cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of the preovulatory endocrine events in the ewe: interrelationship of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the possibility that, in the ewe, regression of the corpus luteum initiates the following series of preovulatory events: 1) a sustained increase in tonic LH secretion resulting from progesterone withdrawal; 2) a sustained increase in estradiol secretion stimulated by the rising titer of LH; and 3) the estradiol-induced preovulatory LH surge. In the first experiment, the corpus luteum was removed surgically during the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle. This procedure induced a premature withdrawal of progesterone accompanied by premature sustained increases in circulating LH and estradiol and a premature preovulatory LH surge. These changes closely resembled those which follow spontaneous luteolysis. The premature sustained increases in circulating LH and estradiol and the LH surge were prevented when luteal phase levels of serum progesterone were maintained by insertion of progesterone implants at the time of corpus luteum removal, and they were reinstated when...
Spontaneous-Occurring Muscular Necrosis in the Chicken

Abstract THE spontaneous occurrence of necroses in the striated muscles of turkeys, ducks and chickens has been reported recently from this laboratory (Rigdon, 1961a, b, c; Rigdon et al., 1960, 1961). Some turkeys with this lesion had a pendulous crop and some had difficulty in walking (Rigdon et al., 1960, 1961). Ducks showed contractures with distortion of feet and legs (Rigdon, 1961a). One chicken had a pendulous crop (Rigdon, 1961c). The etiology of the Zenker-like necroses in the striated muscle is unknown. In the duck, large granules of glycogen were present in some areas of necroses. It was suggested that this muscle degeneration may be related to a local abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism (Rigdon, 1961b). Zenker-like areas of necroses do occur in vitamin E deficiency in the duck (Pappenheimer and Goettsch, 1934) and the chicken (Dam et al., 1952). However, this lesion has been observed in ducks and turkeys given a …
Salt diffusion into vegetable tissue as a pretreatment for ohmic heating: Electrical conductivity profiles and vacuum infusion studies

Abstract The potential for salt diffusion as a pretreatment for ohmic heating was investigated by soaking vegetable (potato) tissue in aqueous NaCl solutions of various concentrations. Electrical conductivity profiles were found to be sensitive to salt concentration profiles at concentrations above 0·01 g/cm 3 , but below this concentration conductivity increases were negligible. Vacuum infusion was effective only in increasing salt concentrations in outer layers, indicating that its usefulness was primarily limited to small particles. Electrical conductivity-temperature relations were found to be linear for low-concentration NaCl-diffused samples, but at higher salt concentrations, the curve became nonlinear, possibly as a result of salt equilibration during the heating process.
Perceived Onboard Service Needs of Passengers with Mobility Limitations: An Investigation among Flight Attendants

The purpose of this study is to explore flight attendants' perceptions of the in-flight service needs of passengers with mobility impairments. In addition, this study seeks out flight attendants' recommendations for improving services to passengers with mobility impairments. The existing literature draws attention to the service needs of passengers with disabilities from the customers' perspectives. However, this study aims to understand these service needs from the service provider's perspective. Participants of the study are flight attendants who have extensive in-flight service experience and have served passengers with disabilities. The study finds four types of in-flight needs from people with mobility impairments: (1) the need for help in using in-flight amenities, (2) the need to be treated the same as passengers without any disabilities, (3) the need for individualized services, and (4) the need for effective communication and accurate information. To address these needs, flight attendants suggest...
Cephalometric changes produced by locally applied anabolic steroid in Wistar rats.

Abstract Background and objective There is a strong relationship between neuromuscular activity and facial skeletal morphogenesis. The systemic use of anabolic steroid accelerates craniofacial growth and induces high functional activity of rats’ masticatory muscles. The present study examines the effect of an anabolic steroid locally applied in the masseter muscle of growing rats with the purpose of verifying possible craniofacial changes with minimum drug side effects, using cephalometric analysis. Materials and methods Forty-three 3-week-old Wistar rats were evaluated and divided into two groups: (1) NAN group (local bilateral masseter injection of nandrolone decanoate – 0.05 μg/3 μl/bi-weekly) and (2) CON group (local bilateral masseter injection of sterile oil – 3 μl). Tukey and Wilcoxon tests were used. Results In NAN group the cephalometric measures showed horizontalized facial growth (reduce of FMA angle – p p p Conclusion The local injection of nandrolone in the masseter muscle of rats was capable to alter the growth direction and the morphology of the craniofacial complex in Wistar rats.
Case report: Bullous scarring reactions after imported fire ant (IFA) envenomation

