cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel MHC class I molecule as a tumour-specific antigen. Correlation between the antibody-defined and the CTL-defined target structure.

SUMMARY Ultraviolet tight (UV)-induced tumours in mice are often highly immunogenic and have unique (individually specific) antigens which cause tumour rejection in normal mice. The molecular nature of these unique ‘rejection’ or ‘transplantation’ antigens is not known. We have recently isolated a syngeneic monoclonal antibody (mAb), CP28, that recognizes a unique tumour-specific antigen on the UV-induced regressor tumour 1591-RE. Further analysis revealed that the antibody-recognized antigen represents a novel major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule. However, the relationship of this molecule to the unique T cell-recognized antigen that causes tumour rejection remained unresolved. In this study we have explored the relationship of the antibody-defined tumour-specific novel class I molecule to the rejection antigen, that we have previously defined with a cytolytic T cell (CTL) clone (‘anti-A’). Two different lines of evidence suggested a close relationship. First, it was found that random subclones of the 1591-RE tumour expressed different levels of the CP28-defined antigen which correlated with the level of lysis by the anti-A CTL clone. Second, the selection of antigen-loss variants using either the anti-A CTL clone or the mAb CP28 resulted in the simultaneous loss of both the CP28 as well as the ‘A’ antigen. This tight correlation strongly suggests a relationship between the antibody-defined and the T cell-defined antigen. However, the role of the antibody-recognized antigen in causing transplantation rejection still needs to be determined.
Learning strategy refinement reverses early sensory cortical map expansion but not behavior: Support for a theory of directed cortical substrates of learning and memory

Primary sensory cortical fields develop highly specific associative representational plasticity, notably enlarged area of representation of reinforced signal stimuli within their topographic maps. However, overtraining subjects after they have solved an instrumental task can reduce or eliminate the expansion while the successful behavior remains. As the development of this plasticity depends on the learning strategy used to solve a task, we asked whether the loss of expansion is due to the strategy used during overtraining. Adult male rats were trained in a three-tone auditory discrimination task to bar-press to the CS+ for water reward and refrain from doing so during the CS- tones and silent intertrial intervals; errors were punished by a flashing light and time-out penalty. Groups acquired this task to a criterion within seven training sessions by relying on a strategy that was "bar-press from tone-onset-to-error signal" ("TOTE"). Three groups then received different levels of overtraining: Group ST, none; Group RT, one week; Group OT, three weeks. Post-training mapping of their primary auditory fields (A1) showed that Groups ST and RT had developed significantly expanded representational areas, specifically restricted to the frequency band of the CS+ tone. In contrast, the A1 of Group OT was no different from naive controls. Analysis of learning strategy revealed this group had shifted strategy to a refinement of TOTE in which they self-terminated bar-presses before making an error ("iTOTE"). Across all animals, the greater the use of iTOTE, the smaller was the representation of the CS+ in A1. Thus, the loss of cortical expansion is attributable to a shift or refinement in strategy. This reversal of expansion was considered in light of a novel theoretical framework (CONCERTO) highlighting four basic principles of brain function that resolve anomalous findings and explaining why even a minor change in strategy would involve concomitant shifts of involved brain sites, including reversal of cortical expansion.
Russian Dialectical-Materialist Psychology

By way of preamble necessary to bring the topic to date, we quote the following: Momentous events [are] now occurring throughout the former “Marxist” world. [Now that] East and West. . . seek firmer grounds of mutual understanding, it is even more important to recognize certain philosophical and quasi-scientific assumptions that have been sources of division. It is also important for readers to know that Marxism does not require a mindless psychology and that Capitalism does not require selfishness. (D.N. Robinson, personal communication, 1990)
Diagnostics in a High-Flow-Rate (>6 L min−1) Helium Capacitively Coupled Microwave Plasma: Aqueous versus Organic Solution

A helium capacitively coupled microwave plasma (CMP) with a high plasma gas flow rate (>6 L min-1) is described. Plasma gas flow rates above 6-8 L min-1 produce a cylindrical-shaped plasma. Diagnostic studies were performed. Electronic excitation (Texc), rotational (Trot), and ionization-recombination (Tion) temperatures were determined, along with the electron number density (ne). Texc was calculated from the slope of the Boltzmann plot with the use of Fe as the thermometric species. Values for Texc in aqueous and organic solution were 3430 and 3450 K, respectively. Trot determined with the use of both OH and N2+. With OH, Trot values were 1620 and 1660 K for aqueous and organic solutions, respectively. If no solution was introduced, a Trot value of 2350 K was determined with N2+. N2+ also gave Trot values of 1900 and 1930 K with aqueous and organic solutions, respectively. The Tion values were 6220 and 5610 K with the use Cd and Mg, respectively. The nc value was on the order of 4 × 1014 cm-3. Background spectra and limits of detection are also presented.
Difficulties in using animal data to predict pharmacological response in man

