cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective depolymerisation of heparin to produce radio-labelled substrates for sulfamidase, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-glucosidase, acetyl-CoA:2-amino-2-deoxy-α-d-glucoside N-acetyltransferase, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose 6-sulfate sulfatase

Heparin was carboxyl-reduced with NaBT4, and degraded under conditions of acid hydrolysis that selectively cleaved the 2-0-sulfo-L-idopyranosidic linkages. The resulting, radiolabelled-disaccharides and -tetrasaccharides were isolated by gel chromatography, and then fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography, paper chromatography, and paper electrophoresis. Of the nine disaccharides isolated and identified, eight were probably derived from the major repeating-disaccharide unit in heparin (2-deoxy-2-sulfoamino-D-glucosyl 6-sulfate leads to L-idosyluronic acid 2-sulfate). Sodium borotritide reduction and/or HNO2 deamination of these eight disaccharide fractions indicated four to contain L-idopyranose residues and the other four to contain 1,6-anhydro-L-idopyranose residues as terminal units. The latter, terminal unit probably represents a minor component formed during the acid hydrolysis. On the basis of N-acetylation, N-sulfation, and HNO2-deamination studies, and the known positions and configurations of the glycosidic and sulfate linkages in heparin, four disaccharides were identified as 0-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 4)-L-[6-3H]idopyranose, 0-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glycopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 4)-L-[6-3H]idopyranose 2-sulfate, and 0-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 6-sulfate]-(1 leads to 4)-L-[6-3H]idopyranose 2-sulfate. A similar set of four disaccharides contained 1,6-anhydro-L-[6-3H]idopyranose residues in place of the L-[6-3H]idopyranose residues. The other disaccharide was tentatively identified as 0-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 4)-L-[6-3H]idopyranose, the isolation of which suggests the presence of an IdA(OSO-3)-GlcNAc-IdA(OSO-3) sequence in the heparin preparation, which accounts for at least 1% of its total sequence. The tetrasaccharides were fractionated, on the basis of their sulfate content, into at least five species by ion-exchange chromatography or by paper electrophoresis. These were fractionated further into species with and without carboxyl groups, and with L-idopyranose or 1,6-anhydro-L-idopyranose residues as terminal units. Tentative structures for some of these tetrasaccharides are proposed. Disaccharide and tetrasaccharide species were evaluated before and after N-acetylation or N-sulfation, as substrates for sulfamidase, acetyl-CoA: 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucoside N-acetyl-transferase, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucosidase, or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-sulfate sulfatase in human-skin fibroblasts.
Gastrointestinal tract of guinea pig and elimination of ascorbic acid given intraperitoneally.

SummaryAscorbic acid was found in the stomach and small intestine of adult guinea pigs maintained on a diet devoid of the vitamin. The amount present varied with the length of time after intraperitoneal injection of the substance, the maximum occurring at 4 hours. Small amounts only were found in the contents of the cecum and large intestine. The results suggest that the vitamin is excreted into the stomach and small intestine and is destroyed in the cecum.The maximum content of ascorbic acid was found in the blood and kidneys 1 hour after injection, in the liver 2 hours after injection, and the maximum excretion in the urine occurred between the second and third hours after injection.
MA 160 and EB 33 cell lines: HeLa cell contaminants, hybrids or prostatic epithelial cells?

Studies of acid phosphates produced by cell lines MA 160 and EB 33 demonstrated immunochemically their prostatic origin. MA 160 and EB 33, rather than being HeLa contaminants, may be hybrids of prostatic epithelial and HeLa cells or true prostatic cell lines with chromosomal changes common to all long-term cultivated cell lines.
Stochastic Processes for Physicists: Understanding Noisy Systems

Stochastic processes are an essential part of numerous branches of physics, as well as in biology, chemistry, and finance. This textbook provides a solid understanding of stochastic processes and stochastic calculus in physics, without the need for measure theory. In avoiding measure theory, this textbook gives readers the tools necessary to use stochastic methods in research with a minimum of mathematical background. Coverage of the more exotic Levy processes is included, as is a concise account of numerical methods for simulating stochastic systems driven by Gaussian noise. The book concludes with a non-technical introduction to the concepts and jargon of measure-theoretic probability theory. With over 70 exercises, this textbook is an easily accessible introduction to stochastic processes and their applications, as well as methods for numerical simulation, for graduate students and researchers in physics.
Fear-Arousing and Empathy-Arousing Appeals to Help: The Pathos of Persuasion

