cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of tungsten film deposition techniques for very large scale integration technology

Abstract Tungsten films have long been considered as a metallization candidate for integrated circuits because of their relatively low electrical resistivity, freedom from electromigration and mid-range work function. Initial work in the early 1970s employed electron gun evaporation at high substrate temperatures in order to improved adhesion, to lower resistivity and to control the high stress present in refractory metal films. Planar diode sputtering was not widely used because of radiation damage caused by the high target voltage and the slow deposition rate. Progress in magnetically enhanced plasma technology led to the development of magnetron sputtering, and this resulted in a higher deposition rate at much lower ion energies. The high stress ever present in refractory metal films has almost been eliminated by the use of a high sputtering pressure. By contrast with evaporation, films with reasonably low resistivity in the range 10–11 μΩ cm can be routinely deposited by magnetron sputtering onto unheated substrates with excellent adhesion and reproducibilty. Successful application of magnetron-sputtered tungsten films in metal/oxide/semiconductor (MOS) devices was reported recently. In the meantime new applications of tungsten films prepared by chemical vapor deposition in very large scale integration technology are emerging. The selective tungsten deposition process, in which the desired film grows on silicon and other metals and alloys, but not on oxides and nitrides, appears to be very attractive for contact metallization in MOS devices because of the process simplicity, although there seem to be some problems associated with this process: encroachment and tunneling. The same selective tungsten films are also ideally suited to via-hole filling, contact metallization and upper level wiring. The non-selective chemically vapor- deposited tungsten films may also find applications in upper-level wiring because of their resistance to electromigration.
Effects of spatial separation and retinal eccentricity on two-dot vernier acuity.

Abstract Experiments investigated how vernier acuity for dot targets is affected by dot spatial separation and retinal eccentricity. Beck and Schwanz [ Vision Res . 19 , 313–319. 1979] found that the vernier thresholds increased linearly with interdot separation from 7.5 to 30 min arc. Experiment 1 showed that the vernier thresholds increased linearly with interdot separation from 0.5 to 8 deg arc. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that moving the dots into the periphery while keeping the interdot separation constant increased the threshold little if at all. The results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that there is (1) an encoding of dot positions in retinal coordinates, and (2) that the relative positions of the dots are made explicit in terms of the slope of the virtual line joining them. The increase in threshold with dot separation indicates that the visual system is unable to directly access and compare the retinal positions of the dots. The constancy of the threshold with eccentricity indicates that the visual system encodes the retinal positions of two well-separated dots as accurately in the periphery as in the fovea.
The 1994–1995 Baseball and Hockey Strikes and their Impact on Suicide and Homicide Rates in the United States

Because some individuals' identities are influenced by an affiliation with professional sports teams (Tutko, 1989), the impact of the 1994–1995 professional baseball and hockey strikes on suicide and homicide rates is examined. Gabennesch's (1988) theory of broken promises is the theoretical framework used to examine the relationship between the strikes and bomicide/suicide rates. Controlling for divorce and unemployment rates, and seasonality, results show a positive relationship between homicide rates, but not suicide rates, and the strikes. Gabennesch's theory is reformulated to explain these findings. Thanks are expressed to Phillips Cutright and anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier drafts, and also to Diana Whistler for technical assistance.
Theoretical studies of hydrogen interstitials in AB2 structure laves phase compounds

Abstract In experiments by Peretz et al. on the pseudobinary system Zr(V x −Co 1− x )in2 , an order-of-magnitude increase has been found in the hydrogen affinity at the vanadium-rich end compared with that at the cobalt-rich end. Didisheim et al . have identified the tetrahedral interstitial sites as the positions at which hydrogen (or deuterium) atoms are located. To investigate the hydrogen storage behavior in these compounds we have used the results of self-consistent augmented plane wave calculations for ZrV 2 and ZrCo 2 as the basis for a muffin tin Green's function study of dilute hydrogen impurities. We provide an evaluation of the applicability of this method (with suitable generalization) to the hydrides of Laves phases and discuss the self-consistent defect charge and state densities and their implications for bonding in these systems.
An Introductory Organic Chemistry Review Homework Exercise: Deriving Potential Mechanisms for Glucose Ring Opening in Mutarotation

A unique homework assignment has been designed as a review exercise to be implemented near the end of the one-year undergraduate organic chemistry sequence. Within the framework of the exercise, students derive potential mechanisms for glucose ring opening in the aqueous mutarotation process. In this endeavor, 21 general review principles are addressed. The pedagogical approach employed is referred to as the question-guided, data-driven exercise. Students derive principles from answering questions posed and from the interpretation of provided structural (NMR spectroscopy) and kinetic data (generated in a research laboratory). An emphasis on designing experiments to address specific questions is incorporated throughout. The questions posited, and the data provided, are formulated to build on one another and thus emphasize a student’s knowledge of each preceding concept. The concepts reviewed are as folllows: resonance structures, isomers, conformations, electrophiles, nucleophiles, thermodynamics versus ki...
Ionic conductivity in doped fused silica

