cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific pan‐neural crest expression of zebrafish Crestin throughout embryonic development

Zebrafish crestin was identified in a screen for genes dependent on cyclops function and is a member of a family of retroelements (Rubinstein et al. [2000] Genesis 26:86-97). We report here a detailed description of crestin mRNA expression during zebrafish embryogenesis. Crestin expression was first observed during the onset of somitogenesis in cells of the neural crest domain of the ectoderm. Crestin expression was subsequently observed in premigratory cranial and trunk neural crest cells and then in actively migrating crest cells. Cell counts of crestin-expressing premigratory trunk neural crest cells strongly suggest that crestin is expressed by all neural crest cells at this stage. Crestin expression co-localized with a battery of markers for premigratory neural crest cells, developmentally distinct neural crest-derived precursor sublineages, and overtly differentiated neural crest-derived cell types. Expression of crestin is gradually downregulated in overtly differentiated cells. Our results indicate that crestin is a specific pan-neural crest marker throughout zebrafish embryogenesis.
Centrosomes and mitotic poles

The original theory of the centrosome as the 'reproductive organ' of the cell provides a logical explanation of the mitotic poles and the accuracy of cell division. No alternative explanation has replaced it. The historical problem was the failure to identify centrosomes as compact physical bodies in a great many kinds of cells. In this essay, I consider the evidence that centrosomes are flexible bodies; they may take on alternative forms and their forms determine the shapes of mitotic poles and other organizers of microtubular structures. Compact corpuscular centrosomes are not necessary and would not be expected in cases where microtubules clearly do not originate from point sources. A model of the flexible centrosome is introduced and the speculation that the centrosome is a bearer of morphological information is considered.
Reactivity of photochemically-generated lipid hydroperoxides in cell membranes with glutathione peroxidase.

Abstract The ability of glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) to catalyze the reductive inactivation of phot-ochemically-generated lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) was investigated, using hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) as a photosensitizing agent and erythrocyte ghosts as membrane targets. Glutathione peroxidase was reactive toward photoperoxidized membranes only after their exposure to phospholi-pase A2 (PLA2)- Iodometrically-determined LOOH values were typically 30–40% greater than values measured by enzymatic assay using Gpx and glutathione reductase. A consistent result was obtained when photooxidized membranes were treated with PLA2 and GSH/Gpx followed by iodometric assay, viz. persistence of approximately 40% of the starting LOOH. Whereas photooxidized egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes underwent total LOOH loss when incubated with PLA2 and GSH/Gpx, no net loss was observed with photooxidized cholesterol/dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The results suggest that cholesterol hydroperoxides in ghost membranes account for the Gpx-resistant fraction of LOOHs.
Multiple inverted follicular keratoses as a presenting sign of Cowden's syndrome: Case report with human papillomavirus studies

Inverted follicular keratosis is characterized by a squamous epithelial expansion of the infundibular portion of the hair follicle in an exophytic and endophytic pattern. The lesion is often associated with squamous eddies similar to an irritated keratosis and may have a superficial papillomatous architecture. The lesion most often arises as a solitary nodule on the face of middle age to elderly individuals. Inverted follicular keratosis has been described as a distinct entity by some while others believe that it is related to trichilemmomas and/or verruca vulgares. The cutaneous pathology of Cowden's syndrome is characterized by multiple trichilemmomas. We present a woman who fulfills the clinical criteria for Cowden's syndrome and who initially presented with multiple inverted follicular keratoses. Also, in situ hybridization studies performed on the patient's keratoses do not reveal evidence of human papillomavirus infection.
In vivo spectroscopic monitoring of renal ischemia and reperfusion in a rat model

Currently no clinical tool exists that measures the degree of ischemic injury incurred in tissue and assesses tissue function following transplantation. In response to this clinical problem, we explore optical spectroscopy to quantitatively assess ischemic injury. In our method we monitor the autofluorescence intensities under excitation suitable to excite specific tissue fluorophores. Specifically, a first excitation probes NADH, a biomolecule known to change its emission properties depending on the tissue's metabolic state. A second excitation is used to mainly probe tryptophan, a biomolecule expected to be minimally affected by metabolism. We postulate that the ratio of the two autofluorescence signals can be used to monitor tissue behavior during ischemia and reperfusion. To evaluate this approach, we acquire autofluorescence images of the injured and contralateral control kidney in vivo in a rat model under excitation at both wavelengths during injury and reperfusion. Our results indicate that this approach has the potential to provide real-time monitoring of organ function during transplantation.
Modeling of white layer formation under thermally dominant conditions in orthogonal machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel

This paper presents a finite element model for white layer formation in orthogonal machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel under thermally dominant cutting conditions that promote martensitic phase transformations. The model explicitly accounts for the effects of stress and strain, transformation plasticity and the effect of volume expansion accompanying phase transformation on the transformation temperature. Model predictions of white layer depth are found to be in agreement with experimental values. The paper also analyzes the effect of white layer formation on residual stress evolution in orthogonal cutting of AISI 52100 hardened steel. Model simulations show that white layer formation does have a significant impact on the magnitude of surface residual stress and on the location of the peak compressive residual stress.
A multicenter prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of F-18 FDG-PET/CT in patients with AJCC stage IIIB or IIIC extremity melanoma.

