cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Luz: A Case Study of Gendered Tensions of Romance and Domesticity in the Life of a Former Migrant, Chicana College Student

This paper is a case study of a Chicana former migrant in her first year of college through CAMP (College Assistance Migrant Program), and how she negotiated the challenges of family, romance, and the desire to reach her goals. Through narrative analysis, the authors examine the thoughts, words, and experiences of Luz's life to provide insight to the complex world of vacillating identities across cultural borders and gender role expectations of community, school, and society. Resumen
The gene for the muted (mu) mouse, a model for Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, defines a novel protein which regulates vesicle trafficking

The muted (mu) mouse is a model for Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome (HPS), an inherited disorder of humans causing hypopigmentation, hemorrhaging and early death due to lung abnormalities. The mu gene regulates the synthesis of specialized mammalian organelles such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules and lysosomes. Further, balance defects indicate that it controls the synthesis of otoliths of the inner ear. The mu gene has been identified by a positional/candidate approach involving large mouse interspecific backcrosses. It encodes a novel ubiquitously expressed transcript, specifying a predicted 185 amino acid protein, whose expression is abrogated in the mu allele which contains an insertion of an early transposon (ETn) retrotransposon. Expression is likewise expected to be lost in the mu J allele which contains a deletion of a single base pair within the coding region. The presence of structurally aberrant melanosomes within the eyes of mutant mice together with localization of the muted protein within vesicles in both the cell body and dendrites of transfected melan-a melanocytes emphasizes the role of the mu gene in vesicle trafficking. The mu gene is present only in mice and humans among analyzed genomes. As is true for several other recently identified mouse HPS genes, the mu gene is absent in lower eukaryotes. Therefore, the mu gene is a member of the novel gene set that has evolved in higher eukaryotes to regulate the synthesis/function of highly specialized subcellular organelles such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.
A TRIPARTITE PLAN-BASED MODEL OF DIALOGUE

This paper presents a tripartite model of dialogue in which three different kinds of actions are modeled: domain actions, problem-solving actions, and discourse or communicative actions. We contend that our process model provides a more finely differentiated representation of user intentions than previous models; enables the incremental recognition of communicative actions that cannot be recognized from a single utterance alone; and accounts for implicit acceptance of a communicated proposition.
Association of Influenza Vaccination Coverage in Younger Adults With Influenza-Related Illness in the Elderly

BACKGROUND Older adults have the highest influenza-related morbidity and mortality risk, but the influenza vaccine is less effective in the elderly. It is unknown whether influenza vaccination of nonelderly adults confers additional disease protection on the elderly population. METHODS We examined the association between county-wide influenza vaccination coverage among 520 229 younger adults (aged 18-64 years) in the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System Survey and illnesses related to influenza in 3 317 709 elderly Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years, between 2002 and 2010 (13 267 786 person-years). Results were stratified by documented receipt of a seasonal influenza vaccine in each Medicare beneficiary. RESULTS Increases in county-wide vaccine coverage among younger adults were associated with lower adjusted odds of illnesses related to influenza in the elderly. Compared with elderly residents of counties with ≤15% of younger adults vaccinated, the adjusted odds ratio for a principal diagnosis of influenza among elderly residents was 0.91 (95% confidence interval, .88-.94) for counties with 16%-20% of younger adults vaccinated, 0.87 (.84-.90) for counties with 21%-25% vaccinated, 0.80 (.77-.83) for counties with 26%-30% vaccinated, and 0.79 (.76-.83) for counties with ≥31% vaccinated (P for trend <.001). Stronger associations were observed among vaccinated elderly adults, in peak months of influenza season, in more severe influenza seasons, in influenza seasons with greater antigenic match to influenza vaccine, and for more specific definitions of influenza-related illness. CONCLUSIONS In a large, nationwide sample of Medicare beneficiaries, influenza vaccination among adults aged 18-64 years was inversely associated with illnesses related to influenza in the elderly.
Women in Leadership: A Discussion

Leading an organization or business is a Herculean task. Leadership skill traditionally had a masculine flavour. It was strongly voiced that leadership qualities were solely in the male domain. Only men could be able leaders who would lead an organization to glory. This was further supported by the belief that women themselves were averse to leading an organization. They possessed characteristics that were not befitting for being at the helm of an organization. But this proved to be more a myth than a reality. Globalization and the subsequent age of cut throat competition threw wide open the gateway to corporate leadership position for women. Research studies and data suggest that women also rose to the occasion and proved their capability as business leaders. This paper is a conservative attempt to capture a glimpse of the current status of women leaders, their leadership strategy and the yield of such innovation in organizational matrix.
The Role of Laparoscopy

Laparoscopic options were mentioned ‘en passe’ in the preceding chapters but a promise was made to further elaborate on the role of laparoscopy in abdominal emergencies. To do so we had to summon help from a surgeon who is more enthusiastic than us. Here it goes:
Metal organic chemical vapor deposition of ZnO from β‐ketoiminates

