cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hot tip: imaging phenomena using in situ multi-stimulus probes at high temperatures

Accurate high temperature characterization of materials remains a critical challenge to the continued advancement of various important energy, nuclear, electronic, and aerospace applications. Future experimental studies must assist these communities to progress past empiricism and derive deliberate, predictable designs of material classes functioning within active, extreme environments. Successful realization of systems ranging from fuel cells and batteries to electromechanical nanogenerators and turbines requires a dynamic understanding of the excitation, surface-mediated, and charge transfer phenomena which occur at heterophase interfaces (i.e. vapor–solid, liquid–solid, solid–solid) and impact overall performance. Advancing these frontiers therefore necessitates in situ (operando) characterization methods capable of resolving, both spatially and functionally, the coherence between these complex, collective excitations, and their respective response dynamics, through studies within the operating regime. This review highlights recent developments in scanning probe microscopy in performing in situ imaging at high elevated temperatures. The influence of and evolution from vacuum-based electron and tunneling microscopy are briefly summarized and discussed. The scope includes the use of high temperature imaging to directly observe critical phase transition, electronic, and electrochemical behavior under dynamic temperature settings, thus providing key physical parameters. Finally, both challenges and directions in combined instrumentation are proposed and discussed towards the end.
Vortices and the Superfluid 4He Phase Transition in Two and Three Dimensions

The idea that thermally excited vortices might underlie the unusual properties of the superfluid 4He λ-transition was first proposed by both Onsagerl and Feynman2 in their original papers on the quantization of circulation. In Feynman’s words2: “If rotons are the smallest ring vortices... then there are states of higher energy corresponding to larger rings... As the temperature rises... then suddenly the rings of very largest length are of importance. ...The superfluid is pierced through and through with vortex line. We are describing the disorder of He I.”
Cross sections of EUV PAGs: influence of concentration, electron energy, and structure

Optimizing the photochemistry of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photoresists should provide faster, more efficient resists which would lead to greater throughput in manufacturing. The fundamental reaction mechanisms in EUV resists are believed to be due to interactions with energetic electrons liberated by ionization. Identifying the likelihood (or cross section) of how these photoelectrons interact with resist components is critical to optimizing the performance of EUV resists. Chemically amplified resists utilize photoacid generators (PAGs) to improve sensitivity; measuring the cross section of electron induced decomposition of different PAGs will provide insight into developing new resist materials. To study the interactions of photoelectrons generated by EUV absorption, photoresists were exposed to electron beams at energies between 80 and 250 eV. The reactions between PAG molecules and electrons were measured using a mass spectrometer to monitor the levels of small molecules produced by PAG decomposition that outgassed from the film. Comparing the cross sections of a variety of PAG molecules can provide insight into the relationship between chemical structure and reactivity to the electrons in their environments. This research is a part of a larger SEMATECH research program to understand the fundamentals of resist exposures to help in the development of new, better performing EUV resists.
Representation and a Religious Pressure Group: An Examination of the Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs

In The Growing Church Lobby in Washington, James L. Adams directs some sharp criticism toward the denominational agencies that lobby in the nation's capital. He complains that "church lobbyists form a kind of self-perpetuating religious curia operating in a free-wheeling fashion with no accounting to the people they supposedly represent and who incidentally pay their salaries."1 This thrust becomes a major theme of the book— church officials in Washington do not truly represent their con stituents.
Analytical performance criteria. Field evaluation of diacetyl sampling and analytical methods.

Diacetyl and acetoin are ketones that are used extensively in the flavoring and food production industries. Both compounds are monitored in the workplace to assess exposures, to aid in the selectio...
Comparison of Dynamic, Static, and Combination Training on Dominant Wrist Flexor Muscles

Abstract Four equated groups of five subjects trained using static, dynamic, combination static-dynamic, and control procedures to compare effects on strength of the flexors of the dominant wrist. The static and dynamic groups each performed six bouts of three repetitions daily for 5 weeks. The combination group completed three bouts each of static and dynamic training. Maximum dynamic strength and maximum static strength at three angles were recorded prior to and at termination of training. No significant differences were found among experimental groups in developing static strength of the dominant wrist flexors. However, the combination group made significant improvement (p<.01) over the static group for dynamic strength measurement. Compared with the control group, all experimental groups improved significantly in one or more specific strength tests.
Government by Discussion: Continuing Debate over Judicial Space