DC ionic conductivity was measured over 300–800 C in specimens of type-I fused silica doped with various levels of Al2O3/M2O ratio (M = alkali) using blocking and non-blocking electrodes. Although the values of the conductivity depended upon the measurement technique, all the data showed an Arrhenius behavior with the values of activation energies ranging from 35 kcal/mole to 20 kcal/mole for various alkali ions below 500 °C. A slight decrease in activation energy was seen in most of the samples at temperatures greater than 500 °C. When the resistivity at a particular temperature was plotted as a function of Al2O3/M2O ratio, a broad minimum in resistivity was seen between the ratios of 4–12. These results are discussed in terms of the AlO4− and nonbridging oxygen sites in the fused silica structure.
Reaction intermediates of quinol oxidation in a photoactivatable system that mimics electron transfer in the cytochrome bc1 complex

Current competing models for the two-electron oxidation of quinol (QH2) at the cytochrome bc1 complex and related complexes impose distinct requirements for the reaction intermediate. At present, the intermediate species of the enzymatic oxidation process have not been observed or characterized, probably due to their transient nature. Here, we use a biomimetic oxidant, excited-state Ru(bpy)2(pbim)+ (bpy = 2,2‘-dipyridyl, pbim = 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazolate) in an aprotic medium to probe the oxidation of the ubiquinol analogue, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinol (UQH2-0), and the plastoquinol analogue, trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinol (TMQH2-0), using time-resolved and steady-state spectroscopic techniques. Despite its simplicity, this system qualitatively reproduces key features observed during ubiquinol oxidation by the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex. Comparison of isotope-dependent activation properties in the native and synthetic systems as well as analysis of the time-resolved direct-detection elec...
Development of a deuteron tensor polarimeter suitable for study of e-d and π-d elastic scattering

Abstract A deuteron tensor polarimeter with the highest available figure-of-merit was developed in order to measure the tensor polarization t 20 in electron and pion elastic scattering from the deuteron. The polarimeter was calibrated at the Berkeley 88 cyclotron with the associated polarized ion source. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated by measuring t 20 in pion-deuteron elastic scattering at LAMPF. The application of this method to e-d elastic scattering will be discussed for the momentum transfer range 2 fm −2 2 −2 .
Wicksell and the Scandinavian and public choice traditions

Purpose – Wicksell's contributions to welfare economics are viewed as largely aligned with Pareto efficiency and James Buchanan's work in public choice. This conflicts with the Scandinavian representation of Wicksell as the forefather of the modern Swedish socialist economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine Wicksell's approach to economics, particularly his understanding of “justice” as a way to understanding the evolution of two such divergent traditions.Design/methodology/approach – Original academic and popular press writings, as well as archival materials, are used to examine Wicksell's economic philosophy and his position on key aspects of welfare economics, including the relative importance of allocation versus distribution in policy decision making. His influence on the American public choice tradition and Swedish welfare economics is examined.Findings – Both the public choice and Swedish welfare traditions based on Wicksell's justice represent overly simplistic interpretations and fail to e...
Contingency management for cocaine treatment: Cash vs. vouchers

The efficacy of contingency management (CM) for treating drug abuse is well supported. The most widely used form of CM is voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT), where clients receive an escalating schedule of vouchers that can be redeemed for goods and services for meeting treatment goals. Though generally rejected due to concerns about potential harms to drug using participants, research suggests that cash may be a more effective reinforcer. This three-group randomized trial compared the efficacy of cash-based reinforcement therapy (CBRT) to VBRT and a non-CM condition on cocaine abstinence and treatment attendance; and examined whether CBRT resulted in greater levels of harm than VBRT. Findings indicated that the CBRT was as effective as VBRT when compared to the non-CM condition and that it did not increase rates of drug use, cravings, or high-risk behaviors. Future research should examine potential cost savings associated with a cash-based CM approach as this could have important implications for the wider adoption of the CM model.
Application of the linear/exponential hybrid force field scaling scheme to the bond length alternation modes of polyacetylene

Abstract The two bond length alternation related backbone carbon–carbon stretching Raman active normal modes of polyacetylene are notoriously difficulty to predict theoretically. We apply our new linear/exponential scaled quantum mechanical force field scheme to tackle this problem by exponentially adjusting the decay of the coupling force constants between backbone stretchings based on their distance which extends over many neighbors. With transferable scaling parameters optimized by least squares fitting to the experimental vibrational frequencies of short oligoenes, the scaled frequencies of trans-polyacetylene and its isotopic analogs agree very well with experiments. The linear/exponential scaling scheme is also applicable to the cis-polyacetylene case.
Photophysical Studies of Novel Ruthenium Metal-Ligand Complexes Incorporated in Model Lipid-Membrane Bilayers

