cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collision-induced fragmentation of (M + H)+ ions of peptides. Side chain specific sequence ions

Abstract The collision (10 keV)-induced decomposition (CID) of (M + H)+ ions of peptides generated by fast atom bombardment ionization has been studied in a tandem mass spectrometer consisting of two consecutive double-focussing analyzers. Two novel fragmentation processes are described; one (termed dn) leads to the formation of N-terminal ions that permit the differentiation of leucine isoleucine; the other leads to a new set of C-terminal ions (termed vn) and is related to the structure of the amino acid representing the N-terminus of the fragment. The mechanisms of formation are supported by B2/E and B/E scans, which define the precursor and product ions. These and other fragmentations of (M + H)+ ions under CID conditions and kilovolt collision energies seem to involve fragmentation at a site remote from the charge. The fragmentation processes which (M + H)+ ions of peptides undergo are related to the site of protonation and the degree to which the positive charge is fixed at that site.
L1 ESTIMATION IN SMALL SAMPLES WITH LAPLACE ERROR DISTRIBUTIONS

In this paper a Monte Carlo sampling study consisting of four experiments is described. Two error distributions were employed, the normal and the Laplace; and two small sample sizes (20 and 40) were tested. The question of simultaneous-equation bias called for two-stage estimators. The L1, norm was employed as a means of comparing the performance of the L1 or least squares estimators. A relatively new algorithm for computing the direct least absolute (DLA) and two-stage least absolute (TSLA) estimators was employed for the experiments. The results confirmed the hypotheses that for non-normal error distributions such as the Laplace the least absolute estimators were better.
Development of a Warning for Truck Bedliners to Avoid Gas Can Fueling Fires

The objective was to develop a warning label for the bedliners of pickup trucks as a means of countering the fires, damage, and injuries that have occurred when portable containers are filled with gasoline in the beds of pickups. Refueling incidents were reviewed to discern the elements that were present. Seven items of information or instruction were found to be needed by consumers. Prototype warning labels were developed and tested with a total of 178 drivers in four tests involving recall after 10 seconds exposure, subject determined time of exposure, and when looking at the warning label. Drivers took more time with labels having more content. Recall and recognition of safety items improved with additional review. A label having 6 safety items was selected and should provide relevant information about the hazard and how to avoid it to over 90% of those who see and read it.
Modified Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Coated Silica Gel. Fast Kinetics of Diffusion-Controlled Sorption of Chromium(VI)

A new sorbent has been prepared by coating alkyl quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) on the high surface area of silica gel. The resulting granular sorbent was used to remove Cr(VI) from water. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the kinetics and sorption rate. The research demonstrated that the modified PVP coated silica gel (referred to as coated gel) could successfully remove chromium(VI) from solution and that the sorbent provided fast kinetics. A finite-bath diffusion-control model with changing bulk concentration was derived analytically for application to the coated gel sorption of Cr(VI). This model fitted the experimental data well. The sorption kinetics on modified PVP coated gel was found to be diffusion-controlled with a value of 5.8 × 10-7 cm2/s for the product of the distribution coefficient and the effective diffusivity in the sorption of Cr(VI) on the coated silica gel.
Designing, visualizing, and discussing algorithms within a CS 1 studio experience: An empirical study

Within the context of an introductory CS1 unit on algorithmic problem-solving, we are exploring the pedagogical value of a novel active learning activity-the ''studio experience''-that actively engages learners with algorithm visualization technology. In a studio experience, student pairs are tasked with (a) developing a solution to an algorithm design problem, (b) constructing an accompanying visualization with a storyline, and finally (c) presenting that visualization for feedback and discussion in a session modeled after an architectural ''design crit.'' Is a studio experience educationally valuable? What kind of technology can best support it? To explore these questions, we conducted an empirical study of two alternative CS1 studio experiences in which students used one of two different kinds of algorithm development and visualization technology: (a) a text editor coupled with art supplies, or (b) ALVIS Live!, a computer-based algorithm development and visualization tool. We found that the students who used ALVIS Live! developed algorithms with significantly fewer semantic errors. Moreover, discussions mediated by ALVIS Live! had significantly more student audience contributions, and retained a sharper focus on the specific details of algorithm behavior, leading to the collaborative identification and repair of semantic errors. In addition, discussions mediated by both ALVIS Live! and art supplies contained substantial evidence of higher order thinking. Based on our results, we make recommendations for educators interested in exploring studio-based approaches, and we propose an agenda for future research into studio-based learning in computer science education.
Kinetics of cell growth and heterologous glucoamylase production in recombinant Aspergillus nidulans.

