cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Duty Factor RF Sources at 800 MHz

The proton linear accelerator for the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility will require 45 one-megawatt, 800-MHz rf power sources. The minimum duty factor requirement is 6% (500 ?s pulse 120 c/s); eventually, a 12% duty factor (1000 ?s pulse 120 c/s) will be needed. The accelerator structure which is the load for the amplifier has a high Q (typically between 20,000 and 30,000); the amplifier loading is further complicated by a variable beam load which may absorb as much as 30% of the amplifier output. Triodes, klystrons, and crossedfield amplifiers all show promise for this service. The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory is testing and comparatively evaluating these three rf systems. The systems are described in this paper and a discussion of the evaluation program is given.
Identifying Mediators of the Influence of Family Factors on Risky Sexual Behavior.

Participation in risky sexual behaviors has many deleterious consequences and is a source of concern for parents as well as practitioners, researchers, and public policy makers. Past research has examined the effect of family structure and supportive parenting on risky sexual behaviors among emerging adults. In the present study, we attempt to identify the mediators that explain this relationship. Using survey data from a sample of over 2,000 college students (1,297 females and 780 males) we use structural equation modeling to investigate the role of commitment to marriage, desired characteristics in an intimate partner, and sociosexuality in linking the influence of family structure and supportive parenting to risky sexual behaviors. Results indicate that respondents from continuously married families were more committed to marriage, and this commitment reduced the probability of risky sexual behavior both directly, as well as indirectly through its negative impact on unrestricted sociosexuality. On the other hand, respondents who reported having supportive parents rated sensitivity and similarity of values as more important in a mate than physical attractiveness and sexual compatibility. This approach to mate selection reduces unrestricted sociosexuality and, in turn, risky sexual behavior. Even after taking our mediators into account, there is still a direct effect of family factors on risky sexual behavior. Gender differences in the pattern of findings are discussed and directions for future research are identified.
Invincible Athletics Program: Aerobic Exercise and Performance without Strain

This study compared physiologic pattern during conventional aerobic exercise to those during Invincible Athletics--a program emphasizing balance and comfort during exercise to increase strength, endurance, and mind-body coordination gradually without the negative effects of the stress/recovery cycle. While heart rats were similar during both workouts, during Invincible Athletics: (1) perceived comfort tended to be higher and perceived exertion tended to be lower; (2) breath rates were significantly lower; (3) respiratory sinus arrhythmia and central-parietal alpha relative power were significantly higher; and (4) endurance was significantly longer. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia decreases with physiologic and mental stress. Heightened respiratory sinus arrhythmia and EEG alpha relative power along with subjective reports of greater comfort, less exertion, and observed increased endurance suggest that during Invincible Athletics athletes may be more easily adapting to the demands made upon them.
Ultrafast cone-beam CT scatter correction with GPU-based Monte Carlo simulation

Purpose: Scatter artifacts severely degrade image quality of cone-beam CT (CBCT). We present an ultrafast scatter correction framework by using GPU-based Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and prior patient CT image, aiming at automatically finish the whole process including both scatter correction and reconstruction within 30 seconds. Methods : The method consists of six steps: 1) FDK reconstruction using raw projection data; 2) Rigid Registration of planning CT to the FDK results; 3) MC scatter calculation at sparse view angles using the planning CT; 4) Interpolation of the calculated scatter signals to other angles; 5) Removal of scatter from the raw projections; 6) FDK reconstruction using the scatter-corrected projections. In addition to using GPU to accelerate MC photon simulations, we also use a small number of photons and a down-sampled CT image in simulation to further reduce computation time. A novel denoising algorithm is used to eliminate MC noise from the simulated scatter images caused by low photon numbers. The method is validated on one simulated head-and-neck case with 364 projection angles. Results: We have examined variation of the scatter signal among projection angles using Fourier analysis. It is found that scatter images at 31 angles are sufficient to restore those at all angles with < 0.1% error. For the simulated patient case with a resolution of 512 × 512 × 100, we simulated 5 × 10 6 photons per angle. The total computation time is 20.52 seconds on a Nvidia GTX Titan GPU, and the time at each step is 2.53, 0.64, 14.78, 0.13, 0.19, and 2.25 seconds, respectively. The scatter-induced shading/cupping artifacts are substantially reduced, and the average HU error of a region-of-interest is reduced from 75.9 to 19.0 HU. Conclusion : A practical ultrafast MC-based CBCT scatter correction scheme is developed. It accomplished the whole procedure of scatter correction and reconstruction within 30 seconds. ---------------------------- Cite this article as : Xu Y, Bai T, Yan H, Ouyang L, Wang J, Pompos A, Zhou L, Jiang SB, Jia X. Ultrafast cone-beam CT scatter correction with GPU-based Monte Carlo simulation. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2(2):020245. DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0202.45
CO Oxidation on Pt-Group Metals from Ultrahigh Vacuum to Near Atmospheric Pressures. 1. Rhodium

