cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal nutrition intervention to reduce mutans streptococci among low-income women.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a prenatal nutrition intervention to reduce sugar intake and mutans streptococci (mutans) among low-income women. Methods: Pregnant women were recruited from the obstetrics service at a community health center in Connecticut. Inclusion criteria were ≥18 years of age; mutans levels >10 000 colony forming units/ml as determined by Dentocult SM® kits (Orion Diagnostica Oy, Espoo, Finland); and >3 months pregnant. Women were randomized to receive education alone [education intervenion (EI)] or education and a 1-hour nutrition group session at 9 months and 6 weeks postpartum [education and nutrition intervention (EIN)]. Mutans and questionnaire data were collected at baseline, 9 months, 6 weeks, and 3 months postpartum. One hundred twenty completed the baseline visit and 93 (77%) completed all four visits. Sugar intake was assessed by the Food Frequency Questionnaire and clinical information was abstracted from medical charts. Results: Mean age was 26.3 years [standard deviation (SD) = 6], 73% were Hispanic, 29% had lived in the United States < 6 years; 48% completed high school; 27% were married; mean total sugar intake at baseline was 149 g (SD = 85). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that mutans levels declined significantly in both groups, but that the EI group had significantly lower mutans levels at the final assessment compared with EIN. Sugar intake also declined significantly, but there were no significant differences between groups. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the following: a) the feasibility of conducting the intervention at community health center sites among low-income pregnant women; b) the effectiveness of education to reduce mutans/sugar intake; and c) the need to improve the nutrition intervention to obtain additional gains in mutans reduction.
PRESTRESSED GLUED-LAMINATED TIMBER BEAM-PILOT STUDY

The performance of glued-laminated (glulam) timber beams may be improved by the addition of high-performance fibers between the laminations. The contribution of the fibers is further enhanced if they are pretensioned prior to incorporation into the glued-laminated beam. This research indicates that both strength and stiffness are increased by using small volumes of pretensioned Kevlar yarns. The research explores the bond, development, and adhesive performance associated with the prestressing operations.
Deviant ERP Response to Spoken Non-Words Among Adolescents Exposed to Cocaine In Utero

Concern for the impact of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on human language development is based on observations of impaired performance on assessments of language skills in these children relative to nonexposed children. We investigated the effects of PCE on speech processing ability using event-related potentials (ERPs) among a sample of adolescents followed prospectively since birth. This study presents findings regarding cortical functioning in 107 prenatally cocaine-exposed (PCE) and 46 non-drugexposed (NDE) 13-year-old adolescents. PCE and NDE groups differed in processing of auditorily presented non-words at very early sensory/ phonemic processing components (N1/P2), in somewhat higher-level phonological processing components (N2), and in late high-level linguistic/memory components (P600). These findings suggest that children with PCE have atypical neural responses to spoken language stimuli during low-level phonological processing and at a later stage of processing of spoken stimuli.
Demographic and Landscape Change in the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin, Mexico: Abandoning the Garden

Land degradation is frequently cited as a factor in the collapse of ancient complex societies. Implicit in these tales of ecological suicide is the assumption that land degradation is an ecological rather than a social problem. Here, I discuss how land degradation can be reconceptualized as a social–environmental dialectic. I then discuss the implications of this perspective using evidence from a recent landscape project exploring diachronic relationships between environmental and social transformations in the development of the Precolumbian Tarascan (Purepecha) empire, centered in the Lake Patzcuaro Basin, Mexico. Project findings challenge common conceptions regarding the impact of agriculture, urbanism, and state collapse on ancient landscapes, as well as the dating of the most serious episodes of degradation.
Technology for developing regions: Moore's law is not enough

The historic focus of development has rightfully been on macroeconomics and good governance, but technology has an increasingly large role to play. In this talk, I review several novel technologies that we have deployed in India and Africa, and discuss the challenges and opportunities of this new subfield of EECS research. Working with the Aravind Eye Hospital, we are currently supporting doctor / patient videoconferencing in 30+ rural villages; more than 25,000 people have had their blindness cured due to these exams. Although Moore's Law has led to great cost reductions and thus enabled new technologies, we have reached essentially the low point for cost: the computing is essentially free compared to the rest of the system. The premium is thus on a combination of 1) deeper integration (fewer compo-nents), 2) shared usage models (even phones are shared), and 3) lower operating costs in terms of power and connectivity.
On the capacity of multi-user cognitive radio networks

This paper studies the K ≫ 2 user cognitive radio network. In this paper, there are one licensed transmit-receive pair and K – 1 cognitive transmit-receive pairs wishing to communicate simultaneously. For the case of a class of “very strong” interference channels, this paper shows that all users can simultaneously communicate as if all cross-channels in the interference network were absent.
Antibodies to Tooth Allografts in H-2 Matched Mice:

Teeth were transplanted among mice which represented the best match possible between unrelated humans. Sera were examined for their ability to kill donor cells with the help of complement, to trigger complement-independent, cell-mediated cytolysis, and to agglutinate RBC. All responses were weak, but rejection correlated best with antibody-dependent cytolysis.
Depression predicts repeated heart failure hospitalizations.

