cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of increasing non-agricultural market access on EU demand for imported fish: implications for Lake Victoria chilled fillet exports

SummaryImport demand functions for origin-specific chilled fish fillets to the EU using a Rotterdam-type production model are estimated. Results are used to project the impact of the EU expanding market access to non-African countries. The preference erosion argument suggests that the lower tariffs will erode the competitive position of African countries; however, when the total impact of prices is considered, expanding preferential access may result in increased imports from African countries. If tariffs are reduced to zero, the total EU imports are projected to increase by 4.1 per cent resulting in a 2.2 per cent increase in chilled fillet imports from Lake Victoria.
The syntactic complexity of Russian relative clauses

Although syntactic complexity has been investigated across dozens of studies, the available data still greatly underdetermine relevant theories of processing difficulty. Memory-based and expectation-based theories make opposite predictions regarding fine-grained time course of processing difficulty in syntactically constrained contexts, and each class of theory receives support from results on some constructions in some languages. Here we report four self-paced reading experiments on the online comprehension of Russian relative clauses together with related corpus studies, taking advantage of Russian’s flexible word order to disentangle predictions of competing theories. We find support for key predictions of memory-based theories in reading times at RC verbs, and for key predictions of expectation-based theories in processing difficulty at RC-initial accusative noun phrase (NP) objects, which corpus data suggest should be highly unexpected. These results suggest that a complete theory of syntactic complexity must integrate insights from both expectationbased and memory-based theories.
C–H Activation approaches for the application of molecular recognition to organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis

A series of metal complexes of 2-aminobenzoquinoline prepared by C–H activation show molecular recognition effects. For example, ketones bound both by N–H⋯O hydrogen bonding and by coordination to a metal show selectivity of binding and dynamic properties not found when the hydrogen bonding function is omitted. N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are prepared by C–H activation reactions of imidazolium salts with the goal of understanding and using molecular recognition effects in homogeneous catalysis. Abnormal binding via C5 is seen in some cases.
Remarkable effect of metal fluoride catalyst on reaction of hexafluoropropene, sulfur and vinyl ethers. Convenient synthesis of 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-R-thietanes, 3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-5-R-1,2-dithiolanes and 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-R-1,3-dithiolanes

Abstract It was demonstrated that the outcome of the reaction of hexafluoropropene, sulfur and vinyl ether strongly depends on the catalyst and reaction conditions. The reaction of HFP and Sx leading to the formation of 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietane (1) when it is catalyzed by CsF, proceeds under milder conditions and is easier to control compared to KF catalyzed process. The order of addition of reagents plays a crucial role on the outcome of the reaction. For example, the addition of vinyl ether to pregenerated solution of 1 in DMF solvent results in slow reaction, leading to the corresponding 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-R-thietanes in 8–91% yield, and it is catalyzed by either by KF or CsF. The addition of second mole of sulfur to the solution of 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-R-thietanes in the presence MF catalyst leads to insertion of sulfur into thietane ring with the formation of the corresponding cyclic disulfides—3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-5-R-1,2-dithietanes. On the other hand, the addition of second mole of sulfur to the solution of 1 in DMF in the presence of CsF catalyst, followed by addition of vinyl ether results in exothermic reaction, and it produces the corresponding 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-alkoxy-1,3-dithiolanes in good yield. It was also demonstrated that 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-R-thietanes can undergo disproportionation under action of fluoride anion, producing a mixture of the corresponding 1,2-dithiolane and CF2 C(CF3)CH2CFHOR. The nucleophilic attack of fluoride anion in this case proceeds selectively on the carbon of the thietane ring, bearing alkoxy group. The structure of 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-R-thietanes forming as the result of 2 + 2 cycloaddition reaction between hexafluorothioacetone generated “in situ” from dimer 1 and vinyl ether was firmly supported by single crystal X-ray diffraction data, obtained for thietane bearing t-BuO-group.
Cross-metathesis and ring-closing metathesis of olefinic monosaccharides

Cross-metathesis (CM) of a variety of carbohydrate-based C-6 and olefins with related C-1 and C-6 carbohydrate-based olefins proved to be unselective. CM was selective when an unhindered straight chain olefin was coupled with a carbohydrate-based C-6 olefin. When related short chain alkenols were tethered, via a Me2Si linker, to a suitably protected carbohydrate-based C-6 olefin, good yields of ring-closed products were obtained with the second-generation Grubbs catalyst 3. A few examples where two carbohydrate-based olefinic alcohols were tethered via a Me2Si linker and subjected to ring-closing metathesis (RCM) have also been examined.
A Multistage, One-Pot Procedure Mediated by a Single Catalyst: A New Approach to the Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Amino Acids

