cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sociology of Mass Communications

The study of mass communications is a broad, multidisciplinary field to which sociology has made major contributions. Some of these contributions have been reviewed in earlier works by Riley & Riley (1959), Larsen (1964), Janowitz (1968), McQuail (1969), Davison & Yu (1974), & Ball-Rokeach (1975), and Wright (1975a). Several chapters in Annual Review of Psychology, although not explicitly sociological in orientation, report on communication studies of sociological relevance. Schramm(1962) reviews the social psychology of mass communication from 1955 through 1961. Tannenbanm & Greenberg (1967) update that review through 1966, and W. Weiss (1971) brings it up to 1970. Lumsdaine & May (1965) focus on educational media, a topic beyond the scope of this review. (For an account of recent developments in media of instruction, see Schramm 1977.) And a recent review by Liebert & Schwartzberg (1977), which focuses the effects of the mass media, also presents data on patterns of media use, media content, and transmission of information and cultivation of beliefs-all of which are topics of sociological concern. Current statistics on the distribution, structure, and uses of mass media are available in Frey (1973) and in a recent comprehensive review and guide American communication industry trends by Sterling & Haight (1978). In addition, the reader can find useful sociological materials on the mass media in the Handbook of Communication(Pool et al. 1973) and in Communication Research---A Half-Century Appraisal (Lerner & Nelson 1977). Here we review sociological developments in five areas of mass communications research, concentrating on the period from 1972 through mid1978 but also including some earlier research. First, we examine studies of mass communicators, media organizations, and the processes by which mass communications are produced. These studies relate to sociological interests in occupations and professions, complex organizations, and the phenomenon of work--placing the communicator in the context of the social system, a sociological development in communications research foreseen by Riley & Riley (1959) two decades ago. Second, we consider research on mass media audiences, especially research oriented toward interests in social differentiation and in the social psychology of media uses and gratifications. Third, we review studies that relate interpersonal communication and mass communication opinion leadership, communication networks, and diffusion of news. Fourth, we consider studies of mass media content that touch upon changing social norms and upon the public presentation of social roles. Finally, we review recent research on mass communication effects, especially studies attempting to determine the media's effects on public beliefs, knowledge, and concepts of social reality, but also those considering the media's roles in socialization and social change. This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/94 Ann. Rev. Sociol. 1979. 5:193-217 Copyright © 1979 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved
Extraordinary role of Hg in enhancing the thermoelectric performance of p-type SnTe

We report several synergistic effects in Hg alloying of SnTe to enhance the power factor and overall figure of merit ZT. Hg alloying decreases the energy separation between the two valence bands, leading to pronounced band convergence that improves the Seebeck coefficient. Hg alloying of SnTe also significantly enlarges the band gap thereby effectively suppressing the bipolar diffusion. Collectively, this results in high ZT of ∼1.35 at 910 K for 2% Bi-doped SnTe with 3%HgTe. The solubility limit of Hg in SnTe is less than 3 mol%, and above this level we observe HgTe precipitates in the SnTe matrix, typically trapped at grain boundary triple junctions. The strong point defect scattering of phonons caused by Hg alloying coupled with mesoscale scattering via grain boundaries contributes to a great reduction of lattice thermal conductivity. The multiple synergistic roles that Hg plays in regulating the electron and phonon transport in SnTe provide important new insights into continued optimization of SnTe-based and related materials.
Relieving the Burdens of Secrecy: Revealing Secrets Influences Judgments of Hill Slant and Distance

Recent work demonstrates that harboring secrets influences perceptual judgments and actions. Individuals carrying secrets make judgments consistent with the experience of being weighed down, such a...
Biological predictors of 1-year outcome in schizophrenia in males and females

This paper describes a prospective study designed to ascertain the predictive value of biological factors associated with schizophrenia in males and females. In a sample of 59 medication-free schizophrenic inpatients (41 males; 18 females), we assessed the correlation of four factors--rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency, delta (slow-wave) sleep, dexamethasone suppression test (DST) cortisol levels, and ventricle-brain ratio (VBR)--with several dimensions of outcome at 1-year post-discharge. In the total sample, shorter REM latency was associated with poor outcome on all dimensions measured: rehospitalization, employment, social activity, symptomatology, and global functioning. However, none of the other biological factors were associated with any measure of outcome. The predictive value of REM latency appeared to be gender-specific; in general, the relationships between reduced REM latency and poor outcome were consistently noted in females, but were not significant in males. These results suggest that a common, possibly gender-related, pathophysiological mechanism might underlie both abnormal REM latency and poor outcome. The findings underscore the importance of considering gender differences in studies of schizophrenia.
Performance analysis of North Pacific Operations using an automated air traffic control system simulation

