cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Politics and evaluation: A reprise with mellower overtones

The paper I wrote in 1973, “Where Politics and Evaluation Research Meet,” has been reprinted in dozens of places under two titles (the other is “Evaluation Research in the Political Context”) and in four languages, and is by those measures the most popular piece I’ve ever written. As I read it now, I still agree with almost everything I said. I am pleased at how well it holds up after twenty years, although I might change the emphasis in the concluding section. More about that later. I wrote the paper at a time when the U.S. was becoming disenchanted with two key aspects of the War on Poverty: one, the effectiveness of social programs in helping people rise out of poverty, and two, the effectiveness of social science in general, and evaluation in particular, for guiding the improvement of anti-poverty policies and programs. To judge by continuing interest in the paper, its message is not limited to that particular historical moment, but I can see the influence of the time on my mind and mood. I still firmly believe that politics impinges on evaluation in the three ways I described: through the political nature of the policies and programs that evaluation researchers study, through the political nature of the decision-making arena into which evaluators report their findings, and by the inherent political stance of the evaluation enterprise itself and the implicit messages that evaluators transmit by undertaking a study. The paper helped todirect attention to what has come to be known as the politics of evaluation. I also still believe that there is a limit to what evaluation can accomplish. Evaluation is essentially reactive in nature. There has to be a policy or program in place before evaluators can assess its effectiveness (or its implementation or operation). Therefore, evaluators are generally dealing with programs that are only incrementally different from the programs that came before. Not often are they
Isobaric States in Nonmirror Nuclei

The 14.8-Mev protons from the Livermore variable-energy cyclotron have been used to study ($p, n$) spectra from 13 selected target nuclei with mass numbers from 48 to 93 for a laboratory angle of 23\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Neutron energies were determined using standard time-of-flight techniques. All spectra show one strong neutron group at an energy corresponding in excitation in the final nucleus to the isobaric counterpart (analog state) of the target ground state, i.e., the $Q$ value is the usual Coulomb energy displacement. The strong forward peaking of the angular distribution of the neutrons corresponding to the analog state in ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}(p, n){\mathrm{Cr}}^{51}$ confirms the direct nature of the reaction. Although it is tempting, on the basis of the narrow width of the isobaric states (300 kev), to imply some validity to isotopic spin as a quantum number for masses up to $A=93$, Lane and Soper have shown that isobaric states in adjoining nuclei can occur even in mass regions where isotopic spin is not a good quantum number.
Modeling the psychological determinants of life quality

Personality and social psychologists have recently focused on a number of issues which life quality researchers have also examined. This study combines these two perspectives on well-being to address the following two questions: (1) To what extent are perceptions of stress, internal and external control, social support, performance, anxiety, and depression determinants of life quality? (2) To what extent are the predictors of different aspects of life quality (affective, cognitive, global, specific domains) similar or different? Data were collected from 675 respondents in a longitudinal study. Respondents were interviewed four times, six weeks apart. Bivariate analyses, stepwise regressions, and structural modeling were used to analyze the data. The modeling results suggested that internal control, social support, and performance caused increased life quality, whereas stress and depression caused decreased life quality. Control by others did not relate to life quality. The positive affect component of life quality related most strongly to ‘positive’ psychological concepts. Similarly, the negative affect component of life quality related most strongly to ‘negative’ psychological concepts. The implications of these findings for future life quality research are described.
Movements of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts migrating through the San Francisco Bay Estuary

We used acoustic telemetry to monitor the out-migration of 1,000 steelhead smolts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through the San Francisco Bay Estuary during spring of 2009 and 2010. The smolts transited the estuary rapidly (2–4 days) and utilized flows in the main channel during their migration. Fewer smolts were detected in marinas, tributaries and other shallow areas surrounding the estuary. Many of the smolts made repeated upriver and downriver movements that were related to the tidal flow, moving upstream during flood tides and downstream during ebb tides. These results show that steelhead smolts migrating from the Sacramento River transit rapidly through the lower reaches and do not use the estuary for feeding, rearing, or smoltification purposes.
Inventing democracy: Future alternatives for social action

Elements of a rationale underlying the promotion of freedom of expression are considered, and six inventions as exemplars are described. The contribution of scholars in speech communication to the civic culture should be an activation of civic competencies and an invention of new places to practice free‐speech skills.
Ranking on large-scale graphs with rich metadata

For many Web applications, one needs to deal with the ranking problem on large-scale graphs with rich metadata. However, it is non-trivial to perform efficient and effective ranking on them. On one aspect, we need to design scalable algorithms. On another aspect, we also need to develop powerful computational infrastructure to support these algorithms. This tutorial aims at giving a timely introduction to the promising advances in the aforementioned aspects in recent years, and providing the audiences with a comprehensive view on the related literature.
Isolation of Cytokinin‐Binding Protein from Plant Tissues by Affinity Chromatography

