cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies with a 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DDMP)-resistant L1210 leukemia cell line without cross-resistance to methotrexate

Abstract An L1210 leukemia cell line resistant to 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DDMP) (L1210/DDMP) was developed in vivo by treatment of tumor-bearing mice. Resistance to DDMP was confirmed by subsequent in vivo survival experiments and by in vitro dose-response curves. The L1210/DDMP line demonstrated little cross-resistance to another folate analog, methotrexate (MTX). This was confirmed both in vivo , with survival experiments, and in vitro , using dose-response curves. A statistical analysis of the in vivo data confirmed DDMP resistance with lack of MTX cross-resistance. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity in the L1210/DDMP/R 5 line was no greater than in the parent cell line (L1210/S). and the K m of DHFR for dihydrofolate was the same in the L1210/DDMP/R 5 and L1210/S lines. The K i for DHFR of the L1210/DDMP/R 5 cell line versus the L1210/S cell line was increased 3.0-fold for MTX and 3.5-fold for DDMP. Total accumulation of [ 14 C]DDMP was identical in the two cell lines. The explanation for the lack of MTX cross-resistance in the L1210/DDMP/R 5 line is unknown.
Predicting synchronized neural assemblies from experimentally estimated phase-resetting curves

Neural-network dynamics frequently organize in assemblies of synchronized neurons that are thought to encode and store sensory information. We have investigated the mechanisms leading to the emergence of these neural assemblies with models of coupled oscillators. In particular, we used experimentally estimated phase-resetting curves (PRC) of real neurons (mitral cells) to realistically describe neurons as phase oscillators. Our simulations revealed that the formation of synchronized assemblies is a rather general phenomenon. In fact, a mathematical analysis proved that a necessary condition for synchronized assemblies to occur is that the Fourier expansion of the PRC contains a positive sine.
A Realistic Determination of the Error on the Primordial Helium Abundance: Steps toward Nonparametric Nebular Helium Abundances

Using the WMAP determination of the baryon density, the standard model of big bang nucleosynthesis yields relatively precise predictions of the primordial light-element abundances. Currently there are two significantly different observational determinations of the primordial helium abundance, and if only statistical errors in 4He abundance determinations are considered, the discrepancies between the observational determinations and the value favored by the WMAP results are significant. Here we examine in detail some likely sources of systematic uncertainties that may resolve the differences between the two determinations. We conclude that the observational determination of the primordial helium abundance is completely limited by systematic errors and that these systematic errors have not been fully accounted for in any published observational determination of the primordial helium abundance. In principle, the observed metal-poor H II region spectra should be analyzed in a nonparametric way, such that the H II region physical conditions and the helium abundance are derived solely from the relative flux ratios of the helium and hydrogen emission lines. In practice, there are very few H II region spectra with the quality that allows this, so that most analyses depend on assumed ranges or relationships between physical parameters, resulting in parametric solutions with underestimated error bars. A representative result of our analysis yields Yp = 0.249 ± 0.009. We stress that the main result of the present work is the increase in the size of the uncertainty rather than the shift in the primordial value. Furthermore, given that most of the spectra analyzed to date do not significantly constrain the primordial helium abundance, we argue in favor of a range of allowed values of 0.232 ≤ Yp ≤ 0.258. This easily allows for concordance between measurements of the baryon-to-photon ratio (η) from WMAP, deuterium abundances, and helium abundance (although the discrepancy with lithium remains).
Evapotranspiration at the land/water interface in a semi‐arid drainage basin

1. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a major source of water depletion from riverine systems in arid and semiarid climates. Water budgets have produced estimates of total depletions from riparian vegetation ET for a 320-km reach of the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, U.S.A., that have ranged from 20 to 50% of total depletions from the river. 2. Tower-based micrometeorological measurements of riparian zone ET throughout the growing season using three-dimensional eddy covariance provided high quality estimates of ET at the stand scale. 3. A dense stand of salt cedar (111–122 cm year–1) and a mature cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. wislizenia Eckenwelder) stand with an extensive understory of salt cedar (Tamaria ramosissima Ledeb) and Russian olive (Eleagnus angustifolia L.) (123 cm year–1) had the highest rates of annual ET. A mature cottonwood stand with a closed canopy had intermediate rates of ET (98 cm year–1). A less dense salt cedar stand had the lowest rates of ET (74–76 cm year–1). 4. Summer leaf area index (LAI) measurements within the four stands were positively correlated with daily ET rates. LAI measurements throughout the growing season coupled to riparian vegetation classification is a promising method for improving riverine corridor estimates of total annual riparian zone ET along a reach of river. 5. Combining recent estimates of the extent of riparian vegetation along the 320 km length of the Middle Rio Grande, from Landsat 7 imagery with annual growing season measurements of ET at the four riparian stands yields a first-order riverine corridor estimate of total riparian zone ET of 150–250 × 106 m3 year–1. This is approximately 20–33% of total estimated depletions along this reach of river.
MATING COMPETITIVENESS OF UNIRRADIATED AND IRRADIATED MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLIES.

