cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
JUUL from the USA to Indonesia: implications for expansion to LMICs

Indonesia has one of the largest tobacco markets in the world, well known for their clove cigarettes, kreteks . However, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are growing in popularity among Indonesians. While conventional cigarettes are sold in stores and kiosks,1 e-cigarettes are sold online (35.3%) and through vape shops (64.7%).2 The 2011 Indonesian Global Adult Tobacco Survey, the latest available national data, reported awareness of e-cigarettes was 10.9% and current use was 2.5%.3 Recent social media and sales data imply that e-cigarette use has grown since then. Indonesia has the second largest share of Instagram posts about vaping of any country,4 and e-cigarette sales reached 2.1 trillion rupiah (US$144.5 million) in 2018. Total sales are forecasted to reach 6.1 trillion rupiah (IDR) (US$419.6 million) by 2022.2 JUUL is the leading e-cigarette brand in the United States of America (USA), with 72% of the vapour product market share as of August 2018.5 According to their website, JUUL sells their products in the USA, Canada, Israel, UK, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, France and Russia.6 However, these products are also reported to be sold in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Indonesia, where interest in vaping and JUUL (as measured by Google Trends) has increased from …
CM Method and Expansion of Numbers

We show that an iterative method for computing the center of mass (CM) of q units of mass, placed on a unit interval [0, 1] along the x- axis, give rise to a simple procedure for expanding rational numbers less than unity in powers of r/s < 1, with r, s, integers larger than 0. The method is then extended to all numbers, real or complex, though the procedure for none rational numbers is more time consuming. We also show how our method provides a natural way to generalize Jacobsthal numbers. Moreover, the method provides a way to generate infinitely many sequences of numbers, of which many play an important rule in mathematical sciences and engineering, to name few, Jacobsthal sequence, Fibonacci sequence, and Pell sequence.
Application of UNet Fully Convolutional Neural Network to Impervious Surface Segmentation in Urban Environment from High Resolution Satellite Imagery

Impervious surfaces are traditionally mapped from remotely sensed imagery using image classification algorithms. The surface type is complex in that it consists of many distinct materials, for which image classification and aggregation approaches are generally used to map it. This work explores the use of fully convolutional neural networks (FCNN), specifically, UNet, in mapping these complex features at the pixel level from high resolution satellite imagery. Initial results are promising in both qualitative and quantitative assessment when compared to automated products.
Preparing Technology Teachers to Teach Engineering Design.

The purpose of this study was to describe a process of preparing technology education teachers to teach engineering design concepts in the context of technology education. This process was identified through a study of professional development activities that were organized and conducted by technology teacher education partner universities of the National Center for Engineering and Technology Education (NCETE) to prepare middle school and high school technology teachers to infuse engineering design, problem solving, content, and analytical skills into the K-12 curriculum. A collective multisite case study formed the methodology for this study. Data were collected using individual interview sessions that lasted 30-40 minutes, video materials, observations, and artifacts. A total of 15 interviews were individually analyzed, and then compared through a cross-case analysis. Several sub themes emerged to illuminate the central theme of professional development. These included planning, communities of practice, administration and climate, practitioner needs, activities in the classroom, expertise, meaning making, and assessment. ____________ Paul A. Asunda is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Tennessee Technological University. He can be reached at pasunda@tntech.edu. Roger B. Hill is Professor and Department Head of Workforce Education, Leadership & Social Foundations at The University of Georgia. He can be reached at rbhill@uga.edu. Preparing Technology Teachers 27
DOMIS: Dual-Bank Optimal Micro-Architecture for Iterative Stencils

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) can achieve significant performance improvements through effective memory partitioning and meticulous data reuse. Many modern applications, such as medical imaging and convolutional layers in a CNN, mostly contain kernels where iterations can be reordered freely without compromising its correctness. In this paper, we propose an optimal micro-architecture that can be automatically implemented for simple and iterative stencil computations that utilizes only 2 banks to achieve fully parallel conflict memory accesses from single stage stencil kernels, while only requiring reuse buffers of size proportional to the kernel size to achieve an II of 1, irrespectively of the stencil geometry. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our micro-architecture by implementing it with a Kintex 7 xc7k160tg676-1 Xilinx FPGA and testing it with several stencil-based kernels found in real-world applications. On average, when compared with the mainstream GMP and SRC architectures our approach achieves approximately 30- 70% reduction in hardware usage, while improving performance by about 15%. Moreover, the number of independent memory banks required to accomplish conflict-free data accesses have dropped by more than 30% together with some increase in power consumption due to higher clock frequencies.
Feeling proud today may lead people to coast tomorrow: Daily intraindividual associations between emotion and effort in academic goal striving.

