cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Localization of G-proteins, Gαo and Gαi-1, -2, and -3, in Polarized Epithelial MDCK Cells☆

Abstract MDCK cells were stably transfected with rat Gαo cDNA and confluent polarized monolayers were analyzed by immunocytochemistry to compare the intracellular targeting of Gαo with the localization of the endogenously expressed Gαi subunits. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed that Gαo is targeted strictly to the lateral membrane. Immunolocalization of Gαi-1, -2, and -3 showed that Gαi-1 and -2 are confined to the cytoplasm and Gαi-3 is found on the lateral membrane, in the cytoplasm, and faintly on the apical surface of these cells. Thus, the different pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins are differentially localized in polarized epithelial cells.
Plasma wave observations during electron gun experiments on ISEE-1

Abstract The ISEE-1 electron guns were operated during the final orbits of ISEE-1 in 1987 in tests designed to study the stimulation of plasma waves. The guns were operated in modes which varied from 10-μA, at 10-eV, to 100-μA at 45-eV. Experiments were run on inbound orbits, while moving from the solar wind into perigee on the dusk side. A broadband emission was generally found from 0.1–10-kHz (e.g. below the plasma frequency). Next, a strong signal was typically induced at about 80-kHz, well above the ambient plasma frequency. This is interpreted as being the plasma frequency associated with the “beam” electrons. There were occasionally intensifications of the naturally occurring signals at the electron cyclotron frequency and the electron plasma frequency (or upper hybrid resonance).
The Deployment of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in Iraq and Public Trust Among Different Ideological Groups

This paper investigates how public trust in the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) changed after 2004 when it was sent to Iraq in support of the USA. Because Japan’s Constitution clearly prohibits th...
Origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta. Report of a surgically corrected case.

A case of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta with an associated patent ductus arteriosus has been described. Successful complete surgical correction was accomplished after physiologic and cineangiocardiographic studies had established the diagnosis. Postoperative evaluation demonstrated a return to nearly normal physiologic values. The unparalleled value of selective angiocardiography in the anatomic assessment of cardiovascular lesions is emphasized.
Meningococcal Vaccines: Current Issues and Future Strategies

Since the introduction of the first meningococcal conjugate vaccines in 1999, remarkable progress has been made in reducing the morbidity and mortality caused by meningococcal disease. Currently, varying meningococcal conjugate vaccines provide protection against serogroups A, C, Y, and W meningococcal disease. A large impact has been seen after vaccine introduction, particularly in the UK after vaccinating all 1–17 year olds. The introduction of serogroup A conjugate vaccine in the meningitis belt has the potential to control epidemics of disease that disproportionately affect this area of the world. Issues remain that require continued vigilance with disease surveillance and frequent reassessment of vaccine strategies. These issues include duration of protection, potential increases in non-vaccine serogroups, and vaccine safety and potential interference with other routine vaccines. Serogroup B meningococcal vaccines are protein-based vaccines, with the first approved in early 2013. Understanding the potential impact of serogroup B vaccines is critical to developing future meningococcal vaccination strategies.
The State of Play in Poland's Unconventional Shale and Oil Development

Following initial geological assessments, Poland was identified as having one of the largest reserves of unconventional natural gas in the European Union. The Poles, seeking to diversify their energy sources, met the news with tremendous fanfare. However, shale gas development often requires voluminous speculative activity before the gas can be successfully extracted – an activity which has been rare in Poland, where a lack of critical infrastructure coupled with bureaucratic red tape in the permission process has led to slow growth in exploration activities. This article examines the current situation in Poland’s unconventional gas and oil development. 1I ntroduction The recent decision of three energy firms to end their gas exploration in Poland has raised serious questions about the commercial viability of unconventional gas development in the country. Canada’s Talisman Energy and the US’s Marathon Oil decided to end exploration in 2013, following ExxonMobil’s decision in 2012 to withdraw all exploration activities, citing disappointing test drilling results. The withdrawal has raised doubts about the scale of Poland’s shale gas reserves. Furthermore, company executives complain about opaque environmental regulations, slow permission processes, and a general lack of national legislation on shale gas development. The furore about hydrocarbon development in Poland was triggered by a US Energy Information Administration report in 2011 that claimed that the country has 187 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of technically recoverable shale gas resources, enough to meet domestic demand for over 300 years (US EIA, 2011). Following the EIA’s report, the US Geological Survey (USGS) and the Polish Geological Institute (PGI) collaborated in a preliminary assessment of the situation, and released independent assessments of technically recoverable Polish shale gas and oil. The PGI estimated
Prosodic features and the intelligibility of accelerated speech: syntactic versus periodic segmentation.

