cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implicit bias about weight and weight loss treatment outcomes.

Objectives The goal of the current study was to examine the impact of a weight loss intervention on implicit bias toward weight, as well as the relationship among implicit bias, weight loss behaviors, and weight loss outcomes. Additionally, of interest was the relationship among these variables when implicit weight bias was measured with a novel assessment that portrays individuals who are thin and obese engaged in both stereotypical and nonstereotypical health-related behaviors.
Short range ordering in Fe–Ge and Fe–Ga single crystals

We report on the nature of short range ordering (SRO) in slow cooled (100) and (111) Fe81.6Ga18.4 and Fe81Ge9 single crystals determined by x-ray θ-2θ scans. The SRO of the Ga atoms has at least some D03 character. In contrast Ge atoms only exhibit B2 chemical ordering symmetries in the short range order. It has been proposed that the D03 character in the SRO is important for the enhancement in magnetoelasticity in Fe-based alloys; however the presence of B2 character in Fe–Ge alloys suggest that the SRO is not of primary importance in increasing the magnetostriction.
Expression of α2 type I collagen in W8 cells increases cell adhesion and decreases colony formation in soft agar

Abstract A chemically transformed cell line, W8, produces α1(I) homotrimers with no α2(I) chains whereas the parent cell line, K16, produces heterotrimers. When W8 cells were transfected with plasmid constructs containing the full length human α2(I) cDNA driven by viral promoters, the cells expressed α2(I) collagen chains forming varying amounts of heterotrimers. Previously, we have shown that K16 and W8 cells have different growth characteristics (Smith, B.D. et al., Cancer Research 43 : 4275–4282, 1983) including population doubling, saturation density, cell adhesion and colony formation in soft agar. These parameters were tested for each transfected cell line in order to determine if the α2(I) expression and heterotrimer formation alters cell characteristics. The cells expressing α2(I) forming heterotrimers needed higher concentrations of trypsin or longer time period to lift from the plate suggesting a role for α2(I) in cell adhesion. The W8 cells formed colonies in soft agar exhibiting anchorage independent growth. However, W8 cells expressing α2(I) chains formed less colonies in soft agar than W8 cells or W8 cells transfected with a neomycin resistant gene indicating that the α2(I) producing cells were less anchorage independent than W8 cells. Population doubling time, morphology and saturation densities were similar to W8 cells with small alterations towards an epithelial morphology. These results demonstrated that α2(I) within heterotrimer is important for cell adhesion and anchorage independent growth.
Heparin-induced thromboembolism: A case report

A case of heparin-induced thrombosis of the brachial artery with thrombocytopenia is described. With discontinuation of the heparin, the circulating platelet volumes returned to normal. The role of pre-existing arterial disease and sepsis in patients exhibiting this phenomenon is unresolved.
Effect of Charge Separation on the Stability of Large-Wavelength Fluctuations during Spinodal Decomposition

A stability analysis of phase separation of charged species by spinodal decomposition is presented. The charge effects introduce a short wave number cutoff for linear perturbations about the homogeneous, neutral solution. Phase field calculations using a semi-implicit spectral method support this conclusion. This suggests that coarsening is limited in ionic solid systems that are unstable with respect to charged-phase separation.
Adrenal Tumor in Female Infant. With Hypertrichosis, Hypertension, Overdevelopment of External Genitalia, Obesity, but Absence of Breast Enlargement

The sex and age of the individual have an influence upon the character of the symptoms and functional disturbances produced by tumors of the adrenal gland whether these are benign or malignant; for instance, the term ‘Cushing's syndrome’ does not cover the various types which have recently become known. Case reports confirm the occurrence of certain common characteristics, but as in most diseases, an analysis of the symptomatology may show variations. Sexual precocity in the young boy, enlarged mammary glands in the adolescent male and masculinization of the preadolescent female, are examples of such clinical endocrine abnormalities. The case reported here is that of an infant, with a syndrome which is especially characteristic in a young female child who has an adrenal cortical tumor. Lisser(1) has termed this “pseudo-sexual precocity” to distinguish it from “true sexual precocity” caused by tumors of the ovary of the granulosa cell type.
A cordon and search model and simulation using timed, stochastic, colored petri nets for robust decision-making

In the current military operating environment, cordon and search missions (village searches) are conducted daily. It is expected that this mission profile will not change in the near future. Despite the frequency of this mission type, the planning tools available to military leaders are rudimentary and tedious. Planners must rely on over-simplified data tables and personal experience when planning a cordon and search. Computer tools to facilitate faster, more accurate plans do not yet exist. This paper proposes a timed, stochastic Petri Net model for cordon and search missions that can provide planners valuable mission insight using Monte Carlo simulation methods. This model can be used by military leaders to make robust decisions during mission planning and thus improve the quality of the final plan.
Psychopathology associated with drinking and alcohol use disorders in the college and general adult populations