An experiment tested the proposition that the components of a fear appeal which persuade us to protect ourselves are the Same components that persuade us to protect others. The results confirmed this hypothesis for the two components examined: noxiousness of the threatened danger and efficacy of coping response. Films showing noxious scenes of industrial whaling and films showing a pro-environmental action organization successfully saving whales from whalers strengthened intentions to help this endangered animal species. Taken together, available data indicate that fear appeals can persuade us to protect ourselves, other people, and even infrahuman animals. The social psychological paradigm used to investigate attitude change was merged with a paradigm employed to examine prosocial behavior. As predicted, an empathy-arousing appeal facilitated attitude change. Three implications for promoting ecological actions were discussed. First, empathy-arousing appeals can be applied to mass media campaigns. Second, the concept of response-efficacy in persuasive appeals can be extended from direct, individual action to activity requiring the mediation of social organizations. Finally, pro-environmental campaigns can be effective when the potential beneficiaries are not the ones shown, but who symbolize the many others in the same plight.
The USTR Special 301 Reports: an analysis of the US hegemonic pressure upon the organizational change in China's IPR regime

This study examines the US hegemonic pressure upon the organizational change in China's intellectual property rights (IPR) regime. Through the theoretical lens of the hegemony theory, the paper has analyzed the Special 301 Reports by the United States Trade Representative (USTR) from 2000 to 2007 via theme analysis and achieved four research results. First, it is the shared notion of the United States to integrate China into the Agreement of Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) by upgrading and restructuring China's IPR regime so as to better protect the US IPR and obtain greater Chinese market access. Second, China has to make repeated compromises in reforming its IPR regime due to the increasing US pressure and domestic needs. Third, by controlling the international IPR institutions, the United States has successfully generated broad consent among even disadvantaged countries like China to continue updating their IPR regime in US terms. Finally, despite initial reluctance, China...
CRE-mediated gene transcription in neocortical neuronal plasticity during the developmental critical period.

Abstract Neuronal activity–dependent processes are believed to mediate the formation of synaptic connections during neocortical development, but the underlying intracellular mechanisms are not known. In the visual system, altering the pattern of visually driven neuronal activity by monocular deprivation induces cortical synaptic rearrangement during a postnatal developmental window, the critical period. Here, using transgenic mice carrying a CRE– lacZ reporter, we demonstrate that a calcium- and cAMP-regulated signaling pathway is activated following monocular deprivation. We find that monocular deprivation leads to an induction of CRE-mediated lacZ expression in the visual cortex preceding the onset of physiologic plasticity, and this induction is dramatically downregulated following the end of the critical period. These results suggest that CRE-dependent coordinate regulation of a network of genes may control physiologic plasticity during postnatal neocortical development.
THE POWER OF REFLECTION: An Empirical Examination of Nostalgia Advertising Effects

Despite its popularity as a desired response to advertisements, nostalgia--an individual's yearning for an idealized past--has received surprisingly little academic research attention in the advertising literature. The current study was designed to address this void by exploring thoughts and attitudinal responses of consumers exposed to nostalgic (versus non-nostalgic) advertisements. The results of our investigation suggest that nostalgic cues in advertising do indeed influence the type of thoughts consumers have during ad exposure, and that these thought processes appear to have an influence on attitudes toward the advertisement and advertised brand. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
A Spreadsheet Scenario Analysis Technique That Integrates with Optimization and Simulation

Scenario analysis is a widely used technique, and business students should be proficient in running scenarios through a spreadsheet model. We propose 10 desirable properties for a scenario analysis technique, and show that the Microsoft Excel Scenario Manager tool satisfies only one of them. We provide a tutorial for a better technique that can be programmed into an existing spreadsheet in a matter of minutes. We show how to integrate the technique with the Excel Solver to allow for rapid optimization of multiple scenarios and with the Crystal Ball add-in for Monte Carlo simulation to enable simulation of multiple scenarios. Our undergraduate and MBA students are able to learn the technique with little difficulty.
Path loss correlation between PCS and MMDS/ISM bands in suburban morphology - an empirical model

We present a model to derive MMDS/ISM band correlation path losses from collected PCS band experimental data. The model is based on experimental data taken in several suburban areas using combined mode portable PCS and MMDS CW transmitters. The characterization used is a linear curve fitting the decibel path loss to the decibel-distance, with a Gaussian random variation about that curve due to shadow fading. It was found that comparing the large scale effect in propagation at different frequency bands helps compare all the existing radio propagation phenomena and improve the modeling of the MMDS/ISM band path loss from the PCS measured path loss. The model is for suburban areas, and it distinguishes between different suburban environments. The suburban environment is sub-classified based on predefined morphology characteristics. The correlation models with varying resolution in terms of predicted mean error and the standard deviation are presented. The derived correlation models are independent of height variations as long as the PCS and MMDS/ISM antenna heights are kept the same.
Subduction of decadal North Pacific thermal anomalies in an ocean GCM

