cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geographic distribution of genetic diversity in populations of Rio Grande Chub Gila pandora

In the southwestern United States (US), the Rio Grande chub (Gila pandora) is state-listed as a fish species of greatest conservation need and federally listed as sensitive due to habitat alterations and competition with non-native fishes. Characterizing genetic diversity, genetic population structure, and effective number of breeders will assist with conservation efforts by providing a baseline of genetic metrics. Genetic relatedness within and among G. pandora populations throughout New Mexico was characterized using 11 microsatellite loci among 15 populations in three drainage basins (Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian). Observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0.71–0.87 and was similar to expected heterozygosity (0.75–0.87). Rio Ojo Caliente (Rio Grande) had the highest allelic richness (AR = 15.09), while Upper Rio Bonito (Pecos) had the lowest allelic richness (AR = 6.75). Genetic differentiation existed among all populations with the lowest genetic variation occurring within the Pecos drainage. STRUCTURE analysis revealed seven genetic clusters. Populations of G. pandora within the upper Rio Grande drainage (Rio Ojo Caliente, Rio Vallecitos, Rio Pueblo de Taos) had high levels of admixture with Q-values ranging from 0.30–0.50. In contrast, populations within the Pecos drainage (Pecos River and Upper Rio Bonito) had low levels of admixture (Q = 0.94 and 0.87, respectively). Estimates of effective number of breeders (N b ) varied from 6.1 (Pecos: Upper Rio Bonito) to 109.7 (Rio Grande: Rio Penasco) indicating that populations in the Pecos drainage are at risk of extirpation. In the event that management actions are deemed necessary to preserve or increase genetic diversity of G. pandora, consideration must be given as to which populations are selected for translocation.
MANUFACTURING HIGH PURE Sc_2O_3 BY CHITIN MEMBRANE

The manufacturing high pure Sc2O3 by chitin membrane was examined. Sc2O3 has contained 1% of impurities, such as Ti,Fe,Ca,Mg,Mn and Al. Titanium and aron were removed by electrodialysis method of chitin membrane, and other bounties by solvent extraction. In experiments, four-stage electrodialysis was used to remove TiO2+ and Fe2+. The result showed that TiO2+ and Fe2+ were all removed , and liss of Sc3+ wasonly 0.01% through four-stage electrodialysis.
Electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransport across basolateral membrane of isolated perfused Necturus proximal tubule

This study was undertaken to determine whether the proximal tubule of the mud puppy Necturus maculosus possesses a basolateral Na/HCO3 cotransporter. We examined the effects on basolateral membrane...
Interventionist decision theory

Jim Joyce has argued that David Lewis’s formulation of causal decision theory is inadequate because it fails to apply to the “small world” decisions that people face in real life. Meanwhile, several authors have argued that causal decision theory should be developed such that it integrates the interventionist approach to causal modeling because of the expressive power afforded by the language of causal models, but, as of now, there has been little work towards this end. In this paper, I propose a variant of Lewis’s causal decision theory that is intended to meet both of these demands. Specifically, I argue that Lewis’s causal decision theory can be rendered applicable to small world decisions if one analyzes his dependency hypotheses as causal hypotheses that depend on the interventionist causal modeling framework for their semantics. I then argue that this interventionist variant of Lewis’s causal decision theory is preferable to interventionist causal decision theories that purportedly generalize Lewis’s through the use of conditional probabilities. This is because Lewisian interventionist decision theory captures the causal decision theorist’s conviction that any correlation between what the agent does and cannot cause should be irrelevant to the agent’s choice, while purported generalizations do not.
The Cultural Practice of Intelligence Testing: Problems of International Export.

Competence is defined by a culturally constituted system of representation. Its presence or absence in a given individual is construed in emergent ways through interpersonal interactions, which in turn are informed by a system of meanings shared among the coparticipants and their various audiences (Jenkins, 1998; Serpell, 2001). The cultural practice of intelligence testing falls within this framework as an institutionalized network of recurrent activities, scripts, artifacts, roles, and social functions. In this chapter we seek to situate the technology of intelligence testing within the system of meaning that informs professional practices and guarantees their sociocultural legitimacy. Many of the assumptions underpinning the legitimacy of the practice in American society are much less widely shared in contemporary African societies. As a result, we argue that the process of institutionalizing intelligence testing in Africa threatens to distort important aspects of
Physics of electronic transport in low-dimensionality materials for future FETs

We discuss why low-dimensionality materials are needed to scale logic devices to the 5 nm gate-length. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of graphene and graphene nanoribbons, the feasibility of Bose-Einstein condensation in bilayer graphene, and the use of 2D topological insulators, such as halogen-functionalized monolayer tin.
Perceptions of Disability: Families From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds

The aim of the current study was to explore the perceptions of disability of families from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Investigators interviewed 10 families from diverse backgrounds and used qualitative inquiry techniques to identify shared and distinctive themes between families. Results produced themes related to diverse beliefs about the causes of disability, perceived helpfulness of intervention, reactions to diagnosis, informational resources, and perceptions of bilingual services.
Predictors of suicidal ideation among active duty military personnel with posttraumatic stress disorder

BACKGROUND: Given the alarming rate of military suicides, it is critical to identify the factors that increase risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among active duty military personnel. METHODS: This study examined a predictive model of suicidal ideation among 366 treatment-seeking active duty military personnel with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following deployments to or near Iraq or Afghanistan. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relative contribution of combat exposure, social support, PTSD severity, depressive symptoms, guilt, and trauma-related cognitions on suicidal ideation. RESULTS: The final structural equation model had a highly satisfactory fit [χ(2) (2) =2.023, p=.364; RMSEA =.006; CFI =1; GFI =.998]. PTSD severity had an indirect effect on suicidal ideation via trauma-related cognitions. Depression had a direct positive effect on suicidal ideation; it also had an indirect effect via trauma-related cognitions and interpersonal support. Among participants who had made a previous suicide attempt, only depression symptom severity was significantly linked to suicidal ideation. LIMITATIONS: Data are cross-sectional, precluding causal interpretations. FINDINGS may only generalize to treatment seeking active duty military personnel with PTSD reporting no more than moderate suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that depression and trauma-related cognitions, particularly negative thoughts about the self, play an important role in suicidal ideation among active duty military personnel with PTSD. Negative cognitions about the self and interpersonal support may be important targets for intervention to decrease suicidal ideation.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Language: en
Erotismo feminista en España 1910-2015: Del dildo de la Chelito al posporno de De La Puríssima

En su reciente libro sobre las culturas del erotismo en la Espana del cambio del siglo XIX al XX, Maite Zubiaurre defiende la idea de que el erotismo desmantela la asentada teoria de las dos Espanas, la liberal y la conservadora, y apunta a una tercera Espana “audaz y distinta” (13-14). Desde mi punto de vista, la performance del erotismo se asienta, precisamente, en el reconocimiento de la capacidad de la mujer para el placer. Encarnada principalmente en los cuerpos de las cupletistas sicalipticas, esa capacidad para el goce habria de negarse de manera tragica y definitiva con la instauracion del nacionalcatolicismo franquista. Sin embargo, la espectacularizacion del cuerpo de la mujer, su relacion con el erotismo, y las practicas culturales que rodean a esos procesos, han dado lugar a la creacion de subjetividades que deben ser entendidas desde la relacion que se establece entre el cuerpo y los codigos que lo hacen visible. Este ensayo propone establecer una genealogia entre distintas generaciones de mujeres en el espectaculo. Me detendre en tres momentos: las cupletistas sicalipticas, representadas por La Chelito (1885-1959); las protagonistas del “destape” (a traves de la lectura de la novela de Marta Sanz, Daniela Astor y la caja negra , de 2013), y la performance de la artista contemporanea Julia de Castro, De la Purissima . A traves de estos textos intento identificar los esfuerzos por controlar y disciplinar el cuerpo destapado/cuerpo gozador de la mujer, y, sobre todo, senalar lineas de escape a esos esfuerzos disciplinarios.
Use of erythropoietins in the surgical setting

Modern conservation techniques have reduced the amount of blood lost during surgery, but acute anemia resulting from blood loss during surgery remains a problem and can cause severe damage to organs such as the heart, kidney, and brain. Prolonged post-operative anemia may delay recovery from surgery, leading to increased direct and indirect cost to the patient, healthcare providers, and payers. While allogeneic blood transfusions have traditionally been used to ameliorate the anemia of surgery, reducing exposure to allogeneic blood can reduce the risk of transmission of infections, allergic reactions, transfusion reactions, or immunosuppression [1–5]. In addition, frequent red blood cell transfusions with allogeneic blood may adversely effect the immune system of patients with cancer, thereby increasing the tendency to develop infections, hastening the time to relapse, or shortening survival [4–6].
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and postpartum readmission in the United States: national surveillance of the revolving door.

