cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aplanar, two-dimensional geometry in APL

The algebraic and array-value orientations of APL make it a very desirable language to use for geometry. A point is given by its coordinates, a line by its endpoints, and more generally, a polyline or stroke by an ordered collection of N points. These are all arrays. More complicated pictures can be created as a union of these elements.In this note we describe a workspace, APLANAR, for two-dimensional (planar) geometry. This workspace is used in conjunction with a viewing system (graphics package) to produce graphic output. The viewing system is described in Appendix II.
Droplets wetting on filament rails: Surface energy and morphology transition

Abstract The morphology of liquid droplets wetting on filaments depends on the filament configuration, droplet volume, and contact angle. A stable morphology is the one that minimizes the potential energy of the droplet–filament system, while morphology transition may happen when an intermediate state exists which corresponds to a higher potential energy. This paper aims to explore such morphology transition of droplet wetting on filament rails made of two parallel identical microfilaments. Detailed numerical simulations were performed to extract the surface energy of the droplet–filament system at varying filament spacings, droplet volumes, and contact angles. Critical conditions of the morphology transition between two symmetrical wetting morphologies (i.e., liquid droplet bridge and barrel-shaped droplet) were determined. A family of characteristic curves in terms of the dimensionless droplet volume vs the filament spacing at varying contact angles was obtained, which can be used as a universal law to govern the morphology transition for such droplet–filament rail systems. The results and concepts presented in this work can be extended to broad wetting systems and utilized for the analysis and design of microfluidic devices and testers based on droplet–filament systems.
Genetic algorithm inversion of dual polarization polar nephelometer data to determine aerosol refractive index

A polar nephelometer that measures the light scattered into a two dimensional plane by a stream of aerosols that intersect a 350 milliwatt diode laser beam with a wavelength of 670 nm is described. A half wave plate is used to orient the laser light both parallel and perpendicular to the measurement plane. This scattering information combined with simultaneously measured size distribution information is used to determine the real (mr) refractive index of the aerosols using a Genetic Algorithm search method. Errors in the retrieved mr based on noise in the scattering measurement as well as uncertainties in the size distribution measurement are examined. The mr of polystyrene latex spheres and ammonium sulfate droplets are determined and match expectations within experimental uncertainties using Mie-Lorenz theory. The angular scattering properties of spherical secondary organic aerosols generated by oxidizing α -pinene do not follow this theory and calls into question the inferred mr.
Access for hemodialysis by means of long-term central venous catheters

The vascular access needs of most people requiring long-term hemodialysis can be maintained over many years by the judicious sequential use of available upper and forearm veins. For some fortunate patients, a single anteriovenous fistula may be all that is necessary to provide a lifetime of dialysis access. For others, repeated failure of conventional access routes may lead to abandonment of hemodialysis in favor of chronic peritoneal dialysis. Peritonitis or other problems may eventually restrict the use of this route, forcing consideration of unconventional forms of access.
Participant reactions to a cognitive- behavioral guided self-help program for binge eating: developing criteria for program evaluation

This article evaluates the effectiveness of a telephone-based guided self-help program for women who binge eat. We report how key program components (e.g., phone sessions, the self-help book) contribute to the four self-help goals identified in the clinical literature: (1) decrease isolation/increase support; (2) increase knowledge of the problem; (3) broaden coping skills; and (4) improve self-esteem. Using the example of our feasibility study, we illustrate that even minimal interventions create a relational context which can promote entry into and engagement with treatment. We conclude that program evaluation should include not only traditional measures of outcome (e.g., reduction in symptomatology), but utilize outcome measures related to the specific goals of minimal interventions (e.g., changes in help-seeking behavior).
Liberal Democracy and Neoliberalism: A Critical Juxtaposition

In this essay I argue that neoliberalism is both an economic and a political doctrine and that its historical trajectory, both conceptual and political, especially in the United States, is better understood in relation to its complex relationship of affinity with liberal democracy. The intersection between liberal democracy and neoliberalism is thus better apprehended from the perspective of the separation of the economic and the political in capitalism and the relative autonomy that it structurally grants to each field of power. Liberal democracy has provided a depoliticized framework that nurtures neoliberalism, while providing it with a cloak of legitimacy. Stated somewhat differently, the historical trajectory of liberal democracy, as a theory and as a practice of power, betrays an anti-democratic tendency that leads to depoliticization and has quelled the democratic politics that once gave credence to it, thus paving the way for the rise of neoliberalism.
Interpreting common hydration biomarkers on the basis of solute and water excretion.

