cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balanus Balanoides in Tide-Pools: a Question of Maladaptation?

La survie de la balane Balanus balanoides a ete examinee sur le terrain et en laboratoire. Les sites d'observation etaient Black Point a l'entree de la Baie de Narragansett, a Rhode Island, et Merwin Point le long de la cote nord du detroit de Long Island, dans le Connecticut. Les balanes ont ete trouvees fixees dans les cuvettes intertidales a la fois a black Point et a Merwin Point entre fevrier et mai. De mai a juillet cependant, elles mourraient dans les cuvettes, si bien qu'il n'en restait pratiquement plus a la fin de juillet. Sur les rochers nus environnants il restait assez de balanes survivantes pour maintenir une couverture presque complete des rochers. Dans les cuvettes, les peuplements de balanes evitaient la moule Mytilus edulis, l'algue rouge encroutante Ralfsia verrucosa, et les algues buissonnantes, telles que Dumontia incrassata et Chondrus crispus. Les peuplements de balanes n'etaient pas affectes par l'algue encroutante Hildenbrandia prototypus. Les experiences en laboratoire ont montre que les exsudats de l'algue Ulva lactuca accroissaient la mortalite des balanes. Cependant d'autres algues des cuvettes intertidales, comme Hildenbrandia prototypus et Scytosiphon lomentaria n'influaient pas sur la survie. Dans le milieu naturel, la presence d'U. lactuca ne coincidait ni avec le pic d'abondance, ni avec la periode de mortalite des balanes dans les cuvettes. Les faibles taux d'oxygene dissous se sont reveles comme accroissant la mortalite en laboratoire. Toutes les cuvettes a Merwin Point et certaines a Black Point montraient un niveau d'oxygene dissous qui, a maree basse, tombait au dessous du niveau de tolerance des balanes. A Black Point seulement existait en abondance un predateur connu des balanes, Nucella lapillus. Ce predateur pourrait etre le responsable de la mortalite des balanes dans certaines des cuvettes, mais non dans toutes. Bien que plusieurs facteurs aient ete trouves, qui affectaient de facon defavorable la survie des balanes dans les cuvettes intertidales (par ex. algues, faible taux d'oxygene dissous, et predateurs), aucun facteur unique n'expliquait les mortalites dans toutes les cuvettes examinees. En conclusion, il semble que Balanus balanoides n'est pas adapte a la survie dans des conditions etroitement confinees ou les toxines peuvent s'accumuler, les taux d'oxygene dissous devenir tres reduits, ou la predations s'accroitre. L'espece est au contraire adaptee aux situations ouvertes, ou les taux d'oxygene dissous se maintiennent et ou les toxines se dispersent.
Antiviral efficacy of pyrazofurin against selected RNA viruses.

Abstract The antibiotic pyrazofurin, 3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-hydroxypyrazole-5-carboxamide, markedly inhibited the in vitro replication of a number of RNA viruses including Rift Valley fever (RVF), Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), Sandfly, Pichinde, Lassa and LCM virus. Plaque formation was reduced by 80% or more with 2–10 μg/ml of pyrazofurin while 2 μg/ml reduced by 1000-fold the yield of Lassa and LCM virus in a yield reduction assay. In vivo, pyrazofurin failed to protect mice and guinea pigs against a lethal challenge with VEE and Pichinde virus, respectively. On the other hand, pyrazofurin caused a slight increase in the mean time to death of mice infected with RVF virus.
Living the Dream

The twin Mars exploration rover vehicles began in early April 2000 as the dream of a young Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) engineer. After two disappointing failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and the Mars Polar Lander, NASA and the JPL were interested in determining a new course to invigorate the Mars Program. The objective of this article is to set out a chronology of the events of this exciting project in order to provide the context and background for the other articles. Within a month of the approval, the project was also asked to develop not one but two rovers, both to be sent during the same launch period to two distinct sites on Mars. Their ultimate goal was to study the history of water on Mars, in line with the basic Mars Program goal "to follow the water"
Expanding Journal of Public Policy & Marketing‘s Horizons:

versity (e-mail: mmazis@american.edu). In its first decade, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing (JPPM the opportunity was ripe for expanding JPP&M’s reach. This meant that the journal had the opportunity to access a broader audience with a more diverse set of authors and topics. In addition, it was now being published semiannually rather than annually, as had been the case for JPP&M’s first decade. As a result, at least 50% more journal pages were available for publishing research-based articles. As the new editor, my challenges were to increase the number of high-quality manuscripts submitted for review, enhance the journal’s visibility and reputation, and encourage submissions from a wide variety of perspectives.
Fluorescence decay time characteristics of the complex between ethidium bromide and nucleic acids.

