cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free Will, Determinism, and Intuitive Judgments About the Heritability of Behavior

The fact that genes and environment contribute differentially to variation in human behaviors, traits and attitudes is central to the field of behavior genetics. Perceptions about these differential contributions may affect ideas about human agency. We surveyed two independent samples (N = 301 and N = 740) to assess beliefs about free will, determinism, political orientation, and the relative contribution of genes and environment to 21 human traits. We find that lay estimates of genetic influence on these traits cluster into four distinct groups, which differentially predict beliefs about human agency, political orientation, and religiosity. Despite apparent ideological associations with these beliefs, the correspondence between mean lay estimates and published heritability estimates for the surveyed traits is large (r = .77). Belief in genetic determinism emerges as a modest predictor of accuracy in these lay estimates. Additionally, educated mothers with multiple children emerge as particularly accurate in their estimates of the genetic contribution to these traits.
A system for generating research impact visualizations over medical research groups

Universities routinely employ research impact assessment mechanisms and tools for grant proposals, resource allocation decisions, and funding budget requests. These impact metrics are often display...
An Incomplete Diagnosis: John Dewey and the Origin of Evil

In this discussion note, I examine scattered comments about evil from John Dewey’s works. After a brief consideration of what critics like Reinhold Niebuhr have said about the weaknesses of Dewey’s...
Risk adapted post-transplant maintenance in multiple myeloma.

Introduction: The survival of multiple myeloma patients is increasing due to new medications, the widespread implementation of autologous stem cell transplantation and better supportive treatments....
Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Pr2-xNdxFe17 ribbons

The structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Fe deficient Pr2-xNdxFe17 (x = 0.5, 0.7) alloys prepared by arc-melting and melt-spinning have been investigated. The room temperature x-ray diffraction patterns show that the samples are nearly single-phase and crystallize in the rhombohedral Th2Zn17-type crystal structure. The Curie temperatures determined from the thermomagnetic curves are 302 K and 307 K for Pr1.5Nd0.5Fe17 and Pr1.3Nd0.7Fe17, respectively. The peak magnetic entropy change and the relative cooling power at field change of 50 kOe are 3.01 J/kgK and 345 J/kg for Pr1.5Nd0.5Fe17, and 4.31 J/kgK and 487 J/kg for Pr1.3Nd0.7Fe17, respectively. The absence of magnetic and thermal hysteresis with relatively high cooling efficiency suggests that the alloys have potential for magnetic refrigeration.The structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Fe deficient Pr2-xNdxFe17 (x = 0.5, 0.7) alloys prepared by arc-melting and melt-spinning have been investigated. The room temperature x-ray diffraction patterns show that the samples are nearly single-phase and crystallize in the rhombohedral Th2Zn17-type crystal structure. The Curie temperatures determined from the thermomagnetic curves are 302 K and 307 K for Pr1.5Nd0.5Fe17 and Pr1.3Nd0.7Fe17, respectively. The peak magnetic entropy change and the relative cooling power at field change of 50 kOe are 3.01 J/kgK and 345 J/kg for Pr1.5Nd0.5Fe17, and 4.31 J/kgK and 487 J/kg for Pr1.3Nd0.7Fe17, respectively. The absence of magnetic and thermal hysteresis with relatively high cooling efficiency suggests that the alloys have potential for magnetic refrigeration.
Pre-procedural simulation for precision stent-assisted coiling of cerebral aneurysm:

Artificial vascular models are emerging as a newly-inexpensive and accurate way to simulate a procedure before the treatment. Through utilization of precision three-dimensionally printed, silicone-reconstructed, patient-specific models of aneurysms, we can compare the performance of devices including stents, and accurately predict the behavior of the microcatheter and stent-assisted coiling in the aneurysm to not only reduce procedural time, but also make the procedure safer. Here we report two challenging cases of wide-necked aneurysms, which could be safely treated with stent-assisted coiling as simulated in the patient-specific aneurysm models.
Effect of Poisson’s ratio on material property characterization by nanoindentation with a cylindrical flat-tip indenter

Nanoindentation is commonly used to determine the mechanical properties of the engineering materials. Young’s modulus of a bulk material can be extracted from the load–depth data obtained from an indentation test with a prescribed Poisson’s ratio that is unknown for a new material. The effect of Poisson’s ratio on material’s mechanical property characterization remains unknown. In this paper, finite element analysis was used to simulate nanoindentation testing on specimens of low-carbon steel AISI1018, steel alloy AISI4340, and aluminum alloy 6061T6 with a cylindrical flat-tip indenter. The effects of Poisson’s ratio on measurements of indentation load versus depth curves, Young’s modulus, hardness, and pile-up of the specimens were investigated and formulated. The Poisson ratio ranging from 0 to 0.49 was considered. It was found that the linear part at the beginning of the indentation loading process from the load versus depth curve was proportional to the Young’s modulus and significantly affected by the Poisson’s ratio. The indentation pile-up was also sensitive to the Poisson’s ratio. Combining the formulas from this work with the Hertzian contact equation, the Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio can be determined simultaneously.
The globalization of hybrid maize, 1921–70

