cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac expression of polysialylated NCAM in the chicken embryo: correlation with the ventricular conduction system.

The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and its polysialic acid moeity (PSA) affect cellular interactions during the development of the nervous system and skeletal muscle. NCAM has also been identified in the embryonic heart of various species including humans. However, knowledge regarding the role of NCAM and its function-modulating PSA in cardiogenesis is limited. The distribution of NCAM and its PSA in the ventricular myocardium of chicken embryos was determined by indirect immunofluorescence staining. The NCAM polypeptide was found throughout the cardiac myocardium. In contrast PSA was located in discrete regions in stage 20 to 44 embryos (during and after septation). Myocardium at the subendocardial regions of the atrioventricular canal and ventricular trabeculae were PSA positive by stage 20. At later stages, transverse sections of the postseptation heart just below the level of the atrioventricular interface revealed a PSA-positive bundle of myocardium in the septum. This bundle was continuous with two branches at a more apicallevel which in turn were continuous with the PSA-positive subendocardial myocardium lining the left and right ventricles. This pattern of PSA in the myocardium was similar to that of the ventricular conduction system configuration defined in the adult heart. Electron micrographs of the subendocardium of the ventricular septum revealed PSA positivity on myofibril-containing cells with the ultrastructural location of Purkinje fibers. At later stages (35–44) a subset of cells within PSA-positive regions was stained by an antibody against an isoform of the myosin heavy chain found in adult Purkinje fibers. These cells and surrounding tissue lacked PSA in the adult heart. Thus polysialylated NCAM may be modulating cell–cell interactions during the development of the ventricular conduction system. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A real smoker’s paradox

The article by van Domburg et al. [(1)][1]in the September issue of the Journal presented detailed but not unexpected findings with regard to the hazards of cigarette smoking. However, I wonder whether the authors are aware that in Figure 2 of their paper, there is a graph which implies that the
Oscillating Rectilinear Fluid Flow Generator

A Rectilinear Fluid Flow Generator of an oscillating type has been developed for the purpose of studying the rheological properties and flow characteristics of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids [1]. It consists essentially of two long horizontal concentric cylinders, in which the annulus is filled with a liquid. The external tube is mounted on elastic supports, while the internal tube can be harmonically oscillated axially at a predetermined frequency and amplitude. The motion of the external tube and the resultant force (liquid drag) acting on it are readily measurable at any time. The principle of the apparatus depends on the fact that the outside tube motion is dynamically coupled to the inside tube motion by the liquid in the annulus which itself is caused to move by the controlled oscillations of the inside tube. It is assumed, at least in principle, that if the motion of the outside tube is known for a given motion of the inside tube, the constitutive equations for the liquid can be determined. Or conversely, if the constitutive equations are known, the motion of the outside tube can be calculated for a given motion of the inside driving cylinder. It has been shown that the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations can be obtained for the flow of a viscous liquid within the annulus between two infinitely long concentric tubes, for the case where the fluid motion is generated by a rectilinear harmonic motion of the inner tube while the outer tube is assumed to be supported by elastic springs and moving parallel to its longitudinal axis. The velocity and shear stress in the fluid have been obtained, and asymptotic solution for drag force, and tube motions, as well as a method for determining the liquid viscosity coefficient are discussed. It is shown that the theoretical solution is important for the study of the motions of the Rectilinear Fluid Flow Generator.
Tail clamp responses in stomatin knockout mice compared with mobility assays in Caenorhabditis elegans during exposure to diethyl ether, halothane, and isoflurane.

Background The gene unc-1 plays a central role in determining volatile anesthetic sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Because different unc-1 alleles cause strikingly different phenotypes in different volatile anesthetics, the UNC-1 protein is a candidate to directly interact with volatile anesthetics. UNC-1 is a close homologue of the mammalian protein stomatin, for which a mouse knockout was recently constructed. Because the stomatin gene is expressed in dorsal root ganglion cells, the authors hypothesized that the knockout would have an effect on anesthetic sensitivity in mice similar to that seen in nematodes. Methods Mice were placed in semiclosed chambers and exposed to continuous flows of diethyl ether, halothane, or isoflurane in air. Using lack of response to tail clamp as an endpoint, the authors determined the EC50s for the knockout strain compared with the nonmutated parental strain. They compared the differences seen in the mouse strains with the differences seen in the nematode strains. Results Stomatin-deficient mice had a 12% increase in sensitivity to diethyl ether but no significant change in sensitivity to halothane or isoflurane compared with wild type. No defect in locomotion was noted in the mutant mouse. Conclusions Nematodes and mice with deletions of the stomatin gene both have increased sensitivity to diethyl ether. Neither nematodes nor mice with stomatin deficiencies have significantly altered sensitivity to isoflurane or halothane. The effects of stomatin deficiency cross phylogenetic boundaries and support the importance of this protein in anesthetic response and the use of C. elegans as a model for anesthetic action in mammals.
Effect on priming on spontaneous recovery of verbal lists

