cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visions of justice: Shari’a and cultural change in Russian Central Asia

Rich in detail and relying on considerable archival excavation, Visions of Justice is a learned and ambitious study that presents new source material with the aspiration of challenging prevailing v...
Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage: A rare complication of deep brain stimulation surgery

Abstract Background/aims Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been a proven safe treatment option for a variety of neurological diseases. Nonetheless, it carries various potential risks including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), cerebral ischemia, seizures, and infection. The majority of hemorrhages are found immediately post-operatively; however, delayed hemorrhages, which are extremely rare, have been reported. Methods Case presentation of a patient who developed a large ICH after undergoing bilateral DBS lead placement for dystonia with an initial negative CT scan immediately after surgery, as well as a negative 24 hour post-operative scan. Literature review on delayed ICH in DBS surgery was performed. Results The risk of ICH, both asymptomatic and those causing neurologic deficit, have been reported ranging from 0.5–6.7%. The majority of those reported have been found on immediate post-operative imaging; however, there have been few reports of delayed ICH that were not present on the initial post-operative scan. Conclusion DBS is a safe surgical option for patients with various neurological and movement disorders. Although the risk of ICH is low, delayed hemorrhages are possible and can be a devastating complication all clinicians must be aware of and be prepared for in order to better manage and treat patients.
Towards increasing shelf life and haemostatic potency of stored platelet concentrates.

Purpose of review Platelet transfusion is a widely used therapy in treating or preventing bleeding and haemorrhage in patients with thrombocytopenia or trauma. Compared with the relative ease of platelet transfusion, current practice for the storage of platelets is inefficient, costly and relatively unsafe, with platelets stored at room temperature (RT) for upto 5-7 days. Recent findings During storage, especially at cold temperatures, platelets undergo progressive and deleterious changes, collectively termed the 'platelet storage lesion', which decrease their haemostatic function and posttransfusion survival. Recent progress in understanding platelet activation and host clearance mechanisms is leading to the consideration of both old and novel storage conditions that use refrigeration and/or cryopreservation to overcome various storage lesions and significantly extend platelet shelf-life with a reduced risk of pathogen contamination. Summary A review of the advantages and disadvantages of alternative methods for platelet storage is presented from both a clinical and biological perspective. It is anticipated that future platelet preservation involving cold, frozen and/or pathogen reduction strategies in a proper platelet additive solution will enable longer term and safer platelet storage.
Estrogen receptor regulation of micrornas in breast cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression through altering mRNA translation and stability. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been demonstrated to alter estrogen receptor (ER) biology, through modulation of ER-alpha (ERα) signaling or regulation of ERα itself. Approximately 70% of breast cancers express ERα, and miRNA expression is demonstrated to correlate with disease status in ER-positive breast cancer. Due to the role of ERα in breast cancer development, its interaction and regulation of miRNAs have been of great interest, particularly within the context of ligand specificity and antiestrogen therapies. Here, we review the cross talk between ERα and miRNAs and their involvement in breast cancer progression, as well as resistance to endocrine therapy. We also briefly discuss the interaction of miRNAs with estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) and ERβ in mediating breast tumorigenesis.
Therapeutic Hypothermia and Targeted Temperature Management for Traumatic Arrest and Surgical Patients.

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and targeted temperature management (TTM) have been shown to improve outcomes in survivors of cardiac arrest, but prior research has excluded trauma and postoperative p...
Hydrodynamic controls on sediment retention in an emerging diversion-fed delta