Well before the green revolution in the 1960s, hybrid maize technology that had originally been developed in the USA spread across the world, starting before the Second World War. This article uses a framework that analyses the type of transfer (materials, knowledge, or capacity), the roles of diverse actors, and farmer demand and its market context, to trace the diffusion of hybrid technology to Latin America, Asia, Europe, and Africa up to 1970. The article also highlights the importance of access to diverse germplasm from the Americas provided by indigenous farmers. A handful of US public institutions promoted the spread of hybrid technology, with US private seed companies sometimes playing a secondary role. However, most cases of successful transfer were led by national scientists embedded in local institutions, who were able to link to local seed systems and farmers. By the mid 1970s, the aggregate impacts of these efforts were of the same magnitude as for the well-known and much publicized green revolution wheat varieties. Nonetheless, adoption of hybrid maize across and within countries was very patchy, relating to differences in scientific capacity, type of farmer, agro-ecology, and complementary investments in seed systems and extension. Consequently, impacts were often highly inequitable.
Repeated impact-driven plume formation on Enceladus over megayear timescales

Abstract Water plumes erupting from the ‘tiger stripe’ features on the south pole of Enceladus are thought to connect to a global subsurface ocean. Proposed origins for the initial stress necessary to form the ‘tiger stripes’ include a giant impact, which would require true polar wander to explain the location of the plumes if the impact did not occur at the South Pole, or tensile stresses, which would require volumetric expansion associated with partial freezing of the subsurface ocean. In addition to the requirement of a fine-tuned impact, true polar wander, or partial freezing of the subsurface ocean, a further issue with these hypotheses is that the ‘tiger stripes’ may be short-lived. We show here that impact resurfacing can seal off plumes and mass loss can lead to their compression and closure over ∼ 1 Myr. Since plumes are observed at present, a mechanism by which new plumes can be generated every ∼ 1 Myr and by which such plumes are most likely to form at the south pole is needed. We propose and investigate the possibility that impacts constitute an adequate repeating source for the continual instigation of fractures and plumes. We find that the rate of impacts on Enceladus suggests the formation of ∼ 1 0 3 independent plume systems per Gyr, the majority on the south pole, and is consistent with the Cassini-derived age of the south pole for a lunar-like bombardment history, our estimates of fracture lifetimes, and with the needed parameters for parallel fracture propagation. The model favors a bombardment history similar to that of Triton over one more similar to that of the Galilean satellites.
Resolving in-plane and out-of-plane mobility using time resolved microwave conductivity

The contactless characterization technique time resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) provides a means to rapidly and unambiguously approximate carrier mobilities and lifetimes for a variety of semiconducting materials. When using a cavity-based approach however, the technique can conventionally only resolve carrier mobilities in the plane of the substrate. In solar cells, charge carriers are extracted in the direction perpendicular to the substrate, therefore it would be beneficial if one were able to evaluate the mobility in this direction also. Here we present a novel approach for resolving charge carrier mobilities in different planes within a sample. Using a range of 3D-printed sample holders, where the sample is held at various angles relative to the incident light, we are able to simultaneously resolve the mobility in the plane of the sample and out of the plane of the sample. As examples, we have studied the 3-dimensional corner-connected metal halide perovskite methylammonium lead iodide and the 2-dimensional perovskite precusor, lead iodide.
Reconsidering maternal mortality in medieval England: aristocratic Englishwomen, c. 1236–1503

The characterisation of medieval childbirth as profoundly dangerous is both long-standing and poorly supported by quantitative data. This article, based on a database tracking the reproductive lives of 102 late medieval aristocratic Englishwomen, allows not only for an evaluation of this trope but also an analysis of risk factors, including maternal youth and short birth intervals. Supplemented with evidence from medieval medical tracts and osteoarchaeological data related to pubertal development and nutrition, this study demonstrates that reproduction was hardly the main driver of mortality among elite women.
Learning credible DNNs via incorporating prior knowledge and model local explanation

