cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Point excitation of a coupled structural-acoustical tire model with experimental verification: Higher order cavity modes

Abstract The acoustical modes that exist within a tire’s interior cavity have an important influence on tire-road noise, particularly structure-borne noise. The first circumferential mode is most commonly considered: it occurs when the average circumference of the tire interior cavity is approximately one wavelength. However, that mode is just the first of a family of circumferential and radial modes, the latter of which, in particular, are rarely considered, but which were the primary focus here. A modal expansion method was utilized to solve for the point excitation of a fully-coupled, ring-like structural-acoustical tire model. From that model, the dispersion features associated with the radial acoustical modes, which typically first appear between 1400 and 2000 Hz depending on the tire geometry, were identified, and their existence was verified by making detailed measurements on tires. The surface radial velocity of the tire was measured using a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV), and a point-by-point measurement method was proposed to minimize the measurement error that can occur due to the tangential motion of the treadband.
Testing Algorithm for Rh Immune Globulin Dosing in the Post-natal RhD-Negative Mother

Transfusion medicine physicians have advocated for testing all RhD negative newly delivered mothers with RhD positive babies for the presence of fetal maternal hemorrhage since 1980. Despite this fact, guidelines written for obstetrical groups have not been entirely aligned with the testing algorithm put forth by transfusion medicine groups. This discrepancy led to policies within individual institutions that leave out certain patient groups from the screening protocols, which in turn places the patient at risk for sensitization to D. The literature and controversy surrounding this topic is quite dated; a 2017 update finally aligns the testing recommendations.
Readability of Prostate Cancer Information Online: A Cross-Sectional Study:

Reading and understanding health information, both components of health literacy, can influence patient decisions related to disease management. Older adults, the population of males at greatest risk for prostate cancer, may have compromised capacity to understand and use health information. The purpose of this study was to determine the readability of prostate cancer materials on the Internet using five recommended readability tests. Using a cleared Internet browser, a search was conducted for "prostate cancer." The URLs of the first 100 websites in English were recorded to create the sample. The readability scores for each website were determined using an online, recommended service. This service generates five commonly recommended readability tests. All five tests revealed that the majority of websites had difficult readability. There were no significant differences identified between websites with .org, .gov, or .edu extension versus those with .com, .net, or other extension. It is apparent that the Internet is used often as a resource for health-related information. This study demonstrates that the large majority of information available on the Internet about prostate cancer will not be readable for many individuals.
Exploiting PDN noise to thwart correlation power analysis attacks in 3D ICs

Three-dimensional (3D) integration is envisioned as a natural defense to thwart side-channel analysis (SCA) attacks. However, there lack extensive studies on the unique feature of 3D power distribution network (PDN) noise and its impact on the efficiency of SCA attacks in 3D chips. This work fills the gap. Our experiments based on the real PDN and through-silicon via (TSV) models indicate that the noise from the other 3D planes is additive, which can significantly change the power profile of the crytpo unit in a 3D chip. We exploit the cross-plane PDN noise to develop a new counter-measure against the correlation power analysis (CPA) attacks in 3D integrated circuits (ICs). Simulation results show that the proposed method successfully improves the system resilience against CPA attacks and enhances the correlation difference by 29.1% and 18.7% over 2D and 3D baseline, respectively.
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF SOLUTIONS OF THE FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION y′(x) = ay(λx) + by(x)

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the functional differential equation y′(x) = ay (λx) + by (x); 0 ≤ x ≤ x ∞. In this equation, λ, a, b are constants, with 0 1 each solution y(x) is defined on an interval [;0, R), R ≤ ∞. However, the asymptotic behavior of solutions is defined on x → ∞. In this case y(x) is C∞. Conversely, any C∞ solution on [;0, R) can be continued to [;0,∞). The theorems generalize almost all results of the equation to the general case in which b is complex. The only major exception is the case λ 1, Re b = 0 is incomplete compared with other cases.
Velocity, Acceleration and Calculus

This chapter explores the connection between first and second order derivatives and basic mechanics. This is a non-graphical way to use and view these mathematical ideas, but they can also be related to graphs. The chapter provides a synoptic view of the connection between velocity and acceleration in terms of the principles of calculus. Physicists make an important distinction between speed and velocity. Velocity is speed plus direction, while speed is only the instantaneous time rate of change of distance traveled. When an object moves along a line, there are only two directions so velocity can simply be represented by speed with a sign, + or –.
Serial Learning by Rhesus Monkeys

Like most interesting questions in comparative psychology, the question of serial organization of behavior is not new. Hamilton (1911) demonstrated species differences in strategies for solving a rule-based four-choice problem, with monkeys and humans more likely to make choices based on relevant information obtained from previous trials than dogs, cats, or a horse. Although Hamilton’s task was not a serial task, an efficient solution did require that the subject base its behavior on the series of responses executed during the current and immediately previous trial. Memory was implied, as was the rational use of information.
S-Nitrosothiols and the Bioregulatory Actions of Nitrogen Oxides Through Reactions with Thiol Groups