A computer simulation is described which models current and future air-traffic control (ATC) system operating environments, including traffic demands, route structures, winds, and separation criteria. Metrics are defined to highlight parameter sensitivities for optimizing direct operating costs, and to provide an assessment of performance in terms of time and fuel penalties under suboptimum operating conditions. The analysis results are intended to help the designers of the future North Pacific (NOPAC) system increase airspace capacity and operational efficiency. Requirements are established for further research to automate ATC functions for future real-time closed-loop control of aircraft over the ocean. >
Rounding for quadratically converging algorithms for division and square root

Exactly rounded results are necessary for many architectures such as IEEE 754 standard. For division and square root, rounding is easy to perform if a remainder is available. But for quadratically converging algorithms, the remainder is not typically calculated. Past implementations have required the additional delay to calculate the remainder, or calculate the approximate solution to twice the accuracy, or have resulted in a close but not exact solution. This paper shows how the additional delay of calculating the remainder can be reduced if extra precision is available.
Marine science education - Some inequities

Many well-established and strong marine programs are offered at institutions which have preserved the concept that such studies are to be conducted only at the graduate level, while others have broken from this heritage and are offering undergraduate programs. This article discusses the difficulties that arise as a result of this dual approach for a student who graduates from one program and wishes to advance his education at another institution.
Erosion of the eastern United States observed with 10Be

The problem of identifying areas of accelerated erosion in a dynamic landscape is complicated. The limited history of sediment yield measurements makes this task difficult even if geomorphic evidence is available. Beryllium-10, a cosmogenic isotope produced by cosmic rays interacting with the earth's atmosphere and surface, has chemical and physical properties that make it useful as a tracer for erosion and sediment transport processes. The rarity of the stable isotope, 9Be, allows 10Be to be detected with accelerator mass spectrometry in natural materials at extremely low levels. Backgrounds for rocks and sediments below 105 atom per g are now attainable, a value to be compared with an average deposition rate of 1.3 × 106 atom cm−2 yr−1. The affinity of Be for the components of soil and sediment is sufficiently high that it is effectively immobilized on contact, thereby allowing 10Be to function as a tracer of sediment transport. To a good approximation all the 10Be transport out of a drainage basin is on the sediment leaving it. The number of 10Be atoms passing the gauging station can be determined by measuring the concentration of the isotope in the sediment, if the annual sediment load is known. The ratio of the 10Be carried from the basin by the sediment to that incident upon it, called the erosion index, has been determined for 48 drainage basins within the same physiographic province, which allows them to be reasonably compared, all of which have sediment yield data. Basins located in the Atlantic coastal plain have an average index of 0.3 with the maximum observed being 0.9. Basins located between the fall line and the mountains, a region called the Piedmont, have an average value of 2.2 with individual values ranging from 0.6 to 6.7; this marked difference is thought to result from two centuries of farming on land of moderate gradient. Basins in the highland regions reflect local conditions with low indices for those in grass and timber and high indices associated with destructive land use. The data allow an estimate of the erosion index for the pre-colonial Piedmont, which then allows the pre-colonial sediment yield to be calculated. A number of basins have also been examined world wide with similar conclusions derived. An important deviation from the rule is noted for rivers that erode large regions of loess, such as the Mississippi, Hwang Ho, and Yangtze. Large aeolian deposits were laid down during the ice age in these basins, deposits that brought inherited 10Be with them and that are easily eroded.
Reconstructing Irregularly Sampled Images by Neural Networks

Neural-network-like models of receptor position learning and interpolation function learning are being developed as models of how the human nervous system might handle the problems of keeping track of the receptor positions and interpolating the image between receptors. These models may also be of interest to designers of image processing systems desiring the advantages of a retina-like image sampling array.
BudgetedSVM: a toolbox for scalable SVM approximations

We present BudgetedSVM, an open-source C++ toolbox comprising highly-optimized implementations of recently proposed algorithms for scalable training of Support Vector Machine (SVM) approximators: Adaptive Multi-hyperplane Machines, Low-rank Linearization SVM, and Budgeted Stochastic Gradient Descent. BudgetedSVM trains models with accuracy comparable to LibSVM in time comparable to LibLinear, solving non-linear problems with millions of high-dimensional examples within minutes on a regular computer. We provide command-line and Matlab interfaces to BudgetedSVM, an efficient API for handling large-scale, high-dimensional data sets, as well as detailed documentation to help developers use and further extend the toolbox.
Global Stability of Couette Flow between Rotating Cylinders

In this chapter we shall consider the stability of flow between concentric rotating cylinders. In the idealized problem the cylinders are infinitely long and rotate about their common axis with constant angular velocities Ω1 at r = a and Ω2 at r = b(b > a). The motion of the fluid satisfies the Navier-Stokes equations between the cylinder and the adherence condition at the cylinder walls.
Giant-cell tumours of the spine

