cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasoning about knowledge and action

This paper discusses the problems of representing and reasoning with information about knowledge and action. The first section discusses the importance of having systems that understand the concept of knowledge, and how knowledge is related to action. Section 2 points out some of the special problems that are involved in reasoning about knowledge, and section S presents a logic of knowledge based on the idea of possible worlds. Section 4 integrates this with a logic of actions and gives an example of reasoning in the combined system. Section 5 makes some concluding comments.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Wolf-Rayet Nebula NGC 6888

We present Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 images of a portion of the bright northeast rim of NGC 6888, the nebular shell physically associated with the Wolf-Rayet star HD 192163. The exposures are taken in the light of Hα λ6563, [O III] λ5007, and [S II] λλ6717, 6731. The images are used to constrain models of the ionization structure of nebular features. From these models, we infer physical conditions within features and estimate elemental abundances within the nebula. The results of our analysis, together with the degree of small-scale inhomogeneity apparent in the images, call into question the assumptions underlying traditional methodologies for interpretation of nebular spectroscopy. The thermal pressure of photoionized clumps is higher than the inferred internal pressure of the shocked stellar wind, implying that the current physical conditions have changed significantly over less than a few thousand years. These results are discussed within the context of published three-wind evolutionary scenarios for the formation of the nebula. We also discuss the nature of a back-illuminated radiative shock driven into the cavity surrounding NGC 6888.
Crack propagation in ceramic materials under cyclic loading conditions

An analysis is presented which enables crack propagation rates under cyclic loading condiditions to be predicted from static slow crack growth parameters. A comparison of the predicted times to failure under cyclic conditions with available measured failure times, for several ceramic materials at ambient temperatures, suggests that there is no significant enhancement of the slow crack growth rate due to cycling. This is verified in a series of measurements of slow crack growth rates under static and cyclic conditions.
Phosphorylation of the TAL1 oncoprotein by the extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase ERK1.

Abstract Alteration of the TAL1 gene is the most common genetic lesion found in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. TAL1 encodes phosphoproteins, pp42TAL1 and pp22TAL1, that represent phosphorylated versions of the full-length (residues 1 to 331) and truncated (residues 176 to 331) TAL1 gene products, respectively. Both proteins contain the basic helix-loop-helix motif, a DNA-binding and protein dimerization motif common to several known transcriptional regulatory factors. We now report that serine residue 122 (S122) is a major phosphorylation site of pp42TAL1 in leukemic cell lines and transfected COS1 cells. In vivo phosphorylation of S122 is induced by epidermal growth factor with a rapid time course that parallels activation of the ERK/MAP2 protein kinases. Moreover, S122 is readily phosphorylated in vitro by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase ERK1. These data suggest that TAL1 residue S122 serves as an in vivo substrate for ERK/MAP2 kinases such as ERK1. Therefore, S122 phosphorylation may provide a mechanism whereby the properties of TAL1 polypeptides can be modulated by extracellular stimuli.
Summer microhabitat use by adult and young‐of‐year snail darters (Percina tanasi) in two rivers

We characterised microhabitat availability and use by adult and young-of-year (YOY) snail darters (Percina tanasi Etnier 1976) while snorkelling in the French Broad and Hiwassee rivers, TN, USA. Both age groups of snail darters disproportionately used most microhabitat variables compared to their availability. Snail darters primarily occupied moderately deep, swift water over gravel substrates with little macrophyte coverage and no silt. Univariate comparisons indicated that adult and YOY darters occupied different habitat, but there was no marked differences between principal components analysis plots of multivariate microhabitat use within a river. Although the availability of microhabitat variables differed between the French Broad and Hiwassee rivers, univariate means and multivariate plots illustrated that the habitats used were generally similar by age groups of snail darters between rivers. Because our observations of habitat availability and use were constrained to low flow periods and depths <1 m, the transferability of our results to higher flow periods may be limited. However, the similarity in habitat use between rivers suggests that our results can be applied to low-normal flow conditions in other streams.
Adaptive device design for a disabled person to operate a paper shredder

A design process was undertaken to develop a device that would enable a handicapped person to feed paper into a shredder. The device was designed to allow a person with limited motor skills to control the device using a head switch. This manuscript contains the requirements for this design as well as the design concept, important calculations and evaluation on how well the requirements are met.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF THE DEATH PENALTY IN MISSOURI

Recent Supreme Court decisions and public opinion polls show increased support for the use of the death penalty. Much research has been conducted to assess the effect of executions on homicide rate...
Effect of L‐glutamine and isoniazid on torticollis and segmental dystonia

