cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The stilbestrol disorders in historical perspective.

The historical accumulation of medical knowledge concerning disorders linked to DES (diethylstilbestrol) was described. In 1966 clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina was diagnosed in several adolescent patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital. During the course of obtaining histories from the mothers of the patients one of the mothers mentioned that she had used DES during pregnancy. A check with other mothers revealed that several of them remembered taking DES while pregnant with their daughters. A study sponsored by the Massachusetts Division of the American Cancer Society confirmed the suspected relationship. A registry of cases was established and within 8 years 346 cases were registered. In addition more than 3000 DES daughters are under observation. Data from these sources led to an increased understanding of the effects of DES. Although carcinoma occurred in less than 1/10 of 1% of the daughters of DES users 40% of the daughters had evidence of adenosis cervical ectropion pseudopolyp hooded cervix and vaginal stricture chances. Embryological investigations to determine the origin and course of the disorders indicate that DES probably disturbs the normal development of epithelium lining of the vagina.
Spatial stochastic volatility for lattice data

Spatial heteroscedasticity may arise jointly with spatial autocorrelation in lattice data collected from agricultural trials and environmental studies. This leads to spatial clustering not only in the level but also in the variation of the data, the latter of which may be very important, for example, in constructing prediction intervals. This article introduces a spatial stochastic volatility (SSV) component into the widely used conditional autoregressive (CAR) model to capture the spatial clustering in heteroscedasticity. The SSV component is a mean zero, conditionally independent Gaussian process given a latent spatial process of the variances. The logarithm of the latent variance process is specified by an intrinsic Gaussian Markov random field. The SSV model relaxes the traditional homoscedasticity assumption for spatial heterogeneity and brings greater flexibility to the popular spatial statistical models. The Bayesian method is used for inference. The full conditional distribution of the heteroscedasticity components can be shown to be log-concave, which facilitates an adaptive rejection sampling algorithm. Application to the well-known wheat yield data illustrates that incorporating spatial stochastic volatility may reveal the spatial heteroscedasticity hidden from existing analyses.
Immunity Regulatory DNAs Share Common Organizational Features in Drosophila

Infection results in the rapid activation of immunity genes in the Drosophila fat body. Two classes of transcription factors have been implicated in this process: the REL-containing proteins, Dorsal, Dif, and Relish, and the GATA factor Serpent. Here we present evidence that REL-GATA synergy plays a pervasive role in the immune response. SELEX assays identified consensus binding sites that permitted the characterization of several immunity regulatory DNAs. The distribution of REL and GATA sites within these DNAs suggests that most or all fat-specific immunity genes contain a common organization of regulatory elements: closely linked REL and GATA binding sites positioned in the same orientation and located near the transcription start site. Aspects of this "regulatory code" are essential for the immune response. These results suggest that immunity regulatory DNAs contain constrained organizational features, which may be a general property of eukaryotic enhancers.
A review of The Lays of Marie de France

Marie de France, about whom nearly everything biographical is shrouded in mystery, is often referred to as the first and best of French medieval women writers. Whatever her ranking with critics tod...
The role for sentinel lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients who present with node-positive breast cancer.

Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection has been investigated after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and has shown mixed results. Our objective was to evaluate SLN dissection in node-positive patients and to determine whether postchemotherapy ultrasound could select patients for this technique.
Gamma‐Ray Evidence for a Stellar‐Mass Black Hole near the Galactic Center

An analysis of the time variability of the observed 511-keV line emission from the direction of the Galactic center and the correlation of its variations in the continuum emission above 511 keV from the same direction suggest the existence of a compact object at or near the Galactic center. A possible mechanism of the observed positron annihilation is consistent with a compact interaction region of the order of 10 to the 8th cm. A black hole of several hundred solar masses is favored as a candidate for this compact object; arguments in support of this suggestion are presented.
Expression of the alpha and beta tubulin genes of the African trypanosome in Escherichia coli

Abstract The African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, contains multiple genes for both α- and β-tubulins, which code for similar if not identical proteins. Studies of the structure and function of trypanosome microtubules have been limited due to the difficulties in obtaining sufficient amounts of purified tubulin. To produce large amounts of purified tubulin for studies of structure and function and to begin developing a system for producing systematic alterations of tubulin structure we have cloned and expressed the a- and β-tubulin genes of T. brucei in Escherichia coli to produce the unfused proteins. Controlled high-level expression of both α- and β-tubulin was achieved using a plasmid vector, pOTS, in which expression is controlled by phage λ promoter/operator and a temperature-sensitive A repressor. The tubulins produced are insoluble, as has been found for many other proteins expressed to high levels in E. coli; they are readily purified to near homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in 7 M urea. N-terminal analysis of the purified proteins indicates that they are initiated correctly and that the N-formyl group is removed from the initiating methionine. This factor will probably prove important in the reconstitution of biologically active tubulin.
Magnetic‐field augmented sedimentation of micron‐sized iron particles in a hydrocarbon

