cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design thinking in development engineering education: A case study on creating prosthetic and assistive technologies for the developing world

Abstract A human-centered design thinking approach has been applied to a course at the MIT D-Lab on creating low-cost prosthetic and assistive devices for the developing world. Teams of students with diverse backgrounds are paired with international stakeholders and industry partners to tackle real-world prosthetic technology needs, learn the design process through interactive lectures and workshops in the classroom, and are given the opportunity to conduct testing of the prototypes generated during the semester at field sites around the globe. The revamped course offers a fully immersive design experience that extends beyond the classroom and the semester by stimulating further research, inspiring and motivating student professional development, raising additional grant money and generating peer-reviewed publications and intellectual property. A multifaceted and nontraditional engagement with industry partners, as developed in our course, provides a novel and promising model for development engineering courses to afford unique opportunities to their students. As a result of our new course initiatives mean student enrollment has tripled and total project continuation beyond the end of the class has exceeded 60%. In this paper, we outline our framework for incorporating human-centered design thinking into development engineering education, provide outcomes, and present case studies of select projects that have successfully emerged from our course. Our novel pedagogical approaches and collaborative efforts showcase a promising way to engage students in impact-focused project-based learning with long-term benefits for their projects as well as their career development opportunities.
On the Existence of Focal Points near Closed Geodesics on Surfaces

We establish some criteria for the existence or nonexistence of focal points near closed geodesics on surfaces. These criteria are in terms of the curvature of the manifold along the closed geodesic and the average values of the partial derivatives of the curvature in the direction perpendicular to the geodesic. Our criteria lead to a new family of examples of surfaces with no focal points. We also show that if S is a compact surface with no focal points and an inequality relating the curvature of the surface to the curvature of the horocycles holds, then the horocycles (considered as curves in S) are uniformly C2+Lipschitz.
Division Algebras over Local Fields

This chapter gives a fairly complete description of the finite dimensional division algebras over fields that are locally compact in the topology of a discrete valuation, that is, local fields. The most important property of these algebras is that they contain maximal subfields that are unramified extensions of their centers. It follows that all such algebras are cyclic. Moreover, the classification of the unramified extensions of local fields gives a characterization of the Brauer groups of such fields; they are all isomorphic to ℚ/ℤ.
Reaction Paths and Surfaces for Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions in Polyatomic Molecules

The reaction path/surface Hamiltonian model for polyatomic reaction dynamics is reviewed. Applications to formaldehyde decomposition (H2C0 → H2 + CO), vinylidene isomerization (H2C=C: → HC=CH), and intramolecular H-atom transfer in malonaldehyde show that tunneling effects play an important role in these processes.
The Space of Heroism in the Historic Center of Cuzco

This paper examines the prolonged debates in Lima and Cuzco over how to memorialize the 1781 martyrdom of a transcendental political figure in Peru, Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui Tupac Amaru II. It took two centuries for a commemorative statue to be erected in Cuzco. Debates about physical memorialization of this precursor of Peruvian independence were complicated by the fact that the agonistic drama to be commemorated had played out in the heart of what was to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site and member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities. The monument was finally located in a new plaza at a considerable distance from the actual site – the Plaza de Armas – where the historic event had happened. The debates surrounding the memorialization of Tupac Amaru were based on conflicting opinions about the architectural character of Cuzco’s historic Plaza de Armas and how to preserve it, as well as local and national politics and Peru’s fraught race relations.
Severe and Profound Mental Retardation

Severely and profoundly mentally retarded persons present a challenge to service providers because multiple physical and emotional problems are often present. Conceptions of this group of individuals have changed dramatically for the better in the past few decades. Severely and profoundly mentally retarded persons were once considered hopeless and untrainable (Berkson & Landesman-Dwyer, 1977). This situation is no longer accepted because research has shown that progress can be made when training these persons. Today, service providers are focusing on “active” treatment, when in the past the standard of service delivery emphasized primarily custodial care and medical services. However, not all service providers have adopted this more optimistic view. Consequently, not all of the severely and profoundly retarded persons are given the treatment needed to improve in overall behavior and independent living. On the other hand, litigation, social policy, and great advancements in assessment and treatment have made the rehabilitation movement national, and one that is accelerating in scope and sophistication (Matson & Mulick, 1983). In our chapter we will attempt to outline some of the major issues and characteristics of severely and profoundly retarded persons. Also, a description of some recent innovative approaches to behavior therapy will be provided. It is hoped that more providers will adopt an “active” treatment model in the future.
Nfe2 is dispensable for early but required for adult thrombocyte formation and function in zebrafish

