cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Soldier Performance on the Two-Mile Run and the 20-m Shuttle Run Test

Background The 20-m shuttle run test (MSRT) is a common field test used to measure aerobic fitness in controlled environments. The U.S. Army currently assesses aerobic fitness with the two-mile run (TMR), but external factors may impact test performance. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the Army Physical Fitness Test TMR performance and the MSRT in military personnel. Methods A group of 531 (403 males and 128 females) active duty soldiers (age: 24.0 ± 4.1 years) performed the MSRT in an indoor facility. Heart rate was monitored for the duration of the test. Post-heart rate and age-predicted maximal heart rate were utilized to determine near-maximal performance on the MSRT. The soldiers provided their most recent Army Physical Fitness Test TMR time (min). A Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between TMR time (min) and MSRT score (total number of shuttles completed). The study was approved by the Human Use Review Committee at the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts. Findings A significant, negative correlation exists between TMR time and MSRT score (r = -0.75, p < 0.001). Sex and MSRT score significantly predicted TMR time (adjusted R2 = 0.65, standard error of estimate = 0.97, p < 0.001) with a 95% ratio limits of agreement of ±12.6%. The resulting equation is: TMR = 17.736-2.464 × (sex) - 0.050 × (MSRT) - 0.026 × (MSRT × sex) for predicted TMR time. Males equal zero, females equal one, and MSRT score is the total number of shuttles completed. Discussion The MSRT is a strong predictor of the TMR and should be considered as a diagnostic tool when assessing aerobic fitness in active duty soldiers.
Um diálogo entre Mikhail Bakhtin e a teoria crítica: um caminho da dialogia e da polifonia à dialética de Dostoiévski

In Bakhtin’s analysis of Dostoevsky’s poetics, dialogic voices assume a fundamental role. However, Bakhtin (2008) could not demonstrate how dialogism would transform Dostoevsky’s work into an integral polyphonic totality. Thus, in dialogue with critical theory – especially with Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory (2012) –, we will try to establish a path from dialogism and polyphony to Dostoevsky’s contradictory notion of dialectical totality.
Referring Service Effect on Muscle Biopsy Diagnosis and Management in Myopathy.

Introduction Requests for muscle biopsy for evaluation of myopathy originate from a variety of different specialties. It is unknown whether the specialty of the referring service affects the likelihood of diagnostic biopsy or the therapeutic usefulness of a biopsy. Methods We reviewed 106 consecutive muscle biopsies requested by healthcare providers in neurology, rheumatology, family medicine, oncology, and gastroenterology. We tested for an association between referring service and whether the biopsy yielded a definitive pathology result or provided therapeutically useful results. Results Half of the biopsies (49%) returned definitive pathology and 88% of the biopsies provided information that contributed to therapeutic decisions. The diagnostic yield for muscle biopsies referred by different services was not statistically significant (p-value 0.1344) nor was the therapeutic yield statistically significant for muscle biopsies referred by different services (p-value 0.5525). Discussion The specialty of the service that requests a muscle biopsy does not influence the likelihood of obtaining a definitive pathological diagnosis or therapeutically useful information. Other factors may be more important in determining the likelihood of obtaining a clinically useful biopsy result.
His Bundle Pacing: A New Frontier in the Treatment of Heart Failure

Biventricular pacing has revolutionised the treatment of heart failure in patients with sinus rhythm and left bundle branch block; however, left ventricular-lead placement is not always technically possible. Furthermore, biventricular pacing does not fully normalise ventricular activation and, therefore, the ventricular resynchronisation is imperfect. Right ventricular pacing for bradycardia may cause or worsen heart failure in some patients by causing dyssynchronous ventricular activation. His bundle pacing activates the ventricles via the native His-Purkinje system, resulting in true physiological pacing, and, therefore, is a promising alternate site for pacing in bradycardia and traditional CRT indications in cases where it can overcome left bundle branch block. Furthermore, it may open up new indications for pacing therapy in heart failure, such as targeting patients with PR prolongation, but a narrow QRS duration. In this article we explore the physiology, technology and potential roles of His bundle pacing in the prevention and treatment of heart failure.
Two critical positions in zinc finger domains are heavily mutated in three human cancer types.

