cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Cytomegalovirus

The main criterion for including a virus in this enlarging group of viruses is viral morphology. The unique morphology of herpesviruses was unknown until Wildy et al. (1960) introduced the negative staining technique to electron microscopy. They found that herpes simplex virus did not have the spherical shape thought, up to 1960, to be common to many viruses. In sections prepared by negative staining, the naked virus particle or capsid was shown to be an icosahedron (20-sided body) in shape, containing 162 subunits or capsomeres, with five capsomeres along each edge of the triangular facet of the icosahedron. The capsid of herpes simplex virus had an overall diameter of 105 nm, and the capsomeres were either pentagonal or hexagonal and 10 nm in diameter. Within the hollow capsid was the core which contained the viral genome. The structure of the core was less well defined by electron microscopy. Surrounding the capsid, some particles, presumably the complete infectious unit, possessed an outer membrane or envelope. This envelope increased the diameter of the complete virion to about 180 nm. It is now known that all viruses belonging to the herpes group share this morphology. The morphology of human CMV (HCMV), described by Wright et al. (1964), is illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
Reconstructing latent periods in genome sequences with insertions and deletions

Tandem and latent repeats in genome sequences provide insight into its various structural and functional roles. Such regions in genome sequences are modeled as cyclostationary processes, generated by a collection of information sources in a cyclic manner. The maximum likelihood (ML) estimates can be easily generated for the cyclostationary profiles and for the statistical period of such subsequences. However, in the presence of insertions and deletions, the ML estimators suffer greatly in their ability to accurately identify the periods. This paper extends the cyclic model to a profile hidden Markov model (PHMM) to account for insertions and deletions. An iterative algorithm is developed to learn parameters of the PHMM and Viterbi algorithm is employed to learn the most likely path through the state space. This reconstructs likely insertions and deletions in the sequence and results in better estimates of the statistical period and cyclostationary profiles than the ML approach. Experimental results are provided with simulated sequences as well as with chromosome 1 sequence from human genome.
On Sensitivity Analysis within the 4DVAR Framework

The sensitivity of model forecasts to uncertainties in control variables is evaluated using the adjoint technique and the ensemble generated by the reduced-order four-dimensional variational data assimilation (R4DVAR) algorithm within the framework of twin-data experiments with a quasigeostrophic model. To simulate real applications where the true state is unknown, the sensitivities were estimated using model solutions that were obtained after assimilating sparse observations extracted from the true solutions. The numerical experiments were conducted in the linear, weakly nonlinear, and strongly nonlinear (NL) regimes with special emphasis on the NL case characterized by the instability of the tangent linear model. It is shown thattheensemble-based R4DVAR methodprovidesbettersensitivityestimatesin the NLcase,primarilydue to the better accuracy of the optimized solutions. The concept of sensitivity in the NL case is also considered within the statistical framework. Using analytical arguments and numerical experimentation, averaging the adjoint sensitivity estimates over an ensemble of model trajectories generated by finite perturbations of the optimal control is shown to provide an estimate similar to that obtained with the adjoint model stabilized by enhanced dissipation. This observation allows for evaluation of the sensitivities of strongly nonlinear optimal solutions by using both the adjoint (4DVAR) and ensemble (R4DVAR) optimization algorithms.
WTO subsidy rules and tariff liberalization: evidence from accession of China

Countries increasingly rely on subsidies to assist their producers leading to concerns about their potential misuse. The WTO regulates its members’ subsidies by defining subsidies that are permissible, as well as by providing means to retaliate against subsidies of partner countries if these subsidies hurt one's interest. However, these subsidy rules might have an unintended effect. As both subsidies and tariffs are substitute instruments of protection, tighter subsidy rules might lead to a decrease in the pace of tariff liberalization. In this paper, we present first empirical evidence in support of this prediction. Using China's accession to the WTO in 2001 as a case study, we show that China's accession to the WTO was associated with a relative increase in its tariffs for products that faced a higher threat of retaliation against subsidies. More importantly, we also show that increases in tariff were larger in products with higher potential costs imposed by retaliation. Finally, we include several robu...
Thalidomide-Induced Sinus Bradycardia

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of thalidomide-induced sinus bradycardia in an elderly man.CASE SUMMARY:A 72-year-old white man, with transfusion-dependent refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts and hypertension treated with atenolol, was started on thalidomide 100 mg at bedtime. During the dose titration period (maximum dose 400 mg/d), his heart rate decreased from a baseline of 63 beats/min to as low as 44 beats/min with positive electrocardiogram findings of sinus bradycardia. After discontinuation of atenolol, the patient's heart rate increased to 68 beats/min, but symptoms of bradycardia persisted. Due to the patient's continued dizziness and lightheadedness, thalidomide was discontinued. In the 3 months following discontinuation of thalidomide, the patient's heart rate increased to an average of 74 beats/min.DISCUSSION:Clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance suggest that the incidence of thalidomide-induced bradycardia is low. The mechanism of this effect is unknown. Concurrent medications aff...
A Preliminary Study of Novice and Expert Users' Decision-Making Procedures during Visual Trade Space Exploration