The NFE2 transcription factor is expressed in multiple hematopoietic lineages with a well-defined role in regulating megakaryocyte biogenesis and platelet production in mammals. Mice deficient in NFE2 develop severe thrombocytopenia with lethality resulting from neonatal hemorrhage. Recent data in mammals reveal potential differences in embryonic and adult thrombopoiesis. Multiple studies in zebrafish have revealed mechanistic insights into hematopoiesis, although thrombopoiesis has been less studied. Rather than platelets, zebrafish possess thrombocytes, which are nucleated cells with similar functional properties. Using transcription activator-like effector nucleases to generate mutations in nfe2, we show that unlike mammals, zebrafish survive to adulthood in the absence of Nfe2. Despite developing severe thrombocytopenia, homozygous mutants do not display overt hemorrhage or reduced survival. Surprisingly, quantification of circulating thrombocytes in mutant 6-day-old larvae revealed no significant differences from wild-type siblings. Both wild-type and nfe2 null larvae formed thrombocyte-rich clots in response to endothelial injury. In addition, ex vivo thrombocytic colony formation was intact in nfe2 mutants, and adult kidney marrow displayed expansion of hematopoietic progenitors. These data suggest that loss of Nfe2 results in a late block in adult thrombopoiesis, with secondary expansion of precursors: features consistent with mammals. Overall, our data suggest parallels with erythropoiesis, including distinct primitive and definitive pathways of development and potential for a previously unknown Nfe2-independent pathway of embryonic thrombopoiesis. Long-term homozygous mutant survival will facilitate in-depth study of Nfe2 deficiency in vivo, and further investigation could lead to alternative methodologies for the enhancement of platelet production.
Contributions of an internalizing symptoms polygenic risk score and contextual factors to alcohol-related disorders in african american young adults

Objective:Alcohol-related disorders (i.e., abuse and dependence) are significant problems that may result in numerous negative consequences. Although a number of studies have examined factors that ...
A Spray-Dried Combination of Capreomycin and CPZEN-45 for Inhaled Tuberculosis Therapy.

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) remains the single most serious infectious disease attributable to a single-causative organism. A variety of drugs have been evaluated for pulmonary delivery as dry powders: capreomycin sulfate has shown efficacy and was safely delivered by inhalation at high doses to human volunteers, whereas CPZEN-45 is a new drug that has also been shown to kill resistant TB. The studies here combine these drugs—acting by different mechanisms—as components of single particles by spray-drying, yielding a new combination drug therapy. The spray-dried combination powder was prepared in an aerodynamic particle size range suitable for pulmonary delivery. Physicochemical storage stability was demonstrated for a period of 6 months. The spray-dried combination powders of capreomycin and CPZEN-45 have only moderate affinity for mucin, indicating that delivered drug will not be bound by these mucins in the lung and available for microbicidal effects. The pharmacokinetics of disposition in guinea pigs demonstrated high local concentrations of drug following direct administration to the lungs and subsequent systemic bioavailability. Further studies are required to demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of the combination to confirm the therapeutic potential of this novel combination.
Optimal use of Information for Measuring $M_t$ in Lepton+jets $t\bar{t}$ Events

We present a novel approach that is being developed at DZero for extracting information from data through a direct comparison of all measured variables in an event with a matrix element that describes the entire production process. The method is exemplified in the extraction of the mass of the top quark in top-antitop events in the lepton+jets final state. Monte Carlo studies suggest that an improvement of about a factor of two in statistical uncertainty on the mass of the top quark can be achieved relative to previously published work for the same channel. Preliminary results from the re-analysis provide a reduction in the statistical uncertainty of almost a factor of 1.6, corresponding to an effective factor of 2.4 increase in the size of the data sample.
Global Radiology Training Prevalence Among Radiology Residency Programs.

Abstract Objective Global Radiology aims to enhance access to medical imaging services and education, worldwide. To date, few reports have evaluated Global Radiology Training (GRT) in radiology residency programs. Here, we examined how radiology residency programs perceive and incorporate GRT into their curriculum, and how this information is promoted online. Methods Two methods were used to examine the current state of GRT. First, radiology residency program directors (identified via the Association of Program Directors in Radiology) were surveyed on topics including: Electives, institutional partnerships, resident and faculty involvement, inquiry by prospective residents, and barriers to implementation. Second, radiology residency program websites (n = 193) were examined for existing GRT on the programs’ publicly available webpages. Results There were 62 survey responses (response rate of 19%). Thirty-eight percent (24/62) of residency programs offered a Global Radiology elective to their residents within the past academic year and 27% (17/62) of programs have active affiliations with medical institutions outside of the United States. Eighty-four percent of program directors (52/62) received questions from residency applicants regarding opportunities to participate in Global Radiology. Furthermore, only 13% (26/193) of all radiology residency programs listed at least one GRT elective on their webpage. Discussion GRT in radiology residency is more widely available than previously reported and has been underrepresented on residency program websites. In the present survey, the majority of radiology residency program directors reported that radiology is an important component of Global Health, one-third of whom have already incorporated the subject into their curriculum. However, most common barriers to GRT include, perceived lack of time in the curriculum and lack of faculty interest. The high prevalence of inquiry from residency program applicants about GRT suggests that it may be a notable factor for applicants during the ranking process. Programs build up GRT may choose to share related information seeking to may choose to emphasize work in Global Radiology on their program webpages.
A systematic review of stigma in sexual and gender minority health interventions