Experimental Ss learned two paired-associate lists (A-B, A-C paradigm), then were tested for retention either immediately after List 2 learning (6 min. after List 1 learning) or 14 min. after List 2 (20 min. after List 1). In two conditions, a priming cue was introduced either into List 1 or into List 2 learning, and the cue was then carried over to the recall test. In a third condition there was no priming. As compared to Control Ss that learned only one list, both priming conditions showed spontaneous recovery, but not differentially so, in recall of List 1 responses from the immediate to the delayed retention tests. The no priming condition did not show spontaneous recovery. There was also an increase, over retention tests, in List 1 responses given first. The data appear to support the hypothesis that spontaneous recovery is due to dissipation of a generalized response set, and that priming may partly facilitate the dissipation.
Case History of a Successful Flank Well Curtailment Program in a Peripheral Water Flood

This paper summarizes the waterflooding performance of the KZWA subpool of the upper terminal zone, fault block VB, in the Wilmington Oil Field, Los Angeles County, Calif., following a major reduction in water withdrawals by shutting in flank wells. The program was initiated specifically to improve the net injection rate of the pool. Production and development history of the pool are discussed together with a review of secondary recovery operations. The pool was under gas injection for 7-1/2 yr followed by waterflood operations starting in May 1958. Field tests were run in an isolated area of the pool to establish performance that might be expected under the curtailment program. The economics to date show that a saving in operating costs due to shut-in of wells, and increased stimulation of oil from the net injectivity improvement has already effected an increase in operating profits.
Head-to-head comparison between delayed enhancement and percent infarct mapping for assessment of myocardial infarct size in a canine model.

Purpose To compare a novel method, percent-infarct-mapping (PIM), with conventional delayed enhancement (DE) of contrast for accurate myocardial viability assessment. Contrary to signal intensity (SI), the longitudinal relaxation-rate enhancement (ΔR1) is an intrinsic parameter linearly proportional to the concentration of contrast agent (CA). Determining ΔR1 voxel-by-voxel, after administering an infarct-avid CA, allows determination of per-voxel percentage of infarcted tissue. The feasibility of generating PIM is demonstrated in canine reperfused infarction using an infarct-avid, persistent-CA (PCA), (Gd)(ABE-DTTA). PIM is compared to the DE method using Gd(DTPA), and both to triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining histochemistry. Materials and Methods In six dogs, 48 hours following closed-chest, 180-minute coronary occlusion, DE imaging was carried out. PCA was administered immediately thereafter. Pixel-by-pixel R1 maps of the entire left ventricle (LV) were generated 48 hours after PCA using inversion-recovery with multiple inversion times. R1, ΔR1, and percent-infarct values were calculated voxel-by-voxel. Results Significant correlations (P < 0.01, R ≥ 0.8) were obtained for percent-infarct-per-slice (PIS) determined by DE or PIM vs. those from corresponding TTC-stained slices. Compared to TTC, DE overestimated PIS by 32 ± 18%. PIM underestimated PIS by 2.5 ± 4.9%. Infarction fraction overestimation was 29 ± 6% of LV by DE, but only 1.0 ± 2.3% by PIM. Errors with PIM were significantly smaller than those with DE. Infarct area determined by signal intensity was similarly overestimated whether using Gd(DTPA) or Gd(ABE-DTTA). Conclusion The ΔR1-based PIM method is highly reproducible and more accurate than DE for quantifying myocardial viability in vivo. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1386–1392. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analytical Modeling of Medium-Access Delay for Cooperative Wireless Networks Over Rayleigh Fading Channels

CoopMAC has been recently proposed as an efficient medium-access-control (MAC)-layer protocol for cooperative wireless networks. This protocol allows high-data-rate terminals to assist low-data-rate terminals by relaying their data. The backward compatibility of this protocol with well-known distributed local area networks (LANs), its adaptable functionality, and its capability to flatten the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) level over time make CoopMAC a desirable choice for cooperative communications. In spite of the prevalence and importance of this protocol, not enough attention has been paid to this protocol so far. Therefore, in this paper, we develop an analytical model to evaluate the performance of this protocol. Our proposed model is centered around a 2-D Markov chain, similar to that introduced by Bianchi for IEEE 802.11. This model empowers us to derive the probability density function (pdf) of medium-access delay in CoopMAC from which any higher statistical moments can be obtained. Using this obtained pdf, both local and global network performance metrics can be improved.
Crystallographic study of the transition in Ti2O3

Abstract X-ray crystallographic studies of highly purified Ti2O3 show abrupt changes in the lattice parameters with temperature in the range 390–470°K. The distension of the unit cell in this temperature range is readily correlated with corresponding changes in resistivity.
Tapping the immunological repertoire to produce antibodies of predetermined specificity

We understand the structure of antibodies in detail, but know little about the molecular basis of the immunogenicity of proteins. Recent experiments have shown that chemically synthesized peptides representative of virtually any part of the surface of a protein can elicit antibodies reactive with the native molecule. Such peptides can serve as synthetic vaccines, and antibodies, useful in the study of changes in protein structure, can be generated. As these antibodies react with regions of the protein known in advance to the experimenter, they can be said to be of predetermined specificity.
A short column procedure for separating cytoplasmic components from normal and tumor tissue.