Cytokinin-binding protein was isolated from tobacco culture cells and purified by bioaffinity and Sephadex G-200 column chromatographies. The affinity column was prepared by coupling periodate-oxidizing N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine to cyanogen-bromide-activated Sepharose 4B with adipic acid dihydrazide as a spacer arm, followed by borohydride reduction of the oxidized ribose moiety of the cytokinin riboside. The amount of cytokinin molecule coupled to the gel ranged from 6 to 7 μmol/ml gel and the coupling reaction proceeded most efficiently in the pH range of 5–6. The binding capacity of the column was about 380 μg protein/ml wet gel. The amount of binding protein isolated depended upon the age of tissues. Sephadex G-200 chromatographic filtration of the absorbed fraction from the affinity column yielded a glycoprotein and a protein fractions with molecular mass of 123000 and 8500 ± 300 respectively. Results of binding experiments with high and low specific activities of radioactive N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine at different concentrations indicate the presence of at least two cytokinin-binding sites in the protein fraction. The high-affinity site is heat labile and has high affinity (apparent Kd of 8.8 × 107 M) towards cytokinins. The binding of cytokinin to this site is affected by ionic strength and pH. Tests for binding specificity showed that biologically inactive adenine and cytokinin analogues were ineffective as competitors, whereas biologically active cytokinins competed for the binding of 3H-labeled N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine. The order of effectiveness of the cytokinins tested in the competing binding assay follows only partially the reported cytokinin activity order of the tobacco assay. These results suggest that if the binding protein is indeed involved in the cytokinin action in vivo, then the regulatory action of the hormone may be expressed by several mechanisms.
Lee and Schwarz Respond

We agree with Kawada that the ideal data set for our study would include a confounder-free experiment that asks the self-rated health (SRH) question in different contexts (or order) and follows study participants over time to assess subsequent morbidity and mortality. This data set does not exist. As an approximation with minimal methodological noncomparability, we used the National Health Interview Survey linked with the National Death Index and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine SRH context effects on health outcome predictions. The main focus of stratified logit models is the interaction between SRH contexts and interview language on mortality prediction examined indirectly because of data limitations. The purpose of these models is not to compare odds ratios between surveys but to examine whether SRH is a significant predictor. If this proven utility of SRH holds universally, SRH should be significant for all groups in both surveys. This was not the case for Spanish-interviewed Hispanics in HRS which asked SRH without a health context. Figure 1 may clarify this point because it includes subsequent mortality rates calculated separately for baseline-year respondents in each response category of SRH. If SRH is a good predictor, one would expect the rates to increase from the “excellent” to “poor” SRH category. Echoing the logit models, all groups in both surveys show this increasing pattern except for Spanish-interviewed Hispanics in HRS, for whom mortality rates did not differ by SRH report. We analyzed models suggested by Kawada and found that Hispanic ethnicity was associated with lower mortality rates in both surveys consistent with the literature.1 FIGURE 1— Percentage of subsequent deaths for each response category of self-rated health from base year by race, ethnicity, and interview language: Health and Retirement Study 1992-2008 and National Health Interview Survey 1997-2004. In a related experimental study, we examined how variations of SRH context affect the relationship between SRH and current comorbidity.2 As in our previous experimental study, the responses of English-speaking respondents were not affected by context.3 By contrast, Spanish-speaking respondents reported higher SRH within a health context than without a health context, and more so the higher their comorbidity status. We believe that the mechanism behind this culture-specific context effect reflects cultural differences in health conceptualization4,5 and cognition6 manifested through interview language.7,8 Establishing a conceptual framework for how respondents cognitively process SRH will be a meaningful step for improving measurement of this important item.9,10
Availability of Magnesium from Magnesium Oxide Particles of Differing Sizes and Surfaces

Abstract Magnesium oxides were unground prills sieved to between 30 and 100 screen mesh size (30–100), or 12 and 40 mesh (12–40), or forms ground from the 12–40 to pass a 200 mesh (−200) or a 20 mesh (−20) screen. In the first experiment, magnesium recoveries, the increase in urinary excretion of magnesium above baseline for 2 days following oral administration of 100g of magnesium oxide to cattle, were 0, 0, 10.2%, and 6.29% for the respective screen sizes. Recovery from 12–40 increased to 4.47% following a series of four daily 100-g oral loads. These amounts represent the relative availability of magnesium and magnesium oxide forms examined, not the absolute availability of magnesium from any one form. In a second experiment, magnesium oxide supplementation, as either 12–40, 30–00, or −20, to a control restricted roughage-ad libitum concentrate diet fed to lactating Holstein cows increased milk fat concentrations (2.84 versus 2.19%), total fat production (580 versus 470 g/day), and magnesium concentrations in blood serum (2.96 versus 2.68mg/dl). In general the −20 produced a greater increase above control in these traits than did the unground 12–40 or 30–100 forms. The rumen proportion of propionate was decreased by the −20 and 12–40 sizes (32.0 versus 35.4), but only the −20 increased the molar proportion of acetate (55.3 versus 51.0). Although degree of availability differed, magnesium from all magnesium oxide forms examined is available for absorption. The differences may result from the lower rate of solubilization in rumen fluid of the unground versus ground magnesium oxides that was noted during 24-h in vitro incubation.
High-resolution mid-infrared frequency comb Fourier transform spectrometer

