cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPECT-CT system for small animal imaging

The Detector Group at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) and the Biology, Physics, and Applied Sciences Departments at the College of William and Mary are collaborating on the development of a miniature dual modality SPECT-CT system for mouse imaging. The detector heads of the SPECT sub-system are designed to be capable of imaging the gamma- and X-ray emissions (28-35 keV) of the radioactive isotope iodine-125 (I-125). Two different sets of I-125 imaging detectors are configured on a gantry that has an open-barrel type design. One set of detector heads is based on the 1-in square Hamamatsu R5900-M64 position sensitive photomultiplier tube coupled to crystal scintillator arrays. The other detector heads configured on the gantry are two 5-in diameter Hamamatsu R3292-based compact gamma cameras. The X-ray radiographic projections are obtained using a LIXI Inc. model LF-85-503-OS X-ray imaging system that has an active area of 5.5 cm in diameter. The open-barrel shaped gantry facilitates the positioning of various mini gamma-ray imaging detectors and the X-ray system. The data acquisition and gantry control is interfaced through a Macintosh G3 workstation. Preliminary SPECT reconstruction results using the R5900 based detector are presented.
Characterization and transcriptional analysis of protein tyrosine phosphatase genes and an ankyrin repeat gene of the parasitoid Glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus in the parasitized host

Glyptapanteles indiensis (Braconidae, Hymenoptera) is an endoparasitoid of Lymantria dispar, the gypsy moth. Expression of G. indiensis polydnavirus (GiBV)-encoded genes within the pest host results in inhibition of immune response and development and alteration of physiology, enabling successful development of the parasitoid. Here, GiBV genome segment F (segF), an 18.6 kb segment shown to encode nine protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) genes and a single ankyrin repeat gene (ank), is analysed. PTPs have presumed function as regulators of signal transduction, while ankyrin repeat genes are hypothesized to function in inhibition of NF-kappaB signalling in the parasitized host. In this study, transcription of each gene was mapped by 5'- and 3'-RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) and temporal and tissue-specific expression was examined in the parasitized host. For polydnavirus gene prediction in the parasitized host, no available gene prediction parameters were entirely precise. The mRNAs for each GiBV segF gene initiated between 30 and 112 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon. All were encoded in single open reading frames (ORFs), with the exception of PTP9, which was transcribed as a bicistronic message with the adjacent ank gene. RT-PCR indicated that all GiBV segF PTPs were expressed early in parasitization and, for most, expression was sustained over the course of at least 7 days after parasitization, suggesting importance in both early and sustained virus-induced immunosuppression and alteration of physiology. Tissue-specific patterns of PTP expression of GiBV segF genes were variable, suggesting differing roles in facilitating parasitism.
Design and validation of a passive deposition sampler.

A new, passive particle deposition air sampler, called the Einstein–Lioy Deposition Sampler (ELDS), has been developed to fill a gap in passive sampling for near-field particle emissions. The sampler can be configured in several ways: with a protective hood for outdoor sampling, without a protective hood, and as a dust plate. In addition, there is an XRF-ready option that allows for direct sampling onto a filter-mounted XRF cartridge which can be used in conjunction with all configurations. A wind tunnel was designed and constructed to test the performance of different sampler configurations using a test dust with a known particle size distribution. The sampler configurations were also tested versus each other to evaluate whether or not the protective hood would affect the collected particle size distribution. A field study was conducted to test the sampler under actual environmental conditions and to evaluate its ability to collect samples for chemical analysis. Individual experiments for each configuration demonstrated precision of the sampler. The field experiment demonstrated the ability of the sampler to both collect mass and allow for the measurement of an environmental contaminant i.e. Cr6+. The ELDS was demonstrated to be statistically not different for Hooded and Non-Hooded models, compared to each other and the test dust; thus, it can be used indoors and outdoors in a variety of configurations to suit the user's needs.
Signal detection with EMI receivers

