cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological characterization of solubilized 5-HT1 serotonin binding sites from bovine brain.

Abstract This report describes the pharmacologic characterization of [ 3 H]serotonin binding activity solubilized from bovine frontal cortical membranes. The ability of a number of serotonin (5-HT) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analogs to compete with [ 3 H]serotonin and d -[ 3 H]LSD for binding to membrane and solubilized 5-HT 1 sites has been investigated. The results indicate that the solubilized binding site is probably of the 5-HT 1B type. Fifteen of the 21 compounds tested exhibit nearly identical affinity for membrane or solubilized 5-HT 1 binding sites. However, some important differences were observed, and these may help elucidate the molecular structure of the binding site. In particular, some N-substituted tryptamine analogs show a markedly lower affinity for solubilized 5-HT 1 sites compared to their binding to intact membranes. Further, the solubilized site does not distinguish stereoisomers of LSD: both d - and l -LSD bind to solubilized 5-HT 1 sites with comparable high affinities, whereas d -LSD has a markedly higher affinity for the membrane 5-HT 1 site. Methiothepin, which binds to the 5-HT 1 site primarily through its amine groups, has virtually no affinity for the solubilized receptor, whereas it is quite potent at competing for [ 3 H]serotonin binding to membrane sites. These observations lead to the conclusions that in bovine cortical membranes, the 5-HT 1 site contains both indole and amine attachment sites. After solubilization, the indole attachment site retains its binding properties, but the amine attachment site has been significantly altered. The differential stability of the indole and amine attachment sites to solubilization suggests that the membrane 5-HT 1 binding site is either a single protein with discrete amine and indole attachment sites, or a complex of subunits making up these sites. The solubilized preparation does not seem to contain appreciable amounts of 5-HT 2 binding activity, as it has only low affinity for all 5-HT 2 ligands tested.
Molt Stage Determination in the Hawaiian Spiny Lobster Panulirus Marginatus

ABSTRACT A rapid technique for determining the different stages in the molt cycle of the Hawaiian spiny lobster Panulirus marginatus is described. Setal development and epidermal retraction in the pleopods are used to define the stages and substages of post-, inter-, and premolt conditions. These molt conditions are designated as stages AB, C, and D, respectively, after Drach (1939). The premolt condition is divided further into stage D,,, substages D,', D,", and D,"', stage D2, and stage D3–4. The molt stages in P. marginatus thus are generally similar to those in most other species of crustaceans studied.
Effect of zero-valent iron and a redox mediator on removal of selenium in agricultural drainage water

Abstract Effective and economical removal of selenium (Se) in agricultural drainage water is very important in Se bioremediation. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) and a redox mediator [anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS)] were assessed for their ability to enhance the removal of Se(VI) or Se(IV) (500 µg/L) in synthetic drainage water by Enterobacter taylorae . The results showed that E. taylorae was capable of using inexpensive sucrose to remove Se from the drainage water. During a 7-day experiment, Se(VI) was almost entirely reduced to Se(0) and transformed to organic Se in the drainage water with sucrose levels of 500 to 1000 mg/L. Addition of ZVI to the drainage water increased the removal of total soluble Se to 94.5–96.5% and limited the production of organic Se. Addition of AQDS to the drainage water with or without ZVI decreased Se(VI) removal, but enhanced the removal of Se(IV), suggesting that E. taylorae only can use anthrahydroquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AHQDS, a reduced form of AQDS) to respire Se(IV), and not Se(VI). These results show that ZVI has promising application potential in the bioremediation of Se in Se-contaminated water.
Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands

Gavan Daws' remarkable achievement is to free Hawaiian history from the dust of antiquity. Based on years of work in the documentary sources, Shoal of Time emerges as the most readable of all Hawaiian histories.
Surface modification of low density polyethylene in a fluorine gas plasma

Abstract Low density polyethylene was fluorinated in a glow discharge generated from a dilute mixture of fluorine in helium. The effects of pressure, flow rate, power and time of treatment have been examined. The fluorinated polymers were characterized using e.s.c.a. to identify the species present in the surface layer and to estimate the depth of fluorination. For typical plasma treatment of polyethylene films the fluorination depth was about 40 A; a competition of ablation and ion-assisted etching processes with chemical reaction was observed. The depth of fluorination was increased to values above 60 A by carrying out the reaction within a metal screen. The presence of the screen also reduced the reaction rate by about a factor of two. Other features of the treated polyethylene were determined by contact angle measurements, surface infra-red spectroscopy, solvent sorption and differential scanning calorimetry. Some early results of treatment of polyethylene powders in a fluidized bed reactor are also presented.
AUTOINHIBITION OF SPORE GERMINATION IN NOSTOC SPONGIAEFORME (CYANOPHYCEAE)1

Medium in which cultures of Nostoc spongiaeforme Ag. have sporulated contains one or more substances which inhbit the germination of spores (akinetes) of this organism. Germination of spores occurs rapidly in the absence of these substances, but is virtually completely suppressed in their presence.
Training and Standards for Performance, Interpretation, and Structured Reporting for Supplemental Breast Cancer Screening

