cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of bleeding episodes with factor VIII concentrates in hemophiliacs with low titre inhibitor

Four patients with severe hemophilia A which had been found to have low titre inhibitor were treated on five occasions with factor VIII concentrates.Two patients with episodes of traumatic hemorrhage on the chin and intra-abdominal hematoma were treated immediately with factor VIII concentrates. On admission the inhibitor titres were almost undetectable. Factor VIII procoagulant activity (F. VIII: C) was expectedly raised to 160 and 46% respectively after infusion, and satisfactory hemostatic effects were observed in spite of anamnestic responce which began on the following 5-6th day.Two patients with three episodes such as labial hematoma, hematuria and intestinal bleeding were at first treated with factor IX concentrates, but there were no clinical improvement. At the time of treatment the inhibitor titre was 1.2, 0.86 and 0.1U/ml (Oxford unit), respectively. Therefore, each case was infused with factor VIII concentrate enough to neutralize inhibitor and gain satisfactory level of F. VIII: C for hemostasis.F. VIII: C was initially raised to 180, 92 and 72%, though the levels of 326, 274 and 86% were respectively expected. These results permitted the calculation that about 2U of factor VIII concentrates might be neutralized 1U of inhibitor.Good hemostatic effects were observed except one case with labial hematoma, which was controlled successfully with continuous infusion of factor IX concentrates.It was found advisable that factor VIII concentrates should be given firstly to control the life-threatening hemorrhage of the patients with low titre inhibitor, but it was difficult to treat the hemorrhage from mobile soft tissue with use of factor VIII concentrate alone.
Rawls on Natural Inequality

One of the fundamental tenets of John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice1 is the claim that we should seek ‘a conception of justice that nullifies the accidents of natural endowment… as counters in quest for political and economic advantage … ‘ (p. 15). This contention that the unequal distribution of natural assets (such as intelligence, talent, and so on) calls for some form of ‘nullification’ on grounds of justice I shall term the ‘Natural Inequality Theses’ (NIT for short). An important issue that I think has been thus far largely ignored concerns the place of NIT within the overall structure of Rawls’ theory. As is well known, that theory is essentially a form of contractarianism: the principles of justice are what rational persons would unanimously agree to if forced to choose under a set of constraints definitive of what Rawls calls the ‘original position’. Although NIT would not itself be chosen through this process, Rawls does observe that one of the principles that would be selected, the difference principle (which states, roughly, that socio-economic inequalities are justified only to the extent that they maximize the expectations of the least advantaged class in society), ‘represents, in effect, an agreement to regard the distribution of natural talents as a common asset and to share in the benefits of that distribution whatever it turns out to be’ (p. 101). What this implies, I think, is that it is through the adoption of the difference principle that those in the original position would in fact satisfy the requirements of NIT.
A Review of Quadrat-Based Sampling of Rare, Geographically Clustered Populations

Some common sampling designs are reviewed from the perspective of their appropriateness for accurately estimating the total abundance of a rare population. In addition, a small simulation study was performed in which the designs for three populations with varying numbers of rare elements were studied. The simulation study provided information on the efficiency of the designs and the shapes of the sampling distributions of the estimators. The best design was stratified random sampling in which strata were constructed so that quadrats with rare elements were confined to a single small stratum and that stratum was disproportionately oversampled. The estimator for this design had the smallest variance and a sampling distribution most similar to a normal distribution. Systematic sampling is a good second choice if an auxiliary variable on which to stratify is not available. The estimator had reasonably small variance, which was further reduced if adaptive cluster sampling was added. The disadvantages are that an estimate of the variance is not available if only a single systematic sample is taken and the sampling distribution of the estimator is discontinuous and definitely not shaped liked a bell curve.
Commercial Farming and the “Agrarian Myth” in the Early Republic

Nineteen forty-three marked the two-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Thomas Jefferson and the occasion for bestowing yet another honor on the Sage of Monticello. Amid salutes to Jefferson's politics and philosophy, historians and agronomists seized the opportunity to herald his contributions to scientific agriculture. Quoting from Vice-President Henry A. Wallace, M. L. Wilson claimed that farmers identified Jefferson with "the application of science to agriculture," and he then admiringly listed Jefferson's scientific achievements: the invention of a threshing machine, the improvement of the plow, the introduction of Merino sheep, and the advocacy of soil conservation.' August C. Miller, Jr., called Jefferson the father of American democracy and "a scientific farmer and agriculturist in the most comprehensive sense" of the term.2 On this bicentennial anniversary, according to A. Whitney Griswold, people paid tribute to Jefferson as "preeminently and above all a farmer." Noting that Jefferson's enthusiasm for farming had always included commerce, Griswold agreed with William D. Grampp that Jefferson's concern about marketing farm commodities had made him an ardent proponent of international free trade.3 Thus, like the Department of Agriculture experts who gathered in the auditorium that bore his name, Jefferson in 1943 was depicted as an early-day New Dealer, a modernizer dedicated to helping ordinary farmers become efficient producers. In 1955-just twelve years later-Richard Hofstadter published The Age of Reform, and Jefferson was captured for an altogether different historiographical tradition. Looking for the roots of the nostalgia that flowered with the Populists, Hofstadter described how Jefferson and other eighteenth-century
Inactivation of Hepatitis a Virus and MS2 by Ozone and Ozone-Hydrogen Peroxide in Buffered Water