Thanks to advances in computing power and speed, designers can now generate a wealth of data on demand to support engineering design and decision-making. Unfortunately, while the ability to generate and store new data continues to grow, methods and tools to support multidimensional data exploration have evolved at a much slower pace. Moreover, current methods and tools are often ill-equipped at accommodating evolving knowledge sources and expertdriven exploration that is being enabled by computational thinking. In this paper, we discuss ongoing research that seeks to transform decades-old decision-making paradigms rooted in operations research by considering how to effectively convert data into knowledge that ultimately leads to better decisions – and better designs. Specifically, we address decisionmaking within the area of trade space exploration by conducting human-computer interaction studies using multi-dimensional data visualization software that we have been developing. We first discuss a pilot study that was conducted to gain insight into expected differences between novice and expert decision-makers using a small test group. We then present the results of two preliminary studies designed to gain insight into procedural differences in how novices and experts use multi-dimensional data visualization and exploration tools and to measure their ability to use these tools effectively when solving an engineering design problem. This work supports our goal of developing training protocols for designers that support efficient and effective trade space exploration.
Scalable service differentiation in a shared storage cache

Motivated by the need to enable easier data sharing and curb rising storage management costs, storage systems are becoming increasingly consolidated and thereby shared by a large number of users and applications. In such environments, service differentiation becomes increasingly important. Since caching is a fundamental and pervasive technique employed to improve the performance of storage systems, providing differentiated services from a storage cache is a crucial component of the entire end-to-end QoS solution. In this paper we discuss a QoS architecture for a shared storage proxy cache which can provide long-term hit rate assurances to competing classes. The proposed architecture consists of three components: (a) per-class feedback controllers that track the performance of each class, (b) a fairness controller that allocates excess resources fairly in the case when all goals are met, and (c) a contention resolver that decides cache allocation in the case when at least one class does not meet its target hit rate. We compare the performance of various feedback per-class controllers, and provide guidelines for designing QoS mechanisms for such a dynamic environment.
How Can Aging Be Thought of as Anything Other Than a Disease

Unless one is so concerned about the social or economic consequences of doing so, it is hard to see why aging ought not be characterized as a disease. The changes associated with aging, unlike those associated with growth and sexual maturation, are manifestly dysfunctional. The causes of the dysfunctional changes that fuel senescence are clearly rooted in the loss, collapse, or deterioration of cellular functions. These in turn are caused by wear and tear over time on cells, genetic mutations, buildup of toxic substances, and programmed cell death. While these changes are universal and beset all humans, to not describe them as disease is simply to sugarcoat the many dysfunctions of aging as “natural.” The fact that they occur for almost all people at advanced ages does not make them any less dysfunctional relative to the experience of the individual in terms of “symptoms” or the overall ability of the person beset by these changes to flourish and survive. Aging is a disease. The only interesting question is whether we choose to do anything to treat it. A. Caplan (*) NYU Langone Medical Center and School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA e-mail: arthur.caplan@nyumc.org # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 T. Schramme, S. Edwards (eds.), Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8706-2_10-1 1
Why Has the U.S. Foreign Portfolio Share Increased

For decades the U.S. foreign portfolio share remained relatively constant; yet from 1994 to 2010, the share of equity wealth U.S. investors allocated to foreign markets nearly doubled. Using a sample of monthly bilateral equity holding between investors in the United States and 46 countries, I find that most of the growth in the U.S. foreign portfolio share has been passive. As U.S. stocks — the assets that U.S. investors tend to overweight — fell relative to the world market portfolio, U.S. investors allowed their foreign holdings to passively appreciate. Traditional portfolio choice theories predict that the gains to holding foreign equity are increasing in wealth. Alternative theories of ambiguity aversion and behavioral investment predict that uncertainty and sentiment impact international portfolio choice as well. Controlling for the passive change in the U.S. foreign portfolio share, I find evidence consistent with changes in foreign wealth and sentiment sending U.S. investors abroad and changes in uncertainty sending U.S. investors home.
Societal Impact of Earthquake Simulations at Extreme Scale

The highly nonlinear, multiscale dynamics of large earthquakes is a wicked physics problem that challenges HPC systems at extreme computational scales. This presentation will summarize how earthquake simulations at increasing levels of scale and sophistication have contributed to our understanding of seismic phenomena, focusing on the practical use of simulations to reduce seismic risk and enhance community resilience. Milestones include the terascale simulations of large San Andreas earthquakes that culminated in the landmark 2008 ShakeOut planning exercise and the recent petascale simulations that have created the first physics-based seismic hazard models. From the latter it is shown that accurate simulations can potentially reduce the total hazard uncertainty by about one-third relative to empirical models, which would lower the exceedance probabilities at high hazard levels by orders of magnitude. Realizing this gain in forecasting probability will require enhanced computational capabilities, but it could have a broad impact on risk-reduction strategies, especially for critical facilities such as large dams, nuclear power plants, and energy transportation networks.
On the cross-reactivity of amiloride and 2,4,6 triaminopyrimidine (TAP) for the cellular entry and tight junctional cation permeation pathways in epithelia.

