cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of positive assertive behaviors: the behavioral test of tenderness expression

A role-play test designed to measure the expression of positive assertive behaviors in intimate relationships was developed. Forty-one couples who had been dating 9 months or more or who were married listened individually to the taped behavioral test and role-played their responses. Responses were independently rated on a four-point scale for expressiveness of content by two raters. Subjects listened to and rated their partner's taped responses as to how characteristic the responses were for a measure of concurrent validity. Two self-report measures and the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale were also used to assess validity. Results indicate that the Behavioral Test of Tenderness Expression (BTTE) has high inter-rater reliability. Concurrent validity, as measured by the partner's ratings of taped behaviors, is also high, indicating that the test behaviors were typical of usual home behaviors in similar situations. Social desirability is unrelated to any measures used. Self-report measures yield moderate correlations with the behavioral test.
Factors affecting the proximate composition of cultured fishes with emphasis on salmonids

Abstract The endogenous and exogenous factors reported to affect the proximate composition of cultured fishes, with emphasis on salmonids, are examined. Methods of reporting and comparing proximate composition are discussed. Examination of measurements presented in a number of published papers, using allometric analysis, indicates that comparison of proximate compositions on a dry weight basis and failure to include fish size as a covariate have, in many cases, led to erroneous conclusions concerning the effects of environmental and dietary factors on the proximate composition of cultured fishes. Available evidence indicates that the protein content of growing salmonids is determined solely by fish size (is endogenously controlled), that lipid level is effected by both endogenous and exogenous factors, that ash content is homeostatically controlled, and that whole body moisture is inversely related to body lipid. The implications of the present findings to nutrition studies and the potential for modification of carcass composition in cultured fish are discussed.
Infrared Fabry-Perot spectrometer design: optimization and simulation

This paper describes design of an infrared Fabry-Perot spectrometer (FPS). Parameters that affect FPS signal-to-noise ratio such as reflectivity, absorption, scattering and surface flatness are analyzed. Single vs. Double Cavities trade-off is discussed.
An arresting phenomenon

When Time Breaks Down: The Three-Dimensional Dynamics of Electrochemical Waves and Cardiac Arrhythmias. By Arthur T. Winfree. Princeton University Press: 1987. Pp. 339. Hbk $60, £37.70; pbk $19.95, £12.50.
Incongruity of imaging using fluorescent 2-DG conjugates compared to 18F-FDG in preclinical cancer models.

Purpose We compared the use of near-infrared conjugates of 2-deoxyglucose (NIR 2-DG) to 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG) for the purposes of imaging tumors, as well as response to therapy.
Biochemical evidence for structurally distinct H-2Dd antigens differing in serological properties.

H-2Dd antigens, as defined by the private H-2.4 determinant, exist as two immunochemically distinct populations in H-2a and H-2dm2 splenocytes and in the transformed cell line, RADA1(H-2a). The two populations are distinguishable by the anti-H-2.28 serum, k/r anti-h2, which is directed, in part, against the H-2.28 family of public determinants encoded by the D end of the b haplotype. Sequential precipitates of lentil-lectin-purified glycoprotein extracts metabolically labeled with radioactive amino acids reveal that approximately one-quarter to one-third of the H-2Dd antigens, designated H-2Dd (b28+), react with this antiserum, whereas two-thirds to three-quarters, designated H-2Dd(b28−), do not. Paired-label tryptic peptide maps in this and a previous study indicate that H-2Dd(b28+) and H-2Dd(b28−) are closely related structurally and are more likely to represent modified forms of the same gene product rather than products of different genes, although the existence of closely related genetic loci is not rigorously excluded. Together, H-2Dd(b28+) and H-2Dd(b28−) have a radioactivity level seven times higher than H-2Ld, which also reacts with the anti-H-2.28 serum but which lacks the H-2.4 determinant. As yet unresolved, however, is the question of whether the observed quantitative differences between these three antigens reflect actual molar differences at the cellular level, or whether the variation is the result of metabolic or compositional factors. In any case, a complex serological and structural relationship is found to exist between antigens encoded by the D/L end of the MHC.
Universal Neel Temperature in Three-Dimensional Quantum Antiferromagnets

We study three-dimensional dimerized $S=1/2$ Heisenberg antiferromagnets, using quantum Monte Carlo simulations of systems with three different dimerization patterns. We propose a way to relate the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}$ to the staggered moment ${m}_{s}$ of the ground state. Mean-field arguments suggest ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\propto}{m}_{s}$ close to a quantum-critical point. We find an almost perfect universality (including the prefactor) if ${T}_{N}$ is normalized by a proper lattice-scale energy. We show that the temperature ${T}^{*}$ at which the magnetic susceptibility has a maximum is a good choice, i.e., ${T}_{N}/{T}^{*}$ versus ${m}_{s}$ is a universal function (also beyond the linear regime). These results are useful for analyzing experiments on systems where the spin couplings are not known precisely, e.g., ${\mathrm{TlCuCl}}_{3}$.
Comparison of early season stem nitrate and leaf total nitrogen concentrations across corn hybrids

