cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rheological properties of ammonia-water liquids and crystal-liquid slurries - Planetological applications

Abstract The viscosities of aqueous mixtures plausibly representing a range of cryovolcanic substances seen on the icy satellites have been measured in the laboratory or obtained from literature sources. These viscosities range from 10−2 poise (pure water) to 102 poises (ammonia-water peritectic) to about 105 poises (ammonia-water-methanol peritectic). The viscosities of the liquid mixtures examined in this work are much greater than would be expected based on the assumption that the end member molecules are noninteractive. This observation supports others based on molar volumes and vapor pressure relations indicating that strong molecular interactive forces exist and have an important bearing on the physical properties of the mixtures. With supercooling and/or partial crystallization, these substances may attain viscosities several orders of magnitude greater than those given above. The rheological effects of partial crystallization parallel the same effects in silicate lavas, so it is reasonable to interpret cryovolcanic morphologies on the icy satellites in the same ways that we interpret remotely observed silicate volcanic morphologies on the Earth and terrestrial planets, after accounting for differences in surface gravities and lava densities, and allowing for uncertainties in surface slopes and extrusion rates. Given the wide range of viscosities for simple aqueous mixtures, and the rheological effects of realistic thermal states, the characteristics of observed cryovolcanic flows and resurfaced plains on the icy satellites can be understood within the framework of conventional magmatic processes working on exotic icy substances.
Why Is Nature Beneficial? The Role of Connectedness to Nature

Three studies examine the effects of exposure to nature on positive affect and ability to reflect on a life problem. Participants spent 15 min walking in a natural setting (Studies 1, 2, & 3), an urban setting (Study 1), or watching videos of natural and urban settings (Studies 2 & 3). In all three studies, exposure to nature increased connectedness to nature, attentional capacity, positive emotions, and ability to reflect on a life problem; these effects are more dramatic for actual nature than for virtual nature. Mediational analyses indicate that the positive effects of exposure to nature are partially mediated by increases in connectedness to nature and are not mediated by increases in attentional capacity. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the exposure to nature/well-being effects.
Life History Cost of Trematode Infection in Helisoma anceps Using Mark–Recapture in Charlie's Pond

Parasitism has the potential to affect key life history traits of an infected host. Perhaps the most studied interactions are in snail–trematode systems, where infection can result in altered growth rates, survival, and/or fecundity of the individual. Positive correlations between host size and parasite prevalence are often attributed to changes in growth rates or mortality, which have been observed in the laboratory. Extending lab-based conclusions to the natural setting is problematic, especially when environmental conditions differ between the laboratory and the field. The present study uses reproduction experiments and mark– recapture methods to directly measure key life history traits of the pulmonate snail Helisoma anceps in Charlie's Pond. Based on previous laboratory and field experiments on H. anceps, we predict a significant reduction in fecundity, but not growth rate or survival, of infected snails. Individual capture histories were analyzed with multistate models to obtain estimates of surviva...
Intravenous self-administration of 4-methylaminorex in primates

Abstract The reinforcing effects of (±)-cis-2-Amino-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline (4-methylaminorex) were determined in two models of intravenous drug self-administration in primates. In baboons, lever pressing was maintained under a fixed-ratio (FR) 80- or 160-schedule of intravenous cocaine delivery (0.32 mg/kg per injection). Each drug injection was followed by a 3-h time-out allowing a maximum of 8 injections per day. Vehicle or 4-methylaminorex doses were substituted for cocaine for a period of 15 or more days. One of the two 4-methylaminorex doses evaluated (0.32 mg/kg per injection) maintained self-administration behavior above vehicle control levels in all four animals. This dose of 4-methylaminorex maintained cyclic patterns of self-injection behavior across days and produced signs of psychomotor stimulant toxicity. In rhesus monkeys, 4-methylaminorex (0.0003–0.1 mg/kg per injection) was made available to animals trained to self-administer cocaine (0.01 or 0.033 mg/kg per injection) under an FR 10 schedule of reinforcement during daily 1-h sessions. Each of the three monkeys self-administered at least two doses of 4-methylaminorex at rates exceeding those maintained by vehicle injections. Taken together with reports of recreational abuse of 4-methylaminorex, the present results indicate that this drug has a potential for abuse similar to that of other psychomotor stimulants.
Plant position effect on seed weight, oil content, and oil composition in sesame

Within-plant variation was studied in seed samples of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Central and lateral capsules were sampled in three entries. Three capsule postions-basal (nodes 16 to 20), intermediate (nodes 21 to 25), and apical (nodes 26 to 30)-were sampled in four other entries. Nuclear magnetic resonance and gas liquid chromatography were used to characterize within-and among-plants variation in the same genotype for oil content and its fatty acid composition, respectively.
Spatial and temporal gradients in aquifer oxidation‐reduction conditions