Abstract Rationale Although the dermal reactions to IFA stings have been extensively investigated and characterized, we present an unusual case of bullous scarring lesions that, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported in the literature. Methods The patient is a 5-year-old male who presented after developing significant scarring reactions to fire ant stings on two separate occasions. He did not have any other symptoms associated with the stings. In addition, there was no evidence of infection, underlying skin disease or systemic disease that would predispose this patient to such an exaggerated and atypical response. Results Photographs of the acute response after two temporally isolated IFA stings revealed dramatic bullae formation within 24 hours. Follow up physical exam was remarkable for significant scarring of the skin without evidence of infection at the location of the stings. Further evaluation included an unremarkable past medical history, normal CBC and ESR and a negative HIV. Skin prick testing was positive with a 4+ reaction to IFA whole body extract with appropriate controls. There was no evidence of bullae after prick testing. Conclusion This case represents an unusual response to IFA envenomation associated with IgE-mediated sensitization that, to our knowledge, has been previously unreported in the literature. The tendency of this patient to form such lesions in response to IFA stings presents a treatment dilemma as few therapies have been shown to alter the dermal reaction to IFA stings in general and immunotherapy may potentially recreate the scarring reaction.
Morphology and crystal structure of a recombinant silk-like molecule, SLP4

Morphology and crystal structure of a recombinant silk-like molecule, SLP4, were studied. Wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) and electron diffraction revealed that SLP4 lyophilized powder and thin films were isomorphic with the silk I crystal structure. Transmission electron microscopy of SLP4 thin films demonstrated a morphology of flat, variable width, crystallites that may aggregate in an epitaxial manner. Theoretical diffraction patterns from silk I crystal structure models were critically compared with SLP4 WAXS data. The analysis concluded that while the crankshaft model is capable of describing details of the SLP4 structural data well, the out-of-register model does not explain the experimental results. In particular, the predicted intensities of the crystallographic reflections for the out-of-register model are inconsistent with the SLP4 WAXS data. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 45: 307–321, 1998
Tales from Two Deltas: Catfish Fillets, High-Value Foods, and Globalization

AbstractThis article examines two places of catfish production, the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam and the Mississippi River Delta of the United States, and uses the concept of globalization to illustrate how these distant places have been brought into competition and how this competition is mediated. Bringing these deltas together is a similar commitment to an economic development strategy that is based on catfish production, a desire to gain access to wealthy consumers who are willing to purchase this high-value food item, and processing and transportation technologies that allow this perishable product to be made more “durable” and to be shipped great distances. Mediating this relationship are consumers’ preferences, product labeling, and the U.S. state. This case study illustrates the heterogeneous outcomes of globalization as these deltas are brought into a relationship that, in some ways, is closer than their absolute distance may indicate. The “backlash” forces, such as nontariff trade barriers, nat...
The Newell test should commit to diagnosing dysfunctions

"Conceptual coordination" analysis bridges connectionism and symbolic approaches by posting a "process memory" by which categories are physically coordinated (as neural networks) in time. Focusing on dysfunctions and odd behaviors like slips reveals the function of consciousness, especially taken-for-granted constructive processes, different from conventional programming constructs. Newell strongly endorsed identifying architectural limits; the heuristic of "diagnose unusual behaviors" will provide targets of opportunity that greatly strengthens the Newell Test.
Roughness characterization of gate all around Silicon Nano Wire fabrication

In this paper we present a new methodology to calibrate and correct in line roughness measurements for Silicon Nano Wires (SiNW) fabrication processes. For successful implementation of these processes in industry, the Silicon Nano Wires (SiNW) with widths of 5–25 nm should be characterized in the framework of Secondary Electron Microscope(CD SEM) Metrology. Different smoothing processes yield SiNWs with edge roughness values in the sub nanometer range[1]. Such small differences in roughness values provide an interesting opportunity to evaluate sensitivity of the SEM metrology algorithms and measurement accuracy. A simulation program modeling SEM images including small features was developed, taking into account the main factors that affect the SEM signal formation. Synthetic (simulated) images of SiNW in a range of 5–25 nm and roughness of 0–1 nm were produced. Using synthetic images with added Line Edge Roughness (LER), we characterized the performance and sensitivity of LER algorithms and CD metrics.
Determining one or more change points.

A statistical method is presented for determining whether a line has one or more change points at unknown locations. A change point is a point where a line suddenly changes its slope but is continuous, i.e. it does not jump. Change points are also referred to as break points or join points. A step-wise procedure is suggested which starts by fitting a straight line without points. Next a line with a single change point is fit to the data, and a statistical test is used to determine if the line with a single change point provides a significantly better fit to the data than the line with no change points. This can then be followed by fitting a line with two change points, etc. The problem of determining the number of change points that best fits the data is discussed. A modified version of Akaike's information criterion (AIC) is used to select the best number of change points to avoid over fitting. An example of fluorescence anisotropy measurements of the total phospholipid from the liver of a marine fish as a function of temperature is presented.
Analysis of pupillary dilation produced by analogs of clonidine