The production of liquid hydrocarbon from syngas by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is accelerated by iron or cobalt catalysts. When this process is performed in a slurry bubble column reactor, fine catalyst particles are distributed in the liquid phase and these must be separated from the product before it can be further refined. Sedimentation is the most common and simple chemical engineering unit operation for separating suspended solids from liquids. It can be easily accomplished by holding the suspension in a settling tank for a period of time without incurring additional processing costs. However, sedimentation velocities are inversely proportional to particle size; if the solid particles are very small, the sedimentation velocity may be so low that the processing time is unacceptably long. This article deals with the effect of exposure to a magnetic field on the settling velocities of suspensions of iron particles in a hydrocarbon liquid. The results reveal that magnetic flocculation can substantially increase the settling velocities for catalyst particles in hydrocarbon liquids produced in the Fischer-Tropsch process.
MDE-based approach for generalizing design space exploration

Design Space Exploration (DSE) is the exploration of design alternatives before the implementation. Existing DSE frameworks are domain-specific where the representation, evaluation method as well as exploration algorithm are tightly coupled with domain-dependent assumptions. Although the tasks involved in DSE are similar, the inflexibility of the existing frameworks restricts their reuse for solving DSE problems from other domains.This paper presents an MDE-based approach for generalizing DSE techniques. The framework supports a reconfigurable representation of a design space, which is decoupled from exploration algorithm. The framework can be configured to solve DSE problems from different domains and enables the designer to experiment with different approaches to solve the same problem with minimum effort. The main contributions of this framework are: (1) rapid modeling of DSE problems, (2) reuse of previously defined artifacts, (3) multiple solver support and (4) a tool for scalability study.
Radiation and its effect on the nonequilibrium properties of a seeded plasma.

For some magnetohydrodynamic applications, it is advantageous to use a nonequilibrium seeded plasma as the working fluid. Such a plasma can be described by a two-temperature model, in which the electron temperature is elevated above the heavy-particle temperature. Because of the large disparity between the masses of the electrons and the heavy particles, the two species are only weakly coupled through elastic collisions. As a result, the radiation arising from inelastic collisions can crucially affect the electron temperature distribution and, as a consequence, the transport properties of the plasma. A local electronic energy balance has been formulated which includes the effect of radiative transport in a nonuniform seeded plasma, described by the two-temperature model. The resulting differential-integral equation has been solved numerically, showing the effect of the radiative transport on the electron temperature distribution between two infinite parallel planes. From this, an exemplary conductivity-current density characteristic has been calculated and compared with existing data. The agreement is excellent. A closed-form expression for the volumetric radiative power loss has been derived for the case of a uniform plasma. In addition, three characteristic lengths have been found which identify the principal mechanism of energy loss in a given enclosure with a given set of operating conditions. It is shown that, under some circumstances, no radiative corrections are required for engineering calculations, regardless of enclosure size.
Universal Intervention Effects on Substance Use among Young Adults Mediated by Delayed Adolescent Substance Initiation.

In this article, the authors examine whether delayed substance initiation during adolescence, achieved through universal family-focused interventions conducted in middle school, can reduce problematic substance use during young adulthood. Sixth-grade students enrolled in 33 rural midwestern schools and their families were randomly assigned to 3 experimental conditions. Self-report questionnaires provided data at 7 time points for the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP), Preparing for the Drug Free Years (PDFY), and control groups through young adulthood. Five young adult substance frequency measures (drunkenness, alcohol-related problems, cigarettes, illicit drugs, and polysubstance use) were modeled as distal outcomes affected by the average level and rate of increase in substance initiation across the adolescent years in latent growth curve analyses. Results show that the models fit the data and that they were robust across outcomes and interventions, with more robust effects found for ISFP. The addition of direct intervention effects on young adult outcomes was not supported, suggesting long-term effects were primarily indirect. Relative reduction rates were calculated to quantify intervention-control differences on the estimated proportion of young adults indicating problematic substance use; they ranged from 19% to 31% for ISFP and from 9% to 16% for PDFY.
Redesigning managerial economics to suit the MBA

Managerial economics, which seeks to use microeconomic principles to solve managerial problems, has become firmly established in business curricula, particularly at the MBA level. Surveys of MBA directors and MBA alumni, however, have indicated that managerial economics tends to be an unpopular course among students. This paper examines the criticisms and makes recommendations for new directions in the curriculum.
The present and future of the international wine industry

Wine production is both art and science, a blend of individual creativity and innovative technology. But wine production is also business, with economic factors driving manufacturing practices. To be successful in the modern marketplace, a winemaker must integrate the artistic and economic aspects of wine production, and possess a solid understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that underlie purchase motivation.
Concentration Regimes in Solutions of Polyelectrolyte Stars

