cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sorting-to-matching method to teach compound matching to sample

Individuals with developmental disabilities may fail to attend to multiple features in compound stimuli (e.g., arrays of pictures, letters within words) with detrimental effects on learning. Participants were 5 children with autism spectrum disorder who had low to intermediate accuracy scores (35% to 84%) on a computer-presented compound matching task. Sample stimuli were pairs of icons (e.g., chair-tree), the correct comparison was identical to the sample, and each incorrect comparison had one icon in common with the sample (e.g., chair-sun, airplane-tree). A 5-step tabletop sorting-to-matching training procedure was used to teach compound matching. The first step was sorting 3 single pictures; subsequent steps gradually changed the task to compound matching. If progress stalled, tasks were modified temporarily to prompt observing behavior. After tabletop training, participants were retested on the compound matching task; accuracy improved to at least 95% for all children. This procedure illustrates one way to improve attending to multiple features of compound stimuli.
VALGUS DEFORMITY OF THE KNEE RESULTING FROM INJURY TO THE LOWER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS

1. Valgus deformity of the knee, following injury in childhood, is commonly the result of premature closure of the lateral portion of the epiphyseal cartilage plate of the distal end of the femur. The type of injury producing this premature closure is a crushing of the cartilage plate, and is most commonly received from a fall from a considerable height. 2. Severe angulation of the knee occurs if the injury takes place in a young child. Marked loss of function is caused by the degree of angulation and shortening. 3. Supracondylar osteotomy of the open-wedge type, with lengthening of the soft structures on the lateral side of the knee, gives excellent anatomical reconstruction and added length to the femur. 4. If compensatory deformity of the tibia is present, this should also be corrected by open-wedge osteotomy, which gives additional length to the leg. 5. The osteotomies should be carefully outlined on tracings of the teleoroentgenograms. 6. A triangular, full-thickness wedge of iliac bone has been found to be the most advantageous type of bone graft to place in the open wedge. 7. In the growing child with developing deformity, open-wedge osteotomy should be performed before the medial condyle has overgrown the lateral condyle by more than one inch. The operation should be repeated as often as necessary during the period of growth. In this manner, added length is obtained with each osteotomy; the deformity is never severe; and correction is easier to obtain. 8. Arrest of the corresponding epiphyseal cartilage plate of the normal femur should be performed before the normal femur has overgrown the involved femur by more than two inches, providing the expected final height is satisfactory with this loss of growth. 9. If necessary to give a more desirable final height, femoral lengthening may be performed. It should not be done until the valgus deformity has been fully corrected.
SYNTAX SCORE AND ITS IMPACT ON LONG TERM OUTCOMES OF CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION: A META-ANALYSIS AND META-REGRESSION

We sought to compare the long term outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization (PCI) Vs CABS (Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery) for coronary stenoses with low (0-22) & intermediate (23-32) SYNTAX score PubMed & Web of Science were searched up to 15th October 2015 for studies comparing long
Electron Energy Constancy Check Using a Five-Chamber Detector Array

Two methods are shown here to determine the 50% depth ionization (d50) using buildup materials of different thickness placed on top of a five-chamber detector array. In the first method, two sets of different thickness buildup material are required to perform the check, one set for checking 6 and 9 MeV, while another set is used for 12, 16, and 20 MeV electron beam from a Varian Clinac 2100C. The second method only requires two data points to determine the d50 depth for each energy. The d50 depths determined were compared with the d50 depth obtained using a water phantom with ionization chamber measurements. The method is simple to use especially for departments that use a similar detector to perform quality assurance tests such as output/symmetry/flatness check.
An exploration of the academic coaching education internship

AbstractAcademic coach education programmes in the USA have been developed to offer a comprehensive approach to coach preparation and development. However, little is known about how these academic programmes prepare student coaches for the coaching profession, particularly with regard to practicum or internship experiences. This study surveyed coach education programme coordinators in the university setting and explored the current programmatic methods of implementing the internship. The coach education internship was found to vary widely in structure and expectations, leading to three main concerns: (1) lack of consistency in organizational structure; (2) over-estimation of the coaching opportunities student coaches were expected to experience; and (3) an absence of or limited amount of screening and evaluation of the mentor coaches supervising the student coach during internship. Recommendations regarding the internship within academic coach education programmes are explored.
Stability of rectification of iron porphyrin molecular junctions