Research examining the associations between emotions and goal-directed behaviors has mainly relied on between-subjects designs even though much of the advice based on these findings focus on within-individual changes. The purpose of this study was to better understand intraindividual daily associations between emotions and effort in the context of college students' academic goal striving. In Study 1 (2,531 daily reports from 194 college students at a competitive university), daily positive emotions related to goal pursuit were associated with reduced time spent on the goal the next day (i.e., coasting). In contrast, daily negative emotions were associated with increased time spent on the goal the next day (i.e., pushing), particularly for students with high self-control. In Study 2 (338 daily reports from 80 college students in diverse universities), feeling pride was linked to coasting on the next day. Feeling shame was unrelated to changes in next-day effort among students with high self-control, but predicted decreased next-day effort among students with low self-control. Taken together, the findings suggest that goal pursuers may be less likely to expend effort after the day they feel certain positive emotions (e.g., pride) about their goal progress. Furthermore, the association between negative emotions and pushing may be heterogeneous depending on individual characteristics such as self-control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
COVID-19: An Emeritus Faculty’s Perspective

Life in academics often seems like an endless series of transitions: from medical student to intern, from junior resident to senior, from fellow to faculty, from junior faculty to senior, and sometimes from local leader to national figure. Looking back now on my own career and those of others, the most important lesson I’ve learned is that we are ultimately defined more by how we manage those transitions, and how we treat the people we meet along the way, than we are by the professional accomplishments that bring us recognition and awards.
Beyond Description: The Many Facets of Dental Biomechanics

Teeth lie at the interface between an animal and its environment and, with some exceptions, act as a major component of resource procurement through food acquisition and processing. Therefore, the shape of a tooth is closely tied to the type of food being eaten. This tight relationship is of use to biologists describing the natural history of species and given the high instance of tooth preservation in the fossil record, is especially useful for paleontologists. However, correlating gross tooth morphology to diet is only part of the story, and much more can be learned through the study of dental biomechanics. We can explore the mechanics of how teeth work, how different shapes evolved, and the underlying forces that constrain tooth shape. This review aims to provide an overview of the research on dental biomechanics, in both mammalian and non-mammalian teeth, and to synthesize two main approaches to dental biomechanics to develop an integrative framework for classifying and evaluating dental functional morphology. This framework relates food material properties to the dynamics of food processing, in particular how teeth transfer energy to food items, and how these mechanical considerations may have shaped the evolution of tooth morphology. We also review advances in technology and new techniques that have allowed more in-depth studies of tooth form and function.
Fine-tuning of Epithelial EGFR signals Supports Coordinated Mammary Gland Development

Summary During puberty, robust morphogenesis occurs in the mammary gland; stem- and progenitor-cells develop into mature basal- and luminal-cells to form the ductal tree. The receptor signals that govern this process in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are incompletely understood. The EGFR has been implicated and here we focused on EGFR’s downstream pathway component Rasgrp1. We find that Rasgrp1 dampens EGF-triggered signals in MECs. Biochemically and in vitro, Rasgrp1 perturbation results in increased EGFR-Ras-PI3K-AKT and mTORC1-S6 kinase signals, increased EGF-induced proliferation, and aberrant branching-capacity in 3D cultures. However, in vivo, Rasgrp1 perturbation results in delayed ductal tree maturation with shortened branches and reduced cellularity. Rasgrp1-deficient MEC organoids revealed lower frequencies of basal cells, the compartment that incorporates stem cells. Molecularly, EGF effectively counteracts Wnt signal-driven stem cell gene signature in organoids. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the need for fine-tuning of EGFR signals to properly instruct mammary epithelium during puberty.
Multi mission capable optical inter satellite link

General Atomics Electromagnetics (GA-EMS) has developed a free space optical laser communication terminal (LCT) for space applications. The system operates at 1550 nm and utilizes on-off keying to support a data rate of up to 5 Gbps. The system has undergone assembly, integration, and testing and is being integrated into the host spacecraft in preparation for an Optical Inter-Satellite Link (OISL) demonstration with the Space Development Agency. The OISL demonstration will consists of two GAEMS LCT systems on two separate cubesats to perform cross-link demonstrations at distances of up to 2500 km and also serve as an on-orbit platform to characterize pointing, acquisition, and tracking capabilities between the two terminals as well as out of plane links to other satellites. While the 2021 mission will highlight an OISL demonstration between to identical spacecraft, the hardware is designed for easy integration into various satellites by using common electrical and mechanical interfaces with the overall goal of having a bus agnostic LCT architecture in support of interoperability.
Spread Through Air Spaces (STAS) Is Prognostic in Atypical Carcinoid, Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, and Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.