We have designed and synthesized ruthenium metal-ligand complexes (MLCs) with amine- or acyl-reactive functional groups. The MLCs have potential as luminescent probes to investigate bio-macromolecular dynamics on the sub-microsecond-to-microsecond timescale. This timescale is of interest, for example, for analysis of the motions associated with macro-molecular assemblies and interactions of membrane-bound proteins. Here we report the photophysical and structural properties of MLCs (1) [HRu(CO)(4,4′-dicarboxy-bipyridyl)(PPh3)2]+ [PF6]- conjugated to dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DPPE), (2) [HRu(CO)(bpy) (PPh2C2H4COOH)2]+ [PF6]- conjugated to dimyristoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DMPE) and (3) [(CF3CO2)Ru(CO) (5-aminophen)(Ph2PC2H2PPh2)]+ [PF6]- conjugated to DPPE and cholesterol. These conjugates were incorporated in 100nm-diameter-unilamellar lipid-membrane vesicles to investigate the photophysical properties of the probes in a model membrane environment and to evaluate the utility of these probes for investigating the physical properties of lipid membranes. We are also investigating the photophysical behavior of MLCs in Nanodiscs, which are ∼10nm-diameter phospholipid bilayers surrounded by a recombinant scaffold protein. We are using Nanodiscs as a platform for investigating the dynamics of transporter proteins, and we are using the MLCs as tools to characterize the physical properties of the Nanodisc-transporter assembly.
No IM please,: we're testing

This paper discusses the use of instant messaging (IM) as a communication tool during usability studies - primarily between the interview and observation rooms. The benefits and challenges associated with providing an IM link are discussed, based on feedback from a survey of study moderators and observers. Observers were much more positive about the use of IM than the moderators. A key concern to moderators was the potential distraction to themselves, participants and observers. In contrast, observers greatly welcomed the opportunity to ask questions and help deal with buggy prototypes. Guidelines are outlined for the effective use of IM within a usability context, and contexts outlined when an IM link is most appropriate.
A stentless trileaflet valve from a sheet of decellularized porcine small intestinal submucosa.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of a trileaflet pulmonary valve constructed from a sheet of porcine small intestinal submucosa. Description In four sheep, the native pulmonary valve and a segment of the pulmonary trunk was excised and replaced with a trileaflet valve constructed from decellularized porcine small intestinal submucosa. The valve construct was created from a sheet of the xenograft material by a method of involuting flaps of tissue inside a cylinder of itself. The function of the valve was assessed by echocardiography, catheter pullback across the valve, and observation of an excised valve in a flow simulator. Evaluation The valve constructs exhibited low gradients and symmetrical leaflet movement with good mobility when tested under physiologic conditions in an acute sheep model. Conclusions This method offers a means to create a functional trileaflet valve replacement from a sheet of tissue.
Data detection using particle filtering in relay-based communication system with Laplace AR channel model

In this paper, we consider channel modeling and data detection in a communication system where an amplify-and-forward relay is used to transmit data between a receiver and a transmitter in a flat-fading channel. The effective channel, which is the cascade of the transmitter-to-relay and relay-to-receiver Rayleigh channels, is modeled as a first-order Laplace autoregressive (AR) process. We also show that the resulting additive noise of the cascade of the two channels has a normal-Laplace distribution which enables us to derive a better approximation to the likelihood probability distribution function (pdf). Given the channel model and better characterization of the likelihood pdf of the system, we formulate the transmission process as dynamic state-space model, and propose a particle filtering based algorithm for data detection. The effectiveness of the performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated through computer simulations.
Percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass-supported coronary angioplasty in patients with unstable angina pectoris or myocardial infarction and a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 25%

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the acute and long-term results of percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass-supported angioplasty in treating high-risk patients with unstable presentations and severely depressed left ventricular (LV) function (ejection fraction [EF] ≤ 25%). One hundred seven consecutive patients with a mean LVEF of 19 ± 3% were studied. Seventyfour patients (69%) had unstable angina, 60 (56%) had New York Heart Association class III or IV symptoms, 74 (69%) had recent (
The Rise of Social Spending, 1880-1930

Abstract A closer look at the dawn of social spending before 1930 reinterprets the timing, sources, and effects of its rise. New data and tests suggest that income growth played less of a role in shaping the rise of social transfers than did democracy, demography, and religion. Even in that early half-century the aging of the adult population was a leading force raising government transfers, especially pensions, and cutting support for schooling.
A theoretical framework of collective action for the evaluation of family planning programs

