cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of Free Solanesol Levels in Cigarette Filters by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Solanesol, a naturally occurring constituent of tobacco, has been utilized as a good marker for environmental tobacco smoke particulate and as a non-invasive predictor of mainstream cigarette smoke tar and nicotine intake under naturalistic smoking conditions. A fast and accurate method for measuring free solanesol to assess tobacco smoke exposure is highly desirable. We have developed and validated a new environmentally friendly, high throughput method for measuring solanesol content in discarded cigarette filter butts. The solanesol deposited in the used filters can be correlated with mainstream smoke deliveries of nicotine and total particle matter (TPM) to estimate constituent delivery to smokers. A portion of filter material is removed from cigarette butts after machine smoking, spiked with internal standard solution, extracted, and quantitatively analyzed using reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The new method incorporates a 48-well plate format for automated sample preparation that reduces sample preparation time and solvent use and increases sample throughput 10-fold compared to our previous method. Accuracy and precision were evaluated by spiking known amounts of solanesol on both clean and smoked cigarette butts. Recoveries exceeded 93% at both low and high spiking levels. Linear solanesol calibration curves ranged from 1.9 to 367 µg/butt with a 0.05 µg/butt limit of detection.
High Friction Surface Treatment Deterioration Analysis and Characteristics Study

High friction surface treatment (HFST) is used to improve friction on curved roadways, especially on curves that have a history of wet pavement crashes. Observations on the long-term performance mo...
Nationwide trends in in-patient chemotherapy hospitalizations, cost, and mortality for patients with testicular carcinoma.

e17012Background: Salvage therapy for advanced Testicular Carcinoma involves patients receiving ifosfamide are treated in hospital for risk of neuro-toxicities. We evaluated annual trends to assess...
The Fusarium graminearum transporters Abc1 and Abc6 are important for xenobiotic resistance, trichothecene accumulation, and virulence to wheat.

The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease on small grain cereals. F. graminearum produces trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) that are required for full virulence. DON must be exported outside the cell to cause FHB disease, a process that may require the involvement of membrane-bound transporters. In this study we how the deletion of membrane-bound transporters results in reduced DON accumulation as well as reduced FHB symptoms on wheat. Deletion of the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter Abc1 results in the most severe reduction in DON accumulation and virulence. Deletion of another ABC transporter, Abc6, also reduces FHB symptoms to a lesser degree. Combining deletions fails to reduce DON accumulation or virulence in an additive fashion, even when including an{Delta} abc1 deletion. Heterologous expression of F. graminearum transporters in a DON-sensitive strain of yeast confirms Abc1 as a major DON resistance mechanism. Yeast expression further indicates that multiple transporters, including Abc1 play an important role in resistance to the wheat phytoalexin 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) and other xenobiotics. Thus, Abc1 may contribute to wheat virulence both by allowing export of DON and by providing resistance to the wheat phytoalexin BOA. This research provides useful information which may aid in designing novel management techniques of FHB or other destructive plant diseases.
Communication, development and Hindi Cinema: Reading of Naya Daur

The foundation of the post-colonial development model was based on the concept of modernization of the socio-economic and political growth of third world countries. This development model also led ...
Comparing early and mid-term outcomes between robotic-arm assisted and manual total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review

The projected increase in utilization rates of total hip arthroplasty (THA) has created an emphasis on novel technologies that can aid providers in maintaining historically positive outcomes. Widespread utilization of robotic assisted THA (RA-THA) is contingent upon achieving favorable outcomes compared to its traditional manual counterpart (mTHA). Therefore, the purpose of our systematic review was to compare RA-THA and mTHA in terms of the following: (1) functional outcomes and (2) complication rates. The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases were searched for articles published October 1994 and May 2021 comparing functional outcomes and complication rates between RA-THA and mTHA cohorts. When three or more studies evaluated certain PROMs and complications, a pooled analysis utilizing Mantel–Haenszel (M–H) models was conducted utilizing data from final follow-up. Our final analysis included 18 studies which reported on a total of 2811 patients [RA-THA: n = 1194 (42.48%); mTHA: n = 1617 (57.52%)]. No significant differences were demonstrated for a majority of pooled analyses and when segregating by robotic system. Only WOMAC scores were significantly lower among RA-THA patients (p = 0.0006). For outcomes without sufficient data for a pooled analysis, there were no significant differences reported among included studies. The growing utilization of RA-THA motivates comparisons to its manual counterpart. Collectively, we found comparable functional outcomes and complication profiles between RA-THA and mTHA cohorts. More randomized controlled trials of higher quality and larger sample sizes are necessary to further strengthen these findings.
Direct IgG epitope mapping on bacterial AB toxins by cryo-EM.