OBJECTIVE. To compensate for the reduction of mammography's sensitivity in women with dense breasts, supplemental screening can increase the cancer detection rate. The modalities suggested are MRI, which is the most sensitive and is indicated for women with the highest risk of breast cancer, and ultrasound, which is suggested for dense-breasted average-risk women. CONCLUSION. For decades, ultrasound has been a focused examination. Extending a handheld ultrasound examination to depict the entire breast requires formal didactic training and hands-on scanning to learn suitable, efficient methods. Automated options also require intensive training in performance and interpretation.
The Interface of Family, School, and Community Factors for the Positive Development of Children and Youth

In this issue, we examine the application of the ecological elements of family, school, and community on the developmental outcomes of children and youth. Five empirical articles then provide insight into the interaction of individual development, intelligence, and risk with contextual factors such as involvement, expectations, relationships, peers, and community. We conclude that individual child and youth outcomes are powerfully influenced by family involvement at a young age, but as age increases, this involvement becomes less salient. In youth considered “high risk,” family and community protective factors were not able to significantly improve child outcomes. We specifically recommend that practitioners target interventions for high risk audiences that are guided by assessments of the child's developmental and risk profiles.
Optimal Selection of Machinable Volumes

Abstract A brief review of the process planning literature is provided. One of the basic issues in process planning is the feature recognition. In the paper rather than representing a part with features, the representation using machinable volumes is emphasized. A model for the selection of machinable volumes with minimum corresponding machining costs, fixture and tool utilization costs is formulated. The model is illustrated with a numerical example. Computational results for five existing parts are presented.
Empirical data about women's attitudes toward a biobank focused on pregnancy outcomes†

The Chicago Lying-in Pregnancy Program (CLIPP) is a biobank designed to collect biological samples from pregnant women to study issues related to pregnancy. Despite the large number of biobanking initiatives in obstetric populations around the world, there is no published research that examines what pregnant women understand about enrollment into such programs and what their attitudes and beliefs are toward the research and its potential outcomes. Postpartum women 18 years or older who delivered at the University of Chicago Hospitals and had live infants on the General Care Nursery service were approached about participating in a survey about the CLIPP biobank and about a hypothetical pediatric biobank. Ninety-three women who had been recruited to participate in CLIPP agreed to participate in this research. Sixty-three women (68%) had previously agreed to participate in CLIPP; and 30 (32%) had refused. Both participants and non-participants understood that CLIPP had the main goal of advancing science, although almost one-half of the respondents thought that participation in CLIPP would benefit the individual participants. Eighty-five (92%) correctly believed that the research team would keep the medical information private. There was widespread optimism that the research would yield significant results. Importantly, there was no difference in these beliefs between those who enrolled and those who did not enroll in CLIPP. While education and socioeconomic status correlated with greater understanding about the methods and goals of the program, greater understanding did not correlate with willingness to participate. Our survey found widespread willingness to enroll in a pregnancy-focused biobank and optimism that the results will yield significant benefits. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Myocardial Preconditioning: A Model or a Phenomenon?

A brief ischemic episode (ischemic preconditioning) limits myocardial necrosis produced by a prolonged period of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. In absence of infarction, lack of cumulative ATP depletion, and ventricular arrhythmias and dysfunction "stunning" in models of intermittent ischemia and reperfusion also could be a component of an adaptive response to brief ischemia (preconditioning). Nonischemic stimuli also precondition the myocardium against ventricular arrhythmias and infarction by activating endogenous mechanism(s) of protection similar to that induced by ischemic preconditioning. Preservation of myocardial ATP, abolishing purine release, attenuation of free radical production, activation of adenosine receptors and KATP channels, and induction of heat shock proteins are common responses to ischemic and nonischemic stimuli of preconditioning. Although a significant reduction in myocardial infarction is critical to myocardial salvage and patient survival, it is equally important to have a functioning heart that can sustain systemic pressure without inotropic support or assist devices. It is scientifically challenging and clinically important to elucidate the mechanisms of myocardial preconditioning. However, it is necessary to expand the definition of myocardial preconditioning to include nonischemic stimuli of preconditioning and other important monitors of myocardial protection such as ventricular function and electrophysiological stability in addition to that of infarction.
Effect of oral administration of aracaidonic acid on prostaglandin and zinc metabolism in plasma and small intestine of the rat

Abstract The effect of different doses of arachidonic acid (AA) on the intestinal zinc transport rate and on the plasma and intestinal PGE2, PGF2α and 6-keto-PGF1α levels in rats were measured to determine whether the metabolism of AA is involved in the zinc transport mechanism. Twenty-four rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats. Each rat received either 1.0 ml of distilled water, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg or 1.5 mg/ml of AA intraduodenally at 24 and 4 hours before sacrifice. One hour before sacrifice, each rat also received 10 μg of 65Zn intraduodenally. The zinc transport rate decreased in comparison to controls when 0.5 mg of AA was given to the rats, but increased when 1.0 mg or 1.5 mg of AA was given. The levels of PGE2, PGF2α and 6-keto-PGF1α (PGI2 metabolite) in the intestinal mucosa all decreased in proportion to the amount of AA given. However, in the plasma, only PGF2α levels decreased while PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1α levels showed no change compared to controls. When rats were given 1.5 mg of AA without oral administration of 65Zn, plasma PGE2 levels increased while PGF2α levels decreased. The results suggest that AA metabolism influences the zinc transport mechanism by modulating the relative levels of PGE2, PGF2α and PGI20 in plasma and small intestine.
Chemical degradation of steroid side chains. Efficient conversion of cholestanol to corticosteroid intermediates.

