cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methylphenidate for Giggle Incontinence

Purpose: Giggle incontinence or enuresis risoria is a socially embarrassing problem characterized by involuntary and complete bladder emptying in response to laughter. To our knowledge the cause of giggle incontinence is unknown, although a functional relationship to cataplexy was suggested. We retrospectively examined the effectiveness of methylphenidate for giggle incontinence in children.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients referred to a pediatric specialty voiding center between 2004 and 2008 for wetting associated with laughter. Patients who met giggle incontinence criteria with no associated urgency or urge incontinence were offered a trial of methylphenidate. Wetting frequency was assessed before and during methylphenidate treatment.Results: A total of 20 patients with a mean age of 12.4 years (range 7.5 to 15.5) met giggle incontinence criteria with no other wetting reported. Incontinence frequency was daily to less than once weekly. After a timed voiding trial...
Improved material quality and OPO performance in orientation-patterned GaAs

The U.S. Air Force is developing orientation-patterned GaAs (OPGaAs) for nonlinear frequency conversion in the 2-5 μm and 8-12 μm regions. We report recent progress in OPO device performance which reflects continued improvement in material quality. Seven new OPGaAs samples, representing four distinct growth regimes, were evaluated in terms of threshold, slope efficiency, and output spectral content using a Q-switched Tm,Ho:YLF laser operating at 2 μm as the pump source. The samples were identical in base template, grating period, length, and AR coating, permitting direct comparison of results to identify favorable growth conditions. As anticipated, performance varied significantly among the sample set, with slope efficiencies from 12% to 35% and thresholds from 9 μJ to 40 μJ. Less anticipated was the low level of uniformity across each sample and between samples grown in the same growth run. Significant variations in slope efficiency and threshold were not uncommon. Still, most of the samples performed manifestly better than previously grown material, indicating an overall improvement in OPGaAs quality. Research continues on understanding growth processes, optical loss mechanisms, and how these translate into device performance.
A tschermakite-bearing high-alumina olivine tholeiite from the southern Cascades, California

The first occurrence of amphibole-bearing basalt in the southern Cascade volcanic province has been found in the Medicine Lake area of California. Little Mount Hoffman, a late Pleistocene cinder and scoria cone, has erupted high-alumina olivine tholeiite, the petrography of which yields a paragenetic phenocryst sequence of amphibole→olivine→plagioclase. The amphibole is compositionally a tschermakite. Comparison with available experimental data indicates an initial depth of crystallization somewhere between 40 and 100 km, temperature near 1000 °C, and fO2 near the Ni-NiO and QFM buffers.
Giant resonances near the split band edges of two-dimensional photonic crystals

We conduct a numerical study on the giant optical resonances near the split photonic band edges of two-dimensional square lattices. Their quality factors are 1 order of magnitude higher than those near the regular band edges. Such enhancement results from the efficient interference of multiple Bloch waves, which minimizes light leakage from the periodic pattern of finite size. The variation of the quality factor with the pattern size is nonmonotonic for the split band edge resonance, leading to an optimal size for the maximal quality factor.
Signaling networks in hepatic oval cell activation

Oval cells are hypothesized to be the progeny of intrahepatic stem cells, also referred to as adult liver stem cells. The mechanisms by which these cells are activated to proliferate and differentiate during liver regeneration is important for the development of new therapies to treat liver disease. Oval cell activation is the first step in progenitor-dependent liver regeneration in response to certain types of injury. This review describes what is currently known about the factors involved in oval cell activation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation.
VARIATION IN TROPANE ALKALOID ACCUMULATION WITHIN THE SOLANACEAE AND STRATEGIES FOR ITS EXPLOITATION

Key Word Index-Datum spp.; Hyoscyamus spp.; Scopolia spp.; Solanaceae; identification; accumulation; trans- formed roots; tropane alkaloids; scopolamine; hyoscyamine. - Abstract-Petioles from over 1000 individual plants of the genera Datura, Scopolia and Hyoscyamus were analysed to establish the variation in the levels and patterns of tropane alkaloids which occur between plants. Transformed root cultures were initiated from plants of which analyses suggested extremely high or low alkaloid biosynthetic capacities, or favourable alkaloid patterns. These root cultures were then studied in detail by HPLC, GC and GC-MS. Root cultures showed substantial differences in alkaloid patterns between different species, but the quantitative differences in tropoyl esters of cc-tropine (hyoscyamine plus scopolamine) observed between different lines were less than those seen between plants. This difference is interpreted as to some extent reflecting the influence of transport and storage effects, as well as biosynthetic capacity, in determining alkaloid levels in plant petioles. In addition, there is some indication that the full biosynthetic capacity may not always be expressed in culture. Despite these limitations, the identification of plants showing favourable characteristics still, however, proved a useful first step in the development of scientifically and potentially biotechnologically interesting root cultures.
Step barrier for interlayer diffusion in Fe/Fe(100) epitaxial growth.

