cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ground fault location identification for multiple drive high resistance grounding systems

One of the more difficult problems to solve in industrial plants is to locate and eliminate a ground fault in High Resistance Grounding (HRG) system. This is because ground fault conditions in these systems do not draw enough current to reliably trip the ground fault current detector in the drive. This paper studied the ground fault identification (GFI) using voltage measuring method for multiple-drive HRG systems. The character of the voltage signals at different stages of the drive operating condition is studied. It is demonstrated that the location of the ground fault can be identified much easier if the appropriate operating conditions can be combined in the system level.
An aberrantDRB4 null gene transcript is found that could encode a novel HLA-DR chain

To determine the nature of the additional sequences in the larger DRB4 null transcript, the corresponding cDNA was amplified, cloned, and sequenced
Dual overlapping peptides recognized by insulin peptide B:9-23 T cell receptor AV13S3 T cell clones of the NOD mouse.

T cells isolated from islets of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are enriched for insulin-reactive cells. The great majority of these T cells recognize insulin B chain peptide (B:9-23). B:9-23 reactive T cell clones are diabetogenic and show a dramatic TCR alpha -chain restriction (predominant AV13S3). We have studied the reactivity of five different B:9-23 reactive T cell clones to truncated peptides and alanine substituted analogues of B:9-23. Amongst these AV13S3 T cell clones, one reacted with peptide B:9-16 and four with B:13-23. The two peptides have in common only four amino acids (B:13-16; EALY). Having defined minimal peptide epitopes, we evaluated a mutant insulin sequence (B:13 glutamine) which retains metabolic activity. As predicted, this single amino acid change abrogated T cell reactivity. In addition, we have created a modified I-A(g7)gene with the B:9-23 peptide covalently linked to I-A(g7). Antigen presenting cells transfected with this construct were excellent presenting cells for all clones studied. The definition of dual peptide motifs and creation of bioactive covalent I-A(g7)-B:9-23 should facilitate studies of the pathogenic significance and antigen recognition by B:9-23 reactive diabetogenic T cells.
The genealogical structure of Japanese firms: parent-subsidiary relationships

We analyze the genealogical structure of large Japanese firms, with particular emphasis on the relationship between parent firms and spinoff subsidiaries. The wide use of spinoffs and subsidiaries in Japan provides for flexible organizational mutations that appear to facilitate increased competitiveness and offer the opportunity to obtain benefits through a deliberate separation of core competencies. We discuss a conceptual framework for the spinoff arrangement, the results of an exploratory empirical analysis of the relationship between parent and subsidiary organizations, and implications of the use of this organizational structure. We suggest the importance of a consideration of the genealogical aspects of large Japanese firms in strategy research.
Reselution of hemoglobin subunits by electrophoresis in acid urea polyacrylamide gels containing Triton X-100

Abstract We have investigated the effect of different concentrations of Triton X-100 on the resolution of microgram amounts of different hemoglobin subunit polypeptides during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing acetic acid, urea, and Triton X-100. The results of these studies indicate that adequate concentrations of Triton X-100 facilitate the resolution of polymorphic globin chains and that this type of electrophoretic separation is technically much simpler and more sensitive than currently used methods. Using this method, known and previously undescribed types of α and β chains can be detected. Furthermore, polyacrylamide gel slabs containing a horizontal gradient of Triton X-100 permit the identification of different globin chains present in lysates of erythrocytes or erythrocyte precursors without prior purification of the hemoglobins.
GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF HOST USE, DEVELOPMENT, AND HABITAT USE OF AN ACANTHOCEPHALAN SPECIES, LEPTORHYNCHOIDES THECATUS

Leptorhynchoides thecatus (Linton, 1891), an acanthocephalan parasite of freshwater fishes, varies in host use, development, and habitat use throughout North America. Spatial structure of these characteristics was examined from data extracted from the literature. Geographic patterns were inferred from point comparisons using correllograms and then tested with Moran's I statistic for global and local significance, and visually from regional means within major river drainages. Species of Micropterus Lacepede, 1802 (black basses) were common hosts in most regions, except the Lower Mississippi and South Atlantic regions where species of Lepomis Rafinesque, 1819 (sunfishes) were common hosts. Development, described as the proportions of adults relative to cystacanths (extraintestinal juveniles), decreased with latitude. Habitat use of L. thecatus showed marked geographic patterns. Leptorhynchoides thecatus occurred in the intestine of sunfishes in the South Atlantic and Lower Mississippi regions, in the ceca in fish of all species included in the study in the Missouri and Texas-Gulf regions, and both in ceca and intestines in fish of all species in northern regions. Leptorhynchoides thecatus showed geographic patterning within the variable traits across the range of the species. These patterns may be the result of ecological factors or of genetic differences that might indicate L. thecatus comprises multiple cryptic species.
A test for the presence of precautionary saving