Objective/Background:There is a high risk of relapse in stage IIIB/IIIC melanoma. The utility of 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography integrated with computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in these patients to evaluate response to treatment or for surveillance after treatm
Heat Transfer in Meat Patties during Double-Sided Cooking

A simplified mathematical model was developed to predict the temperature profiles during meat patty cooking by double-sided pan-frying. Conduction was considered the main mechanism for heat transfer, and enthalpy formulation was used to avoid the discontinuity problem of the phase change during melting. The energy involved for vaporizing water was considered using appropriate boundary conditions. The model was solved according to a method based on an explicit finite difference approximation and was validated by comparing predicted and experimental temperature profiles obtained at 163°C and 204°C at the bottom platen and 177°C and 221°C at the top platen, respectively. The experimental and predicted data were in good agreement. The model was used to examine the sensitivity of patty cooking to different process conditions.
Bile acids from the harp seals, Phoca groenlandica.

Abstract 1. 1. The bile acids composition of the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica , collected around Newfoundland, Canada, had been examined. 2. 2. 13 C n.m.r. spectroscopy of the crude bile extract was superior to t.l.c. analysis in revealing the presence of phocaecholic acid and a taurine moiety in this mixture. 3. 3. The relative percentage of cholic, phocaecholic and chenodeoxycholic acids was 60.5% (±4.5), 21.4% (±4.0) and 18.1% (±5.8), respectively. 4. 4. The variation in the percentage of bile acids did not correlate with the sex of the sampled animals, but varied significantly with the age of the seals.
A dielectric anomaly at the metal-nonmetal transition

Abstract The divergence in the real part of the dielectric constant which accompanies a metal-nonmetal transition is described. Particular attention is paid to metal-ammonia solutions.
Electron-Spin Polarization in Tunnel Junctions with Ferromagnetic EuS Barriers

Spin-resolved tunneling in the structure metal-EuS-metal has been obtained. The metal electrodes used in our experiments being non-magnetic, polarization of the tunnel current is attributed to the conduction band splitting in EuS below its ferromagnetic Curie temperature. Enhanced Zeeman splitting in the superconducting aluminum film is also observed.
Vocalizations in the genus Spinus

Abstract The call notes of Spinus lawrencei are higher in pitch and have a narrower frequency range than those of S. psaltria and S. tristis . This reflects the fact that lawrencei and psaltria breed sympatrically while tristis is ecologically isolated from them. The contact calls and courtship calls are the most distinctive for each species, a special advantage for these birds which often flock together during winter months. Similarity in threat, alarm and distress cries shows lack of selection pressure for species specificity and is advantageous in mixed flocks. Both females and juveniles give a rhythmic food-begging call. Juvenile males give a warbling subsong. Full song is produced only by adult males and functions both in territorial and reproductive activities.
Case selection and outcome of radical perineal prostatectomy in localized prostate cancer

Radical prostatectomy continues to play a central role in the management of localized prostate cancer. The majority of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer will undergo radical prostatectomy. A decrease in the morbidity of this surgical procedure has been accomplished through an improved understanding of pelvic anatomy and a greater understanding of the natural history of prostate cancer. Recently, minimally invasive techniques have been applied to radical prostatectomy (laparoscopic prostatectomy) in order to further decrease the morbidity of this operation. What remains to be determined is whether this approach confers the same long term surgical outcomes as the open approach. One method which offers known long term outcomes coupled with decreased morbidity is the radical perineal prostatectomy. The purpose of this paper is to review the criteria for patient selection as well as outcomes of the radical perineal prostatectomy.
The synthesis of apatites with an organophosphate and in nonaqueous media

Abstract The syntheses of barium, cadmium, calcium, lead, and strontium apatites were performed in anhydrous polar organic solvents such as DMSO, anisole, pyridine, glacial acetic acid, ethanol, methanol, and DMF. Reactions took place under anhydrous conditions at temperatures ranging from 80 to 120 °C and for durations of 1–6 days. Ten apatites were synthesized in nonaqueous solvents and three (PbApF, PbApCl, SrApCl) were obtained using trimethylphosphate as the phosphate source. The use of nonaqueous solvents alleviates the formation of hydrogen phosphates which occurs in aqueous solution for some divalent cations. The limited solubility of even alkali metal salts in many of the solvents also produces nonapatitic double salts such as NaPb4(PO4)3, NaPbPO4, KPb4(PO4)3, Cd(OH)NO3, and NaBaPO4.
Algorithms for vertical partitioning in database physical design