ZnO is a high-mobility electron conductor being considered for high-throughput electronics in flexible and transparent formats. We demonstrated the Zn β-ketoiminate system, based on acetylacetimine with N-propyl, isopropyl, and butyl groups, as a vehicle for preparing ZnO thin films for electronic applications. Surface carbon was a primary impurity, and the precursors studied afforded films with the lowest surface carbon contamination at deposition temperatures near 400°C. Thermal annealing of the films reduced the surface carbon content and afforded semiconducting materials. Annealing also gave larger-grained, better connected films. Thinner films were associated with semiconducting as opposed to ohmic behavior; such films will be adaptable for transparent logic circuits. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Higher Oxygenate Selectivity of Cobalt Catalysts Supported on Hydrothermal Carbons

The performance of carbon-supported cobalt catalysts was compared with that of Co/γ-Al2O3 reference catalysts for the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction. The carbon support (CS) was prepared using a hydrothermal method that formed mostly spherical ∼300–800 nm carbons that were first carbonized at 900 °C and then partially graphitized at 1900 °C. The FTS study was conducted using a continuously stirred tank reactor, and the cobalt catalysts were promoted with Pt (0.2% Pt–10% Co) to facilitate the reduction of cobalt oxides. Catalysts were prepared by an evaporative method (Co/CS-IWI) and by a chemical vapor deposition technique (Co/CS-CVD). The CVD technique led to a higher CO conversion (26.5%) relative to the conventional evaporative (IWI) method (7.4%) at the same temperature (220 °C) and space velocity (1.5 NL/gcath). Remarkably, the Co/CS-CVD displayed a high oxygenate selectivity (∼10%) in comparison with cobalt alumina catalysts (i.e., including one having similar Pt and Co loadings, as well a...
Structural Characteristics of Alkyllithium Catalyzed Polymers Derived from Butadiene and Styrene

Abstract More than a million miles of tire testing is generally required to prove the utility of a new elastomer. For example, such a program has recently demonstrated that an alkyllithium solution...
The Effects of Age and the Design of Web-Based Training on Computer Task Performance

Given the use of computers in the workplace and homes and the increase in the number of older adults in the next 20 years, the use of computers by older adults is a significant issue that should be addressed (Czaja, 1996). Due to the decline in cognitive skills as individuals age, deficits in working memory can place older adults at a disadvantage when performing computer-interactive tasks (Salthouse, 1996). The objective of this study was to explore performance differences between younger adults (18–23 years old) and older adults (63–83 years old) being taught a computer task using a web-based training program. This study concluded that age-related differences were evident in training time, task completion time, and performance score. Results were discussed in terms of limitations and implications of older-adult centered training programs.
Boundary Value Problems and Finite Differences

The solvability of boundary value problems differs greatly from that of initial value problems and can be somewhat difficult to make sense of in the context of a sophomore-level differential equati...
Hämoglobinstoffwechsel und Bilirubinbildung

Unter physiologischen Bedingungen wird das Ham des Hamoglobins zu Bilirubin IXα abgebaut. Die ausgepragte Lipidloslichkeit des ungebundenen Bilirubins kann zu einer intracellularen Anhaufung des Pigmentes mit toxischer Zellschadigung fuhren. Durch Bindung an Albumin und Konjugation mit Glucuronsaure wird eine Wasserloslichkeit erreicht, die den Zugang des Bilirubins in das Zellinnere verhindert. Drei Viertel des taglich gebildeten Bilirubins (250–350 mg) entstammen dem Abbau gealterter Erythrocyten und ein Viertel dem Stoffwechsel des Myoglobins und der hamenthaltenden Enzyme. Kinetische Untersuchungen mit radioaktiven Isotopen lassen zwei deutlich trennbare Maxima der Bilirubinausscheidung erkennen: Eine fruhe Spitze in den ersten Tagen („early-labeled peak“), die aus dem Katabolismus hamenthaltender Enzyme resultiert und eine spate Spitze, die den Abbau der Erythrocyten nach 120 Tagen Lebensdauer reflektiert.
Effects of adrenalectomy on CCD: evidence for differential response of two cell types.

Electrophysiological and chemical methods were used to determine the Na and K transport properties of the isolated cortical collecting duct (CCD) of control and adrenalectomized (ADX) rabbits. Net fluxes of Na (JNa) and K (-JK) in controls were 5.7 and 3.2 pmol . mm-1 . min-1 and in ADX were 1.0 and 0.7 pmol . mm-1 . min-1, respectively, similar to electrically determined rates. In separate experiments, blind impalement of cells from adrenal intact (group 1), ADX (group 2), and ADX rabbits treated with deoxycorticosterone (group 3) allowed identification of two distinct cell types, majority cells (MA) and minority cells (MI). In all groups, MA were distinguished from MI by a relatively high basolateral membrane potential (-Vb), low apical membrane fractional resistance (FRa), and presence of apical and basolateral membrane K conductances. Vb of MA (-82.4 mV) was significantly hyperpolarized in groups 1 and 3 combined, when compared with group 2 (-66.4 mV). However, there was no significant difference between Vb of MI in group 2 (-38.9 mV) and Vb of MI in groups 1 and 3 (-36.2 mV). In MA of group 1 equivalent circuit values of apical membrane Na and K conductances (GNaa, GKa) and maximum pump current (Ipmax) were 0.84 and 6.72 mS/cm2 and 46.7 microA/cm2, respectively. These values in group 2 were significantly lower (0.28 and 1.52 mS/cm2 and 8.7 microA/cm2, respectively). It is concluded that two cell types can be distinguished electrically in the CCD. MA have properties consistent with principal cells and MI have properties consistent with intercalated cells. ADX causes a decrease in GNaa, GKa, and Ipmax of PC that results in proportionate decreases in INaa and IKa.
Protein synthesis in pulmonary arteries from rats exposed to hyperoxia

