cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A gradient descending solution to the LASSO criteria

In this paper, we propose a new perspective to achieve sparseness via the winner-take-all principle for the linear kernel regression and classification tasks. We form the duality of the LASSO criteria, and transfer an /spl lscr//sub 1/ norm minimization to an /spl lscr//sub /spl infin// norm maximization problem. We introduce a novel winner-take-all neural network solution derived from gradient descending, which links the sparse representation and the competitive learning scheme. This scheme is a form of unsupervised learning in which each input pattern comes through learning, to be associated with the activity of one or at most a few neurons. However, the lateral interaction between neurons in the same layer is strictly preemptive in this model. This framework is applicable to a variety of problems, such as independent component analysis (ICA), feature selection, and data clustering.
The etiology of ekiri, a highly fatal disease of Japanese children.

From a clinical, bacteriologic, chemical and pathologic standpoint, one can conclude that Ekiri is mostly bacillary dysentery complicated by tetany, that the diagnosis of Ekiri may occasionally apply to children suffering from tetany and some other infection or perhaps a noninfectious gastrointestinal upset or even tetany alone. Manifest tetany as seen in hot summer weather, secondary for the most part to bacillary dysentery infection, is a far more serious disease than rachitic tetany without infection. It is characterized by hyperventilation, lethargy or delirium, tonic spasms of the muscles, vomiting, disturbances of the autonomic nervous system and severe clonic or tonic convulsions. The child may die in a sustained tonic spasm or the tetany may aggravate the fever and dehydration caused by the infection, so that circulatory collapse and cerebral anoxia ensue. Early and strenuous treatment of the tetany, the infection and the accompanying dehydration is necessary if the present high death rate of Ekiri is to be greatly reduced. Prevention of tetany in Japanese children by supplementation of their diet with calcium and of dysentery by improved sanitation would be a far better approach to the problem.
How Long Should a Foreign Body Stay in the Stomach

Mandell et al. reported their experience with two children who swallowed foreign bodies (Pediatrics 60:460, October 1977). Both patients retained these objects in their stomachs for prolonged periods and had gastric surgery performed to remove the foreign bodies. I agree with the authors9 recommendations that these children be followed up closely without any intervention for a four-week period. At that time I believe esophagogastroscopy should be performed to attempt to retrieve the object. With the foreign body forceps now available, most foreign bodies can be removed.
Low voltage and pull-in state adjustable dual-servo-scanning-mirror

This paper reports a new dual-servo-scanning mirror, which makes use of thermal and electrostatic driving principles. By tuning loading of the thermal and electrostatic actuator individually, one can increase the tilting-angle of the mirror.
STUDIES ON COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS I. A : Simple Medium for In Vitro Spherulation

Northey, W. T. (Arizona State University, Tempe) and L. D. Brooks. Studies on Coccidioides immitis . I. A simple medium for in vitro spherulation. J. Bacteriol. 84: 742–746. 1962.—A simple medium is suggested which markedly enhances the in vitro conversion of the dimorphic fungus Coccidioides immitis . The principal component of this medium is Edamine, an enzymatic digest of lactalbumin. The arthrospore-spherule conversion was accomplished in as little as 12 hr when this medium was used. Maturation of the spherules with subsequent release of endospores was completed within 72 hr. The value of various supplements to the basal Edamine medium was investigated.
Quantitative analysis of neuronal gene expression.

Publisher Summary While there are numerous methods of quantitating levels of a specific RNA transcript utilizing blot hybridization technologies, this chapter focuses on the solution hybridization/nuclease protection assay because of its unique properties. These properties give distinct advantages for analyzing gene expression in the brain. Using conventional autoradiography techniques, one can readily quantitate levels as small as 50 fg of a specific RNA transcript, and with the use of phosphoimaging techniques, sensitivity can be taken down to at least another order of magnitude. Thus, this technique is quite useful for quantitating levels of transcripts that may be present at a very low copy number within the population of neurons under investigation, such as neurotransmitter receptors. This also helps identify the low abundance in nuclear transcripts involved in the biosynthesis of the specific mRNA. Secondly, because the size of the species being analyzed can be identified, numerous different RNAs of different sizes of protected fragments can be analyzed in a single sample. Ultimately, spliced RNAs can be identified based on which portions of the probe get protected or, on the other hand, multiple transcripts in the biosynthetic pathway can be identified.
Instrumentation and calibration for a miniature RF E-field probe

An amplification system for a miniature field probe is described and a complete noise analysis of the probe amplification system is presented. Unlike previous studies, this analysis does not assume that the amplifier is ideal and noiseless with an infinite input impedance. Theoretical findings are verified with experimental results. A simple calibration procedure using an X-band slotted waveguide is presented that uses less power and space than conventional techniques requiring antenna measurements in an anechoic chamber. Measurement results show a relatively small field perturbation due to the probe and a region in the waveguide where the field is relatively uniform and suitable for calibration. >
VISUOSPATIAL PROPERTIES OF VENTRAL PREMOTOR CORTEX

