cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of K3Th2(PO4)3F2 and RbThPO4F2 as Potential Nuclear Waste Storage Materials

Two new alkali thorium phosphate materials, K3Th2(PO4)3F2 and RbThPO4F2, were isolated by hydrothermal synthesis at 575 °C. These structures were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction using a full-matrix least squares method. The K3Th2(PO4)3F2 compound crystallizes in C2/c (No. 15) with a = 15.8179(15) A, b = 9.8172(8) A, c = 9.6472(9) A, β = 121.132(7)°, Z = 4 and R 1 = 0.0329. This structure contains two large open channels possibly suitable for incorporating radioactive cesium isotopes for waste storage. The RbThPO4F2 structure forms in the P2 1 /m (No. 11) space group with a = 6.719(4) A, b = 6.002(3) A, c = 7.431(5) A, β = 113.925(19)°, Z = 2 and R 1 = 0.0359. Unique to this material is a chain of edge sharing thorium with square antiprism coordination environments where fluorine occupies both sites along the edge. Both structures also represent the first occurrences of a fluorinated alkali thorium phosphate material. Two novel fluorinated alkali thorium phosphate structures, K3Th2(PO4)3F2 and RbThPO4F2, were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis as potential radioactive waste storage materials.
Laboratory Evaluation of Color Polymer Concrete Pavement with Synthetic Resin Binder for Exclusive Bus Lanes

In the summer of 2005, exclusive bus lanes were constructed in the median of busy streets in Seoul, South Korea, as color polymer concrete pavements with a transparent synthetic resin binder and a red pigment. However, early distresses, such as shoving, potholes, stripping, and rutting have occurred from these color polymer concrete pavements. Potential causes for early distresses from color polymer concrete pavements were investigated: inadequate quality of color polymer concrete, inadequate quality control during construction, and insufficient subgrade support. Historically, polymer concrete mixtures have been designed and evaluated by using predominantly hydraulic cement concrete technology because polymer concretes are used in concrete structures. This paper adopted asphalt mix technology to evaluate polymer concrete for use in a roadway overlay. Laboratory evaluation was performed on color polymer concretes by conducting the following tests: Marshall stability test, indirect tensile strength test, an...
The synthesis ofP1-[2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-α-D-glucopyranosyl] P2-dolichyl diphosphate (N-acetylhyalobiosyluronic dolichyl diphosphate)

Abstract Starting from 2-acetamido-4,6-di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-3- O -(methyl 2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- D -glucopyranosyluronate)-α- D -glucopyranose ( 20 ), a crystalline intermediate prepared by a conventional sequence of reactions, the total synthesis of N -acetyl-hyalobiosyluronic dolichyl diphosphate was achieved. One of the key steps involved the transformation of the disaccharide 20 into the methyloxazoline 26 , which was then converted into the stable, crystalline disaccharide phosphate derivative in ∼30% yield. The methyloxazoline 26 was directly prepared from the corresponding methyl α-glycoside by acetolysis. Similarly, the allyl α-glycoside was transformed into 26 .
Improving decision making by using performance feedback: An empirical study

This paper examines the impact of 3 levels of performance feedback on the production scheduling decision in both quadratic and linear cost environments. Increased feedback was shown to improve learning rate and reduce erratic or search behavior. The level of performance feedback necessary to obtain the improved learning differs between the quadratic and linear cost environments.
The Role of Lymphatics in Cancer as Assessed by Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging

The lymphatic system is the secondary circulatory system responsible for fluid homeostasis and protein transport in the body. In addition, because the lymphatic system provides a primary pathway for cancer metastasis, lymph node involvement is routinely used as a determinant in cancer staging. Despite their importance, the lymphatics remain poorly understood, in part because of the historic lack of imaging modalities with sufficient spatial and/or temporal resolution to visualize the fine lymphatic structure and subtle contractile function. In recent years, near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging has emerged as a new imaging modality to non-invasively visualize the lymphatics and assess contractile lymphatic function in humans following administration of microdose amounts of a NIRF contrast agent. In this contribution, we first review NIRF imaging and its clinical application in sentinel lymph node mapping, intraoperative guidance, and assessing the architecture and contractile function of the lymphatics in health and in cancer-related lymphedema. We then present recent NIRF lymphatic imaging for non-invasive assessment of lymphatics both in preclinical melanoma models and in human subjects with melanoma.
Calculated effective Hamiltonian for La2CuO4 and solution in the impurity Anderson approximation.

