cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polyvinylidene fluoride film sensors for measurement of unsteady pressures on aerodynamic surfaces Part II: Application to a small-scale marine propeller in spatially distorted mean flow

Specially-developed Polyvinylidene Fluoride film sensors were used to measure the unsteady surface pressure on a small-scale marine propeller. Pressure response of the propeller blades to a spatially-varying-mean axial velocity flowfield was measured. Raw data were corrected for the thermally-induced sensor output in the nominally stratified flow with the aid of a blade-mounted constant-current anemometer. Corrected pressure measurements showed a phase lag in the blade pressure response relative to the mean velocity cycle. The necessity to consider thermally-induced sensor response was demonstrated.
Type I Interferon Predicts an Alternate Immune System Phenotype in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Objective Type I interferon (IFN) is important to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis, but it is not clear how chronic elevations in IFN alter immune function. We compared cytokine responses after whole blood stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in high- and low-IFN SLE patient subgroups. Methods SLE patients and nonautoimmune controls were recruited, and SLE patients were categorized as either high or low IFN. Whole blood was dispensed into tubes coated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), oligonucleotides with cytosine-guanine repeats, Resiquimod, IFN-α, and IFN-α + LPS. Cytokine production in patient sera and after whole blood TLR stimulation was measured by multiplex assay, and type I IFN was assessed using a functional assay. Results Circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cell numbers were specifically reduced in high-IFN SLE patients and not in low-IFN SLE patients. In serum, we observed that the correlations between cytokines in serum differed to a much greater degree between the high- and low-IFN groups (P < 0.0001) than the absolute cytokine levels differed between these same groups. In stimulated conditions, the high-IFN patients had less cytokine production in response to TLR ligation than the low-IFN SLE patients. LPS produced the most diverse response, and a number of interactions between type I IFN and LPS were observed. Conclusion We find striking differences in resting and stimulated cytokine patterns in high- vs. low-IFN SLE patients, which supports the biological importance of these patient subsets. These data could inform personalized treatment approaches and the pathogenesis of SLE flare following infection.
Solitary plasmacytoma and Ewing's sarcoma

Primary solitary plasmacytoma and Ewing's sarcoma of the chest wall are relatively uncommon tumors, and data concerning treatment and results are sparse. To assess the results of therapy we reviewed our 40-year experience. Methods: Records of 24 patients with solitary plasmacytoma and 62 with Ewing's sarcoma arising in the chest wall who were admitted to our institution from 1949 to 1989 were reviewed. Results: In the group with plasmacytoma (n = 24), ages ranged from 35 to 75 years (median 59 years); male/female ratio was 2.4:1. The presenting complaint was pain or mass or both in 92 % (22/24). Primary therapy was local only in 5 (resection in 3, radiotherapy in 2), chemotherapy in 16 (resection in 5, radiotherapy in 10, and chemotherapy alone in 1); 3 patients did not receive therapy. Multiple myeloma developed subsequently in 75% (18/24). Overall 5-year survival was 38% (median 56 months). Age, sex, site of primary tumor, and local therapy did not significantly impact on survival. Ages in the patients who had Ewing's sarcoma (n = 62) ranged from 2 to 39 years (median 16 years); male/female ratio was 1.6:1. Presenting complaint was pain or mass or both in 98% (61/62). Primary therapy was local in 17 (resection in 7, radiotherapy in 7, resection plus radiotherapy in 3) and chemotherapy in 45 (plus resection in 29, resection and radiotherapy in 10, and radiation therapy alone in 3). Overall 5-year survival was 48% (median 57 months). Age, sex, and site of primary tumor did not significantly impact on survival. Patients in whom distant metastases developed (n = 48) had a significantly decreased survival (5 year, 28%) compared with those who did not have metastases (n = 14; 5 year, 100%). Conclusion: Plasmacytoma of the chest wall, even if solitary at presentation, should be considered a systemic disease, and therapy should be directed as such. For Ewing's sarcoma, although resection or radiotherapy may offer local control, because of the prevalence of distant metastases (77%), systemic therapy should be considered an integral part of treatment.
Safety and efficacy of foam sclerotherapy for treatment of low-flow vascular malformations in children.

