cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Part of speech tagging for arabic

This paper presents an investigation of part of speech (POS) tagging for Arabic as it occurs naturally, i.e. unvocalized text (without diacritics). We also do not assume any prior tokenization, although this was used previously as a basis for POS tagging. Arabic is a morphologically complex language, i.e. there is a high number of inflections per word; and the tagset is larger than the typical tagset for English. Both factors, the second one being partly dependent on the first, increase the number of word/tag combinations, for which the POS tagger needs to find estimates, and thus they contribute to data sparseness. We present a novel approach to Arabic POS tagging that does not require any pre-processing, such as segmentation or tokenization: whole word tagging. In this approach, the complete word is assigned a complex POS tag, which includes morphological information. A competing approach investigates the effect of segmentation and vocalization on POS tagging to alleviate data sparseness and ambiguity. In the segmentation-based approach, we first automatically segment words and then POS tags the segments. The complex tagset encompasses 993 POS tags, whereas the segment-based tagset encompasses only 139 tags. However, segments are also more ambiguous, thus there are more possible combinations of segment tags. In realistic situations, in which we have no information about segmentation or vocalization, whole word tagging reaches the highest accuracy of 94.74%. If gold standard segmentation or vocalization is available, including this information improves POS tagging accuracy. However, while our automatic segmentation and vocalization modules reach state-of-the-art performance, their performance is not reliable enough for POS tagging and actually impairs POS tagging performance. Finally, we investigate whether a reduction of the complex tagset to the Extra-Reduced Tagset as suggested by Habash and Rambow (Habash, N., and Rambow, O. 2005. Arabic tokenization, part-of-speech tagging and morphological disambiguation in one fell swoop. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Ann Arbor, MI, USA, pp. 573-80) will alleviate the data sparseness problem. While the POS tagging accuracy increases due to the smaller tagset, a closer look shows that using a complex tagset for POS tagging and then converting the resulting annotation to the smaller tagset results in a higher accuracy than tagging using the smaller tagset directly.
Commentary: Sorafenib Use in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Underlying Child-Pugh B Cirrhosis—Evidence and Controversy

Sorafenib (Nexavar ; Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, West Haven, CT, and Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Emeryville, CA) is a small molecule that inhibits tumor-cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis by targeting the serine–threonine kinases Raf-1 and B-Raf and the receptor tyrosine kinases of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor [1, 2]. Encouraged by the strong rationale of its mechanism of action, promising preclinical data against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and early evidence of antitumor activity from the phase II study [3], the international, phase III, placebo-controlled Sorafenib HCC Assessment Randomized Protocol (SHARP) trial was subsequently conducted [4]. That study demonstrated a longer overall survival (OS) time and time to tumor progression (TTP). The median OS time was 10.7 months in the sorafenib group and 7.9 months in the placebo group (hazard ratio for the sorafenib group, 0.69; p .001). The median TTP was 5.5 months in the sorafenib group and 2.8 months in the placebo group (p .001). In another randomized phase III study conducted in Asia, sorafenib also demonstrated a longer OS time in patients with advanced HCC [5]. The OS time was 6.5 months in the sorafenib group versus 4.2 months in the placebo group (hazard ratio for the sorafenib group, 0.68; p .014). These studies have led to the approval of sorafenib for the treatment of advanced HCC in the U.S. and many other countries around the world. Most patients with HCC have underlying cirrhosis of various etiologies, including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, alcohol, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and hemochromatosis. Therefore, patients with HCC have competing causes of death from progressive HCC versus worsening underlying cirrhosis. The most commonly used instrument to assess cirrhosis is the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score. A systematic review of 118 studies of patients with cirrhosis but no known HCC reported that Child-Pugh class A (CPA) patients have 1-year and 2-year actuarial survival rates of 95% and 90%, versus 80% and 70% in Child-Pugh class B (CPB) patients and 45% and 38% in Child-Pugh class C (CPC) patients, respectively [6]. Recognizing that death from cirrhosis could potentially mask treatmentrelated antitumor efficacy, both of the above phase III studies have elected to target patients with underlying CPA
Ultrastructural and autoradiographic studies of mouse cleavage stages

Studies of cleavage stage mouse embryos are reported, with particular emphasis upon nucleolar fine structural and functional changes. Multiple fibrillar primary nucleoli are present in the early 2-cell embryo. In late 2-cell embryos, some of these nucleoli acquire a peripheral zone of granules, while others reticulate, forming nucleoli composed of fibrillo-granular cortices and fibrillar cores. The nucleoli of early 4-cell embryos are composed only of fibrils. In the middle of the 4-cell stage, some of the nucleoli acquire a peripheral granular zone, while others reticulate. The reticulated nucleoli of both the late 2-cell and 4-cell embryos can be considered, on the basis of their fine structure, to be definitive nucleoli. Early 8-cell and morula embryos usually contain only two definitive nucleoli per nucleus. 3H-5-uridine-pulsed embryos contain label localized in the nucleus, particularly over definitive nucleoli. Nucleolar labeling increases at each successive developmental stage. Beginning at the 8-cell stage, re-incubation in nonradioactive medium results in a significant decrease in nucleolar labeling and an increase in cytoplasmic labeling suggesting that more ribosomal RNA is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm at the later cleavage stages.
HMG-I Binds to GATA Motifs: Implications for an HPFH Syndrome