The study was undertaken to identify principal oxidizing and reducing chemical species in groundwater with the goal of determining the utility of platinum electrode (Eh) measurements to characterize subsurface redox conditions. Serial measurements of Eh and groundwater analyses were conducted in oxic and suboxic environments over more than a 2-year period for major ionic, oxidized, and reduced species. Vertical gradients in measured Eh values in the oxic groundwater environments can exceed −40 mV/m depth. In the poorly poised, oxic groundwaters, the Eh measurements correlated reasonably well with calculated values based on analytical determinations of O2 and H2O2 which was detected persistently in the 10−8 to 10−9 M range. The equilibrium calculated Eh values from this and other redox couples did not correlate well with measured Eh values over the 2-year study period. In the suboxic range, the average calculated values based on the Fe3+/Fe2+ coupled correlated well with averaged measured values. The results support the need to determine redox pairs in groundwater as a supplement to either calculated “equilibrium” Eh values or Pt electrode Eh measurements.
Theoretical Analysis of the Thermodynamics of ZSM-11 Zeolite Synthesis

Theoretical methods are used to analyze the thermodynamics of ZSM-11 synthesis from amorphous silica and an aqueous solution of tetraalkylammonium hydroxide (TAAOH). The overall process is represented by the reaction 96SiO2(a) + n(TAA+/OH-/200H2O) = (nTAA+/Zn-) + 200nH2O. Both tetrapropylammonium (TPA+) and tetrabutylammonium (TBA+) cations are considered as the structure-directing agents, and calculations are performed for occlusion of either three or four TAA+ cations per unit cell of the zeolite. Both estimates of the change in internal energy and Gibbs free energy reveal that the synthesis of ZSM-11 should be favored by the occlusion of three TBA+ cations per unit cell, consistent with experimental observation. The present analysis also demonstrates the importance of energy and entropy changes associated with the dehydration of TAA+ and OH- ions and with the occlusion of TAA+ cations into the zeolite. The interactions of OH- anions with the zeolite framework to form defects in the form of siloxy (≡SiO...
Examining Racial/Ethnic Minority Treatment Experiences with Specialty Behavioral Health Service Providers

This study investigated whether satisfaction and helpfulness of treatment by mental health service provider is related to race/ethnicity and psychosocial factors. Data from the National Co morbidity Survey-Replication study, which administered mental health service use questions for the past 12-months (1332), was analyzed. Data were stratified by service provider and analyzed with multiple logistic regressions. Racial/ethnic minorities were generally more likely to be satisfied with services provided by specialty mental health providers compared to white respondents. Racial/ethnic minorities generally perceived the services provided by specialty mental health providers as more helpful than did other racial/ethnic groups. Those who reported high cultural identity were more likely to find their treatment experience less satisfying and less helpful. Greater attention to specialty referrals for racial/ethnic minority groups may fruitfully contribute to improve help-seeking for these groups. The role culture plays in shaping the mental health treatment experience needs to be further investigated.
Nuclear Motions Associated with Electron Transitions in Diatomic Molecules

The question of nuclear motions associated with electron transitions is discussed from the standpoint of quantum mechanics. It appears that Heisenberg’s indetermination principle gives the clue to the inexactness of the earlier method based on Franck’s postulate since its strict application calls for a violation of the principle. The existence of an entirely new type of band spectrum due to the wave nature of matter is predicted and the interpretation of Rayleigh’s mercury band at 2476–2482 A.U. as of this type is suggested. Finally it is shown that while Franck’s postulate is also true for electron jumps in atoms, it is of but trivial interest because its inexactness is much greater for the electrons than for heavy nuclei.
A new five-digit plugboard system for card-programmed calculator

THE International Business Machines Corporation's card-programmed calculator (CPC) is one of the most extensively used automatic digital computers in the world today and has been discussed in several technical articles.1?4 Scientific calculations, engineering problems, and accounting procedures have all been applied to the CPC with success. This flexibility may be attributed to the fact that all of the computer elements of the CPC are wired to plugable terminals on removable plugboards as shown in Fig. 1. Thus, by changing wires on the plugboard, the internal design of the CPC may be altered and optimized for a particular application. The purpose of this paper is to present the features of a new CPC plugboard system developed by the Power Transformer Engineering Section of the General Electric Company primarily for engineering design calculations. This system may be used for any calculations where slide-rule accuracy is adequate.
Effect of nicotine on extracellular levels of neurotransmitters assessed by microdialysis in various brain regions: Role of glutamic acid

We studied the effect of local administration of nicotine on the release of monoamines in striatum, substantia nigra, cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex (frontal, cingulate), and pontine nucleus and on the release of glutamic acid in striatum of rats in vivo, using microdialysis for nicotine administration and for measuring extracellular amine and glutamic acid levels. Following nicotine administration the extracellular concentration of dopamine, increased in all regions except cerebellum; serotonin increased in cingulate and frontal cortex; and norepinephrine increased in substantia nigra, cingulate cortex, and pontine nucleus. Cotinine, the major nicotine metabolite, had no effect at similar concentrations. The cholinergic antagonists mecamylamine and atropine, the dopaminergic antagonists haloperidol and sulpiride, and the excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenic acid all inhibited the nicotine-induced increase of extracellular dopamine in the striatum. The fact that kynurenic acid almost completely prevented the effects of nicotine, and nicotine at this concentration produced a 6-fold increase of glutamic acid release, suggests that the effect of nicotine is mainly mediated via glutamic acid release.
Polymer mixing in shear-driven turbulence