Abstract Objective Congenital vascular malformations are a heterogeneous group of lesions with the potential to cause significant lifelong morbidity in children. Diagnosis and treatment of these lesions may be complex and require a multidisciplinary approach. Sclerotherapy is widely used for the treatment of low-flow vascular malformations (LFVMs) as an alternative to surgical resection in adults; however, limited data of its use in a pediatric setting are available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy for pediatric LFVMs. Methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed our multidisciplinary vascular malformations team database for all patients younger than 18 years treated for congenital vascular malformations from 2008 to 2017. Of these, patients with LFVM treated with foam sclerotherapy were included. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was used to select patients for sclerotherapy by the multidisciplinary team. Foam sclerotherapy was performed with either polidocanol or sodium tetradecyl sulfate. Patients' characteristics, including demographics, presenting symptoms, and anatomic location of malformation, were assessed. Outcomes included treatment response, number of procedures, and postprocedural complications. Results The 61 patients with 61 LFVMs included 27 boys (44.3%) and 34 girls (55.7%), with mean age of 10.3 years (standard deviation, ± 5.3 years). The cohort included 32 venous (52.5%), 16 lymphatic (26.2%), and 8 mixed venous and lymphatic (13.1%) malformations along with 5 (8.2%) associated with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Primary indications for intervention included pain and swelling (n = 12 [19.6%]), pain alone (n = 23 [37.7%]), swelling alone (n = 15 [24.6%]), functional impairment (n = 8 [13.1%]), and bleeding (n = 3 [4.9%]). Anatomic distributions varied, with 13 head and neck (21.3%), 5 truncal (8.2%), 10 upper extremity (16.4%), 27 lower extremity (44.3%), and 6 diffuse (9.8%). Among the head and neck lesions, 8 (13.1%) extended to the face; and of the extremity lesions, 5 (8.2%) extended to the hand and 17 (27.9%) to the foot. Overall, sclerotherapy resulted in significant improvement or complete resolution of symptoms in 53 patients (86.9%). Complications were observed in seven patients (11.4%); six cases (9.8%) of superficial skin ulceration resolved without intervention, and one infection (1.6%) required antibiotics. No patients experienced adverse hemodynamic consequences or venous thromboembolism. Conclusions This series of pediatric LFVMs, the largest of its kind to date, demonstrates that sclerotherapy with foam-based agents effectively reduces symptoms with an acceptable rate of complications. Further study is needed to determine the optimal sclerosing agents for individual subsets of LFVMs in the pediatric population.
Evaluation of PARP and PDL-1 as potential therapeutic targets for women with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix

Objectives Women with recurrent high-grade neuroendocrine cervical cancer have few effective treatment options. The aim of this study was to identify potential therapeutic targets for women with this disease. Methods Specimens from patients with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix were identified from pathology files at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Immunohistochemical stains for PD-L1 (DAKO, clone 22-C3), mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), somatostatin, and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were performed on sections from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. Nuclear PARP-1 staining was quantified using the H-score with a score of Results Forty pathologic specimens from patients with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix were examined (23 small cell, 5 large cell, 3 high-grade neuroendocrine, not otherwise specified, and 9 mixed). The mean age of the cohort was 43 years and the majority of patients (70%) were identified as white non-Hispanic. All 28 (100%) samples tested stained for mismatch repair proteins demonstrated intact expression, suggesting they were microsatellite stable tumors. Of the 31 samples tested for PD-L1 expression, only two (8%) of the 25 pure high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas were positive whereas three (50%) of the six mixed carcinoma tumors tested positive. Of the 11 small cell specimens tested for PARP-1, 10 (91%) showed PARP expression with six (55%) demonstrating high expression and four (36%) showing moderate expression. Somatostatin staining was negative in 18 of 19 small cell cases (95%). Conclusions Pure high-grade neuroendocrine cervical carcinomas were microsatellite stable and overwhelmingly negative for PD-L1 expression. As the majority of tumors tested expressed PARP-1, inclusion of PARP inhibitors in future clinical trials may be considered.
Application of the Method of Lattice Statics to Vacancies in α Iron

The author has calculated the strain-field displacements produced by a single vacancy in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ iron and has also calculated the strain-field interaction energies associated with pairs of such defects. These calculations were carried out using the method of lattice statics, which is based on the Fourier transformation of the direct-space force equations within a large "supercell" of the lattice. The author has also calculated the asymptotic displacements about a vacancy in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ iron and compared these with the corresponding results obtained from the exact method of lattice statics. This comparison shows that elasticity theory cannot be assumed valid closer than the 14th neighbor to the defect along a $〈111〉$ direction in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ iron. Since the interatomic potential used consists of a set of splines extending out only to next-nearest neighbors, there is a strong implication that the long-range approach to the asymptotic limit is a feature of the open structure of the bcc lattice. Comparison has been made between these displacements and analogous results obtained by a semidiscrete method in which a spherical crystallite containing 530 atoms was treated on a discrete basis. Differences ranging from 5 to 11% are found between the results of the lattice statics calculation and those obtained from the semidiscrete approach. The interaction energy results show that the next-nearest-neighbor divacancy configuration is the most stable, and the nearest-neighbor pair is the next most stable configuration. The only other vacancy pair having a significant binding energy is that in which the vacancies are fourth-nearest neighbors.
Procedure for combining ﬁeld measurements and machine learning to quantify impact of different track parameters on ride quality of railway tracks

Ride quality in terms of vibration is a fundamental factor affecting passengers’ satisfaction. Every year, passenger carriers invest significantly in various aspects of their system, including trac...
Teaching the comic Yummy to engage adolescent empathy, critical reflection, and community awareness