Abstract This paper tests for precautionary saving by deriving an explicit measure of consumer uncertainty: the expectational errors from a consumption Euler equation. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I estimate these errors and find, contrary to the theory, a negative correlation between consumer uncertainty and consumption growth.
Stability of Distributed-parameter Dynamical Systems with Multiple Non-linearities†

ABSTRACT The Popov criterion for the stability of n. linear finite-dimensional system containing a single non-linearity is extended to infinite-dimensional systems with multiple non-linearities. Bather than examining stability of the states under zero input conditions the paper examines stability of the output.
Heterogeneous versus Homogeneous Nucleation and Growth of Zeolite A

The effectiveness of the addition of nanoparticles of various materials to act as substrates for zeolite A nucleation and growth was investigated in an attempt to obtain submicron zeolite A crystals. It was found that the important parameters influencing nucleation and growth rates of zeolite A crystals over the substrates were (1) the surface energies of the substrates, zeolite A and the synthesis medium, and (2) the size of the substrate. Nucleation rates of zeolite A over substrates was found to be significantly lower as compared to nucleation rates for homogeneously nucleated zeolite A, even though the energy barrier for nucleation was found to be significantly lower in the former case. This could be attributed to the steric factors associated with the substrate. Indeed, we proved mathematically this to be the case. It was found that the nucleation becomes progressively easier on substrates as the contact angle between the zeolite A embryo and the substrate goes from π to 0. It was interesting to note...
The four-factor model of depressive symptoms in dementia caregivers: a structural equation model of ethnic differences.

Previous studies have suggested that 4 latent constructs (depressed affect, well-being, interpersonal problems, somatic symptoms) underlie the item responses on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. This instrument has been widely used in dementia caregiving research, but the fit of this multifactor model and the explanatory contributions of multifactor models have not been sufficiently examined for caregiving samples. The authors subjected CES-D data (N = 1,183) from the initial Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health Study to confirmatory factor analysis methods and found that the 4-factor model provided excellent fit to the observed data. Invariance analyses suggested only minimal item-loading differences across race subgroups and supported the validity of race comparisons on the latent factors. Significant race differences were found on 3 of the 4 latent factors both before and after controlling for demographic covariates. African Americans reported less depressed affect and better well-being than White caregivers, who reported better well-being and fewer interpersonal problems than Hispanic caregivers. These findings clarify and extend previous studies of race differences in depression among diverse samples of dementia caregivers.
ADNEXAL MASS EVALUATION IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Female patients presenting to the emergency department with abdominopelvic pain and an adnexal mass are clinical challenges. Adnexal masses can arise from the ovaries, fallopian tubes, broad ligaments, or the suspensory ligaments of the ovary. They occur in the fetus, premenarchal girls, adolescents, women of reproductive age, and postmenopausal women. Gynecologic etiologies include cul-de-sac abscesses, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts, hydrosalpinx, interstitial pregnancy, ovarian neoplasms, paraovarian cysts, pregnancy in one horn of a bicornuate uterus, pregnant uterus in marked retroversion and retroflexion, pyosalpinx, ruptured ectopic pregnancy with hematocele, ruptured hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts, simple ovarian cysts, tubal neoplasms, tuberculosis endosalpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscesses, tubo-ovarian adnexal torsions, and uterine fibromyomata (List 1). Nongynecologic masses include adherent bowel or omentum to adnexa, aneurysms, appendiceal abscesses, ascites, carcinoma of the sigmoid colon, distended urinary bladder, diverticulitis, ectopic kidney, hematoma of the rectus muscle, impacted feces, low-lying distended cecum, mesenteric cysts, polycystic kidney, retroperitoneal pelvic neoplasms, and tumors of the appendix (List 2). With such a considerable differential, clinical assessment remains the keystone to the diagnosis of adnexal masses. However, ultrasonography, color doppler imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and tumor markers have major roles in patient assessment. 5,75 List 1. Gynecologic Adnexal Masses Cul-de-sac abscesses Ectopic pregnancy Ovarian neoplasms Randitemovarian cysts Pregnancy in one horn of a bicornuate uterus Pregnant uterus in marked retroversion Pregnant uterus in marked retroflexion Pyosalpinx Ruptured ectopic pregnancy with hematocele Ruptured hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts Simple ovarian cysts Tubal neoplasms Tuberculosis endosalpingitis Tubo-ovarian abscesses Tubo-ovarian adnexal torsions Uterine fibromyomata List 2. Nongynecologic Adnexal Masses Adherent bowel or omentum to adnexa Aneurysms Appendiceal abscesses Ascites Carcinoma of the sigmoid colon Distended urinary bladder Diverticulitis Ectopic kidney Hematoma of the rectus muscle Impacted feces Low-lying distended cecum Mesenteric cysts Polycystic kidney Retroperitoneal pelvic neoplasms Tumors of the appendix
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of N-chlorodifluoromethylenimine

