cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of annual periodicity in otoliths of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus

The periodicity of otolith growth increments (opaque and translucent zones) from adult red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) was examined through a mark and recapture study (2005–2010), and laboratory holding of hatchery reared red snapper over a 2 year period (2002–2004). Wild red snapper (n = 295) were caught hook-and-line, marked with anchor tags, injected with oxytetracycline dihydrate (OTC), and released in the Gulf of Mexico 15–40 km south of Dauphin Island, Alabama. Marked fish were recaptured up to 2.8 years after release (n = 35) and sagittal otoliths were dissected, sectioned and examined under white and blue-violet light. The number of opaque growth zones past the OTC mark was compared to time at liberty for each fish and supported an annual periodicity of growth increment formation. Also, most (87%) of the hatchery reared fish showed two opaque zones that supported an annual increment formation rate. However, an unusual timing of opaque zone formation was shown for mark-recaptured fish. Based on known timing of OTC marking, otoliths from mark-recapture fish showed opaque zone formation from late summer (August) to early winter (December). This fall formation of opaque zones is in contrast to previous studies and its timing may relate to the end of spawning for this species.
YY1 and FoxD3 Regulate Antiretroviral Zinc Finger Protein OTK18 Promoter Activation Induced by HIV-1 Infection

OTK18 is a C2H2 type zinc finger protein involved in the regulation of HIV-1 replication in human mononuclear phagocytes. Previously, we reported OTK18 expression in brain perivascular macrophages but not in microglia in HIV encephalitis brain. We have cloned the OTK18 promoter region proximal to the transcriptional start site and determined the region responsible (−884/+1) for the basal transcriptional activity in a microglia cell line. Sequential deletion mutation analyses reveal three important response elements: Yingyang-1 (YY1; −805/−777), an HIV-1 response element for promoter activation; FoxD3 (−743/−725), a negative regulatory element; and Ets response element (−725/−707), a basal transcriptional activity response element. HIV-1 infection-induced upregulation of YY1 and c-Ets-1 protein, binding to the promoter region as determined by immunoblotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and induction of YY1 was also observed in virus-infected monocyte-derived macrophages. Silencing of FoxD3 and YY1 in the cell line by small interfering RNA duplexes specific to these molecules significantly up- and downregulated basal OTK18 promoter activity in FoxD3 and YY1 response element-dependent manners, respectively. On the other hand, infection of primary cultured human microglia significantly reduced YY1 expression and induced FoxD3 as determined by immunoblotting and reverse transcription real-time PCR. These data suggest that HIV-1 induces OTK18 expression through a YY1-mediated manner in human macrophages, although its gene expression is suppressed by FoxD3 upregulation and YY1 downregulation in human microglia. This mechanism may explain the perivascular macrophage-specific expression of OTK18 in HIV encephalitis brains.
Disruption of positional fields in apterous imaginal discs of Drosophila

Certain combinations of alleles at the apterous locus generate wings with extra copies of wing margin structures, some of which are located far from the normal margin. We have examined wing imaginal discs from these mutants, using position-specific antibodies as probes for two-dimensional patterning in the discs. Our results indicate that the adult phenotypes arise from unprecedented disruptions in the two-dimensional pattern of the disc epithelia. Examination of other apterous mutants suggest that pattern alterations may be a general consequence of lesions at this locus.
Circadian rhythms in vitro

Abstract Studies on circadian rhythms in the isolated tissues and organs of animals are yielding new information about the nature of the biological clock in higher organisms
Electron microscopy of surface structure

Abstract Usually the quality of the vacuum in electron microscopes is insufficient to allow meaningful observations on surface structure to be made except in the case of a few specially favorable types of specimen. However increasingly sophisticated instruments for observing specimens prepared and maintained in ultra-high vacuum environments are appearing and possibilities are being demonstrated for the study of the structure of surfaces and the progress of surface reactions with near-atomic resolution. High resolution transmission electron microscopes can reveal atom-high surface steps in some cases. By use of the profile imaging method the arrangements of surface atoms can be viewed with resolutions of 2A or better and rearrangements or chemical changes of surface structure can be recorded at TV rates. Reflection electron microscopy from surfaces of bulk crystals has revealed surface details of large areas with resolutions of 10A or better. By application of the scanning transmission instruments similar imaging modes may be combined with microdiffraction and microanalysis of regions 10A or less in diameter.
The Welfare State for Historians. A Review Article

ions of its universal features, are among the ways that history has long distinguished itself from the hard-core social sciences. It is precisely such a particularizing, contextualizing attitude among the remaining works on the welfare state under consideration here that sets them apart from earlier social scientific accounts. Take the intellectual development of G0sta Esping-Andersen as an example. Esping-Andersen is well known as one of the most supple and sophisticated formulators of the social democratic theory of the welfare state. He was among a group of scholars who first attacked the functionalist birds-eye approach to social policy that saw all nations passing through the crucible of industrialization or modernization and emerging willy-nilly as welfare states of one stripe or another. Esping-Andersen and his colleagues did not deny that all industrialized nations have social policies of some sort but argued that there were as many differences among them as similarities. The various degrees to which nations exerted themselves in social policy terms was due, they claimed, to their divergent political complexions. When the labor movement and the left was strong and well-organized (or, as in Castles's corollary, when the right was fragmented), social policy of a particularly generous and expansive nature could be implemented; elsewhere, the sort of residual and rudimentary social programs required for merely functional reasons were all that was possible. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.17 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 04:46:47 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Diverging boundary layers with zero streamwise pressure gradient

