cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total cross section measurements by X-ray detection of electron-capture residual activity

Abstract A method is presented for measuring total cross-sections for reactions producing final nuclei which decay by electron capture. The method involves the detection of the X-rays from the atom produced by the electron capture, by use of a Si(Li) detector. As an example, results are presented for the total cross section of the reaction 48Ti(α, n)51Cr in the bombarding energy range 5.0 to 11.0 MeV.
Sendai virus gene sequences identified by oligonucleotide mapping

Abstract We have used Tl-oligonucleotide mapping to explore the nucleotide sequence organization of the Sendai virus genome. Duplexes of radioactive virus genes and unlabeled virus messenger RNA species, obtained by ribonuclease digestion of RNA hybrids, were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Identities of duplexes were deduced from their apparent molecular weights, relative to the molecular weights of the virus gene products. Five duplexes were assigned to the five genes that map at the 3′ side of the virus genome. However, oligonucleotide mapping revealed that there was not a simple relationship between genes and duplexes: (a) the 3′-terminal gene, NP, was present in two duplexes, the larger of which contained an additional oligonucleotide that may represent the template for the viral leader RNA; (b) the largest band in the group yielded more than twice as many oligonucleotides as any of the other duplexes and appears to represent a pair of duplexes containing the P and F 0 genes. The characteristic oligonucleotides of the L gene were identified separately; their abundance relative to the molecular weight of this gene suggested that the 5′ side of the viral genome is guanine-poor, compared to the 3′ side. Oligonucleotides of the full-length complement of the viral genome (50 S plus-strand) and of positive-sense virus messenger RNAs were also identified. These data provide a foundation for further structural analysis of the genome of this model paramyxovirus and its defective-interfering (DI) deletion mutants.
Antiestrogenic activities of alternate-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Purpose: 1,3,6,8-Substituted alkyl polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), typified by 6-methyl-1,3,8-triCDF (MCDF), inhibit 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced responses in the rodent uterus and human breast cancer cells. The major purpose of the experiments reported here was to determine the structure-dependent antiestrogenic activities of several alternate-substituted (1,3,6,8- and 2,4,6,8-) PCDFs. Methods: The antiestrogenic activities were determined in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using two assays, that is E2-induced cell proliferation and induction of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) activity in cells transiently transfected with the E2-responsive Vit-CAT plasmid. Results: MCDF (10−5 M ), 6-isopropyl-1,3,8-triCDF, 6-ethyl-1,3,8-triCDF, 3-isopropyl-6-methyl-1,8-diCDF, and 6-methyl-2,4,8-triCDF, inhibited both E2-induced cell proliferation and CAT activity in MCF-7 cells. All of the remaining ten congeners inhibited either E2-induced cell proliferation or CAT activity, but not both responses. Conclusions: The antiestrogenic activity of the alternate-substituted PCDFs involves interactions between the aryl hydrocarbon and estrogen receptor signaling pathways. Although these compounds exhibited antiestrogenic activity in MCF-7 cells, the effects of individual congeners were response-specific, and there were no apparent structure-activity relationships.
A Time Resolved Spectroscopic Study of Solution Phase Ionic Association and Dissociation

We have used ultrafast kinetic spectroscopies to study the ionic exchange behavior of the fluorescent probe molecule resorufin in a binary solution of n-butyl and tert-butyl alcohol. The resorufin chromophore, an organic anion, is associated with its sodium counterion (NaR) in tert-butyl alcohol and is fully dissociated (R-) in n-butyl alcohol. In a binary solution of the two solvents, both the associated and dissociated forms are present. The linear responses of these two species differ significantly, and we can excite and monitor the populations of the two forms of the chromophore selectively. We find that the signals recovered from ground state recovery and spontaneous emission lifetime measurements can be explained quantitatively using a kinetic model that accounts for ionic association and dissociation in both the ground and excited electronic states of the chromophore. The rates of this dissociation are qualitatively similar to protonation and deprotonation times reported for a variety of other pola...
Clinical application of SPHARM-PDM to quantify temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis

The severe bone destruction and resorption that can occur in osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is associated with significant pain and limited joint mobility. However, there is no validated method for the quantification of discrete changes in joint morphology in early diagnosis or assessment of disease progression or treatment effects. To achieve this, the objective of this cross-sectional study was to use simulated bone resorption on cone-beam CT (CBCT) to study condylar morphological variation in subjects with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA). The first part of this study assessed the hypothesis that the agreement between the simulated defects and the shape analysis measurements made of these defects would be within 0.5mm (the image's spatial resolution). One hundred seventy-nine discrete bony defects measuring 3mm and 6mm were simulated on the surfaces of 3D models derived from CBCT images of asymptomatic patients using ITK-Snap software. SPHARM shape correspondence was used to localize and quantify morphological differences of each resorption model with the original asymptomatic control. The size of each simulated defect was analyzed and the values obtained compared to the true defect size. The statistical analysis revealed very high probabilities that mean shape correspondence measured defects within 0.5mm of the true defect size. 95% confidence intervals (CI) were (2.67, 2.92) and (5.99, 6.36) and 95% prediction intervals (PI) were (2.22, 3.37) and (5.54, 6.82), respectively for 3mm and 6mm simulated defects. The second part of this study applied shape correspondence methods to a longitudinal sample of TMJ OA patients. The mapped longitudinal stages of TMJ OA progression identified morphological variants or subtypes, which may explain the heterogeneity of the clinical presentation. This study validated shape correspondence as a method to precisely and predictably quantify 3D condylar resorption.
Expression of negative and positive events through writing: Implications for psychotherapy and health

Abstract Previous researchers have found that subjects who wrote about traumatic experiences demonstrated improvements in physical health and have concluded that writing is a form of self-disclosure which helps to decrease inhibition and, thereby, improve health. Our experiment extended this research by examining whether writing about positive life events also affected physical health as well as psychological health and mood. Also investigated were the relationships between self-disclosure and inhibition and we examined how self-disclosure, inhibition and psychological distress differentially effected health outcomes. One hundred and fifty-six participants were randomly assigned to the Negative Feelings Group (NFG). Positive Feelings Group (PFG) and Control Group (CG) and wrote about negative. positive. and neutral life events respectively. No significant improvements in physical health were noted across all three groups. There were significant improvements in psychological health and decreases in psychol...
Panel unit root tests of purchasing power parity for price indices

Abstract This paper adopts four panel unit root tests to evaluate PPP over the floating period for six different price indices. Results generally support PPP, albeit the speeds of adjustment differ considerably between price indices and test procedures. The degree of contemporaneous and serial correlation as well as heterogeneity of the series in the panel affect stationarity and the speed of mean reversion.
Education for all: a framework for addressing the persisting illusion for the Kenyan context

Abstract The economic and sociopolitical context for implementing education for all (EFA) policy in Kenya is examined. The policy absolving households from the responsibility of paying user fees for primary education leads to a focus on the capacity of the government to fully fund universal primary education. Funding constraints are identified as the primary limitation to the realization of universal access. A proposal on projection for funding level required for the realization of universal access based on current enrolment and existing infrastructure is offered. International comparison in funding levels provide context for assumptions made regarding differentials in educational access and quality. It is apparent that even without improvement in quality of educational infrastructure, realization of universal access will remain an illusion unless the Kenyan economy is able to support her education system.
Purification and analysis of a human sarcoma associated antigen

Abstract S 1 , a heterophile antigen present on human sarcoma cell lines in culture, has been previously defined by this laboratory [1,2]. This antigen is also present in guinea-pig kidney. Purification of the antigen to homogeneity has now been achieved by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, sephadex, high pressure liquid chromotography and affinity chromotography. S 1 is a monomeric protein of 70 000 Da, as indicated by the presence of a single band on SDS-PAGE. Amino acid analysis demonstrates the prevalence of glycine, lysine and glutamic acid. Aspartic acid was found to be the N-terminal residue with further sequence of glycine-valine-alanine-glutamic acid (gly-val-ala-glut).
Clustering of α-Synuclein on Supported Lipid Bilayers: Role of Anionic Lipid, Protein, and Divalent Ion Concentration

α-Synuclein is the major component of Lewy body inclusions found in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease. Several studies indicate that α-synuclein binds to negatively charged phospholipid bilayers. We examined the binding of α-synuclein to membranes containing different amounts of negatively charged lipids using supported lipid bilayers, epifluorescence microscopy, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and bulk fluorescence techniques. The membranes contained phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. In the absence of protein, these lipids mix uniformly. Our results show that the propensity of α-synuclein to cluster on the membrane increases as the concentration of anionic lipid and/or protein increases. Regions on the lipid bilayer where α-synuclein is clustered are enriched in phosphatidylglycerol. We also observe divalent metal ions stimulate protein cluster formation, primarily by promoting lipid demixing. The importance of protein structure, lipid demixing, and divalent ions, as well as the physiological implications, will be discussed. Because membrane-bound α-synuclein assemblies may play a role in neurotoxicity, it is of interest to determine how membranes can be used to tune the propensity of α-synuclein to aggregate.
Survey of satellite auxiliary electric propulsion systems

Satellite auxiliary electric propulsion systems survey for program managers and systems engineers, considering cost and component reliability
Colchicine inhibits mitogenesis in C1300 neuroblastoma cells that have been arrested in G0.

