cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflux and voiding abnormalities in children.

Abstract Twenty four patients with vesicoureteral reflux were studied urodynamically because of a history of dysfunctional voiding. Nine patients eventually had antireflux surgery. The remaining 15 patients were followed from two to six years. These patients were managed conservatively with an emphasis on controlling infection and improving voiding habits. Reflux resolved spontaneously in 12 patients and improved in 1 patient. Dysfunctional voiding is a definite cause of childhood reflux. Treatment should be directed at improving voiding patterns. Coordinated voiding may allow a child to “grow out” of his reflux.
Development of information intensive agrichemical management services in wisconsin

This paper examines opportunities to improve the environmental and economic performance of cropping systems through intensified application of information in agrichemical management. Through intensified application of information, both net farm income and environmental quality may increase through more closely matching the specific needs of the crop with the type, timing, and volume of chemical inputs used in crop production.
Studies in glycogen storage disease. IV. Leukocyte phosphorylase in a family with type VI GSD.

Abstract A patient with Type VI Glycogen Storage Disease and members of his family have been studied utilizing leukocyte phosphorylase activities and erythrocyte glycogen levels to help elucidate the mode of inheritance of this disease. Leukocyte phosphorylase activities were found to be low in the patient, his clinically normal brother, parents, maternal grandparents, paternal grandmother, two maternal uncles and a paternal aunt, suggesting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in this family. Other investigators have described both dominant and recessive modes of inheritance in Type VI GSD. Recent studies have indicated the existence of two forms of this disease, phosphorylase deficiency and phosphorylase kinase deficiency. Although phosphorylase kinase activities were not measured in this family, there is suggestive evidence that our patient has phosphorylase deficiency with a normal activating system. It is suggested that Type VI GSD associated with phosphorylase kinase deficiency follows a dominant pattern of inheritance, while the form of this disease associated with phosphorylase deficiency follows a recessive pattern of inheritance. The erythrocyte glycogen levels proved to be an unsatisfactory index of the heterozygous state.
Fast rendering of realistic faces with wavelength dependent normal maps

Due to complex nature of the facial reflectance, high end rendering techniques often require too much data or too much computation time to be suitable for production or real time rendering. In this work, we present a novel and efficient face rendering technique based on the use of wavelength dependent normal maps. Normal maps are typically used for the high frequency surface details they contain. Previous work showed that normal maps can be adjusted to include more complex effects such as ambient occlusion We extend this further and demonstrate that by using a separate normal map for each color channel it is possible to represent complex wavelength dependent material properties such as subsurface scattering. Our technique is easy to integrate into both real time and global illumination rendering frameworks. We demonstrate how to use these normal maps to produce photorealistic digital faces.
An approximation for leaky boundaries in groundwater flow

Abstract Groundwater flow domains often contain thin layers of low hydraulic conductivity that act as leaky barriers to flow. It is common to include the effects of these leaky layers in the mathematical description of a problem as a mixed boundary condition; we refer to this type of boundary as a leaky boundary. Practical problems containing leaky boundaries have proven difficult to solve analytically. An approximation is presented, for problems of steady groundwater flow, that removes many of the difficulties associated with leaky boundaries. The approximation replaces either a leaky layer or a leaky boundary with a section of aquifer with an equivalent one-dimensional resistance to flow. The leaky boundary is reduced to a combination of impermeable and equipotential boundaries in a transformed domain. The problem may then be dealt with in the transformed domain by classical methods. The nature of the approximation is evaluated in detail. In the case of a leaky layer, the approximation replaces the isotropic layer with an anisotropic one; a small hydraulic conductivity is maintained normal to the layer, but the hydraulic conductivity in the direction parallel to the layer becomes large. Therefore, the approximation is useful where problem boundaries act to constrain the tangential component of flow within the layer. The approximation of a leaky boundary consists of a semi-permeable membrane with no resistance to flow along the membrane. The approximation is analogous to the Dupuit approximation which is used commonly to solve groundwater flow problems. The approximation is applied to investigate a problem of practical interest: flow in the vertical plane to a clogged stream bed. The quality of the solution is judged by comparison with a boundary integral solution to the same problem; the results compare favorably.
Laminin M is found in placental basement membranes, but not in basement membranes of neoplastic origin.

Laminin is a high molecular weight glycoprotein found in all basement membranes studied to date. Two subunits of laminin, A and B, have been isolated and characterized from a variety of tumor matrices. Recently we have reported the finding, in human placenta, of a new laminin subunit which we termed M. In the present study we report on the presence of laminin M in placentae of other species such as bovine, rat and mouse. In addition, we have examined laminin extracted from mouse EHS-tumor, rat ED-PYS carcinoma and three human carcinoma cell lines. The laminin subunits were detected by the electroimmunoblot technique using antibodies against mouse, rat and human laminin. Laminin M could not be demonstrated either in the two murine tumors, or in the three different human neoplastic cell lines studied. If the absence of laminin M is the consequence of neoplastic transformation, then studies of the metabolism of this subunit may provide new information on neoplastic transformation and invasion, and a useful m...
A comment on H-2-restricted T cell recognition of Mls determinants: a question of perspective.

