cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Postprandial Glucose Excursions Using Gaussian Process Regression

In recent years, continuous glucose measurement (CGM) devices have increased the quantity of data available to a patient and care team by an order of magnitude. We believe that a thorough evaluation of the control strategy of a patient or artificial pancreas can only occur when blood glucose measurements can be placed in the context of the patient's behaviors. Exciting results from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation CGM study demonstrate a reduction in hemoglobin A1c when using CGM in intensive treatment in adults,1 but we believe that the potential value of this technology has yet to be reached. Augmenting CGM data with lifestyle data can also help address the data overload problem.2 In this letter, we present initial results using Gaussian process regression to predict 2-hour postprandial blood glucose using patient behavior data. The intelligent diabetes assistant (IDA) is a telemedicine diabetes management system composed of three parts: data collection equipment used by the patient, a database, and a Web interface for the care team. Because the system is designed to capture lifestyle data along with glucose measurements, it is applicable for assisting with the management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The IDA system was designed to measure a patient's behavior and learn models that link actions to some outcome. A custom data collection application that runs on a mobile phone is used to collect blood glucose measurements, images of meals, time and dose of medications, and messages. Figure 1 displays screen shots of the glucose, meal image, and insulin injection collection applications. Figure 2 displays a screen shot of the meal image nutrition analysis Web interface. IDA also collects continuous estimates of energy expenditure using the SenseWear Pro® armband from BodyMedia. Figure 1. Screen shots of glucose, meal image, and insulin injection collection applications. Figure 2. A screen shot of the meal image nutrition analysis Web interface. The primary focus for diabetes modeling in recent years has been for model predictive control in an artificial pancreas system.3,4 IDA can aid in the development of an artificial pancreas through controller performance monitoring using its telemedicine capabilities; in this case, learning a model to predict potential controller problems using behavior data.
Personality Correlates of Anorexic Symptomatology in Female Undergraduates.

In this study, the authors examined personality correlates (obsessiveness, dependency, self-directed hostility, and assertiveness) of anorexic symptomatology in female undergraduates. Regression analyses demonstrated that only obsessiveness and emotional reliance on another person (a measure of dependency) were related to anorexic symptoms, accounting for 19% of the variance. These findings are discussed in relation to S. Orbach's (1985, 1986) and other researchers' concept of the anorexic personality. Implications for therapeutic interventions and directions for future research are provided.
Mathematical model of sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collection of inflammatory cells forming nodules, called granulomas. Such granulomas occur in the lung and the mediastinal lymph nodes, in the heart, and in other vital and nonvital organs. The origin of the disease is unknown, and there are only limited clinical data on lung tissue of patients. No current model of sarcoidosis exists. In this paper we develop a mathematical model on the dynamics of the disease in the lung and use patients’ lung tissue data to validate the model. The model is used to explore potential treatments.
Growth hormone releasing hormone induces the expression of nitric oxide synthase.

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and its receptors are expressed in a wide variety of human tumours and established cancer cell lines and are involved in carcinogenesis. In addition, GHRH antagonists exert an antitumour activity in experimental cancer models. Recent studies indicate that the mechanisms involved in the mediation of the effects of GHRH include the regulation of the metabolism of the reactive oxygen species. This work demonstrates the expression of GHRH receptors and GHRH in the A549 human lung cancer cell line and shows that the mitogenic effect of GHRH in these cells is dependent on the activation of the extracellular receptor kinase (ERK)1/2 pathway. The action of GHRH can be suppressed by GHRH antagonist MZ-5–156 and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD 098059. These results are reflected in the effect in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In addition, our study shows that GHRH increases the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase, an enzyme which is strongly involved in various human diseases, including cancer and augments key intracellular regulators of its expression, such as pNF (nuclear factor)κBp50 and cyclooxygenase 2. GHRH antagonist MZ-5–156 counteracts the effects of GHRH in these studies, indicating that this class of peptide antagonists may be useful for the treatment of diseases related to increased oxidative and nitrosative stress.
A pre-concentration neutron activation analysis method for the determination of 232Th utilizing a dry-tube irradiation facility

A revized method for determining 232Th using a pre-concentration neutron activation analysis (PCNAA) procedure was developed to accommodate irradiation in a dry irradiation tube environment. 232Th extracted by ion-exchange from a sample was electrodeposited onto 5/8″ diameter vanadium planchets, which are arranged in a stack and irradiated in the dry tube central irradiation facility (CIF) of the reactor. The higher neutron fluence of this facility improved sensitivity by approximately 37%, however, the higher temperatures required modifications to the irradiation procedure. Because the heat in the CIF would melt the plastic spacers used in the original method, a tube of high-purity quartz was used to contain samples, and high purity quartz spacers were used to separate the vanadium planchets during the irradiation. Test irradiations have determined that no significant transfer occurred from the disks to the silica disks and no significant variation in the neutron flux was observed. Finally, a thin film barrier was tested for its ability to reduce recoil contamination from 229Th onto the detector during alpha spectroscopy. The film was shown to reduce contamination to levels indistinguishable from normal background.
Micromechanical Modeling of Heterogeneous Materials with Irregularly Shaped Pores

