cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reoperative CABG using left thoracotomy: a tailored strategy.

Abstract Background . Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) through a left thoracotomy is a challenging operation with no one dominant approach. We developed a tailored strategy for this difficult group of patients, integrating the currently available newer technologies for each patient indication. Methods . Between October 1991 and October 1999, 50 consecutive patients underwent reoperative CABG through a left thoracotomy. Age was 65 ± 9 years, 40 (80%) were men, and preoperative ejection fraction was 40 ± 13. In 36 patients (72%) the left internal mammary artery had been placed to the left anterior descending coronary artery during the primary CABG and in 25 of 36 patients (70%) this left internal mammary artery–left anterior descending coronary artery graft was patent. The mean duration from previous CABG was 8.0 ± 4.8 years. Three approaches were used: (1) conventional cardiopulmonary bypass using fibrillatory or circulatory arrest (n = 33, 66%); (2) Heartport endoaortic balloon occlusion (n = 4, 8%); and (3) off-pump beating heart techniques (n = 13, 26%). Results . The off-pump CABG technique was used in the majority of recent patients and 1 (7.7%) had to be converted to cardiopulmonary bypass due to hemodynamic instability. When cardiopulmonary bypass was used its duration was 122 ± 59 minutes and mean temperature on bypass was 24° ± 6°C. In the 4 patients in whom the Heartport system was used, the median endo-aortic occlusion duration was 49 minutes. Patients received an average of 1.4 grafts/patient. In 60 of 70 patients (89%) distal anastomoses were performed to an anterolateral coronary target. There were 3 of 50 (6%) operative deaths, 2 in the conventional group and 1 in the endo-aortic balloon occlusion group. The mean length of stay in the 47 survivors was 7.8 ± 3.9 days (median, 7 days). Conclusions . Reoperative CABG by left thoracotomy remains a challenging operation. Several techniques, including off-pump CABG, conventional cardiopulmonary bypass, circulatory arrest, and endoaortic balloon occlusion, should be in the surgeon's armamentarium to allow a tailored approach for each operation based on patient indications.
Brucellosis Status Report

Tremendous progress was made in the eradication of brucellosis for about 15 yr beginning in 1955. However, progress has been little in the last few years. This has been due to inflation and commitment of resources to other programs which had a higher priority at the time. We need additional resources, strengthened program procedures, and a renewed commitment on the part of all people and organizations involved in the eradication effort.
Evaluation of the Left Ventricle in Patients with Mitral Stenosis

In an attempt to objectively evaluate the status of the left ventricle in 32 patients with mitral stenosis, a modified form of supine leg exercise was done during simultaneous left and right heart catheterization. Besides measuring the usual hemodynamic parameters, a ratio of mitral valve flow (MVF) or diastolic left ventricular volume change (Δv/Δt) and the slope of the rise of left ventricular diastolic pressure (Δp/Δt) was calculated at rest and during exercise (Δv/Δp). The results of these measurements were compared with those obtained on nine patients with either innocent functional heart murmurs or hemodynamically insignificant stenotic valvular lesions. None of the nine control patients had left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (LVEDP) greater than 12 mm Hg either at rest or with exercise. Exercise also did not appreciably alter the Δv/Δp ratio. Among the patients with mitral stenosis eight patients had distinctly elevated (greater than 14 mm Hg) LVEDP with exercise and 19 patients, including th...
Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Exchange and Isomerization Reactions. 17. Exchange of Chiral Allyl Alcohols with Hydroxide, Methoxide, and Phenyl at High [Cl-]. Stereochemistry of the Wacker Reaction

At high [Cl-] (> 2.0 M), PdCl42- catalyzes the exchange of chiral allylic alcohols with hydroxy, methoxy, and phenyl to give chiral allyl-substituted olefins. With unsymmetrical olefins, isomerization occurs along with exchange. The hydroxyl exchange occurs in aqueous solution while the other exchanges are carried out in methanol solution. At low [Cl-] (0.1 M) oxidation to the corresponding β-hydroxy-, methoxy-, and phenyl-substituted carbonyl compounds occurred. The absolute configurations of the oxidation and exchange products should be the same if the same mode of addition to the Pd(II)-π-complex is operative. The absolute configurations of the oxidation and exchange products for the phenylation reaction were the same, while for hydroxy and methoxy they were different. This result indicates methanol and water must have different stereochemistries of addition at high and low [Cl-]. Thus, previous studies showing anti hydroxypalladation at high [Cl-] are not valid indicators of the stereochemistry at low...
On a class of nonlinear integral equations arising in neutron transport

We apply the method of continuation to study the structure of the solutions of quadratic integral equations for a certain class of kernel functions.
Topography induced defocus with a scanning exposure system

Our case study experimentally gauges the defocus component induced by a step in the exposure field substrate, with the edge of the step aligned parallel to the scanning slit. Such steps frequently occur at the border of different chiplets or process monitors within one exposure field. A common assumption is that a step-and-scan imaging system can correct for the majority of such topography, since the wafer is dynamically leveled under the static image plane as it is scanned. Our results show that the range of defocus approaches about 85% of the actual step height and thus contributes significantly to the overall focusing variance. This area on the wafer in which defocus can be observed extends by more than 3mm to both sides of the step. In the same area a degradation of imaging fidelity can be observed in the form of exaggerated proximity effects.
Radiation inactivation of binding sites for high-density lipoproteins in human liver membranes.