The comparative inactivation of highly purified hepatitis A virus (HAV) and MS2 by 1 mg H 2 O 2 /L, 2.0 and 0.4 mg O 3 /L, and 2.0 mg O 3 /L plus 0.6, 1.0, or 1.6 mg H 2 O 2 /L, at 3-10°C, in 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 6-10) was determined. Both HAV and MS2 were completely inactivated (3.9-6 log 10 ) within 5 seconds in ozone solutions. Hydrogen peroxide did not inactivate MS2, but did inactivate 95% of the HAV. Both HAV and MS2 were completely (3.3-5.5 log) inactivated within 5 seconds in the oxidant mixtures at pH 6-8, but MS2 survival exceeded that of HAV at pH 10. MS2 was found to be a good model for predicting HAV inactivation by ozone and mixtures of ozone and hydrogen peroxide when both viruses are purified in the same manner.
Discussion on drug registration application after promulgation of new provisions for drug registration

The requirements were much higher for drug registration application after the new"Provisions for Drug Registration"and its complement regulatory document"Requirements for On-site Verification for Drug Registration"have been issued.This article is mainly about the change,requirement,and contents of the revised"Provisions for Drug Registration",and provided evaluation interpreted and diseussion of some problems for the drug research and registration application in the foreseen future.
Failure mode and fracture mechanism of FRP constructional element mechanical connection joint

The fibre reinforcement plastic(FRP) constructional element mechanical connection joint,whose material capability is different in length and width,is likely to endure much tension in the weak direction of the material.In order to study the effect of the change of the width-to-hole diameter ratio on the failure mode and the failure load of this joint,six teams of single-bolt joints contrastive experiments were designed.The conclusions are reached that the failure mode of this joint,which endures tension in the weak direction,is the net-tension near the hole;and that to increase the width-to-hole diameter ratio,this failure mode cannot be avoided and along with the increasing of the width-to-hole diameter ratio,the failure load gradually goes to stability.The root causes are that the FRP is a elastic-brittle material,the stress concentrates around the hole and the stress distribution near the hole gradually goes to stability along with the increasing of the width-to-hole diameter ratio.
A study of appropriate repregnant time after dilatation and currettage in patients with hydatidiform mole

Objective:To investigate appropriate repregnant time after dilatation and currettage in patients with hydatidiform mole.Methods:From Jan.1998 to Jan.2005,there were 126 patients whom were followed up for 1-9 years with hyditidiform mole were hospitalized in our hospital,and 78 of them were repregant after dilatation and curettage.According to the repregnant time after dilatation and curettage,we divided these patients into 4 groups.The subsequence of the patients and their babies in different groups were observed.Results:The incidence of pathological pregnancy in the patients who were repregnant whithin 6 months after dilatation and curettage had significant difference with those who were repregnant 6 months later after dilatation and curettage.There were no significant differences between the patients who were repregnant 7~24 months after dilatation and currettage and those who were repregnant 24 months after dilatation and currettage.Conclusions:Patient with hydatidiform mole after dilatation and currettage,if their serum β-HCG decreased to normal level and persisted for half a year,with no symptoms,they can gestate.
Identifying Proteins that Bind a Known RNA Sequence Using the Yeast Three-Hybrid System

The yeast three-hybrid system can be used to identify a protein partner of a known RNA sequence by screening a cDNA library fused to a transcription activation domain, with a hybrid RNA as 'bait.' Most commonly, such screens are performed to identify proteins that interact with a given RNA in vivo.
Modeling Relationships among Workload, Trust, and Visual Scanning in an Automated Flight Task

The present study explored relationships among operators’ workload, subjective trust, and visual scanning patterns during their interaction with imperfect automation in a low-fidelity flight simulation task. Participants performed both a manual tracking task and a secondary system monitoring task (automated; FA- vs. miss-prone) under high and low load conditions manipulated by central task demand. The high load condition produced, 1) less frequent saccades toward system monitoring, 2) greater subjective workload, and 3) lower levels of subjective trust, compared to the low load condition. A mediation analysis revealed that subjective workload mediated the effect of load on visual scanning patterns whereas subjective trust did not. The results imply that, when the central task demands more attention, operators strategically reduce sampling rates of information from the system monitoring task assisted by imperfect automation depending on their subjective workload but not on subjective trust.
Radiation from the T 2 4 State of Cr 3 + in Ruby and Emerald

