cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of spaced-trial runway extinction in pigeons

Abstract Three experiments with pigeons examined the mechanisms underlying the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE), or greater persistence in extinction after training with partial, rather than continuous, reinforcement. All experiments involved runway performance, food reinforcement, and one trial per day. Experiment 1 provided evidence of the PREE together with evidence that large reward increased persistence relative to small reward. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the random mixture of different reward magnitudes increased persistence. Experiment 3 provided evidence that the PREE was not eliminated by chlordiazepoxide (benzodiazepine anxiolytic) but was eliminated by nicotine (cholinergic stimulant) and haloperidol (dopaminergic antagonist). The results are discussed in relation to comparative studies of learning in situations involving surprising reward downshifts.
Enhancement of aluminum oxide physical vapor deposition with a secondary plasma

Reactive sputtering of aluminum oxide in a planar magnetron system is conducted with a mixture of O and Ar reacting with 2 and bombarding an aluminum target. The aluminum target is powered by a pulsed directed current (DC) bias which functions to discharge the accumulated ions on the insulating AlO film surface during the positive duty cycle and suppresses arc formation. x A seven-turn helical antenna sits below the magnetron sputtering system in the vacuum system and delivers radio-frequency (RF) power to generate a secondary plasma in the chamber. This plasma can efficiently ionize the sputtered flux, achieving ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD). A gridded energy analyzer (GEA) and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) are located in the substrate plane to allow the ion and neutral deposition rates to be determined. Electron temperature and electron density are measured by a RF compensated Langmuir probe. A RF power of 500 W significantly increases the deposition rate of AlO up to x half of the Al deposition rate in metallic mode at the total pressure of 1.33 Pa (10 mtorr). At 3.33 Pa (25 mtorr), the ionization fraction of Al atoms reaches 90%. In addition the RF power extends the range of O partial pressure in which the sputtering 2 occurs in the metallic mode. SEM photos show that the secondary RF plasma makes the films smoother and denser due to a moderate level of ion bombardment. The deposition rates and ionization fractions fluctuate as a function of O partial pressure. 2
SACCADE FATIGUE AND RESPONSE TO EDROPHONIUM FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Maximum velocity and amplitude of repetitive ( 1-per-second) 30 degrees saccadic eye movements were quantitatively assessed for 4 minutes before and after intravenous edrophonium chloride as a diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis. Atropine was given initially to suppress muscarinic side effects. Eye movements were recorded by electrooculography and a digital computer identified saccadic eye movements and plotted amplitude-velocity relationships. When compared with control subjects, eleven of twelve patients with proven MG had a significant increase in saccade amplitude and/or maximum velocity after edrophonium chloride. Only three of twelve proven MG patients had clinically apparent extraocular muscle weakness. The initial period of fatigue improved the sensitivity of the test in those patients who began with normal saccade amplitude and maximum velocity. Two of the patients with positive saccade fatigue tests had no change in optokinetic nystagmus amplitude before and after edrophonium chloride. It is concluded that, quantitative assessment of repetitive large angle saccades before and after edrophonium chloride is a sensitive test for extraocular muscle involvement in MG.
Video encoding of normal and abnormal ambulatory ECG

The ambulatory ECG systems lack the capability to provide a macro view of the ECG waveforms. The authors present a data compression technique that can be used to compress the electrocardiograph signal for video display. The compressed waveform can be used to distinguish the normal and abnormal parts of the waveform. Therefore, it can provide clues to locate the position of abnormal ECG and improve the diagnostic efficiency and accuracy. The performance of the video-encoding scheme was tested and evaluated on the AHA data base. The compression ratio of the video-encoding ECG waveform can be as high as 300. >
A new built-up epoxy resin PCB technology for high density surface mount package and device attachment

A new technology has been developed comprising of high density printed circuit board materials fabricated with epoxy resin as the insulation material for enhancing high density surface mount assembly. The high density circuit board process is fabricated by a semi-additive plating method utilizing photo sensitive epoxy resin as the insulation material, and electroless and electrolytic copper plating for the conductors, Two design rule steps have been developed to stabilize the manufacturing process and to meet the market demand. Step 1 is designed with 100 /spl mu/m via diameters with 50 /spl mu/m line widths and spaces, while Step 2 is designed with 30 /spl mu/m lines widths and spaces with 50 /spl mu/m via diameters. Adhesive strength of conductor pad metalization has been validated on the dielectric layer. The thermal stresses resulting from flip chip assembly are controlled by the effects of micro anchors processed in the conductors of uniform size. Confirmed also is the environmental reliability of a substrate processed with 30 /spl mu/m design rule line widths and spaces by the semi-additive plated method.
Three Dimensional Active Flow Control Drag Reduction Studies Over a Bluff Body Using a Coupled Lattice Boltzmann-Navier-Stokes Methodology