Abstract High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are involved in ‘reverse cholesterol transport’. Whether or not cell-surface receptors for HDL exist and participate in this process remains controversial, and part of this controversy has centered on the nature of the HDL binding sites. We therefore used radiation inactivation to determine the molecular mass of the HDL binding sites in human liver membranes in situ. These binding sites, which shared all the characteristics of previously described putative HDL receptors, had a molecular mass of less than 10 kDa, indicating that they are probably not proteins. In addition, the binding of HDL to protein-free liposomes was characterized and was found to display the same affinity (KD = 5 μgprotein/ml ≈ 5 · 10−8 M) as that to cell membranes, indicating that HDL binding to cell membranes may not require membrane proteins. These observations highlight an important application of radiation inactivation: the ability to demonstrate that something — in this case, a high-molecular-weight protein that accounts for the majority of the HDL binding activity in human liver membranes — is absent.
Natural history of male alcoholism V: is alcoholism the cart or the horse to sociopathy?

Summary The report presents a prospective 33 year follow-up of 456 disadvantaged urban males selected for nondelinquency in early adolescence. Seventy-one men had developed alcohol dependence and by Robins’criteria 32 men could be classified sociopathic. Once one disorder developed the other often followed, but primary alcoholism and sociopathy appeared to have different premorbid etiologies. Unstable, unhappy childhood environments per se appeared selectively to predispose to sociopathy and sociopathy appeared to reflect personality disorder. In contrast, familial alcoholism and a cultural background that prohibited childhood drinking but sanctioned adult drunkeness led selectively to alcoholism.
Post-ercp Pancreatitis in Pediatric Patients

Objectives: Pancreatitis is a known complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Our aim was to assess the prevalence and severity of ERCP-associated pancreatitis using established criteria. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of patients younger than 18 years undergoing ERCP complicated by post-ERCP pancreatitis defined by the 1991 consensus statement. Patients with chronic pancreatitis were studied separately using modified criteria. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis were analyzed. Results: Three hundred forty-three ERCPs were performed in 224 patients. Two hundred seventy-six ERCPs were performed in patients without chronic pancreatitis, 7 of which were complicated by post-ERCP pancreatitis (prevalence 2.5%). Patients undergoing diagnostic-only ERCP were less likely to develop post-ERCP pancreatitis (P<0.01). Sixty-seven procedures were performed on patients with chronic pancreatitis; 10 developed postprocedure pain requiring or prolonging hospitalization (prevalence 14.9%). Pancreatic duct stenting was a risk factor for post-ERCP pain in this subset of patients (P = 0.02). Conclusions: The prevalence of post-ERCP pancreatitis is low-2.5% excluding patients with chronic pancreatitis and 4.96% overall. Therapeutic procedures and the presence of chronic pancreatitis are risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis.
Permittivity measurements at millimeter wave frequencies using dielectric rod resonator excited by NRD-guide

Abstract A method of measuring the relative complex permittivity ( ɛ r = ɛ ′ – jɛ ″, tan δ = ɛ ″/ ɛ ′) for low-loss dielectric materials at millimeter wave frequencies has been developed, using a dielectric rod resonator excited by the nonradiative dielectric waveguide (NRD-guide). Relative permittivity ( ɛ ′) and loss factor (tan δ ) of the rod specimen are determined by the resonant frequency ( f 0 ) and unloaded Q-factor ( Q u ) of a TE 0m1 mode resonator. The effective conductivity ( σ ) of conducting plates for short-circuiting the rod resonator is determined using TE 021 and TE 02 δ mode sapphire resonators. Temperature dependence of ɛ ′ and tan δ of sapphire and cordierite ceramics were evaluated at 60 GHz. This method has been adopted as the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS R 1660-3) and is being prepared for the IEC international standard. Several standardized specifications are presented.
Oxygen Consumption Following Whole-Body X-Irradiation of Guinea Pigs

SummaryOxygen consumption in guinea pigs given 250 r, remains within the limits determined for their nonirradiated litter mates up to 13 days following irradiation.
An Extension of Dominance Analysis to Canonical Correlation Analysis

Dominance analysis (Budescu, 1993) offers a general framework for determination of relative importance of predictors in univariate and multivariate multiple regression models. This approach relies on pairwise comparisons of the contribution of predictors in all relevant subset models. In this article we extend dominance analysis to canonical correlation analysis to explore the relative importance of the variables in both sets. The proposed extension provides (a) a decomposition of the models' fit into components associated with the individual variables; (b) the ability to compare the relative importance of variables from the two sets; (c) the ability to perform multistage analyses, involving all canonical variates; and (d) a bootstrapping inference procedure. The approach is illustrated with an empirical data example involving parenting styles and youth outcomes and its unique features are highlighted and discussed.
Embracing emerging paradigms of G protein-coupled receptor agonism and signaling to address airway smooth muscle pathobiology in asthma