Certain EMI receiver settings, such as dwell time or sweep time, receiver display mode and IF detection are very important when trying to capture and analyze emissions from EUTs (equipment under test). In the case of broadband signals, special attention and operator skill is required to select the appropriate values for these instrument settings. The receiver state can directly influence the probability of broadband signal intercept, and thus can determine if this type of signal is detected or not. Furthermore, the type of EMI receiver used (i.e., stepped or swept) must also be considered to prevent erroneous measurement results when measuring broadband signals. This paper addresses issues related to measurement procedures, frequency and receiver display resolution, and receiver detection modes, and explains their impact on signal detection.
DISTRIBUTED FLOW LEAKAGE IN VISCOELASTIC TUBES: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Models of the arterial system often consider only the major arteries in the body; smaller arteries are neglected. Along the aorta are many small branches that create, what is in effect, a distributed flow leakage. Distributed flow leakage is known to significantly attenuate pressure and flow waves in rigid tubes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of distributed flow leakage on the transmission of pressure and flow waves in viscoelastic tubes. This was accomplished by conducting a series of experiments using latex tubes. The results of the study indicate that distributed flow leakage has a negligible effect on wave transmission in compliant tubes, hence it is reasonable to neglect distributed flow leakage in models of the arterial system.
Young adult romantic couples' conflict resolution and satisfaction varies with partner's attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder type.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has previously been associated with less satisfaction and success in romantic relationships. This study compares conflict resolution and problem-solving behaviors in young adult romantic couples either having one partner with ADHD combined type (C-couples), having one partner identified with ADHD inattentive type (IA-couples), or in which neither partner has an ADHD diagnosis (nondiagnosed [ND] couples). Self-reports of current and childhood ADHD symptoms corroborated diagnostic status and speaker and listener behaviors, coded via the Rapid Couples Interaction Scoring System (Gottman, 1996), were the primary dependent variables. Analyses revealed greater negativity and less positivity in C-couples’ behavior during a conflict resolution task, relative to IA and ND couples, and this corresponded with couples’ relational satisfaction. IA-couples emitted relational behavior that was largely similar to ND couples. Findings support that relational impairment exists in C-couples, and to some degree, contrast with previous research suggesting that individuals with predominant inattention experience greater social impairment in adulthood than those with other types of ADHD.
Parental Leave Policy as a Strategy to Improve Outcomes among Premature Infants

Although gains have been made in premature birth rates among racial and ethnic minority and low socioeconomic status populations, tremendous disparities still exist in both prematurity rates and health outcomes for preterm infants. Parental involvement is known to improve health outcomes for preterm babies. However, a gap in evidence exists around whether parental involvement can help ameliorate the disparities in both short- and long-term out-comes for their preterm children. Families more likely to experience preterm birth are also less likely to have access to paid leave and thus experience significant systemic barriers to involvement, especially when their newborns are hospitalized. This article describes the research gap in this area and explores pathways by which social workers may ameliorate disparities in preterm birth outcomes through practice, policy, and research.
Study on the Influencing Factors of Compliance Among 144 Tuberculosis Patients in Zigong City

Objective To understand the influencing factors associated with tuberculosis patient's compliance,so as to serve for improving DOTS.Methods Totally 144 patients with TB were recruited from the institute of TB control and prevention in Zigong city.Questionnaire investigation and Logistic Regression Analysis were used Results The stage of infection,consider medicine can be withdrawal as soon as symptoms disappear,degree of education,understanding of the doctor's advice(P0.05)respectively.Conclusion The results of this study has implications for strengthening the TB patient's confidence,health education,and social support.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of tadalafil in Chinese male healthy subjects after a single dose oral administration

Objective To study the single dose pharmacokinetics and safety of tadalafil in Chinese male healthy subjects. Methods This was a single centre, investigator and subject - blind, randomised, placebo controlled, three - way crossover study. The treatment included a single oral dose of 10, 20 mg tadalafil, or matching placebos on three separate occasions in a randomised fashion. Venous blood samples for the measurement of serum tadalafil concentrations were collected at scheduled time. The concentration of tadalafil in plasma was measured by LC/MS method. The serum concentration - time data were individually analysed . Results The results showed that AUC0-t were 3750 and 7180 ng·h·mL-1 following oral administration of 10 and 20 mg tadalafil, AUC0-∞ were 3820 and 7370 ng·h· mL-1, Cmax were 172 and 274 ng·mL-1, CL/F were 2. 61 and 2. 71 L· h-1, V/F were 67. 6 and 73. 2 L, respectively. Conclusion Tadalafil 10 mg and 20 mg were safe in Chinese male healthy subjects.
Predictors of full-time faculty appointment among MD-PhD program graduates: a national cohort study.

Methods : We analyzed data for a national cohort of MD–PhD program graduates from 2000 to 2005, using multivariable logistic regression to identify independent predictors of full-time academic medicine faculty appointment through 2013. Results : Of 1,860 MD–PhD program graduates in 2000–2005, we included 1,846 (99.2%) who had completed residency training before 2014. Of these 1,846 graduates, 968 (52.4%) held full-time faculty appointments. Graduates who attended schools with Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) funding (vs. no MSTP funding; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–1.74) and participated in ≥1 year of research during residency (vs. no documented research year; aOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.50–2.28) were more likely to have held full-time faculty appointments. Asian/Pacific Islander (aOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60–0.93) and under-represented minority (URM; aOR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48–0.98) graduates (each vs. white graduates), graduates who reported total debt of ≥$100,000 (vs. no debt) at graduation (aOR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39–0.88), and graduates in surgical practice (aOR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.48–0.84) and other practice (aOR, 0.66, 95% CI, 0.54–0.81) specialties (each vs. ‘medicine, pediatrics, pathology, or neurology’) were less likely to have held full-time faculty appointments. Gender was not independently associated with likelihood of full-time faculty appointment. Conclusions : Over half of all MD–PhD program graduates in our study had full-time faculty appointments. Our findings regarding variables independently associated with full-time faculty appointments can inform the design of strategies to promote academic medicine career choice among MD–PhD program graduates. Further research is warranted to identify other factors amenable to intervention, in addition to those included in our study, which will foster the further development of a diverse academic medicine physician–scientist workforce nationally. Keywords: physician–scientist; Medical Scientist Training Program; biomedical research workforce; diversity; physician debt; specialty choice (Published: 13 May 2016) Citation: Med Educ Online 2016, 21: 30941 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v21.30941
The cooperative “family”