Abstract The morphodynamics of river-dominated deltas are largely controlled by the supply and retention of sediment within deltaic wetlands and the rate of relative sea-level rise. Yet, sediment budgets for deltas are often poorly constrained. In the Mississippi River Delta, a system rapidly losing land due to natural and anthropogenic causes, restoration efforts seek to build new land through the use of river diversions. At the Davis Pond Freshwater Diversion, a new crevasse splay has emerged since construction was completed in 2002. Here, we use beryllium-7 activity in sediment cores and USGS measurements of discharge and turbidity to calculate seasonal sediment input, deposition, and retention within the vegetated Davis Pond receiving basin. In winter/spring 2015, which included an experimental period of high discharge through the diversion, Davis Pond received 106,800 metric tons of sediment, 44% of which was retained within the basin. During this time, mean flow velocity was 0.21 m s−1 and mean turbidity was 56 formazin nephelometric units (FNU). In summer/fall 2015, the Davis Pond basin received 35,900 metric tons of sediment, 81% of which was retained. Mean flow velocity in summer/fall was 0.10 m s−1 and mean turbidity was 55 FNU. The increase in sediment retention from winter/spring 2015 to summer/fall 2015 may be due in part to the corresponding drop in water flow velocity, which allowed more sediment to settle out of suspension. Although high water discharge increases sediment input and deposition, increased turbulence associated with higher current velocity appears to increase sediment throughput and thereby decrease the sediment trapping efficiency. Sediment retention in Davis Pond is on the high end of the range seen in deltaic wetlands, perhaps due to the enclosed geometry of the receiving basin. Future diversion design and operation should target moderate water discharge and flow velocities in order to jointly maximize sediment deposition and retention and provide optimal conditions for delta growth.
Changing the Paradigm of Craniofacial Reconstruction: A Prospective Clinical Trial of Autologous Fat Transfer for Craniofacial Deformities.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to prospectively assess outcomes for surgical autologous fat transfer (AFT) applied for traumatic and postsurgical craniofacial deformities. The minimally invasive nature of AFT has potential for reduced risk and superior outcomes compared with current reconstructive options. BACKGROUND Craniofacial deformities have functional and psychosocial sequelae and can profoundly affect quality of life. Traditional reconstructive options are invasive, invasive, complex, and often lack precision in outcomes. Although AFT is safe, effective, and minimally invasive, only anecdotal evidence exists for reconstruction of craniofacial deformities. METHODS In this Institutional Review Board-approved prospective cohort study, 20 subjects underwent AFT (average volume: 23.9 ± 13.2 mL). Volume retention over time was determined using high-resolution computed tomography. Flow cytometry was used to assess cellular subpopulations and viability in the stromal vascular fraction. Quality of life assessments were performed. After the completion of 9-month follow-up, 5 subjects were enrolled for a second treatment. RESULTS No serious adverse events occurred. Volume retention averaged 63 ± 17% at 9 months. Three-month retention strongly predicted 9-month retention (r=0.996, P < 0.0001). There was no correlation between the total volume injected and retention. Patients undergoing a second procedure had similar volume retention as the first (P = 0.05). Age, sex, body mass index, and stromal vascular fraction cellular composition did not impact retention. Surprisingly, former smokers had greater volume retention at 9 months compared with nonsmokers (74.4% vs 56.2%, P = 0.009). Satisfaction with physical appearance (P = 0.002), social relationships (P = 0.02), and social functioning quality of life (P = 0.05) improved from baseline to 9 months. CONCLUSIONS For craniofacial defects, AFT is less invasive and safer than traditional reconstructive options. It is effective, predictable, and reaches volume stability at 3 months. Patient-reported outcomes demonstrate a positive life-changing impact.
Perineal ulcer: a rare cause of extensive subcutaneous emphysema.

A 90-year-old man with a past medical history of hypertension, coronary artery disease and stage IV chronic kidney disease was referred from a nursing home for poor oral intake and weakness of one week duration. Examination suggested diffuse crepitations on palpation of his chest, back and
Exploiting Synergistic Effects of Intermolecular Interactions to Synthesize Hybrid Rejuvenators to Revitalize Aged Asphalt

This paper examines the merits of using a hybrid bio-oil derived from algae and swine manure to rejuvenate aged bitumen by restoring the bitumen properties which are degraded during oxidative aging...
Direct and indirect pathways to early school adjustment: Roles of young children’s mental representations and peer victimization

Abstract We examined direct and indirect associations among preschool-age children’s attachment-related mental representations of mothers and peer relationships with their early school adjustment. One hundred and eighteen preschoolers attending Head Start programs were administered a story stem completion task to measure prosocial and antisocial themes in their attachment representations. Approximately two months later, teachers reported on children’s physical and relational peer victimization and prosocial attention from peers. Another three months later, trained observers rated preschoolers’ school adjustment. Children’s prosocial themes in their attachment-related mental representations were negatively related to reported experiences of physical and relational peer victimization. Physical peer victimization was associated with poorer school adjustment and prosocial attention from peers was associated with better school adjustment. Children’s prosocial themes in their attachment-related mental representations were indirectly associated with better school adjustment via lower physical peer victimization. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research and intervention on peer victimization in early childhood.
Periodic Electronic Structure Calculations with the Density Matrix Embedding Theory.

We developed a periodic version of density matrix embedding theory, DMET, with which it is possible to perform electronic structure calculations on periodic systems and compute the band structure o...
Assessment of mental health needs and barriers to care in students enrolled in doctor of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences programs.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study is to identify doctor of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences students' perceived barriers to mental health care and interest in mental health interventions and to assess student attitudes and perceptions of mental illness. Methods A mixed-methods survey was given to 706 students participating in a doctor of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences curricula to assess students' perceived barriers to care, interest in mental health resources and interventions within their curricula, attitudes towards seeking treatment, and perceived stigma. The last section included free text responses in which students expressed additional comments unacknowledged by previous sections. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and free text responses were analyzed using thematic coding. Results From February to March 2018, 256 responses were received out of 706 students with a response rate of 36%. The most cited barriers to seeking mental health treatment were lack of time, lack of finances, and stigma-related concerns (25%, 13%, and 11%, respectively) with the most desired interventions being the implementation of an onsite counselor and wellness space. A majority of participants (88%) believe professional help for mental illness is effective; however, 63% cited they were negatively impacted by internal stigma. Common themes addressed in the free text responses reinforced these ideas and included additional responses regarding the impact of school culture. Conclusion Students within a doctor of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences program experience non-stigma and stigma-related barriers to seeking mental health treatment.
Cross-sectional study on soil-transmitted helminth infection and its risk factors in Dachi Village, Sichuan Province in 2005