The interlayer diffusoin barrier for Fe/Fe(100) deposition is estimated by comparing the results of kinetic Monte Carlo simulations with experimental results in the first few monolayers of growth. We find that, in contrast to previous theoretical estimates for other systems, the step barrier for Fe/Fe(100) is small in comparison with the activation energy for diffusion on a flat terrace (0.454 eV). Our results resolve a long-standing controversy and provide quantiative support for the conjecture that the existence of mounds in this system is due to a finite positive step barrier.
Power spectral density estimation of seismic wave based on wavelet transform

Understanding and cognition on characteristics of earthquake ground motion is the foundation and precondition of structural response analysis. Traditional Fourier amplitude spectrum and power spectral density(PSD) representations based on Fourier transform have limitations, that is, it loses any information related to time and is unable to completely reflect the non-stationary characteristics of earthquake essentially. Wavelet transform possesses excellent signal processing capability in both time domain and frequency domain, so it can reflect the non-stationary characteristic more precisely. Utilizing the band pass character of wavelet transform, the relations between wavelet coefficients and power spectral density on different frequency bands are deducted, in addition, PSD estimate method and time-dependent PSD estimate method based on wavelet transform are also presented in this paper. The feasibility of the presented method is illustrated by an example.
Using the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition to Describe and Interpret Skill Acquisition and Clinical Judgment in Nursing Practice and Education

Three studies using the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition were conducted over a period of 21 years. Nurses with a range of experience and reported skill-fulness were interviewed. Each study used nurses’ narrative accounts of actual clinical situations. A subsample of participants were observed and interviewed at work. These studies extend the understanding of the Dreyfus model to complex, underdetermined, and fast-paced practices. The skill of involvement and the development of moral agency are linked with the development of expertise, and change as the practitioner becomes more skillful. Nurses who had some difficulty with understanding the ends of practice and difficulty with their skills of interpersonal and problem engagement did not progress to the level of expertise. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the usefulness of the Dreyfus model for understanding the learning needs and styles of learning at different levels of skill acquisition.
RNA-RNA interactions and pre-mRNA mislocalization as drivers of group II intron loss from nuclear genomes.

Group II introns are commonly believed to be the progenitors of spliceosomal introns, but they are notably absent from nuclear genomes. Barriers to group II intron function in nuclear genomes therefore beg examination. A previous study showed that nuclear expression of a group II intron in yeast results in nonsense-mediated decay and translational repression of mRNA, and that these roadblocks to expression are group II intron-specific. To determine the molecular basis for repression of gene expression, we investigated cellular dynamics of processed group II intron RNAs, from transcription to cellular localization. Our data show pre-mRNA mislocalization to the cytoplasm, where the RNAs are targeted to foci. Furthermore, tenacious mRNA–pre-mRNA interactions, based on intron-exon binding sequences, result in reduced abundance of spliced mRNAs. Nuclear retention of pre-mRNA prevents this interaction and relieves these expression blocks. In addition to providing a mechanistic rationale for group II intron-specific repression, our data support the hypothesis that RNA silencing of the host gene contributed to expulsion of group II introns from nuclear genomes and drove the evolution of spliceosomal introns.
Relationship of light scatter change and Cdc42-regulated actin status.

Background Cdc42 GTPase has important roles in regulating intracellular actin reorganization. The current methods to monitor actin changes are typically complex and point by point. Methods The effects of Cdc42 inhibitors on the side scatter changes were tested in a newly developed continuous assay using the flow cytometer. Staining with fluorescently labeled phalloidin was used for comparison. Results Cdc42-specific inhibitors caused dose-dependent changes of both the right-angle side scatter and the phalloidin-stained actin. Conclusions The right-angle light scatter change can be used as a method to circumvent phalloidin staining and be an early convenient step in screening Cdc42 inhibitors. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Electrochemical Detection of Arsenic(III) in the Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) by Adsorptive Square‐Wave Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (Ad‐SWCSV)

This study has demonstrated that As(III) can be electrochemically detected and quantified in the presence of fulvic acid (FA) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). This eliminates the need to remove DOM prior to measurement of As(III) in environmental samples. Apart from reducing analysis time and the cost of the analysis, this could be potentially useful for the development of electrochemical methods for the detection and measurement of As(III) onsite. Both synthetic samples in which FA was added and a real sample with 22.16 mg/L total organic carbon (TOC) were analyzed.
Model-Based Programming and Control of Robot Manipulators

The authors present a method for model-based programming and control of a sensing and manipulation system for assembly tasks. The system contains both an off-line subsystem and a runtime subsystem. The off-line portion of the system is used to describe the desired task and specify the accompanying workpieces, and to compute the object features the sensor systems can expect to detect. The runtime system corrects the nominal manipulator paths using sensor data. The purpose of the sensor systems is to establish a correspondence between the off-line program and the actual situation. Several different sensor systems are required because each sensor only returns partial information on the task state. The use of redundant sensor information allows task execution to proceed despite the failure of an individual sensor system, while combining multiple measurements from sensor systems reduces the effect of noise in the individual sensor systems. In this article vision and range sensors are used to demonstrate the method.
Optimal scheduling for reference tracking or state regulation using reinforcement learning