Abstract Objective Management of depression, if it is independently associated with repeated hospitalizations for heart failure (HF), offers promise as a viable and cost-effective strategy to improve health outcomes and reduce health care costs for HF. The objective of this study was to assess the association between depression and the number of HF-related hospitalizations in patients with low-to-moderate systolic or diastolic dysfunction, after controlling for illness severity, socioeconomic factors, physician adherence to evidence-based medications, patient adherence to HF drug therapy, and patient adherence to salt restrictions. Methods and Results The Heart Failure Adherence and Retention Trial (HART) was a randomized behavioral trial to evaluate whether patient self-management skills coupled with HF education improved patient outcomes. Depression was measured at baseline with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The number of hospitalizations was analyzed with a negative binomial regression model that included an offset term to account for the differential duration of follow-up for individual subjects. The average unadjusted number of hospitalizations per year was 0.40 in the depressed group (GDS ≥10) and 0.33 in the nondepressed group (GDS P = .006) after adjusting for physician adherence to evidence-based medication use, patient adherence to HF drug therapy, patient adherence to salt restriction, illness severity, HF severity (6-minute walk Conclusions Depression is a strong psychosocial predictor of repeated hospitalizations for HF. Compared with nondepressed individuals, those with depression were hospitalized for HF 1.45 times more often, even after controlling for physician adherence to evidence-based medications and patient adherence to HF drug therapy and salt restrictions. This finding suggests that clinicians should screen for depression early in the course of HF management.
Familiarity and partner preferences in female common voles, Microtus arvalis

Captive female common voles (Microtus arvalis) had a clear social preference for familiar males in a standard preference test. Cohabitation for a short period resulted in preferences for familiar partners, and females spent eight times more time in body contact with a familiar male than with an unfamiliar male. Females also displayed stranger-directed aggression. Our results suggest that the common vole is a species with selective partner preferences and a tendency to form tight social relationships and stable male–female associations.
Weight Jitter Phenomena in Adaptive Array Control Loops

An analysis of weight jitter in adaptive array control loops is presented. lt is shown that steady state weight jitter and statistical dependence between input signal and weight processes are related factors. A Markov characterization for the first-order adaptive array loop is presented and Fokker-Planck techniques are used to obtain the steady state probability density of the weight process for the case of a one-loop array. From this density the mean and the variance of the weight process are obtained and the dependence of these statistics upon loop and input signal parameters is explored.
Piezoelectrically transduced high-Q silica micro resonators

In this paper, we report on high-performance piezoelectric-on-silica micromechanical resonators for integrated timing applications. Fused silica is used as the resonator structural material for its excellent material properties, and thin film aluminum nitride is used as the piezoelectric transduction layer. A silica resonator is demonstrated with a high quality factor (QU~25,841), low motional impedance (Rm ~350 Ω), and good power handling capability. The measured f×Q product of this resonator is the highest amongst reported micromachined silica/fused quartz resonators.
Military sexual trauma: current knowledge and future directions.

1. Military Sexual Trauma: Current Knowledge and Future Directions, Melissa Platt and Carolyn B. Allard. 2. Unreliability and Error in the Military's "Gold Standard" Measure of Sexual Harassment by Education and Gender, Maureen Murdoch, John B. Pryor, Joan M. Griffin, Diane Cowper Ripley, Gary D. Gackstetter, Melissa A. Polusny and James S. Hodges. 3. Veterans Health Administration Mental Health Treatment Settings of Patients Who Report Military Sexual Trauma, Courtney Valdez, Rachel Kimerling, Jenny K. Hyun, Hanna F. Mark, Meghan Saweikis, and Joanne Pavao. 4. Military Sexual Trauma in Men: A Review of Reported Rates, Tim Hoyt, Jennifer Klosterman Rielage and Lauren F. Williams. 5.Posttraumatic Sequelae Associated with Military Sexual Trauma in Female Veterans Enrolled in VA Outpatient Mental Health Clinics, Jane A. Luterek, Joyce N. Bittinger and Tracy L. Simpson. 6. Posttraumatic Stress Symptomatology as a Mediator of the Association Between Military Sexual Trauma and Post-Deployment Physical Health in Women, Brian N. Smith, Jillian C. Shipherd, Jennifer L. Schuster, Dawne S. Vogt, Lynda A. King, and Daniel W. King. 7. Is Military Sexual Trauma Associated with Trading Sex Among Women Veterans Seeking Outpatient Mental Health Care?, Jennifer L. Strauss, Christine E. Marx, Julie C. Weitlauf, Karen M. Stechuchak, Kristy Straits-Troster, Ayaba W. Worjoloh, Christina B. Sherrod, Maren K. Olsen, Marian I. Butterfield, and Patrick S. Calhoun. 8. Reengineering Gender Relations in Modern Militaries: An Evolutionary Perspective, Rebecca J. Hannagan and Holly Arrow. 9. Military Sexual Trauma Research: A Proposed Agenda, Carolyn B. Allard, Sarah Nunnink, Amber M. Gregory, Bridget Klest and Melissa Platt. 10. Erratum
Overlapping and distinct functions for cofilin, coronin and Aip1 in actin dynamics in vivo