Objectives Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) represent the most common cause of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. Yet, the prevalence and cost of postpartum (42-day) readmission (PPR) among HDP-complicated pregnancies in the United States remains unknown. This study provides national prevalence and cost estimates of HDP, and examine factors associated with potentially preventable PPR following HDP-complicated pregnancies. Method The 2013 and 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Databases were used to investigate HDP and PPR among delivery hospitalizations to women aged 15-49 years. PPR rates, length of stay, and costs were stratified by four HDP subtypes based on timing and severity of their condition. Survey logistic regression was employed to generate adjusted odds ratios for the association between HDP and PPR. Result In 2013 and 2014, there were 6.3 million delivery hospitalizations; 666 506 (10.6%) were complicated by HDP. Annually, HDP was responsible for higher rates of potentially preventable PPR. Among HDP-complicated pregnancies, the 42-day all-cause PPR rate ranged from 2.5% (gestational hypertension) to 4.6% (superimposed preeclampsia/eclampsia). Compared with normotensive pregnancies, HDP resulted in an excess 404 800 hospital days and inpatient care costs of $731 million. Even after controlling for patient-level and hospital-level confounders, all hypertensive subgroups continued to have at least two-fold, statistically significant, increased odds of potentially preventable PPR. Conclusion HDP is associated with increased risk of PPR and substantial medical costs. Preventive efforts should be made to identify women at increased risk of PPR during hospitalization so that transition care intervention can be initiated.
Parity violation in electron scattering

Recently there has been considerable speculation concerning the possibility of sizeable strange quark matrix elements in the nucleon. Although a constituent quark model of the nucleon contains only three constituent quarks and only up and down flavors, these constituent quarks have considerable sub-structure including gluons and quark-antiquark pairs. In this way, even the constituent quark model has the capability to incorporate the presence of strange quark-antiquark pairs in the quark “sea”.1 Much of this discussion is motivated by the existence of some experimental information indicating sizeable strange quark effects in various observable properties of the nucleon: e.g., mass and spin.
epiTAD: a web application for visualizing high throughput chromosome conformation capture data in the context of genetic epidemiology

The increasing availability of public data resources coupled with advancements in genomic technology has created vast opportunities for researchers to examine the genome on a large and complex scale. To meet the need for integrative genome wide exploration, we present epiTAD. This web-based tool enables researchers to compare genomic structures and annotations across multiple databases and platforms in an interactive manner in order to facilitate in silico discovery. epiTAD can be accessed at https://gerkelab.shinyapps.io/epiTAD/.
Measurement-based geolocation in LTE cellular networks

This paper proposes a new method to estimate location of active LTE cellular service users. The proposed method is based on Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements and the predicted cell serving area. It uses LTE measurements and cell information together with a simple prediction model for calculation and evaluation of the accuracy of the user equipment (UE) geo-location in two dimensions. The evaluation of the proposed work is compared in two cases depending on the number of sectors on the same site that UE simultaneously reports. The root mean square error (RMSE) is used for validation. The main result shows the location accuracy increases 20% when reporting two instead of one sector on the same site.
Recurrence of herpes simplex virus in rabbit eyes: Results of a three-year study

Spontaneous reactivation of herpes simplex virus in rabbit ocular tissue was found on 112 occasions in 50 rabbits for up to 3 years after the primary eye infection. To detect these spontaneous reappearances of virus, cultures for herpes simplex virus were obtained 5 or 6 clays a week from the cul-de-sac of rabbit eyes for various periods up to 3 years. Keratitis was also intermittently observed but 72 per cent of the viral reactivations occurred without coincidental corneal disease. Once the rabbit eye is infected with herpes simplex virus a chronic inapparent infection ensues which probably persists for the life of the animal.
SYSTEMS CONCEPTS IN FIANCIAL PRICING THEORY

Abstract Pricing theory is concerned with determining a realistic market-related price of an asset that is not yet marketed. There are several approaches to this issue, most of which use systems theory concepts, such as optimization, dynamic recursion, probability, stochastic process, and control. Pricing theory has therefore benefited greatly from systems theory. Systems theory can also benefit from pricing theory, for pricing theory provides critical guidance regarding the proper objective function for control problems involving random cash flow streams. This paper outlines these two complementary aspects of pricing theory and systems theory.
Geometric and Analytic Properties of Groups

We will present a survey of the connections between the harmonic analysis of a discrete group and the asymptotic properties of the group considered as a metric space.
Probing Collective Mechanoadaptation in Cardiomyocyte Development by Plasma Lithography Patterned Elastomeric Substrates.

Understanding how the mechanical microenvironment affects cardiomyocyte development is crucial to the creation of in vitro models for studying heart physiology and pathophysiology. This knowledge will also facilitate the design of biomaterials and tissue scaffolds utilized in the generation of functional tissue constructs for regenerative medicine and drug screening applications. Here, plasma lithography patterning of elastomeric substrates is exploited for creating microtissues composed of neonatal cardiomyocytes and investigating their attributes in different mechanical microenvironments. Restriction of the cellular outgrowth in line patterns results in cardiomyocytes developing into multicellular clusters and collectively adapting to geometric confinement and substrate stiffness. Immunofluorescence microscopy, video microscopy, and force spectroscopy show that the size and shape of the cardiomyocyte clusters, as well as sarcomere length, fiber alignment, beating amplitude, and beating frequency of the ...
Robust antigen-specific tuning of the nanoscale barrier properties of biogels using matrix-associating IgG and IgM antibodies.

