cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The late acquisition of coarticulatory patterns associated with English liquid articulation

The late acquisition of liquids is well documented and attributed to the simultaneous anterior and posterior lingual constrictions required. But adult-like segmental production also entails the acquisition of coarticulatory patterns. Liquids are interesting in this regard because they have exceptionally strong effects on their surround, including long-distance anticipatory effects. The current study investigated the development of these effects in 5-year-old, 8-year-old, and adult speech using a previously validated perceptually based measurement technique (Redford et al., 2018). Ten participants per age-group produced minimal pair words with /r/ and /l/ onsets in sentences with several unstressed function words preceding the target liquid. Overall results indicated longer distance anticipatory effects for /r/ than /l/. Two group differences were also identified: anticipatory coarticulation of /l/ was equal to /r/ in 5-year-old speech, and greater than anticipatory coarticulation of /l/ in 8-year-old or adult speech. The results indicate distinct timing patterns for English /r/ and /l/. We suggest that the greater anticipatory coarticulation of /l/ observed in 5-year-olds’ speech may indicate its default articulation in a running speech context, and that the development of its adult-like articulation therefore requires learning to inhibit extensive pre-posturing. [Work funded by NIH grant No. R01HD087452.]The late acquisition of liquids is well documented and attributed to the simultaneous anterior and posterior lingual constrictions required. But adult-like segmental production also entails the acquisition of coarticulatory patterns. Liquids are interesting in this regard because they have exceptionally strong effects on their surround, including long-distance anticipatory effects. The current study investigated the development of these effects in 5-year-old, 8-year-old, and adult speech using a previously validated perceptually based measurement technique (Redford et al., 2018). Ten participants per age-group produced minimal pair words with /r/ and /l/ onsets in sentences with several unstressed function words preceding the target liquid. Overall results indicated longer distance anticipatory effects for /r/ than /l/. Two group differences were also identified: anticipatory coarticulation of /l/ was equal to /r/ in 5-year-old speech, and greater than anticipatory coarticulation of /l/ in 8-year-old or a...
Long-Range Maritime Communications through a Multi-Link Ensemble

We consider the ability to support communications for beyond line of site (BLOS) maritime applications through an ensemble of communication link modalities. While satellite communications is often used for this purpose it can be costly in terms of airtime. As anticipated no one modality is expected to enable adequate performance; however, we have modelled the performance of an ensemble of links which shows promise in providing operationally-relevant data rates. The link paths investigated include HF (skywave and surface wave), ducting, meteor burst, and troposcatter.
Household Food Insecurity, Coping Strategies, and Happiness: The Case of Two Public Housing Communities

Food insecurity continues to affect a significant number of U.S. households, even during periods of economic growth and prosperity. Household food insecurity in the U.S. is measured with the Food Security Core Survey Module, which reflects the importance of household financial resource con­straint as the ultimate cause of food insecurity. While the module recognizes some of the strategies households employ to cope with food hardships, it hardly encompasses the salient strategies common­ly used by low-income families. The purpose of this study is to identify the major strategies low-income households employ to cope with their food insecurity, and to gain insight into the process they go through toward making ends meet and into how the process may affect their sense of overall happiness. To this end, a survey instrument[1] was developed and administered to low-income house­holds in two public housing communities in Atlanta, Georgia. The results indicated that the majority of the sampled households, even those classified as food secure, report insufficiency of income to cover their monthly expenses. As a consequence, they employed a number of coping strategies to make ends meet. These included forgoing or delaying purchases of non-food items and borrowing or seeking help from friends and relatives. The study also found a mismatch between household self-assessment of their food conditions and food-security level classification. Despite the severity of coping strategies used, some households reported overall happiness with their lives, although, for the majority, the results suggested a positive association between percep­tions of food sufficiency and a sense of overall happiness. [1] The survey instrument it is available from the corresponding author upon request.
Genome editing of staple crop plants to combat iron deficiency

Abstract Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms, while plants are the major source of Fe for humans and livestock. Fe deficiency in humans has been described as the most common nutritional deficiency affecting nearly 30% of the world’s population. Fe deficiency also has a negative impact on plant development, crop yield, and seed quality. Increasing the concentrations of bioavailable Fe in edible tissues of crops will reduce this “hidden hunger” globally. On the contrary, over accumulation of Fe is also potentially toxic, so it is essential to maintain a fine balance between deficiency and toxicity, a process mediated by several networks of transporters throughout the plant. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms of uptake, distribution, and overall allocation of Fe in different tissues will help in developing crops with higher nutritional value. In this chapter, we highlight the iron-uptake mechanism adopted by Arabidopsis, rice, and maize, and different strategies on genome editing to enhance the iron content of crop plants.
Excising the Mystery of Single-Guide RNA Processing.

