cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Actinide speciation in the environment

Nuclear test explosions and nuclear reactor wastes and accidents have released large amounts of radioactivity into the environment. Actinideions in waters often are not in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium and their solubility and migration behavior is related to the form in which the nuclides are introduced into the aquatic system. Chemical speciation, oxidation state, redox reactions, and sorption characteristics are necessary in predicting solubility of the different actinides, their migration behaviors and their potential effects on marine biota. The most significant of these variables is the oxidation state of the metal ion as the simultaneous presence of more than one oxidation state for some actinides in a solution complicates actinide environmental behavior. Both Np(V)O2 + and Pu(V)O2 +, the most significant soluble states in natural oxic waters, are relatively noncomplexing and resistant to hydrolysis and subsequent precipitation. The solubility of NpO2 + can be as high as 10−4M while that of PuO2 + is much more limited by reduction to the insoluble tetravalent species, Pu(OH)4, (pKsp≥56) but which can be present in the pentavalent form in aqautic phases as colloidal material. The solubility of hexavalent UO2 2+ in sea water is relatively high due to formation of carbonate complexes. The insoluble trivalent americium hydroxocarbonate, Am(OH)(CO3) is the limiting species for the solubility of Am(III) in sea water. Thorium(IV) is present as Th(OH)4, in colloidal form. The chemistry of actinide ions in the environment is reviewed to show the spectrum of reactions that can occur in natural waters which must be considered in assessing the environmental behavior of actinides. Much is understood about sorption of actinides on surfaces, the mode of migration of actinides in such waters and the potential effects of these radioactive species on marine biota, but much more understanding of the behavior of the actinides in the environment is needed to allow proper and reliable modeling needed for disposition of nuclear waste over many thousands of years.
Nonlinear adaptive control of a twin lift helicopter system

The tracking control of a twin-lift helicopter system in the presence of parametric uncertainty is considered. A nonlinear model is used to describe the dynamics of a twin-lift helicopter configuration in the lateral/vertical plane, and a controller is synthesized using an input-output feedback linearization technique in conjunction with an adaptation algorithm. The control scheme does not require any knowledge of the bound of uncertainties present and drives the output tracking error to zero asymptotically. The performance of the controller is illustrated by simulating the nonlinear model of the twin-lift system. >
Numerical Studies of Laser-Induced Energy Deposition for Supersonic Flow Control

This work deals with the computational study of localized laser energy deposition in supersonic flows. A model for Nd:YAG laser energy deposition in air has been developed for this purpose. It is designed to predict the fluid dynamic effects of the energy deposition process in supersonic flows. The key physical processes are captured, including inverse bremsstrahlung absorption, evolution of the plasma shape and structure, air breakdown chemistry, and the subsequent fluid dynamics. The model is validated using measurements of experiments done in quiescent air. The effects of energy deposition in three-dimensional supersonic flow past sphere and a flow with Edney type IV shock-shock interaction were studied. The energy deposition was found to be effective in reducing the peak surface pressure, but not as effective in lowering the surface heat-transfer rate. In the case of flow with Edney type IV shock-shock interaction, a study was performed to find the optimal location for the energy deposition, for which there is maximum decrease in the surface pressure.
Effect of DNA looping on the induction kinetics of the lac operon

The induction of the lac operon follows cooperative kinetics. The first mechanistic model of these kinetics is the de facto standard in the modeling literature [Yagil, G., Yagil, E., 1971. On the relation between effector concentration and the rate of induced enzyme synthesis. Biophys. J. 11, 11-17]. Yet, subsequent studies have shown that the model is based on incorrect assumptions. Specifically, the repressor is a tetramer with four (not two) inducer-binding sites, and the operon contains two auxiliary operators (in addition to the main operator). Furthermore, these structural features are crucial for the formation of DNA loops, the key determinants of lac repression and induction. Indeed, the repression is determined almost entirely (>95%) by the looped complexes [Oehler, S., Eismann, E.R., Kramer, H., Muller-Hill, B., 1990. The three operators of the lac operon cooperate in repression. EMBO J. 9(4), 973-979], and the pronounced cooperativity of the induction curve hinges upon the existence of the looped complexes [Oehler, S., Alberti, S., Muller-Hill, B., 2006. Induction of the lac promoter in the absence of DNA loops and the stoichiometry of induction. Nucleic Acids Res. 34(2), 606-612]. Here, we formulate a model of lac induction taking due account of the tetrameric structure of the repressor and the existence of looped complexes. We show that: (1) The kinetics are significantly more cooperative than those predicted by the Yagil and Yagil model. The cooperativity is higher because the formation of looped complexes is easily abolished by repressor-inducer binding. (2) The model provides good fits to the repression data for cells containing wild-type tetrameric or mutant dimeric repressor, as well as the induction curves for 6 different strains of Escherichia coli. It also implies that the ratios of certain looped and non-looped complexes are independent of inducer and repressor levels, a conclusion that can be rigorously tested by gel electrophoresis. (3) Repressor overexpression dramatically increases the cooperativity of the induction curve. This suggests that repressor overexpression can induce bistability in systems, such as growth of E. coli on lactose, that are otherwise monostable.
Catalytic asymmetric generation of (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols.