We investigate numerically the influence of polymer mixing on shear-driven turbulence. Of particular interest is the suppression of mixing that accompanies drag reduction with dilute polymer solutions. The simulations use the finite extensible nonlinear elastic model with the Peterlin closure (FENE-P) to describe the polymer stresses in the momentum equation, with polymer concentration allowed to vary in space and time. A thin slab of concentrated polymer was placed in an initially Newtonian homogeneous turbulent shear flow on a plane perpendicular to the mean velocity gradient, and allowed to mix in the gradient direction while actively altering the turbulence. The initially higher concentration of polymer near the centreplane suppressed production of turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stress in that region, while turbulence outside the polymer-rich region remained shear-dominated Newtonian turbulence. The rate of mixing in the shear direction was severely damped by the action of the polymer compared to a passive scalar in the corresponding Newtonian turbulent shear flow. This, in part, was a result of the same damping of vertical velocity fluctuations by the polymer that leads to the suppression of momentum flux. However, the cross-correlation between the polymer concentration and vertical velocity fluctuations was also suppressed, indicating that the explanation for the reduction in polymer mixing involves both the suppression of vertical velocity fluctuations and an alteration of turbulence structure by the polymer-turbulence interactions.
Multiple loop activations and continuous energy release in the solar flare of June 15, 1973

The spatial and temporal evolution of the high temperature plasma in the flare of 1973 June 15 has been studied using the flare images photographed by the NRL XUV spectroheliograph on Skylab.
Convective heat-mass transfer in the entrance region of a concentric annulus having a rotating inner cylinder

Abstract Heat transfer characteristics of laminar flow in a circular annulus with a rotating inner cylinder in the presence of a laminar axial flow was investigated using sublimation techniques. The work focused on the entrance region of the annulus with simultaneous development of velocity and temperature profiles. The experiments were carried out using a mass transfer procedure. Measured mass transfer results were transformed to heat transfer quantities through the analogy between the two processes. The highest speed of rotation of the inner cylinder corresponded to a Taylor number of 500, which was sufficient to produce Taylor vortices in the flow. The axial flow Reynolds number, based on the hydraulic diameter, ranged from 500 to 1250. All experiments were carried out for the radius ratio N = 0.8. The working fluid was air at room temperature and pressure. Results correspond to the case for heat transfer with an isothermal inner cylinder and an adiabatic outer cylinder.
Ultra-High Frequency Oscillations of Cylindrical Cavity Resonators Containing Two and Three Dielectric Media

The mathematical problem of the perfectly conducting cylindrical cavity resonator containing two and three dielectrics is set up, and solved in terms of the electric and magnetic Hertzian vector potentials. The relations between the various natural frequencies and resonant lengths are determined and discussed, in particular for a cylindrical resonator containing a movable slab of dielectric. It is shown that modes of the form ${E}_{\mathrm{np}0}$ and ${H}_{\mathrm{np}0}$ are not excitable if there is more than one dielectric present in the resonator. The band transmission characteristics of such resonators are considered briefly, and a simple and convenient absolute method for the measurement of dielectric constant at microwave frequencies is suggested. Experimental measurements were made at 3070 megacycles per sec., for the ${H}_{111}$ mode, and the results were found to agree well with the theory. Experimental and theoretical curves illustrating various points of the discussion are included.
Property values, local public expenditure and economic efficiency

Abstract A bid-rent model of property value determination with a public good and property taxation is developed. Using the local government budget constraint, an estimating equation is derived which can indicate whether public goods are efficiently provided. The empirical results show over-provision of public goods in northeastern New Jersey.
Passive transfer of polyethylene glycol to liposomal-recombinant human FVIII enhances its efficacy in a murine model for hemophilia A.

ABSTRACT The replacement therapy using recombinant human FVIII (rFVIII) is the first line of therapy for hemophilia A. Approximately 15–30% of the patients develop inhibitory antibodies. Recently, we reported that liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine (PS) could reduce the immunogenicity of rFVIII. However, PS containing liposomal-rFVIII is likely to reduce the systemic exposure and efficacy of FVIII due to rapid uptake of the PS containing liposomes by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Here, we investigated whether phosphatidylserine (PS) liposomes containing Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PEGylated), could reduce the immunogenicity of rFVIII and reverse the reduction in systemic exposure of rFVIII. Animals given PEGylated liposomal-rFVIII had lower total and inhibitory anti-rFVIII antibody titers, compared to animals treated with rFVIII alone. The mean stimulation index of CD4+ T-cells from animals given PEGylated liposomal-rFVIII also was lower than for animals that were given rFVIII alone. Pharmacokinetic studies following intravenous dosing indicated that the systemic exposure (area under the activity curve, AUAC 0–24h ) of PEGylated liposomal-rFVIII was ~59 IU/mL × h and significantly higher than that of non-PEGylated liposomal-rFVIII (AUAC 0–24h ~ 36 IU/mL × h). Based on these studies, we speculate that PEGylated PS-containing liposomal rFVIII may improve efficacy of rFVIII.
New phases of DPPC/water mixtures

