cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct drive double shell target implosion hydrodynamics on OMEGA

Imploding indirect-drive double shell targets may provide an alternative, non-cryogenic path to ignition at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Experiments are being pursued at OMEGA to understand the hydrodynamics of these implosions and the possibility of scaling it to the NIF design. We have used 40 beams from the OMEGA laser to directly drive the capsules, and we have used the remaining 20 beams to backlight the imploding shells from two different directions at multiple times. We will review the recent experiments to measure the hydrodynamics of the targets using two-view X-ray radiography of the capsules. We will present data on measured yields from the targets. We will present a measured time history of the hydrodynamics of the implosion. Experiments were pursued using direct drive in which the M-band effect (experienced in the indirect drive experiments) could be eliminated or controlled. It was learned in the direct drive experiments that the best performing capsules were those that had a thin outer layer of gold. This effectively causes M-band pre-heat effects giving implosion hydrodynamics and performance closer to the indirect drive case. We will review the methods used to radiograph the targets and the techniques used to extract useful information to compare with calculations. The effect of imperfections in the target construction will be shown to be minimal during the initial stage of implosion. The yields from the targets were observed to be uniformly low compared to indirect-drive.
Tissue-specific histones in the erythrocytes of chicken and turtle.

Abstract Mature erythrocytes from Leghorn chickens contain lysine-rich histone F1 and a tissue-specific histone F2c. The composition of the F1 fraction was found to be similar to the F1 histones in higher vertebrates. In the erythrocytes of a sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ), only lysine-rich histones F1 could be detected. One of these fractions (F1b) differed in amino acid composition from the typical F1 histones described in the literature. The F1b histone fraction was not found in turtle liver. Chromatographic analysis of tryptic peptides of the chicken erythrocyte F1 and F2c histones and of the turtle erythrocyte F1a and F1b histones revealed considerable similarities between these four fractions, thus indicating their possible phylogenetic relationships.
A Methodology for Modeling the Dynamics of the Mechanical Paths of Automotive Drivetrains with Automatic Step-Transmissions

A generic methodology is presented for modeling the dynamics of the mechanical paths of automotive drivetrains with automatic step-transmissions. The analysis of these dynamics was based on the lever analogy method and resulted in a set of equations which represents drivetrain shift dynamics for a wide range of kinematic arrangements. Various GM transmissions are shown to be compatible with the proposed methodology.
Nanosecond time scale dynamics of pseudo-nematic domains in the isotropic phase of liquid crystals

Abstract The slow reorientational dynamics of isotropic methoxybenzylidene-butylaniline (MBBA) were measured, using a transient grating optical Kerr effect experiment, over a wide temperature range (49.4°–119.7°C). The range of validity of the Landau—de Gennes theory for hydrodynamic relaxation in ordered fluids is determined. The results are compared to previous experiments on pentylcyanobiphenyl (5CB). Both liquid crystals conform to the Landau—de Gennes theory until the pseudo-nematic domain correlation length falls below three molecular lengths.
The Geography of Giving: The Effect of Corporate Headquarters on Local Charities

Abstract Does the presence of corporate headquarters in a city affect the incomes of local charities? To address this question we combine data on the head office locations of publicly traded U.S. firms with information on the receipts of local charitable organizations. Cities like Houston, San Jose, and San Francisco gained significant numbers of corporate headquarters over the past two decades, while cities like Chicago and Los Angeles lost. Our analysis suggests that attracting or retaining the headquarters of a publicly traded firm yields approximately $3–10 million per year in contributions to local non-profits. Likewise, each $1000 increase in the market value of the firms headquartered in a city yields $0.60–1.60 to local non-profits. Most of the increase in charitable contributions is attributable to an effect on the number of highly-compensated individuals in a city, rather than through direct donations by the corporations themselves. The increased private sector donations from the presence of corporate headquarters do not seem to crowd out government grants to local charities.
Work and Nonwork Psychological Involvements The Search for Linkage

This article explores relationships among employees' work and nonwork psychological involvements in an effort to uncover some of the complexity of employees as multidimensional human beings. The relationships found reflect a pattern of involvements consistent with Van Maanen and Schein `s (1977) three-dimensional interactional schema of work, family, and self-development. These findings suggest that models of employees' accommodation to work and nonwork involvements need to incorporate a separate "self" dimension. Although direct results indicate a segregation pattern of accommodation to work and nonwork psychological involvements, closer examination reveals a pattern of links between work and nonwork involvements, with personal life efficacy as the pivotal variable.
The particle-continuum method: an algorithmic unification of particle-in-cell and continuum methods

A new numerical algorithm that encompasses both the δf particle-in-cell (PIC) method and a continuum method has been developed, which is an extension to Denavit’s [J. Comput. Phys. 9 (1972) 75] original “hybrid” method. In this article we describe this new Particle-Continuum algorithm in general, and we note our methods of interpolation. The issue of phase space convergence of this algorithm is discussed. We analyze the induced numerical diffusion of such an algorithm and compare theory with results. We also created a simple problem that demonstrates this algorithm solves the “growing weight” problem.
Abdominal pain after uncomplicated laparoscopic appendectomy.

