cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earthquakes and Eruptions: Temporal and Spatial Display of Earthquake Hypocenters, Seismic-wave Paths, and Volcanic Eruptions

Alan Jones and the Smithsonian Institution have come up with another educational software product that many of us have thought of but never had the time or skills to develop. Jones wrote the original programs, and the Smithsonian Institution put together a user-friendly interface and an updating mechanism. The result is a CD-ROM-based product that shows all the earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on Earth since 1960, plus a seismic wave simulation program and a small photo gallery
Interlimb coordination in 20‐day‐old rat fetuses

Evidence for short sequences of interlimb coordination was found in 20-day-old rat fetuses. Frame-by-frame analysis of videotape records showed phase relationships indicating a pattern of alternation in sequences involving forelimb-forelimb and hindlimb-hindlimb coordination. Forelimb-hind-limb coordination was not observed.
The Normal Energy Distribution of Photoelectrons from Sodium

The theory of the normal energy distribution of photoelectrons has been reformulated by including the effect of contact potential; if photoelectric currents are plotted against applied retarding potentials, the apparent stopping potential at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is shown to be independent of the cathode work function. Apparatus has been constructed for the precise determination of the normal energy distributions of photoelectrons from sodium. Photoelectric currents emitted by monochromatic light were measured after passage through a retarding field. The results of such measurements were found to vary with changes of the anode potential barrier. Energy distribution curves taken at different frequencies exhibit satisfactory mutual consistency; when plotted logarithmically they are of identical shape. This shape does not agree with the theoretically predicted normal energy distribution. An explanation for this discrepancy is given in terms of the structure of the anode potential barrier. A method for the determination of $\frac{h}{e}$ is suggested, which is based on the consistency in shape of the empirically determined curves.
Prediction of chaotic time series using computational intelligence

In this paper, two CI techniques, namely, single multiplicative neuron (SMN) model and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), have been proposed for time series prediction. A variation of particle swarm optimization (PSO) with co-operative sub-swarms, called COPSO, has been used for estimation of SMN model parameters leading to COPSO-SMN. The prediction effectiveness of COPSO-SMN and ANFIS has been illustrated using commonly used nonlinear, non-stationary and chaotic benchmark datasets of Mackey-Glass, Box-Jenkins and biomedical signals of electroencephalogram (EEG). The training and test performances of both hybrid CI techniques have been compared for these datasets.
The effect of humic acid on uptake/adsorption of copper by a marine bacterium and two marine ciliates.

Abstract The effect of humic acid (HA) on Cu uptake by a bacterium and two bacterivorus ciliates was investigated. The presence of HA resulted in a statistically significant (p
Current urologic management of cloacal exstrophy: Experience with 11 patients

Abstract Purpose: Since 1980 the authors have treated 12 infants with cloacal exstrophy (10 classical and 2 variants). Eleven patients had repair, and are all surviving. The initial phases of management that led to improved survival have previously been reported. Quality of life is now a major focus for the cloacal exstrophy patient. During the past 10 years, nine of the 11 patients had lower urinary tract reconstructive procedures. This review evaluates experience with reconstructive efforts to achieve bowel and bladder control and to improve the quality of life in this complex group of patients. Methods: Through review of patient charts and by patient interviews, data were collected to evaluate the ability to provide urinary and bowel control. A continence score was applied to provide a measure of success: voluntary control, 3; control with an enema program or intermittent catheterization, 2; incontinence with a well-functioning stoma, 1; and incontinence without a stoma, 0. The best continence score is 6 (genitourinary and gastrointestinal). Surgical complications, urodynamic and metabolic sequelae of continent urinary diversion were reviewed. Results: At the time of the authors' previous report, eight of 11 patients had a continence score of 2 or less. Currently, eight of 11 patients have a score of 3 or better (five with enteric stoma and continent urinary diversion, two with enema program and continent urinary diversion, and one with enema program and continent bladder). Urinary diversion procedures have included two gastric augmentations and five gastric reservoirs, two of which have required subsequent bowel augmentation. Gastric augmentations carry a definite risk of metabolic problems with three of our patients demonstrating significant episodes of metabolic alkalosis. In addition, results of urodynamic monitoring suggests that gastric reservoirs may be less compliant than reservoirs formed using other bowel segments. Conclusions: Modern principles of continent urinary diversion have been successfully applied to the cloacal exstrophy patient further improving their quality of life. Use of gastric flaps with preservation of intestinal length has been central to urologic reconstructive efforts. Use of stomach alone for formation of urinary reservoirs may produce suboptimal compliance, and composite ileogastric construction should be considered if the gastric flap is of marginal size.
The goals of linguistic theory revisited.

