cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Generation and Propagation of a Nocturnal Squall Line. Part I: Observations and Implications for Mesoscale Predictability

Abstract The initiation and forcing of a squall line on 26–27 May 1985 near Wichita, Kansas is examined. The squall line is secondary convection in the sense that it is preceded in the diurnal cycle by other mesoscale convective systems. The squall fine develops in synoptic conditions frequently associated with convective weather in the central United States. This includes moderate shear, moderate-to-high convective available potential energy, a quasi-stationary dryline, a low-level southerly jet, and an 85 kPa moist tongue. The initiation of free convection is specifically attributed to a gust front that propagates into a low-level jet with attendant horizontal vorticity, convergence and moisture. The gust front initially propagates as a gravity current and subsequently as an internal undular bore. Observations of gravity currents, gravity waves and the “collision” of radar echo “boundaries” provide valuable clues for short period forecasting. They establish the presence of potential triggering mechanism...
Effect of Bondline Thickness on Mixed-Mode Fracture of Adhesively Bonded Joints

The effect of bondline thickness on the critical strain energy release rate (CSERR) was investigated using aluminum adherends and an epoxy adhesive. Complete mixed Mode I/II fracture envelopes for adhesive thicknesses ranging from 0.203 to 1.52 mm were developed using double cantilever beam (DCB), mixed-mode bending (MMB), and end notch flexure (ENF) tests methods. Bondline thickness strongly affects the CSERR for different amounts of Mode II component. Pure Mode II had the largest CSERR and showed monotonic increase with bondline thickness, whereas pure Mode I had the lowest CSERR and exhibited non monotonic relationship with bondline thickness. The shape and size of the plastic zone that develops prior to crack propagation was predicted by finite element analysis. Variation of CSERR as a function of adhesive layer thickness was shown to be related to the size of the plastic zone for Mode I and MMB 50% fracture. No correlation was observed for the MMB 75% and Mode II, however.
Predicting the Q-Phase in Al-Cu-Mg-Si Alloys

The objective of this work was to predict whether or not Al5Cu2Mg8Si6, the Q-phase, can be dissolved by solutionizing depending on the composition of Al-Cu-Mg-Si alloys. The procedure was to predict a series of isopleths at 505 °C using ThermoCalc software with a newly constructed database. Then zero-phase-fraction lines for the Q-phase on the isopleths were projected onto various planes to form isothermal, polyisopleth projections that show the effect of Si, Mg, and Cu on Q-phase stability.
Time-dependent fluorescence spectra of large molecules in polar solvents

A method is described for incorporating the vibronic transitions of a solute molecule in the calculation of the time evolution of its fluorescence spectrum in a polar solvent. In this initial article, systems are treated in which the intramolecular vibrational relaxation is much faster than the observed delay time. The overall fluorescence spectrum is then shown to be a convolution of the steady-state absorption and emission spectra of the solute in a nonpolar solvent and the time-dependent emission line shape arising only from polar interactions. Calculations are made for coumarin 153 in acetonitrile, using the dielectric dispersion data of the solvent available from experimental measurements. The results are in encouraging agreement with experimental spectra. Results are also given for the dynamic Stokes shift in methanol.
Identifying Seekers and Suppliers in Social Media Communities to Support Crisis Coordination

Effective crisis management has long relied on both the formal and informal response communities. Social media platforms such as Twitter increase the participation of the informal response community in crisis response. Yet, challenges remain in realizing the formal and informal response communities as a cooperative work system. We demonstrate a supportive technology that recognizes the existing capabilities of the informal response community to identify needs (seeker behavior) and provide resources (supplier behavior), using their own terminology. To facilitate awareness and the articulation of work in the formal response community, we present a technology that can bridge the differences in terminology and understanding of the task between the formal and informal response communities. This technology includes our previous work using domain-independent features of conversation to identify indications of coordination within the informal response community. In addition, it includes a domain-dependent analysis of message content (drawing from the ontology of the formal response community and patterns of language usage concerning the transfer of property) to annotate social media messages. The resulting repository of annotated messages is accessible through our social media analysis tool, Twitris. It allows recipients in the formal response community to sort on resource needs and availability along various dimensions including geography and time. Thus, computation indexes the original social media content and enables complex querying to identify contents, players, and locations. Evaluation of the computed annotations for seeker-supplier behavior with human judgment shows fair to moderate agreement. In addition to the potential benefits to the formal emergency response community regarding awareness of the observations and activities of the informal response community, the analysis serves as a point of reference for evaluating more computationally intensive efforts and characterizing the patterns of language behavior during a crisis.
Thermal stability and thermokinetics studies on silicone ceramer coatings: Part 1-inert atmosphere parameters

