cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification and properties of the vaccinia virus mRNA processing factor.

The mRNAs encoding the vaccinia virus F17 protein and the cowpox A-type inclusion protein are known to possess sequence-homogeneous 3′ ends, generated by a post-transcriptional cleavage event. By using partially purified extracts, we have previously shown that the same factor probably cleaves both the F17 and A-type inclusion protein transcripts and that the cleavage factor is either virus-coded or virus-induced during the post-replicative phase of virus replication. In this study, we have purified the cleavage factor from vaccinia-infected HeLa cells using column chromatography and gel filtration. The factor eluted from the gel filtration column with an apparent molecular mass of ∼440 kDa. Mass spectrometric analyses of the proteins present in the peak active fractions revealed the presence of at least one vaccinia protein with a high degree of certainty, the H5R gene product. To extend this finding, extracts were prepared from HeLa cells infected with vaccinia virus overexpressing His-tagged H5, chromatographed on a nickel affinity column, and eluted using an imidazole gradient. Cleavage activity eluted with the peak of His-tagged H5. Gel filtration of the affinity-purified material further demonstrated that cleavage activity and His-tagged H5 co-chromatographed with an apparent molecular mass of 463 kDa. We therefore conclude that H5 is specifically associated with post-transcriptional cleavage of F17R transcripts. In addition, we show that dephosphorylation of a cleavage competent extract with a nonspecific phosphatase abolishes cleavage activity implying a role for phosphorylation in cleavage activity.
Metrics for Evaluating Video Streaming Quality in Lossy IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks

Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) is the simplest and the most widely used video quality evaluation methodology. However, traditional PSNR calculations do not take the packet loss into account. This shortcoming, which is amplified in wireless networks, contributes to the inaccuracy in evaluating video streaming quality in wireless communications. Such inaccuracy in PSNR calculations adversely affects the development of video communications in wireless networks. This paper proposes a novel video quality evaluation methodology. As it not only considers the PSNR of a video, but also with modifications to handle the packet loss issue, we name this evaluation method MPSNR. MPSNR rectifies the inaccuracies in traditional PSNR computation, and helps us to approximate subjective video quality, Mean Opinion Score (MOS), more accurately. Using PSNR values calculated from MPSNR and simple network measurements, we apply linear regression techniques to derive two specific objective video quality metrics, PSNR-based Objective MOS (POMOS) and Rates-based Objective MOS (ROMOS). Through extensive experiments and human subjective tests, we show that the two metrics demonstrate high correlation with MOS. POMOS takes the averaged PSNR value of a video calculated from MPSNR as the only input. Despite its simplicity, it has a Pearson correlation of 0.8664 with the MOS. By adding a few other simple network measurements, such as the proportion of distorted frames in a video, ROMOS achieves an even higher Pearson correlation (0.9350) with the MOS. Compared with the PSNR metric from the traditional PSNR calculations, our metrics evaluate video streaming quality in wireless networks with a much higher accuracy while retaining the simplicity of PSNR calculation.
The future relationship between the super powers

Abstract This article looks at how the relationship between the USA and the Soviet Union may develop over the next 20 years. It discusses the effectiveness and stability of nuclear deterrence, the potential elimination of nuclear weapons and America's Strategic Defence Initiative.
Re-oxidation Kinetics of Flash-Reduced Iron Particles in H 2 -H 2 O(g) Atmosphere Relevant to a Novel Flash Ironmaking Process

A novel flash ironmaking process based on hydrogen-containing reduction gases is under development at the University of Utah. The goal of this work was to study the possibility of the re-oxidation of iron particles in a H2-H2O gas mixture in the lower part of the flash reactor from the kinetic point of view. The last stage of hydrogen reduction of iron oxide, i.e., the reduction of wustite, is limited by equilibrium. As the reaction mixture cools down, the re-oxidation of iron could take place because of the decreasing equilibrium constant and the high reactivity of the freshly reduced fine iron particles. The effects of temperature and H2O partial pressure on the re-oxidation rate were examined in the temperature range of 823 K to 973 K (550 °C to 700 °C) and H2O contents of 40 to 100 pct. The nucleation and growth kinetics model was shown to best describe the re-oxidation kinetics. The partial pressure dependence with respect to water vapor was determined to be of first order, and the activation energy of re-oxidation reaction was 146 kJ/mol. A complete rate equation that adequately represents the experimental data was developed.
THE TeV ENERGY SPECTRUM OF MARKARIAN 421 MEASURED IN A HIGH FLARING STATE

The BL Lac object (blazar) Mrk 421 was observed during its outburst in 2004 April with the Whipple 10 m telescope for a total of about 24.5 hr. The measured γ-ray rate varied substantially over the range from 4 to 10 minute−1 and eventually exceeded the steady γ-ray rate of the Crab Nebula (standard candle) by a factor of 3. The overall significance of the γ-ray signal exceeded 70 σ and the total number of excess events was more than 10,000. This unique Mrk 421 outburst enabled the measurement of a high-quality spectrum of very high energy γ-rays in a high state of emission. This spectrum is a power law and it extends beyond 10 TeV.
Molecular spectroscopy: Complexity of excited-state dynamics in DNA (Reply)