Graziano, Michael S. A., Xin Tian Hu, and Charles G. Gross. Visuospatial properties of ventral premotor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2268–2292, 1997. In macaque ventral premotor cortex, we recorded...
Maternal and Prepubertal Diet, Mammary Development and Breast Cancer Risk

At present, we do not know what causes sporadic breast cancer. Environmental factors,particularly diet, appear to explain at least 70% of newly diagnosed breast cancers, but it is not clear what these factors are. We propose that the lack of progress in this area is due to a lack of considering the effect of timing of environmental and dietary exposures on the breast. The evidence provided above suggests that an in utero exposure to an estrogenic environment-including that caused by diet [high (n-6) PUFA or genistein]-increases breast cancer risk. This increase may be mediated by an increased presence of TEB in the mammary epithelial tree and increased ER-alpha levels, reduced ER-beta levels or both. Prepubertal estrogenic exposure, in contrast, reduces later risk of developing breast cancer. The protective effect of estrogens may be mediated by early epithelial differentiation, reduced presence of ER-alpha and increased levels of ER-beta in the mammary gland. The challenge we are now facing is to determine whether the data obtained mainly through the use of animal models is relevant to women and if so, how we might be able to modulate pregnancy and childhood estrogenic exposure by appropriate dietary modifications to reduce breast cancer risk in women.
Role of selenium in HIV infection

HIV infection is a global disease that disproportionately burdens populations with nutritional vulnerabilities. Laboratory experiments have shown that selenium has an inhibitory effect on HIV in vitro through antioxidant effects of glutathione peroxidase and other selenoproteins. Numerous studies have reported low selenium status in HIV-infected individuals, and serum selenium concentration declines with disease progression. Some cohort studies have shown an association between selenium deficiency and progression to AIDS or mortality. In several randomized controlled trials, selenium supplementation has reduced hospitalizations and diarrheal morbidity, and improved CD4+ cell counts, but the evidence remains mixed. Additional trials are recommended to study the effect of selenium supplementation on opportunistic infections, and other HIV disease-related comorbidities in the context of highly active antiretroviral therapy in both developing and developed countries.
Pathway and gene ontology based analysis of gene expression in a rat model of cerebral ischemic tolerance

Ischemic tolerance is a phenomenon whereby a sublethal ischemic insult [ischemic preconditioning (IPC)] provides robust protection against subsequent lethal ischemia. Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and subsequent new gene transcription are required for tolerance. We utilized the NMDA antagonist, MK801, prior to the IPC stimulus to separate candidate genes from epiphenomenona. Rats were divided into four groups: vehicle/IPC (preconditioned), MK801/IPC (attenuated preconditioning), vehicle/sham (non-preconditioned), and MK801/sham (non-preconditioned). Hippocampi (5/group/time point) were harvested immediately after ischemia as well as 1, 4, and 24 h post-ischemia to profile gene expression patterns using microarray analyses. Extracted mRNAs were pooled and subsequently hybridized to Affymetrix arrays. In addition, groups of rats were sacrificed for Western blot analysis and histological studies. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and gene ontology (GO) analyses were used to identify functionally related groups of genes whose modulation was statistically significant, while hierarchical cluster analysis was used to visualize the fold expression within these groups. Significantly modulated pathways included: MAP kinase signaling pathway, Toll receptor pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathways, and pathways associated with ribosome function and oxidative phosphorylation. Our data suggest that the tolerant brain responds to subsequent ischemic stress by partially downregulating inflammatory and upregulating protein synthesis and energy metabolism pathways.
Molecular Aspects of Melanocytic Dysplastic Nevi

Melanocytic dysplastic nevi were first described in both patients and their relatives who had one or several cutaneous malignant melanomas. Most of these dysplastic lesions are biologically stable, but some of them have severe histological atypia and can progress further to melanomas. Although several studies have suggested the etiological importance of dysplastic nevi in the development of melanomas, comprehensive reviews of the molecular changes in these dysplastic lesions are still scarce. To remedy this issue, this article analyzes the available molecular information about dysplastic nevi and provides the current state of knowledge regarding the karyotypic abnormalities of the melanoma/dysplastic nevus trait and the involvement of allelic loss, tumor suppressor genes, mismatch repair proteins, microsatellite instability, oncogenes, extracellular matrix proteins, and growth factors in the genesis of these lesions. These studies suggest that although some of these lesions represent "genetic dead-ends," others represent intermediate lesional steps in the melanoma tumorigenesis pathway.
Three-dimensional 1H spectroscopic imaging of cerebral metabolites in the rat using surface coils.