Between 1955 and 1989 we treated 24 patients (17 women and seven men) with giant-cell tumours of the spine at the Mayo Clinic. Their mean age was 30 years and the mean follow-up time was 12.4 years. Pain was the presenting symptom in all and half had a neurological deficit. The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines were equally involved. The tumours recurred in five of the 14 patients treated by one-stage surgery and in five of the ten treated by two-stage surgery. Seven patients received adjuvant radiotherapy, one for the primary lesion and six for recurrent lesions. Surgical management was by curettage or en bloc excision depending on the location and the extent of the tumour. Because of the risk of sarcomatous transformation, radiation therapy should be reserved for patients with incomplete excision or for those with local recurrence.
Ethnic Differences in Out-of-Hospital Fatal Pulmonary Embolism

Background—In-hospital pulmonary embolism (PE) has been extensively studied in large populations; however, out-of-hospital fatal PE studies are rare. Here, we systematically evaluated a large number of decedents who suffered fatal PE outside of hospitals and were subsequently investigated by the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner. Methods and Results—A total of 578 consecutive out-of-hospital fatal PE cases were analyzed. All underwent autopsy, toxicology, microbiology, and genetic testing. Incidence rates and baseline characteristics were analyzed. Race-adjusted incidence rates of out-of-hospital fatal PE (per 100 000 people per year) were as follows: blacks, 3.73 (95% confidence interval, 3.31 to 4.11); whites, 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 0.96 to 1.33); and Hispanics, 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.10). Overall, obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) was 2.5- to 3-fold higher in fatal PE cases than in the New York City population as a whole. Carrier frequencies for prothrombin G202...
Effect of endurance training on lipid metabolism in women: A potential role for PPARα in the metabolic response to training

Endurance training increases fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. However, the source of the additional fat and the mechanisms for increasing FAO capacity in muscle are not clear. We measured whole body and regional lipolytic activity and whole body and plasma FAO in six lean women during 90 min of bicycling exercise (50% pretraining peak O(2) consumption) before and after 12 wk of endurance training. We also assessed skeletal muscle content of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) and its target proteins that regulate FAO [medium-chain and very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD and VLCAD)]. Despite a 25% increase in whole body FAO during exercise after training (P < 0.05), training did not alter regional adipose tissue lipolysis (abdominal: 0.56 +/- 0.26 and 0.57 +/- 0.10 micromol x 100 g(-1) x min(-1); femoral: 0.13 +/- 0.07 and 0.09 +/- 0.02 micromol x 100 g(-1) x min(-1)), whole body palmitate rate of appearance in plasma (168 +/- 18 and 150 +/- 25 micromol/min), and plasma FAO (554 +/- 61 and 601 +/- 45 micromol/min). However, training doubled the levels of muscle PPARalpha, MCAD, and VLCAD. We conclude that training increases the use of nonplasma fatty acids and may enhance skeletal muscle oxidative capacity by PPARalpha regulation of gene expression.
Adenylation and ADP-ribosylation in the mouse 1-cell embryo.

The incorporation of [ 3 H]adenosine into cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble material by the mouse 1-cell embryo has been studied. Incorporation of label was high immediately after fertilization, then decreased over the next 7 h with the sharpest decline occurring 3—5 h after fertilization. A small maximum was observed at the time of pronuclear DNA synthesis. Actinomycin D at a concentration which inhibited the cleavage of 1-cell embryos by 50 % had little effect on this incorporation, which in the period 1—6 h post-fertilization was shown by autoradiography to be confined to the ooplasm of the newly fertilized ovum. [ 3 H]Adenosine and poly ([ H ]A) were released from embryo RNA labelled 1—3 h after fertilization with [ 3 H]adenosine by digestion with a mixture of ribonucleases A and T 1 . The poly ([ 3 H]A) segments were hydrolysed by alkali to 3′-[ 3 H]AMP and [ 3 H]adenosine ([ 3 H]AMP/[ 3 H]adenosine = 5/1), and by snake venom phosphodiesterase to 5′-[ 3 H]AMP but very little [ 3 H]adenosine. These results suggest that adenylation of RNA occurs soon after fertilization, that this is a cytoplasmic event, and that most of the newly synthesized poly ([ 3 H]A) segments are joined to pre-existing poly (A) tracts. The unusual polynucleotide, poly (ADP-ribose), identified by its resistance to alkali and the release of 2′-(5″-phosphoribosyl)-5′[ 3 H]AMP on incubation with snake venom phosphodiesterase, was also found in the ribonuclease digest.
Preclinical methods for the evaluation of periodontal regeneration in vivo

For the determination of key factors or devices that promote periodontal regeneration, preclinical investigations using in vivo animal models are critical for evaluating the biological responses before human clinical trial testing. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the commonly used preclinical animals for the study of reconstructive procedures to promote bone and soft tissue repair of tooth-supporting periodontal defects. Steps are provided on the animal management for evaluation of outcome measures using descriptive histology, histomorphometry, three-dimensional imaging, and safety assessments. The use of these key measures of periodontal regeneration should aid investigators in the selection of appropriate surrogate endpoints to be utilized in the clinical arena, which are not practical or ethical in humans. These methods will prepare investigators and assist them in identifying endpoints that can then be adapted to human clinical trial planning.
SELECTION PRESSURES AFFECTING MALE NUTRIENT INVESTMENT AT MATING IN HELICONIINE BUTTERFLIES.

