cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large Eddy Simulation of Scalar Transport in a Turbulent Jet Flow

Large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent reacting flows has been the subject of widespread investigation (McMurtry et al., 1992: Galperin and Orszag, 1993; Menon et al., 1993; McMurtry et al., 1993; Gao and O’Brien, 1993; Madnia and Givi, 1993; Frankel et al., 1993; Cook and Riley. 1994; Givi, 1994; Fureby and Lofstrom, 1994; Moller et al., 1996: Branley and Jones, 1997; Cook et al., 1997; Jimenez et al., 1997: Mathey and Choilet, 1997; Colucci et al., 1998; DesJardin and Frankel, 1998: Jaberi and James. 1998; Reveillon and Vervisch, 1998; Vervisch and Poinsot, 1988). Amongst these, recently Colucci et al. (1998) developed a methodology, termed the “filtered density function” (FDF). The fundamental property of the FDF is to account for the effects of subgrid scale (SGS) scalar fluctuations in a probabilistic manner. This is similar to probability density function (PDF) methods which have proven to be very useful in Reynolds averaging procedures (Libby and Williams, 1980; Libby and Williams. 1994: O’Brien. 1980; Pope, 1985; Dopazo, 1994). Colucci et al. (1998) developed a transport equation for the FDF in constant density flows in which the effects of unresolved convection and subgrid mixing are modeled similarly to those in “conventional” LES, and Reynolds averaging procedures. This transport equation was solved numerically by a Lagrangian Monte Carlo procedure and the results were compared with those obtained by direct numerical simulation (DNS) and by a conventional finite difference LES in which the effects of SGS scalar fluctuations are ignored (LES-FD).
Modes of the Kerr geometry with purely imaginary frequencies

In this paper, we examine the behavior of modes of the Kerr geometry when the mode's frequency is purely imaginary. We demonstrate that quasinormal modes must be polynomial in nature if their frequency is purely imaginary, and present a method for computing such modes. The nature of these modes, however, is not always easy to determine. Some of the polynomial modes we compute are quasinormal modes. However, some are simultaneously quasinormal modes and total transmission modes, while others fail to satisfy the requisite boundary conditions for either. This analysis is, in part, an extension of the results known for Schwarzschild black holes, but clarifies misconceptions for the behavior of modes when the black hole has angular momentum. We also show that the algebraically special modes of Kerr with $m=0$ have an additional branch of solutions not seen before in the literature. All of these results are in precise agreement with new numerical solutions for sequences of gravitational quasinormal modes of Kerr spacetime. However, we show that some prior numerical and analytic results concerning the existence of quasinormal modes of Kerr with purely imaginary frequencies were incorrect.
Structural and molecular changes in the aging choroid: implications for age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating disease-causing vision loss in millions of people around the world. In advanced stages of disease, death of photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and choroidal endothelial cells (CECs) are common. Loss of endothelial cells of the choriocapillaris is one of the earliest detectable events in AMD, and, because the outer retina relies on the choriocapillaris for metabolic support, this loss may be the trigger for progression to more advanced stages. Here we highlight evidence for loss of CECs, including changes to vascular density within the choriocapillaris, altered abundance of CEC markers, and changes to overall thickness of the choroid. Furthermore, we review the key components and functions of the choroid, as well as Bruch's membrane, both of which are vital for healthy vision. We discuss changes to the structure and molecular composition of these tissues, many of which develop with age and may contribute to AMD pathogenesis. For example, a crucial event that occurs in the aging choriocapillaris is accumulation of the membrane attack complex, which may result in complement-mediated CEC lysis, and may be a primary cause for AMD-associated choriocapillaris degeneration. The actions of elevated monomeric C-reactive protein in the choriocapillaris in at-risk individuals may also contribute to the inflammatory environment in the choroid and promote disease progression. Finally, we discuss the progress that has been made in the development of AMD therapies, with a focus on cell replacement.
A Theory of Latino Partisanship: From Social to Political Identity

Through an exploration of the social and ethnic identity literatures in social psychology and comparative politics, the author arrives at a theory of Latino partisanship based on panethnic identity. Latinos, as do most people, possess a multiplicity of social identities, which differ in their political relevance. The author proposes that three relevant identities for Latinos are not mutually exclusive, but in fact, coexist among Latinos: identification with their home country, identification as a Latino (panethnic identity), and identification as American. Dual and multiple identities as well as identity complexity theories are used to explain that having both subgroup (country of origin) and superordinate (panethnic) identities allows Latinos to improve their self-worth as well as the value of the group in the multicultural US political system.
The Dynamic Componential Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations: Making Progress, Making Meaning