In the work, a study of cell growth and the regulation of heterologous glucoamylase synthesis under the control of the positively regulated alcA promoter in a recombinant Aspergillus nidulans is presented. We found that similar growth rates were obtained for both the host and recombinant cells when either glucose or fructose was employed as sole carbon and energy source. Use of the potent inducer cyclopentanone in concentrations greater than 3 mM resulted n maximum glucoamylase concentration and maximum overall specific glucoamylase concentration over 80 h of batch cultivation. However, cyclopentanone concentrations in excess of 3 mM also showed an inhibitory effect on spore germination as well as fungal growth. In contrast, another inducer, threonine, had no negative effect on spore germination even when concentrations of up to 100 mM were used with either glucose or fructose as carbon source. Glucoamylase synthesis in the presence of glucose plus either inducer did not begin until glucose was totally depleted, suggesting strong catabolite repression. Similar results were obtained when fructose was employed, although low levels of glucoamylase were detected before fructose depletion, suggesting partial catabolite repression. The highest enzyme concentration (570 mg/L) and overall specific enzyme concentration (81 mg/g cell) were observed in batch culture when cyclopentanone was the inducer and fructose the primary carbon source. A maximum glucoamylase concentration of 1.1 g/L and an overall specific glucoamylase concentration of 167 mg/g cell were obtained in a bioreactor using cyclopentanone as the inducer and limited-fructose feeding strategy, which nearly doubles the glucoamylase productivity from batch cultures. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The radiographic pattern of polyarthritis in Reiter's syndrome

Roentgenographic and scintiphotographic studies of the arthritis of Reiter's syndrome demonstrate concurrent involvement of various small joints of the lower extremities often associated with sacroiliitis. The most frequently affected sites are the heels, toes, sacroiliac joints, and ankles and tarsals. Simultaneous involvement of these sites is characteristic of this syndrome.
Rethinking Adolescent Peer Sexual Harassment: Contributions of Feminist Theory.

This article provides an integrative review of the literature on adolescent sexual harassment and highlights potential contributions of feminist theory for research. Although developmental theories for studying sexual harassment are useful in their own right, the discussion focuses on how they fail to address the ways in which sexual harassment serves to reinforce the socially constructed, privileged notions of heterosexual masculinity and femininity. The highlights and benefits of utilizing feminist theories for understanding how sexual harassment is deeply rooted in dominant definitions and expected performances of gender and sexuality are discussed. Considering a feminist perspective provides a nuanced understanding of this phenomenon, and suggestions for educational institutions and personnel are provided as well as suggestions for future research.
Physiologic complete denture impressions

Abstract A technique for complete denture impressions with the utilization of the neuromuscular concept has been described. The patient uses the function of sucking to border mold the impression. The contribution of favorable nutrition, muscle and tissue tonus, and tongue position to the retention and stability of the denture and the comfort of the patient has been explained. These factors must be considered at the time of making the impressions.
Abstract 2933: Inhibition of MAPK signaling prevents Fra-1-mediated CD44 expression in human brain tumor cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV brain tumor that exhibits a high growth rate and the capacity to invade surrounding tissue. The invasive capacity displayed by GBM cells is a major reason patients diagnosed with GBMs have poor prognosis. Currently, there are few effective treatment options for GBM. The invasive capacity of GBM cells has been associated with CD44, a transmsmbrane glycoprotein. CD44 is a cell surface receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA) which is a major component of the extracellular matrix that comprises the brain. Recent studies demonstrate that CD44 expression has been associated with fos related antigen 1 (Fra-1) an AP-1 transcription factor in GBM. Specifically, our lab has shown that reducing Fra-1 protein levels with siRNA results in decreased amounts of CD44 protein. To better understand Fra-1 regulation of CD44 we examined the signaling mechanisms that mediate Fra-1-regulated CD44 expression. Several human GBM cell lines (U-251 MG, U-1242 MG, and A-172) were treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF 20ng/ml) at various time points to determine the role of EGF stimulation on Fra-1 and CD44 protein expression. In addition to EGF cells were treated with inhibitors to four known signaling pathways: PI3 kinase (LY 294002, 20µM); mTOR (rapamycin, 25nM); Jun kinase (SB203580, 20 µM); and MAP kinase (U-0126, 20µM) to determine whether these pathways mediate Fra-1-regulated CD44 expression. Western blot analysis was used to determine the level of protein expression of Fra-1 and CD44 following inhibitor treatment. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway demonstrated a significant decrease in Fra-1 and CD44 protein levels while inhibition of the AKT and mTOR signaling pathways respectively, exhibit less regulation of Fra-1 and CD44 levels. In addition to determining the regulation of Fra-1 and CD44 protein expression we also assayed the mRNA levels of Fra-1 and CD44 following inhibitor treatment. Fra-1 and CD44 mRNA levels decreased following U-0126 treatment, correlating the decrease of mRNA levels with the decrease of protein expression described previously. Taken together these data suggest that the MAP kinase pathway is responsible for regulating Fra-1-mediated CD44 mRNA and protein expression in malignant brain tumor cell lines. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2933. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2933
High bandwidth spectral gratings programmed with linear frequency chirps

Abstract Temporally overlapped linear frequency chirps (TOLFCs), a novel method for programming a spatial-spectral grating, are used to demonstrate grating bandwidths in excess of 2 GHz. The proper operating conditions for this method are discussed along with grating efficiency measurements. A Maxwell–Bloch simulator, which incorporates arbitrary phase functions, is used to simulate this programming method and to investigate the grating dynamics of accumulated programming using TOLFCs.
Management Education and Development in Developing Countries: The Case of Technical Managers in Indonesia

