cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young Natural-Number Arithmeticians:

When preschoolers count to check their arithmetic predictions, their counts are better than when they simply count a set of items on count-only tasks. This is so even for 2 1/2- and 3-year-olds dealing with small values. Such results lend support to the view that learning about verbal counting benefits from a nonverbal count-arithmetic system and challenge theories that place understanding of verbal counting at 4 1/2 or 5 years. That preschoolers readily engage in predicting-and-checking number tasks has implications for educational programs.
van't Hoff and calorimetric enthalpies II: effects of linked equilibria.

The complexity of binding reactions, including the linkage with other equilibria, is becoming increasingly apparent in biological processes such as signal transduction. Understanding these interactions requires obtaining thermodynamic profiles for each of the equilibria that occur in a binding event. Concern has been raised as to whether linked equilibria contribute differently to thermodynamics, such as ΔH° and ΔCp, obtained from calorimetric and van't Hoff methods. We have previously shown that linked equilibria do not contribute differently to the van't Hoff and calorimetrically determined ΔH° for processes such as linked folding or hydration. Here, examples of proton and ion linkage are examined. We show that there is no reason to expect the calorimetric and van't Hoff ΔH° to be different, even without prior knowledge of the presence or absence of linked equilibria, as long as the system is permitted to equilibrate. However, it is possible to create experimental scenarios that result in and discrepanc...
Prenatal administration of reserpine: Effect upon hatching, behavior, and brainstem catecholamines of the young chick

An avian species (the domestic chicken) was used in an attempt to determine the effects of reserpine upon the developing embryo and newly hatched chicken. When reserpine was injected into the yolk sac of the fertilized egg prior to incubation, there was a decrease in hatchability which was log-linearly related to the dose of reserpine; the older the embryo at the time reserpine was injected, the less the effect on hatchability. In addition to increasing mortality, reserpine caused a delay in hatching which was also dose dependent. During the first 7 days of incubation, injection of reserpine into the egg in a dose (0.1 mg/kg of egg) that did not appreciably affect hatching significantly decreased following in an imprinting situation. The same dose of reserpine given to older (15-day-old) embryos caused a significant increase in following. Week-old chicks hatched from eggs injected with the drug prior to incubation exhibited a significant decrease in catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) in the brainstem, and significantly fewer avoidance responses in a conditioned escape/avoidance situation.
Italian Protestants: Religion, Ethnicity, and Assimilation

Early in the twentieth century, Italian Protestants in the United States comprised a religious minority in the Italian Catholic community and an ethnic minority in the American one. Because the assimilation of Protestants from heavily Catholic countries is little studied, I examine the life cycle of three Italian Protestant churches in three denominations in Rochester, New York, in order to explain why they disappeared earlier than did their Catholic counterparts. When the second generation Italian Protestants attained adolescence, religious identity with American Protestants overrode ethnic identity, accelerating their assimilation. The Italian Protestant churches had become middle-class American organizations save for the use of Italian, a fatal contradiction. By 1960, all three churches had died, but all of the ethnic Catholic and national Orthodox parishes had survived.
Shelf life of embryo culture media: Buffering potential of media apparently not the determining factor

Abstract Objective To investigate if the buffering power of embryo culture media is compromised by expiration. Design Buffering potential of expired culture media was evaluated by measuring pH values. Setting Fertility Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, USA. Materials and methods The pH of expired culture media were measured and compared with those of unexpired ones in three experimental conditions: (1) pre-incubation, (2) CO 2 incubation and (3) post-incubation. Sequential media, comprising Quinn's advantage fertilization, cleavage and blastocyst media (Sage assisted reproduction products Inc.), were used. The media were divided into expired and unexpired groups, based on the manufacturer's indicated expiration dates. The unexpired group was evaluated in their original condition (first time opened). The expired media bottles underwent more than one opening. The pH of the media was measured sequentially in conditions 1, 2 and 3. Results The expired media (30–390days) displayed significantly ( p p ⩾0.23) to those of the corresponding unexpired controls in CO 2 incubation as well as post-incubation suggesting that the buffering capacity of the media is apparently not affected by expiration. Conclusion Time-dependent nutrient depletion, not the weakening of the buffering system, is probably the determining factor in setting the shelf life of the culture media.
Advances In High Performance Multijunction III-V Solar Cells

This paper provides a discussion of current progress in III-V multijunction solar cells. A review of tandem cell principles is first presented, followed by a review of current research results reported by several active groups. Structures yielding efficiencies in the range of 25% to 35% are discussed. A brief discussion of the attainable efficiency in a three-junction approach is presented.
Comment on “Global Correlations in Tropical Tree Species Richness and Abundance Reject Neutrality”

Ricklefs and Renner (Reports, 27 January 2012, p. 464) suggested that strong correlations in the diversity of shared families between isolated tree assemblages reject neutrality. Simulations of a neutral model indicate, however, that isolated assemblages under various configurations of random speciation and extinction do sustain strong correlations in the diversity of shared families. Thus, reported correlations support rather than reject neutral theory.
Analogy in persuasion: Translator's dictionary or art?