CELLS in G1 or G0 usually progress through the cell cycle and stop in metaphase when colchicine is added to the growth medium1–6. I have observed, however, using two different experimental techniques, that mouse C1300 neuroblastoma cells reversibly arrested in G0 by serum limitation7 are unable to re-enter the cell cycle in the presence of colchicine.
Effect of aging on the mechanical properties of hand-rolled gutta-percha endodontic cones.

Abstract This study examined the effect of storage, for periods varying up to 24 weeks and at temperatures from −12°C. to 50°C., on the compression, tension, torsion, and bend properties of size 100 hand-rolled gutta-percha cones. All of the properties changed during storage, with the largest changes occurring at the highest temperatures, the smallest changes occurring at the lowest temperatures, and the greatest rate of change occurring during the initial 40- to 60-day storage period. All of the cones tested were subjectively found to be clinically usable. Since ideal characteristics or standards for mechanical properties are nonexistent, assessment of the changes is speculative and arbitrary. The condition of cones at which clinicians decide they are unusable also varies widely. Continual study of this problem is indicated and important.
Gauging of Dirac-Kahler fermions on the cubic lattice

We propose a new method of gauging of Dirac-Kahler fermions on the cubic lattice. Instead of gauging the finite-difference operators we gauge the incidence numbers of the cell complex in terms of which the cubic lattice is defined.
Early Language Development and Language Learning Disabilities

1. Kenneth L. Grizzle, PhD* 2. Mark D. Simms, MD, MPH† 1. *Lead psychologist, School Performance Program, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin; Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisc 2. †Medical Director, Child Development Center, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin; Professor, Department of Pediatrics, and Chief, Section of Developmental Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisc After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Review stages in development of early language and language-based learning abilities. 2. Recognize factors placing a child at risk to experience reading difficulties. 3. Discuss when to refer a child for speech/language and psychoeducational testing. Child 1: The parents of 23-month-old Dale are concerned because their son uses only eight distinct words. Although he can make his wants known to caregivers through gesturing and use of his limited vocabulary, he is becoming frustrated by his parents’ insistence on his use of language and their inability to understand his requests. At mealtimes and throughout the day, Dale is engaged in “conversation” with family members and enjoys making the sounds of a motor as he pushes his trucks along the ground. He enjoys “calling” his older siblings to dinner when asked by his father and generally is well behaved. Child 2: Sarah, a 51/2-year-old child who received speech and language services as a preschooler through an Early Childhood Program because of poor language formulation, is struggling to recognize some upper case and most lower case letters of the alphabet. She can identify the sounds of about five letters. After evaluating Sarah at the end of preschool, the speech pathologist did not think language services were necessary. Although she is happy to have her parents and teacher read to her, Sarah is easily distracted and seems uninterested in guided reading books provided by her kindergarten teacher. Her teacher is considering recommending that Sarah not be promoted to first grade. Child 3: Jacob just turned 8 years old and is in third grade. Unlike Dale and Sarah, Jacob has no history of language delays, and there is no family history of language or academic problems. Since kindergarten, Jacob’s teachers have expressed concerns about his progress in reading …
Role of DBI in brain and its posttranslational processing products in normal and abnormal behavior

Because diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) and its processing products coexist with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in several axon terminals, DBI immunoreactivity was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals suffering from various neuropsychiatric disorders, that are believe to be associated with abnormalities of GABAergic transmission. Increased amounts of DBI-like immunoreactivity were found in the CSF of patients suffering from severe depression with a severe anxiety component (Barbaccia, Costa, Ferrero, Guidotti, Roy, Sunderland, Pickar, Paul and Goodwin, 1986). Moreover, the amount of DBI and its processing products was found to be increased in the CSF of patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) (Rothstein, McKhann, Guarneri, Barbaccia, Guidotti and Costa, 1989; Guarneri, Berkovich, Guidotti and Costa, 1990). The clinical rating of HE correlated with the extent of the increase in DBI in CSF. Other lines of research suggest that DBI and DBI processing products may be important factors in behavioral adaptation to stress, acting via benzodiazepine (BZD) binding sites, located on mitochondria. DBI and its processing products, ODN and TTN, are present in high concentrations in the hypothalamus and in the amygdala, two areas of the brain that are important in regulating behavioral patterns associated with conflict situations, anxiety and stress. In CSF, the content of DBI changes in association with corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) (Roy, Pickar, Gold, Barbaccia, Guidotti, Costa and Linnoila, 1989). Finally DBI is preferentially concentrated in steroidogenic tissues and cells (adrenal cortical cells, Leydig cells of the testes and glial cells of the brain).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comments on "Luenberger's canonical form revisited

Results similar to those presented in the above paper have previously been developed for a slightly different version of Luenberger's canonical form. These results are summarized herein to provide an alternate canonical form that can be used for system identification. For certain applications, such as observer design, the canonical form presented is particularly well suited. Both canonical forms provide the same number of undefined parameters.
Effects of Interpersonal Dynamics in the Student-Teacher Dyads on Diagnostic and Remedial Content of Four Private Violin Lessons