Chemists have long been aware of the red color that develops upon treatment of thiols with nitrous acid. Shortly after the turn of the last century, Tasker and Jones (1909) reported on the synthesis of benzene thionitrite, which exhibits a red color. The authors further noted that the compound was highly unstable and rapidly decomposed to (biphenyl) disulfide and nitric oxide (NO) gas. Thermal and photolytic decomposition of thionitrites was later shown to involve homolytic fission, as inferred from these early experiments (Lecher and Siefken 1926; Rao et al. 1967; Josephy et al. 1984). Tasker and Jones (1909) also described the thionitrite (or S-nitrosothiol; RS-NO) formed from ethane-thiol treatment with nitrosyl chloride (NOCI). This compound was shown to be significantly more stable than the corresponding benzene thiol derivative, but also disappeared with evolution of nitric oxide. Thus, the well documented importance of the electron withdrawing effect of the thiyl (RS) group in hastening the homolytic decomposition of RS-NO had been appreciated well over 50 years ago. In 1969, Mirna and Hofman provided additional insight into the physical properties of biological RS-NOs. These studies demonstrated the trend for greater stability of thionitrites at low pH. At the same time, differences in the stability of thionitrites derived from cysteine and glutathione were noted. While S nitroso-cysteine rapidly decomposes through homolytic fission, the S-nitroso adduct of glutathione remains stable over a wide (physiological) pH range (Mirna and Hofmann 1969). Shortly thereafter, Field and colleagues, isolated the highly stable thionitrite derivative of N-acetylpenicillamine (Field et al. 1978). More importantly, this work also demonstrated that disappearance of RS-NO can follow heterolytic pathways, specifically, reactions in which IRS-NO formally transfers NO+ (or NO−). Additional reactions, persumed to be heterolytic in mechanism, were subsequently reported by Massey and colleagues (1978) and Oae and coworkers (1978) and supported the growing use of thionitrites in organic synthesis as effective nitrosating agents. The notable stability of protein thionitrites has been appreciated most recently, and heterolytic fission of the S-N bond appears to predominate in many biological systems (Stamler et al. 1992a,b,c; Lipton et al. 1993; Stamler 1994).
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: an epidemiologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular single-institution study

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a highly aggressive form of thyroid cancer. A single-institution thyroid cancer cohort of ATC was identified within the last 10 years at our institution. Retrospective analysis revealed that the frequency of ATC was 0.5% (11/2106 thyroid carcinomas). The average age at diagnosis of ATC was 74 years, and the female-to-male ratio was 1.2:1. ATC presented as a rapidly enlarging neck mass involving predominantly the left thyroid lobe (7/11; 64%). Cervical adenopathy was present in 7 (64%) of 11 cases. Fifty-five percent (6/11) of patients had distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. Histologically, ATC closely simulated a large variety of soft tissue sarcomas; osteoclast-like giant cell-rich tumors; squamous cell, spindle cell, and small cell carcinomas; and anaplastic/large cell lymphomas. Four tumors (4/11; 36%) showed heterologous elements, including rhabdoid and chondroid differentiation. Immunohistochemical studies showed that all ATCs lost TTF-1 and thyroglobulin expression, whereas PAX-8 expression was identified in 36% (4/11) of tumors. Intense and extensive nuclear staining of p53 (>50%) and high Ki-67 proliferative rate (>30%) were seen in all ATCs (11/11; 100%). Next-generation sequencing revealed recurrent BRAF V600E and TP53 gene mutations. Individual examples of a BRAF G469A mutation in ATC with follicular carcinoma component, EGFR, PTEN, PIK3CA, and FGFR3 mutations, were also identified, whereas 1 case of ATC showed wild-type sequencing with no identifiable alterations.
Alternating current in a magnetoplasma

Before studying wave motion in a magnetoplasma, it is convenient to study a simpler problem. This is one in which the applied electric field, although oscillatory, is uniform in space. We are then considering a homogeneous plasma that is simultaneously subject to a uniform steady magnetic field of flux density B 0 and to a uniform electric field E that oscillates with angular frequency ω
Bio-Plex suspension array immuno-detection of Listeria monocytogenes from cantaloupe and packaged salad using virulence protein inducing activated charcoal enrichment media.

Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis in humans, is a Gram-positive bacterium that is contracted via the ingestion of contaminated foods. Two of the largest outbreaks of listeriosis occurred following consumption of tainted cantaloupe and packaged salads. Molecular methods and immuno-based techniques for detection of L. monocytogenes in these food matrices can be difficult due to the presence of assay inhibiting elements. In this study, we utilized a novel enrichment media containing activated charcoal as the key ingredient that induces hyperactive expression and secretion of L. monocytogenes virulence proteins. The Bio-Plex suspension array system, based on Luminex xMAP technology, was subsequently employed to specifically detect accumulated L. monocytogenes secreted and membrane bound proteins via paramagnetic microsphere-antibody complexes. Cantaloupe and packaged salad samples were treated with a dilution series of L. monocytogenes and incubated in activated charcoal media following a short pre-enrichment step in Buffered Listeria Enrichment Broth. Secreted L. monocytogenes lysteriolysin O was captured using magnetic microsphere-antibody conjugates and measured using the Bio-Ple×200 analyzer. As few as 100 CFU/g of L. monocytogenes was detected from both spiked cantaloupe and packaged salad samples. In addition, antibody conjugated microspheres targeting a membrane protein present on both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Listeria species was used to identify as few as 100 CFU/g of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species in cantaloupe and packaged salad. This method presumptively identifies L. monocytogenes from cantaloupe and packaged salad in less than 24 h and non-pathogenic Listeria species within 22 h.
Smmetry Properties of Hamiltonians, Eigenfunctions, and Atomic Orbitals

The simplifying effects of symmetry in the quantum mechanical treatments of chemical systems have their origins in the symmetry of the Hamiltonians. To understand how this happens, we need to keep in mind certain elementary properties of Hamiltonians and of their exact and approximate eigenfunctions. We describe these properties briefly and then illustrate how symmetry can be used to predict certain properties of eigenfunctions and to simplify the problem of obtaining approximate eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.
Morphology and Flow Behavior of Cellulose NanofibersDispersed in Glycols

Understanding the morphology and flow behavior of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) dispersed in organic solvents can improve the process of fabricating new cellulose-based nanocomposites. In this study,...
The Efficacy of miR-20a as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: MicroRNAs have altered expression levels in various diseases and may play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: We systemically reviewed and quantitatively synthesized the scientific evidence pertaining to microRNA-20a (miR-20a) as a CRC biomarker. A keyword and reference search in PubMed yielded 32 studies, in which miR-20a was measured in feces, serum, or tumor tissue. Data were extracted from a total of 5014 cancer cases and 2863 controls. Results: Twenty out of 21 relevant studies found that miR-20a was upregulated in CRC patients compared to controls. Meta-analysis revealed a pooled miR-20a fold change of 2.45 (95% CI: 2.24–2.66) in CRC patients versus controls. To estimate sensitivity and specificity of miR-20a as a diagnostic biomarker of CRC, a pooled area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated (0.70, 95% CI: 0.63–0.78). The prognostic capacity of miR-20a was assessed using hazard ratios (HRs) for the overall survival (OS). The meta-analysis estimated the pooled HR for OS to be 2.02 (95% CI: 0.90–3.14) in CRC patients with high miR-20a expression. Conclusions: miR-20a may be a valid biomarker for CRC detection but may not be a strong predictor of poor prognosis in CRC.
Advancing Biosimilar Development Using Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers in Clinical Pharmacology Studies

Development and approval of biosimilars is critical for enhancing the availability of affordable, safe, and effective treatment options for patients. Utilization of PD biomarkers can help streamline clinical programs for biosimilar development as the current process can be costly and time consuming. While PD biomarkers have not been prominently used across biosimilar approvals to date, there is ample opportunity to utilize such information alongside or in place of comparative clinical studies with efficacy end point(s) moving forward. PD biomarkers have been successfully utilized as primary end points in PD similarity studies when the PD biomarker was a surrogate end point or a direct measure of clinical outcome. Extending such application beyond surrogate end point PD biomarkers will require some or all the following aspects to be explored: (i) investment in evaluating and synthesizing available information in the literature, (ii) conducting pilot studies, (iii) completing model‐based assessments using available data, and (iv) adopting other novel or emerging technologies, among others. Biosimilar development presents an opportunity for the clinical pharmacology discipline to advance the science around identification and application of PD biomarkers as primary end points in PD similarity studies. The impact on public health is such that the use of PD similarity data in biosimilar programs is a clear means for bringing more affordable, safe, and effective treatments to patients faster.
Impact of carboxylesterase 1 genetic polymorphism on trandolapril activation in human liver and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy volunteers.

Trandolapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor prodrug, needs to be activated by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in the liver to exert its intended therapeutic effect. A previous in vitro study demonstrated that the CES1 genetic variant G143E (rs71647871) abolished CES1-mediated trandolapril activation in cells transfected with the variant. This study aimed to determine the effect of the G143E variant on trandolapril activation in human livers and the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) in human subjects. We performed an in vitro incubation study to assess trandolapril activation in human livers (5 G143E heterozygotes and 97 noncarriers) and conducted a single-dose (1 mg) PK and PD study of trandolapril in healthy volunteers (8 G143E heterozygotes and 11 noncarriers). The incubation study revealed that the mean trandolapril activation rate in G143E heterozygous livers was 42% of those not carrying the variant (p = 0.0015). The clinical study showed that, relative to noncarriers, G143E carriers exhibited 20% and 15% decreases, respectively, in the peak concentration (Cmax ) and area under the curve from 0 to 72 h (AUC0-72 h ) of the active metabolite trandolaprilat, although the differences were not statistically significant. Additionally, the average maximum reductions of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in carriers were ~ 22% and 23% less than in noncarriers, respectively, but the differences did not reach a statistically significant level. In summary, the CES1 G143E variant markedly impaired trandolapril activation in the human liver under the in vitro incubation conditions; however, this variant had only a modest impact on the PK and PD of trandolapril in healthy human subjects.
Applying dense-sampling methods to reveal dynamic endocrine modulation of the nervous system