Objective To investigate the soil-transmitted helminth infection status in Dachi Village,Sanyuan Township,Sichuan Province and analyze its risk factors.Methods The stool samples of the residents in Dachi Village were collected and examined for Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuris trichiura and hookworm with modified Kato-Katz thick smear "one stool specimen-two slides" in year 2005,counting eggs per gram and grading for smear-positive patients.Meanwhile questionnaire survey was carried out for same residents.The chi-square test was used to summarize and analyze the infection rate with questionnaire content.Results The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuris trichiura,hookworm and total three soil-transmitted helminth were 31.5％(149/473),8.5％ (40/473),48.4％ (299/473) and 64.5％ (305/473).Most of the infection grades were mild.The risk factors with statistical difference by chi-square test were as follows (all P＜0.05):contact field more than 3 months per year,occasionally or never wash hands before eating,the latrine type is pit toilet for both human and stocks; lack of feces harmless treatment,source of water being nature pond water,lack of common sense of parasitic diseases.Conclusion The infection rate of soil-transmitted helminth at Dachi Village is high.Some unhealthy living habits and backward production mode are the main risk factors. Key words: Soil-transmitted nematodes; Nematode infections; Cross-sectional study
Local Grounding, Transnational Reach: The Films of Héctor Gálvez

This chapter examines two films by Hector Galvez, Paraiso (2009) and NN (2014), both of which narrate events that are inextricably tied to the armed conflict that ravaged Peru during the late twentieth century. Paraiso follows five teenagers whose parents were displaced to Lima from the worst hit regions of the Andes; NN follows a team of forensic anthropologists who identify the bodies of citizens killed during the conflict. In these films, Galvez also encourages connections to other geographies marked by violence and economic hardship. His careful composition of evocative images invites such connections through a focus on the materiality of the situations presented in his films. In this way, the films tell stories that are grounded in Peru’s recent history and at the same time convey transnational relevance.
Proactive Evaluation: The Program Stress Test:

Intervention programs are open systems that must withstand the disturbances of the environments in which they are implemented if they are to thrive. Stakeholders can benefit from proactive insights...
SIRT3 is required for liver regeneration but not for the beneficial effect of nicotinamide riboside

Liver regeneration is critical to survival after traumatic injuries, exposure to hepatotoxins, or surgical interventions, yet the underlying signaling and metabolic pathways remain unclear. In this study, we show that hepatocyte-specific loss of the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 drastically impairs regeneration and worsens mitochondrial function after partial hepatectomy. Sirtuins, including SIRT3, require NAD as a cosubstrate. We previously showed that the NAD precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) promotes liver regeneration, but whether this involves sirtuins has not been tested. Here, we show that despite their NAD dependence and critical roles in regeneration, neither SIRT3 nor its nuclear counterpart SIRT1 is required for NR to enhance liver regeneration. NR improves mitochondrial respiration in regenerating WT or mutant livers and rapidly increases oxygen consumption and glucose output in cultured hepatocytes. Our data support a direct enhancement of mitochondrial redox metabolism as the mechanism mediating improved liver regeneration after NAD supplementation and exclude signaling via SIRT1 and SIRT3. Therefore, we provide the first evidence to our knowledge for an essential role for a mitochondrial sirtuin during liver regeneration and insight into the beneficial effects of NR.
Use of hemoglobin A1c to identify dysglycemia in cystic fibrosis

