cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mean-flow measurements in an axisymmetric compressible turbulent wake.

Abstract : The mean flow field of the axisymmetric turbulent wake shed by a very slender body at Mach 3 has been mapped with the aid of the pitot and static pressure probes and the hot-wire anemometer. The experimental geometry was chosen so that no inviscid wake existed, and the measurements were carried out to about 100 diameters downstream of the base. The axial variation of the velocity and temperature defects appears to obey classical decay laws following a relaxation distance of at least 40 diameters from the transition region. By contrast, the radial profiles of these properties relax quickly to a self- preserving form; both the temperature and the velocity radial variations fit single-parameter Gaussian distributions quite well. The proper radial similarity variable is the radius divided by the transverse wake scale; equally good agreement obtains for a Howarth-Dorodnitzyn-transformed radius, although this issue is still unsettled because of the low Mach number used. The turbulent Reynolds and Prandtl numbers computed indirectly from the data agree well with similar results from low-speed turbulent flows.
Picosecond pulse analysis of gain-switched 1.55 &#181;m InGaAsP laser

Results of computer simulation of gain-switched pulses from InGaAsP lasers emitting at 1.55 μm are reported. Multimode rate equations are solved for short triangular current pulses of large amplitude superimposed on a dc bias close to threshold. Lasers of conventional length (200μm) and with short cavity (50 μm) are analyzed. The effect of wavelength chirp on time-resolved and the time-averaged multimode spectra is demonstrated. Optical pulses as short as 10 ps are predicted for short-cavity lasers with reflective coatings. While the number of longitudinal modes in gain-switched spectrum is efficiently reduced for short-cavity lasers, the dynamic linewidth of each mode remains of a similar magnitude (up to 140 GHz) as for standard-cavity lasers. It is expected that gain saturation effects could reduce the calculated values of dynamic linewidth.
Extraction of Anthocyanins and Polyphenolics from Blueberry Processing Waste

ABSTRACT: The effectiveness of temperature, SO2, citric acid, and industrial juice-processing enzymes (n= 9) for producing extracts of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum, cv. Rubel) and blueberry skins that are rich in anthocyanins and polyphenolics were evaluated individually and/or in combination. Enzyme treatment had little effect on total monomeric anthocyanins and on total phenolics recovery. Various combinations of heat, SO2, and citric acid yielded extracts with higher concentrations of ACY and TP than the control. The distribution of anthocyanins and polyphenolics in ‘Rubel’ was also investigated. Anthocyanins existed almost exclusively in the skins, and polyphenolics were mostly in the skins with lesser amounts in flesh and seeds. Skins were also highest in antioxidant activity. All portions contained the same individual anthocyanins but in varying amounts. Cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonol-glycosides were found in the skins and seeds, whereas the flesh contained only cinnamic acids.
Brood success in variable environments: Implications for parental care allocation

Abstract A model is developed which makes predictions about intraspecific variation in parental care patterns. The model assumes that animals can respond to predictable changes in conditions for rearing offspring, and can adjust the amount of parental care they provide. The following predictions are made: (1) Where the environment or the parent's condition varies predictably, animals should provide more care to successive broods under improving conditions, and less care under deteriorating conditions. (2) In stochastic environments, variation in brood success during the period of parental care should have a predictable effect on subsequent brood-care. (3) In non-uniform environments or populations, parents facing higher than average mortality risks of types independent of parental effort should increase care provided for current offspring. Parents whose mortality risks result from parental effort should provide less care for their offspring. These predictions are assessed in relation to the available empirical evidence. Much of this suggests that parental care patterns vary within species and may often be adjusted by individuals according to prevailing and projected conditions. Data could not be found to test all aspects of the theory, however, so further field studies would be valuable.
E-cadherin can replace N-cadherin during secretory-stage enamel development.

Background N-cadherin is a cell-cell adhesion molecule and deletion of N-cadherin in mice is embryonic lethal. During the secretory stage of enamel development, E-cadherin is down-regulated and N-cadherin is specifically up-regulated in ameloblasts when groups of ameloblasts slide by one another to form the rodent decussating enamel rod pattern. Since N-cadherin promotes cell migration, we asked if N-cadherin is essential for ameloblast cell movement during enamel development.
Determinations of suspended sediment concentrations from multiple day landsat and AVHRR data

Abstract A combination of satellite data, on-site sampling, and hydrodynamic and water quality model simulations was used to evaluate surface sediment concentrations in Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie. Both satellite brightness values and categorizations of total suspended sediment concentrations from Landsat and AVHRR data were evaluated for the period of 10–28 June 1981. The satellite data products displayed many of the trends in concentration recorded by the on-site data, and were similar to the results of hydrodynamic and water quality (HWQ) model simulations reported elsewhere.
JEDDITO YELLOW WARE AND HOPI SOCIAL NETWORKS