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate numerous airway cell functions, and signaling events transduced by GPCRs are important in both asthma pathogenesis and therapy. Indeed, most asthma therapies target GPCRs either directly or indirectly. Within recent years, our understating of how GPCRs signal and are regulated has changed significantly as new concepts have emerged and traditional ideas have evolved. In this review, we discuss current concepts regarding constitutive GPCR activity and receptor agonism, functional selectivity, compartmentalized signaling, and GPCR desensitization. We further discuss the relevance of these ideas to asthma and asthma therapy, while emphasizing their potential application to the GPCR signaling in airway smooth muscle that regulates airway patency and thus disease severity.
Levels of biogenic amines in maize silages

Abstract Seven biogenic amines (BAs) and polyamines were determined in 113 maize silages sampled from farm large-capacity silos 6–8 weeks after filling and sealing the silos. Amines were quantified as N-benzamides by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Mean dry matter (DM) contents of silages were 449±62 and 378±56 g/kg in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Tyramine (TY), putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD) and spermidine were present in all samples, while tryptamine (TR), spermine (SPM) and histamine (HI) were detected only in a part of silages at very low levels. Mean tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine contents were 482, 98, 48 and 17 mg/kg and 145, 136, 96 and 38 mg/kg in silages produced in 1999 and 2000, respectively. However, wide variations occurred. Possible effects on silage palatability and ruminants health are discussed.
Model simulations of possible electromagnetic induction effects at MAGSAT activities

Model simulations are used in a consideration of whether terrestrial induced-current magnetic field effects are significant for near-earth satellite observation, and the nature of the effect at satellite altitudes of lateral differences in the gross conductivity structure of the earth. It is shown that induction in a spherical earth by distant magnetospheric sources can contribute magnetic field fluctuations at Magsat orbit altitudes which are 30-40% of external field amplitudes. It is found that, when phenomenon dimensions are small by comparison with the earth's radius, the earth may be approximated by a plane, horizontal half-space by which electromagnetic energy is reflected with nearly 100% efficiency from the surface. This implies that while the total horizontal field is twice the source field when the source is above the satellite, it is reduced to values smaller than the source field when the source is below the satellite and tends to enhance gross electrical discontinuity signatures in the lithosphere.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension in the neonate: Diagnosis and management

PPHN should be recognized as a clinical condition associated with a number of pulmonary and systemic diseases. Present therapy has resulted in increased survival, but the aggressive methods required to produce improvement necessitate a clear understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in order to minimize sequelae.
Electrochemical aspects of cations in the cochlear hair cell of the chinchilla: a cellular model of the ion movement

The dc potential and ion composition (K+, Na+, and Ca++) in the hair cells of the cochlea were examined using ion-selective microelectrodes. The K+, Na+, and Ca++ concentrations were 124.0 ± 29.8 mM, 6.9 ± 4.1 mM, and 1.7 ± 1.4 μM in the hair cells, respectively. The electrochemical potential gradients for K+, Na+, and Ca++ across the apical membranes of the hair cells were calculated to be 160.0 ± 29.8 mV, 87.6 ± 27.0 mV, and 194.4 ± 35.2 mV, respectively. Those for K+, Na+, and Ca++ across the basolateral membranes of the hair cells were −12.6 ± 33.3 mV, 126.8 ± 28.3 mV, and 170.8 ± 30.1 mV, respectively. These findings were discussed in light of the transport mechanism necessary to maintain the ionic composition of hair cells.
Polymeric ionic liquid bucky gels as sorbent coatings for solid-phase microextraction.

Abstract Novel cross-linked polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) bucky gels were formed by free-radical polymerization of polymerizable ionic liquids gelled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and used as sorbent coatings for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The combination of PIL with MWCNTs significantly enhanced the π–π interaction between the sorbent coatings and the aromatic analytes. Compared to the neat PIL-based sorbent coating, the PIL bucky gel sorbent coatings demonstrated higher extraction efficiency for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A partitioning extraction mechanism was observed for the PIL/MWCNT-based sorbent coatings indicating that the addition of MWCNTs did not seem to affect the extraction mechanism of the sorbent coating. The analyte-to-coating partition coefficients (log Kfs) were estimated and the limits of detection (LOD) for selected PIL bucky gel sorbent coating were determined to be in the range of 1–2.5 ng L−1. Recovery studies were also performed for PAHs in river and tap water to validate the applicability of the developed method.
Estrous Behavior and Circadian Discharge of Luteinizing Hormone in the Prepubertal Gilt in Response to Exogenous Estrogen

