cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the service life of the 100-meter Green Bank Telescope azimuth track

The NRAO Green Bank Telescope (GBT), located in Green Bank, West Virginia, is supported by 16 steel wheels which rest upon a composite steel and concrete Azimuth Track, 210 feet (64 meters) in diameter. From the start of observing in February 2001, the Azimuth Track design presented an operational problem for NRAO. By the spring of 2001, slippage of the top plate on the base plate was causing hold-down bolt failures. In July 2002, wear between the top and base plates (fretting) had become evident around the entire track circumference. NRAO engineers took immediate action to reduce both the track slippage and wear problems. But in January 2003, cracks were discovered in two adjacent top plates; by 2006 the top plates were cracking at a rate of almost one a month - an alarming rate given the design service life of 20 years. This paper will summarize the engineering analysis efforts that were subsequently conducted to assess the root cause of the GBT track degradation problem. We will also discuss a trial modification section that was installed in June 2004. Finally, we will discuss the design solution that was developed to remedy the track performance problem.
On the chemical free energy of the electrical double layer

The free energy of interaction between colloidal particles due to the overlap of their double layers was traditionally calculated either for systems of arbitrary geometry interacting at constant surface potential or at constant surface charge or for parallel plates interacting under arbitrary surface conditions. An expression is obtained for the change in the chemical contribution to the free energy of the double layers during a general interaction, which allows the calculation (within the Poisson-Boltzmann formalism) of the interaction free energy for systems of arbitrary geometry and surface conditions. The change in chemical free energy depends not only on the values of the surface charge and potential at the final state but also on their values at each distance between infinity and the final state. A simple approximate expression for the change in the chemical free energy contribution is also proposed, which involves only the states at infinite and final distances. Its accuracy is tested for planar and parallel surfaces, with charges generated via the dissociation of surface groups.
Do Differences in GPA Impact Attitudes About Group Work? A Comparison of Business and Non-Business Majors

Using survey data the authors investigate the impact of grade point average (GPA) on students’ preferences for classroom group work and its structure. Topics range from general attitudes and beliefs (benefits to grades, impact on mastery of material, professors’ motives) to administration (group composition, grading, peer reviews, group leadership). It was hypothesized that students act as GPA maximizers (prefer higher grades if holding all else equal) and therefore high achievers would answer many of the questions differently than low achievers. Regression results suggest that, generally, GPA better explains survey results for non-business majors than for business majors.
A simple piezoelectric droplet generator

A design for a piezoelectric on-demand droplet generator is presented. Its simple construction and ease of operation distinguish this generator from others previously reported. The droplet generator has been successfully used to produce droplets of aqueous solutions with very high dissolved salt loadings and is currently used to study droplet import and evaporation on a heated surface.
Dermatologic Problems in the Intensive Care Unit: Part IV

In this final section of our review, we discuss a variety of skin disorders often acquired during hospitalization in the intensive care unit. Environmental, nutritional, immunologic, and pharmacologic factors, among others, place patients at risk for drug eruptions, including leukocytoclastic vasculitis and anticoagulant-induced necrosis; moniliasis; acquired zinc deficiency; recurrent herpes simplex labialis; seborrheic dermatitis; contact dermatitis; and pressure sores.
Aggregation of U. S. population centers using climate parameters related to building energy use

Abstract A technique for aggregating population centers into groups based on selected climate parameters is presented. Climate information on the 125 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the United States is used to assign each SMSA to a particular group. The technique select one SMSA in each region as a “climate center,” whose climate is used to represent the entire region. The 125 SMSAs contain over 140 million population and include every metropolitan area of 250 thousand or more. The climate variables used to group SMSAs of similar climate are heating and cooling degree days, KT—a measure of solar radiation, and latent enthalpy hours, a measure of moisture that must be removed from outside air in order to bring it to a standard comfort condition. Climate information is derived from SOLMET and TMY weather data. Characterization of U.S. climates in terms of these variables and relationships between pairs of variables is discussed. An interactive agglomeration computer program, GLO...
Effect of Heat Processing in Cans and Retort Pouches on Sensory Properties of Fowl Meat

Fowl meat processed in cans and flexible retortable pouches was evaluated for heat effects on sensory properties. A trained panel evaluated texture and off-flavor of canned boned chicken, uncooked fowl meat retorted in flexible pouches, cooked meat retorted in flexible pouches, and simmered fowl meat (control). Results indicated that the retort pouch process may offer a method for improving the texture of processed fowl meat from spent hens by adequately cooking to tenderize the meat but not overcooking it to the extent that meat chunks are reduced to fibrous, shredded, or stringy components. Off-flavor development was related to pre-cooking before retorting.
The Functional Pain Scale: reliability, validity, and responsiveness in an elderly population