A one-pot method for the direct preparation of enantioenriched (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols is introduced. Hydroboration of 1-halo-1-alkynes with dicyclohexylborane, reaction with t-BuLi, and transmetalation with dialkylzinc reagents generate (Z)-disubstituted vinylzinc intermediates. In situ reaction of these reagents with aldehydes in the presence of a catalyst derived from (−)-MIB generates (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols. It was found that the resulting allylic alcohols were racemic, most likely due to a rapid addition reaction promoted by LiX (X = Br and Cl). To suppress the LiX-promoted reaction, a series of inhibitors were screened. It was found that 20−30 mol % tetraethylethylenediamine inhibited LiCl without inhibiting the chiral zinc-based Lewis acid. In this fashion, (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols were obtained with up to 98% ee. The asymmetric (Z)-vinylation could be coupled with tandem diastereoselective epoxidation reactions to provide epoxy alcohols and allylic epoxy alcohols w...
Design of a window comparator with adaptive error threshold for online testing applications

This paper presents a novel window comparator circuit whose error threshold adjusts adaptively with respect to its input signal levels. Advantages of adaptive error thresholds over constant or relative error thresholds in analog testing applications are discussed. Analytical equations for guiding the design of the comparator circuitry are derived. The proposed comparator circuit has been designed and fabricated using a CMOS 0.18@mm technology. Measurement results of the fabricated chip are presented.
Estimating multiproduct costs when some outputs are not produced

Pooling diversified and specialized firm data to analyze multiproduct cost technologies raises two issues in applied research: (1) a functional form must be specified that accommodates zero outputs, and (2) assumptions must be made regarding the structure of the multiproduct technology when some outputs are not produced. This article introduces a methodology to estimate the translog multiproduct cost function in the presence of zero outputs. The method adds flexibility to allow for and test competing structural assumptions. The added flexibility can improve measurement of the global properties of multiproduct cost structures. An application to a cross section of U.S. railway firms demonstrates this key advantage.
Anticoagulants in thrombosis and cancer: the missing link

Many cancer patients reportedly have a hypercoagulable state, with recurrent thrombosis due to the impact of cancer cells and chemotherapy on the coagulation cascade. Studies have demonstrated that unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) interferes with various processes involved in tumor growth and metastasis. These processes might include fibrin formation, binding of heparin to angiogenic growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, modulation of tissue factor, and other mechanisms. Clinical trials have indicated a clinically relevant effect of LMWH as compared with UFH on the survival of cancer patients with deep vein thrombosis. Similarly, the impact of warfarin on the survival of cancer patients with thromboembolic disorders was demonstrated. Recent studies from our laboratory defined the role of an LMWH (tinzaparin), warfarin, anti‐factor VIIa, and recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor in the modulation of angiogenesis, tumor growth, and tumor metastasis.
Nonlinear seismo-acoustic land mine detection: field test

The paper presents results of the field test of the nonlinear seismo-acoustic technique for detection and discrimination of land mines. The tests were conducted in summer 2001 at the U.S. Army's outdoor testing facilities. Plastic antitank mines (M19, VS1.6, VS2.2) and plastic antipersonnel mines (M14, VS50, TS50) were confidently detected at their maximum burial depths in both gravel and dirt lanes. Mine M14 is one of the smallest mines and is very difficult to detect by other techniques. The test proved that the nonlinear seismo-acoustic detection algorithm is very sensitive to AT and AP mines, while completely insensitive to false targets, such as rocks, chunks of metal or wood, thus promising to deliver high probability of detection with low false alarm rate. The results of the tests are in good agreement with the developed physical model of the seismo-acoustic detection.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The heterogeneity of the cigarette price effect on body mass index.

Previous studies estimate the average effect of cigarette price on body mass index (BMI), with recent research showing that their different methodologies all point to a negative effect after several years. This literature, however, ignores the possibility that the effect could vary throughout the BMI distribution or across socioeconomic and demographic groups due to differences in underlying obesity risks or preferences for health. We evaluate heterogeneity in the long-run impact of cigarette price on BMI by performing quantile regressions and stratifying the sample by race, education, age, and sex. Cigarette price has a highly heterogeneous negative effect that is more than three times as strong at high BMI levels – where weight loss is most beneficial for health – than at low levels. The effects are also strongest for blacks, college graduates, middle-aged adults, and women. We also assess the implications for disparities, conduct robustness checks, and evaluate potential mechanisms.
Measuring the Size of Quasar Broad-Line Clouds through Time-Delay Light-Curve Anomalies of Gravitational Lenses