19 year-old man reported persistent epigastric discomfort nrelated to food intake, low grade fevers, and general malise 1 week after laparoscopic appendectomy. A CT scan of bdomen and pelvis revealed superior mesenteric vein SMV) thrombosis (A, arrows show SMV thrombosis inolvement with portal vein; B, arrow shows SMV thromosis), which was not present on the earlier CT scan that iagnosed his appendicitis (C). He was admitted for intraenous hydration, antibiotics, and anticoagulation. Laboatory results showed a white blood cell count of 23,000 U, ith all other findings normal including a hypercoagulable orkup. When his symptoms improved, his diet was adanced and warfarin started. He was subsequently disharged home on warfarin, tolerating a regular diet and aving a normal white count. On followup 1 month later, he patient was doing well without complaints. He will emain on warfarin and be reevaluated. Mesenteric venous thrombosis is an insidious dis-
Impact of Macromolecular Crowding on DNA Replication

Enzymatic activities in vivo occur in a highly crowded and confined environment mainly composed of protein and nucleic acid macromolecules. A crowded environment: 1) enhances the apparent concentration of the measured macromolecule, 2) leads to desolvation of water molecules around the proteins, 3) decrease degrees of freedom for diffusion and molecular hopping of proteins on their DNA substrates, and 4) enhances binding equilibria and catalytic activities of those macromolecules. However, the effect of macromolecular crowding on the structure of the proteins involved is poorly understood. We have characterized the effect of macromolecular crowding on the DNA replication machinery of bacteriophage T7. The structural effects that are involved in a crowded environment were probed using small angle X-ray scattering. Our results show the consequences of macromolecular crowding on the structure and the function of the bacteriophage T7 replisome. Under macromolecular crowding conditions the increased readout of the replisome activity is accompanied by a more compact structure of the replisome.
A New Method for Computing Pollutant Concentrations in the Presence of Limited Vertical Mixing

A new method for computing pollutant concentrations in the presence of a totally reflecting inversion lid and ground surface is presented. The method is applicable to gaussian plume treatments of line and area sources, in addition to point source cases. The maximum error quoted occurs at the algorithm crossover point, which itself was chosen so as to minimize the maximum error.
Assessing Right to Die Attitudes: A Conceptually Guided Measurement Model

This article discusses the current status of research regarding the assessment of attitudes toward euthanasia and other right to die constructs with a focus on conceptual and methodological issues hindering advancement in this area. Two models are presented: a conceptual model for differentiating the various right to die constructs, and a measurement model to guide scale development and refinement. The conceptual model defines the right to die constructs as a function of locus of decision and locus of action. Health status and age are hypothesized as important factors that in some instances are defining attributes in right to die constructs and in other instances are factors influencing people's attitudes to ward the right to die. The measurement model considers the importance of construct specificity, individual characteristics, and conviction in the assessment of right to die attitudes. An extant euthanasia attitude scale is presented and evaluated in terms of the models to demonstrate how they may be useful for advancing attitude research in this important area.
Effects of climatic variation on field metabolism and water relations of desert tortoises.

We used the doubly labeled water method to measure the field metabolic rates (FMRs, in kJ kg−1 day−1) and water flux rates (WIRs, in ml H2O kg−1 day−1) of adult desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in three parts of the Mojave Desert in California over a 3.5-year period, in order to develop insights into the physiological responses of this threatened species to climate variation among sites and years. FMR, WIR, and the water economy index (WEI, in ml H2O kJ−1, an indicator of drinking of free water) differed extensively among seasons, among study sites, between sexes, and among years. In high-rainfall years, males had higher FMRs than females. Average daily rates of energy and water use by desert tortoises were extraordinarily variable: 28-fold differences in FMR and 237-fold differences in WIR were measured. Some of this variation was due to seasonal conditions, with rates being low during cold winter months and higher in the warm seasons. However, much of the variation was due to responses to year-to-year variation in rainfall. Annual spring peaks in FMR and WIR were higher in wet years than in drought years. Site differences in seasonal patterns were apparently due to geographic differences in rainfall patterns (more summer rain at eastern Mojave sites). In spring 1992, during an El Nino (ENSO) event, the WEI was greater than the maximal value obtainable from consuming succulent vegetation, indicating copious drinking of rainwater at that time. The physiological and behavioral flexibility of desert tortoises, evident in individuals living at all three study sites, appears central to their ability to survive droughts and benefit from periods of resource abundance. The strong effects of the El Nino (ENSO) weather pattern on tortoise physiology, reproduction, and survival elucidated in this and other studies suggest that local manifestations of global climate events could have a long-term influence on the tortoise populations in the Mojave Desert.
Exploiting Resonant Behavior to Reduce Inductive Noise