An experiment is reported in which subjects heard paragraph-length samples of time-compressed speech which were interrupted for intermediate reports either on a simple periodic basis or at points c...
Electron localization in alkoxy derivatives of polyaniline

Abstract The samples of poly(o-methoxyaniline) poly(o-ethoxyaniline) and blends of polyaniline and poly(o-methoxyaniline) have been investigated for electron localization effects using dc conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and electron spin resonance techniques. These samples were doped with many organic acids, and they were synthesized with different oxidant to monomer molar ratios. In addition to usual localization properties, the study also reveals effects owing to changes in the oxidant/monomer molar ratio.
Response: predicting poor outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia.

We appreciate the gracious and insightful comments by Chalmers1 on our recent opinion paper.2 To fully consider the points raised by Chalmers, we decided to calculate the positive and negative likelihood ratio (+LR and –LR, respectively) for several scoring systems, using data from our recently published prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia …
Analytical approach to compute the electromagnetic field inside a model of the human head surrounded by a dielectric pad

We present an analytical approach to justify the behavior of the magnetic field observed when dielectric material is used to enhance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human head.
Microstructural changes produced in a multifilamentary Nb-Ti composite by cold work and heat treatment

The microstructural changes produced by cold work and heat treatment of a full-scale filamentary Nb-Ti superconducting composite have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Full details of the processing conditions used are given, and both longitudinal and transverse sections of the microstructure have been examined. Heat treatments are found to give a complex precipitate morphology; the precipitates produced by heat treatments at 648 K (375 °C) were found to range from a thin boundary film 3 to 6 nm thick, through small approximately ellipsoidal precipitates (~5 x 10 nm), to larger (~50 to 500 nm) equiaxed precipitates. The larger precipitates could be identified as α-Ti. Cold drawing was found to refine the microstructure, but an even greater degree of refinement was observed when intermediate heat treatments were applied. The observations of this investigation show a strong interdependence between the cold-worked substructure and the precipitate morphology in these heat-treated and heavily cold-worked (e ~ 5 to 9) composites.
Explorations of active volcanic sites in the Pacific Ocean-Preliminary results from the Submarine Ring of Fire ocean exploration program

The Submarine Ring of Fire project is a three-phase program funded by the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration. The goal of the program is to compare and contrast the volcanic and hydrothermal systems at the two "end-members" of the Pacific plate boundaries, a segment of the MidOcean Ridge in the NE Pacific and the submarine portion of the Mariana Island Arc in the western Pacific.
Drug-induced immune cytopenias

Drugs can induce thrombocytopenia by several mechanisms, including marrow suppression and destruction of platelets in the peripheral blood by non-immune and immune mechanisms. We will review here current understanding of the immune mechanisms by which drugs promote immune-mediated platelet destruction resulting in thrombocytopenia.
Institutions of higher commitment: A case study of de-escalation and American football's decisive role in intercollegiate athletics

This case study presents a common challenge among many sport organisations facing the decision to maintain, increase, or decrease commitment to failing projects or courses of action. Using escalation of commitment theory as a framework, this case highlights the organisational processes for reversing former commitment decisions, underscoring seldom pursued de-escalation behaviour. This case uses fictional East University to illustrate the circumstances confronting most National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletic departments in the United States. Amidst inadequate revenue to cover increasing expenses, university decision makers are often responsible for determining the most suitable commitment to intercollegiate athletics, with a specific focus on costly football programs. Given extensive stakeholder involvement and pressure, commitment decisions are further complicated by the complex economic, social, and political challenges of balancing often competing groups and their interests. In response to a university-wide initiative emphasising successful programs and critically scrutinising underperforming programs, East's athletic director Steve Barnes is charged with determining the most appropriate course of action in de-escalating athletics (notably football) commitment. Consequently, the situation presented provides students with an opportunity to critically evaluate the multifaceted nature of de-escalating commitment to an existing course of action. This case is useful for both undergraduate and graduate courses in strategic management, organisational behaviour, athletic administration, and policy and governance.
Modification of the Effective-Range Formula for Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering

The effective-range formula is welt known to be a usefal description of low-energy scattering phase shifts. However, except at the limit of zero kinetic energy, the effective-range formula is, in general, not exact. A studv is reported of the deviation from the effectiverange formula in light of the analytic structure of pantial-wave amplitudes as suggested by Mandelstam (Phys. Rev. 112, 1344(1958)). Consideration is given to the s-wave N-N scattering in both the singlet and the triplet states. (W.D.M.)
Chemical mechanical planarization for microelectronics applications