We present a frequency-comb-based Fourier transform spectrometer operating in the ~2200-3700-cm-1range which allows rapid acquisition of broadband spectra with 0.01 cm-1resolution, detecting ppb-level concentrations of various gases in <1 minute of acquisition time.
The Dragon in the Caribbean: China–CARICOM Economic Relations

Abstract In recent years the People's Republic of China (China) has expanded its economic relations with CARICOM (the member states of CARICOM are Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago). This is evident in the increase in trade and development assistance. The objective of this article is to explain the expanded and intensified economic presence of China in the CARICOM region. In order to accomplish this it is necessary to identify the motives for China's conduct in the region and the factors that account for the receptivity of CARICOM to economic relations with China. Although the focus is primarily on the economic relationship between China and the CARICOM countries, this aspect of China's involvement in the region cannot be separated from the political dimension. China's motives for a growing presence in the region are both economic and political and have...
A Multivariate Chain Model for Simulating Climatic Parameters from Daily Data

Abstract A method is described for simultaneously simulating maximum and minimum temperatures and daily precipitation amounts in a physically consistent manner. The method “chains” actual days from a historical dataset by defining a “discriminant space” using multiple discriminant analysis. A set of analogous days is selected from discriminant space using a nearest-neighbor search. The next day in the chain is the day subsequent to a randomly selected day from the set of analogous days. The method was tested on data for Tucson and Safford, Arizona. A high degree of similarity between the simulated and observed data was found. A slight tendency to underestimate the variance of monthly average temperatures was noted. The distribution of monthly temperature extremes was quite well reproduced with the exception of a tendency to be conservative in predicting the warmest minimum temperatures and the coolest maximum temperatures. Very little difference between the simulated and observed distributions of diurnal ...
Estimation of the three parameter Weibull probability distribution

The aim of the present paper is to propose an algorithm to easily obtain good estimates of the three parameter Weibull distribution. Our proposed procedure is given in eight steps and it depends on the Simple Iteration Procedure, which always converges, converges fast and does not depend on any conditions, whatsoever, that has been developed by the authors for the two parameter Weibull model. Numerical examples will be given to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed statistical procedure. Finally, we address the issue of what we lose in characterizing the probabilistic behavior of a certain phenomenon with a two parameter Weibull model when in fact the true characterization calls for a three parameter Weibull model. We use the concept of percentiles, cumulative distribution function and graphical presentations to answer the above questions.
Zinc oxide and amino acids as sources of dietary zinc for calves: effects on uptake and immunity

Calf starter diets were formulated to contain 60 ppm of Zn, 150 or 300 ppm of Zn in the form of Zn-Met and Zn-Lys, or 300 ppm of Zn in the form of ZnO to compare relative bioavailability and effects on immunity. Holstein heifer calves were weaned at wk 5 and fed experimental starter diets from wk 6 to 12. Feed intake, body weight, Zn concentrations in liver and serum fractions, and mineral concentrations in serum were measured to determine the effects of treatment. In addition, peripheral blood lymphocyte blastogenesis, interleukin-2 production, cytotoxic activity, and the ability of blood neutrophils to phagocytose and kill bacteria were assessed at wk 0, 2, 4, and 6 of the trial. Feed intakes and body weight gains were similar among calves. Concentrations of Zn in serum were elevated in calves fed 300 ppm of Zn as Zn-Met and Zn-Lys but not in calves fed ZnO. Concentrations of Zn in liver were significantly elevated by 300 ppm of Zn in the form of Zn-Met and Zn-Lys (360 micrograms/g) but not by the other Zn treatments or by the control (245 micrograms/g). No treatment had an effect on the concentrations of Lys and Met in serum; however, concentrations of Lys did decrease in serum as the age of the calves increased. There was no significant treatment effect on mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, interleukin-2 production, lymphocyte cytotoxicity, or phagocytic and intracellular killing ability of blood neutrophils. These data indicated greater absorption and retention of Zn when administered in the form of Zn-Met and Zn-Lys than that when ZnO was administered to young calves. However, there was no advantage to the immune function of extra dietary Zn.
Recurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma with perineural spread to the lumbosacral plexus and sciatic nerve: comparing high resolution MRI with torso and endorectal coils and F-18 FDG and C-11 choline PET/CT

We present a patient with unexplained sciatica (radiating pain down the leg) found to have recurrent prostate adenocarcinoma within the sciatic nerve. High resolution MRI, especially use of an endorectal coil, improved visualization of the perineural spread of the disease. We believe that perineural spread resulting in sciatic symptoms in patients with known prostate adenocarcinoma may be an under-recognized phenomenon. The use of non-invasive modalities, high resolution endorectal coil MRI, and C-11 choline PET/CT can assist in the diagnosis of these patients.
Recent social movement theory: Moving from the theoretical margins to main street?

