cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tharp’s third theorem

Perhaps reality fundamentally consists entirely of an arrangement of very small things that come in a few large classes of exact duplicates. Perhaps it also includes fields which assign some number, vector or tensor to every point of space-time. Perhaps it even includes irreducible non-physical qualia. All else supervenes upon the way reality fundamentally is. But manifest reality contains many things not yet mentioned: pain, water, cats, cults, furniture, footy. All these supervene upon fundamental reality. How? We may fear that we cannot locate manifest things within fundamental reality by means of a priori conceptual analysis – exactly how must the very small things be arranged in order for Essendon to be winning? We don’t know, and still less do we know it a priori. Or so it certainly seems. It would be over-hasty to conclude that such things cannot possibly be known a priori, but that is at least our first impression. Kripke’s discovery of a posteriori necessity therefore looks like a godsend. Necessary bridge laws locate manifest reality within fundamental reality, even though we cannot know them a priori (so it’s no wonder if we don’t know them at all). Because the bridge laws are necessary, our credentials as materialists – if fundamental reality is indeed physical – cannot be challenged; because they are a posteriori, we are free from the burden of trying to locate manifest things within fundamental reality by means of conceptual analysis.1 Frank Jackson (1998: 56–86) argues that this godsend is illusory. The necessary a posteriori bridge laws must follow a priori from contingent a posteriori premisses that are made true by the fundamental way the world is. To illustrate the deductive pattern:2 ANALYSIS 62.2 APRIL 2002
Selection bias in national surveys due to screening: implications from a county general population survey

National alcohol surveys using face-to-face interviews, such as the US 1988 National Health Interview Survey Alcohol Supplement and the 1990 US National Alcohol Survey, for reasons of efficiency often use screener items to identify individuals who are likely to have experienced alcohol-related problems and only those individuals are chosen to respond to a list of alcohol-related problem questions. The consequence of screening is that only a subset of the current drinkers have complete data on such items. This paper examines the bias introduced by the exclusion of cases with incomplete information due to screening. Data from a regional general population survey were used to investigate possible bias due to screening because it included the screening questions used in NHIS and NAS but did not screen on those items. Risk curves and estimated probabilities from logistic regressions of three alcohol dependence symptom items and two problem indices were compared by gender across three subsamples: (1) all current drinkers (without screening); (2) those who passed the screener item for the NHIS and (3); the NAS, respectively. Results indicate that the effect of the screener items on the estimated prevalence of the measures concerned are minimal, supporting the practice, judiciously applied, when greater survey efficiency is required. Language: en
A mathematical approach to medical decisions: application of Bayes' rule to a mixture of continuous and discrete clinical variables.

Abstract Conditional probability formulations have frequently been used to form decision models relating disease probabilities to a set of descriptors or symptoms. The formulations have usually assumed the symptoms to be either all discrete-valued or all continuously valued. A mixed-data model (for both continuously valued and discrete valued symptoms) is presented and shown to represent a general class of models of which non-mixed-data models are special cases. By testing independence of symptoms prior to developing the decision model, one can take advantage of a potential reduction in the number of parameters that must be estimated.
Overexpression of Dominant Negative Retinoic Acid Receptor α Causes Alveolar Abnormality in Transgenic Neonatal Lungs

To assess retinoic acid receptor (RAR) function in alveolarization and respiratory epithelial cell differentiation/proliferation, doxycycline (Dox)-regulatable double-transgenic mouse lines were established, in which the dominant negative RARα was overexpressed under the control of the human surfactant protein-C 3.7-kb promoter or the rat Clara cell secretory protein 2.3-kb promoter. Overexpression of dominant negative RARα was induced by Dox in neonatal lungs from d 1–21 after birth, a critical period for alveolar maturation. This led to substantial alveolar abnormality with increased air space, larger but fewer alveoli, and the diminished alveolar surface area. In these animals, numbers of alveolar epithelial cells were significantly reduced upon Dox treatment. Expression of an RAR downstream target surfactant protein B gene, which is critical for maintaining the surfactant structure, was inhibited upon Dox treatment in alveolar type II epithelial cells. This finding supports a concept that endocrine mo...
Sp-1 binds promoter elements regulated by the RB protein and Sp-1-mediated transcription is stimulated by RB coexpression.

