cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Pathology of Diseases Involving Myelin

As emphasized in Chapter 5, myelin is a very plentiful substance, comprising 50% of brain white matter and possibly an even larger percentage of myelinated peripheral nerves. Since myelin is a cellular component, it is dependent for its maintenance on the integrity of the generating cell, either the oligodendroglial cell in the CNS or the Schwann cell in the PNS. Although the nature of the biological relationship is unclear, myelin is also absolutely dependent on the integrity of the axon which it invests. It has been pointed out in Chapter 8 that it follows from these facts that many disorders of the nervous system which affect general cell functioning, and all of those which result in the death of neurons, will involve a loss of myelin. Because of the normally high concentration of myelin and its particular composition, such losses are relatively easy to detect both histologically and chemically and can be a significant pathological finding in a multitude of conditions. It is not always clear whether myelin loss should be considered a significant factor in the disease process or whether it is incidental to some more primary damage. Raine and Schaumburg in Chapter 8 have classified and described the diseases in which myelin appears to be primarily and selectively affected. I will use this classification in my discussion (and the similar one by Morell et al., 1976), but for several reasons I will not follow exactly the order of their description. First, there is much more systematic neuropathological information on these diseases than there are biochemical data. Some diseases such as multiple sclerosis have been thoroughly studied, whereas for others there may be no biochemical information, or little that is of use to an understanding of the disease. Second, there are biochemical findings which are common to many diseases of different etiologies but which, for better understanding, should be discussed together. And, third, there are a number of diseases in which myelin is involved but which are not “myelin diseases” as defined in Chapter 8. The chemical findings in these diseases, however, may be related to those of the myelin diseases per se; thus the title of this chapter was chosen purposely to stress that it would be artificially limiting for the biochemist to discuss only “myelin diseases,” as the first topic illustrates.
Waves in Plasmas

Any periodic motion of a fluid can be decomposed by Fourier analysis into a superposition of sinusoidal oscillations with different frequencies ω and wavelengths λ. A simple wave is any one of these components. When the oscillation amplitude is small, the waveform is generally sinusoidal; and there is only one component. This is the situation we shall consider.
GRAFCET and SFC as Factory Automation Standards Advantages and Limitations

Two proposed programming standards for industrial automation, GRAFCET and SFC, are presented. The idea of what makes a `good' programming language is discussed, and the concept of a graphic programming language is introduced. The advantages and limitations of GRAFCET and SFC are presented. This paper concludes with a discussion of the need for further research for more general graphic programming languages for industrial automation.
Culture and reproduction

Culture and reproduction are an interdisciplinary field that studies human fertility, pregnancy, labor and birth, and postpartum care. Uniquely, biocultural human reproduction involves species-specific physiological traits as well as cultural diversity in ways of conceptualizing, experiencing, and managing pregnancy and birth. The field has grown from comparative studies of indigenous practices and beliefs to richly detailed, observational ethnographies of birth systems, which in turn have led to analysis of medicalization and the power of authoritative knowledge systems to reduce women's autonomy in choosing birth attendants and settings. Recent research focuses on class and ethnic disparities in reproductive healthcare nationally and globally, and on efforts to reduce the high rates of maternal and infant mortality in low-income countries as well as among minorities in high-income nations. Future trends include study of the commodification of human biological materials and critical analysis of the potential of assisted reproductive technology to control and transform reproduction. Keywords: childbirth; culture; ethnography; health disparities; midwifery
Characterization of interleukin 2 (IL-2)-dependent cytotoxic T-cell clones. V. Transfer of resistance to allografts and tumor grafts requires exogenous IL-2.

Abstract The adoptive transfer of resistance to tumor grafts with cloned interleukin 2 (IL-2)-dependent cytotoxic T-cell lines was examined. Two clones were used: clone CTLL-A2 which recognizes H-2D d determinants and clone CTLL-R5 which recognizes a unique cell surface antigen of BALB/c leukemia RL♂ol. Systemic transfer of resistance with these clones was accomplished only when exogenous (rat or human) IL-2 was administered at the same time. Intraperitoneal injection of CTLL-A2 cells accelerated rejection of sarcoma Meth A (H-2D d ), but not ascites sarcoma BP8 (H-2 k ) or leukemia EL4 (H-2 b ) inoculated subcutaneously into C57BL/6 mice. CTLL-R5 cells were examined in local (Winn tests) as well as systemic transfer experiments. When mixed with leukemia cells before subcutaneous injection, they suppressed the growth of leukemia RL♂ol without exogenous IL-2. When injected intraperitoneally, CTLL-R5 cells inhibited the growth of subcutaneous grafts of leukemia RL♂ol only when exogenous IL-2 was administered at the same time. CTLL-R5 did not inhibit the growth of other radiation-induced BALB/c leukemias.
Full-wave and half-wave processes in second-order motion and texture.

