cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The (Inevitably Arbitrary) Placement of Bright Lines: Belton and Its Progeny

This article examines the confused jurisprudence resulting from the United States Supreme Court's efforts to define the scope of a warrantless search incident to arrest. In New York v. Belton, the Supreme Court created a bright-line rule authorizing police to search, without a warrant, the passenger compartment of an automobile upon the arrest of one of the vehicle's occupants. In justifying this rule, the Court read its earlier decision in Chimel v. California as authorizing a warrantless search of “the area within the immediate control of the arrestee.” Yet, despite years of appellate decision making prior to Belton, the precise meaning of “the area within the immediate control of the arrestee” as it applied to automobiles remained unclear. In order to bring clarity to Chimel's application in at least one common scenario, the Belton Court ruled that where a vehicle's occupant was arrested, the “area within the immediate control of the arrestee” encompassed the vehicle's entire passenger compartment, including any containers, opened or closed. Attempts to address the limits of Belton resulted in a circuit split, which the Supreme Court recently addressed in Thornton v. United States. Rather than clearly resolve the split, the Supreme Court issued a highly divided opinion that will likely result in continued division among the lower courts. This article argues that any extension of Belton's bright-line rule must be done with honest reference to the rule's underlying purposes and suggests alternative standards for limiting the scope of Belton searches.
Attractiveness of Cue-Lure and the Degradation Product 4-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone to Male Melon Flies in the Field in Hawaii

The most likely degradation product of cue-lure, 4-( p hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, (results from hydrolytic degradation in the field) was tested in Hawaii by baiting traps for Dacus Cucurbitae Coquillett with purified cuelure, with purified cure-lure plus added 4-( p -hydroxyphenyl-2-butanone, with 4-( p -hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone alone, or with commercial cue-lure. A single treatment of purified cue-lure with as much as 50% degradation product added was as attractive to the flies for 42 weeks as a single treatment of commercial cue-lure or of purified cue-lure alone, during periods of both low and high populations.
Antimicrobial therapy of pediatric dermatosis

This article introduced information on antimicrobial agents that commonly used in pediatric skin disorders,which included mechanism of action,usual dosage and administration.It was helpful for the clinical practice.
Invasive Aspergillosis of the Sphenoid Sinus Manifested as a Pituitary Tumor

SUMMARYAspergillus infection of the paranasal sinuses is rare but is the most common fungal infection of these structures and should be suspected when sinusitis does not respond to antibacterial drugs. Our case involved the sphenoid sinus, and was initially thought to be a nonfunctioning pituitary t
Design, Energy and Cost Analyses of Membrane Processes

Energy consumption, product water costs and technology reliability are key parameters that determine the viability of a process. Both cost and energy for desalination, especially seawater RO, have fallen dramatically since the 1970s due to the development of higher permeability and higher performance membranes, lower operating pressure, use of energy recovery devices, more efficient pumps and well-established RO feed water treatment practices. In addition, membrane plants have proven reliable in the field with longer life and lower plant maintenance costs. Engineering analyses of typical commercialised and well-established membrane processes used for desalination and municipal and industrial water treatment are discussed as well as relevant data on energy consumption and water costs presented with special focus on seawater and brackish water desalination.
States of Semiparalysis

The previous three chapters of this book engaged the theoretical dynamic of disability in an Irish context and explored, through the development of an Irish disability studies, how such a dynamic allows a critical interweaving of such cultural structures as Irishness, the body, the disabled, and the stare. These chapters also drew attention to certain specific textual examples of the allegorical disablement of Ireland itself, moments where all of the just-mentioned structures work together to locate Ireland as a negatively disabled space and Irishness as a spoiled or troubled identity location. Most of these examples were works from the early nineteenth century written in the decades immediately following the 1800 Act of Union. In this final chapter, I will further this argument by focusing primarily on a now tremendously popular, iconic, increasingly mythic set of figures and events that are first constructed at the very end of the nineteenth century in a poorly written horror narrative by a frustrated London stage manager originating from Dublin’s professional classes. This chapter will engage the representation of the body in Bram Stoker’s Dracula.
Fracture Surface Energy of Soda-Lime Glass

The fracture surface energy of soda-lime glass was measured at temperatures of 77, 195, and 300°K in various media using the double-cantilever cleavage technique. Values obtained for the fracture surface energy were 3.20 J/m2 in nitrogen (l), 3.10 J/m2 in toluene (l) — CO2 (s), and 2.83 J/m2 in dry nitrogen (g). During the experiment, slow crack motion was always observed prior to catastrophic failure of the specimens. The crack motion was complex, depending on the stress at the crack tip and the concentration of water in the medium surrounding the crack. Experimental results will be discussed with respect to several different mechanisms of crack growth.
Abstract 4603: TCF7L1 constrains Wnt/β-catenin signaling and tumor growth in pancreatic cancer

Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays important roles in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDA) tumor initiation and progression through its promotion of various pro-tumorigenic phenotypes. While RNF43 mutations increase Wnt signaling activity and confer Wnt growth-dependency in a subset of PDA, other key driver mutations in the Wnt pathway are only rarely encountered in PDA. To gain additional insights into alternative mechanisms contributing to increased Wnt pathway activity in PDA, we examined the expression and activity of LEF/TCF family members, the key transcriptional binding partners for β-catenin in canonical Wnt signaling. Luciferase-based β-catenin-activated reporter (BAR) assays demonstrated variable Wnt activity across a large panel of PDA cell lines, which was used to dichotomize cell lines into groups with high or lower β-catenin/TCF-dependent transcription. Supervised analysis of PDA cell line microarray data and parallel western blot analyses identified distinct patterns of TCF/LEF expression, including increased TCF7 and TCF7L2 (aka TCF4) expression in high BAR lines and increased TCF7L1 (aka TCF3) expression in low BAR lines. RNAi-mediated knockdown of individual or combinations of TCF/LEFs in PDA lines revealed TCF7L1 and TCF7L2 both function to repress β-catenin-activated reporter activity. TCF7L1 protein was also found to be targeted for rapid downregulation following Wnt pathway activation by treatment with either Wnt3A ligand or GSK3β inhibitor. RNAi knockdown of TCF7L1 in PDA lines increased anchorage-independent growth and tumor cell migration in vitro and increased in vivo PDA growth in an orthotopic xenograft tumor model. In summary, differential patterns of TCF/LEF expression are correlated with and functionally responsible for differences in Wnt pathway activation and function in PDA. Furthermore, these data implicate abrogation of TCF7L1 growth suppressive phenotypes via β-catenin-mediated downregulation of TCF7L1 as a potentially important mechanism through which Wnt signaling promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Kathleen M. Kershaw, Michael D. Arensman, Bridgette Ho, Anna R. Lay, Nicole A. Dawson, David W. Dawson. TCF7L1 constrains Wnt/β-catenin signaling and tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4603.
Sensitivity and Resolution in Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Buffer Gas Cooled Polyatomic Molecules

We discuss the use of cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region with buffer gas cooling of polyatomic molecules for high-precision rovibrational absorption spectroscopy. A frequency comb coupled to an optical enhancement cavity allows us to collect high-resolution, broad-bandwidth infrared spectra of translationally and rotationally cold (10–20 K) gas-phase molecules with high absorption sensitivity and fast acquisition times. The design and performance of the combined apparatus are discussed in detail. Recorded rovibrational spectra in the CH stretching region of several organic molecules, including vinyl bromide (CH\( {}_2 \)CHBr), adamantane (C\( {}_{10} \)H\( {}_{16} \)), and diamantane (C\( {}_{14} \)H\( {}_{20} \)) demonstrate the resolution and sensitivity of this technique, as well as the intrinsic challenges faced in extending the frontier of high-resolution spectroscopy to large complex molecules.
Abstract A15: In vivo efficacy of a CD38-specific engineered toxin body.

The cell surface glycoprotein CD38 is highly expressed on the surface of several B cell lineage cancers, such as the plasma cell malignancy multiple myeloma, some lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), where it is a marker of unfavorable prognosis. CD38 is a transmembrane receptor and ectoenzyme that is absent or expressed at a low level on most resting leukocytes under normal conditions, making this an appealing target for directed therapy for hematological malignancies. Recent clinical trials with antibodies to CD38 have shown promise in multiple myeloma. While these antibodies rely on the recruitment of an immune response for cytotoxicity, we have developed an engineered toxin body (ETB) comprising a CD38 binding scFv and a modified Shiga-like Toxin A subunit capable of specifically recognizing and directly killing CD38 expressing cells. The CD38 targeted ETB has a different mechanism of action than current treatments for multiple myeloma (such as immunomodulatory agents, protease inhibitors and chemotherapies). Our CD38 targeted ETB has shown to be well tolerated in mice and displays dose dependent efficacy in a CD38 positive tumor setting. The CD38 targeted ETB significantly reduced tumor burden and increased survival over a 40-fold dose range in a disseminated Daudi xenograft, early treatment model. In this setting, the mean tumor burden at day 28 was reduced to 29% of control for the lowest dose group (0.05 mg/kg) and less than 1% of control for the two higher doses (0.5 and 2 mg/kg). Median survival of the control, untreated group was 34 days; the low dose group had extended median survival to 59.5 days and, at the day 60 study end, 90 or 100% of mice were alive in the higher two dosing groups. Our results show that the CD38 targeted ETB is a promising targeted therapeutic agent against CD38 positive cancer cells and is currently under further development. Citation Format: Garrett L. Robinson, Sangeetha Rajagopalan, Brigitte Brieschke, Jennifer Erdman, Jane Neill, Rodney Flores, Julia Foree, William Null, Jensing Liu, Jack P. Higgins, Erin K. Willert. In vivo efficacy of a CD38-specific engineered toxin body. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(17 Suppl):Abstract nr A15.
The Formation of Low Mass Stars