Summary This cryo-EM protocol was used to determine the B cell epitope map on the CdtB subunit of typhoid toxin, an A2B5 toxin secreted by Salmonella Typhi during infection. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was directly mixed with typhoid toxin in this protocol, different from our previous cryo-EM protocol that uses the Fab fragments in place of IgG. This simple approach requires smaller amounts of materials, supporting the broader use of this protocol for determining antibody recognition sites on various antigens. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ahn et al. (2021) and Nguyen et al. (2021) .
Tillage impact on herbicide loss by surface runoff and lateral subsurface flow.

Abstract There is worldwide interest in conservation tillage practices because they can reduce surface runoff, and agrichemical and sediment losses from farm fields. Since these practices typically increase infiltration, their use may increase subsurface transport of water-soluble contaminants. Thus, to assess long-term environmental benefits of conservation tillage data may be needed that quantify both surface and subsurface contaminant fluxes. This study focused on the herbicide fluometuron (N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-urea) and its soil degradate DMF (N-methyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-urea). Both compounds are classed as “leachable”. They were measured for 10 years in surface runoff and lateral subsurface flow from paired fields located on a hill slope in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the southeastern USA. One group of fields was conventionally tilled incorporating all crop residues into soil prior to planting. The second was strip tilled, a common conservation tillage practice. Seven fluometuron applications were made to cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) produced in rotation with peanut ( Arachis hypogea ). Combined fluometuron and DMF surface and subsurface losses from the conventionally tilled fields were equivalent to 1.2% and 0.13% of fluometuron applied and 0.31% and 0.32% from the strip tilled fields. Annual surface runoff losses were significantly greater from the conventionally tilled fields while the strip tilled fields had significantly greater annual subsurface losses. Results demonstrated that shifting from conventional to conservation tillage management of farm fields in this landscape will reduce surface runoff losses of herbicides like fluometuron but subsurface losses will likely increase. The same trends can be expected in landscapes with similar soil and hydrologic properties. This should be considered when planning implementation of programs that promote conservation tillage use.
Estimation of adult stature from fragmentary tibias.

LInear-regression equations derived from measurements of tibial condyles from 100 individuals in the Hamann-Todd Collection retrodicted known stature with a level of confidence comparable to many of the existing stature-estimation techniques. Statures of an independent control group were estimated with similar success. The strong linear relationship that exists between the length of the tibia and the size of the condyles allows adult stature (of American whites and blacks) to be estimated from the proximal tibia. Since complete tibial length is not required, this technique could prove useful in forensic science and archaeological cases where less-than-intact elements are recovered.
Water Gas Shift Reaction ‐ Homogeneous

This article presents a brief overview of the soluble metal complexes that catalyze the water gas shift in homogeneous solution. Also discussed are the reaction mechanisms of the catalytic cycles that may be functioning in acidic solution and in basic solution as well as for the Reppe hydroformylation of alkenes. Keywords: water gas shift; hydrogen; carbon monoxide; ruthenium; rhodium; platinum; iridium; Reppe hydroformylation
Compact Riemann Surfaces

Exercise 322. For each τ ∈ ℂ with ℑm(τ) > 0, define the lattice ⋀ τ := ℤ × τℤ ⊂ ℂ, and define the complex torus X τ := ℂ/⋀ τ . For two such complex numbers τ 1, τ 2 ∈ ℂ with ℑm(τ 1) > 0 and ℑm(τ 2) > 0, assume that there exist a holomorphic isomorphism \( f:{X_{{\tau _1}}} \to {X_{{\tau _2}}} \) and an entire function g : ℂ → ℂ such that the following diagram commutes: $$ {p_1}\matrix{ c & {\buildrel g \over \longrightarrow } & c \cr \downarrow & {} & \downarrow \cr {{X_{{\tau _1}}}} & {\mathrel{\mathop{\kern0pt\longrightarrow} \limits_f} } & {{X_{{\tau _2}}}} \cr } {p_2} $$ where each \( {p_k}:c \to {X_{{\tau _k}}} = c/{\Lambda _{{\tau _k}}} \) is the canonical projection.
A Hierarchical Taxonomy of Human Goals

This paper presents a hierarchical taxonomy of human goals, based on similarity judgments of 135 goals gleaned from the literature. Women and men in 3 age groups—17–30, 25–62, and 65 and older—sorted the goals into conceptually similar groups. These were cluster analyzed and a taxonomy of 30 goal clusters was developed for each age group separately and for the total sample. The clusters were conceptually meaningful and consistent across the 3 samples. The broadest distinction in each sample was between interpersonal or social goals and intrapersonal or individual goals, with interpersonal goals divided into family-related and more general social goals. Further, the 30 clusters were organized into meaningful higher order clusters. The role of such a taxonomy in promoting theory development and research is discussed, as is its relationship to other organizations of human goals and to the Big Five structure of personality.
The Trojan Manifold — Survey and Conjectures