SUMMARY Data presented here address the question of whether T lymphocyte recognition of Mis determinants is MHC restricted. Using isolated T cell blasts from primary MLCs involving H-2-identical, Mls-disparate strain combinations as responding cell populations in secondary MLCs, and measuring their responses against fresh stimulating cells from different strains, has permitted the study of reactions towards Mis determinants in the presence of MHC antigenic differences. Results strongly suggest that recognition of Mlsc (Mls-2 locus) determinants is H-2 restricted. In contrast, there is still little evidence that the recognition of Mlsa (Mls-1 locus) determinants is H-2 restricted. Furthermore, data are also presented which refute the notion that different H-2 haplotypes possess different abilities to present Mlsa determinants to responding T cells.
CONSTRUCTING FINITARY ISOMORPHISMS WITH FINITE EXPECTED CODING TIMES

This paper is motivated by the question of whether the invariants β, Δ,cΔ completely characterize isomorphism of Markov chains by finitary isomorphisms that have finite expected coding times (fect). We construct a finitary isomorphism with fect under an additional condition. Whether coincidence of β, Δ,cΔ implies the required condition remains open.
“We had a wonderful time”: Individual sibling voices in the joint construction of a family ethos through narrative performance

Using perspectives from interactional sociolinguistics (Goffman, 1956; Gumperz, 1982, 1992; Schiffrin, 1996; Tannen, 2005) and discursive psychology (Bamberg, 1997, Davies & Harre, 1999, Wortham, 2001) this analysis demonstrates how three sisters reveal their very different personalities, styles, and stances in the collaborative narrative process, and yet come together in the end to affirm the common family ethos. The sisters’ roles in the family system are played out both in the story world and also in the interactional context of the storytelling. A distinction is made between apparently intentional self-disclosure as part of a positioning strategy of explicit evaluation, and inadvertent self-disclosure in the enactment whereby the relationships within the family system are revealed. The data will be of interest to students of narrative because (1) the context in which the data was recorded highlights the idea of a family as a community of practice; (2) the “family” consists of three unmarried sisters who had lived together for 60 years; (3) the discourse data is triangulated with ethnographic background knowledge and letters written by the siblings; (4) the shaping power of context is revealed through an immediate revision of the story by the narrator; and (5) the data provides an example of a story “abstract” being treated in two ways by the same narrator: as a “result” for which an explanation must be provided, and as a “complicating action” for which a result must be supplied.
Transitioning to the Classroom: Reflections of Second-Career Teachers during the Induction Year.

In recent years teacher educators have witnessed an increase in the number of alternative pathways to university‐based teacher education for prospective teachers. One option is for second‐career teachers to enter post‐baccalaureate programs in education; however, the experiences of second‐career teachers are largely unexplored in the international literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the teaching beliefs that post‐baccalaureate students brought into a graduate level teacher certification program, and the extent to which those beliefs persevered or changed during their first year of teaching. Written philosophy statements and semi‐structured interviews from the three participants were analyzed to identify emerging themes. Outcomes, presented in the form of vignettes, suggested that second‐career teachers experienced many of the same contextual pressures as baccalaureate teachers and struggled adapting to the teaching profession and implementing their stated teaching beliefs. Implication...
Comparison of three full-reference color image quality measures

Image quality assessment plays a major role in many image processing applications. Although much effort has been made in recent years towards the development of quantitative measures, the relevant literature does not include many papers that have produced accomplished results. Ideally, a useful measure should be easy to compute, independent of viewing distance, and able to quantify all types of image distortions. In this paper, we will compare three full-reference full-color image quality measures (M-DFT, M-DWT, and M-DCT). Assume the size of a given image is nxn . The transform (DFT, DWT, or DCT) is applied to the luminance layer of the original and degraded images. The transform coefficients are then divided into four bands, and the following operations are performed for each band: (a) obtain the magnitudes Moi, i =1,..., (nxn /4) of original transform coefficients, (b) obtain the magnitudes Mdi, i =1,..., (nxn /4) of degraded transform coefficients, (c) compute the absolute value of the differences: |Moi-Mdi|, i =1,..., (nxn /4), and (d) compute the standard deviation of the differences. Finally, the mean of the four standard deviations is obtained to produce a single value representing the overall quality of the degraded image. In our experiments, we have used five degradation types, and five degradation levels. The three proposed full-reference measures outperform the Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and two state-of-the-art metrics Q and MSSIM.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Serum opsonization capacity, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst activity in neonatal foals in the intensive care unit.

