cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work, careers, and aging

This article relates the literature on work and profession to that on aging as a life-long process. The authors maintain that meanings attached to chronological age arise, in large measure, out of the work experience. An individual's career frames expectations about what he/she should be doing at different ages and thus serves as a yardstick against which to measure life process. Five stages of the work career are identified: (1) preparation and exploration, (2) learning the ropes, (3) coming to grips, (4) settling in, and (5) exiting.
A theoretical study of the reaction paths for cobalt cation + propane

The triplet potential energy surface for the reaction of cobalt cation with propane has been studied along the two main reaction pathways leading to the formation of (1) hydrogen and propene and (2) methane and ethene. Effective core potentials for all elements have been used for all calculations. The geometries have been optimized at the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) level of theory, and the final energetics have been refined at the multireference second-order perturbation theory (MRMP2) level with polarization function augmented basis sets. Reasonable agreement with the experimental energetics has been obtained, and the predicted mechanism is consistent with the experimentally determined mechanism of Haynes, Fisher, and Armentrout (J.Phys.Chem. 1996, 100, 18300).
Some effects of threshold singularities on a dynamical system with intermittent contact and breakage

Abstract A study is presented of the vibration of a mechanical oscillator which is subjected to intermittent contact with a series of elastic-brittle teeth. This mechanical system models in a fundamental way the process of an ice sheet impinging against an elastic structure. The relative displacement of the elastic tooth is an important indicator variable; characteristic values of this indicator establish the breakage of an elastic tooth and the separation of the oscillator from a tooth, thereby controlling the dynamics of the system. The Poincare mappings derived for a particular system of this type are presented. It is found that two types of singularities in the indicator variable functions result in discontinuities and inaccessible subsets in the Poincare sections. These discontinuities provide a basis for establishing limitations of the system’s response. The effects of these singularities on a more realistic system with random uncertainties is then presented.
Performance of visible light communications with dimming controls

Visible light communications (VLC) have gained popularity as an alternative to RF. Understanding the underlying communications is key to the design of MAC protocols for arbitrating access across lights in multiple rooms. We consider the interference across two rooms from VLC emitters. The emitters use Binary Pulse Position Modulation (BPPM); the pulse width is varied to provide different dimming levels. We use a modified ray-tracing algorithm to calculate the channel impulse response between the emitters and receivers that are located at different positions within a room. We analyze the performance observed at the receivers in the presence of (i) illumination and (ii) transmissions from an interfering VLC emitter. We find that in the former case, the VLC emissions from the interferer do not impact the reception at the target receiver. In the latter case, the performance is degraded and it depends on the position of the receiver.
Ventricular tachycardia of unusually long duration (seventy-seven days)

Abstract This is the report of a case of coronary artery thrombosis, with infarction and involvement of the interventricular septum, marked enlargement of the heart, and dilatation of the left ventricular wall, complicated by ventricular tachycardia of seventy-one days' (known) duration. Because of the sudden onset of a rapid heart rate, with marked dyspnea, immediately after undue excitement six days before entering the hospital, it is reasonable to assume that the ventricular tachycardia was continuous for seventy-seven days. The classical anginal syndrome was not conspicuous at the onset, but the presence of marked dyspnea, palpitation, and certain clinical signs led to the diagnosis of coronary artery thrombosis, with severe myocardial damage. The ventricular tachycardia was demonstrated by numerous, almost daily, electrocardiograms. Digitalis was given on two occasions in an attempt to control the heart failure. The ability of large doses of quinidine sulfate to slow the ventricular rate was demonstrated. No form of treatment abolished this abnormal rhythm. The clinical, electrocardiographic, therapeutic, and post-mortem observations are reported.
Molecular staging of prostate cancer with the use of an enhanced reverse transcriptase-PCR assay