Abstract We have examined binding of the nuclear protein HMG-I to the human γ-globin promoter. We find that HMG-I binds preferentially to the more 3′ of a pair of GATA motifs in the γ-globin promoter; this paired motif is bound by the erythroid factor GATA-1. A naturally occurring mutation (−175 T-C) in the area bound by HMG-I results in overexpression of γ-globin in adult red blood cells (HPFH) and up-regulation of the γ-globin promoter in in vitro expression assays; HMG-I does not bind to this mutant sequence. A survey of GATA motifs from other globin cis-elements demonstrates HMG-I binding to most of them. These findings implicate HMG-I in the HPFH phenotype; we speculate that it may participate in the formation of multiprotein complexes that regulate globin gene expression.
Measuring the Dimensions of Alphabetic Principle on the Reading Development of First Graders The Role of Automaticity and Unitization

This article presents critical issues related to word reading development within Ehri's theoretical context by focusing primarily on the relation of decoding skill (of nonwords) to word reading and the development of unitization. Within this context, issues and considerations related to research, measurement, and reading development are presented from research and field-based perspectives. Analyses examining the relation between a measure of alphabetic principle, Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF), and fluency with connected text, Oral Reading Fluency (ORF), across first grade demonstrated a linear relation between the measures, which was attenuated for students initially above criterion on the NWF measure. A new scoring approach to the NWF measure is presented to capture initial unitization development and was found to account for unique variance in initial status and growth on ORF and provide instructionally relevant information on the nature of developing alphabetic principle skills. Considerations for future research and school-based applications are provided.
Biomedical engineering education and technology transfer

The author examines the role of a biomedical engineering educator in the technology transfer in health care delivery. He identifies the problem as lack of proper communication between the physician and the engineer and suggests ways to remedy it. He discusses the role that the biomedical engineering educator can play in enhancing the acceptability of technological. He concludes that technology transfer will proceed as the normal course of events only when the biomedical engineer establishes him/herself as a part of the health care delivery team. >
Eicosapentaenoic acid and γ-linolenic acid induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells

Enteral nutrition with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3 n-6) decreased pulmonary inflammation by reducing neutrophil counts and chemotactic factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We hypothesize that the anti-inflammatory effects of EPA and GLA may be due, in part, to induction of neutrophil apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether EPA and GLA, alone or in combination, trigger apoptotic cell death in the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line. HL-60 cells were incubated with 10, 20, 50, and 100 micromol/L EPA, GLA, or various combinations of EPA and GLA for 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hs. Oleic acid (18:1 n-9) was used as a fatty acid control. Flow cytometry using dual staining with propidium iodide and annexin V-FITC assessed apoptosis, necrosis, and viability. Apoptosis was verified by DNA fragmentation as assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. EPA, GLA, and various combinations of EPA and GLA significantly induced apoptosis and reduced cell viability in HL-60 cells. Viability was significantly reduced to the same extent with the combination of 50 micromol/L EPA\20 micromol/L GLA compared with 100 micromol/L EPA. These data indicate that EPA and GLA, alone or in combination, reduce cell survival by induction of apoptosis. Thus, induction of apoptosis by select dietary n-3 (EPA) and n-6 (GLA) polyunsaturated fatty acids may be the mechanism of the resolution of pulmonary inflammation in ARDS.
Is Internet addiction addressed in the classroom? A survey of psychology textbooks

Although not designated as an official diagnostic entity, problematic Internet use (or ''Internet addiction'', IA) has received increasing attention in professional literature, both within psychology and in other fields. Given the Internet's popularity and growing recognition of its misuse, it seems legitimate to question whether IA is being given similar attention in relevant academic courses. To address this question, the author surveyed current college-level introductory and abnormal psychology textbooks for references to the IA phenomenon. Of the 44 texts examined, only three specific references to IA (or similar terminology) were found. Recommendations are made regarding the coverage of this contemporary concern in updated text editions.
Experimental tests for boson condensation and superconductivity in semiconductors during pulsed beam annealing