Background: Phagocytic activity of neonatal foals has been reported to be similar to that of adult horses, but serum opsonization capacity develops with age and may be further altered when opsonins are consumed during infection. Hypothesis: Phagocytosis, oxidative burst activity, and serum opsonization capacity in neonatal foals admitted to an intensive care unit are reduced in comparison with control foals. Animals: Blood samples were collected from hospitalized neonatal foals and from control foals. Hospitalized foals were characterized as sick or septic on the basis of a sepsis score and received intravenous plasma transfusion. Methods: Phagocytosis, oxidative burst activity, and serum opsonization capacity were tested with flow cytometric analysis. Serum immunoglobulin and complement component 3 concentrations were determined with radial immunodiffusion. Serum amyloid A concentration was assayed with a commercially available solid-phase Sandwich ELISA Kit. Data were analyzed with nonparametric and regression methods. Alpha was set at P= .05. Results: Phagocytic functions of septic and sick foals were lower than control foals in the initial phase of the study (P= .01). Opsonization capacity was significantly higher when bacteria were opsonized with serum from septic (P= .029) and sick (P= .006) foals than from control foals on day 1. Opsonization capacity in septic foals was comparable with control foals on days 2 and 5. This effect was not accompanied by an increase in serum complement C3 or immunoglobulin G concentrations independently. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Our results suggest that phagocytic function could be decreased in hospitalized foals. The synergistic effect of opsonic elements provided by plasma transfusion may sustain opsonization capacity during sepsis.
Retroperitoneal Sarcoma with Features Suggestive of Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma

A 72-year-old man presented with a 15 × 12 × 5 cm cystic and necrotic tumor involving the superior region of the stomach and the retroperitoneum down to the transverse colon and extending laterally from the left lobe of the liver to the spleen without involving either organ. Light microscopy showed the tumor cells to be arranged in an organoid pattern. Immunocytochemistry showed a strong reaction for desmin and vimentin. Electron microscopy demonstrated features suggestive of an alveolar soft part sarcoma.
Cocaine abuse sharply reduced in an effective methadone maintenance program.

A comprehensive study of an urban methadone clinic with supervised urine analyses for illicit drugs was conducted over an 18 month period for a 133 patient cohort as they entered or remained in methadone maintenance for narcotic addiction. Overall retention during the study was 85%, with significantly (p < .05) higher daily methadone doses (mean 67.1 mg +/- 2.1) in those patients still in treatment at the end of the study. Predictably, illicit opioid use was dramatically reduced, to 10% as measured by urine toxicology in the last month of treatment. Moreover, significantly more patients stopped regular cocaine abuse (69%) than started using cocaine (10%, Fisher's exact test, p = .02). Thus, with effective methadone maintenance using adequate dosages, the majority of patients remain in treatment and reduce cocaine abuse as well as illicit opioid use, with implications for public health by reducing the spread of infectious diseases including hepatitis B, C, D and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1).
Another Daubenton, Another Histoire naturelle

Already in his lifetime, the naturalist Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton was dramatically contrasted with his patron and collaborator on the Histoire naturelle (Natural History), Buffon figuring as stylish and prone to hypothesizing, Daubenton as narrow and unwilling to generalize. This caricatural image of Daubenton as an anti-Buffon persists even now. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the development of Daubenton’s reputation and then to moderate it by showing that he was not so averse to theorizing or generalization as history has made him. Evidence for this argument comes from the Histoire naturelle and from unpublished manuscripts proving that he originally planned to contribute two synthetic treatises on animal anatomy to the Histoire naturelle. Reconstituting the series as he envisaged it allows a more balanced portrait of one of the founders of comparative anatomy and a look behind the scenes of one of the eighteenth century’s most important scientific publications.
[4-{(p-cym)Ru}-5-{(Ph3P)2(CO)Os}B4H8]: the first nido-heterobimetallahexaborane cluster

Abstract The cluster nido-[4-{(p-cym)Ru}-5-{(Ph3P)2(CO)Os}B4H8] (1), where p-cym=[1-Me-4-iPrC6H4], has been prepared as a pale yellow, air-sensitive solid from the reaction of [(p-cym)RuCl2]2 with Li[(PPh3)2(CO)OsB5H8]. The species was characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry. The spectral data suggest a structure in which the two metal moieties are adjacent to each other in the basal region of a nido-hexaborane cluster. The pentagonal open face, B3RuOs, contains four bridging H atoms comprising two B–H–B and two metal–H–B bridge bonds. Attempts to prepare the related Os2B4 and Ru2B4 clusters are also described as are observations on the degradation of these bimetallahexaboranes compared to their single metal-containing congeners, the osma- and ruthenahexaboranes.
Conformationally stabilizing self-assembling nanostructured delivery vehicles for biochemically reactive pairs