Actin-filament disassembly is crucial for actin-based motility, to control filament network architecture and to regenerate subunits for assembly. Here, we examined the roles of three actin cytoskeletal proteins, coronin, cofilin and Aip1, which have been suggested to combine in various ways to control actin dynamics by promoting or regulating disassembly. We studied their functions during the endocytosis process in budding yeast, where actin-filament dynamics at the cortical actin 'patch' contribute to the formation and movement of endocytic vesicles. We found that all three proteins were recruited during the late phase of the life of the actin patch. They all arrived at the same time, when actin and other actin-associated proteins were leaving the patch. Cofilin point mutations influenced the localization of coronin and Aip1, but the complete loss of coronin had no effect on localization of cofilin or Aip1. Using quantitative patch motion analysis and comparing mutant alleles, the phenotypes for mutations of the three genes showed some commonalities, but also some striking differences. Cofilin was clearly the most important; it displayed the most severe mutant phenotypes affecting actin-patch assembly and movement. Together, the results suggest that all three proteins work together to promote actin disassembly, but not in a simple way, and not with equal importance.
Motor potential profile and a robust method for extracting it from time series of motor positions

Molecular motors are small, and, as a result, motor operation is dominated by high-viscous friction and large thermal fluctuations from the surrounding fluid environment. The small size has hindered, in many ways, the studies of physical mechanisms of molecular motors. For a macroscopic motor, it is possible to observe/record experimentally the internal operation details of the motor. This is not yet possible for molecular motors. The chemical reaction in a molecular motor has many occupancy states, each having a different effect on the motor motion. The overall effect of the chemical reaction on the motor motion can be characterized by the motor potential profile. The potential profile reveals how the motor force changes with position in a motor step, which may lead to insights into how the chemical reaction is coupled to force generation. In this article, we propose a mathematical formulation and a robust method for constructing motor potential profiles from time series of motor positions measured in single molecule experiments. Numerical examples based on simulated data are shown to demonstrate the method. Interestingly, it is the small size of molecular motors (negligible inertia) that makes it possible to recover the potential profile from time series of motor positions. For a macroscopic motor, the variation of driving force within a cycle is smoothed out by the large inertia.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Disorders That Co-occur With Schizophrenia

Affective syndromes, particularly mania and depression, often occur during the course of illness in patients who have a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Our current diagnostic system allows clear classification of the overlap of affective symptoms and psychotic symptoms. However, this diagnostic system will eventually require major revisions so that it will more accurately reflect the biologic mechanisms that underlie different symptoms. This article reviews the historical unerpinnings of the diagnostic classification of affective and psychotic symptoms, including a discussion of current diagnostic practices and a review of the few studies on treatment of affective symptoms and syndromes in patients with schizophrenia. There is a great need for additional research on treatment of mood disorders that arise during the course of schizophrenia, especially with regard to newer mood stabilizers and antidepressants.
The U.S. Bishops and Their Critics: An Ethical and Economic Perspective

The U.S. Catholic Bishops are to be congratulated for their initiative in entering the treacherous waters of economic and public policy analysis. Although the present response to their Pastoral Letter (henceforth called BP, for "Bishop's Pastoral") is highly critical in many regards, the publication of this document is still most gratefully received.
Energy Buildings and Urban Environment

Energy and climate are inextricably linked at scales ranging from individual building to global. At the building scale, energy consumption consists of a base load and a space conditioning load that depend on weather conditions. Energy consumed in buildings is ultimately converted to waste heat. Anthropogenic heat released from buildings affects the urban climate system and produces a feedback on building energy consumption for space conditioning – positive feedback in summer, negative feedback in winter. These interconnections further interact with climate and the growing stresses on our available supplies of energy. This chapter studies these interactions.
Statins and poststroke intracerebral hemorrhage: Concern but increasing reassurance