A major goal of cancer genomics is to identify somatic mutations that play a role in tumor initiation or progression. Somatic mutations within transcription factors are of particular interest, as gene expression dysregulation is widespread in cancers. The substantial gene expression variation evident across tumors suggests that numerous regulatory factors are likely to be involved and that somatic mutations within them may not occur at high frequencies across patient cohorts, thereby complicating efforts to uncover which ones are cancer-relevant. Here we analyze somatic mutations within the largest family of human transcription factors, namely those that bind DNA via Cys2His2 zinc finger domains. Specifically, to hone in on important mutations within these genes, we aggregated somatic mutations across all of them by their positions within Cys2His2 zinc finger domains. Remarkably, we found that for three classes of cancers profiled by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma, Colon and Rectal Adenocarcinomas, and Skin Cutaneous Melanoma-two specific, functionally important positions within zinc finger domains are mutated significantly more often than expected by chance, with alterations in 18%, 10% and 43% of tumors, respectively. Numerous zinc finger genes are affected, with those containing Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) repressor domains preferentially targeted by these mutations. Further, the genes with these mutations also have high overall missense mutation rates, are expressed at levels comparable to those of known cancer genes, and together have biological process annotations that are consistent with roles in cancers. Altogether, we introduce evidence broadly implicating mutations within a diverse set of zinc finger proteins as relevant for cancer, and propose that they contribute to the widespread transcriptional dysregulation observed in cancer cells.
Upper Airway Obstruction

Acute upper airway obstruction presents an immediate threat to life. Following loss of the upper airway, hypoxemia with resultant cardiac arrest and death can ensue within minutes. Inspiratory stridor (a harsh, usually high–pitched sound) is the hallmark of upper airway obstruction. This is not to say, however, that upper airway obstruction cannot occur in the absence of stridor, because profound degrees of obstruction may manifest silently if airflow is nearly absent. When confronted with a child who has acute upper airway obstruction, the practitioner must assess the degree of obstruction quickly and accurately. The possibility of progression to complete airway obstruction with hypoxemia and cardiac arrest must be appreciated. Delaying intervention in a child whose airway is unstable may be costly, but unnecessary instrumentation in a child who has stable upper airway obstruction may precipitate a crisis.
Phorbol esters induce PLVAP expression via VEGF and additional secreted molecules in MEK1-dependent and p38, JNK and PI3K/Akt-independent manner

Endothelial diaphragms are subcellular structures critical for mammalian survival with poorly understood biogenesis. Plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (PLVAP) is the only known diaphragm component and is necessary for diaphragm formation. Very little is known about PLVAP regulation. Phorbol esters (PMA) are known to induce de novo PLVAP expression and diaphragm formation. We show that this induction relies on the de novo production of soluble factors that will act in an autocrine manner to induce PLVAP transcription and protein expression. We identified vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) signalling through VEGFR2 as a necessary but not sufficient downstream event as VEGF-A inhibition with antibodies and siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of VEGFR2 only partially inhibit PLVAP upregulation. In terms of downstream pathways, inhibition of MEK1/Erk1/2 MAP kinase blocked PLVAP upregulation, whereas inhibition of p38 and JNK MAP kinases or PI3K and Akt had no effect on PMA-induced PLVAP expression. In conclusion, we show that VEGF-A along with other secreted proteins act synergistically to up-regulate PLVAP in MEK1/Erk1/2 dependent manner, bringing us one step further into understanding the genesis of the essential structures that are endothelial diaphragms.
Psychiatric Services Preceding Initiation of Antipsychotic Medication Among Youth in Foster Care.

Abstract Objectives: To characterize psychotropic use preceding antipsychotic initiation in a population of youth in foster care and to determine whether the use of intensive psychiatric services b...
Mapping status and conservation of global at-risk marine biodiversity

To conserve marine biodiversity, we must first understand the spatial distribution and status of at‐risk biodiversity. We combined range maps and conservation status for 5,291 marine species to map the global distribution of extinction risk of marine biodiversity. We find that for 83% of the ocean, >25% of assessed species are considered threatened, and 15% of the ocean shows >50% of assessed species threatened when weighting for range‐limited species. By comparing mean extinction risk of marine biodiversity to no‐take marine reserve placement, we identify regions where reserves preferentially afford proactive protection (i.e., preserving low‐risk areas) or reactive protection (i.e., mitigating high‐risk areas), indicating opportunities and needs for effective future protection at national and regional scales. In addition, elevated risk to high seas biodiversity highlights the need for credible protection and minimization of threatening activities in international waters.
The interaction between knowledge-intensive business services and urban economy

While the importance of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) has been rapidly growing in our knowledge-based era, most studies have analyzed KIBS in European countries. This study highlights the spatial patterns and economic impacts of KIBS in the US Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) by employing a new cluster quotient (CQ) index and Seemingly Unrelated Regression model. First, this study finds that Washington, DC, plays an important role in KIBS clusters and the CQ index would be a better index than the location quotient (LQ) index for measuring the magnitude of clusters given that LQ cannot consider the agglomeration of industries into its index. Second, this study highlights that KIBS and the GDP positively interact with each other. For example, the GDP shows an elasticity of 0.084 for KIBS, and KIBS exert an impact on the GDP with an elasticity of 0.515. The findings suggest that KIBS can be an economic driver for the US MSAs, and urban practitioners should develop policies for KIBS to promote regional economic growth.
New Complexity Results on Aggregating Lexicographic Preference Trees Using Positional Scoring Rules