A coupled Lattice Boltzmann – Navier-Stokes methodology in three dimensions is implemented for modeling flow control phenomena. A one cell overlap between the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) and Navier-Stokes (NS) grids is used to exchange information between the two solvers. Flow over a circular cylinder has been chosen as the case study for the present drag reduction studies. A comparison of the baseline flow over a two-dimensional and threedimensional cylinder has been performed. The difference in the flow phenomena between the two cases has been examined. The coupled methodology has subsequently been applied to the flow over a 3-D circular cylinder with a synthetic jet device for drag reduction. The LB solver is used to resolve the flow physics at the small length scales in the synthetic jet region and the NS solver is used to model the rest of the flow domain. A drag reduction of 8.5 percent is observed in the synthetic jet case compared to the baseline case without active flow control.
Survey of nanomanipulation systems

Nanomanipulation as a new emerging area enables to change, interact and control the nano scale phenomenon precisely. Nanomanipulation systems are surveyed in this paper. Nanomanipulation approaches are grouped according to their starting point, utilized process, operation type, manipulation environment, interaction type, etc. Main components of such systems such as nanomanipulators, nano physics, sensors, actuators, and control are given in detail. Problems are defined and possible solutions are proposed. Moreover, possible applications in biotechnology, computer technology, material science and micro/nanotechnology are reported.
Molecular Methods for Detecting and Discriminating Virulent Aeromonads Associated with Foods and Human Clinical Infections: A Mini Review

Aeromonads are widespread, encountered in natural aquatic habitats and in numerous marine foods in addition to milk, meat, and vegetables. Among the five recognized human infectious species of Aeromonas, A. hydrophila is the species most frequently implicated in gastroenteritis. Several genes have been utilized for the specific PCR detection of potentially virulent aeromonads in foods and environmental samples. These include the gene encoding the β−hemolysin, the aero gene encoding aerolysin that exhibits hemolytic and cytolytic properties, and the effector gene aexU involved in a type III secretion system. An additional approach for imparting PCR specificity for detecting the members of a specific species of Aeromonas has been to initially use immuno-capture of the organism utilizing antibodies specific for binding the targeted species followed by the PCR.
Encyclopedia of Biostatistics are reviewed

[1] Encyclopedia of Biostatistics (Second Edition): Volumes 1 to 8, edited by Peter Armitage and Theodore Colton, 2005, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 111 River Street, MS 8-01, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, ...
JAN Forum: your views and letters

We were interested in the study undertaken by Farrell and colleagues on the methodology comparison of collecting urine samples from children published in your journal recently (Farrell et al. 2002). The paper surprised us mainly because after addressing the shortcomings of all previous studies in this field, these authors undertook a study whose design failed to satisfy their own minimum criteria. These authors were so concerned to ensure that the urine collections were contemporaneous that they decided to use both the bag and the pad collection techniques literally at the same time. In order to do this they had to modify the way they were done, that is they performed them incorrectly. All that was necessary was to collect a pad or bag sample correctly, and then repeat the collection with the other technique, ensuring that this sequence was randomized. That is indeed the method that we used when we tested approximately twice as many patients as Farrell used (Liaw et al. 2000). As the purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of contamination of urine collections it would also be preferable for such a study to be on children thought unlikely to have an infection, as we did. Finally, it should be tested in an appropriate (often challenging) clinical environment. That is why we asked our parents to make these collections at home rather than them being undertaken in a variety of different clinical settings, as Farrell did. We also note that these authors are very concerned about the precise white blood cell numbers in the urine samples. This seems misplaced. It is well established that urinary tract infection should be defined by the presence of minimum numbers of a single species of bacteria. The white cell numbers are poor markers of urinary tract infection. The numbers may fall extremely rapidly in some urine samples after collection, but not in others (Stansfeld 1962, Vickers et al. 1991), or may be significantly raised by febrile illnesses in the absence of a urine infection (Turner & Coulthard 1995), or from vaginal contamination. Children that are immunosuppressed or extremely sick may be simply unable to generate urinary white blood cells (Kumar et al. 1996). We would suggest that any future urine collection methodology testing these authors undertake should include them applying the techniques correctly, ideally in a consistent and appropriate setting, and then evaluating bacterial culture only, as it is that alone which determines whether the child has a urine infection.
Nanosensors for analysis of a single cell