The effects of spanwise divergence on the boundary layer forming between a pair of embedded streamwise vortices with the common flow between them directed toward the wall was studied. Measurements indicate that divergence controls the rate of development of the boundary layer and that large divergence significantly retards boundary layer growth and enhances skin friction. For strongly diverging boundary layers, divergence accounts for nearly all of the local skin friction. Even with divergence, however, the local similarity relationships for two-dimensional boundary layers are satisfactory. Although divergence modifies the mean development of the boundary layer, it does not significantly modify the turbulence structure. In the present experiments with a zero streamwise pressure gradient, it was found that spanwise divergence dit not significantly affect the Reynolds stress and the turbulent triple product distributions.
VLSI - A Design Challenge

The difficult takes a while to accomplish, the impossible takes just a little longer. VLSI is significantly more complex than any technology today. A VLSI chip of the '80s is depicted within the industry as having 0.5 micron minimum feature size, 106 devices per chip, and 105 gates per chip. With the expected capability of placing so much logic on a chip, what are the design challenges and how can they be met?Chart I illustrates the many aspects of design. They are strongly interrelated and dependent upon each other. Choosing an optimal design methodology for VLSI is critical since a bad choice will leave a designer with inadequate design tools and a lack of design integrity.
Biatrial Transseptal Approach for Combined Mitral Valve and Tricuspid Valve Operations

The outcome of any operation is contingent upon matching the appropriate surgical approach with adequate exposure to facilitate the successful performance of the task at hand. Although the majority of mitral valve surgery is performed via a left atriotomy, in concomitant procedures involving the tricuspid valve, the bi-atrial trans-septal approach offers access to both valves for repair or replacement.
Breaking the Meyer-Overton rule: predicted effects of varying stiffness and interfacial activity on the intrinsic potency of anesthetics.

Exceptions to the Meyer-Overton rule are commonly cited as evidence against indirect, membrane-mediated mechanisms of general anesthesia. However, another interpretation is possible within the context of an indirect mechanism in which solubilization of an anesthetic in the membrane causes a redistribution of lateral pressures in the membrane, which in turn shifts the conformational equilibrium of membrane proteins such as ligand-gated ion channels. It is suggested that compounds of different stiffness and interfacial activity have different intrinsic potencies, i.e., they cause widely different redistributions of the pressure profile (and thus different effects on protein conformational equilibria) per unit concentration of the compound in the membrane. Calculations incorporating the greater stiffness of perfluoromethylenic chains and the large interfacial attraction of hydroxyl groups predict the higher intrinsic potency of short alkanols than alkanes, the cutoffs in potency of alkanes and alkanols and the much shorter cutoffs for their perfluorinated analogues. Both effects, increased stiffness and interfacial activity, are present in unsaturated hydrocarbon solutes, and the intrinsic potencies are predicted to depend on the magnitude of both effects and on the number and locations of multiple bonds within the molecule. Most importantly, the intrinsic potencies of polymeric alkanols with regularly spaced hydroxyl groups are predicted to rise with increasing chain length, without cutoff; such molecules should serve to distinguish unambiguously between indirect mechanisms and direct binding mechanisms of anesthesia.
The Sine-Gordon, Klein-Gordon, and Korteweg-De Vries equations

Abstract The Sine-Gordon, Klein-Gordon, and Kortweg-De Vries (KdV) equations are similarly treated using decomposition to obtain general solutions in terms of initial/boundary conditions when the physically correct conditions are known.
The epistemological status of a naturalized epistemology

Philosophically inclined psychologists and psychologically inclined philosophers often hold that the substantive discoveries of psychology can provide an empirical foundation for epistemology. In this paper it is argued that the ambition to found epistemology empirically faces certain unnoticed difficulties. Empirical theories concerned with knowledge‐gaining abilities have been historically associated with specific epistemological views such that the epistemology gives preferential support to the substantive theory, while the theory empirically supports the epistemology. Theories attribute to the subject just those epistemic abilities which associated epistemologies attribute to the scientist. The concept of epistemological significance is introduced as the significance a psychological theory can have for modifying the epistemological suppositions with which the theory was originally associated. Substantive psychological theories are strongly constrained by the epistemologies used in their development; t...
Enhanced lysophospholipase activity in sensitized mice challenged with Trichinellaspiralis: A role for cell-cooperation

