cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen peroxide responsive miR153 targets Nrf2/ARE cytoprotection in paraquat induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity

Epidemiological and animal studies suggest that environmental toxins including paraquat (PQ) increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) by damaging nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. We previously showed that overexpression of a group of microRNAs (miRs) affects the antioxidant promoting factor, Nrf2 and related glutathione-redox homeostasis in SH-SY5Y dopaminergic neurons. Although, dysregulation of redox balance by PQ is well documented, the role for miRs and their impact have not been elucidated. In the current study we investigated whether PQ impairs Nrf2 and its related cytoprotective machinery by misexpression of specific fine tune miRs in SH-SY5Y neurons. Real time PCR analysis revealed that PQ significantly (p<0.05) increased the expression of brain enriched miR153 with an associated decrease in Nrf2 and its function as revealed by decrease in 4× ARE activity and expression of GCLC and NQO1. Also, PQ and H2O2-induced decrease in Nrf2 3' UTR activity was restored on miR153 site mutation suggesting a 3' UTR interacting role. Overexpression of either anti-miR153 or Nrf2 cDNA devoid of 3' UTR prevented PQ and H2O2-induced loss in Nrf2 activity confirming that PQ could cause miR153 to bind to and target Nrf2 3' UTR thereby weakening the cellular antioxidant defense. Adenovirus mediated overexpression of cytoplasmic catalase (Ad cCAT) confirmed that PQ induced miR153 is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dependent. In addition, Ad cCAT significantly (p<0.05) negated the PQ induced dysregulation of Nrf2 and function along with minimizing ROS, caspase 3/7 activation and neuronal death. Altogether, these results suggest a critical role for oxidant mediated miR153-Nrf2/ARE pathway interaction in paraquat neurotoxicity. This novel finding facilitates the understanding of molecular mechanisms and to develop appropriate management alternatives to counteract PQ-induced neuronal pathogenesis.
The Determination of Parts Per Billion Concentrations of Hexamethylphosphoramide and Its Metabolite, Pentamethylphosphoramide, in Urine

Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) possesses unique solvent properties as a solvent in organic and organometallic reactions. Its acute toxicity is low to moderate. Its chronic toxicity is more severe in that inhalation exposure to HMPA vapor concentrations as low as 50 ppb for 12 months produced squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity in laboratory rats. A simple and rapid technique for measuring in urine HMPA and its principal metabolite, pentamethylphosphoramide (PMPA) is described. Twenty mL of 50% (w/v) sodium hydroxide-water solution is added to a 50-mL urine specimen. HMPA and its demethylated metabolite, PMPA, then are extracted from the urine specimen with 5 mL of chloroform. For the nominal concentration range of 10 to 1000 ng/mL, HMPA and PMPA extraction from urine into chloroform averaged 88.0% and 80.2% respectively. The HMPA and PMPA in the extract are assessed by gas chromatography, using a phosphorous flame photometric detector, and quantified by an external standard calibration technique. ...
An ab initio study of the structure–strength correlation in impact damaged SiC grain boundaries

Abstract Peak tensile strength of a set of SiC grain boundaries is examined under the influence of impact induced damage caused by a knock on atom at a range of velocities. The computational framework is based on the Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) method. Peak tensile strength of all examined nanostructures is found to decrease due to the damage caused under the influence of increasing primary knock on atom velocity. Analyses show that the peak tensile strength evolution as a function of knock on atom induced damage in examined nanostructures can be expressed as a unique function of the corresponding nanostructure fractal dimension.
Value of squamous cell carcinoma antigen levels in invasive cervical carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen (Ag) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 64 patients with invasive squamous cell cervical carcinoma and 9 patients with nonsquamous carcinoma before the initiation of treatment. The mean antigen level in the squamous group was 10.5 ng/ml compared with 1.3 ng/ml in the nonsquamous group. In the patients with squamous cell carcinoma, mean SCC Ag level correlated well with stage, except for bulky stage IB tumors (P less than 0.05), where mean level was much higher than expected. Patients with exophytic tumors had significantly higher SCC Ag levels than those with nonexophytic tumors. Follow-up on 62 evaluable patients ranged from 20 to 40 months. The mean pretreatment SCC Ag level for patients free of disease at last contact was 5.6 ng/ml, in contrast to 16.1 ng/ml for those with recurrent disease. Only 32% of patients free of disease had pretreatment levels of 4.0 ng/ml or greater, while 86% of those with recurrent disease had such values (P less than 0.05). Forty patients had follow-up samples drawn 1 to 14 months after treatment. Mean post-treatment SCC Ag levels dropped to 1.8 ng/ml in 21 patients free of disease (73% decrease), but remained elevated at 13.4 ng/ml (17% decrease) in 19 patients with recurrences. The specificity of follow-up SCC Ag levels as a predictive test for outcome was 90%, with a sensitivity of 63%. We conclude that pretreatment SCC Ag levels correlate well with tumor stage, lesion morphology, and extent of disease. SCC antigen levels may be used to follow patients to determine effectiveness of treatment.
HASF is a stem cell paracrine factor that activates PKC epsilon mediated cytoprotection.