Abstract The vibrational frequencies and corresponding normal mode assignments of N -bromodifluoromethylenimine (CF 2 NBr) are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of seven types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (C–F stretch, CN stretch, N–Br stretch, CN–Br bend, CF 2 scissors, CF 2 wag, and CF 2 rock). Theoretical infrared and Raman intensities are reported. The molecular orbitals and bonding of N -bromodifluoromethylenimine are examined.
Neurokinins inhibit low threshold inactivating K+ currents in capsaicin responsive DRG neurons

Abstract Neurokinins (NK) released from terminals of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons may control firing of these neurons by an autofeedback mechanism. In this study we used patch clamp recording techniques to determine if NKs alter excitability of rat L4-S3 DRG neurons by modulating K + currents. In capsaicin (CAPS)-responsive phasic neurons substance P (SP) lowered action potential (AP) threshold and increased the number of APs elicited by depolarizing current pulses. SP and a selective NK 2 agonist, [βAla 8 ]-neurokinin A (4–10) also inhibited low threshold inactivating K + currents isolated by blocking non-inactivating currents with a combination of high TEA, (−) verapamil and nifedipine. Currents recorded under these conditions were heteropodatoxin-sensitive (Kv4 blocker) and α-dendrotoxin-insensitive (Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 blocker). SP and NKA elicited a > 10 mV positive shift of the voltage dependence of activation of the low threshold currents. This effect was absent in CAPS-unresponsive neurons. The effect of SP or NKA on K + currents in CAPS-responsive phasic neurons was fully reversed by an NK 2 receptor antagonist (MEN10376) but only partially reversed by a PKC inhibitor (bisindolylmaleimide). An NK 1 selective agonist ([Sar 9 , Met 11 ]-substance P) or direct activation of PKC with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, did not change firing in CAPS-responsive neurons, but did inhibit various types of K + currents that activated over a wide range of voltages. These data suggest that the excitability of CAPS-responsive phasic afferent neurons is increased by activation of NK 2 receptors and that this is due in part to inhibition and a positive voltage shift in the activation of heteropodatoxin-sensitive Kv4 channels.
Ab initio calculations of polarizability and second hyperpolarizability in benzene including electron correlation treated by Møller-Plesset theory

We present an ab initio calculation of polarizability and second hyperpolarizability for the benzene molecule including electron–electron correlation. The finite field method is used. For each selected strength of the applied electric field the energy of the benzene molecule is calculated using the self‐consistent field method (SCF) as well as with its Mo/ller–Plesset correction in the second order (MP‐2). Then the microscopic optical nonlinear responses are calculated by fitting both the SCF energy and the MP‐2 energy to a polynomial in the field strength. We find that electron correlation significantly enhances the second hyperpolarizability. For the polarizability, our computed value shows an excellent agreement with the experimentally measured value. For the second hyperpolarizability, the computed value using MP‐2 energy shows a reasonable agreement with that reported by the electrical field induced second harmonic (EFISH) generation but a poor agreement with the result of degenerate four wave mixing...
Somatic mosaicism in Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome suggests in vivo reversion by a DNA slippage mechanism

Somatic mosaicism caused by in vivo reversion of inherited mutations has been described in several human genetic disorders. Back mutations resulting in restoration of wild-type sequences and second-site mutations leading to compensatory changes have been shown in mosaic individuals. In most cases, however, the precise genetic mechanisms underlying the reversion events have remained unclear, except for the few instances where crossing over or gene conversion have been demonstrated. Here, we report a patient affected with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) caused by a 6-bp insertion (ACGAGG) in the WAS protein gene, which abrogates protein expression. Somatic mosaicism was documented in this patient whose majority of T lymphocytes expressed nearly normal levels of WAS protein. These lymphocytes were found to lack the deleterious mutation and showed a selective growth advantage in vivo. Analysis of the sequence surrounding the mutation site showed that the 6-bp insertion followed a tandem repeat of the same six nucleotides. These findings strongly suggest that DNA polymerase slippage was the cause of the original germ-line insertion mutation in this family and that the same mechanism was responsible for its deletion in one of the propositus T cell progenitors, thus leading to reversion mosaicism.
Resection of a non-communicating uterine horn with use of the harmonic scalpel

Abstract Background Type IIA1b anomalies of the Mullerian system are rare. Traditionally, the method of treatment for such anomalies has been laparotomy. Case We discuss a case of this specific anomaly treated by resecting the non-communicating horn with the harmonic scalpel (Ethicon EndoSurgery, Cincinnati, Ohio) by first confirming a lack of communication with hysteroscopy, followed by chromotubation to demonstrate unilateral spill from the right side without leak from the area of dissection. Conclusion Minimally invasive techniques are an excellent alternative to laparotomy for correction of problems related to Mullerian anomalies.
Acute effects of VPX Meltdown® on plasma catecholamines, free fatty acids, glycerol, metabolic rate, and hemodynamics in young men and women