Recent results concerning the families of periodic orbits emanating from the triangular equilibrium L 4 are interpreted in an attempt to establish the evolution of these manifolds as the mass ratio varies from Routh’s critical value down to its value in the system sun-jupiter.
Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Cartilage Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have complete potential to form all types of cells. Although these cells have indefinite capacity for self-renewal, the mechanisms that control their lineage-restricted differentiation are not well understood. Due to their potential to form all types of cells, these cells are expected to have applications in regenerative medicine to cure human diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage of weight bearing joints. Approximately twenty million people suffer from this debilitating disease. Therefore, the induced differentiation of ES cells into cartilage-producing cells will have potential application to cure OA. This unit describes a system to induce differentiation of a high percentage of ES cells into mesenchymal cells that differentiate into chondrocytes, the cartilage-producing cells. A quantitative production of chondrocytes can be a powerful resource to alleviate the suffering of those patients with OA. Furthermore, this can be an excellent system to investigate the upstream events of cell-restricted differentiation during the inaccessible period of development. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 2:1F.1.1-1F.1.13. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: embryonic stem cells; limb bud progenitor cells; cartilage; chondrocytes; collagen type II; alternate splicing of collagen type II gene; Oct-4 transcription factor; proteoglycans
Assessing the sociology of sport: On China and the Olympics

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, a leading scholar of the sociology of sport in China, Ruotao Huang, provides a historically-oriented cultural and organizational history of the development of social inquiry concerning sport in China. The trajectory of the sociology of sport in China can be seen through three periods, characterized as (1) initiation and legitimacy (1978–1997), (2) emergent and competing approaches (1998-2010), and (3) new directions (2011–present). The important roles of the China Sport Science Society, the National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science, and other government bodies are considered in conjunction with stocktaking of funding priorities and topics. Key challenges surrounding the development of sociology of sport research in China concern understanding sport participation by social groups and classes, the linking of social inquiry with practical and business applications, and increasing interdisciplinarity in approaching topics such as the Olympic Games....
The determination of oxygen in titanium: Vacuum fusion with a platinum bath

Abstract Oxygen can be determined in titanium accurately by vacuum fusion with a platinum bath. The platinum bath is preferred to an iron bath or dry bath since more samples can be analysed in a bath without interference from gettering and solidification of the bath. The blank from adding iron or tin with the sample is eliminated.
Structural asymmetry in a conserved signaling system that regulates division, replication, and virulence of an intracellular pathogen.

We have functionally and structurally defined an essential protein phosphorelay that regulates expression of genes required for growth, division, and intracellular survival of the global zoonotic pathogen Brucella abortus. Our study delineates phosphoryl transfer through this molecular pathway, which initiates from the sensor kinase CckA and proceeds through the ChpT phosphotransferase to two regulatory substrates: CtrA and CpdR. Genetic perturbation of this system results in defects in cell growth and division site selection, and a specific viability deficit inside human phagocytic cells. Thus, proper control of B. abortus division site polarity is necessary for survival in the intracellular niche. We further define the structural foundations of signaling from the central phosphotransferase, ChpT, to its response regulator substrate, CtrA, and provide evidence that there are at least two modes of interaction between ChpT and CtrA, only one of which is competent to catalyze phosphoryltransfer. The structure and dynamics of the active site on each side of the ChpT homodimer are distinct, supporting a model in which quaternary structure of the 2:2 ChpT–CtrA complex enforces an asymmetric mechanism of phosphoryl transfer between ChpT and CtrA. Our study provides mechanistic understanding, from the cellular to the atomic scale, of a conserved transcriptional regulatory system that controls the cellular and infection biology of B. abortus. More generally, our results provide insight into the structural basis of two-component signal transduction, which is broadly conserved in bacteria, plants, and fungi.
Effects of positive cognitions and resourcefulness on caregiver burden among caregivers of persons with dementia

Currently, 5.4 million persons in the USA are diagnosed with dementia, and this number is projected to rise to 7.7 million by the year 2030. Family caregivers provide up to 80% of the care needed by persons with dementia and published work suggests that caring for persons with dementia can be very costly to caregivers' health. This study examined the mediating and the moderating effects of positive cognitions on the relationship between caregiver burden and resourcefulness in 80 caregivers of persons with dementia. A descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional design was used in this study. The researcher contacted the administrators at the Alzheimer's Association early stage programs in Southeastern Wisconsin and questionnaires were distributed to interested caregivers. Positive cognitions explained 31% of the variance in resourcefulness (F (1, 78) = 35.46, P < 0.001) and as positive cognitions increased, caregivers' resourcefulness increased. Positive cognitions were found to be a mediator as evidenced by a substantial drop in the beta weight of caregiver burden from B = -0.28 to B = -0.11 when positive cognitions were entered into the equation. Interventions to strengthen positive thinking among caregivers of persons with dementia are needed to help caregivers overcome their burden.
Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.