The CO oxidation reaction on Rh(111) was studied both at low pressures (≤2 × 10−4 Torr) under steady-state conditions and at high pressures (0.01−88 Torr) in a batch reactor at various gaseous reactant compositions. Surface CO and O coverages were determined using polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). CO titration experiments were also carried out on surfaces with known oxygen coverages. Both CO and O inhibition were evident at low pressures so that only within a relatively narrow temperature range were the reaction conditions optimized such that the CO conversion reached ∼20% of the CO flux to the surface. For high pressures and with stoichiometric or slightly oxidizing reactant ratios (O2/CO ≤ 2), the reaction fell into three regimes: (i) a CO-inhibited low temperature regime where the reaction rate was determined by CO desorption; (ii) a mass transfer limited regime at high temperatures; and (iii) a transient, high-rate...
Nonlinear properties of electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium vapor

Nonlinear properties of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with respect to a weak probe light are studied. We observe EIT in a rubidium vapor, measure the slow light group velocity and the EIT resonance width, and find that those parameters show a strong dependence on the probe power. We theoretically study the influence of the EIT probe dependence on the performance of the EIT-based optical delay lines and magnetometers.
Isolation of T cell membrane proteins (IgT) with antisera to non-isotypic determinants of immunoglobulins: evidence that IgT "light' chains are not identical to B cell kappa chains.

Abstract Radiolabelled cell membrane proteins obtained by detergent lysis of murine T cells labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed radioiodination were specifically immunoprecipitated with an antiserum to immunoglobulin Fab determinants. Absorption of the antiserum by myeloma proteins or normal immunoglobulins coupled to Sepharose and the use of antibody proteins eluted from these absorbents indicated that the antibody activity in the serum responsible for binding detergent-soluble T cell membrane proteins was directed towards variable region and not to the constant region determinants of kappa light chains. Immunoglobulin light chain sized polypeptides isolated from T cells with this antiserum were found to possess serological characteristics which differed from serum or B cell membrane immunoglobulin kappa chains. Evidence is presented which suggests that a portion of the light chain sized polypeptides isolated from T cells may be proteolytic fragments of a larger polypeptide chain. The results suggest that immunoglobulin-like detergent-soluble T cell membrane proteins isolated with antisera to immunoglobulins (IgT) possess neither immunoglobulin heavy nor light chain constant regions determinants but do carry determinants associated with immunoglobulin variable regions.
Errors in Regular Languages

Random occurrences of three types of errors in the input to a finite automaton are considered: an α error is a deletion of one symbol from the input string; a β error is an insertion of one extra symbol; and a δ error is a change of one symbol into another symbol. A method using operators for determining regular expressions defining error-corrupted strings is developed and is employed in the construction of a finite automaton, the outputs of which are stochastically generated by Bayes' Rule (with certain approximations) to take into account the frequencies with which strings appear as inputs and the probabilities of errors.
Complementarity of δ opioid ligand pharmacophore and receptor models

The elaboration of a pharmacophore model for the delta opioid receptor selective ligand JOM-13 (Tyr-c[D-Cys-Phe-D-Pen]OH) and the parallel, independent development of a structural model of the delta receptor are summarized. Although the backbone conformation of JOM-13's tripeptide cycle is well defined, considerable conformational lability is evident in the Tyr(1) residue and in the Phe(3) side chain, key pharmacophore elements of the ligand. Replacement of these flexible features of the ligand by more conformationally restricted analogues and subsequent correlation of receptor binding and conformational properties allowed the number of possible binding conformations of JOM-13 to be reduced to two. Of these, one was chosen as more likely, based on its better superposition with other conformationally constrained delta receptor ligands. Our model of the delta opioid receptor, constructed using a general approach that we have developed for all rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors, contains a large cavity within the transmembrane domain that displays excellent complementarity in both shape and polarity to JOM-13 and other delta ligands. This binding pocket, however, cannot accommodate the conformer of JOM-13 preferred from analysis of ligands, alone. Rather, only the "alternate" allowed conformer, identified from analysis of the ligands but "disfavored" because it does not permit simultaneous superposition of all pharmacophore elements of JOM-13 with other delta ligands, fits the binding site. These results argue against a simple view of a single, common fit to a receptor binding site and suggest, instead, that at least some binding site interactions of different ligands may differ.
Acute nephrotoxicities and hepatotoxicities of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and 1,2-dibromoethane in male and female F344 rats