A new version of the GFDL Modular Ocean Model (MOM 3) is used to simulate interannual and interdecadal variability over the entire Pacific basin from January 1948 to April 2000, forced by NCEP reanalysis atmosphere-ocean fluxes. The MOM 3 with high resolution and sophisticated physics realistically reproduces the subduction of temperature and salinity anomalies associated with decadal climate variability in the North Pacific. Two major decadal subduction events (one warm and salty in the 1970s, and another cold and fresh in the 1980s) are demonstrated in this paper. In the 1970s temperature anomaly signal propagates along the subduction pathway into the western boundary at 18° N. The time needed to propagate from the midlatitude outcrop sites into the western boundary is about 5 years, shorter than that suggested by previous advection-based analyses. It is further shown that the simulated temperature and salinity variations coincide in such a way that cold (warm) anomalies tend to be accompanied by fresh (salty) anomalies along the subduction pathway, indicating that they are largely compensating in terms of density on the decadal time scales. The implication of such compensated thermal anomalies subducted from the midlatitudes are discussed with respect to the tropical variability and ocean data assimilation issues.
Towards automation of color/weave selection in Jacquard design: Model verification

Jacquard woven fabrics are made from colored yarns and different weaves for designing complex pictorial and other patterning effects. The final visualized color effect is the result of assigning weave designs to different areas of the pattern to be created. The current practice in creating Jacquard woven fabric designs is to produce many samples in a trial-and-error attempt to match artwork colors. An ability to simulate accurately the appearance of a design prior to manufacture is highly desirable to reduce trial-and-error sample production. No automated accurate digital color methodology is yet available to assist designers in matching the patterned woven fabric to the desired artwork. To achieve this, we developed a geometrical model to predict the color contribution of each yarn on the face of the fabric. The geometrical model combined with a Kubelka-Munk based color mixing model allowed the prediction of the reflectance properties of the final color for a given design. We compared the predicted and experimental values of the reflectance properties for a range of fabrics using the same geometric model with three separate color mixing models. The geometrical model combined with a log-based color mixing model produced reasonable agreement between predicted and measured ΔEab, with an average ΔEab of approximately five. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 225–232, 2009
Radiation degradation of α-substituted acrylate polymers and copolymers

Radiation degradation is observed in poly(methyl ..cap alpha..-chloroacrylate), poly(methyl ..cap alpha..-cyanoacrylate), and poly (..cap alpha..-chloroacrylonitrile) homopolymers and their respective MMA copolymers when ..gamma..-irradiated in vacuo. Polymer degradation susceptibilities are quantified in terms of G(scission radicals) and G(scission) -- G(crosslinks), measured by EPR and membrane osmometry, respectively; values by these two methods are compared. Higher G(rads) values ranging from 2 to 6 and (G(s) -- G(x)) values ranging from 2 to 11 are obtained for the substituted polymers and copolymers relative to the values for PMMA (1.6; 1.9), a standard e-beam positive resist, which suggests that these modified polymers are more sensitive e-beam resists than PMMA.
A Digital Television Spectrometer For Re-Entry Measurements

This paper describes a digital television spectrometer (DITS) for measur-ing the optical radiation from re-entry vehicles. The system has been constructed and is being field tested on an IGOR telescope at White Sands Missile Range.
Equivalent Effects of Inflected and Derived Primes: Long-Term Morphological Priming in Fragment Completion and Lexical Decision ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Previous studies of long-term morphological priming have obtained a mixed pattern of results: Although some studies have found larger effects of inflected primes than of derived primes, others have found that inflections and derivations have equivalent effects. We reexamined this issue in four experiments in which the inflected and derived primes were paired with the same target words (e.g., believe, believed, believer ) and were equated in terms of their orthographic similarity to the targets. Across these experiments, inflections and derivations consistently produced equivalent levels of priming, both in the word fragment completion task (Experiments 1 and 3) and in the lexical decision task (Experiments 2 and 4). The implications of these findings for current models of the processing of morphologically complex words are discussed.
Modeling of Polymerization Behavior of Mixtures of Acrylates and Olefins via Computer Simulation

Computer simulations are performed to study the polymerization behavior of olefins and acrylates in an effective solvent, a coarse description for vegetable oil derived macromonomers (VOMMs) in solution. Olefin (A) and acrylate (B) are represented by particles with molecular weights MA and MB and limited functionality (with a maximum of two covalent bonds each) on a cubic lattice. A set of interactions between these units, solvent (S) constituents and their relative concentrations (pA, pB, pS) are used to model the perceived behavior of VOMM. Before initiating the polymerization, the system is equilibrated using the Metropolis algorithm. The covalent bonding between monomeric units is implemented stochastically for different reaction probabilities. Growth of each bond type (\(\left( {{\text{A}} - - {\text{B,}}\;{\text{B}} - - {\text{B}}} \right)\)) is studied as a function of polymer concentration p = pA + pB for four different model systems appropriate for VOMMs. The fraction of bond growth as a function of polymer concentration (p) is consistent with laboratory data.
Characterizing the distribution of observed precipitation and runoff over the continental United States