SummaryThe short column technic described is an adjunct to the chromatographic methods previously published(2) and makes avalibale a complete procedure for the preparation of certain subcellular particulates from the crude tissue to the purified fractions without recourse to the centrifuge at any stage.Some of the advantages of the short column technic for the preliminary preparation of cytoplasmic fractions are speed, simplicity of equipment and operation, an adaptability to a controlled gas phase during manipulation, and a sharp separation of cytoplasmic elements from nuclei and viable cells.
A Direct Molding Technique to Fabricate Silica Micro-Optical Components

A technology for the direct molding and release of silica micro-optical components in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) molds is developed. The objectives of this work are to bypass some of the usual steps in deep x-ray lithography (DXRL) and to determine the suitability of GR650 resin (methylpolysilsequioxane) for molding thick, high aspect ratio structures. The process is initiated by DXRL exposure of PMMA, followed by spin-on glass application, a cure at 85°C to set the shape of the resin, followed by demolding. The cure is below the glass transition temperature of PMMA and the demolding process allows re-use of the mold. There is no need for electroforming in the replication process. PMMA molds with thickness of 250, 350 and 500 um were fabricated by DXRL and standard resist development. A novel metal sacrificial layer technique is used in the release process with initial yield of about 50%. Microoptical elements that were fabricated include lenses, prisms, grating structures and transmission test structures. These components are cured above 400°C after release, to convert the organosilicon polymer to a silica-like material. Weight loss from the high temperature cure was in the range of 15 to 25%, while linear dimensions of the components decreased by about 1%. Composition of the molded, cured structures was measured by XPS depth profiles.
Threat Analysis and the UN's 1267 Sanctions Committee

Because of its dynamic nature, those confronting the al-Qaeda threat must follow its evolution very closely. As demonstrated here, this task is particularly challenging when counterterrorism is carried out under the aegis of international organizations. This article explores the threat identification function of the al-Qaeda Sanctions Committee (also known as the 1267 Committee) charged with supervising the UN sanctions regime against al-Qaeda and its associates. Examination of the role of threat identification in the committee's work, and of the content of the threat analysis presented in the periodic reports of its subsidiary monitoring team, suggests the marginality of strategic threat assessment and underscores the constraints created by bureaucratic and political factors. The article also demonstrates the failure of the Committee and the monitoring team to thoroughly engage in central questions regarding al-Qaeda's nature, objectives, and organizational strategy.
Ion trap collisional activation of disulfide linkage intact and reduced multiply protonated polypeptides.

The presence of disulfide linkages in multiply charged polypeptide ions tends to inhibit the formation of structurally informative product ions under conventional quadrupole ion trap collisional activation conditions. In particular, fragmentation that requires two cleavages (i.e., cleavage of a disulfide linkage and a peptide linkage) is strongly suppressed. Reduction of the disulfide linkage(s) by use of dithiothreitol yields parent ions upon electrospray without this complication. Far richer structural information is revealed by ion trap collisional activation of the disulfide-reduced species than from the native species. These observations are illustrated with doubly protonated native and reduced somatosin, the [M + 5H](5+) ion of native bovine insulin and the [M + 4H](4+) and [M + 3H](3+) ions of the B-chain of bovine insulin produced by reduction of the disulfide linkages in insulin, and the [M + 11H](11+) ion of native chicken lysozyme and the [M + 11H](11+) and [M + 14H](14+) ions of reduced lysozyme. In each case, the product ions produced by ion trap collisional activation were subjected to ion/ion proton transfer reactions to facilitate interpretation of the product ion spectra. These studies clearly suggest that the identification of polypeptides with one or more disulfide linkages via application of ion trap collisional activation to the multiply charged parent ions formed directly by electrospray could be problematic. Means for cleaving the disulfide linkage, such as reduction by dithiothreitol prior to electrospray, are therefore desirable in these cases.
Ruscus aculeatus (butcher's broom) as a potential treatment for orthostatic hypotension, with a case report.