We have shown1 that long-lived excited electronic states known as excimers2, which arise from base stacking3, are formed in high yields in a variety of synthetic DNA oligonucleotides. Markovitsi . 4 question our interpretation, and claim that these states can be accounted for by their exciton theory. However, neither this nor their emission data contradict our finding that in single- and double-stranded A·T (adenine–thymine-paired) DNA, excited states decay through long-lived intermediate states in which excitation is shared by stacked bases.
Extracellular fluctuations of dopamine and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens core and shell associated with lever-pressing during cocaine self-administration, extinction, and yoked cocaine administration.

Rationale Dopamine and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens (NAS) are differentially implicated in cocaine-directed behavior.
Hippocampal lesions disrupt classical conditioning of cross-modality reversal learning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response

Abstract The role of the hippocampus and subiculum in classical conditioning of tone-light discrimination reversal learning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response was investigated using aspiration lesions of both limbic structures. Only two of seven animals with hippocampal-subicular damage successfully reached reversal criteria within 21 days of conditioning, although all hippocampectomized animals learned the initial discrimination at rates equivalent to those of two control groups. Thus, previously reported deficits in two-tone reversal learning seen after similar lesions are not due to increased within-modality generalization to the conditioned stimuli (CS) serving as the CS + and CS −.
Self-affirmation versus self-consistency: a comparison of two competing self-theories of dissonance phenomena☆

Abstract High or low self-esteem individuals participated in a role-playing paradigm in which a friend stood them up for a dinner date. The participants received either a good explanation from the friend for the missed date (sufficient justification) or a poor explanation (insufficient justification). As predicted by self-affirmation theory (Steele, 1988), but not self-consistency theory (Aronson, 1999), low-esteem participants derogated the friend more than high-esteem participants under both insufficient and sufficient justification. Also supporting self-affirmation theory, sufficient/low-esteem participants reported more offense for being stood-up than sufficient/high-esteem participants. Discussion centers on the role of self-esteem in dissonance processes and on the need for more research that focuses on dissonance/self-threats that result from the behavior of other(s) rather than one’s own behavior.
Effect of fast-neutron irradiation on tetrahedrally bonded amorphous thin films

Abstract Thin films of RF sputtered amorphous germanium, silicon and silicon carbide have been irradiated in a reactor with fast-neutron fluence of up to 3.6 × 1013 n/cm2 at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. The irradiation induced changes in electrical and structural properties have been studied. The effect of irradiation on dark conductivity is appreciable though the activation energy gap and phonon spectra do not seem to undergo much change. The results could be explained as a combined effect of two processes (i) the rearrangement of the atoms of the amorphous medium in the presence of neutron-fluence to produce a more complete amorphous network, and (ii) the production of defect clusters in certain regions of the amorphous medium, giving rise to isolated zones with high concentration of dangling bonds. Our results, however, indicate that in the amorphous thin films studied, the first process is predominant throughout the volume.
Defect Identification and Sizing by the Ultrasonic Satellite-Pulse Technique

Shape and size are the most important defect characteristics that need to be determined for the reliable prediction of the remaining service lifetime of a defective structure or part. The analytical and supporting experimental results presented in this paper concern a general, pattern recognition-based, ultrasonic defect identification and sizing method. The satellite-pulse technique (SPT) is based on the interpretation, in terms of defect types (shapes) and dimensions, of the separation in time of arrival between the readily detected specularly reflected pulse and its generally ignored tip-diffracted or tangentially scattered “satellite” contained in the received waveform. Calibration procedures were also developed that enable the ultrasonic examiner to read the time scale of the oscilloscope for equivalent crack depth or void diameter as appropriate.
1 The Public-Private-nonprofit Mix in Health Service Policy: Some Lessons Learned in the United States

United States health policy has always been distinguished by its treatment of health care as primarily a commercial good, to be bought and sold like other market commodities. In other industrialized nations… including Poland… health care in regraded more as a social good like public education, or fire and police protection, to be afforded to the entire population. In the US private insurers supplement the fee or payment for services by patients of the health system in purest market-place fashion. This was radically changed for the elderly and in certain cases the poor with the passage of national policy in 1965 knows as Medicare and Medicaid comes close to making health care for individuals sixty five years of age older universal. Medicaid, while by no means offering universal care to the poor did allow the states to decide what services and at what level of economic income the poor might access free health care. In spite of these two programs there are today forty one milion uninsured Americans living without any from of provision for health care in emergiencies or otherwise. What has emerged in the US is a combination of models for the provision of health service, all of which currently are under great scrutiny and critism. Two such models… HMO's and Preferred Providers, each distinguished by private, public, and nonprofit characteristics will be reviewd durning this presentation. What lessons can be learned from experimenation with various funding and service arrangments for the provision of health care, the most critical aspect of community and individual life? Who are most vulnerable to such policy shifts and inequalities? What are the costs and externalities of privatization? What are the risks for private nonoprofits and sectarian organizations in joining in contracts with goverment to deliver services? These and more questions will be raised… a range of answers … and unresolved issues reviewed in this presentation.
Cultivar, Maturity, and Heat Treatment on Lycopene Content in Tomatoes