2,4,6 Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) has been previously shown to inhibit the passive tight junctional cation permeation pathway in various “leaky” epithelia. Amiloride has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the cation cellular entry pathway in “tight” epithelia. In this paper we demonstrate that TAP and amiloride at appropriate concentrations are able to block either of these epithelial cation permeation pathways. TAP was found to block the Na entry pathway in frog skin with the following characteristics: it (1) inhibits from the external solution only, (2) is completely reversible, (3) increases the transepithelial resistance, (4) is active in the monoprotonated form, (5) is noncompetitive with Na, (6) displays saturation kinetics which obey a simple kinetic model (K I=1×10−3 m), (7) is independent of external calcium, (8) is dependent on external buffering capacity, and (9) is competitive with amiloride. Amiloride inhibition of the junctional permeation in gallbladder had the following characteristics: it (1) increases the transepithelial resistance, (2) decreases cation conductance without affecting the anion conductance, (3) displays saturation kinetics which obey a simple kinetic model (K I=1×10−3 m), and (4) possesses inhibitory activity in both its protonated and unprotonated form. These results not only indicate that a similar inhibitory site may exist in both of these cation permeation pathways, but also provide information on the chemical nature and possible location of these inhibitory sites.
Making the House More Representative: Hidden Costs and Unintended Consequences

Perhaps the most intriguing element of the current milieu of political reform is the fact that the United States Supreme Court seems to be standing in the way of many reform measures. In several recent decisions, the court has either struck down attempts to reform some element of the electoral process or upheld laws that reformers regard as problematic. For example, in response to the court's restricting the extent to which the Voting Rights Act can be used to draw majority-minority districts ( Shaw v. Reno 1993; Bush v. Vera 1996; Miller v. Johnson 1995), Representative Cynthia McKinney (D-GA) has introduced the Voters' Choice Act which would permit states to elect their congressional delegations by proportional representation (PR).
Diel and Ontogenetic Patterns of Oviposition in the Sweetpotato Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Ovipositional patterns of adult female sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), were examined in four laboratory experiments. In addition, survivorship of adult female weevils was assessed in one experiment. The life span of adult females averaged 75.8 ± 7.8 d, during which time females oviposited 122.0 ± 10.6 eggs. Preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition periods were 4.2 ± 0.2, 64.0 ± 6.5, and 7.6 ± 2.2 d, respectively. Maximum levels of oviposition occurred between 5 and 20 d after adult emergence from storage roots. Photoperiod affected fecundity; most eggs (about 75%) were laid during the scotophase, although some oviposition (about 25%) occurred during the photophase; oviposition occurred throughout the entire photoperiod. Disturbance of females during daylight reduced their levels of oviposition in daylight.
Slavery without States

Introduction A Balanta man, Mam Nambtacha, described how Balanta communities dealt with the captives they acquired in the past, and focused on the way that children might eventually be incorporated after a long period of time living within a household: People went to distant tabancas [villages] to conduct ostemore [a raid]. They carried away cows and other goods.... Captives could also be taken. The families could pay something and in the end could gain the liberty of the captured people. If the families could not pay, the captives stayed in the houses of their captors. For example, in the tabanca of Cumbumba, there was once an old man called Mpas Na Uale who was said to be in the subgroup Mansoanca. He had been captured in ostemore . Since his family did not have the courage to pay a ransom and retrieve him from the tabanca of Cumbumba, Mpas Na Uale stayed there until he died. At that point he was not Balanta Mansoanca but a Balanta Nhacra. The practice of ostemore was one of the things that led to the mixing of the Balanta with other ethnic groups.
Study of the glass-to-crystal transformation of the NASICON-type solid electrolyte Li1 + xAlxGe2 − x(PO4)3

