cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Proximity Length on Flux Pinning in APC Composites: An Overview of APC

The lack of adequate high-field pinning in APC composites is an intrinsic property of a dominant magnetic pinning mechanism and the long proximity length of Nb pins. Recent work on APC composites has uncovered trends in the flux-pinning and microstructural data, which hold despite the variety of their designs. By comparing these trends to those of conventional Nb-Ti composites, evidence for magnetic pinning being the dominant flux-pinning mechanism is found. This model departs from the widely accepted view that core-pinning is the dominant pinning mechanism. The parameter that controls the optimization of flux-pinning in the microstructure is the proximity length ξ n instead of the diameter of the fluxon core. The optimum bulk pinning force occurs for the best balance of a strong elementary pinning force f p and a high number density of pins. However, since f p is maximum when the pin thickness t ≈ ξ n , the number density of pins can be made to be on the order of the fluxon number density by using artificial pins which have very short proximity lengths. Such pins are most desirable to achieve high J c at high fields.
REMIXING MACHADO DE ASSIS: THREE CONTEMPORARY BRAZILIAN PARODY MASHUP NOVELS

This study highlights the relationship between the digital-age practices of sampling and remix and the literary and theoretical notions of parodic adaptation in three contemporary Brazilian mashup novels: O alienista, cacador de mutantes , by Natalia Klein; Dom Casmurro e os discos voadores , by Lucio Manfredi; and Memorias desmortas de Bras Cubas , by Pedro Vieira. Following the example established by Seth Grahame-Smith’s Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2009), each author adapts and recasts Machado de Assis’s original novels within a context of science fiction, fantasy, or horror. In addition to the numerous intertextual and intermedial references to popular culture, each mashup explores contemporary cultural issues, relevant to young adult readers in Brazil. Keywords: Remixagem. Mashup. Adaptacao. Parodia. Machado de Assis.
Stepping up protein degradation.

Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized knowledge of protein remodeling and unfolding by ATPases of the AAA (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) family, including those associated with energy-dependent proteolysis. A study in PNAS by Majumder et al. (1) provides insight into evolutionary conserved functions of AAA-ATPases through cryo-EM single-particle analysis of the archaeal AAA-ATPase proteasome-activating nucleotidase (PAN) bound to 20S proteasomes [core particles (CPs)]. Five conformational states of PAN were identified in the presence of adenosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) that now guide understanding of its functional cycle in the conversion of nucleotide binding, hydrolysis, and release into the gripping, unfolding, and translocation of substrate proteins into the proteasomal CP for destruction. Particularly striking is the sequential cycle of the PAN ATPase that relies on nucleotide-dependent intersubunit signaling to trigger residues to grip and move substrate protein through its central pore. The mechanism can be described as protomers traversing down a spiral staircase of substrate engagement; the step from the bottom to the top provides the protomer its next turn in the sequential ATPase cycle that is interwoven with substrate engagement and unfolding. This around-the-ring ATP cycle is observed for related ATPases of the AAA+ superfamily of eukaryotes and bacteria that unfold proteins, revealing that the mechanism is ancient and conserved in all domains of life. Proteasomes are energy-dependent proteases needed for proteostasis and the regulated turnover of proteins associated with metabolism, signaling, cell cycle control, stress responses, and other important cellular processes (2). Proteasomes are widespread and essential for survival of eukaryotes (3) and archaea (4) and are needed for the persistence of mycobacteria (5). This central function provides impetus for the design and … [↵][1]1Email: jmaupin{at}ufl.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Insights into carbon acquisition and photosynthesis in Karenia brevis under a range of CO2 concentrations

Abstract Karenia brevis is a marine dinoflagellate commonly found in the Gulf of Mexico and important both ecologically and economically due to its production of the neurotoxin brevetoxin, which can cause respiratory illness in humans and widespread death of marine animals. K. brevis strains have previously shown to be sensitive to changes in CO2, both in terms of growth as well as toxin production. Our study aimed to understand this sensitivity by measuring underlying mechanisms, such as photosynthesis, carbon acquisition, and photophysiology. K. brevis (CCFWC-126) did not show a significant response in growth, cellular composition of carbon and nitrogen, nor in photosynthetic rates between pCO2 concentrations of 150, 400, or 780 µatm. However, a strong response in its acquisition of inorganic carbon was found. Half saturation values for CO2 increased from 1.5 to 3.3 µM, inorganic carbon preference switched from HCO3− to CO2 (14–56% CO2 usage), and external carbonic anhydrase activity was downregulated by 23% when comparing low and high pCO2. We conclude that K. brevis must employ an efficient and regulated CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to maintain constant carbon fixation and growth across pCO2 levels. No statistically significant correlation between CO2 and brevetoxin content was found, yet a positive trend with enhanced pCO2 was detected. This study is the first explaining how this socioeconomically important species is able to efficiently supply inorganic carbon for photosynthesis, which can potentially prolong bloom situations. This study also highlights that elevated CO2 concentrations, as projected for a future ocean, can affect underlying physiological processes of K. brevis, some of which could lead to increases in cellular brevetoxin production and therefore increased impacts on coastal ecosystems and economies.
Density-functional theory for plutonium