The relation between lysophospholipase activity and eosinophils was studied using in vivo and in vitro systems. The results support a role for cell cooperation in the eosinophils production of lysophospholipase during a parasitic infection. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the enzyme activity and numbers of tissue eosinophils in immune mice challenged with 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae were not temporally related as previously hypothesized. The data showed that the peak tissue enzyme response occurred well before that of the eosinophil, suggesting increased tissue lysophospholipase activity to be due to more than an increase in numbers of eosinophils infiltrating parasitized tissue. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the eosinophils production of lysophospholipase was influenced by lymphocytes and macrophages after antigen stimulation. We hypothesize that a significant amount of lysophospholipase in parasitized tissue results from each eosinophil synthesizing more of the enzyme after interaction with these cells of the specific immune system.
Proximity Gettering of Slow Diffuser Contaminants

In this paper, we test proximity gettering layers obtained by carbon or silicon implantation for their efficiency in molybdenum and tungsten gettering. DLTS was used to measure the impurity concentration in the solid solution and so to evaluate gettering efficiency. It was found that carbon implantation is effective in capturing these impurities, whereas silicon implantation is not. Extended defects seem not to play an important role in gettering these impurities. In addition, gettering was found to be most effective at high impurity concentration.
Precipitation from mixed solvents 3/-V: Uranium 8-hydroxyquinolate

Abstract The technique of precipitation from homogeneous solutions of mixed solvents has been applied to the case of uranium 8-hydroxyquinolate. Precipitation from a water-acetone solution results in the formation of well-defined crystals of high purity. The separation of uranium from magnesium is easily accomplished and separations from thorium and lead may be achieved in the presence of EDTA.
Morphological Variations, Life Stages and Emended Description of Hemicycliophora Zuckermani Brzeski (Nematoda, Criconematidae)

Hemicycliophora zuckermani, a species which normally has a convex-conoid tail, may have a rounded tail or a tail shape of some intermediate form. The first stage larva occurs within the egg, as does the first molt. Second stage larvae are differentiated from third stage by having a longer esophageal region in relation to total body length. Third stage larvae have crenate incisures in the lateral fields and no transverse lines, whereas the lateral fields in fourth stage larvae lack incisures and transverse junctions are present in the form of thin lines. The male of the species is described. Males are extremely rare. These studies illustrate the need for a revision of the current species concepts in the genus Hemicycliophora
Fragmented local governance and water resource management outcomes

Fragmented jurisdictions and decision making structures can result in destructive competition and/or a lack of systematic cooperation that can hamper effective resource management and environmental planning, although the value of local autonomy and stakeholder participations should not be underestimated. This study empirically examines if political fragmentation in local governance is a significant barrier to successful resource management. To test this hypothesis, the authors quantify the degree of political fragmentation at two different geographical scales - 1) site-level: 12-digit watersheds and 2) regional: metropolitan statistical areas or equivalent regions - and analyze how water resource management outcomes vary with the level of political fragmentation using nationwide land cover and stream gauge information in the U.S. Regression analysis shows water quality declines (or slower quality improvements), measured in terms of total suspended solids, are associated with both site-level and regional political fragmentation indicators, suggesting that political fragmentation can make resource management more challenging.
Structural vs. intrinsic carriers: contrasting effects of cation chemistry and disorder on ionic conductivity in pyrochlores

We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the role of cation disorder on oxygen diffusion in Gd2Zr2O7 (GZO) and Gd2Ti2O7 (GTO) pyrochlores, a class of complex oxides which contain a structural vacancy relative to the basic fluorite structure. The introduction of disorder has distinct effects depending on the chemistry of the material, increasing the mobility of structural carriers by up to four orders of magnitude in GZO. In contrast, in GTO, there is no mobility at zero or low disorder on the ns timescale, but higher disorder liberates the otherwise immobile carriers, allowing diffusion with rates comparable to GZO for the fully disordered material. We show that the cation disorder enhances the diffusivity by both increasing the concentration of mobile structural carriers and their individual mobility. The disorder also influences the diffusion in materials containing intrinsic carriers, such as additional vacancies VO or oxygen interstitials OI. While in ordered GZO and GTO the contribution of the intrinsic carriers dominates the overall diffusion of oxygen, OI in GZO contributes along with structural carriers, and the total diffusion rate can be calculated by assuming simple additive contributions from the two sources. Although the disorder in the materials with intrinsic defects usually enhances the diffusivity as in the defect-free case, in low concentrations, cation antisites AB or BA, where A = Gd and B = Zr or Ti, can act as traps for fast intrinsic defects. The trapping results in a lowering of the diffusivity, and causes a non-monotonic behavior of the diffusivity with disorder. By contrast, in the case of slow intrinsic defects, the main effect of the disorder is to liberate the structural carriers, resulting in an increase of the diffusivity regardless of the defect trapping.
Beyond HOPE VI: Demolition/Disposition and the uncertain future of public housing in the U.S.

