cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoelectrochemistry and heterogeneous photo-catalysis at semiconductors

Abstract The principles and applications of semiconductor electrodes in photo-electrochemical (PEC) cells (liquid junction photovoltaic, photoelectro-synthetic, photocatalytic) are described. Factors important to the design of practical systems and the extension of the principles of PEC cells to particulate systems for carrying out heterogeneous photocatalysis and photosynthesis are discussed. A “dual n-type semiconductor” model of biological photo-synthesis is proposed and possible means of utilization of such a system is described.
Temporal and stimulus factors in self-monitoring by obese persons

Subjects in the Discriminative Stimulus Pattern (DSP) Condition monitored discriminative cues for their consumptive behavior, those in the Consumptive Stimulus Pattern (CSP) Condition monitored their rate of consumption of calories, and those in the Monitoring Daily Moods (MDM) Condition monitored their moods. Subjects in the Premonitoring and Postmonitoring Conditions performed their self-monitoring prior and subsequent to their consumption of food, respectively. The temporal-monitoring patterns of half of the subjects in each condition were monitored by external observers (Observer vs No Observer Condition). At post-treatment and follow-up, self-monitoring CSP was more effective in producing weight reduction than self-monitoring DSP or MDM. Self-monitoring DSP was more effective than self-monitoring MDM at a 4-week follow-up. Temporal-monitoring patterns did not contribute significantly to weight reduction. In some groups, the reactivity to the external observer was a significant factor in observed weight reduction. DSP, CSP, and observers were major factors in the maintenance of weight loss.
Length and myofilament spacing-dependent changes in calcium sensitivity of skeletal fibres: effects of pH and ionic strength.

The calcium sensitivity of force was measured in glycerinated rabbit psoas fibres at sarcomere lengths (SL) from 2.3 to 3.4 Μm. Increasd SL caused calcium sensitivity to increase and the slope of force-calcium relations to decrease. We have hypothesized that length-dependent changes in myofilament lattice spacing and the presence of fixed charge on the myofilaments are important in determining calcium sensitivity. Lattice spacing changes were monitored by measuring fibre diameter (D). D was decreased by increasing SL, decreasing bathing solution pH and by osmotic compression with 3% PVP. 3% PVP caused D to decrease by about 15% at all SLs and pH values tested. Force-calcium relations were measured at different SLs and pH values, with and without 3% PVP in the bathing solutions. At all pH values D at SL 2.3 Μm with 3% PVP was comparable to the value at 3.4 Μm, without PVP. At pH 7.5 and 7.0 calcium sensitivity was about the same at both SL, although the slope of the force-calcium relation was less at longer SL. The similarity of the calcium sensitivity at the same D, but much different SL, indicates that lattice spacing is important in determining calcium sensitivity, while SL and the degree of myofilament overlap are important in determing the slope of force-calcium relations. In order to test for the role of myofilament charge in determining calcium sensitivity, pH and ionic strength were varied. Decreasing pH caused decreased maximum force and calcium sensitivity. In addition, the influence of SL on calcium sensitivity decreased as pH was lowered, with minimal SL dependence at pH 5.5; even though lattice spacing still decreased with increasing SL. When D was decreased with PVP, calcium sensitivity increased at all SLs in pH 7.5 and 7.0 while the same lattice spacing changes at pH 6.0 and 5.5 resulted in greatly reduced shifts in calcium sensitivity. These results indicate that the effect of lattice spacing on calcium sensitivity depends on myofilament charge. At pH 6.0, even though osmotic compression of the lattice has no effect, increasing SL causes about half the shift in calcium sensitivity seen at pH 7.0. Lowering ionic strength from 200 to 110 mM caused an increase in both the magnitude and length dependence of calcium sensitivity at pH 7.0, while at pH 5.5 both decreased. Although changes in pH and ionic strength can alter crossbridge binding and kinetics, and the binding of calcium to troponin, as well as the magnitude of myofilament charge, the results indicate the importance of both lattice spacing and fixed myofilament charge in determining contractile sensitivity to calcium.
Vapor condensation at the free surface of an axisymmetric liquid mixed by a laminar jet

This paper presents numerical solutions of jet-induced mixing in a partially full cryogenic tank. An axisymmetric laminar jet is discharged from the central part of the tank bottom toward the liquid-vapor interface. Liquid is withdrawn at the same volume flow rate from the outer part of the tank. The jet is at a temperature lower than the interface, which is maintained at a certain saturation temperature. The interface is assumed to be flat and shear free and the condensation-induced velocity is assumed to be negligibly small compared with radial interface velocity. Finite-difference method is used to slove the nondimensional form of steady-state continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Calculations are conducted for jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 150 to 600 and Prandtl numbers ranging from 0.85 to 2.65. The effects of previously stated parameters on the condensation Nusselt and Stanton numbers that characterize the steady-state interface condensation process are investigated. Detailed analysis is performed to gain a better understanding of the fundamentals of fluid mixing and interface condensation.
High Yield of Urodynamics Performed for Refractory Nonneurogenic Dysfunctional Voiding in the Pediatric Population

