cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Chevron Deference Fits Into Article III

U.S. Supreme Court Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch, along with Professor Philip Hamburger, assert that Chevron deference—under which courts defer to reasonable agency statutory interpretations—violates Article III. Chevron does so because, they argue, it either permits agencies, not courts, “to say what the law is” or requires judges to forgo independent judgment by favoring the government’s position. If they are correct, Congress could not require courts to accept reasonable agency statutory interpretations under any circumstances. This article does what these critics perhaps surprisingly do not do—situates challenges to Chevron within the broad landscape of the Court’s current Article III jurisprudence. A thorough study of Article III jurisprudence hobbles these blunderbuss Article III challenges to Chevron but leaves room for narrow attacks. Derived from the plurality in Northern Pipeline v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., a four-quadrant matrix informs Congress’s power to limit Article III adjudication or review. The quadrants concern public and private rights, each subdivided by claims Congress created and did not create. Chevron does not apply to the most contentious and perhaps most unsettled quadrant (private rights that Congress did not create), and it mostly applies in the quadrant in which Congress almost certainly can limit de novo judicial review (public rights that Congress creates). That leaves two other quadrants—public rights that Congress did not create (including, for traditional reasons, criminal law) and congressionally created private rights—where Chevron sometimes applies. Chevron’s application in these latter two quadrants should give pause because the Court has more jealously guarded Article III adjudication there from congressional interference than with public rights that Congress created. Yet even within these two quadrants, other strands of Article III doctrine suggest that Congress has some space to limit de novo judicial review. By considering the full Article III landscape, this article demonstrates the folly of a wholesale attack on Chevron and its destabilizing effects. Its critics should instead focus their efforts on discrete skirmishes within the two quadrants where Article III has neither its highest nor lowest bastions.
Dimensions of Atonality: A Response and Extension of von Hippel and Huron (2020)

This commentary addresses von Hippel and Huron's (2020) work on "tonal and anti-tonal" structures in twelve-tone music and offers a possible extension making use of discrete Fourier transforms.
Colonic epithelioid leiomyoma with chondroid differentiation: A potential diagnostic pitfall and the first case of a novel type of colonic leiomyoma

Abstract Colonic leiomyomas are relatively common lesions discovered incidentally during colonoscopy, particularly in the distal sigmoid colon and rectum. The classic histologic appearance of colonic leiomyomas are well-circumscribed lesions that arise from the muscularis mucosae and occupy the submucosa. They are composed of well-differentiated smooth muscle cells that are spindled with cigar-shaped nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Traditionally, leiomyomas stain positively for markers of smooth muscle differentiation, such as desmin and smooth muscle actin. Herein, we describe a case of a 53-year-old woman with an incidentally discovered colon polyp that revealed epithelioid cells within a chondroid-type matrix, with ERG and smooth muscle actin expression. To our knowledge, this is the first case of an epithelioid leiomyoma of the colon with chondroid differentiation described in the literature. We describe the unique morphologic and immunohistochemical properties of this lesion and we highlight the potential diagnostic pitfalls that may be encountered during the work-up of this entity.
Phosphorus feeding and manure nutrient recycling on Wisconsin dairy farms

Recently approved nutrient management regulations for livestock operations focus on a farm’s ability to recycle the phosphorus (P) contained in manure. Most efforts to improve dairy manure management emphasize manure handling, storage, and land application techniques. Little is known about relationships between dairy feeding practices and manure P levels under farm conditions, or between herd size, cropland area and a farm’s ability to recycle manure P through crops. A survey of 98 representative dairy farms in Wisconsin showed that most farms were self-sufficient in forage (alfalfa, corn silage) and grain production. Lactating dairy cows derived 90% of their feed dry matter (DM) and 78% of their P intake from these homegrown feeds. The P content (DM basis) of the dairy diet ranged from 2.3 to 8.5 with an average of 4.0g P kg−1. Approximately 85% of the surveyed dairy farms fed P in excess of the recently updated National Research Council (NRC) requirements. On these farms, amounts of P in manure were related to dietary P. Of the annual manure P excreted by cows fed a diet supplement, approximately two-thirds is derived from homegrown feeds and one-third from imported mineral and protein supplements. Stocking rates ranged from 0.19 to 1.68 AU ha−1. Farms having stocking rates of less than 0.70 AU ha−1 are self-sufficient in feed production. Approximately half of the farms are self-sufficient in feed production, 68% produce 90%, and 80% produce 80% of their annual feed requirement. Approximately 40% of the farms have a positive P balance (manure P exceeds harvested crop P). On these farms, lowering dietary P to the levels recommended by NRC would reduce the number of farms having a positive P balance by 67%, and the land area in positive P balance by 60%. For farms having a high animal stocking rate, manure export, the addition of cropland for manure spreading, and/or reductions in livestock (cow and/or heifer) numbers may be the only feasible strategies for achieving P balance on a farm.
Cruising Through Complications of a Heart Attack