Objective. Because up to 40 percent of surgically treated patients with prostate cancer are subsequently found to be clinically understaged, a more sensitive staging modality to identify extraprostatic disease prior to surgery is required. Methods. We describe an enhanced reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay utilizing oligonucleoticie primers specific for the human prostate-specific antigen (PSA). This assay identifies PSA-synthesizing cells from reverse transcribed mRNA. This assay was applied to RNAs extracted from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 65 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. In addition, blood from 20 women, 20 young men, 25 age-matched control men under treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 18 men with established, untreated metastatic prostate cancer was tested. Results. An RTPCR assay for PSA can recognize one PSA-expressing cell diluted into one hundred thousand lymphocytes. The sensitivity of this assay can be enhanced by the addition of digoxigenin-modified nucleotides to the PCR reaction and this assay was applied to RNAs extracted from the peripheral lymphocyte fraction of 148 prostate cancer patients and controls at this institution. Although no specimen from women or men without cancer was positive in this assay, 14 of 18 metastatic prostate cancer patients were positive (77.8%). Additionally, 25 of 65 (38.5%) patients with clinically localized disease (T1-2b) were positive from blood specimens obtained prior to surgery. Final pathologic results from this group of patients identified a correlation between positivity on this assay and the presence of capsular tumor penetration (sensitivity, 68%; specificity, 84%) as well as a strong correlation with the finding of carcinoma at the surgical margin (sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 76%). Logarithmic regression analysis of the results of the RT-PCR assay indicates its remarkable superiority to digital rectal examination, computed tomography scan, endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging, PSA, prostate-specific antigen density, or Gleason score for predicting the true pathologic stage of prostate cancer in these surgically treated patients. Conclusions. An RT-PCR assay using PSA primers to detect p7rostate cells in the peripheral circulation of surgical-candidate patients is significantly correlated with capsular penetration and tumor-positive surgical margins. This molecular assay provides a sensitive and specific means to stage correctly apparent localized prostate cancer prior to radical prostatectomy.
The chronometry of attention-modulated processing and automatic mismatch detection.

Event-related potentials were recorded from normal subjects in an auditory selective attention task. Targets were rare longer (170-ms) tones of a designated pitch, embedded in a sequence of 100-ms standard tones. The effects of attention-modulated processing were evident in the event-related potentials elicited by the standards. Those to relevant standards were similar for easy (1000 Hz vs. 2000 Hz) and hard (1000 Hz vs. 1030 Hz) pitch separations, and were more negative frontocentrally than those to irrelevant standards. Difference waveforms (attended minus unattended standards) revealed Nd, a negative deflection that was earlier in latency for the easy task (onset, 120 ms; peak, 250 ms) than for the hard task (onset, 250 ms; peak, 350 ms). The speed of detection of the deviant longer tones was insensitive to the attention-modulated processes indexed by Nd. Median reaction time did not differ between tasks, although there were more misses and false alarms in the hard task (and nearly all of the latter were to the irrelevant longer tones). Neither direction of attention nor task difficulty affected the latency of mismatch negativity, N2, or P3 (as identified in difference waveforms: attended or unattended longer tones). minus their respective standards). The data suggest that performance was guided by two independent but converging processes, automatic mismatch detection of the longer tone and attention-modulated processing of pitch, followed by selection of response.
An improved method for preparation, stabilization, and storage of house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) microsomes.

Abstract An improved method for preparation and storage of insect microsomes from house fly, Musca domestica L., abdomens was developed. Microsomes were prepared in phosphate buffer fortified with glycerol, dithiothreitol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 1-phenyl-2-thiourea. No cytochrome P-420 was observed when abdomens were isolated by our method. No measurable loss of cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5 or NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase levels, or methoxyresorufin O-demethylation, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation, or aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylation activities occurred when a diluted suspension (protein concentration of 2 mg/ml) of microsomes was stored at -80 degrees C for at least 2 mo.
Commentary : Implementing Empirically Supported Treatments in the Schools: What Are We Asking?

The research reported in this special issue addresses important areas for the continued development of empirically supported school-based treatments. Although advances in the development and evaluation of treatment services have occurred, there is little public demand for the widespread dissemination of these treatments. In this commentary, the authors draw data from historical examples, related research, and personal experience to demonstrate the need to create a societal mandate for change. They present specific implications for future areas of research and the type of public education and marketing campaign that will be needed to create a demand for empirically supported school-based treatments.
Dissecting the functional role of PriA protein‐catalysed primosome assembly in Escherichia coli DNA replication

Summary The multi-functional PriA protein of Escherichia coli (formerly replication factor Y or protein n′) serves to guide the ordered assembly of the primosome, a mobile multiprotein replication priming/helicase complex. Primosome assembly is essential for bacteriophage OX174 complementary DNA strand synthesis and ColE1-type plasmid replication reconstituted in vitro with purified proteins. The biochemical activities of the primosome suggest that it can fulfil the primase/helicase requirement on the lagging-strand DNA template during cellular DNA replication. However, reconstruction in vitro of DNA replication of small plasmids containing the E. coli origin of DNA replication (oriC) does not require the complete complement of primosomal proteins. Thus, the extent to which PriA-catalysed primosome assembly participates in chromosomal replication has remained unclear. The recent isolation of the genes encoding PriA, PriB (protein n), PriC (protein n″), and DnaT (protein i) has provided the necessary tools for addressing this issue. The phenotype of mutations in these genes, and other results described in this review, suggest that assembly of the primosome catalysed by PriA does in fact contribute at some stage to normal cellular DNA replication. A model for primososme-catalysed reactivation of a dysfunctional replication fork is discussed.
Option Value: Empirical Evidence from a Case Study of Recreation and Water Quality: Comment