Hopi villages played important roles in the precontact and contact periods in the American Southwest, but analysis has largely focused on their occupants’ longdistance contacts with non-Hopi populations. Relatively little direct archaeological evidence has been mustered to document intervillage relationships on the Hopi Mesas. The lack of attention to intervillage dynamics risks encouraging an overly homogeneous view of Hopi as a sociopolitical or ethnic entity. This study employs compositional analysis of Jeddito Yellow Ware pottery to track the local movement of pottery among Hopi villages and thus map patterns of interaction among them. The circulation of pottery is found to differ over time and by ceramic type, with bichromes moving within mesas and polychromes more often between mesas. Prior to Spanish contact, the Hopi settlement cluster contained a number of localized social networks rather than a single, all-encompassing network.
Role of Repeat 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Examination in Predicting Pathologic Response Following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Importance Predicting complete pathologic response (CPR) preoperatively can significantly affect surgical decision making. There are conflicting data regarding positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET CT) characteristics and the ability of PET CT to predict pathologic response following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal adenocarcinoma because most existing studies that include squamous histology have limited numbers and use nonstandardized PET CT imaging. Objective To determine if PET CT characteristics are associated with CPR in patients undergoing trimodality treatment for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective medical record review was conducted at a large tertiary cancer center from a prospectively maintained database from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2012. Inclusion criteria were patients undergoing esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma post–neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with 2 standardized PET CT studies done at our institution (pre–neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and post–neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy) for review. Data collected included clinical, pathologic, imaging, and treatment characteristics. Main Outcome and Measure The primary study outcome was the association of PET CT characteristics with histologic confirmed pathologic response. Results Of the total participants, 77 patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-two patients (28.6%) had CPR vs 55 patients (71.4%) who had incomplete pathologic response. The 2 groups were similar in age, sex, race/ethnicity, comorbid conditions, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status, tumor grade, chemotherapy, and radiation regimen and days between the 2 PET CTs. The mean prestandardized uptake variable (SUV; 14.5 vs 11.2; P = .05), δ SUV (10.3 vs 5.4; P = .02), and relative δ SUV (0.6 vs 0.4; P = .02) were significantly higher in those with CPR vs incomplete pathologic response. Using the Youden Index, a δ SUV value less than 45% was predictive of residual disease with a positive predictive value of 91.7% (95% CI, 73-99; P Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this is the largest study examining the role of PET CT characteristics in esophageal adenocarcinoma for patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy that demonstrates that δ SUV of less than 45% is associated with patients with residual disease but not CPR. Based on the findings from our study, the current recommendation is still surgical resection regardless of the posttherapy PET SUV in the primary tumor. However, our study highlights the ability to detect patients with residual disease and the need to critically evaluate these patients for consideration of additional therapies.
The Control of Natural Motion in Mechanical Systems

This paper concerns a simple extension of Lord Kelvin's observation that energy decays in a dissipative mechanical system. The global limit behavior ofsuch systems can be made essentially equivalent to that of much simpler gradient systems by the introduction of a "navigationfunction" in the role of an artificial field. This recourse to the mechanical system's natural motion helps transform the open-ended problem of autonomous machine design into the more structured problem of finding an appropriate "cost function" in the many situations that the goal may be encoded as a setpoint problem with configuration constraints. This paper offers a unified exposition of some recent results [13, 12, 15] heretofore scattered throughout a more mathematically oriented literature that strengthen our original suggestion [8, 9] concerning the utility of controlling natural motion as a means of simultaneously encoding, planning and effecting tasks in mechanical systems. The chief theoretical insight, Theorem 2, is a global global version of Lord Kelvin's century old result on the dissipation of total energy. Establishing this extension yields a rather general design principlethe notion of a navigation function-that seems to have useful application in a variety of settings. Roughly speaking, it offers a checklist of criteria for achieving the strongest possible convergence properties allowed on a configuration space by a smooth and bounded force/torque control strategy. Some simple examples introduced here may aid the exposition of these ideas. A sequel [10] to this paper illustrates how the ideas may be applied in more realistic settings. This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/ese_papers/470
Use of atp6 in fungal phylogenetics: an example from the boletales.