Submicron fiber-optic biosensors have been developed and used to measure toxic chemicals within single cells. These sensors are fabricated by pulling the distal-end of an optical fiber to a diameter of less than one micron and coating them with antibodies to selectively bind the species of interest. This paper describes the use of these fibers to selectively measure the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene tetrol, a metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene, within individual cells of two different cell lines, human mammary carcinoma cells and rat liver epithelial cells. The results from these measurements have been used to evaluate the analytical figures of merit of these sensors such as detection limits, which were found to be 0.64 +/- 0.17 X 10-11 M for BPT. In addition, measurements were performed both extracellularly and intracellularly, and an increase in variation of approximately 4% was determined for the intracellular measurements, relative to the extracellular measurements.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Targeted disambiguation of ad-hoc, homogeneous sets of named entities

In many entity extraction applications, the entities to be recognized are constrained to be from a list of "target entities". In many cases, these target entities are (i) ad-hoc, i.e., do not exist in a knowledge base and (ii) homogeneous (e.g., all the entities are IT companies). We study the following novel disambiguation problem in this unique setting: given the candidate mentions of all the target entities, determine which ones are true mentions of a target entity. Prior techniques only consider target entities present in a knowledge base and/or having a rich set of attributes. In this paper, we develop novel techniques that require no knowledge about the entities except their names. Our main insight is to leverage the homogeneity constraint and disambiguate the candidate mentions collectively across all documents. We propose a graph-based model, called MentionRank, for that purpose. Furthermore, if additional knowledge is available for some or all of the entities, our model can leverage it to further improve quality. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on targeted entity disambiguation for ad-hoc entities.
Juvenile Transfers as Ritual Sacrifice: Legally Constructing the Child Scapegoat

This article explores the dramaturgy of juvenile transfer provisions for the vestiges of ancient practices of child sacrifice that they reveal. Relying on theories by Girard, the social discord caused by young children who commit violent criminal acts is examined as a sacrificial crisis. The rhetorical demonization of the child criminal is described as their expurgation (as "Other"), the means by which their status is converted to scapegoat for the innocents their surrogacy benefits. Rather than deterrence or retribution functions, the legal response to children's normative violations that involves transferring children to adult criminal court are presented here as an institutionalized and symbolic form of sacrifice to resolve a cultural crisis and ensure societal cohesion.
Imaging Cardiovascular Development: Insights into Congenital Disease

With recent advances in imaging technology, we now have the ability to detect, measure and test mechanisms that are critical for the formation of the early cardiovascular system. I will summarize how we are using 3D and 4D imaging technology together with genetics, to define the mechanisms that underlie mutants phenotypes using the mouse as a model system. In depth studies of single gene models as well as systematic approaches to annotate phenotypes in mouse mutants from large scale screens will be discussed.
Comparison between various accelerated pavement testing facilities

During their service life, pavements are influenced by the various environmental and traffic conditions. In order to better characterize the effects of these conditions, both field and lab tests are required. Such a characterization should focus on both pavement material properties, as well as reaction of the pavement structure to the destructive processes that occur during the pavements service life. To accelerate pavement damage and to shorten the test time, pavements are subjected to repeated load applications simulating traffic conditions. This paper presents the benefits and limitations related to the Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) facilities, including linear and circular track facilities, test roads (tracks) and mobile load simulators. Selected APTs, located in the USA and in other countries are compared. In addition, a brief historical overview is presented in conjunction with the researcher’s personal experience.
Elevated levels of plasma lipofuscins in patients with chronic renal failure.

AbstractThe fluorescence excitation and emission spectra observed in plasma from patients with chronic renal failure were reproduced by the generation of soluble lipofuscins in normal plasma samples by incubation with mixtures of L-dopa, dopamine, L-norepinephrine, L-epinephrine, 3-hydroxy-DL-kynurenine and 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid for 24 h at 37 °C.Relative fluorescence intensity measurements consistently showed elevated plasma levels of the soluble lipofuscins in chronic renal failure: the means (n = 27) were 73.9 ± 33.4 (SD) and 71.1 ± 14.8 at emissions 413 nm and 445 nm respectively, in contrast to those of normal plasma samples (n = 11), 18.2 ± 5.3 and 23.1 ±5.6. The maximum or shoulder at ± 413 nm represents soluble lipofuscin that can be generated from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and the maximum or shoulder at ± 445 nm represents soluble lipofuscins derived from the precursors listed above and probably from other related precursors. Gravimetric measurements also showed elevated levels of melanins i...
The Health Systems Funding Platform: Resolving Tensions between the Aid and Development Effectiveness Agendas