Abstract When ethidium bromide is complexed to DNA or RNA, ultraviolet light absorbed by the nucleic acid can migrate to ethidium, which fluoresces. The time intervening between absorption and emission has been measured. The times increase with the nucleotide-to-ethidium ratio and reach maxima of 23 nsec for DNA and 19.5 nsec for RNA. Polarization measurements indicate that energy is transferred to rigidly bound ethidium only.
Dike-induced faulting in rift zones of Iceland and Afar

Geodetic data and field observations demonstrate that the emplacement of dikes in volcanic rift zones frequently generates normal faulting and graben subsidence at the Earth9s surface. Elastic modeling of the vertical ground-surface displacements above dikes and faults indicates that the extent of graben subsidence can be achieved only if fault slip extends virtually to or beyond the dike plane at depth. A mechanical model that includes dikes and frictional faults shows that dike opening tends to compress and lock faults located to either side of the dike. Therefore, slip extending into or beyond the dike cavity must occur either (1) on faults that intersect the dike near its top, above the zone of dike-induced compression, or (2) on faults that slip ahead of the dike as it propagates laterally. Data from Iceland indicate that slip occurred on deep faults that presumably slipped in advance of the laterally propagating dike.
The Hemostatic Defect of Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass is a common yet complex procedure that results in considerable disruption of hemostasis during and following surgery. Despite the relatively common and widespread use of this procedure, there remains a significant peri-operative risk of both thrombosis and hemorrhage in some patients. This is known as the hemostatic defect of cardiopulmonary bypass. Strategies including the use of pharmacological agents, hemodilution, autologous blood transfusion, rapid in-theatre monitoring of hemostatic potential with fine-tuning of the degree of heparinization, minimally invasive surgery and the use of biologically coated cardiopulmonary bypass equipment have been employed to ameliorate the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on hemostasis. However there exists a fine line between preventing hemorrhage and promoting thrombosis. Likewise attempts to prevent thrombosis may result in increased hemorrhage. Research into many strategies for minimizing the hemostatic defect of cardiopulmonary bypass is incomplete, with safety and efficacy the subjects of intensive investigation.
Nonclassical antimetabolites XIV. Some factors in design of irreversible inhibitors effective at low concentration

5-(Bromoacetyl)salicylic acid (XII) irreversibly inhibits glutamic dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase about as well as the standard exoalkylating agent, 4-(iodoacetamido) salicylic acid, at one-tenth the concentration of the standard; most of this increased reactivity is because of the higher reactivity of the halogen in XII. Three of the four iodoacetamido compounds that reversibly bound to lactic dehydrogenase more tightly than the standard gave irreversible inhibition at 10-20 per cent the concentration necessary for the standard. Three carbophenoxyamino heterocyclic acids showed no irreversible inhibition of lactic dehydrogenase, but were effective irreversible inhibitors of glutamic dehydrogenase at one-tenth the concentration of the standard compound.
Can Muscle-Kidney Crosstalk Slow Progression of CKD?

Crosstalk refers to interactions between organs or cellular signal transduction pathways and how they influence the function of the target organ or cells. Over decades, nephrologists have developed familiarity with this phenomenon because disorders such as the hepatorenal or cardiorenal syndromes or
Enhancement of signals from insensitive nuclei by magnetization transfer via J couplings

Abstract The use of a population transfer method to enhance the signals of insensitive nuclei has been evaluated for some molecules of typical interest. It is shown that the population transfer method is clearly superior to the nuclear Overhauser effect in enhancing the signals of all of the protonated carbons of an amino acid and nucleotides. The population transfer method enhances the signals of protonated nitrogen-15 by as much as a factor of 7 greater than the nuclear Overhauser effect. The main advantage of the population transfer method lies in its ability to exploit the relatively rapid relaxation of the protons. The application of the method to tRNA, a polynucleotide of molecular weight about 30,000, is a failure. The population transfer method will not, in general, be applicable to macromolecules due to T2 losses during the population transfer and since the carbon-13 T1's will typically be shorter than those of the protons, as is the case for tRNA.
A restriction on the parameters of a suboctagon

If a generalized octagon with parameters (s, t) for t > s has a proper suboctagon with parameters (s1, t1), then st ⩾ s12t1.
Equilibrium phase compositions of heterogeneous copolymers

The products of random copolymerizations are heterogeneous in chemical composition, having a distribution of the fraction of each monomer in the copolymer. Polymer molecules with the same composition and molecular weight can be treated as separate components in a polymer blend. The spinodal limit is a simple function of chemical heterogeneity. The equilibrium number of phases, phase volumes, and average composition can be calculated from the condition that the chemical potential of a polymer species is equal in every phase. Phase diagrams are calculated for various hypothetical chemical distributions as well as a distribution characteristic of a random acrylonitrilebutadiene copolymerization to high conversion.
Increased bandwidth with flattened and low dispersion in a horizontal double-slot silicon waveguide

