ACF, including a set of underlying assumptions and specific hypotheses. We next review the implications for the framework of six case studies by various authors dealing with Canadian education and with American transportation, telecommunications, water, environmental, and energy policy. While generally supportive of the ACF, the case studies also suggest several revisions.
Characteristics of uveitis presenting for the first time in the elderly

Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of uveitis presenting de novo in the elderly. Design: The study design was a description of a retrospectively identified case series. Participants: A population of 138 patients (209 eyes) with uveitis beginning after age 60 was analyzed. Results: Uveitis in the elderly accounted for 10.4% of the authors' uveitis population. The localization of uveitis was anterior in 56.5% of patients, intermediate uveitis was diagnosed in two patients (1.4%), posterior uveitis was found in 25.4%, while 16.7% of patients presented with panuveitis. Idiopathic uveitis accounted for the majority of cases (31.2%), whereas herpes zoster ophthalmicus (11.6%), herpes simplex virus (6.5%), presumed sarcoidosis (5.8%), syphilis (4.3%) ankylosing spondylitis (4.3%), and birdshot chorioretinopathy (3.6%) were the most frequent specific diagnostic entities. Secondary elevation of intraocular pressure was common (67 eyes, or 32%). The development of macular edema complicated 28.7% of cases (60 eyes). Two cases of intraocular lymphoma were identified in 19 diagnostic vitreous biopsy specimens. Fifty-two percent of eyes retained visual acuity of 20/40 or more; 32.6% had final visual acuity worse than 20/100. Conclusions: Uveitis presenting for the first time in the elderly is not uncommon. Idiopathic uveitis accounts for the majority of cases, and herpes zoster ophthalmicus and herpes simplex virus are particularly prevalent. Intraocular lymphoma does not predominate in this age group. With adequate control of intraocular inflammation and its sequelae, the visual prognosis in patients in this age group with uveitis is relatively good.
Incidence and susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from a tertiary care hospital of pakistan.

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the frequency of methicillin resistant organisms among all isolated coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) and to find effective antibiotics against these microorganisms. Patients and Methods: All samples sent to the lab were routinely processed according to standard microbiological procedures and the cultures yielding growth of CoNS were selected for the study. All samples containing CoNS collected over a 2 year-period, were included irrespective of patients' age and gender. The antibiogram of the organisms was recorded according to CLSI guidelines and the ratio of methicillin resistant organisms determined. Results: From a total of 299 isolated coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS), 40.1% were methicillin resistant. A high proportion of these organisms (more than 50%) were resistant to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and quinolones while only a small number were found to show resistance to linezolid, minocycline, chloramphenicol and rifampicin. There were no resistant organisms against vancomycin. Conclusions: A considerable amount of methicillin resistant organisms found among CoNS in our region. The above stated antibiotics would prove effective in limiting these infections. Clinicians should keep these facts in mind while treating their patients.
Raman spectroscopy as a screening tool for ancient life detection on Mars.

The search for sp2-bonded carbonaceous material is one of the major life detection strategies of the astrobiological exploration programmes of National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Euro...
A Formulation of the Aeroelastic Problem for a Swept Wing

On the basis of certain simplifying structural and aerodynamic assumptions, notably that wing bending and torsion occur along a straight line, and strip theory, the differential equations of equilibrium of a swept elastic wing subjected to aerodynamic and inertial loads are formulated. Integral forms of these equations, representing energy balances, are also developed. Formulas for the lift and moment coefficients in terms of the initial configuration and elastic deflections of the wing are given. Various methods of solving the equations are discussed, and an approximate solution to the energy equations is included. An appendix is given on the calculation of effective angle of at tack distributions over a rigid wing.
Abstract 1671: GSK3-beta as a therapeutic target in bladder cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Bladder cancer is the 5th most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. Because superficial bladder cancer (SBC) recurs in about 60% of cases, standard treatment involves tumor resection followed by intravesical therapies to prevent recurrence, as well as lifelong periodic cystoscopy. There is an urgent need for better intravesical therapies to prevent both the recurrence and progression of SBC. Recent evidence has demonstrated that glycogen synthase kinase – 3 beta (GSK3β) plays an important role in pancreatic, ovarian and colon cancers; however, to date the possible role of this important kinase has not been examined in bladder cancer. We propose that GSK3β plays a cancer promoting role in bladder cancer and that inhibition of GSK3β will reduce bladder cancer growth. The GSK3β inhibitor, AR-A014418, has been demonstrated to reduce tumor growth in the previously cited cancers. AR-A014418 reduced cell proliferation of three bladder cancer cell lines (HT1376, T24 and UM-UC-3) with EC50 values of 17.5μM for HT1376, 8μM for T24, and 10μM for UM-UC-3 cells. The effect of AR-A014418 on downstream targets in these cell lines was evaluated by Western blots which indicated an increase in apoptosis in these cells in response to drug treatment as demonstrated by the presence by both PARP and caspase 3 cleavage. The NFkB downstream target XIAP also exhibited reduced protein levels after drug treatment. The HT1376 cell line was transduced with luciferase containing lentivirus particles to generate a luciferase expressing cell line, HT1376-LUC to use for both ectopic and orthotopic models of bladder cancer growth. The efficacy of AR-A014418 in reducing bladder cancer tumor growth was tested in an ectopic mouse model. HT1376-LUC cells mixed with matrigel were transplanted into the right flank of 50 female nude mice. After one week, mice containing tumors with an average volume of 52 mm3 were randomized into four treatment groups of 10 mice each. Mice were treated twice weekly via IP injection with placebo, 1, 5 or 7mg/kg AR-A014418. Tumor sizes were measured and imaged for luciferase activity once weekly. Tumor growth was inhibited by both 5mg/kg and 7mg/kg doses by 19 days of treatment (p < 0.05, Student's T test). Together, the in vitro and in vivo data suggest that GSK3β is a novel target for bladder cancer treatment. Future studies using an orthotopic model of bladder cancer are planned. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1671. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1671
Growth of Rudbeckia and Leaching of Nitrates in Potting Media Amended with Composted Coffee Processing Residue, Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge

