cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel execution of a three-dimensional, chemically reacting, Navier-Stokes code on distributed-memory machines

This paper describes the parallel version of the three-dimensional, chemically reacting, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, SPARK. This work was performed on the Intel iPSC/860-based parallel computers. The SPARK code utilizes relatively simple explicit numerical algorithms, but models complex chemical reactions. The code solves the equations over a regular structured mesh so a simple dam decomposition is used to assign work to the individual processors. The explicit nature of the algorithm, combined with the computational intensity of the chemistry calculations, results in a very low communication-to-computation ratio when compared to typical CFD codes. The efficiency of the parallel code is examined and shown to be about 65 percent when the problem size is scaled with the number of processors. Two low-angle wall-jet injection cases are solved to demonstrate the capability of the parallel code for solving large problems efficiently.
A politics for interactivity: Progressivism and its limits in federal congressional deliberations of distance education policy

Abstract This article analyzes federal congressional discourse on distance education policy, describing progressive reformers’ use of the term, interactivity . Isolating congressional records of deliberations that treat interactivity, rhetorical analysis first traces progressive legislators’ and educators’ attempts to use the term to eliminate a restriction on financial aid funding for distance education students. Next, critical analysis describes how legislators and educators have advanced interactivity as a simple educational good. Contrasting legislators’ and educators’ views on interactivity with perspectives drawn from emerging computers and composition research, this article discusses what the field has to contribute to public deliberation of this issue. A conclusion notes opportunities for researchers’ participation in progressive reform efforts.
Electrifying photonic metamaterials for tunable nonlinear optics and unconventional phase matching schemes

Metamaterials have offered not only the unprecedented opportunity to generate unconventional electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature, but also the exciting potential to create customized nonlinear media with high-order properties correlated to linear behavior. Two particularly compelling directions of current interests are active metamaterials, where the optical properties can be purposely tailored by external stimuli in a reversible manner, and nonlinear metamaterials, which enable intensity-dependent frequency conversion of light waves. By exploring the interaction of these two directions, in this work we leverage the electrical and optical functions simultaneously supported in nanostructured metals and demonstrate electrically-controlled nonlinear optical processes from photonic metamaterials.
The impact of patient participation on physicians' information provision during a primary care medical interview

This study investigated the impact of patients' participation on physicians' information provision during a primary care medical interview. When communicating with high-participation patients, physicians provided significantly more information overall, more information in response to patients' questions, and volunteered more information than when interacting with low-participation patients. The most significant differences with respect to volunteered information involved communication about treatment and tests or procedures. These results were interpreted to suggest that high-participation patients' communication style promotes better alignment of patients' and physicians' goals and agendas. Overall, the results suggest that patients' style of participation during a medical interview significantly influenced the extent and type of information physicians provided. Given that patients' biggest complaint about physicians often is a lack of desired information, this study has important implications for physician-patient communication.
Rapid-Cure Catalyst in Pad-Dry-Cure and Low Wet-Pickup Durable Press Finishing

Low wet-pickup durable press finishing was combined with a rapid-cure catalyst (Al (OH) Cl 2) to demonstrate a system for conserving energy. Low wet-pickup was accomplished by fogging. Good wrinkle recovery and durable press ratings were accomplished in 20 s at 163°C on cotton and polyster/cotton fabrics while maintaining breaking and tearing strength values equivalent to those obtained in the conventional pad, dry, and cure process using dihydroxethyleneurea and magnesium chloride.
Micromechanical Resonant Displacement Gain Stages

Micromechanical resonant displacement gain stages have been demonstrated that employ directionally engineered stiffnesses in resonant structures to effect displacement amplification from a driven input axis to an output axis. Specifically, the introduction of slots along the output axis of a 53-MHz wine-glass mode disk resonator structure realizes a single gain stage with a measured input-to-output displacement amplification of 3.08x. Multiple such mechanical displacement gain stages can then be cascaded in series via half-wavelength beam couplers to achieve multiplicative gain factors; e.g., two cascaded gain stages achieve a total measured gain of 7.94x. The devices have also been operated as resonant switches, where displacement gain allows impact switching via actuation voltages of only 400mV, which is 6x smaller than for previous resoswitches without displacement gain. The availability of such high frequency displacement gain strategies for resonant switches may soon allow purely mechanical periodic switching applications (such as power amplifiers and power converters) with much higher efficiencies than current transistor-based versions.
Nitrate pollution of wells: pollution prevention policy options

