cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pushing the limits - two new species of Pteromalus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) from Central Europe with remarkable morphology.

Two new species, Pteromalus briani sp. n. and Pteromalus janstai sp. n., with unusual characters are described from the Central Plateau and the Alps in Switzerland, respectively. Pteromalus briani sp. n. is remarkable in that it has the metatibia quite abruptly expanded before the middle. This type of modification of the hind tibia is unique within the Pteromalidae and probably also the entire Chalcidoidea. It is also very rare in other parasitic wasps, where it is suspected to be associated with pheromone glands. The species is a gregarious endoparasitoid of pupae of Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus) and Aglais urticae (Linnaeus), two common butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Europe. It is furthermore a koinobiont parasitoid ovipositing in an early larval stage of the host. The other species, Pteromalus janstai sp. n., shows a flattened mesosoma. A dorsoventrally depressed body is a unique feature within the genus Pteromalus, but known from a number species in unrelated genera and subfamilies. The two records demonstrate that it is possible to discover entirely new species with extraordinary characters even in one of the taxonomically most thoroughly explored parts of the world.
The econometrics of rational addiction: The case of cigarettes

This article reexamines the econometric estimation of rational-addiction models considered by Becker, Grossman, and Murphy (BGM) for cigarette consumption. The rational-addiction model poses a number of additional econometric difficulties including endogeneity due to the presence of leads and lags of the dependent variable and serial correlation in the disturbances. BGM considered a fixed-effects two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator. It is well known that this estimator is biased for fixed T. This article suggests a forward-filter first-difference 2SLS estimator and a generalized method of moments type of estimator that are consistent. Using a panel dataset of 46 states over the period 1963–1992, this article estimates the rational-addiction model for cigarettes. Our empirical results are both supportive of the rational-addiction hypothesis and more plausible than BGM's original results.
Classroom Discipline Without Punishment.

ers, and students, do not exist in the United States. Further, American boards of education in recent years have become totally preoccupied preparing a school budget for the community. Money for education must be raised in each locality and citizens often have the right to approve or defeat a budget, thus sometimes requiring the resubmission of an entirely new budget. The Italian member of a council or committee
A Glimpse into tmRNA-Mediated Ribosome Rescue

Eubacteria use a molecule called tmRNA to rescue ribosomes that stall on mRNA during protein synthesis. In their perspective, [ Moore et al .][1] discuss new work ([ Valle et al .][2]) that uses cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of tmRNA in complex with the ribosome. The structure gives insight into how tmRNA is able to function as both a tRNA and a mRNA to release the stalled ribosomes. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5616/72 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/300/5616/127
Pharmacokinetic and phase I trial of intraperitoneal carboplatin and cyclosporine in refractory ovarian cancer patients.

PURPOSEThe feasibility and pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (CsA) delivered intraperitoneally (IP) have not been previously explored. We performed a pharmacokinetic study of IP CsA followed by a phase I dose-escalation trial of the combination of IP CsA and carboplatin in refractory ovarian cancer patients.PATIENTS AND METHODSA pilot study was performed of three patients who received 1, 10, and 20 mg/kg IP CsA alone. Subsequently, a phase I trial of 35 patients was performed between April 1990 and April 1993. Whole-blood and IP fluid CsA concentrations were measured at serial time points. The highest dose delivered IP was 34.6 mg CsA/kg in combination with carboplatin (250 mg/m2 or 300 mg/m2, depending on creatinine clearance), which was not dose-escalated. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for CsA and half-life (T1/2) were calculated. Objective and serologic responses were noted, and toxicity was graded using the National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria.RESULTSThe feasibility of...
Modelling artificial night-sky brightness with a polarized multiple scattering radiative transfer computer code

As part of an ongoing investigation of radiative effects produced by hazy atmospheres, computational procedures have been developed for use in determining the brightening of the night sky as a result of urban illumination. The downwardly and upwardly directed radiances of multiply scattered light from an offending metropolitan source are computed by a straightforward Gauss-Seidel (G-S) iterative technique applied directly to the integrated form of Chandrasekhar's vectorized radiative transfer equation. Initial benchmark night-sky brightness tests of the present G-S model using fully consistent optical emission and extinction input parameters yield very encouraging results when compared with the double scattering treatment of Garstang, the only full-fledged previously available model.
Multigenic phylogeographic divergence in the paleoendemic southern Appalachian opilionid Fumontana deprehendor Shear (Opiliones, Laniatores, Triaenonychidae).

