cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mud as a porous medium

Since marine mud supports shear waves, it must have an elastic, though fragile, frame. It is also saturated with seawater, therefore it could be modeled as a porous medium. It is an unusual porous medium for a number of reasons. The boundary between the skeletal frame and the pore fluid is difficult to define. The effective porosity of the skeletal frame is not the same as the bulk fluid fraction. The chemistry of mud suggests that a fraction of the water is an integral part of the skeletal frame. Similarly, a fraction of the solid particles may be suspended in the pore fluid. The structure of the skeletal frame is a function of several factors, including salinity of the water and mineralogy of the clay particles. Porous media have two main loss mechanisms: losses in the skeletal frame and viscous losses due to relative motion between the frame and the pore fluid. In the case of marine mud, the frame losses may be modeled as a relaxation process. The measurements from the Seabed Characterization Experiment show it has a spectrum of relaxation frequencies, consistent with a stationary creep process. [Work supported by ONR, Ocean Acoustics Program.]
Structural and Chemical Transformations of Zinc Oxide Ultrathin Films on Pd(111) Surfaces.

Structural and chemical transformations of ultrathin oxide films on transition metals lie at the heart of many complex phenomena in heterogeneous catalysis, such as the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI). However, there is limited atomic-scale understanding of these transformations, especially for irreducible oxides such as ZnO. Here, by combining density functional theory calculations and surface science techniques, including scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction, we investigated the interfacial interaction of well-defined ultrathin ZnOxHy films on Pd(111) under varying gas-phase conditions [ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), 5 × 10-7 mbar of O2, and a D2/O2 mixture] to shed light on the SMSI effect of irreducible oxides. Sequential treatment of submonolayer zinc oxide films in a D2/O2 mixture (1:4) at 550 K evoked reversible structural transformations from a bilayer to a monolayer and further to a Pd-Zn near-surface alloy, demonstrating that zinc oxide, as an irreducible oxide, can spread on metal surfaces and show an SMSI-like behavior in the presence of hydrogen. A mixed canonical-grand canonical phase diagram was developed to bridge the gap between UHV conditions and true SMSI environments, revealing that, in addition to surface alloy formation, certain ZnOxHy films with stoichiometries that do not exist in bulk are stabilized by Pd in the presence of hydrogen. Based on the combined theoretical and experimental observations, we propose that SMSI metal nanoparticle encapsulation for irreducible oxide supports such as ZnO involves both surface (hydroxy)oxide and surface alloy formation, depending on the environmental conditions.
The Constitution, Jefferson’s War on Pirates, and Trump’s Strikes on Suleimani1: Historical and Modern Applications of the Commander-in-Chief’s War Power

This article is a guided inquiry into past and present uses of war powers. From the Constitutional framers’ intent through Thomas Jefferson’s adaptation to modern presidents’ implementation, studen...
Soils on and under the landscape

Difficulties in defining “fossil soil” arise not so much from its fossil nature as from confusion over what is meant by soil. A fossil soil or buried paleosol, like other kinds of fossils, is the remains of an ancient soil buried by later deposits. Paleosols also may be at the surface but no longer actively forming in exactly the same way. The word “soil” on the other hand, like other commonly used words such as love and home, means different things to different people. For farming purposes, soil is fertile, loose, tillable ground. In engineering specifications, soil is any material that can be excavated without recourse to quarrying or blasting. By both of these practical definitions, unaltered sediments, such as dune sands or flood silt, are regarded as soil, yet some extremely altered soil materials, such as hard latentes, are not.
Photoelastic Techniques for the Complete Determination of Stresses in Composite Structures

Transmission photoelastic analysis of composite models has attracted increasing attention in recent years. The interpretation of the photoelastic response in terms of the average (macroscopic) composite stresses is more involved than for isotropic models. Methods of determining the individual principal stresses (or strains) which have been suggested so far are not satisfactory. In this paper, three new methods are examined. The first method is an extension of the oblique incidence technique in which the model (or the light beam) is rotated about one of the material symmetry axes. In the second method, transmission and reflection photoelastic responses are combined. The third method requires the drilling of small holes and the determination of the fringe orders at selected points on the hole boundary. The three methods are applied to an orthotropic circular disk under diametral compression. Results are compared with strain gage data.
How Conductivities and Viscosities of PC-DEC and PC-EC Solutions of LiBF4 , LiPF6 , LiBOB, Et4 NBF 4 , and Et4 NPF 6 Differ and Why