This paper examines the associations between past-year drinking status and the prevalence of 15 different past-year anxiety, mood and personality disorders, using a large (n = 43,093) nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. The prevalence of these disorders and their associations with drinking are compared for college students 18-29 years of age, other youth 18-29 years of age, and adults 30 years of age and older. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and past-year tobacco and illicit drug use, only drinkers with alcohol dependence experienced an excess risk of a mood or anxiety disorder among college students 18-29 years of age, OR = 2.4. In contrast, the excess risk of any mood or anxiety disorder associated with drinking status among non-college youth varied from an OR of 1.8 for non-binge drinkers to 4.7 for drinkers with alcohol dependence. Among persons 30 years of age and older, the degree of excess risk was slightly lower but still higher than those for college students, OR = 1.5-3.8. Similarly, the excess odds of any personality disorder associated with drinking varied from 1.6 to 5.0 for the younger, non-college group and from 1.5 to 3.8 for the older adults, with no significant effect observed among college students. Factors that may help explain the weaker association of psychopathology and drinking in the college population include selectivity and greater availability of social and treatment resources that serve as alternatives to self-medicating the symptoms of psychological distress with alcohol.
Rethinking Grammar and Communication.

The role of grammar in the communicative classroom has yet to be determined. This article examines several recent views on grammar, then revisits some of the perpetual problem areas in teaching grammar such as the deductive-inductive debate, the use of L1 or L2 for grammatical presentations, and the explicit-implicit controueny Examples of contextualized exercises, a guided inductive lesson using the target language, and the use of “many instances of the same structure” to suggest ways of introducing grammar into the communicative classroom. Since much of the current research favors more explicit teaching of grammar and since textbooks remain grammatically oriented, it seems clear that grammar and communication must join together in order to produce more pmficient language users. The use of the target language for grammar explanations by the teacher and in the textbook may facilitate real communication in the classroom.
Rethinking Classical Crystal Growth Models through Molecular Scale Insights: Consequences of Kink-Limited Kinetics

The classical terrace-ledge-kink model of crystal growth is widely used to interpret mineral formation in biological and geological systems. A key assumption underlying application of the model is that thermal fluctuations of steps are sufficiently rapid to produce an abundance of kink sites for attachment of growth units. High-resolution in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of step-edge structure and dynamics show this physical picture to be invalid for the common mineral calcite whose steps exhibit low kink density and weak step edge fluctuations. As a consequence, interactions of impurities with calcite step edges cannot be interpreted with traditional thermodynamic models based on minimization of the Gibbs free energy. Instead, impurity-step interactions follow a different mechanism determined by the kinetics of attachment and detachment. Step advance is unimpeded when the creation of new kinks by attachment of growth units to the step outpaces binding of i...
Cultural and gender issues related to HIV / AIDS prevention in rural Swaziland: a focus group analysis.

HIV/AIDS is a serious public health problem in Swaziland, a small land-locked Southern African country. The epidemic affects all subpopulations, but women are increasingly at risk for contracting the disease. Focus groups were conducted in a rural area to obtain qualitative information on the rural dimensions of HIV/AIDS, vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, and sociocultural factors influencing the spread of AIDS. Five themes were identified from analyses of the focus groups that are relevant in developing an AIDS prevention program for this population in Swaziland. Implications for future research and health care practice focus on gender-sensitive cultural research (e.g., women and men's roles and responsibilities in rural Swaziland society) and how social, economic, and cultural factors impact the spread of AIDS. Recommendations include reorienting and allocating resources for health, education, and social services to address the relative neglect of rural areas and strengthening policies and programs to achieve ...
Activation and release of a trypsin-like proteinase from bovine lens α-crystallin

Trypsin-like activity was demonstrated in extracts of lens outer cortex by measuring the hydrolysis of α-N-benzoyl-arginine- p -nitroanilide. This activity had a sharp temperature optimum at 34°C, two pH optima at 6·–6·7 and 8·0, and required an incubation period of 15–20 hr to activate the enzyme. The capsule-epithelium fraction had the highest specific activity while nuclear extracts had the lowest. Bovine lens outer cortical extract was fractionated by Agarose A-1·5 m chromatography into three peaks of enzyme activity with molecular weights of 2·5×10 4 (BAPNAase I), 6−7×10 4 (BAPNAase II) and 7−9×10 5 (BAPNAase III). The isolated BAPNAase III peak required an activation period of about 20hr before enzyme activity could be demonstrated. This activation required the presence of both 5 m m -MgCl 2 and 60 m m -NaCl and resulted in a partial inactivation of the endogenous trypsin inhibitor at the time the BAPNAase activity was induced. After a 40 hr incubation period BAPNAase III samples showed the release of a low molecular weight proteinase and the cleavage of α-crystallin into polypeptides of lower molecular weight. The released proteinase had trypsin-like specificity, hydrolyzed the protein substrate, azocoll, and was inhibited by benzamidine and sulfhydryl blocking agents. These data suggest that BAPNAase III represents a complex between a trypsin-like enzyme and the endogenous lens inhibitor, TI H . A 20 hr incubation in the presence of high cation levels results in the release of the bound proteinase which then chromatographs in the region of BAPNAase I.
Impact spherules as a record of an ancient heavy bombardment of Earth