Abstract Pupillary responses to intravenous administration of clonidine and five congeneric derivatives of clonidine were observed in anesthetized cats. All of the agents tested produced a dose-dependent mydriasis of long duration. The order of potency for these compound was clonidine (St-155) > St-375 > St-606 > St-600 > St-608 > St-91. Pretreatment with yohimbine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) shifted the dose-response curve for all of the compounds tested to the right. A CNS inhibition of parasympathetic nerve activity was demonstrated for clonidine and St-375 by means of direct recordings from the postganglionic ciliary nerves. An effect of high doses of St-91 on nerve activity was also observed. These results suggest that all the analogs of clonidine tested (with the possible exception of St-91) act like clonidine to produce mydriasis by a central α-adrenergic inhibition of parasympathetic outflow to the eye.
Design and control of switched reluctance motors for wide-speed-range operation

A switched-reluctance-motor (SRM) drive designed to achieve wide-speed-range operation with reduced torque ripple is presented. The wide speed range is obtained by phase advancing between two critical rotor positions, which are defined by the machine geometry and material properties. The design factors affecting the angular separation between these rotor positions and the methods of optimising the design for the wide-speed-range control objective have been determined. The experimental results of the SRM drive implemented on a TMS320C30 DSP platform are presented.
Sum capacity of the multiple antenna Gaussian broadcast channel

We characterize the sum capacity of the multiple transmit antenna Gaussian broadcast channel by showing that the existing inner bound of Marton (1979) and the existing upper bound of Sato (1978) are tight for this channel.
Propagation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [PSI+] prion is impaired by factors that regulate Hsp70 substrate binding.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae [PSI] prion is believed to be a self-propagating cytoplasmic amyloid. Earlier characterization of HSP70 (SSA1) mutations suggested that [PSI] propagation is impaired by alterations that enhance Ssa1pâs substrate binding. This impairment is overcome by second-site mutations in Ssa1pâs conserved C-terminal motif (GPTVEEVD), which mediates interactions with tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) cochaperones. Sti1p, a TPR cochaperone homolog of mammalian Hop1 (Hsp70/90 organizing protein), activates Ssa1p ATPase, which promotes substrate binding by Ssa1p. Here we find that in SSA1-21 cells depletion of Sti1p improved [PSI] propagation, while excess Sti1p weakened it. In contrast, depletion of Fes1p, a nucleotide exchange factor for Ssa1p that facilitates substrate release, weakened [PSI] propagation, while overproducing Fes1p improved it. Therefore, alterations of Hsp70 cochaperones that promote or prolong Hsp70 substrate binding impair [PSI] propagation. We also find that the GPTVEEVD motif is important for physical interaction with Hsp40 (Ydj1p), another Hsp70 cochaperone that promotes substrate binding but is dispensable for viability. We further find that depleting Cpr7p, an Hsp90 TPR cochaperone and CyP-40 cyclophilin homolog, improved [PSI] propagation in SSA1 mutants. Although Cpr7p and Sti1p are Hsp90 cochaperones, we provide evidence that Hsp90 is not involved in [PSI] propagation, suggesting that Sti1p and Cpr7p functionally interact with Hsp70 independently of Hsp90.
Automated Nondestructive Detection of Internal Insect Infestation of Wheat Kernels by Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Wheat kernels infested internally with larvae of 3 primary insect pests of grain, the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.); the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); and the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), were scanned with a near-infrared spectrometer incorporated into a single kernel characterization system to determine differences in absorption due to the presence of larvae. The single kernel characterization system delivers kernels into the spectrometer viewing area at the rate of 1 per 4 s. We were able to differentiate uninfested kernels from kernels infested with larvae of all 3 species by using this automated system. Moisture content, protein content, or wheat class did not affect classification accuracy. The calibration included spectral characteristics in the wavelength ranges of 1,000-1,350 and 1,500-1,680 nm. Larval size was a factor in the sensitivity of the system, with 3rd and 4th instars rice weevil being detected with 95% confidence. In contrast to many other procedures used to detect internal insect infestations in grain, this system could be incorporated into the current grain inspection process and provide the grain industry with quantitative data on internal insect infestations in wheat.
Cardiac dysrhythmias in the conscious dog after surgically induced autonomic imbalance.

