cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbiological Status of Broiler Respiratory Tracts Before and During Catching for Transport to the Processing Plant

SUMMARY A significant point of entry for Salmonella into a processing plant is within the broilers to be processed. Prior to transport to the processing plant, feed (4 h) and water are withdrawn from the broilers on the farm before they are caught and cooped. During catching, an increased presence of dust in the house air is visible and may affect the presence of bacteria within the broiler’s respiratory tract. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of catching on the levels of aerobic bacteria (aerobic plate count [APC]), levels and prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae (EB), and prevalence of Salmonella within broiler respiratory tracts. To determine flock Salmonella status 1 wk prior to catching, broiler carcasses were sampled for APC, EB, and Salmonella by respiratory tract flushing and ceca were sampled for Salmonella. At 1 d prior to catching and when half of the broilers in the house were caught, broilers were again collected, transported to the pilot plant, euthanized, and sampled. In Trial 1, there were no significant differences between sampling times for ceca Salmonella or respiratory EB and APC. However, Salmonella prevalence in the respiratory tract was significantly higher at 1 wk preharvest compared to during catching. In Trial 2, EB was significantly lower during catching compared to 1 wk preharvest. No significant differences were detected in Trial 3. Based on these results, the presence of aerosolized dust in the broiler house during catching does not appear to lead to increases in broiler respiratory tract microbial contamination.
Shock Acceleration of Nucleons at ≥ 16° Solar Latitude Associated with Interplanetary Corotating Interaction Regions

The analysis of magnetic field and nuclei measurements in the ∼1 to ∼10 MeV/nucleon range for protons and helium at ∼16° N solar latitude near solar cycle minimum (1975–76) shows both: a) that nucleons are accelerated locally in corotating shocks, and, b) that the associated recurring corotating interaction regions (CIRs) at ∼16° latitude have approximately the same temporal and spatial parameters found for CIRs in the equatorial plane at radial distances < 5 AU. The evidence indicates that both the CIR structures and nucleon acceleration by shocks extend to intermediate solar latitudes and are likely to be observed during the Ulysses Mission out of the ecliptic plane.
The "Inversions" of Intentionality in Levinas and the Later Heidegger

This essay brings together the inversion of intentionality in Levinas and the later Heidegger. In light of the later Heidegger’s traversal of the intentional horizon through the articulation of the withdrawal of Ereignis , it argues that the earlier Levinasian critique of the understanding proper to Heideggerian ontology is assuaged. In both Levinas and the post- Kehre Heidegger, Husserlian intentionality is expanded beyond the so called representational features that were criticized by both post-Husserlian figures.
Vertebrobasilar Artery Aneurysms: Current Management Techniques

Basilar artery aneurysms hold a unique place among neurosurgical vascular disorders. Because of their relative rarity and their deep location, many surgical approaches have been advocated. Aneurysms arising from the lower half of the basilar and the vertebral arteries pose unique and difficult challenges because of their location and the infrequency with which they are encountered. Appropriate selection of recent advances in skull base surgery and intravascular techniques can greatly improve the overall management of aneurysms arising from the lower half of the basilar and the vertebral arteries.
Site-directed mutagenesis of rhizopuspepsin: an analysis of unique specificity.

Rhizopuspepsin is an aspartic proteinase from the fungus Rhizopus chinensis. Interest in rhizopuspepsin as a model system for studying active site interactions stems principally from the need to understand interactions which may be exploited in rational drug design. Targets for these therapeutics are renin, which plays a role in hypertension, the HIV proteinase, essential to the HIV life cycle, and a variety of related, secreted Candida yeast aspartic proteinases[1, 2].
An approach for more efficient energy consumption based on real-time situational awareness

In this paper we present a novel approach for achieving energy efficiency in public buildings (especially sensor-enabled offices) based on the application of intelligent complex event processing and semantic technologies. In the nutshell of the approach is an efficient method for realizing the real-time situational awareness that helps in recognizing the situations where a more efficient energy consumption is possible and reaction on those opportunities promptly. Semantics allows a proper contextualization of the sensor data (i.e. its abstract interpretation), whereas complex event processing enables the efficient real-time processing of sensor data and its logic-based nature supports a declarative definition of the situations of interests. The approach has been implemented in the iCEP framework for intelligent Complex Event Reasoning. The results from a preliminary evaluation study are very promising: the approach enables a very precise real-time detection of the office occupancy situations that limit the operation of the lighting system based on the actual use of the space.
Technical Note: A benchtop cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) system with a high-power x-ray source and transmission CT imaging capability