Over the past 10 years, utilization of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in plants has rapidly and significantly altered the scale and scope of both basic research and crop development. The transformative nature of genome editing technology has led to a great appetite for optimization. Many researchers
Simultaneous mesoscopic Ca2+ imaging and fMRI: Neuroimaging spanning spatiotemporal scales

ABSTRACT To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of brain function requires simultaneous measurement of activity across a range of spatiotemporal scales. However, the appropriate tools to perform such studies are largely unavailable. Here, we present a novel approach for concurrent wide-field optical and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By merging these two modalities, we are for the first time able to simultaneously acquire whole-brain blood-oxygen-level-dependent and whole-cortex calcium-sensitive fluorescent measures of brain activity. We describe the developments that allow us to combine these modalities without compromising the fidelity of either technique. In a transgenic murine model, we examine correspondences between activity measured using these modalities and identify unique and complementary features of each. Our approach links cell-type specific optical measurements of neural activity to the most widely used method for assessing human brain function. These data and approach directly establish the neural basis for the macroscopic connectivity patterns observed with fMRI.
Evaluating factors influencing infrasonic signal detection and automatic processing performance utilizing a regional network.

Physical and deployment factors that influence infrasound signal detection and assess automatic detection performance for a regional infrasound network of arrays in the Western U.S. are explored using signatures of ground truth (GT) explosions (yields). Despite these repeated known sources, published infrasound event bulletins contain few GT events. Arrays are primarily distributed toward the south-southeast and south-southwest at distances between 84 and 458 km of the source with one array offering azimuthal resolution toward the northeast. Events occurred throughout the spring, summer, and fall of 2012 with the majority occurring during the summer months. Depending upon the array, automatic detection, which utilizes the adaptive F-detector successfully, identifies between 14% and 80% of the GT events, whereas a subsequent analyst review increases successful detection to 24%–90%. Combined background noise quantification, atmospheric propagation analyses, and comparison of spectral amplitudes determine the mechanisms that contribute to missed detections across the network. This analysis provides an estimate of detector performance across the network, as well as a qualitative assessment of conditions that impact infrasound monitoring capabilities. The mechanisms that lead to missed detections at individual arrays contribute to network-level estimates of detection capabilities and provide a basis for deployment decisions for regional infrasound arrays in areas of interest.
The Rates of the Passing of Time, Presentism, and the Issue of Co-Existence in Special Relativity

By considering situations from the paradox of the twins in relativity, it is shown that time passes at different rates along different world lines, answering some well-known objections. The best explanation for the different rates is that time indeed passes. If time along a world line is something with a rate, and a variable rate, then it is difficult to see it as merely a unique, invariant, monotonic parameter without any further explanation of what it is. Although it could, conceivably, be explained by the flow of something, it is better explained by the passing of a point present, which faces the problem that there is no absolute simultaneity in special relativity so that the present for an object is confined to just that object. This raises problems about presentism, eternalism, simultaneity, and special relativity. These issues are addressed first by giving accounts of presentism and eternalism and then an account of existence and times for objects relative to world lines. Finally, an analogy between a world of relativistic objects and Leibniz’s ontology of monads.
Spiritual Care Assessment and Intervention (SCAI) for Adult Outpatients With Advanced Cancer and Caregivers: A Pilot Trial to Assess Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effects:

Background:Although religion and spirituality are important to adults with cancer and their family caregivers, few studies have tested spiritual care interventions in the outpatient setting.Aim:To ...
Autonomous Separation Assurance with Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

A novel deep multi-agent reinforcement learning framework is proposed to identify and resolve conflicts among a variable number of aircraft in a high-density, stochastic, and dynamic en route secto...
The Development of a Web-Based Tobacco Tracker Tool to Crowdsource Campus Environmental Reports for Smoke and Tobacco-Free College Policies: Mixed Methods Study.

Background: College campuses in the United States have begun implementing smoke and tobacco–free policies to discourage the use of tobacco. Smoke and tobacco–free policies, however, are contingent upon effective policy enforcement. Objective: This study aimed to develop an empirically derived web-based tracking tool (Tracker) for crowdsourcing campus environmental reports of tobacco use and waste to support smoke and tobacco–free college policies. Methods: An exploratory sequential mixed methods approach was utilized to inform the development and evaluation of Tracker. In October 2018, three focus groups across 2 California universities were conducted and themes were analyzed, guiding Tracker development. After 1 year of implementation, users were asked in April 2020 to complete a survey about their experience. Results: In the focus groups, two major themes emerged: barriers and facilitators to tool utilization. Further Tracker development was guided by focus group input to address these barriers (eg, information, policing, and logistical concerns) and facilitators (eg, environmental motivators and positive reinforcement). Amongst 1163 Tracker reports, those who completed the user survey (n=316) reported that the top motivations for using the tool had been having a cleaner environment (212/316, 79%) and health concerns (185/316, 69%). Conclusions: Environmental concerns, a motivator that emerged in focus groups, shaped Tracker’s development and was cited by the majority of users surveyed as a top motivator for utilization.
2D Angular Correlation of Annihilation Radiation: Current Trends and Future Possibilities