Abstract An overriding objective in database physical design is to minimize the number of accesses made in the secondary storage when processing transactions. Vertical partitioning is a major step in database physical design to ensure fewer disk accesses. This paper defines the vertical partitioning problem and discusses the limitations of existing clustering algorithms for the problem. A new clustering algorithm is proposed. Our algorithm uses the branch and bound approach. It may use an optimal or heuristic branching scheme and therefore it may generate optimal or approximate solutions. Not only does our algorithm avoid the limitations of existing approaches, but also it performs better than existing algorithms in our comparative study.
X-point tunneling in AlAs/GaAs double barrier heterostructures

The dynamics of X-point tunneling in AlAs–GaAs–AlAs double barrier heterostructures is studied with numerical simulation. The problem is formulated within the framework of the one-band Wannier orbital model which allows for simultaneous descriptions of the Gamma-point double barrier profile and the X-point double well profile in this heterostructure. Time dependences of the following processes are illustrated: (i) resonant tunneling of Gamma-valley electron packets via the X-point quantum well states localized in the AlAs layers, (ii) nonresonant tunneling of Gamma-electron packets (with energy below the AlAs Gamma-point barrier) through the X-point continuum states, and (3) resonant tunneling via Gamma-X mixed quantum well states localized in both the GaAs Gamma-point quantum well and the AlAs X-point double quantum well. In addition, the effects of X-point tunneling on the escape times of electrons localized in the GaAs quantum wells are examined.
The effects of forest fragmentation on euglossine bee communities (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Abstract Despite scientific and media attention on pollinator declines, there is still only a rudimentary understanding of the response of bees—the most important group of pollinators worldwide—to ongoing land use changes. Euglossine bees are an ecologically important Neotropical clade of forest-dependent pollinators. Despite the fact that euglossines are well studied relative to other groups of tropical bees, only three previous studies, all from Brazil, address the response of euglossines to forest fragmentation. In this study, I tripled the maximum sample size of previous efforts by sampling male euglossines in 22 forest fragments ranging in area from 0.25 ha to 230 ha in southern Costa Rica, using chemically baited Van Someren traps. Abundance of euglossine bees was significantly positively related to forest fragment size, negatively related to shape (edge:area ratio), and marginally related to fragment isolation. Euglossine species richness showed similar, but weaker trends: richness was significantly positively related to the quantity of forest edge, marginally negatively related to fragment area, and not related to fragment isolation. The positive relationship between euglossine richness and abundance and forest fragment edge is consistent with other studies that have found high euglossine density in secondary or disturbed forest. The data suggest that individual euglossines move between forest fragments, as has been shown in other systems. Still, forest fragmentation appears to affect euglossine bees more strongly than other bee groups in the study region. Their large flight range and positive relationship with forest edges may help to buffer the negative effects of fragmentation, allowing euglossines to utilize even the very smallest forest fragments in the study area.
“I am because we are:” collectivism as a foundational characteristic of African American college student identity and academic achievement

This study extends current research on African American college student achievement by focusing on collectivism, a key characteristic of African American racial identity. Collectivism serves as the framework for analysis of students’ beliefs about the purpose of higher education, conceptualization of their roles and responsibilities as students, and the ways that students measure academic success within the context of a predominantly White university. Given that a conflict between students’ background and the culture of the university environment can exist, the findings offer educators insight into the unique experiences and achievement aspirations of African American college students and strategies to effectively mentor and support them.
A Band of Sisters: The Impact of Long-term Small Group Participation: Forty Years in a Women's Prayer and Bible Study Group

Abstract This article reports on a case study of a women's prayer and Bible study group that has met for over forty years. The report focuses on factors contributing to the group's longevity and vitality over time, how it changed over the years, and its impact on the lives of the women who participated in it. It also addresses how this long-term group survived the loss of members and leaders, how it has continued to be welcoming of new participants, and the perceived benefits and drawbacks of long-term groups compared with short-term groups. Ministry implications and questions for further research are raised.
Changes in protein kinase C activities are correlated with the metaplastic transformation of Schwann cell precursors of avian embryos into melanocytes.