Intensive monitoring campaigns have recently attempted to measure the time delays between multiple images of gravitational lenses. Some of the resulting light curves show puzzling low-level, rapid variability that is unique to individual images, superposed on (and concurrent with) longer timescale intrinsic quasar variations that repeat in all images. We demonstrate that both the amplitude and variability timescale of the rapid light-curve anomalies are naturally explained by stellar microlensing of a smooth accretion disk that is occulted by optically thick broad-line clouds. This model also explains the observed correlation between microlensing and intrinsic variability. The rapid timescale is caused by the high velocities of the clouds (~5 × 103 km s -1), and the low-amplitude results from the large number of clouds covering the magnified or demagnified parts of the disk. The observed amplitudes of variations in specific lenses implies that the number of broad-line clouds that cover ~10% of the quasar sky is ~105 per 4π sr. This is comparable to the expected number of broad-line clouds in models where the clouds originate from bloated stars.
Monomeric N-hydroxyethylated amides

Oxyethylated amides that are good wetting agents have been prepared as mixtures by allowing amides to react with ethylene oxide under base catalysis. Individual components of such mixtures can be synthesized by allowing 1-alkylaziridines to react with p-toluenesulfonic acid in monomethylethers of di-, tri- and tetraethylene glycol used as solvents. The aminoethers are then acylated, and the methylether group is removed with trimethylsilyliodide from the resulting amide ethers. The sequence should allow the synthesis of specific wetting agents of quite varied structure (alkyl, aryl groups) with an option for isotopic labeling for more detailed analysis of the wetting properties.
Pattern and velocity of propagation of the global ocean eddy variability

[1] Satellite altimeter data are used to study the characteristics of the horizontal propagation of eddy variability of the global oceans. Decade-long time series of sea surface height is analyzed for finding the maximum cross correlation with neighboring time series within a window of space and time lags. The space and time lags corresponding to the maximum correlation allow an estimate of the propagation velocity of the eddy variability that dominates the variance of sea surface height anomalies. The method cannot distinguish the various forms of eddy variability: isolated eddies and fronts, the meandering of ocean currents, or planetary waves. However, the results provide, at a given location of the global oceans, a uniquely determined propagation velocity that represents a time-averaged description of the tendency of the movement of the local eddy variability. The propagation velocity is highly inhomogeneous in space. Outside the equatorial zone, the zonal propagation is intrinsically westward, modified by ocean currents, which could reverse the zonal propagation to eastward in regions like the Gulf Stream and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. At midlatitudes and high latitudes, the propagation pattern is highly affected by the path of ocean currents and the shape of bottom topography. At tropical latitudes, the meridional propagation is convergent toward the equator in the western basins and divergent away from the equator in the eastern basins. Comparison with the simulations of an eddy-permitting ocean general circulation model shows overall agreement, especially in the latitudinal variation of the zonal propagation velocity. The result suggests that the model has captured the essence of the dynamics governing the propagation of ocean eddy variability.
Imaging threshold detector using a phase-conjugate resonator in BaTiO 3

We have demonstrated an imaging threshold detector using a phase-conjugate resonator to provide high spatial resolution and signal regeneration near threshold. The device is based on spatially resolved grating erasure in photorefractive BaTiO3 and has the capability of high resolution and low cross talk.
Ambient betatron motion and its excitation by ``ghost lines'' in Tevatron

Transverse betatron motion of the Tevatron proton beam is measured and analysed. It is shown that the motion is coherent and excited by external sources of unknown origins. Observations of the time varying ``ghost lines'' in the betatron spectra are reported.
The Infrared Spectrum of Al2H6 in Solid Hydrogen

Although many volatile binary boron hydride compounds are known, binary aluminum hydride chemistry is limited to the polymeric (AlH3)(n) solid. The reaction of laser-ablated aluminum atoms and pure H2 during codeposition at 3.5 kelvin, followed by ultraviolet irradiation and annealing to 6.5 kelvin, allows dimerization of the intermediate AlH3 photolysis product to form Al2H6. The Al2H6 molecule is identified by seven new infrared absorptions that are accurately predicted by quantum chemical calculations for dibridged Al2H6, a molecule that is isostructural with diborane.
Extended GeV-TeV emission around gamma-ray burst remnants and the case of w49b

We investigate the high-energy photon emission around gamma-ray burst (GRB) remnants caused by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) from the GRBs. We apply the results to the recent report that the supernova remnant W49B is a GRB remnant in our Galaxy. If this is correct, and if GRBs are sources of UHECRs, a natural consequence of this identification would be a detectable TeV photon emission around the GRB remnant. The imaging of the surrounding emission could provide new constraints on the jet structure of the GRB.
Simple Synthesis of 4‐Substituted 1(2H)‐Isoquinolinones via Electrophilic Trapping of Lithiated Mono‐ and Dianion Precursors