PURPOSE This report describes upgrades and performance characterization of an experimental benchtop cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) system capable of determining the spatial distribution and concentration of metal probes such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Specifically, a high-power (~3 kW) industrial x-ray source and transmission CT capability were deployed in the same platform under the cone-beam geometry. METHODS All components of the system are described in detail, including the x-ray source, imaging stage, cadmium-telluride detector for XFCT, and flat-panel detector for transmission CT imaging. The general data acquisition scheme for XFCT and transmission CT is also explicated. The detection limit of the system was determined using calibration samples containing water and GNPs at various concentrations. Samples were then embedded in a small-animal-sized phantom and imaged with XFCT and CT. The reconstructed XFCT and CT images were compared and analyzed using the contrast-to-noise ratio for each GNP-containing region of interest. Also, measurements of the incident beam spectra used for XFCT and CT imaging were made and the corresponding x-ray dose rates were estimated, along with the imaging dose. RESULTS The present configuration produced a GNP detection limit of 0.03 wt. % with the delivery of an effective dose of 1.87 cGy per projection. XFCT scan of an animal-sized phantom containing low concentrations (down to 0.03 wt. %) of GNP-loaded inserts can be performed within an hour. CONCLUSIONS The high performance of the system combined with the ability to perform transmission CT in tandem with XFCT suggests that the currently developed benchtop cone-beam XFCT/CT system, in conjunction with GNPs, can be used for routine multimodal preclinical imaging tasks with less stringent dose constraints such as ex vivo imaging. With further effort to minimize XFCT imaging dose as discussed in this report, it may also be used for in vivo imaging.
Synthesis and ferrimagnetic properties of Y3(1-x)Tm3xFe5O12 powders

Rare earth iron garnets (REIG’s) are important component materials in magnetic insulator based spintronics due to their low spin wave damping and electrically insulating properties. Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) has been the mainstay material because of its unusually low spin damping. However, YIG thin films thus far have in-plane magnetization. Recent studies on thulium iron garnet (TIG) thin films have demonstrated robust perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), however, spin damping in TIG films is significantly higher compared to YIG. It would be useful to have an insulating magnetic material that exhibits both low spin damping and robust, tunable PMA because of its potential for novel device configurations. In this study, we synthesized YIG-TIG solid solution powders across the compositional phase diagram and with different particle sizes using the polymeric steric entrapment technique in order to begin to decouple compositional effects from size and morphological effects. Powder characterization, including XRD, VSM, SEM and FMR techniques, was also performed to understand their magnetic behavior.
Structural Insights on the Obscurin-Binding Domains in Titin.

INTRODUCTION The giant muscular proteins titin and obscurin bind to each other at the Zdisk during muscle development. This binding event is mediated through two domains from each protein: ZIg9/10 from titin and Ig58/59 from obscurin. This interaction helps stabilize and organize the sarcomere; ablation of this binding leads to muscular dystrophy. OBJECTIVE Here we solve the high-resolution solution structure of titin ZIg10 and further delineate which sections of titin bind to obscurin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Solution NMR, Circular Dichroism, and SEC-MALS were used to biophysically characterize the titin domains involved in this titin-obscurin interaction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We present the high-resolution solution structure of titin ZIg10. Additionally, we show that titin ZIg9 drives the titin-obscurin interaction, while ZIg10 does not actively participate in the titin-obscurin interaction but instead acts to stabilize ZIg9.
Melt Blown Dies: A Hot Innovation Spot:

Melt blown (MB) technology requires precisely engineered and user-friendly equipment for successful new product development. Many significant efforts have been made to fully understand the technolo...
PAC-MAN, A precision alignment control system for multiple laser beams self-adaptive through the use of noise

A control system is described that aligns the 96 beams of the Aurora KrF laser system to within a pointing accuracy of 5 {mu}rad within 5 min and maintains the alignment in real time. This performance is made possible through a novel use of random noise. The 96 beams, together with optical benchmarks, are imaged on a single television (TV) camera. The pointing angles of those beams are estimated from the arithmetic means of the pixel coordinates within the beam images. The pixel intensities of each TV frame are mapped into a binary decision array based on whether or not the pixel intensity is above or below a threshold criterion. Existing, or introduced, random noise in the TV signal causes the contents of this array to vary from frame to frame, even when the actual beam is stationary. The beam positions are estimated from the pixel coordinates and their associated elements within this array. Finally, the beam angle estimates are updated from these position estimates, each TV frame, in combination with all previous estimates.
Critical chemical commodities.

The elements of the periodic table are more integral to our daily lives now than they have ever been before. Bruce C. Gibb takes a look at the factors used to decide just how critical the supply of any given mineral is.
Genetic causes of surfactant protein abnormalities

Purpose of reviewMutations in genes encoding proteins critical for the production and function of pulmonary surfactant cause diffuse lung disease. Timely recognition and diagnosis of affected individuals is important for proper counseling concerning prognosis and recurrence risk.Recent findingsInvol
Management of Complications of Achilles Tendon Surgery.