Rhetorical and communication scholars have long asserted the significance of analogy in persuasion. A variety of persuasive roles have been stipulated for analogies. These accounts are inconsistent, so individual explanations are either inaccurate or incomplete. This essay aims to refine understandings of analogy by reviewing, critiquing, and synthesizing several classical and contemporary rhetorical analyses, a cognitive model of analogy processing, and dual‐process theories of persuasion. The synthesis, which is presented in an integrated set of propositions, offers a systematic view of the potential suasory roles of explanatory and expressive analogies. Suggestions for testing the propositions are discussed as well.
Two-day wave observations of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder mesospheric water vapor and temperature

[1] A two-day wave disturbance is observed in the mesospheric temperature and water vapor on the basis of new version data from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder. Using two data segments during the austral summers (January–February of 1992 and 1993) and the asynoptic mapping method, a strong wave signal is identified as having zonal wave number 3 and a westward period of about 2.1 days. The wave amplitudes are located near the core of the summer easterly jet with strongest wave amplitudes (as large as 11 K and 0.35 part per million by volume) near the mesopause. The temperature and water vapor wave strengths are highly correlated in time, but their peaks are almost longitudinally out of phase. Poleward heat flux associated with upward wave energy propagation in the Southern Hemisphere points to baroclinic instability as the cause for the wave appearance. A growing wave signature in water vapor is observed in regions of strong meridional gradient of water vapor. Near the mesopause, wave breaking is suggested as moist polar air is displaced into the much drier subtropics and wave amplitude decays.
A novel concept of carbon-filled polymer blends for applications in PEM fuel cell bipolar plates

A novel concept of a triple-continuous structure to provide carbon-filled polymer blends with high electrical conductivity and tensile strength simultaneously has been proposed. Low-cost fabrication of such a triple-continuous structure through injection molding has been demonstrated using the carbon nanotube (CNT) filled polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blend. The CNT-filled PET/PVDF blend exhibits 2500% improvement in electrical conductivity, 36% increase in tensile strength, and 320% improvement in elongation over the CNT-filled PET at the same carbon loading. The concept proposed has the potential to produce low-cost conductive polymers with superior conductivity and strength for bipolar plate applications of PEM fuel cells.
Present and Future Trends in Microlithography

Some of the trends are well known and are desirable: features are shrinking and field sizes are expanding. At least one other trend is well known and is undesirable: wafer exposure tools are becoming very expensive. Other trends are less clear; throughput and overlay precision are improving but not dramatically. The failure of sub-optical technologies, notably X-ray lithography (XRL), to displace optical lithography is well publicized but at the same time the ability to push optical lithography to feature sizes smaller than the exposing wavelength is becoming tougher; phase-shifting masks and associated approaches ("wavefront engineering") may be the saviour or may be the "last gasp" of optical lithography. How much further down lithographic technology will be pushed for IC manufacturing may well be set by factors unrelated to the physics of the lithographic process. Such factors include overlay capability, cost effectiveness and the electrical performance of circuit and systems with very small dimensions.
The photodissociation of CH+ through absorption into the A1Π state

Abstract Cross sections for the photodissociation of ground state CH + ions through absorption into the A 1 Π state are calculated for the lowest three vibrational levels. At threshold the cross sections for υ″ = 0, 1 and 2 are respectively 5.0 × 10 −20 cm 2 , 8.1 × 10 −19 cm 2 and 2.6 × 10 −18 cm 2 .
Trauma and Addiction Experiences of African American Women

Substance abuse affects African American women at an increasingly alarming rate. The interaction of substance abuse and traumatic events requires exploration. For many African American women, early life trauma plays a critical role in how and when they fall victim to the ravages of substance abuse. This article about a phenomenological study of 15 African American women uses intense narratives to disclose experiences of incest, rape, abuse, and other horrors that led to drug and alcohol use to extinguish pain. The themes include family history of substance abuse, lack of a caring childhood environment, pain resulting from trauma, and coping and recovery. The womens' stories provide insights for nurses in practice and research related to the psychosocial health of women.
Giant increase in critical current density of K x Fe 2-y Se 2 single crystals

The critical current density ${J}_{c}^{ab}$ of K${}_{x}$Fe${}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}$Se${}_{2}$ single crystals can be enhanced by more than one order of magnitude, up to $\ensuremath{\sim}$2.1$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$10${}^{4}$ A/cm${}^{2}$ by the post annealing and quenching technique. A scaling analysis reveals the universal behavior of the normalized pinning force as a function of the reduced field for all temperatures, indicating the presence of a single vortex pinning mechanism. The main pinning sources are three-dimensional (3D) point-like normal cores. The dominant vortex interaction with pinning centers is via spatial variations in critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ (``$\ensuremath{\delta}{T}_{c}$ pinning'').
Misexpression of Six2 is associated with heritable frontonasal dysplasia and renal hypoplasia in 3H1 Br mice.