We propose a horizontal double-slot silicon waveguide to achieve flattened and low dispersion from −26 ps/(km·nm) to 21 ps/(km·nm) over an 878 nm wavelength range, which is much larger than that obtained from a single-slot waveguide. The mechanism of using this double-slot structure to increase the bandwidth is studied. Our study shows that the mode transition process from one strip mode to two slot modes helps extend the bandwidth of the flattened and low dispersion to longer wavelengths compared with a single-slot waveguide. Furthermore, we show by simulation the supercontinuum generation with a 3 dB bandwidth of 188 nm in an all-normal-dispersion profile with an input pulse of 50 fs.
Imaging Markers of Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a generalized disorder that progresses very slowly. Early detection of atherosclerosis is very important to prevent cardiovascular disease such as myocardial infarction, stroke and sudden cardiac death. Various surrogate markers have recently been proposed for the early detection of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients who have one or more risk factors. Among them, biomarkers such as CRP, Interleukin, myeloperoxidase, fibrinogen, homocystein and lipoprotein (a) are established as predictors of atherothrobotic events in apparently healthy individuals. Although these novel biomarkers provide important information into the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, no clear evidence exist that lowering the plasma level of these markers reduces the vascular risk. Imaging markers such as the carotid intima-media thickness and brachial arterial flow mediated vasodilation as assessed by ultrasound, coronary calcification as assessed by CT, and the pulse wave velocity and augmentation index as assessed by tonometry can visualize the arterial wall and directly measure the arterial function. These imaging markers are very useful clinical tools for detecting the early changes of vascular structure and also for predicting cardiovascular events, in addition to being more precise biomarkers in asymptomatic subjects. (Korean Circulation J 2007;37:1-8)
Effects of Double Combinations of Amantadine, Oseltamivir, and Ribavirin on Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infections in Cell Culture and in Mice

An amantadine-resistant influenza A/Duck/MN/1525/81 (H5N1) virus was developed from the low-pathogenic North American wild-type (amantadine-sensitive) virus for studying treatment of infections in cell culture and in mice. Double combinations of amantadine, oseltamivir (or the cell culture-active form, oseltamivir carboxylate), and ribavirin were used. Amantadine-oseltamivir carboxylate and amantadine-ribavirin combinations showed synergistic interactions over a range of doses against wild-type virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture, but oseltamivir carboxylate-ribavirin combinations did not. Primarily additive interactions were seen with oseltamivir carboxylate-ribavirin combinations against amantadine-resistant virus. The presence of amantadine in drug combinations against the resistant virus did not improve activity. The wild-type and amantadine-resistant viruses were lethal to mice by intranasal instillation. The resistant virus infection could not be treated with amantadine up to 100 mg/kg body weight/day, whereas the wild-type virus infection was treatable with oral doses of 10 (weakly effective) to 100 mg/kg/day administered twice a day for 5 days starting 4 h prior to virus exposure. Drug combination studies showed that treatment of the amantadine-resistant virus infection with amantadine-oseltamivir or amantadine-ribavirin combinations was not significantly better than using oseltamivir or ribavirin alone. In contrast, the oseltamivir-ribavirin (25- and 75-mg/kg/day combination) treatments produced significant reductions in mortality. The wild-type virus infection was markedly reduced in severity by all three combinations (amantadine, 10 mg/kg/day combined with the other compounds at 20 or 40 mg/kg/day) compared to monotherapy with the three compounds. Results indicate a lack of benefit of amantadine in combinations against amantadine-resistant virus, but positive benefits in combinations against amantadine-sensitive virus.
Research and Progress in Laser Welding of Wrought Aluminum Alloys. II. Metallurgical Microstructures, Defects, and Mechanical Properties

With the wide application of aluminum alloys in automotive, aerospace, and other industries, laser welding has become a critical joining technique for aluminum alloys. In this review, the research and progress in laser welding of wrought aluminum alloys are critically discussed from different perspectives. The primary objective of the review is to understand the influence of welding processes on joint quality and to build up the science base of laser welding for the reliable production of aluminum alloy joints. Two main types of industrial lasers, carbon dioxide (CO2), and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), are currently applied but special attention is paid to Nd:YAG laser welding of 5000 and 6000 series alloys in the keyhole (deep penetration) mode. In the preceding article of this review (part I), the laser welding processing parameters, including the laser-, process-, and material-related variables and their effects on welding quality, have been examined. In this part of the review, the...
EFFECT OF INJECTION ON MATING BEHAVIOUR OF FEMALE HOUSE FLIES

When virgin female flies were injected with 1μ of water in the thorax or had the thorax punctured, the number which subsequently mated was significantly reduced. The effect was not immediately apparent, but increased up to 4 to 6 days after treatment and persisted until at least 14 days post-treatment. Injection of water into the abdomen through the base of the ovipositor did not reduce subsequent mating. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DIE WIRKUNG EINER INJEKTION AUF DAS PAARUNGSVERHALTEN DER STUBENFLIEGE Wenn jungfraulichen Fliegen 1 μl Wasser in den Thorax injiziert oder ihr Thorax punktiert wurde, so wurde die Zahl derer, die sich spater paarten, signifikant reduziert. Dieser Effekt wurde nicht unmittelbar offenbar, sondern wuchs an bis zu 4–6 Tage nach Behandlung und blieb mindestens bis 14 d nach Behandlung erhalten. Injektion mit Wasser ins Abdomen durch die Basis des Ovipositors reduzierte nachfolgende Paarungen nicht.
Evidence for a deep Cooper minimum in the 3s-np channel of ND4