Irrigated agriculture is a major sector of agricultural economy where high value crops are grown with substantial input of fertilizers and pesticides. High concentrations of nitrate and pesticides have been observed in ground water beneath irrigated areas in humid regions, where irrigation is practiced on sandy soils that have low water-holding capacity. Data from these areas indicate that irrigation wells are typically screened in the bottom part of the aquifer (which contain coarser deposits) whereas the domestic wells are screened just below the water table. Monitoring results from several irrigated areas have shown the stratification of dissolved inorganic and organic chemicals in the aquifer. Nitrate in such systems is typically highest near the surface. This has serious health implications for the rural population that relies upon shallow ground water for drinking. Current environmental policy towards pollution reduction focuses on improved management practices to reduce the loading of the chemicals to ground water. However, an engineering issue, dealing with the design of the irrigation and domestic wells has not been addressed. A design modification for the irrigation and domestic wells can reduce the risk of high nitrate ground water being pumped by domestic wells. A proposal to convert a deep vertical irrigation well to a series of small-capacity shallow vertical wells or a large-capacity horizontal well and slight deepening of the domestic wells was examined through simulations. This can reduce the nitrate concentration of ground water in domestic wells dramatically and use the high nitrate water for crop irrigation.
Unique Risk and Protective Factors for Partner Aggression in a Large Scale Air Force Survey

The objective of this study is to examine risk factors of physical aggression against a partner in a large representative Active Duty Air Force sample. A stratified sample of 128,950 United States Active Duty members were invited to participate in an Air Force-wide anonymous online survey across 82 bases. The final sample (N = 52,780) was weighted to be representative of the United States Air Force. Backward stepwise regression analyses were conducted to identify unique predictors of partner physical aggression perpetration within and across different ecological levels (individual, family, organization, and community levels). Relationship satisfaction, alcohol problems, financial stress, and number of years in the military were identified as unique predictors of men’s and women’s perpetration of violence against their partner across ecological levels. Parental status, support from neighbors, personal coping, and support from formal agencies also uniquely predicted men’s but not women’s perpetration of violence across ecological levels. This study identified specific risk factors of partner violence that may be targeted by prevention and intervention efforts aimed at different levels of impact (e.g., family interventions, community-wide programs).
Case Report of Successful Treatment of Fibrosing Cholestatic Hepatitis C with Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin after Liver Transplantation

Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis is an unusual complication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after liver transplant. Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis is marked by aggressive progression of cholestasis and fibrosis, leading to accelerated graft loss and/or death. Sofosbuvir (GS-7977) is an oral nucleotide analogue inhibitor of HCV polymerase activity. It is a second-generation, direct-acting, antiviral for the treatment of HCV infection. This case illustrates a patient with recurrent HCV with fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis, who was successfully treated with a combination of sofosbuvir and ribavirin with normalization of liver enzyme activities and resolution of HCV-related symptoms. The favorable side effect profile and the lack of drug–drug interaction with immunosuppressive medications make the combination of sofosbuvir and ribavirin a promising regimen for severe HCV recurrence.
Crack tip area in fatigued copper single crystals

The area ahead of the crack tip in single crystals of copper fatigued in pull-pull was studied using optical and electron microscopy techniques. Through microhardness measurements, it was found that a zone of higher hardness near the fatigue crack tip corresponds roughly to the size of the fatigue crack plastic zone calculated from fracture mechanics criteria. Electron microscopy observations revealed a distinct dislocation structure associated with this zone of higher hardness.
Major Dietary Changes in Nineteenth-Century Europe

While there is still a great deal of research to be done on eating patterns in the past, from the evidence accumulated so far it is safe to say that most Europeans entered the nineteenth century as primarily grain eaters. Virtually every other food available, it would seem, fell into the category of luxury items. Luxury foods like meat, fish, cheese, eggs, vegetables, and fruits were readily available to the upper reaches of society, but the great majority of Europeans ate them on a very, very limited basis [I]. We still do not know for sure to what extent vegetables were consumed before 1800. But one thing is definitely clear—most artisans and peasants in European society up to 1800 had to consume breadstuffs morning, noon, and night. This overdependence on a single staple item by the many is becoming a well-documented fact. In his social history of Paris under Louis XIV, Leon Bernard tells us that the city's artisans subsisted on "black bread and water" and that the working class largely lived "on the edge of starvation" [2]. One hundred years later, at the time of the French Revolution, the artisans of Paris were still obviously meatless. According to Jeffrey Kaplow, their diet was now primarily soup and bread, along with water [3]. Rural elements were likewise poorly off, most of them rarely consuming meat or other sources of protein. Speaking of the Irish peasantry in the 1690s, Sir William Petty commented, "As for flesh, they seldom eat it" [4]. Other observers of the time, including the famous English student of dietetics, Dr. William Stark, knew that the masses were grain eaters and starved for other foods. Writing in 1788, Stark remarked, "I learned that many of the poor people near Inverness [Scotland] never took any kind of animal food, not even eggs, cheese, butter or milk" [5]. When the grain crop failed, as it did in the late 1780s in France, the results, in the words of
Two-year health and employment outcomes among injured workers enrolled in the Washington State Managed Care Pilot Project.

