cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formulation and Combustion of Glycerol–Diesel Fuel Emulsions

Diesel fuel emulsions have demonstrated reductions of unwanted combustion emissions. Glycerol, a renewable and abundant resource, is an attractive fuel component because it is a low-cost energy source. In this paper, the glycerol–diesel emulsion system is characterized and resultant fuel properties are presented. Surface analytical techniques and long-term stability evaluations are used to identify optimal surfactant composition. Emulsions are prepared using batch ultrasonic processing to produce a narrow droplet size distribution with a mean of approximately 3.3 μm. The glycerol water content tends to increase the droplet size distribution. Glycerol–diesel emulsions prepared at 10 and 20 vol % glycerol phase are combusted in a naturally aspirated single-cylinder diesel engine. Oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter emissions are reduced by 5–15 and 25–50%, respectively. Indicated fuel consumption is increased corresponding to an increased glycerol concentration because of a reduction in the emulsion e...
Two steps forward, one step back? Strengthening the foundations of women’s leadership in higher education

ABSTRACTIt has been 50 years since Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act ended legal employment discrimination on the basis of race and sex, and more than 40 years since Title IX prohibited sex-based discrimination in education. In the U.S., women earn more bachelors and advanced degrees than men and women are as likely as men to be employed. Yet, similar to business, law, and politics, highly visible women leaders in higher education remain the exception. This essay argues that overt bias, most easily addressed by policy and law, has been driven underground and replaced by a more subtle form of institutional discrimination expressed as normative institutional rules and practices. Drawing from research on gender equity and academic leadership, this paper argues that these obstacles to women’s advancement will need to be exposed and redefined for everyone before women can enjoy benefits equally with men. In the interim, opportunities exist for women as individuals to be more proactive in acquiring leaders...
Designing and Simulation on Filtering of Direct Current Transmission System Based on Novel Converter Transformer

In this paper novel converter transformer' harmonics suppressing function is mainly analyzed.In order to realize the character,the three windings of the novel converter transformer adopt new structure,and their impedances are coherent with "zero impedance".The laboratory is a implied HVDC system and equipped with a novel converter transformer on the side of rectifying.According to analyzing of the harmonics in HVDC system,the total reactive power is calculated and allocated.All kinds of filters adopted there can be designed according to the volumes of compensation allocated.Finally by use of MATLAB/Simulink,the models of transformer and filters are set up consistent with the parameters of designing.Through the analyzing of the waves of simulinking,the novel converter transformer has perfect harmnics filtering function.
Enhanced Tg-Confinement Effect in Cross-Linked Polystyrene Compared to Its Linear Precursor: Roles of Fragility and Chain Architecture

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of cross-linked polystyrene (PS) is directly compared to that of its linear precursor polystyrene-co-vinylbenzocyclobutene (PS–VBCB) in bulk and confined states. The VBCB units incorporated into a linear PS precursor cross-link with one another upon annealing at 250 °C. Bulk Tg (Tg,bulk) is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and ellipsometry, with Tg,bulk and Tg breadth increasing with increased cross-linking. The Tg-confinement effect is characterized by ellipsometry in supported PS–VBCB films before and after cross-linking; Tg decreases with decreasing nanoscale thickness in both supported linear and cross-linked polymer films. The magnitude of the confinement effect is greater in cross-linked PS compared to linear precursors; e.g., with PS-VBCB containing 8.5 mol % VBCB, Tg – Tg,bulk = −2 to −3 °C for a 23 nm thick film of linear polymer whereas Tg – Tg,bulk = −8 to −9 °C after cross-linking. The larger Tg reduction upon confinement in cross-l...
Toward dynamic lumbar punctures guidance based on single element synthetic tracked aperture ultrasound imaging

Lumbar punctures (LPs) are interventional procedures used to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a bodily fluid needed to diagnose central nervous system disorders. Most lumbar punctures are performed blindly without imaging guidance. Because the target window is small, physicians can only accurately palpate the appropriate space about 30% of the time and perform a successful procedure after an average of three attempts. Although various forms of imaging based guidance systems have been developed to aid in this procedure, these systems complicate the procedure by including independent image modalities and requiring image-to-needle registration to guide the needle insertion. Here, we propose a simple and direct needle insertion platform utilizing a single ultrasound element within the needle through dynamic sensing and imaging. The needle-shaped ultrasound transducer can not only sense the distance between the tip and a potential obstacle such as bone, but also visually locate structures by combining transducer location tracking and back projection based tracked synthetic aperture beam-forming algorithm. The concept of the system was validated through simulation first, which revealed the tolerance to realistic error. Then, the initial prototype of the single element transducer was built into a 14G needle, and was mounted on a holster equipped with a rotation tracking encoder. We experimentally evaluated the system using a metal wire phantom mimicking high reflection bone structures and an actual spine bone phantom with both the controlled motion and freehand scanning. An ultrasound image corresponding to the model phantom structure was reconstructed using the beam-forming algorithm, and the resolution was improved compared to without beam-forming. These results demonstrated the proposed system has the potential to be used as an ultrasound imaging system for lumbar puncture procedures.
The low-frequency acoustic structure of mobbing calls differs across habitat types in three passerine families