Abstract The paleoendemic opilionid Fumontana deprehendor is restricted to a small area of mid-elevation forested habitats in the southern Blue Ridge province of the Appalachian Mountains. In a recent study we reported on the discovery of 22 new montane populations of this monotypic genus, specimens from which exhibit remarkably little morphological divergence despite their separation by intervening lowlands and large riverine barriers. Here, we further explore spatial and temporal patterns of divergence in this taxon using DNA sequence data from a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (∼1000 bp) and full-length sequences of both nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions, including the intervening 5.8S rRNA region (∼700 bp total). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of these independent data sets reveal congruent genealogical patterns, with all data partitioning and combination strategies consistently recovering five allopatric, geographically cohesive genetic clades. These clades show an almost complete lack of internal genetic divergence, with most individuals sharing a clade-specific, regionally widespread haplotype. The geographic distribution of these clades corresponds to patterns seen in other upland taxa of the region, possibly indicating coincident vicariance. Because of a lack of quantifiable morphological divergence and relatively modest levels of genetic divergence, we conservatively refer to the geographically cohesive genetic clades as “phylogeographic units”, although these may actually represent cryptic species. Conservation implications and the prospect for future comparative arachnid phylogeography in the southern Appalachians are discussed in light of the results presented here.
Construction of optimal indexes

An algorithm to design index structures for a data base is presented. This index, instead of partitioning a data base based on attribute-value pairs, effects a partition based on the nature of the user queries. A significant feature of the algorithm is that instead of working with the actual attribute values in a record, it operates on a hash vector signature representation of the records. It is shown that this reduces the space required to store the index. However, it also introduces errors due to false drops. It is shown how this error can be kept within a specified limit.
Preparation and properties of recycled HDPE/natural fiber composites

Composites based on recycled high density polyethylene (RHDPE) and natural fibers were made through melt blending and compression molding. The effects of the fibers (wood and bagasse) and coupling agent type/concentration on the composite properties were studied. The use of maleated polyethylene (MAPE), carboxylated polyethylene (CAPE), and titanium-derived mixture (TDM) improved the compatibility between the bagasse fiber and RHDPE, and mechanical properties of the resultant composites compared well with those of virgin HDPE composites. The modulus and impact strength of the composites had maxima with MAPE content increase. The composites had lower crystallization peak temperatures and wider crystalline temperature range than neat RHDPE, and their thermal stability was lower than RHDPE.
Mean time to cancer-specific death of apparently clinically localized prostate cancer: policy implications for threshold ages in prostate-specific antigen screening and ablative therapy.

Objective To assess the mean time to cancer-specific death in patients with prostate cancer, using a minimum follow-up of 14 years at one institution, and thus evaluate the minimum life-expectancy for eligibility for radical surgery, radiotherapy and, implicitly, prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening. Patients and methods The tumour registry of the authors’ institution was searched for the records of patients with prostate cancer (stages T1 and nonmetastatic T2–3) over the period 1976–1983, chosen to give a maximum follow-up with sufficient numbers of patients. Kaplan–Meier curves and the mean time to death to 1995 for palpable and impalpable cancers were calculated. Deaths not from cancer and from unknown causes were censored. Patients still alive were also censored, except for in the calculation of mean time to death. Results Patients with both stages of disease had a steep increase in mortality at 16 years. The mean (sem) time to prostate cancer-specific death for T1 disease was 17 (1.8) years and for T2-T3 (palpable) was 11.7 (1.2 years). Conclusion These results suggest that, if there is to be one at all, the upper age limit for prostate cancer screening should be 62 years.
Generation of phenotypic diversity and progression in metastatic tumor cells

The emergence of diversified tumor cell subpopulations in malignant neoplasms accounts for their heterogeneous cellular phenotypes and virtually ensures that some tumor cells will ultimately evolve with the most favorable properties for their enhanced abilities to survive, grow, invade and metastasize (tumor progression). The rates of cellular phenotypic diversification appear to vary greatly among different tumors and within the same tumor, and they are probably controlled, at least in part, by cellular instability due to chromosomal defects and random somatic mutational events, the rates of which are known to be higher in more malignant cells, and by epigenetic events, which may vary widely depending on the nature of the tumor cells and their microenvironments. As tumor progression proceeds, the most malignant cell subpopulations appear to lose their responsiveness to changes in tumor microenvironment while maintaining their high rates of phenotypic diversification. Tumor and normal cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, as well as tumor cell nutrients, oxygen, hormones, growth factors, inducers and other regulatory molecules provide individual malignant cells with microenvironmental signals that could act through epigenetic cellular modifications, such as DNA methylation, and transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational and posttranslational controls, or combinations of these. In addition, integration of viral gene sequences or viral modification of host DNA in critical regions could affect phenotypic stability. Finally, manipulation of tumor cells by antitumor therapy can also have profound effects on the rates of phenotypic diversification of the surviving tumor cells. A model for generating cellular phenotypic diversity based on the proposed mechanism for rapid generation of immunoglobulin molecular diversity in B cells may be applicable to malignant cells and to cells in general. In this model the expression and activity of gene products from multigene families are affected by a variety of genetic and epigenetic controlling mechanisms, and alterations in regulatory genes caused by recombination, methylation, mutation, or other changes could lead to differences in gene expression, resulting in widespread quantitative (and perhaps some qualitative) changes in particular gene products or their activities. As they proceed down different pathways of gene expression, each cell would be exposed to continual host selection pressures creating diverse, ever-changing malignant cell-populations.
Human Plasma Contains Cross-Reactive Aβ Conformer-Specific IgG Antibodies†