Recent studies have shown that state-of-the-art DNNs are not always credible, despite their impressive performance on the hold-out test set of a variety of tasks. These models tend to exploit dataset shortcuts to make predictions, rather than learn the underlying task. The non-credibility could lead to low generalization, adversarial vulnerability, as well as algorithmic discrimination of the DNN models. In this paper, we propose CREX in order to develop more credible DNNs. The high-level idea of CREX is to encourage DNN models to focus more on evidences that actually matter for the task at hand and to avoid overfitting to data-dependent shortcuts. Specifically, in the DNN training process, CREX directly regularizes the local explanation with expert rationales, i.e., a subset of features highlighted by domain experts as justifications for predictions, to enforce the alignment between local explanations and rationales. Even when rationales are not available, CREX still could be useful by requiring the generated explanations to be sparse. In addition, CREX is widely applicable to different network architectures, including CNN, LSTM and attention model. Experimental results on several text classification datasets demonstrate that CREX could increase the credibility of DNNs. Comprehensive analysis further shows three meaningful improvements of CREX: (1) it significantly increases DNN accuracy on new and previously unseen data beyond test set, (2) it enhances fairness of DNNs in terms of equality of opportunity metric and reduce models’ discrimination toward certain demographic group, and (3) it promotes the robustness of DNN models with respect to adversarial attack. These experimental results highlight the advantages of the increased credibility by CREX.
Eating behaviors in sailors of the United States Navy: Meal-to-sleep intervals.

BACKGROUND Due to their long workdays and erratic watch schedules, sailors on United States Navy (USN) ships often eat meals close to their bedtime, which may contribute to sleep disruption. AIM To assess the duration of meal-to-sleep (M-S) intervals in relation to timing of sailor workdays and watch schedules. METHODS Longitudinal field assessment of USN sailors performing their underway duties (N = 234). Participants completed questionnaires, wore actigraphs, and completed activity logs. RESULTS Approximately 35% of M-S intervals were <3 h in duration. M-S interval duration was associated with watchstanding status (p < 0.001) and the number of sections in the watchstanding schedule (p < 0.001). Sailors on the two-section watch schedule had, on average, the shortest M-S intervals (55 min) compared to sailors on three- or four-section watchbills (∼4 h) and to non-watchstanders (4.85 h). CONCLUSION Sailors on two-section watchbills often eat quite close to bedtime. To provide appropriate recommendations regarding healthy dietary patterns, we will continue assessing dietary behaviors and food choices of sailors while underway, especially as they relate to sailor work hours, circadian rhythms, and sleep practices.
Isotopic Heterogeneity Imaged in a Uranium Fuel Pellet with Extreme Ultraviolet Laser Ablation and Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

We use extreme ultraviolet laser ablation and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (EUV TOF) to map uranium isotopic heterogeneity at the nanoscale (≤100 nm). Using low-enriched uranium fuel...
Ligation of the ligamentum arteriosum and aberrant left subclavian artery in five dogs in which persistent right aortic arch had been diagnosed

Objective To determine and report the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome in dogs with persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) with an aberrant left subclavian artery (ALS) that underwent thoracoscopic surgery. Animals Dogs with PRAA and an ALS (n = 5). Study design Short case series. Methods Medical records were reviewed from 2014 to 2019. Dogs that underwent thoracoscopy for PRAA with an ALS at an academic referral hospital were included. Signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic imaging, surgical approach, complications, and short- and long-term outcomes were recorded. Results Persistent right aortic arch with an ALS was identified in five dogs. Dogs initially underwent a three-port intercostal thoracoscopic approach, and an intercostal thoracotomy was performed in converted cases. In all five dogs, the ligamentum arteriosum (LA) and ALS were divided; three were performed by a thoracoscopy alone. Two cases were converted because of poor exposure (1) and requirement to temporary occlude an ALS (1). The ALS was ligated and divided in all dogs without apparent negative effects. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. Four dogs had resolution of regurgitation, three of which required diet modification. One dog had reported regurgitation when it was excited. Median follow-up was 188 days (range, 150-1133). Conclusion Ligation and division of both the LA and the ALS in all dogs in this case series was safe and allowed for improvement in clinical signs and good to excellent long-term outcomes. In addition, both thoracoscopy and thoracotomy were used safely and successfully for ligation and transection of the LA and ALS in all dogs.
Antiracism, Reflection, and Professional Identity

Intent on more systematically developing the emerging professional identities of law students, the professional identity formation movement is recasting how we think about legal education. Notably, however, the movement overlooks the structural racism imbedded in American law and legal education. While current models of professional development value diversity and cross-cultural competence, they do not adequately prepare the next generation of legal professionals to engage in the sustained work of interrupting and overthrowing race and racism in the legal profession and system. This article argues that antiracism is essential to the profession’s responsibility to serve justice and therefore key to legal professional identity. Fortunately, developing a legal antiracist identity does not require inventing a new approach. Rather, infusing reflective practice with critical race consciousness provides a sound basis from which to launch a new effort to develop the next generation of antiracist lawyers.
Corporate Tax Cuts Increase Income Inequality

We study the effects of corporate taxes on income inequality. Using state corporate taxes as a setting, we provide evidence that corporate tax cuts lead to increases in income inequality. This result is robust across regression, matching, and synthetic controls approaches, and to controlling for a host of potential confounders. We use Statistics of Income data from the IRS to explore mechanisms behind this result. We find tax cuts lead to higher income for both top and bottom earners, but the gains to capital income for top earners exceed the gains to total income for bottom earners. This result suggests that, while all earners appear to benefit from a corporate tax cut, the relation between tax cuts and inequality is positive, in part, because high income individuals shift their compensation to reduce taxes.
A Fresh Look at Socio-Demographics in Work-Family Conflict: a Cluster Analysis Approach

