cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occupation of the extracellular matrix receptor, integrin, is a control point for myogenic differentiation

Replicating chicken embryo myoblasts were treated with a monoclonal antibody, CSAT, which recognizes and blocks the function of the beta subunit of integrin. In the presence of this antibody, myoblasts continued to replicate and did not fuse or produce muscle-specific meromyosin. This block to normal differentiation was readily reversed by the removal of the antibody. The reversed cells exhibited increases in desmin and meromyosin, and fused to produce contracting myotubes. The data indicate that the interaction of integrin, present on the membrane of replicating myoblasts, with extracellular matrix on the substrate is essential to initiate the terminal stages of myogenic differentiation.
The IgA antibody-forming cell response in the rabbit submandibular gland following several different methods of immunization.

Secretory IgA (sIgA) is found in the saliva of humans and other animals where its principle sources are the major salivary glands. Taubman and Smith (1) showed that salivary IgA antibody, induced by vaccination with cariogenic S. mutans, was correlated with a decrease in dental caries in rats. The practical use of the secretory immune system in protection against disease in humans depends partly on a clear understanding of the mechanisms which govern the induction of a secretory immune response. There are numerous reports showing that topical application of antigen to the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts can result in induction of sIgA antibodies (cf. reviews 11,12). It is not clear however, how best to induce sIgA antibody production in solid organs such as the salivary and lacrimal glands. In this study we systematically examined several methods of immunization designed to stimulate a secretory immune response in the salivary glands of rabbits.
Determinants Bank Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh Commercial Banks

The paper empirically examines the impact of bank specific characteristics and macroeconomic variables in determining the banks’ profitablity of Bangladesh banking industry with a panel data. A total of 42 Bangladesh commercial banks’ financial reports were analyzed; and bank specific characteristics such as bank financial risk, bank operational efficiency, and bank sizes as well as macroeconomic variables such as economic growth are examined to estimate their impact of bank profits. Results indicate that bank specific factors such as loan-deposit ratio, loan-loss provision to total assets, equity capital to total assets, and operating expenses to total assets are significant factors. Bank sizes and macroeconomic variable show no impact on profits.
Personality and Role Variables as Predictors of Tension Discharge Rate in Three Samples

The study of Type A behavior (Friedman & Rosenman, 1974) is developing a research tradition in related streams of literature in organizational behavior. The predictive characteristics and diversity of these studies are encouraging since they signal improved understanding of the organizational, personal, and economic effects of coping with work-generated tension and stress. The research presented here is consistent with these scholarly developments. The research attempts to illuminate the relationships between: (1) Type A behavior (Friedman & Rosenman, 1974), (2) role conflict and ambiguity (Rizzo House, & Lirtzman, 1970), (3) Locus of control (Rotter, 1966), (4) symptoms of adaptation to stress, and (S) tension discharge rate (Rose, Jenkins, & Hurst, 1978). The relationships between these constructs are studied in three samples: (1) registered nurses, (2) executive MBA students, and (3) female middle level managers in the telecommunications industry. Excellent comparative results were obtained across the ...
Ambroise Paré and the king's mastoiditis.

In 1560, Francois II, King of France, died of mastoiditis. Ambroise Pare was among his attendants. Pare was technically capable of draining the king's post-auricular abscess; this paper examines some of the reasons why he did not attempt any surgical procedure. This was a time of extreme tension between Catholics and Huguenots in France. Pare was a Huguenot, and the king was Catholic. Pare was a "barber-surgeon" which was the lowest level in the medical hierarchy at that time. Pare believed in the humoral theory of disease and may have been discouraged by air in the mastoid sinus. He was also very worried about being accused of poisoning the king. There is no evidence to suggest that the king's mother refused to allow Pare to operate because she wanted to achieve power as Regent of France.
Control of discrete-time systems via online learning and estimation

Online learning state trajectory control for discrete-time systems is considered herein. An improvement to a method previously developed that learns the control input as a function of the desired states for state trajectory tracking control is investigated. The improved method consists of letting the learned control effort be split into a nominal map and a learned adjustment in addition to online estimation of control parameters such as the system's Jacobian and controllability matrix. The method employs the technique known as block-input state realization to transform the system to one with equal number of states and inputs. A neural network structure called the nodal link perceptron network learns the adjustment of the nominal map as a function of the desired states while the Jacobian matrix and the controllability matrix are estimated online via a modified Broyden method to achieve the overall control input. The proposed controller is explored through three different simulations. The method can successfully deal with the nonlinearities and uncertainties inherent in complex systems. This method serves as a model free alternative for intelligent control of complex and uncertain systems
Verifying large numbers of cooperating adaptive agents