The- question of the origin of stars is one of the most fundamental of astronomy. Yet, despite thousands of years of stellar observation, and early speculations by Newton and Laplace, it has only been in the latter part of the present century that the investigation of star formation has become an active discipline of astrophysical research. That the origin of stars has remained so mysterious for so long is largely due to the fact that the process of star formation has never been directly observed either with the naked eye or the with most powerful telescopes. Moreover, prior to the twentieth century neither the energy source nor the bulk composition of stars were known. Indeed, without knowledge of the physical nature of stars it was very difficult to develop an understanding of their origin. At the end of the nineteenth century, the nature of the mystery surrounding stellar origins was nicely summed up by the fictional character Huck Finn (in the book The Adventures of Huck Finn by Mark Twain) when he observed the stars in the night sky and wondered “…did they just happen or was they made?”
Consecutive n desu Structures in Japanese: Communicative Effects Resulting from n ja nai n desu in Discourse

The n desu structure is recognized as one of the most frequently used sentence final expressions in Japanese. Various linguistic studies have examined the structure’s communicative properties in interactional situations, however; most of these studies focus solely on sentence-final expressions that include a single case of the n desu structure, and consecutive occurrences of the n desu structure such as taberu n ja nai n desu ‘(it is that it is not that) I am going to eat’ have not been explored in depth. By using a linguistic corpus as a database, the present study has explored the usage of consecutive n desu structures, and examined in which kinds of contextual situations consecutive n desu is likely to be used. The findings of the present study suggest that there are two main types of usages of consecutive n desu. The two types are consecutive n desu used when the speaker denies a generally held idea that is expected to be true, and consecutive n desu used in assertive rhetorical questions formulated based on an idea that is generally expected to be true.
Reproducibility of serial creatinine excretion measurements in peritoneal dialysis.

AIM To test whether muscle mass evaluated by creatinine excretion (EXCr) is maintained in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) treated by peritoneal dialysis (PD), we evaluated repeated measurements of EXCr in a PD population. METHODS One hundred and sixty-six PD patients (94 male, 72 female) receiving the same PD dose for the duration of the study (up to approximately 2.5 years) had repeated determinations of total (in urine plus spent dialysate) 24-h EXCr (EXCr T) to assess the adequacy of PD by creatinine clearance. All 166 patients had two EXCr T determinations, 84 of the 166 patients had three EXCr T determinations and 44 of the 166 patients had four EXCr T measurements. EXCr T values were compared using the paired t test in the patients who had two studies and by repeated measures ANOVA in those who were studied three or four times. RESULTS In patients who were studied twice, with the first and second EXCr T measurements performed at 9.2 ± 15.2 mo and 17.4 ± 15.8 mo after onset of PD, respectively, EXCr T did not differ between the first and second study. In patients studied three times and whose final assessment occurred 24.7 ± 16.3 mo after initiating PD, EXCr T did not differ between the first and second study, but was significantly lower in the third study compared to the first study. In patients who were studied four times and whose fourth measurement was taken 31.9 ± 16.8 mo after onset of PD, EXCr T did not differ between any of the studies. The average EXCr T value did not change significantly, with the exception of the third study in the patients studied thrice. However, repeated determinations of EXCr T in individuals showed substantial variability, with approximately 50% of the repeated determinations being higher or lower than the first determination by 15% or more. CONCLUSION The average value of EXCr T remains relatively constant for up to 2.5 years of follow-up in PD patients who adhere to the same PD schedule. However, repeated individual EXCr T values vary considerably in a large proportion of the patients. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of varying EXCr T values and the stability of EXCr T beyond 2.5 years of PD follow-up.
A reactive impedance surface for enhancing antenna isolation on cylindrical platforms

An investigation into a design of a reactive impedance surface that can be used for wide bandwidth enhancement of isolation between transmit and receive antennas mounted on a cylindrical radio-frequency (RF) repeater is discussed in this work. Physical isolation measurements and numerical studies for the surface are considered. Up to 17 dB of isolation enhancement is achieved with the designed surface between the antennas at the lowest frequency of operation.
ALGEBRAIC THEORY OF VECTOR SPACES

The ordinary vectors in ordinary space, or in “ordinary” n -dimensional space, form a vector space. Important vector spaces of functions are given by the continuous functions on an interval, the integrable functions, and the n times continuously differentiable functions. This chapter describes the algebraic machinery that is required to deal with linear problems. Coordinate-free definitions have been provided. This is essential in the case of the usual function spaces, because in these infinite dimensional spaces, there are no natural or simple coordinate systems. In the finite dimensional case the abstract approach is valuable because it provides additional insight, especially if one is familiar with the classical theory of vector spaces of n -tuples, matrices, and determinants. Matrices are defined as representations of linear transformations; the determinant of a matrix is defined in terms of the determinant of a linear transformation. The algebraic tools are adequate as long as one deals with finite dimensional problems, even in infinite dimensional spaces.
Influence of Storage Temperatures on Long-term Seed Viability of Selected Native Ericaceous Species