We report local-density-functional calculations of hybridization matrix elements and effective electron-electron interactions in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ defining a general effective Hamiltonian that we propose as an appropriate starting point for many-body calculations in this material. The parameter values lend support to an Anderson lattice model. We find the impurity approximation to this model yields a magnetic ground state of ${x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}$ symmetry, a 1-2-eV insulating gap bounded by ionization and affinity levels of the same symmetry, and a calculated $d$ spectral weight in qualitative agreement with photoemission experiments. We discuss anticipated modification of these results by lattice effects.
Solid-State Selective 13C Excitation and Spin Diffusion NMR To Resolve Spatial Dimensions in Plant Cell Walls

The average spatial dimensions between major biopolymers within the plant cell wall can be resolved using a solid-state NMR technique referred to as a 13C cross-polarization (CP) SELDOM (selectively by destruction of magnetization) with a mixing time delay for spin diffusion. Selective excitation of specific aromatic lignin carbons indicates that lignin is in close proximity to hemicellulose followed by amorphous and finally crystalline cellulose. 13C spin diffusion time constants (TSD) were extracted using a two-site spin diffusion theory developed for 13C nuclei under magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions. These time constants were then used to calculate an average lower-limit spin diffusion length between chemical groups within the plant cell wall. The results on untreated 13C enriched corn stover stem reveal that the lignin carbons are, on average, located at distances ∼0.7–2.0 nm from the carbons in hemicellulose and cellulose, whereas the pretreated material had larger separations.
Kummer Congruences and Formal Groups

Abstract Let R be an integral domain and let f(X) = (f1(X), ..., fn(X)) be an n-tuple of power series in n variables X = (x1, ..., xn) such that dfj ∈ ⊕ R[[X]] dxi, f(X) ≡ 0 (mod deg 1), and J(f) = ((∂fi/∂xJ(0)) is invertible over R. We can form the formal group Ff(X, Y) = f−1(f(X) + f(Y)). A priori, the coefficients of Ff are in K, the quotient ring of R. T. Honda (J. Math. Soc. Japan22, 1970, 213-246) and M. Hazewinkel ("Formal Groups and Applications," Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1978) give some sufficient conditions for Ff(X, Y) to be defined over R in the form of functional equations for the coefficients of the fi. This paper considers the conserve question: Given a commutative formal group F(X, Y) defined over a ring R, what necessary conditions must be satisfied by the coefficients of the logarithm of F(X, Y)? These results generalize the results of C. Snyder (Rocky Mountain J. Math.15, No. 1. 1985, 1-11) in the one dimensional case.
On some Haar measures on reductive groups

We give a characteristic-free proof of a theorem of B. H. Gross comparing two Haar measures on a reductive group over a local field. As a consequence of this theorem we obtain an integration formula for adele groups over global function fields.
Preparation and Properties of Mitochondria from Naegleria gruberi

SYNOPSIS Whole cell respiration rates were measured polarographically for Naegleria gruberi during growth in agitated cultures. Log growth phase amebae consumed 80 ng atoms O/min/mg cell protein. At stationary phase, respiration rate decreased 4–fold. Intact mitochondria were isolated from N. gruberi and their oxidative and phosphorylative capacities were studied polarographically. As with the mammalian system, the mitochondria oxidized succinate and NAD-linked substrates, but unlike rat liver mitochondria, those from the protozoan rapidly oxidized citrate and NADH. The rates of substrate oxidation were ADP-dependent, with ADP:O ratios equalling ˜ 2.8 for NAD-linked substrates and ˜ 2.2 for succinate. The respiratory control ratios. 2 to 4 for 11 substrates, were dependent on Pi, Mg2+, and serum albumin. Potassium cyanide, azide, malonale, and rotenone inhibited electron transport the same way as that of the mammalian system: however, amytal inhibited both glutamate and succinate respiration. Pentachlorophenol, DNP, and bilirubin uncoupled oxidation from phosphorylation. Difference spectra of oxidized and dithionite-reduced mitochondria had distinct absorption bands of flavins and of c-, b-, and α-type cytochromes.
A new Fe/S cluster with the (Fe6S6)3+ prismatic core and p-methylphenolate terminal ligands: the synthesis, structure, and properties of (Et4N)3Fe6S6(OC6H4-p-CH3)6

Le compose du titre cristallise dans le systeme monoclinique, groupe P2 1 /a et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,072
ACTIVATION OF SPHINGOSINE KINASE IN PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA PC12 NEURONAL CELLS IN RESPONSE TO TROPHIC FACTORS

Nerve growth factor (NGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin, known differentiating agents for pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, induced sustained activation of sphingosine kinase, the enzyme responsible for the formation of the sphingolipid second messenger, sphingosine-1-phosphate, which mediates the mitogenic effects of certain growth factors. In contrast, epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1, which stimulate proliferation of PC12 cells, induced only small and transient increases in sphingosine kinase activity. Of the growth factors examined, NGF was the most potent activator of sphingosine kinase, inducing a 4-fold increase in Vmax. Sphingosine kinase activity induced by NGF, but not FGF, was blocked by the protein kinase inhibitor K252a when added simultaneously, with minimal effect when added after 60 min. Thus, activation of sphingosine kinase may have an important role in neural differentiation.
Doppler-shifting Effects on Frequency Spectra of Gravity Waves Observed near the Summer Mesopause at High Latitude