Designing management education and development programmes for developing countries raises difficult questions concerning the role of the local culture in the content of the programmes. This issue is examined in the content of the Indonesian culture. The results of a survey of technical managers lead to recommendations and provide first‐hand commentary.
Metastatic myxopapillary ependymoma: Report of a case with fine-needle aspiration findings

A case of recurrent and metastasizing myxopapillary ependymoma of the sacral region in a 35-yr-old man is reported. Fifteen years after the original diagnosis, he presented with an abdominal mass, subcutaneous nodules in the previous surgical excirion line, and bilateral inguinal lymph node enlargement. FNA cytology of the inguinal lymph nodes showed a poorly cohesive, highly cellular smear pattern exhibiting papillary formations and rosette-like structures composed of slim columnar cells having cytoplasmic processes without evidence of atypia. Histologic and ultrastructural findings confirmed the diagnosis. Chromosomal analysis was also done. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Alteration in Ca2+ homeostasis by a trauma peptide.

Abstract Postinjury tissue inflammation with PMN elastase proteolysis generates immunosuppressive fibronectin peptides (FNDP) impairing chemotaxis, T-cell activation, and proliferation. Excess intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) impairs T-cell activation. This study quantifies the changes in [Ca2+]i following exposure to a degradation peptide of fibronectin to determine the mechanism of action of these peptides on calcium homeostasis. Isolated human PBLs were exposed to immunosuppressive concentrations of FNDP after loading with the [Ca2+]i probe FURA-2AM. Resting and sustained [Ca2+]i concentrations were calculated and compared to buffer control. The mechanism of action was determined by pretreatment with: (1) EDTA binding extra cellular Ca2+: [Ca2+]e, (2) the Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine, and (3) inhibition of [Ca2+]i released by dantrolene. Inositol triphosphate (IP3) essential for [Ca2+]i release was measured following T-cell stimulation as well. FNDP caused 200–400% increases in [Ca2+]i concentration relative to buffer control at known suppressive doses. Verapamil and nifedipine partially block [Ca2+]i influx by as much as 50% suggesting the slow Ca2+ (voltage independent) channels are partially responsible for the increased [Ca2+]i seen following FNDP. EDTA completely suppressed [Ca2+]e influx but did not completely inhibit the release of [Ca2+]i although IP3 was 80% suppressed. The increase in [Ca2+]i following FNDP stimulation is due to release of intracellular stores.
The Barbados Family Planning Association and fertility decline in Barbados.

The growth of the Barbados Family Planning Association (BFPA) founded in 1955 and the nature of its operations are reviewed statistics of BFPA acceptors users and costs are presented and available information non-BFPA contraceptive usage in Barbados is summarized. Since 1970 services have been available at 14 clinics in addition to the headquarters clinic. Field work operations have had priority from the outset. Field workers motivate women and inform them about contraceptives; they also sell vaginal contraceptives such as the jelly foam cream and foaming tablets. The proportion of the average number of clients as a percentage of women of childbearing age grew from about 2% in 1957-1960 to 11.5% in 1965 and 19.4% in 1970 making BFPA one of the most successful programs in the world. There have also been dramatic increases in the proportion of users with parity less than or equal to 2. The author contends that the level and trend of socioeconomic development were also favorable to a fertility decline during the same period.
Free-form Sketch

We describe a sketch-based system for modeling 3D shapes based on a new multi resolution shape representation we call a layered mesh. Like subdivision surfaces, layered meshes provide a multi resolution hierarchy of meshes. A key difference is that a layered mesh lets you edit the shape and structure of the mesh at any level of the hierarchy, through the notion of shape primitives organized in a dependency network. The simplest primitives are points and curves, which can be used to define several kinds of parametric surface. Surface scan be inflated or smoothly joined to produce a broad range of shapes. An important feature of the system is the ability to refine shapes and add detail by oversketching primitives, either directly or via the curves that define them. While our user interface is still in development, our initial results show the potential for this approach.
A taxonomy of issues related to the use of expert judgments in probabilistic safety studies

Abstract Expert judgments are frequently used in probabilistic safety assessments (PSA). However, the methods employed in practice are very crude and a large gap exists between the theoretical methods available and actual practice. A taxonomy of issues related to the use of expert judgments in PSA was considered necessary to identify the needs of the practitioners and the applicability of existing models. In this paper, a taxonomy of issues related to the use of expert judgments in PSA is systematically reviewed with examples from case studies. Issues surrounding the expert judgement procces can be classified into two categories—(a) elicitation, and (b) the use of expert judgments. Various elements of these categories, such as model and parameter uncertainty, decomposition, the use of multiple experts, the selection of experts, expert training, elicitation, effect of information provided to experts, expert calibration, availability of evidence, opinion aggregation and dependence are then discussed. The issues of expert bias, calibration and dependence are of special concern. Sources of expert bias and dependence are discussed with some thoughts on overcoming them using examples from selected case studies.
Fibronectin Suppresses Apoptosis in Normal Human Melanocytes Through an Integrin-Dependent Mechanism