Two conformers of aggregated Abeta, i.e., fibrils and oligomers, have been deemed important in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We now report that intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) derived from pools of human plasma contains IgGs that recognize conformational epitopes present on fibrils and oligomers, but not their soluble monomeric precursor. We have used affinity chromatography to isolate these antibodies and have shown that they cross-reacted with comparable nanomolar avidity with both types of Abeta aggregates; notably, binding was not inhibited by soluble Abeta monomers. Our studies provide further support for investigating the therapeutic use of IVIG in Alzheimer's disease.
A Proline Kink in GWALP23

GWALP23 (acetyl-GGALW5LALALALALALALW19LAGA-ethanolamide) is a proven model membrane-spanning peptide (see JACS 130, 12584) that moves “beyond” WALP family peptides by employing, for the purpose of interfacial anchoring, only one tryptophan residue on either end of a central alpha-helical core sequence. Because of its systematic behavior in lipid bilayer membranes of differing thickness (see JBC 285, 31723), we utilize GWALP23 as a framework for introducing guest residues within the transmembrane sequence. For example, we have incorporated a central proline residue to give acetyl-GGALW5LALALAP12ALALALW19LAGA-ethanolamide. We have synthesized the resulting GWALP23-P12 with selected 2H and 15N labels for solid-state NMR spectroscopy, to enable analysis of the peptide orientation and segmental tilt in oriented lipid bilayer membranes using combined (2H)-GALA and (15N/1H)-PISEMA methods. In DMPC bilayer membranes, the peptide segments N-terminal and C-terminal to proline are tilted substantially with respect to the bilayer normal, by about 34°-40° and 27°-29° (± 6°), respectively, with a proline-induced kink angle of 20°-23°. The proline places restrictions on the dynamics of both segments. As has been described previously for GWALP23, the C-terminal helix ends before Ala-21.
Cyclophilin A as a Novel Biphasic Mediator of Endothelial Activation and Dysfunction

Inflammation-mediated endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction likely contributes to the pathogenesis of several vascular diseases including atherosclerosis. We found that stimulation of human umbilical vein ECs with lipopolysaccharide induced secretion of cyclophilin (CyPA) an intracellular protein belonging to the immunophilin family. We then found that when added exogenously CyPA has direct effects on ECs in vitro. At low concentrations (10 to 100 ng/ml) CyPA increased EC proliferation, migration, invasive capacity, and tubulogenesis. Gelatin zymography indicated increased secretion of active matrix metalloproteinase-2, a mediator of cell migration and angiogenesis. At high concentrations (eg, 2 μg/ml) CyPA had opposite effects, decreasing EC migration and viability, possibly in relation to induction of Toll-like receptor-4 expression, detected by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. In vivo CyPA expression was not detectable in the luminal ECs of normal mouse carotid arteries but was rapidly induced after systemic lipopolysaccharide injection. In an experimental mouse model of atherosclerosis, CyPA expression was detected in the ECs of neocapillaries of carotid artery lesions, supporting its association with pathological angiogenesis suggested by our in vitro results. In conclusion, we found that CyPA has a biphasic activity on ECs in vitro and is up-regulated in vivo in ECs under pathological states. Our results suggest that CyPA is a novel paracrine and autocrine modulator of EC functions in immune-mediated vascular disease.
Genomes and Form: The Case for Teleomorphic Recursivity

: The genotype-phenotype (genome-form) distinction is considered by many to be fundamental to modern evolutionary thinking. Indeed, the premises that: DNA solely constitutes the genotype; that the phenotype is a transient product of the genotype, with the latter not only describing, but also implementing the construction of the former; and that the constructed materials and systems of the cell have no impact on the genotype, have become dogmas. Yet a vast body of data from molecular genetics reveals that cellular systems, directly and indirectly, alter the genome. Some of these data are reviewed. Proteins can influence mutations along the chromosomes, heritably modify the information content of DNA sequences, and, in some instances, reorganize the germline or somatic genome via DNA engineering pathways. These data suggest that the constructed (proteins, chromatin arrays, and metabolic pathways) has an important role in shaping the descriptor. Insofar as it is biochemically possible for states adopted by cellular structures to be stabilized and eventually memorized by engineering chromosomes, semantic closure can be transcended-meaning can be transferred from the domain of form to the genome, and this presumably ongoing process is termed teleomorphic recursivity. Throughout the paper, I implicitly argue that the genome-form partition is strictly a formal one, with no deeply material basis.
Phosphate-Containing Polyethylene Glycol Polymers Prevent Lethal Sepsis by Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