Abstract Leveraging insights gained through a burgeoning research literature over the past 28 years, this paper presents a significant revision of the model of creativity and innovation in organizations published in Research in Organizational Behavior in 1988. This update focuses primarily on the individual-level psychological processes implicated in creativity that have been illuminated by recent research, and highlights organizational work environment influences on those processes. We revisit basic assumptions underlying the 1988 model, modify certain components and causal connections, and introduce four new constructs into the model: (1) a sense of progress in creative idea development; (2) the meaningfulness of the work to those carrying it out; (3) affect; and (4) synergistic extrinsic motivation. Throughout, we propose ways in which the components underlying individual and team creativity can both influence and be influenced by organizational factors crucial to innovation.
Does Gener Impact the Immune Response of Chicks

Sequencing technology allows us tosee how the gene expression of each genechanges under different treatment conditions. In this study, chicks of two inbred lines were challenged with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), a pathogen with devastating impacts on poultry throughout the world. At each of the three time points post-infection, one-third of the chicks were sacraficed and their lungs were harvested. When comparing males and females infected with NDV, differences in gene expression that were predicted to impact growth and apoptosis were identified. Differences between the response of males and females to viral challenges could be useful information for production operations. The interaction between production traits and immune related traits require further study.
Evidence for Quinone Redox Chemistry Mediating Daytime and Nighttime NO2-to-HONO Conversion on Soil Surfaces

Humic acid (HA) is thought to promote NO2 conversion to nitrous acid (HONO) on soil surfaces during the day. However, it has proven difficult to identify the reactive sites in natural HA substrates. The mechanism of NO2 reduction on soil surrogates composed of HA and clay minerals was studied by use of a coated-wall flow reactor and cavity-enhanced spectroscopy. Conversion of NO2 to HONO in the dark was found to be significant and correlated to the abundance of C–O moieties in HA determined from the X-ray photoelectron spectra of the C 1s region. Twice as much HONO was formed when NO2 reacted with HA that was photoreduced by irradiation with UV–visible light compared to the dark reaction; photochemical reactivity was correlated to the abundance of C═O moieties rather than C–O groups. Bulk electrolysis was used to generate HA in a defined reduction state. Electrochemically reduced HA enhanced NO2-to-HONO conversion by a factor of 2 relative to non-reduced HA. Our findings suggest that hydroquinones and ben...
Parallel Ranking and Selection

The Winter Simulation Conference serves as the initial publication venue for many advances in ranking and selection (R&S), including the recently developed R&S procedures that exploit high-performance parallel computing. We formulate a new stylized model for representing parallel R&S procedures, and we provide an overview of existing R&S procedures under the stylized model. We also discuss why designing R&S procedures for a parallel computing platform is nontrivial and speculate on the future of parallel R&S procedures. In this chapter, “parallel computing” means multiple processors that can execute distinct simulations independently, rather than vector or array processors designed to speed up vector-matrix calculations.
Stress and Sleep: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study.

Hispanics/Latinos face specific sociocultural stressors associated with their marginalized status in the United States. While stress is known to cause poor sleep, the differential effects of the specific stressors faced by Hispanics/Latinos have not been evaluated. Using cross-sectional data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study, we conducted weighted generalized linear models to evaluate the associations of acculturation stress, ethnic discrimination, and chronic moderate/severe stress with self-reported sleep outcomes (insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, sleep duration) in individual and aggregate models adjusted for site, socio-demographics, behavioral, and medical conditions. Participants included 5313 Hispanic/Latino adults; 43.5% ≥ age 45, 54.8% female, and 22.0% US-born. Chronic moderate/severe stress, ethnic discrimination, and acculturation stress were each positively associated with sleep. In the adjusted aggregate model, only chronic moderate/severe stress was associated with insomnia symptoms (exp(b)= 1.07 for each additional stressor, 95% CI= 1.05, 1.09). Both acculturation stress (exp(b)= 1.05 for each additional SD, 95% CI= 1.02, 1.10) and ethnic discrimination (exp(b)= 1.05 for each additional SD, 95% CI= 1.01, 1.08) were associated with daytime sleepiness. Each SD increase in ethnic discrimination related to a 16% and 13% increased prevalence of short ( 9 hours) (RRR= 1.13, 95% CI= 1.00, 1.27), respectively. These associations were consistent across sex. Acculturation stress and ethnic discrimination are associated with poor sleep in Hispanics/Latinos. Future research should explore whether behavioral sleep interventions minimize the impact of sociocultural stressors on sleep.
An Integrated Simulation Study on Reliable and Effective Distributed Energy Resources in Smart Grid

The investigation of the reliability, effectiveness, and impact of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on smart grid applications (demand-response, real time price, etc.) requires an integrated evaluation framework. In this paper, we design an integrated simulation platform and demonstrate its use via investigating the impact of DERs on smart grid applications (demand-response and energy market) under various adverse conditions, along with network architectures. Using the standard IEEE bus system, we systematically evaluate the integration of DERs and the performance impact on demand response and energy markets with respect to system management, uncertainties and different network architectures. Our experimental results demonstrate the ability of designed co-simulation tool to evaluate the performance of DERs and system management and networking techniques. Our results are comprehensive, providing a concise representation of DER performance for the design and implementation of real smart grid system.
Centrality dependence of D0 elliptic and triangular flow in Au+Au collisions at sNN=200GeV at STAR