Despite advances in the treatment of acute tissue ischemia significant challenges remain in effective cytoprotection from ischemic cell death. It has been documented that injected stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), can confer protection to ischemic tissue through the release of paracrine factors. The study of these factors is essential for understanding tissue repair and the development of new therapeutic approaches for regenerative medicine. We have recently shown that a novel factor secreted by MSCs, which we called HASF (Hypoxia and Akt induced Stem cell Factor), promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation. In this study we show that HASF has a cytoprotective effect on ischemia induced cardiomyocyte death. We assessed whether HASF could potentially be used as a therapeutic agent to prevent the damage associated with myocardial infarction. In vitro treatment of cardiomyocytes with HASF protein resulted in decreased apoptosis; TUNEL positive nuclei were fewer in number, and caspase activation and mitochondrial pore opening were inhibited. Purified HASF protein was injected into the heart immediately following myocardial infarction. Heart function was found to be comparable to sham operated animals one month following injury and fibrosis was significantly reduced. In vivo and in vitro HASF activated protein kinase C e (PKCe). Inhibition of PKCe blocked the HASF effect on apoptosis. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of HASF were lost in mice lacking PKCe. Collectively these results identify HASF as a protein of significant therapeutic potential, acting in part through PKCe.
Assessment and modification of alcoholics' drinking behavior in controlled laboratory settings: A cautionary note

Abstract Two male alcoholics were given ad lib. access to their preferred alcoholic beverages 12 hr/day for a 7.5-day period in a controlled laboratory setting. During a subsequent 11-day period, alcohol was available in the laboratory only on alternate days and 16-hr home visits were scheduled for the subjects on the intervening days. Although treatment had not been initiated neither subject drank at any time in the laboratory and only one subject became intoxicated during two home visits. The implications of these findings for behavioral assessment and modification of alcoholics' drinking behavior are discussed.
The Influence of Insecticide-Fungicide Spray Programs on the Growth of Apple Nursery Trees

Applications each year over a 3-year period of four bi-weekly sprays, containing insecticides fungicides, to apple nursery trees increased tree vigor and tree grade considerably. Sulfur was the most effective fungicide, while demeton-DDT or lindane-DDT provided excellent control. The effects of adequate insect and disease control appeared to be cumulative over the 3-year period. Considerable differences were evident in trees of different apple varieties in response to adequate insect and disease control as indicated in tree growth. Less vigorous apple varieties showed a greater benefit from spraying than the more vigorous varieties, but significant gains from spraying were obtained with all varieties.
Differentiation of human bone marrow osteogenic stromal cells in vitro: induction of the osteoblast phenotype by dexamethasone

Human bone marrow stromal cells were examined for their osteogenic potential in an in vitro cell culture system. Dexamethasone (Dex) treatment induced morphological transformation of these cells from an elongated to a more cuboidal shape, increased their alkaline phosphatase activity and cAMP responses to PTH and prostaglandin E2, and was essential for mineralization of the extracellular matrix. Dex-induced differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells was apparent after 2-3 days of treatment and reached a maximum at 7-14 days, as judged by alkaline phosphatase activity, although induction of osteocalcin by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was attenuated by Dex. Withdrawal of Dex resulted in an enhancement of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced secretion of osteocalcin, whereas alkaline phosphatase activity and the cAMP response to PTH remained at prewithdrawal levels. The steady state mRNA level of osteonectin was not affected by Dex. Our results, which demonstrate that Dex conditions the differentiation of human bone marrow osteogenic stromal cells into osteoblast-like cells, support the hypothesis of a permissive effect of glucocorticoids in ensuring an adequate supply of mature osteoblast populations. Furthermore, the established human bone marrow stromal cell culture provides a good model of an in vitro system to study the regulation of differentiation of human bone osteoprogenitor cells.
Characterization of TiO2–Al2O3 composite fibers formed by electrospinning a sol–gel and polymer mixture

Abstract Composite fibers of TiO2–Al2O3 were prepared by electrospinning a sol–gel and polymer mixture to form template polymeric fibers followed by calcination. The resulting fibers were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Calcination at 973 K resulted in mixture of anatase (A) titania and gamma (γ) alumina phases. We calculated a band gap energy of 3.3 eV and found the average diameter of the resulting fibers in the 150–400 nm range. Both XEDS and XPS reveal that fibers are predominantly made of titania.
Regionalized Lunar South Pole Surface Navigation System Analysis