An important gap in work-family literature is the understanding of how socio-demographic variables, such as sex, age, hours worked, age of youngest child, and household income may relate to work-family conflict. Using data from 667 individuals and longitudinal data from 1,007 caregivers, separate exploratory cluster analysis by gender provided a three cluster solution for caregiving men, non-caregiving men, and caregiving women and a four cluster solution for non-caregiving women. Differences in work interfering with family were found in the caregiving men, caregiving women, and non-caregiving women clusters. Non-caregiving men, non-caregiving women, and caregiving women had differential levels of family interfering with work by cluster. Cohen's D revealed that age had the largest effect size between clusters for individuals and caregivers. Findings and implications are discussed.
A prototype system for heterogeneous data management and medical devices integration in trauma resuscitation

We propose a system for information acquisition, integration and presentation to support situation awareness during trauma resuscitation. The system consists of (a) medical devices for data acquisition, (b) a database and middleware applications for storing and processing data, and (c) a computer coupled with a large wall display for data presentation. We discuss the initial design of this system and the planned evaluation and implementation steps in the future.
Hydroxyurea-sensitive mutants of T4. II. Degradation and utilization of bacterial DNA.

Abstract Hydroxyurea (HU) has been used successfully (Warner el al. , 1970; Hercules et al. , 1971) to select bacteriophage T4 mutants which are deficient in degrading Escherichia coli DNA after infection. Using a different set of plating conditions, HU has also been used to isolate another set of T4 mutants ( hus ) ( Goscin and Hall, 1972 ). All the backcrossed hus mutants degrade bacterial DNA normally. The original hus 13 contained another mutation N. The double mutant hus 13-N degrades E. coli DNA slowly in the absence of phage DNA synthesis, leaving DNA fragments with a molecular weight midway between the sizes of fragments left by mutants defective in genes 46 and 47 and by endonuclease II ( den A) mutants at similar times after infection. Endonuclease IV activity is normal in hus 13-N infected cells. The HU sensitivity of three mutants, hus 3 (which is deficient in exonuclease A), hus 7 and hus 23 is partially due to inefficient utilization of host-derived deoxyribonucleotides as substrates for phage DNA synthesis. This is related to the DNA delay phenotype of these 3 mutants. The mutants hus 7 and hus 23 also appear to package phage DNA into phage particles inefficiently. The backcrossed hus 13 is apparently HU sensitive due to a defect in packaging DNA into phage particles. The HU sensitivity of two other mutants ( hus 19 and hus 20) remains unexplained as these mutants degrade bacterial DNA normally, synthesize phage DNA normally using host-derived deoxyribonucleotides, and package the DNA into phage particles efficiently.
Toward an Analysis of Video Games for Mathematics Education

Video games have tremendous potential in mathematics education, yet there is a push to simply add mathematics to a video game without regard to whether the game structure suits the mathematics, and without regard to the level of mathematical thought being learned in the game. Are students practicing facts, or are they problem-solving? This paper examines several schema for assessing how the structure of a video game interacts with the mathematical content. The schema include whether the mathematics is intrinsic to the structure of the game, and whether the game is epistemic, that is, whether players take on the identity of a mathematician or problem-solver while playing. Implications for future video games are discussed.
Retirement Age Considerations for Central Europe

The paper analyzes the arguments for and possible consequences of an increase in the statutory retirement age in central Europe, including the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The analysis reflects the current and projected demographic and economic developments, and discerns the long-term trends from the specific aspects of transition. As for the long-term trends, the paper offers a simple framework for calculation of the intergenerational transfers through pensions under different reform scenarios. The calculations confirm that, in the aging central European societies, down-sizing of the existing pay-as-you-go schemes, including an increase in the statutory retirement age, is necessary to sustain solvency and intergenerational fairness in the public provision for retirement. The paper argues, however, that proposals to increase the retirement age in central European countries need to enhance their assessment of the possible counter-productive effects, which may arise due to the low working ability, poor health status and high occupational and environmental risks faced by the population.
Automatic Five-Axis CNC Feedrate Selection via Discrete Mechanistic, Geometric, and Machine Model Integration

