cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diesel engine evaluation of a nonionic sunflower oil-aqueous ethanol microemulsion

A nonionic sunflower oil-aqueous ethanol microemulsion was formulated, characterized and evaluated as a fuel in a direct injection, turbocharged, intercooled, 4-cylinder Allis-Chalmers diesel engine during a 200 hr EMA cycle laboratory screening endurance test. Differences in engine operation between a baseline Phillips 2D reference fuel and the experimental fuel were observed. The major problem experienced while operating with the microemulsion was an incomplete combustion process at low-load engine operation. Significant lubricating oil dilution was observed initially, followed by an abnormal increase in the viscosity of the lubricative oil. Heavier carbon residue on the piston lands, in the piston ring grooves and in the intake ports was noted. In addition, premature injection-nozzle deterioration (sticking of the needle) was experienced. At present, the sunflower oil-aqueous ethanol microemulsion studied cannot be recommended for long-term use in a direct-injection diesel engine, but further modifications in formulation may produce acceptable sunflower oil microemulsions as alternative diesel fuels.
Genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis in maize

Expression QTL analyses have shed light on transcriptional regulation in numerous species of plants, animals, and yeasts. These microarray-based analyses identify regulators of gene expression as either cis-acting factors that regulate proximal genes, or trans-acting factors that function through a variety of mechanisms to affect transcript abundance of unlinked genes. A hydroponics-based genetical genomics study in roots of a Zea mays IBM2 Syn10 double haploid population identified tens of thousands of cis-acting and trans-acting eQTL. Cases of false-positive eQTL, which results from the lack of complete genomic sequences from both parental genomes, were described. A candidate gene for a trans-acting regulatory factor was identified through positional cloning. The unexpected regulatory function of a class I glutamine amidotransferase controls the expression of an ABA 8'-hydroxylase pseudogene. Identification of a candidate gene underlying a trans-eQTL demonstrated the feasibility of eQTL cloning in maize and could help to understand the mechanism of gene expression regulation. Lack of complete genome sequences from both parents could cause the identification of false-positive cis- and trans-acting eQTL.
Selling online versus offline: theory and evidences from Sotheby's

We consider a recent business and policy question of "how and why does a firm use online markets versus traditional offline markets ?" using a unique dataset of more than 3000 auctions held by Sotheby's online at eBay and offline at New York in June-July2002. We find robust empirical regularities in our dataset about the use of online markets. First, the average transaction price is more than 10 times higher in offline markets. This fact strongly suggests that the seller is not simply randomly assigning assets between online and offline markets. Second, the higher the mean and spread of pre-auction estimates of an asset, the more likely seller is to sell the asset in offline markets. Third, the transaction rate is higher in offline markets. Next, we build a simple model of offline and online markets to identify the business logic behind these empirical regularities. We model offline markets as an auction with endogeneous entry a la McAfee and McMillan (1987) where the traders pay transaction costs to hold transactions. We model online markets as standard ascending auctions. In online markets, the seller can save transaction costs and entry by bidders is easy, but the seller cannot reveal much information, leading to higher valuation risk and severe winner's curse. The seller sells the asset with high valuation risk in offline markets to alleviate winner's curse. In order to compensate for the transaction costs, the expected value of the asset sold in offline markets is higher. Since the seller's profit is equal to social surplus in offline markets due to entry costs, the seller is more eager to sell assets. Finally we provide a simple maximum likelihood estimation of transaction costs and information revelation effects based on discrete choice models.
Prediction of action- and thought-oriented response: behavioral style or situational demand

Summary Male college students (N = 72) were administered an occupations/activities preference scale as a measure of action- and thought-oriented behavior styles, and responded to seven TAT cards varying in degrees of “stimulus pull” for action and thought modes of expression. Verbs in TAT stories were assigned to action and thought categories. Mean percentages of action and thought verbs were significantly related to both Ss’ behavior styles and to TAT stimulus demands. The results support Phillips’ (1968) action-thought typology, but suggest that situational demand may be equally as important as behavior style in determining one's action or thought mode of response in a given situation. Additional results raised questions concerning the adequacy of Phillips’ developmental conceptualization of action-thought behavior styles.
On the Morphology of Xiphinema Index Reared On Grape Fanleaf Virus Infected Grapes

Experiments with both V+ and V- Xiphinema index under different environmental osmotic pressures indicated that both groups can adapt to hypotonic and hypertonic environments and that V+ nematodes have an increased internal osmotic pressure. Morphological observations and histochemical tests demonstrated additional differences between the V+ and V- X. index. These observations are discussed in relation to their possible connection with osmoregulation and the localization of the virus.
Watching Movies in the Name of the Lord: Thoughts on Analyzing Christian Film Criticism