Electrolytes of LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiBOB, Et 4 NBF 4 , and Et 4 NPF 6 in propylene carbonate-diethyl carbonate (PC-DEC) and propylene carbonate-ethylene carbonate (PC-EC) binary solvents were compared for their electrolytic conductivity (K) and viscosity (η) to assist their application to the batteries and capacitors and to understand the mechanisms underlying the differences in these properties. For η, the Li + -salts resulted in considerably higher values than the Et 4 N + -salts, and the influence of an anion was such that the larger its size, the higher the η of the electrolyte. Correspondingly, κ of the Et 4 N + -electrolytes was substantially higher than the Li + -electrolytes, and a larger anion was accompanied by a lower K, except for electrolytes at the low-η end. Toward this end, the order of K tended to be in reverse: the K of an electrolyte with a larger anion rose relative to one with a smaller anion. All evidence presented leads to the conclusion that the η, and thereby the K, of the electrolytes are dominantly affected by the number of unassociated Li + ions through their solvation by the carbonate solvent molecules, the different anions of the Li-salts exerting their influence only through altering the number by their different powers for associating with the Li + .
Evil Has a New Name (And a New Narrative): Bernard Madoff

Though not a cause of the 2008 financial crisis, the financial fraud perpetrated by Bernard Madoff against clients of his fictional investment advisory firm stands as a symbol of that time in history. Though Madoff’s crime was bloodless, sentencing judge Denny Chin described his scheme as “extraordinary evil” and sentenced the seventy-one year-old man to 150 years in prison. This Article will examine the Madoff scandal and attempt to place it within the realm of modern financial frauds and the sensationalism surrounding them. Particularly, this Article will hypothesize that in the relatively safe and healthy environment of twenty-first-century United States, perceived threats to financial welfare are more salient to most Americans than perceived threats to our physical welfare. Because of this reversal from our traditional hierarchy of crimes from violent to nonviolent, the harsher sentencing of financial fraudsters reflects the changing values of modern U.S. society. In today’s world, life expectancy is lengthening and murder rates are decreasing. However, Madoff’s crime, which affected foundations and organizations, but also individual pensioners ranging from middle class to wealthy, touched on deep-seated fears among those who had built up retirement savings and nest eggs to be passed on to the next generation. To those whose greatest fear is to outlive their retirement funds, Madoff’s fraudulent investment scheme is an “extraordinary evil.” Therefore, the Madoff victim narrative resonates with judges, lawmakers, and the public at large. This Article explores how the Madoff victims were able to capitalize on public sentiment to change actively participate in the Madoff prosecution and even change federal law.
A fast algorithm for grasp quality evaluation using the object wrench space

Grasp quality evaluation is an important problem when multifingered robotic hands are used to restrain objects in automation and manufacturing. In this paper we present a new algorithm to greatly expedite the evaluation of grasp quality considering the so-called object wrench space, i.e., the set of all disturbance wrenches that may be generated by a disturbance force acting on the object being grasped. While this metric has been known since a while, its practical use inside grasp planners has been limited because its exact computation is time consuming and thus prevents its use when many grasps have to be repeatedly evaluated during the planning process. Building on some geometric insights related to convex hulls, our algorithm determines on the fly which subset of the input data needs to be processed, and stops the computation as soon as it is known that the exact value of the metric has been determined. We show that our new algorithm significantly decreases the time needed to compute the grasping quality measure thus enabling grasp planners to use this metric to search the space of possible grasps.
Development of Competence of Haemophilus influenzae

Spencer, Hugh T. (The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md.), and Roger M. Herriott. Development of competence of Haemophilus influenzae. J. Bacteriol. 90:911-920. 1965.-A chemically defined nongrowth medium was developed for the induction of competence of Haemophilus influenzae by a stepdown procedure. Cells grown logarithmically in Heart Infusion Broth became competent after being transferred to a medium which consisted of amino acids, sodium fumarate, and inorganic salts. Chloramphenicol (2 mug/ml) or l-valine (1 mug/ml) in the nongrowth medium inhibited development of competence. The inhibitory action of l-valine was reversed by comparable concentrations of l-isoleucine. Kinetic studies of the development of competence showed a variable capacity of competent cells to take up deoxyribonucleic acid and reaffirmed earlier findings that competence was not transmissible in H. influenzae. Addition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, thiamine, calcium pantothenate, uracil, and hypoxanthine to the medium for competence resulted in a minimal growth medium in which reduced levels of competence were developed.
Towards in vivo estimation of reaction kinetics using high-throughput metabolomics data: a maximum likelihood approach

High-throughput assays such as mass spectrometry have opened up the possibility for large-scale in vivo measurements of the metabolome. This data could potentially be used to estimate kinetic parameters for many metabolic reactions. However, high-throughput in vivo measurements have special properties that are not taken into account in existing methods for estimating kinetic parameters, including significant relative errors in measurements of metabolite concentrations and reaction rates, and reactions with multiple substrates and products, which are sometimes reversible. A new method is needed to estimate kinetic parameters taking into account these factors. A new method, InVEst (In Vivo Estimation), is described for estimating reaction kinetic parameters, which addresses the specific challenges of in vivo data. InVEst uses maximum likelihood estimation based on a model where all measurements have relative errors. Simulations show that InVEst produces accurate estimates for a reversible enzymatic reaction with multiple reactants and products, that estimated parameters can be used to predict the effects of genetic variants, and that InVEst is more accurate than general least squares and graphic methods on data with relative errors. InVEst uses the bootstrap method to evaluate the accuracy of its estimates. InVEst addresses several challenges of in vivo data, which are not taken into account by existing methods. When data have relative errors, InVEst produces more accurate and robust estimates. InVEst also provides useful information about estimation accuracy using bootstrapping. It has potential applications of quantifying the effects of genetic variants, inference of the target of a mutation or drug treatment and improving flux estimation.
Brief Report: Signals Enhance the Suppressive Effects of Noncontingent Reinforcement

The effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) schedules on responding were assessed across two parameters: presence of signal and schedule density. Results indicated that signaled NCR schedules were correlated with greater overall reductions in responding and quicker reductions relative to NCR schedules without a signal. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
A Cis-Lunar Propellant Infrastructure for Flexible Path Exploration and Space Commerce

This paper describes a space infrastructure concept that exploits lunar water for propellant production and delivers it to users in cis-lunar space. The goal is to provide responsive economical space transportation to destinations beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) and enable in-space commerce. This is a game changing concept that could fundamentally affect future space operations, provide greater access to space beyond LEO, and broaden participation in space exploration. The challenge is to minimize infrastructure development cost while achieving a low operational cost. This study discusses the evolutionary development of the infrastructure from a very modest robotic operation to one that is capable of supporting human operations. The cis-lunar infrastructure involves a mix of technologies including cryogenic propellant production, reusable lunar landers, propellant tankers, orbital transfer vehicles, aerobraking technologies, and electric propulsion. This cislunar propellant infrastructure replaces Earth-launched propellants for missions beyond LEO. It enables users to reach destinations with smaller launchers or effectively multiplies the user s existing payload capacity. Users can exploit the expanded capacity to launch logistics material that can then be traded with the infrastructure for propellants. This mutually beneficial trade between the cis-lunar infrastructure and propellant users forms the basis of in-space commerce.
The ClpS Adaptor Mediates Staged Delivery of N-End Rule Substrates to the AAA+ ClpAP Protease

The ClpS adaptor delivers N-end rule substrates to ClpAP, an energy-dependent AAA+ protease, for degradation. How ClpS binds specific N-end residues is known in atomic detail and clarified here, but the delivery mechanism is poorly understood. We show that substrate binding is enhanced when ClpS binds hexameric ClpA. Reciprocally, N-end rule substrates increase ClpS affinity for ClpA(6). Enhanced binding requires the N-end residue and a peptide bond of the substrate, as well as multiple aspects of ClpS, including a side chain that contacts the substrate α-amino group and the flexible N-terminal extension (NTE). Finally, enhancement also needs the N domain and AAA+ rings of ClpA, connected by a long linker. The NTE can be engaged by the ClpA translocation pore, but ClpS resists unfolding/degradation. We propose a staged-delivery model that illustrates how intimate contacts between the substrate, adaptor, and protease reprogram specificity and coordinate handoff from the adaptor to the protease.
Nerve growth factor has both mitogenic and antimitogenic activity.

Abstract The present study demonstrates that nerve growth factor (NGF) possesses both antimitogenic and mitogenic activities. To this end, we have employed clonal PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells and two PC12 variant sublines, U2 and U7. When PC12 cells are exposed to NGF in culture media that are otherwise either permissive (15% serum) or restrictive (1% serum) for proliferation, neuronal differentiation occurs and mitosis ceases. Variant lines of PC12 cells have been selected that continue to proliferate in the presence of NGF in permissive medium but which nevertheless retain NGF receptors and certain NGF responses. In contrast to the parent PC12 cells, when such variants were exposed to NGF in growth-restrictive media, cell proliferation was markedly stimulated. The mitogenic activity of NGF was detectable at 0.1 ng/ml (4 pM) and was maximal at 3 ng/ml (100 pM). Possible contamination of the NGF preparation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) or mitogenic proteolytic enzymes was ruled out by the use of anti-EGF and diisopropylfluoro-phosphate, respectively. These findings show that NGF shares the capacity to stimulate cell division with a variety of other peptide hormones and suggest that the mitogenic activity of NGF could play a role in development of the peripheral nervous system as well as in promotion of in vivo growth of certain neural crest-derived neoplasms.
A Predictive Approach to the Analysis of Designed Experiments

Abstract Viewing the analysis of designed experiments as a model selection problem, we introduce the use of a predictive Bayesian criterion in this context based on the predictive density of a replicate experiment (PDRE). A calibration of the criterion is provided to assist in the model choice. The relationships of the proposed criterion to other prevalent criteria, such as AIC, BIC, and Mallows's C p , are given. An information theoretic criterion based on the PDRE's of two competing models is also introduced and compared with the usual F statistic for two nested models. Examples are given to illustrate the proposed methodology.
The Following-Response and Imprinting in Wild and Domestic Ducklings of the Same Species (Anas Pla Tyrhynchos) 1)