Abstract 17-Chlorosteroids, produced by template-directed halogenation of 9-fluoro 11-oxygenated cholestanols that are themselves produced by template methods, are converted to their 17-keto analogs in high yields (85–91 %) after HCl elimination with DBU, followed by ozonolysis.
The preparation of some dialkylmalononitriles.

A general procedure for the synthesis of di‐alkylmalononitriles is described and its application to the preparation of four substituted malononitriles is outlined for each compound.
Relativistic condensate as a source for inflation.

We consider a universe dominated by a relativistic Bose-Einstein condensate with a conserved charge quantum number. We show that the solution of the Einstein equations with the energy-momentum tensor of the condensate consists of an inflationary (de Sitter) expansion of the Universe. The cosmological constant is zero at all times in this model. We also discuss the question of transition from the inflationary to the radiation-dominated stage of the expansion
Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) improves hepatic DNA synthesis after hepatectomy in cirrhotic rats

Impaired liver regeneration in cirrhosis complicates the surgical treatment of liver tumors which arise in this setting. We developed a rat model to investigate the regenerative response of cirrhotic liver after hepatectomy and studied the effect of exogenous transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), a potent liver mitogen. Micronodular cirrhosis was established by the simultaneous administration of CCl4 and phenobarbital. Hepatic DNA synthesis ([3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA) 24 hr after partial hepatectomy in cirrhotic rats was 15.6 ± 3.4 cpm/μg DNA (means ± SEM), which was significantly lower than in normal rats (37.3 ± 3.4 cpm/μg DNA, P < 0.05). Exogenous TGF-α (30 nmole/kg, sc every 12 hr) significantly improved [3H]thymidine incorporation (35.6 ± 8.2 cpm/μg DNA, P < 0.05). An autoradiographic nuclear labeling index also confirmed increased DNA synthesis (6.7% vs 13.4%). TGF-α had no effect on normal regenerating liver (42.5 ± 8.8 cpm/μg DNA, NS). Although the significance of TGF-α-enhanced liver regeneration in cirrhosis has yet to be assessed, this model may be useful for the study of mechanisms which control hepatic proliferation.
Luminescence energy transfer with lanthanide chelates: interpretation of sensitized acceptor decay amplitudes.

Lanthanide chelates used as donors offer several advantages over classical fluorescence probes in resonance energy transfer distance measurements. One of these advantages is that energy transfer can be conveniently measured using sensitized acceptor decay measurements. In these measurements a long microsecond lifetime of the lanthanide donor and a short nanosecond lifetime of the acceptor allow elimination of a signal from the unquenched donor. Therefore, the decay of sensitized acceptor emission reflects decay properties of the donor engaged in energy transfer. The purpose of this work is to point out the importance of the fact that the amplitude of the sensitized acceptor signal is dependent on the resonance energy transfer rate constant. Thus, in the case where there are two or more populations of donors with different energy transfer rate constants, the relative amplitudes of corresponding decay components observed in sensitized acceptor emission do not represent the relative populations of the donors. We use simulations to show that these effects can be very significant. A minor population of donors with a high rate of energy transfer can produce sensitized acceptor decay which is dominated by a decay component corresponding to this minor donor population. Using a simple experimental system of rapid diffusion limit energy transfer between a europium chelate and Cy5 acceptor we show that the predicted dependency of sensitized acceptor decay amplitude on the energy transfer rate is indeed observed. We suggest that the relative importance of decay components observed in sensitized acceptor emission should be evaluated after an appropriate correction of their values such that they properly reflect possible different populations of donors. We describe a method to perform such correction.
Improvements of a molten carbonate fuel cell power plant via exergy analysis

A proposed molten carbonate fuel cell power plant design, intended for commercial production by the end of the 1990s and developed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy, the Gas Research Institute, and Energy Research Corporation, has been analyzed with exergy and pinch analysis. The commercial production units, targeted for dispersed power generation markets, are based on an existing demonstration molten carbonate fuel cell power plant design which was demonstrated from 1996-1997. Exergy analysis of the commercial plant design shows the overall, second-law system efficiency to be 53 percent. The principal inefficiency. 17 percent of the total, lies in the catalytic combustor. Another major inefficiency is the stack loss, 14 percent. Heat transfer accounts combustor. Another major inefficiency is the stack loss, 14 percent. Heat transfer accounts for approximately 6 percent of the loss. System reconfigurations, incorporating a steam cycle with reheat (System I) and a gas turbine cycle (System II), both with revised heat exchanger networks, for significant improvement are proposed and evaluated. The second-law system efficiency is raised to 66 percent in System I and to 70 percent for System II.
Fostering the Profession of Law: The Lifetime Achievements of Harry Bitner

