cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Mindfulness in Emergency Telecommunicators: A Preliminary Study of a Revised Observing Construct

There is mixed psychometric evidence for the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire’s (FFMQ) Observing factor (FFMQ-Observing). Recent efforts to improve this construct produced a new Observing Scale consisting of three factors: Body Observing, Emotion Awareness, and External Perception. Using a sample of mostly nonmeditating emergency telecommunicators (TCs), this study explored this new Observing Scale’s factor structure, its viability as a replacement for the FFMQ-Observing factor, and its convergent validity. The FFMQ and additional mindfulness items from the new Observing Scale were administered via an online survey to emergency TCs (N = 242, Mage = 41.84, SD = 9.80, range = 18–72). We performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the Observing Scale, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a novel five-factor model integrating the Observing Scale with the FFMQ (excluding FFMQ-Observing), and correlations among the Observing Scale, the FFMQ, and mindfulness-based practices. EFA suggested four factors for the Observing Scale: Internal Body Observing, External Body Observing, Emotion Awareness, and External Perception. CFA failed to validate our integrated model, but the Observing Scale was positively correlated with the FFMQ and mindfulness-based practices. This study provides preliminary support for an improved Observing Scale, while suggesting a novel, four-factor structure in emergency TCs. Although the Observing Scale was not compatible with the FFMQ, this may reflect measurement error rather than model misspecification given evidence of content overlap and distinctive forms of Body Observing. Future attempts to validate the new Observing Scale in larger samples are encouraged before it may be recommended as an alternative to the FFMQ-Observing factor.
Comparison of Published Guidelines for the Diagnosis and the Management of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia.

The development of thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after the administration of the AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen vaccines has been recently described. This new condition has been called vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. The objective of this review is to summarize the clinical characteristics and therapeutic options of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia based on available published case series. Furthermore, we provide a comparison of the diagnostic pathway and treatment recommendations provided by six major medical societies. Data sources We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. Study selection We included case series and case reports on patients who developed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. We also included guidelines for the diagnosis and management of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia from major medical societies. Data extraction We examined baseline risk factors, symptoms, physical signs, laboratory and imaging findings, and treatment in patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia reported in the case series. We also analyzed the diagnostic and treatment recommendations provided by major societal guidelines on the management of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Data synthesis Patients who developed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia were more likely to be young women (age 20-50) who were given the AstraZeneca or Johnson & Johnson/Janssen 4-28 days prior to presentation. Patients showed signs, symptoms, and imaging findings consistent with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and splanchnic thrombosis. Laboratory findings showed thrombocytopenia, low fibrinogen, and elevate d-dimer levels, while positive platelet factor 4 antibodies were always positive. Major societal guidelines recommend avoidance of heparin and platelets. Treatment with nonheparin anticoagulants and IV immunoglobulin is also recommended. Conclusions Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia is a rare but highly morbid complication related to the administration of the AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen vaccines. Clinicians should be prepared for the early identification of patients with suspicious symptoms and prompt treatment should be initiated to avoid catastrophic deterioration. Major societal guidelines provide useful recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.
Effects of Response Cost in Computerized Programmed Instruction

Punishment improves discrimination learning, and programmed instruction is an elaborate form of discrimination training, so the present experiment assessed whether punishment also improves performance on programmed instruction. The cost of such improvement in terms of increased training time and dissatisfaction of subjects also was assessed. Three college students completed a computerized version of Holland and Skinner’s (1961) programmed text. One subject received a two-component multiple schedule within a reversal design, and two subjects received the same two-component multiple-schedule without a return-to-baseline phase. During baseline, subjects received 5¢ for each frame completed, regardless of whether responses were correct or incorrect. Multiple-schedule conditions were either baseline conditions or a loss of 5¢ for each incorrect response (punishment). Punishment improved performance by 10%, increased training time by 15%, and did not affect reported satisfaction. The most likely mechanisms for this improved performance are that punishment increased study time or the salience of stimuli. This experiment showed that punishment can improve performance by one letter grade without subject dissatisfaction or significantly increasing training time.
Further studies on diplopodia

Following an outcross to a nonrelated production-bred strain, a White Leghorn stock no longer segregated for diplopodia in the normal 3:1 phenotypic ratio but produced significant deficiencies of diplopod phenotypes. A program of selection over a period of seven years was successful in creating three lines producing significantly different ratios. Line I was restored to the normal 3:1 ratio (26·2% diplopods); line III produced an average incidence ranging from 7·8% to a low of 4·3%; and line II gave intermediate levels ranging from a high value of 17·4% to 8·2% in the last year’s progeny.
Influence of ridge migration and proximity to hot spots on the morphology of slow- and intermediate-spreading centers