Two silicone ceramer coatings were synthesized and studied according to their thermal stability, using Fourier Transformation Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Differential thermal analysis was conducted on a liquid precursor to the coatings to study the phase transformations occurring in the material as the temperature was altered. The kinetics of the thermal degradation of coatings was analyzed; and the corresponding thermokinetics parameters were determined using Friedman's method, the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method and the American standard test method E698. A thermogravimetric analysis was conducted on the liquid precursors as well as on the solidified coatings at various heating rates. The gaseous products that were obtained as a result of pyrolysis were analyzed employing an attached FTIR spectrometer.
Cytochemistry and reactive oxygen species : a retrospective

This retrospective reviews the methodology we have developed over several decades for detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS), using the activated polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) as the paradigm of a cell which vigorously generates ROS through activation of NADPH oxidase. In the seventies, the sites of ROS generation by PMN were not clear from biochemical data, and we sought to develop new methods for the cytochemical localization of O·− 2, H2O2, and the H2O2-myeloperoxidase (MPO)-halide system. The H2O2-MPO-halide system in phagocytosing cells was localized at the fine structural level by our development of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) as a cytochemical probe for detecting peroxidase activities. Using DAB and exogenous H2O2, we confirmed that azurophil granules discharged MPO into the phagosome, and using particles coated with DAB and relying on endogenous H2O2 to yield oxidized DAB, H2O2 was localized to phagolysosomes. The subcellular sites of H2O2 generation were shown using cerium ions which react with H2O2 and precipitate electron opaque cerium perhydroxides (Ce(OH)2OOH and Ce(OH)3OOH). The results suggested that NADPH oxidase is associated with the plasmalemma, and that the enzyme enters the phagosome along with the invaginating plasmalemma, accounting for the presence of H2O2 in the phagosome. As O·− 2 is the major product of NADPH oxidase, its detection was of some importance. Based on the concept that O·− 2 oxidizes Mn2+ to Mn3+, and Mn3+ oxidizes DAB, a medium containing DAB-Mn2+ was used to localize sites of O·− 2 production in stimulated PMN. The localizations were, as expected, similar to those for H2O2. These techniques have been of considerable usefulness and in general provide the foundation for cytochemistry of ROS in other systems.
Supersymmetric D -term inflation, reheating, and Affleck-Dine baryogenesis

The phenomenology of supersymmetric models of inflation, where the inflationary vacuum energy is dominated by D terms of a U(1), is investigated. Particular attention is paid to the questions of how to arrange for sufficient e folds of inflation to occur, what kind of thermal history is expected after the end of inflation, and how to implement successful baryogenesis. Such models are argued to require a more restrictive symmetry structure than previously thought. In particular, it is nontrivial that the decays of the fields driving D inflation can reheat the Universe in such a way as to avoid the strong gravitino production constraints. We also show how the initial conditions for Affleck-Dine baryogenesis can arise in these models and that the simplest flat directions along which a baryon number is generated can often be ruled out by the constraints coming from a decoherence of the condensate in a hot environment. At the end, we find that successful reheating and baryogenesis can take place in a large subset of D-inflationary models.
Role Conflict and the Elite Female Athlete: Empirical Findings and Conceptual Dilemmas

Whereas gender-related literature portrays an image of psychological struggle, role conflict and identity crisis for the female athelete, empirical studies indicate that female athletes perceive and experience a relatively low level of conflict, regardless of their age, level of competitive experience and the sport in which they compete. This study further supports these findings. 44 female powerlifters competing at the 1981 National US championship were administered questionnaires including a role conflict instrument. Factor analysis identified the four factors of emotion, attraction, the sport-performance component and the significant other component and showed the multidimensionality of the construct of role conflict. Further differentiation of this concept is necessary.
A Comparison of Cohort and Non-Cohort Graduate Student Perceptions of the Ethical Climate and Its Importance in Retention.

This quantitative study compared 19 cohort and 27 non-cohort graduate students' perceptions of the ethical climate of an educational administration program at a midwestern metropolitan university using the Ethical Climate Index (ECI). In addition, the study investigated graduate student perceptions of the importance of the ethical climate in the retention of students within academic programs. The results of the study indicated that cohort students rated the ethical climate significantly more positive than non-cohort students on two of the three ECI subscales: student to faculty and student to student. Both cohort and non-cohort students perceived the ethical climate as an important factor in the retention of students within academic programs.
Effects of modes of cockpit automation on pilot performance and workload in a next generation flight concept of operation