Post hoc analyses of data from randomized controlled trials can generate useful hypotheses, but need to be considered exploratory. When conducted, such evaluations should adhere to specified criteria and test for a treatment by subgroup interaction for the trial's primary endpoint.1 The best way to proceed if unexpected but potentially important outcomes occur is less clear. Concern that treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (i.e., statins) might increase the risk of poststroke intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) arose from an unanticipated observation in the Stroke Prevention with Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial.2 In SPARCL, patients who had a noncardioembolic ischemic stroke (67%) or TIA (31%) or hemorrhagic stroke (2%) within the prior 1 to 6 months were randomized to high-dose atorvastatin or placebo. SPARCL found an overall reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (fatal or nonfatal stroke; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71–0.99) despite an increase in hemorrhagic stroke (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.08–2.55) in the atorvastatin group with statistical heterogeneity based on the type of stroke occurring during the trial (ischemic, hemorrhagic, or unclassified stroke). In addition to atorvastatin treatment, subsequent exploratory analyses using multivariable regression revealed higher hemorrhagic stroke risk in those having a hemorrhagic stroke as the entry event (HR 5.65, 95% CI 2.82–11.30), in men (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.13–2.84), and with increased age (10-year increments, HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.16–1.74). There were no statistical interactions between these factors and treatment.3 Concern about a statin-related increase in ICH after stroke also arose after a post hoc analysis of the Heart Protection Study showed a nonsignificant increase in hemorrhagic stroke rate in those with a history of cerebrovascular disease (n = 3,280) treated with simvastatin vs placebo (1.3% vs 0.7%; p for heterogeneity = 0.03).4 Among those treated with atorvastatin in SPARCL, patients with lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels had no increased risk of brain hemorrhage.3 Nonetheless, the fact that at least some observational studies (largely Asian populations) suggested an inverse relationship between cholesterol levels and bleeding risk caused further concern.5,6
Design of Distributed Network Management Software Based on CORBA Component

As the network becoming more and more complex,the net work management software should be more and more adaptive and extensible.CORBA is a distributed processing technology in the heterogeneous environment.Based o n this technology,we can design composite software which can be used in composi te network environment.By anlysing the structure and characteristics of CORBA, this paper introduces the design method of composite software based on CORBA,an d the engineering application of this method is described.Finally,the feasibil ity and effectiveness of this method is summarized.
Do Auditors in Western Europe Uniformly Adhere to the Principle of Independence

Auditor independence has been a long-standing principle within the accounting profession. The ultimate test and purpose of auditor independence is the creation of an objective state of mind. But since it is not possible to control a person's state of mind, the rules of independence have traditionally focused on controls of specific behavior such as not allowing auditors to hold stock in companies they audit or, more recently, prohibiting auditors from providing consulting services to audit clients.
K-Groups of a C^{*}-Algebra Generated by a Single Operator

In this paper, we compute \(K\)-groups \(\{K_{n}(C^{*}(x))\}_{n=0}^{\infty }\) of the \(C^{*}\)-subalgebra \(C^{*}(x)\) of \(B(H),\) generated by a single operator \(x,\) where \(H\) is a separable infinite dimensional Hilbert space, and \(B(H)\) is the operator algebra consisting of all (bounded linear) operators on \(H.\) These computations not only provide nice examples in \(K\)-theory, but also characterize-and-classify projections in a \(C^{*}\)-algebra generated by a single operator. The main result of this paper shows that: the \(K\)-groups of \(C^{*}(x)\) are completely characterized by those of \(C^{*}(q),\) where \(q\) is the positive-operator part of \(x\) in the polar decomposition of \(x.\)
The physiologic disposition of dichloromethotrexate-CI36 in man

Pharmacologic studies were made of the urinary and fecal excretion, blood levels, metabolism, and plasma binding of 3′,5′-dichloromethotrexate (DCM), with a radioactive chlorine label, in patients with cancer. DCM was found to differ significantly from methotrexante in that half of both oral and intravenous doses are eliminated via the bile and feces. Approximately one third of a dose is also metabolically inactivated. The existence of these alternates to the urinary pathway of elimination suggests that DCM may be a less toxic antifolic agent than methotrexate in patients with impaired renal funcion.
Picosecond Vibrational Dynamics of Peptides and Proteins

Fast structural fluctuations are known to be essential to the function of proteins. [1] For example,the motion of small ligands such as CO or O2 through myoglobin is greatly facilitated by structural fluctuations [lb]. Temperature dependent x-ray studies of proteins [2] show that they consist of fluid — like regions and crystal — like regions. The latter are rigid hydrogen bonded structures such as α-helices or β-oleated sheets [2]. The atomic packing, bond lengths and bond angles in these rigid structures are very similar to amino acid and peptide crystals [3]. Therefore, it should be possible to gain insight about the behavior of these rigid sections of proteins by ps Raman studies of such crystals [4].
Boiling sensitivity analysis of asymmetrically heated micro-scale devices