The purpose of this research is to determine feasibility and develop software tools for automatically generating adaptive feedrates for use in five-axis CNC end milling. The complicated part geometries often involved with five-axis milling, combined with the rotational degrees of freedom of the machines, make it difficult to manually estimate acceptable feedrates without being overly conservative. Our approach for automatic feedrate generation is to use a computer simulation of the milling process. This software estimates the feeds required to maintain a desired peak cutting force on a per-tool-move basis, and consists of three distinct portions: a discrete mechanistic model, a discrete geometric model, and a model of the specific CNC machine on which the part is to be cut. The mechanistic model estimates cutting forces as a function of cut geometry, cutter-to-stock relative velocity, and material constants. Used in an inverse manner, the mechanistic model may be used to estimate the feedrates necessary to maintain a constant peak cutting force. This force value may be selected to prevent cutter breakage, maintain a desired part tolerance, or to meet some other criteria (e.g. machine constraints). The results of this research have shown that it is possible to automatically generate adaptive feeds that maintain a desired force level using these combined models.
Development and runtime support for situation-aware security in autonomic computing

To overcome increasing complexity and dynamic nature of distributed computing system, such as ubiquitous computing systems, it is critical to have computing systems that can manage themselves according to their users’ goals. Such systems are called autonomic computing systems. It is essential that such systems, especially those for critical applications, have the capability of self-protection from attacks under various situations without much human intervention or guidance. To achieve this goal, situation-aware security (SAS) needs to be considered in the development process. In this paper, a model-driven development framework for SAS in autonomic computing systems is presented. The runtime support for SAS is provided by a situation-aware middleware. The advantages of using the development framework and the situation-aware middleware to build autonomic computing systems with SAS are discussed and illustrated.
An integrated approach to classifying neuronal phenotypes

Characterizing the functional phenotypes of neurons is essential for understanding how genotypes can be related to the neural basis of behaviour. Traditional classifications of neurons by single features (such as morphology or firing behaviour) are increasingly inadequate for reflecting functional phenotypes, as they do not integrate functions across different neuronal types. Here, we describe a set of rules for identifying and predicting functional phenotypes that combine morphology, intrinsic ion channel species and their distributions in dendrites, and functional properties. This more comprehensive neuronal classification should be an improvement on traditional classifications for relating genotype to functional phenotype.
Restoration of the Kissimmee River, Florida: Water Quality Impacts from Canal Backfilling

The planned restoration of the Kissimmee River ecocystem will backfill approximately 35 km of flood control canal (C-38) that cuts through the meandering river channel, re-establish natural flow patterns, and restore the river/floodplain ecosystem. Water quality monitoring, including nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and mercury, was conducted during a pilot `test fill' project to determine if soil disturbance during canal backfilling would negatively impact these water quality constituents. Surface water nutrient concentrations varied little between sites. Generally, highest concentrations occurred prior to construction, with lowest concentrations occurring during and after construction. During construction, TSS concentrations increased at sites immediately upstream, downstream, and adjacent to the construction area. Increased turbidity was generally restricted to areas immediately upstream and downstream of the test plug, with maximum levels occurring during the initial construction phase. Some downstream increases in turbidity were observed; however, impacts were short-term, lasting less than 24 h. Depresssed DO levels (<2 mg/l) were observed upstream of the test plug following completion of the initial plug across C-38. Dissolved oxygen levels remained low for approximately 6 weeks, with no apparent ecological impacts. Total mercury (HgT) within canal sediment ranged from 9.2–180 ng/g and methylmercury concentrations ranged from 0.037–0.708 ng/g. Concentration of total mercury and total methylmercury (MeHgT) in the backfill material were much lower than concentrations in the canal sediment. No significant change in aqueous HgT concentrations occurred over the sampling period, although construction-induced turbidity could have temporarily caused a slightly elevated concentration immediately downstream of the construction site. Methylmercury concentrations in the water column ranged from 0.033–0.518 ng/l. No significant differences in mean MeHgT concentrations occured between sites or between sampling dates, except at one downstream site where MeHgT declined significantly over the sampling period.
Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Spleen in a 6-Year-Old Child: A Clinicopathologic Study

Abstract Inflammatory pseudotumors of the spleen are extremely rare in children. To our knowledge, only 3 cases of splenic inflammatory pseudotumors have been reported. An inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen was found incidentally during the workup of vesicoureteral reflux disease in a 6-year-old girl. The clinical, pathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features and the differential diagnostic features are discussed here. Splenic inflammatory pseudotumors, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a mass lesion of the spleen in children.
The Social Climate of Schools in the Aftermath of 9-11: Ethnic Differences in Children's Peer Relations.