Abstract Due to their large masses, heavy quarks are predominantly produced through initial hard scatterings in heavy-ion collisions and, as such, they experience the entire evolution of the hot and dense medium created in those collisions. They can therefore provide important insights into the properties of the strongly-coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma. For instance, the measurement of the elliptic flow ( v 2 ) of charm quarks can provide information on the degree of thermalization for charm quarks in the medium and thus the bulk properties of the system. Furthermore, several models have predicted that fluctuations in the initial conditions, together with strong charm-medium interactions, could lead to a finite triangular flow ( v 3 ) for charm quarks, providing another handle to study the dynamics at the early stage of heavy-ion collisions. In these proceedings, we present the measurements of the v 2 and v 3 of D 0 mesons in Au+Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV with the Heavy Flavor Tracker at STAR. Compared to previously reported D 0 v 2 in minimum-bias collisions, the precision of the new results is improved by a factor of 2–4 depending on D 0 transverse momentum ( p T ). The D 0 v 3 as a function of p T is also reported for the first time. The results are compared with the measurements of other particle species and a series of model calculations.
Zika virus induces astrocyte differentiation in neural stem cells

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a rapidly emerging flavivirus that has been associated with a number of congenital neurological manifestations. Here, we show that ZIKV replicated efficiently in mouse neural stem cells (mNSCs). ZIKV infection caused a cytopathic effect without affecting cell viability, yet led to a significant decrease in the number of proteins secreted into mNSC supernatants. A gene expression array of neural stem cell progenitor and differentiation markers suggested that infection reduced the number of neuronal and oligodendrocyte progenitors while increasing the number of astrocyte progenitors. Infection in astrocytes increased transcription of key genes involved in the antiviral response. These data provide molecular and cellular evidence that ZIKV significantly alters neural development in the vertebrate host and that astrocyte differentiation may be a protective response that limits neuropathogenesis.
Reversing Time: Ezh1 Deficiency Hastens Definitive Hematopoiesis

The inability to derive multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in vitro stems in part from a limited understanding of how multipotency is acquired during development. Recently in Nature, Vo et al. (2018) reveal the epigenetic enzyme Ezh1 as a master regulator of multipotency during hematopoietic stem cell development.
The Evolution of Scientific Paper Title Networks

In spite of enormous previous efforts to model the growth of various networks, there have only been a few works that successfully describe the evolution of latent networks. In a latent network edges do not represent interactions between nodes, but show some proximity values. In this paper we analyze the structure and evolution of a specific type of latent networks over time by looking at a wide range of document similarity networks, in which scientific titles are nodes and their similarities are weighted edges. We use scientific papers as the corpora in order to determine the behavior of authors in choosing words for article titles. The aim of our work is to see whether term selection for titles depends on earlier published titles.
Miocene Asteroid Impacts: Proposed Effects on the Biogeography and Extinction Patterns of Eastern North American Gastropods

New information on the pattern of Early Neogene asteroid impacts and interplanetary dust clouds appear to parallel extinction events seen in the eastern North American Transmarian Province. It is hypothesized that the extraterrestrial events of the Miocene were sufficiently severe to account for the three main pulses of extinction and speciation during this time. Gastropod faunal composition is used to test this theory.
QueryGuard: Privacy-Preserving Latency-Aware Query Optimization for Edge Computing

The emerging edge computing paradigm has enabled applications having low response time requirements to meet the quality of service needs of applications by moving the computations to the edge of the network that is geographically closer to the end-users and end-devices. Despite the low latency advantages provided by the edge computing model, there are significant privacy risks associated with the adoption of edge computing services for applications dealing with sensitive data. In contrast to cloud data centers where system infrastructures are managed through strict and regularized policies, edge computing nodes are scattered geographically and may not have the same degree of regulatory and monitoring oversight. This can lead to higher privacy risks for the data processed and stored at the edge nodes, thus making them less trusted. In this paper, we show that a direct application of traditional performance-based query optimization techniques in edge computing can lead to unexpected data disclosure risks at the edge nodes. We propose a new privacy-preserving latency-aware query optimization framework, QueryGuard, that simultaneously tackles the privacy-aware distributed query processing problem while optimizing the queries for latency. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that QueryGuard achieves better performance in terms of execution time and memory usage than conventional distributed query optimization techniques while also enforcing the required constraints related to data privacy.
Alterations in Ion Channel Expression Surrounding Implanted Microelectrode Arrays in the Brain

