cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploratory analysis of chemical structure, bacterial mutagenicity and rodent tumorigenicity

Abstract There are a great number of chemical compounds in use by humans and there are very limited resources for testing those compounds for potential toxicity. We conduct an exploratory analysis of molecular features to determine if molecular features can be related to bacterial mutagenicity and rodent tumorigenicity. We use numerical molecular topology and the presence of cited toxic functional groups as molecular descriptors. Near neighbor searching is used to find similar compounds to highlight that similar compounds can differ in toxicity. Principal components analysis and linear regression are used in an exploratory analysis. A large data set is divided at random into two groups and the reproducibility of regression results between the two data sets is examined. We determine that many simple `structural alert' rules of prediction of toxic effects are overly simplistic and that regression analysis is poorly reproducible; we conclude that prediction of gross toxicology from simple structural and regression rules is questionable.
Hereditary angioedema with normal C1-INH (HAE type III)

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with normal C1 inhibitor (C1-INH), also known as HAE type III, is a familial condition only clinically recognized within the past three decades. Similar to HAE from C1-INH deficiency (HAE types I and II), affected individuals experience unpredictable angioedema episodes of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and airway. Unique clinical features of HAE with normal C1-INH include the predominance of affected women, frequent exacerbation by estrogen, and a prominence of angioedema that involves the face and oropharynx. The underlying pathophysiology of HAE with normal C1-INH is poorly understood, but indirect evidence points to contact pathway dysregulation with bradykinin-mediated angioedema. Currently, evaluation is complicated by a lack of confirmatory laboratory testing such that clinical criteria must often be used to make the diagnosis of HAE with normal C1-INH. Factor XII mutations have been identified in only a minority of persons affected by HAE with normal C1-INH, limiting the utility of such analysis. To date, no controlled clinical studies have examined the efficacy of therapeutic agents for HAE with normal C1-INH, although published evidence supports frequent clinical benefit with medications shown effective in HAE due to C1-INH deficiency.
NMR, EPR, and bulk susceptibility measurements of one-dimensional SrNbO 3.41

NMR, EPR, and bulk susceptibility measurements were performed in the perovskite-related layered compound ${\mathrm{SrNbO}}_{3.41}.$ We determined ${}^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$ NMR spectra, spin-spin relaxation rates ${1/T}_{2}$ and spin-lattice relaxation rates ${1/T}_{1}$ down to 600 mK. From the spin-lattice relaxation ${1/T}_{1}$ we identified an activated behavior ${1/T}_{1}\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{NMR}}{/k}_{B}T)$ with a gap ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{NMR}}=6.5\mathrm{meV}$ for temperatures $Tg20\mathrm{K}.$ Below 20 K, the line width $\ensuremath{\Delta}H(T)$ from acceptor-EPR and ${}^{93}{(1/T}_{1})(T)$ both exhibit a temperature dependence propotional to $\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}{(T}_{0}{/T)}^{1/2}]$ which is indicative for a variable range hopping process. We discuss the possibility of charge-density-wave formation at low temperatures.
Properties of the Centroid of an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Set, Including the Centroid of a Fuzzy Granule

The centroid of an interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2 FS) provides a measure of the uncertainty of such a FS. Its calculation is very widely used in interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems. In this paper, we present properties about the centroid of an IT2 FS. We also illustrate many of the general results for a T2 fuzzy granule (FG) in order to develop some understanding about the uncertainty of the FG in terms of its vertical and horizontal dimensions. At present, the T2 FG is the only IT2 FS for which fit is possible to obtain closed-form formulas for the centroid, and those formulas are in this paper
A 5HT3 antagonist corrects the postprandial colonic hypertonie response in carcinoid diarrhea

Abstract Background/Aims: Carcinoid patients show a hypertonic colonie motor response postprandially. Ondansetron reduces postprandial colonie tone in health. It was hypothesized that ondansetron, a selective 5HT 3 antagonist, corrects the colonic motor response to eating in carcinoid diarrhea. Methods: The effects of ondansetron and placebo on fasting and postprandial colonic tone and motility in 10 patients with carcinoid diarrhea were compared using a manometry-barostat assembly positioned in the upper descending colon. Results: Fasting colonic tone and motility indices were similar in the placebo and ondansetron groups; ondansetron did not affect fasting motility. The placebo group showed a significant reduction in barostat balloon volume (signifying increased tone) from 207 ± 29 ml (mean ± SEM) during fasting to 106 ± 14 ml postprandially ( P = 0.01). With ondansetron, a tonic colonie response was induced postprandially (198 ± 37 mL to 151 ± 30 mL; P = 0.053). However, the increment in tone in the ondansetron group (23% ± 7%) was significantly lower than in the placebo group (48% ± 5%; P = 0.02) and was similar to that observed in untreated healthy subjects (24% ± 3%). Postprandial manometric pressure activity increased significantly in the placebo group ( P = 0.01); in the ondansetron group there was a trend ( P = 0.09) to increased phasic activity. Conclusions: Ondansetron reduces the postprandial colonie hypertonic response in carcinoid diarrhea to levels previously reported in health; further clinical studies of this class of antagonists in carcinoid diarrhea appear warranted.
Carbon and nitrogen cycling immediately following bark beetle outbreaks in southwestern ponderosa pine forests