Since September 11, 2001, ethnic tensions involving persons of Middle Eastern descent have increased in the United States. This study examined the peer relationships of 748 fifth-grade students of different ethnic groups both at one month and eight months post-9-11. Results indicated that only Middle Eastern children showed a large drop in positive peer nominations and popularity over the course of the school year. Bullying of Middle Eastern and Hispanic students also showed a significant increase. Given that peer problems and bullying are detrimental to the school climate and promote violence, the need for proactive school-based programs to foster racial tolerance is discussed.
Role for the PP2A/B56δ Phosphatase in Regulating 14-3-3 Release from Cdc25 to Control Mitosis

Summary DNA-responsive checkpoints prevent cell-cycle progression following DNA damage or replication inhibition. The mitotic activator Cdc25 is suppressed by checkpoints through inhibitory phosphorylation at Ser287 ( Xenopus numbering) and docking of 14-3-3. Ser287 phosphorylation is a major locus of G2/M checkpoint control, although several checkpoint-independent kinases can phosphorylate this site. We reported previously that mitotic entry requires 14-3-3 removal and Ser287 dephosphorylation. We show here that DNA-responsive checkpoints also activate PP2A/B56δ phosphatase complexes to dephosphorylate Cdc25 at a site distinct from Ser287 (T138), the phosphorylation of which is required for 14-3-3 release. However, phosphorylation of T138 is not sufficient for 14-3-3 release from Cdc25. Our data suggest that creation of a 14-3-3 "sink," consisting of phosphorylated 14-3-3 binding intermediate filament proteins, including keratins, coupled with reduced Cdc25-14-3-3 affinity, contribute to Cdc25 activation. These observations identify PP2A/B56δ as a central checkpoint effector and suggest a mechanism for controlling 14-3-3 interactions to promote mitosis.
Adolescent Work Experience and Self-efficacy

PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER: To assess the relationship between high school work experiences and self-efficacy. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: OLS regressions are applied to longitudinal data from the Youth Development Study to examine work experiences and self-efficacy. FINDINGS: The analyses indicate that employment fosters self-efficacy in multiple realms, Occasional and sporadic workers exhibit less self-efficacy than steady workers. Supervisory support may be especially important in enhancing adolescents' confidence as they anticipate their future family lives, community participation, personal health, and economic achievements. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: This research includes only a small set of the work dimensions that may be important for adolescents. Ethnography and in-depth interviews are recommended to further explore the subjective and emotional dimensions of youth work experiences. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: In developing policies and guidance, educators, parents, and employers should be aware that steady employment and supervisory support enhance the development of adolescent self-efficacy. ORIGINAL VALUE OF PAPER: This paper finds evidence that adolescent work experiences spill over to influence youth's developing confidence in the realms of family life, community and personal health. It also suggests that sporadic and occasional work patterns can impair the development of self-efficacy in adolescence.
Impact of WASDE reports on implied volatility in corn and soybean markets

This study investigates the impact of U.S. Department of Agriculture World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimate (WASDE) reports on implied volatility in corn and soybean markets over 1985 to 2002. If WASDE reports resolve uncertainty, implied volatility should drop immediately after release of the reports. Results show that WASDE reports lead to a statistically significant reduction of implied volatility that averages 0.7 percentage points for corn and 0.8 percentage points for soybeans. The magnitude of the reduction is largest for the group of WASDE reports containing both domestic and international situation and outlook information. This group of reports reduces implied volatility by an average of 1.1 percentage points in corn and by almost 1.5 percentage points in soybeans. Results also reveal that the market impact of WASDE reports is strongest in the most recent 1996 to 2002 subperiod. Overall, the results indicate that WASDE reports provide valuable information to corn and soybean market participants. [JEL classifications: Q100, Q110, Q130]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Current Status of Food and Nutrition Policy and the Food Programs

The U.S. food system can be conceived of as three interrelated sectors: agriculture, food, and nutrition. For a long time, policy was the almost exclusive province of those concerned with the farm portion of the agricultural sector. The policy focus was producer oriented. The impact on food and nutrition was primarily left to market forces. During the past twenty years, though, the issues on the policy agenda and the participants have expanded to include more fully food and nutrition. A host of nonfarm groups asserted a right to participate in the policy-making process. As Paarlberg noted, "farm policy has become farm and food policy" (p. 2). Carol Foreman, an Assistant Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), in the Carter administration, advocated a nutrition-based policy, as opposed to the historical farm-oriented perspective.
Crohn's Disease and Retinal Vascular Disease

Patients with Crohn's disease may manifest extraintestinal findings including ocular involvement. We treated two patients with Crohn's disease who manifested retinal vascular disease that may have been related to the immune nature of the underlying disease or possibly to changes in the vasculature or coagulation system. One patient had a central retinal vein occlusion and the other had retinal vasculitis involving retinal arteries and veins with an apparent branch retinal artery occlusion. Both patients were in excellent health except for Crohn's disease, which was confirmed by a biopsy specimen. In one patient, the diagnosis of retinal vasculitis preceded the clinical diagnosis of Crohn's disease, whereas for the second patient the symptomatology of the intestinal disease preceded the ocular manifestations. We suggest that inflammatory bowel disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retinal vascular occlusive disease, especially in a young patient.
Phenotype stabilisation and integration of transferred material in chromosome-mediated gene transfer

