cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Effectiveness of Software Diversity using Near-Duplicate Detection Algorithms

Software diversity is touted as a way to substantially increase the cost of cyber attacks by limiting an attacker's ability to reuse exploits across diversified variants of an application. Despite the number of diversity techniques that have been described in the research literature, little is known about their effectiveness. In this paper, we consider near-duplicate detection algorithms as a way to measure the static aspects of software diversity---viz., their ability to recognize variants of an application. Due to the widely varying results reported by previous studies, we describe a novel technique for measuring the similarity of applications that share libraries. We use this technique to systematically compare various near-duplication detection algorithms and demonstrate their wide range in effectiveness, including for real-world tasks such as malware triage. In addition, we use these algorithms as a way to assess the relative strength of various diversity strategies, from recompilation with different compilers and optimization levels to techniques specifically designed to thwart exploit reuse. Our results indicate that even small changes to a binary disproportionately affect the similarity reported by near-duplicate detection algorithms. In addition, we observe a wide range in the effectiveness of various diversity strategies.
Images of Colonialism in the Text of Two African Female Poets

Bamgboṣe studies African women’s poetry as a significant vehicle for framing imaginative and discursive responses to the violence of colonial experience in Africa. Considering that critical works engaging the colonial question in modern African poetry often limit their critique to anticolonial poetic production of men excluding women’s intervention, this chapter interrogates the gender gap in literary discourses on imaginative responses to colonialism in the African poetic text. Through a rereading of the images of colonialism in ten poems of Alda do Espirito Santo and Maria Manuela Margarido, this chapter unpacks the textual/imagistic intricacies and assertive force of female poetry in service of the anticolonial imaginary within the specific context of Sao Tome and Principe. The rereading radically challenges the androcentric consciousness of African poetic discourse.
Multi-Resolution Common Fate Transform

The multi-resolution common fate transform (MCFT) is an audio signal representation useful for representing mixtures of multiple audio signals that overlap in both time and frequency. The MCFT combines the invertibility of a state-of-the-art representation, the common fate transform (CFT), and the multi-resolution property of the cortical stage output of an auditory model. Since the MCFT is computed based on a fully invertible complex time–frequency representation, separation of audio sources with high time–frequency overlap may be performed directly in the MCFT domain, where there is less overlap between sources than in the time–frequency domain. The MCFT circumvents the resolution issue of the CFT by using a multi-resolution two-dimensional (2D) filter bank instead of fixed-size 2D windows. This enables higher quality separation without the need to hand-tune the window size to the specific case. In this work, we describe the MCFT, discuss the properties of the MCFT with the aid of illustrative examples, and provide definitions and objective measures for two desirable representation properties: separability of source signals and clusterability of components of each signal. The utility of the MCFT for source separation is illustrated by performing ideal masking on a comprehensive dataset of audio mixtures of musical tones played in unison, including audio samples from a wide pitch range and a variety of instruments/playing techniques. Results show that the ideal masks made in the MCFT domain yield better separability than those made in commonly used time–frequency signal representations as well as the CFT. The use of the MCFT also results in more reliable clusterability than the CFT in most cases.
A Case of new onset antibody-positive myasthenia gravis in a patient treated with pembrolizumab for melanoma. (P2.122)

Objective: To report a case of masthenia gravis with pembrolizumab. Background: Pembrolizumab, nivolumab and ipilumumab are checkpoint blockers that target regulatory molecules on T-cells. Various neurological adverse-events have been described with these agents, including seizures and Guillian-Barre syndrome. We describe a case of new-onset antibody-positive myasthenia gravis (MG) in a patient treated with pembrolizumab. Design/Methods: Case report Results: An 84-year-old Caucasian man with 1-year history of metastatic melanoma presented with progressive fatigable weakness and dysphagia for 2 months. Pembrolizumab had been started 3 months prior and he received 2 doses 1 month apart. He had a remarkable resolution of most of his skin lesions. His exam on admission was notable for bilateral ptosis and he could not sustain upward gaze. His strength exam revealed: 4/5 neck flexors, 3+/5 biceps, 4/5 triceps, and 4/5 hip flexors. The patient’s clinical presentation was concerning for MG given the proximal muscle and bulbar weakness. The lack of fasciculations, post-exercise facilitation and normal CK values ruled out motor neuron process, presynaptic NMJ disorder and myopathy respectively. He required BiPAP initially to support his respiratory muscles. He was started on prednisone, pyridostigmine and IVIG (X 5 days). The acetylcholine receptor binding antibody was positive, whereas the striated muscle, MuSK and voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies were absent. The patient had significant clinical response with improvement in MG composite scale from 15 on admission to 9 with treatment. Conclusions: Nivolumab and Ipilimumab have been associated with several cases of MG. Pembrolizumab was associated with MG in 3 published cases of patients with melanoma. Two patients were previously diagnosed with MG and had exacerbations after pembrolizumab. They responded well to a combination of IVIG, plasmapharesis and prednisone. The third patient had a new onset antibody-negative MG but failed to respond to the same treatments. Our patient had new onset antibody-positive MG. Disclosure: Dr. Alnahhas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vota has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wong has nothing to disclose.
Design, production, and evaluation of a zircaloy-clad uranium target for an intense pulsed neutron source application