Fourteen patients with spasmodic torticollis and other segmental dystonic syndromes, who were refractory to previous forms of therapy, were selected for treatment with drugs intended to elevate brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. These patients were simultaneously given diazepam, isoniazid, pyridoxine, and large doses of L-glutamine. Involuntary spasmodic activity improved to varying degrees in 7 patients; in 2 the dyskinesia became worse. Transient alteration of renal or hepatic function occurred in 6 patients and mild euphoria unrelated to neurological improvement in 8. Two patients are still being treated. Deficiency of GABA may be a factor in some patients with these disorders.
Plea for Standardization in Teledermatology: A Worm's Eye View

Like any clinical interaction, teledermatology requires accurate, timely, and relevant information. The need to provide reliable, representative, diagnostic-quality images to the consultant is obvious. Predetermined patient views for a given clinical presentation and optimal hands on techniques to acquire them are not standardized. As a result, the training provided to those who take the images is inconsistent. Anecdotal evidence from the author's telemedicine practice is employed to support this contention. A formal collaboration between the telemedicine and medical photography communities is proposed to generate such standards and a relevant curriculum.
Stop-flow kinetics studies of the interaction of surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, with acid-denatured cytochrome c

Interactions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at submicellar and micellar concentration, with the globular protein, horse heart cytochrome c, at low pH have been shown to stabilize two molten globule-like intermediates. These dynamic studies were performed using far-UV, near-UV, and Soret-band circular dichroism (CD) as well as fluorescence methods. Stopped-flow CD and fluorescence studies of acid-denatured cytochrome c refolding with SDS were performed at both submicellar and micellar concentrations. Distinctive refolding mechanisms (from analysis of both CD and fluorescence) were found under these two conditions, and an obvious refolding intermediate was evident in the fluorescence traces. In addition, stopped-flow CD in the Soret region showed multistep kinetics, suggesting that the spectral changes in this region are not only solvent effect related but also connected with the change of secondary structure. A possible folding mechanism is proposed to rationalize the kinetics results.
Combined-Modality Therapy of Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer

Six randomized trials of chemoradiotherapy in cervical cancer have demonstrated improvement with cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy compared with radiation alone or radiation with hydroxyurea. Only one randomized trial (Gynecologic Oncology Group [GOG] 120) compared different cisplatin-based regimens and demonstrated significantly more hematologic and gastrointestinal toxic effects with the combination of cisplatin, fluorouracil, and hydroxyurea than with weekly cisplatin alone. The use of fluorouracil and mitomycin as radiation sensitizers for cervical cancer is based on their activity in chemoradiotherapy for anal carcinoma. However, a three-fold increase in serious late bowel toxicity was seen in patients treated with fluorouracil and mitomycin compared with fluorouracil alone when combined with radiation therapy for cervical cancer. Another randomized trial demonstrated improvement in survival with fluorouracil infusion compared with radiation alone only in early-stage disease. However, the most recently completed randomized trial by the GOG, which compared continuous fluorouracil infusion with weekly cisplatin, was closed when interim analysis demonstrated no potential superiority to the fluorouracil arm. Uncontrolled studies have evaluated the use of carboplatin on several different schedules, but no controlled trials have yet been performed. In metastatic and recurrent cervical cancer, a number of newer agents, including paclitaxel, gemcitabine, topotecan, and vinorelbine, have demonstrated modest single-agent activity and even greater activity in combination with cisplatin. An expanding series of trials will define the role of these new agents combined with cisplatin and radiation therapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. The potential role of biologic agents in combination with chemoradiotherapy also needs to be examined in locally advanced cervical cancer.
Analysis of huntingtin‐associated protein 1 in mouse brain and immortalized striatal neurons

Huntingtin, the protein product of the Huntington's disease (HD) gene, is expressed with an expanded polyglutamine domain in the brain and in nonneuronal tissues in patients with HD. Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP-1), a brain-enriched protein, interacts preferentially with mutant huntingtin and thus may be important in HD pathogenesis. The function of HAP-1 is unknown, but recent evidence supports a role in microtubule-dependent organelle transport. We examined the subcellular localization of HAP-1 with an antibody made against the NH2-terminus of the protein. In immunoblot assays of mouse brain and immortalized striatal neurons, HAP-1 subtypes A and B migrated together at about 68 kD and separately at 95 kD and 110 kD, respectively. In dividing clonal striatal cells, HAP-1 localized to the mitotic spindle apparatus, especially at spindle poles and on vesicles and microtubules of the spindle body. Postmitotic striatal neurons had punctate HAP-1 labeling throughout the cytoplasm. Western blot analysis of protein extracts obtained after subcellular fractionation and differential centrifugation of the clonal striatal cells showed that HAP-1B was preferentially enriched in membrane fractions. Electron microscopic study of adult mouse basal forebrain and striatum showed HAP-1 localized to membrane-bound organelles including large endosomes, tubulovesicular structures, and budding vesicles in neurons. HAP-1 was also strongly associated with an unusual large "dense" organelle. Microtubules were labeled in dendrites and axonal fibers. Results support a role for HAP-1 in vesicle trafficking and organelle movement in mitotic cells and differentiated neurons and implicate HAP-1B as the predominant molecular subtype associated with vesicle membranes in striatal neurons.
A morphometric analysis of the phloem-unloading pathway in developing tobacco leaves