Objectives Because of difficulty experienced in assessing pain in frail older patients and the lack of pain assessment tools with standardization in the elderly, the Functional Pain Scale (FPS), an instrument incorporating both subjective and objective components to assess pain, was developed and evaluated. Design, setting, participants, and measures One hundred subjects more than 65 years old participated in the validity, reliability, and responsiveness (the clinical sensitivity of the instrument to change) testing of the Functional Pain Scale. Subjects were recruited from a geriatrics inpatient setting, a geriatrics outpatient setting, and a local hospice (residing in their homes). Ninety-four of the subjects completed all phases of testing. Reliability was tested using a test-retest format and a correlation matrix. Criterion-related validity was established as compared with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Present Pain Intensity (PPI), the McGill Short Form Questionnaire (MPQ-SF), and the Numeric Pain Scale (NPS) instruments. Responsiveness for the FPS, the VAS, the PPI, the MPQ-SF, and the NPS instruments was determined using five previously described techniques: effect size, standardized response means, relative efficiency, direct comparison of t test scores, and direct comparison of P values. A cumulative index was developed to rank each scale. Cumulative responsiveness index scores were based on individual scale performance for each separate responsiveness test. The lowest score in the cumulative responsiveness index indicated the most responsive scale. Results Interrater reliability for instruments tested exceeded 0.95 for all instruments tested. Validity testing showed high correlations as well ( r = 0.62, r = 0.85, r = 0.80, r = 0.90 for the VAS, the PPI, the MPQ-SF, and the NPS respectively). Responsiveness evaluated overall by the responsiveness index was best for the Functional Pain Scale (7) followed by the Visual Analog Scale (12), the Present Pain Intensity (13), the McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form (19), and the Numerical Pain Questionnaire (24). Conclusions The Functional Pain Scale was determined to be reliable, valid, and responsive. The responsiveness of the Functional Pain Scale was superior to the other instruments tested. The Functional Pain Scale is an acceptable instrument for assessing pain in older adults and may reflect changes in pain better than other instruments tested. Further testing in other populations is warranted.
Slowness and the preceding preparatory interval effect in schizophrenia

We measured the reaction times (RTs) of schizophrenic (n = 25), matched normal (n = 69), and bipolar (n = 14) subjects to a tone preceded by a preparatory interval (PI; the time between the warning signal and imperative stimulus) of varying length. RTs increase when the PI for the immediately preceding trial (the PPI) is longer than the PI for the current trial. Several studies have shown that this PPI effect (difference score) is heightened in schizophrenia. We replicated this finding. However, we found that the size of the PPI effect within groups increased with overall slowness and that the least squares regression line relating the PPI effect difference score to overall slowness did not differ between groups, nor did schizophrenic subjects' regression line differ from that of normal subjects. Group differences on the PPI effect were also analyzed by taking residuals for members of all groups from the normal subjects' regression line of the PPI effect difference score on overall slowness. Groups did not differ on these residuals, nor did schizophrenic subjects differ from normal subjects. We conclude that the heightening of the PPI effect in schizophrenia is like that observed in equally slow normal subjects. This finding suggests that the PPI effect does not appear to be a promising marker of a distinctive schizophrenic pathology.
Effect of Emamectin Benzoate on Mortality, Proboscis Extension, Gustation and Reproduction of the Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea

Newly emerged corn earworm adults, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) require a carbohydrate source from plant or other exudates and nectars for dispersal and reproduction. Adults actively seek and forage at feeding sites upon eclosion in the habitat of the larval host plant or during dispersal to, or colonization of, a suitable reproductive habitat. This nocturnal behavior of H. zea has potential for exploitation as a pest management strategy for suppression using an adult feeding approach. This approach entails the use of a feeding attractant and stimulant in combination with a toxicant that when ingested by the adult will either reduce fecundity/fertility at sub-lethal dosages or kill the adult. The intent of this study was to assess reproductive inhibition and toxicity of emamectin benzoate on H. zea when ingested by the adults when mixed in ppm active ingredient (wt:vol) with 2.5 M sucrose as a feeding stimulant. Because the mixture has to be ingested to function, the effect of emamectin benzoate was also evaluated at sub-lethal and lethal concentrations on proboscis extension and gustatory response of H. zea in the laboratory. Feral males captured in sex pheromone-baited traps in the field were used for toxicity evaluations because they were readily available and were more representative of the field populations than laboratory-reared adults. Laboratory-reared female moths were used for reproduction effects because it is very difficult to collect newly emerged feral females from the field. Emamectin benzoate was highly toxic to feral H. zea males with LC50 values (95% CL) being 0.718 (0.532–0.878), 0.525 (0.316–0.751), and 0.182 (0.06–0.294) ppm for 24, 48 and 72 h responses, respectively. Sub-lethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate did not significantly reduce proboscis extension response of feral males and gustatory response of female H. zea. Sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate significantly reduced percent larval hatch of eggs and mating frequency of female H. zea. Larval survival to the pupal stage was also significantly reduced by ingestion of emamectin benzoate by female H. zea. These data suggest that emamectin benzoate is a useful toxicant in an attract-and-kill control strategy against H. zea. Field studies are warranted to validate the results reported in this study.
Molecular dynamics simulations of homo-oligomeric bundles embedded within a lipid bilayer.