Recent observations of ridge bathymetry suggest magmatic segmentation at fast- and intermediate-spreading centers is linked to the migration of the spreading axis over the mantle. At fast- and intermediate-spreading centers, Carbotte et al. (2004) observed that leading segments, those that are offset in the direction of ridge migration, are typically shallower (interpreted to be magmatically robust) relative to trailing segments across first- and second-order discontinuities. The model set forth for this correlation invokes asymmetrical mantle upwelling in response to the absolute motion of the ridge axis and the entrainment of melt from across discontinuities. In this investigation, differences in ridge axis depth across first- and second-order discontinuities are examined within the context of absolute plate motions for portions of the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR 22–36°N and 25–35°S latitude), intermediate-spreading Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC 83–98°W), and intermediate-spreading South East Indian Ridge (SEIR 77–114°E). Portions of each of these areas display chemical and/or physical anomalies resulting from hot spot–ridge interaction. Along non–hot spot–influenced sections of intermediate-spreading ridges, leading segments coincide with shallower segments across 72% of the first- and second-order discontinuities (86% of transform faults and 55% of second-order discontinuities). Depth asymmetries vary with ridge offset length, with maximum asymmetries for ridge offset lengths of 50–100 km. A weaker correlation is observed between ridge migration direction and ridge morphology at the slow-spreading MAR, where leading segments are shallower across ∼60% of first- and second-order discontinuities. For hot spot–influenced spreading centers, hot spot proximity dominates ridge morphology at intermediate-spreading centers, but it is not a consistent predictor of axial depth asymmetries at slow-spreading centers. This spreading-rate-dependent influence of ridge migration and hot spot proximity on axial morphology may reflect a more limited entrainment of melt from across slow-spreading discontinuities due to the predominance of three-dimensional upwelling and melt focusing to segment centers.
Use of Fusarium graminearum transformed with gfp to follow infection patterns in barley and Arabidopsis

The fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum attacks the seed spikes of barley and wheat, causing sterility, reduced seed weight and accumulation of mycotoxins. To explore infection patterns in barley and in the Arabidopsis model system, the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) was used to transform F. graminearum. Inoculation of intact barley spikes resulted in rapid colonization of the brush hairs (ovary epithelial hairs) at the extruded seed tip within 7 h. Colonization followed a pattern of rapid basipetal growth along the pericarp epithelium (interior to the lemma and palea), accompanied by slower growth inward through the pericarp and testa. However, at 16 days after infection the aleurone and starchy endosperm remained uninfected, despite heavy colonization of the pericarp. Colonization of the outer lemma also occurred but was much slower. No increase in amylase enzyme activities was found, discounting the possibility that F. graminearum utilizes gibberellin-induced host enzymes to tap the endosperm for nutrients. The transformed Fusarium strain readily infected Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and produced copious spores within distant leaves. Results show the utility of gfp in tracing the growth of this pathogen, without misinterpretation due to contaminating fungi, and for resistance studies utilizing the Arabidopsis model system.
Specifying and Checking Method Call Sequences in JML

In a pre and postconditions style specification, it is difficult to specify allowed sequences of method calls, often called protocols. However, the protocols are essential properties of reusable object-oriented classes and application frameworks, and the approaches based on the pre and postconditions, such as design by contracts (DBC) and formal behavioral interface specification languages (BISL), are being accepted as a practical and effective way of describing precise interfaces of (reusable) program modules. We propose a simple extension to JML, a BISL for Java, to specify protocol properties in an intuitive and concise manner. We also define a formal semantics of our extension and provide runtime checks. We believe that our approach can be easily adopted for other BISLs.
Function and Regulation of Photoreceptor Phosphodiesterase (PDE6) in the Visual Signaling Pathway

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the catalytic and regulatory features of the photoreceptor phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) that make it suitable as the central effector of the visual transduction pathway. Photoreceptor PDE6 is one of the 11 PDE family members that comprise the class I cyclic nucleotide PDE superfamily. These enzymes regulate the cellular levels of cAMP and/or cGMP. Some PDE families are specific for one cyclic nucleotide, while others are dual substrate enzymes. All class I PDEs possess a conserved catalytic region of approximately 270 amino acids located toward the C-terminus of the primary sequence. Most PDE families contain a regulatory region located within their N-terminal region. The primary sequences of the catalytic subunits of rod PDE6 are coded by two distinct genes, α (gene name, PDE6A) and β (gene name, PDE6B), which form a catalytic heterodimer, α β. A PDE6 catalytic subunit consists of highly conserved regulatory GAF domains, a catalytic domain, and a C-terminus that is posttranslationally modified. There are no X-ray crystal structures available for PDE6 holoenzyme or for individual catalytic or regulatory domains of the protein. The catalytic domain of PDE6 is likely to consist of 16 α-helices arranged into three subdomains. Two metal ions such as zinc and magnesium are coordinated by a group of 6 invariant residues present in all 11 class I PDE families, and form an integral part of the active site of PDE6. The ability of light-activated PDE6 to hydrolyze cGMP at the diffusion-controlled limit is essential for light-induced changes in cGMP levels to occur on the millisecond timescale needed for the physiological response of rods and cones to illumination.
Science and Mathematics Instruction of Beginning Elementary Teachers.