Impact craters are the most obvious indication of asteroid impacts, but craters on Earth are quickly obscured or destroyed by surface weathering and tectonic processes. Earth’s impact history is inferred therefore either from estimates of the present-day impactor flux as determined by observations of near-Earth asteroids, or from the Moon’s incomplete impact chronology. Asteroids hitting Earth typically vaporize a mass of target rock comparable to the projectile’s mass. As this vapour expands in a large plume or fireball, it cools and condenses into molten droplets called spherules. For asteroids larger than about ten kilometres in diameter, these spherules are deposited in a global layer. Spherule layers preserved in the geologic record accordingly provide information about an impact even when the source crater cannot be found. Here we report estimates of the sizes and impact velocities of the asteroids that created global spherule layers. The impact chronology from these spherule layers reveals that the impactor flux was significantly higher 3.5 billion years ago than it is now. This conclusion is consistent with a gradual decline of the impactor flux after the Late Heavy Bombardment.
Measuring response in a post-RECIST world: from black and white to shades of grey

The unprecedented pace of therapeutic development in oncology has created a climate in which the traditional methods of evaluating agent activity might no longer be adequate. How is the field transitioning to new endpoints in early drug development and what are the difficulties in this transition? Here, we will explore the historical context for the current criteria for tumour response evaluation and some of the pitfalls in using these standards when testing newer anticancer agents for activity. We will argue that the current drug development environment dictates different outcome measurements and therefore more imaginative and rigorous early-phase trial designs.
MECHANISM OF BORON DIFFUSION IN SILICON : AN AB INITIO AND KINETIC MONTE CARLO STUDY

An exhaustive first-principles study of the energetics of B-Si interstitial complexes of various configurations and charge states is used to elucidate the diffusion mechanism of B in Si. Total energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations show that B diffuses by an interstitialcy mechanism. Substitutional B captures a Si interstitial with a binding energy of 0.90 eV. This complex is itself a fast diffuser, with no need to first ''kick out'' the B into an interstitial channel. The migration barrier is about 0.68 eV. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations confirm that this mechanism leads to a decrease in the diffusion length with increasing temperature, as observed experimentally. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
THE PRICE OF GOLD AND INTERNATIONAL LIQUIDITY

THE MONETARY status of gold, especially its status as an international means of settlement, has been the subject of lively and sometimes bitter debate in the past few years. The debate has centered principally on the issue of whether or not the price of gold should be raised as a means of increasing international liquidity.' The question of the proper price for gold is by no means a new problem in international finance. It was widely discussed, for example, after World War I; in 1933-34, the period of revaluation in the United States; and between 1937 and 1940 when there were persistent rumors of, and considerable professional support for, a reduction in the official United States price of gold.2 Since 1949, however, there
Hydrologic connectivity of oxbow lakes along the lower Guadalupe River, Texas: The influence of geomorphic and climatic controls on the “flood pulse concept”

Summary Hydrologic connectivity between rivers and floodplains is fundamental to the ecological integrity of meandering river corridors. This study integrates two important concepts in floodplain hydrology; the flood pulse concept and the oxbow lake cycle. High temporal resolution (0.5–3.0 h) lake level data from vented pressure transducers and river discharge data (0.25 h resolution) were utilized to develop standardized indices of hydrologic connectivity for two oxbow lakes along the lower Guadalupe River, Texas over a 3.4 yr period. The lakes were influenced by hydrologic conditions representative of the northwestern Gulf region, notably a severe drought and a wet season associated with La Nina and El Nino, respectively. Because the data were obtained over the same period it enables a direct comparison of surficial hydrologic connectivity within the evolutionary geomorphic framework of the oxbow lake cycle. A recently (13 yr old) formed oxbow lake was connected 5.9 times per yr and an older partially infilled oxbow lake was connected 3.8 times per yr during the study period. Each oxbow lake was connected by discharge pulses below bankfull discharge, and the signature of hydrologic connectivity varied significantly. The flow duration for connectivity was 18% and 3% for the recently formed and older oxbow lake, respectively. Bivariate relations between discharge and lake stage varied significantly for the two oxbow lakes. The recently formed oxbow lake exhibited highly linear relations between discharge and lake levels, and lake drainage closely mirrored flood wave recession. Older oxbow lake connectivity was complex, as discharge and lake level relations were nonlinear and exhibited pronounced negative hysteresis, which increased with sequential flood pulses. While the older oxbow lake was more sensitive to short term low flow conditions, both lakes were completely desiccated during an extended La Nina influenced drought. This indicates a substantial impact to alluvial aquifers, which were unable to supply groundwater to oxbow lakes during extended dry periods. The “flood pulse concept” applied with only river discharge data is overly simplistic and does not adequately characterize hydrologic connectivity for distinct types of oxbow lakes along meandering river floodplains. With limited lake level data, however, great potential exists for development of effective “integrated floodplain management” plans that more appropriately considers variable hydrologic connectivity inherent within the oxbow lake cycle.
Can an adverse density difference across a surface be stabilized by heating from above

