cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superconducting fraunhofer microscopy the one vortex problem

A new kind of microscopy based on the Fraunhofer diffraction effect has been developed to determine the location of a single Abrikosov vortex that is trapped in a superconducting thin film, which in turn is one leg of a Josephson junction. With proper manipulation of currents, the vortex can be pushed to any desired location in the thin film. This microscopy has been used to measure the elementary pinning force on a single vortex in several different materials. Using these methods, it has been possible to follow a vortex as it begins to thermally depin and hops to different sites. Thermal depinning always seems to occur when the bulk superfluid density is about 4% of the zero temperature value.
Seeking metal–organic frameworks for methane storage in natural gas vehicles

Promising metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been identified from Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation to meet the ARPA-E target for methane storage in natural gas vehicles set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). While none of MOF materials known today are able to meet the ARPA-E target for in vehicle natural gas storage, it could be reached by relaxing the operation conditions for gas compression and delivery. When methane is compressed at 298 K and 170 bar and released at 358 K and 5 bar, top ranked MOFs are able to deliver over 90 % of the required gas delivery amount. Besides, a large number of MOF materials could achieve the ARPA-E target 100 % if the compression temperature is set to 233 K. The simulation results provide useful insights into chemical and geometric characteristics of new materials for methane storage. Future materials development should be focused on improving the volumetric delivery amount rather than the total volumetric gas storage capacity that is often quoted in the literature. Monte Carlo simulation identifies promising MOF materials and operation parameters to meet the ARPA-E target for methane storage.
An improved algorithm of translational motion artifact correction for MRI

In order to further reduce the impact of translational motion artifact on MRI image quality, and to improve the corrected image clarity and the correction rate, an improved algorithm of translational motion artifact correction for MRI which combines Fourier projection algorithm and genetic algorithm is presented. Compared with the conventional Fourier algorithm, the improved algorithm is based on the Fourier principle, and project the frequency-domain data to X direction, and use the translational deviation to calculate the entire pixel offsets in the X direction, then the frequency domain extension method is used to estimate large amount of motion and thus the entire pixel offsets of X direction is corrected. Then use the genetic algorithm to correct the sub-pixel offsets of X direction and offsets of Y direction. To demonstrate the validity of the improved algorithm, the simulation experiments of the translational motion artifact correction are performed with the conventional algorithm and the improved algorithm. The experimental results show that the reconstructed images using the improved algorithm have higher image clarity and faster imaging speed.
A 7.2-GSa/s, 14-bit or 12-GSa/s, 12-bit DAC in a 165-GHz f T BiCMOS process

We describe a DAC which can operate at up to 7.2 GSa/s with 14-bit resolution or up to 12 GSa/s with 12-bit resolution. It uses a segmented architecture, with an R/2R ladder for the 10 LSBs; distributed resampling is applied to all current sources. The DAC achieves an SFDR of 77 dB at low output frequencies and an SFDR of 67 dB and an SNR of 62 dB from DC to 3 GHz. It demonstrates a phase noise of -157 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz from a 1 GHz carrier, 22 dB better than synthesized signal generation instruments. The DAC is built in a 165-GHz f T , 130-nm BiCMOS process and packaged in a 780-ball BGA.
Digitalization of existing continuous control systems

The problem of converting existing continuous-data control systems into digital control systems is considered. The objective of this paper is to develop a computer-aided method for synthesizing the pulse-transfer function of the digital controller. This is done by matching the frequency response of the digital control system to that of the continuous system with a minimum weighted mean-square error. Formulas for computing the parameters of the digital controller are obtained as a result. The design technique is illustrated aith a numerical example, and a comparison with previous methods is also presented.
Resonant scattering in La-Ce

Abstract Electrical resistivity measurements from 0.060 to 20.0 indicate that the magnetic impurity scattering in La-Ce has a resonant character with a characteristic temperature of 0.17 K.
Al?Cu eutectic: an experimental study of its melting properties

Equilibrium melting curves of nominally 99.9999% pure Al–Cu eutectic samples were realized. The end of the linear portion of the melting curves, the run-off point, was found to be (548.1608 ± 0.0007) °C. The uncertainty is one standard deviation of the twelve measured values.Some of the samples were then doped with Si, Fe and Ag. These impurities shifted their run-off points by −0.68 mK ppm−1, −0.29 mK ppm−1 and −0.17 mK ppm−1, respectively.
Welcoming Families: A Parent Literacy Project in a Linguistically Rich, High-Poverty School

This article focuses on a parent literacy project that included shared reading and how to support this strategy with families who have a home language other than English and live in poverty circumstances. Literature about the importance of shared reading to children’s literacy development is shared in tandem with the importance of building parent and school collaborations. Details are provided about the literacy project of working with families at Greenbrae Elementary with supporting photographs and parent comments. Strategies to bring such an approach to other schools are described with many pragmatic concerns addressed.
Injected signal characteristics of high-power avalanche diode oscillators