(1999). Science and Mathematics Instruction of Beginning Elementary Teachers. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 217-233.
Mechanisms to stimulate research on assay systems to detect aneuploidy.

It is clear that aneuploidy presents a serious human health hazard and that the incidences of Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, etc., are not insignificant in the human population (Hook; Evans, this Volume). It is also clear that to provide adequate medical care for such individuals involves substantial expenditure of funds at both the State and Federal levels (Edel and Edel, this Volume). The fact that aneuploidy can be produced by both physical and chemical agents raises the concern in many government agencies that there may be untested chemicals in the environment with the potential to cause increased frequencies of aneuploidy in the human population. There is an obvious need to screen environmental chemicals to identity potential chemicals inducing aneuploidy in experimental assay systems. But what chemicals could be used as positive controls and which assays should be used to detect those chemicals that would be active in the human population are both unresolved questions. The literature survey of chemicals that induce aneuploidy (Dellarco et al.; Waters et al., this Volume) has shown that the database is very limited; there are only about 20 chemicals that have been tested in 3 or more assays. We have the beginnings of a list of chemicals that are known to induce aneuploidy, but only limited information on the range of organisms affected by a particular chemical. In general, we do not have sufficient information to know whether or not a chemical that produces aneuploidy in yeast will also produce aneuploidy in the whole animal (including man). Alternatively, there is insufficient information to know whether chemicals that are active in mammals are also active in those lower eukaryotes that could be used in mass-screening programs.
Identification, cloning and analysis of expression of a new alternatively spliced form of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 mRNA

Abstract We have applied quantitative RT-PCR analysis to characterise relative levels of expression of the alternatively spliced mGluR1 mRNAs. This has also allowed us to identify and clone a new alternatively spliced form of the mGluR1 mRNA. The newly identified mGluR1f mRNA is expressed at moderate levels in rat brain, reaching its maximum in cortex. mGluR1f differs from the mGluR1a mRNA by deletion of a 35-bp fragment of the mGluR1a/α coding sequence and insertion of an 85-bp fragment, found only in mGluR1b/β mRNA.
Isolation of protein(s) containing chloride ion transport activity from thylakoid membranes.

Abstract Extracts of detergent-treated thylakoids, when reconstituted into azolectin/cholesterol/dicetyl phosphate vesicles, stimulate chloride ion efflux as measured with a Cl − -sensitive electrode. This stimulation is inhibited by piretanide, an active chloride ion transport inhibitor in fish intestinal epithelia. This stimulation is also abolished by pretreatment of extracted proteins with trypsin. Antiserum raised to efflux-active proteins inhibits a cation-driven Cl − influx in nonenergized thylakoids, as measured by a flow dialysis technique.
Use of slow-release pellets to administer calcitriol to avian embryos: effects on plasma calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.

Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) was administered to embryos of domestic fowl by slow-release pellets inserted into eggs on Day 10 of incubation. Mortality among embryos receiving 10 pg/day was no different from that of controls, but mortality among embryos receiving 100–1000 pg/day was elevated in later stages of incubation. Concentrations of calcium in plasma did not vary over the course of incubation among surviving embryos receiving carrier, but concentrations of magnesium and inorganic phosphorus declined with time. All doses of calcitriol elicited increases in plasma Ca and Mg on Day 12, and embryos may have responded also with a dose-dependent hypophosphatemia. The increases in plasma Ca and Mg were not sustained for the remainder of incubation, but the hypophosphatemia seemingly was of longer duration. This study demonstrates a new procedure for administering hormones to avian embryos and reveals that embryonic chickens respond in the expected manner to very small quantities of calcitriol.
Coccidioidomycosis of the male genital tract.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Symptomatic genital tract infection is a rare manifestation of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. We characterized the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and outcome in male patients with genitourinary coccidioidomycosis. Materials and Methods: We reviewed all cases of genital tract coccidioidomycosis involving testes, epididymis or prostate at our institution between 1990 and 2000, and searched the medical literature for all reports since the first reported case in 1943. Results: A total of 30 male patients with a median age of 58 years who had coccidioidomycosis of the genital tract were identified, including 6 at our institution. Four patients (13%) had a simultaneous pulmonary infection and 63% (19) had a remote history of primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. The most commonly involved genital tract sites were the epididymis in 18 cases, prostate in 14 and testes in 6. Patients with prostatitis presented with urinary obstruction, prostatic enlargement, tenderness and palpable nodules. Most patients with epididymal infection presented with scrotal swelling, tenderness and induration. All 30 patients (100%) had histopathological evidence of granulomatous inflammation with fungal spherules. Urine fungal cultures were positive in 19 cases (63%). A total of 12 patients received combined medical and surgical treatment, and 18 underwent surgical excision only. Most immunocompetent patients with isolated genital coccidioidomycosis did well with surgical resection alone. Six deaths occurred in patients with multifocal, extragenital, disseminated disease. Conclusions: Male genitourinary coccidioidomycosis is rare but it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with exposure to the endemic area who present with prostatitis or epididymitis.
Effects of thickness and transverse shear modulus nonlinearity on the post-“yield” and post-localization response of an externally pressurized imperfect cross-ply ring