Variation among species in their response to xenobiotic agents depends upon two sets of factors: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. Pharmacokinetic factors, of which the rate of metabolic transformation is the most important, determine the concentration of the agent in plasma and tissues as a function of time after it is administered, while pharmacodynamic factors define the tissue response to a given concentration. Both are subject to considerable uncertainty when dealing with a new compound, so that it is not in general possible to predict reliably the response of human subjects to a new compound solely from studies on experimental animals. This uncertainty can be reduced substantially by understanding its mechanisms of action. Greater accuracy in predicting the metabolism of foreign compounds in man is also likely to be achieved by studies of the species variation of cytochrome P450s, and by the use of human hepatocytes and other cell lines to study xenobiotic metabolism.
Surface Second Harmonic Studies of Si(111)/Electrolyte and Si(111)/SiO2/ Electrolyte Interfaces

Abstract The optical second harmonic (SH) response from Si(111) electrode surfaces has been studied and has been found to be highly potential dependent. For both H-terminated Si(111) surfaces in NH 4 F, and oxide-covered surfaces biased in H 2 SO 4 , the phase and the amplitude display a potential dependence which are attributed to field effects within the semiconductor space—charge region and at the surface of the Si(111) electrode. These studies are the first to demonstrate that for Si(111)/oxide samples, the potential dependence in the SH phase can be correlated with oxide thickness, as demonstrated by examining samples of 0–40 A thickness.
Comparison of graphic and computer averaging method of EER.

The graphic binary addition technique for detection of evoked responses reported in a recent paper (Shimizu, 1966) was reevaluated by comparing results obtained by the graphic method with those fro...
Sampling distributions of kruskal's measure of stress for an asymmetric matrix

In the past ten years multidimensional scaling of nonmetric data has been widely applied in behavioral and business research. This paper investigates the asymmetric data matrix and develops stress distributions based upon a null hypothesis of equal like­lihood in the ranking of a set of proximities.
Detection of a charge-separated catalyst precursor state in a linked photosensitizer-catalyst assembly.

We have designed two new supramolecular assemblies based on Co(II)-templated coordination of Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl) analogues as photosensitizers and electron donors to a cobaloxime macrocycle, which are of interest as proton reduction catalysts. The self-assembled photocatalyst precursors were structurally characterized by Co K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and solution-phase X-ray scattering. Visible light excitation of one of the assemblies has yielded instantaneous electron transfer and charge separation to form a transient Co(I) state which persists for 26 ps. The development of a linked photosensitizer–cobaloxime architecture supporting efficient Co(I) charge transfer is significant since it is mechanistically critical as the first photo-induced electron transfer step for hydrogen production, and has not been detected in previous photosensitizer–cobaloxime linked dyad assemblies. X-band EPR spectroscopy has revealed that the Co(II) centres of both assemblies are high spin, in contrast to most previously described cobaloximes, and likely plays an important role in facilitating photoinduced charge separation. Based on the results obtained from ultrafast and nanosecond transient absorption optical spectroscopies, we propose that charge recombination occurs through multiple ligand states present within the photosensitizer modules. The studies presented here will enhance our understanding of supramolecular photocatalyst assembly and direct new designs for artificial photosynthesis.
Solubilization of nonhistone chromosomal proteins by carboxymethyldextran for chromatography.

Abstract Chromosomal proteins extracted from calf thymus by 0.35 M NaCl were insoluble at the low salt concentrations needed initially for ion-exchange chromatography. However, the addition of high-affinity carboxymethyl-dextran rendered the precipitated proteins soluble, permitting them to be fractionated by elution from DEAE-Sephacel. In this way, the separation of HMG-1 from HMG-2 was achieved, as well as a partial fractionation of the low mobility group proteins, under conditions that did not disturb the native conformation of the proteins.
Some Thoughts on Computers and Introductory Statistics.

Summary Examination of results of an extensive project in the use of computers in undergraduate statistics reveals that the use is frequently unsuccessful because of insufficient maturity on the part of students. Nevertheless, even when students are not sufficiently mature to warrant hands‐on use, computers may still be used effectively. Indeed, when measured against the possible capabilities, instructor controlled computer usage can be just as effective as student use. An added bonus is economy of operation. Several suggestions for instructor controlled usage include graphical and numerical demonstrations, computer generated problem books with solutions, computer generated visual aids and loose‐leaf files of illustrations, examples and solutions.
Catalytic conversion of alcohols: XXVIII. Product selectivities for 2-methylcyclohexanol conversion with metal oxide catalysts

Abstract Metal oxides exhibit a range of selectivities (dehydration percentage, alkene distribution and alcohol isomerization) for the conversion of a 2-methylcyclohexanol isomer. For many metal oxide catalysts, trans -2-methylcyclohexanol produces a predominance of the less stable 3-methylcyclohexene isomer. The grouping of metal oxides based on the production of the less stable alkene isomers from 2-octanol is similar to that for trans -2-methylcyclohexanol. It is proposed that the same catalytic properties determine the selectivity for both reactants: for smaller metal cations the product selectivity is determined by steric crowding in the transition state, and for the larger cations the product selectivity is determined by the basicity of the oxygen anion and the relative acidity of the β-hydrogens that are eliminated to produce water.
Anticipatory postural adjustments during load catching by standing subjects.

