cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Growth Hormone: Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Axis Is a Mediator of Diet Restriction-induced Inhibition of Mononuclear Cell Leukemia in Fischer Rats

Abstract A leukemia cell transplant model and both in situ and in vitro bioassays were used to assess the roles of endogenous factors in mediating diet restriction (DR)-induced inhibition of mononuclear cell leukemia (MNCL) in Fischer 344 rats. DR-treated male rats ( n = 35), which were fed 75% of ad libitum (AL) intake of NIH-07 open formula diet, had lower transplanted MNCL incidence (54 versus 77%; P = 0.039) with longer latency ( P = 0.015) and decreased severity ( P = 0.01) than AL-treated rats 12 weeks after inoculation with MNCL cells. Five-day proliferation rates of cultured MNCL (CRNK-16) cells in diffusion chambers implanted in DR-treated rats were 22% less than in AL-treated rats ( P = 0.03), indicating that DR-dependent diffusible factor(s) modulate in situ MNCL cell growth. Serum from DR-treated rats supported lower in vitro CRNK-16 cell proliferation rates relative to serum from AL-treated rats. Serum levels of both growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were over 50% lower in DR- versus AL-treated rats. An evaluation of the in vitro cell proliferative activity of a panel of purified factors showed that GH and IGF-1, but not 15 other growth factors, stimulated thymidine incorporation in CRNK-16 cells. Infusion of either GH or IGF-1 via osmotic minipumps restored in situ and in vitro CRNK-16 cell proliferation in DR-treated rats up to rates measured in AL-treated rats. Splenocytes from DR-treated rats, relative to AL-treated rats, were more sensitive to mitogen stimulation, displayed increased cell surface expression of receptors for class 1 and 2 major histocompatibility complex molecules, and were more cytotoxic to target tumor cells. Infusion of either GH or IGF-1 in DR-treated rats further enhanced mitogen responsiveness and natural cytotoxicity but reversed the DR-induced increase in major histocompatibility complex receptors. We conclude that DR modulates MNCL progression in Fischer 344 rats through both its influence on MNCL cell proliferation via suppression of the GH:IGF-1 axis and its enhancement of host defenses against tumor cells.
Pertussis toxin treatment attenuates some effects of insulin in BC3H-1 murine myocytes

The effects of pertussis toxin (PT) treatment on insulin-stimulated myristoyl-diacylglycerol (DAG) generation, hexose transport, and thymidine incorporation were studied in differentiated BC3H-1 myocytes. Insulin treatment caused a biphasic increase in myristoyl-DAG production which was abolished in myocytes treated with PT. There was no effect of PT treatment on basal (nonstimulated) myristoyl-DAG production. Insulin-stimulated hydrolysis of a membrane phosphatidylinositol glycan was blocked by PT treatment. ADP-ribosylation of BC3H-1 plasma membranes with [32P]NAD revealed a 40-kDa protein as the major PT substrate in vivo and in vitro. The time course and dose dependence of the effects of PT on diacylglycerol generation correlated with the in vivo ADP-ribosylation of the 40-kDa substrate. Pertussis toxin treatment resulted in a 71% attenuation of insulin-stimulated hexose uptake without effect on either basal or phorbol ester-stimulated uptake. The stimulatory effects of insulin and fetal calf serum on [3H]thymidine incorporation into quiescent myocytes were attenuated by 61 and 59%, respectively, when PT was added coincidently with the growth factors. Nonstimulated and EGF-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation was unaffected by PT treatment. These data suggest that a PT-sensitive G protein is involved in the cellular signaling mechanisms of insulin.
Quantitative video microscopy.

Publisher Summary This chapter offers information on quantitative video microscopy. It also discusses two-camera and two-color imaging and states that with the popularity of ratio imaging one is often confronted by the problem of processing images from two cameras or two colors. In both these cases the images are not in perfect registration and there tend to be magnification differences. This is in fact a very similar situation to the warping problem. The same generalized polynomial dewarping algorithm can be used to map an image obtained with one camera onto that obtained with the other. This is in fact one of the most common uses of dewarping algorithms. The field of video microscopy has evolved as a cooperative effort between academia and industry. The particular kind of quantitative information that is wanted obviously depends upon the experiment conducted. Basically, these fall into two categories: (1) those which require critical assessment of spatial relationships within an image and (2) those which require critical assessment of intensity relationships. The chapter also discusses errors because of aspect ratio, use of automatic camera settings, improper setting of dynamic range, and use of integer arithmetic.
Reverse Engineering ADHM Construction from Non-Commutative Instantons

Author(s): Rangamani, Mukund | Abstract: We study the non-commutative instanton solution proposed in hep-th/0009142 and obtain the spectrum of small oscillations. The spectrum thus obtained is in exact agreement with the spectrum of stringy excitations in a configuration of point like D0 branes sitting on top of D4-branes with a uniform magnetic field turned on in the world-volume of the D4-branes in the Seiberg-Witten decoupling limit. This provides further evidence for the solution of hep-th/0009142 and also enables us recover the ADHM data from the 0-4 string spectrum. Generalizations to higher co-dimension solitons are also discussed.
The ARL Displays FedLab: a partnership between industry, government and academia