Antibiotic resistance among highly pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi is a growing concern in the face of the ability to sustain life during critical illness with advancing medical interventions. The longer patients remain critically ill, the more likely they are to become colonized by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. The human gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of colonization of many MDR pathogens and is a major source of life-threatening infections due to these microorganisms. Eradication measures to sterilize the gut are difficult if not impossible and carry the risk of further antibiotic resistance. Here, we present a strategy to contain rather than eliminate MDR pathogens by using an agent that interferes with the ability of colonizing pathogens to express virulence in response to host-derived and local environmental factors. The antivirulence agent is a phosphorylated triblock high-molecular-weight polymer (here termed Pi-PEG 15–20) that exploits the known properties of phosphate (Pi) and polyethylene glycol 15-20 (PEG 15-20) to suppress microbial virulence and protect the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. The compound is nonmicrobiocidal and appears to be highly effective when tested both in vitro and in vivo. Structure functional analyses suggest that the hydrophobic bis-aromatic moiety at the polymer center is of particular importance to the biological function of Pi-PEG 15-20, beyond its phosphate content. Animal studies demonstrate that Pi-PEG prevents mortality in mice inoculated with multiple highly virulent pathogenic organisms from hospitalized patients in association with preservation of the core microbiome.
The Personal is Political: A Feminist and Trauma-Informed Therapeutic Approach to Working With a Survivor of Sexual Assault

The following case study highlights the application of a conceptual framework that incorporates feminist theory, trauma theory, and the importance of attending to identity development with individuals who have experienced gender-based violence. This case study illustrates the treatment of a 25-year-old female survivor of sexual assault suffering from depression, anxiety, and feelings of self-blame. Findings show a decrease in depression and anxiety, which provides support for the effectiveness of an integrated feminist and trauma-informed therapeutic approach. Because very few graduate training programs incorporate feminist theory and trauma theory in their curricula, recommendations for clinicians and students are provided.
Bacterial diversity in the oral cavity of 10 healthy individuals

The composition of the oral microbiota from 10 individuals with healthy oral tissues was determined using culture-independent techniques. From each individual, 26 specimens, each from different oral sites at a single point in time, were collected and pooled. An 11th pool was constructed using portions of the subgingival specimens from all 10 individuals. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified using broad-range bacterial primers, and clone libraries from the individual and subgingival pools were constructed. From a total of 11 368 high-quality, nonchimeric, near full-length sequences, 247 species-level phylotypes (using a 99% sequence identity threshold) and 9 bacterial phyla were identified. At least 15 bacterial genera were conserved among all 10 individuals, with significant interindividual differences at the species and strain level. Comparisons of these oral bacterial sequences with near full-length sequences found previously in the large intestines and feces of other healthy individuals suggest that the mouth and intestinal tract harbor distinct sets of bacteria. Co-occurrence analysis showed significant segregation of taxa when community membership was examined at the level of genus, but not at the level of species, suggesting that ecologically significant, competitive interactions are more apparent at a broader taxonomic level than species. This study is one of the more comprehensive, high-resolution analyses of bacterial diversity within the healthy human mouth to date, and highlights the value of tools from macroecology for enhancing our understanding of bacterial ecology in human health.
Hypercalciuria and Stones

Hypercalciuria, defined as the urinary excretion of more than 0.1 mmol Ca/kg/d (4 mg/kg/24 h), is observed in approximately 50% of patients with calcium oxalatelapatite nephrolithiasis and is one of the risk factors for stone formation. Urinary Ca excretion rates among such patients are higher than normal, despite comparable ranges of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and serum ultrafiltrable Ca concentrations, and thus glomerular filtration of Ca, suggesting that hypercalciuria is the result of inhibition of net tubular Ca reabsorption. Although increased dietary NaCl or protein intake and reduced K intake increase urinary Ca excretion rates, urinary Ca excretion rates are higher among hypercalciuric stone formers than among normal subjects in relation to comparable ranges of urinary Na, SO 4 (as a reflection of protein intake), or K excretion rates, indicating that these dietary factors are not primarily responsible for hypercalciuria. Hypophosphatemia is observed among a subset of hypercalciuric patients and consequent activation of 1,25-(OH) 2 -D synthesis increases intestinal Ca absorption and urinary calcium excretion. Other hypercalciuric patients exhibit augmented intestinal Ca absorption without elevated plasma 1,25(OH) 2 -D levels, suggesting that either the capacity of 1,25-(OH) 2 -D to upregulate its own receptor in the intestine or 1,25-(OH) 2 -D-independent intestinal Ca transport are responsible for increased Ca absorption and hypercalciuria. Hypercalciuric patients also exhibit accelerated radiocalcium turnover, negative Ca balances, reduced bone density, delayed bone mineralization, fasting hypercalciuria, and increased hydroxyproline excretion, all of which reflect participation of the skeleton and presumably a more generalized acceleration of Ca transport. Hypercalciuria may be familial. Recent studies have shown that urinary Ca excretion rates among normal subjects and patients with stones, without or with hypercalciuria, is directly related to the activity of Ca-Mg-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in erythrocytes. Since this enzyme is present in the distal renal tubule, alteration in its activity may contribute to hypercalciuria. Hypercalciuria thus appears to reflect a spectrum of disorders, mainly of genetic origin, that have not yet been precisely defined.
BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING FOR PATIENTS WITH MYELOMENINGOCELE AND FECAL INCONTINENCE