Abstract The problem of optimal control of autonomous nonlinear switching systems with infinite-horizon cost functions, for the purpose of tracking a family of reference signals or regulation of the states, is investigated. A reinforcement learning scheme is presented which learns the solution and provides scheduling between the modes in a feedback form without enforcing a mode sequence or a number of switching. This is done through a value iteration based approach. The convergence of the iterative learning scheme to the optimal solution is proved. After answering different analytical questions about the solution, the learning algorithm is presented. Finally, numerical analyses are provided to evaluate the performance of the developed technique in practice.
Prophylactic intraoperative powdered vancomycin and postoperative deep spinal wound infection: 1,512 consecutive surgical cases over a 6-year period

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of intraoperative powdered vancomycin on the rates of postoperative deep spinal wound infection. The use of intraoperative powdered vancomycin as a prophylactic measure in an attempt to reduce the incidence of postoperative spinal wound infection has not been sufficiently evaluated in the existing literature. A retrospective review of a large clinical database was performed to determine the rates of deep wound infection associated with the use of intraoperative operative site powdered vancomycin.
Physical Examination and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Superior Labrum Anterior-Posterior Lesions of the Shoulder: A Sensitivity Analysis

Purpose: The overall purpose of our study was to examine the sensitivity of physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance (MR) arthrogram for the identification of arthroscopically confirmed SLAP lesions of the shoulder. Methods: An analysis of 51 consecutive patients with arthroscopically confirmed SLAP lesions and no history of shoulder dislocation was performed. Before undergoing surgery, all patients underwent a standardized physical examination and had either an MRI and/or MR arthrogram performed. Sensitivity analysis was then performed on the results of both the physical examination maneuvers and the radiologic imaging compared to the arthroscopic findings at surgery. Results: The sensitivity of O'Brien's (active compression) test was 90%, whereas the Mayo (dynamic) shear was 80% and Jobe's relocation test was 76%. The sensitivity of a physical examination with any 1 of these 3 SLAP provocative tests being positive was 100%. Neer's sign (41%) and Hawkin's impingement tests (31%) each had low sensitivity for SLAP lesions. The sensitivity of MRI for SLAP lesions was 67% when interpreted by the performing surgeon, 53% when read by a radiologist. When the MR arthrograms were analyzed alone, the sensitivity was 72% (surgeon) and 50% (radiologist), respectively. Conclusions: All 3 physical examination maneuvers traditionally considered provocative for SLAP pathology (O'Brien's, Mayo shear, and Jobe's relocation) were sensitive for the diagnosis of SLAP lesions. MRI and MR arthrogram imaging had lower sensitivity than these physical examination tests in diagnosing SLAP lesions. Patient history, demographics, and the surgeon's physical examination should remain central to the diagnosis of SLAP lesions. Level of Evidence: Level II, development of diagnostic criteria on basis of consecutive patients with universally applied gold standard.
Managing Dynamic Complexity: Opportunities for Systems Thinking in Graduate Management Education

Competition and the time pressure to respond are adding to the challenges faced by business leaders. Managers are increasingly faced with decision-making scenarios characterised by significant dynamic complexity. While Systems Thinking (ST) tools exist to help prepare managers deal with dynamic complexity, it is not clear whether managers are in fact aware of or incorporating ST in making complex decisions. Results of a survey of faculty at the leading graduate schools of management in the USA suggest that opportunities exist to expand the awareness of ST both among faculty and the managers they are preparing. Moreover, they demonstrate a need to distinguish thinking about systems from thinking systemically.
Reactive interdiffusion between a lead-free solder and Ti/Ni/Ag thin-film metallizations

The reactive interdiffusion between a Sn-3.0wt.%Ag-0.7wt.%Cu solder and thin-film Ti/Ni/Ag metallizations on two semiconductor devices, a diode and a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and a Au-layer on the substrates are studied. Comprehensive microanalytical techniques, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) are employed to identify the interdiffusion processes during fabrication and service of the devices. During the reflow process of both diode and MOSFET devices, (1) the Ag layer dissolves in the liquid solder; (2) two intermetallics, (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 and (Cu,Ni)6Sn5, form near the back metal/solder interface; and (3) the Au metallization in the substrate side dissolves in the liquid solder, resulting in precipitation of the (Au,Ni,Cu)Sn4 intermetallic during solidification. During solid-state aging of both diode and MOSFET solder joints at 125°C and 200°C, the following atomic transport processes occur: (1) interdiffusion of Cu, Ni, and Sn, leading to the growth of a (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 layer until the Ni layer is completely consumed; (2) interdiffusion of Au, Cu, Ni, and Sn through the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 layer and unconsumed Ni layer to the Ti layer to form a solid solution; and (3) further interdiffusion of Au, Cu, Ni, and Sn through the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 layer to from an (Au,Ti,Ni,Cu)Sn4 layer. The growth of the latter layer continues until the entire Ti layer is consumed.
MONITORING RENAL CRYOSURGERY: PREDICTORS OF TISSUE NECROSIS IN SWINE

