cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH17 deficiency in human disease

The differentiation of naive T cells into distinct subsets of effector T cells is critical for effective immunity against a wide variety of infectious agents in the environment. Activation of innate immune responses by Candida species through pattern-recognition receptors directs the subsequent development of naive T cells into T H 17 cells, which are essential for effective mucosal immunity against fungi. Thorough analyses of cohorts of patients with unusual susceptibility to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis resulting from T H 17 deficiency have confirmed the role of T H 17 cells and T H 17 cytokines in human host defense against Candida species and have provided valuable insights into the complex process of T H 17 cell development.
Efficient parametric runtime verification with deterministic string rewriting

Early efforts in runtime verification show that parametric regular and temporal logic specifications can be monitored efficiently. These approaches, however, have limited expressiveness: their specifications always reduce to monitors with finite state. More recent developments showed that parametric context-free properties can be efficiently monitored with overheads generally lower than 12-15%. While context-free grammars are more expressive than finite-state languages, they still do not allow every computable safety property. This paper presents a monitor synthesis algorithm for string rewriting systems (SRS). SRSs are well known to be Turing complete, allowing for the formal specification of any computable safety property. Earlier attempts at Turing complete monitoring have been relatively inefficient. This paper demonstrates that monitoring parametric SRSs is practical. The presented algorithm uses a modified version of Aho-Corasick string searching for quick pattern matching with an incremental rewriting approach that avoids reexamining parts of the string known to contain no redexes.
Studies of phthalic acid and related compounds by positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (±CI/MS/MS)

The positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization (± CI) behavior of phthalic acid and four related compounds (phthalic anhydride, phthalide, biphthalyl, and anthraquinone-2-carboxyIic acid) are characterized by tandem mass spectrometry with low-energy collisionally activated dissociation. Principal fragmentation pathways have been established, and molecular and fragment ions arising from these compounds have been differentiated from adduct and dimer ions, as well as from ions due to impurities. The ubiquitous nature of these compounds in analytical samples makes it important to identify the corresponding ions, and thus to be able to exclude them from consideration in the identification of other sample components.
Absolute partial cross sections for electron-impact ionization of CF4 from threshold to 1000 eV

Absolute partial cross sections for electron-impact ionization of CF4 are reported for electron energies from threshold to 1000 eV. The product ions are mass-analysed using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and detected with a position-sensitive detector whose output demonstrates that all product ions are collected with equal efficiency irrespective of their initial kinetic energies. Data are presented for the production of CF3+, CF2+, (CF+ + CF32+), C+, F+ and CF22+ and for the total cross section which is obtained as the sum of these partial cross sections. The overall uncertainties in the absolute cross section values are ±5% to ±8%. Data are also presented for formation of (CF+, F+) and(CF2+, F+) ion pairs. Comparison is made with prior experiments and calculations.
Incidence of Femoral Vein Occlusion After Catheter Ablation in Children: Evaluation with Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Catheter ablation in children requires placement of multiple large femoral venous sheaths and catheters. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was used to evaluate the effect of indwelling lines on femoral venous blood flow. Between October 1993 and February 1994 a total of 17 patients scheduled for catheter ablation underwent venous MRA. Two-dimensional time-of-flight MRA was performed 12–70 hours after catheterization on all patients. All patients received intravenous heparin during the procedure and had aspirin therapy instituted after ablation. Eighteen catheter ablations and MRA studies were performed on the 17 patients (one patient underwent repeat ablation). There were 7 females and 10 males, with a mean age of 14.8 ± 4.2 years (range 8–21 years). Patients had three venous sheaths inserted in the left femoral vein (5F, 6F, and 7F with external diameters measuring 1.7, 2.0, and 2.3 mm, respectively) and one sheath in the right femoral vein (7F). Four patients (22%) had altered venous flow (two complete obstructions and two partial obstructions) following catheterization. None of these patients experienced symptoms or complications. It was concluded that there is an increased incidence (22%) of venous obstruction following catheter ablation, but there are no related complications. Venous MRA provides a rapid, noninvasive method for evaluating venous flow abnormalities and possibly detects patients at risk for complications.
Cultural Stereotypes and the Self: A Closer Examination of Implicit Self-Stereotyping

Recent research and theory on implicit self-stereotyping suggests that individuals nonconsciously incorporate stereotypes about their social groups into the self-concept; however, evidence as to whether this holds true for negative stereotypes remains limited. Using a subliminal priming measure, the current research found that women (Experiment 1) and White Americans (Experiment 2) implicitly associated the self with in-group stereotypic traits but not out-group stereotypic traits. Of importance, both groups implicitly self-stereotyped on negative in-group traits to a similar extent as they did on positive in-group traits. Moreover, exploratory analysis showed that the degree to which White Americans associated positive, but not negative, in-group stereotypes with the self was related to higher self-esteem. Implications of implicit self-stereotyping on self-esteem and stereotype-consistent behavior are discussed.
An overview of evaluative models for flexible manufacturing systems

Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) are a class of automated systems which can be used to improve productivity in discrete parts manufacturing. Due to the complexity of these systems, it is useful to have models that can aid in the design and operation of FMSs. We specifically differentiate here betweengenerative (or prescriptive) models, whichfind candidate decisions, andevaluative (or descriptive) models, whichevaluate a given set of decisions. We briefly cover, in a practical context, the pros and cons of these two classes of models. Then we focus on the latter class of models. Evaluative models for FMSs fall into five main classes, based on the technique used, namely: static allocation, queueing network theory, simulation, perturbation analysis, and Petri nets. Each of these approaches is briefly described, advantages and disadvantages mentioned, and references given to more detailed papers.
Genomewide Linkage Scan for Myopia Susceptibility Loci among Ashkenazi Jewish Families Shows Evidence of Linkage on Chromosome 22q12

Mild/moderate (common) myopia is a very common disorder, with both genetic and environmental influences. The environmental factors are related to near work and can be measured. There are no known genetic loci for common myopia. Our goal is to find evidence for a myopia susceptibility gene causing common myopia. Cycloplegic and manifest refraction were performed on 44 large American families of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, each with at least two affected siblings. Individuals with at least −1.00 diopter or lower in each meridian of both eyes were classified as myopic. Microsatellite genotyping with 387 markers was performed by the Center for Inherited Disease Research. Linkage analyses were conducted with parametric and nonparametric methods by use of 12 different penetrance models. The family-based association test was used for an association scan. A maximum multipoint parametric heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) score of 3.54 was observed at marker D22S685, and nonparametric linkage analyses gave consistent results, with a P value of .0002 at this marker. The parametric multipoint HLOD scores exceeded 3.0 for a 4-cM interval, and significant evidence of genetic heterogeneity was observed. This genomewide scan is the first step toward identifying a gene on chromosome 22 with an influence on common myopia. At present, we are following up our linkage results on chromosome 22 with a dense map of >1,500 single-nucleotide–polymorphism markers for fine mapping and association analyses. Identification of a susceptibility locus in this region may eventually lead to a better understanding of gene-environment interactions in the causation of this complex trait.
Variation in queen size across a behavioral transition zone in the ant Messor pergandei

Ant colonies should be selected to optimally allocate resources to individual reproductive offspring so as to balance production costs with offspring fitness gains. Different modes of colony founding have different size-dependent fitness functions, and should thus lead to different optimal queen sizes. We tested whether a behavioral transition from solitary colony founding (haplometrosis) to group colony founding (pleometrosis) across the range of the ant Messor pergandei was associated with a difference in queen size or condition. Both winged gynes and founding queens were significantly smaller and lighter at pleometrotic than at haplometrotic sites, with an abrupt shift in these characters across the 8.5 km-wide behavioral transition zone. Both the mutualistic advantages of grouping and among-queen competition within associations are likely to be important in selecting for smaller queen size in pleometrotic populations.
A new synthesis of double labeled [7, 9 ‐13C2] folic acid

A convenient small scale chemical synthesis of double labeled folic acid with 13C at positions C-7 and C-9 is reported. [1,3-13C2] acetone was converted into folic acid in two steps, with [1, 1, 3]-trichloroacetone as the labeled intermediate.
Serum Prolactin Response to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Metoclopramide in Patients with Prolactin-Secreting Tumors before and after Transsphenoidal Surgery

Seven female patients with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia were examined before and after selective transsphenoidal removal of a PRL-secreting microadenoma. Before adenomectomy, metoclopramide (MCP; 10 mg orally) and TRH (200 μg iv) did not increase PRL blood levels in any of the seven patients. On the contrary, after oral administration of 10 mg MCP, a positive response was noted in a group of eight lactating women 3 days postpartum. After surgery, serum PRL level returned to normal in all patients. A positive PRL response to MCP and TRH was found in six of the seven patients 1 month after surgery. One patient, who had the lowest PRL level, failed to show a PRL increase after both stimuli. These findings indicate that hypothalamic pituitary function can be restored to normal after transsphenoidal removal of PRL-secreting pituitary tumors.
Peptomer Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticle Conjugates as Systemic and Mucosal Vaccine Candidates: Synthesis and Characterization of a Conjugate Derived from the C4 Domain of HIV-1MN Gp120