Abstract Synthetic routes have been developed to access 4‐substituted 1(2H)‐isoquinolinones from readily available precursors. This is achieved via electrophilic trapping of di‐ and monolithium anions derived from alkyllithium exchange of 4‐bromo‐1(2H)‐isoquinolinones and corresponding 4‐bromo‐1‐methoxyisoquinolines, respectively. Products derived from the latter are then hydrolyzed to the target 4‐substituted 1(2H)‐isoquinolinones. The methodology has potential application to access 4‐substituted 1(2H)‐isoquinolinones with additional substituents in either ring.
A method for measuring the spatial concentration of airline travel demand

Abstract The index of spatial concentration is defined as the maximum cumulative proportion of trips that are directly linked to a set of selected nodes. The curve connecting the indexes of incremental nodes is approximated by the Gompertz function. Estimated parameters of the function can be used to evaluate the spatial concentration of airline travel demand. The origin-destination data of airline traffic among 30 American cities in 1985 were examined in a case study.
Integrated Estimation/Identification Using Second-Order Dynamic Models

An algorithm is presented which accurately identifies multi-input-multi-output systems characterized by vibrating structures. More specifically, an identification technique is integrated with an optimal estimator in order to develop an algorithm which is robust with respect to measurement and process noise. The unique functional form of the integrated approach utilizes systems described by second-order models. Therefore, theoretical mass, damping, and stiffness matrices, associated with lumped parameter models, are tailored with experimental time-domain data for system estimation and identification. This leads to an algorithm that is computationally efficient, producing realizations of complex multiple degree-of-freedom systems. The combined estimation/identification algorithm is used to identify the properties of an actual flexible truss from experimental data. Comparison of experimental frequency-domain data to the predicted model characteristics indicates that the integrated algorithm produces near-minimal realizations coupled with accurate modal properties.
Behavioral styles in infancy and adulthood: the work of Karen Horney and attachment theorists collaterally considered.

Both Horney and attachment theorists are concerned with understanding those factors that describe an individual's quality of adaptation to important life events and stress. Horney's theory describes the deviant functioning of three adult neurotic personality types from a psychoanalytic perspective and speculates on early parent-child relationships in regard to later functioning. Attachment theory, from an ethological perspective, describes three characteristic modes of infant functioning based on observations of child-mother interaction. While Horney and attachment theorists are different in theoretical perspective, population studied, methodology used, and the segment of the life cycle on which they focus, both conceptualizations are remarkably similar in the description of three fundamental behavioral styles that define the quality of the individual's adaptation in relation to others and ability to deal with stress.
Alkoxy radical accelerated β-fragmentation of alcohols and lactols

Abstract Treatment of alcohols and lactols with Pb(OAc)4/Cu(OAc)2 in refluxing benzene provides the corresponding δ-unsaturated carbonyl products.
Partial Oxidation of Methane

Abstract Partial oxidation is a widely used process to convert hydrocarbons and alcohols to valuable oxygen-containing chemicals. Although methane is the simplest hydrocarbon which gives formaldehyde and methanol as partial oxidation products, the direct utilization of these reactions for the manufacture of formaldehyde and methanol has remained extremely difficult. During the 1940s, two processes for the conversion of methane to formaldehyde were developed in Germany [l]. The first process used NO as a catalyst, and a commercial plant using this process was known to have been in operation in Copsa Mica in Romania. The second process used a combination of ozone and barium peroxide as the catalyst. In the current industrial practice, however, methane is converted to HCHO through a three-step process involving high temperature steam reforming, low pressure methanol synthesis, and oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde, as shown by Unlike steam reforming, direct oxidation does not require ener...
Intramolecular cyclization reactions of carbonyl derivatives of hydroxysulfones

Abstract The γ and δ-hydroxysulfone tert-butyl ester derivatives 2a–e are easily prepared from the corresponding hydroxysulfones by phase-transfer alkylation reactions. The sulfonyl carbanions of 2a–e are readily generated upon treatment with LHMDS in THF at −78°C and undergo intramolecular acylation reactions to give a variety of functionalized cyclic ethers 4a–e in good yields. The intramolecular aldol-type reaction of the sulfonyl carbanion of 6a is useful for the preparation of six-membered oxacyclic ring systems with high diastereo selective control and is best carried out under equilibrating conditions (tBuOK in toluene). This study clearly shows that it is possible to generate an α-sulfonyl carbanion and effect its intramolecular cyclization even in the presence of other protons of comparable acidity elsewhere in the substrate. The scope, limitations and synthetic utility of this intramolecular cyclization strategy have been examined.
Temperature-dependent refractive index of CaF2 and Infrasil 301

In order to enable high quality lens designs using calcium fluoride (CaF2) and Heraeus Infrasil 301 (Infrasil) for cryogenic operating temperatures, we have measured the absolute refractive index of these two materials as a function of both wavelength and temperature using the Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. For CaF2, we report absolute refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) at temperatures ranging from 25 to 300 K at wavelengths from 0.4 to 5.6 μm, while for Infrasil, we cover temperatures ranging from 35 to 300 K and wavelengths from 0.4 to 3.6 μm. For CaF2, we compare our index measurements to measurements of other investigators. For Infrasil, we compare our measurements to the material manufacturer's data at room temperature and to cryogenic measurements for fused silica from previous investigations including one of our own. Finally, we provide temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients based on our measured data to allow accurate interpolation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures.
MOOCs and the Online Delivery of Business Education What's new? What's not? What now?