A radiation-induced mouse mutant, Brachyrrhine (Br), exhibits frontonasal dysplasia and renal hypoplasia, two malformations associated with deficiencies in mesenchymal condensation. The purpose of this study was to resolve the Br locus, evaluate possible candidate genes, and identify developmental defects in the mutant chondrocranium. Linkage analysis mapped the Br mutation to a critical region distal to D17Mit76 which contains only one gene, the transcription factor Six2. Sequence analysis of the Six2 gene, including 1.5 kb of the promoter, failed to reveal the Br mutation. However, homozygous Br/Br embryos showed almost complete absence of Six2 mRNA and protein in craniofacial and renal tissues while heterozygous Br/+ embryos displayed intermediate Six2 levels. Mutant embryos displayed malformations of neural crest-derived structures of the anterior cranium where Six2 is normally expressed. These data suggest a mutation in a novel cis-acting regulatory region inhibits Six2 expression and is associated with frontonasal dysplasia and renal hypoplasia.
Population growth with stochastic fluctuations in the life table.

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations with the Leslie matrix and similar population models show that as the variance in survivorship or fecundity increases, the expected population growth rate decreases. This is attributed to Jensen's inequality with the observation that the rate of increase is a concave function of age-specific survivorship and fertility rates. Applications of this observation are advised for demographic studies, population simulation, optimal harvest strategies, and natural selection for variance in fertility and survivorship rates.
Bounds on Universal Extra Dimensions

We show that the bound from the electroweak data on the size of extra dimensions accessible to all the standard model elds is rather loose. These \universal" extra dimensions could have a compactication scale as low as 300 GeV for one extra dimension. This is because the Kaluza-Klein number is conserved and thus the contributions to the electroweak observables arise only from loops. The main constraint comes from weak-isospin violation eects. We also compute the contributions to the S parameter and the Zb b vertex. The direct bound on the compactication scale is set by CDF and D0 in the few hundred GeV range, and the Run II of the Tevatron will either discover extra dimensions or else it could signicantly raise the bound on the compactication scale. In the case of two universal extra dimensions, the current lower bound on the compactication scale depends logarithmically on the ultra-violet cuto of the higher dimensional theory, but can be estimated to lie between 400 and 800 GeV. With three or more extra dimensions, the cuto dependence may be too strong to allow an estimate.
Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty

Summary: Bacteroides species are significant clinical pathogens and are found in most anaerobic infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19%. The bacteria maintain a complex and generally beneficial relationship with the host when retained in the gut, but when they escape this environment they can cause significant pathology, including bacteremia and abscess formation in multiple body sites. Genomic and proteomic analyses have vastly added to our understanding of the manner in which Bacteroides species adapt to, and thrive in, the human gut. A few examples are (i) complex systems to sense and adapt to nutrient availability, (ii) multiple pump systems to expel toxic substances, and (iii) the ability to influence the host immune system so that it controls other (competing) pathogens. B. fragilis, which accounts for only 0.5% of the human colonic flora, is the most commonly isolated anaerobic pathogen due, in part, to its potent virulence factors. Species of the genus Bacteroides have the most antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the highest resistance rates of all anaerobic pathogens. Clinically, Bacteroides species have exhibited increasing resistance to many antibiotics, including cefoxitin, clindamycin, metronidazole, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones (e.g., gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin).
Understanding how metadata and explanations can better support data warehousing and related decision support systems: an exploratory case study

Many businesses have made or are making significant investments in data warehouses (DWs) and marts that are designed to support a myriad of decision support systems (DSSs). Due to the newness of DWs and related DSSs, the nature of the decision support provided to DSS users and the importance of meta-data and explanations within that support have not been documented. An exploratory case study has been undertaken at two organizations that are using DWs to support a particular type of DW-DSS - customer relationship management (CRM) systems. CRM systems were selected as a representative DW-DSS due to the large number of system users and the various types of DSS tools that these systems typically encompass. The DSS decision performance model suggested by P. Todd and I. Benbasat (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1999) has been employed as a framework for this exploration. Constructs from S. Gregor and I. Benbasat's (1999) meta-analysis of explanation use were used to guide the investigation of the explanations.
The Relationships Between Mexican American Acculturation, Cultural Values, Gender, and Help‐Seeking Intentions

This study examined the relationships between Mexican acculturation, cultural values, gender, and help-seeking intentions among Mexican American community college students. Findings suggest that as Mexican Americans lose their culture of origin and increase their generational status, their attitudes toward help seeking become less favorable. This contradicts cultural barrier theory as an explanation for underuse of mental health services by Mexican Americans. Furthermore, adherence to traditional Mexican culture and cultural values may actually encourage help seeking.
Anti-Semitism and municipal government in interwar French colonial Algeria