A theory of human second-order motion perception is proposed and further applied to the discrimination of texture slant. The computational algorithms for deriving the direction of left-right motion from a sequence of images are equivalent to the algorithms for deriving the direction of slant (e.g. from top left to bottom right or top right to bottom left) in a single 2D image. There is a broad range of phenomena for which Fourier analysis of the image plus a few simple rules gives a good account of human perception. The problem with this first-order analysis is that there exists a broad class of 'microbalanced' stimuli in which the motion or slant is completely obvious to human subjects but is invisible to first-order analysis. Microbalanced stimuli require second-order analysis which consists of non-linear preprocessing (spatiotemporal filtering followed by rectification of the input signal) before standard motion or slant analysis. To determine whether the second-order rectification is half-wave or full-wave, we construct two special microbalanced stimulus types: 'half-wave stimuli' whose motion (or texture slant) is interpretable by a half-wave rectifying system but not by full-wave or a first-order (Fourier) analysis and 'full-wave stimuli' which are interpretable only after full-wave rectification. Such experiments show that second-order texture-slant perception utilizes both half-wave and full-wave processes, second-order motion-direction discrimination depends predominantly on full-wave rectification and second-order spatial interactions such as lateral contrast-contrast inhibition and second-order Mach bands are exclusively full-wave.
RECIPROCAL-SPACE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITIONAL MODULATION IN SHORT-PERIOD SUPERLATTICES USING POSITION-SENSITIVE X-RAY DETECTION

Epitaxial growth of AlAs-InAs short-period superlattices on (0 0 1) InP can lead to heterostructures exhibiting strong, quasi-periodic, lateral modulation of the alloy composition; transverse satellites arise in reciprocal space as a signature of the compositional modulation. Using an x-ray diffractometer equipped with a position-sensitive x-ray detector, we demonstrate reciprocal-space mapping of these satellites as an efficient, non-destructive means for detecting and characterizing the occurrence of compositional modulation. Systematic variations in the compositional modulation due to the structural design and the growth conditions of the short-period superlattice are characterized by routine mapping of the lateral satellites.
Attorneys' Fees Agonistes: The Implications of Inconsistency in the Awarding of Fees and Costs in International Arbitrations

The awarding of arbitration costs and attorneys’ fees in international arbitrations is often arbitrary and unpredictable. In one recent investment arbitration where the tribunal deciding a case under the auspices of the international Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) had broad discretion to award costs and fees, the tribunal allocated arbitration costs evenly amongst the claimant and respondent and required each party to bear its own fees and expenses, even though the claimant prevailed. In another case where the claimant was successful on its substantive claim, the ICSID tribunal ordered the respondent to pay the claimant US$6 million for legal fees, but required the parties to bear the costs of the arbitration equally. And in still another recent investment arbitration the unsuccessful respondent was ordered to pay the costs of the arbitration, but each party was responsible for its own legal fees. These results are not unique to investment arbitrations; they can also be found in international commercial arbitrations. The lack of uniformity in the awarding of costs and fees poses two major problems. First, arbitrary awards undermine the legitimacy of the dispute resolution system. Second, the lack of predictability may hinder parties from being able to settle the dispute and could rob arbitration of its efficiency. These problems are exacerbated in the international context because the costs and fees in transnational disputes can run into the millions of dollars. Indeed, in one recent celebrated arbitration, the costs and fees totaled over US$21 million. This article examines the awarding of costs and fees in international commercial arbitrations and transnational investment disputes. My study finds that awards of costs and fees are arbitrary and unpredictable under both systems. To remedy these problems, I propose two different approaches: one for ICSID tribunals and another for international commercial arbitrations. In the case of ICSID arbitrations, the parties should share equally the costs of the arbitration and bear their own legal expenses. In essence, I propose that ICSID adopt what has become known as the American Rule with respect to the awarding of costs and fees. This approach is needed to bring predictability to the field, provide greater administrative efficiency, and reduce the overall costs. In the case of international commercial arbitrations, I argue that parties should be free to select the method for resolving claims for costs and fees, including authorizing the tribunal to resolve such claims pursuant to the principle of “costs follow the event” or the “loser pays” rule. In this context, the adoption of the American Rule would not achieve the same administrative and economic benefits, and the principle of party autonomy calls for this different approach.
Seeing beyond Computer Science and Software Engineering

The boundaries of computer science are defined by what symbolic computation can accomplish. Software Engineering is concerned with effective use of computing technology to support automatic computation on a large scale so as to construct desirable solutions to worthwhile problems. Both focus on what happens within the machine. In contrast, most practical applications of computing support end-users in realizing (often unsaid) objectives. It is often said that such objectives cannot be even specified, e.g., what is the specification of MS Word, or for that matter, any flavour of UNIX? This situation points to the need for architecting what people do with computers. Based on Systems Thinking and Cybernetics, we present such a viewpoint which hinges on Human Responsibility and means of living up to it.
Information extraction via heuristics for a movie showtime query system.