1. Both the wild and domestic ducklings showed response variation. Some ducklings followed the decoy(s), others avoided it, and some behaved neutrally (indifferent). 2. The most highly domesticated group (Peking) showed the least behavioral variation. Specifically, only 2/65 Pekings showed avoidance (fear, fleeing) behavior upon testing, whereas 19/65 and 26/65 of wild and semi-wild Mallards, respectively, evinced avoidance behavior. The reduction of fear behavior in the most highly domesticated group was interpreted as the result of selection against overactive or "nervous" animals under domestic circumstances. 3. The following-response was more prominent in the Peking group than in either Mallard group. This finding was interpreted as contrary to the hypothesis that the following-response is maladaptive under domestic (barnyard) conditions. 4. Imprinting was equally strong in each of the groups, i.e., if a duckling followed during testing, it followed the object to which it had been initially exposed (33/40 Pekings, 7/10 semi-wild Mallards, 15/20 wild Mallards). The incidence and vigor of imprinting in the Peking group was contrary to the hypothesis that imprinting is maladaptive under domestic conditions. 5. To explain the maintenance of following and imprinting under domestic circumstances, the role that this behavior is supposed to play in breeding was pointed out.
Dietary restriction reduces luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency during waking hours and increases LH pulse amplitude during sleep in young menstruating women.

To determine the effect of dietary energy restriction on gonadotropins, we assayed LH and FSH in samples drawn at 10- and 60-min intervals, respectively, over 24 h from seven young women (mean +/- SE gynecological age, 7.7 +/- 1.2 yr) on day 9, 10, or 11 of two menstrual cycles. Cortisol was measured in samples collected at 30-min intervals. During the 4 previous days and the day of sampling, dietary energy intake was set at either 45 or 10 Cal/kg lean body mass.day in random order. Beginning 2 days before treatment, blood was sampled daily at 0800 h and assayed for T3, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin. Estradiol was measured in samples collected daily and at 6-h intervals on the day of frequent sampling. By the day of frequent sampling, dietary restriction had reduced T3 20% (P < 0.01), insulin-like growth factor-I 58% (P < 0.001), and insulin 54% (P < 0.001). Twenty-four-hour transverse means for LH (P = 0.3), FSH (P = 0.2), estradiol (P = 0.3), and cortisol (P = 0.13) were unaffected, but LH p...
Rapid indentation of a pre-stressed hyper-elastic half-space: comparison of axially symmetric and plane strain cases

Abstract Transient indentation of a pre-stressed hyper-elastic half-space by either a rigid smooth cone or by a rigid smooth wedge of infinite length is considered. The former represents the basis for an axially symmetric problem, the latter, for one of plane strain. The half-space is modeled as an isotropic compressible neo-Hookean material, and both cases are treated as the superposition of infinitesimal deformations upon (possibly) finite deformations due to pre-stress. The equations for the superposed deformations exhibit the usual anisotropy induced by pre-stress, but exact expressions for the full infinitesimal fields, as well as for the dilatational, rotational and Rayleigh wave speeds in the deformed configuration, are obtained. These demonstrate some effects of pre-stress: in particular, critical tensile pre-stress levels exist beyond which negative Poisson effects arise. Critical compressive pre-stresses also exist beyond which Rayleigh waves disappear and contact zone expansion at constant sub-critical rates cannot occur. However, the critical compressive pre-stress level is lower for the plane strain case and, indeed, this case is found to be in many respects more sensitive than the axially symmetric case to pre-stress.
Proteolytic processing of Blattella germanica vitellin during early embryo development

In the eggs of the cockroach Blattella germanica, vitellin (Vt) utilization is initiated 4 days postovulation by the proteolytic processing of its three subunits. These reactions yield a specific set of peptides that are consumed by the developing embryo. A yolk proteinase activity, believed central to this processing event, has been investigated. First expressed at day 3 postovulation, just prior to Vt's processing, its specific activity with synthetic substrates increased four-fold to 18-fold through day 6. In addition, a mixing experiment showed that these proteinases(s) can also process Vt's large subunits in vitro. A relationship between Vt processing and proteinase specific activity was also noted with two B. germanica translocation heterozygotes, which displayed differences in the extent of Vt processing. One group of eggs (group A) failed to process any Vt subunit. A second group (B) processed the Mr 102,000 subunit but not the Mr 95,000. A third group (C) processed their Vt normally. Proteinase specific activities in the yolk of translocant's eggs at day 6 mirrored the extent of processing, being highest in group C eggs and effectively absent from the yolk of group A eggs. Eggs defective in Vt processing also contained arrested embryos. It is concluded that the yolk proteinase activity described here participates in Vt processing at day 4 postovulation. Microscopic examination of yolk obtained from eggs of wild type females showed that, as processing began in vivo (day 4), the yolk granules also underwent an abrupt decrease in size from diameters of 15–30 μm to 3–10 μm. Yolk granules of those translocant's eggs that were defective in Vt processing did not undergo this size decrease, suggesting that granule reorganization and Vt proteolysis may be linked functionally.
An integral transform method for estimating the central mean and central subspaces