Abstract Van Vechten and Compaan and, independently, Nagy and Noga have proposed that the high reflectivity state observed in pulsed laser/electron/ion beam annealing of Si and other semiconductors results when the electron-hole plasma created by the initial absorption of the ionizing radiation undergoes a boson condensation. The condensed state is described in the same form as the BCS superconductor and has many of the properties of the superconducting state. Lattice temperatures for the material during this phase have beeb measured by Raman scattering to lie in the range from 500 to 1000 K. At this writing no magnetic experiment has been completed to test this proposition further. In addition to the practical problems associated with such a test, there are theoretical questions such as whether or not the bipolar plasma ought to be able to expel a magnetic field within the 100 ns or so that it persists in the proposed boson condensed phase. If not, it does not exhibit perfect diamagnetism and the Meissner effect. An experiment is proposed that is argued to be both easy to perform and to offer a conclusive demonstration of boson condensation. The proposed experiment involves observation of the single plasmon mode by diffraction or from the appearance of linear ripples left on the solid surface and the rotation of this pattern. Preliminary observations seem to confirm the condensation.
Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Enhances Cancellous Osseointegration of a Novel Murine Tibial Implant.

Background: Long-term fixation of uncemented joint implants requires early mechanical stability and implant osseointegration. To date, osseointegration has been unreliable and remains a major challenge in cementless total knee arthroplasty. We developed a murine model in which an intra-articular proximal tibial titanium implant with a roughened stem can be loaded through the knee joint. Using this model, we tested the hypothesis that intermittent injection of parathyroid hormone (iPTH) would increase proximal tibial cancellous osseointegration. Methods: Ten-week-old female C57BL/6 mice received a subcutaneous injection of PTH (40 μg/kg/day) or a vehicle (n = 45 per treatment group) five days per week for six weeks, at which time the baseline group was killed (n = 6 per treatment group) and an implant was inserted into the proximal part of the tibiae of the remaining mice. Injections were continued until the animals were killed at one week (n = 7 per treatment group), two weeks (n = 14 per treatment group), or four weeks (n = 17 per treatment group) after implantation. Outcomes included peri-implant bone morphology as analyzed with micro-computed tomography (microCT), osseointegration percentage and bone area fraction as shown with backscattered electron microscopy, cellular composition as demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis, and pullout strength as measured with mechanical testing. Results: Preimplantation iPTH increased the epiphyseal bone volume fraction by 31.6%. When the data at post-implantation weeks 1, 2, and 4 were averaged for the iPTH-treated mice, the bone volume fraction was 74.5% higher in the peri-implant region and 168% higher distal to the implant compared with the bone volume fractions in the same regions in the vehicle-treated mice. Additionally, the trabecular number was 84.8% greater in the peri-implant region and 74.3% greater distal to the implant. Metaphyseal osseointegration and bone area fraction were 28.1% and 70.1% higher, respectively, in the iPTH-treated mice than in the vehicle-treated mice, and the maximum implant pullout strength was 30.9% greater. iPTH also increased osteoblast and osteoclast density by 65.2% and 47.0%, respectively, relative to the values in the vehicle group, when the data at post-implantation weeks 1 and 2 were averaged. Conclusions: iPTH increased osseointegration, cancellous mass, and the strength of the bone-implant interface. Clinical Relevance: Our murine model is an excellent platform on which to study biological enhancement of cancellous osseointegration.
Differentiating declining commitment and breakup using commitment to wed

ABSTRACTThe relationship literature describes that declining commitment leads to breakup. The goal of this article is to distinguish declining commitment and breakup to clarify this claim to better understand relationship processes. Data comes from a longitudinal study of heterosexual dating couples (N = 180). Both individuals in the relationship independently graphed changes in commitment to wed their partner and reported reasons for each change monthly for eight consecutive months. Frequency and intensity of decreased interaction, relational uncertainty, and alternative partners were measured across periods of stability (increased or stable levels of commitment to wed) and declining commitment (decreased commitment to wed that was at least one month in duration). Hierarchical linear models revealed that more frequent reports of these characteristics were associated with declining commitment rather than stability. Using survival analyses, intensity of each characteristic predicted breakup versus declinin...
Predictive Biomarkers for PD-1 Axis Therapies: The Hidden Treasure or a Call for Research

Blockade of the PD-1 axis has emerged as an effective anticancer immunotherapy against various tumor types. Diverse studies have identified biomarkers associated with response to these therapies. However, the clinical use of such tests is limited by their variable performance and restricted understanding of their biologic significance. Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2102-4. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Ock et al., p. 2261.
Experimental Geomicrobiology: From Field to Laboratory

Geomicrobiology involves the study of microbes that rely on certain geochemical conditions and substrates for growth and survival. Field and laboratory methods need to be carefully considered in order to thoroughly understand unique biogeochemical environments. Choices of field site as well as culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches are central to the study of systems where geomicrobiological processes such as metal oxidation, reduction, and adsorption predominate. We describe general considerations for fieldwork including choice of site, safety issues, and sampling options. Development of powerful ‘omics’ approaches such as metaproteomics and metagenomics now allow researchers to more fully understand complex geomicrobiological phenomena from the molecular to ecosystem scales. Examples are presented where combined 'omics' analyses have shown what biogeochemical processes are occurring and how these influence the geochemical environment. When combined with geochemical analyses, microbiological data from a given system can reveal what key metal transformation processes are occurring, their relative importance in the environment, and the ultimate impact that microbes have on the geochemistry of a system. This chapter serves as a practical guide for initiating and developing a variety of geomicrobiology projects, and can be used in conjunction with microbiology courses and teaching laboratories where questions regarding microbial transformation of metals are being explored.
Optical monitoring of TBI: Survey and study of design parameters