Abstract Following harvest of capsules, drying, and seed extraction, seeds of Kalmia latifolia L. (mountain laurel), Leucothoe fontanesiana (Steud.) Sleum (drooping leucothoe), Rhododendron carolinianum Rehd. (Carolina rhododendron), Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. (Catawba rhododendron), and Rhododendron maximum L. (rosebay rhododendron) were stored for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 years at −18,4 or 23C (0, 39 or 73F) and then germinated at 25C (77F) or an 8/16 hr thermoperiod of 25/15C (77/59F) with daily photoperiods of 0, 1 or 24 hr. Storage at −18 or 4C (0 or 39F) were most effective for maintaining seed viability of all species. After 5 years storage at −18 or 4C (0 or 39F), viability of L. fontanesiana, R. catawbiense, and R. maximum was relatively unchanged with total germination of 59%, 87%, and 88%, respectively. The same was noted for seeds of K. latifolia and R. carolinianum with total germination of 77% and 91%, respectively, after storage for 4 years at the same temperatures. Storage at 23C (73F) was ...
Teacher Educators’ Perspectives: Preparing Preservice Teachers to Provide Access to the General Curriculum:

Teacher educators play a critical role in preparing preservice teachers to provide students with significant disabilities access to the general curriculum. This qualitative study investigated 11 te...
Reforming Mexico’s Anti-Trafficking in Persons Legislation

In the past few years, Mexico has taken a number of measures to further prevention, protection, and prosecution of trafficking in persons. The country’s government has signed international anti-trafficking conventions and has taken some aspects of widely accepted international definitions of this crime as a reference when drafting its anti-trafficking legislation. However, Mexican lawmakers have interpreted human trafficking in their own terms. Mexico’s current anti-trafficking legislation is based on a quite broad definition of trafficking in persons and shows serious limitations that have led to the misidentification of victims and traffickers, as well as to re-victimization. This adds to Mexico’s weak rule of law, corruption, and the involvement of interest groups with particular agendas/ideologies that have obstructed reform. The present analysis demonstrates the imperative necessity to modify the current anti-trafficking legislation in Mexico and provides some basic suggestions for this much-needed reform.
54 The Female Patient: Pregnancy and Gynecologic Issues in the Bariatric Surgery Patient

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects nearly 7% of reproductive age females (1). The syndrome was initially named Stein-Leventhal syndrome for the physicians who recognized in 1935 a clinical triad of hirsutism, amenorrhea, and obesity. Since then, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has updated this definition to: “amenorrhea and hyperandrogenism, existing after the exclusion of all the secondary causes.” The etiology of PCOS remains unclear, although there are a number of theories, including obesity as a prominent hypothesis. One theory suggests increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatility as the culprit, and another theory points to ovarian dysfunction and dysregulation of androgen synthesis (2). The role of genetics in PCOS is similarly uncertain.
Keys in Formal Verification

These lecture notes present a set of techniques for the verification of reactive systems. We concentrate on the case of infinite-states systems and the application of abstraction methods for their verification.
Medical management: Uric acid and cystine stones

The main metabolic abnormality for uric acid stone formation is abnormally acidic urine (urinary pH < 5.5). The most important modalities of treatment in this condition include urinary alkalization to maintain a urinary pH between 6.0 and 6.5 and high fluid intake to ensure urine output above 2 L/day. Potassium alkali is the preferred treatment over sodium alkali treatment since it is effective in raising urinary pH, lowering urinary calcium excretion, and inhibiting sodium urate–induced calcium oxalate crystallizations. Cystinuria is an inherited disorder of dibasic amino acid transport, which clinically presents nephrolithiasis or bladder stones. Physicochemically, cystine has limited solubility in the urinary environment. Therefore, its precipitation solely depends on urinary cystine supersaturation. The early diagnosis of cystinuria is significant as early prevention and treatment measures may provide protection against renal function impairment. Prevention and treatment include the provision of high fluid intake and urine alkalinity in order to exceed a urinary cystine solubility threshold of 250 mg/L (1,000 μ[micro]mol/L). Specific treatment regimens are limited and only include chelation treatment with D-penicillamine or α(alpha)-mercaptopropionylglycine. These treatment regimens are usually effective, but a number of them confer side effects.
Dienstleistungscontrolling und -performance in Gesundheitsorganisationen : begleitende Erfolgsmessung im Rahmen von Lean-Prozessoptimierungen