The acoustic adaptation hypothesis predicts that animals should adaptively respond to the transmission properties of the habitat in which they communicate. Although there have been many tests of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis with birdsong, there have been very few tests with different types of bird vocalizations. Here I tested the predictions of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis with avian mobbing calls produced in closed, open and urban habitats in three families of passerine birds. I also controlled for body size and phylogeny since these are known to influence acoustic characteristics of vocalizations. I found that body size was important in duration and frequency measurements of mobbing call acoustic structure. Phylogeny explained acoustic variation in only some acoustic variables measured. I also found only the two low-frequency measurements to differ across habitats. First, 5% frequency (a measurement of low-frequency energy distribution) differed between species classified as occurring in predominately open or closed habitats, with species classified as closed having lower 5% frequency than species classified as open. This finding supports the prediction that species in closed habitats will have lower low frequencies than species in open habitats. Additionally, I found that species classified as urban had a lower minimum frequency. This is in direct opposition to the prediction of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis and previous findings for birdsong, where species appear to shift lower minimum frequencies upward, likely to avoid masking by anthropogenic noise. To confirm this finding, I also measured low frequency using power spectra with an amplitude threshold (i.e. threshold method) and confirmed the same result: species classified as urban had lower minimum frequencies than species classified as open or closed.
Exploring the rationale for combining ionizing radiation and immune checkpoint blockade in head and neck cancer.

Background The ability of radiation to enhance antitumor immunity under specific experimental conditions is well established. Here, we explore preclinical data and the rationale for combining different radiation doses and fractions with immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Methods We conducted a review of the literature. Results The ability of high-dose or hypofractionated radiation to enhance antitumor immunity resulting in additive or synergistic tumor control when combined with checkpoint blockade is well studied. Whether low-dose daily fractionated radiation does the same is less well studied and available data suggests it may be immunosuppressive. Conclusion Although daily fractionated radiation is well established as the standard of care for the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer, how this radiation schema alters antitumor immunity needs further study. If the radiation doses and fractions alter antitumor immunity differently can have profound implications in the rational design of clinical trials investigating whether radiation can enhance response rates to immune checkpoint blockade.
Time Costs to Digitize Print Agricultural Serial Publications

Time studies were conducted on the various steps in the digitization, quality control and ingestion into a DSpace institutional repository of Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletins. The average time to scan each page was 0.92 minutes. The time to create Dublin Core metadata, assign NALT subject terms, and do item quality control of images was 20.48 minutes per item. PDF file creation was 16.4 minutes per item on average. The time to create a DSpace batch load for automated ingestion was 1.34 minutes. The time to do quality control checking on ingested items and publish the items was 2.03 minutes
Problems of Radiocarbon Dating Holocene Organic-Bearing Sediments, Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, N. W. T., Canada

In 1973, several samples of buried organic-bearing sediments were collected from beneath and within the “layered sands” of Pangnirtung Pass and the Padle/Kingnait Pass, eastern Baffin Island, N. W....
The Legislation of Morality

In chapter 5 we considered necessary connections between law and morals (5.3 and 5.4) and Hart’s brief comments about causal influences between them (5.4.2). This chapter considers another of the four topics about the relations between law and morals that Hart distinguishes (LLM, 1–4), namely, using criminal law to enforce a society’s morality. The last chapter takes up Hart’s views on the moral criticism of law, which he developed only for criminal punishment.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of model prebiotic peptides: Optimization of sample preparation.

RATIONALE Depsipeptides, or peptides with a mixture of amide and ester linkages, may have evolved into peptides on primordial Earth. Previous studies on depsipeptides utilized electrospray ionization ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-IM-QTOF) tandem mass spectrometry; such analysis was thorough yet time-consuming. Here, a complementary matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) approach was optimized for rapid characterization of depsipeptide length and monomer composition. METHODS Depsipeptide mixtures of varying hydrophobicity were formed by subjecting aqueous mixtures of α-hydroxy acids and α-amino acids to evaporative cycles. Ester and amide content of depsipeptides was orthogonally confirmed using infrared spectroscopy. MALDI-TOF MS analysis was performed on a Voyager DE-STR in reflection geometry and positive ion mode. Optimization parameters included choice of matrix, sample solvent, matrix-to-analyte ratio, and ionization additives. RESULTS It was determined that evaporated depsipeptide samples should be mixed with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix in order to detect the highest number of unique signals. Low matrix-to-analyte ratios were found to generate higher quality spectra, likely due to a combination of matrix suppression and improved co-crystallization. Using this optimized protocol, a new depsipeptide mixture was characterized. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the diversity and chemical evolution of proto-peptides is of interest to origins-of-life research. Here, we have demonstrated MALDI-TOF MS can be used to rapidly screen the length and monomer composition of model prebiotic peptides containing a mixture of ester and amide backbone linkages.
Legacy effects of land use on soil nitrous oxide emissions in annual crop and perennial grassland ecosystems.