Patients undergoing head trauma present intracranial maladies that may not be detected by diagnostic and monitoring instruments. This paper surveys recent TBI studies and presents optical modeling of design parameters for imaging TBI.
Flight-Like Ground Demonstrations of Precision Maneuvers for Spacecraft Formations

Synchronized formation rotations are a common maneuver for planned precision formations. In such a rotation, attitudes remain synchronized with relative positions, as if the spacecraft were embedded in a virtual rigid body. Further, since synchronized rotations are needed for science data collection, this maneuver requires the highest precision control of formation positions and attitudes. A recently completed, major technology milestone for the Terrestrial Planet Finder Interferometer is the high-fidelity, ground demonstration of precision synchronized formation rotations. These demonstrations were performed in the Formation Control Testbed (FCT), which is a flight-like, multi-robot formation testbed. The FCT is briefly introduced, and then the synchronized rotation demonstration results are presented. An initial error budget consisting of formation simulations is used to show the connection between ground performance and TPF-I flight performance.
Reconstructing Nervous System Development and Function with Light-Sheet Microscopy

I will present our integrated, imaging-based technology framework for reconstructing development and function of the early nervous system in vivo, which combines high-speed multi-view light-sheet microscopy with automated approaches to large-scale image analysis.
The integration of brain dissection within the medical neuroscience laboratory enhances learning.

The purpose of this study was to design a one-hour brain dissection protocol for a medical neuroscience course and evaluate the short and long-term effects of its implementation on medical students. First-year medical students (n = 166) participated in a brain dissection activity that included dissection of the basal nuclei and associated deep brain structures. Short-term retention was assessed by administering identical pre- and post-activity tests involving identification of brain structures. Following the brain dissection, the students' posttest scores were significantly higher (68.8% ± 17.8%; mean percent score ± SD) than their pretest scores (35.8% ± 20.0%) (P ≤ 0.0001). Long-term retention was evaluated by conducting an identical assessment five months after completion of the course. Students who participated in the dissection activity (n = 80) had significantly higher scores (46.6% ± 23.8%) than the students who did not participate in the dissection activity (n = 85) (38.1% ± 23.9%) (P ≤ 0.05). In addition to the long-term retention assessment, the NBME® Subject Examination scores of students who participated in the dissection activity were significantly higher than the students who did not participate in the dissection activity (P ≤ 0.01). Results suggest that this succinct brain dissection activity may be a practical addition to an undergraduate medical neuroscience course for increasing the effectiveness of neuroanatomy training. This effect may have long-term benefits on knowledge retention and may be correlated with higher performance levels on standardized subject examinations. Anat Sci Educ 9: 565-574. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Technology of Peritoneal Dialysis

Successful treatment with peritoneal dialysis is dependent on a well-functioning peritoneal dialysis catheter and appropriately selected dialysate solutions. Peritoneal catheters are available with many modifications. In selected patient populations, some modifications (coiled catheter and swan-neck catheter) may reduce catheter migration or catheter dysfunction. Catheters can be placed successfully using many techniques but laparoscopic surgical placement allows simultaneous hernia repair and omentopexy. Immediate and delayed externalization each has distinct benefits and disadvantages. For most patients, a laterally or downwardly directed abdominal exit site is ideal; for patients in whom abdominal exit site care will be difficult, a presternal exit site is desirable. Dextrose-based dialysate solutions are most widely used and best studied. Dextrose solutions provide good solute clearance and ultrafiltration in most patients but have some disadvantages including glucose absorption, infusion pain and a potential for local damage to the peritoneal membrane. Icodextrin, a high molecular weight starch, is absorbed less quickly than dextrose and provides for prolonged ultrafiltration. It can effectively increase daily ultrafiltration and may have metabolic benefits in diabetic patients. Amino acid solutions can potentially offset protein loss and protein catabolism in dialysis patients but can be associated with uremia. Most recently, there has been interest in dextrose solutions that contain low levels of glucose degradation products (GDPs) and physiologic pH (biocompatible solutions). Biocompatible solutions have shown varying effects on ultrafiltration, urine output, and peritonitis. The proper role for these solutions is not yet established.
Methods to Assess Immunotoxicity