Theories of interpersonal dynamics have been an integral part of research in the fields of psychology, psychiatry and the social sciences but have not been systematically applied to music teaching.The present study makes use of Sigmund Freud's theory of the defence mechanisms of the personality, demonstrating how these mechanisms operate in shaping the diagnostic and remedial content of the student- teacher dyad in four private violin lessons. Drawn from 12 hours of videotaped lessons, the psychoanalytic interpretation of the behaviours of eight subjects supports the hypothesis that the manifest contents of the lesson interactions are dominated by the unconscious aims of either or both members of the dyad. These findings are consistent with the extensive psychiatric literature on the defences of personality in everyday life and suggest that observation and interpretation of these phenomena are of value to teachers and educators interested in the relation between task and personality in the setting of the ...
The cancerous translation apparatus

Deregulations in translational control are critical features of cancer initiation and progression. Activation of key oncogenic pathways promotes rapid and dramatic translational reprogramming, not simply by increasing overall protein synthesis, but also by modulating specific mRNA networks that promote cellular transformation. Additionally, ribosomopathies caused by mutations in ribosome components alter translational regulation leading to specific pathological features, including cancer susceptibility. Exciting advances in our understanding of translational control in cancer have illuminated a striking specificity innate to the translational apparatus. Characterizing this specificity will provide novel insights into how cells normally utilize translational control to modulate gene expression, how it is deregulated in cancer, and how these processes can be targeted to develop new cancer therapies.
Comparison of two models for estimating mortality from baitings with Compound DRC-1339 Concentrate avicide

In the U.S., DRC-1339 baitings for blackbirds (Icteridae) are generally done under the pesticide label, Compound DRC-1339 Concentrate e Staging Areas. DRC-1339 is a slow-acting avicide and gives the birds enough time to leave the baiting sites. Carcass searches and other forms of onsite counts are ineffective. Instead, linear models (LM) are used. The LM are based on esophageal analyses of several blackbird species collected while feeding at staging area bait sites. Biases and large variances can occur with this type of sampling. As an alternative to the LM, we developed a semi-mechanistic model (SM) that combined mechanistic modeling of environmental and biophysical processes with statistical modeling of DRC-1339 toxicities, avian physical and physiological traits, and foraging behavior. We used simulated baiting scenarios in Missouri and Louisiana to quantify and compare mortality between the LM and SM. The SM accounted for meteorological and regional effects on feeding rates, and we ran the SM scenarios for both mild and inclement weather conditions during January, a month when DRC-1339 baitings frequently occur. Mortality was calculated for males and females of three blackbird species. We used brown rice as the delivery substrate in a mix consisting of 11.34 kg untreated and 0.45 kg 2% DRC-1339 treated rice (1:25 dilution ratio). Compared to the LM, estimates by the SM ranged from 5% higher for male common grackles [Quiscalus quiscula L] to 59% lower for male brown-headed cowbirds [Molothrus ater Boddaert]. On average, the SM was 29% lower ( x ¼ 8635, SE ¼ 274.6) than the LM (x ¼ 12,131, SE ¼ 1530.8, P 0.65). Unlike the LM, the SM used avian physiological and behavioral responses to environmental and meteorological conditions based on individual characteristics of the modeled blackbird species. It represents a scientifically rigorous and broad-scale approach that can be applied at all staging area baitings regardless of region or time-of-year. The SM will produce much lower mortality estimates compared to the LM when brown-headed cowbirds are the major species using staging area sites. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Chemical processes in the ocean

Considers the composition and physical chemistry of seawater, as well as the dissolved oxygen in the ocean and factors and processes that influence that amount.
Television-echo sounder observations of midwater sound scatteres

Abstract Simultaneous observations with echo sounders and underwater television have been made both in and out of deep scattering layers. All the evidence indicates that, with type of sonic gear used, micro plankton was not responsible for either the observed deep scattering or for detectable echo sequences on the short range equipment. It was possible to “see” for the first time the sound scatters responsible for the typical echo sequences from single animals and to confirm the deductions of Johnson et al. (1956) that individual small fishes give rise to the sort of echo sequences that have been seen in deep scattering layers. The type of echo record and its relation to the number of fish scattering the sound was observed.
Effects of pharmacological manipulation of the renin-angiotensin system on the hibernation cycle of the 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus).