The first appreciable decrease in the lifetime of the $^{2}E$ state of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in ruby and emerald as the temperature is raised is shown to be the result of populating the shorter-lived $^{4}T_{2}$ level in thermal equilibrium with the metastable $^{2}E$. The direct transition from the $^{4}T_{2}$ to the ground $^{4}A_{2}$ state is shown to be mostly radiative. In both crystals, the emission peak of the $^{4}T_{2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}^{4}A_{2}$ transition is shifted considerably toward longer wavelength compared to the absorption peak of that transition. The reduction in lifetime and quantum efficiency at very high temperatures is also considered.
What Do HPT Consultants Do for Performance Analysis

This study was conducted to contribute to the field of Human Performance Technology (HPT) through the validation of the performance analysis process of the International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI) HPT model, the most representative and frequently utilized process model in the HPT field. The study was conducted using content analysis as the research methodology to investigate thirty HPT business cases. The findings in this research indicate that the detailed processes and components as depicted in the performance analysis process in the ISPI HPT model were not fully present in the HPT business cases. Actual processes used in the business cases to identify performance gaps differed in part from the model. In addition, the procedure of analysis in the model is depicted as a logical sequence and in the cases is an actual sequence. In addition, the refined performance analysis process is proposed based on the research findings.
Explaining Developmental Change in Health Behavior in US and Chinese Adolescents

This chapter reports a cross-national study of developmental change in health-enhancing behavior—healthy eating and regular exercise—among adolescents in China and the United States. The application of a conceptual framework comprising psychosocial and behavioral protective and risk factors—both proximal and distal and at both the individual and social contextual level—is shown to provide a substantial account of variation in change in those behaviors over a 2-year interval. The explanatory account has generality across gender, the 3 grade cohorts, and most importantly, across the 2 markedly diverse societies.
Perceived benefits of utilising acupuncture by reason for use among US adults

The number of acupuncture users is growing in the USA, having increased nearly 50% from 2002 to 2012.1 However, relatively little is known about the reason for use (ie, treatment only, wellness only or a combination of both treatment and wellness) and perceived benefits of utilising acupuncture (eg, stress reduction) according to reason for use among US adults. An understanding of reasons for use and perceived benefits may help guide acupuncturists and healthcare professionals to maximise patient-centred healthcare utilisation. Data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) was provided by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2 The NHIS is an in-person interview survey that is conducted cross-sectionally every year and represents healthcare trends among non-institutionalised US civilians. The final analytic sample included adults aged 18 or older and had complete data for all covariates (n=33 167 unweighted). The survey response rate was 61.2% in 2012.3 A number of covariates were selected (eg, age, sex, location, socioeconomic status and health-related characteristics) based on previous studies.4 5 This study …
Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Involvement in Sjögren’s Syndrome

Evaluation of a patient with dry eye symptoms and possible Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) requires a complete review of systems and a thorough ocular surface examination that includes staining of the conjunctiva. SS patients may have a variety of clinical presentations, and it is important to have a low threshold for referring dry eye patients to a rheumatologist for a SS workup. A stepwise approach to the management of ocular surface disease is advised starting with topical anti-inflammatory therapy, autologous serum tears, and scleral lenses for the more advanced cases. For SS patients undergoing surgery, aggressive ocular surface treatment preoperatively and careful postoperative monitoring is the key to ensuring a successful outcome. In advanced cases of SS with corneal melting or perforation, aggressive local therapy, treatment of the underlying systemic disease with early immunosuppressive therapy, and close collaboration with a rheumatologist are critical to controlling the disease.
Defective amalgams – repair or replace?

Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline, Embase, ISI Web of Science, ISI Web of Science Conference Proceedings, BIOSIS, OpenSIGLE. Reference lists of all eligible trials and review articles, and their reference lists were searched. Trials were selected if they met the following criteria: randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trial, involving replacement and repair of amalgam restorations. Titles and abstracts were assessed independently by two authors. Full papers were obtained for relevant articles. Data synthesis was to follow Cochrane Collaboration statistical guidelines. 145 potentially eligible studies were identified. Only three studies were analysed further but none of these met the inclusion criteria and all were excluded from this review. There are no published randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) relevant to this review question. There is a need for methodologically sound RCTs reported according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement ( www.consort-statement.org/ ). Further research needs to explore qualitatively the views of patients on repairing versus replacement and investigate themes around pain, distress and anxiety, time and costs.
The Use of Ultrasound as a Potential Adjunct to Cell-Free Fetal DNA Screening for Aneuploidy at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.

