cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversion of a stem cell leukemia from a T-lymphoid to a myeloid phenotype induced by the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin

Abstract Selective failure of lymphoid development occurs in genetic deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA). We examined the in vivo effects of a potent inhibitor of ADA, 2'-deoxycoformycin, which was used to treat a patient with refractory acute leukemia. Unexpectedly, within 7 days of starting treatment, the leukemic phenotype underwent complete conversion from T lymphoblastic to promyelocytic, with kinetics that suggested a precursor-product relationship between the two cell populations. Pretreatment T lymphoblasts and posttreatment promyelocytes had the same abnormal karyotype. Upon culture in vitro, the former transformed spontaneously over several weeks into mature myeloid cells. We conclude that the leukemia arose from a multipotent stem cell capable of both lymphoid and myeloid differentiation. Effects of ADA inhibition on leukemia cells during treatment included expansion of the deoxyadenosine nucleotide pool and accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine, a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation. The influence of these changes on the leukemic phenotype is discussed in terms of (i) selective cytotoxicity to T lymphoblasts, which accumulated deoxyadenosine nucleotides more efficiently than did the patient's promyelocytes during in vitro incubation with deoxycoformycin plus deoxyadenosine, and (ii) induction of an altered program of differentiation.
On asynchronous stochastic automata

The paper deals with generalized stochastic automata (probabilistic sequential machines) which are able to print not only a single output but an output tape of arbitrary finite length each unit of time. Section 1 contains the basic definitions and some observations concerning the basic probabilities which are associated with each stochastic automaton. In section 2 the equivalence of situations and of automata is investigated. The principal result is the decidability of equivalence of finite situations of finite automata. Section 3, the main portion of the paper, is devoted to an investigation of the input-output relations, i.e., of the externally observable behavior, of stochastic automata. The existence of a so-called state family is shown to be a criterion for the generability of a stochastic operator within a stochastic automaton. The nonuniqueness of state families leads to a consideration of separability of stochastic operators, a property being, for generable stochastic operators, necessary and sufficient for the uniqueness of a state family. This property as well as a somewhat weaker property is characterized then. Some open problems are pointed out.
Electrophysiologic evaluation of antiarrhythmic therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Abstract The use of electrophysiologic studies has contributed significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and enhanced our ability to assess objectively the efficacy of various therapeutic interventions in modifying or preventing their recurrence. The basis on which electrophysiologic testing techniques is founded is the ability reproducibly to initiate ventricular arrhythmias by programmed electrical stimulation in patients with a history of recurrent ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Ventricular tachycardia can be initiated by electrophysiologic studies in approximately 90% of patients with clinically documented recurrent, sustained ventricular tachycardia related to coronary artery disease and in 60% of patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Reports indicate that electrophysiologic testing is highly specific as well (99% for sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia). Studies in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia demonstrate that prevention by antiarrhythmic drugs of the ability to initiate tachycardias that were previously inducible by comparable stimulation techniques in the absence of therapy is highly predictive of freedom from recurrent episodes of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. This end point can be achieved in 35 to 75% of patients. This wide range of success rates results from differences in the patient populations studied, as well as major differences in the programmed stimulation and antiarrhythmic drug protocols used among laboratories. The positive predictive value of this technique (defined as the percentage of patients in whom complete suppression of inducible ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation is achieved during electrophysiologic testing with antiarrhythmic drugs and in whom no spontaneous arrhythmia occurs at 1- to 2-year follow-up) ranges between 80 and 95%.
Thermal chemistry of CF3I on Ag(111) : a TPD and RAIRS study

Temperature programmed desorption and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy have been used to study the thermal chemistry of CF3I on Ag(111). At coverages ≤0.03 CF3IAg, asorption occurs with ICF3 bond dissociation at T = 86 K, while at higher coverages CF3I adsorbs molecularly. The CI bond direction of the adsorbed molecules depends on the coverage. When molecular adsorption occurs at coverages ≤0.15 CF3IAg, the CI bond direction is parallel to the surface. Above this coverage the adsorbed molecules reorder to a form in which the molecular axis is titled away from the surface plane. The first layer saturates at 0.3 CF3IAg coverage. Multiayers form readily at 86 K. When the CF3IAg(111) system is heated, the multilayers desorb at ∼ 100 K, and some of the CF3I thermally dissociates into CF3 and I at ∼ 110 K. The fate of the products depends on the molecular orientation prior to the fragmentation. When the coverage is high and the CI axis is tilted from the surface, the CF3 radicals desorb during dissociation at ∼ 110 K, leaving only iodine atoms on the surface. At low coverage, when the CI axis is parallel to the surface, both the CF3 and the iodine remain bound. The non-dissociated CF3I desorbs molecularly at T ≤ 150 K. The CF3 that remains after CI bond scission desorbs as radicals at ∼ 300 K, and the adsorbed iodine desorbs atomically at ∼ 800 K. The relationship of molecular orientation to previous results on CF3IAg(111) thermal and photochemistry is discussed.
Inhibition of ENaC by intracellular Cl− in an MDCK clone with high ENaC expression

We examined the effects of intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i) on the epithelial Na channel (ENaC) in a line of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (FL-MDCK) with a high rate of Na+ transpo...
Quality of life in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy is related to adherence.

