cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing natural speech interactions for the living room

Speech technology promises to enable 'natural' experiences that remove the translation between a user's desires and a system's actions. While speech systems can translate speech into text, they cannot yet understand the vast range of users' intentions. The use of speech is also expanding from mobile contexts to environments like the living room. Given these shifts, key design questions emerge. How do we encourage natural speech while conveying scope? How do we provide feedback of understanding? What is the role of text-to-speech in this context? This paper presents findings from studying a prototype speech system enabling users to find movies and TV shows. We show the influence of a novel approach for conveying examples, a method for seamlessly integrating text and audio feedback, and share guidance on the use of text-to-speech in the living room.
THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT ON FINAL HEIGHT IN CLASSICAL CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH)

One of the goals of glucocorticoid therapy in classical CAH is to suppress excess androgen production to prevent premature epiphyseal closure and resultant short stature. This retrospective study was conducted to determine if the final height (FH) of 45 adult patients (pts) with CAH was influenced by the clinical variant (salt-wasting (SW) vs simple virilizing (SV)), age diagnosis was made and treatment initiated, and the degree of hormonal control. Good or poor hormonal control were determined from levels of 24 hr urinary 17-KS, serum Δ4-androstenedione (Δ4-A) and 17-OHP. The patient was assigned to the category of good control if more than 50% of daily urinary 17-KS or serum Δ4-A were normal for age (mean±2SD) or if 50% of the serum 17-OHP levels were < 1000 ng/dl. All others were assigned to the poor control category; 3 pts had insufficient data for assignment. Final height was compared to the mid-parental height (MPH), to the normal population, and to 5 never treated pts with SVCAH. The mean final Ht for all male patients was 163.2 cm and for all female patients was 153.3 cm. Conclusion: The adult height of 3 never treated females was not different from any treated females, whether in good or poor control, SW or SV, or treated early or late. Among the treated males, height was not different whether they were in good or poor control, SW or SV, or treated early or late. Although the 2 never treated males are shorter than treated males, the small number of pts precludes statistical analysis. The mean final heights of all pts were significantly less than the mean heights of males and females in the normal population.
Clustering, age, and incidental learning☆

Abstract Taxonomic clustering as related to intentional and incidental free recall was investigated in 144 children from three grade levels (1, 4, 7); two separate groups of seventh grade S s were tested to determine the influence of the orienting task on performance. Recall was greater for clustered lists than for nonclustered lists, and total recall increased linearly with age for both clustered and nonclustered lists. A positive linear relationship was also found between age and incidental learning. The supplementary groups' results indicated that performing an orienting task lessens recall and clustering scores. Clustering occurred at all age levels tested and under incidental, as well as intentional, conditions. In addition, mean recall per taxonomic category was found to increase with age under both intentional and incidental instructions.
Trace-level amino acid analysis by capillary liquid chromatography and application to in vivo microdialysis sampling with 10-s temporal resolution

A sensitive method was developed to determine 16 amino acids, including all the neurotransmitter amino acids and neuromodulators, in physiological samples. Samples were derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde/tert-butyl thiol followed by two scavenging reactions that reduced the chemical background caused by excess derivatization reagent by ∼90%. A total of 250 nL of the derivatized sample was injected and concentrated onto a 50-μm-inner diameter capillary column packed with 5-μm reversed-phase particles and separated using gradient elution. Analytes were detected amperometrically at a cylindrical 9-μm carbon fiber microelectrode. The combination of on-column concentration, scavenging reactions after derivatization, high sensitivity electrochemical detection, and protocols to minimize amine contamination allowed detection limits of 90−350 pM (20−80 amol) for all the amino acids tested. This method was used to analyze in vivo microdialysate samples from probes implanted in the striatum of anesthetized rats. Prob...
Partition Coefficients of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors: Semiempirical Molecular Orbital Calculations

In our continuing efforts to design nontoxic and biodegradable fuel system icing inhibitor (FSII) compounds with improved fuel solubility and antiicing ability, and nontoxic deicers for aircraft and runways, we report semiempirical molecular orbital calculations of hexadecane−water partition coefficients (log Ph-w). The evaluation of hexadecane−water partition coefficients for a series of isomers by an empirical method yields only a single number, whereas our application of solvent models within a molecular orbital approach to methyl- and acetyl-substituted d-glucopyranose results in a range of log Ph-w values. Furthermore, these values are lowered when the conformational response of the FSII to the solvent is included. The extent of this effect depends on the solvation model used and is more pronounced for acetyl-substituted glucopyranoses than for methyl-substituted derivatives. Four methyl substituents in any substitution pattern are required for preferential partitioning into fuel whereas only specifi...
Electronic measurement of single-domain magnetic particle concentration