NASA is proposing to use large numbers of cooperating spacecraft in future exploration missions. These swarms will exhibit complex behaviors and interactions that can result in unintended emergent properties. Verifying the proper behavior of these new types of missions will be critical to their success. This paper gives the results of research into the use of formal methods techniques for verification of a large number of cooperating agents. Multiple formal methods were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in assuring the behavior of swarms of spacecraft. The NASA ANTS mission was used as an example of swarm intelligence against which to apply the formal methods. This paper discusses the evaluation of these formal methods, provides a partial specification of ANTS using four selected methods, and an outline of an integrated formal method for verifying future NASA swarm missions.
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF BLADDER NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR mRNA IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS AFTER BLADDER OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION

ABSTRACTPurpose: We validated a male rat model of bladder outflow obstruction and compared the expression of bladder neurotrophic factor mRNA in male and female rats 6 weeks after bladder outlet obstruction.Materials and Methods: We examined the proximal urethra in male Wistar rats. Urethral lumen reducing ligatures were placed in 15 females and 19 males, while 10 male and 10 female controls underwent sham surgery. Awake cystometry was performed 6 weeks after surgery. Ribonuclease protection assay was used to measure changes in bladder neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in the 2 sexes.Results: Average bladder capacity in rats with bladder outlet obstruction increased 3-fold in males and 4.4-fold in females compared with controls, while bladder weight increased 2.2 and 4.3-fold, respectively. Filling and threshold pressure increased significantly and nonvoiding bladder contractions were recorded in 100% of female and 80% of male rats with bladder outlet obstruction. An 8-fold increase in bladder brain der...
Comparison of unilateral versus bilateral upper extremity task performance after stroke.

AbstractBackground: Previous studies have suggested that practicing functional tasks bilaterally instead of unilaterally may improve paretic limb performance after stroke. Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine whether the bilateral movement condition alters paretic limb performance of a functional task in people with poststroke hemiparesis and to identify specifically which parameters of performance may be affected. Methods: In this single-session study, we examined immediate effects of the bilateral versus unilateral movement condition on performance of a reach-grasp-lift-release task at preferred speed in 16 people with mild to moderate poststroke hemiparesis and in 12 healthy control subjects. Performance was quantified by using motion analysis variables, including duration of the reach and grasp phases, reach path straightness, maximum thumb-index finger aperture, efficiency of finger movement, peak grip force, and timing of release. Results: We found no evidence of immediate improve...
Laboratory aspects of "Mycobacterium genavense," a proposed species isolated from AIDS patients.

"Mycobacterium genavense" is a proposed new species recently reported to cause disseminated infections in 18 patients with AIDS in Europe. We have recovered "M. genavense" as slowly growing fastidious mycobacteria in blood cultures of seven patients with AIDS. In the original studies of "M. genavense," the fastidious organism grew only in BACTEC 13A vials. The Seattle, Washington, isolates of "M. genavense" also failed to grow when subcultured from 13A vials to routine solid media, but dysgonic colonies were produced on Middlebrook 7H11 agar supplemented with mycobactin J. The mycolic acid pattern of patients' isolates closely resembled that of the type strain of Mycobacterium simiae when analyzed by one- and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and by high-performance liquid chromatography. Whole-cell fatty acid analyses by gas-liquid chromatography distinguished the isolates from M. simiae but misidentified them as Mycobacterium fortuitum. Sequence determinations of the hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene indicate that these organisms belong to the recently proposed new species "M. genavense." Growth from Middlebrook 7H11 agar supplemented with mycobactin J consistently yielded positive tests for catalase (semiquantitative and at 68 degrees C), pyrazinamidase, and urease which enable mycobacteriology laboratories to presumptively identify "M. genavense" without nucleic acid analyses. The failure of "M. genavense" to grow on conventional mycobacterial solid media suggests that mycobacterial blood cultures should include a broth medium incubated for at least 8 weeks.
An empirical study of children's source use for internet searches

This poster reports on an empirical study on children's source use for their Internet searches. A group of third- and fifth-grade students participated in this study over a 15-week period, during which the students conducted Internet searches for their schoolwork as part of their curriculum. Data were gathered using screen captures and three rounds of post-search interviews. Students in this study were allowed to use various Internet sources for their searches. Findings of this study shed light on how children come across, select, and use various Internet sources to meet their information needs for schoolwork and how such use changes over time as they gain more Internet experience.
Comparison of load transmission and bracket deformation between titanium and stainless steel brackets