Christian film criticism reveals the role religion plays in how we use and interpret media. Relying on a textual analysis that compares the film reviews of two prominent yet diametrically opposed Christian film critics—the fundamentalist Christian Movieguide and post-evangelical Jeffrey Overstreet—this article analyzes the similarities in their approaches to Christian criticism in order to better understand how religious faith in general, and Christian faiths in particular, influence the use and interpretation of media. It identifies three main themes of Christian criticism—affirming the affective power of movies, exploring movie going as an exercise in understanding worldviews, and addressing the standards of production excellence—and argues that Christian criticism is distinguished in part based on its emphasis of movie-going as a transformative experience.
Control of Secondary Flows in a Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane by Endwall Contouring

Computations were performed to study the three-dimensional flow and temperature distribution in a nozzle guide vane that has one flat and one contoured endwall with and without film cooling injected from two slots, one on each endwall located just upstream of the airfoil. For the contoured endwall, two locations of the same contouring were investigated, one with all contouring upstream of the airfoil and another with the contouring starting upstream of the airfoil and continuing through the airfoil passage.Results obtained show that when the contouring is all upstream of the airfoil, secondary flows on both the flat and the contoured endwalls are similar in magnitude. When the contouring starts upstream of the airfoil and continues through the airfoil passage, secondary flows on the contoured endwall are markedly weaker than those on the flat endwall. With weaker secondary flows on the contoured endwall, film-cooling effectiveness there is greatly improved.This computational study is based on the ensemble-averaged conservation equations of mass, momentum (compressible Navier-Stokes), and energy. Effects of turbulence were modeled by the low Reynolds number shear-stress transport k-ω model. Solutions were generated by a cell-centered, finite-volume method that uses third-order accurate flux-difference splitting of Roe with limiters and multigrid acceleration of a diagonalized ADI scheme with local time stepping on patched/embedded structured grids.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Effects of ethanol, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, or their combination on object recognition memory and object preference in adolescent and adult male rats.

Abstract Recent advances have been made in our understanding of the deleterious effects of both ethanol and THC on adolescent behavior and brain development. However, very little is known about the combined effects of EtOH + THC during adolescence, a time in which these drugs are often used together. The purpose of this experiment was to: (1) determine whether EtOH and/or THC induced greater working memory impairment in adolescent than adult male rats using the novel object recognition (NOR) task and (2) determine whether the EtOH + THC combination would produce a more potent additive effect in adolescents than adults when compared to these drugs alone. NOR was performed with a 24 h delay under each of the four drug conditions: vehicle; 1.5 g/kg ethanol; 1.0 mg/kg THC; and 1.5 g/kg EtOH + 1.0 mg/kg THC, at 72 h intervals. The results show that there was an age effect on working memory in NOR after the EtOH + THC challenge. Specifically, adolescent animals showed a preference for the familiar object whereas adults showed no preference for the novel or familiar object, the latter being characteristic of a classic working memory deficit. These effects were not dependent on changes in exploration across session, global activity across drug condition, or total object exploration. These novel findings clearly indicate that further understanding of this age–drug interaction is crucial to elucidating the influence that adolescent EtOH + THC use may have on repeated drug use and abuse later in life.
Student as Customer: Factors Affecting Satisfaction and Assessments of Institutional Quality

ABSTRACT The present research examined relationships between satisfaction and quality judgments of college services. Students (N = 736) completed a questionnaire (SERVQUAL) to investigate perceived service performance of a university college. At the same time, they were asked about satisfaction with specific aspects of the program offered by the college. Three dependent measures of satisfaction were used: global satisfaction, willingness to recommend the college, and satisfaction with value received from the educational experience. Results indicated that the perceived quality of the educational offering and service quality explained different amounts of the variance in satisfaction. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the relative importance of actual and augmented product characteristics in explaining satisfaction.
A 25 weeks gestational age, 755 g neonate with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula presents with ileal perforation and esophageal pouch perforation

Abstract Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is a rare congenital anomaly with an incidence of 1:2500–5000 live births. In premature and low birth weight infants, EA/TEF is associated with significant mortality. Premature infants are additionally at risk for the development of multiple complications related to prematurity. The standard surgical approach to EA/TEF is fistula ligation followed by primary anastomosis of the esophagus. The optimal timing for repair of EA/TEF in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants is unknown, but some surgeons advocate for a staged approach. We present the case of a 25 weeks gestational age, ELBW (755 g) infant with EA/TEF whose course was complicated by iatrogenic esophageal perforation in addition to an isolated ileal perforation. We describe the successful management of this infant with primary repair of both the ileal perforation as well as the esophageal atresia. In addition, a recurrent fistula was managed successfully via an endoscopic approach.
Technology variability and uncertainty implications for power- efficient VLSI systems