Microelectrode arrays designed to map and modulate neuronal circuitry have enabled greater understanding and treatment of neurological injury and disease. Reliable detection of neuronal activity over time is critical for the successful application of chronic recording devices. Here, we assess device-related plasticity by exploring local changes in ion channel expression and their relationship to device performance over time. We investigated four voltage-gated ion channels (Kv1.1, Kv4.3, Kv7.2, and Nav1.6) based on their roles in regulating action potential generation, firing patterns, and synaptic efficacy. We found that a progressive increase in potassium channel expression and reduction in sodium channel expression accompanies signal loss over 6 weeks (both LFP amplitude and number of units). This motivated further investigation into a mechanistic role of ion channel expression in recorded signal instability. We employed siRNA in neuronal culture to find that Kv7.2 knockdown (as a model for the transient downregulation observed at 1 day in vivo) mimics excitatory synaptic remodeling around devices. This work provides new insight into the mechanisms underlying signal loss over time.
Teaching Clinical Medical Students

Pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine encompasses a wide variety of clinical settings, from ambulatory clinic to in-patient consult services and to the intensive care unit. Teaching medical students in these heterogeneous clinical settings can be challenging, as clinical obligations and students’ needs and expectations can vary. This chapter focuses on strategies to provide optimal teaching to medical students in in-patient clinical settings, including the Pulmonary Consult service and the ICU. Core strategies for engaging and effectively teaching students can be applied in different clinical settings and for different clinical scenarios, however, to address the heterogeneity of teaching clinical students. Specifically, best practices in teaching medical students in clinical settings include prioritizing thoughtful preparation for teaching, encouraging student autonomy and ownership, and emphasizing critical thinking skills and application of knowledge to solve clinical problems. Developing a learning environment that encourages inquisitiveness and open communication can promote students to develop self-directed learning skills, which will significantly add to the educational value of working and learning in the clinical setting.
Assessing the Influence of Convective Downdrafts and Surface Enthalpy Fluxes on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change in Moderate Vertical Wind Shear

AbstractThe thermodynamic impacts of downdraft-induced cooling/drying and downstream recovery via surface enthalpy fluxes within tropical cyclones (TCs) were investigated using dropsonde observatio...
Achilles Lengthening and Multiple Z-Plasty in Parallel for Correction of Toe Walking Associated With Burn Scar Equinus Contracture.

ABSTRACT The literature is sparse regarding treatment of burn scar equinus contracture, with focus primarily on staged procedures, serial casting, and gradual correction using external fixation in combination with soft-tissue procedures. This case study describes a single-stage ambulatory approach for late-stage correction of burn scar equinus contracture associated with toe walking. A case report is presented of an 11-year-old male with focus on procedure selection, surgical technique, and 12-month follow-up results. Surgery involved a single-stage approach with open Achilles lengthening, in addition to multiple skin Z-plasty in parallel with immediate protected weightbearing to correct toe walking. Inadequate release of contracture was noted intraoperatively after Achilles lengthening. Full correction was achieved after converting the longitudinal incision into multiple Z-plasty in parallel, with full heel purchase at 2 weeks postoperatively. The patient was completely healed with pain-free range of motion at 6 weeks postoperatively. At 12 months postoperatively, he continued to ambulate normally without overcorrection or recurrence of deformity. This case study describes a late-stage, minimally invasive, single-stage approach to correction of burn scar equinus contracture. The surgical principles and technique are described. Allowance of immediate weightbearing was possible because all other burn wounds were healed at late-stage presentation that avoided the need for gradual correction with external fixation or serial procedures.
Patient identification using a smart pill-bottle: poster abstract

In this work, we investigate the identification of persons taking medication using a sensor-equipped pill-bottle. The bottle embeds inertial sensors in both the cap and body, making the added hardware un-obtrusive, low-cost, and wireless. Our system uses inertial data to build a patient discrimination model using classification techniques. We evaluated the system using 16 subjects. Our results show that using binary Support Vector Machine (SVM), the system can discriminate one patient among 16 subjects with 94 % accuracy. Identifying the exact person in a set of 3 subjects has an accuracy higher than 91 %..
Diálogo com mediadores de Museus de Ciência

Resumo: Analisamos como a mediacao humana ocorre nas visitas monitoradas do Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA), localizado em Santa Teresa, ES, considerando o ponto de vista dos mediadores acerca de seu papel na mediacao. Os dados produzidos decorreram das transcricoes das gravacoes em audio das entrevistas realizadas com os mediadores e dos registros recolhidos durante as observacoes. Constatamos um forte apelo, por parte dos mediadores, na reproducao do roteiro que o INMA oferece, buscando adapta-lo a serie/idade dos visitantes. O anseio por uma formacao adequada ficou marcante durante as entrevistas, talvez reforcado pelo nao entendimento do real papel de um mediador de museus. O INMA tem potencial para se tornar um espaco educativo cujos mediadores sejam capazes de atrair e motivar os visitantes. Para tanto, precisam conscientizar-se da importância de sua funcao social na aprendizagem e de seu papel no desempenho da mediacao.
Single-Isocenter, Multiple Metastasis Treatment Planning