Using high performance liquid chromatography, tomato cultivars which contain the Crimson gene (og) were usually found to have higher lycopene content (5086 to 5786 μg/100 g fresh weight) than those cultivars lacking the gene (2622 to 4318 μg/100 g fresh weight). A comparison of the color readings taken from tomatoes at the equatorial region with those of the homogenate prepared from the same region showed that the hue of tomato homogenate was a better indicator of lycopene content than tomato surface hue. The tomatoes' lycopene content was not affected by ethylene treatment or cooking for 4, 8, and 16 min at 100 °C.
AGU journals continue to rank highly in Impact Factors

AGU journals continue to rank highly in the 2011 Journal Citation Reports (JCR), which was released by Thomson Reuters on 28 June. The impact factor of several AGU journals increased significantly, continuing their trend over the previous 5 years, while others remained consistent with the previous year's ranking. Paleoceanography is an outstanding performer in both the Paleontology and Oceanography categories. Since 1995, Paleoceanography has been the top-ranked journal in the Paleontology category (of 49 titles in 2011), with an Impact Factor of 3.357. In the Oceanography group (59 journals total), Paleoceanography ranks third in Impact Factor. Reviews of Geophysics, with an Impact Factor of 12.364 (an increase of 2.826 from the prior year's score of 9.538), ranks second in Geochemistry and Geophysics out of a total of 77 journals in this cohort. Water Resources Research comes in at second place in the Limnology group, with 19 titles, and third place in the Water Resources group, which has a cohort of 78 titles.
Solar radiation durability of materials, components and systems for photovoltaics

In renewable energy technologies, a critical challenge is achieving expected service lifetimes of 20–25 years and beyond. Our approach to the physics of failure is to develop new metrology and metrics, coupled to degradation mechanisms and rates, as the basis for lifetime and degradation science (LD two silicones used in Fresnel lenses, and an acrylic PMMA used for mirror augmented PV systems.
Scalable parallel formulations of depth-first search

This paper presents a parallel formulation of depth-first search. To study its effectiveness we have implemented it to solve the 15-puzzle problem on a variety of commercially available multiprocessors. We are able to achieve fairly linear speedup on these multiprocessors for as many as 128 processors (the maximum configurations available to us). At the heart of this parallel formulation is a work-distribution scheme that divides the work dynamically among different processors. The effectiveness of the parallel formulation is strongly influenced by the work-distribution scheme and the target architecture. We introduce the concept of isoeffciency function to characterize the scalability of different architectures and work-distribution schemes. The isoefficiency analysis of previously known work-distribution schemes motivated the design of substantially improved schemes for ring and shared-memory architectures. The analysis shows that our parallel formulation of DFS can provide near linear speedup on very large parallel architectures.
ElastIC: An Adaptive Self-Healing Architecture for Unpredictable Silicon

ElastIC must deal with extremes a multiple core processor subjected to huge process variations, transistor degradations at varying rates, and device failures. In this article, we present a broad vision of a new cohesive architecture, ElastIC, which can provide a pathway to successful design in unpredictable silicon. ElastIC is based on aggressive run-time self-diagnosis, adaptivity, and self-healing. It incorporates several novel concepts in these areas and brings together research efforts from the device, circuit, testing, and microarchitecture domains. Architectures like ElastIC will become vital in extremely scaled CMOS technologies (such as 22 nm); ideally, they will target applications such as multimedia, Web services, and transaction processing
Service Performance of Long-Span Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Box-Girder Bridges

This paper provides background on the use of lightweight aggregate concrete in long-span bridges. Observed time-dependent deflection of long-span lightweight aggregate concrete box-girder bridges is highlighted. The paper also summarizes the instrumentation program for health monitoring of the new Benicia-Martinez Bridge, which was recently completed in Northern California. Initial service performances of the bridge are assessed through deformation measurement of the superstructure. A primary objective of the instrumentation program is to identify time-dependent effects attributable to creep and shrinkage for future design and analysis of long-span bridges constructed of high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete.
EGF-receptor regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in epithelial ovarian carcinoma

Ovarian carcinoma is most frequently detected when disease has already disseminated intra-abdominally, resulting in a 5-year survival rate of less than 20% owing to complications of metastasis. Peritoneal ascites is often present, establishing a unique microenvironmental niche comprised of tumor and inflammatory cells, along with a wide range of bioactive soluble factors, several of which stimulate the EGF-receptor (EGFR). Elevated EGFR is associated with less favorable disease outcome in ovarian cancer, related in part to EGFR activation of signaling cascades that lead to enhanced matrix metalloproteinase expression and/or function. The available data suggest that modulating the expression or activity of the EGFR and/or matrix metalloproteinases offers opportunity for targeted intervention in patients with metastatic disease.
The Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma Prognostic Index: A Novel Prognostic Index Derived From a Population-Based Registry

