cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The joint design of a compressed air and wind energy system for mechanical spillage recovery

A novel configuration of a compressed air assisted wind energy conversion system is proposed to capture the mechanical spillage of a wind turbine and store it as the compressed air. The compressed air storage could be used to supplement electric power generation. The compact design utilizes the surplus capacities of blades and generator, and combines the compressor and expander into one machine. The compressed air subsystem serves as a buffer between the blade power and the electric output power. It mitigates the power discrepancy between them and gives another degree of freedom for energy management. The performance simulation shows that the joint design of compressed air and wind turbine system helps to increase the power generation by 12%. The discounted energy cost during one week is decreased by 15%, compared to a traditional wind turbine. The sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed system in variable conditions.
Does The Legalization of Undocumented Immigrants in the US Encourage Unauthorized Immigration from Mexico? An Empirical Analysis of the Moral Hazard of Legalization

Does the prospect of a legalization programme in the US increase unauthorized immigration from Mexico? The logic of the moral hazard of legalization suggests that providing lawful status to undocumented immigrants has the unintended effect of incentivizing further unauthorized immigration. However, we argue and show that concerns about the moral hazard of legalization may be overstated. We conceptualize our argument using two distinct temporal dimensions: a concurrent dimension and a prospective one. Our analysis of the 2007 Mexican Migration Field Research Program (MMFRP) survey provides evidence supporting our arguments. The data show that knowledge regarding a prospective legalization programme in the US does not increase the intent to migrate among prospective migrants. Our results hold when accounting for a range of potential confounding factors, across several multivariate model specifications, and also when analysing comparable respondents who are matched using propensity score matching (PSM) techniques.
Developing better mouse models to study cisplatin-induced kidney injury

Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic used for the treatment of many types of cancer. However, its dose-limiting side effect is nephrotoxicity leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Patients who develop AKI have an increased risk of mortality and are more likely to develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). Unfortunately, there are no therapeutic interventions for the treatment of AKI. It has been suggested that the lack of therapies is due in part to the fact that the established mouse model used to study cisplatin-induced AKI does not recapitulate the cisplatin dosing regimen patients receive. In recent years, work has been done to develop more clinically relevant models of cisplatin-induced kidney injury, with much work focusing on incorporation of multiple low doses of cisplatin administered over a period of weeks. These models can be used to recapitulate the development of CKD after AKI and, by doing so, increase the likelihood of identifying novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cisplatin-induced kidney injury.
B-Harmony: Building Small Business and Small Nonprofits Partnerships that Thrive (A Framework for Collaborative Competition)

This paper outlines a conceptual framework for how small businesses and small nonprofits can form collaborative partnerships and gain competitive advantage in local business environments. Building upon prior research in strategic management and normative business ethics, this paper explores the theoretical conditions for collaborative competition and explains why small business and small nonprofit partnerships stand as a unique model for successful collaborative competition. Particular attention is given to understanding the social dimensions of commerce and community service while the issues of intellectual capital and stakeholder interests are also examined.
Adult Development Periods and Protestant Mole Clergy: A Descriptive Framework:

There has been great interest generated in the past 10 years over the idea of developmental periods in adulthood. There has been some interest in research on clergy but the majority of this researc...
Herpesvirus evasion of T-cell immunity

The multiple layers of the human immune response present a challenge to viruses, which must survive and multiply within a host for a sufficient period of time to allow successful transmission to susceptible individuals. Given the large proteomes and comparatively low polymerase error rate of human herpesviruses, antiviral immunity at first glance appear to have the upper hand. Nonetheless, herpesviruses manage prolonged incubation periods following initial infection, with systemic dissemination and prolonged secretion, often from multiple sites. In contrast to the similarly large poxviruses, the ability to subsequently establish persistent infection is a hallmark of the human herpesviruses. To enable this lifestyle, the herpesviruses devote a significant proportion of their genome coding capacity to the expression of immuno-evasins, a collection of molecules that disrupt normal immune physiology. Each human herpesvirus studied has evolved elegant cell biological solutions to problems posed by the immune response.
Using benchmarked lung radiation dose constraints to predict pneumonitis risk: Developing a nomogram for patients with mediastinal lymphoma.