Abstract The ventrolateral cardiac nerve in the dog is a primary branch of the left sympathetics and represents a direct neural link between the central nervous system and the heart. Its electric excitation elicits characteristic shifts in pacemaker and tachydysrhythmias related to its explicit innervation of the inferior atrial, atrioventricular (A-V) junctional and ventricular tissues. Total denervation of the canine heart, sparing the ventrolateral cardiac nerve, produced a long-term model in which only these portions of the heart retained their sympathetic innervation. The trained unanesthetized model dog was subjected to severe exercise in order to determine the effects of elevated levels of sympathetic tone upon these important regions of the conduction system. Reproducible tachydysrhythmias were elicited in all six animals completing the regimen of periodic testingover a period of 136 to 378 days after operation. The abnormal rhythms consisted of shifting cardiac pacemakers and supraventricular A-V junctional and ventricular tachycardias with frequent premature systoles. Comparable abnormalities were not observed in a similarly tested sham-operated animal or in dogs with a totally denervated heart. The exercise-induced dysrhythmias gradually disappeared with time, presumably in relation to autonomic reinnervation of the heart. The characteristic patterns of dysrhythmia are explainable on the basis of anatomic distribution of the ventrolateral cardiac nerve and upon its presumed influence upon Purkinje fiber and A-V nodal automaticity and temporal dispersion of refractoriness in myocardial tissues.
Adding complex terrain and stable atmospheric condition capability to the OpenFOAM-based flow solver of the simulator for on/offshore wind farm applications (SOWFA)

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Simulator for On/Offshore Wind Farm Applications contains an OpenFOAM-based flow solver for performing large-eddy simulation of flow through wind plants. The solver computes the atmospheric boundary layer flow and models turbines with actuator lines. Until recently, the solver was limited to flows over flat terrain and could only use the standard Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model. In this work, we present our improvements to the flow solver that enable us to 1) use any OpenFOAM-standard subgrid-scale model and 2) simulate flow over complex terrain. We used the flow solver to compute a stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer using both the standard and the Lagrangian-averaged scale-independent dynamic Smagorinsky models. Surprisingly, the results using the standard Smagorinsky model compare well to other researchers' results of the same case, although it is often said that the standard Smagorinsky model is too dissipative for accurate stable stratification calculations. The scale-independent dynamic subgrid-scale model produced poor results, probably due to the spikes in model constant with values as high as 4.6. We applied a simple bounding of the model constant to remove these spikes, which caused the model to produce results much more in line with other researchers' results. We also computed flow over a simple hilly terrain and performed some basic qualitative analysis to verify the proper operation of the terrain-local surface stress model we employed.
The Normal and Pathological: The Concept of a Scientific Medicine

AbstractIn this paper it is suggested that Canguilhem's examination of the history of the distinction between the normal and the pathological contains material of relevance to current debates about...
A host-specific variation affecting relative frequency of transformation of two markers in pneumococcus.

Abstract Two different strains of pneumococcus show a markedly different transformation frequency for a given genetic marker (str) in a transforming preparation while showing identical frequencies for another genetic marker (ery2) in the same transforming preparation. It was concluded that the frequency of the transformation to streptomycin resistance was consistently lowered in one receptor strain. The kinetics of expression of the str marker in the affected host indicates the abrupt cessation of an otherwise normal expression of the str transformants between 40 to 50 minutes after the initial exposure to DNA, whereas in the unaffected host expression of str transformants continues for at least another 30 minutes. From the initial rate of expression of the str markers on the affected and the unaffected hosts, it was concluded that the number of incorporated transformants was identical for both hosts, and that some post-incorporation elimination of determinants was responsible for the different relative frequency on Rz. The transformation of the ability to cause a depressed transfer of the str agent has been studied, and its association with and separability from the str marker revealed. The presence of the depressor factor has been shown to greatly influence the recovery of the str marker from UV-irradiated DNA-preparations. The nature of the factor responsible for the depression of the str marker is discussed.
The B2 receptor of bradykinin is not essential for the post-exercise increase in glucose uptake by insulin-stimulated mouse skeletal muscle

Bradykinin can enhance skeletal muscle glucose uptake (GU), and exercise increases both bradykinin production and muscle insulin sensitivity, but bradykinin's relationship with post-exercise insulin action is uncertain. Our primary aim was to determine if the B2 receptor of bradykinin (B2R) is essential for the post-exercise increase in GU by insulin-stimulated mouse soleus muscles. Wildtype (WT) and B2R knockout (B2RKO) mice were sedentary or performed 60 minutes of treadmill exercise. Isolated soleus muscles were incubated with [³H]-2-deoxyglucose +/-insulin (60 or 100 microU/ml). GU tended to be greater for WT vs. B2RKO soleus with 60 microU/ml insulin (P=0.166) and was significantly greater for muscles with 100 microU/ml insulin (P<0.05). Both genotypes had significant exercise-induced reductions (P<0.05) in glycemia and insulinemia, and the decrements for glucose (approximately 14 %) and insulin (approximately 55 %) were similar between genotypes. GU tended to be greater for exercised vs. sedentary soleus with 60 microU/ml insulin (P=0.063) and was significantly greater for muscles with 100 microU/ml insulin (P<0.05). There were no significant interactions between genotype and exercise for blood glucose, plasma insulin or GU. These results indicate that the B2R is not essential for the exercise-induced decrements in blood glucose or plasma insulin or for the post-exercise increase in GU by insulin-stimulated mouse soleus muscle.
An improved method for assaying the steroidogenic potency of ACTH.