Semantic interpretation for limited-domain spoken dialogue systems often amounts to extracting information from utterances. For a system that provides movie showtime information, queries are classified along four dimensions: question type, and movie titles, towns and theaters that were mentioned. Simple heuristics suffice for constructing highly accurate classifiers for the latter three attributes; classifiers for the question type attribute are induced from data using features tailored to spoken language phenomena. Since separate classifiers are used for the four attributes, which are not independent, certain errors can be detected and corrected, thus increasing robustness.
Vitamin D: The Discovery of Its Metabolites and Their Therapeutic Applications

Our understanding of the role of vitamin D in calcium-phosphorus metabolism has changed considerably in the last decade. Studies performed in tissue culture, animal, and man have firmly established that the natural compound requires hydroxylation in the liver at the C-25 position and in the kidney at the C-1 position to form the biologically active derivative 1,25-(OH)2D3. These hydroxylation reactions are finely regulated to maintain normal calcium-phosphorus homeostasis: We now regard 1,25-(OH)2D3 as a hormone which is released by the kidney during periods of hypocalcemia. This hormone acts on the intestinal mucosa to facilitate calcium absorption and on bone to increase calcium mobilization. Its function in other tissues is still being evaluated. The active metabolites of vitamin D and several closely related analogs have been synthesized. It has been clearly demonstrated that 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 1alpha-OH-D3 promote healing in uremic bone disease. Administration of small amounts of these compounds has corrected the biochemical disturbances in vitamin D-dependency and hypoparathyroidism. Limited clinical experience with 25-OH-D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 in children with familial hypophosphatemia has failed to show convincing evidence of a therapeutic effect. Further clinical studies are needed to fully evaluate the therapeutic potential of this new family of compounds.
Microresonators for Communication and Signal Processing Applications

Photonic microresonators exhibit a great potential for various advanced functions for communication and signal processing applications. In this chapter, we briefly review recent advances in achieving space-, power-, and spectrally efficient chip-scale optical devices and subsystems using microresonators. With an emphasis on signal integrity and system performance, we describe microresonator-based channel adding/dropping in time-division-multiplexing systems, signal generation and demodulation for advanced optical data formats, and frequency comb generation for arbitrary waveform generation.
a Study of the Neutral Meson Spectrum Near 1000 Mev.

The nonstrange neutral meson spectrum from 0.75 to 1.23 GeV/c was studied in the reaction negative pion plus proton goes to neutron plus missing mass at incident beam momenta of 1.98 and 2.41 GeV/c. Neutrons produced by beam interactions in the liquid hydrogen target were detected in the near forward direction in an array of plastic scintillation counters. The missing mass of the remaining particles produced in the final state was determined by a measurement of the neutron time-of-flight. In the case of genuine two-body processes, ..pi../sup -/p ..-->.. n + meson, the observed neutron corresponded to mesons produced forward in the center of mass system. Forward going secondary charge particles produced in the hydrogen target were detected and momentum analyzed by the Argonne Effective Mass Spectrometer. This allowed the isolation of several constrained final states. Arrays of scintillation detectors surrounding the target gave charged particle information and enabled the data to be differentiated into various topological subsamples. The well established ..omega../sup 0/ meson was detected. In addition, a sharp break in the ..pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/n mass spectrum and a rapid rise of the K/sup +/K/sup -/n spectrum just above threshold was observed. Both of these effects were associated withmore » the S* meson. Finally, the absence of four previously observed narrow mesons is discussed.« less
Observational Model for Precision Astrometry with the Space Interferometry Mission

The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) is a space-based 10-m baseline Michelson optical interferometer operating in the visible waveband that is designed to achieve astrometric accuracy in the single digits of the microarcsecond domain. Over a narrow field of view SIM is expected to achieve a mission accuracy of 1 microarcsecond. In this mode SIM will search for planetary companions to nearby stars by detecting the astrometric "wobble" relative to a nearby reference star. In its wide-angle mode, SIM will provide 4 microarcsecond precision absolute position measurements of stars, with parallaxes to comparable accuracy, at the end of its 5-year mission. The expected proper motion accuracy is around 3 microarcsecond/year, corresponding to a transverse velocity of 10 m/ s at a distance of 1 kpc. The basic astrometric observable of the SIM instrument is the pathlength delay. This measurement is made by a combination of internal metrology measurements that determine the distance the starlight travels through the two arms of the interferometer, and a measurement of the white light stellar fringe to find the point of equal pathlength. Because this operation requires a non-negligible integration time, the interferometer baseline vector is not stationary over this time period, as its absolute length and orientation are time varying. This paper addresses how the time varying baseline can be "regularized" so that it may act as a single baseline vector for multiple stars, as required for the solution of the astrometric equations.
Middle Eocene to early Oligocene paleoceanography from Agulhas Ridge, Southern Ocean (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 177, Site 1090)