This paper describes the development of a comprehensive geographic database of historical precipitation and runoff measurements for the conterminous U.S. The database is used in a spatial analysis to characterize large scale precipitation and runoff patterns and to assess the utility and limitations of using historical hydro-meteorological data for providing spatially distributed precipitation estimates at regional and continental scales. Long-term annual average precipitation (P) and runoff (Q) surfaces (geographically referenced, digital representations of a continuous spatial distribution) generated from interpolation of point measurements are used in a distributed water balance calculation to check the reliability of precipitation estimates. The resulting input-output values (P- Q) illustrate the deficiency (sparse distribution and low elevation bias) of historical precipitation measurements in the mountainous western U.S. where snowmelt is an important component of the annual runoff. The incorporation of high elevation snow measurements into the precipitation record significantly improves the water balance estimates in some areas and enhances the utility of historical data for providing spatially distributed precipitation estimates in topographically diverse regions. Regions where the use of historical precipitation data may be most limited for precipitation estimation are identified and alternatives to the use of interpolated historical data for precipitation estimation across large heterogenous regions are suggested. The research establishes a database for continental scale studies and provides direction for the successful development of spatially distributed regional scale water balance models.
In Silico Pooling of ChIP-seq Control Experiments

As next generation sequencing technologies are becoming more economical, large-scale ChIP-seq studies are enabling the investigation of the roles of transcription factor binding and epigenome on phenotypic variation. Studying such variation requires individual level ChIP-seq experiments. Standard designs for ChIP-seq experiments employ a paired control per ChIP-seq sample. Genomic coverage for control experiments is often sacrificed to increase the resources for ChIP samples. However, the quality of ChIP-enriched regions identifiable from a ChIP-seq experiment depends on the quality and the coverage of the control experiments. Insufficient coverage leads to loss of power in detecting enrichment. We investigate the effect of in silico pooling of control samples within multiple biological replicates, multiple treatment conditions, and multiple cell lines and tissues across multiple datasets with varying levels of genomic coverage. Our computational studies suggest guidelines for performing in silico pooling of control experiments. Using vast amounts of ENCODE data, we show that pairwise correlations between control samples originating from multiple biological replicates, treatments, and cell lines/tissues can be grouped into two classes representing whether or not in silico pooling leads to power gain in detecting enrichment between the ChIP and the control samples. Our findings have important implications for multiplexing samples.
Reinforced nylon 6 block copolymers

Nylon block copolymers (NBC), a family of reaction injection molding (RIM) resins commercially introduced during the past year, offer new and valuable balances of properties. The polymers are comprised of alternating blocks of soft rubber segments and hard nylon 6 blocks which are chemically bound together and form discrete, incompatible phases. Glass reinforcement afforded increased resistance to expansion from moisture absorption and thermal changes, along with decreased temperature-modulus response and increased heatsag resistance. Losses in impact strength from reinforcement addition were shown to be partially restored by moisture absorption and/or changes in resin matrix formulations.
Large-Eddy Simulation of a Spatially Evolving Supersonic Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow

Several issues involving the large-eddy simulation of wall-bounded compressible turbulent flows are investigated. A spatially evolving supersonic boundary layer is simulated using a high-order-accurate finite difference scheme and the dynamic subgrid-scale model. A parametric study suggests that the finite difference scheme has a detrimental effect on the resolution of the smaller scales due to excessive numerical dissipation from the spatial differencing. Also, because the dynamic model uses the smaller resolved-scale eddies to determine the model coefficients, the predicted coefficients do not have the appropriate values. The use of higher-order schemes is found to better capture the smaller resolved scales and to improve substantially the quality of the results. The effect of descretization errors on large-eddy simulation needs to be addressed further before proceeding with large-eddy simulation of flows of engineering interest
Ipsilesional arm motor sequence performance after right and left hemisphere damage.

ABSTRACTAiming movements are part of daily activities but the brain hemispheres’ role in targeted aiming sequential movements is not fully clear. Start and execution of discrete and sequential tasks toward targets were analyzed in 10 individuals with left-hemisphere damage, 10 right-hemisphere–damaged, and 10 healthy ones. Arm movements were performed over a digitizing tablet, following stimuli on a monitor, from initial position toward right and left-positioned targets. Poststroke individuals used their ipsilesional arm and healthy individuals, both arms. Right-hemisphere–damaged individuals showed higher reaction time and left-hemisphere–damaged individuals, lower smoothness. Due to spatial demand of tasks, the right hemisphere played a major role in movement planning, while the left, in movement execution.
Precursor frequency of human T4 cells responding to stimulation through the CD3 molecular complex: Role of various cytokines in promoting growth and IL2 production☆