Although the past 2 decades have produced much promise (and accompanying research) on the use of information technology (IT) in business school courses, it is not entirely clear whether IT has trul...
Onset of decoherence in open quantum systems

We introduce a new approximation scheme for evaluation of onset of decoherence at low temperatures in quantum systems interacting with environment. The approximation is argued to apply at short and intermediate times. It provides an approach complementary to Markovian approximations and appropriate for evaluation of quantum computing schemes.
Turbulent Mixing, Viscosity, Diffusion, and Gravity in the Formation of Cosmological Structures: The Fluid Mechanics of Dark Matter

Self-gravitational structure formation theory for astrophysics and cosmology is revised using nonlinear fluid mechanics. Gibson's 1996-2000 theory balances fluid mechanical forces with gravitational forces and density diffusion with gravitational diffusion at critical viscous, turbulent, magnetic, and diffusion length scales termed Schwarz scales. Condensation and fragmentation occur for scales exceeding the largest Schwarz scale rather than Lj, the length scale introduced by Jeans in his 1902 inviscid-linear-acoustic theory. The largest Schwarz scale is often larger or smaller than L J . From the new theory, the inner-halo (10 21 m) dark-matter of galaxies comprises ∼10 5 fossil-L J -scale clumps of 10 12 Earth-mass fossil-L SV -scale planets called primordial fog particles (PFPs) condensed soon after the cooling transition from plasma to neutral gas 300,000 years after the Big Bang, with PFPs tidally disrupted from their clumps forming the interstellar medium. PFPs explain Schild's 1996 rogue planets.., likely to be the missing mass of a quasar lens-galaxy, inferred from twinkling frequencies of the quasar mirages, giving 30 million planets per star. The non-baryonic dark matter is super-diffusive and fragments at large L SD scales to form massive outer-galaxy-halos. In the beginning of structure formation 30,000 years after the Big Bang, with photon viscosity values v of 5 ×10 26 m 2 s -1 , the viscous Schwarz scale matched the horizon scale (L SV L H <L J ), giving 10 46 kg proto-superclusters and finally 10 42 kg proto-galaxies. Non-baryonic fluid diffusivities D ∼ 10 28 m 2 s -1 from galaxy-outer-halo (L SD ) scales (10 22 m) measured in a dense galaxy cluster by Tyson, J. A., and Fischer, P., 1995, Measurement of the Mass profile of Abell 1689, Ap. J., 446, pp. L55-L58, indicate non-baryonic dark matter particles must have small mass (∼10 -35 kg) to avoid detection.
Is neuroleptic dysphoria a healthy response

We examined the relationship between neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal effects, subjective neuroleptic dysphoria, and clinical outcome in acutely psychotic inpatients. Thirteen of 50 consecutively admitted patients experienced severe neuroleptic dysphoria. Dysphoric patients were less likely to comply with neuroleptic, but nine did complete neuroleptic trials. The compliant dysphoric inpatients received significantly lower neuroleptic doses compared with nondysphoric patients, and yet had equivalent overall improvement of psychotic symptoms and less severe extrapyramidal effects. Despite having fewer physical signs of akinesia, dysphoric patients were significantly more distressed from akinesia than nondysphoric. We conclude that while some neuroleptic dysphoric patients become noncompliant, others benefit from dysphoria by negotiating for lower, less toxic, and yet effective neuroleptic dosages.
Short-time decoherence for general system-environment interactions

A short-time approximation is developed for system-environmental bath mode interactions involving a general non-Hermitian system operator $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and its conjugate ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ in order to evaluate the onset of decoherence at low temperatures in quantum systems interacting with the environment. The developed approach is complementary to Markovian approximations and appropriate for the evaluation of quantum computing schemes. An example of a spin system coupled to a bosonic heat bath via $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ is worked out in detail.
Was what ail'd ya what kill'd ya?