We review developments in the theoretical description and understanding of plutonium in terms of a metal with itinerant (band) 5f electrons. Within this picture most facets of this remarkable and a...
An 85%-Efficiency Hybrid DC-DC Converter for Sub-Microwatt IoT Applications

A two-stage hybrid power management unit (PMU) is presented with a highly-efficient novel ON-OFF LDO as the second stage. The proposed design targets IoT sensor nodes that require sub-microwatt power levels with regulated supply voltages. The first stage provides the initial step-down using a switched-capacitor based DC-DC converter with the power efficiency of >97% at sub-microwatt levels. The output voltage from the first stage is then regulated using the proposed ON-OFF LDO. The LDO can regulate the output voltage with a dropout voltage of <30mV. To minimize quiescent power loss, the LDO control structure is all digital and consumes no static current. The hybrid structure achieves an aggregate peak power efficiency of 85% at a load of 0.8µW with low ripples <10mV. The control circuitry for both stages consumes static current <60nA. The design is implemented in 28-nm CMOS and occupies an active area of 0.0043mm2.
Synthetic Aperture Radar and Optical Remote Sensing of Crop Damage Attributed to Severe Weather in the Central United States

As defined in the United States by its National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Weather Service (NWS), severe thunderstorms are those that produce either tornadoes of any duration and intensity, hail with diameter in excess of 2.54 cm (1 in.), or winds in excess of 26 ms-1 (58 mph). These storms often produce heavy rains as individual events and regional flooding if aggregated over multiple days of similar events. Damage to the land surface, urban settlements, and infrastructure is often apparent visually in commercial high resolution and moderate resolution, publicly available satellite imagery, though frequently limited by cloud cover. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) complements optical remote sensing approaches to identify damage to crops and vegetation from these storms. SAR provides an opportunity for nearly all-weather remote sensing of the land surface through changes in backscatter and coherence among paired images of disparate time but common viewing angle. Changes in polarized backscatter and multi-image coherence observed in regions observed having experienced severe thunderstorms are apparent in regions of hail, wind, and tornado damage to the land surface. In this study, SAR techniques are used to objectively map damage to vegetation caused by severe weather and complemented by traditional measures of vegetation greenness and damage from optical remote sensing, focused on events in the central United States.
MicroRNA-mRNA Interactions at Low Levels of Compressive Solid Stress Implicate mir-548 in Increased Glioblastoma Cell Motility

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an astrocytic brain tumor with median survival times of <15 months, primarily as a result of high infiltrative potential and development of resistance to therapy (i.e., surgical resection, chemoradiotherapy). A prominent feature of the GBM microenvironment is compressive solid stress (CSS) caused by uninhibited tumor growth within the confined skull. Here, we utilized a mechanical compression model to apply CSS (<115 Pa) to well-characterized LN229 and U251 GBM cell lines and measured their motility, morphology, and transcriptomic response. Whereas both cell lines displayed a peak in migration at 23 Pa, cells displayed differential response to CSS with either minimal (i.e., U251) or large changes in motility (i.e., LN229). Increased migration of LN229 cells was also correlated to increased cell elongation. These changes were tied to epigenetic signaling associated with increased migration and decreases in proliferation predicted via Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA), characteristics associated with tumor aggressiveness. miRNA-mRNA interaction analysis revealed strong influence of the miR548 family (i.e., mir-548aj, mir-548az, mir-548t) on differential signaling induced by CSS, suggesting potential targets for pharmaceutical intervention that may improve patient outcomes.
Longitudinal effects of family psychopathology and stress on pubertal maturation and hormone coupling in adolescent twins

Adolescents experience profound neuroendocrine changes, including hormone "coupling" between cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone. Emerging research has only begun to elucidate the role of hormone coupling, its genetic and environmental etiology, and the extent to which coupling is impacted by gender, puberty, and family context. We included measures on parent and child mental health, parenting stress, and family conflict of 444 twin pairs and their parents across two timepoints, when youth were on average 8 and 13 years old, respectively. Structural equation models examined the impact of family context effects on coupling during adolescence. Biometric twin models were then used to probe additive genetic, shared, and non-shared environmental effects on hormone coupling. Hormones were more tightly coupled for females than males, and coupling was sensitive to parental depression and co-twin psychopathology symptoms and stress exposure in females. The association between family context and coupling varied across specific neuroendocrine measures and was largely distinct from pubertal maturation. Biometric models revealed robust shared and non-shared environmental influences on coupling. We found that family antecedents modify the strength of coupling. Environmental influences account for much of the variation on coupling during puberty. Gender differences were found in genetic influences on coupling.
An Adaptive Supervisory Control Approach to Dynamic Locomotion Under Parametric Uncertainty