Abstract The present investigation is concerned with the prediction of localization (onset of deformation softening) and post-localization and post-“yield” equilibrium paths for moderately thick and thick cross-ply [90/0/90] imperfect plane strain rings. These paths are often unstable in the presence of modal imperfections and material nonlinearity, and are considered to “bifurcate” from the primary equilibrium paths, representing periodic buckling patterns pertaining to global or structural level stability. The fully nonlinear finite element analysis, based on the total Lagrangian formulation, employs a three-dimensional theory, known as layer-wise linear displacement distribution theory (LLDT), to capture the three-dimensional interlaminar (especially, shear) deformation behavior, associated with the localized interlaminar shear-crippling failure. The combined effects of modal imperfections, interlaminar shear/normal deformation and nonlinear (hypo-elastic) material property for the transverse shear modulus, G TT , on the localization and delocalization (deformation hardening) phenomena are thoroughly investigated, and physically meaningful conclusions are drawn from these numerical results.
Human ESC-derived hemogenic endothelial cells undergo distinct waves of endothelial to hematopoietic transition

Several studies have demonstrated that hematopoietic cells originate from endotheliumin early development; however, the phenotypic progression of progenitor cells during human embryonic hemogenesis is not well described. Here, we define the developmental hierarchy among intermediate populations of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We genetically modified hESCs to specifically demarcate acquisition of vascular (VE-cadherin) and hematopoietic (CD41a) cell fate and used this dual-reporting transgenic hESC line to observe endothelial to hematopoietic transition by real-time confocal microscopy. Live imaging and clonal analyses revealed a temporal bias in commitment of HPCs that recapitulates discrete waves of lineage differentiation noted during mammalian hemogenesis. Specifically, HPCs isolated at later time points showed reduced capacity to form erythroid/ megakaryocytic cells and exhibited a tendency toward myeloid fate that was enabled by expression of the Notch ligand Dll4 on hESC-derived vascular feeder cells. These data provide a framework for defining HPC lineage potential, elucidate a molecular contribution from the vascular niche in promoting hematopoietic lineage progression, and distinguish unique subpopulations of hemogenic endothelium during hESC differentiation. Key points Live imaging of endothelial to hematopoietic conversion identifies distinct subpopulations of hESC-derived hemogenic endothelium. Expression of the Notch ligand DII4 on vascular ECs drives induction of myeloid fate from hESC-derived hematopoietic progenitors.
SU-GG-T-336: A Track Repeating Algorithm for Fast Proton Dose Calculations

Purpose:Monte Carlo tracking programs are utilized for accurate dose calculations in protonradiation therapy. They are superior to commonly used analytical dose calculations in accuracy, however, they are highly demanding computer resources. The aim of this work is to characterize fast algorithm for accurate dose calculations based on a track repeating Monte Carlo approach. Method and Materials: A few hundred thousand proton trajectories in water, generated with GEANT4, were stored in a database in discrete steps. The trajectories were utilized to calculate dose in various materials by rescaling the step length and angles between consecutive steps. The extrapolation is applied to a variety of materials, including bone and metals, which are important for patient with prostheses. Results: The track repeating approach reduced the CPU time required for a complete dose calculation in a patient by more than two orders of magnitude. The track repeating approach reproduced the results from the traditional Monte Carlo approaches within 4% in dose and within 1 mm in distance to agreement. Conclusion: A fast track repeating algorithm based on GEANT4 provided a substantial reduction in CPU time with very little loss in accuracy. The approach is not limited to GEANT4 and the developed tool can be utilized with other Monte Carlo programs.
Isolation and characterization of mRNA from Paramecium aurelia

Abstract Total cellular RNA was isolated from the ciliate protozoan Paramecium aurelia by pH 9.5 chloroform octanol extraction. Passage of this RNA through an oligo(dT)-cellulose column in 0.5 M NaCl resulted in 2–3% binding, indicating the presence of polyadenylic acid sequences. These polyadenylic acid regions were estimated to be 250–500 nucleotides in length, based on their resistance to ribonuclease degradation. The oligo(dT)-cellulose bound RNA sedimented at 14–25 S in sodium dodecyl sulphate sucrose gradients. The base composition of this RNA is similar to the base composition of the DNA. This RNA was also actively translated into protein by an in vitro protein synthesizing system isolated from wheat germ. Translation was optimal under conditions similar to those used for mammalian mRNA translation. In addition, translation of the P. aurelia oligo(dT)-cellulose bound RNA was inhibited 80% by the analog 7-methylguanosine-5′-phosphate, suggesting the presence of a 5′-capped terminus.
Isolation of envelope membranes from bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize.