Summary This study evaluated the efficacy of biofeedback training for fecal in continence in patients with myelomeningocele. 12 patients were randomized to receive conventional treatment alone, or in conjunction with biofeedback. Anorectal manometric functions were evaluated before and after treatment, six and 12 months later. 16 control children were also studied. Three of eight patients in the biofeedback group and three of the four given conventional treatment alone reported 275 per cent improvement in frequency of soiling 12 months later. Biofeedback training did not improve anal squeeze, rectal sensation or continence of rectal infused saline. The number of patients who improved in both treatment groups was not different. RESUME Reeiducation par biofeedback chez les spina bifida avec incontinence rectale L'etude a tente d'apprecier l'efficacite du biofeedback dans le traitement de l'incontinence rectale chez des patients porteurs d'un niyelomeningocele. 12 patients ont ete distributes au hasard pour recevoir un traitement conventionnel seul, ou en conjonction avec un biofeedback. Les fonctions, manometriques anorectales furent appreciees avant et apres traitement. L'incontinence fut apreciee six et 12 mois plus tard. 16 enfants controles furent aussi etudies. L'incontinence s'ameliora chez trois des huits sujets du groupe biofeedback et chez trois des quatres sujets du groupe conventionnel. Biofeedback n'a pas ameliore la pression annale, la sensibilite rectale ou la retention d'un lavement de solution salee. Le number de sujets ayant benefice du traitement dans chaque groupe n'etait pas different. ZUSAMMENFASUNG Biofeedbacktraining fur Patienten mit Myelomeningocele und Stuhlinkontinenz In dieser Studie wurde die Wirksamkeit eines Biofeedbacktrainings fur Stuhlinkontinenz bei Patienten rnit Myelomeningocele untersucht. 12 Patienten wurden nur konventionel oder in Verbindung rnit dem Biofeedback behandelt. Die anorektalen Funktionen wurden vor und nach der Behandlung kontrolliert, und Kontinenz wurde sechs and 12 Monate spater beurteilt. Auserdem wurden 16 Kontrollkinder untersucht. Drei von acht Patienten der Biofeedbackgruppe und drei von vier Patienten rnit konventioneller Behandlung allein zeigten 12 Monate spater ≥75 Prozent Besserung in der Haufigkeit des Einkotens. Das Biofeedbacktraining hat nicht den Sphinkterdruck, die rektale Empfindsamkeit oder die Kontinenz fur rektal infundierte Salzlosung verbessert. Die Anzahl der Patienten mit Besserung des Einkotens war ahnlich in den beiden Behandlungsgruppen.
ZEUS-2D : a radiation magnetohydrodynamics code for astrophysical flows in two space dimensions. II : The magnetohydrodynamic algorithms and tests

In this, the second of a series of three papers, we continue a detailed description of ZEUS-2D, a numerical code for the simulation of fluid dynamical flows in astrophysics including a self-consistent treatment of the effects of magnetic fields and radiation transfer. Here, a detailed description of the magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) algorithms in ZEUS-2D is given. The recently developed constrained transport (CT) algorithm is implemented for the numerical evolution of the components of the magnetic field for MHD simulations. This formalism guarantees the numerically evolved field components will satisfy the divergence-free constraint at all times
Precision gamma ray energies in the energy interval between 45 and 1275 keV

Abstract Curved-crystal spectrometers have been utilized to obtain measurements of more than forty gamma ray energies in the energy interval between 45 and 1275 keV for nuclei with 109 ⩽ A ⩽ 193. Many of these energy measurements have sufficiently small uncertainties associated with them to make them useful for the calibration of Ge(Li) spectra.
Environmental Risks and Joint Venture Sharing Arrangements