Abstract Molecular denaturation of polypeptides and other macromolecules upon surface adsorption from an aqueous environment is almost inevitable. Molecular denaturation, coupled with a net increase in entropy, accounts for the net negative ΔG and frequent irreversible nature of surface adsorption. Real world complications arising from this fundamental biophysical problem include marine fouling of ships' hulls, the progressive obstruction of sewer pipes, inactivated pharmaceutical agents and adverse biological reactions to implanted medical devices. Using self-assembled nanocrystalline particulates with polyhydroxyloligomeric surface films, much of this surface-induced denaturation appears to have been arrested. Beginning with preformed carbon ceramic nanoparticles and self-assembled calcium-phosphate dihydrate particles (colloidal precipitation) to which glassy carbohydrates are then allowed to adsorb as a nanometer thick surface coating, a molecular carrier is formed. The carbohydrate coating functions as a dehydroprotectant and stabilizes subsequently non-covalently bound immobilized members of biochemically reactive surface pairs. The final synthetic product consists of three layers. The core is comprised of the ceramic, the second layer is the dehydroprotectant polyhydroxyloligomer adhesive, and the surface layer is the biochemically reactive molecule for which delivery is desired. Many of the physical properties of this enabling system have been characterized in vitro and in animal models. By all measures at present, the favorable physical properties and biological behavior of the molecular transportation assembly point to an exciting new interdisciplinary area of technology development in materials science, chemistry and biology.
The generalized Van Der Waals partition function. I: Basic theory

Abstract Sandler, S.I., 1985. The generalized van der Waals partition function. I. Basic theory. Fluid Phase Equilibria , 19:233-257 In this paper we provide a new derivation of the generalized van der Waals partition function for pure fluids and mixtures, and show how this partition function can be used as a basis for understanding equations of state, their mixing rules, and excess free energy (activity coefficient) models. The results presented here clarify some of the confusion which presently exists in the literature concerning the ramifications of local composition thermodynamic models, and provide the theory for papers to follow which combine the generalized van der Waals partition function and our computer simulation results to obtain new, statistical mechanical-based thermodynamic models.
Firewalls from double purity

The firewall paradox is often presented as arising from double entanglement, but I argue that more generally the paradox is double purity. Near-horizon modes are purified by the interior, in the infalling vacuum. Hence, they cannot also be pure alone, or in combination with any third system, as demanded by unitarity. This conflict arises independently of the Page time, for entangled and for pure states. It implies that identifications of Hilbert spaces cannot resolve the paradox. Traditional complementarity requires the unitary identification of infalling matter with a scrambled subsystem of the Hawking radiation. Extending this map to the infalling vacuum overdetermines the out-state. More general complementarity maps (``$A={R}_{B}$,'' ``$\mathrm{ER}=\mathrm{EPR}$'') necessarily fail when the near-horizon zone is pure. I argue that pure-zone states span the microcanonical ensemble, and that this suffices to make the horizon a special place. I advocate that the ability to detect the horizon locally, rather than the degree or probability of violence, is what makes firewalls problematic. Conversely, if the production of matter at the horizon can be dynamically understood and shown to be consistent, then firewalls do not constitute a violation of the equivalence principle.
Polymer thin film integrated optics: fabrication and characterization of polystyrene waveguides

The fabrication and characterization of 1–3 μm polystyrene thin film integrated optical (IO) waveguides is presented. The polymer films were spun-cast onto quartz and glass microscope slides, yielding waveguides of varying quality. The majority of defects in the polymer films appeared to be introduced during the curing process. Laser light (488 nm) was coupled into the polymer films using the prism coupling technique. The collected Raman emission was used to characterize physical and light guiding properties of acceptable polymer films. The Raman intensity spectra collected as a function of the coupling angle supplied data for the calculation of polymer film thickness and refractive index as well as providing general measure of waveguide suitability. The intensity loss due to scatter of several waveguides was also determined to rigorously evaluate waveguide quality.
Nitric oxide binding and crystallization of recombinant nitrophorin I, a nitric oxide transport protein from the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus.

A nitric oxide transport protein (nitrophorin I) from the salivary glands of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus has been expressed as an insoluble form in Escherichia coli, reconstituted with heme, and characterized with respect to NO binding kinetics and equilibria. NO binding and absorption spectra for recombinant nitrophorin I were indistinguishable from those of the insect-derived protein. The degree of NO binding, the rate of NO release, and the Soret absorption maxima for nitrophorin I were all pH dependent. The NO dissociation constant rose 9-fold over the pH range 5.0−8.3 , from 0.19 × 10-6 to 1.71 × 10-6. The NO dissociation rate rose 2500-fold between pH 5.0 and pH 8.3, from 1.2 × 10-3 to 3.0 s-1. Thus, the NO association rate must also be pH dependent and reduced at pH 5.0 by ∼280-fold. These factors are consistent with nitrophorin function: NO storage in the apparent low pH of insect salivary glands and NO release into the tissue of the insect's host, where vasodilation is induced. The r...
Improved coastal wetland mapping using very-high 2-meter spatial resolution imagery