Abstract Complete nucleotide sequences have been determined for atp6 from Suillus luteus and cox3 from Suillus sinuspaulianus (Boletales, Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota), which code for ATPase subunit 6 and cytochrome oxidase subunit 3, respectively. These sequences were used to design PCR primers for the amplification of partial atp6 and cox3 sequences from other members of the Boletales and outgroup taxa. In atp6 and cox3 from Russula rosacea, one of the outgroup taxa, we observed a number of in-frame TGAtrp codons, which imply a Neurospora crassa-type mitochondrial code in R. rosacea and possibly in basidiomycetes in general. Interestingly, however, most basidiomycetes other than R. rosacea appear to strongly prefer the TGGtrp codon, which is unusual, given the strong A + T bias in fungal mitochondrial genomes. Pairwise comparisons were performed between atp6 sequences from increasingly divergent fungal lineages, and results show that all three codon positions become saturated in substitutions after an estimated divergence time of approx 300 Ma. This means that atp6 is likely to provide phylogenetic resolution within fungal classes but not at higher taxonomic levels. Also, because of the strong A + T bias in fungal mitochondrial genomes, A/T transversions were found to be more common than any other type of substitution, resulting in transversions being about two to three times more common in most pairwise sequence comparisons. Finally, atp6 sequences were used to infer phylogenetic relationships between 27 taxa from the Boletales and 4 outgroup taxa. Analyses were performed (i) on nucleotide sequence data using parsimony (successive approximation) as well as maximum likelihood methods and (ii) on deduced amino acid sequences using distance methods based on empirical substitution probabilities. Results from the various analyses are largely concordant with each other as well as with prior analyses of partial mitochondrial large-subunit rDNA (mtLSU rDNA). Analysis of the combined atp6 and mtLSU rDNA sequences results in increased bootstrap support for several key branches. Relationships that have been resolved for the first time in the current analysis are discussed.
Transportation and transnational projects

The progress of civilization is linked to the successful development and evolution of transportation modes and methodologies. The rise of a great society, from ancient times to the present day, was and is dependent upon its ability to carry on trade and commerce across national frontiers and international borders. Although new technological developments have always been and will always be criticized by skeptics, usually expounding dire (and often baseless) consequences, history shows that nations failing to create, upgrade, and maintain their transportation infrastructure eventually decline, are eclipsed, and sometimes disappear from the world stage. As the 21st century dawns, innovative approaches must be developed and continuously refined to effectively balance available modal choices to secure a foothold within the rapidly evolving transnational network, ensuring a healthy economy that also addresses environmental and societal concerns. However, this will not be possible without a strong leadership willing to invest the necessary resources and capital, both public and private, for conducting research and development and financing new projects.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL RESIDUES THAT DETERMINE HUMAN CD59 SPECIES SELECTIVE ACTIVITY

Formation of the cytolytic membrane attack complex of complement on host cells is inhibited by the membrane-bound glycoprotein, CD59. The inhibitory activity of CD59 is species restricted, and human CD59 is not effective against rat complement. Previous functional analysis of chimeric human/rat CD59 proteins indicated that the residues responsible for the species selective function of human CD59 map to a region contained between positions 40 and 66 in the primary structure. By comparative analysis of rat and human CD59 models and by mutational analysis of candidate residues, we now identify the individual residues within the 40-66 region that confer species selective function on human CD59. All nonconserved residues within the 40-66 sequence were substituted from human to rat residues in a series of chimeric human/rat CD59 mutant proteins. Functional analysis revealed that the individual human to rat residue substitutions F47A, T51L, R55E, and K65Q each produced a mutant human CD59 protein with enhanced rat complement inhibitory activity with the single F47A substitution having the most significant effect. Interestingly, the side chains of the residues at positions 47, 51, and 55 are all located on the short single helix (residues 47-55) of CD59 and form an exposed continuous strip parallel to the helix axis. A single human CD59 mutant protein containing rat residue substitutions at all three helix residues produced a protein with species selective activity comparable to that of rat CD59. We further found that synthetic peptides spanning the human CD59 helix sequence were able to inhibit the binding of human CD59 to human C8, but had little effect on the binding of rat CD59 to rat C8.
Assessment of estimated 1990 air toxics concentrations in urban areas in the United States

Abstract The 188 air contaminants designated as hazardous air pollutants, or air toxics, under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 are associated with a variety of adverse human health impacts. The US Environmental Protection Agency recently developed estimates of 1990 outdoor concentrations of 148 air toxics for every census tract in the continental United States. This paper compares the results for urban and rural areas, and evaluates the relative contributions of large stationary sources (point sources), small stationary sources (area sources), and mobile sources. The estimated air toxics concentrations in urban areas were typically twice as high as in rural areas. There were more air toxics with modeled ambient concentrations in excess of health benchmarks in urban census tracts than in rural census tracts. Ambient concentrations attributable to area sources alone exceeded health benchmarks in a majority of urban census tracts for several pollutants; similar results were found for mobile sources. For point sources, exceedances of benchmarks generally occurred in fewer census tracts. These results show that reductions in emissions of air toxics from all three types of sources will be necessary to reduce anthropogenic air toxics concentrations to levels below the health benchmark concentrations.
Ab initio density functional theory for spin-polarized systems

