cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Ways of Welfare

After Welfare: The Culture of Postindustrial Social Policy . By Sanford Schram. New York: New York University Press, 2000. 234 pages. $55.00 cloth, $19.00 paper. Ending Welfare as We Know It . By R. Kent Weaver. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2000. 482 pages. $44.95cloth, $19.95 paper. Fighting Poverty with Virtue: Moral Reform and America's Urban Poor, 1825–2000 . By Joel Schwartz. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. 353 pages. $39.95 cloth. From Warfare State to Welfare State: World War I, Compensatory State Building, and the Limits of the Modern Order . By Marc Allen Eisner. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. 371 pages. $65.00 cloth, $19.95 paper. The Shadow Welfare State: Labor, Business and the Politics of Health Care in the United States . By Marie Gottschalk. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, Cornell University Press, 2000. 288 pages. $48.50 cloth, $19.95 paper. Unwanted Claims: The Politics of Participation in the U.S. Welfare System . By Joe Soss. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 247 pages. $44.50 cloth, $19.95 paper. What Government Can Do: Dealing with Poverty and Inequality . By Benjamin I. Page and James Simmons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. 409 pages. $29.00 cloth, $20.00 paper. His most recent book is Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History . Morone's Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government won the American Political Science Association's Gladys M. Kammerer Award and was named a New York Times notable book of 1991. Morone is president of the New England Political Science Association, chairman of the editorial board of PS: Politics and Political Science , and past president of the Politics and History section of APSA. The author wishes to thank Elizabeth Bussiere, Deborah Stone, Corey Brettschneider, Kelli Auerbach, Lisa Burrell, Susan Bickford, Greg McAvoy, and Jennifer Hochschild.
Pulmonary Function Tests: Applications, Observations, Interpretations: A Brief Summary of the Physiology of the Lung Together with a Discussion of the More Commonly Used Pulmonary Function Tests

It is well recognized that pulmonary function tests have aided in the early recognition of pulmonary dysfunction in patients considered to be normal on the basis of clinical and radiological examination, and in the differential diagnosis of patients with a known pulmonary disease, but in whom a specific diagnosis could not be made with certainty by other methods. The division of pulmonary function into the arbitrary categories of ventilation, distribution, and diffusion makes for easier discussion, but it should be noted that no single test is available at present which can be used to the exclusion of all others in the testing of these various categories. Different aspects of pulmonary function must be evaluated with different tests. Ventilation Ventilation may be defined as the process whereby air is moved into and out of the lungs. This aspect of pulmonary function, then, involves consideration of both the volumes of air moved, as well as of the factors inherent in moving the volumes of air, i.e., the "mechanics" of breathing. Ventilation and ventilatory impairment are usually evaluated with measurements of the conventional vital capacity, the timed vital capacity, and the maximal breathing capacity.' However, attention should first be directed to the concept of alveolar ventilation, since this is the volume of air which enters the alveoli with each inspiration and participates in active gas exchange. The amount of air moving into and out of the alveoli is obviously much more important than that moving in and out of the nose and throat. Alveolar ventilation may be evaluated clinically by observation of the uniformity and adequacy of the chest cage expansion, the extent of the diaphragmatic excursions, and by auscultation of the breath sounds.' Such ob~e~ations, however, are by no means quantitative insofar as volumes are concerned and may be misleading. Whenever there is any doubt as to the adequacy of alveolar ventilation, a quantitative determination should be done using the formula: Alveolar Ventilation=(Tidal vol. - Dead Space) x Frequency. The measurement of respiratory dead space is difficult, but in adults this can be considered to be approximately equal to the patient's estimated weight in pound^.^ Measurements of the vital capacity may be exceedingly difficult to evaluate, especially single measurements. A series of measurements, on
Moral Government: J. S. Mill on Ireland

Despite the stature of J. S. Mill as a political philosopher and the growth of interest in Irish history, the literature on Mill's writings on Ireland is sparse. Aside from passing comments in some of the major works on Mill, the issue has been addressed by only three recent scholars who, for the most part, have not dealt directly with the relationship between Mill's political theory and his published materials on Ireland. R. D. C. Black has concentrated on economic considerations, arguing that Mill broke ranks with most of the English economists of his time because he believed that Irish conditions were different from those of England and hence that radical land reforms were necessary for economic development in Ireland. E. D. Steele has challenged this position, claiming that Mill was not so radical about Irish matters in his early years, that Mill hedged significantly on governmental interference with landed property until the rise of Fenianism in the 1860s, and that, even then, Mill's reforming zeal was guided by his concerns for saving the Union and upholding the empire. R. N. Lebow has argued that Mill's writings reflect the tensions in his own thought and in Victorian England concerning individual rights and social concerns, suggesting that Mill resolved the problem only late in his life, by deciding that the interests of society (in this case, the issue of land reform for the benefit of Irish tenants) overrode the individual property rights of the Irish landlords.
Meson charge-exchange reactions in a Regge-cut Van Hove model

We present an analysis of four meson charge-exchange reactions (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}n,{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}n,{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{K}}^{0}n, \mathrm{and} {K}^{+}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{0}p$) within the context of our Regge-pole-cut model based on the Durand-Van Hove model. Quite good fits to all differential cross sections and polarizations are obtained. Predictions for the $\mathrm{KN}$ charge-exchange polarizations are also presented.
Loss of maternal allele in a child with myelodysplastic syndrome and monosomy 7.