This study assesses changes in quality of life (QoL) over time among HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and evaluates how this relates to ARTadherence. Prospective, longitudinal data were examined from 1050 participants in two large, randomized, multi-centre antiretroviral clinical trials. QoL was assessed by the SF-12; adherence by the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS Antiretroviral Medication Self-report. Participants included 20% women, 53% African Americans, 16% Latinos; mean age was 39 years; mean baseline CD4+ cell count 230 cells/mm3; 89% were ART-naive at entry. Baseline physical and mental health summary QoL scores were 45.4 and 42.9, comparable to scores reported in other advanced HIV populations. Significant improvements in mean QoL scores were seen for the group as a whole after 1 to 4 months on new ART regimens, and persisted for 12 months. Participants reporting 100% ART adherence achieved significantly higher QoL scores at 12 months compared to those with poorer adherence, particularly if 100% adherence was consistent (p < 0.001). Those with at least 80% ART adherence had smaller gains in QoL at 12 months when compared to baseline, while those with < 80% adherence had worsening of QoL. In this analysis, ART adherence was associated with improved QoL, particularly if adherence was sustained.
Phylogeography of the Bitter Apple, Citrullus Colocynthis

Citrullus colocynthis is a desert plant with a rich history as an important medicinal plant and as a source of valuable oil. Its small seeds appear in several early Egyptian, Lybian and Near Eastern sites from about 4000 BC. Sequence information deduced from several polymorphic intergenic cpDNA regions and a relatively large intron (0.6 kb) at the transit sequence of single-copy nuclear gene G3pdh showed clear geographical structure among C. colocynthis accessions. Region specific haplotypes with different nucleotide substitution rates were observed. The highest number of substitution events occurred in C. colocynthis selections from India and Pakistan, the lowest number in accessions from the Middle Eastern and West Asian region (Iran, Israel, and Afghanistan). Population level variation at the noncoding cpDNA and G3pdh intron are congruent. Indels at two cpDNA regions and unique nuclear and cpDNA substitutions indicate the direction of migration from the African continent into the Middle East and the Far East. C. colocynthis collected in Australia showed the highest sequence homology with accessions from Cyprus and Morocco. Divergent lineages are restricted to portions of the species range. Possible causes of this pattern include restricted migration and gene flow between regions, and differences in population size of divergent haplotypes based on differential patterns of environmental adaptation.
Technical and management notes: The high-technology trap: Product preoccupation — A case in point: The laser industry

The development of an industry around the laser has failed to match early expectations. This is discussed in terms of the more general high-technology phenomenon of preoccupation with the physical product and lack of market awareness.
RADICAL PRUNING: A METHOD TO CONSTRUCT SKELETON RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NETWORKS

Trained radial basis function networks are well-suited for use in extracting rules and explanations because they contain a set of locally tuned units. However, for rule extraction to be useful, these networks must first be pruned to eliminate unnecessary weights. The pruning algorithm cannot search the network exhaustively because of the computational effort involved. It is shown that using multiple pruning methods with smart ordering of the pruning candidates, the number of weights in a radial basis function network can be reduced to a small fraction of the original number. The complexity of the pruning algorithm is quadratic (instead of exponential) in the number of network weights. Pruning performance is shown using a variety of benchmark problems from the University of California, Irvine machine learning database.
Length of hospital stay for elderly people is substantially higher in the NHS compared with Kaiser Permanente and US Medicare programmes

Abstract Question Does utilization of hospital beds by people aged over 65 years differ in the NHS in England, Kaiser Permanente in California and Medicare in California and the USA? Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Main results For all 11 causes of hospital admissions, standardised length of hospital stay for people aged >65 years was highest in the NHS (3.5 times as long as Kaiser, twice as long as Medicare California, and nearly 50% higher than Medicare in the United States). Standardised hospital admission rates for 11 leading causes of hospital admissions in people aged >65 years are generally highest for Medicare recipients in the United States and California, followed by the NHS in England and then Kaiser Permanente in California (see Table 1). However, there are important limitations to the reliability of these findings (see notes). Authors’ conclusions For 11 leading causes of acute hospital admissions in people aged >65 years, the NHS has generally lower hospital admission rates and longer hospital stays compared with Medicare recipients in the United States and California, and Kaiser Permanente in California. Table 1 Number of hospital admissions (per 100,000 population) and length of stay (days) in people aged >65 years, standardised for English population data. Clinical Diagnosis NHS Kaiser Medicare California Medicare United States Admissions Stay Admissions Stay Admissions Stay Admissions Stay Stroke 823 27.08 788 4.26 1155 5.84 1183 6.53 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 699 9.87 558 3.79 1067 5.35 1256 5.37 Bronchitis or asthma 531 11.73 141 3.09 225 4.22 310 4.41 Coronary bypass 144 13.27 97 9.60 296 8.63 321 9.98 Acute myocardial infarction 550 9.39 893 4.35 675 5.14 923 5.46 Heart failure/shock 556 12.42 1118 3.70 1893 5.28 2272 5.37 Angina pectoris 783 5.88 152 2.21 176 2.58 203 2.56 Hip replacement 342 12.60 256 4.54 602 5.41 644 5.46 Knee replacement 344 11.32 367 4.17 479 4.54 557 4.40 Hip fracture 315 26.88 388 4.89 489 5.97 535 6.47 Kidney or urinary infection 396 15.19 526 3.80 726 5.11 708 5.32
A direct interaction between the adaptor protein Cbl-b and the kinase Zap-70 induces a positive signal in T cells