This article describes the life of Harry Bitner, one of the giants of academic law librarianship. His career serves as a model for professionalism and service to the academy. This article was the winner of the annual Earl Borgeson Award at the University of Washington's Information School, a writing competition for students in the law librarianship program.
Use of a previously completed prosthesis in the construction of a new orbital prosthesis

Abstract The technique described permits the use of a previously completed orbitofacial prosthesis for the construction of a new prosthesis without taking the prosthesis from the patient for more than a 2-hour period. This technique describes the remaking of an orbital prosthesis where preservation of the position of the ocular portion is of paramount importance. A similar procedure may also be applied to the remaking of other maxillofacial prostheses.
Consciousness, behavior, and clinical impact of the definition of pain

When we exposed the inapplicability of the current definition of pain to neonatal experiences [8], objections to our viewpoint hinged on the absence of consciousness in such nonlinguistic beings [37]. The evidence reviewed in this focus article demonstrates the occurrence and manifestations of consciousness during evolution and human development. Consciousness is described in the full-term newborn, the premature neonate, and the developing human fetus. The clinical implications of ignoring its existence excludes these patients from the benefit of pain relief, promotes more lenient criteria for their participation as research subjects, and produces marked changes in professional attitudes and analgesic practices. We conclude that the definition of pain imposes more stringent standards for acknowledging the presence of pain in nonlinguistic beings and should be changed to include sources of evidence other than verbal self-report.
Droplet Growth Due to Brownian, Gravitational, or Thermocapillary Motion and Coalescence in Dilute Dispersions

Abstract The time evolution of drop size distributions in dilute, homogeneous dispersions was analyzed by solving population dynamics equations which account for the effects of hydrodynamic interactions on the collision rates of the drops. The collision mechanisms studied individually include Brownian motion, thermocapillary migration, and gravity sedimentation. It is shown that hydrodynamic interactions greatly reduce the predicted rates of drop growth in dispersions. The growth rates are shown to decrease with increasing drop viscosity and/or thermal conductivity due to increasing hydrodynamic interactions. For Brownian coalescence, the results for long times are in good agreement with the predictions of a similarity solution, whereas no similarity solution exists for gravitational and thermocapillary coalescence. For thermocapillary-induced coalescence of highly conducting drops, there is a region in parameter space in which drop collisions are prevented by thermocapillary repulsion, and this leads to slow growth and the evolution of drop-size distributions with long tails of small drops.
Shaped Excitation Current for Synchrotron Magnets

A 500 MeV synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) operates at 30 Hz with its beam spill locked to neutron choppers with a precision of ± 0.5 ?s. The average beam will be increased by running the magnets at 45 Hz. Three 45 Hz circuits are discussed which differ greatly in overall cost and complexity. The first is a conventional 45 Hz sine wave circuit. The reduction in time for beam acceleration results in a costly increase in peak RF power. This problem is avoided in the other two circuits by making the field rise slowly and fall rapidly. The second circuit discussed is resonant at 45 Hz and 90 Hz. Exciting this circuit with a mixture of dc, 45 Hz, and 90 Hz can produce a magnetic field with the same maximum dB/dt as the present 30 Hz field. A third, and possibly least expensive, solution is a novel circuit which produces 30 Hz during acceleration and 90Hz when the magnets are reset. The RF requirements are, of course, identical to present requirements during acceleration. Circuit details are given.
The effects of time, event, and quality certainty on electrodermal response magnitudes

The effects of three types of certainty information about aversive white noise stimuli on anticipatory and unconditioned electrodermal responses (EDRs) were studied in a group of 48 subjects within a paired stimulation paradigm. Event certainty was manipulated by making UCS occurrence predictable for some groups and not for others. Time certainty was manipulated by presenting constant interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to some groups and variable ISIs to others. Quality certainty was varied within groups by having UCS intensity predictable for one CS and not for others. All three types of certainty affected anticipatory and unconditioned response magnitudes. Event certainty alone resulted in significantly larger magnitudes of anticipatory EDRs, while all three types of certainty tended to result in smaller magnitudes of response to the aversive UCS. The three types of certainty tended to summate, producing larger anticipatory responses and smaller unconditioned responses in conditions with more different classes of certainty information.
Passivation of pyrite due to surface treatment

Abstract Two samples of naturally occurring pyrite were treated with acetyl acetone, silanes, humic acids, lignin-NaOH mixture, and oxalic acid. The corrosion rate of pyrite was observed to decrease significantly due to the surface treatment by the chemicals used in this study. Surface characterization methods indicate that phenyl triacetoxy silane forms a passive coating a few Angstroms thick on the pyrite, thus preventing its dissolution in 1M H2SO4.
LIFETIME AND ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS FROM THE $sup 31$P(p,$gamma$)$sup 32$S REACTION.