Abstract Adult 13-lined ground squirrels were monitored for body temperature and state of torpor or arousal in a cold room at photoperiod LD 2:22 after receiving intraperitoneal injections of 0.9% saline vehicle or with the vehicle plus various test drugs. Saline injections (200 μl) caused arousal of over 70% of the squirrels within 6 hours. Concomitant injections with Asp 1 Val 5 Angiotensin II (10 μg/kg, IP), however, significantly delayed arousal. This delaying effect was eliminated by simultaneous injections of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist, sarlasin (Sar 1 -Ala 8 -Ang II; 50 μg/kg, IP), In addition, 30 hours after induced arousal, the group receiving nonapeptide angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20, 881; 3 mg/kg) exhibited a significantly enhanced reentry into torpor. These data suggest that arousal from the reentry into torpor may be involved with renal function and the renin-angiotensin system. However, there appears to be temporal changes in the effect of angiotensin on torpor. Possible mechanisms, including the antagonistic effect of melatonin on angiotensin are discussed.
OntoMODEL: Ontological Mathematical Modeling Knowledge Management in Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2: Applications

The challenges of managing the information and knowledge involved in pharmaceutical product development in a systematic and reusable, yet user-friendly, manner are very real and substantive. The be...
The shape of sand-sized crushed quartz particles

The platy nature of sand-sized quartz particles reported by Wellendorf & Krinsley (1980) is corroborated by the results of an exercise given in my optical crystallography course. In order to bridge the gap between the immersion oils technique and thin-section work, the exercise asks the students to determine the sieve mesh-size interval of crushed quartz particles that best corresponds to the standard thin-section thickness of 0·03 mm, by determining the sieve interval which has the largest percentage of straw-yellow interference colours. Consistently, this interval has been found to be the −140 to +170 mesh interval (0·10-0·09 mm).
Interpretation of Heritability

It is suggested that the controversial implications concerning compensatory education and racial differences from Jensen's work on the heritability of intelligence result from an inappropriate interpretation of h2. The question is also raised whether h3 has any implications for social issues and social policy.
Differential effects of short and long term lithium on tryptophan uptake and serotonergic function in cat brain

Abstract The effcts of short and long term lithium treatment on tryptophan uptake and on tissue levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were studied in twelve brain regions of the cat. Tryptophan uptake and 5-HIAA were significantly correlated in control cats. Short term treatment caused parallel increases or decreases in tryptophan uptake and 5-HIAA. Long term treatment consistently increased tryptophan uptake without corresponding changes in 5-HIAA. Relatively low cumulative doses of lithium may reduce the degree to which tryptophan uptake is a limiting factor in the the regulation of serotonin synthesis.
A temperamental and development model for personality assessment: application to self-control in middle childhood

Abstract In personality theory and assessment, it is important to distinguish between dispositional and developmental constructs. This important but often neglected distinction is applied to general personality models, and, specifically, to psychological temperament dimensions and ego development. These conjoined domains are used as a framework to study impulsivity and self-control in a sample of middle-childhood boys. Impulsivity is conceptualized as a temperamental dimension and self-control as an ego-developmental dimension. A factor-analytic procedure was used to test the assumption of orthogonality between impulsivity and self-control. Results were consistent with the hypothesis and provide implications for the concept of ‘difficulty’ of temperament constellations and study of ego development in middle childhood.
Antibody to Tamm-Horsfall Protein in Patients with Urinary Tract Obstruction and Vesicoureteral Reflux

Urinary tract obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux, which are often associated with urinary tract infections, may lead to progressive renal damage. Relatively little is known about the pathophysiology of this process, and a need exists for noninvasive methods of its detection in its early stages. Because urine is refluxed into the venous and lymphatic drainage of the kidney in severe vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract obstruction, an immune response to urinary tract components might play a role in the pathophysiology of progressive renal damage and serve as a serologic marker for its presence. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for a protein found only in the urine (Tamm-Horsfall protein [THP]) was developed and used to measure antibody to THP in the serum of 60 subjects. Significant elevations of antibody to THP were observed in five of 15 patients with obstruction and infection of the urinary tract and in one of 10 patients with infection alone, when these patients were compared with 12 healthy control subjects. Similar elevations of antibody to THP were not seen in uninfected patients with urinary tract obstruction or in patients with low-grade vesicoureteral reflux or sepsis of nonrenal origin. These results suggest that the measurement of antibody to THP might be useful in the identification of patients with obstruction and infection of the urinary tract.
The inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis in red cells by leukaemic leucocytes.

SUMMARY Rates of anaerobic glycolysis were determined simultaneously in the red cells and leucocytes of patients with malignant haematologic disorders. The disappearance of glucose and the evolution of CO2 from bicarbonate were measured in the same Warburg flasks over the same period of time. In four patients with lymphogenous leukaemia and in one with acute leukaemia of disputed type but probably myelogenous, the leucocytes suppressed the glycolytic activity of the red cells. This abnormal finding appeared with exacerbation of the disease and disappeared with remission. It was present during the terminal phase in four patients, but could not be attributed to the presence of blast cells in the peripheral blood. The leukaeinic leucocytes exerted the same inhibitory effect on normal donor cells as on those of the patient. The plasma and the supernatant fluid from strongly inhibited reactions were without effect, as were aqueous and hypertonic extracts of the leucocytes. In all Warburg reactions the rate was constant, with no evidence of a cumulative effect. The inhibition was reversed by removal of the leucocytes. The characteristics of this phenomenon resemble molecular behaviour and suggest an equilibrium of some kind. Its kinetic properties closely resenible those of stoichiometric inhibition of an enzyme system. It is conjectured that an intercellular stress, perhaps physicochemical in nature, may have been exerted between the leucocytes and red cells, temporarily interfering with some event in thc glycolytic cycle of the latter.
Self-concept and attitude.