Gesundheitsdienstleister sind mit steigendem Kostendruck konfrontiert. Diesem Kostendruck kann durch eine Analyse und Optimierung bestehender Prozesse begegnet werden. Viele Leistungserbringer haben dabei das Konzept des Lean Managements als Methode ihrer Wahl bestimmt und bereits mit der Optimierung einzelner Bereiche begonnen. Entscheidungstrager wunschen sich eine Erfolgsquantifizierung solcher Optimierungsprojekte, um die investierten Ressourcen zu rechtfertigen. Leider zeigt der aktuelle Stand der Forschung, dass der Einfluss von Lean Management bei Gesundheitsdienstleistern auf Prozess- und Finanzkennzahlen kaum untersucht ist. Um diese Forschungslucke zu schliesen erlautert der Beitrag, wie das Lean Management in einem Krankenhaus mittels Kennzahlen gezielt validiert werden kann. Er beschreibt das Vorgehen bei der Konzeptualisierung und Durchfuhrung einer begleitenden Evaluation im Rahmen einer Prozessoptimierung, wobei ein Fokus auf der Erstellung eines Kennzahlen-Cockpits sowie verschiedenen Erhebungsmethoden liegt.
Family-Centered Care During Constraint-Induced Therapy After Chronic Stroke: A Feasibility Study.

PURPOSE This feasibility study evaluated a theory-based intervention (CARE-CITE) designed to engage carepartners (CPs) in supporting stroke survivor upper extremity rehabilitation. DESIGN The study was a one-group design with pre- and posttest and 1 month follow-up (N = 7 dyads). METHODS Feasibility was determined by participant retention, CP and stroke survivor intervention adherence, and CP acceptability of the intervention (exit interview). Measures of CP depressive symptoms, fatigue, and family conflict around stroke recovery and stroke survivor upper extremity function are reported. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. FINDINGS All participants completed the study and adhered to the intervention, and CPs found CARE-CITE helpful. Descriptively, better scores were observed for CP's mental health, family conflict, stroke survivor confidence, and upper extremity tasks performed. CONCLUSION These results provide initial evidence that CARE-CITE is feasible after chronic stroke and that CPs and stroke survivors may benefit from family-centered care. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Improving CP skills in supporting rehabilitation activities may improve stroke survivor upper extremity function.
Leader Reactions to Proactive Behavior: Giving Credit When Credit is Due

We consider leader reactions to followers’ proactive behavior in the present study and suggest that leaders are likely to differ in such reactions. For example, if a leader feels threatened, incomp...
Morphea and Scleroderma

Morphea and scleroderma are a spectrum of autoimmune connective tissue disorders hallmarked by tissue fibrosis. Morphea is localized to the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and occasionally, deeper, directly underlying structures such as muscle and bone. In contrast, scleroderma is characterized by systemic involvement, including the vasculature and internal organs (1a) (Fett, Clin Dermatol 31:432–437, 2013). Treatment largely depends upon the extent of disease, with minor cases of morphea requiring observation and systemic sclerosis requiring potent immunosuppressive medications. Although an exhaustive discussion of medical therapies for this spectrum of diseases is beyond the scope of this chapter, surgeries and laser therapy are important components of comprehensive care of these patients. The cosmetic and functional sequelae of morphea and scleroderma can be extensive, and the procedural dermatologist is in a unique position to reverse some of the manifestations of these debilitating diseases.
Online Versus Face-to-Face: How Customer-to-Customer Interactions Impact Customer Experience Behaviors: An Abstract

Service dominant logic (SDL; e.g., Vargo and Lusch 2004, 2008) and customer engagement research (e.g., Hollebeek et al. 2016) over the past two decades have led to an increased focus on the customer experience journey and its subsequent challenges (e.g., Lemon and Verhoef). Given the increasingly connected world, organizations must now try to manage multiple touchpoints in the customer experience journey; one of these touchpoints being customers interactions with other customers. While customer-to-customer interactions can present a challenge to organizations, this research seeks to find the opportunity in these connections. Specifically, this research will examine how both online and face-to-face customer-to-customer interactions impact customer engagement behaviors, as well as objective organizational outcomes (e.g., actual purchases in a retail establishment). The present research seeks to examine how different levels/types of customer-to-customer interactions impact the customer experience (customer engagement behaviors (CEBs; Hollebeek et al 2016)) as well as organizational outcomes. Specifically, this research will look at two different partner-owned customer touchpoints and their impact on the customer experience. These include: (1) Online customer-to-customer connections (e.g., F.B. group tied to the retail establishment, partner-owned touchpoint) and (2) Face-to-face customer-to-customer connections (e.g., group of customers formed by the establishment, partner-owned touchpoint).
Anesthesia and potential aerosol generation during magnetic resonance imaging in children with COVID-19.

