cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new formulation of the Hermite criterion

The Routh algorithm is used to generate the parameters of the Hermite criterion, The new formulation is simpler than the original. The relationship among the Hermite, the symmetrical Hurwitz, the Kalman-Bertram, and the Routh criteria is naturally established.
Use of neural networks in control of high-alpha maneuvers

A method is presented by which an appropriately constructed artificial neural network can be "trained" to predict the force and moment coefficients of a 70-deg sweep delta wing during a high-angle-of-attack excursion. The angle-of-attack time history is a sinusoidal motion from 0 to 90 deg and returning to 0 deg. Experimental data are used to train the network, and it is demonstrated that the network has indeed learned to model the behavior of the delta wing over a range of frequencies of this type of angle-of-atta ck time history. The longitudinal equations of motion for a delta wing aircraft are integrated for three sinusoidal angle-of-attack time histories using the predicted network aerodynamic data. This integration generates the longitudinal control deflection time histories required to produce these maneuvers. An exploration is then made as to whether a second artificial neural network can be trained as a neural stick gearing for such maneuvers. This is investigated by attempting to train a network to associate each required control deflection time history with a specified stick position schedule.
Transferrable Resistance to Tobramycin in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae Associated with Enzymatic Acetylation of Tobramycin

Among gram-negative bacilli isolated from burn wound cultures, some strains of Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to tobramycin (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC]≥ 20 μg/ml) but susceptible to gentamicin (MIC ≤ 5 μg/ml). One Klebsiella pneumoniae and two Enterobacter cloacae strains were selected for studies on their mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Resistance to high concentrations of tobramycin (MICs of 25 to 50 μg/ml) was conjugally transferred to a susceptible Escherichia coli strain at rates of 1.2 × 10 −4 to 2.8 to 10 −4 per donor cell, suggesting that resistance is controlled by R factors. Resistances to tobramycin, kanamycin, and neomycin were cotransferred. Enzymatic activities were present that acetylated tobramycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin in osmotic lysates from the donor and transcipient strains. Enzymatic adenylylation of these aminoglycosides was not observed. The aminoglycoside-acetylating activities from K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae resembled kanamycin acetyltransferase (KAT) in their specificity for aminoglycoside substrates. Not all isolates of bacteria that produce KAT are resistant to tobramycin, but the factors that determine susceptibility or resistance to tobramycin in KAT-producing bacteria have not yet been established.
Characterization Framework and Design Patterns for the Disadvantaged User

Many service oriented architecture (SOA) approaches in use today presume the consistent availability of reliable networks and limitless resources. For some department of defense (DoD) and other government users, operating at the tactical edge, who may be disadvantaged in terms of network and resource availability, the current methods of development may not provide them with reliable capability. In this paper, we propose a method for capturing design patterns for the disadvantaged user using the common vocabulary of a characterization framework. We also provide a set of design patterns that minimize technical constraints, and derive the infrastructure requirements needed to implement a selected design pattern.
A regional evaluation of injections of high levels of vitamin A on reproductive performance of sows.

A regional study involving 443 litters from 182 sows was conducted at 5 cooperating experi- ment stations to determine the effects of an i.m. injec- tion of vitamin A at weaning and breeding on subse- quent litter size of sows. Sows were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments given at weaning and again at breeding: 1) a placebo i.m. injection (2 mL of corn oil), 2) i.m. injec- tion with 250,000 IU of vitamin A (1 mL of vitamin A palmitate in oil), and 3) i.m. injection with 500,000 IU of vitamin A (2 mL of vitamin A palmitate in oil). Corn- soybean meal diets in gestation were formulated to con- tain 13% CP and 0.60% total Lys. Lactation diets were formulated to contain 17% CP and 0.90% Lys. A com- mon vitamin-mineral premix that supplied 11,000 IU of vitamin A/kg of diet (as-fed) was used by all stations. As expected, station effects were noted for many re- sponse measures. Analysis of the data also revealed both treatment × station and treatment × parity inter- actions for litter size responses. The treatment × parity interactions were stronger than the treatment × station effects, and when the litter size response was separated
Differentiation of precursors into parathyroid-like cells for treatment of hypoparathyroidism.