Abstract We report rectification from porphyrin molecules ligated to an iron atom. Current-voltage (IV) curves were measured from the molecules using a conductive atomic force microscope (AFM). Molecules were deposited on a substrate from template-stripped gold from 1 μM iron porphyrin solution by either a drop-dry or 60 s deposition method. The measured IV curves from the drop-dry samples were stable. Statistical analysis of the IV curves showed that the distribution of the threshold voltages (0.543 V - 0.588 V) and rectification ratios (34–42) from the drop-dry samples are confined to a smaller range than the threshold voltages (0.2 V - 0.7 V) and rectification ratios (2.5–162) from the 60 s samples. The fluctuations in the IV curve from the 60 s deposition samples can be explained by local joule heating. The roughness of the topography was analyzed to understand the difference in IV measurements between the two types of samples. The stability of the rectification from the drop-dry samples is attributed to good thermal contact between the AFM tip and the molecules on the substrate.
P132 Health care utilisation and costs among COPD patients newly prescribed maintenance therapy in the United Kingdom (UK)

Aim To characterise disease burden, health care resource utilisation (HCRU), and costs among a cohort of COPD patients newly prescribed maintenance therapy in UK general practice. Method A retrospective cohort of COPD patients aged ≥40 yrs and newly prescribed COPD monotherapy (long acting beta-agonists [LABA] or long acting muscarinic antagonist [LAMA]), dual therapy (LABA+LAMA; LABA+inhaled corticosteroid (ICS); LAMA+ICS) or open triple therapy (LAMA+LABA+ICS) between 1/1/2009 and 30/11/2012 was identified from UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Health care resource utilisation assessed in the 12 months prior to maintenance therapy initiation included moderate (community treated) and severe (hospital or A&E treated) COPD exacerbations (rate per 100 person years [PY]), general practice (GP) interactions, other COPD treatments, and non-COPD related hospitalisations. The costs associated with HCRU were calculated using National Health Services reference costs for 2013–14 and PSSRU costs for 2014. Results A total of 39,639 COPD patients were included (54% male, mean age 68 yrs (SD: 11)). LABA+ICS (39%) and LAMA (34%) were the most commonly initiated LABD; 13% were first exposed to LABD as part of an open triple regimen (Table 1). Patients initiating an ICS-containing regimen had a higher exacerbation rate (moderate or severe) in the 12 months prior to maintenance therapy initiation (LABA+ICS: 0.74 per PY [95% CI:0.72–0.75]; LAMA+ICS: 0.86 per PY [0.82–0.90] and LAMA+LABA+ICS: 0.83 per PY [0.80–0.85]) compared to patients on bronchodilators alone (LAMA: 0.55 per PY [0.54–0.57]; LABA: 0.56 per PY [0.54–0.59]; LAMA+LABA: 0.50 per PY [0.44–0.56]). Patients on open triple therapy demonstrated the highest rates of non-COPD related hospitalisations. The annual per patient cost ranged from £2,139 (LABA) to £2,876 (LAMA+LABA+ICS); approximately half were due to GP visits and a third resulted from non-COPD related hospitalisations (Table 1). Conclusion Patients with a higher baseline exacerbation rate were more likely to receive ICS- containing therapies compared to those taking bronchodilators alone. Across all maintenance therapy groups, GP visits and non-COPD related hospitalisations were the primary driver of total costs.
Methods for the isolation and characterization of constituents of natural products: VIII. Gas-liquid chromatographic resolution of alcohol ester, amide, and thioester derivatives of pyruvic acid 2,6-dinitrophenylhydrazone

Abstract Gas-liquid chromatographic techniques have been employed for the resolution of homologous series of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol ester- primary amine amide- and thioester derivatives of pyruvic acid 2,6-dinitrophenylhydrazone. The derivatives can be separated isothermally or by temperature programming on 6.5 or 4-foot J × R or on a 1-foot SE 30 column and can be detected by flame or electron capture detectors. The latter permits the detection of from 10–15 mμg of a derivative which is equivalent to about 1–5 mμg of the parent compound.
Endometrial adenocarcinoma arising in adenomyosis

Endometrial adenocarcinoma and adenomyosis are both common problems arising in the uterus. Interestingly, there are few reports of the combination of these two pathologic entities. A recent experience with eight cases found in the files of the Gynecologic PathOlogy Laboratory at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between the years 1955 and 1974 are reported. Of significance is the differential in prognosis between such cases with deep involvement and true invasive disease.
The History and Threat of Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the history and threats posed by biological weapons and bioterrorism. In the past, recognition of the effect of infectious diseases on populations resulted in the use of infected individuals, toxins, human waste, cadavers, and animal carcasses as weapons against armies. Toxic arrows were commonly used as weapons in ancient civilizations. Among the arrow poisons used were snake toxins, scorpion venom, and various plant toxins. During World War II, Russian scientists isolated aconitine to create poison bullets, which were used as assassination weapons. A recent bioterrorism incident was in 1991, when a right-wing extremist group, the Minnesota Patriots Council, produced a small quantity of ricin toxin from castor beans. They planned to use a mixture of ricin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hoping that the DMSO would transport the ricin. Various countries with records of supporting terrorist organizations are believed to have biological-weapons programs. Some of these countries include Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and Syria.
Benefit-Risk Assessments at the US Food and Drug Administration: Finding the Balance

The US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) independent evaluation of medical products for safety and effectiveness prior to granting approval for marketing or new labeled indications is fundamental to assuring the public and clinicians that marketed products have a positive balance of benefit to risk when used according to labeling. Ever since this foundational protection was established in 1962, a body of evidence has supported the use of a flexible but consistent standard when making decisions about marketing approval: Do the benefits of a product outweigh the risks when used as intended and labeled?
Anodal cerebellar tDCS modulates lower extremity pain perception.