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of various forms of advanced cockpit automation for flight planning on pilot performance and workload under a futuristic concept of operation. A lab experiment was conducted in which airline pilots flew simulated tailored arrivals to an airport using three modes of automation MOAs, including a control-display unit CDU to the aircraft flight management system, an enhanced CDU CDU+, and a continuous descent approach CDA tool. The arrival scenario required replanning to avoid convective activity and was constrained by a minimum fuel requirement at the initial approach fix. The CDU and CDU+ modes allowed for point-by-point path planning or selection among multiple standard arrivals, respectively. The CDA mode completely automated the route replanning for pilots. It was expected that the higher-level automation would significantly reduce pilot workload and improve overall flight performance. In general, results indicated that the MOAs influenced pilot performance and workload responses according to hypotheses. This study provides new knowledge about the relationship of cockpit automation and interface features with pilot performance and workload in a novel next generation-style flight concept of operation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perennial wheat: The development of a sustainable cropping system for the U.S. Pacific Northwest

Perennial wheat offers a new solution to the long-standing problems of soil erosion and degradation associated with conventional annual small-grain cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest region. Using classical breeding methods, new types of wheat have been developed that maintain the key characteristics of annual wheat, but continue to grow after harvest. Following dormancy in the winter, growth is initiated from the roots or crowns in the spring, allowing a crop to be harvested every fall. By retaining constant soil cover over multiple years, wind and water erosion would be dramatically reduced. In addition, the costs associated with annual seeding and tillage would be minimized, and unlike many reduced tillage systems, it is expected that standard seeding equipment would be suitable for stand establishment. Other potential benefits of perennial wheat include improved wildlife habitat, more efficient use of available water, provision of a potent carbon sink, and the possibility of integrating straw retrieval into a small grains cropping system. Past attempts in the first half of the last century failed to develop perennial wheat as a viable crop, primarily because of low yields, and the research was ultimately abandoned. Perennial wheat production may now be viewed as acceptable for highly erodible land or for obtaining carbon sequestration credits. This paper presents an overview of solutions to the obstacles encountered by previous researchers, introduces some of the newly developed perennial wheat lines, and discusses considerations for management practices.
Misanthropic Person Memory when the Need to Self-Enhance is Absent

This research examined the role that the removal of the need or ability to self-enhance can play in the misanthropic processing of attributed behavioral information (i.e., remembering best negative, internally attributed behaviors and positive externally attributed behaviors). Experiment 1demonstrated that removing a person’s need to self-enhance by increasing his or her self-esteem eliminated misanthropic memory, whereas misanthropy was preserved for control participants and perceivers who had experienced a decrease in self-esteem. Furthermore, controlling for participants’ self-evaluations eliminated the memory pattern differences between the two experimental conditions. Experiment 2 demonstrated that canceling the ability to self-enhance by having perceivers form an impression of themselves eliminated the misanthropy effect. However, the misanthropy effect was replicated when perceivers learned about an unknown other. The results were discussed with regard to the situations and factors that can increas...
Visions of the Enemy from the Field and from Abroad: Revisiting CIA and Military Expectations of the Tet Offensive

Abstract As the January 1968 Tet holiday approached, CIA analysts and American commanders in South Vietnam developed more accurate conclusions about communist military strategy than did intelligence analysts at CIA headquarters. Besides valuing different types of intelligence, General William Westmoreland, Lieutenant General Frederick Weyand, and CIA analysts in Saigon also placed greater emphasis on new information about communist military strategy than did CIA analysts at Langley. These different reactions to information highlight reasons why military commanders and intelligence analysts stationed in the theater of operations might develop more accurate conclusions about enemy military strategy than intelligence analysts stationed at their national headquarters.
Antibody humanization by structure-based computational protein design

Antibodies derived from non-human sources must be modified for therapeutic use so as to mitigate undesirable immune responses. While complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting-based humanization techniques have been successfully applied in many cases, it remains challenging to maintain the desired stability and antigen binding affinity upon grafting. We developed an alternative humanization approach called CoDAH ("Computationally-Driven Antibody Humanization") in which computational protein design methods directly select sets of amino acids to incorporate from human germline sequences to increase humanness while maintaining structural stability. Retrospective studies show that CoDAH is able to identify variants deemed beneficial according to both humanness and structural stability criteria, even for targets lacking crystal structures. Prospective application to TZ47, a murine anti-human B7H6 antibody, demonstrates the approach. Four diverse humanized variants were designed, and all possible unique VH/VL combinations were produced as full-length IgG1 antibodies. Soluble and cell surface expressed antigen binding assays showed that 75% (6 of 8) of the computationally designed VH/VL variants were successfully expressed and competed with the murine TZ47 for binding to B7H6 antigen. Furthermore, 4 of the 6 bound with an estimated KD within an order of magnitude of the original TZ47 antibody. In contrast, a traditional CDR-grafted variant could not be expressed. These results suggest that the computational protein design approach described here can be used to efficiently generate functional humanized antibodies and provide humanized templates for further affinity maturation.
A comparison of object-oriented programming in four modern languages