Peptomers are polymers composed of peptides that are specifically cross-linked in a head-to-tail fashion. Recently, a peptomer composed of an amphipathic peptide from the C4 domain of HIV-1MN gp120 was shown to display a prominent alpha-helical conformation that, as an immunogen, elicited rabbit antibodies recognizing native and recombinant gp120 [Robey et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 23918-23921]. For the present study, we synthesized a conjugate composed of the C4 peptomer covalently linked to calcinated aluminum oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were first reacted with (3-aminopropy])-triethoxysilane to provide an amine load of 15.9 mmol of R-NH2/g of solid. The amine-modified aluminum oxide nanoparticles then were reacted with N-acetylhomocysteine thiolactone at pH 10 to place a reactive thiol on the nanoparticles. A bromoacetylated C4 peptomer, modified at the epsilon-amines of lysine residues, then was reacted with the thiolated nanoparticles to give the peptomer covalently linked to aluminum oxide via a thioether bond. The peptomer load was determined to be 16 mg of peptomer/g of particles, a 55% theoretical yield. Particle shape and size of the peptomer-conjugated alumina were analyzed by electron microscopy and displayed a mean maximum diameter of 355 nm and a mean minimum diameter of 113 nm, well within the desired size range of 300 nm believed to be optimal for mucosal immunization purposes. Experimentally determined values of mean particle diameters, specific surface area, and specific peptomer load provided the information necessary to calculate the mean antigen load, which was determined to be 53000 +/- 42000 peptomer epitopes per particle. Peptomer-alumina conjugates, such as that described here, could form the basis of a new class of biomaterial that combines a chemically defined organic immunogen with a nontoxic chemically defined inorganic adjuvant.
The Birth of Territory

THE BIRTH OF TERRITORY. By Stuart Elden. xi and 493; maps, ills., bibliog., index. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2013. $30.00 (paper), isbn 9780226202570.Territory, commonly taken to ...
Longitudinal analysis of key HIV-risk behavior patterns and predictors in men who have sex with men, Bangkok, Thailand.

The HIV incidence among Thai men who have sex with men (MSM) enrolled in the Bangkok MSM Cohort Study (BMCS) has remained high since its inception in 2006. The purpose of this BMCS analysis was to determine: (1) changes in three HIV-risk behaviors (unprotected anal intercourse (UAI), recreational drug use, and multiple sexual partners i.e., more than four male/transgender partner) over time; and (2) factors associated with each one separately. Thai MSM aged 18 years or older and living in Bangkok were eligible to participate in the BMCS. At each follow-up visit, participants were asked to report their sexual and drug behaviors in the previous 4 months. We conducted a longitudinal analysis using generalized estimating equations logistic regression that included 1,569 MSM who were enrolled from 2006 to 2010 and contributed at least one follow-up visit. For each four-month visit increase, we found a 2, 1, and 1 % decrease in odds for reported UAI, recreational drug use, and multiple sexual partners, respectively. We found significant predictors associated with three HIV-risk behaviors such as binge drinking, participation in group sex, and use of erectile dysfunction drugs. The statistically significant decrease in odds of HIV-risk behaviors among the participants is encouraging; however, continued vigilance is required to address the factors associated with HIV-risk behaviors through currently available interventions reaching MSM.
Lithology, sedimentology, and genesis of the Wadena drumlin field, Minnesota, U.S.A.

Abstract Studies on both the regional and small scales of the lithology, sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Wadena drumlin field in central Minnesota, U.S.A., provide insights to the processes that operated within the Wadena lobe during the drumlin-forming phase. Horizontal changes in the down-glacier direction in the nature of the drumlin till include an increase in the carbonate content, decrease in grain size and magnetite content, and variations in fine-fraction mineralogy. These changes also occur with depth at individual sites. It is inferred that these patterns reflect progressive incorporation and mixing of the substrate, which for much of the drumlin field is a till of northwestern origin, with the till already in transit within the base of the Wadena lobe derived from the northeast. Factors contributing to enhanced erosion within the Wadena drumlin field include increased vertical strain rates over a major subglacial highland, the presence of deformable bed material, and a lowered ice profile which permitted elevated rates of bed deformation. The patterns of mixing are generally consistent with substrate incorporation either by regelation or in the context of a deforming bed, although neither of these processes adequately explain all of the observed features of the drumlin till. Where localized departures from the generalized pattern exist, it can be shown that these are the result of either syn- or post-depositional processes, primarily winnowing, or the influence of a different substrate. Additional data are presented, including macrofabric measurements and detailed site descriptions, that are consistent with an accretionary, progressive build-up of the drumlin forms.
A Versatile System for Sugar Analysis via Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A simple, rapid and versatile method for the separation and determination of sugars via high performance liquid chromatography is described. Virtually any combination of monosaccharides, disaccharides and/or higher oligomers can be separated. Detection via differential refractometry simplifies quantitative measurements and permits collection of emerging sugars for identifying tests. As little as 20 μg of an individual sugar can be determined and preliminary data indicate excellent precision and accuracy. Aqueous solutions of sugars, including samples containing substantial salts or other impurities, can be analyzed directly without derivatization or pretreatment.
The Expert Guide to Beating Heart Disease: What You Absolutely Must Know