Aggregating votes that are preference orders over candidates or alternatives is a fundamental problem of decision theory and social choice. We study this problem in the setting when alternatives are described as tuples of values of attributes. The combinatorial spaces of such alternatives make explicit enumerations of alternatives from the most to the least preferred infeasible. Instead, votes may be specified implicitly in terms of some compact and intuitive preference representation mechanism. In our work, we assume that votes are given as lexicographic preference trees and consider two preference-aggregation problems, the winner problem and the evaluation problem. We study them under the assumption that positional scoring rules are used for aggregation. In particular, we consider k-Approval and b-Borda, a generalized Borda rule, and we discover new computational complexity results for them.
Relation of Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Extracellular Volume Fraction to Ventricular Arrhythmias in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) represents a major cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and extracellular volume (ECV) by T1 mapping are cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques to quantify fibrosis in HC. The relationships of LGE and ECV with ventricular arrhythmia, left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, and risk factors for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in HC are unclear. We studied 103 HC patients (mean age 51 ± 14, 42% women) who underwent CMR from 2012 to 2014. Global LGE and mean ECV were evaluated in relation to history of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), diastolic function by echocardiography, and SCD risk factors. LGE was present in 71 (69%) subjects. Wide variation was demonstrated in LGE (0.5% to 45.9%) and mean ECV (17.6% to 47.4%). Prevalence of NSVT increased continuously with LGE and was greater in subjects with ECV above the study population mean (27%). Increased LGE was associated with LV diastolic dysfunction and LV wall thickness. In conclusion, while ECV appears to have a threshold (27%) above which it is associated with NSVT, LGE demonstrates a more robust relationship with NSVT and measures of diastolic dysfunction.
What staff need to know: using elements of gender-responsive programming to create safer environments for system-involved LGBTQ girls and women

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning (LGBTQ) youth and adults are disproportionately in contact with the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Despite disproportionate rep...
Unmet social needs and no-show visits in primary care in a US Northeastern urban health system, 2018–2019

Objectives. To characterize the association between social needs prevalence and no-show proportion and variation in these associations among specific social needs.Methods. In this study, we used re...
Cumulative Message Authentication Codes for Resource-Constrained Networks

In emerging applications, such as intelligent automotive systems, Internet-of-Things (IoT) and industrial control systems, the use of conventional message authentication codes (MACs) to provide message authentication and integrity is not possible due to the large size of the MAC output. A straightforward yet naive solution to this problem is to employ a truncated MAC which undesirably sacrifices cryptographic strength in exchange for reduced communication overhead. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a novel approach for message authentication called Cumulative Message Authentication Code (CuMAC), which consists of two distinctive procedures: aggregation and accumulation. In aggregation, a sender generates compact authentication tags from segments of multiple MACs by using a systematic encoding procedure. In accumulation, a receiver accumulates the cryptographic strength by verifying the authentication tags and collecting the underlying MAC segments encoded in them. Embodied with these two procedures, CuMAC enables the receiver to achieve an advantageous trade-off between the cryptographic strength and the latency in processing of the authentication tags. We have carried out comprehensive evaluations of CuMAC in two real-world applications: low-power wide-area network and in-vehicle controller area network. Our evaluation methodology included simulations as well as a prototype implementation of CuMAC on a real car.
Caregiver perspectives on interventions for behavior challenges in autistic children

Abstract Background Children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis have high rates of behaviors such as aggression, oppositional behaviors, and tantrums. Despite effectiveness of interventions for these behavior challenges in a considerable number of autistic children, there is little information on stakeholder perspectives about available interventions. The present study preliminarily characterized caregiver perspectives on intervention for behavior challenges in school-age autistic children. Method 321 caregivers of autistic children completed a survey about interventions used to address behavior challenges. Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum tests and subsequent pairwise comparisons using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test with False-Discovery Rate-adjusted p-values (q Results Caregivers indicated limited approval of attempted interventions. For children with an IQ ≥ 70, the omnibus test was significant for caregiver ratings of intervention helpfulness (χ2(8) = 38.707, q Greene, 2010 ) therapy rated highest, and was significant for caregiver ratings of amount of improvement maintained over time (χ2(8) = 46.013, q Conclusions Caregivers’ limited approval of interventions used to address behavior challenges suggests the need for improved intervention options. While medications and ABA are standard-of-care interventions, CPS may be a caregiver-preferred and efficacious option that is underutilized among autistic children with an IQ ≥ 70.
Resources for Identifying Measurement Instruments for Social Science Research

A variety of resources are available from which researchers can identify measurement instruments, including peer-reviewed journal articles, collections of technical information about published inst...
Problem Representation in Design Optimization