Designers of power-efficient, high-performance VLSI systems have for the last several technology generations had to overcome substantial power challenges resulting from underlying technology variability and uncertainty. Microprocessor designers have responded with multicore designs to provide chip-level performance gains under the increasing power constraints. The underlying challenges due to CMOS technology will continue with increasing complexities to be managed by VLSI system designers. Fortunately improved modeling, variability-aware design, and new technology capabilities provide opportunities to overcome these difficulties. This talk will describe the most significant technology variability and modeling challenges for current and future technologies, examine current design responses, examine the risks of failing to react to the challenges, and describe new device and circuit technologies which will be available to system designers to continue to provide VLSI system efficiency gains.
Determination of nickel in urine with graphite furnace aas using Zeeman correction

Abstract We have developed a rapid and direct method for determining urine nickel. The urine specimen is diluted (1 + 1) with 2.0% v/v nitric acid and 0.001% v/v Triton X-100 and absorbance measurements are made with Zeeman-effect graphite furnace atomic absorption. The method is sensitive enough to be used to evaluate “normal” subjects for baseline studies or to evaluate environmental or other nonoccupational exposure to nickel. The characteristic mass (pg/0.0044 A.s) is 26 pg, which is comparable to that obtained for aqueous solutions. The observed absorbance is linear up to about 100 μg l −1 , after which the calibration curve departs from linearity. Procedures are described to rigorously exclude nickel contamination. We evaluated precision and accuracy with a U.S. National Bureau of Standards urine reference material, SRM 2670, with an informational nickel value of 70 μg l −1 , and with a multielement water reference material, SRM 1643b, with a certified nickel value of 49 ng g −1 . Within- and among-run standard deviations for SRM 2670 were calculated to be 9.0 and 2.45 μg l −1 , respectively, and 2.1 and 1.1 μg l −1 for SRM 1643b. The detection limit, calculated as 3 SD of a “low” concentration urine, is about 1.1 μg l −1 . The proposed method was applied to the determination of nickel in urine of 258 workers in a magnet manufacturing plant, and the data obtained support the usefulness of urine nickel for biological monitoring.
Emerging antiviral targets for influenza A virus

The potential threat of a pandemic caused by H5N1 influenza A viruses has stimulated increased research on developing new antivirals against influenza A viruses. Current antivirals are directed against the M2 protein (named adamantanes) and the neuraminidase (named zanamivir and oseltamivir). However, both seasonal and H5N1 influenza A viruses have developed resistance to adamantanes and oseltamivir. Accordingly, new antivirals directed at the M2 and neuraminidase proteins, and against the hemagglutinin protein, are being developed. In addition, elucidation of the structural basis for several crucial functions of other viral proteins (specifically the non-structural NS1A protein, the nucleoprotein and the viral polymerase) has identified novel targets for the development of new antivirals. Here, we describe how functional and structural studies led to the discovery of these novel targets and also how structural information is facilitating the rational design of new drugs against previously identified targets.
The Magnetic Shielding System for the Stanford Two-Mile Accelerator

The magnetic shielding system for the Stanford two-mile accelerator consists of a 0.006-inch-thick layer of high quality commercial magnetic shielding material wrapped around the accelerator. It is surrounded by a system of degaussing wires, consisting of two orthogonal sets of four wires spaced to provide uniform fields to cancel the vertical and transverse horizontal components of the earth's magnetic field.
64Ga spin from β-γ(CP) correlation data and decay to 64Zn levels

Abstract The decay of 2.6 min 64Ga produced by the reaction 64Zn(p, n)64Ga has been studied by Ge(Li) γ-ray spectroscopy, NaI(TI) crystals both singly and in coincidence, and β-γ(CP) correlation measurements. A transmission type of polarimeter was used in the correlation measurements to give good discrimination against lower energy γ-rays. The decay was found to populate excited states in 64Zn at 991.3, 1799.2, 1909.8, 2608.5, 3186.2, 3261.7, 3365.9 3425.0, 3795.0, 4453.5 keV, and possibly 3623 keV. The decay properties of these states were generally found to agree well with the (p, p′γ) work of Van Patter and co-workers. Beta-gamma (CP) correlation measurements were made on β rays in coincidence with strong ground state γ-ray transitions from the states at 3365.9 and 3425.0 keV. The combined asymmetry parameter of −1.00±0.05 strongly favours a spin of 0 for the 64Ga ground state; a spin of 1 would be possible only if the mixing into the 64Ga ground state involves a very large Coulomb matrix element of ⪸ 344 keV . Possible explanations of the unusualy large Coulomb matrix element (35 keV) between the analogue of the 64Zn ground state and the 64Ga ground state are discussed.
The terms homothallism and heterothallism.