The design of a Zircaloy-2-clad uranium alloy (450 ppm carbon, 250 ppm iron, 350 ppm silicon) target that can function as a pulsed spallation neutron source on interaction of a pulsed 500-MeV proton beam with the uranium nuclei is determined by consideration of irradiation damage, energy deposition, and thermal cycling effects in the target. The designed target is comprised of eight watercooled Zircaloy-2-clad uranium alloy disks, 10 cm in diameter and 2.7 cm thick operating at a maximum uranium alloy centerline temperature of 330/sup 0/C. The production of the Zircaloy-2-clad uranium alloy disks involves remelting of the cast uranium alloy by the consumable electrode technique and bonding of the Zircaloy-2 to the uranium alloy by subjecting the composite to an isostatic-helium pressure at 840/sup 0/C. The lifetime of the disks in the target before cracking of the Zircaloy-2 cladding owing to lowfrequency thermal cycling fatigue is estimated from stress calculations to be about 500 days. The results of thermal cycling tests on a disk tend to confirm the results of the stress calculations.
An Infant with Abnormal Eye Movements.

Please view Fig 1 and watch the accompanying video clip (Video 1). Video 1. Click here to view the video. Reproduced with permission of Akshaya Vachharajani, MD, copyright 2018. The most likely cause of this infant’s examination findings is: (Note: More than 1 option is possible.) The video clip depicts an intubated term female infant with abnormal right eye findings. The infant’s left eye is normal: the eye opens completely and the left pupil reacts normally to light (video time 0:06 seconds). Her left eyeball is moving downward in the midline (video time 0:21 seconds), medial, and lateral (video times 0:23 and 0:25 seconds, respectively) positions. In contrast, her right eye does not open (video time 0:02 seconds), is immobile, and she has a right gaze preference with the right eyeball fixed downward and outward. This gaze preference persists even when the left eye is moving laterally (video time 0:23 seconds). The infant has bilateral forehead wrinkling (video time 0:27 seconds). Her nasolabial creases on both sides are normal. Her tongue moves appropriately and sometimes protrudes (video time 0:24 seconds). She is able to move her neck throughout the clip. The accompanying photograph (Fig 1) shows the infant’s dilated right pupil that is fixed (ie, the pupil remains dilated even with bright light). As shown in Video 1, the infant’s right eye does not open spontaneously, and hence the eyelids had to be opened manually. The right eyeball is noted to be in the downward and outward location. Figure 1. Accompanying photograph of infant in video clip. The ophthalmologic findings in this infant are consistent …
A Change in the Dark Room: The Effects of Human Factors and Cognitive Loading Issues for NextGen TRACON Air Traffic Controllers

By 2020 all aircraft in United States airspace must use ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) Out. This is a key component of the Next Generation (NextGen) Air Transportation System, which marks the first time all aircraft will be tracked continuously using satellites instead of ground-based radar. Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS) in the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) is a primary NextGen upgrade where digitized automation/information surrounds STARS controllers while controlling aircraft. Applying the SHELL model, the authors analyze human factors changes affecting TRACON controllers from pre-STARS technology through NextGen technologies on performance. Results of an informal survey of STARS controllers assessed cognitive processing issues and indicates the greatest concern is with movements to view other displays and added time to re-engage STARS.
What’s Going On with Leadership?

Leadership in our times is very different from what we once thought it was. Leaders are expected to be more intuitive today. Standing on a pedestal and demanding actions is out. Listening, empathizing, connecting, and reflecting are the ways in which we best get through to others, while having a sense of doing the right thing at the same time. The best leaders are those who work side by side with others, knowing that this is appreciated.
In vivo effects on the immune function of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) following ingestion and intraperitoneal injection of polystyrene nanoplastics.