Bark beetle infestation is a well-known cause of historical low-level disturbance in southwestern ponderosa pine forests, but recent fire exclusion and increased tree densities have enabled large-scale bark beetle outbreaks with unknown consequences for ecosystem function. Uninfested and beetle-infested plots (n = 10 pairs of plots on two aspects) of ponderosa pine were compared over one growing season in the Sierra Ancha Experimental Forest, AZ to determinewhether infestation was correlated with differences in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools andfluxes in aboveground biomass and soils. Infested plots had at least 80% of the overstory ponderosa pine trees attacked by bark beetles within 2 years of our measurements. Both uninfested and infested plots stored 9k g Cm 2 in aboveground tree biomass, but infested plots held 60% of this aboveground tree biomass in dead trees, compared to 5% in uninfested plots. We hypothesized that decreased belowground C allocation following beetle-induced tree mortality would alter soil respiration rates, but this hypothesis was not supported; throughout the growing season, soil respiration in infested plots was similar to uninfested plots. In contrast, several results supported the hypothesis that premature needlefall from infested trees provided a pulse of low C:N needlefall that altered soil N cycling. The C:N mass ratio of pine needlefall in infested plots (45) was lower than uninfested plots (95) throughout thegrowing season. Mineral soils from infested plots had greater laboratory net nitrification rates and field resin bag ammonium accumulation than uninfested plots. As bark beetle outbreaks become increasingly prevalent in western landscapes, longer-term biogeochemical studies on interactions with other disturbances (e.g. fire, harvesting, etc.) will be required to predict changes in ecosystem structure and function. # 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Flicker study using a novel arc furnace model

Voltage flicker and harmonics are the types of power quality problems that are introduced to the power system as a result of arc fumace operation. Utilities are concemed about these effects and try to take precautions to minimize them. Therefore, an accurate model of an arc fumace is needed in order to test and verify proposed solutions to this end. In this paper, an arc fumace model is developed and implemented in Simulink environment by using both chaotic and deterministic elements. Moreover, modeling and simulation of IEC flickermeter are also performed to evaluate the severity of fluctuations in the simulated arc furnace voltage.
Disulfide linking of albumin to the hinge region of immunoglobulin G in normal human serum

A protein-protein complex from human serum was isolated and characterized as a two-component system, containing albumin and IgG in a 1:1 mole ratio. The observations reported here suggest that the albumin-IgG complex may have formed through intermolecular disulfide bonds between albumin and IgG. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of papain-digested fragments of albumin-IgG complex revealed that the combining sites for albumin may be located in the hinge region between the Fab and the Fc fragments of IgG.
Cardiovascular Dangers of Cocaine Abuse

T he earliest known use of cocaine dates back to 600 A.D.1,2 It is estimated that 10 million Americans have used cocaine, 5 million use it regularly and another 5,000 use it for the first time each day.2 In the past, cocaine was so expensive that it was called the champagne of all drugs, and price served as a barrier to widespread use. In recent years cocaine has become less expensive and its availability and purity are increasing. The purity of cocaine purchased on the street may vary from 25 to 90%, with unpredictable effects. There is widespread belief that cocaine is a benign nonaddicting substance, and as a result its use has rapidly escalated in American society. However, as usage increases, more users are becoming addicted, and consequently more are seeking treatment. Cocaine is an alkaloid prepared from leaves of the plant Erythroxylon Coca, which is grown in South America. It is a potent vasoconstrictor and by this action may prevent its own absorption.3 It is a central nervous system stimulant whose effects include garrulousness, euphoria, excitement, a sense of well-being and enormous self-confidence. Some users report that cocaine increases sexual desires and performance. Cocaine may be administered intranasally (“snorting”) or injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously. The most common route of administration is intranasal. Recently there has been an increase in intravenous cocaine and heroin together (a “speedball”), and an increase in cocaine “freebase” smoking. Although cocaine was first introduced in 1884 as a local anesthetic, little information appeared on the cardiovascular effects of cocaine usage until recently.4.5 Cocaine abuse has been associated with tachycardia, systemic hypertension, ventricular arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents, pulmonary edema and sudden death.z-19 Cocaine’s great danger has not been adequately recognized either by the general public or by most physicians.20 Accordingly, physicians must be aware of the many facets of cocaine abuse.
The Re-making of Indian Foreign Policy:

The article examines the reasons for the absence of effective but informal networks in India that help make and remake a nation’s foreign policy, generate domestic political consensus and win international support. As a rising India reconstructs its foreign policy, a small proto-network that defines its core principles is beginning to emerge. A foreign policy vanguard, however, is no substitute to a more broadly based and deeply rooted structure of decision making. As the new foreign policy network evolves, the International Relations (IR) community can claim its legitimate role in shaping India’s new foreign policy. By shedding its old conformist trap, joining the vigorous public square at home and reconnecting with the world, India’s IR community can set a new foreign policy direction for the nation and offer course corrections when needed.
NapSAC: design and implementation of a power-proportional web cluster