Stigma against sexual and gender minorities is a major driver of health disparities. Psychological and behavioral interventions that do not address the stigma experienced by sexual and gender minorities may be less efficacious. We conducted a systematic review of existing psychological and behavioral health interventions for sexual and gender minorities to investigate how interventions target sexual and gender minority stigma and consider how stigma could affect intervention efficacy. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Eligible studies were peer reviewed and published in English between January 2003 and July 2019 and reported empirical results of behavioral or psychological interventions implemented among sexual and gender minorities. All interventions addressed stigma. We identified 37 eligible interventions. Most interventions targeted sexual minority men. Interventions were frequently developed or adapted for implementation among sexual and gender minorities and addressed multiple levels and types of stigma. Interventions most frequently targeted proximal stressors, including internalized and anticipated stigma. HIV and mental health were the most commonly targeted health outcomes. A limited number of studies investigated the moderating or mediating effects of stigma on intervention efficacy. The application of an intersectional framework was frequently absent and rarely amounted to addressing sources of stigma beyond sexual and gender minority identities. A growing number of interventions address sexual and gender minority stigma in an effort to prevent deleterious health effects. Future research is needed to assess whether stigma modifies the effectiveness of existing psychological and behavioral interventions among sexual and gender minorities. Further, the application of intersectional frameworks is needed to more comprehensively intervene on multiple, intersecting sources of stigma faced by the diverse sexual and gender minority community.
Depression Screening Tools for Patients with Kidney Failure: A Systematic Review.

Background and objectives Patients with kidney failure experience depression at rates higher than the general population. Despite the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ ESRD Quality Incentive Program requirements for routine depression screening for patients with kidney failure, no clear guidance exists. Design, setting, participants, & measurements For this systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and other databases from inception to June 2020. Two investigators screened all abstracts and full text. We included studies assessing patients with kidney failure and compared a tool to a clinical interview or another validated tool (e.g., Beck Depression Inventory II). We abstracted data related to sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and the area under the curve. We evaluated the risk of bias using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2. Results A total of 16 studies evaluated the performance characteristics of depression assessment tools for patients with kidney failure. The Beck Depression Inventory II was by far the best studied. A wide range of thresholds were reported. Shorter tools in the public domain such as the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 and Geriatric Depression Scale 15 (adults over 60) performed well but were not well studied. Short tools such as the Beck Depression Inventory–Fast Screen may be a good option for an initial screen. Conclusions There is limited research evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of most screening tools for depression in patients with kidney failure, and existing studies may not be generalizable to US populations. Studies suffer from limitations related to methodology quality and/or reporting. Future research should target widely used, free tools such as the Patient Health Questionnaire 2 and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9. Clinical Trial registry name and registration number: Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020140227.
Secondary generation of breaking internal waves in confined basins by gravity currents

In confined stratified basins, wind forcing is an important mechanism responsible for the onset and generation of internal waves and seiches. Previous observations have also found that gravity currents in stratified environments can also initiate internal waves. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the generation of internal motions due to such dense gravity currents on an incline entering a two-layer stratification, focusing in particular on the interaction between the onset of internal motions and topography and diapycnal mixing due to breaking internal waves. The baroclinic response of the ambient stratification to the gravity current is found to be analogous to a system forced by a surface wind stress, and the response as characterized by a Wedderburn-like number was found to be linearly proportional to the initial gravity current Richardson number. The generated internal motions are characterized as having a low-frequency internal surge and higher-frequency progressive internal waves. The overall mixing efficiency of the breaking internal wave was calculated and found to be low compared with similar previous studies.
Molecular profiling of basal cell carcinomas in young patients.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) represents by far the most common non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in the world with an increasing incidence of 3% to 10% per year, especially in patients under the age of 40. While variants in the sonic Hedgehog and cell cycle regulation pathways account for the majority of BCC cases in adults, the molecular etiology of BCC in young patients is unelucidated yet. This study aims to investigate the molecular profile of BCC in the young population. 28 tumors belonging to 25 Lebanese patients under the age of 40, presenting different stages of BCC and diagnosed at Hotel Dieu de France—Saint Joseph University Medical Center were included in this study. A selected panel of 150 genes involved in cancer was analyzed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in the 28 included tumors. Genetic variants detected in more than 5% of the reads, with a sequencing depth ≥ 50x, were selected. Two hundred and two genetic variants in 48 different genes were detected, with an overall average sequencing depth of 1069x. Among the 28 studied tumors, 18 (64.3%) show variations in the PTCH1 gene, 6 (21.4%) in TP53 and 3 (10.7%) in SMO. This is the first study reporting NGS-based analysis of BCC in a cohort of young patients. Our results highlight the involvement of the hedgehog and cell cycle regulation pathways in the genesis of BCC in the general population. The inclusion of a larger cohort of young patients is needed to confirm our findings.
Big data proteogenomics and high performance computing: Challenges and opportunities