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of injured workers are being treated through managed care delivery systems, yet little is known about the long-term effects of care provided through these systems. We analyzed health outcomes, return to work, and employment status at 2 years post-injury among a cohort of workers who were previously enrolled in the Washington State Managed Care Pilot Project. METHODS: Data on functional status, satisfaction with quality of life, return to work and employment status were gathered via telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires from a subset of 374 injured workers who had a time loss claim that involved 4 or more days of lost work time. Of these 374 subjects, 106 were treated through managed care and 268 through fee-for-service (FFS) arrangements. Health outcomes were assessed through the SF-36, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and the Satisfaction with Quality of Life (QOL) instruments. Standard univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to compare the two groups with respect to the health and employment outcomes. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in functional status, satisfaction with quality of life or employment outcomes, except in regard to perceived recovery. FFS patients were more likely to indicate their recovery at 2 years post injury was going well (62 vs. 45%, P = .01). Almost 90% of the injured workers returned to work at some point following their injury and 72% reported working during the 4 weeks prior to their 2-year follow-up interview. CONCLUSIONS: Injured workers treated through managed care, based upon an occupational-medicine model, appear to experience similar long-term health and employment outcomes as workers treated through traditional FFS. Language: en
Class and Environmental History: Lessons from “The War in the Adirondacks”

In the waning days of 1903, the editor of the Adirondack News paused to reflect upon recent events in the Adirondack Park, a three million-acre tract of land that was both a favorite vacation spot for wealthy Easterners and the centerpiece of New York State's conservation policies. On the surface, with its dense forests of spruce and fir framing crystalline mountain lakes, the Adirondacks seemed a picture of pastoral tranquility. Yet recently a wave of social turmoil had swept across the region. In early summer, arsonists took advantage of an unseasonable drought to set a number of fires that had ravaged the park's woodlands. Unknown snipers fired shots at the foresters who patrolled state forest lands and at the guards who oversaw the region's private game preserves. In September 1903, Orrando Dexter, the owner of a ten thousand-acre preserve in the park, was ambushed and killed while out for a ride in his horse-drawn carriage. Just days later, New York City publisher John C. Freund and his family barely escaped with their lives after several assailants torched their vacation house on Raquette Lake. Such untoward happenings, observed the Adirondack News, were a clear manifestation of the "hostility" of the region's "backwoodsmen" to the recent changes in the Adirondacks, especially the "closing up of all the roads and pathways and fishing grounds that were formerly used in common." The coming of conservation, the paper concluded, had unexpectedly fostered an "atmosphere of class hatred that now pervades the region."' The editor's decision to place class relations at the heart of the conflict unfolding in the mountains of northern New York ought to compel our attention, not only because it can help us to understand the events in the Adirondacks, but because class is a category that remains little explored by environmental historians. Labor historians such as David Montgomery, Sean Wilentz, and Herbert Gutman have long focused on the different ways that various social classes related to the structures of power and conceptualized the world around them. Yet one seldom finds class operating in this manner in environmental history's more prominent works. Donald Worster's Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s,
Would hardiness training be beneficial to current associate degree nursing program directors? Part I

As noted in recently published studies, the position of the associate degree nursing (ADN) program director has become increasingly more stressful and subject to increasing turnover. Previous published studies have suggested that hardiness training was a positive and useful intervention for hospital nurse managers. Funded by the National Organization of Associate Degree Nurses Foundation, this study assessed hardiness levels of current ADN directors to determine whether offering hardiness training could be a useful intervention to assist with stress levels and turnover issues. The Dispositional Resilience Scale-15-Hardiness was used, and background data were also collected. Half of the directors exhibited high hardiness, and half exhibited low hardiness. Secretarial support and use of assistant directors in relation to hardiness is also reported. Intervention strategies are suggested.
Statin underuse and low prevalence of LDL-C control among U.S. adults at high risk of coronary heart disease.