In tests in Hawaii in 1968, the mating competitiveness of male Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), reared in the laboratory and treated with 10,000 rad gamma irradiation as pupae 2 days before adult emergence, was reduced 50%. Females treated in the same way were not affected. Also, sterilized males initially responded to mating stimuli later in the normal daily mating cycle than normal males, and the time of the peak of mating activity of both treated sexes was delayed.
Physiologically based landscape use model for large herbivores

Abstract This paper describes the development and initial validation of a simulation model designed to predict patterns of landscape use by cattle as a function of environmental conditions and spatial distribution of key landscape attributes. The model consists of environmental, physiological, behavioral, and landscape submodels. Information on climatic conditions from the environmental submodel is used by the physiological submodel to determined current physiological status of animals in terms of heat balance, water balance, and hunger status. Information on physiological status is used by the behavioral submodel to select and subsequently perform activities. Performance of activities then affects physiological state. The landscape submodel provides information concerning spatial relationships among and within different habitat patches. Landscape attributes influence animal behavior, and animal behavior then influences landscape characteristics. Several aspects of model performance were evaluated using new field data and literature information. Predicted animal water losses via respiration, sweat, urine, and feces, total time spent in various daily activities, and the sequence of these activities all are in general agreement with field data and literature information. However, more accurate prediction of respiration rate, which controls shade seeking behavior in the model, may require more sophisticated representation of the combined effect of temperature and relative humidity. Initial simulations, which examined seasonal differences in the effect of distance between shade and water on landscape use, demonstrated the capability of the model to address a wide variety of questions concerning utilization of heterogeneous landscapesby grazing animals.
Agglutination by lectins of liposomes prepared from total lipids of erythrocytes

Summary Liposomes prepared from total lipid extracts of human and rabbit erythrocyte ghosts were tested for agglutinability with lectins. Soya bean lectin aggregated liposomes prepared with human or rabbit lipids in keeping with the fact that galactose is the predominant sugar in glycolipids. Wheat germ lectin agglutinates liposomes prepared from rabbit lipids but not human lipids. The internal position of acetylglucosamine in the major globoside of rabbit erythrocytes would indicate that wheat germ lectin can interact with a non-terminal sugar. Concanavalin A did not agglutinate either liposomes from human or rabbit lipids. We conclude that glycolipids form an additional class of lectin receptors on membranes.
Release of hypothalamic norepinephrine during MSG intake in rats fed normal and nonprotein diet.

Abstract Effects of monosodium l -glutamate (MSG) solution (0.06 M) on interstitial levels of norepinephrine (NE) were measured in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Wistar male rats, housed in standard operant boxes, were fed either normal or nonprotein diet for 3 days. Beside a daily bar-mediated drinking session (75 min), animals were without access to fluids. Microdialysates, collected from the LH during the 75 min of drinking, were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. No significant responses of the LH NE to the drinking of distilled water, MSG, NaCl (0.06 M), and glucose solution (0.6 M) were found in normally fed rats. However, a specific decline in LH NE release was detected during MSG solution-drinking in rats fed nonprotein diet. As MSG preference indicates protein intake, it is possible that LH NE is, at least partially, one of the brain signals that relate MSG preference to dietary protein intake.
Detection of intermediate oxidation states of adrenaline and noradrenaline by fluorescence spectrometric analysis.

Abstract Fluorescent intermediate oxidation states of adrenaline and noradrenaline, formed near physiological conditions of pH and concentration, were found detectable by direct fluorescence spectrometric analysis. Oxidizing agents or catalysts, such as Cu ++ , Fe +++ , MnO 2 , tyrosinase, and ceruloplasmin were found to effect their formation. While the (non)identity of the products with any of the oxidation intermediates already known for adrenaline and noradrenaline has not yet been established, their properties indicate that they are reduced states of different reversible redox systems. They were found stable in the presence of the oxidation system in which their formation was effected, but unstable in the presence of oxidizing agents such as ferricyanide, in which case they are reversibly oxidized. The latter reversibility was demonstrated by showing disappearance and reappearance of fluorescence upon alternate treatment with ferricyanide and ascorbic acid. When ferricyanide was used as the initial oxidizing agent, the products formed were nonfluorescent, but ascorbic acid effected their fluorescence; thus, a relationship between fluorescence and the reduced state was consistent in all experiments. The intermediates are believed closely related in that they were all found to be precursors of the same 3,5,6-trihydroxyindole derivatives. The results suggest new methods for the analysis of adrenaline and noradrenaline and their oxidation products which should aid in establishing whether minor oxidative pathways occur in vivo .
Individual stability in Delphi studies