This paper presents an adaptive control scheme for robotic systems that operate in the face of—potentially large—structured uncertainty. The proposed adaptive controller employs an on-line supervisor that utilizes logic-based switching among a finite set of controllers to identify uncertain parameters, and adapt the behavior of the system based on a current estimate of their value. To achieve this, the adaptive control approach in this paper combines on-line parameter estimation and feedback control while avoiding some of the inherent difficulties of classical adaptive control strategies. Furthermore, the proposed supervisory control architecture is modular as it relies on established "off-the-shelf" feedback control law and estimator design approaches, instead of cus-tomizing the overall design to the specific requirements of an adaptive control algorithm. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method on the problem of a dynamically-walking bipedal robot delivering a payload of unknown mass, and show that, by switching to the controller that is the "best" according to a current estimate of the uncertainty, the system maintains a low energy cost during its operation.
Embolic Protection Devices

1. Distal embolic protection devices have been developed to reduce the rates of periprocedural complications in arterial interventions. (a) Disruption of occlusive plaque or thrombus during arterial intervention can lead to downstream embolization and microvascular obstruction. (b) Embolic debris usually consists of platelets, red blood cells, infl ammatory cells, extracellular matrix, and cholesterol. (c) Clinical consequences of distal embolization depend on the affected tissue and include cerebral and myocardial injury, renal failure, and acute limb ischemia.
Constructing Instruments Fro Regressions with Measurement Error When No Additional Variables are Available: Comment

Lewbel (1997) has ingeniously shown that linear instrumental variables estimators for the errors-in-variables model can be constructed using functions of the dependent variable, proxy, and perfectly measured regressors as instruments. He proves consistency for the estimator and then asserts that "standard limiting distribution theory for TSLS can now be applied." In this note I assume that "standard theory" is given by White (1982), the source of the standard errors used by Professor Lewbel in his empirical application. I show that when White's formulas are applied to Lewbel's instruments, they give an inefficient estimator, an incorrect asymptotic covariance matrix, and an inconsistent covariance matrix estimator. These results stem from a subtle violation of the familiar instrumental variable orthogonality condition. Specifically, only one of Lewbel's instruments can be measured from an arbitrary origin and satisfy the orthogonality condition; the remaining instruments satisfy orthogonality only if measured as deviations from their population means. The substitution of sample means therefore generates a nonstandard asymptotic covariance matrix of the type described by Newey and McFadden (1994) in their discussion of 'plug-in' estimators. I apply the theory for such estimators to Lewbel's instruments to obtain an efficient estimator, the correct asymptotic covariance matrix, and a consistent covariance matrix estimator.
Private Education as a Promoter of English

Tanzania mainland school system emphases Kiswahili as a LoI in primary school; schooling from primary to tertiary education is free and inclusive. Free schooling was an important project of Tanzania’s socialist post-colonial government. It was seen as essential in the effort to achieve social equity.
Species Composition of Limnetic Zooplankton Communities1

The species composition of limnetic zooplankton communities in 27 Colorado lakes has been determined on the basis of 148 vertical series of plankton-trap samples. Each such series consisted of three or more evenly spaced samples taken from surface to bottom in the limnetic area. Comparable quantitative data for 42 selected lakes in other parts of the world are also considered, such samples having been taken with the plankton trap, pump, Clarke-Bumpus sampler, closing net, etc. Momentarily, the great majority of Colorado limnetic communities contained one or two species of copepods, one to three species of cladocerans, and three to seven species of rotifers. Comparable data for other small to medium-sized lakes of the world were one to three copepods, two to four cladocerans, and three to seven rotifers. From a species standpoint, therefore, these limnetic communities are remarkably simple. Depending on the complexities of cyclic and seasonal abundance, however, the individual species making up these communities change from one time of the year to another. The most common and widely distributed North American species are contained in the following : Cyclops, Mesocyclops, Diaptomus (Copepoda); Daphnia, Bosmina, Diaphanosoma, Ceriodaphnia, Chydorus (Cladocera); Keratella, Polyarthra, Filinia, Kellicottia, Conochilus, Asplanchna, Synchaeta (Rotatoria). It is unusual to find more than one species in the same genus in a limnetic community at the same time, at least when ordinary quantitative sampling methods are used. But when two species in the same genus do occur together, one is usually 20 or more times as abundant as the other. These and other phenomena are discussed with particular reference to the “niche” concept. In spite of the cyclic waxing and waning of populations of individual zooplankton species, the great majority of limnetic communities are characterized at any one time by one numerically dominant species of copepod, one dominant cladoceran, and one dominant rotifer. Thus, adequate sampling in “typical” lakes shows that, on the average, 80 per cent of all limnetic copepods belong to one species, 78 per cent of all cladocerans belong to one species, and 64 per cent of all rotifers to one species.
Competitive Antigen Panning for Selection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for gp41

HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is composed of two non-covalently associated subunits: gp120 and gp41. Panning of phage-displayed antibody libraries against gp140 (covalently linked gp120 and the extracellular portion of gp41) has resulted mostly in selection of anti-gp120 antibodies. Native gp41 in the absence of gp120 is unstable. The use of gp41 fragments as antigens has resulted in selection of antibodies with only relatively modest neutralizing activity. To enhance selection of antibodies specific for gp41 in the context of the whole Env we developed a methodology termed competitive antigen panning (CAP). Using CAP, we identified a panel of gp41-specific human monoclonal antibodies from an HIV-1 immune library derived from long-term nonprogressors. These antibodies recognize conformational epitopes in gp41 and exhibited, to various extents, neutralization activity in assays based on spreading infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The CAP methodology is generally applicable for selection of antibodies specific for any epitope that is not a dominant epitope in the antigen. It is superior to a traditional pre-depletion method in avoiding potential loss of target-specific antibodies.
Liability impact of the hospitalist model of care.

BACKGROUND An increasingly large proportion of inpatient care is provided by hospitalists. The care discontinuities inherent to hospital medicine raise concerns about malpractice risk. However, little published data exist on the medical liability risks associated with care by hospitalists. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the risks and outcomes of malpractice claims against hospitalists in internal medicine. DESIGN Retrospective observational analysis. MEASUREMENTS Using claims data from a liability insurer-maintained database of over 52,000 malpractice claims, we measured the rates of malpractice claims against hospitalists compared to other physician specialties, types of allegations against hospitalists, contributing factors, and the severity of injury in and outcomes of these claims. RESULTS Hospitalists had a malpractice claims rate of 0.52 claims per 100 physician coverage years (PCYs), which was significantly lower than that of nonhospitalist internal medicine physicians (1.91 claims per 100 PCYs), emergency medicine physicians (3.50 claims per 100 PCYs), general surgeons (4.70 claims per 100 PCYs), and obstetricians-gynecologists (5.56 claims per 100 PCYs) (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). The most common allegation types made against hospitalists were for errors in medical treatment (41.5%) and diagnosis (36.0%). The most common contributing factors underlying claims were deficiencies in clinical judgment (54.4%) and communication (36.4%). Of the claims made against hospitalists, 50.4% involved the death of the patient. CONCLUSIONS Despite fears of increased liability from the hospitalist model of care, hospitalists in internal medicine are subject to medical malpractice claims less frequently when compared to other internal medicine physicians and specialties. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:750–755. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Effective control and management of a major I-131 NaI spill

2014 Objectives Recently a major I-131 spill (105mCi) occurred in our nuclear pharmacy hot lab. Appropriate steps in managing and minimizing radiation risk are described and further improvements are considered. Methods After the I-131 spill occurred, the RSO and regulatory agencies were notified. Affected personnel and areas were monitored within 5 minutes using a GM survey meter and personnel decontamination initiated. Following SSKI administration, the contaminated hot lab was isolated and decontamination of the area instigated to prevent radioiodine volatilization. Thyroid bioassay of all personnel was performed at 24 hours and up to 26 days after the incident. The hot lab was locked for 46 days and final decontamination completed. Ancillary areas were monitored. Radiation dosimetry reports of all nuclear medicine personnel were reviewed. Results The involved technologist contamination readings were greater than 50mR/hr and less than 7mR/hr after multiple washings. Technologist thyroid bioassay results performed at 24 hours, 5 days, 7 days and 26 days were 0.21uCi, 0.020uCi, 0.019uCi and background, respectively. Bioassay results of other personnel were lower. Initial radiation readings at spill site were greater than 100mR/hr and ancillary areas were less than 3mR/hr. Prior to and after final decontamination (46 days) radiation readings were 5mR/hr and background, respectively except for a fixed contamination spot (0.09mR/hr). Removable contamination levels were less than regulatory requirements. Following regulatory agreement, the hot lab was reopened. Radiation dosimetry of all nuclear medicine personnel were within normal limits. Conclusions A major I-131 NaI spill (105mCi) occurred in the hot lab of our nuclear medicine department. Effective management and control of the spill resulted in minimal radiation exposure to nuclear medicine personnel
Chemical potential shifts due to capillarity-unary systems