In previous work, we found that the phorbol ester drug 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) reverses the developmental restriction of melanogenesis that occurs early in neural crest development, causing Schwann cell precursors to undergo a metaplastic transformation into melanocytes. In this study, we examine whether these effects of TPA may be mediated by changes in endogenous levels of protein kinase C (PKC) activities. We report that low levels of PKC activity are correlated with this adventitious pigmentation in the crest-derived cells of dorsal root ganglia both during normal development and following TPA treatment in culture. These results suggest that regulation of endogenous levels of PKC plays a role in developmental decisions that neural crest cells make during early embryogenesis.
Diffusion coefficients of atp and creatine phosphate in isolated muscle: pulsed gradient 31p nmr of small biological samples

Measurements of the intracellular diffusion coefficients (Di) of ATP and creatine phosphate (PCr) in stable, isolated preparations of skeletal muscle were made by means of pulsed field gradient (PFG) 31P NMR. Experiments used a PFG NMR probe specifically designed for small, superfused biological samples. This provided a magnetic field gradient in the z axis of up to 195 G/cm with minimal eddy currents. DiATP and DiPCr in white (fast, glycolytic) skeletal muscle from goldfish (Carassius auratus) were determined to be 2.48 +/- 0.33 and 3.49 +/- 0.33 x 10(-6) cm2/s, respectively, at 25 degrees C and a diffusion time of approximately 19 ms. For comparison with Di values, diffusion coefficients of ATP and PCr also were measured in solutions of ionic composition similar to that of fish muscle cytosol. The in vitro diffusion coefficients of ATP and PCr were 3.54 +/- 0.11 and 5.28 +/- 0.08 x 10(-6) cm2/s, respectively, at 25 degrees C.
Commentary: A justified concern

Occupational exposure to trace anesthetics is a matter of concern and, although additional studies are needed, it would seem prudent to reduce trace anesthetic exposure to reasonably achievable levels.
Circadian rhythm of extraretinal photosensitivity in hatchling alligators, Alligator mississippiensis.

— Hatchling American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, display a diel rhythm of extra-retinal (non-pineal) photosensitivity. There is a bimodal pattern in the threshold fluence rate required for initiating and effecting extra-retinally-mediated phototaclic responses. Significantly greater threshold fluence rates are required in the photophase than the scotophasc of a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle. Under constant darkness there continues an endogenous, apparently circadian rhythm of extra-retinal photosensitivity. In all cases there is a significantly greater photosensitivity at lower temperatures.
Immigrants and Arguments in France and West Africa

In the summer of 1996, when French policemen stormed Paris' Eglise Saint-Bernard, evicting dozens of African immigrants and activists who had taken refuge in the church, people in both France and West Africa surged with anger. Many of those immigrants had lived in France for years, often with an ambiguous legal and bureaucratic status (hence their moniker sans-papiers, those without papers), and they had occupied the church in order to demand the regularization of their status.The sans-papiers' story is complex; see Balibar et al. (1999), Dubois (2000), Fassin et al. (1997), Goussault (1999), Rosello (1998), and Simeant (1998). Each of the leading spokespersons has written a memoir (Cisse 1999; Diop 1997; Sane 1996). My analysis most closely resembles that of Dubois. However, while his interest lies in the implications of the “culturalist” stance within the sans-papiers movement and in the colonial origins of universalism, I am pursuing the deployment of a particular argument materially grounded in the colonial period. Mine is also the only study of which I am aware that analyzes how the dispute was understood in the immigrants' countries of origin. West African, French, and international protests of the high-handed and violent government action called on both universal and particular arguments to support the rights of the sans-papiers. Editorialists lambasted the French government for disregarding the “Rights of Man” and for forgetting the sacrifices of West African soldiers—the tirailleurs Senegalais—in the defense of France.The point had already been made by Konate: “Everything has its price, including having been the country of the Enlightenment and a colonial power” (1994).
Motion of bubbles in the mushy zone

Radical bubble motion in the mushy zone during solidification of transparent material was observed. Often, bubbles jump at great speeds, from location to location towards higher temperature regions in the mushy zone. This type of radical bubble motion may also affect the final distribution and size of pores in a solidifying casting.
Consumer Attitudes and Food Faddism: The Case of Vitamin E

Attitudes toward vitamin E were studied in an effort to gain insight into the variables associated with consumption of fad food products. Vitamin E was chosen as a typical fad food product because nutrition researchers and government agencies have generally agreed that supplementation is unnecessary in the normal human diet. A survey of 252 students revealed a 15% incidence of vitamin E use. The backgrounds, attitudes and self-report personality inventories of the students did not support the view that use of such health products as vitamin E is necessarily associated with low socioeconomic status, lack of education, ageing, desperation associated with illness or bizarre personality traits. Vitamin E usage may be associated with such personality variables as personal disorganization or extroversion. Students are distrustful of the scientific community and Federal agencies as sources of product information. The need for consumer protection from misinformation provided by popular nutrition sources is discussed.
Race, fairness, and jury selection