These studies were undertaken to determine the relationship of early changes in the synthesis rates and contents of collagen, elastin, and soluble tissue protein of pulmonary arteries in rats exposed chronically to normobaric hyperoxia. The growth response of pulmonary arteries was characterized by proportionate increases in the contents of the three protein fractions after 7 days (130% of control) and 21 days (194% of control) of exposure. Fractional rates of protein synthesis were assessed both in vivo and in vitro with the use of several radiolabeled amino acids as tracers to minimize uncertainties of the relationships of the specific radioactivities of measured amino acid pools and the precursors for the proteins fractions. Values for fractional synthesis rates of collagen, elastin, and soluble protein in vitro in pulmonary arteries isolated from control rats were 2.2, 1.6, and 19%/day, respectively. Rates of synthesis of collagen and soluble protein in vitro were approximately 20% lower than that determined in control rats in vivo. The fractional synthesis rates of the three protein fractions in isolated arteries from experimental rats were unchanged after 1 day of hyperoxic exposure, decreased marginally after 3 days, and markedly increased after 7 days. At this time the absolute increments in the fractional synthesis rates of collagen (+4.7%/day) and elastin (+5.0%/day) were less than that of soluble tissue protein (+16%/day) and were more comparable to the accumulation rate of proteins in the tissue. The disproportionate increment in the fractional rate of soluble protein synthesis suggests that the fractional rate of degradation of soluble protein was also increased during the growth response in this model of hypertension.
Organizational Size, Corporate Social Performance, and Business Performance

In the previous two chapters, we presented meta-analytic evidence which suggests that corporate social performance (CSP) is positively related to company financial performance (Chapter 4) and inversely related to business risk (Chapter 5). Even so, Stanwick and Stanwick’s (1998) study raises the suspicion that organizational size may be an exogenous determinant of both CSP and corporate financial performance (CFP). That is, it is possible that the significantly positive path coefficient between CSP and CFP is spurious and disappears when firm size is entered as a third variable (Chen & Metcalf, 1980). However, Stanwick and Stanwick’s (1998) conclusions are limited to their specific sample (Fortune 500 companies) and operationalizations of CSP (Fortune Corporate Reputation Index). The study presented in this chapter takes a broader, more representative perspective.
Where did African American Language Come from

This chapter focuses on contested issues or the origin of African American language, beginning with the idea that has been a pivotal point of ongoing discussion of the question, the so-called creolist hypothesis. I begin the chapter by recalling the pioneering work of scholars such as Lorenzo Dow Turner, and Melville Herskovits – who stood out from their contemporaries in taking an adversarial stance to the dominant paradigm through which academic work on persons of African descent was being carried out; the notion that distinctive characteristics of African peoples are the manifestation of underlying pathologies and deficits. When focused on questions of language, the typical approach taken by scholars of the deficit orientation has been to characterize the distinctive language varieties that developed in African diaspora communities as broken or babified corruptions of the European colonial languages from which they derived much of their vocabulary and structure.
Greater Aerial Moisture Transport Distances with Warming Amplify Interbasin Salinity Contrasts

The distance atmospheric moisture travels is fundamental to Earth's hydrologic cycle, governing how much evaporation is exported versus precipitated locally. The present day tropical Atlantic is one region that exports much locally-evaporated moisture away, leading to more saline surface waters in the Atlantic compared to the Indo-Pacific at similar latitudes. Here, we use a state-of-the-art global climate model equipped with numerical water tracers to show that over half of the atmospheric freshwater exported from the Atlantic originates as evaporation in the northern Atlantic subtropics, primarily between 10N and 20N, and is transported across Central America via prevailing easterlies into the equatorial Pacific. We find enhanced moisture export from the Atlantic to Pacific with warming is due to greater distances between moisture source and sink regions, which increases moisture export from the Atlantic at the expense of local precipitation. Distance traveled increases due to longer moisture residence times, not simply Clausius-Clapeyron scaling.
The nonfeeding auricularia of Holothuria mexicana (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea)