Land use conversions into and out of agriculture may influence soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes for many years. We tested the legacy effects of land use on cumulative soil nitrous oxide (N2 O) fluxes for 5 yr following conversion of 22-yr-old Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands and conventionally tilled agricultural fields (AGR) to continuous no-till corn, switchgrass, and restored prairie. An unconverted CRP field served as a reference. We assessed the labile soil C pool of the upper 10 cm in 2009 (the conversion year) and in 2014 using short-term soil incubations. We also measured in situ soil N2 O fluxes biweekly from 2009 through 2014 using static chambers except when soils were frozen. The labile C pool was approximately twofold higher in soils previously in CRP than in those formerly in tilled cropland. Five-year cumulative soil N2 O emissions were approximately threefold higher in the corn system on former CRP than on former cropland despite similar fertilization rates (~184 kg N·ha-1 ·yr-1 ). The lower cumulative emissions from corn on former cropland were similar to emissions from switchgrass that was fertilized less (~57 kg N·ha-1 ·yr-1 ), regardless of former land use, and lowest emissions were observed from the unfertilized restored prairie and reference systems. Findings support the hypothesis that soil labile carbon levels modulate the response of soil N2 O emissions to nitrogen inputs, with soils higher in labile carbon but otherwise similar, in this case reflecting land use history, responding more strongly to added nitrogen.
Integrals and Fractals

Here we will discuss some of the applications of integration to questions relating to fractals.
AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSITION METAL-MEDIATED POLYMERIZATIONS: CATALYSTS FOR THE 21st CENTURY

The use of transition metal complexes in polymer synthesis is one of the most actively investigated areas in macromolecular science today. Over the last two decades, organometallic initiators have revolutionized strategies for controlled polymer syntheses, dramatically increased the available degree of control of polymer architectures and properties, and expanded the range of conditions under which commercial polymerizations can be carried out. In doing so, they have also greatly enhanced the technological applications of plastics and our fundamental chemical understanding of polymerization mechanisms. The useful feature of metal-mediated polymerization is the ability to influence the structure and/or kinetics of chain growth through the attached organometallic species. Organometallic polymerizations have a number of advantages over traditional radical and ionic techniques but are not without challenges. Transition metal initiators can be quite complex, requiring several synthetic steps, and many catalysts need expensive co-catalysts or activators. Because of their structural fine-tuning, organometallic initiators that function well for certain monomers may be completely inactive for others. Additionally, a tradeoff often exists between catalyst selectivity and activity, in that making a catalyst better behaved may also mean making it slower. These systems perhaps best illustrate the possibilities that make organometallic polymerization initiators worthy of the phrase catalysts for the 21st century.
Auger Heating and Thermal Dissipation in Zero-Dimensional CdSe Nanocrystals Examined Using Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

We report femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) measurements on dispersions of CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) as a function of particle size and pump fluence. Upon photoexcitation, we observe depletion of stimulated Raman gain corresponding to generation of longitudinal optical (LO) phonons followed by recovery on picosecond timescales. At higher fluences, production of multiple excitons slows recovery of FSRS signals, which we attribute to sustained increases of LO phonon populations due to multiexcitonic Auger heating. Owing to the discretized electronic structure of these NCs, such heating cannot be readily monitored via electronic spectroscopic analysis of high-energy band tails as has been performed for higher-dimensional materials. Notably, recovery timescales exceed those of the biexcitonic Auger recombination process and as such reveal overall thermalization timescales likely owing to an acoustic phonon thermalization bottleneck that dictates the cooling timescale.
Rapid face orienting in infants and school-age children with and without autism: Exploring measurement invariance in eye-tracking

Questions concerning the ontogenetic stability of autism have recently received increased attention as long-term longitudinal studies have appeared in the literature. Most experimental measures are designed for specific ages and functioning levels, yet developing experimental tasks appropriate for a wide range of ages and functioning levels is critical for future long-term longitudinal studies, and treatment studies implemented at different ages. Accordingly, we designed an eye-tracking task to measure preferential orienting to facial features and implemented it with groups of participants with varying levels of functioning: infants, and school-age children with and without autism. All groups fixated eyes first, revealing an early and stable orienting bias. This indicates common bias towards the eyes across participants regardless of age or diagnosis. We also demonstrate that this eye-tracking task can be used with diverse populations who range in age and cognitive functioning. Our developmental approach has conceptual implications for future work focused on task development and particularly new experimental measures that offer measurement equivalence across broad age ranges, intellectual functioning and verbal abilities.
Learning, Life, and Lactation: Knowledge of Breastfeeding's Impact on Breast Cancer Risk Reduction and Its Influence on Breastfeeding Practices.