Recent improvements in two-dimensional angular correlation measurement and analysis techniques have greatly increased the power of the method to image the Fermi surfaces of electronically complex systems. That, and the further and dramatic improvement that must result when the present radioisotope positron sources are replaced by intense monoenergetic positron beams are discussed and illustrated. PACS numbers: 78.70.B.1, 71.28.+d, 71.25.Ηc
Who’s the Fascist? Uses of the Nazi Past at the Geert Wilders Trial

This essay looks at how, during his trial, Geert Wilders and his opponents used references to the Nazi era – including but not limited to the Holocaust – to frame debates over Muslim immigration, Wilders himself, and the acceptability of hate speech trials. The Wilders trial is especially interesting because each side sought to call the other a “fascist.” For Wilders, the Quran was a fascist book, an Islamic Mein Kampf. To his opponents, Wilders was a “prototypical” fascist, one who spoke to the gut not the mind. But perhaps the strongest use of the Nazi past involved victims. If a well-established Jewish community faced the Nazis largely without the support of their fellow Dutch citizens and today faces continued anti-Semitism, what should Muslim newcomers expect? On a broader level the multiple references to World War II, fascism, and the Holocaust in the Wilders case show how nearly seventy years after the Allied forces declared victory the Nazi past continues to play a major role in European discourse over hate speech laws.
Estimating Crossover Frequencies and Testing for Numerical Interference with Highly Polymorphic Markers

Interference may be viewed as having two aspects, numerical interference referring to the numbers of crossovers occurring, and positional interference referring to the positions of crossovers. Here, the focus is on numerical interference and on methods of testing for its presence. A dense map of highly polymorphic markers is assumed so that each crossover can be observed.
Sequence-Specific and/or Stereospecific Constraints of the U3 Enhancer Elements of MCF 247-W Are Important for Pathogenicity

The oncogenic potential of many nonacute retroviruses is dependent on the duplication of the enhancer sequences present in the unique 3′ (U3) region of the long terminal repeat (LTR). In a molecular clone (MCF 247-W) of the murine leukemia virus MCF 247, a leukemogenic mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) virus, the U3 enhancer sequences are tandemly repeated in the LTR. We mutated the enhancer region of MCF 247-W to test the hypothesis that the duplicated enhancer sequences of this virus have a sequence-specific and/or a stereospecific role in enhancer function required for transformation. In one virus, we inserted 14 nucleotide bp into the novel sequence generated at the junction of the two enhancers to generate an MCF virus with an interrupted enhancer region. In the second virus, only one copy of the enhancer sequences was present. This second virus also lacked the junction sequence present between the two enhancers of MCF 247-W. Both viruses were less leukemogenic and had a longer mean latency period than MCF 247-W. These data indicate that the sequence generated at the junction of the two enhancers and/or the stereospecific arrangement of the two enhancer elements are required for the full oncogenic potential of MCF 247-W. We analyzed proviral LTRs within the c-myc locus in tumor DNAs from mice injected with the MCF virus with the interrupted enhancer region. Some of the proviral LTRs integrated upstream of c-myc contain enhancer regions that are larger than those of the injected virus. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the virus with an interrupted enhancer changes in vivo to perform its role in the transformation of T cells.
Ventricular electrical instability in the conscious dog

The effect of psychologic stress on cardiac vulnerability was examined in 10 conscious dogs. The repetitive extrasystole threshold was employed as a measure of susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation. Instrumental aversive conditioning constituted a stressful environment. The repetitive extrasystole threshold decreased by nearly 50 percent during 3 days in which the animals were exposed to the stressful environment. When Tolamolol hydrochloride, a cardioselective beta adrenoceptor blocking agent, was administered before a stress session, the repetitive extrasystole threshold was unaltered from the control value. Thus, stress-evoked changes in cardiac vulnerability are mediated through the sympathetic nervous system.
Principles of Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography

X-ray crystallography is one of the major tools available for protein structural analysis. This unit provides an introductory review of the principles of X-ray crystallography that covers how the image is generated and analyzed. The second half of the unit describes strategies for producing crystals of protein, including methods for dealing with proteins that do not easily form crystals.
Antigen-specific inhibition of CD8+ T cell response by immature myeloid cells in cancer is mediated by reactive oxygen species.