Health staus is of primary importance in determining the lifestyle of older persons, in contrast to other periods of life, in which socio-economic status is of major significance. Research is presented on an alternative living arrangement in Florida for the slightly dependent elderly, in which older persons share living facilities and other aspects of a common lifestyle. This comprises one set of realistic alternatives which can be workable, economical, energy-conserving, and fulfilling in terms of the quality of life.
INNOVATION IMPLEMENTATION: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT IN ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH

This chapter develops a framework for classifying approaches to conceptualizing and measuring implementation of innovations. It first develops a typology that distinguishes rollout, modification, programmatic and transformation conceptualizations of implementation. The implications of each conceptualization for measurement of implementation are discussed. Following this a classification scheme for implementation measures is presented that distinguishes measures on the basis of their: (a) criterion for success of the implementation; (b) innovation unit; (c) source of data; (d) measurement scale; and (e) level of analysis. Issues related to various measurement choices are discussed along with recommendations for future research and development in the measurement of implementation.
Hypersensitive transport in asymmetric photonic layered media

A localized mode in a photonic layered medium can develop nodal points (nodal planes) where the oscillating electric field is negligible. Placing a thin metallic layer at such a nodal point leads to the phenomena of induced transmission, whereas shifting the nodal point away from the metallic layer results in the suppression of the localized mode along with the resonant transmission. Here we show that if the nodal point is not a point of symmetry of the layered medium, an abrupt transition from the resonant transmission to broadband opacity can be brought about by a tiny alteration of the permittivity in the vicinity of the metallic layer. Applications of this hypersensitive transport to microwave and optical limiting and switching are discussed.
Natural-Kind Essentialism, Substance Ontology, and the Unity Problem: Two Dispositionalist Solutions

What accounts for the linkage of seemingly diverse and inherently separable fundamental properties, such that they are regarded as properties of a single thing? Multiple answers to this question have been put forward in both the historical and current literature, especially from competing substance ontologies and competing theories concerning the metaphysics of natural kinds. Here I lay out and critically assess two ways in which dispositionalism might contribute to the discussion.
Pool boiling enhancement through contact line augmentation

In addition to transient conduction, microconvection, and microlayer evaporation, contact line region heat transfer has been identified as an important mode of heat transfer during boiling. In this work, we demonstrate that generating additional contact line regions within the base of a nucleating bubble leads to critical heat flux (CHF) enhancement. The creation of a liquid meniscus adjacent to 10–20 μm deep microgrooves in the bubble base area was responsible for the generation of the additional contact line regions. The depth of the microgrooves was determined such that a sufficient reservoir of liquid is present in the meniscus to sustain evaporation in the contact line region throughout the bubble cycle. The effective contact line length at the base of the bubble was seen to be a good indicator of the CHF (wetted area) over the surface. The microgroove geometry played a significant role in influencing the bubble dynamics and bubble departure diameter during boiling. It was seen that the bubbles were able to bridge and grow over the shallow microgrooves of 10–20 μm depth and generate additional contact line regions but were pinned and constrained within the grooves in the case of the microgrooves deeper than 100 μm. For shallow grooves, narrow grooves resulted in smaller bubbles, which in turn reduced the contact line length. The findings of this work could be used to design heat transfer surfaces that significantly enhance the contact line region contribution and CHF by placing shallow enhancement features on the surface of the heater.
Anesthesia Management and Intraoperative Electrophysiological Monitoring

The anesthetic agents used to produce general anesthesia and the physiological management have an impact on the ability of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring to be conducted. Clearly the most challenging circumstances are when monitoring techniques are sensitive to the agents used. This section will discuss the general principles behind the effects of anesthetic agents and the known effects on electrophysiological monitoring. The specific choice of anesthetic agents will depend on the effects of the agents, the monitoring techniques used, and the anesthetic goals desired.
Synthesis of Cu2(Zn1−xCox)SnS4 nanocrystals and formation of polycrystalline thin films from their aqueous dispersions