Objective To evaluate the utility of ultrasound in identifying fetuses with uncommon chromosomal abnormalities that would be considered not detectable by cell-free fetal deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA). Study Design We performed a retrospective study of fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities that would be undetectable by cfDNA, who underwent an 11- to 14-week ultrasound from 2006 to 2016. Results There were 43 pregnancies included. First-trimester ultrasound revealed a fetal abnormality in 19 (44.2%) cases, of which 13 (30.2%) had a thickened nuchal translucency. There were an additional four fetuses with second-trimester sonographic abnormalities. Overall, 23 (53.5%) fetuses were found to have a major anomaly diagnosed by ultrasound. The rate of first-trimester sonographic abnormalities varied widely based on category of chromosomal abnormalities with high rates seen with triploidy (87.5%) and autosomal trisomy (80%) and lower rates seen with structurally abnormal chromosomes (33.3%), trisomy mosaicism (27.3%), other forms of mosaicism (11.1%), and deletions or duplications (25.0%), p Conclusion The majority of fetuses with uncommon chromosomal abnormalities in our cohort had major sonographic anomalies. The use of first-trimester ultrasound with nuchal translucency measurement may offer utility in identifying fetuses with risk of aneuploidy that would not be detectable with cfDNA.
Challenges in building child and family resilience after disasters

The frequency and intensity of major disasters have been increasing over the past decade. Over 175 million youth are affected by disasters each year with increased vulnerability that often receives...
Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices of Pediatric Palliative Care Physicians Regarding the Use of Methadone in Children With Advanced Cancer.

Abstract Context Methadone is a long-acting opioid known for its unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Most research on methadone in children is limited to its effect on the prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval. Objectives To better understand the attitudes, beliefs, and practices of pediatric palliative care physicians regarding the use of methadone in children with advanced cancer. Methods A survey was sent to the American Academy of Pediatrics Section of Hospice and Palliative Medicine LISTSERV. Information on demographics, dosing of methadone, and the use of electrocardiograms (ECGs) was collected. Results One-hundred and five respondents (91%) provide palliative care to children ≥ 50% of the time, and a majority (81, 77%) prescribe methadone. Most (62, 77%) physicians were board certified in Hospice and Palliative Medicine, and most (39, 63%) certified via the direct pathway (“grandfathering”). Most physicians (57, 70%) do not use loading doses of methadone. Board-certified physicians trended toward decreasing methadone dose more (40% ± 19%) than non–board-certified physicians (28%, ±20%) when changing from the oral to intravenous route (P = 0.07). Respondents defined a QTc interval as “prolonged” (mean ± SD) at 444 milliseconds (±68 milliseconds). The percentage of patients receiving a baseline ECG was 65% (±33%). The most common reason for not performing a baseline ECG was that the patient was on hospice (13, 36%). Conclusions There are consistent practices, attitudes, and beliefs of pediatric palliative care providers with regard to methadone. More education is needed on the accurate value of a prolonged QTc interval.
Who you know: Unlocking innovations that expand students’ networks

Fisher and Fisher maintain a clear and consistent message through their 180 pages of text. As suggested by its title, Who You Know, a gap exists around the availability of varied and influential re...
BitBench: a benchmark for bitstream computing

With the recent increase in ultra-low power applications, researchers are investigating alternative architectures that can operate on streaming input data. These target use cases require complex algorithms that must be evaluated under a real-time deadline, but also satisfy the strict available power budget. Stochastic computing (SC) is an example of an alternative paradigm where the data is represented as single bitstreams, allowing designers to implement operations such as multiplication using a simple AND gate. Consequently, the resulting design is both low area and low power. Similarly, traditional digital filters can take advantage of streaming inputs to effectively choose coefficients, resulting in a low cost implementation. In this work, we construct six key algorithms to characterize bitstream computing. We present these algorithms as a new benchmark suite: BitBench.
Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection and Concomitant Cytomegalovirus Gastroenteritis in an Immunocompromised Host

Strongyloides stercoralis infection typically presents with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms and no definitive or pathognomonic endoscopic findings. Disease burden can vary depending on a patient's immune status. Immunocompromised patients with strongyloidiasis can develop tremendous disease burden, extraintestinal dissemination, and are at risk for coinfection with other organisms. We present the case of an immunocompromised patient presenting with multiple gastrointestinal complaints found to have S. stercoralis hyperinfection and concomitant cytomegalovirus gastroenteritis.
Hyperplastic/Metaplastic Conditions

A few conditions can cause alterations in the gastric mucosa that are characterized by either an increase in mucosal mass (hyperplasia) or a loss of mucosal mass (atrophy). Focal mucosal hyperplasia can take the form of mucosal polyps, which are commonly encountered and discussed in Chap. 23, but in this chapter we will address more widespread mucosal hyperplasia, which is rare. We much more commonly encounter mucosal atrophy, especially in the setting of long-standing infection by Helicobacter pylori. It is important to find and mention atrophy in mucosal biopsies because it is accompanied by intestinal metaplasia, which is a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Finally, a (typically incidental) collection of foamy, lipid-laden macrophages (xanthelasma) is addressed, predominantly because it should be recognized as benign and not mistaken for other more serious diseases.
Interdisciplinarities in Action: Cognitive Ethnography of Bioengineering Sciences Research Laboratories

The paper frames interdisciplinary research as creating complex, distributed cognitive-cultural systems. It introduces and elaborates on the method of cognitive ethnography as a primary means for i...
Effects of propantheline bromide and milk plus cheese on healing of chronic gastric ulcers in rats.