A morphometric analysis of developing leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. was conducted to determine whether imported photoassimilates could be unloaded by symplastic transport and whether interruption of symplastic transport could account for termination of import. Five classes of veins were recognized, based on numbers of cells in transverse section. Photoassimilate is unloaded primarily from Class III veins in tissue nearing the end of the sink phase of development. Smaller veins (Class IV and V) do not transport or unload photoassimilate in sink tissue because the sieve elements of these veins are immature until after the tissue stops importing. In Class III veins the sieve element-companion cell (SE-CC) complexes are surrounded by phloem parenchyma which abuts the bundle sheath. Along the most obvious unloading route, from SE-CC complex to phloem parenchyma to bundle sheath to mesophyll cells, the frequency of plasmodesmata at each interface increases. To determine whether this pattern of plasmodesmatal contact is consistent with symplastic unloading we first demonstrated, by derivation from Fick's law that the rate of diffusion from a compartment is proportional to a number N which is equal to the ratio of surface area to volume of the compartment multiplied by the frequency of pores (plasmodesmata) which connect it to the next compartment. N was calculated for each compartment within the vein which has the SE-CC complex as its center, and was shown to be statistically the same in all cases except one. These observations are consistent with a symplastic unloading route. As the leaf tissue matures and stops importing, plasmodesmatal frequency along the unloading route decreases and contact area between cells also decreases as intercellular spaces enlarge. As a result, the number of plasmodesmata between the SE-CC complex and the first layer of mesophyll cells declines in nonimporting tissue to 34% of the number found in importing tissue, indicating that loss of symplastic continuity between the phloem and surrounding cells plays a role in termination of photoassimilate unloading.
Testing to confirm that Leontief–Sraffa matrix equations for input/output must obey constancy of returns to scale

Abstract Multiple proofs that competitive intertemporal equilibrium and Leontief–Sraffa input/output matrix relations do presuppose constant returns to scale.
Concurrent and predictive validity of psychopathy in a batterers' intervention sample.

Domestic violence is a serious problem in the United States, with almost two million incidents occurring every year. Although several risk factors have been identified, psychopathy has been understudied in this area. The current study investigated the association between psychopathy and successful treatment completion and reoffending in 483 convicted male batterers undergoing treatment. Findings showed that both overall psychopathy and the specific facet of impulsive antisociality were positively associated with treatment failure and recidivism at 1-year follow-up. Furthermore, results also indicated that the psychopathy facet of fearless dominance positively moderated the association between impulsive antisociality and treatment failure. Thus, individuals high on fearless dominance are bold and narcissistic, and reject the notion that they need treatment, and when coupled with impulsive antisociality, this combination of traits increases the likelihood of treatment failure. In addition, relative risk-ratio analyses indicated that individuals with elevated scores on global psychopathy and impulsive antisociality were at a greater risk for treatment failure and recidivism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Cardiovascular Morbidity and CABG Surgery—A Perspective: Epidemiology, Costs, and Potential Therapeutic Solutions

Although substantial advances have been made in the management of cardiovascular disease, it remains the leading cause of death on the United States and many other countries, due to the impact of aging and other changes in patient demographics. Since cardiovascular complications are usually associated with stress, it is not surprising that perioperative complications (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, heart failure) occur in at least 10% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, with such complications consuming an additional $2 billion annually in health care resources. In addition, the limitations of the newly mandated cost-saving methods have and will continue to have an impact upon the delivery of health care to cardiovascular patients. However, research and clinical studies in this area hold the promise of appropriate and cost-effective therapeutic approaches.
Relativity: A twist on relativistic astrophysics

Rotating black holes twist photons emitted nearby, a peculiar effect in general relativity that is now demonstrated by numerical experiments. This twisted light and its orbital angular momentum could reveal the physics of black holes in more detail than deemed possible before.
Electrical Impedance Myography in the Assessment of Disuse Atrophy

Abstract Tarulli AW, Duggal N, Esper GJ, Garmirian LP, Fogerson PM, Lin CH, Rutkove SB. Electrical impedance myography in the assessment of disuse atrophy. Objective To quantify disuse atrophy using electrical impedance myography (EIM), a noninvasive technique that we have used successfully to study neurogenic and myopathic atrophy. Design We performed EIM of the tibialis anterior of subjects with disuse atrophy secondary to cast immobilization and in their contralateral normal leg. Subjects were studied shortly after cast removal and again several weeks to months after the cast was removed and normal mobility was restored. Setting Outpatient neurology and orthopedic practices at a tertiary care medical center. Participants Otherwise healthy subjects (N=10) with unilateral leg fracture. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Resistance, reactance, and phase measured at 50kHz. Results The main EIM outcome parameter, phase at 50kHz, was lower in the immobilized leg in 9 of 10 cases. Additionally, when normal mobility was restored, the phase of the casted leg increased relative to its initial measurement in all 10 cases, while it increased inconsistently in the contralateral leg. Conclusions EIM may be a powerful tool for the assessment of disuse atrophy.
Property-checking based LBIST for improved diagnosability

We propose a new property-checking-based LBIST architecture which uses hardware monitors to check certain properties in the output responses. If any property is violated, the failing property number is stored for diagnosis. The proposed architecture improves diagnosability considerably with minimal hardware overhead. Experimental results show that the diagnostic resolution achieved by our architecture is comparable to that achieved in a non-BIST setup for many circuits.
Father's influence in the development of infant's relationships.

