cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopy of beet yellows virus infection in Chenopodium hybridum L.

Abstract The distribution of beet yellows virus (BYV) in local lesions of Chenopodium hybridum L. was studied by means of electron microscopy of thin sections. In the local lesions most cells close to the surface collapsed and their contents were found too dense to distinguish. Virus particles in aggregates of different size, some of them large and cross-banded, were found only as far as five cells down from epidermis. The chloroplasts in necrotic cells were observed to be markedly swollen, with a disordered thylakoid system. Convolute membraneous layers, apparently formed by scrolling of endoplasmic reticulum were occasionally found. Vesicles containing a fine network of fibrils appeared either singly or in clusters. Most of these ultrstructural features were similar to previously illustrated alterations in systemic hosts, thus providing further evidence for similar conformation of virus particles in systematic and hypersensitive hosts. The connection of some cytopathological symptoms to closterovirus classification is discussed.
Partial Replacement of Alfalfa Hay with Chopped Wheat Straw in Diets for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of substituting chopped wheat straw (untreated or ammoniated) for part of the alfalfa hay in rations for lactating dairy cows. As fed, all rations contained 45% forage. In trial 1, three different diets were fed: one-half of the forage was long alfalfa hay in each diet and the remainder was either chopped alfalfa hay, untreated chopped straw, or ammoniated chopped straw. In trial 2, the same three diets were fed, and a fourth diet was included in which all forage was long alfalfa hay. Production responses were consistent across both experiments. Neither DM intake (18 kg/d) nor milk yield (26 kg/d) was affected by diet. Milk fat percentage was increased by substituting straw in the diet and, as a result, yield of 3.5% FCM was increased. Protein and SNF content of the milk generally were not different among treatments. Ruminal acetate increased and propionate decreased when straw was added to the diet. Other than an increase in BW in trial 1, treating wheat straw with ammonia did not affect any of the traits studied. Under the conditions of this study, substitution of chopped straw for 50% of the alfalfa hay in high grain diets for lactating dairy cows maintained milk yields and increased production of FCM because of higher milk fat percentage. Low milk fat creased production of FCM because of on the alfalfa hay diets was related to its lower ADF content and reduced forage particle size compared with the straw diets. Ammoniation of the wheat straw did not affect production responses.
Detection of prostate specific antigen with nanomechanical resonators.

In this work, we use arrays of nanomechanical resonators to detect prostate specific antigen (PSA), a protein biomarker associated with prostate cancer. The surfaces of our very thin, trampoline-like devices are functionalised for immunospecific capture of PSA molecules, and the mass of bound material can be detected as a reduction in the resonant frequency. Fetal bovine serum was spiked with known concentrations of PSA, and in conjunction with a nanoparticle-based sandwich assay, concentrations as low as 50 fg mL−1, or 1.5 fM, could be detected from the realistic samples. The presence of non-specific proteins in the serum did not significantly affect the sensitivity of our assay.
Abdominal wall and inguinal hernias in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients

This retrospective analysis of 140 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients followed during a 4 year period revealed a 5 percent incidence of abdominal wall hernias. Inguinal hernias were frequently manifested as unilateral scrotal swelling. Hernias too small to be appreciated by physical examination were easily demonstrable with intraperitoneal instillation of technetium 99m sulfur colloid through the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter. This procedure was also useful when differentiating dialysate leaks from inguinal hernia in the early and late postoperative periods. Recurrences developed in 27 percent of the herniorrhaphies. Factors contributing to the development of abdominal wall hernias in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients include uremia, obesity, anemia, and chronically elevated intraperitoneal pressures.
Applications of subordination theory to the class of bounded nonvanishing functions

(1992). Applications of subordination theory to the class of bounded nonvanishing functions. Complex Variables, Theory and Application: An International Journal: Vol. 17, No. 3-4, pp. 213-222.
A Model for the Intermolecular Interactions of the Hydrogen Bond That Incorporates Its Spectroscopic Properties

We have developed a new form of the intermolecular potential of the hydrogen bond that is consistent with ab initio structures, interaction energies, interaction forces, intermolecular force constants, and dipole derivatives. The model incorporates charges, charge fluxes, atomic dipoles, and van der Waals interactions, and it has been successfully applied to the formic acid dimer.
Mesh: secure, lightweight grid middleware using existing SSH infrastructure

