cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fireside Corrosion Probes for Fossil Fuel Combustion

Electrochemical corrosion rate probes have been constructed and tested along with mass loss coupons in environments consisting of N2/O2/CO2/SO2 plus water vapor. Temperatures ranged from 450° to 700°C. Results show that electrochemical corrosion rates for ash-covered mild steel are a function of time, temperature, and gaseous environment. Correlation between the electrochemical and mass loss corrosion rates was poor.
A Philosophical Defense of Spirituality

Responding to critics in 1940, Santayana recalled much earlier criticisms from his Harvard instructors William James and Josiah Royce. To him, the basis of those criticisms and many of the ones he was responding to in 1940 was “moralism”, a principle that came in two forms. “One, moralism proper, asserts the categorical imperative of an absolute reason or duty determining right judgment and conduct. In the other form, moralism becomes a principle of cosmology and religion; it asserts the actual dominance of reason or goodness over the universe at large.”1 Such criticisms, even if they did not directly address what Santayana called spirituality, were essentially hostile to spirituality’s, “disintoxication”2 from values.
Deconstructing Chronic Low Back Pain in the Older Adult-Step by Step Evidence and Expert-Based Recommendations for Evaluation and Treatment: Part X: Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome.

Objective. To present an algorithm of sequential treatment options for managing sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain in the setting of chronic low back pain (CLBP) in the older adult. This is the tenth part in a series, and includes an illustrative clinical case. Methods. The stepped care drug table and evaluation and treatment algorithm were created following a thorough literature review of approaches and subsequent analysis through a modified Delphi process. The principal investigator developed the initial draft, which was refined for content by an interdisciplinary panel of five experts. The refined materials were then assessed for the feasibility of implementation and validity of recommendations for older adults in a primary care setting by a panel of nine primary care providers. While not exclusive to Veteran’s Health Administration (VHA) facilities, an emphasis was made to include resources and medications available to providers in the VHA. Results. The algorithm and drug table developed to systematically identify and address SIJ pain in the older adult is presented here. The process should begin with recognizing the presenting symptoms of CLBP stemming from the SI region, and supporting physical exam testing using the compression test and thigh thrust maneuver. Identification of the SIJ as a pain generator is followed by assessment and treatment of contributory factors. SIJ pain treatment should begin with education and self-management including exercise, and may escalate to include interventional procedures and/or referral to a pain rehabilitation program. Conclusions. Pain originating from the SIJ is often under-recognized, but a structured and consistent approach can help identify older patients who would benefit from treatment of this contributor to CLBP. Key Words. Chronic Low Back Pain; Sacroiliac Joint Pain; Older Adults
Cf-252 Neutrons for the Treatment of Superficial Carcinomas

The use of broad beams of thennal/epithermal neutrons £rpm reactors or accelerators used in conjunction with chemical agents containing Boron-10 (10 B) or Gadolinium-157 has been postulated to allow selective therapy in tumor and the target volume. We have proposed that neutron emitting radioactive sources such as Cf-252 implanted in tumor can be used to deliver selective and localized neutron therapy to the tumor and that 10B or Gd-157 enhancement can be used to augment the high LET radiation dose(1,2,3). Neutron capture therapy using chemical agents can be used to enhance local and regional anti-tumor therapy. For Cf-252, the thermal neutrons result from the tumor/tissue interactions of the fast neutrons. The treatment of superficial carcinomas represents a situation where considerable radioresistance can be encountered with recurrent tumors, e.g. melanoma, breast, head and neck cancers and sarcomas, especially after prior surgery and radiation. Both Cf-252 neutron therapy and BNCT have potential for improving the local control and palliation of these turners(4). In this paper we describe plaque therapy methods using Cf-252 for the treatment of superficial carcinomas.
Actuator failure compensation schemes for vibration control of a rocket fairing model

Abstract In this paper, the actuator failure compensation problem is formulated for active vibration control of a launch vehicle payload fairing. Performance of a nominal optimal control scheme for active vibration control is analyzed in light of a typical actuator failure model that certain actuator outputs are stuck at unknown fixed values at unknown time instants. Three stabilizing control schemes handling uncertain actuator failures are developed to ensure closed-loop system signal boundedness in the presence of uncertain actuator failures. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate their effectiveness.
The gift of Mexican historicism