Abstract Purpose We identified lung dosimetric constraints to assist in predicting the radiation pneumonitis (RP) risk in patients with mediastinal lymphoma and then identified the clinical prognostic factors that were associated with the achievement of key dosimetric constraints. Methods and Materials In 190 patients who received mediastinal intensity modulated radiation therapy, we used univariate χ2 and multivariate logistic models to identify the predictors of RP and achievement of lung dose-volume histogram (DVH) constraints and build a predictive nomogram for RP. Results An increased risk of RP was strongly associated with mean lung dose (MLD) > 13.5 Gy (odds ratio [OR]: 8.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.01-21.93; P 55% (OR: 7.01; 95% CI, 2.94-16.72; P Conclusions Achieving mean lung and V5 DVH constraints is critical to reduce RP risk in patients with lymphoma who receive mediastinal intensity modulated radiation therapy. The use of the DIBH technique is a promising risk-modifying treatment approach in patients with mediastinal lymphoma and especially in patients with a history of nonmodifiable risk factors for RP such as bulky disease and salvage chemotherapy.
Electric Potential Near a Superconducting Boundary

In the nonequilibrium region close to a current-carrying superconducting—normal (S/N) interface Rieger et al.1 proposed a concept of separate chemical potentials for quasiparticles and pairs. From a time-dependent Ginzburg—Landau (GL) approach they found that the difference in pair potential µ p and electron potential µ e depends on the divergence of the supercurrent j s in the following way: $${{\mu }_{p}}\,-\,{{\mu }_{e\,}}\,=\,(m{{\zeta }^{2}}/4e\tau {{\left| \psi \right|}^{2}})\,\nabla \,\centerdot \,{{j}_{s}}$$ (1) where τ is the GL relaxation time, ξ is the coherence distance, and ψ is the amplitude of the condensed phase. It was also found that µ P remains constant even near a S/N boundary where ∇·j s is nonzero. In a recent paper2 we reported experimental evidence for this concept and found that a superconducting voltage probe measures the pair chemical potential and a normal voltage probe measures the quasiparticle chemical potential. These measurements were made with tantalum thin-film microcircuits fabricated with photoetch and selective anodization techniques. The transition temperature of these films is thickness dependent2 and the relative transition temperature of different regions was determined by the respective thicknesses, which in turn were controlled by the anodization process.
US particulate matter air quality improves except in wildfire-prone areas

Using data from rural monitoring sites across the contiguous United States, we evaluated fine particulate matter (PM2.5) trends for 1988–2016. We calculate trends in the policy-relevant 98th quantile of PM2.5 using Quantile Regression. We use Kriging and Gaussian Geostatistical Simulations to interpolate trends between observed data points. Overall, we found positive trends in 98th quantile PM2.5 at sites within the Northwest United States (average 0.21 ± 0.12 µg·m−3·y−1; ±95% confidence interval). This was in contrast with sites throughout the rest of country, which showed a negative trend in 98th quantile PM2.5, likely due to reductions in anthropogenic emissions (average −0.66 ± 0.10 µg·m−3·y−1). The positive trend in 98th quantile PM2.5 is due to wildfire activity and was supported by positive trends in total carbon and no trend in sulfate across the Northwest. We also evaluated daily moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) for 2002–2017 throughout the United States to compare with ground-based trends. For both Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) PM2.5 and MODIS AOD datasets, we found positive 98th quantile trends in the Northwest (1.77 ± 0.68% and 2.12 ± 0.81% per year, respectively) through 2016. The trend in Northwest AOD is even greater if data for the high-fire year of 2017 are included. These results indicate a decrease in PM2.5 over most of the country but a positive trend in the 98th quantile PM2.5 across the Northwest due to wildfires.
1494. Vaginal pH: Associations with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis

Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a low-Lactobacillus state characterized by elevated vaginal pH, has been associated with incident sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Elevated pH may also be associated with certain Lactobacillus species (L. iners). Increased pH may serve as a cheap, easily accessible biomarker for underlying STI, vaginal dysbiosis and risk of STI acquisition. In this study we examine the relationship between vaginal pH and infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV).
Detecting respiratory infection in children with cystic fibrosis: Cough swab, sputum induction or bronchoalveolar lavage

Young children with cystic fibrosis (CF) are generally very well, cough free and non-productive, and are often incapable of spontaneously expectorating sputum even if actively coughing during an exacerbation. Obtaining a meaningful airway sample for microbiological analysis is therefore problematic, yet essential if lower airway infection is to be detected and adequately treated. Recently there has been increasing interest in the use of sputum-induction in young children with CF, as a simple, cost effective, well tolerated and frequently repeatable approach to sampling the lower airway, and the relative merits of this approach to bacterial sampling are discussed. Culture-independent microbiology has increased our understanding of the respiratory microbiota and has challenged the current paradigm of "single pathogen causes disease". Understanding how to diagnose infection using these new, highly sensitive technologies will be important. How we should best intervene to optimise, manipulate and prevent disruption of the respiratory microbiota is likely to greatly influence how we manage infection in the future.
Real-Time Optical Motion Capture Balance Sonification System