Abstract The retinoblastoma (RB) protein is implicated in transcriptional regulation of at least five cellular genes, including c-fos, c-myc, and transforming growth factor beta 1. Cotransfection of RB and truncated promoter constructs has defined a discrete element (retinoblastoma control element; RCE) within the promoters of each of these genes as being necessary for RB-mediated transcription control. Previously, we have shown that RCEs form protein-DNA complexes in vitro with three heretofore unidentified nuclear proteins and mutation of their DNA-binding site within the c-fos RCE results in an abrogation of RCE-dependent transcription in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that one of the nuclear proteins that binds the c-fos, c-myc, and transforming growth factor beta 1 RCEs in vitro is Sp-1 and that Sp-1 stimulates RCE-dependent transcription in vivo. Moreover, we show that Sp-1-mediated transcription is stimulated by the transient coexpression of RB protein. We conclude from these observations that RB may regulate transcription in part by virtue of its ability to functionally interact with Sp-1.
Investigation of 65 nm CMOS transistor local variation using a FET array

CMOS FET local variation has been investigated using a new FET array structure. Key findings include four aspects. (1) At deep sub-micron technology node, local variation is significantly higher than global variation. Only 5–10% of total variation is a result of global variation. (2) Sample size affects point estimate of local variation. Sample size error can account for a significant portion of the fluctuation in the point estimate of local variation. (3) Well proximity effect (WPE) has a small impact on Vt local variation. Its impact on local variation of drive current is more significant. (4) Local variation reduces with temperature. The magnitude of NMOS Vt local variation reduction is more pronounced than PMOS. These results form a solid foundation to accurately model MOSFET local variation.
Investigating Mass Scaling in Vehicle Crashworthiness

Mass scaling is a technique used in explicit nonlinear finite element analysis that adds mass to relatively small elements in order to increase the time step, and thus, decrease the overall cpu requirements of a simulation. With multi-million element vehicle crash models becoming common, the likelihood of several very small, time step controlling elements is high. Mass scaling can provide great benefits in these cases. However, there is very little information on the actual usage and possible effects of mass scaling for vehicle crashworthiness in the literature. Inherit to explicit FEA is the well known high frequency content in accelerations. Thus, even very small addition of mass will result in different acceleration traces. Because of that, various techniques are needed to determine if the mass scaled results are the same, or at least similar enough, as the non-mass scaled results. Two applications are investigated; a crush tube and an NCAP test of a Chevy Silverado. The latter model size approaches one million elements.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Early developmental changes in intracellular Ca2+ stores in rat brain.

Abstract Developmental changes in intracellular Ca2+ stores in brain was studied by examining: (1) IP3- and cADPR-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in synaptosomes; (2) Ca2+-ATPase activity and ATP-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake into Ca2+ store in ER microsomes; (3) TG-induced inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase activity and ATP-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake into Ca2+ store in ER microsomes; and (4) gene expression of Ca2+-ATPase pump in neurons obtained from brains of the new-born and the 3-week-old rats. IP3 (EC50 310±8 nM, 200% maximum increase in [Ca2+]i) and cADPR (EC50 25±3 nM, greater than 170% maximum increase in [Ca2+]i) both were potent agonist of Ca2+ release from internal stores in synaptosomes obtained from the 3-week-old rats. However, IP3 (EC50 250±10 nM, 175 maximum increase in [Ca2+]i) was a potent, but cADPR (EC50 300±20 nM, 75% maximum increase) was a poor agonist of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores in synaptosomes obtained from the new-born rats. [3H]IP3, [32P]cADPR and [3H]Ry binding in the new-born samples were significantly less than that in the 3-week-old samples. [3H]Ry binding to its receptor was more sensitive to cADPR in microsomes from the 3-week-old rats than those from the new-born rats. Microsomes from the new-born rats exhibited TG-sensitive (IC50 30±4 nM) and TG-insensitive forms of Ca2+-ATPase, while microsomes from the 3-week-old rats exhibited only the TG-sensitive form of Ca2+-ATPase (5±1 nM IC50). Microsomes from the 3-week-old rats were more sensitive to TG but less sensitive to IP3, while microsomes from the new-born rats were more sensitive to IP3 but less sensitive to TG. The lower TG sensitivity of the new-born Ca2+ store may be because they poorly express a 45 amino acid C-terminal tail of Ca2+-ATPase that contains the TG regulatory sites. This site is adequately expressed in the older brain. This suggests that: (1) the new-born brain contains fully operational IP3 pathway but poorly developed cADPR pathway, while the older brain contains both IP3 and cADPR pathways; and (2) a developmental switch occurs in the new-born Ca2+-ATPase as a function of maturity.
Three-Dimensional Computations of Turbulent Flow in a Turbine-Rotor Passage

Numerical study on a three-dimensional turbulent flow in a turbine-rotor passage is presented in this paper. The standard k-e model was used for the first phase of the turbulence computations. The computations were further extended by employing the full Reynolds-stress closure model (RSM). The computational results obtained using these models were compared in order to investigate the turbulence effect in the near-wall region. The governing equations in a generalized curvilinear coordinate system are discretized by using the SIMPLEC method with non-staggered grids. The oscillations in pressure and velocity due to non-staggered grids are eliminated by using a special interpolation method. The predicted midspan pressure coefficients using the k-e model and the RSM are compared with the experimental data. It was shown that the present results obtained by using either model are fairly reasonable. Computations were then extended to cover the entire blade-to-blade flow passage, and the three-dimensional effects on pressure and turbulence kinetic energy were evaluated. It was observed that the two turbulence models predict different results for the turbulence kinetic energy. This variation was identified as being related to some non-isotropic turbulence occurring near the blade surface due to the severe acceleration of the flow. It was thus proven that the models based on the RSM give more realistic predictions for highly turbulent cascade flow computations than a Boussinesq viscosity model.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Conflict and conflict resolution in Africa: Engaging the colonial factor