In the task of searching for ways to ‘interpret’ the American Constitution and to understand (so as to delimit) the function of the Supreme Court, constitutional and jurisprudential theorists have almost invariably begun with Marshall’s principal opinions. He remains ‘The Source’, even as widespread uncertainty and disagreement persist about the actual character of his contribution to understanding the court’s function or indeed about any particular opinion he may have written. Nevertheless, from the perspective of jurisprudential innovation, the differing perspectives on the role of courts and juries in maintaining a space for reflective judgment within the sphere of popular politics that we have already examined preceded Marshall’s major opinions (such as Marbury). Indeed, importantly, there is every reason to believe that Marshall’s jurisprudence drew from, rather than added to, at least two of these perspectives, those of Hamilton and Wilson.
Numbers etiquette in reports of pharmacy education scholarship

Abstract Clear communication is of vital importance when reporting the results of any scholarly efforts. Despite current guidance on the appropriate reporting of study designs and research methods, there is relatively little to guide authors when reporting numbers in quantitative results. While researchers usually focus on being as precise as possible in both measurement and reporting, there are important issues to consider given the limitations exhibited by most people when reading and interpreting numbers. The use of excessive decimal places can result in suggesting higher levels of precision than are actually available and even result in confusion or misinterpretation by readers. This article reviews aspects of quantitative reporting and provides recommendations for best practices when reporting quantitative results of pharmacy educational scholarship. After reading this article, readers should be able to report quantitative findings with an appropriate level of precision given the particular measurement methods used in their investigations.
Safety consideration in state-based power optimization with partial networking - A case study

In this paper we perform a safety analysis while applying state-based power optimization strategies using the AUTOSAR energy saving mechanism partial networking. Based on a case study of a braking system of a production-class Electric Vehicle (EV), we first show which safety issues could be introduced by applying partial networking. Then, based on our energy measurements of the ECU and the pressure measurements of the vacuum container, we show how to apply partial networking by considering all identified safety issues.
The Scar as a Barrier to Regeneration

Many pioneers in SCI research of the 1950s such as William Windle and Carmine Clemente strongly believed the physical barrier hypothesis early in their careers. Furthermore, they believed the claims of axonal regeneration in adult mammals after administration of pyromen (a bacterial polysaccharide), corticoids, a variety of enzyme treatments, and precise surgery was due to a partial dissolution of the fibroglial scar. The beginning of the demise of the physical barrier hypothesis came from two sources a decade later: (1) the lack of consensus that axonal regeneration was actually enhanced by the above techniques (i.e., a failure of others to repeat these experiments), and (2) the comparative anatomy of spinal cord regeneration, particularly in teleost fish. The classic experiments of Gerald and Mary Bernstein (Bernstein 1978; Bernstein and Bernstein 1967) using goldfish that possess native powers of spinal cord regeneration should be brought to mind. They demonstrated that a dense scar indeed forms at the site of transection of the cord in goldfish. A sleeve of Teflon was inserted into the transection, which prevented axons from crossing this lesion, but did not affect the formation of the scar on either side. Subsequently, the Teflon sheet was removed and the cord was transected once again rostral to the original injury. Spinal cord axons regenerated through the first lesion and of course through the scar that developed there as well. The Bernsteins’ further determined that Teflon deflected axons made synaptic connections without being able to cross the caudal segment of cord, raising the interesting possibility that this synapse formation halted further axonal advance (Bernstein and Bernstein 1971).
A component-based multi-agent system modeling methodology

Software agents and Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) have attracted significant research and development attention during the past decade. Coordination, the process by which agents reason about and manage the interdependences among their behaviors and try to ensure that all members of the system act consistently, is critical in the MAS design. Due to the ubiquitous existence of conflicts in MAS, conflict control is essential for coordinated agent behavior. To support the creation of MAS models that provide flexible coordination and conflict control, this dissertation defines a new feature called a potential arc that is used to extend traditional Colored Petri Net (CPN) models to support agent behavior modeling. Potential arcs serve to extend the traditional CPN model with an explicit support for distinguishing the representation of potential conflicts and real conflicts, and thereby avoid the need for eliminating all potential conflicts in the design stage. Based on the potential arc concept, this dissertation presents a MAS modeling methodology. In order to provide a foundation for the automation of MAS modeling, this report extends the formal definition of Colored Petri Net (CPN) to design a Potential Colored Petri Net (PCPN). The design of our modeling methodology embraces the principle of "separation of concerns" in agent-oriented design, and focuses on modeling the possible behaviors of the MAS. The research reported in this dissertation involves a broad array of tasks, including model generation algorithms, analysis/simulation techniques, and experimentation. The main contributions of the research are: (1) defines a new feature called a potential arc that is used to extend traditional Colored Petri Net (CPN) models to support agent behavior modeling; (2) presents a semi-automated MAS modeling methodology, which allow software engineers to create MAS systems based on the extended CPN model; (3) presents an intelligent coordinator design methodology, resulting in a set of coordinators at different levels of intelligence; and (4) evaluates the proposed modeling methodology by developing models and performing simulation-based analysis.
Changes in hunger during starvation

The course of the change in hunger during starvation was followed by examining the rate at which a rat responded to a lever when a response was reinforced with a small pellet of food every four minutes. Measurements were made for one hour at twenty-four hour intervals. The mean rate for a group of thirteen rats reached a peak at five days of starvation. The individual records showed greater peak rates reached at from four to fourteen days. The mean rate was found not to be a reliable indication of the extent or the course of hunger in the individual. The typical curve for a single rat shows a steady rise throughout the greater part of the period before death. The ultimate drop is precipitous and coincides with a drop in bodily temperature and the general debilitation of the rat.
Altered functional connectivity during spatial working memory in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure.

Individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol often have impaired spatial working memory (SWM). This study examines functional connections of frontal and parietal regions that support SWM in children with and without prenatal alcohol exposure. Children ages 10 to 16 with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE group; n = 18) and controls (CON group; n = 19) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a SWM task. Whole brain task-related functional connectivity of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) seed regions were estimated for each participant using a psychophysiological interaction approach. Children in the AE group were less accurate than children in the CON group when performing the SWM task (p = 0.008). Positive coupling between bilateral DLPFC seeds and regions within the fronto-parietal network was observed in the CON group, whereas the AE group showed negative connectivity. In contrast to the CON group, the AE group showed positive connectivity between PPC seeds and frontal lobe regions. Across seeds, decreased negative coupling with regions outside the fronto-parietal network (e.g., left middle occipital gyrus) were observed in the AE group relative to the CON group. Functional data clusters were considered significant at p < 0.05. Overall findings suggest that localized alterations in neural activity, aberrant fronto-parietal network synchrony, and poor coordination of neural responses with regions outside of this network may help explain SWM deficits in individuals with a history of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure.
Highly stereoselective asymmetric aldol routes to tert-butyl-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)carbamates: Building blocks for novel protease inhibitors

Abstract Enantioselective syntheses of tert -butyl (( S )-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-(( S )-oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)carbamate and (( S )-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-(( R )-oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)carbamate are described. We utilized asymmetric syn- and anti- aldol reactions to set both stereogenic centers. We investigated ester-derived Ti-enolate aldol reactions as well as Evans’ diastereoselective syn -aldol reaction for these syntheses. We have converted optically active (( S )-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-(( S )-oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)carbamate to a potent β-secretase inhibitor.
Phase II prospective randomized trial of weight loss prior to radical prostatectomy.

Obesity is associated with poorly differentiated and advanced prostate cancer and increased mortality. In preclinical models, caloric restriction delays prostate cancer progression and prolongs survival. We sought to determine if weight loss (WL) in men with prostate cancer prior to radical prostatectomy affects tumor apoptosis and proliferation, and if WL effects other metabolic biomarkers. In this Phase II prospective trial, overweight and obese men scheduled for radical prostatectomy were randomized to a 5–8 week WL program consisting of standard structured energy-restricted meal plans (1200–1500 Kcal/day) and physical activity or to a control group. The primary endpoint was apoptotic index in the radical prostatectomy malignant epithelium. Secondary endpoints were proliferation (Ki67) in the radical prostatectomy tissue, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio, body composition, and serum PSA, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol, leptin, adiponectin, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, insulin-like growth factor 1, and IGF binding protein 1. In total 23 patients were randomized to the WL intervention and 21 patients to the control group. Subjects in the intervention group had significantly more weight loss (WL:−3.7 ± 0.5 kg; Control:−1.6 ± 0.5 kg; p = 0.007) than the control group and total fat mass was significantly reduced (WL:−2.1 ± 0.4; Control: 0.1 ± 0.3; p = 0.015). There was no significant difference in apoptotic or proliferation index between the groups. Among the other biomarkers, triglyceride, and insulin levels were significantly decreased in the WL compared with the control group. In summary, this short-term WL program prior to radical prostatectomy resulted in significantly more WL in the intervention vs. the control group and was accompanied by significant reductions in body fat mass, circulating triglycerides, and insulin. However, no significant changes were observed in malignant epithelium apoptosis or proliferation. Future studies should consider a longer term or more intensive weight loss intervention.
Perioperative Anticoagulation Practices of Surgeons in a Health System

Several different management strategies for patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy who require surgery have been recommended in the literature. A recent article by Kearon and Hirsch made new recommendations based on estimating the risk of thromboembolism and bleeding from randomized trials and prospective studies. Because of the potential for variability in practice patterns, we surveyed physicians in our health system to identify their perioperative anticoagulation practices. Our results confirm variability in practice patterns. Perioperative intravenous heparin was the most frequently reported method of prophylaxis. Fifty-three percent of the surveyed physicians admitted patients to the hospital two or more days prior to surgery to receive prophylaxis. Further research is necessary to determine optimal management of perioperative anticoagulation.
Models for the Hyperbolic Plane

The role of models in geometry is tied to the subject’s historical connection to axiomatics. While The Elements of Euclid is the archetype of an axiomatic system, the real plane, \({\mathbb R}^2\), is the archetype of a model for an axiomatic system, in this case, that of the Euclidean plane. The existence of a model for an axiomatic system is proof that the system is consistent.
Study of the mechanisms of flux enhancement through hairless mouse skin by pulsed DC iontophoresis.