A radio frequency oscillator with the coil of the resonant circuit wound around a tube containing a suspension of single-domain magnetic particles was employed to study the effect of the volume fraction of suspended particles on the bulk permeability with two types of suspending fluid and three different types of magnetic oxides. For a given particle and suspending fluid the permeability (measured as the inverse square oscillator frequency) of the suspension was linearly proportional to the volume fraction of particles in suspension. Volume fraction was maintained less than 10%. The level of the permeability was shifted by the suspending fluid, and the fractional increase in permeability with volume fraction was determined by the difference between the specific contribution of the particles and that of the suspending fluid to the permeability. Temperature effects on the oscillator frequency from 20 to 35 C were found to contribute less than 0.03% error in particle volume measurement by this method.
A comparison of Puerto Rican, Brazilian, Egyptian and Tanzanian strains of Schistosoma mansoni in mice: Penetration of cercariae, maturation of schistosomes and production of liver disease

Abstract 4 geographical strains of Schistosoma mansoni, Puerto Rican, Brazilian, Egyptian and Tanzanian, each maintained in its local snail host, were studied in mice. On exposure to a given number of cercariae the animals infected with the Puerto Rican strain developed the largest number of worms, followed by the Egyptian strain and then by the Tanzanian and Brazilian strains. The production of liver disease was studied in mice each harbouring only one pair of worms. The Brazilian and Puerto Rican strains appeared to be most virulent in this regard, the Egyptian strain causing the least severe liver reaction and the Tanzanian strain producing the fewest eggs.
Improving WS-security performance with a template-based approach

The poor performance of WS-security (WSS) processing is often a topic of concern and prevents its wider adoption. We focused on byte-level similarities in WSS messages and implemented a template-based WSS processor. Inside the processor an automaton is employed that matches the incoming messages and extracts signature values and/or encrypted values. WSS operations including XML canonicalization are performed against the extracted values, without costly XML parsing and traversal. This is more than twice as fast as the DOM-based WSS processor and our prior work with a stream-based processor.
Stochastic Bandwidth Packing Process: Stability Conditions via Lyapunov Function Technique

We consider the following stochastic bandwidth packing process: the requests for communication bandwidth of different sizes arrive at times te0,1,2,… and are allocated to a communication link using “largest first” rule. Each request takes a unit time to complete. The unallocated requests form queues. Coffman and Stolyar [6] introduced this system and posed the following question: under which conditions do the expected queue lengths remain bounded over time (queueing system is stable)? We derive exact constructive conditions for the stability of this system using the Lyapunov function technique. The result holds under fairly general assumptions on the distribution of the arrival processes.
Determination of mixtures of benzo[a]pyrene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene and their metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Abstract Nonradiometric techniques were used to identify and quantitate two aromatic hydrocarbons and several of their metabolites in biological samples. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation combined with ultraviolet fluorescence detection provided a sensitive and selective method of trace analysis. Metabolites of benzo[ a ]pyrene and 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene were prepared by in vitro incubation of these substrates, singly and together, with liver microsomes of coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ). Individual metabolites were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitated at fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths characteristic of the corresponding parent hydrocarbon. Future refinement of these techniques may allow the determination of more complex mixtures of xenobiotics and their metabolites in marine organisms.
Chicken erythrocyte nucleosomes have a defined orientation along the linker DNA—A scanning force microscopy study

The orientation of nucleosomes was investigated using scanning force microscopy (SFM) of hypotonically spread chicken chromatin. A virtual cross section parallel to the substrate at half maximum height of the nucleosomal structure revealed an elliptical shape. The orientation of the major axis of this ellipse was investigated in reference to the direction of the axis of the nucleosomal chain. An alignment of the nucleosomes along the nucleosomal chain was observed, with more than 50% of the nucleosomes aligned with the long axis of the chain within < or = 30 degrees deviation. The alignment distribution peaked at 10-20 degrees. The application of SFM-based image processing for the structural investigation of a protein-DNA complex demonstrates the potential for this approach in structural molecular biology.
HFE genotype and transferrin saturation in the United States.

Purpose: Examine the penetrance (defined by high transferrin saturation [TS]) of C282Y and H63D in the U.S. population. Methods: 5171 participants from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1992 to 1994. Results: 77.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3, 95.1) of men and 51.9% (95% CI, 0, 84.2) of women with C282Y homozygosity had high TS. The associations of H63D homozygosity with high TS were stronger in people aged 50 years or older than in younger persons. Among Mexican-Americans, simple H63D heterozygosity was associated with high TS. Conclusions: The associations between HFE genotype and high TS may vary by sex, age, and ethnic group.
Datura poisoning and the use of physostigmine

To the Editor:The cornerstone of optimal patient care is to do no harm. That mantra applies to the use of pharmacological antagonists and all too often the existence of an “antidote,” such as physo...
Synthesis of a Nickel Bis(dithiolene) Complex with Strong Near-Infrared Two-Photon Absorption