We present a scaling theory for solutions of star-branched polyelectrolytes in different concentration regimes. We distinguish between two cases of counterion distribution around the star arms and describe differences in the structure of stars with and without counterions condensed on the arms. Above the overlap concentration c*, the size of stars decreases with increasing concentration in such a way that the stars remain at the onset of overlap in a wide range of concentrations. This regime of compaction (which we call the overlap regime) continues until the length of the star arms decreases either to the value determined mainly by the intra-arm repulsion or to the Gaussian size of a linear chain in a semidilute solution. At higher concentrations, stars interdigitate and the solution structure resembles that of a semidilute solution of linear chains. Added salt screens the electrostatic interactions within the star if salt concentration is higher than the concentration of counterions which are not condensed on the arms.
Stereoselective synthesis of the epimeric Δ7-tetrahydrocannabinols

Abstract Both C9 epimers of Δ7-THC (3 and 4) have been synthesized from Δ8-THC methyl ether (12). Hydroboration of 12 gave a mixture of stereoisomeric 8-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinols. The 8α-ol was converted into the 9β-methyl epimer (4) of Δ7-THC, while the 8β-ol was converted into 3. Molecular modeling indicated that 4 should have significant cannabinoid activity, while 3 was predicted to be weakly active. These predictions were borne out by both in vitro and in vivo pharmacology.
Socratic Thought-Experiments and the Unity of Virtue Paradox

The early dialogues of Plato contain no perfectly explicit and unequivocal affirmations on Socrates' part of the view (UV) that all of the human virtues (viz., courage, temperance, piety, justice, and wisdom) and, by implication, the whole of virtue are actually just one single thing with so many different names. But then again, Socrates makes virtually no explicit pronouncements in these works of any doctrines whatsoever (for reasons no doubt emanating from his philosophical method). So here is an area where argument ex silentio is especially impotent. On the other side, there is powerful circumstantial evidence that Socrates does indeed endorse UV, at least in the Protagoras. Twice in that work (at 329 C-D and 349 B-C) he presents it as one of a pair of competing ontological positions, the other (P V) being that each of the special virtues is a distinct part of virtue entire, from which his interlocutor, Protagoras, is asked to select. Now inasmuch as this pair is quite clearly presented by Socrates as exhausting the field of reasonable choice, it is a plausible inference that he regards the battery of arguments he eventually directs against P V (Protagoras' selection) in the dialogue' as providing some indirect support (though certainly not an ironclad proof) for UV. As with other so-called "Socratic Paradoxes",2 identifying UV as a piece of genuine Socratic doctrine carries with it an invitation to undertake two highly interdependent exegetical tasks. The first of these, which has been very well-attended in the literature, is to figure out precisely what UV comes to, i.e., to develop an interpretation of the relevant passages which
EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE ON ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN HEALTHY ADULTS

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the dose-response and time course of action of a single dose of dexamethasone on plasma glucose and insulin dynamics in healthy adults. Methods Participants included healthy adults who met the following inclusion criteria: 18 to 65 years of age, body mass index of 18 to 25 kg/m2, no family history of diabetes mellitus, not taking any medication known to affect glucose tolerance, and nonpregnant state for female participants. Each participant underwent 3 sequential blocks of 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) on days 1, 2, and 3; this sequence was repeated on 3 different occasions separated by more than 2 weeks. On the first day of each block, participants reported to the research center after a 10- to 12-hour overnight fast, and fasting baseline blood samples for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were obtained. Baseline (0 mg) OGTT was then performed with a 75-g glucose load, and blood samples were collected at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes for measurements of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. After the baseline OGTT on day 1, a single dose of either 2-, 4- or 8-mg of dexamethasone was administered orally. Twenty-four and 48 hours later, participants returned for additional OGTTs. Results Ten healthy volunteers (4 male and 6 female) were enrolled. The effect of dexamethasone was maximal 24 hours after 8-mg dexamethasone compared with the effect observed after no dexamethasone administration. At 60 minutes during the OGTT (following 8-mg dexamethasone), blood glucose increased from 127 ± 7.1 mg/dL (6.35 ± 0.36 mmol/L) to 176 ± 19 mg/dL (8.8 ± 0.95 mmol/L), insulin increased from 49.3 ± 3.2 μIU/mL (342 ± 22 pmol/L) to 119.7 ± 10.1 μIU/mL (831 ± 70 pmol/L), and C-peptide increased from 6376 ± 510 pg/L (1913 ± 153 pmol/L) to 10 143 ± 1016 pg/L (3043 ± 305 pmol/L); the 60-minute levels returned towards baseline at 48 hours. Smaller changes were observed with 2- and 4-mg dexamethasone. Twenty-four hours after 8-mg dexamethasone, there was a 2.2- and 1.5-fold increase in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and homeostasis model assessment of β cell, respectively, and a 2.5-fold decrease in the Matsuda sensitivity index. Conclusions A single oral dose of 8-mg dexamethasone increases blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels maximally at 24 hours, 1 hour following 75-g OGTT. A dexamethasone stress test might identify persons at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. (Endocr Pract. 2010:16:770-777)
Osmoregulatory effects of prolactin and growth hormone in embryonic chicks.