Among echinoderms, nonfeeding larvae usually are simplified in body shape, have uniform ciliation, and have lost the larval gut. A few species have nonfeeding larvae that express some remnant features of feeding larvae like ciliated bands and larval skeleton or larval arms, but typically their larval mouth never opens and their gut does not function. Still other species have retained the feeding larval form, a functional gut, and can feed, but they do not require food to metamorphose. The present note describes the development of a tropical holothurian, Holothuria mexicana, which hatches as a gastrula that is already generating coelomic structures. A translucent auricularia forms with a mouth that opens but becomes reduced soon thereafter. In form and ciliation this auricularia resembles a feeding larva, but it does not respond to food. A doliolaria forms on day 4 and the pentactula on day 6 post-fertilization. Further study of this larva and that of its closely related congener, Holothuria floridana, is warranted.
Identifying conditions for elimination and epidemic potential of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nursing homes

Residents of nursing homes are commonly colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) but there is a limited understanding of the dynamics and determinants of spread in this setting. To address this gap, we sought to use mathematical modeling to assess the epidemic potential of MRSA in nursing homes and to determine conditions under which non-USA300 and USA300 MRSA could be eliminated or reduced in the facilities. Model parameters were estimated from data generated during a longitudinal study of MRSA in 6 Wisconsin nursing homes. The data included subject colonization status with strain-specific MRSA collected every 3 months for up to 1 year. Deterministic and stochastic co-colonization and single-strain models were developed to describe strain-specific dynamics of MRSA in these facilities. Basic reproduction numbers of strain-independent MRSA, non-USA300 and USA300 MRSA were estimated numerically. The impact of antibiotic use in the past 3 months on the prevalence of strain-specific MRSA and associated basic reproduction numbers were evaluated. Our models predicted that MRSA would persist in Wisconsin nursing homes, and non-USA300 would remain the dominant circulating strain. MRSA eradication was theoretically achievable by elimination of MRSA-positive admissions over the course of years. Substantial reductions in MRSA prevalence could be attained through marked increase in clearance rates or reduction in MRSA-positive admissions sustained over years. The basic reproduction number of strain-independent MRSA was 0.18 (95 % CI = 0.13–0.23). Recent antibiotic use increased the prevalence of strain-specific MRSA and associated basic reproduction numbers, but was unlikely to lead to an outbreak. Based on our model, MRSA elimination from nursing homes, while theoretically possible, was unlikely to be achieved in practice. Decolonization therapy that can sustain higher clearance rates or lower MRSA-positive introductions over years may reduce strain-specific prevalence of MRSA in the facilities, and antibiotic stewardship may contribute to this effort. Large-scale MRSA outbreaks were unlikely in this setting.
Optimization of smart pixel receivers

The design of the optical receiver is an integral part of any optical interconnection scheme. The performance and information handling capacity of the free-space optical link depend to a large extent on the receiver's gain, speed, power consumption, and area requirements. In general, these four parameters can be traded off against each other. We have developed a framework for modeling receivers based on digital CMOS technology, and optimizing the design to minimize either the optical power requirement or the total power requirement.
Cooperation in multi-access networks via coalitional game theory

We study the performance of cooperation strategies in multiple-access networks in the framework of coalitional game theory to determine how stable coalitions arise and evolve in response to the potential throughput gains enabled by cooperation. Two strategies are examined, both inspired by practical scenarios. The first strategy is representative of a cooperative random access system. Each user randomly alternates between two states, indicating its desire to transmit. Users cooperate to avoid interfering transmissions by sharing knowledge of their state with members of the same coalition. A scheduler determines the active user within each coalition that can access the channel. Collisions occur when users belonging to different coalitions transmit simultaneously. In this case, the grand coalition formed by all users is both sum-rate optimal and stable, in the sense that users do not have any incentive to leave the coalition. The second strategy is representative of a cooperative token based system. Users are statically scheduled in a round robin fashion. They cooperate to avoid wasteful idle cycles by sharing their right to access the channel with members of the same coalition. A scheduler selects the user that transmits among the ones within the coalition. In this case, the grand coalition is sum rate optimal but cannot always be stabilized because some group of users may always have an incentive to deviate.
System-size effects in ionic fluids under periodic boundary conditions.

We investigate the system-size dependence of the thermodynamic properties of ionic fluids under periodic boundary conditions. Following an approach previously developed in the context of quantum Monte Carlo simulations of many-electron systems, we show that the leading-order finite-size artifact in the Coulomb energy per particle of a classical fluid of N structureless ions at given density and temperature is simply −kBT(2N)−1. Analytical approximations for the periodicity-induced size dependence of the excess thermodynamic properties of the fluid in the weak-coupling regime are obtained within the linearized Debye–Huckel theory. Theoretical results are compared with published simulations of the one-component plasma and our own simulations of a primitive-model electrolyte solution. Our work is directly relevant to estimating finite-size corrections in simulations of charged fluids comprising structureless ions embedded in continuous media. We outline in the Appendix how some of our formal results may be generalized to molecular fluids with mobile ions; e.g., electrolyte solutions with explicit solvent.
Abstract A82: Cancer Diagnosis and the Effect of Joint Family in Rural India