Global health aid is exceedingly complex. It encompasses more than one hundred bilateral agencies, global funds, and independent initiatives that interact with an equally complex and diverse set of institutions involved in financing and providing health care in developing countries. Numerous efforts have been made to better coordinate these activities in the interest of making them more effective. The Health Systems Funding Platform (the Platform) is one of the most recent of these initiatives. Established in 2009, the Platform has advanced farthest in two countries, Ethiopia and Nepal, and is currently expanding to several others. This paper briefly assesses the Platform and argues that the way the initiative is proceeding differs little from prior initiatives, such as sectorwide approaches and budget support. However, the initiative does represent an opportunity to make global health aid more effective if it were to deepen its commitment to improving information for policy, link funding explicitly to well-chosen independently verified indicators, and establish an evaluation strategy to learn from its experience.
Formation of native defects in the γ-ray detector material Cs2Hg6S7

Semiconductor γ-ray detectors have broad applications, yet finding superior detector materials is a challenge because of its contradictory requirements. Here, we investigated a large set of native defects in Cs2Hg6S7 that has been suggested as a promising candidate for detector materials. Using first-principles calculations, we showed that S-vacancy and HgCs-antisite defect provide life-time limiting deep levels, and Cs-vacancy forms a shallow acceptor level, resulting in low resistivity. To decrease such detrimental effects, concentrations of defects and carriers were examined in various chemical environments, which reveal that carrier densities can be extremely reduced by adjusting Cs partial pressure.
Probing the Association of Pancreatitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been increasingly diagnosed in children and adults. Similarly, acute and chronic pancreatitis are increasingly prevalent conditions with potentially devastating consequences. There is a growing body of literature linking these 2 conditions. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive outline of the association between IBD and pancreatitis and to explore their putative pathophysiology. Based on the collective reports, 2 outstanding reasons for pancreatitis in patients with IBD are medications and IBD complications.
Increased Cathodic Kinetics in IT-SOFCs by Inserting Highly-Conductive Nanocrystalline Materials

One of the crucial factors for improving intermediate-temperature SOFC performance relies on reduction of the activation loss originating from limited electrode reaction kinetics. We investigated the properties and functions of nanocrystalline interlayer via quantum simulation (QS) and electrochemical impedance analyses. Electrode impedances were found to decrease several-fold as a result of introducing a nanocrystalline interlayer and this positive impact was the most significant when the interlayer was a highly ionic-conductive nanocrystalline material. Both exchange current density and maximum power density were highest in the ultra-thin SOFCs (fabricated with MEMS compatible technologies) consisting of a 50nm thick nano-GDC interlayer. Oxygen vacancy formation energies both at the surface and in the bulk of pure zirconia, ceria, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and gadolinia doped ceria (GDC) were computed from density functional theory, which provided insight on surface oxygen vacancy densities.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
An octal algorithm for pattern coding and computer-assisted interpretative reporting.

A simple method of creating an octalbased number representing a pattern of disease, physiologic state, or condition in a multifaceted individual test (protein electrophoresis) or in a test grouping (thyroid profile) is explained. It is easily adapted to computer-assisted interpretative laboratory reporting on both large and small computer or calculator devices capable of matrix storage. The system is based on the primary octal numbers of 4, 2 and 1 representing increased (4), normal (2), and decreased (1) values of a test or test component. The numbers 6 (4 + 2) and 3 (2 + 1) represent variable expressions of normal to increased and normal to decreased, respectively. Following disease or condition coding, the permutations of the variables are taken into account and the list of permuted pattern codes placed in a column of a matrix. Individual columns represent a specific disease or condition potentially influencing a pattern of normal and abnormal test or test component values. The system is easily updated and/or corrected by simply altering English expression (disease or condition) represented by the column and/or individual pattern code so identified. Software is written to search the matrix following compilation of octal pattern codes of the patient data entry. The English statement represented by the column in which a match occurs is printed, resulting in a listing representing a differential diagnosis. Resultant reports can be approved, signed and used as a computer-assisted interpretative aid to the clinician.
Geometry/Grid Generation for 3D Multi-Disciplinary Simulations in Multi-Stage Turbomachinery

A procedure is presented for automated and fast geometry/grid generation of threedimensional, multi-stage, axial turbomachinery for multi-disciplinary simulations involving fluid/thermal, fluid/structural, or fluid/thermal/structural interaction. The procedure generates geometry for solid airfoils and endwalls, thermal barrier coatings, heat transfer pedestals, cooling plenums, cooling/flow-control tubes, and inter-blade-row endwall leakage slots as well as the computational grids for these components. The computational grids that are generated in general consist of multi-block, point-matched structured grids. For the cooling/flow-control tubes, heat transfer pedestals, and inter-blade-row leakage slots, the computational grids are embedded, multi-block, overset grids to allow for arbitrary placement to allow optimization without the need for re-gridding the entire domain. The techniques used to construct the geometry and various computational grids are described. Demonstration of the procedure is provided for a 11⁄2 stage film-cooled turbine and a single stage compressor.
Electric Business Platform and Bilateral Market Value Creating Mechanism of Network Effects——Taking Taobao. com as the Case