Abstract Background Statins reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in individuals with a history of CHD or risk equivalents. A 10-year CHD risk > 20% is considered a risk equivalent but is frequently not detected. Statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) control were examined among participants with CHD or risk equivalents in the nationwide Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study (n = 8812). Methods Participants were categorized into 4 mutually exclusive groups: (1) history of CHD (n = 4025); (2) no history of CHD but with a history of stroke and/or abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) (n = 946); (3) no history of CHD or stroke/AAA but with diabetes mellitus (n = 3134); or (4) no history of the conditions in (1) through (3) but with 10-year Framingham CHD risk score (FRS) > 20% calculated using the third Adult Treatment Panel point scoring system (n = 707). Results Statins were used by 58.4% of those in the CHD group and 41.7%, 40.4% and 20.1% of those in the stroke/AAA, diabetes mellitus and FRS > 20% groups, respectively. Among those taking statins, 65.1% had LDL-C 20% group (multivariable adjusted prevalence ratio: 0.72; 95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.85). Results were similar using the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol treatment guideline. Conclusions These data suggest that many people with high CHD risk, especially those with an FRS > 20%, do not receive guideline-concordant lipid-lowering therapy and do not achieve an LDL-C
The Effect of Systematic Desensitization on Speech Anxiety.

(1970). The Effect of systematic desensitization on speech anxiety. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 32-36.
Aspects of the pentylenetetrazol kindling model of epileptogenesis in the rat.

Abstract The kindling model of epileptogenesis is characterized by the induction of a persistent reduction of seizure threshold after repeated exposures of the brain to stimuli which were initially subconvulsive. We studied the ability of repeated injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) to induce kindling. Subconvulsive doses of PTZ (20–25 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered to rats every 4 days for a total of 21 treatments. The convulsive response score of PTZ-treated rats remained elevated upon challenge with 22.5 mg/kg PTZ after a 3-week PTZ-free period. Studies on the mechanisms involved in PTZ-induced kindling revealed that hepatic microsomal P-450 concentrations were unchanged after chronic PTZ treatment. No significant changes in brain amino acids, including GABA and taurine, two neuroinhibitory amino acids which have been implicated in the regulation of seizure phenomena, were found in PTZ-kindled animals.
Effect of Phenyl Derivatization on the Stabilities of Antimicrobial N-Chlorohydantoin Derivatives

Phenyl substitution at position 5 on the hydantoin ring of a series of N-halamine derivatives, including an antimicrobial siloxane used for coating surfaces, has been employed to better understand the biocidal activities and stabilities of these compounds in the presence of water and exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. This phenyl derivatization of the hydantoin ring at its 5 position does, in fact, affect the antimicrobial efficacy of the siloxane against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7, and its stability toward hydrolyses and ultraviolet light exposure. The phenyl substitution caused weakening of the N-Cl bond at the 1 position on the hydantoin ring, leading to an increase in biocidal activity but a decrease in stability. Model compounds were studied experimentally and theoretically at the (U)B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) level of theory in order to better explain the observations. It was found that the phenyl moiety at position 5 on the hydantoin ring can interact with the oxidative chlorine atom bonded to the amide nitrogen atom at position 1 which then results in a less stable N-Cl bond.
A column generation heuristic for complex job shop multiple orders per job scheduling

Scheduling in semiconductor manufacturing is a challenging task due to inherent complexities like assignment of multiple customer orders to front opening unified pods (FOUPs), batch processing in multiple toolgroups with parallel machines, and re-entrant flow. A disjunctive-network-flow mixed integer program (DNF) and a column generation heuristic are presented to minimize the sum of weighted customer order completion times in a complex job shop environment. In addition, a lower bound estimation approach for the complex job shop problem is presented. The column generation heuristic obtains solutions that are very close to that of the time constrained DNF formulation for problem instances with zero order ready times. However, column generation's performance differs considerably for problem instances with non-zero order ready times and is able to solve large problem instances in a matter of minutes.
Effects of aging on implicit sequence learning: accounting for sequence structure and explicit knowledge.

The present research was intended to examine the sequence learning ability of elderly people — with a focus on comparing sequences with different structural characteristics and on properly assessing explicit knowledge. Experiment 1 showed that learning-related improvements in serial reaction time task performance were greater for young than elderly subjects, and elderly subjects were especially poor at learning a sequence with complex structural characteristics. Measures of recognition memory showed that neither young nor elderly subjects showed above-chance explicit knowledge of the sequences. Experiment 2 was designed to test the validity and sensitivity of the explicit recognition measures by comparing young subjects in groups given all random trials, given sequence trials with implicit instructions, or given sequence trials with explicit instructions. Experiment 2 confirmed the sensitivity of the recognition measures to explicit knowledge, so it is concluded that group effects in Exp. 1 reflect age-related differences in implicit learning.
2,4,5,3',4',5'-Hexabromobiphenyl is both a 3-methylcholanthrene-and a phenobarbital-type inducer of microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes.