Quintenary Cu2(Zn1−xCox)SnS4 is an analog of the promising solar absorber material Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS). The initial rapid progress in CZTS has stalled because the similar sizes of Cu and Zn cations lead to facile formation of antisite defects, which are thought to limit the solar cell performance. Cobalt substitution for Zn may reduce cation disorder. Herein, we report the synthesis of wurtzite Cu2(Zn1−xCox)SnS4 across the entire composition range and a systematic study of the substitution of Co into the wurtzite CZTS lattice. The synthesis is based on microwave heating to only 160 °C and uses metal salts and thiourea as precursors and ethylene glycol as the solvent. The Cu2(Zn1−xCox)SnS4 nanocrystals were phase pure wurtzite within the detection limits of X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. The wurtzite lattice parameters, nanocrystal sizes, and A1 Raman mode peak positions depend on the Co concentration, x. The lattice parameters follow Vegard's law within the accuracy of our measurements, and the A1 Raman mode shifts nearly linearly with x. The nanocrystal size decreases from 8 nm to 4 nm as x increases from 0 to 1. The absorption band edge blue shifted from 1.1 eV for x = 0 to 1.35 eV for x = 1. These values are lower than those predicted by density functional theory calculations and previous attempts at determining the optical band gap for wurtzite Cu2ZnSnS4 (x = 0) and Cu2CoSnS4 (x = 1). Either the band gaps of wurtzite Cu2ZnSnS4 (x = 0) and Cu2CoSnS4 (x = 1) are lower or these materials have significant band tails due to defects. We also prepared polycrystalline Cu2(Zn1−xCox)SnS4 thin films by thermal annealing, in sulfur, of coatings comprised of Cu2(Zn1−xCox)SnS4 nanocrystals. Upon annealing in sulfur, the wurtzite Cu2(Zn1−xCox)SnS4 nanocrystals transformed into larger grains (100 s of nm to microns) that have a kesterite structure. The films with x ≤ 0.4 were phase pure kesterite within the detection limits of XRD and Raman scattering, but, for x ≥ 0.6, secondary phases such as Cu1.96S and Co0.24Zn0.76S were also detected.
Reliability of arm Wingate Anaerobic Testing in persons with complete paraplegia.

Background: Accurate, reliable assessment of upper extremity muscular power in persons with paraplegia caused by spinal cord injury (SCI) would provide an objective indication of their ability to g...
The Electronic Nose in Rhinology

■ The electronic nose (e-nose) is a new technology with many potential applications in rhinology.
Photolytic Reactions of Chromium Carbene Complexes in the Synthesis of Optically Active, Biologically Active Compounds

The photochemical reaction of chromium carbene complexes with imines has been developed into an efficient process for the synthesis of (β-lactams. A new route to aminocarbene complexes, involving the reaction of Na2Cr(CO)5 with amides and trimethylsilyl chloride has been developed. Using this procedure, chiral, optically active aminocarbene complexes have been prepared, and their photochemical reactions with imines developed. Chiral, optically active (β-lactams have been prepared with >90% diastereoselectivity by this procedure.
Allegory and Maxim: Power and Faith, Passions and Virtues

Allegories meander like an unbroken thread through Baroque art and creativity, and likewise throughout Queen Christine’s activities, festivities, and ambitions. Our goal is to present a panorama rather than a map of Queen Christine’s quest as it is: a) immortalized in allegorical engravings based on historical reality and idealized in emblems and allegories of civil and religious accomplishments (these are recorded by and for the outside observer); and b) recorded in her Maximes, at once the personal, intimate expression and the revelation of her personal quest for transcendence and truth, a reaction to the events and turmoil of her times.
The Association Between Daily Physical Activity and Pain Among Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: The Moderating Role of Pain Catastrophizing.

Objective The primary objective of this study was to examine the day-to-day association between physical activity and pain intensity among a sample of patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and the potential moderation of this association by negative cognitive processes. Methods In this micro-longitudinal daily diary study, KOA patients (N = 121) completed questionnaires assessing pain (Brief Pain Inventory) and psychosocial functioning (pain catrophizing scale, WOMAC McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index function, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS; anxiety and depression], the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity questionnaire, the six-minute walking test) and were then asked to report their levels of physical activity and pain intensity once per day for a period of seven days using an electronic diary. Results Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that day-to-day increases in physical activity were associated with heightened levels of pain intensity (B = 0.13 SE = 0.03, P 0.05). Conclusions Our findings suggest that increases in daily physical activity are associated with concurrent increases in KOA patients' levels of knee pain, particularly among patients reporting higher levels of pain catastrophizing. These results may have clinical implications for the design and testing of interventions targeted at reducing catastrophizing and increasing physical activity among patients with chronic osteoarthritis pain.
Infiltration of Die-Upset Nd-Fe-B Magnets With Mischmetal Eutectic Alloys