In this chapter, the author writes about the story of Paul, a lawyer who during his retirement years suffered from a massive heart attack requiring coronary artery bypass surgery and a valve repair. His course was complicated by the development of ventricular tachycardia and kidney failure, for which he received an implantable defibrillator. A few years later, he developed atrial fibrillation and went into heart failure. The author also writes about his interaction with Paul, highlighting a man with perseverance, self-reliance, and a constant struggle to find ways and means to get better and to heal his heart. He gathers the will to fight and to survive though an inward source that resides in us all.
An Exploration of the Use of Functional Behavior Assessment and Noncontingent Reinforcement on Disruptive Behavior in Middle School General Education Classrooms

An Exploration of the Use of Functional Behavior Assessment and Noncontingent Reinforcement on Disruptive Behavior in Middle School General Education Classrooms
Involution of placental site and corpus luteum in the monkey.

Abstract Fibrous and often calcified myometrial nodules up to 0.4 cm. in diameter were observed in the majority of parous monkeys at necropsy. Histologically, these areas consisted of large pale cells surrounding thickened blood vessels. Frequently, the cells were seen inside thrombosed blood vessels. Fibrosis was common. These nodules are considered to be involuting placental sites which, in monkeys, may persist for more than one year post partum while in human beings they have disappeared by 7 weeks post partum. The origin of the large cells is disputed, but they may be decidual. In the ovaries, histiocytic corpora lutea predominated rather than the corpora albicantia usually seen in human beings. The histocytic coropora contained a ceroid pigment. It is concluded that the development of corpora albicantia from corpora lutea via corpora histiocytica takes longer in monkeys than in man.
Lagrangian hydrocode simulations of the 1958 Lituya Bay tsunamigenic rockslide

The interaction of debris flows, whether subaqueous or subaerial, with bodies of water can produce tsunamis with a locally devastating impact. When debris flows begin above the water surface, the impact can produce a large air cavity, corresponding to a large effective volume of water displaced and complicating efforts to model the resulting tsunami. Because grid-based, Eulerian numerical methods have an inherent difficulty tracking material boundaries, we have implemented a particle-based, Lagrangian model (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics). We treat the debris flow as an incompressible, viscous fluid and the body of water as inviscid. We use this model to simulate the 1958 Lituya Bay rockslide and resulting tsunami. Our simulation results compare favorably with field observations as well as a scaled laboratory experiment and numerical studies.
Using Run-Time Predictions to Estimate Queue Wait Times and Improve Scheduler Performance

On many computers, a request to run a job is not serviced immediately but instead is placed in a queue and serviced only when resources are released by preceding jobs. In this paper, we build on run-time prediction techniques that we developed in previous research to explore two problems. The first problem is to predict how long applications will wait in a queue until they receive resources. We develop run-time estimates that result in more accurate wait-time predictions than other run-time prediction techniques. The second problem we investigate is improving scheduling performance. We use run-time predictions to improve the performance of the least-work-first and backfill scheduling algorithms. We find that using our run-time predictor results in lower mean wait times for the workloads with higher offered loads and for the backfill scheduling algorithm.
A Case of "Prodromal" Huntington's Disease with Neuropathology (P5.296)

OBJECTIVE: To present the first case of neuropathologically confirmed “prodromal” Huntington’s disease (HD). BACKGROUND: HD is neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The current diagnostic criteria based exclusively on motor signs have been questioned recently by Reilmann et al., who proposed new criteria that incorporate historical information including behavioral and cognitive changes, and drew a distinction between presymptomatic and prodromal cases. Perhaps biased by current definitions, clinicopathologic studies to date have examined either asymptomatic (presymptomatic) HD or manifest HD of several years duration, of which relatively few have grade 1 neuropathology (16 cases in total; Gomez-Tortosa et al, Myers et al, Pillai et al), but to our knowledge, no cases of “prodromal” HD have been published with neuropathology. DESIGN/METHODS: The patient was a brain donor to the New York Brain Bank at Columbia University. History was obtained post-mortem through family members. Neuropathologic grade was assigned according to the Vonsattel HD grading scale. RESULTS: A 29-year old male with a maternal history of HD presented to autopsy after suffering lethal gunshot wounds in an altercation. Two weeks prior to death a family member familiar with HD noted an unsteady gait, dropping of objects, and apathy. The patient had become unemployed several months prior. He was not aware of deficits, did not present to a neurologist, and was not tested for CAG-repeat length. Neuropathology revealed grade 1 HD. The head and body of the caudate nucleus were atrophic; there was mild atrophy in the putamen and external segment of the globus pallidus. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Brain donation pre-plans are essential to capturing unexpected deaths associated with early HD. 2) The clinical course presented here is consistent with our current understanding of HD, and supports the use of a “prodromal” diagnostic category 3) Prodromal HD may correlate with grade 1 disease neuropathologically. Disclosure: Dr. Robakis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vonsattel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Marder has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Current Neuroscience.
Imaging geometric graphs using internal measurements

Abstract This article presents two topologically-motivated algorithms for reconstructing a metric graph from solutions to a wave equation on it. Our algorithms rely on narrowband and visibility measurements, and are therefore of considerable value to urban sensing applications. This is an advancement over the wideband methods traditionally used to study metric graphs. Our methodology exposes and separates the impact of the graph topology and geometry and is driven by a complete cohomological characterization of the space of wave equation solutions.
Two SHIPs passing in the middle of the immune system.