Harlan M. Krumholz, MD 262 pp. New York, NY: Harper Resource, a division of HarperCollins Publishers; 2005. $14.95. ISBN 0-06-057834-3. Available in paperback. This new paperback provides welcome help for the field of preventive cardiology at a time of real need. Evidence-based research over the past 20 years has defined highly effective therapies to prevent and modulate the progression of coronary heart disease in patients at risk. Practitioners who counsel and care for these patients have learned that the battery of lifestyle and drug interventions demonstrated to produce these benefits requires a successful partnership between a physician (or RN or RD) aware of the evidence-based guidelines and an informed patient who understands something of the nature of the disease and the rationale for the therapies prescribed. Only in such a setting can we expect consistent patient adherence to the multiple therapies required to actually achieve the benefits defined in studies and trials. Although most who care for such patients could cover the information needed to produce compliance-enhancing understanding in our patients, the pressures of current practice erect significant barriers. Simply …
Effects of lesions involving efferent fibers to the retina in pigeons (Columba livia)

Abstract In Experiment 1 data are presented which demonstrate that, with lesions involving the centrifugal fibers, pigeons show elevated log 1 0 latencies of response in a two-choice key-pecking task. This effect persisted over 4 days while within each daily session there was a reduction in the initial log 1 0 latency elevation. In addition, a second part of this experiment failed to support a role for these fibers in mechanisms of response habituation to visual distraction. A second experiment is reported which demonstrates that birds with lesions including the centrifugal fibers also have more difficulty with low luminance discriminations than do controls. The results are interpreted as support for the dynamic adaptation theory of Miles [12].
When Proper Names are Not Forgotten: Recall of Eponymous Medical Disorders:

Names are more difficult to recall than other facts about people such as occupations even when the words are nominally the same, e.g., Baker and baker. Subjects studied face photographs labeled with a surname and a medical diagnosis. Eponymous disorders were selected so that a given name could be used either as surname or diagnosis, e.g., Ms. Hodgkins or Hodgkin's disease. Nursing students (n = 24) tested in a within-subjects design recalled more eponymous diseases than surnames. There were few instances of confusing names and diseases, but names were often recalled to the wrong face. Education students (n = 18) recalled fewer diseases than did the nurses, and there was no difference in their recall of names and diseases. Nursing students tested in a between-groups design (n = 22 each) showed no impairment in name recall. The results suggest limitations in the role of meaningfulness in recall.
Enhancing Sugarcane Field Residue Biodegradation By Grinding and Use of Compost Tea

An evaluation of biological processes for improving in-situ degradation of the sugarcane harvesting field residue (trash mat) was performed at the W. A. Callegari Environmental Center near Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A combination of mechanical (shredding) and biological (compost tea) mechanisms was explored for enhancing degradation of this material in the field. Biological inoculums (compost teas) were generated during different phases of compost production and evaluated to determine if biologically active or finished composts produced more suitable biological inoculums to enhance degradation of trash mat. Microbiological enumeration was performed on compost teas and carbon dioxide evolution was used to assess microbiological activity associated with trash mat degradation. Mechanical chopping does significantly increase the rate of trash mat degradation. Specific results suggest that extracting compost teas during phases of composting which most closely match thermal conditions...
Dissociation of numbers and objects in corticobasal degeneration and semantic dementia

Background: Semantic memory is thought to consist of category-specific representations of knowledge that may be selectively compromised in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, but this has been difficult to demonstrate reliably across object categories. Methods: The authors evaluated performance on several simple measures requiring number representations (including addition and magnitude judgments of single digits), and on a task that requires object representations (an object naming task) in patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD; n = 13) and semantic dementia (SD; n = 15). They also examined regional cortical atrophy using voxel-based morphometric analyses of high resolution structural MRI in subgroups of five CBD patients and three SD patients. Results: CBD patients were consistently more impaired on simple addition and magnitude judgment tasks requiring number representations compared to object representations. Impaired performance with numbers in CBD was associated with cortical atrophy in right parietal cortex. By comparison, SD patients demonstrated a greater impairment on a naming task requiring object representations relative to their performance on measures involving number representations. This was associated with left anterior temporal cortical atrophy. Conclusion: The cognitive and neuroanatomic dissociations between CBD and SD are consistent with the hypothesis that number and object representations constitute distinct domains in semantic memory, and these domains appear to be associated with distinct neural substrates.
Creep behaviour and dislocation substructure evolution in the KBr-Kl system

