cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induced systemic resistance to anthracnose in cucumber as influenced by the location of the inducer inoculation with Colletotrichum lagenarium and the onset of flowering and fruiting

Abstract Infection of the second true leaf (leaf 2) of cucumber with Colletotrichum lagenarium systemically protected the first true leaf (leaf 1) and leaf 3 from subsequent disease caused by the fungus. Protection of leaf 3 was consistently better than leaf 1. Excising the stem below the petiole of leaf 3 at the time leaf 2 was inoculated did not affect protection of leaf 1. When the petiole of inducer leaf 2 was girdled with cotton and hot water prior to inoculation with C. lagenarium, resistance was not induced in leaves 1 or 3. Similarly, when the petiole of inducer leaf 1 was girdled prior to inoculation with C. lagenarium, resistance was not induced in leaf 2. Resistance was not induced in leaf 2 if its petiole was girdled prior to the inoculation of inducer leaf 1. Inoculating leaf 5 with the fungus induced resistance in leaves 1 to 4 and 6 to 10, but protection was greater in leaves 9 and 10. Resistance was not induced in cucumber plants once they set fruit, and was markedly reduced when induced at the time of flowering.
Anionic Phospholipids change the Effect of the Hydrophobic Surfactant Proteins on Structures of Hexagonal Lipids

Available evidence suggests that the hydrophobic surfactant proteins (SPs), SP-B and SP-C, accelerate adsorption of surfactant vesicles to an air/water interface by promoting formation of a negatively curved rate-limiting structure. In support of this model, the proteins induce several phosphatidylethanolamines to form inverse bicontinuous cubic phases, in which each leaflet has negative saddle-like curvature analogous to the hypothetical intermediate. The proteins could promote formation of cubic phases by changing spontaneous curvature (c0) of lipids, which would be reflected in the dimensions of the inverse hexagonal (HII) phase. With 1,2-dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), the SPs had no effect on the size of the HII phase, suggesting a constant c0. The study, however, lacked anionic phospholipids, which constitute ∼10% (mol:mol) of phospholipids in lung surfactant, and could engage in selective interactions with the cationic SPs. In this work, we used small-angle X-ray scattering to examine how SPs affect structures formed by DOPE mixed with 10% (mol:mol) anionic 1,2-dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG). With DOPG, the HII lattice-constant (a0) decreased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing levels of protein. This change could be caused by specific interactions between the SPs and DOPG, or nonspecific interactions between cationic SPs and the anionic phosphate group of DOPG. To determine whether the observed change in a0 was caused by nonspecific electrostatic effects, the measurements were repeated on samples prepared in buffered electrolyte. In the presence of counterions, the effect of SPs on a0 was significantly diminished. These results suggest that the change in the a0 for DOPE:DOPG in the absence of counterions is caused by nonspecific electrostatic interactions between the positively-charged proteins and anionic phospholipids, and are unlikely to play a major role in physiological media.Acknowledgements: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource; NIH.
Storytelling and synthetic personalization in television cooking shows

Abstract Television cooking shows provide a platform for discussion about food, with storytelling emerging as a way to share and interpret experiences. Within the last twenty years, interest in food has soared with television channels devoted exclusively to food and cooking, nationally and internationally, reaching millions of viewers. Entertaining and educating simultaneously, cooking show hosts weave storytelling in recipe telling, engaging the viewer and creating an “ordinary” persona. Drawing on Labov's narrative theory and Fairclough's synthetic personalization, the paper analyzes the formal structure of stories and the legitimation strategies of amateur celebrity chefs within the discursive framework of the cooking show event. Specifically, storytelling in instructional cooking shows from the Food Network provides a resource for cooking show hosts to construct themselves as authorities in cooking but at the same time as equals to the viewers.
Identification of somatic mutations in cancer through Bayesian-based analysis of sequenced genome pairs

The field of cancer genomics has rapidly adopted next-generation sequencing (NGS) in order to study and characterize malignant tumors with unprecedented resolution. In particular for cancer, one is often trying to identify somatic mutations – changes specific to a tumor and not within an individual’s germline. However, false positive and false negative detections often result from lack of sufficient variant evidence, contamination of the biopsy by stromal tissue, sequencing errors, and the erroneous classification of germline variation as tumor-specific. We have developed a generalized Bayesian analysis framework for matched tumor/normal samples with the purpose of identifying tumor-specific alterations such as single nucleotide mutations, small insertions/deletions, and structural variation. We describe our methodology, and discuss its application to other types of paired-tissue analysis such as the detection of loss of heterozygosity as well as allelic imbalance. We also demonstrate the high level of sensitivity and specificity in discovering simulated somatic mutations, for various combinations of a) genomic coverage and b) emulated heterogeneity. We present a Java-based implementation of our methods named Seurat, which is made available for free academic use. We have demonstrated and reported on the discovery of different types of somatic change by applying Seurat to an experimentally-derived cancer dataset using our methods; and have discussed considerations and practices regarding the accurate detection of somatic events in cancer genomes. Seurat is available at https://sites.google.com/site/seuratsomatic .
Low-delay embedded 3D wavelet color video coding with SPIHT