In this study, we explored the effects of a motion capture-based real-time sonified biofeedback system on balance. We present the initial efforts towards developing a task-independent optical motion capture based real-time balance sonification system. Five healthy young adults (two female; 24 ± 2.65 years) stood on one foot before and during listening to sonified biofeedback that expressed information in real-time about the state of their balance. In two of five participants, interacting with our sonified biofeedback system resulted in increased "Margin of Stability", a metric indicative of how well the body center of mass is supported by a person's stance. This result indicates our system's initial promise towards training balance strategies. Qualitatively, the participants who increased the Margin of Stability during sonification reported enjoying the experience more and were more aware of changes in their behavior, compared to those who did not increase their Margin of Stability. We also learned that our sonification system has design elements that are incompatible with the stationary tasks in the present study, which will inform our next iteration of sonification design. Future work will examine sonifying balance in dynamic balance tasks, with the goal of aiding clinical balance training.
From Burnout to Wholehearted Engagement: A Qualitative Exploration of Psychiatry Residents' Experience of Stress.

Purpose Physician burnout is endemic across medical education and has numerous deleterious effects. Given the prevalence and negative effects of burnout, there is an urgent need to understand how residents experience and cope with stress and develop explanatory models that inform the development of more effective interventions. Method Using a qualitative, constructivist approach informed by grounded theory, the authors conducted semistructured interviews from March to April 2019, in which psychiatry residents were asked about their experiences of stress and how they coped. First- through fourth-year trainees at Zucker Hillside Hospital at Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York, were invited. Two authors independently and inductively coded deidentified transcripts. A constant comparative approach was used to analyze data and support construction of themes. Theoretic sufficiency was observed after 14 interviews. Results The authors constructed an explanatory model for how residents cope with stress and whether they tended toward burnout or wholehearted engagement. The model included 3 themes: self-care, work relationships, and meaning making. Self-care, including time spent with others, provided connection and belonging that bolstered physicians' developing identities. Interpersonal relationships at work profoundly influenced the experience of residents. Positive peer and supervisor relationships enhanced confidence and perseverance. Negative role models and conflict engendered feelings of inadequacy. The ability to shift perspective and build meaning through examining moral values in the face of challenges was crucial for residents who reported success at coping with stress. Residents identified personal psychotherapy as an especially important strategy to facilitate meaning making. Conclusions These findings provide guidance for how residency programs may help residents cope with stress and move away from burnout toward wholehearted engagement. Strategies may include reducing barriers to self-care and to accessing help early in training, creating spaces that promote peer connection and providing training in addressing conflict, and facilitating engagement in meaning-making activities.
Considerations of expanded carrier screening: Lessons learned from combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria.

Background Expanded carrier screening (ECS) utilizes high-throughput next-generation sequencing to evaluate an individual's carrier status for multiple conditions. Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA) due to ACSF3 deficiency is a rare inherited disease included in such screening panels. Some cases have been reported with metabolic symptoms in childhood yet other cases describe a benign clinical course, suggesting the clinical phenotype is not well defined. Methods/case report Clinical and laboratory findings during the prenatal period were obtained retrospectively from medical records. Results A 37-year-old nulliparous woman and her partner were each identified as carriers of ACSF3 variants and presented at 9 weeks gestation for prenatal genetic consultation. The couple received extensive genetic counseling and proceeded with chorionic villus sampling at 11 weeks gestation. Subsequent analysis confirmed that the fetus inherited both parental ACSF variants. The couple was devastated by the results and after reviewing options of pregnancy continuation and termination, they decided to terminate the pregnancy. Following this decision, the patient was diagnosed with acute stress disorder. Conclusion This case highlights how expanded carrier screening adds complexity to reproductive decision-making. Stronger guidelines and additional research are needed to direct and evaluate the timing, composition, and implementation of ECS panels.
Financial Disclosure Quality’s Role in Fostering Trust: Evidence from the Relation between Disclosure Quality and Innovation

In principle, innovation and financial disclosure have little in common. Yet, previous studies have documented a positive association between financial disclosure quality and innovation. I shed light on this puzzle, by pointing to the fact that high quality disclosure fosters investors’ trust, and this trust provides firms the autonomy necessary for innovation. Trust is investors’ willingness to be vulnerable to the risk that the firm will fail their expectations in the short-run, i.e., trust is the tolerance for a firm’s short-term failure. I too document a positive association between disclosure quality and innovation and demonstrate that it is stronger when disclosure plays a more important role in fostering investor trust, including following events that erode trust and when “generalized trust” is high. Further, a path analysis delineates the impact of disclosure on access to financing, and provides further evidence on the importance of disclosure quality for fostering trust. This study contributes to the literature on the economic role of financial disclosure by highlighting that financial disclosure quality proffers a benefit beyond the standard moral hazard and adverse selection roles.
Failure Mode Transition in Fiber Composite Fatigue