Abstract NH 4 and ND 4 have been the subject of many studies, experimental and theoretical. Fuke et al. have recently recorded the photoionization cross-section at threshold for ND 4 revealing unusual behavior. Based on this observation, theoretical calculations, and comparison with isoelectronic sodium and related alkali atoms, the existence of a deep Cooper minimum slightly below the ionization threshold is postulated for the 3s- n p channel of the NH 4 radical and its ND 4 isotope.
A Mixed Delay Dependent Queue Discipline

Previous research on delay-dependent priority queues is generalized to the case of general independent service times and where the priority of classes of units is permitted to increase or decay linearly with time. An expression for expected class waiting time for such systems is provided.
Wnt7a interaction with Fzd5 and detection of signaling activation using a split eGFP

Abstract Wnts are secreted glycoproteins that regulate important cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and cell fate. In the β-catenin/canonical pathway, Wnt interacts with Fzd receptors to inhibit degradation of β-catenin and promote its translocation into the nucleus where it regulates transcription of a number of genes. Dysregulation of this pathway has been attributed to a host of diseases including cancer. As a result, components of the β-catenin/canonical pathway have been gaining recognition as promising targets for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents. Here, we show, using an ELISA-based protein–protein binding assay that purified Wnt7a binds to the extracellular cysteine-rich domain of Fzd5 in the nanomolar range. We have developed a novel split eGFP complementation assay to visually detect Wnt7a–Fzd5 interactions and subsequent pathway activation in cells. These biological tools could help lead to a better understanding of Wnt–Fzd interactions and the identification of new modulators of Wnt signaling.
Pt−Ru Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotubes as Methanol Fuel Cell Catalysts

Bimetallic Pt−Ru alloy catalysts have been demonstrated to be more active than pure Pt catalysts in the electrooxidation of methanol. We report here a study on Pt−Ru nanoparticle catalysts supported on sonochemically functionalized carbon nanotubes. The catalysts were prepared by directly reducing the corresponding salts, K2PtCl4 and K2RuCl5, in an ethylene glycol aqueous solution containing dispersed carbon nanotubes. Three catalysts of different Pt to Ru atomic ratios, namely, Pt53Ru47, Pt69Ru31, and Pt77Ru23, were prepared for investigation of the compositional effects. It was shown that highly dispersed bimetallic Pt−Ru alloy nanoparticles with no agglomeration can be synthesized on the carbon nanotubes with average particle sizes of less than 3.0 nm in diameter. The Pt−Ru nanoparticles are uniform and cover only the outside of the carbon nanotubes. It was found that the polyol process produced alloy compositions that are not consistent with the metal ratios in the precursors. It was also found that t...
Complete basis set and ab initio computational study of hydronium ion addition to ethylene as an example of acid interactions with unsaturated hydrocarbons

Abstract Extensive exploring of the C 2 H 7 O + potential energy surface was done on connecting pathways of the connecting ethylene and hydronium ion on one side, and protonated ethanol on the other side of the path. Two distinctive minima, the ethylene–hydronium ion molecular associate and the protonated ethanol were found on the potential energy surface. Their stabilization energies, enthalpies of the reaction and activation energies are evaluated. The stability and a preferential formation of some of these molecular species in the gas phase (interstellar cloud) are discussed.
Relevance of High Productivity Machining Development and Testing to Engineering Technology Education

A brief introduction to high-speed, high-productivity machining is followed by analysis of the applicability of high-productivity machining coursework to manufacturing-related engineering and engineering technology education. Typically, undergraduate students know and learn little about this emerging manufacturing technology. This paper presents the current educational environment and analyzes the need for coursework to promote learning in this and other advanced manufacturing technologies to help students of engineering and engineering technology succeed in today's competitive manufacturing environment.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Culture, Immortalization, and Characterization of Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells

Meibomian glands are essential in maintaining the health and integrity of the ocular surface.1–6 These glands actively synthesize lipids and secrete them at the upper and lower eyelid margins just anterior to the mucocutaneous junctions. These glandular lipids then spread onto the tear film and promote the stability and prevent the evaporation of this film.1–6 Meibomian gland lipids may also help preserve visual acuity, provide lubrication during blinking, interfere with bacterial colonization, and prevent tear overflow.1–6 Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), in turn, leads to tear film instability and evaporation1–6 and is thought to be the major cause of dry eye syndrome throughout the world.7 However, aside from its regulation by sex steroids8–13 or the negative impact of retinoic acid,14 almost nothing is known about the physiological control of the meibomian gland in health or disease. This dearth of knowledge is somewhat surprising, given that the meibomian gland is a large sebaceous gland, and numerous articles have been published about the neural, hormonal, and secretagogue modulation of nonocular sebaceous gland tissue.15–24 These reports have shown that the nature of sebaceous gland regulation may vary significantly depending on the type of gland and its skin location. And of particular importance, much of this knowledge of sebaceous gland control has been generated by research with primary, and especially, immortalized sebaceous gland epithelial cells.25–28 We seek to advance our understanding of the regulation of meibomian gland function and the mechanisms underlying MGD. We also seek to translate this knowledge into the development of novel and unique therapeutic strategies to treat MGD and evaporative dry eye. Toward that end, we had a twofold purpose in this study: first, to establish a defined culture system for the maintenance of primary epithelial cells from human meibomian glands and, second, to immortalize these meibomian gland epithelial cells, thereby developing cell cultures that could be useful for identifying factors that regulate meibomian gland epithelial cell activity.
Teacher development in action: understanding language teachers’ conceptual change