Background We have recently reported that the dietary supplement Meltdown® (Vital Pharmaceuticals) increases plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), glycerol, and free fatty acids (FFA), as well as metabolic rate in healthy men [1]. However, in that investigation measurements ceased at 90 minutes post ingestion, with values for bloodborne variables peaking at this time. It was the purpose of the present investigation to extend the time course of post ingestion measurement to 6 hours.
Plural hybrid mode multiflare conical horn with reduced cross polarisation and sidelobe levels

A new horn antenna exhibiting low cross polarisation and sidelobe levels over a wide frequency band is investigated both analytically and experimentally. The antenna consists of a dielectric loaded multiflare conical metal horn that can support the balanced hybrid modes. The higher order modes excited with appropriate relative amplitude and phase by the dominant HE11 mode incident on a symmetric discontinuity in an oversized cone of a multiflare horn are utilised to effect sidelobe reduction with low cross polarisation. The technique of dielectric loading is combined with multimode operation to contribute to increased directivity and on axis gain. Analytical results show good overall agreement with experimental measurements in the 10–16 GHz frequency band. This new type of multimode horn is potentially simple to design, analyse and manufacture yet exhibits many of the desirable features of the corrugated horn. Hence, the proposed multimode dielectric loaded multiflare conical horn, with its improved performance of better directivity and on axis gain at low cross polarisation and sidelobe levels, represents an attractive alternative to the corrugated horn antenna for satellite communications.
Within-season volatile and quality differences in stored fresh-cut cantaloupe cultivars.

Cantaloupe cultivar variability from various U.S. regions and growing seasons within a given year was evaluated. As expected, there was often considerable quality and volatile variation among cultivars. Eight of 11 cultivars met the standard U.S. No. 1 requirement for °Brix (g9), and in most cultivars, °Brix declined during fresh-cut storage at 4 °C. Hunter L* (loss of lightness color value) and a* (decline of typical orange hue) colors also generally declined during storage in most cultivars. Volatile ester compounds generally decreased during fresh-cut storage or exhibited a transient increase before declining after 5-7 days of storage. The relative percentage of acetate esters declined during storage in all cultivars, and declines were accompanied by simultaneous non-acetate ester increases. Slight imbalances in compound concentrations may alter the overall perception of desirable, typical “cantaloupe” aroma/flavor during fresh-cut storage. Upsetting the unique aroma balance through storage may negatively affect flavor and the consumer’s perception of desirable attributes, even though total volatile levels might not decrease substantially until after 5-7 days in storage. Subtle volatile and quality decreases are likely to be exacerbated with immature-harvested cantaloupe and are likely in out-of-season exports that have likewise been harvested at less mature stages. Altogether, this study indicates the difficulty in procuring cantaloupes of consistent quality from local producers, in a given year, for domestically grown fruit.
Ultrastructural and contractile characteristics of isolated papillary muscle exposed to acute hypoxia.

The ultrastructure of left posterior papillary muscles isolated from adult guinea pigs was examined before and after 30 min of hypoxia. A rapid decline in developed tension was observed during early hypoxia but at the time of fixation the activity had stabilized at 29% of the prehypoxia value. Control muscles bathed only in oxygenated Tyrode's solution resembled intact muscle fixed in situ , except for the presence of more intramitochondrial granules. Hypoxic muscles showed no signs of severe damage. Myofibrils were normal except for widened Z bands. Mitochondria were very often swollen and seldom contained intramitochondrial granules. Since the disappearance of intramitochondrial granules was also observed in hypoxia, additional cytochemical studies were performed to determine the content of the intramitochondrial granules. Unstained sections of post-osmicated control and hypoxic muscle containing intramitochondrial granules were examined. The granules before and after the hypoxic period had an average diameter of 330 . Electron dense granules were not removed by decalcifying agents, 2% formic acid or 2 m m EDTA without prior oxidation by 5% periodic acid or 2% hydrogen peroxide. Inorganic material in granules was not seen after microincineration at 500°C. The intramitochondrial granules do not change in size, yet they increase in number after prolonged incubation in 95% oxygen and decrease in number in 95% nitrogen. The number of granules may be related to the availability of substrate for the organic matrix of the granules.
Effects of riboflavin-sensitized photo-oxidation on choline metabolism in cultured rat lenses

Previous studies have indicated that photosensitized oxidation of cultured rat lenses greatly decreases their ability to accumulate labeled choline from the medium. This effect required a photosensitizer, light, and oxygen. Choline accumulation appeared to be somewhat more sensitive to damage than 86Rb accumulation. The following studies were designed to test the relative sensitivity of choline metabolism to photo-oxidation and to determine whether the primary site of damage involved the choline carrier or the choline phosphorylation mechanism (which traps choline in the lens).The ATP concentration and the rates of 3H-choline transport, choline phosphorylation, and 86Rb transport were measured in individual rat lenses. These parameters were compared in lenses cultured for 1–16 hr with or without 50 μM riboflavin. In the lenses exposed to riboflavin and light, choline uptake decreased to less than 40% of control within 4 hr, while 86Rb uptake decreased more slowly, approaching 40% of control at 12 hr. The ...
Stage of determination of vertebrae in teleostean fishes.