Chronic gastric ulcers were produced by intramural injection of 20% acetic acid (0.14 ml) in rat stomachs in order to determine the effects of an antisecretory agent and a bland diet on ulcer healing processes. The effective dosage of propantheline bromide as a gastric secretory inhibitor was determined with chronic fistula rats and found to be 3 mg/kg IP, administered 3 times/day. Propantheline bromide, when given for 32 days beginning from the eighth day after operation, significantly delayed the healing and did not prevent the reexacerbation commonly observed with this type of lesion. Milk and cheese were given as substitutes for conventional rat chow and water for the same test periods as propantheline bromide, and they were found to be associated with a delay in healing during the early phase of ulceration but to prevent to some extent its recurrence.
Neuroendocrine Disturbances in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Scoping Review.

Background Neurodegenerative diseases cause progressive irreversible neuronal loss that has broad downstream effects. The neuroendocrine system regulates homeostasis of circuits that control critical functions such as the stress response, metabolism, reproduction, fluid balance, and glucose control. These systems are frequently disrupted in neurodegenerative disorders yet often overlooked in clinical practice. Objective This review aims to gather the available data regarding these disturbances in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease and also to demonstrate the volume of literature in these individual arenas. Methods Using the scoping review framework, a literature search was performed in PubMed to identify relevant articles published within the past 30 years (January 1988 to November 2018). The search criteria produced a total of 2022 articles, 328 of which were identified as relevant to this review. Results Several major themes emerged from this review. These neuroendocrine disturbances may be a precursor to the illness, a part of the primary pathophysiology, or a direct consequence of the disease or independent of it. They have the potential to further understanding of the disease, exacerbate the underlying pathology, or provide therapeutic benefit. Conclusions By synthesizing the data from a systems' perspective, we aim to broaden how clinicians think about these illnesses and provide care.
Defining Resectability of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Technical and Oncologic Perspectives

While liver metastases in colorectal cancer patients are common, only a small proportion of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) are considered resectable at presentation. Current treatment strategies associated with improved survival are limited, and efforts to increase resectability rates among patients with CRLM are warranted. Resectability of CRLM should be defined along three domains: from a medical standpoint, an oncologic standpoint, and finally a technical standpoint. Adherence to a stepwise protocol for preoperative evaluation of patients with CRLM is critical to ensure proper patient selection and to optimize outcomes.
Ultralight Luminescent Solar Concentrators for Space Solar Power Systems

Space-based solar power systems (SSPS) offer a renewable source of energy generation that features higher power production than terrestrial photovoltaics (PV) systems with visibly unobstructed access to direct sunlight. Because of the high launch and deployment costs for SSPS, PV arrays intended for such applications are designed so as to maximize the specific power (W/kg) of the array. Here we present a first analysis for a luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) module designed for SSPS. LSC devices absorb and trap incident sunlight in a planar dielectric waveguide through photon downshifting via absorption and Stokes-shifted emission from embedded luminophores. Emitted photons are trapped within the waveguide and concentrated onto small area solar cells, spectrally matched to the luminophore band edge. Here we investigate the influence of luminophore material and concentration factor on the LSC specific power. We develop an LSC system design that can achieve up to 1.8 kW/kg.
Complex holograms in PTR glass recorded by using digital micromirror device (Conference Presentation)

An approach for recording complex holograms using two beam interference setup incorporating a light modulating device in one of the arms of the holographic setup is proposed. This allows the intensity profile of the beam reflected by the DMD to be adjusted to a pre-determined profile. Using an UV laser, the created interference pattern is recorded into PTR glass plate. The variable light amplitude exposure of the glass is converted to a refractive index change after thermal treatment step. The DMD device makes possible the incorporation of zones in the hologram where there is no interference pattern and therefore there is no hologram. Such custom designed holograms can find applications in laser resonators or as spatially sensitive wavelength filters. In addition, the holograms recorded in the volume of the PTR glass are practically insusceptible to surface damage, changes in the environment and other factors from which holograms recorded in polymers suffer.
NextGen Calibration Utility for Tool Setup and Matching in Real-Time Automated Visual Inspection Systems