Recent reports show that components of the extracellular matrix function as cell survival factors through the suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death). In this report we show that attachment to fibronectin suppresses apoptosis of normal human fetal and neonatal melanocytes in vitro and that prevention of attachment to underlying matrix or attachment to poly-L-lysine is a potent inducer of apoptosis in melanocytes. A role for the β 1-integrin family in mediating cell survival signals was shown by the ability of β 1-blocking antibodies to enhance apoptosis in melanocytes attached to fibronectin, and by the ability of anti- β 1 antibodies immobilized on solid supports to suppress apoptosis in melanocytes. Cytochalasin D reversed the effect of fibronectin on the suppression of apoptosis in melanocytes, suggesting that an intact cytoskeleton is required for transduction of survival signals. A human metastatic melanoma cell line, SKMEL28, was resistant to apoptosis when grown in suspension or on poly-L-lysine, even after 4 d in culture in the absence of exogenous growth factors. These results suggest that fibronectin suppresses apoptosis in normal human melanocytes through an integrin-dependent pathway and that significant differences in the control of anchorage-dependent regulation of apoptosis exist in melanocytes and melanoma cells.
Cognitive development in preschool children prenatally exposed to PCBs and MeHg

A number of epidemiological studies have shown predictive relationships between prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and subtle deficits in cognitive development in infancy through the preschool years [Child Dev. 56 (1985) 853; J. Pediatr. 116 (1990) 38; J. Pediatr. 134 (1999) 33; Toxicol. Lett. 102-103 (1998) 423; Neurotox. 21 (6) (2000) 1029-1038]. However, since not all studies have demonstrated these relationships (J. Pediatr. 119 (1991) 58-63), debate regarding the role of prenatal PCB exposure in cognitive development continues. The current study was designed to provide additional data to assist in resolving this question. Two hundred twelve children enrolled in the Oswego Newborn and Infant Development Project were assessed using the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities at 38 months of age, followed by a reassessment at 54 months of age. The relationship between prenatal exposure to PCBs (cord blood PCBs) and McCarthy performance was assessed at both ages after first controlling for a wide range of important predictors of cognitive development, including socioeconomic status (SES), maternal IQ, maternal education, home environment, cigarette smoking, and many others. Cord blood PCBs were statistically significant predictors of small but measurable deficits in McCarthy performance at 38 months of age. Moreover, a significant interaction between cord blood PCBs and maternal hair mercury (MeHg) was found, such that negative associations between prenatal MeHg exposure and McCarthy performance were found in subjects with higher levels of prenatal PCB exposure. No relationship between PCBs and/or MeHg and McCarthy performance was observed when the children were reassessed almost 1.5 years later (54 months of age). Inspection of the age-related trajectory of McCarthy performance revealed that the more highly exposed children caught up with the least exposed children by 54 months. Although the current data partially replicate the findings of Jacobson et al., Patandin et al., and Walkowiak et al. [J. Pediatr. 116 (1990) 38; J. Pediatr. 134 (1999) 33; Lancet 358 (2001) 1602], results reported here suggest that functional recovery may occur. Moreover, the interaction between PCB and MeHg cannot be considered conclusive until it has been replicated in subsequent investigations.
Studies in Inductive Inference in Infancy

Imitation of events was used to explore the inductive generalizations that 14-month-olds have made about animals, vehicles, and household artifacts. In Experiment 1 infants generalized domain-specific properties such as drinking to animals but not to vehicles, whereas they generalized domain-neutral properties such as going into a building to exemplars from both domains. The next four experiments showed that infants tend to interpret animal events very broadly, for example, construing a dog merely as a land animal rather than as a differentiated kind in its own right. Infants were somewhat more selective in their construals of vehicles. Experiment 6 showed that 14-month-olds also generalize "basic-level properties" very broadly. For example, they chose a pan to demonstrate drinking almost as often as a cup and fed a bone to a bird as often as to a dog. By 20 months, their selections narrowed appropriately for artifacts, but were still overgeneralized for natural kinds. The experiments indicate that infants tend to generalize their early experiences broadly across domains, often across exemplars that have a variety of different surface characteristics. The data suggest that it is the conceptual meaning of objects, rather than their physical features, that controls early associative learning.
Stability of R‐FBI Bearings: Analysis and Experiment

Abstract The Resilient—Friction Base Isolator (R—FBI) is a device which can be incorporated into the foundations of new and existing structures to protect them from damaging earthquake ground motions. The device consists of a short column composed of a set of identical flat rings with an elastic core (reinforced rubber plug). The elastic core is positioned such that it carries no axial load and distributes the lateral displacement uniformly across the clear height of the column. In this paper, considering an R—FBI bearing as a short column, an approximate analytical model for the analysis of its stability is presented. Assuming no negative pressure at the interfaces of the flat rings, the values of the critical lateral displacement and the critical vertical load are defined and calculated in terms of the system's parameters. The upper limit of the safe lateral displacement, the lateral displacement beyond which the lateral load carrying capacity of the isolator deteriorates, is also defined. To validate t...
Polymerization of euphorbia oil with Lewis acid in carbon dioxide media