There are multiple techniques to treat tendon defects in the event end-to-end repair cannot be achieved after debridement. In general, the choice of treatment technique is based on size of the resultant gap. Although each treatment technique has literature to support its use, there are no data to support the use of one technique over another. Treatment should be based on the experience and discretion of the treating surgeon. This article proposes an algorithm for wound breakdown, infection, and rerupture after Achilles tendon surgery. This algorithm should be used as a guide.
A Sacred Language or the Language of the Bible: A Curricular Study of Jewish Hebrew Bible Instruction

AbstractThis curriculum studies article uncovers how ideological commitments often, without acknowledgment, determine instruction. Through a comparison of two popular Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) curricul...
Observation unit management of low-risk emergency department patients with acute drug overdose

Introduction: Observation units (OU) are being increasingly used within the Emergency Department (ED) to optimize care and reduce costs, but their use for management of overdose patients is unclear. The present study examined demographics, disposition and outcomes for ED overdose patients managed in an OU.Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a prospective consecutive cohort of adult overdose patients managed in an OU in a single ED from March 2015 to September 2018. The primary composite study outcome was occurrence of any advanced airway intervention, adverse cardiovascular events (ACVE), or mortality. Secondary outcomes were disposition and return visits.Results: Of 946 patients screened, 648 were included in the cohort. Of 132 patients requiring additional medical management after the ED visit, 25 (18.9%) were managed in the OU; 88% of OU patients were discharged home, no patients required airway management, one patient experienced an ACVE requiring admission, and there were no deaths. Three OU patients (12%) had 30-day return visits.Conclusion: In this study, almost one-fifth of patients requiring additional medical management after the ED visit qualified for a low-risk drug overdose OU pathway. Overdoses from a variety of substances were safely managed with acceptably low adverse event rates.
Confronting the Lion with Bare Hands: Social Media and the Anglophone Cameroonian Protest

The internet revolution has opened the floodgates for unrestricted freedom of speech for the downtrodden mostly in the developing economies of the world while state-controlled radio and television broadcast has suffered the fate of heavy-handed government censorship in Africa by being intolerant to voices of dissent. Consequently, social media has become the alternative outlet of publishing uncensored messages to the rest of the world using a VPN or the internet. The case of Anglophone Cameroonians in West Africa constitutes the focus of this study. In the attempt to protest yearlong marginalization by the central government of Cameroon, the Anglophone Cameroonians of the southern part have been sharing gory pictures of police brutality on them for daring to raise a voice of dissent to the 35 years old government of President Paul Biya. They have found the internet as the pathway to trumpet their 56 years old marginalization, inequalities, arrests, and detention to the rest of the world. This chapter content analyzes two significant events in the struggle for political independence by the Anglophone Cameroonians from two critical social media portals dedicated to the struggle: Baretta Facebook images and Southern Cameroon Television (SCTV) YouTube video posts of September 22 and October 1, 2018.
Answer me or go to Jail: Why Court Ordered Polygraph Testing to Treat Probationers Violated the Fifth Amendment

I. Introduction 456II. Background 457A. Constitutional Rights of Probationers 457B. Fifth Amendment Rights of Probationers 4581. The Fifth Amendment Is Only Implicated When the Statements Are Compelled 4592. The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination Protects Statements That Can Be Used in a Future Criminal Proceeding 4603. The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination Does Not Protect Statements from Being Introduced at a Probation Revocation Hearing 461C. A Probationer Does Not Waive the Privilege Through a Plea Agreement Which Utilizes Polygraph Testing as a Condition of Probation 462III. Analysis 463A. Though Probation Is a Privilege, Probationers Retain a Liberty Interest That Prevents Revocation Without Due Process Under the Fifth Amendment 463B. The Federal Circuit Courts Have Not Fully Implemented Murphy in a Way That Protects the Fifth Amendment Rights of Probationers Because the Courts Have Failed to Insulate Probationers from Use of Their Statements 4661. A Majority of the Federal Circuit Courts Have Incorrectly Applied Murphy in the Context of Court Ordered Polygraph Tests for Probationers Because They Do Not Provide Adequate Protection to the Probationer from Being Compelled to Choose Between Answering Incriminating Questions or Revocation for Remaining Silent 4682. The Ninth Circuit in Antelope Closely Follows Murphy Through O'Connor's Concurrence in McKune, but Overlooks the Chance to Determine How to Address Statements That Reveal Both Criminal Activity and Probation Violations 4713. The Courts Are Unanimous in Finding That There Is No Violation of the Fifth Amendment When a Probationer Answers Incriminating Questions Instead of Invoking the Privilege Because the Fifth Amendment Must Be Invoked in Order to Be Claimed ....472C. The Arizona Court of Appeals Further Guards the Fifth Amendment in Jacobsen v. Lindberg by Disallowing the Derivative Use of the Statements at Trial 474IV. Policy Recommendation 476V. Conclusion 478I. IntroductionThe Fifth Amendment grants the privilege against self-incrimination.1 This privilege is implicated when the government compels a person to answer a question that incriminates him and the answer is used against him in a future criminal proceeding.2 While there are some situations that are inherently coercive, generally the privilege must be invoked.3 This privilege has been made applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.4While persons who are incarcerated or under supervised release such as probation or parole do not have the same freedoms as other citizens, the Supreme Court has never held that such persons lack constitutional rights.5 Persons under supervision do, however, have diminished constitutional rights.6This Comment argues that court ordered polygraph testing as a condition of probation violates the Fifth Amendment when the probationer is not allowed to invoke the privilege with regard to statements that may result in a revocation of his probation. …
The Rwandan Genocide: International Finance Policies and Human Rights