An approach to predict the overall mechanical properties of materials containing pores of irregular shapes is described. Micromechanical modeling is performed by evaluating cavity compliance contribution tensors of individual pores [1] which are then used as an input for well-developed homogenization models. The cavity compliance contribution tensor can be found either analytically or numerically depending on the pore geometry and the level of anisotropy of the surrounding material. The results of numerical analysis can be used to compare the ability of differently shaped pores to initiate fracture.
The history of military cranioplasty

There is evidence that the neurosurgical procedure of cranioplasty is as ancient as its better-known counterpart, trephination. With origins in pre-Incan Peru, cranioplasty remains an important reconstructive procedure for modern craniofacial surgery teams to master. Solutions to the often challenging problem of repairing skull defects continue to evolve to improve patient outcomes. Throughout recorded history, advances in cranioplasty have paralleled major military conflicts due to survivorship after trephination or decompressive craniectomy. Primitive skull coverings used in Peru were later replaced during the Middle Ages by grafts obtained in animals and humans. Improved survivorship secondary to advances in anesthesia and battlefield medicine during the Crimean War and the American Civil War allowed the use of tantalum and acrylic cranioplasty to evolve during World Wars I and II. In the modern era of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, greater survivorship after cranial injury due to improvements in protective armor, medical evacuation, and early "far-forward" neurosurgical treatment have occurred. Consequently, the last decade has seen great advancement in cranial defect reconstruction, including custom-fabricated alloplast implants and the emergence of regenerative cranial treatments such as distraction osteogenesis, protected bone regeneration, and free tissue transfers. Comprehensive rehabilitation after neurotrauma has emerged as the new standard of care.
Preparation of bio-based polymers for materials applications

A new technology developed by us for the synthesis of well defined, tailored cellulose-synthetic polymer graft polymers and crosslinked cellulose graft polymers with control over the molecular weight of the synthetic polymer graft, a high degree of graft substitution, and knowledge of the backbone-graft linkage is reviewed. The potential of bio-based polymers using these new tailored cellulosic graft polymers for use in plastics, resins, and composite applications is discussed. The new graft polymers can function as compatibilizers/interfacial agents in the preparation of biopolymer-synthetic polymer composites and blends with the desirable properties of the constitutent polymers incorporated into the new material system.
Emergency contraception: a review of current oral options.

Unintended pregnancy is a major public health concern in the United States.Every year about 3.5 million unintended pregnancies occur in this country,half of which result from contraceptive failure or inadequate contraceptivetechnique.1 The useof emergency contraception (EC) in these women can reduce the number ofunintended pregnancies and consequential abortions substantially. It has beenestimated that three quarters of these situations could be avoided with theuse of EC.2 The method described by Yuzpe a quarter century ago consists of two dosesof ethinyl estradiol (100 μg) plus levonorgestrel (0.5 mg) spaced 12 hoursapart. An alternative option is two doses of ethinyl estradiol (100 μg)plus norgestrel (1 mg), spaced 12 hours apart. The Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) has approved the use of several oral contraceptives aspart of the Yuzpe regimen for EC. Despite FDA approval, the manufacturers havedeclined to submit a new drug application for this indication(table1).3,4Even though several different methods of EC are available, this reviewaddresses only oral EC medications that have an FDA-labeled indication forEC. Table 1 Available oral emergency contraceptives
Type-and-example-directed program synthesis

This paper presents an algorithm for synthesizing recursive functions that process algebraic datatypes. It is founded on proof-theoretic techniques that exploit both type information and input–output examples to prune the search space. The algorithm uses refinement trees, a data structure that succinctly represents constraints on the shape of generated code. We evaluate the algorithm by using a prototype implementation to synthesize more than 40 benchmarks and several non-trivial larger examples. Our results demonstrate that the approach meets or outperforms the state-of-the-art for this domain, in terms of synthesis time or attainable size of the generated programs.
Decomposing Influence Strategies: Argument Structure and Dependence as Determinants of the Effectiveness of Influence Strategies in Gaining Channel Member Compliance