Abstract Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3·OEt2) catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of euphorbia oil (EuO), natural epoxy oil, in liquid carbon dioxide was conducted in an effort to develop useful vegetable oil based polymers. The resulting polymers (RPEuO) were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, solid state 13C NMR spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results indicated that the ring-opening polymerization of EuO occurred at mild conditions, such as at room temperature, and a subcritical carbon dioxide (CO2) pressure of 65.5 bar. The formed RPEuO materials were cross-linked polymers. The glass transition temperatures of these polymers ranged from −15.0 to −22.7 °C. TGA results showed that the RPEuO polymers were thermally stable at temperatures lower than 220 °C and significant decomposition mainly occurred above 340 °C.
Regulation of Potassium Transport in Human Lens Epithelial Cells

The major K influx pathways and their response to thiol modification by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors were characterized in human lens epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells with Rb as K congener. Ouabain (0.1 mM) and bumetanide (5 microM) discriminated between the Na/K pump ( approximately 35% of total Rb influx) and Na-K-2Cl cotransport (NKCC) ( approximately 50%). Cl-replacement with nitrate or sulfamate revealed 100 microM, activated the Na/K pump and abolished NKCC but did not affect KCC. The data suggest at least partial inverse regulation of KCC and NKCC in HLE-B3 cells by signaling cascades involving serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation equilibria.
Ion Uptake by Soybean Root Tissue Depleted of Calcium by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid.

Calcium has a fundamental role in the cellular processes of ion absorption and retention. The ion is generally credited with having beneficial effects on the semipermeability of membranes and structure of protoplasm (9,12). The electron microscope shows Ca deficiency to result in disorganization of membrane structure (19). In addition, the presence of calcium in solution was found by Viets (25) to increase the uptake of other ions, a phenomenon widely confirmed, but with variations in extent and conditions of response. Calcium is important in cation selectivity. The K/Na (or Rb/Na) absorption ratio increases in the presence of calcium (14,26), and the inhibitory effect of Na on K uptake is practically eliminated (7). The importance of calcium is sufficiently great in salt uptake studies that the root-to-solution ratio can affect K/Na absorption due to variable dissociation of calcium from the root tissue (15). In the presence of adequate calcium there is no initial exchange adsorption of the rubidium ion (8). Epstein (7, 8) notes that Ca in the solution around root tissue represents the normal physiological condition, and the ion is essential for the integrity of the selective ion transport mechanism. The selectivity is thought to reside in specific ion carriers. Jacobson et al. (13), on the other hand, conclude that the stimulation of K absorption by Ca results from blocking an interfering cation such as H or Li. Waisel (26) maintains that Ca increases the diffusion of K across the outer cell membrane, which he considers to be the rate-limiting step of metabolic accumulation. Tanada (23) has recently reiterated his suggestion that a ribonucleoprotein complex containing free -SH groups is involved in the Ca activation of Rb uptake by mung bean root tips. In an initial investigation of ribonucleoprotein as a carrier moiety, an EDTA-initiated degradation of RNA in soybean roots resulted in impaired respiration, ion accumulation, and ion retention (10). This result was attributed to removal of Ca and Mg by EDTA.3 However, treatment with EDTA in the cold, which would limit degradative metabolism, increased Rb88 uptake, a result similar to that reported by Tanada for ultraviolet treatment (20), ribonuclease treatment (21), sulfhydryl inhibition (22), and HCl or NaCl treatment (20). Rb86 uptake may be increased and P3204 uptake decreased by EDTA, citric acid, or alkaline phosphate pretreatment (20). We have now explored in some detail the effect of a short-term pretreatment with EDTA on ion uptake by soybean root tissue. Pretreatment removes much of the root Ca, and increases the subsequent metabolic uptake of Rb86-labeled K while decreasing that of phosphate. These effects are reversed by addition of Ca. Calcium removal appears to affect accumulation of the ions into the cytoplasm.
GDNF partially protects grafted fetal dopaminergic neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity.

Abstract Rats were given unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions and subsequently received transplants of fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue into the denervated striatum. Four weeks later transplanted animals were tested for graft-mediated reduction of amphetamine-induced rotational behavior. Subsequently, transplanted animals received an intrastriatal injection of either GDNF (10 μg) or citrate buffer into a site lateral to the transplant, and then 6 h later received an injection of either 4.0 μg of 6-OHDA, 8.0 μg of 6-OHDA, or vehicle using the same stereotaxic coordinates that were used for the GDNF/citrate buffer injection. Animals were re-tested for amphetamine-induced rotational behavior 2 weeks later. Histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in the number of cell bodies immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH+) within the transplant for those animals pretreated with an intrastriatal injection of citrate buffer and subsequently given either dose of 6-OHDA. Transplanted animals pretreated with GDNF and subsequently administered 8.0 μg of 6-OHDA showed a significant reduction of TH+ neurons within the transplant compared to controls, however TH+ cell counts for this group remained significantly higher than the TH+ cell counts for the group of animals receiving the same dose of 6-OHDA but pretreated with citrate buffer. GDNF pretreatment completely protected TH+ cell bodies against 4.0 μg of 6-OHDA. Rotational scores indicated that GDNF provided only partial protection against 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in terms of transplant function. For both groups of transplanted animals receiving GDNF pretreatment and 6-OHDA injections, amphetamine-induced rotational scores dropped below the scores for animals pretreated with citrate buffer but remained significantly higher than the scores for transplanted animals that were not injected with 6-OHDA. Both histological and behavioral measures indicate GDNF partially protects integrated transplants against neurotoxic insult.
THE INCORPORATION OF VARIOUS SUBSTRATES INTO ACETYL SULFANILAMIDE AND CO2 BY PIGEON LIVER SLICES.