Abstract Basal stem nitrate‐N concentration in young maize plants has been proposed as a method to evaluate soil nitrogen (N) adequacy for near maximum yields. While plants are usually considered good integrators of soil N availability, adoption of tissue testing procedures to evaluate crop N status may depend on metabolic differences between maize cultivars. Research was initiated to evaluate if there are cultivar induced differences in basal stem nitrate‐N concentration and total N concentration in maize leaves at the V6 growth stage. A nitrification inhibitor (nitrapyrin) was incorporated into split plots at planting to create two inorganic N regimes. Large variations in basal stem nitrate concentration within hybrids precluded detection of differences between hybrids for either year of the study as a result of the nitrification inhibitor. In contrast, leaf N concentration was different between hybrids for both years, but was not affected by nitrapyrin treatment. Cultivar selection based on leaf N conc...
The stability of foreign protein production in genetically modified plant cells

The stability of foreign protein production in genetically engineered plant cells was studied. A cultured tobacco cell line was transformed with a chimeric molecule carrying a bacterial gene, s-glucuronidase (GUS), under plant regulatory sequences. The specific GUS activity was monitored for 294 days with ten independently transformed cell lines either in the presence or the absence of selectable antibiotics. Specific GUS activity was stably maintained in five lines. About a two-to four-fold increase in the GUS activity was observed from three cell lines. The remaining two cell lines lost the activity within the first 70 to 210 days. The presence of antibiotics did not significantly alter the stability of the foreign protein production in all cell lines examined.
Vertical Distribution of Scab in Large Pecan Trees

Pecan scab (Fusicladium effusum) is a destructive disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. This study was conducted to investigate the vertical distribution of scab in tall pecan trees (14 to 16 m tall) in three experiments in 2010 and 2011. Although 2010 had average rainfall, a factor that drives scab epidemics, 2011 was a very dry year with a consequently low scab severity. A total of eight trees were included in each experiment, four were nontreated controls, and four were sprayed using a ground-based air-blast sprayer. Trees were assessed for foliar and fruit scab at 0-5.0, 5.0+-7.5, 7.5+-10.0, 10.0+-12.5, and 12.5+-15.0 m. Mixed model analysis showed main effects of height, fungicide treatment, and height*treatment interactions in all three experiments, although on foliage the effects were less consistent (P value = 0.003-0.8), perhaps due to delayed fungicide applications early in the season. However, fruit of nontreated trees had more severe scab low in the canopy compared to fungicide-treated trees, with a consistent height*treatment interaction (P value = <0.0001-0.04). Most often the severity of scab in the upper canopy was similar in trees on fungicide-treated and nontreated trees, suggesting that fungicide had less impact at heights ≥10.0 m compared to <10.0 m in the canopy. There was a consistent reduction in scab severity on foliage and on immature fruit in August due to fungicide treatment at heights ≤10.0 m. Above 10.0 m, the effect was inconsistent, but late in the season (October), the fungicide-treated trees showed lower scab severity throughout the canopy. A metallic tracer study using cerium (Ce) showed an exponential relationship between quantities of Ce recovered and sample height in the canopy, with the quantity of Ce at ≥10 m being statistically equal to background levels. The relationship between scab severity on fruit and sample height in the canopy of nontreated trees was most often described by a negative linear function, but there was no discernible relationship on fungicide-treated trees, as the severity of scab in the lower canopy was most often similar to that in the upper canopy. Gradients in fungicide coverage and scab severity have ramifications for scab management options and potentially for the development of fungicide resistance in F. effusum.
Studies on fast-moving albumins in human serum.

Abstract Normal human serum can be separated by continuous paper electrophoresis or by elution from agar gel columns to yield tractions with electrophoretic mobilities greater than that of crystalline human serum albumin, but in no case was evidence of a fast-moving protein found that had an immunological specificity different from that of crystalline human serum albumin. The prealbumin found by the German workers does not appear to be an albumin, but may be a fast-moving globulin such as a glycoprotein.
Thermodynamic properties of three-ring aza-aromatics. 2. Experimental results for 1,10-phenanthroline, phenanthridine, and 7,8-benzoquinoline, and mutual validation of experiments and computational methods

