cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dysfunction of the heme recycling system in heme oxygenase 1–deficient mice: effects on macrophage viability and tissue iron distribution

To better understand the tissue iron overload and anemia previously reported in a human patient and mice that lack heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), we studied iron distribution and pathology in HO-1(Hmox1)−/− mice. We found that resident splenic and liver macrophages were mostly absent in HO-1−/− mice. Erythrophagocytosis caused the death of HO-1−/− macrophages in in vitro experiments, supporting the hypothesis that HO-1−/− macrophages died of exposure to heme released on erythrophagocytosis. Rupture of HO-1−/− macrophages in vivo and release of nonmetabolized heme probably caused tissue inflammation. In the spleen, initial splenic enlargement progressed to red pulp fibrosis, atrophy, and functional hyposplenism in older mice, recapitulating the asplenia of an HO-1–deficient patient. We postulate that the failure of tissue macrophages to remove senescent erythrocytes led to intravascular hemolysis and increased expression of the heme and hemoglobin scavenger proteins, hemopexin and haptoglobin. Lack of macrophages expressing the haptoglobin receptor, CD163, diminished the ability of haptoglobin to neutralize circulating hemoglobin, and iron overload occurred in kidney proximal tubules, which were able to catabolize heme with HO-2. Thus, in HO-1−/− mammals, the reduced function and viability of erythrophagocytosing macrophages are the main causes of tissue damage and iron redistribution.
Experimental approaches to the quantum measurement paradox

I examine the question of how far experiments that look for the effects of superposition of macroscopically distinct states are relevant to the classic measurement paradox of quantum mechanics. Existing experiments on superconducting devices confirm the predictions of the quantum formalism extrapolated to the macroscopic level, and to that extent provide strong circumstantial evidence for its validity at this level, but do not directly test the principle of superposition of macrostates. A more ambitious experiment, not obviously infeasible with current technology, could provide a direct test between quantum mechanics and a whole class of theories embodying the postulate of realism at the macroscopic level.
Dysarthria in Multiple Sclerosis

Less than half of a series of 168 patients with multiple sclerosis presented significant speech deviations. The most frequent speech deviations observed were impaired loudness control and harshness...
HIGH‐ORDER‐ACCURATE SCHEMES FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW

SUMMARY We present new finite difference schemes for the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations. The schemes are based on two spatial differencing methods; one is fourth-order-accurate and the other is sixth-order accurate. The temporal differencing is based on backward differencing formulae. The schemes use non-staggered grids and satisfy regularity estimates, guaranteeing smoothness of the solutions. The schemes are computationally efficient. Computational results demonstrating the accuracy are presented. 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. High-order-accurate finite difference schemes are important in scientific computation because they offer a means to obtain accurate solutions with less work than may be required for methods of lower accuracy. Finite difference methods are attractive because of the relative ease of implementation and flexibility. In this paper we present new finite difference schemes for the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations. The schemes are based on two spatial differencing methods, one a fourth-order-accurate method and one a sixth-order-accurate method. There are several temporal differencing methods presented in Section 7. These temporal schemes can be used with either of the spatial differencing methods. The temporal differencing is based on backward differencing formula (BDF) schemes that are used for stiff ordinary differential equations. The schemes are implicit and appear to be unconditionally stable for the Stokes equations. (A rigorous stability analysis is the subject of further research.) High-order methods have been presented by Rai and Moin 1 and Lele 2 for the fractional step method proposed by Kim and Moin, 3 There is an excellent study of these methods in the paper by Tafti. 4 A disadvantage of these methods is that because they are explicit, there is a severe stability limit on the time step. Moreover, as pointed out by Perot, 5 the pressure for fractional step methods can be no better than first-order-accurate in time. Projection methods also have difficulty with higherorder accuracy in time. 6 This is not so for the methods presented here, where the pressure can be determined to a high order of accuracy. For steady flows the method of Aubert and Deville 7 can be applied to yield fourth-order accuracy, at the expense of increasing the number of unknowns and computational complexity of the system. All these methods use staggered meshes. The schemes presented in this paper are for orthogonal Cartesian grids on non-staggered grids, the velocity components and pressure unknowns are assigned to a common grid. The schemes are for the
Dinitrogen binding at vanadium in a tris(alkoxide) ligand environment

We report the first tris(alkoxide)V(III) complex to bind dinitrogen. Removal of THF from V(OR)3THF furnishes the highly reactive V(OR)3 fragment, which binds dinitrogen to form [V(OR)3]2(μ-N2) in the solid state. Dinitrogen is readily released upon dissolution of the complex. Structural and DFT studies are consistent with significant activation of N2 when bound by the vanadium tris(alkoxide) platform.
Model mismatch and the ideal observer in SPECT