The brain is an endocrine organ whose day-to-day function is tied to the rhythmic production of neuromodulatory hormones. Yet, traditional approaches to studying brain–hormone relationships in humans are often coarse in scope. By contrast, dense-sampling neuroimaging offers the unique ability to probe dynamic interactions between the nervous and endocrine systems. This review summarizes recent evidence of sex hormones’ influence on structural and functional properties of the human brain. In particular, findings from the ‘28andMe’ project suggest that estradiol modulates the topology of large-scale functional brain networks and progesterone rapidly shapes medial temporal lobe morphology across the menstrual cycle. This nascent body of work sets the stage for additional studies in larger cohorts. We end by discussing the potential of dense-sampling designs to further elucidate endocrine modulation of the brain, with implications for personalized medicine.
Analysis for Robust Stability of Hopfield Neural Networks with Multiple Delays

The robust stability of a class of Hopfield neural networks with multiple delays and parameter perturbations is analyzed. The sufficient conditions for the global robust stability of equilibrium point are given by way of constructing a suitable Lyapunov functional. The conditions take the form of linear matrix inequality (LMI), so they are computable and verifiable efficiently. Furthermore, all the results are obtained without assuming the differentiability and monotonicity of activation functions. From the viewpoint of system analysis, our results provide sufficient conditions for the global robust stability in a manner that they specify the size of perturbation that Hopfield neural networks can endure when the structure of the network is given. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of system synthesis, our results can answer how to choose the parameters of neural networks to endure a given perturbation.
Mechanical properties of the high cholesterol-containing membrane: An AFM study.

Abstract Cholesterol (Chol) content in most cellular membranes does not exceed 50 mol%, only in the eye lens's fiber cell plasma membrane, its content surpasses 50 mol%. At this high concentration, Chol induces the formation of pure cholesterol bilayer domains (CBDs), which coexist with the surrounding phospholipid-cholesterol domain (PCD). Here, we applied atomic force microscopy to study the mechanical properties of Chol/phosphatidylcholine membranes where the Chol content was increased from 0 to 75 mol%, relevant to eye lens membranes. The surface roughness of the membrane decreases with an increase of Chol content until it reaches 60 mol%, and roughness increases with a further increment in Chol content. We propose that the increased roughness at higher Chol content results from the formation of CBDs. Force spectroscopy on the membrane with Chol content of 50 mol% or lesser exhibited single breakthrough events, whereas two distinct puncture events were observed for membranes with the Chol content greater than 50 mol%. We propose that the first puncture force corresponds to the membranes containing coexisting PCD and CBDs. In contrast, the second puncture force corresponds to the “CBD water pocket” formed due to coexisting CBDs and PCD. Membrane area compressibility modulus (KA) increases with an increase in Chol content until it reaches 60 mol%, and with further increment in Chol content, CBDs are formed, and KA starts to decrease. Our results report the increase in membrane roughness and decrease KA at very high Chol content (>60 mol%) relevant to the eye lens membrane.
Regulating Tech Platforms: A Blueprint for Reform

Policymakers and even technology industry executives have acknowledged the need to define new rules to govern technology platforms. The question now is not whether to regulate, but what form that regulation should take. Drawing on historical examples and emerging practices in other countries, the report outlines critical steps that policymakers must take to rein in unaccountable tech platforms.
Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of transitions in clay mineral chemistry on Mars