Abstract Three dimensional metabolite maps of protonated metabolites were obtained using 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at 7 T. Surface coils were used to increase sensitivity and spatial resolution significantly over a volume coil two-dimensional acquisition. Adiabatic pulses were employed to provide homogeneous B 1 excitation and frequency selective refocusing over the volume of the rat brain. These techniques were employed to obtain three-dimensional spectroscopic imaging spectra from nominal voxel volumes of 9–30 μl from rat brain. The improved spatial resolution and sensitivity are also demonstrated with studies of focal ischemia in the rat.
Guessing Strategies, Aging, and Bias Effects in Perceptual Identification

In the typical single-stimulus perceptual identification task, accuracy is improved by prior study of test words, a repetition priming benefit. There is also a cost, inasmuch as previously studied words are likely to be produced (incorrectly) as responses if the test word is orthographically similar but not identical to a studied word. In two-alternative forced-choice perceptual identification, a test word is flashed and followed by two alternatives, one of which is the correct response. When the two alternatives are orthographically similar, test words identical to previously studied items are identified more accurately than new words (a benefit) but tests words orthographically similar to studied words are identified less accurately than new words (a cost). Ratcliff and McKoon (in press) argue that these are bias effects that arise in the decision stage of word identification. We report five experiments that examined the alternative hypothesis that these bias effects arise from postperceptual guessing strategies. In single-stimulus perceptual identification, repetition priming benefits were equally great for young and older adults who claimed to use deliberate guessing strategies and those who did not (Experiment 1). In contrast, only groups of young and older people who claimed to deliberately guess studied words in a two-alternative forced-choice task (Experiments 2 and 5) showed reliable benefits and costs. Costs and benefits were abolished in the two-alternative forced-choice task when a very long study list was used, presumably because the increased retrieval burden made the use of deliberate guessing strategies less attractive (Experiment 3). Under conditions similar to those of Experiment 3, repetition priming was observed in single-stimulus perceptual identification (Experiment 4). These results are consistent with the view that costs and benefits in the forced-choice perceptual identification task arise from deliberate guessing strategies but that those in the single-stimulus task do not. The possibility that the observed relationship between strategy reports and priming effects reflects erroneous postexperimental assessments of strategies by participants is also considered.
The effect of shell infestation byPolydora sp. and infection byHaplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) on the tissue condition of oysters,Crassostrea virginica

A number of stressors, including the endoparasiteHaplosporodium nelsoni (MSX), reduce metabolic condition of oysters; however, previous studies of the effect of the shell-boring polychaetePolydora sp. on condition have produced conflicting results. To assess the effects of both symbionts, singly and in combination, we examined 214 oysters for shell infestation byPolydora sp. mud blisters (by image analysis), intensity of infection byH. nelsoni (by histology), and nutritional state (estimated by soft tissue gravimetric condition index). Among all oysters tested, condition index was negatively (p <0.05) correlated withPolydora sp. infestation, although the explained variance (r2) was only about 5%. When oysters withoutH. nelsoni were considered alone, the variance explained byPolydora sp. rose to approximately 30%, indicating that the presence of one deleterious symbiont can confound the effect of another. In oysters withoutH. nelsoni, a 36% loss in tissue condition was associated withPolydora sp. blister infestation covering 45% of the shell. After a single season's exposure to both symbionts, oysters withH. nelsoni had significantly (p<0.05) greaterPolydora sp. infestation than did animals withoutH. nelsoni, but the difference disappeared after a second year, when nearly all shells were infested. The mean condition index for oysters with bothPolydora sp. andH. nelsoni was 13% lower than that for individuals with neither; oysters with only one symbiont had intermediate values. The interaction between percent blister coverage andH. nelsoni intensity on tissue condition was significant (p<0.002), verifying that the effect of the two symbionts was not additive. We conclude thatPolydora sp. reduces the ability of oysters to accumulate nutritional reserves, but that this effect may be obscured by other deleterious influences.
Electron Imaging of Pyrrhotite Superstructures

Natural pyrrhotites, when studied by high resolution electron microscopy, yield crystallographic information on a unit cell scale. Structural heterogeneity is prominent. The many reported superstructures are interpretable through an antiphase model. The 5C pyrrhotite superstructure results from an ordered sequence of antiphase domains while the higher temperature NC type results from a disordered sequence.
The effort to make mosaic analysis a household tool

The analysis of genetic mosaics, in which an animal carries populations of cells with differing genotypes, is a powerful tool for understanding developmental and cell biology. In 1990, we set out to improve the methods used to make genetic mosaics in Drosophila by taking advantage of recently developed approaches for genome engineering. These efforts led to the work described in our 1993 Development paper.
Investigation of Fiber-Based Endoscopes for Quantitative 3D Flow and Flame Imaging