Abstract Four consecutive intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections with 40 mg/kg of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) reduced the in vitro accumulation of p -aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) by slices of renal cortex and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration in both male and female rats, but elevated serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in females only. Four consecutive treatments with 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) reduced the accumulation of PAH in male rats, but failed to alter TEA accumulation, BUN concentration or GPT and GOT activities in rats of either sex. Single i.p. injections of EDB or DBCP (40 mg/kg, approximately one-half of the acute, i.p. LD50 values) were without effect on serum GPT and GOT activities, BUN concentration or the accumulations of PAH and TEA in male rats when measured 24, 48 or 96 h after treatment, except that PAH accumulation was reduced at 96 h. These results indicate that BUN and the accumulations in vitro of PAH and TEA by renal cortical slices are appropriate endpoints for studying DBCP nephrotoxicity. Measurements of serum GOT and GPT activities detected DBCP hepatotoxicity in female rats only. The nephrotoxicity of EDB was indicated by measurement of TEA accumulation only.
Identification and characterization of alkenyl hydrolase (lysoplasmalogenase) in microsomes and identification of a plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 in cytosol of small intestinal epithelium.

Abstract A lysoplasmalogenase (EC 3.3.2.2; EC 3.3.2.5) that liberates free aldehyde from 1-alk-1′-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine or -choline (lysoplasmalogen) was identified and characterized in rat gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells. Glycerophosphoethanolamine was produced in the reaction in equimolar amounts with the free aldehyde. The microsomal membrane associated enzyme was present throughout the length of the small intestines, with the highest activity in the jejunum and proximal ileum. The rate of alkenyl ether bond hydrolysis was dependent on the concentrations of microsomal protein and substrate, and was linear with respect to time. The enzyme hydrolyzed both ethanolamine- and choline-lysoplasmalogens with similar affinities; the Km values were 40 and 66 μM, respectively. The enzyme had no activity with 1-alk-1′-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine or -choline (intact plasmalogen), thus indicating enzyme specificity for a free hydroxyl group at the sn-2 position. The specific activities were 70 nmol/min/mg protein and 57 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for ethanolamine- and choline-lysoplasmalogen. The pH optimum was between 6.8 and 7.4. The enzyme required no known cofactors and was not affected by low mM levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, EDTA, or EGTA. The detergents, Triton X-100, deoxycholate, and octyl glucoside inhibited the enzyme. The chemical and physical properties of the lysoplasmalogenase were very similar to those of the enzyme in liver and brain microsomes. In developmental studies the specific activities of the small intestinal and liver enzymes increased markedly, 11.1- and 3.4-fold, respectively, in the first ∼40 days of postnatal life. A plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 activity was identified in the cytosol of the small intestines (3.3 nmol/min/mg protein) and liver (0.3 nmol/min/mg protein) using a novel coupled enzyme assay with microsomal lysoplasmalogenase as the coupling enzyme.
Investigating the complexity of transitioning separation assurance tools into nextgen air traffic control

In a study, that introduced ground-based separation assurance automation through a series of envisioned transitional phases of concept maturity, it was found that subjective responses to scales of workload, situation awareness, and acceptability in a post run questionnaire revealed as-predicted results for three of the four study conditions but not for the third, Moderate condition. The trend continued for losses of separation (LOS) where the number of LOS events were far greater than expected in the Moderate condition. To offer an account of why the Moderate condition was perceived to be more difficult to manage than predicted, researchers examined the increase in amount and complexity of traffic, increase in communication load, and increased complexities as a result of the simulation's mix of aircraft equipage. Further analysis compared the tools presented through the phases, finding that controllers took advantage of the informational properties of the tools presented but shied away from using their decision support capabilities. Taking into account similar findings from other studies, it is suggested that the Moderate condition represented the first step into a “shared control” environment, which requires the controller to use the automation as a decision making partner rather than just a provider of information. Viewed in this light, the combination of tools offered in the Moderate condition was reviewed and some tradeoffs that may offset the identified complexities were suggested.
Elimination of mitochondrial elements and improved viability in hybrid cells.

Experiments were carried out to determine whether the mitochondria-specific dye rhodamine-6G (R6G) can affect transmission of cytoplasmic determinants in mammalian cells. When one parental cell type was treated with R6G prior to fusion with an untreated partner, the subsequent hybridization frequencies in both intra- and interspecific crosses were not adversely affected, even though R6G was extremely toxic to the parental cells. In addition, cells lethally treated with R6G could be rescued by fusion with cytoplasm alone from untreated cells. When chloramphenicol (CAP) resistant cells were used as the R6G-treated parent, the expression of CAP resistance in hybrids and cybrids was greatly reduced. Thus R6G can be used to control the input of cytoplasmic determinants into fused cells. In the interspecific (Chinese hamster × mouse) crosses, it was also seen that the majority of hybrids which had not been R6G pretreated grew poorly or degenerated after a short time. In contrast, nearly all hybrids in crosses where the hamster parent was R6G pretreated grew vigorously. The concomitant elimination of inviability and loss of mitochondrial determinants in R6G-pretreated hybrids suggests that interactions involving mitochondrial gene products or components can influence growth characteristics in interspecific somatic cell hybrids.
The Current State of Business Intelligence