The $^{31}\mathrm{P}(p, \ensuremath{\gamma})^{32}\mathrm{S}$ reaction has been studied at several resonances with a 20-${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ Ge(Li) detector. A level at 6.664 MeV has been populated which may be the same as one found at 6.671 MeV from (${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, $d$) experiments. This state is found to branch almost equally to the states at 3.775 and 2.230 MeV. Measured branching ratios for the first six excited states are in agreement with earlier work except for a ground-state transition for the 5.006-MeV level which supports an odd-parity assignment for this state. New branching ratios are assigned for the levels at 5.544 and 6.673 MeV. Doppler-shift lifetime measurements for the states at 3.775, 4.280, 4.694, 5.006, 5.410, 5.544, 6.226, and 6.623 MeV are consistent with other measurements. The lifetime of the level at 6.664 MeV is found to be ${0.054}_{\ensuremath{-}0.009}^{0.013}$ psec. An upper limit of 0.01 psec is set for the mean life of the 7.952-MeV level. Angular distributions have been measured with the Ge(Li) detector for the 1.248- and 1.438-MeV resonances. Spins deduced from combining these results with the lifetime measurements confirm previous assignments for levels at 6.623, 6.226, and 5.410 MeV. The spin of the 4.459-MeV level is limited to 3 or 4, consistent with other recent work and with the hypothesis of Goswami et al. that this is the ${4}^{+}$ level of a rotational band based on the ${0}^{+}$ ground state. Mixing ratios are given for a number of transitions.
Objectivation du corps en médecine et incidences subjectives

Resume Le corps de la medecine et le corps tel qu'il est vecu par le sujet lui-meme repondent a deux modes d'apprehension differents, voire deux logiques parfois incompatibles. Le premier releve d'un processus constant d'objectivation, lie a la croissance exceptionnelle des connaissances et des techniques medicales ; le second temoigne d'une subjectivation toujours a l'œuvre dans l'experience vecue du malade, mettant au premier plan les notions de corps propre et d'intersubjectivite. Malgre l'amelioration indeniable du pronostic de certaines maladies graves, cette objectivation n'est pas sans effet sur la subjectivite des malades, ainsi que sur celle des medecins, et donc sur l'intersubjectivite inherente a la relation therapeutique. Cette mecanisation du vivant est contemporaine de l'avenement de la science, marquee par la philosophie de Descartes et par les premieres dissections anatomiques de Vesale, consacrant ainsi une veritable rupture epistemologique en separant l'homme de son corps. Cette coupure entre le corps anatomique de la medecine et le corps vecu du malade entraine, selon nous, un remaniement profond de la relation medecin–malade, dont la desubjectivation de part et d'autre n'est pas le moindre des risques. Redonner toute sa place a cette subjectivite, voire a une certaine subjectivation au sein meme de la maladie, parait des lors un enjeu decisif d'une psychologie clinique de la sante qui, sans meconnaitre l'apport de la science medicale, n'oublie pas pour autant sa preoccupation constante pour le sujet malade.
Mobility of Electrons on Helium Films

Mobilities of two-dimensional arrays of electrons on helium films supported by a glass substrate were measured as a function of temperature at various densities and film thicknesses. Results are in reasonable agreement with those of other workers when fit to an empirical formula of Platzman and Iye. The temperature dependence of the scattering in excess of theory places severe constraints on explanations of excess scattering.
Direct mass measurements of the neutron-rich isotopes of chlorine through iron

Direct mass measurements of up to 6 isotopes for each of the elements chlorine through iron (over 35 masses) have been performed using the Time-of-Flight Isochronous (TOFI) spectrometer. We have used these measurements to: (1) investigate the local dependence of neutron and proton pairing energies on neutron excess, (2) find a new region of enhanced binding centered around53Sc, and (3) evaluate the predictive capabilities of several mass models.
Scale formation on polypropylene and copper tubes in mildly supersaturated tap water

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of scaling of polypropylene and copper tubes exposed to flowing tap water over an eight week period. The study was motivated by the recent interest in switching from copper to polymeric materials in heat exchangers and absorbers used in solar water heaters. The chemistry of the tap water is controlled to provide mildly supersaturated conditions at pH equal to 8 and 40 °C. Supersaturation is 5.0 with respect to calcite and 7.9 with respect to hydroxyapatite. These experimental conditions are a departure from the common practice of accelerated testing with distilled water highly saturated with respect to calcium carbonate and thus better represent conditions expected in solar systems. The microstructure and composition of the scale as it grows are examined with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ion chromatography. The results show scaling in tap water is slower than scaling in distilled or deionized water with a single supersaturated component. In the case of copper, prolonged exposure to tap water oxidizes the surface of the tube and subsequently affects scaling. The oxidized copper surface is more susceptible to calcium phosphate scaling and this tendency results in the higher scaling rate for copper than for polypropylene in water containing phosphate. The scaling rates for polypropylene and copper tubes are 0.8 × 10−10 and 1.7 × 10−10 (mol Ca)/(m2s), respectively.
Numerical investigations of a simple model of a one-dimensional fluid☆