We examine the original goals of generative linguistic theory. We suggest that these goals were well defined but misguided with respect to their avoidance of the problem of modelling performance. With developments such as Generative Semantics, it is no longer clear that the goals are clearly defined. We argue that it is vital for linguistics to concern itself with the procedures that humans use in language. We then introduce a number of basic human competencies, in the field of language understanding, understanding in context and the use of inferential information, and argue that the modelling of these aspects of language understanding requires procedures of a sort that cannot be easily accomodated within the dominant paradigm. In particular, we argue that the procedures that will be required in these cases ought to be linguistic, and that the simple-minded importation of techniques from logic may create a linguistics in which there cannot be procedures of the required sort.
Melanoma adapts to RAF/MEK inhibitors through FOXD3-mediated upregulation of ERBB3

The mechanisms underlying adaptive resistance of melanoma to targeted therapies remain unclear. By combining ChIP sequencing with microarray-based gene profiling, we determined that ERBB3 is upregulated by FOXD3, a transcription factor that promotes resistance to RAF inhibitors in melanoma. Enhanced ERBB3 signaling promoted resistance to RAF pathway inhibitors in cultured melanoma cell lines and in mouse xenograft models. ERBB3 signaling was dependent on ERBB2; targeting ERBB2 with lapatinib in combination with the RAF inhibitor PLX4720 reduced tumor burden and extended latency of tumor regrowth in vivo versus PLX4720 alone. These results suggest that enhanced ERBB3 signaling may serve as a mechanism of adaptive resistance to RAF and MEK inhibitors in melanoma and that cotargeting this pathway may enhance the clinical efficacy and extend the therapeutic duration of RAF inhibitors.
Dopaminergic Neurons Encode a Distributed, Asymmetric Representation of Temperature in Drosophila

Dopaminergic circuits modulate a wide variety of innate and learned behaviors in animals, including olfactory associative learning, arousal, and temperature-preference behavior. It is not known whether distinct or overlapping sets of dopaminergic neurons modulate these behaviors. Here, I have functionally characterized the dopaminergic circuits innervating the Drosophila mushroom body with in vivo calcium imaging and conditional silencing of genetically defined subsets of neurons. Distinct subsets of PPL1 dopaminergic neurons innervating the vertical lobes of the mushroom body responded to decreases in temperature, but not increases, with rapidly adapting bursts of activity. PAM neurons innervating the horizontal lobes did not respond to temperature shifts. Ablation of the antennae and maxillary palps reduced, but did not eliminate, the responses. Genetic silencing of dopaminergic neurons innervating the vertical mushroom body lobes substantially reduced behavioral cold avoidance, but silencing smaller subsets of these neurons had no effect. These data demonstrate that overlapping dopaminergic circuits encode a broadly distributed, asymmetric representation of temperature that overlays regions implicated previously in learning, memory, and forgetting. Thus, diverse behaviors engage overlapping sets of dopaminergic neurons that encode multimodal stimuli and innervate a single anatomical target, the mushroom body.
Formation, dynamics, and implication of solid electrolyte interphase in high voltage reversible conversion fluoride nanocomposites

Metal fluoride nanocomposites are uniquely suited as an alternative pathway to provide very high energy density cathodes for lithium batteries. Contrasted with modern intercalation compounds, they undergo conversion upon discharge into nanodomains of lithium fluoride and highly active metal. The nanosized metal formed during the discharge process along with the dynamic nature of the crystal structure may have considerable impact on the stability of any solid state interphase formed through reaction with the electrolyte. This is in contrast to the more macrocrystalline and stable crystal structure of traditional intercalation compounds. It has been found that the cyclic carbonates are susceptible to decomposition on the nanometal surfaces at potentials as high as 2.00 V vs. Li, and the products have been identified with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) as lithium carbonate species. Of greater importance is the impact of these decomposition products on the reversible cycling of the metal fluoride. Through a series of potentiodynamic and galvanostatic cycling trials, a clear relationship has been developed for the bismuth fluoride nanocomposites, the decomposition of the electrolyte solvent, and the cycle life. Acyclic organic carbonate solvents have been found to have minimal interaction and exhibited better long-term cycling performance than cyclic solvents.
Control of the heel-off to toe-off motion of a dynamic biped gait