SUMMARY Object-oriented programming has become a widely used, important programming paradigm that is supported in many different languages. C++ has become the most widely used object-oriented language and many C++ programmers are unfamiliar with the different approaches taken by other languages in the paradigm. This paper is intended as an introduction to a broad range of ideas in object-oriented programming. Specifically, we introduce four modern programming languages that support object-oriented programming (Oberon-2, Modula-3, Sather and Self), and show how a simple application is coded in these languages. While each of these programming languages provide support for inheritance, dynamic dispatch, code reuse, and information hiding, they do so in very different ways and with varying levels of efficiency and simplicity. The use of a simple example, based on a common programming problem, facilitates our comparison. We have coded the application in all of these languages, including C++, and we compare the compile times, object code sizes, and run times of the available implementations. Implementations of all the languages compared and all of the programs we measure are available on the Internet. Ultimately, our goal is to encourage and facilitate programmers in understanding and exploring a variety of object-oriented programming languages.
Impact of LSI on future minicomputers

The practicality of LSI for any application is determined by the cost advantage of the LSI products. To obtain low cost LSI devices, production must reach sufficient volumes to make the start-up costs insignificant. These start-up costs include design and debugging, generation of test procedures, paperwork for production control, and the manufacturer's learning curve for a new product.
Developing mathematical knowledge for teaching in a methods course: the case of function

This study describes teacher learning in a teaching experiment consisting of a content-focused methods course involving the mathematical knowledge for teaching function. Prospective and practicing teachers in the course showed growth in their ability to define function, to provide examples of functions and link them to the definition, in the connections they could make between function representations, and to consider the role of definition in mathematics and the K-12 classroom. Written assessments, interview data, and class discourse analyses illustrate how the course supported the development of mathematical knowledge that built on individual teachers’ prior knowledge as well as the development of a stronger collective understanding of function.
revolutionary anticlericalism and hegemonic processes in an Andalusian town, August 1936

Anthropologists and social historians have debated whether the participants in violent attacks on the church and clergy in Spain during the Civil War period were “millenarian” protestants whose actions sprang from a premodern sociopolitical mentality or were pragmatic radicals whose actions simply represented a series of well-calculated attacks on a key ideological institution. In analyzing the events leading to anticlerical violence in an Andalusian town, this article argues that the attacks were the outcome of hegemonic processes of differing scope, intensity, and duration. Neither pure traditionalists nor modernists, the revolutionary anticlericals of August 1936 sought to define the specific character of the present in ways that were gauged to have the maximum effect on their allies and adversaries alike. The article discusses implications of these findings for analyses of “tradition,” “modernity,” and contemporary sociopolitical movements. [hegemonic processes, Spain, anticlericalism, tradition, modernity, social movements]
Fiber-optic sensing technology for rail-buckling detection

Buckling and cracking of steel rails is a contributing factor in accidents on railroads today. Detection and notification of buckled track sections before a train reaches these locations will significantly increase rail safety. A fiber-optic-based sensing system, with the fiber affixed to a beam, was developed and evaluated to detect buckled regions. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the sensitivity of the fiber-optic sensing system to buckling of a long structural member. Numerous facets of fiber-optic sensing have been explored. Fiber-to-steel bonding techniques were examined and tested. Full-scale laboratory testing was conducted by elastically buckling a 24.4-m-long (80-ft) wide-flange section with hydraulic rams. Typical measurement accuracy within 10 percent of theoretical predictions was achieved by optical time domain reflectometry techniques. For field testing, however, a more robust solution is sought and is currently under development. It is suggested that a lower-cost fiber break or ...
Simple high-accuracy resolution program for convective modelling of discontinuities

For steady multidimensional convection, the Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics (QUICK) scheme has several attractive properties. However, for highly convective simulation of step profiles, QUICK produces unphysical overshoots and a few oscillations, and this may cause serious problems in nonlinear flows. Fortunately, it is possible to modify the convective flux by writing the normalized convected control-volume face value as a function of the normalized adjacent upstream node value, developing criteria for monotonic resolution without sacrificing formal accuracy. This results in a nonlinear functional relationship between the normalized variables, whereas standard methods are all linear in this sense. The resulting Simple High Accuracy Resolution Program (SHARP) can be applied to steady multidimensional flows containing thin shear or mixing layers, shock waves, and other frontal phenomena. This represents a significant advance in modeling highly convective flows of engineering and geophysical importance. SHARP is based on an explicit, conservative, control-volume flux formation, equally applicable to one, two, or three dimensional elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic, or mixed-flow regimes. Results are given for the bench-mark purely convective first-order results and the nonmonotonic predictions of second- and third-order upwinding.
Evaluating Urban Pollutant Buildup/Wash-Off Models Using a Madison, Wisconsin Catchment