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) leads to pancreatic endocrine dysfunction with progressive glycemic disturbance. Approximately 30%-50% of people with CF eventually develop CF-related diabetes (CFRD). Pre-CFRD states progress from indeterminant glycemia (INDET) to impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Screening guidelines recommend inconvenient annual 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), beginning at age 10 years. More efficient methods, such as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), have been evaluated, but only limited, relatively small studies have evaluated the association between HbA1c and pre-CFRD dysglycemic states. Objective To determine whether HbA1c is an appropriate screening tool for identifying patients with pre-CFRD dysglycemia to minimize the burden of annual OGTTs. Methods This retrospective review evaluated medical records data of all University of Massachusetts Memorial Health System CF patients with an HbA1c result within 90 days of an OGTT between 1997 and 2019. Exclusion criteria were uncertain CF diagnosis, other forms of diabetes, or incomplete OGTT. In total, 56 patients were included and categorized according to OGTT results (American Diabetes Association criteria): normal glucose tolerance, INDET, IFG, or IGT. Associations were evaluated between HbA1c and OGTT results and between HbA1c and pre-CFRD dysglycemic states. Results Mean HbA1c was not significantly different between patients with normal glucose tolerance and those in the INDET (p = 0.987), IFG (p = 0.690), and IGT (p = 0.874) groups. Analysis of variance confirmed the lack of association between HbA1c and glycemia, as mean HbA1c was not significantly different amongst the four categories (p = 0.250). Conclusion There is increasing awareness of the impact of pre-CFRD states, including reduced pulmonary function and nutritional status. Unfortunately, our results do not support using HbA1c as a screening tool for pre-CFRD dysglycemia, specifically INDET, IFG, and IGT. Further studies are warranted to evaluate more efficient screening methods to reduce the burden of annual OGTTs.
Assessing SiCr resistor drift for automotive analog ICs

A very stable resistor is needed for analog integrated circuits employed in harsh automotive environments. Precision SiCr thin-film resistors have been characterized by DC and pulsed I-V measurements, high-temperature operating life, and high temperature storage stress. Maximum current density for a maximum drift of 0.1% over the product lifetime are determined. Furthermore, SiCr resistors are stressed to failure and the physical failure mechanism is analyzed.
Long-Term Survival After Lung Transplantation in Patients with Silicosis and Other Occupational Lung Disease

Survival after lung transplantation (LTx) for patients with occupational lung disease (OLD) is not well studied. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was queried from 2005 to 2013 to assess survival after LTx in patients with silicosis and non-silicotic OLD compared to non-OLD patients. Of 7273 adult LTx recipients, 7227 (24 with silicosis and 29 with non-silicotic OLD) were included in our univariate and Kaplan–Meier function analysis and 6370 for multivariate Cox models. Univariate Cox models did not identify survival differences in silicosis (HR 0.717; 95 % CI 0.358–1.435; p = 0.347) and non-silicotic OLDs (HR 0.934; 95 % CI 0.486–1.798; p = 0.839). Kaplan–Meier function analysis did not identify a survival disadvantage for either silicosis or non-silicotic OLD (log-rank test: χ 2 0.93, p = 0.627). Patients with non-silicotic OLD were at risk for worse survival for the first 2.5 years post-transplant; however, at the conclusion of the study, this group had the highest survival rate. Multivariate Cox models confirmed no increased risk for mortality for silicosis (HR 1.264; 95 % CI 0.631–2.534; p = 0.509) and non-silicotic OLD (HR 1.114; 95 % CI 0.578–2.147; p = 0.747). Long-term survival for adult patients with silicosis and non-silicotic OLD after LTx is not significantly different compared to the general lung transplant population.
Owner/Manager’s Age and Retailing Experience: Do They Influence Business Strategies and Success?

The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the age and business experience of small retail owner/managers and business success. The members of a selected grocery retailer-cooperative in Texas supplied the primary research data.
6 Li and 7 Li Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Charging and Discharging of Li x Mn 2 O 4 at 4 V

and magic‐angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to study lithium manganate cathode materials during and following charging and discharging. Only one major local environment is observed by MAS NMR from 0 to >50% charging, from lithium in the tetrahedral sites of the spinel structure, the resonance shifting by no more than 8 ppm in this range (from its original position at ca. 520 ppm). When the cell is charged above 50%, a new resonance is observed at ≈645 ppm, due to in a spinel local environment with nearby manganese ions in oxidation states close to +4 (e.g., in a composition such as ). The two resonances at ≈520 and 645 ppm are both observed in the range 70 to <80 and 80 to 90% for the samples annealed at 850 and 650°C, respectively. These coexistences occur over the same ranges as the two‐phase coexistence, as observed by XRD during the first charging cycle. Resonances were observed at 830 and 930 ppm, for the samples annealed at 650 and 850°C, respectively, at ≥90% charging. These same resonances were seen after multiple charging cycles and are assigned to defect spinels with high manganese oxidation states. Additional resonances are observed for electrodes with high carbon contents at −2 to −13 ppm, from nonspinel phases, which grow in intensity with the number of charging cycles. The presence of the defect spinels and the additional impurity phases contribute to the reduced capacity of these materials. Three‐phase behavior is observed by in situ XRD during the first discharging cycle. These results are discussed in terms of previous in situ XRD charging/discharging results. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Using Static Total Causal Ordering Protocols to Achieve Ordered View Synchrony

