cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature of transition-metal-oxide surfaces

Abstract The surfaces of the 3d-transition-metal oxides form a rich and important system in which to study the effects of atomic geometry, ligand coordination and d-orbital population on surface electronic structure and chemisorption. This article considers the properties of those surfaces in terms of the types of surface structures that can exist, including steps and point defects, and their relation to the experimental data that is available for well characterized, single-crystal surfaces. The electronic structure of nearly perfect surfaces is very similar to that of the bulk for many of the oxides that have been studied; atoms at step sites also appear to have properties similar to those of atoms on terraces. Point defects are often associated with surfaces 0 vacancies and attendant transfer of electrons to adjacent metal cations. Those cations are poorly screened from each other, and the excess charge is presumably shared between two or more cations having reduced ligand coordination. Point defects are generally more active for chemisorption than are perfect surfaces, however for Ti2O3 and V2O3, whose cations have 3d1 and 3d2 electronic configurations respectively, the cleaved (047) surface is more active than are surfaces having a high density of defects. The chemisorption behavior of both nearly perfect and defect surfaces of 3d-transition-metal oxides varies widely from one material to another, and it is suggestive to correlate this with cation d-orbital population. However, too few oxides have yet been studied to draw any firm conclusions. Additional theoretical work on perfect surfaces, defects and chemisorption is also necessary in order to gain a more complete understanding of transition-metal-oxide surfaces.
Soluble mediators of cytolytic activity in hemocytes of the asian clam, Corbicula fluminea

Abstract Serum-free hemocytes from the clam, Corbicula fluminea , are cytolytic to mammalian erythrocytes (RBCs) as demonstrated in a hemoglobin release assay. The reaction is hemocyte dose- and temperature-dependent, and is mediated by the release of soluble hemolytic factors from clam cells. Initiation of hemocyte secretory activity does not appear to require contact with target RBCs. The chemical nature of the secreted lysin(s) has not been determined; however, PAGE analysis of hemocyte extracts (lysates) reveals the presence of at least five peaks of lytic activity. This activity is sensitive to heat and proteolytic enzyme treatment, and can be removed by absorption with fixed, homologous RBCs. Thus it is likely that the secreted hemocyte lysin is a heat-labile protein which exerts its hemolytic activity by binding directly to target RBC membrane constituents.
Use of NHANES data to link chemical exposures to chronic diseases: a cautionary tale

Background The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is one example of cross-sectional datasets that have been used to draw causal inferences regarding environmental chemical exposures and adverse health outcomes. Our objectives were to analyze four NHANES datasets using consistent a priori selected methods to address the following questions: Is there a consistent association between urinary bisphenol A (BPA) measures and diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), and/or heart attack across surveys? Is NHANES an appropriate dataset for investigating associations between chemicals with short physiologic half-lives such as BPA and chronic diseases with multi-factorial etiologies? Data on urinary BPA and health outcomes from 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008, and 2009–2010 were available.
Is Preventable Harm the Right Patient Safety Metric

Despite increasing attention and discussion, patient harm remains an important issue in health care. Defining and identifying harm remains challenging, and little standardization in approach exists. This summary describes an approach to identifying hospital-wide preventable harm with focused safety efforts using the Preventable Harm Index as a measure of progress and as a metric to motivate improvement. Our hospital's significant decrease in serious safety events, mortality, and preventable harm is outlined.
Stabilization of the Tetrameric Structure of Human and Bovine Hemoglobins by Pseudocrosslinking with Muconic Acid

Abstract In previous studies mono-3,5-dibromosalicyl-fumarate was used to introduce an intramolecular crosslink (pseudo-crosslink) in the β cleft between hemoglobin β subunits. Sedimentation velocity analysis indicated that the product had a mean molecular weight indicating a tetramer with low dissociability. The product had a P 50 higher than that of native hemoglobin and a plasma retention time in the rat of about 3 h, i.e., four times longer than untreated hemoglobin. However, the product contained a fraction which was rapidly eliminated in the urine and which had a short plasma half-time of about 20 min, indicating the presence of a dissociable fraction. We have attempted to further enhance the tetrameric stability of hemoglobin and prevent urine elimination by positioning a longer chain carboxylic acid than fumaric acid into the β cleft. We reason that a longer molecule would allow for greater stabilizing interactions across the β cleft. In the present study human and bovine hemoglobins were reacted with mono-3-5-dibromosalicyl muconate. Muconic acid is two carbons longer than fumaric acid. The products were acylated at the β82 (human) and β81 (bovine) lysines of the β-cleft and had a low degree of dissociability. For reasons not presently understood, urine excretion was high and plasma half-time was not increased above that of untreated hemoglobin. In conclusion, it appears that only covalently crosslinked hemoglobins which are completely nondissociable tetramers escape filtration; tetramers with any degree of dissociability into dimers are filterable.
Language recovery following isolation for severe combined immunodeficiency disease.