In a recent article in this Journal, Greenley, Walsh, and Young [1981] (hereinafter GWY) report the results of a contingent valuation study of water quality in the South Platte River Basin, Colorado. On the basis of interviews with 202 residents of Denver and Fort Collins, Colorado, GWY derived separate point estimates for recreation, option, bequest, and existence water quality values for the entire river basin. Based on willingness to pay an additional sales tax, the sum of these four values yields total annual benefits of $61 million [1981, p. 670]. However, when an alternative payment vehicle is used-an increase in the monthly watersewer fee-the total annual benefits are only $19 million [1981, p. 6701. Their study is among the first attempt to provide separate estimates of option and existence benefits earlier theorized to exist by Weisbrod [1964] and Krutilla [1967]. We believe that they have failed, not to establish that those benefits exist, but to measure them correctly. In what follows, we briefly outline why we doubt the values reported by GWY are what they believe them to be. Owing to strict space limitations, we can only outline our criticisms here: a more rigorous and detailed presentation may be found in Mitchell and Carson [1983]. First, GWY treat their values for recreation willingness to pay (WTP) and option WTP as if they were independent and additively separable. There are two problems with this treatment. 1. A careful reading of the questionnaire used in their study [1982] shows the wording of their recreation value and option value questions conveys elements of both values in each question, and therefore the questions are not separable. For example, they explicitly informed the respondents about the possibility of an alternative use of the water resource (extraction of minerals) before asking the recreation value questions, thus raising the possibility of a deterioration of the natural amenity, one condition
Elevation gradients of species-density: historical and prospective views

Studies of elevation clines in diversity and composition of ecological communities date back to the origins of biogeography. A modern resurgence of interests in these elevational clines is likely to contribute important insights for developing a more general theory of species diversity. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of geographical clines in diversity, the research programme for montane biogeography should include statistically rigorous tests of apparent patterns, comparisons of patterns among regions and taxonomic or ecological groups of species, and analyses of clines in environmental variables concurrent with biogeographical surveys. The conceptual framework for this research programme should be based on the assumption that elevational gradients in species diversity result from a combination of ecological and evolutionary processes, rather than the presumed independent effects of one overriding force. Given that montane ecosystems are hot spots of biological diversity, an expanded and integrated programme for biogeographic surveys in montane regions should provide valuable insights for conservation biologists.
Low temperature CO oxidation over Au/TiO2 and Au/SiO2 catalysts

After a high-temperature reduction (HTR) at 773 K, TiO2-supported Au became very active for CO oxidation at 313 K and was an order of magnitude more active than SiO2-supported Au, whereas a low-temperature reduction (LTR) at 473 K produced a Au/TiO2 catalyst with very low activity. A HTR step followed by calcination at 673 K and a LTR step gave the most active Au/TiO2 catalyst of all, which was 100-fold more active at 313 K than a typical 2% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst and was stable above 400 K whereas a sharp decrease in activity occurred with the other Au/TiO2 (HTR) sample. With a feed of 5% CO, 5% O2 in He, almost 40% of the CO was converted at 313 K and essentially all the CO was oxidized at 413 K over the best Au/TiO2 catalyst at a space velocity of 333 h−1 based on CO + O2. Half the chloride in the Au precursor was retained in the Au/TiO2 (LTR) sample whereas only 16% was retained in the other three catalysts; this may be one reason for the low activity of the Au/TiO2 (LTR) sample. The reaction order on O2 was approximately 0.4 between 310 and 360 K, while that on CO varied from 0.2 to 0.6. The chemistry associated with this high activity is not yet known but is presently attributed to a synergistic interaction between gold and titania.
The pyrolysis chemistry of a β-O-4 type oligomeric lignin model compound

The pyrolysis behavior of a β-O-4 type oligomeric lignin model compound is studied at a temperature range from 250 °C to 550 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates the model compound has three distinct thermal decompositions peaks when a slow temperature ramp is applied while only one decomposition peak is observed when a higher temperature ramp is used. The pyrolysis behavior of this model compound is similar to that of lignin prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of Maplewood. 1H-NMR shows that the β-O-4 linkage thermally decomposes at a temperature between 250 °C and 350 °C with the formation of solid products at 350 °C. This solid product undergoes transformation to a polyaromatic from 350 °C to 550 °C. Around twenty five volatile compounds are quantified by pyroprobe-GC-MS with vanillin and 2-methoxy-4-methyl phenol being the most abundant monomeric products. A free radical reaction pathway is proposed to explain the product chemistry for pyrolysis of the lignin model compound. Char is most likely formed by random repolymerization of the radicals.
Molecular beam epitaxy and characterization of Al x Ga 1– x As y Sb 1– y (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) lattice matched to InAs substrates