It is commonplace to say that we live in a global village in which knowledge is instantaneously shared. If so, then social movement theorists are its squatters, mostly living on the margins. Despite active agendas on both sides of the Atlantic, American and European scholars have only recently begun to critically appraise and appropriate each other's work, particularly on issues of new social movements.2 High on the agenda must be the integration of European concentration on ideology and consciousness with the American focus on organization and instrumentalism Two recent volumes provide both some measured optimism and continued concern about the squatters' abilities to share theoretical concerns and become permanent dwellers.
The rotation-inversion spectrum of cyanamide

The research described in this paper was performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
INHIBITION OF PHOTOTAXIS IN Volvox aureus BY NATURAL AND SIMULATED SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

Exposure to artificial UV wavelengths and the UV component of sunlight delays positive phototaxis in the green alga Volvox aureus. Broad band wavelength filters were used to modify the output from UV-B sources (280-320 nm) and natural sunlight. The delay in phototaxis by artificial UV is increased with exposure to shorter UV-B wavelengths. Natural sunlight experiments were performed with exposure to full sunlight and to its UV component only. The UV component present in summer sunlight produced long periods of inhibition in phototaxis and even lethality, while exposure to the total spectrum of sunlight had no significant effects on movement or survival. The data indicate that although this species of alga is well equipped to deal with present levels of UV exposure, increases in the short UV-B wavelengths in sunlight may force an alteration in patterns of photomovement.
The effects of betaine treatment on rats fed an acute bolus of ethanol at 3 and 12 h post bolus: a microarray analysis

Betaine, a methyl donor active in methionine metabolism, is effective in preventing and reversing experimental alcohol liver disease. The metabolic and molecular biologic mechanisms involved in this prevention are only partially known. To further investigate how betaine modifies the effects of ethanol on the liver, rats were given an acute ethanol bolus with or without betaine and the results were compared to isocaloric dextrose-fed controls. Livers were subjected to microarray analysis, and functional pathways and individual gene expression changes were analyzed. Experimental groups were compared by Venn diagrams showing that both ethanol and betaine caused a change in the expression of a large number of genes indicating that the changes were global. The bio-informatic analysis showed that all the KEGG functional pathways were affected and mainly down regulated at 3 h post bolus when ethanol plus betaine were compared with ethanol-fed rats. The most profound effect of betaine was on the metabolic pathways both at 3 and 12 h post bolus. At 3 h, the changes in gene expression were mostly down regulated, but at 12 h, the changes were regulated equally up and down. This hypothesis-driven analysis showed that the effects of betaine on the effects of ethanol were partly transient.
Integrated optoelectronic circuits with InP-based HBTs

Integrated optoelectronic circuits that are capable of very high speeds or high functionality have been demonstrated using InP-based heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). Optoelectronic receivers contain photodetectors fabricated from the same epitaxial material structure as the HBTs. High-functionality digital receivers, analog receiver arrays as well as analog-to-digital converters have been realized. Optoelectronic modulation circuits for signal transmission also contain separately grown, surface-coupled multiple- quantum-well (MQW) modulators.
Phase space variations of near equatorially mirroring ring current ions

Observations of near equatorially mirroring ring current ions before and after a magnetic storm are presented in the form of phase space densities with respect to the first adiabatic invariant. Particle densities were obtained from the medium energy particles instrument covering the energy range 24-2081 keV on ISEE 1 at L values between 3 and 8 earth radii and ratios of the magnetic field at the satellite position to the magnetic field at the magnetic equator less than 1.2. Analysis of the phase space densities through the magnetosphere reveals a well-defined high magnetic moment peak in the prestorm near-equatorial ring current ion phase space density distribution, with the magnetic storm resulting from an enhancement of phase space densities at magnetic moment values below the peak and phase space densities remaining constant above the peak. Results are found to be in good agreement with those obtained by Explorer 45 six years previously, indicating that the observed phase space density variations are characteristic of energetic ion behavior during magnetic storms.
The life and times ofAlexander Von Lichtenberg

The birth of Urology as a specialty may be said to have begun with the presentation of a workable cystoscope by Nitze in 1877. The embryonic phase of this fledgling branch of medicine received great impetus when in 1895 Roentgen brought forth the xray film whose clinical use was soon to be adapted to the diagnosis of diseases of the urinary tract. Continuous discoveries thereafter relating to the physiology and pathology of the genitourinary organs, therapeutic agents, innovative instruments, enhancement of operative skills, and innumerable further developments have led to the high-tech specialty in which we now bask. Nevertheless we should remember as one medical historian has observed that we see so far today because we stand on the shoulders of the giants who have gone before.
Prevalence of mental illnesses in adult offspring of alcoholic mothers.