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) have responded to the open-door policies of socialist countries in recent years by investing in their economies through joint ventures. MNEs must formulate their investment strategies to control and manage the environmental risks peculiar to a traditional centrally planned economy (CPE) in which contextual and transactional environments are blurred. Joint venture sharing arrangements may be structured to control exposures to uncertainties and to align the interests of transactional parties, mostly state-owned enterprises, to those of the venture. This study tests the hypothesis that a foreign investor's share in a joint venture in a CPE is inversely correlated with (1) the amount of uncertainties and risks and (2) the external dependency of the venture on the contextual and transactional relationships of the host country. The hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence from data on American joint ventures in China.
Exact-scattered-field generation for time-domain approach of ultrasound tomography

Based on the acoustic inhomogeneous wave equation, the forward and inverse scattering problem in ultrasound tomography is characterized in terms of the Lippman-Schwinger equation. For higher-order transient solutions the time-domain moment method is very promising in comparison to frequency domain approaches where phase wrapping has been proven to be a fundamental problem. A preliminary numerical study has verified the Cavicchi's expansion of the moment method equation duplicating the close agreement between the numerical approximation and the exact solution. The primary purposes of this paper is to introduce a numerical implementation of the exact scattered fields by using a Bessel function series and the discrete Fourier transform, and to show that algorithm artifacts occur due to circular convolution aliasing and time domain aliasing. Computer simulations have reconstructed the aliasings individually and shown that a great improvement in numerical verification can be obtained by using alias-free estimation data.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biocompatibility of intraocular lens materials.

Purpose of reviewTo provide an update on currently available materials used in the manufacture of intraocular lenses, as well as new materials under development, especially with regard to their uveal and capsular biocompatibility.Recent findingsThe biocompatibility of intraocular lens materials shou
Heterogeneity of acute "undifferentiated" leukemia of childhood: ultrastructural, immunophenotypic, and karyotypic analyses

The present study was undertaken in an attempt to reclassify the 19 cases of childhood acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) diagnosed at our institution during the past 12 years. Based on ultrastructural and immunophenotypic data, seven of the cases were reclassified as lymphoid, nine as myeloid, and three remain unclassifiable. Clinical features, clonal karyotypes, and responses to treatment were also examined. Abnormal clonal karyotypes were found in 16 of 17 cases, including eight cases with translocations, three with monosomy 7 or 7q, and one with numerous complex structural rearrangements. Fourteen patients had greater than 10% French-American-British L2 blasts in bone marrow. Although nine of 15 patients who initially received induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) achieved remission, only one patient is a long-term survivor. Only one of 10 patients who received therapy for acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia during the course of their disease remains a long-term survivor. These data suggest that the majority of cases of AUL can be reclassified as either myeloid or lymphoid leukemias, that AUL is associated with a high frequency of chromosomal abnormalities, and that AUL carries a very poor prognosis.
Combat and Social Support as Variables in Perceived Symptomatology of Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

This study used an analog approach to the perceptions of tour of duty, combat and noncombat, and levels of social support, high and low. Their influence was assessed in the symptomatology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. 80 subjects were randomly assigned to read one of four vignettes depicting levels of combat and social support as main effects. Results were congruent with recent research indicating significant main effects for combat and social support in the symptomatology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
1,3-Steric Induction in Intermolecular Radical Reactions Mediated by a Co2(CO)6−Metal Core

Diastereoselectivity of propargyl coupling reactions can be controlled by using the bulkiness of a γ-substituent as a stereochemical tool. This 1,3-steric induction was observed with γ-t-Bu and γ-Me3Si groups, both favoring a d,l-configuration of the head-to-head coupling products, 3,4-disubstituted 1,5-alkadiynes (d,l- 95−100%). X-ray crystallography analysis suggests that the most favorable orientation of converging propargyl radicals is the one in which the bulky γ-substituents are positioned anti to each other. Overall, the synthetic strategy of employing a Me3Si auxiliary group involves five steps and affords, with 28−33% overall yields, pure d,l-3,4-diaryl-1,5-hexadiynes, otherwise hardly accessible.
Millipore filters in ophthalmic surgery: a caution concerning their use+

Abstract Membrane filters (e.g., Millipore ™ ) have been widely advocated for removing particulate contaminants and microorganisms from solutions used in ophthalmic surgery. The surgeon should be aware that these filters contain wetting agents which are extracted by water. One of the wetting agents (Triton X-100) is highly toxic in the eye. It is therefore important that the surgeon select filters which do not incorporate toxic materials.
The effects of dexamethasone on experimental brain tumors: I. Transcapillary transport and blood flow in RG-2 rat gliomas.

