cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a Housewife's Paradise: Gender, Politics, and American Grocery Stores in the Twentieth Century – By Tracey Deutsch

Drawing on the recent interest by historians and other scholars in the behavior of and influences on the American consumer, the author delves more deeply into a largely unexplored subject: the chan...
Object‐use in free‐ranging white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica

Chimpanzees and capuchins demonstrate greater varieties and higher rates of tool-use when compared to other non-human primates. Although capuchins have been studied extensively in captivity, data on their tool-using behavior under free-ranging conditions are limited. This is the first long-term field research to systematically study complex object manipulation in capuchins. The aims of this research are 1) to examine the types, rates, and contexts of tool- and object-use in free-ranging capuchins and 2) to determine if free-ranging capuchins' object manipulation behavior is comparable to the behavior exhibited by captive individuals. Data on 3 troops of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) were collected from February 1995 to January 1996 at Palo Verde, Costa Rica. Data were collected using focal animal and ad libitum sampling techniques. Any observed incident of tool-use and object-use was recorded. No tool-use was observed during the 11-month study. Object-use (pound, rub, and fulcrum-use) occurred at a rate of 0.19/hr and made up less than 1% of the monkeys' time (there were no differences among the age/sex classes). The results indicate that free-ranging capuchins do not exhibit the range of tool-using behavior demonstrated by their captive counterparts. This may be the result of differential motivational responses to objects, arboreal lifestyle, absence of adequate tool material, and/or absence of food resources that require extraction involving tool-use. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:311–321, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A low mobility model of wage discrimination—With special reference to sex differentials

Abstract The empirical predictions of all previous models of wage discrimination with which we are familiar are violated by observation. We propose a model whose implications are consistent with reality. The typical profit-maximizing strategy of a firm in our model is to hire both women and men, rather than to specialize in one labor type. When both are hired, the men's wage rate exceeds the women's. We assume that the labor supply curves for women and men have different slopes and that men dislike working with women equals or superiors.
Uncomplicated stereotactic and open neurosurgical procedures in patients with factor vii deficiency

Factor VII deficiency is characterized by epistaxis, bruising, hemarthrosis, menorrhagia, gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria, and intracranial hemorrhage during infancy. Causes of acquired factor VII deficiency include liver disease, Vitamin K deficiency, and warfarin administration. Congenital factor VII deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, with the homozygotes having a severe deficiency and the heterozygotes a moderate deficiency of factor VII. Orthopedic, gynecological, cardiothoracic, and abdominal surgical procedures have been successfully performed in patients with factor VII deficiency both with and without factor VII replacement. We present two patients with moderate and moderately severe factor VII deficiency who successfully underwent intracranial procedures using plasma during the perioperative period for factor VII replacement. One patient successfully underwent stereotactic placement of mesial temporal lobe depth electrodes and subdural strip electrodes followed by anterior temporal lobectomy for medically refractory seizures. The second patient successfully underwent craniotomy for an olfactory groove meningioma. No bleeding complications were encountered with any of the three intracranial procedures performed. These cases represent the first reported cases of successful intracranial procedures in patients with factor VII deficiency, other than shunting procedures performed for intraventricular hemorrhage during infancy.
Single-crystal conductivity measurements of hydrogen molybdenum bronzes: HxMoO3

Abstract This work reports single-crystal conductivity measurements for the hydrogen molybdenum bronzes H0.5MoO3 and H1.7MoO3 from room temperature to 130 and 65 K, respectively. Both bronzes show thermally activated conduction characteristic of semiconductors, with activation energies of 0.4 and 0.2 eV.
The effects of an escape contingency upon running wheel and one-way avoidance learning

Rats were given avoidance training for 60 trials in a running wheel or 30 trials in a one-way apparatus. For different groups the consequences of failing to avoid in a given trial were escapable shock or inescapable shock of fixed duration. The results indicate that the escape contingency makes no contribution to avoidance learning in these two situations.
Application of artificial neural system algorithms to image analysis of roots in soil, I. initial results

Abstract Several back propagation artificial neural system (ANS) architectures were tested to determine their abilities to identify roots in minirhizotron images of soil. The general model had an input level, which consisted of two linear arrays 1 × 11 pixels each, a hidden level, with 7 to 11 nodes, and an output level consisting of a single node set to produce a binary root/not-root output. The inputs to the model consisted of two linear arrays, one each from a horizontal and a vertical derivative image produced from the raw image by the Savitzky-Golay algorithm. A training image was constructed by hand-editing the raw image. The back propagation model was trained by repeatedly presenting it with a set of inputs and an associated target response. The error was calculated for the output from each input/target response pair and corrections to the weighting functions were made using a gradient descent back correction algorithm. The results of this study suggest that the ANS approach has potential to identify roots in images of soil. Suggestions for improving the performance of the model are presented.
Erratum to “Foraging Habitat Distributions Affect Territory Size and Shape in the Tuamotu Kingfisher”

