cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance by Gender on an Unconventional Verbal Reasoning Task: Answering Reading Comprehension Questions Without the Passages

Data were reanalyzed from a previously reported study of the passage dependence of reading comprehension questions being developed for the revised SAT. The objective was to uncover any gender differences in approaches to and performance on a task requiring examinees to answer reading comprehension questions without reading the passages on which the questions were based. Verbally able males and females were compared with respect to their reported use of a variety of test-taking strategies involving reasoning, personal knowledge, and guessing. A few relatively small (and often inconsistent) differences were detected between male and female test takers. However, far more similarities than differences were noted with respect to both test performance and test-taking behavior. If these results are generalizable to more typical tests of verbal ability, they would seem to suggest that males and females employ quite similar approaches to standardized test taking.
Bone Acidic Glycoprotein-75 Self-Associates to form Large Macromolecular Complexes

Bone acidic glycoprotein-75 (BAG-75) displays a strong propensity to self-associate to form large fibrillar complexes above concentrations of 7 × 10-8 M; acidic phosphopro-teins osteopontin and bone sialoprotein do not form similar complexes. Although the majority of the data supporting this conclusion is derived from in vitro studies, the fact that similar sized complexes are observed in crude extracts of bone and calcified cartilage suggests that macromolecular BAG-75 complexes are also a component of mineralized matrices in vivo. An awareness of the existence of complexes in extracts from bone necessitates that these forms are accounted for in terms of the relative amounts of individual acidic phosphoproteins in bone matrix. We now estimate that the amount of BAG-75 in rat calvarial bone is equivalent to that of osteopontin. While BAG-75 is capable of binding up to 139 atoms of calcium/mole with an average affinity constant of 0.5–1.0 × 10-3 M, millimolar concentrations of calcium are not required for ...
Closed- Loop Aerodynamic Flow Control of a Free Airfoil

Transitory flow arising from the dynamic response of a free-moving airfoil model to commanded pitch and plunge maneuvers is investigated in wind tunnel experiments. The airfoil is mounted on a 2-DOF traverse and its trim and dynamic characteristics are controlled using position and attitude feedback loops that are actuated by servo motors. Commanded maneuvers are achieved without moving control surfaces using bi-directional changes in the pitching moment over a range of angles of attack that are effected by controllable, nominally-symmetric trapped vorticity concentrations on both the suction and pressure surfaces near the trailing edge. Actuation is applied on both surfaces by hybrid actuators that are each comprised of a miniature [O(0.01c)] obstruction integrated with a synthetic jet actuator to manipulate and regulate the vorticity concentrations. The present work focuses on the transitory response of the flow to step-modulated changes in the actuation input while the model’s position is maintained using the system's controller. Flow control effectiveness is demonstrated by the closed-loop response in plunge to a momentary force disturbance which is analogous to the free flight response to a sudden gust.
Developmentally Appropriate Practice is for Everyone

(1998). Developmentally Appropriate Practice is for Everyone. Childhood Education: Vol. 74, Continuing Tensions in Education, pp. 274-282.
Midrotation response of ground vegetation to herbicide and precommercial thinning in the Acadian Forest of Maine, USA

Silvicultural practices can directly or indirectly influence the abundance and diversity of ground vegetation, and thereby influence a vital component of forest ecosystems. As silvicultural intensity increases, understanding the effects on ground vegetation become more critical. Long-term data on the response of ground vegetation to various intensities of forest management are limited. Therefore, we used a long-term experiment to quantify how individual and combined applications of herbicide and precommercial thinning (PCT) early in stand development influenced the cover, richness, and diversity of ground vegetation at midrotation (30–40 years) in spruce–fir stands of the Acadian Region. Aerial application of different herbicides (including glyphosate, triclopyr, and phenoxys) had no long-term effect (23–33 years after treatment) on cover, richness, and diversity of ground vegetation. In contrast, PCT had a positive and long-lasting effect (up to 24 years post-treatment) on ground vegetation cover, richness, and diversity. Our results indicated that overstory structure had a larger influence on ground vegetation than overstory species composition. Thus, manipulation of stand structure and the maintenance of a variety of stand structures across the landscape are important strategies for managing the diversity of ground vegetation. We conclude that PCT, especially following herbicide application, is an effective silvicultural tool for the maintenance of ground vegetation diversity, as well as timber production.
An approach to evaluate policy similarity

Recent collaborative applications and enterprises very often need to efficiently integrate their access control policies. An important step in policy integration is to analyze the similarity of policies. Existing approaches to policy similarity analysis are mainly based on logical reasoning and boolean function comparison. Such approaches are computationally expensive and do not scale well for large heterogeneous distributed environments (like Grid computing systems). In this paper, we propose a policy similarity measure as a filter phase for policy similarity analysis. This measure provides a lightweight approach to pre-compile a large amount of policies and only return the most similar policies for further evaluation. In the paper we formally define the measure, by taking into account both the case of categorical attributes and numeric attributes. Detailed algorithms are presented for the similarly computation. Results of our case study demonstrates the efficiency and practical value of our approach.
Search radar detection and track with the Hough transform. II. detection statistics