Current reproductive investment patterns in any organism are the result of selective pressures and constraints acting in evolutionary time. These constraints and selective pressures may depend upon a number of factors, including the life history, habitat, density or morphology of the organism. A first step in determining what these selective pressures and constraints are and how they operate, then, is a comparative examination, among related organisms, of the interactions between investment patterns and life history. This will yield testable hypotheses concerning the forces which have determined current reproductive investment patterns. Reproductive investment patterns are perhaps most easily studied in organisms with no behavioral parental care of offspring. In such cases, males may still make a substantial investment in a female's progeny through donation of nutrients at mating. In arthropods, mechanisms of nutrient transfer include provision by the male of "nuptial gifts" of insect prey, accessory gland products, or himself for the female to feed on during or after mating, or absorption of male accessory gland products through the female's bursa (Thornhill, 1976). Nutrients obtained at mating may increase the female's fitness either through increased fecundity, or increased survivorship of offspring due to increased nutrient investment per offspring (e.g., in scorpionflies, Thornhill, 1980). Thus, a male should be under selective pressure to donate enough nu-
The Probability of Election Reversal

In a recent two-candidate Town Council election in Brunswick, Maine, the winner received 2,390 votes and the loser 2,383. After the vote had been announced, it was discovered that 16 voters had been allowed to vote at polling places where they were not officially registered, and those votes were declared invalid on the grounds that the voters had not been appropriately certified as being qualified to vote as required by state law. There was no evidence of fraud and no indication of how the invalid ballots were cast. The loser asked for a new election on the grounds that 12 or more of the 16 invalid votes could have been cast for the winner, enough to reverse the election results. In this situation, the ballot box can be viewed as an urn in which there are a few more white balls (votes cast for the winner) than black balls (votes cast for the loser). A certain number of balls (the invalid votes) are withdrawn at random from the urn. What is the probability of a reversal, i.e., that, after the withdrawal, the number of black balls in the urn will exceed the number of white balls? Of course the assumption that the balls are withdrawn at random is critical. The assumption that each ball has the same probability of being withdrawn is the assumption that each voter in the election has the same probability of casting an invalid ballot. If there is evidence of election irregularities or fraud, or if there is reason to assume that other factors, such as the time of day the invalid votes were cast or the location of the polling place, made it more likely that the invalid ballots were cast for one of the candidates, this assumption may not be tenable. The probability of reversal is simply the number of withdrawal combinations which cause a reversal divided by the total number of possible withdrawal combinations. In most close elections, there will be too many of these combinations to be readily countable, so it is desirable to be able to approximate the probability of reversal. Because the arguments about election results occur in public and legal arenas, not in mathematical journals, a simple approximation is preferable. An approximation due to Finkelstein and Robbins [2] is made as follows: suppose the urn contains w white balls and b black balls with w > b. Of the total t = w + b balls, m are withdrawn at random. Let x denote the number of these m balls which are white. There will be a reversal if, after the withdrawal, there are at least as many black balls as white balls remaining in the urn; i.e., if w-xsb-(m-x), or
Abstract 4846: Manipulation of autophagy during tumor cell killing regulates the growth of neighboring tumor cells

Many anti-cancer agents induce macroautophagy (hereafter “autophagy”) and it is widely thought that autophagy can regulate tumor chemosensitivity. Most work in this area asks if autophagy increases or decreases tumor cell killing. Using a targeted anti-cancer agent (DT-EGF, an EGF receptor-targeted diphtheria toxin), we demonstrated that autophagy can also control the characteristics of dying glioma cells. DT-EGF induces autophagy in glioma cells, however this autophagy has little impact on whether or not the cells die. Instead its major effect is to determine how the cells die. When autophagy is allowed, the cells die by a non-apoptotic mechanism that has little caspase activation, whereas if autophagy is inhibited, the glioma cells die by inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis. Here, we present data showing that the effects of this switch in death mechanism change the growth of other tumor cells that did not die in response to the drug. By mixing DT-EGF-sensitive and DT-EGF-resistant cells such that 99% of the tumor cells in the population die, we found that manipulation of autophagy in the dying cells affects the growth rates of the surviving 1% of tumor cells. If caspase-dependent apoptosis is allowed by inhibiting autophagy, the surviving tumor cells grow faster to repopulate the tumor. Conversely if autophagy is allowed in the dying cells, the resistant cells grow more slowly. We propose that cancer therapy should take account not just of how many tumor cells are killed but also the way that they are killed and that manipulating autophagy during cancer treatment could be used to improve outcomes by regulating the mechanism of tumor cell death as well as the amount of tumor cell death. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4846. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4846
Design planning to meet goals in health service organizations. Concepts and illustration.