Recent research on the father infant interaction has challenged the long held belief that the "most important thing a father can do for his children is to love their mother". Fathers have significant influences on the development of the infant's relationships both directly and indirectly. Certainly his greatest indirect influence is through supporting, protecting, and facilitating the maternal infant dyad when it is the primary nurturing relationship. New research from a variety of perspectives in Europe and the United States have begun to document the powerful impact that fathers have on their children directly, and not just mediated through the maternal infant dyad. The Nordic family study in Europe, and clinical research by Parke, Lamb, Yogman, and Pruett in the United States have all documented the impact on the infant of increased paternal involvement in the early years, thanks to a variety of influences. Evidence now suggests that infants are able to make direct use of the father's unique contribution to their growth and development. This contribution not only increases the repertoire of available to the infant, but appears to have its own unique meaning to the infant, who often seeks it out quite directly and aggressively. Stylistic differences between paternal and maternal nurturing, appear to be of great interest and use to the child. The close contact between father and infant does not appear to threaten maternal infant attachment. Data from an ongoing longitudinal study of primary care giving fathers in the intact families will be presented. The impact of such a rare but theoretically highly interesting phenomenon on the capacity of the infant to develop useful relationships will be highlighted with clinical materials. Finally, we shall conclude with a discussion of the question in reverse, i.e., how does the infant influence the development of the father's relationships?
Primary sclerosing cholangitis in the presence of a lupus anticoagulant

Lupus anticoagulant, an immunoglobulin that prolongs the partial thromboplastin time, has been associated with thrombotic events, including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, and Budd-Chiari syndrome. In this report, primary sclerosing cholangitis was diagnosed in a man with a 10-year history of multiple thrombotic events related to a circulating lupus anticoagulant. Progressive jaundice and pruritus developed, and sclerosing cholangitis was confirmed by direct cholangiography. Sclerosing cholangitis is the second hepatobiliary disease reported in association with a lupus anticoagulant.
Future directions of paleoclimate research

Abstract This viewpoint identifies two issues, seen by the author as critical for future paleoclimate research: (i) the nature and cause of climatic conditions during peak glacial times; (ii) the geographic pattern of abrupt changes of climate and the factors that initiated these changes. A list of research programmes designed to test these issues is given.
On a signal processing algorithms based class of linear codes

In this work, the correspondence between linear (n,k,d) codes and aperiodic convolution algorithms for computing a systemφ ofk bilinear forms over GF(pm) is explored. A number of properties are established for the linear codes that can be obtained from a computational procedure of this type. A particular bilinear form is considered and a class of linear codes over GF(2m) is derived with varyingk andd parameters. The code lengthn is equal to the multiplicative complexity of the computation of an aperiodic convolution and an efficient computation thereof leads to the shortest codes possible using this approach, many of which are optimal or near-optimal. A new decoding procedure for this class of linear codes is presented which exploits the block structure of the generator matrix of the codes. Several interesting observations are made on the nature of the codes obtained as a result of such computations. Such a computation of bilinear forms can be generalized to include other bilinear forms and the related classes of codes.
Improving Dilemma-Zone Protection of Advance Detection with Advance-Warning Flashers

Two methods of dilemma-zone protection were compared. One was a conventional design with advance detectors at multiple locations. The other was a new design with advance detection at only one location and advance warning flashers on signs, with the legend "Prepare to Stop when Flashing," which are interconnected to the traffic signal. The flashers are activated at a predetermined time before the onset of yellow. Field studies indicated that the performance of both designs depended on the probability that vehicle speeds are in the speed range of their dilemma-zone protection when the green terminated by gap-out. The primary advantage of the new design was its shorter maximum allowable headway, which greatly reduced the probability of max-out and loss of dilemma-zone protection at higher volumes. However, this advantage is diminished at low volumes by the limited speed range for which it provides dilemma-zone protection. The new design was modified to reduce the effects of this limitation and improve the le...
Chemical model for intrinsic detonation velocities

Straightforward considerations suggest that chemical reactions including fragmentation processes at or near the front of a chemically sustained shock wave can be important in regulating the shock velocity. This picture is supported by results of recent computer simulations of a model A-B energetic material.
DCMU inhibits in vivo nitrate reduction in illuminated barley (C3) leaves but not in maize (C4): A new mechanism for the role of light?