Summary The effects of 2, 4,5, 3′, 4′,5′-hexabromobiphenyl (HBB) on hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes have been determined. Male rats were injected ip with 90 mg HBB/kg and sacrificed 7 days later. HBB increased liver weight and microsomal protein, and strongly induced NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, cytochrome P450, aminopyrine demethylation, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation, epoxide hydratase, and p -nitrophenol-UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities, and several microsomal hemoproteins. The microsomal CO difference spectral maximum was shifted from 450 to 448.5 nm. HBB unilaterally causes a mixed-type induction similar to that caused by both phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene and is therefore a highly unusual type of microsomal inducing agent.
Abstract 78: Fractionated whole brain irradiation modulates Homer1a expression in a brain region specific manner.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC About 500,000 new cancer patients will develop brain metastases in 2012. The primary treatment modality for ∼250,000 of these patients is partial or whole brain irradiation. While effective for controlling metastatic brain tumors, there are significant late effects (> 6 months) following radiotherapy which include a progressive, irreversible cognitive impairment. Although the exact mechanism(s) behind this radiation-induced brain injury are unknown, preclinical studies suggest that radiation alters neuronal plasticity. Indeed irradiating the rodent brain decreases long term potentiation, alters N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor expression and ablates neurogenesis. In this study, we used microarray analysis to show that Homer1a, a transcriptionally-regulated early response gene, was transiently upregulated in the hippocampus and downregulated in the cortex at 48 hours after fractionated (total dose of 40 Gy delivered as 2 Gy/fraction, 2X/week) whole brain irradiation (fWBI) in young adult male Fischer 344 X Brown Norway rats. Two months after fWBI Homer1a gene expression was downregulated in both the hippocampus and cortex. Homer1a binds the consensus sequence on the C-terminus of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR); thereby, disrupting the cross-linking of constitutively expressed forms of Homer1 and activating mGluR in the absence of glutamate. Radiation did not alter phosphorylation of mGluR1, total GluR2 or phosphorylation of GluR2/3 in the hippocampus or cortex at 2 months after fWBI. However, the radiation-induced changes in Homer1a expression appeared to produce a significant downregulation in mGluR1 in the hippocampus, and a significant upregulation in the cortex. Memory/learning paradigms suggest that trafficking of 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) receptors containing mGluR1 from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane is an “early” event during neural plasticity; thus decreased mGluR1 may result in alterations in hippocampal neural plasticity following fWBI. These data suggest a novel mechanism for the development of radiation-induced cognitive impairment. (Supported by CA122318) Citation Format: Elizabeth Moore, Mitra Kooshki, Lance Miller, Mike Robbins. Fractionated whole brain irradiation modulates Homer1a expression in a brain region specific manner. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 78. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-78
Aristotle: The Desire to Understand

Preface 1. The desire to understand 2. Nature 3. Change 4. Man's nature 5. Ethics and the organization of desire 6. Understanding the broad structure of reality Select bibliography Index.
Elimination of stress effects on remanence ratios of cubic magnetic materials

The independent grain model previously employed in analyzing the effect of stress on remanence ratios with stress parallel to the magnetic field has been extended to include the case of stress perpendicular to the field. In addition, the results have been averaged to obtain more realistic approximations to the stress sensitivities as functions of the magnetic anisotropy constant K 1 and magnetostriction constant λ 100 and λ 111 . From theory, it is concluded that for K_{1} , the parallel stress sensitivity is eliminated when \lambda_{100} = -0.41 \lambda_{111} . For the perpendicular case, \lambda_{100} = -1.15 \lambda_{111} with \lambda_{111} and \lambda_{100} = -0.38 \lambda_{111} with \lambda_{111} > 0 . For K_{1} > 0 , both stress sensitivities may be removed when \lambda_{111} = 0 . The results of experiments with both single crystal and polycrystalline Y 3 Mn x Fe 5-x O 12 compositions show qualitative agreement with theory, but also indicate that other mechanisms probably influence changes in remanence ratio.
Some dichloro compounds derived from octaphenylcyclotetrasilane and decaphenylcyclopentasilane

Abstract A study of the preparation of α,ω-dichloropolydiphenylsilanes from octaphenylcyclotetrasilane (I) and decaphenylcyclopentasilane (II) with chlorinating reagents such as 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, phosphorus pentachloride and chlorine is discussed. The study has led to the preparation of compounds of the general formula Cl (SiPh2)n Cl, where n equals 2 to 5. The conditions for the addition of chlorine to (I) and (II) with or without silicon-silicon cleavage of the polysilane after initial ring-opening are described. Some derivatives are described, and infrared absorptions are presented.
The basic goods theory and revisionism: A methodological comparison on the use of reason and experience as sources of moral knowledge