Proteogenomics is an emerging field of systems biology research at the intersection of proteomics and genomics. Two high-throughput technologies, Mass Spectrometry (MS) for proteomics and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) machines for genomics are required to conduct proteogenomics studies. Independently both MS and NGS technologies are inflicted with data deluge which creates problems of storage, transfer, analysis and visualization. Integrating these big data sets (NGS+MS) for proteogenomics studies compounds all of the associated computational problems. Existing sequential algorithms for these proteogenomics datasets analysis are inadequate for big data and high performance computing (HPC) solutions are almost non-existent. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the big data problem of proteogenomics and the associated challenges in analyzing, storing and transferring these data sets. Further, opportunities for high performance computing research community are identified and possible future directions are discussed.
14 Perceptual Representations of Choice Alternatives

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews evidence for the notion that the perceived structural composition of a stimulus—specifically a choice alternative—depends on the set of stimuli within which it is presented. Choices are assumed to depend on perceived properties of available and, sometimes, inferred alternatives. The reason that one of the objectives of theories of choice is to relate choice behavior across different subsets of a master set of alternatives, the application of such theories would, at least, be substantially more complicated if the perceived structure of the stimuli varies over subsets. The chapter summarizes the types of data for which theories of choice seek to account, and it also reviews similarity effects, because an important consideration in the development of theories of choice has been the influence of similarity between alternatives on choice behavior. This leads to a discussion of the nature of stimulus attributes and the types of perceived similarity relations to which they give rise. There is also a description of the variability of stimulus properties over contexts. Such variability may preclude simple relationships between choices over contexts defined by different stimulus sets.
Chloroform Cometabolism by Butane-Grown CF8, Pseudomonas butanovora, and Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 and Methane-Grown Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Chloroform (CF) degradation by a butane-grown enrichment culture, CF8, was compared to that by butane-grown Pseudomonas butanovora and Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 and to that by a known CF degrader, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. All three butane-grown bacteria were able to degrade CF at rates comparable to that of M. trichosporium. CF degradation by all four bacteria required O(inf2). Butane inhibited CF degradation by the butane-grown bacteria, suggesting that butane monooxygenase is responsible for CF degradation. P. butanovora required exogenous reductant to degrade CF, while CF8 and M. vaccae utilized endogenous reductants. Prolonged incubation with CF resulted in decreased CF degradation. CF8 and P. butanovora were more sensitive to CF than either M. trichosporium or M. vaccae. CF degradation by all three butane-grown bacteria was inactivated by acetylene, which is a mechanism-based inhibitor for several monooxygenases. Butane protected all three butane-grown bacteria from inactivation by acetylene, which indicates that the same monooxygenase is responsible for both CF and butane oxidation. CF8 and P. butanovora were able to degrade other chlorinated hydrocarbons, including trichloroethylene, 1,2-cis-dichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride. In addition, CF8 degraded 1,1,2-trichloroethane. The results indicate the potential of butane-grown bacteria for chlorinated hydrocarbon transformation.
Prescriptive Water Rights in California: Is Application a Prerequisite

PRESCRIPTION is one of the oldest methods of acquiring an interest in real property whether land or water. In California, however, since the passage of the Water Commission Act, there is some doubt as to the continuing validity of the old prescriptive rule as to the acquisition of water rights. The Water Commission Act requires that its provisions be followed to acquire a new water right. This means filing an application and completing the lengthy process required to obtain a license from the Division of Water Resources.
Simulation of deep space network traffic under various loading conditions

This is a follow?up report on the end?to?end data link performance of the NASA deep space network. The focus of this report is the effect of traffic loading on data delivery. Architecture of the existing network is modeled via COMNET. The contribution of the data latency to the overall acquisition time is simulated as a function of network traffic conditions. The results show steady?state latencies in the range of tenths of milli?seconds under a mild loading condition. During heavy traffic, a delay rate of over a hundred seconds of increased delay per hour of network operation time is observed. This is primarily due to the queueing delays associated with large volume of data stored in the buffers throughout the link.
Differential twinax cable modeling by measured 4-port S-parameters

