cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 022: mTORC1 is Required for the Cardiovascular but Not the Metabolic Actions of Leptin

Obesity represents a major risk factor for the development of hypertension, and inappropriate leptin action has been implicated as an essential mediator of obesity-associated hypertension. Leptin plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, acting through the brain to stimulate energy expenditure and suppress food intake. Leptin also increases sympathetic outflow to a variety of target organs, including those involved in blood pressure regulation. Here, we investigate the role of mTORC1 as a potential mediator of leptin’s cardiovascular and metabolic actions. For this, we generated conditional knockout mice that lack the critical mTORC1 subunit, Raptor, specifically in leptin receptor (LRb) expressing cells (LRb Cre /Rap fl/fl ). LRb Cre /Rap fl/fl displayed similar body weight, food intake and body composition as compared to littermate controls when fed a normal chow diet (body weight=29.6±0.8 g vs 31.0±0.8g at 14 weeks of age). Control and LRb Cre /Rap fl/fl mice also developed diet-induced obesity to a similar extent when fed either a 45% high-fat (37.2±3.1g g vs 40.9±2.2) or high-fat/high-sucrose diet (35.4±1.1g vs 35.2±2.7g). Additionally, fasting blood glucose (77.3±6.7mg/dL vs. 71.8±4.3mg/dL) as well as insulin (AUC=7788 ±1013, n=3 vs. 8964±884, n=4) and glucose (AUC=39750±2075, n=3 vs. 44259±1948, n=4) tolerance in high fat/high-sucrose diet fed mice were not changed in LRb Cre /Rap fl/fl mice as compared to littermate controls. Conversely, while baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) was comparable between LRb Cre /Rap fl/fl mice (108±9 mmHg) and controls (103±7 mmHg), intracerebroventricular administration of leptin significantly increased MAP in control mice (30±14 mmHg), but not in LRb Cre /Rap fl/fl mice (1±9 mmHg, P Cre /Rap fl/fl mice displayed a blunted renal sympathetic nerve response to leptin (-4±15%, n=9 vs. 127±16%, n=9, P
Irrigation and Debridement for Early Periprosthetic Knee Infection: Is It Effective?

Abstract Background Irrigation and debridement (I&D) is performed for early management of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Symptom reporting is a subjective measure and may miss direct management of PJI. Utilizing an objective time interval from index procedure to I&D may better inform treatment decisions. Methods From 2009 to 2017, retrospective review was performed of 55 knee PJI cases at our institution. All patients underwent polyethylene liner exchange and I&D for PJI. Patients were stratified by time from index procedure to I&D (≤2 weeks, >2 weeks). Success was defined as eradication of infection and resolution of presenting symptoms. Failed cases required subsequent procedures due to infection. Results Average follow-up time after index TKA was 2.5 years. Among patients with I&D within 2 weeks of index TXA, 14 patients (82%) were successfully treated while 3 (18%) had infection recurrence. These outcomes were significantly improved compared to patients with I&D after 2 weeks: 19 (50%) successes and 19 (50%) failures (P = .024). Staphylococcal species were the most frequent pathogen in patients treated before and after 2 weeks of index TKA (39% and 50%, respectively). Outcomes were pathogen-independent in PJIs treated before or after 2 weeks of index TKA (P = .206 and .594, respectively). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that patients with early PJI managed with I&D and liner exchange within 2 weeks of index TKA had higher rates of treatment success when compared to those with I&D beyond 2 weeks. These findings suggest that time from index TKA to I&D is an objective and reliable indicator of treatment success when considering I&D in acute onset knee PJI.
Electrochemical Polarization Measurement On 304 Ss In High Temperature, High Purity Water

The polarization behavior of the redox reactions of hydrogen (H{sub 2}), oxygen (O{sub 2}), and hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) on 304 stainless steel (SS) in high temperature, high purity water was studied in order to determine the electrochemical kinetic constants, such as Tafel slopes, exchange currents, orders of reaction and other parameters. These values are necessary to develop the electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) predictive model for boiling water reactors (BWRs), which is used to monitor the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) susceptibility of sensitized austenitic SS.
Fiber and Cancer Protection — Mechanisms

Since we do not currently understand all the changes that accompany the various stages of transition from normal colonic epithelium to colon cancer, it is impossible to talk with great certainty about how dietary fiber protects against colon cancer. Nevertheless, enough is currently known in this complicated process to discuss potential mechanisms by which dietary fiber may operate. This chapter will first examine the effects of dietary fiber within the lumen of the bowel and then concentrate on the tissue effects that might occur as a result of exposure to high fiber diets or specific metabolites of dietary fiber.
Gustav Stickley's Hapke-Geiger House and Noland and Baskervill's Hunton House: Richmond Architecture ca. 1915