We report the molecular beam epitaxial growth of AlxGa1-xAsySb1-y (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) on undoped, liquid-encapsulated Czochralski, (100) oriented InAs substrates. The degree of lattice mismatch was determined by x-ray diffraction. The lattice matched materials (y ≈ 0.08 + 0.08x) were characterized by low temperature photoluminescence, electro-reflectance, and capacitance-voltage measurements. The experimental bandgap energies agree with earlier experimental results for AlxGa1-xSb, and also with a self-consistent first principles pseudopotential model. The capacitance-voltage measurements indicate background acceptor concentrations for the unintentionally-doped epitaxial layers of about 2 × 1015 cm-3 atx = 1.0 to 5 × 1016 cm-3 atx ≈ 0.0.
Effective completeness theorems for modal logic

Abstract We initiate the study of computable model theory of modal logic, by proving effective completeness theorems for a variety of first-order modal logics. We formulate a natural definition of a decidable Kripke model, and show how to construct such a decidable Kripke model of a given decidable theory. Our construction is inspired by the effective Henkin construction for classical logic. The Henkin construction, however, depends in an essential way on the Deduction Theorem. In its usual form the Deduction Theorem fails for modal logic. In our construction, the Deduction Theorem is replaced by a result about objects called finite Kripke diagrams. We argue that this result can be viewed as an analogue of the Deduction Theorem for modal logic.
Information-Based Expert Systems for Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

The development of the direct-current plasma echelle/CID spectroscopic system for atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) provides new alternatives for automated system control and data analysis. With this system, the concept of the "intelligent" spectrometer becomes tangible. The echelle/CID system simultaneously gathers a wealth of spectral information over a wide spectral region. The mechanical stability of the system and the absence of moving parts give rise to reproducible wavelength assignment. The large amount of spectral information acquired has led to the development of information-based expert systems for AES: automated qualitative analysis, semi-quantitative analysis, and an "on the fly" matrix-dependent line selection. These algorithms are effective in situations where there is a large variability among samples. The analytical power of these routines is heavily dependent on their utilization of the large database and the use of fundamental spectroscopic principles. Examples of the use of these algorithms in environmental monitoring, in the identification of chemical waste, in the analysis of geologic materials and steels, and in HPLC-AES are presented.
Role of dissolved organic carbon in the attenuation of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet radiation in Adirondack lakes

1. We surveyed eighty-five lakes located in the Adirondack Mountain Region of New York State, U.S.A., to characterize the attenuation of photosynthetically active (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in relation to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and pH. Attenuation of PAR was quantified in situ. Attenuation was also inferred by measuring the light absorption of filtered lake water samples at wavelengths (300, 340 and 440 nm) representing UV-B, UV-A and PAR. 2. Substantial variation in transparency was observed among lakes in this region. Attenuation depths (z1%) for PAR ranged from 0.5 to greater than 20 m, while inferred values for UV-B and UV-A ranged from a few centimetres to > 5 m. Median values of UV-A penetration (0.75 m) and UV-B penetration (0.45 m) corresponded to 11% (UV-A) and 6% (UV-B) of lake maximum depth. 3. Much of the variation in PAR and UVR attenuation was explained by differences in lake DOC. Univariate power models based solely on DOC accounted for 85% (PAR), 90% (UV-A) and 91% (UV-B) of the variation in absorption. 4. Attenuation and absorption coefficients were generally lower for recently acidified lakes compared to acidic and circumneutral lakes which have not undergone recent acidification. However, differences among these three groups of lakes were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that the effects of acidification on the optical properties of a regional population of lakes, even in an area experiencing widespread acidification, are relatively subtle in comparison with other factors contributing to inter-lake variability. 5. The presence of near-shore wetlands is probably a key factor influencing regional variability in DOC and light climate among Adirondack lakes. Temporal variability in climatic factors influencing wetland DOC production and export may mask more subtle influences on lake DOC associated with anthropogenic acidification.
Assignment of multiline tungsten-183 NMR spectra of diamagnetic polyoxotungstates from intensity patterns.

Measurement of relative integrated intensities and peak heights of multiline one-dimensional 183W NMR spectra of diamagnetic polyoxotungstates can result in complete or partial assignment of chemical shifts, even when 183W−183W spin-coupled satellites are not detectable or well-resolved. The intensity of the center peak of each signal is diminished according to the number and type (corner- vs edge-sharing of WO6 octahedra) of potential spin-couplings. Application of the method is exemplified by analysis of spectra of α-[XW11O39]n- and derivatives, α2-[P2W17O61]10-, and [As4W40O140]28-. Intensity patterns of the six-line spectra of the β1 and β3 isomers of [XW11O39]n- are sufficiently different to allow identification.
Testing Adequacy of the Weibull and Log Linear Rate Models for a Poisson Process

The Weibull and log linear rate models are frequently used in the statistical analysis of a Poisson series of events. By developing a general model for which the simpler rate models are special cases it becomes possible to use optimal conditional tests to assess the adequacy of the simpler models. A means is presented for generating the conditional distributions needed for the tests.
Effects of calcium deficiency on chondrocyte hypertrophy and type X collagen expression in chick embryonic sternum.