Abstract Although abundant evidence exists for past liquid water on Mars, the composition and amount of that liquid water remain unconstrained. The characteristics of liquid water are preserved within weathering profiles, which can be used to interpret past aqueous conditions. Putative weathering profiles consisting of Al-rich units above Fe/Mg-rich units have been documented in numerous locations on Mars. Of these locations, Mawrth Vallis is the largest in area; therefore, understanding the aqueous conditions that could cause such a profile may also help interpret similar transitions in clay mineralogy elsewhere on Mars. The stratigraphy of the Mawrth Vallis region is characterized by an Al-rich unit dominated by kaolinite and/or montmorillonite with Fe-(oxy)hydroxides and/or oxides, overlying an Fe/Mg-rich unit composed of nontronite and/or saponite. To interpret the implications of the possible formation of Mawrth Vallis by weathering, we used the reactive transport code CrunchFlow to model alteration of parent material consisting of: (1) nontronite; (2) nontronite and montmorillonite; (3) nontronite and saponite, and (4) saponite. Results indicate either the enrichment of Al-rich clay minerals in an upper weathered unit from the weathering of Fe/Mg-rich clay minerals, or weathering of saponite producing a nontronite-rich alteration product which would be anticipated to subsequently alter to an Al-clay mineral rich capping unit. Results indicate that the - profiles formed by weathering that have experienced the most aqueous/acidic alteration would be characterized by a thick Al-rich capping unit composed of kaolinite with Fe-(oxy)hydroxides, overlying nontronite. Weathering profiles containing nontronite overlying saponite would be consistent with less weathering than an Al-capping unit, as an Al-rich capping would likely develop with the continued weathering of nontronite. Al-rich units are observed in the areas around Jezero crater, Mars the landing area of the Mars2020 rover Perseverance. Characteristics of weathering profiles such as those examined here can be used in the examination of locations on Mars to help choose environments that contained liquid water with characteristics most conducive to habitability and biosignature preservation.
Inferior gluteal pain with sitting, unrelated to ischial bursitis.

A 64-year-old woman presented to an academic medical centre with postoperative left ischial pain following a left total hip replacement. Her pain was exacerbated by sitting down and with forward flexion of the spine, and the pain radiated from the left ischial tuberosity to the left perineum, groin and medial thigh. An ischial bursa injection was performed, but only resulted in 1 day of excellent pain relief. A diagnosis of inferior cluneal neuralgia was then made. Subsequent inferior cluneal nerve radiofrequency ablation was performed, and provided sustained 50% relief in pain. The patient had a concomitant sensation of ‘ball like’ pressure at her rectum which was determined to be due to levator ani syndrome. She was prescribed pelvic floor physical therapy and botulinum toxin injection, which resulted in further notable improvement of her symptoms.
Out of Error: Further Essays on Critical Rationalism

If there has been some modest advance, since Karl Popper's death in 1994, in the general understanding of his critical rationalist theory of knowledge and philosophy of science, there is still widespread resistance both to it and to the recognition of the magnitude of his contribution. Popper long ago diagnosed the logical problems of traditional enlightenment rationalism (as did some irrationalists), but instead of pretending that they are readily solved or embracing irrational defeatism (as do postmodernists), he provided a cogent and liberating rationalist alternative. This book promotes, defends, criticizes, and refines this alternative. David Miller is the foremost exponent of the purist critical rationalist doctrine and here presents his mature views, discussing the role that logic and argument play in the growth of knowledge, criticizing the common understanding of argument as an instrument of justification, persuasion or discovery and instead advocating the critical rationalist view that only criticism matters. Miller patiently and thoroughly undoes the damage done by those writers who attack critical rationalism by invoking the sterile mythology of induction and justification that it seeks to sweep away. In addition his new material on the debate on verisimilitude is essential reading for all working in this field.
A graph-theoretic framework for isolating botnets in a network

We present a new graph-based approach for the detection and isolation of botnets in a computer network. Our approach depends primarily on the temporal co-occurrences of malicious activities across the computers in a network and is independent of botnet architectures and the means used for their command and control. As practically all aspects of how a botnet manifests itself in a network-such as the online bot population, bot lifetimes, and the duration and the choice of malicious activities ordered by the bot master-can be expected to vary significantly with time, our approach includes mechanisms that allow the graph representing the infected computers to evolve with time. With regard to how such a graph varies with time, of particular importance are the edge weights that are derived from the temporal co-occurrences of malicious activities at the endpoints of the edges. A unique advantage of our graph-based representation of the infected computers is that it allows us to use graph-partitioning algorithms to separate out the different botnets when a network is infected with multiple botnets at the same time. We have validated our approach by applying it to the isolation of simulated botnets, with the simulations based on a new unified temporal botnet model that incorporates the current best understanding about how botnets behave, about the lifetimes of bots, and about the growth and decay of botnets. We also validate our algorithm on real network traces. Our results indicate that our framework can isolate botnets in a network under varying conditions with a high degree of accuracy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intestinal Adaptation to Environmental Stress

The sections in this article are: 1 The Gastrointestinal System and its Ability to Respond to Environmental Stress and Injury 1.1 Immune Defense Mechanisms 1.2 Other Defense Mechanisms 2 Geophysical Environment 2.1 Environmental Temperature 2.2 Altitude 2.3 Industrial Contaminants of the Food Chain 3 Personal Life-Style 3.1 Physical Activity and Exercise 3.2 Starvation 3.3 Luminal Environment and Diet 3.4 Gender Differences 3.5 Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract in the Aged 4 Summary
Carte Blanche, Quanta, & Competition

This paper, prepared for a symposium by the Journal of Corporation Law at The University of Iowa College of Law, analyzes the Supreme Court's 2008 decision in Quanta v. LG Electronics, which deals with the first sale doctrine and patent exhaustion. The author shows that the Quanta decision follows a line of cases in which the Supreme Court was recognizing norms of competition in interpreting and applying intellectual property doctrine. The paper makes the case for recognizing intellectual property law as a type of competition policy, complementing antitrust law.
Awareness and Interest in the West Virginia Health Insurance Marketplace.