This study measures the load transmitted and structural integrity of stainless steel and titanium brackets on application of torsional forces. Both 0.018 and 0.022 inch slot size edgewise brackets were tested in a specially designed apparatus that applied a torque value of 45 degrees. The load generated was measured by an Instron Universal Testing Machine at intervals of 15 degrees, 30 degrees, and 45 degrees of torque application. The structural stability of the brackets was evaluated by measuring the bracket slot width with a traveling stereoscopic microscope before and after the brackets were subjected to torsional forces. The specimen population was composed of 80 brackets and 80 wire specimens. An independent sample t test was used for comparison of mean load generated at 45 degrees of torque application. Repeated measures ANOVA (one-way) comparison was used to evaluate changes in load at different torque levels for the stainless steel and titanium brackets. A paired t test (two-tail) was used to determine the difference between initial and final bracket slot width at 45 degrees of torque applied for the two bracket types. The titanium brackets transmitted higher loads at 15 degrees and 30 degrees torque and lower load at 45 degrees torque on application of torsional forces in comparison to stainless steel brackets. The titanium brackets demonstrated superior dimensional stability compared to stainless steel brackets (P < .0001).
Acute hemorrhagic demyelination in a murine model of multiple sclerosis.

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalomyelitis (AHLE) is a rare neurological condition characterized by the development of acute hemorrhagic demyelination and high mortality. The pathomechanism of AHLE, as well as potential therapeutic approaches, have remained elusive due to the lack of suitable animal models. We report the first murine model of AHLE using a variation of the Theiler's Murine Encephalitis Virus (TMEV) MS model. During acute TMEV infection, C57BL/6 mice do not normally undergo demyelination. However, when 7 day TMEV infected C57BL/6 mice are intravenously administered the immunodominant CD8 T cell peptide, VP2121–130, animals develop characteristics of human AHLE based on pathologic, MRI and clinical features including microhemorrhages, increased blood-brain barrier permeability, and demyelination. The animals also develop severe disability as assessed using the rotarod assay. This study demonstrates the development of hemorrhagic demyelination in TMEV infected C57BL/6 mice within 24 hours of inducing this condition through intravenous administration of CD8 T cell restricted peptide. This study is also the first demonstration of rapid demyelination in a TMEV resistant non-demyelinating strain without transgenic alterations or pharmacologically induced immunosuppression.
In-Network PCA and Anomaly Detection

We consider the problem of network anomaly detection in large distributed systems. In this setting, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been proposed as a method for discovering anomalies by continuously tracking the projection of the data onto a residual subspace. This method was shown to work well empirically in highly aggregated networks, that is, those with a limited number of large nodes and at coarse time scales. This approach, however, has scalability limitations. To overcome these limitations, we develop a PCA-based anomaly detector in which adaptive local data filters send to a coordinator just enough data to enable accurate global detection. Our method is based on a stochastic matrix perturbation analysis that characterizes the tradeoff between the accuracy of anomaly detection and the amount of data communicated over the network.
Community Colleges Today

Dr. Jill Biden, Vice President Joe Biden’s wife, has been teaching in community colleges for the past 18 years. Dr. Biden believes that community colleges are “...uniquely American institutions where anyone who walks through the door is one step closer to realizing the American dream.” This is an inspiring sentiment. However, of all the first time college students who enrolled in community college in 2003-2004, fewer than 36% earned a post-secondary credential within six years. In light of the low completion rate, one has to question whether community colleges are fulfilling their promise. In this article we will look at the recent demographics of community colleges, compare the role of community colleges to that of proprietary colleges in post secondary education and discuss promising research initiatives aimed at improving the community college system.
NAD+ Supplementation Attenuates Methylmercury Dopaminergic and Mitochondrial Toxicity in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxic contaminant of our fish supply that has been linked to dopaminergic (DAergic) dysfunction that characterizes Parkinson's disease. We have previously shown that MeHg causes both morphological and behavioral changes in the Caenorhabditis elegans DAergic neurons that are associated with oxidative stress. We were therefore interested in whether the redox sensitive cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) may be affected by MeHg and whether supplementation of NAD( + )may prevent MeHg-induced toxicities. Worms treated with MeHg showed depletion in cellular NAD( + )levels, which was prevented by NAD( + )supplementation prior to MeHg treatment. NAD( + )supplementation also prevented DAergic neurodegeneration and deficits in DAergic-dependent behavior upon MeHg exposure. In a mutant worm line that cannot synthesize NAD( + )from nicotinamide, MeHg lethality and DAergic behavioral deficits were more sensitive to MeHg than wildtype worms, demonstrating the importance of NAD( + )in MeHg toxicity. In wildtype worms, NAD( + )supplementation provided protection from MeHg-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. These data show the importance of NAD( + )levels in the response to MeHg exposure. NAD( + )supplementation may be beneficial for MeHg-induced toxicities and preventing cellular damage involved in Parkinson's disease.
Response to the Letter Regarding Article, “Bringing Back Targets to ‘IMPROVE’ Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: The Duel for Dual Goals; Are Two Targets Better Than One?”