Thermal challenges in 3D ICs have driven the need for embedded chip cooling. In this paper, we measured the thermal performance of a two-phase system employing flow boiling in chip-embedded micro-channels utilizing the latent heat of vaporization of dielectric refrigerants (such as R-1234ze) In the present study, an investigation was performed on a 20 mm × 20 mm thermal test vehicle having a heater layer to simulate the heat generation from a state-of-the-art 8-core microprocessor chip and a sensor layer to measure temperature at key locations within the test vehicle. Fluidic channels in the form of radial expanding micro-scale cavities with micro-pin fields were etched into the test vehicle. The micro-pin fields represent the through-silicon-via (TSV) interconnects present in multi-die stacks. The heaters are used to simulate a background heat flux of 20 W/cm2 and individual core heat fluxes of up to 210 W/cm2. This heat generation capability corresponds anywhere from a processor low-power idle mode to a high-power super-turbo mode and beyond. Since the flow resistance in a microchannel for two-phase cooling depends on in-situ heat generation, asymmetric power dissipation due to different power levels in various cores and non-core areas may unbalance the overall flow distribution. Furthermore, it may reduce the local heat transfer rate and even lead to premature failure of working cores. This study aims at understanding the effects of asymmetric heat flux profiles on flow resistance and boiling heat transfer.
Scale effects in nano-channel liquid flows

Force-driven liquid argon flows both in nanoscale periodic domains and in gold nano-channels are simulated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics to investigate the scale and wall force field effects. We examined variations in liquid density, viscosity, velocity profile, slip length, shear stress and mass flow rate in different sized periodic domains and nano-channels at a fixed thermodynamic state. In the absence of walls, liquid argon obeys Newton’s law of viscosity with the desired absolute viscosity in domains as small as 4 molecular diameters in height. Results prove that deviations from continuum solution are solely due to wall effects. Simulations in nano-channels with heights varying from 3.26 to 36 nm exhibit parabolic velocity profiles with constant slip length modeled by Navier-type slip boundary condition. Both channel averaged density and “apparent viscosity” decrease with reduced channel height, which has competing effects in determination of the mass flow rate. Density layering and wall force field induce deviations from Newton’s law of viscosity in the near-wall region, while constant “apparent viscosity” with the deformation rate from a parabolic velocity profile successfully predicts shear stress in the bulk flow region.
Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Response of MAX Phases

High density samples of Ti2AlC, a MAX Phase material, with three different grain sizes were processed by Reaction Sintering. The dynamic thermo-mechanical response of these samples was investigated by a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar in conjunction with induction heating. Ti2AlC exhibits high compressive strength (above 600 MPa) for temperatures as high as 1100 °C under dynamic loading. The peak compressive stress decreases with increasing temperatures. Specimens exhibited catastrophic brittle failure at room temperature but graceful failure at high temperatures. Moreover, the temperature at which graceful failure occurs decreases with increasing grain size. Also, a Hall-Petch like relationship was observed between compressive strength and the grain diameter.
The Global Burden of Surgical Disease

This review explores ongoing efforts to document the global burden of surgical disease. The chapter recaps the theoretical basis for surgical disease burden measurement. It then focuses on the indirect and direct epidemiology of surgical disease throughout the world, with a particular focus on global and low- and middle-income country (LMIC) work. This review will focus on the results of peer-reviewed publications concerning surgical burden epidemiology from the last 5 years. It will demonstrate the multiple attempts to define which surgical conditions should be treated to meet high unmet needs for surgical care. It will also describe the results of modeling, field epidemiology, and alternate methods for assessing global, regional, and country burdens of surgical disease. Many people in the LMICs live without access to sufficient surgical care. Research from the past 5 years has begun to define this unmet need.
Imaging of the human choroid with a 1.7 MHz A-scan rate FDML swept source OCT system

We demonstrate OCT angiography (OCTA) and Doppler OCT imaging of the choroid in the eyes of two healthy volunteers and in a geographic atrophy case. We show that visualization of specific choroidal layers requires selection of appropriate OCTA methods. We investigate how imaging speed, B-scan averaging and scanning density influence visualization of various choroidal vessels. We introduce spatial power spectrum analysis of OCT en face angiographic projections as a method of quantitative analysis of choroicapillaris morphology. We explore the possibility of Doppler OCT imaging to provide information about directionality of blood flow in choroidal vessels. To achieve these goals, we have developed OCT systems utilizing an FDML laser operating at 1.7 MHz sweep rate, at 1060 nm center wavelength, and with 7.5 μm axial imaging resolution. A correlation mapping OCA method was implemented for visualization of the vessels. Joint Spectral and Time domain OCT (STdOCT) technique was used for Doppler OCT imaging.
1-D Fast Neutron Source Localization Using Digital Pixelated 3-D Position-Sensitive CdZnTe Detectors

