cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trope theory and the ontology of chemistry

The traditional ontology within which chemistry has developed involved various versions of a general substance/attribute scheme. Recently this has been challenged by two versions of Dynamism. One version is derived from the writings of A. N. Whitehead and the other from several sources, including G. Leibniz and I. Kant. Both involve the idea of flux of actual occasions. Unlike the former scheme, the latter involves a foundation of causal powers and the energetics of field theory. The situation has been made more interesting because of the revival of trope theory, based on an ontology of particularized attributes. This notion is claimed to resolve philosophical problems about the nature of universals and of substances through the introduction of spatial and temporal sequences of tropes. While trope theory seems, at first sight, to work as an attractive alternative to substance/attribute close inspection shows that it is beset with difficulties that are more problematic that the dynamist ontology based on casual powers, dispositions and affordances.
Mapping Changes in Science Teachers’ Content Knowledge: Concept Maps and Authentic Professional Development

Two studies were conducted to examine content knowledge changes following 2 weeks of professional development that included scientific research with university scientists. Engaging teachers in scientific research is considered to be an effective way of encouraging knowledge of both inquiry pedagogy and content knowledge. We used concept maps with two cohorts of teachers to assess changes in science teacher knowledge. In study 1, 34 teachers developed pre- and post-concept maps in one of the nine different content areas. A repeated measures analysis of six quantitative scores showed statistically significant increases in knowledge representation. Quantitative and qualitative scoring methods indicate that concept maps are effective for assessing teacher knowledge gains from professional development. Study 2 replicated the results with 24 teachers and provided further information about how knowledge changes.
The gall of subordination: changes in gall bladder function associated with social stress

Diverse physiological and behavioural mechanisms allow animals to effectively deal with stressors, but chronic activation of the stress axis can have severe consequences. We explored the effects of chronic social stress on agonistic behaviour and gall bladder function, a critical but widely neglected component of stress-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction. Prolonged cohabitation with dominant individuals elicited behavioural modifications and dramatically increased bile retention in subordinate convict cichlid fish (Archocentrus nigrofasciatum). The key predictor of gall bladder hypertrophy was social subordination rather than status-related differences in food intake or body size. Stress-induced inhibition of gall bladder emptying could affect energy assimilation such that subordinate animals would not be able to effectively convert energy-rich food into mass gain. These results parallel changes in gall bladder function preceding cholesterol gallstone formation in humans and other mammals. Thus, social stress may be an important diagnostic criterion in understanding pathologies associated with gall bladder dysfunction.
Modeling of Isothermal Diffusion of Whey Components from Small Curd Cottage Cheese During Washing

The batchwise washing of whey components from small curd cottage cheese is modeled as an isothermal diffusion process in a porous medium with several refinements to account for the whey on curd surfaces that is carried into the washing system. Three geometric approximations are considered. Apparent diffusion coefficients for total solids and lactose at 25°C are determined. Results show that diffusion from a spherical particle with consideration of whey entrained in curd interstices by capillary forces is an acceptable basis for a mass transfer model.
Using Cell Surface Protein Distributions To Investigate The Physical Basis Of Plasma Membrane Lateral Heterogeneity

It is widely recognized that proteins and lipids are heterogeneously distributed on the cell surface, yet little is known regarding the underlying physical principles that give rise to this membrane organization. Recently, we characterized robust and dynamic critical fluctuations in isolated plasma membrane vesicles and proposed that critical fluctuations provide a plausible physical basis for 50nm), consistent with previous studies. In addition, the detailed shapes of experimentally derived correlation functions provide additional information into the organizing principles that give rise to membrane heterogeneity. We evaluate the validity of different proposed mechanisms of membrane organization by fitting our experimental findings to predictions of various models. Models investigated include critical fluctuations, micro-emulsions, and membrane coupling to cytoskeletal components. Implications for cellular processes such as signaling will be discussed.1. Veatch, S. L., P. Cicuta, P. Sengupta, A. Honerkamp-Smith, D. Holowka, and B. Baird. 2008. Critical fluctuations in plasma membrane vesicles. ACS Chemical Biology 3:287-293.
Neutrinos as a probe of ultra-high energy cosmic rays

Abstract The search for astrophysical high-energy neutrinos is one of the pillars of multi-messenger astronomy. Neutrino production in extragalactic sources or the cosmic environment is intimately related to (and limited by) the observed emission of γ -rays and cosmic rays. We will review the various indirect neutrino limits that arise from this cosmic connection. So far, no high-energy neutrino source could be unambiguously identified. However, the strong limits on TeV to PeV neutrino emission set by this non-observation serve as an indirect constraint of candidate sources of cosmic rays. At the EeV energy scale the diffuse flux of cosmogenic neutrinos associated with the propagation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays in the cosmic radiation background seems to be the most promising candidate for a future detection. We will discuss its model dependence w.r.t. nuclear composition and evolution of the sources and provide simple bolometric scaling relations and lower limits.
Specific changes in the pancreatic expression of the interleukin 1 family of genes during experimental acute pancreatitis.