[1] The Agulhas Ridge, off the tip of Africa between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, is ideally located to capture the evolution of Paleogene-early Neogene circulation patterns associated with global cooling. Multiproxy records of productivity (biogenic barium (Baex), opal, CaCO3 mass accumulation rates (MARs)), nutrient and organic carbon burial (reactive phosphorus (Pr) MARs), and redox state of deep waters (U enrichment) from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1090 reflect hydrographic shifts in this region between the middle Eocene and early Oligocene (∼39–33 Ma). Several peaks in increased export productivity and burial of organic matter occurred within the late Eocene (∼36.5, ∼34, and ∼33.7 Ma), which along with surface hydrologic conditions favoring opaline organisms over calcareous organisms could have aided in the draw down of pCO2 to a threshold level that facilitated large ice sheet development on Antarctica in the earliest Oligocene. Our multiproxy approach illustrates the importance of vertical as well as spatial hydrographic reorganization in amplifying or driving climatic cooling of the middle Eocene to early Oligocene by facilitating increases in the relative or absolute burial of organic carbon.
Semiochemical Production and Laboratory Behavior Response of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha Halys.

Background The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) is an exotic insect pest that was first recognized in the United States in 2001. As of today, it has been found in more than 42 states. BMSB has a very broad host plant range and damage to crops in mid-Atlantic States has reached a critical level. A reliable and accurate tool for infestation detection and population monitoring is urgently needed to provide better and more timely interventions. Pheromones produced by male BMSB have been previously identified and are currently used in BMSB infestation detection. However, the conditions affecting BMSB production of these pheromones were unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we collected headspace volatiles from male BMSB under laboratory conditions, measured the temporal patterns of release of these pheromones, and assayed the attractiveness to conspecifics. In addition to the pheromone components, tridecane (C13) and E-2-decenal (an alarm compound) were observed in headspace collections of males, as well as in females and nymphs. Exposure of pheromone-emitting adult males to synthetic C13 greatly reduced pheromone emission. Conclusions/Significance This information should lead to a better understanding of the biology, physiology, and chemical ecology of BMSB, which will help scientists and growers develop more efficient strategies based on natural products to manage BMSB population, therefore, reducing pesticide usage and protecting the crops from BMSB damage.
An optimizing compiler for out-of-order parallel ESL simulation exploiting instance isolation

Electronic system-level (ESL) design relies on fast discrete event (DE) simulation for the validation of design models written in system-level description languages (SLDLs). An advanced technique to speedup ESL validation is out-of-order parallel DE simulation which allows multiple threads to run early and in parallel on multi-core hosts. To avoid data hazards and ensure timing accuracy, this technique requires the compiler to statically analyze the design model for potential data access conflicts. In this paper, we propose a compiler optimization that improves the data conflict analysis by exploiting instance isolation. The reduction in the number of conflicts increases the available parallelism and results in significantly reduced simulation time. Our experimental results show up to 90% gain in simulation speed for less than 6% increase in compilation time.
Using drug testing to identify high-risk defendants on release: A study in the district of Columbia

Abstract In an effort to reduce pretrial criminal activity and absences at scheduled court appearances, the District of Columbia implemented a unique pretrial urine-monitoring system in 1984. Arrestess who test positive for drugs at arrest may be released on their own recognizance conditional on participation in the program. This article summarizes the results of an evaluation of the program and reports the findings from an independent reanalysis of data gathered during the original study. The analysis showed that only a minority of drug-using defendants released pending trial were likely to be rearrested or fail to appear. A pretrial urine-monitoring program may help separate low-risk, drug-involved arrestees from those who are at high risk of rearrest and failure-to-appear.
Interorganizational trust, boundary spanning, and humanitarian relief coordination

This article examines the frequently cited argument that coordination issues in humanitarian relief can be addressed more effectively with greater centralized authority and argues for a new conceptualization of aid delivery. The former position suggests a hierarchical, top-down view of the humanitarian relief theater, while this analysis contends that the relief implementation structure may be better conceived as consisting of a network of loosely coupled semiautonomous organizations (Weick, 1976). A network approach allows examination of aid coordination dynamics at multiple levels of analysis: individual (professional and personal), organizational and interorganizational (operational), and strategic (structural/contextual). So viewed, factors that influence relief delivery, including contextual or strategic conditions and organization-scale concerns, may either encourage or dissuade coordination across institutional boundaries. We argue that trust is a key precondition to coordination and that its extension is in turn conditioned by a number of strategic and operating-level factors. We concentrate on operational coordination, as strategic concerns are not often open to the control of lone organizational actors. Our analysis rests in part on in-depth interviews (each consisted of open-ended questions and lasted an average of ninety to one hundred minutes) with a small sample of experienced international nongovernmental organization relief professionals who were engaged in aid efforts in Kosovo following the 1999 intervention by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in that region.
Auger deexcitation of Na(2p−1) near alkali-halide surfaces