By engaging the colonial factor in African confl icts, this article seeks to understand the ineffectiveness of efforts at confl ict management in overcoming the disasters that brought the confl icts to the African continent. It claims that confl ict in Africa does not always stem primarily from crises of national governance and the failure of governmental institutions in African countries to mediate confl ict, and revisits the colonial factor as the root of many confl icts in Africa. The article reconsiders the confl ict management and confl ict resolution debate and indicts former colonial powers and powerful organisations for maintaining colonial-style approaches to African confl icts at the expense of a desire to address the fundamental issues that divide the parties to the different confl icts. It argues that the colonial factor ought to be a consideration in attempts to address African confl icts because the roots of many post-colonial confl icts in Africa remain buried in Africa’s past and, specifi cally, in the colonisation and de-colonisation processes. Making the claim that confl ict resolution is more than the suppression or perhaps the elimination of overt violence, it argues that envisaging and/or imposing peace-keeping forces at every turn on various African confl icts does not provide the desired durable outcomes.
Fast convergence speech source separation in reverberant acoustic environment

Three significant enhancements to time-domain adaptive decorrelation filtering (ADF) are proposed for effective separation and recognition of simultaneous speech sources in reverberant room conditions. The methods include whitening filtering on cochannel speech prior to ADF to improve condition of adaptive estimation, a novel block-iterative implementation of ADF to speed up convergence rate, and an integration of multiple ADF outputs through optimal post-filtering. Experimental data were generated by convolving TIMIT speech with acoustic path impulse responses measured in a real acoustic environment, with a 2m microphone-source distance and an initial target-to-interference ratio of about 0 dB. The proposed methods are shown to have speeded up the convergence rate of ADF to a level feasible for online applications, and they have significantly improved target-to-interference ratio and accuracy of phone recognition.
Acute White Matter Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Potential Role of Lipocalin 2

Background and Purpose—White matter injury occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated acute white matter injury in a mouse SAH model and the role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in that injury. Methods—SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in wild-type (WT) or LCN2 knockout (LCN2−/−) mice. Sham WT mice underwent the same procedure without perforation. MRI was performed 24 hours after SAH and the volumes of the T2-hyperintensity in white matter were measured. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine white matter injury. Results—Mortality rates and SAH severity were not significantly different between WT and LCN2−/− animals. T2-hyperintensity in the white matter was observed in all WT animals at 24 hours after SAH (6.1±2.7 versus 0.06±0.07 mm3 in sham; P<0.001), and the volume of T2-hyperintensity tended to correlate with SAH severity (r=0.30; P=0.055). In WT animals with SAH, numerous LCN2-positive cells were observed in white matter. In cont...
Causes and Consequences of Timing Errors Associated With Global Positioning System Collar Accelerometer Activity Monitors

Abstract Direct behavioral observations of multiple free-ranging animals over long periods of time and large geographic areas is prohibitively difficult. However, recent improvements in technology, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) collars equipped with motion-sensitive activity monitors, create the potential to remotely monitor animal behavior. Accelerometer-equipped activity monitors quantify animal motion with different amounts of movement presumably corresponding to different animal activities. Variations in motion among species and differences in collar design necessitate calibration for each collar and species of interest. We paired activity monitor data collected using Lotek GPS_4400 collars worn by captive Rocky Mountain elk Cervus elaphus nelsoni with simultaneously collected behavior observations. During our initial data screening, we observed many sampling intervals of directly observed behavior that did not pair to activity monitor data in a logical fashion. For example, intervals contai...
Use of the 90Sr applicator for intraoperative radiation therapy in a mouse tumor model

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) research is limited by the lack of small-animal models. We have implanted B16 melanoma into mouse kidneys, which we subsequently operated upon and irradiated with beta rays from a 90Sr ophthalmic applicator. The IORT has effectively prolonged survival and produced some cures. The strategy should be applicable to other murine tumors and to other internal implantation sites.
Lymphoscintigraphy and triangulated body marking for morbidity reduction during sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer

Current trends in patient care include the desire for minimizing invasiveness of procedures and interventions. This aim is reflected in the increasing utilization of sentinel lymph node biopsy, which results in a lower level of morbidity in breast cancer staging, in comparison to extensive conventional axillary dissection. Optimized lymphoscintigraphy with triangulated body marking is a clinical option that can further reduce morbidity, more than when a hand held gamma probe alone is utilized. Unfortunately it is often either overlooked or not fully understood, and thus not utilized. This results in the unnecessary loss of an opportunity to further reduce morbidity. Optimized lymphoscintigraphy and triangulated body marking provides a detailed 3 dimensional map of the number and location of the sentinel nodes, available before the first incision is made. The number, location, relevance based on time/sequence of appearance of the nodes, all can influence 1) where the incision is made, 2) how extensive the dissection is, and 3) how many nodes are removed. In addition, complex patterns can arise from injections. These include prominent lymphatic channels, pseudo-sentinel nodes, echelon and reverse echelon nodes and even contamination, which are much more difficult to access with the probe only. With the detailed information provided by optimized lymphoscintigraphy and triangulated body marking, the surgeon can approach the axilla in a more enlightened fashion, in contrast to when the less informed probe only method is used. This allows for better planning, resulting in the best cosmetic effect and less trauma to the tissues, further reducing morbidity while maintaining adequate sampling of the sentinel node(s).
Assessment of Olefin-Based IUD Tail Strings

The „tail string” that extends from a contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD) into the vagina is an illustrative case in materials engineering design. The strings must satisfy certain criteria for strength and other properties in order to fulfill the function of providing a means of insuring that the IUD has not been ejected, and eventually of helping remove the IUD. This must be done without contributing to an additional risk of unwanted medical side effects beyond those that may be inherent in any such device. Oriented monofilament olefins appear to satisfy these criteria, and have been used successfully in several IUD designs. This article describes a study of two such monofilaments taken from new IUDs, showing how the material's processing, structure, and properties lead to effective performance as tail strings. Several types of used IUDs were also studied, to insure that nothing occurred during use that would alter the conclusions drawn from the study of new strings. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spatial Thinking and the GIS User Interface

Geographic information science can be defined as the study of the fundamental issues of geographic information, and is often motivated by the need to improve geographic information technologies. One such issue concerns the design of the user interface, and the relationship between the tasks performed by the technologies on the one hand, and the concepts that humans use in thinking about those tasks on the other. Nowhere is this issue more important than in the design of GIS user interfaces and functionality. Recent efforts have led to a comprehensive understanding of the concepts of spatial thinking, and of how these concepts might form the basis for a much-improved functionality and user interface. The presentation summarizes those efforts, and points to a future in which GIS will be much easier to teach, master, and use.
Collaborative knowledge building: A case study

What learning conditions are necessary to effectively support the knowledge-building enterprise in a learning community? To answer this question, the case-study method was employed to investigate collaborative knowledge building in a graduate level course designed to incorporate specific constructivist learning principles. These principles included (a) having a collective and authentic community goal to facilitate collaboration and engagement in the community, (b) using cooperative groups to provide for social negotiation and to promote multiple perspectives, (c) personally selecting of course readings and group decision-making to encourage ownership in learning, and (d) employing an integrated set of technology tools to archive the work of the community and facilitate communication. Results indicated that the instructional strategies designed into the course promoted collaborative knowledge building and the acquisition of key concepts through self-directed learning strategies. Results also pointed out the types of technological support required to implement an effective community of learners. A proposed set of guidelines is discussed to assist instructional designers in the design and development of collaborative, knowledge-building environments.
Molecular Simulations of Porphyrins and Heme Proteins

An overview of the use of classical mechanical molecular simulations of porphyrins, hydroporphyrins, and heme proteins is given. The topics cover molecular mechanics calculations of structures and conformer energies of porphyrins, energies of barriers for interconversion between stable conformers, molecular dynamics of porphyrins and heme proteins, and normal-coordinate structural analysis of experimental and calculated porphyrin structures. Molecular mechanics and dynamics are currently a fertile area of research on porphyrins. In the future, other computational methods such as Monte Carlo simulations, which have yet to be applied to porphyrins, will come into use and open new avenues of research into molecular simulations of porphyrins.
Synovial sarcoma in children: surgical lessons from a single institution and review of the literature.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Synovial sarcomas are malignant high-grade, soft-tissue neoplasms that account for 7% to 8% of all malignant soft-tissue tumors and are the most common nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcomas in pediatric patients. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of the records of children younger than 17 years with synovial sarcoma treated at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1966 until 1999 was undertaken. Primary site, tumor size, tumor margins, surgical treatment, adjuvant therapy, local and distant recurrence, and survival were recorded for 42 patients. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The PFS and OS comparisons were performed using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were identified, but two patients were excluded because of incomplete records. The median followup duration for the 42 patients was 8.8 years (range 0.2 to 22.4 years). The 5-year progression-free survival and overall survival rates were 75.6% and 87.7%, respectively. Eleven patients were dead and four others had progressed but were alive without evidence of disease after further therapy. Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) grouping and tumor invasiveness were found to be significant prognostic indicators (p CONCLUSIONS: Complete resection with clear, yet not necessarily large, margins remains the treatment of choice for synovial sarcoma in children. Adjuvant radiation therapy should possibly be considered in patients with clear margins (IRS Group I) and in patients with microscopic residual tumor (IRS Group II). Chemotherapy did not seem to impact PFS or OS. Lymph nodes should be evaluated for local regional disease.
A Babcock-Leighton Flux Transport Dynamo with Solar-like Differential Rotation