In order better to accomplish its mission of serving Army R&D needs, the Army Research Lab (ARL) has pioneered the concept of the Federated Laboratory (FedLab). This is a new method of conducting government-sponsored research in which ARL is an active participant in, and manager of, a research consortium involving various industrial and academic partners. A FedLab is funded via a new instrument, the Cooperative Agreement. The industrial and academic laboratories effectively become virtual divisions of ARL, enhancing and complementing its internal capabilities. Three FedLabs were established in 1996 to perform research in areas related to the future "digitization of the battlefield." One of these is the Advanced and Interactive Displays FedLab, a five-year basic research effort to develop new technologies in human-computer interaction and related areas. The consortium is managed by a committee of representatives from all members, reporting to a program manager at ARL. The management committee and ARL jointly prepare annual research plans, working to ensure the relevance of the research to customers in the Army. Great care is taken to see that resources are committed to the technology transition process. The Advanced Displays Federated Laboratory brings together investigators with a unique mix of skills in computer science, engineering, and human factors, with orientations ranging from very fundamental research to highly practical and pragmatic work.
Effects of three proposed inhibitors of adipocyte glucose transport on the reconstituted transporter.

Abstract Three compounds which inhibit glucose transport in rat adipocytes have been proposed to act directly on the glucose transporter protein. We tested these proposals by examining the effects of the compounds on the stereospecific glucose uptake catalyzed by adipocyte membrane proteins after reconstitution into liposomes. Effects on the transport activity reconstituted from human erythrocyte membranes were also examined. Glucose 6-phosphate, which was suggested to inhibit the transporter noncompetitively (Foley, J.E. and Huecksteadt, T.P. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 805, 313–316), had no effect on either type of reconstituted transporter, even when present at 5 mM on both sides of the liposomal membranes. Thus, it is unlikely to act directly on the transporter. The metalloendoproteinase substrate dipeptide Cbz-Gly-Phe-NH2, which inhibited insulin-stimulated but not basal glucose uptake in adipocytes (Aiallo, L.P., Wessling-Resnick, M. and Pilch, P.F. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 3944–3950), inhibited the reconstituted erythrocyte transporter noncompetitively with a Ki of 1.5–2 mM. The inhibition of the erythrocyte transporter was identical in liposomes of soybean and egg lipid. Transport reconstituted using adipocyte membrane fractions was also inhibited by the dipeptide, with the activity from basal microsomes more sensitive than that from insulin-stimulated plasma membranes. These results indicate that the dipeptide interacts directly with the transporter, and may be a potentially useful probe for changes in transporter structure accompanying insulin action. Phenylarsine oxide, which was suggested to act directly on the adipocyte transporter (Douen, A.G., and Jones, M.N. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 968, 109–118), produced only slight (about 10%) inhibition of the reconstituted adipocyte and erythrocyte transporters, even when present at 100–200 μM and after 30 min of pretreatment. These results suggest that the major actions of phenylarsine oxide observed in adipocytes are not direct effects on the transporter, but rather effects on the pathways by which insulin regulates glucose transport activity (Frost, S.C. and Lane, M.D. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 2646–2652).
Energy metabolism of the renal medulla.

Abstract 1. 1. A study has been made of the rate of anaerobic glycolysis and of oxygen consumption by slices of the inner medulla and of the cortex of the dog kidney. The effects of increased osmolality of the medium by sodium chloride upon these processes have also been studied. 2. 2. With an osmolality of the medium of 300 mOsmole/kg water the Q CO 2 N 2 of the inner medulla was 5.1 ± 0.35 whereas that of the cortex was 1.4 ± 0.06. Cortical slices showed a progressive inhibition of the rate of glycolysis as osmalality was increased; inner medullary slices on the other hand showed no significant inhibition of glycolysis until osmolality was raised to 1100–1300 mOsmole/kg water. 3. 3. In contrast to the above, the cortex showed a higher Q 0 2 (−14.1 ± 0.072) than did the inner medulla (−2.26 ± 0.084) when the osmolality of the medium was 300 mOsmole/kg water. Increases in osmolality of the medium caused equal degrees of inhibition of the rate oxygen consumption by both cortical and inner medullary slices. 4. 4. Physiological considerations strongly suggest that the energy necessary for the metabolism of the renal medulla and hence for the countercurrent multiplier which resides in the structures of this region is derived from anaerobic pathways. The results of this study suggest that the renal medulla can operate an anaerobic metabolism under conditions which approach those present in vivo during antidiuresis.
Fracture Behavior of Extren at Room Temperature and 77 K

