cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forest Insect Pests

The term pest describes those organisms that have a negative impact on human survival or well-being, either acting as parasites; transmitting pathogens; competing with humans for food, fiber, or other useful resources; or just plain annoying them. The term pest, therefore, is highly subjective and reflects the human viewpoint. A truly objective and impartial view (i.e., a strictly scientific one) may lead to the conclusion that the concept of a pest is inappropriate, for all organisms play important roles in the development and maintenance of ecological communities (see Chapter 3). From this viewpoint we may even come to the conclusion that only one organism really threatens the stability and persistence of living systems on this planet—that Homo sapiens is the real pest!
Role of Echocardiography in Diagnosis of Constrictive Pericarditis: a Practical Summary

Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is an uncommon diagnosis in the modern day. Clinically, CP and restrictive cardiomyopathy can present in a similar fashion; however, differentiating the two entities is imperative since CP is potentially curable by pericardiectomy. In this manuscript, we aim to summarize echocardiographic characteristics of CP with a focus on parameters discriminating CP from restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). Classically, respiration-related interventricular septal shift and variations in mitral inflow and mitral annular velocities have been used to distinguish CP from RCM. Moreover, newer sophisticated echocardiography techniques including myocardial strain imaging by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D STE) have revolutionized our understanding of the myocardial mechanics in CP and RCM. Reduced circumferential strain in CP as well as reduced longitudinal strain in RCM has been shown to provide high sensitivity and specificity to differentiate the two clinical imitators. Echocardiography remains an important modality for diagnosing constrictive pericarditis. Advances in echocardiographic techniques have further improved the diagnostic ability of this imaging modality in diagnosing constriction and differentiating it from other clinically similar entities.
The association of nocturnal hypertension and nondipping blood pressure with treatment‐resistant hypertension: The Jackson Heart Study

Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH), nocturnal hypertension, and nondipping blood pressure (BP) have shared risk factors. The authors studied the association between aTRH and nocturnal hypertension and aTRH and nondipping BP among 524 black Jackson Heart Study participants treated for hypertension. Nocturnal hypertension was defined by mean nighttime systolic BP ≥120 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥70 mm Hg. Nondipping BP was defined by mean nighttime to daytime systolic BP ratio >0.90. aTRH was defined by mean clinic systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg with three medication classes or treatment with four or more classes. The risk for developing aTRH associated with nondipping BP and nocturnal hypertension was estimated. After multivariable adjustment, participants with aTRH were more likely to have nocturnal hypertension (prevalence ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.39) and nondipping (prevalence ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.43). Over a median 7.3 years of follow-up, nocturnal hypertension and nondipping BP at baseline were not associated with developing aTRH after adjustment.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease and Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Abstract The primary neurologic involvement in both von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease and Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) is vascular tumor/vascular malformation, but molecular pathogenesis, long-term symptom evolution, and treatment are quite different. VHL is caused by dominant inherited or de novo germline mutations, while SWS is caused by somatic mosaicism. A diagnosis of VHL carries substantial cancer risk, while the clinical issues in SWS are primarily related to the consequences of the intracranial vascular abnormalities.
Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials: Relevance in Design and Manufacturing

The chapter provides an introduction to mechanical engineering, covering fundamental concepts of mechanical properties of materials and their use in the design and manufacturing. It first explains the notion of mechanical properties of materials and then elaborates on the proper definition of most relevant properties as well as materials testing to obtain these properties. The role of mechanical properties at the design stage in form of the design criterion is explained. The use of material properties to assess equivalent stress and strain in complex loading conditions is revealed. At the manufacturing stage, the notion of additive (material is added to the workpiece), neutral (the volume of the workpiece is preserved), and substantive (the volume of the workpiece is reduced) processes is introduced. The relevant properties of materials in the neutral (forming) and substantive (cutting) processes are considered.
Specific Features of the Structural Organization and Thermomechanical Properties of Pectin–Ag 0 –P4VP Nanocomposites Formed Under the Action of Constant Magnetic Field

By using a complex of structural methods and thermomechanical analysis, we study the influence of constant magnetic field on the specific structural features and thermomechanical properties of pectin–Ag0 –P4VP nanocomposites. By the methods of X-ray diffraction analysis, it is demonstrated that, in the course of chemical reduction of Ag+ cations in polyelectrolyte-metal complexes under the action of a constant magnetic field, a nanocomposite is formed on the basis of pectin–P4VP polyelectrolyte complex and Ag0 nanoparticles but with a higher content of metallic silver than in the absence of magnetic fields. It is shown that, under the action of the field, silver-containing nanocomposites are formed with much higher temperatures of glass transition and lower temperatures of transition into the viscous state. These composites are also more susceptible to relative deformation.
Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria Derived via the UC Davis Method: II. Pyrethroid Insecticides