A View Synchronous Communication (VSC) service provides applications in a multicast group with 1) reliable message delivery and 2) information about changes in the multicast group membership, in the form of membership views. To elaborate, a VSC service guarantees that the applications that receive the same membership view change receive the same set of group messages before receiving that view change.
Compensating for wetland losses in the United States: Compensating for wetland loss

Impacts of climate change on US wetlands will add to those of historical impacts due to other causes. In the US, wetland losses and degradation result from drainage for agriculture, filling for urbanization and road construction. States that rely heavily on agriculture (California, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, Indiana) have lost over 80% of their historical area of wetlands, and large cities, such as Los Angeles and New York City, have retained only tiny remnants of wetlands, all of which are highly disturbed. The cumulative effects of historical and future degradation will be difficult to abate. A recent review of mitigation efforts in the US shows a net loss of wetland area and function, even though ‘no net loss’ is the national policy and compensatory measures are mandatory. US policy does not include mitigation of losses due to climate change. Extrapolating from the regulatory experience, one can expect additional losses in wetland areas and in highly valued functions. Coastal wetlands will be hardest hit due to sea-level rise. As wetlands are increasingly inundated, both quantity and quality will decline. Recognition of historical, current and future losses of wetland invokes the precautionary principal: avoid all deliberate loss of coastal wetland area in order to reduce overall net loss. Failing that, our ability to restore and sustain wetlands must be improved substantially.
POSTMORTEM ANGIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE CORONARY ARTERIAL CIRCULATION; INTERCORONARY ARTERIAL ANASTOMOSES IN ADULT HUMAN HEARTS.

Abstract Four hundred and seventy adult human hearts from patients 13 to 96 years of age were studied angiographically using barium sulfate-gelatin injected at 200 mm. Hg for 5 minutes (modified Schlesinger method). In 40 hearts, some coronary arteries were ligated and transected before injection; in another 430 hearts, no ligations were made. Intercoronary arterial anastomoses were detected in two ways: (1) by stereoangiography, and (2) by applying Schlesinger's criteria (i.e., anastomoses are considered to be present if dissected in toto, or if mass appears beyond a coronary obstruction, or if mass injected into one coronary enters another). By Schlesinger's criteria, anastomoses were present in almost all hearts with coronary occlusion or ligation, and absent in most of the other hearts comprising the bulk of the series. Cardiomegaly, valve deformity, cor pulmonale, and anemia did not increase the incidence of anastomoses detected. Stereoangiography disclosed macroscopic anastomoses in all hearts with natural or artificial occlusions, and in many hearts which fulfilled none of Schlesinger's criteria. These anastomoses connected major coronary divisions, or different branches of the same division, or different segments of the same branch. Anastomoses in hearts without occlusive coronary artery disease were small, few, and spotty in distribution. Those associated with old occlusions were enlarged, numerous, and strategically concentrated to bypass occlusions. This study suggests that: (1) intercoronary arterial anastomoses exist in most adult human hearts; (2) the demonstration of anastomoses by Schlesinger's method is mechanically favored by coronary occlusions, natural or otherwise; (3) current controversy in regard to the incidence of intercoronary arterial anastomoses in normal human hearts stems from the error of equating absence of anastomoses with inability to detect them.
Antileptospiral Activity of Serum II. Leptospiral Virulence Factor

A definite relationship exists between the resistance of leptospires to the antibody-complement system and virulence. Leptospires capable of producing either lethal or renal infections in hamsters or guinea pigs were resistant to the leptospiricidal action of antibody and complement. Avirulent leptospires, in contrast to the virulent organisms, were rapidly immobilized and killed by these serum substances. The change of a virulent culture to the avirulent state as a result of growth in culture media was accompanied by the loss of resistance to antibody and complement. Virulent leptospires were phenotypically altered when grown in the presence of the purine analogue, 8-azaguanine. The cells became sensitive to antibody and complement without a corresponding decrease in virulence. The basis for a leptospiral virulence factor, the ability to multiply in vivo, appears to reside in their capacity to resist the leptospiricidal activity of the host antibody-complement system. The immune leptospiricidal assay provides a simple and rapid method of determining the virulence of a culture.
Decay estimates for the Schroedinger evolution on asymptotically conic surfaces of revolution I

We establish a dispersive estimate (with a decay of 1/t), valid for all times, for the Schroedinger evolution on a non-compact 2-dimensional manifold with a trapped geodesic.
Patterns Of Phytoplankton Production Around The Galapagos Islands