Abstract Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is produced in large amounts during acute pancreatitis and is believed to play a primary role in determining pancreatitis severity and the degree of pancreatic tissue destruction. This study was undertaken to characterize intrapancreatic production of IL-1β and the remainder of the IL-1 family of genes during sterile acute pancreatitis. Moderate or severe necrotizing pancreatitis was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of a cholecystokinin analogue or the feeding of a choline deficient diet, respectively. Animals were killed during the progression of pancreatitis with severity scored by histological grading and serum amylase concentration. The expression of IL-1β, IL-1 Receptor 1 (IL-1R1), Il-1R2, IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), and ICE mRNA within the pancreas was examined by quantitative differential RT-PCR. Corresponding intrapancreatic and serum proteins were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was constitutive expression of pancreatic IL-1R1, IL-1R2, IL-1Ra, and ICE but not IL-1β. As pancreatitis developed, mRNA for IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and ICE increased in parallel with the degree of pancreatitis severity (all P P =NS). Intrapancreatic and systemic IL-1β and IL-1Ra protein also increased as pancreatitis developed (both P
THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE MECHANISM OF CORROSION AND STRESS CORROSION AND DEGRADATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AA6061 AND NEXTEL 440 FIBER-REINFORCED AA6061 COMPOSITE

Abstract The breaking load method was used to determine the degradation rate of mechanical properties of wrought T6 aluminum 6061, and Nextel 440 fiber-reinforced AA6061 composite, as a function of pH, by measuring their post-exposure residual strength. The materials were exposed to acidic NaCl at two initial pH values of 1.5 and 2. Two different exposure techniques were employed: one in which the pH of the solution was kept constant by refreshing the corrosive medium, and a second method in which the solution was not refreshed. The change in pH with exposure time was also investigated to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of H + ions in the corrosion process. At an initial pH of 1.5 the matrix showed a significant strengthening response, after an initial decrease in residual strength with time, if the solution was unrefreshed. If the solution was refreshed, the residual strength for both the corrosion and stress corrosion specimens continued to decline at an approximately constant rate. The specimens at an initial pH of 2 showed a much more gradual strengthening because of the slower initial reaction rates between the solution and the alloy. The Nextel 440 fiber-reinforced AA6061 composite was found to be considerably more susceptible to corrosion than the AA6061 matrix. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the pH of the solution played a crucial role in the degradation rate of mechanical properties for the AA6061 matrix and the Nextel 440 fiber-reinforced AA6061 composite.
Mass Transfer in Beds of Modern, High-Efficiency Random Packings

A new model has been developed for the prediction and correlation of mass-transfer rates in distillation columns containing random packings. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics of the newer “high-efficiency” random packings: IMTP, CMR, Fleximax, and Nutter. These packings are of the high void fraction, through-flow type and have become quite popular for new designs as well as for retrofits. In building the model use has been made of a large bank of experimental data from the laboratories of Fractionation Research, Inc., and the Separations Research Program (SRP) at The University of Texas at Austin. The model is based on an earlier SRP study of liquid holdup and gas pressure drop in beds of random or structured packing (Stichlmair et al. Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19]. The only packing parameter needed is a “packing characteristic” which has a value of about 0.030 for a 2-in. Pall and Raschig rings and about 0.050 for the 2-in. nominal size of the high-efficiency packings listed above. The model was ...
Two-Dimensional Radiative Back-Scattering From Optically Thick Media

Retrodiffusion anisotrope par un milieu optiquement epais expose a un faisceau laser. Des particules de latex sont utilisees comme diffuseurs dans l'eau
Peptide Mimics of a Major Lupus Epitope of SmB/B′

One of the most distinguishing features of systemic lupus erythematosus is the presence of high concentrations of autoantibodies that recognize a limited number of self-antigens. Even though many lupus autoantigens have been identified, the inciting triggers of these abnormal immune responses are not fully understood. One mechanism that could generate these autoantibodies is a normal immune response toward a foreign epitope that mimics a common antigenic target of an autoantigen. Antibody generated toward the foreign epitope could also bind the autoantigen. This "cross-reactivity" would result in the presentation of the autoantigen to the immune system. Under autoimmune-prone conditions, tolerance toward the native protein is broken and an autoimmune response is initiated. Previously, it was suggested that Epstein-Barr virus might use such a mechanism to initiate an autoimmune response. Cross-reactive epitopes may have a similar amino acid sequence or a similar tertiary structure that is independent of amino acid sequence. A major, and likely initial, target of the lupus anti-SmB' response is a repeated, proline-rich sequence, PPPGMRPP. To identify potential cross-reactive targets, we used affinity-purified autoantibodies specific for PPPGMRPP to screen a random heptapeptide phage display library. Eighty-five clones were isolated and sequenced with eleven distinct sequence motifs being identified. Two of these motifs were homologous to the SmB' epitope, while the other nine were not. Interestingly, one of the peptide motifs that mimicked the SmB' epitope is identical to a peptide sequence found in the Epstein-Barr virus major DNA binding protein.
Oxygen Transport in the Avian Egg at High Altitude