Monosomy 7 or partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 is frequently described in children with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloblastic leukemia. Parental origin of chromosome 7 in children with sporadic monosomy 7 has been examined very rarely. To investigate if monosomy 7 shows parent-of-origin, we have studied a female child with monosomy 7 and de novo myelodysplastic syndrome by a series of polymorphic polymerase chain reaction markers. We found loss of maternal allele and discussed the results with the previous reports.
ADAPTATION OF "HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL" 2000 FOR PLANNING-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF TWO-LANE AND MULTILANE HIGHWAYS IN FLORIDA

A planning-level adaptation was developed of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000 procedure for estimating the level of service (LOS) on two-lane and multilane highways in Florida. The problems associated with planning-level adaptations in general and with uninterruptedflow highways in particular were identified. Although much of the adaptation was achieved though the use of default values for data items, some departures from the HCM procedures were required. The most significant deviation was the creation of a third class of two-lane highway to supplement the two classes currently defined in the HCM. A case was made for the existence of this class and its inclusion in a future edition of the HCM. The Florida Department of Transportation's planning-level methodology, termed HIGHPLAN, is well suited to its intended application, which is planning-level analysis of two-lane and multilane highways in Florida. It maintains fidelity to the HCM procedures to the extent that Florida conditions will allow and Fl...
Physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns are associated with selected adolescent health risk behaviors

OBJECTIVE. Little is known about how physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and various adolescent health risk behaviors are associated. The objective of this study was to examine relationships between PA and sedentary behavior patterns and an array of risk behaviors, including leading causes of adolescent morbidity/mortality. METHODS. Nationally representative self-reported data were collected (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; wave I: 1994–1995; II: 1996; N = 11957). Previously developed and validated cluster analyses identified 7 homogeneous groups of adolescents sharing PA and sedentary behaviors. Poisson regression predicted the relative risk of health risk behaviors, other weekly activities, and self-esteem across the 7 PA/sedentary behavior clusters controlling for demographics and socioeconomic status. Main outcome measures were adolescent risk behaviors (eg, truancy, cigarette smoking, sexual intercourse, delinquency), other weekly activities (eg, work, academic performance, sleep), self-esteem. RESULTS. Relative to high television (TV) and video viewers, adolescents in clusters characterized by skating and video gaming, high overall sports and sports participation with parents, using neighborhood recreation center, strict parental control of TV, reporting few activities overall, and being active in school were less likely to participate in a range of risky behaviors, ranging from an adjusted risk ratio (ARR) of 0.42 (outcome: illegal drug use, cluster: strict parental control of TV) to 0.88 (outcome: violence, cluster: sports with parents). Active teens were less likely to have low self-esteem (eg, adolescents engaging in sports with parents, ARR: 0.73) and more likely to have higher grades (eg, active in school, ARR: 1.20). CONCLUSIONS. Participation in a range of PA-related behaviors, particularly those characterized by high parental sports/exercise involvement, was associated with favorable adolescent risk profiles. Adolescents with high TV/video viewership were less likely to have positive risk behavior outcomes. Enhancing opportunities for PA and sport may have a beneficial effect on leading adolescent risk behaviors.
Nuclear and cytoplasmic estrogen receptors in ovine endometrium during the estrous cycle.

Binding of estradiol to a specific endometrial cytoplasmic receptor and translocation of the estrogen-receptor complex to the nucleus was studied in ewes on days 0 (estrus), 3, 6 and 10 of the estrous cycle. In addition, total endometrial cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors were determined by use of the estradiol exchange assay. The equilibrium dissociation constant for the estradiol-receptor complex and the maximum concentration of binding sites were determined to be 8.30 nM and 13,700 molecules per cell, respectively. As determined by exchange assay, total estradiol bound to the cytoplasmic receptor was greater (P < 0.01) on days 0 and 3 (6.84 and 9.56 fmol/μg DNA, respectively) than on days 6 and 10 (1.59 and 2.80 fmol/μug DNA, respectively). Total nuclear-bound estradiol averaged 1.21 ± 0.18 (SE) fmol/μg DNA on days 0, 3 and 6; however, it declined to 0.64 fmol/μg DNA on day 10. For each stage of the cycle studied, incubation of endometrium with 2 × 10-8M [3H]estradiol resulted in translocation of 77 / ...
Reduction of edge penetration effect in the scanning electron microscope