Metrology and inspection algorithms, no matter how robust, will only exhibit acceptable performance over a finite range of image variation. As our algorithms become more and more advanced, geared towards finding smaller and smaller defects with ever-increasing accuracy, tool matching/calibration has become essential for successful inspection across a large fleet of tools. We present a new calibration utility that is versatile enough to be used for a wide variety of inspection systems. It allows us to ensure that the key imaging parameters on each tool are within a defined range which guarantees that the images produced by various tools are sufficiently similar and that the algorithm will perform as qualified. This also simplifies recipe management/portability across the fleet, allowing recipes created on one calibrated tool to be used on any other calibrated tool. This work covers a variety of multidisciplinary material including the calibration tray concept/design, key imaging parameters, user interface layout/design, as well as a variety of computer vision algorithms used to extract and examine the different regions of the calibration tray.
Toxicological alterations induced by subacute exposure of silver nanoparticles in Wistar rats

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become crucial players in the field of medicine and various other industries. AgNPs have a wide array of applications, which includes production of electronic goods, cosmetics, synthesis of dyes, and printing inks, as well as targeted delivery of drugs to specialized cells inside the body. Even though humans readily come in contact with these particles, the organ-specific accumulation and resulting mechanisms of toxicity induced by inhaled AgNPs are still under investigation. The goal of this study was to determine the organ distribution of inhaled AgNPs and investigate the resulting systemic toxicity. To do this, male Wistar rats were exposed by inhalation to AgNPs for 4 hr/day (200 parts per billion/day) for five consecutive days. The nanoparticles were generated using a laser ablation technique using a soft-landing ion mobility (SLIM) instrument. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) analysis showed organ-specific accumulation of the nanoparticles, with the highest concentration present in the lungs, followed by the liver and kidneys. Nanoparticle distribution was characterized in the organs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric (MALDI-MS) imaging. Bone marrow cytotoxicity assay of the cells from the femur of rats showed micronuclei formation and signs of cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, rats displayed increased levels of circulating lactate and glutathione disulphide (GSSG), as determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Collectively, our observations suggest that inhaled subacute exposure to AgNP results in accumulation of AgNPs in the lungs, liver, and kidneys, preferentially, as well as mediates induced systemic toxicity.
Numerical investigation of aerosol transport in a classroom with relevance to COVID-19

The present study investigates aerosol transport and surface deposition in a realistic classroom environment using computational fluid-particle dynamics simulations. Effects of particle size, aerosol source location, glass barriers, and windows are explored. While aerosol transport in air exhibits some stochasticity, it is found that a significant fraction (24%-50%) of particles smaller than 15 µm exit the system within 15 min through the air conditioning system. Particles larger than 20 µm almost entirely deposit on the ground, desks, and nearby surfaces in the room. Source location strongly influences the trajectory and deposition distribution of the exhaled aerosol particles and affects the effectiveness of mitigation measures such as glass barriers. Glass barriers are found to reduce the aerosol transmission of 1 µm particles from the source individual to others separated by at least 2.4 m by ∼92%. By opening windows, the particle exit fraction can be increased by ∼38% compared to the case with closed windows and reduces aerosol deposition on people in the room. On average, ∼69% of 1 µm particles exit the system when the windows are open.
Design of a multivalent bifunctional chelator for diagnostic 64Cu PET imaging in Alzheimer’s disease

Herein, we report a 64Cu positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent that shows appreciable in vivo brain uptake and exhibits high specific affinity for beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates, leading to the successful PET imaging of amyloid plaques in the brains of 5xFAD mice versus those of wild-type mice. The employed approach uses a bifunctional chelator with two Aβ-interacting fragments that dramatically improves the Aβ-binding affinity and lipophilicity for favorable blood-brain barrier penetration, while the use of optimized-length spacers between the Cu-chelating group and the Aβ-interacting fragments further improves the in vivo Aβ-binding specificity and brain uptake of the corresponding 64Cu PET imaging agent.
An evaluation of some natural enemies of >Nezara viridula in northern California

Natural enemies associated with eggs of >Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) wereevaluated by placing sentinel egg masses inweeds and cultivated tomato and bean crops innorthern California. Egg predation wasgenerally less than 10% and normally involvedpredators with chewing mouth parts. Predatorsseldom destroyed an entire egg mass, typicallyeating 25 species ofpotential arthropod predators revealed that fewfed on >N. viridula eggs to any extent;however, numerous species fed on >N.viridula nymphs. Five species of eggparasites were recovered from sentinel eggmasses: >Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston),>Gryon obesum Masner and >Telenomuspodisi Ashmead (Scelionidae); and>Ooencyrtus californicus Girault and >O.johnsoni (Howard) (Encyrtidae). The major eggparasite was >T. basalis, the only exoticmember of the parasite guild; it typicallyparasitized 100% of the eggs in an exploitedegg mass. The results indicate thatparasitization of eggs and predation of smallnymphs can be important biotic mortalityfactors for >N. viridula populations innorthern California. It is suggested that acombination of factors – viz., eggparasitization, nymphal predation, regionalshortage of overwintering sites, and localshortages of suitable hosts – maintains thisexotic pest at relatively low levels in theregion.
Regional Replacement and Diffuse Interstitial Fibrosis in Aortic Regurgitation: Prognostic Implications From Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.

