cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programming Models and Development Software for a Space-Based Many-Core Processor

The Maestro processor is a 49-core many-core processor for space based on the TILE64 architecture and implemented in rad-hard-by-design technology by Boeing. In this paper we discuss the programming models for Maestro, the implications of the programming model on fault tolerance and flight software, and the software development tools that have been developed for Maestro. The software described here is experimental development software that allows application and algorithm evaluation on the architecture, but we believe this software can be used as the basis for flight software. The software includes libraries, performance analysis and optimization tools, and compilers. While this work was done on the Maestro chip, the principles discussed can be applied to any multi-core or many-core processor.
Measuring the evolutionary stability of software systems: case studies of Linux and FreeBSD

In software evolution, stability is defined as the ability of a module to remain largely unchanged when faced with newer requirements and/or changes in the environment. Although stability is an important long-term design characteristic for hardware systems, it has not been studied deeply for software systems. Stability is directly related to software evolvability and maintainability; and it affects the software evolution process. A model based on software version differences is presented to measure the evolutionary stability of software modules. This model represents and normalises two distances: the source code and the structure distances, between two versions of an evolving software module. As a case study based on this model, the evolutionary stability of Linux and FreeBSD modules is compared. The results of the study shows that the evolutionary stability of a software module in Linux and FreeBSD depends more on its function type and less on the system environment.
Multisite paradoxical embolisms in a patient with patent foramen ovale and pulmonary thromboembolism

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a remnant of the fetal circulation, with a prevalence of 27% of general population [1]. The condition can allow right-to-left blood flow that bypasses the pulmonary circulation when right atrial pressure excels left atrial pressure [2]. In patients with venous thrombus, when there is a favorable pressure gradient such as pulmonary hypertension, emboli from the venous system can enter the arterial circulation through an abnormal intracardiac shunt like a PFO and may lead to a systemic manifestation, such as stroke [2,3]. We herein report a case of multiple concurrent paradoxical embolisms resulting in mesenteric infarction, which is very rare, and concurrent occlusion of the peripheral arteries in a patient with PFO, who suffered deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and massive pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). A 73-year-old Asian man who was physically inactive presented with sudden onset abdominal pain. He also complained of claudication and mild dyspnea that had lasted for one month. He had a medical history of hypertension controlled with medication for two years. Vital signs were notable for fever (38.4 °C) and tachycardia. On physical examination, he appeared tachypneic, and abdominal rigidity and tenderness were remarkable. Concurrently, both legs were cold, and pulses on both posterior tibial arteries and dorsalis pedis arteries
Ambident ethyl N-nitrosocarbamate anion: experimental and computational studies of alkylation and thermal stability.

Alkylation of N-nitrosourethane tetrabutylammonium salt (2-Bu4N) with four electrophiles (MeI, EtI, i-PrI, and PhCH2Br) was studied by 1 H NMR in CD2Cl2 and CD3CN solutions. The ratio of the three regioisomers N-alkyl-N-nitrosourethane 3, azoxy 4, and O-alkyldiazotate 5 was practically independent of solvent but dependent on the nature of the electrophile. The anion 2 and O-alkyl derivative 5 are thermally unstable and decompose to ethyl carbonates 9 and 10, respectively, with a first-order rate constant (2- Bu4N: k ) 18.5 ( 0.1 10 -5 s -1 ; 5b (R ) Et): k ) 1.77 ( 0.02 10 -5 s -1 ; 5d (R ) PhCH2): k ) 4.78 ( 0.08 10 -5 s -1 at 35 ° Ci n CD 2Cl2). Further kinetic measurements gave activation parameters for the decomposition of 2 (Ea ) 24.2 ( 0.3 kcal/mol and ln A ) 30.9 ( 0.1). Gas-phase calculations at the MP2(fc)/6-31+G(d)//MP2(fc)/6-31G(d) level showed that the alkylation of 2 involves the lone electron pairs of the N-N-O atoms, and the calculated activation energies correspond well to the observed ratio of regioisomers 3-5. The theoretical analysis of the decomposition processes supports a concerted mechanism with a four-center transition state in the first step for all four compounds. The calculated activation energy order (2 < 5 < 3 < 4) is consistent with the observed order of stability. Decomposition of 2 and 5 is a unimolecular process, giving carbonates 9 and 10 in a single step. In contrast, rearrangement of 3 and 4 leads to alkyl diazonium ions. A detailed theoretical analysis indicates that the rate-determining step for thermal decomposition of 2 is the loss of molecular nitrogen, while in 5 it is the trans-cis isomerization process. The nonconcerted process involving homolytic cleavage of the O-N bond in 5 was found to be significantly less favorable.
Direct-sequence spread spectrum acquisition using transform domain processing