Public housing redevelopment in the United States is virtually synonymous with the HOPE VI program, through which the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has transformed over 250 housing projects into mixed-income communities. However, the overall the extent of public housing redevelopment has far exceeded the original mandate of HOPE VI due to the expansion of Demolition/Disposition activities facilitated by the program. The permissiveness of such activities has resulted in the replacement of housing projects with luxury condominiums, shopping and convention centers, and other land uses unrelated to affordable housing. In the process, over 210,000 housing units guaranteed to be affordable to low-income households have been removed from the country’s public housing inventory. This article investigates the foundations, the overall scope, and the characteristics of Demolition/Disposition activities beyond the purview of HOPE VI, and discusses their implications for the uncertain future of public housing in the U.S.
The contribution of foliar endophytes to quantitative resistance to Melampsora rust.

Summary Foliar endophytes of Populus do not induce the hypersensitive response associated with major genes for resistance to Melampsora leaf rust. But they could contribute to the quantitative resistance that represents a second line of defense. Quantitative resistance is thought to be determined by suites of minor genes in both host and pathogen that are influenced by the abiotic environment. Here, we determined the relative importance to quantitative resistance of foliar endophytes, one element of the biotic environment. Leaves of six host genotypes differing in genetic resistance to Melampsora × columbiana were inoculated first with one of four foliar endophytes (Stachybotrys sp., Trichoderma atroviride, Ulocladium atrum or Truncatella angustata), and then with Melampsora. These endophytes greatly reduced rust severity within inoculated leaves (i.e. local effects), but they had no systemic effect on rust of leaves not inoculated with endophytes. Differences among endophytes and their controls explained 54% of the total variation in quantitative resistance (i.e. rust severity); the six host/pathogen genotypes explained just 5%. In terms of magnitude of effect on rust severity, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and Truncatella were ranked in this order on all host/pathogen genotypes. Endophytes may contribute significantly to quantitative resistance to Melampsora in leaves of Populus.
Laura Sjoberg and Caron E. Gentry. Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women's Violence in Global Politics. London/New York: Zed Books, 2007

Despite the appearance of women's increasing power in the military, in government, in commerce, and in counterrevolutionary groups, Sjoberg and Gentry argue, newspapers and other popular media cont...
Preparation of mercury–anthracene derivatives: π–π-stacking, Hg⋯Cl and Hg⋯π interactions in the X-ray crystal structure of polymeric 9-chloromercurioanthracene

Abstract 9-Lithio-anthracene and 9,10-dilithioanthracene react with mercury(II)chloride in THF to afford 9-chloromercurio-anthracene ( 1 ) and 9,10-bis(chloromercurio)-anthracene ( 2 ), respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 have been characterized by 1 H-, 13 C- and 199 Hg-NMR spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis and CI mass spectrometry. The structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. In the solid state, 1 forms polymeric chains that are cemented by concomitant π–π-stacking, Hg⋯Cl and Hg⋯π-system interactions.
Disaster symbolism and social media

Research on the use of social media during disaster events has gained attention in recent years. Prior research paid attention to warnings, response activities and the dissemination of information through social media during times of crisis. This study focuses on the use of social media during crisis from different perspectives. In this paper, the implications of symbols that emerged in YouTube videos were examined. Social media can be a valuable medium immediately after disaster events for people in crisis and for others who are indirectly affected to seek spiritual and emotional support and to reconstruct their cultural value system and identity. This study also addresses that persistence and replay are crucial attributes in the design of social media tools for users to seek emotional support and to engage with others in larger space and time.
Relevance, rhetoric, narrative

Abstract Relevance is a universal function of communication by which humans innately attempt to balance processing effort with the cognitive effect of an utterance. Relevance theory informs the cognitive and rhetorical dimensions of reading a narrative by (a) defining the conditions under which a text will initially be taken as a narrative (emphasizing context selection, display, and tellability) and (b) delimiting the unmarked cases of the ur‐conventions for reading narrative (naturalization and progression). These ur‐conventions and the Cognitive and Communicative Principles of Relevance also ground claims about the role played by narrative in humans’ search for rationality and moral identity.
Estimation for nonhomogeneous Poisson processes from aggregated data

A well-known heuristic for estimating the rate function or cumulative rate function of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process assumes that the rate function is piecewise constant on a set of data-independent intervals. We investigate the asymptotic (as the amount of data grows) behavior of this estimator in the case of equal interval widths, and show that it can be transformed into a consistent estimator if the interval lengths shrink at an appropriate rate as the amount of data grows.
Magnetron sputtering of non-ferrous aerospace alloys for wear protection☆

Abstract The light-weight non-ferrous alloys (titanium, aluminum and magnesium alloys) used in aerospace applications are prone to severe wear in small- displacement and large-displacement unlubricated contacts. Few metallurgical means are available for the surface protection of this class of materials. Deposition of hard compounds by sputtering provides a simple means of protecting such surfaces. Hard coating and tribological studies of coated samples were therefore carried out. The results obtained are presented in this paper. It is shown that magnetron- sputtered TiN hard coatings do provide the required wear protection.
Cholangiocyte cilia express TRPV4 and detect changes in luminal tonicity inducing bicarbonate secretion