Abstract Intact White Leghorn chick embryos were treated daily (on Days 6–13) with bovine prolactin (PRL) or ovine growth hormone (GH) at doses of 4–10 μg/g embryo wet wt. A control group received an equal volume of avian saline. [Na + ] and [Cl − ] were determined in allantoic fluid samples taken on Days 10, 12, and 14, and in amniotic fluid and blood plasma on Day 14. Allantoic fluid, amniotic fluid, and plasma osmolarities, embryo wet weight, hematocrit, and allantoic fluid volume were also determined on Day 14. PRL-treated embryos showed significantly lower allantoic [Na + ] and [Cl − ] compared to controls at Days 10, 12, and 14. Allantoic fluid osmolarity was reduced, and plasma osmolarity increased, at Day 14 in PRL-treated embryos. By contrast, PRL had no effect on allantoic volume, amniotic fluid [Na + ], [Cl − ], or osmolarity, plasma [Na + ] or [Cl − ], hematocrit, or embryo wet weight. GH-treated embryos showed significantly reduced allantoic [Na + ] at both Days 10 and 14, but no other treatment effect. Calculations show that the decrease in total allantoic Na + seen in PRL-treated embryos is equivalent in magnitude to 10% of the total egg Na + . Results from studies on embryonic amphibians and mammals suggest that this sodium is likely to be sequestered in an expanded extracellular volume.
Counterparts: Concepts and Models

Most international development agencies rely on the counterpart concept to achieve the transfer of knowledge between experts necessary to establish, maintain, and expand development programs. Achievement of that transfer of knowledge requires that those in the counterpart relationship continually renegotiate their roles, relationships, statuses, and functions as the program is planned, implemented, and evaluated. Most discussions of counterparts suggest that the transfer of knowledge is unilateral, i.e., from the foreign expert to the host country national. The predominant Core Counterpart Model is a circumscribed one-on-one relationship lasting the life of the project and confined to the level of the bureaucratic hierarchy that houses it. This paper describes four variations of the Core Model: 1) Multilateral Model; 2) Multilateral-Multilevel Model; 3) Team Model; and 4) Counterpart Development Model. The counterpart relationship is visualized as processual in nature across a spectrum of knowledge transf...
A modification of Young's Harmonic Sliders

My wife recently pointed out to me that the Young’s Harmonic Sliders device described in a previous note could be made with a lot less trouble by using a sliding template used by carpenters.
Alignment of Mathematics State-Level Standards and Assessments: The Role of Reviewer Agreement.

This article examines the role of reviewer agreement in judgments about alignment between tests and standards. We used case data from three state alignment studies to explore how different approaches to incorporating reviewer agreement changes alignment conclusions. The three case studies showed varying degrees of reviewer agreement about correspondences between objectives and test items. Moreover, taking into account reviewer agreement in the analyses sometimes had a marked effect on alignment conclusions. We discuss reasons for differences across case studies and alignment approaches, as well as implications for future alignment efforts.
Fetal thoracic measurements in prenatal diagnosis of jeune syndrome

We describe prenatal sonographic findings in a 34-week fetus with Jeune syndrome or asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD). The long bones measured were less than third percentile; the thoracic circumference (TC) measured 216 mm (< 2.5th percentile); the abdominal circumference (AC) measured 303.5 mm (50th – 75th percentiles) and the rib cage perimeter (RCP) measured was 98 mm. The TC/AC was 0.70 (normal, 0.85) and the RCP/TC was 0.45 (normal, 0.68). Following birth diagnosis of Jeune syndrome was made based on radiographic analysis, which was subsequently confirmed by clinical and postmortem examination. This case highlights the utility of both TC/AC and RCP/TC in diagnosis of ATD and other skeletal dysplasias associated with a small thorax.
Two MATE proteins play a role in iron efficiency in soybean

Iron is a necessary but often limiting nutrient for plant growth and development. Soybeans grown on the high-pH calcareous soils are especially prone to developing iron deficiency chlorosis and suffering the resultant yield losses. Once iron is transported into the root, it must be translocated from the root to the shoot where it is needed for photosynthesis and other processes. Previous work has indicated that iron is likely to move through the xylem as ferric citrate. In Arabidopsis thaliana, citrate is effluxed into the xylem by the ferric reductase defective3 (FRD3) protein. Here, we present the identification and characterization of two soybean genes, GmFRD3a and GmFRD3b, with similar sequence and function to AtFRD3. The expression of both GmFRD3a and GmFRD3b is induced by iron deficiency in the iron-efficient reference cultivar Williams 82. GmFRD3b, but not GmFRD3a, is expressed at higher levels in the iron-efficient cultivar Clark than in its iron-inefficient near isogenic line iso-Clark (iso), likely accounting for the higher xylem citrate levels in Clark. Increased xylem citrate levels lead to increased solubility of ferric iron in Clark xylem exudate as compared to iso-Clark exudate. These results support the hypothesis that high xylem citrate levels are needed for efficient root to shoot translocation of iron. Along with efficient ferric chelate reductase activity and root iron uptake activity, high expression levels of FRD3 genes are also proposed as a target for future iron efficiency breeding projects.
Utility of noninvasive, mobile, continuous outpatient rhythm monitoring to diagnose seizure-related arrhythmias.