Immunity requires a complex, multiscale system of molecules, cells, and cytokines. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Collazo et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 1785–1796] provide evidence that links the lipid phosphatase SHIP1 with the coordination of interactions between regulatory T (Treg) cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Using conditional knockouts of SHIP1 in either the myeloid or T-cell-lineage of mice, the authors show that the regulated development of Treg cells is controlled directly by cell-intrinsic SHIP1, and indirectly by extrinsic SHIP1 control of an unknown myeloid cell. Regulation of MDSCs is also determined by SHIP1 in an extrinsic manner, again via an as-yet-unknown myeloid cell. Furthermore, this extrinsic control of Treg cells and MDSCs is mediated in part by increased production of G-CSF, a growth factor critical for the production of neutrophils, in SHIP1-deficient mice. Thus, a physiologically important implication of this report is the collaboration between the innate and adaptive immune systems in fine tuning of Treg cells as discussed in this commentary.
Extinction: Late Devonian Mass Extinction

The Late Devonian mass extinction, which occurred 374.5 Ma, is one of the ‘Big Five’ mass extinctions in Earth history. Suggested causes of the mass extinction include oceanic anoxia and global cooling. The severe loss of biodiversity that occurred during the crisis was global, affecting both marine and terrestrial ecosystems and animal and plant communities. Both low-temperature stresses due to global cooling and oxygen deprivation due to anoxia have been implicated as kill mechanisms in the Late Devonian mass extinction, and it is possible that the severity of the mass extinction was due to both processes operating in concert. The ultimate trigger for these kill mechanisms is still under debate: oceanic anoxia may have been triggered by eutrophication and terrestrial anoxia by an atmospheric oxygen minimum during the Late Devonian. Postulated triggers of global cooling range from abrupt and catastrophic – the volcanic-winter hypothesis versus the impact-winter hypothesis – to long-term and gradual carbon dioxide downdraw from the atmosphere due to biological and chemical weathering of terrestrial rocks. Key Concepts: Early lobe-finned fishes and tetrapod (four-limbed) vertebrates were severely impacted by the Late Devonian mass extinction. A severe loss in biodiversity and a ‘floral crisis’ in land plants were triggered by the Late Devonian mass extinction. The destruction of Devonian-style reefs triggered a permanent change in global marine ecosystems. Both low-temperature stress (hypothermia) and oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) are implicated in the Late Devonian mass extinction. Both catastrophic asteroidal impact and catastrophic mantle plume volcanism are debated as causes of the Late Devonian mass extinction. The precise cause of the Late Devonian mass extinction remains unproved. Keywords: mass extinction; global cooling; asteroid impact; mantle plume volcanism; oceanic anoxia; atmospheric carbon dioxide
Fecal incontinence in hospitalized patients who are acutely ill.

BACKGROUND Information about fecal incontinence experienced by patients in acute-care settings is lacking. The relationship of fecal incontinence to several well-known nosocomial or iatrogenic causes of diarrhea has not been determined. OBJECTIVES To determine the cumulative incidence of fecal incontinence in hospitalized patients who are acutely ill, and to ascertain the relationship between fecal incontinence and stool consistency, and between diarrhea and two well-known nosocomial or iatrogenic etiologies of diarrhea: Clostridium difficile and tube feeding. The relationship of fecal incontinence and risk factors for diarrhea associated with C. difficile and tube feeding in hospitalized patients was examined. METHODS Fecal incontinence, stool frequency and consistency, administration of tube feeding and medications, severity of illness, and nutritional data were prospectively recorded in 152 patients on acute or critical care units of a university-affiliated Veterans' Affairs Medical Center. Rectal swabs and stool specimens from patients were obtained weekly for C. difficile culture. C. difficile culture and cytotoxin assay were performed on diarrheal stools. HindIII restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) was used for typing of C. difficile isolates. RESULTS In this study, 33% (50/152) of the patients had fecal incontinence. The proportion of total surveillance days with fecal incontinence in these patients was 0.50 +/- 0.06. A greater percentage of patients with diarrhea had fecal incontinence than patients without diarrhea (23/53 [43%] vs. 27/99 [27%]; p = 0.04). Incontinence was more frequent in patients with loose/liquid stool consistency than in patients with hard/soft stool consistency (48/50 [96%] vs. 71/100 [71%]; p < 0.001). The proportion of surveillance days with fecal incontinence was related to the proportion of surveillance days with diarrhea (r = 0.69; p < 0.001) and the proportion of surveillance days with loose/liquid stools (r = 0.64; p < 0.001). Multivariate risk factors for fecal incontinence were unformed/loose or liquid consistency of stool (RR = 11.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2, 56.7), severity of illness (RR = 5.7; CI = 2.6, 12.3), and age (RR = 1.1; CI = 1, 1.1). CONCLUSIONS Fecal incontinence is common in hospitalized patients who are acutely ill, but the condition was not associated with any specific cause of diarrhea. Because loose or liquid stool consistency is a risk factor for fecal incontinence, use of treatments that result in a more formed stool may be beneficial in managing fecal incontinence. However, treatments that slow intestinal transit should be avoided in patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhea.
A simplified Green element method solution for a the biharmonic equation and its application to Stokes flows