Oxygen transport to avian embryo tissues occurs by three steps, two of which are driven by diffusion. This results in a series of stepwise decrements in Po2 between atmosphere and tissue. The Po2 decrements for embryos of the domestic fowl incubated at different altitudes are used here to examine potential adaptations to hypobanc hypoxia. With exposure to moderate hypoxia embryos of the domestic fowl appear to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation. Adaptive adjustments in the shell, shell membranes and chorioallantois complex were not observed. However, hemoglobin O2 affinity was increased and preliminary evidence suggests a redistribution of blood flow to maintain adequate oxygenation in higher priority areas of embryonic tissue. At severe hypoxia, embryos of the domestic fowl show decreased O2 consumption, embryo mass and lengthened incubition period. Thus at severe hypoxin the embryo of the domestic fowl does not appear to provide a realistic model. Evidence from avian embryos of species native to high altitude suggest that they are able to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation even at severe hypoxia. Preliminary evidence suggests that some of the blood vascular system and tissue level adaptations present in the chicken embryo are also present in species native to high altitude. One of these, an increase in embryonic hemoglobin-O2 affinity which is physiologically mediated in the chicken embryo is genetically-based in the embryo of the native high-altitude species.
Severe life events predict specific patterns of change in cognitive biases in major depression

Background. A long-standing debate concerns whether dysfunctional cognitive processes and content play a causal role in the etiology of depression or more simply represent correlates of the disorder. There has been insufficient appreciation in this debate of specific predictions afforded by cognitive theory in relation to major life stress and changes in cognition over time. In this paper we present a novel perspective for investigating the etiological relevance of cognitive factors in depression. We hypothesize that individuals who experienced a severe life event prior to the onset of major depression will exhibit greater changes in dysfunctional attitudes over the course of the episode than will individuals without a severe life event. Method. Fifty-three participants diagnosed with major depression were assessed longitudinally, approximately 1 year apart, with state-of-the-art measures of life stress and dysfunctional attitudes. Results. Depressed individuals with a severe life event prior to episode onset exhibited greater changes in cognitive biases over time than did depressed individuals without a prior severe event. These results were especially pronounced for individuals who no longer met diagnostic criteria for major depression at the second assessment. Conclusions. Specific patterns of change in cognitive biases over the course of depression as a function of major life stress support the etiological relevance of cognition in major depression.
For Distinguished Contributions to Psychophysiology: David Shapiro

At the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, the award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychophysiology was presented to David Shapiro by Bernard Tursky, on behalf of the Society's Awards Committee. Following is the text of the citation given at the meeting on October 22, 1988.
Use of the Food Guide Pyramid and US Dietary Guidelines to Improve Dietary Intake and Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Active-Duty Air Force Members

Abstract Objective To determine whether adoption of dietary patterns consistent with the US Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Food Guide Pyramid, combined with exercise training, result in significant reductions in cardiovascular risk compared with a regimen of exercise therapy alone. Design A randomized trial to compare the effects of exercise alone (n=17) with the effects of exercise and dietary intervention (n=15). Setting McClellan Air Force Base medical clinic (Sacramento, Calif). Subjects Thirty-two members of the Air Force (20 men and 12 women) were recruited at the time they entered a 90-day fitness improvement program. Mean age was 32 years. Intervention All subjects participated in a 90-day fitness program. Half of the group received individualized dietary counseling using the Food Guide Pyramid as a primary educational tool. Main outcome measures Changes in body mass index, plasma lipids and lipoprotein levels, aerobic capacity, and dietary intake were selected to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Statistical analyses performed Outcome measures were evaluated by analysis of variance. A paired t test was performed to compare changes in food-group servings and food-group fat intake from baseline values for the exercise-plus-diet group. Results Percentage of energy from fat decreased from 39% to 23% for the exercise-plus-diet group, and servings from each of the food groups changed to reflect current guidelines. This group also had significant reductions in body mass index, total cholesterol level, and low-density lipoprotein level: 2% ( P =.0001), 9% ( P =.003), and 13% ( P =.005), respectively. No change was observed for the exercise-only group. Additionally, a significant improvement in maximum oxygen consumption ( P =.01) of 38% (vs 14% for the control group) was achieved. Conclusions Dietary modification in accordance with the Food Guide Pyramid and the US Dietary Guidelines results in significant reductions in known cardiovascular risk factors and improves the response to exercise training. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:1268-1273.
"A context-driven subgraph model for literature-based discovery" by Delroy Cameron with Prateek Jain as coordinator