Abstract Ab initio density functional method, based on second-order many-body perturbation theory has been generalized to apply to spin-polarized open-shell systems. Results for energies and V xc are presented.
Aedes aegypti: Characterization of hemocyte polypeptide synthesis during wound healing and immune response to inoculated microfilariae

Abstract Hemocytes from adult, female Aedes aegypti, intrathoracically inoculated with microfilariae (mf) of the nematode Dirofilaria immitis, were compared to saline-inoculated and uninoculated controls using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 125I-labeling, and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binding techniques. Activation of wound healing and/or melanotic encapsulation responses by the inoculation of saline or mf into the host hemocoel induced alterations in the hemocyte activity of these mosquitoes. Protein assays of whole hemocyte lysates revealed that hemocytes from saline- and mf-inoculated mosquitoes had higher protein concentrations than uninoculated controls. Many polypeptides were seen within all three hemocytes preparations when stained with silver nitrate, but there was an overall increase in protein synthesis in hemocytes from inoculated mosquitoes. In addition, a 200-kDa polypeptide was uniquely expressed in hemocytes from inoculated mosquitoes. There were several prominent surface proteins labeled with 125I, and several of these increased dramatically in intensity during wound healing and/or a melanotic encapsulation response. Similar results were seen in two-dimensional separations. A set of basic polypeptides comigrated with an acidic polypeptide resulting in a surface protein of approximately 80–90 kDa that increased in inoculated mosquitoes. Hemocytes from inoculated mosquitoes exhibited a group of three acidic polypeptides, whereas hemocytes from uninoculated mosquitoes exhibited only one of these protein fragments. Three surface polypeptides bound 125I-labeled WGA, and binding of WGA to hemocyte surface polypeptides was successfully inhibited by the incubation of cells with the lectin and its competing sugar.
Occurrence of intercellular spaces (windows) in metastatic adenocarcinoma in serous fluids: a cytomorphologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural study.

The application of cytomorphologic criteria to the examination of serous effusions allows the reliable diagnosis of malignancy in the majority of cases. One feature observed in tissue fragments previously thought to be indicative of mesothelial origin is the presence of intercellular windows, presumably due to long surface microvilli. In this study, however, we examined cytologic preparations of 143 effusion and body-cavity washing specimens and noted distinct intercellular window formation within tissue fragments of adenocarcinoma in 13% of the cases studied. Stains for mucicarmine, Alcian blue with hyaluronidase pretreatment, and periodic acid-Schiff following diastase digestion on corresponding cell block material demonstrated that intercellular mucin contributes to such window formation in greater than half of these cases. Thus the presence of intercellular windows within tissue fragments does not, in isolation, preclude the diagnosis of malignancy in serous effusions. Diagn Cytopathol 1999;20:115–119. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metabolic clearance rate, urinary and plasma production rates of testosterone sulfate in man.

Abstract Four normal adult males and a 7 year old boy with virilizing adrenocortical tumor received an intravenous injection of 7- 3 H-testosterone sulfate. Twenty-eight to 61% of the tritium injected was recovered in urine collected during the 14 days following the injection with 2.7–11.3% as TS and about 0.0015% as testosterone glucuronide. The disappearance curve of 3 H-TS from plasma was found to be represented by three exponentials during the 10–18 hours of study. The metabolic clearance rates ranged from 50 to 89 liters/M 2 /24 hours in the normal males and was 203 liters/M 2 /24 hours in the patient with virilizing adrenal tumor. Urinary productions and blood production of TS were similar ranging from 64 to 310 μ g/24 hours in normal males, and a value of 2,030 in the patient with virilizing adrenal tumor. Using various assumptions, it was speculated that about 1% of plasma T is converted to plasma TS, while about 0.15% of plasma TS is converted to plasma T.
Changing the Laboratory: Effects of a Laboratory Course on Students' Attitudes and Perceptions

Qualitative evaluations of a new curriculum can be very informative, particularly about the effects on student achievement and retention rates. There is, however, a great deal of information that this type of program assessment fails to reveal about the reasons a program is successful (or unsuccessful). In this study, we report the results a yearlong examination of the effects of an organic laboratory course on students' perceptions about what they were learning and why, and the roles of the instructor and the students in the course. Students enrolled in experimental sections of an open-ended, project-based organic chemistry course were compared with others who were enrolled in a more conventional "cookbook" laboratory course. Students were videotaped, interviewed, and asked to complete open-ended questionnaire forms. Those who were enrolled in the experimental lab sections were more likely to view the lab as a place to experiment and make mistakes, while those in the conventional sections were more likel...
Sugar cataracts in vitro: implications of oxidative stress and aldose reductase I.