Apollo missions utilized Earth-based assets for navigation, since the landings took place at lunar locations in constant view from the Earth. The new exploration campaign to the lunar South Pole region will have limited Earth visibility, but the extent to which a navigation system comprised solely of Earth-based tracking stations will provide adequate navigation solutions in this region is unknown. This article presents a dilution-of-precision-(DoP-) based stationary surface navigation analysis of the performance of multiple lunar satellite constellations, Earth-based deep space network assets, and combinations thereof. Results show that kinematic and integrated solutions cannot be provided by the Earth-based deep space network stations. Also, the surface stationary navigation system needs to be operated as a two-way navigation system, or as a one-way navigation system with local terrain information, while integrating the position solution over a short duration of time with navigation signals being provided by a lunar satellite constellation.
Microbial activity in soil and litter underlying bandane- and calcium arsenate-treated turfgrass

Abstract Microbial abundance and activity were examined in soil and litter under Kentucky bluegrass turf that received four annual applications of 39.2 kg ha −1 of bandane (polychlorodicyclopentadiene) or 439 kg ha −1 of calcium arsenate. No consistent effect of either herbicide on bacterial numbers was observed and fungal numbers were unaffected compared to control plots that received no herbicide. Amylase and invertase activities were significantly higher in undecomposed residues from treated plots. The rates of glucose utilization, nitrification of ammonium, and amylase synthesis were significantly lower in soil underlying treated turf than in control soil. The amount of undecomposed plant material was greatest in arsenate-treated plots in which microbial activity was most severely affected, suggesting that the increased residue accumulation was the direct consequence of a reduction in soil microbial activity.
Organized religion and seniors' mental health

chapter 1 List of Tables chapter 2 Preface chapter 3 Elders' Well Being chapter 4 Making and Unmaking Personhood chapter 5 Problems in Later Years chapter 6 Religion as a Resource chapter 7 Ambivalence Over Religion chapter 8 What Churches Do chapter 9 Overview chapter 10 Religion Moderating Depression chapter 11 Sample and Method in the Study of Ministers to Older Persons chapter 12 Index of Names and Sources chapter 13 Index of Topics
Rapid substitution procedure for intravenous drug self-administration studies in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys were trained to press a lever one hundred times (FR 100) to obtain either a food pellet or an intravenous drug injection. Two daily experimental sessions, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, were divided into three 15 minute periods each. In Periods 1 and 3 lever pressing behavior was maintained by the delivery of food. Period 2 lever pressing was maintained by the intravenous injection of a drug solution. The drug available each day followed a four day sequence of cocaine (30 μg/kg/injection), saline (1.0 ml/injection), cocaine, and test compound. This four day sequence was repeated to test a series of 16 psychoactive compounds at two doses each. These drugs were compared to saline for their ability to maintain Period 2 responding during the afternoon session. Morphine, oxymorphone, codeine, pentazocine, d -amphetamine and methylphenidate all maintained responding at rates significantly greater than for saline. Cyclazocine, naloxone, levallorphan, scopolamine, chloropromazine, fenfluramine, and (±)-9-nor-9- α -hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol (α-HHC) did not maintain responding during Period 2. The results with procaine, β-HHC and nalorphine were considered equivocal. The authors suggest the use of a rapid substitution procedure as a method of initial of drugs with potentialreinforcement efficacy.
Analysis of an underground counterflow heat exchanger: Latent heat considerations

Considerable energy is expended in the production of broilers. Methods to recover some of this energy such as heat exchangers and earth tubes have limitations. However, an underground heat exchanger such as that developed at the West Virginia University combines the best features of both these systems. In a previous study a sensible heat solution for the West Virginia University heat exchanger was postulated. This solution did not take into account the condensation of vapour in the exhaust air, and the effect on the heat transfer between the exhaust and intake air. A second solution, developed to consider the latent heat of condensation, found only a 1% difference as compared with the earlier sensible heat solution. Thus, the earlier sensible heat solution can be used in design of the underground heat exchanger.
Not much more than platitudes? A critical look at the utility of applicant reactions research

Abstract Selection system designers seek to create processes that do not negatively impact the attraction of applicants. While there is considerable research on applicant reactions to selection procedures, it is not at the level of specificity to be of most practical use for designers. This paper reviews this body of research with a focus on how to move toward the more practical advice that will result in system changes.
The effect of systemic diseases on the human pulp.

Abstract Systemic diseases appear to play a very small part in pulpal pathosis. Evidence of pulpal involvement in such cases is usually an incidental finding but, when found, stimulates considerable interest. In order to expand our knowledge of this potential relationship, it is recommended that teeth extracted prior to the development of apical radiolucencies from persons with various systemic diseases be routinely examined microscopically for related lesions.
Axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising (ANNNI) and extended-ANNNI models in external fields.

I consider the phase structure of the axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising (ANNNI) model and the axial third-nearest-neighbor Ising (A3NNI) model in the presence of a uniform external field. A mean-field calculation is used, and special attention is paid to possible implications for a phenomenological application of the A3NNI model to ferroelectric materials with modulated phases.
The gerontological imagination: social influences on the development of gerontology, 1945-present.