Electron penetration into the sample in the scanning electron microscope can give rise to bright fringes close to sharp edges in the secondary electron image. This can make it difficult to see details close to the edge. These fringes can be considerably reduced by putting a positive control electrode (CE) between the specimen and the collector. This can be mounted with an insulated clip directly onto the specimen stub. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated for the case of a cleaved silicon wafer containing microelectronic structures. The action of the CE is explained in terms of the effective solid angle subtended by the collector at the surface of the specimen.
Applying Polynomial Chaos Expansions to Evaluate the Effect of Tissue Non-Homogeneous Properties in Biotransport

Modeling drug transport in tissues has recently gained a lot of attention in the bioengineering community due its vast areas of applications [1]. Such injections often employ a positive pressure infusion directly in the target tissue. It is often referred to as convection enhanced delivery. There are several studies that addressed this problem in the literature. These studies rely on mathematical models of flow in porous media (Darcy, Brinkman...) and are successful in accounting for the existence of capillaries, tissue metabolism, etc. However, these models rely on the assumption that the tissue properties (e.g. permeability) are uniform inside tumors. MicroCT imaging following nanofluid infusion often reveals highly irregular distributions due to the spatial heterogeneity of the tissue [2].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Comparison of peripheral and central administration of naloxone in precipitating abstinence in morphine-dependent rats

Abstract Although it has been known that a morphine abstinence syndrome can be induced by naloxone administered centrally or peripherally, data on a detailed qualitative and quantitative comparison are not available. In the present study morphine pellets were implanted into rats and naloxone was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) 72 h later. A full array of abstinence signs with similar latency, duration, and intensity was seen in morphine-dependent rats following naloxone by either route. There were no major differences in the spectrum of withdrawal signs or in the proportion of rats showing the individual signs. In terms of body weight and temperature, the highest doses tested by each route produced similar quantitative effects. Our results demonstrate that naloxone given i.c.v. can precipitate the full morphine abstinence syndrome in rats at about 1 3 the dose needed for comparable effects when the antagonist is administered s.c.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS BASED UPON STOCHASTIC TIMED PETRI NET MODELS

A compositional modeling and performance evaluation technique for traffic control systems based on Stochastic Timed Petri Nets (STPN's) is presented. We use STPN's to specify traffic and traffic control at an intersection and use a random distribution model to model the motion of vehicles in a road segment between any two consecutive intersections. A traffic control system is thus modeled as a composition of individual intersection models and segment random distribution models. A technique is presented to incrementally evaluate the system's performance by analyzing intersections separately according to a carefully selected order. The analysis technique conforms to the accepted practice of transportation research. Compared to existing Petri net models of traffic control systems, our technique dramatically reduces the complexity of analysis.
Sinonasal epithelial cells synthesize active vitamin D, augmenting host innate immune function.

Background: Vitamin D, long recognized for its role in bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis, has been increasingly shown to augment innate immunity. 1-α-Hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of active vitamin D, has been shown to have extrarenal expression in multiple cell types, including airway epithelial cells. The purpose of this study is to explore whether sinonasal epithelial cells (SNECs) express 1-α-hydroxylase, allowing for the local production of active vitamin D, thereby augmenting innate immune function. Methods: Human SNECs were grown in culture and stimulated by inactive vitamin D. Expression of 1-α-hydroxylase was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. Active vitamin D production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide, was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. Results: SNECs constitutively express the enzyme 1-α-hydroxylase resulting in active vitamin D production. SNECs exposed to inactive vitamin D had a significant 8-fold increase in cathelicidin expression when compared to controls. Conclusion: SNECs can generate active vitamin D, which significantly increases expression of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin. © 2013 ARS–AAOA, LLC.
Communication systems Analysis and design using nomographs

Abstract A method is introduced for developing nomographs as tools for obtaining solutions of queueing equations. The approach is very useful and timesaving, particularly when repetitive solutions are required, e.g., in the early stages of planning a communication system. The nomograph approach uses graphical representations bases on geometrical relationship of scales which represent variables of an equation. Thus, the nomograph itself is not an approximation process. The accuracy of the solution depends primarily on the assumption and limitations of the queueing model. Only the scale length and the range of variables chosen affects the accuracy of solutions from the nomograph. To demonstrate the approach, a nomograph system is constructed for determining the mean and variance of response times of a loop communication subsystem as a function of message lengths, arrival rates, loop speeds, and loop utilization.
Tissue-Engineered Fabrication of an Osteochondral Composite Graft Using Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