Abstract Introduction Tumor spread through air spaces (STAS) has prognostic significance in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. We sought to investigate the prognostic importance of STAS in lung neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Methods All tumor slides from patients with resected pathologic stage I to III lung NETs (N = 487) (299 with typical carcinoid [TC], 38 with atypical carcinoid [AC], 93 with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma [LCNEC], and 57 with SCLC) treated between 1992 and 2012 were evaluated for presence of STAS. Cumulative incidence of recurrence (CIR) and lung cancer–specific cumulative incidence of death (LC-CID) were analyzed by using a competing-risks approach. Results STAS was identified in 26% of NETs (16% of TCs, 37% of ACs, 43% of LCNECs, and 46% of SCLCs). STAS was associated with distant metastasis, as well as with higher CIR and LC-CID in the overall cohort and in the AC, LCNEC, and SCLC cohorts (owing to a small number of recurrences and deaths [ Conclusions In patients with lung NETs, STAS is associated with early distant metastasis and worse LC-CID. In patients with LCNEC or SCLC, STAS is an independent poor prognostic factor.
Walk-Preserving Transformation of Overlapped Sequence Graphs into Blunt Sequence Graphs with GetBlunted

Sequence graphs have emerged as an important tool in two distinct areas of computational genomics: genome assembly and pangenomics. However, despite this shared basis, subtly different graph formalisms have hindered the flow of methodological advances from pangenomics into genome assembly. In genome assembly, edges typically indicate overlaps between sequences, with the overlapping sequence expressed redundantly on both nodes. In pangenomics, edges indicate adjacency between sequences with no overlap—often called blunt adjacencies. Algorithms and software developed for blunt sequence graphs often do not generalize to overlapped sequence graphs. This effectively silos pangenomics methods that could otherwise benefit genome assembly. In this paper, we attempt to dismantle this silo. We have developed an algorithm that transforms an overlapped sequence graph into a blunt sequence graph that preserves walks from the original graph. Moreover, the algorithm accomplishes this while also eliminating most of the redundant representation of sequence in the overlap graph. The algorithm is available as a software tool, GetBlunted, which uses little enough time and memory to virtually guarantee that it will not be a bottleneck in any genome assembly pipeline.
Transforming Research to Transform Mathematics Instruction

Transforming mathematics instruction is an ambitious aim and requires careful attention to the interactions among teachers, students, and content in classrooms. The authors of this volume have, in a variety of ways, attended to this crucial dynamic, whether through a focus on professional learning, curricular innovation, or other levers to change the quality and outcomes of mathematics instruction. They have also sought to focus on ways in which the work of teaching contributes to these interactions and, in doing so, have innovated with approaches for studying and understanding teaching practice. In reflecting on their work, we highlight challenges to the development of research on teaching and ways in which the projects and studies discussed in the volume contribute to the advancement of the field and suggest next steps for its development.
Application of the regional mercury cycling model (RMCM) to predict the fate and remediation of mercury in Onondaga Lake, New York

Onondaga Lake exhibits elevated concentrations of total mercury (HgT) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) in the water column, sediments and fish tissue due to industrial inputs, wastewater discharge and urban runoff. The steady-state Regional Mercury Cycling Model (RMCM) was calibrated to Onondaga Lake and applied to evaluate various remediation scenarios. Because of detailed data available for Onondaga Lake, the RMCM was effectively calibrated. Model predictions of water column and fish concentrations of Hg generally agreed with measured values. The model underestimated concentrations of Hg in sediments. Mass balance calculations show that inputs of HgT largely originate from tributary and wastewater inflows to the lake. In contrast, MeHg is largely derived from internal production. Model calculations suggest that elimination of Hg inputs from wastewater effluent and of drainage from a former chlor-alkali facility could greatly decrease Hg concentrations in fish tissue.
Unstructured scientific computation on scalable multiprocessors

The free-lagrance method on the connection machine, Harold E. Trease and John H. Cerutti mapping unstructured grid problems to the connection machine, Steven W. Hammond and Robert Schreiber parallel unstructured grid generation, Reinald Lohner, et al unstructured three dimensional finite element simulations in data parallel architectures, Kapil K. Mathur the incremental scheduler, Raja Das, et al automated run-time scheduling of unstructured scientific computation on scalable multiprocessors, Tin-Fook Ngai, et al hardware and software architectures for irregular problem architectures, Geoffrey C. Fox mapping the adaptive fast multipole algorithm onto MIMD systems, James F. Leathrum, Jr and John A. Board, Jr massively parallel sparse-matrix computations, Steven G. Kratzer semi-structured refinement and parallel domain decomposition methods, William D. Gropp and David E. Keyes a moving mesh scheme for adaptive domain decomposition, Calvin J. Ribbens a hybrid spectral element-finite difference method for parallel computers, Ron Henderson and George Em Karniadakis some aspects of single-zone structured-grid CFD for a hypercube MIMD computer, Sukumar R. Chakravarthy and Sampath Palaniswamy mixed finite volume/finite element massively parallel computations - Euler flows, unstructured grids, and upwind approximations, Charbel Farhat, et al dynamic mapping of adaptive computations onto linear arrays, Kirk R. Pruhs, et al centralized and distributed dynamic scheduling for adaptive, parallel algorithms, Sharon L. Smith and Robert B. Schnabel random-access bandwidth and grid-based algorithms on massively parallel computers, William Celmaster performance of PDE sparse solvers on hypercubes, Mo Mu and John R. Rice scan directed load balancing for highly-parallel mesh-connected computers, Edoardo S. Biagioni and Jan F. Prins load balancing algorithms on the connection machine and their use in Monte-Carlo methods, Robert Frye and Jacek Myczkowski.
Phenomenological modeling: Present and future Comment 1