Background Previous studies have investigated the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for pain management. The studies investigating therapeutic neuromodulation with tDCS for lower extremity pain are scarce and inconclusive. Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of cerebellar tDCS on lower extremity sensory and pain thresholds in healthy volunteers. Methods This was a single-blind crossover repeated-measure study. Utilizing randomized conditions, we examined the effects of anodal, cathodal and sham stimulation of the right cerebellum in 14 healthy volunteers on sensory and pain thresholds which were induced in the right leg using electrical stimulation. tDCS intensity was 2 mA and the duration of the stimulation was 10 minutes. Results After anodal cerebellar stimulation the pain threshold of the ipsilateral leg was increased (p 0.05). Furthermore, no significant modulation of the sensory threshold was detected after anodal, cathodal or sham cerebellar tDCS (p > 0.05). Conclusions Our results indicate that anodal cerebellar tDCS with a reference electrode positioned over the buccinator area modulates pain processing in the ipsilateral leg. Further investigation is required to evaluate possible application in chronic pain patients.
Vote-taking for EUV lithography: a radical approach to mitigate mask defects

Vote-taking lithography sums up N mask images, each at 1/N dose, to mitigate the mask defects on each individual mask. The fundamental assumption is that the mask defects do not correlate in position from mask to mask, and so each individual defect will be blended with good images from the other N-1 masks. This paper will explore vote-taking for EUV lithography with both simulation and experimental results. PROLITH simulations will show the size of defects that can be healed for different N, the number of masks. SEM images of NXE 3300 exposures will be shown that are similar to those predicted from simulation. The implementation of vote-taking lithography for High Volume Manufacturing has huge practical and economic barriers. Some expose tool capabilities that could enable vote-taking lithography will be discussed. Besides defect mitigation, we briefly speculate on other possible imaging benefits opened up by voting with several exposure passes.
Applying Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Process Industry—The Chemours Experience

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic tool to quantify environmental footprint of a product throughout the life cycle stages of the product. The life cycle stages include extraction of raw materials, the processing, manufacturing, and fabrication of the product, the transportation or distribution of the product to the consumer, the use of the product by the consumer, and the disposal or recovery of the product after its useful life. LCA has been used in industry in various ways including developing sustainable business strategies, technology selection, marketing more sustainable products, and more.
Friends With Benefits: Plausible Optimism and the Practice of Teabagging in Video Games:

Recent scholarship in gaming studies has challenged the field to investigate and critique the hard core gaming audience (stereotypically seen as straight, White, cis-gendered male gamers) in a way that does not reinforce either the perceived marginalization of gamers or broader social hierarchies of gender, sexuality, and class. This article demonstrates a way to acknowledge the complexity of this audience without dismissing its most virulent tendencies via practice theory and weak theory. Using data drawn from a qualitative survey of 393 self-identified first-person shooter video game players, this article looks at the specific practice of “teabagging” in online competitive gaming contexts. Ultimately, this article argues that drawing attention to the gaps and fissures that local gaming practices can produce in broader structures of gaming, sexuality, and class can help critical gaming scholars encourage and cultivate such practices as well as construct new, reparative alliances between different fields ...
The Most Nuclear-Bombed Place: Ecological Implications of the US Nuclear Testing Program

Although previous rhetorical research on nuclear colonialism treats the phenomenon from a human perspective, this chapter shifts to a broader ecological perspective to examine the relationship between nuclear technologies, rhetoric, and the more-than-human land community, including human animals, non-human animals, soils, plants, and water. Theorizing nuclear colonialism as a material-discursive formation allows for an analysis of nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) that describes how nuclear colonialism entails a range of human and more-than-human rhetorics—both patterns of discourse with material consequences and forms of non-discursive material rhetoric—that justify, perpetuate, and challenge the practices of colonialism that underlie the nuclear production process. The theoretical and analytical arguments in this chapter have implications for understanding the relationship between rhetoric, materiality, discursivity, and ecology.
Toward an Integration of Constructivism and Existential Psychotherapy

Constructivism and existential psychology are distinct approaches to therapy that share many important commonalities. Included in the commonalities are a focus on meaning, relationships, change, an...
The formation of social capital in newly constructed neighborhoods

What factors encourage or discourage the formation of social capital and community resilience in neighborhoods geared toward affordable/workforce housing and vulnerable populations? Newly built sta...
Spatially Distributed Surface Energy Flux Modeling