The frequency of human T4 cells induced to grow and produce IL2 in response to the anti-CD3 mAb, 64.1, was examined. T4 cells were cultured at limiting dilution and stimulated with either soluble or immobilized 64.1 in the presence of various cytokines and/or irradiated B lymphoblastoid cells as accessory cells (AC). The frequency of responding cells was assessed by examining wells microscopically for visible growth and supernatants for IL2. Immobilized, but not soluble, 64.1 was able to induce T4 cells to grow in the complete absence of AC, but only when exogenous cytokines were present. IL2 was most effective at supporting T4 cell growth in this system, with a mean of 26.0 +/- 3.8% of immobilized 64.1-activated T4 cells generating a colony in cultures supplemented with IL2. IL4 could also support the growth of immobilized 64.1-activated T4 cells, but the frequency of responding cells was much lower (3.7 +/- 0.9%). The combination of IL2 and IL4 was not more effective than IL2 alone. TNF alpha, IL1 beta, and IL6 were unable to support T4 cell growth alone, but each increased the frequency of T4 cells responding in the presence of IL2. AC could support the growth of a small number of 64.1-stimulated T4 cells in the absence of exogenous IL2 and enhanced the frequency of T4 cells responding to immobilized 64.1 in the presence of IL2. The percentage of immobilized 64.1-stimulated T4 cells producing IL2 was also examined. Immobilized 64.1 stimulated less than 1.4 in 1000 T4 cells to produce IL2 in the absence of AC and neither IL4 nor TNF alpha enhanced this response. Fixed AC and IL1 beta, on the other hand, caused a small increase in the frequency of immobilized 64.1-activated T4 cells that secreted IL2. The frequency of T4 cells stimulated to produce IL2 by immobilized 64.1 was greatly enhanced by the addition of AC. The data indicate that in the absence of AC, a stimulatory matrix of immobilized 64.1 is sufficient for some T4 cells to be activated to become IL2 or IL4 responsive and for a smaller percentage to secrete IL2. Additional T4 cells require IL1 beta, TNF alpha, IL6, or AC to become IL2 responsive, whereas only IL1 beta and AC can promote IL2 production. In the presence of AC, the amount of cytokine produced endogenously appears to be sufficient to sustain the growth of some T4 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Stepwise Regression and Stepwise Discriminant Analysis Need Not Apply here: A Guidelines Editorial:

Stepwise methods are frequently employed in educational and psychological research, both to select useful subsets of variables and to evaluate the order of importance of variables. Three problems with stepwise applications are explored in some detail. First, computer packages use incorrect degrees of freedom in their stepwise computations, resulting in artifactually greater likelihood of obtaining spurious statistical significance. Second, stepwise methods do not correctly identify the best variable set of a given size, as illustrated by a concrete heuristic example. Third, stepwise methods tend to capitalize on sampling error and thus tend to yield results that are not replicable.
4f photoemission spectra of light rare earths

Abstract The 4f derived valence band photoemission spectra of Ce, Pr and Nd compounds are interpreted in terms of the presence of two types of screening channels; localized screening and diffuse screening. The effect of hybridization on these screening channels is investigated.
Chronic repeated cocaine administration increases dopamine D1 receptor-mediated signal transduction

Abstract Alteration in dopamine D1 receptor-mediated signal transduction following repeated cocaine administration was investigated. Male Fischer rats were administered saline or cocaine HCl (15 mg/kg, i.p.) three times daily at 1-h intervals for 1, 7, or 14 days. Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity by dopamine and the selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist, (±)-6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetra-hydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide (SKF 82958), was significantly greater in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen of animals injected with cocaine for 14 days compared with control animals, but was unchanged in animals administered cocaine for 1 or 7 days. These results suggest that dopamine D1 receptor signal transduction in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen is enhanced following chronic repeated administration of cocaine.
The nature of man: II

Abstract In their careful paper, Jensen and Meckling (1994) suggest that humans in organizations (be they for profit or non-profit) act not entirely upon the motivation that serves as the cornerstone of the core paradigm of financial economics. Jensen and Meckling suggest instead an alternative maxim that better describes human behavior. In this paper, I argue that, while there is nothing new in the Jensen and Meckling contention, their proposition nevertheless deserves utmost consideration because it may lead to a much-needed revolution in critical thinking. I also point out that some skepticism is in order, since much of what we do is not the search for truth, but rather the mollifying of the rules of a promotion and tenure process.
Comparison of daily versus weeklyl-asparaginase for the treatment of childhood acute leukemia†

l -Asparaginase was administered intravenously by two dosage schedules to 19 children with acute leukemia refractory to conventional antileukemic agents. Nine patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia received the enzyme in a daily dosage of 4,000 I.U. per square meter of body surface area for 6 to 21 days. Ten patients, 7 with acute lymphocytic leukemia and 3 with acute myelocytic leukemia, received the enzyme in a dosage of 20,000 I.U. per square meter once weekly. Four patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed complete remission marrows. Two patients, one with acute lymphocytic leukemia and one with acute myelocytic leukemia, achieved partial remissions. Six patients died during the treatment period. All patients developed evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Toxicity appeared to be greater when l -asparaginase was administered daily rather than weekly. Prolongation of l -asparaginase therapy beyond 2 weeks is not indicated because of promptness of response by sensitive cells and potential toxicity of the agent.
Making History The Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era: A Retrospective View