Unlike most fiber-reinforced polymer composites, the measured inter laminar fracture energy of the glass-polyester Extren is significantly greater at 77 K than at room temperature (298 K). Composite microfailure is adhesive at room temperature but cohesive at 77 K. SEM and acoustic emission results suggest the enhanced interlaminar fracture toughness at 77 K is associated with increased matrix cracking which occurs at cryogenic conditions. The additional fracture surfaces increase the amount of released sur face energy.
The natural thermoluminescence of meteorites: III. lunar and basaltic meteorites☆

Natural thermoluminescence (TL) data were obtained to investigate recent thermal and radiation histories of the lunar meteorite MacAlpine Hills 88104/5 and 65 eucrites, howardites, diogenites, and mesosiderites. All these meteorites have low levels of natural TL compared to chondrites, which is primarily because they display anomalous fading. Some meteorites have especially low natural TL which must reflect heating within the last 100,000-1,000,000 y. The parameters for TL decay were determined assuming plausible values for cosmic ray dose rate and that the natural TL of MAC88104/5 was totally drained by ejection from the moon. The obtained parameters for TL decay suggest that the moon-earth transit times for MAC88104 and MAC88105 were 2,000 and 1,800 y, respectively, compared with 19,000 and 2,500 y for Y791197 and ALHA81005, respectively.
Randomized controlled clinical trials of experimental vaccines

Randomized controlled clinical trials to evaluate the clinical protection conferred by experimental vaccines and to provide further evidence of their safety are invariably demanded by regulatory agencies before these candidate vaccines can be licensed and introduced into routine public health practice. This review addresses the design of such trials.
A review of the HTML+ document format

Abstract HTML + is a set of modular extensions to the hypertext markup language (HTML), which is in widespread use in the World Wide Web. The use of SGML to specify HTML + allows authors to create documents in a variety of ways: with text editors, SGML authorizing tools and filters from common word processing formats like Framemaker, Microsoft Word and LaTeX. The paper finishes by looking at extensions under current consideration and encouraging wider debate on what is needed to fuel the next stage in the development of the Web.
A survey of beam dynamics prior to extraction in the K-500 cyclotron at M.S.U.☆

Abstract This paper presents a detailed study of the accelerated beams dynamics, prior to extraction, for the K-500 cyclotron under construction at M.S.U. The results, for a number of representative beam, indicate that adequate turn to turn separation can be achieved, while keeping distortions to a substantially negligible level. The presence of the νR + 2νZ = 3 resonance, and its effect in limiting the cyclotron dynamic range is also discussed.
Treatment of Enterococcal Endocarditis with Oral Amoxicillin and Intramuscular Gentamicin

A patient with enterococcal endocarditis relapsed after four weeks of treatment with penicillin administered iv and streptomycin administered im; the patient relapsed again after two weeks of treatment with vancomycin administered iv. Treatment in both instances was stopped because of complications of iv therapy. The patient was successfully treated with a six-week course of oral amoxicillin, 1 g every 4 hr, and im gentamicin, 80 mg every 8 hr (decreased to 80 mg daily after 25 days).
Characteristics, control, and uses of liquid streams in space

Assessing the possibilities for using liquid streams in space requires a quantitative knowledge of the response of a stream it is suddenly exposed to a high vacuum. The paper reviews what is known about the vacuum behaviour of low and finite vapour pressure liquid streams. A method for restricting evaporation from controlled droplet streams is suggested.
Questioning: Another view

Too little effort is spent helping educators ask effective questions. Teacher educators rarely take the time to teach questioning skills; when they do, the questioning process is often treated either in a cursory manner' or in such a highly technical way that its operative value is itself questionable.2 Furthermore, prospective teachers seldom have the opportunity to observe a good questioner at work.3 Yet, questioning is perhaps the central skill in the teaching-learning experience, because, whether we know it or not, we bombard our students with all kinds of inquiries throughout the day. Teachers fail to realize just how many questions they ask. Summarizing the few research studies done on the questioning process, Seymour Sarason reports that while elementary teachers thought they averaged between 12 and 20 questions per half hour, the actual number ranged between 45 and 150.4 In our work with teachers we have found that the questions they ask seem to fall into three broad categories-factual, conceptual, and contextual. Most educators ask adequate factual questions, but either ignore (or ask infrequently) questions that necessitate conceptual
Pulmonary Resection in Patients after Pneumonectomy

Abstract In 15 patients with a previous pneumonectomy (eight on the right and seven on the left), a new "lesion" developed in the remaining lung. Fourteen had the pneumonectomy for carcinoma (13 men and 1 woman), and 1 woman had a pneumonectomy for blastomycosis. At the second operation (4 months to 16 years after the pneumonectomy), limited resection of a primary or metastatic malignancy was done. The excision ranged from lobectomy to multiple wedges. One patient died on the sixth postoperative day, presumably a cardiac death. Eight patients died 2 to 33 months postoperatively. Six patients are now living: 3 have no evidence of disease (18, 35, and 70 months), and 3 have recurrent disease (26, 41, and 73 months). There is evidence that pulmonary resection after pneumonectomy is feasible with a low operative mortality and that resection of these "secondary" tumors can result in prolonged, worthwhile survival.
Validation of a point of care lipid analyser using a hospital based reference laboratory.