Making use of those Union Army veterans for whom death certificates are available, we compare the conditions with which they were diagnosed by Civil War pension surgeons to the causes of death on the certificates. We divide the data between those veterans who entered the pension system early because of war injuries and those who entered the pension system after the 1890 reform that made it available to many more veterans. We examine the correlation between specific medical conditions rated by the surgeons and death causes to gauge support for the hypothesis that death is attributable to something specific. We also examine the correlation between the accumulation of rated conditions to the length of time until death to gauge support for the “insult hypothesis.” In general, we find support for both hypotheses. Examining the hazard ratios for dying of a specific condition, there is support for the idea that what ail’d ya’ is what kill’d ya’.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization of Allenyl Epoxides

Cationic gold(I) phosphite catalysts activate allenes for epoxide cascade reactions. The system is tolerant of numerous functional groups (sulfones, esters, ethers, sulfonamides) and proceeds at room temperature in dichloromethane. The cyclization pathway is sensitive to the substitution pattern of the epoxide and the backbone structure of the A-ring. It is capable of producing medium-ring ethers, fused 6-5 bicyclic, and linked pyran-furan structures. The resulting cycloisomers are reminiscent of structures found in numerous polyether natural products.
Organic chemistry: Collaborative synthesis.

A chemical synthesis has led to the reassignment of the molecular structure of the naturally occurring compound citrinalin B. This, in turn, helps to untangle the biochemical origins of an intriguing family of natural products. See Article p.318
Atomistic Simulation of the Nanoindentation of Diamond and Graphite Surfaces

Abstract : Molecular dynamics simulations which make use of a many-body analytic potential function have been used to study the nanometer-scale indentation of diamond and graphite. We find that the simulation correctly reproduces experimentally determined trends in load versus penetration data. As a result, trends in mechanical properties, e.g. Young's modulus, are also reproduced.
Graphical systems communication: an associative memory approach

This paper describes the design and preliminary implementation of a graphics system using a large and small computer configuration connected through conventional voice lines. The small computer is driven by both graphical and conventional input/output devices. In this type of system it is extremely important that the communication line carry only messages with high information content, since low speed is one of the major system constraints. Thus, the design of the software system depends heavily on the communication support devices, as well as on the relative power of the computers.
A Method for the Deprotection of Alkylpinacolyl Boronate Esters

A two-step procedure for deprotection of alkylpinacolyl boronate esters via transesterification with diethanolamine followed by hydrolysis was successfully developed with the advantages of tolerance to various functional groups, short reaction time, and ease of product isolation.
Dust in Starburst Galaxies

To investigate the nature of starburst dust, we constructed a model of the stars and dust in starburst galaxies and applied it to 30 observed starburst spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The starburst model was constructed by combining two stellar evolutionary synthesis models with a model describing the radiative transfer of stellar photons through dust. The stellar evolutionary synthesis models were used to compute the dust-free SEDs for stellar populations with ages between 1 ? 106 and 15 ? 109 yr. Using a Monte Carlo radiative transfer model, the effects of dust were computed for average Milky Way (MW) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) dust, two different star/dust geometries, and locally homogeneous or clumpy dust. Using color-color plots, the starburst model was used to interpret the behavior of 30 starbursts with aperture-matched UV and optical SEDs (and IR for 19 of the 30) from previous studies. From the color-color plots, it was evident that the dust in starbursts has an extinction curve lacking a 2175 ? bump, like the SMC curve, and a steep far-UV rise, intermediate between the MW and SMC curves. The star/dust geometry that is able to explain the distribution of the 30 starbursts in various color-color plots has an inner dust-free sphere of stars surrounded by an outer star-free shell of clumpy dust. When combined with other work from the literature on the Orion region and the 30 Dor region of the Large Magellanic Cloud, this work implies a trend in dust properties with star formation intensity.
Synthesis of 3-pyrrolines via a [4+1]-annulation strategy

Abstract The reaction of amines with 2,3-diphenylsulfonyl-1,3-butadiene produces 3-pyrrolines which are readily oxidized to 3-phenylsulfonyl pyrroles.
Integrable superhierarchy of discretized 2D supergravity

Abstract The hierarchical nonlinear super-differential equations are identified which describe the universal behavior of the discretized model of 2D supergravity recently proposed. This is done by first taking a double scaling limit of the super Virasoro constraints (at finite N) of the model and by rederiving it from the G − 1 2 constraint and the two reduction of the super KP hierarchy discussed. The double-scaled constraints are found to be described by a twisted scalar and a Ramond fermion.
Design for a high energy density Kelvin–Helmholtz experiment

Abstract While many high energy density physics (HEDP) Rayleigh–Taylor and Richtmyer–Meshkov instability experiments have been fielded as part of basic HEDP and astrophysics studies, not one HEDP Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) experiment has been successfully performed. Herein, a design for a novel HEDP X-ray driven KH experiment is presented along with supporting radiation-hydrodynamic simulation and theory.
The Dearth of UV-Bright Stars in M32: Implications for Stellar Evolution Theory*