Children with congenital severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) lack an immune system and require continuous reverse isolation to protect them from exogenously transmitted infection. In our setting, protected environments consist of laminar flow rooms in which everything is sterilized (food, clothing, toys and so on). Staff and family wear complete surgical garb, preventing skin contact, observation of mouth movement and olfaction of typical human odours. Case studies of language development in children reared from infancy in protected environments have cited instances of mental retardation or language delay with some improvements after intervention, although the degree of language exposure is not well documented . We report here the case of a male patient, successfully treated for SCID, who lived in reverse isolation from 9 months to 4 yr 4 months of age and who has demonstrated nearly complete recovery of language usage. Our study illustrates the resilience of human intellectual function following a condition of early severe deprivation.
Components of Social Competence and Strategies of Support: Considering What to Teach and How

Decisions about how to support the development of young children’s social competence must be made on the basis of knowledge of important competencies to be developed, as well as effective strategies to support those competencies. This paper combines a broad-definition model of components of social competence (Kostelnik, Stein, Whiren, Soderman, & Gregory, 2002) with a continuum model of support strategies ranging from most to least naturalistic (Kemple, 2004). Illustrations of specific strategies to support particular competencies are provided.
Independent Photoreceptive Circadian Clocks Throughout Drosophila

Transgenic Drosophila that expressed either luciferase or green fluorescent protein driven from the promoter of the clock gene period were used to monitor the circadian clock in explanted head, thorax, and abdominal tissues. The tissues (including sensory bristles in the leg and wing) showed rhythmic bioluminescence, and the rhythms could be reset by light. The photoreceptive properties of the explanted tissues indicate that unidentified photoreceptors are likely to contribute to photic signal transduction to the clock. These results show that autonomous circadian oscillators are present throughout the body, and they suggest that individual cells in Drosophila are capable of supporting their own independent clocks.
Use of Latex Teat Dip with Germicide During the Prepartum Period

The efficacy of an acrylic latex barrier teat dip with germicide on new infections at parturition was tested on 113 cows and heifers during the prepartum period. A split udder design was used in which right quarters were undipped controls and left quarters were dipped with latex dip once daily for approximately 14 d prior to parturition. Distal streak canal swabs were taken from all quarters prior to the beginning of dipping, and all cows were quarter sampled in duplicate at drying off, parturition, and the first 5 consecutive wk of lactation. All quarters received antibiotic therapy at drying off. Excluding infections detected by distal streak canal swabs, the number of new infections at parturition in control and dipped quarters was 32 and 36. New infections at parturition in control and dipped quarters were Staphylococcus aureus, 2 and 2; coagulase-negative staphylococci, 8 and 9; stretptococci, 10 and 12; coliforms, 8 and 8; and others, 4 and 5. Differences were not significant. These results suggest no benefit to use of prepartum latex teat dip with germicide on new infections at parturition.
The economic impacts of United Nations peacekeeping operations: growth versus level effects

This study examines the impacts on economic growth and development of United Nations peacekeeping operations (PKOs) in a set of 39 conflict-afflicted countries between 1980 and 2010. The research is conducted using panel data analysis with a multiplicative binary (dummy) variable approach. The results indicate that, on average, PKOs do not increase the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) but they do increase the level of GDP per capita by 1.08% to 1.92%. The presence of PKOs tends to be more successful in Europe and Central Asia or high-income countries.
The California Hotspots Project: identifying regions of rapid diversification of mammals

The high rate of anthropogenic impact on natural systems mandates protection of the evolutionary processes that generate and sustain biological diversity. Environmental drivers of diversification include spatial heterogeneity of abiotic and biotic agents of divergent selection, features that suppress gene flow, and climatic or geological processes that open new niche space. To explore how well such proxies perform as surrogates for conservation planning, we need first to map areas with rapid diversification --'evolutionary hotspots'. Here we combine estimates of range size and divergence time to map spatial patterns of neo-endemism for mammals of California, a global biodiversity hotspot. Neo-endemism is explored at two scales: (i) endemic species, weighted by the inverse of range size and mtDNA sequence divergence from sisters; and (ii) as a surrogate for spatial patterns of phenotypic divergence, endemic subspecies, again using inverse-weighting of range size. The species-level analysis revealed foci of narrowly endemic, young taxa in the central Sierra Nevada, northern and central coast, and Tehachapi and Peninsular Ranges. The subspecies endemism-richness analysis supported the last four areas as hotspots for diversification, but also highlighted additional coastal areas (Monterey to north of San Francisco Bay) and the Inyo Valley to the east. We suggest these hotspots reflect the major processes shaping mammal neo-endemism: steep environmental gradients, biotic admixture areas, and areas with recent geological/climate change. Anthropogenic changes to both environment and land use will have direct impacts on regions of rapid divergence. However, despite widespread changes to land cover in California, the majority of the hotspots identified here occur in areas with relatively intact ecological landscapes. The geographical scope of conserving evolutionary process is beyond the scale of any single agency or nongovernmental organization. Choosing which land to closely protect and/or purchase will always require close coordination between agencies.
High-performance Ag-Co Alloy Catalysts for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction

The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction is the limiting half-reaction for low-temperature hydrogen fuel cells, and currently costly Pt-based electrocatalysts are used to generate adequate rates. Although most other metals are not stable in typical acid-mediated cells, alkaline environments permit the use of less costly electrodes, such as silver. Unfortunately, monometallic silver is not sufficiently active for economical fuel cells. Herein we demonstrate the design of low-cost Ag-Co surface alloy nanoparticle electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. Their performance relative to that of Pt is potential dependent, but reaches over half the area-specific activity of Pt nanoparticle catalysts and is more than a fivefold improvement over pure silver nanoparticles at typical operating potentials. The Ag-Co electrocatalyst was initially identified with quantum chemical calculations and then synthesized using a novel technique that generates a surface alloy, despite bulk immiscibility of the constituent materials. Characterization studies support the hypothesis that the activity improvement comes from a ligand effect, in which cobalt atoms perturb surface silver sites.
Water and organic carbon fluxes from an irregularly flooded brackish marsh on the upper Texas coast, U.S.A.

Abstract Water flows, concentrations of total (TOC), dissolved (DOC), and particulate (POC) organic carbon and seston were monitored for 52 diel periods in the single creek draining a 270-ha Spartina patens-Distichlis spicata marsh on the upper Texas coast. Rainfall, creek water flows, and water levels in the creek and on the marsh were measured by recording instruments. Rainfall accounted for most marsh flooding, and water outflow was significantly correlated with both rainfall and marsh water level. Creek flows were predominantly outward because microtopographic features and dense vegetation restricted overmarsh water flows and thereby reduced tidal flooding while extending the time of precipitation runoff. Concentrations of organic carbon in water leaving the marsh were highest in spring and summer and averaged 25·62, 21·41 and 3·35 mg l −1 of TOC, DOC and POC, respectively. These were 9·34, 9·93 and 0·04 mg l −1 , respectively, higher than bay water. Most POC was 0·3–28 μm in diameter. Seston > 28μ leaving the marsh was 95% amorphous material; the rest was plankton, grass particles and fecal pellets. Loss of organic carbon was directly correlated with net water flux, and thus rainfall accounted for most carbon loss. Net carbon loss averaged 196 kg TOC, 150 kg DOC and 32 kg POC per day. Net annual loss was 2·4–5·5% of net aerial primary productivity (NAPP), or 21·55-30·09 g TOC m −2 year −1 . Export from this marsh falls within the range found for other marshes and the data collectively indicate that coastal marshes are not losing as much organic carbon as has been suggested by indirect measurements. The discrepancy between potential and realized export is explained by the fact that export is not a simple removal of excess detritus by tidal action but is a more complicated process mediated by the interaction of additional factors such as rainfall, vegetation structure, microtopographic variation and decomposition, which can serve to reduce the amount and quality of NAPP exported.
Relationship between prior head position and lateral differences in responsiveness to somesthetic stimulation in the human neonate.

Lateral differences in responsiveness to somesthetic perioral stimulation were found to be a function of prior head position. Ss (n = 26) allowed to maintain their spontaneously assumed head positions (to the right of the body midline) prior to the lateralized application of somesthetic stimuli made significantly more (p < .01) ipsilateral and fewer contralateral (p < .01) head turns to stimulation of the right than to stimulation of the left side. Ss (n = 25) whose heads were maintained in a midline position prior to stimulation exhibited significantly less (p < .05) lateral differentiation of responsiveness. The relationship between prior head position and lateral differences in responsiveness was interpreted in terms of threshold changes or differential muscle tonus consequent upon prior head position.
Contending With Advanced Illness: Patient and Caregiver Perspectives

Abstract Context Despite improvements in end-of-life care, some unrelieved suffering persists for patients with advanced illness and their family members. Hospice and palliative care services can reduce suffering, but these services remain under-used. Objectives To investigate how patients with advanced illness and their primary caregivers experienced and responded to health care needs and decision making and how some dyads moved toward comfort-focused care. Methods This was a qualitative study using the grounded theory method for sample selection, data collection, and analysis. Dyadic semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for analysis. Twenty-two participants, 12 patients and 10 family surrogates, provided 16 interviews for this study. Results Participants engaged in a process of contending with advanced illness. The major phases comprising this process were suffering, struggling, and settling. Struggling included enduring the experience and fighting the illness. During the phase of settling, the focus shifted away from curative efforts and toward supportive care. Conditions that facilitated the movement into this phase included receiving clear and consistent information about the patient's health status, trusting health care providers, having attended to advance care planning in some form, and being aware of and able to acknowledge the terminal nature of the illness. Conclusion Findings from this pilot study offer a preliminary theoretical model to enhance the understanding of patient and family caregiver needs during advanced illness. Awareness of their perspective can inform the timing and content of clinicians' communication and interventions.
Ray-Optical Evaluation of V(z) in the Reflection Acoustic Microscope