The American College of Radiology recommends minimizing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in COVID-19 patients, postponing non-urgent exams, and using alternative imaging.1 Sedation/anesthesia are aerosol generating procedures (AGP) due to requirement of bag-mask ventilation, intubation, and extubation with consequent risk of exposure to healthcare workers. This is complicated by limitation in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the magnet zone (Zone IV).We describe our experience for children requiring anesthesia for emergency MRI during the COVID-19 outbreak in Philadelphia.
Detecting Signatures of Positive Selection against a Backdrop of Compensatory Processes

There are known limitations in methods of detecting positive selection. Common methods do not enable differentiation between positive selection and compensatory covariation, a major limitation. Further, the traditional method of calculating the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) does not take into account the 3D structure of biomacromolecules nor differences between amino acids. It also does not account for saturation of synonymous mutations (dS) over long evolutionary time that renders codon-based methods ineffective for older divergences. This work aims to address these shortcomings for detecting positive selection through the development of a statistical model that examines clusters of substitutions in clusters of variable radii. Additionally, it uses a parametric bootstrapping approach to differentiate positive selection from compensatory processes. A previously reported case of positive selection in the leptin protein of primates was reexamined using this methodology.
Minimal invasive surgery techniques for patients with adolescent idiopathic and early onset scoliosis

Abstract Objective Provide an update on minimal invasive surgery (MIS) techniques for surgical management of pediatric spine. Methods Minimal Invasive surgery for pediatric spine deformity has evolved significantly over the past decade. We include updated information about the surgical management of patients with adolescent idiopathic and Early Onset Scoliosis through MIS techniques. We take into consideration the implementation of this technique in Low-to-Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Results Although MIS began as a technique in adult and degenerative spine, recent publications on MIS in pediatric spine cases report benefits of decreased blood loss and infection incidence, and cosmetic advantages from fewer incision numbers. Adoption of MIS techniques in pediatric spine can be facilitated with pre- and intraoperative use of pertinent medical systems. Conclusion With appropriate considerations and training, MIS is a safe procedure for pediatric spine correction surgery and can be applicable in LMICs.
Structural Analysis of the cl-Par-4 Tumor Suppressor as a Function of Ionic Environment

Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a proapoptotic tumor suppressor protein that has been linked to a large number of cancers. This 38 kilodalton (kDa) protein has been shown to be predominantly intrinsically disordered in vitro. In vivo, Par-4 is cleaved by caspase-3 at Asp-131 to generate the 25 kDa functionally active cleaved Par-4 protein (cl-Par-4) that inhibits NF-κB-mediated cell survival pathways and causes selective apoptosis in tumor cells. Here, we have employed circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to assess the effects of various monovalent and divalent salts upon the conformation of cl-Par-4 in vitro. We have previously shown that high levels of sodium can induce the cl-Par-4 fragment to form highly compact, highly helical tetramers in vitro. Spectral characteristics suggest that most or at least much of the helical content in these tetramers are non-coiled coils. Here, we have shown that potassium produces a similar effect as was previously reported for sodium and that magnesium salts also produce a similar conformation effect, but at an approximately five times lower ionic concentration. We have also shown that anion identity has far less influence than does cation identity. The degree of helicity induced by each of these salts suggests that the "Selective for Apoptosis in Cancer cells" (SAC) domain-the region of Par-4 that is most indispensable for its apoptotic function-is likely to be helical in cl-Par-4 under the studied high salt conditions. Furthermore, we have shown that under medium-strength ionic conditions, a combination of high molecular weight aggregates and smaller particles form and that the smaller particles are also highly helical, resembling at least in secondary structure, the tetramers found at high salt.
Coming of Age in Science: Just Look?

With Professor Patrick Cavanagh, I started the Harvard Vision Sciences Laboratory in 1990. Blessed with the largesse of a wealthy university, we occupied a very large common space. Here, students p...
Optimal Public Provision of Private Goods

How should a policymaker allocate a good to consumers via a public option when they are also able to purchase the good from a competitive private market? I consider a designer who has preferences over the outcomes of both the public option and the private market, but can design only the public option. However, her design affects the distribution of consumers who purchase in the private market---and hence equilibrium outcomes. I find that the optimal design involves rationing the public option with a small number of tiers, where the probability of allocation is constant in each tier. I derive first-order conditions that characterize how each tier should be set in the optimal design. Finally, I show that tiered rationing remains optimal under a variety of different assumptions.
Perspectives of Residency Applicants and Program Directors on the Role of Social Media in the 2021 Urology Residency Match.

Abstract Objectives To perform a survey assessing the use of, attitudes towards, and perceived utility of social media (SoMe) in the 2021 urology residency match. Methods We distributed surveys to urology residency applicants and program directors (PDs) via the Urology Match 2021 Google Spreadsheet and email. The survey collected demographic information as well as SoMe activity, perceived pressure to use SoMe, match results, and attitudes regarding the utility of SoMe in the match process. Results A total of 108/528 (20%) applicants registered for the 2021 match and 61/142 (43%) PDs completed the survey. More applicants than PDs felt that SoMe helped them gain better insight into residency programs or applicants, respectively. Fewer applicants than PDs felt that SoMe activity provided a benefit to them in the match process. No significant relationship was found between SoMe viewing frequency, posting frequency, or tweetorial use with match outcomes. The majority of PDs believed that SoMe played a more important role in the 2021 match process than previous years while 15% and 12% reported that an applicant's SoMe activity helped or hurt the chances of matching to their program respectively. Conclusions SoMe, particularly Twitter, was widely used in the 2021 match by both applicants and PDs. A majority of applicants and PDs believed that SoMe use aided them in some way in the match process, yet there was no relationship between the volume or type of applicant SoMe activity and match outcomes.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy Practice Patterns: A Northeast Regional Longitudinal Survey Study.