Abstract The progressively decreasing feature size of the circuit components has tremendously increased the need for the global surface planarization of the various thin film layers that constitute the integrated circuit (IC). Global planarization, being one of the major solutions to meet the demands of the industry, needs to be achieved following the most efficient polishing procedure. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is the planarization method that has been selected by the semiconductor industry today. CMP, an ancient process used for glass polishing, was adopted first as a microelectronic fabrication process by IBM in the 80 s for SiO2 polishing. To achieve efficient planarization at miniaturized device dimensions, there is a need for a better understanding of the physics, chemistry and the complex interplay of tribo-mechanical phenomena occurring at the interface of the pad and wafer in presence of the fluid slurry medium. In spite of the fact that CMP research has grown by leaps and bounds, there are some teething problems associated with CMP process such as delamination, microscratches, dishing, erosion, corrosion, inefficient post-CMP clean, etc.; research on which is still developing. The fundamental understanding of the CMP is highly necessary to characterize, optimize and model the process. The CMP process is ready to make a positive impact on 30% of the US$ 135 billion global semiconductor market. This paper presents an overview of CMP process in general, the science and mechanism of polishing, different metal and dielectric CMP processes. The impact of consumables on the CMP process, post-CMP cleaning, modeling of different CMP processes as well as the future trends are also discussed.
The circumferential distribution of wastage on in-bed tubes in fluidized bed combustors

Abstract The circumferential distribution of metal loss about heat exchanger tubes within fluidized bed combustors usually shows one of two distinct patterns. In one case, flats are formed on either side of the tube bottom and there is little or no loss at the bottom (Type A); in the other case, the wastage is concentrated at the bottom and falls off to either side (Type B). Previous explanations for this difference in behaviour have mostly relied on an assumption of a difference in the actual damage process or material response. In this paper, a simple computer simulation shows that Type A behaviour can result from a high degree of constraint on the flow conditions around tubes, and that the introduction of a small degree of flow variability into such a system will lead to Type B behaviour.
Imido Complexes of Titanium Bearing η2-Pyrazolato Ancillary Ligand Sets

Treatment of dichlorobis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) with Grignard (CH3MgCl, C6H5CH2MgCl) or organolithium (LiCH2Si(CH3)3) reagents (2 equiv) afforded the dialkyl derivatives dimethylbis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) (93%), dibenzylbis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) (43%), and bis(methyltrimethylsilyl)bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-pyrazolato)titanium(IV) (49%). Analogous methylation of chlorotris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) with CH3MgCl afforded methyltris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) (52%). Attempted alkylation of trichloro(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) with CH3MgCl (3 equiv) afforded dimethylbis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) (35%), along with extensive decomposition. This experiment indicates that trimethyl(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) is unstable at ambient temperature. The reactivity of dichlorobis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) and dimethylbis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)titanium(IV) toward primary amines w...
Elemental stoichiometry of basal resources and benthic macroinvertebrates along a land use gradient in a Great Basin watershed

The effects of land use on the elemental stoichiometry of aquatic organisms have rarely been studied in semi-arid watersheds. In eight semi-arid sub- watersheds differing in land use, we determined which predictor variable(s) best explains the elemental vari- ability in two basal food resources and benthic macr- oinvertebrates (BMI). The elemental composition of periphyton and seston was best explained by percentage of urban and agricultural areas, forested land and associated differences in SRP, DOC, and stream water N:P ratios. In contrast, consumer elemental stoichiom- etry was related to taxonomic identity and feeding mode. Elemental imbalances were higher for collector- gatherer than for scraper and collector-filterer. How- ever, high spatial and temporal variability in the elemental composition of basal food resources obscured clear spatial patterns of imbalances between nutrient- poor upstream and nutrient-rich downstream sites. Results from this study suggest that land use can affect BMI due to alteration in stoichiometry of their food resources. However, taxonomy and allometry must be taken into account to better understand spatial and temporal changes in the elemental composition of BMI. Our results indicate the importance of considering multiple effects to accurately assess land use effects on producer and consumer stoichiometry, particularly the in highly variable Great Basin watersheds.
Studies on the glycolipids and phospholipids of immature soybeans.

The lipid of immature soybeans was extracted with chloroform-methanol and fractions containing the glycolipids and phospholipids were separated by column chromatography. Phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), n-acyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (APE) and sulfolipid (SL) were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Sterol glucoside (SG), esterified sterol glucoside (ESG), digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG) and cerebrosides (CE) were isolated by TLC and identified by color reactions, chemical degradation and spectral analysis.
PRAISE (Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation) and Criticism

Once upon a time, there was a clinical trial of 1,153 patients with severe heart failure (New York Heart Association class IIIB or IV and left ventricular ejection fraction <30%) who were randomized to receive either amlodipine or placebo. Enrolled patients were receiving digoxin and angiotensin-
Severe and extensive denitrification in the 1999–2000 Arctic winter stratosphere

Observations in the 1999-2000 Arctic winter stratosphere show the most severe and extensive denitrification ever observed in the northern hemisphere. Denitrification was inferred from in situ measurements conducted during high-altitude aircraft flights between January and March 2000. Average removal of more than 60% of the reactive nitrogen reservoir (NO y ) was observed in air masses throughout the core of the Arctic vortex. Denitrification was observed at altitudes between 16 and 21 km, with the most severe denitrification observed at 20 to 21 km. Nitrified air masses were also observed, primarily at lower altitudes. These results show that denitrification in the Arctic lower stratosphere can approach the severity and extent of that previously observed only in the Antarctic.
Genetic evidence for a molybdopterin-containing tellurate reductase.