This chapter discusses the various models utilizing remotely sensed data for spatially distributed surface energy flux estimation. It outlines the basic principles and the corresponding approaches for estimating the different components of the energy budget (net radiation, soil heat flux, heat, sensible heat, and latent heat) and land surface parameters (albedo, emissivity, NDVI, surface temperature). The models discussed are capable of utilizing radiative and reflective data from satellite images from sensors of Landsat TM and ETM+, MODIS, ASTER, and others with thermal bands. The six models discussed include Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB), Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS), Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index (S-SEBI), Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution using Internalized Calibration (METRIC), and Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB).
Rotavirus Infection: An Update on Management and Prevention

Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is the only control measure likely to have a significant impact on the incidence of severe dehydrating rotavirus disease. Rotavirus vaccines have reduced the burden of rotavirus disease in the United States. Long-term monitoring will need to continue to assess the effects of rotavirus immunization programs and epidemiologic strain surveillance is necessary to determine whether changes in strain ecology will affect the rotavirus vaccine effectiveness and whether rotaviruses with the ability to evade vaccine immunity emerge.
The Effect of HVOF Bond Coating with APS Flash Coating on TBC Performance

To study the benefit of ~ 50-µm-thick air-plasma-sprayed (APS) ‘flash’ bond coatings, NiCoCrAlYHfSi high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) bond coatings were deposited on alloy 247 disk substrates with APS yttria-stabilized zirconia topcoatings. Using 1-h cycles at 1100 °C in air with 10% H2O and HVOF-only bond coatings as a baseline, APS flash coatings extended the average coating lifetime by > 10% using NiCoCrAlYHfSi and > 70% using NiCoCrAlY powder. Coatings were characterized after 0, 100 and 300 cycles and after failure. Residual stress in the thermally grown alumina scale was mapped every 100 cycles using photo-stimulated luminescence piezospectroscopy. The flash coating created an interlocked metal–alumina layer that appeared to inhibit critical crack formation, and the underlying HVOF layer prevented further internal oxidation and appeared to supply the APS flash coating with Al. The addition of Hf and Y to the flash coating increased internal oxidation and accelerated Al consumption, thereby reducing the benefit of the flash coating.
The Long and the Short of the RNA Polymerase C-Terminal Domain and Phase Separation.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Lu et al. (2019) analyze the role of the length and sequence complexity of the RNA polymerase II unstructured C-terminal domain in animal viability, development, and the dynamics of RNA polymerase II in vivo.
Job Satisfaction Research: Implications for Supported Employment.

Increased emphasis is being placed on providing integrated and normalizing work experiences for people with severe disabilities through supported employment. As more individuals are offered trainin...
Mothering Theo-Political Ideology: Natural Law, Empirical Facts, and Discourse Politics

This chapter describes the teaching practice of CanaVox, a pro-marriage social movement, examining its relationship to Catholic teaching, particularly the discourse of the common good. Having established that CanaVox’s platform is an interpretation and extension of Catholic teaching on marriage, gender essentialism, and the role of women, it examines the moral warrants and methods of self-tutelage practiced by members through an examination of the group’s syllabus of literature and leader’s guide. This selection of readings offers a flattened, partisan politicization of natural law discourse, alienated from its religious roots. A highly selective appropriation of empirical research and personal testimony is discussed as corroborative evidence in a format which seems strategically aimed at affective conditioning through affirmation, rather than engaging the public controversy with an openness to rational disagreement. As such, CanaVox encourages its participants to strengthen their identification with a raft of unreflective, politicized values unmoored from their originating ritual community, its public virtues, and authorities. The chapter concludes by noting the obligations of Catholic moral theologians and Christian ethicists drawn from this example. Ethicists have an obligation to combat political vices of condescension and inoculation to critique through making plain the ideological quality of seemingly universal rules expressed in political discourse that are in fact rooted in particular historically religious commitments. They must press for greater caution and clarity in the use of empirical research to confirm theologically based presuppositions. Most expansively, they must educate ordinary religious practitioners in norms of just political engagement and evangelization in a pluralist society, using examples and authorities drawn from their own traditions.
Intrinsic axion insulating behavior in antiferromagnetic MnBi 6 Te 10