Abstract Nanoplastics (1–100 nm) are potentially the most hazardous litter in the environment. Recent scientific studies have documented their toxic effects at the cellular and molecular levels, but knowledge underlying mechanisms of their toxicity is still scarce. Nanoplastics are known for their ability to induce immune and inflammatory responses as well as generating reactive oxygen species. While some studies have addressed the immunotoxicity of nanoplastics in vitro and on in vivo in fish after intraperitoneal injection, no information is available on adult fish after ingestion of a contaminated prey. The present study is the first to attempt to address the immunotoxicity of nanoplastics in adult fish after trophic transfer. Pimephales promelas is a well-established bioindicator species to study the immunotoxicity of nanoparticles and the innate immune responses of fish. This study aims to assess the in vivo innate immune response of adult P. promelas following exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics by measuring the gene expression of ncf, nox2, mst1 and c3; these genes are related with the immune function of neutrophils, macrophages and complement in fish. Two target organs (liver and head kidney) and two routes of exposure (IP- injection and ingestion) were analyzed. After 48 h of exposure, polystyrene nanoplastics were encountered in the liver and kidney of both IP-injection and ingestion exposed fish, and significantly affected the innate immune system of P. promelas by downregulating the gene expression ncf, mst1, and c3 in liver and kidney. Significant difference between treatments was only observed for the gene expression of nfc in liver. Results of this study indicate that polystyrene nanoplastics can exhibit immunotoxicity in fish through an environmentally relevant route of exposure, interfering with the synthesis and function of neutrophils, macrophages, and complement of P. promelas in their principal hematopoietic tissues, which may potentially compromise its ability to survive in nature.
The Role of Histone Acetylation and the Microbiome in Phytochemical Efficacy for Cardiovascular Diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death worldwide and create a substantial financial burden. Emerging studies have begun to focus on epigenetic targets and re-establishing healthy gut microbes as therapeutic options for the treatment and prevention of CVD. Phytochemicals, commonly found in fruits and vegetables, have been shown to exert a protective effect against CVD, though their mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. Of interest, phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been shown to regulate both histone acetylation and microbiome re-composition. The purpose of this review is to highlight the microbiome–epigenome axis as a therapeutic target for food bioactives in the prevention and/or treatment of CVD. Specifically, we will discuss studies that highlight how the three phytochemicals above alter histone acetylation leading to global changes in gene expression and CVD protection. Then, we will expand upon these phytochemicals to discuss the impact of phytochemical–microbiome–histone acetylation interaction in CVD.
Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) seek sodium at carrion baits in Costa Rica

1. Many terrestrial herbivores supplement their diets with minerals. Neotropical stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) supplement their floral diets by visiting diverse non‐floral resources such as rotting fruit and muddy water. 2. Some stingless bees also visit carrion; however, it is unknown whether bees visit carrion for minerals or for another resource. Here, we investigated the mineral preferences of stingless bees visiting carrion. 3. We deployed raw chicken baits at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica consisting of six treatments: baits soaked in sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, or deionised water, and unsoaked baits. We identified and counted bee and non‐bee visitors to baits over three days. 4. We observed five species from three genera of stingless bee on the baits. Sodium baits and unsoaked baits were visited more often than other baits. Our findings demonstrate that stingless bees do forage for minerals on carrion, but that preferences are mineral‐specific. 5. In addition, three species packed carrion into their corbiculae. We hypothesise that facultatively necrophagous stingless bees may be using carrion as an alternative source of protein or nest‐building materials.
Active Living After Cancer: Converting a group physical activity intervention for cancer survivors to a virtual format in response to the coronavirus pandemic.

261Background: Active Living After Cancer (ALAC) is an evidence-based group program to help cancer survivors improve their physical functioning and quality of life through increasing physical activ...
Quantifying the influence of natural climate variability on in situ measurements of seasonal total and extreme daily precipitation

While various studies explore the relationship between individual sources of climate variability and extreme precipitation, there is a need for improved understanding of how these physical phenomena simultaneously influence precipitation in the observational record across the contiguous United States. In this work, we introduce a single framework for characterizing the historical signal (anthropogenic forcing) and noise (natural variability) in seasonal mean and extreme precipitation. An important aspect of our analysis is that we simultaneously isolate the individual effects of seven modes of variability while explicitly controlling for joint inter-mode relationships. Our method utilizes a spatial statistical component that uses in situ measurements to resolve relationships to their native scales; furthermore, we use a data-driven procedure to robustly determine statistical significance. In Part I of this work we focus on natural climate variability: detection is mostly limited to DJF and SON for the modes of variability considered, with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, the Pacific–North American pattern, and the North Atlantic Oscillation exhibiting the largest influence. Across all climate indices considered, the signals are larger and can be detected more clearly for seasonal total versus extreme precipitation. We are able to detect at least some significant relationships in all seasons in spite of extremely large (> 95%) background variability in both mean and extreme precipitation. Furthermore, we specifically quantify how the spatial aspect of our analysis reduces uncertainty and increases detection of statistical significance while also discovering results that quantify the complex interconnected relationships between climate drivers and seasonal precipitation.
The Immigrant Struggle for Effective Counsel: An Empirical Assessment