This paper describes two transform domain techniques which perform the acquistion of a direct-sequence spread spectrum signal and offer the advantages of lower computational complexity than time-domain methods and the ability to suppress narrowband interference using transform domain excision. For the case where the received signal is distorted by Doppler frequency shift in the carrier frequency and the chip rate, the acquisition circuit is expanded to perform the acquisition search over the range of expected Doppler shifts. The implementation of the system using the Signal Processing WorkSystem by Comdisco Systems, Inc. is discussed and experimental performance results are presented. These experimental results are compared with analytical results. >
Mental imagery is simultaneously symbolic and analog

With admirable clarity, Pylyshyn shows that there is little evidence that mental imagery is strongly constrained to be analog. He urges that imagery must be considered part of a more general symbolic system. The ultimate solution to the challenges of image theory, however, rest on understanding the manner in which mental imagery is both a symbolic and an analog system.
Effects of blood pressure on neuropsychological functioning in Alzheimer's disease.

Blood pressure is often lower among patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared to nondemented older adults. Lower blood pressure in AD correlates with reduced cerebral blood flow and cortical atrophy, but its effect on neuropsychological functioning is unclear. We assessed the effects of blood pressure on tests of dementia severity, attention, memory, language, verbal and nonverbal reasoning, motor/psychomotor functioning, and activities of daily living (ADL) among probable AD patients (n=609). As hypothesized, lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) predicted reduced attention (Digits Forward and Backward), memory (Visual Reproduction I), and ADLs. Unexpectedly, lower pulse pressure (SBP–DBP) predicted greater dementia severity (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE), attention (Digits Forward and Backward), memory (Logical Memory I and Visual Reproduction I), and ADLs. These findings may reflect a tendency for less severely demented patients to exhibit normal age-related changes in blood pressure, whereas abnormal patterns may develop with increased dementia severity.
Vision in Horseshoe Crabs

Limulus has been a superb animal model for understanding vision in higher animals, including man. Nobel-prize winning research on the lateral eye of Limulus by H. K. Hartline revealed fundamental principles of retinal function applicable to all eyes. The function of the Limulus lateral eye is now well understood as is its essential role in the animal’s mating behavior.
Single Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis Does Not Improve Vascular Endothelial Function in Chronically Treated Hypercholesterolemic Patients

Objective. To investigate vascular endothelial function (VEF) responses to a single low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis session in hypercholesterolemic patients undergoing chronic treatment. Methods. We measured brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), plasma lipids, vitamin E (α- and γ-tocopherol), markers of oxidative/nitrative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitro-γ-tocopherol (NGT)), and regulators of NO metabolism (arginine (ARG) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)) prior to (Pre) and immediately following (Post) LDL apheresis and at 1, 3, 7, and 14 d Post in 5 hypercholesterolemic patients ( y). Results. Relative to Pre, total cholesterol ( mmol/L) and LDL-cholesterol ( mmol/L) were 61% and 70% lower (), respectively, at Post and returned to Pre levels at 14 d. Brachial FMD responses (%) and plasma MDA, ARG, and ADMA concentrations were unaffected by LDL apheresis. Plasma α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and NGT concentrations were 52–69% lower at Post (), and α-tocopherol remained 36% lower at 1 d whereas NGT remained 41% lower at d 3. Conclusions. Acute cholesterol reduction by LDL apheresis does not alter VEF, oxidative stress, or NO homeostasis in patients treated chronically for hypercholesterolemia.
Effect of Flavonoid Pigments and Gossypol on Growth and Development of the Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm, and Pink Bollworm

Quercetin isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-glucoside), and rutin (quercetin-3-mtinoside), all flavonoid compounds found in the cotton plant, and morin (3,5,7,2’,4’-pentahydroxyflavone) quercltrin (quercetin-3-rhamnoside), and hesperidin (a representative flavonone glycoside), related compounds not found in cotton, were incorporated into the artificial diet of larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders); the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie); and the tobacco budworm, H.cirescens (F.), to determine their effect on larval and pupal development. Also, gossypol and pigment glands were tested in the same way against pink bollworms. All pigments except hesperidin were toxic to pink bollworms and to the 2 Heliothis spp. Morin, an isomer of quercetin, was less toxic than quercetin to bollworms and tobacco budworms but as toxic as quercetin to pink bollworms.
325 THROMBOEMBOLISM IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA PATIENTS RECEIVING THALIDOMIDE COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY.