This article presents a framework for the analysis of the development of gerontology since 1945. Three distinct historical periods and several forces that have shaped the field are examined. These forces reside in the political, economic, sociocultural, technological, and knowledge realms of society. An analysis of the continuities and discontinuities over time provides a contrast between the historical periods identified. Despite the ideology of a continuous linear disciplinary progression, we find that discontinuities have been increasingly significant in shaping the experience of aging. Yet the field of gerontology lags in reflecting many of these changes. This incongruity calls the field to reassess its paradigmatic foundations and the empirical and theoretical work conducted within them. The implications for the disciplines and practice of gerontology are explored through a review of C. Wright Mills' contribution to a revival of the "gerontological imagination."
CORRELATION OF DNA FRAGMENTATION AND CHROMATIN CONDENSATION IN APOPTOTIC NUCLEI OF THE SER 6 MOUSE RETINA

The form of cell death known as apoptosis was first described in thymocytes. The hallmarks of apoptosis include chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies, and DNA fragmentation. DNA fragmentation can be visualized morphologically by the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method that labels the cut DNA ends. However, at the light microscopic (LM) level, TUNEL-positive nuclei cannot readily be correlated with the other hallmarks of apoptosis. In the retina, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation are the major features of developmental cell death as well as photoreceptor degeneration. We performed TUNEL at the electron microscopic (EM) level, which permitted correlation of DNA fragmentation with chromatin condensation. We studied the retinas of transgenic mice (Ser 6) expressing the Pro347Ser mutant rhodopsin gene during developmental cell death (age 7 days) and photoreceptor degeneration (age 21 days). We found that 90% of the nuclei showing chromatin condensation were TUNEL positive as well. Our results demonstrated DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation in the same cells as they underwent apoptosis in vivo, confirming the notion that these processes are concomitant events, and by implication, that activation of an endogenous endonuclease is an important step in the death process of retinal neurons. Microsc Res Tech 36:123–129, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modulation of Firing Rate by Background Synaptic Noise Statistics in Rat Visual Cortical Neurons

It has been shown previously that background synaptic noise modulates the response gain of neocortical neurons. However, the role of the statistical properties of the noise in modulating firing rate is not known. Here, the dependence of firing rate on the statistical properties of the excitatory to inhibitory balance (EI) in cortical pyramidal neurons was studied. Excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic synaptic conductances were simulated as two stochastic processes and injected into individual neurons in vitro through use of the dynamic-clamp system. Response gain was significantly modulated as a function of the statistical interactions between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances. Firing rates were compared for noisy synaptic conductance steps by varying either the EI correlation or the relative delay between correlated E and I. When inhibitory synaptic conductances exhibited a short temporal delay (5 ms) relative to correlated excitatory synaptic conductances, the response gain was increased compared with noise with no temporal delay but with an equivalent degree of correlation. The dependence of neuronal firing rate on the EI delay of the noisy background synaptic conductance suggests that individual excitatory pyramidal neurons are sensitive to the EI balance of the synaptic conductance. Therefore the statistical EI interactions encoded within the synaptic subthreshold membrane fluctuations are able to modulate neuronal firing properties.
Oral clopidogrel load in aspirin-resistant capsular warning syndrome

Introduction: Capsular warning syndrome (CWS) carries a significant risk of permanent stroke. There are no proven therapies for preventing completed stroke in this unstable situation. Methods: Clinical observation in two patients with aspirin-resistant CWS treated with a loading dose of oral clopidogrel. Results: Both patients had excellent neurological outcome, although one sustained an asymptomatic brain infarction. Conclusion: High-dose oral clopidogrel plus aspirin merits formal evaluation in high-risk transient brain ischemia such as CWS, preferably in a randomized trial compared to aspirin alone.
Power Dissipation in a Hard Superconducting Tube

Two kinds of dissipation are computed for a macroscopically homogeneous sample subjected to a changing axial magnetic field. Based upon the Anderson-Kim model of critical states, the induction, current density, electric field intensity, and thence the Joulean power density are determined. All are significantly dependent upon radial distance and magnetic history. Reversal of an applied field produces within the sample an interface region in which neighboring fluxoids are in opposite directions. Pairs of opposing fluxoids are presumed to coalesce, giving up their line energles as heat in an annihilation process. By way of illustration, computed values of all these quantities are presented for a typical unannealed ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{0.75}$ ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.25}$ sample. If the computed values of dissipation, which are averages in the sense that they are based upon a homogeneous model, are taken to be a measure of the thermal activation of flux motion, then their pattern affords a highly satisfactory explanation of an extensive body of experimental observations.
DREAMS AND NIGHTMARES: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., MALCOLM X, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR BLACK EQUALITY IN AMERICA

Britt Waldschmidt-Nelson, DREAMS AND NIGHTMARES: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., MALCOLM X, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR BLACK EQUALITY IN AMERICA, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2012, 256 pp., $22.00 (...
An arthropod sphinx