Tumor growth is associated with the accumulation of immature myeloid cells (ImC), which in mice are characterized by the expression of Gr-1 and CD11b markers. These cells suppress Ag-specific CD8 + T cells via direct cell-cell contact. However, the mechanism of immunosuppressive activity of tumor-derived ImC remains unclear. In this study we analyzed the function of ImC isolated from tumor-free control and tumor-bearing mice. Only ImC isolated from tumor-bearing mice, not those from their control counterparts, were able to inhibit the Ag-specific response of CD8 + T cells. ImC obtained from tumor-bearing mice had significantly higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than ImC isolated from tumor-free animals. Accumulation of H 2 O 2 , but not superoxide or NO, was a major contributor to this increased pool of ROS. It appears that arginase activity played an important role in H 2 O 2 accumulation in these cells. Inhibition of ROS in ImC completely abrogated the inhibitory effect of these cells on T cells, indicating that ImC generated in tumor-bearing hosts suppress the CD8 + T cell response via production of ROS. Interaction of ImC with Ag-specific T cells in the presence of specific Ags resulted in a significant increase in ROS production compared with control Ags. That increase was independent of IFN-γ production by T cells, but was mediated by integrins CD11b, CD18, and CD29. Blocking of these integrins with specific Abs abrogated ROS production and ImC-mediated suppression of CD8 + T cell responses. This study demonstrates a new mechanism of Ag-specific T cell inhibition mediated by ROS produced by ImCs in cancer.
Relax, You’ve Got M-PESA: Leisure as Empowerment

M-PESA is a cellphone-based money transfer system which has been storied globally as a success in the Kenyan context. Our goal in this article is not to confirm or deny its success, nor is it to provide factual evidence of everyday actualities of M-PESA use in Kenya or elsewhere. Instead, our study focuses on how the marketing platforms provide discursive entry points for particular marginalized user-subject positions in the global staging of labor and consumption while contributing to a paradigm shift in information communication and technology for development (ICT4D) programs. Upon examination of much of the marketing material online for the Kenyan M-PESA model, we note that a key feature of promotional strategy is to highlight leisure and empowerment through the convenient use of mobile money tools. In this article, we examine leisurely exchange as part of the overall marketing of M-PESA in global ICT4D 2.0 (Heeks, 2009) cultures. We show how this happens by examining the online communication practices of social media participation on M-PESA-related YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter sites. We examine the role of marketing strategies using digital social space to build leisure networks by encouraging consumer participation. To this end we draw on select social media and visual texts to provide evidence for our analysis.
Obesity and diabetes

Throughout history, man has shown a keen interest in understanding the mechanisms that sustain our existence and the relentless attempts of pathology to hinder our survival. Obesity, in the simplest of descriptions the result of an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure (EE), has been viewed in a multitude of differing ways throughout the centuries. At an early point in history when starvation was so prevalent, obesity was regarded as the aesthetic ideal. In today’s society of affluence, however, the continual projection of a slender image through the media and the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease have likened obesity to an unyielding plague.
Applications of configuration information to security

Securing software systems against malicious attack, corruption, and subversion has been an ongoing research problem. Novel applications of software configuration technology may provide solutions to these problems. Three interesting problems and potentials solutions are presented. The problems are intrusion tolerance, misuse protection, and cyber-forensics. The first two can be addressed using dynamic reconfiguration to modify the behavior of a software system. The last problem can be addressed using configuration information as a comprehensive framework on which to hang a variety of other information necessary for forensic analysis.
Uptake of oxygen in a coal standard reference material® determined by fast (14-MeV) neutron activation analysis

A fast (14-MeV) neutron activation analysis procedure was employed to directly measure mass fractions of oxygen in coal samples. The procedure demonstrated sufficient precision and accuracy to determine a relative change of about 5% or more, in the oxygen mass fraction of about 12%. The procedure was applied to test samples of the newly developed SRM 1632c Trace Elements in Coal (Bituminous). The samples had been stored at three conditions: in liquid nitrogen vapor and at room temperature in the original containers packaged under argon, and for accelerated aging at 50 °C open to air. Following six months storage increments, duplicate samples of each of twelve bottles of the SRM were measured for each storage condition. In addition each sample was processed through ten separate analytical runs yielding a total of some 720 measurements per storage duration. Oxygen was determined by comparison to a primary standard potassium dichromate and the accuracy of the method was assessed through the analysis of replicate samples of three reference materials that are certified for oxygen content. The initial 6-months test period indicated uptake of oxygen in the open-air storage.
Transfer of T‐DNA and Vir proteins to plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces expression of host genes involved in mediating transformation and suppresses host defense gene expression