Results are presented of radar observations of horizontal and vertical velocities near the summer mesopause at Poker Flat (Alaska), showing that the observed vertical velocity spectra were influenced strongly by Doppler-shifting effects. The horizontal velocity spectra, however, were relatively insensitive to horizontal wind speed. The observed spectra are compared with predicted spectra for various models of the intrinsic motion spectrum and degrees of Doppler shifting.
Arsenic contamination of groundwater: Mitigation strategies and policies

Contamination of groundwater by arsenic from natural geochemical sources is at present a most serious challenge in the planning of large-scale use of groundwater for drinking and other purposes. Recent improvements in detection limits of analytical instruments are allowing the correlation of health impacts such as cancer with large concentrations of arsenic in groundwater. However, there are at present no known large-scale technological solutions for the millions of people—mostly rural—who are potentially affected in developing countries. An overall framework of combating natural resource degradation is combined with case studies from Chile, Mexico, Bangladesh and elsewhere to arrive at a set of strategic recommendations for the global, national and local dimensions of the arsenic “crisis”. The main recommendations include: the need for flexibility in the elaboration of any arsenic mitigation strategy, the improvement and large-scale use of low-cost and participatory groundwater quality testing techniques, the need to maintain consistent use of key lessons learned worldwide in water supply and sanitation and to integrate arsenic as just one other factor in providing a sustainable water supply, and the following of distinct but communicable tracks between arsenic-related developments and enhanced, long-term, sustainable water supplies.
Single channel properties of heterotetrameric mutant RyR1 ion channels linked to core myopathies.

Skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling involves activation of homotetrameric ryanodine receptor ion channels (RyR1s), resulting in the rapid release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Previous work has shown that Ca2+ release is impaired by mutations in RyR1 linked to Central Core Disease and Multiple Minicore Disease. We studied the consequences of these mutations on RyR1 function, following their expression in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and incorporation in lipid bilayers. RyR1-G4898E, -G4898R, and -ΔV4926/I4927 mutants in the C-terminal pore region of RyR1 and N-terminal RyR1-R110W/L486V mutant all showed negligible Ca2+ permeation and loss of Ca2+-dependent channel activity but maintained reduced K+ conductances. Co-expression of wild type and mutant RyR1s resulted in Ca2+-dependent channel activities that exhibited intermediate Ca2+ selectivities compared with K+, which suggested the presence of tetrameric RyR1 complexes composed of wild type and mutant subunits. The number of wild-type subunits to maintain a functional heterotetrameric channel differed among the four RyR1 mutants. The results indicate that homozygous RyR1 mutations associated with core myopathies abolish or greatly reduce sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release during excitation-contraction coupling. They further suggest that in individuals, expressing wild type and mutant alleles, a substantial portion of RyR1 channels is able to release Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
An advanced computer for real-time medical applications.

Abstract The methods pertaining to the use of a timeshared medical computer system at the Stanford Medical School, ACME, are described. Based on the experiences of the last year (1968/1969) of operation, the capabilities and problems of several applications using the system's real-time capabilities are illustrated.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Structures on Predation of Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) Nests

Abstract Anthropogenic factors can negatively impact wildlife populations, but deleterious effects may not be universal. We investigated the relationship between nest predation and spatial proximity to anthropogenic structures (campsites, trash bins, etc.) for 1375 painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) nests over 6 years for a population on the Mississippi River, Illinois. Although varying among years, the probability of nest predation increased with greater distance from anthropogenic structures over all years combined and did not differ between supplemental food attractant structures (e.g., fish cleaning table) and nonsupplemental food attractant structures (e.g., horseshoe pits).
Herpes Zoster with Skin Lesions and Meningitis Caused by 2 Different Genotypes of the Oka Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine

A previously healthy boy who had received varicella vaccine developed herpes zoster with meningitis. The vaccine strain recovered from scabs of 3 skin lesions had the wild-type allele at position 108111, a vaccine marker never previously associated with vaccine-associated adverse events. The vaccine strain from cerebrospinal fluid also contained mutations never previously observed at vaccine-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms that would alter amino acid sequences in ORF54 and ORF59. The presence of distinct strains in skin lesions and cerebrospinal fluid indicate that >1 variant strain may reactivate to cause herpes zoster.
Intrinsic Optical Absorption in Single-Crystal Silicon Carbide

The optical absorption of single-crystal silicon carbide has been measured in both the cubic and hexagonal, type $6H$, modification. The curves nearly coincide for absorption coefficients above ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. At longer wavelengths the cubic structure absorbs more strongly. The absorption coefficient is 100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 2.62 and 3.12 ev, respectively in these two crystals. The electron affinity of silicon carbide is estimated from photo-electric data to be about 4 ev.
Management of post-industrial systems: academic challenges and the Stanford experience

