cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic structure of aqueous solutions: Bridging the gap between theory and experiments

Predicting the electronic properties of aqueous liquids has been a long-standing challenge for quantum mechanical methods. However, it is a crucial step in understanding and predicting the key role played by aqueous solutions and electrolytes in a wide variety of emerging energy and environmental technologies, including battery and photoelectrochemical cell design. We propose an efficient and accurate approach to predict the electronic properties of aqueous solutions, on the basis of the combination of first-principles methods and experimental validation using state-of-the-art spectroscopic measurements. We present results of the photoelectron spectra of a broad range of solvated ions, showing that first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and electronic structure calculations using dielectric hybrid functionals provide a quantitative description of the electronic properties of the solvent and solutes, including excitation energies. The proposed computational framework is general and applicable to other liquids, thereby offering great promise in understanding and engineering solutions and liquid electrolytes for a variety of important energy technologies.
Theoretical restrictions on longest implicit time scales in Markov state models of biomolecular dynamics

Markov state models (MSMs) have been widely used to analyze computer simulations of various biomolecular systems. They can capture conformational transitions much slower than an average or maximal length of a single molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory from the set of trajectories used to build the MSM. A rule of thumb claiming that the slowest implicit time scale captured by an MSM should be comparable by the order of magnitude to the aggregate duration of all MD trajectories used to build this MSM has been known in the field. However, this rule has never been formally proved. In this work, we present analytical results for the slowest time scale in several types of MSMs, supporting the above rule. We conclude that the slowest implicit time scale equals the product of the aggregate sampling and four factors that quantify: (1) how much statistics on the conformational transitions corresponding to the longest implicit time scale is available, (2) how good the sampling of the destination Markov state is, (3) ...
Has Toxicity Testing Moved into the 21st Century? a Survey and Analysis of Perceptions in the Field of Toxicology

Background: Ten years ago, leaders in the field of toxicology called for a transformation of the discipline and a shift from primarily relying on traditional animal testing to incorporating advance...
Save (some of) the Children

In “Save the Children!” Arturs Logins responds to my argument that, in certain cases, it is morally permissible to not prevent something bad from happening, even when one can do so without sacrificing something of comparable moral importance. Logins’ responses are thought-provoking, though I will argue that his critiques miss their mark. I rebut each of the responses offered by Logins. However, much of my focus will be on one of his criticisms which rests on an unfortunately common misunderstanding of Singer’s argument in “Famine, Affluence, and Morality.” My response, then, is important not only because it salvages my positive argument, but also because it identifies, and corrects, this misunderstanding.
Explaining Breast Density Recommendations: An Introductory Workshop for Breast Health Providers

Introduction High breast density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer and can decrease the sensitivity of mammography. However, evidence surrounding recommendations for patient risk stra...
Questionable Use of “Nonorganic” in Norrix et al. (2017), “Estimating Nonorganic Hearing Thresholds”

Purpose The author of this letter to the editor expresses concern about the use of the word “nonorganic” as a source of confusion in terminology. Specifically, this is in response to the December 2...
Development of Validated Detector Models with MCNP® and DRiFT

The ability of MCNP Ⓡ to model radiation transport through complex geometries and materials is well established and validated. However MCNP lacks many of the capabilities required to reproduce observed detector response to mixed radiation fields. We have developed DRiFT, a Detector Response Function Toolkit for MCNP output, to address the need for realistic detector response capabilities. DRiFT retrieves pertinent particle information from MCNP particle tracking (PTRAC) files using MCNPTools. These files contain the position, timestamp, and energy of particles transported to (or created within) a detector volume. DRiFT's $\text{C}+ \quad +$ framework is modular, therefore once the function form of a component (for example, a PMT) has been developed, it can be used in multiple detector coupling configurations to calculate its contribution to observed detector spectra. DRiFT simulated spectra produced by a right circular cylinder coupled to a PMT have been shown to agree with neutron and photon measurements. This summary describes current and proposed/in progress DRiFT capabilities.
Perturbative corrections to heavy quark-diquark symmetry predictions for doubly heavy baryon hyperfine splittings