Background Hypoparathyroidism is the most frequent permanent complication of thyroid surgery. Our hypothesis is that human precursor cells in culture can be differentiated into parathyroid cells and used to reconstitute function. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a stable model to study differentiation into parathyroid-like cells. In prior work, the BG01-hESC line was stimulated to form parathyroid-like cells. This cell line is no longer available, however, and additional studies were needed to confirm and extend prior observations. Methods Increasing concentrations of fetal bovine serum and timed exposure to Activin A were used to differentiate H1-hESC into parathyroid-like cells. The potential benefit of Sonic hedgehog exposure on parathyroid-like cell development also was evaluated by serial alterations of culture conditions. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), GCM2, and PTH expression (RT-PCR) and PTH protein secretion (ELISA) were used as markers of differentiated cells. Results We successfully modified our prior protocol to generate cells that express CaSR, GCM2, and PTH RNA from undifferentiated H1-hESC. The cells also secreted PTH. Conclusion We replicated parathyroid differentiation using H1-hESC cells. Our data advance the project toward in vitro differentiation of precursor cells isolated from individual patients for autotransplantation.
English in advertising: multiple mixing and media

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is threefold: to focus on the neglected aspect of language mixing-multiple-language mixing-in South Asian languages with special reference to English; to examine the pattern of language modernization as reflected in the professionalization of South Asian languages; and to analyze the linguistic (including socio-and psycholinguistic) impact of this pattern on South Asian languages as well as on their readers. The three aims are achieved by analyzing the formal and functional properties of Hindi in magazine or press advertising. The paper reveals that Hindi advertising media adopt an all-inclusive approach and receive input from a wide variety of languages, ranging from classical languages such as Sanskrit and Persian to modern European languages such as English. English, although a newcomer on the Indian linguistic scene, participates vigorously in the process of multiple-language mixing at the sentence as well as discourse level and thus leaves a deep and ever-growing mark on Hindi press advertising. The conclusions drawn about Hindi media are representative of the professionalization of South Asian languages in many important respects, but no claim is made that the analyses presented and conclusions drawn in this study will apply to all South Asian languages in all details.
Phylogenetic survey of endomannosidase indicates late evolutionary appearance of this N-linked oligosaccharide processing enzyme

Endo-alpha-D-mannosidase is a processing enzyme which in contrast to other glycosidases involved in the trimming of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins acts at an internal position by cleaving the linkage between the glucose-substituted mannose and the internal portion of the polymannose unit and thereby provides an alternate deglucosylating pathway. In order to evaluate at what stage in evolution this unusual enzyme first emerged, we have carried out a phylogenetic survey of its distribution among a broad group of eukaryotes ranging from unicellular organisms to highly developed animals and plants, all of which are known to have the capacity to N-glycosylate proteins and subsequently trim the nascent glucosylated polymannose oligosaccharides. It became evident from enzyme assays and in vivo studies that endomannosidase is limited in its distribution to members of the chordate phylum, including placental and marsupial mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, with the single except of the Mollusca in which it was detected in three distinct classes. The enzyme's absence in all other invertebrates examined as well as in yeast, various protozoa and higher plants, stands in contrast to glucosidase II and alpha 1,2-mannosidase which were found to be present in all eukaryotes studied. The observation that endomannosidase activity was not present in insects was confirmed by radiolabeling experiments with Sf9 cells in culture. These cells, which are widely employed for the expression of mammalian genes, were in distinction to mouse cells unable to circumvent a castanospermine (CST)-induced glucosidase blockade. Moreover we observed that Tetrahymenae, which synthesize glycoproteins with truncated N-linked oligosaccharides, could not process these beyond the Glc3Man5GlcNAc2 stage in the presence of CST. The late appearance of endomannosidase during evolution suggests a need for an alternate deglucosylation route in higher animals which parallels the development of elaborate complex N-linked oligosaccharides. Such carbohydrate units are believed to carry out vital biological functions and deglucosylation is a prerequisite to the further processing steps required for their formation.
Dimercaptosuccinic acid in the treatment of depression following lead exposure.

Long-term exposure to lead is known to cause a variety of neurotoxic manifestations, including symptoms of depression. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), a recently approved oral chelating agent, can diminish the body burden of lead, but few cases of documented clinical improvement following treatment have been reported. We report a case of moderate to severe depression in a long-term lead worker that appeared to respond dramatically to DMSA. This response suggests a possible therapeutic role for DMSA in the treatment of depression in lead-exposed patients. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two new nicoletiid species (Insecta: Zygentoma) from the Yucatan Peninsula, México

Abstract Two new species of Anelpistina (Insecta: Zygentoma) are described. They are the first nicoletiid insects of the subfamily Cubacubaninae from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Morphology and preliminary sequence data of the 16S rRNA support their relatedness to species from the State of Chiapas in southeastern Mexico.
Ultraviolet/ozone cleaning of carbon-contaminated optics

It is shown that ozone generated by UV light can be used to clean carbon-contaminated synchrotron-radiation optics.
System engineering for the 777 autopilot system

This paper describes the systems engineering process used in developing the 777 Autopilot Flight Director System (AFDS). It includes discussions regarding requirements capture, requirements allocation to hardware and software, system architecture considerations (including the architectural impact of safety requirements), change management, requirements and verification traceability, and requirements-based verification. Additionally, the organizational structure employed and its interaction with the systems engineering process are also reviewed. Finally, the results from a recent joint (Boeing and Collins) lessons learned exercise are summarized.
Archbishop John Spottiswoode: Chancellor of Scotland, 1635–1638