Buildup/wash-off (BUWO) models are widely used to estimate pollutant export from urban and suburban watersheds. Here, we propose that the mass of washed-off particulate during a storm event is insensitive to the time between storm events (the traditional predictor of particulate accumulation in BUWO models). Our analysis employed USGS data of total suspended solids and discharge data for nonsnow events in a 9.4-km 2 suburban catchment in Madison, Wis. Kinetic energy of rainfall was calculated using National Weather Service NEXRAD radar reflectivity. A regression analysis found that storm event runoff volume and rainfall kinetic energy explained 81% of the variability in event particulate load; volume alone explained 69% of the variability in event loads. Time between storm events was not significant. Additionally, we simulated storm event particulate loads using a BUWO model and a model assuming a constant mass available for wash-off. Both models produced very similar predictions over a range of parameterizations, suggesting that buildup models could perhaps be simplified under many circumstances.
Dose- and Route-Dependent Teratogenicity, Toxicity, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of the Hedgehog Signaling Antagonist Cyclopamine in the Mouse

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is an essential regulator of embryonic development and appears to play important roles in postnatal repair and cancer progression and metastasis. The teratogenic Veratrum alkaloid cyclopamine is a potent Hh antagonist and is used experimentally both in vitro and in vivo to investigate the role of Hh signaling in diverse biological processes. Here, we set out to establish an administration regimen for cyclopamine-induced teratogenicity in the mouse. The dysmorphogenic concentration of cyclopamine was determined in vitro via mouse whole-embryo culture assays to be 2.0μM. We administered cyclopamine to female C57BL/6J mice at varied doses by oral gavage, ip injection, or osmotic pump infusion and assessed toxicity and pharmacokinetic (PK) models. Bolus administration was limited by toxicity and rapid clearance. In vivo cyclopamine infusion at 160 mg/kg/day yielded a dam serum steady-state concentration of ∼2μM with a corresponding amniotic fluid concentration of approximately 1.5μM. Gross facial defects were induced in 30% of cyclopamine-exposed litters, with affected embryos exhibiting cleft lip and palate. This is the first report describing the PKs and teratogenic potential of cyclopamine in the mouse and demonstrates that transient Hh signaling inhibition induces facial clefting anomalies in the mouse that mimic common human birth defects.
Pediatric Trauma: Getting Through the Night

As is the case in adults, the timing and type of emergent treatment of fractures in children can be controversial. Some emergent conditions, such as compartment syndrome, pelvic fractures with hemodynamic instability, and open fractures, are managed similarly in adults and children. However, other types of fractures are unique to children or are managed differently in children and adults. To prevent complications, it is important to understand the appropriate treatment and timing of treatment of supracondylar humeral fractures and other specific elbow fractures, hip fractures and dislocations, and physeal fractures about the knee in pediatric patients.
The preparation and properties of some chlorinated activated carbons, part II. Further observations

Abstract The adsorptive properties of chlorinated coal or nutshell carbons depend on the chlorination temperature. Chlorination at about 180°C, followed by extraction with water or methanol, yields carbons that have similar adsorption properties and are relatively hydrophobic compared to the controls. Under these conditions, stable surface carbon-chlorine complexes are formed, and the function of extraction is solely to displace strongly physically adsorbed chlorine. At lower chlorination temperatures, the hydrophobicity of the carbon surface is dependent on the chemical used for the extraction step; compared to the controls, the carbon surface is relatively hydrophilic after extraction with water and relatively hydrophobic after extraction with methanol. it is probable that at chlorination temperatures below about 180°C, weak carbon-chlorine complexes form, which chemically react during extraction. Chlorination at low temperatures may therefore offer a way of introducing different functional groups onto carbon surfaces. Unlike the controls, none of the treated carbons degrade (age) during storage in high humidity air. The suitability of carbons chlorinated at about 180°C for vapour filtration in situations where ageing effects degrade adsorption performance is confirmed from breakthrough measurements using chloropicrin, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride. Such carbons also afford some resistance to oxidation with the pollutant NO2.
Self-Efficacy and Counterfactual Thinking: Up a Creek with and without a Paddle

Two studies examined self-efficacy as a moderator of the consequences of upward and downward counterfactual thinking. In both studies, self-efficacy was manipulated by false feedback after performing an anagram task. In Study 1, low-self-efficacy participants felt worse than high-self-efficacy participants when generating upward counterfactuals, but there were no differences when generating downward counterfactuals if the task was repeatable. When there was no repeat, reactions to counterfactual direction did not differ by self-efficacy level. Study 2 further clarified the results of the first study by including self-efficacy and counterfactual controls. Differences in affect and preparation again occurred primarily when generating upward counterfactuals. Relationships between antecedents and consequences of self-efficacy and counterfactual thinking are discussed.
Strategies for Suicide Intervention by Telephone.