F. L. Drayton and J. W. Groves have recently1 presented a scholarly and eloquent plea for a return to the original definitions of the terms homo- and heterothallism as proposed by A. F. Blakeslee2. When their arguments are carried to their logical conclusion, the authors are forced to admit: “It is undoubtedly true that the fungus that originally suggested the idea to Blakeslee is not heterothallic in the sense in which he defined the term”. I contend that an error in logic has escaped these authors in allowing them to arrive at such a conclusion.
The effect of body size on post-exercise physiology in largemouth bass

Variation in individual size has important consequences for a number of characteristics of fish, which can impact fish populations. The impact of fish size on recovery following exercise, however, is poorly understood, with little information existing on the recovery of ionic/osmotic variables. The goal of this study was to quantify not only how allometry impacts the magnitude of physiological disturbance following burst exercise in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), but also how allometry impacts the time required for exercise-induced disturbances to return to baseline levels. To accomplish this goal, two size classes of largemouth bass (large = 772–1,441 g total weight, mean = 1,125 g; small = 93–238 g, mean = 148 g) were exercised for 60 s and allowed to recover for 0, 1, 2, or 4 h before being sampled for plasma and white muscle. Large largemouth bass exhibited elevated concentrations of plasma glucose and sodium relative to small fish following a common exercise challenge. Large fish required additional time to clear metabolic disturbances in plasma and failed to restore potassium to basal levels even following 4 h of recovery, indicating an improved ability of the smaller fish to recover from disturbances. Results are further discussed in the context of physiological ecology and fitness for largemouth bass.
Voice over MPLS compared to voice over other packet transport technologies

Most major carriers are deploying multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) and are also migrating voice traffic to packet transport. This article analyzes how those trends can be combined. It compares the advantages of VoMPLS with VoATM, VoIP, and VoFR, from the viewpoints of bandwidth utilization, implementation issues, and the region of the network (access/backbone) in which implementation takes place. VoMPLSoPPP is more efficient than VoMPLSoATM or VoMPLSoEthernet. In the network backbone VoMPLSoPPP is most efficient. VoAAAL2oATM has intermediate efficiency, and VoIP is highly inefficient. In the access network use of header compression improves the efficiency of VoIP but does not bring it to the level of VoAAL2oATM, which is approximately as efficient as VoMPLSoEthernet. VoMPLSoPPP remains most efficient.
Tax incentives for corporate giving programs: what measures increase funds available?

Policy differences in the treatment of corporations and nonprofit private corporate foundations raise several issues of interest to those who administer and receive donations, as well as those who hope to augment government funds with private charitable donations. Of the $6 billion donated by corporations to charity in 1994, approximately one-fourth came through corporate foundations. What determines the choice of giving through a foundation or directly to charity ? The author examines the financial implications for each type of corporate giving by presenting specific elements of current policy on tax rates and deductions for giving. Specific factors considered are (1) differences in the treatment of corporate and foundation income, (2) deductibility of different types of gifts, (3) occurrence of donations to non-U.S. (non-tax-deductible) charities, (4) sales of assets to fund corporate foundations, (5) effects of giving on corporate image, and (6) effects of contributions over time. Analysis of regulations illustrates motivating factors for why corporate executives make certain types of gifts in certain ways. The author clarifies how social workers, fundraisers, nonprofit managers, and corporate officials alike benefit from understanding the differences among types of gifts, methods of giving, and deductibility of corporate donations.
Electrophysiologic correlates of the inotropic effects of isoproterenol in canine myocardium.

Abstract The action of l-isoproterenol was studied in isolated canine papillary muscles. The simultaneous action potential and contraction traces were first recorded in digital form on magnetic tape and later measured and analyzed by a computer program. The data were controlled and grouped to permit a three-way analysis of variance in order to test significant effects and correlations. Complete dose-response curves were performed both before and after beta-adrenergic blockade with (±)propranolol. It was demonstrated that isoproterenol produced and increase in the peak potential, the height and duration of the plateau (phase 3), and the rate of repolarization of the action potential (phase 4). Corresponding increases in peak tension, time to peak tension, rate of tension development, and rate of relaxation of the contraction were noted. At the highest isoproterenol concentrations, occasional after-potentials and after-contractions occurred. The changes in the action potential were explained by changes in the inward calcium current, while the inotropic effect on the contraction was attributed to the resulting increase in intracellular calcium concentration. These effects were all blocked by the addition of propranolol, but the blockade could be overcome by increasing the isoproterenol concentration of the perfusate.
A Test of Equality of Regression Curves Using Gâteaux Scores

This paper considers a test of equality of regression curves using a Gâteaux score statistic constructed through the derivative of the likelihood function. Judicious choices of the scores allow the proposed procedure to be generalized so that it can be used even with some long-tailed error distributions. The paper examines asymptotic properties and presents some numerical results.
Organizational Culture: Mapping the Terrain