Hydration of DPPC at low temperatures yielded two new phases, a non-lamellar C1 phase and a lamellar C2 phase, as well as the normal gel phase, depending upon the initial physical state of the dry lipid. From the results of wide-angle diffraction and calorimetry the C2 phase appears very similar to the normal C phase, but the D spacing is considerably larger, suggesting that the C2 phase is a C phase with untilted chains.
Satellites and Transients: Ecological Constraints On Alternative Mating Tactics in Male Grasshoppers

Alternative tactics of male mating behaviour, broadly classifiable as "dominant/ territorial" versus "subordinate/non-territorial", have now been described for numerous species. Furthermore, across diverse taxa the mating tactics of subordinate/non-territorial males often appear as one of two distinct types, satellite or transient behaviour. Despite general recognition of this dichotomy, though, little effort has been made to identify the circumstances under which one of these behaviours is adopted over the other. We compared the mating systems of two congeneric species of desert grasshoppers (genus Ligurotettix) to investigate specifically the role of resource dispersion in shaping the behaviour of subordinate males. The utility of the comparative approach derives from two basic similarities between the species: both Ligurotettix coquilletti and Ligurotettix planum feed almost exclusively on a single host plant species, and the majority of males in both species defend individual host plants to gain access to females. However, the two species are associated with host plants that are dispersed very differently; i.e., L. coquilletti encounter a small number of large plants and L. planum a large number of small ones. In L. coquilletti, subordinate males, individuals noted by their lack of success in aggression and in obtaining matings, were characterized as satellites that remained silent on host plants defended by territorial males. Subordinate males in L. planum, however, were transients that sang regularly but moved frequently among different host plants. We propose that this behavioural discrepancy results from (1) the large difference between the number of potential female encounter sites (i.e., individual host plants) available to the males of the two species and (2) the large difference between the sizes of resource patches defended by the two species, which influences the ability of dominant males to eject subordinates.
Microfabricated implantable wireless microsystems: Permanent and biodegradable implementations

The tremendous technological convergence of microfabrication technology, wireless communication technology, and low-power circuitry has opened the possibility of widespread use of microfabricated implantable wireless microsystems. A typical operational mode for these microsystems is to transduce a physiological parameter relevant to a disease state of interest, and wirelessly communicate this parameter external to the body to guide therapy. For chronic disease states, long-term, permanent sensors are of interest; while for acute disease states, biodegradable wireless microsystems may be of interest. Two microsystem examples, permanent pressure sensors for chronic monitoring of patients with congestive heart failure, and biodegradable pressure sensors for acute monitoring of patients with transient conditions, are given.
Hydrodynamics of intertidal oyster reefs: The influence of boundary layer flow processes on sediment and oxygen exchange

An intertidal Crassostrea virginica oyster reef was instrumented to quantify processes affecting boundary layer flow, suspended sediment deposition and erosion, and the flux of oxygen to and from the benthos. Velocity and suspended sediment concentrations were measured at opposing sides of the reef and sediment fluxes, due to the combined effects of deposition, resuspension, and suspension feeding by the reef community, were computed from the difference between upstream and downstream suspended sediment concentrations. At the center of the reef, the flux of oxygen to and from the reef was measured using the eddy-correlation technique. While the reef was submerged, oxygen fluxes showed no significant correlation to light, and oxygen uptake increased linearly with velocity, ranging between 100 and 600 mmol m -2 d -1 . Sediment deposition to the reef also increased linearly for velocities between 0 and 10 cm s -1 , up to a maximum of 3500 g m -2 d -1 . For velocities .15 cm s -1 , sediment flux to the reef decreased as sediment resuspension occurred due to bed shear stresses that exceeded the critical threshold for erosion. At velocities .25 cm s -1 , there was net sediment erosion from the reef. Overall, during summertime and nonstorm conditions, mean oxygen uptake was 270 – 40 mmol m -2 d -1 and sediment deposition was 1100 – 390 g m -2 d -1 while the reef was submerged, indicating that oysters have a net positive effect on water clarity and that hydrodynamics exert a strong influence on benthic fluxes of oxygen and sediment to and from the reef.
Mid-level Visual Element Discovery as Discriminative Mode Seeking