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen that incites crown gall tumors by transferring to and expressing a portion of a resident plasmid in plant cells. Currently, little is known about the host response to Agrobacterium infection. Using suppressive subtractive hybridization and DNA macroarrays, we identified numerous plant genes that are differentially expressed during early stages of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Expression profiling indicates that Agrobacterium infection induces plant genes necessary for the transformation process while simultaneously repressing host defense response genes, thus indicating successful utilization of existing host cellular machinery for genetic transformation purposes. A comparison of plant responses to different strains of Agrobacterium indicates that transfer of both T-DNA and Vir proteins modulates the expression of host genes during the transformation process.
A satisfiability-based test generator for path delay faults in combinational circuits

The paper describes a new formulation to generate robust tests for path delay faults in combinational circuits based on Boolean satisfiability. Conditions to detect a target path delay fault are represented by a Boolean formula. Unlike the technique described by A. Saldhana et al. (1992), which extracts the formula for each path delay fault, the proposed formulation needs to extract the formula only once for each circuit cone. Experimental results show tremendous time saving on formula extraction compared to other satisfiability based ATPG algorithms. This also leads to low test generation time, especially for circuits that have many paths but few outputs. The proposed formulation has also been modified to generate other types of tests for path delay faults.
Sortilin Is a Major Protein Component of Glut4-containing Vesicles

In fat and skeletal muscle cells, glucose transporter isoform 4 (Glut4) is translocated to the cell surface in response to insulin via a system of specialized recycling vesicles. Besides Glut4, these vesicles include the novel insulin-regulatable aminopeptidase, receptors for insulin-like growth factor-II/Man-6-phosphate and transferrin, and a glycoprotein with the molecular mass of 110 kDa. We report here by the criteria of the partial protein sequencing and subsequent cDNA cloning that glycoprotein 110, the last unidentified major protein component of Glut4-containing vesicles, is sortilin, a novel type I receptor-like protein recently cloned from human brain (Petersen, C. M., Nielsen, M. S., Nykjar, A., Jacobsen, L., Tommerup, N., Rasmussen, H. H., Roigaard, H., Gliemann, J., Madsen, P., and Moestrup, S. K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem.272, 3599–3605). This protein is highly expressed in fat, brain, and lung and is dramatically up-regulated during differentiation of adipocytes in vitro.
Strategies for Tissue Engineering Cardiac Constructs to Affect Functional Repair Following Myocardial Infarction

Tissue-engineered cardiac constructs are a high potential therapy for treating myocardial infarction. These therapies have the ability to regenerate or recreate functional myocardium following the infarction, restoring some of the lost function of the heart and thereby preventing congestive heart failure. Three key factors to consider when developing engineered myocardial tissue include the cell source, the choice of scaffold, and the use of biomimetic culture conditions. This review details the various biomaterials and scaffold types that have been used to generate engineered myocardial tissues as well as a number of different methods used for the fabrication and culture of these constructs. Specific bioreactor design considerations for creating myocardial tissue equivalents in vitro, such as oxygen and nutrient delivery as well as physical stimulation, are also discussed. Lastly, a brief overview of some of the in vivo studies that have been conducted to date and their assessment of the functional benefit in repairing the injured heart with engineered myocardial tissue is provided.
Libertarianism at Twin Harvard

In this essay Loren Lomasky wryly proposes that the views of Rawls and Nozick might not be as radically divergent as is conventionally supposed. To demonstrate this proposition, Lomasky invents “Twin Harvard” counterparts of Rawls and Nozick. The twist is that Twin Rawls turns out to be a leading libertarian theorist while Twin Nozick endorses a regime of sweeping redistribution. In each case the position follows from familiar elements in the theories of their respective, real-world counterparts. Lomasky concludes that Twin Rawls actually makes better use of familiar Rawlsian themes-such as the veil of ignorance, strains of commitment, and the priority of liberty-than does Rawls himself. Moreover, Rawls's own attempts at combating libertarianism are seen to be weak, sometimes embarrassingly so. Libertarianism is a specter that he devoutly wishes to exorcize, but cannot. Conversely, the rejection of libertarianism by Twin Nozick (and Nozick?) is striking but shallow.
Aging and the auditory brainstem response in mice with severe or minimal presbycusis

Threshold, latency, and amplitude of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) were obtained with filtered noise pips in young and aging C57BL/6J mice (to 16-months), which undergo severe progressive age-related sensorineural hearing loss (presbycusis) and CBA/J mice (to 19-months), which show only mild loss late in life. Aging per se (CBA mice) is not associated with significant changes in ABR parameters. Presbycusis, in aging C57 mice, is associated with increased thresholds; there is a trend toward increased latencies, but only when threshold elevations are substantial. Amplitudes of early waves, but not late waves, decrease greatly in aging C57 mice. In young C57 mice, amplitudes of early ABR waves vary monotonically with intensity, while amplitudes of later waves (IV and V) have a relatively flat, or even nonmonotonic, relationship to intensity; in older C57 mice, all waves have monotonic intensity functions. ABR parameters are not affected by gender in either strain. The mouse models can help to clarify some inconsistencies in the human literature on aging and the ABR.
Calibration of a Condensation Particle Counter Using a NIST Traceable Method