Efficient injection locking results and other injected signal characteristics of high-power avalanche diode oscillators are presented. An injection locking figure of merit as high as 0.145 has been obtained.
The relation of ascorbic acid to adrenocortical function during cold stress.

introduction THERE has been published from many laboratories a large volume of work showing the role of the adrenocortical hormones in the adaptation to cold as well as other forms of stress. It is well known now that during stress there is a significant reduction of adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol (Sayers et al. 1948) In spite of the many and varied attacks on this very important problem, there is still no satisfactory explanation of the role of ascorbic acid in the function of adrenocortical hormones; nor has there been a tenable postulation as to what part adrenal ascorbic acid reduction at the onset of stress may play in the initiation of adrenocortical function during stress. Also unexplained is the extent to which electrolyte changes may determine the survival to stress; and whether these electrotyte changes maybe influenced by ascorbic acid in intact or adrenalectomized animals.
Immunomodulation in stem-cell transplantation.

Abstract Acute graft-versus-host disease is a complication that affects 30–60% of patients undergoing allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. The standard for prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease has historically been the combination of cyclosporine and methotrexate. Recently, tacrolimus has been used more frequently and current studies are exploring the potential of mycophenolate mofetil. There is little published experience with the use of sirolimus in prophylaxis or treatment but studies are ongoing. There have been significant advances recently in the treatment of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease. Historically, antithymocyte globulin was used when patients did not respond to the steroid treatment. New monoclonal antibodies such as daclizumab, and tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors such as infliximab are producing more promising results. Chronic graft-versus-host disease continues to be a major complication of stem-cell transplantation, affecting 35–50% of patients. Finding effective treatments for chronic graft-versus-host disease other than steroids continues to be a challenge.
Counterexample to the passive topological censorship of K(pi,1) prime factors

A globally hyperbolic asymptotically flat spacetime (satisfying the dominant energy and non-negative pressures conditions) is presented that shows that K(\ensuremath{\pi},1) prime factors of the Cauchy surface topology can be passively observed by asymptotic observers, contradicting an existing argument that all such factors are passively censored. \textcopyright{} 1995 The American Physical Society.
MRI-superconductivity in the marketplace

Magnets for medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) represent the first large scale commercial application of superconductivity. These devices have been in production in the U.S., the U.K., and Europe for several years and the basic designs have stabilized. Since the magnets operate at relatively low fields (generally < 2 Tesla), they have not required advances in basic superconducting materials or magnet technology. Progress has come rather in the areas of cryogen consumption, field homogeneity, transportability, shielding, reliability, and the user interface. This paper reviews the currently available devices and the areas presently under development.
The Effects of Adrenalectomy and Glucocorticoid Replacement on Vasopressin and Vasopressin-Neurophysin in the Zona Externa of the Median Eminence of the Rat

Adrenal regulation of the vasopressincontaining fibers to the portal capillary system in the zona externa of the median eminence was studied in the rat. Tissue sections of the hypothalamus were examined by immunoperoxidase technique and light microscopy using antisera to oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, and an antiserum which reacts with all rat neurophysins. These peptides were localized in the intact normal rat and after adrenalectomy, glucocorticoid replacement with dexamethasone, and after dehydration. The effect of adrenalectomy was also examined in the homozygous Brattleboro rat with diabetes insipidus (DI rat) which lacks arginine vasopressin and, arginine vasopressinneurophysin. In the zona externa of the normal rat a small number of arginine vasopressin and neurophysin- containing fibers, and an occasional one containing oxytocin were traced to the portal capillary bed. The zona externa of the unoperated DI rat contained only an occasional neurophysin- and oxytocin-reactive fiber. In the normal...
An Examination of the Perceptions of Stakeholders on Authentic Leadership in Strategic Planning in Nonprofit Arts Organizations

Nonprofit arts organizations are experiencing declines not unlike those experienced by other nonprofits twenty years ago. At that time, key leadership in strategic planning reversed trends of decline. This research explores stakeholder perceptions of authentic leadership in strategic planning in nonprofit arts organizations in metropolitan Detroit. Eight arts organizations were represented in the study. Findings suggest that there is an insufficient application of authentic leadership traits, such as trust and empathy, in the strategic planning process of the sample organizations. Further, findings suggest that an imbalance between arts-based mission and commerce-based business in the strategic planning process hinders effective planning, leading to ineffective outcomes.
Precision test of the rotor model from band mixing in Er 166

The relative \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray intensities for the \ensuremath{\gamma}-to-ground interband transitions and the \ensuremath{\gamma} band $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=2$ intraband transitions in $^{166}\mathrm{Er}$ have been measured with high precision. These intensities have been used to generate interband relative $B(E2)$'s. The results are presented in a Mikhailov plot and are consistent with a cubic polynomial fit at the 0.60% precision level. The significance of the fit is discussed.
Inelastic deformation of polycrystalline face centered cubic materials by slip and twinning