A method for making SPICE circuit model of differential twinax cable from measured 4-port S-parameters is proposed. Ideal transmission lines are used in the middle of the model to represent the major part of the cable delay. Commercial SPICE model generator based on S-parameters can be used for the rest parts of the model. The circuit models have good correlation with the original measured frequency-domain responses and can be used in any SPICE-like transient circuit simulation tools.
HEMATIN-REQUIRING PLASMODIAL MYXOMYCETE

Daniel, John W. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Jacqueline Kelley, and Harold P. Rusch. Hematin-requiring plasmodial myxomycete. J. Bacteriol. 84:1104-1110. 1962.-The myxomycete Physarum polycephalum, previously shown to require chick embryo extract for growth on a partially defined, soluble medium, grows as well if hematin or certain hemoproteins are substituted for the embryo extract. Hematin is also required as a growth factor if the organism is grown on a synthetic medium. Of the variety of porphyrins tested only iron protoporphyrin IX is utilized for growth by P. polycephalum. Protoporphyrin IX is inactive. Protein-bound iron porphyrin is active at one-tenth the concentration of free hematin. Although hematin completely replaces embryo extract, the extract activity has properties not characteristic of hematin or the hemoproteins tested: ladility to light and rapid plasmodial uptake.
Oxidative phosphorylation in fractionated bacterial systems: XLII. The effect of coupling factors on urea-treated particles from M. phlei

Abstract The electron transport particles from Mycobacterium phlei are capable of coupling phosphorylation to the oxidation of succinate or generated NADH. Treatment of the particles with urea resulted in the loss of the phosphorylative activity without any effect on the oxidation of either substrate. Addition of a factor (BCF 1 ) released by urea treatment of particles to the urea-treated particles restored phosphorylation to the original level with succinate as the electron donor. This factor, however, was not effective when exogenous NADH (1) or ascorbate-TPD were used as substrates. The addition of a combination of the factor released by urea treatment and the soluble coupling factor (BCF 3 ) resulted in an increase in the level of phosphorylation. In contrast, with ascorbate and TPD as the electron donors only BCF 3 was capable of restoring phosphorylation. The restored phosphorylation was found to be sensitive to uncoupling agents to the same degree as that observed with these agents in the unresolved system. Antibodies prepared to the BCF 3 fraction were found to inhibit the phosphorylation elicited by this factor and had no effect on the phosphorylation restored by the other coupling factors (BCF 1 and 2 ). Evidence has been obtained which indicates that the factor released by urea treatment of the particles may participate in the reaction(s) common to both the succinate and NAD + -linked pathways and that it is different from the soluble coupling factors.
When Is the Time of Slavery - The History of Slavery in Contemporary Legal and Political Argument

Copyright ? 2008 California Law Review, Inc. California Law Review, Inc. (CLR) is a California nonprofit corporation. CLR and the authors are solely responsible for the content of their publications. f John B. and Alice R. Sharp Professor of Law & History, USC Law School, agross@law.usc.edu. I would like to thank Martha Biondi, Pam Brandwein, Adrienne Davis, Ariela Dubler, Liz Emens, Robert Ferguson, Catherine Fisk, Eric Foner, Judith Jackson Fossett, Barry Friedman, Bob Gordon, Mark Graber, Cheryl Harris, Leslie Harris, Darren Hawkins, Dan Hulsebosch, Olati Johnson, Bernadette Meyler, Naomi Mezey, Julie Stone Peters, Rick Pildes, Richard Primus, Robert Pushaw, Annelise Riles, Dar?a Roithmayr, Mark Scarberry, Reuel Schiller, Norm Spaulding, Kenneth Starr, Nomi Stolzenberg, Riaz Tejani, Patricia Williams, and audiences at the USC Center for Law, History & Culture's Conference on New World Slavery: History, Memory, Redress; the Gloucester, UK Conference on Race and the Law, and the American Society for Legal History Annual Meeting; law faculty workshops and legal history colloquia at Brigham Young University, Pepperdine, Columbia, and Cornell; as well as students in the Duke Law School Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Discrimination Seminar, for comments, criticism, and inspiration, and Shiri Klima for invaluable research assistance. 1. 375 F.Supp. 2d 721, 780 (N. Dist. 111. 2005). 2. Randall Robinson, The Debt: What America Owes To Blacks 225 (2000).
Ingreso y cálculos electorales en 2006

Este articulo explica por que, a pesar de los esfuerzos provenientes del partido de izquierda para convertir la contienda de 2006 en un referendo sobre desigualdad y pobreza extendida, el nivel de ingreso economico no influyo en la decision electoral en 2006. Un analisis basado en modelos logisticos con datos postelectorales muestra que la “falsa conciencia” o la incapacidad de los votantes para entender los temas sobresalientes de la campana no es distinta entre los votantes pobres y los ricos.
MUCH ADO ABOUT COSET MULTIPLICATION