Purpose Three classification and prognostic systems exist for primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (PCBCL). Whereas the WHO classification defines its categories based on histology, both the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification and the conventional staging system consider skin site. We sought to incorporate both histology and skin site into a single prognostic index designed to predict survival in patients with PCBCL. Methods The associations between histology, skin site, and survival were determined using adjusted proportional hazards analysis conducted on 926 patients with PCBCL identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data, spanning 1973 to 2001. Results Four primary CBCL prognostic index (CBCL-PI) groups were identified. Group IA included indolent histologies involving any skin site. Group IB included diffuse large B-cell histology involving favorable skin sites (head/neck, arm). Group II included diffuse large B-cell histology involving unfavorable skin sites (trunk, legs, disseminated) or immunoblastic large B-cell histology involving favorable skin sites. Group III included immunoblastic large B-cell histology involving unfavorable skin sites. The adjusted mortality hazards ratios were 1.0, 1.3 (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.7), 2.1 (95% CI, 1.6 to 2.7), and 4.5 (95% CI, 2.8 to 7.2) for groups IA/B to III, respectively. The corresponding 5-year relative survivals were 94%, 86%, 60%, and 34%. Conclusion The CBCL-PI identifies adverse combinations of histology and skin site, helping to reconcile differences in current classification and prognostic systems for PCBCL.
Seasonal Changes in Glycogen Level and Size of Pinealocytes of the White‐Footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus: A Semiquantitative Histochemical Study

Glycogen level in and size of pinealocytes of the feral, white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus, were studied by a semiquantitative histochemical method to determine whether seasonal changes exist in them under natural conditions, what temporal pattern they exhibit, and whether 24-hour changes in these parameters exist in different seasons, as shown in the laboratory dd-mice. Marked seasonal changes were seen in both glycogen levels and nuclear densities (ANOVA p less than 0.005). The size of pinealocytes at 09:00 to 10:00 showed one peak (and nadir) seasonal change, with the smallest size in winter (December and February) and a larger size in warmer seasons, with the maximum value in July. Glycogen level in pinealocytes at 09:00 to 10:00 showed bimodal seasonal changes, with lower levels in fall and spring and higher levels in winter and summer. In fall, a circadian trend in glycogen level in pinealocytes was seen, with a higher level at the end of the light period. In winter, the glycogen levels were very high at 09:00, 13:00, 17:00, and 21:00 examined and showed dampening of time-of-day differences. On the other hand, the size of pinealocytes followed a time-of-day change (P less than 0.005), being largest at 13:00 and smallest at 21:00. Thus, marked changes in quantitative structure and chemical activities, suggesting changes in functional activity, in pinealocytes were noted especially in severe, cold winter.
Electromagnetic Pulse Transmission Through a Thin Sheet of Saturable Ferromagnetic Material of Infinite Surface Area

A numerical solution is presented for determining the shielding properties of a thin sheet of saturable ferromagnetic material of infinite surface area. Several examples are given to indicate the behavior of ferromagnetic shields in an intense electromagnetic environment. These examples illustrate that only a few numerical results are required to determine the electric field transmitted through the material for a given incident pulse of any amplitude.
Thermal Expansion Kinetics: Method to Measure Permeability of Cementitious Materials: I, Theory

When a porous material that is saturated with liquid is heated, the liquid typically expands much more than the solid phase; if the permeability is high, then the liquid flows out of the pores as it expands. However, if the permeability is low, then the liquid may not be able to escape, so it expands within the pores and contributes to the dilatation of the body; as the liquid drains from the pores, the body contracts to the dimension dictated by the thermal expansion coefficient of the solid phase. In the low-permeability case, by analyzing the kinetics of dilatation during a change in temperature, it is possible to extract the permeability. This technique, which previously has been successfully applied to gels, is also applicable to conventional ceramics, such as porous glass, sintered ceramics, cement, and concrete. However, for these rigid materials, the analysis must be modified to take account of the finite compressibility of the liquid. In this article, the thermal expansion kinetics are analyzed for cylindrical and platelike samples. The results are applied to cement paste in a companion paper.
Background heatflow on hotspot planets: Io and Venus