ABSTRACT The genetic identity and cofactor composition of the bacterial tellurate reductase are currently unknown. In this study, we examined the requirement of molybdopterin biosynthesis and molybdate transporter genes for tellurate reduction in Escherichia coli K-12. The results show that mutants deleted of the moaA, moaB, moaE, or mog gene in the molybdopterin biosynthesis pathway lost the ability to reduce tellurate. Deletion of the modB or modC gene in the molybdate transport pathway also resulted in complete loss of tellurate reduction activity. Genetic complementation by the wild-type sequences restored tellurate reduction activity in the mutant strains. These findings provide genetic evidence that tellurate reduction in E. coli involves a molybdoenzyme.
The uptake of topically applied tritiated thymidine by chick embryos.

ConclusionThe results of our experiments indicate that tritiated thymidine, after penetrating the inner shell membrane of the chick egg, is incorporated into those embryonic cells which are synthesizing DNA. The amount of radioactive tracer absorbed is a function of the age of the embryo, the concentration of the isotope dose and the length of the embryos' exposure to the isotope. The uptake of isotope by the embryo may be reproducibly determined and thus the process may be used to determine the effect of various agents on the DNA synthesis of embryonic chick cells. Using this system we are presently studying the effect of ionizing radiation on developing chick embryos.We gratefully acknowledge the constructive criticism and advice of Dr. T. C. Evans.
Mineralization of soil nitrogen in the presence of different metallic and organic solids

Abstract Mineralization of soil N was determined under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with four soils, three alfisols and one mollisol, for up to 24 weeks in the presence of various solids. These include: 1) metals—aluminum, brass, copper, iron, nickel, lead, stainless steel, tin, and zinc; 2) woods—cedar, pine, and redwood; and 3) other—latex paint and polyvinyl chloride. Presence of the metals, in general, had little or no effect, or depressed soil N mineralization, sometimes more than 50 percent. With a few exceptions, depression occurred mainly in the presence of brass, copper, iron, and zinc. Iron, however, exhibited little depression under anaerobic conditions. In essentially all cases, presence of the woods depressed mineralization, sometimes as much as 90 percent. Presence of polyvinyl chloride had little effect, but the latex paint, which contained trimethylol amino methane, resulted in higher N values.
Fish ‘n’ chips: the use of microarrays for aquatic toxicology

Gene expression analysis is changing the way that we look at toxicity, allowing toxicologists to perform parallel analyses of entire transcriptomes. While this technology is not as advanced in aquatic toxicology as it is for mammalian models, it has shown promise for determining modes of action, identifying biomarkers and developing “signatures” of chemicals that can be used for field and mixture studies. A major hurdle for the use of microarrays in aquatic toxicology is the lack of sequence information for non-model species. Custom arrays based on gene libraries enriched for genes that are expressed in response to specific contaminants have been used with excellent success for some non-model species, suggesting that this approach will work well for ecotoxicology and spurring on the sequencing of cDNA libraries for species of interest. New sequencing technology and development of repositories for gene expression data will accelerate the use of microarrays in aquatic toxicology. Notwithstanding the preliminary successes that have been achieved even with partial cDNA libraries printed on arrays, ecological samples present elevated challenges for this technology due to the high degree of variation of the samples. Furthermore, recent studies that show nonlinear toxic responses for ecological species underscore the necessity of establishing time and dose dependence of effects on gene expression and comparing these results with traditional markers of toxicity. To realize the full potential of microarrays, researchers must do the experiments required to bridge the gap between the ‘omics’ technologies and traditional toxicology to demonstrate that microarrays have predictive value in ecotoxicology.
Genetic Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Trans-Regulatory Genetic Architecture?