Purpose To establish the incidence of thromboembolism (TBE) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients on thalidomide combination chemotherapy. Methods A retrospective review was performed on all multiple myeloma patients at our tertiary care facility from January 2000 to December 2006. Patients were assessed for baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and past medical and surgical histories. Risk factors for TBE were evaluated, including a documented hypercoagulable state, a history of prior TBE, comorbidities, cytogenetics, and concurrent medications. It was also noted whether a central venous catheter (CVC) was in place. TBE included deep vein thromboses (DVTs) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It was also noted if patients had arterial TBEs. Patient chemotherapy regimens with or without thalidomide were reviewed, and each patient was assessed for evidence of TBE. Furthermore, thalidomide doses and titration intervals were documented. If thalidomide was used, patients were evaluated for concurrent use of prophylactic anticoagulation. Types of anticoagulation included low-molecular-weight heparin, full-dose warfarin, low-dose warfarin (usually 1 mg), and aspirin. If the patient had documented TBE, the median time to TBE while on the thalidomide combination was noted. Patients on full anticoagulation following TBE were followed for continued thalidomide use and bleeding events. Results Of 118 eligible patients, there were 29 (24% of patients) occurrences of DVT or PE. Preliminary results show that 13 (11%) of the patients with TBE were on some thalidomide combination, whereas 15 (13%) were not. Seven of 13 patients with TBE on thalidomide were not on prophylactic anticoagulation. Three events occurred on low-dose warfarin, two on full-dose warfarin, and one on enoxaparin. Conclusions It has been previously reported that about 10% of MM patients develop DVT when treated with chemotherapy alone. DVT rates of 25 to 30% have been documented with the addition of thalidomide to conventional chemotherapy or dexamethasone, whereas it occurs in only 3% of those treated with dexamethasone alone. No randomized trials have been done to establish the most effective type of prophylactic anticoagulation in this patient population. We hope to identify those patients at highest risk for TBE in our population and the best regimen for TBE prophylaxis.
Review on Sample Preparation Techniques of Pesticide Residue Determinations in Foods

Nowadays pesticide residues in foods were receiving more and more attention due to the vast use of pesticides. To improve the technique of pesticide residue determination was an important means to assay pesticide residue. Sample preparation was a time- consuming and fallible stage in the determination. Therefore improving the sample preparation technique could enhance the efficiency and veracity of the determination. This article was to review several sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, microwave aided extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and gel permeation chromatography.
A Technique for Continuous Infusion into the Mouse Bladder

A new technique is described for long term placement of an indwelling catheter into the mouse bladder. This technique allows the animal to void normally while receiving an intravesical infusion for several weeks. The presence of the catheter still enables MBT-2 tumor cells to implant into the bladder wall. This model will be useful for investigating the effect of various anticancer agents administered intravesically over prolonged periods of time.
Cylindrical Shells of Composite Materials

In considering cylindrical shells of composite anisotropic materials the equilibrium equations, strain-displacement equations and compatibility equations are the same as those used in Chapter 3 for cylindrical shells of isotropic materials. Only the stress-strain relations (i.e. the constitutive relations) differ. For the most general case the proper constitutive relations are given by (14.63) and (14.61).
Constraint, natural selection, and the evolution of human body form

Variation in body form among human groups is structured by a blend of natural selection driven by local climatic conditions and random genetic drift. However, attempts to test ecogeographic hypotheses have not distinguished between adaptive traits (i.e., those that evolved as a result of selection) and those that evolved as a correlated response to selection on other traits (i.e., nonadaptive traits), complicating our understanding of the relationship between climate and morphological distinctions among populations. Here, we use evolutionary quantitative methods to test if traits previously identified as supporting ecogeographic hypotheses were actually adaptive by estimating the force of selection on individual traits needed to drive among-group differentiation. Our results show that not all associations between trait means and latitude were caused by selection acting directly on each individual trait. Although radial and tibial length and biiliac and femoral head breadth show signs of responses to directional selection matching ecogeographic hypotheses, the femur was subject to little or no directional selection despite having shorter values by latitude. Additionally, in contradiction to ecogeographic hypotheses, the humerus was under directional selection for longer values by latitude. Responses to directional selection in the tibia and radius induced a nonadaptive correlated response in the humerus that overwhelmed its own trait-specific response to selection. This result emphasizes that mean differences between groups are not good indicators of which traits are adaptations in the absence of information about covariation among characteristics.
Are good salespeople born or made? A new perspective on an age-old question: implicit theories of selling ability

Considering implicit theories in a sales context can provide a framework for better understanding salesperson motivation and behavior. The current research develops, tests, and examines the relevance of an Implicit Theories of Selling Ability (ITSA) measure, which measures the extent to which a person believes selling is an incremental (made) ability versus an entity (born) ability. After pre-testing the ITSA measure, two studies found an unfavorable pattern of outcomes associated with an entity belief of selling ability, consistent with research in other domains. Experimental validity for ITSA is demonstrated, thus supporting a direct relationship between ITSA and sales-relevant constructs, and suggesting manipulation of ITSA as a potential training intervention. This research extends past sales research on implicit theories by developing a sales-specific implicit theories measure and by examining goal orientations and behavior within the social-cognitive model (SCM). Conceptualizing sales performance be...
Children and alcohol.