Treatment of multiple brain metastases with radiosurgery has historically been performed with an isocenter for each individual target. On the Gamma Knife™ (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) platform, treatment was and still is performed with one more “shots” for each target; on the linear accelerator, treatment was historically executed with an array of cone- or MLC-based conformal arcs for each target. Clinical evidence and interest have continued to increase in treatment of larger numbers of metastases. For multiple-isocenter radiosurgery, the amount of treatment time required for radiosurgery delivery is positively correlated with the number of targets and each target’s geometric complexity. Single-isocenter treatment utilizes modulated MLC plans to simultaneously treat all targets at once. This approach renders treatment time largely insensitive to the number of targets. However, prior to 2010, treatment planning software platforms were not mature enough to reliably deliver a modulated single-isocenter plan of comparable quality to multiple-isocenter plans.
Debt Culture in Shakespeare’s Time

Early modern English probate documents are oral histories of debt. Wills show people of all stations struggling to make good deaths by clearing their accounts and repaying their creditors. Testators explain their debt priorities, lay out directions for how to meet debts and acknowledge when they leave their heirs irresolvable debt problems. As inventories show, wills were notional documents; when the goods that people owned were insufficient to their debts, bequests were nullified. Some heirs declined executorships accordingly. This essay includes two case studies: the Greville family, where a £35,000 estate was dissipated by debt, and the Shakespeare family, where debt may help explain why Shakespeare abandoned his father’s trade, why he had a private wedding and why none of his books and manuscripts survive.
Availability of Pediatric Emergency Care Coordinators in United States Emergency Departments.

Objective To determine the availability of pediatric emergency care coordinators (PECCs) in US emergency departments (EDs) in 2015, and to determine the change in availability of PECCs in US EDs from 2015 to 2017. Study design As part of the National Emergency Department Inventory-USA, we administered a survey to all 5326 US EDs open in 2015; all 5431 in 2016; and all 5489 in 2017. Through these surveys, we assessed the availability of PECCs. Descriptive statistics characterized EDs with and without PECCs; multivariable logistic regressions identified characteristics independently associated with PECC availability. Results Among the 4443 (83%) EDs with 2015 data, 763 (17.2%) reported the availability of at least 1 PECC. The states with the largest proportion of EDs with PECCs were Delaware (78%, 7/9 EDs) and Maryland (48%, 20/42 EDs), and no PECCs were reported in Mississippi, North Dakota, or Wyoming. Availability of a PECC was associated (P Conclusions Availability of at least 1 PECC increased slightly (2.6%) between 2015 and 2017, but ∼80% of EDs continue without one.
Observing the Invisible: Live Cache Inspection for High-Performance Embedded Systems

The vast majority of high-performance embedded systems implement multi-level CPU cache hierarchies. But the exact behavior of these CPU caches has historically been opaque to system designers. Absent expensive hardware debuggers, an understanding of cache makeup remains tenuous at best. This enduring opacity further obscures the complex interplay among applications and OS-level components, particularly as they compete for the allocation of cache resources. Notwithstanding the relegation of cache comprehension to proxies such as static cache analysis, performance counter-based profiling, and cache hierarchy simulations, the underpinnings of cache structure and evolution continue to elude software-centric solutions. In this paper, we explore a novel method of studying cache contents and their evolution via snapshotting. Our method complements extant approaches for cache profiling to better formulate, validate, and refine hypotheses on the behavior of modern caches. We leverage cache introspection interfaces provided by vendors to perform live cache inspections without the need for external hardware. We present CacheFlow, a proof-of-concept Linux kernel module which snapshots cache contents on an NVIDIA Tegra TX1 SoC (system on chip).
Genetic construction and biochemical analysis of thermostability mutants of glucoamylase from Aspergillus awamori

Two additional disulfide bonds and combined thermostable mutations were introduced into Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase respectively to test the effects on thermostability and catalytic properties. Computer modeling suggested that a disulfide bond could be built into Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase between positions 20 (wild-type, Asn) and 27 (Ala) as well as positions 72 (Thr) and 471 (Ala) respectively. Amino acid sequence alignments among related glucoamylases showed that a disulfide bond exists in Neurospora crassa glucoamylase at positions 20 and 27. Single cysteines were introduced into positions 20 and 27, and 72 and 471. The corresponding double cysteine mutants were constructed and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiac. The double-cysteine mutants were secreted efficiently and disulfide bonds were formed spontaneously after fermentation. The disulfide bond between positions 20 and 27 connects the C-terminal of helix 1 (Asn 20) and a P-tum where residue Ala27 is located while the double mutant A471C/T72C facilitates a disulfide bond between the N-terminus of helix 3 and the end of the 30-residue highly O-glycosylated
Androgen regulation of programmed death of normal and malignant prostatic cells.