Energy consumption is a major and costly problem in data centers. A large fraction of this energy goes to powering idle machines that are not doing any useful work. We identify two causes of this inefficiency: low server utilization and a lack of power-proportionality. To address this problem we present a design for an power-proportional cluster consisting of a power-aware cluster manager and a set of heterogeneous machines. Our design makes use of currently available energy-efficient hardware, mechanisms for transitioning in and out of low-power sleep states, and dynamic provisioning and scheduling to continually adjust to workload and minimize power consumption. With our design we are able to reduce energy consumption while maintaining acceptable response times for a web service workload based on Wikipedia. With our dynamic provisioning algorithms we demonstrate via simulation a 63% savings in power usage in a typically provisioned datacenter where all machines are left on and awake at all times. Our results show that we are able to achieve close to 90% of the savings a theoretically optimal provisioning scheme would achieve. We have also built a prototype cluster which runs Wikipedia to demonstrate the use of our design in a real environment.
INJURY AND SURVIVAL OF AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA 7965 AND YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA 9610 FROM HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Responses of Aeromonas hydrophila 7965 and Yersinia enterocolitica 9610 to high hydrostatic pressure were investigated in microbiological media and meat. Cultures were pressurized from 51 to 304 megaPascals (MPa) for 15 min in 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7. 0), tryptic soy broth and radiation-sterilized ground pork. Trends in pressure response were similar in all three pressure menstrua. A 7-log 10 CFU/g reduction of A. hydrophila in pork resulted from treatment of 253 MPa for 15 min. A 7-log 10 CFU/g reduction of Y. enterocolitica in pork resulted from treatment of 304 MPa for 15 min. Pressure-induced injury of both pathogens was detected in all pressure menstrua at most pressure levels. No growth of either pathogen occurred in irradiated pork after pressurization of 128-203 MPa for 15 min and storage at 4C for 14 days; however, an upshift to 30C of cold-stored A. hydrophila in pork resulted in growth after a lag time of approximately 10 h, and an upshift to 30C of cold-stored Y. enterocolitica in pork resulted in recovery of injured cells within 2 h, and growth after a lag time of 4-6 h. This suggests that temperature abuse (30C) of pressure-processed pork for greater than 6 h would allow growth and possibly repair of A. hydrophila and Y. enterocolitica which survive following pressure treatment. Although neither the processor nor the consumer would likely abuse the product to such an extent, the results suggest that A. hydrophila and Y, enterocolitica have the ability to repair or grow following pressure treatment in pork.
Advanced Diagnostic Imaging in Privately Insured Patients: Recent Trends in Utilization and Payments

Recent studies have reported that the rate of growth in utilization of noninvasive diagnostic imaging has slowed, with a concomitant reduction in total payments to providers in the Medicare Part B fee-for-service population. Utilization and payment growth trends in commercially insured populations, however, are not as well understood. We used the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan ® Commercial Claims and Encounters database containing more than 29 million individuals to investigate commercially insured population trends in utilization of and payments for CT, MRI, PET, and ultrasound procedures in the years 2007–2011. We found that imaging use—after a brief downturn in 2010—rose again in 2011, coupled with substantial increases in adjusted payments for all four imaging modalities, raising concerns about future efforts to stem growth in imaging use and associated spending.
Colorectal Cancer, Socioeconomic Distribution and Behavior: A Comparative Analysis of Urban and Rural Counties in the USA

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks second for all cancer related deaths among men and women together and third for either sex when considered separately. Disparities exist in CRC incidence and mortality between rural and urban counties in the USA. This study sought to explore socioeconomic and behavioral factors that may partly explain these observed differences. Methods: Using educational and income levels as measures of socioeconomic status (SES), and average alcohol consumption and smoking frequency as behavioral factors, data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for analysis were coupled. Results: Results showed statistically significant inequalities for CRC incidence ( t = 2.678, p = 0.010) and mortality ( t = 2.567, p = 0.013), as well as socioeconomic (i.e., poverty; t = 5.644, p < 0.001) and behavioral (i.e., smoking; t = 2.885, p = 0.006) factors between selected rural and urban counties. Regression analysis for colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates at the rural, urban, and national levels yielded relative impacts of smoking frequency, alcohol consumption, and educational level. Conclusions: Health policies aimed at reducing disparities between rural and urban populations in the USA must therefore adequately address SES and behavioral factors. Key words: colorectal cancer, rural health, social determinants of health, health behavior
Comparative Comfort of Three Waveforms Used in Electrically Eliciting Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Contractions