The literature on what, when, and how young children learn about alcohol and drinking is critically reviewed and key issues are highlighted. Available evidence points to recognition of alcohol, identification of drinking norms and rules, formation of attitudes toward drinking and drinkers, and appreciation of some of the consequences of alcohol consumption as early as the preschool years. Understanding of drinking motives appears to require a level of cognitive development that is not present until about 10 to 12 years of age, although there is a dearth of research on this probably crucial determinant of later decisions to drink. Among the factors involved in the acquisition of alcohol cognitions and dispositions are observational learning via families, media, and peers as well as personal drinking experience. Salience of alcohol and its management in the child’s immediate environment appears to be an important moderator/mediator of learning. Application of relevant theory to understanding the development of the meaning of alcohol and drinking in preadolescent children is seen as underdeveloped at this time. However, there are a number of potentially fruitful avenues to pursue which could have important implications for future education and prevention efforts.
Self-formed waterfall plunge pools in homogeneous rock

Waterfalls are ubiquitous, and their upstream propagation can set the pace of landscape evolution, yet no experimental studies have examined waterfall plunge pool erosion in homogeneous rock. We performed laboratory experiments, using synthetic foam as a bedrock simulant, to produce self-formed waterfall plunge pools via particle impact abrasion. Plunge pool vertical incision exceeded lateral erosion by approximately tenfold until pools deepened to the point that the supplied sediment could not be evacuated and deposition armored the pool bedrock floor. Lateral erosion of plunge pool sidewalls continued after sediment deposition, but primarily at the downstream pool wall, which might lead to undermining of the plunge pool lip, sediment evacuation, and continued vertical pool floor incision in natural streams. Undercutting of the upstream pool wall was absent, and our results suggest that vertical drilling of successive plunge pools is a more efficient waterfall retreat mechanism than the classic model of headwall undercutting and collapse in homogeneous rock.
The Orchidaceae of the Bahama Archipelago: additions and range extensions [Encyclia X lleidae, Encyclia X raganii, Encyclia X bajamarensis, Encyclia boothiana var. erythronioides, Encyclia X lucayana, Oncidium bahamense, Oncidium floridanum, Oncidium lucayanum, Vanilla barbellata, new taxa]

This paper updates the orchid flora of the Bahama Archipelago since the publication of theFlora of the Bahama Archipelago. It includes the descriptions of two natural hybrids,Encyclia × lleidae andEncyclia × raganii, heretofore unknown. In addition, this paper reports the distributional extensions of seven orchid taxa.
Electromagnetic current and field display in classroom using em-cad tool: Zeland's ie3d

Understanding electromagnetics and appreciating its applications in all electrical engineering studies generally require a higher level of abstraction than most other topics encountered by undergraduate and graduate electrical engineering students. The subject of electromagnetics appears insurmountable to many students and turns off their interest, especially when coupled with a lack of software tools for displaying the three-dimensional electromagnetic wave phenomena. The need to maintain student interest leads us to considering the use of simulation software and scientific visualization to render the abstract concepts of electricity and magnetism into a more intuitive form.
What Should Comparative Constitutional History Compare

Raymond Grew once observed that, "for many professional historians comparative study evokes the ambivalence of a good bourgeois toward the best wines: to appreciate them is a sign of good taste, but indulgence seems a little loose and wasteful." This reluctance, Grew continued, stemmed from some of the "admirable if modest qualities" of professional historians - "caution, accuracy, unpretentiousness, and respect for the integrity of documents and for the particular." But it also "reflect[ed] doubt not so much about comparison as a mode of analysis as about what it is that historians [ought to] compare." Almost forty years later, some of these doubts have receded. In many fields, comparative history has flourished; in some, failure to compare has become a significant demerit. It is a good time, it would seem, for constitutional lawyers to catch the wave. But comparative history continues to have critics and questioners. In particular, the question of what to compare, and how, remains open and contested. Perhaps it always will. Even so, it seems prudent, at this early stage in our collective effort to historicize the study of comparative constitutionalism, to reflect on how historians have wrestled with methodological questions over the past half century and more, and to offer some preliminary thoughts on how the "lessons of comparative history" might apply to comparative studies of constitutional history.
IcoNoClast: Tackling Voltage Noise in the NoC Power Supply Through Flow-Control and Routing Algorithms

Power supply noise (PSN) is a growing concern in modern multiprocessor system-on-chips (MPSoCs). The advent of new architectures, such as the network-on-chip (NoC), the standard for on-chip communication in MPSoCs, has given rise to new challenges in maintaining reliable and energy-efficient operation. The growing NoC power footprint, increase in the transistor current, and high switching speed of the logic devices exacerbate the peak PSN in the NoC power delivery network (PDN). Hence, preserving power supply integrity in the NoC PDN is critical. In this paper, we propose IcoNoClast , a collection of a novel flow-control protocol (PAF) and an adaptive routing algorithm (PSN-aware routing), to mitigate the PSN in NoCs. Our best scheme achieves ~15% and ~12% improvements in the regional peak PSN and energy efficiency across a range of PARSEC benchmarks, with a 4.1% performance overhead and marginal area and power footprints.
A Persulfide Donor Responsive to Reactive Oxygen Species: Insights into Reactivity and Therapeutic Potential.