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we studied the structure, interhelix interactions, and dynamics of transmembrane proteins. Specifically, we investigated homooligomeric helical bundle systems consisting of synthetic α-helices with either the sequence Ac-(LSLLLSL)3-NH2 (LS2) or Ac-(LSSLLSL)3-NH2 (LS3). The LS2 and LS3 helical peptides are designed to have amphipathic characteristics that form ion channels in membrane. We simulated bundles containing one to six peptides that were embedded in palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) lipid bilayer and placed between two lamellae of water. We aim to provide a fundamental understanding of how amphipathic helical peptides interact with each other and their dynamical behaviors in different homooligomeric states. To understand structural properties, we examined the helix lengths, tilt angles of individual helices and the entire bundle, interhelix distances, interhelix cross-angles, helix hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic vector projections, and the average number of interhelix hydrophilic (serine–serine) contacts lining the pore of the transmembrane channel. To analyze dynamical properties, we calculated the rotational autocorrelation function of each helix and the cross-correlation of the rotational velocity between adjacent helices. The observed structural and dynamical characteristics show that higher order bundles containing four to six peptides are composed of multiple lower order bundles of one to three peptides. For example, the LS2 channel was found to be stable in a tetrameric bundle composed of a “dimer of dimers.” In addition, we observed that there is a minimum of two strong hydrophilic contacts between a pair of adjacent helices in the dimer to tetramer systems and only one strong hydrophilic interhelix contact in helix pairs of the pentamer and hexamer systems. We believe these results are general and can be applied to more complex ion channels, providing insight into ion channel stability and assembly.
The consumer psychology of customer–brand relationships: Extending the AA Relationship model

Abstract The Attachment–Aversion (AA) Relationship model offers a unifying model of customer–brand relationships. To develop it further as a relevant consumer-psychology model, future research should examine three key factors: how brand perception differs from person perceptions; what role brand experiences play as determinants of customer–brand relationships, and how the AA Relationship model fits with other brand frameworks. The author offers insights and suggestions on how to address these three tasks.
A foundational delineation of computational feasibility

A principle directly pertinent to feasibility, which justifies the identification of P-time with feasible computing, is proposed. It is shown that the computable functions justified on the basis of positive quantifier-free comprehension are precisely the functions computable in deterministic polynomial time. This shows that the class P-time arises naturally from a foundational analysis of feasibility, and that terms using exponentiation can be justified as meaningful only under the admission of infinite sets as completed totalities. >
Surface area and heat of adsorption measurements of a microporous carbon

Abstract Surface areas, micropore volumes, and isosteric heats of adsorption are reported for a microporous carbon as a function of conversion. The isosteric heats of adsorption were calculated from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium adsorption pressure at temperatures between 112 and 184 K, and are reported for a surface coverage (relative to the BET surface area) up to θ = 0.33 The isosteric heats show a decrease with coverage that is characteristic of an energetically heterogeneous surface. This decrease in adsorption energy with coverage was found to be more marked for the higher conversion chars. The Henry's Law regime isosteric heat, however, showed no significant variation with respect to carbon conversion or the presence of carbon-oxygen surface complexes. The average value for the isosteric heat in the Henry's Law regime is 15.3 kj/mole. Both the heat of adsorption and the surface area data are consistent with a structural model for microporous carbons in which the ultramicropores are formed by slit-like pores of two adjacent lamellae. These carbons have a distribution of pore widths, but the smallest accessible pore is approximately 6.2A wide.
Distinguishing a charged Higgs signal from a heavy WR signal

Abstract It is shown that non-Standard Model bosons should obey an observable asymmetry in their decays to taus. This assymetry enables a distinction to be made between charged Higgs boson signals and heavy right-handed W boson signals, by reconstructing the orientation of the τ with respect to the beam axis.
Malignant Gliomas: Diagnosis and Treatment