Abstract The rat lens, when cultured in medium 199 containing 55·5 m m -glucose and 15% fetal calf serum, developed a visible equatorial cortical opacity by the 96th hour. The gerbil lens, whose aldose reductase activity was twice that of the rat lens, developed such an opacity after 24 hr. The development of opacity is thus faster in a lens with higher aldose reductase activity. The relation of aldose reductase with genesis of sugar cataracts is also evident from the observation that substitution of glucose by xylose accelerated cataract formation. Xylose is known to have lower Km for aldose reductase than glucose. Fortification of the media with vitamin E (2·4 μ m ) or GSH (0·1 m m ) did not prevent the cataract development. The level of lens malonaldehyde, one of the products of lipid peroxidation, was also unaffected either following culture in high sugar media or following in vivo induction of diabetes by streptozotocin. The oxidative stress, thus, does not seem to be involved in initiating the formation of sugar cataracts.
On the extraction of Vcb from semileptonic B decays

We discuss the extraction of Vcb from B→D∗lνl in the heavy quark symmetry. Special attention is paid to the theoretical uncertainties in the procedure of extrapolating to zero recoil introduced by choosing the shape of the Isgur-Wise function. A phenomenologically based procedure is proposed to eliminate these uncertainties.
The Potential of Contingent Valuation for Public Administration Practice and Research

Public administrators and policy analysts routinely face the task of assessing goods whose social values are not revealed in markets. Often “structured conversations” with citizens provide the only source of information for valuing of such goods. The problem of valuation is particularly great in the case of environmental amenities that may have value to people beyond their direct consumption. In response, environmental economists have developed a methodology, contingent valuation (CV), for estimating the social value of policy changes using data from questions posed to samples of survey respondents. Although contingent valuation is beginning to be applied to other policy areas, it has not yet seen general widespread use. This article provides an overview of the CV methodology and speculates on its future use by public administrators. My thanks to Donijo Robbins and two anonymous referees for helpful comments.
Effect of edema associated with 131Cs prostate permanent seed implants on dosimetric quality indices.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of prostatic edema on various dosimetric quality indices following transperineal permanent C 131 s seed implant. Thirty-one patients with early prostate cancer, who received C 131 s permanent seed implant, were included in this study. Each patient received a prescribed dose of 115 Gy from the implant. Transrectal ultrasound (U.S.) was used to measure the preimplant prostate volume and pre- and postneedle implant volumes, and postimplant CTimages were used to obtain postimplant prostate volumes at days 0, 14, and 28 for all patients. The magnitude of edema was determined by comparing the preneedle and postimplant prostate volumes, which was used to compute the half life of the edema using the least-squares method. Dose volume histograms were generated for each set of volumes to determine the percentage of the prostate volume that received a dose equal to or greater than the prescribed dose to compute the quality index (V100) and fractional D90 (FD90). There were no statistically significant differences between the postneedle and postimplant (day 0) volumes obtained by U.S. and CT scanned images (student’s t -test p = 0.56 ). The mean half life of the edema was found to be ( 9.72 ± 8.31 ) days ( mean ± 1 SD ) , ranging from 3.64 to 34.48 days. The mean values of V100 and FD90 from preimplant plan to postimplant plan at day 0 were decreased by 8.0% and 6.3%, respectively. On the other hand, the mean values of V100 and FD90 increased with increasing postimplant time and attained optimal values when postimplant volume reached the original volume of the prostate. The short half life C 131 s radioactive source delivered about 85% of the prescribed dose before the prostate reached its original volume. Therefore, improvement in V100 and FD90 due to edema decay does not improve the physical dose delivery to the prostate. It is important to note that at the time of C 131 s implant, the effect of edema must be accounted for when defining the seed positions. Implants performed based only on the guidance of a preimplant volume study would result in poor dosimetric results for C 131 s implants.
Non-Mendelian regulation and allelic variation of methionine-rich delta-zein genes in maize

Sufficient methionine levels in the seed are critical for the supply of a balanced diet for feed and food. Currently, animal feed is supplemented with chemically synthesized methionine, which could be completely replaced with naturally synthesized methionine. However, insufficient levels of methionine are due to alleles of two genes in the maize genome that are expressed during seed development, which have a high percentage of methionine codons, ranging from 23 to 28%, while free methionine is very low. The two genes, dzs10 and dzs18, belong to the prolamin gene family that arose during the evolution of the grasses and were duplicated during a whole genome duplication event. We have found several dzs10 and dzs18 null alleles caused either by transposon insertion or frame shift mutations. Maize seeds with null mutations of both genes have a normal phenotype in contrast to other prolamin genes, explaining the accumulation of methionine deficiency in normal breeding efforts. Moreover, the trans-regulation of these genes deviates from Mendelian inheritance. One allele of the regulatory locus dzr1 is inherited in a parent-of-origin fashion, while another allele appears to prevent Mendelian segregation of the high-methionine phenotype in backcrosses.
von Baer's law for the ages: lost and found principles of developmental evolution