Abstract We investigate the possibility of stabilizing a Rayleigh–Taylor experiment by imposing a small upward temperature gradient. We find that if the two fluids have equal thermal conductivities nothing can be accomplished. If either thermal conductivity is much greater than the other, the small gradient is always stabilizing. If the thermal conductivities are of the same order of magnitude the small gradient can be stabilizing or destabilizing depending on the thermal expansion coefficients. We have used a Darcy model so that we can derive formulas and present a physical explanation of what we find.
Why We Must Win the War on Terror: Communication, Narrative, and the Future of National Security

This article analyzes the political rhetoric of the War on Terror from a communication theories perspective within a cultural framework. Beginning with a reading of President Bush's rhetoric using ideas drawn from Charles R. Berger's reduction of uncertainty theory, the author proposes the international and pragmatic utility of a more inclusive and less fear-inspired narrative alternative. This narrative alternative can and should serve as a communicative ideal capable of reinforcing traditional American values of openness, honesty, dialogue, and the ability to change minds based on new and better information while at the same time well serving the strategic interests of national security.
RADIOMIMETIC EFFECTS OF VERATRUM.

Abstract Veratrum californicum , when eaten by ewes and cows, produces birth defects in lambs and calves. Leaf extracts produce chromosome aberrations in onion root tips, indicating that these birth defects may be caused by the radiomimetic effect of the teratogenic agent.
Ethical implications of technical limitations in GIS

A geographic information system (GIS) allows g a user to combine digitized data sets from multiple sources to produce a customized map. Like traditional paper maps, GIS maps should be accurate. Unlike traditional maps, however, technical limitations raise new ethical issues for geographic information systems. These technical limitations include unavoidable inaccuracies introduced by the digitization of continuous data, the projection of three-dimensional data onto a two-dimensional plane, and incompatibilities of data sets stored in different formats. Consistency checks and technical standards may mitigate the harmful consequences of these technical limitations.
Analysis of long-lived isotopes by liquid scintillation spectrometry

Neutron production cross sections are reported for reactions leading to long-lived isotopes in fusion reactor materials. Pure elements and separated isotopes were irradiated with 14.6–14.8 MeV neutron fluences up to 1018 n/cm2. Undesired activities were chemically separated and the long-lived activities were measured using both liquid scintillation and x-ray spectrometry. Results are presented for the reactions56Fe(n,2n)55Fe(2.73 y),64Ni(n,2n)63Ni(100 y),63Cu(n,p)63Ni, and60Ni(n,2n)59Ni(76,000 y).
The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies

MANY species exhibit colour polymorphisms associated with alternative male reproductive strategies, including territorial males and 'sneaker males' that behave and look like females1–3. The prevalence of multiple morphs is a challenge to evolutionary theory because a single strategy should prevail unless morphs have exactly equal fitness4,5 or a fitness advantage when rare6,7. We report here the application of an evolutionary stable strategy model to a three-morph mating system in the side-blotched lizard. Using parameter estimates from field data, the model predicted oscillations in morph frequency, and the frequencies of the three male morphs were found to oscillate over a six-year period in the field. The fitnesses of each morph relative to other morphs were non-transitive in that each morph could invade another morph when rare, but was itself invadable by another morph when common. Concordance between frequency-dependent selection and the among-year changes in morph fitnesses suggest that male interactions drive a dynamic 'rock–paper–scissors' game7.
Comparison of temperature fluctuations at multiple anatomical locations in cattle during exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus

Rectal temperature is generally considered the “gold standard” for monitoring temperature changes associated with environmental, immunological or endocrine stimuli in cattle. With the development of new telemetry systems, other anatomical locations and methods can be utilized to help continuously monitor changes in temperature. The primary objective of this study was to compare basal body temperature obtained from multiple anatomical locations to rectal temperature readings during exposure of cattle to bovine viral diarrhea virus. Anatomically the locations chosen to compare body temperature values were the rectum, rumen, peritoneal cavity, and subcutaneous. Results from the study demonstrate that there were no differences (P>0.05) among body temperatures recorded at these distinct anatomical locations, and that the temperatures followed a similar response pattern. Advantages and disadvantages were also noted for each of the temperature devices used in the study. The ability to continuously monitor data at over the course of an infection provides the ability to assess signs of clinical illness without inducing changes associated with handling the animals to obtain temperature measurements. Efficiently determining the health status of an animal without introducing artificial changes in body temperature could aid in the development of alternative management practices that would help reduce the cost associated with medication, production losses due to unneeded handling, and more accurate diagnosis of disease.
Leadership, governance, and perceptions of trust in the higher education industry