Recent work on mid-level visual representations aims to capture information at the level of complexity higher than typical "visual words", but lower than full-blown semantic objects. Several approaches [5,6,12,23] have been proposed to discover mid-level visual elements, that are both 1) representative, i.e., frequently occurring within a visual dataset, and 2) visually discriminative. However, the current approaches are rather ad hoc and difficult to analyze and evaluate. In this work, we pose visual element discovery as discriminative mode seeking, drawing connections to the the well-known and well-studied mean-shift algorithm [2, 1, 4, 8]. Given a weakly-labeled image collection, our method discovers visually-coherent patch clusters that are maximally discriminative with respect to the labels. One advantage of our formulation is that it requires only a single pass through the data. We also propose the Purity-Coverage plot as a principled way of experimentally analyzing and evaluating different visual discovery approaches, and compare our method against prior work on the Paris Street View dataset of [5]. We also evaluate our method on the task of scene classification, demonstrating state-of-the-art performance on the MIT Scene-67 dataset.
SIMPLE DYNAMIC BACKCALCULATION PROCEDURE FOR FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER TESTING OF RIGID PAVEMENTS

A simple and direct method for backcalculation of the dynamic subgrade stiffness and damping coefficients from falling weight deflectometer (FWD) deflection basins is presented. The method can also be used to detect a stiff layer underneath the pavement system. The method consists first of decomposition of the transient deflection signal of each sensor into a series of harmonic motions by the fast Fourier transform algorithm. Then, for each frequency of interest, the real and imaginary components of the displaced volume underneath the slab are calculated from the complex deflection basin. The dynamic force-displacement relationship is decomposed into real and imaginary parts, leading to a simple system of equations that can easily be solved for the coefficient of the subgrade reaction (k) and the radiation damping coefficient (c). The method was verified by using FWD test data from six different sites in Michigan. In addition, the backcalculated k-values were compared with those obtained by the AASHTO-rec...
Automatic discovery of a phonetic inventory for unwritten languages for statistical speech synthesis

Speech synthesis systems are typically built with speech data and transcriptions. In this paper, we try to build synthesis systems when no transcriptions or knowledge about the language are available. It is usually necessary to at least possess phonetic knowledge about the language. In this paper, we propose an automated way of obtaining phones and phonetic knowledge about the corpus at hand by making use of Articulatory Features (AFs). An Articulatory Feature predictor is trained on a bootstrap corpus in an arbitrary other language using a three-hidden layer neural network. This neural network is run on the speech corpus to extract AFs. Hierarchical clustering is used to cluster the AFs into categories i.e. phones. Phonetic information about each of these inferred phones is obtained by computing the mean of the AFs in each cluster. Results of systems built with this framework in multiple languages are reported.
A principle-based approach to ethical issues in predictive genetic testing for breast cancer

. Genetic breast cancer susceptibility testing presents ethical challenges for healthcare providers and their patients. The familial aspects of genetic information, recognition of DNA as a shared history and present common thread for all people and widespread misunderstandings of genetic tests all contribute to these challenges. In this article an ethical framework internationally developed as a charter for medical professionalism is used to guide approaches to ethical dilemmas of breast cancer genetic testing. Specifically, three ethical principles are explored as they relate to testing: primacy of patient, patient autonomy, and social justice. Approaching breast cancer genetic testing from this framework could help to ensure thoughtful and ethical practices in this rapidly evolving field.
A variational framework for image segmentation combining motion estimation and shape regularization

Based on a geometric interpretation of the optic flow constraint equation, we propose a conditional probability on the spatio-temporal image gradient. We consistently derive a variational approach for the segmentation of the image domain into regions of homogeneous motion. The proposed energy functional extends the Mumford-Shah functional from gray value segmentation to motion segmentation. It depends on the spatio-temporal image gradient calculated from only two consecutive images of an image sequence. Moreover, it depends on motion vectors for a set of regions and a boundary separating these regions. In contrast to most alternative approaches, the problems of motion estimation and motion segmentation are jointly solved by minimizing a single functional. Numerical evaluation with both explicit and implicit (level set based) representations of the boundary shows the strengths and limitations of our approach.
Water Resources Management: International Challenge and Opportunities

The entire water resources field is not contemplated, although reference thereto will be registered. Water supply for potable and hygienic purposes will be presented as symbolic of the global issues confronting 4.8 billion people. Some two billion of these live in the so-called developing or less favored countries. They are either underserved or not served at all by utility systems of whatever grade. Targets for meeting their needs were exemplified by the international agencies in the International Water and Sanitation Decade of 1980-1990. Some successes are apparent, but, in general, hopes are not fulfilled. The pace of accomplishment is very slow. Constraints will be reviewed in some detail. Challenges for reducing these and increasing pace of installations are presented. The potential for a global public works program unprecedented in history is reviewed. Several issues will not be discussed in this paper. Their omission rests primarily upon the fact that their resolution is improbable for decades ahead, if ever. Economists have categorized water as any other economic commodity - and should always be subject to benefit-cost scrutiny. I do not share that view. People could well live without the telephone or the automobile, a destroyer. Without water, their survival is a matter of days. Cost-benefit seems unreal and singularly inappropriate under such circumstances. Secondly, the search for quantifying the health impact of safe water goes on forever. My view is that the results speak for themselves - while sturdy souls continue to seek out the exact correlation figure. Thirdly, the population explosion, although softened a bit, proceeds apace while I write. Lastly, the exposition herein is restricted to potable water and its associated sanitation aspects. Other major uses of water, obviously highly important, are not addressed.
Water stress interacts with early arrival to influence interspecific and intraspecific priority competition: a test using a greenhouse study