This report documents discussion related to the issue of problem representation in design optimization, and its perceived impact in the solution of the design problem. As in each of the discussion areas, participants from both academic and industry background were included, resulting in commentary that covered a very broad range of topics, some of which were revisited in other discourses over the course of the conference. From the discussions, it was abundantly clear that problem representation had a different connotation for different people; while no effort was made to restrict the scope of such interpretations, the responsible committee for the subject area identified some pertinent issues on which participant input was solicited. These included thoughts on the fundamental nature of industry-scale design problems, problem formulation, issues related to solving optimization problems, data management in industry design practice, and the role of the human designer in all aspects of the design problem. It was very clear from the discussions that when confronted with the issue of problem representation, industry participants had a somewhat different set of priorities from their academic counterparts; wherever possible, the report attempts to identify issues on which such differences were noted.
Knowledge Transfer in Learning from Texts

The acquisition of knowledge through reading text is a common source of learning in an instructional setting. In a typical learning environment, a student must study texts containing information on related topics and situations, and then integrate that information into a coherent knowledge representation. As any educator knows, the knowledge actually acquired by a student in this situation is only a small subset of all information to be learned. This paper investigates the influence of the structure of presented textual information on the learning of related information. In essence, the following question is addressed: When sets of topically related material containing shared knowledge are to be learned, how are they best presented to the learner? The motivation for this research has been to discover techniques for organizing information that will optimize learning.
Glucose transporter 1-positive endothelial cells in infantile hemangioma exhibit features of facultative stem cells.

Endothelial glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is a definitive and diagnostic marker for infantile hemangioma (IH), a vascular tumor of infancy. To date, GLUT1-positive endothelial cells in IH have not been quantified nor directly isolated and studied. We isolated GLUT1-positive and GLUT1-negative endothelial cells from IH specimens and characterized their proliferation, differentiation, and response to propranolol, a first-line therapy for IH, and to rapamycin, an mTOR pathway inhibitor used to treat an increasingly wide array of proliferative disorders. Although freshly isolated GLUT1-positive cells, selected using anti-GLUT1 magnetic beads, expressed endothelial markers CD31, VE-Cadherin, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, they converted to a mesenchymal phenotype after 3 weeks in culture. In contrast, GLUT1-negative endothelial cells exhibited a stable endothelial phenotype in vitro. GLUT1-selected cells were clonogenic when plated as single cells and could be induced to redifferentiate into endothelial cells, or into pericytes/smooth muscle cells or into adipocytes, indicating a stem cell-like phenotype. These data demonstrate that, although they appear and function in the tumor as bona fide endothelial cells, the GLUT1-positive endothelial cells display properties of facultative stem cells. Pretreatment with rapamycin for 4 days significantly slowed proliferation of GLUT1-selected cells, whereas propranolol pretreatment had no effect. These results reveal for the first time the facultative nature of GLUT1-positive endothelial cells in IH. Stem Cells 2015;33:133–145
Exports and economic growth: Further evidence

An analysis of the relationship between exports and economic growth in 11 developing countries that have already established an industrial base considers manufactured exports and total exports separately, adjusting for domestic and foreign investment and for increases in the labor force that affect total exports. Adusting for factor inputs, it appears that countries with liberalized trade regimes had a GNP growth rate that is higher than others even after differences in export performance are taken into account. Statistical data are included. 7 references.
Classical conditioning in the generalization of stimulus control

There are several reports in the literature of the problem of generalizing discriminative stimulus control from the original therapist conducting treatment to other therapists. This problem is most acutely felt in residential institutions, where difficulties exist in using methods such as multiple therapist training, because of traditional staff resistance to training. Using principles of classical conditioning, as was done here, provides a rapid and effective means of generalizing stimulus control. By yoking naive therapists to the original therapist (who serves as SD), the naive therapists acquire SD properties.
Old Problem for New Reasons: Overcoming the Challenge Presented by Mentally Ill Library Users

Summary Evening staff members of the Research and Information Services Department (RISD) at the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Libraries have recently noticed an apparent increase in the use of the library by people perceived to be mentally ill. RISD staff members have found themselves in some ways unpreparedtorespond comfortably to this change. This paper, a case study, proposes reasons for this increased visibility of mentally ill people, and describes the challenges the staff members faced and how they overcame them. The RISD staff members acquired the knowledge and confidence they need to work with mentally ill people through communication among colleagues, review of the literature, and staff training.
Effect of computer system performance and other work Stressors on strain of office workers

Abstract This study examines the effect of computer system performance and job Stressors (demands, support, content, and organizational and task control) on worker strain in a population of 171 office workers in a public service organization. Results show that computer system performance had mainly an indirect effect on worker strain. Computer problems had an indirect effect on strain via job demands and support. Duration of computer problems had an indirect effect on strain via job demands. Computer resources had an indirect effect on both indicators of strain via task control, and a direct effect only on mood disturbances. Results of this study partially confirm previous studies ( Carayon-Sainfort, 1992 ; Asakura and Fujigaki, 1993 ) that show an indirect effect of computer system performance on strain via job Stressors.
Self-excited wire method for the control of turbulent mixing layers