In this paper, a modification of the 3D SPIHT, which is the 3D extension to image sequence of 2D SPIHT still image coding, is presented in order to allow more flexibility in choosing the number of frames to be processed at one time by introducing unbalanced tree structure. Simulation shows that 3D SPIHT with reduced coding latency still achieves coding result comparable to MPEG-2, and exhibits more uniform PSNR fluctuations. In additional extension to color video coding is accomplished without explicit rate-allocation, and can be used to any color-plane representation.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Calculations of Relative Hydration Free Energies: A Comparative Study Using Thermodynamic Integration and an Extrapolation Method Based on a Single Reference State

The relative hydration free energies of a series of organic molecules were calculated from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using an extrapolation method in combination with soft-core potential scaling. This technique consists in first generating one single long trajectory using an unphysical reference state and in using afterward this trajectory for the estimation of the free energy difference between several molecules. First, we investigated the accuracy of the method for the deletion of small functional groups. A trajectory from an MD simulation of pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) was used to calculate by extrapolation the free energy changes for the mutations of pyrogallol, catechol, and phenol to benzene in water and in vacuo. The results were compared to those obtained by thermodynamic integration, to experimental data, and to values calculated using a semiempirical method. In a second step, increasingly larger mutations were studied in order to investigate the limitations of the method. The ...
Fish oil supplementation reduces excretion of 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF1α and the 11-dehydrothromboxane B2/2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF1α excretion ratio in adult men

Abstract Dietary supplementation with a fish oil concentrate (FOC) reduced the endogenous synthesis of prostacyclin (PGI2), as measured by the excretion of its major urinary catabolite, 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF1α (PGI2-M). Thirty-four healthy men (24–57 years old) were given controlled diets and supplements that provided 40% of the energy from fat and a minimum of 22 mg/d of α-tocopherol for two consecutive experimental periods of 10 weeks each. During the experimental periods, the men received capsules containing 15 g/d of a placebo oil (PO) (period 1) or 15 g/d of the FOC (period 2). In addition to the PO or FOC, capsules contained 1 mg of α-tocopherol per g of fat as an antioxidant. The average daily excretion of PGI2-M during the last week of FOC supplementation (period 2) was 22% less ( P = 0.0001 ) than at the end of the first period. These results are at variance with those reported in comparable human studies conducted by other investigators during the middle and late 1980s. A 20% reduction ( P = 0.003 ) in the 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 to 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF1α excretion ratio at the end of period 2 in this study demonstrates that a shift of the n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio from 12.5 to 2.3 brings about a substantial modulation of the eicosanoid system.
Response of planted Pinus taeda L. to brush control in Northern Louisana

Abstract Eradication of brush, defined as hardwood trees, shrubs, blackberries, vines, and volunteer pines, was not necessary to maximize juvenile pine growth in northern Louisiana Pinus taeda L. plantations. Pine height and diameter gains were similar on treatments when either (1) only the above ground portion of the brush was cut yearly or (2) both the above ground stems and root systems of brush species were controlled each year. At age 10, planted pines on both treatments averaged 0.9 m taller with a 2.5 cm greater stem diameter at breast height (1.4 m) than those on untreated checks. Total outside bark volume per pine averaged 51.9 dm 3 on checks vs 78.5 dm 3 on treated plots.
Aerosol filtration properties of PA6/PE islands-in-the-sea bicomponent spunbond web fibrillated by high-pressure water jets

The bicomponent spunbonding technology offers high productivity and provides great flexibility in the selection of polymer compositions and fiber configurations. This process was utilized to develop islands-in-the-sea (INS) fabrics consisting of 75% nylon-6 islands and 25% PE sea polymer. The number of islands was varied from 1 (sheath-core) to 108. These webs were hydroentangled at high pressure to cause fracture and fibrillation of the sea polymer and to “release” the islands to form hybrid micro and nanofiber structures. Physical properties as well as aerosol filtration characteristics of these webs were investigated to determine their feasibility for aerosol filtration. The submicron-sized dioctyl phthalate (DOP) particles were used as a challenging aerosol at face velocities in range of 3.3–11.7 cm/s. The filtration efficiency of the webs followed typical behavior for fibrous filtration media in which the most penetration particle size was in range of 0.2–0.3 micron. Surprisingly, the 1 INS web exhibited a higher quality factor compared with other INS webs due to its lower solidity. Also, it was found that corona charging improved the filtration efficiency of 1 INS web 4.3 times compared to discharged webs for 0.2 micron of DOP particles at the face velocity of 5.3 cm/s.
Leslie Population Estimate for a Large Lake

Abstract The accuracy of a population estimate made by the Leslie removal method was evaluated for adult northern pike (Esox lucius) in a 288-hectare lake. The Leslie estimate of 6,290 fish was within 1% of that obtained from direct enumeration.
Chiral dilepton model and the flavor question.