Typically, a family planning program seeks to alter individuals' fertility behavior. The very necessity for the existence of a family planning program presumes that individuals' fertility expectations and behavior are not yet consistent with the objectives of the program. Therefore, some individuals may choose not to cooperate. In this article I establish a theoretical framework for the evaluation of family planning programs by synthesizing the literature on the theory of collective action. Because of the characteristics of collective action - indivisibility and externality - noncooperation (free riding) is bound to occur. Faced with the problem of free riding, a good family planning program should ideally apply selective incentives, localize the costs and benefits, and invest in social capital. The relations among these three factors, cooperation, and fertility are also spelled out.
Scale-free and stable structures in complex ad hoc networks

Unlike the well-studied models of growing networks, where the dominant dynamics consist of insertions of new nodes and connections and rewiring of existing links, we study ad hoc networks, where one also has to contend with rapid and random deletions of existing nodes (and, hence, the associated links). We first show that dynamics based only on the well-known preferential attachments of new nodes do not lead to a sufficiently heavy-tailed degree distribution in ad hoc networks. In particular, the magnitude of the power-law exponent increases rapidly (from 3) with the deletion rate, becoming \ensuremath{\infty} in the limit of equal insertion and deletion rates. We then introduce a local and universal compensatory rewiring dynamic, and show that even in the limit of equal insertion and deletion rates true scale-free structures emerge, where the degree distributions obey a power law with a tunable exponent, which can be made arbitrarily close to 2. The dynamics reported in this paper can be used to craft protocols for designing highly dynamic peer-to-peer networks and also to account for the power-law exponents observed in existing popular services.
Incorporating effective sample sizes into sampling designs for reef fish

Reef fisheries are usually sampled via two stage cluster sampling. Sampling efficiency for cluster sampling is low because of non-independence among fish samples collected from individual clusters/trips. This study establishes a new procedure for incorporating effective sample sizes into cluster sampling designs. The first step in this new procedure is to examine the degree of non-independence, the within and between trip variability, and the effective sample sizes of historical cluster samples to identify factors that influence sampling efficiency. The second step is to examine how changes in the effective sample size influence the precision of the length frequency distribution. The third step is to evaluate how different sampling designs change effective sample sizes. In general, the trip sample size should be small when the within trip variability is low. The number of sampling trips should be large when between trip variability is high. However, an optimum sampling design is also subject to limitations in cost and sampling opportunities. The procedures established here can also be applied to fishery independent surveys.
The literature of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): continuing changes in publication patterns and subject access

The literature on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) offers unique opportunities for bibliographic analysis. This study presents and analyzes data from the 1992 AIDSLINE database. The analysis compares these 1992 data with data from the 1989 AIDSLINE on two dimensions : The shifts in productivity of various journals that contributed to the literature ; and the changing frequencies with which various Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used to provide subject access and control. The greatest increase in productivity came from the group of specialty journals in immunity, viral disease, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This increase has significance for collection management. Secondly, although a stable set of indexing terms persisted, new and newly prominent subject headings reflected changes in the knowledge base (e.g., the addition of the subsets of HIV) and the direction of research effort (e.g., toward transmission in the general population). The changes indicate that the knowledge base is less chaotic, but that it is still continuing its rapid alteration and development. The findings have implications for database searching, including the choice of database.
Comparison of Simulated Cloud Cover with Satellite Observations over the Western United States.

Satellite imagery datasets and regional climate model results are intercompared for evaluation of model accuracy in the simulation of cloud cover. Both monthly average individual simulation times are analyzed. To provide a consistent comparison, satellite data are first mapped into the model's geographic projection, grid domain, and resolution. It is found that September 1988 monthly average cloud fraction results from the modeled simulations correspond to observations, in both spatial pattern and magnitude, with bias less than +/- 20% cloud fraction over the entire inland West. Agreement in the pattern of cloud fraction also is evident for monthly average cloud fraction in July, but there is no negative bias of 10%-30% cloud fraction in the model diagnosis of cloud cover. Correlations between the spatial distributions of model-derived and observed cloud fractions are found to exceed 0.80 for certain geographic regions of the West, and these correlations are largest over mountainous areas during summer. Case studies of a series of daily cloud cover demonstrate the ability of the model to simulate the effects of frontal passage on cloud distribution. The ability of the RegCM1 to simulate daily cloud fraction and diurnal cloud evolution is somewhat weak for the summer convective season. It is anticipated that a more recent version of the regional climate model may improve the simulation of summer season cloud cover, through changes in cloud parameterization and improvements in model resolution.
Understanding industry experiences: From problem solving to engineering students' learning gains