As noted in our editorial,1 we agree with Dr Robinson that observational and subgroup analyses, even those prespecified, warrant cautious interpretation. However, our support for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target or reference levels extends beyond the single subgroup analysis from the IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy Internation Trial (IMPROVE-IT) trial1 and is based on the totality of evidence supporting a causal role of LDL-C in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease from genetic, animal, observational, and randomized, clinical trial (RCT) data. The 2010 Cholesterol Treatment Trialists meta-analysis pooled patient-level data from 170 000 statin RCT participants and …
MICROCONIDIAL DIMORPHISM IN THE LICHEN GENUS PARMELIA

The first microconidial dimorphism in noncrustose lichen-forming fungi to have ecogeographical correlations is reported from two North American species. The microconidia of Parmelia hypoleucites and those of the new species P. semansiana differ in length, the former averaging about twice (11-12 gm) as long as the latter (5 gm). Parmelia hypoleucites, apparently an obligate epiphyte of trees, is confined to the highlands of Mexico and Arizona. Parmelia semansiana, primarily a rock-inhabiting species that extends its substrate tolerance to bark at the center of its range, is widely distributed in south-central North America. Small but significant spore-size differences accompany the microconidial dimorphism.
Abstract 803: HOXB7 functions as a co-activator of estrogen receptor in the development of tamoxifen resistance

Multiple factors including long term treatment with tamoxifen are involved in the development of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-resistance in ERα positive breast cancer. Increased expression of HER family members can also directly alter cellular responses to tamoxifen, but the mechanism underlying the increased expression of the HERs is not clear. In this report we show that HOXB7 interacts with ERα, and together they bind to the promoter or enhancer regions of ERα-regulated genes to enhance their transcription activity. We found a number of novel HOXB7 binding sites at promoter regions, intron regions and adjacent to ER-binding sites in ER-regulated genes through HOXB7 ChIP on chiP using an Affymetrix promoter array. Potentially, HOXB7 and ERα may co-regulate about 84% of ERα-target genes. HOXB7 overexpression renders MCF-7 cells resistant to tamoxifen. Overexpression of HOXB7 results in upregulation of HER2 and ERα target genes while knockdown of HOXB7 with siRNA in tamoxifen-resistant cell lines causes decrease of HER2 and ERα target genes expression and loss of tamoxifen resistance. Our data shows that to mediate upregulation of HER2 and ER-target genes occurring in tamoxifen resistance, the HOXB7-ERα complex recruits ERα coactivators and promotes HER2- and ER-target genes transcriptional activity through direct binding to the HER2 enhancer and regulatory regions of ER target genes. However, depletion of HOXB7 negatively affects the binding affinity of its cofactors to the HER2 enhancer element and ER-binding sites. Also, we found that miR196a might control HOXB7 expression; reducing miR196a levels in tamoxifen-resistant cells causes an increase of HOXB7 expression. Further, miRNA 196a is regulated by c-MYC which undergoes stabilization through the EGFR-HER2 signaling pathway. These findings implicate overexpression of HOXB7 as a key event in the initiation and maintenance of tamoxifen resistance. These studies suggest that HOXB7 acts as a key regulator orchestrating two major groups of target molecules, ERα and HER2, in the oncogene hierarchy. Therefore, we have provided additional evidence that supports the thesis that functional antagonism of HOXB7 has the potential to circumvent tamoxifen resistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 803. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-803
Photochemical Degradation of Cotton Cellulose

The photochemical degradation of purified cotton cellulose by ultraviolet light has been studied and the following nonvolatile breakdown products identified: cellobiose, 3-β-d-glucosido-d-arabinose, glucose, and arabinose. Their formation can be explained by fission of bonds around carbon atoms no. 1 of glucose units, while the initiating step is probably cleavage of the glucosidic linkages. Some evidence for the presence of smaller fragments indicates that fission of carbon-to-carbon bonds may also occur, although this appears to be a relatively small contribution to the over-all process of degradation.
Roles for ROS and hydrogen sulfide in the longevity response to germline loss in Caenorhabditis elegans

In Caenorhabditis elegans, removing germ cells slows aging and extends life. Here we show that transcription factors that extend life and confer protection to age-related protein-aggregation toxicity are activated early in adulthood in response to a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a shift in sulfur metabolism. Germline loss triggers H2S production, mitochondrial biogenesis, and a dynamic pattern of ROS in specific somatic tissues. A cytoskeletal protein, KRI-1, plays a key role in the generation of H2S and ROS. These kri-1-dependent redox species, in turn, promote life extension by activating SKN-1/Nrf2 and the mitochondrial unfolded-protein response, respectively. Both H2S and, remarkably, kri-1-dependent ROS are required for the life extension produced by low levels of the superoxide-generator paraquat and by a mutation that inhibits respiration. Together our findings link reproductive signaling to mitochondria and define an inducible, kri-1-dependent redox-signaling module that can be invoked in different contexts to extend life and counteract proteotoxicity.
Preservation of Neural Sensitivity after Noise-Induced Suppression of Sensory Function.