Cholangiocytes, epithelial cells lining the biliary tree, have primary cilia extending from their apical membrane into the ductal lumen. Although important in disease, cilia also play a vital role in normal cellular functions. We reported that cholangiocyte cilia are sensory organelles responding to mechanical stimuli (i.e., luminal fluid flow) by alterations in intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP. Because cholangiocyte cilia are also ideally positioned to detect changes in composition and tonicity of bile, we hypothesized that cilia also function as osmosensors. TRPV4, a Ca2+-permeable ion channel, has been implicated in signal transduction of osmotic stimuli. Using purified rat cholangiocytes and perfused intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDUs), we found that TRPV4 is expressed on cholangiocyte cilia, and that hypotonicity induces an increase in intracellular Ca2+ in a TRPV4-, ciliary-, and extracellular calcium-dependent manner. The osmosensation of luminal tonicity by ciliary TRPV4 induces bicarbonate secretion, the main determinant of ductal bile formation, by a mechanism involving apical ATP release. Furthermore, the activation of TRPV4 in vivo, by its specific agonist, 4αPDD, induces an increase in bile flow as well as ATP release and bicarbonate secretion. Our results suggest that cholangiocyte primary cilia play an important role in ductal bile formation by acting as osmosensors.
57-Year-old man with dyspnea, dysphagia, and mediastinal mass

Tumeur thyroidienne: cancer muco-epidermoide. Differents problemes lies aux masses mediastinales. Diagnostic et solutions en cas de compressions vasculaires et cardiaque
Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid cancer in Hawaii

Data were analyzed from 1110 thyroid cancer cases between 1960 and 1984 identified by the Hawaii Tumor Registry, a population-based Statistics, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) participant covering the entire state of Hawaii. Incidence rates for men and women were relatively stable during this 25-year period. The overall age-adjusted rates were 8.1 per 100,000 for women and 3.1 per 100,000 for men. There was a significant variation in incidence on the basis of ethnicity, with the highest rates for women occurring in Filipinos (18.2 per 100,000) and for men in Chinese (6.3 per 100,000). A comparison of different populations around the world showed that Hawaii has some of the highest reported incidence rates for thyroid cancer. In addition, a comparison of ethnic-specific incidence rates for groups living in Hawaii with people of the same ethnic backgrounds living in other geographic areas showed that Hawaii residents generally have much higher rates, suggesting that environmental influences are responsible for the unusually high rates in Hawaii.
Thank You, Sally Magnan!

Language Teachers Associations (NFMLTA), the organization that has supervised the publication of The Modern Language Journal since 1916, I want to express the organization's and my personal gratitude and deep appreciation for the work of Sally Sieloff Magnan, the Journal's editor for the past 14 years. Her editorial efforts and innovations have contributed to making the MLJ a-if not the-leading U.S.journal devoted to research and discussion about the learning and teaching of foreign and second languages. With an acceptance rate of below 11%, the MLJ has become one of the most selective and respected journals in the field and has earned a prestigious international reputation. Under Professor Magnan's direction, the MLJ moved the Journal's printing and distribution to Wiley-Blackwell, a well-known, international publisher of scholarly books and journals. Under her direction the Journal also evolved from a multiple-exchange-of-paper-envelope-andpostage-stamps enterprise to having an editorial process that depends almost entirely on electronic communication, and from a hard-copy readership located predominantly in North America to a readership that accesses the Journal's contributions online from any continent. Today one reads few theoretical or research publications in areas of applied linguistics where the MLJ is not cited. During her term as editor, Professor Magnan initiated the addition of a fifth supplemental issue of the MLJ, alternating annually between a Focus Issue and a monograph dealing with topics of interest to the profession. She also helped initiate the Perspectives segment of the Journal, appearing twice a year under the current associate editorship of Heidi Byrnes, and dealing with recent developments of interest to second language teachers, researchers, and program administrators. It is staggering to consider the total number of submissions Professor Magnan has processed during her tenure as MLJ editor (over 2,000); the innumerable communications with authors, reviewers, and members of the editorial board; the total number of articles published during her term (375), not counting the supplementary features of the Journal; the number of pages she has read, evaluated, and proof-read (over 9,000); the number of meetings with members of the Editorial Board; and the number of conferences attended for the purpose of presenting workshops on scholarly writing in collaboration with editors of otherjournals, as well as to increase the visibility of the MLJ. Professor Magnan has not just served as MLJ editor; she was also throughout her term an active and valued member of the NFMLTA Steer-
Excited state direct dynamics of benzene with reparameterized multi-reference semiempirical configuration interaction methods