SPECT acquisition parameters can be optimized using the Ideal Observer (IO) applied to projections. The IO implicitly has perfect knowledge of the image formation process, and thus its performance reflects the best achievable with perfect compensation. However, SPECT images are often reconstructed with imperfect or no compensation. This mismatch between the reconstruction and IO can give rise to suboptimal performance when human observers interpret SPECT images. In this study, we investigated the importance of including ‘model mismatch’ (MM) in the IO in the context of myocardial perfusion SPECT for a signal known exactly/background known statistically (SKE/BKS) task. We optimized the energy window using the IO with and without MM. We evaluated IO performance when the observer had (1) a perfect and (2) no or (3) an approximate model of scatter. We used an anthropomorphic model observer (AO) as a benchmark for human observer performance and compared optimal energy windows. IO performance was relatively insensitive to energy window settings for case 1. Performance for case 2 was significantly worse than for 1, and the optimal window width was 13-15%. For case 3, performance was similar to case 1. Performance for the AO was similar to cases 2 and 3 when scatter compensation was or was not, respectively, included in the reconstruction. Incorporating MM into the IO is a new approach for improving agreement of the IO with human observers. This allows optimization of acquisition and instrumentation parameters in the presence of non-ideal compensation methods more efficiently than reconstructed-image-domain AOs.
Psychoanalysis and Detective Fiction: a tale of Freud and criminal storytelling

Much has been written about Freud's influence on popular culture. This article addresses the influence of literature on Freud's psychoanalytical theory, specifically the role that modern detective fiction played in shaping Freudian theory. Edgar Allan Poe gave Freud the literary precedent; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's creation Sherlock Holmes gave him the analytical model. In turn, the world of crime story-telling embedded Freudian theories in subsequent forms, spinning the tales of crime into a journey into the human mind. As these tales were popularized on the silver screen in the early 20th century, psychoanalytical ideas moved from the lecture halls into the cultural mainstream.
Effect of nonuniform irradiance, and irradiance fluctuations, upon the response of photographic film

A theoretical and experimental study of the exposure of photographic film demonstrates differences that depend upon spatial and temporal properties of the exposing light. These differences of developed film density are due to irradiance fluctuations and the threshold nature of the photographic detection process. The model used provides a means of explaining discrepancies found in related experiments of other investigators.
Workshop Report: Methods of Verification in Design Automation

The 1975 Design Automation Workshop was held at Michigan State University last October 8-10, under the co-sponsorship of the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committees on Design Automation and Fault Tolerant Computing.
Arecoline-associated changes in open-field behavior following swim stress in the rat. A possible relationship to water temperature

Abstract The rat exhibits a reduction in movement in an open field following a 14-day course of forced swim stress at 12°C. The decrease in movement is greater in rats receiving arecoline relative to those receiving saline prior to placement in the open field. The authors report that when water temperature is increased to 20°, there is a categorical difference in the results. The saline control group exhibits a rise and the arecoline group no change in crossings.
Petrological and geochronological constraints on high pressure, high temperature metamorphism in the Snowbird tectonic zone, Canada

The upper deck of the East Athabasca mylonite triangle (EAmt), northern Saskatchewan, Canada, contains mafic granulites that have undergone high P-T metamorphism at conditions ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 GPa, 890-960 � C. Coronitic textures in these mafic granulites indicate a near-isothermal decompression path to 0.9 GPa, 800 � C. The Godfrey granite occurs to the north adjacent to the upper deck high P-T domain. Well-preserved corona textures in the Godfrey granite constrain igneous crystallization and early metamorphism in the intermediate-pressure granulite field (Opx + Pl) at 1.0 GPa, 775 � C followed by metamorphism in the high pressure granulite field (Grt + Cpx + Pl) at 1.2 GPa, 860 � C. U-Pb geochronology of zircon in upper deck mafic granulite yields evidence for events at both c. 2.5 Ga and c. 1.9 Ga. The oldest zircon dates are interpreted to constrain a minimum age for crystallization or early metamorphism of the protolith. A population of 1.9 Ga zircon in one mafic granulite is interpreted to constrain the timing of high P-T metamorphism. Titanite from the mafic granulites yields dates ranging from 1900 to 1894 Ma, and is interpreted to have grown along the decompression path, but still above its closure temperature, indicating cooling following the high P-T metamorphism from c. 960-650 � C in 4-10 Myr. Zircon dates from the Godfrey granite indicate a minimum crystallization age of 2.61Ga, without any evidence for 1 .9 Ga overgrowths. The data indicate that an early granulite facies event occurred at c. 2.55-2.52 Ga in the lower crust (c. 1.0 GPa), but at 1.9 Ga the upper deck underwent high P-T metamorphism, then decompressed to 0.9-1.0 GPa. Juxtaposition of the upper deck and Godfrey granite would have occurred after or been related to this decompression. In this model, the high P-T rocks are exhumed quickly following the high pressure metamorphism. This type of metamorphism is typically associated with collisional orogenesis, which has important implications for the Snowbird tectonic zone as a fundamental boundary in the Canadian Shield.
Reactions of seven basic fluorochromes with unfixed cells obtained from the salivary glands of the dipteran fly Megaselia scalaris Loew (Phoridae).