Lipid measurements are essential in cardiovascular disease management in primary care. However, utilizing hospital laboratories may result in excess patient travel, sample loss and repeat clinic visits. Point of care (POC) lipid measurement would overcome these difficulties but has not been validated in an Irish setting. To compare POC lipid profile measurements using a cholestech LDX analyser with a hospital reference laboratory (Lab). One-hundred subjects (30 men, 70 women) participated. Finger prick and venous samples were analysed directly by Cholestech LDX and the Lab. A broad range of lipid values were measured. Absolute differences between POC and Lab measurements were insignificant except for a small over-estimation by the POC method of triglyceride 0.25mmol/l (95% CI 0.17 to 0.24), and an underestimation of HDLc — 0.11mmol/l (95% CI −0.143 to −0.078). There were significant correlations between POC and Lab. levels; total cholesterol r=0.92, triglyceride r=0.93, HDLc r=0.92 and LDLc r=0.86 (all p< 0.0001). These results validate the use of the Cholestech LDX® analyser for point of care lipid measurements in clinical practice, provided well trained operators are supported by a hospital laboratory delivering quality assurance support.
Limb preservation and tumor control in the treatment of popliteal and antecubital soft tissue sarcomas.

Soft tissue sarcomas of the antecubital and popliteal space often involve the neurovascular bundle and are prone to recurrence after surgical resection. Amputation has frequently been performed for control of these tumors. A multimodality treatment program consisting of limb-sparing resection, tumor-bed radiation using temporary iridium 192 implants, and adjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade lesions, has yielded satisfactory preservation of limb function and no local tumor recurrence in ten patients after a median follow-up time of 5 years. Eight of the ten patients are still alive, five of whom beyond 5 years; six of the eight survivors had high-grade tumors. These results are superior to those of 14 patients with similar tumors treated earlier by surgery alone: seven by amputation and seven by soft part resection; four of the latter resulted in local recurrence and all of the seven who had high-grade sarcoma died of disease. Multimodality treatment including limb-sparing resection merits consideration in the management of antecubital and popliteal soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 57:1632–1639, 1986.
Influence of a fiber mixture on serum and liver lipids and on fecal fat excretion in rats

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 per group) were fed a modified AIN-76A diet containing either 10% cellulose or 10% of a proprietary fiber mixture for 21 days. Weight gain and liver weight were similar in the 2 groups but feed efficiency was higher in the test group. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were lowered by 11% and 15%, respectively, by the test diet. Liver cholesterol was lowered significantly in the fiber-fed rats whereas liver triglycerides were elevated. Twenty-four–hour fecal collections were made on days 12 and 19. The weight of feces was unaffected by the test diet, but water content and fecal fat were increased by 27% and 44% and by 99% and 100%, respectively, on days 12 and 19. The amount of Liebermann-Burchard–positive material in the feces was significantly higher in rats fed the test material. The increases on days 12 and 19 were 139% and 105%, respectively.
The effect of police-probation partnerships on juvenile arrests

San Bernardino's Operation Nightlight Program paired police officers with probation officers to conduct enhanced supervision of juvenile probationers. The authors conducted an interrupted time series analysis of juvenile arrests in San Bernardino and surrounding cities before and after the implementation of Nightlight. They also explored displacement and diffusion effects using Bowers and Johnson's (2003) weighted displacement quotient. Results showed (1) city-wide reductions in assault, burglary, and theft arrests; and (2) that burglary reductions in San Bernardino may have been offset by increases in contiguous cities.
Dynamic tradeoffs in the raft-mediated entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into cells.

To initiate an infection human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles must first bind to receptors on the surface of their host cells, a process that eventually leads to fusion of viral and cellular membranes and release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of these processes may enable the development of new anti-HIV strategies. Disagreement currently prevails on the role in virus entry of microdomains within the cellular plasma membrane known as lipid rafts. Experiments have suggested that lipid rafts, in their interactions with cellular receptors and viral particles, either promote or have minimal effect on viral entry. Here we develop a dynamic model for HIV-1 entry that enables us to identify and quantitatively assess tradeoffs that can arise from the clustering of receptors in rafts. Specifically, receptor clustering can be detrimental to the initiation of viral infection by reducing the probability that a virus particle finds its primary receptor, CD4. However, receptor clustering can also enable a virus particle, once bound, to rapidly form multivalent interactions with receptors and co-receptors that are required for virus-cell membrane fusion. We show how the resolution of such tradeoffs hinges on the level and spatial distribution of receptors and co-receptors on the cell surface, and we discuss implications of these effects for the design of therapeutics that inhibit HIV-1 entry. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Histology and Vibration of the Vocal Folds: Implications for Experimental Studies in Microlaryngeal Surgery