In a previous communication (Liddle, Island, Cornfield and Forsham, 1954) a new method of assaying corticotropin (ACTH) was described, in which ACTH was injected subcutaneously into guinea pigs and its effectiveness was assessed by measuring urinary steroids of adrenal origin (17-hydroxycorticoids). Consistent agreement was found between the results of this assay method and the results of similar assays performed in normal human subjects. Assay methods which entail the intravenous administration of ACTH do not provide information regarding the degree of susceptibility of ACTH to inactivation by extravascular tissues. As a result large discrepancies have sometimes appeared between the labelled potency (based on intravenous tests) and the clinical effectiveness of ACTH when injected extravascularly. The present method avoids such discrepancies. The main difficulties with the new assay method, as originally described, were that the steroid analyses required unusually careful technique and that the treatment ...
The Palisades sill: A Jurassic intrusion? Evidence from 40Ar/39Ar incremental release ages

Available K-Ar dates from the Palisades sill (142 to 202 m.y.) are generally younger than the ages of post-Triassic intrusive rocks in other areas. 40Ar/39Ar release spectra of chill-zone samples record ages of 192 and 186 m.y. and furnish no evidence of postcrystallization argon loss. These ages are similar to published K-Ar biotite ages (186 to 196 m.y.) and probably refer to the time of crystallization of the sill. As recent paly-nologic studies in the Hartford basin have shown that rocks stratigraphically equivalent to those intruded by the Palisades are, in part, of Early Jurassic age, the 40Ar/39Ar ages are not inconsistent with absolute age brackets on the Triassic Period.
Chemoprevention of Cancer

In this short article, we review the conceptual basis for chemoprevention of cancer, the proven clinical efficacy of this concept, and current trends to develop new chemopreventive agents based on understanding of their mechanisms of action. Four classes of new agents, namely selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, selective estrogen receptor modulators, rexinoids (retinoids that bind selectively to the receptors known as RXRs) and ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma are discussed in detail. The importance of developing totally new classes of chemopreventive agents is stressed, with particular emphasis on the potential usefulness of new synthetic triterpenoids derived from naturally occurring molecules.
Cough during infancy and subsequent childhood asthma.

OBJECTIVES Wheezing in infancy has been associated with subsequent asthma, but whether cough similarly influences asthma risk has been little studied. We sought to determine whether prolonged cough and cough without cold in the first year of life are associated with childhood asthma. METHODS Participants in the Infant Immune Study, a non-selected birth cohort, were surveyed 7 times in the first 9 months of life regarding the presence of wheeze and cough. Cough for more than 28 days was defined as prolonged. Parents were asked at 1 year if the child ever coughed without a cold. Asthma was defined as parental report of physician diagnosis of asthma, with symptoms or medication use between 2 and 9 years. Logistic regression was used to assess adjusted odds for asthma associated with cough characteristics. RESULTS A total of 24% (97) of children experienced prolonged cough and 23% (95) cough without cold in the first 9 months, respectively. Prolonged cough was associated with increased risk of asthma relative to brief cough (OR 3.57, CI: 1.88, 6.76), with the risk being particularly high among children of asthmatic mothers. Cough without cold (OR 3.13, 95% CI: 1.76, 5.57) was also independently associated with risk of childhood asthma. Both relations persisted after adjustment for wheeze and total IgE at age 1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prolonged cough in infancy and cough without cold are associated with childhood asthma, independent of infant wheeze. These findings suggest that characteristics of cough in infancy are early markers of asthma susceptibility, particularly among children with maternal asthma.
Limitations of joint space and time processing for moving source localization with a few sensors

The problem of instantaneous source location estimation with passive differential delay measurements is considered. A maneuvering source is assumed to move close to a few sensors and radiates both broadband and narrowband noise. Differential Doppler compensation is required to estimate differential delays between sensors. As near field source motion induces high dynamics in range and signal level, threshold variation linked with inherent signal ambiguity is the prevailing effect in delay estimation. These effects are studied through the calculation of multiple passband modified Ziv-Zakai lower bound. Taking these effects into account, an instantaneous estimator of location, speed and course is presented. The new and conventional estimators performance are then compared on simulation and with an at sea experiment.
Strain and frequency dependence of shear storage modulus for human single osteons and cortical bone microsamples—Size and hydration effects☆

Abstract Using a specially designed and laboratory built microtorsional device, the shear storage modulus of single osteons and microsamples containing up to a dozen osteons was investigated for both strain and frequency dependence. The data indicate that an increase in number of osteons in the microsample reduces the storage modulus, and results in smaller strains at which deviation from linearity and plasticity effects are first noticed. Size effects were also noticed, which suggest that an increase in number of osteons, increases the effectiveness of water (hydration of dry samples) in reducing the storage modulus and in increasing the internal energy loss in the sample. Some of the effects were noticed to approach saturation in samples with more than a half dozen osteons, while others appeared to persist (at least up to a dozen osteons). Also noticed, were reductions in shear storage modulus of 10–35% over an approximate frequency reduction of 10 3 –1 Hz for microsamples containing one or more osteons.
Chicken macrochromosomes contain an endogenous provirus and microchromosomes contain sequences related to the transforming gene of ASV