Professor Launder's position paper on phenomenological modelling is an impressive survey and valuable account of the status of second-moment closure, principally as applied to Reynolds Stresses. In this respect, it supplements and updates the monograph of Professor Rodi (1980), in which the emphasis is on the status of first-order closures, in particular the κ-e model, as of 10 years ago. Between them the two works provide an excellent reference source containing the equations; the rationale for modelling decisions that are made; tables of the constants that have been selected; displays of flow computations and their comparison with experimental measurements for a varied number of flows; and extensive reference lists.
Metabolism in vivo of connective-tissue mucopolysaccharides. II. Chondroitin sulfate B and hyaluronic acid of skin.

Abstract The gross composition of skin mucopolysaccharides and their metabolic activity has been investigated. The chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid fractions appear to exist in more than one physical state and may change their properties following synthesis de novo. The biological half-lives of these polysaccharides are in agreement with those previously reported but the figures are accurate for either young animals or for only a portion of the total material. Testosterone causes a marked increase in hyaluronic acid content of skin. The effect of other hormones on the composition and metabolic activity of the skin polysaccharides was reported.
Long‐Term Potentiation, Discovery of

Long-term potentiation is an increase in the strength of connections between neurons due to changes in the inputs to a neural circuit. It is widely regarded as the best model for studying the ways the brain changes as we learn and remember. Keywords: synaptic plasticity; learning; memory; glutamate
Bacterial Cell Differentiation

Bacteria utilize a variety of molecular mechanisms to achieve cell differentiation. The resulting developmental transformations generate specialized cell types that increase their ability to survive in their environment. Keywords: development; differentiation; localization; sporulation; compartmentalization
Optimal battery pricing and energy management for microgrids

This paper develops an optimal dispatch strategy for a microgrid's resources through battery pricing. A microgrid fulfills local demand using local generation (conventional and renewable) and storage, along with the electric grid (macrogrid). Demand and renewables such as Photovoltaic (PV) generation are uncertain throughout the day. Optimal management of the resources in a microgrid is necessary to integrate the uncertain renewable energy, serve the uncertain demand and provide the highest returns in terms of cost or emissions. The approach developed in this paper requires minimal modeling effort with regards to uncertainties and emphasizes battery pricing using realized profiles of demand and PV generation. We show that the optimal decision at each time instant is an economic dispatch that takes a rigorously-defined shadow-price for the battery power as input. Furthermore, we show that the calculation of this shadow-price can be simplified to avoid state-constraints in the computation of the optimal control solution. Finally, the results highlight the practical utility of this approach and the developed quasi-optimal solution is comparable to the deterministic optimum cost.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMETS

This paper presents the results of a series of tests of five brands of motorcycle helmets to determine their force-deformation characteristics and their resistance to penetration. Tests were carried out with helmets mounted on headforms. Among the test variables were point of loading, environmental preconditioning, loading rate, and headform type.
Racial differences and disparities in cancer care and outcomes: where's the rub?

SUMMARY The preponderance of the medical literature to date suggests that black-white differ-ences in cancer outcomes are largely explained by failure to provide suitable cancercare rather than racial differences in stage at presentation, tumor biology, or responseto treatments. Further studies usingnovel research methodologies and accounting forsociodemographic, physician, and hospital factors are needed to identify potentiallymodifiable patient and health care system factors that may underlie persistent racialdisparities in receipt and quality of surgical and adjuvant therapy in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. In the interim, ongoingeffortstoimproveaccesstocare,enhancediversityinthesurgicalworkforce,navigateminority cancer patients through the health care system, and enhance adherence tocancer-specific best practices are warranted. REFERENCES 1. Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, et al. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of elim-inating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CACancer J Clin 2011;61(4):212–36.
Differential expression of MMPs and TIMPs in moderate and severe heart failure in a transgenic model