Purpose: In the pediatric population urodynamic evaluation for nonneurological causes has been previously reported as a low yield endeavor when considering patients with a primary diagnosis of dysfunctional voiding. We evaluated the rate of clinically significant urodynamic findings that would drive therapeutic intervention for a spectrum of urological disorders in pediatric patients without neurological deficit in whom initial conventional management had failed.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who had undergone urodynamics in the last 7 years. Patients with known neurological deficits were excluded.Results: A total of 805 pediatric urodynamic evaluations were performed from December 1997 to July 2004 at our institution, including 89 in patients with no known neurological diagnosis and charts available for review. Of the urodynamic studies 33 (37.1%) were reported as normal and 56 patients (62.9%) had clinically significant discoveries. Storage phase abnormalities ...
Two methods to deconvolve: L 1 -method using simplex algorithm and L 2 -method using least squares and parameter

If r(t) is the linear scattering response of an object to an excitation waveform e(t) , then r(t) = (e \ast h) (t) . One would like to deconvolve and solve for h(t) , the impulse response. It is well-known that this is often an ill-conditioned problem. Two methods are discussed. The first method replaces the discretized matrix form E \cdot H = R by the following problem. Minimize \|h_{1}\|+ \ldots + \|h_{n}\| subject to R - \lambda \leq E \cdot H \leq R + \lambda where \lambda is a column vector chosen sufficiently small to yield acceptable residuals, yet large enough to make the problem well-conditioned. This problem is converted to a linear programming problem so that the simplex algorithm can be used. The second method is to minimize \parallel E \cdot H - R \parallel^{2} +\lambda \parallel H \parallel^{2} where again \lambda is chosen small enough to yield acceptable residuals and large enough to make the problem well-conditioned. The method will be demonstrated with a Hilbert matrix inversion problem, and also by the deconvolution of the impulse response of a simple target from measured data.
Mechanistic advances in eukaryotic gene activation.

Abstract Recent structural studies demonstrating how selected transcriptional regulatory proteins bind to DNA and biochemical experiments exploring the mechanism by which an activator stimulates transcription have contributed significantly to our understanding of gene regulation in eukaryotes.
Erratum to: Do Patient-specific Guides Improve Coronal Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty?

The online version of the original article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-011-2222-2.
Cretaceous-Jurassic Dinoflagellate Stratigraphy in Blake-Bahama Basin: ABSTRACT

A stratigraphically conformable dinoflagellate zonation ranging in age from Vraconian Albian to earliest Oxfordian-middle Callovian is distributed through 875 m of section recovered at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 534A. The Cretaceous interval is the most fossiliferous studied to date in the paleobathymetrically deep western North Atlantic, and correlates well with five other sites. The Cretaceous-Jurassic boundary, considered to be conformable, is in nannofossil ooze just below the first red intercalated layers but above the major lithology of the Jurassic Cat Gap Formation. Jurassic assemblages are not as well preserved, but provide stratigraphically useful species. Blackish sediment is present intermittently throughout the investigated section at Site 534A; its origin is considered to be related to sedimentation rates. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1663------------
Cyanobacterial PPP family protein phosphatases possess multifunctional capabilities and are resistant to microcystin-LR.

The structural gene for a putative PPP family protein-serine/threonine phosphatase from the microcystin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7820,pp1-cyano1, was cloned. The sequence of the predicted gene product, PP1-cyano1, was 98% identical to that of the predicted product of an open reading frame, pp1-cyano2, from a cyanobacterium that does not produce microcystins, M. aeruginosa UTEX 2063. By contrast, PP1-cyano1 displayed less than 20% identity with other PPP family protein phosphatases from eukaryotic, archaeal, or other bacterial organisms. PP1-cyano1 and PP1-cyano2 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Both enzymes exhibited divalent metal dependent phosphohydrolase activity in vitro toward phosphoserine- and phosphotyrosine-containing proteins and 3-phosphohistidine- and phospholysine-containing amino acid homopolymers. This multifunctional potential also was apparent in samples of PP1-cyano1 and PP1-cyano2 isolated from M. aeruginosa. Catalytic activity was insensitive to okadaic acid or the cyanobacterially produced cyclic heptapeptide, microcystin-LR, both potent inhibitors of mammalian PP1 and PP2A. PP1-cyano1 and PP1-cyano2 displayed diadenosine tetraphosphatase activity in vitro. Diadenosine tetraphosphatases share conserved sequence features with PPP family protein phosphatases. The diadenosine tetraphosphatase activity of PP1-cyano1 and PP1-cyano2 confirms that these enzymes share a common catalytic mechanism.
An efficient Monte Carlo algorithm for overcoming broken ergodicity in the simulation of spin systems

Abstract A new Monte Carlo algorithm which provides enhanced sampling in the calculation of equilibrium thermodynamic properties of spin systems is presented. The algorithm proposed performs trial moves based on the generalized statistical distributions derived from a modification of the Gibbs-Shannon entropy by Tsallis. Results for a two-dimensional Ising model demonstrate that the algorithm leads to a greatly enhanced rate of barrier crossing and convergence in the calculation of equilibrium thermodynamic averages. Comparison is made with standard Metropolis Monte Carlo.
Meeting halfway on the bridge between protein folding theory and experiment.

