cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualification of an enhanced ball grid array package using build-up layers on a metal heat spreader

The innovative package platform discussed in this paper uses build-up technologies to produce circuitry on a copper heat spreader. It applies micro-vias to connect different layers in the substrates. Like any new technology, there are some remaining assembly concerns and challenges with the package design and performance. Additionally, business risks involved in the substrate selection were also discussed. The package under study was certified for product use. The evaluation results showed the package platform under study is capable of achieving accepted reliability performance. However, some assembly issues need to be resolved before volume production, for instance, low wire bonding yield and solder ball mounting defects. It is important to note business risks before the adoption of any new technologies. The team found that the product won't benefit from the most advanced technologies if the substrate/package materials supply is unstable or interrupted. The results and learning from this package certification will be helpful for future advanced product/package development.
Transformation of Pseudoephedrine Amides into Highly Enantiomerically Enriched Aldehydes, Alcohols, and Ketones

Transformation of pseudoephedrine amides into highly enantiomerically enriched aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones product: (R)-α-methylbenzenepropanal product: (R)-β-methylbenzenepropanol product: (R)-2-methyl-1-phenyl-3-heptanone product: (R)-α-methylbenzenepropanoic acid byproduct: (R)-3-butyl-2-methyl-1-phenylheptan-3-ol Keywords: acylation; addition, to CO; Grignard and related reactions; reduction, CONR2 CH2OH; reduction, CONR2 CHO; replacement reactions, amino by carbon
An effect of tray design and material retention on the linear dimensional changes in polysulfide impressions

One-unit fixed partial dentures, which fit accurately on the laboratory dies made from polysulfide impression materials, often pose a problem in seating completely in the mouth of the patient. Sectioning of the fixed partial denture units allows the individual units to seat accurately in the mouth but requires a soldering procedure. Linear distortion of the mercaptan (polysulfide) rubber base that takes place during setting is a cause of this problem. The distortion is directly related to (1) tray design, (2) area of adhesive placement, and (3) excessive bulk of material on the tray border during impression making. A controlled amount of adhesive and impression material in a new design for a custom tray must be used to minimize this distortion. When these factors are controlled, the resulting impression is unrestricted, and a more accurate working die is obtained. This results in a better fit of one-unit fixed partial dentures in the mouth.
Silences in Stewardship: Some American Indian College Students Examples

This study focuses much needed attention on three functions of silence that are central to the college experiences of many American Indian students. Using ethnographic data collected with 34 communicators in the context of a predominately White, U.S. university, the authors show silence to inhabit empowering and generative communicative actions within which American Indian students achieve particular communally linked cultural objectives. Specifically, they explore how interactants actualize silence in the direct service of particularizing, perpetuating, and protecting culture. The authors show how silence is used simultaneously to maintain traditional cultural practices, distinguish cultural practices from those of non-Indians, and safekeep cultural elements from extra-cultural ideological and pragmatic threats.
Social inference and pleasantness judgments involving people and issues

The Subject-Verb-Object (S-V-O) approach to social cognition was used to study some traditional balance theory problems and several additional problems as well. Pleasantness judgments and three types of social inference judgment were obtained for 14 item sets, each set consisting of the eight generic balance triads expressed as simple subject-verb-object sentences. The study varied whether the item sets had a real or abstract prrson or issue as the sentence object. The S-V-O model was used to assess the contributions of seven informational cues or biases (including traditional Heiderian balance) to each of the four types of judgment. Support was found for various hypotheses concerning different ways in which the cues used by judges depended upon the type of judgment being made. For example, the factors that led subjects to expect a situation of outcome to occur often differed from those that led them to expect this situation or outcome to be pleasant. Other systematic effects, which depended on the type of object in the sentence, are also discussed.
An overview of zirconia ceramics: Basic properties and clinical applications

Zirconia (ZrO2) is a ceramic material with adequate mechanical properties for manufacturing of medical devices. Zirconia stabilized with Y2O3 has the best properties for these applications. When a stress occurs on a ZrO2 surface, a crystalline modification opposes the propagation of cracks. Compression resistance of ZrO2 is about 2000 MPa. Orthopedic research led to this material being proposed for the manufacture of hip head prostheses. Prior to this, zirconia biocompatibility had been studied in vivo; no adverse responses were reported following the insertion of ZrO2 samples into bone or muscle. In vitro experimentation showed absence of mutations and good viability of cells cultured on this material. Zirconia cores for fixed partial dentures (FPD) on anterior and posterior teeth and on implants are now available. Clinical evaluation of abutments and periodontal tissue must be performed prior to their use. Zirconia opacity is very useful in adverse clinical situations, for example, for masking of dischromic abutment teeth. Radiopacity can aid evaluation during radiographic controls. Zirconia frameworks are realized by using computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. Cementation of Zr-ceramic restorations can be performed with adhesive luting. Mechanical properties of zirconium oxide FPDs have proved superior to those of other metal-free restorations. Clinical evaluations, which have been ongoing for 3 years, indicate a good success rate for zirconia FPDs. Zirconia implant abutments can also be used to improve the aesthetic outcome of implant-supported rehabilitations. Newly proposed zirconia implants seem to have good biological and mechanical properties; further studies are needed to validate their application.
Effect of Antemortem Electrical Stunning on Functional Properties of Turkey Muscle