Inductive noise in high-performance microprocessors is a reliabilityissue caused by variations in processor current (di/dt)which are converted to supply-voltage glitches by impedances inthe power-supply network. Inductive noise has been addressed byusing decoupling capacitors to maintain low impedance in thepower supply over a wide range of frequencies. However, evenwell-designed power supplies exhibit (a few) peaks of high impedanceat resonant frequencies caused by RLC resonant loops. Previousarchitectural proposals adjust current variations bycontrolling instruction fetch and issue, trading off performanceand energy for noise reduction. However, the proposals do notconsider some conceptual issues and have implementation challenges.The issues include requiring fast response, responding tovariations that do not threaten the noise margins, or respondingto variations only at the resonant frequency while the range ofhigh impedance extends to a resonance band around the resonantfrequency. While previous schemes reduce the magnitude of variations,our proposal, called resonance tuning, changes the frequencyof current variations away from the resonance band to anon-resonant frequency to be absorbed by the power supply.Because inductive noise is a resonance problem, resonance tuningreacts only to repeated variations in the resonance band, andnot to isolated variations. Reacting after a few repetitions allowsmore time for the response and reduces unnecessary responses,decreasing performance and energy loss.
Insulin and Renal Sodium Retention in Obese Adolescents

The effect of insulin on the renal handling of sodium was studied in obese and nonobese subjects by using euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. Seven water-loaded obese (14-19 years old) and five nonobese young adults (18-21 years old) had insulin given intravenously at a rate of 40 munits/m2/min. Blood glucose and creatinine clearance were not altered by euglycemic hyperinsulinemia in either the obese or the nonobese group. Hyperinsulinemia resulted in a significant decrease in urinary sodium excretion in both groups of subjects (by 54.2 +/- 3% [mean +/- SEM] in the obese and by 50.9 +/- 3.1% in the nonobese group). However, the amount of glucose required to maintain euglycemia was significantly less in the obese versus nonobese group, 89.5 +/- 6.2 versus 329.2 +/- 16 mg glucose/m2/min (p less than 0.001). There was no relation in either group between the amount of glucose required to maintain euglycemia and the change in urinary sodium excretion. On a separate day, all of the obese subjects underwent 3 hours of water diuresis but without insulin. There was no change in urinary sodium excretion with sustained water diuresis alone. However, when compared with the nonobese group, the obese group of subjects had a significantly higher resting mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma norepinephrine concentration; during the insulin clamp, neither group experienced a significant change in mean arterial pressure or heart rate, and only the nonobese group experienced an increase in plasma norepinephrine. In obese subjects, we have found, despite the presence of insulin resistance to carbohydrate metabolism, that euglycemic hyperinsulinemia was associated with a normal decrease in urinary sodium excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Health Care for the Haves and Have Nots: Toward a Just Basis of Distribution

Health care seems to be a basic need of all individuals. It goes with such other basic needs as food, clothing, and shelter. This may help explain our national commitment (in such programs as Medicaid and Medicare) to providing adequate health care for the indigent. Despite this commitment, and the great costs incurred in trying to meet it, the problem of providing adequate health care for the medically indigent (the have-nots) at an affordable cost to the taxpayers (the haves) seems to be unsolved. Some see the problem as being one of excessive costs. Some see the problem as being one of inadequate coverage; too many Americans who are medically indigent are not assured of adequate medical care. Some see the problem as being one of quality control; the medically indigent are receiving second-rate medical care. In truth, all of these problems are present. We are providing inadequate health care to an insufficient number of people at an excessive and rapidly increasing cost.
Formation of a Criegee intermediate in the low-temperature oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the major sulfur-containing constituent of the Marine Boundary Layer. It is a significant source of H2SO4 aerosol/particles and methane sulfonic acid via atmospheric oxidation processes, where the mechanism is not established. In this study, several new, low-temperature pathways are revealed in the oxidation of DMSO using CBS-QB3 and G3MP2 multilevel and B3LYP hybrid density functional quantum chemical methods. Unlike analogous hydrocarbon peroxy radicals the chemically activated DMSO peroxy radical, [CH3S(=O)CH2OO*]*, predominantly undergoes simple dissociation to a methylsulfinyl radical CH3S*(=O) and a Criegee intermediate, CH2OO, with the barrier to dissociation 11.3 kcal mol(-1) below the energy of the CH3S(=O)CH2* + O2 reactants. The well depth for addition of O2 to the CH3S(=O)CH2 precursor radical is 29.6 kcal mol(-1) at the CBS-QB3 level of theory. We believe that this reaction may serve an important role in atmospheric photochemical and irradiated biological (oxygen-rich) media where formation of initial radicals is facilitated even at lower temperatures. The Criegee intermediate (carbonyl oxide, peroxymethylene) and sulfinyl radical can further decompose, resulting in additional chain branching. A second reaction channel important for oxidation processes includes formation (via intramolecular H atom transfer) and further decomposition of hydroperoxide methylsulfoxide radical, *CH2S(=O)CH2OOH over a low barrier of activation. The initial H-transfer reaction is similar and common in analogous hydrocarbon radical + O2 reactions; but the subsequent very low (3-6 kcal mol(-1)) barrier (14 kcal mol(-1) below the initial reagents) to beta-scission products is not common in HC systems. The low energy reaction of the hydroperoxide radical is a beta-scission elimination of *CH2S(=O)CH2OOH into the CH2=S=O + CH2O + *OH product set. This beta-scission barrier is low, because of the delocalization of the *CH2 radical center through the -S(=O) group, to the -CH2OOH fragment in the transition state structure. The hydroperoxide methylsulfoxide radical can also decompose via a second reaction channel of intramolecular OH migration, yielding formaldehyde and a sulfur-centered hydroxymethylsulfinyl radical HOCH2S*(=O). The barrier of activation relative to initial reagents is 4.2 kcal mol(-1). Heats of formation for DMSO, DMSO carbon-centered radical and Criegee intermediate are evaluated at 298 K as -35.97 +/- 0.05, 13.0 +/- 0.2 and 25.3 +/- 0.7 kcal mol(-1) respectively using isodesmic reaction analysis. The [CH3S*(=O) + CH2OO] product set is shown to form a van der Waals complex that results in O-atom transfer reaction and the formation of new products CH3SO2* radical and CH2O. Proper orientation of the Criegee intermediate and methylsulfinyl radical, as a pre-stabilized pre-reaction complex, assist the process. The DMSO radical reaction is also compared to that of acetonyl radical.
The population structure and recent colonization history of Oregon threespine stickleback determined using restriction‐site associated DNA‐sequencing