Abstract Although there is considerable research examining the effects of influence strategies on relational outcomes, research has been silent on the effectiveness of influence strategies in achieving the primary objective: channel member compliance. The authors develop a theoretical model that predicts that noncoercive influence strategies (Rationality, Recommendations, Information Exchange, and Requests) with an argument structure that contains more thorough content result in relatively greater levels of compliance. The model further predicts that coercive influence strategies (Promises and Threats) result in compliance only when target dependence levels are high. The authors develop a new influence strategy, Rationality, which represents a noncoercive strategy with a full argument structure. In general, empirical findings support the theoretical model. However, in contrast to expectations, the use of Recommendations had a negative effect on compliance. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant interact...
Calculations on the Size Effects of Raman Intensities of Silicon Quantum Dots

Raman intensities of Si quantum dots (QD's) with up to 11489 atoms (about 7.6 nm in diameter) for different scattering configurations are calculated. First, phonon modes in these QD's, including all vibration frequencies and vibration amplitudes, are calculated directly from the lattice-dynamic matrix by using a microscopic valence force field model combined with the group theory. Then the Raman intensities of these quantum dots are calculated by using a bond-polarizability approximation. The size effects of the Raman intensity in these QD's are discussed in detail based on these calculations. The calculations are compared with the available experimental observations. We are expecting that our calculations can further stimulate more experimental measurements.
Capture of protons by B11 in the giant resonance region

The yield of gamma rays resulting from proton capture by B/sup 11/ leading to the ground state ( gamma /sub 0/) and first excited state ( gamma /sub 1/) of C/sup 12/ was studied for proton energies from 6 to 13.2 Mev. The proton beam, held to less than 1 mu amp to reduce pileup, was focussed on the natural boron target and stopped in graphite 3 m from the target. The gamma rays from the target were collimated to a beam 5 cm in diameter and entered a 12.7 cm diameter by 10.2 cm thick NaI(Tl) detector axially. Electronic pileup was reduced by using a biased preamplifier. All measurements were made with the detector at 90 deg to the incident beam and 30 cm from the target. The yield of gamma /sub 0/ exhibits one strong maximum near 7.2 Mev (22.56 Mev in C/sup 12/) and decreases steadily at higher energies, except for a small anomaly at 10.4 Mev. The yield of gamma /sub 1/ exhibits maxima at the incident proton energies 6.75, pared with the predicted T = 1 states of C/sup 12/. (auth)
Toward Computer-Aided Support for the Detection of Deception—Volume 3

Negotiation, decisionmaking and deception detection are tightly coupled in all aspects of life. Negotiations and decision making will flounder to the extent that parties are untruthful or their information is invalid. Deception includes statements that mislead, are fabrications that include misdirection and bluffs and also omissions, and concealment of information in addition to outright lying. Ferreting out deception is therefore essential to successful negotiating and decision making. In general, humans think they are very good at identifying when someone is deceiving them. However, study after study shows that novice and experts alike are no more than 54% accurate on the average. There are many reasons why humans are so poor at this task, such as an unrealistic confidence in their ability to detect deception, and, they often exhibit bias in assessing cues when they interact with deceivers. Nowhere is the ability to distinguish truth from deception more critical than when protecting the homeland from terrorism and other security threats. The increasing sophistication and persistence of criminals and would-be terrorists places a premium on finding innovative and scalable methods to counter such threats, including methods that are noninvasive and feasible for large-scale, rapid screening. Among the approaches being investigated are detection methods that are noninvasive and automatable. Such techniques may analyze people’s behavior and the ways in which they talk andwrite in search of clues to deception ormal-intent. Also under investigation are software tools and techniques that can be automated and replace cumbersome manual approaches that are infeasible for deployment on a large scale. For example, it is not
Relaxation processes in systems strongly coupled to a harmonic bath

The simulation of nonlinear optical experiments in the condensed phase often requires including relaxation between different states of matter due to interaction with an external bath. This is commonly done using second-order Redfield or Lindblad equations. Here, we derive closed expressions for relaxation equations to any order in the coupling to a harmonic bath. This is done using a compact superoperator notation combined with reduced equations of motions based on Time Convolutionless theory (TCL), partial ordering prescription.
Ventilatory failure during resistive loaded breathing in the newborn primate

Previous investigations have shown that ventilatory failure during severe inspiratory resistive loading (IRL) in the 21-day-old infant primate occurs secondary to a decrease in respiratory frequency, that is, central failure. To examine the response of the more immature newborn to IRL, minute ventilation (V′E), arterial blood gases and pH, minute diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG) activity, peak inspiratory airway pressure, and the centroid frequency (Fc) of the diaphragmatic EMG power spectrum were measured in four unanesthetized tracheotomized 2-day-old monkeys during various levels of IRL, until either (1) ventilatory failure occurred (ventilatory failure run) or (2) normocapnia was sustained for 1 hr (successful trial). During successful trials, minute ventilation, breathing frequency, tidal volume, Fc, and PaCO2 were sustained at baseline levels and an increase in minute EMG activity and peak inspiratory airway pressure were observed. In contrast, during ventilatory failure runs, minute ventilation and tidal volume fell and PaCO2 rose compared to their respective baseline values. Respiratory frequency did not change. The decline in tidal volume occurred despite significant increases in minute diaphragmatic EMG activity and peak inspiratory airway pressure. No shifts in Fc were noted, suggesting that peripheral diaphragmatic fatigue did not occur. We conclude that ventilatory failure during IRL in the 2-day-old monkey is due to the animal's inability to defend tidal volume as opposed to central failure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998; 26:312–318. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
WATER INTAKE AND NACL APPETITE IN SODIUM DEPLETION.