THE question, at what period during ontogeny is the number of vertebrae determined in teleostean fishes, has been asked by several workers studying racial characters in fishes, but without answer owing to lack of adequate experimental work.
New insights into the characteristics of early stage crystallization of a polyethylene

Small angle light scattering has been used to probe structure formation during isothermal crystallization of an ethylene-1-hexene copolymer (EH064, M{sub w} = 70,000 g/mol, {rho} = 0.900 g/cm{sup 3}, M{sub w}/M{sub n}{approx} 2, 6.4 mol% hexene). It is shown that clear structural information on size scales ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers during early stage crystallization can be obtained by this method when crystallizing the polyethylenes at the high temperatures (above the peak melting temperature of a rapidly crystallized polymer sample) required for resolving early stage crystallization without the influence of the crystal growth. The results show that the early stage crystallization is characterized by large scale orientation fluctuations that precede the formation of local crystalline order manifest in X-ray scattering and the initial collapse of these large scale anisotropic/ordered domains. The scattering intensity increases exponentially with time initially, and the wave vector dependence of the growth rate of fluctuations is consistent with predictions for initial stages of a phase transformation process. However, the detailed mechanism cannot be described by existing models. The implications of our results are discussed within the context of proposed models for early stage crystallization.
The Impact of Sexual Functioning Problems on Mental Well-Being In U.S. Veterans from the Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Conflicts

ABSTRACT Substantial literature currently exists linking medically-related sexual problems and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). This study explores the impact of global/non-medically linked sexual functioning problems and HRQoL in United States (U.S.) Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans. A total of 415 veterans newly registered to the Veterans Health Administration (VA) completed measures of demographic, mental health and physical health-related diagnoses and symptoms, including questions specific to sexual functioning. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine associations between mental and physical component scores and sexual functioning problems. Age, hypertension, pain, depression, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse were included as covariates. Findings indicated that sexual dysfunction had a strong negative effect on the SF-36 Mental Component Summary (MCS) scale after adjusting for multiple physical and...
Use of Receptor Models to Evaluate Sources of PAHs in Sediments

Receptor models are mathematical procedures for resolving one or more of these parameters in a mixed chemical system: (1) the number of sources, (2) their chemical characteristics, and (3) the relative contribution of each source in environmental samples. These models are being used increasingly to evaluate sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments. As with any mathematical model, understanding the underlying assumptions is critical in interpreting the output. Three assumptions that raise particular challenges when applying receptor models to evaluate multiple sources of pyrogenic PAHs are (1) identification of all important sources, (2) stability of source profiles, and (3) linear independence of each profile. Variability within source types, and similarities among the PAH profiles of different sources, create uncertainties that must be considered when evaluating the results of receptor models. Various procedures for evaluating uncertainties have been applied in the literature, but ...
223. Reelin and GAD67 downregulation and psychosis vulnerability

nia patients. Working memory deficits are present in about 80% of schizophrenia patients, resistant to anti-psychotic drug treatments and associated with social functioning. In the first study, we examined the effects of affective salience of the target on spatial working memory. Increasing the salience of the target facilitates working memory in schizophrenia patients and the affective valence of the target contributes to the improvement. In Study 2, we examined the role of social (human) vs. non-social (computer) reinforcement on working memory and found that only the human, social reinforcement facilitates working memory in schizophrenia patients. In Study 3, the role of positive mood arousal on working memory was examined. We manipulated the mood arousal by showing film clips. Salivary cortisol levels, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured. Facilitation of working memory in schizophrenia occured after they viewed a film clip which invites participation by the patient but not after viewing a comic clip which does not invite participation. These results suggest that affective and social modulation of working memory function is significant in schizophrenia and point to the importance of integrating “affect” and “cognition” in studies of frontal lobe function.
The Mediation of Coherent Discourse by Kinesthetic Reenactment: A Case Study of an Autistic Adolescent, Part II:

An earlier analysis of an autistic adolescent's repeated retellings of a story (Levy & Fowler, 2004–2005) showed how a transition from disorganized linguistic behavior to organized narratives was scaffolded by adult speech. The present article is concerned with the role of kinesthetic enactment in this same transition. The goal of the analysis is to trace the emergence of narrative coherence relative to changes in speech-movement combinations. The analysis yields the following pattern of change: from utterances (1) elicited in the third-person and produced with diffuse body motion, then (2) reproduced while enacted, sometimes in the first-person, (3) elicited without enactment in the third-person, and (4) reproduced in the third-person without specific adult prompts and in the absence of full-body enactment. This pattern is interpreted as a process of increasing explicitation (Karmiloff-Smith, 1986a); relying at first on the grounding of speech-movement combinations in physical space, and later in linguis...
Home background and school achievement of black urban ghetto children.