The effect of curvature on the chemical potential for two-phase unary systems at constant temperature, is usually given in the literature by the Gibbs-Thomson equation [1–6], μβ(H)=μβ(H=0)+2γVβH where H is the local mean curvature of a β particle in equilibrium with an α matrix andVβ, the molar volume of the β phase. It can be shown, based on the above equation, that the corresponding shift in chemical potential for the α phase is [1]: μα(H)=μα(H=0) Thus the usual form of the Gibbs-Thomson equation that appears in the literature is not rigorous and hence results in a violation of the condition for chemical equilibrium for a curved interface (μα ≠ μβ(H)) assuming incompressibility and isotropic stresses in the case of the solid phases [7–9]. A rigorous derivation of the Gibbs-Thomson equation for unary two-phase systems at constant temperature is provided, that gives the correct equation for the chemical potential shift: μβ(H)=μα(H)=μβ(H=0)+2γH[VαVβ/(Vα−Vβ)] While the above equation can be approximated (Vα = G−Vβ≈VG) in the case of a condensed-gas (G) system to give the usual form of the Gibbs-Thomson equation, a similar approximation for a condensed-condensed system can result in a significant error in both the sign and magnitude of the shift. The corrected expression for the chemical potential shift has an inverse dependence on the difference in the molar volumes (Vα−Vβ) between the two condensed phases. For solid (S)-liquid (L) equilibrium in certain systems the shift may be negative (e.g.Vα = L < Vβ = S for Bi, Si, Ge) or even approach infinity (e.g.Vα = L≈Vβ = S for carbon). A similar dependence is obtained for the pressure shifts in each phase. The present formulation is consistent with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation used to represent unary phase diagrams, which has the same dependence on the relative molar volume.
Insurgency, Radicalism, and Democracy in America's Industrial Unions

Contrary to the theory that oligarchy in labor unions is an immanent necessity of organization, we argue that oligarchy is no more immanent or necessary than democracy. Rather, both are alternative possible paths of union development. Which path a union takes is determined by relatively contingent political struggles among workers' parties, and by both the resultant pattern of internal political relations and the political consciousness, radical or conservative, of their leadership. Analysis of data on CIO international unions reveals that the strategy and practices involved in organizing them, internal factionalism, and their political camp - left, right, or center - had substantial independent effects in determining the odds that, as of the late 1940s, they were democratic or oligarchical
Electronic structure of Ga-, In-, and Tl-doped PbTe: A supercell study of the impurity bands

The physics of deep defect states associated with group-III (Ga, In, Tl) impurities in PbTe has been of great interest over the last several decades. Three different models have been proposed to understand interesting and unusual properties exhibited by these impurities. These are ``impurity level'' model, ``mixed-valence'' model, and ``autocompensation'' model. Recent studies that were carried out using ab initio density-functional theory and supercell models give a detailed microscopic picture of the deep defect states associated with these impurities. The computed single-particle electronic density of states does not support the mixed-valence model where the impurities are supposed to be in ${3}^{+}$ and ${1}^{+}$ charge states, rather it is in favor of the impurity level model. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the impurity bands, impurity levels in the dilute limit, and the hybridization between the impurity level and the host PbTe bands. We find that the impurity level overlaps the conduction band (In), is in the gap (Ga), and overlaps the valence band (Tl). The possibility of the autocompensation model where impurities in charge states ${1}^{+}$ and ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ coexist (a different type of mixed valency) is briefly discussed.
Using Comparison Groups in School Counseling Research: A Primer

This article describes comparison group research designs and discusses how such designs can be used in school counseling research to demonstrate the effectiveness of school counselors and school co...
Evidence that Fold-Change, and Not Absolute Level, of β-Catenin Dictates Wnt Signaling

In response to Wnt stimulation, β-catenin accumulates and activates target genes. Using modeling and experimental analysis, we found that the level of β-catenin is sensitive to perturbations in the pathway, such that cellular variation would be expected to alter the signaling outcome. One unusual parameter was robust: the fold-change in β-catenin level (post-Wnt/pre-Wnt). In Xenopus, dorsal-anterior development and target gene expression are robust to perturbations that alter the final level but leave the fold-change intact. These suggest, first, that despite cellular noise, the cell responds reliably to Wnt stimulation by maintaining a robust fold-change in β-catenin. Second, the transcriptional machinery downstream of the Wnt pathway does not simply read the β-catenin level after Wnt stimulation but computes fold-changes in β-catenin. Analogous to Weber's Law in sensory physiology, some gene transcription networks must respond to fold-changes in signals, rather than absolute levels, which may buffer stochastic, genetic, and environmental variation.
City carbon budgets: A proposal to align incentives for climate-friendly communities

Abstract Local governments can have a large effect on carbon emissions through land use zoning, building codes, transport infrastructure investments, and support for transportation alternatives. This paper proposes a climate policy instrument – city carbon budgets – that provides a durable framework for local governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Local governments would be assigned an emissions “budget”, and would be required to keep annual local transport and buildings emissions within this budget. This policy framework could be implemented and managed by a higher-level government, or might be used in awarding funds to developing country cities from international climate funds. The state of California has enacted a version of this policy. In this paper, we identify and evaluate options for creating an effective and acceptable institutional structure, allocating emission targets to localities, measuring emissions, providing flexibility and incentives to local governments, and assuring compliance. We also discuss the likely costs of such a policy.
Assessment Strategies for the Handicapped

This review of assessment strategies for handicapped populations is intended to provide counselors with assessment perspectives as well as specific suggestions. The review emphasizes the counselor's role as a member of a diagnostic team and the need to consider a variety of information in the formation of meaningful intervention strategies.
Why hydroxocobalamin is photocatalytically active

Abstract Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) has been applied to investigate the relevant excited states involved in the photodissociation of hydroxocobalamin (HOCbl). The TD-DFT/BP86/6-31G(d) and TD-DFT/BP86/6-311G(d,p)//BP86-631G(d) calculations suggest that the photoscission of Co–OH bond is mediated by the repulsive 1(n + dCo → σ∗Co–OH) singlet state that drops in energy along the reaction stretch coordinate and yields the products of photodissociation i.e., Cob(II)alamin and hydroxyl radical. The channel involving the repulsive triplet state may also be a possible mechanistic pathway. The present calculations thus may help in enhancing our understanding about the photophysical behavior of HOCbl which has implications in the investigation of biological complexes such as DNA and RNA.
Amygdala Response to Emotional Faces: A Neural Marker of Risk for Bipolar Disorder?