Creep behaviour and dislocation substructure as a function of strain was investigated for two solid solution alloys and the pure components in the KBr-Kl system. The creep characteristics for the KBr-Kl alloys are in good agreement with creep behaviour observed in other ionic and class I metallic solid solution alloys, where the creep rate is controlled by a viscous dislocation glide process. The creep resistance of the KBr-KI alloys is higher than that for the pure components at the same value of homologous temperature. The dislocation substructure of the KBr-Kl alloys and pure components at large strains consists of well defined subgrains. Subgrain formation is shifted to larger strains in the alloys compared to the pure components as a result of solute drag forces on dislocations during glide.
RETENTION OF WORD-PAIRS FOR EXPERIMENTER-SUPPLIED AND SUBJECT-ORIGINATED MNEMONICS

The effectiveness of descriptive sentences and mediation mnemonics supplied by E and originated by S was compared with simple repetition. All mnemonic conditions excelled the control, and at the shorter retention intervals (2 days and 1 wk.), S-originated devices were significantly superior to E-supplied conditions at the 2-day and 1-wk. intervals. At the 8-wk. interval all mnemonic conditions, save the mediation E supplied, produced significantly higher retention than the control.
Gradients of stiffness guide neurite growth in 3D collagen gels

One approach to enhance nerve and spinal cord regeneration following injury is to implant a biomaterial scaffold to ”bridge” the gap of the injury. Structural/mechanical anisotropy has been suggested as a means of orienting this growth axially. We have spatially varied the mechanical properties of a 3D collagen gel to direct growth axially and unidirectionally. Gradients of mechanical properties were generated in collagen gels by exposing the collagen to a 0–1mM gradient of genipin, a cell-tolerated crosslinking agent, for 12hrs via microfluidics. The gradient of stiffness was confirmed via a gradient of genipin-induced fluorescence intensity, which we have previously correlated to the storage modulus of collagen gels. The growth of neurites from isolated chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in the presence of these gradients was evaluated after 5 days in culture. In control cases, neurites grew into the collagen gel and up either side of the cross-channel to approximately equal lengths. A 20% difference in differential growth was observed in control experiments. In contrast, when presented a gradient of shear modulus from ∼365Pa – 60Pa, neurites elected to grow down the gradient of stiffness to the compliant side, with an almost 300% difference. Interestingly, the length of neurites in gels with gradients was significantly greater than the length of those grown in gels with uniform, untreated gels with high compliance. Control of neurite growth, cell migration, and other aspects of cell behavior in 3D scaffolds via mechanical properties offers vast potential for tissue engineering and other regenerative therapies.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Laminar and spatial localization of the islands of Calleja in mice.

Abstract The islands of Calleja (IC) are dense clusters of cells localized within the ventral striatum. The IC have been described as variable in both number and localization from animal-to-animal, however, a quantitative investigation of this variability is unavailable. Further, it is presently unknown whether the IC occupy select areas of the olfactory tubercle (OT), the ventral striatum structure which possesses the IC in mice. To address these questions, we examined the IC of adult C57bl/6 mice. As previously noted, we found substantial inter-hemispheric and inter-mouse variations in the total number of IC. While the IC were observed in all three cell layers of the OT, the bulk of IC occupied layer iii. The span of the IC along the anterior–posterior and medial–lateral axes of the OT was variant. Further, localizations of the IC within the OT also differed across animals. Notably, the probability of observing an IC in the medial OT was greater than that of observing one in the lateral. These data provide a fundamental characterization of both differences and similarities regarding the IC in mice and will be informative for future in vivo studies seeking to perturb and possibly record from the IC. Further, we predict that inter-animal diversity in the IC may be a mechanism for inter-animal differences in behavior, especially reward-related and motivational behaviors.
Lysine transport in the culture form of Trypaxosoma cruzi: Kinetics and inhibition of uptake by structural analogues

Abstract 1. 1. The kinetics of 14 C lysine transport and the effects of analogues on lysine transport have been studied in Trypanosoma cruti . 2. 2. Lysine is accumulated by the cell. 3. 3. The inhibitory action of analogues indicates that lysine transport in T. crust is unusual with respect to transport mechanism specificity. 4. 4. The results suggest that lysine may be transported through more than one mechanism.
Determination of order parameters from carbon–fluorine dipolar coupling

Abstract A convenient NMR method for the determination of the order parameters for liquid crystals containing a fluorinated phenyl ring is described. The technique consists of measuring the carbon-fluorine dipolar coupling constants in the one-dimensional C-13 spectrum of the molecule. The order parameters may then be calculated for the fluorine-containing ring with a high degree of precision because of the excellent resolution afforded by the 1-D C-13 spectra. The method is used to determine the core order parameters for 4-n-hexyloxybenzilidene-4′-fluoroaniline (FAB-OC6). The results of the carbon-fluorine dipolar coupling method are compared with two established methods for determining the core order parameters of phenyl rings, namely deuterium NMR spectroscopy and SLF/VAS, a two-dimensional C-13 NMR spectroscopy. Some comments about the orientational properties of the fluorinated liquid crystal FAB-OC6 are made.
Application Of Local Reference Beam Holography To The Study Of Laser Beam Parameters