For researchers interested in how pedagogy within schools can be used as a catalyst for adolescent moral development, investigating practitioner-based studies of classroom practices that support th...
Why Do Firms Hedge Selectively? Evidence from the Gold Mining Industry

We examine why firms hedge selectively, i.e., incorporate their market views into their hedging strategies. We find that firms, which are ex ante less likely to be informed about market conditions speculate more than firms that are more likely to be more informed, and firms with a higher probability of bankruptcy speculate more than firms with a lower probability of bankruptcy. These findings contradict theories of selective hedging based on information and financial strength, but are consistent with agency-theoretic or financial constraints explanations. We also find that selective hedging is negatively correlated with managerial stock and stock option holdings, which refutes the possibility that convexity in managerial compensation packages is a motive for managers to speculate. Finally, firms with smaller boards and more outside directors are also less likely to speculate.
Ambient temperature and solar irradiance forecasting prediction horizon sensitivity analysis

Abstract Selecting the correct weather forecasting technique is a crucial task when planning an efficient solar energy generation system. Estimating accurate solar photovoltaic systems power output depends on the correct modeling of solar irradiance and ambient temperature, evidencing the need for a framework to select the correct technique to forecast these parameters. This paper presents a review of the forecasting methods to predict solar irradiance and ambient temperature, considering the sensitivity to the forecasting horizon. The methodology includes estimating an interval for ambient temperature and solar irradiance by using the Mean Absolute Error as the percentage of variation in these parameters. To provide context, the study considers best-case and worst-case scenarios for four cities, estimating the power output for a sample array and analyzing the differences between the cases. The power output estimation of the PV array varied between 36% and 50% (on average) for the short-term prediction, and 54% to 95% for the long-term. The changes in the location produced an average variation of 43% in terms of power production, and up to 187% in economic value (USD) for the short term, and 44.5% and 187% for the long term. The results suggest a marked sensitivity to the variation in the forecasting horizon and significance with regards to location selection (considering the changes in solar irradiation and the cost of electricity).
Structural vs Reduced Form Models: A New Information Based Perspective

This paper compares structural versus reduced form credit risk models from an information based perspective. We show that the difference between these two model types can be characterized in terms of the information assumed known by the modeler. Structural models assume that the modeler has the same information set as the firm's manager - complete knowledge of all the firm's assets and liabilities. In most situations, this knowledge leads to predictable default time. In contracts, reduced form models assume that the modeler has the same information set as the market - incomplete knowledge of the firm's condition. In most cases, the imperfect knowledge leads to an inaccessible default time. As such, we argue that the key distinction between structural and reduced form models is not whether the default is predictable or inaccessible, but whether the information set is observed by the market or not. Consequently, for pricing and hedging, reduced form models are the preferred methodology.
Stability of a Flexible Helicopter Rotor Blade in Forward Flight

The problem of the stability of the transient motion in the flapping plane of a flexible helicopter rotor blade in forward flight is considered. The formulation of the problem considers two degrees of freedom—rigid flapping and elastic bending. A new method of determining the transient stability of the motion is developed, using the concept of Stability Number. It is shown that the results obtained by inclusion of the elastic degree of freedom agree with experimental results to a much larger extent than was achieved by analyses neglecting blade flexibility. Numerical solutions of the equations of motion using the M.I.T. "Whirlwind'' high-speed computer are given for a number of cases, for both the rigid and the flexible blades.
The Interrelation of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the interrelation of carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The conversion of carbohydrate to fat is a phenomenon that is repeatedly demonstrated experimentally; the reverse change, the conversion of natural fats to carbohydrate, is a disputed reaction. There are a number of experiments that indicate that a relationship must exist between the oxidation of the ketone bodies and sugar. Evidence is afforded by the in vivo experiments where it has been shown that only D-glucose and D-glucose-precursors are able to lower ketonuria. According to the antiketogenesis theory, any readily metabolizable sources of calories should be able to suppress the oxidation of an isodynamic quantity of fat and prevent the formation of the ketones. The quantity of carbohydrate that is necessary to abolish ketonuria is far less than would be required from an isodynamic standpoint. This is, particularly the case with the exogenous ketonuria produced by the administration of acetoacetate. When the concentration of ketones becomes sufficiently elevated, a ketonuria occurs and some ketones are utilized by the tissues. The most serious objection to the ketolysis theory is to report that D-glucose is without effect on the rate of the disappearance of ketones in the animal body.
DETERMINATION OF THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF CAPILLARY BLOOD IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

A previously described technic of collecting and analyzing capillary blood for oxygen content has been modified slightly and applied in the study of children with congenital heart disease. Samples obtained and analyzed in this manner differed in oxygen content from simultaneously drawn arterial samples by no more than 0.4 volumes per cent. The value of the technic in the study of congenital heart disease has been illustrated.
Photoreduction of incorporated molecules in zeolite X: Methylviologen