Business intelligence (BI) is now widely used, especially in the world of practice, to describe analytic applications. BI is currently the top-most priority of many chief information officers. BI has become a strategic initiative and is now recognized by CIOs and business leaders as instrumental in driving business effectiveness and innovation. BI is a process that includes two primary activities: getting data in and getting data out. Getting data in, traditionally referred to as data warehousing, involves moving data from a set of source systems into an integrated data warehouse. Getting data in delivers limited value to an enterprise; only when users and applications access the data and use it to make decisions does the organization realize the full value from its data warehouse. Thus, getting data out receives most attention from organizations. This second activity, which is commonly referred to as BI, consists of business users and applications accessing data from the data warehouse to perform enterprise reporting, OLAP, querying, and predictive analytics.
Evidence for an Interstellar Origin of Stellar Shells

It is shown that the hot inner disks around rapidly rotating BA dwarfs (stars conventionally called shell stars) are accreted from the interstellar medium because such disks rarely occur around stars within the heart of the local interstellar bubble, which has less than 10% of the density surrounding it. A working model is one in which stars accrete disks in dense interstellar regions, but in regions of low interstellar density, such as the local interstellar bubble, the stellar winds exceeds the accretion rate.
Integrating students' prior knowledge into pedagogy

A dissertation overview addressing what resources students bring to learning to program, which may provide explanations for why some students are more or less successful learning to program.
On the solution set of differential inclusions with state constraints

In this paper we consider differential inclusions in R m with time varying state constraints, of the form: −x(t) eN (x(t)) K(t) + F(t,x(t)), x(0) ≡ x(0) Here N(x) denotes the normal cone to k(t)at x. We prove that the solution set of this inclusion is an Rδ-set in C(T,R m). For the special case when k(t)-K (independent of t), our result also characterizes the solution set of the projected differentional inclusion and also help us establish the existence of periodic trajectories
Comparative genomics of thiol oxidoreductases reveals widespread and essential functions of thiol-based redox control of cellular processes.

Aims: Redox regulation of cellular processes is an important mechanism that operates in organisms from bacteria to mammals. Much of the redox control is provided by thiol oxidoreductases: proteins that employ cysteine residues for redox catalysis. We wanted to identify thiol oxidoreductases on a genome-wide scale and use this information to obtain insights into the general principles of thiol-based redox control. Results: Thiol oxidoreductases were identified by three independent methods that took advantage of the occurrence of selenocysteine homologs of these proteins and functional linkages among thiol oxidoreductases revealed by comparative genomics. Based on these searches, we describe thioredoxomes, which are sets of thiol oxidoreductases in organisms. Their analyses revealed that these proteins are present in all living organisms, generally account for 0.5%–1% of the proteome and that their use correlates with proteome size, distinguishing these proteins from those involved in core metabolic functions. We further describe thioredoxomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and humans, including proteins which have not been characterized previously. Thiol oxidoreductases occur in various cellular compartments and are enriched in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. Innovation: We developed bioinformatics methods and used them to characterize thioredoxomes on a genome-wide scale, which in turn revealed properties of thioredoxomes. Conclusion: These data provide information about organization and properties of thiol-based redox control, whose use is increased with the increase in complexity of organisms. Our data also show an essential combined function of a set of thiol oxidoreductases, and of thiol-based redox regulation in general, in all living organisms. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 16, 193–201.
Long-term model-based performance of ground heat exchangers

Ground-coupled heat pumps are highly efficient HVAC systems that provide heating and cooling for buildings. The high initial cost of drilling boreholes is one of the primary reasons that limit the widespread application of a ground-coupled heat pump. It is very important to develop numerical models that are capable of predicting and evaluating the performance of the ground heat exchanger throughout its entire life span. In this article, heat transfer inside the borehole is simplified as a one-dimensional (vertical) quasi-steady-state model. The equivalent circuit method is used to solve for the constant heat flux at the borehole wall, which becomes the boundary condition for heat transfer outside the borehole. A two-dimensional (vertical and radial) transient model is developed to analyze heat transfer outside the borehole. The thermal resistances and capacitances of the ground are corrected when interference from adjacent boreholes is taken into consideration. These coupled equations are solved using the...
Kinetics and Products of the Self-Reaction of Propargyl Radicals