This paper reports the findings from surveying a diverse group of undergraduate engineering students (N∼100) who participated in summer industry experiences. The goal was to capture and understand (a) the nature of industry experiences and (b) students' learning outcome gains (cognitive and affective) during these industry experiences. Ultimately, we aim to understand how students learn in real-world problem solving contexts in order to transfer such learning and such experiences into the engineering classroom. In undergraduate curriculum, well-structured problems with known solutions acquired through preferred solution methods are encountered more frequently than ill-structured problems. The linear process of problem solving teaches students a procedure to be memorized, practiced, and habituated, a process that emphasizes getting answers over making meaning. Real-world problem solving, though, commonly encountered in industry experiences suffused with complex and ill-structured problems, foster cognitive development of essential, problem-based, and globally competitive problem solving skills. Although industry experiences offer many benefits and enable engineering students to begin the practice of solving real-world complex problems, there is limited research on students' learning outcomes and skill gains as a result of participating in such experiences. Further, there is a lack of understanding of characteristics of the problems or projects that students work on. Our research serves to address these limitations.
Intraoperative endoscopy in laparoscopic colectomy

Background The localization of focal colonic pathologies is problematical in laparoscopic surgery because it is difficult to palpate the colon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of intraoperative lower endoscopy in laparoscopic segmental colectomy.
The Beating Heart Approach is Not Necessary for the Dor Procedure

Abstract Background Ventricular reconstruction using the Dor technique has been demonstrated to improve outcome in patients with dilated left ventricles. It has been suggested that a beating heart approach improves ventricular function by allowing the surgeon to palpate that part of the ventricle to exclude. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent an endoventricular circular patch plasty (Dor procedure) between 1998 and 2001. All patients who received ventricular restoration, with or without revascularization or valve repair, were included in the analysis. Discrete left ventricular aneurysms were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 15) underwent ventricular reconstruction with the beating heart technique, whereas group 2 (n = 38) underwent restoration with the aorta cross-clamped. Clinical and hemodynamic data were collected from medical records and computerized databases and compared between the two groups. Results Fifty-three patients underwent endoventricular circular patch plasty. All patients had enlarged ventricles (echocardiogram demonstrating unidimensional end-diastolic diameter ≥ 6.0 cm) and echocardiographic evidence of severe left ventricular dysfunction (mean ejection fraction: group 1=21.4%; group 2=23.4%). No operative mortalities occurred in either group and all patients were discharged home alive (mean postoperative hospital stay 8.3 days [6 to 22 days]). All patients had improvement in left ventricular function with mean postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction of 36.9% (25% to 52%) in group 1 versus 38.1% (31% to 50%) in group 2, p = 0.081. Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 5 of 15 group 1 patients and in 9 of 38 group 2 patients. Two patients in the entire cohort (1 patient in group 1, and 1 patient in group 2) had at least one readmission within 12 months with evidence of heart failure. The group 1 patient went on to successful transplant 11 months later, whereas the group 2 patient died 10 months later. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the Dor technique of ventricular restoration significantly improves left ventricular function and the beating heart approach provides no additional advantage over continuous aortic cross clamping.
What Is an Intelligent Hospital?: A place where technology and design converge to enhance patient care.

Simply put, an intelligent hospital is one that works better and smarter. It?s better because it?s resourceful, creative, and perceptive about what patients and doctors need, and it?s smarter because it?s astute and inventive when it comes to weaving together diverse technologies to enhance patient care. Driven not only by new regulatory requirements but by financial constraints and reductions in staff that require us to do more with less, institutions must now reevaluate their operational processes at all levels. And, while technology is important in an intelligent hospital, it?s not the only focus. Facility design is also critical, including infrastructure and room design conducive to optimizing the management of patients, supplies, and devices.
Lunar “cataclysm”: A misconception?

Models for cataclysms have not been clearly defined; some involve major impacts creating large basins (an idea incorporated in present and pre-Apollo evolutionary theories), while others involve catastrophist theories (abandonment of smooth, monotonic changes of cratering rate during time throughout the size spectrum). The scarcity of old (>4 AE) lunar rocks is here derived as a natural consequence of known paleocratering chronology. Explosive mega-regolith formation prior to 4AE brecciated and heated most earlier material (Section IV), but no unaccountable cratering episode is evident.
College student perceptions of teaching and learning quality

Numerous instructional design models have been proposed over the past several decades. Instead of focusing on the design process (means), this study investigated how learners perceived the quality of instruction they experienced (ends). An electronic survey instrument containing nine a priori scales was developed. Students responded from 89 different undergraduate and graduate courses at multiple institutions (n = 140). Data analysis indicated strong correlations between student self-reports on academic learning time, how much they learned, First Principles of Instruction, their satisfaction with the course, perceptions of their mastery of course objectives, and global course ratings. Most importantly, these scales measure principles with which instructional developers and teachers can evaluate their products and courses, regardless of design processes used: provide authentic tasks for students to do; activate prior learning; demonstrate what is to be learned; provide repeated opportunities for students to successfully complete authentic tasks with coaching and feedback; and help students integrate what they have learned into their personal lives.
Atypical facial pain and trigeminal neuralgia: a comparison study.