GUSTAV STICKLEY'S HAPKE-GEIGER HOUSE AND NOLAND & BASKERVILL'S HUNTON HOUSE: RICHMOND ARCHITECTURE CA. 19 15 By Victoria Katsuko Carter A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Museum Studies at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005. Major Director: Charles E. Brownell Professor, Department of Art History Textbooks teach architecture as conveniently divided into styles and periods, but in reality styles overlap. At the turn-of-the-twentieth century there were three major architectural and decorative movements in the United States: the Aesthetic Movement, the Arts and Crafts Movement, and the American Renaissance Movement. This thesis shows how superficial stylistic labels can be by comparing two very different-seeming houses of the early twentieth esntury: The Hapke-Geiger House of ca. 191 2 in Chesterfield, Virginia, based on a Gustav Stickley Arts and Crafts design, and the Hunton House of 19 14 in Richmond, Virginia, designed in the American Renaissance style by Noland and Baskervill. These homes are very different from one another, but they have three major similarities: They each use an established plan with no essential connection to the building's supposed style, they mix styles, and they have similar kinds of porches. This thesis will pursue these issues to go beyond the superficial stylistic labels and examine how the three major movements of the time are interrelated.
Membrane assembly and turnover.

This review examines membrane assembly and turnover in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in plasma membranes. Some concepts that also apply to mitochondrial membranes are considered but as mitochondrial biogenesis has been recently reviewed (Milner, 1976) details will not be discussed. General aspects of membrane assembly and turnover were reviewed by Siekevitz (1972).
Physical-Virtual Agents for Healthcare Simulation

Conventional Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVAs) focus primarily on the visual and auditory channels for both the agent and the interacting human: the agent displays a visual appearance and speech as output, while processing the human's verbal and non-verbal behavior as input. However, some interactions, particularly those between a patient and healthcare provider, inherently include tactile components. We introduce an Intelligent Physical-Virtual Agent (IPVA) head that occupies an appropriate physical volume; can be touched; and via human-in-the-loop control can change appearance, listen, speak, and react physiologically in response to human behavior. Compared to a traditional IVA, it provides a physical affordance, allowing for more realistic and compelling human-agent interactions. In a user study focusing on neurological assessment of a simulated patient showing stroke symptoms, we compared the IPVA head with a high-fidelity touch-aware mannequin that has a static appearance. Various measures of the human subjects indicated greater attention, affinity for, and presence with the IPVA patient, all factors that can improve healthcare training.
Association Between Physicians' Burden and Performance During Interactions with Electronic Health Records (EHRs).

Suboptimal usability within electronic health records (EHRs) can pose risks for patient safety. This study uses data collected in a simulated environment in which providers interacted with ‘current’ and ‘enhanced’ Epic EHR interfaces to manage patients’ test results and missed appointments. Interactions were quantified and categorized by high or low burden in terms of displayed behavioral and physiological data. Using recorded video data, providers’ workflow and performance was analyzed. Suboptimal performance was found to be associated with high burden levels.
Algerian Socialism and the Architecture of Autogestion

In a series of essays published in 1966 as L’arceau qui chante [The Arch That Sings], the architect Abderrahman Bouchama outlined a new path for a post-revolutionary Algerian architecture. Bouchama’s text responded to ambitious efforts to construct a revolutionary socialist state immediately following Algeria’s independence in 1962. Significantly, President Ahmed Ben Bella’s policies of autogestion, or self-management, aimed to fuel the reallocation of property, the redistribution of resources, the restructuring of labor, and the redefinition of national culture, efforts that encouraged a radical rethinking of architecture and the construction industry. While Bouchama was certainly the most prolific architectural theorist at the time, his writings and built projects might be productively set in dialogue with contemporaneous efforts by Anatole Kopp, Pierre Chazanoff, and Georgette Cottin-Euziol to articulate what I argue was a provocative architecture of autogestion. Algeria’s brief experiment with autogestion imagined a path towards socialism rooted in the new nation’s revolutionary origins, even as it repositioned the Maghrib as a defining center for Afro-Asian and pan-Islamic solidarity, an impulse that was articulated powerfully in Bouchama’s writings. Attending to this episode suggests the critical importance of provincializing Marxist architectural theory and practice, a project that requires paying closer attention to important strands of anti-imperialist struggle within Marxist theory and praxis that operated outside of its familiar centers.
Outcomes of transradial approach to percutaneous coronary intervention in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis

Abstract Background Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasingly performed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), however studies on vascular access are limited. Objective We sought to describe vascular access choice and outcomes of PCI from transfemoral (TFA) compared to transradial access (TRA) in ESRD patients on dialysis. Methods Patients with ESRD on dialysis undergoing PCI from October 2010 to January 2017 at two hospitals in a health system reporting to the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) CathPCI registry as well as their respective electronic medical records (Epic) were analyzed. Baseline characteristics, procedural and in-hospital outcomes were compared according to access site, TFA versus TRA. Results There were 270 patients with ESRD on dialysis who underwent PCI, 234 via the TFA and 36 via the TRA. Mean age of the patients was 67 and 67.4% were male. The TFA patients had a lower body-mass-index (BMI) (P Conclusion Use of TRA is uncommon in patients with ESRD on dialysis, but is feasible and associated with low complication rates, similar to TF. Summary for the annotated table of contents While PCI is being increasingly performed in patients with end-stage renal disease, there are is a lack of data on vascular access for this group. This study shows that while a transradial approach TRA is less common than transfemoral (TFA), it is still a feasible option and is associated with low complications similar to TFA.
Association of Functional, Cognitive, and Psychological Measures With 1-Year Mortality in Patients Undergoing Major Surgery.