Recoil of constituent nuclei from neutron elastic scatter in pixelated, 3-D CdZnTe gamma-ray detectors is detectable given current low energy thresholds. Fast neutrons are attenuated by CdZnTe detectors via outscatter and measured gradients in neutron interaction rates across detector pixels that enables 1-D fast neutron source localization through a maximum likelihood estimator. Experimental results using an MP320 deuterium–deuterium neutron generator with the four detector crystal Orion prototype successfully localize four different source locations across a 1-D field of view to within absolute measurement errors between 2.5° and 14.0°.
Designing Line-Based Shape-Changing Interfaces

This article starts with an overview of work on shape-changing line interfaces in the field of HCI, including the authors’ previous work on actuated-line interfaces, LineFORM and ChainFORM. Related research from other fields, such as robotics and material science, are also introduced. Then, several potential implementation methods are compared and discussed in depth with regards to their potential for future research and applications. The authors also investigate the interaction design space around actuated line interfaces, categorized into four groups: physical display, tangible interaction, constraints, and customization. Leveraging this design space, they present potential applications and demonstrate their use with the LineFORM and ChainFORM prototypes. Envisioning a future where shape-changing lines are woven into daily life, this article aims to explore and initiate a broad research space around line-based shape-changing interfaces and to encourage future researchers and designers to investigate these novel directions. This article is part of a special issue on shape-changing interfaces.
Systematic Review of Health Communication for Non-Cigarette Tobacco Products.

The Food and Drug Administration, which now has regulatory authority over all tobacco products meeting the statutory definition, is tasked with communicating the risks of these products to the publ...
An Analysis of Secondary Teachers' Reasoning with Participatory Sensing Data.

Participatory sensing is a data collection method in which communities of people collect and share data to investigate large-scale processes. These data have many features often associated with the big data paradigm: they are rich and multivariate, include non-numeric data, and are collected as determined by an algorithm rather than by traditional experimental designs. While not often found in classrooms, arguably they should be since data with these features are commonly encountered in daily life. Because of this, it is of interest to examine how teachers reason with and about such data. We propose methods for describing progress through a statistical investigation. These methods are demonstrated on two groups of secondary mathematics teachers engaged in a model-eliciting activity centered around participatory sensing data. We employ graphical depictions of discrete Markov chains to describe the strategic decisions the teachers follow while analyzing data, and find that this descriptive technique reveals some suggestive patterns, particularly emphasizing the importance of frequent questioning and crafting productive statistical questions. First published November 2017 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
Mega-Engineering Projects in Russia: Examples from Moscow and St. Petersburg

Russia is the biggest country in the world by area, with known proclivity for everything big. The two largest cities in Russia, Moscow and St. Petersburg, compete and complement each other with their recent mega-engineering projects of skyscrapers, bridges, toll roads, shopping malls, and elite residential districts. For Moscow, we chose to focus on Moskva Siti business district, the largest construction project of the past decade, which is projected to cost over $10 billion and to house between 350,000 and 500,000 residents and office workers. For St. Petersburg, we look at the controversial Okhta Center of Gazprom and the elite Baltic Pearl residential district. Together, the examples offer a glimpse into what post-Communist Russia’s megaengineering ambitions have become and highlight some commonalities in the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of such projects in the two cities.
A research in the tele-working of the intelligent device for Anti-disaster security

In this paper, the 'An Intelligent Device for Anti-Disaster Security' is designed by the following micro-computer hardware interface rules: the temperature combination sensor, the smoke inductor, the humidity sensor, the gas inductor, the infrared radiation sensor, A/D converter. While the disaster occurs, the 'An Intelligent Device for Anti-Disaster Security' will start the security protection installation and start the dialing system to notify the house owner and the police station. We can monitor the entire status of the house by the computer video-monitoring system. The strengths of the 'An Intelligent Device for Anti-Disaster Security' are: Easy Installation, easy maintenance. Complete functions, anti-disaster and alarm-security are focused and Free monthly rent, cost saving.
Applications of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering toward the Detection of the Bioactive Lipid 20-HETE

The detection and analysis of lipids in biological matrices for clinical applications poses many challenges, but rapid and reliable detection will prove invaluable for clinical diagnosis. Herein, we report the application of drop-cast triangular Ag nanoplatelets as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for qualitative detection of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), which is a potential biomarker for diagnosis of hypertensive disorders. The substrates were modified to increase SERS signal enhancement of 20-HETE, both by itself and in combination with structurally similar lipids that are known to exist in significantly high concentrations in human blood, simulating an ethanol extract of plasma, and analyzed with a Raman system employing a 532 nm laser excitation source. Biomarker peaks of 20-HETE can be reliably detected and differentiated from those of the structurally similar lipids (arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) commonly found in human blood, eve...
Physiological and Pathological Roles of Estrogen Receptor