the genoCiDe of the RwanDan tutsis seRves to ReMinD us of the ethniC, political, and economic conditions that are typical for postcolonial states. Ethnic identities are often magnified, if not manufactured, by occupying forces or national elites during the colonial period. Once independence has been obtained, ethnic identities are often internally enhanced for the political purposes of the new ruling regime. Like their colonial forebears, the rulers of the new regime often employ the strategy of pitting one ethnic group against the other (“divide and rule”), particularly through their military, human rights, and macroeconomic decisions. Additionally, they often form one-party states that perpetuate conditions of governance similar to those experienced under colonial rule. In turn, these states reproduce or exacerbate the political, economic, and ethnic crises originally resulting from colonial exploitation of regional and national resources (Chossudousky, 1995; Chossudousky and Galand, 1996). These political conditions contribute to the instability felt throughout postcolonial environments. The new regimes monopolize existing resources, leaving subordinate populations in socioeconomic conditions analogous to (or worse than) those characterizing colonial rule. Widespread inequities of access to social, political, and economic capital are perpetuated by these new social arrangements. The histories of postcolonial states frequently degenerate into civil wars or other internecine conflicts that undermine the fragile forms of social organization built out of the anomic social rubble of colonial decampment. In the most extreme cases, such as Rwanda, genocides arise. Even though the previously oppressed Hutus gained
Structure-property relationship in blade-coated amorphous In2O3 thin-film transistors (Conference Presentation)

Metal oxide thin-film transistors (MOTFTs) are expected to play a vital role in enabling printed transparent, plastic electronics. Compatibility with plastics, however, requires MOTFTs to be scalably processed at low temperatures (T). Herein, we explore blade-coating of indium oxide (In2O3) TFTs via sol-gel and combustion chemistries. We find that the sol-gel process enables amorphous In2O3 TFTs at 200°C with moderate electronic mobility (ca. 1 cm2V-1s-1) which increases to 5 cm2V-1s-1 for 212°C. Combustion synthesis is found to bypass the electronically-active amorphous state leading to an early crystallization onset. Paradoxically, combustion TFTs are found to possess poor charge transport at low-T of 200-250°C. Early nucleation during combustion forms nanocrystalline domains that are deleterious to charge transport. Our results highlight that surprisingly it is not crystallization, rather the absence of it that is required to fabricate high-mobility, low-T bladed In2O3 TFTs.
Impact of Safe Sleep Practice Quality Improvement Initiatives during Birth Hospitalization on Post-Discharge Safe Sleep Practices

Background: Each year, in the United States, approximately 3500 infants die from sudden unexpected infant deaths. The leading causes of SUIDs include: SIDS; unknown cause and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed due to unsafe sleep practices. The American Academy of Pediatrics stresses that all levels of nurseries and health providers should endorse and model the safe sleep practices (SSP). Medical personnel are critical role models for parents, and the way they position infants in the hospital strongly influences parental practices at home. Objective: Improve in hospital SSP of …
The Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Immunopeptidome of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein.

Precise elucidation of the antigen sequences for T cell immunosurveillance greatly enhances our ability to understand and modulate humoral responses to viral infection or active immunization. Mass spectrometry is used to identify 526 unique sequences from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein extracellular domain in a complex with human leukocyte antigen class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells from a panel of healthy donors selected to represent a majority of allele usage from this highly polymorphic molecule. The identified sequences span the entire spike protein, and several sequences are isolated from a majority of the sampled donors, indicating promiscuous binding. Importantly, many peptides derived from the receptor binding domain used for cell entry are identified. This work represents a precise and comprehensive immunopeptidomic investigation with the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and allows detailed analysis of features that may aid vaccine development to end the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
A Very Deep Chandra Observation of A1795: The Cold Front and Cooling Wake

We present a new analysis of very deep Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster A1795. Utilizing nearly 750 ks of net ACIS imaging, we are able to resolve the thermodynamic structure of the intracluster medium (ICM) on length scales of ~1 kpc near the cool core. We find several previously unresolved structures, including a high pressure feature to the north of the Brightest Cluster Galaxy (BCG) that appears to arise from the bulk motion of A1795's cool core. To the south of the cool core, we find low temperature (), diffuse ICM gas extending for distances of spatially coincident with previously identified filaments of H? emission. Gas at similar temperatures is also detected in adjacent regions without any H? emission. The X-ray gas coincident with the H? filament has been measured to be cooling spectroscopically at a rate of , consistent with measurements of the star formation rate in this region as inferred from ultraviolet (UV) observations, suggesting that the star formation in this filament as inferred by its H? and UV emission can trace its origin to the rapid cooling of dense, X-ray emitting gas. The H? filament is not a unique site of cooler ICM, however, as ICM at similar temperatures and even higher metallicities not cospatial with H? emission is observed just to the west of the H? filament, suggesting that it may have been uplifted by A1795's central active galaxy. Further simulations of cool core sloshing and active galactic nucleus feedback operating in concert with one another will be necessary to understand how such a dynamic cool core region may have originated and why the H? emission is so localized with respect to the cool X-ray gas.
Cardiac arrest after severe traumatic brain injury can be survivable with good outcomes