Muscle samples were collected from two groups of turkeys, one group electrically stunned before exsanguination and the other group nonstunned. Sampling was done at 0, 4, 8, and 24 h postmortem. Examination of muscle samples for glycogen, pH, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), R value (ratio of inosine nucleotides to adenosine nucleotides), and extractable protein demonstrated that glycolysis was delayed by electrical stunning. Muscle myofibrils, however, showed no effect of stunning on Mg++-ATPase, sulfhydryls, or sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns. Functional properties of the muscle as measured by emulsion stability evaluations showed greater stability in prerigor muscle but no significant effect of stunning. The results indicate that although electrical stunning delayed glycolysis, the overall effect was not great enough to be a significant factor in improvement of functional properties of muscle for further processing.
Suppressed reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by polymorphonuclear neutrophils from patients receiving steroids

Die Neutrophilen von Patienten mit Infektionskrankheiten zeigten verringerte Reduktion von NBT, wenn die Patienten zur gleichen Zeit Steroidhormone erhielten.
Phosphorus retention in non-tidal palustrine forssted wetlands of the mid-atlantic region

We: 1) quantified the areal extent of wetlands by type in Caroline County, VA to estimate the relative importance of non-tidal palustrine forested wetlands as a component of the wetland resources in Virginia’s mid-Atlantic coastal plain, 2) used a comparative literature review to identify factors that might be important in controlling P retention in these wetlands, and 3) evaluated three indices that have been used to compare P adsorption potentials in wetland soils. Non-tidal palustrine forested wetlands comprised 66.0% of the 11,372 ha of wetlands in Caroline Co. The majority were either seasonally (4000 ha) or temporarily (1596 ha) flooded wetlands dominated by broad-leaved deciduous species. These wetlands are both small (averaging 5.4 and 2.4 ha in area, respectively) and numerous in this region. Adsorption by Al and Fe (hydr)oxides and precipitation of Al, Fe, and Ca phosphates probably controls dissolved phosphate retention and long-term P storage in these wetlands, although P storage in the woody biomass of aggrading forests may also be important. Phosphorus adsorption isotherms, a single-point phosphorus adsorption index, and concentrations of oxalate-extractrable (noncrystalline) Al and Fe have all been used as comparative indices of P sorption potentials in wetland soils, although the latter may represent the best single index of P sorption capacity because of its direct relationship to the mechanisms controlling P adsorption in soil. When using these indices to compare wetland P sorption potentials, it is important to consider differences in soil depth, profile heterogeneity, and bulk density between sites. Actual amounts of phosphate retained by a wetland will also be influenced by the degree of phosphate loading it receives, as determined by hydrology, phosphate sources in the watershed, and the P sorption potentials of surrounding upland soils. Because of the low P sorption potentials of sandy soils in coastal plain uplands, non-tidal palustrine forested wetlands in the mid-Atlantic coastal plain may perform particularly important functions with respect to dissolved phosphate removal and retention on the landscape.
Template-based protein structure modeling using the RaptorX web server

A key challenge of modern biology is to uncover the functional role of the protein entities that compose cellular proteomes. To this end, the availability of reliable three-dimensional atomic models of proteins is often crucial. This protocol presents a community-wide web-based method using RaptorX ( http://raptorx.uchicago.edu/ ) for protein secondary structure prediction, template-based tertiary structure modeling, alignment quality assessment and sophisticated probabilistic alignment sampling. RaptorX distinguishes itself from other servers by the quality of the alignment between a target sequence and one or multiple distantly related template proteins (especially those with sparse sequence profiles) and by a novel nonlinear scoring function and a probabilistic-consistency algorithm. Consequently, RaptorX delivers high-quality structural models for many targets with only remote templates. At present, it takes RaptorX ∼35 min to finish processing a sequence of 200 amino acids. Since its official release in August 2011, RaptorX has processed ∼6,000 sequences submitted by ∼1,600 users from around the world.
Understanding Lakes Near and Far

Scientists have long viewed lakes as microcosms in which to study fundamental ecosystem processes ( 1 ). A large, heterogeneous body of multidecadal data has been accumulated around the world, documenting historical conditions, capturing temporal dynamics of complex ecological phenomena that could not be observed within shorter time periods. Building on this legacy of long-term data collection, innovations in sensor applications and computing are creating new opportunities for integrating data across different scales in space and time, enriching long-term research and stimulating collaboration.
The complexity of ordering subgoals