Understanding how genetic variation is partitioned across genomes within and among populations is a fundamental problem in ecological and evolutionary genetics. To address this problem, we studied the threespine stickleback fish, which has repeatedly undergone parallel phenotypic and genetic differentiation when oceanic fish have invaded freshwater habitats. While significant evolutionary genetic research has been performed using stickleback from geographic regions that have been deglaciated in the last 20 000 years, less research has focused on freshwater populations that predate the last glacial maximum. We performed restriction-site associated DNA-sequencing (RAD-seq) based population genomic analyses on stickleback from across Oregon, which was not glaciated during the last maximum. We sampled stickleback from coastal, Willamette Basin and central Oregon sites, analysed their genetic diversity using RAD-seq, performed structure analyses, reconstructed their phylogeographic history and tested the hypothesis of recent stickleback introduction into central Oregon, where incidence of this species was only recently documented. Our results showed a clear phylogeographic break between coastal and inland populations, with oceanic populations exhibiting the lowest levels of divergence from one another. Willamette Basin and central Oregon populations formed a clade of closely related populations, a finding consistent with a recent introduction of stickleback into central Oregon. Finally, genome-wide analysis of genetic diversity (π) and correlations of alleles within individuals in subpopulations (FIS) supported a role for introgressive hybridization in coastal populations and a recent expansion in central Oregon. Our results exhibit the power of next-generation sequencing genomic approaches such as RAD-seq to identify both historical population structure and recent colonization history.
An Evaluation of Purebred Bull Pricing: Implications for Beef Herd Management

The selection of herd bulls is important in determining profitability of commercial ranchers and cow-calf operators as well as purebred producers. In this research, the key attributes of bulls – based on visual, performance, and ultrasound data – are valued using a traditional hedonic pricing model. The data are collected from the annual bull test trial and sale at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. The results suggest that buyers at the SIUC Beef Evaluation Station are willing to pay more for bull characteristics associated with calving ease and weaning weights. For instance bulls with a combination of both lower birth weight Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) and high yearling weight EPDs than average can command premiums of over $1,150 per head or 67 percent above the average sale price. Farm managers can use this information in the selection of herd bulls while purebred operators can attempt to select for the most valuable traits.
Plastic Set of Smooth Large Radii of Curvature Thermal Conductance Specimens rat Light Loads

Thermal contact conductance test data at high vacuum were obtained from two Armco iron specimens having smooth, large radii of curvature, convex, one-half wave length surfaces. The data are compared with calculations based on two macroscopic elastic deformation theories and an empirical expression. Major disagreement with the theories and fair agreement with the empirical expression resulted. Plastic deformation of all the contacting surfaces was verified from surface analyzer statistics. These results indicate that the theoretical assumption of macroscopic elastic deformation is inadequate for accurate prediction of heat transfer with light loads for Armco iron specimens similar to those used in this investigation.
Dynamics of the Acetyloxyl Radical Studied by Dissociative Photodetachment of the Acetate Anion