This investigation evaluated 12 hydration biomarkers, to determine which represent 24-h whole-body water balance (that is, measured as water retention or clearance (WR-C) by the kidneys). Healthy males (n=59; body mass, 75.1±7.9 kg; height, 178±6 cm; age, 22±3 years; body mass index, 23.9±2.4 kg/m2) met with a registered dietitian each morning (days 1–11) to optimize completeness and accuracy of food and fluid records, then went about ordinary daily activities. These men visited the laboratory for blood samples and collected all urine produced on days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12. The reference standard (WR-C) was calculated using 24-h urine volume, 24-h urine osmolality, and serum osmolality (single morning venous sample). Statistical regression analyses indicated that, among the 12 hydration biomarkers, only 24-h urine osmolality (r2=0.60, P 0.05) predictors of WR-C, similar to serum osmolality and other single measurements (range of r2 values, 0.19–0.0001). These observations of healthy, active young men demonstrate that WR-C is strongly related to the 24-h concentration of urine, which in turn reflects the excretion of total solids in the diet. Although morning urine assessments provided information about a single time point, 24-h urine osmolality and 24-h urine specific gravity were the best predictors of 24-h body water balance.
Mothers' Part-Time Employment: Child, Parent, and Family Outcomes

This article examines mothers' part-time employment, comparing working part-time with full-time employment and not working at all. Our analysis is organized around 2 paradigmatic views of maternal employment, 1 centered on the adaptive nature of mothers' part-time employment and the other on the detrimental nature of mothers' part-time employment. In each perspective, a variety of theories have been used to shape the literature, influencing the choice of research questions and interpretation of findings. These theories include stress and coping, life course, role, family systems, ecological, and feminist theory. In general, findings support part-time employment as an adaptive strategy. As an exception, mothers employed full-time had better marital quality and performed less household and child-care work than did mothers employed part-time. We also document limitations regarding attention to diverse familial outcomes in subgroups of mothers or families and to potentially important selection factors
The effect of n-alkylation on the gas phase basicities of small peptides measured by the kinetic method

Abstract Gas phase basicities for a series of N-alkylated peptides were found by the kinetic method using amines and guanidines as reference bases. The basicity value of one of these peptides was then remeasured using the rest of the derivatized peptides as reference bases. Both values appear to be in a good agreement. This suggests that structurally similar peptides (with unaltered topology of intramolecular hydrogen bonding) can be used as reference bases in the kinetic method experiments.
A General Synthetic Entry to the Pentacyclic Strychnos Alkaloid Family, Using a [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition/Rearrangement Cascade Sequence

The total synthesis of (±)-strychnopivotine, (±)-tubifolidine, (±)-strychnine, and (±)-valparicine is reported. The central step in the synthesis consists of an intramolecular [4 + 2]-cycloaddition/rearrangement cascade of an indolyl-substituted amidofuran that delivers an aza-tetracyclic substructure containing the ABCE-rings of the Strychnos alkaloid family. A large substituent group on the amide nitrogen atom causes the reactive s-trans conformation of the amidofuran to be more highly populated, thereby facilitating the Diels–Alder cycloaddition. The reaction also requires the presence of an electron-withdrawing substituent on the indole nitrogen for the cycloaddition to proceed. The cycloaddition/rearrangement cascade was remarkably efficient given that two heteroaromatic systems are compromised in the reaction. Closure to the remaining D-ring of the Strychnos skeleton was carried out from the aza-tetracyclic intermediate by an intramolecular palladium-catalyzed enolate-driven cross-coupling between t...
Triple Collision in the Planar Isosceles Three Body Problem.

We employ a device due to McGehee to discuss the qualitative behavior of orbits which reach or come close to triple collision in a special case of the planar three body problem. We show that there exist infinitely many orbits which both begin and end in triple collision. Nearby orbits behave in different ways depending on whether they pass close to the collinear or equilateral triangle central configuration. Finally, we discuss a new type of orbit in the three body problem which we call “billiard shots”.
Control of the rat's circadian self-stimulation rhythm by light-dark cycles.

Abstract Rats with hypothalamic and septal electrodes were maintained in continuous test environments where bar-press responses produced brief reinforcing electrical stimulations. Long-term trends in response emission were measured under continuous exposure to light, dark and 12 hr light-dark alternations. In addition, transient behavioral adjustment to sudden 180° phase shifts in the light-dark schedule was studied. The ambient light condition was found to control the period and phase of the circadian rhythm of brain self-stimulation behavior, as quantified by Fourier analysis. The circadian period was greatest under constant light (up to 24.90 hr under dim illumination), and approximated 24.00 hr under constant dark. Successful nocturnal entrainment to 12 hr light-dark alternations was obtained, with the peak of the 24 hr Fourier fundamental occurring in the middle-to-late dark segments. Three to 11 days were required for re-entrainment to 180° light-dark phase shifts, during which the behavioral oscillation period increased to values comparable to periods under constant light. The rate of re-entrainment appeared to be proportional to illumination intensity during light segments.
Research: Throughput efficiency of an enhanced link management procedure