Understanding the mechanism of protein folding is a notoriously difficult problem for both experiment and simulation (1, 2). In this issue of PNAS, through a combination of theory (Karanicolas and Brooks; ref. 3) and experiment (Nyguen et al.; ref. 4), progress toward the bridge between simulation and experiment is beautifully demonstrated. Indeed, lead by predictions made by Karanicolas and Brooks, Nyguen et al. demonstrate the utility of a new generation of model systems for protein folding in which a small model protein (the WW domain) can be tuned from simple two-state behavior to more complex three-state folding merely by changing the temperature. Because such qualitative differences in the folding pathway can be induced through relatively subtle changes in the experimental conditions, this WW domain makes an ideal test system for our understanding of protein folding, both in terms of theory, simulation, and one's conceptualization of the relevant physical forces driving folding.
Hominid paleoecology and competitive exclusion: Limits to similarity, niche differentiation, and the effects of cultural behavior

Author(s): Winterhalder, B | Abstract: Fossil evidence from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Africa apparently has confirmed a multi‐lineage interpretation of early hominid evolution. Empirical refutation of the single species hypothesis must now be matched to the evolutionary ecology theory, which can underwrite taxonomic assessment and help to explain sympatric hominid coexistence. This paper contributes to that goal by reassessing the ecological rationale provided for the single‐species hypothesis. Limiting similarity concepts indicate that the allowable ecological overlap between sympatric competitors is greater than the degrees of metric overlap often advanced as standards for identifying fossil species. Optimal foraging theory and the compression hypothesis show that the initial ecological reaction of a hominid to a sympatric competitor would likely be micro‐habitat divergence and possibly also temporal differentiation of resource use. The long‐term, evolutionary response is niche divergence, probably involving diet as well. General niche partitioning studies suggest that diet and habitat are the most common dimensions of niche separation, although temporal separation is unusually frequent in carnivores. The equation of niche with culture, basic to the single‐species hypothesis, has no analytic meaning. Finally, four minor points are discussed, suggesting that (a) extinction is not unlikely, even for a long‐lived and competitively competent hominid lineage, (b)parsimony is fickle, (c)interspecific mutualism may jeopardize survival, and (d)generalists are subordinate competitors, but for hominids, seemingly, successful ones. I argue that analog models of hominid paleoecology should be replaced by the use of zoological and anthropological observations to assess the generality and reliability of ecological theory and comcepts that may encompass early hominids. Copyright © 1981 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company
Flight path of electrospun polystyrene solutions: Effects of molecular weight and concentration

The behavior of the solution jet during electrospinning is a consequence of the balance between electrical, surface tension, and viscoelastic forces. Solution rheology, which is known to have a significant effect on the structure of the electrospun polymer, may also affect jet evolution and breakdown. In this study, the effect of polymer molecular weight and concentration on the behavior of polystyrene solution jet was investigated using high speed camera (2000 frames/s). The results indicate that the degree of elongational flow, bending instability, and jet branching depends on polymer molecular weight and concentration. It was observed that jet thinning and solidification may occur at different distances from the capillary when the rheological conditions are varied.
Grain Boundary Structure and Migration and the Microstructure of Films

Determination of the structure of the core of grain boundaries is the key to a fundamental understanding of properties such as grain boundary migration. Whilst theory, especially computer simulation, offered valuable insights, nothing can supplant experimental data. High resolution electron microscopy has been used to reveal the dislocation structure of high angle boundaries, some elements of the structural units which are thought to provide the characteristic building blocks of grain boundaries, rigid translations and a remarkable multiplicity of structure in neighboring regions of particular grain boundaries. The understanding which results from these studies gives an insight to the way in which polycrystalline and polyphase materials evolve towards a state where the excess energy due to the interface is minimized providing the necessary atomic mobility is possible. This evolution occurs at the nucleation and growth stages of microstructural development. In practice nucleation selects low energy orientations which may be perpetuated during growth. For the important case of thin films interfacial processes control (a) the formation of grain structure in single component films and (b) the development of preferred orientations in heteroepitaxial deposits.
Intelligibility of Telephone Speech for the Hearing Impaired When Various Microphones Are Used for Acoustic Coupling.