This paper uses case study method specification,selects of taobao. com e-commerce platform between the seller and the buyer as the object of study. It finds that: during the starting period,through the provision of the third party payment platform,Ali Wang Wang,credit assessment and business concept,to create a platform to meet the practical value of rules,online shopping needs and the business of low cost network business needs of users based on the security,stimulate the quantity effect network; in the growth stage,the platform by providing user buying habits of statistical analysis and other value-added services,to create a platform of data value,satisfy the precision marketing quality demand and business users,optimizing the network mass effect; in the mature period,platform through open innovation,gatheres a large number of professional service providers to provide accurate and individualized service for businesses to meet the needs of different businesses,to create a platform for ecological value,expand the network incremental effect.
The Power of Peer Evaluation: Rethinking Pedagogy in L2 Conversation Courses

Research examining the effectiveness of using peer evaluation as a pedagogical tool in higher education is quickly emerging. Perceptions of such assessments, however, continue to vary among students and educators alike. This paper serves as a review of recent studies that center on peer evaluation, and highlights the positive and negative aspects of such assessments. Following a discussion of current investigations, researchers’ collective findings are aligned with the parameters outlined in the CRGG-C framework, an infrastructure that is designed to capitalize on the benefits of peer evaluation (see Massery 2013), while also addressing some of the negative characteristics identified in the literature.
Elevated Red Cell Distribution Width Is Associated With Decreased Ventilator-Free Days in Critically Ill Patients

Introduction:Elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) is associated with mortality in a variety of respiratory conditions. Recent data also suggest that RDW is associated with mortality in intens...
Altered motor unit discharge patterns in paretic muscles of stroke survivors assessed using surface electromyography.

Objective. Hemispheric stroke survivors often show impairments in voluntary muscle activation. One potential source of these impairments could come from altered control of muscle, via disrupted motor unit (MU) firing patterns. In this study, we sought to determine whether MU firing patterns are modified on the affected side of stroke survivors, as compared with the analogous contralateral muscle. Approach. Using a novel surface electromyogram (EMG) sensor array, coupled with advanced template recognition software (dEMG) we recorded surface EMG signals over the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle on both paretic and contralateral sides. Recordings were made as stroke survivors produced isometric index finger abductions over a large force range (20%–60% of maximum). Utilizing the dEMG algorithm, MU firing rates, recruitment thresholds, and action potential amplitudes were estimated for concurrently active MUs in each trial. Main results. Our results reveal significant changes in the firing rate patterns in paretic FDI muscle, in that the discharge rates, characterized in relation to recruitment force threshold and to MU size, were less clearly correlated with recruitment force than in contralateral FDI muscles. Firing rates in the affected muscle also did not modulate systematically with the level of voluntary muscle contraction, as would be expected in intact muscles. These disturbances in firing properties also correlated closely with the impairment of muscle force generation. Significance. Our results provide strong evidence of disruptions in MU firing behavior in paretic muscles after a hemispheric stroke, suggesting that modified control of the spinal motoneuron pool could be a contributing factor to muscular weakness in stroke survivors.
Bimorph Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducer

This paper describes a novel bimorph piezoelectric microphone built on a micromachined parylene diaphragm with two ZnO films of opposite c-axis orientations. Both the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of the bimorph parylene-diaphragm microphone have been demonstrated to be much higher than those of a uni-morph piezoelectric microphone built on a silicon nitride diaphragm with similar structures. The bimorph microphone sensitivity is about 52 eV/ebar, about 100 times higher than the uni-morph one. The piezoelectric bimorph microphone requires relatively simple fabrication steps with only four masks needed, all of which can be processed at a temperature lower than 250 °C (except the first step of silicon nitride deposition).
Transcription factors mediate condensin recruitment and global chromosomal organization in fission yeast

It is becoming clear that structural-maintenance-of-chromosomes (SMC) complexes such as condensin and cohesin are involved in three-dimensional genome organization, yet their exact roles in functional organization remain unclear. We used chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) to comprehensively identify genome-wide associations mediated by condensin and cohesin in fission yeast. We found that although cohesin and condensin often bind to the same loci, they direct different association networks and generate small and larger chromatin domains, respectively. Cohesin mediates associations between loci positioned within 100 kb of each other; condensin can drive longer-range associations. Moreover, condensin, but not cohesin, connects cell cycle-regulated genes bound by mitotic transcription factors. This study describes the different functions of condensin and cohesin in genome organization and how specific transcription factors function in condensin loading, cell cycle-dependent genome organization and mitotic chromosome organization to support faithful chromosome segregation.
Hemophilia and the Dynamics of Hemostasis.