Enhanced iontophoretic transport using pulsed DC is usually explained by citing the observed decrease in skin resistance caused by an increase in AC pulse frequency at very small currents. Alternately, it has been suggested that the "on-to-off” nature of pulsed DC imparts an "impact energy” to the fluid, thereby increasing transport. This report provides a test of these mechanisms for enhanced delivery via pulsed iontophoresis. The DC resistance of hairless mouse skin during continuous and pulsed DC iontophoresis is measured as a function of time for selected pulse frequencies and duty cycles using current densities ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mA/cm2. As a test of the impact energy mechanism, the iontophoretic transport of 14C-glucose measured with pulsed DC is compared with similar data obtained previously using continuous DC. It is suggested that pulsed current can yield lower resistance and enhanced drug delivery provided that (a) the "steady-state” current during the "on” phase of the pulse is very small and (b) the frequency is low enough to allow depolarization of the skin during the "off” phase of the pulse. The glucose transport results suggest that the "impact energy” concept does not apply to iontophoresis.
Resonant Photoemission of Solids with Strongly Correlated Electrons

This chapter describes a set of synchrotron studies in which there occurs the happy combination of a powerful spectroscopic technique and a problem of fundamental and enduring interest. The technique is known as resonant photo-emission (RESPES) and the problem is that of strongly interacting electrons in solids. That the technique and the problem go together so well is not entirely a coincidence, as will be seen below.
TRMM: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

Precipitation is one of the most important parts of both the global water and energy cycles, yet it is one of the most poorly observed climate parameters. Globally, the net latent heating associated with precipitation accounts for about 80% of the total diabatic heating required to balance radiative cooling to space. The spatial pattern and temporal variability of this heating serves as the primary driver for the tropical general circulation. The local balance between precipitation and evaporation over ocean helps determine the thermohaline component of the ocean circulation and may influence both tropical El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and high latitude deep water formation. Over land, the precipitation-evaporation balance controls the tendency for drought to occur and directly influences the surface temperature by altering the relative contributions of sensible and latent heat fluxes to the surface energy budget. Within clouds, precipitation formation is thought to be the major sink of cloud water and thus affects the reflectance of bright tropical cumulus anvils. Drizzle formation in low-level marine stratocumulus may help detach those clouds from surface moisture fluxes as the drizzle evaporates in the subcloud layer, thereby contributing to the stratocumulus-trade cumulus transition. Land- ocean differences in precipitation efficiency, associated with different concentrations of nucleating aerosols, may cause cloud feedback in a changing climate to differ for marine and continental clouds.
Hatred of Strangers: Defining Xenophobia and Related Concepts

Xenophobia as well as related ideas have been defined and constructed in varied ways in Western scholarship. This chapter reviews definitions of pro-foreigner concepts such as xenophilia and concepts associated to with anti-immigrants prejudice such as ethnocentrism, anti-Semitism, nativism, and Islamophobia. In addition, discussions of colonialism and globalization help expound theoretical perspectives on xenophobia.
Dystrophinopathy-associated dysfunction of Krebs cycle metabolism.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a deadly muscle-wasting disorder caused by loss of dystrophin protein. Studies suggest that metabolic alterations are important to disease pathogenesis. Because muscle accounts for ~40% of body mass, we hypothesized that dystrophy-mediated metabolic changes would be measurable in biofluids and that a metabolomic analysis of urine would provide insight into the metabolic status of dystrophic muscle. Using the mdx mouse model, we performed a large-scale metabolomic screen at 1 and 3 months. While 10% of metabolites were altered at age 1 month, 40% were changed at 3 months. Principal component analysis distinguished wild-type from mdx animals, with the greatest separation at 3 months. A critical distinguishing pathway was Krebs cycle metabolite depletion in mdx urine. Five of seven detected Krebs cycle metabolites were depleted in mdx urine, with succinate being the most robustly affected metabolite. Using selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that muscle-specific dystrophin expression corrects mdx succinate depletion. When subjected to downhill treadmill running, wild-type and mdx mice expressing recombinant dystrophin in skeletal muscle displayed significant increases in urinary succinate levels. However, mdx succinate levels were unchanged, suggesting urinary succinate depletion may reflect an inability to upregulate the Krebs cycle following exercise. Finally, we show that supplementing the Krebs cycle in an ex vivo fatigue/recovery assay significantly impacts mdx muscle performance but has no effect on wild-type muscle. Our results suggest that global metabolic impairment is associated with mdx disease progression and that Krebs cycle deficiencies are a downstream consequence of dystrophin loss.
Colonizing, decolonizing, and globalizing Kolkata: From a colonial to a post-Marxist city, by Siddhartha Sen