Abstract Engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR)–CD3 complex induces a rapid increase in the activities of Src-family and Syk/Zap-70-family kinases [1,2]. These activated kinases then induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple intracellular proteins, eventually leading to T-cell activation. One of the prominent substrates for these kinases is the adaptor protein Cbl [3] and recent studies suggest that Cbl negatively regulates upstream kinases such as Syk and Zap-70 [4,5]. Cbl-b, a homologue of Cbl, is widely expressed in many tissues and cells including hematopoietic cells [6,7]. Cbl-b undergoes rapid tyrosine phosphorylation upon stimulation of the TCR and cytokine receptors [8,9]. The role of Cbl-b is unclear, however. Here, we show that overexpression of Cbl-b in T cells induced the constitutive activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). A loss-of-function mutation in Cbl-b disrupted the interaction between Cbl-b and Zap-70 and nearly completely abrogated the Cbl-b-mediated activation of NFAT. Unlike the proposed role of Cbl as a negative regulator, our results suggest that the Cbl homologue Cbl-b has a positive role in T-cell signaling, most likely via a direct interaction with the upstream kinase Zap-70.
Structural Identification and Damage Characterization of a Masonry Infill Wall in a Full-Scale Building Subjected to Internal Blast Load

AbstractStructural identification continues to develop an expanding role within performance-based civil engineering by offering a means to construct high-fidelity analytical models of in-service structures calibrated to experimental field measurements. Although continued advances and case studies are needed to foster the transition of this technique from exploration to practice, potential applications are diverse and range from design validation, construction quality control, assessment of retrofit effectiveness, damage detection, and lifecycle assessment for long-term performance evaluation and structural health monitoring systems. Existing case studies have been primarily focused on large civil structures, specifically bridges, large buildings, and towers, and the limited studies exploring application to damaged structures have been primarily associated with seismic events or other conventional hazards. The current paper produces the first experimental application of structural identification to a compo...
Differentially private and incentive compatible recommendation system for the adoption of network goods

We study the problem of designing a recommendation system for network goods under the constraint of differential privacy. Agents living on a graph face the introduction of a new good and undergo two stages of adoption. The first stage consists of private, random adoptions. In the second stage, remaining non-adopters decide whether to adopt with the help of a recommendation system A. The good has network complimentarity, making it socially desirable for A to reveal the adoption status of neighboring agents. The designer's problem, however, is to find the socially optimal A that preserves privacy. We derive feasibility conditions for this problem and characterize the optimal solution.
Uncoupling Crk Signal Transduction by Pseudomonas Exoenzyme T

Exoenzyme T (ExoT) is a bifunctional type III cytotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that possesses both Rho GTPase-activating protein and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. The ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of ExoT stimulated depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton independent of Rho GTPase-activating protein function, and ExoT was subsequently shown to ADP-ribosylate Crk (CT10 regulator of kinase)-I and Crk-II. Crk proteins are eukaryotic adaptor proteins comprising SH2 and SH3 domains that are components of the integrin signaling pathway leading to Rac1 and Rap1 functions. Mass spectroscopic analysis identified Arg20 as the site of ADP-ribosylation by ExoT. Arg20 is a conserved residue located within the SH2 domain that is required for interactions with upstream signaling molecules such as paxillin and p130cas. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and far Western assays showed that ADP-ribosylated Crk-I or Crk-I(R20K) failed to bind p130cas or paxillin. This indicates that ADP-ribosylation inhibited the direct interaction of Crk with these focal adhesion proteins. Overexpression of wild-type Crk-I reduced cell rounding by ExoT, whereas expression of dominant-active Rac1 interfered with the ability of ExoT to round cells. Thus, the ADP-ribosylation of Crk uncouples integrin signaling by direct inhibition of the binding of Crk to focal adhesion proteins.
Modification of the edge crack torsion specimen for mode III delamination testing. Part II – experimental study