Authors report limited success in relating scores on tailor-made, pair-comparisons, adjectival measures of self-concept to scores on primary social-attitude variables: Religionism (r = .10), Humanitarianism (r = .17, p < .05), and Nationalism (r = .17, p < .05).
Reactive behavior design tools

The reactive behavior of an autonomous agent can be described as collections of logical behaviors, each member of the collection controlling some aspect of the agent and working in conjunction with all the other behaviors. Such collections of reactive behaviors can be defined as combined, synchronous finite-state automata, using real-time programming languages which have strong formal components. These language tools, such as COSPAN and ESTEREL, require sophisticated users who have deep knowledge of both the syntax and semantics of the language. The authors use the simplicity of graphical finite-state automata editing to specify concurrent synchronous finite-state automata, and from those they produce COSPAN descriptions of these behaviors for analysis, and C language programs to implement the designed behaviors. The usefulness and validity of this approach was confirmed by the design, verification and implementation of several examples, including a controller demon for a robot arm. >
Combined Multistatic Adaptive Pulse Compression and Adaptive Beamforming for Shared-Spectrum Radar

The recently proposed Multistatic Adaptive Pulse Compression (MAPC) algorithm has been shown to successfully suppress both range sidelobes and interference from multiple radars operating in the same spectrum, thus enabling shared-spectrum multistatic radar. In this paper, we present a method to increase the overall information capacity of the MAPC algorithm by performing joint adaptive pulse compression in conjunction with adaptive beamforming. The addition of an adaptive beamforming stage to the MAPC algorithm enables further mutual interference suppression and thus better estimation performance such that the number of multistatic radars simultaneously operating in the same spectrum may be increased for the same mean-square estimation error. Analysis of the performance of the adaptive beamforming MAPC algorithm in a variety of scenarios is presented. In addition, Monte Carlo analyses on the number of shared-spectrum radars are also presented
Measuring the Unmeasurable: Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability

This study attempts to comprehensively and objectively measure subjective qualities of the urban street environment. Using ratings from an expert panel, it was possible to measure five urban design qualities in terms of physical characteristics of streets and their edges: imageability, enclosure, human scale, transparency and complexity. The operational definitions do not always comport with the qualitative definitions, and provide new insights into the nature of these urban design qualities. The immediate purpose of this study is to arm researchers with operational definitions they can use to measure the street environment and test for significant associations with walking behaviour. A validation study is currently underway in New York City. Depending on the outcome of this and other follow-up research, the ultimate purpose would be to inform urban design practice.
Transition Tips for Educators Working with Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities.

Students with emotional and behavioral disabilities (EBD) have had difficulties in achieving educational, vocational, and community outcomes that would lead to personal success and satisfaction. Some of these outcomes relate to how special education transition programs integrate effective approaches to support success with these students. In this article, five primary suggestions, (1) self-determination, (2) appropriate assessment, (3) personal future’s planning, (4) individualized education programs carefully linked with transition plans, and (5) naturally supported, successful academic, vocational, and community placements, are described to improve the transition planning of youth with EBD.
The Satiric Penny Press for Workers in Mexico, 1900–1910: A Case Study in the Politicisation of Popular Culture

In 1908 an editorial in El Diablito Rojo , itself a penny journal, made some disparaging, yet revealing, remarks regarding the impact of the penny press of the time on Mexican workers: There is hardly a worker in Mexico [today] who every morning does not bring to his workshop or leave at home the paper of the day in addition to the small papers dedicated to workers which he acquires with real pleasure. In the big paper [the worker] looks for the daily news… in the small weekly he looks for a joke, a caricature, an anecdote; something that can distract or instruct him… But is that small press useful to its readers?… No: the journals constituting the small press all call themselves defenders of the worker and preach a dangerous gospel: hate of the bourgeois… [so that today] The worker already sees the bourgeois as an ogre… The small press does not… demonstrate to the worker the evils brought about by rebellion or violence, instead it tries to flatter the proletariat, indeed defending it in its own way when it is victimised, but only by fomenting in him a bad attitude towards his work. 1
Decision-making process of nursing home placement among Chinese family caregivers.