This study tested the tissue engineering hypothesis that construction of an osteochondral composite graft could be accomplished using multipotent progenitor cells and phenotype-specific biomaterials. Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were culture-expanded and separately stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) for chondrogenic differentiation or with an osteogenic supplement (OS). MSCs exposed to TGF-beta1 were loaded into a sponge composed of a hyaluronan derivative (HYAF-11) for the construction of the cartilage component of the composite graft, and MSCs exposed to OS were loaded into a porous calcium phosphate ceramic component for bone formation. Cell-loaded HYAFF-11 sponge and ceramic were joined together with fibrin sealant, Tisseel, to form a composite osteochondral graft, which was then implanted into a subcutaneous pocket in syngeneic rats. Specimens were harvested at 3 and 6 weeks after implantation, examined with histology for morphologic features, and stained immunohistochemically for type I, II, and X collagen. The two-component composite graft remained as an integrated unit after in vivo implantation and histologic processing. Fibrocartilage was observed in the sponge, and bone was detected in the ceramic component. Observations with polarized light indicated continuity of collagen fibers between the ceramic and HYAFF-11 components in the 6-week specimens. Type I collagen was identified in the neo-tissue in both sponge and ceramic, and type II collagen in the fibrocartilage, especially the pericellular matrix of cells in the sponge. These data suggest that the construction of a tissue-engineered composite osteochondral graft is possible with MSCs and different biomaterials and bioactive factors that support either chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation.
Mass transport phenomena in oil-in-water emulsions containing surfactant micelles: Solubilization

The influence of surfactant type and concentration on the solubilization of n-hydrocarbon emulsion droplets in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant micelles was investigated. Solubilization was monitored by measuring the decrease in droplet concentration with time after n-tetradecane droplets were suspended in surfactant solutions (Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 80, Triton X-100, Triton SP-190, and Triton SP-175). The kinetics and extent of solubilization increased with surfactant concentration. The solubilization characteristics also depended on surfactant structure, with the interfacial mass transport coefficient and specific solubilization capacity of the micelles increasing as the HLB number moved from 17 to 12. This study shows that surfactant type and concentration have a pronounced influence on the kinetics and extent of solubilization in micellar solutions.
Production Research: Past, Present, and Future: A Review

Abstract Dairy production research was in its infancy when the Hatch Act was passed in 1887. This source of continuing research funding stimulated matching support from the Agricultural Experiment Stations to develop a broad-based, yet scientifically sound, national research effort. Major advances in genetics and breeding, nutrition and feeding, reproduction and lactation, and management have resulted in a dairy industry that has attained a high degree of specialization and efficiency. Future research will depend heavily on a multidisciplinary approach. Equipment and instrumentation will require even higher investments than in the past. Federal funding for agricultural research already has been targeted for longer range fundamental inquiries. Hence, state and other research funding will be necessary for research at the interface between basic findings and their demonstrated usefulness. A host of unanswered questions continues in all areas of current dairy production research. New research tools and the advances in molecular biology bring a fresh perspective to approach difficult problem areas in genetics, reproduction, nutrition, lactation, and management. Continuing increases in herd size will require heavy reliance on computer-assisted management tools in the future.
Structure of organometallic chemical vapor deposited BaTiO 3 thin films on LaAlO 3

BaTiO3 thin films grown on LaA1O3 by organometallic chemical vapor deposition were characterized with cross-sectional high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Epitaxy was confirmed for the films grown on (100) oriented substrates. The films displayed an aaxis orientation. The interface between the film and substrate was nearly atomically abrupt. Partial relaxation of the films was observed as a result of misfit dislocation formation.
Singular reaction diffusion equations of porous medium type

Abstract A class of reaction-diffusions equations with nonlinear boundary conditions and porous medium type of diffusion is investigated by the method of upper and lower solutions. The diffusion term in the equation includes the so-called slow diffusion ( m > 1 ) , fast diffusion ( 0 m 1 ) and super diffusion ( m ≤ 0 ) , and the reaction term may involve a singular function. The aim of this paper is to show the existence of a global time-dependent solution, the existence of positive minimal and maximal steady-state solutions, including the uniqueness of the positive solution, and the asymptotic behavior of the time-dependent solution in relation to the positive steady-state solutions. Of particular concern is the convergence of the time-dependent solution to a unique positive steady-state solution and the global attraction property of the reaction-diffusion problem. Applications are given to several specific problems which are of considerable interest in the current literature.
Markov chain reduction and analysis of GSPN models for task allocation in distributed systems

Abstract In this paper, we present a Markov chain (MC) reduction technique for analysis of a certain class of MCs. It requires only O(t) steps to analyze an MC having t states by this technique, as compared to O(t3) steps required by the usual matrix inversion method. We also present a generalized stochastic Petri net (GSPN) model for task allocation in distributed computer systems, where execution and inter-module communication costs are treated as random variables with exponential probability distribution. We show that the MC of this task system falls into a class to which the reduction technique is applicable. As an illustration of the reduction technique, we use a GSPN model of the task system to find the mean completion time of the system.
Using Machine Vision and Hand-Motion Control to Improve Crane Operator Performance