Literature-Based Discovery (LBD) refers to the process of uncovering hidden connections that are implicit in scientific literature. Numerous hypotheses have been generated from scientific literature using the LBD paradigm, which influenced innovations in diagnosis, treatment, preventions and overall public health. However, much of the existing research on discovering hidden connections among concepts have used distributional statistics and graph-theoretic measures to capture implicit associations. Such metrics do not explicitly capture the semantics of hidden connections. Rather, they only allude to the existence of meaningful underlying associations. To gain in-depth insights into the meaning of hidden (and other) connections, complementary methods have often been employed. Some of these methods include: 1) the use of domain expertise for concept filtering and knowledge exploration, 2) leveraging structured background knowledge for context and to supplement concept filtering, and 3) developing heuristics a priori to help eliminate spurious connections.
Thermal cycle reliability of solder joints to alternate plating finishes

Studies immersion gold over electroless nickel, immersion gold over electroless palladium, immersion gold over electroless palladium over electroless nickel, immersion gold over immersion silver and immersion silver. In the palladium finishes, two palladium thicknesses were evaluated: 10‐12μin. and 18‐20μin. Multiple plating chemistry suppliers provided plated test vehicles. HASL and OSP test vehicles were included as control samples. In total, 14 finishes were evaluated in the test matrix. The test vehicle was a daisy chain of zero ohm 1,206 chip resistors that could be monitored individually. Test vehicles were assembled using 63Sn/37Pb eutectic solder paste on an automated assembly line. The thermal cycle range was ‐40°C to 125°C with 30‐minute transition times and 15 minutes at each extreme in a single chamber air system. For each test matrix cell, 120 zero ohm resistors (40 from three boards) were continuously monitored for electrical failure (>100ohms). In addition, resistors were sheared from test vehicles and the shear force at failure was recorded. A decrease in shear force did occur with thermal cycling due to crack initiation and growth in the solder joints. Solder joint cracks have also been examined.
Psychosocial challenges of young people affected by HIV: experiences from Hamilton County, Chattanooga, Tennessee

The number of young people affected by HIV and AIDS in Tennessee has steadily grown over the last few years. As a response to this situation, several organizations are working hard to address the needs of families impacted by HIV and AIDS. However, a close examination of some of the services provided suggests that young people within these families are ignored. Most of the services are geared toward HIV and AIDS-infected adult members of these families. Young people within these household are not targeted, and little is known about psychosocial challenges they experience in living with HIV-positive parents or guardians. In an attempt to address this gap, this small-scale qualitative study investigated the psychosocial challenges of young people affected by HIV and AIDS as a result of living with HIV-positive parents or guardians. Perceived sense of depression, experiencing stigma, self-blame, and lack of communication and loneliness were challenges that young people faced regularly.
Management of the Infected Pacemaker: Explantation, Sterilization, and Reimplantation

From January, 1970, through December, 1984, nineteen infected or eroded pacemaker units were reimplanted in 17 patients. Characteristics of the patients, types of infecting organisms, surgical management, and complications are described. Optimal treatment of the infected generator pocket requires explantation of the generator unit with utilization of the in situ leads for pacing by an external-demand pacemaker unit. The generator unit is sterilized, and new leads are placed with relocation of the pocket. The old leads are then removed. This technique has been used safely and with excellent results for the past fourteen years.
Permeable nanoconfinement of hierarchical block copolymer volume gratings

A hierarchical structure of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(e-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PCL) block copolymer (BCP) confined between crosslinked resin was patterned into Bragg volume gratings using a holographic polymerization (HP) process. The BCP formed a lamellar structure confined between the layers of the grating created by HP. The periods of the volume grating and the BCP were controlled to be ∼200 nm and 20 nm, respectively. These two different length scale layers were aligned parallel to one another yielding a polymeric film which exhibits distinct diffraction behavior due to a periodic refractive index variation. This system exhibits complex thermo-optical behavior during heating and cooling cycles with reversible changes in both the diffraction wavelength and efficiency induced by BCP melting and crystallization in the confined region. Transmission electron microscopy studies show reversible diffusion of PEO-b-PCL into and out of the crosslinked resin, indicating that the nanoconfinement imposed by the resin is soft and permeable for the BCP. The morphological changes in nanoconfinement with temperature account for the complex thermo-optical behavior of the grating and the system provides an interesting platform to investigate soft nanoconfinement of BCP materials.
Interrelationship between parasites and their hosts. II. Comparative metabolic patterns of thermal acclimation of the trematode Lintonium vibex with its host Spheroides maculatus

Abstract Metabolic temperature acclimation patterns have been determined for a fish, Spheroides maculatus , and one of its parasites, Lintonium vibex . The acclimation pattern of the parasite is very nearly the reverse of that of the host. The host acclimates best to higher temperatures, the parasites to lower temperatures. However when the Q 10 patterns are also considered the fluke is more adaptable over the temperature range used (12 °–22 °C) than is the host. It appears that the parasite has evolved a different metabolic response to temperature than has the host.
Addressing patient sexual orientation in the undergraduate medical education curriculum.