A catalytic asymmetric procedure for the preparation of β-amino acids (specifically β-substituted aspartic acid derivatives) is reported. The cinchona alkaloid catalyst benzoylquinine (BQ) mediates up to five distinct steps of a reaction pathway, all in one reaction vessel. The products of this reaction, highly optically enriched β-substituted aspartic acid derivatives, were prepared from N-acyl-α-chloroglycine esters and acid chlorides in the presence of the catalyst. This approach was also amenable to the synthesis of small polypeptides containing β-substituted aspartic acid units, including a non-natural fragment of the antibiotic lysobactin. The addition of Lewis acids to this system was found to accelerate the rate of specific steps in the reaction pathway. Mechanistic aspects of this reaction, such as imine formation and Lewis acid chelation to the β-lactam intermediate, were investigated through comparison of IR, NMR, and other physical data.
Aviation Medicine: Illness and Limitations for Flying

The world has celebrated over 100 years of powered flight. In December 1903, on a very windy beach in North Carolina, USA, Wilbur and Orville Wright successfully designed, built, and flew the first powered aircraft. In the air for only seconds, it marked the beginning of modern aviation. In just a short time span, aviation has progressed to high-altitude flight, flight at supersonic speeds, and flight to space and back. Aviation is integrated into our modern world and has blurred the boundaries of countries, enhanced business and communication across the world, and become an integral part of military operations. Much has been learned in a century of flight, including the importance of aeromedical factors on the safety of flight.
Collaborative Care Interventions in General Trauma Patients

Collaborative care is a disease management strategy that aims to simultaneously target medical/surgical (eg, physical injury) and psychiatric (eg, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] and depression) conditions. Collaborative care interventions hold promise for the delivery of mental health interventions in acute care as they can incorporate frontline trauma center providers, such as social workers and nurses, into early mental health services delivery and can link trauma center care to outpatient services. Initial randomized clinical trial evidence suggests that collaborative care interventions that incorporate evidence-based motivational interviewing targeting alcohol use, as well as pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy targeting PTSD, may reduce both alcohol and PTSD symptoms among injured trauma surgery patients. Trials conducted to date thus suggest that early mental health interventions can be feasibly and effectively delivered from trauma centers. Future collaborative care investigations that refine routine acute care treatment procedures and target acute care policy mandates can improve the quality of mental health care for Americans injured in the wake of individual and mass trauma.
Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis of Composite Power Systems Under Emission Constraints

In view of the increasing role of environmental considerations in power generation, there is an evolving body of reliability methods that are cognizant of these emerging factors. This paper presents a method for analyzing the reliability of composite power systems under the constraints of CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions. It also utilizes the concept of the shadow price to perform sensitivity analysis with respect to these constraints. The method presented here uses a linearized power flow representation in the form of a linear programming (LP) model similar to those frequently used in power system reliability studies. In addition to power balance and flow constraints normally used, this work introduces a suitably formulated set of emission constraints. The dual solution of the LP provides the shadow prices that are used for determining the sensitivities. This paper also develops relationships for the sensitivities of several reliability indices with respect to the emission allowances. The method is demonstrated on the IEEE-RTS and the results are presented.
Efficient scheduling of soft real-time applications on multiprocessors

In soft real-time applications, tasks are allowed to miss their deadlines. Thus, less-costly scheduling algorithms can be used at the price of occasional violations of timing constraints. This may be acceptable if reasonable tardiness bounds (i.e., bounds on the extent to which deadlines may be missed) can be guaranteed. In this paper, we consider soft real-time applications implemented on multiprocessors. Pfair scheduling algorithms are the only known means of optimally scheduling hard real-time applications on multiprocessors. For this reason, we consider the use of such algorithms here. In the design of Pfair scheduling algorithms, devising schemes to correctly break ties when several tasks have the same deadline is a critical issue. Such tie-breaking schemes entail overhead that may be unacceptable or unnecessary in soft real-time applications. In this paper, we consider the earliest pseudo-deadline first (EPDF) Pfair algorithm, which avoids this overhead by using no tie-breaking information. Our main contributions are twofold. First, we establish a condition for ensuring a given tardiness under EPDF. The condition for ensuring a tardiness of one quantum is very liberal and should often hold in practice. Second, we present simulation results involving randomly-generated task sets, including those that do not satisfy our condition. In these experiments, deadline misses rarely occurred, and no misses by more than one quantum ever occurred.
Scalable Personalization of Long-Term Physiological Monitoring: Active Learning Methodologies for Epileptic Seizure Onset Detection