This study set out to systematically measure the effect of using various candidate microphones for acoustic coupling of hearing aids to a telephone receiver. Intelligibility of words was determined for three microphones and three levels of interfering noise for a total of nine conditions. The subjects all had moderate hearing loss. It was found that microphones that exhibit pressure gradient sensitivity can, when properly positioned relative to the telephone receiver, increase intelligibility scores significantly. Results show that comparable listening performance is achieved with a pressure gradient microphone at a 10 dB higher level of interfering noise than with a microphone that is only sensitive to pressure. The results quantify the effect of microphones in acoustic coupling of hearing aids to telephones and point to a possible means for improving some types of hearing aids to facilitate telephone use for the hearing-impaired.
Methodological Review: Natural Language Processing methods and systems for biomedical ontology learning

While the biomedical informatics community widely acknowledges the utility of domain ontologies, there remain many barriers to their effective use. One important requirement of domain ontologies is that they must achieve a high degree of coverage of the domain concepts and concept relationships. However, the development of these ontologies is typically a manual, time-consuming, and often error-prone process. Limited resources result in missing concepts and relationships as well as difficulty in updating the ontology as knowledge changes. Methodologies developed in the fields of Natural Language Processing, information extraction, information retrieval and machine learning provide techniques for automating the enrichment of an ontology from free-text documents. In this article, we review existing methodologies and developed systems, and discuss how existing methods can benefit the development of biomedical ontologies.
Consumer Packaged Cheese. II. Chemical Changes

Summary A study was conducted of fluorescent light-exposed and light-protected consumer-packaged Cheddar cheese during refrigerated storage to relate chemical changes to flavor changes, and to determine the Eh-flavor stability relationship of Cheddar cheese. Chemical changes were determined by the Thiamine Disulfide (TDS), Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA), and Peroxide tests, and by a copper method for α-amino nitrogen. The TDS results revealed that the -SH group concentrations of consumer-packaged Cheddar cheese decrease during storage. Decrease in -SH groups was retarded by decreasing the surface-mass ratio of the cut cheese, coating the cheese surface with Myvacet-700, and packaging the cheese in aluminum laminated film. For chunk-style light-exposed cheese, the loss of -SH groups levelled off or was reversed after approximately seven days of storage. The persistence of -SH groups of light-protected cheese during storage related directly to the flavor stability of the cheese. The TBA, Peroxide, and α-amino nitrogen results revealed only slight changes in the fat and protein systems of the cheese during storage, and the methods did not differentiate conclusively between oxidized (light-exposed) and nonoxidized (light-protected) cheese. The Eh stability of Cheddar cheese of high flavor quality varied widely when the cheese was exposed to air. There was a direct correlation between Eh stability and flavor stability, persistence of -SH groups, and relatively small increases in pyruvic acid. Cheese lacking Eh stability was characterized by unstable flavor, loss of -SH groups, and relatively large increases in pyruvic acid.
A heat exchange system for spawning red drum

Abstract Red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus , may be induced to spawn in captivity by precise manipulation of temperature and photoperiod regimes to simulate seasonal cycles. heat pumps may be used for temperature control in spawning systems. An earth-coupled heat pump was evaluated for temperature control in a red drum spawning system. Adult broodfish were contained in an 11·4 kl spawning tank and were subjected to a 150 day temperature and photoperiod regime. An 8·5 kW heat pump transferred heat between the earth and spawning tank via vertical loops of polybutylene pipe. Tank water temperature was maintained to within ±0·8°C of the target temperature for the 150 day regime. Energy costs for the heat pump averaged S1·33 per day during the study period. The fish spawned on two occasions following the 150 day conditioning regime.
Dispersive kinetic processes, optical linewidths and dephasing in amorphous solids

Abstract A theory which describes the dispersive behavior associated with (i) nonphotochemical hole growth (or photochemical hole growth with a distribution of photoproduct states) and (ii) spontaneous hole filling is developed and applied to existing experimental data. For certain systems, the hole growth data demand that hole filling during the burn (HFDB) be considered. The relationship of this filling to the recently discovered phenomenon of laser-induced hole filling (LIHF) is discussed. The above theory is based on the TLS model, with both intrinsic and extrinsic TLS (TLS int , TLS ext ) taken into account. The TLS ext represent the subset of bistable configurations which interact strongly with or are created by the impurity. The two types of TLS are characterized by markedly different distribution function parameters. Finally, the question of whether holewidths can be used to provide the optical dephasing time is addressed. A mechanism for spectral diffusion (broadening) of holes due to slow (>T 1 ) TLS relaxation processes is proposed. Conditions under which the temperature power laws for optical dephasing and “slow” spectral diffusion may be the same are defined.
Elimination of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in the liver.