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine the most suitable animal model for experimental studies on vocal fold surgery and function by a histological comparison of the microflap surgical plane and laryngeal videostroboscopy (LVS) in different species of animals. A second goal was to determine how the layered vocal fold structure in humans and three different animal species affects surgical dissection within the lamina propria. Study Design Prospective laboratory. Methods Three larynges each from dogs, monkeys, and pigs were compared with three ex vivo human larynges. Microflap surgery was performed on one vocal fold from each larynx. Both the operated and nonoperated vocal folds were examined histologically using stains specific for elastin, mature collagen, and ground substance. Based on the histological results, LVS was performed on two dogs and two pigs after first performing a tracheotomy for ventilation and airflow through the glottis. Arytenoid adduction sutures were placed to facilitate vocal fold adduction. Results The distributions of the collagen and elastin fibers were found to differ among the species with concentrations varying within species. Unlike the human vocal fold, which has a higher elastin concentration in the deeper layers of the lamina propria, both the pig and the dog had a thin band of elastin concentrated just deep to the basement membrane zone in the superficial layer. Just deep to this thin band, the collagen and the elastin were less concentrated. The monkey vocal fold had a very thin mucosal layer with less elastin throughout the mucosa. The microflap dissections in each of the dog, pig, and human vocal folds were similar, being located within that portion of the superficial lamina propria where the elastin and mature collagen are less concentrated. The microflap plane in the monkey vocal fold was more deeply located near the vocalis fibers. Despite the differences in elastin concentration, the microflap plane in both the dog and the pig was found to be similar to that in humans. The dog anatomy was much more suitable for microsuspension laryngoscopy and stroboscopic examination. The dog vocal folds vibrated in a similar fashion to human vocal folds with mucosal waves and vertical phase differences, features not seen in the pig vocal folds. Conclusions Based on both the histological and stroboscopic results, the dog was believed to be a more suitable animal model for studies on vocal fold surgery, acknowledging that no animal's laryngeal anatomy is identical to that of the human. The dog LVS model presented allows for longitudinal laryngeal studies requiring repeated examinations at multiple time periods with histological correlation applied at sacrifice.
Assessment of pituitary reserve in subjects pretreated with dexamethasone.

Abstract Plasma 17-OHCS and growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and Piromen-induced fever have been determined in subjects who were acutely pretreated with dexamethasone. Dexamethasone, in the dosage used, does not interfere with the effect of insulin on the increase in plasma growth hormone or plasma 17-OHCS concentration, provided an adequate amount of insulin is used to produce the same degree of hypoglycemia as when there was no steroid pretreatment. By utilizing the hormonal responses of normal subjects, and patients with hypopituitarism, criteria have been established for classifying responses as normal, abnormal or uninterpretable. An increase in plasma 17-OHCS concentration of 7.5 μ g. 100 ml. or greater following the injection of insulin was considered normal with or without overnight steroid pretreatment. A lesser increase was abnormal if the minimum blood glucose was less than 45 mg. 100 ml. and uninterpretable if the minimum blood glucose was greater than 45 mg. 100 ml. Growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were similarly interpreted with a normal growth hormone rise being 7.5 mμg./ml. With or without overnight steroid pretreatment, an increase in plasma 17-OHCS concentration of greater than 7.5 μ g. 100 ml. in response to Piromen was considered normal. A lesser response was abnormal if the maximum temperature was 100.5° F or greater, and uninterpretable if the maximum temperature was less. A plasma growth hormone increase of 5 mμg./ml. or greater in response to Piromen was considered normal. A lesser increase was uninterpretable.
Problems in educating abused and neglected children with disabilities

Abstract Objective: This study considers whether Goerge and colleagues' (1992) thesis is correct—that the reason the special education needs of abused or neglected children in foster care are not being met appropriately is that the services provided to them revolve around their need for protection. Method: A case study was done of 12 children with disabilities who were removed from the homes of their parents because of abuse or neglect. The primary data were the legal interventions made on the children's behalf with various agencies serving them by a legal services office. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and a review of the children's case files. Results: The number of dysfunctions identified in the various agencies serving the children that negatively affected the children's ability to receive an appropriate education were in the following categories: search and serve (3); eligibility (1); timeline violation (8); IEP violation (11); inappropriate program (17); inadequate resources (4); lack of knowledge (3); parent advocacy problem (3); lack of coordination (7); dependent status (8); mobility delay (9). Conclusions: In those instances where the child welfare agency did not take into account a child's educational needs when placing that child, but simply considered the appropriateness of the living situation to protect and care for the child, then the thesis appears to be borne out. However, some dysfunctions appear to be part of a routine lack of compliance with certain areas of special education law, and would seem to affect any child with similar disabilities and educational needs in the offending school districts.
A CO2 negative ion source for 14C dating