Patient-specific algorithms to detect adverse clinical events during long-term physiological monitoring substantially improve performance relative to patient-nonspecific ones. However, these algorithms often rely on the availability of expert hand-labeled data for training, which severely restricts the scalability of personalized monitoring within a real-world setting. While active learning offers a natural framework to address this issue, the relative merits of dierent active learning methodologies have not been extensively studied in the setting of developing clinically useful detectors for infrequent time-series events. In this paper, we identify a core set of principles that are relative to the specific goal of personalized long-term physiological monitoring. We describe and compare dierent approaches for initialization, batch selection and termination within the active learning process. We position this work in the context of epileptic seizure onset detection. When evaluated on a database of scalp EEG recordings from 23 epileptic patients, we show that a combined distanceand diversity-based measure to determine the data to be queried, max-min clustering for identification of the initialization set, and a comparison of consecutive support vector sets to guide termination results in an active learning-based detector that can achieve similar performance to a patient-specific detector while requiring two orders of magnitude fewer labeled examples for training.
Anion‐Assisted Sigmatropic Rearrangements

The use of sigmatropic rearrangements for the synthesis of organic compounds has become one of the important synthetic tools available to the organic chemist, especially since the development of the detailed stereochemical understanding of these processes in terms of orbital symmetry. The flexibility and predictability of the Cope rearrangement make this type of process widely applicable. The interest and synthetic activity related to the Cope rearrangement can be seen in a previous review of the Claisen and Cope rearrangements. In that review, several variations of the rearrangement were discussed, including examples of the “oxy-Cope” rearrangement. In 1975 examples of an oxy-Cope rearrangement were reported wherein an enormous rate acceleration (1015) was observed on formation of the potassium salt of the oxy-Cope substrate. This chapter surveys extensions of this type of anionic substituent effect to other [3,3]-, [5,5]-, [1,3]-, and [1,5]-sigmatropic rearrangements as well as retro-[2 + 2] and reverse Diels–Alder reactions. Specifically excluded are the ester enolate Claisen rearrangement which is mechanistically unrelated, the Wittig rearrangement, and the Haller–Bauer reaction. The chemical literature has been searched to the end of 1989. Emphasis is placed on reactions of synthetic utility, novelty, and generality. Keywords: anion-assisted; sigmatropic rearrangements; mechanism; cycloreversions; sigmatropic shifts; electrocyclic ring opening; side reactions; eliminations; isomerizations; fragmentations; experimental procedures; Cope rearrangements; aromatic bonds; divinylcycloalkanols; vinyl carbinols; vinylcycloalkanols; vinylcyclopropanols; vinylcyclobutanols; potassium hydride; allylcycloalkanols; allyl carbinols; divinylcyclobutanols; scope; limitations
Heterogeneous Network Edge Prediction: A Data Integration Approach to Prioritize Disease-Associated Genes.

The first decade of Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) has uncovered a wealth of disease-associated variants. Two important derivations will be the translation of this information into a multiscale understanding of pathogenic variants and leveraging existing data to increase the power of existing and future studies through prioritization. We explore edge prediction on heterogeneous networks—graphs with multiple node and edge types—for accomplishing both tasks. First we constructed a network with 18 node types—genes, diseases, tissues, pathophysiologies, and 14 MSigDB (molecular signatures database) collections—and 19 edge types from high-throughput publicly-available resources. From this network composed of 40,343 nodes and 1,608,168 edges, we extracted features that describe the topology between specific genes and diseases. Next, we trained a model from GWAS associations and predicted the probability of association between each protein-coding gene and each of 29 well-studied complex diseases. The model, which achieved 132-fold enrichment in precision at 10% recall, outperformed any individual domain, highlighting the benefit of integrative approaches. We identified pleiotropy, transcriptional signatures of perturbations, pathways, and protein interactions as influential mechanisms explaining pathogenesis. Our method successfully predicted the results (with AUROC = 0.79) from a withheld multiple sclerosis (MS) GWAS despite starting with only 13 previously associated genes. Finally, we combined our network predictions with statistical evidence of association to propose four novel MS genes, three of which (JAK2, REL, RUNX3) validated on the masked GWAS. Furthermore, our predictions provide biological support highlighting REL as the causal gene within its gene-rich locus. Users can browse all predictions online (http://het.io). Heterogeneous network edge prediction effectively prioritized genetic associations and provides a powerful new approach for data integration across multiple domains.
A compilation of ab-initio calculations of embrittling potencies in binary metallic alloys

Segregation-induced changes in interfacial cohesion often control the mechanical properties of metals. The change in the work of separation of an interface upon segregation of a solute to the interface, termed the embrittling potency, is an atomic-level quantity used to predict and understand embrittlement phenomena. We present a compilation of calculations of embrittling potencies, along with references for these calculations. A discussion of this data is made in a separate article (Gibson and Schuh, 2016 [1]).
Authenticity in Political Discourse