The purpose of this study was to compare the relative comfort levels of electrical stimulation having different waveforms, but otherwise identical current characteristics, delivered percutaneously to normal quadriceps femoris muscles contracting at the same intensity level. The quadriceps femoris muscles of 20 healthy subjects were stimulated to a torque level 60% of that obtained in a maximal voluntary isometric contraction, using pulsed current with a carrier frequency of 2,500 Hz, at 50 pulses per second of 10-msec pulse duration. Three different waveforms were used: sinusoidal, sawtooth (triangular), and square. The relative comfort level of each electrically elicited contraction for each waveform was determined for each subject using a 20-cm-long visual analog scale. The results showed that 1) no one waveform was most comfortable (least uncomfortable) and 2) the difference was significant in what the subjects perceived to be the most comfortable contraction, regardless of waveform ( p < .01). These results indicate that a subject's perception of discomfort changes as the waveform of stimulation varies and that individual preferences exist for different waveforms. Selection of the most comfortable waveform could prove beneficial when the intensity of muscle stimulation is increased.
Synthetic Hsp90 inhibitors are active against 17-AAG-resistant tumor lines

A122 17-AAG, the first-generation clinical Hsp90 inhibitor, exhibited promising anti-tumor activity in early stage clinical studies, but is limited by poor solubility and hepatotoxicity. To pursue compounds with better biopharmaceutical properties, we have developed a series of fully synthetic orally bioavailable inhibitors of Hsp90. Here we report that 17-AAG and other ansamycin drugs are inactive in P-gp and/or MRP-1 expressing cell lines and sensitivity could be restored by co-administration of P-gp or MRP inhibitors. In contrast, the synthetic Hsp90 inhibitors were active in these models. The synthetic Hsp90 inhibitors that were affected by P-gp were only modestly so, and MRP was not a factor. Accordingly, synthetic Hsp90 inhibitors were considerably more active than 17-AAG against adrenocortical carcinoma, a tumor that naturally expresses P-gp, both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, although 17-AAG was shown to be a good substrate for P-gp, unlike many other P-gp substrates, it exhibited no inhibitory activity against P-gp. Efflux pump-mediated resistance is manifested in both cytotoxicity assays and measurements of target inhibition, such as client protein degradation and biomarker secretion. By contrast, other resistance pathways, which also block 17-AAG activity, are operated exclusively downstream of client effects. For instance, the cytotoxic activity of the synthetic molecules was not influenced by Rb deletion or Bcl-2 over-expression, molecular lesions that don’t prevent client loss but are nonetheless associated with reduced cell killing by 17-AAG. Our results indicate that the activity of 17-AAG and other ansamycins may be curtailed in tumors that have upregulated efflux pumps or antiapoptotic proteins or dysregulated Rb signaling. These data indicate that the new generation of synthetic anti-Hsp90 drugs, exemplified by BIIB021 that is currently completing Phase I testing, may have broader application against tumors with acquired multidrug resistance or tumors located in organs protected by MDR proteins, such as the adrenal glands, brain and testis. Cancers possessing common lesions in survival signaling pathways associated with poor clinical outcome could also benefit from this treatment.
Control of Cell Division in the Cornea of Rats I. Interaction Between Isoproterenol And Dexamethasone

SummaryWith the use of corneal epithelim of rats we have demonstrated (a) that cell division can be suppressed (circadian mitotic cycle) with the administration of a single dose of dexamethasone; (b) that this suppression can be partially overcome with a second dose of dexamethasone administered in combination with isoproterenol; (c) that this mitogenic affect of the drug combination is absent in animals treated with either drug alone.The method for obtaining suppression of one full circadian mitotic cycle is presented. Also discussed is the possible significance of the results toward the understanding of the over-all mechanisms which control the circadian mitotic cycle.
Modeling and Analysis of Multilayered Elastic Beam Using Spectral Finite Element Method

Multilayered elastic structures are widely used in engineering applications. In this paper, a spectral finite element model (SFEM) is developed to predict the dynamic behavior of a multilayered beam structure. First, a higher-order multilayered beam model is derived. Each layer is modeled as a Timoshenko beam, in which both shear deformation and rotational inertia are considered. By allowing different rotation in each layer, the overall sectional warping effect is included as well. A set of fully coupled governing equations presented in a compact form and associated boundary conditions are obtained by the application of Hamilton's principle. Second, a semi-analytical solution of these equations is determined and used in formulating the SFEM. The SFEM predictions are validated against the nastran results and other results in literature. Compared to the conventional FEM (CFEM), a very small number of elements are required in the SFEM for comparable accuracy, which substantially reduce the computing time, especially for simulations of high-frequency wave propagations. Finally, the SFEM is used to predict the lamb wave responses in multilayered beams. Wave propagation characteristics in both undamaged and damaged cases are well captured. In summary, the SFEM can accurately and efficiently predict the behavior of multilayered beams and serve as a framework to conduct wave propagation prediction and damage diagnostic analysis in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications.
Insulation Coordination of UHV Half-wavelength Power Transmission System