Charles I, King of England and Scotland, appointed John Spottiswoode Chancellor of Scotland on December 23, 1634. This position was the last and highest bestowed upon a man who had served the crown faithfully for over three decades. Spottiswoode was ordained a minister in the Scottish Reformed (Presbyterian?) Church in 1583. In 1604 James named him Archbishop of Glasgow; in 1605, appointed him to the Privy Council; and in 1615, translated him to the Archbishopric of St. Andrews. In this position it fell to Spottiswoode to implement the Scottish ecclesiastical policy of James I, which consisted of an attempt to make the Scottish Kirk more episcopal in form. In the early stages of the transfromation which dealt with structure Spottiswoode was successful. However, in the final analysis, he failed because, even though the Five Articles of Perth which contained the liturgical changes were ratified by the Perth General Asembly of 1616 and by Parliament in 1621, they did not receive general acceptance. Nothing that Spottiswoode did quieted the vocal opposition among the clergy and laity.1 These groups became the nucleus of the opposition to Charles in the 1630s.
Interdisciplinary collaboration in the special care unit--Part I.

Collaborative interdisciplinary patient care is enhanced as healthcare professionals in special care units work to implement Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' standards for improving organizational performance. This second part of a two-part article provides a practical approach to developing a process action team to review the care of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. As a follow-up to the development of one special care unit committee, this was an important step in the transition from multidisciplinary, discipline-specific care to interdisciplinary, collaborative care.
Spin and e-e interactions in quantum dots: Leading order corrections to universality and temperature effects

We study the statistics of the spacing between Coulomb blockade conductance peaks in quantum dots with large dimensionless conductance g. Our starting point is the ‘‘universal Hamiltonian’’—valid in the g!‘ limit—which includes the charging energy, the single-electron energies ~described by random matrix theory!, and the average exchange interaction. We then calculate the magnitude of the most relevant finiteg corrections, namely, the effect of surface charge, the ‘‘gate’’ effect, and the fluctuation of the residual e-e interaction. The resulting zero-temperature peak spacing distribution has corrections of order D/Ag. For typical values of the e-e interaction ( r s;1) and simple geometries, theory predicts an asymmetric distribution with a significant even/odd effect. The width of the distribution is of order 0.3 D, and its dominant feature is a large peak for the odd case, reminiscent of the d function in the g!‘ limit. We consider finite temperature effects next. Only after their inclusion is good agreement with the experimental results obtained. Even relatively low temperature causes large modifications in the peak spacing distribution: ~i! its peak is dominated by the even distribution at k BT;0.3 D~ at lower T a double peak appears!, ~ii! the even/odd effect is considerably weaker, ~iii! the d function is completely washed out, and ~v! fluctuation of the coupling to the leads becomes relevant. Experiments aimed at observing the T50 peak spacing distribution should therefore be done at k BT,0.1D for typical values of the e-e interaction.
LASSO: a learning architecture for semantic web ontologies

Expressing web page content in a way that computers can understand is the key to a semantic web. Generating ontological information from the web automatically using machine learning shows great promise towards this goal. We present LASSO, an architecture that combines distributed components for training web page classifiers via machine learning and information extraction, and then labels new pages with the classifiers. LASSO's results are semantic models of web pages stored in a database back end, and the models are defined with respect to whatever ontology the user chooses. LASSO can be used to build a wide variety of applications or can be used as a collaborative experimentation workbench. We give as part of our proof-of-concept prototype an application of an enhanced ontological search engine. We also describe how LASSO can be used to compare machine learning algorithms and analyze our system with a code reuse metric.
Cross-Cultural Differences in Perceptions of Distributive Justice A Comparison of Hong Kong and Indonesia

Respondents in Hong Kong and Indonesia rated a hypothetical allocator depicted as distributing resources based on merit or need in either a positive (reward) or negative (cutback) resource context. Hong Kong respondents perceived that the use of merit was fairer and more principled than the use of need, but they also perceived that the allocator who favored merit was less nice, more selfish, and acted less because of concern for others’welfare. Indonesian respondents saw the use of need as being fairer than the use of merit, and they perceived that the allocator who favored the needy was nicer and acted more out of concern for others. Cultural differences in respondents’ perceptions were greater for the use of merit than for the use of need. Respondents from both cultures tended to rate the allocator more positively when resources were being given out than when resources were being taken away.
Effect of Intraventricular Injection of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, and 5-Hydroxytryptamine on Immunoreactive Somatostatin Release into Rat Hypophyseal Portal Blood