Within the authoritative role, the telephone counselor engages the caller in realistic talk of dying in an effort to reinstate control. Anxiety reduction is accomplished through problem clarification. Narrowing down open negative statements reduces diffuse anxiety, while reinterpreting events reduces energized anxiety. To provide hope, care can be proven as genuine implicitly by using the caller's name, filling conversation with emotive gestures, and extending "why" questions. Explicit proof can be in the form of active listening, tolerance of dispositions, and involvement such as suggesting milk, tissues, or calling on significant others. To further provide hope and to reinstate control, allowance is given for manipulation such as the caller setting the initial mood of conversation. A model is presented for pursuing alternatives and a technique of interrogative restating to broaden resources. Time-outs are posited for stymied intervention, detective work for discovering critical information, and guilt inducement as a means of recourse. To close the call, promises are extracted from and reinforcement statements are administered to the caller.
Receptor-activated Ca influx in human airway smooth muscle: use of Ca imaging and perforated patch-clamp techniques

Previous studies have demonstrated a dihydropyridine-insensitive, receptor-activated calcium influx pathway in cultured human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. To further define the biophysical characteristics of this pathway, the relationship between membrane potential and cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) was studied with the combined methods of the patch-clamp technique and single cell calcium imaging. The nystatin perforated-patch method was used to maintain normal intracellular calcium buffering and receptor-activated signal transduction processes in voltage-clamped cells. Single voltage-clamped human ASM cells responded to exposure to histamine (200 microM) with an initial transient rise in [Ca2+]i followed by a secondary sustained elevation that was dependent on extracellular calcium. Before agonist activation, step changes in holding potential produced only slight changes in [Ca2+]i, whereas, after activation, cells developed a sustained rise in [Ca2+]i that showed a large variation as a function of membrane potential. Depolarization from -80 to 0 mV caused a fall in the steady-state [Ca2+]i to basal levels or slightly below. Repolarization to -80 mV caused the redevelopment of the sustained phase of the calcium response. When calcium was removed from the extracellular fluid by the addition of a stoichiometric excess of ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), the voltage dependence of the sustained phase was abolished. In a series of experiments, agonist addition evoked a 54-fold increase in the voltage dependence of calcium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The phenomenon of sling-shot buckling in stacked piezoelectric structures

The behavior of stacked structures consisting of two centrally adhered beam-plates of different lengths and piezoelectric materials is studied for the case when they are subjected to a uniform electric field. A variational formulation is presented based on the properties of the individual substructures, and yields the self-consistent governing equations and constitutive relations for the piezoelectric laminate, as well as the associated boundary and matching conditions. The stability of equilibrium configurations is assessed through evaluation of the second variation of the potential energy under perturbation. The resulting stability function, together with the total potential energy, admits prediction of the behavior of the structure under a changing electric field. A closed form analytical solution is obtained, and numerical simulations based on this solution are presented which reveal the characteristic behavior of the piezoelectric laminate. A critical electric field is identified analytically, and it...
Pyridines and Imidazopyridines with Medicinal Significance

Pyridine and pyridine-fused ring systems are ubiquitous in medicinal research and demonstrate such diverse pharmacological benefits as anticonvulsant therapies, treatment for fungal and bacterial infections as well as chemotherapy agents. For example, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines have exhibited a broad range of activity as antiviral, antibacterial, analgesic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory agents. Indeed many advances in the development of novel synthetic approaches to the pyridines and their fused counterparts are designed around the relevance of these systems to pharmacological research. Moreover, pyridine-based natural products with interesting biological activity continue to be discovered each year. This article highlights recent (2004-2014) discoveries related to the medicinal and pharmacological significance of pyridines, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, quinolones and a few other pyridine-fused compounds and is organized around their type of biological activity.
Outcomes of Patients with Pulmonary Atresia and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals Without Intervention in Infancy

Treatment of pulmonary atresia with major aortopulmonary collaterals (PA MAPCAs) remains a challenge. Despite variations in surgical technique, contemporary strategies all include initial intervention in the first year of life. However, a subset of patients presents later in life, and contemporary outcomes of this group have not been reported previously. We performed a retrospective case series of consecutive cases of PA MAPCAs who were seen at our center between January 2001 and February 2016, who had not undergone surgery before the age of 1 year. We describe their presenting characteristics, operative and transcatheter interventions, and outcomes. A total of eight cases were identified from 76 children with PA MAPCAs treated over the study period. Median age at presentation was 5.9 years. Seventy-five percent had confluent pulmonary arteries with a median Nakata index of 113 mm2/m2. Operative intervention was performed in 5/6 cases. Two are awaiting intervention. The combination of operative and transcatheter interventions allowed for ventricular septal defect closure in 60 % of cases, all of whom had subsystemic right ventricular pressures. Operative intervention is possible in some older cases with PA and MAPCAs. Though multiple operations and transcatheter therapies are necessary, some can achieve operative correction of serial circulation with tolerable physiology. Subjects with ventricular hypoplasia and those without confluent pulmonary arteries are more challenging.
Complex Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: Long-Term Outcomes