For pt.I see ibid., vol.30, no.1, (Jan.1994). This paper describes the calculation of P/sub F/ and P/sub D/ for the Hough transform technique when the primary threshold crossings are weighted by their power before transforming (i.e., noncoherent integration). After expressions for P/sub F/ and P/sub D/ are derived, we examine the question of optimal granularity of the Hough accumulator space. We also investigate the relationship between primary and secondary thresholds and its effect on detectability. >
Dualizing Complex and the Canonical Element Conjecture II

In this paper we continue our study of the Canonical Element Conjecture (henceforth C.E.C.) via the dualizing complex. Throughout the work (A, m, k) will denote a noetherian complete local ring A of dimension n, m its maximal ideal and k=A/m. Since A is complete, we can find a complete local Gorenstein ring (R, mR, k) (complete intersection) such that dim R=dim A and A=R/I. Let Ω denote the canonical module of A, that is, Ω=HomR (A, R), which may be identified with the annihilator of I in R, an ideal of R. When A is a domain, we change notation and denote I by P; in this case P is a height 0 prime ideal of R.
Motion artifact reduction technique for dual-contrast FSE imaging

There is considerable similarity between proton density-weighted (PDw) and T2-weighted (T2w) images acquired by dual-contrast fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences. The similarity manifests itself in image space as consistency between the phases of PDw and T2w images and in k-space as correspondence between PDw and T2w k-space data. A method for motion artifact reduction for dual-contrast FSE imaging has been developed. The method uses projection onto convex sets (POCS) formalism and is based on image space phase consistency and the k-space similarity between PDw and T2w images. When coupled with a modified dual-contrast FSE phase encoding scheme the method can yield considerable artifact reduction, as long as less than half of the acquired data is corrupted by motion. The feasibility and efficiency of the developed method were demonstrated using phantom and human MRI data.
Naturally Acquired Mentoring Relationships and Young Adult Outcomes Among Adolescents with Learning Disabilities

We evaluated whether having a naturally acquired mentor during adolescence was associated with improved adult outcomes among youth with learning disabilities (YLD). Mentored youth were more likely to have graduated from high school, reported a higher level of self-esteem, and reported a higher overall number of positive outcomes than nonmentored youth. Mentorship by teachers/guidance counselors was associated with larger differences in high school graduation rates and self-esteem compared to nonmentored youth whereas mentorship by nonteachers was associated with smaller changes in self-esteem and no differences in high school completion rates. Future research should include more in-depth, objective assessments of youths’ learning disabilities, consideration of interactions with concurrent risk factors, and efforts to clarify optimal strategies for mentoring support of YLD.
A phosphatidylinositol transfer protein integrates phosphoinositide signaling with lipid droplet metabolism to regulate a developmental program of nutrient stress–induced membrane biogenesis

Lipid droplet (LD) utilization is an important cellular activity that regulates energy balance and release of lipid second messengers. Because fatty acids exhibit both beneficial and toxic properties, their release from LDs must be controlled. Here we demonstrate that yeast Sfh3, an unusual Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, is an LD-associated protein that inhibits lipid mobilization from these particles. We further document a complex biochemical diversification of LDs during sporulation in which Sfh3 and select other LD proteins redistribute into discrete LD subpopulations. The data show that Sfh3 modulates the efficiency with which a neutral lipid hydrolase-rich LD subclass is consumed during biogenesis of specialized membrane envelopes that package replicated haploid meiotic genomes. These results present novel insights into the interface between phosphoinositide signaling and developmental regulation of LD metabolism and unveil meiosis-specific aspects of Sfh3 (and phosphoinositide) biology that are invisible to contemporary haploid-centric cell biological, proteomic, and functional genomics approaches.
Women’s Resistance Strategies in Abusive Relationships: An Alternative Framework

Though abused women are often depicted in the media as passive, women in abusive relationships often resist their partner’s abuse. However, the experience of an abused woman will depend on her position in the social structure. First, an overview of resistance in abusive relationship is presented followed by a series of resistance strategies often used. The goal of this paper is to retell the intimate partner violence story and identify structural reforms that are consistent with the experience of intimate partner violence survivors. The response to intimate partner violence should move beyond criminal justice sanctions by involving the community.
An Empirical Analysis of the Competitive Effects of the Delta/Continental/Northwest Code‐Share Alliance