Doubly heavy baryons ($QQq$) and singly heavy antimesons ($\overline{Q}q$) are related by the heavy quark-diquark (HQDQ) symmetry because in the ${m}_{Q}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ limit, the light degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) in both the hadrons are expected to be in identical configurations. Hyperfine splittings of the ground states in both systems are nonvanishing at $O(1/{m}_{Q})$ in the heavy quark mass expansion, and HQDQ symmetry relates the hyperfine splittings in the two sectors. In this paper, working within the framework of nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD), we point out the existence of an operator that couples four heavy quark fields to the chromomagnetic field with a coefficient that is enhanced by a factor from Coulomb exchange. This operator gives a correction to doubly heavy baryon hyperfine splittings that scales as $1/{m}_{Q}^{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{S}/r$, where $r$ is the separation between the heavy quarks in the diquark. This correction can be calculated analytically in the extreme heavy quark limit in which the potential between the quarks in the diquark is Coulombic. In this limit, the correction is $O({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{2}/{m}_{Q})$ and comes with a small coefficient. For values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ relevant to doubly charm and doubly bottom systems, the correction to the hyperfine splittings in doubly heavy baryons is only a few percent or smaller. We also argue that nonperturbative corrections to the prediction for the hyperfine splittings are suppressed by ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}^{2}/{m}_{Q}^{2}$ rather than ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}/{m}_{Q}$. Corrections should be $\ensuremath{\approx}10%$ in the charm sector and smaller in heavier systems.
What Remains: Traces of the Soviet Past

This most recent book by Karl Schlogel, the important mediator of Soviet history to his fellow Germans and Western Europeans, is an impressive historical account of the life-worlds of Soviet citize...
91. ASSESSING PEDIATRIC RESIDENT READINESS TO SCREEN MOTHERS OF YOUNG CHILDREN FOR FAMILY PLANNING NEEDS

Background The postpartum period is a high risk period for unintended pregnancies which can be associated with negative outcomes for mother and infant. Effective contraception is important during this time and thus the AAP advises pediatricians to ask mothers about family planning by the two-month visit. Previous work has shown family planning screening can be implemented in a pediatric resident clinic, with residents providing referrals to needed services. Objective To assess resident knowledge, attitudes and confidence around discussing family planning with mothers of their young patients. Methods Anonymous surveys were administered to pediatric residents in an inner city pediatric residency program. Group comparisons were made using Fisher's exact test and chi-square test. Results 39 residents completed the survey for a response rate of 65%. 39% of respondents were in their 1st year of residency, 36% were in the 2nd year, and 25% were in their 3rd year or higher. More than half (55%) of respondents felt knowledgeable or very knowledgeable about guidelines around providing contraceptive care for adolescents. These residents were more likely to be farther along in residency (p=0.04) and to correctly identify first line contraception for adolescents (p=0.006). Respondents who felt knowledgeable about providing contraceptive care for adolescents were more likely to feel confident speaking with mothers about their contraceptive needs (p Conclusions While most residents surveyed were not aware of guidelines recommending screening mothers of young children for family planning needs, they felt pediatricians have a role in such discussions. These data highlight resident willingness to screen mothers of infants for family planning needs and the opportunity to build on their current knowledge and practices.
Better Risk Sharing Through Monetary Policy?: The Financial Stability Case for a Nominal GDP Target

A series of papers have shown that a monetary regime targeting nominal GDP (NGDP) can reproduce the distribution of risk that would exist if there were widespread use of state-contingent debt securities (Koenig, 2013; Sheedy, 2014; Azariadis et al., 2016, Bullard and DiCecia, 2018). This paper empirically evaluates this view by exploiting an implication of the theory: those countries whose NGDP stayed closest to its expected pre-crisis growth path during the crisis should have experienced the least financial instability. This paper constructs an NGDP gap measure for 21 advanced economies that is used to test this implication. The results strongly suggest that there is a meaningful role for NGDP in promoting financial and economic stability.
Behavioral Health Service Delivery with African Americans

Although African Americans experience similar prevalence rates for most mental health conditions compared to other racial groups, their symptoms are often more severe. Lack of access to treatment and poor quality mental health care are contributing factors and pose a serious public health concern. This chapter will review the intersection of history, culture, and experiential factors that impact behavioral health service delivery in African American communities. Disparities in the diagnosis of mental health disorders, variations in symptomology, and clinical assessment considerations are discussed as well. This chapter reviews the challenges African Americans face when accessing treatment and quality care, as well providing as a comprehensive examination of clinical considerations when facilitating treatment. This chapter highlights the needs of the African American community while providing education and actionable steps to address the complex issue of mental health disparities. Recommended resources and future directions to improve the delivery of behavioral health services are provided.
Determination of potential biotin interference on accuracy of results of serologic assays for various viral hepatitis markers.