In 1828, Karl Ernst von Baer formulated a series of empirically defined rules, which became widely known as the ‘Law of Development’ or ‘von Baer’s law of embryology’. This was one the most significant attempts to define the principles that connected morphological complexity and embryonic development. Understanding this relation is central to both evolutionary biology and developmental genetics. Von Baer’s ideas have been both a source of inspiration to generations of biologists and a target of continuous criticism over many years. With advances in multiple fields, including paleontology, cladistics, phylogenetics, genomics, and cell and developmental biology, it is now possible to examine carefully the significance of von Baer’s law and its predictions. In this review, I argue that, 185 years after von Baer’s law was first formulated, its main concepts after proper refurbishing remain surprisingly relevant in revealing the fundamentals of the evolution–development connection, and suggest that their explanation should become the focus of renewed research. Linking evolution and development Few processes in the biology of multicellular animals are as important as their evolution and development. Over the past 500 million years, the evolutionary process has produced a vast variety of animal species ranging in size from miniscule to weighing over a hundred tons and ranging in complexity from the relatively simple organization of sponges and cnidarians to the highly intricate designs of arthropods and vertebrates. Animals extinct and extant feature a fantastic variety of sizes, shapes, color patterns, and behaviors. All of this diversity is also reproduced in every new generation by developmental processes, which not only centrally include embryogenesis, but also events that occur both earlier, during formation of the egg before embryogenesis, and later, after hatching or birth of the developing multicellular organism. The relation between evolution and development has been an area of much interest and discussion for many generations of biologists and understanding the principles linking these two processes in a meaningful way promises a major breakthrough in biology.
Production strategy decisions a simulation model approach

Abstract Model building in physical, statistical, simulation or other form, is making an increasing contribution to the problem solving methodology in economics, industry, government, and technological development (1). More specifically, in the present context, simulation models can offer a distinctive and valuable contribution to the understanding by management of complex business systems, interactions and environment and indicate ways toward improvement, financial and otherwise (2). The advent of powerful computers in the last few years is the decisive factor which has decided the means of realizing the full potential of simulation models, hitherto unattainable because of the vast amount of data processing and calculation required. The purpose of this article is to indicate the approach to and scope of a computerized simulation model for long term production strategy decision making (3). While the model relates to the system and data of a specific production unit, manufacturing electronic components, the principles are widely applicable in any size and type of company. It is not a specifically large company technique.
Research on Surveillance Risk Index System of Unified and Interconnected Electricity Market in China

After the establishment of the unified and interconnected electricity market in China, electricity trading range will cover the entire State Grid operating region, and headquarters market and provincial market will become interconnected, unified and coordinated operation. Aiming at the surveillance risk under the unified and interconnected electricity market, a relatively complete surveillance risk index system is proposed. The proposed risk index system includes six first grade indices, i.e., market state, transaction plan, contract and settlement, market coordination, energy efficiency and power grid operation. The risk index system can reasonably and overall reflect the risk level of the electric power transaction under the unified and interconnected electricity market circumstances. It is useful for State Grid to achieve risk management and control of electricity trading surveillance, rectify the irregularities, and maintain a fair and impartial market order.
Regional isolation in the Balkan region: An analysis of craniofacial variation

Biological variation is investigated among contemporary Croatians, Bosnians, American whites, and other multitemporal Balkan populations (World War II Croatians, Macedonians, and Greeks) via multivariate statistics and distance measures of the craniofacial complex. This study demonstrates that there is considerable variation among groups of European ancestry. Bosnians and Croatians who are thought to be relatively homogenous and historically to originate from the same Slav ancestry show local variations. While environmental plasticity has been used to explain cranial changes among human groups, it does not adequately explain the variation observed between Bosnians and Croatians. It is an oversimplification to exclusively attribute the vast range of variability observed among local as well as geographic populations to environmental adaptations.
New pathway for self-assembly and emergent properties

Summary One of the great challenges in nanotechnology is the programmed control of hierarchical self-assembly of nanoscale components to achieve specifically desired three-dimensional structures and their associated functionalities. Analysis of these processes in a biomolecular system reveals a previously unanticapated pathway for the genetically encoded control of hierarchical assembly of nanoscale components and the resultant emergence of complex behaviors.
Suppression of neuronal apoptosis by S-nitrosylation of caspases

S-Nitrosylation (reaction of nitric oxide (NO) species with a critical cysteine sulfhydryl) can regulate the physiological activity of proteins, including enzymes, ion channels, G-proteins, and transcription factors. Caspases are a family of interleukin-1β-converting enzyme-like proteases involved in the signaling pathway to apoptotic cell death, and each member of this enzyme family contains a critical cysteine residue in its active site. Here we show that S-nitrosylation of caspases in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells and primary cerebrocortical neurons decreases enzyme activity and is associated with protection from apoptosis.
Multi-band Wigner function formulation of quantum transport