In recent years, infiltration of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets with liquid Nd- and Pr-rich alloys has been intensively studied as a cost-effective way of increasing the magnet coercivity $H_{{\text{c}}}$ and, ultimately, its maximum operating temperature. In this letter, a similar improvement is obtained through infiltration of commercial die-upset Nd-Fe-B magnets with eutectic alloys based on inexpensive Ce52La28Nd15Pr5 mischmetal (MM). After being infiltrated with 10 wt% of MM85Fe15, MM85Al 15, and MM70Cu30 alloys at 700 °C, the die-upset magnets exhibited an $H_{c}$ that was both higher and more temperature stable than before the treatment. For example, after infiltration with the MM85Al15 alloy, the room-temperature $H_{{\text{c}}}$ increased from 12.1 kOe to 17.8 kOe, whereas the absolute value of the $\Delta H_{\text{c}}/ H_{\text{c}}\Delta T$ between 27 °C and 100 °C decreased from 0.65%/°C to 0.54%/°C. Although the infiltration treatment reduces the maximum energy product of the magnets, this reduction becomes less significant at elevated temperatures, effectively disappearing at 150 °C to 175 °C. The microstructural effects of the treatment with MM-rich alloys are analyzed in the context of earlier studies involving Nd(Pr)-rich alloys. As of now, the improved $\Delta H_{\text{c}}/ H_{\text{c}}\Delta T$ in the infiltrated magnets still lacks a convincing, controversy-free explanation.
Understanding Direct Store Delivery: Design, Evaluation & Implications

Traditionally, consumer goods companies are responsible to make deliveries from their distribution centers and to restock the shelves in their warehouse. With Direct Store Delivery (DSD), retailer's distribution centers are bypassed by consumer goods companies and products are directly taken to the store.The overarching goal of Direct Store Delivery is to efficiently streamline delivery operations, make selling more effective and improve merchandising, thereby providing benefits to consumer goods organizations companies. In this study, we present the design of Honeywell DSD, a connected workforce management system for consumer goods suppliers with DSD operations. Our results from a three-fold evaluation study provides intriguing insights to make such systems more useful, usable, desirable and user centered.
Thrombin Exosite Maturation and Ligand Binding at ABE II Help Stabilize PAR-Binding Competent Conformation at ABE I

Thrombin, derived from zymogen prothrombin (ProT), is a serine protease involved in procoagulation, anticoagulation, and platelet activation. Thrombin's actions are regulated through anion-binding exosites I and II (ABE I and ABE II) that undergo maturation during activation. Mature ABEs can utilize exosite-based communication to fulfill thrombin functions. However, the conformational basis behind such long-range communication and the resultant ligand binding affinities are not well understood. Protease activated receptors (PARs), involved in platelet activation and aggregation, are known to target thrombin ABE I. Unexpectedly, PAR3 (44-56) can already bind to pro-ABE I of ProT. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ligand-enzyme titrations were used to characterize how individual PAR1 (49-62) residues interact with pro-ABE I and mature ABE I. 1D proton line broadening studies demonstrated that binding affinities for native PAR1P (49-62, P54) and for the weak binding variant PAR1G (49-62, P54G) increased as ProT was converted to mature thrombin. 1H,15N-HSQC titrations revealed that PAR1G residues K51, E53, F55, D58, and E60 exhibited less affinity to pro-ABE I than comparable residues in PAR3G (44-56, P51G). Individual PAR1G residues then displayed tighter binding upon exosite maturation. Long-range communication between thrombin exosites was examined by saturating ABE II with phosphorylated GpIbα (269-282, 3Yp) and monitoring the binding of PAR1 and PAR3 peptides to ABE I. Individual PAR residues exhibited increased affinities in this dual-ligand environment supporting the presence of interexosite allostery. Exosite maturation and beneficial long-range allostery are proposed to help stabilize an ABE I conformation that can effectively bind PAR ligands.
Quantifying geographic regions of excess stillbirth risk in the presence of spatial and spatio-temporal heterogeneity

Motivated by population-based geocoded data for Iowa stillbirths and live births delivered during 2005-2011, we sought to identify spatio-temporal variation of stillbirth risk. Our high-quality data consisting of point locations of these delivery events allows use of a Bayesian Poisson point process approach to evaluate the spatial pattern of events. With this large epidemiologic dataset, we implemented the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) to fit the conditional formulation of the point process via a Bayesian hierarchical model and empirically showed that INLA, compared to Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, is an attractive approach. Furthermore, we modeled the temporal variability in stillbirth to better understand how stillbirths are geographically linked over the seven-year study period and demonstrate the similarity between the conditional formulation of the spatio-temporal model and a log Gaussian Cox process governed by discrete space-time random fields. After controlling for important features of the data, the Bayesian temporal relative risk maps identified areas of increasing and decreasing stillbirth risk over the birth period, which may warrant further public health investigation in the regions identified.
Nanosecond pulsed laser surface nanotexturing of tantalum: Correlation between diffusion length model and experimental observations