The performance of health service organizations is affected by the existence of multiple, often conflicting performance goals, and by various social-psychological processes that characterize the particular structure of the organization. This paper proposes a systematic, management-based methodology for identifying those “best” values for a set of social-psychological processes that enhance achievement of a set of organizational performance goals. The approach is illustrated with data from selected county health departments in North Carolina.
Arms Resupply During Conflict: A Framework for Analysis

Recent years have witnessed an outpouring of writings on arms transfers, following a lengthy hiatus during the first two decades of the post-war period. That growing literature has been largely reformist in nature, in consonance with the strong normative concern with arms control evidenced in American security studies in the wake of the Vietnam war; indeed, is an echo of the writings of the 1930s around the time of the Nye Committee hearings and the Neutrality Acts.2 Needless to say, the vast expansion of arms transfers in recent years, largely but not entirely propelled by OPEC’s petrodollar recycle capacity, has also helped to sustain interest.
Defeasible logic graphs: II. Implementation

Abstract We propose development of an argument based decision support system utilizing defeasible or nonmonotonic reasoning. Defeasible logic graphs (d-graphs) represent the knowledge contained in a defeasible theory. A method for propagating labels through d-graphs is developed as a means for reasoning about the theory from which the d-graph is generated. This method is proven to be sound with respect to Nute's defeasible logic and complete for finite, consistent theories with acyclic d-graphs.
Adsorption mechanisms of microcystin variant conformations at water-mineral interfaces: A molecular modeling investigation.

Abstract Microcystins (MCs) are potent toxins released during cyanobacterial blooms. Clay minerals are implicated in trapping MCs within soil particles in surface waters and sediments. In the absence of molecular characterization, the relevance of previously proposed adsorption mechanisms is lacking. Towards obtaining this characterization, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations combined with molecular dynamics relaxation of two MC variants, MC-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) and MC-leucine-alanine (MC-LA), adsorbed on hydrated montmorillonite with different electrolytes. The resulting adsorbate structures revealed how MC conformations and aqueous conditions may dictate binding interactions at the mineral surface. Electrostatic coupling between the arginine residue and a carboxylate in MC-LR excluded the participation of arginine in mediating adsorption on montmorillonite in a NaCl solution. However, in a CaCl2 solution, the complexation of Ca by two carboxylate moieties in MC-LR changed the MC conformation, which allowed arginine to be involved in electrostatic interaction with the mineral. By contrast, due to the lack of arginine in MC-LA, complexation of Ca by only one carboxylate in MC-LA was required to favor Ca-bridging interaction with the mineral Multiple water-bridged H-bonding interactions were also important in anchoring MCs at the mineral surface. Our modeling results offer molecular insights into the structural and chemical factors that can control the fate of MCs at water-mineral interfaces.
Use of Disulfide Cationic Lipids in Plasmid DNA Delivery

Gene therapy provides a paradigm of the treatment of human diseases. The ultimate goal of gene therapy is to cure both inherited and acquired disorders by removing the original causes, i.e., adding, blocking, correcting, or replacing genes. Although gene therapy trials have been initiated worldwide for more than two decades, little has been achieved in clinically curing diseases. One of the major hurdles for gene therapy is the lack of an efficient gene delivery system. An ideal gene delivery system should be specifically targeting, biodegradable, nontoxic, nonimmunogenic, and stable for storage. Cationic lipo-somes are the most extensively investigated nonviral vectors. It is generally believed that DNA-liposome complexes enter cells via endocytosis, although other pathways such as membrane fusion may exist (1,2). The barriers involved in the transfection process in vitro generally include the following aspects (3): 1. Formation of the liposome-DNA complexes. 2. Entry of complexes into cell. 3. Escape of DNA from the endosomes. 4. Dissociation of DNA from liposomes. 5. Entry of DNA into nucleus. 6. DNA transcription.
Interactive Fault Extraction in 3-D Seismic Data Using the Hough Transform and Tracking Vectors

The exploration of reservoir regions has a close relationship with the localization of faults. Although faults can be labeled in seismic volumes by experienced interpreters, such manual interpretation is inefficient when dealing with a dramatically growing amount of collected seismic data. To speed up the interpretation efficiency of faults, in this paper, we propose a method that semiautomatically detects fault surfaces by using the Hough transform as well as tracking vectors. In the proposed method, we classify seismic sections into reference and predicted ones by borrowing the concept of I- and B-frames in video-coding techniques. For these two types of seismic sections, we introduce different strategies to delineate faults. In reference sections, we first highlight likely fault regions from corresponding coherence maps and apply the Hough transform to extract the features of faults. After removing false features, we optimally connect remaining features under the constraints of coherence maps. Since the accuracy of fault detection in reference sections depends highly on several parameters, to avoid replicating the tweaking of parameters in all seismic sections, we propose tracking detected faults in reference sections through remaining predicted sections, in which faults are labeled based on estimated tracking vectors and geological constraints. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we introduce a fault similarity (FauSIM) index that describes the similarity between detected faults and manually picked faults. The FauSIM index based on the Frechet distance focuses on both the local and global comparisons of faults. Experimental results show that the proposed method has the capability to accurately detect faults in seismic sections, and the tracking process improves interpretation efficiency by eliminating tweaked parameters. In addition, comparisons between faults delineated by various methods and faults manually picked show that the FauSIM index is highly correlated with interpreters’ subjective perception.
Acetyl-L-carnitine in diabetic polyneuropathy: experimental and clinical data.