Grid computing promises gains in effective computational power, resource utilization, and resource accessibility, but in order to achieve these gains, organizations must deploy grid middleware that, in most cases, does not adhere to fundamental security principles. This paper introduces a new lightweight grid middleware called Mesh, which is based on the addition of a single sign-on capability to the built-in public key authentication mechanism of SSH using system call interposition. The initial Mesh implementation is compatible with approximately 90% of the world's SSH servers and any SSH client that supports public key authentication. Resources maybe added to a Mesh-based grid in a matter of minutes using just five small files and two environment variable settings. Mesh adheres to fundamental security principles and was designed to be compatible with strong security mechanisms including two-factor authentication, SSH bastions, and restrictive firewalls. Mesh uses a remote command model, which is based on the syntax and commands already understood by users, thus requires no additional knowledge to utilize effectively. Several existing services have been integrated with Mesh to provide resource discovery and query, high performance file transfer, and job management.
Two Case Studies of Modified Measles in Vaccinated Physicians Exposed to Primary Measles Cases: High Risk of Infection But Low Risk of Transmission

In 2009, measles outbreaks in Pennsylvania and Virginia resulted in the exposure and apparent infection of 2 physicians, both of whom had a documented history of vaccination with >2 doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. These physicians were suspected of having been infected with measles after treating patients who subsequently received a diagnosis of measles. The clinical presentation was nonclassical in regard to progression, duration, and severity. It is hypothesized that the 2 physicians mounted vigorous secondary immune responses typified by high avidity measles immunoglobulin G antibody and remarkably high neutralizing titers in response to intense and prolonged exposure to a primary measles case patient. Both of the physicians continued to see patients, because neither considered that they could have measles. Despite surveillance for cases among contacts, including unvaccinated persons, no additional cases were identified.
Adsorption of phosgene and chloroform by activated and impregnated carbons

Equilibrium adsorption and desorption isotherm data at room temperature have been obtained for phosgene and chloroform vapors on BPL grade activated carbon, ASC whetlerite and four ASB impregnated carbons. Isotherm data were plotted in the form of the Dubinin-Polanyi equation. Experimental affinity coefficients (βex) for phosgene with chloroform as a reference, were calculated for all the carbons except ASC whetlerite from the slopes (k) of the Dubinin-Polanyi plot, and were compared with the theoretical affinity coefficients (βth) in order to assess the adsorption capabilities of different adsorbents. In the case of phosgene on ASC whetlerite carbon, significant chemisorption takes place along with physical adsorption and the resulting isotherm shows non-linear behavior. Attempts were made to separate the chemisorption contribution from the total adsorption and thus assess βex for the physical adsorption contribution.
An Investigation of the Ward Leonard System for Use in a Hybrid or Electric Passenger Vehicle

Since the early 1900’s demand for fuel efficient vehicles has motivated the development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Unfortunately, some components used in these vehicles are expensive and complex. Todays consumer electric vehicles use dangerously high voltage, expensive electronic controllers, complex battery management systems and AC motors. The goal of this research at BYU is to increase safety by lowering the operating voltage and decrease cost by eliminating expensive controllers and decrease the number of battery cells. This paper specifically examines the use of a Ward Leonard Motor Control system for use in a passenger vehicle. The Ward Leonard System provides an alternative control method to expensive and complex systems used today. The goal is to increase safety and decrease cost of an electric or hybrid electric vehicle. A Control Factor metric was developed as a result of this research to measure the Ward Leonard System’s ability to reduce the size and cost of the electronic controller for application in an EV or HEV. A bench top model of the Ward Leonard system was tested validating the Control Factor metric. The Ward Leonard system is capable of reducing the controller size by 77% and potentially reducing its cost by this amount or more. This work also provides performance characteristics for automotive designers and offers several design alternatives for EV and HEV architectures allowing the reduction of high voltage, the use of AC inverters, AC motors, expensive controllers and high cell count battery
Collagen biosynthesis the formation of hydroxyproline and soluble-ribonucleic acid complexes of proline and hydroxyproline by chick embryo in vivo and by a subcellular chick-embryo system

Abstract Experiments have been carried out aimed at determining whether the source of collagen-bound hydroxyproline is non-protein-bound or protein-bound proline. Free hydroxy[ 14 C]proline formation from injected [ 14 C]proline was found to be essentially normal in chick embryos whose collagen-forming ability had been almost completely suppressed by puromycin. Following the injection of [ 14 C]proline into chick embryos, hydroxy[ 14 C]proline bound to s-RNA could be isolated. Similarly, bound hydroxy[ 14 C]proline could be found when chick-embryo s-RNA was incubated in vitro with amino acid-activating enzymes from chick embryo. Supplementation of such a system with s-RNA and activating enzymes from Escherichia coli stimulated the binding of [ 14 C]proline to s-RNA but was ineffective in the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline. The results have led to the conclusion that proline can be converted to hydroxy-proline without prior incorporation of the proline into protein.
The equilibration of clay minerals with sea water: exchange reactions