The focus of this paper is Mexican historicism. It has three objectives: first, to introduce English-speaking readers to the nature and history of Mexican historicism; second, to defend Mexican historicism against the charges of relativism usually raised against historicism in general and “Mexican” philosophy in particular; and third, to argue for what I call the transcendental, or alternatively, “liberatory,” nature of Mexican historicism—a nature with philosophical and political consequences. The hope is that by making the clarifications and determinations made here, the tradition of Mexican philosophy, of which Mexican historicism is a key moment, may find its place in the increasingly pluralistic US philosophical landscape.
Electrostatic adsorption-microwave synthesis of palladium nanoparticles on graphene for improved cross-coupling activity

Abstract Graphene materials as catalyst supports have shown tremendous promise for improving catalytic activity. Pd nanoparticles supported by graphene defects have been shown to improve catalytic activity in Suzuki reactions, but understanding their formation and factors that affect their formation is still elusive. In order to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon, a new synthetic method was developed combining strong electrostatic adsorption method for directed ionic Pd precursor uptake with a new solventless microwave irradiation method to simultaneously form Pd nanoparticles and graphene defect sites. Catalytic activities an order of magnitude higher than commercial Pd-carbon catalysts were obtained using this new method with low microwave powers, short reaction times, under atmospheric conditions, and without the use of reducing agents or solvents. The systematic comparison of catalysts synthesized from four different graphene materials and two different Pd precursors revealed Pd-graphene defects form through three routes that are affected by the initial oxygen content of graphene support and choice of ionic Pd precursor.
Multiscale modeling of acute insulin resistance in critical care

Stress hyperglycemia in the critically ill is a complex process in which insulin signaling is systematically hijacked to provide energy substrate for metabolic priorities such as cell healing or infection containment. Fluctuating levels of plasma glucose are associated with increased mortality in the ICU [1]. We develop a multiscale mathematical model that can characterize the severity of stress hyperglycemia based on a fundamental understanding of the signaling molecules involved.
School and Family Correlates of Positive Affect in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Adolescents

Research on psychological wellbeing has received far less attention than mental illness and has created a gap in our understanding of positive mental health. This research is even more sparse among adolescents. The present study examined the correlates of one measure of psychological wellbeing, positive affect, in the adolescent population. Two dimensions of school support (teacher–student relationship and student engagement) and family support (family communication and family closeness) were examined. Because previous studies suggest these correlates may be affected by race and gender, analysis was conducted in the total sample and in disaggregated subpopulations. A nationally representative sample of US adolescents (n = 10,148) from the National Comorbidity Survey—Adolescent Supplement was analyzed in this study. Structural equation models were used for analysis. Latinos reported significantly lower positive affect than Whites. Males reported higher levels of positive affect than females. Blacks and Latinos reported lower perceptions of family communication than Whites and higher school emotional support than Whites. Females reported lower family communication, lower family closeness, and higher school support than males. Analysis revealed that among the total sample, all dimensions of school and family support measured were correlates of positive affect. When the total sample was divided by gender and race there were marked differences in the relationship between school and family support across subpopulations. Males and Whites most closely resembled the total sample while the relationship between dimensions of school and family support were distinct for females and racial ethnic minorities. This study provides an examination of how psychosocial mechanisms operate similarly and differently across adolescent subgroups. In line with other studies, findings provide evidence of differences by race and gender. This study is relevant to social workers because the findings have implications for both assessment and intervention.
Estimation of core body temperature from skin temperature, heat flux, and heart rate using a Kalman filter.

Abstract Core body temperature (TC) is a key physiological metric of thermal heat-strain yet it remains difficult to measure non-invasively in the field. This work used combinations of observations of skin temperature (TS), heat flux (HF), and heart rate (HR) to accurately estimate TC using a Kalman Filter (KF). Data were collected from eight volunteers (age 22 ± 4 yr, height 1.75 ± 0.10 m, body mass 76.4 ± 10.7 kg, and body fat 23.4 ± 5.8%, mean ± standard deviation) while walking at two different metabolic rates (∼350 and ∼550 W) under three conditions (warm: 25 °C, 50% relative humidity (RH); hot-humid: 35 °C, 70% RH; and hot-dry: 40 °C, 20% RH). Skin temperature and HF data were collected from six locations: pectoralis, inner thigh, scapula, sternum, rib cage, and forehead. Kalman filter variables were learned via linear regression and covariance calculations between TC and TS, HF, and HR. Root mean square error (RMSE) and bias were calculated to identify the best performing models. The pectoralis (RMSE 0.18 ± 0.04 °C; bias −0.01 ± 0.09 °C), rib (RMSE 0.18 ± 0.09 °C; bias −0.03 ± 0.09 °C), and sternum (RMSE 0.20 ± 0.10 °C; bias −0.04 ± 0.13 °C) were found to have the lowest error values when using TS, HF, and HR but, using only two of these measures provided similar accuracy.
Low-Frequency Cyclic Loading Effects On Rocksalt