Abstract Accurate wetland maps are a fundamental requirement for land use management and for wetland restoration planning. Several wetland map products are available today; most of them based on remote sensing images, but their different data sources and mapping methods lead to substantially different estimations of wetland location and extent. We used two very high-resolution (2 m) WorldView-2 satellite images and one (30 m) Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) image to assess wetland coverage in two coastal areas of Tampa Bay (Florida): Fort De Soto State Park and Weedon Island Preserve. An initial unsupervised classification derived from WorldView-2 was more accurate at identifying wetlands based on ground truth data collected in the field than the classification derived from Landsat 8 OLI (82% vs. 46% accuracy). The WorldView-2 data was then used to define the parameters of a simple and efficient decision tree with four nodes for a more exacting classification. The criteria for the decision tree were derived by extracting radiance spectra at 1500 separate pixels from the WorldView-2 data within field-validated regions. Results for both study areas showed high accuracy in both wetland (82% at Fort De Soto State Park, and 94% at Weedon Island Preserve) and non-wetland vegetation classes (90% and 83%, respectively). Historical, published land-use maps overestimate wetland surface cover by factors of 2–10 in the study areas. The proposed methods improve speed and efficiency of wetland map production, allow semi-annual monitoring through repeat satellite passes, and improve the accuracy and precision with which wetlands are identified.
Emergency Transvenous Cardiac Pacing Placement Using Ultrasound Guidance

Abstract Study Objective: We describe 9 patients who underwent ultrasound-guided transvenous cardiac pacing in which ultrasonographic imaging was used to assist and confirm the placement of electrode catheters within the right ventricle. Methods: We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients with complete heart block who received emergency ultrasound-assisted transvenous cardiac pacing (TVCP). Emergency physicians performed both ultrasound scanning and placement of the TVCP electrodes at a busy urban teaching medical center. Results: Real-time ultrasound-guided TVCP was successful in 8 (88.9%) of the 9 patients studied. The pacing catheter was not adequately visualized in 1 patient who ultimately required placement by a cardiologist. Echocardiography was useful in identifying pacing catheter misplacement and subsequent successful repositioning in 3 patients. Conclusion: Emergency physicians should be aware that ultrasound technology could be useful in assisting TVCP in the emergency department setting. Further investigation is required to adequately evaluate this modality as a new indication for ED echocardiography. [Aguilera PA, Durham BA, Riley DA. Emergency transvenous cardiac pacing placement using ultrasound guidance. Ann Emerg Med. September 2000;36:224-227.]
The acid-catalyzed dehydration of (methyl β-d-glycero-d-gulo-heptopyranosid)uronic acid☆

Abstract The major product soluble in organic solvents, isolated by hydrolysis and subsequent dehydration of (methyl β- d - glycero - d - gulo -heptopyranosid)uronic acid ( 1 ) in m sulfuric acid solution at 100°, is 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde ( 2 ), presumably produced via loss of C-7 by decarboxylation. The mechanism of the conversion was studied by synthesis of the [1- 14 C] 1 and conversion to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-fur[ 14 C]aldehyde ( 2 - 14 C). Conversion of 1 into 2 - 14 C in acidified D 2 O, followed by measurement of C-bound D by 1 H-n.m.r.-m.s. showed that 2- 14 C was labeled only at D-3 (40 atom %) of the furan ring. The major portion of the water-soluble materials was shown (by m.s.) to be d - glycero - d - gulo -hepturonic acid, and lactone derived therefrom, resulting from the hydrolysis of 1 .
Rosat and Euve Observations of B Stars

Recent observations of the X-ray and EUV emission of non-supergiant B stars are summarized. As compared with 0 stars, the X-rays of most of the near-main-sequence B stars are soft, and the stars show a departure from the L x =10-7 L bol relation. Using line driven wind models to provide an estimate of the density distribution, it is concluded that a major fraction of the wind emission measure is hot, whereas in shocked wind theory less than 10 percent of the wind emission measure should be hot. The X-ray observations suggest that all of the B stars are X-ray emitters with a basal X-ray luminosity of about 108.5 L bol A hard component dominates the X-ray emission of τ Sco, and possible causes are discussed. For the Be stars, the X-ray emission is that which is expected from a normal B-star wind coming from the poles, as in the Wind Compressed Disk (WCD) model of Be stars. None of the stars, including the β Cep stars, show noticeable variability in their X-rays. EUVE observations of CMa B2 II, find it to be the brightest object in the EUV sky at 500 to 700 A. It shows a Lyman continuum flux that is a factor of 30 higher than line blanketed model atmospheres. The continuum is seen on both sides of the He I 504 A edge, and the discrepancy with model atmospheres is even greater shortward of 504 A. The EUVE spectra show emission lines both from high stages of ionization (Fe IX to Fe XVI) and from low stages (HeII and O III). The He II Lyman α results from recombination following X-ray photoionization in the wind, and the O III resonance line is found to be present because of the Bowen fluorescence mechanism. Thus, there is and interesting coupling between the wind production by the EUV photospheric emission, the production of X-ray and line EUV emission by winds, and the production of fluorescence by recombination in the wind; all of these processes are now observable in B stars.
Estimation of Hook Selectivity of Red Snapper and Vermilion Snapper from Fishery-Independent Surveys of Natural Reefs in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