This erratum corrects a citation for a related work that used some of the same data. Citation 56 should be included in the References section. After the second sentence of the second paragraph of the Discussion section, a sentence should appear: “Patterns reflect those presented previously [28, 56].” The third sentence of the third paragraph of the Discussion section should include the citation so that it reads “. . .or because travel costs associated with food gathering are too great [56].” The fourth sentence of the fifth paragraph of the Discussion section should include the citation so that it reads “. . .a second population could be established [28, 56].” The references were as follows.
On statistical intercomparison of EV1 estimators by Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract Extreme value type 1 distribution parameters and quantiles were estimated by methods of moments, maximum likelihood estimation, probability weighted moments, entropy, mixed moments, least squares and incomplete means for Monte Carlo samples generated from two sampling cases: purely random process and serially correlated process. The performance of these estimators was statistically inter-compared. Additionally, a bias correction was made to the method of moments-quantile estimator. The corrected estimator provided nearly unbiased quantile estimates even for small samples and high nonexceedance probabilities.
Root neighborhoods, generalized lemniscates, and robust stability of dynamic systems

A root neighborhood (or pseudozero set) of a degree-n polynomial p(z) is the set of all complex numbers that are the roots of polynomials whose coefficients differ from those of p(z), under a specified norm in $${\mathbb{C}^{n+1}}$$, by no more than a fixed amount $${\epsilon}$$. Root neighborhoods corresponding to commonly used norms are bounded by higher-order algebraic curves called generalized lemniscates. Although it may be neither convenient nor useful to derive their implicit equations, such curves are amenable to graphical analysis by means of simple contouring algorithms. Root neighborhood methods offer advantages over alternative approaches (the Kharitonov theorems and their generalizations) for investigating the robust stability of dynamic systems with uncertain parameters, since they offer valuable insight concerning which roots of the characteristic polynomial will become unstable first, and the relative importance of parameter variations on the root locations—and hence speed and damping of the system response. We derive a generalization of root neighborhoods to the case of polynomial coefficients having an affine linear dependence on a set of complex uncertainty parameters, bounded under a general weighted norm, and we discuss their applications to robust stability problems. The methods are illustrated by several computed examples.
Survival of and Herbivore Damage to a Cohort of Quercus rubra Planted Across a Forest-Old-field Edge

Abstract Forest edges are known to affect plant community composition and habitat use by animals. However, the direct influence of edges in determining patterns of tree regeneration is poorly understood. Survival of and herbivore damage to Quercus rubra seedlings were experimentally determined for seedlings planted across a forest—old-field edge gradient. Seedling survival was lowest inside the forest (1%), intermediate at the edge (25%) and highest within the old-field portion of the gradient (49%). Deer herbivory decreased with increasing distance into the old field. Seedling survival increased under Rosa multiflora and decreased in plots with mammalian herbivory. Seedling height was significantly affected by distance from the edge but was unaffected by mammalian herbivory. Based on our results, herbivore effects on Quercus rubra growth and survivorship appear secondary to influences of distance from the forest edge.
Use of Immunofluorescence and Animal Tests to Detect Growth and Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum Type E in Food

The appearance of Clostridium botulinum type E organisms and of toxin in experimentally inoculated packages of turkey roll was followed to study the time relationship between the presence of vegetative cells and the demonstration of toxin. The presence of vegetative cells was determined by immunofluorescence, and animal tests were used to assay toxin production. Growth initiated from detoxified spores of C. botulinum type E resulted in toxin formation within 24 hr. Presence of fluorescing vegetative cells and of toxin coincided from 1 to 14 days of incubation. Beginning with the next testing date, day 21, differences were observed. Toxin could be detected for a longer time than vegetative cells. Neither toxin nor organisms could be found after 56 days of incubation. The mouse lethal dose tests (MLD per gram of turkey roll) showed fluctuations in the amount of toxin present throughout the period of testing. Maximal amounts of toxin were present during the period when fluorescing organisms were also more numerous. The applications of immunofluorescence in the study and in the diagnosis of botulism is discussed.
Quality of Outpatient Care: Diabetes

To the Editor. —Dr Weiner and colleagues 1 used administrative data to study the quality of care in elderly diabetic patients. They summarize that the patients did not receive "optimal care" and that "existing administrative claims data can be used to support quality improvement activities." In Germany comparable data were collected in 1988. Glycosylated hemoglobin was measured in only 8.2% of diabetic patients. 2 Administrative data might be useful as indicators of process quality for quality improvement strategies if they become available more rapidly, since in Germany a substantial increase of glycosylated hemoglobin measurements occurred between 1988 and 1994 (Figure). Before blaming colleagues in Alabama, Maryland, and Iowa, more recent data should be provided. Another aspect is astonishing for European readers of JAMA : in 55% of the patients, cholesterol level was measured once per year, and this percentage is considered to be too low. In Europe, there is a fundamental
“You are What You Eat”: Nutritional Norms, Maternal Deviance, and Neutralization of Women's Prenatal Diets