Rats were sodium depleted by intraperitoneal dialysis (IPD) to determine: (a) whether there is a thirst mechanism not dependent on increases in effective osmotic pressure and (b) whether a sodium c...
Identifying congestion in software-defined networks using spectral graph theory

Software-defined networks (SDN) are an emerging technology that offers to simplify networking devices by centralizing the network layer functions and allowing adaptively programmable traffic flows. We propose using spectral graph theory methods to identify and locate congestion in a network. The analysis of the balanced traffic case yields an efficient solution for congestion identification. The unbalanced case demonstrates a distinct drop in connectivity that can be used to determine the onset of congestion. The eigenvectors of the Laplacian matrix are used to locate the congestion and achieve effective graph partitioning.
You Get What You Ask For: Forced-Choice versus Free-Response Measures of Causal Attributions

Summary.-To test predictions from Kelley's (1967) attribution model, subjects were presented with stimulus items consisting of a behavior description and high or low consensus and distinctiveness information. In Study I 59 subjects chose among four causal alternatives to explain behavior; in Study I1 freeresponse explanations were solicited from 49 orher subjects. For Study I person attribution was most frequent given low consensus and low distinctiveness information. In Study I1 person attribution was frequent under low consensus and environmental attribution under high consensus, but no effect was found for distinctiveness information. It is suggested that observers employ consensus information alone when seeking a sufficient cause to explain behavior; when refined causal discriminations are required, observers employ both consensus and distinctiveness information. Kelley (1967) has proposed that individuals employ three types of information: consensus (variations across people), distinctiveness (variations across entities), and consistency (variations across time and/or modality) in forming causal attributions. Given high consistency the model predicts that high consensus and high distinctiveness will lead to entity attributions; low consensus and low distinctiveness will lead to person attributions; and the combinations of low consensus and high distinctiveness or high consensus and low distinctiveness will lead to attributions to some combination of person and entity factors. Although Kelley's model has received empirical support (e.g., McArthur, 1972), investigarors commonly present subjects with both the idormation to be used in forming attributions and the possible response options. Only recently have investigators attempted to assess the generalizability of such studies, asking if individuals spontaneously seek the information proposed by attribution models and use this information in the manner predicted by these models. In this connection Frieze (1976) has found that people do seek information and spontaneously form attributions predicted by an attributional analysis of success and failure. However, Garland, et al. (1975) found that people seldom seek the information encompassed by Kelley's more general model. The present study addresses the related generalizability issue: given information on consensus and distinctiveness, do people spontaneously form causal attributions in accordance with Kelley's (1967) predictions?
Voltammetry at inert electrodes: I. Analytical applications of boron carbide electrodes

Summary Certain criteria for the evaluation of a working electrode for voltammetry have been set forth and the B4C electrode evaluated accordingly. Inorganic and organic ion-ion and molecule-ion oxidations and reductions as well as metal depositions have been investigated using the B4C electrode. In general, residual currents are small, half-peak potentials are reproducible and agree with literature data within a few millivolts. Peak currents can be measured with a precision of about 1%. The B4C electrode appears to function as an “inert” electrode. The only system which failed to respond at B4C was the oxidation of thallous in 0.1 N acetic acid. Present mounting methods seem to impose the most serious limitation on the applicability of B4C electrodes.
Drug-induced differentiation of a rat glioma in vitro: II. the expression of S-100, a glial specific protein and steroid sulfatase.

Abstract Amethopterin and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) were used to induce morphological changes in cloned rat glioma (C6). The expression of S-100 protein, an acidic protein localized in glial cells, and steroid sulfatase, an ubiquitously distributed enzyme found in high concentration in glial cells, were followed during cell growth, from subculture to well into the stationary phase of control and drug-treated cultures. Amethopterin and BUdR differed in their effects on glioma morphology and in the expression of the biochemical parameters. Amethopterin coordinately stimulated both the production of S-100 protein and steroid sulfatase activity when cell division was inhibited during early logarithmic growth phase. BUdR stimulated steroid sulfatase activity but repressed production of S-100 protein. The results are discussed with respect to the mechanism of regulation of the differentiated state of tumor cells.
Can astrological patterns predict fertility