Abstract We investigate the feasibility of reparameterized multi-reference semiempirical methods in the context of direct wavepacket dynamics, where the electronic and nuclear Schrodinger equations are solved simultaneously. Using a very limited set of ab initio and experimental data, we refine the semiempirical parameters for benzene. The resulting reparameterized semiempirical method is compared to ab initio results including dynamic electron correlation over selected cuts of the ground and excited state PESs. We demonstrate that reparameterization with a limited data set can provide globally correct PESs. We also present the results of minimal energy conical intersection optimizations for benzene using correlated wavefunctions (CASPT2). Finally, we simulate the dynamics of benzene after excitation to S2 using both the standard and newly optimized parameter sets. We show that the excited state lifetime using the standard parameter set is inconsistent with experiment. In contrast, the newly optimized parameter set predicts an S2 lifetime of less than 100 fs, in agreement with experiment. The reparameterization strategy is a promising way to extend direct dynamics simulations of photochemistry to multi-picosecond time scales.
Toxicity versus avoidance response of golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, to five metals

Avoidance thresholds and 96-h LC50 values were determined for golden shiners, Noiemigonus crysoleucas, for five individual elements: chromium, Cr; copper, Cu; cadmium, Cd; arsenic, As; selenium, Se. The avoidance concentrations were 73, 26 and 28 μgl-1 for Cr-VI, Cu and As-III, respectively. Cadmium and Se were not avoided at experimental concentrations up to 68 and 3489 μg1-1, respectively. Acute flow-through 96-h LC50 values were Cr-VI 55·0, Cu 84·6, and As-III 12·5 mg 1-1, which were more than two orders of magnitude above avoidance concentrations. The acute flow-through 96-h LC50 values for Cd and Se were 2·8 and 11·2 mg 1-1, respectively. These concentrations are 31 and 2·2 times the highest concentration employed in the avoidance tests, neither of which were avoided by the test organisms. Thus, simple toxicity tests do not identify the environmental hazard of some elements, and the most toxic elements may not elicit a behavioural response. When used in concert with tests of organism function, more realistic indicators of environmental hazard or safety may be determined.
Changes in in vivo rates of protein synthesis on free and membrane-bound polysomes in rat brain during the development of physical dependence on ethanol and after the withdrawal of ethanol

Abstract Administration of ethanol and nutrients to rats thrice daily by gavage for 3 days produced a linear increase in physical dependence during the first 3 days and a 2% increase in body weight. Rates of protein synthesis on free and membrane-bound polysomes in whole brain and in 7 brain regions, comprising the entire brain, were measured in vivo under pool expansion conditions with [ 3 H]leucine at intervals during the development and decay of ethanol dependence. During dependence development there was a progressive decrease in the rate of protein synthesis on free polysomes, but this change was not significant (P until the third day, and a decrease in the rate on membrane-bound polysomes after 3 days. The inhibition of protein synthesis is attributable to a decreased rate of polypeptide elongation. There was no change in brain weight, DNA content, ribosome content, ribosome distribution on mRNA size. There was, however, a decrease in leucine uptake after 3 days. In an attempt to distinguish between the acute effects of ethanol on regional rates of protein synthesis and those changes associated with dependence development, rates were measured 1.5 h after administering a 5 g/kg dose of ethanol to both control and dependent rats. Rates on free polysomes in the hippocampus-amygdala and thalamus-hypothalamus and on membrane-bound polysomes in the cerebellum and hipocampus-amygdala of dependent rats were reduced; however, there was a general reduction in the rates in control rats that may have obscured reductions in other regions from dependent rats. During early withdrawal, 12 h after the last dose of ethanol, there was an increase in the rate on free polysomes in the pons-medulla and striatum-septum and on membrane-bound polysomes in the hippocampus-amygdala, and a decrease in the rate on free polysomes in the cortex and thalamus-hypothalamus and on membrane-bound polysomes in the cortex. After 24 h, there was an increase in the rate on free polysomes in all regions (cerebellum, cortex, mesencephalon, striatum-septum and thalamus-hypothalamus) except the hippocampus-amygdala and pons-medulla and an increase in the rate on membrane-bound polysomes in all regions (cortex, hippocampus-amygdala, mesencephalon, pons-medulla and striatum-septum) except the cerebellum and thalamus-hypothalamus. The possible relationship of these changes to the homeostat hypothesis of ethanol dependence is discussed.
Organic cyclizations in microemulsions catalyzed by a cobalt corrin-polyion-scaffold on electrodes

Abstract Metallopolyion films of cobalt corrin vitamin B 12 hexacarboxylate and poly( l -lysine) [B 12 (COOH) 6 –PLL] covalently attached to carbon electrodes were used to cyclize n -bromoalkyl-2-cyclohexenones in microemulsions with good catalytic efficiency. Trans -1-decalone was obtained in up to 60% yields at reasonable current efficiency. Turnover rates were 30–85 fold greater for films compared to dissolved catalyst. There was no dependence of turnover rate on microemulsion composition, suggesting that cleavage of the alkyl-cobalt bond in the alkyl-Co III intermediate is rate determining. 5- Endo-trig cyclization giving 4-hyndrindanone is disfavored by Baldwin's rules, but B 12 (COOH) 6 –PLL films in microemulsions still gave 24% yields at relatively high turnover numbers. It is possible that proton donors at film reaction sites protonate a carbanion intermediate to give competitive product 2-propyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one to decrease the yield of 4-hyndrindanone.
Rapid and transient activation of gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Johne's disease positive cows exposed to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in vitro.