Purpose/Objective(s) During the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) provided management guidelines for prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT). It is unknown whether or not radiation oncologists adopted these treatment recommendations. We assessed whether Northeast (NE) radiation oncologists managed PCa differently or according to guidelines during the 2020 Spring and the 2020-2021 Winter surges, as this region was affected profoundly by both waves. Materials/Methods 847 NE radiation oncologists were identified from the ASTRO membership directory. The NE region was defined as states of: CT, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT. A link to an anonymous electronic survey was disseminated with hypothetical PCa patient scenarios for RT during the COVID-19 pandemic to elucidate practice patterns. Eligible participants had to indicate they regularly treat PCa patients. The initial survey was distributed in early Summer 2020 to understand practice patterns during the Spring surge. During the COVID-19 Winter peak, participants who voluntarily provided their email addresses not linked to survey responses were recontacted to complete a follow-up (FU) survey. Results Of 847 initial survey invitations, 333 participants indicated that they did not treat PCa. Of the remaining 514 participants, 151 indicated that they treated PCa and fully completed the survey (30% response rate). The response rate among 100 participants for the FU survey was 68%. Among initial respondents, 59% practice in non-academic settings. For favorable intermediate-risk PCa scenarios, 55% of respondents elected to delay moderately/conventionally fractionated RT in the initial survey. In the FU survey, 75% of respondents were in favor of treating without delay. For unfavorable intermediate- and high-risk PCa scenarios after three months of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), 53.4% elected to delay scheduled RT in the initial survey, while 85% would treat as planned in the FU survey. In the above scenarios, there was little consideration of a 5 fraction RT schedule. For the post-prostatectomy salvage scenario where no ADT was considered, 35% favored treating with 1.8-2 Gy per fraction without delay during the initial survey (3% favored 20 fractions); 60% elected to move forward with RT in the FU survey. Conclusion This survey evaluated NE radiation oncology PCa practice patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic, finding that most physicians were in favor of delaying RT during the Spring surge, in concordance with the NCCN recommendation. Subsequently, the winter surge FU survey demonstrated that physicians were more comfortable treating without delay. This is likely attributed to increased health and safety guidelines, as well as policies in place to minimize exposure in radiation oncology departments.
Economics of Operating An Employee Food Service

The author, who has spent 30 years as an operations executive in the food service industry seeks to acquaint management with some of the basic economics of operating an employee food service. The article is designed to assist the executive in understanding the basic philosophies and concepts of providing a food service to employees, as well as the cost factors involved in giving that service.
Bridging physical and virtual worlds: complex event processing for RFID data streams

Advances of sensor and RFID technology provide significant new power for humans to sense, understand and manage the world. RFID provides fast data collection with precise identification of objects with unique IDs without line of sight, thus it can be used for identifying, locating, tracking and monitoring physical objects. Despite these benefits, RFID poses many challenges for data processing and management: i) RFID observations contain duplicates, which have to be filtered; ii) RFID observations have implicit meanings, which have to be transformed and aggregated into semantic data represented in their data models; and iii) RFID data are temporal, streaming, and in high volume, and have to be processed on the fly. Thus, a general RFID data processing framework is needed to automate the transformation of physical RFID observations into the virtual counterparts in the virtual world linked to business applications. In this paper, we take an event-oriented approach to process RFID data, by devising RFID application logic into complex events. We then formalize the specification and semantics of RFID events and rules. We demonstrate that traditional ECA event engine cannot be used to support highly temporally constrained RFID events, and develop an RFID event detection engine that can effectively process complex RFID events. The declarative event-based approach greatly simplifies the work of RFID data processing, and significantly reduces the cost of RFID data integration.
Mechanism of the δ wrench in opening the β sliding clamp

The β sliding clamp encircles DNA and tethers DNA polymerase III holoenzyme to the template for high processivity. The clamp loader, γ complex (γ3δδ′χψ), assembles β around DNA in an ATP-fueled reaction. The δ subunit of the clamp loader opens the β ring and is referred to as the wrench; ATP modulates contact between β and δ among other functions. Crystal structures of δ·β and the γ3δδ′ minimal clamp loader make predictions of the clamp loader mechanism, which are tested in this report by mutagenesis. The δ wrench contacts β at two sites. One site is at the β dimer interface, where δ appears to distort the interface by via a steric clash between a helix on δ and a loop near the β interface. The energy for this steric clash is thought to derive from the other site of interaction, in which δ binds to a hydrophobic pocket in β. The current study demonstrates that rather than a simple steric clash with β, δ specifically contacts β at this site, but not through amino acid side chains, and thus is presumably mediated by peptide backbone atoms. The results also imply that the interaction of δ at the hydrophobic site on β contributes to destabilization of the β dimer interface rather than acting solely as a grip of δ on β. Within the γ complex, δ′ is proposed to prevent δ from binding to β in the absence of ATP. This report demonstrates that one or more γ subunits also contribute to this role. The results also indicate that δ′ acts as a backboard upon which the γ subunits push to attain the ATP induced change needed for the δ wrench to bind and open the β ring.
Analysis of glial cell differentiation in peripheral nervous tissue. II. Neurons promote S 100 synthesis by purified glial precursor cell populations.