Questions: Do species arriving early (priority effect) to a site have a competitive advantage over species arriving later? Does early arrival aid in species ability to tolerate water stress? Is intra- and interspecific competition different for early and late arrivers? Location: Greenhouse, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA. Methods: A 1-mo ‘head start’ in the greenhouse was used to simulate early arrival of Panicum capillare and Polygonum persicaria. We used a completely randomized design to examine the effects of water stress (drained, drought, flood) and priority competition (interspecific and intraspecific) in relation to species’ cohort [older (established) and younger (novel) individuals planted in different combinations]. We calculated increases in root and shoot weights, total biomass, root/shoot ratios, height, leaf number and length of longest leaf. All dependent variables were analysed using MANOVA and individual GLM ANOVAs. Results: Increases in shoot and root biomass were significantly affected by water stress but the effects were species- and priority level-specific. Root biomass for established individuals was significantly reduced after flooding and drought. Shoot biomass was least for drought and flood treatments of both older and younger P. persicaria ,b ut older and youngerP. capillare were unaffected. There were species-specific priority differences (i.e. greater for older individuals) for shoot height and increases in leaf number; however, the opposite was seen for increases in leaf length. Conclusions: In terms of community assembly, neither species appears to have an advantage in relation to competition or water stress, as both seem plastic and are negatively affected by flood and drought stress. The greater impact of older P. persicaria onP. capillare is the only advantage P. persicariaseems to have in the greenhouse. Correlating this to natural conditions, it appears that chance in reaching a site first plays a major role in P. persicaria’s colonization success. This study provides evidence of the impacts of arrival time on subsequent physiological and competitive abilities of plants.
Some Fundamental Molecular Mechanisms of Contractility in Fibrous Macromolecules

The fundamental molecular mechanisms of contractility and tension development in fibrous macromolecules are developed from the point of view of the principles of polymer physical chemistry. The problem is treated in a general manner to encompass the behavior of all macromolecular systems irrespective of their detailed chemical structure and particular function, if any. Primary attention is given to the contractile process which accompanies the crystal-liquid transition in axially oriented macromolecular systems. The theoretical nature of the process is discussed, and many experimental examples are given from the literature which demonstrate the expected behavior. Experimental attention is focused on the contraction of fibrous proteins, and the same underlying molecular mechanism is shown to be operative for a variety of different systems.
A longitudinal study of the prevalence of depressive symptomatology in elderly widowed and married women.

• The expected duration and magnitude of elevations in depressive symptomatology following bereavement have not been fully characterized. This study describes the natural history of changes in depressive symptomatology after widowhood, using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. We studied 1144 elderly married women who completed a baseline interview; 136 women who were subsequently widowed, and a subset of 409 still-married women, selected as controls, were reinterviewed at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after bereavement. Widows were more depressed than their married controls at every interview, including baseline. About 10% of married women had high scores (>15) at each interview. One month after bereavement, the proportion of widows with high scores rose to 58%; this proportion declined but remained elevated at 6 months. By 12 months, the proportion with high scores was comparable with prebereavement levels. Only about 40% of the elevation in widows' scores at 12 months is potentially attributable to bereavement.
Leaf optical system modeled as a stochastic process

A stochastic leaf radiation model based upon physical and physiological properties of dicot leaves has been developed. The model accurately predicts the absorbed, reflected, and transmitted radiation of normal incidence as a function of wavelength resulting from the leaf-irradiance interaction over the spectral interval of 0.40-2.50 microm. The leaf optical system has been represented as Markov process with a unique transition matrix at each 0.01-microm increment between 0.40 microm and 2.50 microm. Probabilities are calculated at every wavelength interval from leaf thickness, structure, pigment composition, and water content. Simulation results indicate that this approach gives accurate estimations of actual measured values for dicot leaf absorption, reflection, and transmission as a function of wavelength.
The Acquisition of Tense: Bootstrapping into Syntax

In this talk I will suggest that the linguistic category of tense plays an important role in language acquisition. There is an interesting relation between the representations underlying tense and the representations of syntax. Both require the property of scope. Scope is essential in the semantic representation of tense, and is also essential for syntactic representation. Thus, when they have acquired the category of tense children have all they need to construct full syntactic representations. Full-fledged syntactic representation involves both hierarchy and scope. I assume that children develop the basis for hierarchical representations at the first stage of active language acquisition – the lexical stage with which children begin to produce utterances. At the next stage, I propose, the conceptual structure of tense gives children a leg up into syntax.
The Future of Federal Sentencing Policy: Learning Lessons from Republican Judicial Appointees in the Guidelines Era