Abstract This article carries forward the work discussed in a recent article in this journal by Dajani, Sincoff, and Talley (Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 13, 83, 1979) by investigating individual stability as opposed to group stability for successive Delphi rounds. It is demonstrated that individual stability implies group stability but that the converse does not hold. A χ2 test is proposed for testing the stability of individual responses between consecutive Delphi rounds. Also, an estimation procedure is presented for measuring the extent of individual stability.
Situational determinants in intimate partner violence

A situational or event perspective examines the connections between unfolding events and their surrounding contexts. This perspective offers great promise for increasing our understanding of violence among intimate partners, yet, has been rarely applied to this problem. Using such an approach, this review summarizes what is known in this area and highlights gaps in our knowledge about the connections between specific event characteristics. Surprisingly, domestic violence researchers rarely examine domestic violence events per se. We suggest ways of doing this: By collecting rich data on the heterogeneity of violent events among intimate partners, we can close outstanding gaps in our knowledge of this problem.
A comparison of men's and women's professional basketball injuries

Injuries sustained by male and female professional basketball teams were compared. Injuries from two consecutive seasons were coded, and computer- based cross-tabulations comparing sex, body part, and type of injury were performed. The women's injury frequency was 1.6 times that of men. The body part most frequently injured on both teams was the ankle. Women sustained significantly more knee and thigh injuries as well as sprains, strains, and contusions. Men had significantly more muscle spasms. Other injuries occurred in similar patterns in both sexes. Alterations in training programs are suggested with emphasis on women's strengthening and men's flexi bility.
Free-Solution Capillary Electrophoresis of Tryptic Digest Fragments of a Recombinant Porcine Pro-Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (2–76)Oh

Abstract The application of free-solution capillary electrophoresis (FSCE) to the separation of peptide fragments produced by tryptic digestion of a new recombinant porcine pro-growth hormone releasing hormone (2–76)OH (rpGHRH) composed of 75 amino acid residues is presented. It was found that 11 digest peptide fragments of rpGHRH could be separated by FSCE using an uncoated fused silica capillary with 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 3.3, used as the separating electrolyte. Individual peptide fragments prepared by solid phase synthesis method were spiked into the tryptic digest mixture to verify structure and fragment assignments of the polypeptide in electrophoresis. Optimal separation conditions were obtained by studying the effect of pH in the separating electrolyte and applied voltage. An excellent correlation was found for the electrophoretic migration time, tm, of the digest peptides versus q/MW2/3, where q is the calculated charge, and MW is molecular weight of peptides.
Thromboembolic complications of pregnancy and oral contraceptives

Thromboembolic disease in young women is discussed emphasizing: 1) the natural history of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium; 2) clinical and epidemiologic disease; 3) changes in the coagulation system that occur with pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives; and 4) possible relations between observed coagulation abnormalities and the development of thrombosis. Thrombophlebitis and pulmonary emboli are the most common thromboembolic problems seen in pregnant women. Although it is commonly thought that the incidence of thrombophlegitis increases during pregnancy several large studies have failed to confirm this. However it has been calculated that the risk of developing phlebitis increases 49 times during the first month after delivery. Retrospective case- control studies review of trends in mortality statistics reports of adverse reactions and prospective trials have been used to try to link oral contraceptives and thromboembolism. The retrospective studies can only document an association between the 2 phenomena and do not prove a casual relationship. Adverse-reaction reporting often grossly underestimates the incidence of a given reaction. Some well-designed prospective studies are now in progress. Changes in blood vessel anatomy have been suggested as a possible cause of thrombosis. Changes have been described in coagulation parameters blood rheology and vessel anatomy in patients taking oral contraceptives. It is noted that considering the large number of women who use oral contraceptives serious adverse reactions are infrequent and the pill is a safe effective means of birth control.
Hydrodynamics in the heart modulates work.

The hydrostatic pressure (perfusion pressure) of the isovolumic isolated perfused rat heart regulated the hydrodynamics (water movement) of the myocardium. An abrupt (10 s) decrease in hydrostatic pressure caused an immediate decrease in oxygen consumption, left ventricular developed pressure, and wall thickness. Wall thickness was determined by two-dimensional echocardiography. When the perfusion pressure was again returned to the control values (140 cm H2O) oxygen consumption, developed pressure, and wall thickness returned to control values within 10–30 s. An abrupt decrease in perfusion pressure also caused an immediate decrease in both extracellular and intracellular water in the heart as determined by H-1 NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) with the shift reagent Dy(TTHA)3− (Dysprosium triethylene tetramine-hexaacetate). Similar findings were obtained using K(CoEDTA) (potassium cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetate) utilized as an extracellular marker. With a decrease in intracellular water in the heart, there was a concurrent decrease in intracellular calcium.
The Morphology and Syntax of Individuals who use AAC: Research Review and Implications for Effective Practice