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common late complication of diabetes mellitus. The underlying pathogenesis is multifaceted, with partly interrelated mechanisms that display a dynamic course. The mechanisms underlying DPN in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus show overlaps or may differ. The differences are mainly due to insulin deficiency in type 1 diabetes which exacerbates the abnormalities caused by hyperglycaemia. Experimental DPN in rat models have identified early metabolic abnormalities with consequences for nerve conduction velocities and endoneurial blood flow. When corrected, the early functional deficits are usually normalised. On the other hand, if not corrected, they lead to abnormalities in lipid peroxidation and expression of neurotrophic factors which in turn result in axonal, nodal and paranodal degenerative changes with worsening of nerve function. As the structural changes progress, they become increasingly less amendable to metabolic interventions. In the past several years, experimental drugs — such as aldose reductase inhibitors, antioxidants and protein kinase C inhibitors — have undergone clinical trials, with disappointing outcomes. These drugs, targeting a single underlying pathogenetic factor, have in most cases been initiated at the advanced stage of DPN. In contrast, substitution of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) or C-peptide in type 1 DPN target a multitude of underlying mechanisms and are therefore more likely to be effective on a broader spectrum of the underlying pathogenesis. Clinical trials utilising ALC have shown beneficial effects on nerve conduction slowing, neuropathic pain, axonal degenerative changes and nerve fibre regeneration, despite relatively late initiation in the natural history of DPN. Owing to the good safety profile of ALC, early initiation of ALC therapy would be justified, with potentially greater benefits.
THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CENTRAL MESA VERDE REGION.

Schwindt, D.M., Bocinsky, R.K., Ortman, S.G., Glowacki, D.M., Varien, M.D., & Kohler, T. (2016). The social consequences of climate change in the Central Mesa Verde region. American Antiquity, 81(1): 74-96.
Classrooms as ‘safe houses’? The ethical and emotional implications of digital storytelling in a university writing classroom

This paper reports the findings of a digital storytelling praxis within a higher education classroom located outside of Metro Detroit in the United States. Drawing on Zembylas’s (2006, 2008) scholarship on emotion in the production of knowledge and the teacher’s role, adjacent to literature surrounding personal writing and safe houses for learning, an investigation of student perceptions of digital storytelling within a writing classroom took place during the 2016 and 2017 academic years. Data highlights the students’ interest for the emotionally-driven course content digital storytelling encourages, as it taught students how to insert genre conventions into their own writing. Digital storytelling, according to the students, also supplied a means for students to develop relationships with their peers as many students felt isolated on this largely commuter campus. Students additionally viewed the curriculum as promoting ‘real world’ skills they could transfer outside of the classroom and into their lives. However, to craft digital stories, data revealed how students turned toward sharing personal (and or traumatic) narratives. This can be problematic in terms of emotional safety if students are made to feel they must leverage emotions for grades and are then forced to broadcast their digital stories in a public forum. To lessen these concerns, strategies for implementing digital storytelling into the curriculum are provided. Lastly, the author concludes that educating students within a Trump presidency requires a different pedagogical approach. Assignments such as digital storytelling that merge the scholarly and the personal, alongside nurturing empathy, open dialogue, and building relationships might offer a direction forward. Keywords: digital storytelling, classrooms as safe houses, personal writing, higher education
Atopic and Contact Dermatitis of the Vulva

Pruritus, or itch, is a common vulvar complaint that is often treated empirically as a yeast infection; however, yeast infections are just one of the many conditions that can cause vulvar itch. Ignoring other conditions can prolong pruritus unnecessarily. Atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis are extremely common noninfectious causes of vulvar itch that are often underdiagnosed by nondermatologists. Identifying these conditions and treating them appropriately can significantly improve a patient's quality of life and appropriately decrease health care expenditures by preventing unnecessary additional referrals or follow-up visits and decreasing pharmaceutical costs.
A Nonpolymerizable Actin Derivative Regulates Actin Polymerization by Capping the Fast-Growing End of Actin Filaments