RESUME Compressed air energy storage in salt caverns induces low-frequency cyclic loading effects in rock salt. An ongoing study is described which will furnish data for assessing associated stability of storage caverns. Some initial findings are presented from laboratory and in-situ mine tests.
An x-ray transmission grating spectrometer for Lynx

NASA commissioned four studies for large astrophysics missions in different wavebands to provide input for the 2020 Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics. The X-ray concept under study is called “Lynx”. The Lynx Science and Technology Definition Team has formulated science requirements and we need to evaluate the optical technologies that can meet these requirements. In this context, we present a draft design for a Lynx X-ray grating spectrometer (XGS) using critical-angle transmission (CAT) gratings on a Rowland torus. One of the most important parameters for the achievable spectral resolving power R is the mirror point-spread function (PSF). Different mirror technologies can lead to different PSF characteristics, e.g. the PSF might be dominated by scattering and figure errors or by the misalignment of many different mirror shells. The benefits of using sub-apertures to increase the resolving power could differ widely between different scenarios. Our study avoids mirror-specific assumptions and looks at how we can adjust the design to any of the proposed technologies. Size and placement of the CAT gratings have strong impact on spectral resolving power. We show how gratings can be arranged to meet the Lynx requirements. One consideration is how the presence of gratings impacts the effective area of the zeroth order. We discuss and trade-offs between resolving power and effective area in our design that can be adjusted to match the science requirements.
Patterning by EGF Receptor: Models from Drosophila Development

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to a large class of receptor tyrosine kinases. Abnormal EGFR signaling is associated with severe developmental defects and many types of cancers. Many individual molecules mediating the EGFR-induced responses became drug targets in oncology and other areas of medicine. However, neither the contribution of EGFR to tissue morphogenesis in development nor the exact role of deregulated EGFR signaling in diseases is understood at this time. The key challenge is to integrate the existing molecular and cellular information into a systems-level description of the EGFR network in tissues. Systems-level descriptions are impossible without quantitative models. Even the simplest models of EGFR signaling in tissues must simultaneously account for ligand transport, binding, signal transduction, and gene expression. Given this complexity, such tissue-level models are difficult to test; therefore, they require appropriate experimental paradigms for their validation. We suggest that model organisms of developmental genetics, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, can be used as experimental systems for the development and validation of computational descriptions of EGFR signaling in tissues.
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGITE conference on Information technology education

With great pleasure, we welcome you to the 9th ACM SIG-Information Technology Education Conference -- SIGITE 2008. This year's conference continues its tradition of being the premier forum for presentation of research results and classroom experience regarding the pillars of information technology education: programming, networking, web technologies, resource management and human-computer interaction. Our mission is to share novel, practical and generally applicable pedagogical approaches to all topics in IT education, demonstrate effective bridges between academia and industry, and provide an environment conducive to peer discussion, student engagement and institutional cooperation. The call for papers attracted 76 full-paper submissions from all over the world. The program committee accepted 39 papers and 9 posters that cover a variety of topics, including general IT Education as well as online education issues, IT Curriculum Development in Programming and System Design, and Accreditation issues. Panels include a session devoted to exploring concerns around the involvement of women in IT and IT education, the formalization of an IT research agenda and standardizing network diagrams. We have a very full conference and look forward to your participation.
States’ Rights to Protect Gun-Owning Patients from Politicized Physician Speech

Recent mass shootings place patients’ gun rights in the public spotlight and may lead some physicians to discriminate against or harass law-abiding, gun-owning patients by expressing personal political views on gun ownership inside the patient-physician relationship in ways unrelated to patients’ medical care. Politicized physician gun speech is subject to regulation by state licensing authorities using their police powers, and laws compelling physician silence regarding non-medical gun advice are within States’ rights under the U.S. Constitution — including laws prohibiting physicians from discriminating against their lawful, gun-owning patients, from harassing those patients, and/or from making unnecessary inquiries or notations in their medical records.
The Puzzle of CDU Policy Making on Women's Issues