PURPOSE. To understand the process and difficulties that Chinese family caregivers experience when making a nursing home placement decision for their loved ones with dementia. DESIGN AND METHODS. Using a grounded theory approach, data were collected through individual interviews with 30 Chinese family caregivers in Taiwan. FINDINGS. A stage-based framework was generated that described how caregivers went through the decision-making process, what specific challenges they encountered within the process, and how they overcame difficulties to reach their decisions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. By identifying the stages of the decision-making process and various challenges that caregivers experience, clinicians can enhance discussions with caregivers to decrease the decision-making burden. Clinicians might develop family-centered interventions for the decision-making process through the post-placement stage while taking into account cultural influences.
Paradoxical roles of alveolar macrophages in the host response to Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a fungal pathogen that is a serious health threat to immunocompromised individuals. Upon environmental exposure, infectious fungal propagules are inhaled into the host’s lungs. The anticryptococcal actions of alveolar macrophages (AM), the predominant host phagocyte of the innate immune system in the lungs, are fundamental in determining whether containment and clearance of the pathogen occurs by the development of an adapted immune response or whether infection is established and progresses to disease. However, the fungus is also capable of surviving the antimicrobial actions of AM and exploits these host phagocytes to establish infection and exacerbate disease. In addition, there is evidence suggesting that cryptococcosis may occur following reactivation of latent cryptococcal infection. Currently, the role of AM and the fungal factors contributing to latent cryptococcosis are unknown. This review examines the AM–Cn interaction and how it affects the development of pulmonary disease with a focus on host and pathogen factors enabling latency to occur.
Availability of Lysine and Cysteine in Poultry Frankfurters made with Nitrite or Sorbate

Abstract Four groups of poultry frankfurters made with mechanically deboned poultry (MDP) were prepared with: 1) control (no additives), 2) 156 ppm sodium nitrite, 3) 40 ppm nitrite and .26% potassium sorbate, and 4) .26% sorbate. Treatments were analyzed for total and available lysine and cysteine before processing and after storage at 4 C for 2 weeks. Lysine bioavailability using chicks was determined for control and nitrite frankfurters, while chick sulfur-amino acid bioavailability tests were conducted on the control and sorbate frankfurters. Available lysine values ranged from 13 to 14 g/100 g protein for MDP, frankfurter emulsions, and fresh frankfurters. Stored nitrite and nitrite-sorbate frankfurters contained significantly less lysine, 12 g/100 g protein, than the raw mechanically deboned meat. Chemical availability levels of cysteine were .6 g/100 g protein for MDP, while the emulsions had approximately .5 g/100 g protein. There was a heating effect, because both the fresh and stored frankfurter levels contained approximately .35 g/100 g protein. There was slight reduction of cysteine concentration in the nitrite frankfurters. Total cysteine remained stable in the MDP, emulsions, and fresh frankfurters, approximately 1 g/100 g protein. However, in the stored frankfurters, total cysteine declined slightly. From the chick lysine bioavailability test, it was concluded that there were no differences between nitrite and control frankfurters. The chick bioassays for available sulfur amino acids were comparable for sorbate and control frankfurters.
Frobenius and the Hodge Spectral Sequence

Let X k be a smooth proper scheme over a perfect field of characteristic p and let n be a natural number. A fundamental theorem of Barry Mazur relates the Hodge numbers of X k to the action of Frobenius on the crystalline cohomology H cris (X W) of X over the Witt ring W of k, which can be viewed as a linear map 8: F*W H n cris (X W) H n cris (X W). If H n cris (X W) is torsion free, then since W is a discrete valuation ring, the source and target of 8 admit (unrelated) bases with respect to which the matrix of 8 is diagonal. For i, j # Z with i+ j=n, the (i, j ) th Hodge number h j (8) of 8 is defined to be the number of diagonal terms in this matrix whose p-adic ordinal is i. Mazur's theorem [1, 8.26] asserts that if the crystalline cohomology is torsion free and the Hodge spectral sequence of X k degenerates at E1 , then these ``Frobenius'' Hodge numbers coincide with the ``geometric'' Hodge numbers:
Cytokeratin staining of resected lymph nodes may improve the sensitivity of surgical staging for endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objectives The presence of metastases to regional lymph nodes (LN) is the single most important risk factor in endometrial cancer. Advances in molecular biology have provided more sensitive methods for detecting micrometastasis. This was a pilot study to determine whether cytokeratin staining of LN from endometrial cancer patients is more sensitive than traditional histopathologic evaluation for the detection of micrometastasis. Methods The inclusion criteria included patients with surgical stage I–II endometrial cancer having >50% myometrial invasion, lesions >2 cm, and negative LN together with one of the following: FIGO grade 3 or cervical or lymph–vascular involvement. A matched control group included patients with LN metastasis. The evaluation of the LN at the time of initial surgery consisted of a frozen section and a reevaluation on permanent sections with H&E. In the study, lymphadenectomy specimens were cut, stained again with H&E and with cytokeratin, and examined. Cytokeratin staining was performed with AE1/AE3 antibodies. There were 16 LN-negative cases and 9 LN-positive controls. Results There was complete agreement between the LN assessment at time of surgery and the study H&E review prior to the staining for cytokeratin. However, 2 LN-negative cases (12.5%) had micrometastasis by cytokeratin staining. One of these patients developed recurrent disease in the para-aortic LN and died of disease at 2.8 years. Conclusion Cytokeratin staining may improve the sensitivity for detection of metastasis compared to traditional evaluation. This study strongly suggests that these micrometastasis are clinically significant. An approach incorporating cytokeratin analysis could improve the risk assessment of specific patients.
Tail inequalities for sums of random matrices that depend on the intrinsic dimension