The article presents a review of the book “Organizational Culture: Mapping the Terrain,” by Joanne Martin.
Helicobacter pylori test-and-treat intervention compared to usual care in primary care patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: The Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) “test-andtreat” strategy in uninvestigated dyspepsia is an effective alternative to prompt endoscopy. Our aims were to determine whether the combination of an educational session and availability of office-based H. pylori testing (test-and-treat intervention [TTI]) increases use of the test-and-treat strategy by primary care practitioners and whether it improves patient outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a 1-yr prospective trial of patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease in six primary care centers, three with TTI and three designated as usual care controls (UCC). RESULTS: H. pylori testing was performed in 81% of 54 TTI patients and in 49% of 39 UCC patients (p 0.004). TTI and UCC patients had similar gastroenterology referral rates (24% vs 33%, p 0.33), endoscopy or upper GI radiography rates (30% vs 31%, p 0.91), and primary care visits per patient (3.1 2.8 vs3.1 2.6, p 0.92). TTI patients were less likely than UCC patients to receive repeated antisecretory medication prescriptions (35% vs 66%, p 0.003). Symptomatic status at 1 yr and satisfaction with medical care did not differ between groups. Median (and interquartile range) annualized disease-related expenditures per patient were $454 ($162–932) for TTI and $576 ($327– 1435) for UCC patients (p 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of an educational session and availability of office-based H. pylori testing may increase acceptance of the test-and-treat strategy by primary care providers. It remains to be determined whether increased use of the test-and-treat strategy yields significant improvements in clinical and economic outcomes compared to usual care. (Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:3007–3014. © 2002 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology)
Balancing Work and Family: Equity, Gender, and Marital Satisfaction

Answers as to how working couples successfully balance work and family continue to interest social science researchers. Creating a balance presents couples with numerous challenges that place strain on relationships and marriages. Marital satisfaction is significantly related to how couples negotiate their work-family demands and responsibilities. Gender often influences couples’ definitions and perceptions of those demands and responsibilities. This literature review summarizes recent research on marital satisfaction as it relates to couples’ division of labor and perceptions of equity and fairness, specifically as it relates to gender ideologies. Adaptive strategies and practical considerations are discussed, and implications for future research are identified including cultural and socioeconomic considerations.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Enhanced Phase-Contrast MR Imaging to Measure Renal Artery Velocity Waveforms in Patients with Suspected Renovascular Hypertension

OBJECTIVE. We investigated the usefulness of phase-contrast MR imaging to measure renal artery velocity waveforms as an adjunct to renal MR angiography. We also examined whether an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor improves the diagnostic accuracy of waveform analysis.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Thirty-five patients referred for MR angiography of renal arteries underwent non-breath-hold oblique sagittal velocity-encoded phase-contrast MR imaging through both renal hila (TR/TE, 24/5; flip angle, 30°; signal averages, two; encoding velocity, 75 cm/sec) before and after IV administrastion of an ACE inhibitor (enalaprilat). We analyzed velocity waveforms using established Doppler sonographic criteria. A timing examination with a test bolus of gadolinium contrast material was performed to ensure optimal arterial enhancement during breath-hold gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional gradient-echo MR angiography.RESULTS. MR phase-contrast waveform pattern analysis was 50% (9/18) sensitive and 78% (40/51) spe...
The Normal P-R Interval in Infants and Children

The value of the P-R interval in the study and evaluation of treatment of rheumatic carditis, a disease predominantly of the younger ages, has prompted a re-examination of the normal P-R standards for infants and children. This study reports these data as obtained from 506 normal infants and children. The data reveal that both age and heart rate exert a significant influence on the P-R interval. The minimum, average, and maximum values are given as related to different ages and different heart rates.
Intralevel mental causation

This paper identifies and critiques a theory of mental causation defended by some proponents of nonredutive physicalism that I call “intralevelism.” Intralevelist theories differ in their details. On all versions, the causal outcome of the manifestation of physical properties is physical and the causal outcome of the manifestation of mental properties is mental. Thus, mental causation on this view is intralevel mental to mental causation. This characterization of mental causation as intralevel is taken to insulate nonreductive physicalism from some objections to nonreductive physicalism, including versions of the exclusion argument. This paper examines some features of three recent versions of intralevelism defended by John Gibbons, Markus Schlosser, and Amie Thomasson. This paper shows that the distinctive problems faced by these three representative versions of intralevelism suggest that the intralevelist strategy does not provide a viable solution to the exclusion problem.
Analysis of avian communities in Lake Guri, Venezuela, using multiple assembly rule models

This study analyzed the distribution of resident, forest-interior bird species nesting on islands in Lake Guri, Venezuela using several different community assembly rule models. The models that were tested included Diamond's Assembly Rules, Size Structure, Guild Proportionality, Favored States, and Nestedness. It was determined that the species composition of the study communities was only weakly influenced by competition, but that competition did appear to limit the size similarity which is permissible for co-occurring species. There was no tendency for the relative proportion of species within guilds (i.e. insectivore, omnivore, nectivore and frugivore) to remain stable among the islands. When only the insectivorous and omnivorous species were analyzed (using feeding strata as the functional groups) there was some support for the guild proportionality hypothesis. This study found no support for Fox's Favored State hypothesis, possibly due to the overrepresentation of insectivores and omnivores in the species pool. The island communities exhibit a highly nested structure. This high degree of nestedness supports the hypothesis that the assemblages are more strongly determined by differential extinction vulnerability and selective species loss than by interspecific or inter-guild competition. Understanding patterns of community assembly and their underlying forces has important implications for conservation ecology and reserve design.
Flow structures and particle deposition patterns in double-bifurcation airway models. Part 1. Air flow fields