The influence of varying doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) on the induction of estrus and luteinizing hormone (LH) discharge was studied in crossbred prepubertal gilts of 135 to 150 days of age. Five gilts were assigned randomly to each of 6 groups and treated with 0, 10, 20, 100 or 200 micrograms EB/kg body weight (BW) at 1200 h or with 10 micrograms/kg at 2400 h. The characteristics of the estrous and endocrine responses of the prepubertal gilts to EB were compared to the responses of 4 ovariectomized, adult gilts treated with EB. Dose of EB administered to prepubertal gilts had no influence on the interval from injection to estrus. Amount of EB administered, however, was correlated positively (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001) with the duration of estrus. Increasing the dose of EB tended to increase (0.05 less than P less than 0.10) the proportion of prepubertal gilts in estrus. Ovariectomized adult gilts treated with 10 micrograms EB/kg BW were in estrus for a duration similar to that of prepubertal gilts treated with that dose of EB. All doses of EB induced at least one surge of LH in each prepubertal gilt. As the dose of EB was increased, a greater proportion of prepubertal gilts showed 2 surges of LH at a 24-h interval. Dose had no influence either on the magnitude or the duration of LH surges. In all gilts, whether prepubertal or mature, surges of LH occurred at either 2400 or 0600 h. Thus, gilts treated with EB at either 2400 or 1200 h were asynchronous with respect to time after treatment until LH peak but were synchronous relative to the time during the day of LH surge. Ovariectomized adult gilts treated with EB had a single surge of LH that was similar in magnitude and duration to the first surge of LH observed in prepubertal gilts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mutational Analysis of Loops 1 and 5 of the Hairpin Ribozyme

A comprehensive analysis of base preferences for all positions in loops 1 and 5 of the hairpin ribozyme−substrate complex was carried out using a cis-ribozyme tethered to substrate by a pentapyrimidine loop. Ribozyme−substrate molecules were mutated to contain each of the three non-native base variations at each of the eight positions within these loops. Catalytic activity was measured for each mutant and compared to the activity of the original native sequence. This was the first time all base positions in these loops have been mutated to all variants and kinetically characterized. Various effects were found, ranging from invariant base positions to those with nearly complete tolerance of any base change. Two positions resulted in cleavage rates below the lower limit of accurate quantification for all non-wild-type base substitutions. These positions are G8 in the ribozyme and Gs6 in the substrate. When A10 was substituted with a pyrimidine, self-cleavage activity fell below the lower limit of detection ...
Changes in the Global Distribution of Protected Areas, 2003–2012

Between 2003 and 2012, the terrestrial area protected for conservation increased slightly, from 11.9 to 12.2 percent globally. Using data from the World Database on Protected Areas and Olson et al.'s (2001) ecological regionalization scheme, we examined the changing distribution of nationally designated protected areas. Over this period, the distribution of protected areas became slightly more even by realm, but biases increased across biomes. Current biases perpetuate long-standing trends, favoring more biodiverse ecosystems (especially tropical rainforests) at the expense of the “less lush” (particularly dry forests and deserts). Ecosystems of high agricultural value, especially temperate grasslands, also remain underrepresented.
Intake Turbulence Generated by a Steady Valve-Cylinder Flow

Axial and swirl velocities have been measured for steady axisymmetric flow in a cylinder past a fixed intake valve located on the cylinder centerline, for two different intake port geometries and two valve lifts, in order to study the effects of swirl and valve lift on turbulence generation. Both Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Constant Temperature Anemometry (CTA) velocity measurements were obtained. The cylinder diameter was 82.6 mm, cylinder height was 114.3 mm, and the centrally located valve had a diameter of 41.9 mm. The LDA mean axial velocity data indicated a conical jet issuing from the valve, and a recirculating toroidal vortex above the valve for each case. Also, for the swirl intake cases, the swirl mean velocity in the toroidal vortex increased linearly with radius. Axial fluctuation velocities were about 1 m/sec away from the conical jet, for both valve lifts and both inlet flow geometries. In the conical jet, axial fluctuation velocities of 2–2.5 m/sec were observed. The swirl fluctuation was consistently lower than the axial fluctuation. The swirl inlet increased the magnitude of the swirl fluctuation in the conical jet.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The effect of age and prolonged cold ischemia times on the national allocation of cadaveric renal allografts.