Abstract Objectives : (1) To study differences in the generation of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in arm and trunk/leg muscles prior to catching a load released either by the subject him-/herself or by the experimenter. (2) To study the importance of different mechanical characteristics of the load at impact for the generation of APAs prior to load catching. Methods : Standing subjects were asked to catch loads dropped onto the left hand from different heights either by the experimenter or by the subject's right hand. The load mass and release height were manipulated to keep either the mass or the momentum of the load at impact constant. APAs were quantified with integral electromyographic indices. Results : APAs were observed in leg, trunk and arm muscles prior to load impact for both self- and experimenter-release trials. Kinetic energy showed higher correlations with the magnitude of APA than momentum, but only in experimenter-release trials. Conclusions : Subjects can generate APAs in both arm and trunk/leg muscles in the absence of an explicit voluntary action. The relative importance of kinetic energy and momentum for defining the magnitude of APAs can reflect the difference in the sources of information used to prepare for the forthcoming perturbation during self- and experimenter-released load catch.
Toward an automated verification of certificates of authenticity

A certificate of authenticity (COA) is an inexpensivephysical object that has a random unique structure with a highcost of exact reproduction. An additional requirement is that theuniqueness of COA's random structure can be verified using aninexpensive device. Donald Bauder was the first to propose COA screated as a randomized augmentation of a set of fixed-length fibers into a transparent gluing material that fixes once for all the position of the fibers within. The statistics of the positioning of fibers is used as a source of randomness that is difficult to replicate.As oppose to recording authentic fiber-based COA structures in adatabase, we use public-key cryptography to authenticate COAs.During certification, the unique property of the physical objectis extracted, combined with an arbitrary text, signed with the private key of the issuer, and the signature is encoded andprinted as a barcode on the COA. Since the capacity of the barcodeis limited, the goal of any COA system is to contain in the signed message as much information about the random structure of the physical object as possible. In this paper, we show that the cost of forging a particular COA instance is exponentially proportional to the improvement in compressing COA's random features. Next, we formally define the compression objective, show that finding its optimal solution is an NP-hard problem, and propose a heuristic that improves significantly upon best standard compression methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF TEACHING BUSINESS FINANCE (III)

I should like to examine in particular the differences anid the similarities between such a course organized to suit the objectives of a "general education" program and one which is designed to suit the objectives of an "administrative" program. At one time I felt that there should be no substantial differences in the content or teaching methods used for either purpose. Having changed my ground on this matter, I now feel that while there is an area of overlapping interest whiclh is broad and important, there should be a difference in the objectives and content of courses taught in the two types of curricula. I
Wheat germ agglutinin stabilization of erythrocyte shape: role of bilayer balance and the membrane skeleton

The effects of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Limulus lectin, and concanavalin A on cell shape changes were examined in human erythrocytes. These agents inhibited echinocytosis in cells having elevated cytosolic Ca2+ or incorporated foreign phosphatidylcholine, but had no effect on cell stomatocytosis in response to incorporated phosphatidylserine. The role of the membrane skeleton in this selective membrane fixation was examined. WGA inhibited echinocytosis in cells previously depleted of polyphosphoinositides to reduce membrane skeleton binding to transmembrane proteins, treated with phorbol ester to enhance protein 4.1 phosphorylation, heat-treated to denature spectrin, alkylated with p-chloromercuribenzoate to dissociate glycophorin from the membrane skeleton, or subjected to elevated cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to alter organization of the spectrin-actin-protein 4.1 complex. Limulus lectin and increased concentrations of WGA also stabilized discoid shape in pronase-digested cells containing no detectable intact glycophorin. In contrast, cell digestion with sialidase abolished the shape-stabilizing effect of WGA. The results suggest that the membrane skeleton is not involved in WGA shape stabilization. Rather, they suggest that glycoproteins and glycolipids interact with the lectin to stabilize cell surface molecular associations, forming a superficial calyx that inhibits outward, but not inward, membrane bending.
An 88%-Power-Efficiency Accuracy-Enhanced DC-DC Conversion System for Transcutaneous-Powered Cochlear Implants

