cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro-Level Incident Analysis using Spatial Association Rule Mining

Criminological research and theory have traditionally focused on individual offenders and macro-level analysis to characterize crime distribution. However local aspects of crime activities have been also recognized as important factors in crime analysis. It is an interesting problem to discover implicit local patterns between crime activities and environmental factors such as nearby facilities and business establishment types. This work presents micro-level analysis of criminal incidents using spatial association rule mining. We show how to process crime incident points and their spatial relationships with task-relevant other spatial features, and discover interesting crime patterns using an association rule mining algorithm. A case study was conducted with real incident records and points of interest in a study area to discover interesting relationship patterns among crimes, their characteristics, and nearby spatial features. This study shows that our approach with spatial association rule mining is promising for micro-level analysis of crime.
ZEBRA AMONG HORSES: A CASE OF PLATYPNEA-ORTHODEOXIA SYNDROME POST PERCUTANEOUS MV BALLOON VALVULOPLASTY

Platypnea-Orthodeoxia Syndrome (POS) is a rare condition of dyspnea and hypoxia in upright position due to right-to-left shunt. Correction can be done by closed or open interventions. A 60-year-old female with history of RHD, TR, and severe MS came for elective percutaneous MV balloon valvuloplasty
Chapter 11 – System Section

Publisher Summary This chapter describes various sections of the system menu. The System menu is where most of the core networking components are configured. This includes the system IP addresses, clustering, logging, Virtual Systems, certificates, and much more. This menu is at the top because typically this is where an administrator must go first, before real Access Management configuration can take place. Critical Events can be used to display the most recent critical events. One can also see the cluster status here and monitor the nodes to ensure that they are communicating properly and are not in trouble. It is found that one can also reset roles here, which has the system run through all of its current policy information and recheck everything to ensure a user's session is still active and make certain they have access to the Extensive Instant Virtual Extranet (IVE) features and roles they are supposed to, based on that policy information. The Network Communication Protocol (NCP) communications channel may go idle for a long period of time, such as if an application is paused or not running. In this situation, the IVE server will maintain connections, but will want to eventually time them out to free up resources. It is suggested that Port Management should be fairly straightforward, with the exception of virtual local area networks, which require some additional configuration both on the device and on the switched environment.
Allying and Leading Through Racial Realities

Social-justice-oriented Black school leaders center the experiences of the communities they serve in their work. They recognize that to overcome barriers to equity and justice, they must learn from...
PredictAAT: Accounting for Inflammation in the Diagnosis of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a rarely diagnosed hereditary condition characterized by low alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT) levels, which can lead to early-onset emphysema due to accelerated de...
Organic dairy producer experiences and decisions related to disease prevention and treatment

Organic dairy producers have distinct perspectives, approaches, challenges, and experiences when managing herd health, but little research has been conducted to develop a deeper understanding of producer decision-making related to disease-prevention and treatment strategies. We used 23 semi-structured interviews with organic dairy producers to better understand their perceived herd health challenges and overall disease-prevention strategies; decision-making and attitudes related to vaccination; and approaches to the treatment of infectious diseases using alternative or conventional antimicrobial therapies. Organic dairy producers reported improvements in overall animal health after they transitioned from a conventional to an organic system. Outdoor access, a balanced forage-based diet, and animal and environmental cleanliness were reported as the predominant disease-prevention measures. Over half of producers vaccinated their animals, and almost all preferred to use vaccines sparingly. Among producers who did not use vaccines, reasons cited were low perceived risk for infectious disease and minor vaccine safety concerns, yet many were not opposed to using vaccines in the future. Non-antimicrobial therapies were viewed as alternative effective treatment strategies for most common infectious diseases. Producers used antimicrobials very rarely and generally reserved them for severe cases when alternative treatments failed. Because US organic standards prohibit selling milk from cows that have ever been treated with antimicrobials, producers described the decision to use antimicrobials as extremely challenging and involved balancing considerations of economics, convenience, and animal welfare. This research fosters a better understanding of organic dairy producers' disease-prevention and treatment strategies and could be used by veterinarians and other animal health specialists to facilitate services for organic clients.
Investigation of precision, accuracy and confidence of X-ray diffraction for determining crystallite size in nanopowders

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is often utilized as a method of determining bulk sample crystallite size in powder characterization. While it is generally accepted that XRD peak broadening allows for qualitative crystallite size comparisons, its use for quantitative information is still debated. This study investigates the quantitative capability of XRD for determining the crystallite sizes of magnesium oxide nanocrystals by examining the precision, accuracy and uncertainty using the whole pattern (WP) weighted least-squares and Williamson–Hall (WH) methods. The precision of the methods was investigated by re-preparing, re-running and re-analysing identical samples. Both methods were found to be precise within 2 nm. The accuracy of the methods was investigated by comparing them against independent crystallite size analyses using visual particle identification from scanning electron microscopy micrographs and from indirect calculations using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption-determined surface areas. The WP method was found to be more accurate than the WH method, which consistently underpredicted the crystallite size. Finally, the confidence of the methods was investigated using a Bayesian inference statistical inversion method. The WP method was found to have a narrower confidence distribution in its crystallite size determination than the WH method. The broad WH confidence indicates that reliable quantitative single-measurement crystallite size determinations are not feasible using the WH technique. However, the WP method demonstrated precision, accuracy and confidence, allowing quantitative crystallite size determinations to be made.
Reading and Writing during the Dissolution: Monks, Friars, and Nuns 1530–1558