Background Resuscitation for traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) has historically been considered futile. There is little information on the characteristics and outcomes of these patients to guide intervention and prognosis. The purpose of the current study is to report the clinical characteristics, survival, and long-term neurological outcomes in patients who experienced TCA after sTBI and analyze the factors contributing to survival. Methods A retrospective review identified 42 patients with TCA from a total of 402 patients with sTBI (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score ≤8) who were admitted to Stony Brook University Hospital, a level I trauma center, from January 2011 to December 2018. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, survival, and neurological functioning during hospitalization and at follow-up visits were collected. Results Of the 42 patients, the average age was 45 years and 21.4% were female. Eight patients survived the injury (19.0%) to discharge and seven survived with good neurological function. Admission GCS score and bilateral pupil reactivity were found to be significant indicators of survival. The mean GCS score was 5.3 in survivors and 3.2 in non-survivors (p=0.020). Age, Injury Severity Score, or cardiac rhythm was not associated with survival. Frequent neuroimaging findings included subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and diffuse axonal injury. Discussion TCA after sTBI is survivable and seven out of eight patients in our study recovered with good neurological function. GCS score and pupil reactivity are the best indicators of survival. Our results suggest that due to the possibility of recovery, resuscitation and neurosurgical care should not be withheld from this patient population. Level of evidence Level IV, therapeutic/care management.
Potential Pb2+ mobilization, transport, and sequestration in shallow aquifers impacted by multiphase CO2 leakage: a natural analogue study from the Virgin River Basin in SW Utah

Geological carbon sequestration (GCS) is necessary to help meet emissions reduction goals, but groundwater contamination may occur if CO2 and/or brine were to leak out of deep storage formations into the shallow subsurface. For this study, a natural analogue was investigated: in the Virgin River Basin of southwest Utah, water with moderate salinity and high CO2 concentrations is leaking upward into shallow aquifers that contain heavy metal-bearing concretions. The aquifer system is comprised of the Navajo and Kayenta formations, which are pervasive across southern Utah and have been considered as a potential GCS injection unit where they are sufficiently deep. Numerical models of the site were constructed based on measured water chemistry and head distributions from previous studies. Simulations were used to improve understanding of the rate and distribution of the upwelling flow into the aquifers, and to assess the reactive transport processes that may occur if the upwelling fluids were to interact with a zone of iron oxide and other heavy metals, representing the concretions that are common in the area. Various mineralogies were tested, including one in which Pb+2 was adsorbed onto ferrihydrite, and another in which it was bound within a solid mixture of litharge (PbO) and hematite (Fe2O3). Results indicate that metal mobilization depends strongly on the source zone composition and that Pb+2 transport can be naturally attenuated by gas phase formation and carbonate mineral precipitation. These findings could be used to improve risk assessment and mitigation strategies at geological carbon sequestration sites. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Geoscience for CO2 storage collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/geoscience-for-co2-storage
Ride-hailing services and alcohol consumption: longitudinal analysis

Background: Alcohol consumption is associated with a wide range of adverse health consequences and a leading cause of preventable deaths. Ride-hailing services such as Uber have been found to prevent alcohol-related motor vehicle fatalities. These services may, however, facilitate alcohol consumption generally and binge drinking in particular. Objective: The goal of the research is to measure the impact of ride-hailing services on the extent and intensity of alcohol consumption. We allow these associations to depend on population density as the use of ride-hailing services varies across markets. Methods: We exploit the phased rollout of the ride-hailing platform Uber using a difference-in-differences approach. We use this variation to measure changes in alcohol consumption among a local population following Uber’s entry. Data are drawn from Uber press releases to capture platform entry and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Systems (BRFSS) Annual Survey to measure alcohol consumption in 113 metropolitan areas. Models are estimated using fixed-effects Poisson regression. Pre- and postentry trends are used to validate this approach. Results: Ride-hailing has no association with the extent of alcohol consumption in high (0.61 [95% CI –0.05% to 1.28%]) or low (0.61 [95% CI –0.05% to 1.28%]) density markets, but is associated with increases in the binge drinking rate in high-density markets (0.71 [95% CI 0.13% to 1.29%]). This corresponds to a 4% increase in binge drinking within a Metropolitan Statistical Area. Conclusions: Ride-hailing services are associated with an increase in binge drinking, which has been associated with a wide array of adverse health outcomes. Drunk driving rates have fallen for more than a decade, while binge drinking continues to climb. Both trends may be accelerated by ride-hailing services. This suggests that health information messaging should increase emphasis on the direct dangers of alcohol consumption and binge drinking.
Cefonicid