A chiral model based on a gauge group SU(3){sub {ital C}}{times}SU(3){sub {ital L}}{times}U(1){sub {ital X}} contains dilepton gauge bosons and new quarks with exotic charges-4/3 and +5/3. Although coincident at low energy with the standard model, in the extended theory the third quark family is treated differently from the first two, and anomaly cancellation requires that the number of families be equal to the number of quark colors.
The Seminole Project: Renewable Energy for Municipal Water Desalination

This demonstration project addresses the continuing depletion of the Ogallala aquifer, the current principal source of potable ground water for much of the Texas High Plains. The project site is Seminole, Gaines County, Texas. Brackish ground water from the much deeper Santa Rosa aquifer in the Dockum group is produced and treated by reverse osmosis (RO) for potential use in the city's municipal supply. The electrical power for the well pump and RO system is assisted by a 50-kW wind turbine. Financial support was from the City of Seminole, Department of Energy, Texas Water Development Board, Bureau of Reclamation, Texas Department of Agriculture, and State Energy Conservation Office. The Santa Rosa well and wind turbine were installed in 2011, and the RO system, turbine, well, and related infrastructure were ready for continuous operation in early 2013. A one-year demonstration will follow to document the seasonal electricity contributions from wind and grid sources.
Theoretical study of chemical compounds formed by insertion of rare gas atoms into glycine molecule: a step towards bio-rare gas chemistry?

Abstract Stability, structural and vibrational properties of compounds where an Rg atom (Xe, Kr, or Ar) is inserted into different bonds of glycine molecule are investigated using accurate ab initio methods. The most stable configuration is found to correspond to insertion of Rg atoms into the O H bond of glycine. These NH 2 CH 2 COORgH compounds are metastable, but separated from the Rg + glycine dissociation products by significant potential barriers. Preliminary calculations show that NH 2 CH 2 COOXeH compound may be energetically stable with respect to the three-body dissociation (H + Rg + NH 2 CH 2 CO 2 ), while the corresponding Ar compound is energetically unstable in this respect. The compound with the inserted Kr is a borderline case, with the three-body dissociation products close in energy to the NH 2 CH 2 COOKrH minimum.
On the performance of radiant barriers in combination with different attic insulation levels

Abstract Experiments and computer simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of radiant barriers under three different insulation levels in residential applications. The experiments were conducted in central Texas, USA using side-by-side comparisons in which two houses, with identical floor plans and thermal profiles, were used. The houses were instrumented, calibrated, and their heat transfer rates across the ceilings were measured and recorded. A heat and mass transfer model was used to run the computer simulations. The results suggest that the reductions in heat transfer (on a percentage basis) produced by the radiant barriers decrease as the attic insulation resistance increases. On average, the experimental summer heat flow reductions produced by the radiant barriers in combination with attic insulation resistance levels of 1.94, 3.35, and 5.28 m2 K/W (R=11, 19, and 30) were 42, 34, and 25%, respectively. The simulations, driven by typical meteorological year (TMY) data, produced yearly heat flow reductions of approximately 44, 28, and 23% for the same insulation levels, respectively.
A clinical trial of lovastatin for modification of biomarkers associated with breast cancer risk.

Pre-clinical and epidemiologic studies provide rationale for evaluating lipophilic statins for breast cancer prevention. We conducted a single-arm, biomarker modulation trial of lovastatin among women with increased risk of breast cancer. Eligibility criteria included a deleterious germline mutation in BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, or TP53; lifetime breast cancer risk of ≥20 % as estimated by the Claus model; or personal history of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer. Participants received 40 mg of lovastatin orally twice daily for 6 months. We evaluated the following biomarkers before and after lovastatin use: breast duct cytology (primary endpoint), serum lipids, C-reactive protein, insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF binding protein-3, lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase genotype, and mammographic density. Thirty women were enrolled, and 26 (86.7 %) completed the study. For the primary endpoint of changes in breast duct cytology sampled by random periareolar fine needle aspiration, most participants [57.7 %, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 38.9–74.5 %] showed no change after lovastatin; 19.2 % (CI 8.1–38.3 %) had a favorable change in cytology, 7.7 % (95 % CI 1.0–25.3 %) had an unfavorable change, and 15.4 % (95 % CI 5.5–34.2 %) had equivocal results due to acellular specimens, usually after lovastatin. No significant changes were observed in secondary biomarker endpoints. The study was generally well-tolerated: 4 (13.3 %) participants did not complete the study, and one (3.8 %) required a dose reduction. This trial was technically feasible, but demonstrated no significant biomarker modulation; contributing factors may include insufficient sample size, drug dose and/or duration. The results are inconclusive and do not exclude a favorable effect on breast cancer risk.
Observations on olfactory behavior of scolytid beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) associated with Douglas-fir forests

Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse der Freilanduntersuchungen, die in den nordamerikanischen Douglasien waldern an der Kuste des Stillen Ozeans durchgefuhrt wurden, haben gezeigt, das die Holz- und Borkenkafer durch die fluchtigen Harzsubstanzen des Wirtbaumes (Alpha- und Betapinen, Limonen, Camphen, Geraniol und Alpha-terpineol) zu ihren Brutstammen gelockt werden. Diese Anlokkung wird als Primar- oder Wirtsanlockung bezeichnet, da sie durch den Wirt verursacht wird und vor der sekundaren Massenanlockung stattfindet. Sie ist besonders auffallend bei Kafern, die frisch gefallene Douglasien bevorzugen, wie z. B. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Gnathotrichus sulcatus und Pseudohylesinus nebulosus. Sobald die Kafer in die Wirtpflanze eingedrungen sind und mit dem Fras begonnen haben, produzieren die Weibchen einen Geruchsstoff, der eine starke sekundare Anlockung zur Folge hat, wie es bei D. pseudotsugae, Trypodendron lineatum und wahrscheinlich auch bei den beiden Pseudohylesinus-Arten der Fall ist. Gewisse Unterschiede in dem Geruchsverhalten und in der Pheromonproduktion der Kafer sind erkennbar, die zu weiteren Unterschieden in der Kafer-biologie zu korrespondieren scheinen. Wahrend bei den monogamen Arten gewohnlich die Weibchen zuerst in die Wirtpflanze eindringen (Trypodendron, Dendroctonus) und dann Pheromone abgeben, sind es bei den polygamen Ips die Mannchen. Bei D. pseudotsugae findet die Kopulation im Frasgang statt, der Lockstoff wird vom unbefruchteten Weibchen abgegeben, nach der Begattung jedoch in stark vermindertem Mas. Mit Beginn der zweiten Brut-periode sezernieren die Weibchen erneut den Lockstoff. Diese Pheromon-sekretion steht wahrscheinlich in Beziehung zur Wiederaktivierung der Ovarien. Die Kopulation des linierten Nutzholzborkenkafers dagegen findet auf der Stammoberflache statt; das Pheromon wird nur durch die befruchteten Weibchen produziert. Im Gegensatz zu D. pseudotsugae dauert die Anlokkung wahrend der ganzen Flugperiode des Kafers an.
Tolerance and dependence after continuous morphine infusion from osmotic pumps measured by operant responding in rats

Food-deprived rats were trained to lever-press on a fixed interval 3-min schedule of food presentation. Using a cumulative dosing procedure, morphine and naltrexone were tested weekly for effects on rates of responding. A separate group of subjects was tested weekly for morphine analgesia using the tail-flick assay. Chronic morphine infusion (10 mg/kg/day, SC, from a 4-week osmotic pump) induced tolerance to the rate-decreasing and analgesic effects of morphine as demonstrated by a more than 4-fold increase in the morphine ED50s for both of these effects, relative to those of predependent rats. Physical dependence was evidenced in the operant procedure by increased sensitivity to the rate-decreasing effects of the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, such that the ED50 for naltrexone was 5000 times lower than it was in predependent animals. In addition, marked weight loss was observed over the 2-h naltrexone test session. The degree of tolerance was a function of both the length of chronic administration and of the maintenance dose and was of a similar magnitude for operant responding and analgesia. Further, the degree of tolerance and dependence was comparable to that observed in other studies that used different methods of chronic drug administration. Thus, osmotic pumps provide a convenient and effective alternative for chronic drug administration in behavioral studies.
Blood flow and volume distribution following alpha adrenergic blockade.

SummaryIt would seem that both phentolamine blockade and denervation affected the series-coupled circuits by lowering precapillary resistance and opening precapillary sphincters, thus making a larger capillary surface area available. Capillary hydrostatic pressure probably was also increased. The parallel-coupled circuits were affected by making A-V shunts available to elevated flow. These shunts are apparently in the skin and one could, therefore, expect blood flow to pass through the skin at an increasingly greater percentage of the total limb flow as the flow rate is increased.
Synthesis of photodegradable hydrogels as dynamically tunable cell culture platforms

We describe a detailed procedure to create photolabile, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels and manipulate material properties in situ. The cytocompatible chemistry and degradation process enable dynamic, tunable changes for applications in two-dimensional (2D) or 3D cell culture. The materials are created by synthesizing an o-nitrobenzylether-based photodegradable monomer that can be coupled to primary amines. In this study, we provide coupling procedures to PEG-bis-amine to form a photodegradable cross-linker or to the fibronectin-derived peptide RGDS to form a photoreleasable tether. Hydrogels are synthesized with the photodegradable cross-linker in the presence or absence of cells, allowing direct encapsulation or seeding on surfaces. Cell-material interactions can be probed in 2D or 3D by spatiotemporally controlling the gel microenvironment, which allows unique experiments to be performed to monitor cell response to changes in their niche. Degradation is readily achieved with cytocompatible wavelengths of low-intensity flood irradiation (365-420 nm) in minutes or with high-intensity laser irradiation (405 nm) in seconds. In this protocol, synthesis and purification of photodegradable monomers take approximately 2 weeks, but the process can be substantially shortened by purchasing the o-nitrobenzylether precursor. Preparation of sterile solutions for hydrogel fabrication takes hours, whereas the reaction to form the final hydrogel is complete in minutes. Hydrogel degradation occurs on demand, in seconds to minutes, with user-directed light exposure. This comprehensive protocol is useful for controlling peptide presentation and substrate modulus during cell culture on or within an elastic matrix. These PEG-based materials are useful for probing the dynamic influence of cell-cell and cell-material interactions on cell function in 2D or 3D. Although other protocols are available for controlling peptide presentation or modulus, few allow manipulation of material properties in situ and in the presence of cells down to the micrometer scale.
Development of a gas chromatographic method for fungicide cymoxanil analysis in dried hops.