With cancer being an ever prevalent problem in modern society, there have been a large number of cancer related studies mainly dedicated to the medical effects and remedies. However, studies that relate demographics and living pattern to cancer sparsely exist, but are mostly on human behaviors. Social behavior, such as drinking, as well as those relating to family types also holds importance in the effectiveness of medical treatments on cancer. Studies on the effects of these behaviors, however, are completely ignore. This is especially true when considering whether the person lives in a nuclear or joint family. As such, this study seeks to add to the limited amount of literature linking family living type to cancer diagnosis. Henceforth, the objective of this research is to estimate the effect of joint family on cancer diagnosis. Using a logit estimation model, the paper estimates how family living type and daily behaviors affect the risk of cancer diagnosis. This study employed a total of 251 surveyed data obtained from Karnataka Lingiat Educational (KLE) Society University at Handiganur village, located in the South Western state of Karnataka in India. The estimated result showed that a person living in a joint family would lower its log-odds of being detected of a cancer by 1.293 units against living in nuclear family. Further, the estimated marginal effect found that a 1% change in joint family will reduce the likelihood of being diagnosed with cancer by 7.24%. Among the other behavioral variables studies, the study also found that public well for water supply will increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with cancer by 0.933 units. Similarly, a person who drinks alcohol regularly increases their likelihood of risk of being diagnosed with cancer by 1.260 units. Two possible reasons for the results are that because there are biological and behavioral implications of living in a joint family that can help mitigate the chances of developing cancer-such as healthier living habits supported by family members, and that ceteris paribus, a joint family will have less income per person in the household meaning that hospital visits happen less frequently. Hence, the finding of this study should have a huge implication in developed countries where nuclear family syndrome dominates. A future study with a field based experimental data that has treatment and controlled group with a large sample size is recommended. Citation Format: Sushant Koirala. Cancer Diagnosis and the Effect of Joint Family in Rural India. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A82.
Signaling bias in drug discovery.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The availability of different functional pharmacological assays has revealed that agonists for receptors that are pleiotropically coupled to multiple signaling pathways in the cell can emphasize signals to some pathways over others, i.e. can be biased toward certain signals. This, in turn, opens the possibility that molecules can be made to emphasize favorable signals, de-emphasize harmful signals or selectively block the ability of the natural agonist to produce unfavorable signals.Areas covered: This paper discusses the mechanism of biased signaling, the possible therapeutic implications of this effect, methods to quantify and measure bias and the current literature describing the translation of biased measure in vitro to in vivo systems. In addition, the challenges of exploiting this mechanism for therapy are outlined.Expert opinion: While this mechanism is well established and ubiquitous in pharmacology and easily measured in vitro, there are theoretical and practical hurdles to ...
Weierstrass points on and supersingular j -invariants

We study the arithmetic properties of Weierstrass points on the modular curves $$X_0^+(p)$$ for primes p. In particular, we obtain a relationship between the Weierstrass points on $$X_0^+(p)$$ and the j-invariants of supersingular elliptic curves in characteristic p.
The Singapore Paediatric Triage Scale Validation Study.

INTRODUCTION This study aimed to determine the usefulness and validity of the triaging scale used in our emergency department (ED) by analysing its association with surrogate clinical outcome measures of severity consisting of hospitalisation rate, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of ED stay, predictive value for admission and length of hospitalisation. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted of the performance markers of the Singapore Paediatric Triage Scale (SPTS) to identify children who needed immediate and greater care. All children triaged and attended to at the paediatric ED at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014 were included. Data was retrieved from the Online Paediatric Emergency Care system, which is used for patients' care from initial triaging to final disposition. RESULTS Among 172,933 ED attendances, acuity levels 1, 2 plus, 2 and 3 were seen in 2.3%, 26.4%, 13.5% and 57.8% of patients, respectively. For admissions, triage acuity level 1 had a strong positive predictive value (79.5%), while triage acuity level 3 had a strong negative predictive value (93.7%). Fewer patients with triage acuity level 3 (6.3%) were admitted as compared to those with triage acuity level 1 (79.5%) (p < 0.001). There was a correlation between triage level and length of ED stay. CONCLUSION The SPTS is a valid tool for use in the paediatric emergency setting. This was supported by strong performance in important patient outcomes, such as admission to hospital, ICU admissions and length of ED stay.
Comments on Liebman and Zeckhauser, Simple Humans, Complex Insurance, Subtle Subsidies