This paper presents a dc-dc conversion system consisting of a switched-capacitor voltage tripler and a low-dropout regulator (LDO) for transcutaneous-powered cochlear implants. Break-before-make mechanism is developed in the tripler to improve the power efficiency and reduces the output glitch. The current-buffer compensated LDO as a post-regulator of the tripler not only removes the glitch from the tripler, but also maintains a constant and stable output voltage irrespective of the change in different load currents. The accuracy of the output voltage is thus significantly enhanced. In a standard 0.35-mum CMOS, results show that the proposed system can deliver up to 60 mA load current and achieve the peak power efficiency of 88%. The maximum output voltage variation is only 0.6% of the nominal output of 4.84 V under full load current change of 60 mA.
Consequences of Fas-Ligand and Perforin Expression by Colon T Cells in a Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract Background & Aims: We describe a type of colitis that develops after transplantation of nonallogeneic wt bone marrow cells into T cell– and natural killer cell–deficient Tgϵ26 mice (BM→Tgϵ26). In these animals, severe wasting and inflammation of the colon correlates with the expansion of mucosal T lymphocytes that displays cytotoxic activity. The aims of this study were to determine the relative contribution of perforin and Fas ligand (Fas-L) expression to the cytotoxic action of these T cells and to examine the influence of each pathway in this model of colitis. Methods: Colonic T cells were tested for their ability to mediate Fas- and perforin-dependent killing in redirected cytotoxicity assays. Bone marrow cells from donor mice lacking either Fas-L ( gld mice) or perforin (PFP null mice) or both molecules were used to reconstitute Tgϵ26 mice. Results: Colon cytotoxic T lymphocyte displayed both Fas- and perforin-dependent killing. Deficiency in perforin, but not Fas-L, resulted in reduced incidence of wasting and, to a lesser extent, severe colitis in BM→Tgϵ26 animals. Conclusions: Colon T cells from BM→Tgϵ26 mice express both perforin and Fas-L. Although neither pathway is critical in the development of colitis, perforin does have a measurable influence on disease in the BM→Tgϵ26 colitis model. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;115:849-855
Geometric Compression Using Riemann Surface Structure

This paper introduces a theoretic result that shows any surface in 3 dimensional Euclidean space can be determined by its conformal factor and mean curvature uniquely up to rigid motions. This theorem disproves the common belief that surfaces have three functional freedoms and immediately shows that one third of geometric data can be saved without loss of information. The paper develops a practical algorithm to losslessly compress geometric surfaces based on Riemann surface structures. First we compute a global conformal parameterization of the surface. The surface can be segmented by holomorphic flows, where each segment can be conformally mapped to a rectangle on the parameter plane, which is guaranteed by circle-valued Morse theory. We construct a conformal geometry image for each segment, and record conformal factor and dihedral angle for each edge. In this way, we represent the surface using only two functions with canonical connectivity. We present the proofs of the theorems and the compression examples.
Fluid dynamics: The subtle art of blowing bubbles

Careful study of the moments leading up to pinch-off of air bubbles in water reveals rich and intricate dynamics controlling their evolution, and could spark re-examination of assumptions about the nature of the formation of singularities in many physical systems.
Changes in Social Capital and Networks: A Study of Community-Based Environmental Management Through a School-Centered Research Program

Social network analysis (SNA) is a social science research tool that has not been applied to educational programs. This analysis is critical to documenting the changes in social capital and networks that result from community based K-12 educational collaborations. We review SNA and show an application of this technique in a school-centered, community based environmental monitoring research (CBEMR) program. This CBEMR employs K-12 students, state and local government employees, environmental organization representatives, local businesses, colleges, and community volunteers. As citizen scientists and researchers, collaborators create a database of local groundwater quality to use as a baseline for long-term environmental health management and public education. Past studies have evaluated the reliability of data generated by students acting as scientists, but there have been few studies relating to power dynamics, social capital, and resilience in school-centered CBEMR programs. We use qualitative and quantitative data gathered from a science education program conducted in five states in the northeastern United States. SPSS and NVivo data were derived from semi-structured interviews with thirty-nine participants before and after their participation in the CBEMR. Pajek software was used to determine participant centralities and power brokers within networks. Results indicate that there were statistically significant increases in social capital and resilience in social networks after participation in the school-centered CBEMR program leading to an increased community involvement in environmental health management. Limiting factors to the CBMER were based on the educator/administration relationship.
Crystal and molecular structure of 1-benzyl-1,2,2-trimethyl azetidinium bromide

The structure of the compound, 1-benzyl-1,2,2-trimethyl azetidinium bromide has been determined by a single crystal x-ray diffraction study. The compound crystallizes in the space group Pnam with four formula weights in a unit cell of dimensions a = 14.36, b = 13.73, c = 6.906 A. The compound is partially disordered with the benzyl part ordered and the remainder of the ring disordered about the mirror plane. The azetidinium ring bears a close resemblance in bond distances, bond angles and conformation to the β-lactam ring found in penicillin. The disordering is discussed in detail and a comparison of the effects of fusing a second ring to the azetidinium moiety are explored. A final value of R = 0.094 for the 432 independent reflections was obtained.
Arylsulfatase activity in beef and rabbit corneal extracts.