The leaves of C4 plants possess a superior metabolic efficiency not only in terms of photosynthetic carbon assimilation, but also in terms of inorganic nitrogen assimilation, when compared to C3 plants. In vivo nitrate assimilation efficiency of leaves is dependent on light, but the obligatory presence of light has been debated and its role remains confounded. This problem has not been addressed from the standpoint of the C3 vs. C4 nature of the species investigated, which may actually hold the key to resolve the controversy. Here, we present the first report providing evidence for differential photo-regulation of leaf nitrate reduction in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) vs. maize (Zea mays L.) plants, which may help explain the superior nitrogen-use efficiency (and hence superior productivity) of maize plants. The novel finding that carbohydrate-depleted maize leaves were able to reduce nitrate when photosynthesis was inhibited by 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1′-dimethylurea (DCMU) in the presence of light, raises a very important question about the possibilities of a new photo-regulatory mechanism for supporting nitrate reduction in maize leaves operating independently of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation. On the other hand, leaves of barley could not carry out any in vivo nitrate assimilation, whatsoever, under these conditions. We find another fundamental difference between the two species in terms of differential regulation of nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1). In barley leaves, NR activity and activation state remained unaffected due to DCMU, but in sharp contrast, both were appreciably upregulated in maize. Collectively, the results indicate that enzyme capacity is not limiting for nitrate reduction in leaves, as the NR activity was higher in barley than in maize. The maize leaves may have had a selective advantage due to C4 morphology/metabolism in terms of maintaining a better reductant/carbon skeleton supply for nitrate reduction.
Cervical Spine Alignment in the Immobilized Football Player: Radiographic Analysis Before and After Helmet Removal

We investigated the effect of football helmet removal on the sagittal alignment of the cervical spine. A quan titative radiographic assessment of relative cervical spine position in subjects immobilized to a standard backboard wearing shoulder pads either with or with out a helmet was performed. Comparison was made to a control situation with subjects on a backboard wear ing no equipment. Ten subjects were studied using lateral computed tomographic scout films; each subject served as his own control. Radiographs were meas ured for overall sagittal cervical alignment and the amount of lordosis or kyphosis present within specific segments of the cervical spine. Mean values for each of the three defined situations (no equipment, shoulder pads and helmet, shoulder pads alone after helmet removal) were calculated and subjected to statistical analysis. No statistically significant difference in cervi cal sagittal alignment was noted when either no equip ment or both shoulder pads and helmet were worn. In contra...
Direct observation of self-interstitial-type defects in metals through combined single-double alignment channeling backscattering

Combined single-double alignment channeling backscattering is used to extract information concerning self-interstitial-type defects in radiation-damaged gold. The method eliminates difficulties associated with channeling backscattering as a probe for studying such defects at concentration levels between 0.1 and 1 at.% by experimentally separating the dechanneled component of the beam from the directly scattered fraction. The interstitial-type defects observed at room temperature in self-ion irradiated gold are thought to be the cores of clustered point defects.
Tubular Reabsorption of Phosphate in Primary Hyperparathyroidism—Before and After Administration of Parathyroid Hormone

Using the ratio of the clearance of phosphate to the clearance of creatinine, the authors determined the tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) of 20 individuals before and after administration of parathyroid hormone. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism demonstrated relative resistance to the effect of exogenous parathyroid hormone, as measured by the TRP. Normal patients and those with hypercalcemia from various causes showed a consistently decreased TRP after administration of parathyroid extract.
Using geographic information systems to assess conflicts between agriculture and development

Abstract The conflict between agriculture and urban development is intense in urbanizing areas of the United States and is a problem best resolved at the local level. To effectively develop and apply techniques for preserving farmland, areas of conflict must be identified. This article describes the application of a geographic information system (GIS) for determining the location and level of conflict between agriculture and other forms of human intervention. The procedures used for assessing conflicts are described through a case study in the city of Westfield, Massachusetts and the findings show that GIS can be an effective tool for local decision makers, allowing alternative strategies to be developed and evaluated for agricultural protection.
Erucic Acid is Differentially Taken up and Metabolized in Rat Liver and Heart