ABSTRACT We present here our introduction to factor groups in an abstract algebra course. This approach differs from that of most textbooks in that it emphasizes the fact that the factor group operation is actually (the already defined) set “multiplication” of cosets. We have found this to be a successful alternative to the standard approach in that our students have demonstrated greater facility with proofs and computations involving factor groups.
Interdenominational Theological Center: Curriculum Responses to Gerontology

Summary The author participated in the year-long program on Gerontology in Theological Education held at Georgia State Gerontology Center. There is a description of l.T.C. and its mission statement. The introduction of a course in Gerontology is described. Although in the area of pastoral care, it is to be team taught and to contain experimental elements.
War and early state formation in Oaxaca, Mexico

The origin of the state is one of the leading research problems in anthropology (1–4). Archaeologists have been especially concerned with the state; the earliest cases of state formation occurred long before detailed written records were kept and must be studied archaeologically. Although various theories of state origins have been proposed, researchers have increasingly turned their attention to the role played by warfare in state development (1, 5–12). In this issue of PNAS, Flannery and Marcus (13) discuss the archaeological evidence of changing warfare practices in Oaxaca, Mexico, from a pattern of raiding among early sedentary villages after 1500 before Christ (B.C.), through the emergence of the region's first conquest state ≈300–100 B.C. This commentary will highlight the close correspondence in time between the earliest evidence of territorial conquest and the earliest evidence of state organization in Oaxaca, a co-occurrence that lends empirical support to a theoretical model positing a causal link between conquest warfare and the rise of the state (11). Of special importance for theories of state origins is primary state formation, i.e., when a first-generation state evolves in a context of nonstate societies, without contact with other preexisting states (11, 14). There have been few examples of true primary state formation worldwide (2). Within Mesoamerica, the earliest case of state formation, according to current evidence, was the Zapotec state of Oaxaca (9, 15, 16). In an influential paper, Wright (3) characterized the state as a society with a centralized and also internally specialized administrative organization. He drew a contrast between the state and the chiefdom, the latter considered to be a society with a centralized but not internally specialized administration. Not all chiefdoms evolve into states, but it has been argued that all first-generation states evolved from …
32nd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks-Title

The following topics are dealt with: local computer networks; wireless networks; high speed networks; multicast and security; overlay networks; WLAN/IEEE 802.1; wireless ad hoc and mesh networks and Split TCP; peer-to-peer networks; quality of service; high speed, LAN and home area networks; sensor networks; telecommunication security; mobility management and heterogeneous access; resource allocation and scheduling; and medium access control LAN.
Hepatic Radioembolization Complicated by Abscess

Hepatic abscess is a rare complication of yttrium-90 radioembolization of hepatic tumors that most commonly occurs in patients with a history of biliary intervention. Patients usually present several weeks after therapy with pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Cross-sectional imaging is necessary in cases of suspected abscess to ensure prompt diagnosis and to help plan treatment, which involves antibiotics and percutaneous drainage.
Words in the brain: lexical determinants of word-induced brain activity

Abstract Many studies have shown that open- and closed-class words elicit different patterns of brain activity, as manifested in the scalp-recorded event-related potential (ERP). One hypothesis is that these ERP differences reflect the different linguistic functions of the two vocabularies. We tested this hypothesis against the possibility that the word-class effects are attributable to quantitative differences in word length. We recorded ERPs from 13 scalp sites while participants read a short essay. Some participants made sentence-acceptability judgments at the end of each sentence, whereas others read for comprehension without an additional task. ERPs were averaged as a function of word class (open versus closed), grammatical category (articles, nouns, verbs, etc.), and word length. Although the two word classes did elicit distinct ERPs, all of these differences were highly correlated with word length. We conclude that ERP differences between open- and closed-class words are primarily due to quantitative differences in word length rather than to qualitative differences in linguistic function.
Lyonisation of human aberrant, X-chromosome with deletion of short arm [del (X) (p11)]

SummarySummaryA female with secondary amenorrhoea was found to have a complete deletion of the short arm of chromosome X (Xp-) with almost no features of Turner's syndrome. The replication profile on Xq was further evaluated and was found to be compatible with normal Xq using eight normal females as controls. Only G-negative bands were early replicating. The highest incidence of early replicating bands was noted for band q13. It is suggested that q13, q24 and q28 could be critical bands in sexual development, due to the presence of some similarity of replicating pattern.
Stable isotopes in mineralogy