In the two years since the landmark Booker decision, federal sentencing policy has been in a state of suspended animation. This Article urges federal sentencing reform advocates to look to an unlikely source for realistic goals and ideological support - the experiences of Republican judicial appointees in the Guidelines era. My findings are based upon a long-term research project into cases in which Republican appointees stated their disagreement with the sentences required by law from the bench. The Article discusses the primary product of my research, forty comprehensive case profiles and their policy implications. Specifically, the Article demonstrates how the lessons of these Republican appointees are relevant to three of the critical issues in the post-Booker sentencing debate; first, the need for mandatory minimums, second, the desirability of a legislative Booker fix, and finally, specific areas for reform, such as the disparity between crack and powder cocaine sentences, that might have traction in what is likely to be a cautious Democratic Congress on criminal justice issues. By making use of these judges' insights, I argue that the sentencing debate can transcend tough-on-crime posturing to smart-on-crime policies that better protect both public safety and the public fisc. The Article concludes by drawing on these judges' words and deeds to construct a rhetorical framework for meaningful, bipartisan sentencing reform in the post-Booker era.
Hyperimmune serum modulates allergic response to spores in a murine model of allergic aspergillosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a disease in atopic asthmatics characterized by eosinophilia and elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG antibodies to the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (Af). The role of specific antibodies in the disease process is not clear. In this study, BALB/c mice were injected with hyperimmune serum from syngeneic mice exposed to soluble antigen of Af. These mice were then exposed to either Af spores or soluble antigen. Total IgE, Af-specific IgG1 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in serum, and eosinophils (eosinophil peroxidase assay) in lungs and bone marrow were measured. Histologic sections of lungs were examined for cellular infiltration and morphologic changes. Results indicate a suppression of increase in levels of antibodies and eosinophilia in mice receiving immune serum and exposed to spores compared with controls receiving phosphate-buffered saline treatment. Spores being the primary source of exposure to Af in ABPA, these results are significant in understanding the role of preexisting specific antibodies in patients.
Health information seeking and scanning among US adults aged 50-75 years: Testing a key postulate of the information overload model

Past research has found that older US adults (aged 50–75 years) exhibit high levels of cancer information overload and cancer worry; however, no study to date has examined whether these perceptions are related to information seeking/scanning. To explore this relationship, older adults (N = 209, Mage = 55.56, SD = 4.24) were recruited to complete a survey measuring seeking, scanning, cancer information overload, and cancer worry. Most participants were high-scan/seekers (40.2%) followed by low-scan/seekers (21.1%), high-scan/no seekers (19.6%), and low-scan/no seekers (19.1%). Low-scan/no seekers had significantly higher cancer information overload compared to all other groups, consistent with the postulate that overload and seeking/scanning are negatively related. Low-scan/no seekers and high-scan/seekers both exhibited higher cancer worry severity, consistent with past research suggesting that cancer worry explains high levels of activity/inactivity.
Multiplexed Electrical Detection of Single Viruses

We report direct, real-time electrical detection of single virus particles with high selectivity using nanowire field effect transistors. Measurements made with nanowire arrays modified with antibodies for influenza A showed discrete conductance changes characteristic of binding and unbinding in the presence of influenza A but not paramyxovirus or adenovirus. Moreover, simultaneous electrical and optical measurements using fluorescently-labelled influenza A demonstrate conclusively that the conductance changes correspond to binding/unbinding of single viruses at the surface of nanowire devices. In addition, studies of nanowire devices modified with antibodies specific for either influenza or adenovirus show that multiple viruses can be selectively detected in parallel. The possibility of large scale integration of these nanowire devices suggests potential for simultaneous detection of a large number of distinct viral threats at the single virus level.
Explorer XII: spinning faster than expected.

The articles in the 13 April issue concerning sunlight changing the rotation rate of objects in space (“Direct detection of the asteroidal YORP effect,” Reports, p. [272][1]; “Spin rate of asteroid (54509) 2000 PH5 increasing due to the YORP effect,” Reports, p. [274][2]; “As tiny worlds
Placental norepinephrine clearance: in vivo measurement and physiological role