Evidence fromadoption, twin, high-risk, and family studiesindicate that BD is highly heritable. Yet, to date,the single strongest predictive factor of the riskfor developing BD is high family loading for thedisorder. Although there have been some ad-vances in the identiﬁcation of early signs of BD,developmental differences in the presentation ofthe disorder in youth (e.g., symptoms of inatten-tion, irritability, impulsivity, etc.) can often bemisinterpreted for the onset of other forms ofpsychopathology (e.g., ADHD, ODD) and lead toinappropriate or less efﬁcient treatment. Conse-quently, identiﬁcation of early biomarkers of BDin at-risk youth through the use of neuroimagingtechniques could improve earlier detection inyoung persons likely to develop the disorder andcould inform early preventive strategies. Moreimportantly, grounding such research studieswithin a developmental affective neuroscienceframework is crucial to enhance our ability toelucidate speciﬁc mechanisms that may contrib-ute to the trajectories toward BD and other affec-tive disorders, such as anxiety and depression.In the current issue of the
Detailed study of N-(3-pyrrol-1-yl-propyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium (PPB) electropolymerization

Although the electropolymerization of N-(3-pyrrol-1-yl-propyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium (PPB) was anticipated to proceed through the 2 and 4 positions of the pyrrole ring, the emergence of two new peaks at -0.14 and -0.56 V versus Ag/AgCl in addition to those expected at -0.89 and -1.60 V upon continuous potential scanning, indicated the existence of a competitive coupling reaction. Using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance techniques, a plausible mechanism for the polymerization reaction is proposed. The proposed mechanism involves quaternization of the second pyridine nitrogen, resulting in polymerization through a bipyridinium-pyrrole bond formation. Consequently, four types of pyridines would be formed: type 1, pyridinium next to pyrrole; type 2, pyridinium next to type 1; type 3, pyridinium between propyl chain and nonquaternized pyridine; type 4, nonquaternized pyridine. The surface coverage values of the nonquaternized nitrogens, type 4, which had been assumed to be the sites that bind specifically to the maltose binding protein (MBP) domain of MBP enzyme fusions was found to be sufficiently high (lower limit ofca. 5 x 10 - 1 0 mol cm - 2 ) to ensure that the MBP fusions can easily bind.
Compactification of d = 11 supergravity on S4 (or 11 = 7 + 4, too)

Abstract Eleven-dimensional supergravity can compactify spontaneously on either S 7 or S 4. We study the latter case, with attention to its connection with a possible gauged {ce:inline-formula}N = 4{/ce:inline-formula} supergravity in {ce:inline-formula}d = 7{/ce:inline-formula}. We derive the linearized field equations and supersymmetry transformation rules for the effective {ce:inline-formula}d = 7{/ce:inline-formula} supergravity multiplet. There are five third rank antisymmetric tensors in this multiplet which are in the 5 representation of the gauge group USp(4) and they are propagated with a self-duality condition in 7 dimensions. There is also a 14 of scalar fields and they are found to propagate with a non-conformal wave operator.
Frequency, type, distribution and annotation of simple sequence repeats in Rosaceae ESTs

Genomic resources for peach, a model species for Rosaceae, are being developed to accelerate gene discovery in other Rosaceae species by comparative mapping. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are an important tool for comparative mapping because of their high polymorphism and transportability. To accelerate the development of SSR markers, we analyzed publicly available Rosaceae expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for SSRs. A total of 17,284 ESTs from almond, peach and rose were assembled into putatively non-redundant EST sets. For comparison, 179,099 ESTs from Arabidopsis were also used in the analysis. About 4% of the assembled ESTs contained SSRs in Rosaceae, which was higher than the 2.4% found in Arabidopsis. About half of the SSRs were found in the putative UTR, and the estimated average distance between SSRs in the UTR was 5.5 kb in rose, 5.1 kb in almond, 7 kb in peach and 13 kb in Arabidopsis. In the putative coding region, the estimated average distance was two to four times longer than in the UTR. Rosaceae ESTs containing SSRs were functionally annotated using the GenBank nr database and further classified using the gene ontology terms associated with the matching sequences in the SwissProt database. The detailed data including the sequences and annotation results are available from http://www.genome.clemson.edu/gdr/rosaceaessr/.
Peyronie's Disease: Surgical Treatment Based on Penile Rigidity