Baratz and Segall^1 have proposed a reliable link initialization procedure (RLIP) for use between terrestrial nodes connected by point-to-point links. This paper reexamines this area, and introduces a new link management protocol, LAMSLM, appropriate for low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks. The principal criterion for the design of the link management protocol is to minimize the time spent by link initialization during link establishment so that data transmission time can be extended. This is accomplished by specifying a unique link closure mechanism that permits link reinitialization at a later stage. The paper includes the algorithm design and an analysis of the effect on throughput efficiency.
Beryllium-7 Measurements in the Houston and Phoenix Urban Areas: An Estimation of Upper Atmospheric Ozone Contributions

Abstract Natural radionuclides have been proposed as a means of assessing the transport of ozone (O3) and aerosols in the troposphere. Beryllium-7 (7Be) is produced in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by the interaction of cosmogenic particles with atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. 7Be has a 53.29-day half-life (478 keV γ) and is known to attach to fine particles in the atmosphere once it is formed. It has been suggested that O3 from aloft can be transported into rural and urban regions during stratospheric–tropospheric folding events leading to increased background levels of O3 at the surface. 7Be can be used as a tracer of upper atmospheric air parcels and the O3 associated with them. Aerosol samples with a 2.5-µm cutoff were collected during 12-hr cycles (day/night) for a 30-day period at Deer Park, TX, near Houston, in August– September of 2000, and at Waddell, AZ, near Phoenix, in June–July of 2001. A comparison of 7Be levels with 12-hr O3 averages and maxima shows little correlation. Comp...
Factors Influencing the Early Internationalization of High Technology Start-ups: US and UK Evidence

The paper examines factors influencing the early internationalization of small high technology international start-ups in the US and UK in order to understand why small high technology start-ups are increasingly international in nature at or near inception. The study qualitatively identifies influential factors and quantitatively measures the level of importance of 25 leading factors to the firms. The study found that the principal factors influencing the early internationalization of international start-ups are the international vision of the founders, their desire to be international market leaders, the identification of specific international opportunities, and the possession of international contacts and sales leads.
Teenage sexuality and media practice: Factoring in the influences of family, friends, and school

This multi‐method, qualitative study addresses the question: How do mass media images and messages about love, sex and relationships interact with what teens learn about sexuality at home, in school, and from their friends? Using the Adolescents’ Media Practice Model introduced by Steele & Brown (1995) as a starting point, this study seeks to extend our understanding of the media's role in shaping adolescents’ values, attitudes, and beliefs about sex by factoring in some of the contexts that intersect with media practice. Data generated through focus groups, media journals, room tours, and in‐depth interviews with middle school and high school teens suggest that ethnicity, gender, class status, and developmental stage influence media practices in important ways. Identity—teens’ sense of themselves and others—affects the media they like best, how they interact with that media, and how they apply media matter in their everyday lives.
Identification of twenty alternatively spliced estrogen receptor alpha mRNAs in breast cancer cell lines and tumors using splice targeted primer approach

Estrogen receptor (ER) alpha splice variant transcript profiles were analyzed by RT PCR in six ER positive breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, T47D, ZR-75, LCC1, LCC2 and LCC9, three ER negative cell lines, MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB-235 and LCC6, and three ER positive malignant breast tumors using targeted primers which specifically anneal to the splice junctions of exon 2Delta, exon 3Delta, exons 2-3Delta, exon 4Delta, exon 5Delta, exon 6Delta and exon 7Delta. The partner primers were chosen such that largest possible transcripts were amplified between exons 1 and 8. The results described here show that each splice specific primer amplified not only the single exon deleted transcript but also a number of related transcripts that have deletions in various combinations of exons. The exon 2Delta specific primer amplified five transcripts that have deletions in exon 2, exons 2 and 7, exons 2, 5, and 7, exons 2 and 4-5, and exons 2 and 4-6. The exon 3Delta specific primer amplified two transcripts that have deletions in exon 3, and exons 3 and 7. The exon 2-3Delta specific primer amplified three products that have deletions in exons 2-3, exons 2-3 and 7 and exons 2-3, 5 and 7. The exon 4Delta specific primer amplified two products that have deletions in exon 4, and exons 4 and 7. The exon 5Delta specific primer amplified three transcripts, that have deletions in exon 5, exons 5 and 2, and exons 5, and 2-3. The 6Delta specific primer amplified only one transcript that has a deletion in exon 6. The 7Delta specific primer amplified four transcripts, that have deletions in exon 7, exons 7 and 4, exons 7 and 3-4, and exons 7 and 3-5. None of the above splice specific primers amplified the wild type ER sequences. The six ER positive cell lines differed in the patterns of the variant transcripts and among the three ER negative cell lines analyzed, only MDA-MB-435 showed the presence of exon 2Delta and exon 4Delta transcripts. Analyses in the tumor samples indicated that the above transcripts are extensively modified.
Isolation and partial characterization of the sperm motility initiation factor from eggs of the pacific herring, Clupea pallasi