The kinetics and product branching of the self-reaction of propargyl radicals, C3H3 + C3H3 → products (1), have been studied as functions of temperature. Rate constants of reaction 1 were obtained in direct real-time experiments by laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectrometry over the temperature interval 500−1000 K and at a bath gas density of (3−6) × 1016 molecules cm-3. Propargyl radicals were produced by the 248 nm laser photolysis of oxalyl chloride ((CClO)2) followed by a fast conversion of the produced chlorine atoms into propargyl radicals and HCl via the reaction with propyne. No active species other than C3H3 were present in the system during the kinetics of C3H3 decay. The values of the rate constant of reaction 1 were determined from the [C3H3] temporal profiles. The rate constants of reaction 1 decrease from (3.30 ± 0.35) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 500 K to (2.74 ± 0.43) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 700 K and to (1.20 ± 0.14) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 1000 K. The value obtained ...
COMBUSTION OF NOMEX® III FABRIC IN POTENTIAL SPACE HABITAT ATMOSPHERES: CYCLIC FLAME SPREAD PHENOMENON

Abstract Upward flame spread over Nomex® III fabric was tested in enriched oxygen, reduced pressure atmospheres. These are potential conditions for future space habitat environments. Flammability boundaries as a function of oxygen percentage and pressure were determined experimentally. Upward spread is possible at 24% O2 for pressures as low as 7 psia. For most cases, upward spread is cyclic in nature. A cycle consists of flame growth, flame split, blowoff of the downstream “secondary” flame and re-growth of the upstream “primary” flame. This article presents a detailed description of this interesting and unexpected phenomenon, and suggests that a two-stage solid pyrolysis is its cause.
Leading questions: The end of leadership – redux:

The article proposes that patterns of dominance and deference have changed throughout human history. It further proposes that in the last half century such change has – due to culture and technolog...
New results in color image quantization

We investigate an efficient color image quantization technique that is based upon an existing binary splitting algorithm. The algorithm sequentially splits the color space into polytopal regions and picks a palette color from each region. At each step, the region with the largest squared error is split along the direction of maximum color variation. The complexity of this algorithm is a function of the image size. We introduce a fast histogramming step so that the algorithm complexity will depend only on the number of distinct image colors, which is typically much smaller than the image size. To keep a full histogram at moderate memory cost, we use direct indexing to store two of the color coordinates while employing binary search to store the third coordinate. In addition, we apply a prequantization step to further reduce the number of initial image colors. In order to account for the high sensitivity of the human observer to quantization errors in smooth image regions, we introduce a spatial activity measure to weight the splitting criterion. High image quality is maintained with this technique, while the computation time is less than half of that of the original binary splitting algorithm.
Recovery of the Shape of the Mass Power Spectrum from the Lyα Forest

We propose a method for recovering the shape of the mass power spectrum on large scales from the transmission fluctuations of the Lyα forest that directly takes into account redshift-space distortions. The procedure, in discretized form, involves the inversion of a triangular matrix that projects the mass power spectrum in three-dimensional real space to the transmission power spectrum in one-dimensional redshift space. We illustrate the method by performing a linear calculation relating the two. A method that does not take into account redshift-space anisotropy tends to underestimate the steepness of the mass power spectrum in the case of linear distortions. The issue of the effective bias factor for the linear distortion kernel is discussed.
Antioxidant activity of dioscorea and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in older humans

Dioscorea is a yam steroid extract used in commercial steroid synthesis and consumed by people. DHEA is a steroid which declines with age, but without known activity. This study was designed to determine whether dioscorea supplementation could increase serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in humans and modulate lipid levels in older people. The subjects were selected volunteers aged 65-82 years. The serum DHEAS level, lipid peroxidation and lipid profile were assessed. Three weeks of dioscorea supplementation had no affect on serum DHEAS level. However DHEA intake of 85 mg/day increased serum DHEA levels 100.3%. DHEA and dioscorea significantly reduced serum lipid peroxidation, lowered serum triglycerides, phospholipid and increased HDL levels. Both DHEA and the steroid yam extract, dioscorea, have significant activities as antioxidant to modify serum lipid levels.
Swinging on the Branch of a Tree: Project Selection Applications

Selecting research and development projects is always difficult because data for assessment are seldom available. ICI Americas used simple decision trees successfully to screen new product ideas and decide on a major effort in new process research. The new process research model incorporated only 10 variables, making estimation feasible; a visual sensitivity analysis gave management confidence in the model conclusions. The screening model incorporated qualitative selection criteria for example, quick development, low risk, patentable, low capital, high sales into a single quantitative expression of expected net present value. ICI Americas used it to select projects from 53 new product ideas. These examples illustrate the value of a logical, simple model even when data are sparse.
Predicting suicide ideation in an adolescent population: examining the role of social problem solving as a moderator and a mediator