A new method for the control of the evolution of a turbulent, two-stream (planar) mixing layer is reported. A (music) wire strung across the flow and placed in the zone near the trailing edge of the splitter plate is used to excite the flow. The wire is self-excited by the shear flow. The vibrating wire, whose frequency can be adjusted, transfers energy to the flow in a very efficient way due to a local high degree of coupling. Results are reported for a velocity ratio of 0.674 and Re θ = 1380, with excitation frequencies between 85 and 400 Hz. Depending on the frequency of wire vibration, different modes of large structures are excited, determining the spreading rate of the mixing layer. It is also possible to control the directional evolution of the mixing layer and, thus, potentially the entrainment ratio between the two streams. This is achievable by adjusting the wire position in the lateral direction, inside the mixing layer. These characteristics are the result of the highly localized energy input of the wire into the shear layer, compared to other methods.
Explicit High-Order Time Stepping Based on Componentwise Application of Asymptotic Block Lanczos Iteration

SUMMARY This paper describes the development of explicit time stepping methods for linear PDEs that are specifically designed to cope with the stiffness of the system of ODEs that results from spatial discretization. As stiffness is caused by the contrasting behavior of coupled components of the solution, it is proposed to adopt a componentwise approach in which each coefficient of the solution in an appropriate basis is computed using an individualized approximation of the solution operator. This has been accomplished by Krylov subspace spectral (KSS) methods, which use techniques from ‘matrices, moments and quadrature’ to approximate bilinear forms involving functions of matrices via block Gaussian quadrature rules. These forms correspond to coefficients with respect to the chosen basis of the application of the solution operator of the PDE to the solution at an earlier time. In this paper, it is proposed to substantially enhance the efficiency of KSS methods through the prescription of quadrature nodes on the basis of asymptotic analysis of the recursion coefficients produced by block Lanczos iteration for each Fourier coefficient as a function of frequency. The potential of this idea is illustrated through numerical results obtained from the application of the modified KSS methods to diffusion equations and wave equations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface damage of plasma-facing components under short pulse and intense high heat loading

Plasma facing components in future large tokamaks are expected to receive intense high heat fluxes of short pulse duration during the thermal quench phase of a plasma disruption. Such incident heat fluxes may exceed 100 GW/m/sup 2/ over 0.01-5 ms. Surface vaporization develops a vapor shield plasma that absorbs large fraction of the incoming energy. Disruption-like condition has been experimentally simulated using a plasma source that exposes material surfaces to high heat fluxes (primarily from a blackbody spectrum photons), up to 80 GW/m/sup 2/ over 0.1 ms. Various material surfaces have been exposed to the plasma source to test their performance, erosion behavior and survivability.
Aligned electrospun scaffolds and elastogenic factors for vascular cell-mediated elastic matrix assembly.

Strategies to enhance the production of organized elastic matrix by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are critical in engineering functional vascular conduits. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the effect of different surfaces (i.e. random and aligned electrospun poly(e-caprolactone) meshes and two-dimensional controls) and exogenous elastogenic factors on cultured rat aortic SMC phenotype and production of extracellular matrix. This study demonstrated that aligned electrospun fibers guide cell alignment, induce a more elongated cell morphology, and promote a more synthetic phenotype. Importantly, these cells produced greater amounts of elastin-rich matrix per cell on the electrospun scaffolds. In addition, exogenous elastogenic factors severely limited RASMC proliferation and promoted a more synthetic SMC phenotype on electrospun meshes, but they had less effect on two-dimensional controls. Finally, the elastogenic factors induced the SMCs to generate more matrix collagen and elastin on a per cell basis. Together, these results demonstrate the elastogenic benefits of electrospun meshes.
Fermentation of Carbohydrate in Rat Ileal Excreta Is Enhanced with Cecal Inocula Compared with Fecal Inocula

The differential fermentative capacities of microflora from two regions of the large bowel and how fermentation was altered by prior exposure of the microflora to the substrate to be fermented were studied using an in vitro fermentation system. Bacterial inocula were prepared from cecal contents and feces from three groups of rats fed purified diets containing 100 g/kg dietary fiber from canned peas or psyllium seed husk, or a nonpurified diet containing 170 g/kg dietary fiber. The substrate for all fermentations was ileal excreta from colectomized rats fed a purified diet containing 100 g/kg dietary fiber from canned peas. Anaerobic fermentations were conducted for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h. Sugars of the unfermented polysaccharides were measured by gas chromatography following acid hydrolysis; disappearance was the measure of fermentation. Independent of inoculum source, > 90% of the starch and arabinose and 75% of the uronic acids, but < 30% of non-starch glucose (the measure of cellulose), were fermented by 24 h. Cecal inocula fermented arabinose and uronic acids more quickly (P < 0.05) and fermented more (P < 0.05) non-starch glucose than fecal inocula. Inocula adapted to psyllium seed husk fermented starch faster (P < 0.05) and non-starch glucose, arabinose and uronic acids more slowly (P < 0.05) than inocula adapted to peas or nonpurified diet. Bacterial efficiency of carbohydrate utilization, the increase in muramic acid/mole carbohydrate fermented, was greatest (P < 0.05) with cecal inocula adapted to peas. We conclude that using cecal microflora as the inoculum source provides a more accurate index of fermentation during transit through the large bowel and that noncellulosic and storage polysaccharides of the plant cell wall are utilized before cellulose.
Identification of Cholesterol in Fluid from an Intracranial Cyst by X-Ray Diffraction