Abstract Introduction: The protective effects of breastfeeding against developing breast cancer are well known; however, it is unknown whether women are aware of this breastfeeding benefit. Researc...
Drosophila ML-DmD17-c3 cells respond robustly to Dpp and exhibit complex transcriptional feedback on BMP signaling components

BMP signaling is involved in myriad metazoan developmental processes, and study of this pathway in Drosophila has contributed greatly to our understanding of its molecular and genetic mechanisms. These studies have benefited not only from Drosophila’s advanced genetic tools, but from complimentary in vitro culture systems. However, the commonly-used S2 cell line is not intrinsically sensitive to the major BMP ligand Dpp and must therefore be augmented with exogenous pathway components for most experiments. Herein we identify and characterize the responses of Drosophila ML-DmD17-c3 cells, which are sensitive to Dpp stimulation and exhibit characteristic regulation of BMP target genes including Dad and brk. Dpp signaling in ML-DmD17-c3 cells is primarily mediated by the receptors Put and Tkv, with additional contributions from Wit and Sax. Furthermore, we report complex regulatory feedback on core pathway genes in this system. Native ML-DmD17-c3 cells exhibit robust transcriptional responses to BMP pathway induction. We propose that ML-DmD17-c3 cells are well-suited for future BMP pathway analyses.
Standards, Standards, Standards: Mapping Professional Standards for Outcomes Assessment to Assessment Practice

To facilitate familiarity and comfort with outcomes assessment, we map three sets of student affairs professional standards to the outcomes assessment cycle. Although the standards differ in focus ...
Bank Specialness, Credit Lines, and Loan Structure

We find that credit lines (CLs) play special roles in syndicated lending, committing lead banks to screen, monitor, and invest in relationships with borrowers. Institutional term loans (ITLs) packaged with CLs have lower interest rate spreads in the primary market and narrower bid-ask spreads in the secondary market. Findings support the Bank Specialness Hypothesis that banks significantly alleviate information problems in the syndicated loan market. Additional tests using the Lehman bankruptcy as a quasi-natural experiment confirm our conclusions. Our tests extend the literature on bank specialness, the value of CLs, and optimal loan contracting. Our findings also have policy implications.
Direct-to-Consumer Marketing for Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Impact of Language and Messenger.

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an effective therapy to treat early onset disruptive behavior problems and child physical maltreatment. In order to support the successful implementation and sustainment of PCIT, strategies are needed to recruit parents into care, especially for racial and ethnic minority families, who often have lower rates of access and utilization of mental health services. This study investigated the impact of direct-to-consumer advertisements on parents’ attitudes towards PCIT. Advertisements were delivered in Spanish and English, with either a parent testimony or therapist explaining the treatment. Participants were parents of children between the ages of 2 and 7, who were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants (N= 204) were 38.2% female and 49.5% Spanish speaking. There were no main effects for language or messenger related to PCIT Help-Seeking Intentions, Attitudes, or Stigmatization. However, there was an interaction effect for language and messenger for PCIT Help-Seeking Intentions. Specifically, Spanish-speaking participants had higher intentions when the messenger was a therapist rather than a parent, and had lower intentions than English-speaking parents when the messenger was a parent. These findings are promising for direct-to-consumer advertising strategies that may help recruit more Spanish-speaking families into PCIT, which could help address disparities in access to mental health services.
Exploring the School-to-Prison Pipeline: How School Suspensions Influence Incarceration During Young Adulthood:

A growing body of research has evoked the life-course perspective to understand how experiences in school relate to a wide range of longer term life outcomes. This is perhaps best typified by the notion of the school-to-prison pipeline which refers to a process by which youth who experience punitive punishment in schools are increasingly enmeshed within the criminal justice system. While this metaphor is commonly accepted, few studies have examined the extent to which exclusionary school discipline significantly alters pathways toward incarceration as youth transition into young adulthood. Applying a life-course perspective and leveraging 15 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study examines how school suspensions influence the odds of imprisonment during young adulthood. Mixed-effects longitudinal models demonstrate that receiving a suspension serves as a key turning point toward increased odds of incarceration, even after accounting for key covariates including levels of criminal offending. However, results show that repeated suspensions do not appear to confer additional risk of incarceration. Results carry implications for the ways in which school punishment impacts youths' life-course.
An Item Analysis of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts

The Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA) represents a pioneering attempt to measure trauma in the partners of sex addicts. In this study, we utilized a large sample of TIPSA respons...
Combating Anti-Blackness in the AI Community

In response to a national and international awakening on the issues of anti-Blackness and systemic discrimination, we have penned this piece to serve as a resource for allies in the AI community who are wondering how they can more effectively engage with dismantling racist systems. This work aims to help elucidate areas where the AI community actively and passively contributes to anti-Blackness and offers actionable items on ways to reduce harm.
Endocrine Sequelae in Childhood Cancer Survivors

The 5-year survival rate for childhood cancer survivors is currently greater than 80% in developed countries. However, survivors may have an increased risk of endocrine toxicities from their tumors or their treatments. Although some endocrinopathies are apparent soon after cancer therapy completion, others manifest years later; therefore, long-term surveillance is crucial. This article reviews the association between cancer treatments and endocrine late effects. It also summarizes recommendations regarding surveillance for endocrine late effects and referrals to endocrinologists based on treatment exposures. In addition, this article provides special considerations for the treatment of endocrinopathies in survivors.
Techniques For Electronic Resource Management: TERMS And The Transition To Open: by Jill Emery, Graham Stone, and Peter McCracken, Chicago, IL, ALA Editions, 2019, 219 pp., $56.99 (softcover), ISBN: 978-0-8389-1904-0

Although most library materials budgets have remained stagnant in recent years, many academic libraries continue to reallocate funds to support a higher prioritization of electronic content. Whethe...
A study of microbial translocation markers in mastocytosis.

Mastocytosis is a complex disease characterized by aberrant expansion and accumulation of clonal mast cells at tissue sites including the skin, bone marrow and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Criteria for diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis includes characteristic bone marrow findings, a serum tryptase of >20 ng/mL, an activating point mutation at codon 816 of KIT, which is a tyrosine kinase and receptor for stem cell factor and abnormal mast cell immunophenotyping (expression of CD25/CD2). 1 In addition to symptoms such as flushing, anaphylaxis and musculoskeletal pain, patient with mastocytosis exhibit gastrointestinal manifestations that overlap with irritable bowel disease (IBS) and include diarrhea, abdominal pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), as well as nausea and vomiting. While mechanisitic pathways leading to symptomatology in irritable bowel disease are unclear, increased intestinal permeability likely as the result of the effects of mast cells have been proposed to contribute to its pathophysiology.2,3 As an outgrowth of these functional and mechanistic observations in patient with IBS we sought to determine in patients with mastocytosis if there are alterations in gut permeability. We used an increase in serum levels of microbial translocation markers (MTMs) as surrogate indicators of GI integrity. Clinical manifestation and laboratory findings within the patient population were also segregated for MTMs subset analyses.
Primary care provider evaluation and management of insomnia.

Study Objectives:To evaluate the type and extent of information collected from patients with insomnia during their first office encounter for insomnia and the prescribing therapies of primary care ...
Widespread ripples synchronize human cortical activity during sleep, waking, and memory recall

Declarative memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval require the integration of elements encoded in widespread cortical locations. The mechanism whereby such 9binding9 of different components of mental events into unified representations occurs is unknown. The 9binding-by-synchrony9 theory proposes that distributed encoding areas are bound by synchronous oscillations enabling enhanced communication. However, evidence for such oscillations is sparse. Brief high-frequency oscillations (9ripples9) occur in the hippocampus and cortex, and help organize memory recall and consolidation. Here, using intracranial recordings in humans, we report that these ~70ms duration 80Hz ripples often couple (±500ms), co-occur (≥25ms overlap), and crucially, phase-lock (have consistent phase-lags) between widely distributed focal cortical locations during both sleep and waking, even between hemispheres. Cortical ripple co-occurrence is facilitated through activation across multiple sites, and phase-locking increases with more cortical sites co-rippling. Ripples in all cortical areas co-occur with hippocampal ripples but do not phase-lock with them, further suggesting that cortico-cortical synchrony is mediated by cortico-cortical connections. Ripple phase-lags vary across sleep nights, consistent with participation in different networks. During waking, we show that hippocampo-cortical and cortico-cortical co-ripples increase preceding successful delayed memory recall, when binding between the cue and response is essential. Ripples increase and phase-modulate unit-firing, and co-ripples increase high-frequency correlations between areas, suggesting synchronized unit-spiking facilitating information exchange. Co-occurrence, phase-synchrony, and high-frequency correlation are maintained with little decrement over very long distances (25cm). Hippocampo-cortico-cortical co-ripples appear to possess the essential properties necessary to support binding-by-synchrony during memory retrieval, and perhaps generally.
Neonatal vascular anomalies manifesting as soft-tissue masses