Abstract Biological hydrogels (biogels) are selective barriers that restrict passage of harmful substances yet allow the rapid movement of nutrients and select cells. Current methods to modulate the barrier properties of biogels typically involve bulk changes in order to restrict diffusion by either steric hindrance or direct high-affinity interactions with microstructural constituents. Here, we introduce a third mechanism, based on antibody-based third party anchors that bind specific foreign species but form only weak and transient bonds with biogel constituents. The weak affinity to biogel constituents allows antibody anchors to quickly accumulate on the surface of specific foreign species and facilitates immobilization via multiple crosslinks with the biogel matrix. Using the basement membrane Matrigel® and a mixture of laminin/entactin, we demonstrate that antigen-specific, but not control, IgG and IgM efficiently immobilize a variety of individual nanoparticles. The addition of Salmonella typhimurium-binding IgG to biogel markedly reduced the invasion of these highly motile bacteria. These results underscore a generalized strategy through which the barrier properties of biogels can be readily tuned with molecular specificity against a diverse array of particulates. Statement of Significance Biological hydrogels (biogels) are essential in living systems to control the movement of cells and unwanted substances. However, current methods to control transport within biogels rely on altering the microstructure of the biogel matrix at a gross level, either by reducing the pore size to restrict passage through steric hindrance or by chemically modifying the matrix itself. Both methods are either nonspecific or not scalable. Here, we offer a new approach, based on weakly adhesive third-party molecular anchors, that allow for a variety of foreign entities to be trapped within a biogel simultaneously with exceptional potency and molecular specificity, without perturbing the bulk properties of the biogel. This strategy greatly increases our ability to control the properties of biogels at the nanoscale, including those used for wound healing or tissue engineering applications.
Providers’ inability to estimate health literacy among African American (AA) patients (pts) with early prostate cancer (PCa).

77Background: Providers’ estimates of a pt’s health literacy are important for communication and shared decision making among men with early PCa. We explored differences between providers’ estimate...
Intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels ≤40 pg/mL are associated with the lowest persistence rates after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Background Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring is used to predict biochemical cure during parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism; however, there is variability in the intraoperative parathyroid hormone criteria used by surgeons to predict normocalcemia after parathyroidectomy. This study sought to determine the intraoperative parathyroid hormone criteria correlated with the lowest rates of persistent hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 2,654 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy with intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring at a single institution from 1999 to 2014. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to measure the association between the lowest intraoperative parathyroid hormone level and the persistence of primary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy. Results A total of 66 patients (2.5%) had persistent hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy. Using the traditional intraoperative parathyroid hormone criteria of a ≥50% decrease from the baseline level, the rate of persistent primary hyperparathyroidism was greater when intraoperative parathyroid hormone did not decrease to ≥50% from the baseline level (17 of 180 patients [9.4%] vs 49 of 2,474 [2.0%], [OR 5.9, 95% CI 3.2–10.5, P Conclusion Patients with a lowest intraoperative parathyroid hormone ≤40 pg/mL compared with the traditional criteria of a ≥50% decrease from baseline and a final parathyroid hormone in the normal range (
Management Earnings Forecasts and Accounting Conservatism

In a recent paper, Hui, Matsunaga, and Morse have argued that managers may prefer using accounting conservatism instead of issuing management earnings forecasts (MFs) that may reduce information as...
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a peripheral T-cell neoplasm caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1). High prevalence of HTLV-1 infection is found in southwestern Japan, the Caribbean Basin, Central and South America, and western Africa. South Florida, New York, and Massachusetts are the continental US regions with the highest concentration of Caribbean immigrants; therefore ATLL cases are commonly encountered there. ATLL has a poor long-term prognosis. High-dose zidovudine with interferon-α is an effective frontline option for indolent ATLL. Chemotherapy should be used in aggressive ATLL followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation when feasible.
Sepsis in Pregnancy

Sepsis in pregnancy has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the third leading cause of maternal death worldwide after hemorrhage and hypertensive disorders. While there has been considerable research interest and monetary investment in sepsis research over the past 20 years, no trial to date has included the pregnant and post-partum populations. Providers must have an understanding of the normal physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy, i.e., leukocytosis, decreased blood pressure, and increased cardiac output, that can make the diagnosis of sepsis in pregnancy less obvious. These normal variations provide a challenge to the bedside clinician as the common screening tools utilized (SIRS criteria, qSOFA) will be positive during a healthy pregnancy. Additionally, providers need to have a high index of suspicion for obstetric specific complications and their treatments.
Prospective associations between social anxiety and depression in youth: The moderating role of maternal major depressive disorder