In contrast to the mainly descriptive and atheoretical accounts of language teacher cognitive development predominant in research on second language teacher education (SLTE), Magdalena Kubanyiova u...
INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY FOR OLIGOPOLISTIC INDUSTRIES

Almost all of the received theory of international trade, positive and normative, is based on the model of atomistic competition. All individual consumers and producers are assumed to be price-takers. It is recognised that a country may have monopoly power in trade, but this is supposed to be exercised by its government through the use of tariffs. In reality, it is becoming increasingly evident that a significant proportion of international trade takes place in imperfectly competitive markets. Here the individual producers and sellers are aware of their monopoly power, and act to profit from it. The resulting market equilibrium, be it pure monopoly, oligopoly, or monopolistic competition, differs from the textbook Walrasian kind. The determinants and patterns of trade are different, and are differently affected by commercial policy. A new framework of theoretical analysis is therefore required for a proper understanding of many current issues of tradf, and of trade policy. Such research is still in its infancy, but is growing rapidly. This lecture is intended to provide a consolidation, and some extension, of the work. I shall begin by describing the new issues that arise when trade is imperfectly competitive, and some new features of the analysis. Then I shall give a brief and somewhat selective review of the literature. Finally, I shall construct a model that synthesises and extends some of the work on trade policy in the context of oligopoly.
The Impact of Body Emphasizing Video Games on Body Image Concerns in Men and Women

Two studies were conducted to determine if playing a video game that emphasized the body would increase negative body-image. Both studies [study 1 (N = 51); college-aged males from the Midwestern USA; and study 2 (N = 32); college-aged females from the Midwestern USA] had participants complete body image measures, play a video game that displayed muscular or thin characters for 15 min, and then complete post-game body image measures. Results showed that participants in both studies had significantly lower body esteem after video game play. Further, these findings were independent of the time spent playing video games and body mass index. This suggests that video games have a negative influence on the body-image of players.
Plasma in the Jovian current sheet

A large body of spectral data for protons with energies greater than 200 keV has been analyzed. It is concluded that the main body of plasma in the Jovian current sheet observed by Pioneer 10 on its outbound pass probably has an energy well below the lowest threshold of the Pioneer 10 detectors. This premise is examined using a semiempirical model of the magnetic field in the magnetodisk and simple magnetohydrodynamic theory. Results indicate that the dominant contribution to the plasma pressure in the region from 25 to 65 Jovian radii is from as yet unobserved protons (ions) with energies of the order of 0.1 to 10 keV.
A device to study the initiation and propagation of calcium transients in cultured neurons after mechanical stretch.

The brain is generally considered protected from mechanical forces. However, during traumatic events, cells in brain tissue are exposed to complex mechanical events including transient acceleration, pressure, and direct stretch. This paper presents a model to expose cultured cells of the central nervous system (CNS) to a defined stretch insult. The system is designed to apply a single transient uniaxial stretch to cultured cells; control of both the magnitude and rate of stretch allows study of a broad range of conditions, from physiologic to traumatic. Distinct from previous cell-stretching systems, we control the fraction of cells deformed and examine the response of stretched cells or the surrounding population of unstretched cells, the “mechanical penumbra,” of the same culture. Finally, we use this new model with cultured neurons, measuring the acute calcium response in traumatically stretched cells and the propagation of this calcium influx in neighboring, but unstretched cells. Stretched neurons exhibit a strain rate and magnitude-dependent response, unstretched exhibit an “all-or-none” response. This model will further our understanding of the complex interaction between mechanical stimuli, resulting biochemical cascades, and interaction between mechanical and other challenges, thereby furthering our understanding of the initiation and evolution of cellular damage following traumatic CNS injury.
Memory enhancement in mice: role of drug dose and training-testing interval.