Abstract Chicken chromosomes from a euploid Marek's lymphoma cell line have been partially fractionated according to size by rate zonal centrifugation in a zonal rotor. DNA-DNA hybridization tests, using unlabeled DNA extracted from gradient fractions and labeled single-stranded, virus-specific DNAs prepared in vitro, indicate that large macrochromosomes harbor the provirus for the endogenous RNA tumor virus of chickens (RAV-O), whereas a cellular sequence related to the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus (ASV) is located in microchromosomes. In support of the method, we have also shown that the single gene for ovalbumin can be assigned to macrochromosomes.
Teach by zooming: A unified approach to visual servo control☆

Traditionally, a visual servo control problem is formulated in the teach by showing framework with an objective to regulate a camera based on a reference (or desired) image obtained by a priori positioning the same camera at the desired task-space location. A new strategy is essential for a variety of applications where it may not be possible to position the camera a priori at the desired position/orientation. In this paper, a visual servo control approach, called ‘‘teach by zooming’’, is formulated where the objective is to position/orient a camera based on a reference image obtained by another camera. For example, a fixed camera providing a wide area view of the scene can zoom in on an object and record a desired image for another camera. A non-linear Lyapunov-based controller is designed to regulate the image features acquired by an on-board camera to the corresponding image feature coordinates in the desired image acquired by the fixed camera in the presence of uncertain camera calibration parameters. The proposed control formulation becomes identical to the well-known teach by showing controller when the camerain-hand can be located a priori to the desired position/orientation; thus enabling control in a wide range of applications. Experimental results for regulation control of a 7 degrees-of-freedom robotic manipulator are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed visual servo controller.
Bursting the bubble of melt inclusions

Most silicate melt inclusions (MI) con- tain bubbles, whose significance has been alternately calculated, pondered, and ignored, but rarely if ever directly explored. Moore et al. (2015) analyze the bubbles, as well as their host glasses, and conclude that they often hold the preponderance of CO2 in the MI. Their findings entreat future researchers to account for the presence of bubbles in MI when calculating volatile budgets, saturation pressures, and eruptive flux. Keywords: Melt inclusion, glass inclusion, bubble, volatile, CO2
The Effects of Ambulance Diversion: A Comprehensive Review

Objectives: To review the current literature on the effects of ambulance diversion (AD). Methods: The authors performed a systematic review of AD and its effects. PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane database, societal meeting abstracts, and references from relevant articles were searched. All articles were screened for relevance to AD. Results: The authors examined 600 citations and reviewed the 107 articles relevant to AD. AD is a common occurrence that is increasing in frequency. AD is associated with periods of emergency department (ED) crowding (Mondays, mid-afternoon to early evening, influenza season, and when hospitals are at capacity). Interventions that redesign the AD process or that provide additional hospital or ED resources reduce diversion frequency. AD is associated with increased patient transport times and time to thrombolytics but not with mortality. AD is associated with loss of estimated hospital revenues. Short of anecdotal or case reports, no studies measured the effect of AD on ED crowding, morbidity, patient and provider satisfaction, or EMS resource utilization. Conclusions: Despite its common use, there is a relative paucity of studies on the effects of AD. Further research into these effects should be performed so that we may understand the role of AD in the health system. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2006; 13:1220‐1227 a 2006 by the Society for Academic Emergency
Perinatal Loss: Socioeconomic Factors

The author concludes that advances in the technology of medical care to women in their reproductive years have outstripped the progress toward elimination of factors which place mothers at social risk. Maternal and child health professionals must become actively involved in the development of legislation and policies which address the relationship between socioeconomics and reproductive risk.
Effects of biological control on long-term population dynamics: identifying unexpected outcomes