Don't let anyone tell you that grand ideas floated in animated conversation in social gatherings at history conventions never go anywhere. The journal you hold in your hands is the ultimate result of just such a session a decade and a half ago. The scene took place at the 1985 AHA meeting in New York, where I was relating to Jerry Sternstein of Brooklyn College an idea I had harbored for some time of organizing a new society of historians of the Gilded Age. In 1977-1978 I had worked for a legislative history project in Indianapolis, where I watched Jim Broussard create the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic (SHEAR) literally from nothing. By 1986 SHEAR had been publishing the Journal of the Early Republic for half a decade. Looking at that success, Jerry and I rhapsodized, why couldn't we do the same thing for the late nineteenth century? A month after the meeting Jerry reported that he had raised the idea with his colleagues at Brooklyn, Ari Hoogenboom and Hans Trefousse, who "both were much interested." Jerry suggested that we talk the idea up at the OAH meeting in New York in April. "Perhaps," he added, "we can round up a group of Gilded Age historians, have a banquet, and discuss your proposal among other things of mutual interest."1 At the OAH meeting, specifically at the reception of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR), Jerry and I continued our proselytizing in conversations with Andy Fry of the University of Nevada-Las Vegas and others who worked in the Gilded Age. At that time SHAFR was well-established and had been publishing its journal, Diplomatic History, for a decade. I remarked that my notion of organizing such a group for historians of the Gilded Age
The Biologists' Forum: The trouble with amphibians: an example of science in action at the undergraduate level

Abstract The following is the text of a speech given at the initiation of the new Tri-beta chapter at the State University of New York College at Oneonta.
Performance analysis of single-phase, multiphase, and multicomponent lattice-Boltzmann fluid flow simulations on GPU clusters

The lattice-Boltzmann method is well suited for implementation in single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) environments provided by general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs). This paper discusses the integration of these GPGPU programs with OpenMP to create lattice-Boltzmann applications for multi-GPU clusters. In addition to the standard single-phase single-component lattice-Boltzmann method, the performances of more complex multiphase, multicomponent models are also examined. The contributions of various GPU lattice-Boltzmann parameters to the performance are examined and quantified with a statistical model of the performance using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). By examining single- and multi-GPU lattice-Boltzmann simulations with ANOVA, we show that all the lattice-Boltzmann simulations primarily depend on effects corresponding to simulation geometry and decomposition, and not on the architectural aspects of GPU. Additionally, using ANOVA we confirm that the metrics of Efficiency and Utilization are not suitable for memory-bandwidth-dependent codes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and selenate by cell suspensions of selenium-respiring bacteria.

ABSTRACT Washed-cell suspensions of Sulfurospirillum barnesiireduced selenate [Se(VI)] when cells were cultured with nitrate, thiosulfate, arsenate, or fumarate as the electron acceptor. When the concentration of the electron donor was limiting, Se(VI) reduction in whole cells was approximately fourfold greater in Se(VI)-grown cells than was observed in nitrate-grown cells; correspondingly, nitrate reduction was ∼11-fold higher in nitrate-grown cells than in Se(VI)-grown cells. However, a simultaneous reduction of nitrate and Se(VI) was observed in both cases. At nonlimiting electron donor concentrations, nitrate-grown cells suspended with equimolar nitrate and selenate achieved a complete reductive removal of nitrogen and selenium oxyanions, with the bulk of nitrate reduction preceding that of selenate reduction. Chloramphenicol did not inhibit these reductions. The Se(VI)-respiring haloalkaliphile Bacillus arsenicoselenatis gave similar results, but its Se(VI) reductase was not constitutive in nitrate-grown cells. No reduction of Se(VI) was noted for Bacillus selenitireducens, which respires selenite. The results of kinetic experiments with cell membrane preparations of S. barnesii suggest the presence of constitutive selenate and nitrate reduction, as well as an inducible, high-affinity nitrate reductase in nitrate-grown cells which also has a low affinity for selenate. The simultaneous reduction of micromolar Se(VI) in the presence of millimolar nitrate indicates that these organisms may have a functional use in bioremediating nitrate-rich, seleniferous agricultural wastewaters. Results with75Se-selenate tracer show that these organisms can lower ambient Se(VI) concentrations to levels in compliance with new regulations proposed for release of selenium oxyanions into the environment.
Using sketching to support design research in new ways: a case study investigating design and charismatic pentecostalism in São Paulo, Brazil