The program of research now known as the heuristics and biases approach began with a survey of 84 participants at the 1969 meetings of the Mathematical Psychology Society and the American Psychological Association (Tversky & Kahneman, 1971). The respondents, including several authors of statistics texts, were asked realistic questions about the robustness of statistical estimates and the replicability of research results. The article commented tongue-in-heek on the prevalence of a belief that the law of large numbers applies to small numbers as well: Respondents placed too much confidence in the results of small samples, and their statistical judgments showed little sensitivity to sample size. The mathematical psychologists who participated in the survey not only should have known better – they did know better. Although their intuitive guesses were off the mark, most of them could have computed the correct answers on the back of an envelope. These sophisticated individuals apparently had access to two distinct approaches for answering statistical questions: one that is spontaneous, intuitive, effortless, and fast; and another that is deliberate, rule-governed, effortful, and slow. The persistence of large biases in the guesses of experts raised doubts about the educability of statistical intuitions. Moreover, it was known that the same biases affect choices in the real world, where researchers commonly select sample sizes that are too small to provide a fair test of their hypotheses (Cohen, 1969, 1992).
Hypertension among the uninsured: tensions and challenges.

Purpose: To explore the experience of living with hypertension (HTN) in uninsured Southern, Appalachian adults who receive care in a nurse practitioner-run clinic. Data sources: Focus groups with 16 clients. Conclusions: Living with hypertension encompassed living with many tensions and challenges. It was described by five organizing themes, each of which involved two basic themes held in tension. The organizing themes were: (a) centrality of HTN; (b) controllability of HTN; (c) visibility of HTN, (d) accessibility and quality of health care; and (e) existential reality. Implications for practice: Interventions are needed to help clients deal with the tensions and challenges; these include a greater focus on partnering with clients, individual and group educational activities, and developing community partnerships.
Structure and chromosomal localization of the mouse bombesin receptor subtype 3 gene

Abstract Bombesin (BN)-like peptides/neurotransmitters mediate a broad range of physiological funtions in the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system through binding to their specific, high-affinity mammalian bombesin receptors. This family of heptahelical, G protein-coupled receptors includes the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R, or bb2), neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R, or bb1), and the bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3, or bb3). The tissue distribution of BRS-3 is quite dissimilar compared to the other two BN receptors, GRP-R and NMB-R, and a natural ligand for BRS-3 is currently unknown. Nothing is known about mechanisms regulating BRS-3 gene expression and possible association with disease. To gain insight into the underlying structure and chromosomal localization of the BRS-3 genes, bacteriophage P1 genomic clones, harboring the genes for the human and mouse BRS-3, respectively, were isolated and their structure and chromosomal localizations determined. The protein-coding region of both genes is divided into three exons and spans approximately 5 kb. The loci of the BRS-3 genes were mapped to a syntenic region of the human (Xq25) and mouse (XA7.1–7.2) X-chromosome, respectively. The structural data of the BRS-3 genes derived from this study will permit future investigations of the mechanisms regulating their expression.
Oral Verapamil for Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Long-Term, Double-Blind Randomized Trial

The effectiveness and safety of orally administered verapamil was tested in 11 patients with frequent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In a 4-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the frequency of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia fell from 0.3 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SD) to 0.1 +/- 0.1 episodes per day by patient diary (p less than 0.05) and from 0.7 +/- 0.7 to 0.3 +/- 0.5 episodes per day by Holter monitor (p less than 0.05) for placebo and verapamil treatment periods, respectively. Verapamil caused a decrease in the duration of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (in minutes per day): placebo 27 +/- 51 by dairy, 67 +/- 111 by Holter; verapamil, 3 +/- 3 by diary, 1 +/- 2 by Holter (p less than 0.05). Five patients required a total of 35 pharmacologic cardioversions for sustained tachycardia: two during verapamil and 33 during placebo (p less than 0.001). No verapamil treatment period was shortened due to unacceptable paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, but five of 22 placebo treatment periods were shortened (p equal to 0.02). Verapamil was well-tolerated, causing mild constipation in five patients and headache in one. Oral verapamil is both safe and effective in the long-term treatment of patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
Shape Effects of Filaments Versus Spherical Particles in Flow and Drug Delivery

Interaction of spherical particles with cells and within animals has been studied extensively, but the effects of shape have received little attention. Here we use highly stable, block copolymer micelle assemblies known as filomicelles to compare the transport and trafficking of flexible filaments with spheres of similar chemistry.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Spectral correlation based on the cross-spectrum

We present new signal processing methods which may be used to estimate a high resolution spectrum. These methods are idally suited to the analysis of non-stationary signal components, such as speech formants or pitch. In addition, we present a new spectral correlation method, which may be used to provide accurate estimates of the frequency differences of the formants of linguistically similar utterances spoken by different speakers. These algorithms are accurate and simple and may be easily automated. These algorithms are based on a deterministic speech model and a cross-spectral representation computed from a short time Fourier transform.
Disaster care: children of Hurricane Katrina.