Previous work has shown that, under some circumstances, failure of polymer-matrix fiber composites under bending fatigue loading can transition from compressive/local buckling failure to tensile/fiber fracture failure. For low cycle fatigue, failure tends to be compressive in nature and can be modeled based on kink band theory. For high cycle fatigue, failure tends to be tensile and can be modeled based on a fatigue damage/wear-out model. In this work, we investigate the effect of load ratio on the transition from low cycle/compressive failure to high cycle/tensile failure for a unidirectional polyester/glass fiber composite. The stiffness degradation of the beams under changing loading conditions is also investigated.
Project Integration Architecture: Application Architecture

The Project Integration Architecture (PIA) implements a flexible, object-oriented, wrapping architecture which encapsulates all of the information associated with engineering applications. The architecture allows the progress of a project to be tracked and documented in its entirety. Additionally, by bringing all of the information sources and sinks of a project into a single architectural space, the ability to transport information between those applications is enabled.
Tubal versus uterine transfer of cryopreserved embryos: a prospective randomized trial

Objective To compare pregnancy rates after fallopian tubal and uterine transfer of cryopreserved embryos. Design Prospective randomized trial with assignment to treatment groups by a random number table. Setting University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, a tertiary care academic institution. Patients Forty patients with patent fallopian tubes and at least three cryopreserved embryos. Interventions Cryopreserved embryos were thawed and transferred to the fallopian tube by laparoscopy or to the uterus by a transcervical catheter. Main Outcome Measures Clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates. Results Tubal transfer of cryopreserved embryos resulted in statistically higher clinical (68% versus 24%) and ongoing pregnancy rates (58% versus 19%) when compared with uterine transfer. Conclusions Tubal transfer of cryopreserved embryos is highly effective and offers an improved pregnancy rate when compared with uterine transfer of embryos. This method of transfer should be considered in patients with patent fallopian tubes and at least three cryopreserved embryos.
Coordination of repair, checkpoint, and cell death responses to DNA damage

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a variety of DNA repair mechanisms for the self-preservation and self-protection of cells. Continual DNA damage that occurs from physiological and environmental agents is a threat to the integrity of the genome, viability of the cell, and survival of the organism. The investigation of DNA damage responses has been conducted in eukaryotic cells under conditions of genotoxic stress. The perturbations employed in the experimental protocols reveal the way cells respond to an acute increase in the level of DNA lesions. A number of agents—including ionizing radiation, DNA modifying chemicals, and drugs that inhibit topoisomerases or DNA polymerases (Pols)—have been applied empirically in cancer therapy. The chapter describes a number of genes that are conserved in all eukaryotes to regulate cellular responses to DNA damage. A separate body of work on human and mouse cell lines identified additional genes that are not found in yeast, most notably the tumor suppressors that play a critical role in DNA damage responses.
Internet and the digital economy

This has been the year of the "E." E-business and e-commerce have exploded as enterprises and business of all sorts have moved to take advantage of the ubiquity of the Web. While a large number of organizations are still focused on using the Web for marketing and pre-sales, a sizeable percentage are utilizing the Web to transform the nature of their internal and external operations to service and support customers, clients, suppliers, and other partners in new and innovative ways. For the most part, this move to the Web is taking place in a "theoretical" and "research" vacuum. There has been little conceptual, empirical, or methodological work aimed at understanding what has occurred, what could occur, or what ought to occur as these organizations move from one phase of Web transformation to another. This track on the Internet and the Digital Economy attempts to fill this vacuum by providing these conceptual, empirical and methodological underpinnings for e-commerce, e-business and the digital economy in general.From a high level perspective, the minitracks in this session deal with 4 key issues. Included are: Virtual communities and collaboration; Web-enabled work processes between and within organizations; Analysis, models and methodologies of e-commerce and e-business The design, implementation and maintenance of Web applications and network infrastructure.
Killing of Haemophilus influenzae Cells by Integrated Ultraviolet-Induced Lesions from Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Highly competent cultures of Haemophilus influenzae are inactivated by exposure to transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) irradiated with ultraviolet light (UV). As a function of UV dose to the DNA, the killing goes to a maximum and then decreases. The killing of H. influenzae by unirradiated H. parainfluenzae DNA, reported by other workers, is enhanced by low doses of UV, but drops off at high doses. Since there are no such lethal effects in a strain of H. influenzae that takes up DNA normally but does not integrate it, it is concluded that the killing is associated with integrated UV lesions. All the killing of wild-type cells due to irradiated DNA is eliminated by photoreactivation of the DNA. The killing of an excisionless strain of H. influenzae, however, is not eliminated by maximal photoreactivation of the irradiated transforming DNA. The nonphotoreactivable fraction of killing in the excisionless strain increases with increasing dose. The kinetics of the killing-dose curves may be explained only partially in terms of UV-induced loss of integration. It is postulated that the number of pyrimidine dimers relative to other DNA components integrated decreases at higher UV doses.
Thermodynamic performance of the 3-stage ADR for the Astro-H Soft-X-ray Spectrometer instrument