Maintenance of chick embryos in long-term culture without their calcareous egg- shell is a useful method for studying the relation- ship between calcium homeostasis and cell differ- entiation during skeletogenesis. Previously, we have shown that in shell-less (SL) embryos, cal- cium deficiency induces a cartilage-like pheno- type in osteogenic tissues, such as calvaria (Jacenko and Tuan (19861 Dev. Biol. 115215). In this investigation, we have studied the relation- ship between cartilage calcification and hypertro- phy, and the expression of type X collagen, a spe- cific product of hypertrophic chondrocytes. For this study, the cephalic (calcifying) and caudal (permanently cartilaginous) regions of sterna from day 18 and day 20 normal (NL) and SL em- bryos were metabolically labeled with (l4C1-pro- line. Analysis of the biosynthetic products re- vealed significant differences in type X collagen expression in the cephalic region of sternal carti- lage. In NL tissues, type X collagen production in- creased from 13.1% of total collagen at day 18 to 43.7% at day 20. In contrast, in SL embryos, type X collagen was not detectable until day 20, when it represented only 1% of total collagen. Comparison of the NL and SL embryos with respect to their serum calcium level and sternal calcium content and histology revealed a direct relationship be- tween low systemic calcium and limited cartilage hypertrophy, undermineralization, and decreased type X collagen production in the sternal cephalic cartilage. Supplementation of CaCO, to SL em- bryos increased their serum and sternal calcium, and restored cartilage hypertrophy, mineraliza- tion, and type X collagen synthesis in the cephalic portion of the sterna. These findings confirm that a critical relationship exists between calcium ho- meostasis, chondrocyte hypertrophy, mineraliza- tion, and type X collagen synthesis in the cephalic region of sternal cartilage. These results further demonstrate the importance of calcium in the morphogenetic events of endochondral ossifica- tion, in particular the transition from hyaline car- tilage to hypertrophic cartilage, and eventually to
Mass transfer in the entrance region of a circular tube

A solution in the form of an asymptotic expansion is obtained for the problem of mass transfer in the entrance region of a circular tube or flat channel for arbitrary hydrodynamically-developed velocity profile and arbitrary dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the coordinate perpendicular to the flow. Boundary conditions of the first, second and third kind are considered. The results of the analysis are compared with known approximate and numerical solutions of similar problems.
Expectations-Achievement and Overthrows: An Empirical Test of the Relative Deprivation Hypothesis

There is a strong theoretical supposition in the political science literature that civil unrest in a political jurisdiction is a consequence of the ‘relative deprivation’ of the population within its borders. This proposition is tested empirically in this paper, with respect to incidence of attempted coups d'etat across fifty-four countries in 1981. The findings suggest that relative economic deprivation does precipitate political unrest. Social deprivation, as measured by repression of the population, also incites a demand for political change, although repression has a predictable supply-side effect of dampening the population's ability to translate demand for political change into actuality.
Hydrolysis of ozone pretreated energy grasses for optimal fermentable sugar production.

Ozonated energy grass varieties were enzymatically hydrolyzed to establish process parameters for maximum fermentable sugar production. Conditions for ozonolysis were selected on the basis of maximum delignification and glucan retention after pretreatment. To study the effect of lignin degradation products generated during ozonolysis on cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis was carried out for washed and unwashed pretreated solids. Washing the solids significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced glucan conversion from 34.3% to 100% while delivering glucose yields of 146.2–431.9 mg/g biomass. Highest fermentable sugars were produced when grasses were ozonated for maximum delignification and washed solids were hydrolyzed using 0.1 g/g Cellic® CTec2. In a comparative study on alkaline pretreatment with 1% NaOH for 60 min, Saccharum arundinaceum exhibited the highest glucan conversion with maximum sugar production of 467.9 mg/g. Although ozonolysis is an effective and environmentally friendly technique for cellulosic sugar production, process optimization is needed to ascertain economic feasibility of the process.
Stark anomalous dispersion optical filter for doubled Nd:YLF lasers

The Stark anomalous dispersion optical filter is a wide-frequency-tunable ultra-narrow bandwidth optical filter. The first theoretical investigation of this filter, which matched wavelength with doubled Nd:YLF lasers for deepspace laser communications, is reported. The results show that the filter may provide about 86% transmission, 1.6 GHz bandwidth, 3 GHz noise equivalent bandwidth, and wide frequency tuning range.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental ejection angles for oblique impacts: Implications for the subsurface flow‐field