AbstractPurpose: To examine parameters for monitoring renal cryosurgery and correlate with histopathologic necrosis in a porcine model. Parameters include: 1) tissue temperature, 2) distance of tissue from the cryosurgical probe insertion site, and 3) inclusion of tissue by the visible iceball.Materials and Methods: Following midline incision, 6 healthy kidneys from 3 domestic pigs were treated using a nitrogen-based cryosurgical system with 3.4 mm outer diameter cryoprobe. Temperatures were monitored at 6 sites in each kidney using prototype thermocouples. Gross and histologic analysis was performed on tissue harvested from each thermosensor site 24 hours postoperatively.Results: All animals survived to complete the full protocol. Post-procedure bleeding was managed surgically. Histopathology revealed that complete ablation was uniformly produced at temperatures of −19.4C or lower in 13/13 tissue samples. Within 16 mm. of the probe insertion site, cells were uniformly ablated in 17/17 samples while degre...
Radiation Effects in Two InGaAs Focal Plane Arrays

ABSTRACT As part of the early development for NASA's Mars Laser Communication Demonstration (now canceled), we exposed two InGaAs focal plane arrays (FPAs) to 22 krad(Si) dose at a rate of 4.6 rad(Si)/s using a 60 Co gamma-ray source. Both the SU320MS from Sensors Unlimited and the ISC9809 from FLIR Systems, Inc. operated thro ughout the test. The FPA electronics were shielded from radiation; only the photosen sitive InGaAs and its readout integrated circuit (ROIC) were exposed. Background levels on both FPAs increased during the test. The SU320MS saturated and failed to respond to infrared light after the test. The ISC9809's background increased but did not saturate. Phenomena exhibited during the test included both isolated single-pixel hits and increased mean over the full FPA. Tests of the ISC9809 after irradiation indicate no change in gain but an increase in mean dark current. In addition, 91% of the ISC9809 pixels also had increased temporal noise. As a result of these tests, the ISC9809 was chosen for flight, but shielding was added to reduce the level seen by the FPA to an estimated 6 krad(Si) for a 10-year lifetime in Mars orbit. Keywords: Focal plane array, radiation damage, InGaAs
Cancer Stem Cells: Controversial or Just Misunderstood?

While a broad range of expertise has recently come to bear on the intriguing topic of "cancer stem cells," the overall relevance of stem cells as they relate to cancer remains in dispute. In this commentary, underlying points of contention are described with the aim of defining focal points for discussion and future consideration.
Evolution of the Fontan procedure in a single center.

Abstract Background . Surgical approaches to single ventricle variants include staged, fenestrated, and completed Fontan operations. This study compares outcomes with these modifications of the Fontan operation at a single center. Methods . Preoperative risk factors and operative results were analyzed by multivariate techniques in 129 patients undergoing modified Fontan operations since March 1988. Results . Overall early and late mortality was 5.4% and 0.8%, respectively. Before 1993, completed Fontan operation using right atrial to pulmonary artery anastomosis without fenestration was performed in the majority of patients (44 of 58; 76%). During this period, 10 of 17 patients at high risk had completed Fontan with three takedowns. In 1994, the staged hemi-Fontan and modified Fontan with a lateral tunnel anastomosis and with or without small fenestration (2.5 to 4 mm) were introduced. The majority of patients at high risk during this period underwent hemi-Fontan followed by fenestrated Fontan with no takedowns. Late atrial dysrhythmias occurred in 6 patients (4.7%), generally with larger fenestrations or right atrial to pulmonary anastomoses. Three patients (2.3%) had a stroke, 2 with large (≥ 4 mm) fenestrations. Of 38 fenestrations, 32 (84%) closed spontaneously by 1 year. No protein-losing enteropathy occurred. Most patients (118 of 121) were in New York Heart Association class I/II 4.5 years postoperatively. By multivariate analysis, only Down's syndrome ( p p Conclusions . Proper selection of patients for modifications of the Fontan procedure resulted in excellent early and late survival with a low incidence of atrial dysrhythmia and stroke. Midterm functional outcomes were excellent.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FRUITS OF TWO FORMS OF Serenoa repens

Extracts of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruits are used widely in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This study presents an analysis of the fatty acid content of saw palmetto fruits from both the yellow-green and the less-distributed waxy blue-green forms growing in the Rockdale Pineland Preserve in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Extracts of the fruits were analyzed by GC and GC/MS both before and after treatment with diazomethane. All the samples had a similar composition dominated by oleic acid (40%) and lauric acid (22%), with minor amounts of C6-C18 free fatty acids and their naturally occurring methyl and ethyl esters. Fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters were quantified for the first time. Neither qualitatively nor quantitatively significant differences could be found in the fatty acid composition of the fruits from yellow-green and blue-green plants.
Barodontalgia at 12,000 feet