The human genes for thymidine kinase, galactokinase and procollagen type I, located on chromosome 17, have been transferred to cultured mouse cells. In unstable cell lines the transferred genetic material is shown to exist independently, whereas in stable cell lines the transferred material has become associated with chromosomes of the recipient cell. The size of the transferred genetic material exceeds 1% of the human haploid genome in some of the transformed cell lines. In addition, the data indicate a gene order of: centromere–galactokinase–(thymidine kinase, procollagen type I), on the long arm of human chromosome 17.
Negative perfectionism: Examining negative excessive behavior in the workplace

The present paper explores the concept of negative perfectionism in the workplace. Negative perfectionism is unremitting and compulsive behavior in the process of striving to meet one's goals. We proposed that 4 types of negative or excessive behavior result from negative perfectionism in organizational settings: compulsive behavior, neurotic behavior, imposter behavior, and narcissistic behavior. Self-concept-based motivation theory was used as a framework for understanding how inaccuracies or inconsistencies between the evaluation of one's behavior in the workplace (goal-setting behavior) and the type of feedback cues to which one decides to attend (feedback-seeking behavior) might lead to these types of negative or excessive behaviors. Personal and managerial implications of negative perfectionism in organizational settings are discussed. . . . when personal characteristics grate harmfully on others or significantly derail the success of the persons themselves, psychologists regard them not just as personality traits, but as personality disorders. —Miller (1998)
Human performance evaluation in the use of federal computer systems: recommendations

There has been increased awareness in recent years of the high cost of non-hardware items in the Federal ADP budget in contrast with decreasing costs for much of the hardware. More attention is being given to software development costs, systems design practices, automatic program testing, and the like. Particular commercial and military systems effectiveness and life cycle costs now take into consideration such factors as part of the planning process. It is suggested that not enough attention has been given to measurement of human performance variables as part of the systems procurement and systems evaluation phases of Federal ADP programs. Recommendations are made for the incorporation of such measures along with conventional hardware/software performance measurement.
Study of virtual organizations using multi-agent system

Virtual organization refers to the temporary teaming of enterprises. To realize this new generation of business model, the ability to form and operate virtual organization is very important. The paper describes our experience gained by implementing a multi-agent system that simulates an artificial marketplace, from which we have derived several decision-making mechanisms in various stages of a virtual organization. A negotiation protocol and a bid selection algorithm are developed for agents to form a virtual organization. MQ framework is adopted to support the agent's local reasoning process. In order to better understand the organizational problem, we adapt a statistical model that predicts the expected rewards of individual agents and the performance of the virtual organization. The comparison and analysis of the results from both the simulation and the model prediction are also presented in this paper.
On vortex waves in compressible fluids. II. The condensate vortex

Low-density condensates are often modelled by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which is a nonlinear Schrdinger equation determining the one-particle wave function,. Its solution can be interpreted hy...
Endoscopic Ultrasound Predicts Outcomes for Patients with Adenocarcinoma of the Gastroesophageal Junction

Background Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is the most accurate locoregional staging tool for gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma, and it may allow pretreatment risk stratification. The purpose of this study was to compare preoperative EUS staging with postoperative pathologic staging and to assess the ability of EUS to predict survival after resection for GEJ adenocarcinoma. Study Design Patients with GEJ adenocarcinoma, who had preoperative staging with EUS followed by resection, were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy were excluded. EUS stage was compared with pathologic stage. Survival analyses were performed in patients who underwent complete gross resection. Results From 1985 through 2003, 209 patients underwent preoperative EUS followed by surgery without neoadjuvant therapy for GEJ adenocarcinoma. EUS correlated with pathologic T stage in 128 of 209 (61%) patients and with pathologic nodal stage in 154 of 206 (75%) patients. EUS accurately stratified patients into "early" (T0–2 N0) or "advanced" (T3–4 or N1) disease categories in 173 (83%) patients. Curative (R0) resection was performed in 184 patients: EUS "early" (n=84) and "advanced" (n=122) stages were associated with R0 rates of 100% and 82%, respectively (p=0.001). EUS "early" versus "advanced" stage was highly predictive of outcomes (p Conclusions EUS accurately predicts pathologic stage. In addition, EUS is predictive of outcomes after complete gross resection without neoadjuvant treatment for GEJ adenocarcinoma and identifies a high-risk population that might benefit from preoperative therapy.
Variations in Senescence and Longevity Include the Possibility of Negligible Senescence

The variations in senescence observed in different species span an enormous range of rates that may be described by mortality rate doubling times. This review considers examples of very slowly senescing conifers and fish from natural populations in which advanced age may not compromise reproductive functions. There is thus a basis for considering the possibility that some organisms may experience negligible degrees of senescence in certain environments. A tissue bank is urgently needed to provide specimens of long-lived organisms for study of possible antiaging mechanisms that permit achievement of great ages.
Reproductive compatibility, mating behavior, and random amplified polymorphic DNA variability in some Aphelinus asychis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) derived from the Old World.