Bundle sheath strands were isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) leaves treated with preparations of cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase. A three-phase discontinuous gradient yielded two fractions of envelope membranes from bundle sheath chloroplasts. Buoyant densities were 1.06 and 1.09 g cm−3. The lighter fraction contained membrane vesicles under light microscopy, but centrifugation produced a pellet that was too small and unstable for purposes of electron microscopy. The heavier fraction contained single and double membrane vesicles and was studied further. Enzymic, chemical, light microscopic, and electron microscopic examination showed less than 2% contamination by stromal contents, no contamination by microbial, microsomal, or mitochondrial membranes, and possible low levels of lamellar membrane contamination. Yields of 0.5 mg of envelope membrane protein were obtained from 56-g leaf sections. The Mg2+-dependent nonlatent ATPase activity, a marker enzyme for chloroplast envelope membranes, was 40 μmoles Pi released hr−1 mg protein−1, a value similar to that obtained with pure mesophyll chloroplast envelope membranes from other plants.
Geodesic shape distance and integral invariant shape features for automatic target recognition

Scale, rotational, and translational invariance is important in shape classification problems for automatic target recognition. In this work, we employ integral invariant shape metrics and geodesic shape distance features for shape analysis of closed curves extracted from 2-D synthetic aperture sonar imagery. Results demonstrate that both metrics allow for good class separation over multiple target shapes whether through pair-wise comparison or with a small library of shape templates.
Advanced capabilities for future light sources.

Methods to extend the capabilities of light sources beyond those available at the current generation synchrotron radiation sources based on undulators in electron storage rings are discussed. Taking advantage of the radiation–particle interaction and/or the availability of high-power ultrashort optical lasers, it is possible to develop sources with higher brightness, smaller temporal resolution, or higher photon energy. This paper is a summary of some of these schemes, with an emphasis on new ideas rather than on a comprehensive review.
X-Rays detected from Jupiter

Investigators, studying data from NASA's second High Energy Astronomy Observatory, have confirmed the emission of X rays from Jupiter. The giant planet thus joins earth as the only planets known to produce X rays. The X ray emission was confirmed by a team led by Albert Metzger of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The group's findings were reported by Metzger last week at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society, at the University of Maryland, College Park.
Maternal Cardiovascular Adjustments to Pregnancy

T HERE ARE several reasons for interest in the maternal hemodynamic adjustments that accompany pregnancy. An understanding of these reversible changes and the mechanisms regulating them will lead to increased knowledge concerning the physiology of the circulation and its control. Moreover, as physicians we have additional concerns. In a few women with preexisting disease of the heart or blood vessels, the circulatory changes of pregnancy are hazardous. In a few others, previously normal, events occur in association with pregnancy that result in important diseases of the circulatory system. Finally, from the standpoint of preventive medicine, an inadequate maternal hemodynamic response to pregnancy may provide an intrauterine environment that jeopardizes fetal development: congenital defects, including congenital heart diseases, begin during pregnancy, and mea-
Directional optimisation of a quadratic Lyapunov function

An effective way of constructing optimum Lyapunov functions is presented. This is achieved by seeking an optimum Lyapunov function for each direction in the phase space. The composite of these optimum Lyapunov functions defines the optimum region of stability.
Apoptosis in neurological disease

Enormous interest in cell death in the past several years has moved apoptosis to the forefront of scientific research. Apoptosis has been found to mediate cell deletion in tissue homeostasis, embryological development, and immunological functioning. It also occurs in pathological conditions, including cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Claims of neuronal apoptosis induced by various agents and conditions are published regularly, but in many instances the data are questionable because they are incomplete. This review presents a brief history of apoptosis and describes the evidence required before claims of apoptosis are made. Summaries and critiques of important investigations concerning the genetic and biochemical regulation of neuronal apoptosis are presented, as are other studies describing connections between apoptosis and neuronal cell death in physiological and pathological situations. There is a realization that apoptosis can be programmed and is distinguishable from necrotic cell death. Combining apoptosis with programmed cell death produces misleading terminology and confusion over these two forms of cell degeneration. Further investigations into neuronal apoptosis should focus on all of the criteria that the original investigators outlined 25 years ago, to clarify whether apoptosis and/or another form of cell death mediates neuronal degeneration in physiological settings and in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and ischemia/stroke.
Negative Thought Stopping. A Key to Performance Enhancement.