Measurements leading to the calculation of standard entropies for 1,10-phenanthroline (Chemical Abstracts registry number [66-71-7]) in the crystal, liquid, and ideal-gas state are reported. Experimental methods were adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry and comparative ebulliometry. Thermodynamic properties for phenanthridine [229-87-8] and 7,8-benzoquinoline [230-27-3] were reported previously and included those measured with adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, comparative ebulliometry (7,8-benzoquinoline only), inclined-piston manometry, and combustion calorimetry. New measurement results for phenanthridine and 7,8-benzoquinoline reported here are densities determined with a vibrating-tube densimeter and heat capacities for the liquid phase at saturation pressure determined with a differential scanning calorimeter (dsc), and vapor pressures by comparative ebulliometry (phenanthridine only). All critical properties were estimated. Molar entropies for the ideal-gas state were derived for all compounds at selected temperatures. Independent calculations of entropies for the ideal-gas state were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) model chemistry for the three compounds studied. These are shown to be in excellent accord with the calorimetric results for 1,10-phenanthroline and phenanthridine. Results for 7,8-benzoquinoline indicate that the crystal state is disordered. All new experimental results are compared with property values reported in the literature.
WE-C-AUD B-02: Tumor Volume Simulation in Radiotherapy Using Four-Level Cell Population Model

Purpose: To develop a fast computational radiobiological model for qualitative and quantitative analysis of tumor volume variation during fractionated radiotherapy. This model can be used in 4D treatment planning for evaluation of dose variations due to time‐dependent density variations in highly conformal radiotherapeutic modalities as IMRT and proton therapy. Method and Materials: The analysis is performed using two approximations: 1) tumor volume is a linear function of total cell number in tumor and 2) tumorcell population is separated into four subpopulations: oxygenated live and dead cells and hypoxic live and dead cells. The “dead” cells are lethally damaged by radiation and not able to proliferate; however, they stay in the tumor and contribute to the tumor volume until they disintegrate and their debris is removed. The number of living oxygenated and hypoxic cells is governed by the radiobiological mechanisms as LQ survival model, exponential repopulation and reoxygenation. The oxygenated dead cells are removed from the tumor using an exponential decay model.Results: We have computed tumor volume variation during fractionated radiotherapy for the head‐and‐neck cancer. The computational results have been compared to the clinical data previously obtained for the head‐and‐neck cancer using an integrated CT/linear accelerator system. We show that the model predicts the tumor volume variation for the majority of head‐and‐neck cases. Largest discrepancies between the model and clinical data are obtained during the first days of treatment. Conclusion: The tumor volume during radiotherapy can be qualitatively described using a relatively simple radiobiological model. The potential impact on the tumor volume of other radiobiological processes which have not been included into the current model as cell cycle analysis, accelerated repopulation and chemotherapy should be studied in the future. Research sponsored by Elekta corporation.
NAL Main-Ring Cavity Test Pesults

Performance requirements and accelerating cavity description for the NAL Main Ring Synchrotron are presented. Results of tests on early production models are reported.
Human immunodeficiency virus can infect CD4-negative human fibroblastoid cells

Abstract Certain human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains were shown to infect human fibroblastoid cells. Replication was demonstrated only by coculturing normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells or human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-transformed T-cell lines with the infected human cells. This infection of human fibroblastoid cells did not involve the CD4 molecule and did not have the properties of endocytosis. Human sera could be distinguished by their ability to neutralize HIV infection of the fibroblastoid versus human T-cell lines. These observations demonstrate further that other mechanisms for viral entry, besides CD4 binding, must be considered for HIV. They also indicate the wide cellular host range and heterogeneity of HIV strains. The possibility that fibroblastoid cells serve as a reservoir for the AIDS virus and are involved in connective tissue disorders of infected individuals merits attention.
A piston-type porous wavemaker theory

The linearized porous wavemaker theory developed by Chwang [3] has been applied to analyze the small-amplitude surface waves produced by a piston-type porous wavemaker near the end of a semi-infinitely long channel of constant depth. Analytical solutions in closed forms are obtained for the free-surface wave profile, the hydrodynamic pressure distribution, and the net force on the wavemaker. The influence of a dimensionless wave-effect parameter C and a dimensionless porous-effect parameter G on the analytical results is discussed. It is found that when the distance between the wavemaker and the channel end-plate is a multiple of the half-wavelength of propagating surface waves, resonance will occur. The “wave-trapping” phenomenon due to resonance is also discussed.
Human exposure to large solar particle events in space

Whenever energetic solar protons produced by solar particle events traverse bulk matter, they undergo various nuclear and atomic collision processes which significantly alter the physical characteristics and biologically important properties of their transported radiation fields. These physical interactions and their effect on the resulting radiation field within matter are described within the context of a recently developed deterministic, coupled neutron-proton space radiation transport computer code (BRYNTRN). Using this computer code, estimates of human exposure in interplanetary space, behind nominal (2 g/cm2) and storm shelter (20 g/cm2) thicknesses of aluminum shielding, are made for the large solar proton event of August 1972. Included in these calculations are estimates of cumulative exposures to the skin, ocular lens, and bone marrow as a function of time during the event. Risk assessment in terms of absorbed dose and dose equivalent is discussed for these organs. Also presented are estimates of organ exposures for hypothetical, worst-case flare scenarios. The rate of dose equivalent accumulation places this situation in an interesting region of dose rate between the very low values of usual concern in terrestrial radiation environments and the high dose rate values prevalent in radiation therapy.
Circadian rhythm and light regulate opsin mRNA in rod photoreceptors