Photodetachment of the acetate anion, CH3CO2 - , and the subsequent dissociation dynamics of the CH3CO2 ¥ radical were studied using photoelectron-photofragment coincidence spectroscopy at 355 and 257 nm. An upper limit to the adiabatic electron affinity (EA) of CH 3CO2 ¥ ,E A) 3.47 ( 0.01 eV was determined. Evidence for several low-lying electronic states of the CH 3CO2 ¥ radical were observed in the photoelectron spectra. Most CH3CO2 ¥ radicals dissociated to CH3 ¥ + CO2 products with a large kinetic energy release (〈ET〉/Eavl ) 0.72 for 355-nm excitation) and an anisotropic angular distribution ( ‚ 1.2), while 10% of CH3CO2 ¥ radicals were stable on the microsecond time scale at both wavelengths. Structured near-threshold photoelectron spectra at 355 nm were similar when photoelectrons were recorded in coincidence with either stable radicals or dissociation products, indicating a sequential dissociative photodetachment. Experiments were also carried out on CD3CO2 - to aid in the interpretation of the photoelectron spectra and deduction of the dissociation mechanism.
Potent Adjuvanticity of a Pure TLR7-Agonistic Imidazoquinoline Dendrimer

Engagement of toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve to link innate immune responses with adaptive immunity and can be exploited as powerful vaccine adjuvants for eliciting both primary and anamnestic immune responses. TLR7 agonists are highly immunostimulatory without inducing dominant proinflammatory cytokine responses. We synthesized a dendrimeric molecule bearing six units of a potent TLR7/TLR8 dual-agonistic imidazoquinoline to explore if multimerization of TLR7/8 would result in altered activity profiles. A complete loss of TLR8-stimulatory activity with selective retention of the TLR7-agonistic activity was observed in the dendrimer. This was reflected by a complete absence of TLR8-driven proinflammatory cytokine and interferon (IFN)-γ induction in human PBMCs, with preservation of TLR7-driven IFN-α induction. The dendrimer was found to be superior to the imidazoquinoline monomer in inducing high titers of high-affinity antibodies to bovine α-lactalbumin. Additionally, epitope mapping experiments showed that the dendrimer induced immunoreactivity to more contiguous peptide epitopes along the amino acid sequence of the model antigen.
Phorbol Ester Circumvents the Need for Macrophages as Well as for Mitogenic Lectins in the Stimulation of Lymphocytes With Wheat Germ Agglutinin or the Calcium Ionophores A23187 or Ionomycin

Numerous biochemical events precede the proliferation of primary lymphocytes stimulated by mitogenic lectins in the presence of macrophages. Various compounds can activate parts of this response. Specifically the tumor-promoting phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, (TPA), can replace the requirement for macrophages, apparently by mimicking the macrophage product interleukin 1 (IL1). Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), itself a non-mitogenic lectin, is reported to cause a calcium flux, phosphatidylinositol turnover, and enhance interleukin 2 (IL2) synthesis. In spite of these positive responses, WGA inhibits DNA synthesis caused by mitogenic lectins. Nevertheless, in this study, we tested the possibility that together TPA and WGA could complement and bring about DNA synthesis. This prediction turned out to be true. The combination of two non-mitogenic compounds resulted in lymphocyte proliferation. The TPA overcame the inhibitory effects of WGA. Moreover, macrophages were not required. The TPA also synergized with the calcium ionophores A23187 or ionomycin to cause lymphocyte proliferation in the absence of macrophages. WGA and the ionophores together did not cause proliferation, a finding which suggested that they fulfill the same roles. These observations led us to conclude that at least two signals were required for lymphocyte stimulation. One signal caused the mobilization of calcium and the other signal circumvented the need for macrophages or macrophage products possibly by mimicking diacylglycerol, the activator of protein kinase C.
Role of bronchoscopy in lung cancer translational research: Tumor harvest for the lung cancer mutation consortium (LCMC) studies

Introduction: The LCMC is a multi-institution collaboration to collect 1,000 cases of advanced (stage IIIB/IV) Adenocarcinoma for rapid analysis of multiple genes felt important in LC pathogenesis, to accelerate biomarker validation & discovery, to develop novel therapeutics. Aim: To address the need to harvest sufficient tumor from subjects who are often not suitable surgical candidates. To advance bronchoscopic harvest of tumor sufficient for multigene studies. Method: 68 lung AdenocarCA pts consented (3-10 and 2-11) for sending tumor tissue to Univ Colorado for multiple molecular analysis – FISH analysis for MET gene & ALK protein fusion, gene mutations by SNaPshot testing: APC, AKT1, BRAF,CTNNB1, EGFR, FLT3, JAK2, KIT, KRAS, MAP2K1, NOTCH1, NRAS, PIK3CA, PTEN, TP53. One pathologist (P.I.) review slides for tumor cellularity and adequacy for 20 extra slides. Results: 2 subjects ineligible (non AC, withdrew), 15 QNS, 33 with tissue successfully sent, 18 awaiting review of slides. Material deemed insufficient - 4 effusion cell block, 2 excised nodes, 9 bronch samples but 3/9 had sufficient tissue for in-house testing KRAS,EGFR,ALK, hence likely exhausted. Of 33 successful send-out: 17 lung surgery, 5 brain mets, 2 pleural met biopsies, 2 CT core bx. 7/33 (21%) from bronchs: 3 endo & 2 each transbronchial forceps and TBNA. Conclusion: Of 16 bronch specimens evaluated for multiplex tumor pathway testing after local site clinical testing, 7 (44%) adequate, 6 (37%) QNS, 3 (19%) likely used up for local biomarker testing. With additional effort at tumor collection at time of diagnosis, large panel testing for tumor biomarkers should be possible in a majority of cases.
Reading Together: A Summer Family Reading Apprenticeship Program for Delayed and Novice Readers