Abstract In this study, we present a detailed investigation of the glass to crystal transformation in the Li 1 + x Al x Ge 2 − x P 3 O 12 (LAGP) system. Precursor glasses were synthesized following melt-quench and sol-gel procedures. The glass to crystal transition was studied employing X-ray diffraction and advanced solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (solid state NMR) techniques including 7 Li-, 27 Al-, 31 P NMR, 27 Al{ 7 Li}- and 27 Al{ 31 P}-REDOR-NMR as well as 31 P{ 27 Al}-REAPDOR-NMR. Whereas Al-poor LAGP precursor glasses exhibit a direct glass-to-LAGP crystal transition, without any extended change in the Al content of the LAGP crystals and without the formation of side phases, for glasses richer in Al the crystallization of LAGP is accompanied by the formation of AlPO 4 , which for x = 1.0 is the first crystalline phase to precipitate. For these compositions, the first crystalline LAGP phase precipitating contains an Al content lower than the nominal x-value, however, with annealing, more Al is continuously incorporated into the LAGP structure, accompanied by a decrease in the relative amount of the AlPO 4 phase. After surpassing a threshold temperature – which decreases from T = 900 °C for x = 0.4 to 720 °C for x = 0.8 – at which the LAGP phases reaches its highest Al content, close to the nominal composition, Al is gradually expelled from the LAGP structure, forming LGP and AlPO 4 . The findings enable the formation of virtually phase pure LAGP over an extended compositional range until x = 0.8.
Burying Misconceptions about Trash and Commerce: Why it is Time to Dump Philadelphia v. New Jersey

This article accordingly has a threefold purpose. In Parts I and II, I explore the factual and judicial background to the garbage-as-commerce controversy, emphasizing that misconceptions often obscure the real issues involved in trash management, trash politics, and trash jurisprudence. In Part III, I argue that numerous state and local efforts aimed at controlling primarily out-of-state waste streams, even when these efforts impose significant costs to interstate commerce, do not violate Philadelphia v. New Jersey's framework. Finally, I conclude, however, that the courts which have addressed commerce clause trash cases, in their attempts to fit within Philadelphia's framework, have exposed fundamental inconsistencies in that case which warrant overruling Philadelphia v. New Jersey.
Effects of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange on Myasthenic Outcome Measures (P3.172)

Objective: To demonstrate correlations between the effects of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and commonly used outcome measures of myasthenic response. Background: The MG Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL), Quality of Life (MG-QOL15, Manual Muscle Testing (MG-MMT) and Composite (MGC) Scores are validated measures of myasthenic response to treatment that have not been examined in a prospective trial of therapeutic plasma exchange. Methods: TPE was performed according to institutional practice and patients were profiled for up to 12 weeks. Immunosuppressive medications were kept as constant as possible. We quantitated MG-ADL, MG-QOL15, MG-MMT and MGC Scores at 8 visits; screening, initiation and end of TPE, and at weeks 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 post procedure. Results: Ten patients (mean age=68 years; baseline MG-ADL=8.7, MG-QOL15=28.8, MG-MMT=29.5, MG-Composite=20.7) received a median of 6 TPE treatments during their first course; all improved. Three patients received more than one course of TPE. Rapid improvement was seen in all outcome measures although there was some variation in the degree of change between outcome measures in a given patient. Maximal improvement was achieved in most patients by Visit 6 or 7. No single outcome measure was more reliable than another although MG-QOL was the least reliable measure of improvement. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates that currently available validated myasthenic outcome measures can serve as primary and secondary outcome measure for studies using therapeutic apheresis in myasthenia gravis. Disclosure: Dr. Guptill has received personal compensation for activities with Jacobus Pharmaceuticals, Marinus, Momenta, Serimmune, and UCB Pharma, Inc for consulting services and from Grifols for educational activities. Dr. Guptill has received research support fro Dr. Juel has received research support from Alexion Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Massey has received research support from Allergan and Merz Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Chopra has nothing to disclose. Dr. Howard holds stock and/or stock options in Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and General Electric.
2017: The New Computer Society

Ensuring the continued success of our members is the driving force behind recent and future changes to the Society's lineup of products and services. As we grow and adapt to global changes, we look to the ideas and energy of our new and renewing members to help us meet the needs of the profession and the communities we serve.
Women and Higher Education: The Successes and Challenges

The chapter starts by examining the role higher education has played in improving women’s prospects, the gains they have made, and the challenges that remain. It explores issues related to access, retention, and field of study, along with the roles that race, class, geography, and social and cultural norms have played in either increasing or decreasing the likelihood of women’s success in the higher education system. The discussion then turns to the prevalence of rape, sexual harassment, pregnancy, and HIV/AIDS on campuses and how they influence a woman’s ability to graduate from college.
Data on peptides identified by mass spectrometry analysis of in vitro DYRK1A-mediated phosphorylation sites on GLI1

Abstract The data presented in this article support the accompanying research article “Identification of a DYRK1A-mediated phosphorylation site within the nuclear localization sequence of the hedgehog transcription factor GLI1” (Ehe et al., 2017) [1] . Although it has been demonstrated that DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A) can phosphorylate the hedgehog pathway transcription factor GLI1 (GLIoma-associated oncogene homolog 1) and promote its nuclear localization, the DYRK1A-mediated sites of phosphorylation on GLI1 involved were not fully known. This article details the mass spectrometry methods and resulting dataset for the peptides identified from GLI1 when incubated with DYRK1A under varying conditions. The data include details of sequence coverage and all phospho-peptides identified.
Computing the Quality of Life