Abstract The Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) instrument (Mitsuda et al., 2010) [1] on Astro-H (Takahashi et al., 2010) [2] will use a 3-stage ADR (Shirron et al., 2012) to cool the microcalorimeter array to 50 mK. In the primary operating mode, two stages of the ADR cool the detectors using superfluid helium at ⩽1.20 K as the heat sink (Fujimoto et al., 2010). In the secondary mode, which is activated when the liquid helium is depleted, the ADR uses a 4.5 K Joule–Thomson cooler as its heat sink. In this mode, all three stages operate together to continuously cool the (empty) helium tank and single-shot cool the detectors. The flight instrument – dewar, ADR, detectors and electronics – were integrated in 2014 and have since undergone extensive performance testing. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of the ADR’s operation, including cooling capacity, heat rejection to the heat sinks, and various measures of efficiency.
The Relationship Between Hard and Soft X-Ray Bursts Observed by OSO 7

Solar X-rays in the energy range 1–100 keV originate in hot plasmas and streams of energetic electrons in solar flares, and since these phenomena may represent a significant fraction of the energy in a flare, an understanding of them is important for any flare theory. This paper presents the results of the University of California, San Diego, solar X-ray instrument on the OSO-7 satellite. Study of the time evolution of the emission measure in a typical burst indicates that the growth of soft X-ray emission is due to the addition of new hot material to the flare plasma, and the study of the time evolution of the temperature of the plasma indicates that conduction is the dominant cooling mechanism. Comparison of the hard (10–100 keV) and soft (5–10 keV) data indicates that the main heat input to the flare plasma is not collisions by the electrons which make the hard X-rays. The fraction of soft X-ray bursts observed by the instrument which also have a detectable hard X-ray component is 2; this result is the same for bursts which occured near the center of the disk (θ < 60°) and for those bursts believed to have been partly occulted by the limb, indicating that hard X-ray emission comes at least part from high in the corona. For a sample of 62 hard X-ray bursts which occurred near or beyond the limb, the spectral index of the hard X-ray power law was significantly larger, as compared with the spectra of a comparable number which occurred at solar longitudes less than 60°.
A systematic DFT procedure for library cells

We present an automated procedure for improving the testability of a product by improving the testability of cells in the cell library. This method was applied to a scan flip-flop from Cyrix's standard cell library. Based on this analysis, some design and layout changes were suggested, which brought down the probability of difficult-to-detect faults by 70%, without compromising the performance or increasing the area of the circuit.
Room temperature detection of plasma resonances using multiple 2DEG channels in HEMT

A high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) configuration is proposed using multiple mutually coupled 2DEG layers to detect plasma waves at room temperatures. We show a 6 dB improvements in the transmission spectra, as opposed to single 2DEG layer, using a 4 channel HEMT configuration. To conduct this analysis, we developed and present a full-wave numerical model for self-consistent solution of the hydrodynamic equations coupled with the Maxwell's equations.
Developmental trends in emotion understanding among a diverse sample of African-American preschool children

The contributions of age and cognitive-language skills to children's emotion understanding (e.g., recognition of facial expression and understanding of contextual cues for five basic emotions: happy, sad, mad, scared, and surprised; as well as children's application of their understanding of emotions to hypothetical situations requiring them to cope with maternal anger) were examined in a sample of 45 preschool-aged African-American children. These children came from diverse SES and parenting backgrounds, with a heavy concentration of the sample from disadvantaged homes. The results were similar to studies of Caucasian children. Specifically, the results indicated that both age and cognitive-language skills contribute to children's emotional understanding. However, the contribution of age to emotion understanding was more consistent than the contribution of cognitive-language skills. Judgments of anger showed an age-related increase in accuracy in the contextual cue condition but not in the facial cue condition. Compared to other samples, children in this study were fairly accurate at judging and identifying fear. The results are discussed in terms of parent emotion socialization practices and implications for children's emotional development.
Tomographic imaging of the ionosphere using bidirectional extrapolation algorithm

In this paper, a new Fourier domain reconstruction algorithm is presented which utilizes the information contained in the known region of the spectrum to estimate the frequency samples in the missing-cone area. Unlike conventional two-dimensional extrapolation techniques, this method uses bi-directional extrapolation to maximize the amount of known information in each extrapolation step. By fully utilizing the information of the measured data, the resulting image provides a more accurate estimation of the electron density distribution. The resolution improvement achieved is mainly due to the proper utilization of the available information in the measurements during the image formation process.
Pakistan's development: An overview