Abstract Background Altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs) accompanies the development of heart failure (HF). However, changes in MMP and TIMP protein levels or activity during the progression from compensated to decompensated failure remains incompletely examined. Methods and Results Transgenic mice (Tg) with cardiac-specific overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF1.6) develop a sex-related, progressive cardiac dilation and HF. Echocardiographic measures were used to categorize HF severity in male (M) and female (F) Tg and wild-type (WT) mice between 4 and 50 weeks of age. Cardiac TIMPs-1, TIMPs-2, and MMP-3 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and potential (APMA-activated) MMP-9 activity were measured at similar ages. In situ zymography assessed tissue gelatinase activity. Systolic function, ventricular dimensions, and presence of pleural effusions identified severe HF in younger M Tg mice (by 18 weeks) and older F Tg (>34 weeks). Regardless of age, sex, or HF severity, Tg mice expressed significantly more TIMP-1 (Tg 119–193 pg/mg vs. WT 13–24 pg/mg, P P P P P P Conclusion MMP-3 may regulate activation of MMP-9/gelatinase, the progression of cardiac remodeling, and development of decompensated heart failure.
Teachers Working With Interpreters: The Deaf Student's Educational Experience

The purpose of this study was to explore the quality of the educational experience of deaf students when they communicate with hearing teachers through interpreters and to determine the implications of that experience for the students' classroom behavior. Qualitative methods were used to collect data from the academic staff and the 28 profoundly to severely deaf adolescents who participated in four-week experientially based workshops in marine science in the summers of 1988 and 1989. Three salient issues emerged: the teacher's knowledge of deafness, the role of the interpreter, and behavior management. Several of the issues that emerged support previous research, such as physical arrangement of students in the classroom, use of notetakers, student attention span, quality of interpreting, and a tendency toward lenient discipline standards. The implications of the study are discussed in terms of teachers and interpreters working together to improve the deaf adolescent's educational experience.
Quantification of 4-hydroxyifosfamide in plasma of ifosfamide-treated mice.

Purpose: Ifosfamide is becoming an important clinical anticancer drug. Meaningful pharmacology studies require quantification of its activated and active metabolites, 4-hydroxyifosfamide (HOIfos) and isophosphoramide mustard (IPM), respectively. Methods: Current methodology for quantifying the unstable HOIfos in biological fluids consists of trapping acrolein as it is produced during the decomposition of this metabolite. However, unlike cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide is extensively metabolized to two dechloroethylated metabolites, which are susceptible to 4-hydroxylation and similarly are capable of yielding acrolein upon decomposition. Because the current method has the potential to yield higher than actual values for HOIfos, it was compared with an HOIfos-specific method that traps the first stage degradation product of HOIfos, aldoifosfamide, as its semicarbazone, and depends on the use of radiolabeled drug for quantification. Six experiments in mice were conducted with blood collection 15 or 30 min after drug treatment followed by determination of HOIfos in plasma by the two methods. Results: Comparison of plasma levels of HOIfos determined by the two methods indicated only minor differences between the two. Conclusion: These results suggest the possibility that the nonspecific method may be acceptable as a first estimation of levels of this metabolite in biological fluids until the development of a specific method that does not require radiolabeled drug, such as high-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, has been developed.
NEW: an interactive data management system for monitoring ambulatory patients.

Abstract Biobehavioral monitoring is a method of gathering daily biological and behavioral measurements from ambulatory patients so that hospital-based care can be extended to the home. Such data can also serve many other purposes such as peer review and assessing the outcome of treatment. To assist in handling the increased information about patients, NEW, a system of three interactive APL Plus computer program packages, has been developed. The program packages, NEWDATA, EVALUATION and WARNINGS, form an interactive data management system to provide: a rapid means of entering and verifying each patient's data from either a single day or a group of days; a flexible and simple means of retrieving and analyzing the data for an individual patient or for groups of patients; and a means of reviewing, detecting, and signaling trends in the data that deviate from preset clinical criteria.
Qubit devices and the issue of quantum decoherence

Abstract The exciting new field of quantum information science and technology is burgeoning with revolutionary new advances in the areas of quantum communication, quantum information processing, quantum computing, and quantum cryptography. Potential useful products of these advances include a wide variety of innovative qubit devices, ranging from quantum games and quantum teleporters to quantum computers and quantum robots. The major obstacle to the successful development of these devices is the phenomenon of quantum decoherence. This brief survey article gives reviews of a full gamut of potential qubit devices, alternating with expository discussions of the issue of quantum decoherence as it relates to the possible practical development of these devices. The qubit devices examined here include an interaction-free detector, a quantum key receiver, quantum games, various quantum gates, qubit entanglers, quantum dense coders, Bell-state analyzers, entanglement swappers, quantum teleporters, quantum repeaters, entangled atomic clocks, quantum copiers, various quantum computers, and quantum robots.
Automated acquisitions in small academic libraries

Abstract Librarians at small colleges were surveyed to determine the types of automation their libraries are using or plan to use in various areas but with special emphasis on the acquisitions processes. Results suggest a relationship between size of school and the amount of automation, but not so clearly as to discourage the small library from investigating means by which it can benefit from some type of computer application. Respondents also offered comments and suggestions which may benefit other small libraries investigating automated acquisitions.
Evaluation of a pushrim-activated, power-assisted wheelchair.