Abstract Recognition of maternal alcoholism as a risk factor for mental illness in adult offspring is important. Using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), adult offspring of a clinical sample of alcoholic mothers were assessed for selected lifetime psychiatric disorders. Elevated adjusted odds ratio (OR) of alcohol abuse/dependence (OR 6.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0–19.02), and drug abuse/dependence (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.13–12.34) were observed for daughters of alcoholic mothers compared with a group of women who reported no history of alcoholism in their parents. Prevalence rates of alcohol abuse/dependence, drug abuse/dependence, affective disorders, general anxiety disorder, panic disorder and schizophrenia were higher in sons of alcoholic mothers than in a male comparison sample who reported no history of parental alcoholism, however, these increases were not statistically significant.
The effect of polarized light on the growth of a transparent cell. A theoretical analysis.

It is shown that light lost by reflection before entering a clear and homogeneous sphere or infinite cylinder is precisely compensated by light retained within these bodies by internal reflection; compensation means that the total rate of light absorption by infinitely dilute photoreceptors as integrated through the whole of these bodies or even through any concentric or coaxial shell making them up is independent of surface reflection. In the Phycomyces sporangiophore this theorem precludes a reflection explanation of R, the polarization dependence of the light growth response. An alternative explanation based upon anisotropic absorption by the receptors is explored and found tenable. Formulae are derived for R in any transparent cylindrical cell as a function of the constants of anisotropic absorption by the photoreceptors taken as a group (CH' and CL'), of the radial position of the receptors, and of the refractive indices of the cell (n) and of the medium (N). It is inferred that the photoreceptors in the Phycomyces sporangiophore are most absorbent for light vibrating in the direction of a hoop around a barrel. Orientation of the receptors by linkage to the cell wall is then shown to be a plausible explanation of the inferred anisotropy. On the basis of anisotropic reception, it is predicted that R should be constant for any N > n, and it is shown how CH', C,L' and the radial position of the receptors may all be obtained from a careful determination of R as a function of N.
Kamacite blocking temperatures and applications to lunar magnetism

Abstract The long-term stability of remanent magnetization is a requirement for paleomagnetic studies. Here we present calculations that predict the magnetic relaxation times of single domain crystals of the iron–nickel mineral kamacite as a function of their time–temperature history. Kamacite is one of the most abundant ferromagnetic minerals in the solar system and is the dominant remanence carrier on the Moon. We perform these calculations for a variety of grain sizes, times, and temperatures to derive a broad view of the remanence stability of kamacite over geologic timescales. Previously, such blocking temperature calculations were only available for the common Earth minerals magnetite, hematite, and pyrrhotite. Our results show that remanence in kamacite-bearing lunar samples is stable against typical thermal perturbations during the last several billion years of lunar history and residence on Earth. Our findings indicate that lunar paleomagnetism cannot be entirely an artifact due to sample storage in the Earth's magnetic field. Future paleomagnetic studies of iron-bearing samples can use our blocking temperature diagram to determine the effects of geologic heating events on magnetic remanence.
Suture Techniques for the Nasal Tip

The authors use 5 basic suture techniques in tip plasty: transdomal, interdomal, lateral crural mattress, columella-septal, and intercrural, incorporating these techniques into a simple algorithm to control tip cartilage shape. They then introduce the universal horizontal mattress suture, designed to control all undesirable nasal cartilage convexities/concavities, and provide a new suturing technique that can be applied in all patients in whom a change of cartilage shape, including tip cartilages, is desired. They also apply these suture techniques in patients undergoing closed and secondary rhinoplasty.
FORESTS OF THE FAIRFAX LINE

ABSTRACT The Fairfax line, surveyed in 1746, starts at the southern tip of western Maryland and extends 76.5 miles (123km), bearing S 46° E, to the headwaters of the Conway River in Madison County, Virginia. The forests of the Fairfax line can be divided into five map units, based on the presence or absence of “key” species, which have significantly different woody floras. The forest units show a pattern of alternations with topography and underlying rock type which can be best explained by differences in substrate moisture. Although the common woody species appear in recurring groups, each species responds more or less independently to variation in topographic form, rock type, and direction of exposure. The surveyor's journal documents a large blowdown in the presettlement forests of the Appalachian Plateau, and witness tree data suggest that distribution patterns of the common woody species have changed little in more than two hundred years.
Sustained Responding under Intermittent Reinforcement in Psychotic Children.