The payload oscillation inherent to all cranes makes it challenging for human operators to manipulate payloads quickly, accurately, and safely. Manipulation difficulty is also increased by nonintuitive crane-control interfaces. This paper describes a new interface that allows operators to drive a crane by moving a hand-held device (wand or glove) freely in space. A crane-mounted camera tracks the movement of the hand-held device, the position of which is used to drive the crane. Two control architectures were investigated. The first uses a simple feedback controller, and the second uses feedback and an input shaper. Two operator studies demonstrate that hand-motion crane control is faster and safer than using a standard push-button pendent control.
Spectroscopic Identification of the Acceptor-Hydrogen Complex in Mg-Doped GaN Grown by MOCVD

Mg-doped GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition were characterized by variable-temperature Hall-effect measurements and Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. As-grown, thermally activated, and deuterated Mg-doped GaN samples were investigated. The existence of Mg-H complexes in GaN is demonstrated with the observation of a local vibrational mode (LVM) at 3125 cm-1 (8 K). At 300 K this absorption line shifts to 3122 cm-1. The intensity of the LVM line is strongest in absorption spectra of as-grown GaN. Mg which is semi-insulating. Upon thermal activation, the intensity of the LVM line significantly decreases and an acceptor concentration of 2×1019cm-3 is derived from the Hall-effect data. After deuteration at 600°C the resistivity of the Mg-doped GaN increased by four orders of magnitude. A LVM line at 2321 cm-1 (8 K) appears in the absorption spectra which is consistent with the isotopie shift of the vibrational frequency when D is substituted for H.
The ImmC region of phage P1 codes for a gene whose product promotes lytic growth.

Abstract The ImmC region of the temperate bacteriophage P1 contains c 1, a gene that codes for a repressor of lytic growth. Located in the region upstream of c 1 are four open reading frames capable of coding for low-molecular-weight proteins. The efficiency of lysogeny by P1 + Cm was found to be reduced by almost 10 5 -fold when the host cells carry this region of ImmC on a multicopy plasmid. The sequences responsible for interfering with lysogen formation were localized to one of the small open reading frames ( orf 4) within ImmC. Insertions and deletions within orf 4 suppress the virulent phenotype of P1 vir C mutants when introduced into the phage by recombination. These vir C-suppressed mutant phage were found to be incapable of lytic growth unless the product of orf 4 is provided in trans . The presence of orf 4 was observed to interfere with repression by the c 1 protein of ImmC-encoded promoters fused to lac Z. For this reason, we suggest that orf 4 corresponds to coi , a gene previously proposed to code for an inactivator of c 1 -mediated repression.
Expression and analysis of two novel rat organic cation transporter homologs, SLC22A17 and SLC22A23

The organic cation transporter (OCT, SLC22) family is a family of polyspecific transmembrane proteins that are responsible for the uptake or excretion of many cationic drugs, toxins, and endogenous metabolites in a variety of tissues. Many of the OCTs have been previously characterized, but there are a number of orphan genes whose functions remain unknown. In this study, two novel rat SLC22 genes, SLC22A17 (BOCT1) and SLC22A23 (BOCT2), were cloned and characterized. Northern blot analysis showed that BOCT1 and BOCT2 mRNA was expressed in a wide variety of tissues. BOCT1 was strongly expressed in brain, primary neurons and brain endothelial cells, with highest expression in choroid plexus. BOCT2 was also abundantly expressed in brain, as well as in liver. To characterize the products of these genes, BOCT1 cDNA was isolated from a rat blood–brain barrier cDNA library, and BOCT2 cDNA was isolated from rat brain capillary and from cultured neurons using PCR techniques. Plasmids expressing BOCT1 and BOCT2 were transfected into HEK-293 cells, as were control cDNAs for OCT1 and OCTN2. Recombinant cell surface protein was verified by western blot and fluorescence microscopy. Transport activity of BOCT1 and BOCT2 was evaluated using radioisotope uptake assays. The OCT1- and OCTN2-expressing cells transported the canonical substrates, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+) and carnitine, respectively. However, BOCT1 and BOCT2-expressing cells did not show transport activity for these substrates or a number of other SLC22 substrates. These novel family members have a nonconserved amino terminus, relative to other OCTs, that may preclude typical SLC22 transport function.
On the formation and growth of faults: an experimental study

Abstract By using an experimental geometry, which includes a slot loaded to produce a mode 3 shear stress concentration, shear fractures have been grown in two fine-grained rock types. The deformation is accomplished by initially generating an array of oblique, mainly tensile, cracks at the tip of the slot, which are subsequently linked to form a rupture zone. This suggests a more general model for the formation of brittle shear rupture. A through-going shear surface will form if a damage zone is concentrated enough in the appropriate orientation. This may occur at the edges of an existing shear strain discontinuity, such as a fault, particularly in a mode 3 displacement field. Thus under some conditions faults may grow or link up as true macroscopic shear ruptures. This may be part of a solution to the apparent paradox of the existence of long faults. We suggest features that would indicate this sequence of formation in the field and review some geological examples.
Bitblox: Printable digital materials for electromechanical machines