Judith Shklar, David Runciman, and others argue against what they see as excessive criticism of political hypocrisy. Such arguments often assume that communicating in an authentic manner is an impossible political ideal. This article challenges the characterization of authenticity as an unrealistic ideal and makes the case that its value can be grounded in a certain political realism sensitive to the threats posed by representative democracy. First, by analyzing authenticity’s demands for political discourse, I show that authenticity has greater flexibility than many assume in accommodating practices common to politics, such as deception, concealment, and persuasion through rhetoric. Second, I argue that a concern for authenticity in political discourse represents a virtue, not a distraction, for representative democracy. Authenticity takes on heightened importance when the public seeks information on how representatives will act in contexts where the public is absent and unable to influence decisions. Furthermore, given the psychological mechanisms behind hypocrisy, public criticism is a sensible response for trying to limit political hypocrisy. From the perspective of democratic theory and psychology, the public has compelling reasons to value authenticity in political discourse.
Un-Fortunate Sons: Effects of the Vietnam Draft Lottery on the Next Generation's Labor Market

Can shocks to one generation propagate to the next? To answer this question, we study how the Vietnam draft lottery affected the next generation's labor market. Using the universe of federal tax returns, we link fathers from draft cohorts to their sons' outcomes and find that sons of fathers randomly called by the draft 1) have lower earnings and labor force participation than their peers, and 2) are more likely to volunteer for military service. These findings highlight the strong role family plays in human capital development and occupational choice. More generally, our results provide sound evidence that malleable aspects of a parent's life course can influence children's labor market outcomes and that policies that only directly alter the circumstances of one generation can have important long-run effects on the next.
The Consequences of Increased Enforcement of Legal Minimum Wages in a Developing Country An Evaluation of the Impact of the Campaña Nacional de Salarios Mínimos in Costa Rica

In August 2010, the Costa Rican government implemented a comprehensive program to increase compliance with legal minimum wages, the Campana Nacional de Salarios Minimos (National Campaign for Minimum Wages). To evaluate the impact of the Campaign, the authors use a regression discontinuity (RD) approach, which compares what happened to workers who before the Campaign had been earning below the minimum wage to those who before the Campaign had been earning above the minimum wage. They analyze a panel data set with information on workers from before the Campaign began (July 2010) and after the Campaign had been in operation for some time (July 2011). The evidence supports the conclusion that the Campaign led to an increase in compliance with minimum wage laws in Costa Rica; the mean earnings of those being paid less than the minimum wage in 2010 increased by approximately 10% more than the earnings of those being paid more than the minimum wage. The Campaign led to the largest increases in the wages of wome...
The Variety Generated by A(T) -- Two Counterexamples

We show that \({\mathcal {V}(\mathbb {A}(\mathcal {T}))}\) does not have definable principal subcongruences or bounded Maltsev depth. When the Turing machine \({\mathcal {T}}\) halts, \({\mathcal {V}(\mathbb {A}(\mathcal {T}))}\) is an example of a finitely generated semilattice based (and hence congruence \({\wedge}\)-semidistributive) variety with only finitely many subdirectly irreducible members, all finite. This is the first known example of a variety with these properties that does not have definable principal subcongruences or bounded Maltsev depth.
AM with Multiple Merlins

We introduce and study a new model of interactive proofs: AM(k), or Arthur-Merlin with k non-communicating Merlins. Unlike with the better-known MIP, here the assumption is that each Merlin receives an independent random challenge from Arthur. One motivation for this model (which we explore in detail) comes from the close analogies between it and the quantum complexity class QMA(k), but the AM(k) model is also natural in its own right. We illustrate the power of multiple Merlins by giving an AM(2) protocol for 3SAT, in which the Merlins' challenges and responses consist of only n^{1/2+o(1)} bits each. Our protocol has the consequence that, assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH), any algorithm for approximating a dense CSP with a polynomial-size alphabet must take n^{(log n)^{1-o(1)}} time. Algorithms nearly matching this lower bound are known, but their running times had never been previously explained. Brandao and Harrow have also recently used our 3SAT protocol to show quasipolynomial hardness for approximating the values of certain entangled games. In the other direction, we give a simple quasipolynomial-time approximation algorithm for free games, and use it to prove that, assuming the ETH, our 3SAT protocol is essentially optimal. More generally, we show that multiple Merlins never provide more than a polynomial advantage over one: that is, AM(k) = AM for all k=poly(n). The key to this result is a sub sampling theorem for free games, which follows from powerful results by Alon et al. And Barak et al. On sub sampling dense CSPs, and which says that the value of any free game can be closely approximated by the value of a logarithmic-sized random sub game.
The Effect of Stress on Consumer Saving and Spending