Context: Chronic orthostatic hypotension (OH) is frequently a severely debilitating disease that affects large groups of the population with autonomic insufficiency—the elderly; patients with diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and chronic fatigue syndrome; and anyone on drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system. Unfortunately, even though more than 60 medications are currently being used to treat OH, none of them is particularly or consistently effective. Ruscus aculeatus, a phytotherapeutic agent that is well known in Europe, may, however, change this. Its vasoconstrictive and venotonic properties make it ideally suited to treat the pooling of blood in the limbs, lack of venous tone, and lack of neurally mediated vasoconstriction that frequently characterize OH. Although it has never been suggested as a treatment for OH, it already has a long, proven record of use in Europe for treating a variety of circulatory disorders. Objective: To provide evidence for what appears to be an effective, safe, inexpens...
Anisotropic atom–atom potentials from X-ray charge densities: application to intermolecular interactions and lattice energies in some biological and nonlinear optical materials

Abstract Anisotropic atom–atom potentials based on X-ray molecular charge densities are applied in the evaluation of intermolecular interactions and lattice energies of crystals of glycylglycine, dl -histidine and dl -proline, p -nitroaniline and p -amino- p ′-nitrobiphenyl. In parallel, calculations are performed on the molecular dimers (B3LYP) and on the periodic crystals with both Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) methods. The dimer interaction energies agree well with the X-ray based values, except for the strongest interactions, which occur in the glycylglycine crystal and for p -amino- p ′-nitrobiphenyl. The lack of agreement in these cases is attributed to the strong induced polarization of the molecular charge densities, which is not reproduced adequately by the dimer calculations. The lattice energies are evaluated as the difference between the molecular interaction energy in the crystal and the molecular relaxation energy upon sublimation. For a given crystal, each of the terms is quite different when calculated with the Periodic HF (PHF) or Periodic DFT (PDFT) methods, but the differences are such that the total lattice energies are similar. The agreement between lattice energies derived from the experimental charge densities and those obtained from the PHF and PDFT calculations is within better than, respectively, 10 and 25 kJ/mol for glycylglycine, dl -histidine and dl -proline. However, while the experimental charge density approach give reasonable estimates of the lattice energies of p -nitroaniline and p -amino- p ′-nitrobiphenyl, the PHF and PDFT calculations fail to predict the stability of these crystals.
Patient care interventions by pharmacy students in the intensive care unit.

The effect on patient outcomes of including pharmacists as members of a multidisciplinary team in a hospital setting is well established.[1][1]–[4][2] Pharmacists and pharmacy students have demonstrated positive effects on patient care outcomes, including preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Measurement and finite element modeling of triple phase boundary-related current constriction in YSZ

Dense, photolithographically patterned platinum microelectrodes were created on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The electrodes, typically tens of microns across, were orders of magnitude greater in width than that reported for the triple phase boundary width. Impedance spectra exhibited an additional feature at low frequencies that was believed to be due to a constriction resistance, where all of the current had to pass through a narrow triple phase boundary. The resistance of this feature had a similar activation energy to the conductivity of the electrolyte and was as large as nearly 100 times the high frequency resistance. Finite element models describing constricted and unconstricted resistances achieved qualitative agreement with the experimental results but consistently underestimated the constricted resistance. The implications of constriction upon the performance of micro-ionic devices and the potential for future similar measurements to quantify triple phase boundary widths are discussed.
Physical-chemical and biochemical factors in silica sol-gels

Abstract Recent findings show that additions of certain organic chemicals, such as formamide, to TMOS and TEOS based sols make it possible to produce large monolithic dried gels routinely and rapidly. The role of the drying control chemical additives (DCCAs) in controlling the rates of hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions is described based upon 29 Si NMR, laser Raman, and Mo solubility analysis of the sols. Effect of the DCCAs on gelation time and depolymerization rates is also discussed. Wide ranges of gel pore size distribution result depending upon the concentration and type of DCCA used. Results from automatic analysis pore size distributions are presented which show shifts from mean pore sizes of 10 A to > 200 A . The effects of the DCCA on gel aging time and temperature is shown. Silica gels containing wide ranges of alkalis, alkaline earths, transition metals, and rare earth elements can also be made using similar processes. Thus, the optical absorption spectra, index of refraction, and dispersion can be varied greatly. Thermal densification of the gels results in even wider ranges of optical properties depending upon temperature, time, and pO 2 in the atmosphere. A modification of the above so-gel process is used to produce gels containing variable quantities of Al 2 O 3 , as well as SiO 2 , Li 2 O, TiO 2 , etc. Organically fixed silicon has been shown by Schwartz and by Carlisle to be a critical constituent in the mineralization of tissues. Recent work has also implicated silicon as a critical element in arterial walls and resistance to hardening of the arteries and coronary heart disease. These and other biochemical observations are related to recent experiments on the biological behavior of silica gel forming implants which bond to living tissues. a potential relevance to differentiation of cells and use in genetic engineering is briefly discussed.
Distinct mode of microtubule-associated protein 2 expression in the neuroblastoma/glioma cell line 108CC15/NG108-15.