Recently, in Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam, the Supreme Court upheld 8 U.S.C. §1252(e)(2), a statutory provision placing restrictions on certain noncitizens from seeking habeas review in the federal judiciary. The Court focused on the Constitution’s Suspension Clause, but it also discussed the Due Process Clause, declaring that there was no violation here either. One question that flows from this decision is whether the federal courts will soon be precluded from hearing other types of claims brought by noncitizens. Consider ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC) petitions, which in immigration are rooted in the Due Process Clause. Some circuit courts of appeals have held that a specific agency within the Department of Justice – the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) – has the sole, final decision-making authority on these claims. Other circuit courts, in contrast, have stated that because IAC petitions are constitutional in nature, noncitizens are entitled to take BIA decisions to Article III appellate courts. As this study shows, statutory text, precedent, and the inscrutability of many of the BIA’s rulings support the notion that the federal circuit courts should retain jurisdiction in these cases – even given Thuraissigiam. By creating a unique dataset containing 1,615 cases, this study empirically evaluates those publicly available ineffective assistance of counsel judgments delivered by the BIA. The results reveal that the BIA’s holdings often are summarily issued and lack detailed explanation, with the government prevailing in most instances. With the stakes so high, it is imperative that Article III circuit courts be able to independently review these ineffective assistance cases, especially before the finality of a negative immigration order takes effect.
Considerations for the Intersection of Sedation and Marijuana

The large and increasing prevalence of cannabis use obligates practitioners to be familiar with the pharmacology and clinical ramifications of cannabinoids. Childhood exposure to cannabis spans medical therapy to accidental ingestion and self-experimentation. Although tetrahydrocannabinol is the most well-characterized cannabinoid, use of cannabidiol has dramatically increased in recent years. A branded form of cannabidiol has received approval for use in certain refractory childhood seizure disorders. Cannabis-associated accidental intoxication, minor trauma, and medication side effects can result in the urgent medical evaluation of minors.
A De Novo regulation design shows an effectiveness in altering plant secondary metabolism

Abstract Introduction Transcription factors (TFs) and cis-regulatory elements (CREs) control gene transcripts involved in various biological processes. We hypothesize that TFs and CREs can be effective molecular tools for De Novo regulation designs to engineer plants. Objectives We selected two Arabidopsis TF types and two tobacco CRE types to design a De Novo regulation and evaluated its effectiveness in plant engineering. Methods G-box and MYB recognition elements (MREs) were identified in four Nicotiana tabacum JAZs (NtJAZs) promoters. MRE-like and G-box like elements were identified in one nicotine pathway gene promoter. TF screening led to select Arabidopsis Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1 (PAP1/MYB) and Transparent Testa 8 (TT8/bHLH). Two NtJAZ and two nicotine pathway gene promoters were cloned from commercial Narrow Leaf Madole (NL) and KY171 (KY) tobacco cultivars. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), cross-linked chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and dual-luciferase assays were performed to test the promoter binding and activation by PAP1 (P), TT8 (T), PAP1/TT8 together, and the PAP1/TT8/Transparent Testa Glabra 1 (TTG1) complex. A DNA cassette was designed and then synthesized for stacking and expressing PAP1 and TT8 together. Three years of field trials were performed by following industrial and GMO protocols. Gene expression and metabolic profiling were completed to characterize plant secondary metabolism. Results PAP1, TT8, PAP1/TT8, and the PAP1/TT8/TTG1 complex bound to and activated NtJAZ promoters but did not bind to nicotine pathway gene promoters. The engineered red P + T plants significantly upregulated four NtJAZs but downregulated the tobacco alkaloid biosynthesis. Field trials showed significant reduction of five tobacco alkaloids and four carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamines in most or all cured leaves of engineered P + T and PAP1 genotypes. Conclusion G-boxes, MREs, and two TF types are appropriate molecular tools for a De Novo regulation design to create a novel distant-pathway cross regulation for altering plant secondary metabolism.
Designing a Constitution: Bridging the Gap Between Political Ideals and Political Practices in Afghanistan

This study proposes that to choose political institutions for a divided society, one must look not just at the political practices of diverse groups but most importantly at their political ideals. Conducting an empirical analysis, this study reveals that despite the prominence of centrifugal practices in Afghanistan, the general political ideals are centripetal. In other words, a concurrent majority of ethnic groups demand representation through an inclusive political arrangement that would rather diminish the role of ethnicity in power and politics. Therefore, to level up its political practices to its ideals, Afghanistan needs institutional designs that while incentivizing inclusion and pluralism do not explicitly require ethnic-based power sharing.
Transitioning tacrolimus to sirolimus in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