Background: Total knee arthroplasty in patients with severe preoperative deformity, ligamentous instability, and/or marked bone loss occasionally requires a varus and valgus constrained or rotating-hinge design prosthesis. The purpose of this study was to compare patient populations that underwent primary total knee arthroplasty with constrained or unconstrained total knee arthroplasty implants to determine patient demographic characteristics, long-term survival, and reasons for reoperation and revision for each group. Methods: We identified 28,667 primary total knee arthroplasties performed from 1979 to 2013 at our institution. A total of 427 knees had a varus and valgus constrained design and 246 knees underwent rotating-hinge total knee arthroplasties. Patient demographic information and preoperative diagnoses were analyzed by implant type. A multivariate analysis was performed to account for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Kaplan-Meier survival rates for each complication leading to reoperation or component revision were determined at 10 and 20 years. Adjusted hazard ratios were determined for the most common causes for reoperation and revision compared with a routine total knee arthroplasty control group. Results: Patient demographic characteristics were significantly different (p < 0.05) between all groups for age, sex, and BMI. The varus and valgus constrained and rotating-hinge groups had decreased survival free of all-cause reoperation at 10 and 20 years compared with the unconstrained total knee arthroplasty group, with a hazard ratio of 1.74 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.36 to 2.23) for the valgus and varus constrained group and 2.07 (95% CI, 1.58 to 2.70) for the rotating-hinge group. The adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause revision was significantly higher for the varus and valgus constrained group at 1.65 (p = 0.007) but not for the rotating-hinge group at 1.48 (p = 0.054) compared with the unconstrained total knee arthroplasty group. Wear and osteolysis, infection, and fracture were the most common reasons for component revision in both groups. Conclusions: We found increased reoperation and revision rates associated with the use of constrained implants at the time of index total knee arthroplasty. The rate of component revision for any reason at 10 years was >2 times higher in the constrained total knee arthroplasty groups compared with the unconstrained total knee arthroplasty group. At 20 years postoperatively, the component revision rate was >3 times higher. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Implementing Linux-enabled Condor in windows computer labs

Condor is a grid middleware package developed by the University of Wisconsin [1] to allow desktop computers to harness idle time to perform computationally intensive operations. Condor can provide free computing cycles for research use, which increases supercomputing capacity by acquiring additional computing time on otherwise idle desktop PCs in campus PC labs. Here we describe our approach to utilize Windows PCs in campus PC labs to run Linux applications with Condor.
Angiopoietins as serum biomarkers for lymphatic anomalies

Vascular anomalies can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Advances in diagnosis will be improved if noninvasive biomarkers can be identified, as obtaining a tissue biopsy can worsen the disease and precipitate complications. The goal of this study was to identify biomarkers for vascular anomaly patients to aid diagnosis and potentially give insights into pathogenesis. Blood was collected at baseline and then 6 and 12 months after treatment with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. Patients groups included generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA), kaposiform lymphangiomatosis (KLA) and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) with or without the Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon (KMP) coagulopathy. Serum was obtained from healthy controls selected to match the age and sex of the patients (21 days–28.5 years; 42% males; 58% females). Angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors (VEGF-A, C, D, Ang-1 and Ang-2) were measured in serum using ELISA. In lymphatic anomaly patients, baseline levels of VEGF-A and VEGF-D were not different compared to controls. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) levels were near controls levels in GLA patients but 10-fold greater in KLA patients and 14-fold greater in KHE patients when the KMP coagulopathy was present but not when it was absent. VEGF-C and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) levels were lower in KHE patients with KMP. Our analyses suggest that Ang-2 and Ang-1 can be used as biomarkers to help identify KLA and KHE patients with KMP coagulopathy with high sensitivity and specificity. After 12 months of sirolimus treatment, Ang-2 levels were lower in KLA and KHE with KMP patients compared to baseline levels and with most patients showing a clinical response. Hence, serum Ang-2 and Ang-1 levels may help in the diagnosis of patients with lymphatic anomalies and are concordant to sirolimus response.
Constructing Industrial Order in the Center of the American Economy: How Electoral Competition and Social Collaboration Evolved in Twentieth-Century New York