As additive manufacturing of mechanical parts gains broad acceptance, efforts to embed electronic or electromechanical components in these parts are intensifying. We discuss recent work in printable electronics and introduce an alternative, which we call Bitblox. Bitblox are small, modular, interconnecting blocks that embed simple electromechanical connectivity and functionality. Not all blocks are identical; instead the unique combinations and positions of Bitblox within an assembly determine the mechanical and electrical properties of the assembly. We describe the design details of Bitblox, compare them to similar materials, and demonstrate their use in a working three-dimensional printer through several examples.
Reorganization of the structures, morphologies, and conformations of polymers by coalescence from their crystalline inclusion compounds formed with cyclodextrins

We and several other research groups have recently reported the ability of cyclodextrins (CDs) to act as hosts in the formation of inclusion compounds (ICs) with guest polymers. Polymer-CD-ICs are crystalline materials formed by the close packing of host CD stacks, which results in a continuous channel of ∼5-10A in diameter running down the interior of the CD stacks. The guest polymers are confined to the narrow, continuous CD channels, and so are necessarily highly extended and segregated from neighboring polymer chains by the walls of the CD stacks. We have shown that coalescence of guest polymers from their CD-IC crystals can result in a significant reorganization of the structures, morphologies, and even conformations that are normally observed in their bulk samples. For example, when poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is coalesced from its γ-CD-IC, we find that in the non-crystalline regions of the sample the PET chains are adopting highly extended kink conformations, which result in their facile recrystallization from the melt and prevent quenching of the coalesced PET to achieve an amorphous sample during rapid cooling from above T m . We have also created well-mixed blends of normally incompatible polymers by coalescing them from CD-ICs containing both polymers, where they are necessarily spatially proximal. Finally we have found the unique morphologies created by the coalescence of homopolymers, block copolymers, and homopolymer pairs from their CD-ICs are generally stable to heat treatment for substantial periods above their T m 's and/or Tg's, and so may be thermoplastically processed without loss of the unique morphologies achieved through coalescence from their CD-IC crystals.
Study on the Repair of Corroded, Reinforced Concrete Structures by Electrochemical Treatment

Abstract The electrochemical treatment for the repair of corroded, realexistence concrete structures is presented here. Investigations on corroded, reinforced concrete members with cracks were conducted in this study. A plastic panel was attached to the surface of the concrete member, and the external solution was filled up in the panel. A direct current was fed between the reinforcing steel in concrete and a titanium-mesh immersed in the external solution. Visual observation and electrochemical investigations were performed to assess the effectiveness of this method. The results indicate that electrodeposits formed on the concrete surface are able to close concrete cracks and that this method is effective on repassivity of reinforcing steel in concrete.
Effect of Menstrual Cycle on Esophageal Emptying of Liquid and Solid Boluses

The effect of the menstrual cycle on esophageal emptying is unknown. We investigated the influence of the menstrual cycle on esophageal transit of liquid and solid boluses in 30 healthy, normally menstruating women who were 20 to 46 years of age. Each subject was studied during the follicular (days 8 through 10) and the luteal (days 18 through 20) phase of the menstrual cycle. Subjects swallowed a 10-ml bolus of water and two solid boluses, each radiolabeled with 100 μCi of 99mTc sulfur colloid. Esophageal scintigraphy was used to assess esophageal emptying of the liquid and solid boluses. Our results showed no significant differences in esophageal transit of either liquid or solid material between follicular and luteal phases. We conclude that esophageal emptying is unaffected by the phases of the menstrual cycle.
The Architecture of Lisp Machines

Lisp has been a popular programming language for well over 20 years and has become the premier language of artificial intelligence research. Recent interest in fifth generation computer systems has sparked renewed interest in systems for the efficient execution of Lisp and Lisp-like languages. There are two main reasons for Lisp's popularity: extensibility and flexibility. Lisp's extensibility derives from the capability that it provides to build powerful, friendly systems starting with just a few basic primitives and data types. Lisp is dynamically typed and ideally suited for incremental program development, making it a good choice for the fast prototyping of software systems. Several current symbolic manipulation and algebraic systems, design and graphic description systems, expert systems, and other heavily-used non-numeric systems are also based on an underlying Lisp system. Typically, these systems do not run efficiently due to the large semantic gap between list-manipulating languages like Lisp and the conventional von Neumann machine. In this survey, the authors the author discuss what takes place during typical Lisp execution. Based on this, the authors enumerate the runtime requirements of a Lisp system and identify potential obstacles to good machine performance. The authors provide a classification of the Lisp machines that theymore » encountered during the survey, and examine the techniques employed in these machines to cater to Lisp's runtime requirements.« less
Design of process operations using hybrid dynamic optimization