The diketones 4,4′-di[3,4-bis(n-dodecyloxy)styryl]benzil and 4,4′-di[3,4-bis(n-dodecyloxy)phenylethynyl]benzil have been synthesized from 4,4′-dibromobenzil using Heck coupling with the appropriate styrene and Sonogashira coupling with the appropriate phenylalkyne, respectively. Treatment of the distyrylbenzil derivative with phosphorus pentasulfide followed by nickel(II) chloride gave the corresponding extended nickel bis(dithiolene) derivative which shows strong near-infrared two-photon absorption with a cross-section of over 440 GM (1 GM = 10−50 cm4 s photon−1 molecule−1) throughout the telecommunications range and a peak cross-section of 5300 GM at ca. 1.2 μm.
Using total-variation regularization for intensity modulated radiation therapy inverse planning with field-specific numbers of segments

Currently, there are two types of treatment planning algorithms for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The beamlet-based algorithm generates beamlet intensity maps with high complexity, resulting in large numbers of segments in the delivery after a leaf-sequencing algorithm is applied. The segment-based direct aperture optimization (DAO) algorithm includes the physical constraints of the deliverable apertures in the calculation, and achieves a conformal dose distribution using a small number of segments. However, the number of segments is pre-fixed in most of the DAO approaches, and the typical random search scheme in the optimization is computationally intensive. A regularization-based algorithm is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the DAO method. Instead of smoothing the beamlet intensity maps as in many existing methods, we include a total-variation term in the optimization objective function to reduce the number of signal levels of the beam intensity maps. An aperture rectification algorithm is then applied to generate a significantly reduced number of deliverable apertures. As compared to the DAO algorithm, our method has an efficient form of quadratic optimization, with an additional advantage of optimizing field-specific numbers of segments based on the modulation complexity. The proposed approach is evaluated using two clinical cases. Under the condition that the clinical acceptance criteria of the treatment plan are satisfied, for the prostate patient, the total number of segments for five fields is reduced from 61 using the Eclipse planning system to 35 using the proposed algorithm; for the head and neck patient, the total number of segments for seven fields is reduced from 107 to 28. The head and neck result is also compared to that using an equal number of four segments for each field. The comparison shows that using field-specific numbers of segments achieves a much improved dose distribution.
Membrane Thickness Varies Around the Circumference of the Transmembrane Protein BtuB

BtuB is a large outer-membrane β-barrel protein that belongs to a class of active transport proteins that are TonB-dependent. These TonB-dependent transporters are based upon a 22-stranded antiparallel β-barrel, which is notably asymmetric in its length. Here, site-directed spin labeling and simulated annealing were used to locate the membrane lipid interface surrounding BtuB when reconstituted into phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Positions on the outer facing surface of the β-barrel and the periplasmic turns were spin-labeled and distances from the label to the membrane interface estimated by progressive power saturation of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. These distances were then used as atom-to-plane distance restraints in a simulated annealing routine, to dock the protein to two independent planes and produce a model representing the average position of the lipid phosphorus atoms at each interface. The model is in good agreement with the experimental data; however, BtuB is mismatched to the bilayer thickness and the resulting planes representing the bilayer interface are not parallel. In the model, the membrane thickness varies by 11 A around the circumference of the protein, indicating that BtuB distorts the bilayer interface so that it is thinnest on the short side of the protein β-barrel.
Beyond Tribalism: The Hutu-Tutsi Question and Catholic Rhetoric in Colonial Rwanda

Abstract Post genocide commentaries on colonial Rwandan history have emphasized the centrality of the Hamitic Hypothesis in shaping Catholic leaders’ sociopolitical imagination concerning Hutu and Tutsi identities. For most scholars, the resulting racialist interpretation of Hutu and Tutsi categories poisoned Rwandan society and laid the groundwork for postcolonial ethnic violence. This paper challenges the simplicity of this standard narrative. Not only did colonial Catholic leaders possess a complex understanding of the terms ‘Hutu’ and ‘Tutsi’, but the Hutu-Tutsi question was not the exclusive or even dominant paradigm of late colonial Catholic discourse. Even after the eruption of Hutu-Tutsi tensions in the late 1950s, Catholic bishops and lay elites continued to interpret the Hutu-Tutsi distinction in a wide variety of ways. Catholic attitudes and the escalation of Hutu-Tutsi tensions stemmed more from contextual political factors than immutable anthropological theories, however flawed.
Fluid Balance during Pulmonary Edema: Is Fluid Gain a Marker or a Cause of Poor Outcome?