Seven basic fluorochromes with varying specificities were used to stain the large squamous epithelial cells isolated from the larval salivary glands of Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae). Although the EDTA-based method selected for isolating the cells produced permeabilization and a loss of viability of the cells, consistent results were obtained with the various fluorochromes. The “classical” pattern of green nuclear and red cytoplasmic fluorescence observed in cells stained with acridine orange could be changed to green cytoplasmic and red nuclear fluorescence by pretreatment with RNase. The predominantly cytoplasmic and nucleolar fluorescence obtained with pyronine Y could be changed to mainly nuclear fluorescence by RNase pretreatment. The other five fluorochromes tested were not affected appreciably by extraction with RNase. Quinacrine mustard, dicarbocyanine (DiOC6(3)), and rhodamine 123 produced primarily cytoplasmic and nucleolar fluorescence, while nile red revealed mainly cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Phosphine 3R initially stained lipid droplets but very rapidly redistributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus. Because of their large size, flatness, and content of histochemically demonstrable components, the cells of Megaselia are especially appropriate for use as “optical objects” or controls in various studies. New methods of isolating the cells, however, will be needed to prevent permeabilization and loss of viability of the cells.
Surgical Management of Myasthenia Gravis

Abstract The experience from 1940 to 1970 with thymectomy for myasthenia gravis both with and without an associated thymoma is reviewed. This operation is satisfactory when applied to selected patients without thymoma. It is indicated in every patient with myasthenia and a thymoma. The key to successful management of the entire surgical episode is the employment of controlled ventilation with a nasotracheal tube both during and after operation. This obviates the need for administering anticholinesterase drugs until after the period of acute stress from operation has passed.
A silver stain for isoelectric focusing in agarose gel and its application for analyzing unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid

A silver stain method has been developed for isoelectric focusing in agarose gel. Its sensitivity is shown to be greater than 20 times that of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. Its usefulness in analyzing unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid is demonstrated.
STUDY OF DIESEL FUEL STABILITY ON OXYGEN ABSORPTION. II. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN PRESSURE

The effect of temperature and oxygen pressure on oxygen absorption properties of Daqing straight run diesel fuel (SRDF) and Daqing hydrogenated coking diesel fuel (HCDF) was investigated at 293 ∼ 353 K under 0.11 ∼ 0.25MPa(O2) and Cu catalysis in darkness based on the study of diesel fuel stability on oxygen absorption. The experimental results show that the oxygen absorption quantities (OAQs) of diesel fuels increase rapidly with the increasing of temperature or oxygen pressure at given time and oxygen pressure or temperature during the oxygen absorption. The higher the oxygen pressure or the temperature and the longer the time, the greater the OAQ of diesel fuel. The OAQs of diesel fuels change a little at shorter times, while they vary greatly at longer times. Low temperature has a great effect on OAQ of SRDF and high temperature affects clearly OAQ of HCDF. Oxygen pressure gives a evident action on OAQ of SRDF, but it affects a little OAQ of HCDF. At low temperature or high oxygen pressure the OAQ of ...
An ultraviolet spectrophotometric assay for aspartate transcarbamylase

Abstract A procedure for determining the activity of aspartate transcarbamylase, based upon the greater ultraviolet absorbancy of the products of the reaction catalyzed compared to the reactants, was devised. Extinction coefficients were determined at 205, 210, and 215 nm for the compounds carbamoyl aspartate, acetyl aspartate, and aspartate. These values formed the quantitative basis for a spectrophotometric assay in which an enzymatic reaction is monitored at one of these wavelengths. Use of this procedure was illustrated in four kinetic experiments with the allosteric aspartate transcarbamylase from Escherichia coli , and the nonallosteric catalytic subunit of this enzyme: aspartate saturation curve, arsenate saturation curve (reverse reaction), allosteric activation by a transition-state analog employing acetyl phosphate as substrate, and carbamoyl phosphate progress curve (substrate depletion in the presence of excess cosubstrate). Owing to changes in absorbance on the order of 1000 liter mol −1 cm −1 concomitant with the reaction, the sensitivity of the method is comparable to that of many procedures already in the literature.
Complete Genome of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium T5-Like Siphophage Stitch.

ABSTRACT Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella, is a leading cause of food poisoning worldwide. With the continuing rise of bacterial antibiotic resistance, efforts are focused on seeking new approaches for treatment of bacterial infections, namely, bacteriophage therapy. Here, we report the complete genome of S. Typhimurium siphophage Stitch.
Color production by isotropic nanostructures with short-range order in bird feather barbs

We studied how the short-range-ordered nanostructures in bird feather barbs create angle-invariant colors. By manipulating the interplay between light scattering and absorption, we fabricated biomimetic nanostructures that produce isotropic color.
Edaphic limitations to growth and photosynthesis in Sierran and Great Basin vegetation