Because X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is treated using erucic acid (22:1n-9), we assessed its metabolism in rat liver and heart following infusion of [14-14C]22:1n-9 (170 Ci/kg) under steady-state-like conditions. In liver, 2.3-fold more tracer was taken up as compared to heart, accounted entirely by increased incorporation into the organic fraction (4.2-fold). The amount of tracer entering the aqueous fraction, which represents β-oxidation, was not different between groups; however a significantly elevated proportion of tracer was in the heart aqueous fraction. In both tissues, 76% of the radioactivity found in the organic fraction was esterified in neutral lipids, while only about 10% was found esterified into phospholipids. In liver, 56% of lipid radioactivity was found in cholesteryl esters, whereas in heart 64% was found in triacylglycerols. Because 22:1n-9 can be chain shortened, we assessed tracer metabolism using phenacyl fatty acid derivatives esterified from saponified esterified neutral lipid (triacylglycerol/cholesteryl ester) and phospholipid fractions. In heart esterified neutral lipids, 75% of tracer was recovered as 22:1n-9 and only 10% as oleic acid (18:1n-9), while in liver only 25% of the tracer was recovered as 22:1n-9, while 50% was found as stearic acid (18:0) and 10% as 18:1n-9. In liver and heart phospholipids, the tracer was distributed amongst the n-9 fatty acid family. Thus, 22:1n-9 under went tissue selective metabolism, with conversion to 18:0 the dominant pathway in the liver presumably for export in the neutral lipids, while in heart it was found primarily as 22:1n-9 in neutral lipids and used for β-oxidation.
Echocardiographic diagnosis of outlet strut fracture of a Björk-Shiley prosthesis in the mitral position

Abstract Outlet strut fracture of the Bjork-Shiley 60 ° convexocancave mitral valve prosthesis is a catastrophic event. 1–4 Immediate operation is needed if the patient is to survive. 1,2 In this report we detail the use of bedside 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) for diagnosis so that definitive therapy can be planned.
A method of recording sniffing in the free-moving rat.

Abstract A reliable method of recording sniffing behavior and respiration rate in the free-moving rat is described. A thermocouple probe is inserted into a cannula chronically implanted in the nasal passage. The use of sniffing as a measure of anticipatory states is suggested.
Using genome-wide protein sequence data to predict amino acid conservation.

For most proteins, multiple sequence alignments are a viable method to identify functionally and structurally important amino acids, but for most organisms, there is a subset of proteins that are unique or found in a few closely related organisms. For these proteins, it is not possible to produce sequence alignments that are useful in identifying functionally or structurally important amino acids. We have investigated the relationship between amino acid conservation and five factors (the amino acid’s identity, N-terminal neighbor, C-terminal neighbor, the local hydropathy of surrounding amino acids, and the local expected net charge of the surrounding amino acids based on the primary sequence) in Escherichia coli proteins. For four of the factors examined (all but the amino acid’s identity), there is a significant relationship with conservation for some of the standard 20 amino acids. Using the combination of all five factors, we show that it is possible to calculate a score based on the primary sequences of a subset of E. coli proteins that has statistically significant predictive value with respect to predicting conserved amino acids in other E. coli proteins and Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins. As these five variables show significant relationships with conservation, we have termed them conservation factors.
Management of Third Molar–Related Nerve Injuries: Observe or Treat?

Injury to branches of the trigeminal nerve is one of the possible complications associated with the removal of third molars. Fifty-two percent of patients referred to a university-based practice with trigeminal neurosensory complaints associated their nerve injury with third molar odontectomy. The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) was the most commonly injured nerve (61.1%), followed by the lingual nerve (LN; 38.8%). There was a 1.5-times greater incidence in females, the mean age of the patients was 34.5 years, and the mean time to consultation from the third molar extraction date was 6.9 months. These data also showed that although the LN was the least commonly injured nerve, it was also the most likely to be severely damaged. It also showed that these patients were most likely to benefit from surgery. On the other hand, the IAN-injured patient often had less severe sensory impairment and therefore would not always benefit from surgical intervention. Therefore, the decision to observe or treat was generally based on which nerve is injured (LN or IAN), and this requires knowledge of the natural course of both LN and IAN recovery following injury, as well as the history of the injury; the physical findings; the results of the diagnostic procedures used to determine the degree of nerve injury; the characteristics of the neuropathic pain, if present; and the potential benefits and risks of surgery, if indicated.
A two-dimensional dispersion problem-model verification and parameter estimation

Abstract The theory of measuring dispersion in flow systems by tracer experiments is extended to two-dimensional flow and mixing fields. Closed form analytical expressions for the temporal moments of the response to point source tracer injections are presented. These expressions are used in a non-linear parameter estimation algorithm to extract the fluid velocity and the two diagonal components of the dispersion tensor from temporal moment measurements at points near the tracer injection point. The robustness of this approach is examined by numerical solution of the transport equation, to see the impact of violations of the model assumptions on the parameter estimates.
Mass sensing AlN sensors for waste water monitoring