Androgen-dependent normal prostatic glandular cells and androgen-dependent prostatic cancer cells can be induced to undergo cell death after androgen ablation. This death does not require the cells to proliferate and occurs as an energydependent process collectively referred to as «programmed cell death» in which the cells actively commit «suicide.» Associated with this programmed cell death pathway is the enhanced expression of a series of genes and the fragmentation of the genomic DNA into nucleosomal oligomers
A novel load balancing scheme for the tele-traffic hot spot problem in cellular networks

We propose a dynamic load balancing scheme for the tele-traffic hot spot problem in cellular networks. A tele-traffic hot spot is a region of adjacent hot cells where the channel demand has exceeded a certain threshold. A hot spot is depicted as a stack of hexagonal `Rings' of cells and is classified as complete if all cells within it are hot. Otherwise it is termed incomplete. The rings containing all cold cells outside the hot spot are called `Peripheral Rings'. Our load balancing scheme migrates channels through a structured borrowing mechanism from the cold cells within the `Rings' or `Peripheral Rings' to the hot cells constituting the hot spot. A hot cell in `Ring i' can only borrow a certain fixed number of channels from adjacent cells in `Ring i+1'. We first propose a load balancing algorithm for a complete hot spot, which is then extended to the more general case of an incomplete hot spot. In the latter case, by further classifying a cell as cold safe, cold semi-safe or cold unsafe, a demand graph is constructed which describes the channel demand of each cell within the hot spot or its `Peripheral Rings' from its adjacent cells in the next outer ring. The channel borrowing algorithm works on the demand graph in a bottom up fashion, satisfying the demands of the cells in each subsequent inner ring until `Ring 0' is reached. A Markov chain model is first developed for a cell within a hot spot, the results of which are used to develop a similar model which captures the evolution of the entire hot spot region. Detailed simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of our load balancing scheme. Comparison with another well known load balancing strategy, known as CBWL, shows that under moderate and heavy tele-traffic conditions, a performance improvement as high as 12% in terms of call blockade is acheived by our load balancing scheme.
Commerce Clause Restraints on State Taxation: Purposeful Economic Protectionism and Beyond

Few questions in recent years have spawned as much controversy and as little academic interest as the scope of commerce clause restraints on state tax power. The Supreme Court has handed down an extraordinary number of significant decisions addressed to the limitations the commerce clause imposes on state taxation.' Yet these decisions have barely caught the eye of the nation's leading law reviews2 or constitutional scholars.3 Even those observers who have recognized the Court's renaissance of interest in the dormant commerce clause
Soluble factors in tolerance and contact sensitivity to DNFB in mice. VII. Characterization of a monoclonal, efferent-acting suppressor factor with specificity for DNP/H-2Kd.

Abstract To study further soluble factors which regulate contact sensitivity (CS) 2 to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), hapten-primed spleen cells from BALB/c mice were used to make T-cell hybridomas. A hybrid constitutively producing a suppressor factor was identified and cloned (clone 3–10). Incubation of BALB/c DNFB immune lymph node cells (LNC) in the 3–10 supernatant suppressed the ability of the immune cells to transfer CS to DNFB. The passive transfer of CS to oxazalone or to 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) was not suppressed by the 3–10 factor. The hapten specificity of the 3–10 factor further was demonstrated by the ability of DNFB immune LNC but not LNC from unsensitized or from TNCB-sensitized mice to adsorb the factor. The 3–10 factor also was adsorbed by DNFB-immune LNC from mice that were syngeneic with BALB/c mice at the K locus of the MHC (e.g., B10.D2 and D2.GD). Pretreatment of DNFB-immune LNC with monoclonal anti-Kd antibody or with anti-DNP antibodies blocked the ability to adsorb the factor. These results indicated that the 3–10 suppressor factor binds to DNP/ H-2Kd complexes on immune LNC. Nylon wool-purified T cells (83% Thy-1.2+) from DNFB-immune LNC were able to adsorb the factor as well as unseparated immune LNC. Furthermore, treatment of immune LNC with anti-Thy-1.2 plus C′ abrogated the ability of the cells to adsorb the factor, indicating that the cellular target of the 3–10 factor is a T cell. In addition, treatment of the immune LNC with an autoantiidiotypic antiserum (CS 231) plus C′, which depletes DNP-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity effector T (TDH) cells, also abrogated the ability of the cells to adsorb the factor. Finally, the suppressor factor was adsorbed and eluted from DNP affinity columns but was not adsorbed by TNP affinity columns. Collectively, these results indicate that although the monoclonal 3–10 suppressor factor has affinity for DNP, focusing of the factor on the Tdh cells requires recognition of DNP in the context of the appropriate MHC determinant, Kd.
Customary (And Not So Customary) International Environmental Law

In this article, Professor Bodansky examines the creation and importance of customary international law. He suggests that the debate over the legal status of any given norm may be misplaced. Instead, he suggests that international lawmakers should spend their time and energy incorporating norms, regardless of their true status, into "concrete treaties and actions." The author begins his discussion by providing a working definition of customary international law. He asserts that such law can be based not just on uniformities of state behavior, as is traditionally held, but also on regularities in behavior. Thus, customary international law can be formed even when states do not fully comply with a particular norm. Next, Professor Bodansky contends that state declarations may be just as indicative and useful in uncovering customary international law as state behavior But the author goes on to state that such "declarative law " does not and should not carry the same weight as customary norms based on state behavior. Because such norms are "non
The treatment of bacterial endocarditis with penicillin.