Previously, we have demonstrated that sperm from the Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, remain immotile upon spawning into the surrounding medium and initiate motility only upon contact with the micropyle area of the chorion (Yanagimachi et al., '92, Dev. Growth Differ., 34:447–461). In the present study we have purified a chorion-bound sperm motility initiating factor (SMIF) and have found it to be a 105 kDa glycosylated polypeptide. The isolated factor was highly bioactive, stimulating prolonged motility in >90% of the cells in vitro. The 105 kDa glycoprotein showed affinity for Con A on western blots. Furthermore, in intact eggs, Con A was localized to only the micropyle area, indicating that SMIF is restricted to this region of the chorion. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Music with Video on Responses of Nonmusic Majors: An Exploratory Study.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate possible effects of visual information on nonmusic students' affective and cognitive responses to music. Excerpts were selected from composi...
Bulimic symptoms and the development of depressive symptoms: The moderating role of attributional style

Using a prospective design, we examined whether attributional style moderated the relationship between the presence of bulimic symptoms and subsequent increases in depressive symptoms. As predicted, the presence of bulimic symptoms in college females at one point in time (T1) was associated with increases in depressive symptoms from T1 to T2 (3 weeks after T1) for subjects who exhibited a negative attributional style, but not for subjects who exhibited a positive attributional style. Depressive symptoms at T1 were not associated with increases in bulimic symptoms from T1 to T2. Of importance to the hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989), the presence of bulimic symptoms alone did not predict onset of depressive symptoms; it was only when bulimic symptoms and the negative attributional style were combined that depressive symptoms emerged. The hypothesis that these effects would be mediated by hopelessness obtained marginal support, and effects were obtained for depressive and anhedonic symptoms but not for anxious symptoms. We discussed implications for future work, including the value of the hopelessness theory of depression in explaining the co-occurrence of depressive and bulimic symptoms.
Incidentally detected cystic lesions of the pancreas on CT: review of literature and management suggestions

Purpose To facilitate a better understanding of incidentally noted cystic pancreatic lesions, since these lesions often pose a challenge regarding appropriate management.
The crime control industry and the management of the surplus population

This essay examines what we are calling the ‘crime control industry’ and how the growth of such an industry relates to growing inequality and the need to ‘manage’ or ‘contain’ the ‘surplus population.’ Profits are a major moving force in this process, rather than the goal of reducing crime and suffering. An important component of this industry is the ‘prison industrial complex,’ one of the fastest growing industries in the U.S. Also included is a rapidly growing private security industry that includes private police and security guards, along with a growing supply of technology to aid in the ‘war on crime.’ Other components include drug testing companies, gated communities, and a booming gun industry. We conclude by outlining possible explanations for the growth of this industry.
American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800–1840

Although much has been written about the British opium trade, American traffic in the drug has received little attention. Professor Downs' article reveals that American merchants played a significant innovating role in developing new sources of supply and expanding the market. These activities forced the monopolistic British East India Company to protect its opium trade to China and led to the Opium War in 1839, when the Chinese government attempted to stop importation of the narcotic.
Modifiable Risk Factors for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: New Approaches to Old Problems

Purpose: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is generally not regarded as a preventable disease. However, accumulating evidence suggests that modifiable factors may influence the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms.Materials and Methods: A structured, comprehensive literature review was done to identify modifiable risk factors for benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms among observational studies of older men.Results: Outcome measures used to define benign prostatic hyperplasia in clinical studies include histological analysis of prostate tissue, radiographically determined prostate enlargement, acute urinary retention, decreased urinary flow rate, pressure flow studies consistent with bladder outlet obstruction, history of benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery, physician diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia and American Urological Association symptom score or International Prostate Symptom Score. Factors that potentially increase the risk of benign prost...
Emissions from and within an Allison J-33 Combustor II:The Effect of Inlet Air Temperature

Abstract A model of the flow pattern within an Allison J-33 combustor using unheated inlet air was previously postulated (Mellor et al. 1972b), based on internal measurements. Additional data consistent with the postulated flow model were obtained from the same combustor using heated inlet air at near design conditions. Profiles of gas temperature, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and nitric oxide concentrations are reported as a function of axial and radial position inside the combustor. Combustor exit plane pollutant concentrations are also reported; specifically, the effects of combustor pressure, overall equivalence ratio, air flow rate, and inlet air temperature were investigated.
The seasonal risk of pediatric/juvenile acute lymphocytic leukemia in the United States