Experimental studies of carbon/epoxy edge crack torsion specimen have been conducted using a specially designed twist test fixture. Of particular concern was verification of the recommendations expressed in the analytical part of this study (Part 1), where it was suggested that overhang (sections of specimen laying outside of the loading and support pins) in the x- and y-directions should be minimized, and fracture testing at longer delamination lengths should be avoided. The experimental test results verified that the specimens with the smallest overhang produced the most consistent delamination toughness data, GIIIc. Specimens with large overhangs exhibited high apparent GIIIc values at long delamination lengths. This was most likely due to nonuniform loading and associated nonuniform delamination extension.
Experimental murine hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

To establish a model of experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis (EHP) in mice and to examine the influence of genetic background on the pulmonary inflammatory response to Micropolyspora faeni, we determined the responses of C57BL/6, SJL/J, and C3H/HeJ mice to intratracheal (i.t.) injections of M. faeni. Recipient animals received lymph node cells (LNC), peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), and spleen cells (SC) from sensitized mice cultured in vitro with M. faeni. Controls included serum containing anti-M. faeni antibody; uncultured SC from M. faeni-sensitized donors, and M. faeni-cultured SC from ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized donors. Recipients were challenged i.t. with M. faeni or normal saline 48 hr after the cell or serum transfer. We developed a model of EHP in mice. Increasing amounts of i.t. M. faeni were associated with increasing extent of pulmonary inflammation with no difference between the mouse strains. There was substantial increase of the extent of pulmonary abnormalities in the animals receiving cultured SC. The number of transferred cells and the M. faeni concentration correlated with the extent of pulmonary histologic abnormalities. Cultured PEC and LNC could transfer EHP in C3H/HeJ mice only. Serum containing anti-M. faeni antibody, cultured SC from OA-sensitized donors, and noncultured SC from sensitized donors could not transfer EHP. We conclude that it is possible to adoptively transfer EHP.
Silicon L2,3VV Auger lineshape and oxygen chemisorption study of Pd4Si

Abstract The SiL2,3VV Auger Lineshape for Pd4Si was measured and found to be in good agreement with the self-fold of the Si partial density of states model calculated by Riley et al. Oxygen chemisorption altered both the Auger lineshape and the HeI photoemission spectrum, especially near the Fermi energy.
Quantitation of labile sulfide content and P700 photochemistry in spinach photosystem I particles

Abstract Treatment of spinach photosystem I particles with 2 or 4 M urea containing 5 mM ferricyanide produces a time-dependent conversion of labile sulfide to zero-valence sulfur in the membrane-bound iron-sulfur proteins. The integrity of the primary electron donor, P700, remains intact when measured as a chemical oxidized-minus-reduced difference spectrum. The effect on the light-induced oxidation of P700 is complex; the extent of the normally-fast P700 photooxidation correlates directly with the amount of labile sulfide remaining in the particle but a slow phase of photooxidation only becomes evident in increasingly depleted particles and shows no relationship with the amount of remaining labile sulfide. The data is taken as evidence for the participation of an iron-sulfur protein in the primary photochemistry of photosystem I in green plants.
Surface chemical reactions of aluminosilicate composites at extreme atmospheres using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

Aluminosilicates are important materials and are mostly applied to high temperature structural engineering. However, they are susceptible to degradation in aggressive and extreme atmospheres. The chemical degradation and subsequent failure of aluminosilicates can be severe in both reducing atmospheres and high temperatures in the presence of water vapor. The potential use of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis to monitor such effects on aluminosilicate composites in a simulated land-based gas turbine environment is presented in this study. The chemical changes caused by the environment can be observed as systematic binding energy shifts in the O(1s) spectrum as a function of varying Si/Al ratio. The chemical changes are further correlated to thermodynamic calculations at selected temperatures and partial pressures.
Isolation and characterization from potato tubers of two polypeptide inhibitors of serine proteinases.

Abstract Two polypeptides, isolated to electrophoretic homogeneity from Russet Burbank potato tubers, are powerful inhibitors of pancreatic serine proteinases. One of the inhibitors, called polypeptide trypsin inhibitor, PTI, has a molecular weight of 5100, and inhibits bovine trypsin. The inhibitor is devoid of methionine, histidine, and tryptophan and contains eight half-cystine residues as four disulfide bridges. The second inhibitor, polypeptide chymotrypsin inhibitor II, PCI-II, has a molecular weight of 5700 and powerfully inhibits chymotrypsin. This inhibitor is also devoid of methionine and tryptophan but it contains only six of half-cystines as three disulflde bonds. Both polypeptides strongly inhibit pancreatic elastase. In immunological double diffusion assays, polypeptide trypsin inhibitor and polypeptide chymotrypsin inhibitor II exhibit a high degree of immunological identity (a) with each other, (b) with a polypeptide chymotrypsin inhibitor (PCI-I, M r 5400) previously isolated from potato tubers, and (c) with inhibitor II, a larger (monomer M r ~ 12,000) inhibitor of both trypsin and chymotrypsin which has also been previously isolated from potato tubers. The four polypeptide proteinase inhibitors now isolated from Russet Burbank potato tubers cumulatively inhibit all five major intestinal digestive endo- and exoproteinases of animals. The inhibitors are thought to be antinutrients that are present as part of the natural chemical defense mechanisms of potato tubers against attacking pests.
Feature inference learning and eyetracking