(1987). Negative Thought Stopping. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 66-69.
An evaluation of nozzle relaminarization using Low Reynolds Number k-epsilon turbulence models

Two nozzle flowfields are evaluated numerically using a Low Reynolds k-epsilon turbulence model to examine possible boundary layer relaminarization. Flow enters the scramjet-like nozzles at a Mach Number of approximately 4.5 and is expanded around smooth shoulders to an exit Mach number of about 6.5. The strong streamwise acceleration and large favorable pressure gradients act with the convex curvature to form small regions of laminar-like boundary layer behavior along the expansion surface. Two relaminarization criteria are evaluated and they both predict relaminarization to be occurring, with the trends accurately modeled by the Low-Reynolds Number turbulence model that is used. The Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model cannot model the near-wall changes that take place in the rapidly accelerating boundary layer, but it proves to be useful in providing the acceleration parameters used in predicting the potential for relaminarization.
The impact of concordant and discordant conditions on the quality of care for hyperlipidemia.

Background Physician treatment of cardiovascular risk factors may be affected by specific types of patient comorbidities.
Wide-pore silica-based ether-bonded phases for separation of proteins by high-performance hydrophobic-interaction and size-exclusion chromatography.

Abstract This paper examines the use of wide-pore silica-based hydrophilic ether-bonded phases for the chromatographic separation of proteins under mild elution conditions. In particular, ether phases of the following structure  Si-(CH 2 ) 3 -O-(CH 2 -CH 2 -O) n -R, where n  1, 2, 3 and R  methyl, ethyl or n -butyl, have been prepared. These phases can be employed either in high-performance hydrophobic-interaction or size-exclusion chromatography, depending on mobile phase conditions. In the hydrophobic-interaction mode, a gradient of decreasing salt concentration, e.g. , from 3 M ammonium sulfate (pH 6.0, 25°C), yields sharp peaks with high mass recovery of active proteins. In this mode, retention can be controlled by salt type and concentration, as well as by column temperature. In the size-exclusion mode, use of medium ionic strength, e.g. , 0.5 M ammonium acetate (pH 6.0) yields linear calibration of log (MW[ n ]) vs. retention volume. Even at 0.05 M salt concentration, no stationary phase charge effects on protein elution are observed. These bonded-phase columns exhibit good column-to-column reproducibility and constant retention for at least five months of continual use. Examples of the high-performance separation of proteins in both modes are illustrated.
Shared health governance and the problem of stability.

Political philosophy is concerned with three tasks: identifying fundamental principles for regulating social institutions, demonstrating the application of those principles to familiar political an...
Comprehension and Production of Gesture in Combination with Speech in One-Word Speakers.

This study explores the role that gesture plays in the earliest stages of language learning. We describe how one-word speakers use gesture in combination with speech in their spontaneous communications, and interpret gesture presented in combination with speech in an experimental situation. Forty one-word speakers (ages 1;2.22 to 2;4.6) were videotaped in a free-play session which provided data on the child's spontaneous gesture and speech production. The children were also given a comprehension task in which the presence and absence of gesture were systematically varied in relation to speech. We found that (1) all of the children spontaneously produced gestures in combination with speech, and (2) all of the children were able to understand gesture when it was presented in combination with speech, not only when the gesture was redundant with speech but also when the gesture substituted for speech. These data suggest that, even at this young age, gesture naturally forms an integrated system with speech in both production and comprehension.
Type-1 pericytes participate in fibrous tissue deposition in aged skeletal muscle.

In older adults, changes in skeletal muscle composition are associated with increased fibrosis, loss of mass, and decreased force, which can lead to dependency, morbidity, and mortality. Understand...
New genes for disease resistances through somatic hybridization

Somatic hybridization, a process of combining protoplasts from different plants, can provide new sources of disease resistances for plants. In the case of wild and cultivatedSolanum species, the hybrids express resistances from each partner in the fusion and can often be crossed with cultivars to improve agronomic characteristics of the tubers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses can provide a means for determining that the plants being investigated are actually hybrids as well as a means for following the introgression of DNA into progeny lines. These points are addressed in this paper with specific reference to somatic hybrids betweenSolanum brevidens and potato.
The Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of Sulfur Dioxide