We investigate the properties of a kinematic —ux transport solar dynamo model. The model is charac- terized by a solar-like internal diUerential rotation pro—le, a single-cell meridional —ow in the convective envelope that is directed poleward at the surface, and a magnetic diUusivity that is constant within the envelope but decreases sharply at the core-envelope interface. As in earlier —ux transport models of the Babcock-Leighton type, we assume that the poloidal —eld is regenerated as a consequence of the emer- gence at the surface, and subsequent decay, of bipolar active regions exhibiting a systematic tilt with respect to the east-west direction. Inspired by recent simulations of the rise of toroidal magnetic —ux ropes across the solar convective envelope, we model this poloidal —eld regeneration mechanism as a nonlocal source term formulated in such a way as to account for some of the properties of rising —ux ropes revealed by the simulations. For a broad range of parameter values the model leads to solar cycle¨ like oscillatory solutions. Because of the solar-like internal diUerential rotation pro—le used in the model, solutions tend to be characterized by time-latitude (butter—y) diagrams that exhibit both poleward- and equatorward-propagating branches. We demonstrate that the latitudinal shear in the envelope, often omitted in other —ux transport models previously published in the literature, actually has a dominant eUect on the global morphology and period of the solutions, while the radial shear near the core- envelope interface leads to further intensi—cation of the toroidal —eld. On the basis of an extensive parameter space study, we establish a scaling law between the time period of the cycle and the primary parameters of the model, namely the meridional —ow speed, source coefficient, and turbulent diUusion coefficient. In the parameter regime expected to characterize the Sun, we show that the time period of the cycle is most signi—cantly in—uenced by the circulation —ow speed and, unlike for conventional mean —eld a) dynamos, is little aUected by the magnitude of the source coefficient. Finally, we present one speci—c solution that exhibits features that compare advantageously with the observed properties of the solar cycle. Subject headings: diUusionSun: interiorSun: magnetic —eldsSun: rotation
Phenylmethylene hydantoins as prostate cancer invasion and migration inhibitors. CoMFA approach and QSAR analysis.

Abstract Prostrate cancer constitutes the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in United States. In the process of discovery of new antiproliferative and anti-metastatic agents against prostate cancer, marine-derived phenylmethylene hydantoin (PMH) derivatives were identified with activity level range between 50 and 200 μM. 3D-QSAR CoMFA model was used in virtual screening of commercially available derivatives of PMH. PMH derivatives with manifold increase in anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities were discovered using wound-healing and Cultrex invasion assays. Benzene ring replacement with other heterocyclic rings did not significantly improve the methylene hydantoins activities. Multivariate analysis performed on the whole series of methylene hydantoins, which further supported the findings of CoMFA model. Predictive QSAR model with conventional r 2 and cross-validated coefficient ( q 2 ) values up to 0.982 and 0.803 were established. The molecular volume (MV) and the log P were identified as critical parameters for methylene hydatoins migration inhibitory activity. PMH is a novel anti-metastatic lead class with potential therapeutic activity against prostate cancer.
Anaplastic meningioma versus meningeal hemangiopericytoma: immunohistochemical and genetic markers

Anaplastic meningiomas (MIIIs) and meningeal hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) display significant morphologic and immunohistochemical overlap, including occasional cases of otherwise classic HPC with focal epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) positivity. The availability of several new biomarkers prompted us to examine the potential diagnostic roles of ancillary immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies. From the archival university neuropathology and consult files of 1 of the authors (A.P.), 19 meningeal HPCs and 19 MIIIs were retrieved for further study. IHC was performed by using EMA, CAM 5.2, CD99, Bcl-2, claudin-1 and Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) antibodies. FISH was performed with NF2, 4.1B (DAL-1), chromosome 1p32, and 14q32 probes. HPCs showed strong CD99 (85% of cases), strong bcl-2 (86%), focal EMA (33%), focal claudin-1 (13%), and scattered individual cell FXIIIa (100%) positivity. MIIIs showed strong EMA (89%), strong claudin-1 (54%), weak or focal CD99 (15%), weak or focal bcl-2 (31%), and individual cell FXIIIa (84%) positivity. Focal CAM 5.2 expression was seen in 26% of HPCs and 15% of MIIIs. Deletions were extremely common in MIIIs: 1p (94%), 14q (67%), NF2 (100%), and 4.1B (67%). HPCs showed no 14q or 4.1B deletions, with 1 case each of 1p and NF2 deletions (6%). The sensitivities and specificities of the 3 most useful IHC markers (EMA, CD99, bcl-2) were 85%-89% and 67%-84%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of claudin-1 for MIII were 54% and 86%, respectively. The specificity and positive predictive value of combined CD99 and bcl-2 expression for the diagnosis of HPC was 95%. The sensitivities of individual genetic markers were 67%-100%, with specificities of 94%-100%. Our 3 conclusions were as follows: (1) EMA, CD99, bcl-2, and claudin-1 IHC and 1p, 14q, NF2, and 4.1B FISH are particularly useful for distinguishing anaplastic meningiomas from meningeal HPCs. (2) Focal EMA expression does not preclude a diagnosis of HPC. (3) The characteristic FXIIIa staining pattern reported for HPC also is encountered frequently in anaplastic meningiomas and therefore is nonspecific in this diagnostic setting.
Dementia and mental retardation markers on the Rey 15-item Visual Memory Test