Soils derived from hydrothermally altered andesite support unique communities of Sierran conifers (Pinus ponderosa Laws. and P. jeffreyi Grev. and Balf.) amongst sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) vegetation in the western Great Basin. Plants grown in soil derived from hydrothermally altered bedrock had lower growth rates, total biomass, and net photosynthetic rates than plants grown in soil derived from unaltered andesite of the same formation. Total dry mass was 10 to 28% lower for conifers grown in altered soil whereas dry mass of Artemisia tridentata and Bromus tectorum L. was reduced by over 90%. Results from a nutrient amendment experiment indicated that low phosphorus was the dominant limitation in altered soil, and phosphorus-deficiency affected growth primarily by limiting leaf area development rather than direct inhibition of photosynthesis. The proportionately greater reduction of biomass for Artemisia and Bromus grown in altered soil supports our hypothesis that Great Basin vegetation is excluded from altered soil by intolerance to nutrient deficiency. The Sierran conifers growing on this rock type are therefore free of competition for water with Great Basin vegetation and are able to persist in an exceptionally dry climate.
Integrating biological databases

Recent years have seen an explosion in the amount of available biological data. More and more genomes are being sequenced and annotated, and protein and gene interaction data are accumulating. Biological databases have been invaluable for managing these data and for making them accessible. Depending on the data that they contain, the databases fulfil different functions. But, although they are architecturally similar, so far their integration has proved problematic.
Religious Affiliation, Religiosity, and Impulsive and Intentional Deviance

Abstract The impact of denomination on the religiosity/deviance relationship is assessed using a sample of undergraduate college students. Also examined is the utility of the intentional deviance/impulsive deviance typology. The strength of the inverse relationship between religiosity and deviance varied by denomination. After controlling for the effects of gender, family structure, attachment to school, and involvement in conventional activities, religiosity exhibited the greatest amount of social control on proscriptive Protestants. As hypothesized, religiosity and other sociological variables accounted for more of the variance in intentional deviance than impulsive deviance. Moreover, the negative impact of religiosity on both types of deviance was generally greater for the more minor norm violations.
42 Focal Nephritis, a Form of Normocomplementemic Persistent Glomerulonephritis Responsive to Steroid

Since advent of renal biopsy, the definition of a type of persistent nephritis characterized by focal and segmental lesions has been possible. Heptinstall has recognized this lesion in adults in the absence of lupus, bacterial endocarditis, anaphylactoid purpura or periatritis. We have observed 11 cases of focal nephritis in children not attributable to any of the above entities. All the patients have been normocomplementemic and have had a course characterized by a mild-to-severe nephrotic syndrome, usually with signs of nephritis. The data suggest that signs and symptoms develop rapidly after onset, without a long, silent, subclinical stage. In 9 of the cases, onset was preceded by an upper respiratory infection, but ASO titers were usually not elevated. The entity is important to recognize because of the beneficial effects of steroid therapy. In 3 of our patients not treated with steroid initially, the nephriticnephrotic picture subsided, but all signs and symptoms recurred several months later, usually following a respiratory infection. After treatment in these 3 patients as well as in 7 of 8 treated shortly after onset, no recurrences have been noted in follow-ups ranging from 9 months to 4 years. The 11 th patient never responded to therapy and eventually succumbed with a severe nephrotic syndrome. In the remaining 10 patients, signs of the nephrotic syndrom have slowly disappeared with therapy, and several show no evidence of renal disease except for focal glomerular scarring. The similar pathological picture, clinical course and therapeutic results in the 10 responsive patients suggest that focal nephritis in children is a disease entity. Its diagnosis rests on typical histopathological changes by renal biopsy in a normocomplementemic patient. (APS)
Simulation Studies of the Reliability of Computer-Aided Model Specification Using the TETRAD II, EQS, and LISREL Programs:

TETRAD II, a fully automated successor to the TETRAD program, is intended to aid in the respecification of underspecified linear causal models, or structural equation models. The performance of TETRAD II is compared with the automatic respecification procedures in the EQS and LISREL VI programs using 360 simulated data sets from nine different linear models containing “latent” or unmeasured variables. LISREL VI and EQS each output a single suggested model; TETRAD II outputs a small list of such models. For these cases, we find that the TETRAD II program, which uses graph algorithms and heuristic search techniques, is more reliable (although less precise) than either EQS or LISREL VI, which use numerical algorithms and beam search techniques. A detailed analysis of the reasons for these differences is offered. Contrary to those who dismiss automated search techniques as unreliable “ransacking” or “data mining,” TETRAD II provides correct information about the true model for 95% of the large sample data set...
Prospective examination of effects of smoking abstinence on cortisol and withdrawal symptoms as predictors of early smoking relapse

