cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Known Signals in Additive Noise

In this chapter we will begin our description of signal detection schemes for non-Gaussian noise by consideringn one of the simplest to formulate and most commonly encountered of all detection problems.This is the detection of real-valued deterministic signal which is completely know in a background of additive noise. We shall be concerned exclusively with discrete-time detection problems in this book. In many applications discrete-time observations are obtained by sampling at a uniform rate same underlying continuous-time observation process. In the next section we will give the example of detection of a pulse train in additive noise to illustrate how a discrete-time detection problem may arise in a different manner from an original problem formulation in the continuous-time domain.
Biomimetic Multiscale Topography for Cell Alignment

Cell-cell communication can be facilitated by manipulation of the topographical surface structure (biomimetics) in which the cells are cultured. This is particularly important for culture of cardiac cells for the enhancing of cell-cell communication. Here, we highlight methods available for generating tissue-like biomimetic cell culture platforms.
Modulation of neuroinflammation and memory dysfunction using percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in mice

Abstract Background The vagus nerve is involved in regulating immunity and resolving inflammation. Current strategies aimed at modulating neuroinflammation and cognitive decline, in many cases, are limited and ineffective. Objective We sought to develop a minimally invasive, targeted, vagus nerve stimulation approach (pVNS), and we tested its efficacy with respect to microglial activation and amelioration of cognitive dysfunction following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxemia in mice. Methods We stimulated the cervical vagus nerve in mice using an ultrasound-guided needle electrode under sevoflurane anesthesia. The concentric bipolar needle electrode was percutaneously placed adjacent to the carotid sheath and stimulation was verified in real-time using bradycardia as a biomarker. Activation of vagal fibers was confirmed with immunostaining in relevant brainstem structures, including the dorsal motor nucleus and nucleus tractus solitarius. Efficacy of pVNS was evaluated following administration of LPS and analyses of changes in inflammation and behavior. Results pVNS enabled stimulation of the vagus nerve as demonstrated by changes in bradycardia and histological evaluation of c-Fos and choline acetyltransferase expression in brainstem nuclei. Following LPS administration, pVNS significantly reduced plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α at 3 h post-injection. pVNS prevented LPS-induced hippocampal microglial activation as analyzed by changes in Iba-1 immunoreactivity, including cell body enlargement and shortened ramifications. Cognitive dysfunction following endotoxemia was also restored by pVNS. Conclusion Targeted cervical VNS using this novel percutaneous approach reduced LPS-induced systemic and brain inflammation and significantly improved cognitive responses. These results provide a novel therapeutic approach using bioelectronic medicine to modulate neuro-immune interactions that affect cognition.
A Planetarium Dome Master Camera

This chapter presents a camera implementation for high-quality interactive ray tracing of planetarium dome master images using an azimuthal equidistant projection. Ray tracing is aptly suited for implementing a wide variety of special panoramic and stereoscopic projections without sacrificing image quality. This camera implementation supports antialiasing, depth of field focal blur, and circular stereoscopic projections, all effects that are difficult to produce with high quality using conventional rasterization and image warping.
A UNIQUE CASE OF POSTURAL ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK IN THE SUPINE POSITION

While Mobitz Type II Atrioventricular block (AVB) is always associated with conduction abnormalities below the AV node, Type I AVB can be due to nodal or infranodal pathology. 2° AVB with 2:1 conduction cannot be described as Mobitz I or II; however, QRS morphology can localize the conduction
Depth Thermography Enabled by Precise Thermal-Emission Measurements

We developed and experimentally demonstrated a depth-thermography technique based on infrared thermal emission that enables the extraction of temperatures beneath the surface of an object. © 2019 The Author(s)
A novel digenic epistatic interaction at two loci regulating spikelet fertility in rice

The seed setting rate (spikelet fertility) is an important determinant of rice yield. In the past few decades, genes that control rice seed set have been cloned, and many quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified. However, the epistasis influencing rice seed set remains largely unclear. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population, which consisted of 219 lines developed by crossing the Lemont and Yangdao4 rice cultivars, was grown in five environments to identify the QTL and epistatic loci related to seed set. A total of 26 minor-effect QTL were detected by multiple interval mapping, which explained less than 12.7% of the phenotypic variation individually. A pair of new epistatic loci were detected and confirmed by two-way analysis of variance; the homozygous Yangdao4 allele at the qSS6.1 locus interacted with the homozygous Lemont allele at the qSS8.1 locus and resulted in a low seed setting rate. A linear regression analysis and a multiple comparison test suggested that eight alleles at four QTL (qSS1.3, qSS6.3, qSS7.1, and qSS8.1) control seed set simultaneously. Marker-assisted selection using these four loci guaranteed a greater than 70% average seed setting rate in all five environments.
Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Lung Transplant Recipients: The Effects on Lung Allograft and Clinical Outcomes