Abstract There have been considerable recent advances in the understanding of anisotropy due to crystallographic texturing, and a reasonably successful elasto-viscoplasticity theory for the deformation of face-centeredcubic (f.c.c.) single crystals and polycrystals with high stacking fault energies is now at hand. The high stacking fault energy f.c.c. materials (e.g. Cu, Al) deform predominantly by crystallographic slip. In contrast, for materials with low stacking energies, e.g. α-brass, in addition to crystallographic slip, deformation twinning plays an important role in maintaining generalized plastic flow. A direct manifestation of twinning is the different crystallographic texture that is observed in 70−30 brass as compared to pure copper. In this paper we formulate a rate-independent constitutive model which accounts for both slip and twinning. We have also developed a new scheme to determine the active systems and the shear increments on the active slip and twin systems. We have implemented our constitutive equations and computational procedures in the finite-element program ABAQUS/Explicit (1995). By using comparisons between model predictions and macroscopically-measured stress-strain curves and texture evolution we have deduced information about the values of the single-crystal parameters associated with slip and twin system deformation resistances and hardening due to slip and twinning. We show that our model is able to reproduce both the experimentally measured pole figures and the stress strain curves in plane strain compression for α-brass. With the model so calibrated, we show that the predictions for the texture and stress-strain curves from the model are also in reasonably good agreement with experiments in simple compression. We have also evaluated the applicability of a Taylor-type model for combined slip and twinning. Our calculations show that for the high-symmetry f.c.c. brass, a Taylor-type model for crystals deforming by combined slip and twinning is able to reasonably well predict the macroscopic stress-strain curves and crystallographic texture evolution. Our calculations show that in plane strain as well as simple compression, the crystallographic texture that develops is a result of lattice rotation due to both slip and twinning, and that as suggested by Wassermann (1963), in contrast to copper which does not twin under normal circumstances, it is twinning which is responsible for the brass-type texture that is observed in f.c.c. metals with low stacking fault energies.
Alterations in neuroblastoma ganglioside synthesis by induction of GD1b synthase by retinoic acid.

Recent findings link increased expression of the structurally complex ‘b’ pathway gangliosides GD1b, GT1b, GQ1b (CbG) to a favourable clinical and biological behaviour in human neuroblastoma (NB). Seeking a model to probe these observations, we evaluated four human NB cell lines. Very low CbG content (4–10%) in three of the four cell lines (LAN-5, LAN-1, SMS-KCNR) reflected the ganglioside pattern observed in the most aggressive NB tumours. Pharmacological alterations of complex ganglioside synthesis in vitro by a 5–7 day exposure to 5–10 μ M retinoic acid, which is employed in maintenance therapy of disseminated NB, included markedly increased (i) relative expression of CbG (6.6±2.0-fold increase, P=0.037), (ii) relative expression of the analogous ‘a’ pathway gangliosides, termed CaG (6.4±1.4-fold increase in GM1a and GD1a; P=0.010), and (iii) total cellular ganglioside content (2.0–6.3-fold), which in turn amplified the accumulation of structurally complex gangliosides. Substantial increases (2.7–2.9-fold) in the activity of GD1b/GM1a synthase (β-1,3-galactosyltransferase), which initiates the synthesis of CbG and CaG, accompanied the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced ganglioside changes. Thus, increased CbG synthesis in NB cell lines is attributable to a specific effect of ATRA, namely induction of GD1b/GM1a synthase activity. Since the shift towards higher expression of CbG and CaG during retinoic acid-induced cellular differentiation reflects a ganglioside pattern found in clinically less-aggressive tumours, our studies suggest that complex gangliosides may play a role in the biological and clinical behaviour of NB.
Do adipocytes contain high affinity sulfonylurea receptors

Sulfonylureas interact with specific, high affinity receptors on the pancreatic beta-cell to close ATP-sensitive K+ channels, depolarize the cell, activate Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and trigger insulin secretion. We tested the hypothesis that sulfonylureas promote glucose uptake into 3T3-L1 cells or isolated rat adipocytes by similar mechanisms. Using 125I-labeled 5-iodo-2-hydroxyglyburide and either equilibrium binding or photoaffinity labeling, a high affinity sulfonylurea receptor was not found on plasma membranes of either the 3T3-L1 cells or rat adipocytes. Furthermore, glyburide did not inhibit 86Rb+ efflux (a marker for ATP-sensitive K+ channel conductance), increase free cytosolic calcium in adipocytes or 3T3-L1 cells, or increase basal or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into 3T3-L1 cells or rat adipocytes. Parallel studies using a hamster insulin-secreting tumor cell line (HIT cells) easily demonstrated both the receptor and biological effects of glyburide on free cyt...
Are RFIDs Coming to Get You

A review of the book, "RFID Applications, Security, and Privacy," edited by Simson Garfinkel and Beth Rosenberg.
The behavioral treatment of neurodermatitis through habit-reversal.