The understanding and quantitative assessment of air flow fields and local micron-particle wall concentrations in tracheobronchial airways are very important for estimating the health risks of inhaled particulate pollutants, developing algebraic transfer functions of global lung deposition models used in dose-response analyses, and/or determining proper drug-aerosol delivery to target sites in the lung. In this paper (Part 1) the theory, model geometries, and air flow results are provided. In a companion paper (Part 2, Comer et al. 2001), the history of particle deposition patterns and comparisons with measured data sets are reported. Decoupling of the naturally dilute particle suspension makes it feasible to present the results in two parts.Considering a Reynolds number range of 500 [les ] ReD [les ] 2000, it is assumed that the air flow is steady, incompressible and laminar and that the tubular double bifurcations, i.e. Weibel's generations G3–G5, are three-dimensional, rigid, and smooth with rounded as well as sharp carinal ridges for symmetric planar, and just rounded carinas for 90° non-planar configurations. The employed finite-volume code CFX (AEA Technology) and its user-enhanced FORTRAN programs were validated with experimental velocity data points for a single bifurcation. The resulting air flow structures are analysed for relatively low (ReD = 500) and high (ReD = 2000) Reynolds numbers. Sequential pressure drops due to viscous effects were calculated and compared, extending a method proposed by Pedley et al. (1977). Such detailed results for bifurcating lung airways are most useful in the development of global algebraic lung models.
Phenotypic Selection for Dormancy Introduced a Set of Adaptive Haplotypes From Weedy Into Cultivated Rice

Association of seed dormancy with shattering, awn, and black hull and red pericarp colors enhances survival of wild and weedy species, but challenges the use of dormancy genes in breeding varieties resistant to preharvest sprouting. A phenotypic selection and recurrent backcrossing technique was used to introduce dormancy genes from a wild-like weedy rice to a breeding line to determine their effects and linkage with the other traits. Five generations of phenotypic selection alone for low germination extremes simultaneously retained dormancy alleles at five independent QTL, including qSD12 (R2 > 50%), as determined by genome-wide scanning for their main and/or epistatic effects in two BC4F2 populations. Four dormancy loci with moderate to small effects colocated with QTL/genes for one to three of the associated traits. Multilocus response to the selection suggests that these dormancy genes are cumulative in effect, as well as networked by epistases, and that the network may have played a “sheltering” role in maintaining intact adaptive haplotypes during the evolution of weeds. Tight linkage may prevent the dormancy genes from being used in breeding programs. The major effect of qSD12 makes it an ideal target for map-based cloning and the best candidate for imparting resistance to preharvest sprouting.
THE CESSPOOL OF EMPIRE: SHERLOCK HOLMES AND THE RETURN OF THE REPRESSED

A STRIKING NUMBER OF CHARACTERS in Arthur Conan Doyle's detective stories who return to England after a sojourn in the colonies have an outlandish aspect. One, a contorted and bilious ex-soldier, owns a pet Indian mongoose. Another has lost a leg to a crocodile in the Ganges and has a poison-totiiig Andaman Islander in tow. A third keeps a fiendish hound and passes his South American wife off as his sister. A fourth returns from South Africa with a "blanched" face and a furtive manner. Many of these returned colonials are portrayed as menacing, and their presence in England precipitates a crisis, either a crime or a mysterious tragedy. In actual fact, return from the colonies to the m?tropole was a routine phenomenon, and returned colonials were familiar figures on the metropolitan landscape. Why does Doyle depict the phenomenon of return from Empire as so problematic if it was in fact quite commonplace?
Thermographic Observation Of Hydrocarbon Oxygen Explosions

Balloons containing methane-oxygen mixtures were detonated to simulate ordinance fireballs. To establish fireball characteristics, analyses were required of reacting temperatures, thermal profiles, and mixing patterns of the methane-oxygen products with the atmosphere. Infrared videothermography measured and recorded the detonation and gas cloud mixing. Image digitization and in-band energy calculations were done to compare reaction parameters for different balloon tests.
Mutagenicity of a single 1-nitropyrene-DNA adduct N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene in Escherichia coli located in a GGC sequence.