To date, 68 loci have been associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or glucose homeostasis traits. We report here the results of experiments aimed at functionally characterizing the SNPs replicated for T2D and glucose traits. We sought to determine whether these loci were associated with transcript levels in adipose, muscle, liver, lymphocytes, and pancreatic β-cells. We found an excess of trans, rather than cis, associations among these SNPs in comparison to what was expected in adipose and muscle. Among transcripts differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05) between muscle or adipose cells of insulin-sensitive individuals and those of insulin-resistant individuals (matched on BMI), trans-regulated transcripts, in contrast to the cis-regulated ones, were enriched. The paucity of cis associations with transcripts was confirmed in a study of liver transcriptome and was further supported by an analysis of the most detailed transcriptome map of pancreatic β-cells. Relative to location- and allele-frequency-matched random SNPs, both the 68 loci and top T2D-associated SNPs from two large-scale genome-wide studies were enriched for trans eQTLs in adipose and muscle but not in lymphocytes. Our study suggests that T2D SNPs have broad-reaching and tissue-specific effects that often extend beyond local transcripts and raises the question of whether patterns of cis or trans transcript regulation are a key feature of the architecture of complex traits.
FORTRAN IV Program for Analysis of Covariance With a Priori or a Posteriori Mean Comparisons

A flexible FORTRAN IV program for computing a complete analysis of covariance is described. Requiring minimal core space (16K), the program provides all group and overall summary statistics for the analysis, a test of the homogeniety of regression, and all post-test mean comparisons for a priori or a posteriori testing. As many as 20 variables and 5 groups can be studied.
An Abstract Transcript Notation for Analyzing Interactional Construction of Meaning in Online Learning

This work is based on the premise that the interactional construction of meaning is as important in online settings as it is face-to-face, especially in collaborative learning. Yet most studies of online learning use quantitative methods that assign meaning to contributions in isolation and aggregate over many sessions, obscuring the situated procedures by which participants accomplish learning through the affordances of online media. Methods for studying the interactional construction of meaning are available, but have largely been developed for brief episodes of face-to-face data, and need to be adapted to online learning where media resources, time scale, and synchronicity differ. In order to resolve this tradeoff, we have prototyped an abstract transcript notation to support sequential and interactional analysis of distributed and asynchronous interactions. The paper describes applications to data derived from asynchronous interaction of dyads and small groups
Making music with MATLAB: an electronic music synthesis course for engineering students

An elective course in electronic music synthesis has been developed for electrical and computer engineering students. The course provides an interesting way to integrate and apply DSP and computer manipulation concepts studied in previous courses, and extends student understanding of more advanced concepts such as time-evolving spectra. MATLAB is a standard platform used in the signals and DSP courses, so MATLAB forms the primary tool for converting algorithmic descriptions of waveforms into sound. The paper outlines course topics and methods, includes a detailed example of pedagogy, and presents assessment results.
Bistability in Biochemical Signaling Models

This Teaching Resource provides lecture notes, slides, and a student assignment for a two-part lecture on the principles underlying bistability in biochemical signaling networks, which are illustrated with examples from the literature. The lectures cover analog, or graded, versus digital, all-or-none, responses in cells, with examples from different types of biological processes requiring each. Rate-balance plots are introduced as a method for determining whether generic one-variable systems exhibit one or several stable steady states. Bifurcation diagrams are presented as a more general method for detecting the presence of bistability in biochemical signaling networks. The examples include an artificial toggle switch, the lac operon in bacteria, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in both Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells. The second part of the lecture links the concepts of bistability more closely to the mathematical tools provided by dynamical systems analysis. The examples from the first part of the lecture are analyzed with phase-plane techniques and bifurcation analysis, using the scientific programming language MATLAB. Using these programs as a template, the assignment requires the students to implement a model from the literature and analyze the stability of this model's steady states.
Modeling Surgical Resident Performance

The goals of this work were to evaluate the methods used for assessing surgical residents and to model surgical resident performance. Currently, residents are evaluated by the attending surgeons using a one-page paper evaluation form after each rotation in a particular department. These subjective questionnaires require the evaluators to rate residents in competency areas that are thought to define a successful surgeon. An electronic database was created from resident performance records collected over the past 33 years from the Department of Surgery at the Tufts-NEMC. A usability study examined the effectiveness of the design of the evaluation form and the competency measures. Analysis showed nine changes in format between 1972 and 2005, varying in the competencies rated and rating scales used. Regression analysis was used to model the performance of surgical residents. Results showed that judgment (p < 0.0001), initiative (p < 0.0001), and reaction to stress (p = 0.0206) were significant predictors of a successful outcome. This model may be used to predict the success of new residents and possibly target weaknesses in the surgical education curriculum.
Discussion of Errors of a Recommended Standard Resistor-Noise Test System

This paper supplements an earlier report which describes a recommended standard resistor-noise test system. It treats the nature and the magnitude of the errors associated with the use of the test system. The sources and types of errors are discussed for different operating procedures. Means are provided in summary form for estimating accuracy of current-noise measurements under a broad range of operating conditions.
New Nonpurified Diet (NTP-2000) for Rodents in the National Toxicology Program's Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies

The NIH-07 open-formula nonpurified diet was the selected diet for rodents in the National Toxicology Program's toxicology and carcinogenesis studies from 1980 to 1994. Protein and mineral concentrations of the NIH-07 diet may have increased some diet- and age-associated lesions such as nephropathy. A number of experimental nonpurified diets with lower protein and higher fat and fiber (approximately 15% protein, 7-8.5% fat, and 9-14% crude fiber) than the NIH-07 diet were formulated and evaluated in Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Decreasing protein content of the diet decreased protein consumption by approximately 30% and decreased severity of nephropathy without affecting growth. Increased fat intake seemed to have decreased the incidence or severity of leukemia, a lethal neoplasm of F344 rats. Increasing fiber content without decreasing the caloric density lowered body weight gain and slowed growth of mammary tumors. Higher fat and/or fiber intake decreased the incidences of adrenal pheochromocytomas and medullary hyperplasia in male rats. Nonpurified diets with lower protein and higher fat and fiber concentrations than the NIH-07 diet decreased or delayed diet- and age-associated lesions and increased survivals in 2-y studies. On the basis of these results, a new cereal-based nonpurified diet, designated as NTP-2000, was formulated with approximately 14.5% protein, approximately 8.2% fat, approximately 9.3% fiber and a calcium:phosphorus molar ratio of approximately 1.3. The NTP-2000 diet was compared with the NIH-07 diet in a 13-wk study in F344 rats. The NTP-2000 diet was adequate for growth, did not affect the hematological parameters and did not cause substantial changes in blood chemistry, serum enzyme or serum electrolyte values. The NTP-2000 diet decreased liver and kidney weights, prevented nephrocalcinosis and decreased the severity of diet- and possibly age-associated lesions.
Patterns of cartilage structural protein loss in human tracheal stenosis.

Objectives The study sought to identify which of the major structural proteins in tracheal cartilage are lost in the inflammatory process, and to determine whether damaged cartilage shows signs of regeneration and whether this is an age-dependent phenomenon. Study Design Immunohistochemical analysis. Methods Archival human tracheal and subglottic stenosis segments removed for the treatment of airway compromise were investigated by means of immunohistochemical analysis for differential loss of collagen type I or type II or aggrecan. Results Specimens were found to have preferentially lost collagen I and aggrecan in areas of severe disruption of the cartilage ring. Collagen II was preserved. In addition, areas of apparent cartilage regeneration were identified based on increased collagen II and aggrecan relative to baseline levels in uninjured sections of the rings. Regenerative capacity was present in most of the specimens investigated and was not age specific. Conclusions Collagen I and aggrecan are lost in areas of severe ring compromise, indicating that at least one of these two molecules is responsible for structural integrity. The remaining cartilage has some regenerative capacity, but it is small relative to the degree of cartilage damage. No new collagen I was identified in the cartilage ring, indicating that, although an intense inflammatory reaction occurred, fibroblasts did not deposit new collagen I as seen in other scar tissues.
CSPAD upgrades and CSPAD V1.5 at LCLS

After improving the PCB level electronics the next step in our continuing upgrade program of LCLS Cornell-SLAC Pixel Array Detector (CSPAD) cameras is the use of a new improved ASIC named CSPAD V1.5. The upgraded ASIC includes on chip DACs to set the bias currents of all amplifiers. The new chip also supports power cycling by design. Together this simplifies the PCB level complexity and eases the integration of many ASICs into one camera. Homogeneity across the full reticle size chip was improved by redesigning the power distribution. The upgrade included modifications of the gain latches and the per pixel comparators. Results from the upgraded cameras used at LCLS will be presented and discussed.
Turnover of cholesterol-4-14C and cholic acid-24-14C by rabbits fed a diet containing lactose.

Rabbits fed 0.35% of cholesterol in diets con- taining either 29.35% of lactose or sucrose were studied for 14 weeks. The rabbits fed lactose had higher plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations than those fed sucrose. The half- life of cholesterol was 19.0 days and 35.0 days for rabbits fed sucrose and lactose, respectively. The half-life, pool size, and daily production of deoxycholic acid were 9.7 days, 1.29 g, and 74.1 mg for rabbits fed sucrose; and 14.2 days, 1.40 g, and 49.1 mg, for those fed lactose. Cholesterol was the major neutral sterol in the feces of the rabbits fed lactose, whereas coprostanol (5~-cholestan-3@-01) dominated the corresponding fraction in those fed sucrose. The fecal steroid composition did not vary between day and night collections. No sterol esters were detected in the feces. Urinary elimination of radioactivity was less than 10% of that injected. The "lactose effect" seems to be due to enhanced retention of steroids, the mechanism of which has not been elucidated.
Is there Information Content in the Tax Footnote

Prior studies show that aggregated book-tax differe nces have information content that is incremental to pre-tax book income. We test whether the detailed book-tax difference disclosures from statements of deferred tax position and rate r econciliations have information content that is incremental to the aggregate book-tax difference. U sing hand-collected data from the Fortune 250 from 1993 to 2007, we find little evidence that the equity markets price different book-tax differences differently, consistent with no increme ntal information content. Further work is needed to explain why the sum of the book-tax diffe rences matter to investors, but the parts do not.
Determination of selected organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum.