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, it is easy to take for granted a “natural” affinity between women and parties of the left. Particularly from an American perspective, the long-standing partnership between the (mainstream) feminist movement and the Democratic Party substantiates this relationship. Yet in most western democracies, including the United States, from the time women were granted suffrage until at least the 1970s, the “natural” affinity was between women and parties of the right (Duverger 1955; Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes 1960; Lipset 1960; Butler and Stokes 1974). Inglehart and Norris call this voting difference the “traditional gender gap” (Inglehart and Norris 2003). Germany was no exception to this trend. Once women in Germany gained the vote in 1919, they tended to support conservative parties, especially if those parties were religious in orientation (Molitor 1992: 24; Bremme 1956: 71). During the Weimar Republic, women voted for the Center Party and the German National People's Party. In the first decades after World War II, women were more likely than men to support Christian Democratic parties (Molitor 1992: 25). Women were more likely to vote for conservative parties in general (and the CDU in particular) for a variety of reasons. Women tend to live longer and older people are often more conservative; women also tend to be more religious; women were less likely to be employed outside the home and housewives were particularly likely to be conservative (Bremme 1956; Lipset 1960; Molitor 1992: 33–6; Inglehart and Norris 2003: 77).
Role of the coagulation system in the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited monogenic red blood cell disorder affecting millions worldwide. SCD causes vascular occlusions, chronic hemolytic anemia, and cumulative organ damage such as nephropathy, pulmonary hypertension, pathologic heart remodeling, and liver necrosis. Coagulation system activation, a conspicuous feature of SCD that causes chronic inflammation, is an important component of SCD pathophysiology. The key coagulation factor, thrombin (factor IIa [FIIa]), is both a central protease in hemostasis and thrombosis and a key modifier of inflammation. Pharmacologic or genetic reduction of circulating prothrombin in Berkeley sickle mice significantly improves survival, ameliorates vascular inflammation, and results in markedly reduced end-organ damage. Accordingly, factors both upstream and downstream of thrombin, such as the tissue factor-FX complex, fibrinogen, platelets, von Willebrand factor, FXII, high-molecular-weight kininogen, etc, also play important roles in SCD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of coagulation system activation and their roles in the pathophysiology of SCD.
Multidimensional Schr\"odinger Operators Whose Spectrum Features a Half-Line and a Cantor Set

We construct multidimensional Schrodinger operators with a spectrum that has no gaps at high energies and that is nowhere dense at low energies. This gives the first example for which this widely expected topological structure of the spectrum in the class of uniformly recurrent Schrodinger operators, namely the coexistence of a half-line and a Cantor-type structure, can be confirmed. Our construction uses Schrodinger operators with separable potentials that decompose into one-dimensional potentials generated by the Fibonacci sequence and relies on the study of such operators via the trace map and the Fricke-Vogt invariant. To show that the spectrum contains a half-line, we prove an abstract Bethe--Sommerfeld criterion for sums of Cantor sets which may be of independent interest.
Molybdenum Carbide Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia from Nitrogen: Activity and Stability

Ammonia production has increased from few thousand tons in 1908 to above 200 million tons per year today, revolutionizing the fertilizer industry thanks to the Haber-Bosch (HB) process. However, the HB process is highly energy intensive consuming about 1.4% of fossil energy generated worldwide and releasing 1.87 tons of CO2 per ton of ammonia produced. This further reduces ammonia's scope as a carrier fuel for the hydrogen economy. Hence, finding alternative energy efficient ways to synthesize ammonia is important from more than one perspective. Ammonia synthesis from its constituent nitrogen and hydrogen gases is mainly hampered by the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) due to the strong N≡N bond (945 kJ mol−1). Electrochemical synthesis (ES) routes in this regard offer a milder approach. However, ES of ammonia under different temperatures, utilizing different electrolytes and catalysts has not yet reliably produced ammonia at viable rates and efficiencies. We report an origami-like Mo2C cathode catalyst for NRR that achieved a maximum synthesis rate of 2.16 × 10−11 mol cm−2 s−1 and a faradaic efficiency of 1.8% at 30 °C using Nafion-212 as electrolyte. Origami-like morphology containing numerous kinks appears to improve electrocatalytic activity and show a promising route for fabricating NRR catalysts with higher catalytic activity.
Virtual reality operating room with AI guidance: design and validation of a fire scenario

Operating room (OR) fires are uncommon but disastrous events. Inappropriate handling of OR fires can result in injuries, even death. Aiming to simulate OR fire emergencies and effectively train clinicians to react appropriately, we have developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based OR fire virtual trainer based on the principle of the “fire triangle” and SAGES FUSE curriculum. The simulator can predict the user’s actions in the virtual OR and provide them with timely feedback to assist with training. We conducted a study investigating the validity of the AI-assisted OR fire trainer at the 2019 SAGES Learning Center. Fifty-three participants with varying medical experience were voluntarily recruited to participate in our Institutional Review Board approved study. All participants were asked to contain a fire within the virtual OR. Participants were then asked to fill out a 7-point Likert questionnaire consisting of ten questions regarding the face validation of the AI-assisted OR fire simulator. Shapiro–Wilk tests were conducted to test normality of the scores for each trial. A Friedman’s ANOVA with post hoc tests was used to evaluate the effect of multiple trials on performance. On a 7-point scale, eight of the ten questions were rated a mean of 6 or greater (72.73%), especially those relating to the usefulness of the simulator for OR fire-containing training. 79.25% of the participants rated the degree of usefulness of AI guidance over 6 out of 7. The performance of individuals improved significantly over the five trials, χ2(4) = 119.89, p < .001, and there was a significant linear trend of performance r = .97, p = 0.006. A pairwise analysis showed that only after the introduction of AI did performance improve significantly. The AI-guided OR fire trainer offers the potential to assess OR personnel and teach the proper response to an iatrogenic fire scenario in a safe, repeatable, immersive environment.
Fibronectin in the Tumor Microenvironment