Abstract Studies of seawater-sediment and seawater-clay mineral exchange equilibria demonstrate that rinsing procedures employed in many previous studies have grossly shifted the exchange equilibria away from the true seawater conditions. Exchange complements have been determined here by measurement of compositional changes in seawater that result from reaction with clays, thereby avoiding rinsing. These data show that exchangeable Na + is normally greater than or equal to exchangeable Mg 2+ on clays and sediments in exchange equilibrium with seawater. On introduction to seawater, fluvial clays are shown to give up their exchangeable Ca 2+ for Na + , a process of importance in the geochemical budget of Na + .
Evaluation of normalization methods for analysis of LC-MS data

The purpose of normalization of data generated by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is to reduce bias due to differences in sample collection, biomolecule extraction, and instrument variability. In this paper several normalization methods are reviewed and evaluated based on LC-MS data acquired from experimental and quality control (QC) samples. Specifically, LC-MS data from a metabolomic study aimed at discovering liver cancer biomarkers are analyzed to evaluate the performance of the normalization methods. ANOVA models are used for identification of ions with statistically significant peak intensities between liver cancer and cirrhotic controls. Also, LC-MS data from QC samples are analyzed to assess the ability of the normalization methods in decreasing the variability of ion intensity measurements in multiple runs. Significant run to run variability is observed despite normalizing the LC-MS data by various methods. Thus, it is important to select a suitable normalization method for each data set, as it is difficult to find a method that is applicable for all types of LC-MS data.
Representations for a rule based assistant for designing combinational circuits

A rule based assistant for designing combinational logic circuits is described. The input can be described in terms of truth tables, logic equations, non-logic equations using arithmetic and relational operators or a combination of these three. The Strategist analyzes the input and decides on a particular implementation. It uses a set of rules to select a Read Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Logic Array (PLA) or a Random Logic (RL) implementation. The Constructor synthesizes RL circuits given an input description in a suitable form. Using its own set of rules, it detects and attempts to correct constraint violations which are specified in terms of speed, space and power. The hardware elements are chosen from a cell library. The system is designed to be highly extensible so that new rules can be added to the Strategist and the Constructor to make them more sophisticated. Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between the various building blocks of this system
Analysis of flowfields over missile configurations at subsonic speeds

Flowfields over missile configurations at subsonic speeds and high angle of attack are computed with a NavierStokes flow solver using overset grids. The accuracy of the computed solutions is first validated for flows at high incidence over a fuselage-wing and a fuselage-canard-wing configuration. The effects of grid density and turbulent versus laminar solutions are assessed by comparison with detailed experimental surface pressures. Development of vortex breakdown over the wing is predicted in accordance with the experiment. Delay of vortex breakdown over the wing caused by the presence of the canard was also captured by the numerical solution. The computed surface pressures are in good agreement with the experiment. Solutions for a complete missile configuration with fins and tails at 45-deg roll are also obtained for subsonic flow at high incidence. The computed normal force and pitching moment are in good agreement with available measurements. The effect of the fin deflection on the development of the vortical flowfield is investigated. It is found that the flowfield in the fin and gap regions can be of primary importance to the overall development of the forebody flowfield.
Endothelin-1 enhances the expression of the androgen receptor via activation of the c-myc pathway in prostate cancer cells

Increasing evidence suggests that androgen independent prostate cancer (PC) maintains a functional androgen receptor (AR) pathway despite the low levels of circulating androgen following androgen withdrawal, the molecular mechanisms of which are not well defined yet. To address this question, we investigated the effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on AR expression. Western analysis and RT-PCR revealed that in the presence of ET-1, levels of AR significantly increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner in LNCaP cells. Pretreatments with inhibitors of Src and phosphoinositide kinase 3 (PI-3K) suppressed ET-1-induced AR expression. As ET-1 was reported to cause a transient increase in c-myc mRNA levels, we examined the involvement of c-myc in ET-1-mediated AR expression. Transient transfection of c-myc siRNA neutralized ET-1-induced AR expression, suggesting that AR induction by ET-1 is c-myc dependent. AR can regulate the transcription of its own gene via a mechanism in which c-myc plays a crucial role. Therefore, we assessed if ET-1-induced-c-myc leads to the enhancement of AR transcription. Reporter gene assays using the previously identified AR gene enhancer containing a c-myc binding site were conducted in LNCaP cells. We found that ET-1 induced reporter gene activity from the construct containing the wild-type but not mutant c-myc binding site. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that ET-1 increased interaction between c-myc and c-myc binding sites in AR enhancer, suggesting that ET-1-induced AR transcription occurs via c-myc-mediated AR transcription. Together, these data support the notion that ET-1, via Src/PI-3K signaling, augments c-myc expression leading to enhanced AR expression in PC.
Social Justice as an Integrating Force for Leisure Research