Multidomain decomposition techniques are fast becoming recognized as the major numerical approach for improving the performance of the boundary element method (BEM). Adopting this procedure, the problem domain is divided into cells or computational units and on each subdomain, the governing equation is solved together with some additional equations that guarantee continuity at the boundaries of adjacent domains. With the same spirit, the equations which describe Stokes flows are solved with the Green element method (GEM). The GEM formulation in addition to its unique hybrid numerical features, facilitates the specification of the boundary conditions that arise from the vorticity equation. The accuracy of the GEM solutions are ascertained by solving some examples and studying the results.
Infrared spectroscopy of model electrochemical interfaces in ultrahigh vacuum : interfacial cation solvation by ammonia on Pt(111)

Abstract Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopic (IRAS), along with work-function (Φ), measurements are reported for ammonia dosed onto potassium-predosed as well as clean Pt(111) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) with the objective of assessing the nature of interfacial cation solvation, which is of fundamental relevance to electrochemical systems. Ammonia was selected as a strongly coordinating as well as chemisorbing solvent, for comparison with other dipolar hydrogen-bonding media examined previously in this manner. In the absence of potassium, ammonia chemisorption at 90 K yields several vibrational features in the NH stretching ( v NH ) and especially the symmetric HNH bending ( δ s HNH ) regions: their identification with distinct chemisorbed, second-layer and multilayer ammonia states is aided by comparison of temperature-dependent spectra with earlier temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) data. These chemisorbate states were absent for ammonia dosed onto a saturated CO adlayer. In the presence of predosed potassium, distinctly different v NH and δ s HNH spectral features were obtained for initial ammonia dosages (corresponding to small NH 3 K stoichiometries, ≈1). Comparison with vibrational spectra for bulk-phase K + NH 3 species support the occurrence of K + -induced reorientation of ammonia, involving also NH 3 -surface hydrogen bonding. Further ammonia exposure yielded frequency downshifts in the δ s HNH mode, ostensibly similar to that observed for second-shell solvation of gas-phase Na + and indicative of primarysecondary shell H bonding. However, completion of the K + primary solvation shell requires markedly higher ammonia exposures, reflecting further the competition between K + - and surface-ammonia interactions. In contrast to other solvents, Φ was observed to be essentially independent of the K coverage (≈3.0 eV) in the presence of ammonia multilayers. Comparison with solution-phase electrochemical data suggests strongly that solvated electrons along with K + are formed at the Pt(111)UHV interface under these conditions.
Radiation-induced segregation in candidate fusion-reactor alloys

Abstract The effect of radiation on surface segregation of minor and impurity elements has been studied in four candidate fusion reactor alloys. Radiation induced surface segregation of phosphorus was found in both 316 type stainless steel and in Nimonic PE-16. Segregation and depletion of the other alloying elements in 316 stainless steel agreed with that reported by other investigators. Segregation of nitrogen in ferritic HT-9 was enhanced by radiation but no phosphorus segregation was detected. No significant radiation enhanced or induced segregation was observed in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The results indicate that radiation enhanced grain boundary segregation could contribute to the embrittlement of 316 SS and PE-16.
Forging a nation state: The Continental Congress and the Financing of the War of American Independence

I n July 1776 the Continental Congress declared that the former British colonies were to have all of the political and economic powers associated with free and independent states. Having done so, however, Congress was committing itself to undertaking simultaneously two very daunting tasks. First, a necessary condition for a nation to be independent is not to be under the military occupation of a foreign power. For the Continental Congress this meant the formidable undertaking of expelling the powerful, experienced and, during wartime, extraordinarily well financed British military. In addition, Congress was committing itself to the development of institutional arrangements for government which would provide for the production of public goods such as defence, administrative bureaucracies, and judicial systems. Since the provision of public goods has to be financed in some manner, the process of nation building also involved the creation of institutional arrangements for public finance such as the establishment of credit, monetary, and tax systems. The political outcome of the onset of the War of American Independence was the beginning of a decade-long process of developing an institutional structure to finance the war. Over time the process involved redefining the financial powers of the Continental Congress vis-a-vis the states. Although the waging of war and the creating of governing institutions are national activities usually considered separately by historians, this article will explore their interrelationship.2 Having taken on the responsibility for gaining independence, Congress was not initially given
Direct action of somatostatin on dispersed mucosal cells from guinea-pig stomach☆