1. Looking backward?: London's last anchorite, Simon Appulby (+1537) 2. The Greyfriars Chronicle and the fate of London's Franciscan community 3. Cromwell's nuns: Katherine Bulkeley, Morpheta Kingsmill, Joan Fane 4. Cromwell's abbess and friend, Margaret Vernon 5. 'Refugee Reformation': the effects of exile 6. Richard Whitford's last work, 1541 Appendices Bibliography.
The clarification of schizophrenic concreteness by Piaget's tests.

(1967). The Clarification of Schizophrenic Concreteness by Piaget’s Tests. Psychiatry: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 294-301.
Reidemeister-type moves for surfaces in four-dimensional space

We consider smooth knottings of compact (not necessarily orientable) n-dimensional manifolds in R (or S), for the cases n = 2 or n = 3. In a previous paper we have generalized the notion of the Reidemeister moves of classical knot theory. In this paper we examine in more detail the above mentioned dimensions. Examples are given; in particular we examine projections of twist-spun knots. Knot moves are given which demonstrate the triviality of the 1-twist spun trefoil. Another application is a smooth version of a result of Homma and Nagase on a set of moves for regular homotopies of surfaces.
Multiple Organ Failure After Ingestion of Pennyroyal Oil From Herbal Tea in Two Infants

Background Hepatic and neurologic injury developed in two infants after ingestion of mint tea. Examination of the mint plants, from which the teas were brewed, indicated that they contained the toxic agent pennyroyal oil. Methods. Sera from each infant were analyzed for the toxic constituents of pennyroyal oil, including pulegone and its metabolite menthofuran. Results. Fulminant liver failure with cerebral edema and necrosis developed in the first infant, who died. This infant was positive only for menthofuran (10 ng/mL). In the other infant, who was positive for both pulegone (25 ng/mL) and menthofuran (41 ng/mL), hepatic dysfunction and a severe epileptic encephalopathy developed. Conclusions. Pennyroyal oil is a highly toxic agent that may cause both hepatic and neurologic injury if ingested. A potential source of pennyroyal oil is certain mint teas mistakenly used as home remedies to treat minor ailments and colic in infants. Physicians should consider pennyroyal oil poisoning as a possible cause of hepatic and neurologic injury in infants, particularly if the infants may have been given home-brewed mint teas.
Quantum Electronic Techniques in Astrophysics: Present Developments and Future Prospects

The rapid development of quantum electronic devices in the past decade has extended many conventional radio frequency techniques through the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum into the visible spectral region. Subsequent development has led to many new devices and techniques which have no radio frequency counterparts. Quantum optics has also stimulated interest in the development of even better conventional optical parts and materials for use in quantum electronic devices. Much of the astronomical data which we have today has been obtained with optical telescopes; therefore, the new advances in optical techniques and quantum electronics will result in new astronomical data of higher quality than has been possible with the conventional astronomical equipment of the previous decades. Some of this improvement in astronomical observations will come from laser servocontrol mechanisms, improved diffraction gratings, optical coatings, interference filters, and data processing. However, quantum electronics offers the potential for applying new optical and infrared detectors to astronomical problems. Optical heterodyne receivers, photon upconverters, and spatial interferometers are a few of the exciting new types of instrumentation which quantum electronios has made available to astronomers.
Epidemiology and course of unipolar mania: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC).

Background Unipolar mania (UM), in which only manic episodes occur during the course of illness, may be an important clinical manifestation of bipolar disorder that is under-recognized and understudied. The aim of this study is, for the first time, to examine the prevalence of UM and its clinical characteristics in the community. Methods Among a total of 1,411 subjects with bipolar I disorder, we evaluated the prevalence of UM using three different criteria proposed in previous studies. We compared the clinical characteristics of subjects with UM to those with a more classic bipolar presentation with mania and lifetime major depressive episode (MDE). We additionally explored the proportion of subjects with UM who later experience at least one MDE during a 3-year follow-up period and determined risk factors for converting from UM to classic bipolar disorder. Results The prevalence rate of UM among those with bipolar disorder ranged from 5.0 to 7.2% depending on the criteria. UM was more common in male and nonwhite subjects. About half of individuals with UM experienced subthreshold depression. Individuals with UM had lower rates of comorbid anxiety disorders or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). During the follow-up, about 18% of subjects with UM experienced MDEs. Male, nonwhite, comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and ADHD predicted an increased transition from UM to classic bipolar disorder. Subthreshold depression was not associated with the risk of the transition. Conclusions UM is an infrequent but clinically distinct subtype of bipolar I disorder. Further research delineating the characteristics of UM is warranted.
A prospective study of group B streptococcal bacteriuria in pregnancy