Abstract Introduction Although social anxiety symptoms and exposure to maternal major depressive disorder (MDD) have each been conceptualized as key contributors to the development of depression symptoms in youth, these risk factors have not been integrated into a single model of risk. The current study evaluated a two-hit model of risk to determine whether the impact of social anxiety on prospective changes in youth depressive symptoms is stronger among youth exposed to maternal MDD than among those of never-depressed mothers. Methods Participants were youth (aged 8–14 at baseline, 50.4% girls, 80.9% Caucasian) and their biological mothers recruited from the community in the United States. Of the mothers, 129 had a history of MDD during their youth's lifetime and 117 had no lifetime history of MDD. At the initial assessment, mothers completed diagnostic interviews and youth completed self-report measures of social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Participants were reassessed every 6 months for 2 years during which youth again completed the symptom measures. Results Results of hierarchical linear modeling revealed that levels of social anxiety predicted prospective increases in depressive symptoms among offspring of mothers with a history of MDD, but not among those of never-depressed mothers. Depressive symptoms did not predict prospective changes in social anxiety (alone or in interaction with maternal MDD). Conclusions These results provide preliminary evidence for an integrated model of risk such that social anxiety symptoms may be a particularly strong risk factor for the subsequent development of depression symptoms among youth with exposure to maternal MDD.
Indications for surgery to treat children with spasticity due to cerebral palsy

The indications for treating spasticity in children affected with cerebral palsy will be discussed for each of the functional groups as outlined in Table 1 and defined in the chapter on childhood spasticity. It should be noted that catagorization of all patients into one of several specific functional groups with associated treatment recommendations is not always possible. Some patients may possess a set of characteristics which bridge several of these groups. Each case must be individually evaluated with deviations from the “norm” considered. An appropriate treatment plan is then designed based upon each child’s clinical status.
Efficient DNA double-strand break formation at single or multiple defined sites in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are common genome lesions that threaten genome stability and cell survival. Cells use sophisticated repair machineries to detect and heal DSBs. To study DSB repair pathways and associated factors, inducible site-specific endonucleases have proven to be fundamental tools. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, galactose-inducible rare-cutting endonucleases are commonly used to create a single DSB at a unique cleavage site. Galactose induction requires cell cultivation in suboptimal growth media, which is tedious especially when working with slow growing DSB repair mutants. Moreover, endonucleases that simultaneously create DSBs in multiple defined and unique loci of the yeast genome are not available, hindering studies of DSB repair in different genomic regions and chromatin contexts. Here, we present new tools to overcome these limitations. We employ a heterologous media-independent induction system to express the yeast HO endonuclease or bacterial restriction enzymes for single or multiple DSB formation, respectively. The systems facilitate tightly controlled and efficient DSB formation at defined genomic sites and will be valuable tools to study DSB repair at a local and genome-wide scale.
Constant Governments: Tribal Resilience and Regeneration in Changing Times

The landscape of history tells us that tribes are resilient governing institutions. They have withstood the forces of alienation and assimilation because their constancy is rooted in their culture and their land. Those forces are still afoot in dispiriting Supreme Court decisions and in the country's economic demise. Today, tribes throughout the country stand at the intersection of two major political and economic forces, both of which possess the potency either to strengthen tribes' legitimacy in the American constitutional system or relegate time-honored principles of tribal sovereignty to mere federally-ordained dictates. Constancy, the capacity to remain steadfast and germane even after centuries of subjugation and disempowerment, is never more critical. This paper sets out broad issues concerning tribal governance at this juncture of unpredictable jurisprudential trends and our nation's economic predicaments, both of which are fraught with untenable balancing tests and competing policy interests. This article introduces a neoteric appraoch to federal Indian policy and sovereignty, a self-determination that is focused on tribe-specific needs instead of broad-themed, federal-agency directed programs of previous Indian administrations.
Effect of surface properties and polymer chain length on polymer adsorption in solution

In polymer nanoparticle composites (PNCs) with attractive interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and polymers, a bound layer of the polymer forms on the NP surface, with significant effects on the macroscopic properties of the PNCs. The adsorption and wetting behaviors of polymer solutions in the presence of a solid surface are critical to the fabrication process of PNCs. In this study, we use both classical density functional theory (cDFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study dilute and semi-dilute solutions of short polymer chains near a solid surface. Using cDFT, we calculate the equilibrium properties of polymer solutions near a flat surface while varying the solvent quality, surface–fluid interactions, and the polymer chain lengths to investigate their effects on the polymer adsorption and wetting transitions. Using MD simulations, we simulate polymer solutions near solid surfaces with three different curvatures (a flat surface and NPs with two radii) to study the static conformation of the polymer bound layer near the surface and the dynamic chain adsorption process. We find that the bulk polymer concentration at which the wetting transition in the poor solvent system occurs is not affected by the difference in surface–fluid interactions; however, a threshold value of surface–fluid interaction is needed to observe the wetting transition. We also find that with good solvent, increasing the chain length or the difference in the surface–polymer interaction relative to the surface–solvent interaction increases the surface coverage of polymer segments and independent chains for all surface curvatures. Finally, we demonstrate that the polymer segmental adsorption times are heavily influenced only by the surface–fluid interactions, although polymers desorb more quickly from highly curved surfaces.
Legal Issues When Managing Public Roads Affected by Sea Level Rise: Georgia