Fibronectin (FN) is a large glycoprotein that plays a diverse set of biological roles. This chapter discusses the structural biology, the normal biological functions, and the molecular role of FN and its splice variants in cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The potential role of FN in cancer imaging is discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the future directions of basic and translational research of fibronectin in the context of the tumor microenvironment and its role in tumor biology.
Interacting Particle Systems

An ‘interacting particle system’ can be informally described as a Markov process consisting of countably many pure-jump processes that interact by modifying each other’s transition rates. Each individual pure-jump process in such a system is located at a ‘site’ and has state space {0,1,2,...,n}. The state of the pure-jump process at a given site is the number of ‘particles’ at that site, with n being the maximum particle number.
Electronic Documentation in Pediatrics: The Rationale and Functionality Requirements

Clinical documentation is a fundamental component of the practice of medicine. It has significantly evolved over the past decade, largely because of the growth of health information technology and electronic health records. Although government agencies and other professional organizations have published position statements on the structure and use of electronic documentation, few have specifically addressed the documentation needs for the care of children. A policy statement on electronic documentation of clinical care by general pediatric and subspecialist providers by the American Academy of Pediatrics is needed. This statement provides insight on the unmet needs of key stakeholders to direct future research and development of the electronic media necessary to enhance the wellness of children and improve health care delivery. It also addresses the challenges and opportunities for efficient and effective clinical documentation in pediatrics.
Growth hormone receptor (GHR)-expressing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus regulate glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis

Growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR), expressed in different brain regions, is known to participate in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. However, GH activation of these GHR-expressing neurons is less studied. We have generated a novel GHR-driven Cre recombinase transgenic mouse line (GHR cre) in combination with the floxed tdTomato reporter mouse line we tracked and activated GHR-expressing neurons in different regions of the brain. We focused on neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) where GHR was shown to elicit a negative feedback loop that regulates GH production. We found that ARC GHR+ neurons are co-localized with AgRP, GHRH, and somatostatin neurons, which were activated by GH stimulation. Using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to control GHR-ARC neuronal activity, we revealed that activation of GHR-ARC neurons was sufficient in regulating distinct aspects of energy balance and glucose metabolism. Overall, our study provides a novel mouse model to study in vivo regulation and physiological function of GHR-expressing neurons in various brain regions. Furthermore, we identified for the first time specific neuronal population that responds to GH and directly linked it to metabolic responses in vivo.
A case of reversible toxic optic neuropathy from tacrolimus (FK506)

Abstract Purpose To report a rare case of reversible vision loss from tacrolimus-associated toxic optic neuropathy. Observations A 30-year-old man with cystic fibrosis requiring bilateral lung transplantation developed painless, bilateral, gradual onset central vision loss with dyschromatopsia two years after starting tacrolimus. Visual fields revealed bilateral cecocentral scotomas. Fundoscopy demonstrated bilateral temporal pallor of the optic nerves. Testing for nutritional deficiencies was unremarkable. Tacrolimus was switched to cyclosporine and the patient was started on idebenone. Two months later, the patient demonstrated marked improvement in his visual acuity and dyschromatopsia. Conclusions and Importance. Neurotoxicity is a rare but major potential side effect of tacrolimus. Idebenone should be considered as a potential, low-risk supplement for transplant patients who are immunosuppressed in whom toxic optic neuropathy is a concern.
Impact of web-based teaching on the learning performance of education and training in the service industry during COVID-19