Bacteriuria in pregnancy was prospectively studied in 569 women, with specific reference to group B streptococcal infection. Forty-six patients (8%) had bacteriuria, including 14 with group B streptococcal infection; group B streptococci (GBS) were exceeded in frequency only by Escherichia coli. Two thirds of the bacteriuric patients remained asymptomatic. The outcome of pregnancy was studied in 41/46 bacteriuric patients, including all those with group B streptococcal infection. Two pregnancies ended in intrauterine fetal death, and one neonate developed group B streptococcal sepsis; all three complications occurred in the 14 women with group B streptococcal bacteriuria. Diabetes mellitus appeared to increase the risk of group B streptococcal bacteriuria. This study revealed that group B streptococcal bacteriuria is more common in pregnancy than was previously suspected and suggests that culture methods to detect GBS should be used in bacteriuria screening programs done in pregnancy. In terms of perinatal infection risk, screening for group B streptococcal bacteriuria at or near the time of delivery may be more meaningful than other group B streptococcal surveillance culture studies.
Using standardized videos to validate a measure of handoff quality: The handoff mini-clinical examination exercise

BACKGROUND The most recent iteration of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty-hour regulations includes language mandating handoff education for trainees and assessments of handoff quality by residency training programs. However, there is a lack of validated tools for the assessment of handoff quality and for use in trainee education. METHODS Faculty at 2 sites (University of Chicago and Yale University) were recruited to participate in a workshop on handoff education. Video-based scenarios were developed to represent varying levels of performance in the domains of communication, professionalism, and setting. Videos were shown in a random order, and faculty were instructed to use the Handoff Mini-Clinical Examination Exercise (CEX), a paper-based instrument with qualitative anchors defining each level of performance, to rate the handoffs. RESULTS Forty-seven faculty members (14 at site 1; 33 at site 2) participated in the validation workshops, providing a total of 172 observations (of a possible 191 [96%]). Reliability testing revealed a Cronbach α of 0.81 and Kendall coefficient of concordance of 0.59 (>0.6 = high reliability). Faculty were able to reliably distinguish the different levels of performance in each domain in a statistically significant fashion (ie, unsatisfactory professionalism mean 2.42 vs satisfactory professionalism 4.81 vs superior professionalism 6.01, P < 0.001 trend test). Two-way analysis of variance revealed no evidence of rater bias. CONCLUSIONS Using standardized video-based scenarios highlighting differing levels of performance, we were able to demonstrate evidence that the Handoff Mini-CEX can draw reliable and valid conclusions regarding handoff performance. Future work to validate the tool in clinical settings is warranted. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:441–446. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Carboplatin versus alternating carboplatin and doxorubicin for the adjuvant treatment of canine appendicular osteosarcoma: a randomized, phase III trial

Despite numerous published studies describing adjuvant chemotherapy for canine appendicular osteosarcoma, there is no consensus as to the optimal chemotherapy protocol. The purpose of this study was to determine whether either of two protocols would be associated with longer disease-free interval (DFI) in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma following amputation. Dogs with histologically confirmed appendicular osteosarcoma that were free of gross metastases and underwent amputation were eligible for enrollment. Dogs were randomized to receive either six doses of carboplatin or three doses each of carboplatin and doxorubicin on an alternating schedule. Fifty dogs were included. Dogs receiving carboplatin alone had a significantly longer DFI (425 versus 135 days) than dogs receiving alternating carboplatin and doxorubicin (P = 0.04). Toxicity was similar between groups. These results suggest that six doses of carboplatin may be associated superior DFI when compared to six total doses of carboplatin and doxorubicin.
Enteroendocrine and neuronal mechanisms in pathophysiology of acute infectious diarrhea.

Background While enterocyte secretion is the predominant mechanism considered responsible for secretory diarrhea in response to acute enteric infections, there are several lines of evidence that support alternative mechanisms controlling fluid and electrolyte secretion in diarrhea.
Anti-TNF-α Antibody Normalizes Serum Leptin in IL-2 Deficient Mice

Objective: A recent study reports that the interleukin-2 deficient (IL-2−/−) mouse model of autoimmune and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine production has elevated leptin concentrations during food deprivation. The objective of this study was to examine whether increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, contributes to the abnormally elevated leptin in IL-2−/− mice.Methods: Eight week old, IL-2−/− and wild-type control (IL-2+/+), male mice were fed regular laboratory mouse food for two weeks. At the end of the study, blood was collected in the fed state, IL-2−/− and IL-2+/+ mice were injected with either anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody or normal saline, and blood was collected in the starved state.Results: The IL-2−/− mice consumed less food and lost weight. Administration of anti-TNF-α antibody markedly reduced serum leptin concentrations in IL-2−/− and control mice after food deprivation. Serum leptin in the IL-2−/− mice not receiving an...
The partial molal volume of silicic acid in 0.725 M NaCl at 1°C determined by the neutralization of Na2SiO3