Besides traditional supervised classification learning, people can learn categories by inferring the missing features of category members. It has been proposed that feature inference learning promotes learning a category’s internal structure (e.g., its typical features and interfeature correlations) whereas classification promotes the learning of diagnostic information. We tracked learners’ eye movements and found in Experiment 1 that inference learners indeed fixated features that were unnecessary for inferring the missing feature, behavior consistent with acquiring the categories’ internal structure. However, Experiments 3 and 4 showed that fixations were generally limited to features that needed to be predicted on future trials. We conclude that inference learning induces both supervised and unsupervised learning of category-to-feature associations rather than a general motivation to learn the internal structure of categories.
Effects of alcohol exposure during development on play behavior and c-Fos expression in response to play behavior.

Developmental exposure to alcohol can produce characteristic physiological and cognitive deficits, often termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). More recently, social deficits have been shown to occur both in FASD and animal models of FASD; the behavioral and neural bases of these deficits remain to be determined. It was hypothesized that changes in sensory processing may in part underlie the social deficits seen in FASD. This study used a rat model of FASD and social play, a behavior critical to adult social functioning, to begin to examine this hypothesis. Somatosensory cues from dorsal contact to the nape of the neck, critical to the initiation of pinning, were systematically degraded by administration of different doses of xylocaine, a topical anesthetic. Neuronal activity after one hour of play was assessed by measurement of c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR) in different brain regions. Ethanol-exposed rats showed an increase frequency of pinning during social play and were more sensitive to the degradation of somatosensory cues compared to the control groups, suggesting difficulties in processing somatosensory cues. Neuronal activity in the somatosensory cortex induced by play was significantly decreased in the ethanol-exposed group compared to the non-treated group. The c-Fos IR in the nucleus accumbens was altered in a sexually dimorphic manner in the ethanol-exposed group. Thus, the behavioral and brain measures are consistent with the hypothesis that ethanol exposure during development induces alterations in social play via deficits in processing somatosensory cues that are important to social play.
Vision-limiting complications in open-globe injuries.

Abstract Background: To correlate vision-limiting complications of open-globe trauma with anatomical zone and mechanism of injury. Methods: Retrospective review of 235 patients with open-globe injuries at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. Vision-limiting complications were assessed at 2 to 3 months after the injury. Results: Traumatic cataracts and corneal scarring were the most prevalent vision-limiting complications in patients with zone I (cornea-only) lacerations. The most common vision-limiting factors in eyes with zones II and III lacerations (involving sclera) were cataracts and retinal detachments. In patients with penetrating injuries, predominant vision-limiting findings were traumatic cataracts and corneal scarring. In patients with blunt-force ruptures, leading causes were traumatic cataracts and retinal detachments. There were increased rates of phthisis and enucleation surgery in patients with ruptures and zones II and III injuries. In cases of penetrating and zone I injuries, significantly more patients achieved visual acuities better than 20/50 when compared with eyes that had ruptures or zones II and III injuries. Interpretation: Traumatic cataracts were the most common vision-limiting factor in all subcategories of open-globe injuries. Injuries in zones II and III and blunt-force ruptures were associated with increased rates of retinal detachments, phthisis, and enucleation, contributing to the poorer visual prognosis in these patients.
Fishing Rights or Fishing Wrongs

Increasing attention is being paid to overfishing and the biological, economic, and social implications of persistent mismanagement of aquatic natural resources. In this chorus of concern, little attention is focused on sustainable fisheries, and the lessons to be learned from management systems that produce these successes. Although there is no one prescription for sustainability, a range of quota-based management tools have been used to eliminate the race for fish, increasing the incentives for long-term investment and efficiency. Variously referred to as fishing rights, tenure rights, or dedicated access privileges, quota-based fisheries confer a percentage (or quota) of the total allowable catch to named entities over some predetermined period, from short-term auction systems to intergenerational customary sea tenure. Whether a rights-based system stems from a traditional fishing rights system or has been recently introduced into modern commercial fisheries, achieving sustainability in the fishery is dependent on incentivizing the collective – from local communities to national fleets – to actively participate in self-regulation of the resource. Thus criticism of the approach often stems from the observation of the potential for cheating at the individual level (e.g., high grading, excessive discards), and the necessary exclusivity that accompanies any transition in management from open access to club membership. It is also worth noting that the resource in question – the fish – remain a public good, and as such, the public should be compensated – or at least not taxed – for their use. Thus the cost of fishery management, and the windfall profits of fishery conversion, should be shared. Rights-based management is not a silver bullet, and is probably not appropriate for all fisheries; however, the successes of the longline fisheries for Pacific halibut and sablefish in Alaska, the artisanal fisheries for loco in Chile and for spiny lobster in Mexico, and the Australian fisheries for Northern prawns and rock lobster, all clearly indicate that fishing rights should have a central place in the fisheries management toolbox.
Workload optimality in switches without arrivals