Home and family variables were investigated for 80 high and 80 low achieving fifth-grade black children from lower-class urban families. Parents of high achievers were rated significantly higher in concern for education, awareness of the child as an individual, general social awareness, use of rational discipline, and structure and orderliness in the home. High achievers seemed to come from somewhat better socioeconomic circumstances within the working class.
Fifteen years later: colonoscopic retroflexion revisited

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Retroflex views of the rectal vault are included in the teaching of colonoscopic technique but are not pervasive in clinical practice. The utility of adding a retroflex maneuver at the end of colonoscopy has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the additional benefit of a retroflex view of the rectal vault at the completion of colonoscopic examination. METHODS: A prospective study of consecutive colonoscopies performed by a single physician was conducted. The rectal vault was first visually inspected upon withdrawal of the colonoscope. The endoscope was then readvanced into the rectum and retroflexed to view the vault. Endoscopic findings on both views were recorded along with demographic patient information. The six groups of findings sought on the two views were: retained stool, abnormal hemorrhoids, erosions/ulcerations, polyps, masses, and normal examinations. A determination on whether retroflex views influenced patient diagnosis was recorded by the endoscopist. RESULTS: There were 453 patients enrolled: 182 (40.2%) male and 271 (59.8%) female, consisting of 216 African-Americans, 232 Caucasians, and five Asians. The retroflex maneuver was performed successfully in 445 of 453 patients. In all but nine cases, the retroflex view did not produce additional information. The nine findings included three inflammatory pseudopolyps, five hyperplastic polyps, and one case of erosions/ulcerations. CONCLUSIONS: In the majority of cases, retroflexing the endoscope does not produce additional information compared with the thorough examination in straight view. The retroflex view may be of benefit if there is suspicion of pathology upon insertion or withdrawal of the colonoscope.
Dispel: A run-time debugging language

Dispel is a language designed to aid communication between an interactive user and a run-time, symbolic debugging system. Important attributes of Dispel are that it provides a small set of primitive debugging actions, most traditional debugging aids (such as variable traces and postmortem dumps) are written in terms of these primitives as debugging routines, and Dispel serves both as an interactive debugging command language and as a special-purpose programming language. The syntax and semantics of Dispel are explained and examples of Dispel commands and routines are presented.
Co-deposition of arsenic and arsine on Pt, Cu, and Fe electrodes

Abstract An electrochemical investigation of arsenic in aqueous solutions was carried out in order to assess the possibility of removing it by reduction from As(III) to its elemental form. Arsine evolution was significant at potentials below −0.650 V SCE on Cu, and below −0.728 V SCE on Pt. As(V) could also be removed on Cu, with a larger evolution of arsine. When a potential equal to −0.560 V SCE was applied to an iron electrode, arsenic deposition took place simultaneously with iron dissolution, and arsine evolution was negligible.
The chemistry of lipid peroxidation metabolites: Crosslinking reactions of malondialdehyde

Malondialdehyde reacts readily with amino acids to form adducts containing vinylogous amidine linkages. Crosslinking reactions between nucleic acid bases, and amino acids induced by malondialdehyde also have been investigated. The physical data obtained for the adducts provide structural information on the possible mode of crosslinking of proteins and nucleic acids induced by this lipid metabolite.
Absence Epilepsy: Older vs Newer AEDs

Over the last one to two decades, several new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have become available. These medications have different mechanisms of action, metabolism, efficacy, and side effect profiles. Hence, it has become possible to customize medications for a particular patient. It has also become possible to use various combinations of treatments for refractory epilepsies. As medication options have increased, our goal has shifted to not only to maximize seizure control but also to minimize side effects. However, the older AEDs are still widely used. So the question arises—are newer medications better than older AEDs for the treatment of absence epilepsy? Based on a large multicenter class I study, older AEDs—ethosuximide and valproic acid—are more efficacious than newer AEDs. Due to reduced side effects, ethosuximide remains the first line treatment for childhood absence epilepsy.
Mind the Gap: In Praise of Informal Sources of Formal Theory

Theory-making can be taught and learned. New theories aim to fill a gap in existing explanations. Although mathematical statements are privileged elsewhere, social psychology's impactful theories tend to be verbal, perhaps because of the arbitrary scales of our variables. Good theories posit causal relations, attempt coherence, form a good narrative, aim for parsimony, are testable, prove fertile, and solve problems. Theories' sources can be intellectual, personal, group, or worldview. As long as the theory is stated logically, any source can be heuristic.
Elucidating secondary organic aerosol from diesel and gasoline vehicles through detailed characterization of organic carbon emissions

Emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles are predominant anthropogenic sources of reactive gas-phase organic carbon and key precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban areas. Their relative importance for aerosol formation is a controversial issue with implications for air quality control policy and public health. We characterize the chemical composition, mass distribution, and organic aerosol formation potential of emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles, and find diesel exhaust is seven times more efficient at forming aerosol than gasoline exhaust. However, both sources are important for air quality; depending on a region’s fuel use, diesel is responsible for 65% to 90% of vehicular-derived SOA, with substantial contributions from aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Including these insights on source characterization and SOA formation will improve regional pollution control policies, fuel regulations, and methodologies for future measurement, laboratory, and modeling studies.
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and 3-hydroxykynurenine modifications are found in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease

Tryptophan metabolism, through the kynurenine pathway, produces neurotoxic intermediates that are implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In particular, oxidative stress via 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and its cleaved product 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) significantly damages neuronal tissue and may potentially contribute to a cycle of neurodegeneration through consequent amyloid-beta accumulation, glial activation, and up-regulation of the kynurenine pathway. To determine the role of the kynurenine pathway in eliciting and continuing oxidative stress within Alzheimer's diseased brains, we used immunocytochemical methods to show elevated levels of 3-HK modifications and the upstream, rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) in Alzheimer's diseased brains when compared to controls. Importantly, the association of IDO-1 with senile plaques was confirmed and, for the first time, IDO-1 was shown to be specifically localized in conjunction with neurofibrillary tangles. As senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, our study provides further evidence that the kynurenine pathway is involved with the destructive neurodegenerative pathway of Alzheimer's disease.
Local song traditions in indigo buntings: Cultural transmission of behavior patterns across generations.

Songs of indigo buntings were recorded at the E. S. George Reserve in southeastern Michigan from 1963 to 1980. A computer program was developed for the recognition of similar song patterns, using a catalog of audiospectrogram song figures and the sequence of the song figures. Neighboring buntings often matched their songs, usually with no more than five birds having the same song. Buntings from remote populations rarely matched the song of the George Reserve buntings. The probability of survival of song traditions was estimated from the historical data on the local songs. Most bunting songs of the 1960's no longer occur locally and either have disappeared or have altered beyond recognition by cultural drift. A few song types nevertheless have persisted in the local population for 15 years. Song types of adult buntings had an estimated annual exponential decay rate of 0.18 and an exponential half-life of 3.8 years. Estimated survival rates of songs were higher when more liberal criteria were used to recognize cases of matching songs, indicating that certain song traditions have changed through the accumulation of learning errors in cultural evolution. Survival of marked individual adult buntings was only a third of the survival of their song types. Survival of songs was similar whether estimated forward in time from the early samples or backward from the last samples. The equivalence is consistent with a random neutral substitution model of cultural evolution rather than with a competitive model that resembles an intense natural selection leading to many descendants being derived from a few founders. The local songs of adult indigo buntings are relatively long-lived behavior traditions that persist by social song learning outside of any family kinship line across several generations.
A unique versatile, real-time software package for controlling a Nicolet 1074 averager from a laboratory minicomputer.

Abstract The use and operation of a newly-developed real-time software interface between a Nicolet 1074 digital signal averager and PDP-11 34A minicomputer is described. The system was developed for rapid, iterative, simultaneous measurements and correlations between electrical membrane properties of living cells and optically measured intracellular chemical changes. When such hard-wired averagers are interactively interfaced to minicomputers, the combination presents an overwhelmingly powerful experimental tool and enables data manipulations not performable by the hard-wired signal averager alone. Both the necessary hardware modifications to the standard Nicolet C-11 interface, major controlling assembly language software programs, and the versatility and adaptability of the system to a wide variety of laboratory applications are described.
History of the Standards for Social Work Practice with Groups: A Partial View

This article provides a historical and first-person narrative about the development of the IASWG Standards for Social Work with Groups by someone intimately involved in their germination and development. Beginning with review of early roots of standards for social work with groups, this article presents a journey through the formation of the Committee for the Advancement of Social Work with Groups in 1979, framing ideas that found their way into the first edition of the AASWG Standards of 1998, and the process of developing the second, current edition. It provides a rare look into how a professional organization struggled to create a seminal document.
Purple urine bag syndrome.