In this paper we contribute to the community's understanding about the relationship between religion and technology use. Simultaneously, we demonstrate how sketching supports the creative design process in novel ways. We describe how we used sketching to translate findings from our fieldwork examining Charismatic Pentecostals and technology use in Sao Paulo, Brazil, into conceptual design concepts. We then presented these sketches to the participants who motivated and inspired the ideas depicted in the drawings. Findings from these interviews suggest that sketching can be used to uncover value differences between users and designers, highlight promising design ideas, and validate qualitative research findings. We conclude with a discussion describing how our use of sketching illustrates the intellectual rigor involved in design research.
Coats' syndrome: long term follow up

AIM To increase the understanding of the long term results in pseudo-retinoblastoma eyes with infantile Coats9 syndrome. METHODS This study design was a retrospective case review. 10 patients were analysed who were initially referred with a diagnosis of retinoblastoma but had Coats9 syndrome on the basis of ocular oncological evaluation. Vision, fundus photography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography scans were obtained and evaluated. Changes in vision and retinal status were measured. RESULTS The initial age at presentation was 2.4 years (range 0.25–4 years). All patients had retinal detachment at diagnosis. Nine of 10 retinas were reattached after various treatments. Reattached retinas had closure of peripheral telangiectasia and visible intraretinal crystals. Vision was dismal. At last follow up (mean 8.8 years), only two patients had 20/400 or better visual acuities. Five eyes had no light perception despite early treatment to reattach the retina. Nine of 10 eyes remain cosmetically acceptable. One patient wore a cosmetic shell. CONCLUSIONS Long term results indicate that these eyes can be salvaged and the retina reattached but the visual outcome is poor.
Automatic isosurface propagation using an extrema graph and sorted boundary cell lists

A high-performance algorithm for generating isosurfaces is presented. In our method, guides to searching for cells intersected by an isosurface are generated as a pre-process. These guides are two kinds of cell lists: an extrema graph, and sorted lists of boundary cells. In an extrema graph, extremum points are connected by arcs, and each arc has a list of cells through which it passes. At the same time, all boundary cells are sorted according to their minimum and maximum values, and two sorted lists are then generated. Isosurfaces are generated by visiting adjacent intersected cells in order. Here, the starting cells for this process are found by searching in an extrema graph and in sorted boundary cell lists. In this process, isosurfaces appear to propagate themselves. Our algorithm is efficient, since it visits only cells that are intersected by an isosurface and cells whose IDs are included in the guides. It is especially efficient when many isosurfaces are interactively generated in a huge volume. Some benchmark tests described in this paper show the efficiency of the algorithm.
Failure-resilient real-time processing of health streams

The ability to analyze streaming data in real time is vital in systems that process data from health sensors. These systems need to build and maintain state, as well as preserve this state during system failures. In this work, we introduce a fault-tolerance scheme designed for the Granules stream processing system. We work with two distinct health stream datasets: thorax extension and electroencephalogram EEG signal analysis. We have developed a monitoring program to track trends in the thorax extension dataset and a classification system for the EEG dataset, which allows us to determine user intent from EEG signals. Using these two motivating applications, we have explored several approaches to fault tolerance through replication, developing a hybrid approach that is particularly suited to health streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Model for Photoreceptor-Based Magnetoreception in Birds

A large variety of animals has the ability to sense the geomagnetic field and utilize it as a source of directional (compass) information. It is not known by which biophysical mechanism this magnetoreception is achieved. We investigate the possibility that magnetoreception involves radical-pair processes that are governed by anisotropic hyperfine coupling between (unpaired) electron and nuclear spins. We will show theoretically that fields of geomagnetic field strength and weaker can produce significantly different reaction yields for different alignments of the radical pairs with the magnetic field. As a model for a magnetic sensory organ we propose a system of radical pairs being 1) orientationally ordered in a molecular substrate and 2) exhibiting changes in the reaction yields that affect the visual transduction pathway. We evaluate three-dimensional visual modulation patterns that can arise from the influence of the geomagnetic field on radical-pair systems. The variations of these patterns with orientation and field strength can furnish the magnetic compass ability of birds with the same characteristics as observed in behavioral experiments. We propose that the recently discovered photoreceptor cryptochrome is part of the magnetoreception system and suggest further studies to prove or disprove this hypothesis.
Optimal consumption of a divisible durable good