This work describes instantaneous three-dimensional (3D) measurements using fiber-based endoscopes. Experimental and numerical results demonstrate their potential for kHz 3D measurements, and also for overcoming practical issues like optical access and equipment cost.
Bombesin produces taste aversion in rats

It has been suggested that bombesin functions as a satiety signal. However, the reduction in eating after injection of bombesin could be due to malaise. A neutral flavor was paired with an injection of bombesin, reported to reduce food intake, in a two-bottle conditioned taste aversion test. The neutral flavor was significantly avoided. We conclude that bombesin reduces food intake through some aversive consequences and not through satiation.
Gender differences in coping with depression across the lifespan

Women are twice as likely as men to report high levels of depressive symptoms and to be diagnosed with a unipolar depressive disorder. I propose that throughout adolescence and adulthood women tend to have a more ruminative and passive style of responding to their own distress than men. This ruminative style of mood management exacerbates and prolongs the periods of distress that arise for women, and interferes with women's ability to overcome the negative events they face. I discuss evidence from experimental and field studies supporting this explanation of the gender differences in depression. I also describe a model for the emergence of gender differences in depression in early adolescence. Depression 3:81–90 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Foreign Investment in Tourism and Small Island Developing States

This paper presents evidence from a global study of the scale and impact of foreign investment in tourism, highlighting the implications for small island developing states (SIDS). It draws upon findings from a two-year United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) research and policy analysis project based on a global survey of transnational hotel groups with a presence in developing countries and in-depth case studies of domestic and international investment in tourism in twelve countries. The project aimed to provide empirical evidence to help policymaking in developing countries that wish to benefit more from tourism foreign direct investment (FDI). It does not favour foreign investment above domestic investment, but aims simply to provide more information on an aspect which is increasingly a policy priority for developing countries and which is not frequently addressed in empirical terms in the literature.
Model reduction methodology for articulated, multiflexible body structures

Multibody dynamics simulation packages such as DISCOS are commonly used to simulate and analyze systems of interconnecte d rigid or flexible bodies. In many applications using these codes, the flexible components must be described in a way that when they are assembled, important system-level modes are accurately captured. The projection and assembly model reduction method, developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, serves this purpose very well. However, early application of the method on the Galileo spacecraft model indicated mismatches in transfer function zeros between the full-order model and a reduced-order model constructed using the projection and assembly method. In this paper, an enhanced projection and assembly method, employing static correction modes to augment either the selected mode set of the system or the projected mode sets of the components is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology in generating reduced-order system models, accurate at multiple system configurations and over a frequency range of interest, has been successfully demonstrated on a high-order finite element model of the Galileo spacecraft.
An Occupational Survey of Wooster Graduates, 1926–1933

Wherein did the college fail to meet the individual's educational or vocational needs? was one of ten pertinent questions submitted to alumni of The College of Wooster in a recent follow-up survey. The findings, which had been compared with the results of similar studies, have significance for all concerned with vocational guidance.
Sideband growth in nonlinear Landau wave-particle interaction

The distortion of the electron velocity distribution caused by a large amplitude Landau wave is determined analytically for the initial-value problem. The resulting stability of electrostatic perturbations impressed on the evolving plasma is studied. Narrow sidebands of the applied frequency experience consecutive growths of large magnitude during the early stages of the nonlinear wave-particle interaction. The significance of the derived results to both wave propagation experiments and triggered VLF emissions in the magnetosphere is discussed.
Alterations in cholinergic receptors mediate the effects of dexamethasone on corticosterone

The cholinergic hypothesis of depression postulates that there is an increase in the activity of central cholinergic systems. A number of basic and clinical studies have supported a role for heightened cholinergic activity in individuals suffering from affective disorders. Increased cholinergic activity might either be due to an excess availability of neurotransmitter precursor or be the result of enhanced receptor sensitivity. Studies using physostigmine to promote central cholinergic activity have reported a reduction of manic symptoms in manic-depressive illness and exacerbations of depressive symptoms in depressives (Janowsky et al. 1982). Exposure to organophosphate insecticides (cholinesterase inhibitors) has also been reported to induce some symptoms of depression in normals (Gershon and Shaw 1961). Further support suggesting increased receptor sensitivity is provided by a study by Nadi et al. (1982) demonstrating increases in the density of muscarinic receptors in skin fibroblasts taken from manic-depressives. In addition to the hypersensitivity reported for central nervous system (CNS) cholinergic receptors in
Spraying and dusting potatoes with DDT and other materials

Spraying and dusting experiments were made at Greeley, Colorado, in 1945 to test the effectiveness of DDT and other materials for the control of some potato insects and early blight.
Measurement of interfacial dilatational viscosity at high rates of interface expansion using the maximum bubble pressure method. I. Gas—liquid surface