An analytical method for detecting cymoxanil {2-cyano-N-[(ethylamino)carbonyl]-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide} residues in dried hops was developed utilizing liquid−liquid partitioning, automated gel pe...
Numerical solution for cosmological evolution of Newton's gravitational constant in superstring theories.

By using a computer to solve the ten-dimensional Einstein equations in superstring theories, we find that the present value for the time variation of Newton's gravitational constant is in the range of -1 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ to -6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ ${\mathrm{yr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the case of the flat internal potential, which confirms the previous perturbative estimate.
EFFECTS OF 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) WITH THE INITIATION OF CHEMICAL SENESCENCE FROM APPLICATIONS OF 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID

Abstract Ripening and holding ability of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) are critical components of producing high-quality leaf desired by the tobacco leaf buyers. Research was conducted in North Carolina during 2006 to 2008 at 2 locations to determine if applications of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) could inhibit chemically enhanced senescence from applications of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid in flue-cured tobacco. Treatments consisted of 1-MCP at 26 g ai ha−1 and at 13 g ai ha−1. Applications of 1-MCP were initiated before optimal ripeness on the basis of traditional judgment of harvest timing and included applications at: 14 days before normal final harvest, 14 and 7 days before normal final harvest, 7 days before normal final harvest, and 7 and 1 days before normal final harvest. Treatments also included applications of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid at 1,680 g ai ha−1 to enhance chemical senescence at the normal harvest timing. Soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values were taken before (b...
Electrochemical oxidation of lysergic acid-type ergot alkaloids in acetonitrile. Part 1. Stoichiometry of the anodic oxidation electrode reaction

Abstract The ergot alkaloids are an important group of compounds used extensively in medicine. An intrinsic property of these molecules is that the ergoline compounds decompose spontaneously in an oxidative process. A systematic study was carried out with the aim of describing the stoichiometry of the electrochemical oxidation reaction which simulates the oxidative degradation. Eight ergo- and 9.10-dihydroergopeptides were investigated, including the group of 9,10-dihydroergotoxine alkaloids and simple ergoline derivatives. Cyclic voltammetry, controlled-potential coulometry and isolation and identification of the electrochemically oxidized forms led to the conclusion that the electrochemical oxidation of all lysergic acid-type ergot alkaloids takes place in the same way. The main oxidation product is always a highly conjugated dimer, and the dimerization is located at the indole part of the ergoloid skeleton. The study of the stoichiometry of the oxidative electrode reaction of lysergic acid-type ergot alkaloids is described, which provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the liquid chromatographic or flow-injection determination with amperometric detection of these alkaloids in different pharmaceutical formulations.
Influences of food distribution on fish foraging behaviour

Abstract Juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma , use group foraging, mediated by local enhancement, when searching for prey that are clumped in time and space. Local enhancement occurs when fish are attracted to the site where another fish has discovered food. Experiments were conducted to determine whether fish forage as individuals when food is widely dispersed in time and space. When acclimatized to dispersed food, juvenile walleye pollock foraged as individuals and did not respond to the food discovery of others. Some fish appeared to aggressively defend areas of their tank, a behaviour not seen in fish foraging for clumped food. In a second experiment, examining the role of prior experience in fish foraging, fish were first acclimatized to clumped food and then suddenly switched to dispersed food. Fish continued to use group foraging, mediated by local enhancement, with no change over 20 food discovery events. These results indicate that social aspects of fish foraging strategies are flexible, but are also influenced by prior experience with resource distribution.
Diazo transparencies of polyacrylamide slab gels

Abstract A diazo print method is presented for reproducing most of the isozyme patterns obtained with electrophoresed or isoelectric-focused polyacrylamide slab gels. Gel reproductions can be made on the laboratory bench without expensive photographic equipment or darkroom facilities, and finished positive transparencies are produced in only a few minutes.
On the relationship between intercategory and intracategory semantic structure

Rosch (1975) demonstrated that intracategory semantic structure can be thought of as organized in analog rather than digital fashion. This experiment demonstrates that intercategory structure is organized along the same lines, and that it interacts with intracategory organization.
Commentary on Le Corre & Carey