Operative treatment of Peyronie's disease has the risk of penile shortening and/or loss of erection. To avoid these complications, we used plaque incision together with polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) graft insertion in men with preserved penile rigidity and only implanted a penile prosthesis in men with erectile failure. Between August 1986 and July 1992, 24 men 36 to 72 years old (mean age 53 years) underwent surgery. Of the men 16 with adequate penile rigidity by history and/or RigiScan study, and severe curvature underwent plaque incision and polytetrafluoroethylene graft insertion. Eight men had erectile failure, including 4 with distal flaccidity as demonstrated by RigiScan study. These 8 men received a penile prosthesis (semirigid in 6 and inflatable in 2). In addition, 2 of these men also required plaque incision because of persistent curvature. With a mean followup of 47 months (range 20 to 92), all 16 men with incision and a polytetrafluoroethylene graft had excellent erections with satisfactory intercourse. Minimal curvature away from the plaque incision site, not causing any difficulty with sexual performance, occurred in 7 patients. The men with a penile prosthesis engage in normal intercourse without residual or recurrent curvature. Incision of Peyronie's plaque and polytetrafluoroethylene graft insertion is associated with an excellent functional result in men with normal preoperative penile rigidity. A penile prosthesis should be reserved for men with erectile failure.
Arms‐control implications of NATO and Warsaw pact doctrines

Soviet military doctrine for war in the European theatre has evolved in some important ways over the last two decades. The basic scenarios used for military planning have undergone revision. The expectations about the inevitability of escalation from non-nuclear to nuclear warfare have been modified. A clear-cut preference for extending the non-nuclear phase of conflict — and perhaps even keeping theatre wars ‘conventional’ — has emerged.
Characterization of in vivo anti-rotavirus activities of saponin extracts from Quillaja Saponaria Molina

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in newborns and young children worldwide with approximately 300,000 pre-adolescent deaths each year. Quillaja saponins are a natural aqueous extract obtained from the Chilean soapbark tree. The extract is approved for use in humans by the FDA for use in beverages as a food addictive. We have demonstrated that Quillaja extracts have strong antiviral activities in vitro against six different viruses. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo antiviral activity of these extracts against rhesus rotavirus (RRV) using a mouse model. We established that at a dosage of 0.015 mg/mouse of saponin extract, RRV induced diarrhea can be significantly reduced from 79% to 11% when mice are exposed to 500 plaque-forming-units (PFU) for each of five consecutive days. Additionally, while a reduction of RRV induced diarrhea depended both on the concentration of virus introduced and on the amount of Quillaja extract given to each mouse, the severity and interval of diarrhea under a variety of conditions tested, in all the treated mice were greatly reduced when compared to those that did not receive the Quillaja extracts. Mechanistically, there is strong evidence that the Quillaja extracts are able to "block" rotavirus infection by inhibiting virus-host attachment through disruption of cellular membrane proteins and/or virus receptors. We believe that Quillaja extracts have promise as antivirals to reduce rotavirus infection and the severity of the disease in humans.
Reputation and behavior of battered women who kill their partners: Do these variables negate self-defense?

Vignettes describing a case in which a battered woman killed her husband were presented to college students. Independent variables were the presence or absence of verbal aggression by the woman toward her husband before the final beating, the woman's reputation and social desirability as a wife and mother, and whether or not a weapon was present when the battering husband threatened the woman before she killed him. After reading a vignette, subjects (N=413) selected a verdict, reported what influenced their verdicts, and completed attitudinal measures on sex-role attitudes, attitudes toward wife-beating, and “just world” attitudes. The presence of verbal aggression by the woman increased the odds of subjects choosing a guilty verdict by 1.71 times compared to the absence of verbal aggression. A defendant characterized as a “bad” wife/mother or a dysfunctional wife/mother was, respectively, 6.24 and 2.49 times more likely to be found guilty rather than not guilty by reason of self-defense (NGRSD) than the “good” wife/mother. Use of a weapon by the husband did not significantly increase the number of NGRSD verdicts over conditions in which no weapon was present. Neither subjects' attitudes nor demographics appeared to be related to their choice of verdicts.
Identifying Useful Auxiliary Variables for Incomplete Data Analyses: A Note on a Group Difference Examination Approach

This research note contributes to the discussion of methods that can be used to identify useful auxiliary variables for analyses of incomplete data sets. A latent variable approach is discussed, which is helpful in finding auxiliary variables with the property that if included in subsequent maximum likelihood analyses they may enhance considerably the plausibility of the underlying assumption of data missing at random. The auxiliary variables can also be considered for inclusion alternatively in imputation models for following multiple imputation analyses. The approach can be particularly helpful in empirical settings where violations of missing at random are suspected, and is illustrated with data from an aging research study.
Preferential accumulation of mature NK cells during human immunosenescence