Selection of an appropriate order for the evaluation of subgoals in a logical rule frequently is essential for efficiency. We formulate the problem as one of feasible subgoal orders and show that the question is inherently exponential in time. The proof is by reduction from linear-space alternating Turing machine recognition, which appears to be far easier, in this case, than the more obvious reduction from exponential-time (ordinary) Turing machines
A COMPUTER-THERMOCOUPLE INTERFACING SYS FOR TIME-TEMPERATURE DATA COLLECTION FROM THERMAL FOOD PROCESSES1

A data logger that uses two computers simultaneously for collection and immediate observation of thermal food process data is described. Limits of error for a single observation, determined using a standard voltage input, was found to be less than .17° F (.094 °C). Component drift was found to be .04° F (.022° C) per hour. When properly calibrated, the system can be used for accurate data collection in most thermal process evaluations.
Thought Experiments, Real Experiments, and the Expertise Objection

It is a commonplace that in philosophy, intuitions supply evidence for and against philosophical theories. Recent work in experimental philosophy has brought to bear the intuitions of philosophically naive subjects in a number of different ways. One line of response to this work has been to claim that philosophers have expertise that privileges their intuitive judgments, and allows them to disregard the judgments of non-experts. This expertise is supposed to be analogous to the expertise of the mathematician or the physicist. This paper critically evaluates this appeal to philosophical expertise.
ACSAR-Antenna Coupling Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Algorithm

A synthetic aperture radar imaging technique called ACSAR for antenna coupling scenarios is introduced. It is shown that an ACSAR image of a platform can be formed by inverse-Fourier transforming the multi-frequency, multi-spatial coupling data between two antennas. Furthermore, we present a fast ACSAR imaging algorithm that is specifically tailored to the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) technique. The fast algorithm is shown to reduce the total simulation time by several orders of magnitude without significant loss of fidelity. Finally, a sparse representation of ACSAR imagery is introduced by extracting the point radiators in the image. By parameterizing the ACSAR image, it is possible to reconstruct the 3-D ACSAR image and the 3-D frequency-spatial data with a very sparse set of radiation centers.
The effects of dietary iodine on thyroid ultrastructure

This is a morphological study of changes in thyroid cells following iodine deficiency and iodine excess. Fifteen young male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed one of the following diets for 6 weeks: low iodine (LID), normal iodine (NID) and high iodine (HID). Then the thyroid glands were removed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Thyroid tissue from the NID group was normal in appearance. The most outstanding feature of HID thyroids was the presence of numerous cells which contained irregularly shaped and stained lysosomes. These displaced other cell organelles and caused the apical cell surfaces to project into the follicle lumen. Thyroids from the LID group were three times heavier than the other two groups. Their follicles were very small, contained very little colloid. They were surrounded by dilated capillaries. Mitoses were frequent. Cells were columnar and contained abundant dilated endoplasmic reticulum, numerous apical vesicles, long microvilli and many mitochondria. Mitochondria were especially abundant in greatly infolded lateral and basal cell membranes. These findings show that there is a redistribution of organelles in thyroid cells in response to iodine deficiency and iodine excess which can be related to alterations in intracellular iodine metabolism.
Effects of cyclic frequency and contact pressure on fretting fatigue under two‐level block loading

Fretting fatigue tests involving the contact of flat and cylindrical titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V surfaces, and constant- and two-level block remote bulk stresses are described. The constant-amplitude tests have been performed at cyclic frequencies of 1 and 200 Hz. The two-level block spectra involve the superposition of a 1-Hz, low-cycle fatigue (LCF) constant-amplitude component and a 200-Hz, high-cycle fatigue (HCF) component. Two values of contact pressure are considered. The cyclic frequency of 200 Hz is found to curtail the constant-amplitude fretting fatigue life regardless of the contact pressure applied. Increasing the contact pressure reduces life at 1 Hz but does not have any effect at 200 Hz. Under two-level block loading, the fretting fatigue life is determined primarily by the stress amplitude and high-cyclic frequency of the HCF component of the load spectrum. The LCF component is found to play a secondary role in the determination of the two-level block fretting fatigue life. Fracture topographies for the different test conditions are documented.
On color transparency experiments.

We argue in this work that significant ambiguities exist with respect to the ([ital e],[ital e][prime][ital p]) reaction mechanism. This is based on an analysis of the systematic behavior with [ital Q][sup 2] and opening angle of new and existing ([ital e],[ital e][prime][ital p]) data. The analysis implies a consequent uncertainty in the interpretation of color transparency experiments that integrate over a large ([approx gt]50 MeV) missing energy range.
Language: Origins, definitions and chimpanzees

Abstract Language and its evolutionary origins are examined in the light of empirical data from studies on artificial language acquisition, human language acquisition in the chimpanzee and the definitional problems surrounding language. Rather than providing solutions, questions are raised in regard to the various approaches to the problems of language origin and definitions of language.
Security Market Manipulation