Accurate nonlinear dynamic models of process operations such as start-ups and shut-downs include state-dependent events that trigger discrete changes to the describing equations, and are best analyzed within a hybrid systems framework. The automated design of an optimal process operation can thus be formulated as a dynamic optimization problem with a hybrid system embedded. This paper describes recent progress on the development of suitable deterministic algorithms for the global solution of these problems. A method for constructing convex relaxations of general nonconvex nonlinear programming (NLP) problems with linear dynamic systems embedded is presented. These convex relaxations are then extended to multistage problems with model switches between the stages. Finally, integer variables are introduced to represent alternative sequences of model switches. The ability to construct convex relaxations enables existing nonconvex mixed nonlinear programming (MINLP) algorithms to be applied to find the global solution of the resulting mixed integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) problems.
Predictive Limits of Acoustic Diffraction Theory for Rough Wall Flows

Rough walls can produce noise through local effects such as vortex shedding or through diffraction of the convected turbulent flowfield. It is known that diffraction dominates for hydrodynamically smooth surfaces and self-noise dominates for obstructions many times the size of the boundary layer, but as of yet, the transition between regimes has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, the limits of acoustic diffraction theory for rough wall flows are examined by analyzing the unsteady drag inferred from measurement of the far-field noise produced by fetches of discrete roughness elements ranging in size from h/δ=5 to 6% and from 14 to 18%. Measured unsteady drag spectra are compared to theoretically predicted spectra from diffraction theory. It is shown that the effectiveness of diffraction theory is not solely dependent on the relative turbulence and roughness scales, but on the ratio of roughness height to boundary-layer thickness as well. It is also shown that the unsteady drag spectra produce...
Blake polarity episode in two cores from the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge

Abstract Two large-diameter cores from the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge have confirmed the Blake episode 0.1 m.y. B.P. as a genuine paleomagnetic reversed interval at least in that region. The feature is clearly defined in more than 125 stably magnetized specimens of Last Interglacial abyssal brown clay, but its precise age and duration cannot yet be estimated reliably from these or other available data. During the reversed period, positions of the virtual geomagnetic pole lay about 20° from the south geographic pole, with polarity transitions traversing paths in the eastern hemisphere. Each core also recorded a normally polarized excursion within the Blake feature. Because the most acceptable Blake episode data presently span only a small geographic area, they are insufficient for distinguishing between global and local geomagnetic models for the feature.
Measuring Family Caregiver Perceptions of Support in Caring for Children and Youth With Mental Health Concerns

ABSTRACT This correlational study assessed how families of children with mental illness perceived the levels of support they received from informal and formal resource providers and the associations between perceived support and child outcomes. Adult caregivers (N = 904) of youth receiving public mental health care services were administered the Family Caregiver Perceptions of Support Scale developed by the authors to assess family caregiver perceptions of support prior to and at termination of services. Factor analysis identified three types of caregiver anticipated supports: informal support resources, support for treatment plan influence, and health care resources. The domains were significantly and positively associated with one another but did not uniformly correlate with youth mental health outcomes. The study provides preliminary evidence that treatment gains in youth mental health outcomes are observed when caregivers perceive support in treatment processes. Suggestions for future research are mad...
Algorithms for handling skew in parallel task scheduling

Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of scheduling a collection of independent tasks on multiple processors (denote the number of processors by p ) so that the maximum completion time is minimized. We present two new algorithms, the LPT-MinHeight (LPTMH) algorithm and the Split-LPT(SLPT) algorithm. Both algorithms are based on the LPT ( L argest P rocessing T ime first) algorithm. The worst case imbalance for the LPTMH algorithm never exceeds 1/( e − 1) ≤ 0.582, while the worst case imbalance for the SLPT algorithm is ( p − 1)/( p + 1) SLPT bound is equal to the bound for a previously published algorithm while the LPTMH bound is the best known so far. Both LPTMH and SLPT take much less running time than competing algorithms. Results of experiments show that the SLPT algorithm performs better on the average than the LPTMH algorithm and as well as other known algorithms.
Status report on the Advanced Photon Source, summer 1990

The Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory has been designed as a national user facility for synchrotron-radiation researchers from industry universities and national laboratories. By providing x-ray beams more brilliant than those currently available the APS promises to play a substantial role in any discipline where knowledge of the structure of matter is important from basic research in materials and chemistry to condensed-matter physics biology and medical applications. The science now in progress at existing synchrotron-radiation facilities and the science being proposed for the APS underlie virtually all modem technologies.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A typology of Nietzsche's biology