Abstract The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) expressed serious reservations before ultimately approving the Delta/Continental/Northwest code‐share alliance. The DOT’s main fear was that the alliance could facilitate collusion (explicit or tacit) on prices and/or service levels in the partners’ overlapping markets. However, since implementation of the alliance, there has not been a formal empirical analysis of its effects on price and traffic (number of passengers) levels. The main objective of this paper is to conduct such an analysis with a particular focus on testing whether the data are consistent with collusive behavior by the three airlines. The evidence does not suggest that the alliance facilitated collusion on the partners’ overlapping routes.
Diversity Management: A Preliminary Review Of Selected Non-Profit North Carolina Independent Colleges & Universities (NCICU)

While there may be wide-spread claims that diversity management exists in many organizations, there should be some means for verifying its existence. The purpose of this preliminary research is to review campus–wide documents and structure of schools in the NCICU to determine its transparency.
The Penal Style

Penal control is one paradigmatic style of social control. Indeed, this style is often equated with the notion of social control itself (Murashin, 1976). The central aspect of the penal style is to inflict pain or other unpleasant consequences on offenders who have committed blameworthy acts (Hart, 1968, Chapter 1). Penal control is a moralistic style that aims to punish offenders who have broken some legal or extralegal standard of behavior.1
A Lawyer's Hidden Persuader: Genre Bias and How It Shapes Legal Texts by Constraining Writers' Choices and Influencing Readers' Perceptions

Bret Rappaport suggests that genre be considered a kind of cognitive bias, a term he coins "genre bias." Like other cognitive biases, genre in the legal context may skew rational thought in two ways. It constrains the texts that lawyers and judges use in specific circumstances (criminal lawyers, patent lawyers, environmental lawyers, divorce judges), and it influences readers. Indeed, Rappaport reasons that the work of both lawyers and judges is limited by a highly structured set of conventions.Applying these theories, Rappaport turns first to two transactional document genres, patent applications and wills, to show how these highly structured genres function in the real legal world. For transactional documents, he recommends against never altering genre conventions, since these documents must be timeless, multi-purpose, and infinite. However, with persuasive documents, and in particular the appellate brief -- a litigation sub-genre -- he somewhat modifies his advice. Although he recognizes the importance of reader expectations -- here, the court -- he acknowledges that a compelling reason may at times justify the risk of confounding reader expectations by breaking with convention. He concludes by stating that lawyers who view law and legal writing through the lens of genre bias will better understand how legal texts are "conceived, received, and perceived."
Single-Frame Measurement of the Complete Spatiotemporal Intensity and Phase of a Complex Ultrashort Laser Pulse

We demonstrate a simple single-shot device for completely characterizing a single ultrashort pulse in space and time (x,y,t). We measure spatiotemporally complex pulses and display the resulting four-dimensional intensity and phase using intuitive movies.
A Survey of Socially Aware Peer-to-Peer Systems

Peer-to-peer technologies have proven their strength in large-scale resource sharing and data transfer. Such systems, however, still need to address a variety of issues, including efficient routing, security, quality of service, incentives, and reputation. Recent research started leveraging social information to develop new and effective techniques to improve the performance of peer-to-peer systems. However, using social information is a double-edged sword, which can bring benefits as well as new challenges. This survey presents and classifies the types of social information that have been used so far in the design of peer-to-peer systems, how the social fabric has been used to facilitate transactions in the system, and some challenges caused by using social information.
Use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes Strain 18r12v and Paromomycin Selection for Transformation of Brachypodium distachyon and Brachypodium sylvaticum

The genetic transformation of monocot grasses is a resource intensive process, the quality and efficiency of which is dependent in part upon the method of DNA introduction, as well as the ability to effectively separate transformed from wildtype tissue. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Brachypodium has relied mainly on Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1. Currently the antibiotic hygromycin B has been the selective agent of choice for robust identification of transgenic calli in Brachypodium distachyon and Brachypodium sylvaticum but few other chemicals have been shown to work as well for selection of transgenic Brachypodium cells in tissue culture. This study demonstrates that Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 18r12v and paromomycin selection can be successfully used for the efficient generation of transgenic B. distachyon and B. sylvaticum. Additionally we observed that the transformation rates were similar to or higher than those obtained with A. tumefaciens strain AGL1 and hygromycin selection. The A. rhizogenes strain 18r12v harboring the pARS1 binary vector and paromomycin selection is an effective means of generating transgenic Brachypodium plants. This novel approach will facilitate the transgenic complementation of T-DNA knockout mutants of B. distachyon which were created using hygromycin selection, as well as aid the implementation of more complex genome manipulation strategies which require multiple rounds of transformation.
A mesh-independence principle for operators equations and the Steffensen method

In this study we prove the mesh-independence principle via Steffensen’s method. This principle asserts that when Steffensen’s method is applied to a nonlinear equation between some Banach spaces, as well as to some finite-dimensional discretization of that equation, then the behavior of the discretized process is asymptotically the same as that for the original iteration. Local and semilocal convergence results as well as an error analysis for Steffensen’s method are also provided.
World-historical Du Bois

Because its theme is W. E. B. Du Bois’s central role in “the founding of modern sociology”, Aldon Morris’s The Scholar Denied (Morris 2015) focuses very strongly on the US, and emphasizes a particu...
Syndesmosis injuries in the pediatric and adolescent athlete: an analysis of risk factors related to operative intervention.