This article uses a variety of contemporary developments to address artificial market pricing and market manipulation. It examines a variety of modern trading tactics and manipulation strategies in the context of trading and order mechanics. For example, I raise the connection between so-called best execution, cancellation rates, and manipulation. I explore the connection between manipulation and short exposures as well as potential connections between Federal Reserve policies and artificial pricing. I also examine the nature of market manipulation in different facets of the trading day and the transitions among these.
Flavored tobacco product use among U.S. young adults

Background Passage of the U.S. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in 2009 led to a ban on the sale of flavored cigarettes, largely because of studies showing targeting of these products to youth and young adults. There are no current restrictions on the marketing or sale of noncigarette or new nontraditional smokeless tobacco products (such as snus and dissolvable products), which are available in more than 45 flavors. Purpose To determine the prevalence of flavored tobacco use, dual use of flavored and menthol tobacco products, and sociodemographic predictors of flavored tobacco product use in young adults aged 18–34 years (N=4196). Methods The current study utilizes data from Legacy's Young Adult Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample collected in January 2012. Data were analyzed using Stata IC 11.0 in June 2012. Results Overall, 18.5% of tobacco users report using flavored products, and dual use of menthol and flavored product use ranged from 1% (nicotine products) to 72% (chewing tobacco). In a multivariable model controlling for menthol use, younger adults were more likely to use flavored tobacco products (OR=1.89, 95% CI=1.14, 3.11), and those with a high school education had decreased use of flavored products (OR=0.56; 95% CI=0.32, 0.97). Conclusions Differences in use may be due to the continued targeted advertising of flavored products to young adults and minorities. Those most likely to use flavored products are also those most at risk of developing established tobacco-use patterns that persist through their lifetime.
Synthesis of ZnO nanowires using lower temperature vapor based methods

In this paper, we elaborate on protocols for growing ZnO nanowires using different vapor deposition techniques to provide a comparative study for low temperature based deposition. Effects of various parameters ranging from process temperatures to material compositions were investigated. Growth from ZnO thin film seed layers and catalytic growth using Au nanoparticles were performed as well as growth on blank Si substrates for comparison. Detailed results of SEM and XRD studies are presented for the ZnO nanowires. The lowest temperature achieved was approximately 750 °C with nanowires having diameters of 30-50 nm and lengths of 200-300 nm using VS method with a ZnO thin film seed to obtain complete surface coverage. In order to make the vapor based methods compatible with biosensors with monolithic readout circuits, the conventional thermal budget of commonly employed CMOS technology (usually around 450 °C) needs to be considered. Thus, lower temperature growth is preferable. In this regard, we address the temperature aspect of the growth for CMOS compatibility. We identify the effects of important process parameters and present a comprehensive investigation and comparative study of various factors on ZnO nanowire growth.
Trade-offs in designing Web clusters

High-volume Web sites often use clusters of servers to support their architectures. A load balancer in front of such clusters directs requests to the various servers in a way that equalizes, as much as possible, the load placed on each. There are two basic approaches to scaling Web clusters: adding more servers of the same type (scaling out, or horizontally) or upgrading the capacity of the servers in the cluster (scaling up, or vertically). Although more detailed and complex models would be required to obtain more accurate results about such systems' behavior, simple queuing theory provides a reasonable abstraction level to shed some insight on which scaling approach to employ in various scenarios. Typical issues in Web cluster design include: whether to use a large number of low-capacity inexpensive servers or a small number of high-capacity costly servers to provide a given performance level; how many servers of a given type are required to provide a certain performance level at a given cost; and how many servers are needed to build a Web site with a given reliability. Using queuing theory, I examine the average response time, capacity, cost, and reliability tradeoffs involved in designing Web server clusters.
Infrared optical constants of black powders determined from reflection measurements.

The real and imaginary parts of the complex index of refraction have been measured in the 3–14-μm region for nine black powders. Data were obtained from specular reflection measurements on pressed powder disks. A vintage prism spectrometer was considerably modified for this study. Polarized radiation, detected with a cooled photoconductor, was used to generate isoreflectance curves from which the optical properties were extracted. With the exception of a bone charcoal sample, the optical constants of the black powders exhibited no spectral features in the wavelength range considered. Measured values were generally in agreement with published data on similar materials. Surface effects were found not to produce a significant limitation on the results of our method.
Study of Carbon Nanotubes in Cu-Cr Metal Matrix Composites

A novel metal matrix composite (MMC), Cu-Cr-MWCNT (copper-chromium-multiwalled carbon nanotube), was manufactured using a powder metallurgy technique. Cu-Cr alloy is widely adopted for contacts in vacuum circuit breakers. MWCNT was incorporated in an effort to enhance electrical conductivity and decrease the usage of Cr as strategic metal. Optimized milling conditions and sintering profiles were utilized to minimize any significant damage to the MWCNTs but yet provide homogeneous distribution of all constituents. Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the crystal structure orientation, microstructure, and morphology, respectively, of the composite. Raman peak shift and intensity ratios assessed the stresses induced and the degree of disorder of MWCNTs in the composite. TEM indicated carbide and oxide formations in the composite. SEM images revealed the presence of MWCNTs within the metal matrix. The corrosion resistances of the composite with and without MWCNTs was determined by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (ASTM F 2129-08) in phosphate buffer saline solution at 37 °C.
Structural and functional criteria reveal a new nuclear import sequence on the 5-lipoxygenase protein.