This paper examines the role of anti-Semitic municipal governments and their political practices in French colonial Algeria during the interwar period. It traces the developments in anti-Semitic politics in elections for municipal governments in the 1920s and 1930s. In this time, anti-Semitic politics experienced a renaissance and surge in power in the colony. Voters in Algeria fell prey to the rhetoric of anti-Semitic politicians who promised to remove Jewish competition from their lives and eliminate Jews from politics. Furthermore, anti-Semitic municipal governments reverted back to the methods of their late nineteenth century forebears who used the power of municipal government to remove Jewish voters from elections and thereby eliminating their electoral competition. The increase in power of these anti-Semitic municipal governments coincided with the development of the Popular Front in France and reflected the growing anti-Semitism of the electorate in France and her colonies.
Tremor in 48,XXYY syndrome.

The 48,XXYY syndrome is a form of sex chromosome aneuploidy presenting in 1:18,000 males. Tremor has been previously reported in 47,XXY and 47,XYY syndromes, but has not been well described in 48,XXYY syndrome. Ten males with 48,XXYY syndrome had a standardized neurological examination and videotaping, which included the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor and the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale. All 10 cases had postural and kinetic tremor on physical examination. Other findings included mild gait ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus. Three cases are reviewed. Tremor is a common finding in children and young adults with 48,XXYY syndrome. Dosage alteration of genes on the sex chromosomes may be involved in the pathogenesis of this tremor. Karyotyping should be considered in individuals presenting with tremor and a history of developmental delay, learning disabilities, tall stature, or micro-orchidism.
Mongolism, delayed fertilization and human sexual behaviour.

Decreasing frequency of coitus accompanying advancing age and prolongation of marriage, predisposing to delayed fertilization, may explain the correlation of increased incidence of mongol births with advancing maternal age.
2‐(Trimethylsilyl)phenyl Triflate

[88284-48-4] C10H13F3O3SSi (MW 298.35) InChI = 1S/C10H13F3O3SSi/c1-18(2,3)9-7-5-4-6-8(9)16-17(14,15)10(11,12)13/h4-7H,1-3H3 InChIKey = XBHPFCIWRHJDCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as an aryne precursor in a variety of reactions) Physical Data: bp 70 °C/2 mmHg; d 1.229 g mL−1 Form Supplied in: liquid; widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable liquid. Incompatible with fluoride, hydroxide, or alkoxides, especially upon warming.
On time domain representations for vestigial sideband signals

Two time domain representations for vestigial sideband signals, one believed to be new, are examined and compared. The new representation has its greatest application to signal design for pulse transmission systems.
Alternative technique for open reduction and fixation of displaced pediatric medial epicondyle fractures

Purpose To describe an alternative positioning technique for the fixation of pediatric medial epicondyle fractures which offers some significant advantages over traditional supine positioning.
Students Learn Equally Well from Digital as from Paperbound Texts.

Although digital texts are growing in popularity, few studies have systematically examined whether students can learn as well when reading a digital text, compared to reading a paperbound textbook. The present study examined several variables related to comprehension of digital versus paper textbooks, including text complexity, engagement with the text, and long-term retention. Seventy-four students, randomly assigned to read an entire chapter from either a paperbound text or its digital equivalent, completed a 20-item multiple-choice quiz immediately after reading and 1 week later. No differences in comprehension emerged across any variables except for a main effect of test time. More important, there were no interactions with text medium. Therefore, the key to student comprehension appears not to be the method of text delivery but, rather, getting students to read in the first place.
Use of real-time DGPS base station concept to collect point location data for a GIS

Summary form only given. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a timing and navigation service to provide quick and precise locations from the sub-meter to the 100 meter level. The differential GPS (DGPS) base station concept assumes that GPS errors present at the base GPS receiver are also present in equal amounts at a user GPS receiver. These errors can be computed either by post processing or processed real-time. Research conducted to evaluate the use of a real-time DGPS base station is presented. Of particular importance is what type of accuracy can be reasonably attained. The logistics required with a base station, as well as the type of hardware that is required, are explored.
Children's recall of emotional behaviours, emotional labels, and nonemotional behaviours: Does emotion enhance memory?