The broad and heterogeneous spectrum of vascular anomalies ranges from an innocuous localized cutaneous discoloration to complex, extensive and life-threatening diagnoses. While many of these lesions are present at birth, smaller and deeper lesions might be clinically occult for months or years. Certain vascular anomalies commonly manifest in the prenatal or neonatal period and often have suggestive clinical and imaging features that can aid the radiologist in making a correct diagnosis. The characteristics of such lesions presenting very early in life, particularly those manifesting as soft-tissue masses, are the focus of this review.
Detecting Wave Features in Doppler Radial Velocity Radar Observations

Abstract. Mesoscale, wave-like perturbations in horizontal air motions in the troposphere (velocity waves) are associated with vertical velocity, temperature, and pressure perturbations that can initiate or enhance precipitation within clouds. The ability to detect velocity waves from horizontal wind information is an important tool for atmospheric research and weather forecasting. This paper presents a method to routinely detect velocity waves using Doppler radial velocity data from a scanning weather radar. The method utilizes the difference field between consecutive PPI scans at a given elevation angle. Using the difference between fields a few minutes apart highlights small scale perturbations associated with waves because the larger scale wind field changes more slowly. Image filtering retains larger contiguous velocity bands and discards noise. Wave detection scales are limited by the size of the temporal difference relative to the wave motion and the radar resolution volume size.
Surfactant Aggregate Size Distributions Above and Below the Critical Micelle Concentration

Aggregate size distributions in an aqueous solution containing either charged or neutral surfactants are investigated using Raman multivariate curve resolution (Raman-MCR) spectroscopy, analyzed with the aid of a multi-aggregation chemical potential surface (MCPS) modeling strategy. Total least squares decompositions of the concentration-dependent Raman-MCR spectra are used to quantify the free and micelle surfactant populations, and the surfactant's C-H stretch frequency is used as a measure of its average aggregation state. MCPS predictions are used to relate the experimental measurements to the underlying surfactant aggregate size distribution by fitting either the component concentrations or the average C-H frequency to MCPS predictions, and thus determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC), as well as estimate the corresponding micelle size and polydispersity. The Raman-MCR spectra of aqueous 1,2-hexanediol (12HD), sodium octanoate (C8OONa), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), measured both below and above CMC, provide critical tests of the assumed functional form of the MCPS and the presence of low-order premicellar aggregates. Our results indicate that a low-order aggregate population gradually emerges as the critical micelle concentration is approached and then remains nearly concentration-independent after the appearance of micelles.
'You're So Yeller'

Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden (1911) has given rise to a wide array of critical responses – from seeing Mary’s gardening linked to her sexuality to postcolonial readings of the text. One element that such readings have missed is the peculiar displacement in identity within which Burnett situates her protagonist, Mary. At the beginning of the narrative, Mary belongs to no culture, neither the Anglo-Indian culture that she should belong to as an English child residing in India nor the local Indian culture with which she frequently interacts. While postcolonial readings of the text account for some of this displacement, the concept of “third culture” in social theory provides a better understanding of this cultural and political displacement that Burnett uses, and more importantly, Burnett’s value of fixed cultural identity and her emphasis throughout the narrative of changing Mary’s displaced status by having her acculturate to English culture. This reading of Mary as a third-culture subject addresses an important aspect of The Secret Garden that has not been examined before and shows a formation of identity and power different from postcolonial models. This reading also highlights the problematic nature of the concept of “home” in the text and the type of subjects who can gain a home in England.
Smjernice za primjenu biološke terapije u djece s juvenilnim idiopatskim artritisom (JIA)

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children, and one of the major causes of short-term or long-term disability, and impairment of quality of life in childhood. Without early and adequate treatment the disease will progress and result with irreparable joint damage. The choice of therapy depends on the JIA subtype, disease activity index, prognostic factors, and prooven efficacy and probable side-effects of the drugs. The goal of modern JIA therapy is the achievement of complete disease remission, and not only the improvement of symptoms and temporarily inflammation control. The implementation of biologics significantly altered therapeutic approach to children with resistant JIA. We present Croatian guidelines on biologic drugs for the treatment of patients with JIA.
Translocation in trisomy D syndrome. A case of a probable D/18 translocation.