These are brief comments on an excellent paper by Jeffrey Liebman and Richard Zeckhauser, prepared for a conference sponsored by the Urban Institute and Brookings on tax and health care policy. Liebman and Zeckhauser summarize the complexities involved in making optimal health insurance decisions, and offer generally cautionary notes about conflating these with tax law (a theme of the conference). Most importantly, Liebman and Zeckhauser suggest a positive role for employers in health care and insurance decisions, as better setters or framers of choice sets - witness 401(k) plans. In this Commentary, I applaud Leibman and Zeckhauser's general work and particular observation, generalizing that behavioralist approaches might often lead to a search for the "best decider," akin to the search for the "least cost avoider" or "best cost spreader" in law and economics and tort law (e.g., the work of Guido Calabresi). I caution against an approach to behavioralism that simply lists "one damned bias after another," and suggest that the case against simply turning health insurance choices over to consumers is overdetermined by behavioral economics, bounded rationality, common sense and experience (cf. experience with Medicare prescription drug plan, subprime mortgage crisis, etc., etc.). I nonetheless suggest that the insights of behavioralism can be used to better guide policy-makers today. For example, lawmakers should consider the complexities of choices that their policies ask individuals to make, and take a Hippocratic Oath to "do no more complexity" (which argues strongly against the continued conflation of tax and health care policy). Competition should focus on meaningful real variables, such as the quality, range, and location of care providers, and less on financial variables, such as the levels of deductibles and co-pays, which can helpfully be standardized to prevent distracting competition along these lines.
Keeping the Celebrity Flame Flickering: Reality Television Celebrities on Broadway and Fan Interaction Through Digital Media

The abundance of celebrity journalism and the ubiquity of the Internet and social media has altered the terrain of the arts and entertainment industries. Celebrities who are cast in Broadway musicals interact with audiences in ways never before seen and mediated access between fan and celebrity is nearly limitless. This chapter investigates the tenuous merger of Broadway culture, reality television, and the Internet, as exemplified in the careers of competitive talent-based reality television series winners Laura Osnes and Bailey Hanks. Following an examination of celebrity and reality television, the chapter examines how Osnes turns the primarily pejorative patina of reality television celebrity into Broadway stardom, and utilizes social media savvy to maintain her celebrity following. Despite similar origins, Hanks fails to strike a similar chord with Internet audiences and is unable to garner the same celebrity or Broadway opportunities as her peer.
Bias temperature instability in scaled CMOS technologies: A circuit perspective

Abstract Bias temperature instability has impacted scaling of conventional poly-Si/SiON CMOS technologies and remains a critical device reliability mechanism for metal gate/high-k stacks in planar and FinFET device architecture. The material and modeling aspects have been extensively studied using discrete MOSFETs and more recently expanded to CMOS circuits to demonstrate its impact on digital circuit aging. In this paper we summarize our understanding of the BTI mechanism in scaled CMOS technologies and discuss the correlation between discrete device degradation and circuit/SRAM aging.
Los efectos del contexto educativo en el desarrollo del uso del pronombre personal sujeto en español como segunda lengua

Existe una amplia literatura que manifiesta las ganancias linguisticas por aprendices de espanol en un contexto de estudios en el extranjero. Aunque la mayoria de estos estudios muestra cierto exito a nivel linguistico (gramatical, fonologico, sociolinguistico, etc.), tenemos escaso conocimiento que documente el aprendizaje en el plano pragmatico de la lengua. Por tanto, la presente investigacion estudia el desarrollo del uso de pronombre personal sujeto a nivel discursivo por aprendices de espanol como segunda lengua. Con el objeto de entender mejor el impacto del contexto educativo en el desarrollo del sistema interlinguistico, este estudio presenta una comparacion de escenario: aula ordinaria en Estados Unidos y aula de inmersion social, cultural y educativa en Espana. Este trabajo no contribuye unicamente al campo de la investigacion que evidencia el impacto del contexto de aprendizaje, sino que los resultados tambien reflejan la existencia de similares tendencias del aprendizaje del sujeto a nivel discursivo en ambos escenarios. Si bien los resultados indican que ambos grupos de aprendices perfeccionan la expresion de pronombre personal sujeto al final del periodo de intervencion, la comparacion intergrupal revela que el grupo de inmersion en el extranjero alcanza un mayor nivel de competencia en el dominio del sujeto pronominal.
Intrinsic Motivation for Truly Autonomous Agents

In this chapter, I argue that agents need human-like intrinsic motivation in order to achieve true autonomy, which is especially important for dealing with complex, uncertain, or unpredictable environments. A computational cognitive architecture is presented that incorporates not only cognitive capabilities necessary for the functioning of agents but also intrinsic (as well as derived) motivation for agents. With this model, an agent is able to function properly and autonomously in complex environments, as demonstrated by a wide range of simulations.
Large-Area In-Situ Oxide, GaN Interlayer-Based Vertical Trench MOSFET (OG-FET)

We present a large-area in-situ oxide, GaN interlayer-based vertical trench MOSFET (OG-FET) with a metal organic chemical vapor deposition regrown 10-nm unintentional-doped-GaN interlayer as the channel and 50-nm in-situ Al2O3 as the gate dielectric. The threshold voltage of the device on bulk GaN substrate was 1 V measured at $\text{I}_\mathrm {on}/\text{I}_\mathrm {off}= 10^{7}$ . The OG-FET with an area scaled to 0.2 mm2 demonstrated a breakdown voltage ( $\text{V}_\mathrm {BR}$ ) of 320 V and an on-state resistance ( $\text{R}_\mathrm {on}$ ) of $3.8~\Omega $ (specific on-state resistance: $\text{R}_\mathrm {on,sp}= 7.6\,\,\text{m}\Omega \,\,\cdot $ cm2). For the single unit cell OG-FET from the same sample, $\text{V}_\mathrm {BR}$ was as high as 700 V (measured at $\text{V}_\mathrm {GS}=-10$ V), corresponding to a breakdown electric field of 1.4 MV/cm and $\text{R}_\mathrm {on,sp}$ of 0.98 $\text{m}\Omega ~\cdot $ cm2. On our control sample, which was grown on sapphire substrate, a 1-A current was measured as well. These results show the potential of the OG-FET in power conversion applications.
The Greater Palatine "Notch": Clinical Sequelae of an Incomplete Greater Palatine Foramen.