A procedure is described that classifies abnormal children with respect to their capacity to sustain adaptive responding without consistent, extrinsic reinforcement. The procedure was used to assess individual differences in tolerance for intermittent reinforcement among a group of 21 psychotic children. The procedure was found to correlate with three variables established by previous research to be important prognostically--i.e., measures of intelligence, social competence, and language functioning. Findings are discussed with respect to the construct of motivation as distinguished from the construct of ability. It is suggested that whether or not the experimental measure is regarded as relevant to the global construct of motivation, it has clear relevance to potential deficits in the important capacity to sustain adaptive responding.
Crystal structure of CaNi5H using x-ray diffraction with in situ hydriding

Abstract The crystal structure of the lowest hydrogen content hydride in the CaNi5 + H2 system, with the approximate composition CaNi5 H, has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data obtained using an insitu hydriding process. The metal atom positions in the body centred orthorhombic cell were determined using integrated intensity data and a block-diagonal least squares refinement.
Meta-analytic review of the effects of enrichment on stereotypic behavior in zoo mammals

This meta-analysis reports the effect enrichment has on the occurrence of stereotypic behavior exhibited by captive zoo mammals. The analysis also identifies which types of enrichment are most effective, which groups of animals benefit the most, and which types of stereotypes are most affected by environmental enrichment. The analysis included 54 studies that yielded 63 effect size statistics. Fifty-seven of sixty-three effect sizes went in the predicted direction (90%), with the animals participating in less stereotypic behavior during the enrichment condition than in the baseline condition. The mean effect size (correlation coefficient r) was 0.46. The combined P-value using both fixed and random effects methods was reveled to be <0.0000001. A file drawer N-value was calculated to identify the number of unretrieved studies (with a combined effect size of zero) that would be needed to nullify the results of this analysis. The file drawer N-value was 1,726, suggesting that it is highly unlikely that the significant results reported in this analysis are nullified by studies that remain in file drawers. Based on these results it was concluded that enrichment substantially reduces the frequency of stereotypic behavior exhibited by mammals living in zoo environments. Zoo Biol 0:1–21, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of horizontal gradients on GPS radio occultation observation operators. I: Ray tracing

Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) bending angle and refractivity data provide information about the vertical structure of temperature and humidity in the earth's atmosphere. Assuming spherical symmetry in a GPS RO observation operator creates errors when calculating GPS RO observables from a background. These errors find their source in the presence of horizontal gradients of temperature and humidity. Tangent point drift (TPD) causes occulting rays to scan the atmosphere in various occultation planes. Horizontal gradients along the ray (HGR) cause the bending of each ray to be different from calculations that assume spherical symmetry. Using simulations, we show that HGR-induced r.m.s. errors are larger than TPD-induced r.m.s. errors in the lower troposphere only. TPD-induced errors are more important in the stratosphere. We account for TPD and HGR using a multi-plane two-dimensional (2D) ray-tracing observation operator. We show that bending angle and refractivity can be calculated more accurately with this 2D operator than an operator that assumes spherical symmetry. We use 6335 CHAMP and SAC-C occultations as a validation. These occultations were processed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory using geometrical optics and canonical transform methods. Our results indicate that analyses and 6-hour forecasts can provide sufficiently accurate horizontal gradient information to the 2D operator. We show that the effects due to HGR can be satisfactorily simulated using ray tracing in one plane only. The effects due to TPD can be accounted for by considering a slanted profile which follows the tangent point trajectory. These results have important implications for the development of fast observation operators for data assimilation in numerical weather prediction. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The Quality of the Fossil Record and the Accuracy of Phylogenetic Inferences about Sampling and Diversity

Because phylogenies can be estimated without stratigraphic data and because estimated phylogenies also infer gaps in sampling, some workers have used phylogeny estimates as tem- plates for evaluating sampling from the fossil record and for "correcting" historical diversity pat- terns. However, it is not known how sampling intensity (the probability of sampling taxa per unit time) and completeness (the proportion of taxa sampled) affect the accuracy of phylogenetic infer- ences, nor how phylogenetically inferred estimates of sampling and diversity respond to inaccurate estimates of phylogeny. Both issues are addressed with a series of simulations using simple models of character evolution, varying speciation patterns, and various rates of speciation, extinction, char- acter change, and preservation. Parsimony estimates of simulated phylogenies become less accu- rate as sampling decreases, and inaccurate trees chronically underestimate sampling. Biotic factors such as rates of morphologic change and extinction both affect the accuracy of phylogenetic esti- mates and thus affect estimated gaps in sampling, indicating that differences in implied sampling need not reflect actual differences in sampling. Errors in inferred diversity are concentrated early in the history of a clade. This, coupled with failure to account for true extinction times (i.e., the Signor-Lipps effect), inflates relative diversity levels early in clade histories. Because factors other than differences in sampling predict differences in the numbers of gaps implied by phylogeny esti- mates, inferred phylogenies can be misleading templates for evaluating sampling or historical di- versity patterns. (Diversity patterns; fossils; parsimony; simulations; taxon sampling.)
Parasitic effects in microelectronic circuits