One of outstanding advantages of ultra-high voltage half-wavelength AC transmission(UHV HWACT) technique is that the intermediate switching station does not need to built under long transmission distance.However,its operation voltage along transmission line,power frequency overvoltage and characteristic of switching surge as well as the measures to suppress overvoltage are evidently different from those of traditional UHV power transmission,thus it is necessary to research steady state voltage along the line,power frequency overvoltage,switching surge and insulation coordination of UHV HWACT.The researches on its insulation coordination include following items: to determine insulation level of power equipments in substations and the distances of air gaps,to determine insulation configuration for transmission line and related distances of air gaps to offer reference for equipment manufacture and engineering design.Comparing the insulation coordination scheme for UHV HWACT with the insulation design for 1 000 kV AC power transmission pilot project from Southeast Shanxi via Jingmen to Nanyang,comparison results show that the equipments and insulation configuration for 1 000 kV AC power transmission pilot project can be directly applied to UHV HWACT.
Measurement of the Dewetting, Nucleation, and Deactivation Kinetics of Carbon Nanotube Population Growth by Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy

Understanding the collective growth of carbon nanotube (CNT) populations is key to tailoring their properties for many applications. During the initial stages of CNT growth by chemical vapor deposition, catalyst nanoparticle formation by thin-film dewetting and the subsequent CNT nucleation processes dictate the CNT diameter distribution, areal density, and alignment. Herein, we use in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (E-TEM) to observe the catalyst annealing, growth, and deactivation stages for a population of CNTs grown from a thin-film catalyst. Complementary in situ electron diffraction and TEM imaging show that, during the annealing step in hydrogen, reduction of the iron oxide catalyst is concomitant with changes in the thin-film morphology; complete dewetting and the formation of a population of nanoparticles is only achieved upon the introduction of the carbon source, acetylene. The dewetting kinetics, i.e., the appearance of distinct nanoparticles, exhibits a sigmoidal (autocat...
Enhanced myocardial protection during global ischemia with 5'-nucleotidase inhibitors

Depletion of adenosine triphosphate precursors, such as myocardial adenosine, during global ischemia results in poor postischemic adenosine triphosphate repletion and functional recovery. Neonatal hearts may be more resistant to this deleterious effect of ischemia, because they are characterized by low 5’-nucleotidase activity, which may result in higher sustained endogenous myocardial adenosine triphosphate precursor levels during ischemia. Adult hearts, however, have high levels of 5’-nucleotidase activity leading to depleted precursors during ischemia and poor postischemic functional recovery. Augmenting myocardial adenosine exogenously during ischemia in adult hearts has a beneficial effect on recovery. The present study tested if preservation of nucleotide precursors, better adenosine triphosphate repletion, and enhanced postischemic myocardial recovery in adult hearts could be achieved with a “neonatal” strategy. Therefore 5’-nucleotidase inhibitors were administered to isolated, perfused adult rabbit hearts subjected to 120 minutes of ischemia (at 34° C) to determine if this improved functional recovery. Hearts received St. Thomas’ Hospital cardioplegic solution (control hearts) or cardioplegic solution containing 5’-nucleotidase inhibitors: pentoxifylline, thioinosine, [s-(p-nitrophenyl)-4-thioinosine], or thioinosine's dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle alone. After ischemia and reperfusion, recovery of systolic function, diastolic function, and myocardial oxygen consumption was significantly better with 5’-nucleotidase inhibition. No changes in coronary flow were noted. We speculate and are pursuing the theory that the mechanism of 5’-nucleotidase inhibition's favorable action is due to preventing the catabolism, transport, and loss of nucleotide precursors during ischemia, maintaining adenosine triphosphate precursor availability. (J T horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;103:73—7)
An examination of species limits in the Aulacorhynchus “prasinus” toucanet complex (Aves: Ramphastidae)

The number of species recognized in Aulacorhynchus toucanets has varied tremendously over the past century. Revisors seem to disagree on whether head and bill coloration are useful indicators of species limits, especially in the A. "prasinus" complex. Using morphometrics, I tested the hypothesis that the major color-based subspecific groups of A. "prasinus" sensu lato are simply "cookie-cutter" (i.e., morphologically nearly identical) toucanets with different head and bill colorations. Univariate and multivariate analyses show that they are not simply morphological replicates of different colors: a complex array of morphometric similarities and dissimilarities occur between the major subspecific groups, and these variations differ between the sexes. Latitude and longitude had a small but significant association with female (but not male) PC1 and PC2. Hybridization and intergradation were also considered using plumage and bill characters as a surrogate to infer gene flow. Hybridization as indicated by phenotype appears to be substantial between A. "p." cyanolaemus and A. "p." atrogularis and nonexistent between other major groups, although from genetic evidence it is likely rare between A. "p." albivitta and A. "p." cyanolaemus. The congruence and complexities of the morphological and color changes occurring among these groups suggest that ecological adaptation (through natural selection) and social selection have co-occurred among these groups and that species limits are involved. Further, hybridization is not evident at key places, despite in many cases (hypothetical) opportunity for gene flow. Consequently, I recommend that this complex be recognized as comprising five biological species: A. wagleri, prasinus, caeruleogularis, albivitta, and atrogularis. Four of these also have valid subspecies within them, and additional work may eventually support elevation of some of these subspecies to full species. Species limits in South America especially need more study.
Transport and sediment accumulation of210Pb and137Cs in two Southeast Alaskan fjords