As enthusiasm for social justice inquiry in leisure studies builds, this essay identifies three concerns related to the practice of social justice research involving race and ethnicity in leisure. First, social justice research must rely on diverse paradigms to respond to urgent social problems facing communities of color. Second, researchers must acknowledge the moral dimension in social justice inquiry. Third, power differentials between researchers and communities of practice and the community members involved in studies should be recognized and minimized when possible.
Role of Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Constrictive Pericarditis

The clinical recognition of constrictive pericarditis (CP) is important but challenging. In addition to Doppler echocardiography, newer echocardiographic techniques for deciphering myocardial deformation have facilitated the noninvasive recognition of CP and its differentiation from restrictive cardiomyopathy. In a patient with heart failure and a normal ejection fraction, echocardiographic demonstration of exaggerated interventricular interdependence, relatively preserved left ventricular longitudinal deformation, and attenuated circumferential deformation is diagnostic of CP. This review is a concise update on the pathophysiology and hemodynamic features of CP, the transmural and torsional mechanics of CP, and the merits and pitfalls of the various echocardiographic techniques used in the diagnosis of CP.
Young girls’ spatial and arithmetic performance: The mediating role of maternal supportive interactions during joint spatial problem solving ☆

Abstract The present study addresses girls’ (6–7-year-olds; N = 162) early spatial and arithmetic skills within the context of learning environments provided by their mothers. The study was designed to determine the relationship between maternal supportive interactions on a joint origami spatial problem-solving task and their first grade daughters’ spatial and arithmetic skills. During home visits the mothers and daughters were videotaped jointly solving origami tasks with maternal supportive interactions assessed through ratings of maternal stimulation of cognitive development and maternal quality of assistance; the girls were separately assessed in school on spatial and arithmetic skills. Using structural equation modeling, the main findings were (1) maternal supportive interactions on a mother–child origami task mediated the relation between mothers’ spatial skills/educational level and their daughters’ spatial skills and (2) their daughters’ spatial skills in turn mediated the relation between quality of maternal supportive spatial interactions and the daughters’ arithmetic achievement. The present findings indicate the importance of early maternal supportive interactions relating to spatial problem solving for girls’ spatial and arithmetic achievement. Furthermore, all pathways linking girls’ home environments and arithmetic skills were mediated through the girls’ spatial skills, suggesting that for young girls, development of early spatial skills may be important for effective arithmetic learning.
Black/Indian Relations: An Overview of the Scholarship

Based on a review of the literature, this paper presents an overview of the scholarship on relations between persons of African descent and Native Americans in the Americas. Study of these relations, spread over a number of different disciplines, shaped by the changing interests of these disciplines, has been episodic and seldom continuous. These studies have examined relations between Blacks and Indians in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the northern and the southern areas of what is now the United States. There have also been studies of mixed-race persons, some of which romanticize Black/Indian relations or attempt to show one suffered more than the other. Other studies use the Indian experience to understand Blacks and the black experience to understand Indians. Finally, there are studies that focus on relations among all three peoples.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography catheter and accessory exchange using a short hydrophilic guide wire: a prospective study.

Background and study aims Although hydrophilic guide wires can be used to facilitate stricture cannulation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), some endoscopists avoid using them because of concerns about wire loss during exchange. There are no data available on the outcomes of using a short hydrophilic guide wire during ERCP. The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of therapeutic ERCP procedures in which a short, completely hydrophilic guide wire was used exclusively. Patients and methods A total of 100 patients undergoing ERCP were studied prospectively. A 0.035-inch, 260-cm long, angled-tip hydrophilic wire (Terumo Glidewire) was used initially. Hydraulic catheter exchange was performed as follows: during catheter withdrawal the assistant advanced all the available wire into the catheter; a 12-ml syringe was then attached to the catheter and water was flushed under pressure to "float the wire" and maintain its position during catheter removal. Variables evaluated included exchange times and wire loss rates. Results A total of 223 catheter exchanges were performed, 132 (59%) using the Olympus V-Scope (which held the wire in 62% of cases): 15% of exchanges were with catheters/accessories designed for short-wire use (Boston Scientific Rapid Exchange Biliary System or Rx System), and 85% were with a variety of standard-length accessories. Overall, the mean exchange time was 26 seconds (range 6 - 90 seconds, standard deviation 12 seconds). The mean exchange time was faster with the V-Scope and with non-Rx-System accessories. Wire loss occurred in 5 % of all exchanges. Desired ductal/stricture access was achieved in all the patients. Conclusions Exchange of short hydrophilic wires is quick and reliable. The Olympus V-Scope is able to hold the wire in some cases. Monorail-type devices and accessories slow catheter exchange down slightly because hydraulic exchange cannot be performed using these systems.
Shift automorphisms in the Hénon mapping