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) occurring in pediatric and juvenile patients of nine U.S.A. locations during 1973 through 1980 was investigated by epidemiologic methodology. Time series periodic regression analysis of the monthly cumulative risk for ages 0-19 years revealed evidence of trimodal periodicity at seven of the nine locations tested. Combined analyses revealed a significant effect of latitude in causing asynchrony of the trimodal patterns observed. The average risk maxima occurred in April, August, and December for U.S.A. locations with latitude above 40 degrees (Seattle, Nebraska, Iowa, Detroit, and Connecticut), and in February, July, and October for other locations (San Francisco, Utah, New Mexico, and Atlanta). Because periodic regression analysis is a complex method, independent validation tests were performed to supplement the original results. Here, the best symmetric trimodal sine curve model of each location was utilized to predict the average pattern among the remaining locations of similar latitude. These validation tests supported the existence of similar trimodal patterns for all of the southern locations, and all of the northern locations except Connecticut. The observed peaks in monthly ALL risk coincide with seasonal elevations in the rates of allergenic and infectious diseases, elements of which are capable of promoting lymphocytic proliferation and transformation. Annual disease rates were significantly lower in populations with a high proportion of Blacks or American Indians compared to predominantly Caucasian populations. The possibility that seasonal factors (environmental allergens and/or infectious agents) promote leukomogenesis via indirect mechanisms is briefly discussed.
Optimization of the porous structure and polarity of polymethacrylate-based monolithic capillary columns for the LC-MS separation of enzymatic digests.

The porous structure as well as the polarity of methacrylate ester-based monolithic stationary phases has been optimized to achieve the separation of various peptides originating from enzymatic digestion. The porous structure, determined by the size of both pores and microglobules, was varied through changes in the composition of porogenic solvents in the polymerization mixture, while the polarity was controlled through the incorporation of butyl, lauryl, or octadecyl methacrylate in the polymer backbone. Both the morphology and the chemistry of the monoliths had a significant effect on the retention and efficiency of the capillary columns. The best resolution of peptidic fragments obtained by digestion of Cytochrome c with trypsin in solution was obtained in a gradient LC-MS mode using a monolithic capillary column of poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) featuring small pores and small microglobules. Raising the temperature from 25 to 60°C enabled separations to be carried out at 40% higher flow rates. Separations carried out at 60°C with a steeper gradient proceeded without loss of performance in half the time required for a comparable separation at room temperature. Our preparation technique affords monolithic columns with excellent column-to-column and run-to-run repeatability of retention times and pressure drops.
Modeling Corroborative Evidence: Inference to the Best Explanation as Counter–Rebuttal

Corroborative evidence has a dual function in argument. Primarily, it functions to provide direct evidence supporting the main conclusion. But it also has a secondary, bolstering function which increases the probative value of some other piece of evidence in the argument. This paper argues that the bolstering effect of corroborative evidence is legitimate, and can be explained as counter–rebuttal achieved through inference to the best explanation. A model (argument diagram) of corroborative evidence, representing its structure and operation as a schematic pattern of defeasible argument is also supplied. In addition to explaining the operation and theoretical foundation of corroborative evidence, the model facilitates the correct analysis and guides the evaluation (assessment and critique) of corroborative evidence as it occurs in argument.
Obesity and female gender increase breath ethanol concentration: potential implications for the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Obesity and female gender increase breath ethanol concentration: potential implications for the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Testing of Ceramic Rotors: Hot Spin Test Rig and Rotor Preparation

A series of duo-density silicon nitride gas turbine rotors have been prepared for testing and tested at Ford Motor Company. The paper reviews the duo-density fabrication process, and covers in detail the rotor preparation process, which includes machining, inspection, and cold proof spinning. The paper describes the hot spin test rig used for the hot testing of the rotors, and summarizes the results of the hot spin test program.Copyright © 1980 by ASME
Pleuroscopy and Pleural Biopsy with the Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscope

Diagnostic pleuroscopy has been performed under local anesthesia in nine patients using a gas sterilized flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope inserted through a 1 to 2 cm chest incision into the pleural space. Pleuroscopy in one patient excluded recurrent neoplasm on the pleural aspect of a bronchopleural fistula. Another patient had a pleuroscopic biopsy of the lung, which was the only method successful in diagnosing a metastatic renal carcinoma. The other seven patients were studied for pleural effusions which were undiagnosed after study of pleural fluid and/or Abrams needle biopsy. In four of them pleural implants of carcinoma were visualized and proved by biopsy. Three patients had negative pleuroscopy, two of these also being negative at subsequent thoracotomy. One was not explored because of extrathoracic metastases. The procedures were performed with minimal patient discomfort and no serious complications.
A Comparison of the Performance of Nonlinear Equation Solvers for Machine Design Problems