The title of this paper invites one to raise an eyebrow. Quality of life is a notion which we want to measure with precision, but seemingly cannot. We want to measure it for a variety of reasons. As individuals we wish not just to live long, but to live well. In seeking health care, for example, we wish not simply to survive, but to ease our pain, to ameliorate our handicaps, to shorten the course of our illnesses, to return as quickly as possible to the pursuit of our life plans and valued activities. As a society we similarly formulate some conception of our collective well-being, which we then pursue through public policies promoting, for example, health, education, defense and national culture. In all these activities, we must rely on judgments about the quality of life. These judgments may be rough, and they may not even be explicit; yet, as individuals or collectively as a society we cannot appraise our current lives or make decisions about our future without at least determining which states of affairs are acceptable and which not, and which alternatives are preferable and worthy of pursuit, which to be avoided. Without such basic judgments of value and priority, we would drift aimlessly, making decisions arbitrarily and ineffectually, wasting effort and resources.
MECHANISMS FOR BI·DIRECTIONAL OXALATE TRANSPORT ACROSS THE LARGE INTESTINE

The proportion of oxalate in urine that is derived from dietary sources is highly variable and ranges from 2% to 50%1. Perhaps the most important factor influencing the amount of oxalate absorbed is the physical chemistry of intraluminal contents which determines both the solubility and hence the availability of oxalate. While the absorption of dietary oxalate in healthy individuals has been shown to occur primarily in the small intestine2, 3, in patients with enteric hyperoxaluria, the large intestine has been identified as the major site where oxalate is hyperabsorbed4. In enteric hyperoxaluria, increased formation of soluble oxalate salts is a consequence of malabsorbed fatty acids binding calcium within the colonic lumen resulting in a decrease of the insoluble calcium oxalate product5. It is also suggested that malabsorbed fatty acids and bile salts increase colonic permeability to oxalate6. These explanations are not mutually exclusive and they underscore the importance of understanding the mechanisms for basal handling of oxalate by the whole intestine. In this report we discuss the absorptive and secretory mechanisms for oxalate that have been identified in the large intestine7, 8. It is apparent that the proximal and distal colonic segments handle oxalate differently under basal conditions.
Case of Anti-Single Recognition Particle-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy After Influenza Vaccination.

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy is a very rare inflammatory disease affecting skeletal muscles. Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy may be associated with myositis-specific autoantibodies including anti-single recognition particle and anti-3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, infectious agents (HIV or hepatitis C), other connective tissue disorders (such as scleroderma), and malignancy. We reported a 28-year-old healthy woman presented with subacute onset ascending muscle weakness 2 weeks after an annual influenza vaccination. Cerebral Spinal Fluid study showed normal cell counts with elevated protein and nerve conduction study showed reduced diffuse compound muscle action potential amplitudes suggesting a diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Despite treatment using intravenous immunoglobulin, her condition continued to get worse with new bulbar and respiratory muscle weakness. Eventually, the diagnosis of anti-single recognition particle-mediated necrotizing myopathy was made based on elevated creatine kinase, thigh magnetic resonance imaging, muscle biopsy, and positive antibody testing. Our patient responded to the combination of intravenous immunoglobulin, prednisone, and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab.
Effects of Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis on the Renal Brush Border Membrane Transport of Citrate

The systemic acidosis in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) may be responsible for the hypocitraturia1. The ability of renal mitochondria to metabolize citrate via the tricarboxylic acid cycle is thought to control the renal clearance of citrate. Metabolic acidosis increases the entry of citrate into the matrix space of mitochondria, cytoplasmic citrate levels fall, reabsorption of citrate from tubular fluid is enhanced, and less citrate appears in the final urine. Metabolic alkalosis has an opposite effect1.
Alternative ethics for ecocinema: The Tree of Life and post-continuity aesthetics

In this essay, I define ecocinema as a pedagogy of worldly reciprocity, and I ask how contemporary cinematic aesthetics, specifically camera movement and editing, may offer points of access or anch...
Abstract TMP106: Intestinal Barrier Leakage Exacerbates Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Development in Murine Models

Introduction: A serendipitous discovery demonstrating a greater cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) burden within a murine CCM disease model housed in an unclean vivarium than in a cleaner facili...
Influence of Daytime LED Light Exposure on Circadian Regulatory Dynamics of Metabolism and Physiology in Mice.