The photoreduction of methylviologen (MV 2+ ) was examined in zeolite X. A series of alkali metal ion-exchanged zeolite X materials with ion-exchanged methylviologen was photoionized with 320 nm light at room temperature in the absence of any reducing counteranion. Photoreduction of methylviologen containing alkali metal ion-exchanged zeolite X results in the formation of methylviologen cation radicals (MV + ). The radicals were identified by electron spin resonance (ESR). Upon irradiation at room temperature the samples turn light blue in color and a single line ESR spectrum characteristic of the methylviologen radical cation is observed. The photoyield depends on the nature of the alkali metal ion-exchanged into the zeolite framework. The photoyield increases in the order Li-X/MV 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ . The donor strength of the zeolite framework increases in the order Li-X
The Impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on Customer Relationships

Abstract The passage of the ADA has created sweeping changes for many companies. In addition to providing accommodation for disabled employees and customers, companies are learning how to deal with the disabled. This paper presents guidelines for salespersons who are likely to encounter disabled customers more frequently in the future. Suggestions for managing disabled customer relationships are made.
Characterization of the repressed 5S DNA minichromosomes assembled in vitro with a high-speed supernatant of Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Abstract We describe an in vitro system, based on the Xenopus laevis oocyte supernatant of Glikin et al. (G. Glikin, I. Ruberti, and A. Worcel, Cell 37:33-41, 1984), that packages DNA into minichromosomes with regularly spaced nucleosomes containing histones H3, H4, H2A, and H2B but no histone H1. The same supernatant also assembles the 5S RNA transcription complex; however, under the conditions that favor chromatin assembly, transcription is inhibited and a phased nucleosome forms over the 5S RNA gene. The minichromosomes that are fully loaded with nucleosomes remain refractory to transcriptional activation by 5S RNA transcription factors. Our data suggest that this repression is caused by a nucleosome covering the 5S RNA gene and that histone H1 is not required for regular nucleosome spacing or for gene repression in this system.
Cellular differentiation in the anuran pronephros.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is detectable histochemically by means of methyl green pyronin staining (controlled with ribonuclease) in the cytoplasm of the proximal tubules of the frog (Rana pipiens). This is seen at Shumway stage 23 when the proximal tubules become differentiated from the remainder of the tubular complex. RNA levels remain high during the process of pronephric differentiation, dropping when this process is completed. The onset of specific renal functions (phenol red transport; protein resorption) during the period of high RNA levels raises the question of the role of RNA in the development of renal function as well as cellular differentiation. Histochemical events accompanying differentiation in the pronephros (periodic acid-Schiff staining of the brush borders and the appearance of protein resorption droplets) are similar to those found in differentiating meso- and metanephric kidneys. Mitochondria in the undifferentiated pronephros are found to be granular in form by vital staining with Janus green B and with iron hematoxylin staining. These organelles do not consolidate into rodlets as found in differentiated meso- and metanephric kidneys but remain in their original granular form, as demonstrated by the techniques noted above. Granular mitochondria have been demonstrated in the differentiated pronephros of a month old tadpole.
ESD design automation & methodology to prevent CDM failures in 130 & 90 nm ASIC design systems☆

Abstract Design automation tools for ESD are described that ensure robust protection at both the cell and chip level in a high-volume, highly automated ASIC design system. The Charged Device Model (CDM) failure modes discovered in the 130 nm technology are described, and the design automation tools that were implemented to prevent these failures are presented. There are three primary components: Design rule checking for ESD; transient CDM simulations on extracted net lists; and analysis of chip-level power supply net resistances.
Endoscopic ultrasound does not accurately stage early adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia of the esophagus.

Background & Aims Patients with esophageal high-grade dysplasia or mucosal esophageal cancer can be successfully treated by endoscopy. We performed a systematic review of the literature to determine whether endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) correctly predicts the T-stage of early esophageal cancers, compared with pathology specimens obtained by using endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or surgery. Methods Standard systematic review methods were used to perform reference searches, determine eligibility, abstract data, and analyze data. When possible, individual patient-level data were abstracted, in addition to publication-level aggregate data. Results Twelve studies had sufficient information to abstract and review for quality; 8 had individual patient-level data (n = 132). Compared with surgical or EMR pathology staging, EUS had T-stage concordance of 65%, including all studies (n = 12), but only 56% concordance when limited to individual patient-level data. Factors such as initial biopsy pathology (high-grade dysplasia vs early-stage cancer) did not appear to affect the concordance of staging between EUS and EMR/surgical staging. Conclusions EUS is not sufficiently accurate in determining the T-stage of high-grade dysplasias or superficial adenocarcinomas; other means of staging, such as EMR, should be used.
Synthesis of disubstituted amine-functionalized diene-based polymers