First, third, and fifth grade children's recall of emotional behaviours, emotional labels, and nonemotional behaviours in text was examined in two experiments. Across experiments, all children recalled more emotional behaviours (e.g., “That night Maria dropped a carton of eggs in the kitchen and her parents got mad at her”) than nonemotional behaviours (e.g., “After dinner, Maria and her brothers did their homework together”). In fact, with short stories and few items to-be-remembered (Experiment 1), no significant differences were found in first, third, and fifth grade children's recall of emotional behaviours. In contrast, older children recalled more nonemotional behaviours than younger children. With longer and more complex stories (Experiment 2), older children recalled more emotional behaviours than younger children. Nevertheless, all children recalled more emotional behaviours than nonemotional behaviours across experiments. The effects of varying the valence of the emotion, the labelling of emotio...
Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia with Dextran-40 CR Fluosol DA 20%

A cat stroke model was used to evaluate the efficacy of Dextran-40 (DEX) or Fluosol-DA 20% (FDA) in the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. The animals were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups: control, isovolemic hemodilution with DEX or isovolemic hemodilution with FDA. The oxidation state of cytochrome aa3 was measured in-vivo using near infrared reflectance spectrophotometry. The cerebral edema was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI edema indices for the three groups revealed that the FDA group had less edema (p < 0.05), approaching that of non-stroke controls. The relative oxidation state of aa3 for the DEX group declined both during and after hemodilution. At the ninth hour post stroke the FDA group was better (aa3 more oxidized. p < 0.025). Changes in blood and plasma components were reflective of the extent of hemodilution. Whole blood viscosity analysis revealed a difference (p < 0.05) at the lower shear rates comparing DEX to FDA with FDA being higher than DEX...
Investigation of Poor Academic Achievement in Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a neurogenetic developmental disorder that presents with progressive muscular weakness. It is caused by a mutation in a gene that results in the absence of specific products that normally localize to muscle cells and the central nervous system (CNS). The majority of affected individuals have IQs within the normal range, generally with lower verbal than performance IQ scores. Prior work has demonstrated selective deficits on tests of verbal span and immediate memory. For the current study, 26 boys with DMD (and normal intellectual function) and their unaffected siblings were evaluated. Paired comparisons demonstrated that the children with DMD had significantly poorer academic achievement scores than their siblings, even though their vocabulary levels and home and educational environments were comparable. Children with DMD also had more behavioral concerns, physical disabilities, and poorer verbal memory spans. Linear regression indicated that behavioral concerns, executive function, and physical disability did not contribute substantially to academic performance, whereas performance on verbal span did. DMD presents with a selective developmental aberration in verbal span that has wide-ranging consequences on learning skills.
The Ultraviolet Absorption Coefficient of Melanosomes Decreases with Increasing Pheomelanin Content

Uveal melanosomes from the iridal stroma contain both eumelanin and pheomelanin, the ratio of which varies with iris color. Herein, we report the absorption coefficient at lambda = 244 nm for individual human iridal stroma melanosomes from dark brown and blue-green irides. The melanosomes are nearly identical in size, but differ in the relative concentration composition, ranging from a eumelanin/pheomelanin ratio of 14.8:1 (dark brown) to 1.3:1 (blue-green or hazel). The absorption coefficient of the melanosome decreases as its pheomelanin content increases. The origin of this decrease is attributed to a corresponding decrease in the number of UV-absorbing chromophores, reflecting the different molecular volumes of the monomeric building blocks of the two pigments. In agreement with reported data on synthetic pigments, the absorption coefficient of pheomelanin is found to be slightly larger than that for eumelanin at lambda = 244 nm (by a factor of 1.2). On the basis of the reported optical properties of synthetic models, this result suggests that the absorption of pheomelanin is less than eumelanin at wavelengths of biological relevance ( approximately 315-400 nm).
Distributed estimation with ad hoc wireless sensor networks

We consider distributed estimation of a deterministic parameter vector using an ad hoc wireless sensor network. The estimators derived are obtained as solutions of constrained convex optimization problems. Using the method of multipliers in conjunction with a block coordinate descent approach we demonstrate how the resultant algorithms can be decomposed into a set of simpler tasks suitable for distributed implementation. We show that these algorithms have guaranteed convergence to properly defined optimum estimators, and further exemplify their applicability to solving estimation problems where the signal model is completely or partially known at individual sensors. Through numerical experiments we illustrate that our algorithms outperform existing alternatives.
Mining deviants in time series data streams

One of the central tasks in managing, monitoring and mining data streams is that of identifying outliers. There is a long history of study of various outliers in statistics and databases, and a recent focus on mining outliers in data streams. Here, we adopt the notion of "deviants" from Jagadish et al. (1999) as outliers. Deviants are based on one of the most fundamental statistical concept of standard deviation (or variance). Formally, deviants are defined based on a representation sparsity metric, i.e., deviants are values whose removal from the dataset leads to an improved compressed representation of the remaining items. Thus, deviants are not global maxima/minima, but rather these are appropriate local aberrations. Deviants are known to be of great mining value in time series databases. We present first-known algorithms for identifying deviants on massive data streams. Our algorithms monitor streams using very small space (polylogarithmic in data size) and are able to quickly find deviants at any instant, as the data stream evolves over time. For all versions of this problem - uni- vs multivariate time series, optimal vs near-optimal vs heuristic solutions, offline vs streaming - our algorithms have the same framework of maintaining a hierarchical set of candidate deviants that are updated as the time series data gets progressively revealed. We show experimentally using real network traffic data (SNMP aggregate time series) as well as synthetic data that our algorithm is remarkably accurate in determining the deviants.
Unsolvated Al(C6F5)3: structural features and electronic interaction with ferrocene