The diffusion length of surface textured tantalum using AVIA 355® nanosecond laser was correlated with the different laser parameters. The material was cut into 1 × 1 cm2 coupons and was exposed to the laser beam of various residence times. The surface of the tantalum coupons exhibited a material shape like peak/valley striations and attributed to the Gaussian profile of the laser beam. The surface textured tantalum coupons were examined under a MicroXAM 100 profilometer to create a 3D profile and measure the depth of the valleys of the surface. The different residence times of the laser beam had a significant effect on the diffusion length of the surface material. The diffusion length was further analytically validated, correlating diffusion length with the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and density of the material, as well as the laser residence time. The values were found to be within a 5% tolerance range that validates the experimental observations. The water droplet contact angle of the material was measured using drop shadow analysis to understand the change of the material properties after the surface texturing. In addition, a thermal model using comsol™ was developed to predict the effect of the residence time on the surface material. The experimental, analytical, and numerical analyses show very good agreement with each other and validate the hypothesis.The diffusion length of surface textured tantalum using AVIA 355® nanosecond laser was correlated with the different laser parameters. The material was cut into 1 × 1 cm2 coupons and was exposed to the laser beam of various residence times. The surface of the tantalum coupons exhibited a material shape like peak/valley striations and attributed to the Gaussian profile of the laser beam. The surface textured tantalum coupons were examined under a MicroXAM 100 profilometer to create a 3D profile and measure the depth of the valleys of the surface. The different residence times of the laser beam had a significant effect on the diffusion length of the surface material. The diffusion length was further analytically validated, correlating diffusion length with the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and density of the material, as well as the laser residence time. The values were found to be within a 5% tolerance range that validates the experimental observations. The water droplet contact angle of the materia...
ERCP with overtube-assisted enteroscopy in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass anatomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) anatomy is challenging. Overtube-assisted enteroscopy (OAE) is usually needed to perform ERCP in these patients. There is significant variation in the reported rates of success and adverse events across published studies. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to reliably estimate the pooled rates of success and adverse events. Methods We performed a systematic search of multiple electronic databases through February 2020 to identify studies reporting outcomes of OAE-ERCP in post-RYGB patients. The pooled rates of enteroscopy success, technical success, and adverse events were estimated for OAE-ERCP. The pooled rates of success and adverse events were also estimated for ERCP using double-balloon enteroscopes (DBE) alone. Results 10 studies reporting a total of 398 procedures were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled rates of enteroscopy and technical success of OAE-ERCP were 75.3 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 64.5 – 83.6) and 64.8 % (95 %CI 53.1 – 74.9) respectively. The pooled rate of adverse events was 8.0 % (95 %CI 5.2 – 12.2). The pooled rates of enteroscopy and technical success of DBE-ERCP (four studies) were 83.5 % (95 %CI 68.3 – 92.2) and 72.5 % (95 %CI 52.3 – 86.4), respectively. The pooled rate of adverse events with DBE-ERCP was 9.0 % (95 %CI 5.4 – 14.5). Substantial heterogeneity was noted. Conclusions OAE-ERCP appears to be effective and safe in post-RYGB patients. Among the currently available techniques, OAE-ERCP is the least invasive approach in this challenging group of patients. Future studies comparing the effectiveness and safety of alternative novel techniques, such as endosonography-directed transgastric ERCP, with OAE-ERCP are needed.
"Zum ersten Mal sah ich ein Bild": Goethe's Cognitive Viewing Subject as Scientist and Artist

This article investigates the significance of Goethean natural science for the development of abstract modes of painting that would emerge with Wassily Kandinsky in the early twentieth century. Whi...
‘We see more because we are not there’: Sourcing norms and routines in covering Iran and North Korea:

Based on interviews and newsroom visits, this study explores an epistemological hierarchy of sources and sourcing channels that differs substantially from the norms of more traditional forms of jou...
188 The Effect of Vitamin B12 on the Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Osteoblasts