The properties of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) expression were examined in a transformed cell line, and compared to neurons from rodent brain where evidence supports both transcriptional and nontranscriptional regulation of MAP-2 synthesis. A monoclonal antibody that recognizes a common epitope in the adult (HMW MAP-2) and juvenile (MAP-2c) forms was used in an immunoblotting assay to assess the protein levels in actively dividing and differentiated neuroblastoma/glioma (108CC15, also designated NG108-15) cells. Multiply-phosphorylated MAP-2c was the predominant form in actively dividing cells, whereas HMW MAP-2 predominated in differentiated cells, which exhibited several other neuronal-like properties. A progressive increase in the levels of immunoreactive HMW MAP-2 was observed with increasing days of cell differentiation using dBcAMP as the inducing agent. However, the absolute levels of both HMW MAP-2 and MAP-2c in NG108-15 cells were significantly lower (at least 10-fold) than levels measured in rodent brain. To assess whether there are correspondingly lower levels of HMW MAP-2 and MAP-2c mRNAs in NG108-15 cells, relative to rodent brain, a highly sensitive RNA amplification assay (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR) was developed. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to specify either HMW MAP-2 mRNA or MAP-2c mRNA, and whole tissue RNA extracted from adult and neonatal rodent brain was used to verify the reliability of the RT-PCR assay. Accordingly, PCR products of the predicted size, specificity, and abundance were obtained, with similar levels of HMW MAP-2 mRNA and proportionately higher levels of MAP-2c mRNA in neonatal brain, relative to adult brain. MAP-2c mRNA was the predominant transcript in actively dividing NG108-15 cells, and the amount of HMW MAP-2 mRNA gradually increased and became the predominant transcript in cells exposed to dBcAMP for 6–9 days. Thus, the observed changes in MAP-2-specific mRNAs during differentiation paralleled changes in expressed protein, suggesting that MAP-2 synthesis in NG108y15 cells is transcriptionally controlled. However, the levels of both MAP-2 mRNAs in NG108-15 cells were comparable to levels in rodent brain, despite the fact that MAP-2 protein levels are at least 10-fold lower in NG108-15 cells. These data suggest that the low levels of HMW MAP-2 and MAP-2c protein expression in NG108-15 cells are not due to correspondingly lower levels of MAP-2 mRNAs, and that transformed neuronal cell lines demostrate a unique mode of MAP-2 regulation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The promises of managerial revolution theory

Posits that since the New Deal era, 1933‐1940, the theory of managerial revolution has sparked tremendous debate concerning the governance of the USA’s large corporations. Argues that an interpretation of The Modern Corporation and Private Property, within the context of other works by Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means, could raise profound insights in terms of a paradigm shift concerning the governance of big corporations in contemporary economy.
Burgers equation with time-dependent coefficients and nonlinear forcing term: Linearization and exact solvability

Abstract We construct and discuss a linearization method for solving Burgers equation with time-dependent coefficients and a nonlinear forcing term. Our results are shown to contain and generalize recent findings (Miskinis, 2001; Buyukasik and Pashaev, 2013). As applications of our method we solve several initial- and boundary-value problems for Burgers equation with forcing of sinusoidal, polynomial, as well as X 1 -Laguerre exceptional orthogonal polynomial type.
The chiral principles contained in structure-sweetness relations

Abstract Two chiral principles have been developed. When applied concertedly, they lead to a third principle. The latter affords a solution to the chiral anomaly presented by the fact that, whilst the sweet receptor site is chiral, and the d - amino acids are correspondingly sweet and the l - amino acids are not, both enantiomeric forms of the sugars taste sweet.
A parallel matching algorithm for convex bipartite graphs and applications to scheduling

Abstract An efficient parallel algorithm to obtain maximum matchings in convex bipartite graphs is developed. This algorithm can be used to obtain efficient parallel algorithms for several scheduling problems. Some examples are: job scheduling with release times and deadlines; scheduling to minimize maximum cost; and preemptive scheduling to minimize maximum completion time.
Applications of kinetic theory

This chapter discusses the applications of kinetic theory. Inviscid two-phase flow models are able to predict the formation, the growth, and the bursting of bubbles in gas fluidized beds with large jets. In such situations, the jet establishes the flow pattern. However, many industrial fluidized beds are built with complex gas distributors that can be approximated by assuming that the gas enters the bed uniformly. The gas actually enters the bed through a number of multi-jet tuyers, which may have the shape of bubble caps. To prevent these tuyers from being made inoperative by the blockage of solids, a distributor having a pressure drop of at least 20% of the bed weight is frequently used. The angle that the bubbles make with the horizontal depends on the fluid velocity, the height of the bed, and the geometry. In the case of fluidization with a jet, the bubble always forms at the jet. The strength of the present model is that it can correctly predict bubbling fluidization with a uniform injection velocity. The downward flow at the center of the bed is due to the conservation of mass of the particles and symmetry. As the bubbles form at the bottom, rise and break on top, there is some variation in the flow patterns.
Comparative study of the temperature dependence of hardness and compressive strength in ceramics

Hardness and compressive strength of several strong ceramics are measured from room temperature to 1000° C. Similarities in behaviour, and the results of microscopic examination, are interpreted in terms of the relative contributions of microplasticity and microfracture to material failure during compression testing and microhardness indentation. It is shown that microplasticity alone is an insufficient basis upon which to relate material response under the two test conditions, and that tensile microfracture is a significant contributor both to compressive failure and to subsurface indentation deformation, hence to hardness.
Immunologic insights into uveitis and retinitis: the immunoregulatory circuit.