The identification of patients with a diagnosis of seizure disorder who are also at risk for clinically significant bradycardia and/or tachycardia may require long-term cardiac rhythm monitoring. Noninvasive, continuous, outpatient cardiac rhythm monitoring may be useful for such clinical scenarios. The study group consisted of two male patients with a history of seizure disorder involving loss of consciousness. Clinical data and results of electrocardiography, echocardiography, electroencephelography, and continuous, mobile, outpatient cardiac rhythm monitoring are described. In the first patient, while cardiac bradyarrhythmias were secondary to seizures, sinus arrest most likely complicated the episodes by leading to more prolonged states of unconsciousness. In the second patient, permanent pacemaker implantation for AV block averted all clinical events previously attributed to seizures. Despite the different causal relationships between seizures and bradyarrhythmias in these two patients, mobile, cardiac outpatient telemetry was successful in diagnosing the contribution of cardiac dysrhythmia, leading to permanent pacemaker implantation. A diagnostic strategy that incorporates mobile, noninvasive, continuous, outpatient cardiac rhythm monitoring can effectively be utilized to diagnose significant seizure-related arrhythmias.
Patterning of light-extraction nanostructures on sapphire substrates using nanoimprint and ICP etching with different masking materials

Sapphire nanopatterning is the key solution to GaN light emitting diode (LED) light extraction. One challenge is to etch deep nanostructures with a vertical sidewall in sapphire. Here, we report a study of the effects of two masking materials (SiO2 and Cr) and different etching recipes (the reaction gas ratio, the reaction pressure and the inductive power) in a chlorine-based (BCl3 and Cl2) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching of deep nanopillars in sapphire, and the etching process optimization. The masking materials were patterned by nanoimprinting. We have achieved high aspect ratio sapphire nanopillar arrays with a much steeper sidewall than the previous etching methods. We discover that the SiO2 mask has much slower erosion rate than the Cr mask under the same etching condition, leading to the deep cylinder-shaped nanopillars (122 nm diameter, 200 nm pitch, 170 nm high, flat top, and a vertical sidewall of 80° angle), rather than the pyramid-shaped shallow pillars (200 nm based diameter, 52 nm height, and 42° sidewall) resulted by using Cr mask. The processes developed are scalable to large volume LED manufacturing.
Heat Transfer Enhancement Through Impingement Surface Shape Modification

Free stream flow past a heated wedge can be modeled and solved using Falkner-Skan equation when the wedge angle is within a limit. These types of flows at times, depending on the wedge angle or impingement direction, are referred to as Blasius and/or Hiemenz flows. When the impingement surface is constrained between walls from the side to create a cavity, these methods are no longer valid where the side walls significantly affect the flow field. We have used a numerical simulation to determine the effect of impingement shape described by wedge angle. The cooling process described by maximum heat flux with minimum surface temperature is the overall goal of the present study. The results show that the presence of side walls does affect the boundary layer of flow across the impingement surface. The results computed using similarity solution method in Matlab and a commercial CFD code simulation validates shape modification enhances the heat transfer process and the side wall’s effect is significant.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Learning English Bilingually: Age of Onset of Exposure and Rate of Acquisition Among English Language Learners in a Bilingual Education Program

Abstract This article asks whether children enrolled in a bilingual education program learn English in a reasonable amount of time, and whether older children learn English faster than younger children. Children (N = 89) were found to achieve parity with native English speakers in a range of 1 to 6.5 years and in an average of 3.31 years on measures of English language. Indirect comparisons with other data suggest that children in bilingual education programs learn English as fast as or faster than children in all-English programs, and an ANOVA analysis indicates that older school-age children in the sample learn English faster than younger children, F(4, 84) = 9.037, p < .001, adjusted R 2 = .268. The evidence supports the underlying rationale of bilingual education programs; in addition, the authors argue that English-only programs may inhibit successful learning of academic subject matter.
Amplistroma gen. nov. and its relation to Wallrothiella, two genera with globose ascospores and acrodontium-like anamorphs