Monitoring the presence of nanomaterials in waste water from semiconductor facilities is a critical task for public health organizations. Advanced semiconductor technology allows the fabrication of sensitive piezoelectric-based mass sensors with a detection limit of less than 1.35 ng/cm2 of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles of alumina, amorphous silica, ceria, etc. The interactions between acoustic waves generated by the piezoelectric sensor and nanomaterial mass attached to its surface define the sensing response as a shift in the resonant frequency. In this article the development and characterization of a prototype AlN film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) are presented. DC reactive magnetron sputtering was used to create tilted c-axis oriented AlN films to generate shear waves which don’t propagate in liquids thus minimizing the acoustic losses. The high acoustic velocity of AlN over quartz allows an increase in resonance frequency in comparison with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and results in a higher frequency shift per mass change, and thus greater sensitivity. The membrane and electrodes were fabricated using state of the art semiconductor technology. The device surface functionalization was performed to demonstrate selectivity towards a specific nanomaterial. As a result, the devices were covered with a “docking” layer that allows the nanomaterials to be selectively attached to the surface. This was achieved using covalent modification of the surface, specifically targeting ZnO nanoparticles. Our functionalization approach was tested using two different types of nanoparticles, and binding specificity was confirmed with various analytical techniques.
Variable-range hopping in indium phosphide

Analysis of conductivity data taken over the temperature range 4.2-0.3K for a compensated sample of InP on the insulating side of the metal-insulator transition in terms of the relation sigma = sigma 0exp(-(T0/T)s) indicates that s=1/2, in agreement with the Efros and Shklovskii (1975) Coulomb gap prediction.
Synthesis and explosive decomposition of organometallic dehydro[18]annulenes: an access to carbon nanostructures.

The synthesis of eight new cyclobutadiene or ferrocene-fused organometallic dehydroannulenes is reported. Cadiot-type coupling of a 1-bromoethynyl-2-silylethynylbenzene derivative to an organometallic diyne (1,2-diethynyl-3,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadiene(cyclopentadienyl )cobalt or 1,2-diethynylferrocene) is followed by deprotection and Cu(OAc)2-promoted ring closure. Five of the organometallic dehydroannulenes were structurally characterized. Three of the novel cycles explode at temperatures from 196 to 293 °C and form insoluble carbon materials. The soot produced from 13a shows a high abundance of onion-like carbon nanostructures. The nanostructures were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in frontal cortex of primate brain

Adenylate cyclase activity (AC) of homogenates of monkey frontal cortex was stimulated by catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol), apomorphine, clonidine, NaF and GPP(NH)P. The increment in activity due to dopamine was enhanced in the presence of GPP(NH)P. The AC was also stimulated by0.2–0.4mM Ca2+ in the presence of0.2mM EGTA; at0.8mM Ca2+ had little or no influence on basal or NaF-stimulated activity. However, as Ca2+ concentration was increased from0.2to0.8mM stimulation by dopamine or GPP(NH)P was progressively inhibited. These results suggest a possible function of Ca2+ in modulating neurotransmitter stimulation of AC in the monkey frontal cortex. The AC exhibited higher sensitivity to dopamine than to norepinephrine or isoproterenol; however dopamine and norepinephrine caused the same maximum stimulation of the enzyme, a stimulation somewhat greater than that produced by isoproterenol. An additivity in stimulating AC was observed for dopamine and isoproterenol but not for dopamine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine- or dopamine-stimulated AC was effectively blocked by fluphenazine and other dopamine-receptor blocking agents (relative potency for blockade; fluphenazine, haloperidol > clozapine, thioridazine > pimozide) but not by propranolol, a β-receptor blocker. In contrast, isoproterenol-stimulated AC was antagonized by propranolol or alprenolol but not by fluphenazine. On the basis of these results, at least two distinct receptors appear to be associated with AC of monkey frontal cortex: (1) a β-receptor stimulated by isoproterenol and (2) a new type of dopamine or dopamine-norepinephrine receptor, stimulated by either dopamine or norepinephrine. This latter system differs from more typical dopamine receptors found in caudate, retina and limbic cortex in that (a) it is not stimulated by 1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-4-(2-pyrimidinyl) piperazine (S584); (b) it is stimulated significantly by the putative α-receptor agonist, clonidine; (c) it is more sensitive to blockade by clozapine than primate retina or caudate; also the sensitivity to haloperidol is greater than has been reported for non-primate caudate; (d) it is very sensitive to stimulation by norepinephrine and to blockade by phentolamine (an α-receptor blocker).
The significance of hyperkeratosis/parakeratosis on otherwise normal Papanicolaou smears

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether hyperkeratosis/parakeratosis found on an otherwise normal Papanicolaou smear was associated with abnormalities after comprehensive evaluation. Study Design: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 566 women identified with hyperkeratosis/parakeratosis on Papanicolaou smears from a 7-year period. All women underwent repeat Papanicolaou smear, colposcopy, and biopsy as indicated. Statistical analysis included χ 2 and Fisher exact tests as appropriate. Results: Final abnormal diagnoses included human papillomavirus (HPV) changes (17%), mild dysplasia (5%), and moderate/severe dysplasia (0.4%). We found no carcinomas. Women younger than age 50 years were more likely to have an abnormality (34% vs 19%, relative risk 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.4, P P Conclusion: Hyperkeratosis/parakeratosis on an otherwise normal Papanicolaou smear is associated with low-grade changes, particularly among reproductive-age women. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:997-1001.)
POINT DEFECTS IN THE SILVER HALIDES