The use of X-ray diffraction to identify crystals from the fluid obtained from a brain tap is illustrated. The procedure for making this type of analysis is described and a very brief description of X-ray diffraction process given. Photographs of the powder diffraction patterns are included, as well as a table giving the interplanar distances and relative intensities corresponding to the pattern for cholesterol.
An Ontological Framework for Describing Games

This paper describes an ontological framework for game description. Games are a multi-billion dollar industry and are cultural heritage objects studied by a growing number of scholars. The conceptual model described here supports the description of both individual games and relationships among games, their versions and variants for more effective discovery, more reliable provenance, and detailed scoping of copyright, patent, and trademark claims.
STUDIES ON THE ACYLATION OF LYSOLECITHINS.

"Semi-synthetic" lecithins were prepared by the acylation of lysolecithin cadmium chloride complexes (the lysolecithins were produced from egg lecithin by hydrolysis with phospholipase A) in the presence of pyridine with 1-C14 myristoyl chloride. The labelled lecithins were hydrolyzed with phospholipase A to yield free fatty acids (94% of the label) and lysolecithins (6% of the label). However, when lysolecithins were enzymically acylated with 1-C14 linoleic acid and the resulting labelled lecithins cleaved with phospholipase A, no labelled fatty acid was detected in the lysolecithin fraction.Labelled lecithins were also enzymically synthesized with 1-C14 linoleic acid and lysolecithins prepared from egg lecithin by reaction with sodium methoxide. The labelled lecithins were hydrolyzed with phospholipase A and the labelled lysolecithins were isolated and reacylated enzymically with oleic acid. The hydrolysis of these lecithins with phospholipase A showed that the lysolecithins retained all the label.
Static Test Compaction for Low-Power Test Sets by Increasing the Switching Activity

This brief describes a static test compaction procedure for low-power test sets, which is based on the observation that a higher switching activity leads to a smaller number of tests. To use this observation in the context of low-power test sets, this brief makes the following new observations. First, considering the number of tests in a given test set where a line $g$ makes a $0 \rightarrow 1$ or a $1 \rightarrow 0$ transition, there are large variations in this number between different lines. Increasing the switching activity only for a subset $G$ of lines that make the smallest numbers of signal transitions is sufficient for achieving test compaction. Second, the switching activity for the subset $G$ can be increased in a way that the specific values that the lines assume can occur during functional operation, and the maximum switching activity for the test set does not increase. These observations allow the compacted test set to remain a low-power test set. Experimental results demonstrate significant reductions in the numbers of tests in low-power test sets for transition faults in benchmark circuits.
The Use of Condensational Growth Methods for Efficient Drug Delivery to the Lungs during Noninvasive Ventilation High Flow Therapy

Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the delivery of nasally administered aerosols to the lungs during noninvasive ventilation using controlled condensational growth techniques.
Dual role of p53 amyloid formation in cancer; loss of function and gain of toxicity

The tumor suppressor p53 plays an important role in genome integrity. It is frequently mutated in all types of human cancers, making p53 a key factor in cancer progression. Two phenotypic consequences of these alterations are dominant; a loss of function and a gain of function of p53, which, in several cases, accumulates in intracellular aggregates. Although the nature of such aggregates is still unclear, recent evidence indicates that p53 can undergo conformational transitions leading to amyloid formation. Amyloid diseases, such as, Alzheimer's disease, are characterized by the accumulation of insoluble aggregates displaying the fibrillar conformation. We decided to investigate the propensity of wild type p53 to aggregate and its consequent assembly into different amyloid species, such as oligomers and fibrils; and to determine if these changes in conformation lead to a loss of function of p53. Furthermore, we analyzed cases of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), for the presence of p53 amyloids. Here, we show that p53 forms amyloid oligomers and fibrils, which coincide with p53 inability of binding to DNA consensus sequences. Both p53 amyloid oligomers and fibrils were detected in BCC cancer samples. Additionally, we demonstrate that p53 oligomers are the most cytotoxic to human cell cultures. Our study reveals p53 amyloid formation and demonstrates its dual role in the pathogenesis of cancer by producing a loss of protein function and a gain of toxic function, extensively described in several amyloidogenic diseases. Our results suggest that under certain circumstances, cancer could be considered a protein-conformation disease.
Pergolide interactions with nicotine and pilocarpine in rats on the radial-arm maze