Summary 1. Attempts to control natural systems through management have often met with success but have also led to unexpected and often undesirable outcomes. Unfortunately, the ultimate result of such management programmes may not be apparent until long after the control efforts have begun. This is particularly true for forest-defoliating species that exhibit longperiod cycles such as the invasive gypsy moth Lymantria dispar, which causes widespread damage in some years but is rare in other years. 2. We studied the effects of two commonly employed biocontrol agents on gypsy moth dynamics using a series of field-tested and empirically parameterized mathematical models, which allowed us to examine various potential control strategies and assess long-term effects. 3. In a non-spatial model, addition of either a manufactured version of the same baculovirus involved in natural epizootics, or a general bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), which directly kills a fraction of the population, decreases the amplitude between boom and bust portions of the cycle. 4. However, ill-planned biocontrol applications can result in increased gypsy moth densities over the long term. Thus, control efforts may maintain pest populations at unexpectedly high numbers, which could result in constant forest defoliation. 5. In a spatial two-patch model, where one patch is sprayed and the other is left untreated, there is also considerable danger that migration between patches may drive the unsprayed population to levels that could result in constant forest defoliation. 6. Synthesis and applications: Perturbations to host–pathogen systems may have unexpected results, driving and maintaining populations at multiple levels including those far from desired management goals. It is often assumed that any control strategy that decreases pest populations in the short term is beneficial, but our results show that undesirable outcomes may often occur. The mechanisms we describe apply to many systems that undergo population cycles or outbreaks regulated by density-dependent processes, and in which disease or pesticide application is used for pest control. We suggest that successful management strategies should closely monitor population responses immediately following the control application to ensure that pest populations are not being maintained at artificially high levels compared with historic data.
Gabapentin for smoking cessation: a preliminary investigation of efficacy.

Gabapentin affects the glutamate and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitters through which it may facilitate smoking abstinence. To obtain preliminary estimates of efficacy of gabapentin for smoking cessation, we conducted a single-arm, open-label study of gabapentin, 1,800-mg/day administered in three equal divided doses for 8 weeks. A total of 50 adult smokers were enrolled. All participants received a brief behavioral intervention at each medication visit. A total of 37 participants completed all follow-up assessments. At end-of-treatment the biochemically confirmed point-prevalence and prolonged smoking abstinence rates were 28% (95% CI=16%ndash;42%) and 24% (95% CI=13%-38%), respectively. At 6 months, the biochemically confirmed point-prevalence and prolonged smoking abstinence rates were 20% (95% CI=10%-34%) and 16% (95% CI=7%-29%), respectively. Among subjects who continued to smoke and completed the follow-up assessments, the reported number of cigarettes smoked per day (mean±standard deviation) was significantly less than at baseline: -10.0±8.2 (p<.001). Adverse effects were minor and well tolerated. Our results suggest that gabapentin may increase smoking abstinence. An adequately powered randomized clinical trial assessing different doses of this drug against a placebo would be the reasonable next step.
Pre-Harvest Price Expectations for Corn: The Information Content of USDA Reports and New Crop Futures

This article examines the puzzle of why futures prices continue to react to USDA crop reports despite the fact that reports appear to be no longer “newsworthy,” that is, provide no better production estimates than private forecasts. The information value of reports is measured in terms of their influence on rational agents' harvest-time corn price expectations, which are uncovered using a Hamilton-type modeling approach. Results show that reports are still “newsworthy,” as they would contribute to agents' price expectations if released a day early. Thus futures price reactions, which closely reflect price expectations, are rational and consistent with efficient markets hypothesis. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
E‐cadherin regulates cell movements and tissue formation in early zebrafish embryos

E-cadherin is maternally expressed in most vertebrate species, but its function during early development of the vertebrate embryo proper is unknown. To directly examine E-cadherin gene (cdh1) function in zebrafish, morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) that inhibit E-cadherin protein (Cdh1) expression were injected into embryos. Cdh1 knockdown reduced embryo survival. In early cdh1 MO-injected embryos, the cleavage plane orientation between blastomeres was irregular and adhesion defects prevented normal compaction. Cdh1 knockdown inhibited epiboly cell movements. Epiboly delay caused yolk cell lysis and produced embryos with a bifurcated embryonic axis. Cdh1 knockdown inhibited gastrulation cell movements, causing defects in convergence and extension. Additionally, prechordal plate derivatives were absent in Cdh1 knockdown embryos even though presumptive prechordal plate markers were induced normally. E-cadherin mRNA coinjection demonstrated the specificity of cdh1 MO-induced defects. Our experiments illustrate the importance of cdh1 in regulating morphogenetic cell movements and tissue formation in the early embryo. Developmental Dynamics 230:263–277, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structures and electrical properties of barium strontium titanate thin films grown by multi-ion-beam reactive sputtering technique

The structure and electrical properties of multi-ion beam reactive sputter (MIBERS) deposited barium strontium titanate (BST) films were characterized in terms of Ba/Sr ratio, substrate temperature, annealing temperature and time, film thickness, doping concentration, and secondary low-energy oxygen ion bombardment. Films deposited onto unheated substrates, followed by annealing at 700 °C showed lower dielectric constant (<200), compared to a dielectric constant of about 560 for those deposited at elevated temperatures, probably due to reduced voids. Two types of microstructures (type I and type II) were observed depending on the incipient phase of the as-grown films, which also led to two types of time domain dielectric response, Curie-von Schweidler and Debye type, respectively. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of type II films doped with high donor concentration showed a bulk space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC) with discrete shallow traps embedded in a trap-distributed background at high electric fields. The I-V characteristics of bombarded films deposited at higher substrate temperatures showed promising results of lower leakage currents and trap densities.
Theoretical study of the lowest /sup 1/. sigma. /sub g//sup +/ doubly excited state of H/sub 2/