Abstract The present study examined the role of social problem solving as a moderator and mediator of the influence of life stress on suicide ideation in a sample of 306 high school students. Results indicated that life stress and social problem solving added significant incremental validity in predicting suicide ideation (R2=0.10) above and beyond what was accounted for by prior history of attempted suicide. No evidence was found for a diathesis-stress model as proposed by Schotte and Clum [Schotte, D. E., & Clum, G. A. (1982). Suicide ideation in a college population: A test of a model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 690–696; Schotte, D. E., & Clum, G. A. (1987). Problem-solving skills in suicidal psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 49–54.]. However, some support for the view that social problem solving mediates the influence of life stress on suicide ideation was found. Implications for intervention in working with at risk adolescents are discussed.
EFFECT OF SURFACE SPIN PINNING ON FERROMAGNETIC MAGNETOSTATIC MODES

When an explicit surface-spin pinning condition is included in the thin-film magnetostatic-mode eigen-value problem, exchange must be included even though the exchange energy is negligible for magnetostatic modes by definition. The magnetization is changed drastically in general, but the intensities and frequencies are essentially the same as for the pure magnetostatic modes (exchange constant identically zero and no explicit pinning mechanism).
Riboflavin Photosensitized Singlet Oxygen Oxidation of Vitamin D

Samples containing various levels of vitamin D and riboflavin, with and without ascorbic acid or a-tocopherol were prepared in a model system. Samples were stored in the light or in the dark at 45®C for up to 8 h. Headspace oxygen was determined by gas chromatography with thermal conductivity detection. Oxidation of vitamin D was not observed in samples without riboflavin stored in the light nor in samples with riboflavin stored in the dark. Vitamin D with riboflavin was oxidized under light. α-Tocopherol quenched singlet oxygen at a rate of 2.52 × 108 M-1 sec-1, whereas ascorbic acid quenched singlet oxygen at a rate of 2.23 × 107 M-1 sec-1.
A new in vivo metabolite of vitamin D3: 1,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3.

Abstract A new metabolite of vitamin D3 was detected with a modified receptor-binding assay in plasma of cows given large parenteral doses of vitamin D3. This metabolite has been identified as 1,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 by comigration of the in vivo -isolated metabolite with synthetic 1,25(S),26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 on two different high-pressure liquid chromatography systems and by mass spectroscopy.
Dose-response: variation with age, sex, and health status.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to summarize the literature on the influence of age, sex, and health status on the changes in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) consequent to exercise training. Methods: A MEDLINE search was performed from January 1966 through August 2000 to identify studies that have investigated the effects of age, sex, and health status on the changes in the outcome variables with exercise training. References from these studies and from review and meta-analysis studies were also reviewed. Results and Conclusions: The results indicate that age has little or no influence on the changes in SBP, DBP, TG, and HDL-C in response to exercise training. When looking at sex, females appear to have an attenuated response to exercise training compared with males with respect to SBP, DBP, and HDL-C, but the data for TG are equivocal. Finally, there appears to be more favorable changes in resting SBP and DBP, TG, and HDL-C in unhealthy subjects (hypertensive and post-MI patients) when compared with healthy subjects.
Nonparametric Estimation of Standard Errors in Covariance Analysis Using the Infinitesimal Jackknife.

The infinitesimal jackknife provides a simple general method for estimating standard errors in covariance structure analysis. Beyond its simplicity and generality what makes the infinitesimal jackknife method attractive is that essentially no assumptions are required to produce consistent standard error estimates, not even the requirement that the population sampled has the covariance structure assumed. Commonly used covariance structure analysis software uses parametric methods for estimating parameters and standard errors. When the population sampled has the covariance structure assumed, but fails to have the distributional form assumed, the parameter estimates usually remain consistent, but the standard error estimates do not. This has motivated the introduction of a variety of nonparametric standard error estimates that are consistent when the population sampled fails to have the distributional form assumed. The only distributional assumption these require is that the covariance structure be correctly specified. As noted, even this assumption is not required for the infinitesimal jackknife. The relation between the infinitesimal jackknife and other nonparametric standard error estimators is discussed. An advantage of the infinitesimal jackknife over the jackknife and the bootstrap is that it requires only one analysis to produce standard error estimates rather than one for every jackknife or bootstrap sample.
Stabilization of brome mosaic virus by magnesium and calcium.