Physarum contains at least four different actin-binding proteins of 42 K (Hasegawa et al., 1980; Hinssen, 1981; Maruta et al., 1983; Maruta and Isenberg, 1983, 1984; Maruta et al., 1984). They are called actin, Cap 42(a), Cap 42(b), and fragmin, on the basis of both their biological activities and molecular masses. Actin is the major polymerizable protein that forms a filament by self-assembly. Three other proteins do not form any filament but instead regulate the elongation of actin filament by capping the fast-growing end of actin filaments. Only fragmin has an additional F-actin severing activity that leads to the fragmentation of actin filaments in a calcium-dependent manner. Cap 42(a) requires calcium for its capping activity. Cap 42(b) is a phosphoprotein that requires calcium for its capping activity only when it is fully phosphorylated by a specific kinase from Physarum. This kinase is highly specific for Cap 42(b) and does not phosphorylate any other proteins. Only actin serves as a substrate for cAMP-dependent protein kinase, whereas only fragmin serves as a substrate for pp60 Src, a tyrosine-specific kinase, which is solely responsible for the transformation of cells by Rous sarcoma virus. Therefore, the four proteins of 42 K are functionally distinguishable.
An integrated graph cuts segmentation and piece-wise convex unmixing approach for hyperspectral imaging

Context-based unmixing has been studied by several researchers. Recent techniques, such as piece-wise convex unmixing using fuzzy and possibilistic clustering or Bayesian methods proposed in [11] attempt to form contexts via clustering. It is assumed that the linear mixing model applies to each cluster (context) and endmembers and abundances are found for each cluster. As the clusters are spatially coherent, hyperspectral image segmentation can significantly aid unmixing approaches that perform cluster specific estimation of endmembers. In this work, we integrate a graph-cuts segmentation algorithm with piece-wise convex unmixing. This is compared to fuzzy clustering (FCM) with results obtained on two datasets. The results demonstrate that the integrated approach achieves better segmentation and more precise end-member identification (in terms of comparisons with known ground truth).
Resolution of a human mast cell development conundrum.

The study of cytokine requirements for development of a granulated human mast cell (MC) from circulating bone marrow (BM)-derived progenitors (MCp) by Dahlin et al,1 in this issue of Blood, identifies an interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent viability and maturation stage distinct from the subsequent stem cell factor (SCF)-induced secretory granule (SG) mature stage (see figure). IL-3 alone was known to be insufficient for development of identifiable human MC, and the consensus opinion for their in vitro generation used the cytokine combination of SCF, IL-6, and IL-3.2 Dahlin et al noted that MCp, identified as CD45int, CD34+, SSClo, Lin−, CD117int/hi (Kit), and FceR1+ cells, were present in low numbers in normal subjects. Others had observed that patients treated with imatinib, which blocks membrane protein kinases including the KIT receptor, became MC deficient.3 When Dahlin et al found that MCp were not reduced in patients treated with imatinib, they concluded that SCF was not needed for MCp development. They next cultured MCp with IL-3 + IL-6, noting prolonged survival with early signs of maturation, and they termed these cultured cells pre-MC. The IL-3 + IL-6-induced development of pre-MC from MCp was associated with downregulation of CD34 and β7 integrin and appearance of SG metachromasia and tryptase immunodetection. This conversion occurred even in the presence of imatinib or anti-SCF, establishing that Kit signaling played no role in this early maturation of MCp to pre-MC. Whereas IL-3 alone promoted survival of IL-3 + IL-6-generated pre-MC, IL-6 had no effect and was not further assessed. Thus, the authors used in vivo data to highlight the Kit independence of MCp and then characterized a distinct MCp-derived intermediate stage of maturation, pre-MC, on the path to full SCF-mediated maturation in culture.
A PRIMER ON BIOINFORMATICS

ABSTRACT Today biological research is experiencing explosive growth in academic, industry, and government sectors. Bioinformatics has emerged to make sense of such high volume and complex data. It is an interdisciplinary field that combines computer science, biology, engineering, and mathematics in order to develop methods, techniques, and tools for analyzing and interpreting biological data. It uses computational approaches to solve complex biological problems and analyze large-volume of biological data. This paper provides a primer on bioinformatics.
Exploring the career pathways of four males nurses to the deanship position in higher education: A narrative inquiry

Background and purpose: The career path to deanship for male nurses is still mostly unexplored. Male deans leading nursing schools is a new trend in the U.S. Methods: A narrative inquiry using semi-structured interviews with four male deans of schools of nursing in the Southwestern U.S. was the methodology used for this study. Results: The following themes emerged from the data: 1) service to others; 2) traditional career trajectories; 3) it is all about people; and 4) evolving leadership styles. Importance: The participants’ narratives provided first-hand accounts of how these men transitioned from the bedside to the boardroom in higher education. Their experiences could shed light on gender-related issues in nursing education and its leadership. Thus, this study can serve as a career compass for male nurses aspiring to academic leadership positions, inspire more men to join the profession, and aid educational institutions develop strategies for a more gender-balanced workforce. Conclusions: This study proved that men are assets to the nursing profession in both practice and academia. Recruiting more men is part of a solution to the dean and faculty shortage. Preparing the next generation of nursing deans needs a concerted effort to enhance the diversity of the deans and the faculty to reflect the student population today.
Effect of Mooring Lines on Ship Motions