Composts made from coffee processing residue (CFPR), source separated municipal solid waste (MSW), sewage sludge and wood chips (SSWC), and sewage sludge, wood ash, wood chips and leaves (SSACL) were examined as replacements for the peat, perlite and sand found in a conventional potting medium. The perennial flower Rudbeckia hirta L. ‘Goldilocks’ (Black-Eyed Susan) was grown in media composed of 0, 10, 25, 50, 80, and 100 (percent by vol) of each compost. Leachate from media containing 0, 25, 50, and 100% compost was tested for NO3-N and NH3-N + NH4-N to determine if compost would increase the potential for potting media to be a source of nitrate in surface and ground water. The effects of two mid season applications of liquid fertilizer on plant growth and nitrogen leaching were also examined.Compared to a conventional medium without compost, differences in the growth of Rudbeckia in media with compost were few. Statistically significant decreases in growth occurred in media containing 80 and 100% CFPR, ...
S-nitrosocysteine-decorated PbS QDs/TiO2 nanotubes for enhanced production of singlet oxygen.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous diatomic molecule im-portant in regulation of numerous physiological functions. The photorelease of NO in a controlled manner can potentially be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). We present here a method to combine S-nitrosocysteine with TiO2 nanotube-doped PbS quantum dots (PbS QDs) as a nitric oxide-releasing vehicle to promote production of singlet oxygen. The PbS QDs with a diameter ∼3.6 nm (PbS/TNTs) were attached to the TiO2 nanotube by using a thiolactic acid linker. S-Nitrosocysteine-decorated PbS/TiO2 nanotubes were prepared by dipping PbS/TNTs in a cysteine solution followed by nitrosylation. The results suggest that this hybrid nanomaterial is capable of photoreleasing nitric oxide and producing singlet oxygen using near-IR light.
Monitoring of notifiable infectious diseases in Daxing District of Beijing in 2012

[Objective]To understand the incidence rate and epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases in Daxing District of Beijing in 2012,provide scientific basis for making prevention and control measures.[Methods]The monitoring data of notifiable infectious diseases in Daxing District in 2012 were analyzed by the descriptive epidemiological method.[Results]A total of 20 kinds of 7690 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were reported in Daxing District in 2012,and the reported incidence rate was 544. 12 /lakh,which increased by 9% as compared with that in 2011. There were 12 death cases,and the mortality was0. 85 /lakh,which decreased by 27. 56% as compared with that in 2011. The top 5 infectious diseases were hand-foot-mouth disease,infectious diarrhea,tuberculosis,dysentery and scarlet fever.[Conclusion]The interventions towards the main diseases,key areas and susceptible population can reduce the harms of infectious diseases and ensure people's health.
Surface Modification of Poly (aryl ether ketone)s and Their Biomedical Applications

In this paper,various methods for surface modification of poly(aryl ether ketone)s and their biomedical applications were described.The selective wet chemistry,plasma treatment,and the surface biofucntionalization via immobilization of extracellular matrix,e.g.fibronectin,were introduced.The application of such polymers as cell-culture substrates,trauma implants,load-bearing joint surface,and spine cages was also discussed.The future development in this area was forecast.
Characteristics Analysis of Deblocking Simultaneously Both 12-pulse Valve Groups in a Pole of Yunnan-Guangdong ± 800 kV DC Project