The central mean and central subspaces of generalized multiple index model are the main inference targets of sufficient dimension reduction in regression. In this article, we propose an integral transform (ITM) method for estimating these two subspaces. Applying the ITM method, estimates are derived, separately, for two scenarios: (i) No distributional assumptions are imposed on the predictors, and (ii) the predictors are assumed to follow an elliptically contoured distribution. These estimates are shown to be asymptotically normal with the usual root-n convergence rate. The ITM method is different from other existing methods in that it avoids estimation of the unknown link function between the response and the predictors and it does not rely on distributional assumptions of the predictors under scenario (i) mentioned above.
Fruit to flower ratios and trade-offs in size and number

Hermaphroditic flowering plants commonly produce many more flowers than fruits. To interpret this observation, I suggest an explanation based on trade-offs occurring between the size and the number of flowers and fruits that mature when resources are limiting. I make this suggestion concrete with the aid of a phenotypic model analysed using the ESS approach. The model includes resource allocations to male and female reproductive structures at the time of flowering and to fruit maturation. The formulation allows for non-linear relations between opportunities for fertility gain on the one hand and flower and fruit size and number on the other. Results of the model indicate that fewer fruits will be matured than flowers produced, even in the absence of previously suggested factors such as pollinator limitation and bet-hedging in the face of environmental variability. Model results emphasize the distinction between flower versus inflorescence contributions to male and female reproductive success. Analysis also shows that the fruit to flower ratio in hermaphroditic plants will be lower than that in female plants, in accord with broad taxonomic surveys. Finally, results obtained lead to empirically testable predictions about the relationship between flower size, fruit size and the fruit to flower ratio. Methods to test these predictions are discussed.
ECONOMIC STATUS OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND SUICIDE RATES '

Summary.-From 1967 to 1986, the relative income and unemployment rates of African-Americans was not related to their absolute or relative suicide rates. Darden (1989) documented how the inequahty in income of AfricanAmericans versus white Americans had declined from 1967 to 1986 while the ratio of African-American:white unemployment rates had stayed similar. The present note examined whether these changes were reflected in the African-American suicide rate. The index of dissimilarity in income and the ratio of African-American: white unemployment rates for 1967 to 1986 were taken from Darden (1989). Suicide rates were available only for white and nonwhite groups for this period from the National Center for Health Statistics (annual). The time-series regressions were run using Doan (1990) with the Cochrane-Orcutt method to correct for serial autocorrelation. Neither dissimilarity of income nor the ratio of unemployment rates contributed significantly to the prediction of the nonwhite male (6s = 0.12 and 0.80, respectively, p> .30) or nonwhlte female suicide rates (6s = 0.06 and - 0.54, p> .30), the whlte male (bs = 0.05 and - 1.31, p>.36) or white female suicide rates (bs = 0.03 and - 0.80, p> .16), or the ratio of the suicide rates of nonwhite:white groups for males (bs = 0.01 and 0.08, p> 21) or females (6s = 0.01 and 0.01, p> ,901. Thus, relative economic status did not appear to affect the suicide rates of nonwhite Americans.
A practitioner's response: “Admitting of a future that is unlike the past.”

(1994). A practitioner's response: “Admitting of a future that is unlike the past.”. Roeper Review: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 228-229.
Thermodynamic parameters for loop formation in RNA and DNA hairpin tetraloops

We determined the melting temperatures (Tm) and thermodynamic parameters of 15 RNA and 19 DNA hairpins at 1 M NaCl, 0.01 M sodium phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, at pH 7. All these hairpins have loops of four bases, the most common loop size in 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs. The RNA hairpins varied in loop sequence, loop-closing base pair (A.U, C.G, or G.C), base sequence of the stem, and stem size (four or five base pairs). The DNA hairpins varied in loop sequence, loop-closing base pair (C.G, or G.C), and base sequence of the four base-pair stem. Thermodynamic properties of a hairpin may be represented by nearest-neighbor interactions of the stem plus contributions from the loop. Thus, we obtained thermodynamic parameters for the formation of RNA and DNA tetraloops. For the tetraloops we studied, a free energy of loop formation (at 37 degrees C) of about +3 kcal/mol is most common for either RNA or DNA. There are extra stable loops with delta G degrees 37 near +1 kcal/mol, but the sequences are not necessarily the same for RNA and DNA. The closing base pair is also important; changing from C.G to G.C lowered the stability of several tetraloops in both RNA and DNA. These values will be useful in predicting RNA and DNA secondary structures.
Sociology of economics or sociology of economy? theoretical-methodological arguments for sociological economics