Importance More older adults are undergoing major surgery despite the greater risk of postoperative mortality. Although measures, such as functional, cognitive, and psychological status, are known to be crucial components of health in older persons, they are not often used in assessing the risk of adverse postoperative outcomes in older adults. Objective To determine the association between measures of physical, cognitive, and psychological function and 1-year mortality in older adults after major surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort study of participants 66 years or older who were enrolled in the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study and underwent 1 of 3 types of major surgery. Exposures Major surgery, including abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, coronary artery bypass graft, and colectomy. Main Outcomes and Measures Our outcome was mortality within 1 year of major surgery. Our primary associated factors included functional, cognitive, and psychological factors: dependence in activities of daily living (ADL), dependence in instrumental ADL, inability to walk several blocks, cognitive status, and presence of depression. We adjusted for other demographic and clinical predictors. Results Of 1341 participants, the mean (SD) participant age was 76 (6) years, 737 (55%) were women, 99 (7%) underwent abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, 686 (51%) coronary artery bypass graft, and 556 (42%) colectomy; 223 (17%) died within 1 year of their operation. After adjusting for age, comorbidity burden, surgical type, sex, race/ethnicity, wealth, income, and education, the following measures were significantly associated with 1-year mortality: more than 1 ADL dependence (29% vs 13%; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.76;P = .001), more than 1 instrumental ADL dependence (21% vs 14%; aHR, 1.32;P = .05), the inability to walk several blocks (17% vs 11%; aHR, 1.64;P = .01), dementia (21% vs 12%; aHR, 1.91;P = .03), and depression (19% vs 12%; aHR, 1.72;P = .01). The risk of 1-year mortality increased within the increasing risk factors present (0 factors: 10.0%; 1 factor: 16.2%; 2 factors: 27.8%). Conclusions and Relevance In this older adult cohort, 223 participants (17%) who underwent major surgery died within 1 year and poor function, cognition, and psychological well-being were significantly associated with mortality. Measures in function, cognition, and psychological well-being need to be incorporated into the preoperative assessment to enhance surgical decision-making and patient counseling.
Dynamic Life-Cycle Analysis of Fast Pyrolysis Biorefineries: Impacts of Feedstock Moisture Content and Particle Size

The commercialization of biorefineries has been met with significant obstacles due to the technical difficulties of handling solid biomass feedstocks, which are highly variable in physical properti...
La teoría de las inteligencias múltiples y su implicación en la enseñanza de la historia

This article constitutes the socialization of an educational experience that was obtained when considering the theory of multiple intelligences to develop historical-critical knowledge in a group of students who are acquiring their initial teaching training in the Federal Urban Normal School of the Isthmus, located in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. It represents a participatory research, which was developed through the methodology proposed by the action research. Its execution took place during the August - April period of the 2018 - 2019 school year. It is considered a proposal for improvement, which originates from a situation detected in the teaching-learning process of history and in which it was intended to respond to the following question: To what extent can implementing diversified educational strategies as proposed by the theory of multiple intelligences contribute to the development of historical-critical knowledge of future teachers? From this approach, a variety of activities were put into action in which the different abilities of the students were considered, with the understanding that in a classroom there is not a single type of intelligence. But many as Howard Gardner points out and before this it is impossible to ignore the differences using uniform classes, on the contrary, it is necessary to recognize them and outline appropriate educational responses through diverse strategies such as those considered in the present investigation, which may well be taken as intelligent ideas, and not as correct solutions.
Emergence Without Nitrous Oxide

Part of the art of anesthesia is performing timely emergence and extubation. There are multiple ways to safely and efficiently perform an anesthetic. This chapter is simply one option for performing emergence without the use of nitrous oxide, in particular.
Abstract P273: Hospitalization Costs for United States Stroke Patients Receiving Tracheostomy

Introduction: Stroke patients who receive tracheostomy often undergo prolonged ventilation and have long, complicated ICU stays. Little is known about the hospitalization costs for these patients. ...
Randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded pilot superiority phase 2 trial to evaluate the effect of curcumin in moderate to severe asthmatics.