Abstract Cooper RA, Fitzgerald SG, Boninger ML, Prins K, Rentschler AJ, Arva J, O'Connor TJ. Evaluation of a pushrim-activated, power-assisted wheelchair. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:702-8. Objective: To evaluate a novel pushrim-activated, power-assisted wheelchair (PAPAW) for compliance with wheelchair standards, metabolic energy cost during propulsion, and ergonomics during selected activities of daily living (ADLs). Design: A 3-phase study, the second and third of which were repeated-measures designs. Setting: A rehabilitation engineering center within a Veterans Affairs medical center. Patients: Eleven full-time, community-dwelling, manual wheelchair users (4 women, 6 men) with spinal cord injuries or multiple sclerosis. Interventions: Phase 1: Compliance testing, with a test dummy, in accordance with the wheelchair standards of the American National Standards Institute and the Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America. Phase 2: Metabolic energy consumption testing—at 2 speeds and 3 resistance levels—in subjects' manual wheelchair and the PAPAW. Phase 3: Evaluation of ability to perform ADLs and ergonomics of the PAPAW compared with the subjects personal wheelchair. Main Outcome Measures: Phase 1: The PAPAW's static stability, static strength, impact strength, fatigue strength, environmental response, obstacle climbing ability, range, maximum speed, and braking distance. Phase 2: Subjects' oxygen consumption per minute, minute ventilation, and heart rate during different speeds and workloads with a PAPAW and their own wheelchairs. Phase 3: Subject ratings of perceived comfort and basic ergonomics while performing selected ADLs. Completion time, stroke frequency, and heart rate during each ADL. Results: Phase 1: The PAPAW was found to be in compliance with wheelchair standards. Phase 2: With the PAPAW, the user had a significantly lower oxygen consumption (VO 2 mL/min: p 2 mL/kg × min: p p p p p =.001), with the PAPAW receiving lower ratings. Conclusion: This study indicated that the PAPAW is compliant with wheelchair standards, reduces the energy demand placed on the user during propulsion, and that subjects rated its ergonomics favorably when compared with their personal wheelchair. PAPAWs may provide manual wheelchairs with a less physiologically stressful means of mobility with few adaptations to the vehicle or home environment. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
John Bridges's Tools of Persuasion: Prescription, Dispensation, and Early Christianity in A Defence of the Government Established(1587)

AbstractScholars have hitherto treated Bridges's Defenceprimarily as an apology for the Church of England in the later 1580s. This essay, however, assesses this text with respect to Bridges's self-declared intention to offer a persuasive work that would convince presbyterians to conform to the Church of England. Bridges strongly backs scriptural Christianity while strenuously rejecting the scriptural perfectionism he finds in Theodore Beza. Instead, he argues that new dispensations comprehend the unchanging natural qualities of human society and earthly government. Moreover, early Christian Fathers understood this. In the DefenceBridges uses the early Church's ambiguities as much as its authority to form a relatively labile, discursive space necessary for his persuasive efforts.
The Protective Role of Hope for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals Facing a Hostile Workplace Climate

A prospective study was conducted to examine whether hope would buffer the damaging effects of a hostile workplace climate among a sample of 65 lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Participants completed initial measures of life satisfaction, hope, and optimism. One month later, participants again completed the life satisfaction measure, along with a workplace climate questionnaire. After controlling for optimism, hope emerged as a main effect in accounting for changes in life satisfaction. In addition, the interaction between hope and workplace climate was significant. Hope played a critical role in maintaining life satisfaction among individuals who faced a hostile, discriminatory workplace.
Scalp hematomas in children after hair braiding

We report two cases of scalp hematoma occurring in girls after the braiding of their hair. Subgaleal hematoma has been reported in children after relatively minor head trauma. We propose that the tension placed on the scalp during the placement of tight rows of hair braids is sufficient to result in such hematomas.
The Instability of a Pinched Fluid with a Longitudinal Magnetic Field

The stability of a pinched plasma equilibrium with a longitudinal magnetic field superimposed on the characteristic azimuthal magnetic field of the pinch current is studied theoretically. The linearized solutions are developed as helical perturbations of the plasma surface, and the behaviour of these is given for the different cases of uniform longitudinal, longitudinal field zero inside the plasma, and for helices of the same and opposite sense to the helix which describes the total magnetic field. Approximately, the conclusions are: that the longitudinal field has the effect of stabilizing short-wave perturbations, but that some long-wave perturbations remain unstable no matter how large the externally imposed longitudinal magnetic field.
Deduction of Impurity Wave Functions from Photoionization Properties

Photoionization properties for an impurity in a semiconductor are used to reconstruct the radial dependence of the bound-state wave function, through inversion of a Hankel transform. For a heuristic wave function, with effective mass approximated by a scalar, optical data for boron in Si transform to $\ensuremath{\psi}(\mathcal{r})$ characteristic of a nonhydrogenic shallow acceptor. Data for "deeper" acceptors in Si, Ge, and GaAs dictate a compact, sharply defined charged and an effective potential steeper than Coulombic.
Optical and electrical properties of vacuum evaporated In doped Se amorphous thin films