Abstract The partial molal volume of silicic acid ( V (Si(OH) 4 ) ) in 0.725 M NaCl at 1°C was calculated from the measured volume change (Δ V n ) due to the neutralization of anhydrous sodium metasilicate with HCl and the V (HCl) and V (NaCl) obtained from the literature. V (Si(OH) 4 ) = 59.0 cm 3 mol − 1 , determined under experimental conditions of pH = 2.2, compares favorably with V (Si(OH) 4 ) = 58.9 cm 3 mol −1 calculated from the measured volume change due to the hydrolysis of the meta-silicate salt at pH = 11 and from the partial molal volume due to electrostriction ( V elect ) of water by charged Si species present in the solution at the high pH. This agreement lends support to a semiempirical model for calculating V elect in developed by Millero (1969). V (NaOH) = − 5.45 cm 3 mol −1 in 0.725 M NaCl needed for this calculation was also determined in this work. The rate of polymerization of Si(OH) 4 at 1°C was monitored to insure that the monomer Si(OH) 4 was the main Si species present during the determination of V (Si(OH) 4 ) by neutralization of the alkali silicate. V (Si(OH) 4 ) determined in this study compares favorably with the value calculated from high pressure solubility measurements.
Electrical Breakdown Caused by Dust Motion in Low-Pressure Atmospheres: Considerations for Mars

Electrification of agitated dust can cause visible breakdown in a carbon dioxide atmosphere at low pressure in a laboratory experiment. Dust storms on earth become electrified, with accompanying breakdown phenomena. Martian dust storms may reduce the atmospheric conductivity by capturing fast ions on particles, and, by electrifying, may cause discharges in the relatively low pressure atmosphere.
X-ray Spectroscopic Studies of the High Temperature Reduction of Cu(II)O by 2-Chlorophenol on a Simulated Fly Ash Surface

The reaction of 2-chlorophenol on Cu(II)O at 375 °C is studied using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. A mixture of copper(II) oxide and silica is prepared to serve as a surrogate for fly ash in combustion systems. 2-Chlorophenol is utilized as a model precursor for formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F). The Cu K-edge spectra shift to lower binding energy, reflecting the reduction of the copper. The substrate is found to form a mixture of Cu(II), Cu(I), and Cu(0), with the dominant species being Cu(I). The data are fitted well with a first-order reaction scheme, with a time constant at 375 °C of 76 s. This is the first application of XANES spectroscopy for studying the kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous reactions relevant to combustion processes, and the results demonstrate the utility and desirability of such X-ray spectroscopic studies.
Statistical Inference After Model Selection

Conventional statistical inference requires that a model of how the data were generated be known before the data are analyzed. Yet in criminology, and in the social sciences more broadly, a variety of model selection procedures are routinely undertaken followed by statistical tests and confidence intervals computed for a “final” model. In this paper, we examine such practices and show how they are typically misguided. The parameters being estimated are no longer well defined, and post-model-selection sampling distributions are mixtures with properties that are very different from what is conventionally assumed. Confidence intervals and statistical tests do not perform as they should. We examine in some detail the specific mechanisms responsible. We also offer some suggestions for better practice and show though a criminal justice example using real data how proper statistical inference in principle may be obtained.
Effects of diet and mating status upon corpus allatum activity, oocyte growth, and salivary gland size in the ring‐legged earwig

The effect of diet on mating behavior and the subsequent effects of diet and mating status on the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone III, basal follicle length, salivary gland size and total body weight were assessed in the ring-legged earwig, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (Family Carcinophoridae; subfamily Carcinophorinae) during the first 15 days of adult life (the first gonadotrophic cycle of those fed presumably near-optimal diets of catfood) and again on day 25 (late vitellogenesis of the second gonadotrophic cycle of those fed catfood). Diets of catfood, honey, fructose and total starvation, respectively, imposed on 0-day adult females did not affect sexual receptivity, mating success or duration of mating as assessed on day 7. With the addition of a group of virgin, catfood fed females, we noted that only those females maintained on catfood oviposited within 25 days; enforced virginity virtually abolished oviposition. Total food deprivation of females as well as diets of honey or fructose abolished the cycles in total body weight, basal follicle length, salivary gland size and juvenile hormone production. Thus, starvation decreased the reproductive success of these insects, and carbohydrates only (fructose) or in combination with trace amounts of nutrients and protein (honey) were not sufficient to promote reproduction and associated cycles in this insect. Furthermore, virgins failed to undergo the decreases in salivary gland size that were characteristic of mated females. Among mated, catfood-fed females, the second cycle in juvenile hormone production appeared to be smaller than the first.
Growth Rates of Juvenile Maomao, Abudefduf abdominalis, at Constant and Cyclic Temperatures