Study Objective: To evaluate the importance of fluid balance and changes in extravascular lung water (EVLW) on survival in the ICU and short-term outcome in patients with pulmonary edema. Design: Retrospective analysis of data (sorting by survival and “treatment received”) from a recent randomized controlled trial of fluid restriction in this population. Setting: Medical ICU of a university-affiliated, tertiary-care medical center. Patients: Eighty-nine patients (from the previously mentioned study) requiring pulmonary artery catheterization with abnormally high EVLW (>7 ml/kg). Measurements and Results: When analyzed by survival, the survivors had no significant fluid gain or change in EVLW but decreased wedge pressure and body weight, compared to nonsurvivors. When analyzed by fluid balance, patients who gained less than 1 L of fluid by 36 hours into the study had a better rate of survival (74 percent) than the rest (50 percent; p Conclusions: These data support the concept that positive fluid balance per se is at least partially responsible for poor outcome in patients with pulmonary edema and defend the strategy of attempting to achieve a negative fluid balance if tolerated hemodynamically.
Reaction of (Ph3P)2PtS4 with MeO2CCCCO2Me: synthesis and structure of (dimethyldimercaptomaleato(2−)-S,S′)bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(II)

Abstract Addition of excess dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate to (PPh 3 ) 2 PtS 4 gave a black-dark-red solution. Purple crystals obtained from this solution were shown by single crystal X-ray crystallography to be the title compound; the sulfur has added to the acetylene to give dimethyldimercaptomaleate coordinated to Pt. The purple is attributed to an intensely colored impurity. Space group P 1 ; a =11.713(5); b =14.733(5); c =15.774(6) A, α=129.35(2); β=106.40(3); λ=93.44(3)°; V =1912(1) A 3 ; Z =2; R =0.0339 and R w =0.0326 for 6177 reflections with F o ⩾3σ(F o ) and 388 parameters.
Lorazepam is the treatment of choice for status epilepticus

Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening emergency, with the potential for causing permanent neurological damage. The ideal treatment for SE would be an extremely effective, rapidly acting anticonvulsant, without prolonged sedative effect, respiratory depression, or systemic adverse effects such as hypotension or arrhythmias. In addition, an ideal medication would be easy to store, prepare, and administer, and would provide relatively prolonged anticonvulsant effects. Although no medication meets all of these requirements in every circumstance, lorazepam (LOR) comes closer than any other available anticonva hydantoin; and the barbiturates, most commonly phenobarbital. Other anticonvulsants and routes have been utilized in specific circumstances with variable success, including paraldehyde (intravenous or rectal), rectal diazepam, and anesthetic gases (1). There is little doubt that all of these measures meet with success in a reasonable proportion of cases. The choice of an ideal first-line treatment thus rests more on avoidance of adverse effects, speed of response, and duration of response than on the likelihood of the particular medication halting the seizure. LOR is a hydroxylated BDZ originally introduced in the United States as an anxiolytic agent in 1977 (2). Like the older BDZs, it rapidly enters the nervous system. Unlike diazepam, redistribution is minimal, so that, whereas serum half-life is shorter than that of diazepam, effective levels persist in the brain and
The foam separation of colloidal ferric oxide with an anionic and a cationic surfactant

An experimental investigation is presented of the foam separation of colloidal ferric oxide over the pH range 3 to 12 by using an anionic and a cationic surfactant. A sol containing 1.67 mmole/ liter (93 mg/liter) of trivalent iron can be reduced in concentration to 0.09 mmole/liter by 0.17 mmole/liter dodecyl sodium sulfate (anionic) over pH 4.5 to 8; and to 0.18 mmole/liter by 0.17 mmole/liter ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium bromide (cationic) over pH 10 to 12. Soluble iron species produce poorer separations. Between pH 8 and pH 10 the charge of the colloid is reversed from positive to negative, and for an efficient separation a two-step process should be used, first with an anionic surfactant and then with a cationic. The charge of the particulates has little effect on the foam separation of the surfactants although the presence of the particulates has a significant effect, as evidenced by residual surfactant concentrations and collapsed foam volumes.
Use of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) for the Bioremediation of Contaminants

This paper presents a critical review of the literature on the application of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in bioremediation. The important aspects of using GEMs in bioremediation, such as development of novel strains with desirable properties through pathway construction and the modification of enzyme specificity and affinity, are discussed in detail. Particular attention is given to the genetic engineering of bacteria using bacterial hemoglobin (VHb) for the treatment of aromatic organic compounds under hypoxic conditions. The application of VHb technology may advance treatment of contaminated sites, where oxygen availability limits the growth of aerobic bioremediating bacteria, as well as the functioning of oxygenases required for mineralization of many organic pollutants. Despite the many advantages of GEMs, there are still concerns that their introduction into polluted sites to enhance bioremediation may have adverse environmental effects, such as gene transfer. The extent of horizontal gene transfer from GEMs in the environment, compared to that of native organisms including benefits regarding bacterial bioremediation that may occur as a result of such transfer, is discussed. Recent advances in tracking methods and containment strategies for GEMs, including several biological systems that have been developed to detect the fate of GEMs in the environment, are also summarized in this review. Critical research questions pertaining to the development and implementation of GEMs for enhanced bioremediation have been identified and posed for possible future research.
Effect of dowel space preparation and composite cement thickness on retention of a prefabricated dowel