Light is a potent biologic force that profoundly influences circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral regulation in animals. Previously we examined the effects of light-phase exposure of rats to white light-emitting diodes (LED), which emit more light in the blue-appearing portion of the visible spectrum (465 to 485 nm) than do broad-spectrum cool white fluorescent (CWF) light, on the nighttime melatonin amplitude and circadian regulation of metabolism and physiology. In the current studies, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to blue-enriched LED light at day (bLAD), compared with CWF, promotes the circadian regulation of neuroendocrine, metabolic, and physiologic parameters that are associated with optimizing homeostatic regulation of health and wellbeing in 3 mouse strains commonly used in biomedical research (C3H [melatonin-producing], C57BL/6, and BALB/c [melatonin-non-producing]). Compared with male and female mice housed for 12 wk under 12:12-h light:dark (LD) cycles in CWF light, C3H mice in bLAD evinced 6-fold higher peak plasma melatonin levels at the middark phase; in addition, high melatonin levels were prolonged 2 to 3 h into the light phase. C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains did not produce nighttime pineal melatonin. Body growth rates; dietary and water intakes; circadian rhythms of arterial blood corticosterone, insulin, leptin, glucose, and lactic acid; pO₂ and pCO₂; fatty acids; and metabolic indicators (cAMP, DNA, tissue DNA 3H-thymidine incorporation, fat content) in major organ systems were significantly lower and activation of major metabolic signaling pathways (mTOR, GSK3β, and SIRT1) in skeletal muscle and liver were higher only in C3H mice in bLAD compared with CWF. These data show that exposure of C3H mice to bLAD compared with CWF has a marked positive effect on the circadian regulation of neuroendocrine, metabolic, and physiologic parameters associated with the promotion of animal health and wellbeing that may influence scientific outcomes. The absence of enhancement in amelatonic strains suggests hyperproduction of nighttime melatonin may be a key component of the physiology.
Automatic Classification of Cichlid Behaviors Using 3D Convolutional Residual Networks.

Summary Many behaviors that are critical for survival and reproduction are expressed over extended time periods. The ability to inexpensively record and store large volumes of video data creates new opportunities to understand the biological basis of these behaviors and simultaneously creates a need for tools that can automatically quantify behaviors from large video datasets. Here, we demonstrate that 3D Residual Networks can be used to classify an array of complex behaviors in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. We first apply pixel-based hidden Markov modeling combined with density-based spatiotemporal clustering to identify sand disturbance events. After this, a 3D ResNet, trained on 11,000 manually annotated video clips, accurately (>76%) classifies the sand disturbance events into 10 fish behavior categories, distinguishing between spitting, scooping, fin swipes, and spawning. Furthermore, animal intent can be determined from these clips, as spits and scoops performed during bower construction are classified independently from those during feeding.
Treatment of Dystonia: Medications, Neurotoxins, Neuromodulation, and Rehabilitation

Dystonia is a complex disorder with numerous presentations occurring in isolation or in combination with other neurologic symptoms. Its treatment has been significantly improved with the advent of botulinum toxin and deep brain stimulation in recent years, though additional investigation is needed to further refine these interventions. Medications are of critical importance in forms of dopa-responsive dystonia but can be beneficial in other forms of dystonia as well. Many different rehabilitative paradigms have been studied with variable benefit. There is growing interest in noninvasive stimulation as a potential treatment, but with limited long-term benefit shown to date, and additional research is needed. This article reviews existing evidence for treatments from each of these categories. To date, there are many examples of incomplete response to available treatments, and improved therapies are needed.
Using an Intersectional Framework to Understand the Challenges of Adopting Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Young Adult Black Women

There is limited functional knowledge and utilization of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among young adult Black cisgender women (YBW). We conducted four focus groups with YBW using an intersectional framework to explore multiple levels of factors that impede YBW awareness, interest, and utilization of PrEP in conjunction with their sexual and reproductive healthcare needs. Influences at the cultural-environmental level included a lack of information and resources to access to PrEP and medical mistrust in the healthcare system. At the social normative level, influences included attitudes towards the long-term effects on sexual and reproductive health and self-efficacy to follow the PrEP regimen. At the proximal intrapersonal level, influences included anticipated HIV stigma from family and peers along with the fear of rejection from their main partners. Translation of these results indicated that interventions to increase PrEP utilization and adherence among YBW will require multi-level strategies to address barriers to integrating HIV prevention into sexual and reproductive healthcare.
Oscillatory flow around a vertical wall-mounted cylinder: Dynamic mode decomposition

This study applies the Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) to better understand and model the oscillatory flow across a vertical wall-mounted cylinder. At different Keulegan–Carpenter numbers, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations are performed to provide the flow details such as the snapshots of the coherent structures around the cylinder, vorticity fields, and bed shear stress. The selected fields are decomposed into dynamic modes. The characteristic flow features with relevant information including spatial mode shape, frequency, and mode amplitude are systematically investigated. The time series of flow fields is also reconstructed using the DMD analysis and compared against the original data to assess the efficacy of information in the low-dimensional system. The results show that the DMD analysis can capture the dynamic and nonlinear features of the oscillatory flow past the vertical wall-mounted cylinder and also efficiently reconstruct the relevant fields with reasonable accuracy. It provides a basis for the data-driven model of scour near the cylinder–wall junction relevant to coastal engineering applications.
Multimodal Message Incongruence on E-Commerce Websites