Astrology has been studied for millennia and practiced and accepted for as long. To understand astrology and its benefits for timing and even methods of conception, one must begin with a view of the zodiac and an examination of the couple's birth charts.
Model predictive control of a granulation system using soft output constraints and prioritized control objectives

Abstract A granulation system presented by Pottman et al. [J. Powder Technol., 108 (2) (2000) 192] is used to demonstrate two Model Predictive Control (MPC) control methods. The first method penalizes process output constraint violations using soft constraints in the objective function. It is found that the soft constraints must be much tighter than the actual constraints for effective control of the granulation system. The soft constraint formulation is presented as a variation of the asymmetric objective function formulation described by Parker et al. [Proc. American Control Conf. Chicago, IL (2000)]. The second control method is based on the prioritized objective formulation originally proposed by Tyler and Morari [Automatica 35 (1999) 565]. The prioritized objective method uses optimization constraints involving binary variables to explicitly represent and prioritize control objectives. The formulation presented in this article demonstrates a multi-level objective function which first maximizes the number of objectives satisfied in order of priority, then maximizes the number of total objectives, and finally minimizes the traditional MPC error tracking and move suppression terms. This prioritized objective formulation also allows for delayed implementation of output objective constraints, allowing for relaxation of control objectives.
Transverse beam envelope measurements and the limitations of the 3-screen emittance method for space-charge dominated beams

Abstract In its normal mode of operation, the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility uses a high charge (10–100 nC), short pulse (3–5 ps) drive bunch to excite high-gradient accelerating fields in various slow-wave structures. To generate this bunch, we designed a 1.5 cell, L-band, rf photocathode gun with an emittance compensating solenoid to give optimal performance at high charge; it has recently completed commissioning. More recently, we have begun to investigate the possibility of using this gun in a high-brightness, low-charge operating mode, with charge equal to approximately 1 nC, for high-precision measurements of wakefields. Two related measurements are reported on in this paper: (1) measurements of the transverse beam envelope are compared to predictions from the beam dynamics code PARMELA; and (2) investigations into the use of a modified 3-screen emittance measurement method that uses a beam envelope model that includes both space-charge and emittance effects. Both measurements were made for the 1 nC, 8 MeV beam in the drift region directly following the rf photocathode gun.
Catheter Ablation of Arrhythmias

Case Presentation : RJ is a 33-year-old mother of 2 who has been bothered by palpitations lasting 15 to 20 minutes for the last 15 years. She sometimes gets lightheaded and nearly passed out in a grocery store while holding her infant son. She was diagnosed with SVT (supraventricular tachycardia) and was given different medications that either produced severe fatigue or did not prevent episodes. She was told there were other treatment options but her doctor wasn’t sure which was best for her. He referred her to an electrophysiologist (heart rhythm specialist). In the last 15 years, the treatment of individuals who suffer from episodes of abnormally rapid heart rates (tachycardias) has undergone tremendous changes. New drugs and implantable devices (pacemakers and defibrillators) have been part of this process, but among the more dramatic developments has been the use of a heart catheterization technique called catheter ablation (CA). The heartbeat is the result of heart muscle cells transmitting an electrical signal from one cell to another. When this transmission becomes abnormal, the heartbeat can race inappropriately. Using the CA technique, the electrophysiologist can determine the exact location of the abnormal heart muscle and eliminate (ablate) it. The procedure is applicable to a wide variety of tachycardias, has an extremely high success rate for many of these, and has a low complication and rate of tachycardia recurrence. CA works by delivering energy through an electrode at the end of a catheter that has been threaded through a vein or artery to the heart. The most common type of energy used is radiofrequency (RF), which coagulates the abnormal tissue that is in immediate contact with the electrode. A small scar develops at this site, and the effect is usually permanent. Other types of energy, such as microwave, sonar, or cryo (freezing) can …
Critical Condition for Plasma Confinement in the Source of a Magnetic Nozzle Flow

The existence of a theoretically predicted critical magnetic field strength for efficient plasma confinement in helicon plasma thrusters is verified experimentally in the source of a magnetic nozzle (MN) flow. Control of the plasma confinement is crucial for enhancing the mass utilization efficiency of electric propulsion systems that employ MNs. Langmuir probe measurements of the density at the MN throat of a helicon plasma thruster as a function of the applied magnetic field strength indicate a transition from a low-confinement operation mode, in which a majority of the plasma diffuses to the solid walls of the plasma source before emerging from the thruster, to a high-confinement operation mode, in which the plasma preferentially exhausts downstream through the MN. This transition is shown to be governed by the anisotropic Peclet number, $Pe_{\textrm {an}}$ , which is defined as the ratio of the advective (field aligned) to diffusive (cross field) mass transport rates. Experimental estimations of the mass utilization efficiency of the plasma source for various magnetic field strengths and plasma source lengths are shown to support an analytically derived scaling law, and suggest $Pe_{\textrm {an}} \gg 1$ as a design criterion for MN plasma sources.
Origins of Ruminative Thought: Trauma, Incompleteness, Nondisclosure, and Suppression