On utilise l'optique des rayons pour developper des expressions analytiques simples donnant la variation V(z) de la tension de sortie en fonction du deplacement z de la surface de l'objet par rapport au plan focal
Functional relationships between dental attrition and the helicoidal plane

Several quantitative techniques were used to describe and analyze the development of the helicoidal curve of the dentition in a pre-contact sample of 326 native Indians from British Columbia. Results were compared with studies of occlusal patterns in other populations, and anatomical-functional features of the helicoidal pattern were abstracted and generalized. The features that define the helicoidal pattern were found to develop with attrition. The pattern itself, and the complex which produces it, probably have been selected for because they produce an occlusion with an efficient cutting edge and a total complex that provides maximum resistance to the masticatory forces. Studies focusing on the developmental nature of occlusal patterns in early hominid populations would be beneficial in developing a model of the evolution of the helicoidal pattern in modern man.
A new technique for detailed acoustic current profiles in the continental shelf wave bottom boundary layer

High bottom stress levels in the continental shelf wave bottom boundary layer make it of great importance in the study of sediment entrainment and transport. Existing instruments capable of making measurements in the wave boundary layer cannot resolve its full dynamic behavior because they are restricted to single measurement volumes. An acoustic current meter with multiple sample volumes in a geometry designed to resolve the primary scales of flow in the wave bottom boundary layer is described. The capabilities of the proposed instrument are compared to those of existing techniques and a preliminary error analysis is performed.
Changes in populations of LHRH-immunopositive cell bodies following gonadectomy

Abstract One day after castration of male rats, plasma LH rose and the number of LHRH immunopositive neuronal perikarya decreased. As plasma LH continued to rise six days and three weeks post-castration, the number of LHRH immunopositive neurons also increased. The largest population of LHRH immunopositive neurons was detected three weeks post-castration and the cell group that showed the greatest increase was in the rostral preoptic area. In females, the largest population of LHRH immunopositive neurons was observed one day post-ovariectomy; at this time plasma LH levels were not significantly elevated above diestrous levels. Six days post-ovariectomy, LH levels were elevated and the number of LHRH immunopositive cells decreased. As LH levels continued to rise three weeks post-ovariectomy, the population increased in size. In males, primarily LHRH cells of the rostral preoptic area increased in number; in females, the cell groups that increased were scattered over the diagonal band of Broca, preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas. Although LHRH neurons demonstrated these variations following gonadectomy, there was no evidence of alteration(s) in molecular processing of precursor hormone.
An Evaluation of the Two-Factor Model of Emotion: Clinical Moderators Within a Large, Multi-Ethnic Sample of Youth

The two-factor model of emotion clarifies the complexities of the relationship between anxiety and depression through their varying associations with positive and negative affect. Although this model’s structure has been validated in community samples of children, little research has evaluated the model among clinically referred youth. The present investigation aimed to confirm the two-factor model of emotion within a sample of clinically-referred children (N = 879) and to investigate potential moderators of the model’s relationships within that group. Structural equation modeling demonstrated excellent fit for the two-factor model, and moderating effects for the model structure were found related to age and diagnostic category. These results support the model’s usefulness in describing patterns of psychopathology and temperament for clinically referred children and suggest the potential for a unified treatment approach to internalizing psychopathology.
Iridium(0) Nanocluster, Acid-Assisted Catalysis of Neat Acetone Hydrogenation at Room Temperature: Exceptional Activity, Catalyst Lifetime, and Selectivity at Complete Conversion

Acetone hydrogenation catalysis is important in applications such as heat pumps and fuel cells or in fulfilling the sizable demand for the product of selective acetone hydrogenation, 2-propanol. Reported herein is the discovery of a superior acetone hydrogenation catalyst--superior in terms of activity at low temperature, selectivity at complete conversion, and total catalyst lifetime. The new catalyst system consists of Ir(0)(n) nanoclusters plus HCl easily and reproducibly formed from commercially available [(1,5-COD)IrCl](2) under H(2). The resultant, room temperature, high activity, and highly selective (2/n)Ir(0)(n) plus 2HCl catalyst system hydrogenates acetone at 22 degrees C and 40 psig of H(2) pressure to 95% 2-propanol and the rest diisopropyl ether at 100% conversion with 16400 total catalytic turnovers and with an initial turnover frequency of 1.9 s(-1) at 22 degrees C. When molecular sieves are added, the catalyst system becomes even more selective and long-lived, providing the complete and selective conversion of acetone to 100% 2-propanol with 188000 total turnovers. Also reported are initial kinetic, D-labeling and other mechanistic studies, a summary section detailing the four main findings, the "green chemistry" aspects, and the current main drawback (a limited catalytic lifetime due to nanocluster precipitation) of the present invention. A review of the extensive literature of acetone hydrogenation is also tabulated as part of the Supporting Information.
Effects of soil texture and precipitation on above-ground net primary productivity and vegetation structure across the Central Grassland region of the United States