In response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, companies around the world have suspended on-site jobs and adopted remote operations Education and training in some companies are also being carried out through web-based teaching In addition to bringing new challenges to traditional education and training, web-based teaching platforms also provide a wealth of information sources and application channels for corporate education and training This study targeted service staff in the service industry as subjects, and incorporated three types of teaching methods into the research design, namely video tutorial, computer-aided teaching and web-based teaching ANOVA and stepwise regression are then used to analyze the learning motivation, learning attitude and learning performance in an integrated comparison The results showed that in the service industry, using web-based teaching to conduct employee training for service staff had a substantial impact on improving their learning performance © 2020 by the authors;licensee CEDTECH by Bastas
Consumer Comprehension of the Nutrition Facts Label: A Comparison of the Original and Updated Labels

Purpose:Compare consumers’ overall label comprehension of the original Nutrition Facts (NF) label with the updated label.Design:Online survey conducted in 2019. Participants randomly assigned to or...
From Radical to Practical (and Back Again?): Reparations, Rhetoric, and Revolution

The story of reparations advocacy is a story of ideas. The language of slavery reparations varies widely – it can be radical or practical, framed in dry legalese or soaring moral sermons. These rhetorical choices are more than just semantic differences; they illuminate reparations goals, shape the debate, and ultimately create or close off possibilities for reparations action.Framing is especially important because of the unusual position of the reparations movement, with signs of both danger and promise. Federal courts recently dismissed two different cases seeking different kinds of reparations for slavery, effectively bringing to a close the possibility of achieving reparations through the courts in the near future. A lawsuit-propelled settlement, like those in the tobacco or Holocaust cases, is also now unlikely. Public support for reparations, particularly among non-Blacks, remains alarmingly low, with some recent surveys placing white support for reparations at a mind-boggling five percent. Broad legislative responses are also unpromising. Rep. John Conyers, Jr. (D-Mich.) has introduced a bill to study the effects of slavery in every Congress since 1989, but it has never come to a vote.On the other hand, discussion of reparations remains at an all-time high, with new academic conferences and symposia proliferating. Even more curiously, certain specific and targeted proposals, such as local apologies and information-spreading statutes, are actually succeeding on the legislative front. For example, California recently passed legislation requiring that insurance companies disclose their ties to slavery. Similarly, ordinances passed in Chicago, Detroit, and Los Angeles, and other cities require that companies doing business with those cities to disclose any connection to slavery.How does this mix of success and failure reflect the types of arguments used in the debate? This article sets out an intellectual history of reparations. It examines reparations rhetoric and its role in the movement‘s successes and failures. Part I briefly sets out some of the principal arguments used by reparations advocates through 2000. Part II shows that reparations advocacy has been an interplay between two main types of arguments: radical and practical. Part III discusses post-millennial reparations advocacy and the rise and fall of reparations lawsuits. Part IV analyzes the failure of the legal narrative, and discusses its effects on the reparations movement. Finally, Part V looks at ways to strengthen the reparations movement by building on the strengths of both practical and radical approaches.
Simultaneous versus staged resections for bilateral pulmonary metastases.

BACKGROUND: For patients with bilateral pulmonary metastases, staged resections have historically been the preferred surgical intervention. During the spring of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic made patient travel to the hospital challenging and necessitated reduction in operative volume so that resources could be conserved. We report our experience with synchronous bilateral metastasectomies for the treatment of disease in both lungs. METHODS: Patients with bilateral pulmonary metastases who underwent simultaneous bilateral resections were compared with a cohort of patients who underwent staged resections. We used nearest-neighbor propensity score (1:1) matching to adjust for confounders. Perioperative outcomes were compared between groups using paired statistical analysis techniques. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2020, 36 patients underwent bilateral simultaneous metastasectomies. We matched 31 pairs of patients. The length of stay was significantly shorter in patients undergoing simultaneous resection (median 3 vs. 8 days, p < .001) and operative time was shorter (156 vs. 235.5 min, p < .001) when compared to the sum of both procedures in the staged group. The groups did not significantly differ with regard to postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: In a carefully selected patient population, simultaneous bilateral metastasectomy is a safe option. A single procedure confers benefits for both the patient as well as the hospital resource system.
Early abnormal fibrinolysis and mortality in patients with thermal injury: a prospective cohort study.