For the highly productive regions of the world’s oceans, it is the pattern of physical processes that to a large extent determines the character and richness of the ecosystem. It has long been recognized that the ocean waters around islands are inherently more productive than waters far removed from land (Gilmartin and Revel- ante, 1974; Barber and Chavez, 1983). This increased productivity, which is often referred to in the literature as the Island Mass Effect (Doty and Oguri, 1956) depends primarily on the supply of nutrients to the euphotic zone brought about by enhanced vertical mixing around islands. Localized upwelling on the downstream sides of islands (LaFond and LaFond, 1971), topographically induced upwelling (Houvenaghel, 1978), the formation of island wakes (White, 1973), wind driven coastal or equatorial upwelling and tidal mixing (Kogelschatz et al., 1985) are some of the mechanisms that can produce vertical mixing around islands. Although the mechanisms may differ, the end result is often the same; an increase in the vertical transport of nutrients to the surface waters supporting enhanced levels of phytoplankton biomass and primary production.
Caregivers' expectations of future learning of dependents with a developmental disability

Abstract Attitudes and expectations of caregivers affect the development of children, including those with a developmental disability. The purpose of this study was to examine caregivers' expectations of their dependent with a developmental disability and caregiver attributions in relation to these expectations. Primary caregivers ( N = 35) were interviewed about their expectations and attributions related to the dependents' achievements. Expectations were measured by the Predictive Adaptive Ability Questionnaire (PAAQ). Expectations were significantly predicted by the degree of developmental delay and number of handicaps. Caregivers expected less of dependents who had a lower developmental age/chronological age ratio than for dependents whose developmental level more closely approximated the chronological age. Results suggest that nurses should assess caregivers' expectations for the future development of their dependent with a developmental disability and the basis for those expectations.
Nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi-liquid description of magnetic scaling and spin-gap behavior

We present a Fermi-liquid description of magnetic scaling and spin-gap behavior in strongly correlated electron systems. We show that a gap in the spin-excitation spectrum is a natural consequence of the existence of a second energy scale of magnetic origin, in systems of itinerant, but nearly localized electron spins, such as are found in the cuprate superconductors and heavy-electron systems. A second energy scale leads to a frequency-dependent restoring force ${\mathit{f}}^{\mathit{a}}$(q,\ensuremath{\omega}) that becomes stronger as the frequency increases. A spin gap at Q=(\ensuremath{\pi}/a,\ensuremath{\pi}/a) is a consequence of these frequency-dependent vertex corrections; it takes on a constant value when the antiferromagnetic correlation length becomes a constant. We show that the spin-spin response function reduces to that recently introduced by Barzykin to describe the damping by particle-hole excitations of the spin-wave spectrum found in the N=\ensuremath{\infty} quantum nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model. We discuss fully doped and underdoped cuprate superconductors, the appearance of a pseudogap of magnetic origin in the quasiparticle density of states in the underdoped system, and the constraints nuclear magnetic resonance and neutron-scattering experiments impose on the magnitude and temperature dependence of the Fermi-liquid parameters.
A diffusion-viscous analysis of pressure-aided drying of nanosilver bond-line for low-temperature chip joining

Low-temperature joining technique (LTJT) by silver sintering is being implemented by major manufacturers of power electronics devices and modules for bonding power semiconductor chips. A common die-attach material used with LTJT is a silver paste consisting of silver powder (micron- or nano-size particles) mixed in organic solvent and binder formulation. It is believed that the drying of the paste during the bonding process plays a critical role in determining the quality of the sintered bond-line. In this study, a model based on the diffusion of solvent molecules and viscous mechanics of the paste was introduced to determine the stress and strain states of the silver bond-line. A numerical simulation algorithm of the model was developed. The simulation allows determination of the time-dependent physical properties of the silver bond-line as the paste is being dried with a heating profile. The simulated results were consistent with our experimental findings that the use of uniaxial pressure of a few mega-Pascals during the drying stage of a nanosilver paste was sufficient to produce high-quality sintered joints. The insight offered by this modeling study can be used to develop new paste formulations that enable pressure-free, low-temperature sintering of the die-attach material to significantly lower the cost of implementing the LTJT in manufacturing.
Effects of grade level and sex on the magnitude of the dichotic ear advantage

Abstract The magnitude of the dichotic ear advantage was assessed in kindergarten, second, fourth, and sixth grade children. 40 subjects (20 male, 20 female) participated in each grade. The results of a 2 × 2 × 4 (sex, ear, grade level) analysis of variance revealed a significant right ear advantage but no effect according to sex or grade level. Consequently, it seems that the magnitude of a dichotic ear effect does not increase with age nor is it related to sex. The results are discussed as they pertain to the possibility that channel capacity may be related to the dichotic stimulus dimension used.
Monomolecular adsorption isotherms

There is a mathematical similarity between Jovanovich and Langmuir isotherms. They can be derived from integration of the differential equation. (dθ/dp) = c(1 − θ)k, when k = 1 and k = 2, respectively. Other isotherms which satisfy certain theoretical conditions of monomolecular adsorption may also be derived from the differential equation when k is ⩾1. The general isotherm, to a first approximation, may be reduced to the Langmuir equation. Nonlinear regression analyses show that the other equations fit as well as Jovanovich's and Langmuir's to a set of experimental data.
Effects of injection of 5-adenylic acid on tissue nucleotides of the rat.