Abstract In dispersed mucosal cells from guinea-pig stomach, somatostatin inhibited in a noncompetitive fashion (Ki, 2 · 10−8 M) the increase in cellular cyclic AMP caused by histamine but not by prostaglandin E1 or phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Somatostatin also inhibted the increase in [14C]aminopyrine uptake caused by low concentrations of histamine probably by interfering with the synthesis of cellular cyclic AMP.
Deposition error compensation for optical multilayer coatings. I. Theoretical description

The manufacture of complicated optical coatings consisting of many layers of different thicknesses can be a challenge, especially if the deposition technique does not produce dense layers. Deposition errors in a layer can affect not only the desired performance of a multilayer, but can also lead to a complete breakdown of the monitoring and control of subsequent layers. The best chance to achieve the desired optical performance of a multilayer involves deposition error compensation. In this process, the construction parameters of a completed layer are evaluated to determine if any deposition errors have occurred and then the remaining layers of the multilayer system are reoptimized to compensate for any errors made. This paper describes a versatile deposition error compensation program developed at the National Research Council of Canada for the simulation and real-time control of the manufacture of multilayers composed of dielectric or absorbing films. To model porous layers, an effective medium theory approach is used to relate the optical constants of the layer in vacuum and air to the microstructure of the layer. In the simulation mode, random errors are applied to the thickness and porosity of the layers and measurement errors are also included. The best monitoring strategy for the manufacture of a given multilayer is established on the basis of statistical information obtained from a number of these simulations. In this paper the results of calculations on the effectiveness of various monitoring strategies are presented for a sharp edge filter produced by three different physical vapor deposition methods. An extensive list of references to previous papers dealing with sources of errors during deposition is also provided.
Apoptotic effects of Human Herpesvirus-6A on glia and neurons as potential triggers for central nervous system autoimmunity

Abstract Background Human Herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6A and/or HHV-6B) has been tentatively associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is currently no direct proof of pathogenicity. Objectives To determine whether exposure to HHV-6 variants is capable of inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis) in representative cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). Study design HHV-6A and HHV-6B variants were grown on human T cell lines HSB2 and MOLT-3, respectively. Human neuronal (SK-N-SH), astrocytes (CRT), and oligodendrocytes (TC620) cell lines were exposed in vitro to infected T cells in a trans-well system for up to 4 days (5×104 cells target cells and 2×106 T cells). Apoptosis was measured by a FACS-based method. Results Exposure to HHV-6A induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, while exposure to HHV-6B did not. Three days after exposure, apoptosis was increased compared to normalized controls, by 239% in neurons, 321% in astrocytes, and 326% in oligodendrocytes, respectively. Conclusions This study provides the demonstration that exposure to immune cells carrying replicating HHV-6A may injure glial cells and neurons by inducing apoptosis, and direct evidence for a causal association between HHV-6A with MS and related disorders.
Enantioselective biotransformation of chiral PCBs in whole poplar plants.

Chiral PCBs have been used as molecular probes of biological metabolic processes due to their special physical, chemical and biological properties. Many animal studies showed the enantioselective biotransformation of chiral PCBs, but it is unclear whether plants can enantioselectively biotransform chiral PCBs. In order to explore the enantioselectivity of chiral PCBs in whole plants, poplars (Populus deltoides × nigra, DN34), a model plant with complete genomic sequence, were hydroponically exposed to 2,2′,3,5′,6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB95) and 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB136) for 20 days. PCB95 and PCB136 were shown to be absorbed, taken-up and translocated in whole poplars, and they were detected in various tissues of whole poplars. However, the enantioselectivity of poplar for PCB95 and PCB136 proved to be quite different. The first eluting enantiomer of PCB95 was enantioselectively removed in whole poplar, especially in the middle and bottom xylem. It was likely enantioselectively metabolized inside poplar tissues, in contrast to racemic mixtures of PCB95 remaining in hydroponic solutions in contact with plant roots of whole and dead poplars. Unlike PCB95, PCB136 remained nearly racemic in most parts of whole poplars after 20 days exposure. These results suggest that PCB136 is more difficult to be enantioslectively biotransformed than PCB95 in whole poplars. This is the first evidence of enantioselectivity of chiral PCBs in whole plants, and suggests that poplars can enantioselectively biotransform at least one chiral PCB.
Critical role of activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule/inducible costimulator in the effector function of human T cells: a comparative in vitro study of effects of its blockade and CD28 blockade in human beings and monkeys.