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine the level of awareness of and interest in the Health Insurance Marketplace in West Virginia. Primary survey data were collected in July/August 2013 from a stratified sampling of West Virginians. A mailed survey was completed by respondents in a cross-sectional study. Key variables included general awareness of the Health Insurance Marketplace and the availability of subsidies, the individual mandate, interest in using the Marketplace, and perceptions of respondents' ability to qualify for financial assistance. A total of 6000 surveys were mailed containing a 9-page questionnaire; 1198 completed surveys were returned. Two months prior to launch, awareness of the Health Insurance Marketplace was low in West Virginia, yet interest in the Marketplace was higher among those most likely to benefit—the uninsured and residents likely to qualify for financial subsidies. West Virginians reported being familiar with the individual mandate. Efforts should be increase...
Mean field behavior of the reentrant superconducting-ferromagnetic transition in the (HoxEr1−x)Rh4B4 and (HoxLu1−x)Rh4B4 pseudoternary systems

Abstract A mean field analysis of the magnetic transition of the reentrant compounds (Ho 0.6 Er 0.4 )Rh 4 B 4 and (Ho 0.5 Lu 0.5 )Rh 4 B 4 demonstrates that the specific heat, the spontaneous magnetization and the depression of the Curie temperature due to the occurrence of superconductivity as observed in the above pseudoternary systems are quantitatively related.
Suppression of E-Cadherin Function Drives the Early Stages of Ras-Induced Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Upregulation of FAK and Src

Advanced stages of epithelial carcinogenesis involve the loss of intercellular adhesion, but it remains unclear how proteins that regulate alterations in cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion are deregulated to promote the early stages of cancer development. To address this, a three-dimensional human tissue model that mimics the incipient stages of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was used to study how E-cadherin suppression promotes tumor progression in Ras-expressing human keratinocytes. We found that E-cadherin suppression triggered elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and increased FAK and Src activities above the level seen in Ras-expressing E-cadherin-competent keratinocytes. The short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated depletion of FAK and Src restored E-cadherin expression levels by increasing its stability in the membrane, and blocked tumor cell invasion in tissues. Surface transplantation of these tissues to mice resulted in reversion of the tumor phenotype to low-grade tumor islands in contrast to control tissues that manifested an aggressive, high-grade SCC. These findings suggest that the tumor-promoting effect of E-cadherin suppression, a common event in SCC development, is exacerbated by enhanced E-cadherin degradation induced by elevated FAK and Src activities. Furthermore, they imply that targeting FAK or Src in human epithelial cells with neoplastic potential may inhibit the early stages of SCC.
A proposed aging management program for alkali silica reactions in a nuclear power plant

Abstract Drawing from publicly available information, this paper addresses the alkali silica reaction management of Seabrook nuclear power plant. The essence of the reaction is first examined, followed by a summary of findings, current and planned work. Then, the authors draw on their experience in ASR to first comment on the current work, and then complete the paper with what they would recommend. An important observation is that ASR constitutes a major challenge to the nuclear industry, and a thorough understanding of the State of the Art is essential before a holistic approach is undertaken. It is neither a simple nor an inexpensive challenge, yet a most critical one that industry and regulators must confront. This paper is only a breach into such an effort.
Children’s Autonomy and Responsibility: An Analysis of Childrearing Advice

Employing qualitative content analysis of 300 childrearing advice articles from Parents magazine, this paper maps historical changes in the depiction of parental authority and children’s autonomy. This popular text reveals increased autonomy for children in their private self-expression, especially in regard to activities of daily living, personal appearance, and defiance of parents. However, the magazine also portrays children’s diminished public autonomy as revealed through increasingly restricted freedom of movement and substantially delayed acceptance of meaningful responsibilities. An appreciation of popular childrearing advice as a measure of individualistic cultural values thus requires an understanding of larger social changes that shift attention from public participation toward private self-expression.
Effects of extrusion processing of feed ingredients on apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of extrusion processing on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, energy and minerals in soya bean meal (SBM), barley, corn gluten meal and whole wheat, using rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as the test species. In addition, availabilities of amino acids were also determined in SBM. Feed ingredients were preconditioned at 89–93 °C and then extruded using a Wenger X-85 extruder. Nonextruded ingredients were used as is, meaning that they were not preconditioned. The extruded and nonextruded ingredients were mixed with a casein–gelatin reference diet at 3 : 7 ratio prior to determination of ADC values. A total of 135 trout (initial mean body weight 223.4 ± 12.7 g) were stocked into nine 140-L fibreglass digestibility tanks with 15 fish per tank. Individual tanks were assigned randomly to each of eight diets made from the four ingredients (extruded and nonextruded) plus the reference diet. After faeces were collected in the first week, the diets were switched among tanks, and faeces were collected again after 5-day acclimation period in the second week. Yttrium oxide was used as the inert marker. Results showed that extrusion processing significantly improved ADCs of dry matter, crude fat and gross energy, and reduced ADCs of crude protein, phosphorus, copper, iron and zinc. Results also showed that the effects of extrusion processing on chemical composition and ADCs of nutrients depended on the ingredients. It is recommended that trace minerals such as copper, iron and zinc be supplemented by an additional 10–20% when rainbow trout diets are extruded because of their reduced bioavailability in plant meal-based feed ingredients.
Contributions to the history of psychology. XII. Wayward history: F.C. Donders (1818-1889) and the timing of mental operations.