The anatomy of the greater palatine foramen has variation with regard to location, but there have been no reports on the absence of a complete foramen. We present 2 cases of pediatric patients with...
Xen and the art of repeated research

Xen is an x86 virtual machine monitor produced by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and released under the GNU General Public License. Performance results comparing XenoLinux (Linux running in a Xen virtual machine) to native Linux as well as to other virtualization tools such as User Mode Linux (UML) were recently published in the paper "Xen and the Art of Virtualization" at the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (October 2003). In this study, we repeat this performance analysis of Xen. We also extend the analysis in several ways, including comparing XenoLinux on x86 to an IBM zServer. We use this study as an example of repeated research. We argue that this model of research, which is enabled by open source software, is an important step in transferring the results of computer science research into production environments.
Modification of Steroid Excretion in Response to Dietary Fiber

The interaction between bile acids and dietary fiber has been of interest to nutritionists searching for a mechanism that relates the intake of some sources of dietary fiber to the incidence of diseases related to steroid metabolism. For example, some sources of dietary fiber result in a lowering of serum cholesterol in humans, which some have theorized results from the observed increase in bile acid excretion (Story, 1980; Kritchevsky, 1982). Dietary fiber also alters colonic bile acid concentrations and susceptibility to colon carcinogens in experimental animals (Freeman, 1982) and appears to affect colon cancer in humans (Hill, 1982).
2,2′‐Bis(1‐ethyl­benzimidazol‐2‐yl)­bi­phenyl

The title compound, C30H26N4, adopts a folded, twisted clamshell geometry in the solid state in which the ethyl groups are trans, and in which the imidazole fragments of the benz­imidazole units are nearly eclipsed. Distances between imidazole fragments indicate extensive intramolecular π–π interactions. The mol­ecules pack in columns along b with little, if any, intermolecular π–π interactions. In contrast, the n-propyl analog, 2,2′-bis(1-propyl­benzimidazol-2-yl)]­bi­phenyl, adopts an extended conformation with little, if any, π–π interactions of any kind.
Comparing a Statistical Model and Bayesian Approach to Establish the Design Space for the Coating of Ciprofloxacin HCl Beads at Different Scales of Production

The primary objective of this study was to compare two methods for establishing a design space for critical process parameters that affect ethylcellulose film coating of multiparticulate beads and assess this design space validity across manufacturing scales. While there are many factors that can affect film coating, this study will focus on the effects processing conditions have on the quality and extent of film formation, as evaluated by their impact coating yield and drug release. Ciprofloxacin HCl layered beads were utilized as an active substrate core, ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion as a controlled release polymer, and triethyl citrate as a plasticizer. Thirty experiments were conducted using a central composite design to optimize the coating process and map the response surface to build a design space using either statistical least squares or a Bayesian approach. The response surface was fitted using a linear two-factor interaction model with spraying temperature, curing temperature, and curing time as significant model terms. The design spaces established by the two approaches were in close agreement with the statistical least squares approach being more conservative than the Bayesian approach. The design space established for the critical process parameters using small-scale batches was tested using scale-up batches and found to be scale-independent. The robustness of the design space was confirmed across scales and was successfully utilized to establish process signature for the coating process.
The CPU and You: Mastering the Microcomputer.

There are at least two ways to view this whole business of computers and education. In the one scenario, education is the Little Red Schoolhouse in Silicon Gulch the last bastion of humanistic education, surrounded by the blinking lights, the incomprehensible jargon, the multiple machine forms, and the outrageous instructional claims of an inhuman and threatening "they." To the battlements and repel the invading electronic horrors! "They" must never penetrate the classroom and gain control of students' minds! Well, that's one view. It's kin to the one that in the fourteenth century A.D. saw the addition algorithm (you know, the "put down the . . . and carry the ..." way of doing addition) as an attack on the correct way of doing addition by using an abacus. It's cousin to the view that admitting the hand-held calculator to the class-
Deeds that Help and Words That Hurt: Helping and Gossip as Moderators of LMX to Network Centrality

This study of 266 retail employees and their respective managers in Turkey examined the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) quality and advice network centrality. Drawing upon Network...
Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Stand Development in Trembling Aspen Forests: Are Outdated Density Management Guidelines in Need of Revision for All Species?