Estrogen produces a variety of physiological functions in numerous tissues in both females and males. The actions can occur through cytoplasmic and nuclear activities of two receptor protein isoforms, ERα and ERβ, and multiple cell signaling mechanisms, including non-genomic and genomic actions. Genomic actions involve either direct DNA binding or tethered gene regulation. We describe herein some of the physiological responses of estrogen occurring through a particular receptor by way of gene targeting experimental models. We describe additional experimental models that isolate specific estrogen receptor activities to determine and evaluate the physiological responses, in reproductive/gonadal tissues, neuroendocrine actions, and obesity related to adipose tissue and bone as some examples, linked to that receptors’ functional domains and tissue specificity.
Characterizing the Effects of Symbolic and Racial Threat on Charge Modifications in the Juvenile Court

African Americans have long been overrepresented in juvenile justice, starting at arrest and all the way through to confinement. Importantly, some scholars argue examining “back-end” processes of j...
PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING AND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK OVER FOUR DECADES: FINDINGS FROM THE VA NORMATIVE AGING STUDY

AbstractThe role of psychological functioning in risk of incident cardiometabolic conditions is well-known, but less studied are its effects on underlying pathophysiology. This study examined the prospective association between psychological functioning and 40-year trajectories of cardiometabolic risk. Among men from the VA Normative Aging Study, measures of psychosocial functioning were obtained by survey between 1975 and 1986 (N=905–1562). Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) was assessed as the mean z-score across 7 biomarkers, assessed triennnially from 1975 to 2016. Growth curve models indicate that CMR increased linearly from midlife through age 64, followed by a less-steep increase in older ages. Higher levels of neuroticism, worry, fear, and anger, and lower levels of self-regulation, were each associated with higher levels of CMR. Psychological functioning was unrelated to change in CMR over age. These findings suggest common risk factors underlying psychological functioning and cardiometabolic risk, or biological programming of trajectory “set-points” at earlier ages.
Influence of optics vibration on synchrotron beam coherence

Vibration of optics is one of the major limiting factors of the performance of state-of-the-art beamlines at low-emittance synchrotron facilities. We present a theoretical model with experimental data describing vibration-induced effects on x-ray beam coherence. Owing to the incoherent nature of vibration, the decrease in the beam spatial coherence perturbed by optics vibrations can be characterized by modeling the effective source profile of the vibrating beam. The measurements were carried out by using grating interferometry and a refractive lens with controlled vibration as test optics. The experimental results confirm the model and reveal the dependency of the measured beam spatial coherence on the acquisition time. The proposed method can be used to identify the eigenfrequency of the optical system as well as to optimize beamline operation and experimental conditions for coherence-related techniques.
A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of Lithiation Mechanism in ZnFe2O4 Anode Materials

ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) represents a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries, but there is still a lack of deep understanding of the fundamental reduction mechanism associated with this material. In this paper, the complete visualization of reduction/oxidation products irrespective of their crystallinity was achieved experimentally through a compilation of in situ X-ray diffraction, synchrotron based powder diffraction, and ex-situ X-ray absorption fine structure data. Complementary theoretical modelling study further shed light upon the fundamental understanding of the lithiation mechanism, especially at the early stage from ZnFe2O4 up to LixZnFe2O4 (x = 2).
Jacking in to an Extended Reality

This chapter highlights how at a young age children are first introduced to projected objects, like a teddy bear, but quickly are inculcated into a digital world of what may be referred to as the Internet of Toys. Later children move on to apps on smartphones, games on tablets or other dedicated digital technologies. From a child’s earliest days until adulthood, they are brought up in a culture of digital technology that impacts them in ways that last throughout their lives. Technologies are becoming increasingly humanlike, as robotics grow to serve the interests of children and adults. Newer technologies—robotics and voice-activated digital media—have changed the landscape regarding mediated social connections, as self-talk transforms into talk with Siri and Alexa.
Connecting New Farmers to Place, Agroecology, and Community through a Bilingual Organic Farm Incubator

Renewed public interest in the localized dimensions of food and farming systems offers opportunities for citizens to become more engaged in decision making about how their food is produced, distributed, and consumed, and, for all these actions, by whom. This paper explores an initiative designed to reinvigorate the production components of a place-based, regional food system through connecting diverse aspiring entrepreneurial farmers, nonprofit organizations, land grant university faculty, and food consumers around shared values. The characteristics that distinguish values-based food systems can be sets of values associated with environmentally sustainable production practices, the qualities of the food, the distribution of the food, and/or relationships with particular farmers and places (Ostrom, DeMaster, Noe, & Schermer, 2017). Based on interviews and participant observation, our participatory research with the Viva Farms bilingual farm incubator program explores the role of place, social, and environmental values, and social learning in launching an incoming generation of women, immigrant, and low-income farmers. These themes have not been previously explored in the literature in relation to the success of new entry farmer initiatives. As of 2016, six years into the program, our findings show that 77 percent of past program participants were still farming in the same region, using agroecological farming practices and employing place-based marketing strategies. See the press release for this article.
α-time fractional Brownian motion: PDE connections and local times∗