Abstract The immune response is a complex series of cellular interactions, which is controlled by several regulatory mechanisms to insure an appropriate response. One of the most important mechanisms of control is the suppressor T cell immunoregulatory circuit. The immune response is presented in detail and examined from three different perspectives: 1) a clinical disease in which it is markedly abnormal-namely, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS, 2) a clinical disease in which no systemic abnormality is apparent but where a local derangement in immunoregulation may be important-namely, idiopathic uveitis, and 3) a situation in which it is purposefully altered by medications for therapeutic purposes. Three drugs currently used in the treatment of uveitis—prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine—will be examined and compared.
Study of muon-number-violating hyperon decays

Muon-number-violating hyperon decays are discussed, first from a phenomenological point of view and then considering some possible sources of muon-number violation. We show that branching ratios as large as of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ for the decays ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ cannot be ruled out. We note, however, that such branching ratios are unlikely, since they would require muon-number-violating interactions of very special structure.
Environmental modulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in embryonic snapping turtles ( Chelydra serpentina )

Eggs of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were incubated on wet (−150 kPa water potential) and dry (−950 kPa) substrates in a laboratory study assessing the effects of the hydric environment on patterns of mobilization of calcium and phosphorus by developing embryos. We found that embryos developing in wet environments withdrew nutrients from their yolk faster, grew more rapidly, and incubated longer than embryos exposed to dry environments. Turtles developing in both environments absorbed calcium from the yolk at similar rates and depleted the yolk of almost its entire reserve of calcium prior to hatching. Calcium withdrawn from the yolk was supplemented with calcium mobilized from the eggshell, but embryos in wet environments obtained substantially more calcium from the eggshell than did those in dry settings. Embryos obtained all of the phosphorus used in skeletogenesis from the yolk, but those incubating in wet environments mobilized phosphorus from this compartment more rapidly than did those in dry settings. Exposing embryonic snapping turtles to wet environments apparently allows them to make more efficient use of the transitory source of calcium in the eggshell than is possible in dry environments. However, the residual yolk in hatchlings from both wet and dry environments contains too little calcium to support the growth of hard and soft tissues in neonates at rates similar to those characterizing the growth phase of development in embryogenesis.
Cloning of the gene encoding honeybee long-wavelength rhodopsin: A new class of insect visual pigments

Rhodopsins (Rh), G-protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane (TM) helices, form the first step in visual transduction in most organisms. Although many long-wavelength (LW) vertebrate opsin sequences are known, less information is available for invertebrate LW sequences. By a combination of RT-PCR and cDNA library screening, we have cloned and sequenced the honeybee LW Rh gene. The deduced protein is composed of 378 amino acids (aa), appears to have seven TM regions, and contains many of the structures and key aa thought to be important for Rh function. Phylogenetic analysis of this sequence in relation to other invertebrate Rh reveals it to be a member of a new group of insect LW Rh.
Analysis of a Network of Electrically Coupled Neurons Producing Rhythmic Activity in the Snail Helisoma Trivolvis

This paper deals with a quantitative analysis of a network of electrically coupled neurons (cyberchrons) in the snail Helisoma trivolvis. This network produces regular bursts of activity which drive the motoneurons controlling the feeding musculature. Analysis of the time constants and Bode plots obtained from current injection leads to the development of an equivalent model circuit describing the functional relationships of the individual neuronal elements. The equivalent model is used to demonstrate compensation of the frequency response of an individual neuron by the effective loading of the rest of the network. However, the current observed in a postsynaptic neuron is intergrated across the long cell time constant resulting in increased temporal and spatial summation. This frequency compensation and long duration of the postsynaptic response are both believed to be instrumental in the maintenance of a high frequency burst. This model will act as a framework on which active properties such as burst form, timing, and termination can be tested.
Evaluation of the impact of a mobile health system on adherence to antenatal and postnatal care and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programs in Kenya

The Millennium Villages Project (MVP) implemented in Western Kenya a mobile Health tool that uses text messages to coordinate Community Health Worker (CHW) activities around antenatal care (ANC) and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), named the ANC/PMTCT Adherence System (APAS).
Formation of Dielectric and Semiconductor Thin Films by Laser-Assisted Evaporation

Laser-assisted evaporation is an emerging novel thin film deposition technique. It has been successfully applied to a variety of dielectric and semiconductor materials. Characteristics of the evaporation process and of the evaporants, resulting from the interaction of high power radiation with matter, often result in better structural and chemical properties of the films than can be obtained by conventional evaporative techniques. Congruent evaporation, the presence of energetic vapor species, and precise rate control are important advantageous features of this technique. The physics of laser-induced evaporation and plasma formation, some engineering aspects, and properties of dielectric and semiconductor thin films deposited by this technique are discussed in this review.
Aspects of type 2 diabetes and related insulin-resistant states.