Comparative studies of capitalist political economies have settled on a new understanding of how historical choices about electoral rules were constitutive of the current varieties of capitalism that are distinguished by their strategies of growth and adjustment to competitive conditions. The countries that have “coordinated market economies” typically have well-organized unions and employers with distinct partisan representation under multiparty electoral rules, and they have more egalitarian outcomes. The countries that have “liberal market economies” have arms-length market-based relationships under the plurality rule that are more conflictual, and they have inegalitarian outcomes. This article develops the analysis of electoral rules and industrial order by taking another look at the United States, which has always been taken as a case of plurality and liberal market economy. In contrast, New York had multiparty politics for most of the twentieth century, in part because of its cross-endorsement fusion rule of nominations. This article argues that fusion operated in a similar way to proportional representation to enable labor–management collaboration and social regulation. Collaboration in New York City was a constitutive element of the New Deal's laboristic politics. The later disruption of this American version of coordination transformed the U.S. political economy into a liberal market economy.
Bilayer Pseudospin Junction Transistor (BiSJT) for “Beyond-CMOS” Logic

A novel beyond-CMOS device concept, the Bilayer pseudoSpin Junction Transistor (BiSJT), is proposed. Like the previously proposed Bilayer pseudoSpin FET (BiSFET), the BiSJT is motivated by the possibility of interlayer electron–hole exciton condensation in bilayer 2-D material systems, and could provide switching energies of a few 10 s of zJ, orders of magnitude below even end-of-the-roadmap CMOS. The BiSJT is, however, current-controlled, and may allow for simpler device design, smaller device area, and more flexible gate design.
Pazopanib and Statin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis.

Background The VEGF inhibitor pazopanib is a widely used first-line therapy for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Potential drug-drug interactions and toxicities may be underrecognized. Case presentation A 73-year-old woman with metastatic renal cell carcinoma on treatment with pazopanib presented with progressive inability to ambulate. The initial concern was for metastasis to the spine. However, MRI of the spine revealed diffuse muscle edema with no metastatic deposits or lytic lesions. Upon further evaluation, creatine kinase was significantly elevated and the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was made. With aggressive hydration and discontinuation of both pazopanib and rosuvastatin, the patient made a full recovery. Conclusion This case of drug-induced rhabdomyolysis demonstrates an unexpected toxicity resulting from concomitant pazopanib and rosuvastatin therapy. This combination is predicted to be safe due to different, nonoverlapping effects on the cytochrome p450 enzymes. Discontinuation of statin therapy in patients with metastatic cancer should be considered when the risk of cancer-related death exceeds the risk of cardiovascular-related death.
Adaptive immune responses are altered in adult mice following neonatal hyperoxia.

Abstract Premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), are at risk for frequent respiratory infections and reduced pulmonary function. We studied whether neonatal hyperoxia disrupts adaptive immune responses in adult mice, contributing to higher respiratory‐related morbidities seen in these infants. Newborn mice litters were randomized at 3 days to 85% O 2 or room air (RA) for 12 days. Whole lung mRNA was isolated in both the groups at 2 weeks and 3 months. Gene expression for T‐cell and B‐cell adaptive immune response was performed by real‐time PCR and qRT‐PCR; protein expression (p21, IL4, IL10, IL27, cd4) was performed by enzyme immunoassay along with p21 immunohistochemistry. Hyperoxia increased expression of p21 and decreased expression of 19 genes representing T/B‐cell activation by ≥ fourfold; three of them significantly (Rag1, Cd1d1, Cd28) compared to the RA group at 2 weeks. Despite RA recovery, the expression of IFN γ , IL27, and CD40 was significantly reduced at 3 months in the hyperoxia group. Expression of p21 was significantly higher and IL27 protein lower at 2 weeks following hyperoxia. Adult mice exposed to neonatal hyperoxia had lower IL4 and IL10 in the lung at 3 months. Adaptive immune responses are developmentally regulated and neonatal hyperoxia suppresses expression of genes involved in T‐/B‐cell activation with continued alterations in gene expression at 3 months. Dysfunction of adaptive immune responses increases the risk for susceptibility to infection in premature infants.
Surface Stoichiometry of CdSe Nanocrystals Determined by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy

Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy has been applied to study the surface stoichiometry of CdSe nanocrystals prepared by the high temperature pyrolysis of organometallics in trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). The diameter of the nanocrystals was varied from 22 to 56 A. For all nanocrystal sizes we find the nanocrystals are Cd rich with an average Cd:Se ratio of 1.2±0.1. The Cd:Se stoichiometry is independent of the Cd:Se starting ratio used for the nanocrystal synthesis, indicating the excess Cd is not associated with the initial abundance of Cd but is an intrinsic property of nanocrystals prepared by this method. The surface coverage of the passivating TOPO ligands has also been determined and is larger than reported in previous X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of Bowen Katari et al.[1] The origin and structural implications of nonstoichiometric nanocrystals are discussed.