Summary Activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule (AILIM; also referred to as inducible costimulator, ICOS) is the third homolog of the “professional” costimulatory molecule, CD28. To date, the characteristics and role of AILIM/ICOS, especially in effector function of T cells, have been determined through numerous studies in vitro and in vivo using mice. Considering potential differences among species, whether the AILIM/ICOS blockade acts as an efficacious immunomodulator for human diseases remains to be elucidated. In the present study, ability of AILIM/ICOS blockade to modulate immune responses of human and monkey cells was investigated using a fully human antibody (JTA-009), comparing the effect of CD28 blockade. JTA-009 blocked the response of human and monkey T cells co-stimulated with anti-CD3 and AILIM/ICOS ligand, B7h. AILIM/ICOS and CD28 blockade both inhibited human mixed lymphocyte reaction in different fashions, as well as cytokine production in T helper (Th) 1-/Th2-type recall responses. In monkeys however, CD28 blockade by CTLA4-Ig effectively prevented mixed lymphocyte reaction to a greater extent than AILIM/ICOS blockade. These results suggest that AILIM/ICOS blockade is valuable for suppressing both primary allogenic response and recall responses of T cell in human beings, and that there are differences between human and monkey use preferences for costimulatory molecules.
Past, Present, and Future Trends in Cultural Techniques and Oyster Production in the State of Washington

Techniques of oyster culture in Washington state have changed markedly since the inception of the industry in the late 1920's. Annual source of seed has shifted from Japan to domestic sources. Many steps in mechanization have been successfully introduced. Improvement in economic conditions and in survival of oyster seed are are two major problems facing the industry.
Nonbiological fractionation of Fe isotopes: evidence of an equilibrium isotope effect

Fe isotopes can be fractionated to similar extent by both biological and nonbiological processes in the laboratory. However, fractionation mechanisms are not yet clear, making it difficult to generalize from the laboratory to natural systems. We have previously shown that Fe isotope fractionations of several per mil can be generated during anion exchange chromatography of Fe dissolved in HCl. Here, we present results of experiments designed to assess the importance of equilibrium Fe isotope effects in such systems. In batch equilibration rate experiments, including one using a 54Fe-enriched tracer to precisely determine the rate of exchange between dissolved and resin-bound Fe, equilibration was nearly complete within 1 min. In rate-dependent chromatographic elution experiments, the extent of isotope separation was found to increase significantly as flow rate decreased, demonstrating that the magnitude of Fe isotope fractionation increases as more time is allowed for equilibration. This observation provides very strong evidence of a significant equilibrium isotope effect, while also revealing that expression of this effect can be inhibited if the flow rate is higher than the time constant for equilibration. We propose that diffusion into resin pores is the rate-limiting step inhibiting complete expression of equilibrium isotope fractionation. Fractionation of Fe isotopes in this system most likely reflects an equilibrium effect during speciation between Fe chloro–aquo complexes, particularly between anionic, tetrahedral FeCl4− and the sixfold coordinated FeCl3(H2O)3∘ and FeCl2(H2O)4+. On theoretical grounds, such changes in bonding environment are likely to drive Fe isotope fractionation. The magnitude of the equilibrium fractionation factor is likely 1.0001 to 1.001. Extrapolating from these results, Fe isotope variations in nature cannot be uniquely ascribed to biology until nonbiological Fe isotope effects are better understood.
Use of colony-stimulating factors in combination with high-dose chemotherapy.

Recent clinical trials of two hematotropoietic cytokines, granulocyte- and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors, in combination with chemotherapy, have shown that they allow substantially higher doses of chemotherapeutic agents to be used. Administering cytokines decreased the length of time for granulocyte recovery, the incidence of infection, the need for antibiotics, as well as shortening the duration hospitalizations. Current work is focusing on use of cytokines to stimulate circulating progenitor cells for pheresis and replacement. There are still striking gaps, however, in our knowledge of the interactions of the various cytokines with each other and with chemotherapeutic agents.
Practical and Ethical Assessment Issues in Rural, Impoverished, and Managed Care Settings

The rising costs of new psychological tests, increased frequency of test revisions, and difficulty receiving authorization and reimbursement from managed care companies make it increasingly difficult for practitioners to provide the best standard of care to clients when conducting psychological and neuropsychological assessments. Practitioners, especially those in low-income and rural areas, may struggle with handling these practical realities while maintaining ethical standards in conducting psychological assessment. Suggestions for how to manage practical challenges faced by practitioners who provide psychological assessments, such as selecting tests when authorization or reimbursement by a third-party payer is restricted or denied, purchasing psychological tests on a budget, and providing assessments with a limited number of qualified staff are discussed. The authors also provide recommendations for the future prevention of these challenges through work with test developers, test publishing corporations, third-party payers, political action groups, and the psychology profession itself.
Computer simulation of the domain dynamics of a quenched system with a large number of nonconserved order parameters: The grain-growth kinetics