he incidence of primary brain tumors worldwide is approximately 7 per 00,000 individuals per year, accounting for 2% of all primary tumors. nlike secondary brain tumors that arise from distant sites, such as lung r breast, and spread to the central nervous system (CNS) via hematognous dissemination, primary brain tumors emerge from cells intrinsic to he CNS or its surrounding meninges. These tumors are classified on a cale of I to IV defined by the World Health Organization. This grading ystem is based on tumor genetic attributes and histopathological features ndicating the degree of malignancy and subsequent propensity for ggressive behavior. Grades III and IV are typically considered igh-grade or malignant. Of the approximately 18,000 adults diagnosed ith a malignant brain tumor in the United Stated per year, the most ommon and lethal is glioblastoma (World Health Organization Grade V), also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBMs account or 10-15% of all primary intracranial tumors. They occur in all age roups, but most commonly in adults, with a peak incidence between 45 nd 70 years old. GBMs can arise in any region of the CNS, but most ommonly in cerebral hemispheres. The hallmark histopathological eatures of this tumor include nuclear atypia, necrosis, hypercellularity, nd microvascular proliferation. Glioblastomas pose a challenge in neuro-oncology because of their (i) nfiltrative nature, (ii) resistance to apoptosis, (iii) propensity for recurence, and (iv) resistance to conventional therapies. The incidence of hese tumors has increased somewhat over the past 2 decades, especially n elderly people, most likely because of improved diagnostic imaging. espite advancement in surgery and adjuvant therapy, the prognosis emains unfavorable, with a median survival of 12-18 months.
Identification and purification of a high-affinity thyroxine binding protein that is distinct from albumin and prealbumin in the blood of a turtle, Trachemys scripta

Fractionation of plasma proteins in the turtle, Trachemys scripta, confirmed the presence of a high-affinity thyroxine (T4) binding protein (TBP) that was distinct from albumin (ALB) and prealbumin (PA). The TBP was isolated by adsorption on a T4-affinity column and a high degree of purification was achieved by gel filtration and preparative electrophoresis. Analysis by reversed-phase HPLC showed a single peak of protein with T4 binding activity. The electrophoretic mobility of the TBP, based on staining and binding to [125I]T4 on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels (PAGE), corresponded to that of the major T4 binding activity previously identified in plasma (ca. 60 kDa). PA was fractionated as a complex with retinol binding protein (PA-RBP) based on retinol associated fluorescence using ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and gel filtration. This complex behaved as a larger and more highly charged molecule than TBP; it was partially dissociated in low ionic strength basic solution. SDS-PAGE of the PA-RBP-enriched fraction revealed a major component of about 48 kDa (possibly free PA), with smaller components corresponding to those expected for free RBP (ca. 22 kDa) and subunits of PA (e.g., 14 and 28 kDa). ALB was purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE and gel filtration; it behaved as less basic than PA with MW ≈ 67 kDa. TBP accounted for virtually all the T4 binding activity of whole plasma: TBP was about 100 times as active and PA and ALB were <1% as active as plasma. The binding affinity of purified TBP was similar to that of whole plasma from turtle and human (e.g., approx. 109 M−1 on Sephadex G-25).
Purification of Analytical-Grade Cation-Exchange Resin for Spectrochemical Applications

Frequently, in spectrochemical analyses which involve analyzing ion-exchange resins that have been ashed, resins which are more pure than commercially available materials are required. One method for purifying commercial cation resins is presented below.
Effects of Sequential Calcium Phosphate-Fluoride Rinses on Dental Plaque, Staining, Fluoride Uptake, and Caries in Rats

Oral rinses which included (1) an acidic calcium phosphate solution containing 0.7 M Ca, 1.9 M PO4, and saturated with respect to CaHPO4 · 2H 2O, and with a pH of 2.0, followed by (2) a 0.52 M fluoride solution, from NaF or SnF2, were provided to rats once daily for seven days. The investigation consisted of two studies: In the first study, the amounts of dental plaque on the tooth surfaces and fluoride concentrations in the outer enamel were assessed seven days after the last treatment; in the second study, the extent of dental caries was evaluated seven weeks after the last treatment. All rinse sequences containing fluoride provided significant caries protection. The acidic calcium phosphate treatment markedly enhanced the ability of the enamel to acquire fluoride without change of surface morphology. Only the rinse sequences that included stannous fluoride showed significant plaque suppression.
Reversible cardiomyopathy in an infant with unrecognized congenital adrenal hyperplasia

We describe an infant who had a dilated cardiomyopathy and who was later found to have congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The cardiomyopathy resolved after replacement of glucocorticold and mineralocorticold. We believe that glucocorticoid deficiency may have played a direct role in the evolution of this cardiomyopathy.
Biologically effective dose distribution based on the linear quadratic model and its clinical relevance