Abstract Review of the charts of 43 patients with atypical facial pain and 44 with trigeminal neuralgia indicates that the two pain syndromes can be discriminated only on the basis of the patient's age at the time of pain onset and history of concomitant psychiatric illness and psychiatric corisultation. The results mdicate the need for a thorough collection of psychosocial data on the part of clinicians working with these patients.
English living standards population growth and Wrigley-Schofield.

This paper is a critique of E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofields analysis of the relationship between population and economic factors in England from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. The author suggests that the data presented by Wrigley and Schofield indicate that population growth was primarily influenced by a combination of changes in mortality and changes in the demand for labor which in turn affected fertility. The validity of the data presented is also considered. (ANNOTATION)
Malignant transformation of aneurysmal bone cyst, with an analysis of the literature.

An 11-year-old girl had a lytic, benign-appearing, expansive lesion of the distal tibia radiologically interpreted as an aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC). Tissue from two extensive curettage procedures was also histologically diagnosed as ABC. Approximately 50 months after the onset of symptoms, and 28 months after her last curettage, a highly pleomorphic osteosarcoma developed. The patient had not received prior radiation therapy. The cases in the literature of possible malignant transformation of ABC are reviewed. The authors separate their case from telangiectatic osteosarcoma, and from "aneurysmal bone cyst-like osteosarcoma."
Why Did the Number of Young Farm Entrants Decline

The influence of demographic and economic factors on the number of young farm entrants is investigated. After controlling for the demographic effect, it is found that higher commodity prices, lower real interest rates, and lower land values are associated with greater entry. Regional effects suggest lower entry in states with better nonfarm opportunities. Demographic factors suggest that the shrinking pool of potential entrants will lead to further decline in farm entry. The decline in farm entry has important implications for the future structure of farming in the United States.
Identification of a Retinoic Acid Response Domain Involved in the Activation of the β1-Adrenergic Receptor Gene by Retinoic Acid in F9 Teratocarcinoma Cells

Abstract The density of β1-adrenergic receptors (β1-AR) is up-regulated upon differentiation of embryonic F9 teratocarcinoma cells by retinoic acid (RA) to the primitive endodermal phenotype. To identify the domains involved in RA-mediated activation of β1-AR gene transcription, three kb of 5′-flanking sequence of the β1-AR gene were ligated to a luciferase reporter gene and transiently transfected into F9 cells that were pre-exposed to 100 nM RA for 2 days. By generating deletions in the β1-AR promoter, a region between −125 and −100 was found to mediate a 3-fold induction in cells exposed to RA for an additional 2 days. Through site-directed mutagenesis of this region, it was determined that the RA responsive element (RARE) was organized as a direct repeat separated by 5 nucleotides in which the 5′-most AGGTCG half-site was between nucleotides −106 and −101 and the 3′-most AGGTCA half-site was between nucleotides −117 and −112. The RA receptor α (RARα) isoform bound to the oligomer representing the sequences between −125 and −100 as a heterodimer complex with the retinoid X receptor α (RXRα). In a separate study, it was determined that the nucleotides between −125 and −100 are involved in thyroid hormone-mediated activation of the β1-AR gene in ventricular myocytes. Therefore, transcriptional activation of the β1-AR gene by thyroid hormone or RA involves a single binding site in the promoter.
Anomalous triple neutral and quartic gauge boson couplings

Abstract At LEP anomalous neutral triple gauge boson couplings are studied in Zγ and ZZ production. Quartic gauge boson couplings are analysed in WWγ, Zγγd ννγγ events. No significant anomalies are found.
Using a Handheld Computer to Provide Documentation for Construction and Maintenance of Transportation Infrastructure

Handheld computers can be used to provide electronic reference manuals of transportation infrastructure construction and maintenance information. With the addition of wireless modems, these devices are able to capture information from the World Wide Web and make it available at remote construction sites. Three prototype applications have been developed for a Palm VII handheld computer. One is a web clipping application that retrieves New Jersey Department of Transportation (New Jersey DOT) construction specifications from a website. Palm web clipping applications are written in hypertext markup language. A second application demonstrates how large text documents can be converted to electronic books for use on Palm devices. This application used iSilo software to incorporate New Jersey DOT specifications and construction procedures. The third application uses the FireViewer suite of programs to provide a prototype system of reference documents and educational materials related to highway maintenance activities. The FireViewer suite of programs allows a Palm device both to access web pages in real time and to download and save material from the web. The applications developed illustrate the potential for using handheld computers as electronic reference manuals and as a means of accessing the World Wide Web in the field. The limited capabilities of Palm devices to display graphics and the cost of transmitting data wirelessly indicate that simple web pages should be developed for use with handheld computers. As the devices become more powerful, more elaborate systems of documents and drawings can be constructed for use in the field.
Speaking the Social Body: Language-Origins and Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution

This article considers the political implications of Victorian language-study for Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution (1837) (reprinted and edited by K.J. Fielding and David Sorensen (Oxford: Oxford World's Classics, 1989)). I investigate how Carlyle responded to the scientific study of language with what he termed a ‘bodied word’, a reading of language based in the word-become-flesh or the doctrine of the Incarnation. I show how this bodied word reflects wider changes in modern conceptions of the polity in the wake of the French Revolution, in the shift from a hereditary body politic towards what critics have termed a ‘social body’ or a more broadly inclusive model that incorporates the working classes. I then offer a reading of The French Revolution to show how Carlyle's French history was crucial to the linguistic and conceptual production of this liberal notion of the social body, even as he worked both to acknowledge and contain its political agency.
Human adrenal tissue in vitro: steroidogenic properties.

ABSTRACT The characteristics of the steroidogenic response of human adrenal tissue were studied in an in vitro automated superfusion system. The time course of the response of human adrenal tissue to ACTH was identical with that previously shown for the rat. Human adrenal tissue was more sensitive to human ACTH than to porcine ACTH. The response to ACTH by human adrenal tissue depended upon the total dose of ACTH and not upon the concentration in the medium; on the other hand, the response of human adrenal tissue to cAMP was dependent upon the concentration in the medium. Human adrenal tissue remained sensitive to ACTH stimulation after 15 hr of superfusion. These results with human adrenal tissue support the current theories on the mode of action of ACTH and suggest that data obtained from experiments with rat adrenal tissue may be directly applied to the human adrenal.
Creep Behavior of Potassium Chloride–Rubidium Chloride Solid Solution Alloys

The creep behavior of three KCl–RbCl solid solution alloys and pure KCl and pure RbCl single crystals compressed along the 〈100〉 direction was investigated at 600°C at stresses between 0.5 and 15 MPa. The reduced primary creep stage, a value of the stress exponent of about 3 for the KCl–20 mol% RbCl and KCl–30 mol% RbCl alloys versus about 5 for pure KCl and pure RbCl and the results of the stress reduction tests for these alloys are in good agreement with creep behavior observed in class I metallic solid solution alloys, where the creep rate is controlled by a dislocation glide process. The dislocation substructure developed in the KCl–RbCl alloys consisted of well-developed subgrains.
Kv2 Channel Regulation of Action Potential Repolarization and Firing Patterns in Superior Cervical Ganglion Neurons and Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Kv2 family “delayed-rectifier” potassium channels are widely expressed in mammalian neurons. Kv2 channels activate relatively slowly and their contribution to action potential repolarization under physiological conditions has been unclear. We explored the function of Kv2 channels using a Kv2-selective blocker, Guangxitoxin-1E (GxTX-1E). Using acutely isolated neurons, mixed voltage-clamp and current-clamp experiments were done at 37°C to study the physiological kinetics of channel gating and action potentials. In both rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons and mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, 100 nm GxTX-1E produced near-saturating block of a component of current typically constituting ∼60–80% of the total delayed-rectifier current. GxTX-1E also reduced A-type potassium current (IA), but much more weakly. In SCG neurons, 100 nm GxTX-1E broadened spikes and voltage clamp experiments using action potential waveforms showed that Kv2 channels carry ∼55% of the total outward current during action potential repolarization despite activating relatively late in the spike. In CA1 neurons, 100 nm GxTX-1E broadened spikes evoked from −70 mV, but not −80 mV, likely reflecting a greater role of Kv2 when other potassium channels were partially inactivated at −70 mV. In both CA1 and SCG neurons, inhibition of Kv2 channels produced dramatic depolarization of interspike voltages during repetitive firing. In CA1 neurons and some SCG neurons, this was associated with increased initial firing frequency. In all neurons, inhibition of Kv2 channels depressed maintained firing because neurons entered depolarization block more readily. Therefore, Kv2 channels can either decrease or increase neuronal excitability depending on the time scale of excitation.
Microleakage of resin-modified glass ionomer restorations with selective enamel etching.