Abstract Growth rate and growth efficiency of juvenile maomao are related to temperature. I grew isolated fish at six temperature regimes (constant: 23.4, 26.4, 29.4, 32.4 C; daily cyclic: 23.4–29.4 C, 26.4–32.4 C) and at three food rations. Growth rates (wet weight) of fish fed ad libitum were greatest at the two highest constant temperatures which are near the species' preferred temperature of 30.1 C. At two lower rations fastest growth occurred at 26.4 C. Growth rates in cyclic temperatures were not significantly different from those at constant temperatures equivalent to the mean temperature of the cycle. Maomao fed limited rations at cyclic temperatures which bracketed the preferred temperature grew at rates near the maximum for limited rations, indicating little, if any, energy penalty for living at cyclic temperatures.
Oxygen chemical diffusion in strontium doped lanthanum manganites

Abstract The chemical diffusion coefficient of oxygen in (La 0.79 Sr 0.20 )MnO 3−δ and (La 0.50 Sr 0.50 )MnO 3−δ was measured in a solid state electrochemical cell using the potentiostatic step method. In the temperature range between 700°C and 860°C, the chemical diffusion coefficient of oxygen in (La 0.79 Sr 0.20 )MnO 3−δ was found to be in the range of 10 −8 to 10 −6 cm 2 /s and also strongly dependent on the oxygen partial pressure between 0.21 atm and 10 −8 atm. For the case of the stoichiometric oxygen content, the activation energy for oxygen chemical diffusion in this material was determine to be about 70 kJ/mole. Similar measurements between 700°C and 840°C using samples of the composition (La 0.50 Sr 0.50 )MnO 3−δ yielded comparable diffusion coefficient values. Such rapid oxygen transport in these materials make them attractive for high temperature fuel cell electrode and gas separation membrane applications. They also exhibited unusually high values of the order of 10 3 to 10 4 for the thermodynamic enhancement factor indicative of narrow oxygen nonstoichiometry.
Factors which determine the populations of the magnetic quantum number in Auger electron diffraction

Abstract Comparison of experimental angular resolved Auger data with theoretical calculations reveals that the populations of the magnetic quantum levels, m l , of the Auger emitter are largely unequal. This is shown to arise in most instances from secondary electron excitation which introduces an alignment in the l wave. Resonant excitation at threshold, shakeoff, and magnetic effects are also observed in the m l populations. Detailed expressions are given for calculating the m l populations of the Auger wave, for any assumed populations in the core level or ground state valence levels.
Phospholipid Morphologies on Photochemically Patterned Silane Monolayers

We have studied the spreading of phospholipid vesicles on photochemically patterned n-octadecylsiloxane monolayers using epifluorescence and imaging ellipsometry measurements. Self-assembled monolayers of n-octadecylsiloxanes were patterned using short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation and a photomask to produce periodic arrays of patterned hydrophilic domains separated from hydrophobic surroundings. Exposing these patterned surfaces to a solution of small unilamellar vesicles of phospholipids and their mixtures resulted in a complex lipid layer morphology epitaxially reflecting the underlying pattern of hydrophilicity. The hydrophilic square regions of the photopatterned OTS monolayer reflected lipid bilayer formation, and the hydrophobic OTS residues supported lipid monolayers. We further observed the existence of a boundary region composed of a nonfluid lipid phase and a lipid-free moat at the interface between the lipid monolayer and bilayer morphologies spontaneously corralling the fluid bilayers. The outer-edge of the boundary region was found to be accessible for subsequent adsorption by proteins (e.g., streptavidin and BSA), but the inner-edge closer to the bilayer remained resistant to adsorption by protein or vesicles. Mechanistic implications of our results in terms of the effects of substrate topochemical character are discussed. Furthermore, our results provide a basis for the construction of complex biomembrane models, which exhibit fluidity barriers and differentiate membrane properties based on correspondence between lipid leaflets. We also envisage the use of this construct where two-dimensionally fluid, low-defect lipid layers serve as sacrificial resists for the deposition of protein and other material patterns.
Black and White on Film: The Afro‐American Experience and the Movies

A picture is worth a thousand words; a motion picture is probably worth even more. The black experience in America is reflected both in movies with black themes and in white or general commercial films in which black actors and actresses perform. These films continue to reflect and influence white as well as black racial attitudes and self‐images. The various cinematic genres have vividly frozen in time the perceptions and stereotypes of each period. Studied over time, they compose a kaleidoscope of changing images and themes.
Stability of high specific gravity genotypes of potatoes under high temperatures