Amplistroma is described as a new genus for A. carolinianum, A. diminutisporum, A. guianense, A. hallingii, A. ravum, A. tartareum and A. xylarioides. Species of Amplistroma are distinguished by large stromata of textura intricata with polystichous ascomata and long necks that are either erumpent from the stromatal surface or form bumps or protuberances. The type collection of Ceratostoma sphaerospermum was examined and found to be synonymous with Wallrothiella congregata. The distribution of W. congregata is expanded by collections from Costa Rica, the eastern United States and Puerto Rico. Wallrothiella congregata has ascomata that are long-necked and develop individually or are gregarious on the substrate but do not form large stromata. Amplistroma and Wallrothiella are distinguished by small asci with eight, minute, globose ascospores. An acrodontium-like anamorph occurs in both genera. Phylogenetic analyses of 28S large-subunit rDNA sequences group these taxa in a well supported clade distinct from known orders within the Sordariomycetidae but showing unsupported relationships with the Chaetosphaeriales and the Magnaporthaceae. Family Amplistromataceae is described for this clade and placed within the Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis.
We (Still) Need a World of Scholar-Leaders: 25 Years of Reframing Education

In this article, the authors argue that management education has been corrupted by a “down loading” metaphor of learning that has created a culture of mediocrity. They argue that students should become scholars; that learning has inherent value, that discovery and critical thinking are essential for the leaders of tomorrow. The authors argue that students acting as scholars should not rely on organizations for direction, but should assume responsibility for making organizations havens for self-responsibility. This article is widely used to launch a discussion about student responsibility.
Absolute differential and total cross sections for the scattering of positrons from helium

Abstract We have measured absolute differential and total cross sections for positrons scattered elastically from helium at energies from 44.9 to 84.7 eV. The results are compared with theory, and, in addition, the total elastic cross sections are compared with values obtained by subtracting total inelastic cross sections from total cross sections for scattering into all channels. Agreement between the two sets of experimental total elastic cross sections is quite good. Agreement with theory is fair at the lower energies, but the theoretical values decrease with increasing energy while the experimental results are essentially constant at the higher energies. The experimental and theoretical differential cross sections both exhibit secondary maxima, but the experimental values are much larger. The theoretical values extend from 0 to 180°, but we have detected no elastically scattered positrons at angles in excess of 48°.
High-performance liquid chromatography-based purification of firefly luciferases

— A simple procedure is described for purifying luciferases from firefly lanterns in greater than 50% yield. The key step in the method is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Bio-Gel TSK DEAE-5PW analytical (75 times 7.5 mm) anion exchange column. In separate experiments, partially purified protein solutions obtained from Photinus pyralis and Photinus macder-motti lanterns by solubilization, ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sephadex G-25 gel filtration were chromatographed. Luciferases from both species had relative molecular masses (Mg) equal to 61 ± 2 times 103 and were strongly reactive to anti-P. pyralis luciferase antibody. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) experiments, HPLC retention times (Rt), and bioluminescence emission spectra demonstrated that the luciferases from the different Photinus species were very similar, but not identical. The purification procedures described are most suitable for the isolation of 2–10 mg of protein; however, the use of a preparative column should enable the convenient isolation of larger amounts of protein. Also, this method should be readily adaptable to the isolation of luciferases from additional genera and species of fireflies.
Community Voices: Integrating Local and International Partnerships through Storytelling

This essay describes a new global service-learning project focused on integrating local and international partnerships through storytelling. Providence College faculty and students partnered with a local organization, CityArts , and an international organization, Waves of Hope , to empower young people to share their stories through a community lens. Using art and literacy in transnational contexts, the voices and images depict beauty and justice in communities, while also representing a more collaborative model of engagement.
Biological signaling chains: modeling and control

A mathematical model of biological signaling chains is presented. It is proposed as a basis for the design of controllers that correct defects in biological signaling chains.
Penal Panopticon: The Idea of a Modern Model Penal Code

The Model Penal Code is ripe for a fundamental reconsideration. Drafted in the 1950s, the Model Code today no longer serves as a model for American penal legislation. Since its publication in 1962, the conceptual foundation of the Model Code has collapsed in form and in substance. In form, the Model Code is a child of post-war Legal Process, and as such reflects the straightforward means-ends pragmatism associated with that law and policy movement. After decades of attacks on its naive assumptions about societal consensus regarding policy ends, Legal Process has been thoroughly discredited in theory, even if no constructive alternative to its rational and comprehensive approach to law reform has emerged. In the practice of American penal law, the war on crime has led to the suspension of most constraints on penal policymaking, which as a result has been neither rational nor comprehensive. In substance, the Model Code implemented a simple consequentialist model: prevent crime through deterrence and, if deterrence fails, through “treatment and correction.” Today, this model no longer enjoys the broad consensus it might have in the 1950s. Instead retributivism, decried as irrational, anachronistic, and barbaric by the Code drafters, has reasserted itself as a demand of penal justice. Even within a consequentialist framework, treatment theory has long since been radically transmogrified, if not discarded altogether. As enemies of the state in the war on crime, offenders today are warehoused or executed rather than “corrected.” Within the confines of treatment theory, the offender as menace to society receives incapacitative, not reformative, treatment.
Effect of Aloe vera preparations on the human bioavailability of vitamins C and E