We investigate the global behavior of the quadratic diffeomorphism of the plane given byH(x,y)=(1+y−Ax2,Bx). Numerical work by Henon, Curry, and Feit indicate that, for certain values of the parameters, this mapping admits a “strange attractor”. Here we show that, forA small enough, all points in the plane eventually move to infinity under iteration ofH. On the other hand, whenA is large enough, the nonwandering set ofH is topologically conjugate to the shift automorphism on two symbols.
Generalized hydrodynamics for dilute gases: The application to light-scattering experiments☆

Abstract The application of generalized hydrodynamics to dilute gases is considered. A density expansion technique for treating k -nad ω-dependent current-density correlation functions is discussed and carried out for dilute gases. It is shown that to order k2, these correlatio functions can be reduced to single integral expressions involving only two or three Legendre components of the linearized Boltzmann collision operator. The expressions are evaluated analytically for a dilute gas of Maxwell molecules and exact numerical expressions for the generalized transport coefficients, consistent with the order of approximation considered, are obtained. From these expressions, the appropriate approximation to the density-density autocorrelation functions is determined and compared to forms obtained from the Navier-Stokes and the Burnett equations. The failure of the Burnett equations to predict cross-correlation functions which satisfy the appropriate symmetry properties is alos discussed. The detailed form for the light-scattering spectrum is presented and analyzed. It is shown that the spectrum does not consist of just three lorentzian lines. To the order of the first correction to the speed of sound, which exhibits a positive dispersion in this regime, a shift in the positions of the maxima of the Brillouin lines toward the Rayleigh line is shown to arise solely from the non-lorentzian shape of the Brillouin doublet and not from an overlap with the central line as has been reported previously, The results are presented in a form which can readily be compared to experiments done on gases. The interpretation of experiments on liquids is also discussed with an emphasis on how the importance of generalized hydrodynamic effects can be deduced from the data.
The Neurokinin-1 Receptor in Addictive Processes

Stress can trigger drug-seeking behavior, increase self-administration rates, and enhance drug reward. A number of stress-related neuropeptides have been shown to mediate these behavioral processes. The most studied peptide in this category is corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which has been shown to mediate stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking, escalated self-administration, and drug withdrawal, but it does not seem to be involved in baseline drug self-administration or cue-induced reinstatement. This pattern of effects holds for many classes of drugs, including alcohol, opiates, and psychostimulants. The neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) is the preferred receptor for the endogenous stress-related neuropeptide substance P (SP). The SP/NK1R system is a major mediator of stress and anxiety, and over the last several years, it has been demonstrated that the SP/NK1R system can have effects similar to those of CRH on drug taking and drug seeking. Specifically, NK1R inhibition attenuates escalated self-administration of alcohol as well as stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol and cocaine seeking; however, in contrast to other stress systems, the NK1R also appears to have a role in primary reward and reinforcement for opiates. This review outlines the role of NK1R in drug-seeking behaviors and highlights recent results from clinical studies that suggest that the NK1R may be a promising drug target going forward.
Comorbidity and competing risks for mortality in men with prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Accurate estimation of life expectancy is essential for men deciding between aggressive and conservative treatment of prostate cancer. The authors sought to assess the competing risks of nonprostate cancer and prostate cancer mortality among men with differing Charlson comorbidity index scores and tumor risks. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective study of 1482 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer diagnosed from 1997 to 2004 at the Greater Los Angeles and Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. They performed Kaplan-Meier and competing risks regression analyses to assess survival outcomes. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 6.0 years, 370 (25%) men died from other causes, whereas 44 (3%) died of prostate cancer. At 10 years after diagnosis, men with Charlson scores 0, 1, 2, and 3+ had nonprostate cancer mortality rates of 17%, 34%, 52%, and 74%, respectively. In competing risks regression analysis, each point increase in Charlson score was associated with a 2-fold increase in hazard of nonprostate mortality. Men with Charlson 3+ had 8.5× the hazard of death from other causes, compared with men with the lowest scores (subhazard ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval, 6.2-11.7). After stratification by tumor risk, nonprostate mortality rates remained markedly elevated among men with higher Charlson scores, whereas prostate cancer mortality was rare, especially among low-risk and intermediate-risk groups (0.4%, 3%, and 8% for low, intermediate, and high risk, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Men with the highest Charlson scores should consider conservative management of low-risk and intermediate-risk tumors, given their exceedingly high risk of death from other causes and low risk of prostate cancer mortality. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for reconstruction of recurrent fistulae of the palate.