A striking feature of time-reversal symmetry (TRS) protected topological insulators (TIs) is that they are characterized by a half integer quantum Hall effect on the boundary when the surface states are gapped by time-reversal breaking perturbations. While TRS-protected TIs have become increasingly under control, magnetic analogs are still a largely unexplored territory with novel rich structures. In particular, magnetic topological insulators can also host a quantized axion term in the presence of lattice symmetries. Since these symmetries are naturally broken on the boundary, the surface states can develop a gap without external manipulation. In this paper, we combine theoretical analysis, density-functional calculations and experimental evidence to reveal intrinsic axion insulating behavior in ${\mathrm{MnBi}}_{6}{\mathrm{Te}}_{10}$. The quantized axion term arises from the simplest possible mechanism in the antiferromagnetic regime where it is protected by inversion symmetry and the product of a fractional translation and TRS. The anticipated gapping of the Dirac surface state at the edge is subsequently experimentally established using angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). As a result, this system provides the magnetic analog of the simplest TRS-protected TI with a single, gapped Dirac cone at the surface.
Association Between Pesticide Use and Incidence of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM Exposure to pesticides has been reportedly associated with several types of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we used data from The United States Geological Survey (USGS), United States Census, and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to analyze the association between the area density of specific agricultural pesticides and the county level annual incidence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). RESULTS Incidence of DLBCL was significantly associated with an area density of 14 of the pesticides reported by USGS. CONCLUSION This highlights the need for further investigation into the safety of the use of these pesticides. The importance of this study comes not only from the significant association it shows between pesticides and the incidence of cancer, but also from the fact that it included all compounds reported to USGS as being used in agriculture. This helps in prioritizing pesticides for further evaluation.
In Vitro Evaluation of the Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) as a Test Species in Chemical Carcinogenesis Studies

The ability of isolated subcellular fractions and cells from the liver of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) to perform key steps in carcinogenesis was studied using the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)benzo[a]pyrene (BP). High-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of BP metabolism by catfish liver microsomal fraction revealed the formation of 9,10-diol BP; 4,5-diol BP; 7,8-diol BP; 9-OH BP; 3-OH BP; and quinones. When the microsomal fraction of catfish liver from fish pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene was used, increased formation of 9,10-diol BP and 7,8-diol BP was seen. Postmitochondrial supernatant (S-9) of catfish liver incubated with required cofactors activated 2-acetylaminofluorene and BP into mutation-causing metabolites in a bacterial mutagen assay. Trypsin digestion of catfish liver was used to isolate 2.8 X 10 6 cells/g liver with 98 percent viability. Incubation of these cells after 1 day of culture with tritiated BP followed by autoradiographic localization showed preferential accumulation of BP over liver cell nuclei. Subsequent liquid scintillation analysis of cell fractions obtained by cesium chloride centrifugation revealed radioactivity in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fraction. Results of studies with microsomal fractions demonstrate the capacity of the liver mixed-function oxidase system (MFOS) of this species to metabolize carcinogens into mutagenic forms. Data with isolated cells indicate that activation reactions could result in the initiation of carcinogenesis within the intact liver and suggest the suitability of this species for carcinogen bioassay.
Target Validation Using PROTACs: Applying the Four Pillars Framework:

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional compounds that recruit the E3 ubiquitin ligase machinery to proteins of interest, resulting in their ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Targeted protein degradation has generated considerable interest in drug discovery because inhibition of one particular function of a protein often does not deliver the therapeutic efficacy that results from whole-protein depletion. However, the physicochemistry and intrinsically complex pharmacology of PROTACs present challenges, particularly for the development of orally bioavailable drugs. Here we describe the application of a translational pharmacology framework (called the four pillars) to expedite PROTAC development by informing pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) understanding and helping elucidate structure-activity relationships. Experimental methods are reviewed that help illuminate exposure of the drug or probe at the site of action (pillar 1) and engagement of its target(s) (pillar 2) that drive functional pharmacological effects (pillar 3) resulting in modulation of a relevant phenotype (pillar 4). We hope the guidance will be useful to those developing targeted protein degraders and help establish PROTAC molecules as robust target validation chemical probes.
Modeling the fate and human health impacts of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in reclaimed wastewater irrigation for agriculture

Abstract Wastewater reclamation and reuse for agriculture have attracted a great deal of interest, due to water stress caused by rapid increase in human population and agricultural water demand as well as climate change. However, the application of treated wastewater for irrigation can lead to the accumulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the agricultural crops, grazing animals, and consequently to human dietary exposure. In this study, a model was developed to simulate the fate of five PPCPs; triclosan (TCS), carbamazepine (CBZ), naproxen (NPX), gemfibrozil (GFB), and fluoxetine (FXT) during wastewater reuse for agriculture, and potential human dietary exposure and health risk. In a reclaimed wastewater-irrigated grazing farm growing alfalfa, it took 100–535 days for PPCPs to achieve the steady-state concentrations of 1.43 × 10−6, 4.73 × 10−5, 1.17 × 10−6, 1.53 × 10−5, and 7.38 × 10−6 mg/kg for TCS, CBZ, NPX, GFB, and FXT in soils, respectively. The accumulated concentration of PPCPs in the plant (alfalfa) and grazing animals (beef) ranged 2.86 × 10−7− 4.02 × 10−3 and 4.39 × 10−15− 6.27 × 10−7 mg/kg, respectively. Human dietary exposure to these compounds through beef consumption was calculated to be 1.67 × 10−18− 1.74 × 10−10 mg/kg bodyweight/d, much lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Similar results were obtained for a ‘typical’ reclaimed wastewater irrigated farm based on the typical setup using our model. Screening analysis showed that PPCPs with relatively high LogD value and lower ratios of degradation rate (in soils) to plant uptake have a greater potential to be transferred to humans and cause potential health risks. We established a modeling method for evaluating the fate and human health effects of PPCPs in reclaimed wastewater reuse for the agricultural system and developed an index for screening PPCPs with high potential to accumulate in agricultural products. The model and findings are valuable for managing water reuse for irrigation and mitigating the harmful effects of PPCPs.
A Pilot Study of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Sampling and Selection to Increase Medication Adherence in Low-Income Smokers.