Pharmacologic probes are useful for studying memory mechanisms. For eight drug treatments affecting a variety of transmitter systems [arecoline, piribedil, clonidine, fluoxetine, naloxone, ACTH (4–10)], we determined how long memory retention would remain improved with a dose sufficient to improve 3-hour retention. While all 6 treatments enhanced 3-hour retention test performance at p<0.05, only 5 treatments significantly enhanced retention 24 hour after training and none of the treatments significantly affected retention at 168 hours. A detailed analysis of the dose and retention interval interaction for arecoline indicated that at low doses retention decreased as the retention interval increased while higher doses improved retention up to 3 hours and only the highest dose tested enhanced retention at 3 and 24 hours. Drug doses that enhance short-term retention (3 hours) were not adequate to enhance long term retention (168 hours). The 6 drug treatments had no significant or systematic effect on activity or on acquisition. We conclude that short-term retention performance was better because of enhanced memory processing or recall and not because of performance effects per se.
Nationality, Immigrant Groups, and Arrest: Examining the Diversity of Arrestees for Urban Violent Crime

We seek to help move the criminological literature beyond studying racial dichotomies and crime by assessing individual-level relationships between immigration/race/ ethnicity and violence. We examine whether immigration status predicts likelihood of arrest for robbery relative to aggravated assault, violence types that differ in seriousness, motive, and other ways. Immigrant status is examined relative to the native-born and then is disaggregated by country of origin. Using data from Miami, logistic regression results indicate that net of controls, immigrants overall and almost all groups identified are less likely than natives to be arrested for robbery. Race/ethnic differences are also found.
Use of the polysilicon gate layer for local interconnect in a CMOS technology incorporating LDD structures

In conventional single-level polysilicon technologies, the polysilicon gate layer can be used as an interconnect layer through buried contacts between polysilicon and one type of junction (usually n/sup +/) in the underlying substrate. The formation and characteristics of buried contacts between n/sup +/ and p/sup +/ junctions and a single polysilicon gate layer are discussed. In addition, it is shown that the obstacles posed by the inclusion of oxide-sidewall spacers (common in present-day VLSI CMOS technologies) are surmountable with respect to the formation of useful buried contacts and the resultant local interconnect level that they provide. >
Restrictions on dynamically propagating surfaces of strong discontinuity in elastic-plastic solids

Abstract F or dynamic three-dimensional deformations of elastic-plastic materials, we elicit conditions necessary for the existence of propagating surfaces of strong discontinuity (across which components of stress, strain or material velocity jump). This is accomplished within a small-displacement-gradient formulation of standard weak continuum-mechanical assumptions of momentum conservation and geometrical compatibility, and skeletal constitutive assumptions which permit very general elastic and plastic anisotropy including yield surface vertices and anisotropic hardening. In addition to deriving very explicit restrictions on propagating strong discontinuities in general deformations, we prove that for anti-plane strain and incompressible plane strain deformations, such strong discontinuities can exist only at elastic wave speeds in generally anisotropic elastic-ideally plastic materials unless a material's yield locus in stress space contains a linear segment. The results derived seem essential for correct and complete construction of solutions to dynamic elastic-plastic boundary-value problems.
Recovery in diversity of fish and invertebrate communities following remediation of a polluted stream: investigating causal relationships

Spatial and temporal responses of biota to anthropogenic disturbance were measured over a 15 year period in a contaminated stream undergoing remediation and recovery. Along the spatial gradient of the stream, levels of contaminants decreased downstream along with improved responses of instream biota at several levels of biological organization. Recovery of the biota in this stream over the 15 year study period is demonstrated by the temporal relationships between levels of decreasing contaminants and the concomitant responses of the periphyton, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities and changes in the various bioindicators of individual fish health. Decreases in contaminants over a temporal scale were followed closely by an improvement in physiological and organismal-level indicators, increases in the diversity of macroinvertebrate and fish communities, and rapid increases in the chlorophyll a biomass and photosynthesis rate of the periphyton community. These results emphasize that field studies designed to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of restoration activities on stream recovery should incorporate a variety of response endpoints ranging from sensitive and short-term responses to long-term but ecological relevant indicators of change. The close spatial and temporal relationships observed between changes in physicochemical factors and positive responses in various components of the stream biota over the 15-year study period suggest a strong cause and effect relationship between remediation activities and stream recovery. Understanding causal relationships and the mechanistic processes between environmental stressors, stress responses of biota, and the recovery process is important in the effective management and restoration of aquatic ecosystems.
Effective Lagrangian approach to K + -nucleon scattering and K + photoproduction

We study ${K}^{+}$N low-energy scattering using the effective Lagrangian approach. The scattering mechanism model consists of hyperon and meson exchanges (this model is borrowed from \ensuremath{\pi}-N scattering calculations). We limit ourselves to the tree level, motivated by nuclear physics applications. Canonical values of the required coupling constants give rise to scattering parameters which disagree strongly with experiment. Kaon photoproduction (\ensuremath{\gamma}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${K}^{+}$+\ensuremath{\Lambda}) studies using a similar model also yield coupling constants which differ from standard compilations values. Using these values in the ${K}^{+}$N scattering calculations, we find a better agreement with experiment (the level of agreement is still only within a factor of 2--3, however). We discuss the role of \ensuremath{\omega} and \ensuremath{\rho} t-channel mesonic exchanges in the scattering process and elaborate on the implications to some recent work in the current literature. Possible reasons for the results and discrepancies found in the present work, as well as possible implications, are discussed.
Calculated Design Data for the Multiple-Disk Pump Using Incompressible Fluid

