Classic Rock Tours 3. Grand Canyon Geology, One Hundred and Fifty Years after John Wesley Powell: A Geology Guide for Visiting the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park

The year 2019 is the 150th anniversary of John Wesley Powell’s epic exploration of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon and the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Grand Canyon National Park. This is an excellent moment to look back 150 years to think about where we have come from as a science and society, and look forward 100 years towards the accelerated change we expect in the future. For historians, archaeologists, geologists and astronomers, of course, this century-long time scale is short compared to other perspectives. They might choose also to celebrate the 479th anniversary of the first sighting of Grand Canyon by Europeans in 1540, the 1000th anniversary of Ancestral Puebloan farmers in Grand Canyon, the 12,000th anniversary of the arrival of humans migrating south from the Bering Land Bridge, the 5 millionth anniversary of the integration of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon to the Gulf of California, the 4.6 billionth anniversary of the formation of Earth, or the 13.75 billionth anniversary of the Big Bang and the formation of our Universe. Geology is all about time, and knowing some geology helps with the difficult endeavour of placing human timeframes into perspectives of deep time. This guide is for geology students of all levels and types visiting the South Rim of Grand Canyon. It is designed as a 3-day field trip and introduction to the rocks and landscapes. The term ‘students’ in our view also includes visitors who want to know about the basics of Grand Canyon geology while taking scenic hikes to see the geology first-hand. It is organized as if you enter the Park at its East entrance, near Cameron, and exit the Park at the South entrance, towards Flagstaff, but the three activities can be done in any order. As an introduction, we present a brief summary of the history of geologic maps and stratigraphic columns, and the geologists who made them. The maps and depictions of Grand Canyon geology over the past 160 years record a visual progression of how geoscience knowledge in general has developed and matured. The first sixty years, before the Park was founded, may have been the greatest in terms of the rapid growth that merged geology, art and public outreach. The second fifty years (to about 1969) saw important advances in stratigraphy and paleontology and solid efforts by the Park to apply and interpret Grand Canyon geology for the public. The most recent 50 years have seen major advances in regional geological mapping, dating of rocks, plate tectonics, and improved geoscience interpretation. The next 100 years will hopefully see additional innovative efforts to use the iconic field laboratory of Grand Canyon rocks and landscapes to resolve global geoscience debates, inform resource sustainability imperatives and contribute to science literacy for an international public. The three activities described are as follows: Activity 1 (an hour or two) is an overview from Lipan Point. This is a vehicle pull-out on the East Rim drive and serves as an introduction for those entering the Park, or a recap for those who are leaving. Activity 2 (most of a day) is a day hike on the South Rim with visits to Yavapai Geology Museum and the Trail of Time Exhibit. The Trail of Time is a geology timeline trail laid out at a scale of one metre = 1 million years along the Rim Trail. It is a great family hike, fully accessible, with magnificent views of Grand Canyon. The rocks were collected along the river and have been placed at their ‘birthdays’ along the Trail for you to see and touch and sketch. If you walk the entire 4.56 km (2.8 mile) Trail of Time, a long way, you get a visceral feeling for the age of the Earth and you also go through historic Grand Canyon Village for lunch and shops. Activity 3 (all day) is a hike to Plateau Point along the Bright Angel Trail. One has not really seen and appreciated Grand Canyon geology until you delve its depths. You can go any distance down, but if you do the entire 19 km (12 mile) hike, you descend through a 1 km (3300 foot) thick set of Paleozoic rock layers to a spectacular vista where you feel like you can touch the Colorado River as well as the Grand Canyon Supergroup and Vishnu basement rocks of the inner Granite Gorge. The Plateau Point Trail takes off at Indian Gardens, or alternatively, this guide describes some good geology stops a short way down Garden Creek. The Bright Angel Trail continues to the Colorado River and to Phantom Ranch at the bottom of the canyon, but this is generally done as an overnight endeavour. You can get campground reservations (https://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/campsite-information.htm) or reservations at Phantom Ranch well in advance through a lottery (https://www.grandcanyonlodges.com/lodging/lottery/).