Six years later, mental health effects are still evident in Gulf Coast children. Language: en
Inverse modeling of the global methyl chloride sources

[1] Inverse modeling using the Bayesian least squares method is applied to better constrain the sources and sinks of atmospheric methyl chloride (CH3Cl) using observations from seven surface stations and eight aircraft field experiments. We use a three-dimensional global chemical transport model, the GEOS-Chem, as the forward model. Up to 39 parameters describing the continental/hemispheric and seasonal dependence of the major sources of CH3Cl are used in the inversion. We find that the available surface and aircraft observations cannot constrain all the parameters, resulting in relatively large uncertainties in the inversion results. By examining the degrees of freedom in the inversion Jacobian matrix, we choose a reduced set of parameters that can be constrained by the observations while providing valuable information on the sources and sinks. In particular, we resolve the seasonal dependence of the biogenic and biomassburning sources for each hemisphere. The in situ aircraft measurements are found to provide better constraints on the emission sources than surface measurements. The a posteriori emissions result in better agreement with the observations, particularly at southern high latitudes. The a posteriori biogenic and biomass-burning sources decrease by 13 and 11% to 2500 and 545 Gg yr � 1 , respectively, while the a posteriori net ocean source increases by about a factor of 2 to 761 Gg yr � 1 . The decrease in biomass-burning emissions is largely due to the reduction in the emissions in seasons other than spring in the Northern Hemisphere. The inversion results indicate that the biogenic source has a clear winter minimum in both hemispheres, likely reflecting the decrease of biogenic activity during that season.
Laparoscopic fundoplication to enhance pulmonary function in children with severe reactive airway disease and gastroesopheagal reflux disease

Background: The relationship between severe reactive airway disease (RAD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been noted but the relationship is poorly understood. This study reports our experience with laparoscopic fundoplication and it's effect on the pulmonary status of children with severe steroid-dependent reactive airway disease. Methods: Fifty-six patients with severe steroid-dependent RAD and medically refractory GERD underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplications. Mean age was 7 years and mean weight was 20 kg. All patients had the procedure completed successfully laparoscopically with an average operative time of 62 min. Average hospital stay was 1.6 days. Results: Forty-eight of 56 patients noted significant improvement in their respiratory symptoms in the first week. Fifty of 56 patients have been weaned off their oral steroids and four others have had a greater than 50% decrease in their dose. Sixteen patients had a documented increase in their FEV1 in the initial postoperative period (avg. 26%). Conclusion: Patients with steroid-dependent RAD and GERD refractory to medical management show improvement in their respiratory status following fundoplication and the majority can be weaned off of their oral steroids. Laparoscopic techniques allow this procedure to be performed safely even in this high-risk group of patients.
Valuation of Ecological Resources and Functions

/ Ecological resources are natural resources that provide certain necessary but overlooked system maintenance functions within ecosystems. Environmental economics is in search of an appropriate analysis framework to determine economic values of such resources. This paper presents a framework that estimates and compiles the components of value for a natural ecosystem. The framework begins with the ecological processes involved, which provide functions within the ecosystem and services valued by humans. We discuss the additive or competive nature of these values, and estimate these values through conventional and unconventional techniques. We apply the framework to ecological resources in a shrub-steppe dryland habitat being displaced by development. We first determine which functions and services are mutually exclusive (e.g., farming vs soil stabilization) and which are complementary or products of joint production (e.g., soil stabilization and maintenance of species). We then apply benefit transfer principles with contingent valuation methodology (CVM), travel cost methodology (TCM), and hedonic damage pricing (HDP). Finally, we derive upper-limit values for more difficult-to-value functions through the use of human analogs, which we argue are the most appropriate method of valuation under some circumstances. The highest values of natural shrub-steppe habitat appear to be derived from soil stabilization.KEY WORDS: Natural resource economics; Ecological economics; Ecological resources; Shrub-steppe; Environmental valuation; Cost; Benefit; Value
Computing 1-D atomic densities in macromolecular simulations: The density profile tool for VMD ☆