AbstractImplementation of circle hook regulations in the Gulf of Mexico will impact the length structure and age structure of the snapper–grouper fishery catch as well as demographic data for stock assessments; therefore, an understanding of circle hook selectivity patterns is critical. Indirect selectivity analysis of the vertical-line catch of Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus and Vermilion Snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens showed that for both species, there were significant differences in mean FL among hook sizes, broad length frequency distributions, and wide selectivity curves. Although the results suggest that hook size regulations could be a useful management strategy for targeting desired size-classes of these snappers, the broadly overlapping length distributions indicate that undersized catch would not be eliminated. Selectivity curves generated from the different families of distributions produced equally good fit to the data and provided a basis for evaluating various selectivity curves when the...
Assessment of Ductile Fracture Criteria Under Compressive Pre-strain With Digital Image Correlation

Abstract An object of this study is to assess ductile fracture criteria for compressively pre-strained material with digital image correlation (DIC) technique and to validate the criteria by performing finite element analyses (FEA). Uniaxial tension tests, uniaxial compression tests and tensile tests after pre-compression followed by reversed-tension were conducted with round bar and cylindrical specimens of A2024-T351 aluminum alloy. The radii of the minimum sections of the specimens at ductile crack initiation were measured with DIC technique in those tests. Stress triaxiality and equivalent plastic strain were obtained by substituting the radii into the Bridgman's equations. The relationship between the stress triaxiality and equivalent plastic strain under no pre-strain was evaluated using the Bao and Wierzbicki criteria. The fracture strain under compressive pre-strain was less than that of a material without compressive pre-strain. FEA implemented with the criteria was performed. The analytical results agree well with the experimental results of reversed tensile tests after compressive pre-strain.
Analysis of Melting in a Single-Component Metal Powder Bed Subject to Constant Heat Flux Heating

To model Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) of single-component metal powders, melting of a subcooled powder bed with single-component metal powder is investigated analytically. Since laser processing of metal powder is a very rapid process, the liquid and solid phases of a partially molten powder particle may have different temperatures: the temperature in the liquid phase is higher than the melting point, and the temperature in the solid phase is below the melting point. Therefore, the local temperature of regions with partial molten particles is within a range of temperature adjacent to the melting point, instead of at melting point. In addition, the powder bed experiences a significant density change during melting. Therefore, melting of a metal powder bed can be modeled as a melting that occurs in a range of temperature with significant density change. The temperature distributions and locations of the various interfaces were obtained by solving the governing equations for solid, liquid and mushy zones in a one-dimensional system using an integral approximate method. The effects of porosity, sub-cooling, dimensionless thermal conductivity of gas, and dimensionless heat flux on the surface temperature and locations of the interfaces were investigated.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Age polyethism and defense in a tropical social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Although tapping the nest in simulated vertebrate attack caused all but 1-day-old workers of Polybia occidentalis to rush from inside and cover the envelope, defense itself—attack of a target—was shown to be carried out only by workers older than about 10 days. While foraging was also performed by older workers, the frequency-age distribution of defensive behavior was skewed to a significantly younger age than was that of foraging. The plot of mean individual probability of defending as a function of age was logistic, leveling off at 0.11 by the age of about 13 days. The distribution of the probability of defending among workers ≥ 13 days of age was random, indicating that there is no specialized defender class among older workers. Workers that defended were recruited from among both nest workers and foragers. Although foragers were more likely to defend than were nonforagers, nonforagers contributed more individuals to the pool of defenders because they were more numerous.
New insights on chalcopyrites from solid-state theory

Abstract I describe here new insights, gleaned from recent quantum-mechanical electronic structure calculations on dopability, metastability and carrier reflection at grain boundaries for CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 chalcopyrites.
Towards a logical foundation of discrete event modeling and simulation

The author presents the first step in developing a logical foundation of discrete event modeling and simulation (DEMS) by defining some of the fundamental terms and concepts of DEMS from a logical viewpoint. The fundamental notions of events and states are defined in terms of two types of propositions (instantaneous and static). The notion of the behavior of a system/model over a time interval is formalized by defining the concept of a discrete scenario. The modeling capabilities of a logical language are discussed using two simple examples. The logical language enhances modeling capabilities because it provides new program connectives and generalizes the program connectives of many DEMS languages. >
Effect of Camera Angulation on Adaptation of CAD/CAM Restorations