This chapter includes some of the existing and potentially promising methods to assess immunotoxicities in rodents, focusing primarily on mice. Details are given for evaluating the potential of xenobiotics to induce immunomodulation (immunosuppression and immunoenhancement). Current methods on immunopathology, humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry, nonspecific immunity, and host resistance are reviewed. For hypersensitivity evaluation, more emphasis is placed on contact hypersensitivity evaluation in which both the combined local lymph node assay and irritancy assay and the mouse ear swelling test are included. To avoid overlap with other chapters, methods for both respiratory hypersensitivity and autoimmunity are only briefly mentioned here. Considering the intense research on the developing immune system, significant amounts of text have been devoted to describing the selection of assays and the time of assays, time of exposure, route of administration and experimental animals.
Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Low-Stress Herding and Supplement Placement to Target Cattle Grazing Locations☆

ABSTRACT Success of targeted grazing is strongly influenced by the ability of livestock managers to focus grazing livestock on a specific area. Targeted cattle grazing using low-stress herding (LSH) and strategic supplement placement was conducted at four study sites to evaluate management factors that affected our ability to focus cattle grazing on small areas of large pastures. Simple linear regression was used to evaluate relationships between the time Global Positioning System—tracked cattle spent near supplement placement sites and four factors: 1) intake of low-moisture block (LMB) protein supplement, 2) perennial grass standing crop, 3) horizontal and vertical distance of LMB from water, and 4) slope near LMB. Repeated measures were used to evaluate time cattle spent near LMB in different years at study sites in Arizona and New Mexico. Intake of LMB supplement was a moderately good predictor (r2 = 0.60; P < 0.01) of time cattle remained within 250 m of LMB supplement. When cattle consumed recommend...
A Process-Oriented Framework for Justifying Information Technology Projects in e-Business Environments

Justifying information technology (IT) projects is desirable but challenging. Given the unprecedented level of functional integration in e-business environments, the way to link IT projects to business benefits is by capturing interactions in the business process in which they are embedded. Because the application of IT will alter the physical and information flows of a business process, the benefits of an IT project can be estimated by rigorously representing these flows. A system dynamics approach for this purpose is proposed, and, using a call center application as an example, the way this approach links an IT project to its business benefits is demonstrated. Simulations show how the model can be used to make trade-offs among important project parameters. In addition to linking IT projects to business performance, this approach offers insights into the timing of anticipated benefits.
A low-cost, environment-friendly lignin-polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber separator using a water-based method for safer and faster lithium-ion batteries

Abstract A lignin/polyvinyl alcohol (lignin/PVA) nanofiber membrane has been prepared as a separator for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using a simple, low-cost, environment-friendly, water-based method. Lignin is a widely abundant, naturally occurring biopolymer and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a biocompatible polymer with good chemical and thermal stability. In this work, lignin and PVA were dissolved in water, and fibers were drawn from the solution to form a non-woven membrane. A highly porous interpenetrating network structure resulted that showed high electrolyte uptake, excellent compatibility, and superior wettability. The membrane also showed high thermal stability and flame retardant properties. Electrochemical performance revealed high rate capability with the lignin/PVA membrane that is attributed to its high ionic transport property. The as prepared lignin/PVA membrane, thus, can be considered as a separator for safer and faster LIBs with various different anodes.
Gene Expression and Pharmacodynamic Changes in 1,760 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients From Two Phase III Trials of BAFF Blockade With Tabalumab.

Objective To characterize baseline gene expression and pharmacodynamically induced changes in whole blood gene expression in 1,760 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients from 2 phase III, 52-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies in which patients were treated with the BAFF-blocking IgG4 monoclonal antibody tabalumab. Methods Patient samples were obtained from SLE patients from the ILLUMINATE-1 and ILLUMINATE-2 studies, and control samples were obtained from healthy donors. Blood was collected in Tempus tubes at baseline, week 16, and week 52. RNA was analyzed using Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 and NanoString. Results At baseline, expression of the interferon (IFN) response gene was elevated in patients compared with controls, with 75% of patients being positive for this IFN response gene signature. There was, however, substantial heterogeneity of IFN response gene expression and complex relationships among gene networks. The IFN response gene signature was a predictor of time to disease flare, independent of anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody and C3 and C4 levels, and overall disease activity. Pharmacodynamically induced changes in gene expression following tabalumab treatment were extensive, occurring predominantly in B cell–related and immunoglobulin genes, and were consistent with other pharmacodynamic changes including anti-dsDNA antibody, C3, and immunoglobulin levels. Conclusion SLE patients demonstrated increased expression of an IFN response gene signature (75% of patients had an elevated IFN response gene signature) at baseline in ILLUMINATE-1 and ILLUMINATE-2. Substantial heterogeneity of gene expression was detected among individual patients and in gene networks. The IFN response gene signature was an independent risk factor for future disease flares. Pharmacodynamic changes in gene expression were consistent with the mechanism of BAFF blockade by tabalumab.
Regulators, mount up! analysis of privacy policies for mobile money services