Abstract Azrin and Nunn's habit-reversal technique (1973, 1977) was used to treat four clients with neurodermatitis. Following a single treatment session, scratching associated with this skin condition was markedly reduced for three clients, whereas this reduction occurred for the fourth client 4 days following treatment. Results at 6-month follow-ups showed that scratching was eliminated for the client with the mildest case, whereas this behavior remained at low levels for the other three clients.
Surface tension of solutions containing dicarboxylic acids with ammonium sulfate, d-glucose, or humic acid

Abstract To examine the effect of organic/inorganic solutes on the properties of cloud condensation nuclei and other atmospheric aerosols, the surface tension of various mixtures including dicarboxylic acids, ammonium sulfate, d -glucose, and humic acid sodium salt (NaHA) was measured at 20 °C using the Wilhelmy plate method. An equimolar mixture of oxalic/malonic acids (0–0.5 mol/kg water) was added to ammonium sulfate (0.1–3 mol/kg water), d -glucose (0.01–2 mol/kg water), and NaHA (0.1–10 g/kg water) solutions. The surface tensions of ammonium sulfate, d -glucose, and NaHA solutions decreased as the concentration of the added oxalic/malonic acid mixture increased. The trend in surface tension for the ammonium sulfate solution is roughly similar with and without the addition of the oxalic/malonic acid mixture. However, the surface tension trend for the d -glucose and NaHA solutions with the oxalic/malonic acid mixtures does not follow that of pure d -glucose and NaHA solutions. With the presence of oxalic/malonic acids in the solution, the surface tension increase by d -glucose becomes larger and the surface tension reduction by NaHA becomes smaller.
Development of Savlon Containing Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Cryogels as Potential Biomaterials for Burn Healing Applications

Novel membranes of hydrogels were prepared by freeze-thaw method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and environmental scanning electron microscopy techniques. The FTIR spectra clearly reveal that savlon loaded poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogels are held together through hydrogen bonding. The scanning electron microscope analysis suggests that cryogels show a well-defined porous morphology. The cryogels were also studied for swelling and deswelling behaviors. The results show that the swelling and deswelling greatly depend on the factors such as chemical composition of the cryogels, number of freeze-thaw cycles, and pH and temperature of the swelling bath. The savlon loaded cryogels were also investigated for their in vitro blood compatibility and antibacterial activity.
Organics removal: Carbon vs. synthetic resins

Abstract The removal of organics from coagulated river water by activated carbon and three synthetic resins was evaluated in a small scale column study. A strongly basic macroporous anion exchanger, IRA 904 was found to be equally as effective as activated carbon in removing TOC and THM precursors. Comparable performance curves were obtained for the first 20,000 bed volumes treated. In addition it was demonstrated that IRA 904 could be regenerated with a sodium chloride brine.
The Play’s the Thing: Reflections on Leadership from the Theater

Although the study of leadership is ubiquitous, much can be learned by directly observing how people actually behave as leaders. In this study, the performance of leadership was observed in the con...
Retrograde tracing with recombinant rabies virus reveals correlations between projection targets and dendritic architecture in layer 5 of mouse barrel cortex.

A recombinant rabies virus was used as a retrograde tracer to allow complete fi lling of the axonal and dendritic arbors of identifi ed projection neurons in layer 5 of mouse primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in vivo. Previous studies have distinguished three types of layer 5 pyramids in S1: tall-tufted, tall-simple, and short. Layer 5 pyramidal neurons were retrogradely labeled from several known targets: contralateral S1, superior colliculus, and thalamus. The complete dendritic arbors of labeled cells were reconstructed to allow for unambiguous classifi cation of cell type. We confi rmed that the tall-tufted pyramids project to the superior colliculus and thalamus and that short layer 5 pyramidal neurons project to contralateral cortex, as previously described. We found that tall-simple pyramidal neurons contribute to corticocortical connections. Axonal reconstructions show that corticocortical projection neurons have a large superfi cial axonal arborization locally, while the subcortically projecting neurons limit axonal arbors to the deep layers. Furthermore, reconstructions of local axons suggest that tall-simple cell axons have extensive lateral spread while those of the short pyramids are more columnar. These differences were revealed by the ability to completely label dendritic and axonal arbors in vivo and have not been apparent in previous studies using labeling in brain slices.
THREE NOTES ON NICE EXTENSION DOMAINS