Abstract A negative ion source has been developed capable of producing 20 to 30 μA of 12 C − ions from CO 2 gas with an ionization efficiency of close to 10%. Memory effects have been shown to be low (comparable with sputter sources using solid targets) and, with reasonable care, it is possible to date samples with ages up to at least 76000 years. A novel feature of the source is that the flow of CO 2 is metered into the source, not by a needle valve, but rather by controlling the temperature of a reservoir containing calcium carbonate. The reservoir may contain natural materials, such as limestone, dolomite, seashell, foraminifera, etc., or artificial carbonates prepared by absorbing sample CO 2 in heated calcium oxide. Since the total sample can be used very efficiently it is feasible that a 1 or 2% measurement can be made on a modern sample containing as little as 10 μg of carbon.
Decentralized information flow control on a bare-metal JVM

A large array of privacy sensitive applications like banking servers, medical records processors, and legal software are Java applications. Preserving user privacy is a necessary feature in such applications. For example, in a medical records system, only the authorized doctors and medical staff should be allowed access to patient information. Decentralized Information Flow Control (DIFC) [10] provides an effective means for preserving user privacy. In a traditional setup where the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) runs on top of an Operating System (OS), sensitive information flows both through the JVM and the OS, and effective enforcement of information flow policies requires tracking data across both these entities [12]. Implementing information flow control in such systems requires modification, and subsequent auditing, of both the JVM and OS source code.
Effect of aggregation on stereochemistry and mechanism of asymmetric oxidation of the lithium enolate of methyl 3,3-dimethylbutanoate in the solid state and in solution

Abstract Oxidation of the title enolate by enantiopure (camphorylsulfonyl)oxaziridines in THF afforded α-hydroxyester with 53–73% ee, but the product from the solid state reactions was racemic. The results suggest that the enolate exists and reacts as an aggregate in the solid state reactions.
Non-degradative extraction and simultaneous quantitation of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide in foods by HPLC

Abstract The published tables of nutrient composition only list values for the total riboflavin (TRF) content of foods and much of this data was generated by methods of questionable accuracy. There are no published methods for simultaneously determining the three principal forms of vitamin B 2 , i.e. riboflavin (RF), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), in foods. A simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation of RF, FMN and FAD has been developed on polymer-based columns, using a mobile phase gradient of acetonitrile in citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 5·50. The natural fluorescence of the flavins was used for detection, and a RF analog, 7-ethyl-8-methyl-riboflavin, was used as the internal standard. A two-step extraction procedure, using methylene chloride, methanol, and the citrate-phosphate buffer, was also developed. The recoveries from spiked food samples demonstrated that the flavins were stable under these extraction conditions. The commercial FMN and FAD standards were found to contain significant quantities of impurities, and the appropriate correction factors were developed and applied to the HPLC results. Thsi method was successfully applied to a variety of foods that represented significant dietary sources of vitamin B 2 , including raw and cooked meats, dairy products, eggs, and cereal products. The results of the HPLC analyses generally agreed with published values for TRF.
Transverse correlation length for randomly rough surfaces: two-dimensional roughness

A numerical algorithm is used to generate two-dimensional surfaces defined by x3 equals (zetz) (x), with x equals (x1, X2), where (zetz) (x) is a single-valued function of x that constitutes a zero- mean, stationary, isotropic, Gaussian random process defined by the properties equals 0, equals (sigma) 2W(x - x1), and (sigma) 2 equals . The angle brackets here denote an average over the ensemble of realizations of the surface profile function (zetz) (x). The results are used to compute the probability density P1(x)[P2(x)] that the nearest maximum (minimum) to a given maximum (minimum) is at a distance x from the latter; and the probability density P3(x) that the nearest minimum to a given maximum is at a distance x. Results are presented for random surfaces defined by surface height autocorrelation functions W(x) equals exp(-x2/a2), a2/(x2 + a2), and 2[(k22 - k12)x2]-1[k2xJ1(k2x) - k1xJ1(k1x)], where J1(z) is a Bessel function. Results are also presented for a novel type of one-dimensional random surface used in recent experimental studies of enhanced backscattering.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Retrospective analysis of axial skeleton osteosarcoma in 22 large-breed dogs

Medical-records of 22 large-breed dogs (>15 kg) with osteosarcoma (OSA) of the axial skeleton were reviewed to determine prevalence of metastasis and survival associated with this neoplasm. All dogs were treated with more than 1 mode of therapy including palliative radiation (n = 12), definitive radiation (n = 8), surgery (n = 7), chemotherapy (n = 12), or some combination of these therapies. Metastasis was documented in 10 of 22 dogs (46%), and the median survival for all dogs was 137 days. Primary cause of death was local tumor recurrence (54%). Breed (retriever versus purebred versus mixed-breed survival was 100, 182, and 264 days, respectively) and radiation therapy protocol (survival in dogs treated with palliative radiation therapy versus those treated with definitive radiation therapy was 79 and 265 days, respectively) were significantly related to survival (P < .05). Prevalence of metastasis and median survival for large-breed dogs with axial skeleton OSA seems to be similar to that reported for large-breed dogs with appendicular skeleton OSA. Definitive radiation therapy may have a role in the treatment of axial skeleton osteosarcoma.
The response of labour effort to falling real wages: The Mexican peso devaluation of February 1982