Abstract Purpose To review all paediatric ankle syndesmotic injuries occurring at our institution and identify risk factors associated with operative intervention. Methods Among 22 873 evaluations for ankle trauma, we found 220 children suffering from syndesmotic injuries (incidence: 0.96%). We recorded demographic data, details of the injury, features on examination and treatment variables. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression modelling was performed to identify risk factors associated with operative intervention. Results The mean age at injury was 15.8 years (8.9 to 19.0) with a median follow-up of 13 weeks (IQR 5 to 30 weeks). A sports-related injury was most common (168/220, 76%). A total of 82 of 220 (37%) patients underwent operative fixation, of which 76 (93%) had an associated fibular fracture. Patients undergoing surgery had a higher incidence of swelling and inability to weight bear (p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences were recorded in tibiofibular (TF) clear space, TF...
Immuno-modulator inter-alpha inhibitor proteins ameliorate complex auditory processing deficits in rats with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury

Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is recognized as a significant problem in the perinatal period, contributing to life-long language-learning and other cognitive impairments. Central auditory processing deficits are common in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and have been shown to predict language learning deficits in other at risk infant populations. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) are a family of structurally related plasma proteins that modulate the systemic inflammatory response to infection and have been shown to attenuate cell death and improve learning outcomes after neonatal brain injury in rats. Here, we show that systemic administration of IAIPs during the early HI injury cascade ameliorates complex auditory discrimination deficits as compared to untreated HI injured subjects, despite reductions in brain weight. These findings have significant clinical implications for improving central auditory processing deficits linked to language learning in neonates with HI related brain injury.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool-Age Children

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by age-inappropriate deficits in attention or hyperactivity/impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. It is highly correlated with other disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and mood symptoms. The etiology is multifactorial, and neuroimaging findings are nonspecific. Although assessment tools exist, there is variability among them, and historically, parent-teacher agreement has not been consistent. Treatment algorithm for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschoolers includes behavioral interventions first followed by psychopharmacologic treatment when behavioral therapies fail. Other nonpharmacologic and nonbehavioral interventions are discussed including the role of exercise and nutrition.
Reciprocity and Vernacular Statecraft: Andean Cooperation in Post-disaster Highland Ecuador

Resumen Obreros cooperativos conocidos en toda la region andina como mingas, aunque exteriormente aparecen como la misma institucion cultural, se practican de manera muy diferente y con distintos significados en diferentes contextos. Este estudio analiza como la cooperacion minga llego a exhibir patrones contrastantes, pero intimamente relacionados, de practicas y relaciones sociales, tanto en un pueblo afectado y desplazado por un desastre y un reasentamiento inducido por el desastre. Describo como los actores en estos diferentes grupos apelan a repertorios aparentemente comunes de significado y la cultura compartida, mientras se organizan de distintas maneras con el fin de acceder y controlar los recursos escasos. En un pueblo, la participacion minga se sustenta en gran medida a traves de las practicas tradicionales de reciprocidad, mientras que en el otro se sostienen a traves de nuevas estrategias institucionales. En el primero, se movilizan mingas para competir con otros pueblos de escasos recursos, mientras que en la segunda minga participantes compiten entre si dentro del reasentamiento.
Effect of Growth Phase on Deposition of Selenium (Se) in Tissues of Rats Fed Elevated Dietary Levels of Se as Either L-Selenomethionine or Sodium Selenate

Epidemiologic and intervention studies investigating possible cancer chemopreventive effects of selenium (Se) have pointed out the need for accurate indicators of Se status which would monitor the large body pools of Se (Willett et al. 1983; Salonen et al. 1984; Clark and Combs 1986), namely those in the liver and skeletal muscle (Behne and Wolters 1983). It is beneficial in such studies to utilize tissues obtained noninvasively, such as hair and nails, to assess Se status (Van Noord et al. 1987; Willett 1986; Chen et al. 1980). The influence of various dietary and physiological factors on hair and nail Se levels has scarcely been investigated, however. We have previously reported that hair and nail Se content is affected by the level and chemical form of dietary Se (Salbe and Levander 1987). Here, we report on the effect of growth on Se deposition in hair, nail, and other tissues of adult and weanling rats.
Recent Advances in the Understanding of Membrane Opioid Receptor

The cloning of the ∂ opioid receptor by two independent groups has been quickly followed by cloning of the other two major opioid receptor types, µ and k. It is likely that other opioid receptor types of subtypes will soon be discovered, and the availability of the receptor cDNAs will also allow investigators to explore their localization and function. Our own laboratory, following a more traditional approach, has isolated a protein that seems to play some role in opioid receptor function.
Biomarkers of Response and Resistance to Anti-angiogenic Treatment