The configuration of a pole with two 12-pulse valve groups in series is adopted by Yunnan-Guangdong ±800 DC project of two bypolar terminals,and it is a straight way to realize its rated DC voltage 800 kV through deblocking simultaneously both 12-pulse valve groups in a pole,and thus this type of deblocking tests is one of the most important testing items and in great concern during the on-site commissioning tests of the DC project.Based on the commissioning testing results,this paper analyzes the characteristics of deblocking simultaneously both 12-pulse valve groups in a pole under different operation conditions,and evaluates the performance of the DC project in terms of deblocking simultaneously both 12-pulse valve groups in a pole.
Role of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure in natriuresis of systemic nitric oxide inhibition

Systemic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) increases renal perfusion pressure (RPP) and urinary sodium excretion. Increased RPP has been proposed as one of...
Vaginal absorption of estrone and 17beta-estradiol.

In order to study estrogen absorption from the vagina, 0.5mg of unconjugated estrone (E 1 ) or 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) was administered vaginally to 10 postmenopausal patients. A 29-fold increase in plasma E 2 and a 4-fold increase in plasma E 1 concentrations were observed 1 hour following the vaginal deposition of 0.5mg of E 2 . Maximal decreases of 25% and 37% in plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), respectively, were observed at 5 hours following treatment. One hour after vaginal administration of 0.5mg of E 1 ,a 24-fold increase in plasma E 1 and a 3.7-fold increase in E 2 were observed. These increases were associated with a 30% decrease in plasma FSH and LH. These data indicate that the vaginal administration of E 2 or E 1 may be used to achieve physiologic blood levels of these estrogens. They further suggest that vaginal estrogens not be used in patients in whom systemic estrogen therapy is contraindicated.
Increases in Atmospheric [CO2] and the Soil Food Web

Organic inputs to soil are comprised largely of plant debris and root exudation, which is responsible for rhizodeposition. Increases in organic matter inputs from plants growing under elevated [CO2] affect soil microorganisms and a limited set of conclusions can be drawn. Bacterial and fungal communities in soil ecosystems use such plant materials as resources to support multiple levels of tiny grazers and predators, which comprise soil food webs. Ten years of elevated [CO2] at the ETH FACE site produced data on soil protozoa and nematodes that are consistent with adjustments predicted for availability of soil bacteria and fungi. Disparate changes in soil microorganisms and complex adjustments in food web structure reported under higher [CO2] in a multitude of other experiments suggest that a better understanding of C resource availability is needed. Increases in living root mass under elevated [CO2] could affect soil food webs through additional exudation, but limited information is available on changes in root exudation under such conditions. We summarize here a new, more complex, understanding of root exudation that includes mechanisms by which microorganisms, and possibly their predators within the food web, can actively enhance root exudation. Initial experiments indicate that higher [CO2] can increase root exudation of amino acids under axenic conditions by two separate mechanisms and these could result in more rhizodeposition. Little is known about how elevated [CO2] levels alter predation, another key connection between the soil food web and the plant, but reductionist studies are beginning to support the concept that specific molecules affect predation and influence many organismic interactions in the root zone. Because the fossil record suggests soil food webs were exposed to widely varied levels of [CO2] for long periods, a certain stability of these interactions should be expected as global atmospheric [CO2] increases.
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis for Military Tactics Instruction

This experiment determined how 19 Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets rationalize military tactics decisions using two different displays through qualitative data analysis. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to understand platoon and squad level decision-making to help influence the development of adaptive training systems. IPA is a process through which the participant experience is analyzed through a dual interpretation methodology, where participants provide meaning of their world, followed by an empirical assessment to categorize and define the participants’ perspectives of their experiences. The tactical questions covered topics that would typically be covered in a military science junior level class. Results include the importance of terrain elevation differences between friendly and enemy forces, as well as the importance of cover and concealment and distance. The findings from this experiment are currently being developed into a large scale assessment in collaboration with the United States Military Academy at West Point.
The Lipids of Biological Membranes

The lipids of cell membranes are highly varied in structure and support many membrane functions. Yet most of the lipids of cell membranes are capable of forming lipid bilayers, the fundamental architecture of all biological membranes. While our understanding of the roles of the thousands of different lipid species found in biological membranes is incomplete, we know some of the roles and we know what these lipids have in common as membrane lipids. It is helpful to divide membrane lipids into classes to better understand their structure and function. This chapter therefore presents details of a number of lipid classes. Included are phospholipids and structurally related lipids that contain a phosphate, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and sterols. In addition we are confronted with some lipids that do not easily fit into classes, including some archaebacterial lipids that have two heads. An understanding of lipid structure also requires an introduction to phospholipases that modify lipids in biology. Finally we need to understand how we can know the lipid composition of biological membranes that may be under study.
Carbon nanofiber explosion violence and thermal stability