A potentially important organizing principle in arid and semi-arid systems is the inverse-texture hypothesis which predicts that plant communities on coarse-textured soils should have higher above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) than communities on fine-textured soils; the reverse is pre- dicted to occur in humid regions. Our objectives were: (1) to test predictions from the inverse-texture hypothesis across a regional precipitation gradient, and (2) to evaluate changes in community composition and basal cover on coarse- and fine- textured soils across this gradient to determine how these structural parameters may affect ANPP. Sites were located along a precipitation gradient through the Central Grassland region of the United States: mean annual precipitation ranges from 311 mm/y to 711 mm/y, whereas mean annual tempera- ture ranges from 9 ?C to 11 ?C. For both coarse- and fine-textured sites in 1993 and 1994, August - July precipitation in the year of the study explained greater than 92% of the variability in ANPP. Soil texture did not explain a significant proportion of the variability in ANPP. However, soil texture did affect the proportion of ANPP contributed by different functional types. Forbs and shrubs made up a larger proportion of total ANPP on coarse- com- pared to fine-textured sites. Shrubs contributed more to ANPP at the drier end of the gradient. Basal cover of live vegetation was not significantly related to precipitation and was similar for both soil textures. Our results revealed that across a re-
Retransplantation for severe accelerated coronary artery disease in heart transplant recipients

Development of accelerated coronary artery disease (CAD) in the cardiac allograft is one of the major causes of late graft failure in heart transplant recipients. At the Stanford University Medical Center 356 heart transplant procedures were performed in 329 patients by the end of January 1985. Eighty-nine of these patients developed evidence of transplant CAD. Twenty retransplant procedures, including 2 third transplants, were performed in 19 of the 89 patients because of transplant CAD. The graft survival rates after the second transplant were 55%, 25% and 10% after 1, 2 and 5 years, respectively. Nine of these retransplant patients currently survive, the longest for 5.5 years. To examine potential risk factors for development of severe transplant CAD, these 20 retransplant procedures were compared with 113 transplant recipients who had no evidence of transplant CAD on annual coronary arteriograms. An excess of rejection episodes (3 +/- 2 vs 2 +/- 1 episodes/patient, p = 0.02), elevated total cholesterol (266 +/- 78 vs 225 +/- 47 mg/dl, p = 0.002) and higher low-density lipoprotein levels (176 +/- 88 vs 137 +/- 46 mg/dl, p = 0.009) were noted in the transplant CAD retransplant group. Five of 11 retransplant recipients who survived greater than 1 year again developed transplant CAD. Characteristic morphologic features and rapid progression of CAD in the second graft were similar to those in the primary graft.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vertical Integration in Ecuador: The Case of Fresh-Cut Pineapples

Telesignos, a fruit producer and exporter in Guayaquil, Ecuador, was considering vertical integration into pre-cut pineapple production. Fruit processing skills, favorable image/reputation, as well as access to a new market could be obtained by linking with a company like Del Monte to produce fresh-cut fruit products under the Del Monte brand. The decision is whether it would make sense for Telesignos to invest in a fresh fruit processing facility in Ecuador to export fresh-cut pineapple to the United States. C arlos was relax ig in a chair while staring out at the Pacific Ocean. His home on the beach provided a breeze but humidity was a way of life in coastal cities like Guayaquil in Ecuador. He had a cold glass of Quito Orange drink made from naranjilla fruit that helped keep him refreshed. For a long time, he had dreamed about vertically integrating his mango and pineapple fruit plantation and export business into further processing of pre-cut fruit. He was thirty-eight years old with five children and had a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Hartford and a master's degree in agribusiness from Kansas State University. As CEO of Telesignos, he was constantly looking for new business opportunities. His business sold fresh fruit to brokers in various Caribbean countries and the United States. Moving into the pre-cut fruit market would require all of the company's capital and management expertise. It offered a great deal of potential because of the added value but there were risks involved in such a venture. Telesignos was owned by four Ecuadorian investors. The company had acquired a plantation in 1993 and planted mangoes and pineapples. It owned about $1 million in assets and exported fresh mangoes to the United States, Canada, and the European Union. The pineapples were nearly ready to produce their first crop and Telesignos wanted to decide how to market the fruit.
Managing the bossless team: Lessons in distributed leadership