Abstract This is the text of two lectures given in the summer of 1980, one at the Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad, and the other at the National Defense College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The lectures attempted to identify some non-economic determinants of Pakistan's economic performance since the standard economic explanations are not very satisfactory for analysing the country's rather erratic performance over the last three decades. The lectures reviewed Pakistan's economic history from 1947, the time of independence, to 1977, when political power moved once again from a civilian government to a military regime. The lectures underscored the importance of the nature of external economic development, the extent of government commitment to development and the level of participation in economic management as important determinants of economic performance. One of the important conclusions reached was that the governments in the Third World must pay heed to these factors in planning for the difficult times that lie ahead.
Challenges and Progress in the Treatment of Adults with Philadelphia Chromosome–Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract Acute lymphoblastic leukemia remains a difficult therapeutic challenge in adults. Although the majority of pediatric patients can be cured, only approximately 30%–50% of adult patients (depending on subtype and selection of patients) achieve long-term, disease-free survival with current treatment modalities. Patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia are at particularly high risk of relapse and death from their disease, and only
Fluoride Concentrations in Plaque, Whole Saliva, and Ductal Saliva After Application of Home-use Topical Fluorides:

It is now well-accepted that the primary anti-caries activity of fluoride (F) is via topical action. The retention of F in the mouth after topical fluoride treatment is considered to be an important factor in the clinical efficacy of F. The purpose of this study was to evaluate F levels in ductal saliva, whole saliva, and pooled plaque after treatment with topical F agents intended for home use. Ten consenting adults, mean (SD) age 31.0 (8.2) years, participated in all aspects of the study. Two days before each test, subjects received a professional tooth cleaning and subsequently abstained from all oral hygiene procedures to permit plaque to accumulate, and from the use of F-containing dental products. Treatments consisted of a placebo dentifrice (PD), fluoride dentifrice (FD; 0.24% NaF), fluoride rinse (FR; 0.05% NaF), and fluoride gel (FG; 1.1% NaF). Unstimulated whole saliva and pooled plaque were sampled at multiple points over a 24-hour period. In a separate experimental series, stimulated parotid saliva was sampled over a two-hour period after treatment. Fluoride levels generally followed the same pattern in whole saliva and pooled plaque samples, with FG > FR > FD > PD. Night-time F application resulted in prolonged F retention in whole saliva but not in plaque. Fluoride levels in parotid saliva were only slightly higher after F treatment and returned to baseline levels within two h. The results of this study indicate that the method of F delivery, the F concentration of the agent, and the time of application (daytime vs. night-time) are important factors influencing F levels in the mouth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In vivo glucose measurement by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

This paper presents the first in vivo application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). SERS was used to obtain quantitative in vivo glucose measurements from an animal model. Silver film over nanosphere surfaces were functionalized with a two-component self-assembled monolayer, and subcutaneously implanted in a Sprague−Dawley rat such that the glucose concentration of the interstitial fluid could be measured by spectroscopically addressing the sensor through an optical window. The sensor had relatively low error (RMSEC = 7.46 mg/dL (0.41 mM) and RMSEP = 53.42 mg/dL (2.97 mM).
The diagnosis of acute circulatory failure: Shock and syncope

Abstract Shock, syncope and even sudden death are manifestations of acute circulatory failure. Shock is a clinical complex resulting from a circulatory transport system which is inadequate to support tissue metabolic needs. The typical clinical picture is one of a patient manifesting distrubed mentation, pallor, diaphoresis, cool, occasionally cyanotic skin, paradoxical pulse, absence of Korotkoff sounds with or without hypotension, tachycardia and collapsed veins. Advanced shock may exist in the absence of some of these findings. In these unusual cases, hemodynamic evaluation of the pathophysiology seems advisable. Syncope is a sudden loss of consciousness usually due to interruption of cerebral blood flow. It may be caused by one or a combination of factors including cardiac, circulatory, metabolic, neurologic or psychic disturbances. An etiological diagnosis can usually be made with a careful history and physical examination, together with a few simple bedside tests. In some instances special tests such as electroencephalography, electrocardiography, or metabolic studies may be necessary to confirm the suspected etiology.
Data determination, disambiguation, and referencing in molecular biology

Entity and instance determination, disambiguation, and referencing, referred to as authority control in libraries, are essential for scientific research. This study examines the authority control practices and issues in molecular biology using literature and scenario analyses. The analyses imply that the concept of authority control in molecular biology is associated with three tasks: named entity recognition, disambiguation, and unification. The identified authority control issues were conceptualized as quality problems caused by four sources: inconsistent or incomplete mapping, context changes, entity changes, and changes in entity metadata. This study can inform librarians and repository curators of the needs and issues of authority control in molecular biology and other related disciplines.
Spin- and parity-dependent nuclear level densities and the exponential convergence method