Emerging digital financial services use mobile phones to provide access to populations traditionally excluded from the global economy. These "mobile money" services have proven extremely successful in their first ten years of deployment, and provide a powerful means of raising people out of poverty. Such services have access to a wealth of customer information, potentially including entire purchase histories, geolocation, and social network information. In this paper, we perform the first study of privacy policies in mobile money services, evaluating policies from 54 services and comparing them to 50 policies from traditional financial institutions. Because mobile money services are developed under a wide range of regulatory environments, we compare policies to the industry standard (the GSMA's Mobile Privacy Principles) and to a traditional national standard (the FDIC's Privacy Rule Handbook). Our analysis shows that almost half (44%) of these mobile money services do not have any privacy policy whatsoever. Of the services that do have privacy policies, roughly one-third (33%) fail to provide them in either of the two most common languages of their market. Furthermore, 50% of these policies do not ever identify to the user what data is actually being collected and stored. Finally, we find that where policies do exist, they are often incomplete and difficult to read by their target customers. These findings show that more work is needed to protect consumer privacy within these mobile money services.
Making Sense of Messy Medical Data Through Constructed Charts of Functional Distances

This chapter explains a technique called constructed cartography that makes maps or diagrams of events that you might not initially consider appropriate for mapping, including various real or imagined manifestations of diseases and our successful and unsuccessful attempts to mitigate those manifestations. The goal is to reveal underlying patterns in messy data. Starting with data in a form where underlying patterns are elusive, a visual summary is constructed. Information is neither created nor destroyed, just transformed into a more useful form. Two fundamental ideas that allow these charts to be constructed – functional distances and multidimensional scaling – are reviewed. This chapter then describes in detail the data that are needed for constructed cartography. A simulation shows that a sample of 35 cases is sufficient to extract 90% of the pattern in a much larger population. Finally, this chapter reviews several diverse instances where the technique has worked well: administrative funding versus successful vaccinations, migrations, metastases, and symptoms of disease. Finally the potential of aligning our attempts to fight diseases as well as our knowledge of how the disease spreads with ways that the disease actually spreads is outlined. Such a test of congruence of efforts can occur at the individual or at population levels. Places where these constructed charts do not line up are places for closer inspection, consideration, effort or training.
Advances in low-cost phased arrays using silicon technologies

This paper presents phased-array efforts at X to Ka-band based on highly-integrated silicon core chips. The work shows that it is possible to build advanced phased-arrays using SiGe chips at each antenna element. The phased-array is constructed on a single printed-circuit board which reduces the cost by a factor of 10x. This will revolutionize X, Ku and Ka-band phased arrays by making them the preferred choice for 5G, SATCOM and point-to-point applications.
Applied physics: Son et lumière.

The confinement of photons in a resonant cavity is the basis of laser operation. A device that has a resonant cavity for acoustic phonons inside an optical cavity enhances the interaction between sound and light.
STRUCTURE OF DNA POLYMERASE-α

ABSTRACT Intensive investigations of DNA polymerase-α in multicellular animal cells failed to produce uniform insight into the structure of this enzyme. A model attempting to resolve these apparent inconsistencies is presented.
An Ontology for Identifying Cyber Intrusion Induced Faults in Process Control Systems

This paper presents an ontological framework that permits formal representations of process control systems, including elements of the process being controlled and the control system itself. A fault diagnosis algorithm based on the ontological model is also presented. The algorithm can identify traditional process elements as well as control system elements (e.g., IP network and SCADA protocol) as fault sources. When these elements are identified as a likely fault source, the possibility exists that the process fault is induced by a cyber intrusion. A laboratory-scale distillation column is used to illustrate the model and the algorithm. Coupled with a well-defined statistical process model, this fault diagnosis approach provides cyber security enhanced fault diagnosis information to plant operators and can help identify that a cyber attack is underway before a major process failure is experienced.
Singular Perturbations in Flight Mechanics

Singular perturbation theory has played an important role in aircraft performance analysis and in the development of feedback guidance laws for aerospace vehicles. It is expected that this area of mathematics will serve as an important modeling and analysis tool in the development of guidance and flight control algorithms for future air and space transportation systems as well. This paper summarizes the theoretical concepts which are important for applications of this theory to problems in flight mechanics. In particular, emphasis will be given to problem formulation and solution approaches that are useful in applying singular perturbation theory for deriving nonlinear guidance algorithms for aerospace vehicles. The intent is to give an account of some of the progress that has been made and to provide a guide to some of the applications that have been treated successfully.
Cholesterol Deposition in Atherosclerotic Lesions

Cholesterol is a molecule of great biomedical significance. We cannot live without it, and often, we cannot live with it. Cholesterol accumulation in blood vessels leads to the development of atherosclerotic plaque-like lesions. Heart attacks and some types of strokes occur when these plaques rupture and blood clots form on their surfaces. In the United States, heart attacks and strokes kill more than 500,000 people each year (American Heart Association, 1995).
Broadband dual-frequency comb spectroscopy in a rapid compression machine