This paper makes a proposal for reintroducing sociological or social economics into contemporary economic science. Such a reintroduction is proposed to be substantive, by analyzing the social structuring of the economy, and formal, by including sociological/social economics in the current (JEL) classification system of economic disciplines (code A.15). Both epistemological and ontological arguments can be presented to support the proposal. Epistemological arguments invoke the presence of essential components of sociological economics in the development of economic thought, and ontological arguments stress the role of social factors in economic life. In this paper I present primarily epistemological (theoretical-methodological) arguments for sociological economics, and secondarily ontological ones. I show that the present designation, sociology of economics, is something different from sociological or social economics in that the former refers to economic epistemology (knowledge) and the latter to economic ontology (reality). I conclude that, in addition to a sociology of economic science, we need a sociology of economic life.
RR10. Adverse Outcomes Associated With Bleeding Complications in Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Predictors of any SCI were age (odds ratio [OR], multiplies 1.3 per 10 years; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9-1.8; P 1⁄4 .06), aortic coverage length (OR multiplies 1.3 per 5 cm; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6; P 1⁄4 .002), chronic pulmonary disease (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.9-4; P 1⁄4 .1), chronic renal insufficiency (creatinine $1.6; OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.8-4.2; P 1⁄4 .1), and hypertension (chart history and/or medication; OR, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.6-18; P < .0001). The final model included age, aortic coverage length, and hypertension with excellent discrimination (area under the curve 1⁄4 .84) and calibration (c 1⁄4 9.8; P 1⁄4 .28; Fig). Conclusions: This analysis yielded a simple model that reliably predicts SCI after TEVAR. This clinical tool can assist decision making regarding when to proceed with TEVAR, guide discussions about intervention risk, and help determine when maneuvers to mitigate SCI risk should be implemented.
Quantitative radionuclide angiography in assessment of hemodynamic changes during upright exercise: Observations in normal subjects, patients with coronary artery disease and patients with aortic regurgitation

Quantitative radionuclide angiography (with the first pass technique and a computerized multicrystal camera) was used to evaluate hemodynamic changes in three subject groups during symptom-limited upright exercise. The 12 normal subjects had significant increases in heart rate, stroke volume, left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac output during exercise; changes in end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were not significant. In the 24 patients with coronary artery disease there were significant increases in heart rate and cardiac output during exercise, but insignificant changes in end-diastolic, end-systolic and stroke volumes and ejection fraction. The change in diastolic volume in these patients was determined by the extent of coronary artery disease, propranolol therapy, end point of exercise and presence of collateral vessels. Furthermore, patients with previous myocardial infarction had a lower ejection fraction and higher end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes during exercise than those without myocardial infarction. In the 12 patients with chronic aortic regurgitation of moderate to severe degree, there was a decrease in the end-diastolic volume during exercise. This response was distinctly different from that of the normal subjects or the patients with coronary artery disease. All three groups had a significant decrease in pulmonary transit time during exercise. It is concluded that changes in cardiac output in normal subjects during upright exercise are related to augmentation of stroke volume and tachycardia, whereas in patients with coronary artery disease they are related mainly to tachycardia. Left ventricular dilatation during exercise occurred in some normal subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease but was not a consistent finding. However, a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic volume is common in patients with aortic regurgitation. Such a decrease may be explained by a reduction in the regurgitant volume per beat caused by shortening of the diastolic filling period or a decrease in systemic vascular resistance, or both.
Observations of the Entrainment Zone in a Rapidly Entraining Boundary Layer

High-rate turbulence data collected by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Electra aircraft on 13 January 1998 over Lake Michigan during the Lake-Induced Convection Experiment are analyzed to explore the turbulence dynamics of the entrainment zone of a rapidly entraining convective boundary layer. Horizontal flight legs combined with the gentle slope of the lake-enhanced boundary layer top yield high-resolution profiles through the entrainment zone. Data analysis used a new maximally overlapping, subleg, Reynolds decomposition algorithm to compute first-, second-, and third-moment statistics for each flight leg. Then, a compositing algorithm using 25 bins took like statistics from each flight leg and created smoothly varying curves that captured the variation of each statistic across the upper mixed layer and entrainment zone. The analysis results reveal a conventional convective boundary layer below and a nonturbulent free atmosphere above a well-resolved entrainment zone. In the entrainment zone, temperature and moisture skewness curves show that the last identifiable free atmosphere effects extend down well below the zero crossing of heat flux. Third-moment statistics reveal considerable height dependence of the entrainment zone dynamics.
Equivalent blur as a function of spurious response of a sampled imaging system: application to character recognition

Image sampling effects have been variously quantified as aliased signal, spatial signal, and spatial noise. However, a relationship between these characteristics and human object recognition has not been established in a coherent, mathematical form. We present a heuristic study that characterizes the performance degradation that is due to the spurious response of a sampled imaging system as an effective increase in system blur. A character recognition experiment was performed in which 20 observers responded to 3500 character pairs of blur and sample spacing. A baseline was created where the probability of character recognition was determined as a function of blur without sampling. The sampled characters were then compared with this baseline so that the effect of sampling on character recognition could be determined. Finally, an increase in blur was established as a function of spurious response, which describes the overall effect of sampling on observer character recognition.
Re-visioning Action: Participatory Action Research and Indigenous Theories of Change