Background. National sharing of cadaveric renal allografts for perfectly matched kidneys (0 antigen mismatch) has improved outcome in the recipients of these kidneys despite increasing cold storage times. However, there may be limits to outcome improvement of matched kidneys based on age and cold storage time. Materials and methods. To determine if national sharing of kidneys based on matching improves outcome regardless of donor age and cold storage time, we evaluated the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Scientific Registry for all recipients of cadaveric kidney transplants between January 1, 1990 and July 31, 1998. We divided the recipients into four groups based on donor age and cold storage time. Group 1 comprised young donors (donor age <55 years) with average (<24 h) cold storage time; group 2, young donors with long (≥24 h) cold storage time; group 3, older donors (donor age ≥55 years) with average cold storage time; and group 4, older donors with long cold storage time. Results. A total of 64,046 recipients were evaluated: 35,061 (55%) in group 1, 21,264 (33%) in group 2, 4308 (7%) in group 3, and 3414 (5%) in group 4. Early graft performance progressively decreased from group 1 to group 4. Delayed graft function (DGF: dialysis requirement in the first 7 days posttransplant) was 18, 29, 33, and 42% (P < 0.0001); serum creatinine at 3 years (in mg/dl) was 1.70 ± 0.8, 1.73 ± 0.9, 2.31 ± 1.0, and 2.42 ± 1.1 (P < 0.0001); 1-year graft survival was 87, 84, 79, and 77% (P < 0.0001); and 3-year graft survival was 77, 74, 63, and 62% (P < 0.0001, for groups 1 and 2 vs groups 3 and 4, respectively). The trends in DGF persisted through the groups in 0 antigen mismatched kidneys. Conclusions. Early function is adversely affected by prolonged cold storage, despite matching, in recipients of younger and older donor kidneys. Long-term function does not appear to be affected by prolonged cold storage. Recipients of kidneys from donors ≥55 years of age have significantly worse short- and long-term outcome and may not benefit from national sharing.
Intermittent outpatient ultrafiltration for the treatment of severe refractory congestive heart failure

Abstract Background Patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) become refractory to conventional medical therapy, leading to recurrent rehospitalizations. We examined the impact of intermittent outpatient ultrafiltration (UF), using either peritoneal dialysis or hemofiltration, on long-term clinical outcomes in patients with refractory CHF. Methods and results We analyzed clinical and hemodynamic data in 19 consecutive patients with refractory CHF who received intermittent outpatient UF for at least 1 year between July 1998 and November 2002. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction of all 19 patients was 30.2±19.0%. All patients (100.0%) were New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV. Only 5 patients (26.3%) received peritoneal dialysis; the remaining 14 (73.7%) received hemofiltration. There were 6 patients with a normal left ventricular ejection fraction (45%). After UF was started, the number of patients that were considered inotrope-dependent was reduced from 86.4% to 36.8% ( P P P Conclusion Our study suggests that UF is a safe, feasible therapy, but it needs further evaluation in carefully designed, prospective, randomized clinical trials. UF has the potential for offering another important therapeutic option for patients with severe and refractory CHF.
Modification of Delinquent Behavior1

A matched subjects design was employed to assess the effectiveness of an experimental program for the reduction of delinquent behavior in adolescent boys on probation. Youngsters in the experimental group (N= 19) were invited to participate in a series of small group sessions designed on the basis of principles drawn from the theory and research of social psychology. Control group delinquents (N= 19) were not informed of this project and continued their previous association with the probation office. The group experiences arranged for the experimental participants encouraged free and open discussion of their previous delinquent activities, future behavioral intentions, personal values, and life goals. It was found that participants developed high attraction toward the group and involvement in its activities. Frequency of subsequent delinquent behavior was found to be significantly reduced for experimental group participants as compared with their matched controls. In a followup interview 9 months after the last group meeting, it was found that experimental group members showed significantly more internal responses on a modified version of the Rotter I-E scale than did the control subjects.
Link between bubbling and segregation patterns in gas‐fluidized beds with continuous size distributions

Experiments involving a bubbling, gas-fluidized bed with Gaussian and lognormal particle-size distributions (PSDs) of Geldart Group B particles have been carried out, with a focus on bubble measurements. Previous work in the same systems indicated the degree of axial species segregation varies non-monotonically with respect to the width of lognormal distributions. Given the widely accepted view of bubbles as “mixing agents,” the initial expectation was that bubble characteristics would be similarly non-monotonic. Surprisingly, results show that measured bubble parameters (frequency, velocity, and chord length) increase monotonically with increasing width for all PSDs investigated. Closer inspection reveals a bubble-less bottom region for the segregated systems, despite the bed being fully fluidized. More specifically, results indicate that, the larger the bubble-less layer is, the more segregated the system becomes. The direct comparison between bubbling and segregation patterns performed provides a more complete physical picture of the link between the two phenomena. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Forest cover, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat: policy review and modeling of tradeoffs among land-use change scenarios