An initial population of PHU-STN hybrid diploid potatoes was screened in 1978 at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, N.C. for high specific gravity and tuber production. Sixty clones were selected for testing under high temperatures at two North Carolina coastal locations. Twenty-seven clones maintained a relatively high specific gravity and acceptable tuber production under these high temperatures. The other 33 either were low in specific gravity or produced few, if any, tubers. Specific gravity was lower at the two coastal locations than at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station. The 27 relatively stable, high specific gravity clones were retested in 1980 along with seven additional clones included for the first time. Severe high temperatures resulted in low survival rates and low specific gravity. However, eight clones maintained a relatively high specific gravity in relation to the rest of the population.
On the science of search: statistical approaches, evaluation, optimisation

This paper, based on a talk, presents an overview of evaluation experiments in information retrieval, and also of statistical approaches to search. A strong connection exists between them: the notion that the objective of search can be expressed in terms of the measures used for evaluation informs the statistical theory in several ways. The latest manifestation of this connection is the work on optimization of ranking algorithms, using machine learning techniques.
Tricky Dick and Slick Willy Despised Presidents and Generational Imprinting

Although American politics depends on partisan rivalry, typically partisans are able to distinguish dislike for a president's policies and politics from hatred for the individual. Yet some presidents provoke unabashed antipathy that cannot be explained merely by policy differences within a partisan arena. How do these powerful emotions arise? To explain this animus, we argue that it is not their actions while president but the way that the despised president comes to typify issues of the period in which a previous political generation was imprinted. Presidential hatred is involved in generational politics and is grounded in the cultural past rather than the political present. We argue that the controversial reputations of Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton were grounded in debates over American politics of the late 1940s and the late 1960s. In the case of Nixon and Clinton, we suggest that hatred facilitates scandal rather than scandal causing hatred.
Optimization of Micro Channel Morphology

An increasing demand for a higher heat flux removal capability within a smaller volume for high power electronics led us to focus on micro channels in contrast to the classical heat fin design. A micro channel can have various shapes to enhance heat transfer, but the shape that will lead to a higher heat flux removal with a moderate pumping power needs to be determined. The standard micro-channel terminology is usually used for channels with a simple cross section, e.g. square, round, triangle, etc., but here the micro channel cross section is going to be expanded to describe more complicated and interconnected micro scale channel cross sections. The micro channel geometries explored are pin fins (in-line and staggered), parallel plates and sintered porous micro channels (see Fig.1). The problem solved here is a conjugate problem involving two heat transfer mechanisms; 1) porous media effective conductivity and 2) internal convective heat transfer coefficient. Volume averaging theory (VAT) is used to rigorously cast the point wise conservation of energy, momentum and mass equations into a form that represents the thermal and hydraulic properties of the micro channel (porous media) morphology. Using the resulting VAT based field equations, optimization of a micro channel heated from one side is used to determine the optimum micro channel morphology. A small square of 1 cm 2 is chosen as an example and the thermal resistance, 0 C/W, and pressure drop are shown as a function of Reynolds number.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Holism vs. particularism: A lesson from classical and quantum physics

The present essay aims at broadening the recent discussion on the issue of holism vs. particularism in quantum physics. I begin with a clarification of the relation between the holism/particularism debate and the discussion of supervenience relation. I then defend particularism in physics (including quantum physics) by considering a new classification of properties of physical systems. With such a classification, the results in the Bell theorem are shown to violate spatial separability but not physical particularism.
The Friction Rubs of Pericarditis

Abstract The graphic characteristics of the friction rubs were studied in 13 clinical cases. The high frequency vibrations of the rubs were found either only in one, or in two or three phases. The most common occurrence was two phases, so that there was a systolic rub and then a pandiastolic rub. Some of the aspects of these vibrations are described.
Enzymatic activity of soluble and membrane tethered peptide pro-hormone convertase 1.

Abstract Pro-hormone convertases PC1 and PC2 perform endoproteolytic cleavages of precursors in peptide-containing secretory granules. PC1 and PC2 are soluble, secreted with bioactive peptides. Evolutionarily related PCs have membrane tethers, not secreted. We tethered PC1 to the transmembrane-cytoplasmic domains (CD) of a granule enzyme (peptidylglycine-α-amidating monooxygenase; PAM) and Golgi-localized PC8. The tethered PC1 is far more stable to elevated temperature and denaturants than soluble PC1, and more active. Both tethers allow PC1 to visit the cell surface transiently, cleaving soluble molecules outside the cell. Both membrane-bound PC1 chimeras cleave membrane PAM into soluble active fragments when PAM is expressed on adjacent cells.
Understanding Japanese consumers: Some important underlying factors

This article reviews existing findings and outlines some general points that need to be considered when trying to understand Japanese consumer behavior. In addition to various psychological variables, researchers need to attend to a set of unique sociocultural factors. Among the factors considered are Japan's setting, population density, economic prosperity, modernization, homogeneity, and group orientation. Other issues that are raised are the implications of a well informed society, and the importance of both age and aesthetic values. The article also discusses risk aversion, eclecticism, lack of time and space, the importance of quality and image to the Japanese, and recent changes as they affect consumer behavior. In addition to universals, there are some unique factors that should be considered in order to understand Japanese consumer behavior, much as, undoubtedly, another set of unique features should be considered for the study of any other society.
From dispersal constraints to landscape connectivity: lessons from species distribution modeling