INTRODUCTION Adherence to smoking cessation medications remains suboptimal, particularly among low-income smokers. Guided, experiential sampling of nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) may increase NRT adherence and smoking cessation over gold standard counseling plus NRT. The present pilot study aimed to examine feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a novel experiential intervention. AIMS AND METHODS This pilot randomized controlled trial (N = 83) compared gold standard smoking cessation treatment (four weekly sessions of behavioral counseling followed by self-selected combination NRT in week 5) to a novel experiential approach (ie, In Vivo; four weekly sessions of sampling each short form of NRT-gum, lozenge, inhaler, nasal spray-in-session while wearing the nicotine patch followed by NRT selection in week 5). Both groups received 8 weeks of nicotine patch plus their selected additional short form NRT for smoking cessation followed by a 1-month assessment. RESULTS Screening and enrollment rates supported feasibility. In Vivo was comparable in acceptability with the gold standard of care intervention; however, there was greater attrition in the In Vivo group compared with the gold standard of care group. Results suggested higher medication adherence and improvements in smoking behavior in the In Vivo intervention; with generally small-to-medium effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS This experiential approach to sampling NRT is feasible and acceptable to low-income people who smoke. This intervention may increase adherence and reduce harmful smoking behavior but needs to be tested on a larger scale. IMPLICATIONS Medication adherence remains a significant impediment to the successful smoking cessation. The results of this study suggest that guided sampling of NRT products improves adherence among low-income smokers. Additionally, this approach yielded greater improvements in smoking behavior compared with gold standard smoking cessation treatment. This intervention shows promise as a feasible smoking cessation treatment for low-income smokers.
Trends in Pediatric Primary Care Visits During the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Months after the declaration of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) national emergency, visits among children remained suppressed for unclear reasons, which we sought to understand by examining child visit rates. METHODS: Using de-identified claims data for children <18 years old from OptumLabs® Data Warehouse, a large commercial claims database, we compared monthly primary care visit and vaccination rates from January-October 2020 to January-October 2018 and 2019. Visit rates were analyzed by visit reason and by the month after (eg, month +1) the COVID-19 public health emergency declaration using a series of child-level Poisson regression models. RESULTS: There were 3.4, 3.4, and 3.1 million children in 2018, 2019, and 2020 cohorts, respectively. Compared to the same months in prior years, primary care visits in 2020 were 60% lower in month +1 (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.40, 99% confidence interval [CI] 0.40-0.40) and 17% lower in month +7 (IRR 0.83, 99% CI 0.83-0.83). Preventive visit rates were 53% lower in month +1 (IRR 0.47, 99% CI 0.47-0.47), but 8% higher than prior years in month +7 (IRR 1.08, 99% CI 1.08-1.08). Monthly rates of vaccine administration followed a similar pattern. Problem-focused visits remained 31% lower in month +7 (IRR 0.69, 99% CI 0.68-0.69), with notably fewer infection-related visits (acute respiratory tract infections IRR 0.37, 99% CI 0.36-0.37; gastroenteritis IRR 0.20, 99% CI 0.20-0.20). CONCLUSION: Seven months after the COVID-19 emergency declaration, receipt of pediatric care remained suppressed due to fewer problem-focused visits, with notably fewer infection-related visits. By October 2020, rates of preventive visits and vaccination exceeded rates in prior years.
Reproductive Performance and Recording Systems

Records are important for the evaluation of herd reproductive performance. Therefore veterinarians should know how to examine and analyse records to help diagnose the causes of inadequate reproductive performance in cattle enterprises whether due to disease or management. It is more likely that a diagnosis of the cause of inadequate reproductive performance in a herd can be made by thorough examination and analysis of herd records than by serological testing or microbiological culture. However, most veterinarians start to investigate the inadequate reproductive performance by examining cows and obtaining samples for serology or biochemistry. Many veterinarians argue that this must be done, because this is what farmers expect. It can also be argued that farmers expect this approach because this is the approach they have grown accustomed to.
Precis of Authority and Estrangement: An Essay on Self-Knowledge