Purpose Human metapneumovirus infection (HMPVi) is a common community acquired infection in lung transplant recipients (LTRs), but data is very limited. Methods This retrospective study of HMPVi in LTRs at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from Jan 2010 - April 2019 examined mortality, acute cellular rejection (ACR), donor specific antibody (DSA), chronic allograft dysfunction (CLAD) progression at 1 year after HMPVi as well as readmission, secondary bacterial/fungal infection at 90 days after HMPVi. The center's viral treatment practice included education for prompt diagnosis and consideration of ribavirin (RBV) usually with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for HMPVi. Results Of 31 HMPV infected LTRs, 22 received RBV (13 oral and 9 inhaled ribavirin) and 9 received supportive care only (SC). Baseline characteristics and infection parameters were similar among the 2 groups except concomitant respiratory bacterial pathogens at diagnosis, use of IVIG, and persistent HMPV shedding. In patients, whose respiratory viral PCR was repeated during day7-day30 post HMPVi, the SC group had significantly higher persistent viral shedding (66.7% vs 9.1% (RBV), p=0.03). There were no significant differences in readmission, death, CLAD progression, and DSA development among the 2 groups. The SC group had higher ACR rate (25% vs 0% (RBV), p = 0.03). Of 27 patients with complete pulmonary function tests, 11 (40.7%) developed CLAD progression within 1 year [50% (SC) vs 36.9% (RBV), p=0.53]. The SC group tended to have more fungal pathogen in respiratory samples (44.4% vs 13.6% (RBV), p= 0.06), but there were no significant differences in invasive fungal or bacterial infection at 90 days post HMPVs. Three patients reported side effects from RBV (nausea, diarrhea, and headache); none prematurely stopped RBV. Conclusion RBV and IVIG may reduce risk of ACR and may help clear viral shedding. CLAD progression post HMPVi was 40% in this cohort and CLAD progression rates were not different among the 2 groups.
Type Specimens of Hawaiian Land Snails in the Paleontological Research Institution in Ithaca, New York

The diversity of Hawaiian land snails was once extraordinary, both in terms of the number of species and the unparalleled levels of endemism. Habitat loss and the establishment of non-native species that prey on native snails have resulted in catastrophic declines in Hawaii's native land snails in the last century, and many are now critically endangered or extinct. Despite these losses, some species persist, and recent surveys have identified remnant populations of several species previously thought extinct. To effectively manage these remaining taxa and to understand what has been lost, the systematics of the land snail fauna of Hawaii needs revision; this will facilitate accurate identification of threatened species, discovery of undescribed species, and a fuller understanding of native land snail evolution and conservation. The development of type catalogs for all major museum collections holding type material of Hawaiian land snails is a necessary first step in this revisionary process. Here we describe the type material at the Paleontological Research Institute (PRI) in Ithaca, New York. Most of the type collection of Hawaiian land snails at PRI was acquired from Wesley Newcomb through the Cornell Museum. Newcomb described 126 species and varieties of endemic Hawaiian land snails, of which the PRI Hawaiian land snail collection contains type material for 74 nominal species-group taxa belonging to the Achatinellidae and Amastridae. Eighteen of these are recognized as primary type material (i.e., syntypes or lectotypes, there are no holotypes or neotypes).
Software Reliability in Space Applications - Facts, Trends and Challenges

This presentation discusses the facts, trends and challenges in software engineering and software reliability for space applications.
Effect of drought stress on in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility of corn for silage

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drought stress on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and lignin (LIG) concentrations and on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) of leaf blades and stem internodes of corn for silage. Eight plots were blocked (i.e., 4 blocks) and randomly subjected to a watered (W) or non-watered (NW) treatment. Within each block, plots were split into 7 sub-plots, to which 1 of 7 corn hybrids were randomly assigned. Before planting, all plots were irrigated with 150 mm of water to ensure a consistent emergence of corn seedlings. After this pre-planting irrigation, NW plots were not irrigated ever again. After planting, W plots were irrigated with 225 and 360 mm of water pre-tasseling and post-tasseling, respectively. Stem internodes and leaf blades from the second phytomer below (LOWER) and the second phytomer above (UPPER) the ear insertion were collected to determine tissue composition and digestibility. Drought stress increased the concentration of NDF in both leaf blades (628 vs. 613 mg NDF/g DM) and stem internodes (625 vs. 572 mg NDF/g DM). Drought stress decreased IVDMD in stem internodes (0.575 vs. 0.525 IVDMD) but had no effect on IVDMD of leaf blades (0.561 IVDMD). Similarly, drought stress decreased IVNDFD in stem internodes (0.422 vs. 0.391 IVNDFD) but had no effect on IVNDFD of leaf blades (0.536 IVNDFD). Drought stress increased the concentration of lignin in the cell wall of leaf blades (161 vs. 141 mg/g CW) but had no effect on stem internodes (266 mg/g CW). Under the conditions of this study, water supply had a minimal effect on lignin concentration in the cell wall and did not increase the in vitro digestibility of fiber in corn for silage. The latter observation is contrary to the general industry belief that water stress increases fiber digestibility in forages.
The neurocognitive mechanisms of responsibility: A framework for normatively relevant neuroscience