Large bone defects present a tremendous challenge to the treating surgeon. Tissue engineering using scaffolds of various sizes and shapes that contain stem cells and other osteoinductive molecules offer a potential solution to this difficult problem. The aim of this project was to evaluate if the osteogenic medium infused with vitamin B12 influences the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) into osteoblasts. Vitamin B12 has been shown to have a stimulatory effect on osteoclastogenesis in vitro (Vaes et al. 2009 Calcified Tissue Int. 84, 413-422). Our hypothesis was that the presence of vitamin B12 in the osteogenic medium would positively influence the number of osteoblastic nodules formed. Swine ASC were isolated as described (Monaco et al. 2009 Open Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. J. 2, 20-33). The ASC were divided in 8 different treatments: 8 concentrations of vitamin B12 in the osteogenic medium (0.1, 0.2, 1, 2, 10, and 20 μM) plus 2 control treatments (osteogenic medium without vitamin B12 and a negative control, DMEM). The medium was changed twice a week for 4 weeks. The experiment was replicated 6 times. At the end of the culture period, cells were stained with Alizarin Red and Von Kossa stains. In each well, we counted the nodules and then divided them in 2 categories: formed and forming nodules. Data was analysed using the generalized linear model (GLM) procedure in SPSS (IBM/SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used to perform statistical multiple comparison. The α-level was set at 0.01. The results showed that the concentration of 20 μM vitamin B12 was detrimental for nodule formation. Table 1 illustrates the number of formed and forming nodules in addition to their standard deviation. There was no positive effect on nodule formation when different concentrations of vitamin B12 were added to the osteogenic medium. More experiments need to be conducted to determine if vitamin B12 can act synergistically with other vitamins to produce a significant role in ASC differentiation into osteoblasts. This preliminary experiment is the first step towards the analysis of the behaviour of ASC on scaffolds with vitamin B12 incorporated into their matrix. Table 1.The average number of formed and forming osteoblast nodules compared between treatment groups (SD in parentheses)
The True Value of Flowers and their Effect on the Dutch Economy. An Interdisciplinary Relationship between Art and Economics

Abstract This study will examine the introduction, development and popularity of flower still lives as well as of Dutch horticulture, along with Holland’s early flower trade and its effect on Tulipmania, which took place during the Baroque era in Europe from 1636 to 1637. The highest-ranked genres, including history paintings, portraits, and altarpieces were slowly replaced by formerly less-regarded genres, such as genre paintings, landscape paintings, and still-lives found a new audience in seventeenth-century Holland. Artists such as Ambrosius Bosschaert and Jan Brueghel the Elder specialized in flower still lifes, depicting elegant vases holding large varieties of perfect flowers. Focusing on Ambrosius Bosschaert’s Flower Still Life, created in 1614 using oil on copper, this paper will examine the relationship between the popularity of horticulture and flower still lives in regard to their effects on the contemporary Dutch economy. First, the painting's formal elements will be analyzed, followed by a brief biography of Ambrosius Bosschaert, specifically discussing the influences on his art and his role as a pioneer in the genre of flower still lives. It will also study the interdisciplinary relationship between Art and Economics and implement past problems to identify similar market issues in the 21st century.
Comparing the efficacy of syngeneic iliac and femoral allografts with iliac crest autograft in a rat model of lumbar spinal fusion

Despite widespread use of femoral-sourced allografts in clinical spinal fusion procedures and the increasing interest in using femoral reamer–irrigator–aspirator (RIA) autograft in clinical bone grafting, few studies have examined the efficacy of femoral grafts compared to iliac crest grafts in spinal fusion. The objective of this study was to directly compare the use of autologous iliac crest with syngeneic femoral and iliac allograft bone in the rat model of lumbar spinal fusion. Single-level bilateral posterolateral intertransverse process lumbar spinal fusion surgery was performed on Lewis rats divided into three experimental groups: iliac crest autograft, syngeneic iliac crest allograft, and syngeneic femoral allograft bone. Eight weeks postoperatively, fusion was evaluated via microCT analysis, manual palpation, and histology. In vitro analysis of the colony-forming and osteogenic capacity of bone marrow cells derived from rat femurs and hips was also performed to determine whether there was a correlation with the fusion efficacy of these graft sources. Although no differences were observed between groups in CT fusion mass volumes, iliac allografts displayed an increased number of radiographically fused fusion masses and a higher rate of bilateral fusion via manual palpation. Histologically, hip-derived grafts showed better integration with host bone than femur derived ones, likely associated with the higher concentration of osteogenic progenitor cells observed in hip-derived bone marrow. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using syngeneic allograft bone in place of autograft bone within inbred rat fusion models and highlights the need for further study of femoral-derived grafts in fusion.
Correction to: A Concise Note on Deformation Twinning and Spall Failure in Magnesium at the Extremes

The original article was updated to switch captions in Figure 3 as Rolling Direction (Pretwinned Compression) and Normal Direction (Pretwinned Tension).
Islam and Music in Africa

This chapter traces histories of sounded practice that connect geographically distant locales, revealing shared orientations to sound and spirituality that unite Islamic Africa’s diverse populations. It draws on fieldwork done with religious associations in Dakar, Senegal and perspectives from music studies, anthropology, media studies, and history. Avoiding “music” as a presupposed object of study, this chapter engages instead with the concept of “sound,” thinking through different ways that sounded practice orients people toward Islam. Sound is a pedagogical tool, a medium of interpersonal connections, and a means for accessing divine grace (baraka). A close examination of African Islam’s sonic engagements also counteracts narratives of “syncretism” and “periphery,” showing instead how decentralized practices spreading from multiple locations have enriched Islamic orthodoxy.
Gunshot-victim cooperation with police investigations: Results from the Chicago Inmate Survey.