Purpose This investigation examined what effect cement thickness had on retention of prefabricated endodontic dowels luted with a composite resin cement (Panavia 21 OP; J Morita, Irvine, CA) into canals previously obturated with gutta percha and a eugenol-based sealer. Materials and Methods Sixty-four single-rooted teeth were decoronated, filed, cleaned, and sequentially shaped with sizes 2–5 Gates Glidden drills (Dentsply/Maillefer, Tulsa, OK) and 0.12 taper rotary instrumentation. Teeth were then divided into 4 groups of 16 specimens each. All specimens were obturated with gutta percha and a eugenol-based sealer. Dowel space preparation and dowel cementation were completed 1 week after obturation. Ten-millimeter-deep dowel spaces were prepared using dowel drills with 4 different diameters: size 5 Parapost drill (Group 1; Coltene/Whaledent, Mahwah, NJ); size 5.5 Parapost drill (Group 2; Coltene/Whaledent); size 6 Gates Glidden drill (Group 3; Dentsply/Maillefer); size 6 Parapost drill (Group 4; Coltene/Whaledent). Size 5 Paraposts were then cemented with Panavia 21 OP. After 48 hours of storage, specimens were mounted in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with acrylic, and the dowels were removed in tensile mode using a universal testing machine at 1 mm/min, with data recorded in kilograms. Results (all values in kilograms) Group 1 (Parapost 5) mean = 15.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) =±6.11; Group 2 (Parapost 5.5) mean = 25.60, 95% CI =±7.39; Group 3 (Gates-Glidden 6) mean = 43.15, 95% CI =±7.81; Group 4 (Parapost 6) mean = 37.75, 95% CI =±6.35. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests revealed that Group 3 had significantly greater mean retention strength values than Group 1 and Group 2 (p < .05), and that Group 4 had significantly greater mean retention strength values than Group 1 (p < .05). Conclusions Paraposts cemented with Panavia 21 OP showed significantly greater retention in oversized dowel spaces compared with dowel spaces prepared with the manufacturers' matched dowel-drill set.
Neutron Capture in the Samarium Isotopes and the Formation of the Elements of the Solar System

RECENT theories concerning the formation of the elements are based on neutron capture, and are subject to quantitative experimental tests through radiative capture measurements1–3. This communication reports 30 keV neutron capture measurements for the isotopes of samarium. 2–20-g samples of electromagnetically separated samarium isotopes as Sm2O3 were used with the ORNL 3-MV pulsed Van de Graaff, providing the neutrons via the lithium-7 (p,n) reaction. A Moxon-Rae counter detected the capture γ-rays as in an earlier tin isotopo measurement3.
End-Stage Liver Disease: Challenges and Practice Implications

As the seventh leading cause of death among people aged 25 to 64 years, end-stage liver disease (ESLD) affects many Americans in the most productive years of their lives. Despite the increasing number of individuals who are dying of ESLD, little is documented about their end of life challenges as the disease progresses. The purpose of this article is to highlight specific challenges for people with ESLD, their families, and their implications for health care providers: ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, malnutrition, altered drug metabolism, renal insufficiency and hyponatremia, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pain. The authors also present a case study to illustrate disease progression and difficulties facing patients, family members, and providers.
Behavioral correlates for within-normal-limit MMPI profiles with and without elevated K in students at a university mental health center.

Young adults who were attending a college student mental health center and who obtained MMPI profiles with clinical scales within normal limits with and without elevated K were compared to all other patients at the center on 175 descriptors obtained from intake interviews. Those items that discriminated (x2, p less than .05) students who obtained these profile types from others are reported as tentative MMPI interpretive correlates for patients in similar settings. Correlates ranged from those indicative of situational difficulties to serious psychopathology, and clear sex differences were present. It is concluded that within-normal-limit profiles do not indicate psychological normality when they occur in such a setting and that useful interpretive information can be identified for these, as well as clinically elevated profile types.
Sequence conservation in the attachement glycoprotein and antigenic diversity among bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates

Abstract Partial nucleotide sequences were determined from the coding regions of the attachment glycoprotein (G) mRNAS of eight isolates of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). The antigenic characteristics of 18 field and reference isolates were analyzed using the reactivity patterns of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and BRSV G, fusion protein (F), nucleoprotein (N), and phosphoprotein (P), by radioimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. The MAb reaction patterns demonstrated some random antigenic differences among the isolates, but for the most part were cross-reactive to the viral protein epitopes, expecially on the F protein. Structural differences in the F and P proteins were observed among BRSV isolates; the P protein migrated at three different apparent molecular weights on PAGE gels. Antigenic and structural variation occurs among isolates, however, the structural differences in the P protein did not correlate with the antigenic differences among the F, N and P proteins. The G mRNA nucleotide sequence identities were high, ranging from 94.1 to 99.9%, and the predicted amino acid sequence identities ranged from 89.9 to 99.6%. Variance was due to substitution point mutations. The G protein ectodomains contained areas of sequence divergence flanking a highly conserved region, with four cysteine residues, which is analogous to the putative HRSV receptor binding domain. The high sequence and amino acid identities and random antigenic diversity among the isolates indicates that the BRSV isolates analyzed belong in a monophyletic group.
Pediatric Renal Transplantation