Abstract We argue that research in cognitive neuroscience can contribute meaningfully to some normative theorizing. To make our case, we develop one instance where ethical inquiry progressed through empirical research into the computational basis of decision-making. From this, we draw some general considerations about the kinds of normative inquiry where research in cognitive neuroscience might be relevant.
Scaleup and manufacturability of symmetric-structured metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells with symmetric architecture, having metal supports on both sides of the cell, are scaled up from button cell size to large 50 cm2 active area cell size. The cells remain flat after sintering assisted by the symmetric structure. Equivalent performance is achieved for button cells and large cells, and thermal cycling and redox cycling tolerance are demonstrated for the large cells. The catalyst infiltration process is improved to enable high-throughput manufacturing. The cumbersome lab-scale molten nitrate infiltration process is replaced with a room-temperature process in which a shelf-stable aqueous solution of nitrate salts is applied to the cell by spraying, painting, or other scalable techniques. A fast-ramp thermal conversion of the nitrate salts to the final oxide catalyst composition is implemented, allowing many infiltration cycles to be accomplished in a single work shift. Increasing the number of infiltration cycles from 5 to 10 led to an increase in peak power density from approximately 0.3 to 0.52 W cm−2.
Service-Learning in Audiology: A Systematic Review

Purpose Service-learning has the potential to improve student outcomes by providing students opportunities to apply their knowledge and skills in real-world contexts and is well suited to graduate ...
Course ReDesign: Implementing Active Learning In Any Classroom

Location: JC Room B The Center for Academic Advising, Retention, and Transitions (CAART) is responsible for managing UNIV transition courses and programs across the university. UNIV courses range from our transition to Mason course (UNIV 100) to preparing students for workplace realities (UNIV 421). For the fall 2019 semester, we will offer nearly 70 sections of UNIV 100 with 1/3 of our incoming first-year students taking the course. The CAART team is responsible for training nearly 70 faculty and 70 Peer Advisors (PAs) who are undergraduate student leaders who co-teach UNIV 100. A guiding philosophy for this course is to have our students engage with the information presented in the class. Rarely will the faculty and Peer Advisors lecture to students, instead the faculty and PA will involve students through discussions (small and large group), activities, personal reflections, etc. In the summer of 2018, the CAART team participated in The Stearns Center's Course ReDesign Academy to provide us with more framework and rethink the way that we train our faculty and PAs to teach UNIV 100. From the academy, we have taken the approach of beginning every lesson plan with the student learning outcomes in mind, and then fitting the content and in-class activities or tasks to make sure those learning outcomes are met. Assessing learning outcomes from activities or tasks can often seem daunting, but the academy helped us rethink how we are truly measuring student learning by making sure they actually know the information, not just if they can regurgitate the correct answers on a test. Assessments can include a reflective journal, sharing with a partner two things they learned from class, writing on a post-it note something they are still unsure about, etc. During this active presentation, our goal is to help other faculty see the importance of active engagement in the classroom and to learn various ways to engage students in the classroom. Additionally, we hope that this brief introduction would plant the seed to encourage more faculty to think about how they can ReDesign their courses as well!
Appropriate Null Hypothesis for Cosmological Birefringence

A Comment on the Letter by Borge Nodland and John P. Ralston, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3043 (1997). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Hierarchical Mixed-Domain Circuit Simulation, Synthesis and Extraction Methodology for MEMS

Emerging results for mixed-domain circuit simulation, a component-level synthesis strategy, and a layout extractor is presented for use in design of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The mixed-domain circuit representation is based on Kirchhoffian network theory. Micromechanical and electromechanical components may be partitioned hierarchically into low-level reusable elements. The MEMS component-level synthesis approach uses optimization to generate microstructure layout that meets specified performance criteria. A feature-recognition based extractor for verification translates layout geometry into the mixed-domain circuit representation. A common MEMS component, the integrated microresonator, demonstrates the use of these tools. Lumped-parameter MEMS simulation of the resonant frequency matches finite-element analysis to 1% and fabricated resonators match to within 4% of the synthesized performance. Based on this initial work, a hierarchical structured design methodology for integrated microsystems that is compatible with standard VLSI design is proposed.
In Vivo Effects of Platelet Apheresis on Oxygen Metabolism in Pigs

Introduction: Platelet apheresis is a routine clinical practice. Although the efficacy of collected platelets has been studied, the impact of apheresis on the physiology of the donor is less clear. This study investigated oxygen metabolism in pigs during a 4 hour platelet apheresis as a prelude to initiating studies of hemorrhage and resuscitation in swine with reduced platelets. Methods: Forty pigs (39.8±0.6 kg) were catheterized with a femoral vein catheter for platelet apheresis, using a Haemonetics MCS9000. Hemodynamics was recorded during the apheresis process. Arterial and venous samples were collected before and after apheresis for blood gases and CBC. Results: During apheresis, blood-withdrawing decreased MAP from 74 ± 2 to 45±1 mmHg and increased heart rate from 104±3 to 129±4 bpm (both p<0.05); blood-returning recovered MAP and HR to baseline values, with no changes observed in cardiac output. Platelet counts in pigs decreased to 40±3% of baseline va...
EMG-based motion intention detection for control of a shoulder neuroprosthesis