Abstract The dc current–voltage characteristics of thin films of the metal chalcogenide glassy semiconductor Se 100- X In X with 3⩽ X ⩽15 using a square four-point probe of silver paste were obtained. Results showed a nearly ohmic behaviour. The resistance obeyed an Arhenius-type dependence on the ambient temperature. The optical band gap was determined and found to be in the range 1.5–1.75 eV and arose from indirect transitions. The electrical activation energy lies in the range 0.79–1.02 eV. The electrical and optical data were consistent and realized by binding energy represented by the cohesive energy values. The generalised “8− n ” rule was used to estimate the average co-ordination number. Obtained results were treated in the frame of the chemical bond approach proposed by Bicerano and Ovshinsky (Non-Cryst. solids, 1985; 74:75). Also, it was observed that the prepared films are almost stable against γ -dose up to 10 Mrad.
Using Gelfond-Przymusinska’s epistemic specifications to justify (some) heuristic methods used in expert systems and intelligent control

We show that epistemic specifications, proposed by M. Gelfond and H. Przymusinska in [4], lead to a natural justification of several heuristic methods used in expert systems and in intelligent control. This paper is an overview of several results, some of which have already been published before. In contrast to the original publications, that were targeted specifically towards researchers that design and analyze traditional (degree of certainty, MYCIN-type) expert systems and intelligent control systems, we present the corresponding results in such a way that they become understandable (and hopefully, natural) to the logic programming community as well. The relationship between epistemic specifications and heuristic methods not only makes heuristic methods more reliable, it also adds confidence that the formalism of epistemic specifications, as proposed by M. Gelfond and H. Przymusinska, is an appropriate formalization of knowledge: Indeed, the fact that the language of epistemic specifications, that was originally proposed without any numerical degree of certainty in mind, turns out to be quite consistent with (practically successful) number-valued heuristics, is a strong argument in favor of this language.
Pulmonary Venoocclusive Disease

Abstract Pulmonary venoocclusive disease has been established as a definite clinical entity characterized by congestive cardiac failure with pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic interstitial pulmonary edema, and normal wedge pressure on cardiac catheterization. This disease was diagnosed and confirmed in a patient during life. A review of the 32 patients reported earlier has been done in an attempt to find possible etiological agents. Early recognition and treatment with anticoagulants, methylprednisolone, aspirin, and dipyridamole may improve the prognosis.
Synergism and mutualism in non-enzymatic RNA polymerization.

The link between non-enzymatic RNA polymerization and RNA self-replication is a key step towards the “RNA world” and still far from being solved, despite extensive research. Clay minerals, lipids and, more recently, peptides were found to catalyze the non-enzymatic synthesis of RNA oligomers. Herein, a review of the main models for the formation of the first RNA polymers is presented in such a way as to emphasize the cooperation between life’s building blocks in their emergence and evolution. A logical outcome of the previous results is a combination of these models, in which RNA polymerization might have been catalyzed cooperatively by clays, lipids and peptides in one multi-component prebiotic soup. The resulting RNAs and oligopeptides might have mutualistically evolved towards functional RNAs and catalytic peptides, preceding the first RNA replication, thus supporting an RNA-peptide world. The investigation of such a system is a formidable challenge, given its complexity deriving from a tremendously large number of reactants and innumerable products. A rudimentary experimental design is outlined, which could be used in an initial attempt to study a quaternary component system.
Simulation approach to development planning with nigerian and korean applications

The problems of planning for economic development arise from the interplay of the political, social and economic subsystems of a developing country. These problems are characterized by the uncertainty necessarily inherent in any process of planning for the future-uncertainty arising both from the quantity and quality of available data and from the difficulties of fore-casting how a large-scale system of complex interactive and feedback relationships will respond to policy inputs. In this paper, we discuss generalized system simulation as an approach to dealing with these problems. We view this approach as a flexible, iterative, problem-investigating process that includes problem formulation, mathematical modeling, testing and refinement of the model, and model application to problem solution-all in close consultation with decision makers. This discussion will be followed by a brief description of policy-oriented, system simulation models of the Nigerian and Korean economies. The models consist of detailed regional agricultural submodels, an aggregated national nonagricultural submodel and components which model population and, in the case of Nigeria, the interregional trade in food. The policy options the current models are capable of investigating include programs to modernize agricultural production and various forms of tax and commodity marketing board pricing policies. Finally, we outline how the generalized system simulation approach could be implemented within the development-planning and policy-making process and indicate some of the capabilities and limitations of the approach.
Rapid infusion of a phospholipid emulsion attenuates the effects of endotoxaemia in horses