a b s t r a c t Local and regional governments have developed climate action plans with significant implications for forests and wildlife. The effectiveness of climate mitigation through forest carbon sequestration depends on understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of landcover and land-use change (LCLUC). Few studies project future LCLUC effects on forest carbon sequestration, and even fewer examine the resulting consequences for forest connectivity and wildlife habitat. First, we asked what forest-relevant climate mitigation strategies have been identified in US state climate mitigation plans, and do they consider implications for wildlife habitat and forest connectivity? Second, for Wisconsin, a partially forested state, what are the effects of three future LCLUC scenarios on afforestation, forest loss, carbon sequestration and storage, forest connectivity, and wildlife habitat? The 35 US states with climate mitigation plans recommended woody biomass for biofuels or energy production (27 states), forest loss prevention (24 states), and afforestation (17 states). Most plans (24 states) anticipated positive wildlife impacts while 7 plans indicated potential negative wildlife impacts from biomass energy; only 3 plans anticipated tradeoffs among afforestation and energy production. A LCLUC model for Wisconsin revealed substantial local variation in potential afforestation and forest loss, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat across LCLUC scenarios that range from no change in current conditions (Static Forest) to maximum afforestation potential (All Forest). Projected increases in forest cover under the Dynamic Forest scenario equated to 0.41 TgC sequestered per year, or 1.3% of Wisconsin’s emissions of 33 TgC per year. Potential increases in core forest area and connectivity would increase habitat for 60 forest-associated species of greatest conservation need, but may decrease habitat for 48 grassland-associated species of greatest conservation need. These results indicate the importance of synergistic evaluation of multiple policy goals and LCLUC scenarios to examine tradeoffs and spatial dynamics of climate change mitigation strategies.
Cued vs. free recall in long-term memory of the fifty united states

Subjects were asked to recall the names of the fifty United States under varied conditions. These conditions included free recall and cued recall. The recall of the fifty United States was poorer than expected for college students. The average recall was approximately 41 out of 50 states. When subjects were asked to fill in the names of the states on a blank map, recall dropped to approximately 32 out of 50 states. It appears that subjects can recall some states better than others. For example, recall is better for states in close proximity to a subject’s current residence. Perhaps subjects have a geographic bubble when it comes to recalling the names of the states.
Middle ear muscle effects on cochlear responses to bone-conducted sound.

Contractions of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles were elicited by electrical stimulation of their motor nerves or of the muscles themselves in anesthetized cats. The effects of these contractions on cochlear microphonic responses to air- and bone-conducted sound were examined. Stapedius contractions that produced changes in air conduction similar to those observed under physiological conditions had almost identical effects on bone conduction. Tensor tympani effects on bone conduction were of similar magnitude but greater complexity than those on air, and varied as a function of the location of the bone conductor on the skull. Control observations established that the effects were attributable to the middle ear muscles and not to other consequences of the experimental procedures, and that they did not reflect modification of an air-conduction component of the bone-conduction stimulus. The functional significance of these effects is discussed in terms of protection against masking of environmental sounds by self-generated bone-conducted sound.
Thermodynamic and Structural Effects of a Single Backbone Hydrogen Bond Deletion in a Metal-Assembled Helical Bundle Protein

Transition metal ion-assembled three-helix bundle proteins provide templates to investigate the thermodynamic and dynamic structural consequences of the deletion of a single backbone hydrogen bond from an {alpha}-helical architecture. This deletion does not perturb the steady-state secondary structure of the protein as measured by circular dichroism spectroscopy but does decrease the overall folding free energy by ca. 0.7 kcal/mol. The authors have used intraprotein electron transfer as a measure of the structure-sensitive dynamics of their system. The deletion of a single hydrogen bond in one of the helices of a three-helix bundle does not significantly change the measured electron-transfer rate. This is in agreement with Greenpath electron-transfer pathway calculations, which assume a constant and invariant structure for the architecture. Given the exponential dependence of electron-transfer rate on distance and that fluctuations in the intervening secondary structure will cause variations in electron donor-acceptor distances, the measured electron-transfer rate associated with hydrogen bond deletion allows us to calculate a differential dynamic structural fluctuation associated with hydrogen bond deletion of less than 0.6 {angstrom} over the millisecond time scale of the experiment.
Interactivity on Japanese versus American Corporate Websites

Abstract This study is designed to compare interactivity functions employed on Japanese and U.S. corporate websites. We utilized several cultural analysis criteria such as high vs. low context, power distance and individualism-collectivism to conceptualize cultural differences in employment of interactivity between U.S. and Japanese websites. We found that U.S. corporate websites are more likely to emphasize customer-message and customer-advertiser interactivity, while Japanese websites highlight customer-customer interactivity.
One third of households in the USA own firearms which are often stored unsafely

Question What is the prevalence of firearms and how are they stored in households in the USA? Study Design Systematic review. Main results Forty-two articles met inclusion criteria. All studies had cross-sectional designs (and included 7 national prevalence studies, 5 state prevalence studies, 14 clinic-based convenience samples and 10 were samples of professionals). Studies published between 1992 and 2002 estimated that firearms were present in a third of households in the USA. More than 25% of household firearms were kept loaded, but only half of these were kept locked. More than 50% of households with firearms had handguns. The proportion of handguns in households with children was the same as those without children. However, firearm storage practices were slightly more secure in households with children. Medical professionals had a similar rate of handgun ownership to the general population. There was little information about the use of gunlocks, trigger locks, gun safes, gun cabinets and lock boxes. There was also little information about the storage of firearm ammunition. Authors’ conclusions Firearms can be found in about a third of households in the USA. Medical professionals and people with children have a similar rate of firearm ownership to the general population. A significant number of households store guns and firearms unsafely, which is a serious cause for concern.
A new argument for skepticism

The traditional argument for skepticism relies on a comparison between a normal subject and a subject in a skeptical scenario: because there is no relevant difference between them, neither has knowledge. Externalists respond by arguing that there is in fact a relevant difference—the normal subject is properly situated in her environment. I argue, however, that there is another sort of comparison available—one between a normal subject and a subject with a belief that is accidentally true—that makes possible a new argument for skepticism. Unlike the traditional form of skeptical argument, this new argument applies equally well to both internalist and externalist theories of knowledge.
EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF STEM CELLS IN THE TAIL OF THE MOUSE.