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of an axial pattern flap based on the angularis oris artery and vein for reconstruction of palate defects. STUDY DESIGN Clinical case report ANIMALS Two dogs with recurrent oronasal fistulae. METHODS Oronasal fistulae previously treated by buccal mucosal random pattern flaps that subsequently dehisced were repaired using an angularis oris-based buccal tissue axial pattern flap. This flap was developed by full thickness incision of the cheek tissue, excluding the skin, about the angularis oris vascular pedicle resulting in a vascularized flap covered by oral mucosa on one side. RESULTS In one dog, the repair was intact and healed 6 months after surgery. In the second dog with a fistula that resulted because of radiation necrosis, approximately 95% of the defect healed with a small (<1.0 cm(2)) area of dehiscence. Repair of this persistent fistula with a random pattern buccal flap failed and this small fistula remained with minimal clinical signs. CONCLUSION An axial pattern flap based on the angularis oris artery and vein can be used to repair difficult or recurrent palate defects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Angularis oris axial pattern flaps provide an additional effective option for repair of defects in the hard and soft palate to the distal gingival margin of the canine tooth or beyond, depending on skull conformation. Advantages of this flap include its highly vascular and robust character, high degree of mobility and a surface of tough buccal mucosa.
Analysis of a Terminal Landing on Mars

This study consists of a preliminary performance and sensitivity assessment of trajectory and guidance capabilities of a Mars terminal landing phase. The phase begins with the end of the entry phase, which is at parachute deployment. Therefore, the trajectory investigated in this study starts at parachute deployment and continues through parachute jettison and finally propulsive deceleration and maneuvering to a specified landing site. Various landing navigation maneuver schemes and environmental conditions for the lander are investigated and their performance analyzed. Effects of atmospheric density and surface wind deviations on landing guidance are investigated using stochastic wind and density models. Simulation shows that the lander guidance is robust to wind and density dispersions. Density dispersions are found to be more critical for a precision landing than wind dispersions. Also, because of the aerodynamic characteristics of current aeroshell vehicle designs, very little terminal maneuvering is allowed for navigation.
Direct invasion of the transverse colon by a cecal tumor

Direct invasion of the transverse colon is known to result from noncontiguous primary tumors spreading along ligamentous attachments or from direct extension of metastatic disease involving the greater omentum. The resultant desmoplastic reaction produces characteristic findings on barium enema. However, to our knowledge, these findings have not been reported to result from extension of a cecal tumor to the transverse colon via the pericolonic fat. We present such a case and discuss the radiographic findings.
Fluorogen Activating Peptides that Enhance Photostability through Encapsulation of the Fluorogen

Biological imaging has profited from the development of a variety of fluorescent probes such as organic dyes, quantum dots and fluorescent proteins. More recently, Fluorogen Activating Peptides (FAP) have been developed through directed evolution. These FAPs bind non-covalently to an otherwise non-fluorescent molecule (fluorogen) to form fluorescent complexes. FAPs have been successfully employed in various live-cell imaging applications in the past two years. For live-cell and single molecule imaging applications, photostability is a key requirement for any fluorescent probe. FAPs have been shown to exhibit high photostability in cell-imaging applications. An understanding of the mechanism underlying the photostability of these FAPs will help us in future to develop FAP clones with higher photostability. In this study, we have characterized the photobleaching behavior of two Malachite green (MG) binding FAP clones: dL5NP138 and HL4. These studies have been performed at a single molecule level. These studies have shown FAPs to be more photostable compared to a widely used single molecule dye, Cy5, at a single molecule condition. Additionally we have exposed FAPs and the Green fluorescent protein to vigorous oxidizing conditions to assess the encapsulation of the chromophore in the protein environment.Our studies show that FAPs protect MG (the fluorogen) from external environments that are rich in reactive oxygen species. The same behavior was observed by GFP compared to a synthetic soluble GFP chromophore. Using single molecule approaches in the presence of excess dye, we have demonstrated that these MG-binding FAPs are photostable through encapsulation of the fluorogen, and not by exchange of the bleached fluorogen. This mechanism provides MG-FAP complexs that can be used for single molecule detection over periods greater than Cy5 labels, yet with the convenience of genetically encoded reporters such as GFP.
The Oligomeric T4 Primase Is the Functional Form during Replication

Replisome DNA primases are responsible for the synthesis of short RNAprimers required for the initiation of repetitive Okazaki fragment synthesison the lagging strand during DNA replication. In bacteriophage T4, the primase(gp61) interacts with the helicase (gp41) to form the primosome complex, aninteraction that greatly stimulates the priming activity of gp61. Because gp41is hexameric, a question arises as to whether gp61 also forms a hexamericstructure during replication. Several results from this study support such astructure. Titration of the primase/single-stranded DNA binding followed byfluorescence anisotropy implicated a 6:1 stoichiometry. The observed rateconstant, kcat, for priming was found to increase with theprimase concentration, implicating an oligomeric form of the primase as themajor functional species. The generation of hetero-oligomeric populations ofthe hexameric primase by controlled mixing of wild type and an inactive mutantprimase confirmed the oligomeric nature of the most active primase form.Mutant primases defective in either the N- or C-terminal domains andcatalytically inactive could be mixed to create oligomeric primases withrestored catalytic activity suggesting an active site shared between subunits.Collectively, these results provide strong evidence for the functionaloligomerization of gp61. The potential roles of gp61 oligomerization duringlagging strand synthesis are discussed.
Sensitization of tumor cells toward chemotherapy: enhancing the efficacy of camptothecin with imidazolines.