Purpose: A significant concern with computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-produced prostheses is the accuracy of adaptation of the restoration to the preparation. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of operator-controlled camera misalignment on restoration adaptation. Materials and Methods: A CEREC 2 CAD/CAM unit (Sirona Dental Systems, Bensheim, Germany) was used to capture the optical impressions and machine the restorations. A Class I preparation was used as the standard preparation for optical impressions. Camera angles along the mesio-distal and buccolingual alignment were varied from the ideal orientation. Occlusal marginal gaps and sample height, width, and length were measured and compared to preparation dimensions. For clinical correlation, clinicians were asked to take optical impressions of mesio-occlusal preparations (Class II) on all four second molar sites, using a patient simulator. On the adjacent first molar occlusal surfaces, a preparation was machined such that camera angulation could be calculated from information taken from the optical impression. Degree of tilt and plane of tilt were compared to the optimum camera positions for those preparations. Results: One-way analysis of variance and Dunnett C post hoc testing (α= 0.01) revealed little significant degradation in fit with camera angulation. Only the apical length fit was significantly degraded by excessive angulation. The CEREC 2 CAD/CAM system was found to be relatively insensitive to operator-induced errors attributable to camera misalignments of less than 5 degrees in either the buccolingual or the mesiodistal plane. The average camera tilt error generated by clinicians for all sites was 1.98 ± 1.17 degrees. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It is unlikely that camera misalignment is a major source of error during the fabrication of simplistic CEREC 2 CAD/CAM restorations.
A social-media based HIV prevention intervention using peer leaders.

This study seeks to investigate qualities of peer leaders in a social media-based peer-led HIV intervention. African American and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) peer leaders were recruited through online/offline methods. They were required to have experience with health communication and social media. More than 57% of reported using social networking for seeking sex partners within three months. Also, more than 53% spent over three hours per week online, and about 53% of peer leaders had fewer than 200 Facebook friends. Results suggest that peer leaders can be recruited for social media-based health interventions. Qualities of peer leaders are discussed.
Evaluating DARE: Drug Education and the Multiple Meanings of Success

Background and previous impact evaluations of "DARE" (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) are described along with an assessment of its implementation among fifth graders in Kokomo, Indiana. Building upon alter- native efforts, a multifaceted impact/process evaluation framework is developed; it is used to consider the multiple meanings of DARE'S "success" within the dimensions of program efficacy, the impact of micro and macro contexts upon its participants and outcomes, and as a form of symbolic politics. The results tend to support the conclusion that DARE produces anti-drug outcomes; also, the evidence suggests that drug knowledge and locus of control factors are involved in achieving these effects. Micro and macro contextual elements were found to produce important impacts upon the program's dynamics and effectiveness; finally, the data indicate that DARE includes an important symbolic politics dimension and is supported by important symbolic politics dimension and is supported by multiple stakeholders who define its success in terms of its popularity, which has significant utility for their interests. (Abstract Adapted from Source: Policy Studies Review, 1994. Copyright © 1994 by Policy Studies Organization; Blackwell Publishers) For more information on DARE, see VioPro record number 889. Drug Use Prevention Substance Use Prevention Prevention Education Prevention Program Education Program School Based Program Description Program Evaluation Program Effectiveness Indiana Child Substance Use Law Enforcement Program Police in School Police Program Grade 5 Elementary School Student Late Childhood 12-05
Computational Maps in the Brain

The nervous system performs computations to process information that is biologically important. Some of these computations occur in maps--arrays of neurons in which the tuning of neighboring neurons for a particular parameter value varies systematically. Computational maps transform the representation of information into a place-coded probability distribution that represents the computed values of parameters by sites of maximum relative activity. Numerous computational maps have been discovered, including visual maps of line orientation and direction of motion, auditory maps of amplitude spectrum and time interval, and motor maps of orienting movements. The construction of the auditory map of space is the most thoroughly understood: information about interaural delays and interaural intensity differences is processed in parallel by separate computational maps, and the outputs of these maps feed into a higher order processor that integrates sets of cues corresponding to sound source locations and creates a map of auditory space. Computational maps represent ranges of parameter values that are relevant to the animal, and may differentially magnify the representation of values that are of particular importance. The tuning of individual neurons for values of a mapped parameter is broad relative to the range of the map. Consequently, neurons throughout a large portion of a computational map are activated by any given stimulus, and precise information about the mapped parameter is coded by the locations of peak activity. There are a number of advantages of performing computations in maps. First, information is processed rapidly because the computations are preset and are executed in parallel. Second, maps simplify the schemes of connectivity required for processing and utilizing the information. Third, a common, mapped representation of the results of different kinds of computations allows the nervous system to employ a single strategy for reading the information. Finally, maps enable several classes of neuronal mechanisms to sharpen tuning in a manner not possible for information that is represented in a non-topographic code.
Time is on my side: time, general mental ability, human capital, and extrinsic career success.