Pyrethroid insecticides are broad spectrum agents that have been widely detected in sediments and surface waters in the USA (Amweg et al. 2006; Budd et al. 2007; Gan et al. 2005; Hladik and Kuivila 2009; Weston et al. 2004). They are hydrophobic compounds that primarily partition to sediments and solid materials in the water column, and exposure to pyrethroid-contaminated sediments has been demonstrated to produce toxicity in the environment (Anderson et al. 2006; Holmes et al. 2008; Phillips et al. 2010; Weston et al. 2004; Weston et al. 2005). Only very low concentrations are found freely dissolved in the aqueous phase, but these pesticides are still of concern to water quality managers because they exhibit toxicity to aquatic organisms at very low concentrations (<1 μg/L). Water quality regulators in the USA are required, under the Clean Water Act (section 303(c)(2)(B)), to provide numeric water quality criteria for priority pollutants that could reasonably be expected to interfere with the designated uses of a state’s waters. Numeric water quality criteria are chemical concentrations in water bodies that should protect aquatic wildlife from the toxic effects of those chemicals, if these concentrations are not exceeded. Numeric criteria are derived using existing toxicity data; consequently, criteria calculation is dependent on the availability of these data. In the USA, there are currently no numeric criteria available for the pyrethroids, and many of the available pyrethroid data sets do not meet the requirements of the 1985 US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) criteria derivation methodology (USEPA 1985). One of the goals of developing the UC Davis methodology (UCDM) was to be able to derive criteria for compounds that do not meet all of the USEPA (1985) data requirements, such as the pyrethroids.
Organizational change: insights from Buddhism and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Adaptation to change takes longer because of emotions employees experience such as discomfort, anxiety, or grief. Research suggests experiencing rather than avoiding discomfort and experiencing it ...
Active Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease: Getting Right Back Where We Started from?

Background The vitamin D system is essential for optimal health in humans. Circulating calcitriol, a key metabolite in maintaining calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, is produced in the kidney. In kidney failure, calcitriol levels progressively decrease, contributing to the development of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Summary For years, SHPT had a central role in the disturbed mineral metabolism of renal patients. As calcitriol deficiency contributes to SHPT development, treatment with calcitriol or other compounds able to activate the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was one of the mainstays of therapy for renal patients in the last 40 years. In this review, we discuss how the treatment with VDR activators (VDRA) evolved during this time in the United States, as well as the main factors responsible for these changes. Key messages Management of SHPT with VDRA in renal patients has undergone a few paradigm shifts over the last 40 years. When treating SHPT, the newly developed therapies as well as VDRA need to be carefully considered and used appropriately. Nephrologists need to use an integrated approach that avoids excessive use of VDRA, ensures replenishment of vitamin D stores, and avoids hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
A Novel Multi-purpose Deep Architecture for Facial Attribute and Emotion Understanding

Facial expression estimation has for years been studied benefiting a wide array of application areas ranging from information retrieval and sentiment analysis to video surveillance and emotion analysis. Methods have been proposed to tackle the problem of facial attribute recognition using deep architectures yielding high accuracies, however less efforts exist to focus on the performance of these architectures. Here in this work, we make use of Squeeze-Net [6] for the first time in the literature to perform facial emotion recognition benchmarked on Celeb-A and AffectNet datasets. Here we extend Squeeze-Net by introducing a new 5 \(\times \) 5 convolution kernel after the last fully-connected layer offered by Squeeze-Net, merging the 1 \(\times \) 1 and 3 \(\times \) 3 outputs from the last fully-connected layers, to perform a more domain-specific feature extraction. We run extensive experiments using widely-used datasets; i.e. Celeb-A and AffectNet, using AlexNet and Squeeze-Net in addition to our proposed architecture. Our proposed architecture, an extension to Squeeze-Net, yields results inline with state of the art while offering a simple architecture involving less complexity compared to state of the art, reporting accuracies of 90.47% and 56.38% compared to 90.94% and 52.36%, in Attribute Prediction and Expression Prediction respectively.
A source of a different color: Exploring the influence of three kinds of science communication on audience attitudes toward research

Though the contemporary media environment is filled with many different sources disseminating communications about science— including journalists, politicians and opinion leaders, and researchers—few studies have examined how messages about science communicated by different sources directly influence audience opinion about scientific research itself. This experiment (N = 170) used stimuli articles that reflected different presentation sources (3: political/public relations/researcher) and types of science research (2: “hard”/“soft”) to examine effects on people’s attitudes towards the featured research project’s (a) utility and (b) worthiness of federal grant funding, while controlling for individual differences in political attitudes and interest in science. Overall, political-source messages suppressed ratings of the project’s worthiness of funding and utility, and while messages from the researcher source produced greater utility ratings compared to the public relations source for soft science projects, this pattern was reversed for hard science research. Additionally, different sources influenced people’s comprehension of articles they read. We interpret these results within the larger landscape of science communication and conclude with brief practical recommendations for those engaging in science communication.
Assessing Medical Student's Ability to Interpret Traumatic Injuries on Computed Tomography Before and After the Third Year Clerkships.