OBJECTIVES Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) use for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) recipients has been associated with toxicities. Toxicities may be managed by converting CNI to sirolimus as often done in solid organ transplantation. This study aimed to characterize allo-HCT patients who completely transitioned from tacrolimus to sirolimus and evaluate the incidence of aGVHD within 100 days post-transition, overall survival (OS), and incidence of relapse. METHODS Safety and efficacy data were collected at baseline and at day 30 and 90 post-transition from tacrolimus to sirolimus and at one-year post-HCT. RESULTS Most patients who transitioned had acute leukemia, received a matched unrelated donor allo-HCT, and transitioned due to nephrotoxicity or neurotoxicity. The resolution rate was 83% and 48% in the nephrotoxicity group, 78% and 61% in the neurotoxicity group, 33% and 33% in the group that developed both nephrotoxicity and transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy at 30 and 90 days of assessments, respectively. Patients who transitioned before day 55 post-allo-HCT were more likely to develop new or worsening aGVHD. The one-year OS and relapse rates were 37% and 20%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The conversion from tacrolimus to sirolimus demonstrates promising resolution of acute toxicities; however, overall mortality remains high.
Problematic social network use: Its antecedents and impact upon classroom performance

Abstract The impact of information technologies has radically transformed the classroom in less than a generation. One potentially not so welcome technology into the classroom has been social networking sites. While social networking sites can help foster relationships among students, too much of a good thing can negatively impact course performance. This study surveys 219 college aged students and investigates the impact of problematic social network use on final course performance. Drawing from Social Cognitive Theory this paper develops a set of testable hypotheses and the data demonstrates that a negative relationship exists between problematic social network use and course performance (as measured by final letter grade). Classroom strategies that professors implement, and other remedies universities can employ to address this finding are discussed.
Mitochondrial DNA metabolism is coupled with 20S proteasome function via regulation of deoxyribonucleotide homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The synthesis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not coupled with cell cycle. Previous studies have shown that the size of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools plays an important role in regulating mtDNA replication and amplification. In yeast, dNTPs are synthesized by the cytosolic ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). It is currently poorly understood as to how RNR activity is regulated in non-dividing or quiescent cells to finely tune mtDNA metabolism to cope with different metabolic states. Here, we show that defect in the 20S proteasome drastically destabilizes mtDNA. The mtDNA instability phenotype in 20S proteasome mutants is suppressed by overexpression of RNR3 or by the deletion of SML1, encoding a minor catalytic subunit and an intrinsic inhibitor of RNR respectively. We found that Sml1 is stabilized in the 20S proteasomal mutants, suggesting that 20S affects mtDNA stability by stabilizing Sml1. Interestingly, defect in the regulatory 19S proteasomal function has only subtle effect on mtDNA stability, supporting a role of the 20S proteasome in dNTP homeostasis independent of 19S. Finally, we found that when cells are transitioned from glycolytic to oxidative growth, Sml1 level is reduced in a 20S-dependent manner. In summary, our study establishes a link between cellular proteostasis and mtDNA metabolism through the regulation of dNTP homeostasis. We propose that increased degradation of Sml1 by the 20S proteasome under respiratory conditions provides a mechanism to stimulate dNTP synthesis and promote mtDNA amplification.
A Review of Adolescent Adherence in Type 1 Diabetes and the Untapped Potential of Diabetes Providers to Improve Outcomes

Only 21 % of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) meet glycemic goals set forth by the American Diabetes Association. Adherence to therapy is a particular concern in this population, and the association between poor adherence and worsening glycemic control indicates that there is a critical need to improve adherence to therapy in adolescents with T1D. In this article, we review barriers to adherence in adolescents with T1D and discuss interventions aimed at improving adherence to therapy and glycemic control. Interventions include technology-based applications, family-based therapies, motivational interviewing, and others. Notably, less than 10 % of the interventions reviewed are provider-led, clinic-based interventions, and few have focused on regimen-related aspects of adherence. This article also outlines the importance of provider communication and the role of providers in facilitating adherence behaviors in adolescents with T1D. Finally, we suggest future directions of research to improve adherence to therapy in adolescents with T1D.
Healthcare Financing and Public Policy

Healthcare funding and public policy are critically important aspects of medical care older adults. Insurance coverage can be complex in the geriatric population, involving multiple third part and government programs. Healthcare coverage is a central focus of numerous public policy initiatives. This chapter reviews funding and policy issues as they relate to urologic care for older adults.
Coordinating Distributed Decision Making Using Reusable Interaction Specifications

The organization structure of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) constrains the mechanisms that may be used for coordinating the agents' decision-making process. As researchers develop MAS that allow agents to dynamically re-organize how to interact with each other, the design of the agents must provide the ability to operate under different organizations. This paper investigates the issues involved in increasing the flexibility of agents' coordination capabilities. Applying the concepts of encapsulation and polymorphism, a representation of coordination strategies is presented as an abstraction that allows agents to easily switch coordination mechanisms and that allows coordination mechanisms to be applied to different domains.
Jewish Involvement in Shaping American Immigration Policy, 1881–1965: A Historical Review