Background Curcumin, a derivative of the spice turmeric, has been adopted by Eastern medicine for centuries as an adjunct to treat several medical conditions (e.g., anorexia and arthritis) because of its well-established anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown that the use of curcumin in mice models has led to reduction in several inflammatory markers as well as key inflammatory pathway enzymes. As a result, studies in Western medicine have developed to determine if this recognized benefit can be utilized for patients with inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma. This study will seek to better understand if curcumin can be used as an adjunctive therapy for improving asthma control of patients with moderate to severe asthma; a finding we hope will allow for a more affordable treatment. Methods This study will utilize a randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded pilot superiority phase 2 trial at an outpatient pulmonary clinic in Southern California, USA. Subjects will be receiving Curcumin 1500 mg or matching placebo by mouth twice daily for the study period of 12 weeks. Subjects will be randomized to either a placebo or intervention Curcumin. Subjects will have 6 clinic visits: screening visit, a baseline visit, monthly clinic visits (weeks 4, 8, and 12), at weeks 4, 8, and a follow-up clinic visit or phone-call (week 16). Changes in asthma control test scores, number of days missed from school/work, FEV1 (% predicted), FEV1/FVC ratio, FVC (% predicted), blood eosinophil count, blood total IgE, and FeNO levels will be compared by group over time. Discussion The therapeutic effects of curcumin have been studied on a limited basis in asthmatics and has shown mixed results thus far. Our study hopes to further establish the benefits of curcumin, however, there are potential issues that may arise from our study design that we will address within this paper. Moreover, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in safety concerns that have delayed initiation of our study. This study will contribute to existing literature on curcumin's role in reducing lung inflammation as it presents in asthmatics as well as patients suffering from COVID-19. Trial registration This study protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Board at Loma Linda University Health, (NCT04353310). IND# 145101 Registered April 20th, 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04353310 .
U.S. Poison Control Centers get organized: 1950s–1960s

Abstract In this chapter, we trace the origins of the poison control movement in the United States from the 1930s to the creation of the first poison control center (PCC) in Chicago in 1953 to the explosion of new centers throughout the country in the 1960s. The original motivation was rooted in concern about the high rates of poisoning and poisoning deaths among young children, especially related to incidents involving caustic household cleaners and baby aspirin. As the idea of a center of specialized information and expertise in clinical toxicology gained traction among health care professionals and public health departments in the 1960s, the growth of PCCs around the country blossomed. These new centers differed in their models of services, their accessibility to health care providers and the public, their funding, the type of health professionals running them, and the consistency and quality of their advice. Later, PCCs realized that their services went far beyond simply childhood exposures, addressing such additional emerging concerns as the toxic effects of substance abuse, suicide attempts by poisoning, occupational exposures, and poisoning among the elderly.
The diversity of therapeutic recreation: application of TR in the corporate world of business.

In an ever-changing world characterized by rapidly expanding knowledge and technology, diversification should be part of every profession’s quest to thrive. We can no longer operate in our closed cubicles and speak in esoteric tongues. Companies and industries, which fail to innovate and adapt, run the risk of becoming obsolete and possibly collapsing. Therapeutic recreation (TR) is at a crossroads. Leadership and other pressures within the field are moving us towards a narrow and more specialized model. A vibrant future may lay in a clinical focus, but the value and power of therapeutic recreation services may have a more extensive role to play in today’s changing world. Further limiting the provision of our services is not in harmony with trends towards diversity. Creating, growing, and adapting services, whether in therapeutic recreation, community or business settings, requires the ability to lead with an “out of the box” perspective in order to flourish. Traditionally, TR serves individuals and groups with disabilities and illness, using a variety of recreational modalities to promote positive change, higher quality of life and overall well-being. TR programs often provide powerful life changing experiences (Lundberg, Taniguchi, & McCormick, 2011). Ideally, the benefit of TR services and the potential to promote quality of life should be available to all people with disabilities and illness. In the context of diversification, we might also consider the value of TR services beyond our historical client base. The efficacy of TR services should not be limited to a select few. Although the traditional view of TR’s applications is focused on individuals with physical and/or psychological disabilities, these same applications potentially have a more comprehensive application. This brief addresses the possibility of such non-traditional applications.
Data Mining Solutions: Methods and Tools for Solving Real-World Problems

DEFINING THE DATA MINING APPROACH. What is Data Mining? Understanding Data Modeling. Defining the Problems to be Solved. DATA PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS. Accessing and Preparing the Data. Visual Methods for Analyzing Data. Nonvisual Analytical Methods. ASSESSING DATA MINING TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES. Link Analysis Tools. Landscape Visualization Tools. Quantitative Data Mining Tools. Future Trends in Visual Data Mining. CASE STUDIES. Mapping the Human Genome. Telecommunication Services. Banking and Finance. Retail Data Mining. Financial Market Data Mining. Money Laundering and Other Financial Crimes. Appendix. What's on the CD--ROM. Index.
Inhibition of cellular differentiation by phospholipase C. II. Separation of fusion and recognition among myogenic cells.