The domain dynamics of a quenched system with many nonconserved order parameters was investigated by using the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau kinetic equations. Our computer simulation of a model two-dimensional system produced microstructures remarkably similar to experimental observations of normal grain growth. After a short transient, the average domain or grain radius was found to increase with time as ${\mathit{t}}^{1/2}$, in agreement with most of previous mean-field predictions and more recent Q-state Potts model Monte Carlo simulations.
Adaptation of the Ngo-Lenhoff peroxidase assay for solid phase ELISA☆

A modification of the Ngo-Lenhoff peroxidase assay has been developed. By this method, peroxidase is detectable at 5 fmoles of peroxidase per ml. The assay is easy to perform and the reagents are inexpensive. We have modified the buffer by the addition of citric acid and sodium azide to reduce background color development and to inhibit the activity of catalase, respectively. Production of the indamine dye by the peroxidase reaction is rapid but it may be stopped by lowering the pH to 3.0. The pH change of 7.0 to 3.0 is accompanied by a color change from purple-blue to blue and a shift in the maximum absorbance from 590 nm to 595 nm. The sensitivity of the assay was unaffected by these modifications.
Characteristics of irradiated soft and hard tissues

The method of administration of the therapeutic dose of radiation has a direct bearing on the manifestations observed. The radiologist uses these oral manifestations as a clinical guide to the effectiveness of the radiation therapy. This article describes the changes that occur in the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity subsequent to radiation therapy.
Finite element analysis of triangular fins attached to a thick wall

Heat conduction in an array of triangular fins with an attached wall is modeled using the finite element method. An adaptive mesh refinement technique is developed giving accuracy comparable to uniform mesh refinement and much increased computational efficiency. The effects of wall thickness and fin spacing are examined for various Biot numbers. It is shown that for low Biot numbers (Bi < 0.1), the one-dimensional assumption is valid but for higher Biot numbers (Bi ⪢ 0.1), two-dimensional heat conduction must be considered, temperature distributions at the fin root are always non-uniform and the fin is found not to be effective.
Biogenic amines, reproductive hormones and female sexual behavior: A review ☆

Abstract Based on pharmacological studies it has been suggested that the monoamines, and in particular serotonin and dopamine may inhibit female sexual behavior. Manipulations of other catecholamines and alterations in cholinergic systems may either facilitate or inhibit female sexual responses. A number of discrepancies exist in the literature and the present review hypothesizes that differential degrees of estrogen priming may explain some of the observed inter- and intraspecific differences. Additional possible mechanisms which may be related to drug induced facilitations of female sexual behavior are reviewed. It has been clearly demonstrated that adrenal secretions are not essential for drug induced increases in female sexual receptivity. It is possible that changes in hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone may underlie drug related changes in sexual receptivity. In addition data relevant to the possibility that drugs which facilitate lordosis may share a common mechanism of action with progesterone are examined. At present there is little direct support for either of the latter hypotheses. Drugs may also exert behavioral effects by changes in sensory or autonomic systems but pharmacological effects on these systems have not been adequately explored.
Pancreatobiliary and biliary control of fecal β-glucuronidase activity in the rat

Abstract Bile duct ligation experiments suggest that bile is an important regulator of intestinal β-glucuronidase, an enzyme thought to be involved in colon carcinogenesis. Exclusion of pancreatobiliary secretions from the rat intestine significantly decreases glucuronidase activity (Roberton et al., Cancer Res., 42 (1982) 5165–5166). However, the separate roles of pancreatic and biliary secretions have not been examined. We ligated the bile ducts of rats at the hepatic duct, allowing pancreatic juice but not bile to enter the intestine, or at the Sphincter of Oddi, excluding pancreatic juice as well as bile. Fecal β-glucuronidase activity was lowered in both cases, indicating that bile itself, and not pancreatic juice, is a major factor modulating β-glucuronidase activity.
JDAMA: Java database application mutation analyser

Database application programs are ubiquitous; hence, good techniques for testing them are needed. Several approaches to testing database applications have been proposed recently, including test generation techniques and adequacy criteria. Tuya et al. proposed mutation-based adequacy criteria for database queries and developed a set of mutation operators for Structured Query Language SELECT statements. This paper extends that approach by integrating it with analysis and instrumentation of the application bytecode. The design and implementation of a tool, Java Database Application Mutation Analyser (JDAMA), are described. JDAMA instruments application bytecode so as to compare the results of queries executed by the application under test to the results of mutants of those queries. JDAMA can be used to support mutation testing for Java database applications. A second, potentially more useful application of JDAMA is to support experiments evaluating testing techniques for database applications, in which query mutation is used to seed faults into subject applications. The paper illustrates these uses of JDAMA with experiments comparing two approaches to test generation and experiments evaluating coverage criteria. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two-photon exchange in deep inelastic scattering