The effect of several putative neurotransmitters in the regulation of somatostatin release from the median eminence into hypophyseal portal blood was investigated in male rats under urethane anesthesia. Using a specially designed microfraction collector, hypophyseal portal blood was collected at 15-min intervals into five separate tubes containing 2 N acetic acid. Immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) in the acid-blood mixtures was extracted with acetone, washed with organic solvents, and determined by RIA. Dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or acetylcholine in a dose of 10-8 mol/5 μl freshly prepared 5% glucose solution or 5 nl glucose solution alone was injected into the third ventricle immediately after collection of the first blood sample. In 10 control animals, the mean (±SE) secretion rate and concentration of IRS were 3.90=0.66 pg/min and 628 ± 126 pg/ml before injection of 5% glucose, 2.12 ± 0.28 pg/min and 286 ± 22 pg/ml 15 min after the injection, 1.93 ± 0.17 pg/min and 261 ± 18 pg/ml at...
Statistics of Patient Test Values: Application to Indirect Normal Range and to Quality Control

The use of patient data for calculation of the indirect normal range and for quality control is investigated. The report deals with an empirical study of the properties of various statistics of patient data, and with the selection of appropriate patient statistics for calculation of the indirect normal range and for quality control. In regard to the indirect normal range, it is shown that the mode of the patient data (calculated as the mid-value in a segment of smallest variance in the rank-ordered set) is a useful statistic for characterizing central tendency of the normal range. For the monitoring of systematic error, the median of the patient data is usually the most sensitive indicator of change.
Dsc Orthologs Are Required for Hypoxia Adaptation, Triazole Drug Responses, and Fungal Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus

Hypoxia is an environmental stress encountered by Aspergillus fumigatus during invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). The ability of this mold to adapt to hypoxia is important for fungal virulence and genetically regulated in part by the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) SrbA. SrbA is required for fungal growth in the murine lung and to ultimately cause lethal disease in murine models of IPA. Here we identified and partially characterized four genes (dscA, dscB, dscC, and dscD, here referred to as dscA-D) with previously unknown functions in A. fumigatus that are orthologs of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genes dsc1, dsc2, dsc3, and dsc4 (dsc1-4), which encode a Golgi E3 ligase complex critical for SREBP activation by proteolytic cleavage. A. fumigatus null dscA-D mutants displayed remarkable defects in hypoxic growth and increased susceptibility to triazole antifungal drugs. Consistent with the confirmed role of these genes in S. pombe, both ΔdscA and ΔdscC resulted in reduced cleavage of the SrbA precursor protein in A. fumigatus. Inoculation of corticosteroid immunosuppressed mice with ΔdscA and ΔdscC strains revealed that these genes are critical for A. fumigatus virulence. Reintroduction of SrbA amino acids 1 to 425, encompassing the N terminus DNA binding domain, into the ΔdscA strain was able to partially restore virulence, further supporting a mechanistic link between DscA and SrbA function. Thus, we have shown for the first time the importance of a previously uncharacterized group of genes in A. fumigatus that mediate hypoxia adaptation, fungal virulence, and triazole drug susceptibility and that are likely linked to regulation of SrbA function.
Pathologic diagnosis, immunohistochemistry, multigene assays and breast cancer treatment: progress toward “precision” cancer therapy

Clinical decisions regarding the suitability of adjuvant systemic therapy for individual patients with breast cancer depends on comprehensive assessment of the underlying biology of each patient's tumor. The previous clinical-pathologic paradigm for treatment, which had been used for decades, now has been augmented by significant advances in molecular analysis of breast tumor tissue samples. Molecular testing has the potential to understand better both tumor biology and clinical behavior, which enables more appropriate therapy choices to be made. We review the rapid evolution in profiling breast cancer tissues, and discuss the current evidence for clinical use of this information and how the emerging molecular paradigm can be integrated into the clinical-pathologic context as we progress toward "precision" therapy for patients with breast cancer and other solid tumors.
Ion-Molecule Reaction Products Found in the Mass Spectra of Trimethylsilyl Derivatives

Abstract Mass spectrometric studies of trimethylsilyl derivatives of glycerophosphates revealed the presence of several ions of mass greater than M+. It is suggested that these ions are formed by the reaction of abundant fragment ions containing positively charged silicon with neutral molecular species.
Modeling drug resistance in a conjoint normal-tumor setting

In this paper, we modify our previously developed conjoint tumor-normal cell model in order to make a distinction between tumor cells that are responsive to chemotherapy and those that may show resistance. Using this newly developed core model, the evolution of three cell types: normal, tumor, and drug-resistant tumor cells, is studied through a series of numerical simulations. In addition, we illustrate critical factors that cause different dynamical patterns for normal and tumor cells. Among these factors are the co-dependency of the normal and tumor cells, the cells’ response mechanism to a single or multiple chemotherapeutic treatment, the drug administration sequence, and the treatment starting time. The results provide us with a deeper understanding of the possible evolution of normal, drug-responsive, and drug-resistant tumor cells during the cancer progression, which may contribute to improving the therapeutic strategies.
Duality Theorems for the Homology of Manifolds