Over the last decade, anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer has become increasingly used as a standard therapeutic approach for many cancer types. It has also become a standard of care for certain eye diseases. Yet, despite the use of molecularly targeted drugs with well-defined targets, there are currently no validated biological markers (or biomarkers) for appropriately selecting patients for anti-angiogenic therapy. Nor are there biomarkers identifying escape pathways that should be targeted after tumors develop resistance to a given anti-angiogenic drug. A number of potential systemic, circulating, tissue and imaging biomarkers have emerged from recently completed phase I/II/III studies of anti-angiogenic agents. Some of these are measured at baseline while others are measured during treatment – and all are mechanistically based. Some of these biomarkers may be pharmacodynamic, for example the increase in circulating VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF). Others have potential for predicting clinical benefit or identifying the escape pathways, for example stromal-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF1α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) or angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2). Biomarkers of anti-angiogenesis may be disease and/or agent specific, and all of them need to be validated prospectively. In this chapter, I discuss the current challenges in establishing biomarkers of anti-angiogenic treatment. I also define the molecular and cellular biomarkers measured in blood circulation and tumor tissues, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and comment on the future opportunities for validating biomarkers of anti-angiogenic therapy.
Anomalous magnetic behavior of Ba 2 CoO 4 with isolated CoO 4 tetrahedra

The dimensionality of the electronic and magnetic structure of a given material is generally predetermined by its crystal structure. Here, using elastic and inelastic neutron scattering combined with magnetization measurements, we find unusual magnetic behavior in three-dimensional (3D) ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{4}$. In spite of isolated ${\mathrm{CoO}}_{4}$ tetrahedra, the system exhibits a 3D noncollinear antiferromagnetic order in the ground state with an anomalously large Curie-Weiss temperature of 110 K compared to ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}=26$ K. More unexpectedly, spin dynamics displays quasi-two-dimensional spin-wave dispersion with an unusually large spin gap, and one-dimensional magnetoelastic coupling. Our results indicate that ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{4}$ is a unique system for exploring the interplay between isolated polyhedra, low-dimensional magnetism, and spin states in oxides.
Improving the efficacy of osteosarcoma therapy: combining drugs that turn cancer cell ‘don't eat me’ signals off and ‘eat me’ signals on

The long-term survival of osteosarcoma patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remains dismal, and new therapeutic options are urgently needed. The purpose of our study was to compare the efficacy of CD47 mAb plus doxorubicin combination therapy in mouse models of osteosarcoma with CD47 mAb and doxorubicin monotherapy. Forty-eight NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice with intratibial MNNG/HOS tumors received CD47 mAb, doxorubicin, combination therapy, or control IgG treatment. Twenty-four mice (n = 6 per group) underwent pre- and post-treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with the macrophage marker ferumoxytol, bioluminescence imaging, and histological analysis. Tumor ferumoxytol enhancement, tumor flux, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) density were compared between different groups using a one-way ANOVA. Twenty-four additional NSG mice underwent survival analyses with Kaplan-Meier curves and a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Intratibial osteosarcomas demonstrated significantly stronger ferumoxytol enhancement and significantly increased TAM quantities after CD47 mAb plus doxorubicin combination therapy compared to CD47 mAb (P = 0.02) and doxorubicin monotherapy (P = 0.001). Tumor-bearing mice treated with CD47 mAb plus doxorubicin combination therapy demonstrated significantly reduced tumor size and prolonged survival compared to control groups that received CD47 mAb (P = 0.03), doxorubicin monotherapy (P = 0.01), and control IgG (P = 0.001). In conclusion, CD47 mAb plus doxorubicin therapy demonstrates an additive therapeutic effect in mouse models of osteosarcomas, which can be monitored with an immediately clinically applicable MRI technique.
Evaluating the accuracy of existing EMR data as predictors of follow-up providers.

In order to evaluate the accuracy of existing EMR data in predicting follow-up providers, a retrospective analysis was performed on six months of data for inpatient and ED encounters occurring at two hospitals, and on related outpatient data. Sensitivity and Positive Predictive Value (PPV) were calculated for each of eight predictors, to determine their effectiveness in predicting follow-up providers. Our findings indicate that access to longitudinal patient care records can improve prediction of which providers a patient is likely to see post-discharge compared to simply using Primary Care Provider data from admissions records. Of the predictors evaluated, a patient's past appointment history was the best predictor of which providers they would see in the future (PPV = 48% following inpatient visits, 35% following emergency department visits). However, even the best performing predictors failed to predict more than half of the follow-up providers and might generate many “false” alerts.
Malware Detection Using Power Consumption and Network Traffic Data