The Sphinx is an enigmatic monster in Greek my-thology that had the body of a lion, wings of a bird, and head and bust of a woman. As the myth goes, the Sphinx guarded the gate to Thebes and would kill anyone unable to answer her riddle. The Sphinx riddle was eventually correctly solved by Oedipus who later became the king of Thebes. The new fossil——
Beyond International Law: The Theories of World Law in Tanaka Kōtarō and Tsunetō Kyō

A remarkably prescient debate broke out among Japanese legal scholars in the 1930s over the possibility of moving beyond international law as the dominant jurisprudence for a world that had already become quite integrated. At the very time when some were turning away from the ideal of world order to more parochial claims of national or regional autonomy, Tanaka Kōtarō (1890–1974) and Tsunetō Kyō (1888–1967), two of twentieth-century Japan's leading legal scholars, offered the jurisprudence of world law ( sekai hō ) as a substitute for what they believed was an outmoded concept of international law ( kokusai hō ). Tanaka sparked the debate with his prize-winning 1932 study A Theory of World Law , and Tsunetō joined it with his 1936 essay, “The Essence of World Law and its Social Function.” The debate has continued throughout the twentieth century in various forms. More broadly, the jurisprudence of world law introduced by Tanaka and Tsunetō underlies Jacques Maritain's influential Man and the State (1951) and – through Maritain – Pope Benedict XVI's recent call for a “true world political authority.” Below, I critically engage this theory of world law, focusing on the difference between Tanaka's transcendental approach and Tsunetō's social deterministic approach, and offer some reflections on how world law might provide a useful way to think beyond the customary binaries of nationalism/internationalism and society/nature that still encumber so much thinking about law and social order today.
Exploring Ligand Effects through Isoequilibrium Phenomena: The Quantitative Analysis of Ligand Effects

Analysis of the E° values of the η-Cp(CO)(L)Fe(COMe)+/o couple (measured via cyclic voltammetry at 229, 252, 264, 273, and 293 K in acetonitrile/0.1 M TBAH) has revealed different isoequilibrium behavior for P(p-XC6H4)3 and PR3. We classify ligands as a family when they exhibit a single isoequilibrium point. A family of ligands affects a property via variation of a single, or effectively single, parameter. Thus, through isoequilibrium behavior, we have an unambiguous way to identify families, which in quantitative analysis of ligand effects (QALE), must be treated separately in the preliminary graphical analysis of data that leads to the full regression analysis. The QALE model predicts that there is an isoequilibrium temperature associated with each stereoelectronic parameter; i.e., for each parameter, there is a specific temperature where the effect disappears. The fan-shaped arrays of lines that result when E°/T is plotted versus either 1/T or the stereoelectronic parameter χ gives insight into the nat...
Constructing Linguistic Femininity in Contemporary Japan: Scholarly and Popular Representations

This article examines the constitution of ‘Japanese women’s language,’ or joseego, as a prescriptive linguistic norm for women through an analysis of scholarly and media representations of linguistic femininity in contemporary Japan. We distinguish two kinds of interrelated norms as constituting linguistic femininity: norms centered around general stylistic features such as politeness, gentleness, and refinement (the first-order norms) and those specificying particular linguistic forms including phonological, morphological, and lexical features (the second-order norms). Our analysis shows that both scholarly and media representations tend to share the dominant ideology of feminine speech in terms of general stylistic features and that they both link those features to specific linguistic forms in terms of Standard Japanese, but that the media representations are relatively more flexible in this linkage than the former and allows more room for contestation and the negotiation of alternative femininities. Through this analysis, we discuss the complex indexical process in which linguistic forms are ideologically linked to femininity as well as the tenuous nature of this linkage.
The Doctor I Want to Be

As a third-year medical student on my medicine rotation, I was eager to begin learning the art of differential diagnosis and medical management. However, during my time on the wards, I learned not ...
Comparison of human palatal vault height and tooth length

Abstract A study of tooth length and palate height revealed that in 200 young adults the roots of the maxillary first premolar were above the bony palate in 93 per cent of the cases, while in the first molar area they were above the palate in 43 per cent of the cases. The study also disclosed a racial difference in tooth length, with Negro Americans having longer teeth than Caucasian Americans. Racial difference was not apparent in palatal vault heights of subjects used in this investigation.
When Learning a Second Language Means Losing the First.