A method for predicting shoulder and motions from electromyograms (EMGs) from shoulder muscles using a time-delayed artificial neural network (TDANN) is described. The chosen network was found to be capable of characterizing the nonlinear and dynamic relationship between the EMG signals recorded from 6 shoulder muscles and the resulting shoulder and elbow motions in 5 able-bodied subjects. Preliminary work in one individual with tetraplegia due to spinal cord injury indicate that the same TDANN structure (although with a different set of muscle EMGs) will be also be sufficient to detect these motions in this population. This ability to detect shoulder and elbow motions would allow neuroprostheses based on functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) to appropriately vary stimulation patterns in a very natural manner for different tasks.
PREDICTIVE SOCIOECONOMIC AND CLINICAL PROFILES OF ANTIDEPRESSANT RESPONSE AND REMISSION

Background There are many prognostic factors for treatment outcome in major depressive disorder (MDD). The predictive power of any single factor, however, is limited. We aimed to develop profiles of antidepressant response and remission based upon hierarchical combinations of baseline clinical and demographic factors. Methods Using data from Level 1 of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression trial (STAR*D), in which 2,876 participants with MDD were treated with citalopram, a signal-detection analysis was performed to identify hierarchical predictive profiles for patients with different treatment outcome. An automated algorithm was used to determine the optimal predictive variables by evaluating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and test efficiency. Results Hierarchical combinations of baseline clinical and demographic factors yielded profiles that significantly predicted treatment outcome. In contrast to an overall 47% response rate in STAR*D Level 1, response rates of profiled patient subgroups ranged from 31 to 63%. In contrast to an overall remission rate of 28%, identified subsets of patients had a 12 to 55% probability of remission. The predictors of antidepressant treatment outcome most commonly incorporated into profiles were related to socioeconomic status (e.g., income, education), whereas indicators of depressive symptom type and severity, as well as comorbid clinical conditions, were useful but less powerful predictors. Conclusions Hierarchical profiles of demographic and clinical baseline variables categorized patients according to the likelihood they would benefit from a single antidepressant trial. Socioeconomic factors had greater predictive power than symptoms or other clinical factors, and profiles combining multiple factors were stronger predictors than individual factors alone.
Change Detection Metrics And Mixels (mixed Picture Elements) For Computer Analysis Of Low Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery

The computer analysis of low resolution remote sensing imagery such as provided by the LANDSAT I and LANDSAT II satellites presents several basic problems. 1. Resolution elements, which are approximately 80 meters square seldom contain single, identifiable, signatures relevant to land utilization. 2. Picture elements (PIXELS) of mixtures of land usage (MIXELS) often contribute adversely to the success of clustering algorithms and pattern recognition techniques. 3. Since the exact spectral signature (features) of a MIXEL are extremely sensitive to slight displacements of the data, it is difficult to accurately assess changes in basic land usage based on repetitive coverage. This paper discusses several techniques which can be used to find MIXELS and use them in a constructive manner in land use classification. It also presents experimental results obtained from clustering algor ithms for conditions in which MIXELS are both included and excluded from the analysis. In conclusion, the paper suggests several change detection metrics which can be used for gross, low cost screening of LANDSAT data for isolation of regions with changes in land utilization.
Invasive aspergillosis of paranasal tissues in children with malignancies

Paranasal aspergillosis was encountered in five children with relapsed malignancies. All had received broad-spectrum antibiotics within two weeks of development of aspergillosis, and all had absolute granulocyte counts 3 for at least three weeks. None had received prior antifungal therapy. There was an average delay of eight days before the correct diagnosis was established by either biopsy or culture. These data emphasize the need to obtain surveillance cultures of the upper respiratory tract passages in severely neutropenic patients receiving prolonged antibiotic therapy, and raise a question concerning prophylactic use of antifungal therapy in this group.
Consolidating home meal delivery with limited operational disruption

Abstract Non-profit organizations like the Meals On Wheels (MOW) association of America prepare and deliver meals, typically daily, to approximately one million homebound individuals in the United States alone. However, many MOW agencies are facing a steadily increasing number of clients requesting meal service without an increase in resources (either financial or human). One strategy for accommodating these requests is to deliver multiple (frozen) meals at a time and thus make fewer deliveries. However, many of the stakeholders (funders, volunteers, meal recipients) value the relationships that are developed by having a client receive daily deliveries from the same volunteer. Further, meal recipients may be concerned with the quality of food delivered in a frozen meal. In this paper, we develop a method for introducing consolidation into home meal delivery while minimizing operational disruptions and maintaining client satisfaction. With an extensive computational study, the savings associated with various levels and types of disruptions are detailed. The question of whether delivering frozen meals will enable an agency to both save money and deliver meals to a larger client base is also studied.
The glucocorticoid-glucocorticoid receptor signal transduction pathway, transforming growth factor-beta, and embryonic mouse lung development in vivo