Even though malware detection is an active area of research, not many works have used features extracted from physical properties, such as power consumption. This paper is focused on malware detection using power consumption and network traffic data collected using our experimental testbed. Seven power-based and eighteen network traffic-based features were extracted and ten supervised machine learning algorithms were used for classification. The main findings include: (1) Among the best performing learners, Random Forest had the highest F-score and close to the highest G-score. (2) Power data extracted from the +12V CPU rails led to better performance than power data from the other three voltage rails. (3) Using only power-based features provided better performance than using only network traffic-based features; using both types of features had the best performance. (4) Feature selection based on information gain was used to identify the smallest numbers of features sufficient to successfully distinguish malware from non-malicious software. The top eleven features provided the same performance as using all 25 features. Five out of seven power-based features were among the top eleven features.
Microscopic Characterization of Biological and Inert Particles Associated with Spacecraft Assembly Cleanroom.

NASA cleanrooms are certified by particle counts and are humidity-controlled, temperature-regulated, and oligotrophic in nature for assembling spacecraft subsystems. Microorganisms, which are not part of the cleanroom certification metrics, should not be overlooked when assessing the cleanliness of the facility since they can enter through soil or air, shed from humans, adapt to the oligotrophic conditions, and subsequently could contaminate spacecraft. These biogenic particles need to be identified to extend our knowledge of biological contamination for future NASA mission use. This study collected particles from the cleanroom and estimated the distribution of fallout microbial cell and inert dust particles using microscopy and molecular techniques. Aluminum coupon-based polycarbonate filter assemblies were deployed in the spacecraft assembly cleanroom facility to collect fallout particles. Epifluorescence and electron microscopy showed that particles varied in size and structure, and displayed live/dead biological and inert particle signatures from sources that include spores and fungal hyphae. Additionally, correlative epifluorescence and field emission scanning electron microscopy, combined with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (for elemental compositions) methods, differentiated whether microbes adhering to particles were live/dead cells or inert particles. This visualization approach allowed for the classification of microorganisms as being standalone (free-living) or associated with a particle, as well as its characteristic size. Furthermore, time-course microscopy was used to determine the microbial cell growth and confirm the biological/molecular identification. Routine investigation of cleanroom biological and inert fallout particles will help to determine the biological load of spacecraft components and will also have direct relevance to the pharmaceutical and medical industries. One of the main objectives for NASA’s current and future missions is to prevent forward and back contamination of exploring planets. The goal of this study is to determine the association of microorganisms with the inert, natural cleanroom fallout particles and to ascertain whether microorganisms prefer to adhere to a particle size. A novel microscopy technique was developed, and by utilizing various molecular techniques, particles and associated microbial phylogeny were characterized. An accurate assessment of the microbes associated with cleanroom particles is necessary to protect the health of the people who occupy the room for long duration for aeronautical, medical, and pharmaceutical industries.
“It’s not just talk”: ideas, discourse, and the prospects for transformational change in a homogenous nation-state

Despite decades of large-scale immigration, systemic and institutionalized racism and ethnonationalism remain very strong in South Korea. One reason is obvious: South Korea is the quintessential ho...
Chromogenic agents built around a multifunctional double-triazine framework for enzymatically triggered cross-linking under physiological conditions

An “A2BC”-type bioconjugatable compound (1) that enables enzymatically triggered cross-linking chemistry has been designed and synthesized. The compound contains two indoxyl-glucoside units (A units), which upon action of a glucosidase undergo oxidative dimerization to form a water-insoluble indigoid dye. The other two moieties are azide (B, for click chemistry) and (C) a triazine-chloride or a coumarin dye; the former enables substitution with a nucleophile while the latter provides for ratiometric sensing of the extent of indigoid dye formation. A 7-component building block synthesis relies on successive substitution of 2 cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine) molecules with 5 other constituents (2A, B, C, and a piperazine–sulfobetaine moiety); the latter bear oligoethylene glycol (i.e., PEG) or aminoalkyl tethers. The substitution reactions of cyanuric chloride proceed almost entirely at room temperature with control achieved by the order of nucleophile reactivity (aliphatic amine > phenol ≫ aliphatic alcohol) and the nature of a chosen base. Treatment of 1 with glucosidase under physiological conditions in aqueous solution gave an indigoid solution and a precipitate (∼1 : 9 ratio) that were characterized by absorption spectrometry (including multicomponent analysis), dynamic light-scattering spectroscopy, and optical microscopy. Ratiometric absorption of the integral coumarin dye with the indigoid scaffold showed a low yield (3%) of oligomerization, which suggests future molecular designs might employ longer linkers and/or substituents with greater water solubility.
Minority Opposition and Asymmetric Parties? Senators’ Partisan Rhetoric on Twitter:

Hyper-partisanship in Congress extends from the legislative process into lawmakers’ strategic communications, but some partisans are leaning into the political rhetoric. Previous research offers co...
Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to mutant epidermal growth factor receptor lung tumorigenesis by promoting an immunosuppressive environment