In societies like the United States with diverse populations, children from linguistic minority families must learn the language of the society in order to take full advantage of the educational opportunities offered by the society. The timing and the conditions under which they come into contact with English, however, can profoundly affect the retention and continued use of their primary languages as well as the development of their second language. This article discusses evidence and findings from a nationwide study of language shift among language-minority children in the U.S. The findings suggest that the loss of a primary language, particularly when it is the only language spoken by parents, can be very costly to the children, their families, and to society as a whole. Immigrant and American Indian families were surveyed to determine the extent to which family language patterns were affected by their children's early learning of English in preschool programs. Families whose children had attended preschool programs conducted exclusively in Spanish served as a base of comparison for the families whose children attended English-only or bilingual preschools. THE PROBLEM In this article, we address a problem in second language learning that has long been acknowledged, but which has not received the attention it deserves from researchers.' Specifically, this article deals with the phenomenon of "subtractive bilingualism," the name given the problem by Wallace Lambert who first discussed it in relation to French-Canadian and Canadian immigrant children whose acquisition of English in school resulted not in bilingualism, but in the erosion or loss of their primary languages (Lambert, * This article was written on behalf of the No-Cost Research Group (NCRG), consisting of the 300 + individuals across the United States who participated in this study, preparing research materials, recruiting and training interviewers, interviewing families, processing and analyzing data and interpreting findings. It includes many members of the National Association for Bilingual Education (NABE), and the No-Cost Research Group acknowledges the support of NABE's national leadership in this effort. Correspondence and requests for reprints should be sent to Lily Wong Fillmore, Professor of Education, Graduate School of Education, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. ' Merino (1983) and Pan and Berko-Gleason (1986) are notable exceptions.
The origin of self-sterile cross-fertile strains and culture sterility in Ceratocystis fimbriata.

Although Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Halst. is generally consid? ered to be homothallic (1, 2, 5, 8, 9), some reports have appeared concerning strains of this species that exhibit a form of heterothallic be? havior. Hansen and Snyder (6) reported, in an abstract, that C. fim? briata is a homothallic, hermaphroditic organism in which self-sterile male and female mutants occur. Olson (9), working with isolates from sweet potato, found that single ascospores obtained from self-fertile cultures gave rise to both the self-fertile parental strain and a selfsterile strain that was cross-fertile when mated with the parent. On the other hand, Andrus and Harter (1) reported that, "A large number of single ascospore isolates have failed to reveal any evidence of sexual strains,'' and that C. fimbriata is "entirely homothallic." A similar conclusion was reached by Mittman (8). The present report confirms previous observations of self-sterile, cross-fertile strains in C. fimbriata and contains additional information regarding their origin, site of production and frequency of occurrence. The relationship of these observations to the maintenance of pure strains and fertile cultures is also considered.
Identification and sequencing of the Thermotoga maritima lacZ gene, part of a divergently transcribed operon

Abstract The lacZ gene encoding a β-galactosidase (βGal) from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima was cloned on an 11-kb fragment by complementation of an Escherichia coli lacZ deletion strain. The nucleotide sequence of the structural gene and two other ORFs found within a 6317-bp region were determined. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of the Tt. maritima βGal predicts a 1037-aa polypeptide with a calculated M r of 122312. The translated sequence is 30% similar to nine other βGal sequences from bacteria and one yeast. Alignment of the Tt. maritima βGal with these other sequences reveals that the residues responsible for Mg 2+ binding, catalysis and substrate recognition are conserved in the thermophilic enzyme. Sequence analysis also revealed the presence of a divergently transcribed operon containing at least two other genes 5' to lacZ . These ORFs encode proteins homologous to a second family of βGal found in Bacillus species and to an ATP-dependent family of bacterial oligopeptide transport proteins.
Digital Archival Image Collections: Who Are the Users?

Archival digital image collections are a relatively new phenomenon in college library archives. Digitizing archival image collections may make them accessible to users worldwide. There has been no study to explore whether collections on the Internet lead to users who are beyond the institution or a comparison of users to a national or international audience. This study of the Orang Asli Archive, a repository for anthropological, historical, journalistic, and other documentary sources relevant to Orang Asli peoples and cultures of Malaysia, examines the Web analytics of its digital archival image collections.
Postconcussional disorder following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury: anxiety, depression, and social support as risk factors and comorbidities.

Previous studies of postconcussional disorder (PCD) have utilized a dimensional approach (i.e., number and/or severity ratings of symptoms) to study postconcussional symptoms. This study used a syn...
The Dynamics of Double Monsoon Onsets

Abstract Double monsoon onset develops when the strong convection in the Bay of Bengal is accompanied by the monsoonlike circulation and appears in the Indian Ocean in early May, which is about 3 weeks earlier than the climatological date of the onset (1 Jun). The initial “bogus onset” is followed by the flow weakening or reversal and clear-sky and dry conditions over the monsoon region. The best example of such a phenomenon is the development of the summer monsoon in 1995, when monsoonlike perturbations that appeared in mid-May disappeared by the end of the month and were followed by a heat wave in India, delaying onset of the monsoon. The climatology of double onsets is analyzed, and it is shown that they are associated with delay of the monsoon rainfall over India. This analysis indicates that the development of bogus onsets depends on the timing of intraseasonal oscillation in the Indian Ocean and the propagation of convective episodes into the western Pacific. There is evidence that an SST evolution ...
Correlation of capillary entrance pressure drops with normal stress data