Literature exploring Indian cities has grown considerably in the last few years even as many places remain unexplored. Typically focusing on distinct time periods (e.g., colonial, postindependence,...
Gender Issues in Asia Pacific Higher Education: Assessing the Data

Gender issues within Asia Pacific higher education have been the subject of a summary review by UNESCO (2010) which raised a variety of questions about gender, including but not limited to: the expansion of access for women to higher education, the tensions and conflicts in many cases between issues of providing equality within higher education structure and promoting equity of treatment, efforts to account for national differences in provision and treatment, the distribution of gender roles within higher education, both in terms of fields of study and in terms of nationality, and patterns of career achievement when reviewed by gender. These topics and others, outlined in the concept paper for the APHERP seminar of the same title, are in this chapter given focus by eliciting data to clarify the major areas of examination that underscore the broader directions of gender development in Asia Pacific higher education and to highlight areas on which greater steps toward access, equity, and quality may be obtained.
Laparoscopic Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy is Safe for Patients with Peritoneal Metastases from Gastric Cancer and May Lead to Gastrectomy.

Laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (LS-HIPEC) is a novel strategy for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) metastatic to the peritoneum. We evaluated the safety profile of LS-HIPEC for patients with positive peritoneal cytology (PPC) or carcinomatosis from GA. Outcomes were reviewed of patients with stage IV GA with peritoneal involvement who received LS-HIPEC from June 2014 to January 2017. LS-HIPEC included a 60-minute perfusion of mitomycin-C (30 mg) and cisplatin (200 mg) with inflow temperatures of 41–42 °C and outflow temperatures of 39–40 °C. A total of 71 LS-HIPEC procedures were performed in 44 patients. At diagnosis, 68% (n = 30) had carcinomatosis and 32% (n = 14) had isolated PPC. Three patients (7%) underwent LS-HIPEC for intractable ascites. All patients initially received systemic chemotherapy, and 20 patients (45%) received pre-procedural chemoradiotherapy. The median number of LS-HIPEC procedures performed per patient was one (range 1–5 procedures). There were no conversions to laparotomy, two outflow catheter obstructions, and one major (Clavien-Dindo grade III) surgical complication within 30 days. A total of seven postoperative adverse hematologic events (> CTCAE 2) were observed in five patients (11%), without any major renal or gastrointestinal adverse events within 30 days. The median overall length of hospital stay after LS-HIPEC was 2 (range 2–11) days. Eleven patients (25%) underwent secondary gastrectomy following resolution of peritoneal cytology. Laparoscopic HIPEC is a safe procedure and may be repeated in patients with peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer. Future studies are required to determine the optimal HIPEC regimen and timing relative to systemic therapy to best minimize morbidity.
Disparities by household income and race/ethnicity: the utility of BMI for surveilling excess adiposity in children.

Objectives: Low-income children (6–19 years) are at higher risk for BMI-determined overweight and obesity, but this relationship varies by children’s race/ethnicity. BMI, however, is a poor marker ...
A Conditional Lower Bound on Graph Connectivity in MapReduce.

MapReduce (and its open source implementation Hadoop) has become the de facto platform for processing large data sets. MapReduce offers a streamlined computational framework by interleaving sequential and parallel computation while hiding underlying system issues from the programmer. Due to the popularity of MapReduce, there have been attempts in the theoretical computer science community to understand the power and limitations of the MapReduce framework. In the most widely studied MapReduce models each machine has memory sub-linear in the input size to the problem, hence cannot see the entire input. This restriction places many limitations on algorithms that can be developed for the model; however, the current understanding of these restrictions is still limited. In this paper, our goal is to work towards understanding problems which do not admit efficient algorithms in the MapReduce model. We study the basic question of determining if a graph is connected or not. We concentrate on instances of this problem where an algorithm is to determine if a graph consists of a single cycle or two disconnected cycles. In this problem, locally every part of the graph is similar and the goal is to determine the global structure of the graph. We consider a natural class of algorithms that can store/process/transfer the information only in the form of paths and show that no randomized algorithm cannot answer the decision question in a sub-logarithmic number of rounds. Currently, there are no absolute super constant lower bounds on the number of rounds known for any problem in MapReduce. We introduce some of the first lower bounds for a natural graph problem, albeit for a restricted class of algorithms. We believe our result makes progress towards understanding the limitations of MapReduce.
Injury Risk Prediction for Body Regions after Motor Vehicle Collisions to Guide CT Scanning Decisions