Abstract Diene-based polymers with two amine groups within each repeat unit were successfully synthesized by bulk and solution free radical polymerization techniques. All polymers have exclusive 1,4-microstructure. The number average molecular weights of the materials obtained were in the range of 30–52 × 103 g/mol using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), t-butyl peracetate (t-BPA), or t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) as the initiators. The highest molecular weight achieved was 72 × 103 g/mol when t-butyl peroxide (t-BPO) was used as the initiator. Quantitative quaternization was achieved yielding hydrophilic water soluble polymers. Prior to quaternization, the polymers are hydrophobic and dissolve in most organic solvents.
OCCURRENCE AND DETERMINATION OF N‐NITROSOPROLINE AND N‐NITROSOPYRROLIDINE IN CURED MEAT PRODUCTS

N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) has been detected and confirmed at the ppb level in a significant number of fried bacon samples. N-Nitrosoproline (NPRO) has been assumed to be the primary precursor of NPYR, but there are conflicting reports about its precise role. A method was developed for determining NPRO and a survey of 60 cured meat samples was conducted. No NPRO was detected in uncooked, conventionally cured bacon, Canadian bacon, ham, salt pork, pork roll or pastrami. NPRO was detected and confirmed in 1 of 7 dry cured bacon samples (106 ppb), 8 of 12 dry cured ham samples (18-604 ppb), and 5 of 6 samples of pork side meat (86-411 ppb). The results suggest the NPRO may not be the main precursor of NPYR in bacon, but may have a role in nitrosamine formation in dry-cured products.
The Nephrotoxicity of Cephalosporins: An Overview

The cephalosporin antibiotics cephaloridine and cephalothin are known to cause renal damage. Experience with newer congeners is not yet sufficient to predict their potential nephrotoxocity. The renal lesion produced by cephaloridine is primarily due to the intrinsic toxicity of this drug for the cells of the proximal renal tubule and depends upon its peculiar transport characteristics. In contrast, renal injury due to cephalothin resembles that seen with the penicillins. Thus, some instances of cephalothin nephropathy appear to be toxic in nature with a histologic picture of acute tubular necrosis, whereas others exhibit signs of hypersensitivity including rash, eosinophilia, and interstitial nephritis. Among the factors alleged to contribute to the nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins is their administration with aminoglycosides. Although the physician should be aware of the possibility of a potential adverse interaction between these groups of antibiotics, the evidence is not sufficiently conclusive to warrant avoidance of the combination when it appears to be therapeutically useful.
Sub-60 mV/decade steep transistors with compliant piezoelectric gate barriers

A novel mechanism is proposed for transistors that exploits the negative differential capacitance of piezoelectric gate barriers. Electric field induced electrostriction modulates the thickness of a piezoelectric barrier. Piezoelectricity and electrostriction in a compliant piezoelectric barrier combine to provide negative differential capacitance (NDC) with internal charge amplification. The effect of the NDC in the gate capacitor of a FET is to boost the on-current, and to provide an opportunity for switching steeper than the 60 mV/decade Boltzmann limit, both highly desirable.
Statistical Mechanics, Euler’s Equation, and Jupiter’s Red Spot

A statistical-mechanical treatment of equilibrium flows in the two-dimensional Euler fluid is constructed which respects all conservation laws. The vorticity field is fundamental, and its long-range Coulomb interactions lead to an exact set of nonlinear mean-field equations for the equilibrium state. The equations depend on an infinite set of parameters, in one-to-one correspondence with the infinite set of conserved variables. The equations contain all previous approximations as special limiting cases: for example the Kraichnan energy-enstrophy theory, and the Lundgren and Pointin point vortex mean-field theories are rederived. The techniques may be generalized to a number of other Coulomb-like Hamiltonian systems with an infinite number of conservation laws, including some in higher dimensions. For example, we rederive Lynden-Bell’s theory of stellar-cluster formation, as well as the Debye-Huckel theory of electrolytes. Our results may also be applicable to cylindrically bound guiding-center plasmas, which under idealized conditions provide another realization of 2-d Euler flow. Finally, a phenomenological theory of the weakly driven, weakly damped Euler fluid, based on weak perturbations of the equilibrium state, is presented. A very simple two-parameter model is used to illustrate the principal ideas.
Reduction of D-amino acid oxidase by β-chloroalanine: Enhancement of the reduction rate by cyanide

Abstract Using rapid reaction techniques, it is shown that there is no effect of cyanide on the first three phases of the anaerobic reaction of β-chloroalanine with the enzyme. However, the rate of appearance of free fully reduced enzyme, following the third phase, is increased 50-fold by cyanide and shows saturation kinetics with respect to cyanide. To account for this increased reductive rate in the presence of cyanide, it is proposed that cyanide attacks an enzyme-bound dehydroalanine formed in the elimination reaction.
Free-vibration of an L-shaped plate : The General solution and an example of a simply-supported plate with a clamped cutout