This article observes that participatory action research (PAR), by nature of being collaborative, necessitates making explicit theories of change that may have otherwise gone unseen or unexamined. The article explores the limits of the reform/revolution paradox on actions and theories of change in PAR. Citing examples from two recent youth PAR projects on educational issues, the author submits that when met with such a paradox, one can only move to a new vantage point. Four alternative vantage points, drawn from Indigenous epistemologies, are illustrated; they are sovereignty, contention, balance, and relationship.
Exploratory Relationships among Cognitive Style, Values, and Selected Consumption Behaviors

This study presents an exploratory structural model of relationships among dimensions of cognitive style, List of Values factors, and consumption activity factors. Analysis was based on questionnaire responses from 416 alumni of a major southwestern university The findings provide insight into how measurement of values may be modified to include individual personality differences; how values may relate to consumption behavior; and how personality differences may relate to both values and consumption behavior.
Managing the Human–Ecological Interface: Marine Resources as Example and Laboratory

The field of resource management integrates human and ecological systems. It is currently undergoing a difficult transition as it broadens to accommodate new values and interests. Some of the problems associated with this transition are evident in marine ecosystems, where the management of the ecological–human interface has been hindered by a lack of basic understanding. Using marine fisheries as examples, this paper describes the proximate and underlying causes of the human–ecological problem. It identifies areas in which basic research is needed on the behavioral dynamics of marine resource use, including incentives, feedbacks, management scale, monitoring and evaluation, alternative management approaches, the role of history, and human capital. It discusses the cost of failing to invest in social science research and identifies barriers to interdisciplinary research. Priorities for interdisciplinary research are listed.
Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-1 is not essential in erythrocytic stage malaria parasites

Among potential new targets for antimalarial chemotherapy are Plasmodium falciparum cysteine proteases, known as falcipains. Falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 are food vacuole hemoglobinases that may have additional functions. The function of falcipain-1 remains uncertain. To better characterize the role of falcipain-1 in erythrocytic parasites, we disrupted the falcipain-1 gene and characterized recombinant parasites. Disruption of the falcipain-1 gene was confirmed with Southern blots, and loss of expression of falcipain-1 was confirmed with immunoblots and by loss of labeling with a specific protease inhibitor. Compared with wild-type parasites, falcipain-1 knockout parasites developed normally, with the same morphology, multiplication rate, and invasion efficiency, and without significant differences in sensitivity to cysteine protease inhibitors. In wild-type and knockout parasites, cysteine protease inhibitors blocked hemoglobin hydrolysis in trophozoites, with a subsequent block in rupture of erythrocytes by mature schizonts, but they did not inhibit erythrocyte invasion by merozoites. Our results indicate that although falcipain-1 is expressed by erythrocytic parasites, it is not essential for normal development during this stage or for erythrocyte invasion.
Clinico‐pathologic findings in end‐stage pediatric heart transplant grafts

: The pathologic patterns existing in end-stage pediatric heart transplant grafts may help explain the symptoms and changes seen by echocardiography and angiography in these children. Retrospective chart review and pathologic study of explanted heart grafts was performed on 12 patients that had undergone 14 heart re-transplantations. Clinical status, echocardiographic and catheterization data at the time of transplantation were correlated to the pathologic findings. At re-OHT, eight were inpatients with heart failure symptoms and/or inotropic support requirements. Echocardiograms were abnormal in all prior to re-OHT with significant diastolic dysfunction, but LVEF >40% in all but one. There was significant epicardial fibrosis in all grafts, and all had severe CAV of epicardial arteries. However, intramyocardial coronary disease was mild in nine (64%) grafts. Moderate or severe interstitial fibrosis occurred in only three grafts, and in a perivascular distribution in eight. End-stage pediatric heart allografts have severe epicardial CAV and epicardial fibrosis, with relative sparing of the myocardium. Epicardial disease with sparing of the myocardium may explain the restrictive hemodynamics and relatively preserved systolic function present in these grafts at the time of re-OHT.
Thermal Resistance of Nanowire-Plane Interfaces

We employ continuum principles combined with van der Waals theory to estimate the thermal contact resistance between nanowires and planar substrates. This resistance is modeled using elastic deformation theory and thermal resistance relations. The contact force between a nanowire and substrate is obtained through a calculation of the van der Walls interaction energy between the two. The model estimates numerical values of constriction and gap resistances for several nanowire-substrate combinations with water and air as the surrounding media
Effect of isobutanol on toluene biodegradation in nitrate amended, sulfate amended and methanogenic enrichment microcosms