Often, the mathematical modeling of mechanical components leads to a set of nonlinear equations which have to be solved in order to compute the design variables. This paper discusses the performance of six different nonlinear, algebraic-equation solvers useful for machine design problems. Problems from spring design are taken as test cases for the purpose of evaluation.
Investigation of adaptive-wall wind tunnels with two measured interfaces

An adaptive wall wind tunnel with two measured interfaces has been studied using two interface static pressure measurements near the tunnel walls. An iterative procedure with static pressure measurements on two interfaces is described. The functional relationships of static pressure on two measured interfaces for the exterior region are presented. The convergence of the selected iterative procedure is proved analytically. The one-step convergence formulae are obtained and validated by the simulation of a numerical wind tunnel. Experimental investigation has been conducted with a two-dimensional airfoil model of NASA 0012 at a supercritical Mach number. The results have indicated that the selected procedure is feasible to speed up the flow convergence to the unconfined condition in applying the one-step convergence formulae.
Intensity distribution in the fluorescence low-frequency mode progressions of the “slightly” asymmetric hydrogen bonded AHB fragment

Abstract The model two-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) of the “slightly” asymmetric hydrogen bonded OHO fragment is used for treatment of the intensity distribution in the fluorescence low-frequency mode progressions (LFMPs) of systems governing excited state proton transfer. The PES resembles those suggested earlier (Chem. Phys. 168 ( 1992) 29) and allowing for a strong coupling of the proton movement and the O⋯O stretching vibrations. The respective wave equation was solved numerically with adiabatic separation of the “fast” (proton) and “slow” (O⋯O vibrations) subsystems. The existence of two closely spaced proton vibrational levels in the lowest excited singlet ππ∗ state is shown to cause the appearance of two different LFMPs for each excited tautomer. It was found that the spectral distribution in one LFMP does not depend on the barrier height of the excited state potential for the “fast” subsystem. The results are interpreted in terms of the overlap of the respective matrix elements. Theoretical values of the relative intensities of bands in the LFMPs are compared with the available experimental data.
Overview of radiation environments and human exposures

Human exposures to ionizing radiation have been vastly altered by developing technology in the last century. This has been most obvious in the development of radiation generating devices and the utilization of nuclear energy. But even air travel has had its impact on human exposure. Human exposure increases with advancing aircraft technology as a result of the higher operating altitudes reducing the protective cover provided by Earth's atmosphere from extraterrestrial radiations. This increase in operating altitudes is taken to a limit by human operations in space. Less obvious is the changing character of the radiations at higher altitudes. The associated health risks are less understood with increasing altitude due to the increasing complexity and new field components found in high-altitude and space operations.
Heating solar coronal holes

It has been shown that the coronal hole, and the associated high-speed stream in the solar wind, are powered by a heat input of the order of 500,000 ergs/sq cm s, with most of the heat injected in the first 1-2 solar radii, and perhaps 100,000 ergs/sq cm s introduced at distances of several solar radii to provide the high speed of the issuing solar wind. The traditional view has been that this energy is obtained from Alfven waves generated in the subphotospheric convection, which dissipate as they propagate outward, converting the wave energy into heat. This paper reviews the generation of waves and the known wave dissipation mechanisms, to show that the necessary Alfven waves are not produced under the conditions presently understood to exist in the sun, nor would such waves dissipate significantly in the first 1-2 solar radii if they existed. Wave dissipation occurs only over distances of the order of 5 solar radii or more.
LIFE ROLE SALIENCE SCALES: ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR CONSTRUCT VALIDATION '

Summary.-Two st~rdies were carried out to validate the Life Role Salience Scales, designed to provide measures of valuing and commitment ro occupational, marital, parental, and home-care roles. In Study 1, 215 employed adults filled out the scales and a measure of job happiness. Scores on the latter did nor correlare with those on the Occupational subscale of the Life Role Salience Scales. As predicted, single subjects scored lower on the Parental and Marital subscales and higher on the Occupational subscale than married ones. In Study 2, 81 married couples Fiied out the Life Role Sabence Scales and the Purpose-in-Life Scale. As predicted, the scores were significantly related. Couples' scores were no more similar ro each other than those of a matched group of nominally married couples. American adults are frequently asked to meet the conficting demands of multiple societal roles. Today men and women often make difficult choices about occupational, marital, parental, and home-care priorities. Recognizing the importance of these decisions, researchers have studied their effects (e.g., Frone & fice, 1987; Tiedje, Wortrnan, Downey, Emmons, Biernat, & Lang, 1990; Voydanoff, 1988); however, progress has been slowed by the use of ad hoc measures that have unknown psychometric properties (Campbell & Campbell, 1995). The Life Role Salience Scales were designed to provide psychometrically sound measures of adults' valuing of and commitment to occupational, marital, parental, and home-care roles (Amatea, Cross, Clark, & Bobby, 1986). Item and factor analysis resulted in a 40-item inventory with good internal reliabhty. Each of the four roles was represented by 10 items, the five strongest-loadmg items measuring the value of the role to the individual, and the five strongest-loading items assessing commitment to it. Campbell and Campbell (1995) administered the Life Role Salience Scales to 94 nonprofessional women and reported means, intercorrelations, and reliabhties similar to those found in the original study (Amatea, et a/., 1986). Also, they found that married women scored nonsignificantly higher on the Marital, Parental, and Home-care Roles and scored significantly lower on the Occupational Role. Those who were mothers scored significantly high
Data compression in multimedia computing -- principles and techniques