Using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope, we have obtained deep far ultraviolet images of the compact elliptical galaxy M32. When combined with earlier near-ultraviolet images of the same field, these data enable the construction of an ultraviolet color-magnitude diagram of the hot horizontal branch (HB) population and other hot stars in late phases of stellar evolution. We find few post-asymptotic giant branch (PAGB) stars in the galaxy, implying that these stars either cross the HR diagram more rapidly than expected, and/or that they spend a significant fraction of their time enshrouded in circumstellar material. The predicted luminosity gap between the hot HB and its AGB-Manque (AGBM) progeny is less pronounced than expected, especially when compared to evolutionary tracks with enhanced helium abundances, implying that the presence of hot HB stars in this metal-rich population is not due to (Delta)Y/(Delta)Z greater than or approx. 4. Only a small fraction (approx. 2%) of the HB population is hot enough to produce significant UV emission, yet most of the W emission in this galaxy comes from the hot HB and AGBM stars, implying that PAGB stars are not a significant source of W emission even in those elliptical galaxies with a weak W excess. Subject headings: galaxies: evolution - galaxies: stellar content - galaxies: individual (M32) - stars: evolution - stars: horizontal branch
Computer Simulation Results for Planar Reflectors and Flat Plate Solar Collectors

The benefits attributed to reflectors for increasing performance of flat plate collectors vary quite widely in the literature. In the present study, a detailed computer simulation is carried out to investigate the increase in performance. The results show that: (1) collectors should be placed at higher tilt angle than usual (2) reflectors placed in front of the collectors can be tilted up 5 or 10 deg and (3) performance has a broad peak with respect to tilt angle. The system performance enhancement in Salt Lake City, Utah ranges from 1.16 for domestic hot water to 1.28 for space heating for equal reflector-collector areas, and the break-even ratio of per area reflector to collector cost is from 16 to 28% for these systems.
Contributions of Economics to the Study of Consumer Market Behavior

(1969). Contributions of Economics to the Study of Consumer Market Behavior. Applied Economics: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 125-136.
A local construction of the Smith normal form of a matrix polynomial

We present an algorithm for computing a Smith form with multipliers of a regular matrix polynomial over a field. This algorithm differs from previous ones in that it computes a local Smith form for each irreducible factor in the determinant separately and then combines them into a global Smith form, whereas other algorithms apply a sequence of unimodular row and column operations to the original matrix. The performance of the algorithm in exact arithmetic is reported for several test cases.
Bladder Acellular Matrix Graft in Rats: Its Neurophysiologic Properties and mRNA Expression of Growth Factors TGF-alpha and TGF-beta

To assess the neurophysiologic properties and molecular mechanisms of the bladder acellular matrix graft (BAMG), we performed cystometric and neurophysiologic studies in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 46) at varying intervals. The animals were assigned to 3 groups: 1) normal, 2) partial cystectomy (>50%), and 3) partial cystectomy (>50%) and grafting with a BAMG of equal size. Additionally, matrix-grafted and host bladders were processed for analysis of mRNA expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Matrix-grafted bladders showed a significantly higher bladder capacity at 3 and 6 weeks and 4 months than those with partial cystectomy alone, and a significantly higher bladder capacity at 4 months than in normal controls (P < or = 0.01). Residual urine volume was significantly increased at 4 months. Electrostimulation of the pelvic nerve provoked generalized bladder contractions, a response that was reduced by atropine and hexamethonium. Variable induction of TGF-alpha, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3 gene transcription was evident in the BAMG, with prominent mRNA expression of TGF-alpha and TGF-beta1 6 months after surgery. These cystometric results and detrusor responses to stimulation provide further evidence that graft components do not interfere with host components. Matrix-grafted rat bladders generate, although not increased over time, adequate intravesical pressure responses to produce sustained voiding. Gene expression of different growth factors may be significant in understanding their role in the development and differentiation of the BAMG for partial bladder replacement.
Discovering the foundational philosophies, practices, and influences of modern management theory

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to discuss the factors that influenced the establishment of modern management into the pervasive force it is today. It briefly describes modern management and discusses the reasons for this gap in knowledge in such a critical area. The main analysis of the paper focuses on the following social ideas and influences that created the conditions for modern management to be formed and established: social Darwinism and religion, the rise of social science, the promise of the scientific method, and the perspectives of the business tycoons. Design/methodology/approach – This paper analyzes the prevailing trends of the late 1800 s to determine which had the greatest influence on the formation of modern management. Findings – This paper concludes that the greatest factors on the establishment of modern management were social Darwinism and the promise of the scientific method. These, then, provided the perfect environment for Frederick W. Taylor to become the embodiment and popular...
Foreign Aid, Public Savings Displacement and Aid Dependency in Cote d'Ivoire: An Aid Disaggregation Approach

This paper uses the fiscal response framework to investigate the extent to which different categories of foreign aid flows, namely project aid, programme aid, technical assistance and food aid, displace public savings and affect the recipient country's dependence on aid, using time series data for Cote d'Ivoire for the period 1975–99.The results indicate that, in general, project aid flows tend to reduce public savings and worsen Cote d'Ivoire's dependence on aid more than the other categories of aid flows. This finding therefore suggests that accounting for aid heterogeneity in aid studies as well as aid policies design and implementation could be crucial in improving aid effectiveness to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
MINERvA Status and Event Reconstruction