The Supreme Court in recent years has made efforts to change the demographic composition of juries. These effects are in part explainable on the basis of fairness to prospective jurors; but the Court also suggests that the demographic composition of the jury is important to the fairness of the trial. In some respects fairness may be improved by a jury demographically close to the defendant, while in other respects it may be improved by a diverse jury or a jury representative of the community. These effects occur only if there are real differences among demographic groups; however, the existence of such differences precludes the simultaneous achievement of both types of effects. Further, random selection of jurors prevents the optimization of either set of effects. I conclude that recent changes in jury selection law do not improve the fairness of the trial process, but only the appearance of fairness. Language: en
Temporal Effects on Attributions: Actor and Observer Differences

Actors' and observers' attributions for performance on an ability test were assessed. Halt of the actors were told they had performed well on the test, and half that they had performed poorly. In addition, half of the subjects gave their attributions immediately after the test, and halt 3 days later. As predicted, actors who believed they had been successful gave attributions that were more dispositional .3 days after the test than when asked immediately afterward. Actors who believed they had tailed gave attributions that were more situational 3 days later than immediately afterward. Observers gave attributions that did not differ over time. The results are interpreted in support of a motivational explanation for temporal effects on actors' attributions.
Noradrenergic potentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cell responses to GABA: evidence for mediation through the β-adrenoceptor-coupled cyclic AMP system

Previous in vivo studies from our laboratory have consistently shown that iontophoretically applied norepinephrine (NE) can potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced depressant responses of cerebrocortical, cerebellar and hypothalamic neurons. Additional experiments have further suggested that this noradrenergic facilitating action is specific for GABA and results from the activation of a beta-type adrenoceptor. The goal of the present studies was to determine if the cAMP second messenger system might also be a component of the mechanism responsible for this NE modulatory action on GABA-mediated inhibition. In one set of in vitro experiments, we examined cerebellar neuronal responses to GABA before, during and after iontophoretic application of NE, 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic AMP (BcAMP) or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX) or bath application of forskolin (10-30 microM). In a second group of in vivo studies, extracellularly recorded responses of individual cerebellar Purkinje (P) cells to iontophoretic pulses of GABA or beta-alanine were examined before, during and after NE or BcAMP microiontophoresis. In 20 of 25 cerebellar cells recorded from tissue slices, iontophoretically applied NE markedly enhanced responses to GABA in a manner similar to that observed previously in vivo. In these in vitro preparations, bath application of forskolin was also capable of potentiating GABA-induced inhibition in each of 4 cases tested whereas dideoxy-forskolin was not. Iontophoretic application of IBMX further enhanced the facilitating effects of NE on GABA-induced inhibition in 10 of 11 cases tested. Furthermore, under in vitro conditions, BcAMP augmented inhibitory responses to GABA in all cerebellar neurons tested. In the intact rat brain, iontophoretic administration of BcAMP caused a marked NE-like augmentation of P-cell responses to GABA in 73% of the cells tested. As with NE, BcAMP was ineffective in enhancing P-cell inhibitory responses to beta-alanine, an agent which like GABA causes hyperpolarization, by increasing Cl conductance. In summary, these results indicate that a membrane permeant analog of cAMP, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and an agent which directly activates adenyl cyclase can mimic the previously observed GABA-potentiating actions of NE. Thus, these findings provide further support for the contention that noradrenergic enhancement of GABA inhibition results from a cascade of transmembrane events which includes beta-receptor activation, adenyl cyclase stimulation and increased intracellular production of cAMP.
A skeptical view of DRM and fair use

Don't expect DRM to ever be smart enough to distinguish fair use from copyright infringement.
Effects of disorder-induced symmetry breaking on the electroabsorption properties of a model dendrimer

Disorder-induced symmetry breaking is studied in a model dendrimer that consists of three arms arranged with C3 symmetry. Electroabsorption spectroscopy measurements in the accompanying paper (Bangal, P. R.; Lam, D. M. K.; Peteanu, L. A.; Van der Auweraer, M. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 16834) show that the dipole moment change of the dendrimer is similar to that of the monomer, suggesting a completely symmetry-broken dendrimer with the excitation localized on one arm of the structure. In this work, we model the symmetry breaking of the dendrimer as a function of its structural disorder. Several collections of disordered dendrimers are created. The excited states of the dendrimer and of the three arms that make up the dendrimer are calculated using the intermediate neglect of differential overlap/singles configuration interaction (INDO/SCI) approach. These data are used to verify and parametrize exciton models that relate the properties of the dendrimer to those of the arms. A binning-and-averaging proced...
Ecological physiology of the circadian pigmentation rhythm in the fiddler crab Uca panacea