This study aims to estimate the number of hours dedicated to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender content in one medical school’s undergraduate curriculum, compare it to the national average, and identify barriers to addressing this content. Course and clerkship directors were asked to estimate how many hours they spent on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender content, how many hours would be ideal, and what barriers they perceived to teaching this content. Faculty members identified lack of instructional time, lack of relevance to their course content, and lack of professional development on this topic as major barriers. There was a significant negative correlation (rs=−0.47, p=0.047) between “number of hours dedicated” and “perceived barriers to teaching this content.” Course and clerkship directors who perceive more barriers to teaching lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender content report dedicating less time to its instruction, but the barriers they perceive can largely be mitigated through faculty development.
A static analysis for extracting runtime views from annotated object-oriented code

We demonstrate a static analysis for extracting instance-based hierarchical views showing the runtime object graph for object-oriented programs. The code is annotated with ownership domain annotations and with additional annotations to make the output more visually appealing.
The effect of lithium on the precipitation of hydroxyapatite from aqueous solutions

Abstract The extensive use of lithium in medicine and its potential anticaries action has attracted attention to its role in biological mineralization. In the present work, the effect of lithium ion on the direct precipitation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) from dilute calcium phosphate solutions was studied at sustained supersaturation. Increased levels of lithium (up to ∼ 40 ppm) reduced significantly the rate of crystallization of HAP. A reduction of the measured unit cell lattice parameters of the precipitated HAP suggests a limited incorporation of lithium ions into the HAP lattice, too small to be detected analytically.
Refinements to an In‐Situ Soil Core Technique for Measuring Net Nitrogen Mineralization in Moist, Fertilized Agricultural Soil

Diffusion of NO - 3 -N ions and nonuniform distribution of surface-applied N fertilizers contribute to large variations in field measurements of net N mineralization. An in situ soil core-ion exchange resin bag (ISC-IERB) field method has been used reliably to measure net N mineralization in intact soil cores but has not been widely tested in moist, though nonirrigated, N-fertilized agricultural soils. From 1996 through 2000, net N mineralization was measured in the top 20 cm using a refined version of the ISC/IERB technique for the first 1-mo period following planting and fertilization of N-fertilized and N-unfertilized, no-tillage and chisel-plowed corn (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems on Piano silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, typic argiudoll) in south-central Wisconsin. Progressive modifications were made to the ISC/IERB technique, which ultimately resulted in reduced sample variability. Following the refinements, a significant N fertilization effect was shown for the most variable period of the growing season where net N mineralization rates for N-fertilized corn treatments were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than for N-unfertilized corn treatments.
Tracer diffusion in fluctuating block copolymer melts

We present a theoretical investigation of the tracer diffusion of diblock copolymers and homopolymers in a thermally fluctuating block copolymer melt above the order-disorder transition (ODT) temperature. Entanglement effects and differences in monomeric friction coefficients are ignored ; hence, the theory should be most applicable to short copolymers with rheologically similar blocks. Overall, we find that the diffusion rates of both tracer block copolymers and homopolymers in a block copolymer melt are suppressed when compared with diffusivities in a strictly homogeneous medium with the same average composition. This mobility suppression is due to thermally excited composition fluctuations in block copolymer melts near the ODT ; the latter result in transient potential barriers to diffusion. We explore the dependence of the tracer diffusion coefficient on molecular weights and compositions of both matrix and tracer, as well as temperature. A comparison of our theoretical predictions to recent experiments by T. Lodge and coworkers shows qualitative agreement.
The Asian Way to Peace: A Story of Regional Cooperation

Preface The Asian Way to Peace Foreign Aid Publicity (but Not Planning) from Colombo A Paper Tiger and a Radar Tiger Casting a Wide Net (with Many Holes) toward Africa Tokyo and Seoul Bid for Leadership When Japan Listens, Who Talks in Southeast Asia? ASEAN: A Spirit of Cooperation to Be Emulated Clones of ASEAN in Southeast Asia Multilateral Money Management in Asia Getting the Word Out in Asia The "OPECization" of Asia Conferocracy The Continuing Vitality of Asian Regional Cooperation The "ASEANization" of Asian Regional Cooperation Bibliography Index
Translation Made Tolerable

This article attempts to show the necessity of careful and conscientious translation from French to English. It is a reaction against the “gist and drift” method of rapid reading or “reading for general content.” It gives concrete suggestions that the superior student may work out constantly and that the average student may aim at intermittently.
Effect of elevated blood tyrosine on intellectual development of premature infants