Abstract Beef and rabbit corneal extracts have been shown to contain soluble arylsulfatase similar to the Group II type described in liver. After resolution of corneal extracts on DEAE-cellulose, four forms of arylsulfatase activity were detected on the basis of nitrocatechol sulfate and p -nitrophenyl sulfate hydrolysis. The effects of inhibitor compounds on arylsulfatase activity were investigated, and a possible role of this enzyme in sulfate transfer in mucopolysaccharide metabolism considered.
Linking computers and consumer electronics

The capabilities of our personal computers have increased dramatically over the past 15 years, and so has the number of connectors on the back of our systems. Originally, we needed a serial port for a modem and a parallel port for a printer. Now we also need ports for a mouse, audio input, audio output, video input, video output, Ethernet, and a camera. Enter the IEEE 1394 standard known as Firewire. This standard proposes to provide a single port on the back of our computers that can handle nearly all of the communication for which we now need eight to 10 ports. Along with connecting standard peripherals to computers, Firewire is designed for use with consumer audio, video, and television equipment.
A discontinuous Galerkin method for the Navier–Stokes equations

The foundations of a new discontinuous Galerkin method for simulating compressible viscous flows with shocks on standard unstructured grids are presented in this paper. The new method is based on a discontinuous Galerkin formulation both for the advective and the diffusive contributions. High-order accuracy is achieved by using a recently developed hierarchical spectral basis. This basis is formed by combining Jacobi polynomials of high-order weights written in a new co-ordinate system. It retains a tensor-product property, and provides accurate numerical quadrature. The formulation is conservative, and monotonicity is enforced by appropriately lowering the basis order and performing h-refinement around discontinuities. Convergence results are shown for analytical two- and three-dimensional solutions of diffusion and Navier-Stokes equations that demonstrate exponential convergence of the new method, even for highly distorted elements. Flow simulations for subsonic, transonic and supersonic flows are also presented that demonstrate discretization flexibility using hp-type refinement. Unlike other high-order methods, the new method uses standard finite volume grids consisting of arbitrary triangulizations and tetrahedrizations
Preventing Obesity during Infancy: A Pilot Study

More than 20% of US children between ages 2 and 5 years are overweight suggesting efforts to prevent obesity must begin earlier. This study tested the independent and combined effects of two behavioral interventions delivered to parents, designed to promote healthy infant growth in the first year. Mother-newborn dyads intending to breastfeed were recruited from a maternity ward. With a 2 × 2 design, 160 dyads were randomized into one of four treatment cells to receive both, one, or no interventions delivered at two nurse home visits. The first intervention ("Soothe/Sleep") instructed parents on discriminating between hunger and other sources of infant distress. Soothing strategies were taught to minimize feeding for non-hunger-related fussiness and to prolong sleep duration, particularly at night. The second intervention ("Introduction of Solids") taught parents about hunger and satiety cues, the timing for the introduction of solid foods, and how to overcome infants' initial rejection of healthy foods through repeated exposure. A total of 110 mother-infant dyads completed the year-long study. At 1 year, infants who received both interventions had lower weight-for-length percentiles (P = 0.009). Participants receiving both interventions had a mean weight-for-length in the 33rd percentile; in contrast, those in other study groups were higher first intervention only--50th percentile; second intervention only--56th percentile; control group--50th percentile).This suggests that multicomponent behavioral interventions may have potential for long-term obesity prevention (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00359242).
Rate of neuronal fallout in a transsynaptic cerebellar model

Quantitative analyses of transsynaptic granule cell death subsequent to the genetically determined degeneration of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of pcd/pcd mutant mice show that granule neuron fallout follows a typical mathematical pattern of elemental decay. Biological and theoretical connotations are discussed in light of the empirical observations and a simulation model.
The “Comadre” Group Approach: A Wellness-Based Group Model for Monolingual Mexican Women

The “comadre” approach to group counseling with immigrant Mexican women creates an environment of sisterhood, trust, support, and education. This article describes a wellness-based, comadre pilot group designed to support monolingual Spanish-speaking, Mexican-born women who recently immigrated to the United States. The need for the group and group development and process are described. The 10-week pilot group is described illustrating this particular comadre model of group work with immigrant Mexican women. Implications for future group work and research with Mexican female immigrants are discussed, and suggestions are offered for wellness-based group work led by cross-cultural counselors.
Wide-field deep-UV wafer stepper for 0.35-μm production

Device manufacturers and lithographic equipment makers are presently preparing for circuit production at design rules of 0.35 micrometers . It is evident that optical steppers will be the production tools, but the choice between i-line and deep UV (DUV) steppers (248 nm) is still a matter of debate. This paper reports the progress made in the development of DUV steppers for production purposes. As a successor to the earlier DUV machine, discussed at the SPIE conference in 1990, which uses a TTL alignment system and automatic excimer laser wavelength control, a new DUV stepper has recently been developed with a new lens at 248 nm wavelength, a 29.7 mm diameter field and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.5. The stepper body is similar to that of the wide field, i-line systems which have been in production since 1991. The key design parameters and results are reported, including imaging performance down to 0.25 micrometers in both negative and positive resists and a high overlay accuracy based on the TTL alignment system. The capability of matching with i-line systems also is reported.
Optimal Protection in Direct Closed Head Impact