Abstract We examine the intertemporal optimal consumption and investment problem in a continuous-time economy with a divisible durable good. Consumption services are assumed to be proportional to the stock of the good held and adjustment of the stock is costly, in that it involves the payment of a proportional transaction cost. For the case in which the investor has an isoelastic utility function and asset prices follow a geometric Brownian motion, we establish the existence of an optimal policy and provide an explicit representation for the value function. We show that the investor acts so as to maintain the ratio of the stock of the durable to total wealth in a fixed (nonstochastic) range and that the optimal investment policy involves stochastic portfolio weights. The dependence of the optimal policies on the parameters of the model is also discussed.
Arginine vasopressin and nocturnal polyuria in older adults with frequent nighttime voiding.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined in older adults whether frequent nighttime voiding is associated with urine overproduction at night or nocturnal polyuria (NP) and whether NP is associated with abnormalities of arginine vasopressin (AVP) blood levels and/or renal responsiveness to AVP.Materials and Methods: We used a convenience sample of adults 65 years and older in home and general clinical research center settings. A total of 45 participants completed the 3-day general clinical research center stay. We used 7-day voiding diaries to determine which participants had 2 or greater nighttime voids and NP, defined as 35% or greater of 24-hour urine output at night. Abnormalities in AVP release and secretion were determined by water deprivation testing and by twice daily blood AVP measurement.Results: There was a strong positive association between the number of nighttime voids and the proportion of urine produced at night (r = 0.6, p <0.001). There was no association between NP and AVP blood levels or action. ...
Minimum jerk path generation

A simple method of trajectory generation of robot manipulators is presented. It is based on an optimal control problem formulation. The jerk, the third derivative of position, of the desired trajectory, adversely affect the efficiency of the control algorithms and therefore should be minimized. assuming joint position, velocity and acceleration to be constrained, a cost criterion containing jerk is considered. Initially, the simple environment without obstacles and constrained by the physical limitations of the joint angles only is examined. For practical reasons, the free execution time has been used to handle the velocity and acceleration constraints instead of the complete bounded state variable formulation. The problem of minimizing the jerk along an arbitrary Cartesian trajectory is formulated and given analytical solution, making this method useful for real-world environments containing obstacles. >
Strategy, careers, and judicial decisions: Lessons from the bolivian courts

Using survey data from Bolivian trial courts, we explore the relationship between judicial decisions, career goals, and hierarchical pressures in continental legal systems. Based on a principal-agent approach, we hypothesize that inferior court judges are more likely to defer to superior courts when they share their interpretation of the law, when they anticipate reversals, and when they fear political manipulation of judicial careers. In turn, superior judges are likely to exercise informal pressures over inferior court judges who deviate from the former's legal views and do not anticipate their preferences. The conclusions emphasize the utility of survey research for the study of strategic compliance in judicial institutions.
Alterations in daily sequencing of axitinib and fractionated radiotherapy do not affect tumor growth inhibition or pathophysiological response.

Abstract Fenton, B. M. and Paoni, S. F. Alterations in Daily Sequencing of Axitinib and Fractionated Radiotherapy do not Affect Tumor Growth Inhibition or Pathophysiological Response. Radiat. Res. 171, 606–614 (2009). A variety of antiangiogenic strategies have proven effective in preclinical tumor models, either as single agents or in combination with radiation. Clinical gains have been relatively modest, however, and questions remain regarding optimal scheduling. The objectives of the current work were to evaluate whether the sequencing of acute treatment critically affects tumor pathophysiological and therapeutic response. Axitinib (Pfizer Global Research & Development), an inhibitor that predominantly targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, was administered either before or after each daily radiation fraction in two human prostate xenograft tumor models. Tumors were frozen at sequential times to monitor changes in (1) vascular spacing, (2) pericyte and basement membrane coverage, and (3)...
Characteristics of patients with chronic unexplained nausea and vomiting and normal gastric emptying.

Background & Aims Chronic nausea and vomiting with normal gastric emptying is a poorly understood syndrome; we analyzed its characteristics. Methods We collected and analyzed data from 425 patients with chronic nausea and vomiting, enrolled at 6 centers by the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium in the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Gastroparesis Registry. Results Among the patients, 319 (75%) had delayed emptying, defined by the results of a standardized, low-fat meal, and 106 had normal gastric emptying. Patients with or without delayed emptying did not differ in age, sex, or race, although those with normal gastric emptying were less likely to be diabetic. Symptom severity indexes were similar between groups for nausea, retching, vomiting, stomach fullness, inability to complete a meal, feeling excessively full after meals, loss of appetite, bloating, and visibly larger stomach. There were no differences in health care utilization, quality of life indexes, depression, or trait anxiety scores. However, state anxiety scores were slightly higher among patients with delayed gastric emptying. Total gastroparesis cardinal symptom index scores were not correlated with gastric retention after 2 or 4 hours in either group. Patients with the syndrome were not adequately captured by the stand-alone criteria for the Rome III diagnoses of chronic idiopathic nausea and functional vomiting. With rare exceptions, the diagnosis remained stable after a 48-week follow-up period. Conclusions Patients with nausea and vomiting with normal gastric emptying represent a significant medical problem and are, for the most part, indistinguishable from those with gastroparesis. This syndrome is not categorized in the medical literature—it might be a separate clinical entity.