Abstract C14-Labeled ethanol, acetate, pyruvate, or butyrate added to pigeon liver slices in the presence of sulfanilamide contributed about 70, 50, 45, and 20%, respectively of the acetyl groups found in the acetyl sulfanilamide. The simultaneous addition of unlabeled alcohol or acetate reduced the incorporation of C14 from pyruvate or butyrate, while the simultaneous addition of unlabeled pyruvate, glycerol, or butyrate did not seriously reduce the incorporation of C14 from ethanol or acetate. Some 15 times as much C14 from butyrate was found in the CO2 as in the acetyl sulfanilamide; the corresponding ratios for pyruvate, acetate and alcohol were 3, 1 2 , and 1 3 , respectively. The oxidation of labeled butyrate and pyruvate was not seriously decreased by the simultaneous presence of unlabeled ethanol or acetate, but the oxidation of acetate and ethanol was inhibited by pyruvate and especially butyrate. The results are interpreted to show a compartmentation of the acetyl CoA formed from the different substrates with a preferential utilization of alcohol and acetate for the acetylation reaction, and a preferential oxidation of butyrate and pyruvate.
Condylar cartilage: A scanning electron microscope study of anorganic mammalian condyles

The mandibular condyles of four mammalian species (sheep, cat, monkey, and human) were rendered anorganic in NaOCl and examined by SEM. A mineralized cartilage front was identified in all specimens on the basis of a comparable morphology of chondrocyte lacunae and a calcospheritic pattern of mineralization. Species-specific differences in the cartilage surfaces were found to exist. The role of this cartilage in condylar remodeling and pathology is discussed. Attention is drawn to the fact that mineralized cartilage was identified on the articular aspect of all adult mammalian anorganic condyles examined.
Preoperative Valsalva voiding increases the risk of urinary retention after midurethral sling placement.

Introduction and hypothesis A subset of neurologically normal females void by efficient Valsalva, not detrusor contraction. We determined the incidence of urinary retention following midurethral sling (MUS) placement in women that void by detrusor contraction versus Valsalva.
Accommodative stimulus/response function in human amblyopia

Three parameters are essential to describe static accommodative behavior in a comprehensive, quantitative manner: the slope of the stimulus/response curve, the depth of focus, and the tonic response. These parameters were obtained in amblyopes, former amblyopes, strabismics without amblyopia, and normals. Results showed that the accommodative response in the amblyopic eye was characterized by a reduction in the slope of the stimulus/response curve and increased depth of focus. Similar abnormalities but of lesser magnitude were found in the non-dominant eye of some former amblyopes and some strabismics without amblyopia. Orthoptic therapy always increased the slope of the stimulus/response curve in the amblyopic eye. We believe that the reduced accommodative responses found in amblyopic eyes reflect a primary sensory loss over the central retinal region that occurs as a result of prolonged, early, abnormal visual experience associated with the presence of strabismus and/or anisometropia.
Evaluation of various corrections to the standardized uptake value for diagnosis of pulmonary malignancy.

Objective Standard uptake values (SUVs) are widely used for quantifying the uptake of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG) in tumours. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of SUVs for malignancy in lung nodules/masses and to analyse the effects of tumour size, blood glucose levels and different body weight corrections on SUV. Methods One hundred and twenty-seven patients with suspicious lung lesions imaged with 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) were studied retrospectively. Pathology results were used to establish lesion diagnosis in all cases. SUVs based on maximum pixel values were obtained by placing regions of interest around the focus of abnormal 18 F-FDG uptake in the lungs. The SUVs were calculated using the following normalizations: body weight (BW), lean body weight (LBW), scaled body surface area (BSA), blood glucose level (Glu) and tumour size (Tsize). Receivers operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to compare the accuracy of different methods of SUV calculation. Results The areas under the ROC curves for SUV BW , SUV BW+Glu , SUV LBW , SUV LBW+Glu , SUV BSA , SUV BSA+Glu and SUV BW+Tsize were 0.915, 0.912, 0.911, 0.912, 0.916, 0.909 and 0.864, respectively. Conclusion The accuracy of SUV analysis for malignancy in lung nodules/masses is not improved by correction for blood glucose or tumour size or by normalizing for body surface area or lean body weight instead of body weight.
A space-efficient algorithm for three sequence alignment and ancestor inference