Abstract This paper reports empirical evidence on the effect of the February 1982 Mexican peso devaluation with its concomitant reduction in real income on the output of individual workers. Using a set of pooled data for 46 workers employed in two textile plants in Mexicali over a 22-week period the regression results show a significant increase in average output of about 15% in response to the 25% decrease in wages due to the devaluation. The study also finds that there was no significant response in output to the legislated, annual increase in money wages of January 1982.
A comparison of cohesion metrics for object-oriented systems

Abstract Cohesion is the degree to which the elements of a class or object belong together. Many different object-oriented cohesion metrics have been developed; many of them are based on the notion of degree of similarity of methods. No consensus has yet arisen as to which of these metrics best measures cohesion; this is a problem for software developers since there are so many suggested metrics, it is difficult to make an informed choice. This research compares various cohesion metrics with ratings of two separate teams of experts over two software packages, to determine which of these metrics best match human-oriented views of cohesion. Additionally, the metrics are compared statistically, to determine which tend to measure the same kinds of cohesion. Differences in results for different object-oriented metrics tools are discussed.
Energy loss of a heavy quark in the quark-gluon plasma.

The energy loss {ital dE}/{ital dx} for a heavy quark propagating through a quark-gluon plasma is calculated to leading order in the QCD coupling constant. Simple formulas for {ital dE}/{ital dx} are obtained in the regions {ital E}{much lt}{ital M}{sub {ital Q}}{sup 2}/{ital T} and {ital E}{much gt}{ital M}{sub {ital Q}}{sup 2}/{ital T}, where {ital M}{sub {ital Q}} is the mass of the heavy quark and {ital T} is the temperature. The crossover energy between the two regions is determined to be approximately 1.8{ital M}{sub {ital Q}}{sup 2}/{ital T}. Under conditions relevant to ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, charm quarks and bottom quarks lie on opposite sides of the crossover energy and therefore experience significantly different energy losses.
Postdrinking sexual perceptions and behaviors toward another person: Alcohol expectancy set and gender differences

Based on research showing that alcohol expectancy and gender both play a role in sexual perceptions, we factorially crossed the apparent drinking status of yoked pairs consisting of a participant and a target person (a confederate posing as co-participant). Alcohol expectancy interacted with gender in complex ways to influence sexual perceptions. We also found behavioral effects: Men showed more erotic material to both male and female targets than women did. Men perceived the target as more sexually aroused by erotic material than women did. Men also showed more erotic material to drinking targets than to non-drinking targets. Sexual perceptions and erotica showing behavior were correlated significantly and positively. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for postdrinking heterosexual encounters.
Input limitations for cortical combination-sensitive neurons coding stop-consonants?

A tendency of auditory cortical neurons to respond at the beginning of major transitions in sounds rather than providing a continuously updated spectral-temporal profile may impede the generation of combination-sensitivity for certain classes of stimuli. Potential consequences of the cortical encoding of voiced stop-consonants on representational principles derived from orderly output constraints are discussed.
Therapy of cytomegalovirus retinitis with transfer factor.

Abstract A renal transplant recipient who was rapidly losing his vision due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis was treated with transfer factor (TF). TF was prepared from lymphocytes of a subject with CMV mononucleosis who had cell-mediated immunity to CMV as assayed by lymphocyte transformation ([ 3 H] thymidine uptake) and migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production. Within 2 mo of initiation of TF therapy, all of the patient's foci of retinal inflammation became inactive. This was his second episode of acute retinitis within 4 yr. The first one required reduction in the dose of immunosuppressants to achieve remission, whereas during the present exacerbation, immunosuppressants were maintained at a pre-TF therapy dosage. It is of interest that immediately after initiation of TF, a previously quiescent area of retinitis became inflamed; however, after several additional doses of TF, this reactivation subsided. In addition, the patient developed (though transiently) a positive delayed skin test to one of the antigens (SK-SD) to which the donor of the TF was sensitive, and although lymphocyte transformation by CMV antigen remained negative, there was evidence of MIF production. Finally, the patient's urine CMV titer declined from persistently high titers of 10 3.5 to 10 4.5 TCID 50 to a titer of 10 0.5 TCID 50 , which was the lowest observed during the 4 yr of study. We conclude that it is unlikely that these findings were due to chance. TF should receive wider clinical trials in certain viral infections, particularly in immunosuppressed hosts.
Lipids of cultured hepatoma cells: VI. Glycerolipid and monoenoic fatty acid biosynthesis in minimal deviation hepatoma 7288C