There are no literature references describing the effect of consumption of Aloe vera liquid preparations on the absorption of water- or fat-soluble vitamins. There is a very large population worldwide which consume vitamins and many people also consume Aloe. Thus we report the effect of Aloe on the human absorption of vitamins C and E, the most popular vitamin supplements. The plasma bioavailability of vitamins C and E were determined in normal fasting subjects, with eight subjects for vitamin C and ten subjects for vitamin E. In a random crossover design, the subjects consumed either 500 mg of ascorbic acid or 420 mg of vitamin E acetate alone (control), or combined with 2 oz of two different Aloe preparations (a whole leaf extract, or an inner fillet gel). Blood was collected periodically up to 24 h after consumption. Plasma was analyzed for ascorbate and tocopherol by-HPLC with UV detection. There was no significant difference in the areas under the plasma ascorbate-time curves among the groups sincerely due to large differences within the groups. For comparative purposes the control area was 100%. The Aloe Gel area was 304%, and Aloe Whole Leaf 80%. Only Aloe Gel caused a significant increase in plasma ascorbate after 8 and 24 h. For vitamin E, the results for the relative areas were control 100%, Gel 369%, and Leaf (198%). Only the Aloes produced a significant increase in plasma tocopherol after 6 and 8 h. Both Aloes were significantly different from the control after 8 h. Aloe Gel was significantly different from the baseline after 24 h. The Aloes slowed down the absorption of both vitamins with maximum concentrations 2-4 h later than the control. There was no difference between the two types of Aloe. The results indicate that the Aloes improve the absorption of both vitamins C and E. The absorption is slower and the vitamins last longer in the plasma with the Aloes. Aloe is the only known supplement to increase the absorption of both of these vitamins and should be considered as a complement to them.
Farmer groups and input access: When membership is not enough

This paper explores the efficiency of a targeted fertilizer subsidy program administered differently in two Nigerian states in 2009. An important dimension along which the otherwise similar programs differed was the fertilizer distribution strategy. Fertilizer distribution among program participants was done at the individual level for one set of farmers, while the fertilizer was given indirectly through a group representative for the other set. Where fertilizer was given to a group representative for further distribution to members, relatives of the farm group’s president received more bags of fertilizer than others. Where fertilizer was given directly to farmers such results did not obtain. This differential outcome suggests that while groups may facilitate the process of farmer identification and coordination, elite capture and intra group dynamics may affect their efficacy for providing equal access to inputs for members. Two-tier models enable us to model the potentially separate processes that determine participation in the voucher program and the amount of fertilizer received, upon deciding to participate. With intentions to adopt and scale up voucher programs in various food security and poverty alleviation programs across developing countries, it is important to understand when and how farmer groups can affect the successful implementation of such programs.
The ant and the grasshopper: fast and accurate pointer analysis for millions of lines of code

Pointer information is a prerequisite for most program analyses, and the quality of this information can greatly affect their precision and performance. Inclusion-based (i.e. Andersen-style) pointer analysis is an important point in the space of pointer analyses, offering a potential sweet-spot in the trade-off between precision and performance. However, current techniques for inclusion-based pointer analysis can have difficulties delivering on this potential.We introduce and evaluate two novel techniques for inclusion-based pointer analysis---one lazy, one eager1---that significantly improve upon the current state-of-the-art without impacting precision. These techniques focus on the problem of online cycle detection, a critical optimization for scaling such analyses. Using a suite of six open-source C programs, which range in size from 169K to 2.17M LOC, we compare our techniques against the three best inclusion-based analyses--described by Heintze and Tardieu [11], by Pearce et al. [21], and by Berndl et al. [4]. The combination of our two techniques results in an algorithm which is on average 3.2 xfaster than Heintze and Tardieu's algorithm, 6.4 xfaster than Pearce et al.'s algorithm, and 20.6 faster than Berndl et al.'s algorithm.We also investigate the use of different data structures to represent points-to sets, examining the impact on both performance and memory consumption. We compare a sparse-bitmap implementation used in the GCC compiler with a BDD-based implementation, and we find that the BDD implementation is on average 2x slower than using sparse bitmaps but uses 5.5x less memory.
Observational and modeling studies of the impacts of agriculture-related land use change on planetary boundary layer processes in the central U.S.