Abstract Just one in ten nonfatal shootings in Chicago lead to an arrest. Unlike in fatal cases, gunshot victims who survive can often provide information of use in the police investigation. Nonetheless, nonfatal shooting cases in Chicago and elsewhere have much lower arrest rates than fatal cases, in part because most victims do not cooperate. We use data from the Chicago Inmate Survey (CIS) to analyze the potential value that gunshot-victim cooperation could have for increasing arrest rates. Half of CIS respondents reported they had been shot before. Very few cooperated with police investigations of these shootings, although at least half of them could have provided useful information. In fact, victims were more likely to speak with the police when they did not have any information on their shooter. Respondents explained their choice not to cooperate by reference to “street codes” against snitching, mistrust of the police, and the desire to retaliate against the shooter personally. If more shooting victims could be persuaded to cooperate, the police could solve more cases and hence be more effective in curtailing gun violence.
Analysis of Fast Decoupled Power Flow via Multiple Axis Rotations

The Fast Decoupled Power Flow (FDPF) method has been widely adopted due to its computational speed advantages relative to the Newton-Raphson method for many practically relevant power flow problems. The FDPF method relies on the assumption that the lines are highly inductive, i.e., have small R/X ratios. When this assumption does not hold (e.g., for distribution systems and some subtransmission systems), the FDPF method may exhibit slow convergence or fail to converge entirely. To address such cases, previous work has proposed an axis rotation method which rescales the complex power injections and the bus admittances by a unit-magnitude complex scalar parameter. Since this complex parameter adjusts the lines' $R$ / $X$ ratios, an appropriate choice for this parameter can improve the FDPF method's performance. In contrast to previous work that only introduces one complex parameter for the entire system (or one complex parameter per large subsystem), we propose and analyze an axis rotation method that introduces different complex parameters at each bus. The additional degrees of freedom provided in this more granular approach are particularly valuable for systems where the lines have wider ranges of $R$ / $X$ ratios. To obtain appropriate values for the complex parameters, we propose to minimize the sum of the squared errors associated with the FDPF approximations. This method can also be adapted for cases with large voltage angle differences. Our simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Bayesian information sharing enhances detection of regulatory associations in rare cell types

Motivation Recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies promise to enable the study of gene regulatory associations at unprecedented resolution in diverse cellular contexts. However, identifying unique regulatory associations observed only in specific cell types or conditions remains a key challenge; this is particularly so for rare transcriptional states whose sample sizes are too small for existing gene regulatory network inference methods to be effective. Results We present ShareNet, a Bayesian framework for boosting the accuracy of cell type-specific gene regulatory networks by propagating information across related cell types via an information sharing structure that is adaptively optimized for a given single-cell dataset. The techniques we introduce can be used with a range of general network inference algorithms to enhance the output for each cell type. We demonstrate the enhanced accuracy of our approach on three benchmark scRNA-seq datasets. We find that our inferred cell type-specific networks also uncover key changes in gene associations that underpin the complex rewiring of regulatory networks across cell types, tissues and dynamic biological processes. Our work presents a path toward extracting deeper insights about cell type-specific gene regulation in the rapidly growing compendium of scRNA-seq datasets. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. Availability and implementation The code for ShareNet is available at http://sharenet.csail.mit.edu and https://github.com/alexw16/sharenet.
Characterization of inflammatory changes in the breast cancer associated adipose tissue and comparison to the unaffected contralateral breast.

Abstract Background Adipose tissue has emerged as an important window into cancer pathophysiology, revealing potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions. The goal of this study was to compare the breast adipose tissue (BrAT) immune milieu surrounding breast carcinoma and contralateral unaffected breast tissue obtained from the same patient. Materials and methods Patients undergoing bilateral mastectomy for unilateral breast cancer were enrolled for bilateral BrAT collection at the time of operation. After BrAT was processed, adipocyte and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) gene expression was quantified by PCR. SVF cells were also processed for flow cytometric immune cell characterization. Results Twelve patients underwent bilateral mastectomy for unilateral ductal carcinoma. BrAT adipocyte CXCL2 gene expression trended higher in the tumor-affected breast as compared to the unaffected breast. Macrophage MCP-1 and PPARγ gene expression also tended to be higher in the tumor-affected breasts. T cell gene expression of FOXP3 (p = 0.0370) were significantly greater in tumor-affected breasts than unaffected breasts. Affected BrAT contained higher numbers of Th2 CD4+ cells (p = 0.0165) and eosinophils (p = 0.0095) while trending towards increased macrophage and lower Th1 CD4+ cells infiltration than tumor-affected BrAT. Conclusion This preliminary study aimed to identify the immunologic environment present within BrAT and is the first to directly compare this in individual patients’ tumor-associated and unaffected BrAT. These findings suggest that cancer-affected BrAT had increased levels of T cell specific FOXP3 and higher levels of anti-inflammatory/regulatory cells compared to the contralateral BrAT.