Introduction. Exposure to radiologic images during clinical rotationsmay improve students’ skill levels. This study aimed to quantifythe improvement in radiographic interpretation of life-threateningtraumatic injuries gained during third year clinical clerkships (MS-3). Methods. We used a paired-sample prospective study design tocompare students’ accuracy in reading computed tomography (CT)images at the beginning of their third year clerkships (Phase I) andagain after completion of all of their third year clerkships (Phase II).Students were shown life-threatening injuries that included head,chest, abdomen, and pelvic injuries. Overall scores for Phase II werecompared with Phase I, as well as sub-scores for each anatomicalregion: head, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Results. Only scores from students participating in both Phase Iand Phase II (N = 57) were used in the analysis. After completingtheir MS3 clerkship, students scored significantly better overall andin every anatomical region. Phase I and Phase II overall mean scoreswere 1.2 ± 1.1 vs. 4.6 ± 1.8 (p < 0.001). Students improved the mostwith respect to injuries of the head and chest and the area of leastimprovement was in interpreting CT scans of the abdomen. Althoughimprovements in reading radiographic images were noted after theclerkship year, students accurately diagnosed only 46% of life-threateningimages on CT scan in the trauma setting. Conclusions. These results indicated that enhanced education isneeded for medical students to interpret CT scans.Kans J Med 2018;11(4):91-94.
Living Journalism: Principles & Practices for an Essential Profession

In this readable, practical textbook Rich Martin explores the core principles and practices that beginning journalists need to produce work that informs and enlightens citizens hungry for accurate and trustworthy news. The textbook’s 16 concise chapters impart real-world examples demonstrating how the best journalists exemplify the key principles, as well as cautionary stories illustrating journalistic mistakes and missteps. It also contains exercises, checklists, tips and additional resources that students can use in class and independent study, making the book an ideal newsroom and classroom resource that can be returned to again and again for new insights. For journalism to survive and flourish in the 21st century, it needs young practitioners who understand its importance to society, believe in and are committed to its core values, and can put those values into action. This new edition of Living Journalism is an excellent updated introduction to journalism for students, teachers and young professionals.
Rival Power: Russia in Southeast Europe: by Dimitar Bechev, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2017, xiii and 300 pp., $27.50, (hardback), ISBN 978-0-300-21913-5

Dimitar Bechev is currently a nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council and a research fellow at the Center for Slavic, Eurasian, and East European Studies at the University of North Caroli...
Wages in Las Vegas and Reno: How Much Difference Do Unions Make in the Hotel, Gaming, and Recreation Industry?

A significant union presence in the Las Vegas, Nevada Hotel, Gaming, and Recreation (HGR) industry juxtaposed to the near absence of unions in the Reno, Nevada segment of the same industry is used to study how unions affect wages both within the industry and in a much less unionized sector, the Wholesale and Retail Trade (WRT) industry. The results indicate that median wages of highly unionized occupations in the Las Vegas HGR industry are significantly higher than wages of identical occupations in Reno. Little difference in wages is observed in the WRT industries of the two regions. In light of recent government scrutiny of gaming in the United States, managers must become more sensitive to alleged negative socio-economic impacts of their operations. Higher wages as a result of unionization may mitigate one element of such alleged effects.
Prebiotic Phosphorylation and Concomitant Oligomerization of Deoxynucleosides to form DNA.

Recent demonstrations of RNA-DNA chimeras (RDNA) enabling RNA and DNA replication, coupled with prebiotic co-synthesis of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, have resurrected the hypothesis of co-emergence of RNA and DNA. As further support, we show that diamidophosphate (DAP) with 2-aminoimidazole (amido)phosphorylates and oligomerizes deoxynucleosides to form DNA-under conditions similar to those of ribonucleosides. The pyrimidine deoxynucleoside 5'-O-amidophosphates are formed in good (≈60 %) yields. Intriguingly, the presence of pyrimidine deoxynucleos(t)ides increased the yields of purine deoxynucleotides (≈20 %). Concomitantly, oligomerization (≈18-31 %) is observed with predominantly 3',5'-phosphodiester DNA linkages, and some (<5 %) pyrophosphates. Combined with previous observations of DAP-mediated chemistries and the constructive role of RDNA chimeras, the results reported here help set the stage for systematic investigation of a systems chemistry approach of RNA-DNA coevolution.
Economic Effects of the Corporate Tax Rate Reduction