Recent worldwide trends include the information revolution, the explosion of biotechnologies, the globalisation of markets, the acceleration of the transition from research to markets, increased awareness of ecological fragility and a growing aversion to technological risk. These create new needs, opportunities and constraints, both in the workplace and higher education. The definition of old disciplines has become increasingly ill-adapted and the need for interdisciplinary education more pressing. Yet students must be solidly anchored in specific domains to be able to address more complex problems and design new tools. Competition and globalisation demand that students be prepared to operate in the changing world with sound bases, flexibility, financial savvy and an appreciation of cultural, ethnic and gender diversity. This particularly affects departments of industrial engineering and operations research that focus on manufacturing, production, services, work organisation, public policy analysis, economics of technology, decision and risk analysis and engineering management. Within them, the lines between management science, social science and engineering are becoming increasingly blurred. They thus face challenges in constructing coherent and relevant academic programmes. They must develop centres of excellence around existing disciplines and specific problems. This requires that all synergies be exploited to remain at the cutting edge of academic research and industrial needs. This paper examines the trends shaping the needs for academic changes. It describes what they imply for universities, focusing on the specific needs of university departments that involve Industrial Engineering and Management, Management Science, Information Systems, Operations Research and Policy Analysis. It finally describes the model and innovations adopted by Stanford.
Contextualism and the Problem of the External World

A skeptic claims that I do not have knowledge of the external world. It has been thought that the skeptic reaches this conclusion because she employs unusually stringent standards for knowledge. But the skeptic does not employ unusually high standards for knowledge. Rather, she employs unusually restrictive standards of evidence. Thus, her claim that we lack knowledge of the external world is supported by considerations that would equally support the claim that we lack evidence for our beliefs about the external world. These considerations do not threaten the truth of our ordinary attributions of evidence, however, for such attributions are context-sensitive in their semantics. It is argued that this solution to the problem of the external world enjoys all of the benefits. and suffers none of the problems, of other solutions to the problem of the external world.
Finite Element Analysis of Clinical Pressure-Flow Waveforms in a Collapsed Respiratory Airway

Otitis media (OM) is the most commonly diagnosed disorder in young children and cost the US economy ∼$5 billion dollars annually[1]. Although the primary etiology responsible for the persistence of OM conditions is a dysfunctional Eustachian tube (ET), the biomechanical mechanisms responsible for ET dysfunction are not well established. The ET is a collapsible, respiratory airway which connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear (ME). The ET normally exists in a closed state and must be periodically opened in order to clear ME fluids and ventilate the ME. The inability to open the ET results in painful sub-ambient ME pressures, fluid accumulation in the ME and the inflammation of the ME mucosa (i.e. OM).© 2007 ASME
Passive avoidance in septal and anosmic rats using quinine as the aversive stimulus

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare septal lesioned rats with operated and normal control rats in a passive avoidance task using quinine rather than electric shock as the aversive stimulus. Since there are behavioral similarities produced by septal and olfactory bulb lesions, a group of anosmic rats were also included. It was found that both the septal lesioned and the anosmic rats perseverated in running to the drinking tube after quinine was introduced. The septal rats also consumed more once they reached the drinking tube. These results were interpreted as being congruent with the notion that a response inhibition deficit results from septal lesions.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 replication and IL-1β gene expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages activated in vivo by an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vaccine or Corynebacterium parvum

Abstract Activated macrophages (Mφ) from mice given Salmonella typhimurium or Corynebacterium parvum were compared with resident peritoneal macrophages at the molecular level for permissiveness for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication and for expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Peritoneal macrophages were harvested from mice injected 7 days previously with live, avirulent S. typhimurium (Sal-PMφ) or heat-killed C. parvum (CP-PMφ), and infected with HSV-1 in vitro. Both Sal-PMφ and CP-PMφ were activated as evidenced by characteristic changes in an ectoenzyme, by increased permissiveness for infectious virus production and viral cytopathic effect, and by induction of IL-1β mRNA. Analysis at the molecular level revealed that both types of activated Mφ demonstrated increased patterns of HSV-1 immediate-early gene expression and viral DNA replication as compared with resident cells. A novel finding was that viral infection reduced IL-1β mRNA in both types of activated Mβ. This observation has implications for the efficacy of Salmonella vaccines given in proximity to HSV-1 infection and for potential deleterious effects of HSV-1 infection in immunosuppressed patients receiving immunotherapy.
Multi-species diffusion and reaction in biofilms and cellular media

In this paper we examine the problem of diffusion and reaction in biofilms and cellular systems when the reaction rate is limited by both a substrate and an electron acceptor. The intercellular kinetics is represented by a conventional multiplicative expression for the reaction between the substrate and oxygen, and by a first-order endogenous respiration rate. The membrane transport process for substrate and oxygen occurs through two different mechanisms. The transport of the electron acceptor is described by a permeability model while the transport of the substrate is treated in terms of a simple carrier model. The microscopic (sub-cellular) description is used to develop an upscaled version of diffusion and reaction in biofilms and other cellular media. The effective diffusivity that appears in the macroscopic description is predicted by a closure problem. Solutions to this closure problem are presented for simplified geometries, and the effective diffusivity predicted by the theory is compared with experimental values.
A survey of school psychologists' preparation, participation, and perceptions related to positive behavior interventions and supports