Reproductive compatibility, mating behavior, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPID) variability were examined in samples of Aphelinus asychis obtained during foreign exploration for natural enemies of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). All specimens were reared initially from Diuraphis sp. collected at several Mediterranean basin localities and 2 localities in Central Asia. Using 7 laboratory cultures, we found 3 reciprocally and completely incompatible groups: the 1st group was represented by a culture from northcentral China, the 2nd group by a Kazakhstani culture, and a 3rd by 5 cultures from the Mediterranean basin (i.e., France, Greece, Morocco, Sicily, and Spain). One instance of partial, 1-way incompatibility was detected among the Mediterranean basin cultures. Behavioral experiments with 3 cultures showed that males respond to the sex pheromone of incompatible females and actively court them. However, females usually did not stop moving or elevate their abdomens in response to courtship by incompatible males. With 1 exception, genital contact and sperm transfer did not occur in incompatible pairings. Thus, rejection of incompatible males or failure to recognize incompatible males by females appeared to be 1 cause of incompatibility. In the exceptional case (Chinese males paired with Kazaklistani females), sperm transfer occurred but at significantly lower frequencies than in control pairings. Phenetic analysis of 61 RAPD loci in 6 laboratory cultures and 3 field samples from the Mediterranean basin delineated the same 3 groups as the compatibility experiment. Further work examining the geographic range, host range, and morphology of the incompatible groups is needed to clarify their taxonomic status.
A facile hydroxyindole carboxylic acid based focused library approach for potent and selective inhibitors of Mycobacterium protein tyrosine phosphatase B.

A facile hydroxyindole carboxylic acid-based focused amide library approach was designed to target both the PTP active site and a unique nearby pocket for enhanced affinity and selectivity. High throughput screening of the focused library let to the identification of a highly potent (Ki=50 nM) and selective (>100-fold against a large panel of PTPs) inhibitor 11a for mPTPB, an essential virulence factor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Importantly, 11a displayed highly efficacious cellular activity and was capable of reversing the altered immune responses induced by mPTPB in macrophages.
Repression of the LEAFY COTYLEDON 1/B3 Regulatory Network in Plant Embryo Development by VP1/ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE B3 Genes

Plant embryo development is regulated by a network of transcription factors that include LEAFY COTYLEDON 1 (LEC1), LEC1-LIKE (L1L), and B3 domain factors, LEAFY COTYLEDON 2 (LEC2), FUSCA3 (FUS3), and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Interactions of these genes result in temporal progression of overlapping B3 gene expression culminating in maturation and desiccation of the seed. Three VP1/ABI3-LIKE (VAL) genes encode B3 proteins that include plant homeodomain-like and CW domains associated with chromatin factors. Whereas val monogenic mutants have phenotypes similar to wild type, val1 val2 double-mutant seedlings form no leaves and develop embryo-like proliferations in root and apical meristem regions. In a val1 background, val2 and val3 condition a dominant variegated leaf phenotype revealing a VAL function in vegetative development. Reminiscent of the pickle (pkl) mutant, inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis during germination induces embryonic phenotypes in val1 seedlings. Consistent with the embryonic seedling phenotype, LEC1, L1L, ABI3, and FUS3 are up-regulated in val1 val2 seedlings in association with a global shift in gene expression to a profile resembling late-torpedo-stage embryogenesis. Hence, VAL factors function as global repressors of the LEC1/B3 gene system. The consensus binding site of the ABI3/FUS3/LEC2 B3 DNA-binding domain (Sph/RY) is strongly enriched in the promoters and first introns of VAL-repressed genes, including the early acting LEC1 and L1L genes. We suggest that VAL targets Sph/RY-containing genes in the network for chromatin-mediated repression in conjunction with the PKL-related CHD3 chromatin-remodeling factors.
Adherence moleculaes of Candida albicans

Abstract Candida albicans is a commensal yeast which can cause infections at cutaneous, mucocutaneous and systemic sites. The organism appears to utilize cell surface mannoproteins to colonize host epithelial and endothelial cells. Blastoconidia possess a lectin-like mannoprotein which recognizes fucosyl glycosides of epithelial cells. The lectin appears to be strain-specific in that other strains of the organism prefer glucosamine of N -acetyl glucosamine glycosides. The recognition system is clearly a protein ( Candida )-sugar (epithelial cell) interaction. The recognition of endothelial cells or their extracellular matrix proteins by C. albicans is promoted by a complement receptor type of protein (CR3) which has biochemical and functional properties similar to the integrin family of mammalian cell receptors. The methods which have been used to isolate and characterize these two adhesins of C. albicans are outlined below.
A short proof of Eilenberg and Moore’s theorem

In this paper we give a short and simple proof the following theorem of S. Eilenberg and J.C. Moore: the only injective object in the category of groups is the trivial group.