An n-dimensional manifold is a Hausdorff space such that every point has an open neighborhood which is homeomorphic to Euclidean n-space, R n (see Massey, [6], Chapter I). One of the main goals of this chapter will be to prove one of the oldest results of algebraic topology, the famous Poincare duality theorem for compact, orientable manifolds. It is easy to state the Poincare duality theorem but the proof is lengthy.
Image Reconstruction in Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Five algorithms for image reconstruction in time-of-flight assisted positron emission tomography (TOFPET) have been studied. These algorithms include three approaches previously described in the literature and two new methods recently developed in our institute. Computer simulation studies have been performed to evaluate the relative merits of these various techniques. Performance indices such as computational efficiency, reconstructed image resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) have been investigated. Results from the analysis suggest that the two new methods may offer some potential advantages over other algorithms.
Tactile and Nutritional Aspects of Maternal Care: Specific Regulators of Neuroendocrine Function and Cellular Development

Development in mammals is influenced profoundly by many environmental stimuli, and those provided by the mother are the most critical for survival and growth. Disruption of the mother-infant relati...
Abstract 5295: Near-infrared fluorescencein vivotumor imaging using SNAP-tag technology

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The SNAP-tag is a small protein derived from the human DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (hAGT). It reacts with fluorescent dye conjugated benzylguanine (BG) substrate, leading to covalent labeling of the fluorescent dye on the SNAP-tag®. This property makes the SNAP-tag a valuable tool for fluorescence imaging. In this study, we extended the SNAP-tag technology to near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging using IRDye® 800CW conjugated BG substrate (BG-800). Compared to the visible spectrum, fluorescence in the NIR spectrum has the advantage of low light absorption and reduced autofluorescence, which is highly desirable for in vivo imaging. We created HEK293, MDA-MB-231, SK-OV-3 and SK-BR-3 cells stably expressing SNAP-ADRB2 fusion protein. The ADRB2 potion of the protein directs the localization of the protein to the cell membrane. The expression of SNAP-ADRB2 was confirmed by the reaction between BG-800 substrate and the cell lysate. Microscopic examination confirmed that SNAP-ADRB2 was localized on the cell membrane. The signal intensity of the stable cells after reaction with the substrate BG-800 was dependent on the BG-800 concentration. In vivo imaging study showed that BG-800 could visualize xenograft tumors established with SNAP-ADRB2 overexpressing SK-OV-3 cells. These results demonstrated that the application of SNAP-tag technology could be extended to in vivo imaging when combined with NIR fluorescent fluorophores. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5295. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5295
An Analysis of Discourse Functions in Causal Explanations in a Science Lecture

Cause-effect concept and interpretation is important for subject matter. Using Halliday's Systemic-Functional Grammar theory,the present study investigates the language features of science texts and what lexicogrammar an EFL science instructors use to unpack textbook explanations of causal meanings in a successful science lecture in a university in China. The analysis demonstrates that the instructor used plenty of downward functional recasts( from the advanced grammatical metaphor to the simple congruent mode of language) to address the meaning and wording relationship in causal explanations,which has implications for science instruction in EFL.
Maternal Perception and Doppler Detection of Fetal Movement

Fetal movement can be used as a tool for assessment of prenatal well-being. Maternal perception of fetal movement, using a formal graphic “count-to-ten” system is often used as an adjunct in high risk and normal pregnancies. Doppler detection of fetal movement is a newly introduced, easy to perform methodology. Identification of coupling fetal heart rate accelerations to fetal movement as an aid for nonstress testing and recognition of fetal behavior, fetal behavioral states and cycling between states, is a current clinical application of this new technique.
S-Nitrosoglutathione as a substrate for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) has been used as a nitric oxide (.NO) donor compound and has also been postulated to be involved in the transport of .NO in vivo. In this study we have examined the possibility that GSNO is a substrate for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), an enzyme that hydrolyses the gamma-glutamyl moiety of glutathione to give glutamate and cysteinylglycine. gamma-GT accelerated the decomposition of GSNO, forming S-nitrosocysteinylglycine (CG-SNO) by a mechanism inhibitable by the gamma-GT inhibitors acivicin and S-methylglutathione. The Km of gamma-GT for GSNO was found to be 28 microM. In the presence of contaminating transition metal ions, gamma-GT accelerated the release of ;NO from GSNO, as CG-SNO is more susceptible to transition metal ion-dependent decomposition than GSNO. However, in the presence of the transition metal ion chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, neither GSNO nor CG-SNO decomposed to generate .NO. Neither S-methylglutathione nor acivicin affected the vasodilatory response to GSNO in an isolated perfused rat heart. However, rat kidney homogenate stimulated the decomposition of GSNO by an acivicin-inhibitable mechanism. It is likely therefore that gamma-GT is involved in the decomposition of GSNO in the kidney but not in the heart.
The non-hermetically sealed pacemaker myth, or, Navy-Ribicoff 22,000—FDA-Weinberger 0