Lung morphogenesis has been shown to be regulated by glucocorticoids (CORT). Because CORT has been primarily thought to affect fetal lung development, previous studies have focused on the role of CORT receptor (GR)-mediated regulation of fetal lung development. Although endogenous CORT increases during embryonic and fetal stages and exogenous CORT treatment in vivo and in vitro clearly accelerates embryonic lung development, little is known about the morphoregulatory role of the embryonic CORT-GR signal transduction pathway during lung development. In this study, we characterize the embryonic mouse CORT-GR pathway and demonstrate: stage-specific in situ patterns of GR immunolocalization; similarity in GR relative mobility with progressive (E13 --> E17) development; that embryonic GR can be activated to bind a GR response element (GRE); significantly increasing levels of functional GR with increasing lung maturation; and the presence of heat shock protein (hsp) 70 and hsp90 from early (E13) to late (E17) developmental stages. These results support the purported importance of the embryonic CORT-GR signal transduction pathway in progressive lung differentiation. To demonstrate that the embryonic CORT-GR directed pathway plays a role in lung development, early embryonic (E12) lungs were exposed to CORT in utero and surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) expression was analyzed; CORT treatment up-regulates SP-A mRNA expression and spatiotemporal protein distribution. Finally, to determine whether CORT-GR-directed pulmonary morphogenesis in vivo involves the modulation of growth factors, we studied the effect of CORT on TGF-beta gene expression. Northern analysis of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3 transcript levels in vivo indicates that CORT regulates the rate of lung morpho- and histodifferentiation by down-regulating TGF-beta 3 gene expression.
Regular and reverse nanoscale stick-slip behavior: Modeling and experiments

We recently proposed a new nanoscale friction model based on the bristle interpretation of single asperity contacts. The model is mathematically continuous and dynamic which makes it suitable for implementation in nanomanipulation and nanorobotic modeling. In the present paper, friction force microscope (FFM) scans of muscovite mica samples and vertically aligned multi-wall carbon nanotubes (VAMWCNTs) arrays are conducted. The choice of these materials is motivated by the fact that they exibit different stick-slip behaviors. The corresponding experimental and simulation results are compared. Our nanoscale friction model is shown to represent both the regular and reverse frictional sawtooth characteristics of the muscovite mica and the VAMWCNTs, respectively.
All-Arthroscopic Repair of Peripheral Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears

Injuries to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) are common after a fall onto an outstretched hand. Tears of the periphery of the TFCC (Palmer 1B) refractory to conservative management should be treated with surgical repair. The FasT-Fix (Smith and Nephew, Andover, MA) enables an all-inside arthroscopic TFCC repair and has been shown to be biomechanically stronger than other techniques. A recent retrospective review identified the initial clinical outcomes of this technique. The average follow-up was 16.1 months (range, 6-24). The mean supination was 81° (±13.1°), and the mean grip strength was 66% (±13.8%) of the nonoperative extremity by, on average, 3 months postoperatively. All other range of motion was full. The mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand and Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation score was 10.2 (±11.4) and 18.8 (±13.5), respectively. The mean time to return to full activity was 5.2 months. There were no surgical complications of the procedure. Arthroscopic TFCC repair using the all-inside FasT-Fix results in excellent objective and subjective outcomes. Benefits of this technique are the ease of use, fewer complications, and the strength of repair allowing for less postoperative immobilization and earlier recovery when compared with other techniques.
The Site of Visual Adaptation

In response to background illumination, the adaptation properties of the b-wave are similar to those observed in the human eye with psychophysical methods. With increasing background luminance the b-wave sensitivity is diminished; except at the lowest background intensity the elevation of the log threshold is linearly related to the increase of background intensity, the relation having a slope of almost 1. The a-wave, however, behaves quite differently. At low background luminances it shows little adaptation. With higher background luminances the awave saturates, and no a-wave potential can be elicited with any stimulus intensity. The L-type S-potentials respond to background light in much the same way as the a-wave does. Thus, the b-wave is the first of the known responses in the visual system to show typical adaptation properties. This suggests that the site of visual adaptation may be in the bi-polarcell layer, the presumed locus of b-wave generation. Recent electron microscopic studies have demonstrated reciprocal synapses between the bipolar terminals and amacrine processes, and it is suggested that such a synaptic arrangement could account for visual adaptation by a mechanism of inhibitory feedback on the bipolar cells.
Adaptive Multigrid Algorithm for Lattice QCD