Summary1. Tissue nucleotide levels (AA, ADP, ATP, and total purine) of control rats and those injected with 5-adenylic acid have been studied. At the 100 mg injection dose, brain, muscle, liver, and heart show significant increases in adenosine triphosphate. Of these 4 tissues, only liver exhibits a measurable increase in total purine. Kidney shows no effect. The cellular element of blood shows a small but significant increase in adenosine triphosphate, but this is accompanied by a corresponding increase in total purine. 2. The experiments in which 5-adenylic acid, containing radioactive phosphorus is injected into rats shows a maximum accumulation of the label on a weight basis in the adrenal gland followed by liver, heart, kidney, spleen.
“I Feel ‘Whiteness’ When I Hear People Blaming Whites:”: Whiteness as cultural victimization

Abstract This study explores the social construction of whiteness using 193 racial/ethnic autobiographies of young white students. The narrative analysis of the data shows how in response to a collective identity crisis, brought on mainly by demographic changes, whiteness is constructed as a liability. Specifically, I show how in coping with their perceived status as victims, my respondents presented their white identities as: (1) being unfairly accused of racism; (2) having no special niche set aside for them in the popular culture; and (3) being forced to accept other cultures. I argue that these adaptation techniques in turn legitimize the racial inequality by presenting whites as victims rather than beneficiaries of the status quo. The paper ends by addressing how anti-racism efforts could be strengthened through a better understanding of young whites’ racial identities.
Preliminary evidence that thoughts of thwarted belongingness mediate the relations between level of attachment insecurity and depression and suicide-related thoughts in inpatient adolescents

There are well-documented associations between adolescent depression, suicide-related thoughts, and interpersonal functioning, which include identified relations between these variables and insecure attachment. Dykas and Cassidy (2011) recently reframed traditional attachment theory into a social information processing model in which early caregiver experiences produce secure or insecure attachment-related schemas which, in turn, lead to biased social information processing. This model echoes Beck's cognitive theory, which suggests that negative schemas arise from negative experiences and act on daily life through negative thoughts about the self, the world, and others. No one has extended Dykas and Cassidy's (2011) model to the level of attachment-related thoughts to explore how attachment-related schemas relate to depressive cognitions. In this study, we sought preliminary evidence for this hypothesis with two specific aims. First, we sought to determine whether the relation between level of attachment ...
PRIMITIVE BONE FRACTURING: A METHOD OF RESEARCH

A preliminary study of the form and fracture patterns of sheep metatarsals from Jaguar Cave is used to illustrate a method for the quantitative analysis of primitive bone fracturing techniques. Criteria of form, fracture, and function are defined and weighted, on the basis of experiments with green bone, and the aid of computers is enlisted to process the archaeological specimens via these criteria. The data is searched for: a. the definition of a technique of intentional fracture, b. the formation of classes of intentionally fractured and retouched bone fragments, and c. the identification of statistically perfect tools and not-tools, determined by higher or lower correlations of weighted sums. Conclusions are drawn from the analysis of the Jaguar Cave bone and bone from other early collections. The application of linear decision theory to the analysis of bone fractures was first attempted in a Ph.D. dissertation (Sadek-Kooros 1966), and a shorter version of the present paper was read at the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, on May 2, 1969.
Photodeposition of Molecular Layers on Nanoparticle Substrates

We report the photodeposition of polymeric layers of nanometer scale thickness onto silica nanoparticle substrates. This was accomplished by ultraviolet irradiation of a solution of functionalized diacetylene monomers in which the silica nanoparticles were suspended. Following photodeposition, the coated nanoparticles were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy and UV−visible spectroscopy. Highly regular polydiacetylene films with thicknesses from 2.5 to 25 nm were produced. The thickness measurements were facilitated by the attachment of small gold nanoparticles onto the surface of the silica nanoparticle substrates prior to photodeposition, to provide contrast in the final TEM image. UV−visible spectroscopy of the deposited films indicates that approximately 40% less conjugation is present relative to that of macroscopic polydiacetylene thin films grown with the same approach. This process yields a unique “nanolaminate” coating which may be useful in the modification of the physical, chemical, ...
A Parallel Colorimetric Method for the Rapid Discovery and Optimization of Heterogeneous Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts

A spectrophotometric based, parallel approach to screen heterogeneous catalysts for hydrodesulfurization has been developed. The method utilizes optical changes resulting from the hydrodesulfurization of 1,1‘-binaphthothiophene to 1,1‘-binaphthyl to determine catalyst activity. Hydrodesulfurization of 1,1‘-binaphthothiophene to 1,1‘-binaphthyl results in a loss of conjugation in the binaphthyl ring system. This results in a blue shift of more than 60 nm in the UV−vis spectrum. Since only small amounts of the HDS catalyst and 1,1‘-binaphthothiophene are required, a large number of catalysts may be screened simultaneously. The synthesis of the 1,1‘-binaphthothiophene and conditions for HDS catalyst screening are described.
Relationship of depression, anxiety, and obsessionality to state of illness in anorexia nervosa.