Abstract Objectives This study used cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to assess left ventricular (LV) remodeling in chronic aortic regurgitation (AR) to identify both forms of myocardial fibrosis and examine its association with clinical outcomes. Background Chronic AR leads to LV remodeling, which is associated with 2 forms of myocardial fibrosis: regional replacement fibrosis that is directly imaged by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) CMR; and diffuse interstitial fibrosis, which can be inferred by T1 mapping techniques. Methods Patients with chronic AR who were undergoing contrast CMR with T1 mapping for valve assessment from 2011 to 2018 were enrolled. Patients with a confounding etiology of myocardial fibrosis were excluded. In addition to quantification of AR severity and LV volumetrics, LGE and T1 mapping pre- and post-contrast were performed to measure extracellular volume (ECV) and indexed ECV (iECV). Patients were followed up longitudinally to assess for the composite event of death and the need for aortic valve replacement. Results A total of 177 patients with isolated chronic AR were included (66% males, median age 58 years [47.0 years-68.0 years]) with a median follow up of 2.5 years (1.07 years-3.56 years). The iECV significantly increased with AR severity (P Conclusions Among CMR biomarkers of fibrosis, iECV was more closely associated than replacement fibrosis or ECV with survival free of aortic valve replacement.
Rational cooperation

The Nash-Harsanyi theory of bargaining is usually taken as the correct theory of rational bargaining, and, as such, as the correct theory for the basic political contract for a society. It grafts a theory of cooperation to a base that essentially articulates the perspective of non-cooperative interaction. The resultant theory is supposed make clear how rational bargaining can fully realize the mutual gains that cooperation can make possible. However, its underlying commitment to the concepts of non-cooperative interaction renders this doubtful. I argue for an alternative theory—the theory of Full Cooperation—that avoids this difficulty. As applied to bargaining over the basic political contract, it calls for the selection of the most egalitarian of the Strictly Pareto-Optimal outcomes. This is essentially a version of Rawls’ principle of Justice as Fairness, but it is derived, unlike Rawls’ theory, without appeal to a problematic theory of individual decision-making behind the veil of ignorance. It also provides an alternative basis for what Hart calls the Principle of Mutual Restrictions, and what Rawls’ calls the Duty of Fair Play.
Using Mereological Principles to Support Metaphysics

Mereological principles are sometimes used to support general claims about the structure and arrangement of objects in the world. I focus initially on one such mereological principle, the weak supplementation principle (WSP). It is not obvious that (WSP) is prescribed by ordinary thinking about parthood. Further, (WSP) is not needed for a fairly strong formal characterization of the part–whole relation. For these reasons, some arguments relying on (WSP) might be countered by simply denying (WSP). I argue more generally that there is no reason to assume that one core mereology functions as a common basis for all plausible metaphysical theories.
On the Computational Complexity of Coin Flipping

Coin flipping is one of the most fundamental tasks in cryptographic protocol design. Informally, a coin flipping protocol should guarantee both (1) Completeness: an honest execution of the protocol by both parties results in a fair coin toss, and (2) Security: a cheating party cannot increase the probability of its desired outcome by any significant amount. Since its introduction by Blum~\cite{Blum82}, coin flipping has occupied a central place in the theory of cryptographic protocols. In this paper, we explore what are the implications of the existence of secure coin flipping protocols for complexity theory. As exposited recently by Impagliazzo~\cite{Impagliazzo09talk}, surprisingly little is known about this question. Previous work has shown that if we interpret the Security property of coin flipping protocols very strongly, namely that nothing beyond a negligible bias by cheating parties is allowed, then one-way functions must exist~\cite{ImpagliazzoLu89}. However, for even a slight weakening of this security property (for example that cheating parties cannot bias the outcome by any additive constant $\epsilon>0$), the only complexity-theoretic implication that was known was that $\PSPACE \nsubseteq \BPP$. We put forward a new attack to establish our main result, which shows that, informally speaking, the existence of any (weak) coin flipping protocol that prevents a cheating adversary from biasing the output by more than $\frac14 - \epsilon$ implies that $\NP \nsubseteq \BPP$. Furthermore, for constant-round protocols, we show that the existence of any (weak) coin flipping protocol that allows an honest party to maintain any noticeable chance of prevailing against a cheating party implies the existence of (infinitely often) one-way functions.
Nymble: anonymous IP-address blocking