Abstract Color change can serve a number of functions, and can be a singular aperiodic event or a rhythmic process driven by responses to environmental cues or endogenous rhythms. Endogenous pigmentation rhythms have been identified in a number of taxa, with fiddler crabs being the subject of much of this research. Despite a long history of experimental studies of chromatophore-level rhythmicity in fiddler crabs, few studies have considered the entrainment cues for these rhythms or extended findings to whole-organism coloration, information important for understanding the biological properties of circadian systems and understanding the functional significance of these rhythms. This study examined the circadian pigmentation rhythm in the subtropical fiddler crab Uca panacea at both the cellular (melanophore) and organismal levels, including expression in artificial light/dark cycles and constant darkness, entrainment by light/dark and temperature cycles, and relationships between melanophore rhythms and the spectral reflectance of the carapace. On the melanophore level, crabs exhibited a circadian rhythm in pigment dispersion, with maximum dispersion occurring during the day and maximum concentration occurring during the night. This rhythm persisted under ambient or reversed light/dark cycles, with maximum pigment dispersion occurring during the light phase, or under constant darkness. Both light/dark and temperature cycles entrained the rhythm, although light/dark cycles resulted in greater phase shift. The circadian rhythm in melanin dispersion within melanophores is associated with a circadian rhythm in organismal coloration, with carapace reflectance low during the day and high at night. Because of the high absorption of UV radiation by melanin, the functional significance of this rhythm may be as a mechanism of UV‐protection during the day when crabs are exposed to high levels of UV radiation while foraging on open sand flats of the intertidal zone.
The perforasome theory: vascular anatomy and clinical implications.

Background:A clear understanding of the vascular anatomy of an individual perforator relative to its vascular territory and flow characteristics is essential for both flap design and harvest. The authors investigated the three-dimensional and four-dimensional arterial vascular territory of a single
Nanoscale bowtie aperture as high efficiency light coupler with plasmonic waveguide

Efficiently coupling far field light into a nano structure is a challenge. This limits the utility of many of the nanophotonics devices that have been developed recently, such as waveguides carrying surface plasmon polariton modes with subwavelength confinement and long propagation length. End fire coupling is an option but requires careful alignment and may not be suitable for exciting densely packed arrays of waveguides. This paper investigates the use of a nanoscale bowtie aperture as an antenna for directly coupling far field light into a nanoscale plasmonic waveguide. The paper shows that when the aperture is designed to be resonant the coupling coefficient can be as high as 600% relevant to the energy incident on the open area of the aperture.
Robotic-assisted versus traditional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: comparison of outcomes and evaluation of learning curve.

Objectives To examine the transition to robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RALPN) from pure laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and investigate the learning curve (LC). RALPN has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to nephron-sparing surgery. Methods A total of 150 consecutive patients were identified who underwent LPN or RALPN in the initial experience of a single surgeon since 2006. The perioperative data were evaluated using appropriate comparative tests. The LC was investigated by examining the operative times, warm ischemia times (WITs), and estimated blood loss (EBL) in groups of 25 consecutive patients. To account for laparoscopic LC, the outcomes of patients who underwent surgery in 2009 or later were also compared. Results Of the 150 patients, 102 and 48 underwent LPN and RALPN, respectively. The patient and tumor characteristics were similar. The mean operative time (193 vs 152 minutes, P P P = .001) favored RALPN. Improvements in the operative time ( P = .01), WIT ( P = .006), and EBL ( P = .01) were noted as experience increased in the LPN cohort and was most pronounced after the first 25 LPN patients. Since 2009, 55 and 44 patients underwent LPN and RALPN, respectively. Although the absolute differences were less, the operative time (182 vs 150, P P P = .005) favored RALPN. Conclusions RALPN appears to have shorter operative and ischemia times and less blood loss compared with LPN. After a LC of approximately 25 cases, the transition from LPN to RALPN can be undertaken without an additional LC and can be associated with immediate benefits.
Precautions in Care of Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Excerpt To the editor: The policy of Franson and colleagues (1) for blood handling precautions for patients suspected to harbor one of the human T-cell lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV) deserves clarifi...
Selenoprotein P inhibits radiation-induced late reactive oxygen species accumulation and normal cell injury.

Purpose Radiation is a common mode of cancer therapy whose outcome is often limited because of normal tissue toxicity. We have shown previously that the accumulation of radiation-induced late reactive oxygen species (ROS) precedes cell death, suggesting that metabolic oxidative stress could regulate cellular radiation response. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether selenoprotein P (SEPP1), a major supplier of selenium to tissues and an antioxidant, regulates late ROS accumulation and toxicity in irradiated normal human fibroblasts (NHFs). Methods and Materials Flow cytometry analysis of cell viability, cell cycle phase distribution, and dihydroethidium oxidation, along with clonogenic assays, were used to measure oxidative stress and toxicity. Human antioxidant mechanisms array and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to measure gene expression during late ROS accumulation in irradiated NHFs. Sodium selenite addition and SEPP1 overexpression were used to determine the causality of SEPP1 regulating late ROS accumulation and toxicity in irradiated NHFs. Results Irradiated NHFs showed late ROS accumulation (4.5-fold increase from control; P SEPP1 increased more than 6-fold ( P P SEPP1 overexpression suppressed radiation-induced late ROS accumulation (35%; P P Conclusion SEPP1 mitigates radiation-induced late ROS accumulation and normal cell injury.
CAVASS: a computer-assisted visualization and analysis software system - image processing aspects