Leukotrienes are lipid mediators with important roles in immunity. The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase initiates leukotriene synthesis; nuclear import of 5-lipoxygenase modulates leukotriene synthetic capacity. In this study, we used structural and functional criteria to identify potential nuclear import sequences. Specifically, we sought basic residues that 1) were common to different 5-lipoxygenases but not shared with other lipoxygenases, 2) were found on random coil/loop structures, and 3) could be replaced without eliminating catalytic activity. Application of these criteria to the putative bipartite nuclear import sequence of 5-lipoxygenase revealed that this region formed an α-helix rather than a random coil, that the critical residue arginine 651 serves a structural role, and that mutation of this residue eliminated catalytic activity. A previously unrecognized region corresponding to residues 518–530 on human 5-lipoxygenase was found to be unique to 5-lipoxygenase and on a random coil. This region alone was sufficient to drive import of green fluorescent protein to the same degree as complete 5-lipoxygenase. Replacement of basic residues in this region of the complete protein was capable of eliminating nuclear import without abolishing catalytic activity. Surprisingly, two subpopulations of cells expressing 5-lipoxygenase with this mutated region could be discerned: those with strongly impaired import and those with normal import. Taken together, these results show that the previously identified region with a bipartite motif is not a functional import sequence, whereas the newly identified basic region constitutes a true nuclear import sequence. Moreover, we suggest that another sequence that can mediate nuclear import of 5-lipoxygenase remains to be identified.
The effects of work experience, lift frequency and exposure duration on low back muscle oxygenation.

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown changes in low back muscle oxygenation after static muscle contractions or short-term dynamic lifting exertions. The aim of this study was to document the changes in low back muscle oxygenation during prolonged lifting activity over an entire workday as of function of work experience and lift frequency. Methods Four novice and six experienced subjects participated in a lifting study in which they lifted load with a given weight at one of five different frequencies (2, 4, 8, 10, 12 lifts/min) for an 8-h period. Oxygen saturation of the left and right erector spinae was measured continuously and non-invasively using near-infrared spectroscopy during each lifting session. Findings Exposure duration had a statistically significant effect on muscle oxygenation level (P Interpretation This study suggested that the requirement of oxygen for the low back muscle in a typical industrial lifting job increased over time and experienced workers responded differently from the novice subjects. These findings may provide more insight into the physiological changes of the working muscle and the potential risks of developing muscle injury.
The screening potential of a taxonomic information task for the detection of learning disabled and mildly retarded children

Abstract Normally achieving (NA) students were compared to mildly mentally retarded (MMR) same-age peers (Experiment 1) and to learning disabled (LD) same-age peers (Experiment 2). In both studies the same task was presented. The students were asked to (a) describe similarities and differences among exemplars of 12 different categories, (b) identify the categories, and (c) name the exemplars. In Experiment 1, group comparisons yielded large, consistent performance differences between the mildly retarded and their normally achieving chronological age (CA) matches. High levels of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy were obtained when task performance was used to assign individual students to educational groups. These levels were maintained or improved when using a reduced set of 5 categories and the different descriptors measure. Using cut-off scores from this reduced set was also associated with accurate student identification. In experiment 2, there were small mean differences favoring the NA over the LD students on all 4 dependent measures but none was significant. None of the psychometric measures was associated with adequate levels of classification accuracy, although identification was improved when only a subset of categories and a single dependent measure was employed. However, a subset of LD students generated fewer different descriptors than any of their same age NA peers indicating that the task might be sensitive to a subset of LD children.
Chemical dissolution of bile duct stones.

Chemical dissolution of retained ductal stone(s) is recommended when mechanical extraction through the formed T-tube tract fails. Sodium cholate solution has been most widely used for infusion, and two-thirds of patients can be successfully treated. A new agent, the medium chain glyceride mono-octanoin, is more potent in vitro and the results of early clinical trials are encouraging. The use of oral longterm chenodeoxycholic acid for treatment of nonobstructing asymptomatic ductal stones has been successful in 50% of a small number of patients.
Location and nucleotide sequence of the 25K protein missing from baculovirus few polyhedra (FP) mutants