This article uses neutralization theory to examine women's responses to prenatal nutritional norms. Based on 55 qualitative interviews with pregnant women, I explore women's prenatal nutritional narratives, their talk about food and nutrition. Women link healthful eating in pregnancy with the good mother ideal and construct identities as mothers through monitoring prenatal diets. When they violate nutritional norms, they are subject to charges of maternal deviance and use techniques of neutralization to protect their self-concept. I explore the excuses and justifications women offer for violations of prenatal nutritional norms and demonstrate how mundane behaviors are endowed with moral meaning in pregnancy.
Fundamentals of Glass-to-Metal Bonding: III, Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Wettability of Metals by Glass

The effects of temperature and pressure on the wettability of metals by glass were studied. A system was completed that was capable of subjecting test combinations to temperatures up to 1400°C. at a working pressure of 10−5mm. of Hg. The variation in wetting with change in pressure and temperature was analyzed by the use of Young's equation primarily for the systems gold–, platinum–, and iron-sodium silicate glass. The interfacial energy for the system gold-sodium silicate glass was calculated to be 1230 dynes per cm. The limitations imposed on the use of Young's equation for analyzing wettability in systems in which an interfacial compound is formed are discussed.
Theory of surfactant-mediated growth on semiconductor surfaces

The surfactant effect, first demonstrated by Copel et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 (1989) 632] by using As to promote epitaxial growth of Ge on Si(100), has now been studied in a wide variety of systems, thus making systematic studies possible. We present theoretical models that account for the observed behavior of various surfactants on semiconductor surfaces, including homo-epitaxial and hetero-epitaxial growth. The theoretical models include first-principles calculations of the relative energy of different structures associated with surfactant layers and the activation energies for diffusion and exchange mechanisms, as well as solid-on-solid Monte Carlo simulations.
Convective diffusion in stagnation flow with an imperfect semipermeable interface

In this note convective diffusion in stagnation flow is discussed in the context of membrane separation processes, reverse osmosis in particular. It is shown that this is a desirable configuration for determining the rejection parameter R, a measure of how imperfect the semipermeable membrane interface is, because the dimensionless concentration function depends only on η. A simple approximate analytical solution is developed for (wsw/wse) which applies to separation processes in general. For reverse osmosis, NSc ≃ 560 and in this case the approximate results are compared with exact numerical calculations. It is found that the analytical solution is very accurate up to a polarization of (wsw/wse) ≃ 4 which constitutes a wide range of practical interest. For completeness, numerical results are reported up to a polarization of about 30.
Child and adolescent psychotherapy outcomes in experiments versus clinics: why the disparity?

In a recent article, Weisz, Weiss, and Donenberg (1992) compared the effects of child and adolescent psychotherapy in experimental studies and in studies of clinic practice. Here we update that report with new information and we explore 10 possible reasons why, to date, therapy in experiments appears to have shown larger effect sizes than therapy in clinics. We find that beneficial therapy effects are associated with three factors which are more common in research therapy than in clinic therapy: (a) the use of behavioral (including cognitive-behavioral) methods, (b) reliance on specific, focused therapy methods rather than mixed and eclectic approaches, and (c) provision of structure (e.g., through treatment manuals) and monitoring (e.g., through review of therapy tapes) to foster adherence to treatment plans. These three factors all involve dimensions along which clinic procedures could be altered.
Phospholipid binding of annexin V: Effects of calcium and membrane phosphatidylserine content

We studied the binding of fluorescein-labeled annexin V (placental anticoagulant protein I) to small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles at 0.15 M ionic strength as a function of calcium concentration and membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) content. As the mole percentage of PS in the membrane increased from 10 to 50%, the stoichiometry of binding decreased hyperbolically from 1100 mol phospholipid/mol annexin V to a limiting value of 84 mol/mol for measurements made at 1.2 mM CaCl2. Over the same range of PS content, Kd remained approximately constant at 0.036 +/- 0.011 nM. A similar hyperbolic decrease in stoichiometry was observed with vesicles containing 10 or 20% PS when the calcium concentration was increased from 0.4 to 10 mM. Thus, the density of membrane binding sites is strongly dependent on the membrane PS content and calcium concentration. The effect of calcium on annexin V-membrane binding is proposed to be due to the formation of phospholipid-calcium complexes, to which the protein binds, rather than to an allosteric effect of calcium on protein-phospholipid affinity.
Stereospecific syntheses of coriolin, coriolin B and diketocoriolin B

Abstract Routes to the title compounds via a fully stereospecific total synthesis of dihydrocoriolin are reported.
Minor stressors and depressed mood: reactivity is more strongly correlated than total stress