SummaryIn experiments in which the tails of mice were shielded during exposure to X-rays, colonization of the spleen occurred in excess of that found in whole-body irradiated control animals. This was the case whether the measure of effect was post-irradiative gain in spleen weight, uptake of IDU (5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine), or nodule count. The degree of colonization was found to be a function of the length of time which elapsed between the original irradiation (with tail shielded) and a subsequent, suppressive irradiation of the tail. Histological examination showed that the spleen nodules were hemopoietic, and that normal tail vertebrae contained hemopoietic tissue.
Prevalence and Impact of Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Results From the 2008 US National Health Interview Survey

Importance Profound bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH) causes disabling oscillopsia, chronic disequilibrium, and postural instability, but little is known about its epidemiology and impact. Objective To assess prevalence and functional impact of BVH in the US adult population. Design and Setting National cross-sectional survey using a national database and corollary validation study. Patients Adult respondents to the 2008 Balance and Dizziness Supplement to the US National Health Interview Survey (N = 21 782). Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of BVH, socioeconomic and quality-of-life impact of BVH, and fall risk. Criteria for the survey-based diagnosis of BVH included all of the following: presence of visual blurring with head movement; unsteadiness; difficulty walking in darkness or unsteady surfaces and in a straight path; and symptoms being at least “a big problem” and present for at least 1 year, in the absence of other neurologic conditions or eye pathologic conditions affecting vision. Results Adjusted national estimates from this survey indicate the prevalence of BVH in 2008 was 28 per 100 000 US adults (64 046 Americans). Of the participants with BVH, 44% reported changing their driving habits because of their symptoms, 56% reported reduced participation in social activities, and 58% reported difficulties with activities of daily living. Respondents with BVH had a 31-fold increase in the odds of falling in multivariate analyses compared with all respondents, with 25% reporting a recent fall-related injury. Conclusions and Relevance As estimated by the presence of specific symptoms in a nationally representative survey, BVH has considerable socioeconomic and quality-of-life impacts and significantly increases fall risk. These data support the need for new therapeutic strategies for BVH, including vestibular rehabilitation and implantable vestibular prostheses.
Law as a lens for understanding design

ABSTRACTIn this article, which serves as an introduction to a special section of Design and Culture dedicated to design and the law, I propose four reasons why scholars of design would do well to make greater use of the law as a lens for understanding design. First, national laws and international agreements, especially those related to intellectual property (IP), tend to make greater demands of designers and manufacturers than they do of artists. Second, as a result, both designers and design historians have a greater need to understand the law than practitioners and scholars in other fields. Third, differences in the laws of various nations have significant but insufficiently recognized impacts on the behaviors of designers and manufacturers and thus on national design cultures. Fourth, as a result, it is important—sometimes even essential—to study design from a national perspective. Every nation has its own peculiar configuration of laws that can provide useful insights into its national design culture.
Agent-Based Model of a Cyber Security Defense Analyst Team:

Cyber security defense is often performed by a group of people called cyber defense analysts and yet team work and collaboration in cyber defense is almost non-existent. This study, using an agent-based model of the cyber defense analyst’s task and interactions, explored the effects of different collaboration strategies and team sizes on performance measures such as number of intrusion alerts accurately processed by the analysts and rewards they accrue from accurately processing the alerts. This study also explored the feasibility of using agent-based modeling methodologies for studying team processes in the cyber defense context. The model revealed that specific collaboration strategies lead to better performance and that large teams are detrimental to performance.
Existence, uniqueness, and nondegeneracy of positive solutions of semilinear elliptic equations

We study positive solutions of the Dirichlet problem: A u(x) + f(u(x)) = 0, x ~ D", u(x)= O, x E aD ~, where D" is an n-ball. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for solutions to be nondegenerate. We also give some new existence and uniqueness theorems. In this paper we study positive solutions of the Dirichlet problem Au(x)+ f(u(x))=O, x ~ f2,
Solvent-free enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids from peanut oil and caprylic acid in a stirred tank batch reactor