The experiments reported by Le Corre and Carey were designed to test a form of the analog mapping hypothesis, but not to test the hypothesis advanced by Gallistel and Gelman (1992). Our hypothesis is that very early in the prolonged process of learning verbal counting children recognize 2 that the structure and function of verbal counting are the same as the structure and function of their pre-verbal counting system. Both processes honor the one-one, stable order, and cardinal principles, and both processes deliver symbols that are subject to arithmetic processing. Gelman and her coauthors (Gelman, 1998; Gelman & Lucariello, 2002; Gelman & Williams, 1998) have argued that this recognition of common structure and function is mediated by a more general process that she calls structure mapping, which plays an important role in many other aspects of cognitive development. The Gallistel and Gelman (1992) hypothesis is that it is the early recognition that there is a mapping of both structure and function that drives the long, slow process of learning the bidirectional maps – the mapping from the mental magnitudes to the corresponding count words and the mapping from the count words to the corresponding mental magnitudes. The process of learning these two mappings never goes to completion in that count words like ‘million’, ‘billion’, and ‘trillion’ probably do not map to useable mental magnitudes in most adults. On our hypothesis, counting is a numerically meaningful activity even in children who are very bad counters. They already understand that counting yields a word that represents cardinality and that words representing cardinality are principal players in talk about arithmetic operations, such as addition and subtraction. Thus, we take
Amphetamine-haloperidol discrimination: Effects of chronic drug treatment☆

Rats responding for food reinforcement were trained in a 2-lever drug discrimination task. Groups of rats were trained to discriminate one of four doses of amphetamine (0.0, 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 mg/kg) from haloperidol (0.02 mg/kg). Both the rate of acquisition and level of discrimination at asymptote were a function of amphetamine training dose. Following acquisition of this discrimination, choice behavior was assessed in the absence of drug during two test sessions. Twenty-four hours following the second drug-free test session, chronic drug treatment commenced. Half of the animals received 10 mg/kg amphetamine for 10 consecutive days while the other half received 1 mg/kg haloperidol during the same period. Choice behavior was assessed during three 2.5-minute unreinforced drug-free test sessions 24, 48, and 72 hours following the chronic drug regimen. Following chronic haloperidol, animals responded as though a small dose of amphetamine had been administered, while following chronic amphetamine, they responded as though a small dose of haloperidol had been administered. Collectively, these results suggest that animals trained to discriminate amphetamine from haloperidol respond on the basis of a continuum of dopaminergic function. Further, this continuum can be used to elucidate the net effect of pharmacologically-induced alterations in dopaminergic function, as well as the effect of nonpharmacological manipulations that may result in dopaminergic changes.
Time of Grazing Effect on Subsequent-Year Standing Crop in the Eastern Nebraska Sandhills ☆

Abstract Rotational grazing methods provide range managers opportunities to alter the time when grazing occurs on pastures in consecutive years. The effect of time of grazing on subsequent-year standing crop was evaluated within four pastures (42 ± 1 ha) rotated annually within a deferred rotation using a modified Williams design that included mean times of grazing within different pastures from 16 May to 14 June, 13 June to 20 July, 20 July to 29 August, and 27 August to 7 October (i.e., stages of grazing A, B, C, and D, respectively). Subsequent-year standing crop of different plant functional groups was collected from 2001 to 2008 at four topographic positions (i.e., north slopes, south slopes, dune tops, and interdunes) in mid-June and mid-August harvests. During the mid-June harvest, standing crop of subsequent-year warm-season grasses was 51 ± 24 to 117 ± 41 kg·ha - 1 greater ( P - 1 greater ( P
Effect of Residual Compressive Stress in a Hotel‐China Glaze on Some Physical Durability Properties of the Glaze

The resistance of a hotel-china glaze to fracture by impact was improved by increasing the residual compressive stresses in the glaze. Increases in residual compressive stresses were developed, for laboratory convenience, by increasing the coefficient of expansion of the body by the incorporation of alumina in the body.
Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits human T lymphocyte responses by a complement-dependent regulatory pathway.

Complement proteins are involved in early innate immune responses against pathogens and play a role in clearing circulating viral Ags from the blood of infected hosts. We have previously demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV) core, the first protein to be expressed and circulating in the blood of infected individuals, inhibited human T cell proliferative response through interaction with the complement receptor, globular domain of C1q receptor (gC1qR). To investigate the mechanisms of HCV core/gC1qR-induced inhibition of T cell proliferation, we examined the effect of core protein on the early events in T cell activation. We found that HCV core inhibited phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and mitogen-activated ERK kinase (MEK). HCV core-induced impairment of ERK/MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase resulted in the inhibition of IL-2 and IL-2Rα gene transcription, which led to the inhibition of IL-2 production and high-affinity IL-2R expression. Importantly, the ability of anti-gC1qR Ab treatment to reverse HCV core-induced inhibition of ERK/MEK phosphorylation reveals that the interaction between HCV core and gC1qR is linked to the interference of ERK/MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. These results imply that HCV core-induced blockage of intracellular events in T cell activation by a complement-dependent regulatory pathway may play a critical role in the establishment of HCV persistence during the acute phase of viral infection.
The two-processor reliability of hierarchical large-scale ring-based networks