Synopsis:Cefonicid1is a ls‘second generation’ cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is similar to cefamandole in its superiority to first generation cephalosporins against several enterobacteriaceae as well as its activity against Haemophilus influenzae, including β-lactamase-producing strains. Its activity against Staphylococcus aureus is similar to that of cefoxitin and inferior to cefamandole and first generation cephalosporins. It has excellent in vitro activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, but is inactive against Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Serratia, and Bacteroides fragilis. Due to high achievable plasma concentrations and a relatively long half-life, in most clinical trials cefonicid has been administered once daily. It was comparable in efficacy with cefamandole or cefazolin in the treatment of patients with urinary tract, lower respiratory tract, and soft tissue and bone infections. It has also been compared with penicillin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea. Results from a small series of patients with endocarditis appear to indicate that cefonicid should not be used in patients with serious staphylococcal infections. Single doses of cefonicid given preoperatively appear to offer a similar degree of protection against post-surgical infection as multiple doses of other antibiotics, but further data from studies involving larger numbers of patients are needed to confirm these impressions. Patients who require prolonged antibiotic therapy, such as those with osteomyelitis being treated as outpatients after a relatively short inpatient course, could benefit from the once daily dose regimen of cefonicid.
The Friend and Colleague: “Fast Eddy”

Edward Latessa and I joined the faculty of the University of Cincinnati together in 1980. Relying on memory, the paper traces the development of our friendship and describes the evolution of our re...
Are recreational cannabis laws associated with declining medical cannabis program enrollment in the U.S.? An analysis of cardholder enrollment and demographic characteristics from 2013 to 2020

Abstract Background There is speculation that enrollment in U.S. state medical cannabis programs differs depending on whether adult recreational cannabis use is legal. If true, this could have implications for public health and policy. Methods Using medical cannabis registry data from U.S. states with a mandatory registry between 2013 and 2020 (N = 23 states), this study examined time-trends in medical cannabis cardholder enrollment and tested whether enrollment trends differed depending on adult recreational cannabis legalization. Results Multilevel models showed that time-trends for registered active medical cardholders differed during years when adult recreational cannabis use was legal versus not legal (time*recreational cannabis law interaction: b = -0.004, p Conclusions Findings suggest that recreational cannabis legalization is associated with decreasing enrollment in medical cannabis programs, particularly for males.
Hereditarily Finite Lists

This chapter uses the everyday notion of list to introduce the universe of hereditarily finite sets.
Routing and Wavelength Assignment

This chapter examines one of the most fundamental problems in wavelengthrouted WDM networks: routing and wavelength-assignment.
What Standing Is Good For

This Article provides a novel explanation of the function of standing doctrine in public law. Standing restrictions bar suits challenging governmental conduct that harms many people in an similar fashion, or that causes only an inchoate harm to the plaintiff. The voluminous scholarship on standing has been nearly uniformly critical of doctrine. Leading academics and judges have denounced it as useless and incoherent, and calls for its abolition abound. The Article uses economic analysis to show that standing prevents potentially inefficient dispositions of constitutional entitlements that result from problems of high transaction costs and strategic behavior. Standing plays this role when a single governmental action infringes on the rights of many people with conflicting preferences about how and whether to use their rights. Some may prefer to exercise their right affirmatively; others may prefer to waive them. In this situation, when one person seeks injunctive relief, his exercise of his rights effectively determines the exercise of the individual rights of everyone in the affected class. Thus every individual rights-holder, in the absence of standing restrictions, would have veto power over a government action that affects the rights of many, making strategic holdout likely and efficient bargaining around an injunction nearly impossible. Standing allows courts to bypass the problems of high transaction costs and strategic behavior by attempting to replicate the outcome that would be reached in a low-transaction cost environment - the outcome in the sense of whether the government action proceeds or not. Thus contrary to conventional wisdom, standing has significant, autonomous, and public-regarding functions. The analysis presented here also helps explain many of the mysteries of standing: Why should inchoate injuries be less justiciable than tangible ones? Isn't it paradoxical that justiciability exists when a few people are harmed, but not when a great many are harmed? The Article also shows that while eliminating the doctrine would result in significant social costs, standing is itself not an costless solution. Thus the paper considers other potential solutions, such as using liability rules, the typical prescription for problems arising from high transaction costs. These solutions are found to also have serious problems.
Endothelial nlrp3 inflammasome activation associated with lysosomal destabilization during coronary arteritis (851.5)

The present study aimed at exploring the mechanisms by which NOD-like receptor protein 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasomes are activated to result in endothelial dysfunction and coronary arteritis induced by L...
64-element time-division multiplexed interferometric sensor array with EDFA telemetry