Persulfides (RSSH) have been hypothesized as critical components in sulfur-mediated redox cycles and as potential signaling compounds, similar to hydrogen sulfide (H2 S). Hindering the study of persulfides is a lack of persulfide-donor compounds with selective triggers that release discrete persulfide species. Reported here is the synthesis and characterization of a ROS-responsive (ROS=reactive oxygen species), self-immolative persulfide donor. The donor, termed BDP-NAC, showed selectivity towards H2 O2 over other potential oxidative or nucleophilic triggers, resulting in the sustained release of the persulfide of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) over the course of 2 h, as measured by LCMS. Exposure of H9C2 cardiomyocytes to H2 O2 revealed that BDP-NAC mitigated the effects of a highly oxidative environment in a dose-dependent manner over relevant controls and to a greater degree than common H2 S donors sodium sulfide (Na2 S) and GYY4137. BDP-NAC also rescued cells more effectively than a non-persulfide-releasing control compound in concert with common H2 S donors and thiols.
The Prevention and Control of Cancer by Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Mapping Review Protocol

ABSTRACT Objective Metformin is commonly used as a first line therapy for type 2 diabetes; however, existing evidence suggests an influence in oncology. The objective of this systematic mapping review was to describe current literature regarding metformin and its role in preventing and /or controlling cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Method We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov in February 2018 and April 2019 to identify research studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Of the 318 citations identified, 156 publications were included in this analysis. Results The most common cancer types researched were colorectal, liver, prostate, lung and breast with the United States contributing the most to this data. Author teams averaged six members and most studies were funded. Only 68% of the articles were available open access. Ovarian and esophageal cancers were amongst the least studied, but the most costly for care.
Causality and History

Whatever else may have afflicted our culture, we have in the past four hundred years greatly improved our knowledge of the workings of nature; and our knowledge of nature is such that our knowledge of particular natural causes and our knowledge of the truth of certain law-like physical or chemical generalisations are very often closely connected. If I do in fact know that on a given occasion what caused the change in the pressure exerted by a given volume of a particular gas was a change in its temperature, I do so partly in virtue of also knowing the truth of the gas law equations and perhaps also of some of the further law-like generalisations that comprise the kinetic theory. If I do in fact know the generalisations of geometrical optics to be true, it is because I and others have been able to produce specific visual effects on given occasions by making use of them. Why then should we be surprised if philosophers have tended to offer accounts of the notion of causality which link it in the most conceptually intimate ways to that of a law-like generalisation, some going so far as to make it part of the meaning of the words ‘cause’ and ‘effect’ and its cognates and translations that a cause and its effect are always members of classes which are linked by some law-like generalisation?
Improvements in intestine transplantation

Transplantation of the intestine in children has presented significant challenges even as it has become a standard to treat nutritional failure due to short gut syndrome. These challenges have been addressed in part by significant improvements in short and long-term care. Noteworthy enhancements include reduced need for intestine transplantation, drug-sparing immunosuppressive regimens, immune monitoring, and improved surveillance and management of PTLD and non-adherence.
Fruit and Vegetable Prescriptions for Pediatric Patients in Flint, Michigan: Program Development, Methods, and Baseline Characteristics (FS02-05-19)

Objectives To address food access and affordability challenges among low-income children and adolescents, some health care providers are prescribing fresh fruits and vegetables. However, the evaluation of these programs is limited as are descriptions of study designs and needs of the population they serve. Our objectives were to describe the development of a fruit and vegetable prescription program for pediatric patients, baseline characteristics of the study population, child dietary patterns, and household food security.
Robust 2D/3D Calibration Using RANSAC Registration

An area of increasing interest in computer vision is the fusion of 2D images with depth maps from 3D sensing devices to obtain more robust 3D information about the scene. Before this can be achieved, one must have an accurate method for the calibration of the 3D sensing devices and the pinhole cameras. In this paper, we introduce a robust method for registering depth maps from 3D sensing devices into point clouds reconstructed from 2D images. Our new calibration method explores RANSAC registration to take into account the high-noise nature of current 3D sensing technologies. We solve this by using a novel application of the RANSAC algorithm to robustly register two point clouds obtained from the 3D sensing device and the pinhole camera. The reprojection error after registration using our algorithm is less than 0.3%.
Adverse early-life environment impairs postnatal lung development in mice