Immune responses in the liver have been studied for more than three decades, raising intriguing questions but providing few definitive answers. Many observations pertaining to immunity in this organ are unexpected and some of them even contradictory: parenchymal cells in the liver are readily accessible to circulating lymphocytes and may function as antigen-presenting cells (APC), yet antigens expressed in the liver often fail to induce responses and may cause systemic tolerance. There are rare lymphocyte classes in the liver, yet reasons why these cells reside in this organ and why immune responses are often poor remain to be elucidated. Here one of the central questions in immune responses in the liver is discussed (i.e., the ability of the adaptive T-cell-mediated immune response to clear a virus infection). An attempt is made to explain the intriguing observation that non-self-antigens expressed in the liver may induce unresponsiveness. It is shown that cell-mediated immunity to a viral infection is terminated, coincident with cell death of virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) early after infection. Death of CTL is shown to involve interaction of Fas with Fas ligand, pointing to fratricide between activated CTL. The observation that T-cell death is inhibitable by injection of interleuken-2 is interpreted to point to a mechanism involving insufficient stimulation of T cells in conjunction with a death signal by Fas. The hypothesis is put forward that antigen presentation by unconventional APC in the liver leads to T-cell activation, in turn inducing lytic activity and expression of Fas and FasL on CTL. CTL then commit fratricide, aided by insufficient cytokine production and resulting in clonal elimination of virus-specific T cells and induction of tolerance.
Benn, Carl Native Memoirs from the War of 1812: Black Hawk and William Apess Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 208 pp., $29.95, ISBN 978-1421412191 Publication Date: December 2013

Carl Benn's contribution to Johns Hopkins Press's War of 1812 series brings together the wartime memoirs of Black Hawk and William Apess, two of the most “direct and detailed” (120) indigenous voic...
Radiation therapy in endometrial cancer.

The role of radiation in endometrial cancer, especially in the adjuvant setting, is controversial. Factors that influence radiotherapy recommendations include surgical considerations, pathological findings, potential sites of disease recurrence and the practice philosophies of the individual physician. It has been demonstrated that adjuvant radiotherapy following primary surgery significantly improves pelvic tumour control, but has no measurable impact on overall survival in an unselected patient population. Studies to date have been hampered by the inclusion of patients with a wide spectrum of prognostic features; this may decrease the likelihood of observing greater benefit in discriminate subsets at higher risk of relapse. Further trials are required to define clinical prognosis more precisely and to investigate the role of radiation in higher-risk patients. In the meantime, we propose guidelines for radiotherapy in endometrial cancer which serve as bases for discussion and collaboration among physicians and as platforms for future study and progress.
On The Possibility of Ethological Explanations of Psychiatric Disorders

This paper discusses: previous ethological and evolutionary explanations of psychiatric disorders; a behavior-physiology interaction framework for explaining the frequency and course of selected psychiatric illnesses; atypical behavioral capacities among persons with psychiatric disorders; behavioral mechanisms; and ethological explanations of the behavior of patients suffering from psychiatric illnesses. The importance of behavior-physiology interactions is emphasized. Possible consequences of current taxonomic systems (DSM-III) are considered. It is concluded that ethology has a vital role in increasing our understanding of psychiatric disorders through identifying: characteristics of disorders; selected causes; degree and type of compromised mechanisms; and, intervention effectiveness.
A phosphorus soil test interpretation for corn grown on acid soils varying in crystalline clay content

Abstract Although there is considerable knowledge about P sorption in relation to soil properties, little of this information has been applied to the refinement of P soil test interpretations. Perhaps the most Important soil property, and one that could be readily Incorporated, is clay content. Corn was grown in residual P studies on two Ultisols that differed in clay content. Yield was first expressed as an exponential function of soil test P concentration, then the P concentration replaced with the rate of P required to maintain a given soil test P level for one year. Net income was computed from the yield, price of corn, rate of fertilizer, and fertilizer cost. When net Income was maximized, the optimum P rate for each soil was calculated in relation to the Initial soil P concentration. These relationships were quite linear and differed markedly between soils due to clay content. A continuous function was then developed to express the optimum P rate for soils of any clay content and P concentration.
A Balancing Act: Dilemmas of Implementing a High-Stakes Performance Assessment

Dilemmas abound in the design, implementation, analysis, and interpretation of the outcomes of a summative performance assessment of teaching when used for licensing, for individual and program evaluation, and for accountability purposes. In this article, we explore the impact of the Performance Assessment for California Teachers (PACT) on the Stanford Teacher Education Program (STEP). Specifically, we explore ways in which this high-stakes assessment influences programmatic priorities and drives structural and curricular decisions that might or might not be at odds with the conceptual frame and stated mission of the program. We highlight two thorny dilemmas that have challenged our program in the implementation of the PACT Teaching Event—a high-stakes performance assessment for teachers—and our attempts to manage these dilemmas “satisficingly.”
Direct solution approximation to the thermal hydraulic quenchback in superconducting cables