This study develops a new accurate method for finding the natural vibration frequencies of plates with cutouts. The method is based on replacing the plate with a cutout by a rectangular plate. This is achieved by filling the cutout with a dummy plate made of the same material, and of the same thickness as the original from which it is separated by an infinitesimal gap. Thanks to this device it is possible to apply finite Fourier transformation of discontinuous functions in a rectangular domain. The expression for the deflection now depends on the unknown quantities along the boundary and across the gap. Subsequent application of the available boundary conditions leads to a system of boundary integral equations. An L-shaped plate simply supported along the perimeter, and fixed along the cutout, is analyzed as an example. The frequencies of natural vibration are calculated and compared with the results obtained using the finite element method. The method presented here is also applicable to two- and three-dimensional problems of solids with holes or cavities and to similar thermoelastic problems. Application to plates with curved boundaries is also possible.
Prefrontal substrates of empathy: Psychometric evidence in a community sample

Empathy is a vicarious experience of others' emotions, and is crucial to many forms of adaptive social interaction. Clinical, experimental, and functional neuroimaging studies convergently suggest a role for prefrontal-limbic circuits in mediating empathy. This study examined the prefrontal basis of empathy in a community sample using self-report measures: the frontal systems behavior scale (FrSBe), Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS), and the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI). Multiple correlations emerged supporting an inverse relationship between prefrontal system dysfunction and empathy, particularly emotional empathy and perspective taking. Many of these relationships persisted after controlling for age, sex, and education. However, FrSBe scales did not correlate with one's identification with fictional characters, and motor impulsivity correlated positively, presumably due to the different cognitive and emotional context (i.e. real versus fictional individuals). These studies parallel others using objective methodologies and suggest a graded relationship between prefrontal function and empathy and likely reflect normal variations in prefrontal-limbic function.
Comparison of DC and RF for lesioning white and grey matter

Abstract The morphology of brain lesions produced by anodal direct current and by radio frequency current was compared. The lesions were placed within or adjacent to number of myelinated fiber tracts of the forebrain and brain stem using a range of common current parameters. It was found that with the parameters used anodal current was relatively ineffective for destroying fiber tracts while radio frequency was equally effective for fiber tracts and cellular areas. Thus, differential applicabilities of these two lesion methods are indicated. Additional observations were made on the effect of cathode location upon the shape of anodal direct current lesions. There was a tendency for the anodal lesion to be drawn in the direction of the cathode but the effect was small and inconsistent and therefore its usefulness for controlling the shapes of anodal lesions seems minimal.
Learned helplessness in humans: A developmental analysis☆

Abstract The investigation of learned helplessness (LH) in children is integrated with (a) research on LH in adults and (b) basic developmental research relating to the processes which theoretically mediate LH. It is concluded that developmental changes in perceptions of noncontingency, causal understanding, and expectations of future noncontingency are all likely to influence the process whereby children of different ages manifest LH. Several sets of hypotheses relating to each of these variables are presented. In addition, it is argued that developmental research on LH should examine the relationship between the components of the attributional reformulation of LH and should be explicit about the conceptual status of these variables. Finally, several approaches to understanding the origins of individual differences in LH are evaluated. It is proposed that exposure to noncontingency, performance feedback, modeling, and parental attributions may each contribute to the ontogenesis of individual differences in LH.
Electron donor-acceptor properties of porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and related ring chelates: A molecular orbital approach

Tetraazaoporphyrin is used as a primitive fragment to examine theoretically the electron donor-acceptor properties of a variety of highly conjugated planar ligands of the porphyrins and phthalocyanine type. Calculations employing the atom superposition electron delocalization MO theory indicate that for iron macrocylces the energy gap between the occupied d/sub xz/, d/sub yz/ orbitals and the empty e/sub g/(..pi..*) ring orbitals plays a key role in controlling the extent of metal to ring back-bonding. This provides a framework for a rational search of structural modifications of chelating ligands that may afford an optimized activation of axially coordinated ..pi.. electron acceptor molecules such as dioxygen, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide. The higher reactivity of iron(II) porphyrins toward such ..pi.. acceptor species, compared to iron(II) phthalocyanine, is attributed to the longer Me-N bond length in the porphyrins, which leads to less metal to ligand back-bonding and thus to more electron charge at the metal center.
Design and construction evaluation of a photovoltaic DC LED lighting system