Abstract A novel technique for measuring the surface dilatational viscosity using the maximum bubble pressure method (MBPM) is proposed. A significant advantage of this technique in comparison to surface wave methods is its capability of measuring the surface dilatational viscosity at surfactant concentrations well above the critical micelle concentration. In the method, bubbles are created at the tip of a capillary with a sufficiently large rate of surface expansion (kHz range) such that bubble surfaces expand essentially as insoluble monolayers. The dynamic surface tension, as determined using the MBPM, is shown to combine both thermodynamic (compositionally dependent) surface tension and surface dilatational viscosity effects; the surface dilatational viscosity is measurable at high rates of surface expansion through the gradient of dynamic surface tension with rate of surface expansion. Surface dilatational viscosity values are reported for sodium dodecyl sulfate and octanoic acid solutions; these are compared with results obtained using the longitudinal wave method. The comparison indicates that, although the qualitative behavior of surface dilatational viscosity versus surfactant concentration is similar in both sets of experimental data, the magnitudes of surface viscosity as determined by the new technique are much smaller. Part of this effect might be attributable to a dependence of surface viscosity on the rate of surface expansion (since the rate of surface expansion encountered in the new technique is as much as 10 6 times larger than the expansion rate encountered using the longitudinal wave). The discrepancy may also owe to an overprediction of the rate of surface expansion at the moment of the maximum bubble pressure (if, as suggested by the study of Garrett and Ward (37), large fluctuations in gas flow rate occur during the evolution of bubbles in the MBPM). This latter possibility is discussed at length. In addition to the above advantages, the technique is simple to construct and straightforward to operate.
518 – Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Introduction High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been shown effective for reducing persistant negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a new paradigm of rTMS that allowed more sustained facilitation effect. Aims The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of theta burst in reduction of persistant negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Methods 24 adult schizophrenia outpatients were assigned to receive iTBSat 80% motor threshold, or sham TMS over the left DLPFC, daily; for 20 sessions. The primary outcome measure was the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS).score. Secondary outcomes included depression as measured with the Calgary Depression Scale (CDS), and cogntion as assessed with digit span and trail making test. Patients were followed-up 6 months afterwards. Results The primary outcome measure (change in Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms score) showed a statistically significant drop at month 1, 3 and 6 for the iTBS group, but not ther placebo groups. Digit span and trail making test score were also significally improved after treatment in iTBS group. Calgary depression scale score did not demontrate any significant change. Conclusions iTBS may serve as a relatively noninvasive treatment of the negative and neurocognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00875498
Some practical considerations of ethical issues in VR research

As scientific laboratories are an important domain of application of VR technology, ethical issues of VR have to be discussed with respect to research and the treatment of research subjects. Exposing participants to VR systems may raise ethical problems due to motion sickness, information overload, intensification of experience, and difficulties with reentry into the real world. The ethical guidelines which are typically applied to psychological research do not cover all of these problems in detail and have to be reconsidered, since they have not been developed with regard to the use of VR systems. Therefore, practical strategies to cope with the addressed ethical problems in VR research are recommended.
Spatial distribution of atrazine residues in soil and shallow groundwater: effect of tillage and rainfall timing

Abstract A field study began in 1986 to determine the effects of no-till (NT) and conventional-till (CT) management practices on the movement and leaching characteristics of several commonly used pesticides to shallow groundwater during corn ( Zea mays L.) production. Specifically, the effect of tillage and rainfall timing on the spatial distribution of atrazine in the 0–30 cm soil depth and in shallow groundwater (less than 1 m depth) was evaluated in 1987, 1988, and 1989. These 3 years were selected because nearly the same amount of rain fell, but at different times and intensities, within the period between atrazine application and the first sampling. The average atrazine residues in the top 10 cm of soil of the two CT plots were much higher than the two NT plots in all years, regardless of the rainfall timing. This difference was about 23% in 1987 (first rain occurred 3 days after application), 56% in 1988 (12 h after application), and 63% in 1989 (6 days after application). Atrazine residue levels of 663 and 424 μg l −1 were found in the samples collected, from the wells above the clay layer, 3 days after the first rain event in 1988, in the two NT plots. However, the concentrations decreased to 133 μg l −1 and 105 μg l −1 and 6 μg l −1 and 5 μg l −1 after 14 and 40 days, respectively. These relatively high residue levels in 1988 presumably resulted because the first rain event which contributed 48 mm of rain began 12 h after application and lasted about 2 days. The average residue levels of atrazine in the wells below the clay layer in the NT plots were higher than the CT plots in all 3 years. The semi-variograms for atrazine residues in the 0–30 cm soil depth showed that the residue values were spatially related for the separation distance of less than 16 m. For the well water samples, this distance was estimated to be about 30 m.
Post-stroke maintenance therapy using a novel vibrating brace: A case study

Controlled studies show that motor function can be maintained in the chronic phase post-stroke. Unfortunately, standard of care does not currently include long-term maintenance rehabilitation for these patients. The case study reported here involved 6-weeks booster virtual rehabilitation therapy at 2 years post initial VR training. The booster used the Rutgers Arm II and a novel vibrating brace. It resulted in functional gains (9 points Fugl-Meyer score increase), larger shoulder active range of motion and more independence in Activities of Daily Living. This correlated well with improvements in game performance, and the technology received a high subjective evaluation score.
The integrative function of the basal ganglia in instrumental conditioning.