ABSTRACT The development of the concepts within 3DVIEWNIX and of the software system 3DVIEWNIX itself dates back to the 1970s. Since then, a series of software packages for Computer Assisted Visualization and Analysis (CAVA ) of images came out from our group, 3DVIEWNIX released in 1993, being the most recent, and all were distributed with source code. CAVASS , an open source system, is the latest in this series, and represents the next major incarnation of 3DVIEWNIX . It incorporates four groups of operations: IMAGE PROCESSING (including ROI , interpolation, filtering, segmentation, registration, morphological, and algebraic operations), VISUALIZATION (including slice display, reslicing, MIP , surface rendering, and volume rendering), MANIPULATION (for modifying structures and surgery simulation), ANALYSIS (various ways of extracting quantitative information). CAVASS is designed to work on all platforms. Its key features are: (1) most major CAVA operations incorporated; (2) very efficient algorithms and their highly efficient implementations; (3) parallelized algorithms for computationally intensive operations; (4) parallel implementation via distributed computing on a cluster of PCs; (5) interface to other systems such as CAD/CAMsoftware, ITK , and statistical packages; (6) easy to use GUI . In this paper, we focus on the image processing operations and compare the performance of CAVASS with that of ITK . Our conclusions based on assessing performance by utilizing a regular (6 MB), large (241 MB), and a super (873 MB) 3D image data set are as follows: CAVASS is considerably more efficient than ITK , especially in those operations which are computat ionally intensive. It can handle considerably larger data sets than ITK . It is easy and ready to use in appli cations since it provides an easy to use GUI . The users can easily build a cluster from ordinary inexpensive PCs and reap the full power of CAVASS inexpensively compared to expensive multiprocessing systems which are less efficient for CAVA operations. Keywords : visualization, 3D imaging, software systems, image analysis
Never apologize and never explain

Purpose – To assess whether the current trend for public apologies will continue or fade away Design/methodology/approach – Review of selected public apologies to assess their impact on public perception. Findings – In spite of some apology “fatigue,” well-executed apologies have an appropriate role in helping to rebuild reputation. Originality/value – Corporate executives can learn what makes an effective apology
Water analysis by atomic absorption and flame emission spectroscopy.

Abstract Several elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb) were determined in water samples by means of atomic absorption and flame emission techniques. The preparation of the samples, the analytical method, the sensitivities, and the analytical precision are presented. The analytical precision was calculated on the basis of a sizable amount of statistical data and exemplifies the role of an analytical determination of such factors as the hollow cathode source, the flame, and the detection system.
The influence of successional processes and disturbance on the structure of Tsuga canadensis forests.

Old-growth forests are valuable sources of ecological, conservation, and management information, yet these ecosystems have received little study in New England, due in large part to their regional scarcity. To increase our understanding of the structures and processes common in these rare forests, we studied the abundance of downed coarse woody debris (CWD) and snags and live-tree size-class distributions in 16 old-growth hemlock forests in western Massachusetts. Old-growth stands were compared with eight adjacent second-growth hemlock forests to gain a better understanding of the structural differences between these two classes of forests resulting from contrasting histories. In addition, we used stand-level dendroecological reconstructions to investigate the linkages between disturbance history and old-growth forest structure using an information–theoretic model selection framework. Old-growth stands exhibit a much higher degree of structural complexity than second-growth forests. In particular, old-gro...
Enhancing nursing students' understanding of poverty through simulation.

Objectives The purposes of this study were (a) to describe the implementation of a poverty simulation, (b) to evaluate its use on nursing students’ attitudes about poverty, and (c) to offer lessons learned. Design and Sample Using a mixed-method design, a convenience sample of senior undergraduate nursing students (n = 43) from a public university in a mid-Atlantic state participated in a poverty simulation experience. Students assumed the roles of real-life families and were given limited amounts of resources to survive in a simulated community. This simulation took place during a community health practicum clinical day. Measures The short form of Attitudes about Poverty and Poor Populations Scale (APPPS) was adapted for this evaluation. This 21-item scale includes factors of personal deficiency, stigma, and structural perspective, which measures a range of diverse attitudes toward poverty and poor people. Results The results of this evaluation demonstrated that nursing students viewed the poverty simulation as an effective teaching strategy and actively participated. In particular, nursing students’ scores on the factor of stigma of poverty demonstrated statistically significant changes. Conclusion With proper planning, organization, and reflection, a poverty simulation experience can be a positive impetus for lifelong learning and civic engagement.
Locally analytic numerical method and application to viscous internal and external flows