The first note shows that the integral closure L′ of certain localities L over a local domain R are unmixed and analytically unramified, even when it is not assumed that R has these properties. The second note considers a separably generated extension domain B of a regular domain A, and a sufficient condition is given for a prime ideal p in A to be unramified with respect to B (that is, p B is an intersection of prime ideals and B/P is separably generated over A/p for all P ∈ Ass (B/p B)). Then, assuming that p satisfies this condition, a sufficient condition is given in order that all but finitely many q ∈ S = {q ∈ Spec(A), p ⊂ q and height(q/p) = 1} are unramified with respect to B, and a form of the converse is also considered. The third note shows that if R′ is the integral closure of a semi-local domain R, then I(R) = ∩{R′ p′ ;p′ ∈ Spec(R′) and altitude(R′/p′) = altitude(R′) − 1} is a quasi-semi-local Krull domain such that: (a) height(N *) = altitude(R) for each maximal ideal N * in I(R); and, (b) I...
Dissociative chemisorption of methane on Pt(111)

Abstract Dissociative chemisorption of methane on clean Pt(111) was studied with a supersonic molecular beam. Initial dissociative sticking probabilities from 0.01 to 0.19 were measured directly with incident total beam energies from 68 to 95 kJ/mol, surface temperatures from 500 to 1250 K, and angles of incidence from 0° to 45° measured from the surface normal. The nozzle temperature and stagnation pressure were both fixed so that the effect of translational energy at a fixed incident vibrational energy could be probed. The initial dissociative sticking probability of methane on clean Pt(111) equalled 0.06 ± 0.02 and was independent of surface temperature between 500 and 1250 K for a fixed normal incident kinetic energy of 68 kJ/mol, implying that dissociation proceeded via direct collisional activation rather than via trapping or precursor-mediated processes in this energy range. The initial dissociative sticking probability of methane on clean Pt(111) increased exponentially with increasing normal kinetic energy. The barrier height for C-H bond rupture by kinetic energy is 121 kJ/mol. The exponential dependence is consistent with a model for dissociative methane adsorption that involves quantum mechanical tunneling of a hydrogen atom through a one-dimensional, parabolic barrier of this height with a thickness at half height of 0.13 ± 0.01 A. Differences in the initial dissociative sticking probabilities observed on Pt(111) versus Ni(111) and W(110) in studies from different laboratories can be reconciled on the basis of the different vibrational energies employed, but this explanation does not account for the high reactivity on Ir(110)-(1 × 2). The activation barriers predicted by the bond order conservation theory of Shustorovich agree closely with the barrier heights estimated from the tunneling model for Pt(111), W(110), and Ir(110) if no correction for energy dissipation to the lattice is made. The activation barriers predicted by the molecular orbital analysis of Anderson and Maloney are much lower than the barrier heights estimated from the tunneling model. The barrier thicknesses show qualitative agreement with the C-H bond elongations in the transition state predicted by their molecular orbital theory, but do not correlate with the crystalline radii of the metal atoms or the stiffness of the metal lattices. Furthermore, the values of the tunneling parameters may be dependent on the vibrational and translational energies employed in the studies.
Developing a Process Approach in the Business Core Curriculum

This paper illustrates a business‐process approach to delivering the core business undergraduate curriculum, consistent with the trend toward processmanaged organizations. In addition, it discusses how accounting education can be incorporated into this model and how a process‐centered curriculum may give accounting students a broader and more integrated educational experience. This model conforms to recommendations from the academic accounting community and the accounting profession's demands for increased capabilities in accounting graduates. Six business‐process modules are outlined for the undergraduate business core curriculum, and the role of accounting in each of these modules is presented. In addition, we outline three teaching approaches to managing and delivering a process‐centered program and discuss assessment of program outcomes. This proposed approach may provide business programs a mechanism for achieving several benefits that include: (1) the potential for a more effective way to deliver an...
Characteristics of North Pacific Typhoons

Recent reconnaissance aircraft, satellite, and radar data have been analyzed to show where typhoons occur and how they behave. Nineteen tropical cyclones reach full typhoon strength per year, on the average. Five of these can be expected to reach super typhoon strength, that is, to have maximum sustained winds of 130 knots, or higher. The potential threat of these storms should not be underestimated by those planning marine activities in the western North Pacific. The average death toll for the past 22 years has been 1,418 fatalities per year.
Pharmacological Activity of Phenylisopropylhydroxylamine and its O-Methyl Ether

THE well-known stimulatory action of 2-phenylisopropylamine (amphetamine) and, more recently, the use of 2-phenylisopropylhydrazine as a psychic energizer1, prompted us to investigate the pharmacology of N-(2-phenylisopropyl)hydroxylamine (PIH) and its O-methyl ether (PIHE). Little has been published concerning the pharmacology of N-substituted hydroxylamines although Jones and Major2 examined the action of a series of hydroxylamino analogues of certain biologically active amines and Lewin3 commented on the toxicity of N-phenylhydroxylamine.
Pathogenesis of the platinum (cp) mutation, a model for oculocutaneous albinism.