This study evaluated how strongly total stress and stress reactivity to minor stressors were correlated with depressed mood in traditional and non-traditional college women (n = 146). Stress reactivity, which was conceptualized as mean stress per stressor, accounted more strongly than number of potentially stressful encounters for total stress, and was more strongly correlated than total stress with symptoms of depressed mood, after controlling for initial depressed mood and neuroticism. Reactivity was associated with greater use of avoidance coping and higher levels of neuroticism, which suggest that it may represent a stable individual difference and possibly serve as a predictor of depressed mood, especially in response to minor stressors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CpG DNA-mediated Induction of Acute Liver Injury in d-Galactosamine-sensitized Mice THE MITOCHONDRIAL APOPTOTIC PATHWAY-DEPENDENT DEATH OF HEPATOCYTES

Unmethylated CpG motifs present in bacterial DNA (CpG DNA) induce innate inflammatory responses, including rapid induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Although innate inflammatory responses induced by CpG DNA and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns are essential for the eradication of infectious microorganisms, excessive activation of innate immunity is detrimental to the host. In this study, we demonstrate that CpG DNA, but not control non-CpG DNA, induces a fulminant liver failure with subsequent shock-mediated death by promoting massive apoptotic death of hepatocytes in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice. Inhibition of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore opening or caspase 9 activity in vivo protects D-GalN-sensitized mice from the CpG DNA-mediated liver injury and death. CpG DNA enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines in D-GalN-sensitized mice via a TLR9/MyD88-dependent pathway. In addition, CpG DNA failed to induce massive hepatocyte apoptosis and subsequent fulminant liver failure and death in D-GalN-sensitized mice that lack TLR9, MyD88, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, or TNF receptor I but not interleukin-6 or -12p40. Taken together, our results provide direct evidence that CpG DNA induces a severe acute liver injury and shock-mediated death through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway-dependent death of hepatocytes caused by an enhanced production of TNF-alpha through a TLR9/MyD88 signaling pathway in D-GalN-sensitized mice.
GPU implementation of belief propagation using CUDA for cloud tracking and reconstruction

This paper describes an efficient CUDA-based GPU implementation of the belief propagation algorithm that can be used to speed up stereo image processing and motion tracking calculations without loss of accuracy. Preliminary results in using belief propagation to analyze satellite images of hurricane Luis for real-time cloud structure and tracking are promising with speed-ups of nearly a factor of five.
Induction of Drosophila heat-shock puffs in isolated polytene nuclei

Abstract Procedures are given for the isolation of active nuclei from salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster . Incubation of nuclei with extracts from “heat-shocked,” cultured Drosophila cells induced chromosomal puffing at the cytologically identified “heat-shock” loci. This procedure thus enables one to assay for the heat-shock transcriptional regulators. Partial fractionation of inducing extracts indicates that some puffs (63C, 93D, and 63F) can be induced in vitro under conditions which do not induce others (87A and 87C). This finding is consistent with the notion that these loci are differentially regulated in vivo , perhaps by different mechanisms.
COHERENT POPULATION TRAPPING AND ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY IN MULTI-ZEEMAN-SUBLEVEL ATOMS

We present a general formalism for studying the interaction between laser fields and degenerate-Zeeman-sublevel atoms correct up to the first order in the weak probe field. We derive from this theory the equations of motion for a \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type system involving ${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$, F=2\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$, F\ensuremath{'}=1\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$, F=1 transitions in $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms. These equations are used to numerically investigate the coherent population trapping (CPT) schemes in the ${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$, F=2\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$, F\ensuremath{'}=1 transition induced by a linearly polarized pumping field and the electromagnetically induced transparency exhibited in the weak probe spectrum in the ${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$, F=1\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$, F\ensuremath{'}=1 transition. We discuss the effects of the CPT on the probe spectrum with and without the Doppler broadenings by comparing the probe spectrum derived from the real system with that derived from an ideal \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type system. We show that the atoms in the CPT states are shielded from interacting with the probe field while those in the absorbent states make contributions to the weak probe by the Raman anti-Stokes process, and the effect of the real system on the probe field becomes equivalent to the ideal \ensuremath{\Lambda} system only in the strong CPT parameter regime. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
In-plane resistivity from a two-dimensional t-J model.