This article presents a trust-centered, integrated model for achieving educational excellence in the higher education industry with focus on governing boards and strategies for academic quality and financial performance. The discussion includes leadership themes and strategies on development of teacher-leaders, creating a culture of shared leadership and effective governance for performance outcomes, robust evaluations of student-learning assessments for continuous improvement, and strategic leadership in the implementation of high-quality programs. Perceptions of trust form the foundation of the integrated model with influences of personality, culture, motivation, values, reliability, competence, and intuition. Trust among board trustees is essential for creating collaborative environments for innovative change and educational performance excellence. Collaborative environments promote a sense of shared leadership and governance to encourage innovation and performance excellence at all levels within the educational institution.
ASSESSING CONTENT VALIDITY: STANDARDS SET BY THE COURT

Thirty-one court cases were reviewed in order to determine the standards set by the court in their assessment of the content validity of paper-and-pencil tests. The findings indicate that the courts have not acted upon a uniform set of standards. In some instances, tests are judged solely on the basis of their “face validity;” in others, extensive evidence is required. The discussion centered on the failure of the courts to consistently apply professionally developed selection guidelines. The implications for practitioners and psychologists were discussed.
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS AND ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION

The most successful economies of modern, and perhaps earlier, economic history appear to have had “financial revolutions” that created innovative financial systems before they became leading economies. This suggests that good financial systems may have played a causal role in economic modernization. I identify the key institutional components of such financial systems. Using the United States and Japan as examples, I discuss how two financial revolutions occurred. Effective leadership on the part of strong-willed individuals was crucial in each case.
Deductive approximate reasoning systems

A formal deductive view for the theory of approximate reasoning, called AR-1, is introduced. A central feature of this framework is the view of propositions as statements involving the assignment of possible values to variables. A unified method for managing joint variables is given. AR-2, which allows for the introduction of probability theory into approximate reasoning, is presented. AR-5, a restrictive version of approximate reasoning, is also introduced. >
Radiative reaction and a possible theory for the muon

In classical electron theory, the equation of motion with radiative reaction features a higher order differential structure and a characteristic length. Consideration is given to an analogous quantum equation of motion, a new equation that features a higher order differential structure and the characteristic length of classical theory. In addition to the wave function for an ordinary electron, the wave function for a muon, an electron quantum state that is « excited » dynamically by radiative reaction, appears as a solution to this new quantum equation of motion. It is shown that interaction theory based on this electron quantum equation is compatible with conventional quantum electrodynamics, generalized to include the muon.
Matrix Fibronectin Increases HIV Stability and Infectivity

HIV particles are detected extracellularly in lymphoid tissues, a major reservoir of the virus. We previously reported that a polymerized form of fibronectin (FN), superfibronectin (sFN), as well as a fragment of FN, III1-C, enhanced infection of primary CD4 + T cells by HIV-1IIIB. We now show that sFN enhances infection of primary CD4 + T cells by both R5 and X4 strains of HIV-1. Using HIV pseudotyped with different envelope glycoproteins (gp120) and HOS cells transfected with various chemokine receptors alone or in combination with the CD4 molecule, we show that sFN-mediated enhancement requires the CD4 receptor and does not alter the specificity of gp120 for different chemokine receptors. Because the III1-C fragment also resulted in enhancement, we asked whether proteolysis of FN generated fragments capable of enhancing HIV infection. We found that progressive proteolysis of FN by chymotrypsin correlates with an enhancement of HIV infection in both primary CD4 + T cells and the IG5 reporter cell line. Furthermore, incubation of HIV with sFN significantly prolonged infectivity at 37°C compared with dimeric FN or BSA. In conclusion, these results indicate that polymerized (matrix) or degraded (inflammation-associated), but not dimeric (plasma), FN are capable of enhancing infection by HIV-1, independent of the coreceptor specificity of the strains. Moreover, virions bound to matrix FN maintain infectivity for longer periods of time than do virions in suspension. This study suggests that matrix proteins and their conformational status may play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV.
Development of an in vitro 3D tumor model to study therapeutic efficiency of an anticancer drug