This work presents a calibration of a commercial condensation particle counter using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable methods. By the nature of the metrology involved, this work also compares the measurement results of three independent techniques for measuring aerosol concentration: continuous flow condensation particle counter (CPC); aerosol electrometer (AE); and the aerosol concentration derived from microscopic particle counting. Because of the transient nature of aerosol, there are no concentration artifact standards such as exist for particle diameter standards. We employ a mobility classifier to produce a nearly monodisperse, 80 nm, polystyrene latex aerosol. The test aerosol is used as a challenge for the CPC and the AE, and is subsequently filter sampled for electron microscopy. Our test stand design incorporates a continuous CPC aerosol concentration monitor to verify the aerosol stability. The CPC determines particle concentration by single particle counting at a...
Whately's philosophy of language

The purpose of this essay is to elucidate Whately's philosophy of language and thereby counteract the conclusion that his treatment of Style in the Rhetoric is devoid of any theoretical underpinning. Special attention is given to Whately's observations on the relationship between language and thought, language and reality, and language and meaning. His comments on the necessity of language for thought, his nominalistic account of language's relation to reality, and his contextualist approach to meaning interact to substantiate the claim that his stylistic advice in the Rhetoric is anything but a casual or indifferent treatment of the subject.
Contemporary Choreographers as Models for Teaching Composition

Abstract Traditional composition classes teach the tools of choreographic craft, yet leave students in an odd limbo in which they create a special breed of “college dance” that has little to do with the current dance world. In the twenty-first century, choreography teachers must go beyond an emphasis on traditional craft and help students find their own roots of creativity and, in particular, the methods of dance composition that will help them produce work with their personal signatures. By trying out methods used by contemporary choreographers, students will understand how the nature of a dance is shaped by the means used in making it and will discover and develop their own creative processes.
Some examples of clans

It is shown that every space obtained by identifying exactly two points of a two-cell supports a clan, including the so-called “French Army Hat”. Examples are given of clans on spaces obtained by sewing together ice-cream cones.
Identical phenotypes of CatSper1 and CatSper2 null sperm.

Among several candidate Ca2+ entry channels in sperm, only CatSper1 and CatSper2 are known to have required roles in male fertility. Past work with CatSper1 null sperm indicates that a critical lesion in hyperactivated motility underlies the infertility phenotype and is associated with an absence of depolarization-evoked Ca2+entry. Here we show that failure of hyperactivation of CatSper2 null sperm similarly correlates with an absence of depolarization evoked Ca2+ entry. Additional shared aspects of the phenotypes of CatSper1 and -2 null sperm include unperturbed regional distributions of conventional voltage-gated Ca2+ channel proteins and robust acceleration of the flagellar beat by bicarbonate. Further study reveals that treatment of both wild-type and CatSper2 null sperm with procaine increases beat asymmetry, a characteristic of the flagellar waveform of hyperactivation. This partial rescue of the loss-of-hyperactivation phenotype suggests that an absence of CatSper2 precludes hyperactivation by preventing delivery of needed Ca2+ messenger rather than by preventing flagellar responses to Ca2+. CatSper2 null sperm also have an increased basal cAMP content and beat frequency. Protein kinase A inhibitor H89 lowers beat frequency to that of wild-type sperm, suggesting that CatSper2 is required for protein kinase A-mediated, tonic control of resting cAMP content. Relative to wild-type testis, CatSper1 and -2 null testes contain normal amounts of CatSper2 and -1 transcripts, respectively. However, CatSper1 null sperm lack CatSper2 protein and CatSper2 null sperm lack CatSper1 protein. Hence, stable expression of CatSper1 protein requires CatSper2 and vice versa. This co-dependent expression dictates identical loss-of-function sperm phenotypes for CatSper1 and -2 null mutants.
Alkali Vapor Detector Tubes

This paper describes unusual and very desirable results that are obtained on priming tungsten filament three-electrode vacuum tubes with an alloy of potassium and sodium when such tubes are used as detectors of radio frequency currents in receiving circuits. The method of preparing the tubes and of introducing the alloy is described in some detail. Data obtained for these alkali vapor tubes are shown in the form of curves. They show the static characteristics of the tube, the operation is characteristics when used as detectors, also the effect of filament temperature increase upon their performance. The results obtained when the tubes are used as detectors include?lower optimum plate voltage (5 to 10 volts), less critical adjustment of plate voltage, steady action, considerably greater sensitiveness to weak signals than for gas content tubes, and no distortion in detector action.
A rapid and repeatable method to deposit bioaerosols on material surfaces