Contrary to some commentators’ perceptions, the economic case for corporate tax rate reduction does not involve the hope that corporations will “use” their tax savings to make additional investments, pay higher wages, or hire additional employees. Profit-maximizing corporations look at the anticipated tax savings from their decisions, not the tax savings they have already reaped from previous actions. The economic theory also does not assume any altruism or social responsibility by corporations. Instead, the economic case for corporate tax rate reduction relies on corporations’ response to incentives. The rate reduction will prompt self-interested corporations to make additional investments to obtain larger tax savings from the rate reduction. The additional investment will make workers more productive and therefore more valuable to employers. Competition by employers to hire additional workers will force employers to pay higher wages. The additional investment and the increases in productivity and wages will occur over several years. However, those effects may be partially or wholly offset for a deficit-financed corporate tax rate reduction, because the additional government debt will push up interest rates and reduce investment. Also, a complete accounting of the rate reduction's effects must include the future tax increases and spending cuts that will be adopted to service the debt.
Biochemistry and Immune Biomarkers Indicate Interacting Effects of Pre- and Postnatal Stressors in Pigs across Sexes

The effects of maternal immune activation (MIA) elicited by a prenatal stressor and postnatal metabolic or immune stressors on chemical and inflammatory biomarkers were studied in male and female pigs. Pigs exposed to MIA elicited by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and matching controls were assigned at two months of age to fasting stress, immune stress, or a saline group. The serum levels of over 30 chemistry and immune analytes were studied. Significantly low levels of blood urea nitrogen were detected in females exposed to MIA, while the highest creatinine levels were identified in fasting females exposed to MIA. The levels of interferon gamma and interleukin 8 were highest in pigs exposed to postnatal immune challenge. The profiles suggest that MIA may sensitize pigs to postnatal stressors for some indicators while making them more tolerant of other stressors. Effectiveness of practices to ameliorate the impact of postnatal stressors on the physiology of the pig could be enhanced by considering the prenatal stress circumstances.
Diets Varying in Carbohydrate Content Differentially Alter Brain Activity in Homeostatic and Reward Regions in Adults.

BACKGROUND Obesity has one of the highest refractory rates of all chronic diseases, in part because weight loss induced by calorie restriction, the first-line treatment for obesity, elicits biological adaptations that promote weight regain. Although acute feeding trials suggest a role for macronutrient composition in modifying brain activity related to hunger and satiety, relevance of these findings to weight-loss maintenance has not been studied. OBJECTIVES We investigated effects of weight-loss maintenance diets varying in macronutrient content on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in brain regions involved in hunger and reward. METHODS In conjunction with a randomized controlled feeding trial, we investigated the effects of weight-loss maintenance diets varying in carbohydrate content [high, 60% of total energy: n = 20; 6 men/14 women; mean age: 32.5 y; mean BMI (in kg/m 2): 27.4; moderate, 40% of total energy: n = 22; 10 men/12 women; mean age: 32.5 y; mean BMI: 29.0; low, 20% of total energy: n = 28; 12 men/16 women; mean age: 33.2 y; mean BMI: 27.7] on rCBF in brain regions involved in hunger and reward preprandial and 4 h postprandial after 14-20 wk on the diets. The primary outcome was rCBF in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) at 4 h postprandial; the secondary outcome was preprandial rCBF in the hypothalamus. RESULTS Consistent with a priori hypothesis, at 4 h postprandial, NAcc rCBF was 43% higher in adults assigned to the high- compared with low-carbohydrate diet {P[family-wise error (FWE)-corrected] < 0.05}. Preprandial hypothalamus rCBF was 41% higher on high-carbohydrate diet [P(FWE-corrected) < 0.001]. Exploratory analyses revealed that elevated rCBF on high-carbohydrate diet was not specific to prandial state: preprandial NAcc rCBF [P(FWE-corrected) < 0.001] and 4 h postprandial rCBF in hypothalamus [P(FWE-corrected) < 0.001]. Insulin secretion predicted differential postprandial activation of the NAcc by diet. CONCLUSIONS We report significant differences in rCBF in adults assigned to diets varying in carbohydrate content for several months, which appear to be partially associated with insulin secretion. These findings suggest that chronic intake of a high-carbohydrate diet may affect brain reward and homeostatic activity in ways that could impede weight-loss maintenance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02300857.
Part 1: Slave and Signifier

In this part, Taking as my example Lacan’s theory of the signifier, we will consider (i) what it means to be signified by a signifier; (ii) who is the subject; (iii) what is hidden/revealed by its representation; and (iv) what is the meaning of its blackness. I want to show not only Lacan’s theory of signification, but the theory of meaning and value that subtends it and in which a racial rhetoric can be discerned.
Beyond Aesthetics: Art, Narrative, and Emotion