Disk membranes in the outer segment of rod photoreceptors are continuously renewed, being assembled at the outer segment base, displaced outward by new disks and eventually shed at the tip1. In lower vertebrates, disk assembly occurs with a diurnal rhythm with 2–4% of the outer segment length produced daily2,3. We have discovered that in toad and fish retinas the level of mRNA for opsin, the most abundant protein in rod disks4, fluctuates with a daily rhythm and is regulated both by light and by a circadian oscillator5. The mRNA level rises before light onset, remains high during the light phase of a diurnal cycle and decreases four to tenfold during the dark phase. In constant darkness, mRNA eleva-tion occurs during subjective daytime. At night, rod opsin mRNA can be elevated by exposure to light.
Forests and the environmental history of modern India

This essay explores how the definition and management of boundaries between wildness and civility in Indian society and the relation of ideas of nature to different aspects of social life – labour, aesthetics, politics, commerce, or agriculture – are interconnected historical processes that inform environmental history. Admittedly written from the vantage point of forest history, the domain of environmental history in which the most robust body of scholarly debate exists in India, the essay uses this rich literature to ask questions that newer and emerging environmental histories of India, especially as they deal with questions of water, air, industry, and climate change, may find generative for their own development.
Detection of Assemblage A, Giardia duodenalis and Eimeria spp. in alpacas on two Maryland farms

Abstract Sixty-one fecal samples were collected from adult alpacas and crias (ages 10 weeks to 10 years) on two farms in central Maryland. The farms raised both suri (silky-haired) and huacaya (crimpy-haired) breeds. Females and crias were housed together on pasture, whereas older/breeding males were maintained on separate pastures. Samples were subjected to a density gradient centrifugation protocol to concentrate parasites and remove fecal debris and were examined by immuno-fluorescent and differential interference contrast microscopy. Oocysts of Eimeria spp. were noted in 14 fecal samples, 6 on MD-1 and 8 on MD-2. Based on oocyst morphometrics two species of Eimeria were present: E. punoensis (19.2 μm × 16.5 μm) and E. alpacae (23.7 μm × 19.5 μm). Five animals shed exclusively E. punoensis , seven shed exclusively E. alpacae , and two had mixed infections. The Eimeria infections were not associated with obvious clinical signs. To determine the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and genotypes, DNA was extracted from feces and subjected to PCR utilizing specific primers for the ssu-rRNA gene for both parasites. All PCR positive samples were further analyzed by DNA sequencing to identify the species or genotypes that were present. Assemblage A, G. duodenalis was detected in fecal samples from two alpacas on MD-1 and in one alpaca on MD-2. Assemblage E, G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected on either farm. Although the prevalence on these two farms was low, alpacas can harbor zoonotic G. duodenalis , and this should be borne in mind by persons interacting with the animals.
Reaction order for low temperature oxidation of carbons

A detailed study of the reaction order and activation energy of O 2 gasification of chars has been carried out in this laboratory utilizing phenol-formaldehyde resin chars with low impurity levels. A survey of the literature on this topic suggests that the true order of reaction for low temperature oxidation of chars is fractional, with values in the range from 0.2 to 1 being observed in different studies. In this study, it was noted that there appears to be only a limited variation of reaction order (0.68±0.08) with burnoff, char heat treatment temperature or oxidation temperature (the latter in the limited range from 573 to 673 K). The oxygen partial pressure range examined was 0.5 to 101 kPa. The reaction order for the oxygen chemisorption process, on the other hand, was essentially unity on these same materials. The activation energy for gasification, likewise, was relatively invariant with heat treatment temperature, despite an order of magnitude change in overall reactivity upon heat treatment.
MANY-BODY THEORY FOR TIME-DEPENDENT PERTURBATIONS IN ATOMIC SYSTEMS.

A many-body approach for the calculation of time-dependent properties of atoms is developed and applied to helium atom. The refractive indices and excitation energies so obtained are in excellent agreement with experiment.
Plasma-surface interactions in thE Alcator C-Mod tokamak

Abstract Alcator C-Mod is a high-field tokamak with which experiments were initiated in April 1993. The divertor and the first-wall have plasma-facing surfaces of molybdenum. The divertor has a configuration which is closed in comparison to other, currently operating tokamaks. The combination of divertor geometry and high field (density) make Alcator C-Mod an ideal experiment to investigate dissipative (radiative/CX) divertor scenarios. Single-null divertor operation has become the standard mode of operation. Relatively clean plasmas ( Z eff ≤ 1.3) are obtained with short periods of baking and electron cyclotron discharge cleaning only. Impurity source rates and screening have been investigated with an extensive set of wavelength-filtered diode arrays and spectrographs. Carbon and oxygen and molybdenum dominate the impurity levels. The molybdenum source from the divertor proper is negligible.
Impurity and interdiffusion coefficients of the Cr–X (X = Co, Fe, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ta) binary systems