Measurements of spectrograms of the ultraviolet S${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ absorption bands taken at different pressures, tube lengths and temperatures together with known infrared and Raman frequencies serve to locate the three fundamental vibrational series. Tables giving the band assignments to these sequences are included. The three lower state frequencies for infinitesimal amplitude are 1369, 1164 and 610 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, while for the excited state the corresponding frequencies are 341, 387 and 290 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The types of addition series are discussed.The excited state $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{v}:v$ curves for $vl4$ have a positive slope, while for $vg4$ there is a sudden reversal to the usual negative anharmonic coefficient. The three ground state frequencies indicate a value of 34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the half-angle at the apex of the S${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ triangular model. Comparisons of the heats of dissociation estimated from the extended areas under the $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{v}:v$ curves with thermal and spectroscopic data suggest the process S${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}S+${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ for the two symmetrical vibrations and S${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}SO+O for the asymmetrical vibration. The dissociation products appear to be the same in the two electronic states.
Randomized comparison of laparoscopic and transabdominal burch urethropexy for the treatment of genuine stress incontinence

Abstract Objective: To compare operative parameters, complications, recovery, success rate, and urodynamic results between laparoscopic and transabdominal Burch urethropexies. Methods: Women with stress incontinence, from five centers, were randomly assigned to a laparoscopic or transabdominal Burch urethropexy. Operative parameters and postoperative recovery were compared. Physical examination and subjective and objective cures were assessed at 3 months and 1 year. Urodynamic studies were also performed at 1 year. Results: Sixty-two subjects completed follow-up (28 laparoscopic and 34 transabdominal Burches). Three laparoscopic procedures were converted to abdominal procedures due to severe intraabdominal adhesions. The laparoscopic Burch had a longer mean operating time (173.2 minutes versus 118.6 minutes, P = 0.0001). The transabdominal Burch had a longer mean hospital stay (2.1 days versus 1.4 days, P = 0.0057). There were no statistical differences between complications, postoperative fever, and mean time to resumption of voiding. Objective surgical success was not different between the laparoscopic and transabdominal Burch groups at 3 months (100% versus 97.06%) and 1 year (92.86% versus 88.24%). No significant differences were noted in urodynamic measures. Conclusions: Although differences exist between the laparoscopic and transabdominal Burch with regard to operating time and hospital stay, both procedures are comparable with regard to surgical success in treating stress incontinence.
Dynamics of a Black Crappie Population in a Heterogeneous Cooling Reservoir

Abstract Spatial and annual variation in density, growth, and size structure of black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus in Lake Wylie, North Carolina-South Carolina, were determined during a 5-year study. Water temperature, turbidity, total phosphorus, and nitrate+nitrite-nitrogen in Lake Wylie varied across zones and years. Significant (P < 0.0001) year or year-class × zone interactions were detected in catch rates, first-year growth, and second-year growth. Significant (P ≤ 0.0002) spatial and year-class effects on first-, second-, and third-year growth were also observed. Black crappies were attracted to the heated effluent of a power plant. First-year growth was correlated (r = 0.55; P < 0.05) with average water temperature during the growing season (April through October). Second- and third-year growth were among the fastest reported in the literature. Second-year growth was faster in areas with higher densities of threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense, which appeared to concentrate in the more nutrient-ri...
Transcervical endoscois verification of congenital anomalies in the second trimester of pregnancy

Transcervical endoscopy was used to confirm prenatally diagnosed anomalies before elective termination of pregnancy. A complete anatomic survey was accomplished in 10 (70%) of 14 cases studied. Information was added to the ultrasonographic diagnosis in two cases, which changed the diagnosis in one fetus.
The emergence of emergence.

Using chemical intuition often allows one to predict what might transpire on throwing a batch of chemicals into a beaker, but sometimes the unexpected can occur. Bruce C. Gibb discusses how you define an 'emergent phenomenon', recognizing that it's not a simple exercise and can actually be different for each of us.
Comparing Alternative Voices in the Academy: Navigating the Complexity of Mentoring Relationships from Divergent Ethnic Backgrounds