Background: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Maternal stress and poor diet are linked to FGR. Effect of perinatal stress on lung developme...
Utilizing Volunteered Information for Infectious Disease Surveillance

With the advent of Web 2.0, the public is becoming increasingly interested in spatial data exploration. The potential for Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) to be adopted for passive disease surveillance and mediated through an enhanced relationship between researchers and non-scientists is of special interest to the authors. In particular, mobile devices and wireless communication permit the public to be more involved in research to a greater degree. Furthermore, the accuracy of these devices is rapidly improving, allowing the authors to address questions of uncertainty and error in data collections. Cooperation between researchers and the public integrates themes common to VGI and PGIS (Participatory Geographic Information), to bring about a new paradigm in GIScience. This paper outlines the prototype for a VGI system that incorporates the traditional role of researchers in spatial data analysis and exploration and the willingness of the public, through traditional PGIS, to be engaged in data collection for the purpose of surveillance of tsetse flies, the primary vector of African Trypanosomiasis. This system allows for two-way communication between researchers and the public for data collection, analysis, and the ultimate dissemination of results. Enhancing the role of the public to participate in these types of projects can improve both the efficacy of disease surveillance as well as stimulating greater interest in science.
Epigenomic mechanisms of alcohol-induced impaired differentiation of skeletal muscle stem cells; role of Class IIA histone deacetylases.

Loss of functional metabolic muscle mass remains a strong and consistent predictor of mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). PLWH have a higher incidence of alcohol...
Teacher Candidates’ Responses to Examining Personal Privilege: Nuanced Understandings of the Discourse of Individualism in Critical Multicultural Education

Building on scholarship that establishes the Discourse of Individualism as a typical response to critical multicultural education, this study examines emergent discourses from 175 teacher candidates in their explanations of personal privilege. Open codes were applied to end-of-semester written responses from pre-service teachers asking them to explain the unearned privileges in their lives. Data was coded with attention to ideologies and meaning making. Analysis reveals three ways that teacher candidates’ articulate and explain their personal privilege: 1) articulations of personal achievement relying on an ideology of meritocracy (n=12); 2) articulation of inheritance that references an ideology of luck (n=118); and 3) articulations of systemic inequality that begins to evidence more critical ideologies (n=45). These three distinct, yet related, articulations of the Discourse of Individualism extend previous research by documenting the nuanced manner in which students grapple with privilege. Our finding documenting articulations of inheritance represents a discursive space in which students consider the reality of social position and structural inequity in society and open the door for conversations of ways to understand and enact professional obligations to those who are “not lucky.” This finding has practical and theoretical implications for teacher educators and extends previous conceptualizations of the Discourse of Individualism.
Surface area- and mass-based comparison of fine and ultrafine nickel oxide lung toxicity and augmentation of allergic response in an ovalbumin asthma model.

Background: The correlation of physico-chemical properties with mechanisms of toxicity has been proposed as an approach to predict the toxic potential of the vast number of emerging nanomaterials. ...
Open source, freeware, and shareware resources for web programming: tutorial presentation

In response to the recommendations in Computing Curricula 2001 and market demands, an increasing number of institutions are integrating courses on Web programming and net-centric computing into their curriculum as core courses or electives. Many institutions face budget restrictions that make it difficult to use proprietary software. Instructors at such institutions are naturally turning to open source, freeware, and shareware resources for use in their courses. In addition to being attractive from a monetary standpoint, open source software offers several advantages over proprietary software. Often a large community of developers has contributed to the software, which can result in a particularly robust and reliable product. Even more importantly, students can download the software to personal PCs for use in the course or further exploration.This tutorial will provide an overview of nifty open source, freeware, and shareware software that we have successfully used in a variety of Web programming courses with net-centric components.
Nonclassical ammonium ions as intermediates in cinchona alkaloid rearrangements

The classical/nonclassical nature of cationic ammonium intermediates proposed to be involved in cinchona alkaloid solvolysis and related reactions is investigated. While these intermediates are found to possess highly distorted geometries in which the central nitrogen atom and three of the attached groups are essentially coplanar, we do not find evidence of a nonclassical bonding array. Instead, we find evidence that the intermediate resembles a classical, albeit strained, aziridinium structure, which is still able to account for experimental observations.
How “none of the above” (NOTA) affects the accessibility of tested and related information in multiple-choice questions