A 97-year-old man presented with complaints of “purple urine” and constipation. The patient had a chronic indwelling urethral catheter secondary to urinary retention from prostate hyperplasia. Physical examination found a urine bag with purple discoloration (Fig. 1). Urine cultures grew Klebsiella pneumoniae. Following treatment with ciprofloxacin, his urine returned to a normal color. Figure 1 Purple discoloration of urinary bag and catheter tubing. Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is an uncommon disorder in which the urine bags of catheterized patients turn purple or blue. First described in 1978, most patients are bedridden, cognitively impaired, and constipated.1 The discoloration is attributed to indigo (blue-violet) and indirubin (red-violet) pigments, which appear purple when combined. The pigments are created when ingested tryptophan is exposed to intestinal flora in patients with altered gut motility. Delayed gut transport allows coliforms to deaminate tryptophan to indole, which is absorbed and conjugated in the liver to indoxyl sulfate. Indoxyl sulfate is then catalyzed by sulfatases or phosphatases in the urine to indoxyl. Lastly, depending on urine pH and oxygen concentration, indoxyl is converted to indigo (high pH) and/or indirubin (low oxygen)2,3. PUBS is usually associated with organisms that have indoxyl phosphatase/sulfatase activity (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia stuartii, Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, and Escherichia coli).
Is separatism as contagious as the common cold or as cancer? Testing international and domestic explanations

Analysts frequently argue that ethnic conflict in general, and separatism in particular, is contagious. This article develops the logic of diffusion and then considers the role potentially played by domestic political dynamics. The article then tests external and internal dynamics by applying logistic regressions to the Minorities at Risk Dataset. We find that while domestic factors perform somewhat better by themselves, when combined into one model, each argument helps to explain why some groups seek separation while others do not.
Creating tomorrow's leaders and innovators through an RN-to-bachelor of science in nursing consortium curricular model.

The critical need to increase the number of baccalaureate-prepared RNs to improve the safety and quality of patient care in today's complex health care system is a pressing issue in health care. One part of the solution lies in the attainment of higher education of RNs prepared at the associate and diploma levels who make up the majority of the nursing workforce in the United States today. The Indiana University Schools of Nursing located throughout the state of Indiana collaborated to create a statewide RN–to–bachelor of science in nursing curriculum that is flexible, innovative, and meaningful. The plan focuses on the strengths and unique learning needs of returning RN students. Specifically, this curriculum offers year-round online courses in 7-week terms, which allows students to enter and exit the program within 1 year, and a curriculum with more choices and fewer constraints than is typical for baccalaureate nursing degrees. This learner-centered plan fully incorporates the American Association of Colleges of Nursing Essentials for Baccalaureate Education (2009) throughout the curriculum. It is conveniently delivered online, takes into account and gives credit for students' previous learning and work experience, and allows the students to pursue nursing specialty knowledge for college credit. Working together as a consortium to achieve these goals across an entire state with 8 regional campuses required focused attention on the concerns and strengths of all the stakeholders and successful implementation of effective communication strategies.
Percutaneous transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale with the Amplatzer Cribriform septal occluder.

Objectives: We tested the feasibility of percutaneous patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure utilizing the Amplatzer multifenestrated Cribriform atrial septal occluder device. Background: This device recently became available and may offer unique advantages for closure of PFO. Methods: Nineteen consecutive patients who underwent closure of PFO with the Cribriform device for a variety of indications under intracardiac echocardiographic and fluoroscopic guidance were studied. The degree of shunting was quantified pre- and postprocedure by echocardiography using both Doppler and agitated saline administration. The results with this device were compared to the prior 19 patients who underwent closure with a CardioSeal device. Results: The mean age of patients was 52 years and 47% were female. Indications for closure were paradoxical embolism in 17 patients, and hypoxemia due to right to left shunt in 2 patients. The postprocedure bubble contrast study showed a marked improvement in right to left shunting with 13 patients (68%) demonstrating no shunt flow, 4 (21%) having trace shunting, and 2 (11%) mild shunting. There were no device-related complications. The mean procedure time was 28 ± 10 min. In comparison to the CardioSeal device, a trend was apparent in terms of a greater percentage of patients with immediate closure with the Cribriform device, although a similar percentage of defect closure was seen at 6 months with both devices. Procedure time was shorter with the Cribriform device, related in part to the reduced need for balloon sizing. Conclusions: This initial experience suggests a number of favorable characteristics of the Amplatzer Cribriform device for PFO closure. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Perturbed sites and host--guest--host exciton cascade in the biphenyl isotopic mixed crystal phosphorescence

Abstract An interesting energy cascade is observed in the phosphorescence spectra of 1% biphenyl- h 10 in biphenyl- d 10 (2–15 K); strongly perturbed host sites, with energy levels below that of the protonated guest, quench the guest sites at higher temperatures (11–15 K). The identification of the perturbed sites is based on vibrational characteristics (both intensity and frequency), obtained with the help of phosphorescence spectra of biphenyl- h 10 and biphenyl- d 10 in an argon matrix, indicating an isotope dependent vibronic structure. A partial vibrational analysis is presented, resulting in confirmation of the first triplet state of biphenyl as orbitally ungerade . The dynamics of the triplet excitation are discussed, including several possible mechanisms explaining the non-Boltzmann nature of the low-temperature steady state.