BACKGROUND: Permanent loss of outer hair cell (OHC) amplification may occur within days of acoustic overexposure. This loss of sensory function typically results in an immediate loss of neural sensitivity although neurodegeneration occurs months or years after damage to OHCs. This delay in neurodegeneration might provide an opportunity to preserve neural sensitivity although OHC amplification is permanently lost. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that neural functions can be preserved after permanent and severe loss of OHC amplification. To begin to address this possibility, an animal model of severe permanent loss of both OHC and neural functions was established. RESEARCH DESIGN: This research employed a 4 × 4 split-plot factorial design, with four levels of the within-subject factor (time: baseline, 1-day, 1-week, and 1-mo postnoise exposure) and four levels of the between-subject factor (experimental groups: control, noise exposed, therapy, and noise exposed + therapy). STUDY SAMPLE: Twenty-six hooded male Long-Evans rats (263 ± 63 g) served as subjects for this experiment. All animals exhibited baseline auditory function that approximated normative values for rats of the same strain. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem responses were used to assay and differentiate OHC versus neural functions. Factorial analysis of variances was computed to identify statistically significant main effects and Dunnett testing was employed in post hoc computations. INTERVENTION: To rescue neural function after permanent loss of OHC amplification, small molecular weight carboxy alkyl esters were employed after noise injury. RESULTS: The results revealed that in the presence of permanent loss of OHC amplification, the loss of neural sensitivity could be rescued. In addition, auditory brainstem response wave I amplitudes at suprathreshold levels were rescued from noise-induced depletion into the biologic noise floor. CONCLUSION: Since mammalian OHCs do not regenerate after damage, these results encourage further experiments aimed at preserving neural functions following noise injury. Language: en
Bepridil: a new long-acting calcium channel blocking agent.

Bepridil is an investigational calcium channel blocking agent with antianginal activity that has a distinct and complex pharmacologic profile. Bepridil produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects, in addition to negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. Bepridil favorably modifies both myocardial oxygen demand and supply, supporting its use as an antianginal drug. Electrophysiologically, bepridil exhibits classes I, III, and IV antiarrhythmic activity. Five U.S. trials evaluating the short-term antianginal efficacy of bepridil collectively reported that bepridil causes significant improvement in both subjective and objective parameters of efficacy without depressing left ventricular function. In addition, one U.S. trial reported continued antianginal effects of bepridil after long-term use. There are limited data comparing and/or combining bepridil with other antianginal drugs, but the available information is promising. Limited information also exists on the use of bepridil in acute myocardial infarction and arrhythmias. Tolerance to bepridil therapy has been excellent, with the most common adverse effects being diarrhea and dizziness. It is unclear whether bepridil will be used as a first-line agent in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris; however, its long half-life, which makes once daily dosing possible, is certainly a significant advantage.
Components of a response programme involving inhibitory and excitatory reflexes in the surf clam.

1. Electrical records from ganglion cells in the central nervous system and from intact muscle groups controlling siphon retraction and shell-valve adduction have revealed qualitative similarities in the response characteristics of two neurone-effector systems following stimulation of tactile afferents. 2. Simultaneous electrical records from neurones and muscle indicate that Type I ganglion cells are motoneurones to the fast portion of the posterior adductor muscle. 3. The waveform and polarity of the post-synaptic responses of Type 1 cells depend critically upon the intensity of stimulation over intact sensory pathways. High-intensity input transiently excites the fast portion of the adductor; low-intensity input inhibits the adductor motoneurones. The input organization of Type I neurones therefore permits discrimination of stimulus magnitude and thus controls the characteristics of the response programme.
Professional Presentation Skills Development in a Graduate Nursing Program

BACKGROUND Expert communication skills are essential for nurse leaders to effectively influence health care. Because effective communication is a learned process, the curriculum should promote the development of presentation skills. An educational strategy was designed to promote the development of effective presentation skills for learners in the Nursing Leadership and Administration (NLA) track of the master's in nursing curriculum. METHOD Sixteen learners in the NLA cohort were participants in a three-session presentation skills workshop. Following a baseline presentation, participants were taught presentation strategies and skills. Expert evaluators and learner self-assessments rated their presentation skills. RESULTS Analysis of evaluators' ratings showed statistically significant (p < .001) increases in learners' presentation effectiveness. Analysis of learner self-ratings showed a statistically significant (p = .008) increase in perceived effectiveness of overall presentation skills. CONCLUSION This unique educational intervention improved nurse leaders' presentation skills. Faculty found that the professional presentation skill workshop was important to learners' success.
Evidence for angiotensin-stimulated proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in normotensive and hypertensive rats: effect of acute administration of captopril.