Abstract Purpose : Radiotherapy plans based on physical dose distributions do not necessarily entirely reflect the biological effects under various fractionation schemes. Over the past decade, the linear-quadratic (LQ) model has emerged as a convenient tool to quantify biological effects for radiotherapy. In this work, we set out to construct a mechanism to display biologically oriented dose distribution based on the LQ model. Methods and Materials : A computer program that converts a physical dose distribution calculated by a commercially available treatment planning system to a biologically effective dose (BED) distribution has been developed and verified againsts theoretical calculations. This software accepts a user's input of biolgical parameters for each structure of interest (linear and quadratic dose-response and repopulation kinetic parameters), as well as treatment scheme factors (number of fractions, fractional dose, and treatment time). It then presents a two-dimensional BED display in conjuction with anatomical structures. Furthermore, to facilitate clinicians' intuitive comparison with conventional fractionation regimen, a conversion of BED to normalized isoeffective dose (NID)_is also allowed. Results : Two sample cases serve to illustrate the application of our tool in clinical practice. (a) For an orthogonal wedged pair of x-ray beams treating a maxillary sinus tumor, the biological effect at the ipsilateral mandible can be quantified, thus illustrates the so-called “double-trouble” effects very well. (b) For a typical four-field, evenly weighted prostate treatment using 10 MV x-rays, physical dosimetry predicts a comparable dose at the femoral necks between an alternate two-fields/day and four-fields/day setups. However, our BED display reveals an approximate 21% higher BED for the two-fields/day scheme. This excessive dose to the femoral necks can be eliminated if the treatment is delivered with a 3:2 (anterio-posterior/posterio-anterior (AP/PA): bilaterally opposed (BLO)) dose weighting. With Co-60 beams, the increase of BED with alternate two-fields/day, 1:1 setup was even more pronounced (26%). Conclusions : We have demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a biologically oriented dose distribution for clinical practice of radiotherapy. The discordance between physical dose distributions and the biological counterparts based on the given treatment schemes was quantified. The computerized display of BED at nonprescription points greatly enhanced the versality of this tool. Although the routine use of this implementation in clinical radiotherapy should be cautiously done, depending largely on the accuracy of the published biological parameters, it may, nevertheless, help the clinicians derived an optimal treatment plan with a particular fractionation scheme or use it as a quantitative tool for outcome analysis in clinical research.
Low temperature degradation of Y-TZP materials

Seven yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (TZP) materials were examined to determine if they were susceptible to low temperature degradation. Flexure specimens were exposed to approximately 800 Pa of water vapour pressure for 50 h between 200 and 400 °C. Only one of the TZPs was unaffected by these low temperature treatments. Three underwent catastrophic degradation after all the low temperature treatments, while the final three had property losses of varying degrees, depending on the treatment temperature.
Dissimilarity maps on trees and the representation theory of SL m (C)

We prove that m-dissimilarity vectors of weighted trees are points on the tropical Grassmannian, as conjecture by Cools in response to a question of Sturmfels and Pachter. We accomplish this by relating m-dissimilarity vectors to the representation theory of SL m (?).
Diabatic-states representation for He * (n>=3)+ He collisions

A diabatic-states representation for scattering of triplet helium atoms, with $n\ensuremath{\ge}3$, by the ground-state helium atom is presented. Ab initio calculations have been performed on the $^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g,u}^{+}$, $^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g,u}$, and $^{3}\ensuremath{\Delta}_{g}$ Rydberg states of ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}$. Matrix elements for radial and angular coupling between the orthogonalized diabatic states have also been evaluated. The angular couplings are quite weak, with the result that molecular states with different electronic symmetries are effectively uncoupled in low-energy collisions. The crossing by a repulsive diabatic-potential curve through the Rydberg series and into the continuum is shown to be an effective mechanism for associative ionization. Some qualitative observations on associative ionization and dissociative recombination are made.
IL-15 is a growth factor and an activator of CD8 memory T cells.

Memory lymphocytes, arising from naive lymphocytes after antigenic stimulation and being long-lived, are the cellular basis for immunological memory. Recent studies of CD8 T cells suggest that generation of CD8 memory T cells requires the engagement of T cell antigen receptors (TCR) with antigen, yet the maintenance of CD8 memory T cells appears to be dependent on cytokines, such as IL-15, independent of TCR. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular events of TCR-induced differentiation and proliferation in the past decade, less is known about the mechanisms of IL-15 action. From a kinetic and comparative analysis of the responses of memory phenotype CD8 T cells to IL-15 and TCR stimulation in vitro, we found that IL-15 and anti-CD3 induce highly similar responses in memory phenotype CD8 T cells as measured by general gene expression profiles, synthesis of effector molecules (IFNgamma, TNFbeta, granzyme B and perforin), induction of cytotoxicity, and cellular proliferation. These findings indicate that IL-15 is not only a growth factor but also an antigen-independent activator for CD8 memory T cells.
Penetration depth in proximity-effect superconductors

We have studied magnetic field penetration into the normal-metal side of proximity-effect sandwiches by measuring the periodic magnetic field dependence of the dc Josephson current in tunnel junctions containing the normal-metal/superconductor bilayers. The systems studied include the bilayers Ag/Pb, Al/Pb, Ag/Sn, and Sn/Pb and the trilayer sandwich Ag/Sn/Pb, in the temperature range down to 0.1 K. We find that the magnetic field is screened out of the normal metal in much the same way as for a type-I superconductor, with a penetration depth that becomes independent of the normal-metal thickness, or the temperature, at sufficiently low temperature. The magnitude of the induced normal-metal penetration depth is a function of the normal-metal parameters and the inverse of the gap in the backing superconductor.
Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation

Historically, the term ‘memory consolidation’ refers to a process whereby a memory becomes increasingly resistant to interference from competing or disrupting factors with the continued passage of time1. Recent findings regarding the learning of skilled sensory and motor tasks (‘procedural learning’) have refined this definition, suggesting that consolidation can be more strictly determined by time spent in specific brain states such as wake, sleep or certain stages of sleep2,3,4,5,6,7,8. There is also renewed interest9 in the possibility that recalling or ‘reactivating’ a previously consolidated memory renders it once again fragile and susceptible to interference10,11,12, therefore requiring periods of reconsolidation13,14,15. Using a motor skill finger-tapping task, here we provide evidence for at least three different stages of human motor memory processing after initial acquisition. We describe the unique contributions of wake and sleep in the development of different forms of consolidation, and show that waking reactivation can turn a previously consolidated memory back into a labile state requiring subsequent reconsolidation.
The effects and perceptions of family involvement in program decisions about family-centered practices

Abstract This article describes the perceptions and effects of parent participation in a workshop designed to help professionals working in early intervention programs for young children with disabilities become more family-focused in their work. Two decision-making workshops were held, one in which parents were invited to attend along with professionals and one attended only by professionals. Data from four sources—pre- and postworkshop ratings of current and desired practices, the verbal behavior of participants during the workshop, surveys of participants' perceptions, and an analysis of decisions made during the workshop—are used to assess the effects and perceptions of consumer involvement in program-level decisions. Results indicate that parent presence influenced the extent to which professionals perceived a need for change in program practices. Parents and professionals who experienced parent presence were positive about the experience, and professionals who attended the workshop without parents felt strongly that parents should have been there.
The Role of Grain Boundaries in the Deformation and Failure of a Superplastic Al-Li Alloy

The large elongations associated with superplasticity are observed only in materials with fine grain sizes. An Al-Li alloy processed thermomechanically to develop a fine grain size exhibits superplastic characteristics and large elongations to failure of up to about 900 percent. Measurements at large elongations reveal that the grain boundary sliding contribution to superplastic deformation is about 75 percent. Microstructural inspection of superplastically deformed specimens reveals also the occurrence of extensive cavitation.
The Role of Lipocalin 2 in the Regulation of Inflammation in Adipocytes and Macrophages

Adipose tissue-derived cytokines (adipokines) are associated with the development of inflammation and insulin resistance. However, which adipokine(s) mediate this linkage and the mechanisms involved during obesity is poorly understood. Through proteomics and microarray screening, we recently identified lipocalin 2 (LCN 2) as an adipokine that potentially connects obesity and its related adipose inflammation. Herein we show that the levels of LCN2 mRNA are dramatically increased in adipose tissue and liver of ob/ob mice and primary adipose cells isolated from Zucker obese rats, and thiazolidinedione administration reduces LCN2 expression. Interestingly, addition of LCN2 induces mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and adiponectin. Reducing LCN2 gene expression causes decreased expression of PPARgamma and adiponectin, slightly reducing insulin-stimulated Akt2 phosphorylation at Serine 473 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. LCN2 administration to 3T3-L1 cells attenuated TNFalpha-effect on glucose uptake, expression of PPARgamma, insulin receptor substrate-1, and glucose transporter 4, and secretion of adiponectin and leptin. When added to macrophages, LCN2 suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production. Our data suggest that LCN2, as a novel autocrine and paracrine adipokine, acts as an antagonist to the effect of inflammatory molecules on inflammation and secretion of adipokines.
A canonical representation for solutions of a class of non-linear problems

Abstract This paper illustrates a technique for representing periodic solutions of a class of non-linear problems in terms of corresponding solutions of a simpler non-linear problem. Consider the equation (1) d 2 x d t 2 + x + g m (x) = a sin ωt , where a and α are constants, and gm(x) is an odd piecewise-linear (discontinuous) function with 2m branches. For any such gm(x), it is shown, under certain conditions, that the simplest periodic solution x(t) of (1), of period 2π/ω (or of period 2πj/ω, j an odd integer) may be represented in the canonical form x(t) = ( 1 2m ) ∑ i=1 m [y(t−t i )+y(t+t i )] where y(t) is the corresponding solution of the equation d 2 x d t 2 + x + sgn x = b sin ωt for properly chosen b. The phase shifts t1, …, tm must satisfy a set of m simultaneous transcendental equations; once they are known, b is given explicitly in terms of a.
Quantum chemistry with an attached processor