Objective Depression, anxiety, and obsessionality frequently are present in underweight, malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa. It is less certain if these symptoms persist after recovery. Thus, we assessed these symptoms in anorexic women at three states of illness (underweight, short-term weight restored, and long-term weight restored) in comparison to a group of healthy women. Method: We used standardized self- and trained rater instruments to assess depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale), and obsessions and compulsions (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale). Results: A similar pattern was found for all symptoms. That is, scores for depression, anxiety, and obsessionality were most elevated in the underweight state. These symptoms improved with weight restoration. However, milder but significantly elevated symptoms persisted in long-term weight-restored anorexic women compared to healthy control women. Discussion: These data suggest that malnutrition intensifies the severity of depression, anxiety, and obsessionality in anorexia nervosa. However, the fact that mild to moderate symptoms persisted after long-term weight restoration raises the possibility that such behaviors are related to the pathogenesis of this illness. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 21: 367–376, 1997.
2D QSAR Modeling and Preliminary Database Searching for Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors Using Genetic Algorithm Variable Selection of Molconn Z Descriptors

In light of the chronic problem of abuse of the controlled substance cocaine, we have investigated novel approaches toward both understanding the activity of inhibitors of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and identifying novel inhibitors that may be of therapeutic potential. Our most recent studies toward these ends have made use of two-dimensional (2D) quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods in order to develop predictive models that correlate structural features of DAT ligands to their biological activities. Specifically, we have adapted the method of genetic algorithms-partial least squares (GA-PLS) (Cho et al. J. Comput. -Aided Mol. Des., submitted) to the task of variable selection of the descriptors generated by the software Molconn Z. As the successor to the program Molconn X, which generated 462 descriptors, Molconn Z provides 749 chemical descriptors. By employing genetic algorithms in optimizing the inclusion of predictive descriptors, we have successfully developed a robust model of the DAT affinities of 70 structurally diverse DAT ligands. This model, with an exceptional q(2) value of 0.85, is nearly 25% more accurate in predictive value than a comparable model derived from Molconn X-derived descriptors (q(2) = 0.69). Utilizing activity-shuffling validation methods, we have demonstrated the robustness of both this DAT inhibitor model and our QSAR method. Moreover, we have extended this method to the analysis of dopamine D(1) antagonist affinity and serotonin ligand activity, illustrating the significant improvement in q(2) for a variety of data sets. Finally, we have employed our method in performing a search of the National Cancer Institute database based upon activity predictions from our DAT model. We report the preliminary results of this search, which has yielded five compounds suitable for lead development as novel DAT inhibitors.
Glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: intra-articular injections versus systemic administration

Glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: intra-articular injections versus systemic administration
Minimal Effects of Phorbol Esters on Glucose Transport and Insulin Sensitivity of Rat Skeletal Muscle

Protein kinase C (PKC) has been suggested as a mediator of insulin9s effect on glucose transport, and PKC-mediated modulation of tyrosine kinase activity in the insulin receptor has been implicated in regulating the insulin sensitivity of tissues. Because skeletal muscle is a major target of insulin action, we examined the effects of 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl- rac -glycerol, and dioctanoyl diacylglycerol, known activators of PKC, on glucose metabolism in rat skeletal muscles. In contrast to results reported for other tissues, incubation of muscles with PKC activators produced only small increases in glucose transport and had minimal effects on the ability of insulin to stimulate transport. However, TPA treatment of muscles produced a significant decrease in basal glycogen synthesis. Incubation of muscles with TPA did not affect insulin binding or the tyrosine kinase activity of partially purified insulin receptors measured under basal conditions or after stimulation by insulin in situ or in vitro. Our findings do not support activation of PKC as a major mechanism for regulating glucose uptake or insulin receptor activity in skeletal muscle. However, the data do not rule out the possibility that glucose transport in skeletal muscle may respond to physiological activators of PKC.
Manipulation via merging and splitting in claims problems

In claims problems, we study coalitional manipulations via claims merging and splitting. We characterize (division) rules that are non-manipulable via (pairwise) splitting and that also satisfy standard axioms of equal treatment of equals, consistency, and continuity. And we obtain a similar result for non-manipulability via (pairwise) merging.