We propose a novel algorithm to simultaneously align three biological sequences with affine gap model and infer their common ancestral sequence. It applies the divide-and-conquer strategy to reduce the memory usage from O(n 3) to O(n 2). At the same time, it is based on dynamic programming and thus the optimal alignment is guaranteed. We implemented the algorithm and tested it extensively with both BAliBASE dataset and simulation data generated by Random Model of Sequence Evolution (ROSE). Compared with other popular multiple sequence alignment tools such as ClustalW and T-Coffee, our program produces not only better alignment, but also better ancestral sequence.
Carrier-mediated transport of the antitumor agent acivicin across the blood-brain barrier

Abstract The cytotoxic agent acivicin has been shown to be effective against several types of tumors. However, the clinical utilization of acivicin has been prohibited because of its dose-limiting neurotoxicity. Acivicin is believed to be transported into the brain by the large neutral amino acid (LNAA) carrier, which is expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we used an in situ rat brain perfusion technique to determine the kinetics of the LNAA carrier-mediated transport of acivicin across the BBB. We found that the V max of acivicin (1.05 nmol/sec/g) obtained in this study was comparable to the V max of l -leucine (1.07 nmol/sec/g) and other LNAAs as determined by other investigators. The K m was high compared with other LNAAs, but this could be explained by the low lipophilicity of acivicin. Acivicin transport across the BBB was inhibited by other LNAAs but not by acivicin derivatives with structural modifications at the amino or carboxyl group. The ASC (alanine, serine, cysteine) carrier system did not influence the transport of acivicin across the BBB. These results suggest that the CNS toxicity of acivicin might be reduced by coadministration of other LNAAs. Acivicin derivatives with structural modifications at the amino or carboxyl group of acivicin lack affinity for the LNAA carrier at the BBB and, therefore, will exhibit less CNS toxicity than acivicin.
Electrophoretic analysis of species relationships in the genus Xiphophorus.

Abstract 1. 1. Differences in muscle proteins of the species and subspecies of the genus Xiphophorous are discernable by means of paper electrophoresis. 2. 2. The lower limit of differentiation was found at the subspecies level, as the microevolutionary divergences of isolated populations of the species maculatus could not be detected with this method. 3. 3. The electrophoretic data parallel the independently established taxonomic division of the genus Xiphophorus into three species groups. Thus, there are two extreme pattern groupings and one intermediate for both species groups and muscle proteins.
Outpatient management of selected infants younger than two months of age evaluated for possible sepsis.

Previously healthy infants younger than 2 months of age without evidence of soft tissue or musculoskeletal infection who had white blood cell counts between 5000 and 15000/mm3, band form counts ≤1500/mm3, urinalysis ≤10 white blood cells/high power field (spun sediment) and stool ≤5 white blood cell
Low temperature fluorescence imaging of freeze-trapped human cervical tissues

We characterized the fluorescence intensity distribution within the epithelia and stroma of frozen human cervical tissues at the following excitation-emission wavelength pairs: 440, 525 nm and 365, 460 nm. The intensities at both excitation-emission wavelength pairs are significantly lower in the epithelia of severely dysplastic tissues, relative to that in normal and inflammatory tissues. Furthermore, there are small differences in (1) the epithelial intensity of severe dysplasia and mild dysplasia at 440, 525 nm and (2) the stromal intensity of inflammatory and severely dysplastic tissues at 365, 460 nm. A comparison of the ratio of intensities at 440, 525 nm and 365, 460 nm between the epithelia of each tissue type indicates that this ratio is lowest in severely dysplastic tissues. It is interesting to note that the epithelial and stromal intensities are comparable at 365, 460 nm; however, at 440, 525 nm, the epithelial intensity is more than a factor of two less that that of the stroma for all tissue types.
Dual-window Subscapularis-sparing Approach: A New Surgical Technique for Combined Reconstruction of a Glenoid Bone Defect or Bankart Lesion Associated With a HAGL Lesion in Anterior Shoulder Instability

Combined bankart lesion and humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament lesion (HAGL) is a well-described pathologic complex in anterior shoulder instability; open surgical approaches with and without arthroscopic assistance have been suggested for simultaneous 1-stage repair of these lesions. Presence of a significant glenoid bone defect (inverted-pear glenoid) adds to the complexity of the problem and necessitates a bony reconstruction procedure. Open surgical approaches described for management of this combined lesion complex in anterior shoulder instability necessitate a subscapularis-cutting approach; suboptimal healing of the tenotomized subscapularis and subsequent delayed rehabilitation predisposes to late subscapularis dysfunction, and this compromises clinical outcomes. This study describes a new surgical technique that utilizes a dual-window approach through the subscapularis muscle; the dual window enables access to the glenoid and humeral lesions without the need for a subscapularis tenotomy. The approach can be used to perform a congruent-arc Latarjet procedure (for glenoid bone defects) or a Bankart repair (for capsulolabral lesions), in combination with a HAGL repair. Preliminary arthroscopy is essential to identify significant bone defects and HAGL lesions. The dual-window approach for reconstruction of the lesions involves (1) a lateral "subscapularis-sparing" window to identify and repair the HAGL lesion; (2) a medial "subscapularis muscle-splitting" window to perform either a glenoid capsulolabral reconstruction or a congruent-arc Latarjet procedure; and (3) a balanced inferior capsular shift and lateralization procedure of the glenohumeral capsule. Technical tips and guidelines to avoid complications are discussed, and a rehabilitation protocol is presented.
Diabetes Mellitus—A Call for Papers