It is commonly accepted that for open sea moorings the effect of the mooring lines on the dynamics of a vessel is restricted to the lower frequency range below the wave spectrum frequencies.
Infrared Singularities of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories

For some time, we have been interested in the infrared structure of non-Abelian gauge theories.1,2 There are prominent infrared singularities near the mass shell only when the local gauge invariance is unbroken, as in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). We (and other authors3,4) began with the straightforward calculation of Feynman graphs, in leading-logarithm approximation, regulating the infrared singularities either by staying slightly off the mass shell by an amount characterized by a small mass μ, or by introducing a fictitious (group-symmetric) vector mass μ in the Feynman gauge. The results turned out to be much simpler than the complexity of the calculations suggested, and are characterized by certain properties of exponentiation and factorization which are reminiscent of the corresponding results for the Abelian case (quantum electrodynamics, or QED). These properties are summarized by a differential equation in μ (the infrared cutoff) which looks very much like a renormalization group (RG) equation with a special type of anomalous dimension generated by the near-mass-shell infrared singularities.
Duane’s Retraction Syndrome: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Considerations in 150 Cases

In a period of 9 years (1972–1981) 150 patients with Duane’s retraction syndrome (DRS) were treated in the Department of Pathophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology Copernicus Academy of Medicine in Cracow.
Iatrogenic carotid-cavernous fistula secondary to endovascular rescue of a left M1 occlusion in the presence of a cavernous carotid aneurysm utilizing a stentriever

Abstract Background and importance Iatrogenic Direct carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are uncommon complications of intracranial endovascular rescue. We describe the first reported case of an intraprocedural direct carotid cavernous fistula that developed immediately after flow restoration during treatment of an acute left M1 occlusion utilizing a stentriever. Clinical presentation This was an 86 year old right handed Caucasian woman who presented with acute onset of aphasia, right sided weakness, and right facial droop. The time of onset was unknown. NIHSS scale on arrival to the ED was 16. Stroke protocol CT Perfusion imaging demonstrated a large region of ischemic penumbra within the left MCA distribution. Occlusion of the left M1 segment with collaterals to a limited number of opercular, insular, and cortical branches was noted on CT Angiography. Successful TICI 3 endovascular rescue of the left M1 occlusion was obtained. Later attempts at embolizing the iatrogenic left CC Fistula were abandoned for patient safety. Conclusion While CCFs are not life threatening, the morbidity from ocular complications can be high. Each Carotid Cavernous Fistula should be reviewed as a unique case and the optimal treatment should be selected to decrease risk to the patient. Careful Endovascular navigation and device deployment of the retriever under full inspection of the roadmap may prevent or reduce the incidence of direct CCFs; however, sometimes it may become necessary to choose the potential complication to save a patient's life as was the case described in this report.
Henry J. Richardson III: The Father of Black Traditions of International Law

This essay argues the scholarship of Henry J. Richardson III, (Hank), undoubtedly makes him the father of black traditions of international law. His scholarship displays the interconnected histories of peoples of black descent in the U.S., Africa and in the Western hemisphere, including in Haiti. No other scholar has as sharply focused on the black experience in international law as Hank has. He has both the historical vantage point to see the continuities in the black experience around the world and a powerful ethical imperative for justice, equality, and accountability. In particular, this essay argues that Hank has masterfully articulated a theory of Black international law that incisively demonstrates the commonalities among oppressed peoples of the global community. While other critical theorists of international law have emphasized the presumed civilization divides and fissures that defined the violent origins of international law in the encounter between the West and the rest, Hank has emphasized the erasure of the similarities and shared plight of black peoples, particularly the surging economic inequality and violence that they face. In so doing, he is able to so effortlessly link the Black Lives Matter movement and its protests against racial discrimination and police brutality with the killings of minority communities in the oil rich Niger Delta as well as millions of civilians in oil-related military conflicts in the Middle East. Hank’s scholarship does not hide behind the finer details of international legal doctrine or the often-overstated formality of international legal rules. Rather, his primary concerns are the normative commitments embodied in international law and how they can and should be mobilized to address the plight of marginal peoples everywhere whatever the current source of their oppression may lie — whether it be colonialism, apartheid, occupation, economic policies, or even legal rules or their applications. He shines the spotlight on how the black experience, underwritten by racism and economic disempowerment, could nevertheless be addressed by the egalitarian promises of international law. In addition to reflecting on his important academic writings, this essay also highlights the mentorship he has provided to scholars particularly those working on critical approaches to international law including Critical Race Theory, Third World approaches to international law, (TWAIL), Critical-Race Feminism, feminist international law as well as LatCrit and BlackCrit theories. In addition to tracing Hank’s scholarship, this essay also focuses on his activism to end apartheid in South Africa as well as to diversify the international legal profession and scholarship.