A man suffered acute pain while he was in a depressurized chamber. Persons susceptible to barodontalgia include those with periodontal abscesses, carious teeth, or maxillary sinus congestion, or those who have had recent extractions or restorations. Persons susceptible to barodontalgia include those with periodontal abscesses, carious teeth, maxillary sinus congestion, or those who have had recent extractions or restorations. A 38-year-old man had acute pain while he was in a depressurized chamber. Treatment of a periodontal abscess alleviated the problem.
Effects of glucagon on cyclic AMP and carbohydrate metabolism in livers from diabetic rats.

Abstract Cyclic AMP metabolism in normal and diabetic livers was studied using the isolated perfused rat liver and plasma membrane and supernatat fractions from rat liver. Liver from alloxan- or streptozotocin-diabetic rats had increased tissue levels of cyclic AMP and showed increased release of cyclic AMP during perfusion. Addition of glucagon or cyclic AMP to the medium produced little or no increase in the high rates of glucose production and lactate gluconeogenesis in diabetic livers. Low concentrations of glucagon (2·10−10 M or less) did not increase tissue accumulation or release of cyclic AMP in livers from diabetic rats but were effective in normal livers. Higher concentrations of the hormone produced normal responses in diabetic livers. Basal or fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in plasma membranes isolated from diabetic livers was not altered, but the enzyme was subnormally normally responsive to concentrations of glucagon within the range 10−10−10−8 M. Insulin (10−11−10−6 M) added in vitro was without effect on basal or glucagon-stimulated plasma membrane adenylate cyclase. Neither modulation of the Mg2+ concentration, nor addition of Ca2+, GTP, theophylline or ouabain caused the emergence of an insulin effect. Rat liver plasma membranes contained phosphodiesterase activity with two apparent Km values of about 0.5 and 70 μM. The activity of the low Km enzyme was decreased in plasma membranes from diabetic rats and was increased by insulin treatment of the rats in vivo. Both low and high Km activities were also decreased in supernatant fractions from livers of diabetic rats. Insulin at 10−9 or 10−7 M concentration had no effect in vitro on plasma membrane phosphodiesterase activities.
Crowdsourcing civility: A natural experiment examining the effects of distributed moderation in online forums

Abstract Participation in discussions about the public interest can be enhanced by technology, but can also create an environment in which participants are overwhelmed by the quantity, quality, and diversity of information and arguments. Political participation is at a greater disadvantage than non-political activities in that participants from different parties already start out with established differences, which requires them to reach some form of common ground before progress can be made. Those seeking authentic deliberation are discouraged to participate when confronted with uncivil and inflammatory rhetoric. These issues are often exacerbated in online discussions, where lack of identity cues and low barriers to entry can lead to heightened incivility between participants, often labeled as “flaming” and “trolling”. This paper explores the extent to which moderator systems, tools online discussion forums use to manage contributions, can reduce information overload and encourage civil conversations in virtual discussion spaces. Using the popular website Slashdot as an example of sound moderation in a public discourse setting, we found that users move toward consensus about which and how comments deserve to be moderated. Using these findings, we explore how transferable these systems are for participation in public matters specifically to the unique attributes of political discussion. Slashdot's political forum provides a comparison group that allowed us to find quantitative and qualitative differences in political posting, comments, and moderation. Our results show that large scale, civil participation is possible with a distributed moderation system that enables regularly lively debates to be conducted positively because the system provides tools for people to enforce norms of civility.
Safety and efficacy of an implantable leuprolide delivery system in patients with advanced prostate cancer.

Purpose: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of the implantable Viadur † †ALZA Corp., Mountain View, California. leuprolide delivery system during 12 months in patients with advanced prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Our open label, multicenter, dose ranging study was done in 2 phases. The treatment phase was a stratified, randomized, parallel evaluation of the safety and efficacy of 1 or 2 implants. The safety extension phase assessed the long-term safety and efficacy of 1 implant. Implant insertion and removal, pharmacokinetic profile and patient satisfaction were also evaluated. The primary efficacy parameter was testosterone suppression for 12 months but luteinizing hormone and prostate specific antigen were also evaluated.Results: Of the 51 patients 27 received 1 and 24 received 2 implants, of whom 49 completed the 12-month treatment phase. Steady serum leuprolide concentration was maintained from day 3 through the remainder of the 12-month treatment phase and for 2 months aft...
Flow of endolymph in the inner spiral sulcus and the subtectorial space.