Abstract This paper discusses recent observations of Na-2p Auger electron spectra produced during collisions of low energy ions with sodium halide surfaces. The spectra are explained on the basis of a model which considers that sharp Auger features originate from Na ∗ 2p 5 3l3l′ atoms decaying in vacuum and that the outer shell (3 l 3 l ′) populations are determined at curve crossings outside the surface.
The John Insall Award: Morbid obesity independently impacts complications, mortality, and resource use after TKA

Background The importance of morbid obesity as a risk factor for complications after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) continues to be debated. Obesity is rarely an isolated diagnosis and tends to cluster with other comorbidities that may independently lead to increased risk and confound outcomes. It is unknown whether morbid obesity independently affects postoperative complications and resource use after TKA.
Aspergillus nidulans RhoA is involved in polar growth, branching, and cell wall synthesis

Abstract Growth of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans begins when the conidium breaks dormancy and grows isotropically. Eventually a germ tube emerges and the axis of growth remains fixed in the primary hypha while new growth axes are established basally to form secondary germ tubes and lateral branches. Rho1 is a Rho family GTPase that has been shown to be involved in polarity establishment and cell wall deposition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A gene predicted to encode a Rho1 homolog was cloned from A. nidulans and named rhoA. Strains carrying ectopic copies of the constitutively active rhoAG14V allele or the dominant rhoAE40I allele were created and characterized. The constitutively active rhoAG14V strain grew slowly relative to wild type and showed an abnormal clustered pattern of branch emergence. The rhoAG14V strain also labeled intensely with calcofluor, showed elevated levels of cell wall N-acetylglucosamine and had unusually thick cell walls. The dominant rhoAE40Istrain was accelerated in the emergence of secondary and tertiary germ tubes, and lateral branches relative to wild type and showed lysis with prolonged incubation. The rhoAE40I strain also was hypersensitive to the cell wall disrupting agents calcofluor and caspofungin acetate and showed an increase in cell wall N-acetylglucosamine levels. Our results suggest that rhoA plays a role in polarity, proper branching pattern, and cell wall deposition.
Small molecule derived from a natural product that mitigates radiation injury

Exposure to ionizing radiation is unavoidable for the many cancer patients that require radiotherapy as a component of their treatment. Radiation exposure also occurs from rare events, such as nuclear power plant malfunctions, terrorist attacks with “dirty bombs,” or detonation of nuclear weapons. The Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi disasters have demonstrated that the first responders to such emergencies have particularly high risks of radiation exposure. The types of ailments that victims suffer following total body exposures are dose-dependent (1). With total body exposures of <2 Gy, lymphocyte counts fall by about 50% in the first 24 h, nadir at 10–15 d, and take 3–6 mo to recover. The hematopoietic syndrome is a more extreme version of this that occurs following exposure to 2.5–5 Gy, during which bone marrow depletion can be fatal without bone marrow transplantation. Following whole-body exposures of 5–12 Gy, the victims who survive hematopoietic crisis via bone marrow transplantation subsequently face fatal intestinal injury. All survivors of these different situations are at risk for developing radiation-induced mutations and associated carcinogenesis. Several academic and governmental groups have organized to develop medical countermeasures in preparation for nuclear disasters. Compounds, termed radioprotectors, are capable of ameliorating radiation effects if delivered before or during the radiation exposure. A more elusive class of agents, termed radiation mitigators, are effective when administered hours or days after the radiation exposure occurs. The distinction between radioprotectors and mitigators is important, because the mobilization of countermeasures is logistically difficult in the midst of an unexpected disaster, so treatment is likely to begin at a time well after the radiation exposure occurs. Both classes of drugs were recently reviewed (2). It is noteworthy that these drugs could be valuable in clinical oncology, if they can protect normal tissues from radiotherapy injury while not simultaneously protecting tumor cells. Currently, the only Food and Drug Administration-approved radioprotector is Amifostine, and its only approved radiation-related indication is resected head and neck carcinomas.
Estimation of multidimensional precipitation parameters by areal estimates of oceanic rainfall

The parameters of the multidimensional precipitation model proposed by Waymire et al. (1984) are estimated using the areal-averaged radar measurements of precipitation of the Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) data set. The procedure followed was the fitting of the first- and second-order moments at different aggregation scales by nonlinear regression techniques. The numerical estimates of the parameters using different subsets of GATE information were reasonably stable, i.e., they were not affected by changes of the area-averaging size, temporal length of the records, and percentage of areal coverage of rainfall. This suggests that the estimation procedure is relatively robust and suitable to estimate the parameters of the multidimensional model in areas of sparse density of rain gages. The use of the space-time spectrum of rainfall to help in the determination of sampling errors due to intermittent visits of future space-borne low-altitude sensors of precipitation is also discussed.
Synchronization of Developmental Processes and Defense Signaling by Growth Regulating Transcription Factors