MINERνA (Main INjector ExpeRiment ν-A) is a few-GeV neutrino scattering experiment that began taking data in the NuMI beam at Fermilab (FNAL) in the Fall of 2009. MINERνA employs a fine-grained detector, with an eight ton active target region composed of plastic scintillator. It also uses nuclear targets composed of carbon, iron, and lead placed upstream of the active region to measure ν-A dependence. The experiment will provide important inputs for neutrino oscillation experiments and a pure weak probe of nuclear structure. We offer a set of initial kinematic distributions of interest and provide a summary of current operations and event reconstruction status.
Preventive Migraine Treatment

The pharmacologic treatment of migraine may be acute (abortive) or preventive (prophylactic), and patients with frequent severe headaches often require both approaches. Preventive therapy is used to try to reduce the frequency, duration, or severity of attacks. The preventive medications with the best-documented efficacy are amitriptyline, divalproex, topiramate, and the beta-blockers. Choice is made based on a drug's proven efficacy, the physician's informed belief about medications not yet evaluated in controlled trials, the drug's adverse events, the patient's preferences and headache profile, and the presence or absence of coexisting disorders. Because comorbid medical and psychologic illnesses are prevalent in patients who have migraine, one must consider comorbidity when choosing preventive drugs. Drug therapy may be beneficial for both disorders; however, it is also a potential confounder of optimal treatment of either.
Low-Volatility Investing

It is well established that stocks with lower price fluctuations tend to outperform riskier ones. This article reviews plausible explanations for the low volatility anomaly and reproduce the performance of low volatility strategies in different market environments as well as in different geographical applications. We further attribute the outperformance by decomposing the excess returns of low volatility strategies into well-known sources of equity factor premiums. We find that standard long-only low volatility strategies capture not just the low volatility premium, but, in many cases, also rely on other premiums. Additionally, we illustrate the benefit of incorporating low volatility equity strategies in an asset allocation exercise; the inclusion of low volatility strategies can significantly expand the efficient frontier and improve the resulting portfolio’s overall risk/return profile.
Observational Test of Coronal Magnetic Field Models. I. Comparison with Potential Field Model

Recent advances have made it possible to obtain two-dimensional line-of-sight magnetic field maps of the solar corona from spectropolarimetric observations of the Fe XIII 1075 nm forbidden coronal emission line. Together with the linear polarization measurements that map the azimuthal direction of the coronal magnetic field projected in the plane of the sky containing Sun center, these coronal vector magnetograms allow for direct and quantitative observational testing of theoretical coronal magnetic field models. This paper presents a study testing the validity of potential-field coronal magnetic field models. We constructed a theoretical coronal magnetic field model of active region AR 10582 observed by the SOLARC coronagraph in 2004 by using a global potential field extrapolation of the synoptic map of Carrington Rotation 2014. Synthesized linear and circular polarization maps from thin layers of the coronal magnetic field model above the active region along the line of sight are compared with the observed maps. We found that the observed linear and circular polarization signals are consistent with the synthesized ones from layers located just above the sunspot of AR 10582 near the plane of the sky containing the Sun center.
Computation of nonequilibrium merged stagnation shock layers by successive accelerated replacement

Results are presented for fully merged shock layer computations in the stagnation region of a hypersonic body. Numerical solutions are obtained with a new technique which avoids several troublesome aspects of previous methods. The effects of nonequilibrium chemistry are studied for a multicomponent air mixture and the resulting electron concentrations are calculated. The analysis assumes a continuum approach and employs the well known "locally similar" flow model. The governing system of equations constitutes a two-point boundary value problem which is solved using a simple finite difference method called successive accelerated replacement, or SAR. Special attention is given to a singularity that appears in the continuity equation, and the importance of an acceleration factor on the convergence of the solution is discussed. Solutions are obtained for a Reynolds number range of 814 to 4000 and for flight speeds from 15,000 to 26,000/fps. Predicted results for the electron concentration are compared with experimental data and good agreement is obtained.
Dopant segregation and giant magnetoresistance in manganese-doped germanium

Dopant segregation in a ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ dilute magnetic semiconductor leads to a remarkable self-assembly of Mn-rich nanocolumns, embedded in a fully compensated Ge matrix. Samples grown at $80\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ display a giant positive magnetoresistance that correlates directly with the distribution of magnetic impurities. Annealing at $200\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ increases Mn substitution in the host matrix above the threshold for the insulator-metal transition, while maintaining the columnar morphology, and results in global ferromagnetism with conventional negative magnetoresistance. The qualitative features of magnetism and transport in this nanophase material are thus extremely sensitive to the precise location and distribution of the magnetic dopants.
A convenient synthesis of vinyl sulfoximines from β-hydroxyalkyl sulfoximines

Abstract Previously unknown free and N-acylated vinyl sulfoximines were readily prepared via elimination of β-hydroxyalkyl methylphenylsulfoximines.