Structured lipids were synthesized by transesterification of peanut oil and caprylic acid in a stirred-batch reactor. Different substrate molar ratios (1:1 to 1:4, peanut oil/caprylic acid) were used. The reaction was performed for 72 h at 50°C catalyzed by IM60 lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (10 g, 2% w/w substrate) in the absence of organic solvent. The highest incorporation of caprylic acid was obtained with a 1:2 molar ratio (peanut oil/caprylic acid) after 72 h reaction. With a 1:2 molar ratio, the incorporation increased by 28% from 1:1. On the other hand, a 1:4 molar ratio gave the lowest incorporation during the reaction. The effect of different mixing speeds (200, 640, or 750 rpm) on reaction was studied with a 1:2 substrate molar ratio for 24 h. A high incorporation of caprylic acid (14.3 mol%) was obtained at 640 rpm, while 200 rpm gave the lowest incorporation (2.2 mol%), suggesting that good mixing is essential in a stirred-batch reactor. After 24 h of reaction at different rpm, IM60 lipase was recovered, washed with hexane, and reacted with substrates to study its stability after reaction at different mixing speeds. The results showed that caprylic acid incorporation was similar (24.9, 24.3, 24.2 mol%) at 200, 640, and 750 rpm, respectively. When 20 g of IM60 lipase (4% w/w substrate) instead of 10 g was used in a 1:1 substrate molar ratio reaction, the incorporation of caprylic acid increased by 26% after 72 h. To study enzyme reuse, 10 g of IM60 lipase was used in a 1:1 substrate molar ratio for 24 h at 640 rpm. The incorporation of caprylic acid gradually decreased with increased number of reuses. During five times of reuse, 15, 13.9, 9.6, 6.7, and 9.7 mol% of caprylic acid were incorporated into peanut oil, respectively.
Decision Dynamics in Two High Reliability Military Organizations

In this research we extend theoretical development about decision making in organizations in which many kinds of errors cannot be tolerated. Catastrophic consequences can be associated with faulty decision making in reliability-seeking organizations, a situation which does not occur in most organizations studied in the past. Observations are drawn from two nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. We find decision processes which appear to change often in these organizations. Important decisions can be made by a number of men even at the lowest levels of the organization. Task-related factors such as technical complexity, high interdependence, and catastrophic consequences associated with rare events and more cognitive factors such as accountability and salience affect decision processes. A model is presented that accounts for dynamic change in decision processes in these organizations.
An ageing question: Do embryonic stem cells protect their genomes?

Many physiological and cellular processes contribute to the ageing of individuals. One hypothesis argues that the genomes of somatic cells accumulate mutations, which, in turn, alter the metabolism of the cells and contribute to the ageing process. The frequency of somatic mutation approaches 10(-4) and the majority of mutagenic events at heterozygous loci is due to loss of heterozygosity as a consequence of mitotic recombination. A corollary to the argument that somatic cells accumulate mutations is that cells of the germ line and ES cells have a greater requirement for maintaining the integrity of their genomes. In the former case, a high somatic mutation frequency predicts an increase in somatic disease, which limits our lifespan. The corollary is that cells of the germline and ES cells must minimize the mutational burden to limit the frequency of congenital disease and to ensure the proper transmission of undamaged DNA to the gene pool. This report describes two mechanisms utilized by murine ES cells to minimize DNA damage within the proliferative pool. In the first case, murine ES cells display a frequency of mutation and mitotic recombination that is about 100-fold lower than that observed in somatic cells. Second, ES cells lack a G1 checkpoint following DNA damage. When subjected to ionizing radiation, the fraction of apoptotic cells increases to about 40%. Ectopic expression of Chk2 is sufficient to establish a G1 arrest and the concomitant protection from cell death.
A fluorogeochemical model for coal macerals

Abstract A model is proposed based on the concept that the fluorescence displayed by coal macerals is due to the activity of π-electrons. The delocalization of π-electrons which accompanies polymerization results in a shift towards the red in the spectral fluorescence of macerals during coalification. At the same time, fluorescence quenching is progressively enhanced by virtue of polymerization and accompanying removal of nonfluorophoric media, causing a decrease in fluorescence intensity. Estimations of maceral fluorescence properties using the molecular orbital theory produced the same trends. The build-up in fluorescence intensity and slow-down in the spectral red shift of bituminous vitrinites are exceptions to these trends due to the development of a mobile phase at this rank level. The model is further supported by fluorescence studies of some coal-precursor and coal-derived chemical systems.
Computer Enhancement of Old Well Logs Suggests New Plays in New York State: ABSTRACT

There has been oil and gas exploration in New York State since the 1860s, and geophysical well logs have been recorded and deposited in state well information repositories since the 1930s. These logs contain a wealth of information that has largely been overlooked in the recently intensified search for new petroleum and natural gas reserves. The majority of old wells were drilled by small companies using numerous logging contractors. There were a wide variety of logging tools and an astonishing number of both vertical and horizontal scales employed. Often log interpretation was minimal. Regional exploration has been very difficult because of this general lack of well-to-well uniformity, as displayed by the various logs. The Department of Geology at Syracuse University has compiled a data base of digitized computer processable well logs for a large part of central New York State. These logs have been standardized to a uniform lithology response and uniform scales for optimum correlation, porosity computation, and lithology evaluation. Evaluation of these corrected logs suggests that reservoirs which were either overlooked or considered uneconomic when the wells were drilled could, under today's economic conditions, provide extensive new and potentially profitable gas reserves. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1174------------