Flows of endolymph within the inner spiral sulcus and the subtectorial space are studied analytically. These flows are driven by boundary displacements and scala media pressure, all prescribed in the form of traveling sine waves with uniform amplitude, wave speed, and wavelength. Prescribed boundary displacements have no axial components and are assumed ‘‘small.’’ In the subtectorial space, waves are further assumed ‘‘long,’’ and inner and outer hair cells’ stereocilia are represented by permeable barriers. Boundary motions of the subtectorial space are assumed to be associated with basilar membrane motion. The localized boundary motions that would presumably accompany independent outer hair cell motions are not admitted. The pressure drop across the barrier representing the inner hair cells’ stereocilia is evaluated for four specific input conditions. The results are used to assess its relative sensitivity to three types of boundary displacement and to examine the contribution of endolymph flow to the ‘‘...
Requirement of Guanosine Triphosphate-Bound Ran for Signal-Mediated Nuclear Protein Export

A leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) allows rapid export of proteins from cell nuclei. Microinjection studies revealed a role for the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ran in NES-mediated export. Nuclear injection of a Ran mutant (Thr 24 → Asn) blocked protein export but not import, whereas depletion of the Ran nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 blocked protein import but not export. However, injection of Ran GTPase-activating protein (RanGAP) into RCC1-depleted cell nuclei inhibited export. Coinjection with Ran mutants insensitive to RanGAP prevented this inhibition. Therefore, NES-mediated protein export appears to require a Ran-GTP complex but does not require Ran-dependent GTP hydrolysis.
C2 Deficient Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Its Association With Anti-Ro (SSA) Antibodies

• C2 deficiency is the most common complement component deficiency. While individuals with C2 deficiency may be completely normal, a lupus erythematosus—like disease process has developed in some. A 28-year-old woman had a chronic photodermatitis, arthralgias, and mesangial lupus nephritis. She has C2 deficiency associated with an HLA-Dw2 transplantation antigen. Her serum has shown antibodies to the macromolecule Ro (the A antigen in Sjogren's syndrome), while failing to demonstrate antinuclear antibodies in routine laboratory determinations. ( Arch Dermatol 1982;118:584-587)
Body fluid concentrations of ampicillin trihydrate in 6 horses after a single intramuscular dose

Summary Six adult mares were given a single dose of ampicillin trihydrate (250 mg/ml) intramuscularly at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight. Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid and urine ampicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 48 h period. The mean peak serum ampicillin concentration was 2.49 μg/ml al 6 h. Ampicillin was found in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak ampicillin concentrations of 1.65 μg/ml and 1.81 μg/ml al 6 h and 4 h respectively. These concentrations declined in parallel with serum concentrations and were still detectable at 48 h. Urine concentration of ampicillin was relatively high, with a mean peak concentration of 1364.9 μg/ml at 4 h. Resume Six juments adultes recurent une dose unique de trihydrate d'ampicilline (250 mg/ml) par voie intramusculaire a la posologie de 20 mg/kg de poids vif. Les concentrations d'ampicilline dans le serum, dans le liquide synovial, dans le liquide peritoneal et dans l'urine furent mesurees methodiquement durant 48 heures. La concentration moyenne d'ampicilline dans le serum fut de 2,49 μg/ml, 6 heures apres l'injection. On trouva l'ampicilline dans le liquide synovial et dans le liquide peritoneal lesquels presenterent respectivement une concentration moyenne de 1,65 μg/ml a la 6 eme heure et de 1,81 μg/ml a la 4 eme heure. Ces concentrations diminuerent parallelement a la concentration serique et etaient encore decelables a la 48 eme heure. La concentration urinaire d'ampicilline se montra elevee avec une elevation moyenne de 1364,9 μg/ml a la 4 eme heure. Zusammenfassung Sechs erwachsenen Stuten verabreichte man eine Einzeldosis von 20 mg/kg korpergewicht Ampicillin-Trihydrat (250 mg/ml) intramuskular. Die Konzentrationen wurden im Serum, Synovia, Peritonealflussigkeit und Urin wahrend 48 Stunden gemessen. Die Gipfelkonzentration im Serum betrug 2.49 μg/ml nach 6 Stunden. In Synovia und Peritonealflussigkeit betrug die hochste Konzentration 1.65 μg/ml beziehungsweise 1.81 μg/ml nach 6, respektive 4 Stunden. Diese Spiegel sanken parallel zu den Serumwerten ab und waren nach 48 Stunden noch nachzuweisen. Die Urinkonzentration von Ampicillin war verhaltnismassig hoch, mit einer mittleren Maximalkonzentration von 1364.9 μg/ml nach 4 Stunden.
Improving Behavior through Differential Reinforcement: A Praise Note System for Elementary School Students