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations have a prominent role in biophysics and drug discovery due to the atomistic information they provide on the structure, energetics and dynamics of biomolecules. Specialized software packages are required to analyze simulated trajectories, either interactively or via scripts, to derive quantities of interest and provide insight for further experiments. This paper presents the Density Profile Tool, a package that enhances the Visual Molecular Dynamics environment with the ability to interactively compute and visualize 1-D projections of various density functions of molecular models. We describe how the plugin is used to perform computations both via a graphical interface and programmatically. Results are presented for realistic examples, all-atom bilayer models, showing how mass and electron densities readily provide measurements such as membrane thickness, location of structural elements, and how they compare to X-ray diffraction experiments. Program summary Program title: Density Profile Tool Catalogue identifier: AEQM_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEQM_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: yes No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 1742 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 12764 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: TCL/TK. Computer: Any, with or without graphical display. Operating system: Linux/Unix, OSX, Windows. RAM: VMD should be able to hold the trajectory in memory. Classification: 3, 23. External routines: VMD (version 1.9 or higher) ( http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/vmd/ ). Nature of problem: Compute and visualize one-dimensional density profiles of molecular dynamics trajectories in the VMD environment, either interactively or programmatically. Solution method: Density profiles are computed by binning the simulation space into slabs of finite thickness. A graphical user interface allows the choice of the atomic property (number, mass, charge, electrons) and the details of the binning. Restrictions: The current version only supports orthorhombic cells. Unusual features: The Density Profile Tool is not a standalone program but a plug-in that enhances VMD’s analysis features. Running time: A contemporary PC completes the analysis of 500 frames of the example system discussed in the paper (35,000 atoms) in under 1 min.
Heterogeneity in the replicating population of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes.

Abstract We studied the replication of keratinocytes in stratified squamous epithelia. Other studies have revealed functional and morphological heterogeneity in the replicating population of such cells. To examine possible kinetic heterogeneity, we determined the cell-cycle lengths of replicating cells in cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes. A double-label assay was developed, which measures the time between two successive cycles of DNA synthesis. The first cycle of DNA synthesis was marked by pulse labeling cultures for a brief period with 14 C-thymidine (dThd), and the second cycle was detected by labeling at a later time with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd). The time taken for the 14 C-labeled DNA to become doubly labeled with BrdUrd was shown to correspond to the length of the cell cycle. In subconfluent cultures in which the cell number increased at an exponential rate, the average cell-cycle time was 21.5 h. In confluent cultures in which desquamation was balanced by cell renewal, the average cell cycle was 31.5 h. However, in confluent cultures, three populations of replicating cells were evident, these having cycle times of 22, 33, and 40 h. In subconfluent cultures, there was no clear evidence for cell-cycle heterogeneity of the replicating cells, although the most rapidly cycling cells in these cultures had a cycle time (16 h) considerably less than the most rapidly cycling cells in the confluent cultures (21 h). It is possible that the rapidly cycling cells seen in the subconfluent cultures were stem cells. The heterogeneity seen in the replicating population is entirely consistent with the epidermal proliferation unit model of renewal, and the three populations of replicating cells probably represent cells undergoing amplification divisions.
Frequency response feature selection in a Bayesian framework

Frequency response related quantities are widely used for damage detection and structural health monitoring (SHM) because of their computational robustness and clear physical interpretations. In reality, there is uncertainty due to noise or other operational variability involved in any feature evaluation, which makes it hard to select a robust and sensitive SHM feature. Two specific spectra are considered in this paper, namely, frequency response function (FRF) and transmissibility, while FRF includes system resonances and transmissibility only has system zeros. A Bayesian model selection framework is adopted by comparing the Bayes factor of using either feature in structural health monitoring applications, and suggests which is better with regard to plausibility. This framework is implemented with data acquired from a lab-scale plate structure, and to be more realistic, external artificial noise is contaminated to the data imitating a more stringent test condition.
Elevation of brain histamine content in protein-deficient rats.