A simple analytical solution for subsurface particle motions during impact cratering is useful for tracking the evolution of the transient crater shape at late times. A specific example of such an analytical solution is Maxwells Z-Model, which is based on a point-source assumption. Here, the parameters for this model are constrained using measured ejection angles from both vertical and oblique experimental impacts at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range. Data from experiments reveal that impacts at angles as high as 45° to the targets surface generate subsurface flow-fields that are significantly different from those created by vertical impacts. The initial momentum of the projectile induces a subsurface momentum-driven flow-field that evolves in three dimensions of space and in time to an excavation flow-field during both vertical and oblique impacts. A single, stationary pointsource model (specifically Maxwells Z-Model), however, is found inadequate to explain this detailed evolution of the subsurface flow-field during oblique impacts. Because 45° is the most likely impact angle on planetary surfaces, a new analytical model based on a migrating point-source could prove quite useful. Such a model must address the effects of the subsurface flow-field evolution on crater excavation, ejecta deposition, and transient crater morphometry.
DEMORA Y PÉRDIDA DE VALOR SUBJETIVO

El descuento de la demora, el decremento observado en el valor del reforzamiento en funcion de la demora, es confiablemente encontrado en humanos y animales de laboratorio bajo una gran cantidad de condiciones e igualmente para una gran variedad de recompensas. De manera importante, las tasas altas de descuento hiperbolico se han encontrado en usuarias de drogas, al compararse con controles. A pesar del amplia apoyo a la asociacion entre la tasa de descuento y uso de drogas, no es claro si una tasa alta de descuento predice el eso de drogas, si el uso de ellas afecta la tasa de descuento, o si, una tercera variable predice ambos. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar y discutir la evidencia respecto a la relacion entre tasa de descuento y uso de drogas, y sus implicaciones potenciales a la prevencion, deteccion y tratamiento del abuso de sustancias.
When Increased Group Identification Leads to Outgroup Liking and Cooperation: The Role of Trust

ABSTRACT Two studies explored the influence of group identification and the functional relations between groups on outgroup liking. In a laboratory study, Study 1 (N = 112) found that outgroup liking was highest when group identification was high and relations between groups were cooperative, but outgroup liking was lowest when group identification was high and relations were competitive. In a field replication of Study 1, Study 2 (N = 181) similarly found more liking with high group identification and cooperative relations between groups. Additional analyses revealed that the Identification × Relations interactions found in Studies 1 and 2 were mediated by outgroup trust. We discuss how trust is an important factor for predicting outgroup bias for both high and low group identification.
Brain meninges tumor formation by in vivo -selected metastatic B16 melanoma variants in mice

The murine melanoma subline B16-F1 of low brain- and lung-colonizing potential has been used to obtain brain-colonizing variant sublines by sequential selectionin vivo for their abilities to form brain meningeal tumors. After fourteen and fifteen selections in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice sublines B16-B14b and B16–B15b, respectively, were established in culture. These were then assayedin vivo by injection of single tumor cell suspensions into the tail vein (i.v.), left ventricle of the heart (i.c.) or left common carotid artery (i.a.), and the resulting tumors were examined histologically. Injection of subline B16-B14b or B16–B15b resulted in brain meningeal tumor formation in the dura mater and leptomeninges with invasion into underlying brain parenchyma and also some brain ventricular tumors at the sites of i.a. injection. Lung colonization ability remained in the brain-selected sublines, although it was remarkably reduced in i.a. tumor cell-injected animals. The brain meningeal tumors that formed were of three types: intravascular, nodular or infiltrative. Injection of tumor cells i.v. resulted mainly in the establishment of the intravascular type of brain meningeal tumors with eventual perivascular invasion, while injection i.a. or i.c. resulted mostly in nodular or infiltrative type brain meningeal tumors. The B16–B14b brain meningeal tumors formed were small (< 1 mm in diameter) and usually non-pigmented, while B16–B15b tumors were generally large (up to 7mm in diameter) and pigmented. Host reactions towards B16–B14b and B16–B15b tumors at meningeal sites differed. The former B16 subline was characterized by extensive fibrosis with some immunocytic cell infiltration in and around the meningeal tumors, while the latter subline did not elicit such host reactions. In contrast, tumors in brain parenchyma failed to evoke observable host reactions, and there was little evidence of immunocyte cell infiltration or glial cell alterations.
Advertisement Size and Goods-Buyer Characteristics: Some Empirical Results