We present a new multigrid solver that is suitable for the Dirac operator in the presence of disordered gauge fields. The key behind the success of the algorithm is an adaptive projection onto the coarse grids that preserves the near null space. The resulting algorithm has weak dependence on the gauge coupling and exhibits very little critical slowing down in the chiral limit. Results are presented for the Wilson-Dirac operator of the 2D U(1) Schwinger model.
Late-acting self-incompatibility in angiosperms

In most self-incompatible (SI) plants, pollen tube growth in self-pollinated flowers is inhibited on the stigma or in the style. SI systems that operate in the ovary have been assumed to be extremely rare. Evidence from many plant species is presented to show that the SI barriers in the ovary, described here as late-acting SI systems, are quite common. The late-acting SI systems are divided into four categories: (1) ovarian inhibition of incompatible pollen tubes before the ovule is reached; (2) prefertilization inhibition in the ovule; (3) post-zygotic rejection of the embryo, and (4) ovular inhibition for which the cytological details have not been established.
A simple, one-step synthesis of fused pyrimidinethiones

Abstract Conversion of o -aminonitriles to their ethoxymethyleneamino derivatives with ethyl orthoformate, followed by treatment with alcoholic sodium hydrosulfide, constitutes a simple, one-step synthesis of fused pyrimidinethiones. This reaction sequence is equally applicable to aromatic, heterocyclic and alicylic o -aminonitriles and represents the synthetic method of choice.
DO THE SELF‐DECEIVED GET WHAT THEY WANT?

: Two of the most basic questions regarding self-deception remain unsettled: What do self-deceivers want? What do self-deceivers get? I argue that self-deceivers are motivated by a desire to believe. However, in significant contrast with Alfred Mele's account of self-deception, I argue that self-deceivers do not satisfy this desire. Instead, the end-state of self-deception is a false higher-order belief. This shows all self-deception to be a failure of self-knowledge.
Synthesis and catalytic reactions of chiral N-(diazoacetyl)oxazolidones

Les diazocetones preparees sont utilisees pour la cyclopropanation du styrene en presence d'acetate de rhodium; etude de leur decomposition par Rh(OAc) 2 en presence d'eau ou d'ethanol
Démanteler le patrimoine: les femmes et les biens dans la Marseille médievale

Au debut de l'annee 1349, peu apres la grande peste, le juriste noble Blacier de Montoliu de Marseille arrangeait le mariage de sa jeune fille Biatriseta avec le marchand aristocrate Bertran Candole. La famille de Montoliu avait une position preeminente dans la ville phoceenne. Outre les nombreux chevaliers et damoiseaux, la famille etendue comprenait trois juges, un avocat, des conseillers municipaux et, pendant un an, un syndic. Les membres de la famille etaient lies par mariage a plusieurs autres familles nobles de la ville et sa region. La famille Candole, bien qu'aussi noble que les Montoliu, etait moins en vue et moins nombreuse, meme si le futur epoux, fils d'un damoiseau nomme Uguo, devait faire partie du conseil de Marseille de 1359 a 1361.
A multi-probe correlated bulk defect characterization scheme for ultra-thin high-к dielectric

Various characterization techniques such as charge pumping (CP) and its variants (MFCP, VT2CP), 1/f noise, random telegraph noise (RTN), stress-induced leakage current (SILC) etc. are being used to identify the trap location within the dielectric. However, the most defective regions within the SiO 2 /HfO 2 gate stacks identified by various methodologies are often not unique, leading to different optimization strategies for the gate stack. To resolve this issue, we develop a single theoretical framework to self-consistently interpret the MFCP, RTN, and SILC. Our analysis not only provides a consistent interpretation of different experimental observations of MFCP, SILC and RTN, but also identifies the capabilities and limitations of these techniques in terms of trap probing region. We show that the transition of the quasi Fermi level plays a vital role for the probing region with CP, SILC and consequently the classical interpretations of trap location from these experiments are not always correct for composite HK transistors. We demonstrate that none of these techniques can (in isolation) unambiguously back-extract the position of the traps and we suggest a correlation method to circumvent the ‘uniqueness’ problem.
Comprehensively diagnosing geriatric patients

Abstract An attempt to explore and document the descriptive usefulness of a biopsychosocial diagnostic approach represented by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (ed 3) (DSM-III) multiaxial system was conducted by comparing semistructured evaluations of 494 new consecutive geriatric patients with those of 4,354 younger adult counterparts. A wide diversity of psychiatric disorders were found among geriatric patients, almost as wide as among younger adults. Organic mental disorders (except those induced by substances) and recurrent major depression were the most frequently diagnosed conditions in the geriatric sample, in which 19% of the patients had dementia and depressive disorders listed together as either firm or rule/out diagnoses. A combined salience was also found in this sample for physical disorders (particularly, circulatory, endocrine and neurological conditions), their high psychosocial impact, and poorer levels of adaptive functioning. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive diagnostic models for geriatric patients and their implications for multidimensional intervention strategies.
Religiousness and Alcohol Use in College Students: Examining Descriptive Drinking Norms as Mediators.