INTRODUCTION Despite the great interest in the reception of art and media in recent years, little attention has been paid to the way in which narrative fictions, whether high or low, address the emotions of readers, listeners, and viewers. Instead, emphasis is generally placed on hermeneutics. Interpretation of what is loosely called the meaning of the work has preoccupied attention in the humanities. New interpretations, often called symptomatic readings, of what are generically identified as “texts” are still the order of the day in liberal arts journals. And even what some in cultural studies call “recodings,” and what some feminists call “readings against the grain,” focus on the putative interpretive activities of certain groups of readers, listeners, and viewers. What is not studied in any fine-grained way is how works engage the emotions of the audience. What I wish to deal with in this essay is how we might go about doing just that. It is not my contention that, in principle, hermeneutics is illegitimate. Rather, I think that our research into the arts should be supplemented by considering their relation to the emotions, especially if we are interested in audience reception. Moreover, the present moment is particularly propitious in this respect, since recent research into the emotions over the last two decades in fields like psychology and philosophy have made the possibility of interrogating the relation of art to the emotions feasible with a heretofore unimagined level of precision. Perhaps it will be felt that I have already misdescribed the situation. One might argue that I have overstated the degree to which scholars in the humanities have ignored the emotions.
Role of statistical dependence between classifier scores in determining the best decision fusion rule for improved biometric verification

Statistical dependence between classifier scores has been shown to affect the verification accuracy for certain decision fusion rules (e.g.,‘majority', ‘and', ‘or'). In this paper, we investigate what are the best decision fusion rules for various statistical dependences between classifiers and check whether the best accuracy depends on the statistical dependence. This is done by evaluating accuracy of decision fusion rules on three jointly Gaussian scores with various covariances. It is found that the best decision fusion rule for any given statistical dependence is one of the three major rules – ‘majority',‘and', ‘or'. The correlation coefficient between the classifier scores can be used to predict the best decision fusion rule, as well as for evaluation of how well-designed the classifiers are. This can be applied to biometric verification; and it is shown using the NIST 24 fingerprint database and the AR face database that the prediction and evaluation agree.
Histidine Regulation in Salmonella typhimurium: XIV. INTERACTION OF THE HISTIDYL TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHETASE WITH HISTIDINE TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACID

Abstract Mutations in any of six genes of Salmonella typhimurium lead to constitutivity of the histidine operon. Four of these genes, hisR, hisU, hisW, and hisT, are believed to be involved with the production of histidine tRNA. We show that the tRNAhis isolated from each of these mutants is aminoacylated normally, indicating that the constitutivity of these mutants cannot be ascribed to a reduced ability of their histidine tRNA to be charged. HisT mutants are known to have a structurally altered tRNAhis. These mutants are apparently constitutive because of failure of the altered tRNA to interact properly with the repression mechanism. The binding of charged tRNAhis from hisT mutants to the histidyl-tRNA synthetase, one candidate for the corepressor of the histidine operon, has been tested by filter binding. Under several different assay conditions the binding of histidyl-tRNAhis from the wild type and from hisT1504 is the same within experimental error. An assay for the enzymatic deacylation of histidyl-tRNAhis was developed to check the binding constants obtained by the filter binding method. The synthetase has surprisingly low Km values for the substrates of the reverse reaction; 45 µm for AMP and 15 µm for pyrophosphate. The Km for charged tRNAhis, 40 nm, is the same as the dissociation constant found for charged tRNAhis by filter binding and also the same as the Km for uncharged tRNAhis in the aminoacylation reaction. The Km of the enzyme for tRNAhis is shown to increase as the histidine concentration is increased, over a range of histidine concentrations that are found physiologically. It is shown that an increase in pyrophosphate concentration increases the inhibitory effect of AMP on synthetase activity, and it is suggested that this has physiological meaning.
The Persistence of Authoritarianism in Africa: A Case Study of Yoweri Museveni's Uganda, 1986-2006

President Yoweri Musevenis authoritarian regime has persisted for almost three decades despite pressure from western governments for African regimes to democratize. While many regimes have succumbed to external pressure to democratize, Uganda has successfully evaded a similar outcome by fully entrenching authoritarian structures within the political, economic and social framework of the country. This paper seeks to examine the various ways that Musevenis regime has persevered against these external pressures through its manipulation of rhetorical appeals, control of institutions and demographics, corruption of the ruling elite, and fragmentation of civil society. It also analyzes the mechanisms through which the regime has exploited regional crises by promoting the security interests of western governments. Finally, it offers insight on how Ugandan civil society refuses to surrender the struggle to reform Musevenis authoritarian regime, without the benefit of international partners.
The temporality of style in exposition architecture: Raimondo d’Aronco in context and comparison