Abstract Composition profiles of eight Cr–X (X = Co, Fe, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ta) binary systems are collected from diffusion multiples from which composition-dependent interdiffusion coefficients for all the phases in these eight binary systems are extracted using a forward-simulation method. Very strong composition dependency of the interdiffusion coefficients is observed in the Cr-rich bcc phase of the Cr–Co, Cr–Fe, Cr–Ni and Cr–Pt systems. Impurity diffusion coefficients are also extracted using the forward-simulation method and are compared with data reported in the literature. The good agreement between data obtained from the current study and those reported in the literature serves as a validation of the forward-simulation method in extracting both interdiffusion and impurity diffusion coefficients.
Purification of large crosslinked peptides from insoluble calf bone and skin collagens by hydroxyapatite chromatography

Abstract The hydroxyapatite elution pattern of cyanogen bromide digests of NaB3H4 reduced insoluble calf bone and skin collagens shows a characteristic distribution of tritium labeled crosslinked peptides. Of the three sequential fractions obtained by elution of either skin or bone collagen peptides with an exponential gradient, the second fraction consists of a population of peptides of significantly higher specific radioactivity, higher molecular weight and more native conformation than the other two. These results suggest that this fraction is enriched in large crosslinked peptides.
Sedimentation as a control of reef development: St. Croix, U.S.V.I.

Sediment-transport rates in and around Salt River submarine canyon, St. Croix, U.S.V.I., were measured over a 2-year period using bedload traps and Legrangian sediment-tracer experiments. Sodiments generatly move in a westerly direction along the north shore of St. Croix. Consequently, sediment moves into the canyon at a higher rate over the eastern margin (47,000 kg/m-year) than over the west wall (19,000 kg/m-year). As a result, extensive reef growth is limited to the west wall, and the inner portion of the eastern margin is a cobblecovered slope inhabited primarily by gorgonians and a few sediment-tolerant corals. Sedimentation exhibits similar controls on other reefs around the island. At Cane Bay, sedimentation rates are lower than at Salt River, and reef development is accordingly greater. Along the east side of Christiansted canyon and the downdrift margin at Sandy Point, extreme sedimentation has completely buried the reefs. Sediment transport was an order of magnitude higher during storms than during fair weather. Under all conditions measured, the amount of sediment exported from the canyon was considerably below that entering over the canyon walls. It is hypothesized that major hurricanes periodically flush the excess, and keep long-term sediment influx and export in balance.
Replacing and Additive Horizontal Gene Transfer in Streptococcus

The prominent role of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) in the evolution of bacteria is now well documented, but few studies have differentiated between evolutionary events that predominantly cause genes in one lineage to be replaced by homologs from another lineage ("replacing HGT") and events that result in the addition of substantial new genomic material ("additive HGT"). Here in, we make use of the distinct phylogenetic signatures of replacing and additive HGTs in a genome-wide study of the important human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (SPY) and its close relatives S. dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDE) and S. dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae (SDD). Using recently developed statistical models and computational methods, we find evidence for abundant gene flow of both kinds within each of the SPY and SDE clades and of reduced levels of exchange between SPY and SDD. In addition, our analysis strongly supports a pronounced asymmetry in SPY-SDE gene flow, favoring the SPY-to-SDE direction. This finding is of particular interest in light of the recent increase in virulence of pathogenic SDE. We find much stronger evidence for SPY-SDE gene flow among replacing than among additive transfers, suggesting a primary influence from homologous recombination between co-occurring SPY and SDE cells in human hosts. Putative virulence genes are correlated with transfer events, but this correlation is found to be driven by additive, not replacing, HGTs. The genes affected by additive HGTs are enriched for functions having to do with transposition, recombination, and DNA integration, consistent with previous findings, whereas replacing HGTs seen to influence a more diverse set of genes. Additive transfers are also found to be associated with evidence of positive selection. These findings shed new light on the manner in which HGT has shaped pathogenic bacterial genomes.
Mechanical properties in multidimensional composites

The mechanical properties of three dimensional stitched composites were compared against those of the traditional two dimensional laminates. An attempt was made to correlate the change in properties to the change in the third directional fiber density. Tests conducted were the impact, three-point bending, damage tolerance, end notched flexure, and bending fatigue test. The results of these tests show that the third directional fibers can effectively inhibit delamination by increasing the interlaminar shear strength. Three dimensional composites also possess better damage tolerance, fracture toughness, and fatigue life. However, a high stitching density can degrade the in-plane properties of the composites.
Solid‐state 13C NMR evidence for gas–polymer interactions in the carbon dioxide–poly(vinyl chloride) system