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease. With the advance in immunosuppression, surgical techniques, and posttransplant management since the 1980s, both short- and long-term survivals of pediatric recipients and grafts have improved significantly. Similarly, improvement is also observed in graft survival of patients with a high immunologic risk or ABO incompatibility. More infants with a weight less than 10 kg have undergone kidney transplantation. The implementation of Share-35 policy in 2005 has reduced the waiting time and increased human leukocyte antigen-mismatching deceased-donor transplantation. However, acute and chronic rejection remain the primary causes of graft failure. Although the majority of pediatric immunosuppressive medications and protocols adopt those in adult studies, there are differences between adults and children in terms of their immunologic development, drug metabolism, vulnerability toward viral infection, physical and neurocognitive development, primary kidney diseases, urological anomalies, and self-management skill. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the progress in different aspects of pediatric transplantation and their differences from adult transplantation. Controversies exist in many areas of pediatric transplantation such as the impact of vesicoureteral reflux and febrile urinary tract infection. More work is needed to improve the access to kidney transplantation in racial and ethnic minority pediatric patients as well as the transition of care to adulthood.
A novel MSX1 mutation in hypodontia

MSX1 mutations have been reported in four unrelated families with autosomal dominant tooth agenesis. In one family, some individuals also had cleft lip and/or palate. We have identified a novel MSX1 mutation (559 C --> T, resulting in Gln187Stop) in three individuals of one family.
Habitat association studies in conjunction with adaptive cluster samples

Habitat association studies investigate the relationships between habitat characteristics and animal usage of study regions. These studies are often conducted in conjunction with surveys designed primarily to estimate population totals. This paper shows that habitat association studies may proceed from surveys using adaptive cluster sampling. The manner in which units appear in the sample turns out not be relevant to the habitat association study, which proceeds as though the units came from a simple random sample. However, it is also shown that the information about the habitat association parameters is greater than one would expect from a simple random sample of the same general size.
III. PRAYER AND BIBLE READING IN SCHOOL DEVOTIONS 1

1Statement to the House Judiciary Committee on the Proposed Amendments to the Constitution Concerning Prayer and Bible Reading in Public Schools, May 8, 1964.
High Level Expression and Refolding of Mouse Interleukin 4 Synthesized in Escherichia coli

Mouse Interleukin 4 is a 20-kDa glycoprotein, synthesized by activated T lymphocytes and mast cells, which regulates the growth and/or differentiation of a broad spectrum of target cells of the immune system, including B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and hematopoietic progenitor cells. Using an inducible recA promoter and the g10-L ribosome-binding site, recombinant non-glycosylated interleukin 4 (IL-4) was expressed as 17% of total cellular protein in Escherichia coli inclusion bodies, as a reduced, inactive 14.5-kDa polypeptide. The protein was refolded and aggregates dissociated when three disulfide bonds were reformed by slowly decreasing the concentration of guanidine hydrochloride and cysteine. The oxidized monomer was purified to homogeneity by sequential ion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography. When compared with native IL-4, E. coli-derived IL-4 displayed an identical specific activity of 4-7 x 10(7) units/mg. This recombinant IL-4 contained a three-amino-acid NH2-terminal extension, which did not affect its biological activity. Purified biologically active protein consisted of three isoforms as shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, with a pI greater than 9.0. These data suggest that neither glycosylation nor the NH2 terminus of mouse IL-4 play a critical role in contributing to its in vitro biological activity.
A single server queue with arrival rate dependent on server breakdowns

This paper considers a single server queueing system that alternates stochastically between two states: operational and failed. When operational, the system functions as an M/Ek/1 queue. When the system is failed, no service takes place but customers continue to arrive according to a Poisson process; however, the arrival rate is different from that when the system is operational. The durations of the operating and failed periods are exponential with mean 1/cβ and Erlang with mean 1/cβ, respectively. Generating functions are used to derive the steady-state quantities L and W, both of which, when viewed as functions of c, decrease at a rate inversely proportional to c2. The paper includes an analysis of several special and extreme cases and an application to a production-storage system.
Antigenic Differences Among Some Classical Tetrahymena pyriformis and T. vorax Strains

SYNOPSIS. Suspensions of whole, killed ciliates were diffused against rabbit antisera for the respective strains to observe cross precipitation. The strains fell into the following groups: I. GL, H, ChS, GP, Aq, L-I, L-II, L-2, and V1; II. W, L-3, Gl-R, and V2; III. PR and F; and IV. BF and Lava. T. vorax strains V1 and V2 each resembled certain T. pyriformis strains more closely than they resembled each other. The same grouping of strains emerged in comparing antigenic suspensions and in comparing antisera and was confirmed by comparing absorption properties of antigens from the different strains.
Sesame: a secure and convenient mobile solution for passwords