Since the early twentieth century “style” has been particularly suspect in relation to architecture. A tendency to cross out the word “style” in architecture continues today in the self-presentation of many younger architects. Speaking generally, the crossing out of “style” was at first a reaction to the pre-1914 modernists. In this regard the work of Italian architect Raimondo d’Aronco is instructive. This paper argues that his stylistic inventions at the 1902 Decorative Arts Exposition in Turin, in which ephemeral construction methods and a unique program associated with modern decorative art led him to devise a hybrid that only existed in built form for six months. Critical responses were mixed, but this isn’t a sign of failure, given that the buildings were both evidence of and containers for very current debates about the meaning of “modern” design in Italy. D’Aronco’s work suggests the validity of an approach to modern styles drawn from actor-network theory. Instead of concentrating on a defining set of formal principles or visual ticks, “style” is understood here as a material stabilization of controversies, as a set of visual traits that increase the density of connections between materials, technologies, and stories about social groupings. To further explore this idea, the paper looks briefly at two much more famous modernist examples, Mies’ German Pavilion and Le Corbusier’s Philips Pavilion, each of whichs hows a different approach to the architect’s role as an actor within the networked context of a large exposition.
Effects of External Osmolarity on Phospholipid Metabolism in Escherichia coli B

Abstract The turnover of total [32P]phospholipids in Escherichia coli B is shown to be inversely related to the osmolarity of the medium and a reflection of the rates of turnover of the major phospholipid classes, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. External osmolarity also affects the phosphatidylglycerol content of the culture. These results suggest that alterations in the metabolism of membrane phospholipids may be part of the process of adaptation to the external osmotic environment.
Release and recovery of forespores from Bacillus cereus.

Abstract A method is described which makes possible the release of immature forespores from sporulating cells at specific stages of development, from the completion of stage III through to mature spore formation. With the aid of zonal density gradient centrifugation, the method makes possible the recovery of quantities of forespores ample for biochemical and physical studies. With the capability to examine forespores and some mother cell components independently, we have established that several enzymes associated with the sporulation process are localized in the newly developed forespores. Studies showed that aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase are associated with the forespores, whereas l-alanine dehydrogenase is found only in the mother cell cytoplasm.
The Tragedy of Human Trafficking: Competing Theories and European Evidence

Marinova, Nadejda K. and Patrick James. (2012) The Tragedy of Human Trafficking: Competing Theories and European Evidence. Foreign Policy Analysis, doi: 10.1111/j.1743-8594.2011.00162.x This paper explores an issue that is both domestic and international: whether legalization of prostitution leads to an increase in human trafficking. For both theory and public policy, this is an important query to answer, with implications beyond the cases in question. The principal domains of investigation are Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands. These states subscribe to UN, EU, Council of Europe and OSCE agreements and are located in the same geographic region, yet have adopted opposite approaches to prostitution. The Netherlands and Germany legalized prostitution in 2000 and 2002, respectively. Sweden outlawed it in 1999 and imposed criminal penalties for the purchase of illicit sex. The preceding characteristics make these states ideal for a comparative exercise in the context of competing perspectives on human trafficking and legalized prostitution. We find that legalization leads to an increase in trafficking. The dynamics of trafficking are also associated with numerous factors, among which the most critical are government efforts specifically targeting the activity in the field of law enforcement. Implications for theory and public policy are offered, along with ideas about future research.
The Role of Inclusive and Exclusive Victim Consciousness in Predicting Intergroup Attitudes: Findings from Rwanda, Burundi, and DRC

The present research examined the differential relationship between distinct construals of collective victimhood—specifically, inclusive and exclusive victim consciousness—and intergroup attitudes in the context and aftermath of mass violence. Three surveys in Rwanda (N = 842), Burundi (N = 1,074), and Eastern DRC (N = 1,609) provided empirical support for the hypothesis that while exclusive victim consciousness predicts negative intergroup attitudes, inclusive victim consciousness is associated with positive, prosocial intergroup attitudes. These findings were significant when controlling for age, gender, urban/rural residence, education, personal victimization, and ingroup superiority. Additionally, exclusive victim consciousness mediated the effects of ingroup superiority on negative intergroup attitudes. These findings have important theoretical implications for research on collective victimhood as well as practical implications for intergroup relations in regions emerging from violent conflict.
A conceptually simple method for incorporating periodic boundary conditions into the FDTD method

The incorporation of periodic boundary conditions into the FDTD method has been extensively studied for over a decade. For a two-dimensional structure that is periodic in the y direction, the electromagnetic field is the same in every unit cell of the structure except for a time shift. For a marching-in-time procedure, such as the FDTD method, this kind of boundary condition can present a problem, because it may require time-advanced values of the field that have not yet been computed. We present a straightforward method to eliminate the need for the time-advanced field. The technique is conceptually similar to the sliding unit-cell approach presented by H. Holter and H. Steyskal (see Electronics Letters, vol.35, no.10, p.758-9, 1999), but unlike that approach, is not restricted to a finite number of angles.
Viscous calculations of supersonic flows past cylinders at angles of attack