Positive behavior interventions and supports are increasingly utilized in school systems throughout the nation, particularly the school-wide multi-tiered support framework. Given such trends, and the basis of these practices in psychological principles and research, it is important to identify how school psychologists are trained to contribute to such efforts, their involvement in intervention activities, and their perceptions of this approach. We surveyed a national sample of 557 school psychologists regarding their training, involvement, and perceptions of positive behavior supports. The results indicate that although most respondents had a variety of training experiences in multiple behavior-related areas, one quarter did not report receiving any training related to school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports (SWPBIS). Although 35% of school psychologists reported employment in schools implementing SWPBIS, these schools varied in the SWPBIS elements in place. Implications for school psychology training and practice are addressed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projection Techniques For Image Restoration

In this paper we compare the use of three different projection techniques for image recovery. The three methods include modified versions of the row-action and block-action projection techniques of Kaczmarz as well as a new iterative projection method which projects onto the set of least squares solutions. The performance characteristics of the three techniques are demonstrated using computer simulations.
TOPAQUINONE-DEPENDENT AMINE OXIDASES : IDENTIFICATION OF REACTION INTERMEDIATES BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy has proven to be an excellent technique for providing structural information about the 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalaninequinone (TPQ) cofactor and for identifying the source of oxygen atoms during the posttranslational synthesis of the cofactor. Through specific labeling of the C2, C4, and C5 oxygens of TPQ in phenylethylamine oxidase (PEAO) from Arthrobacter globiformis, we have identified the CO stretch of the C5 carbonyl at 1683 cm-1 (−27 in 18O) and the CO stretch of the C2 carbonyl at 1575 cm-1 (−21 in 18O). These vibrational frequencies show that the C−O moiety at C5 has far greater double-bond character than at C2 or C4, thereby explaining the exclusive nucleophilic attack at the C5 position by substrates and substrate analogs. Bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) exhibits a similar ν(CO) mode at 1678 cm-1 (−22 cm-1 in 18O). Aniline reacts with the TPQ cofactor of PEAO to form a new derivative (λmax at 450 nm) with properties similar to the proposed substrate−imine interm...
Studies with encapsulated sources of 125I III. Microdosimetry using a non-metallic wall-less proportional counter

Abstract A significant problem in measurement of microdosimetric spectra of low energy X rays has been the perturbing influence of the counters used in experiments. The conventional proportional counters used in microdosimetry have employed electrode structures of stainless steel. Since photoelectric cross-sections are highly sensitive to atomic number (approximately proportional to z 4 , the photoelectrons, emitted from the steel structures, with correspondingly higher energies, may dominate over the softer Compton electrons emitted from the wall and gas. This is more serious for a wall-less type of counter, in which metallic supporting structures may contribute an additional source of photoelectrons entering the sensitive region. In order to perform accurate measurement with 125 I photons and other soft X rays having energies less than 100 keV, a special counter was constructed having no metal parts. The construction is of the grid-defined "wall-less" type, contained inside a plastic spherical shell. The plastic was chosen to match the energy absorption coefficient of tissue at 25 keV as closely as possible; therefore, conventional tissue-equivalent A-150 was replaced by an "air-equivalent" type, C-552, which at 25 keV matches tissue to within a few percent. This material, based on the plastic polyvinylidene fluoride has additional advantages in terms of tensile strength and rigidity, for the purpose of molding delicate structures. The gas used was a propane-based tissue-equivalent type, modified to match the plastic. A human hair, coated with graphite, was used as the central collecting wire. The construction and details of this detector are described, and measurements are reported of 125 I and 60 keV photons from 14 241 Am, as well as high energy photons from 137 Cs and 60 Co. Values of Yd are compared to similar wall-less measurements with a conventional wall-less counter.
Sensor array networks and long distance communications

This paper will discuss the on-going research at Army Research Laboratory (ARL) supporting long distance communication for networked sensor arrays. As the Army continues to move forward in the development of remote, distributed, unattended, intelligence sensors, the need for the resultant information to reach the command and control center increases. In the case of sensor array networks the command and control center provides configuration information for deployment and battlefield visualization tools to interpret and integrate the data received. These sensor array networks may be separated by long distances from the command and control center. To allow the communication to take place, an experimental long distance communication link was developed and demonstrated. The link consists of a variable node ad-hoc wireless network and controlling software. This network provides the pre-processed data for situational awareness to the remote command control center over a low bandwidth link. This link must be robust in that it must tolerate node failures and adapt. Although mobility is not a large issue, the network must tolerate a variable network topology and must therefore be ad-hoc. In this paper we will discuss the design requirements for this communication link along with the protocols developed to overcome limitations imposed by the noisy, failure prone battlefield wireless environment. We will also discuss the software and hardware architecture design and implementation for the generalized long distance sensor array communication link. Currently, operational components of this link function over an 80 mile distance with very high noise levels, node failures, intermittent connectivity, and severe bandwidth constraints.
Affinity of 253Einsteinium for tumour tissue.