Growth regulating factors (GRFs) are a conserved class of transcription factor in seed plants. GRFs are involved in various aspects of tissue differentiation and organ development. The implication of GRFs in biotic stress response has also been recently reported, suggesting a role of these transcription factors in coordinating the interaction between developmental processes and defense dynamics. However, the molecular mechanisms by which GRFs mediate the overlaps between defense signaling and developmental pathways are elusive. Here, we report large scale identification of putative target candidates of Arabidopsis GRF1 and GRF3 by comparing mRNA profiles of the grf1/grf2/grf3 triple mutant and those of the transgenic plants overexpressing miR396-resistant version of GRF1 or GRF3. We identified 1,098 and 600 genes as putative targets of GRF1 and GRF3, respectively. Functional classification of the potential target candidates revealed that GRF1 and GRF3 contribute to the regulation of various biological processes associated with defense response and disease resistance. GRF1 and GRF3 participate specifically in the regulation of defense-related transcription factors, cell-wall modifications, cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling, and secondary metabolites accumulation. GRF1 and GRF3 seem to fine-tune the crosstalk between miRNA signaling networks by regulating the expression of several miRNA target genes. In addition, our data suggest that GRF1 and GRF3 may function as negative regulators of gene expression through their association with other transcription factors. Collectively, our data provide new insights into how GRF1 and GRF3 might coordinate the interactions between defense signaling and plant growth and developmental pathways.
Scattering properties of biological cells

Optical light scattering properties of malignant and nonmalignant cells, and organelles isolated from these cells reveals information about scattering centers.
Composition and distribution of sediments and benthic foraminifera in a submerged caldera after 30 years of volcanic quiescence

Abstract Deception Island (62°59′S, 60°34′W) is an active volcano with a submerged caldera (Port Foster) located northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula. Surveys following the most recent eruption of the volcano in 1970 showed that direct deposition of coarse pyroclastics into Port Foster decimated the benthic communities. The objective of this study is to examine how the submarine sediment distributions and the composition, distribution and abundance of benthic foraminiferal communities in Port Foster have changed after 30 years of volcanic quiescence. Grab, core and settling particulate matter were collected on a series of five cruises during 1999–2000 to monitor seasonal changes in the ecosystem of Port Foster. The caldera floor is covered with a layer at least 15 cm thick of yellowish-brown volacaniclastic sandy mud composed primarily of basaltic-andesitic lithic fragments and volcanic glass with mean and median grain diameters of 26±10 and 32±12 μm, respectively. We suggest that these sandy muds were deposited since the last volcanic eruption in 1970, yielding a minimum sediment accumulation rate of at least 5 mm/year. Settling particulate matter during the fall, winter and spring of 1999 and 2000 were finer grained than the seafloor samples, with mean and median grain diameters of 11±2 and 13±3 μm, respectively. Except for a slight coarsening of the mean grain diameter in the late spring, we observed no temporal changes in either the granulometry or the mineralogy of the settling particulate matter. The concentration of biogenous sediment in Port Foster is relatively low due to dilution by a high volume of lithogenic material being deposited in the bay. The abundance (from foraminifera numbers) and diversity of benthic foraminifera within Port Foster is spatially variable and patchy. Although previous studies of the benthic foraminiferal community following the 1967–1970 eruptions showed an increase in abundance (foraminifera number) of Port Foster's benthic foraminifera community from 1972 to 1976, our data show that these increases did not continue beyond the mid-1970s. The most notable similarities between the mid-1970s and 2000 assemblages are the predominance of Miliammina arenacea and Trochammina malovensis in Port Foster. Since the 1970s, there has been an increase in importance of Globocassidulina (the most abundant genera), a decrease in the relative abundance of Stainforthia fusiformis and Nonionella bradii, and the introduction of Reophax dentaliniformis, and Cassidulinoides parkerianus, which were not abundant in either Port Foster or on the outer slopes surrounding the flanks Deception Island during the 1970s. The later arrival of R. dentaliniformis to Port Foster suggests that it is not a pioneer colonizer following disturbance in all environments.
Probability distribution of neutrons and precursors in a multiplying assembly

Abstract In this paper we consider the probability distribution of the number of neutrons and delayed neutron precursors in a multiplying assembly. Particular emphasis is placed on the probability distribution for a system which is brought to a supercritical state in the presence of a neutron source which is so weak that deviations from the average population may be large. A space independent model is used with one group of neutrons. The problem is formulated in terms of the probability distribution generating function which satisfies a partial differential equation, derived in Section I. Its solution is attempted by the method of characteristics and general properties of the characteristic curves and the solution are discussed. In Section II, the method is applied to a system without delayed neutrons, and, for a constant source, the generating function and probability distribution are found. We next consider simplifications that are possible when the neutron lifetime is very short compared to precursor lifetimes. In Section III the multiplication of precursors is treated in a short neutron lifetime model for a system which is below prompt critical. For a single group of precursors and constant reactivity, the generating function is derived. The short neutron lifetime model is extended, in Section IV, to a system above prompt critical, and again we find the generating function in a simple case. Finally, in Section V the results of our calculations are compared with some experiments on Godiva and good qualitative agreement is shown.
The lowest energy and excited states of the MgNe van der Waals molecule