Authority and Estrangement addresses a set of questions about self-knowledge and seeks to answer them in the context of the broader differences between the first-person and third-person perspectives on oneself. Attention to these broader differences takes the discussion from epistemology to moral psychology, and seeks to relate some of the issues of contemporary philosophy of mind to the concerns with self-consciousness in post-Kantian thought. One question is simply: why should there be any differences at all between how a person knows his own mind and how he may know the mind of another person? Two such differences in particular have attracted philosophical attention. First, a person can typically know what he believes or intends or wants "immediately", that is, without appeal either to behavioral evidence or observations of any kind. Secondly, this independence of evidence appears to contribute to, rather than detract from, the authority with which first-person reports are delivered and received. So the book seeks to provide a unified account of the immediacy of ordinary self-knowledge and the special authority of first-person reports of attitudes and states of mind. In particular I try to account for the special importance of the capacity for self-knowledge, both for rationality and for psychic health in general. As the book progresses, this becomes a question concerning what importance there could be of the specifically first-personal access to one's beliefs and other attitudes, given that this is not the only way of learning such facts about oneself. If knowledge of one's own attitudes matters to rationality in various ways, why should it matter what particular form this access takes (i.e., the form associated with immediacy and first-person authority)? Chapter Two connects the special features of the first-person position with respect to knowledge or awareness of one's state of mind to a related difference made by the first-person characterization or description of one's state of mind. Philosophers have sometimes claimed that the person's own charac-
Phosphatidylserine binding directly regulates TIM-3 function.

Co-signaling receptors for the T cell receptor are important therapeutic targets, with blockade of co-inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 now central in immuno-oncology. Advancing additional therapeutic immune modulation approaches requires understanding ligand regulation of other co-signaling receptors. One poorly understood potential therapeutic target is TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing-3). Which of TIM-3's several proposed regulatory ligands is/are relevant for signaling is unclear, and different studies have reported TIM-3 as a co-inhibitory or co-stimulatory receptor in T cells. Here, we show that TIM-3 promotes NF-kB signaling and IL-2 secretion following T cell receptor stimulation in Jurkat cells, and that this activity is regulated by binding to phosphatidylserine (PS). TIM-3 signaling is stimulated by PS exposed constitutively in cultured Jurkat cells, and can be blocked by mutating the PS-binding site or by occluding this site with an antibody. We also find that TIM-3 signaling alters CD28 phosphorylation. Our findings clarify the importance of PS as a functional TIM-3 ligand, and may inform the future exploitation of TIM-3 as a therapeutic target.
Potential Oral Defense Outcomes

While most travelers usually embark on their journey with great expectations, including thinking that every aspect of their travel will be flawless, even an individual with limited travel experience will recognize that will not always be the case.
Induction Infrared Thermography for Non-destructive Evaluation of Welding-Induced Sensitization in Stainless Steels

For medium- and high-carbon stainless steels, welding can induce sensitization in the heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the weld, where chromium carbide $$(\hbox {Cr}_{23}\hbox {C}_{6})$$ precipitates out of the bulk metal and accumulates at the grain boundaries. This chromium depletion and precipitate accumulation at grain boundaries makes the alloy susceptible to intergranular corrosion, environmentally assisted cracking, and broader fracture. In this paper, we investigate the efficacy of using induction infrared thermography (IIRT) as a non-destructive method for detecting welding-induced sensitization, using the AISI 440C steel as an example. We start by presenting a laboratory experiment to demonstrate this approach, using a radio frequency function generator, an induction wand, and a FLIR SC8203 infrared camera. We use traditional metallography techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify the location of any sensitized regions and characterize the corresponding microstructure. The IIRT experimental results reveal a distinguishable heat signature, with higher temperature observed within the sensitized regions. Next, we present a computational study to simulate the IIRT experiment and investigate the underlying physics. We adopt a three-dimensional thermo-electro-magnetic model including Fourier’s law of heat conduction and Maxwell’s equations for predicting the electromagnetic field caused by a sinusoidal excitation current flowing through the induction coil. We solve the system of governing equations using the commercial solver COMSOL Multiphysics. To numerically investigate the possible causes of the disproportionate heating within the sensitized regions, we realistically vary the values of electrical resistivity and magnetic permeability therein. The simulated results indicate that the heat signature observed in the laboratory experiment may result from the increase of both electrical resistivity and magnetic permeability in the HAZ. The possible physical relationships between sensitization and the variation of these two properties are discussed.
Economic Valuation Of Natural Resources: Issues, Theory, And Applications

Allocation of natural resources has become a prominent concern at the local, state, and federal level. Competing uses for increasingly scarce resources are requiring that the relative values of those uses be investigated. Although many types of value are important in decision making, this book is concerned with the economic value of natural resources. Economic values for certain natural resources are readily observable in markets. For others, however, market prices are not available, and estimates of value must be made through nonmarket valuation techniques. The progress that has been made in improving the theory, methods, and applications of these techniques has been remarkable. Along with the progress, however, come new problems that must be addressed. The chapters presented in this volume are a collection of examples of both progress and problems.
Identifying Barriers to Permanency: The Recruitment, Selection, and Training of Resource Parents