1-Nitropyrene, a common environmental pollutant, forms a major DNA adduct, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-amino- pyrene (dG(AP)). Mutational spectra of randomly introduced dG(AP) in Escherichia coli included different types of mutations, which depended on the base sequence surrounding the adduct. In earlier works we investigated the DNA sequence context effects of the adduct in repetitive CpG and non-repetitive CpGpC sequences. In the current work this adduct was incorporated into a non-repetitive GpGpC sequence in single-stranded M13mp7L2 DNA with the adduct located at either the 5' or 3' G. Potent genotoxicity of dG(AP) was evident from a significant reduction in the population of progeny phage following replication of these constructs in repair-competent E.coli cells. However, progeny derived from the 3'-G(AP) construct were much larger than those from the 5'-G(AP) construct. We suspect that a more facile translesion synthesis past the adduct at the 3' G relative to that at the 5' G, presumably due to a difference in conformation of dG(AP) in these two sites, might be responsible for this effect. With both adducted constructs, >95% of the progeny did not show any mutations at or near the adduct site, indicating highly efficient error-free translesion synthesis. However, a small population of mutants with one base deletions and base substitutions were detected. While the adduct induced -1 frameshifts ( C transversions, were detected only when the adduct was located at the 5' G. A comparison of the data from this study with a prior study in the CpGpC sequence suggests that dG(AP) mutagenesis is highly sensitive to the local DNA sequence and that a 5'-pyrimidine base might be important for targeted base substitutions by this adduct in E.coli.
Consistency of Field Dependence in Treated Alcoholics

In accounting for the consistent finding that alcoholics are more field dependent than other groups, research generally supports the predisposition rather than the consequence hypothesis. In this study 32 alcoholics were tested for field dependence with Embedded Figures on admission to and at discharge from a 60-d treatment program. A large and significant drop in the field dependence measure was found, supporting the consequence hypothesis. The pre-posttime period not controlled in other studies, allowing for clearing acute effects and improved nutrition, health, and test motivation, may account for this change.
A Simplified Isolation of High‐Amylose Maize Starch Using Neutral Proteases

Breeding projects aimed at increasing starch amylose would benefit by having a rapid starch extraction method requiring only non-hazardous reagents and leaving the native granule intact for functional analyses. A study was, therefore, designed to investigate the use of a neutral protease for the removal of protein during the starch extraction process from the grain of high-amylose corn. Sets of F2 ears presumed to be homozygous for the recessive amylose-extender (ae) allele and segregating high amylose modifier gene(s) were used in the study and ranged in amylose content from 55% to around 70%, although several non-mutant genotypes (∼25%) occurred because of visual misclassification of the ae kernels. Starches from samples were all initially extracted by grinding and filtering, then further treated in three ways including either 1) no protein removal, 2) toluene and saline washes or 3) use of neutral proteases. In general, amylose values corresponded among samples extracted using the three methods. Samples purified using proteases had higher mean amylose values (62.5%) attributed to the lower presence of contaminating protein compared to samples prepared with toluene (61%) and grinding/filtration only (57.5%). Little change occurred among the starches as a result of the protease treatments according to thermal properties obtained using differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, gel permeation chromatography profiles (GPC) were unaffected by this treatment. A low level of amylase activity from the protease was found which degraded less than 1 % of the starch sample. The results demonstrated that this protease method gave an increased yield of starch with a quality similar to that of starch prepared with toluene.
Chromosome abnormalities in embryos obtained after conventional in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Abstract Objective: To compare the rate of numerical chromosome abnormalities in embryos derived from bipronucleated zygotes produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and conventional IVF. Design: Embryos were classified by maternal age and morphological and developmental characteristics to avoid bias when comparing chromosome abnormalities in ICSI and IVF embryos. Setting: The Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science of Saint Barnabas Medical Center, West Orange, New Jersey. Patient(s): Seventy-nine couples undergoing IVF and 53 couples undergoing ICSI. Intervention(s): Embryos donated for research were fully biopsied, and their cells were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization with specific probes for chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18, and 21 and some with also a probe for chromosome 16. Main Outcome Measure(s): Embryo chromosome abnormalities. Result(s): A total of 245 embryos obtained through conventional IVF and 136 embryos obtained through ICSI were analyzed. There were no statistical differences between the rates of numerical chromosomal abnormalities detected in the IVF (61%) and ICSI (52%) embryos analyzed. Regarding gonosomal aneuploidy, the same rate was found in both ICSI (1%) and IVF groups (2%). Conclusion(s): If the parents are chromosomally normal, the results indicate that, at the embryo level and before any embryo selection has occurred in utero, ICSI does not produce more numerical chromosomal abnormalities than conventional IVF.
Adaptive predictive congestion control of high-speed ATM networks