This is the fourth in a series of articles on presentations at the American Diabetes Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, 10–14 June 2005. Addressing the debate over aerobic versus anaerobic exercise, Sigal et al. (abstract 371) reported results of the Diabetes Aerobic and Resistance Exercise (DARE) clinical trial of 251 previously inactive persons with type 2 diabetes exercising at local YMCAs, supervised by personal trainers. Both aerobic and resistance training improved HbA1c (A1C) similarly over 6months, with the combination of both forms of exercise improving A1C more than either type alone. Goh et al. (abstract 1089) reported a similar study from Singapore comparing 22 persons with type 2 diabetes randomized to either aerobic exercise, with a 10/10-mmHg decrease in blood pressure and a 0.3% decrease in A1C, or resistance training, with a 0.6% decrease in A1C. Morrato et al. (abstracts 1041 and 1063), analyzing the national Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2000–2002) found that 55% of 97,422 adults ≥18 years of age, but 39% of those with self-reported diabetes, stated they participated in moderate/vigorous activity for at least 30 min at least three times weekly. Among those with BMI <25, 25–29.9, 30–39.9, and ≥40 kg/m2, the likelihood of diabetes was 52, 59, 41, and 13% greater in inactive than in active persons, respectively, adjusting for age, sex, education level, race, ethnicity, and cigarette smoking. Gaillard et al. (abstract 1086) reported a study of 46 African-American women without diabetes, showing that those with moderately good aerobic fitness had lower weight and blood pressure and higher insulin sensitivity than those with low or very low levels of fitness. Similarly, Snitker et al. (abstract 1094) found that among 80 Amish persons, who habitually engage in physical exercise, the time spent in moderate to vigorous activity correlated directly with the degree …
Anomalies of refractive-index profiles observed directly in annealed proton-exchanged, X-cut LiTaO3 waveguides

Depth profiles of planar annealed proton-exchanged waveguides in X-cut LiTaO/sub 3/ are directly measured using a reflectivity technique. Buried extraordinary profiles are confirmed to exist for short annealing times (/spl les/20 min) and exhibit strong dispersion; these are measured for the first time. The profiles for ordinary polarisation show a substantial index decrease.
BROAD-AREA SUBTRACTION DISPERSION RELATION FOR FORWARD pp SCATTERING.

Dispersion relations in which the real part of an amplitude appears in a finite range of the dispersion integral age studied, particularly for forward $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering. Lindenbaum's measurement of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\mathrm{Re}{C}_{\mathrm{pp}}(\ensuremath{\nu})}{\mathrm{Im}{C}_{\mathrm{pp}}(\ensuremath{\nu})}$ is tested.
Absence of inactivation or phosphorylation of ornithine decarboxylase by nuclear protein kinase NII and of immunological cross-reactivity between RNA polymerase I and ornithine decarboxylase

Abstract Incubation with protein kinase NII did not result in phosphorylation or inactivation of mouse kidney ornithine decarboxylase. Partially purified ornithine decarboxylase preparations contained a protein kinase activity and stimulated the activity of RNA polymerase I. However, these properties were due to contaminating protein(s) since further purification reduced the kinase activity and removal of the ornithine decarboxylase with a specific antiserum did not abolish the ability to stimulate RNA polymerase I. Antibodies to RNA polymerase I did not interact with ornithine decarboxylase and antibodies to ornithine decarboxylase did not interact with RNA polymerase I. These results indicate that: a) mammalian ornithine decarboxylase activity is not regulated by phosphorylation by protein kinase NII or the contaminating kinase, and b) the ability of impure preparation of ornithine decarboxylase to stimulate RNA polymerase I is due to a contaminating unrelated protein.
Powerloom profitability and steam power costs: Britain in the 1830s

Tales of dramatic change in cotton textile production often begin the story of the British Industrial Revolution of the late 18th century. The textile revolution has provided economic historians with powerful symbols of the entire process of industrialization-the new machinery, the steam engine, and the “dark satanic mills” which housed them-but these innovations are not merely symbolic. They profoundly affected regional if not national economies, led to substantial increases in labor and capital productivity over the course of a century, and contributed to an early phase of modern economic growth. It is thus important to our study of what we call the Industrial Revolution that we continue to characterize, measure, and explain the impact of changes in production technologies. This should apply as much to the central symbolic industry of textiles as to other and perhaps more important sectors. In the story of the cotton industry, references to the new machinery usually emphasize the large productivity effects of the water frame and the spinning mule, and nod in the direction of Cartwright’s power-loom, all of which were late lSth-century devices. To be sure, the spinning inventions were important, but further development of spinning technology was embodied in a series of modifications whose cumulative impact was at least as significant as the adoption of the original machines (cf. Rosenberg, 1976). Cartwright’s powerloom, by contrast, was little more than a flash in the pan; it was not until after 1815 that powerlooms (of different design) began to play more than a negligible role in cotton weaving, and it was not until the 1850s that weaving by machine triumphed over the alternative, traditional subsector of handloom weaving. Over these years, in a pattern similar to that of spinning, power-loom technology was modified
Solar cycle variation of exospheric temperatures Mars and venus: a prediction for mariner 6 and 7.