Blood tyrosines were followed from birth to nursery discharge in 71 premature infants fed a high-protein formula supplemented by 60 mg/day of ascorbic acid. In 89% tyrosine concentrations were abnormal, and in 38% the maximum observed was 5.0 mg% or higher. Maximum blood tyrosine correlated with gestational age (p < 0.05) but not with birth weight. On a follow-up study performed at 15 months, infants with high tyrosine levels had no increase in neurological abnormalities. Between 7 and 8 years a second follow-up was done on 64 children. This included a WISC and tests for psychomotor function. Two children had died in the interval and six others were too retarded for full testing. The full scale IQ of all children correlated with birth weight (p < 0.01). The mean IQ of high and low tyrosine subjects was 85.9 and 86.2, respectively. When infants were grouped by birth weight a significant difference was detected in subjects weighing 2000+ gm. Significant differences were recorded in scores on object assembly (p < 0.05), picture assembly (p < 0.05), and picture completion (p < 0.10). We observed no effect of high tyrosine levels on intellectual performance of smaller infants, who, on the whole, are a greater risk for other complications of prematurity.
Effect of mixing on the precipitation of barium sulfate in an MSMPR reactorssss

The effect of mixing intensity (power input) on the precipitation/crystallization of barium sulfate in a two-feedstream (sodium sulfate, barium chloride) continuous stirred-tank crystallizer with mixed product removal was investigated through experiments and companion mathematical models. Crystal growth rate and nucleation rate were very sensitive to mixing intensity, with growth rate increasing eightfold and nucleation rate decreasing 100-fold as power input per unit mass was increased from 0.001 to 0.73 m2/s3 (0 to 1,200 rpm stirrer speed). Experimental results at high feed concentration were accurately described by a model accounting for homogeneous nucleation and kinetic growth of particles as well as turbulent mass transfer to particles and turbulent micromixing of feedstreams. The principal mixing effect was due to particle mass transfer, not micromixing. Experiments at low feed concentration were more difficult to model because of a more complex nucleation mechanism and altered particle morphology.
Projection methods for reduced order models of compressible flows

Two different projection methods, Galerkin projection and direct projection, are developed for reduced-order modeling applications. The projection methods are used to identify low-dimensional systems of ordinary differential equations to represent the dynamics of a compressible, two-dimensional, inviscid flow-field under oscillatory forcing. Proper orthogonal decomposition is used to identify a small number of fluid modes to serve as the basis functions for the projections. Performance is evaluated relative to a high-order numerical model in terms of accuracy, order reduction, and computational efficiency. The treatment of boundary conditions, and stability of the reduced-order model are addressed in detail. The methods developed in this paper are suitable for general application to the Euler equations. With the addition of dissipation parameters, both the Galerkin projection and direct projection methods are tractable, stable, and properly treat the boundary conditions.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia: The University of Minnesota Experience

Purpose : To report the outcome of autologous bone marrow transplantation for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first or greater complete remission (CR) treated by autologous bone marrow transplantation using two different preparatory regimens. Methods and Materials : Between September 1986 and August 1993, 75 patients with AML ranging in age from 6 months to 58 years underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation using previously harvested and frozen unpurged (n = 6) or 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide purged marrows (n = 69). Patients were in first CR (n = 44) or beyond first CR (n = 31). The preparative regimen consisted of 120 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CY) and 1320 cGy total body irradiation (TBI) in eight fractions over 4 days (CY/TBI) in 29 patients ; and 16 mg/kg of Busulfan (BU) and 200 mg/kg of CY (BU/CY) in 46 patients. Thirty-five of these 75 patients (18 CY/TBI and 17 BU/CY) were part of a randomized trial comparing the two preparative regimens. Results : At 2 years, overall survival and disease-free survival (DFS) were 49% [95% confidence interval (C.I.) 37-61%] and 43% (95% C.I. 32-55%), respectively. Patients in first CR had a significantly better outcome than patients beyond first CR with an estimated 2-year DFS of 59% (95% C.I. 44-74%) vs. 21% (95% C.I. 5-36%, log-rank p = 0.0001), respectively. For patients conditioned with CY/TBI, the estimated 2-year DFS was 52% compared to 39% for BU/CY (log-rank p = 0.35). Estimated 2-year relapse rates were 44% vs. 56% (log-rank p = 0.40), respectively. For patients in first CR, no differences in DFS were observed between the two regimens (2-year estimates 69% vs. 55% log-rank p = 0.52). Patients beyond first CR had a significantly improved DFS with the CY/TBI regimen (2-year estimates of 38% vs. 7%, log-rank p = 0.04). No differences were found between the two regimens in terms of time to WBC engraftment, absolute neutrophil count of > 500, incidence of bacteremias, or median time to hospital discharge. Interstitial pneumonitis developed in two patients (one BU/CY, one CY/TBI) and venoocclusive disease developed in seven BU/CY patients (Fishers exact test p = 0.04). Conclusions : For patients beyond first CR, the CY/TBI regimen provided a better outcome, with a significantly better disease-free survival and less venoocclusive disease. For patients in first CR, no significant difference between the two regimens was found. The high relapse rate, especially for patients with advanced disease, emphasizes the need for early transplantation and for new strategies to improve outcome.
Gender Role Orientation of Divorced Women as Related to Body Satisfaction and Interest in Work Clothing