Introduction Abnormal fibrinolysis early after injury has been associated with increased mortality in trauma patients, but no studies have addressed patients with burn injury. This prospective cohort study aimed to characterize fibrinolytic phenotypes in burn patients and to see if they were associated with mortality. Methods Patients presenting to a regional burn centre within 4 h of thermal injury were included. Blood was collected for sequential viscoelastic measurements using thromboelastography (RapidTEG™) over 12 h. The percentage decrease in clot strength 30 min after the time of maximal clot strength (LY30) was used to categorize patients into hypofibrinolytic/fibrinolytic shutdown (SD), physiological (PHYS) and hyperfibrinolytic (HF) phenotypes. Injury characteristics, demographics and outcomes were compared. Results Of 115 included patients, just over two thirds were male. Overall median age was 40 (i.q.r. 28-57) years and median total body surface area (TBSA) burn was 13 (i.q.r. 6-30) per cent. Some 42 (36.5 per cent) patients had severe burns affecting over 20 per cent TBSA. Overall mortality was 18.3 per cent. At admission 60.0 per cent were PHYS, 30.4 per cent were SD and 9.6 per cent HF. HF was associated with increased risk of mortality on admission (odds ratio 12.61 (95 per cent c.i. 1.12 to 142.57); P = 0.041) but not later during the admission when its incidence also decreased. Admission SD was not associated with mortality, but incidence increased and by 4 h and beyond, SD was associated with increased mortality, compared with PHYS (odds ratio 8.27 (95 per cent c.i. 1.16 to 58.95); P = 0.034). Discussion Early abnormal fibrinolytic function is associated with mortality in burn patients.
Prevention of Sex-Based Harassment in K–12 Schools:

Student sex-based harassment has a negative impact on individual students and on the school environment. This review of the literature describes the evolution of sex-based harassment from elementar...
Factors Affecting Postoperative Length of Stay in Patients Undergoing Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

Background With hospital leaders and policy makers increasingly seeking ways to improve resource use, there has been heightened interest in reducing hospital length of stay (LOS) and performing spine procedures on an outpatient basis. We aimed to determine which risk factors correlated with prolonged LOS after anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF). Methods Medical records for patients who underwent ALIF were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into those who had extended (≥3 days) versus nonextended ( Results A total of 166 patients were included (mean age, 48.7 years). Medical comorbidities included hypertension (31.9%), diabetes (8.4%), and obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m2) (48.8%). LOS was not extended in 121 patients and extended in 45. Mean LOS was 2.2 days (95% confidence interval, 1.9–2.5). On multivariate logistic analysis, age ≥65 years (P = 0.001), preoperative benzodiazepine use (P = 0.014), 12-item Short Form mental component score (P = 0.008), estimated blood loss (P = 0.015), time to mobilization (P Conclusions As attempts are made to perform more spine procedure in ambulatory surgical centers, strict patient selection criteria are all critical in making this possible. Our results suggest that age, preoperative benzodiazepine use, higher intraoperative blood loss, delayed mobilization, and lower 12-item Short Form mental component score were correlated with increased LOS. Therefore, inpatient ALIF may be more suitable for patients with these risk factors.
Dietary Supplement GMP Regulations: The Impact on Industry, Regulatory and Consumer Confidence

Publisher Summary The majority of dietary supplement manufacturers have done an excellent job of protecting the safety and quality of their products. The potential physiological benefits of ingredients such as the antioxidant properties of polyphenolic compounds have accelerated the interest of consumers and health professionals in the role of these compounds in disease prevention. The cGMPs for pharmaceutical and food products are an integral facet of the successful status and continued growth of these industries. The regulations for dietary supplements and ingredients are patterned after those established for conventional food products and would establish the minimum requirements necessary to ensure that the manufacturing, packaging or holding of ingredients and supplements are done in a manner that prevents adulteration and misbranding of products. Consumers deserve and demand that products meet standards for safety and quality and the implementation of cGMPs for these products are an important first step. Although the cGMPs are designed to ensure products are safe from a standpoint of identity, purity, quality, strength, and composition, they do not address preclinical or clinical testing of ingredients for safety or efficacy.
The effect of a needle exchange program on numbers of discarded needles: a 2-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: This study estimates the quantity and geographic distribution of discarded needles on the streets of Baltimore, Md, during the 2 years after a needle exchange program opened. METHODS: Thirty-two city blocks were randomly sampled. Counts were taken of the number of syringes, drug vials, and bottles before the needle exchange program opened and then at 6 periodic intervals for 2 years after the program opened. Nonparametric and generalized estimating equation models were used to examine change over time. RESULTS: Two years after the needle exchange program opened, there was a significant decline in the overall quantity of discarded needles relative to that of drug vials and bottles (background trash). The block mean of number of needles per 100 trash items was 2.42 before the program opened and 1.30 2 years later (mean within-block change = -0.028, P < .05). There was no difference in the number of discarded needles by distance from the program site. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that this needle exchange program did not increase the number of distribution of discarded needles.
Saturn's equatorial oscillation: Evidence of descending thermal structure from Cassini radio occultations