Abstract Various properties of a one-dimensional fluid with nearest neighbor interactions have been studied with the help of a high-speed computer. Because of the simplicity of the interaction potential employed, it is possible to follow the dynamical evolution of the system and so compute meaningful time averages. At the same time, one can compute the values of the corresponding phase averages and so compare the two results. In computing the phase averages t was necessary to use the Lebowitz-Percus method for relating phase averages calculated with one type of ensemble to those calculated with some other type. This necessity arises because one can compute phase averages for an isobaric canonical ensemble in closed form with the type of forces involved, while one needs phase averages for a microcanonical ensemble in order to compare with the time averages. The results of our investigation very clearly showed the necessity of using the latter ensemble in making this comparison. In one case, using a thousand particle system we found the time average of β = 1 /kT to be 4.8353. Its value for an isobariccanonical ensemble was 4.8261 while for a microcanonical ensemble it was 4.8343. In addition to the above equilibrium studies, we have considered the approach to equilibrium of our system starting from a manifestly nonequilibrium state.
The Primary Structure of Rat Ribosomal Protein L36

Abstract The amino acid sequence of the rat 60S nbosomal subunit protein L36 was deduced from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cDNA. Ribosomal protein L36 has 104 amino acids, the NH 2 -terminal methionine is removed after translation of the mRNA and has a molecular weight of 12,128. Hybridization of the cDNA to digests of nuclear DNA suggests that there are 8 to 11 copies of the L36 gene. The mRNA for the protein is about 500 nucleotides in length. Rat L36 is related to yeast ribosomal protein YL39.
Helium Content of M 92 deduced from the Subgiant Luminosity Function

HARTWICK1 has used the method of semi-empirical evolution due to Sandage2, together with homologously transformed stellar models of Iben and Faulkner3, to deduce that the helium content of M 92 is probably close to Y=0.35. This result was obtained by plotting the fuel consumed (expressed in terms of mass-fraction) against the bolometric magnitude and comparing this theoretical quantity with the equivalent quantity deduced by the semi-empirical method. Good agreement was obtained for Y=0.35, but not for Y=0.10 or 0.01. The disagreement in the last two cases was particularly striking in the regions just above the turn-off point. As Hartwick noted, this was in part a reflexion of the fact, first pointed out by Simoda and Kimura4, that the slope of the luminosity function ϕ in this region is extremely sensitive to the helium content. Indeed, this sensitivity was dramatically exhibited when Hartwick, on “unevolving” the M 92 data, found that the initial luminosity function would be required to decrease quite sharply to fainter magnitudes for Y=0.10 and 0.01, whereas it increased slightly for Y=0.35. The former behaviour is most unpalatable, but the latter is what one might expect on other statistical grounds5.
On voids of minimum stress concentration

Abstract An isotropic elastic medium containing a void is loaded at infinity by given stresses. The problem of finding a minimizing void shape for the stress concentration is formulated. It is proved that a sufficient condition for a surface to be a minimizer is that the two surface principal stresses be constant and equal. A class of ellipsoids having this property is exhibited and relations between the applied stresses and the ellipsoid parameters are established.
Terahertz time domain spectroscopy of branched alkanes

N(ν) and α(ν) for branched alkanes were measured using THz-TDS and compared to their linear structure counterparts. There is an overall decrease in n(ν) and an increase in α(ν), contrary to the predictions of the additive model for polarizibility.
What Does the Histology Tell Us

The histology of periprosthetic tissues can often provide clues about the dominant mechanisms of arthroplasty failure. For example, tissue around implants that have developed aseptic loosening associated with particles of wear debris (particle-induced osteolysis) are characterized by infiltrates of macrophages containing phagocytosed debris; lymphocytes are usually not prominent and neutrophils are absent. Although tissues around some failed metal–metal implants show only a macrophage reaction to metal debris and corrosion products (“metallosis”), in other patients periprosthetic tissue has a laminated appearance characterized by superficial necrosis over layers of hyalinized fibrous tissue, diffuse and perivascular chronic inflammation in a pattern thought to represent an immune reaction to metal debris and/or ions (aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesion, ALVAL). Some of these findings are also seen in hips that have been treated for infection, but neutrophils are not a feature of ALVAL. Whether or not periprosthetic tissue shows features suggestive of particle-induced osteolysis or ALVAL, five or more neutrophils in each of five or more high-magnification visual fields suggest coexisting infection. Additional studies are needed to define the histologic characteristics of periprosthetic soft tissue masses (pseudotumors), cysts, and other adverse events.
Synaptic Vesicle Pools and Dynamics

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter at chemical synapses, thus initiating the flow of information in neural networks. To achieve this, vesicles undergo a dynamic cycle of fusion and retrieval to maintain the structural and functional integrity of the presynaptic terminals in which they reside. Moreover, compelling evidence indicates these vesicles differ in their availability for release and mobilization in response to stimuli, prompting classification into at least three different functional pools. Ongoing studies of the molecular and cellular bases for this heterogeneity attempt to link structure to physiology and clarify how regulation of vesicle pools influences synaptic strength and presynaptic plasticity. We discuss prevailing perspectives on vesicle pools, the role they play in shaping synaptic transmission, and the open questions that challenge current understanding.
Fiscal decentralization and economic growth reconsidered