The presence of small amounts of CO2 in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) results in increased main-chain molecular motions of the polymer as measured by the carbon rotating-frame relaxation rate. This effect increases with increasing gas concentration. Since molecular motions of the polymer and the diffusion coefficient of the gas are related, the latter must be concentration dependent. Main-chain motions of PVC also increase upon exposure to CO2 followed by degassing. This result is interpreted in terms of the effect of the penetrant gas on the interchain packing in amorphous PVC. These results cannot be reconciled with the dual-sorption-mobility model, which claims that gas molecules preferentially occupy preexisting sorption sites in a conditioned polymer with no perturbation of the polymer matrix.
A framework for formal verification of compiler optimizations

In this article, we describe a framework for formally verifying the correctness of compiler optimizations. We begin by giving formal semantics to a variation of the TRANS language [6], which is designed to express optimizations as transformations on control-flow graphs using temporal logic side conditions. We then formalize the idea of correctness of a TRANS optimization, and prove general lemmas about correctness that can form the basis of a proof of correctness for a particular optimization. We present an implementation of the framework in Isabelle, and as a proof of concept, demonstrate a proof of correctness of an algorithm for converting programs into static single assignment form.
Rapid Intracellular TEA Block of the KcsA Potassium Channel

Intracellular tetraethylammonium (TEA) inhibition was studied at the single-channel level in the KcsA potassium channel reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers. TEA acts as a fast blocker (resulting in decreased current amplitude) with an affinity in the 75 mM range even at high bandwidth. Studies over a wide voltage range reveal that TEA block has a complex voltage-dependence that also depends on the ionic conditions. These observations are examined in the context of permeation models to extend our understanding of the coupling between permeant ions and TEA blockade.
Effects of Number and Type of Response Choices on Internal Consistency Reliability

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on Cronbach coefficient alpha, an estimate of internal consistency reliability, of altering the number and type of item-response choices on meas...
A Test of Sincerity: How Black and Latino Service Workers Make Decisions about Making Referrals

The author draws from in-depth interviews with thirty-nine black and Latino custodial and food service workers at the University of California, Berkeley, to determine how workers make decisions about making job referrals. Interviews were revelatory. Drawing from widely available and institutionalized scripts about what makes a good worker, jobholders assessed jobseekers’ orientation toward work as well as what effect this orientation might have on their own reputations on the job to determine whom to help and how much to do so. Because of ethno-racial differences in how unemployment was interpreted, Latinos were more likely than their black counterparts to help and to do so proactively. These findings suggest that theories of social capital mobilization must take into consideration individuals’ access to and deployment of cultural resources to fully understand the circumstances under which actors are mobilized for instrumental action.
Positive vascular wall margins have minimal impact on cancer outcomes in patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with tumour thrombus

Objective To evaluate the impact of microscopically positive vascular margins on recurrence and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with venous thrombus Patients and Methods We reviewed the records from the period 1993 to 2009 of consecutive patients treated surgically for RCC with venous tumour thrombus at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Patients with metastatic disease, positive soft tissue margins or gross residual disease at time of thrombectomy were excluded. The primary outcome measures were local or systemic disease recurrence, and CSS. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate whether microscopically positive vascular margins were associated with RCC recurrence or CSS after nephrectomy with thrombectomy. Results A total of 256 patients with RCC were identified with a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 36.7 (18.4–63.5) months. Microscopic tumour was present at the margin of resection in 47 patients (18.4%). The median recurrence-free interval was significantly shorter in patients with positive vascular margins: 22.1 vs 70.2 months (P = 0.009). The rate of local recurrence was higher in patients with positive vein margins: 12.8 vs 4.3% (P < 0.01). Local recurrence without concomitant systemic recurrence was identified in only two of 256 (0.8%) patients. Patients with positive vascular margins had significantly worse CSS times compared with patients with negative vascular margins: 37.7 vs 93.0 months (P = 0.004). In multivariable analysis, positive vascular margins were found to be independently predictive of local recurrence but not of systemic recurrence or CSS. Conclusions Complete surgical excision should always be attempted because positive vascular wall margins increase local recurrence rates. Invasion of RCC into the vein wall at the resection margin is associated with aggressive tumour biology, and the majority of patients with positive vascular wall margins experience systemic recurrence.
Effect of perturbation of specific folate receptors during in vitro erythropoiesis.