Abstract Antagonists of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholinergic (ACh) receptors have significant interactions with dopaminergic (DA) ligands with regard to radial-arm maze choice accuracy. The current studies examined the interactions of agonists of nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors with the DA agonist pergolide. Pergolide given in a range from 0.03–1.0 mg/kg had no detectable effect on radial-arm maze choice accuracy when given alone. With this dose range there was a linear increase in response latency. Pergolide had significant interactive effects with the nicotinic and muscarinic agonists nicotine and pilocarpine. Given together with nicotine, pergolide produced a significantly elevated linear increase in accuracy relative to when it was given alone. With pilocarpine, pergolide had an inverted U-shaped effect improving choice accuracy at low to moderate doses of 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg. These results support previous findings of DAACh interactions with regard to radial-arm maze choice accuracy. Combined DA-ACh treatment may be a useful treatment of cognitive dysfunction.
Study on the potential use of helical swirl generators in enhancing the thermal performance of solar air heaters

SYNOPSIS The thermal performance of a solar air heater may be enhanced by means of twisted tapes, inserted inside the fluid flow tubes, which induce swirl flow acting as turbulence promoters. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of helical tape inserts of two different twist ratios (23 and 11) on the friction factor and heat transfer coefficient for a flow in a circular tube maintained at uniform heat flux conditions. The data were recorded at low Reynolds numbers, well in the turbulent region, for a wide range, 8.05 × 103 − 1.36 × 104. The results confirm that this system with helical tape inserts could enhance heat transfer by about 1. 15 to 1.7 times compared to that of plain tube. Also, the study shows that higher heat transfer rates were recorded for lower twist ratios.
Use of the evoked sacral potential in the evaluation of erectile impotence

Forty-six men with complaints of erectile dysfunction underwent multifaceted evaluations at our Center for Male Sexual Dysfunction. In addition, the evoked sacral potential (ESP) as a measure of the bulbocavernosus reflex was determined in each patient. The results were correlated with the final diagnoses obtained from the Center evaluation and analyzed. In nine patients a reproducible response could not be elicited. Of the remaining patients, 13 had abnormal and 24 had normal ESP responses. However, only 3 of the 13 patients who demonstrated abnormal ESPs were found to have organic impotence. Similarly, 10 of the 24 men with normal ESPs were thought to have organic impotence. Thus, a specific relationship between the ESP and erectile ability was not demonstrated. Therefore, the ESP is not useful in differentiating between organic impotence of neurogenic origin and psychogenic impotence.
Iterative construction of fixed points for multivalued operators of the monotone type

Abstract The fixed points of set valued operators satisfying a condition of the monotonicity type in Hilbert space are approximated by simple recursive averaging processes.
Building self-brand connections: Exploring brand stories through a transmedia perspective

Consumers interpret their experiences with brands via narrative processing; thus the brand story has emerged as a major marketing construct. Transmedia storytelling occurs when the story elements are dispersed across multiple media, each making a unique contribution to the whole. As brand stories can create connections between the consumer and the brand, delivering transmedia brand stories may strengthen the bond, leading to positive attitudes, more entry points and higher purchase intent. Past research on brand stories has not addressed the types of brand stories that consumers know and desire to hear, and the media in which they prefer to find these stories. The present research answers these questions and positions the findings in the context of creating transmedia stories. Qualitative interviews revealed that consumers know and wish to hear stories about the brand’s history, product reliability, philanthropy and users’ personal stories. Other findings indicate that consumers with stronger brand connections prefer stories focused on the brand’s experiential value and will access this through interactive media. Consumers with weaker brand attachments prefer stories about the utilitarian dimensions of the brand, told through more traditional media. Practical recommendations focus on creating consumer-brand connections through different types of stories and media.
Surface modification of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by reaction with atomic nitrogen at high temperatures

Abstract Dry etching of {0 0 0 1} basal planes of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) using active nitridation by nitrogen atoms was investigated at low pressures and high temperatures. The etching process produces channels at grain boundaries and pits whose shapes depend on the reaction temperature. For temperatures below 600 °C, the majority of pits are nearly circular, with a small fraction of hexagonal pits with rounded edges. For temperatures above 600 °C, the pits are almost exclusively hexagonal with straight edges. The Raman spectra of samples etched at 1000 °C show the D mode near 1360 cm−1, which is absent in pristine HOPG. For deep hexagonal pits that penetrate many graphene layers, neither the surface number density of pits nor the width of pit size distribution changes substantially with the nitridation time, suggesting that these pits are initiated at a fixed number of extended defects intersecting {0 0 0 1} planes. Shallow pits that penetrate 1–2 graphene layers have a wide size distribution, which suggests that these pits are initiated on pristine graphene surfaces from lattice vacancies continually formed by N atoms. A similar wide size distribution of shallow hexagonal pits is observed in an n-layer graphene sample after N-atom etching.
The structure of field-evaporated hexagonal close-packed metal surfaces: rhenium and ruthenium