T i\e us^ of self-managed teams (SMTs) in work! settings not only has gained momentum but appears to be at a record high.; Th^se teams appear in many forms, such as qiiality circles, task forces, communication teams, new venture teams, and business bjrand teams. They are widely used among such companies as Digital, FMC, Frito-Laj, GE, General Foods, GM, Hewlett-Packard, Honeywell, and PepsiCola; as \\j'ell as among many smaller firms. SMTs have been credited with saving hundreds of ijnillions of dollars, achieving conceptual breakthroughs, and introducing unparalleled numbers of new products. Increasingly, these "bossless teams" seem the ^ey :o solving complex problems, increasing productivity, and heightening creativity.
A steady-state solver and stability calculator for nonlinear internal wave flows

A steady solver and stability calculator is presented for the problem of nonlinear internal gravity waves forced by topography. Steady-state solutions are obtained using Newton's method, as applied to a finite-difference discretization in terrain-following coordinates. The iteration is initialized using a boundary-inflation scheme, in which the nonlinearity of the flow is gradually increased over the first few Newton steps. The resulting method is shown to be robust over the full range of nonhydrostatic and rotating parameter space. Examples are given for both nonhydrostatic and rotating flows, as well as flows with realistic upstream shear and static stability profiles. With a modest extension, the solver also allows for a linear stability analysis of the steady-state wave fields. Unstable modes are computed using a shifted-inverse method, combined with a parameter-space search over a set of realistic target values. An example is given showing resonant instability in a nonhydrostatic mountain wave.
Interference Effects on the Recall of Words Heard and Read: Considerations for ATC Communication:

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of interference on memory for words that were either read or heard. Interference tasks required either visual, verbal, or central executive...
P38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor Prevents Diastolic Dysfunction in Rats Following HIV gp120 Injection In vivo

HIV infection in patients is associated with a surprisingly high frequency of diastolic dysfunction followed by the development of a dilated cardiomyopathy. Potential mechanisms include direct effects of HIV proteins, including gp120. We have previously reported direct inotropic and p38 MAP kinase signaling effects of HIV gp120 on isolated cardiac myocytes in vitro. We now report effects of a single injection of HIV gp120 on cardiac hemodynamics in vivo. HIV gp120 (50 μg/kg) was injected intravenously and hemodynamics assessed at 1, 24, 48 and 72 h in freely ambulatory, awake rats. Rats injected with gp120 demonstrated a blunted diastolic response to increasing intravenous (IV) injections of the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (ISO), compared with similarly instrumented controls at 48 h (gp120 vs. control, P < 0.01; n = 6, for each). Pre-treatment with the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB 203580, prevented the diastolic dysfunction (gp120 + SB vs. control, P = NS; n = 6, for each). Hemodynamic changes correlated with inhibition of both p38 MAP kinase and troponin I phosphorylation by SB in vivo. There were no differences in ISO dose–response curves between gp120-treated and control rats at 1, 24 or 72 h (P = NS; n = 6, for each). Thus, evidence of diastolic dysfunction is apparent in vivo in rats following a single dose of HIV gp120. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a hemodynamic effect of an HIV protein in vivo. These findings lend further support to the hypothesis that the HIV virus, itself, may contribute to myocardial dysfunction in patients infected with HIV via a p38 MAP kinase mechanism.
OVERVIEW: Achieving equity between women and men in the geosciences

Results from an extensive survey of men and women geoscience faculty members in the United States show that sex-based inequalities remain in the geosciences in three areas: (1) a higher proportion of women are in temporary, nontenure track positions, (2) women have different publishing strategies than men, and (3) women9s dual-career–couple status and their roles as mothers affect their career progress negatively. Generational differences within sexes (and similarities between men and women of the same rank or generation) are pronounced in terms of factors that influenced the respondents9 fields of study and those that cause frustrations with research. Although women geoscientists have not yet attained full equity in the workplace, gender similarities suggest that men and women can have the same appreciation and frustrations with the research process and academic setting. To address existing gender inequities in the geosciences (1) universities need to emphasize the hiring of women into faculty positions, (2) departments and senior faculty should provide strong and appropriate support to aid junior women as well as junior men faculty with the tenure process, and (3) university administrations should confront the situation of dual-career couples by developing policies to deal with these situations effectively.
Using decision-analysis and meta-analysis to predict coronary artery bypass surgical outcomes – a model for comparing off-pump surgery to miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass circuits:

Coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been the “gold standard” for many years. However, methods to conduct off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery with...
A two dimensional vision-based force sensor for microrobotic applications

Abstract We present a two-dimensional, vision-based force sensor, capable of sensing micro-Newton level forces for use in microrobotic applications. Our design consists of a planar, elastic mechanism with known force-deflection characteristics. A CCD camera attached to an optical microscope is used to track the deformation of the mechanism as it is used to manipulate objects in a microrobotic test-bed. By observing the displacements of select points in the mechanism, the manipulation forces can be extracted in real-time to achieve force-guided manipulation of micro-scale objects. The modeling, design, microfabrication, calibration and experimental validation of the force sensor for use in a microassembly application are presented here along with preliminary results for next generation designs.
Differentiation of Atrial and Pulmonary Vein Potentials Recorded Circumferentially Within Pulmonary Veins