The market demand for commercialization of Photovoltaic (PV) systems depends a lot on the reliability, efficiency and performance of various components within the system. PV panels produce DC power when exposed to sunlight, and an inverter converts this to AC power in a typical solar powered building. Though, PV lighting has existed for a long time it hasn't been very effective, as incandescent light sources were commonly used which are inefficient. Today fluorescent fixtures are mostly used with PV's due to its high efficacy. Light-emitting diodes present a new vision to energy efficiency in lighting design with their low energy consumption. Current research predicts improved efficiencies of LED light fixtures and their commercial use is a few years away. LEDs which operate on DC voltages when coupled with photovoltaics can be a simple PV lighting application and a sustainable solution with potential for payback. This research evaluates the design and construction of a photovoltaic DC LED lighting system for a solar house at Pennsylvania State University. A detailed cost and payback analysis of a PV DC LED lighting system is presented in this research. PV output simulations for the solar house are presented. Results presented in this research indicate that the Solid state lighting market is evolving rapidly and that LED's are a choice in stand-alone photovoltaic DC lighting systems. The efficiency and the cost-effectiveness of such systems would however improve in the coming years with research and development now focused on PV systems and on Solid state lighting technologies.
Renal Effects of Exposure to Natural and Depleted Uranium: A Review of the Epidemiologic and Experimental Data

Elevated levels of naturally occurring uranium in groundwater have been found in small geographic areas throughout the world. Relevant research was reviewed pertaining to natural and depleted uranium (DU) exposure and nephrotoxicity, including epidemiologic community-based and occupational studies, studies of Gulf War veterans exposed to DU, and experimental studies in animals. Occupational cohort studies do not provide evidence of an increased risk of kidney-related mortality among uranium-exposed workers. However, occupational and community-based studies of populations chronically exposed to elevated drinking-water concentrations of uranium provide some evidence of adverse renal effects, as assessed by biomarkers of proximal tubule damage such as urinary levels of glucose, calcium, and various low-molecular-weight proteins. Indications of proximal tubule effects, as evidenced by increased urinary β(2)-microglobulin and retinol binding protein levels, were also seen in the most recent follow-up surveillance study of Gulf War veterans exposed to DU. The reported β(2)-microglobulin levels in these studies were generally considered to be within normal limits, but the long-term implications of the observed variation in these levels are not established. The kidney was observed to be a target of uranium toxicity following oral and implantation exposure routes in several animal species. The interpretation and importance of the observed changes in biomarkers of proximal tubule function are important questions that indicate the need for additional clinical, epidemiological, and experimental research.
Moral Consciousness and Ethnocentrism: A Comment on Gewertz

traditional bush initiations undoubtedly contributes to the diminished fervor with respect to the Spirit of Holism. There is, however, a serious question whether Ygo will survive as a nation, or whether, their functional usefulness destroyed by their loss of faith in holism, they will end their days going through meaningless rituals and selling their trinkets to tourists. It seems to me that this fate worse than death can be avoided only if a revitalization movement takes place, a return to a true veneration of the Spirit of Holism of a kind that would counteract the fissiparous tendencies that characterize the Ygo. But the holistic spirit means that doctrinal disputes must be brought into abeyance, that each group recognize that it has no monopoly on the truth, and that all contribute to the whole. Intellectual nomadism is a tough way of life and requires strong faith and a sense of commitment, but its rewards are great. It will be a great loss to the other social tribes and to all in the Grove of Academe (and even to all of Nacirema, I think), if the essential function that the Ygo perform in this service to the Spirit of Holism should disappear.
Certain characterizations of the uniform dstribution

Characterizations of the uniform distribution based on identically distributed spacings are presented.
The domain structure of the ion channel-forming protein colicin Ia

Colicin Ia undergoes a transition from a soluble to a transmembrane state, forming an ion channel to effect its bactericidal activity. The X-ray crystal structure of soluble colicin Ia at an effective resolution of 4 A reveals that the molecule is highly α-helical and has an unusually elongated ‘Y’-shape. The stalk and two arms of the ‘Y’ form three discrete structural domains which most likely correspond to the three functional regions identified for the channel-forming colicins. The channel-forming region of colicin Ia can be located to the larger of the two arms, the insertion domain, by its structural similarity to the ten α-helix motif found for the ion channel-forming fragments of colicins A and E1. The domain arrangement found in this structure provides novel insights into the mechanism of membrane insertion of colicin Ia.
Multidimensional Astrophysical Structural and Dynamical Analysis. I. Development of a Nonlinear Finite Element Approach

A new field of numerical astrophysics is introduced which addresses the solution of large, multidimensional structural or slowly-evolving problems (rotating stars, interacting binaries, thick advective accretion disks, four dimensional spacetimes, etc.), as well as rapidly evolving systems.
Discovering trending phrases on information streams

We study the problem of efficient discovery of trending phrases from high-volume text streams -- be they sequences of Twitter messages, email messages, news articles, or other time-stamped text documents. Most existing approaches return top-k trending phrases. But, this approach neither guarantees that the top-k phrases returned are all trending, nor that all trending phrases are returned. In addition, the value of k is difficult to set and is indifferent to stream dynamics. Hence, we propose an approach that identifies all the trending phrases in a stream and is flexible to the changing stream properties.
The contested homeland : a Chicano history of New Mexico