Dexamethasone dramatically improves cerebral edema associated with malignant gliomas. Although the pathophysiology of this effect is not clearly understood, many investigators have postulated that tumor capillary permeability is reduced by dexamethasone. We studied blood-to-tissue transport and blood flow in 178 RG-2 transplanted gliomas in a control group and four groups given dexamethasone at doses of 3, 6, 9, and 12 mg/kg for four days.14C-α aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) was used to study blood-to-tissue transport in 31 animals; in an additional 27 animals14C-AIB and131I-iodoantipyrine (IAP) were used in double label experiments to study blood-to-tissue transport and blood flow. Regional measurements of the transfer constant (K) of AIB and blood flow (F) were made with quantitative autoradiography. There were significant differences between the control and dexamethasone-treated groups with regard to weight loss and plasma glucose. However, there wasno significant effect of dexamethasone on values of K or F, regardless of the tumor or brain region examined, and regardless of the dose of dexamethasone administered. Analysis of the profiles of the transfer constant of AIB in the brain around tumor showed that the K of AIB decreased within 0.5 mm of the tumor edge in direct relationship to the dexamethasone dose. These results do not support the hypothesis that dexamethasone reduces brain tumor capillary permeability, and suggest that dexamethasone may decrease tumor-associated cerebral edema by effects on bulk flow away from the tumor margin.
Altering the photorefractive properties of BaTiO 3 by reduction and oxidation at 650°C

The photorefractive properties of a nominally pure single crystal of BaTiO3 were altered by treating the crystal at 650°C in oxygen at different partial pressures. Treatment altered the effective density of photorefractive charge carriers in the crystal and could convert an inactive crystal into an active one. Treatment at low oxygen pressure (reduction) decreased the temperature of the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition of the crystal and also decreased the measured optical band gap, implying that oxygen vacancies had been introduced into the bulk crystal. These oxygen vacancies are associated with negative photorefractive charge donors. Either hole transport or electron transport dominated, depending on whether the partial pressure of oxygen was greater than or less than ½ atm during treatment. The competing roles of electrons and holes are discussed.
A Monte Carlo study of influence of deformation temperature on dynamic recrystallization

Recently, simulational procedure that models dynamic recrystallization and recovery in polycrystals has been proposed. The combined effects of deformation and elevated temperatures, which are interrelated by the Zener—Hollomon parameter, Z=∈exp(Qact/RT, are simulated by adding stored energy and recrystallization nuclei continuously with time. The experimentally observed spatial inhomogeneity of the dislocation density within grains is represented by a probabilistic expression for the stored energy distribution. The simulated transient and steady-state recrystallization parameters' relationships agree very well with experimental observations. The microstructures obtained in the simulations at Z = const and their properties are almost identical. The observations vindicate the description of dynamic recrystallization as a “simultaneous static recrystallization”. A careful analysis of simulational data demonstrates very good quantitative agreement between our results and those found in experiment.
Insights into inventory sharing in service parts logistics systems with time-based service levels

Service parts logistics systems are usually characterized by very low random demand, high part cost, and target time-based service levels, all of which lead inventory planners to utilize inventory sharing or ''emergency lateral transshipments'' across multiple stocking locations. Using a stylized model with one central warehouse and multiple local stocking locations, we seek insights into the behavior of an inventory sharing system with time-based service level considerations. The goal of inventory sharing is to satisfy a demand in case a local facility is out of stock, by meeting the demand with a direct delivery from another location that can provide the service within the time window necessary for the target service level. We adapt an existing model from the literature for such a system and study its performance in terms of cost and service level. In addition, we evaluate two-location and three-location scenarios to study the effect of having additional stocking locations.
Mass divergence power counting for QCD in the Feynman gauge

We present a mass divergence power counting technique for QCD in the Feynman gauge. For the process\(\gamma ^* \to q\bar q\), we find the leading regions of integration and show that single diagrams are at worst logarithmically divergent. Using the Weyl representation facilitates the γ matrix manipulations necessary for power counting and adds much physical insight.
Biogenesis and revised structure of rosellisin; structure of rosellisin aldehyde

Abstract On the basis of new data from biogenetic studies on rosellisin, the positions of the 3-OMe and the 4-CH 2 OH have been interchanged, resulting in a revised structure. A new metabolite has been identified as rosellisin aldehyde.
Differential efficacy of written emotional disclosure for subgroups of fibromyalgia patients

Written emotional disclosure (ED) of stressful experiences has received widespread attention for improving psychological and physical well-being in healthy populations (for review, see Frattaroli, 2006; Smyth, 1998). In clinical samples, however, the salutary effects are smaller and less consistent (see Frisina, Borod, & Lepore, 2004). As a result, it is important to identify for whom ED confers therapeutic benefits (Pennebaker, 2004). We previously reported on the effects of ED in a randomized controlled trial with female fibromyalgia (FM) patients (see Broderick, Junghaenel, & Schwartz, 2005 for study details). For the present study, we explored patients’ pain-coping style and demographic characteristics as moderators of ED treatment response. Recent meta-analytic evidence suggests that individuals with poorer health or higher levels of distress benefit more from ED (Frattaroli, 2006). As such, we were particularly interested in the differential efficacy for patients with maladaptive coping styles.
Charged residues at protein interaction interfaces: Unexpected conservation and orchestrated divergence