Abstract Using an approximation to the conduction fluid equations, a solution is given based on direct integration. The solution is used to establish a relationship between quench velocity and conductor length in a cable-in-conduit-type configuration.
Cultural Shifts: Addressing [Un]intended Consequences of the Fight Against Domestic Violence

Jennie Suk, At Home in the Law: How the Domestic Violence Revolution is Transforming Privacy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 204 pp. Jennie Suk, Assistant Professor at Harvard Law School ...
When an Organizational Message Resonates With Personal Values of Publics: Implications for Strategic Communication Management

Identifying and understanding key audiences are the most essential process in strategic communication management to tailor messages to avoid misinterpretation and, more important, to engage in effective communication with key audiences to understand their values. The purpose of this study is to apply the concept of value proximity to examine its effects on people's attitudes toward an organization. To do so, this study adopted the notion of conceptual fluency to examine the moderating role of personal values, such as pro-environment versus pro-development. The key finding of this study is that individual publics' company attitudes are significantly enhanced by the degree of value proximity in organizational messages. The implications of the findings of this study are that the same message can be interpreted differently by various people, depending on factors such as prior exposure to certain messages (priming), personal values of publics, and the degree of association between the two (value proximity). Th...
Services outsourcing: marketing strategy and the internal competitor

As corporations look to concentrate on core competencies, the likelihood of outsourcing various business services increases. The outsourcing phenomenon represents a significant market opportunity for suppliers of business services. However; the outside supplier often finds that his major competitor, the internal service provider, is part of the outsourcing evaluation team. Furthermore, the internal provider may have significant influence in his/her role as the inhouse functional expert. This study investigates the viewpoint of the inhouse provider vis-a-vis outside suppliers in the context of warehousing, a pure business service. The study finds that outsourcing does not take place where the inhouse expert perceives a wide gap between internal and external service capabilities.
Ascorbate/Iron Activates Ca2+-Release Channels of Skeletal Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles Reconstituted in Lipid Bilayers

Abstract Ca2+-release channel or ryanodine receptor is known to be involved in physiologic Ca2+-release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal and cardiac muscle. A variety of chemical oxidants and in particular SH-oxidizing reagents have been shown to activate Ca2+ release. However, the role of the oxidative modification of the channel in the physiologic mechanism(s) of Ca2+ release and in pathologic states of the muscle remains to be elucidated. Ascorbate/iron redox couple is known to be an efficient generator of oxygen radicals and semidehydroascorbyl radicals. Ascorbate/iron was shown to be released from cardiomyocytes during ischemia-reperfusion and was suggested to be involved in the ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiomyocyte death. To understand the potential contribution of ascorbate/iron to Ca2+ release mechanism(s), calcium release channels from skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were reconstituted in artificial planar bilayers to examine the effects of this redox couple on the channel activity. Ascorbate elicited a transient (about 2 min) but dramatic increase of open-time probability of the channel. At pCa = 7.0, the presence of EGTA blocked ascorbate induced activation of release channels. However, when exogenous iron was added, ascorbate activated Ca2+ release channels, even in the presence of EGTA. ESR measurements demonstrated that semidehydroascorbyl radicals were generated from ascorbate in the absence of EGTA. The semidehydroascorbyl radical ESR signal was quenched by EGTA in the absence (but not in the presence) of exogenous iron. Thus, the production of ascorbyl radicals was associated with increased channel activity. In the presence of heparin, ascorbate plus iron elicited a long-lasting activation of the channel which had conductance gCa2+ = 100 pS characteristic for the ryanodine receptor and which could be blocked by the ryanodine channel inhibitor, ruthenium red. In conclusion the physiologically relevant redox couple - ascorbate/iron - at physiologic concentrations can activate Ca2+ channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.
Cellular mechanisms underlying acquired epilepsy: the calcium hypothesis of the induction and maintainance of epilepsy.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. Although epilepsy can be idiopathic, it is estimated that up to 50% of all epilepsy cases are initiated by neurological insults and are called acquired epilepsy (AE). AE develops in 3 phases: (1) the injury (central nervous system [CNS] insult), (2) epileptogenesis (latency), and (3) the chronic epileptic (spontaneous recurrent seizure) phases. Status epilepticus (SE), stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are 3 major examples of common brain injuries that can lead to the development of AE. It is especially important to understand the molecular mechanisms that cause AE because it may lead to innovative strategies to prevent or cure this common condition. Recent studies have offered new insights into the cause of AE and indicate that injury-induced alterations in intracellular calcium concentration levels [Ca2+]i and calcium homeostatic mechanisms play a role in the development and maintenance of AE. The injuries that cause AE are different, but they share a common molecular mechanism for producing brain damage—an increase in extracellular glutamate concentration that causes increased intracellular neuronal calcium, leading to neuronal injury and/or death. Neurons that survive the injury induced by glutamate and are exposed to increased [Ca2+]i are the cellular substrates to develop epilepsy because dead cells do not seize. The neurons that survive injury sustain permanent long-term plasticity changes in [Ca2+]i and calcium homeostatic mechanisms that are permanent and are a prominent feature of the epileptic phenotype. In the last several years, evidence has accumulated indicating that the prolonged alteration in neuronal calcium dynamics plays an important role in the induction and maintenance of the prolonged neuroplasticity changes underlying the epileptic phenotype. Understanding the role of calcium as a second messenger in the induction and maintenance of epilepsy may provide novel insights into therapeutic advances that will prevent and even cure AE.
Mutualistic dialysis culture of Streptococcus lactis and Candida utilis