1. The effects of captopril on mean arterial blood pressure and proximal tubular fluid re-absorption ( J v ) were examined in anaesthetized normotensive rats and in the non-clipped kidneys of two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats. 2. In the normotensive animals, captopril reduced arterial blood pressure from 121 ± sd 9 to 106 ± 10 mmHg and J v decreased from 3.78 ± 0.45 to 2.57 ± 0.58 × 10 −4 mm 3 mm −2 s −1 . Captopril had a greater effect on blood pressure in the hypertensive animals (172 ± 17 reduced to 133 ± 23 mmHg) although the decrease in J v from 3.62 ± 0.12 to 2.40 ± 0.40 was similar to that observed in normotensive animals. 3. These results provide evidence that, in the anaesthetized rat, angiotensin II contributes to the maintenance of the rate of proximal fluid re-absorption. The magnitude of the angiotensin-stimulated component of proximal fluid absorption is similar in normotensive and two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats.
Teaching across the continuum: variations in rankings and valued teaching components between surgery residents and medical students

Abstract Background Surgical faculty teach medical students and residents within the same environment; however, each group may require different teaching methods. The aim of this study was to identify teaching components valued by these sets of learners. Methods Teaching evaluations for 43 surgical faculty members who received yearly evaluations from students and residents were analyzed. Highest and lowest ranked educators in medical student evaluations were traced to corresponding rankings in resident evaluations. Thematic analysis was conducted on written comments. Results Educators rated the highest in the medical student group were spread out among the residents' rankings, with several educators being rated the lowest. Similar patterns were observed in reverse for faculty rated highly by residents. Conclusions Residents and medical students value faculty teaching using different criteria, with residents more focused on operative autonomy and medical students focused on approachability. Using one group to define best teaching methods is insufficient as learners value different optimal attributes.
Brain Injury and Shaking

The mechanism of brain injury in 24 infants with a diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome was investigated at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA.
Partially supervised graph embedding for positive unlabelled feature selection

Selecting discriminative features in positive unlabelled (PU) learning tasks is a challenging problem due to lack of negative class information. Traditional supervised and semi-supervised feature selection methods are not able to be applied directly in this scenario, and unsupervised feature selection algorithms are designed to handle unlabelled data while neglecting the available information from positive class. To leverage the partially observed positive class information, we propose to encode the weakly supervised information in PU learning tasks into pairwise constraints between training instances. Violation of pairwise constraints are measured and incorporated into a partially supervised graph embedding model. Extensive experiments on different benchmark databases and a real-world cyber security application demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.
Pass the salt: the central control of sodium intake.

The biological drive to consume salt ensures that we consume adequate sodium for survival. In this issue of Nature Neuroscience, two articles provide insight into the neurons and circuits that regulate sodium appetite.
The impact of supervisor–subordinate racial-ethnic and gender dissimilarity on mentoring quality and turnover intentions: do positive affectivity and communal culture matter?

AbstractDemographic dissimilarity in supervisor–subordinate dyads is often associated with negative subordinate work experiences. Extending relational demography and mentoring research, the authors examined whether employee positive affectivity and communal culture ameliorated the negative effects of supervisor–subordinate racial (gender) dissimilarity on mentoring quality and reduced turnover intentions. Within a sample of 197 employees from various U.S. companies, racial dissimilarity was negatively related to mentoring quality and this relationship was stronger among employees who were lower in positive affectivity. Finally, mentoring quality mediated the racial dissimilarity–turnover intentions relationship, as moderated by positive affectivity. Specifically, racial dissimilarity reduced mentoring quality, thereby increasing turnover intentions, especially for employees who were low in positive affectivity. The research and practical implications of the study findings are noted.
Tracing Dietary Mercury Histochemically, with Autometallography, through the Liver to the Ovaries and Spawned Eggs of the Spot, a Temperate Coastal Marine Fish.

AbstractExposure to mercury (Hg) results in reproductive abnormalities and deficiencies in female fish. We traced the maternal assimilation and redistribution of dietary inorganic (HgII) and organic (MeHg) forms of Hg in a coastal marine fish, the Spot Leiostomus xanthurus. We conducted a 90-d laboratory experiment in which treatment Spot were fed muscle of Blue Marlin Makaira nigricans with elevated concentrations of Hg mixed with a commercial fish food, while control Spot were fed only commercial food pellets. Gonadal maturation was induced by shortening the photoperiod and increasing the temperature. Spawning was induced by intramuscular injection of human chorionic gonadotropin at 100 IU/kg. Solid-sampling atomic absorption spectrophotometry measured the total Hg (THg), HgII, and MeHg in Blue Marlin muscle. Autometallography located Hg-sulfide granules in the liver, ovaries, and spawned eggs, and densitometry provided comparisons of Hg-sulfide granules in the ovaries of treatment and control Spot. Ove...
Defending Against Evolving DDoS Attacks: A Case Study Using Link Flooding Incidents