Protein-protein interactions play an essential role in the functioning of cell. The importance of charged residues and their diverse role in protein-protein interactions have been well studied using experimental and computational methods. Often, charged residues located in protein interaction interfaces are conserved across the families of homologous proteins and protein complexes. However, on a large scale, it has been recently shown that charged residues are significantly less conserved than other residue types in protein interaction interfaces. The goal of this work is to understand the role of charged residues in the protein interaction interfaces through their conservation patterns. Here, we propose a simple approach where the structural conservation of the charged residue pairs is analyzed among the pairs of homologous binary complexes. Specifically, we determine a large set of homologous interactions using an interaction interface similarity measure and catalog the basic types of conservation patterns among the charged residue pairs. We find an unexpected conservation pattern, which we call the correlated reappearance, occurring among the pairs of homologous interfaces more frequently than the fully conserved pairs of charged residues. Furthermore, the analysis of the conservation patterns across different superkingdoms as well as structural classes of proteins has revealed that the correlated reappearance of charged residues is by far the most prevalent conservation pattern, often occurring more frequently than the unconserved charged residues. We discuss a possible role that the new conservation pattern may play in the long-range electrostatic steering effect.
LIGA process – micromachining technique using synchrotron radiation lithography – and some industrial applications

We developed the LIGA (Lithographie or lithography/Galvanoformung or electroforming/Abformung or molding) process using a compact synchrotron radiation (SR) source. To make a compact SR source applicable for the LIGA process, we developed a highly sensitive resist and highly transparent mask for deep SR lithography. We commercialized two devices, a piezoelectric composite and a microprobe for IC testing. A microconnector and optical switch were also developed.
External threats and internal management: the hydrologic regulation of the Everglades, Florida, USA

The ecological character of seasonal marshes is determined in large part by the pattern of water level fluctuation. As a result, the ecological health of a wetland reserve can be controlled by hydrologic regulation external to its boundaries. As an example, the Everglades marsh of Everglades National Park in Florida, USA, has been severely effected by management of the inflow of surface water. The Everglades occupies most of the interior of southern Florida, but only the lower 6% of the original marsh is contained in Everglades National Park. Shallow surface water reservoirs north of the park enclose 3600 km2 of Everglades. Their levee system confines surface water flow into the park to several structures. Historically this water flowed across the entire core of the natural drainage. Flows into the park have been on a congressionally mandated schedule of minimum deliveries that is supplemented by additional water released into the park in amounts determined solely by upstream water management needs. My research, aimed at evaluating the effects of water conditions, has shown that this regulatory system has adversely affected reproductive success, community structure, and population sizes of sensitive species whose population stability is tied to natural water level fluctuations. These adverse effects were caused by water levels that for over a decade have been maintained at unseasonably high levels. Mathematically deterministic models of water level effects can provide management options based on biologial criteria. Park managers must incorporate understanding gained from such models into internal management decisions. Modifications of water control structures and alternative policies for managing the distribution and amount of surface water flow into the park appear attainable, can improve biological conditions in the park, and need not be adverse to neighboring external interests. Thus far biological changes are severe, and to a large extent irreversible. Ecologically sensitive management of an external threat under constraints imposed by history and setting can better maintain some semblance of ecological processes in the Everglades. If management decisions do not reflect such understanding of ecological processes, further ecological deterioration will result.
Current Use for Old Antibacterial Agents: Polymyxins, Rifamycins, and Aminoglycosides

This article reviews three classes of antibacterial agents that are uncommonly used in bacterial infections and therefore can be thought of as special-use agents. The polymyxins are reserved for gram-negative bacilli that are resistant to virtually all other classes of drugs. Rifampin is used therapeutically, occasionally as a companion drug in treatment of refractory gram-positive coccal infections, especially those involving foreign bodies. Rifaximin is a new rifamycin that is a strict enteric antibiotic approved for treatment of traveler's diarrhea and is showing promise as a possible agent for refractory Clostridium difficile infections. The aminoglycosides are used mainly as companion drugs for the treatment of resistant gram-negative bacillary infections and for gram-positive coccal endocarditis.
Experiential Value, Relationship Quality, and Customer Loyalty in Full-Service Restaurants: The Moderating Role of Gender

This research proposes and empirically tests a model of the relationships among experiential value, relationship quality, and loyalty within the context of full-service restaurant patronage. Specifically, the authors focus on the role that experiential value plays in explaining the link between relationship quality and customer loyalty, and whether there are gender differences inherent to the proposed framework. Hypotheses implied by the model are tested on a sample of 368 patrons of U.S. full-service restaurants. Findings revealed that customers' experiential value perceptions are significant predictors of relationship quality, and that gender moderates (1) the relationship between relationship quality, and behavioral loyalty and (2) the relationship between attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty. These findings are discussed in terms of both academic and practitioner implications.