Due to tremendous efforts in experimental explosion characterizations of combustible dust and better understanding of their influential factors, modern industry can design better safeguards to prevent and mitigate dust explosions. However, when it comes to nanomaterials, research on their explosion characterizations is still coming into focus despite ever-expanding production and applications. Engineered nanomaterials can have a variety of unique properties after various production and processing methods, making it difficult to analyze the reported experimental data and identify explosion factors. In this study, explosibility tests of nine commercially available carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were conducted in a customized 36-L dust explosion vessel. Test results demonstrated that a mechanical milling process commonly used on CNFs could increase the deflagration index, while another common process, annealing process, could decrease the explosion violence with significant influence on the deflagration index and modest influence on maximum overpressure. The effects of three influential factors—dust concentration, graphite perfection, and agglomerate size—were analyzed. In addition, this study proposed an improved method for estimating the maximum overpressure from dust explosion as well as a demonstration of influential factors on [dP/dt]max V 1/3.
Novel methods of isolation and amplification of progenitor cells applied to avian primordial germ cells

Background: The progenitor cells in adult tissues are scarce and have a great regenerative potential. In this study novel methods were used to improve the isolation and culture of the chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) from stage X and HH 8-9 embryos. The cellular size and external glycoprotein envelope were the two criteria studied and used. Results: PGCs were segregated with high efficiency and purity, from stage X and HH 8-9 gross cell suspensions through cell strainers with 10 µm of pore size. In embryos in toto, WGA Alexa 594 (affinity for N-acetylglucosamine) and Con A Alexa 488 (binding D-mannosyl) were used to characterize external polysaccharides of the PGCs. The PGCs in stage X embryos (zone pellucida), have predominately Nacetylglucosamine and later on, in HH 8-9 embryos (cephalic zone), α-D mannosyl residues, in a specific manner. In coated plates with the appropriate lectin and in alkaline conditions, isolated cells from stage X and HH 8-9 embryos formed numerous clumped PGC-LCs with spherical shape ′germspheres′. In all isolates from single embryo, immunohistochemistry confirmed that they were PGCs and revealed that the ′germspheres′ were formed by hundreds of positive cells to VASA and SSEA-1 . N-acethyl D+glucosamine supplementation to the culture media greatly enhances the amplification of isolated PGC-LCs. Conclusions: These gentle and quick strategies with high yields of PGCs can be potentially useful for many progenitor cells in Regenerative Medicine.
Relationships Among Student, Staff, and Administrative Measures of School Climate and Student Health and Academic Outcomes.

BACKGROUND School climate is an integral part of a comprehensive approach to improving the well-being of students; however, little is known about the relationships between its different domains and measures. We examined the relationships between student, staff, and administrative measures of school climate to understand the extent to which they were related to each other and student outcomes. METHODS The sample included 33,572 secondary school students from 121 schools in Los Angeles County during the 2014-2015 academic year. A multilevel regression model was constructed to examine the association between the domains and measures of school climate and 5 outcomes of student well-being: depressive symptoms or suicidal ideation, tobacco use, alcohol use, marijuana use, and grades. RESULTS Student, staff, and administrative measures of school climate were weakly correlated. Strong associations were found between student outcomes and student reports of engagement and safety, while school staff reports and administrative measures of school climate showed limited associations with student outcomes. CONCLUSIONS As schools seek to measure and implement interventions aimed at improving school climate, consideration should be given to grounding these efforts in a multidimensional conceptualization of climate that values student perspectives and includes elements of both engagement and safety.
Growth and Development of Craft Spirit Tourism: The Fermenting Giant?

This chapter is a general overview of the craft distillery market in the United States (US) with targeted attention to its rapid contemporary growth and nascent connections to tourism. Within the broader umbrella of agricultural, heritage, and gastronomic tourism there are notable distinguishing factors of craft spirit tourism that are identified and explored. The first section defines craft spirits, specifically asking the question of what differentiates a craft spirit from a spirit in general and then presents a description of the liquor market in the US and where craft spirits fit: market share, distillery proliferation, sales number, economic contribution, and trends in spirit types. The second section is a contextualization of craft spirit tourism, review of relevant literature, and discussion of associated tourism development. The chapter concludes by exploring challenges and opportunities for craft spirit tourism along with the future prospects of related research.