Abstract Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. M. paratuberculosis is a slow-growing intracellular bacterium and infections with M. paratuberculosis can persist in a subclinical state for several years. An early and appropriate T cell-mediated cytotoxic response (Th1-like) to M. paratuberculosis infection is often replaced with an antibody or Th 2-like response as infected animals move toward a progressively more clinical state. The reasons for this shift in immune response are unknown. Recent studies suggest that in vitro exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Johne's disease positive cows to M. paratuberculosis for 18–24 h results in suppressed expression of numerous immune cell genes. This effect appears at odds with the notion that immune cells from infected cows would respond to M. paratuberculosis-specific antigens in a vigorous and positive manner. In this report, we detail experiments designed to test the hypothesis that many positive changes in PBMC gene expression induced by M. paratuberculosis in vitro are transient, being rapidly suppressed by as yet unknown mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that, indeed, in vitro stimulation with M. paratuberculosis induces rapid changes in infected cow PBMC gene expression (within 2–4 h of exposure) and that many of these changes are no longer evident by 8–16 h of exposure to M. paratuberculosis. Although precise mechanisms responsible for rapid M. paratuberculosis-mediated activation of PBMC gene expression and the loss thereof remain to be determined, our novel results suggest that PBMCs from Johne's disease positive cows are indeed capable of vigorously responding to M. paratuberculosis and that, for many genes, this response is tempered within 8 h of exposure.
Unpolarized sources that generate highly polarized fields outside the source

It is demonstrated that an unpolarized primary electromagnetic source may, under special conditions, produce a field outside the source domain that is almost completely polarized in nearly all directions. This result demonstrates that the polarization statistics of a random electromagnetic field may differ significantly from the polarization statistics of the source distribution that generates it, and may in fact be quite different in different directions of observation. An example of such a source is given.
Hereditary metabolic diseases and stem cell transplantation.

The majority of metabolic diseases is transmitted in the autosomal recessive mode. In this publication metabolic diseases following this mode of transmission will be discussed. For reasons of simplification these metabolic diseases are divided in bone marrow related (BR) and non-bone marrow related (non-BR). In the bone marrow related metabolic diseases the biochemical defect is expressed within the bone marrow resulting in bone marrow disease and ultimately in progressive bone abnormalities.
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia as classified using 2008 WHO criteria: a single-center experience.

The classification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has evolved to the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) schema, which integrates genetic, morphologic, and prognostic data into a single system. However, this system was devised using adult data and how this system applies to a pediatric cohort is unknown. Performing a retrospective chart review, we examined our single-center experience with AML in 115 children and classified their leukemia using the WHO 2008 schema. We examined patient samples for mutations of FLT3 , NPM1 , and CEBPA . Overall survival was calculated within categories. In our pediatric population, most cases of AML had recurrent genetic abnormalities of favorable prognosis. More than 10% of patients in our series were categorized as AML, with myelodysplasia-related changes, an entity not well-described in pediatric patients. In addition, a large proportion of patients were categorized with secondary, therapy-related AML. To our knowledge, this is the first application of the WHO 2008 classification to a pediatric cohort. In comparison to adult studies, AML in the pediatric population shows a distinct distribution within the WHO 2008 classification.
Cell transplantation for heart failure, and tissue engineering of cardiovascular structures

The emergence of selective cell transplantation and tissue engineering has opened up new alternatives for the treatment of heart failure. These involve the use of stem and progenitor cells, as well as new biodegradable polymer scaffolds. The last two decades have seen a dramatic increase in our knowledge of how to fabricate a wide array of tissues, including cardiovascular structures. This article reviews current trends in selective cell transplantation and tissue engineering, and summarises recent achievements and remaining questions in constructing functional cardiac tissue.
Changing Pathways to Attainment in Men's Lives: Historical Patterns of School, Work, and Social Class

Pathways to attainment are modified through historical time, reflecting the progressive consolidation of the educational trajectory in the life course, as well as changingpatterns of social class and the economy. Using data from the Occupational Changes in a Generation surveys, this study examines a series of hypotheses that interrelate educational attainment with historical change, expansions and contractions in labor market sectors, and socioeconomic status. Consistent with expectations, opportunities in manufacturing drew students from primary school before World War II, while expansions in the government sector increased the likelihood of drop-out at the secondary and tertiary levels after the war. In this laterperiod, studentsfrom the lower and middle classes often were more likely to leave school because of economic expansion. Thus, through historical time the capacity of the economy to draw studentsfrom school has progressed upward through the educational career and has affected the lower and middle classes disproportionately.
Effect of 17α-Dihydroequilin Sulfate, a Conjugated Equine Estrogen, and Ethynylestradiol on Atherosclerosis in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits

The effect of 17 alpha-dihydroequilin sulfate (DHES), a water-soluble estrogen of conjugated estrogens (Premarin), and ethynylestradiol (EE), a commonly used estrogen found in many oral contraceptives, on the development of atherosclerosis was studied in rabbits fed an atherogenic diet (0.2% cholesterol) for 24 weeks. Ten animals were given 15 micrograms. kg-1.d-1 EE, 10 received 3.8 mg.kg-1.d-1 of DHES, and the remaining 10 sham-ovariectomized and 10 ovariectomized animals served as cholesterol-fed controls. These doses were chosen to have similar estrogenic potency. Plasma cholesterol concentrations increased to about 900 mg/dL and did not differ among the experimental groups. After 24 weeks, plasma beta-VLDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations were the same for all cholesterol-fed groups, while LDL cholesterol was significantly higher in the two estrogen-treated groups. In spite of this, both EE and DHES significantly reduced atherosclerosis by 35% in the aortic arch and 75% to 80% in the thoracic and abdominal aorta. The reduction in atherosclerosis was seen in animals with a wide range (400 to 1400 mg/dL) of plasma cholesterol concentrations and was independent of lipoprotein profile. beta-VLDL isolated from estrogen-treated animals was not significantly different from control beta-VLDL in its ability to stimulate cholesterol accumulation in THP-1 macrophages in culture. This suggests that the protective effect of estrogens on the development of atherosclerosis is not mediated by qualitative differences in beta-VLDL that affect uptake by macrophages. The results of this study extend our knowledge of the range of estrogens that reduce atherosclerosis. Given the lack of effect on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, these data are consistent with the conclusion that estrogens exert some of this beneficial effect directly at the level of the arterial wall by influencing certain key components in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Quantifying the environmental advantages of large-scale computing

The practical advantages of pay-as-you-go, scalable computing have made large-scale cloud computing services an appealing option for many consumers. At the same time, large-scale datacenters have attracted attention as one of the fastest growing segments of carbon production. In this paper, we attempt to quantify the footprint of various sizes of datacenters in the context of two popular types of small-scale business applications (represented by TPC-C and TPC-H). We evaluate energy, materials and cost as systems scale, accounting for infrastructure, provisioning for future growth, and underutilized resources.
Inhibition of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced chemotaxis and PAF binding to human eosinophils and neutrophils by the specific ginkgolide-derived PAF antagonist, BN 52021.

Abstract We have investigated the effects of BN 52021 (a specific PAF antagonist derived from Ginkgo biloba ) on PAF-induced human eosinophil and neutrophil chemotaxis. In response to an optimal concentration of PAF (10 −6 mol/L), the drug was significantly more potent ( p −6 mol/L and 2.3 (±0.2) × 10 −5 mol/L for eosinophils and neutrophils, respectively. Sodium cromoglycate, nedocromil sodium, salbutamol, and dexamethasone (preincubated with cells up to 6 hours) had no effect over a wide dose range (10 −3 to 10 −9 mol/L). BN 52021 was significantly more effective in inhibiting chemotaxis when the cells were preincubated with the compound for up to 1 hour before commencement of the locomotion assay, whereas washing the cells completely abolished this effect. Inhibition by BN 52021 was specific for PAF in that it had no effect on chemotaxis induced by either leukotriene B 4 , N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, or a purified human mononuclear cell-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor. BN 52021 also inhibited the specific binding of [ 3 H]-PAF (10 −8 mol/L) to eosinophils and neutrophils in a concentration-dependent fashion with a concentration of drug required to produce 50% inhibition of 1.5 (± 0.3) × 10 −6 mol/L and 9.1 (±2.5) × 10 −7 mol/L, respectively. These results suggest that BN 52021 has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent in conditions associated with PAF-induced accumulation of neutrophils and eosinophils.
Compressive sensing in distributed radar sensor networks using pulse compression waveforms

Inspired by recent advances in compressive sensing (CS), we introduce CS to the radar sensor network (RSN) using pulse compression technique. Our idea is to employ a set of stepped-frequency (SF) waveforms as pulse compression codes for transmit sensors, and to use the same SF waveforms as the sparse matrix to compress the signal in the receiving sensor. We obtain that the signal samples along the time domain could be largely compressed so that they could be recovered by a small number of measurements. A diversity gain could also be obtained at the output of the matched filters. In addition, we also develop a maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm for radar cross section (RCS) parameter estimation and provide the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) to validate the theoretical result. Simulation results show that the signal could be perfectly reconstructed if the number of measurements is equal to or larger than the number of transmit sensors. Even if the signal could not be completely recovered, the probability of miss detection of target could be kept zero. It is also illustrated that the actual variance of the RCS parameter estimation satisfies the CRLB and our ML estimator is an accurate estimator on the target RCS parameter.