Full body computed tomography (CT) is a widely used clinical evaluation method to detect hidden injury for victims of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). However, full body CT scans are time consuming and expensive for both healthcare service providers and MVC victims. Injury risk prediction models that support CT scanning decisions are therefore highly desired. Existing studies have implemented logistic regression models to predict injury risk for victims' major body regions, including head, neck, chest, abdomen/pelvis, cervical spine, thoracic spine and lumbar spine. The work presented here involved the application of novel approaches to improve the prediction results. This study focused on examining patient information and crash data for front seat adult passengers using data from the National Automotive Sampling System - Crashworthiness Data System from 2000 to 2015. This dataset is imbued with a large amount of missingness and is highly imbalanced. Various imputation methods were employed in order to preserve the greatest amount of relevant historical data possible. The high imbalance in the data was resolved by the implementation of downsampling and synthetic minority over-sampling technique. Models that were applied in this study include logistic regression, random forests, support vector machines and gradient boosting. Autoencoders were also deployed to generate features of high importance to improve prediction results. The resulting models for all seven regions yielded sensitivities and specificities of at least 96% and 30%, respectively. Overall, these models were developed not to replace physicians' decisions, but to guide their CT scanning decisions.
Catalytically Relevant Intermediates in the Ni-Catalyzed C(sp2)–H and C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Aminoquinoline Substrates

This Article describes the synthesis and characterization of cyclometalated aminoquinoline NiII σ-aryl and σ-alkyl complexes that have been proposed as key intermediates in Ni-catalyzed C–H functio...
Explanatory chapter: troubleshooting recombinant protein expression: general.

One of the most daunting problems for biochemists is the expression of recombinant proteins. Often, the host organism differs from the organism from which the gene coding for the protein of interest was derived. This article provides guidelines to determine whether or not protein expression is a problem, describes possible reasons for low protein expression, and covers several possible solutions. A protocol for measuring protein expression during E. coli cell growth and after induction is given. The reader should note that low protein expression is a complex problem that often stems from a variety of factors. Combinations of the solutions presented in this article may be required to solve a problem of protein expression. A brief overview of host cell expression systems is given, but the article primarily focuses on expression in E. coli as this is the most commonly used host organism. Some of the methods discussed here, however, may be applied to other expression systems.
BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION, MYTHOLOGY, AND A THEORY OF ETHNIC VIOLENCE

Aristotle might have been optimistic when he said that human beings by nature desire to understand, nevertheless, understanding is the professional obligation of the intellectual, and since there can be no understanding without theory, we intellectuals, cannot neglect the search for theory, Violence is an odd thing to want to understand, but we seek to understand it not to enhance the pleasure of contemplation, but rather to deal with it more effectively. Therefore, we seek a theory of violence to use as a lens through which to view the evidence. I wish to propose such a theory as a contribution to the discussion of the possible role theology might play in an understanding of the violence that attends the birth of the new South Africa. As an outside observer I cannot understand the situation as well as those who are existentially involved and so I must present the theory in general terms and leave it to others to decide its applicability.
Non-Ideal Food Choices

Our lives are full of failures. Some are significant. Some are trivial. Some are reprehensible. Some are laughable. Some are worth responding to. Some aren’t. But, as we said, life is full of these things, so let’s be gentle about them. Failing is a way of acting non-ideally. Instead of “failure,” let’s just talk about behaving in a “non-ideal” way. When the New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2015, this was, for the Patriots and their fans, ideal. When the New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2015, this was, for the fans of the Cleveland Browns, non-ideal: There can be only one Super Bowl winner and the Browns failed in pursuit of the ideal of winning it. Again.
Detecting Electromagnetic Injection Attack on FPGAs Using In-situ Timing Sensors

With the proliferation of embedded systems and our ever-increasing dependence on them, their security has never been more critical. Electromagnetic fault injection (EMFI) has garnered significant attention after it was found that electromagnetic (EM) pulses can cause faults in hardware and can be used to break security algorithms. In this work, we present an EMFI detector that excels at all quality metrics of a detection mechanism, namely, precision, accuracy, detection rate, and specificity. We developed this detector after careful evaluation of the most recent existing techniques for EMFI detection. We have conducted these evaluations on two different FPGA platforms and presented them in this paper. One of the most unexpected results of our study is that a previously designed sensor that was built based on a particular bit-set/reset fault model and achieved a relatively high-quality detection was, in fact, performing the detection based on a timing/sampling fault model. We conclude that despite the mixed interpretations in the previous work, the timing/sampling fault model is the most plausible way to describe EMFI effects. This work suggests that the EMFI attacks act like localized timing attacks in FPGAs, and we can detect them with low false-positive and false-negative rates using the newly proposed in-situ timing sensors. Our proposed sensors have low cost, are scalable, and can be integrated into any digital design with ease.
Bearing Witness to Ontological Inquiry: Being Activists for Radical Democracy:

The authors write a queered autoethnographic text that illuminates a course encounter with ontological inquiry to prepare radically democratic citizen-leaders and activist educators within the cons...
Model catalysts fabricated by electron beam lithography: AFM and TPD surface studies and hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of cyclohexene + H2 on a Pt nanoparticle array supported by silica

Pt nanoparticle model catalysts with 28 ± 2 nm diameters and 100 ± 2 nm square periodicity have been fabricated with electron beam lithography on silica substrates. The reactivity of the Pt/SiO2 arrays was compared to a Pt foil for cyclohexene + H2 at 100°C. The overall reactivity of the Pt particle arrays was higher by a factor of two, the selectivity towards dehydrogenation was three times higher, and the rate of deactivation was about the same as for the Pt foil. Since the primary difference between the nanoparticle array and the Pt foil was the interface between the Pt and the SiO2, the interfacial region was most likely responsible for the changes in reactivity on the arrays. Using AFM, SEM, and TPD, the arrays were characterized before and after being exposed to reaction conditions. AFM images of a sample cleaned by ion sputtering showed that the pattern of the Pt nanoparticle array was replicated in the silica during the sputtering process.
Irradiation damage in (Zr0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25)C high-entropy carbide ceramics

Abstract This research revealed the mechanisms of irradiation damage in the novel high entropy ceramic materials. (Zr0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25)C high-entropy carbide ceramics (HECC) with a single-phase rock-salt structure was synthesized by spark plasma sintering, which was irradiated by 3 MeV Zr ions to 20 dpa at 25, 300, and 500 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that (Zr0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25)C maintained a high phase stability without phase transformation after irradiation. About 0.2% lattice parameter expansion was revealed. The irradiation-induced microstructures were comprised of defect clusters with diameters of several nanometers, without void formation or radiation-induced segregation. The defect clusters were characterized by transmission electron microscopy as two types of dislocation loops, including perfect loops with Burgers vectors of b = a/2 and faulted Frank loops with Burgers vectors of b = a/3 . The growth of dislocation loops may be suppressed by the strong local lattice distortion. Nanoindentation tests showed irradiation-induced hardness increase, which was possibly caused by dislocation loops and lattice strain. Overall, the high irradiation resistance, along with other excellent physical properties makes HECC promising structural materials for advanced reactor designs.
Microbial Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic xenobiotic pollutants that are today found in all regions of the Earth. Because of their thermal stability and high dielectric constant, PCBs have been used for a variety of industrial applications, including as lubricants, dielectric fluids, and plasticizers. PCBs were manufactured widely over a half century and an estimated 1.5 million tons of PCBs has been produced worldwide. Because of their toxicity and persistence in the environment, PCBs were banned in most countries in the late 1970s.
Rapid Precision Functional Mapping of Individuals Using Multi-Echo fMRI.

Summary Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used in cognitive and clinical neuroscience, but long-duration scans are currently needed to reliably characterize individual differences in functional connectivity (FC) and brain network topology. In this report, we demonstrate that multi-echo fMRI can improve the reliability of FC-based measurements. In four densely sampled individual humans, just 10 min of multi-echo data yielded better test-retest reliability than 30 min of single-echo data in independent datasets. This effect is pronounced in clinically important brain regions, including the subgenual cingulate, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, and is linked to three biophysical signal mechanisms (thermal noise, regional variability in the rate of T2∗ decay, and S0-dependent artifacts) with spatially distinct influences. Together, these findings establish the potential utility of multi-echo fMRI for rapid precision mapping using experimentally and clinically tractable scan times and will facilitate longitudinal neuroimaging of clinical populations.
Participatory GIS mapping highlights indirect use and existence values of coastal resources and marine conservation areas