The purpose of this paper is to discuss theories of the origin of ruminative thought. We begin by providing a working definition of rumination, separating rumination from other forms of cognitive activity and distinguishing ruminations from ordinary memories. Then, we review what we believe are the major categories of theory that attempt to account for the existence and nature of rumination. These include theories of traumatization, incompleteness, nondisclosure, and thought suppression. Ruminations may originate for a number of reasons, but it seems they may continue because of our attempts to control them. Evidence from studies on thought suppression suggests that the suppression of unwanted thoughts may in fact fuel the very emotions and thoughts we are trying to avoid. Thought suppression may set up a state in which we not only increase the amount we think about an unwanted thought, but potentially also sharpen our emotional reaction to those thoughts.
“We're all Keynesians Now”? Understanding Public Attitudes toward the Federal Budget

This article examines mass attitudes toward budget deficits. First, we develop a new measure of budgetary policy preference that is not contaminated by philosophical and symbolic attitudes toward government spending. We then predict public attitudes toward the federal budget from the way partisan intensity interacts with egocentric and sociotropic perceptions of economic well-being. Empirical tests support our predictions that although Republicans are consistently supportive of maintaining budgetary balance, this orientation toward thrift intensifies as perceptions of the national economy worsen. Democrats are more difficult to predict, but they generally appear to demand budgetary restraint when they perceive that the economy is performing well, although tolerating deficits during perceived periods of economic recession—in classic Keynesian fashion. Finally, it appears that Republicans are more driven by pocketbook concerns than Democrats: When times get “tight,” Republicans appear less committed to gove...
DETERMINATION OF SUBDOMINANT SOLUTIONS USING A PARTIAL WRONSKIAN.

Abstract A simple step-by-step technique is presented for the numerical integration of certain difficult-to-obtain subdominant solutions of systems of ordinary differential equations. These subdominant solutions can be entirely obliterated when integrating with standard numerical techniques if the ever-present error components of the dominant solutions, usually characterized by a strong exponential dependence, increase rapidly in the direction of integration. The technique presented here, to overcome this difficulty for a fourth-order system, can be made quite efficient by proper use of a functional resembling the linear combination of the Wronskians of two distinct second-order differential equations. This “partial Wronskian” gives a useful piece of global information about the desired subdominant solution which permits the error components of the growing dominant solution to be removed numerically long before these errors have grown unacceptably large. The technique is presented initially via a specific example taken from the theory of resistive instabilities in an inhomogeneous hydromagnetic fluid. More general problems are discussed briefly to indicate to the reader ways in which the ideas and methods contained in this paper may be modified to treat problems for which a partial-Wronskian functional with the desired properties cannot be found.
Hierarchical structures in expert performance

This paper describes the use of learning-hierarchy analysis in studies of expertise. A hierarchical analysis was carried out on expertise in language-arts teacher planning for a short story. The resulting hierarchy depicted a complex pattern of prerequisite intellectual skills integrating knowledge of students, reading difficulty, strategies/activities, and the author (Stephen Crane). Of particular interest was that each branch of the hierarchy included “fuzzy sets,” that is, complex conceptual knowledge that experts were usually unable to explain. All elements in the hierarchy were capabilities learned from experience as opposed to direct instruction. It was recommended that advice-strategies developed from hierarchical analysis could be used to facilitate the development of expertise. These strategies do not teach expertise directly but encourage the learner to glean the most from task-relevant experience.
Introduction to ‘Technological Change’: A Special Issue of Ethics, Place & Environment

In 1894 the anthropologist Otis Tufton Mason called for research in an area he dubbed ‘technogeography’, and he lauded the potential benefits of the knowledge to be acquired under this heading: The...
Orthogonal Aberration Functions for Microlithographic Optics

Newly developed orthogonal aberration functions are reviewed. The new functions can be utilized to express aberrations of a high NA and wide field optical system like a microlithographic projection lens. The new functions are orthogonal to each other and expressed by a simple combination of Zernike function(s) of pupil coordinates and Zernike function(s) of field coordinates.
Determination of Electron and Hole Mobility of Regioregular Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) by the Time of Flight Method

Time of flight method (TOF) is used to measure the electron and hole mobility of a spin coated regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) film. We find that both electron and hole have the same mobility (about 3.8∼3.9×10−4 cm2/Vs) at an applied field of 120 kV/cm. It is demonstrated in this paper that the electron‐hole recombination process may prevent the electron transport in the material due to the fact that the carrier recombination time is much shorter than the transit time.
Transcriptional regulation of human RANK ligand gene expression by E2F1