The approach to quantification in psychology through the timing of mental operations is rooted in the work of a Dutch physiologist, F. C. Donders (1818–1889). In examining Donders' writings, their ...
Autoradiographic localization of 3 H- -ecdysone in salivary gland cells of Drosophila virilis.

ALTHOUGH the hormone ecdysone is known to initiate moulting and metamorphosis in insects its precise mechanism and site of action are unclear. When injected into larvae of Chironomus tentans it stimulated the formation of specific puffs in the polytene, salivary gland chromosomes1, and two mechanisms have been proposed to explain this. Karlson and Sekeris2 postulated that the hormone acts directly on the genome to “derepress” it, allowing the DNA to be transcribed. Kroeger3–5, however, suggested that ecdysone activates a sodium pump at the cell membrane. We have now investigated by autoradiography the distribution of 3H-β-ecdysone in isolated salivary gland cells of D. virilis.
Choriocarcinoma following term gestation

The current study reviews post-term choriocarcinoma at the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center (NETDC) in order to expand knowledge of its clinical features. Between June 1965 and June 1981, 366 patients with persistent gestational trophoblastic disease were managed at the NETDC and 15 (4.1%) of these patients had choriocarcinoma following term pregnancy. Post-term choriocarcinoma has a propensity for early metastasis with frequent involvement of the liver and brain. Metastases were detected in 13 (86.7%) patients with post-term choriocarcinoma at the time of diagnosis. Seven patients (53.8%) with metastatic post-term choriocarcinoma had hepatic and/or cerebral involvement. Complete remission was achieved in both patients with nonmetastatic disease and in 8 (61.5%) patients with metastatic disease. When the time interval from the antecedent term delivery to diagnosis was less than 4 months, 7 (87.5%) of 8 patients achieved complete remission. The 5 patients who died from post-term choriocarcinoma all had hepatic and/or cerebral involvement. Patients with post-term choriocarcinoma should undergo a meticulous metastatic evaluation and if metastases are detected these patients should be treated with primary combination chemotherapy and with the selective use of irradiation and surgical therapy.
Continuum Limit of a Step Flow Model of Epitaxial Growth

We examine a class of step ow models of epitaxial growth obtained from a Burton-Cabrera-Frank (BCF) type approach in one space dimension. Our goal is to derive a consistent contin uummodel for the evolutionof the film surface. Away from peaks and valleys, the surface height solves a Hamilton-Jacobi equation (HJE). The peaks are free boundaries for this HJE. Their evolution must be specified by boundary conditions reecting the micro- scopic physics of nucleation. We inv estigate this boundary condition by numerical simulation of the step ow dynamics using a simple nucleation law. Our results rev ealthe presence of special structures in the profile near a peak; we discuss the relationship between these structures and the contin uumequation. We further address the importance of evaporation for matching the local behavior near the peak to the solution of the contin uum equation.
“I’m the Only Person From Where I’m From to Go to College”: Understanding the Memorable Messages First-Generation College Students Receive From Parents

The current study examined the memorable messages first-generation college students received from their parents about family. Accordingly, first-generation college students shared parental memorable messages during in-depth, semistructured, responsive interviews that encouraged participants to share their distinct set of experiences. Four hundred and sixty-seven pages of transcripts were analyzed for emergent themes. First-generation college students’ voices revealed five memorable messages themes including (a) remembering family, (b) focusing on family, (c) counting on family, (d) not worrying about family, and (e) setting a good example.
Cell density-dependent proliferation in frequently-fed peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures

Background : Our goal was to produce granulocyte progenitor (CFU-G) and post-progenitor (CD15+CD11b+/-) cells for subsequent transplantation. We hypothesized that increasing the feeding frequency and maintaining constant densities may overcome inhibitory growth conditions (i.e. low pH) in high-density cultures. Methods : To study the effect of cell density on total cell expansion, differentiation and lactate production, 50% daily medium exchanges were used in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNC) maintained at constant densities (ranging from 5 x 104 cells/mL to 2.5 x 106 cells/mL). Results : We observed a significant increase in total cell expansion when the density was increased from 5 x 104 cells/mL to 1 x 106 cells/mL, but a further increase to 2.5 x 106 cells/mL resulted in a decline in cell expansion. Increasing feeding to 90% daily exchange in cultures with 2.5 x 106 cells/mL did not enhance cell expansion; nor did reducing the extent of feeding in cultures with 5 x 104 cells/mL t...
Nucleic Acid-based Detection of Bacterial Pathogens Using Integrated Microfluidic Platform Systems