This study investigates the impact of incongruence between visual and text-based information about a product provided by sellers on e-commerce websites. We hypothesize that the incongruence between the quantity presented in a visual representation and a text-based description will produce a negative effect on the product evaluation of customers. Two pilot studies provide initial evidence to support this hypothesis. This result suggests that the effect needs to be further investigated with higher level of sophistication both in terms of theory and empirical support. While it is generally encouraged to maintain design-level consistency in multi-modal communication setting, e-commerce researchers and practitioners have not perfected the mechanisms to respond to message-level incongruence issue. By adopting dual process theories of thinking, when completed, this study will provide a detailed theoretical account of how incongruence between visual representation and linguistic descriptions would affect customers’ evaluation of a product selling online.
Erratum to: Models of cardiac electromechanics based on individual hearts imaging data

Simulation results in the paper are not affected by this error since the correct expressions were used in generating the results. In Sect. 2.6, first paragraph, the sentence “In this semiimplicit scheme, xk+1 (the value of x at the next integration step) was used for extrapolation of dx dt and for integration of the first equation in (7) ...” should read as follows: “In this semi-implicit scheme, xk+1 (the value of x at the next integration step) was used for extrapolation of dx dt and for integration of the first equation in (8) ...”.
Pluralism and Liberal Politics: Preface and Introduction

This file contains the Preface and Introduction of my book, Pluralism and Liberal Politics (Routledge, 2012). The Preface gives an overview of the book, and the Introduction features an extended discussion of the nature of pluralism as a philosophical thesis.
Isolation and characterization of a TATA-less promoter for the human beta 3 integrin gene

Proper expression of the human platelet fibrinogen receptor is necessary for the maintenance of normal hemostasis. This receptor is formed by the heterodimer alpha IIb beta 3, a prototypic member of the integrin family of adhesive molecules. beta 3 is also expressed in other tissues with alpha v as the vitronectin receptor. It was not possible to study the basis for tissue-specific expression of this gene, because the beta 3 gene promoter had not been isolated previously. We have now isolated a 6.0-kb human genomic DNA fragment containing 2.0 kb of sequence 5′ to the beta 3 ATG start codon. This clone also contains sequence encoding the signal peptide of the immature beta 3 protein and 3.0 kb of 3′ intronic sequence. Primer extension and RNase protection studies of poly A+ RNA from a human erythroleukemia (HEL) cell line indicated a major transcription start site 30 bp upstream of the ATG start codon. In an orientation-dependent manner, a 584-bp fragment 5′ to the start codon promotes expression of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene in K562 cells. CAT expression from this beta 3 promoter is fivefold above expression from a “promoter-less” control CAT construct. This beta 3 promoter lacks TATA and CAAT cis-acting elements, but there are two Sp1 sites flanking the transcription start site. Other potential transcription factor binding sites are also identified. Phorbol esters (TPA), which increase beta 3 transcription in K562 cells, stimulated transcription from the 584-bp 5′ beta 3 region. The isolation of this beta 3 promoter region should permit a more detailed analysis of its transcriptional regulation.
The Recently Opened United Nations War Crimes Archives: A Researcher's Comment

Archivists and researchers must be aware of the limitations of records found in a single repository and should know what complementary materials exist in other archives. The United Nations War Crimes Commission records at the United Nations Archives provides an extreme example of the dangers inherent in relying on only one institution's records. The author describes the UNWCC archives, discusses the policy governing access and use, and analyzes the problems of taking the content of the records at face value.
"Spanish for Medical Professionals" an interactive videodisc program.

Abstract "Spanish for Medical Professionals" is an application authored using the IBM InfoWindow Presentation System (IWPS). It consists of a double-sided videodisc featuring four doctor/patient dialogues interrupted by comprehension quizzes, plus a large visual and audio data base for drill and practice of Spanish words and phrases in the following classifications: Medical History, Review of Systems, Anatomy Vocabulary, General Vocabulary and Pronunciation Guide. These five broad headings yield easy access to more than seventy sub-groups of material available for practice. The entire application stresses communication, not diagnostic skill or interview techniques. This is not a course in basic Spanish, but rather a needs-based language course designed to teach Spanish for a medical environment. Basic knowledge of Spanish is strongly recommended as a prerequisite.
After the Deluge: Regional Crises and Political Consolidation in Russia. By Daniel S. Treisman. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. 262p. $57.50.