A method is presented that can be used to determine the residue level of certain chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (as Aroclor 1260) in serum. The method involves the following: (1) extraction of denatured serum with organic solvents; (2) elution of the organic extract through micro-Florisil columns to obtain two fractions; (3) acid treatment of the less polar Florisil fraction and its subsequent elution through deactivated silica gel to obtain two fractions; and (4) analysis of all three fractions using gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. The method produced in vitro recoveries for 10 pesticides spiked in the range of 1-10.7 ppb of 50.4% to 121.6%, and in the range of 4.98-21 ppb, recoveries ranged from 47.7 to 112.6. In vivo recoveries of Aroclor 1260 averaged 104.8% and 92.3% for concentration levels of approximately 10 and approximately 30 ppb, respectively. The method could not be compared with the more commonly used hexane extraction technique because of the deleterious effect these extracts had on the gas chromatographic system.
The prephenate dehydrogenase component of the bifunctional T-protein in enteric bacteria can utilize L-arogenate.

The prephenate dehydrogenase component of the bifunctional T-protein (chorismate mutase:prephenate de- hydrogenase) has been shown to utilize L-arogenate, a common precursor of phenylalanine and tyrosine in nature, as a substrate. Partially purified T-protein from Klebsiella pneumoniae and from Escherichia coli strains K12, B, C and W was used to demonstrate the utilization of L-arogenate as an alternative substrate for prephenate in the presence of nlcotinamide adenine dinucleotide as cofactor. The formation of L-tyro- sine from L-arogenate by the T-protein dehydrogenase was confirmed by high-performance liquid chroma- tography. As expected of a common catalytic site, dehydrogenase activity with either prephenate or L-aroge- nate was highly sensitive to inhibition by L-tyrosine. Tyrosine synthesis; T-protein; Enteric bacteria; Regulatory enzyme
Optical gain and gain suppression of quantum-well lasers with valence band mixing

The effects of valence band mixing on the nonlinear gains of quantum-well lasers are studied theoretically for the first time. The analysis is based on the multiband effective-mass theory and the density matrix formalism with intraband relaxation taken into account. The gain and the gain-suppression coefficient of a quantum-well laser are calculated from the complex optical susceptibility obtained by the density matrix formulation with the theoretical dipole moments obtained from the multiband effective-mass theory. The calculated gain spectrum shows that there are differences (both in peak amplitude and spectral shape) between this model with valence band mixing and the conventional parabolic band model. The shape of the gain spectrum calculated by the new model becomes more symmetric due to intraband relaxation together with nonparabolic energy dispersions. Optical intensity in the GaAs active region is estimated by solving rate equations for the stationary states with nonlinear gain suppression. >
Is the round-trip time correlated with the number of packets in flight?

TCP uses packet loss as a feedback from the network to adapt its sending rate. TCP keeps increasing its sending rate as long as no packet loss occurs (unless constrained by buffer size). Alternative congestion avoidance techniques (CATs) have been proposed to avoid such "aggressive" behavior. These CATs use simple statistics on observed round-trip times and/or throughput of a TCP connection in response to variations in congestion window size. These CATs have a supposed ability to detect queue build-up.The objective of this paper is to question the ability of these CATs to reliably detect queue build-up under real network conditions. For this purpose, the sample coefficient of correlation between round-trip time and the number of packets in flight is analyzed for 14,218 connections over 737 Internet paths. These coefficients of correlation were extracted from a set of tcpdump traces collected by Vern Paxson.The coefficients of correlation measured confirm that the correlation between RTT and window size is often weak.
HIV frequency among female sex workers in Imbituba, Santa Catarina, Brazil

We examined HIV frequency and probable risk factors among female sex workers in the port city of Imbituba, Southern Brazil. From December 2003 through February 2004, 90 female sex workers were interviewed in order to investigate demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral variables related to HIV infection. A blood sample of each woman was also collected to test for HIV antibodies. Six (6.7%) of the sex workers were HIV-positive; the significantly-correlated risk factors were the daily number of clients (p = 0.008), the use of inhaled illicit drugs by the sex workers (P = 0.053) and by their clients (p = 0.005), and the lack of condom use in sexual relations (p = 0.015). The HIV infection rate in these sex workers was higher than that in the general population and similar to that found in other studies made with Brazilian populations presenting the same characteristics. This highlights the need for preventative measures, especially in this port area, in order to reduce transmission and to deter the introduction and dissemination of HIV.
Effect of Ash Content on Protein Quality of Meat and Bone Meal