Abstract Consideration of social and cultural dimensions in coastal and marine planning has increased and ecosystem services provide important framing to investigate values and priorities associated with these systems. Research efforts in coastal communities offer insights on social dimensions of ocean and coastal management decisions, but questions remain about how demographics and geographic residence affect perceptions of marine resources and management. We conducted and analyzed a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) mapping survey of Oregon residents to capture uses and perceived values of coastal and marine areas. We measured coastal values, explored regional differences in those values, and identified a suite of coastal and marine ecosystem services that Oregonians prioritize from the recently established marine reserve network. Examining respondent demographics, conservation values, and coastal geographic features, we discovered values varied by region in Oregon, with regions demonstrating distinct value orientations. Regional differences in value orientation highlight the importance of incorporating multiple interpretations of value into coastal resource communication strategies, and the consequence of coastal proximity on attitudes and values about coastal resources. Incorporating use (indirect and direct) and non-use (existence) values into a Total Economic Value framework revealed that participants prioritized indirect use (scenic, recreation) over direct use and existence values coastwide. Spatial variation of participant’s use and value locations demonstrates the utility of participatory mapping in marine spatial planning efforts, both in documenting spatially explicit non-market values of coastal areas and identifying potential areas of conflict among coastal stakeholder groups. Within Oregon’s marine reserve network, which was not delineated in the mapping exercise, value preferences diverged from coastwide averages, wherein existence values (biodiversity/wildlife, wilderness, etc.) were elevated above other categories.
Challenges to Achieving Fairness in Civil Jury Selection

This paper identifies multiple challenges that courts face to achieving fairness in the selection of juries in civil cases. Achieving representative cross-sections of the community in jury venires, and ensuring that our civil juries reflect the community as well, are essential components contributing to the fairness and legitimacy of our civil justice system. Although legal rules and practices attempt to maximize fair and representative juries, the courts encounter substantial difficulty in achieving this important goal. Problems arise in summoning citizens for jury service, in questioning them during voir dire, and in exercising peremptory and for-cause challenges. Systematic empirical research on representativeness and new psychological studies on implicit and unconscious bias raise questions about the efficacy of current jury selection procedures. This paper identifies these problems and the challenges they present for producing representative and fair juries.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Possible Acceptance of Fuel Cell Bus Technology by Current Fleet Vehicle Operators

Author(s): Simmons, Timothy; Erickson, Paul; Betts, Daniel; Roan, Vernon, Jr. | Abstract: Presented at the International Truck a Bus Meeting a Exhibition, November 2002, Detroit, MI, USA,Session: User Experience with Alternative Fuel / Propulsion Transit BusesFuel cell engines are expected to deliver greater efficiency and lower emissions than conventional transit bus powertrains in the near future. Although experimental vehicles have demonstrated the emission and efficiency benefits of fuel cell power, the next step toward implementation is widespread fleet demonstrations to prove the technology in the field. In order to aid in the start of new demonstrations and speed fuel cell technology towards the fleet vehicle marketplace, an honest assessment of the needs, risks, and advantages of using fuel cell power must be obtained from a consumer perspective. It has been assumed that the increased fuel efficiency that is inherent to fuel cell systems will lower operating costs as compared with conventional diesel powertrains. A comparison of two fuel cell buses and a diesel bus was completed in order to quantify the operational cost benefits and identify potential cost deterrents to fuel cell bus implementation. A limited survey of Florida mass transit operators was also conducted to gauge the desire for some of the intangible benefits of fuel cell buses. Some of these issues included reduced emissions, decreased noise, lack of oil and minimized vibration. This information can be used to help analyze the status of fuel cell power for transit applications and begin to form economic and technological goals for future design of fuel cell transit buses.
Review article from ASHRAE symposium, San Francisco, January 1986: Fundamentals of direct digital control

Abstract The following papers are reviewed: 1. 1. Flow charting and custom programming by G. A. Yaeger, Honeywell Commercial Division, Arlington Heights, Illinois. 2. 2. The effect of EMCS architecture on direct digital controllers by G. R. Sapienze, MCC Powers, Northbrook, Illinois. 3. 3. Z-transforms as an aid to DDC system analysis by C. E. Rohrer, Johnson Controls, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and W. F. Stoecker, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 4. 4. Control fundamentals apply more than ever to DDC by D. A. Coggan, Coggan Douserv Associates, Montreal, Canada.
Structural comparison of metabolic networks in selected single cell organisms

There has been tremendous interest in the study of biological network structure. An array of measurements has been conceived to assess the topological properties of these networks. In this study, we compared the metabolic network structures of eleven single cell organisms representing the three domains of life using these measurements, hoping to find out whether the intrinsic network design principle(s), reflected by these measurements, are different among species in the three domains of life. Three groups of topological properties were used in this study: network indices, degree distribution measures and motif profile measure. All of which are higher-level topological properties except for the marginal degree distribution. Metabolic networks in Archaeal species are found to be different from those in S. cerevisiae and the six Bacterial species in almost all measured higher-level topological properties. Our findings also indicate that the metabolic network in Archaeal species is similar to the exponential random network. If these metabolic network properties of the organisms studied can be extended to other species in their respective domains (which is likely), then the design principle(s) of Archaea are fundamentally different from those of Bacteria and Eukaryote. Furthermore, the functional mechanisms of Archaeal metabolic networks revealed in this study differentiate significantly from those of Bacterial and Eukaryotic organisms, which warrant further investigation.