Answering multiple-choice questions increases accessibility of the tested information and can improve accessibility of related information. However, multiple-choice questions with "none of the above" (NOTA) as a choice hurts accessibility of the previously tested information when NOTA serves as the correct answer (NOTAcorrect). Would prompting participants to recall an answer when choosing NOTA, and then providing feedback, reduce the costs of NOTAcorrect items? In the present experiments, participants answered general knowledge questions in multiple-choice (with a NOTA alternative) or cued-recall formats; half of the participants, when choosing NOTA, were prompted to provide an answer. Half of the participants received feedback. On a final cued-recall test assessing performance for previously tested and nontested related information, we found that NOTAcorrect questions hurt performance for previously tested items as compared to the cued-recall condition; but they facilitated recall of related information. Feedback improved performance for all previously tested information, but performance was still worse for NOTAcorrect questions than for cued-recall questions. The addition of a cued-recall component on NOTA questions did not influence accessibility. The results have implications for using NOTA in practice tests and help explain why using NOTAcorrect items hurt learning, even with feedback, supporting a proactive interference account.
A Comprehensive Optimization Solution for Buildings with Distributed Energy Resources and V2G Operation in Smart Grid Applications

Buildings as a group contribute the highest amount of energy use and man-made carbon di oxide emission in U.S. Energy efficient measures and optimal use of distributed energy resources can help to improve sustain ability to a great extent. This paper presents a comprehensive solution for an existing standard office building to optimize the energy purchased from the grid equipped with a variety of distributed energy resources (DERs). The building includes 180 kW solar Photovoltaic (PV), 150 kWh Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and five Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations. Two Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) are available for level II grid to vehicle (G2V) activities and one fast charging level III electric trolley is available for both G2V and vehicle to grid (V2G) operation. A multi objective Mixed Integer Liner Programming (MILP) problem has been formulated to reduce the total cost of grid energy and life cycle degradation cost due to BESS and EV activities. It considers and models all the components associated with building such as Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), comfort assessment, lighting and miscellaneous plug loads as constraints to solve the optimization model. This exhaustive model results in an optimal schedule for HVAC, lighting, BESS and EV to provide the maximum cost benefit to the building end user. It also shows that level III EV provides higher cost savings compared to level II EV operation.
A continuum mechanics approach to the healing efficiency of extrinsic self-healing polymers

Abstract Self-healing smart materials have been under extensive research and development during past decades. The recent developments in self-healing materials have resulted in a new generation of load carrying smart material systems with the ability to heal microscale to structural-scale damages. These materials are ranged from polymer matrix composites to ceramic matrix composites and from metal foams to biological materials. The self-healing agent might contribute to the load carrying capability of the system or it might only function as a glue. One may notice that the major emphasis in this field has been given to the experimental studies, and the modeling schemes for these systems are still in the development stage. To extend the applicability of the self-healing smart materials and deploy them into the industrial applications, the modeling techniques are of utmost important. Difficulties in manufacturing and testing of these new material systems can be compensated with incorporating modeling techniques such as finite element analysis. It is a state-of-the-art to accurately simulate the inelastic, damage, and healing responses of self-healing systems and then construct a virtual design laboratory for optimizing the performance of these material systems. The mechanical (ME) responses of self-healing materials can be categorized into elastic, plastic, damage, and healing deformation mechanisms. In the case of damage-healing mechanisms, the accumulation of microflaws forms damaged sites, and regardless of the type of embedded healing technology, the lost properties of the system in those damaged sites are recovered through the healing functionality. Thus physically consistent damage and healing models can be considered as basic tools to characterize the performance of self-healing materials. This chapter concerns the recent theoretical developments in the field of continuum damage-healing mechanics of self-healing materials. The mechanisms associated with the damage and healing are utilized to propose the damage and healing parameters. The evolution laws for the damage and healing processes are developed within the continuum damage healing mechanics framework and they are calibrated in accordance with the experimentally measurable properties such as changes in the elastic moduli.
Respiratory Distress in an Adolescent Girl.