The importance and advantages of three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have been well-recognized. Tumor cells cultured in a 3D culture system as multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) can bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo anticancer drug evaluations. An in vitro 3D tumor model capable of providing close predictions of in vivo drug efficacy will enhance our understanding, design, and development of better drug delivery systems. Here, we developed an in vitro 3D tumor model by adapting the hydrogel template strategy to culture uniformly sized spheroids in a hydrogel scaffold containing microwells. The in vitro 3D tumor model was to closely simulate an in vivo solid tumor and its microenvironment for evaluation of anticancer drug delivery systems. MTS cultured in the hydrogel scaffold are used to examine the effect of culture conditions on the drug responses. Free MTS released from the scaffold are transferred to a microfluidic channel to simulate a dynamic in vivo microenvironment. The in vitro 3D tum...
Operational Evapotranspiration Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Weather Datasets: A New Parameterization for the SSEB Approach

The increasing availability of multi-scale remotely sensed data and global weather datasets is allowing the estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) at multiple scales. We present a simple but robust method that uses remotely sensed thermal data and model-assimilated weather fields to produce ET for the contiguous United States (CONUS) at monthly and seasonal time scales. The method is based on the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model, which is now parameterized for operational applications, renamed as SSEBop. The innovative aspect of the SSEBop is that it uses predefined boundary conditions that are unique to each pixel for the “hot” and “cold” reference conditions. The SSEBop model was used for computing ET for 12 years (2000-2011) using the MODIS and Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data streams. SSEBop ET results compared reasonably well with monthly eddy covariance ET data explaining 64% of the observed variability across diverse ecosystems in the CONUS during 2005. Twelve annual ET anomalies (2000-2011) depicted the spatial extent and severity of the commonly known drought years in the CONUS. More research is required to improve the representation of the predefined boundary conditions in complex terrain at small spatial scales. SSEBop model was found to be a promising approach to conduct water use studies in the CONUS, with a similar opportunity in other parts of the world. The approach can also be applied with other thermal sensors such as Landsat.
The impact of buffering strategies on the performance of production line systems

SUMMARY This paper investigates the effect of different buffering strategies on the performance of production line systems. Three models of different buffering strategies are studied. Each buffering strategy represents a different degree or flexibility of the storage buffers in the system. We first prove the analytical result that system throughput increases with the degree of flexibility for the three models in this study. Simulation results are then presented to compare the performance of the three models under different system configurations. The results provide useful information for evaluating different design alternatives for a production line.
Factors associated with spinal deformity progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

The implementation of school-based screening has resulted in a large number of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis with relatively small curve magnitudes presenting to the clinician. Deciding on appropriate management requires an understanding of the natural history and factors associated with progression of spinal deformity. This is a challenging field and has not been fully defined. The physician will need to make the most use of available data and individualize treatment for the child. Although the patient’s age at presentation, the Risser sign, the patient’s menarchal status and the magnitude of the curve have been described as risk factors for curve progression, there is evidence that the absolute curve magnitude at presentation may be most predictive of progression in the long term.
Feline Mammary Hypertrophy

A retrospective study of some 500 biopsies from female cats showed 12 ex­ amples of a benign fibroglandular proliferation of the mammary gland. This condition has not been reported in the literature. The lesion resembles pericanalicular fibroadenoma of women and may involve one or more mammary glands in young, intact queens. No statistically significant breed incidence was found. The growths regress with ovariectomy, which suggests hormonal pathogenesis (hyperprogesteronism). A retrospective study of some 500 biopsies from cats at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine showed 12 examples of a benign fibroglandular proliferation of the mammary gland. The many reports in the literature concerning neoplasms of the feline mammary gland have paid little attention to the benign growths and have dealt mainly with the more common malignant tumors. I n his discussion of feline neoplasia, COTCHIN (6) merely stated that mam­ mary adenomas were rare. NIELSEN (14) reported only one benign tumor out of 21 cases. I n a later report (15), he did not mention benign tumors. ) n their survey of feline neoplasia, SCHMIDT and LANGHAM (18) mentioned six adeno­ mas out of a total of 30 mammary tumors, but they did not discuss the histo­ logic appearance of these lesions. Seven adenofibromas and one adenoma were included in WHITEHEAD'S series (21), but no incidence or histologic data were provided. BRODEY (5) gave the incidence of benign tumors as 20% in the cat. In their report of cat tumors, HAYDEN and NIELSEN (II) recorded two fibroadenomas among five benign tumors and provided a detailed de­ scription of the histornorphology of these growths. Admittedly, the condition described in the present report is likewise uncommon, but it has not been previously reported.
Creating consensus on coverage choices.