Although the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare recently stated that hermetic sealing of all implanted cardiac pacemakers, as recommended by the Navy in 1969, is inadvisable, several small manufacturers are already marketing hermetically sealed devices (CPI, Pacesetter), all of the over 600 nuclear pacers implanted to date have been hermetically sealed, and belatedly the major manufacturers are developing hermetically sealed units. Total hermetic sealing of all implantable electronic devices has been technically feasible for years, and it is essential that device legislation include mandatory encapsulation standards.
Statutory Interpretation, Morality, and the Text

In this essay, I wish to explore the question of whether certain approaches to statutory interpretation can be regarded as wrongful. My argument concerns instances in which interpreters take advantage of linguistic accident to license arguments that flout the intent or purpose of a law. Philosopher Bernard Williams calls reliance on literal meaning in this manner “fetishizing assertion,” and considers it tantamount to lying. If linguistic practices that rely too heavily on linguistic accident are wrongful, then serious ethical questions present themselves to the legal system. For if we acknowledge the problem, we then are forced to ask ourselves how comfortable we are with a rule of law that cannot rely fully on the law as written to sustain its legitimacy. In this brief essay, I raise these issues, and comment on their relationship to questions of judicial candor in cases concerning the interpretation of statutes. I conclude that especially when there is doubt about meaning, or suspicion that the legislature has erred, it is essential to turn to the purpose of the law in order to avoid the moral consequences of assertive fetishism. I further argue that recourse to purpose, contrary to the views of many, actually reduces the range of judicial discretion, and that those who associate purposive interpretation with judicial activism appear to be subject to a cognitive bias—the conjunction fallacy.
A Componentwise Splitting Method for Pricing American Options Under the Bates Model

A linear complementarity problem (LCP) is formulated for the price of American options under the Bates model which combines the Heston stochastic volatility model and the Merton jump-diffusion model. A finite difference discretization is described for the partial derivatives and a simple quadrature is used for the integral term due to jumps. A componentwise splitting method is generalized for the Bates model. It is leads to solution of sequence of one-dimensional LCPs which can be solved very efficiently using the Brennan and Schwartz algorithm. The numerical experiments demonstrate the componentwise splitting method to be essentially as accurate as the PSOR method, but order of magnitude faster. Furthermore, pricing under the Bates model is less than twice more expensive computationally than under the Heston model in the experiments.
New technology in U.S. Army health care: the role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

In the near future, laparoscopic cholecystectomy could become one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in U.S. military hospitals. To determine the best way to implement this new technology in the U.S. Army Health Services Command (HSC), we have assessed the safety, efficacy, and health consequences of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Approximately 2,800 open cholecystectomies are performed annually in HSC hospitals, 11% of them on active duty personnel. If cholecystectomies were performed using laparoscopic surgical techniques on active duty patients who meet currently accepted indications, 3,360 personnel duty days lost to convalescence and 7,048 days of limited duty (time on physical profiles) would be recouped. Applying the procedure to other beneficiaries (dependents and retired service members) would result in a potential annual savings of 11,000 hospital bed days. If implemented using stringent criteria for training and certification, these savings could be achieved with no increase in patient morbidity or mortality and with significant improvement in patient outcome.
A Study of Citations to Wikipedia in Scholarly Publications

ABSTRACTThe debate on using Wikipedia as a credible academic information resource is dynamic and controversial. This study used the Web of Science (WoS) database and its “Cited Reference” and “Analyze Results” tools to identify and examine trends in the use of Wikipedia citations in scholarly, peer-reviewed publications for the years from 2002 to 2015. Results indicate that the use of Wikipedia citations in peer-reviewed journals has been increasing since 2002. Given that Wikipedia is considered a nonauthoritative source, it might be assumed that this resource is frequently being cited in open access (OA) journals, which are sometimes considered less rigorous when it comes to publication standards. Alternatively, it might be assumed that Wikipedia is being used by scholars from lesser-quality institutions or from developing countries, where access to authoritative information resources might be limited. This study examines these assumptions and describes the disciplines, research fields, and types of jour...
Output Feedback Control of Automotive Air Conditioning System Using \(H_{\infty }\) Technique

This chapter presents an application of robust control theory to an automotive air conditioning (A/C) system. A control-oriented model built using moving-boundary method is validated against experimental data collected on a vehicle chassis dynamometer, at constant engine speeds as well as on driving cycles. Next, an \(H_{\infty }\) controller is synthesized by formulating an optimization problem whose solution requires appropriate weighting functions selection. Singular perturbation method is utilized to remove states associated with fast dynamics in both model and controller. Both full-order and reduced-order \(H_{\infty }\) controllers are verified by simulation results obtained using the nonlinear A/C system model. It is demonstrated that the designed controller is capable of tracking the reference output trajectories while rejecting disturbances introduced on the boundary conditions of the heat exchangers. Furthermore, a preliminary study is performed to reveal the opportunity of designing a gain-scheduled \(H_{\infty }\) controller for global output tracking.
Monitoring interfacial lectin binding with nanomolar sensitivity using a plasmon field effect transistor