The direct closed head impact problem was idealized as a fluid-filled cylinder attached to a spring-dashpot element striking a rigid wall. The rigid cylinder represents the skull, the fluid denotes the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the lumped spring-dashpot element simulates the composite elastic and dissipative properties of the helmet, hair, skin, skull and the real wall. This paper concerns the inverse problem, i.e., what material and inertial properties should the helmet or padding have to afford optimal protection in a direct closed head impact? The answer was found in terms of 4 dimensionless ratios: (1) the brain to skull mass, (2) the skull to closed brain stiffness, (3) the damping factor of the skull, and (4) the impact speed of the cylinder to the brain wave speed. The solution to the problem was achieved through hybrid computation using as the Index of Performance the time averaged pressure at contrecoup beyond the cavitation pressure of the fluid. Given a set of impact and system parameters, the optimal choice consists of making the value of the stiffness ratio as small as possible and still completely compressing the spring. Then, for a given mass ratio, the optimum damping ratio is found from a simple graph.
Properties of the path-class expansion in the continuous limit

Abstract We investigate the properties of the previously introduced path-class expansion, a method for the calculation of the non-Born-Oppenheimer dynamics of molecules and solid states, in the limit of infinitesimal step-size. It is found that in this limit the class-average functions obey Schrodinger-like equations of motion. This gives rise to a new interpretation of the path-class formalism as an averaging over approximately separable physical systems. For certain model systems and path classes the equations of motion can be solved analytically. This leads to an easily evaluated approximation for the description of the dynamics of the spin-boson system.
Prototypic typology and borderline diagnoses

Abstract A prototypic model of object and person classification is contrasted with dimensional and classical categorical models. Borderline diagnoses are then discussed within a prototypic model of classification. The history of the Borderline construct is organized according to whether there was an emphasis on the characterologic, schizophrenic, or affective boundaries of the borderline diagnosis. The construct validity for a prototypic Borderline diagnosis is then reviewed. Convergent and discriminant evidence, physiological and psychometric laboratory data, follow-up predictions, and familial data are considered. Fruitful as well as problematic areas for future research are presented.
Reduction in eggs ovulated in rats with a copper intrauterine device.

Rats with a copper intrauterine device in place in only one uterine horn for one estrous cycle, one month or three months, showed a reduction in eggs ovulated from the ipsilateral ovary. No decrease was detected in the number of eggs ovulated from the contralateral ovary nor in the total number of eggs ovulated per animal. This finding suggests that the copper intrauterine device may have a direct effect at the ovarian level in the rat to reduce follicular development and the subsequent ovulation of these follicles.
First-Order Approximation Methods in Reliability-Based Design Optimization

In 1858, Oliver Wendell Holmes published a famous poem entitled The Deacon's Masterpiece or the Wonderful One-Hoss Shay. The distinctive feature of the carriage is that all its structural components degrade in such a way that they last a hundred years to a day, then fail concurrently. Underlying Holmes's poem is a nontrivial design question that is discussed in this paper. To first order, the question can he formulated as follows: How should a system design lifetime be specified, given its underlying components' durability? Or, conversely, how should the components in a system be sized given the system's intended duration of operation? A translation is undertaken of Holmes's work into engineering parlance, both his sound engineering judgment and his misconception about engineering design. Then, beyond the Holmes' example of durability through structural integrity, this paper makes the case for flexibility as an essential attribute for complex engineering design that can bring about its durability. It is hoped that this paper is read as an invitation to academics in engineering disciplines and practitioners to contribute principles and methodologies for embedding flexibility in the design of complex engineering systems.
Effect of introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment and the changes in patterns of drug-resistant HIV-1 in Japan