AbstractThe Reading Apprenticeship is an intervention that has been shown in previous studies to increase struggling readers, tested reading achievement by 8 to 9 months during a 12 week, in-school program. This article reports on the first study of the Reading Apprenticeship method conducted in the summer using parents, rather than supervised volunteers, as reading partners. Participating first through fourth grade novice or struggling readers typically gained from two to five months in tested reading skills during the summer, while parents reported enjoying the intervention and seeing evidence of increased skill and interest in reading in their children. Also discussed are the parents’ suggestions for program improvement and implications for the use of the Reading Apprenticeship method by schools and libraries to prevent the summer setback that affects so many poor readers.
Disordered immune regulation in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autologous mixed lymphocyte reactivity in polymyositis/dermatomyositis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are autoimmune disorders of unknown etiology. In order to study whether immunoregulatory abnormalities might be involved in these autoimmune states, the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) was investigated in patients with either adult PM/DM, childhood DM (CDM), or SLE. The AMLR was found to be significantly depressed in adult PM/DM regardless of disease activity. By contrast, in CDM the AMLR was normal. In SLE, the AMLR was depressed in patients with both active and inactive disease and the responding T cell population appeared to be defective, as shown in a study on a pair of identical twins. These studies thus underscore the existence of a primary immunoregulatory dysfunction in these two autoimmune diseases.
Multiple Ant Colony Optimization for Single Depot Multiple Trip Vehicle Routing Problems.

The multiple trip vehicle routing problem involves several sequences of routes. Working shift of single vehicle can be scheduled in multiple trips. It is suitable for urban areas where the vehicle has very limited size and capacity over short travel distances. The size and capacity limit also requires the vehicle should be vacated frequently. As a result, the vehicle could be used in different trips as long as the total time or distance is not exceeded. Various approaches are developed to solve the vehicle routing problem (VRP). Except for the simplest cases, VRP is always a computationally complex issue in order to optimize the objective function in terms or both time and expense. Ant colony optimization (ACO) has been introduced to solve the vehicle routing problem. The multiple ant colony system is proposed to search for alternative trails between the source and destination so as to minimize (fuel consumption, distance, time) among numerous geographically scattered routes. The objective is to design adaptive routing so as to balance loads among congesting city networks and to be adaptable to connection failures. As the route number increases, each route becomes less densely packed. It can be viewed as the vehicle scheduling problem with capacity constraints. The proposed scheme is applied to typical cases of vehicle routing problems with a single depot and flexible trip numbers. Results show feasibility and effectiveness of the approach.
Influence of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance

The previous chapter considered the influence of temperature on different supercapacitor components, including electrolytes, electrodes and separators. The thermophysical properties of these components dictate the electrochemical performance of a supercapacitor at different temperatures, which is reflected by two crucial metrics-capacitance and ESR—and also others such as aging, self-discharge and leakage. For instance, the high ionic conductivity and high dissociation rate of the electrolytes at elevated temperatures facilitates ion migration towards the electric double layer [1], leading to a low ESR. Capacitance depends on the amount of ions aggregated at the interface between electrodes and electrolytes, which is determined by the effective specific surface area of the electrodes. Higher temperature promotes the migration of ions to the innermost pores of electrodes, leading to an increase in effective surface area, and thus a higher capacitance. Energy and power densities are directly related to capacitance and ESR. Aging and self-discharge are also important parameters to evaluate the performance of supercapacitors in practical applications. In this chapter, the influence of temperature on electrochemical performance including extreme-temperature performance is discussed.
Toxicity of Nitrazepam (Mogadon)

A pediatric neurologist and his associates at the Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, report 6 deaths among 80 patients with intractable epilepsy treated with nitrazepam.
Perioperative management of Parkinson's disease.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Guidelines for the management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients in the perioperative setting are lacking.Areas covered: Here we review potential problems that may arise when PD patients are undergoing an operation. We also review the literature, where available, and provide our expert opinion and recommendations based on experience.Expert commentary: Elderly patients with PD are especially prone to complications in the perioperative setting. Extreme caution must be used to ensure appropriate medication administration, transition to non-oral agents, if indicated, and early mobilization to achieve rapid recovery after surgery.
The Fat Pedagogy Reader: Challenging Weight-based Oppression Through Critical Education, edited by Erin Cameron and Constance Russell

The field of fat studies is growing, and its achievements include the formal implementation of fat studies courses in postsecondary programs. This burgeoning inclusion provides opportunities for sc...
Non-thermal hydrogen atoms in the terrestrial upper thermosphere.