Local reference beam holography can be used in conjunction with interferometry to determine the complex amplitude distribution in the output of CW and pulsed laser beams. A hologram is recorded of the laser wavefront with a locally generated reference beam from the laser beam to be measured. The wavefront is then reconstructed with a CW laser beam in the usual way. The modulus of the complex amplitude can be measured directly and the phase is measured by interfering the reconstructed wavefront with a uniform phase wavefront. If the laser output is partially coherent the possibility exists of extending this method to determining the mutual intensity function and the complex degree of coherence of the laser wavefront.
Thermal analysis of a high energy propulsion system /hydrazine and liquid fluorine/ for a rover class Mars Orbiter

Maintaining cryogenic fluorine at a -189 C during the interplanetary cruise period to Mars is a major thermal problem. At this low temperature the heat rejection by radiation is severely limited and the allowable thermal load to the fluorine tank is less than approximately 8 watts. Previous studies generally constrain the spacecraft to an inline tank configuration which tends to maximize the fluorine tank's view and heat rejection to space. With the Inertial Upper Stage, sufficient stack height may not be available on the Shuttle for an inline tank configuration. Therefore, this study addresses the more thermally constraining side by side tank configuration.
Integrated Topside - integration of narrowband and wideband array antennas for shipboard communications

The Integrated Topside (INTOP) Program is an Innovative Naval Prototype effort initiated by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) to develop wideband multifunction RF system technology that will enable increased functionality through the employment of shared hardware and software resources to execute the mission objectives. An Electronic Warfare/Information Operations/Communications (EW/IO/Comm) Advanced Development Model (ADM) is one of the prototypes being developed under the INTOP program. ONR is also developing low cost narrow band phased arrays as part of the High Throughput Networking Infrastructure (HTNI) program to support communications in the Common Data Link (CDL) frequency range. This paper explores the challenges and benefits that could be achieved through an integration of both technologies. The INTOP EW/IO/Comm program effort functionality encompasses the existing CDL spectrum with broader frequency coverage. Both the narrowband CDL array and the wideband INTOP array provide multi-beam array technology. However, the INTOP array provides greater flexibility in beam forming, interference nulling, and frequency coverage. Depending on the specific requirement for the communications link support, the CDL array set (four per ship) may provide as many as eight receive beams when used individually, or four beams when used in an elevation diversity configuration to mitigate multipath and other atmospheric effects. The INTOP receive array set (4 per ship) has the potential to support as many as 16 communication links or as few as four, when supporting the most distant communication links. As a combined asset, the receive antenna capacity addresses the Navy projections for the number of links to support Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) platforms. The transmit array is sized to similarly support the required number of links. In addition to the combined link support, the integration of the two arrays provides redundancy, multipath mitigation, frequency diversity, the potential to employ spatial separation to achieve the desired number of links within the existing frequency constraints, and the ability to allocate receive assets to enhance the frequency management of the ship to prevent interference and contention.!
The source of cellular lipid in the human diploid cell strain WI-38

Abstract The extent of lipid biosynthesis in cultures of WI-38 cells was assayed using radioactive precursors, and it was found that the lipid present in these cells under normal culture conditions is not biosynthesized but is derived from the medium. The results of experiments designed to determine which of the serum lipids is the source of the cell lipid indicate that free fatty acid is probably the source of all the nonsterol lipid in the cells. The data suggest that the serum-free fatty acid is taken up by the cells and that then cellular triglycerides and phospholipids are assembled from the preformed fatty acid. It was further demonstrated that, during the course of culture, hydrolysis of serum triglycerides occurs, replenishing the free fatty acid levels in the medium. This hydrolysis was shown to occur in the absence of cells; its rate was decreased by heating the serum, which suggests the mediation of a serum enzyme.
Experimental studies of using wireless energy transmission for powering embedded sensor nodes

A major challenge impeding the deployment of wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring (SHM) is developing a means to supply power to the sensor nodes in an efficient manner. In this paper, we explore possible solutions to this challenge by using a mobile-host based wireless energy transmission system to provide both power and data interrogation commands to sensor nodes. The mobile host features the capability of wirelessly transmitting energy to sensor nodes on an as-needed basis. In addition, it serves as a central data repository and processing center for the data collected from the sensing network. The wirelessly transmitted microwave energy is captured by a receiving antenna, transformed into DC power by a rectifying circuit, and stored in a storage medium to provide the required energy to the sensor node. The application of wireless energy transmission is targeted toward SHM sensor nodes that have been recently developed by the authors, which can be used to collect peak mechanical displacements or piezoelectric impedance measurements. This paper will describe considerations needed to design such energy transmission systems, experimental procedure and results, method of increasing the efficiency, energy conditioning circuits and storage medium, and target applications. Experimental results from a field test on the Alamosa Canyon Bridge in southern New Mexico will also be presented.
The Prohead-I structure of bacteriophage HK97: implications for scaffold-mediated control of particle assembly and maturation.