Friedrich Nietzsche's will to power, and the philosophical ediface built on this foundation, is formulated on a biologicism that is indebted to a particular post-Darwinian vision of the organism. Of the various models that attempt to formulate a comprehensive organismal biology, Nietzsche unknowingly grasped that of Elie Metchnikoff, who authored the theoretical foundation of modern immunology. Metchnikoff regarded the organism as a disharmonious entity, in constant inner strife between competing cellular activities. Immune functions were responsible for mediating harmonization, which however remains an elusive ideal. This view of the organism posited an ever-changing, self-defining entity striving for self-actualization while in ceaseless inner struggle as well as in competition with the environment. The theory is no less than an epistemological response of how to establish the subject-object relation in a construct where the subject's boundaries are dialectical and evolving. The similarity of the philosophical positions of Nietzsche and Metchnikoff regarding the Self offers rich resonance in current attempts to formulate a biomedical language appropriate to address the issues raised by these problems.
Stressful life events and the decision for surgery for obesity

Abstract Assessment of the levels of stressful life events among 88 morbidly obese patients and 276 comparison adults showed that the morbidly obese had undergone stressful events more frequently during the three years before surgery than the comparison adults over a similar time span. The rate of occurrence of such events in these patients increased markedly in the year preceding surgery. Morbid obesity caused some life events, such as major medical problems, and made coping with other life events more difficult. The data support the hypothesis that stress can rationally motivate adults with chronic medical problems to seek drastic remedial treatment.
Electrophilic reactivity of coordinated cyclic π-hydrocarbons

Abstract A large number of transition metal complexes are known that contain cyclic π -hydrocarbon ligands. In many cases, coordination to the metal imparts significant electrophilic character to the hydrocarbon. In this review, the electrophilic properties of cyclic dienyl and triene complexes are examined. Featured reactions with nucleophiles include (1) single and double addition to the coordinated ring, (2) substitution of a ring substituent, e.g. chloride, (3) deprotonation of the coordinated ring or a side chain, (4) ligand substitution and (5) single electron transfer. The mechanistic aspects of these reactions are discussed with regard to electrophilic and nucleophilic reactivity, regiochemistry, stereochemistry, and detailed reaction pathways. The mechanistic principles are illustrated by selected synthetic applications.
Status epilepticus induces p53 sequence-specific DNA binding in mature rat brain

Previous studies have implicated the tumor suppressor gene, p53, in neuronal apoptosis due to excitotoxin treatment. To test whether p53 protein functions as a transcription factor during excitotoxic cell death, we used electrophoretic mobility shift assays to measure p53 sequence-specific DNA-binding activity following kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. A rapid and significant increase in p53 DNA-binding activity was observed in extracts from kainate-vulnerable brain regions at 2.5 h after seizure onset, an effect which lasted up to 16 h after seizure-onset. DNA binding activity returned to normal by 30 h after KA injection. Pre-treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, as well as pre-incubation with PAb421, a p53 monoclonal antibody, significantly attenuated p53 DNA-binding activity induced by KA treatment. These results indicate that p53 protein may function as a transcription factor, following KA treatment, to regulate the expression of p53-responsive genes involved in neuronal apoptosis.
Cosmetic surgery volume and its correlation with the major US stock market indices.

Background: As a consumer-driven industry, cosmetic plastic surgery is subject to ebbs and flows as the economy changes. There have been many predictions about the short, intermediate, and long-term impact on cosmetic plastic surgery as a result of difficulties in the current economic climate, but no studies published in the literature have quantified a direct correlation. Objectives: The authors investigate a possible correlation between cosmetic surgery volume and the economic trends of the three major US stock market indices. Methods: A volume analysis for the time period from January 1992 to October 2008 was performed (n = 7360 patients, n = 8205 procedures). Four cosmetic procedures—forehead lift (FL), rhytidectomy (Rh), breast augmentation (BA), and liposuction (Li)—were chosen; breast reduction (BRd), breast reconstruction (BRc), and carpal tunnel release (CTR) were selected for comparison. Case volumes for each procedure and fiscal quarter were compared to the trends of the S&P 500, Dow Jones (DOW), and NASDAQ (NASD) indices. Pearson correlation statistics were used to evaluate a relationship between the market index trends and surgical volume. P values <.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Three of the four cosmetic surgery procedures investigated (Rh, n = 1540; Li, n = 1291; BA, n = 1959) demonstrated a direct (ie, positive) statistical correlation to all three major market indices. FL (n =312) only correlated to the NASD ( P = .021) and did not reach significance with the S&P 500 ( P = .077) or DOW ( P = .14). BRd and BRc demonstrated a direct correlation to two of the three stock market indices, whereas CTR showed an inverse (ie, negative) correlation to two of the three indices. Conclusions: This study, to our knowledge, is the first to suggest a direct correlation of four cosmetic and two reconstructive plastic surgery procedures to the three major US stock market indices and further emphasizes the importance of a broad-based plastic surgery practice in times of economic recession.