AbstractIn examining how stress influences consumer saving and spending, the authors propose that consumers who experience a stressful situation allocate their resources strategically to gain control of their environment. A series of studies shows that this strategic allocation of resources occurs in two ways. Consumers experiencing stress may show increased saving behavior, which assures them that monetary resources will be available when needed. Alternatively, consumers experiencing stress may show increased spending behavior, directed specifically toward products that the consumer perceives to be necessities and that allow for control in an otherwise uncontrollable environment. This conceptualization and the related findings can inform assessments of when stress will lead to beneficial or impulsive consumer behaviors.
Transforming University Governance in Ukraine: Collegiums, Bureaucracies, and Political Institutions

The massification of higher education in Ukraine is a fact, while financing the system is still an issue. External pressures from the central government and the market require changes in university governance. Europeanization of the educational system and adherence to the principles laid down by the Bologna Declaration add to already existing challenges faced by universities. This paper offers classification, typology, and portrayal of the higher education landscape in Ukraine, and elaborates on the complex intertwinement of state and higher education institutions. It considers universities as collegiums and bureaucracies, and suggests the university political system as a viable form of organizational structure for the task of reforming universities.
The Impact of Interstate Bank Branching Deregulations on the U.S. Agricultural Sector: From Better Access to Credit to Higher Farm Sales and Profits

In this paper, we show that relaxing credit constraints and increasing access to finance by lifting state-level restrictions on interstate bank expansions from the 1970s through the early 1990s benefited the U.S. agricultural industry by increasing farm sales and profits. In our empirical analysis, we use historical county-level data from 1970 until 1994 for the entire U.S. and a difference-in-differences econometric framework that exploits only within state variation in bank deregulation to distinguish the effect of an increase in bank competition and reduction in credit constraints from potential confounding factors. Further, by including region-by-year fixed effects in our econometric equation, we estimate the impact of banking deregulations by comparing changes (in farm sales and expenditures) in states that lift restrictions on interstate banking to changes in states that do not lift such restrictions in the same (Census) region of the country. Finally, we also show that the empirical results are robust to comparing only counties along state borders, which have very similar climate, soil fertility, and access to transportation. Our estimates indicate that county-level farm sales increase by about 3.9 percent after the state deregulates its banking sector and allows interstate bank expansion. The results also show that county-level agricultural production expenditures in the state rise by 1.9 percent, which is less than the increase in sales, thus leading to higher farm profits. The positive impact on farm sales and expenditures is larger in metropolitan counties than in rural counties. Overall, our work demonstrates that government policies aimed at improving farmers’ access to credit can lead to higher farm sales, both in urban and rural locations.
Becoming a Pest: Prairie Dog Ecology and the Human Economy in the Euroamerican West

A small western Colorado town, Nucla, held its first annual "Top Dog World Championship Prairie Dog Shoot" during a July weekend in 1990. Attracting hunters from as far away as Hawaii, the shoot was designed to kill as many inhabitants of a large prairie dog colony as possible in the time allotted. Shooters paid a fee to enter the contest, which was sponsored by both a local gun club and the town council, and in 1990 managed to kill 2,956 prairie dogs in two days. Locals made money by selling souvenirs such as prairie dog coffins and prairie dog blush wine to tourists.' The "Top Dog" contest sparked a nationwide controversy: was this a necessary "varmint cleanup" and moneymaker for an impoverished western town or a sickening destruction of helpless animals? Elated hunters held up freshly bagged prairie dog tails as a handful of non-local animal rights protestors yelled "It takes a big man to kill a little prairie dog!"2 While letters to Colorado newspapers supported the right of residents to rid their land of varmints, some papers editorialized their concern with the replacement of Colorado's "carefully nurtured image as a tourist mecca" by nationally publicized images of the state as "a rather savage and frightening place where gun-toting sportsmen go to live out a frontier fantasy."3 Although the effect of the "Top Dog" shoot on Colorado's tourist image was controversial, the local residents' attitude toward prairie dogs seemed clear. Genneve Joslin, a Nucla grandmother, remembered killing the rodents as a child and selling their tails for up to a nickel apiece. Many "Top Dog" participants such as hunter Kevin Looper, were experienced prairie dog hunters: "Everybody's got dogs, and they are more than happy to let you shoot them if you ask." This interest in killing prairie dogs reflected decades of local efforts to remove the animals from the landscape, a story replicated elsewhere in the rodents' western habitat. Over the past century, prairie dogs have been widely represented as a pest that needed to be exterminated. Although concern for endangered species and animal
The structure of large intersecting families

A collection of sets is intersecting if every two members have nonempty intersection. We describe the structure of intersecting families of r-sets of an n-set whose size is quite a bit smaller than the maximum n 1 r 1 given by the Erd} os-Ko-Rado Theorem. In particular, this extends the Hilton-Milner theorem on nontrivial intersecting families and answers a recent question of Han and Kohayakawa for large n. In the case r = 3 we describe the structure of all intersecting families with more than 10 edges. We also prove a stability result for the Erd} os matching problem. Our short proofs are simple applications of the Delta-system method introduced and extensively used by Frankl since 1977.
Environmental Valuation under Dynamic Consumer Behavior