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and cross-linking to form a stable clot are key processes in effective hemostasis. We investigated fibrinopeptide (FP) A and FPB release, factor XIII (FXIII) activation and fibrin mass in tissue factor initiated coagulation in whole blood from individuals with hemophilia (n=8) and healthy subjects (n=35). For hemophilia whole blood, the rates and patterns of fibrin formation are altered when compared to blood from healthy individuals. The rate of FPA release is decreased from 2.3μ M/min in healthy individuals to 1.5μ M/min in hemophilia and more significantly the rate of FPB release is decreased from 1.3μ M/min to 0.19 μ M/min in hemophilia whole blood. The activated form of FXIII in hemophilia whole blood is formed at a rate of 4nM/min versus healthy individuals where the rate is accelerated to 7nM/min. Prior to clot time in hemophilia whole blood, FPB release is reduced. Whereas more FPA is released in hemophilia whole blood prior to clot time than in whole blood from healthy individuals, 67% versus 47%, respectively. FXIII activation is delayed relative to FPA release. Around clot time in hemophilia whole blood, FPB levels are only ~1μ M and FPA levels are 8 fold higher. In normal whole blood at clot time, FPA release is only 2.5 fold higher than FPB release, potentially suggesting that there is an essential correlation of time dependence between FPA, FPB and FXIII activation to form a stable clot. Whereas, this pattern of fibrin formation is altered in the hemophilia state. Clots from hemophilia whole blood are more soluble as evidenced by a 43% decrease in fibrin mass compared to clots from healthy individuals. Overall, data indicate that hemophilia clots are weaker due to decreased lateral association (FPB release) and are mostly composed of fibrin units that are only partially cross-linked. Thus, suggesting that FXIII activation and FPB release play crucial roles in the pathology of hemophilia and the fragile nature of blood clots in hemophiliacs.
Multimodal nerve monitoring during periacetabular osteotomy identifies surgical steps associated with risk of injury.

Sciatic nerve palsy after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is a serious complication. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a multimodal sciatic monitoring technique allows for identification of surgical steps that place the sciatic nerve at risk. Transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials (TcMEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), and spontaneous electromyography (EMG) were monitored in a consecutive series of 34 patients (40 hips) who underwent PAO for the treatment of symptomatic hip dysplasia between January 2012 and November 2014. There were 29 females (85%) and five males (15%) with an average age of 19 years (range, 12–36 years) at the time of surgery. We detected eight temporary sciatic nerve monitoring alerts in six patients (incidence of 15%). The events included decrease in amplitude of the TcMEPs related to the position of the hip during incomplete ischium osteotomy and placement of a retractor in the sciatic notch during the posterior column osteotomy (N = 3), generalized bilateral decrease in TcMEPs during fragment manipulation and fixation in association with acute blood loss (N = 2), and a change in SSEPs during a superior pubic osteotomy and supra-acetabular osteotomy (N = 1). At the end of the procedure, TcMEPs and SSEPs were at baseline and there was no abnormal pattern on EMG in all patients. Post-operatively, at two, six, 12 weeks, and six and 12 months, no motor weakness or sensory deficits were noted. Multimodal neuromonitoring allowed for identification of intra-operative steps and maneuvers that potentially place the sciatic nerve at higher risk of injury.
The how, why and clinical importance of stratum corneum acidification

In this article, I review the multiple endogenous mechanisms that contribute to the highly acidic pH of normal stratum corneum (SC). Then, I describe how each mechanism potentially impacts specific defensive functions of the SC. Finally, I review the rapidly expanding, clinical implications and potential therapeutic applications of SC acidification.
The Mediating Roles of Hostility and Dissociation in the Relationship Between Sexual Assault and Suicidal Thinking in College Students

Sexual assault and suicide are two serious public health concerns. Research has documented the relationship between sexual assault and suicidal thinking and attempts; however, limited research explores the more multifaceted relationships between posttraumatic stress reactions and suicidal ideation in college students through unsuccessful modulation of emotion. The authors hypothesized a mediation model where the relationship between sexual assault and suicidal ideation is mediated by dissociation and hostility. In total, 1,677 undergraduate students were administered modified versions of the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ). The results revealed both significant partial but equal mediators of hostility and dissociation. However, a portion of the direct effect between sexual assault and suicidal ideation remained unaccounted for by indirect effects. The current model supports previous work on dialectical behavior therapy that says either side of the dialectic between extreme expression and suppression of hostility increases the likelihood of suicidal thinking after sexual assault. With sexual assault survivors, practitioners should use strategies that emphasize both anger expression and healthy avoidance as a way to modulate emotion to potentially reduce suicidal thoughts. Future research should focus on different gender models, additional possible mediators such as alcohol use and guilt, and different forms of sexual assault. Limitations of the correlational, cross-sectional methodology are discussed.
Preoperative depressive symptoms, 30-day morbidity and readmission, and overall survival following hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cytoreductive surgery for peritoneal carcinomatosis.