Recent studies examining the relation between fiscal decentralization and economic growth have failed to take account of the extent of the independent taxing powers available to sub-national governments and thus have substantially overstated the degree of effective decentralization. Results from a cross section study of 19 OECD member countries suggest that when the measure of fiscal decentralization is limited to the revenues over which sub-national governments have full autonomy, its impact on economic growth is not statistically significant.
The Economics of a Single North American Barley Market

On I August 1993, the Canadian government extended the dual feed barley market to all of North America and established a similar marketing system for malting barley. The 1993 policy reform removed the Canadian Wheat Board's (limited) ability to set monopoly prices. While the loss of the board's domestic monopoly power was negative for farmers, there were offsetting positive impacts. The new policy will lead to economic gains for farmers due to improved price signals and competitive discipline in grain handling. The author concludes that the gains to farmers from a move to a single North American market far ourneigh any associated losses. Le 1er aout 1993, le gouvernement canadien etendait le systeme de double marche de l'brge fourragere a toute l'Amerique du Nord et instaurait un regime semblable pour l'orge de brasserie. La reforme de 1993 retirait a la Commission canadienne du ble son quasi-monopole sur l'etablissement des prix. Bien que cette perte de monopole ait eu des effets negatifs pour les agriculteurs, elle a eu certaines incidences positives. La nouvelle politique apportera aux agriculteurs des gains economiques en leur envoyant des signalcx plus clairs sur les prix du marche, et aussi par l'instauration d'une discipline plus concurrentielle du reseau de manutention des cereales. L'auteur estime que les avantages pour les agriculteurs du passage a un marche unique pour l'Amerique du Nord compenseront largement les penes corollaires eventuelles que peuvent en decouler.
Growth hormone releasing hormone improves the cognition of healthy older adults

Declines in the activity of the somatotrophic axis have been implicated in the age-related changes observed in a number of physiological functions, including cognition. Such age-related changes may be arrested or partially reversed by hormonal supplementation. We examined the effect of 6 months treatment with daily growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) or placebo on the cognition of a group of 89 healthy older (68.0+/-0.7) adults. GHRH resulted in improved performance on WAIS-R performance IQ (p<0.01), WAIS-R picture arrangement (p<0.01), finding A's (p<0.01), verbal sets (p<0.01) and single-dual task (p<0.04). GHRH-based improvements were independent of gender, estrogen status or baseline cognitive capacity. These results demonstrate that the age-related decline in the somatotrophic axis may be related to age-related decline in cognition. Further they indicate that supplementation of this neuro-hormonal axis may partially ameliorate such cognitive declines in healthy normal older adults and potentially in individuals with impaired cognitive function (i.e., mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease).
Effects of sediment-bound zinc contamination on early life stages of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus L.) in the Christina Watershed, Delaware, USA

During the last century, the Christina River, the major estuarine river system in New Castle County (DE, USA), has received loadings of organic and inorganic chemicals, primarily from manufacturing facilities. Among the most abundant chemicals is zinc, which has accumulated in sediments at concentrations as high as 5,440 mg/kg. We studied the possible effects of zinc on early life stages of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), a resident species in the river and watershed. We conducted three different types of exposures. The first was a 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) test with larvae exposed to waterborne zinc. The second was a larval exposure with zinc-spiked sediments (obtained from the relatively uncontaminated Magothy River in Anne Arundel County, MD, USA). The third was an embryo–larval exposure with Christina River sediments having a gradient of zinc concentrations. The average 96-h LC50 with newly hatched yolk sac larvae was 970 μg/L. In the larval tests, the average 7- and 21-d LC50s were 1,154 and 1,012 mg/kg, respectively. In the embryo–larval test, no significant difference was found in survival at concentrations between 38.8 and 1,098 mg/kg. However, significant reductions were observed in condition factor at concentrations of 582, 799, and 1,098 mg/kg. We calculated an average no-observed-effects concentration of 579 mg/kg and an average lowest-observed-effects concentration of 849 mg/kg for larval survival. Based on these results, we suggest that zinc in the Christina River may be affecting early life stages of the mummichog.
Low lumbar burst fractures: a unique fracture mechanism sustained in our current overseas conflicts