Connectivity plays a crucial role in determining the spread, viability, and persistence of populations across space. Dispersal across landscapes, or the movement of individuals or genes among resource patches, is critical for functional connectivity. Yet current connectivity modelling typically uses information on species location or habitat preference rather than movement, which unfortunately may not capture key dispersal limitations. We argue that recent developments in species distribution modelling provide insightful lessons for addressing this gap and advancing our understanding of connectivity. We suggest shifting the focus of connectivity modelling from locating where animals potentially disperse to a process-based approach directed towards understanding and mapping factors that limit successful dispersal. To do so, we propose defi ning species dispersal requirements through identifying spatial, environmental and intrinsic constraints to successful dispersal, analogous to identifying environmental dimensions that defi ne niches. We discuss the benefi ts of this constraint-based framework for understanding the distribution of species, predicting species responses to climate change, and connectivity conservation practice. We illustrate how the framework can aid in identifying potential detrimental eff ects of human activities on connectivity and species persistence, and can spur the implementation of innovative conservation strategies. Th e proposed framework clarifi es the validity and contextual utility of objectives and measures in existing connectivity models, and identifi es gaps that may impede our understanding of connectivity and its integration into successful conservation strategies. We expect that this framework will facilitate a mechanistic approach to understanding and conserving connectivity, which will aid in eff ectively predicting and mitigating eff ects of ongoing environmental change.
Review: low-molecular-weight heparin reduces recurrent venous thromboembolism better than unfractionated heparin.

Source Citation van Dongen CJ, van den Belt AG, Prins MH, Lensing AW. Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism. C...
A Population-Based Study of Outcomes from Thyroidectomy in Aging Americans: At What Cost?

Background We wanted to evaluate clinical and economic outcomes after thyroidectomy in patients 65 years of age and older, with special analyses of those aged 80 years and older, in the US. Study Design This was a population-based study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2003–2004, a national administrative database of all patients undergoing thyroidectomy and their surgeon providers. Independent variables included patient demographic and clinical characteristics and surgeon descriptors, including case volume. Clinical and economic outcomes included mean total costs and length of stay (LOS), in-hospital mortality, discharge status, and complications. Results There were 22,848 patients who underwent thyroidectomies, including 4,092 (18%) aged 65 to 79 years and 744 (3%) 80 years of age or older. On a population level, patient age is an independent predictor of clinical and economic outcomes. Average LOS for patients 80 years and older is 60% longer than for similar patients 65 to 79 years of age (2.9 versus 2.2 days; p Conclusions On a population level, clinical and economic outcomes for patients 65 years and older undergoing thyroidectomies are considerably worse than for similar, younger patients. The majority of thyroidectomies in aging Americans is performed by low-volume surgeons. More data are needed about longterm outcomes, but increased referrals to high-volume surgeons for aging Americans are necessary.
Putnam's Progress: Navigating between Strident Realism and Extreme Skepticism with a Wittgensteinian Chart, an Austinian Spyglass, and a Deweyan Compass

Books reviewed in this article: Hilary Putnam, Pragmatism: An Open Question Hilary Putnam, The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, World
Rhenium(V) complexes with thiolato and dithiolato ligands: synthesis, structures, and monomerization reactions.

The new compound {(PhS)2ReO(μ-SPh)}2, 1, was synthesized from Re2O7 and PhSH and then used as the synthon for a number of hitherto unknown oxorhenium(V) compounds. Reactions between dithiols and 1 (2:1 ratio) afford {PhSReO(dt)}2, where the dithiols, dtH2, are 1,2-ethanedithiol (edtH2), 1,3-propanedithiol (pdtH2), 1,3-butanedithiol (pdtMeH2), 1,2-benzenedithiol (bdtH2), 2-(mercaptomethyl)thiophenol (mtpH2), and 2-mercaptoethyl sulfide (mesH2). Similar reactions carried out with a 3:1 ratio of dtH2 to 1 afford [(ReO)2(dt)3], dt = edt, pdt. When NEt3 was introduced prior to the 3:1 reaction between edtH2 and 1, a compound containing an anionic complex was isolated, [PPh4][ReO(edt)2]. The new compounds were characterized analytically, spectroscopically, and crystallographically. The Re−O groups in two of the compounds, 1 and {ReO(μ-SPh)(bdt)}2, exist in rare anti orientations; the others adopt the more familiar syn geometry, as discussed. Selected monomerization reactions of {PhSReO(dt)}2 were also carried o...
Obliterate knowledge management: everyone is a knowledge manager!