We study a two-dimensional {ital t}-{ital J} model with small spin exchange, using a self-consistent diagrammatic method in the ``slave`` fermion formalism. From the hole self-energy calculation to the second order, the electrical resistivity is determined as linearly proportional to the temperature. We also find that the quasiparticle energy spectra and the gap function agree with the mean-field results.
Immunoperoxidase technique in diagnosis of oral pemphigus vulgaris: An alternative method to immunofluorescence

Five cases of oral pemphigus vulgaris, diagnosed on the basis of clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic criteria, were selected. Sections were stained with the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) technique of immunocytochemical staining. The findings correlated well with those reported by direct immunofluorescence demonstrating the same intercellular substance (ICS) pattern of staining. Because this staining technique is applied to routinely processed and paraffinized tissue, it may be of particular value to the oral pathologist who often receives formalin-fixed material before the need for immunopathologic studies is recognized. In addition, interpretation does not require specialized microscopy and tissue sections can be stored and retrieved for retrospective study.
Microbial sulfate reduction in acidic (pH 3) strip-mine lakes

35SO4 reduction was detected in slurries of sediments obtained from Reservoir 29 (pH 3.8) and Lake B (pH 6.2), two acid strip-mine lakes in Indiana. The rates varied seasonally and were higher in summer and fall than in the spring. The optimal pH for sulfate reduction in Reservoir 29 sediments was 5, but samples had increased activity at pH 7 within 24 h after adjusting the pH to this value. In Lake B, the optimal pH for sulfate reduction was the in situ pH (6.2). Sulfate reduction in both lakes was stimulated 2–3-fold by increasing pH2. High concentrations (5 mM) of organic acids inhibited sulfate reduction at pH 3.8, but stimulation was observed at concentrations of 0.1 mM. Acid-volatile sulfides accounted for about 70% of the products of 35SO4 reduction.
Nonlinear pattern vision processes in early infancy

Abstract This study explored a possible nonlinear process in the pattern vision of 1 1 2 - to 3-month-old human infants by using a herringbone pattern. Adults perceive a global orientation in this pattern from the arrangement of local line segments oriented at right angles to each other. Fourier analysis of this pattern, however, shows no power at the perceived global orientation. In essence, no linear filtering of this pattern will yield energy in the perceived global orientation of the herringbone pattern. Infant perceptual theories based on the linear systems approach would predict that infants should be insensitive to this global orientation of the herringbone. Results of a preference procedure in Experiment 1 showed that 12-week-olds preferred the globally vertical and horizontal herringbones over the oblique herringbones. This preference is not predicted by linear systems accounts of pattern preferences. Experiment 2 provided converging evidence for nonlinear pattern vision processes at 12 weeks of age using a habituation procedure. Taken together, these results indicate that nonlinear pattern vision processes are functional by 3 months of age in the human visual system.
Insect neurometamorphosis. IV. Effects of the brain and synthetic alpha-ecdysone upon interganglionic connective shortening in Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera).

The interganglionic connectives of pharate pupae and pupae < 5 hours after ecdysis (early pupae) of Galleria mellonella will cease shortening if the segments in which they lie are separated from the prothorax. Though shortening is not prevented by removing the brain of an early pupa, it will be delayed several days. This period is prolonged to more than a week if the corpora cardiaca (Cc) and corpora allata (Ca) are removed together with the brain. The retardation induced by extirpating all three organs is prevented by implanting a single brain from a pupa or an adult, but not by implanting ganglia. It is also alleviated, to a lesser extent, by one or two pairs of Cc-Ca. As many as three brains transplanted into a posterior pupal fragment deviod of acknowledged endocrines will not initiate shortening, but implanting a single brain into a decerebrated anterior fragment will. The evidence suggests that the brain does not regulate shortening directly. Instead, it may do so by producing prothoracotropic hormone. Approximately 0.03 μg of synthetic α-ecdysone per animal is sufficient to cause 50% of the meso-metathoracic connectives of brainless pupae to shorten half their initial length or more within three days. For posterior pupal fragments, however, ca. 0.06 μg per animal is required. The sensitivity of this developing system to ecdysone parallels its responsiveness to transplanted brains, and the shortening nerve cord may be useful in assaying for brain hormone.
Correlation of the Swelling and Permeability of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films

Alternating adsorption of polycations and polyanions on porous supports yields a variety of size-selective membranes whose swelling and transport properties depend on constituent polyelectrolytes, capping layer choice (polycation or polyanion), and deposition conditions. This report shows that in aqueous experiments, ellipsometrically determined swelling percentages correlate well with nanofiltration (NF) rejections and diffusion dialysis fluxes. For example, hyaluronic acid (HA)/chitosan films swell 4 times more than poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) coatings, and in NF experiments, the HA/chitosan membranes permit a 250-fold greater fractional passage of sucrose. In general, films prepared from polyelectrolytes with a high charge density show low swelling and slow solute transport, presumably because of a high degree of ionic cross-linking. In the case of PSS/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), PDADMAC-capped films can swell 4-fold more than their PSS-terminated ...
Adaptive observers in which parameters are updated infrequently

A hybrid model-reference adaptive observer (HMRAO) is introduced to eliminate some of the difficulties associated with conventional model-reference adaptive observers (MRAO). The HMRAO utilizes a periodic probing input and updates parameter estimates once per probing input period. The HMRAO is stable in the presence of controllable and observable unmodelled dynamics. Its adaptation convergence rates are inversely proportional to the eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix which can be computed on-line, and used to calculate the observer gain necessary to optimize the convergence rates. The HMRAO is a least-squares estimator, which leads to the frequency-domain interpretation that the estimated frequency response and the actual frequency response are matched most closely at the probing input frequencies. Identification experiments are performed on a flexible structure to test the stability, accuracy, convergence rates, tracking, and frequency-domain interpretation of the HMRAO.
The Egyptian Executive: A Study in Conflict