Abstract Background context The most common location for burst fractures occurs at the thoracolumbar junction, where the stiff thoracic spine meets the more flexible lumbar spine. With our current military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, we have seen a disproportionate number of low lumbar burst fractures. Purpose To report our institutional experience in the management of low lumbar burst fractures. Study design Retrospective review. Methods We performed a retrospective review of medical records and radiographs for all patients treated at our institution with combat-related injuries and thoracolumbar fractures. We included all patients who had sustained a burst fracture from T12 to L5 and had at least 1-year clinical follow-up. Results Thirty-two patients sustained burst fractures. Nineteen patients (59.4%) had low lumbar (L3–L5) burst fractures, and 12 patients (37.5%) had thoracolumbar junction (T12–L2) burst fractures as their primary injury. Additionally, seven patients sustained less severe burst fractures at an additional level. One patient sustained burst fractures at both upper and lower lumbar levels. Of the low lumbar fractures, 52.6% had evidence of neurologic injury, two of which were complete. Similarly, in the upper lumbar group, 58.2% sustained a neurologic injury, two of which were complete. Twenty-two patients underwent surgical intervention, complicated by infection in 18%. At most recent follow-up, all but one patient with presenting neurologic injury had persistent deficits. Conclusion Low lumbar burst fractures are the predominant combat-related spine injury in our current military conflicts. The rigidity offered by current body armor may effectively lower the transition zone that normally occurs at the thoracolumbar junction, thereby, transferring forces into the lower lumbar spine. Increased awareness of this fracture pattern is warranted by all surgeons because of unique clinical challenges associated with its treatment. Although the incidence is increased in the military population, other surgeons may be involved with long-term care of these patients on completion of their military service.
Nicotine increases sucrose self-administration and seeking in rats.

Associations between nicotine in cigarettes and food consumption may alter the incentive value of food such that food cue-reactivity is exaggerated during abstinence from smoking. This effect may contribute to the weight gain associated with cessation of smoking. We examined the effects of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg base SC) paired (NPD) or unpaired (NUP) with 10 % sucrose self-administration (0.2 ml/delivery, 1h/day for 10 days) on self-administration response rate and intake as well as sucrose cue-reactivity following either 1 or 30 days of forced abstinence. Rats were administered the training dose of nicotine prior to a second, consecutive cue-reactivity session. NPD rats responded at over 3 times the rate for sucrose, and earned nearly twice the number of sucrose deliveries, as NUP rats or saline controls. Sucrose cue-reactivity was greater after 30 days, vs. 1 day of forced abstinence for all groups. History of nicotine exposure had no effect on sucrose cue-reactivity. However, the subsequent injection of nicotine increased sucrose cue-reactivity only in the NPD groups. There were no abstinent-dependent effects of nicotine challenge on sucrose cue-reactivity. A study conducted in parallel with water as the reinforcer revealed a less dramatic effect of nicotine on intake. There was no history or abstinence-dependent effects of nicotine on water cue-reactivity. Nicotine increases the reinforcing effects of sucrose and sucrose-paired cues when nicotine is present. An implication of these findings is that relapse to nicotine (cigarettes) could substantially elevate food cue-reactivity.
The Prevalence of Fluid Associated With the Iliotibial Band in Asymptomatic Recreational Runners: An Ultrasonographic Study

Objective To evaluate the prevalence and distribution of fluid associated with the iliotibial band (ITB) in asymptomatic recreational runners. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Sports medicine center at a tertiary medical center. Patients Five male and 15 female asymptomatic recreational runners (10-30 miles per week) ages 18-40 years. Methods Participants were examined with the use of ultrasonography to assess for the presence of fluid at the level of the lateral femoral epicondyle and determine its relationship to the ITB at 0 and 30° of knee flexion in both supine (non–weight-bearing) and standing (weight-bearing) positions. Results Fluid was associated with the ITB in 100% of asymptomatic recreational runners and was bilateral in 90%. When examined in full extension with the subject supine, fluid was seen in 67.5% of knees (n = 40) compared with 95% of the knees when standing. When examined in 30° of flexion, the presence of fluid decreased to 30% when supine and 22.5% when standing. With the knee in full extension in a supine/standing position, fluid was located anterior and deep 70%/74% of the time and was anterior only 11%/0% of the time. With the knee flexed to 30° in a supine/standing position, fluid was located anterior and deep 50%/33% of the time and anterior only 33%/67% of the time. Conclusion The prevalence of fluid associated with the ITB varied with body and knee position, was most common in the standing position with the knee extended, and was generally located anterior or anterior and deep to the ITB. The clinical significance of our findings are 2-fold: (1) body position should be considered when searching for fluid in the vicinity of the ITB, and (2) clinicians and imagers should exercise caution when interpreting the clinical significance of fluid associated with the ITB during ultrasonographic evaluation of runners with lateral knee pain.
Synthesis and Characterization of Catalysts in the System A12O3-MgO-NiO-Ni for Methane Reforming with CO2

Compositions to yield solid solutions were prepared by coprecipitation and firing. Fine active clusters of nickel were obtained by reduction. Phase changes were followed by thermal analysis, X-rays, electron microscopy, surface area measurements, and reforming methane with CO2. Nickel on periclase remained active over 125 h with nearly 100% conversion. The catalysts suppressed carbon deposition which occurred only immediately upstream and downstream of the catalyst. Nickel on spinel solid solution caused the catalyst to shatter with a drastic increase in surface area due to formation of NiAl2O4. The pressure drop decreased the flow rate, making this catalyst infeasible.