The paper presents two simple models of dynamic consumer behavior, both taking into consideration the implications for welfare measurement when agents can delay transactions while obtaining additional information. One model studies the effect when a purchased good is non-perishable and can be consumed in the future, while the other model introduces a perishable good, implying that the quantity of consumption can vary in each period. Even in the case of the perishable item, the availability of information at the time of the consumption decision has important implications for welfare measurement. Agents who must make a decision at the present but know that additional information will be available later may change their income allocation to take advantage of the future information. When this leads to the capture of different information sets at these different times, welfare assessment may be (but is not necessarily) inconsistent with the empirical evidence and may be inappropriate for use in policy valuation.
Asymmetric copper-catalyzed C-N cross-couplings induced by visible light.

Despite a well-developed and growing body of work in copper catalysis, the potential of copper to serve as a photocatalyst remains underexplored. Here we describe a photoinduced copper-catalyzed method for coupling readily available racemic tertiary alkyl chloride electrophiles with amines to generate fully substituted stereocenters with high enantioselectivity. The reaction proceeds at –40°C under excitation by a blue light-emitting diode and benefits from the use of a single, Earth-abundant transition metal acting as both the photocatalyst and the source of asymmetric induction. An enantioconvergent mechanism transforms the racemic starting material into a single product enantiomer.
Self-limiting lithiation in silicon nanowires.

The rates of charging and discharging in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are critically controlled by the kinetics of Li insertion and extraction in solid-state electrodes. Silicon is being intensively studied as a high-capacity anode material for LIBs. However, the kinetics of Li reaction and diffusion in Si remain unclear. Here we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the lithiation kinetics in individual Si nanowires. By using in situ transmission electron microscopy, we measure the rate of growth of a surface layer of amorphous LixSi in crystalline Si nanowires during the first lithiation. The results show the self-limiting lithiation, which is attributed to the retardation effect of the lithiation-induced stress. Our work provides a direct measurement of the nanoscale growth kinetics in lithiated Si, and has implications on nanostructures for achieving the high capacity and high rate in the development of high performance LIBs.
Landau quantization and spin-momentum locking in topological Kondo insulators

SmB6 has been predicted to be a strong topological Kondo insulator and experimentally it has been confirmed that at low temperatures the electrical conductivity only takes place at the surfaces of the crystal. Quantum oscillations and ARPES measurements revealed several Dirac cones on the (001) and (101) surfaces of the crystal. We considered three types of surface Dirac cones with an additional parabolic dispersion and studied their Landau quantization and the expectation value of the spin of the electrons. The Landau quantization is quite similar in all three cases and would give rise to very similar de Haas-van Alphen oscillations. The spin-momentum locking, on the other hand, differs dramatically. Without the additional parabolic dispersion the spins are locked in the plane of the surface. The parabolic dispersion, however, produces a gradual canting of the spins out of the surface plane.
Testing for Educational Credit Constraints Using Heterogeneity in Individual Time Preferences

I develop a model in which individual time discount rates have a larger effect on human capital accumulation when credit constraints are binding. Impatient individuals obtain less schooling when borrowing constraints limit the ability to finance consumption during school. Using data from the NLSY79, I show that self-reported measures of time preferences have a significantly higher effect on the college attendance decisions of blacks than those of whites and the decisions of low-income youths than those of high-income youths. These results provide new evidence that members of disadvantaged groups obtain lower levels of schooling because they are credit constrained.
Resolution of Corporate Financial Distress: An Empirical Analysis of Processes and Outcomes

In this article, Jacobs,Karagozoglu, and Naples Layish focus on determining which types of firms are able to successfully remain independent entities through the resolution of their financial distress. The authors empirically investigate the determinants of the process utilized to resolve financial distress (private work-out versus public bankruptcy filing) and also the outcome (liquidation versus reorganization).After developing various qualitative-dependent variable models, they estimate and compare several accounting and economic variables measured at the time of default that they expect can influence the resolution process and outcome.Results reveal the ordered logistic regression specification achieves the best balance between in-sample fit, consistency with financial theory, and out-of-sample classification accuracy, as compared to more elaborate techniques, such as local regression or neural networks.The authors find the public resolution process to be associated with larger firms that have less tangibility, a greater proportion of secured debt in their capital structures, or higher risk measures. The private resolution process is likelier for firms that have more total leverage, greater measures of liquidity, a higher proportion of subordinated debt in their capital structures, or reside in a debtorfriendly bankruptcy court district.Regarding the resolution outcome, the authors find that firms that are more likely to be liquidated than reorganized have greater liquidity, more secured debt, lower cumulative abnormal returns on equity, higher loss given default, a less favorable auditor9s opinion, or they will default in a better part of the credit cycle. Finally, firms more likely to be reorganized have greater leverage,more intangible assets, or a prepackaged bankruptcy. They conclude that their model is useful for risk managers and investors who are in the market for distressed or defaulted debt.
Program Interferometry