The pressure loss at the entrance of a capillary tube was studied as a means of characterizing viscoelastic fluids. Measurements of four polymer solutions were made and correlated with an equation of the form where D is the shear rate and where Hch and λch are a characteristic stress and a characteristic time, respectively, determined independently from viscosity and normal stress measurements. Various theoretical analyses of capillary entrance flow are also compared.
Simultaneous Exposure of Sites in von Willebrand Factor for Glycoprotein Ib Binding and ADAMTS13 Cleavage: Studies With Ristocetin

Objective—Platelet-bound von Willebrand factor (VWF) was recently demonstrated to be a better substrate for ADAMTS13, suggesting that 1 conformational change exposes both the glycoprotein Ibα binding site in the A1 domain and the ADAMTS13 cleavage site in the A2 domain. Because ristocetin induces VWF to bind glycoprotein Ibα in the absence of shear stress, we evaluated whether it could also enhance ADAMTS13 proteolysis of VWF. Methods and Results—We used several VWF sources: plasma, purified plasma VWF, recombinant VWF fragments encompassing A1A2A3, A1A2, and 2 A2 domains, 1 containing a ristocetin-binding site (Asp1459–His1472) and the other lacking it. Ristocetin accelerated ADAMTS13 cleavage of multimeric VWF and of each of the recombinant VWF fragments except for the A2 domain lacking the ristocetin-binding site. We also examined the effect of ristocetin on the conformation of the A2 domain by assessing its effect on the susceptibility of Met1606 at the ADAMTS13 cleavage site to be oxidized by hypochl...
Multiple target tracking using sensor arrays

A new algorithm for tracking independently moving targets using a sensor array is presented. The algorithm is designed to track the angle of arrival of the signals emitted or reflected from the targets. Tracking is initiated by using a MUSIC algorithm which is based on an eigenstructure analysis of the covariance matrix estimated from the sensor outputs. Tracking is maintained by recursively updating the direction vectors associated with each target. Updates of the direction vectors may be computed via a Newton-type iterative procedure for minimizing the trace of a quadratic matrix expression.
Gender Differences in Recovery after Coronary Artery Surgery

Coronary artery bypass surgery is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures for coronary heart disease, which is the leading cause of illness in American men and women over the age of 50. Since perceptions of events have been shown to significantly affect outcomes after major cardiac illness, it is crucial for nurses to understand patients' perceptions of these events. This article explores how perceptions of cardiac surgery differ considerably by gender and role expectations, and how such differences can influence recovery.
Soft tissue sarcoma of the head & neck: nomogram validation and analysis of staging systems.

Background and Objectives Soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck (STSHN) comprise a rare group of malignancies. Our objective is to determine the utility of soft tissue sarcoma staging systems within the head and neck, and to validate an individualized soft tissue sarcoma nomogram within head and neck primary sites. Methods Previously-untreated patients with STSHN diagnosed and treated between 1982 and 2012 were eligible (n = 319, median follow-up 46 months). Clinical variables were extracted from a prospectively-maintained database. The performance of AJCC/UICC and MSK staging systems and a soft tissue sarcoma-specific nomogram were assessed. Results Four-year overall survival (OS), disease specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 72%, 76%, and 71%, respectively. AJCC/UICC and MSK staging systems accurately stratified outcomes (OS, DSS, and RFS; P < 0.001 for all comparisons). The nomogram stratified outcomes by quartile (P < 0.001), and predicted risk of death at 4, 8 and 12 years (P < 0.001). Concordance indices for overall survival for the AJCC/UICC system, MSK system, and the nomogram were 0.71, 0.70, and 0.78, respectively. Conclusions Oncologic outcomes among groups of patients with STSHN can be accurately predicted using both the AJCC/UICC and MSK staging systems. A soft tissue sarcoma-specific nomogram provides reliable, individualized prognostic information for patients with STSHN. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:690–695. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aging of Class-B Insulating Material in Nitrogen

New studies have been made of the aging of Class-B insulating material in nitrogen, and it has been found that the insulations follow the same behavior rules in nitrogen as they do in air. However, the tests indicate Class-B material in nitrogen can be used in temperatures where the more expensive Class-H insulations were formerly used.
Reproductive characteristics of endophyte-infected or novel tall fescue fed ewes

Reduced pregnancy rates often occur in ruminants grazing endophyte-infected (EI) tall fescue. The objectives were to characterize basal and oxytocin-induced PGF2a concentrations in serum and reproductive function in ewes fed tall fescue seed and to determine whether addition of fish meal (FM) to a diet of EI fescue would alter PGF2a production. Ewes were fed a diet with novel or non-toxic endophyte-infected (NE) or EI tall fescue seed containing either corn gluten meal (CG) or FM. Serum concentrations of prolactin, a measure of severity of fescue toxins, were reduced in ewes fed EI compared with NE forage seed (forageday, Pb0.02) and were greater in NEFM than NECG-fed ewes (Pb0.03). Size and number of corpora lutea (CL), determined by trans-rectal ultrasonography, were similar between diets (PN0.10). Serum concentrations of progesterone were reduced in ewes with two CL fed EI compared with NE seed (forageCL numberday, Pb0.001). Oxytocin-induced PGFM concentrations during the luteal phase were determined as a measure of uterine function. On the day of oxytocin administration, peak plasma concentrations of PGFM were reduced in EI compared with NE-fed ewes (foragetime, Pb0.003), but FM did not influence PGFM concentrations. Estrous cycle length was more variable in EI than NE-fed ewes. There appears to be some asynchrony between NE and EI-fed ewes leading to changes in uterine responsiveness to oxytocin. Inclusion of FM did not alter uterine responsiveness to oxytocin. D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Blasphemous Allusion Coming of Age in South Park