The energy and width of the $^{1}\ensuremath{\sigma}_{u}^{2}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ state of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ are calculated using Feshbach projection operators and the Stieltjes moment method. The results are compared with an analysis of the double minima in the potential-energy curves of the $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ Rydberg states. The doubly excited $^{1}\ensuremath{\sigma}_{u}^{2}$ configuration is unstable with respect to autoionization for $Rl2.65{a}_{0}$, and the autoionization rate is sensitive to both the value of the internuclear separation and the energy of the emitted electron.
Documentation of Medial Rotation Accompanying Shoulder Flexion

We dissected a fresh cadaver to determine which glenohumeral structures causes medial rotation of the humerus during flexion in the sagittal plane. All structures associated with both shoulders were dissected thoroughly. Both elbows were disarticulated to expose the distal end of each humerus to be used as measurement landmarks. We used a universal goniometer for measurements of shoulder flexion. To determine which structures cause passive medial rotation, the associated shoulder muscles, ligaments, and the capsule were individually reflected from the humerus. Passive shoulder flexion to the point where medial rotation started was measured after each structure was resected. The end passive glenohumeral flexion without rotation was 60 degrees after reflection of all musculature and other periarticular shoulder structures. Our results support Steindler's conclusion that during flexion of the humerus beyond the horizontal there is forced rotation caused by ligamentous tension. We also found that the bony configuration of the glenohumeral joints also plays an important role in medial rotation accompanying shoulder flexion.
Multimodal Reliability Assessment for Complex Engineering Applications using Efficient Global Optimization

As engineering applications become increasingly complex, they are often characterized by implicit response functions that are both expensive to evaluate and nonlinear in their behavior. Reliability assessment given this type of response is dicult with available methods. Current reliability methods focus on the discovery of a single most probable point of failure, and then build a low-order approximation to the limit state at this point. This creates inaccuracies when applied to engineering applications for which the limit state has a higher degree of nonlinearity or is multimodal. Sampling methods, on the other hand, do not rely on an approximation to the shape of the limit state and are therefore generally more accurate when applied to problems with nonlinear limit states. However, sampling methods typically require a large number of response function evaluations, which can make their application infeasible for computationally expensive problems. This paper describes the application of ecient global optimization to reliability assessment to provide a method that eciently characterizes the limit state throughout the uncertain space. The method begins with a Gaussian process model built from a very small number of samples, and then intelligently chooses where to generate subsequent samples to ensure the model is accurate in the vicinity of the limit state. The resulting Gaussian process model is then sampled using multimodal adaptive importance sampling to calculate the probability of exceeding (or failing to exceed) the response level of interest. By locating multiple points on or near the limit state, more complex limit states can be modeled, leading to more accurate probability integration. By concentrating the samples in the area where accuracy is important (i.e. in the vicinity of the limit state), only a small number of true function evaluations are required to build a quality surrogate model. The resulting method is both accurate for any arbitrarily shaped limit state and computationally ecient even for expensive response functions. This new method is applied to a collection of example problems that currently available methods have diculty
Responses of Hypophysectomized Immature Female Rats to Mare Serum Hormone.

Summary and ConclusionsCole5 and Cartland and Nelson6 reported their inability to secure evidence for the presence of more than a single principle in pregnant mare serum. However, Evans, et al.,7 have indicated that this material can be fractionated with ammonium sulphate into FSH and ICSH as tested in hypophysectomized rats in a 72-hour period, but the details of the tests were not. reported. It is well known that a varied ovarian response can be obtained with gonadotropins by altering the experimental conditions and the present experiments indicate the importance of dosage in the response elicited by mare serum hormone in hypophysectomized immature rats. In these experiments the predominant formation of thecal luteinization was observed with low doses of this material. Larger amounts of this hormone primarily caused the development of large vesicular follicles, whereas with a further increase of the dosage corpora lutea resulted. Large amounts of castrate urine extract also produced corpora lutea but th...
The Integrator Model for the Construction Professional of 2020

The construction industry is changing based on external forces and changes in the workforce. Responding to these changes requires a professional with a new set of skills and knowledge. In an effort to identify these skills and knowledge, the National Science Foundation sponsored a workshop where industry and academic professionals gathered to define the Construction Engineering Professional of 2020 (CEP 2020) and call for organized action toward investigating education and research issues within the CEP 2020 domain. This paper details the results of that meeting and the introduction of the Integrator model as the foundation for the CEP 2020 professional. Barriers and opportunities for this model are introduced together with its potential impact on the education and research communities.