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) is a critical osteoclastogenic factor involved in the regulation of bone resorption, immune function, the development of mammary gland and cardiovascular system. To understand the transcriptional regulation of RANKL, we amplified and characterized a 1890 bp 5′-flanking sequence of human RANKL gene (−1782 bp to +108 bp relative to the transcription start site). Using a series of deletion mutations of the 1890 bp RANKL promoter, we identified a 72 bp region (−172 to −100 bp) mediating RANKL basal transcriptional activity. Sequence analysis revealed a putative E2F binding site within this 72 bp region in the human RANKL promoter. Overexpression of E2F1 increased RANKL promoter activity, while down-regulation of E2F1 expression by small interfering RNA decreased RANKL promoter activity. RT-PCR and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) further demonstrated that E2F1 induced the expression of RANKL. Electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays (EMSA) and antibody competition assays confirmed that E2F1 proteins bind to the consensus E2F binding site in the RANKL promoter. Mutation of the E2F consensus binding site in the RANKL promoter profoundly reduced the basal promoter activity and abolished the transcriptional modulation of RANKL by E2F1. These results suggest that E2F1 plays an important role in regulating RANKL transcription through binding to the E2F consensus binding site.
Parents' and teachers' differing views of short children's behaviour.

Summary Short children, over two standard deviations below height expectation, have been described as being behaviourally immature and shown to be emotionally inhibited. The present study sought to extend these findings by systematically evaluating what role age and sex factors may have in the behavioural adjustment of groups of children with constitutional delay (CD), growth hormone deficiency (GHD) or Turner's syndrome (TS). Adolescent females were rated by teachers and parents as showing greatest behavioural immaturity and emotional inhibition of the groups studied. Although teachers' ratings discriminated among children's behaviour by age and sex factors, parent ratings appeared more influenced by children's diagnoses. Significant school problems were noted on parent ratings for all groups of children, except the young CD group. Peer teasing was frequently reported and a relatively large proportion (25%) of the studied short children were retained in kindergarten through second grade, apparently because of small size and immaturity.
HANNAH ARENDT: NATURE–HUMAN, SACRED, AND STATELESS

(2001). HANNAH ARENDT: NATURE–HUMAN, SACRED, AND STATELESS. Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association: Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 49-71.
The effect of rent control on commute times

This paper adds to the empirical literature on rent control. We hypothesize that rent control affects commute times. New Jersey census tract data (from the Urban Institute/Geolytics Neighborhood Change Database) show a positive and statistically significant relationship between rent control and commute times for 1980, 1990 and 2000. For 1980 and 1990, we confirm that it is a lack of household mobility that is behind the longer commutes. For 2000, detailed rent control data allow an examination of the consequences of the specific type of vacancy decontrol legislation. The most restrictive ordinances have the strongest effect on commute times.
The Landscape of Capital Flows to Low-Income Countries

This paper reviews trends in capital flows and capital-like flows such as official grants and remittances to low-income countries over the period 1981-2006. The survey reveals a broadbased increase in such flows as a share of low-income country GDP across major regions, countries with differing commodity export composition, and countries with differing debt relief status. The increase in inflows is dominated by an increase in private sector inflows, mostly in the form of private transfers and foreign direct investment. Official sector inflows have remained comparatively constant as a share of low-income country GDP and even declined in the most recent years. The paper concludes with some tentative policy conclusions and has a discussion of data issues in the annexes.
Interlingual semantic facilitation: Evidence for a common representational system in the bilingual lexicon

Abstract Two experiments were performed to examine the representation of semantic information in the bilingual lexicon. The influence of cross-language priming on lexical decisions in Spanish-English bilinguals was tested at a 300-ms (Experiment 1) and 100-ms (Experiment 2) stimulus onset asyncrony. Experiment 1 showed that the benefit derived from a same language prime was not greater than that derived from a cross-language prime. The recognition of words following the other language primes was not slowed in comparison to that following the same language primes. This was true regardless of the semantic distance from the prime. Experiment 2 found similar results. These results are consistent with the view that the bilingual lexicon is connected via a language-independent representational system.
Design Properties That Affect Controller Gain and Available Bandwidth of Non-Minimum Phase Membrane Humidifiers

The water vapor transfer across a membrane exhibits non-minimum phase behavior. This paper shows that the competing dynamics of heat and mass transfer cause the membrane humidifier to have a non-minimum phase zero. Even though the non-minimum phase zero exists in the disturbance-output loop, it will limit the feedback controller gain because the disturbance-output loop is coupled with the input-output loop. The membrane properties and heat transfer parameters affect the non-minimum phase zero location. The impact on available feedback control gain and system bandwidth is analyzed in relation to changes of the non-minimum phase zero during hardware design.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Grief Adjustment as Influenced by Funeral Participation and Occurrence of Adverse Funeral Events