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks are constantly evolving. Over the last few years, we have observed increasing evidence of attack evolution in multiple dimensions (e.g., attack goals, capabilities, and strategies) and wide-ranging timescales; e.g., from seconds to months. In this paper, we discuss the recent evolution of DDoS attacks and challenges of countering them. In particular, we focus on the evolution one of the most insidious DDoS attacks, namely link-flooding attacks, as a case study. To address the challenges posed by these attacks, we propose a two-tier defense that can be effectively implemented using emerging network technologies. The first tier is based on a deterrence mechanism whereas the second requires inter-ISP collaboration.
Expanding Notions of Digital Access: Parents' Negotiation of School-Based Technology Initiatives in New Immigrant Communities.

Initiatives to integrate technology in schools are continuously increasing, with efforts to bridge the “homework gap” and provide technology access in low-income households. However, it is critical...
Incidence of Osteochondritis Dissecans in Adults.

Background:Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) has frequently been described in children and adolescents, but cases of OCD in adults are certainly encountered. Little has been published on the epidemiology of OCD in adult patients.Purpose:To assess the frequency of OCD lesions in adults and assess the risk by age, sex, and ethnicity.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:The authors assessed all patients aged 20 to 45 years from the entire database of patients enrolled as members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California from January 2011 until December 2013. Kaiser Southern California is an integrated health care system serving a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse population of >3.5 million patients. A retrospective chart review was done on OCD during this period. Inclusion criteria included OCD of any joint. Exclusion criteria included traumatic osteochondral fractures and coexistence of intra-articular lesions other than OCD. Joint involvement/location, laterality, and all pati...
Mixed anomalies: Chiral vortical effect and the Sommerfeld expansion

We discuss the connection between the integer moments of the Fermi distribution function that occur in the Sommerfeld expansion and the coefficients that occur in anomalous conservation laws for chiral fermions. For an illustration, we extract the chiral magnetothermal energy current from the mixed gauge-gravity anomaly in the $3+1$-dimensional energy-momentum conservation law. We then use a similar method to confirm the conjecture that the ${T}^{2}/12$ thermal contribution to the chiral vortical effect current arises from the gravitational Pontryagin term in the $3+1$-dimensional chiral anomaly.
School Functioning in Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Examination of Disease and Demographic Correlates.

Background Symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) can interfere with optimal psychosocial functioning of adolescents, including school functioning. School functioning can be broadly conceptualized as involving attendance, academic performance, and participation in academic and extracurricular activities. However, previous research has largely examined the impact of IBD on school attendance. The present study aimed to describe school attendance, performance, and participation in a sample of adolescents with IBD and to examine demographic and disease-related correlates of poorer school functioning. Methods One-hundred sixty-one adolescent-parent dyads (M [SD] adolescent age = 14.5 [1.9] years, 43% female) completed questionnaires assessing demographics, school attendance, performance, and participation. Clinical disease activity was rated by physicians at the time of study enrollment. Results Difficulties with school attendance were reported, with nearly three-quarters of participants reporting school absences due to visits with doctors or hospitalizations and just under half of the sample reporting general school absences and missing school due to not feeling well. In bivariate analyses, older age was associated with poorer school performance and participation, whereas greater disease activity was associated with poorer school attendance. In regression analyses, greater disease activity and older age emerged as the most salient predictors of poorer school attendance. Older age also emerged as the most salient predictor of school performance and participation. Conclusions Demographic factors and age in particular were more consistent predictors of school functioning than disease factors. Special attention to older youth and those with active disease may be important to ensure optimal school functioning.
Towards equity and equality in American co-design: a case study

Co-design is considered a powerful tool to empower users to be part of the design process. In the United States, co-design with children is often associated with academic organizations. In one form of co-design, Cooperative Inquiry, children and adults design together in a lab environment. Unfortunately, children who live in non-affluent areas may have trouble participating in groups like this because they are unable to attend design sessions due to a combination of lack of transit options or parental involvement.This paper reflects on four years of co-design in an American, economically depressed city with the sole purpose of trying to include more voices in the design process. Working within and then beyond Cooperative Inquiry, the authors discuss the city's history of racial segregation and classism and how researchers can be more equitable and equal in their construction of co-design teams in urban environments. Shorter, more focused design sessions in locations easily accessible by children are the key to more inclusive co-design.
2 – An Introduction to Viral Taxonomy and the Proposal of Akamara, a Potential Domain for the Genomic Acellular Agents