1. Bobby Kumar, MD* 2. Katie Meyer, DO* 3. Leon Rosenberg, DO* 4. Alyson Trillo, DO* 5. Ashley Van Putten, DO, PGY3* 1. *Salah Foundation Children’s Hospital, Fort Lauderdale, FL A 17-year-old girl with past medical history of iron deficiency anemia and depression presented with 6 days of fever (maximum temperature of 103.6°F), cough, congestion, and mild shortness of breath. Other symptoms included nonbloody, nonbilious emesis, decreased appetite, diarrhea, chest pain, body aches, and abdominal pain. When her shortness of breath worsened, she presented to the emergency department for evaluation. On presentation, she was febrile, with oral temperature of 103.1°F, tachycardia, and in severe respiratory distress with subcostal and supraclavicular retractions, decreased breath sounds on the bases, and significant crackles on the right side. Initial oxygen saturation was 89% on room air, with improvement to 98% on 2 L/min of oxygen via nasal cannula. Chest radiograph shows extensive right-sided infiltrates as well as a focal patchy infiltrate on the left (Fig 1). Figure 1. Anteroposterior (a) and lateral (b) chest radiographs showing extensive right-sided infiltrates with patchy infiltrates on the left. Due to right upper quadrant abdominal pain and persistent diarrhea, an abdominal ultrasound was performed, which was unremarkable. Initial laboratory testing on admission revealed no elevated white blood cell count, mild microcytic anemia (hemoglobin 11.3 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume 60.6), hyponatremia (sodium 125 mmol/L), hypokalemia (potassium 3.3 mmol/L), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (141 units/L) and alanine aminotransferase (57 units/L), elevated γ -glutamyl transferase (52 units/L), prolonged coagulation studies (prothrombin time 17.7 seconds and partial thromboplastin time 30.0 seconds), minimally elevated lipase (200 units/L), positive toxicology for cannabis, elevated C-reactive protein of 36.6 mg/dL, negative urine pregnancy test, urinalysis with 100 mg/dL of protein, and a specific gravity of 1.024. Screening for sexually transmitted infections was negative. The …
Sagittarius A* “Visual Binaries”: A Direct Measurement of the Galactocentric Distance

We present a new geometrical method for measuring the distance to the Galactic center (R0) by solving for the Keplerian orbit of individual stars bound to the black hole associated with Sgr A* from radial velocity and proper-motion measurements. We identify three stars to which the method may be applied, and show that two of them individually could produce 1%-5% accuracy of R0 after 15 years of observing, and 0.5%-2% after 30 years of observing, depending on what the orbital parameters of these stars turn out to be. Further, we show that combining the measurements of the three stars, together with the constraints that they must orbit a common center having a common mass, produces considerable improvement in the R0 determination over simple averaging of the three determinations. Using a power-law stellar density model, we find the probability distribution over allowed orbital parameter space. Then we perform a Monte Carlo simulation to pick orbits and find the corresponding R0 uncertainty. We find that there is a 40% chance of getting a 5% measurement of R0 as early as the year 2003. Seven years later, 3% precision is almost guaranteed, while there is a 30% chance of obtaining 1% precision. All these estimates assume that annual position measurements will continue to be made with the σρ = 2 mas precision recently reported by Ghez and coworkers. The precision of the distance measurement is relatively insensitive to the radial velocity errors, provided that the latter are less than 50 km s-1. Another useful result that would come along with R0 is the heliocentric radial velocity of Sgr A*. Besides giving an estimate of R0 that is better than any currently in use, a great advantage of this method is that it is free from the kind of systematic errors that affect other methods currently in use. Moreover, a sustained observing campaign will produce predictable improvements in the measurement of R0 whether the quality of the position and velocity measurements improves or not.
Optimizing Identification of Power Injectable Ports on the Scout Images for Multidetector Computed Tomography Procedures

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the impact of tube voltage and image display on the identification of power ports features on anterior-posterior scout images to inform optimal workflow for multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) examinations. Materials and methods Four ports, representing variable material composition (titanium/silicone), shapes, and computed tomography (CT) markings, were imaged on an adult anthropomorphic chest phantom using a dual-source MDCT at variable peak tube voltages (80, 100, 120, 150, and Sn150 kVp). Images were reviewed at variable image display setting by 5 blinded readers to assess port features of material composition, shape, and text markings as well as overall preferred image quality. Results Material composition was correctly identified for all ports by all readers across all kilovoltage-peak settings. The identification by shape was more reliable than CT markers for all but one of the ports. CT marker identification was up to 80% for titanium ports at window level settings optimized for metal (window width, 200; window center, -150) and at a soft tissue setting (window width, 400; window center, 40) for silicone ports. Interreader agreement for best image quality per kilovoltage-peak setting was moderate to substantial for 3 ports (k = 0.5-0.62) but only fair for 1 port (k = 0.27). The highest overall rank for image quality was given unanimously to Sn150 kVp for imaging titanium ports and 100 kVp for silicone ports. Conclusions Power port identification on MDCT scout images can be optimized with modification of MDCT scout acquisition and display settings based on the main port material.
Randomized Single-Case Intervention Designs and Analyses for Health Sciences Researchers: A Versatile Clinical Trials Companion

An expository note introduces health sciences researchers to randomized single-case intervention designs, an adaptation of interrupted time-series methodology, and the staple of a scientifically credible small-sample research paradigm. Detailed examples illustrating two different randomized single-case procedures are presented to highlight the techniques’ advantages relative to small-sample nonparametric procedures that are commonly applied in the medical and health sciences fields. Numerous positive outcomes, based on both statistical simulation studies and actual intervention research investigations, support the applicability and value of these procedures. Randomized single-case intervention designs are recommended for consideration by health sciences researchers.