This study examined the qualitative errors of repetitions and confabulations on the Rey 15-item Visual Memory Test among 500 psychiatric patients who were divided into groups with (1) low IQ scores, (2) a diagnosis of dementia, and (3) other psychiatric diagnoses. These groups were compared on the presence of confabulated figures and repetitions on the Rey. The low IQ patients had the highest rate for both confabulations (48.2%) and repetitions (43.6%). Demented patients had the next highest rate of confabulations (39.8%) and repetitions (39.8%). The general psychiatric patients had the lowest rates on confabulations (16.2%) and repetitions (26.8%). Chi squared analysis showed that both confabulations and repetitions significantly differentiated these patients of low IQ and demented patients from general psychiatric patients. These results suggest that clinicians who use the Rey 15-item Visual Memory Test and find either confabulated or repeated figures should further explore the possibility that the patient might have low intellectual functioning or dementia.
So far away from one's partner, yet so close to romantic alternatives: avoidant attachment, interest in alternatives, and infidelity.

Temptation pervades modern social life, including the temptation to engage in infidelity. The present investigation examines one factor that may put individuals at a greater risk of being unfaithful to their partner: dispositional avoidant attachment style. The authors hypothesize that avoidantly attached people may be less resistant to temptations for infidelity due to lower levels of commitment in romantic relationships. This hypothesis was confirmed in 8 studies. People with high, vs. low, levels of dispositional avoidant attachment had more permissive attitudes toward infidelity (Study 1), showed attentional bias toward attractive alternative partners (Study 2), expressed greater daily interest in meeting alternatives to their current relationship partner (Study 5), perceived alternatives to their current relationship partner more positively (Study 6), and engaged in more infidelity over time (Studies 3, 4, 7, and 8). This effect was mediated by lower levels of commitment (Studies 5–8). Thus, avoidant attachment predicted a broad spectrum of responses indicative of interest in alternatives and propensity to engage in infidelity, which were mediated by low levels of commitment.
NiCr MEMS Tactile Sensors Embedded in Polyimide Toward Smart Skin

Piezoresistive NiCr tactile sensors have been developed on surface micromachined aluminum oxide membranes, embedded between two polyimide layers, i.e., one serving as a substrate, another as a superstrate. A novel method to bond a flexible superstrate polyimide layer onto a microelectromechanical system tactile sensor array is presented. The piezoresistors were connected in a half-Wheatstone bridge configuration to minimize the effects of thermal drift. Three different types of sensor designs were fabricated and characterized to obtain the nichrome thin-film gauge factor. The experimental results were compared with those simulated for the same conditions of membrane deflection. The gauge factors range between 2.2 and 7.9 for sensors with a superstrate and between 1.5 and 3.2 without a superstrate.
Redescription of a Nearly Complete Skull of Plateosaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Trossingen (Germany)

ABSTRACT The nearly complete, disarticulated skull of AMNH FARB 6810, a specimen of the basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus collected in 1925 from the Norian (Late Triassic) strata of the Knollenmergel beds of Trossingen (Germany), is redescribed. This study supports referral of AMNH FARB 6810 to P. erlenbergiensis on the basis of the following characters: occipital condyle above level of parasphenoid; basisphenoid with transverse, subvertical lamina extending between basipterygoid processes, with ventrally projecting median process; and peglike process projecting medially from the middle of the palatine. Furthermore, P. longiceps is regarded a junior synonym of P. erlenbergiensis because the type specimen of the latter is diagnostic (displaying the above-noted apomorphies of the braincase and palatine) and, chronologically, P. erlenbergiensis has priority over P. longiceps.
Design and use of Small Rogowski Coils for use with Large, Fast Current Pulses