Abstract We report ab initio calculations of the lowest 3Π and 3 Σ + excited states of the MgNe van der Waals molecule correlating with Mg(3s3p 3 P 0,1,2 )+Ne(2p6 1 S 0 ). The spin–orbit multiplet potential curves of these states were estimated using the atomic spin–orbit coupling constant. Because of spin–orbit induced Σ/Π mixing, an extremely shallow potential curve is found for the lowest 3 Π 0 − level (D0≈3 cm−1), perhaps explaining why we have been unable to prepare the Mg(3s3p 3 P 0 )·Ne( 3 Π 0 − ) state experimentally. The van der Waals bonding in the Mg(3s3pπ)·RG(3Π) states is compared with that in the analogous Na(3pπ)·RG[2Π] and Al(3s23pπ)·RG[2Π] states.
Relativistic and Newtonian diskoseismology

Abstract The normal mode oscillations of thin accretion disks around black holes and other compact objects are analyzed and contrasted with those in stars. For black holes, the most robust modes are gravitationally trapped near the radius at which the radial epicyclic frequency is maximum. Their eigenfrequencies depend mainly on the mass and angular momentum of the black hole. The fundamental g -mode has recently been seen in numerical simulations of black hole accretion disks. For stars such as white dwarfs, the modes are trapped near the inner boundary (magnetospheric or stellar) of the accretion disk. Their eigenfrequencies are approximately multiples of the (Keplerian) angular velocity of the inner edge of the disk. The relevance of these modes to the high frequency quasi-periodic oscillations observed in the power spectra of accreting binaries will be discussed. In contrast to most stellar oscillations, most of these modes are unstable in the presence of viscosity (if the turbulent viscosity induced by the magnetorotational instability acts hydrodynamically).
Comparison of the molecular dimensions of di‐alkyl and aryl‐alkyl‐substituted polysilanes in solution using SEC/LS

Polysilanes provide an opportunity for exceptional control of the chain hindrances to rotation through the choice of substituents on each backbone silicon. Two alkyl substituents on each silicon result in a large characteristic ratio of at least 19 for poly (di-n-hexylsilane), determined by extrapolation of intrinsic viscosities. Bulky aromatic substituents provide even more hindrance to backbone rotations, and can be expected to result in a more extended polymer chain. Direct measurement of the dimensions of these polymers by scattering techniques has been limited by the small quantities available, and by the polydispersity of samples. The recent introduction of light-scattering detectors for size exclusion chromatography enables the simultaneous measurement of light scattered at as many as 15 scattering angles as the fractionated polymer elutes from the column. Determination of both M and the root-mean-square radius of gyration Rg of narrow fractions eluting from a column allows determination of the RgM relation over as much as a decade in M with less than a milligram of sample. Values of Rg and M across the distribution have been determined for alkyl and aryl substituted polysilanes with this technique. Estimation of Rg,0/M unperturbed by long-range interactions is made by an extrapolation procedure. The dependence of Rg,0 on M across the distribution is compared among the different substituents and with other measurements reported for these polymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perceptions of Affectionate Communication Among People with Unfavorable and Favorable Attitudes Toward Homosexuality

People are sometimes hesitant to communicate affection if it might be misinterpreted by the intended receiver or an audience. We hypothesized that anti-gay/-lesbian attitudes might negatively affect the perceived appropriateness of expressing affection. One hundred and twenty male and female undergraduates with either very high or very low levels of anti-gay/-lesbian attitudes participated in the study. They rated the appropriateness of expressing affection toward same- and other-sex targets in a set of 2 (public or private setting) × 3 (positive, neutral, or negative valence) scenarios. Results supported a “generalized inhibition” effect, with high levels of anti-gay/-lesbian attitudes associated with a reluctance to express affection regardless of target, setting, valence, or current relationship status. Implications for research on affectionate expression and anti-gay/-lesbian attitudes are presented.
Simulating PM concentration during a winter episode in a subtropical valley: Sensitivity simulations and evaluation methods