ABSTRACT: The framework for reaching near-universal coverage outlined in this paper combines tax credits for private insurance and public program expansions. It illustrates how a series of incremen...
Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Hormone Ablation Therapy in Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer

Hormone ablation therapy typically causes regression of prostate cancer and represents an important means of treating this disease, particularly after metastasis. However, hormone therapy inevitably loses its effectiveness as tumors become androgen-independent, and this conversion often leads to death because of subsequent poor responses to other forms of treatment. Because environmental factors, such as diet, have been strongly linked to prostate cancer, we examined the affects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; at 1.5 wt%) on growth of androgen-dependent (CWR22) and androgen-independent (CWR22R) human prostatic cancer xenografts, the acute response of CWR22 tumors to ablation therapy, and their progression to androgen independence. Significant diet-induced changes in tumor n-3 or n-6 PUFA content had no affect on CWR22 or CWR22R tumors growing with or without androgen support, respectively. However, dietary changes that increased tumor eicosapentaenoic acid and linoleic acid content enhanced responses to ablation therapy, measured by cancer cell apoptosis and mitosis. In addition, relapse to androgen-independent growth (measured by renewed increases in tumor volume and serum prostate-specific antigen after ablation) positively correlated with tumor arachidonic acid content. There was no correlation between expression of 15-lipoxygenase isozymes or their products and tumor growth or responses to ablation. In conclusion, dietary n-3 PUFA may enhance the response of prostate cancer to ablation therapy and retard progression to androgen-independent growth by altering tumor PUFA content.
Plasmonics-enhanced metal–organic framework nanoporous films for highly sensitive near-infrared absorption

Combined plasmonic nanocrystals and metal–organic framework thin-films are fabricated for sensing gases in the near-infrared range. This nanocomposite thin-film shows a highly sensitive response in near-infrared absorption, which is attributed to preconcentration of gas molecules in metal–organic framework pores causing close proximity to the electromagnetic fields at the plasmonic nanocrystal surface.
Criticism as Deviance and Social Control in Alcoholics Anonymous

Emile Durkheim recognized many years ago that all groups—even a “society of saints”—produce deviants. Group members must then come to terms with how to respond to and control those who violate the group's moral order. The Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting offers an interesting context to explore this process. AA members, by their own admission, are far from being “saints,” some admitting to adultery, theft, and assault during their active alcoholism. In this article, the author describes the moral order of AA that functions to prevent and create deviant behavior, focusing on AA members’ use of criticism as both a method of social control and a violation of AA's normative system. This seeming contradiction is explained by showing that criticism is a social control strategy available primarily to high-status members, used primarily against lower-status members.
On the Impact of Low-Rate Attacks

Recent research have exposed new breeds of attacks that are capable of denying service or inflicting significant damage to TCP flows, without sustaining the attack traffic. Such attacks are often referred to as "low-rate" attacks and they stand in sharp contrast against traditional Denial of Service (DoS) attacks that can completely shut off TCP flows by flooding an Internet link. In this paper, we study the impact of these new breeds of attacks and the extent to which defense mechanisms are capable of mitigating the attack's impact. Through adopting a simple discrete-time model with a single TCP flow and a non-oblivious adversary, we were able to expose new variants of these low-rate attacks that could potentially have high attack potency per attack burst. Our analysis is focused towards worst-case scenarios, thus our results should be regarded as upper bounds on the impact of low-rate attacks rather than a real assessment under a specific attack scenario.
Epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and thymidine incorporation following treatment with ultraviolet A combined with topical 8-methoxy-psoralen or anthracene in the hairless mouse.

SUMMARY Epidermal thymidine incorporation, as a measure of DNA synthesis, and ornithine decarboxylase activity were estimated in hairless albino mice following phototoxic reactions induced by topical anthracene+UV-A, and topical 8-methoxypsoralen (8-M0P)+UV-A, Both treatments caused depression of epidermal thymidine incorporation to 26% of control values at 4 h; this depression persisted through 24 h following 8-MOP+UV-A. Animals treated with anthracene + UV-;A showed a fourfold increase in thymidine incorporation at 48 h, declining at 72 and 96 h; after 8-MOP+UV-A increased thymidine incorporation was observed between 4 and 10 days, when a plateau of 96 h duration was observed. After treatment with anthracene-f-UV-A, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC) was maximal at 4 h, and exhibited a rapid decline, with normal levels at 48 h. Following 8-MOP, UV-A dose-dependent ODC induction occurred: this was later than that induced by anthracene + UV-A with no detectable activity at 4 or 12 h, and maximum activity at 24 h, the elevation persisting through 96 h. The relationship between ODC induction and epidermal hyperproliferation following these treatments is discussed.
Being Is Relational: Considerations for Using Mindfulness in Clinician-Patient Settings