HIV-1 infection, which causes fatal immunodeficiency in humans, appeared in the early 1980s among homosexual men. The plague quickly spread throughout the world, and today 36.1 million people are living with HIV/AIDS. The first inhibitory compound, “zidovudine”, was discovered in 1985, only a few years after the identification of HIV-1, and many other inhibitory compounds have been developed successfully in the past decade. In Japan, three classes of inhibitors are available today: nucleoside inhibitors, non-nucleoside inhibitors, and protease inhibitors (Table 1). The availability of multiple classes of compounds opened the way to the combined use of the inhibitors, in particular, to the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). HAART is powerful enough to suppress virus replication in vivo almost completely, and it is accepted as a standard treatment strategy for HIV-1 infection. After HAART was introduced, deaths caused by AIDS decreased dramatically in the United States, although the number of cases of HIV-1 infection increased (Fig. 1a). This same pattern was also observed in Japan after 1997 (Fig. 1b). However, treating patients with HAART was not always successful, and the number of cases in which the treatment was unsuccessful was reported to be 30% to 50% of the total HAART cases in two studies. In 1998, we collected data from hospitals with a substantial number of HIV-1 patients in order to more fully understand the state of treatment of HIV-1 in Japan. The hospitals were surveyed in regard to the number of HIV1-infected patients, the number of patients receiving HAART, the treatment history of patients prior to HAART, and the number of cases successfully treated with HAART. Replies were received from 16 hospitals regarding a total of 809 cases. As shown in Fig. 2a, 446 of the 809 patients (55.1%) were undergoing HAART at the time the data was collected. Of the 446 patients receiving HAART, 301 had a history of previous anti-HIV-1 treatment (termed “experienced”), and 145 were treatment-naive until the initiation of HAART (“naive”). Success rates were 50% in “experienced” patients and 60% in “naive” patients; the HAART response was significantly better in “naive” patients (Fig. 2b). Generally, treatment failure could be caused by the discontinuation of treatment because of adverse effects of the inhibitors, or virological unresponsiveness to the treatment. The emergence of mutant viruses with decreased susceptibility to inhibitors is the most critical factor leading to virological unresponsiveness. This emergence of drug-resistant variants is not an issue specific to HIV-1 infection, as there is a similar problem with most pathogens treated by antiviral or antibacterial compounds. However, the impact of drug resistance in HIV-1 treatment is significant, as, to date, the virus cannot be eliminated completely despite HAART, and continuation of treatment is necessary throughout a patient’s life.
Expression of Ascaris suum Malic Enzyme in a Mutant Escherichia coli Allows Production of Succinic Acid from Glucose

The malic enzyme gene of Ascaris suum was cloned into the vector pTRC99a in two forms encoding alternative amino-termini. The resulting plasmids, pMEA1 and pMEA2, were introduced into Escherichia coli NZN111, a strain that is unable to grow fermentatively because of inactivation of the genes encoding pyruvate dissimilation. Induction of pMEA1, which encodes the native animoterminus, gave better overexpression of malic enzyme, approx 12-fold compared to uninduced cells. Under the appropriate culture conditions, expression of malic enzyme allowed the fermentative dissimilation of glucose by NZN111. The major fermentation product formed in induced cultures was succinic acid.
The Li–CO2 battery: a novel method for CO2 capture and utilization

We report a novel primary Li–CO2 battery that consumes pure CO2 gas as its cathode. The battery exhibits a high discharge capacity of around 2500 mA h g−1 at moderate temperatures. At 100 °C the discharge capacity is close to 1000% higher than that at 40 °C, and the temperature dependence is significantly weaker for higher surface area carbon cathodes. Ex-situ FTIR and XRD analyses convincingly show that lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is the main component of the discharge product. The feasibility of similar primary metal–CO2 batteries based on earth abundant metal anodes, such as Al and Mg, is demonstrated. The metal–CO2 battery platform provides a novel approach for simultaneous capturing of CO2 emissions and producing electrical energy.
The coat-tail effect in merged flocks of dark-eyed juncos: social status depends on familiarity

Abstract When two groups of social animals combine to form a larger group, new social relationships must be formed. Among dark-eyed juncos,Junco hyemalis hyemalis, it has been reported that most members of one flock attain higher ranks than those of another flock when two groups are combined. A possible mechanism for this effect involves differential treatment of familiar and unfamiliar individuals by the most highly ranked bird in the combined flock: a so-called ‘coat-tail effect’ (Wiley 1990,Anim. Behav.,40,587-596). To demonstrate this effect, 34 small flocks of wild-caught juncos were established, and then combined to form 17 flocks in which each bird's social status was determined. In the combined flocks, members of the highest-ranking bird's original flock attained adjacent, and higher, ranks than members of the other flock. In a second experiment, small flocks from which either the highest- or lowest-ranking bird had been removed were combined. In combined flocks lacking the highest-ranked bird from each flock there was no tendency for birds from one group to rank higher than those of the other. In contrast, when low-ranked birds were removed, members of one flock again attained adjacent, and higher, ranks than members of the other, indicating that the presence of the highest-ranked bird was necessary for a coat-tail effect to occur. There is evidence that juncos behaved differentially towards familiar and unfamiliar birds, and that flock members could have assessed the relative ranks of the highest-ranked members of the small flocks, suggesting a probable behavioural mechanism for the coat-tail effect.
The Existence of the First Negative Moment

Abstract The question of the existence of negative moments of a continuous probability density function is explored. A sufficient condition for the existence of the first negative moment is given. The condition is easy to verify, as it involves limits rather than integrals. An example is given, however, that shows that this simple condition is not necessary for the existence of the first negative moment. The delicacy of the characterization of existence is explored further with some results concerning the existence of moments surrounding the first negative moment.
Using Multi-Level Analyses to Study the Effectiveness of Science Curriculum Materials.