Beginning in July, 1961, the government of the United Arab Republic (Egypt) issued a series of nationalization decrees which shifted the country from a private enterprise economy to essentially a socialist society. All industry of any substantial size or influence is now owned or controlled by the government. These decrees followed by approximately a decade the political revolution (July, 1952) which ousted the king (Farouk) and created a dictatorship under the eventual leadership of Gamal Abdel Nasser. The nationalization decrees reflected President Nasser's thinking that the desire for a better way of life for his people had to come through a conversion from an agricultural society to an industrial society. Furthermore, he wanted the industrialization of the economy to be carried out as rapidly as possible. He felt that this could best be accomplished through government control and central planning. The nationalization decrees allowed for some private ownership, in agriculture and in the retail and serv...
Polarographic studies on a soluble membrane ATPase and aqueous dispersions of phospholipids.

Abstract In a new approach to the study of lipid-protein interactions an investigation was made of the polarographic properties of mixtures of a water-soluble ATPase and aqueous dispersions of homogeneous phospholipid vesicles. The protein under study produced a characteristic d.c.-polarographic wave which was found to be perturbed when the phospholipid vesicles were added to the solution. A matrix rank analysis, performed on a phase-sensitive a.c. polarogram of this mixture, indicated that at least three components were present. These results suggest that an interaction occurs in solution between the artificial membrane system and the soluble ATPase, resulting in the formation of a vesicle-ATPase complex. It was also found that random currents appeared at the polarized mercury-water interface as the size of the phospholipid dispersion particles was increased. These random interfacial currents, which occurred both in the presence and absence of the soluble ATPase, could be eliminated by low concentrations of detergents, alcohol and certain drugs.
The management of stage II Hodgkin's disease with a large mediastinal mass: a prospective program emphasizing irradiation.

Abstract Between October 1980 and July 1983, 13 patients with clinical Stage II Hodgkin's disease who had a large mediastinal mass (mediastinal mass ratio, MMR > 1 3 ) were entered into a prospective treatment program emphasizing irradiation. Careful clinical staging, including CT scanning, was completed in order to define precisely the extent of disease in the chest. All patients had a negative lymphogram. The range of MMR was .34 to .56 (median .39). By the time mantle irradiation was completed the MMR ranged from .21 to .35. One patient had such extensive pulmonary parenchymal extension that treatment with combined modality therapy was necessary. Twelve patients underwent laparotomy after adequate reduction of the mediastinal mass size, but only two had subdiaphgragmatic disease detected. One patient had disease extension into the lung during mantle irradiation and one patient failed in a rib six months after completion of irradiation. Both have been treated successfully with salvage chemotherapy. All the remaining patients received prophylactic irradiation below the diaphragm and all are doing well with a median follow up of 21 months. The 2 year actuarial freedom from relapse of the entire group of 13 patients is 83%. These early results are very encouraging for this unfavorable group of patients with large mediastinal masses. This may be due to the routine use of CT scans to determine tumor volume and aggressive mantle irradiation, which often includes prophylactic treatment to the lungs. Careful monitoring of tumor response and use of a shrinking field technique has helped to keep complications to a minimum.
Identification of Francisella tularensis Lipoproteins That Stimulate the Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2/TLR1 Heterodimer

The innate immune response to Francisella tularensis is primarily mediated by TLR2, though the bacterial products that stimulate this receptor remain unknown. Here we report the identification of two Francisella lipoproteins, TUL4 and FTT1103, which activate TLR2. We demonstrate that TUL4 and FTT1103 stimulate chemokine production in human and mouse cells in a TLR2-dependent way. Using an assay that relies on chimeric TLR proteins, we show that TUL4 and FTT1103 stimulate exclusively the TLR2/TLR1 heterodimer. Our results also show that yet unidentified Francisella proteins, possibly unlipi-dated, have the ability to stimulate the TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer. Through domain-exchange analysis, we determined that an extended region that comprises LRR 9–17 in the extra-cellular portion of TLR1 mediates response to Francisella lipoproteins and triacylated lipopeptide. Substitution of the corresponding LRR of TLR6 with the LRR derived from TLR1 enables TLR6 to recognize TUL4, FTT1103, and triacylated lipopeptide. This study identifies for the first time specific Fran-cisella products capable of stimulating a proinflammatory response and the cellular receptors they trigger.
The role of microtubules in establishing nuclear spatial patterns in multinucleate green algae