Isobutanol is an alternate fuel additive that is being considered because of economic and lower emission benefits. However, future gasoline spills could result in co-contamination of isobutanol with gasoline components such as benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene. Hence, isobutanol could affect the degradability of gasoline components thereby having an effect on contaminant plume length and half-life. In this study, the effect of isobutanol on the biodegradation of a model gasoline component (toluene) was examined in laboratory microcosms. For this, toluene and isobutanol were added to six different toluene degrading laboratory microcosms under sulfate amended, nitrate amended or methanogenic conditions. While toluene biodegradation was not greatly affected in the presence of isobutanol in five out of the six different experimental sets, toluene degradation was completely inhibited in one set of microcosms. This inhibition occurred in sulfate amended microcosms constructed with inocula from wastewater treatment plant activated sludge. Our data suggest that toluene degrading consortia are affected differently by isobutanol addition. These results indicate that, if co-contamination occurs, in some cases the in situ half-life of toluene could be significantly extended.
A convergent approach to the synthesis of multimetallic dithiolene complexes.

Controlled base hydrolysis of one or both of the protected 1,2-dithiolene chelates of 1,3,5,7-tetrathia-s-indacene-2,6-dione (O═CS2C6H2S2C═O) enables the stepwise synthesis of di- and trimetallic complexes with 1,2,4,5-benzenetetrathiolate as the connector. Treatment of O═CS2C6H2S2C═O with MeO−, followed by [NiBr2(dcpe)] [dcpe = 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane], yields [(dcpe)Ni(S2C6H2S2C═O)] (4). The reaction of 4 with EtO−, followed by [MX2(dcpe)] (X = halide), yields [(dcpe)Ni(S2C6H2S2)M(dcpe)] [M = Ni (5a), Pd (5b)]. Deprotection of the 1,3-dithiol-2-one group of 4, followed by introduction of 1/2 equiv of MX2 and then I2, yields the neutral trimetallic compounds [(dcpe)Ni(S2C6H2S2)]2M [M = Ni (6a), Pt (6b)]. Tetrahedralization at nickel is observed in 5a, which density functional theory calculations attribute to second-order Jahn−Teller effects, while 6a and 6b display an end-to-end folding of ∼46°. A color darkening is observed in moving from 4 to compounds 6 due to the increasing size of the c...
Holocene alluvial stratigraphy and response to climate change in the Roaring River valley, Front Range, Colorado, USA

Stratigraphic analyses and radiocarbon geochronology of alluvial deposits exposed along the Roaring River, Colorado, lead to three principal conclusions: (1) the opinion that stream channels in the higher parts of the Front Range are relics of the Pleistocene and nonalluvial under the present climate, as argued in a water-rights trial USA v. Colorado, is untenable, (2) beds of clast-supported gravel alternate in vertical succession with beds of fine-grained sediment (sand, mud, and peat) in response to centennial-scale changes in snowmelt-driven peak discharges, and (3) alluvial strata provide information about Holocene climate history that complements the history provided by cirque moraines, periglacial deposits, and paleontological data. Most alluvial strata are of late Holocene age and record, among other things, that: (1) the largest peak flows since the end of the Pleistocene occurred during the late Holocene; (2) the occurrence of a mid- to late Holocene interval (~ 2450–1630(?) cal yr BP) of warmer climate, which is not clearly identified in palynological records; and (3) the Little Ice Age climate seems to have had little impact on stream channels, except perhaps for minor (~ 1 m) incision.
Fluorescent lipoprotein probe

Abstract The fluorescent cholesterol analog cholesta-5,7,9(11)triene-3-β-ol was used to label high-density and low-density lipoproteins in vivo (rabbit) and in vitro (human). Rabbit feeding experiments demonstrated that in vivo both the esterified and nonesterified forms of the fluorophore were incorporated by these particles. Using in vitro labeling techniques, it was possible to selectively incorporate either the free form of the fluorophore or both the free and the esterified forms depending upon the presence or absence of serum esterases during incubation. Subsequent to labeling, the thermotropic behavior of the low- and high-density lipoproteins was evaluated using temperature-dependent fluorescence intensity measurements. Purified low-density lipoprotein samples (human and rabbit) containing both forms of the fluorophore were observed to undergo a thermotropic transition between 27 and 32°C. However, this transition was not observed in low-density lipoprotein samples containing only the nonesterified form of the probe nor was it observed in any of the high-density lipoprotein samples, even those containing both forms of the fluorophore. These results provide further evidence that the previously reported thermotropic transition in low-density lipoprotein is due to a reordering of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ester core (Deckelbaum, R.J., Shipley, G. G., Small, D. M., Lees, R. S., and George, P. K. (1975) Science 190 , 392–394; Sears, B., Deckelbaum, R. J., Janiak, M. J., Shipley, G. G., and Small, D. M. (1976) Biochemistry 15 , 4151–4157; Chana, G. S., Sheppard, R. J., Mills, G. L., and Grant, E. H. (1980) Phys. Med. Biol. 25 , 427–432).