Rogowski coils are commonly used in pulsed power applications to make an indirect measurement of very large currents. Problems arise with this technique when coil dimensions are forced to be small. Ideally, a Rogowski coil has a very large number of turns, making it less sensitive to current location, noise, and winding variations. For a small coil this can cause two problems: 1.) a large number of turns yields a large output voltage, and 2.) the spacing between turns becomes very small, making shorting between turns a problem. One way to combat both of these problems is to minimize the voltage induced in each turn of the coil. This can easily be done by increasing the diameter of the coil, placing the coil's turns in regions of lower dB/dt. However, when a coil's outer dimensions are fixed, the only way to decrease output voltage is by decreasing the area of each turn. Since Rogowski coils are typically constructed using standard sizes of 50 Ohm cable it would seem that there is a lower limit to how small the area of each turn can be. However, by including a "counter-turn" with each turn on a coil the effective area of each turn can be made as small as desired. Tests were performed using coils having diameters from 2.0-2.5 cm and 5-10 turns. Current pulses ranged from 20 kA to 250 kA with rise times of 250 ns and 100 ns respectively.
Selecting Appeals for Judicial Review in Canada: A Replication and Multivariate Test of American Hypotheses

Comparative research of agenda setting by high courts in other countries that replicates American research on the certiorari process is rare. This is the first study of the leave to appeal process in the Supreme Court of Canada. It also is the first multivariate model that operationalizes the jurisprudential indicia Perry identified as important when the U.S. Supreme Court "decides to decide." This study finds that endogenous institutional norms in Canada produce a decentralized process in which legal cues or signals are emphasized but in diverse and varied ways. Institutional differences across high courts therefore affect the generalizability of American findings.
A new approach to constrained expectation-maximization for density estimation

In this paper, we present two density estimation methods based on constrained expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. We propose a penalty-based maximum-entropy expectation-maximization (MEEM) algorithm to obtain a smooth estimate of the density function. We further propose an attraction-repulsion expectation- maximization (AREM) algorithm for density estimation in order to determine equilibrium between over-smoothing and over-fitting of the estimated density function. Computer simulation results are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed constrained expectation- maximization algorithms in image reconstruction and sensor field estimation from randomly scattered samples.
Thickness dependence of dielectric nonlinearity of lead zirconate titanate films

The first-order reversal curves (FORC) distribution of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 thin films was characterized as a function of film thickness. It was found that the thickness dependence of the small-field dielectric constant is due primarily to differences in the domain wall contributions to the properties. The irreversible FORC distribution decreased and the switching fields increased as the thickness decreased; this is compatible with reported Rayleigh analyses. The polarization-electric field data and the ac field dependence of the dielectric constant were modeled using the FORC distributions, and were found to give a good fit to the experimental results. Some discrepancies remain in the high-field dielectric constant, probably caused by its definition.
Usefulness of Low Cardiac Index to Predict Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension.

Patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) often have substantial right ventricular dysfunction. The resulting low cardiac index might predispose to sleep disordered breathing (SDB) by increasing ventilatory instability. The prevalence of SDB and potential association with impaired cardiac index was examined in patients with CTEPH. Patients referred for evaluation for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy surgery were recruited. Subjects underwent a sleep study, unless already using positive airway pressure therapy. Hemodynamic data were obtained from contemporaneous right-sided cardiac catheterization. A total of 49 subjects were included. SDB-defined as ongoing positive airway pressure use or apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥5/h-was found in 57% of subjects. SDB was generally mild in severity, with respiratory events mainly consisting of hypopneas. Cardiac index was found to be significantly lower in subjects with SDB than those without (2.19 vs 2.55 L/min/m(2); p = 0.024), whereas no differences were observed in other characteristics. Additionally, cardiac index was independently predictive of AHI. In a subgroup of subjects with an elevated percentage of central events, both cardiac index and lung to finger circulation time correlated with AHI. In conclusion, SDB is prevalent in patients with CTEPH and might decrease with treatments that improve cardiac index.
Medical School Hotline: Liaison Committee on Medical Education Accreditation, Part III: Educational Program Content, Curriculum Management, and Student Assessment.

The John A. Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa (JABSOM) is scheduled to undergo its Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) accreditation visit in early 2017. This article is the third in a series that will address various aspects of the LCME accreditation process.1 This installment provides an overview of how JABSOM addresses accreditation standards related to the educational program content, curriculum management, and student assessment.
Hybrid Testimony and Moral Indictment: A Survivor's Poetic Response to the Mauthausen Nazi Concentration Camp Experience

Poetry is rarely accorded the same testimonial and documentary status as diaries and memoirs, which have been largely accepted as subjective forms of historical accounts. The author of this article argues that more traditional forms of Holocaust survivor testimony and poetic forms do not have to be viewed as belonging to mutually exclusive categories. A close reading of Mauthausen concentration camp survivor Otto Hoffmann’s 1945 collection of poems reveals the testimonial character of poetry, and attests to the survivor’s effort to establish authority as a “moral witness.”
Octane Fitness, Inc: The Power of Focus

This case could be used in entrepreneurship and strategy courses. Two men already working in the physical-fitness-equipment industry build their own business designing and producing high-quality fitness equipment. The power of planning, strategic focus, disciplined adherence to core competencies, outsourcing, and aligning HR policies and rewards with the strategic focus are illustrated in the case.
Infectivity of Plasmodium berghei and of Babesia rodhaini to various primates.