Abstract We have measured the contribution of the two-photon exchange amplitude in deep inelastic muon-nucleon scattering. We find, with 95% confidence, that the real part of this amplitude is less than 0.017 of the one photon-exchange amplitude. The range of the 4-momentum transfer covered is 0.5
Selection of Stable Reference Genes for Quantitative RT-PCR Comparisons of Mouse Embryonic and Extra-Embryonic Stem Cells

Isolation and culture of both embryonic and tissue specific stem cells provide an enormous opportunity to study the molecular processes driving development. To gain insight into the initial events underpinning mammalian embryogenesis, pluripotent stem cells from each of the three distinct lineages present within the preimplantation blastocyst have been derived. Embryonic (ES), trophectoderm (TS) and extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells possess the developmental potential of their founding lineages and seemingly utilize distinct epigenetic modalities to program gene expression. However, the basis for these differing cellular identities and epigenetic properties remain poorly defined. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a powerful and efficient means of rapidly comparing patterns of gene expression between different developmental stages and experimental conditions. However, careful, empirical selection of appropriate reference genes is essential to accurately measuring transcriptional differences. Here we report the quantitation and evaluation of fourteen commonly used references genes between ES, TS and XEN stem cells. These included: Actb, B2m, Hsp70, Gapdh, Gusb, H2afz, Hk2, Hprt, Pgk1, Ppia, Rn7sk, Sdha, Tbp and Ywhaz. Utilizing three independent statistical analysis, we identify Pgk1, Sdha and Tbp as the most stable reference genes between each of these stem cell types. Furthermore, we identify Sdha, Tbp and Ywhaz as well as Ywhaz, Pgk1 and Hk2 as the three most stable reference genes through the in vitro differentiation of embryonic and trophectoderm stem cells respectively. Understanding the transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms controlling cellular identity within these distinct stem cell types provides essential insight into cellular processes controlling both embryogenesis and stem cell biology. Normalizing quantitative RT-PCR measurements using the geometric mean CT values obtained for the identified mRNAs, offers a reliable method to assess differing patterns of gene expression between the three founding stem cell lineages present within the mammalian preimplantation embryo.
Digital Electronic Arithmetics with Applications

In this paper we introduce a new parametric image processing framework to more accurately process images. This parameterized digital electronic arithmetic (PDEA) model replaces linear arithmetic with non-linear operations which more accurately model the non-linear properties of image processing. In this paper, the parameterized model is presented, including experimental methods for choosing parameters.
Multiphonon atom-surface scattering

Abstract We consider the interaction of a neutral atom colliding with a solid surface and develop a general quantum mechanical theory describing the multiphonon inelastic transfer processes to arbitrarily high order in numbers of exchanged phonons. Starting from general principles of formal scattering theory the trajectory approximation to the scattering intensity is developed. From the trajectory approximation it is shown that a fast collision approximation is applicable when the multiphonon exchange is dominated by small frequency and long wavelength phonons. The semiclassical and classical limits are developed. Numerical calculations produce good agreement with a variety of experiments for conditions ranging from the quantum mechanical regime to nearly classical scattering.
Grafted macroporous polymer monolithic disks: a new format of scavengers for solution-phase combinatorial chemistry.

Polyethylene encased porous poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene) disks have been prepared by polymerization in a cylindrical glass mold and cut to a disk format. Following attachment of a free radical azo initiator 4,4‘-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) to available functionalities at the surface of the pores, the polymerization of 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone was initiated from the surface. To avoid an undesirable increase in flow resistance and to improve the yield of grafting, divinylbenzene was added to the polymerization mixture in order to form a layer of swellable reactive polymer gel within the pores. The use of these disks as scavenging filters to remove various amines from solutions in flow-through operations was demonstrated by effective removal of amines in a very short period of time from their solutions in a variety of solvents, even including alcohols and water.
A plate tectonic mechanism for methane hydrate release along subduction zones

Negative carbon isotope excursions from a new record of terrestrial organic carbon (d 13 Corg= � 2.3x) and from marine carbonate (d 13 Ccarb= � 0.8x) were used to calculate a methane hydrate release of 1137 Gt of carbon over ~1 Myr during the early Aptian (Early Cretaceous). We show how the coincident and sudden near-cessation of subduction along the northern boundaries of the Farallon plate resulted in uplift along the continental margin by up to 4.0 km, which may have triggered the release. We conservatively estimated the amount of methane hydrate carbon likely to have been destabilized during the uplift and found it to be within 20% of the amount of carbon implied by the isotopic records within the same ~1 Myr time frame. Linking subduction-triggered destabilization with isotopic evidence for methane release reveals a plate tectonic mechanism for the incorporation of methane hydrate release into long-term carbon cycling. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.