Religiousness has consistently emerged in the literature as a protective factor for alcohol use. Relatively few studies have empirically explored possible mechanisms for this robust effect. The present study examines descriptive drinking norms as a potential mediator of the religiousness–alcohol consumption association. Consistent with the literature, religiousness was inversely related to alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Religiousness was also inversely related to descriptive drinking norms for close friends but not for more distal targets. Descriptive drinking norms for one's close friends mediated the relationships between religiousness and alcohol use outcomes. These results suggest that religiousness may influence alcohol use outcomes through perceptions of close friends’ alcohol use. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future directions are discussed in the context of developing theory-based interventions to address problems associated with alcohol use.
Protein conformations explored by difference high-angle solution X-ray scattering: Oxidation state and temperature dependent changes in cytochrome C

We demonstrate the use of high-angle X-ray scattering to explore protein conformational states in solution by resolving oxidation state- and temperature-dependent changes in the conformation of horse heart cytochrome c. Several detailed models exist for oxidation-dependent changes in mitochondrial class I c cytochromes determined by X-ray crystallography and solution NMR techniques. These models differ in the magnitude and locations of structural change. Our scattering measurements show that high-angle X-ray scattering can discriminate between these models, and that the experimental scattering data for horse cytochrome c can be best reconciled with selected NMR models for the same protein. These results demonstrate the ability to use high-angle X-ray scattering to resolve conformational states of proteins in solution, and to relate these measurements to detailed structural models. Furthermore, temperature-dependent changes are found in the high angle scattering patterns for horse cytochrome c, illustrating the sensitivity of these measurements to dynamic aspects of protein structure. These results demonstrate the ability to use difference high angle scattering as a quantitative monitor of reaction-linked changes in protein conformation and structural dynamics. Synchrotron-based high-angle scattering holds promise as a widely applicable, high throughput technique for exploring conformational states linked to physiological protein function, for resolving configurational differences between protein structures in solution and crystalline states, and for bridging the gap between solution NMR and crystallographic structure techniques.
Saturn's upper troposphere 1986–1989

This work describes observations of Saturn's atmosphere in the visible and near-infrared (460–940 nm) including 4 hydrogen quadrupole lines, 17 methane absorption bands ranging over 3 orders of magnitude in absorption strength, an ammonia absorption band, and the absolute calibrated continuum spectrum. All observations have complete coverage of Saturn's disk, in latitude as well as in center-to-limb position. A new method describing center-to-limb information is presented. The accuracy of the data is comparable to or better than that of previous data. This data set gives a quite complete description of Saturn's atmosphere in the visible and near infrared at the spatial resolution of ground-based observations. While the main data were acquired in 1988, small changes between 1986 and 1989 were determined also. Weak absorption features of hydrogen, methane, and ammonia show a significant enhancement in the North Polar Region compared to the rest of the planet. An atmospheric model is given which fits all observations within estimated errors. It has clear gas at the top of the atmosphere, an extended haze layer, and a reflective cloud at the bottom. Pressure levels and the haze optical depth were determined as a function of latitude. The single-scattering albedo spectrum of the particles (most likely ammonia ice crystals) is also given for each latitude. The methane mixing ratio is (3.0 ± 0.6) × 10−3, the ammonia mixing ratio is (1.2 + 0.8/−0.6) × 10−3 below the ammonia condensation level. A cold temperature methane absorption spectrum is determined under the assumption that methane band strengths are temperature invariant. It indicates that the absorption coefficients in band centers are typically 20–30% stronger than at room temperature. This spectrum should be useful in the interpretation of methane observations of all the giant planets and Titan.
Spectrophotometric determination of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron and manganese as their pyridine thiocyanates: Simultaneous determination in mixtures

Abstract Spectrophotometric determinations of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, and manganese, based on the chloroform extraction of the metal pyridine thiocyanates, have been investigated. Optimum conditions require the pH of the aqueous solution to be in the range about 5–8; tartaric acid is used to prevent precipitation of hydrous oxides. An excess of pyridine must be used because chloroform readily extracts pyridine from the aqueous solution. Results are improved by making the extraction from a solution of high ionic strength (2 or above), which is provided by magnesium nitrate. Perchlorate decreases the absorbance, but the effect is essentially constant over a perchlorate concentration range of 0.8 to 2 M . Although the metal pyridine thiocyanates are extracted by benzene, substituted benzenes, and halogenated hydrocarbons, chloroform is superior to other solvents in extraction efficiency and in colour stability of the extracted species. An example is given of the simultaneous determination of copper, nickel, cobalt, and iron in the same solution. Anions that also form metal pyridine compounds must be absent.
Allometric departures for the human brain provide insights into hominid brain evolution