Schools are often in need of low-cost, high-impact strategies to improve student behavior in school common areas. While many behavior management programs exist, there are few resources available to guide the implementation of these programs and ensure they are grounded in evidence-based strategies. Therefore, the current study had two primary purposes: first, to demonstrate the effectiveness of a simple behavior management system, and second, to begin the process of providing some guidance for the application of similar systems. The study used a differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) procedure in a multiple-baseline design across three target behaviors to decrease inappropriate and increase appropriate behaviors in an elementary school lunchroom. The intervention consisted of 1) teaching specific appropriate behaviors 2) providing opportunities for students to practice skills, and 3) implementing a Praise Note system to reward students for behaving appropriately. Students were taught appropriate behaviors, and the school staff was trained to recognize and reward students who kept the lunchroom clean, sat appropriately in their seats, and walked in the lunchroom. Data show significant decreases for each of three target behaviors. The average amount of litter left in the lunchroom decreased by 96%, the average number of instances of sitting inappropriately decreased by 64%, and the average number of instances of running in the lunchroom decreased by 75%. Beyond contributing to the effective intervention strategies available to reduce problem behaviors in common areas, this research also provide much needed guidance for effectively implementing the necessary components of a Praise Note system, namely, program intensity, and delivery.
Esophageal motor disorders: achalasia and esophageal spasm.

Purpose To define the esophageal motor disorders of achalasia and esophageal spasms and describe their presentation in the clinical setting. Data Sources Selected research-based articles, textbooks, and expert opinion. A case study is presented. Conclusions The presentation of esophageal motor disorders may not be clear, particularly when the presenting symptom is chest pain. Determining whether the pain is cardiac or digestive in origin is crucial. Implications for Practice Progressive dysphagia for both solids and liquids is the major symptom of achalasia; other symptoms include regurgitation, chest pain, and nocturnal cough. Diffuse esophageal spasm typically causes substernal chest pain with nonprogressive dysphagia and odynophagia for both liquids and solids. Dysphagia related to esophageal motility is characterized by a sensation of swallowed food “sticking” in the throat or chest; there is no problem initiating the act of swallowing.
Diestro en preludios

Poemas escritos a lapiz en un viejo cuaderno. Jaime Garcia Maffla (prologo de Luis Carlos Henao) Bogota, Centro Editor Javeriano, 1997, 50 pags. Vive si puedes. Jaime Garcia Maffla (prologo del autor) Premio Nacional de Poesia Medellin, Universidad de Antioquia, 1997, 65 pags.
Sialic Acid Binding Domains of CD22 Are Required For Negative Regulation of B Cell Receptor Signaling

CD22, a negative regulator of B cell antigen receptor signaling, binds glycoconjugates terminating in α2, 6 sialic acid. The physiological ligand(s) for CD22 remain unknown. We asked whether the sialic acid binding domains are necessary for CD22 to function as a negative regulator. We generated two mutants that lack sialic acid binding activity and expressed them in a novel CD22−/− murine B cell line. Anti-IgM activated B cells expressing either CD22 mutant had greater Ca2+ responses than cells expressing wild-type CD22. Each variant also had reduced CD22 tyrosine phosphorylation and Src homology 2 domain–containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 association. These data suggest that the α2, 6 sialic acid ligand binding activity of CD22 is critical for its negative regulatory functions.
Single-phase power distribution system power flow and fault analysis

Alternative methods for power flow and fault analysis of single-phase distribution systems are presented. The algorithms for both power flow and fault analysis utilize a generalized approach to network modeling. The generalized admittance matrix, formed using elements of linear graph theory, is an accurate network model for all possible single-phase network configurations. Unlike the standard nodal admittance matrix formulation algorithms, the generalized approach uses generalized component models for the transmission line and transformer. The standard assumption of a common node voltage reference point is not required to construct the generalized admittance matrix. Therefore, truly accurate simulation results can be obtained for networks that cannot be modeled using traditional techniques. >
Thermal design of a high-density server

Numerical simulation and experimental verification have yielded a high-density server concept dissipating a nameplate power of 700 W in a 1U (44.45 mm or 1.75 in) rack-mount form factor. Air-cooled thermal management is achieved through a ducted radial blower, conventional heatsinks, and a partitioned airflow management strategy. It is shown that design and optimization of the air mover system requires attention not only to pressure and flow characteristics, but also to flow distribution properties. Optimizing the system for flow and thermal performance is an iterative process, most easily done before major layout or architectural properties have been fixed. Close collaboration between thermal analysts, board layout engineers, and system architects has proven the most effective method for optimizing the complete server design.
Characterizing and Mitigating Inter-domain Policy Violations in Overlay Routes

The Internet is a complex structure arising from the interconnection of numerous autonomous systems (AS), each exercising its own administrative policies to reflect the commercial agreements behind the interconnection. However, routing in service overlay networks is quite capable of violating these policies to its advantage. To prevent these violations, we see an impending drive in the current Internet to detect and filter overlay traffic. In this paper, we first present results from a case study overlay network, constructed on top of Planetlab, that helps us gain insights into the frequency and characteristics of the different inter-domain policy violations. We further investigate the impact of two types of overlay traffic filtering that aim to prevent these routing policy violations: blind filtering and policy- aware filtering. We show that such filtering can be detrimental to the performance of overlay routing. We next consider two approaches that allow the overlay network to realize the full advantage of overlay routing in this context. In the first approach, overlay nodes are added so that good overlay paths do not represent inter-domain policy violations. In the second approach, the overlay acquires transit permits from certain ASes that allow certain policy violations to occur. We develop a single cost-sharing framework that allows the incorporation of both approaches into a single strategy. We formulate and solve an optimization problem that aims to determine how the overlay network should allocate a given budget between paying for additional overlay nodes and paying for transit permits to ASes. We illustrate the use of this approach on our case study overlay network and evaluate its performance under varying network characteristics.
Trade Space Analysis of Surface Alternatives for Short-Haul Passenger Air Travel