This study addressed the hypothesis that exaggerated mood and cortisol changes during the first 24h of smoking abstinence are associated with early relapse. Salivary cortisol levels and mood reports were measured during 24-h ad libitum smoking and the first 24-h abstinence period of a quit attempt. Seventy-two habitual smokers (34 women and 38 men) who were interested in smoking cessation participated. Cotinine concentrations in saliva and expired carbon monoxide were measured before and after abstinence and 1 week after the quit date to verify smoking status. Abstinence produced significant withdrawal symptoms in all participants and reduced cotinine and carbon monoxide levels. While participants showed the expected diurnal changes in cortisol levels, those who relapsed within the first week post quitting exhibited a greater drop in morning cortisol concentrations during abstinence relative to their ad libitum smoking levels. Participants who relapsed reported greater withdrawal symptoms, craving for cigarettes, and distress, and they also reported greater reduction in positive affect during the first 24-h period of abstinence than those who maintained abstinence. These results support the hypothesis that early relapse is associated with exaggerated mood and adrenocortical perturbations observed during the first day of abstinence.
Force-free equilibria of magnetized jets

Force-free equilibrium configurations of magnetic-pressure-dominated magnetized supersonic jets confined by slowly varying external pressure are investigated analytically. For the case where internal dissipation mechanisms are active, the lowest-energy field configuration is found to be the superposition of an axisymmetric mode and a helical mode with a wavelength equal to 5 times the jet radius, and the pressure below which the nonaxisymmetric mode becomes energetically favorable is given as 2700 times the product of the 4th power of the magnetic helicity per unit length and the -6th power of the magnetic flux. A model of the total and polarized emission of such a configuration is developed and applied to the extended well-collimated astronomically resolved jet NGC 6251. The model is shown to reproduce significant features such as transverse oscillations of the ridge line, width oscillations and emission knots, the projected magnetic-field configuration, oscillations of the degree of polarization, and the distribution of the Faraday rotation measure.
Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in Adventist men.

Dietary and lifestyle characteristics were evaluated in relation to subsequent prostatic cancer risk in a cohort of approximately 14,000 Seventh-day Adventist men who completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire in 1976 and who were monitored for cancer incidence until the end of 1982. During the 6-year follow-up period, 180 histologically confirmed prostatic cancers were detected among some 78,000 man-years of follow-up. Increasing educational attainment was associated with significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer in this study; age at first marriage was also inversely associated with risk, although this was not significant. There was no relationship between body mass index (as measured by Quetelet's Index) and risk. A history of prostate “trouble” was associated with a 60% increase in risk which was highly significant. Although there were suggestive relationships between increasing animal product consumption and increased risk, these results did not persist after accounting for the influence of fruit and vegetable consumption. Nor was exposure to the vegetarian lifestyle during the childhood years associated with alterations in subsequent risk. However, increasing consumption of beans, lentils and peas, tomatoes, raisin, dates, and other dried fruit were all associated with significantly decreased prostate cancer risk.
Erratum to: Gentamicin Reduces Calcific Nodule Formation by Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells In Vitro

For the ARS assay, there was a significant reduction in the number of nodules with every increasing concentration of gentamicin. In addition, there was a significant increase in the average size per nodule for the 0.1 and 0.2 mM gentamicin groups compared to control (representative nodules shown in Figs. 1a, 1b). The overall decrease in nodule number and increase in nodule size from the control group to the 0.2 mM gentamicin group was 49 and 57%, respectively (Figs. 2a, 2b). The total calcified area was significantly reduced for the 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mM gentamicin groups, resulting in 21% less calcified area at the highest gentamicin concentration of 0.2 mM compared to control (Fig. 2c). Similar to the ARS assay, the von Kossa staining showed a significant decrease in nodule number at every increasing concentration of gentamicin and a significant increase in nodule size for the 0.1 and 0.2 mM gentamicin groups compared to control (data not shown; representative nodules shown in Figs. 1c– 1d). The overall decrease in nodule number and increase in nodule size from the control group to the 0.2 mM gentamicin group was 47 and 51%, respectively. The total calcified area also decreased with gentamicin concentration, with the 0.2 mM gentamicin group having 20% less calcified area than the control group (Fig. 3a). The same pattern was shown by the alkaline phosphatase assay, with the 0.2 mM gentamicin group having 49% less alkaline phosphatase compared to control (Fig. 3b). For both von Kossa total calcified area and the alkaline phosphatase assay, the 0.1 and 0.2 mM gentamicin groups were significantly different from controls.
What's Justice and Dignity Got to Do with It?: Migrant Vulnerability, Corporate Complicity, and the State

In 2001, Tyson Foods, one of the world's leading chicken processors, was indicted on charges that it recruited undocumented migrants to work in its plants across the rural United States. In the following years, Tyson engaged in an operation to purge the largest chicken plant in the country of hundreds of unionized immigrant workers, relying heavily on the Social Security Administration's controversial "No-Match" program to shape its termination practices. In response, a local campaign called for "Justice and Dignity" in the form of an improved corporate policy that would simultaneously serve the interests of the company, its workers, and their communities. This article chronicles that localized struggle and its national aftermath, illuminating the far-reaching effects federal "employer sanctions" have had on transnational corporations and their policymakers, on workers of different backgrounds, and on strategies used to advocate for worker rights. Politically engaged ethnography reveals how differentially...
Acute hypoxia and pulmonary vasoconstriction in humans: uncovering the mechanism of the pressor response