Daniel Treisman offers an ingenious explanation for the fact that the Russian Federation held together after the collapse of the Soviet regime. Unlike the three other ethnic federa- tions in the communist world-Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR itself-the Russian Federation, which was the largest of the 15 nationally based constituent republics in the Soviet Union, avoided disintegration. Many observers in the early 1990s feared the same pressures that had led to powerful separatist movements among the Soviet republics would prove too strong for the fragile central government to resist. Yet, Russia managed to maintain itself as a federal state, albeit weak. The one constituent republic in which separatism ultimately led to armed confrontation was Chech- nia, where a brutal war began in 1994, paused in 1996, and erupted again in 1999.
Lamb waves in microstructured plates

Abstract The velocity dispersion of guided plate waves has been derived and studied in a plate composed of a coherent microstructured material. The calculated ultrasonic velocity dispersion arises from two sources: the conventional geometric Lamb wave dispersion due to the vanishing of tractions on the plate boundary, and microstructural dispersion due to the comparability of the ultrasonic wavelength and the microstructural dimension. The microstructure is assumed to take the form of laminations oriented vertically to the plate surfaces. The guided sound wave propagates in a direction parallel to the layer interfaces. Microstructural dispersion is treated by the continuum mixture approach, where the spatial dependence of field variables normal to the lamina interfaces has been approximated by averaging these quantities across the lamina thickness. This procedure reduces the dimensionality of the wave equation, but yields additional frequency dependent terms which account for the dispersive nature of the original material system. It is found that the fundamental Lamb waves undergo significant modification as the ultrasonic wavelength approaches the microstructural dimension. For the symmetric mode, this effect consists of a much more rapid decrease in the Lamb wave phase velocity as it approaches the Rayleigh velocity of the slower medium, instead of the mixture value. The antisymmetric mode displays a broad maximum, whose frequency of occurence is dependent on the ratio of plate thickness to microstructural dimension. A specific case is analysed numerically and physically, and limitations of the model are discussed in the context of real composite material systems.
Studies on the biosynthesis of hemin in soy bean nodules.

Soy bean nodule homogenates are able to incorporate the carbon atoms of acetate and glycine into hemin. Acids of the Krebs cycle, malonate and sodium azide inhibited the incorporation of the a-carbon atom of glycine into hemin. CoA and substances containing sulfhydryl groups also inhibited the above reaction. Magnesium, acetate, glycine, hydrosulfite and fluoride stimulated. The effects of various combinations of these substances were also investigated. Some implications of the results obtained are discussed.
Nitric Oxide in the Penis: Physiology and Pathology

ABSTRACTPurpose: The significance of nitric oxide in the physiology of the penis was evaluated, including its role in pathophysiological mechanisms and pathological consequences involving this organ.Materials and Methods: Animal and human studies pertaining to nitric oxide in the penis were reviewed and analyzed in the context of current descriptions of the molecular biology and physiological effects of this chemical.Results: Potential sources of nitric oxide in the penis include neurons, sinusoidal endothelium and corporeal smooth muscle cells. Nitric oxide is perceived to exert a host of functional roles by binding with specific molecular targets. Its synthesis and action in the penis are influenced by many different regulatory factors.Conclusions: Nitric oxide exerts a significant role in the physiology of the penis, operating chiefly as the principal mediator of erectile function. Alterations in the biology of nitric oxide likely account for various forms of erectile dysfunction. The diverse physiolog...
A Comparison of Metrics for Scoring Beginning Spelling

The authors investigated four spelling scoring metrics: total words correct, correct letter sequences, correct sounds, and phonological coding scoring (developed by Tangel and Blachman) across two studies with children in kindergarten. The relationships between spelling scores and measures of reading, phonological awareness, and writing skills were studied. The scores from each metric were highly correlated. There were moderate to strong relationships between each spelling score and word reading, phonological awareness, letter name fluency, nonsense word fluency, and writing skills. Additionally, each spelling metric was sensitive to growth across 2-month intervals. The results suggest that these scoring metrics provide an equivalent index of spelling skill at a single assessment point and that phonological coding is most sensitive to growth over time.
The chemistry of pyrazine and its derivatives. XI. The participation of tetramethylpyrazine in alkylation and aldol‐type reactions

Using sodium amide and phenyllithium as the condensing agents, tetramethylpyrazine has been alkylated with several alkyl halides to give mixtures of alkyltrimethylpyrazines and what are believed to be 2,5-dialkyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazines. Evidence in support of the structures of the dialkylated compounds is presented for the case where the alkylating agent is n-butyl bromide. A number of carbinols have been prepared by the reaction of tetramethylpyrazine with aldehydes and ketones using phenyllithium as the condensing agent. One of these, 1-(trimethylpyrazyl)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentanol has been dehydrated to 1-(trimethylpyrazyl)-2, 4-dimethyl-1-pentene.