The low-lying barrier islands and beach communities of Georgia are increasingly vulnerable to sea level rise. Coastal areas near Tybee Island, for example, have already experienced approximately ten inches of sea-level rise since 1935, and this trend is expected to accelerate in the future.1 As low-lying areas like Tybee Island become more frequently inundated, damage to critical infrastructure such as roads will result. Such regular damage will make maintaining roads more costly. To avoid expensive maintenance, decision-makers may face hard questions about whether to continue maintaining public roads or whether it is more cost-effective to abandon them. Sea level rise and coastal flooding will not follow jurisdictional boundaries, and their effects will likely touch all levels of government simultaneously. For Georgia’s coastal communities, adapting to sea level rise will be a group effort that will need to happen at a local level. The state, counties, and municipalities have a legal duty to maintain existing public roads. In cases where a poorly maintained road results in harm to life or property, the government entity could face a lawsuit for failing to maintain the road or negligently performing its responsibilities. Depending on the circumstances, a court may hold that the entity must pay damages or that the entity must continue to maintain the road adequately, or both. This paper first addresses the threshold question of jurisdictional control of roads for government entities faced with questions about maintaining or abandoning roads damaged by increased coastal flooding. It then explains the multi-step analysis that governments must take to evaluate their duties to maintain roads in order to avoid liability. The paper discusses in detail how counties and municipalities can discontinue their duties to maintain roads through the process of abandonment. Lastly, this paper discusses how abandonment can lead to takings liability. This paper is not intended to provide legal advice. Rather, it is a policy paper designed to highlight potential legal questions that are likely to arise in the context of community adaptation to sea level rise. Communities facing such questions should consult with their legal counsel when considering adaptation actions.
Technological Advancements in Male Infertility Microsurgery

There have been significant advancements in male infertility microsurgery over time, and there continues to be significant promise for new and emerging techniques, technologies, and methodologies. In this review, we discuss the history of male infertility and the evolution of microsurgery, the essential role of education and training in male infertility microsurgery, and new technologies in this space. We also review the potentially important role of artificial intelligence (AI) in male infertility and microsurgery.
B Cells Promote CD8 T Cell Primary and Memory Responses to Vaccines

The close relationship between B cells and CD4 T cells has been carefully studied, revealing a collaborative effort, where B cells promote the activation, differentiation, and expansion of CD4 T cells, while the so-called “helper” cells provide signals to B cells, influencing their class-switching and fate. Interactions between B cells and CD8 T cells are not as well studied, although CD8 T cells do exhibit an accelerated contraction after certain infections in B cell-deficient mice. Here, we found that B cells significantly enhance primary CD8 T cell responses following vaccination. Moreover, memory CD8 numbers and function are impaired in B cell-deficient animals, leading to increased susceptibility to bacterial challenge. We also found that IL-27 production by B cells contributes to their impact on primary, but not memory CD8 responses. Better understanding of the interactions between CD8 T cells and B cells may aid in the design of more effective future vaccine strategies.
Detecting Slow Application-Layer DoS Attacks With PCA

Countering Denial of Service (DoS) attacks is becoming ever more challenging with the vast resources and techniques increasingly available to attackers. One of these techniques is application-layer DoS. Due to these challenges, network security has become increasingly more challenging to ensure. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), Domain Name System (DNS), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and other protocol applications have seen increased attacks over the past several years. It is common for application-layer attacks to concentrate on these protocols because of some weaknesses that attackers can exploit. With some leveraging, application-layer attacks can vary, such as flood and “low and slow” attacks. Low and slow approaches are particularly well-known, mainly targeting weaknesses in the HTTP protocol, which is the most broadly used application-layer protocol on the Internet. Our paper aims to develop a generalized detection approach to identify features for application-layer DoS attacks that is not specific to a single slow DoS attack. We combine four application-layer DoS attack datasets: Slow Read, POST, Slowloris, and Apache Range Header to produce a single dataset for multiple attacks. We performed a feature extraction technique Principal Component Analysis (PCA), with the single dataset to reduce dimensionality. PCA transforms our existing dataset onto a new feature space to identify four separate application-layer attacks. We explore this method to improve six machine learners used in our work. Experimental results show that the machine learners successfully identified the multiple Slow DoS attacks with high detection while minimizing false alarm rates. The experiment demonstrates that when machine learners use Netflow features and feature extraction methods, they can discriminate and detect such attacks.
Macroscopic satellite cyst formation in the odontogenic keratocyst: Report of two cases