A child with the clinical signs of trisomy D was found to have only 46 chromosomes and a mosaic of two cell lines, one of which did not differ from that of a normal male pattern. The second cell line had only one No. 18, six large acrocentric chromosomes, and an extra chromosome believed to be a translocation between chromosome No. 18 and the terminal portion of the long arms of a D group chromosome.
Understanding Our Kinship With Animals: Input for Health Care Professionals Interested in the Human–Animal Bond

Publisher Summary This chapter provides with a basic foundation to appreciate and understand this unique kinship with all living creatures but also to discover the roots to the overwhelming growing interest in animal-assisted intervention (AAI) and also helps solidify and clarify how the benefits witnessed within this unique bond have prompted numerous professionals to become more curious about the advantages of animal-assisted interventions. Numerous interventions have developed employing a strong belief that relationships with animals contribute to the well-being of people. Their clinical interests stem from their personal convictions and attractions to animals, while others are driven because of their perceived perception that animals may provide a useful alternative for clinical application. The interest in the human/animal connection is heightened in the past few decades as a direct result of mainstream media's and the popular press's coverage of the impact of animals on humans' lives. The essence of case study provided in this chapter portrays how important animals can become in the lives of many, including those with terminal illnesses. A rationale is presented describing the potential benefits to the human/animal connection. It also provides an explanation that could help to understand why some clients are enamored with their pets.
National Molecular Subtyping Network for Food-Borne Bacterial Disease Surveillance in the United States

PulseNet USA is a network of public health laboratories from all 50 states, federal food regulatory agency laboratories, and a few state agricultural laboratories in the United States dedicated to molecular surveillance of food-borne bacterial infections. Regional and national PulseNet networks inspired by PulseNet USA have been established in different parts of the world dedicated to molecular surveillance of food-borne infections. PulseNets work together in investigations of international outbreaks in building capacity for molecular surveillance all over the world and in the development and validation of new PulseNet methods to ensure that data generated in all participating networks are comparable. As Campylobacter species are a common cause of diarrheal illness, active case finding during an outbreak can inevitably turn up additional Campylobacter infections that may or may not be related to the outbreak. Multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) has recently emerged as the current method of choice for subtyping of Campylobacters. A new priority area for PulseNet USA is to identify the sources of sporadic food-borne infections. The use and the content of the PulseNet Campylobacter database is therefore different from the other PulseNet databases, which are primarily aimed at detection of disease clusters by pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE) . However, the introduction of multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis will open the door to reliable phylogenetic analysis and attribution analysis for the non-Campylobacter organisms in PulseNet tool.
Scienter, Causation, and Harm in Freedom of Expression Analysis: The Right Hand Side of the Constitutional Calculus

The constitutional calculus in freedom of expression analysis is the balance between the value of the expression and the harm that will result if the expression is permitted to go forward. A previous article described six factors affecting the value of an expression. This article describes four factors that courts take into account in assessing the harm that the government is seeking to prevent when it suppresses expression. These four factors are the speaker's state of mind, the likelihood that harm will result, the nature of the harm, and the gravity of the harm. The Supreme Court is increasingly turning to an empirical, fact-based assessment of these four factors in order the measure the weight of the governmental interest supporting laws that infringe upon freedom of expression.
Stability of somatropin stored in plastic syringes for 28 days

The stability of somatropin stored in two types of plastic syringes was studied. Reconstituted somatropin at high (3.33-mg/mL) and low (1.0-mg/mL) concentrations was stored in polypropylene and propylene-ethylene copolymer syringes at 2-8 degrees C for 28 days. The contents of all syringes were analyzed immediately and at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days by high-performance liquid chromatography for purity, potency, and preservative (m-cresol) content; pH, physical appearance, clarity, and preservative effectiveness were analyzed at the same times. Glass vials of somatropin reconstituted with diluent served as controls. Somatropin did not show significant losses in purity or potency during the 28-day study. m-Cresol concentrations decreased in both types of plastic syrings, more so in the polypropylene syringes, but remained in excess of the minimum required to pass the USP test of preservative effectiveness. On average, the contents of the propylene-ethylene copolymer syringes had greater turbidity than the contents of the polypropylene syringes and, after 21 days, had an unacceptable level of turbidity. No visible particulates were present except at 28 days in high-concentration samples stored in propylene-ethylene copolymer syringes. Somatropin 3.33 and 1.0 mg/mL was stable in polypropylene syringes for up to 28 days and in propylene-ethylene copolymer syringes for up to 14 days when stored at 2-8 degrees C.
Dhiraj Murthy, Twitter: Social Communication in the Twitter Age