Summary Activation of nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) by chemotherapeutic agents was found to protect cells from apoptosis. In light of its central role in regulating the cellular resistance to apoptotic agents, inhibition of NF-κB-mediated gene transcription may sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents and enhance their efficacy. We describe herein a noncytotoxic imidazoline scaffold that sensitizes leukemia T cells to the chemotherapeutic agent camptothecin. No significant induction of apoptosis was found when cells were treated with the imidazoline; however, pretreatment of cells with this agent resulted in a drastic enhancement in efficacy of camptothecin (∼75-fold). Elucidation of the potential cellular mechanism revealed that the imidazoline prevents nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These findings indicate that inhibition of NF-κB by this imidazoline may present improved strategies in the chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer.
Life Span, Morphology, and Pathology of Diet-Restricted Germ-Free and Conventional Lobund-Wistar Rats

The effect of germ-free life and dietary restriction (DR) on life span and pathology was investigated in isolator housed germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) Lobund-Wistar rats fed either ad libitum or restricted to 12 grams per day (70% of adult ad libitum intake) of a natural ingredient diet from weaning. The median length of life of ad libitum CV and GF rats was 31.0 and 33.6 months respectively, while DR increased the median length of life of CV and GF rats to 38.6 and 37.8 months respectively. DR reduced the frequency or postponed the occurrence of diseases which eventually lead to death in the Lobund-Wistar rat. This was especially true of prostate adenocarcinoma, prostatitis, and mammary fibroma. The reduced early food intake and smaller body weight of adult GF rats may be the reason ad libitum fed GF rats live slightly longer than their CV counterparts, but GF life was without additional effect on life span when food intake was restricted.
Selective uptake of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by tumor macrophages in a murine glioma model

Abstract Carbon nantotubes (CNTs) are emerging as a new family of nanovectors for drug and gene delivery into biological systems. To evaluate potential application of this technology for brain tumor therapy, we studied uptake and toxicity of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) in the GL261 murine intracranial glioma model. Within 24 h of a single intratumoral injection of labeled MWCNTs (5 µg), nearly 10–20% of total cells demonstrated CNT internalization. Most CNT uptake, however, occurred by tumor-associated macrophages (MP), which accounted for most (75%) MWCNT-positive cells. Within 24 h of injection, nearly 30% of tumor MP became MWCNT-positive. Despite a transient increase in inflammatory cell infiltration into both normal and tumor-bearing brains following MWCNT injection, no significant toxicity was noted in mice, and minor changes in tumor cytokine expression were observed. This study suggests that MWCNTs could potentially be used as a novel and non-toxic vehicle for targeting MP in brain tumors.
Familial Clustering of Migraine, Episodic Vertigo, and Ménière's Disease

Epidemiological and family studies support an association between migraine, episodic vertigo, and Meniere’s disease, but reports on detailed pedigrees are limited (1–9). Several childhood periodic symptoms not temporally associated with headache such as cyclical vomiting, abdominal migraines, and benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood are recognized as precursors to the development of migraine headaches (10). This indicates that the susceptibility to migraine may manifest as these “migraine equivalents” during different periods of a person’s life. Episodic vertigo, for example, has been shown to occur as commonly as visual auras in migraine patients, often without associated headache (11–13). Aural symptoms and even fluctuating hearing loss has been noted in migraine patients raising the possibility that Meniere’s disease, in some patients, might be directly related to their susceptibility to migraine. If Meniere’s disease could develop as part of a spectrum of migraine-associated symptoms (perhaps as a “complication”), then one would expect to see combinations of migraine, Meniere’s disease, and Meniere’s-like symptoms run within families because there has been growing evidence that migraine has a strong genetic basis. To show the association between migraine, episodic vertigo, and Meniere’s disease, we report 6 families in which these syndromes were highly associated, indicating that there may be a pathophysiological link between them.
Equilibrium of Talc with Enstatite and Quartz

A thermodynamic calculation of the vapor pressure of H 2 0 in equilibrium with talc gives p H 2 O of one atmosphere at 718° ± 15°K in contradiction to the results of Mueller.
Comic Epitaphs: Lucian, Scudéry, and Boileau