Abstract This article provides empirical tests of hypotheses developed by Phillip Nelson and others within the economics of information literature since 1961. Specifically, this study provides empirical justification of Nelson's hypothesis regarding the size of advertisements for various types of goods, such as search goods, experience goods, and credence goods. Buyer differences (income, mobility) are also employed in order to test the robustness of these seminal hypotheses. The econometric results presented here provide some support for the notion that advertisements for goods whose quality can be verified only after purchase (if at all) goes beyond the relation of product brand to product function, and that the size of the advertisement does have important implications regarding seller reputation.
Fluency and the understanding of texts

(1991). Fluency and the understanding of texts. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 30, Fluency in Oral Reading, pp. 143-148.
Cognitive decline in incident Alzheimer disease in a community population

Objective: To measure the cognitive consequences of incident Alzheimer disease (AD) in older African American and white subjects. Methods: Data are from the Chicago Health and Aging Project, a longitudinal cohort study of older white and black persons residing in a geographically defined community. At 3-year intervals, the entire study population completed 4 brief cognitive tests, from which a previously established composite measure of global cognition was derived, and a subset underwent detailed clinical evaluation that supported clinical classification of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and AD. We used mixed-effects models to examine change in cognitive function following the diagnostic evaluation. Results: On clinical evaluation, 614 persons were found to have no cognitive impairment, 395 had mild cognitive impairment, and 149 had AD (88.5% mild); 10 persons with other dementias were excluded from analyses. During up to 11 years of observation following the clinical evaluation (mean = 5.5, SD = 2.5), the composite measure of global cognition declined a mean of 0.042 unit per year (SE = 0.008, p p p Conclusions: Alzheimer disease has a devastating impact on cognition, even in its prodromal stages, with comparable effects in African American and white persons.
Design of least-mean-square based adaptive optical equalizers

Abstract Dispersion effects and attenuation over long distances cause degradation to a signal waveform in any communication channel, even optical fibers. Equalization is the process of restoring the shape of the signal waveform. Most current equalization techniques to combat signal distortion in optical fibers rely upon complex electronic realizations to process data converted from the optical signal of interest. The focus of this paper is to study the feasibility of designing efficient optical adaptive equalizers for the optical processing of guided lightwave signal waveforms corrupted by dispersion and attenuation effects varying slowly with time. The least-mean-square algorithm is used to adapt an equalizer's weights in real-time as the optical channel varies. The convergence and learning capabilities of the equalizer are analyzed as a function of the equalizer parameters and optical hardware errors. Optimal equalizer parameters are determined through analysis and numerical simulation such that the effects of optical errors and noise are reduced.
Synthesis and thermal rearrangement of m-dithiins

Abstract Synthesis of m-dithiins from acetylenic esters, aromatic aldehydes and hydrogen sulphide is described. The thermal rearrangement of dimethyl 2,4-diphenyl-m-dithiin-5,6-dicarboxylate 5 to the isomeric dihydro-o-dithiin 11 is reported. Structural evidence is presented and mass spectral fragmentations are discussed.
Hospitalizations primarily attributed to dental conditions in the United States in 2008.

Objective The objective of this study was to provide estimates of hospitalizations attributed to oral health related conditions in the United States (US). Study Design The nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) for 2008 was used. Hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of dental/oral health–related conditions were identified using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes. Results A total of 50,658 hospital admissions were primarily attributed to oral health–related conditions in 2008. Total US hospitalization charges were $1.218 billion. Total US hospitalization days were 174,496 days. Conclusions The current study examines outcomes in patients hospitalized primarily for dental/oral health–related conditions. Of 39,885,120 hospitalizations that occurred in the US, a total of 50,658 (1.27%) were primarily attributed to dental-related conditions. Substantial resources are spent in treating dental-related conditions in hospital settings.
Increase of prolactin mRNA in the rat hypothalamus after intracerebroventricular injection of VIP or PACAP.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the structurally homologous pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and the pituitary hormone, prolactin (PRL) enhance rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). VIP and PACAP are both inducers of PRL gene expression and release in the pituitary gland. Little is known about PRL regulation in the brain although it is hypothesized that the REMS-promoting activity of i.c.v. administered VIP may be mediated via the activation of cerebral PRL. To test whether VIP or PACAP in fact increase intracerebral mRNA, the peptides (VIP: 30 or 300 pmol; PACAP: 220 pmol) were injected i.c.v. into rats at dark onset. 1 h later, cDNA was synthesized from purified hypothalamic mRNA. Standardized amounts were analysed for PRL using the polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern blotting and hybridization. Compared with beta-actin mRNA levels, both VIP and PACAP increased PRL mRNA levels in a dose-dependent fashion though VIP was more effective on a molar basis. The previously reported alternatively spliced PRL mRNA (lacking exon 4) was not detected. The data support the hypothesis that the REMS-promoting activity of central VIP and PACAP might be mediated by cerebral PRL.
Correlations between nuclear volume, cell volume and DNA content in meristematic cells of herbaceous angiosperms