Abstract Isolated sensory neurons in vitro do not contain or synthesize S100, whereas glial cell precursor populations do. These precursor cells, when isolated from other cell types, produce low levels of S100 but never undergo the developmental transition to produce high levels of S100. When glial cell precursors are combined with isolated, live or paraformaldehyde-fixed sensory neurons, the precursor cells do undergo the second transition, and accumulate high levels of S100. Peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical staining for S100 confirms previous conclusions ( B. Holton and J. A. Weston, 1982 , Develop. Biol. 89, 64–71) that only those glial cells which are closely apposed to neurons contain augmented levels of S100. This stimulation appears to be specific to neuronal/glial interactions since live or fixed fibroblasts, when cocultured with glial precursor cells, do not promote accumulation of S100 by the glial cells.
Abstract 19821: 3D Tri-culture Model Promotes Enhanced Mechanical Forces and Sustained Long-Term Contractility of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

BACKGROUND: Engineered myocardial tissue represents a promising methodology for cardiac repair and regeneration, but the survival and contractility of the cardiomyocytes (CMs) in the engineered tissue remains a limiting factor. Since native CMs interact with endothelial and stromal cells, we generated a three-dimensional (3D) engineered myocardial tissue to study the role of cell-cell interactions on CM survival and function. HYPOTHESIS: Using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) as a therapeutic cell source, we hypothesize that 3D tri-culture of hPSC-derived CMs (hCMs), hPSC-derived endothelial cells (hECs), and human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) will enable sustained, long-term contractility of the hCM population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We engineered myocardial tissues by culturing combinations of the three cell populations, within a 3D hydrogel for up to 6 weeks as follows: 1) hCMs only (mono-culture), 2) hCMs + hECs (co-culture), 3) hCMs + hAMSCs (co-culture), and 4) hCMs + hECs + hAMSCs (tri-culture). Timelapse imaging was used to compare contractility frequency and beating area, troponin T protein expression using immunofluorescence staining, and cardiac gene expression by qPCR. Quantification of contractility demonstrated enhanced function of hCMs in tri-culture. Expression of cTNT was up-regulated in the tri-culture vs. other culture conditions, which was supported by qPCR measurement of cardiac genes related to maintenance of CM structure (TNNT2 or β-myosin heavy chain, P CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that the 3D tri-culture system enabled significantly greater long-term contractility, sustained survival, and enhanced cardiac lineage-related gene expression of hCMs when compared to mono- and co-culture conditions. This study highlights the role of 3D hydrogels and cell-cell interactions to maintain cardiac phenotype and survival.
Holland v. Florida: A Prisoner's Last Chance, Attorney Error, and the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act's One-Year Statute of Limitations for Federal Habeas Corpus Review

When should a prisoner be held accountable for his attorney’s negligence or misconduct? Since the mid-1990’s, courts throughout the nation were deciding this question, after a growing tide of attorneys failed to meet the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act’s one-year statute of limitations when filing federal habeas corpus petitions on behalf of their incarcerated clients. In Holland v. Florida, the Supreme Court decided once and for all when a prisoner would be given another chance to file his habeas corpus petition through the doctrine of equitable tolling when the only reason his petition was late was the fault of his attorney. This Comment explores the issues raised by the Holland decision. In doing so, this Comment analyzes the principles of agency law and professional responsibility - the foundations of the attorney-client relationship - and raises questions as to whether these principles are properly applied to incarcerated clients in the post-conviction context. This Comment ultimately concludes that while Holland was properly decided, the Court misapplied agency law to support its decision and did not go far enough in extending the protection of equitable tolling to all prisoners who have been turned away from the courts because they detrimentally relied on their defaulting attorneys.
The Warrior's Curse: Militarized Minorities, Democratic Transitions, and Ethnic Conflict

How do transitions to electoral democracy in multi-ethnic societies affect political mobilization by minority groups? Are some ethnic minorities more likely to resort to armed rebellion against newly-democratizing states than others? Using a game-theoretic approach, I argue that democratic transitions induce intractable commitment problems between majority and minority ethnic groups the higher the manpower-shares of the minority in the military forces of the pre-transition regime relative to their population-shares. I denote this effect the warrior’s curse. I test the warrior’s curse by analyzing minority rebellions during the Second Wave of democratization - transitions from colonial rule post-World War II. Pairing a new cross-sectional dataset on the colonial “legacies” of minority ethnic groups in ex-British colonies with the Minorities at Risk dataset, I find a robust relationship between over-representation in colonial police forces, a reliable proxy for military over-representation, and the incidence of transitional violence.