Ground-based and Cassini CIRS thermal-infrared data have characterized the spatial and temporal characteristics of an equatorial oscillation in Saturn's middle atmosphere above the 100-mbar level. The CIRS data indicate a vertical pattern of alternating warm and cold anomalies at the equator. From the thermal wind equation this implies a concomitant reversal of zonal winds with attitude, relative to the cloud-top winds, with peak-to-peak amplitude approximately 200 meters per second. The ground-based observations do not having the altitude range or vertical resolution of the CIRS observations, but they cover several years and indicate an oscillation cycle of 1 years, roughly half of Saturn's year. Equatorial oscillations in Earth's middle atmosphere have primarily exhibited either quasi-biennial or semi-annual "periodicities," and both types have been extensively observed and modeled. They exhibit a vertical pattern of alternating warmer and cooler zonal-mean temperatures and zonal winds analogous to that described above for Saturn. Moreover, the pattern of winds and temperatures descends with time. Momentum deposition by damped vertically propagating easterly and westerly waves is thought to play a key role in forcing both types of oscillation, and it can plausibly account for the descent. Here we report the direct observation of this descent in Saturn's equatorial atmosphere from Cassini radio occultation soundings in 2005 and 2009. The retrieved temperatures are consistent with a descent of 0.6 x the pressure scale height over this time period. The descent rate is related to the magnitude of the wave forcing, radiative damping, and induced meridional circulations. A simple calculation implies that vertical wave fluxes of zonal momentum approximately 0.05 square meters per square second could account for the observed vertical descent on Saturn, which is comparable to the magnitude of the wave fluxes associated with the terrestrial quasi-biennial oscillation.
Resilience to discrimination stress across ethnic identity stages of development

Ethnic identity development may increase resilience to discrimination and prejudice, which are often common and stressful for ethnic minority adolescents. Based on ethnic identity development theory and resilience theory, we hypothesize that under high discrimination stress, ethnic affirmation and ethnic identity stage will haveprotectivemoderatingeffectsonself-esteemanddepressivesymptoms.Acrosssectionalself-reportstudywith125ethnicminorityadolescents(13‐18years)found that ethnic affirmation (p < .05) had protective effects on depressive symptoms (p < .05) and protective-enhancing effects on self-esteem at high levels of discrimination stress. Achieved ethnic identity stage (p < .05) had protective-stabilizing effects on self-esteem at high discrimination stress. Our findings demonstrate that the protective elements of ethnic identity are feeling positive about one’s ethnic group,havinglearnedaboutone’shistory,andhavingresolvedconflictsaboutone’s ethnic group.
Insulting the National Vanity

HOW DELIGHTFULLY TIMELY, following the recent Republican back slide, to find a collection of short fiction more concerned with reality than realism, with insulting national vanity than flattering it, with offering the reader dreams and visions rather than snapshots of the ever-worsening blue collar quotidian. For this is what Lance Olsen and Wordcraft of Oregon deliver in the recent micropress collection Scherzi, I Believe. Lance Olsen is a fiction writer and critic with six books to his credit, including two novels?the large press Live From Earth (1991) and the small press Tonguing the Zeitgeist (1994), both finely crafted. The former is full of warmth, belly laughs and blithe defiance of the laws of nature, the latter a kind of MTV vision of the cyberplosion of the imagination (not surprising that, wearing his critical mantle, Olsen has written the first full-length study of the pope of cyberpunk, William Gibson). In Scherzi, I Believe, we get the full range of Olsen's craft and decidedly unsullen art, a kind of Whitman sampler of fictions, each selection differ ent, but all filled with humor, dazzle, and a reality that realism seldom achieves. The influences are catholic?Cheever cum Weaver cum Crews, Coover, Barthelme, Borges, Robley Wilson, a hint of Stephen King, more than a little twentieth century philosophy, all seasoned by pure Lance Olsen? with a cast of characters that includes everyone from miners to teachers to toxicologists to Hieronymous Bosch to a flatulent St. Augustine, all queu ing to jab a thumb in the ribs of the American police-state-neighbor men tality. The things happening in this universe could fill a catalogue of postmodern amazements. Where else might you find a teacher who marries one of his students after they both become frightened by the Western philosophy he teaches her? "Faulty language," he says, "may be all that binds us. Every decoding may be another encoding. But Angie's long bobbed ash blond
Visual acuity in monkeys. A monocular and binocular subjective technique.

Abstract A technique for obtaining monocular and binocular visual acuity measurements from rhesus monkeys is described. This procedure involves a back-lit screen and projection mechanism which presents stimuli varying in size between 0.5 and 10.0 minutes of arc. The subject is rewarded by pressing one of four levers based on a discrimination between four Londolt rings. Subjective visual acuity data (OS, OD, and OU) are presented for one subject.