Sediment profiles of210Pb and137Cs in cores collected at increasing distances from the heads of Smeaton Bay and Boca de Quadra fjords indicate that watersheds influence the inventories of radioisotopes present and that the steep topographies of the fjords enhance sediment redistribution. Episodic deposition of terrestrially derived sediment was responsible for roughly 50% of the137Cs and 45% of the210Pb inventories in shallower (less than 180 m) locations in Wilson and Bakewell arms of Smeaton Bay.210Pb sedimentation rates at shallower sites when corrected for episodic deposition were less than sedimentation rates obtained in the deep basins of the fjords where sediment focusing and increased primary productivity in the overlying water column occur. Higher fluxes of dissolved Mn from surficial sediments and subsequent reoxidation in the overlying water may have enhanced scavenging of210Pb in basin locations, resulting in higher inventories. Episodic events have occurred frequently in Smeaton Bay and Boca de Quadra suggesting that steady-state conditions with respect to sedimenting particles can be achieved only when averaged over long time periods approaching the time over which137Cs and210Pb are useful.
Do Incentivized Behaviors Become Habits

Organizations often introduce temporary incentive programs with a view of establishing long lasting behaviors. While economic theory assumes that monetary incentives facilitate the implementation of desired practices by increasing the marginal value of performing as required, crowding-out theory predicts that monetary award programs will reduce the motivation to perform incentivized behaviors, especially after the removal of the incentive. Using hand hygiene performance data from a California hospital, I find that a focused incentive program incentivizing a behavior of repetitive nature succeeds in achieving performance improvements that last beyond the end of the incentive period. These results are in line with theoretical predictions of habit formation, where the transformation of a deliberate behavior into an automated cognitive process decouples it from the monetary value of the award. Additionally, the probability and magnitude of habit formation, as well as its persistence are positively influenced by the individual response to the incentive program.
How Climate Change Beliefs among U.S. Teachers Do and Do Not Translate to Students

Research suggests climate change beliefs among science teachers mirror those of the general public, raising questions of whether teachers may be perpetuating polarization of public opinion through their classrooms. We began answering these questions with a survey of middle school science teachers (n = 24) and their students (n = 369) in North Carolina, USA. Similar to previous studies, we found that though nearly all (92.1%) of students had teachers who believe that global warming is happening, few (12%) are in classrooms with teachers who recognize that global warming is anthropogenic. We found that teacher beliefs that global warming is happening and student climate change knowledge were the strongest predictors of student belief that global warming is happening and human caused. Conversely, teacher beliefs about human causes of global warming had no relationship with student beliefs, suggesting that science teachers’ low recognition of the causes of global warming is not necessarily problematic in terms of student outcomes. These findings may be explained by previous research suggesting adolescents interpret scientific information relatively independently of ideological constraints. Though teacher polarization may be problematic in its own right, it appears that as long as climate change information is presented in classrooms, students deduce anthropogenic causes.
Engineering T Cells with Customized Therapeutic Response Programs Using Synthetic Notch Receptors

Redirecting T cells to attack cancer using engineered chimeric receptors provides powerful new therapeutic capabilities. However, the effectiveness of therapeutic T cells is constrained by the endogenous T cell response: certain facets of natural response programs can be toxic, whereas other responses, such as the ability to overcome tumor immunosuppression, are absent. Thus, the efficacy and safety of therapeutic cells could be improved if we could custom sculpt immune cell responses. Synthetic Notch (synNotch) receptors induce transcriptional activation in response to recognition of user-specified antigens. We show that synNotch receptors can be used to sculpt custom response programs in primary T cells: they can drive a la carte cytokine secretion profiles, biased T cell differentiation, and local delivery of non-native therapeutic payloads, such as antibodies, in response to antigen. SynNotch T cells can thus be used as a general platform to recognize and remodel local microenvironments associated with diverse diseases.
„Petrarca ist wieder in Sicht“. Eros und Sexus im Spätwerk Celans