This paper discusses Jewish involvement in shaping United States immigration policy. In addition to a periodic interest in fostering the immigration of co-religionists as a result of anti-Semitic movements, Jews have an interest in opposing the establishment of ethnically and culturally homogeneous societies in which they reside as minorities. Jews have been at the forefront in supporting movements aimed at altering the ethnic status quo in the United States in favor of immigration of non-European peoples. These activities have involved leadership in Congress, organizing and funding anti-restrictionist groups composed of Jews and gentiles, and originating intellectual movements opposed to evolutionary and biological perspectives in the social sciences.
The Extensionality of Parthood and Composition

I focus on three mereological principles: the extensionality of parthood (EP), the uniqueness of composition (UC), and the extensionality of composition (EC). These principles are not equivalent. Nevertheless they are closely related (and often equated), since they all reflect the basic nominalistic dictum ‘No difference without a difference maker’. All of them, individually or collectively, have been challenged on philosophical grounds. In the first part I argue that such challenges do not quite threaten (EP), because they are either self-defeating or unsupported. In the second part I argue that they do little to undermine the tenability of (UC) and (EC) either.
Using the general equilibrium growth model to study great depressions : a rejoinder to Kehoe and Prescott

The reply by Kehoe and Prescott restates their position but does not answer the criticism made in my review of their book (Temin 2008). I argued that the general equilibrium model of economic growth to study income fluctuations does not lead to a useful research program; the use of closed-economy models to understand the world problems of the 1930s and the Latin-American problems of the 1980s is not helpful; and the authors using Kehoe and Prescott's recommended approach do not use data with the care standard in other branches of economics. I stand by those criticisms.
Vacations and citizenship in Post‐war France

(2001). Vacations and citizenship in Post‐war France. Sites: The Journal of Twentieth-Century/Contemporary French Studies revue d'etudes francais: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 121-129.
Working to Awaken

Essay: A short analytical interpretive prose dealing with a particular topic, especially from a personal and unsystematic viewpoint. I have noted with great detail and compelling evidence, the role of unconscious bias and unintentional racism in the workings of our schools and institutions (Moule, 2009).
Application Performance of a Linux Cluster Using Converse

Clusters of PCs are an attractive platform for parallel applications because of their cost effectiveness. We have implemented an interoperable runtime system called Converse on a cluster of Linux PCs connected by an inexpensive switched Fast Ethernet. This paper presents our implementation and its performance evaluation. We consider the question of the performance impact of using inexpensive communication hardware on real applications, using a large production-quality molecular dynamics program, NAMD, that runs on this cluster.
Abstract W P251: Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Hyper-Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: Most descriptive studies of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) use cases from hospital registries or large stroke databases. The clinical, imaging, and outcome characteristics for patients presenting acutely after symptom onset, and found to have primary ICH on imaging in the emergency department (ED) is not well described. Methods: Cases presenting to the ED via ambulance in the first 2 hours after symptom onset with intracerebral hemorrhage on initial imaging were identified from the Field Administration of Stroke Therapy-Magnesium (FAST-MAG) phase 3 clinical trial of intravenous magnesium vs. placebo. All subjects provided consent in the field and were transported to their usual care hospital, and no guidance was provided on treatment. Results: Of 1700 stroke cases presenting <2 hours from onset, there were 369 (22%) cases with primary ICH. Primary ICH cases had a mean [SD] age of 65 [13] years, 34% women, 79% White race, 34% Hispanic ethnicity, 80% pre-exisitng hypertension, 20% diabetes, 18% ...
A Conserved N-terminal Motif in Rad54 Is Important for Chromatin Remodeling and Homologous Strand Pairing

The Swi2/Snf2-related protein Rad54 is a chromatin remodeling enzyme that is important for homologous strand pairing catalyzed by the eukaryotic recombinase Rad51. The chromatin remodeling and DNA-stimulated ATPase activities of Rad54 are significantly enhanced by Rad51. To investigate the functions of Rad54, we generated and analyzed a series of mutant Rad54 proteins. Notably, the deletion of an N-terminal motif (amino acid residues 2-9), which is identical in Rad54 in Drosophila, mice, and humans, results in a complete loss of chromatin remodeling and strand pairing activities, and partial inhibition of the ATPase activity. In contrast, this conserved N-terminal motif has no apparent effect on the ability of DNA to stimulate the ATPase activity or of Rad51 to enhance the DNA-stimulated ATPase activity. Unexpectedly, as the N terminus of Rad54 is progressively truncated, the mutant proteins regain partial chromatin remodeling activity as well as essentially complete DNA-stimulated ATPase activity, both of which are no longer responsive to Rad51. These findings suggest that the N-terminal region of Rad54 contains an autoinhibitory activity that is relieved by Rad51.
The New Hypertension Guidelines

The Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) has published guidelines annually since 2000. The CHEP guidelines are a model of concise, comprehensive, up-to-date, evidence-rated guidelines for physicians who diagnose and treat hypertension. The guidelines address measurement of blood pressure and the definition of hypertension, secondary hypertension evaluation and treatment, and blood pressure targets and medication choices in patients with and without compelling indications. This review describes CHEP's process for developing guidelines and provides an overview of the 2013 recommendations.
Retrieval Strategies for a Carousel Conveyor

Abstract We analyze algorithms that sequence the retrieval of items from a carousel conveyor, and show how the appropriate algorithm depends on the load to which the carousel is subjected. In general, as the load increases, so does the quality of solutions produced by simple heuristics. We conclude by recommending certain greedy heuristics for the problems of sequencing the retrieval of orders and for sequencing the retrieval of the items within each order.
Ethnic and Marital Differences in Family Structure, Risk Behaviors, and Service Requests Among Young Minority Fathers

The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic and marital status differences in family structure, risk behaviors and service requests among African American and Hispanic adolescent fathers participating in a community-based fatherhood program. Demographic factors, risk behaviors, and service requests were gathered at program entry. The results indicated that each group demonstrated distinct patterns associated with family structure, sexual risk behaviors, substance use, and criminal behavior. In comparison to African American fathers, Hispanic fathers were younger and were more likely to be married and present at the delivery of their child. African American fathers reported having more children than Hispanic fathers. Disparities in school-related measures were also found, with African American fathers having higher high school graduation rates than Hispanic fathers. The impact of marriage on risk behaviors had mixed results. Services requests were similar for both groups. The finding that different eth...
The rise of international financial centers in mainland China

Abstract This paper assesses the major cities in mainland China that are competing to become international financial centers (IFC). Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen are compared in terms of their strengths and weaknesses as IFCs. We find that in China, the state plays a particularly important role in the growth of a financial center by providing favorable policies, creating localization economies, consolidating banks, and strengthening the city’s power through state-owned enterprises. Our analyses generate a contour map of China’s emerging IFCs in a global context and thus provide an important first step toward theorizing IFC development in a transitional economy.
Learned Control of Decreases in Systolic Blood Pressure

A NUMBER of studies have demonstrated that when humans are provided with exteroceptive feedback of specific aspects of cardiovascular performance, they rapidly learn to control responses of the system in question. Increases and decreases in heart rate1, decreases in heart rate variability2, and changes in vasomotor tone3 have all been demonstrated to be subject to control under conditions of augmented sensory feedback. The findings suggest that the use of augmented sensory feedback may be effective in the training of other aspects of cardiovascular behaviour. Such a technique would be particularly valuable in the training of blood pressure decreases in individuals exhibiting chronic essential hypertension. Recently Shapiro, Tursky, Gershon and Stern4 gave one group of subjects a brief signal whenever their systolic blood pressure exceeded a prescribed value and another group of subjects a brief signal whenever their blood pressures fell below a prescribed value. Using this procedure and making reinforcement depend on the appropriate response, these investigators were able to produce average increases and decreases in systolic blood pressure of about 1 and 5 mm Hg respectively in their two groups of subjects. If these general procedures could effect greater decreases in blood pressure, their potential therapeutic utility would be enhanced. Following the finding by Brener, Kleinman and Goesling5 that the degree of cardiovascular control is a direct function of the amount of augmented sensory feedback provided during training, we have attempted to maximize the amount of blood pressure information fed back to subjects within the constraints of the monitoring system used.
Analysis of Forming Parts from Advanced Thermoplastic Composite Sheet Materials

Thermoforming of advanced thermoplastic composite sheets offers several advantages over traditional processing of these materials, such as tape laying However, some important processing issues have to be resolved before this can become a viable economical process. These include fiber placement control, low cycle times for molding and wrinkle-free complex shape forming.Some of the work that has been reported in the literature so far is reviewed. The major processing considerations that have to be dealt with in going from the design to the thermoforming of a part are discussed. In particular, emphasis is placed on the different processing techniques such as matched-metal forming, hydroforming and diaphragm forming (superplastic aluminum and polymeric) and on material forms such as woven fabrics, angle-plied unidirectional tapes and the newly developed ordered staple formable sheet based on aligned discontinuous fibers. The forming of several shapes using these techniques is presented to illustrate the poten...
Assessing Couple Therapy as a Treatment for Individual Distress: When is Referral to Couple Therapy Contraindicated?