Passwords are the main and most common method of remote authentication. However, they have their own frustrating challenges. Users tend to forget passwords that are chosen to be hard to guess. Password managers are an approach to keeping our passwords safe. However, they mainly rely on one master password to secure all of our passwords. If this master password is compromised then all other passwords can be recovered. In this work, we introduce Sesame: a secure yet convenient mobile-based, voice-activated password manager. It combines all different methods of user authentication to create a more robust digital vault for personal data. Each password is encrypted with a new fresh key on the user’s mobile device for maximum security. The keys are stored in our servers in a protected format. The user has the option of backing up the encrypted passwords in any cloud service. To view a password, the user only needs to utter the name of a web service, and speaker and speech recognition are applied for authentication. Only the key for that service is sent to the mobile application and the password is decrypted and displayed. The biggest advantage of Sesame is that the user need not assume any trust to neither our servers nor any cloud storage. Also, there is no need to enter a master password every time since speaker recognition is used. However, as an alternative to voice, users can view their passwords using a master password in case voice is not available. We provide a brief analysis of the security of our solution that has been implemented on Android platform and freely available on Google Play. Sesame is an ideal and practical solution for mobile password managers.
Two-band superfluidity from the BCS to the BEC limit

We analyze the evolution of two-band superfluidity from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) to the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) limit. When the interband interaction is tuned from negative to positive values, a quantum phase transition occurs from a 0-phase to a $\ensuremath{\pi}$-phase state, depending on the relative phase of the two order parameters. Furthermore, population imbalances between the two bands can be created by tuning the intraband or interband interactions. We also find two undamped low-energy collective excitations corresponding to in-phase and out-of-phase modes. Lastly, we derive the coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations, and show that they reduce to coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations for two types of bosons in the BEC limit.
Residential Segregation in Southern Cities: 1970

The authors construct a regional model of residential segregation in the South, using demographic and socioeconomic variables. Based on an analysis of the age, size, percent black, and occupational and income differentials in 32 southern cities, the findings show that: (1) age is still the strongest predictor of residential segregation; (2) socioeconomic factors need to be examined in their traditional southern context as indicators of residential segregation; (3) occupational-not income-differences have the greater effect on levels of residential segregation; and (4) changes in socioeconomic status for blacks in the South have not been accompanied by concomitant changes in residential segregation. Problems of developing and testing causal models of segregation are discussed, combined with specific suggestions for future research. Residential segregation in southern cities has long been recognized as distinctly different, for various historical, social, and economic reasons. Levels of segregation have been higher in southern cities, and for several decades-especially the forties and fifties-these cities increased in residential segregation more rapidly than cities elsewhere (cf. Taeuber and Taeuber). In addition, black-white socioeconomic differences have traditionally been greater in southern cities (Bahr and Gibbs; Jiobu and Marshall). Greater inequalities in housing, education, occupations, and income have led many to speculate that the social and demographic correlates of segregation differ for the region. But whether distinctively southern segregation patterns persist in the 1970s is an open question. Preliminary calculations by Sorenson et al. show that the average residential segregation scores for southern cities are lower in 1970 than in 1960, indicating, at least for central cities, a reversal in the 30-year trend of increasing racial separation. The South is also becoming increasingly indistinguishable from the rest of the nation in macro-structura7characteristics. Evidence on industrialization, urbanization, education, income, and occupational structure indicates that change is occurring more rapidly in the region than in the society as a whole, transforming it into an integral part of American society (cf. McKinney and Bourque; Reissman). These changes signal important shifts in opportunities for *This paper reports on research funded by the National Science Foundation, Grants G-41243 and Soc. 75-03438. An earlier version was presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Sociological Society, 1975. We would like to acknowledge the technical assistance of Jerry Wilcox in the data analysis and the helpful comments and suggestions of Joel Smith, T. 0. Wilkinson, Hilda Golden, Terry Roof, and two anonymous reviewers.
Gas chromatographic retention in uncoated fused silica capillaries

Understanding of retention in uncoated fused-silica capillaries is of interest due to increased attention on precolumn backflushing in capillary GC. Uncoated capillaries offer several advantages as precolumns compared to coated precolumns. In order to examine the possibility of predicting elution temperatures of alkanes from uncoated capillaries a priori, several sizes of deactivated but uncoated fused-silica capillaries were evaluated under various operating conditions. Retention was found to depend on dimensionless ramp rate (degrees C/t(M)), sample loading (capacity), flow mode, and column dimensions (probably related to surface area).
Phosphorylation and degradation of S6K1 (p70S6K1) in response to persistent JNK1 Activation