The impact of agricultural land use change on atmospheric boundary layer processes, the associated feedbacks and their regional scale impacts, are examined with particular emphasis on the central United States. Specifically, the role of contrasting forested and agriculturallandcoversintheinitiationandsubsequentevolutionofsummertimecloudpatternsintheU.S.Midwest;andtheimpact of agricultural practices, including irrigation, on the surface climate of the U.S. High Plains are discussed in detail. Satellite-based observational results of previous work summarized in this paper indicate that the timing and intensity of cloud development appears to be influenced by both synoptic flow regimes and agricultural land use type. For example, under conditions characterized by high pressure with surface winds generally less than 5 m s � 1 , peak cloud development occurred almost two hours earlier over cropland than over the forest or boundary locations in Michigan. Cloud masses were also considerably taller over cropland in the midafternoon than over forest and land cover transition zones. The modeling results discussed here for a model domain centered over Nebraska indicate significant differences in the surface energy fluxes between the irrigated (control) and non-irrigated (dry) simulations. Surface latent heat flux was higher by 36% and dewpoint temperature higher by 2.3 8C in the control simulation. Also, surfacesensible heatfluxof thecontrolsimulationwas15%less and thenear-ground (2 m)temperaturewas1.2 8Cless compared to dry run, indicating irrigation-induced surface cooling effect. Recent investigations on crop‐climate interactions in which crop and ecological models were coupled to regional climate models show that incorporating important perturbations such as prolonged droughtsand the resulting changesin soil and plant nutrient conditionsremains one ofthe biggest challenges in developingeffective and realistic ecological-climate integrated modeling systems. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aerobic Exercise Alters Analgesia and Neurotrophin-3 Synthesis in an Animal Model of Chronic Widespread Pain

Background Present literature and clinical practice provide strong support for the use of aerobic exercise in reducing pain and improving function for individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes. However, the molecular basis for the positive actions of exercise remains poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) may act in an analgesic fashion in various pain states. Objective The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on pain-like behavior and NT-3 in an animal model of widespread pain. Design This was a repeated-measures, observational cross-sectional study. Methods Forty female mice were injected with either normal (pH 7.2; n=20) or acidic (pH 4.0; n=20) saline in the gastrocnemius muscle to induce widespread hyperalgesia and exercised for 3 weeks. Cutaneous (von Frey monofilament) and muscular (forceps compression) mechanical sensitivity were assessed. Neurotrophin-3 was quantified in 2 hind-limb skeletal muscles for both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels after exercise training. Data were analyzed with 2-factor analysis of variance for repeated measures (group × time). Results Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise reduced cutaneous and deep tissue hyperalgesia induced by acidic saline and stimulated NT-3 synthesis in skeletal muscle. The increase in NT-3 was more pronounced at the protein level compared with mRNA expression. In addition, the increase in NT-3 protein was significant in the gastrocnemius muscle but not in the soleus muscle, suggesting that exercise can preferentially target NT-3 synthesis in specific muscle types. Limitations Results are limited to animal models and cannot be generalized to chronic pain syndromes in humans. Conclusions This is the first study demonstrating the effect of exercise on deep tissue mechanical hyperalgesia in a rodent model of pain and providing a possible molecular basis for exercise training in reducing muscular pain.
Constrained Estimators and Age-Period-Cohort Models:

If a researcher wants to estimate the individual age, period, and cohort coefficients in an age-period-cohort (APC) model, the method of choice is constrained regression, which includes the intrins...
Asian American and Pacific Islander mental health and substance abuse agencies: organizational characteristics and service gaps.

It has long been recognized in the literaity”—unaffected by alcohol, drug, and mental health problems. Practitioners and ture that Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) tend to have a low rate of researchers alike, however, are challenging that conclusion, which they regard as a admission and treatment from mental health and substance abuse services false assumption (Sue & Morishima, 1982; Uba, 1994). Studies have repeatedly shown (Cheung & Snowden, 1990; Sue & Morishima, 1982; Zane & Huh-Kim, 1998). that when AAPIs were treated for mental health and substance abuse problems, their Such a phenomenon has led some to conclude that AAPIs are the “model minorcondition was extremely severe and needed intensive treatment (Ja & Aoki, 1993; Lin & Cheung, 1999; Snowden & Cheung, 1990). Therefore, underutilization is evidence of a Julian Chow, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor in the School of Social Welfare at the University of barrier to service use, rather than an abCalifornia at Berkeley. sence of needs (Uba, 1994). This indicates This study was supported in part by the Ofthat existing services are not appropriate to fice of Minority Health, Department of Health serve AAPI populations (Sue & McKinney, and Human Services, under Cooperative Agreement Number US2MP98007–01 of the National 1975; Uba, 1994). Asian Pacific American Families Against SubTo improve service delivery, service prostance Abuse (NAPAFASA). The author would viders and researchers have advocated the like to thank Dr. Ford Kuramoto and the projdevelopment of ethnic-specific services ect staff at NAPAFASA for administrating the (ESS) agencies. By design, ESS are created study, and John Pope and Juliet Choi for their suggestions and comments. to provide a wide array of culturally approAddress for correspondence: Julian Chow, priate services to meet the specific mental Ph.D., School of Social Welfare, University of health and substance abuse needs of the California at Berkeley, 319 Haviland Hall, AAPI community (Takeuchi, Sue, & Yeh, Berkeley, CA 94720–7400. E-mail: jchow99@ uclink.berkeley.edu. 1995). During the past two decades, many