Abstract A Wigner function representation of multi-band quantum transport theory is developed in this Letter. The equations are derived using non-equilibrium Green's function formulation with the generalized Kadanoff–Baym ansatz and the multi-band k.p Hamiltonian including spin. The results are applied to a two-band resonant inter-band tunneling structure.
Vieillir au Quattrocento

Dans la distribution de la fortune, la jouissance des privileges ou l'exercice du pouvoir, de larges contrastes caracterisaient les societes italiennes du Moyen Age et de la Renaissance. A un seul egard, pourtant, ainsi que les moralistes de l'epoque ne cessaient de le rappeler, tous les hommes etaient egaux : tous vieillissaient. Selon les termes de Bernardin de Sienne, ils avancaient tous ensemble vers cet etat de vieillesse que tous souhaitaient atteindre et qu'ils deploraient tous quand il fondait sur eux. Alberto Tenenti a montre comment l'art, a la fin du Moyen Age surtout, exprime une conscience aigue de l'ecoulement du temps et de l'approche inexorable de la mort. Les ecrivains du Moyen Age ou de la Renaissance nous ont transmis en grand nombre leurs commentaires ou leurs conseils sur l'experience du vieillissement et sur les âges de la vie que les hommes doivent traverser.
Cardiotoxicity and Serotonin Syndrome Complicating a Milnacipran Overdose

Milnacipran is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, recently approved for use in the USA for treatment of fibromyalgia. This case report describes a 59-year-old woman who ingested 3,000 mg of milnacipran in a suicide attempt. Following the ingestion, she became obtunded and developed autonomic instability. She required mechanical ventilation, treatment for hypertension, and then ultimately vasopressor support for refractory hypotension. In addition, she developed a transient, acute cardiac dysfunction with global hypokinesis and an ejection fraction of 30%. Resolution of the cardiac dysfunction was documented on repeat echocardiogram 2 days after the initial study. This was confirmed by cardiac catheterization performed 4 days after the acute ingestion in which coronary arteriogram was normal and left ventricular ejection fraction was 70%. Acute overdose was confirmed by quantification of plasma milnacipran concentration of 8,400 ng/mL obtained 5 h post-ingestion. To our knowledge, this represents the first case of cardiac toxicity complicating a milnacipran overdose in the medical literature.
Tackling the knowledge explosion without overloading the student

Assessment of today's approach to veterinary education reveals a system overloaded with facts and students stressed to memorise and recall medical information. The Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine has chartered a path to reduce the curricular information overload. The innovative incorporation of computers into the curriculum coupled with problem-based learning activities are preparing students to find information and learn on their own.
Reflected shock tube studies of high-temperature rate constants for OH + CH4 --> CH3 + H2O and CH3 + NO2 --> CH3O + NO.

The reflected shock tube technique with multipass absorption spectrometric detection of OH radicals at 308 nm has been used to study the reactions OH + CH4 → CH3 + H2O and CH3 + NO2 → CH3O + NO. Over the temperature range 840−2025 K, the rate constants for the first reaction can be represented by the Arrhenius expression k = (9.52 ± 1.62) × 10-11 exp[(−4134 ± 222 K)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Since this reaction is important in both combustion and atmospheric chemistry, there have been many prior investigations with a variety of techniques. The present results extend the temperature range by 500 K and have been combined with the most accurate earlier studies to derive an evaluation over the extended temperature range 195−2025 K. A three-parameter expression describes the rate behavior over this temperature range, k = (1.66 × 10-18)T2.182 exp[(−1231 K)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Previous theoretical studies are discussed, and the present evaluation is compared to earlier theoretical estimates. Since CH3 radicals a...
Investigation of molecular order in liquid‐crystalline solutions of cellulose triacetate using PMR spectroscopy

Liquid-crystalline solutions of cellulose triacetate (CTA) in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)–CH2Cl2, TFA–1.2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) solvent mixtures were examined by means of PMR spectroscopy. CTA forms both cholesteric and nematic phases in these solvents depending on the CTA concentration. In cholesteric solutions the CH2Cl2 signal is initially a singlet and then splits into a doublet. The time dependence of the splitting and the effect of CTA concentration are reported. The results suggest that the cholesteric phase slowly changes into a nematic phase in the magnetic field. The splitting of the CH2Cl2 proton signal into a doublet and the 1,2-DCE signal into a quartet are due to direct magnetic dipole-dipole interactions. Rotation of the sample in the magnetic field results in the disappearance of the doublet or quartet and suggests that the solvent molecules are originally oriented in the direction of the magnetic field. In the biphasic region, immediate splitting of the CH2Cl2 proton signal suggests that the anisotropic phase is nematic.
Real-time forecasting of solar irradiance ramps with smart image processing