By immobilizing glycopolymers onto the surface of the recently developed plasmonic field effect transistor (FET), the recognition between lectins and surface-immobilized glycopolymers can be detected over a wide dynamic range (10-10 to 10-4 M) in an environment that resembles the glycocalyx. The binding to the sensor surface by various lectins was tested, and the selectivities and relative binding affinity trends observed in solution were maintained on the sensor surface, and the significantly higher avidities are attributed to cluster-glycoside effects that occur on the surface. The combination of polymer surface chemistry and optoelectronic output in this device architecture produces amongst the highest reported detection sensitivity for ConA. This work demonstrates the benefits that arise from combining emerging device architectures and soft-matter systems to create cutting edge nanotechnologies that lend themselves to fundamental biological studies and integration into point-of-use diagnostics and sensors.
ESD for Automotive Applications

Automotive vehicles are becoming more and more complex systems, which includes high power equipment for electric drive, steering, and breaking at higher voltage level (>48 V), and this is a challenge in terms of EMC, including high-speed low voltage data transmission for auxiliary and entertainment features. The trade-off between EMC and system level ESD robustness becomes more challenging due to the mix of ICs of smaller technology and lower voltage levels. Signal-to-noise ratio gets more challenging for system level ESD design. This chapter discusses design constraints, operating voltage, and overvoltage tolerance, and on-board ESD protection and internal ESD protection. Due to the short-circuit constraints of the communications pins (CAN, LIN, FlexRay) to Vbat and GND, the ESD protection of these pins must also trigger beyond that level if the design is to be robust against double fault (short circuit and load dump).
Endocrinology Update: Testicular Hypogonadism.

Abstract Testicular hypogonadism, or androgen deficiency, is defined as a clinical condition resulting from failure of the testes to produce physiologic levels of testosterone and a normal number of spermatozoa because of disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Testosterone deficiency (TD) is defined as a serum level less than 300 ng/dL on a morning total testosterone test. It is estimated that more than one-third of men 45 years and older have testosterone deficiency. Associated symptoms include decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased physical stamina and strength, depressed mood, fatigue, increased visceral adiposity, sleep disturbance, and/or poor concentration and memory. These conditions have a direct relationship with cardiometabolic parameters, including insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and endothelial dysfunction in aging men. No single sign or symptom defines TD. Controversy exists relative to the benefits versus risks of testosterone replacement therapy in men with testicular hypogonadism. Benefits include improvements in the symptoms related to deficiency as well as cardiometabolic parameters, yet recent retrospective and observational trials have suggested an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality without a proven direct cause-and-effect relationship.
Trust Your Heart: Assessing Cooperation and Trust with Biosignals in Computer-Mediated Interactions

This study examines heartrate sharing in the context of a trust-building game. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses, we find that "elevated" (versus "normal") heartrate of an exchange partner is associated with negative mood attributions and reduced cooperation in a social dilemma game. To investigate how specific our findings are to heartrate (as opposed to some other "elevated" signal collected from the body), we replicate our initial experiment with an unfamiliar biosignal, "skin reflectivity". We find that both heartrate and the unfamiliar biosignal are associated with negative mood attributions, but we observe a decrease in cooperative behavior only with elevated heartrate. Qualitative results indicate that individuals may learn an association between our unfamiliar biosignal and the cooperative, trusting behavior of their partner. Our findings highlight the role prior beliefs can play in shaping interpretations of a biosignal, while suggesting that designers can, perhaps inadvertently, train users to associate signals with social meanings. We discuss implications for how wearable sensors can mediate social interactions.
A Pilot Study of Physical Activity Level and Mood among Long-Term Lymphoma Survivors.

It has been well-documented in cardiac patients and in the general population that physical activity improves physical and mental health. Physical activity could also improve the health and quality of life of long-term lymphoma survivors, but little is known about physical activity in this group of patients. Using the Mayo Tumor Registry, we identified eligible patients who were 16 years or older at diagnosis, U.S. residents, first diagnosed with Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma from 1984–1998, diagnosed and/or initially treated at Mayo Clinic Rochester, and survived for 5 to 20 years (N=2,485). In October of 2004, we mailed a 23-page survey to 95 randomly selected patients; 7 were found to be ineligible (deceased or too ill). Of the 88 remaining patients, we were able to find a correct address for 82, and 57 completed a survey for a 70% participation rate. Physical activity was self-reported using the Godin (1985) Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. Of the 54 patients with complete data for this report, the mean age at completion of the questionnaire was 60.8 years (26.1–86.7). The mean time since diagnosis was 12.0 years (6.3–19.9), and 52% survived more than 11 years. The histologies included 22 (39%) Hodgkin lymphoma, 21 (38%) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 3 (5%) follicular lymphomas, 1 (2%) high-grade lymphoma, 5 (9%) peripheral T-cell lymphomas, and 4 (7%) other. Regular fitness was reported by 21% of the respondents. This is lower than a recent report of adults aged 50 years and older, where approximately 40% of those free of chronic disability were attaining recommended daily physical activity levels. It is also lower than the expected 30% in patients with disabilities from the Behavioral Risk Factor Survey (Brown DR et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc2005;37:620–9). In addition, although not statistically significant, there were effect sizes observed suggesting that sedentary responders had higher levels of depression, higher anxiety levels, more distress, and lower quality of life (QOL) compared to physically active respondents. These finding need to be verified in a larger sample to obtain better estimates. In conclusion, levels of physical activity were lower than general population samples. These results also suggest that physical activity level may be related to improved mood and QOL in this population.
Platelet Interactions with the Blood Vessel Wall