Abstract Wild-type and few polyhedra (FP) mutants of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) were studied to identify and sequence the gene encoding the 25-kDa (25K) protein normally present in AcMNPV-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells but which is often missing from FP mutant-infected cells. Our previous study had mapped two overlapping late transcripts to the insertion site of host cell DNA within the Hin dIII-I fragment (33.8 to 37.7 map units) of wild-type AcMNPV. An FP mutant, AcFP875-2, had a 1.6-kbp insertion of S. frugiperda DNA near the 5′ end of these transcripts which by S1 analysis were shown to initiate within the host cell sequence. Primer extension analysis revealed that the transcription start for this gene in wild-type virus occurred within a conserved 12-base sequence found near the transcription start sites of several baculovirus late and hyper-expressed genes. A similar 12-base sequence was found at the transcription start site within this 1.6-kbp pair host cell DNA sequence in AcFP8752. mRNAs from wild-type virus-infected cells were hybridization-selected using a 542-bp Sa /I subfragment of the 3.2-kbp Eco RI- Hin dIII fragment (35.0 to 37.7 map units). These mRNAs directed the synthesis of a 25K protein which in size was identical to the 25K protein in wild-type virus-infected cells and the translation product of a 1.15-kb cRNA transcribed from a Rsa I fragment (36.4 to 37.4 map units). Comparison of gel band patterns following partial proteolysis of the translation product of the 1.15 cRNA and the 25K protein from wild-type virus-infected cells revealed that the two proteins were closely related if not identical. Nucleotide sequence analysis within this Eco RI- Hind III fragment revealed an open reading frame which encodes a 25K protein. Insertion of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene encoding the β-galactosidase enzyme into the transcribed portion of this Eco RI- Hin dIII fragment yielded a recombinant virus which lacked a 25K protein and exhibited an altered (FP) plaque phenotype.
Poverty and the American Family: A Decade in Review

Because of dramatic levels of economic volatility and massive changes in welfare policies, scholars in this decade worried anew about whether our official poverty measure, adopted in the 1960s, is adequate. Poverty's causes continued to be debated, with demographic factors often pitted against policy and maternal employment changes. Some scholars focused on events that trigger spirals into poverty or poverty exits. The literature on consequences of poverty featured new techniques for identifying underlying processes and mechanisms. Researchers also explored “neighborhood effects” and focused on poverty deconcentration efforts. Finally, scholars produced a voluminous literature on the efforts to reform welfare and their subsequent effects.
A 4.1Tb/s bisection-bandwidth 560Gb/s/W streaming circuit-switched 8×8 mesh network-on-chip in 45nm CMOS

Interconnect networks, for high-bandwidth energy-efficient core-to-core communication, are key to enabling future tera-scale multi-core processors. Packet-switched 2D mesh networks provide efficient interconnect utilization, low latencies and high throughputs, but suffer from low energy efficiency due to data storage during routing [1–2]. Circuit-switched data transfer achieves both high bandwidth and energy efficiency by eliminating intra-route data storage [3]. An 8×8 mesh circuit-switched network-on-chip, consisting of arbitration logic for 512b data width with 1b data interconnect, is fabricated in 45nm high-к metal-gate CMOS [4]. Scaling data width measurements to 512b, the circuits achieve 560Gb/s/W energy efficiency, 4.1Tb/s bisection bandwidth, and 11ns diagonal corner-to-corner fall-through latency. Reconfigurable router circuits allow dynamic optimization of both circuit-switched channel-queue depth and the ratio of arbitration vs. data transfer rates based on traffic patterns. Pipelined arbitration phases with packet-switched channel allocation circuits, dual-supply optimization of data transfer power and proximity-based streaming circuits enable: i) 2.64Tb/s maximum throughput for random 512b transmissions measured at 1.1V, 50°C, ii) 87% increased throughput from channel queuing, iii) 6.43Tb/s scalable performance with streaming traffic at energy efficiency of 0.91Tb/s/W, iv) 4.73W total network power at 74mW per router with ≪17% arbitration overhead, v) traffic-dependent network power consumption scalable down to 1.35W at 21mW per router, vi) 28% power savings through dual-supply optimization at iso-throughput, and vii) low-voltage energy efficiency of 1.51Tb/s/W measured at 550mV, 50°C.
In Vitro Digestion Kinetics and Quality of Perennial Grasses as Influenced by Forage Maturity

Abstract Objectives were to characterize changes in digestion kinetics of ‘Venture' reed canarygrass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.), ‘Regar' meadow bromegrass ( Bromus biebersteinii Roem & Schult.), ‘Garrison' creeping foxtail ( Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.), ‘Fawn' tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and ‘Common' timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) with increased maturity. In 1991, three replicates each were harvested on four dates from early May to mid-June at Canton, Chazy, and Valatie, NY. Averaged over species and locations, NDF increased from 40.0 to 62.7%, indigestible fiber increased from 6.0 to 25.5%, lignin increased from 1.7 to 5.3%. and digestibility of fiber decreased from 79.7 to 44.2%. Lignin was highly correlated with fiber digestibility at all locations (r=−80, −.80, and −.76 for Canton, Chazy, and Valatie, respectively). Timothy was higher than all other species in lignin concentration at the first three stages. Rate of fiber digestion declined across harvest dates for all species (.0605 to .0396h −1 at Canton, .0654 to .0277h −1 at Chazy, and .0667 to .0287h −1 at Valatie); no species × harvest date interaction occurred at any location. Magnitude and speed of quality decline with maturity were more important than species differences in determination of digestion kinetics of perennial grasses. To ensure high quality forage, less emphasis should be placed on differences among grass species, and much more emphasis should be placed on harvest management.
Apoptosis and cancer: the failure of controls on cell death and cell survival☆