On planets where most of the heat is transported to the surface by igneous activity (extrusive volcanism or near-surface intrusions), the surface heatflow at localities well away from regions of current igneous activity need not be even approximately the conductive heatflow through the entire lithosphere but may instead be dominated by the residual heat leaking out from the last igneous event in that locality. On Io, it is likely that (κτ)^(1/2) « lithosphere thickness ( κ = thermal diffusivity, τ = typical time between “resurfacing” events) and the background heatflow may be very large, comparable or even larger than the current observational heatflow, which is associated with the hotspots alone. This upward revision of Io's heatflow is compatible with observations and with recent indications of a non-steady tidal and thermal evolution. On Venus, (κτ)^(1/2) is probably comparable to the lithosphere thickness and the resulting upward revision of heatflow may be only marginally significant, unless magmatic activity is enormously greater than on Earth.
Hypertrophic response to hemodynamic overload: role of load vs. renin-angiotensin system activation

Myocardial hypertrophy is one of the basic mechanisms by which the heart compensates for hemodynamic overload. The mechanisms by which hemodynamic overload is transduced by the cardiac muscle cell and translated into cardiac hypertrophy are not completely understood. Candidates include activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin II receptor (AT1) stimulation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that load, independent of the RAS, is sufficient to stimulate cardiac growth. Four groups of cats were studied: 14 normal controls, 20 pulmonary artery-banded (PAB) cats, 7 PAB cats in whom the AT1 was concomitantly and continuously blocked with losartan, and 8 PAB cats in whom the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was concomitantly and continuously blocked with captopril. Losartan cats had at least a one-log order increase in the ED50 of the blood pressure response to angiotensin II infusion. Right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy was assessed using the RV mass-to-body weight ratio and ventricular cardiocyte size. RV hemodynamic overload was assessed by measuring RV systolic and diastolic pressures. Neither the extent of RV pressure overload nor RV hypertrophy that resulted from PAB was affected by AT1 blockade with losartan or ACE inhibition with captopril. RV systolic pressure was increased from 21 +/- 3 mmHg in normals to 68 +/- 4 mmHg in PAB, 65 +/- 5 mmHg in PAB plus losartan and 62 +/- 3 mmHg in PAB plus captopril. RV-to-body weight ratio increased from 0.52 +/- 0.04 g/kg in normals to 1.11 +/- 0.06 g/kg in PAB, 1.06 +/- 0.06 g/kg in PAB plus losartan and 1.06 +/- 0.06 g/kg in PAB plus captopril. Thus 1) pharmacological modulation of the RAS with losartan and captopril did not change the extent of the hemodynamic overload or the hypertrophic response induced by PAB; 2) neither RAS activation nor angiotensin II receptor stimulation is an obligatory and necessary component of the signaling pathway that acts as an intermediary coupling load to the hypertrophic response; and 3) load, independent of the RAS, is capable of stimulating cardiac growth.
Streaming pattern discovery in multiple time-series

In this paper, we introduce SPIRIT (Streaming Pattern dIscoveRy in multIple Time-series). Given n numerical data streams, all of whose values we observe at each time tick t, SPIRIT can incrementally find correlations and hidden variables, which summarise the key trends in the entire stream collection. It can do this quickly, with no buffering of stream values and without comparing pairs of streams. Moreover, it is any-time, single pass, and it dynamically detects changes. The discovered trends can also be used to immediately spot potential anomalies, to do efficient forecasting and, more generally, to dramatically simplify further data processing. Our experimental evaluation and case studies show that SPIRIT can incrementally capture correlations and discover trends, efficiently and effectively.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HAPTICALLY ENABLED DIS/RE-ASSEMBLY SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT

Typical CAD environments constrain the user to one sense, sight, and two dimensions, the table upon which the mouse rests. The introduction of a haptic interface into the CAD environment allows users to incorporate both a third dimension and a second sense, that of touch, into their work. We are currently developing HIDRA (Haptic Integrated Dis/Reassembly Analysis), an application that integrates haptic feedback into a (dis)assembly simulation environment. In this paper, we present the basic computer architecture of the application, including its interface with commercial CAD systems. We also explain some of application constraints unique to haptic simulation and the methods employed to help meet these constraints. Finally, we identify some available avenues for future work.
Paralytic poliomyelitis in a child with hypogammaglobulinemia: probable implication of type I vaccine strain.

1. An instance of paralytic poliomyelitis developing 7 weeks after administration of live type I poliomyelitis virus vaccine in a child with hypogammaglobulinemia is described. 2. The strain of virus isolated from pharyngeal washings and stool possessed the characteristics of "vaccine-like" strain. No other enteroviruses were detected. 3. Antibodies of diphtheria, the 3 serological types of poliomyelitis virus, and a number of other viruses could not be demonstrated despite apparent adequate "immunization" to some of these agents. 4. Histological studies revealed a marked activity in the reparative process in the spinal cord and a conspicuous absence of secondary lymph follicles throughout the body. 5. It is suggested that live vaccines be administered to patients with a significant degree of gamma-globulin deficiency with great caution. The possibility of the simultaneous administration of a properly selected dose of specific antibody or gamma-globulin deserves consideration in such instances.
Quantum teleportation with close-to-maximal entanglement from a beam splitter