Plasmodium berghei was inoculated into various primates and the following species became infected: splenectomized Macaca arctoides (Asian); intact Cebus albifrons, C. apella, and Aotus trivirgatus (American); and splenectomized Erythrocebus patas, Cercopithecus pygerythrus, Cercocebus galentus, and Papio papio (African). The infections were all light and most of them were transient, but those in M. arctoides, C. galeritus, and P. papio lasted up to 78 days. Two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), one of them splenectomized, resisted infection. Babesia rodhaini also was inoculated into many of the above animals. Infections were produced in intact Cebus apella and in splenectomized Cercopithecus pygerythrus, Papio papio, and Pan troglodytes. The infections were subpatent and were demonstrated only by subinoculation into mice. Apparently these two parasites are less restricted in their range of possible hosts than was previously believed.
Changes in Self-Rated Health During the Transition to Retiring Living Among Medicare Managed-Care Recipients

ABSTRACTMoving into a retirement community may be precipitated by or bring about changes in health status. We hypothesized that moving into a retirement community would be associated with a decline in self-rated health (SRH), but that health-related factors would mitigate this association. We analyzed data from 58,272 participants in Cohort 3 of the Medicare Health Outcome Survey. Individuals answered questions regarding living status in 2000 and 2002. Those who moved into a retirement community were compared with those who did not. The primary outcome was change in SRH. We created adjusted and unadjusted models. A total of 2,520 participants (4.4%) moved into retirement communities between 2000 and 2002. There were no substantial differences in the mean change in SRH between those who moved and those who did not. In adjusted and unadjusted models, moving was not significantly associated with changes in SRH. In an analysis stratified by SRH, only those with the best SRH had a significant decline in SRH ...
Using the PET microcomputer for collecting and analyzing observational data in the classroom

This report concerns the use of the PET 2001–8 microcomputer (Commodore) for taking observational data on human interactions in a classroom setting. The program enables the observer to record several different types of behavior as they occur in time and provides for calculations of frequency, duration, and latency data for the behaviors observed, using the real-time clock built into the PET. During field testing in a classroom, an observer can accurately record sequential teacher-student interactions. Because of the integration of processor, TV monitor, keyboard, and cassette deck, the PET is very portable, which increases it flexibility for observing behaviors in naturalistic settings.
The activities of cytokines are pleiotropic and interdependent. Plenary lecture, Eight European Immunology Meeting, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, September 1987

Many cytokines with multiple effects on the growth and functions of a wide variety of target cells have been discovered. Consequently, cytokines may exhibit considerable overlap in their biological effects on lymphoid, myeloid and connective tissue target cells. Even biologically distinct cytokines may have similar effects by initiating the production of a cascade of identical cytokines or of one another. The benefits of this apparent redundancy and interdependence of these activities remain to be established. Our information concerning cytokines is still far from complete, as illustrated by the recent characterization of a novel chemotactic cytokine and identification of a family of related mediators.
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AND STABILITY OF SOME CHARACTERS THAT DISTINGUISH LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL. FROM SOLANUM PENNELLII COR.

The nature of genetic differentiation between taxa, though seldom subjected to investigation, is fundamental to an understanding of the process of speciation. In an example of recent research in this field, by Clausen and Hiesey (1958), genetic differences between ecological races of Potentilla glandulosa were analyzed and related to responses in different environments. Their monumental work also summarizes previous research in this field. Among the traits that distinguish systematic entities, the key characters are of special interest because by definition they identify the respective taxa. Effective key characters are those which show discontinuous phenotypic variation between the groups that they characterize. This discontinuity may result from three main causes: (a) extinction of intermediate groups, (b) strong canalization, and (c) simple inheritance. Since both the inheritance and the evolutionary importance of key characters have been treated masterfully by Mayr (1942), further elaboration of these subjects is not warranted here. In most groups of higher organisms a genetic analysis of key characters encounter so many obstacles that it is often extremely difficult or impossible to accomplish. Fortunately the two species Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (the cultivated tomato) and Solanum pennellii Cor. (an exclusively wild species) are admirably suited to such investigations for numerous reasons in addition to their horticultural amenability.
Branded fitness: Exercise and promotional culture:

This article develops a theory of branded fitness within the United States through a focus on two of its most visible examples: CrossFit and Bikram yoga. We argue that highly successful forms of branded fitness such as these give insight into the enormous power and permeation of branded sensibilities into everyday life – in this case, going so far as to inform how we relate to, and attempt to modify, our own bodies. However, we argue that a close examination of branded fitness likewise reveals the inconsistencies, trouble spots, and extraordinary limits of the brand as a way to build a fitness movement – which we contend is instructive in thinking about how branding more generally relates to mediation, community, and cultural commodification.