We analyze a switch with cross-bar constraints. Beginning with an initial loading and no further arrivals, we provide necessary conditions for a scheduling policy to minimize the workload at all times. We show that these conditions are sufficient for a switch of size N x 3 or smaller. We then consider a weaker notion of optimality: cumulative average workload optimality. Using a counter example for a 7 x 7 switch, we show that it is not possible to approximate the cumulative average workload within (1+4/475) of the optimal at all times. We conjecture that the workload under the MVM policy is within twice of the optimal at all times.
Abstract 3578: Alternative RNA splicing and protein products in leukemia outcome

Tumors and leukemias have dramatically increased levels of aberrant RNA splicing, which generates a large population of transcripts that could encode variant proteins. This increased complexity of RNA products could be due to “noisy” splicing that is increased in transformed cells, but has no functional consequence. Alternatively, the variant RNAs and the proteins they encode could actively contribute to the transformed phenotype. For example, alternative RNA splicing produces variant forms of Myb proteins whose expression correlate with poor survival. Recurrent mutations in RNA splicing factors have been detected in some leukemias, and overexpression of some RNA splicing factors can transform cells. But there is still little direct evidence linking increased levels of alternative RNA splicing to leukemogenesis or transformation. We are testing the hypothesis that increased levels of alternative RNA splicing leads to the synthesis of aberrant protein products that contribute to the transformed phenotype. To test this, we are developing a whole molecule “deep” RNA sequencing approach that will capture the full-length structures of individual whole transcripts and predict the proteins they would encode. The long-term goal is to use the new assay to analyze gene expression and alternative RNA splicing of all transcripts in a well-defined cohort of high-risk childhood B-progenitor ALL patients who routinely fail the standard therapies. We will compare whether RNA levels or predicted protein levels are better predictors of outcome, as a test of whether the encoded variant proteins are contributing to the development of leukemia. As a starting point, we have conducted conventional RNA sequencing using Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293T and Jurkat T-cells, using the Ion Torrent Proton sequencing platform followed by statistical analysis with the R-based EdgeR package. We identified more than 1600 differentially expressed genes. We compared the RNA-seq results to Affymetrix microarray gene expression profiles for the same samples and found relatively similar gene expression patterns. These data sets serve as the benchmark for development of the new single-molecule sequencing assay. With the improved assay we have obtained full-length sequence information for most expressed genes starting with as little as 1 ng of total RNA. We are currently developing the method further along with the bioinformatics, computational and statistical tools to analyze the single-molecule data. If increased alternative splicing is found to play a role in tumor development, these studies could identify novel and potentially “druggable” targets for the development of new therapies or interventions for these patients. Citation Format: Hideaki Suzuki. Alternative RNA splicing and protein products in leukemia outcome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3578. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3578
An Analysis of U.S. Business Schools' Catalogs, Application Packages, and Program Materials from an International Perspective

ABSTRACT Catalogs, application packages, and program materials from 106 business schools were analyzed to determine the degree of international coverage in business schools' curricula. The study found that 49% of the accredited schools and 33% of the non-accredited schools had international programs. In the accredited schools, 63% of the international programs were at the graduate level, whereas in the non-accredited schools, 92% were at the undergraduate level. Moreover, 92% of the AACSB accredited schools and 89% of the non-accredited schools offered international courses. The trend is to require international functional courses, such as international finance, in the traditional MBA programs and offer international functional courses as electives in the traditional BBA programs. In the BBA programs, there is an increasing tendency to offer foreign culture and foreign history courses. Several traditional MBA programs offer courses, such as global management or a general global business environment.
Ethanol as an Energy Source in Humans: Comparison with Dextrose-Containing Beverages

Abstract Six subjects participated in a residential study assessing the effects of consuming beverages containing energy derived from ethanol or dextrose on total energy and macronutrient intake. On certain days, subjects had to consume four beverages containing a total of ∼ 2400 or 4600 kJ, equivalent to 22% and 42% of energy intake under conditions in which no-beverages were required. Each of four conditions (2400 kJ ethanol, dextrose; 4600 kJ ethanol, dextrose), and a no-beverage control condition was examined for 2 days. Subjects compensated for ∼ 37% of the energy contained in the beverages such that total intake increased by 13% under the 2400 kJ conditions and 27% under the 4600 kJ conditions. There was no differential effect of ethanol content on energy intake. Cumulative intake curves indicated that caloric compensation was minimal following the consumption of beverages in the evening. While all of the beverage conditions significantly decreased energy intake derived from carbohydrate, the proportion of energy derived from fat, carbohydrate, and protein without the energy content of the beverages was essentially unaffected by dextrose- or ethanol-containing beverages. These results suggest that the effects of ethanol on intake of other foods can be accounted for by the energy content of ethanol as a beverage and by ethanol consumption in the evening when there is little time for daily caloric compensation, rather than by the pharmacological effects of ethanol.
Extreme points of convex sets in infinite dimensional spaces