Abstract Myogenic cells cultured in concentrations of phospholipase C which inhibit fusion still recognize each other. Recognition is accompanied by withdrawal from the cell cycle. We conclude that recognition and fusion are two distinct and separable processes and that fusion is preceded by cessation of cell division.
Recognition on space photographs of structural elements of Baja California

Gemini and Apollo photographs provide illustrations of known structural features of the peninsula and some structures not recognized previously. An apparent transform relationship between strike-slip and normal faulting is illustrated by the overlapping vertical photographs of northern Baja California. The active Agua Blanca right-lateral strike-slip fault trends east-southeastward to end at the north end of the Valle San Felipe and Valle Chico. The uplands of the high Sierra San Pedro Martir are a low-relief surface deformed by young faults, monoclines, and warps, which mostly produce west-facing steps and slopes; the topography is basically structural. The Sierra Cucapas of northeasternmost Baja California and the Colorado River delta of northwesternmost Sonora are broken by northwest-trending strike-slip faults. A strike-slip fault is inferred to trend northward obliquely from near Cabo San Lucas to La Paz, thence offshore until it comes ashore again as the Bahia Concepcion strike-slip fault.
The chimpanzee genome

The complete genome sequence of the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is a unique tool for elucidating the mutational processes and selective pressures that have shaped the human genome in our recent evolutionary history. This article highlights initial insights from comparative analyses of the chimpanzee and human genomes. Keywords: chimpanzee; primate; evolution; selection; drift
Impact of a ceramic trap and manganese fuel additive on the biological activity and chemical composition of exhaust particles from diesel engines used in underground mines

The U.S. Bureau of Mines study examines the effect of a ceramic particle trap and a manganese fuel additive on the mutagenic activity and chemical composition of diesel exhaust particulate matter from a heavy-duty mining engine. Particles were collected by dilution tunnel sampling from a four-cylinder, Caterpillar 3304, naturally aspirated, indirect-injection engine operated at six steady-state conditions. Depending on engine load and speed, the ceramic particle trap reduced the following emissions: particulate matter, 80 to 94 pct; soluble organic fraction (SOF), 83 to 95 pct; 1-nitropyrene, 94 to 96 pct; and SOF mutagenicity, 72 pct (cycle-weighted average). When the Mn fuel additive was used without a ceramic particle trap, the total cycle mutagenic activity emitted increased seven-fold, in part due to elevated emissions of 1-nitropyrne. When used with the trap at the recommended concentration the Mn additive lowers the trap regenerations temperature by 65{sup 0}C, SOF removal efficiency from 86 to 62 pct, and removal efficiency for mutagenic substances from 72 to 43 pct.
Whither the hypercolumn

Among the crowning achievements of Hubel and Wiesel's highly influential studies on primary visual cortex is the description of the cortical hypercolumn, a set of cortical columns with functional properties spanning a particular parameter space. This fundamental concept laid the groundwork for the notion of a modular sensory cortex, canonical cortical circuits and an understanding of visual field coverage beyond simple retinotopy. Surprisingly, the search for and description of analogous hypercolumnar organizations in other cortical areas to date has been limited. In the present work, we have applied the hypercolumn concept to the functional organization of the second visual area, V2. We found it important to separate out the original definition of the hypercolumn from other associated observations and concepts, not all of which are applicable to V2. We present results indicating that, as in V1, the V2 hypercolumns for orientation and binocular interaction (disparity) run roughly orthogonal to each other. We quantified the 'nearest neighbour' periodicities for the hypercolumns for ocular dominance, orientation, colour and disparity, and found a marked similarity in the periodicities of all of these hypercolumns, both across hypercolumn type and across visual areas V1 and V2. The results support an underlying common mechanism that constrains the anatomical extent of hypercolumn systems, and highlight the original definition of the cortical hypercolumn.
The Right to Life

The author discusses the problems of euthanasia with particular reference to the case of Karen Quinlan, whose parents sought to obtain judicial authorization to withdraw the support of a mechanical respirator and allow the girl ‘to die with grace and dignity’.
Radical gastrectomy with para-aortic lymphadenectomy for carcinoma? The controversy continues. Commentary on Risk factors for metastasis to para-aortic lymph nodes in gastric cancer: a single institution study in China. Journal of Surgical Research.

* Corresponding author. Department of Surg 212-844-8570; fax: 212-844-8440. E-mail address: mleitman725@me.com (I 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2012.09.011 Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death. The highest incidence of gastric cancer is in Eastern Asia. China has 463,000 new cases a year, whereas the United States as an annual incidence of 21,000 cases [1]. Intestinal type gastric cancer is more prevalent in high-risk areas and is influenced by environmental factors. Because the incidence and histology are variable by region, there remains significant worldwide controversy regardingmanagement of the disease. The extent of lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer is one of the more highly controversial aspects of the treatment algorithm. The lymph node basins draining the stomach are divided into 16 stations. Perigastric nodes are Station 1e6; Stations 7e15 are nodes along themajor vessels and pancreas, spleen, and colon; and nodes in Station 16 are peri-aortic [2]. At least 15 lymph nodes are required in the specimen for accurate staging of the cancer [3]. D1 lymphadenectomy
On the librational broadening of molecular transitions in liquids. The fifth CH stretching local mode overtone in benzene