Modern microprocessors have many micro architectural features. Quantifying the performance impact of one feature such as dynamic branch prediction can be difficult. On one hand, a timing simulator can predict the difference in performance given two different implementations of the technique, but simulators can be quite inaccurate. On the other hand, real systems are very accurate representations of themselves, but often cannot be modified to study the impact of a new technique. We demonstrate how to develop a performance model for branch prediction using real systems. The technique perturbs benchmark executables to yield a wide variety of performance points without changing program semantics or other important execution characteristics such as the number of retired instructions. By observing the behavior of the benchmarks over a range of branch prediction accuracies, we can estimate the impact of a new branch predictor by simulating only the predictor and not the rest of the micro architecture. We call this technique Program Interferometry.
Auditors’ Joint Engagements and Audit Quality: Evidence from Italian Private Companies

This study examines the effect of auditors’ collaboration in joint audit engagements on knowledge transfer, auditor expertise, and audit outcomes. I employ a unique sample of Italian private companies whose financial statements are jointly audited by three individual auditors and use measures from the network literature to capture the intensity of interactions between these auditors. I find a positive association between several audit quality proxies and auditors’ collaboration in multiple joint engagements. My results suggest that auditors develop knowledge and contacts through collaboration which potentially leads to higher audit quality. Overall, my findings suggest that joint engagements facilitate knowledge transfer and increase auditor expertise. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Necessary Conditions for Adverse Control Problems Expressed by Relaxed Derivatives

This paper provides a framework for deriving a new set of necessary conditions for adverse control problems among two players. The distinguish feature of such problems is that the first player has a priori knowledge on the second player strategy. A subclass of adverse control problems is the one of minimax control problems, which frequently arise in robust dynamic optimization. The conditions derived in this manuscript are expressed in terms of relaxed derivatives: the dual variables and the related functions are limits of computable sequences, obtained by considering a regularized version of the original problem and applying well known necessary conditions. This topic was initially treated by J. Warga.
The Presence of Heterophile Antibodies in Infectious Mononucleosis

[Editor's note: "Chance," wrote Louis Pasteur, "favors the prepared mind." Medical history abundantly illustrates the wisdom of this maxim. The paper by Paul and Bunnell offers one of the many examples of the maxim at work. Now that the Epstein-Barr virus has been identified and direct studies of infections due to this virus are possible, it is no longer necessary to resort to the heterophile test. Nevertheless, the test is still useful and, in the history of discovery of the Epstein-Barr virus, was invaluable.]
Side-Chain Dynamics Reveals Transient Association of Aβ1–40 Monomers with Amyloid Fibers

Low-lying excited states that correspond to rare conformations or transiently bound species have been hypothesized to play an important role for amyloid nucleation. Despite their hypothesized importance in amyloid formation, transiently occupied states have proved difficult to detect directly. To experimentally characterize these invisible states, we performed a series of Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG)-based relaxation dispersion NMR experiments for the amyloidogenic Aβ1–40 peptide implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. Significant relaxation dispersion of the resonances corresponding to the side-chain amides of Q15 and N27 was detected before the onset of aggregation. The resonances corresponding to the peptide backbone did not show detectable relaxation dispersion, suggesting an exchange rate that is not within the practical limit of detection. This finding is consistent with the proposed “dock and lock” mechanism based on molecular dynamics simulations in which the Aβ1–40 monomer transiently binds to the...
Scattering Parameters Representing Imperfections in Precision Coaxial Air Lines

Scattering parameter expressions are developed for the principal mode of a coaxial air line. The model allows for skin-effect loss and dimensional variations in the inner and outer conductors. Small deviations from conductor circular cross sections are conformally mapped by the Bergman kernel technique. Numerical results are illustrated for a 7 mm air line. An error analysis reveals that the accuracy of the scattering parameters is limited primarily by the conductor radii measurement precision.
Equality of Opportunity in Education: A Case Study of Chile and Norway