We present the reliability analysis of ring-based hierarchical directed networks in the context of large-scale multiprocessors. A wide range of hierarchical structures based on the basic, dual counter-rotating, and braided (skip-a-node) rings are analyzed and compared. We have adopted the two-processor (two-terminal) reliability criteria for our analysis. The results of computing the system reliability for thousands of processors show that hierarchical structures constructed of counter-rotating and braided rings significantly improve the reliability of hierarchical structures constructed of basic rings. For most of the hierarchies the braided structures have better survivability and provide higher reliability than the counter-rotating structures for long mission times. Our results show that uniform hierarchical structures tend to provide better reliability than nonuniform structures. The results are of value in designing real time systems, large-scale architectures and general computer networks. Because Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) appears to be a promising interface for high speed interconnections, we use it to illustrate both the approach and the applicability of our results. The results apply also to similar ring architectures such as token rings, slotted rings, and other unidirectional ring networks.
Fixed-point functors for symmetric groups and Schur algebras

Abstract Let Σd be the symmetric group. For 1 F m be the functor which takes a Σd-module U to the space of fixed points UΣm, which is naturally a module for Σd−m. This functor was previously used by the author to study cohomology of the symmetric group, but little is known about it. This paper initiates a study of F m . First, we relate it to James' work on row and column removal and decomposition numbers for the Schur algebra. Next, we determine the image of dual Specht modules, permutation and twisted permutation modules, and some Young and twisted Young modules under F m . In particular, F m acts as first row removal on dual Specht modules Sλ with λ1=m and as first column removal on twisted Young and twisted permutation modules corresponding to partitions with m parts. Finally, we prove that determining F m on the Young modules is equivalent to determining the decomposition numbers for the Schur algebra.
The Use of Service Learning in Client Environments To Enhance Ethical Reasoning in Students

OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of two service-learning experiences on the psychosocial and moral reasoning development of occupational therapy students. The assumption was that ethical reasoning ability can be facilitated through participation in value-laden experiences. METHOD Participants visited older adults in nursing homes (n = 19) or interacted with persons with disabilities in community settings (n = 33). All participants reflected on their experiences through weekly journals. Psychosocial and moral reasoning development were measured at the beginning and end of the experiences with the Student Development Task and Lifestyle Inventory and the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form. RESULTS Participants in both groups exhibited a significant time-related increase in psychosocial development but no increase in moral reasoning. Participants interacting with persons with disabilities exhibited a decrease over time in moral reasoning compared with the participants interacting with older adults. CONCLUSION Service learning effected a change in the participants' psychosocial development indicative of developing an appreciation for dignity, equality, and justice. These are core concepts in occupational therapy and are viewed as important in ethical reasoning. The lack of advancement and current level of moral reasoning in these undergraduate students raises a question as to their readiness to engage in ethical reasoning as entry-level practitioners.
The Intellectual Preparation for the Canon of 1215 against Ordeals

AMONG the most important of the deliberations of the Fourth Lateran Council convened by Pope Innocent III in 1215 was canon 18, which dealt with the problem of ordeals.' In the general context of prohibiting clerics from involving themselves in judicial decisions which resulted in the shedding of blood, the pope and his assembled bishops spoke authoritatively against judicial proofs by ordeals. These practices were divided into two classes: the unilateral, represented by the hot and cold water and the hot iron trials, and the bilateral, represented by the judicial duel. The first category of unilateral ordeals was merely removed from ecclesiastical auspices by forbidding priests to bless or consecrate the elements. Their use, however, in secular justice was not specifically disallowed. In the second category of bilateral ordeals the Council renewed the censures of former councils against judicial duels.2 In the light of canonical tradition this prohibition most likely envisaged secular as well as ecclesiastical justice. Historians of ordeals generally consider the Council of 1215 to be the turning point in the disappearance of these customary practices from European law.' In the realm of legal practice the prohibitions of Innocent III had immediate and significant effect against certain unilateral proofs at least in England, Normandy, and Denmark.4 Although such customary trials antedated the Christian era, in mediaeval practice the blessing and consecration of the elements by the clergy played an important part in their operation. Withdrawal of the clergy placed
Misinterpreting the Internal Rate of Return in Sustainable Forest Management Planning and Economic Analysis

Sustainable forest management planning includes accounting for revenues and costs that accrue throughout time. While debate continues as to the how to account for these cash flows, the most used techniques are net present value, benefit cost ratios, and internal rate of return (irr). Managing forests sustainably depends critically on interpreting the results and management implications of these techniques accurately. It is appealing to equate the irr with a market-derived rate of return given its definition. Unfortunately, its mathematical derivation does not support this interpretation and past use of irr often illustrates this confusion and misinterpretation. The irr only reflects the amount and timing of the net cash flows for a given venture and does not include any social, economic, or other external factors found in market-derived discount rates. Therefore, the irr does not reflect an appropriate rate of return or opportunity cost of capital for sustainable forest management. My purpose is to provid...
The Equivalence of Determinacy and Iterated Sharps