Franck—Condon progressions in the librational subspace are explored as a possible source of broadening of molecular transitions in the liquid phase. The band shape of the fifth overtone of the benzene CH stretching vibration, as seen in liquid phase thermal lensing spectroscopy, is rationalized from this point of view. The librational subspace is modeled by a one-dimensional symmetric potential which is taken to be perturbed by the molecular transition. Franck—Condon factors are computed for this subspace in which thermalization plays a significant role. Band shapes are computed for cases in which the individual librational transitions carry homogeneous line widths of 4 cm−1 and 90 cm−1, the latter corresponding to the reported homogeneous broadening of the fifth overtone transition in the gas phase. The librational model predicts a strong dependence on temperature of the band shape as shown by simulations at 1 K and 300 K.
Washington State's Master Gardener Program: 30 years of leadership in university-sponsored, volunteer-coordinated, sustainable community horticulture

Abstract The Master Gardener (MG) program, found throughout the United States and Canada, originated in Washington State to provide high-quality, research-based, educational programming to the gardening public. Washington State MGs are trained by Washington State University (WSU) faculty and other specialists in applied plant and soil sciences. After completing this intensive program, MG trainees must pass subject matter exams and then begin their volunteer activities. Today, over 4000 active WSU MG volunteers provide horticultural assistance to their communities. While MGs increase their scientific knowledge, they also develop communication, management, and leadership skills. With sufficient support from local educational institutions and government, this program can easily be adapted to any community in any country where environmental sustainability is desired.
Pair‐rearing infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) using a “rotating‐peer” strategy

Appropriate rearing conditions for captive primates are important for both research and breeding purposes. In an earlier study, pigtailed macaque infants that were pair-reared with a single continuous partner exhibited excessive social clinging and could not adapt to living in large social groups at 8-10 months of age. In the present study, eight macaques were pair-reared until they were 6 months old. Each member of an animal's four-monkey social group served as a home-cage partner. In an attempt to reduce excessive mutual clinging, the pairs were rotated every 2-3 days to increase the variability of social stimulation in the home cage. However, these infants developed abnormal social behaviors that were in some cases even more extreme than those exhibited by infants pair-reared with a single continuous partner. A second goal of this experiment was to study interlaboratory reliability for the development of social behavior. The animals were divided into two groups, one housed in a nursery and the other in a biological safety level 3 virus laboratory. Some differences were detected between the two groups, demonstrating the necessity of controls in biobehavioral developmental research.
Mis-speculation-Driven Compiler Framework for Aggressive Loop Automatic Parallelization

Large real world applications with irregular control-flow and/or data-flow pose challenges on the progressive improvement of state-of-the-art optimizing compilers. These irregular control-flow and data-flow are often not compile-time analyzable, and had inhibited important loop optimizations such as parallelization and vectorization. Conventional compiler techniques on parallelizing loops with such irregular control-flow and/or data-flow have mainly focused on eliminating the loop carried control-flow or data-flow dependencies. The issue to effectively enable both control and data speculation for different loop optimizations remains open. This paper proposes a new unified compiler framework which takes both control and data speculation into account to enable more aggressive loop optimizations including loop parallelization, loop vectorization, loop fusion and loop distribution through mis-speculation-driven loop splitting. Our main ideas are: i) unifying control and data speculation in the compiler framework to enable more loop optimizations; ii) performing lazy inspection code generation based on speculation guards to enable later compiler analyses and optimizations without requiring any change to accommodate the speculative information; iii) driving loop splitting using the unified mis-speculation information generated by the inspection code to enable more loops being parallelized. The proposed techniques and framework have been implemented in Intel's product compiler. Our experimental results show that the new techniques yield significant performance gains from 35% to 62% on some SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks.
Bi- and uni-photon entanglement in two-way cascaded fiber-coupled atom–cavity systems

Abstract We theoretically investigate the two-photon entanglement in fiber-coupled, two-way cascaded atom–cavity systems. In particular, we demonstrate that, it is possible to generate two-photon entanglement in both weak coupling (atom–cavity coupling rate | g | smaller than the cavity leakage rate κ) and strong coupling regimes ( κ | g | ) in this system, when both atoms start off in an excited state. By employing the quantum trajectory method, we characterize the two-photon entanglement in terms of von-Neumann entropy and show that the amount of entanglement exceed considerably (almost double) when κ > | g | . We also quantified the amount of entanglement when instead of two excitations there is a single excitation in the system in the beginning.
Exocyclic DNA lesions stimulate DNA cleavage mediated by human topoisomerase IIα in vitro and in cultured cells