(1987). Extreme Points of Convex Sets in Infinite Dimensional Spaces. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 5, pp. 409-422.
HUMIDITY CONTROL IN RESIDENCES.

IN A LARGE portion of this country the severity of the winter makes cen,tral heating units an economic necessity. The average householder must give some attention to temperature control in his residence, but he pavs little heed to the control of moisture in the air. He may be aware that cold, moderately dry, outdoor air means excessively dry air within the house; of this latter condition he may complain, but he usually does nothing to correct it. This paper draws attention to the difficulties encountered in humidity control in the average residence, and suggests methods by which unduly dry air conditions can be remedied.
TU-C-224C-09: Radiation Characteristics of a Gated Fiber-Optic-Coupled Detector

Purpose: To study the dosimetric characteristics of a gated fiber‐optic‐coupled detector for measuring absorbed dose from a linear accelerator. The favorable properties of these dosimeters are their superior spatial resolution, real‐time readout and potential as in‐vivo dosimeters. In an application that takes advantage of its spatial resolution, small field tissue‐phantom‐ratio (TPRs) measurements from 0.6×0.6 to 2.0×2.0 cm2 are obtained and compared to those measured with a diamond and diode detector.Method and Materials: The detector is a short length of Cu1+ fused doped quartz fiber coupled to a fiber‐optic cable. It has an atomic number of about 10.8 with a density of 2.2 g/cm3 and is 1 mm long with a diameter of 0.4 mm. The background signal generated by Cerenkov radiation and native fluorescence within the optical fiber during irradiation is separated from the detector luminescence via gating the signal with the radiation pulses from the accelerator. A linear accelerator provides mega‐voltage photon and electron beams to investigate its energy response, dose rate dependence, dose linearity and reproducibility. Results: There is no measurable difference in the detector response between 6 and 18 MV photons. However, for electrons the dose response increases gradually by 7% from 6 to 20 MeV. Its dose rate response relative to a Farmer chamber exhibits a behavior similar to a diamonddetector decreasing by about 4.5% from 0.8 to 10.7 Gy/min for both 6 and 18 MV photons. The measured response is linear from 0.2 to 10 Gy and its reproducibility is better than 2%. The small field TPR measurements are in good agreement with the diamond and diode detector.Conclusion: The dosimetric properties of this detector compare favorably with other radiation detectors, and its small size and optical interface make it potentially very useful for small field and in‐vivo radiation dosimetry.
The simulated moving bed chemical reactor

Abstract A novel method of maintaining a transient cyclic steady state in a fixed bed tubular reactor is examined. This process, the simulated moving bed chemical reactor, utilizes the differences in the thermal and mass velocities of the system to maintain autothermal behavior within the reactor. This system can process low calorific fuels and low temperature feed streams, is insensitive to minor disturbances, and distributes the load evenly over all the catalyst in the bed. This work presents, for the first time, theoretical results concerning the operation of these systems. Both irreversible and reversible reactions are considered, and comparisons are drawn between the new process and the reverse flow reactor.
Clinical outcomes in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with ganciclovir implant.

Purpose To describe the clinical outcomes of patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and AIDS treated with ganciclovir implant. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods The charts of 115 patients (166 affected eyes) with CMV retinitis treated with ganciclovir implant in the Division of Ocular Immunology, Wilmer Eye Institute from April 1996 through November 2009 were reviewed. Ophthalmologic data collected included visual acuity, ocular complications, treatment, and presence of immune recovery. Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression models were used to investigate relationships between potential risk factors and ocular outcomes. Results At implantation, 55% of patients were prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 21% were formerly on HAART, and 24% were HAART-naive. One hundred sixty-six eyes received 257 ganciclovir implants. Fifty-seven of the implanted eyes were diagnosed with a total of 126 ocular complications after implant surgery (rate = 0.19/eye-year [EY]), the 3 most common being cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Despite these ocular complications, the development of severe vision loss (≥6 lines lost) was low (0.005/EY). Patients with immune recovery during follow-up were less likely to have ocular complications after implant surgery; however, only the risk reduction for retinal detachment achieved statistical significance (hazard ratio = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.98). Conclusions Our data suggest that ocular complications after implant surgery, including cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment, were relatively common after ganciclovir implantation but severe vision loss after surgery was low. Presence of immune recovery may lessen the risk of postoperative ocular complications.
Magnetic-resonance-guided directional transurethral ultrasound thermal therapy