Model predictions of the distribution and dynamical transport of hydrogen atoms in the terrestrial atmosphere have long-standing discrepancies with ultraviolet remote sensing measurements, indicating likely deficiencies in conventional theories regarding this crucial atmospheric constituent. Here we report the existence of non-thermal hydrogen atoms that are much hotter than the ambient oxygen atoms in the upper thermosphere. Analysis of satellite measurements indicates that the upper thermospheric hydrogen temperature, more precisely the mean kinetic energy of the atomic hydrogen population, increases significantly with declining solar activity, contrary to contemporary understanding of thermospheric behaviour. The existence of hot hydrogen atoms in the upper thermosphere, which is the key to reconciling model predictions and observations, is likely a consequence of low atomic oxygen density leading to incomplete collisional thermalization of the hydrogen population following its kinetic energization through interactions with hot atomic or ionized constituents in the ionosphere, plasmasphere or magnetosphere. Model predictions of atomic hydrogen behaviour in the terrestrial atmosphere have long-standing discrepancies with geocoronal observations. Here, using satellite measurements, Qin and Waldrop note the existence of hot hydrogen atoms in the upper thermosphere, reconciling observational modelling differences.
The journey of transitioning: Being a trans male athlete in college sport

Abstract While research is emerging about transgender athletes, little is known about their experiences during their transition. Through the lens of transfeminism, this case study followed one U.S. transgender male college athlete as he transitioned from a women’s to a men’s team. The research questions were: (a) what are the experiences of this athlete as he comes out about his trans identity, (b) how is he received by teammates and coaches, and (c) what are his emotional, social, psychological, and athletic experiences during his transition. The athlete participated in a series of interviews across nine months during his transition. Narrative analysis (Smith & Sparkes, 2009) of the data resulted in five themes presented in a series of vignettes: setting the scene: early memories and identity, coming out, being a competitive college athlete, an emotional roller coaster, and contemplating the future. This case offers insights conceptually as well as practically.
An Electrochemical Perspective on Excitable Membranes, Channels and Gating

The concepts and techniques of electrochemistry have much to offer in elucidating the properties of biological membranes. Their role has been particularly prominent in the study of excitation where the two subjects, electrochemistry and electrophysiology, had a common origin about 200 years ago in the dispute of Galvani and Volta over the origins of animal electricity. The current explanation of excitation, based on ideas of electrochemistry developed almost a century ago, will be presented here and the debt of biology to electrochemistry will be apparent.
Truth and fiction: Or, orature and witnessing in Ishmael Beah’s A Long Way Gone

AbstractThe publication in 2007 of Ishmael Beah’s memoir A Long Way Gone, which sold more than 62,000 copies within a few months, etched Sierra Leone in the global consciousness. The book’s popularity and wide circulation provoked a critical response from The Australian newspaper, which used its understanding of non-fiction to challenge the veracity of Beah’s version of the civil war, as well as the story’s time line. This article argues that Beah’s multiple cultural affiliations situate him within a generically hybrid space that enables him to draw on western and non-western rhetorical traditions, especially Mende storytelling and other closely related narrative conventions. These allow the writer to negotiate successfully the space between fact and form, and add a new dimension to human rights witnessing. Critics have often failed to address adequately the implications of this multilayered composition.
Quantitative fluorescence techniques for the characterization of endocytosis in intact cells.

Fluorescence techniques have been used extensively in the biological sciences, and have been shown to be powerful tools for studying cell biology. Fluorescence has been used mainly for qualitative study in fixed preparations, as in immunofluorescence which has proved useful in the identification and localization of organelles and cellular proteins. Recently, a number of techniques have been developed for quantitative studies in both fixed and living cells.*
Factors associated with regular interprofessional interaction by doctors of optometry in management of patients with diabetes mellitus

Abstract Interprofessional interaction is important in the care of patients with diabetes. This study investigated factors associated with doctors' of optometry regular and ongoing interprofessional interaction for patients with diabetes and their satisfaction with interprofessional interaction. A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted in 2016 with 9607 doctors of optometry. The survey included consent, demographics, and interprofessional interaction. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate factors associated with regular interprofessional interaction. The survey was completed by 668 doctors of optometry who examined patients with diabetes in the previous year. The average age of respondents was 47 years and 54.7% were male. Half (46.0%) practice in the private setting, and 15.7% manage ≥30 patients with diabetes per week. The majority of respondents (96.9%) interact with other healthcare professionals at least once a year and 59.4% interact regularly; 65.6% are satisfied with their interprofessional interaction. Controlling for other factors, doctors of optometry who practice in a rural area [Odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) = 2.81 (1.78–4.44)], spend ≥40% of practice time managing ocular diseases [2.56 (1.75–3.73)], manage ≥30 diabetes patients per week [1.88 (1.07–3.31)], have residency training [1.64 (1.11–2.42)], or have a greater number of years in practice [1.02 (1.01–1.04)] were associated with higher likelihood of regular interprofessional interaction. Doctors of optometry who regularly participate in interprofessional interaction were more likely to be satisfied with their interactions [3.54 (2.54–4.95)] and more likely to believe that team-based care makes a difference in patient outcomes [2.15 (1.01–4.57)] and in patient satisfaction [1.81 (1.00–3.26)]. The barriers to caring for patients with diabetes included patients' lack of diabetes knowledge (41.6% greatly impact/entirely impact) and lack of access to medical information (30.5% greatly impact/entirely impact).
How to Choose Between Two or More Job Opportunities

Should you be so lucky to have choices, select the one that offers the best future opportunities.
Genome Sequence of Verrucomicrobium sp. Strain GAS474, a Novel Bacterium Isolated from Soil.