The major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted, cell-mediated, constitutive anti-tumor cytotoxic function of natural killer cells is highly preserved in healthy elderly. A study of the dynamics of expression of natural killer cell-associated phenotypes during immunosenescence shows that selective, bidirectional, and disproportionate changes in certain natural killer cell subset number and ratio take place during aging. The mean natural killer cell subset ratio (%CD16+CD57+ over %CD56+CD57-) gradually increases from a young adult level of 0.7 to 4.6 with advancing age predominantly due to a tripling of %CD16+57+ cells as opposed to a moderate decrease (-54%) in %CD56+57- phenotype. The parallel increase in natural killer phenotype ratio and cytotoxic activity might represent a shift in the maturity status of these cells. Based on these findings, a model of natural killer cell immunosenescence is proposed. It is concluded that not all immunosenescent changes need be detrimental; some may even improve the potential for survival and represent an adaptational immunosenescent change.
Spontaneous emission from free-electron lasers

Characteristics of the fundamental and harmonic emission from free-electron lasers (FELs) is examined in the spontaneous emission regime. The radiation at both odd and even harmonic frequencies is treated for electron beams with finite emittance and energy spread. For wigglers with many wiggle periods, calculation of the SE by integrating an ensemble of electrons along their exact trajectories becomes exceedingly cumbersome. Therefore, a different technique is used in which the far-field radiation pattern of a single electron is manipulated in transform space to include the effects if emittance. The effects of energy spread can be included by weighted sum over the energy distribution. The program execution time for wigglers of arbitrary length is negligible. The transverse radiation patterns including the transverse frequency dependences, are given. How this radiation is modeled in FEL simulation codes is discussed. 8 refs., 5 figs.
Management for all

Let me first offer my understanding of all. To me this means every employee, whether he be manager, supervisor or assistant. We could extend the use of the term to include customers on whose buying we depend; we should also include government, local and national, because we can work only within the laws and regulations they make.
Understanding script-based stories using commonsense reasoning

This paper investigates the use of commonsense reasoning to understand texts involving stereotypical activities or scripts. We present a system that understands news stories involving four terrorism scripts. The system (1) builds a commonsense reasoning problem given an information extraction template representing a terrorist incident, and (2) uses commonsense reasoning and a commonsense knowledge base to build a model of the terrorist incident. The reasoning problem, commonsense knowledge base, and model are expressed in the classical logic event calculus. The system was developed using the MUC3 and MUC4 development data set. We present the results of running the system on the MUC3 and MUC4 test data sets, using manually generated answer key templates and templates generated automatically by two MUC4 information extraction systems. We present a detailed analysis of the models produced by the system given automatically generated templates. We present methods for answering questions based on the models produced by our system. We assess the portability of the system by extending it to handle 10 scripts frequent in Project Gutenberg American literature texts.
Performance Comparison between Compressed Sensing and Statistical Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms

Of all available reconstruction methods, statistical iterative reconstruction algorithms appear particularly promising since they provide accurate physical noise modeling. The newly developed compressed sensing (CS) algorithm has shown the potential to accurately reconstruct images from highly undersampled data. In x-ray CT reconstructions, the CS algorithm can be implemented in the statistical reconstruction framework. In this study, we compared the performance of two standard statistical reconstruction algorithms (penalized weighted least square and q-GGMRF) to the CS algorithm. In assessing the image quality using these non-linear reconstructions it is critical to utilize realistic background anatomy as the reconstruction results are object dependent. A cadaver head was scanned on a Varian Trilogy system at different dose levels. A quality factor which accounts for the noise performance and the spatial resolution was introduced to objectively evaluate the performance of the algorithm under two conditions: 1) constant undersampling factor comparing different algorithms at different dose levels and 2) varying undersampling factors and dose levels for the CS algorithm. To facilitate this comparison the original CS method was also formulated in the framework of the statistical image reconstruction algorithm. This is also a novel aspect of this work. Important conclusions of the measurements are that: for realistic anatomy over 100 projections are needed to avoid streak artifacts even with CS reconstruction, regardless of the algorithm employed it is beneficial to distribute the total dose to many views as long as each view remains quantum noise limited, and the CS method is not appropriate for low dose levels because while it can mitigate streaking artifacts the images being to exhibit a patchy behavior.
The Preparation of Modern‐Foreign‐Language Teachers

The important outcome of this study is the development of a technique whereby students' errors in reading Arabic can be diagnosed, classified and grouped together objectively. Such a technique can throw enough light on the student's problems and confine them to certain mathematical value which may be called "quantitative measurement of reading errors." Effective teaching of Arabic as a foreign language cannot be measured by verbal judgment such as saying that student "A" reads better than student "B," or that student "C" is not a good reader at all. Sound teaching is usually based on sound theory and valid and reliable techniques. Therefore, using Monroe's adapted diagnostic method makes the students' errors measurable quantitatively. It enables the language instructor to pinpoint individual problems. It will be significant to test this method of analysis on other foreign languages. DONALD D. WALSH