We demonstrate fiber mode-locked dual-frequency comb spectroscopy for broadband, high-resolution measurements in a rapid compression machine (RCM). We apply an apodization technique to improve the short-term signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), which enables broadband spectroscopy at combustion-relevant timescales. We measure the absorption on 24345 individual wavelength elements (comb teeth) between 5967 and 6133 cm−1 at 704 µs time resolution during a 12 ms compression of a CH4-N2 mixture. We discuss the effect of the apodization technique on the absorption spectra, and apply an identical effect to the spectral model during fitting to recover the mixture temperature. The fitted temperature is compared against an adiabatic model, and found to be in good agreement with expected trends. This work demonstrates the potential of DCS to be used as an in situ diagnostic tool for broadband, high-resolution measurements in engine-like environments.
Exploiting Nonslip Wall Contacts to Position Two Particles Using the Same Control Input

Steered particles offer a method for targeted therapy, interventions, and drug delivery in regions inaccessible by large robots. For example, magnetic actuation of particles has the benefits of requiring no tethers, being able to operate from a distance, and in some cases allows imaging for feedback (e.g., MRI). This paper investigates position control of particles using uniform forces (the same force is applied everywhere in the workspace). Given a controllable field that can generate bidirectional forces in three orthogonal directions, steering one particle in three-dimensional (3-D) is trivial. Adding additional particles to steer makes the system underactuated because there are more states than control inputs. However, the walls of in vivo and artificial environments often have surface roughness such that the particles do not move unless actuation pulls them away from the wall. In the previous work, we showed that the individual two-dimensional (2-D) position of two particles is controllable using global inputs in a square workspace with nonslip wall contact [1] . Because in vivo environments are usually not square, this paper extends the previous work to all convex workspaces, and shows how this could be extended to 3-D positioning of neutrally buoyant particles. We investigate analytically an idealized variant of this problem with nonslip boundaries and control inputs that are applied uniformly to all particles in the workspace. This paper also implements the algorithms in 2-D using a hardware setup inspired by the gastrointestinal tract.
Top Ten Challenges Facing Public Libraries

Public libraries today are at a critical juncture. Approaching the turn of the millennium, we heard much handwringing about whether public libraries would become obsolete and we faced constant ques...
Intermodal nonlinear optics with Bessel and OAM beams in fibers

Fibers supporting multitude discrete modes resembling Bessel beams or carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) enable intermodal nonlinear interactions. We review their applications in fields ranging from high power lasers and biomedical imaging to quantum communications.
Crystal structures of bis-[2-(di-phenyl-phosphino-thio-yl)phen-yl] ether and bis-{2-[diphen-yl(selanyl-idene)phosphan-yl]phen-yl} ether.

The title compounds, C36H28OP2S2, (1), and C36H28OP2Se2, (2), exhibit remarkably similar structures although they are not isomorphous. The whole mol­ecule of compound (2) is generated by twofold symmetry, with the ether O atom located on the twofold axis. Both compounds have intra­molecular π–π inter­actions between terminal phenyl rings with centroid–centroid distances of 3.6214 (16) and 3.8027 (14) A in (1) and (2), respectively. In the crystal of (1), short C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules, forming chains along [001], while in (2) there are no analogous C—H⋯Se inter­actions present.
Note on the Photon Emission of a Black Body

The total number of photons emitted by a black body in thermodynamical equilibrium is found to be 1.5×1011×T3 photons per sec. per cm2. The total number of photons emitted by the sun in a period of about 20,000 years equals the total number of protons and neutrons contained in the sun.
Performance Analysis of Short-Wavelength Infrared Optical Sensors

We report in this paper our latest results on fabrication and testing of optical sensor for imaging in short-wavelength infrared regime. We are comparing the performance of our imaging sensor in two permitted regimes by the readout integrated circuit used.
Reduced patency in left-sided arteriovenous grafts in a porcine model.