The Floating Point Systems Inc. model 164 attached processor (FPS-164) is a high-speed, pipelined, parallel processor designed for large-scale scientific computation. Benchmark studies of operations common in quantum chemistry codes are discussed and the performance of the FPS-64 is compared with other commonly available computers. A complete system of electronic structure codes has been implemented on the FPS-164 using the FORTRAN-77 cross-compiler and calls to optimized vector and matrix routines. The conversion of a generalized valence bond (GVB) code illustrates the strategy adopted to adapt FORTRAN codes to the FPS-164. A typical production example, a large scale gvb and configuration interaction calculation on the vinyl radical, shows a net throughput equivalent to nearly nine VAX 11/780 computers. 13 references.
EFFECT OF EDTA ADDITIONS ON NATURAL TRICHODESMIUM SPP. (CYANOPHYTA) POPULATIONS1

Despite nearly two decades of intensive research, many questions regarding the physiology and ecology of the marine, non-heterocystous cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium, remain unresolved. We note here the effect of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) on N 2 fixation by Trichodesmium, and the use of EDTA as a means of extending the viability of natural Trichodesmium spp. populations. We examined nitrogenase activity (NA) as a function of EDTA concentration, time of collection, light level, and iron addition. Samples collected early in the day and treated with EDTA maintain a steady rate of activity for hours longer than controls. Furthermore, samples preincubated through the night with EDTA were active the next morning, compared with controls that were inactive. The discovery that (10-50 μM) low concentrations of EDTA prolong the duration of NA of Trichodesmium during experimental manipulations without affecting the rate of acetylene reduction allows for longer term manipulative experiments to be conducted.
Induction of vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium by non‐glycopeptide antibiotics

Bacitracin and other antibiotics that inhibit late stages in peptidoglycan biosynthesis induce vancomycin resistance in a high-level, inducibly vancomycin-resistant strain of Enterococcus faecium. Exposure to bacitracin led to synthesis of the lactate-containing UDP-MurNAc-pentadepsipeptide precursor required for vancomycin resistance. These findings indicate that inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis can lead to induction of vancomycin resistance and raise the possibility that multiple signals may serve to induce resistance.
PHYCOLOGIA TRIGINTA QUINQUE1,2

A brief history of the origin of the Phycological Society of America (PSA) is presented. Since its founding, the PSA has grown from the 157 Charter Members in 1947 into a vital Society of some 1800 members today. A major catalyst in the development of the PSA was the creation in 1965 of the Journal of Phycology which now ranks among the important journals in Botany. Lists of Charter Members, Distinguished Lecturers, recipients of the Bold Award, members of the PSA Executive Committee and the major meeting sites are included.
An automated, reconfigurable, low-power RFID tag

This paper describes an ultra low power active RFID tag and its automated design flow. RFID primitives to be supported by the tag are enumerated with RFID macros and the behavior of each primitive is specified using ANSI-C within the template to automatically generate the tag controller. Two power saving components, a passive transceiver/burst switch and a smart buffer, are presented to save power and increase tag lifetime. Based on a test program, the processors required 183, 43, and 19 /spl mu/J per transaction for StrongARM, XScale, and EISC processors, respectively. Three hardware controllers using a Fusion FPGA, Coolrunner II CPLD, and ASIC required 13 nJ, 1.3 nJ, and 0.07 nJ per transaction.
A proof system for communicating shared resources

The authors introduce a proof system for CCSR, a process algebra based on the CSR model. CCSR allows the algebraic specifications of timeouts, interrupts, periodic behaviors and exceptions. A rigorous treatment of preemption, which is based not only on priority but also on resource utilization and inter-resource synchronization, is provided. The theory of preemption leads to a term equivalence based on strong bisimulation, which yields a set of laws forming the proof system. As an illustration, a resource-sharing, producer-consumer problem is presented and the authors use their laws to prove its correctness. >
Factorization and the synthesis of optimal feedback kernels for differential-delay systems

In this paper a combination of ideas from the theories of operator Riccati equations and Volterra factorizations leads to the derivation of a new and relatively simple set of hyperbolic equations which characterize the optimal feedback kernel for the finite-time regulator problem for autonomous differential-delay systems. Analysis of these equations elucidates the underlying structure of the feedback kernel and leads to the development of fast and accurate numerical methods for its computation. Unlike traditional formulations based on the operator Riccati equation, the gain is characterized by means of classical solutions of the derived set of equations. This leads to the development of approximation schemes which are analagous to what has been accomplished for systems of ordinary differential equations with given initial conditions.
The Robust Assembly of Small Symmetric Nanoshells

Highly symmetric nanoshells are found in many biological systems, such as clathrin cages and viral shells. Many studies have shown that symmetric shells appear in nature as a result of the free-energy minimization of a generic interaction between their constituent subunits. We examine the physical basis for the formation of symmetric shells, and by using a minimal model, demonstrate that these structures can readily grow from the irreversible addition of identical subunits. Our model of nanoshell assembly shows that the spontaneous curvature regulates the size of the shell while the mechanical properties of the subunit determine the symmetry of the assembled structure. Understanding the minimum requirements for the formation of closed nanoshells is a necessary step toward engineering of nanocontainers, which will have far-reaching impact in both material science and medicine.
Single phase induction machine simulation using the Electromagnetic Transients Program: theory and test cases