Abstract We develop a standalone, real-time solar forecasting computational platform to predict one minute averaged solar irradiance ramps ten minutes in advance. This platform integrates cloud tracking techniques using a low-cost fisheye network camera and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms, where the former is used to introduce exogenous inputs and the latter is used to predict solar irradiance ramps. We train and validate the forecasting methodology with measured irradiance and sky imaging data collected for a six-month period, and apply it operationally to forecast both global horizontal irradiance and direct normal irradiance at two separate locations characterized by different micro-climates (coastal and continental) in California. The performance of the operational forecasts is assessed in terms of common statistical metrics, and also in terms of three proposed ramp metrics, used to assess the quality of ramp predictions. Results show that the forecasting platform proposed in this work outperforms the reference persistence model for both locations.
Structural and transport properties of InN grown on GaN by MBE

In this work, the growth of InN on GaN substrates by molecular beam epitaxy and the structural and electrical characterization are presented. The quality of InN is found to be a sensitive function of the III/V flux ratio and the substrate temperature. The structural quality of InN is characterized by X-ray diffraction, and the transport property is characterized by Hall effect measurements. An optimum growth window to obtain high structural quality InN with high electron mobility is observed. A strong correlation between the structural quality and the measured Hall mobility is shown. Transmission electron microscope study of InN shows high dislocation density (∼2 × 1011 cm–2 at 200 nm from the InN/GaN interface), which is the limiting factor for the transport property in InN. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Information System Assurance for Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: Unique Risk Considerations

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems inherently present unique risks due to tightly linked interdependencies of business processes, relational databases, and process reengineering. Knowledge of such risks is important in planning and conducting assurance engagements of the reliability of these complex computer systems. Yet, there is little empirical evidence on this issue. To examine this topic, a semi‐structured interview study was conducted with 30 experienced information systems auditors (from 3 of the Big 5 firms) who specialize in assessing risks for ERP systems. This approach allowed us to obtain detailed information about participants' views and client experiences. The results indicate that the implementation process of ERP systems has an important impact on system reliability. Further, interviewees identified a number of common implementation problems (e.g., improperly trained personnel and inadequate process reengineering efforts) that result in heightened risks. Interviewees also reported ...
High Rates of Vertical Crustal Movement near Ventura, California

Fission track, radiometric, and paleomagnetic age determinations in marine sedimentary rocks of the Ventura Basin make it possible to estimate the vertical components of displacement rates for the last 2 million years. The basin subsided at rates up to 9.5 +/- 2.5 millimeters per year until about 0.6 million years ago, when subsidence virtually ceased. Since then, the northern margin of the basin has been rising at an average rate of 10 +/- 2 millimeters per year, about the same rate as that based on the geodetic record north and west of Ventura since 1960 but considerably lower than the rate along the San Andreas fault at Palmdale since 1960.
Sutured or fibrin-glued laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy.

Minimally invasive techniques for choledochojejunostomy offer theoretical advantages for palliating unresectable periampullary neoplasms. Fibrin glue, a biologic adhesive containing concentrated fibrinogen, may obviate suturing and promote healing without stricture formation. We examined the technical ability to perform laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy (LCJ) and the applicability of thrombin-activated fibrin glue in an animal model of biliary obstruction. Domestic pigs underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and ligation of the distal bile duct. Three days later, a side-to-side LCJ was performed by intracorporeal sutured anastomosis (n=7) or using four stay sutures and homologous fibrin glue (n=7). Control animals underwent a similar bypass via open laparotomy (n=7). The postoperative interval to ambulation and oral intake was recorded, and serial serum liver enzymes were measured. The animals were sacrificed at 6 weeks, and tensile strength of the anastomoses was assessed by tensometry. Liver function tests returned to normal values within 7 days following all methods of choledochojejunostomy. In the fibrin glue group, three anastomotic leaks (43%) occurred in the 1st postoperative week. At 6 weeks, all other anastomoses were intact and patent by cholangiogram, but there was moderate stenosis of two open and one fibrin-glue anastomosis. The sutured LCJ, while taking approximately 1 h longer to perform (P<0.05), resulted in similar efficacy and more rapid recovery (P<0.05) than open biliary-enteric bypass. Fibrin-glued LCJ was performed rapidly, but had less tensile strength (P<0.05) and often leaked in the early postoperative interval. We conclude that while there may be a role for laser-activated solders for primary anastomosis, thrombin-activated fibrinogen cannot be advocated as the primary means of creating biliary anastomoses. Using intracorporeal suturing techniques, laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy may be performed safely.