Two- and three-dimensional separated flows around cylindrical sections and a body-of-revolution at angles of attack from -10 deg to +20 deg are computed. The blunt-nose-cylinders chosen for the analyses have different configurations, and one of them has a boat-tail. The freestream Mach numbers are 1.5 and 1.6, the unit Reynolds number and the total temperature are 2 million/ft, and 585 R, respectively. Among the possible areas of application for this study are the aerodynamics of separating stores and missiles. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved by an approximately-factored, implicit, upwind-biased, finite-volume algorithm. The convergence to steady state was accelerated using a multigrid strategy. The results helped understanding the structure of the flowfield with varying incidence and configuration, and the suitability of the computational algorithm used for this class of flows. A two-layer algebraic eddy viscosity model is used for the two-dimensional turbulent flows. Laminar three-dimensional calculations are benchmarked through comparisons with wind tunnel test results.
Cy3 and Cy5 dyes terminally attached to 5'C end of DNA: structure, dynamics, and energetics.

Cy3 and Cy5 cyanine dyes terminally attached to the 5′C end (C1) of the DNA oligonucleotide were studied by metadynamics (MTD), molecular dynamics (MD), and density-functional methods with dispersion corrections (DFT-D). MTD simulations explored the free energy surface (FES) of the dye–DNA interactions, which included stacking and major groove binding motifs and unstacked structures. Dynamics of the stacked structures was studied by the MD simulations. All possible combinations of stacking interactions between the two indole rings of the dyes and the neighbor guanine and cytosine rings were observed. The most probable interaction included the stacking between the dye’s distal indole ring and the guanine base. In ∼10% of the structures the delocalized π-electrons of the dyes’ polymethine linkers played a key role in the dye–DNA dispersion interactions. The stacked conformers of the Cy3 dye were confirmed as true minima by DFT-D full optimizations. The stacked dye decreased flexibility up to two neighbor ba...
Perceived Competency in Working With LGB Clients: Where Are We Now?

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) clients use counseling services at higher rates than their heterosexual counterparts, yet current training for counselors may be inadequate. In this online study, 234 graduate counselor education and counseling psychology students completed the Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale (Bidell, 2005) and provided information about their training in working with LGB clients. Participants viewed themselves as more competent on the Awareness and Knowledge subscales than on the Skills subscale. Increased level of training (doctoral vs. master's), number of LGB clients seen in practica, and attendance at LGB-focused workshops and conferences were associated with increased competence. Implications for programmatic development are discussed.
An Acoustic Emission In-Situ Measuring System for the Investigation of White Layer Effect on Rolling Contact Fatigue

Hard turning has begun to compete with grinding in manufacturing various mechanical components because of the significant potential technical and economical benefits for improving fatigue life. However under certain cutting conditions, a phase-transformed white layer (WL) may form on the machined surface that could drastically affect a component’s service life. The presence of WL causes great concerns in machining industry just because the WL effects on component performance such as fatigue life are yet to be understood. Therefore the significant benefits of hard turning would not be realized fully unless this issue is solved. A novel real-time acoustic emission (AE) based rolling contact fatigue (RCF) testing system was presented to study the WL effects on component life. AISI 52100 bearing steels were machined to generate two distinct surfaces: free of white layer (NOWL) and with WL. The real life loading of contact pressures and rolling speeds was applied to the test specimens. The applied load throughout the experiment was in-process monitored using a load cell which enabling the record of a Hertzian pressure history during rolling contact. It was found that the RCF testing system is simple and inexpensive, but very sensitive to fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Compared with AE count rate, AE parameters such as energy, RMS, and amplitude are more sensitive to fatigue crack initiation and propagation in rolling contact. The NOWL samples are more resistive to fatigue crack initiation/propagation and therefore have a longer life when compared to the WL samples with equivalent surface finish. The WL samples have shorter life or at most comparable with the NOWL samples with relative rough surface finish.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Evaluation of fluorine-labeled gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) agonists and antagonists by LC/MS

An LC/MS method was used to evaluate 2-fluoropropionyl (FP) and 4-fluorobenzoyl (FB) modified bombsin peptides: GRPR agonist [Aca-QWAVGHLM-NH(2)] and antagonist [fQWAVGHL-NHEt], and their hydrophilic linker modified counterparts with the attachment of GGGRDN sequence. This study developed strategies to evaluate the in vitro receptor mediated cell uptake and metabolic profile of the various GRPR agonists and antagonists. We identified the metabolites produced by rat hepatocytes and quantitatively analyzed the uptake and internalization of the ligands in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. The major metabolites of both GRPR agonists and antagonists were the result of peptide bond hydrolysis between WA and AV. The agonists also formed a unique metabolite resulting from hydrolysis of the C-terminal amide. The antagonists showed significantly higher stability against metabolism compared to the agonists in rat hepatocytes. The directly modified agonists (FP-BBN and FB-BBN) had higher internalization with similar cell binding compared to the unmodified agonist (BBN), whereas the hydrophilic linker modified agonists (G-BBN and FG-BBN) had much lower total cell uptake. The labeled antagonists (FP-NBBN, FB-NBBN, G-NBBN and FP-G-NBBN) displayed lower internalization. The optimal imaging agent will depend on the interplay of ligand metabolism, cellular uptake, and internalization in vivo.
Rotation of photoreceptor clusters in the developing Drosophila eye requires the nemo gene.