6. Tipping the balance in favour of cell death 147 6.1. Improvement of existing chemotherapy regimens to favour apoptotic cell death 147 6.2. Use of antisense oligonucleotides as a molecular switch 148 6.3. Liposomes and retroviruses as vectors for the delivery of apoptosis-inducers into cells .... 148 6.4. Delivery of apoptosis-inducing signals by antibody 149
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: symptoms, erosions, and Barrett's--what is the interplay?

The presence of Barrett’s oesophagus may exert a negative impact on healing of erosive oesophagitis in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease The outcomes of patients with erosive oesophagitis, treated with acid suppression therapy (proton pump inhibitors), has been dictated by the baseline severity of erosive oesophagitis, presence of hiatus hernia, duration of therapy and, in some studies, by the Helicobacter pylori status of the patients.1,2 It has been shown that higher grades of erosive oesophagitis (Los Angeles grades C and D) have significantly lower healing rates as opposed to those with lower grades of erosive oesophagitis (grades A and B). Moreover, the majority of the oesophagitis trials have evaluated healing at four and eight weeks, showing a higher proportion of patients with all grades of erosive oesophagitis healed at week 8 compared with week 4.3,4 Similar data on healing at >8 weeks are not consistently available in the literature. Not only do patients with severe grades of erosive oesophagitis have a higher degree of oesophageal acid exposure compared with those with either no oesophagitis or low grades of oesophagitis, but they also have low amplitude of oesophageal contractions and the presence of large hiatus hernias.5 Therefore, it is not surprising that the poor pathophysiology associated with severe erosive oesophagitis leads to poor healing rates. Although a few studies have correlated H pylori status with oesophagitis healing, with H pylori positivity associated with improved healing rates, this has not been consistently documented.6 This may be a phenomenon …
Initial-boundary value problems for model D (a discrete hydrodynamical model) with stress boundary conditions are globally well posed

Model D, a discrete model for the hydrodynamical motion of one-dimensional materials, is an alternative with some advantages over Model C (the classical, continuum model). Model D is globally well posed when the boundaries experience time dependent stresses. This is proved here when the material law is an ideal gas generalization with a viscosity of the Navier-Stokes form.
Tunable terahertz Bloch oscillations in graded-index photonic crystals

We report simulations showing tunable terahertz oscillations of the electromagnetic field provided by the Bloch oscillations of a short photonic wave packet in a tilted band structure. The structure consists in a finite one-dimensional photonic crystal inhomogeneously chirped by a slowly-varying refractive index gradient. Tunability is obtained by relocating the Bloch oscillations center in regions characterized by different local band structure gradients. With reasonable refractive indexes, this mechanism may allow the generation of signals which cover a wide continuous part of the electromagnetic terahertz range, when used in combination of appropriate detection schemes.
Glucose repression and induction of enzyme synthesis in rat liver.

Summary Glucose has long been known as a key metabolite in intermediary metabolism. Its importance as a regulator of protein synthesis is emphasized by its ability to repress the induced synthesis of threonine dehydrase and ornithine transaminase in rat liver. Simultaneous with its repressive effect, glucose administration per os with casein induces glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase after a lag of 12 hr. Neither glucose alone nor casein alone were capable of inducing Zwischenferment. In contrast, glucokinase induction by glucose does not require the concomitant administration of protein. Glucokinase induction was inhibited by puromycin and actinomycin D. Insulin administration along with glucose resulted in some inhibition of induction while glucagon suppressed glucokinase induction more than 80 per cent. Fructose administration resulted in glucokinase induction to about two thirds that with glucose. Other carbohydrates tested gave little or no induction. A model to explain these results based on work with microorganisms is presented.
Ocular anomalies in the alagille syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia).