Stable isotope fractionations between minerals are functions of the fundamental vibrational frequencies of the minerals and therefore bear on several topics of mineralogical interest. Isotopic compositions of the elements H, C, O, Si, and S can now be determined routinely in almost any mineral. A summary has been made of both published and new results of laboratory investigations, analyses of natural materials, and theoretical considerations which bear on the importance of temperature, pressure, chemical composition and crystal structure to the isotopic properties of minerals. It is shown that stable isotope studies can sometimes provide evidence for elucidating details of crystal structure and can be a powerful tool for use in tracing the reaction paths of mineralogical reactions.
Resolution and measurement of heteronuclear dipolar couplings of a noncrystalline protein immobilized in a biological supramolecular assembly by proton-detected MAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Two-dimensional 15 N chemical shift/ 1 H chemical shift and three-dimensional 1 H– 15 N dipolar coupling/ 15 N chemical shift/ 1 H chemical shift MAS solid-state NMR correlation spectra of the filamentous bacteriophage Pf1 major coat protein show single-site resolution in noncrystalline, intact-phage preparations. The high sensitivity and resolution result from 1 H detection at 600 MHz under 50 kHz magic angle spinning using ∼0.5 mg of perdeuterated and uniformly 15 N-labeled protein in which the exchangeable amide sites are partially or completely back-exchanged (reprotonated). Notably, the heteronuclear 1 H– 15 N dipolar coupling frequency dimension is shown to select among 15 N resonances, which will be useful in structural studies of larger proteins where the resonances exhibit a high degree of overlap in multidimensional chemical shift correlation spectra.
Lattice simulations of cotranslational folding of single domain proteins.

We use lattice protein models and Monte Carlo simulations to study cotranslational folding of small single domain proteins. We show that the assembly of native structure begins during late extrusion stages, but final formation of native state occurs during de novo folding, when all residues are extruded. There are three main results in our study. First, for the sequences displaying two-state refolding mechanism de novo cotranslational folding pathway differs from that sampled in in vitro refolding. The change in folding pathways is due to partial assembly of native interactions during extrusion that results in different starting conditions for in vitro refolding and for de novo cotranslational folding. For small single domain proteins cotranslational folding is slower than in vitro refolding, but is generally fast enough to be completed before the release from a ribosome. Second, we found that until final stages of biosynthesis cotranslational folding is essentially equilibrium. This observation is explained by low stability of structured states for partially extruded chains. Finally, our data suggest that the proteins, which refold in vitro slowly via intermediates, complete their de novo folding after the release from a ribosome. Comparison of our lattice cotranslational simulations with recent experimental and computational studies is discussed. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetic ordering in EuRh 2 As 2 studied by x-ray resonant magnetic scattering

Element-specific x-ray resonant magnetic scattering investigations were performed to determine the magnetic structure of Eu in ${\text{EuRh}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$. In the temperature range from 46 K down to the lowest achievable temperature of 6 K, an incommensurate antiferromagnetic (ICM) structure with a temperature-dependent propagation vector $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\approx}(0\text{ }0\text{ }0.9)$ coexists with a commensurate antiferromagnetic (CM) structure. Angular-dependent measurements of the magnetic intensity indicate that the magnetic moments lie in the tetragonal basal plane and are ferromagnetically aligned within the $\mathbf{a}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathbf{b}$ plane for both magnetic structures. The ICM structure is most likely a spiral-like magnetic structure with a turn angle of $\ensuremath{\sim}162\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ $(0.9\ensuremath{\pi})$ between adjacent Eu planes in the $\mathbf{c}$ direction. In the CM structure, this angle is $180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. These results are consistent with band-structure calculations which indicate a strong sensitivity of the magnetic configuration on the Eu valence.
Selective metabolism of kynurenine in the spleen in the absence of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase induction.

Abstract The kynurenine pathway of l -tryptophan degradation is differentially regulated dependent on the level of immune system activation. During inflammation and disease, activity of the hepatocellular enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) decreases and a second enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), is induced in extrahepatic sites. Substantial formation of a metabolise downstream of this step, quinolinic acid (Quin), subsequently occurs only in select regions of the lymphoid tissues, such as spleen, in a temporally restricted manner. The goal of this study was to determine the localization of Quin in unstimulated mice under conditions where rate-limiting control of the pathway by both TDO and IDO was by-passed. Supplementation of drinking water with l -kynurenine, a pathway intermediate that lies between tryptophan and Quin, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in Quin immunoreactivity in the follicles and discontinuous regions of the marginal zones of the spleen. Strongly immunoreactive cells in the periarteriole lymphoid sheaths adopted a highly reactive morphology despite the lack of immunostimulation and IDO induction. In contrast, a patchy to diffuse pallor of staining was observed in the liver parenchyma with 1 and 10 mM l -kynurenine ingestion, respectively. These data show that selective tryptophan metabolism can occur in discrete subcompartments of the lymphoid tissues beyond the level of IDO. In vivo manipulation of Quin synthesis in the absence of IDO induction may serve as a model for studying regulation and function of the kynurenine pathway activation in the immune system.
Amnesie effects of cooling and heating in mice