A mechanism for the control of the heel-off to toe-off motion of a dynamic biped gait is presented. It is argued that the reaction force between the ground and the biped foot is an important factor in a satisfactory implementation of dynamic gait. This force must be properly controlled while the foot is in the heel-off to toe-off phase. Since the foot rolls over the ground surface in this phase and the global description of the surface is unknown, the foot has to execute a nonholonomic constraint motion. The formulations of nonholonomic constraints and system dynamics under the constraints are derived for the roll-over motion. A feedback control mechanism is designed based on the formulations. The formulation and the feedback control mechanism are applied to a four-link biped model. Successful simulation results of the heel-off to toe-off motion prove that the formulation and control mechanism are valid for the nonholonomically constrained motion of the biped. >
Economic Antecedents of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Purpose To test the hypothesis that labor market contraction is associated with an elevated number of deaths due to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Methods We apply time-series methods to monthly counts of SIDS deaths and total employment from the state of California beginning January 1989 and ending December 2001. The methods control for trends, seasonal cycles, and other forms of autocorrelation that could induce spurious associations. Results Decreases in the number of employed persons in California preceded higher than expected monthly values of SIDS cases among black, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic infants. In addition, Blacks and Hispanics appear to respond more strongly than non-Hispanic Whites to economic contraction. Conclusions We infer support for the hypothesis that economic contraction may inhibit salutary behavior related to SIDS. We discuss various mechanisms through which the economy may affect SIDS and recommend further investigation.
Drill Vibration Suppression Through Phase-Locked Loop Control

The drilling process produces vibrations that have adverse effects in a variety of applications, including precision machining, dental procedures, oil string operations, and explosives neutralization. This research seeks to prototype a rotating drill that actively suppresses the vibrations transmitted to the drilling target. The dynamics of the uncontrolled drilling system are first modeled in the axial direction of the drill tool. Then a phase-locked loop control is proposed which, along with sensors and actuators, serves to reduce vibrations during the drilling process by directly applying a forcing function out of phase with the excitation. To achieve versatility in application, the controller design includes adaptive capabilities such that, throughout a drilling process, the control system will measure the modal frequencies and adjust accordingly. The results of this study can lead to the production of drilling devices that minimally disturb the drilled object and produce superior surface finish.
Structural Studies of Hantaan Virus

Hantaan virus is the prototypic member of the Hantavirus genus within the family Bunyaviridae and is a causative agent of the potentially fatal hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The Bunyaviridae are a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with three-part segmented genomes. Virions are enveloped and decorated with spikes derived from a pair of glycoproteins (Gn and Gc). Here, we present cryo-electron tomography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy studies of Hantaan virus virions. We have determined the structure of the tetrameric Gn-Gc spike complex to a resolution of 2.5 nm and show that spikes are ordered in lattices on the virion surface. Large cytoplasmic extensions associated with each Gn-Gc spike also form a lattice on the inner surface of the viral membrane. Rod-shaped ribonucleoprotein complexes are arranged into nearly parallel pairs and triplets within virions. Our results differ from the T=12 icosahedral organization found for some bunyaviruses. However, a comparison of our results with the previous tomographic studies of the nonpathogenic Tula hantavirus indicates a common structural organization for hantaviruses.
PCSK7 genotype modifies effect of a weight-loss diet on 2-year changes of insulin resistance: The pounds lost trial

OBJECTIVE A common variant rs236918 in the PCSK7 gene has the strongest association with iron homeostasis and is related to insulin resistance. Dietary carbohydrate (CHO) modulates the genetic effect on insulin resistance. We examined whether 2-year weight-loss diets modify the effect of PCSK7 genetic variants on changes in fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance in a randomized, controlled trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were analyzed in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial, which is a randomized, controlled 2-year weight-loss trial using diets that differed in macronutrient proportions. PCSK7 rs236918 was genotyped in 730 overweight or obese adults (80% whites) in this trial. We assessed the progression in fasting insulin and glucose levels, and insulin resistance by genotypes. RESULTS During the 6-month weight-loss phase, the PCSK7 rs236918 G allele was significantly associated with greater decreases in fasting insulin levels in the high–dietary CHO group ( P for interaction = 0.04), while the interaction for changes in HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ( P for interaction = 0.06) did not reach significant levels in white subjects. The G allele was significantly associated with a greater decrease in fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR in response to high dietary CHO levels ( P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). From 6 months to 2 years (weight-regain phase), the interactions became attenuated due to the regaining of weight ( P for interactions = 0.08 and 0.06, respectively). In addition, we observed similar and even stronger results in the whole-study samples from the trial. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that PCSK7 genotypes may interact with dietary CHO intake on changes in insulin sensitivity in the white Americans.
Evaluation of vertical coordinate and vertical mixing algorithms in the HYbrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)