Les volumes cellulaires et nucleaires de 14 especes herbacees d'angiosperme ont ete mesures dans les meristemes apicaux. Pour un accroissement de 100 fois, le volume cellulaire est directement proportionnel au volume nucleaire et, sur une echelle doublement logarithmique, donne une regression lineaire de pente equivalente a +1.
POTENCY ENHANCEMENT OF A GnRH AGONIST: GnRH-RECEPTOR MICROAGGREGATION STIMULATES GONADOTROPIN RELEASE

Binding of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH, pyro-GlU1-His2-Trp3-Ser4-Tyr5-Gly6-Leu7-Arg8- Pro9-Gly-NH210) to its plasma membrane receptor is the first step leading to pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) release. In the present study, we have prepared the ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) (EGS) dimer of a GnRH agonist, D-Lys6-GnRH; that is, (D-Lys6-GnRH)-EGS-(D-Lys6-GnRH). The bridge length of the EGS is about 15 A. This dimer stimulates LH release from pituitary cultures with full efficacy but slightly less potency than D-Lys6-GnRH indicating that the dimerization merely restricts the action of each molecule of D-Lys6-GnRH with respect to the other. When a concentration of the dimer, which alone is too low to evoke substantial LH release, is incubated with pituitary cell cultures in the presence of antibody (AB) against D-Lys6-GnRH, considerable potency enhancement occurs. LH release in response to the AB-dimer conjugate requires extracellular Ca+2 and is blocked by Pimozide. The monovalent ...
THE CONFIGURATION OF PHYTOENE.

Abstract The configuration of natural phytoene is established as 15,15′ cis -7,8,7′,8′,11,12, 11′,12′-octahydrolycopene through ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses and through catalytic isomerization with iodine. The configurations of naturally occurring cis -phytofluene and ζ-carotene are established as 15,15′ cis -7,8,7′,8′,11′,12′-hexahydrolycopene and all- trans -7,8,7′,8′-tetrahydrolycopene, respectively, through ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectral analyses and through catalytic isomerization with iodine. A small amount of all- trans -phytofluene is also reported to be a normal constituent of some tomato varieties.
Improved scale-up strategies of bioreactors

Effective scale-up is essential for successful bioprocessing. While it is desirable to keep as many operating parameters constant as possible during the scale-up, the number of constant parameters realizable is limited by the degrees of freedom in designing the large-scale operation. Scale-up of aerobic fermentations is often carried out on the basis of a constant oxygen transfer coefficient, k L a, to ensure the same oxygen supply rate to support normal growth and metabolism of the desired high cell populations. In this paper, it is proposed to replace the scale-up criterion of constant k L by a more direct and meaningful criterion of equal oxygen transfer rate at a predetermined value of dissolved oxygen concentration. This can be achieved by using different oxygen partial pressures in the influent gas streams for different scales of operation. One more degree of freedom, i.e., gas-phase oxygen partial pressure, is thus added to the process of scale-up. Accordingly, one more operating factor can be maintained constant during scale-up. It can be used to regulate the power consumption in large-scale fermentors for economical considerations or to describe the fluid mixing more precisely. Examples are given to show that the results of optimization achieved in the bench-scale study can be translated to the production-scale fermentor more successfully with only a small change in the gas-phase oxygen partial pressure employed in the bench-scale operation.
Spontaneous fragmentation of elastin in the dog carotid artery.

Summary A spontaneous focal fragmentation of the elastin in the dog carotid artery is described. The lesion is characterized by perielastic metachromasia, smooth muscle degeneration, infiltration of fibroblastlike cells around the elastic plates, and collagen deposition. The internal elastic membrane becomes segmented, stains with toluidine blue, and fails to stain with orcein. Areas of the lesion accumulate collagen and in what is believed to be an advanced stage demonstrate a densely collagenized plaque which may protrude into the vascular lumen. Since the incidence of the lesion was not restricted to the older animals, it may be related to arteriosclerosis or to some transitory reconstructive phase in the growth of arteries.
Cores of Inventory Centralization Games

Abstract Consider a set of n stores with single-item and single-period demands. Assume an option of centralized ordering and inventory with holding and penalty costs only. In this case, a cooperative inventory “centralization” game “defines” allocations of the cost. We examine the conditions under which such an inventory centralization game has a nonempty core. We prove the existence of nonempty core for demands with symmetric distributions and the existence of nonempty core for joint multivariate normal demand distribution. We establish the equivalency of four different nonempty core conditions for the Newsboy Problem and demonstrate their efficacy for discrete independent and identically distributed (iid) demands. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C44, C62, C71.