This essay looks at the historical significance of an APS classic paper that is freely available online: Motley HL, Cournand A, Werko L, Himmelstein A, and Dresdale D. The influence of short period...
The glucose ketone index calculator: a simple tool to monitor therapeutic efficacy for metabolic management of brain cancer

Metabolic therapy using ketogenic diets (KD) is emerging as an alternative or complementary approach to the current standard of care for brain cancer management. This therapeutic strategy targets the aerobic fermentation of glucose (Warburg effect), which is the common metabolic malady of most cancers including brain tumors. The KD targets tumor energy metabolism by lowering blood glucose and elevating blood ketones (β-hydroxybutyrate). Brain tumor cells, unlike normal brain cells, cannot use ketone bodies effectively for energy when glucose becomes limiting. Although plasma levels of glucose and ketone bodies have been used separately to predict the therapeutic success of metabolic therapy, daily glucose levels can fluctuate widely in brain cancer patients. This can create difficulty in linking changes in blood glucose and ketones to efficacy of metabolic therapy. A program was developed (Glucose Ketone Index Calculator, GKIC) that tracks the ratio of blood glucose to ketones as a single value. We have termed this ratio the Glucose Ketone Index (GKI). The GKIC was used to compute the GKI for data published on blood glucose and ketone levels in humans and mice with brain tumors. The results showed a clear relationship between the GKI and therapeutic efficacy using ketogenic diets and calorie restriction. The GKIC is a simple tool that can help monitor the efficacy of metabolic therapy in preclinical animal models and in clinical trials for malignant brain cancer and possibly other cancers that express aerobic fermentation.
Relating to the Sea: Enlivening the Ocean as an Actor in Eastern Sri Lanka

Elements deemed part of ‘nature’ or the ‘environment’ have long been considered factors in political and social realities, but recent work by environmental historians, feminists, poststructuralists, and particularly posthumanists calls for them to be understood as actors. In this paper I build a case for considering the ocean as an actor on Sri Lanka's east coast, by bringing concepts around relationality and nonhuman agency into conversation with social theories of the sea and with the lived experiences of coastal residents. The ocean occupies a dynamic and central role on Sri Lanka's East coast, as demonstrated through daily practices and its centrality in the area's armed conflict, as well as by the devastation wreaked by the 2004 tsunami. By understanding the ocean as an actor it is possible to gain insight into the intersections of various phenomena, such as armed conflict and natural disaster, and to amplify the voices of those who occupy space closest to those intersections.
On the equations of an eighth-order theory for nonhomogeneous transversely isotropic plates

Abstract We obtain the equations of a two-dimensional eighth-order theory for the transverse bending of transversely isotropic plates, through use of a variational equation for displacements and transverse stresses . We show that, for sufficiently thin plates, the solution involves an equation of the fourth order for an interior solution contribution, and two equations of the second order for edge zone solution contributions. One of these accounts for transverse shear stress effects, in nearly the same manner as this effect occurs in the sixth-order theory, and the other accounts for transverse normal stress effects which are neglected in the sixth-order theory.
R and D project selection: Where we stand

A review of the literature on R and D project selection and an analysis of interview data suggests that there is a lack of testing and use of the methods proposed. Several OR-MS methods are identified and their current status is indicated. Three representative procedures are examined in some detail. It is argued that both a lack of testing concerning feasibility and shortcomings of the models themselves, help to explain why the methods have not been used. Some of these shortcomings are identified and discussed. Implications for future research are presented.
Instrumental reflectance values of fresh pork are dependant on aperture size

The effect of aperture size on instrumental pork color measurements was studied. Pork longissimus chops (n=30) were cut, aerobically packaged, and allowed to bloom overnight. Chops were measured once with each of four aperture ports (4.45, 2.54, 1.27, and 0.64cm diameter) on a HunterLab LabScan. Reflectance values measured with smaller aperture sizes were reduced (P 0.05) for the three largest aperture sizes, but negative a(∗) values found with the smallest aperture size skewed the hue angle data.
Design and Testing of a New Injection Approach for Liquid Composite Molding

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) is used to manufacture advanced fiber-reinforced composite parts. In this process, a fiber preform is placed into the mold cavity and sealed shut. Then, a liquid thermo...
What is the usual internal carbon dioxide concentration in C4 species under midday field conditions