Vertical coordinate and vertical mixing algorithms included in the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) are evaluated in low-resolution climatological simulations of the Atlantic Ocean. The hybrid vertical coordinates are isopycnic in the deep ocean interior, but smoothly transition to level (pressure) coordinates near the ocean surface, to sigma coordinates in shallowwater regions, and back again to level coordinates in very shallowwater. By comparing simulations to climatology, the best model performance is realized using hybrid coordinates in conjunction with one of the three available differential vertical mixing models: the nonlocal K-Profile Parameterization, the NASA GISS level 2 turbulence closure, and the Mellor–Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure. Good performance is also achieved using the quasi-slab Price–Weller–Pinkel dynamical instability model. Differences among these simulations are too small relative to other errors and biases to identify the ‘‘best’’ vertical mixing model for low-resolution climate simulations. Model performance deteriorates slightly when the Kraus–Turner slab mixed layer model is used with hybrid coordinates. This deterioration is smallest when solar radiation penetrates beneath the mixed layer and when shear instability mixing is included. A simulation performed using isopycnic coordinates to emulate the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM), which uses Kraus–Turner mixing without penetrating shortwave radiation and shear instability mixing, demonstrates that the advantages of switching from isopycnic to hybrid coordinates and including more sophisticated turbulence closures outweigh the negative numerical effects of maintaining hybrid vertical coordinates.
Comprehension of Spatial Dimensions of Text in Cursive Handwriting by Young Writers

The study investigated whether young writers can accurately estimate the length of space required for words written in cursive script. 53 third-grade students were asked to draw boxes estimating th...
An evaluation of alternative load measurement frameworks for resource planning

Three alternative frameworks for counting loads and resources to be used for resource planning purposes are reviewed, and their implications are evaluated using an example taken from a recent planning exercise. They are: the traditional approach, which focuses on utility sales to ultimate customers; the California Energy Commission (CEC) approach, which includes more self-generation and conservation and load management (CL and the inclusive approach, which adds savings from all existing programs in both historic and future periods. The three approaches are applied to an actual case. The author recommends a compromise between the current CEC framework and the inclusive framework as the best balance of benefits and costs for resource planning purposes. >
The effect of stimulus expectancy on dishabituation of auditory evoked potentials.

Abstract Objectives Having foreknowledge of the type and timing of sensory stimulation modulates the electrophysiological response and can result in short-term habituation. Here we explore if dishabituation is similarly affected. Methods Seventeen healthy subjects were tested with five different auditory stimuli paradigms to see if knowledge of the stimulus train length and/or deviant stimulus affects the amount of dishabituation of auditory evoked potentials. Furthermore it was determined if the degree of difference between the repeating stimulus and deviant stimulus affected the amount of dishabituation. Results Stimulus complexity is the main determinant of the degree of dishabituation, followed by lack of knowledge about train length. Not knowing the deviant stimulus has little or no effect on dishabituation. Also, P200 is the most affected by expectancy and P50 not at all. Conclusions Foreknowledge of the type and timing of sensory stimulation modulates the degree of dishabituation. Significance Previous reports have shown that expectancy does affect (certain) evoked potential components. Here we extend this knowledge to the effect of expectancy on dishabituation.
An Empirical Test of Investment Restrictions and Efficiency in the High-Yield Debt Market

The results of this study indicate that bondholders earn significant abnormal returns following upgrades from speculative to investment grade. In contrast, major downgrades and upgrades from investment grade to highquality have no effect on bondholder wealth. These results support the conclusion that investment constraints for institutional investors inhibit the price of speculativegrade bonds from rising to reflect decreases in default risk until the rating change actually occurs.
Spatial analysis and incidence–density relationships for downy mildew on hop

The spatial pattern of downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora humuli )o n hop (Humulus lupulus) was characterized over 4y ears to aid in deriving an appropriate in cidence–density relationship. From 472 disease assessments (datasets), discrete distributions were fitted to the datasets to determine aggregation of disease density. Where distributions were able to be fitted, the Poisson distribution fitted 4% of the datasets and the negative binomial distribution fitted 87% of the datasets. Larger-scale patterns of disease were assessed by autocorrelation and runs analysis; both indicated aggregation of diseased plants was less common than aggregation of disease within plants. Taylor’s power law indicated disease density was aggregated and related to mean disease density in all years. Disease incidence and density were linked by saturation-type relationships based on the zero term of the negative binomial distribution or an empirical regression. Certain individual datasets were not described well by any incidence–density model, particularly when disease density was greater than about 0AE 8d iseased shoots per plant with the cultivar Cascade. When applied to 56 validation datasets, 88% of the variation in observed disease incidence was explained by the incidence–density models. Under conditions where sampling would be implemented for disease management, the requisite conditions appear to be in place for a binomial sampling plan for downy mildew.
Testing Nonnested Models of International Relations: Reevaluating Realism

Earlier versions of this paper have been presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association in Boston, MA (1998) and in Atlanta, GA (1999), and at the annual meetings of the Society for Political Methodology in San Diego, CA (1998) and in College Station, TX (1999); I thank the participants for their comments. I also thank John Jackson, Paul Huth, Bob Pahre, Susan Murphy, Laura Koehly, Ed Czilli, and several anonymous referees for helpful comments and discussions. Errors remain my own. Paul Huth, Christopher Gelpi, D. Scott Bennett, Dan Reiter, and Al Stam generously shared their data. Heather Edes was gracious enough to read numerous drafts. Nick Winter provided invaluable programming assistance and Henry Heitowit provided encouragement and a quiet place to work.
Implementation of BIM/RFID in computer-aided design-manufacturing-installation process