Albino CF1 female mice were heated with a diathermy unit immediately following training on a single-trial passive-avoidance task. Retention, tested 24 h later, was significantly impaired only in those animals that had heat-induced convulsions. Even elevations of temperature more than 5 deg C above normal, whenever they did not produce convulsions, failed to produce amnesia. These results indicate that even the strong stimulation provided by hyperthermia is not sufficient in itself to produce amnesia.
Polymeric proteins and their association with grain yield in hard red spring wheat lines

Development of high yielding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties with acceptable end-use quality is a major focus in breeding programs worldwide. Variations in molecular weight (Mw) distribution of endosperm proteins are known to influence end-use quality traits. This paper reports the relationship of the size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) profile of endosperm proteins with grain yield. Flour samples were previously analyzed for Mw distribution of sodium-dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extractable and unextractable proteins using the SE-HPLC protocol. Correlations were calculated between grain yield and HPLC absorbance data obtained at 0.01-min retention time intervals. Although both SDS-extractable and unextractable proteins had positive correlations with grain protein content, only SDS-unextractable very high Mw polymeric proteins (UVHP) had no negative association with grain yield, while SDS-extractable fractions rich in low Mw polymeric proteins had a negative correlation (r = −0.41) with grain yield. These results suggest that in an effort to increase grain yield, breeding programs should target grain yield and also increase levels of UVHP and decrease SDS-extractable polymeric proteins, thereby, maintaining acceptable bread-making quality.
Raman spectroscopy of calcified tissue.

Laser Raman spectra of ox tibia and of reconstituted rat tail tendon have been obtained and have been compared with the infrared spectra of calcified tissue and collagen. The most intense Raman bands in the calcified tissue originate from the symmetric phosphate modes; however, several of the backbone and side chain modes of collagen are also apparent. There is some evidence that both proline and phenylalamine in the collagen contribute to the spectrum. The Raman spectrum of reconstituted, collagen was difficult to separate from the fluorescence background. Only six distinct bands could be obtained, divided between peptide and sidechain modes. Differences between reconstituted and calcified collagen spectra may originate from partial denaturation of the former in the laser beam. Other differences seem to be genuine chemical manifestations.
Implementation of a new stability test for two-dimensional filters

A recently introduced new stability test for single-dimensional digital filters is extended to apply to two-dimensional filters, and the procedure for the implementation of this test is discussed. Nontrivial examples for both discrete and continuous two-dimensional filters are used to illustrate the procedure.
Microcirculatory Oxygen Transport and Utilization

The cardiovascular system (macrocirculation) circulates blood throughout the body, but the microcirculation is responsible for modifying tissue perfusion and adapting it to metabolic demand. Hemodynamic assessment and monitoring of the critically ill patient is typically focused on global measures of oxygen transport and utilization, which do not evaluate the status of the microcirculation. Despite achievement and maintenance of global hemodynamic and oxygenation goals, patients may develop microcirculatory dysfunction with associated organ failure. A thorough understanding of the microcirculatory system under physiologic conditions will assist the clinician in early recognition of microcirculatory dysfunction in impending and actual disease states.
Transmembrane signals mediating adrenocorticotropin release from mouse anterior pituitary cells.

Abstract The effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion, phosphatidylinositol breakdown and cAMP accumulation was examined in primary cultures of mouse anterior pituitary cells. AVP and CRF added alone stimulated ACTH secretion in a dose-dependent manner. At 10−8 M concentration of peptide, AVP and CRF stimulated ACTH secretion 2.8- and 4.6-fold, respectively. AVP and CRF added in combination at equal doses gave an additive effect. CRF enhanced cAMP accumulation, but AVP had no effect on basal or CRF-induced cAMP accumulation. Both forskolin (10−5 M) and 8-bromo-cAMP (10−3 M) increased ACTH secretion in these cells by 2.8- and 1.7-fold, respectively. AVP induced the breakdown of phosphoinositides, and CRF alone, or in combination with AVP did not modify this effect. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10−7 M) dioctanoylglycerol (10-4 M) and phospholipase C (100 mU/ml) also stimulated ACTH secretion in these cells by 4.2-, 2.4-, and 3.7-fold, respectively. Depletion of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ decreased ACTH secretion, but had no significant effect on CRF-induced cAMP accumulation. However, AVP-induced phosphoinositide breakdown was dependent on extracellular Ca2+. These results indicate that CRF stimulates ACTH secretion via the cAMP-dependent pathway and AVP via the phosphoinositide breakdown-phospholipase C pathway. In the presence of AVP and CRF, both pathways appear to operate independently to produce an additive effect on ACTH secretion.