e20586 Background: Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cytoreductive surgery (HIPEC + CS) has proven to be an effective treatment for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Howeve...
2D or 3D measurements of pulmonary nodules: preliminary answers and more open questions.

Accurate size measurements of pulmonary nodules on CT are a prerequisite for accurate nodule management, given that all current management guidelines are based on nodule size (1-4). Nodule size is most commonly measured manually using electronical calipers, with the long- and perpendicular short-axis being measured on two-dimensional images (5). As a management criterion alternative to size, three-dimensional nodule volume has been discussed in the literature (6) and has also received mention in recent management guidelines for incidental nodules (1,3).
Automated quantitative analysis of open-ended survey responses for transportation planning

Many organizations, including transportation agencies, use open-ended questions on their surveys to provide respondents an opportunity to narrate their concerns in their own words. Although these narrative responses contain wealth of useful information, most organizations ignore them because they are complex to interpret and analyze in automated manner. Therefore, this paper proposes an approach to extract useful knowledge from narrative survey responses. Posing the problem as a multi-label classification, the approach uses a Naive Bayes classifier to label open-ended responses as per the topics into which the forced choice responses are grouped. The approach is illustrated using narrative responses to a Customer Metro North Classification Survey. The classifier accuracy ranges from 75%–80% on an average, which is roughly only 10%–20% worse compared to human classifiers. Some categories, however, were harder for the automated classifier to distinguish. These results reveal that automated analysis of survey responses is feasible, but a careful consideration of the survey design into clearer and easily distinguishable categories would improve the accuracy of classification. An analysis of the top ten most commonly occurring words in each class further sheds light into the common concerns voiced by the respondents in each category.
Impact of Rolling on Soybean Yields

Introduction Rolling soybeans has become very popular in the past few growing seasons, especially in north central Iowa. Reasons for its popularity include, pushing rocks beneath the cutting height of bean heads, less dirt in the combine and cleaner beans, faster cutting speeds, less damage to cutting systems, and increased soybean yields. The last claim was studied at the Northwest Research Farm in 2009 and 2010 in both tilled and no-till conditions. Both tilled and no-till studies included a control treatment and rolling the soybeans pre-emerge and post-emerge when the beans were in the V1 stage of development. Soybean plots were rolled with a 20 ft Degelman Landroller from Custom Made Products in Humboldt, IA.
VIS Keynote Address: Analytics Inspired Visualization: a Holistic In-situ Scientific Workflow at Extreme Scale

Combustion and turbulence simulations involve highly intermittent localized phenomena that generate high volumes of spatially and temporally varying field and particle data. The current paradigm of posthoc analysis and visualization will become increasingly infeasible as data volumes continue to increase. In the exascale era this problem will be further exacerbated by the difficulty of moving large volumes of data through deep complex memory hierarchies and across the machine network to hard disks on a heterogeneous supercomputer. I will discuss recent advances in in situ massively parallel volume and particle visualization algorithms coupled with analytics - e.g., topological feature segmentation/tracking, distance field construction, multi-variate statistics and eigensolutions of the reaction rate Jacobian - as an integral part of a scientific discovery from high-fidelity combustion simulations. The role of asynchronous task based programming models and runtimes to facilitate an extensible, performance portable computational science workflow at extreme scale will also be discussed in the context of recent turbulent ignition simulations.
Law in American History (Chapter 4)

This is Chapter Four of Law in American History: Volume One, From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War.The book’s purpose is to explore the relationship of law to some central themes of American history from the initial colonial settlements through the conclusion of the Civil War. The themes singled out in the book include the displacement of Amerindian tribes from land they occupied on the North American continent; the emergence of agricultural householding as the principal form of family life in colonial British America; the detachment of the American colonies from the British Empire and the theories of sovereignty and grievance that accompanied that development; the evolution of American forms of government from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution; the emergence of the Supreme Court of the United States as a major institution of American grievance; the westward movement of enterprise and population in the decades between the 1830’s and the 1850’s; the central role of slavery and westward expansion and the gradual dissolution of the Union during these decades; and the role of the Civil War as a culmination of the central themes of early American history and as a force in transforming the subsequent course of that history.
Supporting Behavioural Entrepreneurs: Using the Biodiversity-Health Relationship to Help Citizens Self-Initiate Sustainability Behaviour