1-14C-Acetic, 1-14C-palmitic, or 1-14C-stearic acid was incubated with minimal deviation hepatoma 7288C cells grown in culture to assess: de novo fatty acid synthesis, oxidation, desaturation, and elongation of saturated fatty acids, as well as the ability of media fatty acids to serve as precursors of cellular glycerolipids. Distribution of radioactivity in the individual lipid classes and the various fatty acids of triglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine was determined. The radioactivity among the monoenoic acid isomers derived from triglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine was analyzed by reductive ozonolysis. Only small amounts of the labeled substrates were oxidized to carbon dioxide. Except for labeled stearic acid, which also was incorporated heavily into phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine, most radioactivity was recovered in triglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Synthesis of cholesterol and long chain fatty acids from labeled acetic acid demonstrated that these cells can perform de novo synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. Both labeled palmitic and stearic acids were desaturated to the corresponding Δ9 monoenes, and palmitic and palmitoleic acids were elongated. The hexadecenoic acid fraction isolated from triglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, when acetic or palmitic acid was the labeled substrate, showed that greater than 70% of the labeled acids were the Δ9 isomer. Radioactivity of the octadecenoic acid fraction derived from labeled acetic or palmitic acids was nearly equally divided between the Δ9 isomer, oleic acid, and the Δ11 isomer, vaccenic acid. Desaturation of labeled stearic acid produced only oleic acid. These data demonstrate that the biosynthesis of vaccenic acid in these cultured neoplastic cells proceeds via the elongation of palmitoleic acid. The relatively high level of vaccenic acid synthesis in these cells suggests that the reported elevation of “oleic acid” in many neoplasms may result from increased concentration of vaccenic acid.
Use of circular external fixation to maintain foot position during free tissue transfer to the foot and ankle.

Limb salvage techniques of traumatized extremities using free-tissue transfer and microsurgical techniques have become standard reconstructive methods. To our knowledge there is no published data on the incidence or likelihood of equinus following free tissue transfer about the ankle, although in our experience we have perceived an unacceptable incidence of equinus following free tissue transfers about the ankle and therefore initiated prophylactic ring fixation across the ankle. Fourteen patients were placed in circular external fixation spanning the ankle at the time of free tissue transfer for a mean of 12 weeks (Median 7 weeks, Range 6–28 weeks). The results were evaluated using the degree of active ankle dorsiflexion and return to independent ambulation. Six patients had excellent results with active ankle dorsiflexion beyond neutral, and four patients had good results with neutral ankle alignment that did not require further intervention. All patients saved their limb and returned to independent ambulation. When performing free tissue transfer about the ankle, temporary spanning with a circular fixator is effective in preventing equinus deformity and provides a stable mechanical construct protecting the flap. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Human skin fibroblasts from individuals genetically predisposed to cancer are sensitive to an SV40‐induced T antigen display and transformation

In the present study we have used a viral probe to determine the genetic susceptibility of fibroblastic cell strains derived from individuals with hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR), an autosomal dominant trait. This report shows an increased sensitivity of apparently karyologically-normal diploid skin fibroblasts from ACR individuals to an SV40-induced T antigen display and transformation. None of the SV40-transformed cells grew as tumors in athymic mice and they all appeared to have a finite life span. The results suggest that the induction of T antigen positive cells by SV40 may be used as a marker of cancer risk in this cell system.
Meteorological satellites and cooperative programs

Abstract Satellite data are available to meteorological centers around the world in two forms: (1) real-time reception directly from the spacecraft to the users; (2) processed data via the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). Real-time data is broadcast by satellites operated by both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. From the NOAA series, Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) has been in wide use for 19 years. High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) has been available to users with more sophisticated receiving equipment for the past 10 years. The Meteor satellites have been broadcasting for over 10 years. From the geostationary satellites (GOES), specialized products are broadcast via weather facsimile (WEFAX), and for users with very sophisticated ground systems, real-time geostationary images are available. Derived data, i.e., vertical temperature soundings of the atmosphere, etc., are routinely available on the GTS. The characteristics, utility, current utilization and future developments of these services will be reviewed and discussed.
Rate-Limiting Step in the Low-Energy Unimolecular Decomposition Reaction of Ni+•Acetone into Ni+CO + Ethane

Rate constants for the low-energy Ni+-assisted C−C bond cleavage reaction of deuterium-labeled acetone have been acquired under jet-cooled conditions in the gas phase. The energies used to initiate the dissociative reactions of the precursor complex ion Ni+(d6-Ac) are well below that required to cleave C−C σ-bonds in isolated organic molecules. The rate constants are compared to those acquired previously for the lighter Ni+(h6-Ac) isotope and result in a substantial kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD ∼ 5.5). Arguments are made that implicate isomerization leading to C−C bond coupling as the rate-limiting step (not C−C σ-bond activation) in the dissociative reaction.
Reoperationalizing economic data collection.

Abstract Producing defensible economic impact estimations for tourism planning suggests that current data gathering techniques be reexamined. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between using a traditional survey design asking tourists to record their expenditures during the first two days of their trip in one area vs. using a new design that asks for only one day of expenditures for a preselected day of their trip. Results showed that the number of group expenditures and average daily expenditure did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups. However, the second approach did differ significantly from the first, producing higher initial response rates, lower rejection rates, and higher overall net response rates.