The effect of ash concentration on amino acid (AA) composition, true AA digestibility, and protein efficiency ratio (PER; weight gain per unit of protein intake) of meat and bone meal (MBM) was evaluated. Commercially rendered MBM samples containing 16 to 44% ash were obtained from two sources. Additional samples of MBM varying in ash from 9 to 63% were obtained by chloroform floatation or lab screening of a beef crax sample. Protein quality of selected MBM samples was assessed by determining true AA digestibility using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay and by a PER chick growth assay wherein chicks were fed 10% CP diets containing a MBM as the only source of dietary protein from 8 to 18 d of age. Increases in Ala, Pro, Gly, and Arg as a percentage of CP were observed in all MBM samples as ash percentage increased, with Pro and Gly accounting for most of the increase. In contrast, the levels (% of CP) of all essential AA, other than Arg, decreased as ash level increased. For example, Lys concentrations per unit of CP decreased from 5.7 to 4.0% as ash increased from 9 to 63%. There was little or no effect of ash content on AA digestibility of MBM varying in ash from 9 to 44%. The PER of MBM markedly decreased from 3.34 to 0.72 as ash increased from 16 to 44%, and most of the effects of ash on PER were not due to differences in dietary Ca and P levels. The results indicate that the reduction in protein quality of MBM as ash content increases is almost entirely due to a decrease in analyzed essential AA per unit of CP, not a decrease in digestibility of AA.
Adaptive Incremental Checkpointing via Delta Compression for Networked Multicore Systems

Checkpointing has been widely adopted in support of fault-tolerance and job migration, with checkpoint files preferably kept also at remote storage to withstand unavailability/failures of local nodes in networked systems. Lately, I/O bandwidth to remote storage becomes the bottleneck for checkpointing on a large-scale system. This paper proposes an adaptive incremental checkpointing (AIC), aiming to reduce the checkpointing file size considerably so that its involved overhead is lowered and thus the expected job turnaround time drops. Given production multicore systems are observed to have unused cores often available, we design AIC to make use of separate cores for carrying out multi-level checkpointing with delta compression at desirable points of time adaptively. We develop a new Markov model for predicting the performance of such multi-level concurrent checkpointing, with AIC performance evaluated using six SPEC benchmarks under various system sizes. AIC is observed to lower the normalized expected turnaround time substantially (by up to 47%) when compared to its static counterpart and a recent multi-level checkpointing scheme with fixed checkpoint intervals.
Imperfect quarter-waveplate compensation in Sagnac interferometer-type current sensors

We analyze scale factor errors associated with integrating imperfect quarter-waveplates into loop and in-line Sagnac interferometer fiber-optic current sensors. We show that relatively large imperfections in the quarter-waveplates can be tolerated in the loop version when the birefringence axes of the two quarter-waveplates are oriented 45/spl deg/ with respect to each other. For the in-line version, we demonstrate an electronic signal processing scheme that desensitizes the scale factor to imperfections in the quarter-waveplate.
Making food, producing sustainability

Many contemporary approaches to environmental sustainability focus on the end-consumer. In this panel, we explore lessons from small food producers for future development of HCI as an agency of sustainable ways of being. We argue that attention to the relationship small producers have to the environment and their experiences of interrelations between environmental, economic, and social sustainability suggest new foundational issues for sustainable HCI research.
Psychological Androgyny and Social Competence

The present study investigated the relationship between psychological androgyny and three self-report indicators of social competence: quality of interpersonal behavioral skills, level of interpers...
The effects of cryopreservation on semen from men with sarcoma or carcinoma.

Purpose: This study evaluated prefreeze and postthaw semenquality before treatment in patients with different types ofsarcomas and carcinomas to determine whethercryopreservation would be of value for these patients.
The Struggle Over Redevelopment At Cabrini-Green, 1989-2004

Over the past three decades, American public housing authorities have advocated the demolition of high-rise public housing projects. Since the late 1980s, governments and local groups have developed plans to tear down the Cabrini-Green public housing project located in the Near North neighborhood in Chicago. The plans call for the demolition of the Cabrini high-rises and replacing them with mixed-income neighborhoods. The new communities are intended to help the public housing residents by reducing their social and economic isolation. Some of the Cabrini residents have fought the redevelopment plans in court because they argue that the new communities are not adequate for the number of displaced residents. Due to court injunctions, the redevelopment has been a slow process: while some of the high-rises have been torn down and several mixed-income developments have been built near Cabrini, a number of high-rises remain. Questions surrounding the resistance at Cabrini-Green and implications for the future o...