In this paper, the authors discussed in detail about the framework of integrating Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) with Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies. The proposed framework can be used in the computer-aided design, manufacturing, engineering, and installation processes. In specific, this paper explained how to use RFID technology for structural steel components, such as a steel beam or column. The paper discussed the framework of the decision support system to transmit data read from RFID, retrieve the requested information, integrate the information in analysis process, and update the BIM project model when a decision is reached. The suggested result would have great potential of saving installation time, decrease cost, improve safety record, or achieve better quality in the end of the construction process.
REPAIR DNA SYNTHESIS IN DIFFERENTIATED EMBRYONIC MUSCLE CELLS

The differentiation of embryonic skeletal muscle cells is closely coupled with the cessation of normal DNA replication. Once these cells begin to differentiate, they normally never undergo semiconservative replication of DNA during the entire life time of the muscle cell. Cessation of DNA synthesis has been shown to be accompanied by a loss of 80–90% of the replicative DNA polymerase activity of these cells. Despite this loss the studies reported here demonstrate that muscle cells retain the ability to synthesize DNA of a repair type after UV irradiation. These results suggest that the control exercised over semiconservative DNA synthesis during differentiation of these cells does not extend to repair synthesis after UV irradiation.
The Concept of Economic Sectors

Introduction, 402. — I. Suggested new definitions, 404. — II. Clark's treatment of sectors, 406. — III. Fisher's approach, 409. — IV. Fourastie's definition, 412. — V. Strengths and weaknesses of suggested new definitions, 414. — VI. Conclusion, 419.
Temperature Prediction during Thermal Processing of Surimi Seafood

: An interactive temperature prediction for surimi seafood was constructed and validated. The prediction model showed good agreement with experimental temperature profiles. The heat transfer coefficient (h) decreased with an increase of temperature difference (δT) between the sample surface and the water bath. The h had an effect on the convective heat transfer, resulting in a slower overall heat transfer at the beginning of heating. Thermal diffusivity (α) of surimi seafood was determined from experimental temperature profiles. The α increased slightly as the temperature difference (δT) between sample and water bath increased. The low a observed at small δT reduced conduction, resulting in a slower overall heat transfer.
Do Poverty Traps Exist? Assessing the Evidence

Why did per capita incomes not increase in Burundi, Haiti, and Nicaragua countries? One possible explanation is a poverty trap, which can be understood as a set of self-reinforcing mechanisms whereby countries start poor and remain poor: poverty begets poverty, so that current poverty is itself a direct cause of poverty in the future. It implies that much poverty is needless, in the sense that a different equilibrium is possible and also that one-time policy efforts that break the poverty trap may have lasting effects. The concept of a poverty trap at the level of national economies is related to, and sometimes based on, microeconomic foundations that argue for the existence of poverty traps at the household level. The authors discuss behavioral poverty traps as a recent area of research for which the evidence is just starting to accumulate, and geographic poverty traps as the most likely form of a trap. The policy prescriptions that result are then quite different from the calls for a big push in aid or expansion of microfinance to allow people to overcome credit constraints.
Coupling of Integrated Biosphere Simulator to Regional Climate Model Version 3

A description of the coupling of IntegratedBiosphere Simulator (IBIS) to Regional ClimateModel version 3 (RegCM3) is presented. IBIS introduces several key advantages to RegCM3, most notably vegetation dynamics, the coexistence of multiple plant functional types in the same grid cell, more sophisticated plant phenology, plant competition, explicit modeling of soil/plant biogeochemistry, and additional soil and snow layers. A single subroutine was created that allows RegCM3 to use IBIS for surface physics calculations. A revised initialization scheme was implemented for RegCM3‐IBIS, including an IBIS-specific prescription of vegetation and soil properties. To illustrate the relative strengths and weaknesses of RegCM3‐IBIS, one 4-yr numerical experiment was completed to assess ability of both RegCM3‐IBIS (with static vegetation) and RegCM3 with its native land surface model, Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme 1e (RegCM3‐BATS1e), to simulate the energy and water budgets. Each model was evaluated using the NASA Surface Radiation Budget, FLUXNET micrometeorological tower observations, and Climate Research Unit Time Series 2.0. RegCM3‐IBIS and RegCM3‐BATS1e simulate excess shortwave radiation incident and absorbed at the surface, especially during the summer months. RegCM3‐IBIS limits evapotranspiration, which allows for the correct estimation of latent heat flux, but increases surface temperature, sensible heat flux, and net longwave radiation. RegCM3‐BATS1e better simulates temperature, net longwave radiation, and sensible heat flux, but systematicallyoverestimateslatent heatflux. This objective comparison of two different land surface models will help guide future adjustments to surface physics schemes within RegCM3.
Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance

Traditionally, reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) were considered to be toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, which were disposed of using antioxidants. However, in recent years, it has become apparent that plants actively produce ROIs as signaling molecules to control processes such as programmed cell death, abiotic stress responses, pathogen defense and systemic signaling. Recent advances including microarray studies and the development of mutants with altered ROI-scavenging mechanisms provide new insights into how the steady-state level of ROIs are controlled in cells. In addition, key steps of the signal transduction pathway that senses ROIs in plants have been identified. These raise several intriguing questions about the relationships between ROI signaling, ROI stress and the production and scavenging of ROIs in the different cellular compartments.
Dust vertical profile impact on global radiative forcing estimation using a coupled chemical-transport–radiative-transfer model

Abstract. Atmospheric mineral dust particles exert significant direct radiative forcings and are important drivers of climate and climate change. We used the GEOS-Chem global three-dimensional chemical transport model (CTM) coupled with the Fu-Liou-Gu (FLG) radiative transfer model (RTM) to investigate the dust radiative forcing and heating rate based on different vertical profiles for April 2006. We attempt to actually quantify the sensitivities of radiative forcing to dust vertical profiles, especially the discrepancies between using realistic and climatological vertical profiles. In these calculations, dust emissions were constrained by observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD). The coupled calculations utilizing a more realistic dust vertical profile simulated by GEOS-Chem minimize the physical inconsistencies between 3-D CTM aerosol fields and the RTM. The use of GEOS-Chem simulated vertical profile of dust extinction, as opposed to the FLG prescribed vertical profile, leads to greater and more spatially heterogeneous changes in the estimated radiative forcing and heating rate produced by dust. Both changes can be attributed to a different vertical structure between dust and non-dust source regions. Values of the dust vertically resolved AOD per grid level (VRAOD) are much larger in the middle troposphere, though smaller at the surface when the GEOS-Chem simulated vertical profile is used, which leads to a much stronger heating rate in the middle troposphere. Compared to the FLG vertical profile, the use of GEOS-Chem vertical profile reduces the solar radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere (TOA) by approximately 0.2–0.25 W m−2 over the African and Asian dust source regions. While the Infrared (IR) radiative forcing decreases 0.2 W m−2 over African dust belt, it increases 0.06 W m−2 over the Asian dust belt when the GEOS-Chem vertical profile is used. Differences in the solar radiative forcing at the surface between the use of the GEOS-Chem and FLG vertical profiles are most significant over the Gobi desert with a value of about 1.1 W m−2. The radiative forcing effect of dust particles is more pronounced at the surface over the Sahara and Gobi deserts by using FLG vertical profile, while it is less significant over the downwind area of Eastern Asia.
Compression-induced axial crack propagation in DCDC polymer samples: experiments and modeling

The fracture strength of PMMA is studied using columns with rectangular cross- section that contain a central hole and are subjected to axial compression. Samples with geometries such that the width is 2, 3, 4, and 5 times the diameter of the hole are investigated. Cracks are initiated by introducing sharp notches in the axial direction at the crowns of the hole in each sample. The sample is then subjected to axial compression such that the axial cracks grow in a stable manner until a critical compression is attained, after which the cracks extend rapidly in the sample but do not reach its ends. To predict the experimental results, we have first sought to use several published models, but discovered that none would produce results in accord with our data, as they seem not to address the essential features of our beam-column experiments. We have then developed a simple model that consists of a suitably modified version of an elasticity solution based on a short-crack in an infinite plate, combined with a beam-column solution for a long-crack. This model yields results in good accord with our data and also gives reasonable values for the fracture toughness of the material. A comparative discussion of several published models is presented at the end of the paper, pointing out that linear elasticity is not an appropriate tool for solving the present beam-column problem.
Sociosexual Behavior Used for Tension Regulation in All Age and Sex Combinations Among Bonobos

In biology, sexual behavior generally is investigated from the perspective of reproduction. Although the nonreproductive use of the same behavior patterns is common to many species, this use is considered of secondary importance. From an evolutionary perspective, the primary function of sexual behavior, that is, the function most directly relevant for natural selection, is its capacity of producing a zygote. But what if fertile and infertile partner combinations were to engage in sexual behavior with equal intensity and equal frequency? In such a case, it would seem that the reproductive function had decreased in relative importance. This author encountered such a situation during his studies of bonobos (Pan paniscus), and it is of particular interest because this little-known ape species, together with the chimpanzee (P. troglodytes), is the closest relative of humans.
Cross-Eyed: Planning When Host-Nation and Intervener Rule of Law Strategies are Unaligned