A LTHOUGH the efficacy of penicillin in the treatment of some bacterial infections is well established, its effect in bacterial endocarditis has been more difficult to evaluate. Herewith are presented the results in twenty-eight patients with streptococcal and staphylococcal endocarditis treated with penicillin* in the three-year period from December, 1942, to December, 1945. This report represents a continuation of the cooperative clinical study of the therapeutic effect of penicillin in bacterial infections and includes further observations of three patients previously rep0rted.l
Free Expression and Democracy in America: A History – By Stephen M. Feldman

In light of post‐9/11 debates about civil liberties and the role of media in a democratic society, it is tempting to label this author's new book dealing with free expression and democracy a timely...
Parallel processing architectures for iterative image restoration

Mesh and mesh-of-pyramids implementations of iterative image restoration algorithms are proposed. These implementations are based on a single-step algorithm as well as on a multistep iterative algorithm derived from the single step regularized iterative restoration algorithm. One processor is assigned to each picture element, with local memory depending on the support of the restoration filter. The implementations consist of interprocessor communication and intraprocessor computations. The efficiency of the proposed VLSI algorithms is judged by establishing lower bounds on AT/sup 2/, where A is the area of the VLSI and T is its computation time. >
A Thin Film Approach to Engineering Functionality into Oxides

The broad spectrum of electronic and optical properties exhibited by oxides offers tremendous opportunities for microelectronic devices, especially when a combination of properties in a single device is desired. Here we describe the use of reactive molecular-beam epitaxy and pulsed-laser deposition to synthesize functional oxides, including ferroelectrics, ferromagnets, and materials that are both at the same time. Owing to the dependence of properties on direction, it is often optimal to grow functional oxides in particular directions to maximize their properties for a specific application. But these thin film techniques offer more than orientation control; customization of the film structure down to the atomic-layer level is possible. Numerous examples of the controlled epitaxial growth of oxides with perovskite and perovskite-related structures, including superlattices and metastable phases, are shown. In addition to integrating functional oxides with conventional semiconductors, standard semiconductor practices involving epitaxial strain, confined thickness, and modulation doping can also be applied to oxide thin films. Results of fundamental scientific importance as well as results revealing the tremendous potential of utilizing functional oxide thin films to create devices with enhanced performance are described.
Relationship among cellular diacylglycerol, sphingosine formation, protein kinase C activity, and parathyroid hormone secretion from dispersed bovine parathyroid cells.

To separate the role of changes in parathyroid diacylglycerol (DG) from other effects of extracellular calcium, we studied the effect of inhibition of DG metabolism on PTH secretion and cellular DG content in acutely dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. R 59 022, an inhibitor of DG kinase, increased cellular DG, but significantly decreased PTH secretion. Particulate protein kinase C (PKC) activity decreased in bovine parathyroid cells incubated at high extracellular calcium or in the presence of R 59 022, which is the opposite of what was observed in the presence of the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate. Sphinganine, a normal cellular product that is a known inhibitor of PKC, significantly inhibited PTH secretion at low extracellular calcium, but had no significant effect at normal or high extracellular calcium. We then measured sphingosine in bovine parathyroid cells incubated with high extracellular calcium or R 59 022. Both conditions were associated with significant elevations of cellular sphing...
Components of the major urinary protein complex of inbred mice: Separation and peptide mapping

Gel filtration of the nondialyzable fraction of urine from normal inbred mice on Sephadex G-100 yielded three peaks (I, II, and III in order of elution), the relative sizes of which varied with the sex and strain of the mice. Constituents of peak I, the breakthrough peak, included uromucoid (Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein); peak III was low in nitrogen, rich in carbohydrate, nonprecipitable with trichloroacetic acid, gave no definitive ultraviolet or visible spectrum, and had a sedimentation coefficient of 0.5 S. Peak II contained the electrophoretically distinguishable prealbumins of the major urinary protein (MUP) complex. These components (known as 1, 2, and 3 in order of increasing mobility toward the anode) were separated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Tryptic peptide mapping indicated that components 1 and 2, a genetic variant shown to be under the control of one genetic locus (the Mup-alocus), differed by a single peptide. Components 1 and 3 had a number of peptides in common plus several peptides unique to each. The peptide map of any given component did not differ between sexes or between the strains investigated.
The solution dynamics of some Fe2(CO)6(L–L′) complexes

Abstract The variable temperature solutions dynamics of some compounds of the Fe 2 (CO) 6 (L–L′) class, where L–L′ is C(Ph) C(Ph)S z,sbnd; (I) orC 6 H 4 CH 2  N(R) (II), were observed by 13 C NMR spectra. The single-crystal X-ray structure determination ofFe 2 (CO) 5 PPh 3 [ C(Ph) C(Ph)S ] demonstrated that the triphenylphosphine group was attached to the original “π-Fe(CO) 3 ” group. This aided in the assignment of the carbonyl carbon resonances of I at low temperature. At room temperature the ligand is rapidly undergoing a fluxional process which makes the two Fe(CO) 3 groups equivalent. Similar fluxional motions appear to be occuring for type-II compounds also.
Increased receptor for advanced glycation end product expression in the human alcoholic prefrontal cortex is linked to adolescent drinking.