The advent of nucleic acid-based pathogen detection methods offers increased sensitivity and specificity over traditional microbiological techniques, driving the development of portable, integrated biosensors. The miniaturization and automation of integrated detection systems presents a significant advantage for rapid, portable field-based testing. In this review, we highlight current developments and directions in nucleic acid-based micro total analysis systems for the detection of bacterial pathogens. Recent progress in the miniaturization of microfluidic processing steps for cell capture, DNA extraction and purification, polymerase chain reaction, and product detection are detailed. Discussions include strategies and challenges for implementation of an integrated portable platform.
THE GROWTH OF THYROIDS AND ADRENALS IN THE CHICK

THERE is no detailed account of normal thyroid or adrenal growth over any considerable period of the life span of any vertebrate. The basic physiologic interactions involved in the thyroid-pituitary and the adrenalpituitary axes have been determined by experimental studies and although these investigations have established clearly the primary role of the pituitary tropic hormones in thyroid and adrenal function, there are certain problems of glandular inter-relationships which can be analyzed very profitably by a study of the growth of normal glands. The data on normal animals provide an important complement to experimental observations because it can be ascertained: 1. Whether sexual differences exist in gland sizes or growth rates. 2. If sexual differences are observed, these can be compared with the physiological changes which occur during the development of the reproductive system. 3. Whether the rate of growth of one gland is comparable with that of another.
Invariance of the non-vanishing specializations of polynomials

This paper resolves a recent conjecture of I. Kaplansky concerning the nonsingularity of linear maps that preserve the set of nonzero specializations of polynomials.
Benchmarking grasping and manipulation: Properties of the Objects of Daily Living

This paper presents a number of concepts related to benchmarking and evaluation of grasping and manipulation. A set of “Objects of Daily Living” based on a review of common domestic objects for manipulation as identified from sources in the literature is put forward, along with the physical properties of sample objects in those categories. Next, an experimental evaluation of the coefficient of static friction between these objects and a number of common household surfaces is performed. A key failure mode in unstructured object grasping occurs when the manipulator applies large contact forces that move the object out of grasp range. These results therefore give insight into the likelihood of a target object remaining in place to be successfully grasped in the presence of contact forces from the robot arm. This paper also presents a new classification of the Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), putting forth a standard categorization for the application of robotics in human environments. These topics and results have a number of uses related to benchmarking and performance evaluation in robotic manipulation, assistive technology, and prosthetics.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anordrin (2α, 17α-diethynyl-A-nor-5α-androstane-2β, 17β-diol diproprionate)

Abstract In order to determine the pharmacokinetics of anordrin a dose of 0.2 mg/kg of [3-14C]anordrin was administered i.v. to 5 cynomolgus monkeys; the same monkeys received the same dose i.m. at a later date. An additional 3 monkeys received 1.0 mg/kg of [3-14C]anordrin i.m. After administration of the compound, the dipropionate esters of anordrin were rapidly hydrolyzed to the dihydroxy parent compound, anordiol. After i.v. administration, anordrin had a mean residence time (MRT) of 5.0 ± 1.3 (SE) min. [14C]Anordiol formed from [14C]anordrin had an MRT of 139 ± 27 (SE) min. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of anordrin and anordiol were 55 and 34 mL/min·kg, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) for anordrin was 276 mL/kg, 7.5% of body weight of the animals; anordiol had a much larger Vss of 4460 mL/kg. The MRT of anordiol after i.m. administration of 1.0 mg/kg of [14C]anordrin was 26.3 days. An average of 44% of the dose appeared in urine regardless of the route of administration or dose. The MRT values of total radioactivity were the same when calculated from serum or urine after an i.v. dose, but after i.m. administration, values from urine were approximately 60% of that calculated from serum, indicating that products appearing in urine had a shorter MRT than products appearing primarily in feces. A separate group of monkeys was given anordrin i.m. in doses ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg on the first day of menses The regression of length of menstrual cycle on dose was significant (P = 0.004). Control cycle length was 30 days and the response was linear to 76 days with the maximum dose given.
Underpowering NAND flash: profits and perils

MLC Flash memory is getting more popular in computer systems ranging from sensor networks and embedded systems to large-scale server systems. However, MLC flash has many reliability concerns, including the potential for corruption due to supply voltage fluctuations. This paper characterizes MLC flash when the chip is underpowered (i.e., power fading and voltage droops). We demonstrate that underpowering flash can cause serious errors, but also help saving up to 45% of operation energy without incurring failure.