Abstract In view of the current interest in the odontogenic keratocyst, two cases of aggressive cysts in young female patients are described. In both there was macroscopic evidence of satellite cyst formation which illustrates one way in which such cysts may recur after removal. The clinical and histopathologic features of this lesion are briefly reviewed.
Unifying the applied CS curriculum around a simplified processor architecture

We have developed a simplified microprocessor architecture that is powerful enough to serve as a target for our Compiler Design course, but simple enough that students can build it (using a hardware simulator) in our Computer Organization course. We also use this architecture to introduce assembly language programming in our Programming Languages Concepts course, and to explore I/O in our Operating Systems course. Thus, the upper-level applied core courses give the students a complete view of all aspects of a single simple architecture, rather than disparate elements of several distinct architectures. We believe our approach prepares students to address subtle issues involving tradeoffs between hardware and software implementation, and helps them see computer science as a unified discipline rather than a collection of loosely related cool topics.
OC1: randomized induction of oblique decision trees

This paper introduces OC1, a new algorithm for generating multivariate decision trees. Multivariate trees classify examples by testing linear combinations of the features at each non-leaf node of the tree. Each test is equivalent to a hyperplane at an oblique orientation to the axes. Because of the computational intractability of finding an optimal orientation for these hyperplanes, heurist.ic methods must be used to produce good trees. This paper explores a new method that combines deterministic and randomized procedures to search for a good tree. Experiments on several different real-world data sets demonstrate that the method consistently finds much smaller trees than comparable methods using univariate tests. In addition, the accuracy of the trees found with our method matches or exceeds the best results of other machine learning methods.
Immobilization of Uranium in Groundwater Using Biofilms

Uranium is one of the most common radionuclides in soils, sediments, and groundwater at radionuclides-contaminated sites. At these contaminated sites, uranium leaches into the groundwater, which has become a widespread problem at mining and milling sites across North America, South America, and Eastern Europe. The movement of groundwater usually transports soluble uranium contaminants beyond their original boundaries, causing a global problem in aquifers, water supplies, and related ecosystems and posing a serious threat to human health and the natural environment. In order to meet the EPA standards, extensive efforts have been made to assess and remediate uranium-contaminated sites. As a cost-effective technology with minimal disruption to the environment, bioremediation harnessing indigenous microbial processes for cleanup has been utilized for uranium remediation. In the first part of this chapter, various uranium remediation technologies are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the principles and mechanisms of uranium bioremediation and the key factors affecting it. The second part of this chapter focuses on the use of biofilms for uranium immobilization in groundwater from subsurface environments. Most of the literature studies on uranium bioremediation have been conducted with suspended microorganisms or enriched sediments, which were eventually spiked with micro- or nano-particles of other minerals. However, biofilms are the commonly found microbial growth pattern in natural soils and water-sediment interfaces. With heterogeneous and complex biotic, abiotic and redox conditions significantly different from those in bulk conditions, biofilms pose challenges in predicting the mobility of uranium. Although previous studies have improved our understanding of uranium immobilization processes in biofilms, in order to efficiently and sustainably immobilize uranium at contaminated sites using indigenous biofilms, more knowledge is needed on the complex interactions among uranium, biofilms, and various redox-sensitive minerals during in situ uranium bioremediation.
The assignment of sex to an individual: some enigmas and some practical clinical criteria.

Abstract The truc sex of an individual is not necessarily that which agrees with his or her chromosomes, gonads, hormone production, morphology of the external genitals or that of the internal genitals. After the age of 2½ years, it is definitely the sex of assignment and rearing, fortified by gender role and psychosexual orientation. Eight clinical types of ambiguities of sexing are classified and synopsized with their chromosomal, morphological, and endocrinological characteristies. These types are reconciled with Jost's theory of the role of the fetal testis in sex differentiation. Sex chromatin data are of ancillary but not primary valuc in the differentiation of these types. A practical plan for prompt sex assignment at birth is outlined. This is advisable to avoid psychological trauma to parents and to circumvent gossiping of relatives and acquaintances. Surgery and/or endocrine therapy usually are necessary to implement the assigned sex. Parents should understand this plan to complete the sexual development of their “unfinished” baby. Medical, religious, and medicolegal aspects of the implementation of assigned sex are discussed. The assignment and implementation of a practical sex, before gender role complicates matters, should assure individuals with sexual ambiguities of becoming well-oriented, coitally adequate, if not fertile, adults. If sex reassignment becomes necessary, it should be done before gender role is established, a new birth certificate should be filed and all pertinent documents, as wills and insurance policies, altered. When sex is reassigned after gender role is established, psychosexual problems arise and rarely, if ever, is a pervasive, convincing, and unequivocal adaptation to the new sex developed.
Studies of Void Formation in Proton-Irradiated Type 316 and Titanium-Modified 316 Stainless Steels