Calculations have been made to determine the effects of variations in the extreme ultraviolet solar radiation on the upper atmospheres of mars and Venus. The results indicate that the exospheric temperature from 300°K to 600°K during the solar cycle, with a corresponding range on Venus of 450°K to 850°K. At the present time, the temperature of the Martain exosphere should be approximately 500°K.
The Impact of Contextual Factors on the Decision to Imprison in Large Urban Jurisdictions: A Multilevel Analysis

This study examines the influence of social and legal contextual factors on the processing of individual felony cases in large urban jurisdictions for 1998. Results of hierarchical logistic regression analyses that control for the effects of individual case-level factors show that three jurisdictional characteristics—use of sentencing guidelines, level of crime, and racial composition—influence the decision to imprison. These findings suggest that the type of sentence one receives and the reason one receives it partially depend on where it is meted out. This research demonstrates the importance of accounting for case-level factors in studies of cross-jurisdictional differences in punitiveness.
A survey of clinical experience with ciprofloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial.

Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antimicrobial agent with activity against a broad spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. The efficacy and safety results of 80 clinical studies of the oral form of ciprofloxacin are reported. Drug safety was assessed in 2236 courses in 2203 adult patients treated primarily in the Unites States. Data from 1676 courses were suitable for analysis of drug efficacy. The unit dose for most patients ranged from 250 mg to 750 mg (median, 500 mg), usually given every 12 hours. The duration of treatment ranged from 3 to 231 days (median, 10 days). Predominant among 1722 infections were those of the urinary tract (43%), skin structures (29%), and respiratory tract (19%); the remainder were bone and joint infections (5%), bacteremias (2%), and intra-abdominal (1%), gastrointestinal (1%), and pelvic infections (<1%). Signs and symptoms of infection resolved in 79% of all cases; a further 15% improved, and 5% failed to improve. Pathogens were eradicated in 89% of urinary tract infections and persisted in 5%; 80% of patients still had sterile urine at the 3- to 6-week follow-up. In 81% of nonurinary tract infections, pathogens were eradicated; they persisted in 11%, and superinfection occurred in less than 5%. After treatment, 89% of the 2253 causative organisms were eradicated and 2% were reduced to clinically insignificant counts; 8% persisted. Of 411 isolates of P. aeruginosa, 77% were eradicated, as were 97% of 421 Escherichia coli and 80% of 248 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Also eradicated were 95% of 166 Klebsiella, 96% of 139 Proteus mirabilis, 100% of 20 other Proteus, 94% of 123 Enterobacter, 100% of 68 Haemophilus influenzae, 96% of 49 Citrobacter, 89% of 45 Serratia, 95% of 41 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 91% of 43 Salmonella, 100% of 38 Morganella morganii, and 100% of 35 Providencia isolates. Adverse reactions were judged probably or possibly drug-related in 14.8% of courses; drug treatment had to be stopped prematurely in 3.5%. The most frequent reactions were gastrointestinal complaints (chiefly nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting), metabolic disorders (elevated SGOT, SGPT, serum creatinine, or blood urea nitrogen), and nervous system effects (dizziness, light-headedness, restlessness, tremor, and headache). Crystalluria, judged to be related to ciprofloxacin, occurred in two patients. In controlled trials, oral ciprofloxacin proved to be at least as effective and safe a treatment as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in urinary tract infection, ampicillin in lower respiratory tract infection, and intravenously administered cefotaxime in skin structure infection.
Political Theory of Empire and Imperialism

The past decade has seen a spate of new work on empire in political theory and the history of political thought. Much of this work has focused on the place of empire in the thought of many canonical thinkers and in the formation of modern liberalism and related arenas, such as postcolonial settler societies and the discipline of international law. Political theory's turn to empire has been belated in comparison to other fields, such as history, literature, and anthropology, which had been grappling with the histories and legacies of modern European empires since the 1970s. Despite intense attention to the question of American imperialism during the Bush administration, political theory arguably continues to fail to deal adequately with the imperial features of the current global order, including the substantial responsibility on the part of the great powers for conditions such as extreme poverty, ecological crisis, civil conflict, and tyranny around the world.
Liquid crystalline properties of a series of thermotropic copolyesters containing both mesogenic and nonmesogenic units

A series of copolymers containing triad ester mesogenic units, with pendent n-octyl substituents, and triad ester nonmesogenic units, both with flexible spacer groups, was prepared and characterized for the effect of the nonmesogenic unit content on transition temperatures and thermodynamic parameters. The mesophase temperature range increased, but temperature, enthalpy, and entropy of isotropization decreased in a linear manner with increasing nonmesogen comonomer content. The entropy of isotropization is considered to be a quantitative measure of the degree of order of the nematic phase, but this order may include both the amount and the order parameter of the mesophase if, as proposed, both the isotropic and nematic phase exist below the isotropization temperatures of the copolymers.