The effect of rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) on tree size–density relations has not been thoroughly investigated despite such relations forming the basis of contemporary forest stand stocking metrics. As an initial exploration of the effects of varying CO2 concentrations on size–density relations, we treated model stands of trembling aspen with increased concentration of CO2 (560 ppm) for 11 years in northern Wisconsin and found compelling differences in stand development compared with those in ambient atmosphere. Pure and mixed trembling aspen forests grew faster in elevated atmospheric CO2 and with developmental trajectories of selfthinning communities carrying more stand basal area at equivalent trees per hectare. Comparison of our experimental results with historical stand density data suggests forest developmental characteristics may have changed in response to historical increases in atmospheric CO2; thus, current stocking guides could underestimate maximum stand carrying capacity. Although our results may be constrained to our study species in a controlled experiment, they still suggest that comprehensive reassessments of stand growth dynamics and size–density relations may be needed across suites of species and spatial extents because of global atmospheric CO2 increases that have already occurred.
Interview Results: The Design Reviewer as Facilitator

This chapter discusses how design reviewers play the role of facilitator in the design review process. The design reviewer as a facilitator focuses on managing complex processes concerning what steps are in place for design review, how the process works, how design reviewers promote collaboration, how they resolve disagreements or conflicts during the process, how they mediate or negotiate, and how they build a group consensus.
Functionalized fluorescent silver nanoparticle surfaces for novel sensing and imaging techniques

A deposition technique has been developed to create thin metal surfaces composed of functionalized fluorescent silver nanoparticles on top of glass or plastic substrates. Deposition is controlled through excitation of nanoparticles via a confocal microscope, allowing for rapid surface formation, high resolution patterning and convenient imaging. The functionalization of these nanoparticles can be tailored to a desired application. Initial investigations have demonstrated that surfaces can be designed to mimic the glucan and mannan layers of a fungal cell wall, which in turn can be used to stimulate and study responses from human immune cells.
Caregiver Decision-Making for Terminally Ill Children: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction:Many children are born with life-limiting illnesses. Medical decision-making for these children by caregivers is complex and causes significant psychosocial distress, which can be part...
Gentamicin Induces Laminin 332 and Improves Wound Healing in Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa Patients with Nonsense Mutations.

Generalized severe junctional epidermolysis bullosa (GS-JEB) is an incurable and fatal autosomal recessively inherited blistering skin disease caused by mutations in the LAMA3, LAMB3, or LAMC2 genes. Most of these mutations are nonsense mutations that create premature termination codons that lead to impaired production of functional laminin 332, a protein needed for epidermal-dermal adherence. Gentamicin induces readthrough of nonsense mutations and restores the full-length protein in various genetic diseases. Using primary keratinocytes from three GS-JEB patients, we showed that gentamicin induced functional laminin 332 that reversed a JEB-associated, abnormal cell phenotype. In a subsequent open-label trial involving the same patients, we examined whether 0.5% gentamicin ointment applied topically to open skin wounds could promote nonsense mutation readthrough and create new laminin 332 in the patients' skin. Gentamicin-treated wounds exhibited increased expression of laminin 332 at the dermal-epidermal junction for at least 3 months and were associated with improved wound closure. There were no untoward side effects from topical gentamicin. The newly induced laminin 332 did not generate anti-laminin 332 autoantibodies in either the patients' blood or skin. Gentamicin readthrough therapy may be a treatment for GS-JEB patients with nonsense mutations.
THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTAR FASCIITIS WITH A MUSCULOSKELETAL ULTRASOUND IMAGING GUIDED APPROACH FOR INSTRUMENT ASSISTED SOFT TISSUE MOBILIZATION IN A RUNNER: A CASE REPORT

Background/and purpose Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging (MSK US) is an emerging diagnostic tool in physical therapy, which allows for dynamic visualization of tissues in real time. Plantar fasciitis is a common condition causing heel and arch pain and has been related with degenerative changes in the plantar fascia resulting in tissue thickening. Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) is an intervention that allows clinicians deep penetration to treat tissues. The mechanical forces caused by IASTM might cause localized tissue trauma leading to stimulation of the body's natural inflammation and healing processes. The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the use of ultrasound imaging to guide the decision-making process and to discern the optimal location for the application of IASTM. Case description The subject was a 46-year-old female yoga practitioner and runner, who presented with right foot pain. The clinical impression was formulated based on the combination of traditional physical therapy examination procedures and MSK US imaging findings of the plantar fascia demonstrating thickness and tendinosis like changes within the plantar fascia 3 cm distally from the calcaneus. Outcomes The subject was seen for eight treatment sessions over four weeks, at which time the goals of normal ankle dorsiflexion, no pain with palpation of the plantar fascia, negative windlass test, and no reported pain during gait were achieved. Discussion This case report illustrates the use of MSK US imaging as a method to objectively assess tissue quality and guide decision-making when managing patients with plantar fascia related pain. MSK US was used to determine the optimal location for the application of IASTM during the conservative management of a runner with plantar fasciitis. Level of evidence Therapy, Level 5.