Abstract Field-ion micrographs of field-evaporated ruthenium are analyzed and compared with similar micrographs of rhenium. Certain surface topological features appearing in Ru at 21 °K and 77 °K do not appear in Re at these same temperatures, although both metals have the hexagonal close-packed structure. The Ru field-evaporated surface clearly develops an exposed A, B, A, B, … sequence of net planes in regions where this is expected due to the hcp structure, whereas the Re field-evaporated structure develops an AB, AB,… sequence, giving half the number of distinguishable net plane edges, in the same crystallographic regions. The difference is discussed in terms of geometric and electronic factors which influence the field evaporation process.
Boundary-scan design principles for efficient LSSD ASIC testing

A boundary-scan logic design method that depends only on level-sensitive scan design (LSSD) principles has been developed for IBM CMOS application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) products. This technique permits comprehensive testing of LSSD ASICs with high signal input/output (I/O) pin counts, using relatively inexpensive reduced-pin-count automatic test equipment (ATE). This paper describes the LSSD logic structures required, the reduced-pin-count testing and burn-in processes used, and the ASIC product design decisions that must be made to establish a consistent boundary-scan implementation.
Competition and the capital–labor conflict

Abstract This paper analyzes the distributional effects of changes in the intensity of product market competition. The focus is on the interaction between imperfect competition in product markets and bargaining in the labor market. The main result is that, while a uniform intensification of product market competition increases employment, it may cause real wages to fall, in the short run as well as in the long run. This is especially likely if labor market regulations are favorable to workers. Therefore, product market and labor market regulations tend to reinforce each other politically, and compensatory fiscal transfers may be needed in order to enact employment-enhancing deregulation policies.
Quantitative comparisons of continuous and pulsed low dose rate regimens in a model late-effect system.

Purpose : There is increasing interest and usage of pulsed low dose rate (PDR) brachytherapy, in which a single source is shuttled through the catheters of an implant, typically for about 10 min each hour. This study was designed to compare the late effects produced in various PDR regimens with those from the corresponding continuous low dose rate (CLDR) regimens. Methods and Materials : A model late-responding system was used, namely, cataract induction in the rat lens. This system has the advantage of being highly quantifiable. The rats eyes were exposed to a total dose of 15 Gy either continuously over 24 h, or with three different PDR regimens, all with the same total dose and overall time. We addressed three questions : (a) are late effects increased when a CLDR regimen is replaced with 10-min pulses repeated every hour ? (b) Are late effects increased if hourly 10-min pulses are replaced with 10-min pulses repeated every 4 h ? (c) Are late effects increased if 10-min pulses are replaced with 100-s pulses ? Results : We found that the four regimens under test, continuous, 10-min pulses each hour, 10-min pulses every 4 h, and 100-s pulses every hour, showed no significant differences in cataractogenic potential, as estimated with the Wilcoxon-Gehan test. Power tests indicated that the experimental design was adequate to detect relatively small differences in cataractogenicity between regimens. Conclusions : The equality of late effects from CLDR and PDR in these experiments must imply that sublethal damage repair is quite slow in this model late-responding system, in agreement with trends observed in the clinic for sublethal damage repair of late sequelae. Such trends would suggest that PDR is unlikely to produce significantly worse late effects than the corresponding CLDR regimen, which is in agreement with early clinical data using PDR. Caution, however, is strongly recommended.
The evolution of instabilities in the axisymmetric jet. Part 2. The flow resulting from the interaction between two waves

Leading nonlinear interactions generated by waves externally superimposed on an axisymmetric jet are considered theoretically, and the results verified experimentally. The mean flow in the jet loses its axial symmetry whenever the jet is excited simultaneously by two different azimuthal modes of the same frequency. Subharmonic resonance occurs in this flow whenever the conditions warrant such an occurrence, generating azimuthal modes which may not have been present otherwise in this flow. Some of these resonance conditions are explored.
The Underlying Argument of Aristotle’s Metaphysics Z.3

This paper argues that Aristotle’s Metaphysics Z.3 deploys a reductio against the claim that ‘substances underlie by being the subjects of predication’, in order to demonstrate the need for a new explanation of how substances underlie. Z.13 and H.1 corroborate this reading: both allude to an argument originally contained in Z.3, but now lost from our text, that form, matter and compound ‘underlie’ in different ways. This helps explain some of Z’s peculiarities—and it avoids committing Aristotle to self-contradiction about whether matter is substance, a claim denied in the reductio but endorsed elsewhere.