In uninucleate cells, cytokinesis follows karyokinesis, thereby reestablishing a specific nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio. In multinucleate cells, cytokinesis is absent or infrequent; no plasmalemma boundary defines the cytoplasmic territory of an individual nucleus. Several genera of large multinucleate green algae were examined with epifluorescence light microscopy to determine whether the patterns of cytoplasmic organization establish nuclear cytoplasmic domains. Randomly spaced nuclei, singular mitotic events and cytoplasmic streaming characterize the organization of two genera,Derbesia andBryopsis (Caulerpales). The cells ofValonia, Valoniopsis, Boergesenia, Ventricaria (Siphonocladales), andHydrodictyon (Chlorococcales) display regularly spaced nuclei which undergo synchronous divisions in a stationary cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm of genera with regularly spaced nuclei, microtubules radiate from all nuclei in late telophase-early interphase. These internuclear microtubule arrays are not found in algal genera with randomly spaced nuclei. It is hypothesized that these microtubule arrays play a role in establishing the cytoplasmic domain of each nucleus in genera with regularly spaced nuclei. Loss of microtubule arrays during the events of mitosis correlated positively with the increasing randomization of nuclear patterns in algae grown in microtubule inhibitors. Cytoplasmic domains were maintained when cells were grown in the same media in the dark. This suggests that, after a round of division, regular nuclear spacing in certain multinucleate algae is reestablished by internuclear microtubule arrays, which are not, however, required to maintain spacing during interphase.
Dose and dose rate effects of whole-body proton-irradiation on lymphocyte blastogenesis and hematological variables: Part II

The goal of part II of this study was to evaluate functional characteristics of leukocytes and circulating blood cell parameters after whole-body proton irradiation at varying doses and at low- and high-dose-rates (LDR and HDR, respectively). C57BL/6 mice (n=51) were irradiated and euthanized at 4 days post-exposure for assay. Significant radiation dose- (but not dose-rate-) dependent decreases were observed in splenocyte responses to T and B cell mitogens when compared to sham-irradiated controls (P<0.001). Spontaneous blastogenesis, also significantly dose-dependent, was increased in both blood and spleen (P<0.001). Red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit were decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), whereas thrombocyte numbers were only slightly affected. Comparison of proton- and gamma-irradiated groups (both receiving 3 Gy at HDR) showed a higher level of spontaneous blastogenesis in blood leukocytes and a lower splenocyte response to concanavalin A following proton irradiation (P<0.05). There were no dose rate effects. Collectively, the data demonstrate that the measurements in blood and spleen were largely dependent upon the total dose of proton radiation and that an 80-fold difference in the dose rate was not a significant factor. A difference, however, was found between protons and gamma-rays in the degree of change induced in some of the measurements.
Maximizing Human Potential: Capabilities Theory and the Professional Work Environment

Human capabilities theory has emerged as an important framework for measuring whether various social systems promote human flourishing. The premise of this theory is that human beings share some nearly universal capabilities; what makes a human life fulfilling is the opportunity to exercise these capabilities. This essay proposes that the use of human capabilities theory can be expanded to assess whether a company has organized the work environment in such a way that allows workers to develop a variety of human capabilities. This mode of analysis is put forward as a complement to the work of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who has suggested that the key to promoting human well-being in the workplace is the maximization of flow experiences.
Lung transplantation in children and young adults with cardiovascular disease

Single or bilateral lung transplantation was performed in 20 patients with pulmonary hypertension or an inadequate pulmonary vascular bed; all but 1 had congenital heart disease. The average age was 6.3 years (range, 3 months to 23.9 years). All were in New York Heart Association class IV, and 6 were hospitalized and receiving intensive support before transplantation. Hospital survival was 70% (14/20), with three additional deaths at 7, 11, and 27 months. A prior thoracic operation contributed to three of six hospital deaths from hemorrhage. All late deaths were due directly or indirectly to obliterative bronchiolitis. At a mean follow-up of 19 months (range, 2 to 48 months), 10 of 11 survivors are in New York Heart Association class I. Survival after hospital discharge and incidence of obliterative bronchiolitis are similar in a contemporary group of 41 patients of comparable age who underwent lung transplantation for pulmonary disease (p = not significant). Single or bilateral lung transplantation is an acceptable therapy for children with pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease, or both. Further investigation in the areas of pretransplantation survival, operative risk factors, and long-term outcome of single-lung recipients and recipients with hemodynamically insignificant intracardiac lesions are needed to develop optimal decision-making strategies for these patients.
Self-consistent equations governing the dynamics of nonequilibrium colloidal systems