This work provides exponential tail inequalities for sums of random matrices that depend only on intrinsic dimensions rather than explicit matrix dimensions. These tail inequalities are similar to the matrix versions of the Chernoff bound and Bernstein inequality except with the explicit matrix dimensions replaced by a trace quantity that can be small even when the explicit dimensions are large or infinite. Some applications to covariance estimation and approximate matrix multiplication are given to illustrate the utility of the new bounds.
Vulvar ulcers in young females: a manifestation of aphthosis.

Abstract Study Objective To examine the etiology, clinical course, and outcomes of non-sexually transmitted vulvar ulcers in young females. Design A prospective cohort study of subjects referred to a tertiary center who had active vulvar ulcers and no evidence of sexually transmitted infections were evaluated with a structured clinical and laboratory protocol and followed with visits or telephone calls. Results Twenty eligible subjects had a mean age of 14 years (range 10–19), and five were premenarchal. Nineteen reported systemic symptoms such as fever, malaise, and headache. Most ulcers were >1cm in diameter (range 0.3–5 cm) and were located on the medial aspect of the labia minora. All viral, bacterial, and fungal cultures were negative. Serologic testing for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection demonstrated 10 subjects with evidence of prior infection, two with acute infection, one indeterminate, and seven negative for infection. Two subjects had evidence of possible acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Other laboratory findings were nonspecific. The median duration of pain was 10 days (range 6–30), and 75% healed by 21 days. Follow up was available for 19 subjects (median 14 months). Seven experienced recurrent ulcers 2–16 months after the initial episode, and 10 had experienced oral aphthous ulcers. None met criteria for other etiologies of vulvar ulcers reported in the literature. Conclusions No single infectious agent was identified as a cause of vulvar ulcers. Most cases were not temporally associated with either acute EBV or CMV infection. These ulcers are consistent with aphthous major or complex aphthosis that arise in response to acute illness.
Radiobiological Studies of Human Hybrid Cells (Skin Fibroblasts × HeLa) and Their Tumourigenic Segregants

SummaryData are presented on the survival characteristics following γ-irradiation of a human hybrid cell line (skin fibroblasts × HeLa), and its tumourigenic segregant, which indicate that transition from the non-tumourigenic to the tumourigenic state is associated with a decrease in the ability to accumulate and repair sublethal damage. Previous studies have demonstrated that this transition to the tumourigenic state is also associated with loss of specific chromosomes (one copy each of chromosomes 11 and 14). It is suggested that this loss of chromosomes may account for the change in radiosensitivity.
Chemoselectivity of Enzymes in Anhydrous Media is Strongly Solvent Dependent

Kinetics of monoacylation of different aminoalcohols with trifluoroethyl butyrate catalyzed by a dozen of proteases and lipases were investigated in a variety of anhydrous solvents. Chemoselectivity of these transformations (defined as the ratio of the rate of O-butyrylation to the rate of N-butyrylation, μO/μN) was found to be markedly dependent on the solvent under otherwise identical conditions. For example, with N-α-benzoyl-L-lysinol as the aminoalcohol, although Pseudomonas sp. lipoprotein lipase preferred the OH group and Mucor meheii lipase the NH2 group in all solvents tested, the extent of this preference varied up to 20 fold depending on the solvent. Moreover, for porcine pancreatic lipase, a solvent-induced inversion of chemoselectivity was observed. A mechanistic rationale was proposed which related the vO/vN values to physico-chemical properties of the solvent.
Palumbo and the Estate Tax Charitable Deduction

This Estate and Gift Tax Rap column for Tax Notes is an extended discussion of the United States District Court (W.D. Pa.) decision in Estate of Palumbo v. U.S.. In that case, the court upheld a claimed estate tax charitable deduction for amounts passing to charity pursuant to a settlement of a will contest. The court cited legislative history, case law precedent respecting arm’s-length settlements as the equivalent of will transfers, and the strength of the the charitable legatee’s claim against the estate.