This essay imagines a fictional future ground conflict pitting the United States and a host country against a non-state militant terrorist organization that has seized territory. This hypothetical scenario imagines a “rule of law” mission in the immediate wake of conventional combat, but suggests that this task will be, ultimately and inevitably, hampered when the intervening and host nation have different strategic understandings and intentions for their rule of law activities. Section 1 provides the context, explaining the roots and effects of the crisis, legal authorities involved in the conflict, and the challenges faced by US forces and the local government in the wake of conventional ground operations. Section 2 explores the tension between tactical and strategic planning in crafting a rule of law operation to address the ongoing challenges. The essay then examines the possible motivations, purposes, and strategies each side may pursue in Section 3, in order to determine whether the two parties are acting ‘cross-eyed’ – with unaligned, divergent strategic views. After providing a road map for addressing this question, Section 4 discusses the dangers of cross-eyed rule of law interventions. It concludes by offering a two-front treatment program to get RoL eyes straightened and equally perceptive.
Harnessing the power in your pocket

In the mid-90s when personal computers became common, organizations began to consider ways to harness the power of underutilized processor cycles. One of the most prominent of these efforts, [email protected], recruited volunteers to donate their unused processor cycles. These spare cycles are used to analyze radio telescope data, work that would have previously been done on special-purpose clusters. Now, individuals carry smartphones with processing capabilities that far outstrip those of a mid-90s desktop. At the same time, the amount of business data being collected is growing exponentially and corporations are scrambling to find the computing resources necessary to process it. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of utilizing unused cycles on employee company-issued mobile devices, much like [email protected] did with personal computers, to process business intelligence data.
Role of Acid Components and Asphaltenes in Wyoming Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions

Two classes of stabilizing oil components in water-in-crude oil emulsions for three oils from the state of Wyoming are investigated in this paper. The associated contributions appear to be differen...
Relation of levels of dogmatism and perceived threat under conditions of group personality testing.

When self-identifications by means of name or birthdate were used as criterion measures of threat, it was found among 78 graduate students who completed the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale that high dogmatic Ss (150 or above) were most threatened, but that the middle dogmatic group of Ss (121-149) rather than the low dogmatic Ss (120 or below) were least threatened. Findings, therefore, challenge the assumption that low-dogmatic Ss are the most open-minded and least threatened.
STUDY ON COMPREHENSIVE PERFORMANCE OF CLEAN OPERATING ROOM IN SOME HOSPITALS IN HENAN PROVINCE

Objective To understand the clean technique properties so as to standardize the management and safety usage of hospitals' clean operation department in Henan Province.Methods Random sampling and detection methods were used to examine and assess 94 clean rooms in 13 hospitals of Henan province.Results After the cleaning system ran for specified time,the ineligible rates of dust particles in 94 rooms were higher than those of sedimentary bacteria.Both of them decreased with the operating room level(from level I to IV).Temperature,noise,sectional average wind speed and air exchange frequency were qualified in all four levels,but the disqualification of illumination and static pressure difference existed.Conclusion Technique properties of clean operation department in Henan' s hospitals are satisfactory on the whole,but dust particle and static pressure difference need to be improved.
Investigation of tuberculosis erupt popular in one school

Objective Strengthening tuberculosis control knowledge in the school,increased tuberculosis control knowledge rate of teachers and students, reduce the spread of tuberculosis in school.Method Used the description of epidemiological method,analysis epidemic situtation in one school.Result This accident was a outbreak accident.Retreatment smear positive patient was the source of infection.Conclusion Tuberculosis prevent work cannot be ignored,especially to prevent the disease spread of third-year students in high school.The health habit and life style formed in students period will produce far-reaching consequences in student's life.Students can propaganda the knowledge of prevention and control of tuberculosis to their parents,and to family and community publicity.Enhancing the knowledge of prevention and control of tuberculosis,can change bad behaviour.Preventing the occurrence of tuberculosis can cause significant influence.Health promotion activities for tuberculosis in school not only can effectively prevent our students have tuberculosis,but also play an important roles on tuberculosis prevention and control work in society.
The effects of age on crash risk associated with driver distraction.