Appropriate hemostasis hinges on normal vascular control of platelet function to suppress thrombosis in the absence of blood vessel injury. In this regard, normal intercellular communication between vascular endothelial cells and platelets is integral to maintaining platelets in an inactivated state and inhibiting maladaptive clot (thrombus) formation. Conversely, disruption to endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide, prostaglandin I2, and endothelial cell surface-associated ecto-ADPase/CD39 occurring due to genetic or acquired factors is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of clinically important thrombotic pathophenotypes, including myocardial infarction and stroke. By analyzing differences in vascular control of platelets according to circulatory bed, particularly with respect to the pulmonary and systemic circuits, understanding the relevance of hypoxia, inflammation, blood flow, and oxidant stress to platelet aggregation and adhesion is enhanced. It is also anticipated that clarifying the biophysical and molecular sequence of events underpinning endothelial regulation of platelet activation will require next-generation methods that utilize whole organ platforms in silico to identify novel mediators of thrombosis in vivo and prevent the attendant adverse consequences in patients.
The Adverse Effects of Changing Materials of Construction for U.S. Coins

In its 2015 budget plan, the Obama Administration revisited proposals of alternative metallic materials aiming to reduce the production costs for U.S. coinage. This report uses official data to quantify the costs and benefits of changing the materials of construction to produce U.S. nickels, dimes, and quarters. The analysis finds that the costs to retrofit over 13 million coin-operated machines outweigh the benefits to the U.S. Mint between 10 and 27 times.
The Important Role of Binational Studies for Migration and Health Research: A Review of US-Mexico Binational Studies and Design Considerations for Addressing Critical Issues in Migrant Health

The impact of migration on health is an important and growing concern worldwide. We conducted a literature review of published health literature in PubMed, between January 1999 and February 2015, representing studies including US and Mexico samples and the title word “binational”. Fifty-nine studies representing three types of study designs were identified. The health issues examined included chronic conditions, mental health, substance abuse, reproductive health, infectious diseases, environmental health, and use of health-care services. Binational research between the US and Mexico contributes to our understanding of migrant health and offers critical insights into the processes affecting health outcomes in the US and Mexico. Future studies of all designs can pay closer attention to the social determinants of health.
CO2 adsorption on Cr(1 1 0) and Cr2O3(0 0 0 1)/Cr(1 1 0)

Abstract We attempt to correlate qualitatively the surface structure with the chemical activity for a metal surface, Cr(1 1 0), and one of its surface oxides, Cr 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1)/Cr(1 1 0). The kinetics and dynamics of CO 2 adsorption have been studied by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Aug er electron spectroscopy (AES), and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), as well as adsorption probability measurements conducted for impact energies of E i = 0.1–1.1 eV and adsorption temperatures of T s = 92–135 K. The Cr(1 1 0) surface is characterized by a square shaped LEED pattern, contamination free Cr AES, and a single dominant TDS peak (binding energy E d = 33.3 kJ/mol, first order pre-exponential 1 × 10 13 s −1 ). The oxide exhibits a hexagonal shaped LEED pattern, Cr AES with an additional O-line, and two TDS peaks ( E d = 39.5 and 30.5 kJ/mol). The initial adsorption probability, S 0 , is independent of T s for both systems and decreases exponentially from 0.69 to 0.22 for Cr(1 1 0) with increasing E i , with S 0 smaller by ∼0.15 for the surface oxide. The coverage dependence of the adsorption probability, S ( Θ ), at low E i is approx. independent of coverage (Kisliuk-shape) and increases initially at large E i with coverage (adsorbate-assisted adsorption). CO 2 physisorbs on both systems and the adsorption is non-activated and precursor mediated. Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) have been used to parameterize the beam scattering data. The coverage dependence of E d has been obtained by means of a Redhead analysis of the TDS curves.
Internet Gaming Disorder

Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) was recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 2013) as a condition warranting further study. This chapter defines IGD as understood in the current literature.