Abstract Purified brome mosaic virus was stabilized at pH 7 by 10 −2 , 10 −3 , and 10 −4 M MgCl 2 and by 10 −2 M CaCl 2 , and at pH 6 by 10 −2 M MgCl 2 , the only concentrations tested. The virus was less stable at pH 7 in 0.1 M NaCl or 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer than in 0.01 M buffer only, whereas at pH 6 it was more stable at the higher salt concentration. Sodium ascorbate, sodium sulfite, sodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, and sodium oxalate decreased the stability of the virus at pH 7. The virus was more stable in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffers than in phosphate. Healthy barley sap stabilized purified brome mosaic virus, but the extent of stabilization was not consistent from experiment to experiment. Infectivity assays were used to determine the concentration of surviving virus, but the stabilization by magnesium could also be shown by analytical density-gradient centrifugation. Frozen virus survived better in 0.01 M Tris-citrate pH 6.5 buffer with 0.001 M MgCl 2 and 0.1 M glycine and in 0.01 M acetate pH 6.0 with 0.001 M MgCl 2 and 0.1 M glycine than in other buffers tested.
Orogastric EGF enhances c-neu and EGF receptor phosphorylation in suckling rat jejunum in vivo

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in rat milk stimulates intestinal growth. We examined the role of EGF-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity in vivo in this process using an affinity-purified anti-phosphotyrosine antibody in Western blot. Jejunal sacs from fasted 8-day-old rat pups were incubated with intraluminal EGF and were then assayed for phosphotyrosyl proteins (p-Tyr) by Western blot. A 170-kDa p-Tyr was present in EGF-treated sacs but not in control. A 190-kDa p-Tyr was constitutively present in control but increased in abundance in EGF-treated sacs. Dose-response experiments demonstrated that the increase in p-Tyr was present at 100 ng/ml EGF, which is within the physiological range. The 170- and 190-kDa p-Tyr was confirmed by immunoprecipitation to be the EGF receptor and c-neu, respectively. A similar response was also observed in the jejunum after orogastric gavage feeding of EGF. By use of indirect immunofluorescence, the EGF receptor was localized primarily to the basolateral membrane of both the crypt and villus epithelium. c-neu was localized primarily in the villus enterocyte basolateral membrane. These data demonstrate that intraluminal EGF stimulates rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor in vivo and that c-neu is a major substrate of the EGF receptor in suckling jejunum. The basolateral membrane localization of the EGF receptor and c-neu suggests that EGF is rapidly transported across the intestinal epithelium in suckling rat jejunum.
Validity of the Actical for estimating free-living physical activity.

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) develop a refined 2-regression model for the Actical which predicts METs every 15 s, and (2) compare the refined and 2008 Crouter 2-regression models and the Klippel and Heil equations during free-living activity. To develop the refined 2-regression model, 48 participants (mean ± SD; age 35 ± 11.4 years) performed 10-min bouts of various activities ranging from sedentary to vigorous intensity. An Actical accelerometer was worn on the left hip, and a Cosmed K4b2 was used to measure oxygen consumption. For the free-living measurements, 29 participants (age, 38 ± 11.7 years; BMI, 25.0 ± 4.6 kg m−2) were monitored for approximately 6 h during work (N = 23) or leisure time (N = 9) while wearing an Actical and Cosmed. Actical prediction equations were compared against the Cosmed for METs and time spent in sedentary behaviors, light physical activity (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), and moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA). The refined 2-regression model developed used an exponential regression equation and a linear equation to predict METs every 15 s for walking/running and intermittent lifestyle activities, respectively. Based on the free-living measurement, the refined 2-regression model was the only method that was not significantly different from the Cosmed for estimating time spent in sedentary behaviors, LPA, and MVPA (P > 0.05). On average, compared to the Cosmed, the refined 2-regression model and the Klippel and Heil equations had similar mean errors for average METs.
Send the College Professor Back to High School.

Abstract Internships put the student out in the real world of teaching. He is an actual participant, not a passive student in an unmeaningful classroom course which attempts to tell him what the real world of teaching is all about. Why not try this in reverse with the university faculty member serving as an intern at the secondary level?
Closed loop optimal control enabled micro-force sensors

This paper presents a closed loop optimal control enabled force sensing technology in micromanipulation and microassembly. The developed micro-force sensor is based on a cantilevered beam structure with piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) actuating/sensing layers symmetrically bonded over its entire surfaces. In this type sensors, when an external load is applied, the deformed PVDF sensing layer detects the force signal and feed it through a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) optimal servoed controller to the PVDF actuating layer, as a result, a closed feedback loop can be formed when a balance force is generated by the actuating layer within the sensor to balance the externally applied load, making the moving tip of the highly sensitive sensor remain in its equilibrium position. Once balanced, the sensor stiffness is virtually improved, so that accurate motion control of the moving part of the sensor can be attained. Furthermore, the applied force can also be achieved from the balance force in real time. This closed loop optimal control enabled force sensors can greatly enlarge the dynamic range of the microforce sensor and will enhance manipulability during micromanipulation/microassembly when the sensor is mounted to the end-effector
How Well Can We Measure the Vertical Wind Speed? Implications for Fluxes of Energy and Mass