A research review of 31 studies pertaining to the morphology and syntax of individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and who had severe speech and physical impairments (SSPI) was completed. Results suggest that, although many individuals who use AAC exhibit comprehension and expression of a wide range of grammatical structures, these individuals are at risk for experiencing grammar deficits. A wide range of individual differences was noted, both within and across many of the investigations. One of the more robust findings was that individuals tended to produce shorter utterances when they used graphic symbol-based AAC systems than would be expected, based on participant profiles; however, there appeared to be a developmental trend toward using longer utterances. There has been a dearth of research pertaining to the development and evaluation of appropriate assessment tools and intervention techniques to enhance grammar acquisition for individuals who use AAC. Considerations for developing such tools and techniques are discussed.
Röntgens vorläufige Mitteilung „Über eine neue Art von Strahlen“

Es ist erstaunlich, das Rontgen mit der Veroffentlichung seiner Entdeckung nicht eher an die Offentlichkeit trat, bis er die vielen neuen merkwurdigen Eigenschaften der neuen Strahlen in seiner grundlichen Weise ausgiebig untersucht hatte. Am 28. Dezember reichte er dem Sekretar der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft an der Universitat Wurzburg das Manuskript seiner Arbeit „Uber eine neue Art von Strahlen“ ein. Einer der drei Herausgeber der „Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft in Wurzburg“, Professor Schultze, Professor Reubold oder Dr. Geigel schrieb auf die erste Seite des Manuskriptes, neben den Titel „an den Schlus vor den Jahresbericht“ und so wurde die Arbeit sofort gedruckt (S. 132–141, Bd. 137, 1895), obgleich in keiner Sitzung daruber gesprochen worden war, da in den Weihnachtsferien keine Sitzungen stattfanden.
Optimal Free-Return Trajectories to Near-Earth Asteroids

A method is presented to calculate optimal trajectories to near-Earth asteroids that incorporate free-return trajectory segments. These trajectories are useful because they return to Earth with no fuel penalty, which is useful for risk mitigation on manned missions. The algorithm minimizes total velocity change over an entire nominal mission, encompassing a single impulsive maneuver each for Earth departure, leaving the free-return trajectory, rendezvous with and departure from the asteroid, culminating with unpowered reentry into Earth’s atmosphere. Two example cases are presented in the circular restricted three-body model: a mission to 2000 SG344 from 23 August 2028 to 9 October 2029 with a cost of 5.307 km/s, and a mission to 2006 BZ147 from 9 February 2033 to 21 December 2033 with a cost of 7.000 km/s. The results presented here showcase the usage of the algorithm, which may be applied to free-return trajectories to a wide variety of near-Earth objects.
Biomechanics and histology of intact and repaired digital nerves: an in vitro study.

Purpose To investigate the biomechanical properties of intact and repaired cadaver digital nerves. Methods Ultimate tensile failure strength and stiffness were determined in 67 human cadaver digital nerves. Total nerve area, fascicular area, and nonfascicular (connective tissue) area were determined from the metacarpophalangeal to the distal interphalangeal joint in another 35 axial nerve sections to determine regional anatomic variation. Thirty-eight additional digital nerves were transected, and epineural repairs were performed using simple, interrupted sutures. Suture number (2 vs 4), gauge (8-0 vs 9-0), and purchase length (1 mm vs 2 mm) were used in various combinations, and then the repaired nerves were pulled to failure. The mechanism of repair-site failure was determined for each suture. In situ tension of the intact digital nerves was measured during passive metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint motion in another 19 intact digital nerves. Results There were no significant differences in failure load or stiffness with respect to the radial or ulnar nerves within a finger or between fingers. The primary tactile side of the finger tended to have a larger diameter digital nerve. Digital nerve failure was more common proximally than distally. Intact digital nerves failed at 6 N with a stiffness of 1 N/mm. Histologic analysis showed that fascicular area and total area decreased from proximal to distal, whereas the nonfascicular-to-fascicular area ratio increased. Four epineural sutures were statistically stronger than 2 sutures. Suture purchase length and gauge did not affect repair strength. The 8-0 nylon sutures failed primarily by cut-out, whereas the 9-0 sutures failed by cut-out or breakage. Repaired nerves failed at 1 to 2 N. Maximal metacarpophalangeal joint hyperextension resulted in 4 N of digital nerve tension. When the metacarpophalangeal joint was not hyperextended, proximal interphalangeal joint motion did not generate tension. Conclusions Similar to flexor tendons, the number of suture strands crossing the repair site was the most important variable affecting digital nerve repair strength in this cadaveric model.
Management practices for environmental innovation and performance