FOR THE SECOND TIME THIS DECADE, JAMA WILL PUBlish a theme issue devoted to the topic of diabetes mellitus. While some progress has been made in understanding and managing diabetes since the May 15, 2002, theme issue, the epidemic continues, as does JAMA’s strong interest in this problem. In 2000 the worldwide prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 2.8% and is projected to reach 4.4% by 2030. In 2005, the total prevalence of diabetes among all ages for those born in the United States was 20.8 million individuals (7% of the population), and an estimated 30% of the cases were undiagnosed. The estimated lifetime risk of developing diabetes for individuals in the United States is 32.8% for men and 38.5% for women. By virtue of the disease process and its associated complications, individuals with diabetes have substantial reductions in life expectancy and quality of life. Research to help counteract these outcomes in patients with diabetes has resulted in a number of new and advanced therapies, including novel antidiabetes medications, surgical interventions, islet cell transplantation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and gene therapy. Because of the continued challenges of diabetes and its associated comorbidities, JAMA will devote an entire issue to this topic in April 2009. This theme issue will be in conjunction with all 9 of our Archives family of specialty journals, which also will devote some or all of their April issues to this topic. We invite authors to submit manuscripts reporting original research (original contributions, preliminary reports, and research letters), systematic reviews, special communications, and commentaries on any topic related to diabetes and its comorbidities. We also welcome articles addressing the economic implications, policy aspects, and ethical considerations relative to diabetes. Special consideration will be given to randomized trials of new therapies and to research reports addressing the management of diabetes, including glycemic monitoring and new technologies for diabetes care; genetic aspects and prevention; islet cell/pancreatic transplantation and related effects of diabetes on cardiovascular and oncologic disorders. Manuscripts received by November 1, 2008, will have the best chance of consideration for publication in the diabetes theme issue of JAMA. High-quality articles also may be published in other issues of JAMA or if not suitable for JAMA, may be referred (with the authors’ permission) for consideration for publication in one of our Archives specialty journals. Please consult the instructions for authors for preparing and submitting manuscripts. We look forward to receiving your manuscripts for our theme issue devoted to this increasingly important global health problem.
The large-scale production of carrier-free 206Bi for medical application

Abstract An enriched 207Pb cyclotron target design has been developed for the large-scale proton production of 206Bi (∼ 185 mCi/hr) with
SLIDE RULE METHOD FOR MAPPING QUANTITY DISTRIBUTIONS

(1959). SLIDE RULE METHOD FOR MAPPING QUANTITY DISTRIBUTIONS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 5-8.
Stimulation of nuclear protein synthesis in rat liver after phenobarbital administration.

Abstract When a 40 min pulse of leucine-3H was administered to rats 2 hrs after 75 mg/kg of phenobarbital (Pb), there was a 70% increase above control in labeling of microsomal protein and of a nuclear protein fraction extracted with 1 M NaCl. When a 40 min pulse of labeled leucine was given 24 hrs after a single injection of Pb (75 mg/kg), there was a 42% stimulation in the specific activity of microsomal protein but an 87% enhancement, compared to control, in the nuclear protein fraction. Separation of the nuclear fraction on DEAE-cellulose columns indicated that there was a 5-fold stimulation in the specific activity of one of the protein peaks from the nuclear protein fraction of the Pb-treated rats. These data indicate that Pb administration enhances the synthesis of various protein fractions in hepatic cells and suggest that these events may be involved in the enzyme induction produced by this drug.
Estimating genotype error rates from high-coverage next-generation sequence data

Exome and whole-genome sequencing studies are becoming increasingly common, but little is known about the accuracy of the genotype calls made by the commonly used platforms. Here we use replicate high-coverage sequencing of blood and saliva DNA samples from four European-American individuals to estimate lower bounds on the error rates of Complete Genomics and Illumina HiSeq whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing. Error rates for nonreference genotype calls range from 0.1% to 0.6%, depending on the platform and the depth of coverage. Additionally, we found (1) no difference in the error profiles or rates between blood and saliva samples; (2) Complete Genomics sequences had substantially higher error rates than Illumina sequences had; (3) error rates were higher (up to 6%) for rare or unique variants; (4) error rates generally declined with genotype quality (GQ) score, but in a nonlinear fashion for the Illumina data, likely due to loss of specificity of GQ scores greater than 60; and (5) error rates increased with increasing depth of coverage for the Illumina data. These findings, especially (3)-(5), suggest that caution should be taken in interpreting the results of next-generation sequencing-based association studies, and even more so in clinical application of this technology in the absence of validation by other more robust sequencing or genotyping methods.