Intercity passenger transportation is a time- and energy-intensive activity. Despite a growing social consciousness of "green" alternatives, travelers continue to choose routes and modes primarily on the basis of travel time and cost. Although long-distance trips of more than 500 mi (800 km) are dominated by air travel, short- and medium-haul trips compete with surface modes when total travel time and cost are compared. Because of hub-and-spoke air transport networks, short-haul air travel is bundled with long-haul itineraries. At congested hubs, passengers can experience lengthy transfer times, which can provide an opportunity for competitive mode substitution. This paper focuses on the travel time trade-offs between air and surface modes and the implications for short-haul air trip substitutability through an analysis of 17 short-haul markets transferring through O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois. The results suggest that when transfer times are considered, mode substitutability is not dir...
Surgical versus medical treatment of occlusive disease confined to the left anterior descending coronary artery.

Abstract The results of saphenous vein bypass grafting and medical treatment were compared in 53 patients with stable angina pectoris, high grade occlusive disease confined to the left anterior descending coronary artery and normal or minimally impaired left ventricular function. Survival, incidence of myocardial infarction, relief of angina and response to exercise testing were evaluated. In the 29 surgically treated patients, followed up a mean of 24 months, there were two late deaths (7 percent) and five myocardial infarctions (17 percent). Twelve patients (41 percent) were free of angina and the majority had increased exercise performance when tested up to 18 months postoperatively. In the 24 medically treated patients, there were no deaths and one myocardial infarction (4 percent) in a mean follow-up period of 37 months. Six patients (25 percent) were free of angina. Less improvement in exercise performance was observed than in the surgically treated group. This subset of patients with isolated left anterior descending coronary artery disease has a favorable prognosis that is not enhanced by bypass grafting. Surgical treatment is more effective than medical treatment in relieving angina and improving exercise performance in the early years after coronary arteriography.
Common spatial organization of number and emotional expression: A mental magnitude line

Converging behavioral and neural evidence suggests that numerical representations are mentally organized in left-to-right orientation. Here we show that this format of spatial organization extends to emotional expression. In Experiment 1, right-side responses became increasingly faster as number (represented by Arabic numerals) or happiness (depicted in facial stimuli) increased, for judgments completely unrelated to magnitude. Additional experiments suggest that magnitude (i.e., more/less relations), not valence (i.e., positive/negative), underlies left-to-right orientation of emotional expression (Experiment 2), and that this orientation accommodates to the context-relevant emotion (e.g., happier faces are more rightward when judged on happiness, but more leftward when judged on angriness; Experiment 3). These findings show that people automatically extract magnitude from a variety of stimuli, representing such information in common left-to-right format, perhaps reflecting a mental magnitude line. We suggest that number is but one dimension in a hyper-general representational system uniting disparate dimensions of magnitude and likely subserved by common neural mechanisms in posterior parietal cortex.
An animal model of chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity

The development of a reproducible animal model that mimics CSA nephropathy in man has allowed the examination of the several proposed mechanisms of toxicity. While the precise mechanism remains to be defined, important clues have been provided and creative techniques for minimizing the adverse effects of this very valuable adjunct to transplant success have been identified.
Occlusion of cortical ascending venules causes blood flow decreases, reversals in flow direction, and vessel dilation in upstream capillaries

The accumulation of small strokes has been linked to cognitive dysfunction. Although most animal models have focused on the impact of arteriole occlusions, clinical evidence indicates that venule occlusions may also be important. We used two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy to quantify changes in blood flow and vessel diameter in capillaries after occlusion of single ascending or surface cortical venules as a function of the connectivity between the measured capillary and the occluded venule. Clotting was induced by injuring the target vessel wall with femtosecond laser pulses. After an ascending venule (AV) occlusion, upstream capillaries showed decreases in blood flow speed, high rates of reversal in flow direction, and increases in vessel diameter. Surface venule occlusions produced similar effects, unless a collateral venule provided a new drain. Finally, we showed that AVs and penetrating arterioles have different nearest-neighbor spacing but capillaries branching from them have similar topology, which together predicted the severity and spatial extent of blood flow reduction after occlusion of either one. These results provide detailed insights into the widespread hemodynamic changes produced by cortical venule occlusions and may help elucidate the role of venule occlusions in the development of cognitive disorders and other brain diseases.