DNA adducts are mutagenic and clastogenic. Because of their harmful nature, lesions are recognized by many proteins involved in DNA repair. However, mounting evidence suggests that lesions also are recognized by proteins with no obvious role in repair processes. One such protein is topoisomerase II, an essential enzyme that removes knots and tangles from the DNA. Because topoisomerase II generates a protein-linked double-stranded DNA break during its catalytic cycle, it has the potential to fragment the genome. Previous studies indicate that abasic sites and other lesions that distort the double helix stimulate topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage. Therefore, to further explore interactions between DNA lesions and the enzyme, the effects of exocyclic adducts on DNA cleavage mediated by human topoisomerase IIalpha were determined. When located within the four-base overhang of a topoisomerase II cleavage site (at the +2 or +3 position 3' relative to the scissile bond), 3,N(4)-ethenodeoxycytidine, 3,N(4)-etheno-2'-ribocytidine, 1,N(2)-ethenodeoxyguanosine, pyrimido[1,2-a]purin-10(3H)-one deoxyribose (M(1)dG), and 1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine increased DNA scission approximately 5-17-fold. Enhanced cleavage did not result from an increased affinity of topoisomerase IIalpha for adducted DNA or a decreased rate of religation. Therefore, it is concluded that these exocyclic lesions act by accelerating the forward rate of enzyme-mediated DNA scission. Finally, treatment of cultured human cells with 2-chloroacetaldehyde, a reactive metabolite of vinyl chloride that generates etheno adducts, increased cellular levels of DNA cleavage by topoisomerase IIalpha. This finding suggests that type II topoisomerases interact with exocyclic DNA lesions in physiological systems.
Spatial aggregation patterns and population structure of the Haleakala¯ silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC. subsp. macrocephalum), Maui, Hawai'i

Spatial aggregation, density, and population structure were studied in 10 populations (patches) of Haleakalā silversword rosettes (Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC. subsp. macrocephalum) between 2175 and 2755 m at Haleakalā Crater (Maui, Hawai’i). Rosette diameter, height, and inter-rosette distances were determined for 100 silverswords at each location along wandering-quarter transects (WQTs). Plant density was also assessed from 10 100-m2 quadrats. Spatial patterns showed a typical two-phase mosaic of small silversword first-level patches separated from neighboring clusters by larger intervening barren gaps. Patches showed pronounced clumping; average distance between plants (~205 cm) was ~71–324 cm. First-level patches exhibited internal hierarchical structure, with nested second-level patches about the center (core) and around the edge (periphery). Core inter-plant distances were shorter (~132 cm) than at the periphery (~268 cm); cores contained greater percentages of small plants. Aggregation patterns re...
Corrosion/Erosion Potential of Selected Turbine Materials in a PFBC Environment

A pressurized fluidized-bed combustion combined-cycle (PFBC/CC) concept represents an attractive system for generating electric power at high efficiencies while meeting environmental requirements. An integral part of the technology required for commercialization is the long-term, trouble-free operation of the gas turbine in the high-temperature effluent from the PFBC. This environment has significant potential for corrosion, erosion and deposition in the gas turbine. The occurrence of any one or combination of these three processes may result in the loss of turbine efficiency and/or reduced power output. This paper summarizes and compares recent results of experimental tests assessing the corrosion and erosion potential of selected gas turbine materials. Based on these and earlier results in simulated and actual PFBC environments, the corrosion and erosion potential of gas turbine materials is assessed.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Effects of wages and scale on the costs of school-based mouthrinsing programs in the USA

Studies of school-based mouthrinsing programs show variations in costs. In earlier work per subject costs in 14 programs were shown to increase with program size. Theoretical explanations for this finding, pertinent to these programs, include 1) wage differentials and 2) scale effects – differences in labor productivity attributable to organizational differences. To test the hypotheses implicit in these explanations a log-linear model was specified with average costs (in constant dollars) expressed as a function of wages and scale. Data were pooled for two complete years, yielding 28 observations. Regression analysis showed that 68% of the variation in average costs was explained by wages and scale, and that with wages held constant, a 1.0% increase in program size correlated with a 0.33% increase in per subject costs. The result is attributable to decreasing labor productivity. The findings of diseconomies of scale in mouthrinse programs have potential implications for the planning and evaluation of community dental programs.
Emergency management of severe sepsis and septic shock

Purpose of review Numerous implementation studies have demonstrated the benefit of bundled care in the initial treatment of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, but the relative value of each component of these bundles remains uncertain. Recent studies have attempted to further define the optimal supportive and adjunctive treatments for these patients. Recent findings The choice of optimal intravenous resuscitation fluid for the emergency treatment of severe sepsis remains uncertain. Albumin appears safe, although safety concerns have arisen regarding the use of hydroxyethyl starch. Norepinephrine and vasopressin appear superior to dopamine as vasopressors of choice. Several studies have successfully incorporated lactate clearance into resuscitation strategies, albeit with differing protocols. Although corticosteroids may hasten improvement, there does not appear to be a mortality benefit in heterogeneous patients with sepsis, leaving their role uncertain. Summary Recent negative studies have questioned the role of previously promising adjunctive treatments. However, recent clinical trials and meta-analytic data continue to refine the relative importance of various components of sepsis bundles.
Mapping arm-DNA-binding domain interactions in AraC.