In this article, we explore the personal mentoring experiences of two female scholars of diverse ethnic backgrounds across research-intensive institutions. Female faculty of color face substantial barriers to success in academe including mental and emotional discomfort, being treated as symbolically representing their race and gender, and social isolation. There is a distinct paucity of literature that describes the experiences of American Indian women in the Academy. Many women of Western European descent face similar barriers, regardless of racial majority status. This auto-ethnographic comparative study explores the degree to which the experiences of women from differing ethnicities might lend insight into the ways in which barriers to success both converge and differ at the microlevel. These convergent themes of mentorship have the possibility of providing insights for the development of intentional mentorship practice to support junior faculty and doctoral students engaged in scholarship.
The Relationship Between Gender and Postconcussion Symptoms After Sport-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective The authors sought to define the relationship between gender and postconcussion symptoms (PCSx) at 3 months after sport-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and, further, to examine whether age (minors vs. adults), source of PCSx reporting (self-reported vs. proxy), previous head injury or loss of consciousness, or the sport type in which the mTBI was incurred explain any observed gender differences in PCSx. Design Prospective nested cohort study. Setting Regional trauma center emergency department. Patients A total of 260 patients who presented with sport-related mTBI, as defined by American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine criteria, began the study. The participants who lacked litigation concerning the mTBI and had participated in the follow-up assessment completed the study (n = 215). Assessment of Risk Factors Self, proxy, and interviewer report of age, gender, previous head injury or loss of consciousness, and sport in which injury was sustained. Main Outcome Measurements Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). Results Adult females are at greater risk for elevated RPQ scores (odds ratio [OR] = 2.89, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.25-6.71; P = .013) but not female minors (OR = 0.87, 95% CI=0.45-1.71]; P = .695), as compared with male subjects. Adjustment for empirically identified confounders in each age group revealed persisting elevated risk for adult females (OR = 2.57, 95% CI=1.09-6.08; P = .031), but not minor females (OR = 1.07, 95% CI=0.52-2.19, P = .852). The risk associated with female gender in adults could not be explained by characteristics of the sports, such as helmeted versus not, or contact versus no contact, in which women incurred mTBIs. No sport characteristics were associated with increased risk of PCSx after mTBI. Conclusions Adult females, but not female minors, are at increased risk for PCSx after sport-related mTBI as compared with male patients. This increased risk cannot be explained by self-report, rather than proxy report, of symptoms, previous head injury or loss of consciousness, age, or sport characteristics. Further research is needed to elucidate the processes of age-differential recovery from mild brain injury in women and on how to most effectively incorporate appropriate follow-up after emergency department evaluation.
Noradrenaline, somatostatin and opioids inhibit activity of single HVA/N-type calcium channels in excised neuronal membranes.

Unitary barium currents were measured in outside-out patches of membrane from acutely dissociated guinea-pig submucosal neurones. A single set of HVA/N-like calcium channels with unitary conductance in 110 mM barium of approximately 10 pS was activated by depolarization; channel activity did not show inactivation during 100 ms duration depolarizing pulses. Somatostatin, [Met5]enkephalin and α 2-adrenoceptor agonists, which are known to partially inhibit macroscopic calcium currents in these neurones, decreased frequency of single channel opening per depolarizing pulse without altering unitary conductance. Agonists were effective only when GTP was included in the patch pipette. These experiments directly demonstrate that an excised membrane patch can sustain local convergence of multiple receptors to a single calcium channel.
Saccade Adaptation Abnormalities Implicate Dysfunction of Cerebellar-Dependent Learning Mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

The cerebellar vermis (lobules VI-VII) has been implicated in both postmortem and neuroimaging studies of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This region maintains the consistent accuracy of saccadic eye movements and plays an especially important role in correcting systematic errors in saccade amplitudes such as those induced by adaptation paradigms. Saccade adaptation paradigms have not yet been used to study ASD. Fifty-six individuals with ASD and 53 age-matched healthy controls performed an intrasaccadic target displacement task known to elicit saccadic adaptation reflected in an amplitude reduction. The rate of amplitude reduction and the variability of saccade amplitude across 180 adaptation trials were examined. Individuals with ASD adapted slower than healthy controls, and demonstrated more variability of their saccade amplitudes across trials prior to, during and after adaptation. Thirty percent of individuals with ASD did not significantly adapt, whereas only 6% of healthy controls failed to adapt. Adaptation rate and amplitude variability impairments were related to performance on a traditional neuropsychological test of manual motor control. The profile of impaired adaptation and reduced consistency of saccade accuracy indicates reduced neural plasticity within learning circuits of the oculomotor vermis that impedes the fine-tuning of motor behavior in ASD. These data provide functional evidence of abnormality in the cerebellar vermis that converges with previous reports of cellular and gross anatomic dysmorphology of this brain region in ASD.
The tip of the iceberg for child abuse: the critical roles of the pediatric trauma service and its registry.

BACKGROUND:: The incidence of child abuse is approximately 10% of all children presenting to an emergency department (ED), with a mortality rate less than 1%. By contrast, the characteristics of the subset of abused children presenting to a pediatric trauma service (PTS) is not well defined. METHODS:: This study was a retrospective evaluation of prospectively collected information from an urban Level I pediatric trauma registry from 1990 to 2002 (n = 11,919). Child abuse cases and their perpetrators were identified by E-codes. Patterns of injuries were examined by integer International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, and diagnostic model was evaluated by discrimination and goodness-of-fit. RESULTS:: A total of 171 cases of child abuse (1.4%) were identified, and the majority were boys (59%, p > 0.05 vs. nonabuse cases). The median age of the abused cohort was younger than 1 year old, and the number of abuse cases did not differ over time (mean, 11 per year.) Abused children present with a higher median Injury Severity Score (10 vs. 4, p