Recent research in instrumental conditioning has focused on the striatum, particularly the role of the dorsal striatum in the learning processes that contribute to instrumental performance in rats. This research has found evidence of what appear to be parallel, functionally and anatomically distinct circuits involving dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) that contribute to two independent instrumental learning processes. Evidence suggests that the formation of the critical action–outcome associations mediating goal-directed action are localized to the dorsomedial striatum, whereas the sensorimotor connections that control the performance of habitual actions are localized to the dorsolateral striatum. In addition to the dorsal striatum, these learning processes appear to engage distinct corticostriatal networks and to be embedded in a complex of converging and partially segregated loops that constitute the cortico-striatal thalamo-cortical feedback circuit. As the entry point for the basal ganglia, cortical circuits involving the dorsal striatum are clearly in a position to control a variety of motor functions but, as recent studies of various neurodegenerative disorders have made clear, they are also involved in a number of cognitive and executive functions including action selection, planning, and decision-making. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Data mining of vector–item patterns using neighborhood histograms

The representation of multiple continuous attributes as dimensions in a vector space has been among the most influential concepts in machine learning and data mining. We consider sets of related continuous attributes as vector data and search for patterns that relate a vector attribute to one or more items. The presence of an item set defines a subset of vectors that may or may not show unexpected density fluctuations. We test for fluctuations by studying density histograms. A vector–item pattern is considered significant if its density histogram significantly differs from what is expected for a random subset of transactions. Using two different density measures, we evaluate the algorithm on two real data sets and one that was artificially constructed from time series data.
Usability Evaluation: Learning When Method Findings Converge--And When They Don't

This paper analyzes student learning in the context of a methods-oriented human-computer interaction course. In this course, students conduct expert inspection methods and usability tests. They then compare their findings across the methods and with other evaluators. Student assessments of their assignments and solicited comments suggest how comparing findings helps them learn the relative benefits of each of the methods. Modifications to this approach are discussed for diverse courses where coverage of HCI content may be more limited.
Accurate evaluation of spreading code protocols for packet radio networks

Spreading code protocols for networks using spread-spectrum signaling are examined. Fully connected networks with uniform traffic matrices are considered. Performance is measured by means of steady-state throughput of an encoded frequency-hopped system without feedback. Two protocols are considered, one that uses a common code for address packets and transmitter-based codes for information packets and one that uses receiver-based codes instead of a common code. It is shown that the latter scheme results in better performance than the former. It is also shown that a previously-derived result for the former scheme is actually an upper bound on performance. >
Multi-Resolution Large Population Stochastic Differential Games and Their Application to Demand Response Management in the Smart Grid

Dynamic demand response (DR) management is becoming an integral part of power system and market operational practice. Motivated by the smart grid DR management problem, we propose a multi-resolution stochastic differential game-theoretic framework to model the players’ intra-group and inter-group interactions in a large population regime. We study the game in both risk-neutral and risk-sensitive settings, and provide closed-form solutions for symmetric mean-field responses in the case of homogeneous group populations, and characterize the symmetric mean-field Nash equilibrium using the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation together with the Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov (FPK) equation. Finally, we apply the framework to the smart grid DR management problem and illustrate with a numerical example.
Colloid Goiter and Atherosclerosis

The thyroid glands from 453 patients 20 to 79 years of age from the New Orleans area were classified according to the presence of colloid goiter, and the coronary arteries and aortas from these same patients were independently graded for atherosclerotic lesions. There was no correlation between colloid goiter and atherosclerosis; nor was there any difference in the percentages of deaths from atherosclerosis in goitrous patients as compared to nongoitrous patients. Because goiter may differ in its functional manifestations from one geographic area to another, and because one group of investigators in Finland has reported a strong association between the two diseases, similar studies should be conducted in other areas. The subject of increased severity of atherosclerosis in human hypothyroidism was reviewed, and it was concluded that the presently recorded data are not adequate to establish a positive relationship.
Retrospective DNA ploidy analysis by image and flow cytometry in head and neck cancer.