Since the advent of social media, scholars have made broad statements about its impact on society. The optimists celebrate social media and predict that it will cause more participation and democratization. The cynics, in contrast, condemn social media as shallow and arbitrary, while equating the death of meaningful communication and intimacy with social media’s mass proliferation. The problem with such polemics, however, is that both sides fail to offer a balanced treatment of social media’s influence on society; instead, they revert to hyperbolic claims disguised as useful scholarship. Dhiraj Murthy, in Twitter: Social Communication in the Twitter Age, attempts to fill this gap by showing both the significance and superficiality of social media in the digital age.
Mode of Action of Vibrio cholerae Enterotoxin in Cultured Adrenal Tumor Cells

The effects of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin on steroidogenesis and on formation of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate (cyclic AMP) in two adrenal tumor cell lines were compared. Steroidogenesis was half-maximal at concentrations of 1 ng of cholera toxin/ml in the mutant OS-3 cells and 3 ng of cholera toxin/ml in the parent Y-1 cells. At the end of an 8-hr incubation, toxin-induced formation of cyclic AMP in the mutant cell line was reduced by 90%. A molar ratio of GM1 ganglioside (galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl [sialosyl] lactosyl ceramide; GGnSLC) to cholera toxin of 3:1 caused half-maximal inhibition of steroidogenesis in both cell lines. When equine antiserum to choleragenoid was added to adrenal cells 15 min after cholera toxin, there was marked inhibition of cyclic AMP formation and of steroidogenesis. Pretreatment of Y-1 cells with adrenocorticotropin rendered them unresponsive to hormonal induction of cyclic AMP formation, but these cells had an unimpaired response to cholera toxin. These studies, utilizing two adrenal cell lines, suggest important differences between the mode of action of cholera toxin and that of adrenocorticotropin in cultured adrenal tumor cells.
An algorithm and a pipelined architecture for order-statistic determination and L-filtering

An algorithm is presented for determination of order statistics, based on iterative adaptive thresholding of binary input data on a bit-row basis. It is shown that this algorithm lends itself very well to pipelined implementation and that a parallel pipelined device for L-filtering can be constructed from it, using the idea of a distributed arithmetic FIR (finite impulse response) digital filter. Such a device would be quite useful in image processing, since it would enable an operation which combines attributes of linear filtering with suppression of impulsive noise to be applied to data windows of useful size in real time. >
QUEEN ELIZABETH'S INSTRUCTIONS TO ADMIRAL HOWARD, 20 DECEMBER 1587

(2008). QUEEN ELIZABETH'S INSTRUCTIONS TO ADMIRAL HOWARD, 20 DECEMBER 1587. The Mariner's Mirror: Vol. 94, No. 2, pp. 202-208.
Towards update-conscious compilation for energy-efficient code dissemination in WSNs

Postdeployment code dissemination in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is challenging, as the code has to be transmitted via energy-expensive wireless communication. In this article, we propose novel update-conscious compilation (UCC) techniques to achieve energy efficiency. By integrating the compilation decisions in generating the old binary, an update-conscious compiler strives to match the old decisions, which improves the binary code similarity, reduces the amount of transmitted data to remote sensors, and thus, consumes less energy. In this article, we develop update-conscious register allocation and data layout algorithms. Our experimental results show great improvements over the traditional, update-oblivious approaches.
The administration of international exchanges in academic libraries: A survey

AbstractFor decades acquisition by exchange has been an important feature employed by libraries in the United States and abroad for maintaining international coverage for research collections. Declining resources, however, have pressured libraries into maintaining greater financial accountability in recent years, thereby causing a finer scrutiny of all acquisitions programs including international exchanges.Through a review of the literature and a special survey of thirteen ARL libraries, this study investigates how international exchanges are administered, how their needs and support may be changing, and how they are viewed and valued as acquisition programs by library administrators and collection development officers. It concludes that international exchanges are considered as cost effective and necessary components of acquisition programs in most research libraries. It also demonstrates that only exchanges with the Soviet Union have been adequately researched and that more in-depth research on exchang...
Using Nearpod in Elementary Guided Reading Groups

A student teacher placed at a school with a high English Language Learner population used mini iPads, and an application called Nearpod, during guided reading instruction. Groups of students in a fourth grade classroom used this application. The students and the teacher were interviewed to determine the benefits and challenges of this approach. An analysis of data revealed that all of the students found this type of guided reading to be beneficial and motivating in learning the content presented through the application. Students also explained how they could transfer the knowledge gained into their independent work. The teacher discussed how it improved organization in a guided reading group, but how careful consideration and planning must be done to ensure the technology will work properly during guided reading. It is recommended that the Nearpod application be used in guided reading lessons because of its user-friendliness, ability to engage students, and monitor their progress.
Primary squamous ovarian carcinoma. A case report and review of the literature

A case of pure primary squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary is presented and the literature is reviewed. Unlike both previously reported cases, this case was not associated with antecedant carcinoma of the cervix. Possible origins of squamous ovarian neoplasm are discussed.