The present study linked general mental ability (GMA) to extrinsic career success using a multilevel framework that included time and 3 possible time-based mediators of the GMA–career success relationship. Results, based on a large national sample, revealed that over a 28-year period, GMA affected growth in 2 indicators of extrinsic career success (income and occupational prestige), such that the careers of high-GMA individuals ascended more steeply over time than those of low-GMA individuals. Part of the reason high-GMA individuals had steeper growth in extrinsic success over time was because they attained more education, completed more job training, and gravitated toward more complex jobs. GMA also moderated the degree to which within-individual variation in the mediating variables affected within-individual variation in extrinsic career success over time: Education, training, and job complexity were much more likely to translate into career success for more intelligent individuals.
The orally bioavailable MDM2 antagonist RG7112 and pegylated interferon α 2a target JAK2V617F-positive progenitor and stem cells.

The Philadelphia chromosomal–negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) originate at the level of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). The protracted clinical course of the MPNs has limited the use of potentially toxic treatment modalities, which may eliminate the responsible malignant clone. Treatment with low doses of RG7112, an orally available small-molecule inhibitor of p53-MDM2, both alone and combined with pegylated interferon α 2a (Peg-IFNα 2a), significantly decreased MPN colony-forming unit–granulocyte macrophage and burst-forming unit-erythroid numbers and preferentially eliminated the total number of JAKV617F+ MPN hematopoietic progenitor cells. The effects of RG7112 and Peg-IFNα 2a on MPN progenitor cells were dependent on blocking p53-MDM2 interactions and activating the p53 pathway, thereby increasing MPN CD34+ cell apoptosis. Treatment of polycythemia vera (PV) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) CD34+ cells with low doses of RG7112 and Peg-IFNα 2a before their transplantation into immune-deficient mice decreased the degree of donor-derived chimerism as well as the JAK2V617F allele burden, indicating that these drugs can each alone or in combination deplete MPN HSCs. These results provide a rationale for the use of combinations of low doses of RG7112 and Peg-IFNα 2a for the treatment of PV or PMF patients with the intent of altering their natural history.
Adaptive MIMO detection of OFDM signals in an underwater acoustic channel

Frequency and time correlation of the underwater channel are exploited to obtain an adaptive channel estimation algorithm for MIMO spatial multiplexing with low complexity and low overhead. Non-uniform Doppler compensation is performed by extending the adaptive synchronization method to multiple transmitters. Algorithm performance is demonstrated on experimental data recorded in several shallow water channels over distances on the order of 1 km. Nearly error-free performance is observed for two and four transmitters with BCH(64,10) encoded QPSK signals. We report in detail on an experiment where an information rate of 23 kbps (4 transmitters times 0.75 sps/Hz/transmitter times 2 bits/symbol times 10/64 times 24 kHz) is achieved using 2048 carriers in a 24 kHz bandwidth.
The colony writes back: Organization as an early champion of non-Western organizational theory:

It is perhaps a truism that modern organizational theory has tended to objectify the colonized nations, and the subjects of imperialism. Even the critical traditions in OT tend to be mired in Euroc...
Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation

OBJECTIVETo review the use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of premature ejaculation.DATA SOURCESArticles were retrieved through a MEDLINE search (1966–January 2004). Search terms used to identify articles included serotonin uptake inhibitors, premature ejaculation, rapid ejaculation, and sexual behavior, as well as the generic names of currently available SSRIs: fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram, and escitalopram. The literature search was limited to articles published in the English language containing human subjects.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONArticles obtained through the literature search were evaluated, and randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Information from noncontrolled trials or case reports was considered for inclusion if it contributed to the completeness of this review and if it was the highest level of evidence available.DATA SYNTHESISPremature ejaculation is a commonly reported sexual difficulty. Dela...
Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, and Moxifloxacin: The Role of 3 Newer Fluoroquinolones

Gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin are the newest fluoroquinolones and show excellent in vitro activity against a wide variety of respiratory tract pathogens, many gram-negative aerobic organisms, and Bacteroides fragilis. These agents may be administered as oral and/or intravenous formulations with excellent bioavailability. The pharmacodynamics of these 3 new fluoroquinolones is more favorable than that of levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin for Streptococcus pneumoniae. All 3 agents are approved for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia. In addition, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin are approved for the treatment of sinusitis. The toxicity of these 3 agents appears to be similar to that of the other fluoroquinolones in terms of gastrointestinal and central nervous system disturbances. All 3 agents have a low risk of phototoxicity, but gemifloxacin is associated with an increased risk of skin rash that is not a photoreaction. These agents can be useful for treatment of bacterial respiratory tract infections in patients who are allergic to beta-lactams, but caution must be exercised to avoid the potential for selection of widespread resistance, which may occur with indiscriminate use.