A retrospective analysis of DNA content (DNA ploidy) was conducted in formalin-fixed specimens from patients with advanced, unresectable head and neck cancer who were treated on a single defined protocol with accelerated fractionation radiation therapy and concomitant cisplatin (Platinol®) chemotherapy. Specimens from 31 tumor sites were analyzed by image cytometry using the Feulgen staining method. Fifteen specimens were analyzed by flow cytometry after deparaffinization, nuclear disaggregation, and staining with propidium iodide. By image analysis, 10 (32%) of 31 specimens contained only diploid tumor cells, while 21 (68%) specimens exhibited at least one aneuploid tumor component. Seven of the eight tumors with a single G0/G1 peak by image analysis had a single peak by flow analysis. Five of the seven tumors with multiple peaks by image analysis had multiple peaks by flow analysis. Histology was also reevaluated, and tumor grade was determined, reflecting tumor cell differentiation based on keratinization, mitotic activity and the degree of nuclear polymorphism. For this well-defined patient population managed according to a uniform therapeutic approach, DNA ploidy status and histology provided a suggestion of prognostic separation ; however, statistical significance was not obtained, most likely due to the small number of patients.
Systematic prediction of new ferroelectrics in space groups P31 and P32. Erratum

The alignment in Tables 1–4 of the paper by Abrahams (2003) was incorrect. The corrected tables are reproduced herein.
Particle adhesion and removal in model systems iv. kinetics of detachment of hematite particles from steel

Abstract The kinetics of the removal of spherical colloidal hematite particles adhered to steel was studied using the packed column technique. It was established that the particle separation proceeds by processes characterized by two significantly different rate constants. However, a major fraction of the deposited particles could not be spontaneously removed regardless of the conditions of the investigated systems. The study has shown that the values of the rate constants depended on the properties of the liquid environment, the temperature, and the topology of the steel surface. The amount of separated particles was affected by all these parameters, but it was also very sensitive to the deposition procedure as well as the pretreatment of the systems before the initiation of the removal process.
Degradation of SAMHD1 by Vpx is Independent of Uncoating

Sterile alpha motif domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in myeloid and resting T cells. Lentiviruses such as HIV-2 and some simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) counteract the restriction by encoding Vpx or Vpr, accessory proteins that are packaged in virions and which, upon entry of the virus into the cytoplasm, induce the proteasomal degradation of SAMHD1. As a tool to study these mechanisms, we generated HeLa cell lines that express a fusion protein termed NLS.GFP.SAM595 in which the Vpx binding domain of SAMHD1 is fused to the carboxy terminus of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a nuclear localization signal is fused to the amino terminus of GFP. Upon incubation of Vpx-containing virions with the cells, the NLS.GFP.SAM595 fusion protein was degraded over several hours and the levels remained low over 5 days as the result of continued targeting of the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Degradation of the fusion protein required that it contain a nuclear localization sequence. Fusion to the cytoplasmic protein muNS rendered the protein resistant to Vpx-mediated degradation, confirming that SAMHD1 is targeted in the nucleus. Virions treated with protease inhibitors failed to release Vpx, indicating that Gag processing was required for Vpx release from the virion. Mutations in the capsid protein that altered the kinetics of virus uncoating and the Gag binding drug PF74 had no effect on the Vpx-mediated degradation. These results suggest that Vpx is released from virions without a need for uncoating of the capsid, allowing Vpx to transit to the nucleus rapidly upon entry into the cytoplasm. IMPORTANCE SAMHD1 restricts lentiviral replication in myeloid cells and resting T cells. Its importance is highlighted by the fact that viruses such as HIV-2 encode an accessory protein that is packaged in the virion and is dedicated to inducing SAMHD1 degradation. Vpx needs to act rapidly upon infection to allow reverse transcription to proceed. The limited number of Vpx molecules in a virion also needs to clear the cell of SAMHD1 over a prolonged period of time. Using an engineered HeLa cell line that expresses a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-SAMHD1 fusion protein, we showed that the Vpx-dependent degradation occurs without a need for viral capsid uncoating. In addition, the fusion protein was degraded only when it was localized to the nucleus, confirming that SAMHD1 is targeted in the nucleus and thus explaining why Vpx also localizes to the nucleus.
EFFECTS OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (APL) IN MALE “EUNUCHOIDISM WITH LOW FOLLICLESTIMULATING HORMONE”: AQUEOUS SOLUTION VERSUS OIL AND BEESWAX SUSPENSION*†

MALE eunuchoidism with low follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (1, 2, 3) is characterized by hypogonadism with virtual absence of secondary sex characteristics, normal somatic growth except for the changes attributable to delayed epiphyseal closure, testicular tissue either characteristic of the normal prepubertal state or differing therefrom by thickening of the tunica propria and, of course, low1 or absent urinary FSH titers. Urinary 17-ketosteroids are present in subnormal amounts. It has been established that therapy with chorionic gonadotropin in this syndrome will produce secondary sex characteristics (3), raise the 17-ketosteroid excretion (5), and produce partial maturation of the Leydig cells and tubules (3). It has been denied (3, 6), however, that chorionic gonadotropin has a direct influence on spermatogenesis. In the present study, a comparison is made between the effects of an aqueous solution of APL2 and those of the same material suspended in a base of peanut oil and beeswax. In addition, t...
Hospitalization Needs During an Outpatient Rehabilitation Program for Severe Chronic Airway Obstruction