Abstract A locally analytic numerical method is developed to predict the two-dimensional internal and external steady laminar flow of an incompressible viscous fluid. In this method, analytic solutions of locally linearized partial differential equations are incorporated into the numerical solution. This is accomplished by dividing the flow field into computational grid elements. In each individual element, the nonlinear convective terms of the Navier-Stokes equations are locally linearized, with analytic solutions then determined. The solution for the complete flow field is obtained by the assembly of these locally analytic solutions. The nonlinear character of the complete flow field is preserved as the flow is only locally linearized, i.e. independently linearized solutions are obtained in individual grid elements. This locally analytic numerical solution method is used to analyze the viscous flow in several internal and external flow configurations, with the prediction of flow development, reversal, separation, and reattachment demonstrated over a range of moderate values of the Reynolds number. In particular, three internal and one external flow configurations are investigated, with predictions obtained for entrance flow development in a straight channel, the flow through a sudden expansion, i.e. over a backward step, the flow in a diffuser, and the flow past a flat plate airfoil over a range of mean flow incidence angle values.
A new method for vacuum sealing of flat-panel photosensors

Photon detectors are indispensable in many areas of fundamental physics research, particularly in the emerging field of particle astrophysics, as well as in medical imaging and nuclear non-proliferation. For a significant progress in all these areas a new, inexpensive industrial mass-production photosensor technology is needed. In order to reach that goal we have introduced several innovations. This paper focuses on one of them, the ReFerence flat-panel photon detector. We report on the prototype development, and in particular on the development of a new oxidation-free method for vacuum sealing of glass panel surfaces with liquid indium, at processing temperatures below 360 °C.
Instrumentation for coincidence imaging with multihead scintillation cameras

Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used as a tool by investigators for many years to study metabolic processes in the body primarily with the radiopharmaceutical 18-fluordeoxyglucose. However, use of this technology has not been widespread because of the high expense of the equipment and its limitation to the imaging of positron emitters only. Recent improvements in scintillation camera technology have now made it possible to produce hybrid multihead cameras that can function in a coincidence mode for the detection of the annihilation radiation from positron emitters and in the normal mode for routine single-photon imaging. Although still limited in sensitivity, these camera systems continue to be improved and the recent addition of iterative reconstruction algorithms and attenuation correction capability have resulted in significant improvements in image quality. The integration of a low resolution computed tomography (CT) scanner with a dualhead camera by 1 manufacturer now makes it possible to perform attenuation correction and image fusion of anatomy and function into 1 image to improve the anatomic localization of abnormalities detected with coincidence imaging. Investigators continue to work on improved electronics and new types of detectors to further improve the sensitivity of these systems. These developments coupled with continued improvements in PET technology have resulted in the availability of a broad spectrum of systems for the investigator to consider when purchasing a system with positron imaging capability.
The first ten Symposia on Early/Lower Vertebrates (1967-2004)

Palaeoichthyology began with Louis Agassiz in the first half of the 19th century. His monumental work on fossil fishes (Agassiz, 1833-1844) was succeeded by Woodward’s catalogues (1889, 1891, 1895, 1901) of the fossil fishes of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Woodward compiled knowledge of fossil fishes at the time, gave synonymy lists, diagnoses of taxonomic units and systematic arrangements of larger groups. His work was very influential over many years and is still an important source of information. At that time fossils were not treated like living organisms, they were described and compared on the basis of external features such as shape, body proportions, sculpture and number of elements. E. Stensio changed that approach. He considered fossils as animals embedded in rocks, as for example extant forms enclosed in paraffin. In 1916, a young graduate student, Erik Andersson, had so impressed A. S. Woodward in London with his approach, that he, now known as E. A:son Stensio, was subsequently offered the opportunity to study the cephalaspids from Great Britain deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). He published many monographs on the anatomy of lower vertebrates such as cephalaspids, placoderms and actinopterygians, and acquired a large group of followers and disciples in Sweden and abroad, the so-called “Swedish school,” characterized by both detailed anatomical descriptions and comparisons with extant forms. Phylogeny through time played a secondary role in their thinking. The goal was to construct a “Grundbauplan” for each group that should include all features that had ever appeared in the group: the approach of the ideal morphologists of the 19th century. From the 1930’s into the 1960’s Stockholm was the center of palaeoichthyology (Figure 1). It was only natural that E. Stensio should be honoured with a Nobel Symposium in 1967.