Das Paul Celans poetische Verbindung von Korper und Zeichen einen bedeutenden und neuartigen Beitrag zur europaischen Liebeslyrik, ja zur erotischen Literatur uberhaupt darstellt, durfte kaum noch umstritten sein. Betrachtet man Zahl und Gewicht der Texte, die Eros und Sexus thematisieren, so liese sich sogar eine ‘sexuelle Poetik’ hinter seinem Werk vermuten, wie sie fur andere Autoren nachgewiesen ist.1 Erotik in allen ihren Dimensionen wird bei Celan neu ausgelotet, von subtilen Nuancen des Liebesdiskurses bis in Grenzbereiche des provokant Obszonen. „Man mus schon hartnackig an den Gedichten vorbeilesen, um zu ubersehen, wie konkret das Erotisch-Sexuelle gemeint ist und wie eindeutig es von korperlichen, nicht nur spirituellen Erlebnissen handelt“: Diese Feststellung aus einer der fruhesten Monographien zu Celan2 hat bis heute kaum an Geltung verloren, kennzeichnete doch solches „Vorbeilesen“ bisher die meisten wissenschaftlichen Celan-Lekturen, und erst seit kurzem weicht die Scheu, sich einlaslicher mit dem erotischen Thema auseinanderzusetzen.3 Fur die Abstinenz liesen sich mehrere mogliche Grunde anfuhren. Zum einen das in der Celan-Forschung vorherrschende Interesse fur die sprachreflexiven Aspekte dieser Dichtung, sodann die lange wirksame Etikettierung des Autors als „hermetisch“ und esoterisch, schlieslich die enge interpretative Bindung von Celans Werk und Person an den Holocaust, die einem ‘Opfer’ das korperlich-Lustvolle erotischen Erlebens nicht zugestehen will.
Building In Reliability For Packaging And Assembly

Rapidly evolving package technology, especially plastic package technology, combined with shortening silicon process and product development cycles, demands increasingly rapid integration of package technology with silicon technology. On the other hand, package reliability evaluation still requires repeated cycles of fabrication, environmental test, and analysis. This forces parallel, modular, highly accelerated evaluation of the major reliability interactions between silicon and package. We survey the major technology trends, and how these affect siliconlpackage interactions inportant to reliability. Development cycle time may be reduced by replacing 85/85 with HAST and by using assemblyoriented test chips. A key area for future development is the development of models for the prediction of reliability, which will reduce the testing required.
High Numerical Aperture Meta-lenses at Visible Wavelengths

We report high numerical aperture meta-lenses in the visible spectrum with focal spots as small as 0.65λ. Meta-lenses are based on ultra-thin titanium dioxide metasurface phase masks. They operate in transmission mode and are polarization-insensitive.
Enteric glia cells are critical to limiting the intestinal inflammatory response after injury

Intestinal inflammation is initiated by local immune cell activation and epithelial barrier breakdown, resulting in the production of proinflammatory mediators with subsequent leukocyte recruitment...
Electrical modeling and analysis of 3D Neuromorphic IC with Monolithic Inter-tier Vias

Neuromorphic computing is an emerging computing technology which utilizes very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technology to mimic neuro-biological architectures present in the nervous system. It promises the realization of parallel computing with extremely low power consumption. To fully take advantage of this computing technology, its scalability and complexity need to be extended beyond its current two dimensional (2D) CMOS fabrication and package technology. In this paper, a three dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) technology, which employs Monolithic Inter-tier Via (MIV) and memristor, is proposed to further miniaturize the system and reduce the power consumption. In this work, the building block of the 3D-IC is modeled. In addition, the impact of the crosstalk between the memristor and the MIV is discussed
Correlation between port-systemic pressure gradient and changes in platelet count following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Poster: "ECR 2017 / C-0097 / Correlation between port-systemic pressure gradient and changes in platelet count following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt" by: "A. M. K. Abdel Aal1, S. Kim2, M. Babi2, B. Jackson2, M. Massoud2, S. Moawad2, A. Abouarab2, A. S. Moustafa1, S. Saddekni1; 1Birmingham, AL/US, 2Birmingham/US"
Feasibility of Large-Scale Identification of Sessile Serrated Polyp Patients Using Electronic Records: A Utah Study

The serrated pathway accounts for 15–25% of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). In our study, we sought to accurately characterize sessile serrated polyps (SSP) in a population by electronically interrogating colonoscopy patients’ endoscopy and pathology reports using a rules-based text search of pre-defined SSP-related terms. To this aim, we compared a sample of putative SSP and hyperplastic polyps (HP) using our algorithm to a determination of SSP or HP by pathologist and molecular examination to determine the feasibility of large-scale identification of SSP in electronic medical records. In 23,990 endoscopy reports from colonoscopies with pathology performed at a University of Utah Healthcare facility in 2000–2012, we identified serrated lesions and categorized each as putative SSP or HP using a text search algorithm. We obtained 93 tissue samples for histologic and molecular analysis. Serrated polyps were categorized as putative SSP (N = 920) and putative HP (N = 7159) by text search algorithm. Histologic examination of 93 samples identified 37 SSP, 11 probable SSP, and 45 HP. Of 26 putative SSP, 25 were SSP/probable SSP (96%) by histology. Of 67 putative HP, 44 were HP (66%) by histology. Reducing size criterion from ≥1 to ≥5 mm in the search algorithm caused improved sensitivity (77.1%) without decline in specificity (97.8%). A simple rules-based search to identify SSP provides “proof of principle” that SSP can be identified in a large electronic record set. Pilot data indicate defining large, right-sided polyps as ≥5 mm provides adequate sensitivity to detect SSP from electronic records while maintaining high specificity.
Occurrence, pattern of change, and factors associated with American beech-dominance in stands of the northeastern USA forest.