This chapter introduces viral taxonomy and the proposal of akamara, which is a potential domain for the genomic acellular agents. This chapter also introduces the idea that the taxonomy of the viruses and their biological relatives could be extended to the domain level. There currently exist three biological domains, archaea, bacteria, and eukarya, that consist only of cellular organisms. The establishment of these three existing domains and the taxonomic placement of biological entities within them are based largely on the ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequence of those constituent organisms. This chapter proposes the creation of an additional biological domain that would represent the acellular infectious agents that possess nucleic acid genomes. The proposed constituents of this domain are the agents commonly termed to be either viruses, satellite viruses, virusoids, or viroids. The proposed domain title is Akamara. A possible organizational structure within this proposed new domain is also suggested, with its occupants being divided into two kingdoms: plus phyla and classes premised on the basic characteristics of the genomic biochemistry of the organisms.
Pediatric cardiac catheterization databases

This review details the major database efforts in the field of congenital cardiac catheterization. Four database projects have been developed that relate to cardiac catheterization procedures in adult and pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. The IMPACT RegistryTM (IMproving Pediatric and Adult Congenital Treatment) of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry of The American College of Cardiology Foundation, the Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Project on Outcomes (C3PO), the Congenital Cardiovascular Interventional Study Consortium (CCISC), and the Mid-Atlantic Group of Interventional Cardiology (MAGIC) Catheterization Outcomes Project represent the future of evidence based practice in congenital cardiac catheterization, and demonstrate the progress in collecting accurate information to define clinical outcomes and promote quality improvement.
Network Analysis and Indicators

Networks have for a long time been used both as a metaphor and as a method for studying science. With the advent of very large data sets and the increase in the computational power, network analysis became more prevalent in the studies of science in general and the studies of science indicators in particular. For the purposes of this chapter science indicators are broadly defined as “measures of changes in aspects of science” (Elkana et al., Toward a metric of science: The advent of science indicators, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978). The chapter covers network science-based indicators related to both the social and the cognitive aspects of science. Particular emphasis is placed on different centrality measures. Articles published in the journal Scientometrics over a 10-year period (2003–2012) were used to show how the indicators can be computed in coauthorship and citation networks.
Conceptual Schemes after Davidson

Philosophers and social scientists have written of people or peoples holding various conceptual schemes. In “The Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme”, Donald Davidson (1984d) argues that such talk is either hyperbole or incoherent. On the one hand, he explains, there is little to be excited about in the differences that can defensibly be alluded to in connection with such formulations. On the other hand, he insists, the radical differences envisioned in much talk of conceptual schemes are incoherent. Much can be learned from careful examinations of Davidson’s position. However, I argue that it mistakenly papers over the real possibility of rather deep differences in beliefs, theories, and concepts — the sorts of differences that have interested many proponents of conceptual schemes. I examine the form of interpretive practice (or translation) that can lead us to unproblematically posit such differences. While I agree with Davidson that the disagreements we find in interpretation will rest upon a background of found agreement, this does not preclude the sort of differences that many have thought to differentiate conceptual schemes.
Radiation-associated versus sporadic osteosarcoma: A single-institution experience.

11018Background: Osteosarcoma (osarc) can be a rare complication from radiation (rt) therapy. Radiation-associated osarc (RAO) is reported to have a worse prognosis than non rt-associated osarc wit...
Liposomal Nanostructures for Drug Delivery in Gastrointestinal Cancers

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers like liver, pancreatic, colorectal, and gastric cancer remain some of the most difficult and aggressive cancers. Nanoparticles like liposomes had been approved in the clinic for cancer therapy dating as far back as 1995. Over the years, liposomal formulations have come a long way, facing several roadblocks and failures, and advancing by optimizing formulations and incorporating novel design approaches to navigate therapeutic delivery challenges. The first liposomal formulation for a GI cancer drug was approved recently in 2015, setting the stage for further clinical developments of liposome-based delivery systems for therapies against GI malignancies. This article reviews the design considerations and strategies that can be used to deliver drugs to GI tumors, the wide range of therapeutic agents that have been explored in preclinical as well as clinical studies, and the current therapies that are being investigated in the clinic against GI malignancies.
The art of information literacy: New competencies for art, architecture, and design learners

Art, architecture, and design curriculum in higher education has evolved in many ways over the past decade. While many universities and colleges still ascribe to the Bauhaus model as a core approach to instruction, shifts in technology, modes of making, global perspectives, and the professional landscape have required responsiveness on the part of these institutions. Today’s art, architecture, and design learners need to be equipped to navigate, evaluate, and ethically use vast quantities and varieties of information in their practices. As a result of these evolutions and the influence of the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education, library pedagogy for these disciplines has accordingly shifted away from traditional bibliographic instruction and towards information literacy-based approaches.