We investigate theoretically quantum teleportation by means of the number-sum and phase-difference variables. We show that a unitary beam-splitter transformation turns two-mode Fock-states into close-to-maximally entangled states, in this case close approximations of the relative-phase eigenstates. These states could be created experimentally using on-demand single-photon sources, but also with any second-quantized bosonic system (e.g., trapped ions, Bose-Einstein condensates). We show that such ``quasi-EPR'' states can yield near-unity fidelity for the teleportation of coherent states and of ``Schr\"odinger cat'' states.
Nuclear Breast Imaging: Clinical Results and Future Directions

Interest in nuclear breast imaging is increasing because of technical improvements in dedicated devices that allow the use of relatively low doses of radiotracers with high sensitivity for even small breast cancers. For women with newly diagnosed cancer, primary chemotherapy is often recommended, and improved methods of assessing treatment response are of interest. With widespread breast density notification, functional rather than anatomic methods of screening are of increasing interest as well. For a cancer imaging technology to be adopted, several criteria must be met that will be discussed: evidence of clinical benefit with minimal harm, standardized interpretive criteria, direct biopsy guidance, and acceptable cost-effectiveness.
Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland: The Kindness of Strangers. By Christine Kinealy. (London, England: Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2013. Pp. x, 414. $130.00.)

The author of this study—a leading scholar of Ireland's Great Famine [1845–1849]—writes with flair and precision about the many intersections of human generosity and human tragedy during Ireland's ...
Representation, Exemplification, and Risk: Resonance of Tobacco Graphic Health Warnings Across Diverse Populations

As countries implement Article 11 of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, graphic warning labels that use images of people and their body parts to illustrate the consequences of smoking are being added to cigarette packs. According to exemplification theory, these case examples-exemplars-can shape perceptions about risk and may resonate differently among demographic subpopulations. Drawing on data from eight focus groups (N = 63) with smokers and nonsmokers from vulnerable populations, this qualitative study explores whether people considered exemplars in their reactions to and evaluations of U.S. graphic health warning labels initially proposed by the Food and Drug Administration. Participants made reference to prior and concurrent mass media messages and exemplars during the focus groups and used demographic cues in making sense of the images on the warning labels. Participants were particularly sensitive to age of the exemplars and how it might affect label effectiveness and beliefs about smoking. Race and socioeconomic status also were salient for some participants. We recommend that exemplars and exemplification be considered when selecting and evaluating graphic health warnings for tobacco labels and associated media campaigns.
Using Computer Graphics to Help Analyze Complicated Functions

(1991). Using Computer Graphics to Help Analyze Complicated Functions. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 327-331.
Research on approval and regulatory system of generics in USA

The approval and regulatory system of generics in the United States was analyzed based on four aspects: the revolution of regulations related to generics,the formation of the technical evaluation system of generics,the optimization of the registration and approval system related to generics,and the support of matching administrative policies.With the amelioration of the system,the generics industry in the United States made considerable progress and contributed a lot to improve human health and decrease health care expenditure.
Study of the relationship between ras gene expression and childhood acute myeloid leukemia

Objectives To investigate the expression of ras gene in childhood acute myeloid leukemia(AML)and its significance in the treatment and prognosis. Methods The expression of ras gene (H- ras,N- ras,K- ras)in 36 child- ren initially diagnosed as the primary AML was detected with RT- PCR,the morphology,immunophenotype,and karyo- type were also analyzed. The dynamic changes in ras gene expression in some patients were followed- up. The samples of the bone marrow from 30 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura were also collected as controlls. Results In comparison with the controls,N- ras and K- ras gene expressions were both significantly higher in children with AML (P 0.01,P 0.05,respectively). Ras gene mutation in childhood AML was mainly found in M2,M4,M5 subtypes. Ras gene expression in the two patients with FAB subtype M2 in the followed up group could be detected both at early stage and remission stage,suggesting that abnormal ras gene expression could be found not only in relapse stage but also in remission stage. Conclusions The abnormal high expression of ras gene might play a certain role in the pathogenesis of childhood AML,and it might be used as an index in predicting the efficacy of the treatment,the prognosis,and also an index for follow- up in children with AML.
Carnivore diversity at a montane rainforest site in Ecuador's Gran Sumaco Biosphere Reserve

Ecuador harbours a diverse assemblage of tropical mammals, yet the natural history and local-scale distributions of many species remain poorly understood. We conducted the first systematic camera-trap survey of terrestrial mammalian carnivores at Wildsumaco Wildlife Sanctuary, a mid-elevation (1,250–1,450 m), montane rainforest site on the slopes of Sumaco Volcano, in the heart of the Tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot. We quantified trap success, latency to detection and temporal activity patterns for each species detected. We recorded nine carnivore species (four felids, two procyonids and three mustelids), including the first verified record of the jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi in the region. These species comprise one-third of all terrestrial carnivore species known to occur in Ecuador and 82% of those thought to occur at mid-elevation. All except one of the carnivores we detected have reported elevational ranges ≤ 1,500 m; the one exception, the puma Puma concolor, occurs throughout mainland Ecuador at 0–4,500 m. No cloud forest or highland species (i.e. those with a reported lower elevational limit of ≥ 1,500 m) were detected. Trap success was highest, and latency to detection smallest, for the margay Leopardis wiedii, and temporal activity patterns for all species were consistent with those reported previously in the literature. Our results demonstrate that the mid-elevation montane rainforests of Sumaco Volcano support an exceptionally high diversity of co-existing mammalian carnivores, many of which appear to be near their upper elevational limits, and emphasize the conservation value of this area.
Monte-Carlo Tree Search for the Maximum Satisfiability Problem