Abstract This paper explores the use of HLM analysis in determining the implementation effects of two science curriculum units on student learning. It also compares HLM results with prior results from ANCOVA analyses. HLM analyses were considered as an alternative to ANCOVA because student data were nested within classrooms. The data for this study are from the Scaling-up Curriculum for Achievement, Learning and Equity Project (SCALE-uP). The sample consists of Grade 6 and Grade 7 students from five matched pairs of middle schools in a large, diverse, metropolitan school district in the US. The HLM null model indicates that approximately 15% of the total variance in student gain scores was found between classrooms. Curriculum treated as a classroom factor was significant for both units tested, as was also the case when treated at the individual level in ANCOVA. However, there were large differences in the effect sizes reported by the two analysis techniques. A major implication is that when the students a...
Effect of Stage of Lactation and Varying Available Energy Intake on Milk Production, Milk Composition, and Subsequent Tissue Enzymic Activity

Abstract Twenty-four cows were allotted at parturition to receive one of four rations for 180 days. Rations were regular ad libitum (about 20% crude fiber), concentrate ad libitum (about 10% crude fiber), and restricted to recommended energy intake, and intermediate ration (14% crude fiber) ad libitum. Cows on concentrate consumed less dry matter, fiber, and protein than intermediate and regular cows. Cows fed more forage gained more weight, had milk with higher protein and fat content, but were similar in milk production to those fed high concentrate. Fat test decreased to 4 wk in all treatments, and by 8 or 9 wk cows fed concentrate decreased to their lowest fat test. Concentrate restriction enhanced fat test beyond 8 wk. Ruminal propionate was higher and similar for both concentrate groups. Ruminal volatile fatty acids were higher, glucose slightly higher, and blood acetate lower for cows on ad libitum concentrate compared to intermediate. Mammary and adipose tissue from cows in midlactation were assayed for key enzymes of fatty acid synthesis. Activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase tended higher for concentrate rations in adipose tissue, but mammary tissue was 21 to 28 times as active. Mammary tissue was 7 to 10 times as active as adipose tissue in fatty acid synthetase with no difference in rations.
Identification of 34 apolipoprotein(a) isoforms: differential expression of apolipoprotein(a) alleles between American blacks and whites.

Abstract A total of 34 different apo(a) isoforms was identified in a population sample of 806 American Whites and 701 American Blacks by a high resolution SDS-agarose gel electrophoretic method followed by immunoblotting. Among the 1507 individuals tested, 79% revealed double-banded phenotypes and 21% single-banded phenotypes. The frequencies of the apo(a) isoforms differed between American Blacks and Whites (p
Modification of the Oxidative Power of ZnO(101̄0) Surface by Substituting Some Surface Zn Atoms with Other Metals

We use oxygen vacancy formation energy (OVFE) as a measure of how easily lattice oxygen may participate in the Mars and Van Krevelen mechanism for oxidation reactions. We calculate with density functional theory how OVFE is affected when some of Zn atoms in ZnO(1010) surface layer are substituted by other metal dopants. We find that Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Os, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, and Cd decrease OVFE and prefer to be located at the surface of ZnO rather than in the bulk. Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ce, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Al, Ga, Sn, and Pb increase OVFE. Most of the dopants that increase OVFE prefer to substitute Zn atoms in the bulk, except for Ca, Sr, Ba, La, Ce, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Sn, and Pb, which prefer to substitute a Zn atom at the surface. These calculations lead us to conclude that doping an oxide is an efficient method of modifying its oxidative power.
The evolutionary genetics of speciation

The last decade has brought renewed interest in the genetics of speciation, yielding a number of new models and empirical results. Defining speciation as 'the origin of reproductive isolation between two taxa', we review recent theoretical studies and relevant data, emphasizing the regular patterns seen among genetic analyses. Finally, we point out some important and tractable questions about speciation that have been neglected.
Mercury concentrations in Maine sport fishes

Abstract To assess mercury contamination of fish in Maine, fish were collected from 120 randomly selected lakes. The collection goal for each lake was five fish of the single most common sport fish species within the size range commonly harvested by anglers. Skinless, boneless fillets of fish from each lake were composited, homogenized, and analyzed for total mercury. The two most abundant species, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, were also analyzed individually. The composite fish analyses indicate high concentrations of mercury, particularly in large and long-lived nonsalmonid species. Chain pickerel Esox niger, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and white perch Morone americana had the highest average mercury concentrations, and brook trout and yellow perch Perca flavescens had the lowest. The mean species composite mercury concentration was positively correlated with a factor incorporating the average size and age of the fish. Lakes conta...
Design Methodology for Branching Fluid Network Heat Sinks

In this paper recent works from the areas of entropy generation minimization and constructal theory are extended and combined with previous works from the area of physiological transport geometry prediction. From this a design methodology is developed which can be applied to branching fluid networks having the objective of maximizing the removal of heat from a given volume while minimizing the pumping power required. The methods are essentially a set of equations that serve as a resource for designers incorporating branching fluid networks as components within fluid-thermal systems that have the goal of transferring and remove heat while minimizing the entropy generation or destruction of available work.Copyright © 2006 by ASME