Abstract This study examined whether divorced women's gender role orientation is related to interest in work clothing and satisfaction with physical appearance. Extremely non-traditional divorced women showed greater concerns about modesty and less interest in looking sexually attractive in their work dress. Divorced women's marital experience was found to be related to body satisfaction and interest in work clothing. The relationships among marital experience, body satisfaction, and interest in work clothing deserve further research to better understand the impact of divorce on one's perception of the self and appearance management behavior. Suggestions are made for practitioner application of the findings.
Block-iterative techniques for fast 4D reconstruction using a priori motion models in gated cardiac SPECT.

We introduce a fast block-iterative maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction algorithm and apply it to four-dimensional reconstruction of gated SPECT perfusion studies. The new algorithm, called RBI-MAP, is based on the rescaled block iterative EM (RBI-EM) algorithm. We develop RBI-MAP based on similarities between the RBI-EM, ML-EM and MAP-EM algorithms. RBI-MAP requires far fewer iterations than MAP-EM, and so should result in acceleration similar to that obtained from using RBI-EM or OS-EM as opposed to ML-EM. When complex four-dimensional clique structures are used in the prior, however, evaluation of the smoothing prior dominates the processing time. We show that a simple scheme for updating the prior term in the heart region only for RBI-MAP results in savings in processing time of a factor of six over MAP-EM. The RBI-MAP algorithm incorporating 3D collimator-detector response compensation is demonstrated on a simulated Tc gated perfusion study. Results of RBI-MAP are compared with RBI-EM followed by a 4D linear filter. For the simulated study, we find that RBI-MAP provides consistently higher defect contrast for a given degree of noise smoothing than does filtered RBI-EM. This is an indication that RBI-MAP smoothing does less to degrade resolution gained from 3D detector response compensation than does a linear filter. We conclude that RBI-MAP can provide smooth four-dimensional reconstructions with good visualization of heart structures in clinically realistic processing times.
Optical absorption of In1−xGaxAsGaSb1−yAsy superlattices

Abstract The formation of subbands in In1−xGaxAsGaSb1−yAsy superlattices has resulted in entirely different absorption characteristics from those of the host semiconductors. The measured absorption edges agree with the calculated energy gaps of the superlattices of various configurations, establishing that the conduction bandedge of InAs lies approximately 0.15eV below the valence bandedge of GaSb.
Disentangling Mathematics Target and Access Skills: Implications for Accommodation Assignment Practices.

Appropriate assignment of accommodations is predicated on a clear distinction between target skills and access skills. In this study, we examine the agreement between test developer/researchers’ and educators’ classification of target and access skills as a possible explanatory mechanism for assigning accommodations. Findings indicate that participants with expertise in mathematics education had the highest agreement when classifying target skills, as evidenced by a higher overall sensitivity value and the greatest number of items with the highest sensitivity value. Conversely, special education faculty members had the highest overall agreement when classifying access skills, as evidenced by a higher overall specificity value. Mathematicians, however, had the highest sensitivity values for the greatest number of items. Implications for accommodation assignment practices are discussed.
Ambiguity Resolution for Satellite Doppler Positioning Systems

The implementation of satellite-based Doppler positioning systems frequently requires the recovery of transmitter position from a single pass of Doppler data. The least-squares approach to the problem yieds conjugate solutions on either side of the satellite subtrack. It is important to develop a procedure for choosing the proper solution which is correct in a high percentage of cases. A test for ambiguity resolution which is the most powerful in the sense that it maximizes the probability of a correct decision is derived. When systematic error sources are properly included in the least-squares reduction process to yield an optimal solution the test reduces to choosing the solution which provides the smaller valuation of the least-squares loss function. When systematic error sources are ignored in the least-squares reduction, the most powerful test is a quadratic form compasison with the weighting matrix of the quadratic form obtained by computing the pseudoinverse of a reduced-rank square matrix. A formula for computing the power of the most powerful test is provided. Numerical examples are included in which the power of the test is computed for situations that are relevant to the design of a satellite-aided search and rescue system.
Effective thermal conductivity analysis of vertical-cavity top-surface-emitting lasers with semiconducting Bragg mirrors