The platinum mutation at the C (albino) locus in the mouse is a potential model for oculocutaneous albinism in humans other than type IA (tyrosinase-negative) albinism. Although tissues from mice homozygous for the mutation display substantial tyrosinase activity, cutaneous and ocular pigmentation is severely restricted in affected animals. Using specific antipeptide antisera, we demonstrate that ocular extracts from wild-type mice contain two isoforms of tyrosinase bearing either the amino-terminal PEP5 epitope or the carboxy-terminal PEP7 epitope. The latter isoform participates in a high-molecular-weight complex detectable on sucrose density gradients. In platinum mice, antiserum to the PEP7 epitope fails to recognize any protein species, and the high-molecular-weight form of tyrosinase is not detectable. Our results support a key role for this high-molecular- weight complex in melanogenesis, and suggest that mutations that interfere with the ability of tyrosinase to participate in a multimeric complex may be a cause of oculocutaneous albinism in people.
Relationship between α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity and metabolic rate during flight in Drosophila melanogaster

Measurements of wing-beat frequency (WBF) have been used to characterize flight muscle metabolic rate in Drosophila melanogaster during tethered flight. Progeny of crosses between 17 X-chromosome substitution lines and three null-activity stocks have been studied in order to determine the effect on flight metabolism of sharply reduced activity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDH). It was found that flies with an approximate 50% reduction in αGPDH activity have a metabolic rate that is, in most cases, indistinguishable from that of wild-type flies and, in the most extreme cases, reduced by only 4%. These results demonstrate that αGpdh is not a “major gene” for flight metabolism, in the quantitative genetic sense of the term. These results are in agreement with the Kacser and Burns (1973, 1979, 1981) theory of flux, which postulates that the activity of an enzyme embedded in a multienzyme pathway can sometimes vary from wild-type to very low levels (perhaps 5–10% wild type) with no significant effect on flux through the total pathway.
Mixture Perception of rORI7 Agonists with Similar Odors

The straight-chain aldehyde hexanal has a distinct “green-grassy” smell quite different from the similar “citrus-waxy”-smelling homologues heptanal to undecanal (Kittel et al., Chemosens Percept 1:235–241, 2008). Two prior studies demonstrated the absence of cross-adaptation between hexanal and three other homologues (Kurtz et al., Chemosens Percept 3:149–155, 2010) but a significant mixture suppression between the dissimilar-smelling odorants hexanal and octanal (Kurtz et al., Chemosens Percept 4:186–194, 2009). In contrast, this study of similar-smelling octanal and decanal showed little mixture suppression. In contrast to the hexanal and octanal adaptation, data from Kurtz et al. (Chemosens Percept 3:149–155, 2010) showed a significant cross-adaptation between octanal and decanal. The differences observed between mixture suppression and adaptation suggest that these two phenomena are processed separately.
The Control of Technology Alliances: An Empirical Analysis of the Biotechnology Industry

We examine the determinants of control rights in biotechnology alliances through three case studies and a quantitative analysis. Aghion and Tirole [1994] argue that control rights will be assigned so as to maximize the value of the final output, as long as the R&D firm has sufficient financial resources. Consistent with this framework, the allocation of control rights to the R&D firm increases with the firm’s financial resources. The empirical evidence regarding the relationship between control rights and the stage of the project at the time the alliance is signed is more ambiguous.
Reliability of the CFTM and GPA methods for strain analysis at ultra-thin layers.

The reliability of the Computational Fourier Transform Moire (CFTM) and Geometric Phase Analysis (GPA) techniques for strain analysis at ultra-thin layers has been investigated using computer-generated images. Our results revealed that the leakage effect creates error that is linearly dependent on the mask size used for Fourier filtering. Error due to the leakage effect has a significant impact on the analysis of strain for small-mismatched systems with low resolution in the original image. We demonstrate that the error due to the leakage effect can be minimized with improved resolution of the original image. In order to obtain a measurement of the reliability of the CFTM and GPA methods on ultra-thin layers, we systematically quantify the error due to the leakage effect as a function of image resolution and applied strain value for the original image. The presence of the leakage effect and the resulting limitations of the CFTM and GPA methods are demonstrated using a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image of an ultra-thin heterointerface from a strained layer superlattice.
The Problem of “High Culture” Comedy: How Annie Hall (1977) Complicated Woody Allen's Reputation

Abstract This article furthers the study of film comedy by examining how perceived distinctions of “high culture” give rise to a sociological “problem” in the reputation of comedians. This article explains how Woody Allen's acclaimed film Annie Hall (1977) was perceived by critics as a transitional comedy—moving from the immediate, visual jokes seen in Allen's previous films, to more cognitive, script-based humor. Whereas many critics perceived this shift as Allen's ascension to “high” culture, according to the same critical distinctions, some critics were disappointed by what was also perceived as his move away from expectations of the “comedy” genre.
Education and indoctrination

(1957). Education and indoctrination. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 224-228.
A physical basis for the interannual variability of rainfall in the Sahel