AraC protein, the regulator of the l-arabinose operon in Escherichia coli has been postulated to function by a light switch mechanism. According to this mechanism, it should be possible to find mutations in the DNA-binding domain of AraC that result in weaker arm-DNA-binding domain interactions and which make the protein constitutive, that is, it no longer requires arabinose to activate transcription. We isolated such mutations by randomizing three contiguous leucine residues in the DNA-binding domain, and then by systematically scanning surface residues of the DNA-binding domain with alanine and glutamic acid. As a result, a total of 20 constitutive mutations were found at ten different positions. They form a contiguous trail on the DNA-distal face of the DNA-binding domain, and likely define the region where the N-terminal arm that extends from the N-terminal dimerization domain contacts the C-terminal DNA-binding domain.
Interactions Between CYP2C9 and UGT1A6 Polymorphisms and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Background & Aims: Variant genotypes of uridine diphosphate glucuronsyltransferase isoenzyme 1A6 ( UGT1A6 ) associated with decreased metabolic activity have been associated with an enhanced protective effect of aspirin on the development of colorectal adenomas. However, interactions between UGT1A6 variants or variants of another enzyme that metabolizes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cytochrome P4502C9 ( CYP2C9 ), and NSAIDs in the prevention of colorectal cancer have not been studied extensively. Methods: UGT1A6 and CYP2C9 genotypes were determined in 2295 individuals with colorectal cancer and 2903 controls. Interactions between these genotypes, aspirin or ibuprofen use, and colorectal cancer risk were determined. Results: Variant CYP2C9 genotypes enhanced the protective effect of ibuprofen on the prevention of colorectal cancer, and a dose-response relationship with respect to increasing numbers of variant alleles was seen ( P interaction=.02). CYP2C9 variants were more effective in individuals with wild-type rather than variant UGT1A6 ( P interaction CYP2C9 genotypes showed no interaction with aspirin usage, and variant UGT1A6 genotypes showed no interaction with either NSAID with respect to colorectal cancer protection. Conclusions: In this study, the major effect seen was an enhancement by slower-metabolizing CYP2C9 variants of the chemopreventive activity of ibuprofen against colorectal cancer.
Uniqueness for algebraically regular solutions to pathological differential equations

Abstract A uniqueness theorem is proved for algebraically regular solutions to the unbounded initial value problem P′ = AP, P(0) = diag(1, 1, 1,…) in the real Banach algebra of infinite matrices M with standard norm. It is not assumed that A ∈ M , but it is required that A have an inverse in M , a property which is seen to be implied quite naturally by certain divergent or pathological systems. The conditions for the theorem are motivated by a particular system, previously considered by Hille and Feller, which arises from a divergent, purebirth, time dependent stochastic process, although no restriction requiring the solution matrix to be either stochastic or substochastic is necessary. The theorem may be easily generalized to any Banach algebra with identity.
Domination Graphs with Nontrivial Components

A tournament is an oriented complete graph. Vertices x and y dominate a tournament T if for all vertices z≠x,y, either (x,z) or (y,z) are arcs in T (possibly both). The domination graph of a tournament T is the graph on the vertex set of T containing edge {x,y} if and only if x and y dominate T. In this paper we determine which graphs containing no isolated vertices are domination graphs of tournaments.
When sex, drugs, and violence enter the classroom: Conversations between adolescents and a female pedagogical agent

In this article, we investigate the discourse between a female conversational pedagogical agent and 59 adolescents in the context of a social studies lesson. We note that previous pedagogical agent research has focused on the positive effects of agents, while failing to take into account the intricacies of learner-agent discourse, and subsequently missing the abuse suffered by pedagogical agents at users' fingertips. Our analysis indicates that learners readily misuse and abuse pedagogical agents while placing them in a subordinate and inferior role. We conclude by making recommendations on agent design and future research.
A new method for estimating phytoplankton growth rates and carbon biomass

A new method is described for the determination of phytoplankton growth rates and carbon biomass. This procedure is easy to apply and utilizes the labeling of chlorophyll a (chl a) with 14C. Pure chl a is isolated using two-way thin-layer chromatography, and the specific activity of chl a carbon is determined. Data from laboratory cultures indicate that the specific activity of chl a carbon becomes nearly equal to that of total phytoplankton carbon in incubations lasting 6 to 12 h and can be used to calculate phytoplankton growth rates and carbon biomass. Application of the method to the phytoplankton community in an eutrophic estuary in Hawaii indicates that the cells are growing with a doubling time of about 2 d and that about 85% of the particulate carbon consists of phytoplankton carbon.