Since the advent of silicon planar technology, the integrated, monolithic, semiconductor circuit has become a reality. As a result, the use of microelectronic circuits manufactured on a monolithic chip has been rapidly increasing for the past few years. However, the adoption or conversion of standard discrete device semiconductor circuits to the monolithic form has introduced additional parasitic effects into the circuit design. In utilizing the monolithic or single silicon chip for a circuit, it is necessary to isolate circuit elements such as transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors from each other. The most commonly used method of obtaining isolation is the utilization of reverse biased junctions. The purpose of this paper will be to enumerate and describe the relative magnitudes of the parasitic effects found in the use of reverse biased diodes as a means of isolating circuit elements. These parasitic effects which are associated with both n-p-n and p-n-p transistor elements can be classified into three general types: dc, ac, and transient. The widely applied n-p-n planar transistor is used as the model element in this paper. The design and process interrelationships which influence and control these parasitic effects will also be discussed. In this analysis, the substrate has been considered as the collector of the parasitic p-n-p transistor. Schematic diagrams of each integrated circuit element are shown in the equivalent monolithic form and in a circuit form with representative parasitics indicated by dashed lines. Analysis will be made of the magnitudes of the dc and ac transient parasitics and some typical values experienced will be indicated. Comparisons of characteristics and parasitics will be drawn between three different processes used in the manufacture of silicon monolithic integrated circuits namely: Process A-Nongold doped, no collector island Process B-Nongold doped, with collector island (buried layer) Process C-Gold doped with collector island (buried layer) The advantages of using gold doping to reduce switching speeds of monolithic diodes connected in a number of ways, is shown in a quantative manner. The reduction in the dc current drain to substrate of the monolithic structure by minimizing the h FE of the p-n-p is described. In this paper the elements of integrated monolithic circuits namely resistors, diodes, and transistors, are discussed with typical values shown which are realizable. The effects of different processing techniques on characteristics are enumerated and some precautions in the design of the integrated circuits are recommended.
Sleep onset hypoventilation in chronic spinal cord injury.

A high prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) after spinal cord injury (SCI) has been reported in the literature; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We sought to determine the effect of the withdrawal of the wakefulness drive to breathe on the degree of hypoventilation in SCI patients and able-bodied controls. We studied 18 subjects with chronic cervical and thoracic SCI (10 cervical, 8 thoracic SCI; 11 males; age 42.4 ± 17.1 years; body mass index 26.3 ± 4.8 kg/m2) and 17 matched able-bodied subjects. Subjects underwent polysomnography, which included quantitative measurement of ventilation, timing, and upper airway resistance (RUA) on a breath-by-breath basis during transitions from wake to stage N1 sleep. Compared to able-bodied controls, SCI subjects had a significantly greater reduction in tidal volume during the transition from wake to N1 sleep (from 0.51 ± 0.21 to 0.32 ± 0.10 L vs. 0.47 ± 0.13 to 0.43 ± 0.12 L; respectively, P < 0.05). Moreover, end-tidal CO2 and end-tidal O2 were significantly altered from wake to sleep in SCI (38.9 ± 2.7 mmHg vs. 40.6 ± 3.4 mmHg; 94.1 ± 7.1 mmHg vs. 91.2 ± 8.3 mmHg; respectively, P < 0.05), but not in able-bodied controls (39.5 ± 3.2 mmHg vs. 39.9 ± 3.2 mmHg; 99.4 ± 5.4 mmHg vs. 98.9 ± 6.1 mmHg; respectively, P = ns). RUA was not significantly altered in either group. In conclusion, individuals with SCI experience hypoventilation at sleep onset, which cannot be explained by upper airway mechanics. Sleep onset hypoventilation may contribute to the development SDB in the SCI population.
Xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme gene polymorphisms predict response to lung volume reduction surgery

Background: In the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT), marked variability in response to lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) was observed. We sought to identify genetic differences which may explain some of this variability. Methods: In 203 subjects from the NETT Genetics Ancillary Study, four outcome measures were used to define response to LVRS at six months: modified BODE index, post-bronchodilator FEV 1 , maximum work achieved on a cardiopulmonary exercise test, and University of California, San Diego shortness of breath questionnaire. Sixty-four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in five genes previously shown to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility, exercise capacity, or emphysema distribution. Results: A SNP upstream from glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1; p = 0.003) and a coding SNP in microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1; p = 0.02) were each associated with change in BODE score. These effects appeared to be strongest in patients in the non-upper lobe predominant, low exercise subgroup. A promoter SNP in EPHX1 was associated with change in BODE score (p = 0.008), with the strongest effects in patients with upper lobe predominant emphysema and low exercise capacity. One additional SNP in GSTP1 and three additional SNPs in EPHX1 were associated (p < 0.05) with additional LVRS outcomes. None of these SNP effects were seen in 166 patients randomized to medical therapy. Conclusion: Genetic variants in GSTP1 and EPHX1, two genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, were predictive of response to LVRS. These polymorphisms may identify patients most likely to benefit from LVRS.
Heme Oxygenase-2 Protects against Lipid Peroxidation-Mediated Cell Loss and Impaired Motor Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury

After traumatic brain injury (TBI), substantial extracellular heme is released from hemoproteins during hemorrhage and cell injury. Heme oxygenase (HO) isozymes are thought to detoxify the pro-oxidant heme to the potent antioxidant, bilirubin. HO-1, the inducible isozyme, is expressed in glial populations after injury and may play a protective role. However, the role of HO-2, the predominant and constitutively expressed isozyme in the brain, remains unclear after TBI. We used a controlled cortical impact injury model to determine the extent and mechanism of damage between HO-2 knock-out (KO) (-/-) and wild-type (WT) (+/+) mice. The specific cellular and temporal expressions of HO-2 and HO-1 were characterized by immunocytochemistry and Western blots. HO-2 was immunolocalized in neurons both before and after TBI, whereas HO-1 was highly upregulated in glia only after TBI. HO activity determined by gas chromatography using brain sonicates from injured HO-2 KO mice was significantly less than that of HO-2 wild types, despite the induction of HO-1 expression after TBI. Cell loss was significantly greater in KO mice in areas including the cortex, the CA3 region of hippocampus, and the lateral dorsal thalamus. Furthermore, motor recovery after injury, as measured by the rotarod assay and an inclined beam-walking task, was compromised in the KO mice. Finally, brain tissue from injured HO-2 KO mice exhibited decreased ability to reduce oxidative stress, as measured with an Fe(2+)/ascorbic acid-mediated carbon monoxide generation assay for lipid peroxidation susceptibility. These findings demonstrate that HO-2 expression protects neurons against TBI by reducing lipid peroxidation via the catabolism of free heme.
The Seventh Archbold Expedition

New Guinea, nearly 320,000 square miles in extent, is a relatively young island geologically. Stretching 1500 miles from east to west just below the equator, New Guinea is dominated by an exceptionally rugged chain of mountains throughout its length; Mt. Carstensz in the Snow Mountains in western New Guinea rises to over 16,000 feet and Mt. Wilhelm, to about 15,000 feet in the Bismarck Range in the Australian-administered eastern half of
THE AVAILABILITY AND HELPFULNESS OF SOCIALIZATION PRACTICES

This study reports on the socialization practices most available to new employees and the extent to which these practices are seen by newcomers as being helpful in becoming effective organizational members. The results showed that socialization practices are differentially available to newcomers, and perceptions of their helpfulness vary. The helpfulness of various socialization practices as reported by newcomers appears to affect their feelings of subsequent job satisfaction and commitment.
Intergenerational Transmission of Violence and Psychological Aggression against Wives

Previous research is not clear on how violence in the family of origin translates into violence and aggression later in life. This paper develops and estimates an empirical model in which Gottfredson and Hirschi's concept of self-control is specified to mediate the relationship between violence in the family of origin and conjugal psychological aggression. Data generated by the 1975 National Family Violence Survey were used for the study. Results suggest that fathers' violence is more likely to exert the aggression amplification effect. (Abstract Adapted from Source: Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 1998. Copyright © 1998 by the Canadian Psychological Association) Intergenerational Transmission of Spouse Abuse Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Family of Origin Violence Child Abuse Effects Child Abuse-Spouse Abuse Link Child Abuse Victim Child Physical Abuse Effects Child Physical Abuse Victim Child Victim Victim Turned Offender Domestic Violence Causes Domestic Violence Effects Domestic Violence Offender Domestic Violence Victim Spouse Abuse Offender Spouse Abuse Causes Adult Offender Adult Violence Self-Control Theory Partner Violence Violence Against Women 02-02
On bounds of extremal eigenvalues of irreducible and m-reducible matrices

Abstract For a complex matrix A, the well-known Levy–Desplanques theorem states that A is nonsingular if | A ii | > ∑ j ≠ i | A ij | for all i. The equivalent Gershgorin theorem on the localization of eigenvalues implies that the eigenvalues λ of A must satisfy | λ | ⩾ min i ( | A ii | - ∑ j ≠ i | A ij | ) . Taussky extended this by showing that A is nonsingular if A is irreducible and | A ii | ⩾ ∑ j ≠ i | A ij | with the inequality strict for at least one i. A goal of this paper is to give lower bounds on ∣λ∣ for this case as well. We give bounds which depend on the diameter and the algebraic connectivity of the graph of A. We also study bounds for reducible matrices by introducing the notion of m-reducibility. In particular, we give bounds for reducible matrices which depend on the algebraic connectivity of the strongly connected components of the graph and the number of edges between them. These bounds are also applicable to bound the subdominant eigenvalues of reducible stochastic matrices and Laplacian matrices of directed graphs.
Beamspace Root-MUSIC for minimum redundancy linear arrays

Beamspace Root-MUSIC, a computationally efficient beamspace implementation of Root-MUSIC developed recently for use in conjunction with a uniformly spaced linear array (ULA), is discussed. Computationally efficient methods for using beamspace Root-MUSIC in conjunction with a minimum redundancy linear array (MRLA) for both the narrowband and wideband cases are developed. The MRLA is attractive in that it offers enhanced detection performance and enhanced resolution capability relative to a ULA having the same number of elements. >