The intrauterine clearance rate of catecholamines is higher than in newborn animals or in adults. The separate contributions of the fetus and placenta to this clearance are not known. The placenta is a site of expression of the amine plasma membrane transporters that mediate this process. To determine the physiological role of this placental transporter in vivo, we studied fetal sheep at 123 days with common umbilical vein (UV), fetal arterial (AO), and venous catheters. Tritiated norepinephrine ([3H]NE) was infused to determine the kinetics of placental and fetal NE appearance and clearance rates. Umbilical flow was determined by [3H]NE infusion. Placental and total (fetal-placental) NE clearance rates were determined by measurement of [3H]NE from simultaneously drawn UV and AO samples. Total clearance was 99 +/- 8 ml.kg-1.min-1. Placental fractional [3H]NE extraction was 21% and accounted for 48% of total clearance. Fetal plasma NE production rate was 85 +/- 20 ng.kg-1.min-1. We conclude that placental catecholamine clearance is an important metabolic function of the placenta. This mechanism for clearance of the high fetal production rate of catecholamines is vital for fetal homeostasis. We speculate that derangements in placental catecholamine clearance may explain the exaggerated adverse effects on the fetus of drugs like cocaine, which block catecholamine transport.
Inverse modelling of NO x emissions over eastern China: uncertainties dueto chemical non-linearity

Abstract. Satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have often been used to derive nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions. A widely used inversion method was developed by Martin et al. (2003). Refinements of this method were subsequently developed. In the context of this inversion method, we show that the local derivative (of a first-order Taylor expansion) is more appropriate than the “bulk ratio” (ratio of emission to column) used in the original formulation for polluted regions. Using the bulk ratio can lead to biases in regions of high NOx emissions such as eastern China due to chemical non-linearity. Inverse modelling using the local derivative method is applied to both GOME-2 and OMI satellite measurements to estimate anthropogenic NOx emissions over eastern China. Compared with the traditional method using bulk ratio, the local derivative method produces more consistent NOx emission estimates between the inversion results using GOME-2 and OMI measurements. The results also show significant changes in the spatial distribution of NOx emissions, especially over high emission regions of eastern China. We further discuss a potential pitfall of using the difference of two satellite measurements to derive NOx emissions. Our analysis suggests that chemical non-linearity needs to be accounted for and that a careful bias analysis is required in order to use the satellite differential method in inverse modelling of NOx emissions.
Research and thinking on creative agriculture in the perspective of creative design elements

Concept of creative agriculture was defined,its connotation was analyzed,and five innovation elements of creative agriculture were deconstructed in this paper. It also put forward the new thinking to develop creative agriculture by closely linking to the market demand,setting clear creative goals,and integrating the five creative elements and constructing a complete creative agriculture industry chain..
6 – Aminosilicone systems for post-combustion CO2 capture

Aminosilicones have been found to be useful materials for the post-combustion capture of CO2. In general, they possess greater thermooxidative stability, lower vapor pressures, higher theoretical loading, and smaller heat capacities than typical solutions of aqueous amines. Two processes have been developed using these compounds: a solution-based process using triethylene glycol as a nonaqueous co-solvent and a phase-change procedure that converts a low-viscosity liquid aminosilicone to a solid carbamate salt on exposure to CO2. This chapter summarizes the progress and properties of these two unique processes and provides a comparison with the benchmark aqueous organic amine technology.
Left ventricular mechanics in arrested dog heart: effects of ventricular interaction and vascular volumes

The present study was designed to determine the effects of right heart pressure on the compliance of the left ventricle (LV). The studies were conducted on isolated, blood-perfused, potassium-arrested dog hearts with vasomotor tone either present (n = 5) or absent (n = 8). A balloon was used to control LV volume, whereas right heart (RHP) or coronary sinus (CSP) pressures were controlled via a column placed in the right heart or coronary sinus, respectively. Control of CSP independently of RHP allowed us to assess the relative contribution of coronary venous pressure to changes in LV compliance under conditions of elevated RHP. LV volume and compliance at a LV pressure of 15 mmHg (V 15 and C 15 , respectively) were calculated to quantify the shift and slope changes of the LV pressure-volume (P-V) relationships. V 15 and C 15 decreased with vasomotor tone present from 52.8 ± 1.4 ml and 1.7 ± 0.1 ml/mmHg at control, to 43.3 ± 2.1 ml and 1.4 ± 0.1 ml/mmHg (P < 0.05) with RHP = 0 and 20 mmHg, respectively. Similar effects were obtained with vasodilation, but C 15 was significantly lower relative to autoregulation (1.0 ± 0.1 at control RHP, P < 0.05). Elevation of CSP with vasomotor tone resulted in an upward shift in the LV P-V relationship: V 15 decreased from 53.4 ± 2.1 at CSP = 0 mmHg to 50.9 ± 1.6 ml at CSP = 20 mmHg (P < 0.05). After vasodilation there was no detectable shift in the LV P-V relationship with elevation of CSP. V 15 and C 15 were significantly lower in vasodilated hearts (38.6 ± 3.8 ml and 1.02 ± 0.10 ml/mmHg compared with 52.8 ± 1.4 ml and 1.70 ± 0.12 ml/mmHg, respectively). We conclude that passive LV compliance decreases 1) exponentially with LV volume load, 2) with elevated RHP, 3) with elevated CSP when vasomotor tone is present, and 4) with vasodilation. The changes in LV compliance may be related to LV geometrical remodeling and changes in myocardial blood volume