Through an examination of narrative developments in South Park and a deeper textual analysis of two of the television show's episodes in particular, this article discusses the ramifications of anar...
Use of BBL CHROMagar MRSA Medium for Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Directly from Blood Cultures

We evaluated the ability of BBL CHROMagar MRSA medium (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) directly upon subculture from positive blood culture bottles. There were 124 MRSA isolates recovered from blood cultures in the study. BBL CHROMagar MRSA medium was highly sensitive (97.6% [121/124] at 18 to 24 h of incubation and 100% [124/124] at 48 h) and 99.9% specific for identifying MRSA from positive blood cultures.
An unconventional origin of metal-ion rescue and inhibition in the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme reaction.

The presence of catalytic metal ions in RNA active sites has often been inferred from metal-ion rescue of modified substrates and sometimes from inhibitory effects of alternative metal ions. Herein we report that, in the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme reaction, the deleterious effect of a thio substitution at the pro-SP position of the reactive phosphoryl group is rescued by Mn 21 . However, analysis of the reaction of this thio substrate and of substrates with other modifications strongly suggest that this rescue does not stem from a direct Mn 21 interaction with the SP sulfur. Instead, the apparent rescue arises from a Mn 21 ion interacting with the residue immediately 39 of the cleavage site, A(11), that stabilizes the tertiary interactions between the oligonucleotide substrate (S) and the active site. This metal site is referred to as site D herein. We also present evidence that a previously observed Ca 21 ion that inhibits the chemical step binds to metal site D. These and other observations suggest that, whereas the interactions of Mn 21 at site D are favorable for the chemical reaction, the Ca 21 at site D exerts its inhibitory effect by disrupting the alignment of the substrates within the active site. These results emphasize the vigilance necessary in the design and interpretation of metal-ion rescue and inhibition experiments. Conversely, in-depth mechanistic analysis of the effects of site-specific substrate modifications can allow the effects of specific metal ion‐RNA interactions to be revealed and the properties of individual metal-ion sites to be probed, even within the sea of metal ions bound to RNA.
Phenomenological model of anisotropic peak broadening in powder diffraction

Anisotropic line-shape broadening (peak width which is not a smooth function of d-spacing) is frequently observed in powder diffraction patterns, and can be a source of considerable difficulty for whole-pattern fitting or Rietveld analysis. A model of the multi-dimensional distribution of lattice metrics within a powder sample is developed, leading naturally to a few parameters which can be varied to achieve optimal line-shape fits. Conditions on these parameters are derived for all crystal systems, and the method is illustrated with two examples: sodium p-hydroxybenzoate and rubidium fulleride.
Genetic and demographic consequences of importing animals into a small population: a simulation model of the Texas State Bison Herd (USA)

The extant 40 bison (Bison bison) constituting the Texas State Bison Herd (TSBH; USA) are directly and exclusively descended from a bison herd assembled by Charles Goodnight in the 1880s, representing a historically and genetically valuable resource. The population currently suffers from low genetic variation, low heterozygosity, high calf mortality, and low natality rates compared with other closed bison populations. Population viability analysis using the VORTEX program previously indicated a 99% chance of population extinction within the next 41 years [J. Mamm. 85 (2004) in press]. We developed a stochastic simulation model to evaluate the genetic and demographic consequences of various management scenarios for the TSBH using genotypic data from 51 microsatellite loci and demographic information recorded over a 6-year period. Our results reveal that without the introduction of new genetic variation, approximately 37% of the representative microsatellite loci will become fixed as the TSBH continues to lose genetic variation at a staggering rate of 30–40% within the next 50 years. Furthermore, if the current trends in natality and mortality rates continue, our model indicates the TSBH faces a 99% chance of extinction in the next 51 years. With the importation of unrelated male bison into the TSBH, and under the assumption of increased fitness, the probability of population survival in the next 100 years increases to 100%, and the population will reach the approximate carrying capacity of 200 bison in 15–16 years. Furthermore, our model predicts increases in genetic diversity and heterozygosity of 24.7–48.4% and 17.5–36.5%, respectively, in the next 100 years following the addition of new genetic variation. We conclude that the importation of bison into the TSBH is necessary to prevent extinction and ensure long-term population survival. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.