—Male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (80–250 g body wt) were fed either an adequate protein diet (18% lactalbumin) or a protein-deficient diet (0.5% lactalbumin). After 5–8 weeks of receiving the low protein diet, some of the malnourished rats were rehabilitated with an adequate protein diet. The malnourished rats exhibited significant elevations in brain levels of histidine (+415%) and homocarnosine (+100%) in comparison to findings in the control animals of similar age. Associated with the elevated brain levels of histidine in malnutrition was a prominent increase in brain content of histamine (+ 150-+ 238%). The mean brain histamine levels (ng/g) in the control rats varied from 45.96 to 56.15 in several experiments. In the protein-deficient rats, values ranged from 115 to 190. Refeeding the malnourished rats with adequate protein diet elicited reversal of histidine and histamine levels to near normal values within 1 week. The increased brain content of histamine in malnutrition was attributed to enhanced rate of production resulting from increased availability of the precursor amino acid, a conclusion consistent with elevation also of the brain content of homocarnosine (γ-aminobutyryl-l-histidine) which is another major route of disposal of histidine in the brain. The relevance of these neurochemical alterations to the behavioural changes often associated with protein malnutrition, deserves some intensive examination.
BIO ASSAY OF MINERALOCORTICOIDS: RELATIONSHIP OF STRUCTURE TO PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Adrenal cortical extracts and human urine contain a corticosteroid of great potency measured by its effect on sodium and potassium excretion and on the survival of adrenalectomized animals. Wintersteiner and Pfiffner (1936) found that very small doses of the “amorphous fractions” of adrenal cortical estract maintained life after adrenalectomy. Simpson and Tait (1953), Mattox, Mason, and Albert (1953), and Knauff, Nielson and Haines (1953) have prepared crystalline materials of very similar properties and of high activity on sodium and potassium excretion. The chemical structure of this mineralocorticoid has recently been described as the 11–18 hemiacetal of 18-aldehydo-corticosterone by Simpson, Tait, Wettstein, Neher, v. Euw, Schindler, and Reichstein (1954), who have suggested the definitive term, aldosterone. Grollman and Firor (1932) demonstrated that extracts of human urine prolonged the survival of adrenalectomized animals. The urine of edematous patients with lipemic nephrosis, heart failure, and h...
Short-Term Scheduling of Vessels for Shipping Bulk or Semi-Bulk Commodities Originating in a Single Area

We analyze a single-voyage ship-scheduling problem. A set of ships of different sizes and cost functions must be used to deliver a set of shipments to their destinations. The cost function that is minimized consists of the cost of ships' time and port charges, as this cost applies to the various terms of ships employment. We compare several algorithms for allocating shipments to ships, and achieve substantial cost savings as compared with industry practice. A biased random algorithm provides very good solutions that are close to the optimal ones.
Central nervous system control of mucous gland secretion from frog skin

Surface electrical stimulation of the diencephalic roof of the frog. Rana berlandieri forreri, brain initiates integumental mucous gland secretion which is abolished by pithing.
Implications of Socioeconomic Trends for Speech-Language Pathology

Demographic, economic, and technological trends are likely to reshape educational, clinical, and research programs in speech-language pathology over the next three decades. The changes could be dra...
Confronting Terrorisms: Group Motivation and Successful State Policies

Much of the recent debate among policymakers and in recent scholarship focuses on how states should respond to terrorism: whether they should use harsh policies to punish terrorists and thus deter future acts, or concentrate on root causes and reduce incentives to use terrorism. Often ignored in this discussion are the characteristics that distinguish terrorist groups from one another, and that influence the effectiveness of a state's actions. This article examines group motivation—national-separatism, revolution, reaction, or religion—as one key trait, and finds that these different “terrorisms” do affect the relative success of various counterterrorist policies.
Evidence of a hairy layer at the surface of polystyrene latex particles

Abstract Polystyrene latexes are treated as model colloids, yet the observed electrokinetic and size behavior do not conform to the predictions of theory. Upon the addition of low concentrations of electrolyte, the electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of the latex increase, while the hydrodynamic size decreases. One explanation for the anomalous behavior is the presence of a hairy layer at the latex surface. According to the hairy layer model, flexible polymer chains, or hairs, at the surface extend into solution, owing to electrostatic repulsion between the ionic groups which terminate the hairs and the ionic groups which are anchored at the surface. The thickness of the hairy layer is altered by the presence of electrolyte owing to charge shielding. As such, the size and electrokinetic parameters are functions of ionic strength. This model is frequently invoked in the literature; however, to the author's knowledge, no previous studies have attempted to verify the presence of a hairy layer via simultaneous measurement of both the size and electrokinetic characteristics of a given latex over a range of conditions. Evidence from other investigators indicates that heating a latex to its glass transition temperature yields particles whose electrokinetic behavior is more nearly ideal. Interpreted in terms of the hairy layer model, such results suggest that heat treatment smoothes or removes the hairs. In the current study, the presence of a hairy layer is investigated by comparing size, mobility, critical coagulation concentration, and surface charge density measurements for three different surfactant-free latexes before and after heat treatment. The new results strongly support the existence of a hairy layer. Light scattering measurements indicate that the thickness of the layer may be as great as 7 nm.
The structure and mechanical behavior of the Mg-Mg2Ni eutectic composite