In Roman Catholic moral theology there is an ongoing debate between the proportionalist or revisionist school and the traditionalist school that has developed what is referred to as the ‘New Natural Law Theory’ or ‘Basic Goods Theory’ (BGT). The stakes in this debate have been raised with Pope John Paul II's encyclical Veritatis Splendor (1993) on fundamental moral theology that condemned ‘proportionalism’ or ‘teleologism’ as an ethical theory while utilizing many of the ideas, concepts, and terminology of the BGT, thereby implicitly endorsing that ethical theory. While absolute norms and intrinsically evil acts have frequently been the focus of debate between these two schools, what is it that divides them fundamentally, on the level of ethical method? It is the role and function of reason and experience as two sources of moral knowledge, in part, that distinguish these two versions of natural law on the most basic level. While the BGT has a strict hierarchy of the sources of moral knowledge that posits the hierarchical magisterium as the definitive interpreter of reason and experience, revisionists posit a more dialogical relationship between reason, experience, and the magisterium. On certain ethical issues (e.g., artificial birth control), the experience of the faithful as well as the rational arguments developed by revisionist Catholic moral theologians challenge some of the normative claims of the magisterium. This paper investigates the methodological use of reason and experience in each theory's interpretation of natural law and how and why these two sources of moral knowledge lead to fundamentally divergent normative claims on particular ethical issues.
Irreducible, pattern k-potent ray pattern matrices

Abstract A ray pattern is the class of all complex matrices with a specified zero–nonzero pattern such that the argument of each nonzero entry is specified. The ray pattern A is called pattern k-potent if k is the smallest positive integer for which Ak+1=A as ray patterns. We characterize the irreducible ray patterns that are pattern k-potent, and we provide a canonical form for patterns with respect to permutation similarity and signature similarity by diagonal, unitary matrices.
Continuously Controlled K-theory with variable coefficients

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to use geometric modules and path matrix morphisms of construct a continuously controlled K-theory with variable coefficients. The theory constructed here can be thought of as a “pushout” of the boundedly controlled K-theory with variable coefficients constructed in D.R. Anderson, H.J. Munkholm (Geometric modules and algebraic K -Homology theory, K -Theory 3 (1990) 561–602) and the continuously controlled K-theory with constant coefficients constructed in D.R. Anderson, F.X. Connolly, S. Ferry, E.K. Pedersen (Algebraic K -theory with continuous control at infinity, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 94 (1994) 25–47) over the boundedly controlled K-theory with constant coefficients constructed (E.K. Pedersen, C. Weibel, K -Theory Homology of Spaces, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1370, Springer, Berlin, New York, 1989, pp. 346–361). This theory should be directly and easily applicable in the study of stratified spaces. This paper also relates the theory constructed here to the controlled K-theory constructed in D.R. Anderson, F.X. Connolly, H.J. Munkholm (A comparison of continuously controlled and controlled K -theory, Topology Appl. 71 (1996) 9–46) as an inverse limit of e -controlled K-groups and shows that, under suitable conditions, the controlled K-theory of D.R. Anderson, F.X. Connolly, H.J. Munkholm (A comparison of continuously controlled and controlled K -theory, Topology Appl. 71 (1996) 9–46) is a Quinn homology theory.
Ocean-scale patterns in community respiration rates along continuous transects across the Pacific Ocean.

Community respiration (CR) of organic material to carbon dioxide plays a fundamental role in ecosystems and ocean biogeochemical cycles, as it dictates the amount of production available to higher trophic levels and for export to the deep ocean. Yet how CR varies across large oceanographic gradients is not well-known: CR is measured infrequently and cannot be easily sensed from space. We used continuous oxygen measurements collected by autonomous gliders to quantify surface CR rates across the Pacific Ocean. CR rates were calculated from changes in apparent oxygen utilization and six different estimates of oxygen flux based on wind speed. CR showed substantial spatial variation: rates were lowest in ocean gyres (mean of 6.93 mmol m−3 d−1±8.0 mmol m−3 d−1 standard deviation in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre) and were more rapid and more variable near the equator (8.69 mmol m−3 d−1±7.32 mmol m−3 d−1 between 10°N and 10°S) and near shore (e.g., 5.62 mmol m−3 d−1±45.6 mmol m−3 d−1 between the coast of California and 124°W, and 17.0 mmol m−3 d−1±13.9 mmol m−3 d−1 between 156°E and the Australian coast). We examined how CR varied with coincident measurements of temperature, turbidity, and chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass), and found that CR was weakly related to different explanatory variables across the Pacific, but more strongly related to particular variables in different biogeographical areas. Our results indicate that CR is not a simple linear function of chlorophyll or temperature, and that at the scale of the Pacific, the coupling between primary production, ocean warming, and CR is complex and variable. We suggest that this stems from substantial spatial variation in CR captured by high-resolution autonomous measurements.
Urban design for hot humid regions