Purpose – Knowledge assets are a critical basis of competition, but knowledge management (KM) often fails to deliver in effectively growing the value of these assets. This paper aims to lay out four shifts required to make knowledge management more effective.Design/methodology/approach – The paper defines four shifts likely in the evolution of KM: “Knowledge Clouds” where knowledge assets within and outside the company become permeable and interconnected in a cloud computing environment; the use of social media and ratings to co‐create user generated ratings, taxonomies and collective organization of knowledge; integrating KM with learning and decision support so users are better empowered to learn, decide and do useful things with knowledge; and everybody becomes a knowledge manager and is clear about how the can contribute to the creation, projection, organization and use of knowledge of assets within and outside the walls of the company.Findings – The paper presents clear reasons KM is vital to the fut...
Risk factors for recurrence of ovarian borderline tumors

Objective The objective of this study was to identify clinicopathologic features that are associated with an increased risk of recurrence for borderline ovarian tumors (BOT).
Metrics that Differentiate the Origins of Osmolyte Effects on Protein Stability: A Test of the Surface Tension Proposal

Osmolytes that are naturally selected to protect organisms against environmental stresses are known to confer stability to proteins via preferential exclusion from protein surfaces. Solvophobicity, surface tension, excluded volume, water structure changes and electrostatic repulsion are all examples of forces proposed to account for preferential exclusion and the ramifications exclusion has on protein properties. What has been lacking is a systematic way of determining which force(s) is(are) responsible for osmolyte effects. Here, we propose the use of two experimental metrics for assessing the abilities of various proposed forces to account for osmolyte-mediated effects on protein properties. Metric 1 requires prediction of the experimentally determined ability of the osmolyte to bring about folding/unfolding resulting from the application of the force in question (i.e. prediction of the m-value of the protein in osmolyte). Metric 2 requires prediction of the experimentally determined ability of the osmolyte to contract or expand the Stokes radius of the denatured state resulting from the application of the force. These metrics are applied to test separate claims that solvophobicity/solvophilicity and surface tension are driving forces for osmolyte-induced effects on protein stability. The results show clearly that solvophobic/solvophilic forces readily account for protein stability and denatured state dimensional effects, while surface tension alone fails to do so. The agreement between experimental and predicted m-values involves both positive and negative m-values for three different proteins, and as many as six different osmolytes, illustrating that the tests are robust and discriminating. The ability of the two metrics to distinguish which forces account for the effects of osmolytes on protein properties and which do not, provides a powerful means of investigating the origins of osmolyte-protein effects.
The roles of dry convection, cloud-radiation feedback processes and the influence of recent improvements in the parameterization of convection in the GLA GCM

The Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres GCM is used to study the sensitivity of the simulated July circulation to modifications in the parameterization of dry and moist convection, evaporation from falling raindrops, and cloud-radiation interaction. It is shown that the Arakawa-Schubert (1974) cumulus parameterization and a more realistic dry convective mixing calculation yielded a better intertropical convergence zone over North Africa than the previous convection scheme. It is found that the physical mechanism for the improvement was the upward mixing of PBL moisture by vigorous dry convective mixing. A modified rain-evaporation parameterization which accounts for raindrop size distribution, the atmospheric relative humidity, and a typical spatial rainfall intensity distribution for convective rain was developed and implemented. This scheme led to major improvements in the monthly mean vertical profiles of relative humidity and temperature, convective and large-scale cloudiness, rainfall distributions, and mean relative humidity in the PBL.
Leucine Zipper-mediated Dimerization Is Essential for the PTC1 Oncogenic Activity

The PTC1 chimeric oncogene is generated by the fusion of the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET proto-oncogene to the 5'-terminal region of another gene named H4 (D10S170). This oncogene has been detected only in human papillary thyroid carcinomas. We have previously demonstrated that the putative leucine zipper in the N-terminal region of H4 can mediate oligomerization of the PTC1 oncoprotein in vitro. In this study, we further demonstrated that the PTC1 oncoprotein forms a dimer in vivo, and the leucine zipper is responsible for this dimerization. The H4 leucine zipper-mediated dimerization is essential for tyrosine hyperphosphorylation and the transforming activity of the PTC1 oncoprotein. Introducing a loss-of-function PTC1 mutant into PTC1-transformed NIH3T3 cells suppressed the transforming activity of PTC1 and reversed the transformed phenotype of these cells, presumably by forming inactive heterodimers between the two forms of PTC1. Taken together, these data indicate that constitutive dimerization of the PTC1 oncoprotein is essential for PTC1 transforming activity and suggest that constitutive oligomerization acquired by rearrangement or by point mutations may be a general mechanism for the activation of receptor tyrosine kinase oncogenes.
Cholesterol Ester Percentage in Diabetic Plasma.

SummaryThe total and esterified cholesterol values were found to reach their highest levels in the group with the most advanced sclerosis (Group A). The percentage of esterified cholesterol in both groups with arteriosclerotic changes was found to be 10-15% above that of normal averages. These results suggest a probable relationship of high percentage of cholesterol-ester in blood plama to the development of athermatous changes in diabetic patients. The possible relationship of the high percentage of cholesterol esters in these patients to the high fat diet is not excluded and is now being investigated.