Background: The Alagille syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia) is a well-recognized multiple malformation syndrome consisting of a paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts, pe-ripheral pulmonary artery hypoplasia with variable cardiac abnormalities, cholestatic facies, butterfly-like vertebral arch defects, and variable ocular anomalies, most commonly posterior embryotoxon and pigmentary retinopathy. Methods: The authors studied ocular findings in six patients from two families with Alagille syndrome to characterize more fully the spectrum of ocular anomalies in this disorder. Results: Ocular anomalies consisted of a peculiar mosaic pattern of iris stromal hypoplasia in all patients, posterior embryotoxon and microcornea in five patients, anomalous optic discs in five patients, regional peripapillary retinal depigmentation in three patients, and a congenital maculopathy in one patient. Conclusion: The Alagille syndrome comprises a broad spectrum of ocular anomalies involving the cornea, iris, retina, and optic disc. In the setting of neonatal cholestasis, the findings of microcornea, posterior embryotoxon, mosaic iris stromal hypoplasia, regional peripapillary depigmentation, congenital macular dystrophy, and anomalous optic discs should suggest the diagnosis of Alagille syndrome.
Time-of-flight space and energy focusing examined in time-resolved ion momentum spectrometry

Abstract A new MS/MS technique, time-resolved ion momentum spectrometry (TRIMS), makes mass assignments based on simultaneous magnetic field and time-of-flight measurements. This technique is based on the assumption that ion flight time is an accurate measure of ion velocity. In normal operation with a pulsed ion source, however, the measured flight time of an ion is the sum of its acceleration time in the ion source and the drift time at its final velocity. Furthermore, the acceleration time and the final velocity are both dependent on the initial spatial and kinetic energy distributions of ions in the ion source as well as on the ion source configuration and lens voltages. These factors substantially influence the resolving power in the magnetic field and time-of-flight dimensions. In particular, space- and energy-focusing techniques, conventionally used to improve time-of-flight resolution with pulsed sources, are detrimental to the magnetic sector resolution. Alternative ion pulsing schemes are suggested for circumventing this effect. A simple computer model is used to relate the initial spatial and kinetic energy distributions to the observed peak shape in both the magnetic field and velocity dimensions. From these results, recommendations are made for optimal operating conditions corresponding to different experimental goals.
Isotope Effects and Heavy-Atom Tunneling in the Roush Allylboration of Aldehydes

Intermolecular 13C kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the Roush allylboration of p-anisaldehyde were determined using a novel approach. The experimental 13C KIEs fit qualitatively with the expected rate-limiting cyclic transition state, but they are far higher than theoretical predictions based on conventional transition state theory. This discrepancy is attributed to a substantial contribution of heavy-atom tunneling to the reaction, and this is supported by multidimensional tunneling calculations that reproduce the observed KIEs.
Increased interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations in mechanically ventilated preterm infants with pulmonary hemorrhage

Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a serious complication causing acute respiratory distress in the premature infant, and it is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The role of inflammatory mediators in this condition is largely undefined. Serial tracheal aspirates (TA) were obtained at intervals from 65 mechanically ventilated infants with birth weights less than 1,250 g during the first 21 days of life. Clinically significant PH developed in 15 infants. TA concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).PH was associated with an increased risk of death, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and prolonged need for mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen. TA aspirate concentrations of IL-8 and MCP-1 (P = 0.001, ANOVA) were significantly increased in infants with PH compared to infants who did not develop this condition. TA cytokine concentrations were also significantly increased in infants who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Peak TA concentrations of IL-8 and MCP-1 were significantly higher in infants with poor outcome (BPD or death). TA MCP-1 but not IL-8 concentrations were significantly higher in infants who were oxygen-dependent at 36 weeks postconceptional age. These data suggest a pathogenic role for IL-8 and MCP-1 in the development of adverse pulmonary outcome in preterm infants with clinically significant PH.
Generation of conducting polymer-based heterojunctions, diodes, and capacitors using an intermediate-layer lithography method

In this work, conducting polymer-based heterojunctions, diodes and capacitors have been generated using an intermediate-layer lithography (ILL) approach which has been recently developed in our group. Polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and aluminum were used as component materials in these devices. Compared with Si-based devices, conducting polymerbased devices have distinctive advantages of low weight and good flexibility, and may potentially replace the corresponding Si-based devices. A challenge is how to fabricate the conducting polymer-based microsystems. Most conducting polymers are sensitive to the environment, and their electrical properties tend to deteriorate over time due to overoxidation (air), moisture, high temperature and chemical alteration. The current fabrication techniques (e.g. lift-off, dry and wet etching processes) used in lithographic approaches involve ultra-violet, electron-beam, x-ray, gases (e.g., oxygen and nitrogen), DI water, and/or chemical solution (e.g. photoresist and acetone), making them improper to pattern conducting polymers. Since the ILL method does not involve aggressive chemistry in generation of patterns, it has been employed in this work to fabricate conducting polymer-based microdevices, particularly diodes and capacitors. In fabrication of the devices, multiple layers of polymers (e.g., PPy and PEDOT) and metals (e.g., Al) are coated on a PMMA sheet followed by the patterning with the insertion of Si molds. The detailed fabrication procedure and testing results are given in this paper.
The Current Status of Microcomputer Usage in the Marketing Programs of AACSB-Accredited Colleges and Universities

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive survey of microcomputer usage in marketing education today. This status report indicates that AACSB-accredited universities are making considerable progress in integrating microcomputers into their marketing programs.