Void formation was studied in annealed Type 316 stainless steel irradiated with 1-MeV protons at 400 C, 500 C, and 600 C (752, 932, and 1112 F) for amounts of damage up to 50 displacements per atom (dpa). Prior to irradiation, the samples were injected with about 5 atomic ppm helium to simulate the fast-reactor situation, where helium is generated by (n,α) reactions. The volume increase at each temperature, as determined by quantitative electron microscopy. varied exponentially with displacement damage and the exponent increased with temperature. Volume increases exceeding 20 percent were associated with 50 dpa at 500 C and 20 dpa at 600 C; no limits on volume increases were apparent at any temperature. Void number density decreased and average void size increased with increasing temperature for a constant damage. A titanium-modified 316 stainless steel developed a very inhomogeneous void distribution when proton irradiated at 600 C. However, the addition of titanium did not appear to diminish the volume increase at damages between 5 and 10 dpa, when compared with ordinary Type 316 stainless steel.
Epitope mapping of 7S cashew antigen in complex with antibody by solution-phase H/D exchange monitored by FT-ICR mass spectrometry

The potential epitope of a recombinant food allergen protein, cashew Ana o 1, reactive to monoclonal antibody, mAb 2G4, has been mapped by solution-phase amide backbone H/D exchange (HDX) monitored by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Purified mAb 2G4 was incubated with recombinant Ana o 1 (rAna o 1) to form antigen:monoclonal antibody (Ag:mAb) complexes. Complexed and uncomplexed (free) rAna o 1 were then subjected to HDX-MS analysis. Five regions protected from H/D exchange upon mAb binding are identified as potential conformational epitope-contributing segments.
Sterol balance in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: reduction in whole body cholesterol synthesis and normal bile acid production

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple malformation/mental retardation syndrome caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol Delta(7)-reductase. This enzyme converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to cholesterol in the last step in cholesterol biosynthesis. The pathology of this condition may result from two different factors: the deficiency of cholesterol itself and/or the accumulation of precursor sterols such as 7-DHC. Although cholesterol synthesis is defective in cultured SLOS cells, to date there has been no evidence of decreased whole body cholesterol synthesis in SLOS and only incomplete information on the synthesis of 7-DHC and bile acids. In this first report of the sterol balance in SLOS, we measured the synthesis of cholesterol, other sterols, and bile acids in eight SLOS subjects and six normal children. The diets were very low in cholesterol content and precisely controlled. Cholesterol synthesis in SLOS subjects was significantly reduced when compared with control subjects (8.6 vs. 19.6 mg/kg per day, respectively, P < 0.002). Cholesterol precursors 7-DHC, 8-DHC, and 19-nor-cholestatrienol were synthesized in SLOS subjects (7-DHC synthesis was 1.66 +/- 1.15 mg/kg per day), but not in control subjects. Total sterol synthesis was also reduced in SLOS subjects (12 vs. 20 mg/kg per day, P < 0.022). Bile acid synthesis in SLOS subjects (3.5 mg/kg per day) did not differ significantly from control subjects (4.6 mg/kg per day) and was within the range reported previously in normals. Normal primary and secondary bile acids were identified. This study provides direct evidence that whole body cholesterol synthesis is reduced in patients with SLOS and that the synthesis of 7-DHC and other cholesterol precursors is profoundly increased. It is also the first reported measure of daily bile acid synthesis in SLOS and provides evidence that bile acid supplementation is not likely to be necessary for treatment. These sterol balance studies provide basic information about the biochemical defect in SLOS and strengthen the rationale for the use of dietary cholesterol in its treatment.
Performance improvement in aircraft maintenance

Abstract This study examined the use of utility theory to improve the performance of an aircraft maintenance organization. A utility model was developed and used as an aid in decision making by one large maintenance organization. The results indicated that utility analyses may provide a viable approach to improving effectiveness in organizations having a large number of competing factors. The chief of maintenance provided the output results and the attribute measures. Three team leaders were also interviewed and their views confirmed the views of the chief.
Selective Oxidations of Alcohols by Bromine in Combination with Nickel(II) Benzoate

Abstract The combination of nickel(II) bromide with benzoyl peroxide serves as an effective reagent for the conversion of secondary alcohols to ketones and, when nickel(II) bromide is employed as an alcohol template, for the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes.1 The unique steric selectivity of the Bz2O2/NiBr2 combination has recently been demonstrated in oxidations of 2,2-disubstituted-1, 4-butanediols to the corresponding β,β-disubstituted-γ-butyrolactones.2 In the course of our investigation of this novel oxidative method, we have discovered that molecular bromine in combination with commercially available nickel(II) benzoate is a mild, effective, and selective oxidant for the conver-