Abstract Virus capsid assembly requires recruiting and organizing multiple copies of protein subunits to form a closed shell for genome packaging that leads to infectivity. Many viruses encode scaffolding proteins to shift the equilibrium toward particle formation by promoting intersubunit interactions and stabilizing assembly intermediates. Bacteriophage HK97 lacks an explicit scaffolding protein, but the capsid protein (gp5) contains a scaffold-like N-terminal segment termed the delta domain. When gp5 is expressed in Escherichia coli , the delta domain guides 420 copies of the subunit into a procapsid with T = 7 laevo icosahedral symmetry named Prohead-I. Prohead-I can be disassembled and reassembled under mild conditions and it cannot mature further. When the virally encoded protease (gp4) is coexpressed with gp5, it is incorporated into the capsid and digests the delta domain followed by autoproteolysis to produce the metastable Prohead-II. Prohead-I +P was isolated by coexpressing gp5 and an inactive mutant of gp4. Prohead-I and Prohead-I +P were compared by biochemical methods, revealing that the inactive protease stabilized the capsid against disassembly by chemical or physical stress. The crystal structure of Prohead-I +P was determined at 5.2 A resolution, and distortions were observed in the subunit tertiary structures similar to those observed previously in Prohead-II. Prohead-I +P differed from Prohead-II due to the presence of the delta domain and the resulting repositioning of the N-arms, explaining why Prohead-I can be reversibly dissociated and cannot mature. Low-resolution X-ray data enhanced the density of the relatively dynamic delta domains, revealing their quaternary arrangement and suggesting how they drive proper assembly.
Hypoxanthine and McArdle disease: A clue to metabolic stress in the working forearm

Forearm exercise in a patient with myophosphorylase deficiency resulted in abnormally high levels of hypoxanthine in the venous blood. The post-exercise hypoxanthine response may reflect ATP depletion in the muscle and provides a useful screening test in muscle diseases with abnormal energy metabolism.
Preliminary evaluation of experimental techniques for studying the absorption of rubidium by grape roots

Abstract The experimental material consisted of root segments excised from grape cuttings maintained in nutrient culture. In every experiment reported here washed roots absorbed Rb at substantially higher rates than unwashed root segments. The absorption of Rb per unit weight of root was generally in the same low range for unwashed roots with little regard to diameter, age, browning, or the presence of an intact root apex. On the other hand, after washing, uptake was much higher in large diameter roots than smaller ones, higher in white roots than in brown ones, and higher in younger tissues than older ones, The response to washing is markedly reduced by the presence of an intact attached root apex.
Refugium for surface life on Snowball Earth in a nearly enclosed sea? A numerical solution for sea-glacier invasion through a narrow strait

Where photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms survived during the Snowball Earth events of the Neoproterozoic remains unclear. Our previous research tested whether a narrow arm of the ocean, similar to the modern Red Sea, could have been a refugium for photosynthetic eukaryotes during the Snowball Earth. Using an analytical ice-flow model, we demonstrated that a limited range of climate conditions could restrict sea-glacier flow sufficiently to allow an arm of the sea to remain partially free from sea-glacier penetration, a necessary condition for it to act as a refugium. Here we expand on the previous study, using a numerical ice-flow model, with the ability to capture additional physics, to calculate sea-glacier penetration, and to explore the effect of a channel with a narrow entrance. The climatic conditions are made self-consistent by linking sublimation rate to surface temperature. As expected, the narrow entrance allows parts of the nearly enclosed sea to remain safe from sea-glacier penetration for a wider range of climate conditions.
The Structure and Energetics of the Tropical Cyclone II. Dynamics and Energetics

Abstract This study uses the data composited in Paper I to analyze the dynamics and energetics of a mature tropical cyclone in term of budget studies of moist static energy, angular momentum and kinetic energy. Sea surface to air fluxes of moisture and sensible heat are found to be much smaller than the estimates of most previous researchers. Horizontal eddy fluxes of momentum and kinetic energy are substantial at outer radii in the upper troposphere. The Coriolis torque term in the angular momentum equation does not integrate to zero over the large-scale storm circulation but rather becomes a dominant term. Tropical cyclones are net sources of kinetic energy over their large-scale circulations. This probably results from strong transient eddy generation of kinetic energy within the storm.
Anonymous, neutral, and strategy-proof rules on the Condorcet domain