Researchers studying primate brain allometry often focus on departures from allometry more than the allometric relationships themselves because only the former reveal what brain regions and behavioral-cognitive abilities were the focus of selection. Allometric departures for the human brain provide insights into hominid brain evolution and cast doubt on the suggestion that the large human cerebral cortex is a “spandrel.”
Membrane fusion as a team effort

Since the discovery that tetanus and botulinum toxins inhibit synaptic vesicle fusion by cleaving three proteins (synaptobrevin/VAMP, SNAP-25, and syntaxin/HPC) at the synapse, it has been known that these proteins, and, by extension, their many homologs [subsequently referred to as SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors)] are essential for fusion (1–5). The discovery that these three proteins bind to each other (6), and do so in a parallel fashion that forces the membranes in which they reside into close proximity (7, 8), prompted a facile model of fusion: namely, that SNAREs generally form trans complexes that link the two membranes destined to fuse with each other and that the full assembly of the SNARE complexes then forces the membranes into such a close proximity that their phospholipid surfaces disintegrate and reanneal to form a bilayer in which the SNAREs are now in cis (reviewed in ref. 9). Initial experiments using liposome containing reconstituted SNARE proteins supported this model and led to the hypothesis that SNAREs by themselves are sufficient to account for the membrane fusion process, i.e., constitute a minimal fusion machinery (10). However, two lines of evidence raised doubts about this hypothesis. First, members of two other protein families, the SM proteins (Sec1/Munc18-like proteins) and the Rab proteins, were found in many in vivo systems to be required for fusion (reviewed in ref. 11). At the synapse, for example, deleting the SM protein Munc18–1 causes a more severe block of fusion than deleting the SNARE proteins synaptobrevin/VAMP or SNAP-25 (12–14). Second, experiments with liposomes containing SNAREs revealed that unphysiologically high concentrations of SNAREs were required for fusion and that the fusion process observed was leaky, i.e., involved breakage of membranes, whereas physiologically, fusion is not leaky (15, 16). These findings demonstrated that SNAREs are not sufficient to account for biological membrane fusion and raised the issue of whether the SNAREs can, in fact, actually initiate fusion, or whether they just bring membranes together in preparation for the subsequent fusogenic activity of SM and/or Rab proteins. The feature article in this issue of PNAS by Starai et al. (17) addresses this issue by using yeast vacuole fusion as a model system. The article elegantly demonstrates that SNARE proteins acts as the motor of fusion as first shown by Weber et al. (10) but that control of this motor by a Rab and SM protein is required for fusion. This requirement is not simply regulatory and cannot be overcome by brute force (i.e., by increasing the concentration of SNARE proteins), but involves Rab and SM proteins as essential organizers of the fusion reaction. Thus, these experiments compare in a biologically relevant in vitro system “SNARE-only fusion” with fusion mediated by SNARE, Rab, and SM proteins (Fig. 1).
Family psychiatric history, cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites, and temperament in infants

Abstract Background: Variations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, and homovanillic acid have been associated with behavioral abnormalities in nonhuman primates, and with psychopathology in studies of children and adults. Methods: We assayed monoamine metabolites in "leftover" spinal fluid from 167 neurologically normal newborn infants (0–3 months of age), and later (at age 18–21 months of age) obtained their family psychiatric histories and assessed their temperament using the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory (CCTI). Results: Family history of antisocial personality disorder predicted significantly lower scores for soothability ( p = .003) at 18–21 months. There were no statistically significant associations between newborn monoamine metabolite levels and any aspect of temperament on the CCTI. Conclusions: These findings suggest complex relationships between genetic liability for psychiatric disorders and CSF monoamine metabolite levels; those relationships do not seem to be mediated by infant temperament. It appears likely that interindividual differences in monoamine metabolite levels change over the course of development in humans.
Primary events in olfactory reception

Abstract Like the immune system, the olfactory system discriminates numerous foreign molecules in the environment.Yet, surprisingly little is known about the manner in which the structures of odor molecules (odorants) are encoded in specific patterns of neuronal activity, which are then relayed to the brain and decoded as distinct odor qualities. This article discusses recent progress of biochemical studies on the molecular mechanisms that operate during the initial interactions between the odorant and the chemosensory membrane.
Absent Fd antigen in gamma chain disease.

Abstract Antibody was raised in rabbits to a polypeptide comprising the carboxy half of Fd but including amino acids in both the amino half of Fd and in Fc. Two heavy chain disease proteins which lack amino acids in the Fd region only, failed to react with the anti-Fd antibody.
A blocked all-pairs shortest-paths algorithm

We propose a blocked version of Floyd's all-pairs shortest-paths algorithm. The blocked algorithm makes better utilization of cache than does Floyd's original algorithm. Experiments indicate that the blocked algorithm delivers a speedup (relative to the unblocked Floyd's algorithm) between 1.6 and 1.9 on a Sun Ultra Enterprise 4000/5000 for graphs that have between 480 and 3200 vertices. The measured speedup on an SGI O2 for graphs with between 240 and 1200 vertices is between 1.6 and 2.