BACKGROUND: Driver distraction is a major contributing factor to crashes, which are the leading cause of death for the US population under 35 years of age. The prevalence of secondary-task engagement and its impacts on distraction and crashes may vary substantially by driver age. Methods: Driving performance and behaviour data were collected continuously using multiple cameras and sensors in situ for 3542 participant drivers recruited for up to 3 years for the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study. Secondary-task engagement at the onset of crashes and during normal driving segments was identified from videos. A case-cohort approach was used to estimate the crash odds ratios associated with, and the prevalence of, secondary tasks for four age groups: 16-20, 21-29, 30-64 and 65-98 years of age. Only severe crashes (property damage and higher severity) were included in the analysis. Results: Secondary-task-induced distraction posed a consistently higher threat for drivers younger than 30 and above 65 when compared with middle-aged drivers, although senior drivers engaged in secondary tasks much less frequently than their younger counterparts. Secondary tasks with high visual-manual demand (e.g. visual-manual tasks performed on cell phones) affected drivers of all ages. Certain secondary tasks, such as operation of in-vehicle devices and talking/singing, increased the risk for only certain age groups. Conclusions: Teenaged, young adult drivers and senior drivers are more adversely impacted by secondary-task engagement than middle-aged drivers. Visual-manual distractions impact drivers of all ages, whereas cognitive distraction may have a larger impact on young drivers. Language: en
Maximizing the Impact of Physiologically Based Oral Absorption Modeling and Simulation

The challenge of bringing innovative medicines to patients in combination with intense competition within the pharmaceutical industry has induced companies to develop quality medicines more efficiently and cost-effectively. State-of-the-art approaches to advance drug development have never been so urgent. One such approach that has been gaining traction within the industry is the application of modeling and simulation. In this commentary, the benefits of physiologically based oral absorption modeling and simulation in drug development are highlighted and suggestions for maximizing its impact are provided.
Back to Basics: Importance of Nursing Interventions in the Elderly Critical Care Patient

The global population is aging, and with that comes new challenges. Optimal care must be delivered to minimize the time spent in the acute care setting. Avoiding costly complications and focusing on health promotion rather than disease management will be key. Geriatrics is a complex patient population and basic nursing care is essential to prevent unnecessary complications if our health care system is to survive. Our profession is ill prepared to optimally care for this patient population.
A System Combining Force and Vision Sensing for Automated Screw Removal on Laptops

This brief investigates the performance of an automated robotic system, which uses a combination of vision and force sensing to remove screws from the back of laptops. This robotic system uses two webcams, one that is fixed over the robot and the other mounted on the robot, as well as a sensor-equipped (SE) screwdriver. Experimental studies were conducted to test the performance of the SE screwdriver and vision system. The parameters that were varied included the internal brightness settings on the webcams, the method in which the workspace was illuminated, and color of the laptop case. A localized light source and higher brightness setting as the laptop’s case became darker produced the best results. In this brief, the SE screwdriver was able to successfully remove 96.5% of the screws. Note to Practitioners —The amount of discarded electronic waste (e-waste) is increasing rapidly, yet efficient, nondestructive, automated methods to handle the waste have not been developed. Many e-waste products such as laptops use fasteners that need to be removed. In this brief, we focus on removing screws from laptops in a nondestructive manner in order to not damage the laptop, so its parts can be recycled. Due to the vast amounts of laptop models, it is necessary to create a method that will automatically recognize the locations of these fasteners. This brief presents a prototype robotic system that integrates force and vision sensing to automatically locate and remove screws from various models of laptops. The methodology presented in this brief is applicable to other e-waste products with a casing attached by screws. A current limitation of this brief is the robotic system that has to investigate all potential hole locations found by the vision system, although some of these locations may not correspond to valid screw locations. This brief can be extended to include a memory feature that will remember the locations of the screws for cases with similar laptops that are handled by the system to improve the processing time.
Silencing HIF-1α induces TET2 expression and augments ascorbic acid induced 5-hydroxymethylation of DNA in human metastatic melanoma cells.

Expression and function of Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, which initiate DNA demethylation by catalyzing the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) on methylated DNA, are frequently lost in malignant tissue. This ultimately results in lost expression of methylated tumor suppressor genes. Many malignancies, including melanoma, also aberrantly overexpress the oncogenic hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) transcription factor, however the association between HIF-1α and TET enzyme expression is largely uninvestigated. Interestingly, ascorbic acid, a critical cofactor for optimal TET enzyme function and normoxic regulation of HIF-1α protein stability, is frequently depleted in malignant tissue, and may further contribute to the malignant phenotype. In our studies, we found supplementation of WM9 human metastatic melanoma cells with ascorbic acid significantly increased 5 hmC content, which was abrogated by TET2 knockdown. Moreover, knockdown of HIF-1α increased TET2 gene and protein expression, and further augmented ascorbic acid-induced TET2 dependent 5-hydroxymethylation in both WM9 and T98G glioblastoma cells. Our data provides novel evidence that HIF-1α is involved in regulating TET expression and 5 hmC status of malignant cells. Furthermore, therapeutic intervention to inhibit HIF-1α in conjunction with adjuvant ascorbic acid may promote DNA demethylation and reexpression of critical tumor suppressor genes in malignant cells and warrants further investigation.