Highlights: (1) Resource limits and climate disruption have created a new biophysical context characterized by a long, drawn-out descent, (2) An initial aspect of this will be an unexpected decline in surplus energy, (3) The result is a new behavioral context that the social sciences are only slowly coming to understand, (4) One major challenge is that the environmental behaviors needed later this century cannot be fully known in advance, yet we must somehow begin to plan for them now, (5) Attentional vitality and psychological equipoise are essential for the envisioning and behavioral planning needed now, and the behavior change that follows, (6) Clusters of behavior must be adopted; the past focus on serial and incremental change will not suffice, and (7) By understanding the conditions under which human envision and plan, conditions can be created whereby citizens become behavioral entrepreneurs.
Software defined open programmable packet optical networking

In this paper we will examine how the emergence of open and standard software interfaces are helping to drive the convergence of optical and packet networking. We will review some of the supporting technologies and highlight the opportunity for automation and self-driving packet optical networking.
Positron emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of sinonasal small round blue cell tumors.

AimThe sinonasal tract hosts numerous types of undifferentiated neoplasms, having small round cell morphology. The aim of this study was to determine whether sinonasal small round blue cell tumors ...
The Role of a Resident Aesthetic Clinic in Addressing the Trainee Autonomy Gap.

BACKGROUND Our institution supports a chief resident aesthetic clinic with the goal of fostering autonomy and preparedness for independent practice in a safe environment. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare safety profiles and costs for common aesthetic procedures performed in our resident versus attending clinics. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of all subjects presenting for aesthetic face, breast, and/or abdominal contouring surgery at our institution from 2008 to 2017. Two cohorts were identified: subjects undergoing surgery through the chief resident versus attending clinics. Aesthetic procedures queried included: (1) blepharoplasty, rhinoplasty, or rhytidectomy; (2) augmentation mammaplasty, reduction mammaplasty, or mastopexy; (3) abdominoplasty; and (4) combination. Demographics, perioperative characteristics, costs, and postoperative complications were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 262 and 238 subjects underwent aesthetic procedures in the resident and attending clinics, respectively. Subjects presenting to the residents were younger (P < 0.001), lower income (P < 0.001), and had fewer comorbidities (P < 0.001). Length of procedure differed between resident and attending cohorts at 181 and 152 minutes, respectively (P < 0.001), although hospital costs were not significantly increased. Total costs were higher in the attending cohort independent of aesthetic procedure (P < 0.001). Hospital readmissions (P < 0.05) and cosmetic revisions (P < 0.002) were more likely to occur in the attending physician cohort. Postoperative complications (P < 0.50) and reoperative rates (P < 0.39) were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The resident aesthetic clinic provides a mechanism for increased autonomy and decision-making, while maintaining patient safety in commonly performed cosmetic procedures.
Distinct neural networks for detecting violations of adjacent versus nonadjacent sequential dependencies: An fMRI study.

Abstract The ability to learn and process sequential dependencies is essential for language acquisition and other cognitive domains. Recent studies suggest that the learning of adjacent (e.g., “A-B”) versus nonadjacent (e.g., “A-X-B”) dependencies have different cognitive demands, but the neural correlates accompanying such processing are currently underspecified. We developed a sequential learning task in which sequences of printed nonsense syllables containing both adjacent and nonadjacent dependencies were presented. After incidentally learning these grammatical sequences, twenty-one healthy adults (age M = 22.1, 12 females) made familiarity judgments about novel grammatical sequences and ungrammatical sequences containing violations of the adjacent or nonadjacent structure while in a 3T MRI scanner. Violations of adjacent dependencies were associated with increased BOLD activation in both posterior (lateral occipital and angular gyrus) as well as frontal regions (e.g., medial frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus). Initial results indicated no regions showing significant BOLD activations for the violations of nonadjacent dependencies. However, when using a less stringent cluster threshold, exploratory analyses revealed that violations of nonadjacent dependencies were associated with increased activation in subcallosal cortex, paracingulate cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Finally, when directly comparing the adjacent condition to the nonadjacent condition, we found significantly greater levels of activation for the right superior lateral occipital cortex (BA 19) for the adjacent relative to nonadjacent condition. In sum, the detection of violations of adjacent and nonadjacent dependencies appear to involve distinct neural networks, with perceptual brain regions mediating the processing of adjacent but not nonadjacent dependencies. These results are consistent with recent proposals that statistical-sequential learning is not a unified construct but depends on the interaction of multiple neurocognitive mechanisms acting together.