The knowledge of the nuclear spin- and parity-dependent level densities $\ensuremath{\rho}(E,J,\ensuremath{\pi})$ is important for understanding statistical properties of nuclei and reaction rates. We show that the earlier suggested method of exponential extrapolation, which allows one to find the yrast energy with high accuracy even for very large shell model Hamiltonian matrices, can be combined with the formalism of statistical spectroscopy in order to obtain the reliable level density.
808 CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN MOTHERS AND THEIR OFFSPRING WITH CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION

Lymphocyte transformation to CMV was determined for 7 patients with natal (N-CMV) and 17 with congenital (C-CMV) infection as well as their mothers. Antigens consisted of heat inactivated intracellular virus and a control. All subjects were tested against strain AD169 and ½ of them against a clinical isolate. The mean stimulation index (S.I.) of 11 seronegative adults was 0.7 (± 0.3) irrespective of the sera used. Mean indices for 10 seropositive normal adults were 21.7 in autologous sera (A.S.) and 34.8 in homologous seropositive sera (H.S.). Of the 7 children with N-CMV, 1/7 responded in A.S. and 2/2 in H.S. (mean maximal S.I. {m.m.S.I.}, 3.3). Among the 15 with inapparent C-CMV, 4/14 were positive in A.S. and 7/9 in H.S. for a total of 9 responders (m.m.S.I., 7.5). Neither of 2 with disease were positive. For the total group, 3/13 at ≥12 months of age reacted whereas 7/11 over 12 months did so. Seven of 9 mothers of children with N-CMV were positive as follows: 5/7 in A.S. and 3/3 in H.S. (m.m.S.I., 11.4). Among women with congenitally infected offspring, 13 of 15 responded, i.e., 7/14 in A.S. and 6/9 in H.S. (m.m.S.I., 8.4). Both mothers of affected infants reacted (m.m.S.I., 3.6). Among the 23 responding patients assayed in both sera, 9 stimulated in H.S. only whereas the converse was observed only once in this group and not at all in normal adult controls. In general, both antigens stimulated equally well; however, 3 children and 1 mother failed to respond to the wild strain.
A Neutron Scattering Investigation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in Superfluid 4 He

London1 suggested in 1938 that many of the strange properties of superfluid 4He result from the fact that below the λ point some of the 4He atoms undergo Bose-Einstein condensation to a zero-momentum state. Hohenberg and Platzman2 suggested that this proposal of a zero-momentum state could be checked by high-energy neutron inelastic scattering from 4He. The cross section for such a process is given by $${d^2}\sigma /dE\;d\Omega = {b^2}(k'/{k_0})S(Q,\omega )$$ where b is the scattering amplitude for 4He; k0 and k' are the incoming and outgoing wave vectors, respectively; and S (Q, ω) is the scattering law. For high-energy neutrons $$S(Q,\omega ) = \sum\limits_p n (p)[h\omega - ({h^2}/2M)({Q^2} + 2Q \cdot p)]$$ where n(p) is the 4He momentum distribution, Q is the neutron momentum transfer, and M is the 4He mass.
Computing reproduced correlations in structural equation models

The formidable computational techniques for structural equation models require matrix based operations and computer solutions. A method of testing the goodness of fit of such structures involves the discrepancies between original correlations among variables and the correlations estimated by use of the solved path coefficients. A BASIC computer program is presented which provides a solution to the matrix algebraic algorithm provided by Heise (1969) for estimating correlations from solved path coefficients. Example input and output of the program are presented and discussed.
A Case of Explosive Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)

While it is well known that patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are predisposed to various malignancies, primarily non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and gastric carcinomas, to our knowledge no cases of hepatocellular carcinoma have been reported in the absence of preexisting liver disease. We report a 50-year-old male patient with CVID with a B- and T-cell deficiency. The patient was on prophylactic intravenous gammaglobulin and had received several years earlier a course of rituximab for an autoimmune disorder. He had no history of hepatitis. The patient developed a rapidly progressing hepatocellular carcinoma within 3 to 4 weeks. Although patients with CVID are predisposed to malignancies such as lymphoma and adenocarcinoma of the stomach, rapidly progressive hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of any preexisting liver disease has not been described.
Immunoregulatory circuits which modulate responsiveness to suppressor cell signals: characterization of an effector cell in the contrasuppressor circuit.