Abstract Although antisera to specific placental folate receptors inhibits the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate into cultured malignant human cells, little is known of the functional significance of folate receptors in normal human cells. Human bone marrow cells were therefore assayed for erythropoietic burst-forming units in the presence of an antihuman placental folate receptor serum and preimmune serum to determine the role of such a receptor in erythroid differentiation. When marrow cells were assayed in the presence of anti-receptor antiserum, there was (i) a threefold increase in erythropoietic burst formation and a twofold increase in the number of cells per erythroid burst; (ii) morphological evidence for nuclear/cytoplasmic dissociation of orthochromatic normoblasts composing erythroid bursts (megaloblastic erythropoiesis); (iii) intracellular folate deficiency with a 70% reduction of intracellular folate in antiserum treated cells as compared with control cells; and (iv) complete reversal of antiserum-induced changes on preincubation of antiserum with purified human placental folate receptor. These data support the conclusion that folate receptors on marrow cells provide an important function in the cellular uptake of folates during in vitro erythropoiesis. This process of folate uptake also appears to play a pivotal role in the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells.
Immunological dietary analysis of two penaeid shrimp species from a South Carolina tidal creek

Abstract The natural, visually unrecognizable components of the diets of two species of penaeid shrimp were studied utilizing immunological methods. Seine samples of Penaeus aztecus Ives and P. setiferus (L.) were collected biweekly from May to November, 1983 in a tidal creek of North Inlet, South Carolina. Three size classes were established to examine possible ontogenetic shifts in diet as the shrimp grew. Immunoassays for P. aztecus indicated both macrofaunal and meiofaunal taxa present in all three size classes, with no single dominant prey. P. setiferus proventricular contents, however, revealed consistent presence of three prey items ( Palaemonetes pugio (Holthuis), Uca pugnax (Smith), and Sesarma reticulatum (Say), as well as gammarid amphipods, polychaetes, periwinkles, and foraminiferans.
Prevalence of and associated risk factors for shedding Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia cysts within feral pig populations in California.

Populations of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) may serve as an environmental reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia sp. cysts for source water. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of and associated demographic and environmental risk factors for the shedding of C. parvum oocysts and Giardia sp. cysts. Feral pigs were either live-trapped or dispatched from 10 populations located along the coastal mountains of western California, and fecal samples were obtained for immunofluorescence detection of C. parvum oocysts and Giardia sp. cysts. We found that 12 (5.4%) and 17 (7.6%) of 221 feral pigs were shedding C. parvum oocysts and Giardia sp. cysts, respectively. The pig's sex and body condition and the presence of cattle were not associated with the probability of the shedding of C. parvum oocysts. However, younger pigs ( 2.0 feral pigs/km2) were significantly more likely to shed oocysts compared to older pigs (> 8 months) and pigs from low-density populations (< or = 1.9 feral pigs/km2). In contrast, none of these demographic and environmental variables were associated with the probability of the shedding of Giardia sp. cysts among feral pigs. These results suggest that given the propensity for feral pigs to focus their activity in riparian areas, feral pigs may serve as a source of protozoal contamination for surface water.
CLASSIFICATION, NATURAL HISTORY, AND EVOLUTION OF THE EPIPHLOEINAE (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE). PART II. THE GENERA CHAETOPHLOEUS OPITZ AND PLOCAMOCERA SPINOLA

Abstract This study deals with the sister genera Chaetophloeus, new genus and Plocamocera Spinola of the checkered beetle subfamily Epiphloeinae. Chaetophloeus is monotypic and is described on the basis of C. hispidus, new species. Plocamocera is revised to include 35 species as follows: P. castanea, new species; P. pupula, new species; P. jayhawkalis, new species; P. confrater Kuwert; P. procera, new species; P. aliguantula, new species; P. minima, new species; P. manausensis, new species; P. coactilis, new species; P. sericella Spinola; P. auratilis, new species; P. argentea, new species; P. lucis, new species; P. sesquipedalis, new species; P. salasis, new species; P. iota, new species; P. prolixa, new species; P. quadrula, new species; P. baria, new species; P. aura, new species; P. buenavista, new species; P. taruma, new species; P. aspera, new species; P. paris, new species; P. bispina, new species; P. onorei, new species; P. carnegei, new species; P. santa, new species; P. sericellopsis, new specie...
DIFFUSION OF FRAUD: INTERMEDIATE ECONOMIC CRIME AND INVESTOR DYNAMICS*

Criminologists have studied the spread of fraudulent practices and techniques among perpetrators. This article attempts to contribute to the field by looking at the other side of diffusion, examining the spread of fraud among investors in a case of “intermediate fraud.” Intermediate fraud occurs when fraudulent acts are committed in or by a legitimate business. Using comprehensive archival, interview, and survey data, we analyze a business that exhibited a two-stage pattern of intermediate fraud: It was created and operated as a legitimate business in the first stage, and then economic crimes were increasingly committed in the second stage. We use diffusion theory to guide our analysis, investigating the ways in which five factors—product attributes, buyer attributes and behavior, seller attributes and behavior, structure of the social network, and method of propagation—influence the adoption and diffusion of investments in oil and gas wells among a population of investors. The case of intermediate fraud is interesting because the factors that contributed to the success of the business in its legitimate stage are the same factors that contributed to the success of the fraud in its illegitimate stage.
Deletion of the autoregulatory insert modulates intraprotein electron transfer in rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase

Comparative CO photolysis kinetics studies on wild type and autoregulatory (AR) insert-deletion mutant of rat nNOS holoenzyme were conducted to directly investigate the role of the unique AR insert in the catalytically significant FMN–heme intraprotein electron transfer (IET). Although the amplitude of the IET kinetic traces was decreased two- to three-fold, the AR deletion did not change the rate constant for the calmodulin-controlled IET. This suggests that the rate-limiting conversion of the electron-accepting state to a new electron-donating (output) state does not involve interactions with the AR insert, but that AR may stabilize the output state once it is formed.
They Say Bad Things Come in Threes: How Economic, Political and Cultural Shifts Facilitated Contemporary Anti‐Immigration Activism in the United States

This paper, first, provides an analysis of contemporary anti-immigration activism in the United States, situating it historically and theoretically through an examination of nativism and vigilantism. Second, it merges insights from political process theory and structured ignorance theory to develop an historical account of three key preconditions that set the stage for and accelerated contemporary anti-immigration activism. In so doing this paper addresses fundamental empirical and theoretical gaps in political process theory and demonstrates how structured ignorance theory can help us better understand how shifting structural conditions promoted contemporary anti-immigration mobilization by generating perceptions conducive to conservative activism.
Robust statistics on Riemannian manifolds via the geometric median

The geometric median is a classic robust estimator of centrality for data in Euclidean spaces. In this paper we formulate the geometric median of data on a Riemannian manifold as the minimizer of the sum of geodesic distances to the data points. We prove existence and uniqueness of the geometric median on manifolds with non-positive sectional curvature and give sufficient conditions for uniqueness on positively curved manifolds. Generalizing the Weiszfeld procedure for finding the geometric median of Euclidean data, we present an algorithm for computing the geometric median on an arbitrary manifold. We show that this algorithm converges to the unique solution when it exists. This method produces a robust central point for data lying on a manifold, and should have use in a variety of vision applications involving manifolds. We give examples of the geometric median computation and demonstrate its robustness for three types of manifold data: the 3D rotation group, tensor manifolds, and shape spaces.
NORMAL MODES FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS FROM TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

A method is presented for probing chemical reaction mechanisms experimentally with perturbations andmeasurements of the response. Time series analysis and the methods of linear control theory are used todetermine the Jacobian matrix of a reaction at a stable stationary state subjected to random perturbations. Themethod is demonstrated with time series of a model system, and its performance in the presence of noise isexamined.
Steady-state, lumped-parameter model for capacitor-run, single-phase induction motors

This paper documents a technique for deriving a steady-state, lumped-parameter model for capacitor-run, single-phase induction motors. The objective of this model is to predict motor performance parameters such as torque, loss distribution, and efficiency as a function of applied voltage and motor speed as well as the temperatures of the stator windings and of the rotor. The model includes representations of both the main and auxiliary windings (including arbitrary external impedances) and also the effects of core and rotational losses. The technique can be easily implemented and the resultant model can be used in a wide variety of analyses to investigate motor performance as a function of load, speed, and winding and rotor temperatures. The technique is based upon a coupled-circuit representation of the induction motor. A notable feature of the model is the technique used for representing core loss. This methodology takes advantage of the speed of digital computation which permits a search of parameter space to find a parameter set that best matches the measured motor performance. Finally, an example of the technique is presented based upon a 3.5 kW, single-phase, capacitor-run motor and the validity of the technique is demonstrated by comparing predicted and measured motor performance.
Quantification of Silica in Mine Dusts Using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy

Following up on the recent work by Pandurangi and Seehra, a new method for the quantification of silica in mine dust samples, with the use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) of the 1875-cm−1 band of silica, is proposed. The 1875-cm−1 band does not suffer interference from other minerals usually present in mine dusts, and a linear calibration curve of the integrated intensity of this band with silica concentration is obtained with concentration up to about 100 mg. This calibration is employed to determine silica concentration in six mine dust samples collected in a roof bolter box and one coal sample. These results are compared with the independent results obtained by x-ray diffraction (with CaF2 as the standard), and a good agreement is obtained in most cases.
Optimal sizing of high-speed clock networks based on distributed RC and lossy transmission line models

To achieve delay balance, instead of making the faster path slower by elongating branches, we make slower paths faster by sizing. Given a general clock network, which may includes loops, together with a set of feasible widths for each branch, we formulate the optimal sizing of the clock network as a constrained optimization problem. By turning the skew minimization problem into a least-squares estimation problem, a modified Gauss-Marquardt's method is used to determine the optimal widths. An efficient initial sizing algorithm is proposed to speed up the sizing process. Instead of using zero-order delay model (path length) or one-order delay model (Elmore delay), we employ a generalized delay model which can handle general RLC and transmission line networks. Experimental results show that this method significantly reduces both the clock skew and path delays from source to terminals.