Recent reports from several laboratories1–3 have indicated that the higher atomic number radionuclides in the rare earth group of elements tend to localize in tumours when injected intravenously in the citrate form. We have confirmed these results using animals bearing transplanted tumours (unpublished observations).
Numerical analysis in a Ph.D. computer science program

Numerical Analysis is the study of methods and procedures used to obtain“approximate solutions” to mathematical problems. Much of the emphasis is on scientific calculation. The difficulties of education in such a broad area center around the question of background and emphasis. The Numerical Analysis program in the Computer Science Department should emphasize an awareness of the problems of computer implementation and experimental procedures. Nevertheless, there is a need for a solid background in applied mathematics.
Capacitance, short-circuit current and osmotic water flow across different regions of the isolated toad skin.

The amphibian antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasotocin, stimulated osmotic water flow across isolated skin from the pelvic but not the pectoral skin of the toad, Bufo woodhouseii. Changes in the apical membrane capacitance were not observed for either region of the skin following treatment with arginine vasotocin when there was an osmotic gradient across the tissue. In the absence of an osmotic pressure gradient, the apical membrane capacitance of the pelvic skin increased from 2.8±0.5 to 3.3±0.6 μF · cm-2 after treatment with 5 · 10-8 M arginine vasotocin. Under these conditions, apical membrane capacitance of the pectoral skin was 1.8±0.1 μF · cm-2 and did not change significantly after arginine vasotocin treatment. The amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current across the pelvic skin was stimulated by arginine vasotocin as was the density of channels in the apical membrane as determined by fluctuation analysis. Values for channel density in the pelvic skin also correlated with apical membrane capacitance and increased from 90 to 273 channels per μm2 of estimated membrane area following arginine vasotocin treatment. In the pectoral skin the stimulation of short-circuit current following arginine vasotocin treatment was small and an increase in channel density could not be demonstrated. The current through single Na+ channels in both regions of the skin did not different either before or after arginine vasotocin treatment.
Levomilnacipran for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a review.

Levomilnacipran (LVM, Fetzima®) was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It is a unique dual neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitor. In contrast with other selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, including duloxetine, venlafaxine, and desvenlafaxine, it has greater selectivity for inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake than serotonin reuptake. Our review focuses on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability data for five double-blind, placebo-controlled, short-term studies and two long-term studies. In the short-term studies, LVM was found to be more effective than placebo in reducing depression (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) scores as well as improving functional impairment (Sheehan Disability Scale) scores. Long-term studies found LVM to be similarly effective but in the only placebo-controlled long-term study, LVM was not significantly superior to placebo. LVM is fairly well tolerated, with the most common adverse events being nausea, headache, dry mouth, hyperhidrosis, and constipation. Discontinuation rates were mildly increased in those being treated with LVM (9%) versus placebo (3%). Adverse events were not dose-related except for urinary hesitancy and erectile dysfunction. LVM was weight neutral, was not toxic to the liver, and did not cause clinically significant QTc prolongation. Consistent with being a predominant potentiator of norepinephrine, pulse and blood pressure were significantly elevated by LVM but rarely induced tachycardia or hypertension. LVM is a relatively safe alternative antidepressant treatment with minimal drug–drug interactions. It is the only antidepressant that has in its labeling that it is not only effective in improving depression but also effective in improving impaired functioning. Whether this important effect on functioning is unique to LVM must be researched. In addition, whether LVM might be effective in norepinephrine-deficit depression, refractory depression, atypical depression, or seasonal depression is yet to be evaluated. Ultimately, head-to-head studies comparing LVM with other antidepressants will determine the place of LM in antidepressant treatment.
A new species of Polygala (Polygalaceae) from Ethiopia

Polygala mooneyi from Sidamo Region, southern Ethiopia, is described as new. It is compared to P. transvaalensis var. kagerensis from Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania.
Nitrate Movement after Anhydrous Ammonia Application in a Ridge Tillage System

Ridge application of N fertilizer has been promoted as a management tool to reduce nitrate movement. However, anhydrous ammonia applicator knives produce slots, which may impact water and nitrate movement. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of N fertilizer placement by an anhydrous ammonia applicator on nitrate movement within a ridge tillage system. Anhydrous ammonia was applied in a subsurface band to the ridge or valley areas of a ridge tillage system at the rates of 0 or 200 kg N ha -1 . Rainfall (17 cm) was applied with a drop-type artificial rainfall simulator 3, 10, and 24 d after fertilizer application in a fallowed field (.)
pH-activated nanoparticles for controlled topical delivery of farnesol to disrupt oral biofilm virulence.