We characterize, in terms of determinacy, the existence of 0 ## as well as the existence of each of the following: 0 ### , 0 #### , 0 ##### , ... For k∈ω, we define two classes of sets, (k*Σ 1 0 )* and (k*Σ 1 0 ) + *, which lie strictly between ∪ β<ω2 (β-Π 1 1 ) and Δ(ω 2 -Π 1 1 ). We also define 0 1# as 0 # and in general, 0 (k+1)# as (0 k# ) # . We then show that the existence of 0 (k−1)# is equivalent to the determinacy of ((k+1)*Σ 1 0 )* as well as the determinacy of (k*Σ 1 0 ) + *
A pneumatically actuated manipulandum for neuromotor control research

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques have great potential for identifying which neural structures are involved in the control of goal-directed reaching movements. However, fMRI techniques alone are not capable of probing the neural mechanisms involved in acquisition of novel motor behaviors because such studies require that the moving limb be perturbed in a controlled fashion. We outline a plan to design and develop a non-metallic, pneumatically actuated tool that, along with systems identification techniques and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), will characterize and quantify how the human central nervous system uses sensory information during practice-based motor learning.
Frequency-Dependent Crustal Correction for Finite-Frequency Seismic Tomography

Removing the crustal signature from teleseismic travel times is an im- portant procedure to reduce the trade-off between crustal and mantle velocity het- erogeneities in seismic tomography. Because reverberations of long- and short-period body-wave arrivals in the crust affect the waveforms of the direct arrivals differently, the crustal effects on travel times measured by waveform cross correlation are fre- quency dependent. With synthetic responses of selected crustal models, this short note illustrates the significance of frequency-dependent crustal corrections to finite- frequency body-wave travel-time tomography. The differences in crustal correction between long- and short-period body waves at the same station can be as large as 0.6 sec, depending on the crustal thickness, velocity contrast at the Moho, and lay- ering within the crust.
Randomized cooperative precoding and diversity analysis over doubly selective channels

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems exploit transmit diversity to combat the effect of fading channels. Recently, a new paradigm known as cooperative communication was proposed that achieves the same transmit diversity as the MIMO system. However unlikely MIMO system which requires multiple antennas, cooperative communications use the scheme of sharing single antenna to generate a virtual multi-antenna system. In this paper we explore the attainable diversity of decentralized schemes in cooperative communications using random matrices in doubly-selective channels. We show that the decentralized scheme is easily adapted to block space-time precoding schemes which utilize both spatial and temporal diversity, and characterize the attainable diversity of that scheme.
‘Rail track picture’: diagnosis of the protruding of left main coronary stent by transthoracic echocardiography especially with three-dimensional images

An 81-year-old man with history of coronary artery disease involving left main coronary artery (LMCA) and triple vessels had undergone coronary artery bypass graft in October 2000. Recurrent angina occurred in March 2009, and reversible ischaemia over the lateral wall was noted by thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scan. Percutaneous coronary intervention performed and a bare metal stent (Liberte'; 5.0 × 32 mm) deployed from an ostial LMCA to the proximal left circumflex artery without the guidance of …
Career change: Women engineers in the workplace

Some methods of the Cooper Union 1989 National Survey of Women Engineers are presented. This survey, with 2077 respondents (a 52% survey return), included the demographics of the working woman engineer, a career profile, gender issues in the work place (including job satisfaction), a personal profile, and marriage and family issues. The Cooper Union survey was used by permission on graduates of the Graduate Career Change Program (GCCP) in Industrial Engineering at Arizona State University (ASU). A comparison of these career change women engineers surveyed by Cooper Union was performed. Both the national survey and the career change women engineers reported a high level of satisfaction in their engineering careers. >
Dynamics Explorer twins

Two spacecraft that will ride piggyback into orbit next July are currently undergoing vigorous prelaunch testing at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Called Dynamics Explorer (DE)-A and -B, the twin satellites are scheduled to be stacked together and placed into coplanar polar orbits by a Delta 3913 launch vehicle from the Western Space and Missile Center, Lompoc, Calif., on July 31. Their mission will be to explore the boundary region between Earth and space that affects the atmosphere, auroral displays, radio transmissons, and perhaps climate and weather. Solar radiation and the solar wind have a dynamic impact on the near-Earth environment, the results of which affect the state of the atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, and the more familiar phenomena—weather, auroral displays, and radio disturbances.
Probing for limits to building block mixing with a tunably-difficult problem for genetic programming

This paper describes a tunably-difficult problem for genetic programming (GP) that probes for limits to building block mixing and assembly. The existence of such a problem can be used to garner insight into the dynamics of what happens during the course of a GP run. The results indicate that the amount of mixing is fairly low in comparison to the amount of content that could be present in an initial population.