Two catheter-based transurethral ultrasound applicators designed for selective thermal coagulation of prostate tissue were evaluated. The first applicator utilized two 3.5 mm piezoelectric sectored tubes with the active transducer surface forming 90°. The second applicator's transducer assembly consisted of a linear array of 3.5 x 10 mm planar transducer elements. Both applicators operated at 8 MHz and were positioned on a 4 mm diameter catheter within an integrated expandable balloon (10 mm). Manual rotation of the transducer assembly within the balloon allowed for angular control and/or sweeping of the treatment volume. Ambient temperature degassed cooling water (~120 ml/min) was circulated inside the balloon to preserve the urethral mucosa. Acoustic efficiencies of 20-54% and acoustic beam distributions were measured. The thermal treatment characteristics of the applicator were investigated in vivo (canine prostate) under MRI guidance in an interventional open magnet (0.5 T). Magnetic resonance thermal imaging (MRTI) monitored the treatments (GRE phase mapping, multiple planes, 15 sec update intervals). Post-treatment imaging (T1 w/contrast) and TTC staining of the prostate were used to verify zones of thermal damage. Single sonications lasting 8-15 min produced coagulated zones of tissue extending to the outer boundary of the prostate while preserving 2-3 mm of urethral mucosa. Multiple sonications in sequence produced larger contiguous sectors of coagulated tissue (~ 3/4 of the gland). In summary, highly directional transurethral applicators under MRI guidance were able to produce selective and controllable thermal coagulation.
Tribute to Professor Robert Newnham

It has been a privilege to know Prof. Robert Newnham for over three decades as a gifted teacher, advisor, mentor, and above all a wonderful human being and a friend. The pioneering work of Newnham ...
Synthesis of new carbon‐11‐labeled 7‐aroyl‐aminoindoline‐1‐sulfonamides as potential PET agents for imaging of tubulin polymerization in cancers

The tubulin polymerization is an attractive target for anticancer therapy and in the development of cancer imaging agents for use in biomedical imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET). 7-Aroyl-aminoindoline-1-sulfonamides are a novel class of potent antitublin agents. Carbon-11-labeled 7-aroyl-aminoindoline-1-sulfonamides have been synthesized as new potential PET agents for imaging of tubulin polymerization in cancers. The target tracers were prepared by O-[11C]methylation of their corresponding precursors using [11C]CH3OTf and isolated by a simplified solid-phase extraction purification procedure in 40–55% radiochemical yields based on [11C]CO2 and decay corrected to the end of bombardment (EOB), 15–20 min overall synthesis time from EOB, >98% radiochemical purity, and 74–111 GBq/µmol specific activity at the end of synthesis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic linkage in the estimation of pairwise relationship

New types of markers, such as RAPDs, microsatellite markers, AFLPs, and SNPs provide the opportunity to obtain information on individuals at multiple genetic loci across the genome. This increase in the number of marker loci has provided enhanced opportunities for statistical analysis of the genetic consequences of genealogical relationship among individuals. In place of the classical models, we can now investigate empirical multilocus segregation patterns. Linkage among loci decreases the precision of relationship estimation but permits additional dimensions of genome sharing to be explored. In this paper we consider the effect of linkage on the pattern of genome sharing among relatives who share (on average) 25% of their dipolid genomes using the empirical meioses giving rise to 58 gametophytes from a single maternal plant of the species Pinus taeda (loblolly pine). The genome sharing among relatives is quantified in terms of the linkage map of the markers.
On the meteoritic component of stratospheric aerosols

The chemical analysis of aerosols collected at 19–21 km altitude on a polystyrene filter is reported. S and/or CI, Fe, Na and Cr were detected. The mixing ratio of sulfur containing particulates at this altitude is ≤ 2.9 times 10−9 g S/g dry air. The Fe/Na ratio is 1.2 ± 1.2 similar to that of crustal rocks. The chondritic meteorite component of the collected Fe and Na is < 10%, and the annual influx of submicron chondritic material to the earth is estimated to be < 9 times 104 metric tons. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00262.x
Social-cognitive skills training with a sexually abused and abusive child psychiatric inpatient: Training, generalization, and follow-up

This paper describes the clinical application of a social-cognitive skills training program for an 11 1/2-year-old child psychiatric inpatient with a history of sexual abuse and neglect who was referred for hospitalization after sexually molesting a neighborhood girl. The content and procedures of the program are outlined in detail to facilitate replication. Results indicated that improvements were found on analogue role-play scenarios administered during training-which then generalized to several specific and general measures of social adjustment/competence on the inpatient unit. A 1-year follow-up assessment revealed the maintenance of these therapeutic gains. The implications of this therapeutic approach with maltreated children and need for more rigorous empirical outcome studies are discussed.