Development of effective therapies to control oral biofilms is challenging, as topically introduced agents must avoid rapid clearance from biofilm–tooth interfaces while targeting biofilm microenvironments. Additionally, exopolysaccharides-matrix and acidification of biofilm microenvironments are associated with cariogenic (caries-producing) biofilm virulence. Thus, nanoparticle carriers capable of binding to hydroxyapatite (HA), saliva-coated HA (sHA), and exopolysaccharides with enhanced drug release at acidic pH were developed. Nanoparticles are formed from diblock copolymers composed of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and 2-propylacrylic acid (PAA) (p(DMAEMA)-b-p(DMAEMA-co-BMA-co-PAA)) that self-assemble into ∼21 nm cationic nanoparticles. Nanoparticles exhibit outstanding adsorption affinities (∼244 L-mmol–1) to negatively charged HA, sHA, and exopolysaccharide-coated sHA due to strong electrostatic interactions via multivalent tertiary amines of p(DMAEMA). Owi...
States, Markets and University Funding: New Paradigms for the Reform of Higher Education in Europe.

The construct of the market is an interesting new element in the discourse on higher education in Europe. It has generated serious initiatives in deregulating higher education, in developing performance-based models of resource allocation, in fostering inter-institutional competition and efficient management structures, and even in considering the 'privatisation' of higher education. These developments affect particularly the financing of higher education, where new models of resource generation and allocation, institutional steering and controlling, and accountability are being explored. Within this context, and with a view towards the future of higher education in Europe, four issues are being examined in more detail: formula funding, the mobilisation of external resources, the introduction of tuition fees, and the creation of private institutions of higher education.
Immunologic reactions to penicillin

Abstract Immunologic evidence of penicillin hypersensitivity can frequently be found in patients experiencing penicillin reactions. There is no good correlation between positive skin tests and positive hemagglutinations, each occurring independently of the other. There exist instances of penicillin hypersensitivity based on immune mechanisms other than skin sensitizing antibody, a fact that emphasizes the limitations of the use of skin tests alone for diagnosing allergic conditions. The hemagglutination technique has a high degree of specificity for the penicillin molecule.
Electromigration of cadmiun in lead

Abstract The electromigration of cadmium in lead up to a concentration of 510 at ppm Cd was measured at constant temperatures between 250 and 290°C by the steady state method and also by a somewhat novel transient technique; the latter required shorter running time and also gave additional information, namely the chemical diffusion coefficient, Dch. From the steady state runs the observed effective charge number was Z∗ss = + 2.5 ± 0.3 for the lowest concentration. The positive value was apparently the result of the counterflowing of the lead in a vacancy-interstitial pair mechanism. The temperature dependence of Z∗ is described by Z ∗ = (0.5 ± 2.4) + (0.9 ± 1.1) 10 −4 ρ and both the wind force and the electrostatic Zel appear to be small. The Z∗ ss, appeared to increase slightly with concentration. The transient measurements were in general less precise, but were consistent with the steady state results within their experimental accuracy. The values of D ch D ∗ appeared to be unity within the same accuracy for a range of composition up to 510 at ppm Cd. To a standard dissociation model for impurity mobility we have added a rather extended atomic exciton mechanism to help explain the diffusion kinetics.
Clinical outcomes in patients with chronic congestive heart failure who undergo left ventricular assist device implantation.

Objective The use of left ventricular assist devices as a bridge to transplantation for patients with chronic congestive heart failure is well accepted. However, few studies have examined outcomes solely for these patients. This study details one center's left ventricular assist device experience with this population. Methods Two hundred one patients received HeartMate left ventricular assist devices (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, Calif) from January 1, 1996, to April 30, 2004. Of these, 119 (59.2%) had chronic congestive heart failure (diagnosis >6 months) as the primary indication. Outcome parameters included early mortality after left ventricular assist device placement ( Results Advanced age, female sex, and diabetes were independent predictors of early death ( P = .048, odds ratio 1.879 per 10 years of age, 95% confidence interval 1.005-3.515; P = .002, odds ratio 10.029, 95% confidence interval 2.256-44.583; P = .040, odds ratio 3.974, 95% confidence interval 1.063-14.861). Advanced age, female sex, and low preoperative albumin were independent predictors of poor bridge-to-transplantation rate ( P = .029, odds ratio 0.135 per 10 years of age, 95% confidence interval 0.022-0.819; P = .002, odds ratio 0.013, 95% confidence interval 0.001-0.197; P = .023, odds ratio 19.178 per 1 g/dL albumin, 95% confidence interval 1.504-244.598). There were no independent predictors of poor posttransplantation survival and prolonged intensive care unit stay. Overall bridge-to-transplantation rate was 81.5%. The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-year posttransplantation survivals were 88.4%, 84.5%, 78.4%, and 76.0%. Conclusion Among patients with chronic congestive heart failure, advanced age, female sex, diabetes, and low preoperative albumin predict poor clinical course. Careful risk stratification and comprehensive evaluation by care providers should be performed for candidates who are female, are elderly, and have diabetes, and preoperative nutritional optimization should be encouraged to enhance patient outcomes.
Polycystin-1 Regulates Skeletogenesis through Stimulation of the Osteoblast-specific Transcription Factor RUNX2-II