Many books deal with New Mexico's past, but the twelve original essays here reinterpret that history for the first time from a Chicano perspective. Self-determination, resistance, and cultural maintenance are the recurring themes in the lives and struggles of Nuevomexicanos from 1848 to the present. On a more fundamental level, the clash has been over modernisation -- how the Spanish language, folk traditions, and land grants can survive as a heritage for future generations amid English, new and secular values, and real estate booms and speculation. Nuevomexicanos have confronted colonialism, ethnocentrism, and racism throughout their history. But as these essays make clear, pride in Spanish descent runs deep in New Mexico and has led to a vibrancy unmatched in any other region in the United States. Nuevomexicanos have not simply survived or endured. They have secured their influence through the highest level of education among all Chicanos in the United States, through greater political representation at the local and national level-and in both major parties-than in any other state, and through a culture that has simultaneously resisted and adapted to change.
Spontaneous hemorrhage simulating rapid growth of a benign subperiosteal plexiform neurofibroma.

Spontaneous subperiosteal hemorrhage is a rare complication of von Recklinghausen’s disease. There are few reports describing the MR imaging characteristics of this entity. Our case is unique among these as an underlying plexiform neurofibroma was visualized by MR imaging. We present a 12-year-old child with neurofibromatosis 1 who presented with a rapidly enlarging mass of the fibula. Surgery and pathology revealed subperiosteal hemorrhage into a benign, plexiform neurofibroma. The MR imaging features, pathogenesis and clinical implications of this entity are discussed. Recognition of this disease process and differentiating it from malignant transformation can prevent unnecessary surgery.
State Corporate and Federal Securities Law: Dual Regulation in a Federal System

Corporate law in the United States involves dual regulation. Although state and federal corporate law typicallyfunction without mutual interference, the last thirty years have revealed potential conflicts, chiefly in two situations. One involves civil remedies for investors underfederal securities statutes; the other is state anti-takeover regulation and its relationship to thefederal WilliamsAct. The postwar years until 1975 sawperhaps too much reliance on the federal component ofcorporate regulation. Since 1975, there has been a renaissance ofstate law. Recently, however, appreciationfor state regulatory authority may have degenerated into hostility to the will of Congress. The authors argue that the core interpretive task in federal securities law is preservation of both regimes to maximum effect, because the Congress has expressly declared that state authority should continue adjacent to federal regulation.
Sex differences in human mortality: The role of genetic factors

Abstract This paper reviews evidence concerning genetic factors that influence sex differences in human mortality, with attention to the interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Some widely quoted earlier conclusions, for example, that males have consistently higher fetal mortality than females, are not supported by current evidence. For example, for late fetal mortality, males had higher rates than females in earlier historical data, but not in recent data for several advanced industrial countries. This reflects a changing balance between an inherently greater female vulnerability for one major type of late fetal mortality and inherently greater male vulnerability for several other types of late fetal mortality that have declined in importance as health care has improved. Males appear to be inherently more vulnerable than females to infant mortality, although the causes of this vulnerability are poorly understood. X-linked immunoregulatory genes appear to contribute to greater female resistance to infectious diseases. Despite these apparent inherent advantages for females, in some situations females have had higher infant mortality and higher infectious disease mortality than males, apparently due to environmental disadvantages for females, such as less adequate diet and health care. Inherent sex differences in reproductive physiology and anatomy contribute to higher female mortality for breast cancer and maternal mortality. For these causes of death, as for the other categories discussed, the death rates and thus the contributions to sex differences in total mortality vary considerably depending on environmental conditions. Several hypothesized contributions of sex hormones to sex differences in mortality are at present controversial due to contradictions and limitations in the available data. There may be effects of male sex hormones on sex differences in behavior which contribute to males' higher death rates for accidents and other violent causes. Women's endogenous sex hormones may reduce women's risk of ischemic heart disease. For both violent deaths and ischemic heart disease it appears that any genetic contributions to sex differences in mortality are strongly reinforced by the cultural influences that foster more risky behavior in males, including more use of weapons, employment in hazardous occupations, heavy alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. It appears that these cultural influences on sex differences in behavior are widespread cross-culturally in part because of the effects of inherent sex differences in reproductive functions on the cultural evolution of sex roles. These examples illustrate the complexity and importance of interactions between genetic and environmental factors in determining sex differences in human mortality.
A study on interleaving versus segmentation

Many algorithms process an array by dividing it into smaller subarrays. The most commonly used dividing strategy is segmentation. Though somewhat unintuitive and thus less commonly used, interleaving can be advantageous. We will show that interleaving is far superior to segmentation in the context of a parallel quicksort algorithm.
Highly water-soluble monoboronic acid probes that show optical sensitivity to glucose based on 4-sulfo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride.

Two highly water-soluble monoboronic acid probes that display the more desirable off−on fluorescence response were synthesized based on 4-sulfo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride and a remarkable sensitivity for glucose rather than fructose and galactose was also observed.