Targeted therapies reduce growth of mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) non-small cell lung cancers, but most patients develop drug resistance. This has led to efforts to develop additional therapies. We found abundant activation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) axis in a mouse model of mutant EGFR lung cancer. Inhibiting COX-2 in the mice significantly reduced lung tumor growth, and dual targeting of COX-2 and EGFR had more pronounced effects. Collectively, our data and published data have led us to hypothesize that COX-2 contributes to mutant EGFR lung tumorigenesis, in part, by promoting an immunosuppressive environment that facilitates tumor progression.
Spitzer 24-micron Time-Series Observations of the Eclipsing M-dwarf Binary GU Bootis

We present a set of {\it Spitzer} 24$\mu$m MIPS time series observations of the M-dwarf eclipsing binary star GU Bo\"otis. Our data cover three secondary eclipses of the system: two consecutive events and an additional eclipse six weeks later. The study's main purpose is the long wavelength (and thus limb darkening-independent) characterization of GU Boo's light curve, allowing for independent verification of the results of previous optical studies. Our results confirm previously obtained system parameters. We further compare GU Boo's measured 24$\mu$m flux density to the value predicted by spectral fitting and find no evidence for circumstellar dust. In addition to GU Boo, we characterize (and show examples of) light curves of other objects in the field of view. Analysis of these light curves serves to characterize the photometric stability and repeatability of {\it Spitzer's} MIPS 24\micron array over short (days) and long (weeks) timescales at flux densities between approximately 300--2,000$\mu$Jy. We find that the light curve root mean square about the median level falls into the 1--4% range for flux densities higher than 1mJy. Finally, we comment on the fluctuations of the 24\micron background on short and long timescales.
Is academic research and publishing still leaving developing countries behind

In this short commentary, the author reflects on his experience working with researchers from developing nations and argues that it is the professional responsibility of those researchers privilege...
Building the Urban Environment: Visions of the Organic City in the United States, Europe, and Latin America

One of the important technological achievements to grow out of World War II, which developed to great prowess by the military and aerospace spheres in the following two decades, was the systems app...
Evaluation of Ocular Outcomes in two 14-day Bed Rest Studies

Average Macular Thickness (µm) 331.96 (18.37) 331.19 (14.93) 0.49 332.80 (12.57) 331.88 (12.39) 0.83Average Peripapillary Retinal Thickness (µm) 364.54 (31.67) 376.34 (34.40) 0.77 350.27 (29.34) 354.41 (29.93) 0.83Average RNFL Thickness (µm) 97.33 (9.47) 96.00 (8.45) 1.00 96.94 (8.97) 98.09 (8.77) 0.50BR, Bed Rest; MAR, Minimum Angle of Resolution; RNFL, Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer.•Mean (standard deviation) values for normally distributed variabl es; Median (first quartile, third quartile) values for non-no rmally distributed variables;
Symposium: Essays Honoring T. Dale Stewart, M.D. (1901–1997)

This collection of essays and the symposium they represent was organized and edited by Douglas H. Ubelaker, Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. The symposium was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in Orlando, Florida, February 19, 1999.
Session 2: Autonomous Driving

This session had four talks on autonomous driving, ranging in topic from path planning, detection and tracking of moving vehicles in the scene and classification of the terrain using a supervised learning method.
SPECTRAL CLUSTERING STRATEGIES FOR HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE EXPRESSION DATA

Clustering of gene expression data simplifies subsequent data analyses and forms the basis of numerous approaches for biomarker identification, prediction of clinical outcome, and personalized therapeutic strategies. The most popular clustering methods such as K-means and hierarchical clustering are intuitive and easy to use, but they require arbitrary choices on their various parameters (number of clusters for K-means, and a threshold to cut the tree for hierarchical clustering). Human disease gene expression data are in general more difficult to cluster efficiently due to background (genotype) heterogeneity, disease stage and progression differences and disease subtyping; all of which cause gene expression datasets to be more heterogeneous. Spectral clustering has been recently introduced in many fields as a promising alternative to standard clustering methods. The idea is that pairwise comparisons can help reveal global features through the eigen techniques. In this paper, we developed a new recursive K-means spectral clustering method (ReKS) for disease gene expression data. We benchmarked ReKS on three large-scale cancer datasets and we compared it to different clustering methods with respect to execution time, background models and external biological knowledge. We found ReKS to be superior to the hierarchical methods and equally good to K-means, but much faster than them and without the requirement for a priori knowledge of K. Overall, ReKS offers an attractive alternative for efficient clustering of human disease data.
Steady state and dynamic security assessment in composite power systems