Abstract We investigated a two-week episode with high PM concentrations in California Central Valley during the Christmas–New Year of 2000–2001 using a modeling system that consists of a computationally efficient, 3-D photochemical–microphysical transport model, a mesoscale meteorological model, emission models, and an evaluation package. One hundred simulations were conducted with fine resolutions and observational constraints, to reproduce spatial and temporal features of observed PM concentrations and to understand the formation mechanism of the episode. Simulated PM concentrations consist of secondary inorganic components, mainly ammonium nitrate, and total carbon in areas with elevated concentrations in the accumulation mode, and consist of mainly dust and sea salt in the coarse mode. Simulated oxidants and nitrate were significantly elevated over the valley, and the latter showed much less amplitude than the former. Simulated PM concentrations were evaluated with observations systematically with spatially and temporally paired method, a more restrictive multivariate method (NMFROC), and a more flexible “gradient evaluation” method. The paired evaluation shows that high correlation coefficient (R = ∼0.8) and low fractional error (FE = ∼0.1) could be achieved at stations with elevated 24-h concentration of PM in the accumulation mode in some simulations. The NMFROC method was used to extract useful information from seemingly failed simulations. A “gradient evaluation” method is introduced here to extract additional information from simulations. We found that emission reductions of NOx and AVOC showed similar effects on percentage basis in different areas, and both are more effective than reducing NH3 for abating elevated concentrations of accumulation mode PM in California Central Valley during the winter episode.
The effect of stimulus deviation on P3 waves to easily recognized stimuli.

Abstract Event-related brain potentials were recorded while subjects counted the number of presentations of the letter B (targets) which were interposed infrequently within a sequence of tachistoscopically-flashed letter A s (background stimuli). Occasional non-target stimuli were also interposed within this sequence, and were varied in probability of occurrence and in their distinctiveness from the background sequence. It was found that: (1) easily recognized non- targets elicited posteriorly-distributed P3 waves as did the targets; (2) the more that a non- target deviated from the background, the larger was the P3 wave; (3) P3 amplitude to non-targets appeared to be relatively insensitive to the a priori stimulus probability; (4) the amplitude of P3 waves to non-targets decreased systematically with repition, while the amplitude of P3 waves to targets remained stable. These data suggest that there are at least three different sets of circumstances under which P3 waves are triggered, each involving a different kind of processing.
Quantum simulation: Choose your own interaction

Quantum many-body physics can now be studied experimentally using a variety of methods from atomic and optical physics, such as ultracold atoms, chains of trapped ions or superconducting circuits. The ultimate goal in this field, known as quantum simulation, is to realize well-controlled model systems in regimes that are difficult to understand through analytical and numerical approaches. Typically, this is the case for strongly interacting systems, and consequently the engineering of interactions is at the heart of quantum simulation.
Nickel enzymes in microbes

Four microbial enzymes are known to require nickel: hydrogenase, methyl coenzyme M reductase, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and urease. Recent biochemical and molecular biological experiments have provided clear evidence for the existence of multiple auxiliary genes that facilitate nickel incorporation into urease and hydrogenase. Similarly, accessory factors are also likely to be required for the other two enzymes. One of the urease-related genes (ureE) encodes a cytoplasmic protein that has been purified and shown to bind nickel reversibly. We propose that the UreE protein serves as a nickel donor to urease apoprotein. A second urease-related auxiliary gene (ureG) possesses a sequence motif that is found in ATP- and GTP-binding proteins. We have shown that nickel incorporation into urease requires energy and speculate that the UreG protein may serve as an energy transducer, coupling the energy of NTP hydrolysis to metallocenter incorporation. The UreG protein is related in sequence to HypB, a protein that has been proposed to function in nickel processing in hydrogenases. Hence, the mechanisms for metallocenter biosynthesis in these two dissimilar enzymes may have evolved from a common nickel incorporation system.
Polymer electronics: Power from polymers

We review polymer-based electronics and photovoltaics to provide the reader with a sense of how the field has developed, where we stand at present, and what possibilities are looming in the future. Expertise in areas ranging from synthesis to morphology to device design was sought to achieve this end. While these reviews cannot be exhaustive, they do provide a snapshot of the field at present and give some sense of where the key impediments are.
Kids and cocaine—A treatment dilemma

Despite aggressive efforts to recruit into treatment cocaine users 21 years and younger, we obtained only 12 such clients over a period of 9 months, while recruiting 122 adult cocaine clients during a comparable time frame. An examination of admissions data for the city, state, and nation indicated that our experience was typical. However, data from the most recent national household survey indicate that, to the extent need for treatment is determined by frequency of cocaine use, we should anticipate a much greater proportion of admissions to treatment to come from persons 21 years of age and younger. Yet, there appears to be an under-recruitment of youth into treatment, particularly evidenced by low rates of self-referral for juvenile as compared to older treatment admissions. Younger cocaine users may be less severely impaired and/or dependent, or may be more reluctant to use the treatment resources available. Whatever the barriers are to getting help, it becomes the special task of agencies and individuals in the community to help assure that younger cocaine users will obtain the assistance they need. Four community resources are seen as particularly relevant: family, schools, the medical community, and public agencies in the areas of health, social services, and criminal justice. The capacity of each to take action and possible impediments to that action are discussed.