This paper investigates the transient phenomena of capacitor induction machines. Machine equations are evaluated using a digital algorithm according to Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) Universal Machine (UM) modeling. The transformation equations provide a unique method which is suited for the special case configuration of a single phase induction machine. The simulation results are compared with a published analog computer simulation, as well as laboratory testing results. Good agreements using these approaches are observed. This verifies that EMTP is a valid simulation tool for single phase induction machine analysis. Also, an application of the simulation in choices of capacitor for single phase machinery is discussed. >
Surface modification of zinc oxide nanoparticles with amorphous silica alters their fate in the circulation

AbstractNanoparticle (NP) pharmacokinetics and biological effects are influenced by many factors, especially surface physicochemical properties. We assessed the effects of an amorphous silica coating on the fate of zinc after intravenous (IV) injection of neutron activated uncoated 65ZnO or silica-coated 65ZnO NPs in male Wistar Han rats. Groups of IV-injected rats were sequentially euthanized, and 18 tissues were collected and analyzed for 65Zn radioactivity. The protein coronas on each ZnO NP after incubation in rat plasma were analyzed by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry of selected gel bands. Plasma clearance for both NPs was biphasic with rapid initial and slower terminal clearance rates. Half-lives of plasma clearance of silica-coated 65ZnO were shorter (initial – <1 min; terminal – 2.5 min) than uncoated 65ZnO (initial – 1.9 min; terminal – 38 min). Interestingly, the silica-coated 65ZnO group had higher 65Zn associated with red blood cells and higher initial uptake in the liver. ...
CYP2C19: The Support Crew II

This chapter discusses the genetics, metabolic actions, substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2C9.
Estimation of crank angle for cycling with a powered prosthesis

In order for a prosthesis to restore power generation during cycling, it must supply torque in a manner that is coordinated with the motion of the bicycle crank. This paper outlines an algorithm for the real time estimation of the angular position of a bicycle crankshaft using only measurements internal to an intelligent knee and ankle prosthesis. The algorithm assumes that the rider/prosthesis/bicycle system can be modeled as a four-bar mechanism. Assuming that a prosthesis can generate two independent angular measurements of the mechanism (in this case the knee angle and the absolute orientation of the shank), Freudenstein's equation can be used to synthesize the mechanism continuously. A recursive least-squares algorithm is implemented to estimate the Freudenstein coefficients, and the resulting link lengths are used to reformulate the equation in terms of input-output relationships mapping both measured angles to the crank angle. Using two independent measurements allows the algorithm to uniquely determine the crank angle from multi-valued functions. In order to validate the algorithm, a bicycle was mounted on a trainer and configured with the prosthesis using an artificial hip joint attached to the seat post. Motion capture was used to monitor the mechanism for forward and backward pedaling and the results are compared to the output of the presented algorithm. Once the parameters have converged, the algorithm is shown to predict the crank angle within 15° of the externally measured value throughout the entire crank cycle during forward rotation.
Diagnostic Assessment of Cerebral Palsy

The Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society have developed practice parameters for the diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP).
Age-related Brain Expression and Regulation of the Chemokine CCL4/MIP-1β in APP/PS1 Double Transgenic Mice

The detrimental effect of activation of the chemokine CCL4/MIP-1β on neuronal integrity in patients with HIV-associated dementia has directed attention to the potential role of CCL4 expression and regulation in Alzheimer disease. Here, we show that CCL4 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in the brains of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) double-transgenic mice, a model of cerebral amyloid deposition; expression was minimal in brains from nontransgenic littermates or single-mutant controls. Increased levels of CCL4 mRNA and protein directly correlated with the age-related progression of cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in APP/PS1 mice. We also found significantly increased expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which was positively correlated with age-related Aβ deposition and CCL4 in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed that ATF3 binds to the promoter region of the CCL4 gene, consistent with a potential role in regulating CCL4 transcription. Finally, elevated ATF3 mRNA expression in APP/PS1 brains was associated with hypomethylation of the ATF3 gene promoter region. These observations prompt the testable hypothesis for future study that CCL4 overexpression, regulated in part by hypomethylation of the ATF3 gene, may contribute to neuropathologic progression associated with amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease.
Nutrition in Very Very Low Birth Weight Infants

The VVLBW infant's limited nutritional reserves, high requirements for normal growth and development, and gastrointestinal immaturity pose a particularly challenging nutritional problem. Given the potential consequences of inadequate or inappropriate nutritional management, we are obligated to make nutrition a high priority in the overall care of VVLBW infants.