This article seeks to redefine the relationship between Boileau’s Dialogue des heros de roman and Madeleine de Scudery’s Clelie. While Boileau wishes to use his text to erase Scudery from memory, a close reading of the Dialogue and its Lucianic model reveals Scudery’s influence on Boileau’s wit. Indeed, the character of Amilcar from Clelie embodies the spirit of Lucianic satire that Boileau hopes to use against Scudery. Ultimately, Boileau is indebted to a form of enjouement that is inscribed within and popularized by Clelie, and it is this debt that Boileau tries unsuccessfully to make his reader forget in his Dialogue.
Bhabha first-order wave equations. VII. Summary and conclusions

We give a summary of the results we have obtained in this series on the Bhabha first-order wave equations for arbitrary spin. On the basis of these and other calculations, we present a set of conclusions about their physical implications, especially with respect to the possibility of finding and properly interpreting a mathematically consistent field theory of particles with arbitrary spin. (AIP)
The annual societal cost of alcohol misuse in Scotland.

Objective: To estimate the annual socioeconomic burden imposed by alcohol misuse on Scottish society. Design and setting: Resource use attributable to alcohol misuse was obtained from appropriate databases, published literature and a Working Party on Social Work Caseload and Alcohol Misuse. Unit resource costs at 2001/2002 prices were applied to the resource use estimates to determine the annual direct cost attributable to alcohol misuse. Indirect costs arising from excess unemployment, absenteeism from work and premature mortality were also estimated as was the human cost of alcohol misuse arising from premature mortality among the non-working population. Main outcome measures and results: The annual healthcare cost of managing alcohol misuse was estimated to be £95.6 million. Hospital admissions (57%) and accident and emergency attendances (10%) accounted for the greatest health service costs. Social work services including the Children’s Hearing System were estimated to cost £85.9 million whilst the criminal justice system was estimated to cost £267.9 million. Indirect costs were estimated to account for £404.5 million. The human cost of premature mortality among the non-working population was estimated to be £216.7 million. Conclusions: Alcohol misuse imposes a substantial burden on Scottish society, costing £1071 million per year at 2001/2002 prices, which is greater than many prevalent illnesses such as stroke, depression and diabetes mellitus. In terms of the statutory agencies, alcohol misuse imposes a greater burden on the criminal justice system than both the health service and social work services. However, the greatest burden is on the individual and society as a whole arising from lost productivity.
Generalization of Sharing Across Groups Assessment of Group Composition with Preschool Children

In this study, generalization of sharing across groups was investigated and the influence of group composition (trained and nontrained subjects) on generalization was assessed. Six groups of subjects were formed by using 12 preschool children. Each group (two boys and two girls) was observed daily during 1510-minute free play sessions. Two groups were trained to share during Sessions 6 through 10; two groups were trained to share during Sessions 11 through 15; and two groups did not receive training. The effects of training a group to share generalized to nontrained groups. Generalization of sharing across groups reflected an increase in sharing within trained pairs, within nontrained pairs, between trained pairs, and between trained and nontrained pairs of children. Subsequent training with groups composed of trained and nontrained pairs further facilitated frequency of sharing. Results collectively suggest that the presence of a trained pair of children facilitates generalized increases in sharing acros...
An ensemble SVM model for the accurate prediction of non-canonical MicroRNA targets

Background MicroRNAs are small non-coding endogenous RNAs that are responsible for post-transcriptional regulation of genes. Given that large numbers of human genes are targeted by microRNAs, understanding the precise mechanism of microRNA action and accurately mapping their targets is of paramount importance; this will uncover the role of microRNAs in development, differentiation, and disease pathogenesis. However, the current state-of-the-art computational methods for microRNA target prediction suffer from high false-positive rates to be useful in practice. Results In this paper, we develop a suite of models for microRNA target prediction, under the banner Avishkar, that have superior prediction performance over the state-of-the-art protocols. Specifically, our final model developed in this paper achieves an average true positive rate of more than 75%, when keeping the false positive rate of 20%, for non-canonical microRNA target sites in humans. This is an improvement of over 150% in the true positive rate for non-canonical sites, over the best competitive protocol. We are able to achieve such superior performance by representing the thermodynamic and sequence profiles of microRNA-mRNA interaction as curves, coming up with a novel metric of seed enrichment to model seed matches as well as all possible non-canonical matches, and learning an ensemble of microRNA family-specific non-linear SVM classifiers. We provide an easy-to-use system, built on top of Apache Spark, for large-scale interactive analysis and prediction of microRNA targets. All operations in our system, namely candidate set generation, feature generation and transformation, training, prediction and computing performance metrics are fully distributed and are scalable. Availability All source code and sample data is available at https://bitbucket.org/cellsandmachines/avishkar. We also provide scalable implementations of kernel SVM using Apache Spark, which can be used to solve large-scale non-linear binary classification problems at https://bitbucket.org/cellsandmachines/kernelsvmspark.