Abstract Mutualistic dialysis culture of Streptococcus lactis, which is valuable as a dairy starter, and Candida utilis, which is valuable as single cell protein, was investigated in a batch fermentation system. The bacterium and the yeast were inoculated into separate fermentors connected by an intermediate dialyzer, the membranes of which allowed diffusional exchange of solutes. Lactose fed into the bacterial culture was fermented to lactic acid, which was dialyzed into the yeast culture and consumed so as to relieve product inhibition of the bacterial culture. Consequently, the bacterial cell concentration more than doubled in comparison with a nondialysis control, and yeast cells were produced as byproduct. Although the acid production rate by the bacterium was much faster than the acid consumption rate by the yeast, the primary limiting factor of the process apparently was the solute exchange rate across the membrane.
Perils and promises: University instructors’ integration of technology in classroom‐based practices

Modern technologies such as the Internet present new opportunities for teaching and learning at all educational levels. Today, many universities strive to integrate appropriate technologies into campus classrooms. Despite sizeable investments in hardware, software and supporting infrastructures, little is known about implementation. The purpose of this study was to examine college-level instructors’ use of and attitudes towards classroom-based teaching technologies. The methodological design relied on qualitative measures through the use of two data collection methods, survey and interview. The research site was a large, public university in the United States. Findings revealed trends in current and future technology use, the positive influence of technology on teaching and learning, and significant barriers to technology use that resulted in practical recommendations for leveraging available resources towards the support of classroom-based technologies. This study not only advances the knowledge base regarding the use of classroom-based technologies in higher education but also serves as a practical resource for guiding future instructional technology practices on college campuses.
Romantic Relationships at Work: Perceived Changes in Job‐Related Behaviors as a Function of Participant's Motive, Partner's Motive, and Gender

It is frequently assumed that intimate relationships between members of the same organization inevitably prove harmful to organizational functioning. This paper challenges that assumption by examining the association between three motives for entering a relationship (love, ego, job) and four job-related behaviors. The data suggest that (a) although positive and negative changes in job-related behaviors do occur, they are generally small, and (b) they can be predicted, in part, by the motives for entering the relationship and, in part, by the gender of the relational participant.
Uptake and secretion of technetium pertechnetate by the rat parotid gland.

Abstract 1. 1. The ability of acinar cells of the rat parotid gland to transport technetium pertechnetate (99mTcO−4) was examined. 2. 2. After intravenous injection, 99mTcO−4 was rapidly detected in parotid saliva. 3. 3. There was an excellent correlation between saliva and plasma 99mTcO−4 levels. The saliva to plasma ratio was always 4. 4. Output of 99mTcO−4 by the parotid gland closely mimicked fluctuations in parotid saliva flow rate. 5. 5. In vitro, enzymatically dispersed parotid acinar cells accumulated 99mTcO−4 from the incubation medium in a biphasic manner. This uptake was partially blocked by 10−4 M NaI. 6. 6. Cells which had accumulated 99mTcO−4showed increased radionuclide efflux after exposure to 10−5 M carbachol.
Frequency of anesthetic cardiac arrests in infants: effect of pediatric anesthesiologists

Abstract Study Objective: To determine whether the presence of pediatric anesthesiologists decreases the frequency of anesthetic-related cardiac arrests in infants (children who are 1 year of age or younger). Design : A comparative retrospective study of anesthetics and cardiac arrests during a 7-year period. Setting: The main operating room (OR) suite of a large university hospital. Patients: All patients age 1 year or less undergoing surgical anesthesia from July 1983 through March 1990. Interventions: Computerized anesthetic and operative patient records were queried for patient age, ASA physical status, body weight, surgical procedure, intraoperative complications, and the identity of the attending anesthesiologist. In each case, it was determined whether a pediatric anesthesiologist was in attendance and whether a cardiac arrest due to anesthesia occurred. Pediatric anesthesiologists were identified as those with pediatric fellowship training or the equivalent. The study population was divided into two groups: (1) the pediatric anesthesiologist group, with 2,310 patients whose anesthetics were supervised by pediatric anesthesiologists; (2) the nonpediatric anesthesiologist group, with 2,033 patients. Measurements and Main Results: Mean age and weight were comparable in the two groups, and the distribution of physical status did not differ. No anesthesia-related cardiac arrests occurred in the pediatric anesthesiologist group; four anesthetic cardiac arrests occurred in the nonpediatric anesthesiologist group, for a frequency of 19.7 per 10,000 anesthetics. This difference between provider groups is significant (Fisher's exact probability test, p = 0.048). Conclusions: The results suggest that the use of pediatric anesthesiologists for all infants 1 year of age or younger might decrease anesthetic morbidity in this age-group.
Dichotic competition of simultaneous tone bursts of different frequency—III. The effect of stimulus parameters on suppression and ear dominance functions