The Condorcet rule on the domain of profiles at which there exists a unique Condorcet winner is the unique rule satisfying anonymity, neutrality, and strategy-proofness.
A Neuropsychological Perspective on Attention Problems in Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Cognitive problems are common in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and they can often complicate treatment. The current literature review examines cognitive functioning in neurofibromatosis type 1, with a specific focus on executive functioning. This includes exploration of how deficits in executive functioning are expressed in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and how these deficits contrast with ADHD. The value of investigating subcomponents of executive functioning is discussed, as are implications for effective treatment and future research.
bcr/abl and src but not myc and ras replace v-abl in lymphoid transformation.

Abstract Lymphoid cells transformed by temperature-sensitive Abelson virus die at the nonpermissive temperature. This property was exploited to show that bcr/abl and v-src but not myc and ras can replace the transforming signal of v-abl, a result suggesting that the former but not the latter oncogenes transform lymphoid cells via a similar pathway.
Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Concurrent Cisplatin Chemoradiotherapy for Organ Preservation and Cure in Patients With Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: Long-Term Follow-Up

Purpose The poor functional outcome in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with surgery and radiation has led to alternative approaches to advanced disease. We conducted a phase II study of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy for organ preservation in patients with advanced resectable and unresectable (nasopharyngeal) tumors. Patients and Methods Forty-two patients with stage III to IV resectable HNSCC and nasopharyngeal tumors received induction chemotherapy with two courses of cisplatin (20 mg/m2/d continuous infusion [CI]), fluorouracil (800 mg/m2/d CI), and leucovorin (500 mg/m2/d CI; PFL) for 4 days followed by concurrent therapy with cisplatin (100 mg/m2/d on days 1 and 22) and approximately 70 Gy of external-beam radiotherapy. Results Response to induction chemotherapy included partial response rate of 52% and complete response rate of 24%. The most common grade 3 or 4 toxicity was neutropenia (59%). After cisplatin chemoradiotherapy the ...
Morphology of Zinc Sulfide Particles Produced from Various Zinc Salts by Homogeneous Precipitation

Colloidal sols of ZnS were prepared by thermal decomposition of thioacetamide in acidic zinc solutions. Precipitation was carried out in the presence of nitrate, acetate, chloride, and sulfate ions. Particle morphology was influenced by the chemical nature of the anions present in the solution as well as the rate of sulfide ion generation. Spherical, monodisperse particles having a specific type of particle size distribution, i.e., monosized, bimodal, or continuous distribution, with mean sizes in the range of 0.15 to 3 μm, were formed depending on the anion type and sulfide ion generation rate. Individual particles always consisted of clusters of sphalerite crystallites except when sulfide ions were generated at low rates and sulfate ions were present. In such cases a mixture of α- and β-ZnS was formed.
Wear of Composites by Abrasives of Varying Hardness

The relationship between the wear of three composite resins and the hardness of the abrasive was studied by a two-body abrasion test. The wear rates of the composites increased linearly with abrasive hardness from 530 to 2080 KHN. Measurement of the slope of the wear rate versus abrasive hardness over this range provided a sensitive method for ranking the composites.
Rate-distortion optimization for tree-structured source coding with multi-way node decisions

A new algorithm is proposed for the generation of rate-distortion optimized tree-structures used in source coding. The algorithm solves a more general problem than that assumed for a previous method by P.A. Chou et al. (1989). It arises when the tree structure is to be optimized with a multi-way decision made at each leaf node. The simplifying assumption that the three structure performance functions are monotone with respect to the level of nodes in the tree is also removed. Two applications of the more general problem in image/video compression are quadtree coding with vector quantization and variable block-size motion compensation. This new method is not a pruning algorithm, as the optimal trees may not be nested. The new algorithm finds the global optimal tree structure and node decisions in the unconstrained rate allocation sense. >
Environmental stability and sustainable development

Many scholars have advocated that the cornerstone of sound environmental management is an effective control of stability of the human life-support system. A common theme running through these suggestions is that we should maximize the inherent stability of the life-support system. This essay proposes a new scheme or technique of classifying the stability of systems. Then the essay describes how the stabilizing mechanisms may be considered as a force that holds the human life-support system intact. Stabilizing energy is the energy available to do work, without compromising the integrity of the configuration. The anthropogenic processes of harvesting or using the system as a sink for pollutants are the counterforce that tends to destabilize the system. The basic conclusion is that if society is using a system, then the maximum energy of the anthropogenic processes cannot exceed the stabilizing energy. If this occurs, the system reaches its metastate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.