Clinical Relevance In situations where enamel bonding is crucial and saliva contamination is inevitable, selective enamel etching can improve the bond quality of a resin-modified glass ionomer. However, selective enamel etching may lower the quality of the dentin bond.
An introduction to investment engineering

This paper is the first in a series on investment engineering. The term investment engineering refers to procedures for accumulating wealth that have a well-defined conceptual framework and employ models and techniques that are quite similar to those used within conventional engineering disciplines. This article establishes an overall context and an underlying conceptual framework. The goal of the series is to present the main concepts, models, and insights of modern finance in a way that is accessible to electrical engineers. The material is intended to be helpful to readers who manage their own investments and to those who are considering doing so.
Sagittal organization of olivocerebellar and reticulocerebellar projections: autoradiographic studies with 35S-methionine.

The pathways and terminal projections of the inferior olivary complex and the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) to the cerebellar nuclei and cortex in the rat were studied using unilateral and bilateral injections of 35S-methionine followed by light microscope autoradiography. The cerebellar projections from unilateral olivary injections show heavy contralateral, crossed and light, ipsilateral, uncrossed projections in sagittal bands in the deep nuclei and in the molecular layer. The crossed projections occupy all cortical lobules. Bilateral olivary injections that encompassed all subdivisions of the nuclear complex on both sides demonstrated that the same pattern of sagittal zonation is preserved although in this case distributed bilaterally. Thus, the representations of ipsilateral and contralateral projections of both sides overlap precisely and banding is preserved. These data suggest that the olivocerebellar climbing fibers occupy the banded areas and that the empty strips of molecular layer between them must have climbing fibers of extra-olivary origin. It was also found that climbing fiber rosettes are present in the granular layer borne by collaterals of axons en route to the molecular layer; their distribution is not restricted to the molecular layer bands. Unilateral injections in the LRN produced heavy, uncrossed, ipsilateral and light, crossed, contralateral projections with the crossing occurring in the cerebellum. Projections to the deep nuclei occur and the terminal arborizations in the cortex are dense fields of mossy fiber rosettes forming narrow sagittal bands restricted to the granular layer. These mossy fiber rosettes contrast sharply in their number and distribution to the climbing fiber rosettes. The data from these studies strengthen the evidence gathered from morphological and physiological studies that the entire cerebellum may be organized on a plan involving narrow sagittal strips with structural, functional and chemical significance.
Time-frequency moments, eyelets, and machine faults

It has been shown that often the onset of developing faults in machines is clearly manifest in the time-frequency plane before any problems are noted by conventional methods such as the power spectrum. In this paper we explore a particular feature of some faulting machines, wherein a single vibration frequency briefly and intermittently appears as eyelets in the time-frequency plane. We show that abrupt phase shifts in a tone, or equivalently sudden, rapid changes in the amplitude, cause a transient increase in the instantaneous spectral moments, particularly the instantaneous bandwidth and the instantaneous kurtosis, and cause eyelets in time-frequency similar to those seen in real machine vibrations.
Transport critical currents in epitaxial Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x thin films

Abstract The epitaxial orientation of coevaporated Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−x thin films was identified and the transport critical current density J c characterized. The best c-axis oriented films deposited on (100) SrTiO 3 substrate surfaces had properties that approached estimated material limits, with J c > 1 MA/cm 2 in zero magnetic field at 85K, and showed a large dependence on magnetic field orientation, such that J c ( H ⊥ c ) J c ( H ∥ c ) ⋍ 100 at H=60 kOe and 77 K. Triaxial [110]- and [103]-oriented films deposited on (110) substrate surfaces had significantly lower T c and J c values, and exhibited temperature dependencies indicative of normal weak-link arrays.
Sexual Hookups Among College Students: Sex Differences in Emotional Reactions

The purpose of the study was to test four predictions derived from evolutionary (sexual strategies) theory. The central hypothesis was that men and women possess different emotional mechanisms that motivate and evaluate sexual activities. Consequently, even when women express indifference to emotional involvement and commitment and voluntarily engage in casual sexual relations, their goals, their feelings about the experience, and the associations between their sexual behavior and prospects for long-term investment differ significantly from those of men. Women’s sexual behavior is associated with their perception of investment potential: long-term, short-term, and partners’ ability and willingness to invest. For men, these associations are weaker or inversed. Regression analyses of survey data from 333 male and 363 female college students revealed the following: Greater permissiveness of sexual attitudes was positively associated with number of sex partners; this association was not moderated by sex of subject (Prediction 1); even when women deliberately engaged in casual sexual relations, thoughts that expressed worry and vulnerability crossed their minds; for females, greater number of partners was associated with increased worry-vulnerability whereas for males the trend was the opposite (Prediction 2); with increasing numbers of sex partners, marital thoughts decreased; this finding was not moderated by sex of subject; this finding did not support Prediction 3; for both males and females, greater number of partners was related to larger numbers of one-night stands, partners foreseen in the next 5 years, and deliberately casual sexual relations. This trend was significantly stronger for males than for females (Prediction 4).