This paper explores whether there are discernible differences in the environmental innovation and performance of US chemical firms that can be explained by differences in the management practices and characteristics of the firms. Using data from a national survey, firm visits, and phone interviews, this research assesses the pervasiveness of the adoption of environmental management practices. It also assesses whether the adoption of these practices is related to leadership in environmental innovation and performance. This paper shows high levels of adoption of several practices for improving environmental innovation and performance. Firms are using practices such as total quality management, certification of suppliers, R&D, and the involvement of employees in innovation and training to integrate environmental management with their production systems. In addition, firms with the highest adoption levels of environmental practices have substituted cleaner materials and changed their production processes for cleaner production, and they are leaders in reducing their generation of chemical waste.
Sampling criteria for sensor simulation

Electro-optic sensor simulation and sensor design require a common understanding of spatial sampling. As part of the development of a high fidelity sensor simulation, the U.S. Army Night Vision Electronic Sensors Directorate has developed a methodology that enables the simulation designer to minimize the spatial sampling rate of the input image based on the sensor parameters. Gabor information theory is used to define the limit imposed on the ability to simultaneously repre- sent a spatial function and its Fourier transform. This is then coupled with the necessary consequences of sampling the image to develop limits that ensure minimal error. Resolution requirements for synthetic presen- sor imagery can be developed using this formalism. These requirements are not based on the instantaneous field of view (IFOV) or on the detec- tor width alone but are based on the full sensor point spread function. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(99)00805-3) Subject terms: sampling; simulation; uncertainty principle; information theory.
Expected performance of robust estimators near discontinuities

In extracting a polynomial surface patch near an intensity or range discontinuity, a robust estimator must tolerate not only the truly random bad data ("random outliers"), but also the coherently structured points ("pseudo outliers") that belong to a different surface. To characterize the performance of least median of squares, M estimators, Hough transforms, RANSAC, and MINPRAN on data containing both random and pseudo outliers, we develop two analytical measures, "pseudo outlier bias" and "pseudo outlier breakdown". Using these measures, we find that each robust estimator has surprisingly poor performance, even under the best possible circumstances, implying that present estimators should be used with care and new estimators should be developed. >
Representation of dyadic Green's functions for general anisotropic media

A novel and practical method to obtain the complete set of the dyadic Green's functions for general anisotropic media is presented. The method is based on the k-domain representation of the fields in terms of wave matrices. The Fourier transformed Green's functions are obtained through inverses of wave matrices, which lead to the final form of the dyadic Green's functions. It is shown that the knowledge of the inverse of one type of wave matrix is sufficient to find the complete set of the dyadic Green's functions for a general anisotropic medium.
HTST Inactivation of Peroxidase in a Computer-Controlled Reactor

Computer control of the movement of a sample holder and thermocouple into a high temperature steam reactor was found to be an effective system for studying the HTST inactivation of peroxidase. For the kinetic analysis of the heat activation of peroxidase at temperatures above 100°C a fit of the remaining percent of activity to a pseudo-kinetic model which accounted for regeneration was found to give rate constants or D values with a temperature dependence (z value of 33.5’C) in good agreement to data reported earlier.
Folding an array of transistors and contacts

The authors present a unified graph model for representing various layout and routing problems in VLSI design, such as programmable logic array (PLA) folding, gate matrix layout, and channel routing. They introduce an algorithm for folding a Weinberger array. This is a generalization of PLA folding, and is equivalent to channel routing. As a part of this algorithm, a graph labeling procedure is described which generalized the well-known topological sorting algorithm for directed acyclic graphs. >
Periostin downregulation is an early marker of inhibited neonatal murine lung alveolar septation.

BACKGROUND Extreme preterm birth exposes the saccular lung to multiple teratogens, which ultimately retard alveolar development. Specifically, therapeutic high level oxygen supplementation adversely affects the premature lungs and results in blunted alveolarization. Prolonged hyperoxic lung injury has previously been shown to upregulate the matricellular protein Periostin (Postn) and stimulate ectopic accumulation of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) myofibroblasts. Therapies that promote lung septation are lacking largely due to a lack of reliable early biomarkers of injury. Thus, we determined if Postn expression correlated with the initial appearance of myofibroblasts in the saccular lung and was required for early alveolar development.
Confining Ethnic Territorial Autonomy in Colombia The Case of the Naya River Basin

To rein in violence and address issues of social justice and environmental sustainability, the 1991 Constitution reconfigured Colombia’s territorial regimes, decentralized politics, and formalized ...
A 20mW 61dB SNDR (60MHz BW) 1b 3 rd -order continuous-time delta-sigma modulator clocked at 6GHz in 45nm CMOS