Anonymizing networks such as Tor allow users to access Internet services privately using a series of routers to hide the client's IP address from the server. Tor's success, however, has been limited by users employing this anonymity for abusive purposes, such as defacing Wikipedia. Website administrators rely on IP-address blocking for disabling access to misbehaving users, but this is not practical if the abuser routes through Tor. As a result, administrators block all Tor exit nodes, denying anonymous access to honest and dishonest users alike. To address this problem, we present a system in which (1) honest users remain anonymous and their requests unlinkable; (2) a server can complain about a particular anonymous user and gain the ability to blacklist the user for future connections; (3) this blacklisted user's accesses before the complaint remain anonymous; and (4) users are aware of their blacklist status before accessing a service. As a result of these properties, our system is agnostic to different servers' definitions of misbehavior.
The Andersen–Newman Behavioral Model of Health Service Use as a conceptual basis for understanding patient behavior within the patient–physician dyad: The influence of trust on adherence to statins in older people living with HIV and cardiovascular disease

AbstractThe observation that “(d)rugs don’t work in patients who don’t take them” seems obvious; however, for older people living with HIV and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the potential for taking large numbers of medications on a regular basis may present as an overwhelming task, particularly as HIV and CVD progress and worsen over time. The extent to which older people living with HIV and CVD follow medication schedules for the treatment of these chronic health conditions is not understood well, and myriad questions exist with regard to medication adherence and older people living with HIV and CVD. For instance, do older people living with HIV and CVD take all medications as prescribed? Does this group prioritize which medications to take, perhaps demonstrating a preference for taking antiretroviral medications for the treatment of HIV as opposed to statins for the treatment of CVD? In the process of answering these and other questions, recognizing the individual and his or her attitudes and behaviors ...
Computer Techniques: Identifying Similarities Between Small Molecules

Defining similarity between molecules is a complex task. There is a vast expanse of in silico techniques that “detect” similarity between small molecules. In silico search techniques prove most useful when the similarity measurement (scoring index) reliably returns molecules with the same desired characteristics as the query. This article focuses on current computational methodologies available for the comparison of structurally similar compounds. Keywords: similarity; in silico search techniques; computational methodologies; computer-aided drug design (CADD)
Substance abuse among men who batter their mates: The dangerous mix

Abstract The relationship between battering and alcohol abuse has been recognized but little research has been done on the incidence of combined drug and alcohol abuse among men who batter. This exploratory study is based on data obtained from the intake records of 234 male batterers who had charges filed against them at the Marion County Prosecutor's Office in Indianapolis. The findings show that men who were charged with Battery A (the more violent offenses) were considerably more likely than those charged with Battery B to have either a drug problem or dual alcohol and drug problem. This article concludes by suggesting the need for well-coordinated interagency treatment programs. It also documents the need for establishing valid assessment instruments that have the potential for identifying high risk chemically dependent batterers.
Using Forecasting Models to Plan For Social Work Education in the Next Century

This article explores the use of forecasting in social work education as a precedent to planning for change. The author describes two qualitative and four quantitative forecasting models, examines areas of social work education in which faculty and administrators might usefully employ these models, and discusses the important role of forecasting in managing the future of higher education.
DNA Sequencing: An Outsourcing Guide

DNA sequencing, the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA strand, is a fundamental and ubiquitous method in molecular biology. Examples of its many uses include characterization of unknown DNA, mutation detection, allele identification, and clone construct confirmation. Advances in sequencing technology, motivated by the successful International Human Genome Project, have resulted in unprecedented access to high-quality and cost-effective automated analysis. It is increasingly common for researchers to delegate routine DNA sequencing needs to dedicated laboratories or companies specializing in this technology. In this unit, we discuss key protocols for maximizing the success of DNA sequencing when working with such service providers and describe detailed troubleshooting advice for analyzing anomalous results. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 2:12.1.1-12.1.19. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: DNA sequencing; capillary electrophoresis; PCR cleanup; plasmid preparation; chromatogram
Nonhost resistance: Self-inflicted DNA damage by fungal DNase accumulation is a major factor in terminating fungal growth in the pea-Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli interaction

Abstract Pea endocarp tissue generates a total nonhost resistance response against inappropriate pathogens such as the bean pathogen, Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsph) within 6 h. An array of plant components induced include: Pisatin (a phytoalexin), defensins, PR genes and hydrolytic enzymes in the non-host resistance response. This nonhost resistance response is similar but swifter than the responses induced by the compatible true pathogen, F. solani f. sp. pisi (Fspi). It was previously noted that a DNase released by both fungi is involved in induction of these resistance responses within pea endocarp tissue. This report demonstrates the cytological damage that occurs within nuclear DNA of both compatible and incompatible fungi when in contact with pea endocarp tissue and in the presence of DNase activity. The severity of damage to the bean pathogen exceeds that of the pea pathogen and requires only 2 h of contact with the pea tissue to develop. This accumulation of DNA damage is proposed to be the ultimate termination factor in this and other non-host resistance reactions. An updated DNase signaling scheme of the nonhost resistance of pea is presented.