A self-consistent theoretical procedure is proposed to derive the governing equations for the dynamic properties of nonequilibrium colloidal systems within the framework of the probability theory. Unlike alternative methods in the literature, the self-consistent procedure completely decouples dynamic variables from thermodynamic functions introduced for equilibrium systems. The intrinsic characteristics of a nonequilibrium system is described by the one-body temporal- and spatial-dependent dynamic variables, including the particle density profile, the local momentum, the kinetic energy or dynamic temperature, and by various forms of the two-body position and momentum correlation functions. Within appropriate constraints related to the initial/boundary conditions of a nonequilibrium system, the governing equations for the time evolution of these dynamic functions are obtained by maximizing the information entropy, i.e., the time-evolution equations for the dynamic variables correspond to a probability distribution in the reduced phase space that best represents the known information. It is shown that the dynamic equations are in parallel to and fully consistent with the statistical description of equilibrium systems. With certain assumptions, the self-consistent procedure can be reduced to various conventional theories of nonequilibrium processes.
Finite element analysis of anisotropic plates

Two aspects of the finite element analysis of mid-plane symmetrically laminated anisotropic plates are considered in this paper. The first pertains to exploiting the symmetries exhibited by anisotropic plates in their analysis. The second aspect pertains to the effects of anisotropy and shear deformation on the accuracy and convergence of shear-flexible displacement finite element models. Numerical results are presented which show the effects of increasing the order of approximating polynomials and of using derivatives of generalized displacements as nodal parameters.
A data mining approach to modeling relationships among categories in image collection

This paper proposes a data mining approach to modeling relationships among categories in image collection. In our approach, with image feature grouping, a visual dictionary is created for color, texture, and shape feature attributes respectively. Labeling each training image with the keywords in the visual dictionary, a classification tree is built. Based on the statistical properties of the feature space we define a structure, called α-Semantics Graph, to discover the hidden semantic relationships among the semantic categories embodied in the image collection. With the α-Semantics Graph, each semantic category is modeled as a unique fuzzy set to explicitly address the semantic uncertainty and semantic overlap among the categories in the feature space. The model is utilized in the semantics-intensive image retrieval application. An algorithm using the classification accuracy measures is developed to combine the built classification tree with the fuzzy set modeling method to deliver semantically relevant image retrieval for a given query image. The experimental evaluations have demonstrated that the proposed approach models the semantic relationships effectively and the image retrieval prototype system utilizing the derived model is promising both in effectiveness and efficiency.
Evaluation of Five Artificial Diets for the Laboratory Rearing of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae

Although much attention has been focused upon control of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), little consideration has been given to its laboratory rearing and nutritional requirements. Ziener and Cashin (1964) utilized small plastic utility boxes containing a leafy tip of an alfalfa stem as containers for rearing small quantities of larvae. Guerra and Bishop (1964) sustained adults on Red Ranger® dog pellets but the number of progeny obtained from the adults was small. Huggans and Blickenstaff (1963) developed an artificial diet from the Berger (1963) modification of Vandenant et al. (1962) wheat-germ diet. However, the time for larval development was twice as long as when grown on fresh alfalfa, without which adults reared on the diet failed to reproduce.
Ecofeminism and climate change

Synopsis Issues that women traditionally organize around—environmental health, habitats, livelihoods—have been marginalized in debates that treat climate change as a scientific problem requiring technological and scientific solutions without substantially transforming ideologies and economies of domination, exploitation and colonialism. Issues that GLBTQ people organize around—bullying in the schools, hate crimes, marriage equality, fair housing and health care—aren't even noted in climate change discussions. Feminist analyses are well positioned to address these and other structural inequalities in climate crises, and to unmask the gendered character of first-world overconsumption; moreover, both feminist animal studies and posthumanism bring awareness of species as an unexamined dimension in climate change. A queer, posthumanist, ecological and feminist approach—brought together through the intersectional lens of ecofeminism—is needed to tackle the antifeminist threads companioning the scientific response to climate change: the linked rhetorics of population control, erotophobia and ecophobia, anti-immigration sentiment, and increased militarism.
n-Type Semiconducting Naphthalene Diimide-Perylene Diimide Copolymers: Controlling Crystallinity, Blend Morphology, and Compatibility Toward High-Performance All-Polymer Solar Cells

Knowledge of the critical factors that determine compatibility, blend morphology, and performance of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells composed of an electron-accepting polymer and an electron-donating polymer remains limited. To test the idea that bulk crystallinity is such a critical factor, we have designed a series of new semiconducting naphthalene diimide (NDI)-selenophene/perylene diimide (PDI)-selenophene random copolymers, xPDI (10PDI, 30PDI, 50PDI), whose crystallinity varies with composition, and investigated them as electron acceptors in BHJ solar cells. Pairing of the reference crystalline (crystalline domain size Lc = 10.22 nm) NDI-selenophene copolymer (PNDIS-HD) with crystalline (Lc = 9.15 nm) benzodithiophene-thieno[3,4-b]thiophene copolymer (PBDTTT-CT) donor yields incompatible blends, whose BHJ solar cells have a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.4%. However, pairing of the new 30PDI with optimal crystallinity (Lc = 5.11 nm) as acceptor with the same PBDTTT-CT donor yields compa...