For 0 < α ≤ 2 and 0 < H < 1, an α-time fractional Brownian motion is an iterated process Z = {Z(t) = W(Y(t)), t ≥ 0} obtained by taking a fractional Brownian motion {W(t), t ∈ ℝ} with Hurst index 0 < H < 1 and replacing the time parameter with a strictly α-stable Levy process {Y(t), t ≥ 0} in ℝ independent of {W(t), t ∈ R}. It is shown that such processes have natural connections to partial differential equations and, when Y is a stable subordinator, can arise as scaling limit of randomly indexed random walks. The existence, joint continuity and sharp Holder conditions in the set variable of the local times of a d-dimensional α-time fractional Brownian motion X = {X(t), t ∈ ℝ+} defined by X(t) = (X1(t), ..., Xd(t)), where t ≥ 0 and X1, ..., Xd are independent copies of Z, are investigated. Our methods rely on the strong local nondeterminism of fractional Brownian motion.
Agonistic Democracy: Rethinking Political Institutions in Pluralist Times

Agonistic Democracy explores how theoretical concepts from agonistic democracy can inform institutional design in order to mediate conflict in multicultural, pluralist societies. Drawing on the work of Foucault, Nietzsche, Schmitt and Arendt, Marie Paxton outlines the importance of their themes of public contestation, contingency and necessary interdependency for contemporary agonistic thinkers. Paxton then delineates three distinct approaches to agonistic democracy: David Owen’s perfectionist agonism, Mouffe’s adversarial agonism and William Connolly and James Tully’s inclusive agonism. She demonstrates how each is fundamental to enabling citizens to cultivate better virtues for themselves and society (Owen), motivating democratic engagement (Mouffe) and enhancing relations of respect and understanding between conflicting citizens (Connolly and Tully). Situated within the context of a deeply polarised post-Trump America and post-Brexit Britain, this book reveals the need to rethink our approach to conflict mediation through democratic institutions. Pulling together insights from experimental research with deliberative democratic innovations, Paxton explores how agonistic theory might be institutionalised further. By discussing ways in which agonistic institutions might be developed to render democracy more virtuous, more engaging, and more inclusive, this book provides a unique resource for students of contemporary political theory.
Folk theories of gender and anti-transgender attitudes: Gender differences and policy preferences

Transgender rights and discrimination against transgender people are growing public policy issues. Theorizing from social, cognitive, and evolutionary psychology suggests that beyond attitudes, discrimination against transgender people may derive from folk theories about what gender is and where it comes from. Transgender identity is met with hostility, in part, because it poses a challenge to the lay view that gender is determined at birth, and based on observable physical and behavioral characteristics. Here, in two pre-registered studies (N = 1323), we asked American adults to indicate the gender of a transgender target who either altered their biology through surgical interventions or altered their outward appearance: to what extent is it their birth-assigned gender or their self-identified gender? Responses correlate strongly with affect toward transgender people, measured by feeling thermometers, yet predict views on transgender people's right to use their preferred bathrooms above and beyond feelings. Compared to male participants, female participants judge the person's gender more in line with the self-identified gender than the birth-assigned gender. This is consistent with social and psychological theories that posit high status (e.g., men) and low status (e.g., women) members of social classification systems view group hierarchies in more and less essentialist ways respectively. Gender differences in gender category beliefs decrease with religiosity and conservatism, and are smaller in higher age groups. These results suggest that folk theories of gender, or beliefs about what gender is and how it is determined have a unique role in how transgender people are viewed and treated. Moreover, as evident by the demographic variability of gender category beliefs, folk theories are shaped by social and cultural forces and are amenable to interventions. They offer an alternative pathway to measure policy support and possibly change attitude toward transgender people.
Materials as Machines

Machines are systems that harness input power to extend or advance function. Fundamentally, machines are based on the integration of materials with mechanisms to accomplish tasks-such as generating motion or lifting an object. An emerging research paradigm is the design, synthesis, and integration of responsive materials within or as machines. Herein, a particular focus is the integration of responsive materials to enable robotic (machine) functions such as gripping, lifting, or motility (walking, crawling, swimming, and flying). Key functional considerations of responsive materials in machine implementations are response time, cyclability (frequency and ruggedness), sizing, payload capacity, amenability to mechanical programming, performance in extreme environments, and autonomy. This review summarizes the material transformation mechanisms, mechanical design, and robotic integration of responsive materials including shape memory alloys (SMAs), piezoelectrics, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), ionic electroactive polymers (IEAPs), pneumatics and hydraulics systems, shape memory polymers (SMPs), hydrogels, and liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) and networks (LCNs). Structural and geometrical fabrication of these materials as wires, coils, films, tubes, cones, unimorphs, bimorphs, and printed elements enables differentiated mechanical responses and consistently enables and extends functional use.