Seventy-four mourners were studied on how their experiences with funeral services for their loved ones influenced later scores on the Grief Experience Inventory (GEI). Those who found the funeral “...
Rural hospitals: Trends, challenges, and a future research and policy analysis agenda

Previous reviews of the status of rural hospitals conclude that rural hospitals play a major role in ensuring the provision of health services in rural areas, are an essential part of the social and economic identity of rural communities, have had mixed success in their ability to respond to environmental threats, and are very sensitive to public policies due, in part, to their small size. The evolving hospital paradigm in the United States and a turbulent economic and health care environment have created an uncertain future for the rural hospital. Hospitals are being forced to shift their emphasis from filling acute inpatient care beds to providing a more diversified set of services through linkages with other institutions and provider groups. This presents challenges for rural hospitals, which often serve as the foundation for health care delivery in rural communities yet struggle to Overcome the effects of troubled local economies, shortages of health professionals, and public policy inequities. This article reviews key trends and challenges facing rural hospitals from the perspective of their structure and organization, financial sustainability, quality of care provided, and strategic linkages with other entities. It concludes with the presentation of a research and policy analysis agenda that addresses the feasibility of the role of the rural hospital as the hub or coordinator of the rural health care delivery system, the fiscal viability of the rural hospital in the post-Balanced Budget Act period, strategies for measuring and improving the qualify of care provided by rural hospitals, and the structure and value of horizontal and vertical linkages of rural hospitals.
An effective approach to the connection routing problem of all-optical wavelength routing DWDM networks with wavelength conversion capability

The emergence of DWDM (dense wavelength-division multiplexing) technology has provided the network designer great convenience in constructing a wavelength routing optical network. In this paper, we study the problem of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in an all-optical DWDM network. We formulated the problem into a constrained integer linear problem (ILP) and the objective is to minimize the overall cost of the routing scheme over the DWDM network. Considering the complexity of the RWA problem, a decomposition approach using Lagrangean relaxation is proposed to simplify the solution procedure. The overall problem is decomposed into semi-lightpath level subproblems for the wavelength and route selection from the source to the destination. The multipliers are then updated at high level. To optimize the dual function, subgradient approach is used. Also, a heuristics algorithm is proposed to generate a feasible RWA scheme based on the dual solution. The performance evaluation for the optimization result of one network example indicates that the algorithm we used can achieve very good near-optimum solution, and the influence from the changing of the number of resources is also studied.
Conditional Mutations in the Mitotic Chromosome Binding Function of the Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 E2 Protein

The papillomavirus E2 protein is required for viral transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and genome segregation. We have previously shown that the E2 transactivator protein and BPV1 genomes are associated with mitotic chromosomes; E2 links the genomes to cellular chromosomes to ensure efficient segregation to daughter nuclei. The transactivation domain of the E2 protein is necessary and sufficient for association of the E2 protein with mitotic chromosomes. To determine which residues of this 200-amino-acid domain are important for chromosomal interaction, E2 proteins with amino acid substitutions in each conserved residue of the transactivation domain were tested for their ability to associate with mitotic chromosomes. Chromatin binding was assessed by using immunofluorescence on both spread and directly fixed mitotic chromosomes. E2 proteins defective in the transactivation and replication functions were unable to associate with chromosomes, and those that were competent in these functions were attached to mitotic chromosomes. However, several mutated proteins that were defective for chromosomal interaction could associate with chromosomes after treatment with agents that promote protein folding or when cells were incubated at lower temperatures. These results indicate that precise folding of the E2 transactivation domain is crucial for its interaction with mitotic chromosomes and that this association can be modulated.
Consistency in the probabilistic assignment model

This paper introduces a notion of consistency for the probabilistic assignment model, which we call probabilistic consistency. We show that the axioms equal treatment of equalsand probabilistic consistency characterize the uniform rule, which is the rule which randomizes uniformly over all possible assignments. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. This paper is devoted to the study of the consistency concept (prominent in the theory of resource allocation) in the probabilistic assignment model. To motivate this study, we first discuss the deterministic assignment model. Think of allocating indivisible objects to agents who have strict preferences over these objects. Each agent can consume one and only one object. The idea is to discuss general methods (henceforth rules) of assigning objects to agents, as a function of agents' preferences. As each object may be given to at most one agent, there may be conflicts of interests. The literature on the assignment model is devoted to the study of well-behaved rules for resolving these conflicts. In this deterministic setting, consistency is a stability concept which deals with variable populations of agents. Suppose a rule recommends an assignment for a particular group of agents, objects, and preferences (henceforth referred to as an "economy"). Imagine that a subgroup of the agents "reapplies" the rule to the economy consisting of themselves, the