Continuous-Time ΔΣ Modulators are a popular architecture choice for ADCs in deep-submicron processes [1–4]. The maximum sampling rate is set by Excess Loop Delay (ELD) considerations. ELD comprises the comparator latency, feedback DAC delay (DEM delay etc.) and any additional delay due to parasitics. For a wideband 1b modulator clocking at high speeds (multi-GHz), the key challenge is modulator stability due to large ELD set by comparator speed limitations and integrator parasitic poles. This paper describes circuit techniques to minimize ELD and a compensation scheme that ensures modulator stability given a 1-clock-period ELD. These techniques have enabled the design of a 3rd-order 1b modulator clocked at 6GHz in 45nm CMOS.
Oxidation and epoxidation of poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene)

Poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene) (PCHD) derivatives were synthesized via facile chemical modification reactions of the residual double bond in the repeat unit. The oxidation and degradation of PCHD was investigated to enable subsequent controlled epoxidation reactions. PCHD exhibited a 15% weight loss at 110 °C in the presence of oxygen. The oxidative degradation, demonstrated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy, was attributed to main-chain scission. Aldehyde and ether functional groups were introduced into the polymer during the oxidation process. PCHD was quantitatively epoxidized in the absence of deleterious oxidation with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy confirmed that polymers with controlled degrees of epoxidation were reproducibly obtained. Epoxidized PCHD exhibited a glass-transition temperature at 154 °C, which was slightly higher than that of a PCHD precursor of a nearly equivalent molecular weight. Moreover, GPC indicated the absence of undesirable crosslinking or degradation, and the molecular weight distributions remained narrow. The thermooxidative stability of the fully epoxidized polymer was compared to that of the PCHD precursor, and the epoxidized PCHD exhibited an initial weight loss at 250 °C in oxygen, which was 140 °C higher than the temperature for PCHD. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 84–93, 2003
Magnetic Targeting of Particle Transport Under Pulsatile Flow

Magnetic Drug Targeting (MDT) has been shown to be a promising technique to effectively deliver medicinal drugs via functionalized [1] magnetic particles to target sites during the treatment of cancer and other diseases [2,3,4]. In this paper, we investigate the interaction of steady and pulsatile flows injected with a ferrofluid, which is a colloidal suspension of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in a glass tube under the influence of a magnetic field. Ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions of single domain magnetic nanoparticles that are of the order of 10 nm in diameter. In this experiment, the ferrofluid particles were directed to a particular region of interest within a 10 mm diameter glass vessel by means of an applied localized magnetic field that originated outside of the vessel. The magnetic field was generated using a rare earth sintered permanent magnet which produced the magnetic field gradient required for inducing a body force on the volume of the ferrofluid. The experimental results reveal flows with rich dynamical phenomena. The aggregation of the ferrofluid produces a self-assembled hemispherical structure which dynamically interacts with the host flow. The aggregation generates an occlusion creating a flow field that is similar to that past an obstruction. However, since the structure itself is of a fluidic nature, it is subject to shear forces caused by the host fluid. In addition, the wake of the flow behind the aggregation creates vortices which are critical to study the stability of the ferrofluid aggregate. This paper presents a detailed investigation of the dynamics of the flow using Time-Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, these are the first quantitative, spatiotemporally resolved measurements documenting the interaction of a host fluid with a ferrofluid aggregate under steady or pulsatile flow conditions.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Reduced Levels of Su(var)3-9 But Not Su(var)2-5 (HP1) Counteract the Effects on Chromatin Structure and Viability in Loss-of-Function Mutants of the JIL-1 Histone H3S10 Kinase

It has recently been demonstrated that activity of the essential JIL-1 histone H3S10 kinase is a major regulator of chromatin structure and that it functions to maintain euchromatic domains while counteracting heterochromatization and gene silencing. In the absence of JIL-1 kinase activity, the major heterochromatin markers histone H3K9me2 and HP1 spread in tandem to ectopic locations on the chromosome arms. In this study, we show that the lethality as well as some of the chromosome morphology defects associated with the null JIL-1 phenotype to a large degree can be rescued by reducing the dose of the Su(var)3-9 gene. This effect was observed with three different alleles of Su(var)3-9, strongly suggesting it is specific to Su(var)3-9 and not to second site modifiers. This is in contrast to similar experiments performed with alleles of the Su(var)2-5 gene that codes for HP1 in Drosophila where no genetic interactions were detectable between JIL-1 and Su(var)2-5. Taken together, these findings indicate that while Su(var)3-9 histone methyltransferase activity is a major factor in the lethality and chromatin structure perturbations associated with loss of the JIL-1 histone H3S10 kinase, these effects are likely to be uncoupled from HP1.
Endogenous Regulatory Constraints and the Emergence of Hybrid Regulation