Staff and resource parents in the public child welfare agency and private child care facilities were invited to participate in research in one state to examine the barriers surrounding resource parent recruitment, training and selection, and strategies for achieving more timely permanency. Issues identified included the need for a shared vision among all stakeholders and the need to focus more on developing public and private agency partnerships. Data-driven strategies were then designed to address identified barriers. This process can serve as an example of how systems may use solicited input from the field to develop interventions or modify casework practice in an attempt to improve child and family outcomes as needed.
Asymptotic Recurrence and Waiting Times for Stationary Processes

Let \({\text{X = }}\left\{ {X_n ;n \in \mathbb{Z}} \right\}\)be a discrete-valued stationary ergodic process distributed according to P and let x=(..., x−1, x0, x1,...) denote a realization from X. We investigate the asymptotic behavior of the recurrence time Rn defined as the first time that the initial n-block \(x_1^n = (x_1 ,x_2 , \ldots ,x_n )\) reappears in the past of x. We identify an associated random walk, \( - \log P(X_1^n )\) on the same probability space as X, and we prove a strong approximation theorem between log Rn and \( - \log P(X_1^n )\). From this we deduce an almost sure invariance principle for log Rn. As a byproduct of our analysis we get unified proofs for several recent results that were previously established using methods from ergodic theory, the theory of Poisson approximation and the analysis of random trees. Similar results are proved for the waiting time Wn defined as the first time until the initial n-block from one realization first appears in an independent realization generated by the same (or by a different) process.
Magnetic, thermal, and transport properties of the mixed-valent vanadium oxides LuV 4 O 8 and YV 4 O 8

$L{\text{V}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{8}(L=\text{Yb},\text{Y},\text{Lu})$ compounds are reported to crystallize in a structure similar to that of the orthorhombic ${\text{CaFe}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}$ structure type and contain four inequivalent V sites arranged in zigzag chains. We confirm the structure and report the magnetic, thermal, and transport properties of polycrystalline ${\text{YV}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{8}$ and ${\text{LuV}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{8}$. A first-order-like phase transition is observed at 50 K in both ${\text{YV}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{8}$ and ${\text{LuV}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{8}$. The symmetry remains the same with the lattice parameters changing discontinuously. The structural transition in ${\text{YV}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{8}$ leads to partial dimerization of the V atoms resulting in a sudden sharp drop in the magnetic susceptibility. The V spins that do not form dimers order in a canted antiferromagnetic state. The magnetic susceptibility of ${\text{LuV}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{8}$ shows a sharp peak at $\ensuremath{\sim}50\text{ }\text{K}$. The magnetic entropies calculated from heat capacity versus temperature measurements indicate bulk magnetic transitions below 90 K for both ${\text{YV}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{8}$ and ${\text{LuV}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{8}$.
Effect of alcohol and congeners on aggressive response in Betta splendens.

The aggressive response of 12 male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) was measured before and after 6 hours of immersion in individual tanks containing one of 3 test solutions: 285 mg of ethan...
Long-Lived Fission Product Transmutation Studies

A systematic study on long-lived fission products (LLFPs) transmutation has been performed with the aim of devising an optimal strategy for their transmutation in critical or subcritical reactor sy...
Superficial fibrin thrombi … and other findings: a review of the histopathology of human scabietic infections.

Background Cutaneous infection with the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis is associated with epidermal and dermal changes. After noting superficial fibrin thrombi in two biopsies with scabies mites, we comprehensively reviewed the histopathologic findings in scabietic infections to determine the frequency of this finding. Methods Twenty five biopsies of scabies infection were retrieved from the archives of our institution; only cases containing scabietic mite parts or scybala were included. The microscopic features were documented. Results Nearly half (40%) of the cases showed fibrin thrombi within vessels of the superficial dermis. Other frequent findings included dermal eosinophils (88% of cases), epidermal spongiosis (76% of cases), lymphocyte atypia (64%), a superficial and deep infiltrate (52% of cases), dermal neutrophils (52%) and endothelial cell swelling (52%). Half of the cases contained polarizable mite elements. Less commonly encountered features included extravasated erythrocytes (44%), dermal edema (32%), pink ‘pigtails’(28%), intraepidermal pustules (24%), plasma cells (20%) and vasculitis (4%). Conclusions The pathologic characteristics of scabietic infection are wide-ranging. Spongiosis, superficial and deep inflammation, and dermal eosinophils and neutrophils are seen in the majority of cases. Superficial fibrin thrombi are not uncommon in scabietic infection, and may provide a helpful diagnostic clue when mites are not visible on initial sections.