Abstract A simple method for repeatably inoculating surfaces with a precise quantity of aerosolized spores was developed. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the variability of the method within and between experiments, the spatial distribution of spore deposition, the applicability of the method to complex surface types, and the relationship between material surface roughness and spore recoveries. Surface concentrations, as estimated by recoveries from wetted-wipe sampling, were between 5 × 10 3 and 1.5 × 10 4 CFU cm − 2 across the entire area (930 cm 2 ) inoculated. Between-test variability (C v ) in spore recoveries was 40%, 81%, 66%, and 20% for stainless steel, concrete, wood, and drywall, respectively. Within-test variability was lower, and did not exceed 33%, 47%, 52%, and 20% for these materials. The data demonstrate that this method is repeatable, is effective at depositing spores across a target surface area, and can be used to dose complex materials such as concrete, wood, and drywall. In addition, the data demonstrate that surface sampling recoveries vary by material type, and this variability can partially be explained by the material surface roughness index. This deposition method was developed for use in biological agent detection, sampling, and decontamination studies, however, is potentially beneficial to any scientific discipline that investigates surfaces containing aerosol-borne particles.
Ideals and realities: Renaissance state communication in Machiavelli's The Prince and More's Utopia

Abstract Communication plays very different parts in two of the most influential political works of the last 500 years, The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527) and Utopia by Sir Thomas More (1478–1535). The contrasts between More's carefully controlled and Machiavelli's unconstrained political communication shed light on the communication issues and practices of their times, some of which may still figure in relations between state and citizen.
Primate renal transplants using immunotoxin

Abstract Background: T-lymphocyte depletion 7 days before transplantation with immunotoxin FN 18-CRM9 has resulted in tolerance to subsequent renal allografts. We tested the effect of giving immunotoxin on the day of the transplantation and evaluated its effect on rhesus monkey renal allograft survival, on antibody production, and on T-cell recovery. Methods: Major histocompatibility complex mismatched renal allografts were performed in rhesus monkeys. Immunotoxin was given starting on the day of transplantation, with and without prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil for 3 days. T-cell subsets and alloantibody levels were measured by flow cytometry. The ability of treated monkeys to develop antibody to tetanus, diphtheria, and xenoantibody was measured. Histology of renal transplants was read in a blinded manner. Results: Immunotoxin started on the day of transplantation resulted in prolonged allograft survival in all treatment groups. Graft loss between days 50 and 135 was most often due to interstitial nephritis. Later graft loss was due to chronic rejection. Monkeys had intact antibody responses to alloantigen, tetanus, diphtheria, and xenoantibody. Their CD4 cells recovered gradually over 6 months. Conclusions: Immunotoxin reliably prolongs renal allograft survival when started on the day of transplantation, but interstitial nephritis and chronic rejection limit the development of long-term tolerance. T-cell-dependent B-cell responses remain intact after treatment. (Surgery 1998;124:438-47.)
Distribution of Plants with Extrafloral Nectaries in Temperate Communities

The abundance of plants with extrafloral nectaries was determined for a series of temperate habitats in Nebraska. Mean cover of plants with extrafloral nectaries was 1.3% in riparian forest understory, 1.8% in virgin deciduous forest understory, 0.0% in tall-grass prairie, and 8.3% in sandhill prairie. Sandhills prairie contained distinct communities with different mean cover of plants with extrafloral nectaries and showed seasonal changes in nectary activity. Cover of plants with extrafloral nectaries was compared to ant abundance, plant species diversity, rainfall and frost-free season: the first two showed highly significant correlations with mean cover of extrafloral nectaries.
Online sketching of big categorical data with absent features

With the scale of data growing every day, reducing the dimensionality (a.k.a. sketching) of high-dimensional vectors has emerged as a task of increasing importance. Relevant issues to address in this context include the sheer volume of data vectors that may consist of categorical (meaning finite-alphabet) features, the typically streaming format of data acquisition, and the possibly absent features. To cope with these challenges, the present paper brings forth a novel rank-regularized maximum likelihood approach that models categorical data as quantized values of analog-amplitude features with low intrinsic dimensionality. This model along with recent online rank regularization advances are leveraged to sketch high-dimensional categorical data ‘on the fly.’ Simulated tests with synthetic as well as real-world datasets corroborate the merits of the novel scheme relative to state-of-the-art alternatives.
Employment Subcenters and Land Values in a Polycentric Urban Area: The Case of Chicago:

In some previous empiricial research metropolitan Chicago has been considered as a polycentric urban area. This prior research is reviewed and new results are presented on the identification of employment subcenters and the effects of such subcenters on residential land values. The empirical tests confirm that the O'Hare Airport area has emerged as a significant employment subcenter. Several other employment subcenters exist or have existed in the past, and one subcenter had a positive impact on land values in 1928.
The c. j. shanaberger lecture: Pitfalls in the corporatization of health care