A major factor in rainfall variability over Sahelian West Africa is the latitudinal location of the tropical rainbelt. When it is displaced abnormally far northward, the Sahel experiences a wet year. An anomalous southward displacement results in drought. In this paper we examine the question of what controls the location during the boreal summer, hypothesizing that inertial instability plays a role. An analysis of surface pressure and temperature fields, wind fields, divergence and vertical motion show that the criteria for inertial instability are satisfied in wet Augusts but not in dry ones. The key determinant appears to be the surface pressure gradient between the continent and the equatorial Atlantic. When this is large, inertial instability results in the development of a low-level westerly jet. The presence of this jet enhances the horizontal and vertical shear, and displaces the African Easterly Jet northwestward. Associated with this situation is strong vertical motion over the Sahel and subsidence over the Guinea Coast, producing dry conditions over the latter. The result is a rainfall dipole, one of two major modes of variability over West Africa. Important factors include sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial Atlantic and pressure in the South Atlantic. The first of these factors suggests a link with the Atlantic Nino mode of tropical Atlantic variability; while the second suggests a possible link with the Pacific and the extratropical South Atlantic. Overall, our study relates the well-known SST influence on Sahel rainfall to atmospheric dynamics over the continent. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Unlearning as a function of second-list dominance

In the A-B, A-C paradigm, single interpolation (A-C) leads to less unlearning of first-list responses than does multiple interpolation (A-C, A-D, etc.) with a constant number of interpolated trials. It has been assumed that an increase in the strength of second-list responses (dominance) reduces elicitation of first-list responses during IL and thereby reduces unlearning. The present study was an attempt to manipulate the amount of unlearning in multiple-interpolation groups by varying second-list dominance prior to the introduction of new lists. Recall of first-list responses on an unpaced test was higher after single interpolation than after multiple interpolation, and the degree of second-list dominance achieved prior to the introduction of new lists had no effect on recall in the multiple-interpolation groups.
The relationship of age, educational classification, sex, and grade to self‐concept and ideal self‐concept in a basic speech course

A field study was conducted to explore the possibility that inclusive results of studies of self‐concept change during the basic course might be explained by the relationship of age, educational classification, sex, or grade to self‐concept change. Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine whether these variables accounted for a significant portion of the variance in final self‐concept and final ideal self‐concept scores. The results were: (1) Age and educational classification did not account for a significant portion of the variance. (2) Sex accounted for a significant portion of the variance. (3) Grade in course accounted for a significant portion of the variance of final self‐concept scores.
Optimal Digital Computer Control of Nuclear Reactors

The use of a digital computer to achieve closed loop optimal control of a nuclear reactor is presented. A performance index is defined, and dynamic programming is applied to derive an optimal stationary feedback control law. The control law requires that all state variables be available, therefore nonlinear estimation is used to generate the nonmeasurable system state variables.
Carbene fragmentation in the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl system: disconnecting the trishomocyclopropenyl cation.

Fragmentation of cis-3-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyloxychlorocarbene (4) affords cis- and trans-3-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl chlorides, cis- and trans-2-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl chlorides, and 2-bicylo[3.1.0]hexene. The promiscuity of product formation, taken together with kinetics and labeling studies, suggests that the fragmentation of 4 proceeds via a 3-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl cation−chloride ion pair but largely bypasses a trishomocyclopropenyl cation intermediate.
Chemical modification and serological properties of the 3-deoxy-α-d-manno-2-octulosonic acid-containing polysaccharide from Escherichia coli LP1092☆

The alpha-D configuration of the 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosylonic acid residues in the E. coli LP1092 polysaccharide was definitively assigned by a comparison of its c.d. spectrum with those of methyl 3-deoxy-alpha- and -beta-D-manno-2-octulopyranosidonic acid. The c.d. spectrum of the polysaccharide showed a negative n----pi transition at 211 nm, associated with carboxyl groups, which correlated well with the negative band at 218 nm exhibited in the c.d. spectrum of the methyl alpha-D-glycoside. In contrast, the methyl beta-D-glycoside gave a positive band in the same region of its c.d. spectrum, at 221 nm. Treatment of the E. coli LP1092 polysaccharide with 3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride yielded a modified polysaccharide containing O-acylisourea groups and intramolecular lactones, in addition to some unesterified carboxyl groups. Both forms of ester could be reduced to hydroxymethyl groups by sodium borohydride. Although immuno-precipitation of an antiserum specific for the E. coli LP1092 polysaccharide is not sensitive to the introduction of O-acylisourea groups into the polysaccharide, precipitation was completely eliminated when approximately half of the carboxyl groups of the polysaccharide were converted either into lactone or hydroxymethyl groups. Failure to precipitate the antiserum can be attributed to significant conformational changes in the polysaccharide brought about by the introduction of the latter two groups.
Physiological responses during data retrieval: Comparison of constant and variable system response times