Incomplete algorithms for the Maximum Satisfiability (MaxSAT) problem use a hill climbing approach in tandem with various mechanisms that prevent search stagnation. These solvers’ conflicting goals of maintaining search mobility while discovering high quality solutions constitute an exploration-exploitation dilemma, a problem which has been tackled with great success in recent years using Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) methods. We apply MCTS to the domain of MaxSAT using various stochastic local search (SLS) algorithms for leaf node value estimation, thus offering a novel hybrid alternative to established complete and incomplete solution techniques. Our algorithm outperforms baseline SLS algorithms like Walksat and Novelty on most problem instances from the 2015 MaxSAT Evaluation. It also outdoes CCLS, a state-of-the-art incomplete MaxSAT solver, on a number of challenging industrial instances from the 2015 MaxSAT Evaluation.
Effects of Nanoporous Carbon Derived from Microalgae and Its CoO Composite on Capacitance

Nanoporous carbon was synthesized from microalgae as a promising electrode material for electric double layer capacitors due to its large specific surface area and controllable pore structures. The pore textural properties of the algae-derived-carbon (ADC) samples were measured by N2 adsorption and desorption at 77 K. The performance of the activated carbon (AC) as supercapacitor electrodes was determined by the cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The effect of the nanoporous carbon structure on capacitance was demonstrated by calculating the contributions of micropores and mesopores toward capacitance. Capacitance was significantly affected by both pore size and pore depth. To further increase the specific capacity, a single-pot synthesis of porous carbon supported CoO composite (CoO/ADC) electrode material was developed using microalgae as the carbon source and Co(OH)2 as both a carbon activation agent and CoO precursor. After carbonization, CoO particles were formed and embedde...
Membrane Biogenesis: Proteins

Membranes are a complex mixture of primarily lipids and proteins with surface-attached carbohydrates that are neither found inside the membrane core nor attached to the membrane inner leaflet ( Chapter 7 ). Lipids ( Chapters 4 and 5 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 ) provide the basic membrane structure and associated biophysical properties, while the proteins ( Chapter 6 ) are responsible for all biochemical activity. Each membrane type has its own characteristic combination of lipids and proteins. Chapters 14 and 15 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 discussed biosynthesis of the membrane lipids while Chapter 16 will consider biosynthesis of the proteins and their assembly into a functional membrane.
Sexual victimization perpetrated by women: Federal data reveal surprising prevalence

Abstract This article examines female sexual perpetration in the U.S. To do so, we analyzed data from four large-scale federal agency surveys conducted independently by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2008 through 2013. We found these data to contradict the common belief that female sexual perpetration is rare. We therefore reviewed the broader literature to identify patterns and provide context, including among high-risk populations such as college students and inmates. We recommend that professionals responding to this problem avoid gender stereotypes that downplay the frequency and impact of female sexual perpetration so as to comprehensively address sexual victimization in all forms.
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) in the Treatment of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in 126 Adults: Impact of Donor Source on Leukemia Free Survival (LFS).