Summary form only given. We have implemented an array of 64-sensor channels using a two-layer version of a foward coupled array topology (FCAT) configuration comprising an array of eight sub-arrays (SA) each of eight sensors. Each sensor is a fiber interferometer of either a Mach-Zehnder or Michelson design. Most of the interferometers incorporated a piezoelectric fiber stretcher in one arm to allow test signals to be applied to the sensors.
FLOODS PREDICTED FROM RAINFALL FREQUENCIES

SHORT STREAMFLOW RECORDS OFTEN MAKE PREDICTING THE FREQUENCY OF FLOODS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS DIFFICULT. AS PEAK-FLOW RATES ARE RELATED TO RAINFALL, AT LEAST IN PART, A LOGICAL APPROACH IN PREDICTING FLOODS IS TO UTILIZE LONG RAINFALL RECORDS WHICH ARE OFTEN AVAILABLE. USING THIS APPROACH, A METHOD IS DEVELOPED TO PREDICT FLOODS ON SMALL MONTANA WATERSHEDS. THE METHOD USES MEAN ANNUAL FLOOD, DETERMINED FROM SHORT STREAMFLOW RECORDS, AND THREE FACTORS RELATING THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL INTENSITIES TO THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PEAK ANNUAL FLOWS. AN EXAMPLE SHOWS HOW THE METHOD CAN BE APPLIED.
A ten-month program in curriculum development for medical educators: 16 years of experience.

BACKGROUND Despite increased demand for new curricula in medical education, most academic medical centers have few faculty with training in curriculum development.
Voltage control of magnetism in FeGaB/PIN-PMN-PT multiferroic heterostructures for high-power and high-temperature applications

We report strong voltage tuning of magnetism in FeGaB deposited on [011]-poled Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) ternary single crystals to achieve more than 2 times broader operational range and increased thermal stability as compared to heterostructures based on binary relaxors. Voltage-induced effective ferromagnetic resonance field shift of 180 Oe for electric field from −6.7 kV/cm to 11 kV/cm was observed in FeGaB/PIN-PMN-PT heterostructures. This strong magnetoelectric coupling combined with excellent electric and temperature stability makes FeGaB/PIN-PMN-PT heterostructures potential candidates for high-power tunable radio frequency/microwave magnetic device applications.
A Comparison of Decision Tree Classifiers with Backpropagation Neural Networks for Multi-Modal Classification Problems

Abstract Multi-modal classification problems involve the recognition of patterns where the patterns associated with each class can come from disjoint regions in feature space. Traditional linear discriminant methods cannot cope with these problems. While a number of approaches exist for classifying patterns with multiple modes, decision trees and backpropagation neural networks represent leading algorithms with special capabilities for dealing with this problem class. This paper provides a comparison of decision trees with backpropagation neural networks for three distinct multi-modal problems: two from emitter classification and one from digit recognition. These real-world problems provide an interesting range of problem characteristics for our comparison: one emitter classification problem has few features and a large data set; and the other has many features and a small data set. Additionally, both emitter classification problems have real-valued features, while the digit recognition problem has binary-valued features. The results show that both methods produce comparable error rates but that direct application of either method will not necessarily produce the lowest error rate. In particular, we improve decision tree results with multi-variable splits and we improve backpropagation neural networks with feature selection and mode identification.
Solar eclipses as an astrophysical laboratory

Observations of the Sun during total eclipses have led to major discoveries, such as the existence of helium (from its spectrum), the high temperature of the corona (though the reason for the high temperature remains controversial), and the role of magnetic fields in injecting energy into—and trapping ionized gases within—stellar atmospheres. A new generation of ground-based eclipse observations reaches spatial, temporal and spectral-resolution domains that are inaccessible from space and therefore complement satellite studies.
Evaluation of negative DUV resist UVN30 for electron-beam exposure of NGL masks

A negative tone, chemically amplified deep ultraviolet resist, ShipleyR UVN30, has been evaluated for use in NGL mask fabrication and direct write applications. This resist displayed excellent exposure latitude and resolution for both dense and isolated features. At optimum conditions 50 nm isolated lines and 60 nm dense lines resolved in a 300 nm thick film. Exposure dose latitude was 32%. Resist coat shelf life tests produced CD variations of 5 nm after 1 week and 10 nm after 3 months. A 66 hour post exposure bake delay in vacuum produced a 9 nm CD variation. PEB temperature sensitivity was 3 nm per degree Celsius. By selecting appropriate process conditions exposure latitude and resolution were optimized while decreasing linearity and line edge roughness performance. This paper reviews the test conditions for performing the optimization experiments and discuses the potential of using this resist for both advanced mask fabrication and direct write application.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The K Proton-Channel of C-Family O2 Reductase from Vibrio Cholerae