Alkyl/aryl ligand exchange between AlEt3 and B(C6F5)3 in hexanes enables the formation and isolation of the unsolvated Al(C6F5)3 as a crystalline solid, the structure of which has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Instead of forming the anticipated AlF contacts with the seemingly more accessible meta- and para-F's of -C6F5 groups, two Al(C6F5)3 molecules form a dimeric structure with double AlF interactions between the Al center of one molecule and the ortho-F atom of the -C6F5 group on the other molecule. This mode of interactions is apparently linked to the thermal and shock sensitivity of the unsolvated Al(C6F5)3 in the solid state. To compare with the B(C6F5)3/ferrocene frustrated Lewis pair system, the complexation between Al(C6F5)3 and ferrocene has also been studied, which affords a stable adduct formed through the η(1)-coordination of Al to one of the CCp atoms, similar to the alane-toluene or benzene complex.
Peripheral gastric leptin modulates brain stem neuronal activity in neonates

Afferent sensory fibers are the primary neuroanatomic link between nutrient-related events in the gastrointestinal tract and the central neural substrates that modulate ingestion. In this study, we...
On the ecophysiology and seed germination of Zygophyllum album native to the western Mediterranean coastal habitats in Egypt.

This study was carried out to correlate Zygophyllum album L. distribution and abundance in different habitats to environmental factors, determine the optimum temperature for Z. album seed germination, and examine ways to promote Z. album seed germination under saline conditions. Vegetation and soil analyses were performed on Z. album communities found in costal sand dunes, saline depressions, and inland desert plain. Germination experiments were conducted to define the optimum thermal conditions for Z. album seeds under various salinity conditions. Effect of 3 mM gibberelic acid (GA3), 0.5 mM kinetin, 0.005 mM fusicoccin (FC) and 3.3 g L -1 Proxy solution was tested. Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in addition to CaCO3, N, P, Ca and Mg contents were limiting factors in deciding vegetation types and the percentage of variation in the absolute density of Z. album. It was found that 3 mM GA3, 0.005 mM FC and 3.3 g L -1 Proxy solution increased speed and germination percentage of Z. Album under saline conditions in different ways. Proxy solution was the most effective growth regulator. Environmental differences among habitats had less significant effect compared with the microenvironmental factors within each habitat.
Thermal expansion behavior of new Co-based alloys and implications for coatings

Abstract The thermal expansion behavior of five γ′-(L12) containing Co-based superalloys was measured using push-rod dilatometry. These results were analyzed to determine the mean coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), the instantaneous CTE, and γ′-solvus temperature of the alloys. The CTE was found to depend strongly on the γ′-solvus temperature. In turbine applications, these alloys will be part of a multilayer system that generates thermal stresses due to the CTE mismatch between the components. To investigate this phenomenon, the CTE data was incorporated into a thermo-mechanical model to calculate the energy release rate (ERR) for the delamination of coatings from these alloys. The ERR of a thermally grown oxide (TGO) formed on the bare and bond coated Co-based alloys was determined as a function of superalloy and bond coat CTE. The ERR of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) was evaluated as a function of temperature, superalloy CTE, and coating thickness. The ERR was found to be about 1.5 × greater in Co-based superalloys compared to Ni-based superalloys cooled from T = 1100 °C to ambient. Strategies for reducing the driving force for delamination are discussed.
Employing the Law to Provide 'Early Access' to Integrated Conflict Management Systems and ADR Processes: The Proposed National Employment Dispute Resolution Act (NEDRA)

The first purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a “mini-primer” on the history and overview of the use of private conflict management systems and alternative dispute resolution (“ADR”) processes such as labor and employment arbitration and mediation within the context of resolving race- or ethnicity-based discrimination in the workplace.The second purpose of this article is to introduce the relatively recent concepts of “modern racism or discrimination,” “unconscious,” and “subtle discrimination” in the workplace. The third purpose is to discuss a number of the realities related to the current way Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and Section 1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 are being enforced, and how the various courts of appeal are reversing a disproportionately greater number of verdicts favorable to plaintiffs than appealed cases of respondent employers.The fourth purpose is to provide the reader with the legal and ADR public policy context within which employment discrimination disputes have been and are currently being resolved, pursuant to relevant court decisions, policies, and protocols implemented by the EEOC, the federal courts, and private employers. This includes the Supreme Court’s decisions in Alexander v. Gardner-Denver, Gilmer v. Interstate Johnson/Lane, Circuit City, Inc. v. Adams, and 14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett.Lastly, with this background and through this experiential-based prism, the authors recommend the enactment of legislation entitled the “National Employment Dispute Resolution Act” (NEDRA). NEDRA would require certain covered federal contractors and recipients of federal funds to implement legitimate internal conflict management systems designed to afford EEO/employment disputants early access to ADR processes such as ombudspersons, private fact-finders, and mediators. Because NEDRA would apply to certain federal contractors and recipients of federal funds, the authors further propose that NEDRA be enacted as a Presidential Executive Order.
UK and EU Merger Reforms Increase Opportunity for Financial Institution Consolidation