This paper proposes an auto regressive moving average (ARMAX)-based adaptive control methodology to prevent congestion in high-speed asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. An adaptive controller is developed to control traffic where sources adjust their transmission rates in response to the feedback information from the network switches. Specifically, the buffer dynamics at a given switch is modeled as a nonlinear discrete-time system and an ARMAX controller is designed so as to predict the explicit values of the transmission rates of the sources so as to prevent congestion. Tuning methods are provided for the unknown coefficients of the ARMAX model to estimate the unpredictable and statistically fluctuating network traffic. Mathematical analysis is given to demonstrate the stability of the closed-loop system so that a desired quality of service (QoS) can be guaranteed. The QoS is defined in terms of cell loss ratio (CLR), transmission delay and buffer utilization. We derive design rules mathematically for selecting the parameters of the ARMAX algorithm such that the desired performance is guaranteed during congestion and potential tradeoffs are shown. Simulation results are provided to justify the theoretical conclusions for multiple source/single switch scenarios using both ON/OFF and MPEG data. The performance of the proposed congestion control scheme is also evaluated in the presence of feedback delays for robustness considerations.
Locality-centric thread scheduling for bulk-synchronous programming models on CPU architectures

With heterogeneous computing on the rise, executing programs efficiently on different devices from a single source code has become increasingly important. OpenCL, having a bulk-synchronous programming model, has been proposed as a framework for writing such performance-portable programs. Execution order of work-items in a program is unconstrained except at barrier synchronization events, giving some freedom to an implementation when scheduling work-items between synchronization points. Many OpenCL (and CUDA) compilers have been designed for targeting multicore CPU architectures. However, scheduling work-items in prior work has been done with primary focus on correctness and vectorization. To the best of our knowledge, no existing implementations consider the impact of work-item scheduling on data locality. We propose an OpenCL compiler that performs data-locality-centric work-item scheduling. By analyzing the memory addresses accessed in loops within a kernel, our technique can make better decisions on how to schedule work-items to construct better memory access patterns, thereby improving performance. Our approach achieves geomean speedups of 3.32× over AMD's and 1.71 × over Intel's implementations on Parboil and Rodinia benchmarks.
The impact of field size and energy cost on the profitability of supplemental corn irrigation

Abstract Supplemental irrigation in corn production is increasing for humid regions across the world. Little is known about the profitability of irrigating corn in the humid southeastern region of the United States. Our objective was to determine the breakeven price of corn where investment in center-pivot irrigation would be profitable in Tennessee. We considered the effects of field size, energy price, and energy source on the breakeven price of corn. We estimated yield response to nitrogen (N) for irrigated and non-irrigated corn, and allowed expected yield and economically optimal N fertilization to vary with the breakeven price. Field size and the cost of running electricity to the center-pivot were two important factors in choosing between diesel and electricity as the energy source. The breakeven price of corn ranged between $249–$283 Mg −1 for the small-sized field, $168–$190 Mg −1 for the medium-sized field, and $149–$171 Mg −1 for the large-sized field. As field size increased, electricity became more economically viable relative to diesel. At current corn prices, irrigating corn appears profitable on fields greater than 51 ha. However, historically, the probability for the breakeven corn price occurring is zero for the small-sized field, between 6–14% for the medium-sized field, and 12–27% for the large-sized field.
The Desirability Paradox in the Effects of Media Literacy Training

This study examines a paradox in findings regarding the effects of media literacy training on adolescents' decision making about tobacco use. Recent experiments have found that media literacy training successfully reduced participants' beliefs associated with risky behavior, whereas at the same time, their positive affect toward individuals portrayed in advertising increased. Study results confirm the hypothesis that media literacy training changes the way individuals think about the desirability of portrayals in the media. Although desirability usually represents individuals' affect toward portrayals, reports gathered after media literacy training also appear to reflect participants' increased awareness of the efforts made by advertisers to produce attractive portrayals designed to sell products and services. This awareness reduces or eliminates the impact that positive affect otherwise would have on decision making. Because this analysis suggests that individuals may respond to survey questions differen...
Clavicular hypoplasia, zygomatic arch hypoplasia, and micrognathia: A newly defined syndrome

We report on a 6-year-old boy with a previously undefined syndrome of clavicular hypoplasia, frontonasal malformation, zygomatic arch hypoplasia, micrognathia, and normal intelligence. His condition differs from similar syndromes on the basis of unique facial findings such as microcornea, stellate irises, and a midline maxillary cleft. We present his case, a review of the literature, and propose the acronym CHZAM, for clavicular hypoplasia, zygomatic arch, and micrognathia, to represent this syndrome.
Age at onset, childhood psychopathology, and 2-year outcome in psychotic bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVE: The relationships of age at onset and childhood psychopathology to 2-year clinical and functional outcomes in first-admission patients with bipolar I disorder were examined. METHOD: Patients with bipolar I disorder (N=123) presenting with psychotic symptoms were followed over a 2-year period. Age at onset was stratified into <19 and ≥19 years. Childhood psychopathology was categorized as behavior problems, other psychopathology, and none. Functional and clinical outcomes were rated with standard measures. RESULTS: Childhood psychopathology and age at onset were independently related to poorer functional and clinical outcome. In the multivariate models that included psychopathology, age at onset, sex, and education, early age at onset was related to incomplete remission, and childhood psychopathology was related to functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood psychopathology and age at onset contribute independently to outcomes of bipolar disorder. Childhood psychopathology is a much stronger pred...