Models of public utility regulation are often framed, alternatively, as rate-of-return or price-cap regulation. In practice, however, regulators have increasingly adopted a variety of hybrid regulatory constraints that embody elements of both these, and other, regulatory forms. In this paper, we draw upon elements of both the positive economic theory of regulation and standard efficiency-based economic analysis of regulation to develop a model that endogenously yields hybrid regulatory constraints as a regulatory optimum. In this context, the paper further demonstrates that a commonly observed side payment–profit sharing–enhances regulator welfare. The results provide a plausible basis for understanding the pattern of modern regulatory constraints.
Low prevalence of submucosal invasive carcinoma at esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus: a 20-year experience.

was to identify clinical risk factors for submucosal invasive adenocarcinoma in these patients. Design: A retrospective study. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Patients: All patients with preoperative BE with HGD or IMC treated with esophagectomy over a 20 year period. Interventions: Esophagectomy. Main Outcome Measurements: Submucosal invasive adenocarcinoma at esophagectomy. Results: Sixty patients were included (41 with preoperative HGD, 19 with preoperative IMC). The overall rate of submucosal invasive carcinoma was 6.7% (95% CI, 1.8%-16.2%) (n Z 4), with a 5% rate of submucosal invasion in patients with preoperative HGD and 11% for patients with preoperative IMC. All 4 patients with submucosal invasion at esophagectomy had either nodular or ulcerated mucosa on preoperative endoscopy. The 1-year and 5-year all-cause risks of death for the entire cohort were 1.9% and 10.9%, respectively. Limitations: Retrospective study. Conclusions: The rate of submucosal invasive adenocarcinoma at esophagectomy in BE patients with HGD or IMC on biopsy is much lower than 40%. After adequate sampling and staging, patients with BE with HGD and IMC, especially those without endoscopically visible lesions, can potentially be treated by nonsurgical (local) therapies. (Gastrointest Endosc 2009;69:777-83.)
Bayesian treatment effects

We continue with the selection setting discussed in the previous three chapters and apply Bayesian analysis. Bayesian augmentation of the kind proposed by Albert and Chib [1993] in the probit setting (see chapter 5) can be extended to selection analysis of treatment effects (Li, Poirier, and Tobias [2004]). An advantage of the approach is treatment effect distributions can be identified by bounding the unidentified parameter. As counterfactuals are not observed, the correlation between outcome errors is unidentified. However, Poirier and Tobias [2003] and Li, Poirier, and Tobias [2004] suggest using the positive definiteness of the variancecovariance matrix (for the selection equation error and the outcome equations’ errors) to bound the unidentified parameter.
Evaluation of Phloxine B as a Possible Control Agent Against Citrus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

We evaluated the toxicity of phloxine B photoactive dye combined with a cane molasses bait against citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton). Laboratory bioassays conducted under artificial light showed that thrips mortality followed a log-dose probit-response model with an estimated LC50 of 0.0079% dye. Diluted cane molasses plus 0.01% phloxine B then was used as a standard for comparison of eight additional baits, including three formulations of concentrated citrus peel liquor (CCPL1–3). Citrus thrips mortality ranked highest to lowest with CCPL1 and CCPL3 > CCPL2, Mo-Bait and cane molasses > concentrated beet molasses, concentrated cane molasses, hemicellulose extract, and whey. Several commercial surfactants were tested to see if their addition to the standard increased efficacy. Hyper-Active, Kinetic, and Tween 60 at 1% and Cohort, Hyper-Active, Kinetic, and Silwet at 0.25% when added to the standard, reduced citrus thrips mortality, whereas Tween 60 and Dyne-Amic at 0.25% had no effect. Cane molasses with one or 5% phloxine B dye and CCPL1 with 1% dye were sprayed on citrus trees and allowed to weather in the field. Laboratory bioassays conducted after leaves had weathered for up to 8 d indicated that bait-dye toxicity was persistent. Possible use of the bait-dye mixture in commercial control of citrus thrips is discussed.
Hospice and Palliative Care: The Essentials Guide, by Stephen R. Connor

Chronic and life-threatening conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are on the rise, which is increasing the need for hospice and palliative...
Phase derivative microscopy for label-free imaging of dynamic biological structures

Laplace and gradient field microscopy use a spatial light modulation in the Fourier plane of a microscope image to measure the intensity of field derivatives which is valuable in studying the dynamics of biological samples.
Inhibition of Complement by Culture Supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus produced a water-soluble extracellular material that inhibited the opsonization of fungal cells by normal human serum. Blastospores of Cryptococcus neoformans and conidia from A. fumigatus or Aspergillus niger were used as fungal targets for ingestion by human monocytes. The opsonic inhibitor from A. fumigatus was found to decrease binding of complement component C3b to fungal surfaces by selectively interfering with activation of the alternative complement pathway. Inhibition of complement did not appear to result simply from proteolysis, as judged by the minimal degradation of casein and of purified C3 and C4. The complement-inhibiting activity was partially labile to heating at 100 C and could be concentrated by using dialysis tubing with a 10,000-dalton exclusion limit. Aspergillus flavus, which is also a pathogen for humans, also produced this activity; A. niger did not. We speculate that this material may represent a pathogenesis factor for Aspergillus species.
Preference for Immediate Events: Choices between Immediate and Delayed Drinks of Quinine Sulfate Solution or Tap Water