Summary Reasons for performing study: Endotoxaemia currently is associated with a poor prognosis in horses. The results of recent trials in other species indicate that phospholipid emulsions reduce the deleterious effects of endotoxin (LPS). However, in a previous study in horses, a 2 h infusion of emulsion caused an unacceptable degree of haemolysis. Hypothesis: Rapid administration of a lower total dose of emulsion would reduce the effects of LPS and induce less haemolysis; the emulsion would reduce inflammatory effects of LPS in vitro. Methods: Twelve healthy horses received an i.v. infusion either of saline or a phospholipid emulsion (100 mg/kg), followed immediately by E. coli O55:B5 LPS (30 ng/kg). Clinical parameters, haematological profiles, serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF) activity, serum lipid profiles, urine analyses and severity of haemolysis were monitored before and at selected times after LPS. Monocytes were also incubated in vitro with LPS in the presence or absence of emulsion, after which TNF and tissue factor activities were determined. Results: Clinical signs of endotoxaemia were reduced in horses receiving the emulsion, including clinical score, heart rate, rectal temperature, serum TNF activity, and the characteristic leucopenic response to LPS, when compared to horses not receiving the emulsion. Three horses receiving the emulsion had none, 2 had mild and one had moderate haemolysis. There were no differences in urinalysis results and creatinine concentrations, either within the groups over time or between the groups. Serum concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, bile acids and triglycerides peaked immediately after the infusion; there were no significant changes in concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids or cholesterol. Incubation of equine monocytes with emulsion prevented LPS-induced TNF and tissue factor activities. Conclusions: Rapid administration of emulsion significantly reduced inflammatory effects of LPS in vivo and caused a clinically insignificant degree of haemolysis. The results of the in vitro studies indicate that emulsion prevents not only LPS-induced synthesis of cytokines, but also expression of membrane-associated mediators (i.e. tissue factor). Potential relevance: Rapid i.v. administration of emulsions containing phospholipids that bind endotoxin may provide a clinically useful method of treating endotoxaemia in horses.
Effects of human plasma on lipid metabolism by 3T3-L1 cells

Abstract Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were examined for the effect of human plasma on triacylglycerol synthesis and fatty acid release. Human plasma only increased lipogenesis 37% when obtained from subjects who had recently consumed a carbohydrate-rich meal compared to fasting, whereas fatty acid release was up to 2-fold higher with plasma from fasting subjects. The effects of plasma from different individuals varied cosiderably, but there was a positive correlation between the magnitude of the lipolytic and lipogenic stimulation. Since 3T3-L1 cells respond to plasma, they may be a useful system for investigations of the combined effects of lipogenic and lipolytic factors on adipose cell metabolism.
Protection one cell thick

Specific immunity is a layer of defense exquisitely broad, terrifyingly thin, and yet remarkably durable on challenge. In this issue of Immunity, Stemberger et al. (2007) now take this concept to its logical extreme by offering evidence that expenditure of a single lymphocyte yields its own replenishment.
Protein carboxylmethylation and nervous system function

Abstract Enzymatic protein- O -carboxylmethylation transfers methyl groups from S -adenosylmethionine to aspartyl and/or glutamyl residues of various methyl acceptor proteins. The function of this post-translational modification of protein, originally detected as “methanol-forming” activity in pituitary gland, has remained enigmatic in nervous tissue. Theories concerning the function of protein methylation have focused on possible roles in neurotransmitter release, neurophysin carboxylmethylation, regulation of calmodulin and calmodulin-binding proteins, chemotaxis, processing of precursor peptides, and repair/recognition of racemized D -amino acids. However, difficulties in establishing quantitative and temporal relationships between methylation and the biochemical event described have led to controversies. Similarly, the alkaline lability of the carboxylmethyl ester bond has led to difficulties in using the high resolution gel electrophoresis systems so successfully used in characterization of other post-translational events. Recent studies localizing protein- O -carboxylmethyltransferase to neurons in the rat brain suggest that this enzyme may be involved in signal transduction in the CNS. Alternative theories concerning protein methylation will be discussed and future directions for research in this area will be outlined.
Effects of Grade and Conditions of Motion on Children's Interpretation of Implied Motion in Pictures

Interpretation of motion under three levels of motion cues for 36 kindergarten and 36 third-grade children was examined. Analysis indicated that third-grade children were more skillful at identifying motion than kindergartners and postural cues were more effective than flow lines.
Fructose-bisphosphatase-deficient mutants of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Fructose-bisphosphatase-deficient mutants of mucoidPseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis using gluconate as the nonpermissive substrate, and all the sixty isolates possessed 10–30% of the parental enzyme activity. The mutants had low levels of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity and could not normally synthesize alginate from any substrate except onPseudomonas isolation agar plates. The results suggest the essentiality of fructose bisphosphatase activity for the growth or survival ofP. aeruginosa and a probable linkage of genes controlling this enzyme with those of fructose bisphosphate aldolase and alginate biosynthesis.