The Parkland Health & Hospital System is owned by the community and must be responsive to the community's most vulnerable populations. It serves as the safety net for all the residents of Dallas County for critical care, but particularly has addressed its attention over the last decade on providing the primary care and preventive medicine infrastructure in underserved areas of the community. We are striving to create a community-responsive servant organization, competent to partner with the various communities in which our clinics are located. We intend to promote the values of those early nonprofit HMOs and establish a covenant relation with our patients and the community. It is in the spirit of the "third generation" of managed care that we must address enrolled populations, while not ignoring the unenrolled populations in the process. We bring value to the table by investing savings into prevention not just higher CEO salaries or stock dividends. We strongly believe that to be community-responsive we have to provide care to the individual person in a patient-centered way. We understand that our institution must also nurture a "relationship-centered" partnership with the community. This requires a willingness to dialogue with the community. We further believe that Parkland's COPC and nonprofit HMO represent opportunities for the training of physicians and for conducting relevant community-based health systems and clinical research. We must remain competent and able to measure what we do and understand the limits of our power and the power that's within communities to improve health. We must recognize that autonomy will sometimes be in conflict with other values and with the needs of populations of patients. Perhaps one of the major reasons that we are in such a dilemma in the United States regarding health care, and whether or not it should be a right available to all, is in our failure to understand the connection we have to one another.
Sensitivity for vertical retinal image differences

The detection of horizontal disparities between the right and left retinal images is accepted as an important component in the visual perception of depth. It has occasionally been pointed out1–3 that a disparity will also occur in the vertical when a target is nearer to one eye than the other and could be used as a second component3. Here it is shown that while it is possible to detect size differences between the retinal images in the vertical direction, the sensitivity is at least one order of magnitude less than the horizontal differences. It had been generally accepted that vertical disparities cannot be detected (literature summarized by Tschermak4), but there are clear reports of the ability of subjects to respond to relative differences in the vertical magnification of the images of the two eyes, the so-called induced size effect2. It manifests itself in the appearance of a visual scene as if there had been an opposite horizontal magnification and is, therefore, in the correct direction if it is to be utilized in asymmetrical convergence.
Hot spots policing and crime prevention: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Crime scholars and practitioners have argued that police actions should be focused on high-risk crime places rather than spread thinly across the urban landscape. This review examines five randomized controlled trials of the effects of concentrating police enforcement efforts on crime hot spots. The findings of these evaluations suggest that focused police actions can prevent crime and disorder in crime hot spots. A meta-analysis of the effect sizes from the five experiments reveals a statistically significant mean effect size for hot spots policing interventions; this suggests overall reductions in citizen calls for service in the treatment hot spots relative to the control hot spots. These studies also suggest that focused police actions at specific locations do not necessarily result in crime displacement. Although these evaluations reveal that these programs work in preventing crime, additional research is needed to unravel other important policy-relevant issues such as community reaction to focused police enforcement efforts.
Effects of land-use history on soil spatial heterogeneity of macro- and trace elements in the Southern Piedmont USA.

Abstract To quantify effects of land-use history on soil spatial heterogeneity, we sampled surficial mineral soils (0–7.5 cm depth) using a spatially-explicit design within three 0.09-ha plots in each of three ecosystems in the Southern Piedmont area of USA. The three ecosystems were old hardwood forests, cultivated agricultural fields, and old-field pine forests, three common ecosystems in the region that represent the common trajectory of nearly two centuries of land-use history. In total, 243 soil samples were collected and 12 soil properties were measured on each sample. Results indicated that: (i) land-use history altered soil properties' central tendencies and their spatial heterogeneities; (ii) within-plot variations indexed by coefficients of variation and Cochran's C tests of within-plot variances were generally much higher in hardwood and pine-forest soils than in cultivated soils; (iii) for soil C, and major and trace elements spatial patterns as indicated by trend-surface analysis, correlograms, and interpolation maps were evident under hardwood and pine forests and much less so under cultivation. We document cases in which land use alters both the soil property's central tendencies and their heterogeneity (C, N, C:N ratio, Ca, and K), and cases in which changes are apparent in central tendency but not in heterogeneity (bulk density, Db). Relative to soils that have never been cultivated, spatial heterogeneity is greatly reduced in many soil properties by plowing, fertilization, and other practices associated with agricultural crop production, but that successional forest growth on previously cultivated soils re-establishes heterogeneity of soil properties within a few decades. Overall, within-plot variances were very high for most properties especially of the forested soils and indicate that researchers should better match sample sizes and sample designs with the variability of the soil properties they are studying.