When faced with inevitable mild electric shock to the wrist, most people prefer to “get it over with” immediately. The present experiment tested the generality of this preference by asking 60 college students to choose between immediate and delayed drinks of a bitter tasting quinine sulfate solution. The immediate bitter drink was chosen over an equally bitter, delayed drink on 88% of the trials. A control condition using tap water was also tested. Immediate tap water was chosen over delayed tap water on 84% of the trials. This is the first known study in which a nonaversive control has been used and suggests that the preference people have for immediate aversive events may be part of a larger preference for immediate events (positive, neutral, or aversive in hedonic tone).
Greater China, Cambodia, and the Garment Industry

Cambodia has struggled to diversify its economy in the past decade despite nearly double-digit growth per annum. Chinese interest and investment during this time comes at a critical juncture. This investment is driven from Taiwan and Hong Kong and spilled into multiple industries, but most notably the garment industry which represents 35 % of Cambodia’s GDP and is by far its largest foreign exchange earner. Moreover, Mainland China’s courting of Cambodia in front of a helpless America is seen as a beachhead for China’s string of pearls throughout Southeast Asia. A greater question arising is, what effects will Chinese influence have on Cambodia? The specific investment in garments demonstrates hand-in-hand governance, where governments and firms work together to create an environment generating growth, and thus far has produced positive results. A major point to consider relates to governance and how it may change when Cambodia continues to become entangled with Chinese interests and influence. Surprisingly, Cambodia has been able to achieve significant growth with foreign investment despite poor governance. The garment industry is an exception to the rule and may have enjoyed good enough governance to succeed.
Discovering Protein Clusters

As biological data about genes and their interactions proliferates, scientists have the opportunity to identify sets of proteins whose interactions make them worthy of further investigation. This paper reports on a knowledge discovery technique to support that work. Foretell is an algorithm originally designed to support search for solutions to constraint satisfaction problems. Recent adaptations enable Foretell to detect sets of genes that interact heavily with one another. We provide empirical results, and describe ongoing work on biological meaning and knowledge infusion from the user.
[Investigation of HIV and syphilis infection and AIDS-related behaviors among money boys, in Guangzhou, China].

Objective To explore the HIV and syphilis infection and AIDS-related behaviors among money boys (MB) in Guangzhou. Methods A total of 152 subjects were recruited from MB gathering place (clubs, parks, internet etc. )by a local NGO. Of which, 151 individuals completed the investigation and blood sample collection. An anonymous face to face interview were used to obtain data of AIDS-related behavior,knowledge and attitudes. Venous blood samples were collected for HIV and syphilis antibody test. x2 test were used to compare the characteristics of HIV and syphilis infection subjects and P ＜ 0. 05 was counted as significant. Results HIV and current syphilis infection rate were 11.3% ( 17/151 )and 19. 9% (30/151),respectively. Among the subjects,47.0% (71/151)had unprotected anal intercourse(UAI) with commercial male sex partners, 43. 7% (66/151) had UAI with non-commercial male sex partners in the past six month. 85.4% ( 129/151 )were aware of AIDS-related knowledge, while 34.4% (52/151) thought they have no risk of HIV infection,24.5% (37/151)didn't know the prevalence of HIV among MSM in China, and 55.0% (83/151) had no idea of HIV prevalence or thought HIV prevalence was not serious at all among MB. MB who had experienced sex after drunk/ used drugs had higher proportion of syphilis infection (33.3% vs 16. 5%; x2 = 4. 26, P = 0. 039), and who had ever been experiencing condom broken during sex had much higher syphilis infection rate than those didn't ( 36. 7% vs 15.7%; x2 = 6. 64, P = 0. 010). A multi-Logistics regression analysis showed that subjects had ever been experiencing condom broke during sex in the past six month were associated with syphilis infection (x2 = 6. 24, P = 0. 012; OR = 3. 11,95% CI=1.28 -7. 57). Conclusion Money boys have high prevalence of HIV and syphilis infection. They are lack of perception of HIV risk and active in unsafe sex behavior. Key words: HIV; Syphilis; Unsafe sex; Man who have sex with man; Commodification
Mosaicism induced by gene insertion as a means of improving chemotherapeutic selectivity.

This review focuses on the possibility that genes that alter drug sensitivity can be used to improve therapeutic selectivity. Particular attention is devoted to a prospective strategy that entails preemptive insertion of genes, in mosaic fashion, into the tissues of individuals in order to permit any subsequently arising neoplasm to be eradicated by drugs without unacceptable toxicity