Abstract Objective The porcine arteriovenous graft model is commonly used to study hemodialysis vascular access failure, with most studies using a bilateral, paired-site approach in either the neck or femoral vessels. In humans, left- and right-sided central veins have different anatomy and diameters, and left-sided central vein catheters have worse outcomes. We assessed the effect of laterality on arteriovenous prosthetic graft patency and hypothesized that left-sided carotid-jugular arteriovenous prosthetic grafts have reduced patency in the porcine model. Methods Arteriovenous polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were placed ipsilaterally or bilaterally in 10 Yorkshire male pigs from the common carotid artery to the internal jugular vein. Ultrasound measurements of blood flow velocities and diameters were assessed before graft placement. Animals were sacrificed at 1 week, 2 weeks, or 3 weeks. Patency was determined clinically; grafts and perianastomotic vessels were excised and analyzed with histology and immunostaining. Results At baseline, left- and right-sided veins and arteries had similar blood flow velocities. Although internal jugular veins had similar diameters at baseline, left-sided carotid arteries had 11% smaller outer diameters (P = .0354). There were 10 left-sided and 8 right-sided polytetrafluoroethylene grafts placed; only 4 of 10 (40%) grafts were patent on the left compared with 7 of 8 (88%) grafts patent on the right (P = .04). Left-sided grafts had increased macrophages at the arterial anastomosis (P = .0007). Left-sided perianastomotic arteries had thicker walls (0.74 vs 0.60 mm; P = .0211) with increased intima-media area (1.14 vs 0.77 mm2; P = .0169) as well as a trend toward 38% smaller luminal diameter (1.6 vs 2.5 mm; P = .0668) and 20% smaller outer diameter (3.0 vs 3.7 mm; P = .0861). Left- and right-sided perianastomotic veins were similar histologically, but left-sided veins had decreased expression of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (P = .0032) and increased numbers of α-actin-positive smooth muscle cells (P = .0022). Conclusions Left-sided arteriovenous grafts are associated with reduced short-term patency compared with right-sided grafts in the Yorkshire pig preclinical model of arteriovenous prosthetic grafts. Laterality must be considered in planning and interpreting surgical preclinical models.
Analogical and Metaphorical Thinking, Storytelling, and Entrepreneurial Identity and Narrative Development: A Visual Art-Based Learning Innovation:

This article describes a novel visual art-based exercise (VAE) that was developed and conducted as part of an introductory-level, project-based entrepreneurial leadership course. The VAE engages st...
DCE-MRI perfusion predicts pseudoprogression in metastatic melanoma treated with immunotherapy

It can be challenging to differentiate pseudoprogression from progression. We assessed the ability of dynamic contrast enhanced T1 MRI (DCE-MRI) perfusion to identify pseudoprogression in melanoma brain metastases. Patients with melanoma brain metastases who underwent immunotherapy and DCE-MRI were identified. Enhancing lesions ≥ 5mm in diameter on DCE-MRI and that were new or increased in size between a week from beginning the treatment, and a month after completing the treatment were included in the analysis. The 90th percentiles of rVp and rKtrans and the presence or absence of hemorrhage were recorded. Histopathology served as the reference standard for pseudoprogression. If not available, pseudoprogression was defined as neurological and radiographic stability or improvement without any new treatment for ≥ 2 months. Forty-four patients were identified; 64% received ipilimumab monotherapy for a median duration of 9 weeks (range, 1–138). Sixty-four lesions in 44 patients were included in the study. Of these, nine lesions in eight patients were determined to be pseudoprogression and seven lesions were previously irradiated. Forty-four progression lesions and eight pseudoprogression lesions were hemorrhagic. Median lesion volume for pseudoprogression and progression were not significantly different, at 2.3 cm3 and 3.2 cm3, respectively (p = 0.82). The rVp90 was smaller in pseudoprogression versus progression, at 2.2 and 5.3, respectively (p = 0.02), and remained significant after false discovery rate adjustment (p = 0.04). Pseudoprogression exhibited significantly lower rVp90 on DCE-MRI compared with progression. This knowledge can be useful for managing growing lesions in patients with melanoma brain metastases who are receiving immunotherapy.
ARTDeco: automatic readthrough transcription detection.

Mounting evidence suggests several diseases and biological processes target transcription termination to misregulate gene expression. Disruption of transcription termination leads to readthrough transcription past the 3′ end of genes, which can result in novel transcripts, changes in epigenetic states and altered 3D genome structure. We developed Automatic Readthrough Transcription Detection (ARTDeco), a tool to detect and analyze multiple features of readthrough transcription from RNA-seq and other next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays that profile transcriptional activity. ARTDeco robustly quantifies the global severity of readthrough phenotypes, and reliably identifies individual genes that fail to terminate (readthrough genes), are aberrantly transcribed due to upstream termination failure (read-in genes), and novel transcripts created as a result of readthrough (downstream of gene or DoG transcripts). We used ARTDeco to characterize readthrough transcription observed during influenza A virus (IAV) infection, validating its specificity and sensitivity by comparing its performance in samples infected with a mutant virus that fails to block transcription termination. We verify ARTDeco’s ability to detect readthrough as well as identify read-in genes from different experimental assays across multiple experimental systems with known defects in transcriptional termination, and show how these results can be leveraged to improve the interpretation of gene expression and downstream analysis. Applying ARTDeco to a gene expression data set from IAV-infected monocytes from different donors, we find strong evidence that read-in gene-associated expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) likely regulate genes upstream of read-in genes. This indicates that taking readthrough transcription into account is important for the interpretation of eQTLs in systems where transcription termination is blocked. ARTDeco aids researchers investigating readthrough transcription in a variety of systems and contexts.