Integrated multimedia systems process text, graphics, and other discrete media as well as digital audio, and video data. Considerable amounts of graphics, audio and video data in their uncompressed form, especially moving pictures, require storage and digital network capacities that will not be available in the near future. Nevertheless, local, as well as networked, multimedia applications and systems have become realities. In order to cope with these storage and communication requirements in such integrated multimedia systems, compression technology is essential. This papers starts with a brief motivation of the need for compression and subsequently states the essential requirements for these techniques in the scope of multimedia systems and applications. As most of these techniques apply the same principles, namely, the source, entropy, and hybrid coding fundamentals, these are explained in detail. Based on a general framework of the steps encountered in a compression system -- data preparation, processing, quantization, and entropy coding -- this paper outlines details about the techniques developed by CCITT (H.261, i.e., px64), in the ISO/IEC (JPEG, MPEG) standardization bodies and the proprietary DVI system.
Sculpting of an erodible body by flowing water

Erosion by flowing fluids carves striking landforms on Earth and also provides important clues to the past and present environments of other worlds. In these processes, solid boundaries both influence and are shaped by the surrounding fluid, but the emergence of morphology as a result of this interaction is not well understood. We study the coevolution of shape and flow in the context of erodible bodies molded from clay and immersed in a fast, unidirectional water flow. Although commonly viewed as a smoothing process, we find that erosion sculpts pointed and cornerlike features that persist as the solid shrinks. We explain these observations using flow visualization and a fluid mechanical model in which the surface shear stress dictates the rate of material removal. Experiments and simulations show that this interaction ultimately leads to self-similarly receding boundaries and a unique front surface characterized by nearly uniform shear stress. This tendency toward conformity of stress offers a principle for understanding erosion in more complex geometries and flows, such as those present in nature.
Association Between Long-term Blood Pressure Variability and Mortality Among Incident Hemodialysis Patients

Background Blood pressure variability (BPV) is one putative risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in hemodialysis patients. The purposes of this study are to identify a suitable metric of long-term BPV in this population and determine whether an association between BPV and all-cause mortality exists. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Settings & Participants Patients from the Accelerated Mortality on Renal Replacement (ArMORR) cohort who were adult, incident to hemodialysis at any Fresenius Medical Care unit between June 2004 and August 2005, and had suitable blood pressure data were studied (n = 6,961). Predictor Predialysis blood pressures measured between dialysis days 91 and 180 were used to determine each patient's absolute level of, trend in (slope over time), and variability in blood pressure. Outcome All-cause mortality beginning immediately after day 180 and continuing through day 365 or until censoring (median follow-up, 185 days). Results Of the 4 candidate BPV metrics, only average residual-intercept ratio adequately distinguished BPV from absolute blood pressure level and temporal blood pressure trend. In the primary analysis, each SD increase in systolic and diastolic BPV was associated with adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality of 1.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.23) and 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.26), respectively. Results were consistent across multiple sensitivity analyses in which inclusion and exclusion criteria and timing of blood pressure measurements were varied. Limitations Contingency of results on the validity of mathematic description of BPV; potential for misclassification bias and residual confounding. Conclusions Provided the mathematical descriptions of BPV are valid, the data suggest that systolic and diastolic BPV is associated with all-cause mortality in incident hemodialysis patients. Additional study is necessary to confirm and generalize findings, assess the interplay between systolic and diastolic BPV, and assess causality.
A Review of Numerical and Experimental Characterization of Thermal Protection Materials - Part II. Properties Characterization