Sonic anemometers are capable of measuring the wind speed in all three dimen- sions at high frequencies (10-50 Hz), and are relied upon to estimate eddy-covariance-based fluxes of mass and energy over a wide variety of surfaces and ecosystems. In this study, wind-velocity measurement errors from a three-dimensional sonic anemometer with a non- orthogonal transducer orientation were estimated for over 100 combinations of angle-of- attack and wind direction using a novel technique to measure the true angle-of-attack and wind speed within the turbulent atmospheric surface layer. Corrections to the vertical wind speed varied from −5 to 37% for all angles-of-attack and wind directions examined. When applied to eddy-covariance data from three NOAA flux sites, the wind-velocity corrections increased the magnitude of CO2 fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and latent heat fluxes by ≈11%, with the actual magnitude of flux corrections dependent upon sonic anemometer, surface type, and scalar. A sonic anemometer that uses vertically aligned transducers to measure the vertical wind speed was also tested at four angles-of-attack, and corrections to the ver- tical wind speed measured using this anemometer were within ±1% of zero. Sensible heat fluxes over a forest canopy measured using this anemometer were 15% greater than sensible heat fluxes measured using a sonic anemometer with a non-orthogonal transducer orienta- tion. These results indicate that sensors with a non-orthogonal transducer orientation, which includes the majority of the research-grade three-dimensional sonic anemometers currently in use, should be redesigned to minimize sine errors by measuring the vertical wind speed using one pair of vertically aligned transducers.
An Anticipative Feedback Solution for the Infinite-Horizon, Linear-Quadratic, Dynamic, Stackelberg Game

Abstract This paper derives and illustrates a new suboptimal-consistent feedback solution for an infinite-horizon, linear-quadratic, dynamic, Stackelberg game. This solution lies in the same solution space as the infinite-horizon, dynamic-programming, feedback solution but puts the leader in a preferred equilibrium position. The idea comes from Kydland (J. Econ. Theory 15 (1977)) who suggested deriving a consistent feedback solution for an infinite-horizon, linear-quadratic, dynamic, Stackelberg game by varying the coefficients in the player's linear constant-coefficient decision rules. Here feedback is understood in the sense of setting a current control vector as a function of a predetermined state vector. The proposed solution is derived for discrete- and continuous-time games and is called the anticipative feedback solution. The solution is illustrated with a numerical example of a duopoly model.
Impact of a negative prior stress test on emergency physician disposition decision in ED patients with chest pain syndromes.

Abstract Objective Many emergency department (ED) patients with potential acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have prior visits and prior cardiac testing; however, the effect of knowledge of prior testing on the emergency physician disposition decision making is not known. We studied the impact of prior noninvasive testing (ie, stress testing) for myocardial ischemia on disposition decision making in ED patients with potential ACS. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of ED patients with chest pain who received an electrocardiogram for potential ACS. Data included demographics, medical history, stress test history, and TIMI risk score. Patients were followed in-house; 30-day telephone interviews were performed for follow-up. Main outcomes were ED disposition (admit/discharge) and a composite of 30-day death, acute myocardial infarction, and revascularization stratified on the basis of prior stress testing known at the time of presentation. Standard statistical techniques were used with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results There were 1853 patients enrolled and 97% had follow-up. Patients had a mean age of 53 ± 14 years; 60% were women, 67% were black. There were 1491 (79%) patients without a prior stress test, 291 (16%) had a normal prior stress test result, and 89 (5%) had an abnormal prior stress test result. Admission rates were 92% (95% CI, 87%-98%) for patients with a prior abnormal stress test, 73% (95% CI, 67%-78%) for patients with a normal prior stress test, and 70% (95% CI, 67%-72%) for patients without a prior stress test. Adverse outcomes were the highest among patients with prior abnormal stress test but did not differ significantly between patients with no prior stress test and patients with prior normal stress test (10.1% [95% CI, 3.6-16.7%] vs 5.2% [95% CI, 4.1-6.4%] vs 4.8% [95% CI, 2.4-7.3%]). Conclusion Patients without prior stress tests and patients with prior normal stress tests were admitted for potential ACS at the same rate and had the same 30-day cardiovascular event rates. This suggests that prior stress testing does not affect subsequent disposition decisions. Perhaps cardiac catheterization or computed tomography coronary angiograms would have more of an impact on subsequent visits, making them potentially more cost-effective in the low-risk patient.
Bollywood and the Indian Premier League (IPL): the political economy of Bollywood's new blockbuster

This paper interrogates the interrelationships between sports and popular culture to facilitate an understanding of the converging areas between political and economic forces and cultural practices operative in the global marketplace. Using a critical political economy approach, it examines the innovatively formatted and media-friendly Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket tournament and the Bollywood stars who are involved as owners and promoters of the league. The profit-generating capacity of cricket has increased the interest of the corporate sector and the entertainment industries, resulting in the spectaclization, commercialization, and corporatization of the popular sport.