In the clinical use of mindfulness, there may be a group gathering, as in one of the many mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) targeted to specific clinical populations, or a therapist and client may apply mindfulness in their work together. This positions the MBIs and other clinical uses of mindfulness as relational or, we might say, collaborative or dialogical in nature. Ironically, the extent of this relationality has been obscured by the juggernaut of a scientific evidence base that has, in effect, reified mindfulness, reduced evidence to individual outcomes and ignored or factored out the actions and effects of the teacher and group participants. Pedagogical theory and teacher training, thus, require a different discourse from that of the science as practiced. The intention of this chapter is to counteract the dominance of the individualist and positivist discourse of mindfulness, by exploring the relational dimensions that underlie the activities of teaching and learning. This chapter will define the relational situation through resources offered by interpersonal neuroscience, communications theory, cultural anthropology and social psychology. It will discuss the identity and formation of mindfulness teachers within the milieu of clinical applications, including explorations of professional qualifications, lineage and training. It will describe four basic skill sets for teaching, from stewardship of the group or dyad; to guidance of meditation and other practices; to the sharing of didactic information in conversational format, such as physiology and neurophysiology of stress and meditation; to the subtleties of inquiring into a participants’ direct experience in the present moment. Finally, it will consider how a teacher may know that what they are doing is ‘working’ and what to do when it is not. This will be characterised as an ethical stance for clinicians when using mindfulness and an aesthetics of the pedagogy.
Diphoton Revelation of the Utilitarian Supersymmetric Standard Model

In 2002, I proposed a unique $U(1)$ extension of the supersymmetric standard model which has no $\mu$ term and conserves baryon number and lepton number separately and automatically. This model, ${without~any~change}$, has all the necessary and sufficient ingredients to explain the possible 750 GeV diphoton excess, observed recently by the ATLAS Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is associated with the superfield which replaces the $\mu$ parameter. If confirmed and supported by subsequent data, it may even be considered as the first evidence for supersymmetry.
Kübra Gümüşay, Muslim digital feminism and the politics of visuality in Germany

abstractMuslim women’s digital activism exists in complexly racialized visual contexts. This is exemplified in the journalism and activism of Kubra Gumusay, who first gained public attention as the purportedly first “hijabi columnist” in Germany. This essay draws on her series “50 Thoughts” as an entry point into her digital activism. I suggest that Gumusay uses this series to reveal the larger visual dilemmas with which she engages. Her digital activism functions by taking the risk to both expose and reconfigure the very conditions under which she is visible and comprehensible to her publics. In particular, I consider her activism as using digital spaces for self-poiesis (an imaginative remaking of self) as well as teleopoiesis (an imaginative reaching out to the other). This latter move functions both to gesture to an anti-racist community as well as to alliances among multiple feminisms.
Protein-Based Nanoscale Actuation

This chapter discusses protein-based nanoscale actuation mechanisms with two illustrative examples, the viral protein linear nanoActuator and the GCN4 peptide nanoActuator. The VPL peptide is based on the conformation change mechanism of envelope glycoprotein of naturally occurring retroviruses. The GCN4 is an artificial design based on two α-helical coils. Structural features, stability, and optimal design considerations are described in detail. Computational methods are applied to gain knowledge about a given molecule and its suitability to function as a nanoActuator.
Increased Total Dissolved Solids, Chloride, and Bromide Concentrations Due to Sea-Level Rise in a Coastal Aquifer

Rising sea levels can increase saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, impacting well fields by contaminating groundwater with increased total dissolved solids (TDS) and chloride concentrations. A groundwater model was created for Broward County in southeastern Florida, U.S.A., to simulate the increased TDS and chloride concentrations in a coastal well field due to sea-level rise (SLR)-induced saltwater intrusion. The objectives of the modeling were to simulate the increase in TDS and chloride concentrations in a well field for a range of SLR scenarios and quantify the results with respect to Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL’s) for TDS and chloride. Bromide concentrations were also simulated because bromide can form toxic disinfection byproducts (DBP’s) during drinking water treatment. SLR projections for the model were based on projections that follow the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology in its Fourth Assessment Report, but they also include the effects of ice sheet melting in Greenland and Antarctica. These projections provide for three scenarios of SLR from 1990 to 2100, corresponding to 5%, 50% and 95% confidence levels. These estimates were extrapolated as part of this investigation to obtain projections of 0.11 m, 0.49 m, and 0.91 m SLR for three 100-year simulations from 2015 to 2115. A three-dimensional numerical groundwater model was constructed using the variable-density groundwater flow and transport code SEAWAT, and simulations were run for three 100-year transient simulations with maximum sea-level rise values at the coastal boundaries corresponding to the 5%, 50% and 95% confidence-level sea-level rise projections. Average TDS concentrations in ten production wells were obtained from the SEAWAT results, and chloride and bromide concentrations were calculated using standard seawater ratios for chloride and bromide relative to TDS. The bromide concentrations were used to model the concentrations of four trihalomethane species (THM4) that represent DPB’s that could be formed following chlorine addition during drinking water treatment. The results from the simulations indicate that the SMCL’s for TDS and chloride, which are based on cosmetic and aesthetic effects, will be exceeded in approximately 65 years from the start of the SLR simulations at the 95% confidence level for SLR. Of even greater significance, the results also indicate that the primary maximum contaminant level for THM4, which is based on health effects, will be exceeded in approximately 30 years from the start of the SLR simulations at the 95% confidence level for SLR.