Pulmonary Vein Electrograms. Introduction: Accurate discrimination of atrial and pulmonary vein potentials recorded circumferentially within the pulmonary veins is important when performing segmental isolation of the pulmonary veins in patients with atrial e brillation. Methods and Results: Twenty patients with paroxysmal atrial e brillation underwent pulmonary vein mapping with a decapolar Lasso catheter during sinus rhythm and during pacing in the distal coronary sinus and left atrial appendage. Bipolar and unipolar electrograms were recorded within the left superior, right superior, and left inferior pulmonary veins. The atrial potentials were larger in the left pulmonary veins than in the right superior pulmonary vein, whereas the pulmonary vein potentials in the superior pulmonary veins were larger than in the left inferior pulmonary vein. The atrial and pulmonary vein potentials usually were readily distinguished during sinus rhythm in the right superior pulmonary vein. Characteristic distribution and morphologies of the atrial potentials as well as the response to distal coronary sinus and left atrial appendage pacing were useful for differentiating the atrial and pulmonary vein potentials in the left pulmonary veins. Conclusion: Atrial and pulmonary vein potentials recorded circumferentially within the pulmonary veins have characteristic features that are useful in distinguishing them from each other. In the left pulmonary veins, discrimination of the atrial and pulmonary vein potentials is aided by coronary sinus or
Performance and Milk Zinc from Low-zinc Intake in Holstein Cows

Abstract Following a 1-week standardization period, a high beet pulp, low-zinc diet (16.6 parts per million) was fed with (39.5 parts per million total zinc) and without supplemental zinc as zinc oxide to 10 first-lactation Holstein cows (linearly declining phase of lactation) for 6 weeks. The low-zinc diet did not adversely affect milk production, fat-corrected milk, solids-corrected milk, milk fat, solids-not-fat, protein, feed intake, or body weight changes, indicating that zinc intake was adequate for these functions. However, with the low-zinc diet zinc content of milk was reduced 23% and percentage of ingested zinc in milk doubled. Thus, major adjustments to the diet were reduction in milk zinc and more efficient translocation of dietary zinc to milk zinc. Milk zinc content of a cow was highly repeatable (correlation coefficient = .92) from one measurement period to another, indicating that factors affecting milk zinc can be investigated more efficiently if standardization period data are used in covariance analyses. The correlation coefficient between milk zinc content and milk protein content was .65 and between milk zinc and milk production – .33.
Postcricoid vascular abnormalities: Hemangiomas, venous malformations, or anatomic variant

Abstract Objective Ten children with pressure-dependent postcricoid masses (PDPCM) previously referred to in the literature as hemangiomas or vascular malformations are presented. We propose these lesions represent an anatomic variant. We review previously reported cases, and report the presentation, diagnosis, and management of the patients in our series, the largest series to date. Methods Ten patients, aged five weeks to nine months, were diagnosed, and treated or observed. Of the patients undergoing intervention, one was treated with a gastrostomy tube, fundoplication, and Propranolol therapy; and the other with CHARGE association underwent a tracheotomy. Results No PDPCMs demonstrated significant interval change in size or appearance, and eight of ten patients did well with observation. Conclusion Based on current information, the majority of PDPCMs likely represent an anatomic variant rather than a hemangioma or vascular malformation. Diagnosis is most readily made with awake flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy. Because the incidence of synchronous airway pathology is high, direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy without routine biopsy is recommended for symptomatic patients. Imaging should be individualized and may be helpful for ambiguous cases. Although numerous treatment modalities have been advocated based on the presumptive diagnosis of a hemangioma, treatment of PDPCMs is not necessary in the majority of cases, as most patients may be safely observed.
Dynamic trapping and two-dimensional transport of swimming microorganisms using a rotating magnetic microrobot

Manipulation of microorganisms with intrinsic motility is a challenging yet important task for many biological and biomedical applications. Currently, such a task has only been accomplished using optical tweezers, while at the risk of averse heating and photodamage of the biological samples. Here, we proposed a new micro-robotic approach for fluidic trapping and two-dimensional transportation of motile microorganisms near a solid surface in fluids. We demonstrated selective trapping and transportation of individual freely swimming multi-flagellated bacteria over a distance of 30 μm (7.5 body length of the carrier) on a surface, using the rotational flows locally induced by a rotating magnetic microparticle. Only a weak uniform magnetic field (<3 mT) was applied to actuate the microparticle. The microparticle can translate on a glass substrate by rotating at a speed of up to 100 μm s−1, while providing a fluidic force of a few to tens of pico-Newtons.
Dimethyladenosine dialdehyde, inhibition of leukemia 1210 dna polymerase.