Thermal protection materials are required to preserve structural components of space vehicles during the re-entry stage, missile launching systems, and solid rocket motors. A literature survey was conducted to review the experimental characterization of various thermophysical properties relevant to the performance of thermal protection materials. The theoretical and experimental techniques used to determine thermophysical properties such as density, specific heat, decomposition kinetic parameters, melt temperature, and thermochemical expansion of polymeric composites are summarized. Additionally, thermophysical properties of selected virgin and charred ablative materials at elevated temperature are presented. This paper is the second in a four-part comprehensive literature survey that is grouped into numerical modeling, properties characterization, experimental testing, and advanced nozzle throat material. I. Introduction Thermal protection materials are required to protect structural components of space vehicles during the re-entry stage, missile launching systems, and solid rocket motors. A thorough literature survey was conducted to review the numerical and experimental characterization of these thermal protection materials for different military and aerospace applications. The literature survey is grouped into: (a) numerical modeling, (b) materials thermophysical properties characterization, (c) experimental testing, and (d) advanced nozzle throat material. In this paper, only the material properties characterization literature will be discussed. The numerical modeling review was published previously, 1 experimental testing, and advanced nozzle throat material will be presented in subsequent reviews. The determination of thermophysical properties of selected virgin and charred ablative materials as a function of temperature will be presented. The theoretical and experimental techniques to determine thermophysical properties such as heat capacity, decomposition, and melt temperature of polymeric materials are summarized.
Clinimetric properties of the Tinetti Mobility Test, Four Square Step Test, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, and spatiotemporal gait measures in individuals with Huntington's disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Individuals with Huntington's disease (HD) experience balance and gait problems that lead to falls. Clinicians currently have very little information about the reliability and validity of outcome measures to determine the efficacy of interventions that aim to reduce balance and gait impairments in HD. This study examined the reliability and concurrent validity of spatiotemporal gait measures, the Tinetti Mobility Test (TMT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), and Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale in individuals with HD. METHODS: Participants with HD [n=20; mean age±SD=50.9±13.7; 7 male] were tested on spatiotemporal gait measures and the TMT, FSST, and ABC Scale before and after a six week period to determine test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC) values. Linear relationships between gait and clinical measures were estimated using Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Spatiotemporal gait measures, the TMT total and the FSST showed good to excellent test-retest reliability (ICC>0.75). MDC values were 0.30m/s and 0.17m/s for velocity in forward and backward walking respectively, four points for the TMT, and 3s for the FSST. The TMT and FSST were highly correlated with most spatiotemporal measures. The ABC Scale demonstrated lower reliability and less concurrent validity than other measures. CONCLUSIONS: The high test-retest reliability over a six week period and concurrent validity between the TMT, FSST, and spatiotemporal gait measures suggest that the TMT and FSST may be useful outcome measures for future intervention studies in ambulatory individuals with HD. Language: en
Preparing for a bioterrorist attack: legal and administrative strategies.

This article proposes and discusses legal and administrative preparations for a bioterrorist attack. To perform the duties expected of public health agencies during a disease outbreak caused by bioterrorism, an agency must have a sufficient number of employees and providers at work and a good communications system between staff in the central offices of the public health agency and those in outlying or neighboring agencies and hospitals. The article proposes strategies for achieving these objectives as well as for removing legal barriers that discourage agencies, institutions, and persons from working together for the overall good of the community. Issues related to disease surveillance and special considerations regarding public health restrictive orders are discussed. his article proposes and discusses legal and administrative strategies that state and local public health officers and attorneys should consider when preparing for a bioterrorist attack. Through thoughtful preparation, intelligent and enlightened leadership can maximize coordination of available resources in the community.
Incidence and management of adverse events in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma receiving single-agent carfilzomib

Carfilzomib, a selective proteasome inhibitor approved in the USA in 2012, is a single agent for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Carfilzomib is administered as a 2–10-minute infusion on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 of a 28-day cycle at a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 for cycle 1 and a target dose of 27 mg/m2 thereafter. In the pivotal Phase II study (PX-171-003-A1), carfilzomib 20/27 mg/m2 provided durable responses in a heavily pretreated population with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (n=266), with an overall response rate of 22.9% and a median duration of response of 7.8 months. In an integrated safety analysis of four Phase II studies, common adverse events (32.7%–55.5%) included fatigue, anemia, nausea, thrombocytopenia, dyspnea, and diarrhea. Grade 3/4 adverse events were generally hematologic and included thrombocytopenia (23.4%), anemia (22.4%), and lymphopenia (18.1%). Serious adverse events included pneumonia (9.9%), acute renal failure (4.2%), pyrexia (3.4%), and congestive heart failure (3.4%). New or worsening peripheral neuropathy was infrequent (13.9% overall, 1.3% grade 3, no grade 4). This review discusses findings of the integrated safety analysis and provides practical experience from a single institution in managing treatment-related and disease-related adverse events. Individualized treatment with proactive management of side effects and complications allows patients with advanced multiple myeloma to remain on carfilzomib for extended periods.