Abstract. One of the most important determinants of the distribution of income and life opportunities is education. Increasing levels of formal schooling have contributed to raise standards of living and eradicate extreme poverty worldwide in recent decades. However, inequality in the distribution of income –which is the single most important indicator of relative access to material well-being- remains stubbornly high in most regions of the world. In this paper, I focus on two countries, Chile and Norway, which have very different educational systems, and follow the same analytical methodology of Schutz et al ( 2008 ) to detect differences in equality of opportunity between the two countries. In a slight variation, the family-background effect here is represented by a larger number of variables –including household income-, in order to pinpoint the specific characteristics that it comprises in each country. Surprisingly, I find that the family-background effect is stronger in Norway than in Chile, which would denote a potential higher inequality. However the higher achievement inequality in Chile is determined by other factors, which need urgent reform. Keywords. Chile, Norway, education, inequality, equality of opportunity. JEL. O15, I24, I25.
Endogenous Transmembrane TNF-Alpha Protects Against Premature Senescence in Endothelial Colony Forming Cells

Rationale:Transmembrane tumor necrosis factor-α (tmTNF-α) is the prime ligand for TNF receptor 2, which has been shown to mediate angiogenic and blood vessel repair activities in mice. We have previously reported that the angiogenic potential of highly proliferative endothelial colony–forming cells (ECFCs) can be explained by the absence of senescent cells, which in mature endothelial cells occupy >30% of the population, and that exposure to a chronic inflammatory environment induced premature, telomere-independent senescence in ECFCs. Objective:The goal of this study was to determine the role of tmTNF-α in the proliferation of ECFCs. Methods and Results:Here, we show that tmTNF-α expression on ECFCs selects for higher proliferative potential and when removed from the cell surface promotes ECFC senescence. Moreover, the induction of premature senescence by chronic inflammatory conditions is blocked by inhibition of tmTNF-α cleavage. Indeed, the mechanism of chronic inflammation–induced premature senescenc...
International high-technology entrepreneurs: hybrid identities and entrepreneurial activities

International entrepreneurs operating in the context of globalisation provide an opportunity for scholars to study and better understand the entrepreneurial process under dynamic conditions. Borrowing from Bhabha's postcolonial lens, we offer hybrid identities as a new way to conceptualise entrepreneurial selves under conditions of globalisation as, hitherto, the approaches to the study of international entrepreneurs have relied on static concepts of self and culture emanating from Western philosophical traditions. We believe our framework can be used to understand the novel ways in which international entrepreneurs understand themselves and others, conduct their businesses, and make sense of the 'rules of the game' in the ever-changing socio-cultural and institutional contexts in which they are situated. Qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with international entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley and Turkey illuminate this phenomenon and the usefulness of the hybrid identity concept, specifically, and postcolonial theoretical framework, more broadly, to research in international business and entrepreneurship.
Evaluation of Deep Learning based Pose Estimation for Sign Language Recognition

Human body pose estimation and hand detection are two important tasks for systems that perform computer vision-based sign language recognition(SLR). However, both tasks are challenging, especially when the input is color videos, with no depth information. Many algorithms have been proposed in the literature for these tasks, and some of the most successful recent algorithms are based on deep learning. In this paper, we introduce a dataset for human pose estimation for SLR domain. We evaluate the performance of two deep learning based pose estimation methods, by performing user-independent experiments on our dataset. We also perform transfer learning, and we obtain results that demonstrate that transfer learning can improve pose estimation accuracy. The dataset and results from these methods can create a useful baseline for future works.
On the Feasibility of Data Loss Insurance for Personal Cloud Storage.

Personal data are important assets that people nowadays entrust with cloud storage services for the convenience of easy, ubiquitous access. To attract/retain customers, cloud storage companies aggressively replicate and georeplicate data. Such replication may be overcautious for the majority of data objects and contributes to the relatively high price of cloud storage. Yet cloud storage companies are reluctant to provide costumers with any guarantee against permanent data loss. In this paper, we discuss the viability for cloud storage service to provide optional data insurance. We examine major risks associated with cloud storage data loss and derive a crude model for premium calculation. The estimated premium level (per unit declared value) in most scenarios is found significantly smaller than that accepted in mature businesses like shipping. Therefore, optional insurance can potentially provide cloud storage services with more flexibility and cost-effectiveness in resource management, and customers with both peace of mind and lowered cost.
Federalism and the Roberts Court

The Roberts Court saw a number of important advances for judicial enforcement of federalism-based limits on congressional power, both in high-profile cases such as NFIB v. Sebelius, and lesser known ones. Much of this progress fits the conventional model of federalism as a left–right ideological issue on the Court, which divides liberal Democrats from conservative Republicans. But some noteworthy developments depart from this framework, and suggest greater openness to federalism among some on the left.
Debridement of the Noninfected Wound

The utility of wound debridement has expanded to include the management of all chronic wounds, even in the absence of infection and gross necrosis. Biofilms, metalloproteases on the wound base, and senescent cells at the wound edge irreversibly change the physiologic features of wound healing and contribute to a pathologic, chronic inflammatory environment. The objective of this review is to provide surgeons with a basic understanding of the processes of debridement in the noninfected wound.