Abstract The Drosophila eye consists of a reiterative hexagonal array of photoreceptor cell clusters, the ommatidia. During normal morphogenesis, the clusters in the dorsal or ventral halves of the disc rotate 90° in opposite directions, forming mirror images across a dorsoventral equator. In the mutant nemo ( nmo ), there is an initial turning of approximately 45°, but further rotation is blocked. Genetic mosaic analysis indicates that the nmo gene acts upon each cluster as a whole; normal nmo function in one or more photoreceptor cells appears to be sufficient to induce full rotation. The nmo gene sequence encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase homolog, suggesting that the kinase is required to initiate the second step of rotation. In another mutant, roulette , excessive rotation through varying angles occurs in many ommatidia. This defect is suppressed by nmo , indicating that nmo acts upstream in a rotation-regulating pathway.
Invariant representation for rectilinear rulings

Ruling gap ratios are an affine-invariant characterization of parallel ruling configurations in scanned documents. This report quantifies the advantage of simultaneous extraction of horizontal and vertical rulings. It demonstrates that every ruling gap ratio can be derived from a minimal set of basis ratios. The effect on the basis ratios of noise on the radial coordinates of individual rulings is analyzed and the dependence of basis-ratio variability on random-phase sampling noise is determined as a function of the spatial sampling rate. The analysis provides insight into already-presented small-scale experimental results on form classification and guidance for future work that requires the extraction of parallel lines from scanned or photographed images.
INFLUENCE OF MEDIA AND MEDIA CONSTITUENTS ON RECOVERY OF BACTERIAL SPORES EXPOSED TO HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

The effects of different media, length of time of incubation, media constituents and pH on recovery of spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger exposed to hydrogen peroxide were examined. As the time of exposure of spores to hydrogen peroxide increased, the incubation time required for colony formation increased. A medium consisting of 7.5 g/L of yeast extract, 2.5g of glucose/L, 6.0g of vitamin-free casamino acids/L, 15.0g of agar/L, 0.1g of ferrous sulfate/L, and 0.1g of manganous sulfate/L gave the best recovery. The presence of glucose and yeast extract in the medium was important Autoclaving of ferrous sulfate and manganous sulfate apart from the rest of the medium improved recovery and allowed for pH adjustment of the medium before autoclaving. Maximal recovery occurred between pH 6.8 and 7.0. The results of these experiments indicate that the sporicidal action of hydrogen peroxide may not be as great as previously observed and that careful attention should be paid to the procedures used to evaluate the safety of food processes that utilize hydrogen peroxide as a bactericide.
On the Nature of Educational Research

There are many different languages and logics of educational research. One helpful way to get some perspective on them is to see their roots in three dominant 20th century philosophical traditions (a la Bernstein): logical empiricism (positivism); interpretive theories (analytic, phenomenological, and hermeneutic); and critical theory (neo-Marxist). Another way is to demonstrate through an analysis of the universal phenomenon of pedagogy, that empirical (causal), interpretive (meaningful), and critical (normative) dimensions characterize pedagogy and hence all need to be studied if pedagogical research is to be honest to its subject matter. By extrapolation the same argument is made for educational research writ large, and researchers are urged to be openminded in their rational appraisal of research claims across traditions.
Neuromelanin synthesis in rat and human substantia nigra.

A relation between neuromelanin synthesis and vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons is suggested by the fact that heavily pigmented cells are preferentially lost in aging and Parkinson's disease and that the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine) binds to neuromelanin. To elucidate the mechanism of neuromelanin synthesis, we studied the formation of melanin in homogenates of human and rat substantia nigra tissue “in vitro”. It was found that enzymatic processes accounted for 70% and 90% of the melanin formation in homogenates of human and rat tissue, respectively. The enzymatic synthesis was due to the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO), since it was prevented by selective inhibitors of this enzyme. Both MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and MPP+ inhibited melanin formation, probably due to their ability to inhibit MAO. No evidence was found for involvement of cytochrome P-450 monooxigenases, which have been postulated to exist in central catecholaminergic neurons. Proadifen reduced melanin formation, not necessarily because it is an inhibitor of P-450 monooxigenases, but rather as it is also a potent inhibitor of MAO. Some antioxidants like ascorbic acid, but not agents destroying hydrogen peroxide, inhibited melanin formation. The findings suggest that the formation of neuromelanin in the substantia nigra involves MAO and non-enzymatic oxidative processes.