Abstract The perceptual interaction of the two tones of a dichotically presented chord was studied as a function of the differences in the intensity between the right and left ear tones. The further effects of (a) absolute sound pressure level (ASPL), (b) tone duration, (c) frequency difference between the two tones (△ f ), and (d) the temporal asynchrony between the two tones on the perceptual interaction were analyzed in terms of their effects on the magnitude of the suppression and dominance functions defined in the companion paper. The magnitude of the suppression function increased with a decrease of ASPL, an increase in tone duration, and an increase in frequency difference, but was not altered by temporal asynchrony between the two tones of the chord. The ear dominance function in all subjects was unaffected by intensity levels and tone durations. For some subjects the ear dominance function was influenced by frequency differences between the two tones.
Association between Streptococcus faecalis urinary infections and graft rejection in kidney transplantation.

Abstract In the first month after transplantation 50% of 193 consecutive renal transplant recipients had bacteriuria. The most common organisms isolated were Streptococcus faecalis (34), Escherichia coli (28), Pseudomonas spp. (11), and staphylococcus (9). There was a significant correlation between infection with Str. fœcalis and graft failure at one, three, and twelve months. This observation suggests that urinary infection with Str. faecalis may be associated with graft failure which is probably the result of immunological factors.
Enforced Expression of METCAM/MUC18 Increases Tumorigenesis of Human Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells in Nude Mice

Purpose: Metastasis cell adhesion molecule/MUC18, a cell adhesion molecule in the Ig-like gene super family, is a key determinant in prostate cancer cell progression. However, the mechanisms by which human metastasis cell adhesion molecule/MUC18 stimulates progression are poorly understood. To investigate this and determine whether human metastasis cell adhesion molecule/MUC18 may act as a possible tumor progression gene, we studied the effect of its enforced expression on LNCaP cell tumorigenesis.Materials and Methods: We subcutaneously co-injected a metastasis cell adhesion molecule/MUC18 expressing LNCaP clone and control clones/cells with Matrigel™ into nude mice, observed tumor formation of these cells and measured tumors at different times. To understand the mechanisms we also determined the expression of several downstream key effectors of metastasis cell adhesion molecule/MUC18 in subcutaneous tumors and compared them to those in previously obtained orthotopic (prostatic) tumors.Results: Tumors de...
Management of exposure records at small businesses with a personal computer — a simple approach

There exists a need for the safety and health directors of small businesses to manage employees' health and exposure records effectively, due to a recent OS HA recordkeeping requirement. To fulfill such a need, a simple and flexible data base design utilizing a low-cost personal computer system is discussed along with program listing and implementing instructions. Small businesses which normally cannot afford a large computer can greatly benefit from a mini-system.
Factors associated with past research participation among low-income persons living with HIV

Abstract We described influences on past research participation among low-income persons living with HIV (PLWH) and examined whether such influences differed by study type. We analyzed a convenience sample of individuals from a large, urban clinic specializing in treating low-income PLWH. Using a computer-assisted survey, we elicited perceptions of research and participating in research, barriers, benefits, “trigger” influences, and self-efficacy in participating in research. Of 193 participants, we excluded 14 who did not identify any type of study participation, and 17 who identified “other” as study type, resulting in 162 cases for analysis. We compared results among four groups (i.e., 6 comparisons): past medical participants (n=36, 22%), past behavioral participants (n=49, 30%), individuals with no past research participation (n=52, 32%), and persons who had participated in both medical and behavioral studies (n=25, 15%). Data were analyzed using chi-square tests for categorical variables and ANOVA f...
Microsomal epoxidation of cyclodiene insecticides.

Rabbit liver microsomes were shown to contain enzyme systems that converted heptachlor, aldrin, and isodrin into their corresponding epoxides. No other metabolites were produced. The epoxidases required NADPH2 and oxygen. Epoxidation of heptachlor and aldrin was inhibited by SKF 525-A, piperonyl butoxide, parathion, and γ-BHC. Mutual inhibition between the two substrates as well as inhibition by epoxides was observed. Epoxidase activities were also found in rat liver microsomes and in insect homogenates. A model hydroxylation system (EDTA, Fe2+, and ascorbate) did not simulate microsomal epoxidase. Metabolism of γ- and δ-pentachlorocyclohexene was similarly demonstrated with rabbit liver microsomes.