Spleen cells from neonatal animals, placed in culture for 6 days spontaneously develop the ability to block the activity of suppressor T cells, a phenomenon that is referred to as contrasuppression. The effector cell which is derived from the interactions among the cells which comprise a contrasuppressor “circuit” is an Ly-1 T cell. It can be separated from Ly-1 helper cells by three criteria other than function: its generation is dependent on Ly-2+ cells, it is I-J+, and it sticks to the Vicia villosa lectin. Those cells which deliver help to B cells under the experimental conditions studied are not dependent on Ly-2+ cells for generation and neither express determinants that our anti-I-J antisera recognize nor stick to V. villosa. The mechanism by which these Ly-1 contrasuppressor cells function was elucidated by adding them to “intermediate cultures” containing activated Ly-2 suppressor cells and in vivo immunized Ly-1.1-congenic helper cells. After 48 h in these intermediate cultures, the neonatal Ly-1.2 contrasuppressor cells and the Ly-2 suppressor cells were removed by treatment with the appropriate antiserum plus complement. The remaining activity of the in vivo generated Ly-1.1 helper cells was assayed in fresh cultures of B cells. The contrasuppressor cells not only diminished suppression of the Ly-1 helper cells by the Ly-2 suppressor cells in the intermediate culture, but actually conferred a state of relative resistance to suppression upon the helper cells. This state persisted after the contrasuppressor cells were removed. Why such a cellular circuit, which confers resistance to suppression, might be beneficial to neonatal mice and how considering its attributes might help explain some immunological paradoxes is the subject of discussion.
Minimum-cost sensor arrangement for achieving wanted coverage lifetime

Suppose we need to watch a set of targets continuously for a required period of time, and suppose we choose any number of sensors from a fixed set of sensor types and place them at selected sites. We want to find a sensor arrangement to achieve the required coverage lifetime such that the total (monetary) cost of the chosen sensors is minimum. This is an NP-hard problem. We approach this problem by modelling it as an Integer Linear Programming problem. We devise a polynomial-time approximation algorithm to this problem with a proven approximation guarantee. We observe that the actual approximation ratios are small in practice. We then present a time-slotted scheduling to produce a timetable for each sensor. We also consider a special case with only one type of sensor that can watch one target at a time. We present a different method for solving this problem.
Acute Idiopathic Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm in an Adolescent

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a condition typically associated with long bone fractures or severe trauma; however, non-traumatic etiologies also occur. We describe a case of an otherwise healthy female pediatric patient presenting with unilateral forearm pain without an inciting injury. Intracompartmental pressures of the forearm were measured and she was diagnosed with idiopathic compartment syndrome. Our goal is to encourage clinicians to consider acute compartment syndrome even in the absence of trauma.
Tying impact mitigation requirements to local general plans

Abstract We review the assessment of impacts to hardwood grassland habitats by counties in California and find that the process is uneven and unreliable. We recommend legislative changes that would require the local general plant to be strengthened by adding a habitat inventory and a set of protection priorities. These policies would then control the adoption of mitigation measures in impact reports. This procedure should increase habitat protection and also speed up assessments in complex situations.
Characterizing sudden death and dead-in-bed syndrome in Type 1 diabetes: analysis from two childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes registries.

Diabet. Med. 28, 293–300 (2011) Abstract Aims Type 1 diabetes mellitus increases the risk for sudden unexplained death, generating concern that diabetes processes and/or treatments underlie these deaths. Young (< 50 years) and otherwise healthy patients who are found dead in bed have been classified as experiencing ‘dead-in-bed’ syndrome. Methods We thus identified all unwitnessed deaths in two related registries (the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County) yielding 1319 persons with childhood-onset (age < 18 years) Type 1 diabetes diagnosed between 1965 and 1979. Cause of death was determined by a Mortality Classification Committee (MCC) of at least two physician epidemiologists, based on the death certificate and additional records surrounding the death. Results Of the 329 participants who had died, the Mortality Classification Committee has so far reviewed and assigned a final cause of death to 255 (78%). Nineteen (8%) of these were sudden unexplained deaths (13 male) and seven met dead-in-bed criteria. The Mortality Classification Committee adjudicated cause of death in the seven dead-in-bed persons as: diabetic coma (n = 4), unknown (n = 2) and cardiomyopathy (n = 1, found on autopsy). The three dead-in-bed individuals who participated in a clinical study had higher HbA1c, lower BMI and higher daily insulin dose compared with both those dying from other causes and those surviving. Conclusions Sudden unexplained death in Type 1 diabetes seems to be increased 10-fold and associated with male sex, while dead-in-bed individuals have a high HbA1c and insulin dose and low BMI. Although sample size is too small for definitive conclusions, these results suggest specific sex and metabolic factors predispose to sudden unexplained death and dead-in-bed death.
Impacts of Declining U.S. Retail Beef Demand on Farm-Level Beef Prices and Production

A systems model was estimated to determine the effects of declining U.S. retail beef demand on farm-level beef prices and production. Retail beef demand declined by nearly 66% from 1976 to 1999. Results indicate autonomous shifts in retail demand significantly impacted farm-level demands and production. Based on equilibrium multipliers, the 1976–99 reduction in beef demand decreased real slaughter cattle prices and production by 32.1% and 11.2%, respectively. Real feeder cattle prices and production decreased by 8.0% and 22.6%, respectively. Combining the decreases in farm prices and production, slaughter and feeder cattle producers experienced a real revenue reduction of $13.3 billion (61%) due to the long-term decline in demand.