Abstract The paper discusses the design objectives and the urban design elements which affect and can modify the urban micro-climate in hot humid regions. The design elements discussed are: Location of towns in a region; Density of the built-up area; Orientation and width of streets; Building design details affecting the comfort of people outdoors, and the Design details of public and private “green” areas. Urban design details are suggested for hot humid and for hot dry regions. The paper is based on a recent book of the author (Givoni 1994).
Resistiometric determination of phase transformations in VHx and VDx

Abstract Phase transitions in the systems VH x and VD x for 0.443 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.815 were determined using a resistiometric technique supplemented by differential scanning calorimetry. The use of inflection points in the resistivity versus temperature heating curve to determine the phase boundaries was found to give results consistent with those obtained using differential scanning calorimetry. Comparisons with recently published VH x and VD x phase diagrams give generally good agreement and verify the unusually large isotopic differences observed by other techniques. No evidence is found for the η phase or for the β 1 + β 2 mixed phase in the VH x system. The concentration dependence of the resistivity in the a phase shows a small isotope effect. For both VH x and VD x the variation with x indicates the existence of local regions of β phase the extent of which are of the order of 25A or more. In the β phase of VH x the x dependence of the resistivity indicates partial ordering of hydrogen in the β 1 region and complete disorder in the β 2 region.
Effects of physical properties and operating parameters on soybean flaking

The soybean crushing industry aims at attaining greater oil extraction by optimizing flake thickness. This involves modifying the physical and viscoelastic properties of cracked soybeans and adjusting operational settings of the flaking roll stands. Vibratory feeders distributed 20–32% fewer cracked soybeans at the roll ends and 12% fewer cracks at the center. This increased the variability in roll wear and flake thickness along the length of the rolls. The flow rate distribution produced by rotary feeders was more uniform. Vibratory feeders produced a uniform particle size distribution of cracks (diameter range 2.71–2.76 mm) along the length of the rolls. At constant roll pressure, the increased flow rate of cracks increased the flake thickness and power consumption. While roll stands were operating at their rated flow capacity, the desired flake thickness range (0.25–0.38 mm) could not be obtained by merely increasing the roll pressure, because it caused hot spots in the rolls. Modifications of the metallurgical properties of the rolls and the viscoelastic properties of the soybeans are possible means of reducing flake thickness. During six plant visits, 73.2% of the sampled flakes were thicker than the maximum desired value (0.38 mm). This may be costing the U.S. soybean milling industry an annual loss in oil revenues of S7–16 million.
In vitro transfer of cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis B antigen with RNA.

THE immunological basis of the chronic carrier state for hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) in man remains ill-defined. Knowledge of experimental immunity to HBAg in animal models may provide an insight into the concepts and means of terminating the human chronic carrier state, which seems to be a reservoir for transmission of type B viral hepatitis. The in vitro and in vivo measurements of cell-mediated immunity to HBAg in guinea pigs have been previously reported1,3. The migration inhibition of peritoneal macrophages in the presence of HBAg is an excellent correlate of delayed hypersensitivity to HBAg in guinea pigs2. We now report the in vitro transfer of cell-mediated immunity to non-immune cells as measured by inhibition of migration in the presence of HBAg, using RNA extracted from the lymphoid tissue of guinea pigs immunised with HBAg.
Cerebral hemorrhage due to internal jugular vein stenosis in a hemodialysis patient

A 53 year old female with ESRD on hemodialysis presented with headache, vomiting, and lethargy that had started 2 h prior to presentation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed parenchymal hemorrhage in the temporal, occipital, and cerebellar white matter. Magnetic resonance venography disclosed hypoplastic transverse sinus. On cerebral angiogram there was no evidence of cerebral aneurysm, vasculitis or vascular malformation. Angiogram demonstrated a high-grade stenosis was present in the left internal jugular vein (IJV) just below the anastomosis of the graft. There was retrograde high flow in the left IJV above the anastomosis of the graft, which fills a small left transverse venous sinus. There was also filling of the multiple abnormally enlarged leptomeningeal veins over the surface of the left cerebral and left cerebellar hemispheres. Retrograde blood flow was due to IJV stenosis which led to cerebral venous hypertension and intraparenchymal brain hemorrhage. She then underwent occlusion of her left brachiojugular dialysis graft. Thereafter, her mental status markedly improved and her headache resolved. Since IJV stenosis and hypoplastic transverse sinuses are not rare, patients with jugular grafts should probably be closely watched for symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. As awareness of vein preservation in CKD patients grows, the prevalence of CVS would probably decline in future.
Induction of Expression of p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Intracellular Domain Does Not Induce Expression or Enhance Activity of Mitochondrial Complex II