Polycystin-1 (PC1) may play an important role in skeletogenesis through regulation of the bone-specific transcription factor Runx2-II. In the current study we found that PC1 co-localizes with the calcium channel polycystin-2 (PC2) in primary cilia of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. To establish the role of Runx2-II in mediating PC1 effects on bone, we crossed heterozygous Pkd1(m1Bei) and Runx2-II mice to create double heterozygous mice (Pkd1(+/m1Bei)/Runx2-II(+/-)) deficient in both PC1 and Runx2-II. Pkd1(+/m1Bei)/Runx2-II(+/-) mice exhibited additive reductions in Runx2-II expression that was associated with impaired endochondral bone development, defective osteoblast-mediated bone formation, and osteopenia. In addition, we found that basal intracellular calcium levels were reduced in homozygous Pkd1(m1Bei) osteoblasts. In contrast, overexpression of a PC1 C-tail construct increased intracellular calcium and selectively stimulated Runx2-II P1 promoter activity in osteoblasts through a calcium-dependent mechanism. Site-directed mutagenesis of critical amino acids in the coiled-coil domain of PC1 required for coupling to PC2 abolished PC1-mediated Runx2-II P1 promoter activity. Additional promoter analysis mapped the PC1-responsive region to the "osteoblast-specific" enhancer element between -420 and -350 bp that contains NFI and AP-1 binding sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the calcium-dependent binding of NFI to this region. These findings indicate that PC1 regulates osteoblast function through intracellular calcium-dependent control of Runx2-II expression. The overall function of the primary cilium-polycystin complex may be to sense and transduce environmental clues into signals regulating osteoblast differentiation and bone development.
J/psi production in relativistic heavy ion collisions from a multiphase transport model

Using A Multi-Phase Transport (AMPT) model, we study J/psi production from interactions between charm and anti-charm quarks in initial parton phase and between D and Dbar mesons in final hadron phase of relativistic heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Including also the inverse reactions of J/psi absorption by gluons and light mesons, we find that the net number of J/psi from the parton and hadron phases is smaller than that expected from the superposition of initial nucleon-nucleon collisions, contrary to the J/psi enhancement predicted by the kinetic formation model. The production of J/psi is further suppressed if one includes the color screening effect in the parton phase. We have also studied the dependence of J/psi production on the charm quark mass and the effective charm meson mass.
Coombs-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia and postinfantile giant cell hepatitis in children.

We report a 23-month-old girl and a 9-month-old boy who presented with autoimmune hemolytic anemia followed by recurrent episodes of severe hepatitis. The first episode of hepatitis occurred 1 week...
Gender comparison of contractile performance and beta-adrenergic response in isolated rat cardiac trabeculae.

It is known that gender can affect susceptibility to development of various cardiomyopathies. However, it is unclear whether basic mechanical contractile function of the myocardium differs between genders, whether they respond differently to stressors, or both. To test for a possible gender factor, contractile parameters of healthy, isolated myocardium were investigated under near physiological conditions. Right ventricular ultra-thin trabeculae from young adult LBN-f1 rats were electrically stimulated to isometrically contract at 37°C. No differences were found in developed force or kinetic parameters. In each muscle, the force-frequency relationship was measured at 4, 6, and 8 Hz, encompassing most of the in vivo range. Again, no differences were observed in force-frequency behavior; developed force rose from 21.6 ± 4.0 at 4 Hz to 30.3 ± 5.8 mN/mm2 at 8 Hz in females and from 23.4 ± 3.4 to 29.8 ± 3.4 mN/mm2 in males. The response to β-adrenergic stimulation was similar; at 1 μM isoproterenol, developed force increased to 34.5 ± 6.2 mN/mm2 in females and 32.3 ± 3.2 mN/mm2 in males (female vs. male, not significant). We conclude that basic mechanical performance of healthy isolated myocardium under physiological conditions is not different between males and females, and a different response to stress must underlie gender-based differences in cardiac performance.
Symmetric measures of segregation, segregation curves, and Blackwell’s criterion

Abstract This paper first proposes a new way to use segregation curves to examine whether one distribution of people across groups (e.g., occupations or neighborhoods) is more segregated than another. It then uses Blackwell’s criterion to extend the argument to more than two types of people. The basic idea is that by introducing additional assumptions about the nature of segregation, one obtains a more complete ranking of distributions. The paper demonstrates that the assumption of “symmetry in types”–an assumption that appears frequently in the literature on segregation measurement–has implications for both segregation curves and Blackwell’s criterion.