The UK and EC Merger Guidelines provide a detailed explanation of current policy and practice and set out clear tests that will be applied in merger analysis. There is a marked departure from early merger analysis which relied heavily upon market shares. In the future, the competition authorities will be required to provide robust economic analysis under a clearly articulated theory of potential harm. The UK and EU reforms present financial institutions with new opportunities to exploit the guidance put forth in these reforms. The scene is set for further consolidation in the European if not global financial marketplace.
Proton disorder in ice Ih and inhomogeneous broadening in two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy.

It is well-known that in ice Ih the oxygen atoms form a regular hexagonal lattice while the positions of the hydrogen atoms are disordered, called proton disorder in the literature. Various OH (OD) stretch vibrational spectroscopies (e.g., IR, Raman, two-dimensional IR (2DIR), and hole burning) have been used to probe this proton disorder in the past several decades. However, the presence and the magnitude of the inhomogeneous broadening due to this proton disorder in the vibrational spectroscopy is still controversial. In this work, we calculate 2DIR spectroscopy for HOD in D2O ice Ih at 80 K with a mixed quantum/classical approach, and make comparison to a recent 2DIR experiment on the same system. Fair agreement is achieved between theory and experiment, although the calculated 2DIR line shape shows inhomogeneous broadening that was not observed in the experiment. However, the theory reproduces the linear IR for the same system fairly well, and the inhomogeneous broadening from the calculation is consi...
The Effect of “Opportunity to Perform” on the Maintenance of Skills Learned by High School Students with Severe Handicaps

The likelihood that learned skills will be maintained in natural performance settings may be affected by the number of opportunities to perform the skills following acquisition. To examine this hypothesis, 17 high school students with moderate to severe mental retardation were selected from three public school classrooms. Each student had learned one adaptive skill that he or she had performed at least twice per month without additional training for 5 months prior to this study (high opportunity). Each student had also learned one adaptive skill that he or she had not performed more often than once per month over the 5 months immediately preceding the study (low opportunity). Performance of both behaviors was probed under conditions as similar as possible to those experienced during training. Twelve of the 17 high opportunity skills were performed successfully while only 4 of the 17 low opportunity skills were completed. A sign test indicated these differences to be statistically significant. Implications...
Low-latitude arc–continent collision as a driver for global cooling

New constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Neo-Tethys Ocean indicate that at ∼90-70 Ma and at ∼50-40 Ma, vast quantities of mafic and ultramafic rocks were emplaced at low latitude onto continental crust within the tropical humid belt. These emplacement events correspond temporally with, and are potential agents for, the global climatic cooling events that terminated the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum and the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. We model the temporal effects of CO2 drawdown from the atmosphere due to chemical weathering of these obducted ophiolites, and of CO2 addition to the atmosphere from arc volcanism in the Neo-Tethys, between 100 and 40 Ma. Modeled variations in net CO2-drawdown rates are in excellent agreement with contemporaneous variation of ocean bottom water temperatures over this time interval, indicating that ophiolite emplacement may have played a major role in changing global climate. We demonstrate that both the lithology of the obducted rocks (mafic/ultramafic) and a tropical humid climate with high precipitation rate are needed to produce significant consumption of CO2 Based on these results, we suggest that the low-latitude closure of ocean basins along east-west trending plate boundaries may also have initiated other long-term global cooling events, such as Middle to Late Ordovician cooling and glaciation associated with the closure of the Iapetus Ocean.
Positive effects of feedback family intervention on language and cognitive development in infants and toddlers

Objective To investigate the effects of feedback family intervention on language and cognitive development in infants and toddlers and to explore the feasibility and parental acceptance of the intervention. Methods A total of 22 typical families/children(4～30months)were targeted in the study.Bayley Scales of Infant Development-I(BSID)was used to assess language and cognitive development of children at baseline and the end of intervention. Results After 6months intervention,more than 90% of parents found the LENA recordings were easy to be operated and didn't disturb their daily life.Parent trainings were the most effective method within all intervention,LENA recordings were less effective than parent training.Adult-child conversational turns(CT)increased 9% by the first month,then 6% by the first 3months of intervention.CT was increased 34% by the first month and 26% by the first three months in the lower half of the sample.After 6 months intervention,Bayley mental development index(MDI)increased 19.69±16.91(P0.001). Conclusions LENA as an evaluation tool can reflect parent-child interaction objectively.The feedback family intervention has good feasibility and parental acceptance,and can promote child language and cognitive development.
Nipah Virus C Protein Recruits Tsg101 to Promote the Efficient Release of Virus in an ESCRT-Dependent Pathway