White blood cell (WBC) count and specific cytogenetic abnormalities at diagnosis, patient age and disease status at HSCT have previously been identified as risk factors associated with LFS in patients with ALL. As the use of umbilical cord blood (UCB) is relatively new, particularly for adults, we sought to evaluate the relative impact of donor source. In this single center study, 126 adults aged 18–61 (median 31) years (yrs) underwent myeloablative conditioning (cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg and total body irradiation 1320–1375 cGy based regimen in 92%) followed by allogeneic HSCT. Stem cell source was an HLA matched related donor (MRD) in 85, HLA matched unrelated donor (URD:M) in 15, HLA mismatched unrelated donor (URD:MM) in 14 and HLA 0–2 (A, B, DRB1) mismatched UCB in 12. At the time of HSCT, 64 patients were in CR1, 51 in CR2, and 11 patients in ≥ CR3; 20 pts had T-lineage disease; 38 pts (30%) had either t(9;22)(n=28), t(4;11) or t(1,19) (n=10) with the remainder (70%) having normal cytogenetics. WBC ≥ 30 x 109/l at diagnosis was documented in 50%. Demographics, disease characteristics at initial diagnosis and transplant variables were similar in all 4 groups except: year of transplant after 1996 and use of growth factor for all UCB recipients. | | MRD | URD:M | URD:MM | UCB | P | |:-----------------------:| ---------- | ---------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----- | | N | 85 | 15 | 14 | 12 | | | Median follow up in yrs | 9.3 | 3.5 | 7.2 | 1.2 | | | OS 1 yr % (95% CI) | 41 (31–52) | 33 (9–57) | 14 (0–33) | 75 (51–100) | 0.02 | | LFS 1 yr % (95% CI) | 35 (25–45) | 27 (4–49) | 14 (0–33) | 67 (40–93) | 0.03 | | Relapse 1 yr % (95% CI) | 21 (12–30) | 20 (0–40) | | 8 (0–23) | 0.22 | | TRM 1 yr % (95% CI) | 44 (33–55) | 53 (27–79) | 86 (57–100) | 25 (1–49) | <0.01 | Outcomes by donor source: As a consequence of low TRM, OS and LFS were superior after UCB transplants. In multiple regression analysis, 5 independent risk factors were significantly associated with poorer OS: use of URD:M (RR 3.8, 95% CI 1.1–13.8, p= 0.04) and URD:MM (RR 4.9, 95% CI, 1.3–19.1, p= 0.02), ≥ CR3 at HSCT (RR 3.0, 95% CI, 1.1–8.8, p= 0.04), WBC >30 x 109/l (RR 2.4, 95% CI, 1.4–4.1, p<0.01), cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositive recipient and donor (RR 4.0, 95% CI, 2.0–7.9, p<0.01), and ≥ 2 induction regimens to achieve initial CR (RR 2.7, 95% CI, 1.2–5.9, p= 0.01). Patients who developed grade II–IV acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) had significantly lower mortality rates (RR 0.4, 95% CI, 0.2–0.7, p<0.01). There was no impact on OS by year of transplant or use of growth factor. Variables associated with poor LFS were identical to those for OS, and GVHD was again associated with improved LFS. These results support the use of UCB as an alternative stem cell source for adults with ALL with results comparable to outcomes observed with MRDs. In addition, GVHD is associated with improved LFS suggesting a significant graft versus leukemia effect with all donor graft sources.
Comparing eyewitness-derived trajectories of bright meteors to instrumentally-observed data

The NASA Meteoroid Environment Office (MEO) is often called upon to analyze meteors of public interest observed over the United States. Data from meteor networks are often utilized to accomplish this, as are recordings from the general public. When these methods fail, eyewitness reports are the only resource which can be leveraged. The MEO developed a tool to crudely calculate the trajectories of bright meteors from the eyewitness reports submitted to the American Meteor Society. The tool was tested on eyewitness data for 33 cases and compared to observed data from the NASA All Sky Fireball Network. The tool performed better for cases with more than 75 eyewitness reports than those with fewer than 75, by almost a factor of two across all metrics except for the end height. For these cases, the eyewitness-derived trajectory was about 50 km from the observed trajectory, the radiant was within 15°, and the speed was within 20% of that observed on average. A description of the tool, example case studies, and general trends are described.
Economic and technical challenges of flexible operations under large-scale variable renewable deployment

Abstract Fundamental characteristics of solar and wind power have generated controversy about their economic competitiveness and appropriate techniques for assessing their value. This research presents an approach to quantify the economic value of variable renewable capacity and demonstrates its dependence on renewable deployment levels, regional resource endowments, fleet flexibility, and trade assumptions. It assesses economic and technical impacts of large-scale renewable penetration by linking two models, representing electric-sector investments and detailed operations. Model results for California and Texas suggest that operational constraints and costs of dispatchable generators (e.g., minimum load levels, ramping limits, startup costs) can impact renewable integration costs, but the temporal and spatial variability of solar and wind are larger determinants of their value. Restrictions on transmission and regional coordination in capacity planning and dispatch decrease the economic value of variable renewable energy, highlighting the potential roles of market design and trade. Energy storage is shown to be a valuable balancing asset at higher solar and wind penetration levels, but potential revenues diminish with increased storage deployment.
Sex differences in hippocampal damage, cognitive impairment, and trophic factor expression in an animal model of an alcohol use disorder

Compared to men, women disproportionally experience alcohol-related organ damage, including brain damage, and while men remain more likely to drink and to drink heavily, there is cause for concern because women are beginning to narrow the gender gap in alcohol use disorders. The hippocampus is a brain region that is particularly vulnerable to alcohol damage, due to cell loss and decreased neurogenesis. In the present study, we examined sex differences in hippocampal damage following binge alcohol. Consistent with our prior findings, we found a significant binge-induced decrement in dentate gyrus (DG) granule neurons in the female DG. However, in the present study, we found no significant decrement in granule neurons in the male DG. We show that the decrease in granule neurons in females is associated with both spatial navigation impairments and decreased expression of trophic support molecules. Finally, we show that post-binge exercise is associated with an increase in trophic support and repopulation of the granule neuron layer in the female hippocampus. We conclude that sex differences in alcohol-induced hippocampal damage are due in part to a paucity of trophic support and plasticity-related signaling in females.