The number of days of hospitalization for respiratory disease following entry into an outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program was reviewed for 44 patients with chronic airway obstruction whose hospitalization records were available for the year prior to entry into the program. A significant reduction in the number of days of hospitalization occurred in patients for each of the four years following entry into the program, compared to the year prior to therapy.
A Hydraulic Wind Power Transfer System: Operation and Modeling

Conventional wind power plants employ a variable speed gearbox to run a generator housed on top of a tower. A new topology can remove some of the weight from the tower and centralize the wind power generation. This new topology uses a hydraulic wind power transfer system to connect several wind turbines to the generation unit. This paper demonstrates a mathematical modeling of this wind power transfer technology and its dynamic behavior. The flow response, angular velocity, and pressure of the system obtained from the mathematical model are compared with test results to demonstrate the accuracy of the mathematical model. Several speed-step responses of the system obtained from the mathematical model demonstrate a close agreement with the results from the prototype of the hydraulic wind power transfer unit.
Organic constituents in eolian dust and surface sediments srom northwest Africa

Samples of eolian dust and comparably sized desert surface sediment samples collected over widely scattered regions of northwest Africa were analyzed for carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen content and total carbohydrate. Infrared analysis and gas chromatographic analysis were also performed on organic components extracted from several of these samples. Although the total carbon content of the eolian dust samples varies from 2.8 to 7.0% by weight, the organic carbon component is relatively uniform at 2.9 + or - 0.5%. By comparison, the average organic carbon content of the African surface sediments is 0.7 + or - 0.5%. Total carbohydrate content averages 0.128% for the dust and 0.022% for the desert sediments. It is shown that these desert regions are not presently the principal sources of eolian material transported over the North Atlantic Ocean.
A review of the use of moxidectin in horses

Summary Moxidectin has broad-spectrum anti-nematodal and anti-arthropodal activities in the horse but is not effective against tapeworms or flukes. Moxidectin and ivermectin have the same efficacy against internal, adult parasites of horses. Moxidectin, however, is highly effective in eliminating encysted and hypobiotic larval stages of cyathostomins, whereas ivermectin is not. Treatment of horses with moxidectin results in an egg-reappearance period (ERP) of 15–24 weeks. Because of its long ERP, moxidectin is labelled to be used at 12 week intervals. Moxidectin may provide protection against infection by ingested cyathostomin larvae for 2–3 weeks after it is administered. The larvicidal activity of moxidectin has often been compared to that of fenbendazole administered at either 7.5 or 10 mg/kg bwt for 5 consecutive days. The efficacy of fenbendazole, when administered daily for 5 consecutive days at 7.5 or 10 mg/kg bwt, against all stages of cyathostomins is often less than that of moxidectin because resistance of cyathostomins to benzimidazoles is prevalent worldwide, and the 5 day course of fenbendazole does not overcome this resistance. There are now reports of resistance of ascarids to moxidectin. Overt resistance of cyathostomins and a shortened egg re-emergence period after treatment with moxidectin have been reported. Rapid removal of manure by natural fauna can significantly reduce larval nematode concentrations and thereby reduce intervals of anthelmintic treatment. Of the macrocyclic lactones, moxidectin has the least deleterious effect on faecal fauna.
The Nature of the Transition Structures of Triazolinedione Ene Reactions

The ene reactions of triazolinedione (TAD) with propene, trans- and cis-butene, and tetramethylethylene (TME) have been investigated theoretically with ab initio molecular orbital calculations. All geometries were fully optimized at the RHF/6-31G* level, followed by MP2/6-31G* and Becke3LYP/6-31G* single point energy calculations. A stepwise mechanism involving an aziridinium imide (AI) intermediate is predicted. The most stable transition structure for the first step involves a decidedly non-least-motion attack of TAD on the alkene, with methyl group rotation to bring a hydrogen in close proximity to the nitrogen on TAD for favorable electrostatic and secondary orbital interactions. Some isomerization of the AI intermediates is feasible, while reversion to reactants is less favorable than the product-forming hydrogen transfer. The activation energies decrease in the series from propene, to butenes, to TME, as the alkenes become more substituted and electron-rich. Kinetic isotope effects were computed bas...
Purification of endohedral trimetallic nitride fullerenes in a single, facile step.

A major hurdle hampering the development of fullerenes, endohedral metallofullerenes, and nanotubes has been the difficulty of obtaining high purity samples. Soots prepared in the usual manner via ...