SummaryThe periodate oxidation product of N6-dimethyladenosine, designed as a potential immunesuppressant drug, was found to have antileukemic activity. The DNA polymerase from the L1210 ascites tumor was inhibited by drug molarities at which molarities the N6-dimethyladenosine was not inhibitory. The depression of DNA polymerase may be correlated with the increases in survival times of L1210-bearing mice although the possibilities of other mechanisms of action were not ruled out.
Is it possible to lower blood pressure with exercise? efficacy and adherence issues

Abstract There is a growing popularity of non-pharmacologic treatments for hypertension; among them is exercise. This paper critically reviews the evidence for the anti-hypertensive effect of exercise, scanning both the epidemiologic and experimental research. It evaluates some of the literature on exercise adherence, briefly describes one exercise program designed to promote adherence, and draws conclusions based on the literature.
Electronic Correlation Effects and Superconductivity in Doped Fullerenes

A theory of the electronic properties of doped fullerenes is proposed in which electronic correlation effects within single fullerene molecules play a central role, and qualitative predictions are made which, if verified, would support this hypothesis. Depending on the effective intrafulllerene electron-electron repulsion and the interfullerene hopping amplitudes (which should depend on the dopant species, among other things), the calculations indicate the possibilities of singlet superconductivity and ferromagnetism.
A study of reusability, complexity, and reuse design principles

A study is reported on the relationship of complexity and reuse design principles with the reusability of code components. Reusability of a component is measured as the ease of reuse as perceived by the subjects reusing the component. Thirty-four subjects participated in the study with each subject reusing 5 components, resulting in 170 cases of reuse. The components were randomly assigned to the subjects from a pool of 25 components which were designed and built for reuse. The relationship between the complexity of a component and the ease of reuse was analyzed by a regression analysis. It was observed that the higher the complexity the lower the ease of reuse, but the correlation is not significant. An analysis of the relationship between a set of reuse design principles, used in designing and building the components, and the ease of reuse is also reported. The reuse design principles: well-defined interface, and clarity and understandability significantly increase the ease of reuse, while documentation does not have a significant impact on the ease of reuse.
Integrating Non-Functional Properties to Architecture Specification and Analysis

Software Architecture (SA) provides a formal basis to describe and analyze a software system as a collection of components and their interactions (connectors). However, the current understanding and specification for non-functional properties inside a software architecture are still insufficient. Most of todays architecture specification and analysis only support functional properties. They overlook the non-functional properties like performance, security, reliability, etc. This paper attempts to tackle the problem by providing an Architecture Description Language (ADL), xSADL4PE. xSADL4PE integrates both functional property and non-functional property (performance evaluation) into the architecture specification. It can help designers to give both quality and quantity specification at the design stage.
Rethinking Family Development: Critical Conceptual Issues in the Study of Diverse Groups

This article discusses conceptual issues that should be considered in re-evaluating family development perspectives as they apply to the study of ethnically diverse populations. Four issues are identified: values and value orientations; hidden or conditioned theoretical assumptions; accepted conceptual frameworks; and limited methodologies used in the study of families. We focus on identifying how these issues have limited ways of thinking about family development among ethnically and racially diverse populations. Suggestions are made to help guide researchers' theoretical and conceptual formulations in developing research agendas that include studying family development among diverse populations.
Radiation inhibition of mdx mouse muscle regeneration: Dose and age factors

A single hind limb was irradiated with 12, 18, 24, or 30 Gy in mdx and C57 mice aged 12, 21, or 42 days to determine regeneration inhibition dose-response curves in different aged dystrophic mice and to characterize radiation side-effects in normal mice. The anterior tibial muscle mass (8 weeks postirradiation) and percent central nucleated (i.e., regenerated) muscle fibers were measures of regeneration inhibition. Twenty-one-day-old mdx mice irradiated with 18 Gy had complete inhibition of muscle regeneration, but 30 Gy only partially blocked regeneration in mdx mice irradiated at 12 and 42 days in age. In working to produce a clinically relevant model for Duchenne dystrophy, it is crucial to regard mouse age as a major factor in determining radiation effects on mdx muscle regeneration.© 1995 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
A resource-based approach to extend UML diagrams for web applications

Web applications will perform unexpected behaviors against their original UML diagrams and specifications if they are attacked. These attacks always exploit vulnerabilities of those web applications which lack of sufficient protection on their web resources. The paper proposes a resource-based approach to extend UML diagrams for web applications. The goal of the research is, by integrating web resources into UML diagrams, to seek a systematic framework on requirement analysis from the perspective of web resources. First, we formalize use case specification and conduct lexical analysis on event flows. Then, we identify and organize different types of web resources according to the results of lexical analysis. After that, attributes of web resources are integrated into static UML diagram, i.e., class diagram. Finally, dynamic UML diagram, i.e., sequence diagram, is extended by tagging related web resources on each action and object. These extended UML diagrams enable security analysts to further investigate vulnerabilities of web applications in terms of web resources, and help to generate security requirements.