The structure and mechanical behavior of the unidirectionally-solidified Mg-Mg2Ni eutectic have been studied over a range of solidification rates frorm 3 to 250 cm per hr. The yield and ultimate strengths of the composite tend to increase with increasing solidification rate and microstructural fineness. The mechanical behavior, however, is also strongly influenced by changes in eutectic crystallography and matrix deformation mode which occur with increasing solidification rate. When yielding of the matrix is controlled by slip, the effect of solidifica tion rate on composite yield strength can be quantitatively accounted for by an analysis based on a simple dislocation model. Under some conditions, however, yielding of the ma trix occurs by\(\left\{ {11\bar 24} \right\}\) twinning, resulting in markedly different mechanical properties. When solidified at 250 cm per hr the Mg-Mg2Ni eutectic has higher yield and ultimate strengths than the strongest commercial magnesium alloys, but its poor ductility and corrosion resistance will severely limit its use as a high performance engineering material.
Y Movies: Film and the Modernization of Pastoral Power

The institutional creation of the Bureau of Motion Pictures and Exhibits, a division of the Industrial Department of the International Committee of the YMCA, is examined to assess why the YMCA turned to film as a mode of public address in its social welfare programs. The archival history supports the claim that the “attraction effect” of film transformed it into a cultural technology for shaping the conduct of industrial workers. The essay concludes by arguing how film contributed to liberalism's modernization of pastoral power by coupling immigrant workers with the pedagogical voice of the YMCA secretary.
Studies in serum lipids, with special reference to spontaneous variations and the effect of short-term dietary changes.

Repeated measurements of the fasting and 2-hour postprandial serum lipids (cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride) of "normal" [see table in the PDF file] subjects and subjects with atherosclerotic heart disease when consuming diets of high-, low-, or "normal"-fat content have been made. Triglyceride levels correlated better with the clinical diagnosis of heart disease than did cholesterol or phospholipid levels. The wide fluctuations in triglyceride levels in the same [see table in the PDF file] subject (normal or atherosclerotic) when on a "normal self-selected" diet and the unexpected findings when a short-term (3-day) period of dietary fat manipulation render the value of random triglyceride levels as an indictator of the presence or likely development of atherosclerotic heart disease of little or no value in the individual subject.
What are the roles of substrate-assisted catalysis and proximity effects in peptide bond formation by the ribosome?

The action of the peptidyl transferase center of the large ribosomal unit presents a fundamental step in the evolution from the RNA world to the protein world. Thus, it is important to understand the origin of the catalytic power of this ancient enzyme. Earlier studies suggested that the ribosome catalyzes peptide bond formation by using one of its groups as a general base, while more recent works have proposed that the catalysis is due to proximity effects or to substrate-assisted catalysis. However, the actual nature of the catalytic mechanism remains controversial. This work addresses the origin of the catalytic power of the ribosome by using computer simulation approaches and comparing the energetics of the peptide bond formation in the ribosome and in water. It is found that a significant part of the observed activation entropy of the reference solution reaction is due to solvation entropy, and that the proximity effect is smaller than previously thought. It is also found that the 2‘-OH of the A76 ri...
Self-Objectification and Exercise Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Social Physique Anxiety

Self-objectification (SO) and Social Physique Anxiety (SPA) were investigated in relation to reported exercise behaviors (EBs). A conceptual model was used in which SPA was posited as a mediating variable between SO and EBs categorized as protective or permissive. Two hundred and ninety-one women (age range = 18–74 years) completed the SO, SPA, and EB questionnaires. Women lower in SO reported exercising more, wearing more concealing exercise apparel, and preferring outdoors locations. The models were found to fit the data adequately, but only the path from SO to SPA was significant. These results reaffirm the relationship between SO and SPA, but further understanding of the potential effects of SO on behaviors involving health, body, and exercise is required.
Optical Haar wavelet transform

An optical Haar mother wavelet is created with a Semetex 128 x 128 magneto-optic spatial light modulator. Two techniques for dilating the mother wavelet are explored: (1) aperture stopping and (2) operating the SLM in ternary phase-amplitude mode. Discrete resolution levels of a continuous wavelet transform are obtained by optically correlating a binarized image with multiple dilations ofthe mother wavelet. Frequency-plane masks for the correlation process are generated using thermoplastic holography. Experimental results are compared with a digital simulation of the wavelet transform.
Electron Beam Probing of Space Charge in Pet Films

A diffuse, monoenergetic electron beam of variable energy is used to measure space charge profiles in thin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. A quantitative model of the method used for the profile calculations is presented. Results are given of measured charge profiles set up both by electron beam deposition and by voltage poling. The method is shown to have a spatial resolution of about 0.5 ?m and a minimum detectable charge density of about 0. 5×102 C/m3 for PET. Inherent experimental problems are identified and potential uses of the method are discussed.