Verrucomicrobium sp. strain GAS474 was isolated from the mineral soil of a temperate deciduous forest in central Massachusetts. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of this phylogenetically novel organism, which consists of a total of 3,763,444 bp on a single scaffold, with a 65.8% GC content and 3,273 predicted open reading frames.
The “Outsider Within”: counter-narratives of the “New” African diaspora in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah (2013)

This article examines how Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's novel Americanah (2013) re-imagines racial solidarity between African immigrants of the “new” African diaspora and African Americans of the “old...
Crystallization of a Metastable Solvate and Impact of the Isolation Method on the Material Properties of the Anhydrous Product

We report the crystallization of a metastable small-molecule solvate and the effect of the isolation method on the physical and material properties of the resulting anhydrous material. The anhydrous crystalline products obtained from two different isolation routes using either a temperature-driven form change or a solvent-wash-mediated form change were analyzed by a suite of material-sparing characterization methods probing both physical form and material properties such as particle size distribution and powder flow behavior. The temperature-driven desolvation method was found to be time-consuming and undesirable. A relatively rapid desolvation approach was obtained using an ethyl acetate wash-mediated process. However, this method leads to powder with a broader particle size distribution, poorer flowability, higher interparticulate friction, and lower bulk density compared with the powder obtained by the temperature-driven desolvation process. The direct impact of the method of isolation on the material ...
An Intern's Experience at the Great Lakes Resources Sharing Conference

ABSTRACTThis article chronicles the involvement of an intern working and attending the 2017 Great Lakes Resource Sharing Conference (GLRSC) in Oak Brook, Illinois. GLRSC primarily targets library p...
Energy losses in non-classical free surface flows

One of the most familiar phenomena associated with the motion of water is the breaking of waves at the seashore. Another important, albeit less familiar example, is the impact of a liquid jet, formed during the collapse of an underwater bubble. Both phenomena involve the collision of liquid surfaces and represent a breakdown of classical hydro dynamic theory. This paper presents computations of such non-classical phenomena using an algorithm based on a generalized theory for hydrodynamics. Under the additional assumption that liquid collisions behave inelastically, the total mechanical energy of the flow field will be reduced at the time of impact. Examples included in this paper are a comparison of computations to an exact solution of the energy loss resulting from a face-on collision of liquid cylinders, and a computational convergence study of the energy loss due to a liquid jet within a bubble impacting a solid wall. A computation of the dynamics of a shallow depth bubble is also presented.
Capillary endothelial transport of uric acid in guinea pig heart.

Much of the adenosine formed in the heart is degraded by endothelial enzymes to uric acid, which is exported across the coronary capillary endothelial cell membrane before renal excretion. Because previous experiments suggested that cell permeability for uric acid is either very high (similar to water) or very low, multiple indicator-dilution experiments were carried out to distinguish between the two possibilities. An intravascular reference tracer, 131I-labeled albumin, and an extracellular reference tracer, L-[3H]glucose, were injected together with [14C]uric acid as a bolus into the coronary inflow, while fractionating the venous outflow for 90 s. Recovery of injected uric acid averaged 99.0 +/- 2.9% (mean +/- SD, n = 12) that of L-glucose. Peak capillary extraction of L-glucose and uric acid averaged 0.38 +/- 0.032 and 0.42 +/- 0.035 (P less than 0.005) compared with albumin. Except at the peaks, the dilution curves for [14C]uric acid and L-[3H]glucose coincided closely, indicating that little uric acid was transported into cells. The dilution curves were analyzed using an axially distributed, multipathway, four region mathematical model, to estimate membrane permeability-surface area (PS) products. Since the endothelial cell PS for uric acid was low (0.12 +/- 0.09 ml.g-1.min-1), approximately 3% of the PS reported for adenosine, the possibility of flow-limited exchange for uric acid is ruled out. To estimate steady-state endothelial concentrations of uric acid in vivo, equations were developed describing electrochemical potential gradients for dissociated and undissociated forms of a weak acid. Despite endothelial production, intracellular concentrations that are lower than outside are expected because the negative membrane potential and lower cellular pH assist uric acid efflux.
Author Correction: Sphingolipids and their metabolism in physiology and disease

In the original Figure 2, sphingolipids on the endosomal and lysosomal membranes are facing the outside of these organelles. The correct orientation of these species should be towards the lumen, as shown in the corrected figure.