A new approximate analytical approach is developed and applied to investigate thermal properties of top-surface-emitting vertical- cavity diode lasers (VCSELs) mounted substrate-down. Multilayer structure of distributed-Bragg reflectors is taken into account by considering anisotropic thermal conductivity. Design conditions for minimal thermal resistance in short- and long- wavelength systems are specified for devices with various active- region diameters. Our results indicate that difficulties with obtaining the cw operation of long-wavelength VCSELs are primarily associated with intrinsic properties rather than with their thermal resistance.
Steady-state kinetics and equilibrium between ground water and granitic rock

A hypothesis is presented that the dissolution of albite includes the exchange of sodium for hydrogen ion in a surface layer of the mineral and the structural collapse of the residual anionic lattice of the layer. The ion exchange is described by the first law of diffusion (D25°C = 3 × 10−22 and 1.5 × 10−20 cm2sec−1 at PCO2 = 0 and 26.2 atm, respectively). The surface residual layer reaches a steady-state thickness ranging from n × 10−8 to n × 10−5 cm according to the temperature and PCO2. The increase in aqueous sodium with time in a continuous ground-water system is described by a simple exponential equation. The equation is used to estimate the percolation time of ground water from the data on the chemical composition of a water sample. The probable times range from 14 to 3840 days for various ground-water systems and are compared to the times of percolation calculated from the geothermal and hydraulic data. Both estimates are found to be in general agreement. The concentrations of Al and Si in cold water from granitic rocks are shown to be controlled by the chemical equilibrium with respect to an aged aluminosilicate. The aluminosilicate precipitates from ground water as an amorphous isoelectric solid. Its chemical composition is represented by a simplified stoichiometric formula [Al(OH)3](1−x)[SiO2]x and varies linearly with pH of the solution. The atoms of Al, O and H tend to occupy a fixed position in the solid given by the gibbsite structure upon aging in the field. The solubility product of the solid is estimated from the published data on experimental and field research into the dissolution of feldspars: logK = (1 − x) × log [Al3+] + xlog [H4SiO4] − (3 − 3x) log [H+] = 8.56 − 11.26x, where x is the molar fraction of silica in the aluminosilicate.
Drug discovery for human immunodeficiency virus infection: conquests and hurdles.

Drug development for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection arena has been characterised by both successes and failures. The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been the major development for the management of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Disease Syndrome (AIDS) ; there has been a notable lack of licensed compounds directed at sites other than reverse transcriptase. In the development of drugs for the treatment of HIV infection, numerous tensions can be identified which need to be addressed to permit successful drug development in the future. These tensions include inherent conflicts between industry, government, regulatory authorities, academicians, and patients and as such need to be identified, discussed, and constructive solutions developed.
GaAs MMIC Probe Measurements and Calibration Techniques

The MMlC designer has several options available to verify the performance and simulation agreement of his circuits. They can be divided into two basic categories: calibration reference plane at the probe tips or on the MMIC chip at the coplanar interface to the device under test (DUT). The calibration technique used determines the reference plane of the measurements. Several on-wafei and off-wafer calibration techniques were used to obtain measurements of GaAs MMICs. A Wafer Probe station and a vector network analyzer were used to obtain LRM, SOLT, and TRL calibrated measurements of GaAs devices. In order to use on wafer calibration, an open, a short, a load, a "short" microstrip line, and a "long" microstrip line were designed and included on the GaAs wafer. An SOLT and a TRL calibration was performed with these on-wafer calibration standards. For off-wafer calibration, the Cascade Microtech Impedance Standard Substrate (ISS) was used to obtain an LRM calibration for a third set of measurements. To equalize the reference plane of the LRM measurements with the on-wafer TRL and SOLT calibration measurements, the MMlC launches which transition from the coplanar probe to the microstrip were subtracted out, i.e. deembeded to equalize the reference plane. A numerical technique was used to extract the approximate s-parameters of the MMIC launch from LRM measured data. Device measurements with all three calibration techniques closely agreed and were repeatable. These deembeded measurements compared favorably to foundry supplied device models.
Depressed mood and care preferences in patients with AIDS

Abstract Eight hundred ninety-seven patients with AIDS seen in ambulatory settings were questioned about whether they would accept a nursing home or a respirator if necessary to prolong their lives. Two hundred ninety-one (32.9%) said they would accept a nursing home; 102 (11.5%) said they would accept a respirator. Acceptability of these life-sustaining interventions was significantly lower in those patients who showed evidence of clinical depression on a structured screening instrument (nursing home: 29.4% vs 39.5%, p = 0.002; respirator: 9.4% vs 14.3%, p = 0.032). Depression remained significant in multivariate models of care preferences that controlled for demographics and symptom severity. Based upon follow-up interviews conducted an average of 11 months later, subjects who were initially depressed and found nursing home care unacceptable were significantly more likely to have changed their minds at follow-up if their depression was no longer present (45.7% vs 28.4%; p = 0.0005). Findings for respirator preferences were similar, but did not attain significance. We conclude that assessment for depression is essential when advance directives for care are elicited from patients with AIDS.