Abstract Ten subjects solved 50 database queries consecutively presented on a video display terminal (VDT). Each query required solution within 45 s of its initial presentation to avoid a reduction in potential earnings. A solution required the correct selection of 3 successive hypertext indices hierarchically structured from the query to the data answer. Under a constant system response time (SRT) condition, each selection of a hypertext index was followed by an 8-s delay before another database level, consisting of both indices and data, was presented. Under a variable SRT condition, SRTs varied between 1 and 30 s, with a mean of 8 s. Twenty-five successive queries were presented under each condition, and the order of conditions varied unsystematically across subjects. Systolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate showed pronounced elevations during task performance, in comparison to a resting baseline. Diastolic blood pressure and masseter muscle electromyograph (EMG) response did not change reliably over baseline. Intersubject variability in EMG response was, however, related to heart-rate variability during task performance. No differential physiological effects of SRT conditions were observed. An eleventh novice subject's cardiovascular responses habituated over five successive performance sessions, but when new queries were introduced, heart rate magnitude increased, showing the reversibility of the effect under novel performance demands. These data show that tonic cardiovascular responses may be evoked by a time-pressured and realistic human-computer interaction. The laboratory preparation may emulate functional properties of conditions that prevail in the VDT workplace.
Biochemical requirements for the formation of clathrin-and COP-coated transport vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles and COP-coated vesicles constitute two major classes of functionally and structurally distinct transport vesicles. Cell-free assays that directly measure the formation of either class of vesicle are revealing important similarities and differences in the biochemical requirements for transport vesicle formation.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL GROUP METHODS FOR REGIONAL ANALYSIS: AN APPLICATION TO AN ENERGY BOOMTOWN AND GROWTH POLE THEORY*

This paper constitutes an argument for the use of quasi-experimental control group methods as a measurement technique to study economic and spatial structural change. The essence of such methods is the careful identification of a control group-a set of places whose economic development enables measurement of what would have happened in the place under study without the phenomenon or policy being studied. The quasi-experimental approach can be used in economic geography for basic research and planning and policy studies, including measuring the effects of highway investment, airline service, plant closings, tourism activities, dam construction, development initiatives, energy booms, and growth poles. Examples of the last two applications are provided here to illustrate the use and potential of the method.
Post-traumatic stress among medical students in the anatomy dissection laboratory

The emotional and psychological responses of medical students to the human anatomy laboratory at Stanford University School of Medicine were studied over four successive years. Students' reactions to dissection were assessed by interview, questionnaire, recording of laboratory conversations, and analysis of dreams. Data were collected from approximately 175 of the 350 students enrolled in Human Anatomy over this period. Interviews were also conducted with faculty and staff. Approximately 5% of the students reported marked disturbances including nightmares, intrusive visual images, insomnia, depression, and learing impairments. A large fraction of the remaining students reported similar but less severe responses to dissection in the Anatomy laboratory. These reactions strongly resemble the psychological entity known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We suggest that the Anatomy laboratory represents a significant emotional challenge to many medical students, in that it may be the student's first intimate experience with illness and death. Further, the Anatomy laboratory may be compared to subsequent clinical encounters because it asks that a student concentrate on data collection and simultaneously deal with disturbing thoughts and feelings. Those involved in Anatomy instruction are in a unique position to help impart desirable professional values to young physicians as they adjust to these stresses.
Adaptive optics at the University of Hawaii II: control system with real-time diagnostics

The University of Hawaii experimental adaptive optics system is controlled by dual SPARC single board computers on a VME backplane. One processor is dedicated to the feedback loop. The second processor manages loop data flow to a workstation and transfers new control parameters to the loop processor without stopping the loop. This system facilitates cause-effect analysis of the various system parameters.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrical responses in crus II evoked by stimulating various parts of the cat cerebellar cortex

Abstract Little is known about the functional connections of crus II with other parts of the cerebellar cortex. To study this, we decerebrated cats under ether and exposed much of the cerebellar surface. Simultaneous monopolar and bipolar recordings were taken from the surface of crus II on one side while electrically stimulating various vermal and hemispheral regions of the cerebellar surface. Both singleshock and group-pulse stimuli were used. The largest and most consistent potentials were evoked with ipsilateral stimulation of the anterior two-thirds of crus I or the hemispheral part of lobulus simplex. Responses of somewhat lesser amplitude resulted from stimulation of the posterior one-third of ipsilateral crus I, ipsilateral paramedian lobule, the anterior two-thirds of ipsilateral lateral lobule V, medial lobule V, lobule VI, lobule VII, the posterior three-fourths of the medial part of contralateral crus I, contralateral hemispheral lobulus simplex, and the posterior folia of contralateral crus II. Even smaller potentials were evoked by stimulating the posterior folia of lobule IV, the posterior part of ipsilateral lateral lobule V, the anterior two-thirds of contralateral lobule V, lobule VIII, contralateral paramedian lobule, and contralateral lateral crus I. The smallest and least consistent responses appeared with stimulation of the posterior part of contralateral lateral lobule V and the anterior portion of contralateral crus I. We conclude, under these experimental conditions, that crus II has extensive functional connections with other cerebellar cortical regions.