Abstract Adolescence is characterized behaviorally by increased impulsivity and risk-taking that declines in parallel with maturation of the prefrontal cortex and executive function. In the brain, the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is critically involved in neurodevelopment and neuropathology. In humans, the risk of alcoholism is greatly increased in those who begin drinking between 13 and 15 years of age, and adolescents binge drink more than any other age group. We have previously found that alcoholism is associated with increased expression of neuroimmune genes. This manuscript tested the hypothesis that adolescent binge drinking upregulates RAGE and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 as well as their endogenous agonist, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and mRNA analyses found that RAGE expression was increased in the human post-mortem alcoholic orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Further, an earlier age of drinking onset correlated with increased expression of RAGE, TLR4, and HMGB1. To determine if alcohol contributed to these changes, we used an adolescent binge ethanol model in rats (5.0 g/kg, i.g., 2-day on/2-day off from postnatal day [P] 25 to P55) and assessed neuroimmune gene expression. We found an age-associated decline of RAGE expression from late adolescence (P56) to young adulthood (P80). Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure did not alter RAGE expression at P56, but increased RAGE in the young adult PFC (P80). Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure also increased TLR4 and HMGB1 expression at P56 that persisted into young adulthood (P80). Assessment of young adult frontal cortex mRNA (RT-PCR) found increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidases, and neuroimmune agonists at P80, 25 days after ethanol treatment. Together, these human and animal data support the hypothesis that an early age of drinking onset upregulates RAGE/TLR4-HMGB1 and other neuroimmune genes that persist into young adulthood and could contribute to risk of alcoholism or other brain diseases associated with neuroinflammation.
Experimental hantavirus infection in nonhuman primates

Mild, transient proteinuria and azotemia were produced in three cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) following intravenous inoculation with Prospect Hill virus, a hantavirus isolated from meadow voles in the United States. This is the first demonstration of an acute nephropathy in nonhuman primates with the viruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
Nonenzymatic Oligomerization of RNA by TNA Templates

Cytosine TNA promotes nonenzymatic, template-directed oligomerization of complementary activated rGMP, leading to selective and efficient formation of RNA products. This process models “genetic takeover” of a pre-RNA by RNA.
It runs in the family: regulation of brassinosteroid signaling by the BZR1–BES1 class of transcription factors

Research of the molecular events underlying brassinosteroid (BR) signaling is emerging as a new paradigm for studying plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Two recent reports have shown that the BZR1-BES1 family of proteins is a class of novel plant-specific transcription factors that directly bind to and regulate BR-responsive genes, thus filling in key details of the link between hormonal signal transmission in the cytoplasm and transcriptional status change in the nucleus.
Defining novel health-related quality of life domains in lung transplantation: a qualitative analysis.

Purpose Health-related quality of life (HRQL) domains vary across disease conditions and are determined by standards, values, and priorities internal to patients. Although the clinical goals of lung transplantation are to improve patient survival and HRQL, what defines HRQL in lung transplantation is unknown. Employing a qualitative approach, we aimed to identify HRQL domains important in lung transplantation.
Exploiting subarrays inside a bank to improve phase change memory performance

Enabling subarrays reduces memory latency by allowing concurrent accesses to different subarrays within the same bank in the DRAM system. However, this technology has great challenges in the PCM system since an on-going write cannot overlap with other accesses due to large electric current draw for writes. This paper proposes two new mechanisms (PASAK and WAVAK) that leverage subarray-level parallelism to enable a bank to serve a write and multiple reads in parallel without violating power constraints. PASAK exploits the electric current difference between writing a bit 0 and a bit 1, and provides a new power allocation strategy that better utilizes the power budget to mitigate the performance degradation due to bank conflicts. WAVAK adds a simple coding method that inverts all bits to be written if there are more zeros than ones, with a goal to reduce electric current for writes and create larger power surplus to serve more reads if there is no subarray conflict. Experimental results under 4-cores SPEC CPU 2006 workloads show that our proposed mechanisms can reduce memory latency by 68.7% and running time by 34.8% on average, comparing with the standard PCM system. In addition, our mechanisms outperform Flip-N-Write 14.6% in latency and 8.5% in running time on average.
The role of radiation reaction in Lienard-Wiechert description of FEL interaction

Abstract In order to have complete energy conservation in FEL theoretical modeling or computer simulation, radiation reaction effects should be introduced. Existing proposals for radiation reaction forces are valid when electrons emit independently, ignoring collective aspects of the radiation. In this paper we present radiation reaction prescriptions in which coherent properties are taken into account.