The budding of Nipah virus, a deadly member of the Henipavirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae, has been thought to be independent of the host ESCRT pathway, which is critical for the budding of many enveloped viruses. This conclusion was based on the budding properties of the virus matrix protein in the absence of other virus components. Here, we find that the virus C protein, which was previously investigated for its role in antagonism of innate immunity, recruits the ESCRT pathway to promote efficient virus release. Inhibition of ESCRT or depletion of the ESCRT factor Tsg101 abrogates the C enhancement of matrix budding and impairs live Nipah virus release. Further, despite the low sequence homology of the C proteins of known henipaviruses, they all enhance the budding of their cognate matrix proteins, suggesting a conserved and previously unknown function for the henipavirus C proteins.
Misreading of RNA codewords induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics.

The aminoglycoside antibiotics streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, gentamicin, hygromycin B, and viomycin all disturb the fidelity of the reading of polyribonucleotides in polypeptide synthesis. This effect is seen with all four homopolymers: poly U, poly C, poly A, and poly I. The extent and the spectrum of misreading vary with the antibiotic used and with the sRNA concentration. The antibiotics also influence the incorporation of the "correct" amino acid: with poly A they cause either stimulation or inhibition of lysine incorporation, depending on the sRNA concentration; poly C-directed proline incorporation was stimulated at all sRNA concentrations tested; and with poly U-directed phenylalanine incorporation the drugs were only inhibitory with most extracts. In all systems, with increasing sRNA the inhibition by the drug of "correct" reading became more prominent, and the relative misreading less prominent. In the light of recent knowledge of coding triplets, the effects observed suggest that aminoglycosides can (a) cause misreading of only one base at a time in UUU and CCC triplets, but of all three in AAA or III; (b) cause misreading of a base in only the 59 and the internal position in the pyrimidine codons, but in all three positions in the purine codons; and (c) allow both transition misreadings (purine to purine, or pyrimidine to pyrimidine) and transversion misreadings (purine to pyrimidine, or pyrimidine to purine). Transversion misreadings would seem to be rare in pyrimidine-containing polymers.
Daily Increment Validation and Effects of Streamflow Variability and Water Temperature on Growth of Age‐0 Flathead Chub

AbstractWe studied age-0 Flathead Chub Platygobio gracilis through two reproductive seasons in Fountain Creek, Colorado, to better understand effects of hatching date, water temperature, and streamflow on daily growth rates. Analysis of laboratory-reared Flathead Chub of known age confirmed that daily growth increments were deposited in otoliths beginning at hatching and at a rate of one per day thereafter. That information enabled relatively accurate and unbiased estimation of age and daily growth rates of age-0 fish hatched from May to August in 2012 and 2013. Flathead Chub growth was substantially higher in 2012 than 2013, and in both years, daily growth rate was faster for individuals captured earlier in the year and in warmer water temperatures. Growth was faster during stable low-flow periods following short-term flow spikes caused by runoff from thunderstorms but was slower when flows fluctuated over longer periods. Insights into the reproductive ecology and early life history of Flathead Chub, a s...
Is depression a neurologic disease

There is now ample evidence that depression produces observable changes in a variety of brain systems that should be of interest to investigators and clinicians in neurology. Thus neurologists should take the lead in providing comprehensive assessment of the clinical, neurophysiologic, neuropsychologic, neuropharmacologic, neurochemical, neuroimaging, and neuropathologic changes occurring in depression. In addition, because depression is a treatable condition, clinicians should make every attempt to identify the disorder and institute appropriate therapy to maximize neurologic benefit for the patient.
Hybrid Polymer-Inorganic Nanostructures

In this chapter, progress is reported over a period of 10–15 years in the area of block copolymer–inorganic nanostructured hybrids from research of the Wiesner group at Cornell University. After introducing the current understanding of diblock copolymer self-assembly, their use as structure-directing agents for amorphous and crystalline inorganic sol nanoparticles (NPs) into nanostructured hybrids is discussed. Examples include silica-type materials, transition metal oxides, as well as metals. In each section, understanding of the materials synthesis parameters that govern ordered nanostructure formation is detailed to provide a general understanding as well as guiding principles for other experimental systems. As a potential application for block copolymer-directed nanostructured inorganic materials, the preparation of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with co-continuous cubic morphology (double gyroid) is discussed. Finally, future experimental trends and the need for accelerated development of predictive theory are outlined.