— The results of three experiments on point defects in AgCl are described. (1) For the diffusion of tracers of the divalent cations of the first transition row, the variation of the activation energy is quantitatively accounted for by the effects of the crystalline electric field. (Research in collaboration with J. Hernandez). (2) Using the diffusivity of Na tracer as a probe for the concentration of vacancies in AgCl, the temperature-dependence of the Frenkel defect formation energy is determined and found to agree with that proposed by Aboagye and Friauf. (3) The aggregation of Mn-vacancy dipoles in AgCl is studied by both ITC and EPR, and is found to proceed by either 2nd or 3rd order kinetics, depending on the initial supersaturation. (Research performed by J. Dutta and D. Golopentia).
Nurses' attitudes and behaviors that promote breastfeeding.

This descriptive correlation study determined the attitudes and behaviors of obstetrics nurses toward breastfeeding and early lactation. Maternity nursing staff at 20 Midwestern hospitals, representing all levels of prenatal care in urban and rural settings, voluntarily answered a 19-item questionnaire. A total of 230 anonymous responses were received. Sixty-four percent of the nurses would recommend or actively encourage breastfeeding and were very interested in helping a woman learn how to breastfeed. Time factors, including shortened length of stay, and lack of knowledge were perceived to be the primary barriers for nurses in assisting mothers to breastfeed. Nurses who cited length of stay as a barrier had more years in obstetric nursing (p < .05). Level of nurses' education correlated positively to active encouragement and support of breastfeeding (p = .024), as well as personal breastfeeding experience (p = .02). The average discharge breastfeeding rate at the study hospitals was 40 percent, well below the national average of 56 percent. Both education and personal experience influence the nurse's attitudes and behaviors in the promotion of breastfeeding. These nurses perceived breastfeeding support as too time-consuming, which suggests that they have not fully adapted to shorter obstetric stays. Nurses need support and continuing education to identify personal bias and knowledge deficits which hinder breastfeeding promotion.
Structure of the endonuclease IV homologue from Thermotoga maritima in the presence of active-site divalent metal ions

The most frequent lesion in DNA is at apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites resulting from DNA-base losses. These AP-site lesions can stall DNA replication and lead to genome instability if left unrepaired. The AP endonucleases are an important class of enzymes that are involved in the repair of AP-site intermediates during damage-general DNA base-excision repair pathways. These enzymes hydrolytically cleave the 5′-phosphodiester bond at an AP site to generate a free 3′-­hydroxyl group and a 5′-terminal sugar phosphate using their AP nuclease activity. Specifically, Thermotoga maritima endonuclease IV is a member of the second conserved AP endonuclease family that includes Escherichia coli endonuclease IV, which is the archetype of the AP endonuclease superfamily. In order to more fully characterize the AP endonuclease family of enzymes, two X-­ray crystal structures of the T. maritima endonuclease IV homologue were determined in the presence of divalent metal ions bound in the active-site region. These structures of the T. maritima endonuclease IV homologue further revealed the use of the TIM-barrel fold and the trinuclear metal binding site as important highly conserved structural elements that are involved in DNA-binding and AP-site repair processes in the AP endonuclease superfamily.
An algorithm for constrained roundoff noise minimization in digital filters with application to two-dimensional filters

An algorithm is presented for minimizing roundoff noise effects in state-space implementations of recursive digital filters while constraining certain coefficients to be zero. Beginning with a direct form structure, the algorithm uses the scaling and noise matrices to iteratively construct an upper or lower triangular transformation matrix to apply to the original state-space model. The result is a structure with a saving of N(N-1)/2 multiples over the minimum noise structure. The technique is of great utility in the realization of two-dimensional filters that cannot, in general, be factored into the parallel or cascade connection of lower-order subfilters. Because of the sparse nature of the local state-space structure coefficient matrices in two-dimensional direct- and controller-form realizations, transforming with an upper and lower triangular block diagonal transformation matrix retains many zeros in the structure and results in a low roundoff noise, computationally efficient state-space realization. A novel controller-form state-space structure for a general two-dimensional function is presented to which the noise minimization procedure is directly applicable. Numerical examples are included. >
Histologic mimics of inflammatory bowel disease

This review summarizes a variety of clinical and histologic mimics of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. All the entities that are included demonstrate one or more histologic features typical of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that may lead to potential diagnostic confusion and misinterpretation by the pathologist. The elements of the clinical history, laboratory test results, and endoscopic findings that are helpful to the surgical pathologist in considering a diagnosis other than idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease are emphasized. On occasion, a poor response to standard treatment for idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease is the clue that prompts reconsideration of the initial diagnosis. Subtle histologic features, special stains, or other diagnostic methodologies that can aid in proper diagnosis are also discussed.