S6K (ribosomal S6 kinase p70, p70S6K) activation requires phosphorylation at two stages. The first phosphorylation is independent of insulin stimulation and mediated by an unknown kinase. The second phosphorylation is mediated by mTOR in insulin dependent manner. In this study, we identified JNK1 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1) as a kinase in the first phosphorylation. S6K protein was phosphorylated by JNK1 at S411 and S424 in the carboxyl terminal autoinhibitory domain. The phosphorylation was observed in kinase assay with purified S6K as a substrate, and in cells after JNK1 activation by TNF-α or MEKK1 expression. The phosphorylation was detected in JNK2 null cells, but not in JNK1 null cells after TNF-α treatment. When JNK1 activation was inhibited by MKK7 knockdown, the phosphorylation was blocked in cells. The phosphorylation led to S6K protein degradation in NF-κB deficient cells. The degradation was blocked by inhibition of proteasome activity with MG132. In wide type cells, the phosphorylation did not promote S6K degradation when IKK2 (IKKβ, IκB kinase beta) was activated. Instead, the phosphorylation allowed S6K activation by mTOR, which stabilizes S6K protein. In IKK2 null cells or cells treated by IKK2 inhibitor, the phosphorylation led to S6K degradation. These data suggest that S6K is phosphorylated by JNK1 and the phosphorylation makes S6K protein unstable in the absence of IKK2 activation. This study provides a mechanism for regulation of S6K protein stability.
Planarian PTEN homologs regulate stem cells and regeneration through TOR signaling

SUMMARY We have identified two genes, Smed-PTEN-1 and Smed-PTEN - 2 , capable of regulating stem cell function in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea . Both genes encode proteins homologous to the mammalian tumor suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). Inactivation of Smed-PTEN-1 and - 2 by RNA interference (RNAi) in planarians disrupts regeneration, and leads to abnormal outgrowths in both cut and uncut animals followed soon after by death (lysis). The resulting phenotype is characterized by hyperproliferation of neoblasts (planarian stem cells), tissue disorganization and a significant accumulation of postmitotic cells with impaired differentiation capacity. Further analyses revealed that rapamycin selectively prevented such accumulation without affecting the normal neoblast proliferation associated with physiological turnover and regeneration. In animals in which PTEN function is abrogated, we also detected a significant increase in the number of cells expressing the planarian Akt gene homolog ( Smed-Akt ). However, functional abrogation of Smed-Akt in Smed-PTEN RNAi-treated animals does not prevent cell overproliferation and lethality, indicating that functional abrogation of Smed-PTEN is sufficient to induce abnormal outgrowths. Altogether, our data reveal roles for PTEN in the regulation of planarian stem cells that are strikingly conserved to mammalian models. In addition, our results implicate this protein in the control of stem cell maintenance during the regeneration of complex structures in planarians.
Delirium in the intensive care unit

Delirium, an acute and fluctuating disturbance of consciousness and cognition, is a common manifestation of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients, occurring in up to 80% of the sickest intensive care unit (ICU) populations. Critically ill patients are subject to numerous risk factors for delirium. Some of these, such as exposure to sedative and analgesic medications, may be modified to reduce risk. Although dysfunction of other organ systems continues to receive more clinical attention, delirium is now recognized to be a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in the ICU, and it is recommended that all ICU patients be monitored using a validated delirium assessment instrument. Patients with delirium have longer hospital stays and lower 6-month survival than do patients without delirium, and preliminary research suggests that delirium may be associated with cognitive impairment that persists months to years after discharge. Little evidence exists regarding the prevention and treatment of delirium in the ICU, but multicomponent interventions reduce the incidence of delirium in non-ICU studies. Strategies for the prevention and treatment of ICU delirium are the subjects of multiple ongoing investigations.
Oxidative enzymatic response of white-rot fungi to single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Although carbon nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are becoming increasingly prevalent in manufacturing, there is little knowledge on the environmental fate of these materials. Environmental degradation of SWCNT is hindered by their highly condensed aromatic structure as well as the size and aspect ratio, which prevents intracellular degradation and limits microbial decomposition to extracellular processes such as those catalyzed by oxidative enzymes. This study investigates the peroxidase and laccase enzymatic response of the saprotrophic white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor and Phlebia tremellosa when exposed to SWCNTs of different purity and surface chemistry under different growth conditions. Both unpurified, metal catalyst-rich SWCNT and purified, carboxylated SWCNTs promoted significant changes in the oxidative enzyme activity of the fungi while pristine SWCNT did not. These results suggest that functionalization of purified SWCNT is essential to up regulate enzymes that may be capable of decomposing CNT in the environment. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Stroking the data : Re-analysis of the NINDS trial

David Magid, MD, MPH Nils Naviaux, MD Robert L. Wears, MD, MS From the Kaiser Permanente Colorado Clinical Research Unit (Magid), the Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics (Magid), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (Magid, Naviaux), University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida Health Center Jacksonville (Wears), Jacksonville, FL.