In order to better understand the effects of initial level of psychological disturbance on treatment outcome, a retrospective case control study of 95 couples who received couple therapy was conducted by sorting couples into one of four groups based on the degree of distress reported by individuals at intake: Neither distressed; both distressed; male distressed, female not distressed; female distressed, male not distressed. When partners started treatment with similar levels of disturbance both responded well in couple therapy. However, if the female reported clinical levels of disturbance at intake but her partner did not, outcome for the female was especially poor in contrast to outcomes for females receiving individual therapy. Clinically disturbed males showed significant gains in treatment even when their partners were not disturbed. These suggestive results argue for the possible value of conducting controlled studies of treatment assignment decisions that maximize positive outcomes.
The role of prefrontal cortex during tests of episodic memory.

Recent studies of episodic memory using functional neuroimaging techniques indicate that right prefrontal cortex (PFC) is activated while people remember events. Our review suggests that left PFC is also activated during remembering, depending on the reflective demands of the task. As more, or more complex, reflective processes are required (e.g. when criteria for evaluation have to be established and maintained, when the complexity of the evaluation required increases, and when retrieval of additional information is required beyond that activated by an initial cue), left PFC activity is more likely to occur. Our `cortical asymmetry of reflective activity' (CARA) hypothesis summarizes available findings and suggests directions for future research.
How Task-Facilitative Interactive Tools Foster Buyers’ Trust in Online Retailers: A Process View of Trust Development in the Electronic Marketplace☆

Abstract While there is a sustained interest in research focusing on issues relating to trust development in the electronic marketplace, significant gaps remain in the literature. In particular, little is known of the underlying processes that may be occurring in online trust development. For example, research suggests that factors such as site design and navigability are among the factors that impact trust perceptions. Extant literature, however, is largely silent about why certain trust-related effects are observed in online environments. In this paper, we propose a new process-centric perspective for understanding the formation of online trust—through buyer's assessment of the e-retailer's assistive intent, implicitly embedded in task-facilitative interactive tools. Specifically, we develop and test a model delineating the relationship between seller's provision of interactive product information management and product information comprehension tools, buyer's perceptions of seller's assistive intent, and buyer's initial trust in the seller. The results of two studies provide support for the trust-enhancing effects of task-facilitative informational tools and the mediating role of buyer's perceptions of seller's assistive intent. Importantly, these effects occur without any explicit expressions of seller's intentions. The results also suggest that the efficacy of interactive informational tools in engendering perceptions of seller's assistive intent, and hence trust, varies with the buyer's level of involvement with and knowledge of the product category.
Multistage estimation of bias states

In Reference 1, Friedland describes a very interesting and practical procedure for estimating the states of a linear process in the presence of a constant but unknown bias vector.
Relationship of aberrant retinotectal projections to visual orienting after neonatal tectal damage in hamster.

Abstract The relationship of visual orienting to the extent of physiologically functional aberrant retinotectal connectivity was determined in hamsters subjected to large lesions of their superior colliculi on the day of birth. No relationship was found. The extent of visual field over which visual orienting could be evoked was always markedly smaller than the extent of visual field over which a physiologic evoked response could be found in the neonatally damaged superior colliculus. No evidence was found that aberrant retinal projections to the deep layers of the superior colliculus produced by neonatal damage contribute substantially to visual-orienting behavior.
Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Simple and Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment

A study to evaluate the efficacy of a simple and inexpensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach to stress incontinence in 46 elderly women is described. The treatment had two aspects: estrogens, both orally and topically, and a pelvic floor exercise program. The study shows that stress incontinence and stress incontinence with urgency incontinence in non-institutionalized, ambulant elderly women can be diagnosed and successfully treated in the great majority of cases without the need for expensive and potentially hazardous diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
Commodity specific rates of temporal discounting: Does metabolic function underlie differences in rates of discounting? ☆

Discounting rates vary as a function of commodity type. Previous studies suggest five potential characteristics of the commodity that could explain these differences: type of reinforcer (primary or secondary), if the commodity is perishable, if the commodity is satiable, if the commodity can be directly consumed, and immediacy of consumption. This paper suggests that these characteristics may best be viewed as related to a more fundamental characteristic: metabolic processing. In order to explore the possibility that metabolic processing underlies changes in discount rates, the difference in discounting between food, money, music CDs, DVDs, and books are compared. Music CDs, DVDs, and books share many characteristics in common with food, including gaining value through a physiological process, but are not directly metabolized. Results are consistent with previous findings of commodity specific discount rates and show that metabolic function plays a role in determining discount rates with those commodities that are metabolized being discounted at a higher rate. These results are interpreted as evidence that the discount rate for different commodities lies along a continuum with those that serve an exchange function rather than a direct function (money) anchoring the low end and those that serve a direct metabolic function capping the high end (food, alcohol, drugs).