Security analysis is one of the important issues in power system reliability evaluation. A probabilistic method using sequential Monte Carlo simulation is introduced for modeling and integration of steady state and dynamic security assessment in computing the reliability indices. These system indices provide quantitative measures of the system operating states for use in short and long term planning. Case studies of the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) system and IEEE reliability test system (RTS) are described to demonstrate this approach.
Stereochemistry of the Active Site of α-Chymotrypsin THE BINDING GEOMETRY OF TRYPTOPHAN DERIVATIVES

Abstract Chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.4.5) hydrolyzes methyl dl-1,2-dihydronaphtho[2,1-b]furancarboxylate (IV) very rapidly and with high d specificity. The isomeric methyl dl-dihydronaphtho[1,2-b]- and -[2,3-b]furan-2-carboxylates are much poorer substrates than IV, and are hydrolyzed with less stereospecificity. The binding site has been "mapped" to identify areas displaying steric hindrance to binding and areas of a polar and nonpolar nature. The results confirm Niemann's hypothesis that the aromatic binding site in chymotrypsin is approximately planar, elongated, and curved. Methyl N-acetyl-l-3-(1-naphthyl)alaninate (VII) was also found to be a very good substrate, in contrast to its 2-naphthyl analogue, which is about 100 times less reactive than VII. A likely conformation of methyl N-acetyl-l-tryptophanate during hydrolysis at the active site of chymotrypsin is proposed.
The kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions with two or more substrates or products. I. Nomenclature and rate equations

Abstract A nomenclature is proposed to facilitate discussion of possible mechanisms for enzyme-catalyzed reactions with more than one substrate or product. A shorthand notation for writing down such mechanisms is also described. A general method for expressing the full steady-state rate equations for these mechanisms in terms of measurable kinetic constants is explained, and the resulting rate equations are given for a number of mechanisms with two or three substrates or products. The manner in which kinetic studies can be used to determine enzymic mechanisms is discussed, and examples are given to illustrate the types of information about reaction mechanisms that can be obtained.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of the CFU-c Assay in Acute Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia

A simplified system for classification of aggregate incidence and growth pattern in the CFU-c (colony-forming units in culture) assay, allowing simple and reproducible interpretation of test results, was developed and applied to 552 bone marrow samples from 202 patients with acute leukemia. Ninety-six consecutive patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia were studied at diagnosis. The microcluster growth pattern ("acute myeloid leukemia-type") found in 57% of the patients was significantly associated with higher remission induction rates on both protocols (p = 0.004). No relationship between growth pattern at diagnosis and remission duration was observed. The acute myeloid leukemia-type growth pattern was found to be more frequent in leukemias exhibiting morphological evidence for partial myeloid or monocytic differentiation. The favorable prognostic significance of Auer rods previously described was recognized in two CFU-c growth pattern categories. Of patients exhibiting an acute myeloid leukemia-growth pattern and Auer rods, 89% obtained complete remissions compared to 38% in the Auer rod-negative group showing other growth pattern variants. The CFU-c assays performed during complete remission on 354 samples of 48 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and, as a control, on 85 samples of 43 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia revealed marked spontaneous as well as chemotherapy-related fluctuations of aggregate incidence and growth pattern. These and similar observations obtained with other assay systems are probably of major pathophysiological significance but preclude clinical application of the CFU-c assay to the monitoring of remission status in patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia.
Reduced Expression of the Low Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor in Benign and Malignant Human Prostate Tissue and Loss of Expression in Four Human Metastatic Prostate Tumor Cell Lines

Abstract In the human prostate, a low affinity (p75) nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor (NGF-R) localizes to the epithelia while a NGF-like protein localizes to the stroma. This NGF-like ligand, derived from prostate stromal cell cultures, has been shown to participate in paracrine mediated growth of a human tumor epithelial cell line (TSU-prl) in vitro . In order to investigate the role of the NGF-R in neoplastic growth we have examined the expression of the NGF-R in normal prostate tissues, benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues, adenocarcinoma tissues, and four metastatic tumor cell lines of the human prostate. In primary epithelial cell cultures of normal human prostate the p75 NGF-R was localized by immunocytochemistry to cytoplasmic vesicles. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of the NGF-R in subcellular fractions of normal prostate tissue identified an M r 75,000 immunoreactive protein in the microsomal fraction under nonreducing conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, microsomal preparations of five prostatic adenocarcinoma and five benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens showed varying immunoreactivity among samples, all of which expressed less of the p75 NGF-R than the normal tissue. Interestingly, microsomal preparations of the human prostatic epithelial cell lines, TSU-prl, DU-145, PC-3, and LNCaP did not show NGF-R expression by immunoblot analysis. Hence, expression of the p75 NGF-R in normal prostate tissue, partial loss of NGF-R expression in benign and malignant prostate tissue, and complete loss of NGF-R expression in the four metastatic tumor cell lines, suggests an inverse association of p75 NGF-R expression with the neoplastic progression of the human prostate.