The heme-copper oxygen reductases are integral membrane proteins that reduce O2 to water, producing an electrochemical proton gradient across the membrane. Nearly all organisms that depend on aerobic respiration have a proper functioning heme-copper oxygen reductase for their survival. There are 3 major families of these enzymes, called the A, B and C-families. Several human pathogens contain a C-family O2 reductase, also known as a cbb3 oxidase, as the lone oxygen reductase in their respiratory chains. This enzyme is, therefore, an attractive drug target. X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis studies have shown that C-family O2 reductase contains only one proton input channel (K-channel analogue) to transfer protons for O2 reduction chemistry as well as proton pumping. In this work we examine mutations in the K-channel analogue of the cbb3 oxygen reductase from Vibrio cholerae with particular focus on identification of the entrance of the channel. The X-ray structure of the cbb3 oxidase from Pseudomonas stutzeri indicates that the highly conserved glutamic acid E49III (V. cholerae numbering) within CcoP (subunit III) is a plausible candidate for the entrance of the K-channel analogue. It is shown in the current work that the replacement of this glutamic acid by alanine (E49IIIA) strongly inhibits oxidase activity. This indicates that the entrance of the K-channel analogue of the cbb3 oxygen reductase from V. cholerae is the surface-exposed glutamic acid E49 in CcoP. Following this entrance residue, the majority of residues lining the K-channel analogue are located in subunit I. Mutations in many of these residues also inhibit oxygen reductase activity.
Analysis of somato-sensory, auditory and visual averaged transcortical and scalp responses in the monkey.

Abstract Averaged evoked responses (AERs) to median nerve, auditory and photic stimulation were recorded with scalp vertex-to-nose or vertex transcortical electrodes in forty-five unanesthetized squirrel monkeys. Potentials were designated as follows: P 1 (11–14 msec), N 1 (16–30 msec), P 2 (36–115 msec), N 2 (92–140 msec), P 3 (158–160 msec) and N 3 (200–270 msec). The AERs of all three modalities were compared with respect to peak amplitudes and wave shapes in the same and different monkeys, and a characteristic pattern for each modality was constructed from the total group. The photic AER differed clearly from the other two, which were similar. The referentially recorded vertex-to-nose AER was identical to the single flash electroretinogram. There was no response to flash when the AER was recorded transcortically at the vertex. Transcortical recordings were made of AERs from 202 cortical points in twenty-one of the forty-five monkeys using shock, click and photic stimuli. The frontal cortex and vertex produced locally generated long latency waves to shock and click but not to flash. Only the occipital cortex was productive of true photic responses. The study of long latency AERs from small brained animals, such as the squirrel monkey and cat, is greatly simplified if bipolar electrodes are used to record across small distances. This method helps to eliminate the confusion that can arise from the unwanted addition of potentials arising from generators away from the presumed recording site.
How to Close Guantanamo

Guantanamo and that the prison should be closed.1 More than six months later, several dozen prisoners have been moved out of Guantanamo, five more have been moved in, and the overall number of detainees is slightly under 300. 2 Just about everyone agrees that the indefinite detention of hundreds of men without charge in the United States's backyard is a black spot on its reputation around the world. Virtually every Western ally of the United States has publicly called for its closure, and the operation of this prison camp has earned the United States round after round of condemnation by United Nations bodies. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice stated that "we all want to close Guantanamo."3 Even President George W. Bush has said that he would "like" to see Guantanamo closed.4 But recently, Bush changed his tune acknowledging that he will leave the problem of Guantanamo to his successor.5 And while Secretary Gates still pushes for Guantanamo's closure, he has now conceded at least temporary defeat. "I was unable to achieve agreement within the executive branch on how to proceed in this respect," Gates told the Senate Appropriations Committee on September 26. "We are continuing to try and do that."6 The administration chose Guantanamo, a U.S. military base on the southeast end of Cuba, as a place that would allow or so the administration thought the detention and interrogation of terrorist suspects outside of any legal framework. It turns out, however, that taking someone out from under the rule of law is much easier than
A new microporous material: aluminated sepiolite

Abstract It was shown previously that the stability of the porous structure of sepiolite, a fibrous magnesio-silicate formed of staggered talc sheets, was improved by isomorphic replacement of silicon by aluminum in the tetrahedral sheet and some replacement of magnesium by aluminum in the octahedral sheet. Alumination was carried out using a caustic solution of sodium aluminate. Here, it is shown that further improvement can be achieved by aluminating with a caustic solution of potassium aluminate. As the number of substitutions in the tetrahedral layer increases, the cation-exchange capacity corresponding to the increase of the lattice negative charge reaches 0.55 mequiv./g. The microporosity is preserved up to 400°C while it collapsed at 150°C in the original sepiolite. The calcined ammonium-exchanged aluminated sepiolite contains mostly Lewis acid sites, contradictory to the expectation to observe some Bronsted sites. Because of the rather high cation-exchange capacity, cations with redox properties (such as Ag+) can be exchanged, leading to a bifunctional catalyst.