The carbon dioxide concentrating system in C4 photosynthesis allows high net photosynthetic rates (PN) at low internal carbon dioxide concentrations (Ci), permitting higher PN relative to stomatal conductance (gs) than in C3 plants. This relation would be reflected in the ratio of Ci to external ambient (Ca) carbon dioxide concentration, which is often given as 0.3 or 0.4 for C4 plants. For a Ca of 360 µmol mol -1 that would mean a Ci about 110–140 µmol mol -1 . Our field observations made near midday on three weedy C4 species, Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Setaria faberi, and the C4 crop Sorghum bicolor indicated mean values of Ci of 183–212 µmol mol -1 at Ca = 360 µmol mol -1 . Measurements in two other C4 crop species grown with three levels of N fertilizer indicated that while midday values of Ci at high photon flux were higher at limiting N, even at high nitrogen Ci averaged 212 and 196 µmol mol -1 for Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Zea mays, respectively. In these two crops midday Ci decreased with increasing leaf to air water vapor pressure difference. Averaged over all measurement days, the mean Ci across all C4 species was 198 µmol mol -1 , for a Ci/Ca ratio of 0.55. Prior measurements on four herbaceous C3 species using the same instrument indicated an average Ci/Ca ratio of 0.69. Hence midday Ci values in C4 species under field conditions may often be considerably higher and more similar to those of C3 species than expected from measurements made on plants in controlled environments. Reducing gs in C4 crops at low water vapor pressure differences could potentially improve their water use efficiency without decreasing PN.
Effective Elastic Moduli of Cracked Solid and Application to Functionally Graded Material

In this paper, effective moduli of cracked solid material were investigated. An analytical approach is discussed for a cracked solid containing randomly oriented inclusions by using elastic potential and a standard tensorial basis. A numerical simulation of the testing of mechanical responses of samples of cracked solid material (porous material) is also carried out. The numerical scheme in this work will focus mainly on numerical modeling of the observed behavior, in particular, the dependence of the macroscopic material properties on the porosity. This numerical scheme is also applied to functionally graded material (FGM). Effective elastic constants for FGM samples with various crack orientations and densities were calculated by both the boundary numerical integration method and the domain numerical integration method.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Worst-Case Pointwise Discretization Error Bounds for Systems with Geometrically Induced Singular Flux Solutions Using Interval Boundary Element Method

This paper describes the interval boundary element method treatment of the pointwise discretization error for systems with geometrically generated flux singularities. Worst-case interval bounds are provided for the local discretization error for all elements except for the element with a singular flux solution, for which the flux intensity factor is enclosed. An example is presented showing the behavior of the interval bounds on the local discretization error for systems with geometrically induced singularities.
Nitric Oxide-Releasing Aspirin Suppresses NF-κB Signaling in Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo

Estrogen receptor negative (ER(−)) breast cancer is aggressive, responds poorly to current treatments and has a poor prognosis. The NF-κB signaling pathway is implicated in ER(−) tumorigenesis. Aspirin (ASA) is chemopreventive against ER(+) but not for ER(−) breast cancers. Nitric oxide-releasing aspirin (NO-ASA) is a safer ASA where ASA is linked to an NO-releasing moiety through a spacer. In vitro, we investigated anti-proliferation effects of NO-ASA (para- and meta-isomers) against ER(−) breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-23, effects on NF-κB signaling, and reactive oxygen species by standard techniques. In vivo, effects of NO-ASA were evaluated in a mouse xenograft model using MDA-MB-231 cells. p-NO-ASA inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 cells at 24 h, the respective IC50s were 13 ± 2 and 17 ± 2 μM; ASA had an IC50 of >3000 μM in both cell lines. The IC50s for m-NO-ASA in MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 were 173 ± 15 and 185 ± 12 μM, respectively, therefore, implying p-NO-ASA as a stronger inhibitor of growth p-NO-ASA reduced cell growth by inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis and causing G0/G1 cell cycle block. Activation of NF-κB was inhibited by both isomers as demonstrated by decreases in NF-κB-DNA binding and luciferase activity at 24 h, However, m-NO-ASA produced transient effects at 3 h such as increased NF-κB-DNA-binding, increased levels of nuclear p50, even though both isomers inhibited IκB degradation. Increase in nuclear p50 by m-NO-ASA was associated with translocation of p50 in to the nucleus as observed by immunoflouresence at 3 h. NO-ASA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) as evidenced by overall increases in both H2DCFDA (2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein) and DHE (dihydroethidium)-derived fluorescence. Inhibition of ROS by N-acetyl-cysteine reversed the m-NO-ASA-mediated translocation of p50 in to the nucleus. In xenografts, p-NO-ASA inhibited tumor growth by inhibiting proliferation (PCNA and tumor volume), inducing apoptosis (TUNEL positive cells) and reducing NF-κB expression. Both isomers inhibit cancer cells, inhibit NF-κB pathway and induce ROS, and have potential as anticancer compounds.
Cholesterol efflux by acute-phase high density lipoprotein: role of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase

HDL plays an initial role in reverse cholesterol transport by mediating cholesterol removal from cells. Dur- ing infection and inflammation, several changes in HDL composition occur that may affect the function of HDL; therefore, we determined the ability of acute-phase HDL to promote cholesterol removal from cells. Acute-phase HDL was isolated from plasma of Syrian hamsters injected with lipopolysaccharide. Cholesterol removal from J 774 murine macrophages by acute-phase HDL was less efficient than that by control HDL because of both a decrease in cholesterol ef- flux and an increase in cholesterol influx. LCAT activity of acute-phase HDL was significantly lower than that of control HDL. When LCAT activity of control HDL was inactivated, cholesterol efflux decreased and cholesterol influx in- creased to the level observed in acute-phase HDL. Inactiva- tion of LCAT had little effect on acute-phase HDL. In GM 3468A human fibroblasts, the ability of acute-phase HDL to remove cholesterol from cells was also lower than that of normal HDL. The impaired cholesterol removal, however, was primarily a result of an increase in cholesterol influx without changes in cholesterol efflux. When control HDL in which LCAT had been inactivated was incubated with fibro- blasts, cholesterol influx increased to a level comparable to that of acute-phase HDL, without any change in cholesterol efflux. These results suggest that the ability of acute- phase HDL to mediate cholesterol removal was impaired compared with that of control HDL and the lower LCAT activity in acute-phase HDL may be responsible for this impairment. The decreased ability of acute-phase HDL to remove cholesterol from cells may be one of the mecha- nisms that account for the well-known relationship between infection/inflammation and atherosclerosis.— Khovidhunkit, W., J. K. Shigenaga, A. H. Moser, K. R. Feingold, and C. Grunfeld. Cholesterol efflux by acute-phase high density lipoprotein: role of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 967-975.
Low-Income Women’s Navigation of Childbearing Norms Throughout the Reproductive Life Course

Shifts in family structure have affected age norms about both teenage childbearing and reproductive sterilization, but we lack research examining how childbearing norms are connected across the reproductive life course. Drawing on interviews from 40 low-income women in Colorado, we explored linkages between early childbearing and the desire for early sterilization. Specifically, we examined two narratives women use to negotiate competing norms throughout the reproductive life course. The low-income women in our study characterized their teenage childbearing experiences negatively and justified them using a "young and dumb" narrative. Women also asserted that reversible contraceptives do not work for them, using a "hyper-fertility" narrative to explain both their early childbearing and their desire for early sterilization. Our results illustrate the influence of mainstream social norms about childbearing timing on low-income women's lives and provide evidence of how women use narratives to explain and justify their violation of childbearing norms.
A Review of: “The Orgayic Chemistry of Ntckel. Volume 1. Organonickel Complexes, by P. W. Jollv and C. Vilke, Academic Press. 1974, 517 pp plus xiv.$58.00”

(1975). A Review of: “The Orgayic Chemistry of Ntckel. Volume 1. Organonickel Complexes, by P. W. Jollv and C. Vilke, Academic Press. 1974, 517 pp plus xiv.$58.00”. Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 81-82.
EEG correlates of time-varying BOLD functional connectivity

Recent resting-state fMRI studies have shown that the apparent functional connectivity (FC) between brain regions may undergo changes on time-scales of seconds to minutes, the basis and importance of which are largely unknown. Here, we examine the electrophysiological correlates of within-scan FC variations during a condition of eyes-closed rest. A sliding window analysis of simultaneous EEG-fMRI data was performed to examine whether temporal variations in coupling between three major networks (default mode; DMN, dorsal attention; DAN, and salience network; SN) are associated with temporal variations in mental state, as assessed from the amplitude of alpha and theta oscillations in the EEG. In our dataset, alpha power showed a significant inverse relationship with the strength of connectivity between DMN and DAN. In addition, alpha power covaried with the spatial extent of anticorrelation between DMN and DAN, with higher alpha power associated with larger anticorrelation extent. Results suggest an electrical signature of the time-varying FC between the DAN and DMN, potentially reflecting neural and state-dependent variations.
Application of coupled-system analysis to bandwidth enhancement of antennas

Very closely spaced radiators, when properly coupled, can produce significant increases in impedance bandwidth with little, if any, increase in volume. This phenomenon is illustrated by analyzing some simple coupled networks which can serve as approximate models for coupled resonant radiators. Several tools are available that contribute to different aspects of the solution. State-space analysis provides a very general approach that demonstrates the properties held in common by various models and their physical counterparts. However, some intermediate steps are important to the understanding of how the system works. Computer subroutines can be used to perform numerical evaluations of eigenvalues (natural frequencies) and eigenvectors of the system matrix. Microwave computer-aided design routines can be used to assess the effect of parametric variations and to vary the parameters in a systematic way in order to attempt to meet a performance goal. >
Pragmatic Theology and the Natural Sciences at the Intersection of Human Interests

This paper elicits a twentieth-century American story that is deeply rooted in the legacy of American philosophical pragmatism, its impact on a particular school, and its reconstruction of American theology. The paper focuses on three generations of American theologians, and it centers on how these theologians reconstruct theology in light of the science of their day and how they maintain a true plurality of insights about human life in the world. The pragmatic theologian regards the creative exchange between theology and natural science as an opportunity for renewing our understanding of religious life and appreciating the various commitments of scientists and theologians as they meet at the juncture of human interests. The first voice is that of the early Chicago School of Theology represented by Shailer Mathews, Gerald Birney Smith, and George Burman Foster. The second voice is that of Henry Nelson Wieman, a second-generation theologian at Chicago. The final theologian discussed is James M. Gustafson, former Professor of Theological Ethics at Chicago.