Abstract American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh) in the understory of tolerant hardwood stands is a major obstacle to improving the quality of forest regeneration in the northeastern USA and southeastern Canada. To better understand patterns of beech occurrence and stand conditions when it is present, we used US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (USFS-FIA) data from four northeastern USA states (Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont) across a 16-year period (1999–2015) to: (i) classify stand conditions (i.e., FIA plots) where American beech was present, (ii) identify beech-dominated stand types, (iii) assess the trend of occurrence (percentage of total forest area) of each identified stand type across the study area during the past 16 years, and (iv) evaluate the relationship of each identified stand type with key biotic and abiotic factors. Based on understory, midstory, and overstory characteristics, we identified four stand types where beech was present across the region including: (i) beech-dominated, (ii) commercial hardwood-dominated, (iii) other hardwood-dominated, and (iv) softwood-dominated. Among these four stand types, the beech-dominated stand type currently occupies 27.4% of total northeastern USA forest area and has had a ∼5% increase over the past 16 years with an even greater increase (>5%) across the forests of New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont. Our results showed increasing mean annual precipitation and greater overstory basal area were positively correlated with the occurrence probability of the beech-dominated stand type, but negatively correlated with the occurrence probabilities of the other identified stand types. Beech-dominated stands were generally associated with higher elevations, greater mean annual precipitation, warmer temperatures, and larger overstory basal areas. Beech dominance in the understory was associated with overstories dominated by beech, as well as overstories dominated by commercial hardwood species. Therefore, overstory harvesting in stands with beech dominant in the understory (irrespective of overstory composition) will tend to promote beech into the overstory. Our results emphasize the need for greater attention to improving regeneration composition in stands where beech is dominant to increase the long-term productivity and commercial value of northeastern forests of the USA.
Locally and remotely triggered aseismic slip on the central San Jacinto Fault near Anza, CA, from joint inversion of seismicity and strainmeter data†

We study deep aseismic slip along the central section of the San Jacinto Fault, near the Anza Seismic Gap, in southern California. Elevated strain rates following the remote M_w7.2, 4 April 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah and the local M_w5.4, 7 July 2010 Collins Valley earthquakes were recorded by Plate Boundary Observatory borehole strainmeters near Anza and were accompanied by vigorous aftershock sequences. We introduce a method to infer the distribution of triggered aseismic slip from combined seismicity and geodetic data, based on a rate-and-state friction model that maps observed changes in seismicity rates into stress changes. We invert for the cumulative slip in the 10 day period following each main shock. Synthetic tests show that the effect of aftershock interactions on the inferred slip distribution is negligible. The joint data set is more consistent with a model in which aseismic slip on a principal fault triggers seismicity on adjacent faults than with one in which aseismic slip and seismicity are coplanar. Our results indicate that aseismic slip primarily occurs along the rim of two seismicity clusters adjacent to Anza Gap, as well as beneath the Anza Gap itself, at depths larger than 10 km. The triggered aseismic slip generated by the two main shocks has little overlap, a pattern also found in sequences of large earthquakes occurring on a same fault. Stresses inferred from seismic activity leading to the Collins Valley main shock suggest that this earthquake was triggered by stresses imposed by the El Mayor-Cucapah remote-triggered aseismic slip, which persisted for more than 2 months.
Common Ties: Immigrant, Refugee, and Ethnic Communities

The racial and ethnic makeup of the United States is in flux. Large numbers of new immigrants both legal and illegal have added a large measure of cultural and phenotypic diversity to the American population especially in the past three decades. The boundaries between racial and ethnic groups are becoming blurred by high rates of intermarriage and the increasing number of persons with mixed ancestry (Perez AQ: Kindly confirm the reference included in Abstract is appropriate as citations are not allowed in Abstract. and Hirschman, Popul Dev Rev 35(1):1–51, 2009).
Decadal fCO2 trends in global ocean margins and adjacent boundary current‐influenced areas

Determination of the rate of change of sea surface CO2 fugacity (fCO2) is important, as the fCO2 gradient between the atmosphere and the ocean determines the direction of CO2 flux and hence the fate of this greenhouse gas. Using a newly available, community-based global CO2 database (Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Version 3 coastal data set) and a newly developed statistical method, we report that the global ocean margins (within 400 km offshore, 30°S–70°N) fCO2 temporal trends on decadal time scales (1.93 ± 1.59 μatm yr−1) closely follow the atmospheric fCO2 increase rate (1.90 ± 0.06 μatm yr−1) in the Northern Hemisphere but are lower (1.35 ± 0.55 μatm yr−1) in the Southern Hemisphere, reflecting dominant atmospheric forcing in conjunction with different warming rates in the two hemispheres. In addition to the atmospheric fCO2 forcing, a direct warming effect contributes more to fCO2 increase in the western boundary current-influenced areas, while intensified upwelling contributes more to fCO2 increase in eastern boundary current-influenced areas.