Fenretinide is a chemotherapeutic agent in clinical trials for the treatment of neuroblastoma, among the most common and most deadly cancers of childhood. Fenretinide induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells through accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species released from Complex II. The neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, potentiates this effect. The signaling activity of p75NTR is dependent upon its cleavage to its intracellular domain, p75ICD, trafficking of p75ICD to the nucleus, and functioning of p75ICD as a transcription factor. Mitochondrial Complex II comprises 4 subunits, all of which are encoded by nuclear DNA. We therefore hypothesized that the fenretinide-potentiating effects of p75NTR are the result of transcriptional enrichment of Complex II by p75ICD. However, the present studies demonstrate that neither induced expression of p75ICD or its active fragments nor overexpression of p75NTR results in altered expression or activity of Complex II.
Settlement as an Aspect of Iroquoian Adaptation at the Time of Contact

tion. In any pattern of adjustment, environment must be conceived of as a limiting and not a determining factor. To a large degree the use which will be made of natural resources depends on the technology which is available. Since the area under discussion is small we may assume that the opportunity was available for a group to acquire any sort of skill or tool possessed by other groups in the area. Therefore, for the purposes of this paper, we regard differences in technology as being themselves influenced by other factors, not as determinants of differing adaptations. There is a maximum size to the population which can be maintained by a region and the technology by which it is exploited. Hence, by their limiting effect on population, these two factors may influence many aspects of social structure; the influence being strongest among groups with the least developed technologies. But environment and technology do not alone determine the adaptation of a society. Important social, as well as technological, factors shape the economy. External trade, for example, even in relatively primitive economies, may have an important bearing on the relations of production,
A review of the possible health implications of silicone breast implants

BACKGROUND The silicone gel breast implant has long been an important method of reconstruction for the mastectomy patient. Because of concerns about possible health implications of the implant, the Food and Drug Administration banned its use for augmentation mammaplasty and limited its use in the mastectomy patient to a research protocol study. This article reviews the recent literature about the possible health hazards of the silicone implant. METHODS In this review of the literature, specific attention was directed toward structural failure of the device as well as the diagnosis of rupture, tissue response to silicone, systemic immunologic response to silicone, the relationship of silicone to connective tissue diseases, and the association of the silicone implant with breast carcinoma in both the augmentation mammaplasty patient and the patient undergoing postmastectomy reconstruction. A total of 88 works were reviewed. RESULTS The literature fails to support an association between silicone gel breast implants and systemic diseases. Although implants may cause local symptoms, rupture over time, or be associated with an immunologic reaction, comprehensive epidemiologic studies have concluded that there is no connection between breast implants and the known connective tissue diseases or between the implants and breast carcinoma. There is no increase in the risk of recurrence in mastectomy patients reconstructed with implants and no delay in the detection of recurrences. Recent laboratory studies in animals suggest that silicone may have anticarcinogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS Silicone gel breast implants may rupture and cause local symptoms, but they have not been demonstrated to be a systemic health hazard for patients who have undergone augmentation mammaplasty or postmastectomy reconstruction. Cancer 1997; 79:1747-56. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
The role of grammatical metaphor in the development of advanced literacy in Spanish as a first, second, and heritage language

This paper draws some general conclusions from the evidence gathered by two recent analyses, which traced the development of advanced literacy by two undergraduate language learner populations: (1) Humanities students of the National Autonomous University of Mexico for whom Spanish is a native language (L1); and (2) Linguistics students enrolled at the University of California, Davis for whom Spanish is either a heritage (HL) or a second language (L2). Textual scrutiny of student texts extracted from the Corpus del Lenguaje Academico en Espanol (or CLAE: < www.lenguajeacademico.info >) documents positive trends in the acquisition of ideational grammatical metaphors both in the monolingual, Spanish-only university setting of Mexico, and in the Spanish-English bilingual context of California. In this analysis, I propose that, regardless of the participants’ native language(s), learners of Spanish undergo parallel developmental stages within Halliday’s model of language acquisition at the advanced level.
Designing transparent stabilizing haptic controllers

This paper addresses the design of controllers for haptic systems that are both stable and transparent. Stability refers to the property that the control system should not introduce oscillations felt in the haptic device by the human operator. Transparency refers to the property that the haptic system should faithfully reproduce the dynamics of the virtual environment. We propose a design methodology that converts the problem of maximizing transparency, while guaranteeing stability, into a set of matrix inequalities. Then we propose a numerical procedure to solve the matrix inequalities based on the cone complementarity algorithm. With this formulation one can also incorporate other design tasks, such as robustness to parameter variations, by introducing additional norm conditions and solving H/spl infin/ or mixed norm problems. A numerical example is used to illustrate the design methodology.