Earlier analyses of the laminar radically outward flow of Newtonian incompressible fluid between parallel corotating disks have been used to calculate the performance of multiple-disk pumps using such flow passages as the rotor. Such pumps are characterized by certain dimensionless parameters and a large number of computerized calculations have enabled preparation of pump performance maps for pumps idealized as having no losses external to the rotor; these maps show the quantitative dependence of pump efficiency, pressure change and required power on the pump geometry, speed, and on fluid properties. Conventional loss information for the pump entrance and diffuser flows, and conventional bearing, seal, and “disk friction” loss information, must be applied in the design process to provide prediction of actual pump performance and comparison with conventional pumps. The design information is also applicable to low-pressure gas blowers.
Disentangling multimodal processes in social categorization.

Abstract The current work examines the role of sensorimotor processes (manipulating whether visual exposure to hard and soft stimuli encourage sensorimotor simulation) and metaphor processes (assessing whether participants have understanding of a pertinent metaphor: “hard” Republicans and “soft” Democrats) in social categorization. Using new methodology to disassociate these multimodal processes (i.e., semantic, metaphoric, and sensorimotoric), the current work demonstrates that both sensorimotor and metaphor processes, combined, are needed to find an effect upon conceptual processing, providing evidence in support of the combined importance of these two theorized components. When participants comprehended the metaphor of hard Republicans and soft Democrats, and when encouraged to simulate sensorimotor experiences of hard and soft stimuli, those stimuli influenced categorization of faces as Republican and Democrat.
In-stream measurements of combustion during Mach 5 to 7 tests of the Hypersonic Research Engine (HRE)

Results of in-stream combustion measurements taken during Mach 5 to 7 true simulation testing of the Hypersonic Research Engine/Aerothermodynamic Integration Model (HRE/AIM) are presented. These results, the instrumentation techniques, and configuration changes to the engine installation that were required to test this model are described. In test runs at facility Mach numbers of 5 to 7, an exhaust instrumentation ring which formed an extension of the engine exhaust nozzle shroud provided diagnostic measurements at 10 circumferential locations in the HRE combustor exit plane. The measurements included static and pitot pressures using conventional conical probes, combustion gas temperatures from cooled-gas pyrometer probes, and species concentration from analysis of combustion gas samples. Results showed considerable circumferential variation, indicating that efficiency losses were due to nonuniform fuel distribution or incomplete mixing. Results using the Mach 7 facility nozzle but with Mach 6 temperature simulation, 1590 to 1670 K, showed indications of incomplete combustion. Nitric oxide measurements at the combustor exit peaked at 2000 ppmv for stoichiometric combustion at Mach 6.
It's all in a day's work: Regulation of DNA excision repair by the circadian clock.

In biology, the old adage that “timing is everything” works just as well the other way around, as “everything is timed.” Or, as the last several decades of circadian rhythms research suggest, it certainly seems that way. Biologists have long observed that many aspects of mammalian physiology and behavior are regulated throughout the 24-h day. These processes include regulation of blood pressure and heart rate, metabolic processes such as hormonal rhythms and cholesterol and heme biosynthesis, and sleeping and dependent behaviors such as locomotor activity and feeding (1). In this issue of PNAS, Kang et al. (,2) add to this list by demonstrating that nucleotide excision repair activity oscillates in the brain in part through transcriptional regulation of xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA).
Allometry and performance: the evolution of skull form and function in felids

Allometric patterns of skull-shape variation can have significant impacts on cranial mechanics and feeding performance, but have received little attention in previous studies. Here, we examine the impacts of allometric skull-shape variation on feeding capabilities in the cat family (Felidae) with linear morphometrics and finite element analysis. Our results reveal that relative bite force diminishes slightly with increasing skull size, and that the skulls of the smallest species undergo the least strain during biting. However, larger felids are able to produce greater gapes for a given angle of jaw opening, and they have overall stronger skulls. The two large felids in this study achieved increased cranial strength by increasing skull bone volume relative to surface area. Allometry of skull geometry in large felids reflects a trade-off between the need to increase gape to access larger prey while maintaining the ability to resist unpredictable loading when taking large, struggling prey.
Surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate and polylactic acid by atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet

Atmospheric pressure plasma jets have been established as suitable sources of low-temperature and non-equilibrium plasmas1. In this paper, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet sustained in helium/oxygen mixture has been used to modify the surface properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polylactic acid films. The surface properties of the untreated and plasma treated PET and PLA samples were characterized using a research-grade VCA Optima Goniometer and using drop shape analysis method. Two different testing liquids of deionized water and dimethyl sulfoxide have been used and the surface energy of the PET and PLA samples has been determined. Next, the effect of RF plasma power, the distance between sample and nozzle, and treatment time were investigated. From these results, it was found that the water contact angle of untreated PET sample is 102 C, while it decreases to 35 C after 5 second of plasma exposure due to the introduction of oxygen containing functional groups on polymer surface. Moreover, it was found that, the best plasma treatment can be obtained with applying RF plasma power of 80 W and a distance of 5 mm between PET samples and plasma jet's nozzle. One can therefore conclude that atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma can be effectively used to enhance the surface wettability and surface energy of the PET films and thus enhance their biomedical applications.
Improved solutions of the branch and order problems of Burmester linkage synthesis

Abstract A method is presented to resolve the ambiguity in Waldron's solution to the order problem of planar Burmester synthesis by inspection of an image pole circle. This replaces the more cumbersome method previously used. Another method is presented to allow the mapping of permissible segments of the circle-point curve, in Waldron's solution to the branch problem by inspection of the subscripts of the Qij, Tij and Uij points. This replaces the much more cumbersome angle sign table previously used.
Medical devices for pregnancy and childbirth in the developing world

Improving maternal health is one of the eight Millenium Development Goals developed by the United Nations. One of the targets under this goal is to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015. Overall, maternal mortality ratios are highest in sub-Saharan Africa and in South Asia. Medical devices could potentially prevent maternal morbidity and mortality especially due to hemorrhage, hypertension, and direct causes of maternal mortality. The objective of this research was to identify medical devices that can be used to address maternal health during pregnancy and childbirth in resource-poor settings. We searched databases such as Pubmed, maternova and the Maternal and Neonatal Directed Assessment of Technology database. We also researched the literature though the Google search engine. We included all devices that were developed for use in developing countries. The majority of the devices we identified were designed to prevent, diagnose or treat hemorrhage (n = 11, 17 %), assist with pre-term or difficult labor (n = 8, 13 %), and ultrasound technologies (n = 7, 11 %). It was encouraging to find that devices to prevent or treat hemorrhage were the most common, as this is the most important cause of maternal mortality. However, in terms of absolute numbers, devices to diagnose or treat hypertension were the 4th most common, while this is the second most common cause of maternal mortality. Maternal mortality remains a significant global health problem, with most deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and in South Asia. Meeting the fifth Millennium Development Goal will require making significant investments in reducing maternal mortality in less than 5 years. This might involve innovations to develop technological solutions faster, commercialize the solutions and distribute them where they are most needed.
Relationships between Grades in the Components of Freshman Music Theory and Selected Background Variables.

The relative contributions of measures of academic ability, music experience, and musical aptitude in predicting grades in the written-work, ear-training, sight-singing, and keyboard-harmony compon...
Behavioral synthesis of fault secure controller/datapaths based on aliasing probability analysis

This paper addresses the problem of synthesizing fault-secure controller/data path circuits from behavioral specifications. These circuits are guaranteed to either produce the correct output, or to flag an error. We use an iterative improvement-based behavioral synthesis framework that performs functional unit selection, clock selection, scheduling, and resource sharing with the aim of minimizing the area of the synthesized circuit, while allowing multicycling, chaining, and functional unit pipelining. We present a dynamic comparison selection algorithm that can be used during behavioral synthesis to determine which intermediate results in the computation need to be secured in order to enable maximal resource sharing. Previous work on synthesizing fault-secure data paths has focused on ensuring that aliasing (a condition when the circuit produces an incorrect output and does not flag an error) cannot occur in any part of the design. We demonstrate that such an approach can lead to unnecessarily large overheads. In order to alleviate the overheads incurred for fault security, our behavioral synthesis framework uses ALiasing Probability analysiS (ALPS) in order to identify resource sharing configurations that reduce area while introducing a very low probability of aliasing (of the order of 10/sup -10/ for a bit-width of 32) in the resultant data path. Experimental results performed for several behavioral descriptions demonstrate that our techniques synthesize more compact circuits than techniques available in the literature, e.g., double modular redundancy or zero-aliasing techniques.
Cooperative reliability for streaming multiple access

In this paper we bound the reliability function of decoding with errors and erasures for a streaming multiple-access channel with feedback. We show that, subject to an arbitrarily small bound on the probability of erasure, the best known lower bound on the reliability function (i.e., achievable error exponent) for the single-user version of our problem can also be achieved in the multi-user setting for high sum-rates. In other words, at high rates the interference of another user need not decrease the achievable error exponent of either.
Manual-Guided Therapy for Addiction Treatment

Margolin, A., Beitel, M., Schuman-Oliver, Z., & Avants, S.K. (2006). A controlled study of a spiritually-focused intervention for increasing motivation for HIV prevention among drug users. AIDS Edu...
SN2' Additions of cuprates to sulfone and ester-polarized cyclopentenylic systems

Abstract The stereochemistry of SN2' addition of cuprates to sulfone and ester-polarized cyclopentenyl systems is shown to depend upon the nature of the leaving group. Allyl ammonium salts usually undergo stercospecific synfacial addition reactions.