Biotin taken orally can interfere with some diagnostic immunoassays, including those for thyroid hormones, ferritin, and markers of infectious disease. Assays affected are ones that use streptavidin-biotin in their design. The goal of our study was to examine the effect of biotin concentrations of up to 1200 ng/mL on three serological assays performed on VITROS 3600 system, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), total anti-HAV, and IgM antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen (anti-HBc), by spiking serum samples with variable amounts of biotin. No false-negative results were generated with either concentration of biotin for total anti-HAV (65/65). Likewise, biotin caused no false-positive IgM anti-HAV results (59/59) with either concentration of biotin; however, 6.7% false negativity was found for IgM anti-HAV when samples were spiked with 1200 ng/mL of biotin. Conversely, 100% false positivity (30/30) was produced by biotin interference in total anti-HAV negative specimens with both concentrations of biotin. False negativity rate was 87.5% in IgM anti-HBc positive samples when biotin levels were at 1200 ng/mL. These data show that individuals taking biotin-containing supplements may test false-positive in some serologic assays using streptavidin-biotin chemistries. Further studies are warranted to determine the extent of biotin interference resulting in false-positive and negative results and their impact, if any, on surveillance and diagnostic settings.
A relationship between Autism-Spectrum Quotient and face viewing behavior in 98 participants

Faces are one of the most important stimuli that we encounter, but humans vary dramatically in their behavior when viewing a face: some individuals preferentially fixate the eyes, others fixate the mouth, and still others show an intermediate pattern. The determinants of these large individual differences are unknown. However, individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) spend less time fixating the eyes of a viewed face than controls, suggesting the hypothesis that autistic traits in healthy adults might explain individual differences in face viewing behavior. Autistic traits were measured in 98 healthy adults recruited from an academic setting using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, a validated 50-statement questionnaire. Fixations were measured using a video-based eye tracker while participants viewed two different types of audiovisual movies: short videos of talker speaking single syllables and longer videos of talkers speaking sentences in a social context. For both types of movies, there was a positive correlation between Autism-Spectrum Quotient score and percent of time fixating the lower half of the face that explained from 4% to 10% of the variance in individual face viewing behavior. This effect suggests that in healthy adults, autistic traits are one of many factors that contribute to individual differences in face viewing behavior.
Modifiable Risk Factors for Poor Cognitive Function in Former American-Style Football Players: Findings from the Harvard Football Players Health Study.

Recent attention to consequences of head trauma among former professional American-style football players has increased the likelihood that former players and their healthcare providers attribute n...
The envelope of a pointclass under a local determinacy hypothesis

Abstract Given an inductive-like pointclass Γ ˜ and assuming the Axiom of Determinacy, Martin identified and analyzed a pointclass that contains the prewellorderings of the next scale beyond Γ ˜ if such a scale exists. We show that much of Martin's analysis can be carried out assuming only ZF + DC R and Δ ˜ Γ ˜ determinacy by adapting arguments of Kechris and Woodin [10] and Martin [13] . This generalization can be used to show that every set of reals is Suslin in the intersection of two divergent models of A D + , giving a new proof of a theorem of Woodin, as well as to show that every set of reals is Suslin in the derived model at an indestructibly weakly compact limit of Woodin cardinals.
Synthetic Retinoids Beyond Cancer Therapy.

While the uses of retinoids for cancer treatment continue to evolve, this review focuses on other therapeutic areas in which retinoids [retinol (vitamin A), all-trans retinoic acid (RA), and synthetic retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α-, β-, and γ-selective agonists] are being used and on promising new research that suggests additional uses for retinoids for the treatment of disorders of the kidneys, skeletal muscles, heart, pancreas, liver, nervous system, skin, and other organs. The most mature area, in terms of US Food and Drug Administration-approved, RAR-selective agonists, is for treatment of various skin diseases. Synthetic retinoid agonists have major advantages over endogenous RAR agonists such as RA. Because they act through a specific RAR, side effects may be minimized, and synthetic retinoids often have better pharmaceutical properties than does RA. Based on our increasing knowledge of the multiple roles of retinoids in development, epigenetic regulation, and tissue repair, other exciting therapeutic areas are emerging. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
A Type III Hybrid Effectiveness–Implementation Pilot Trial Testing Dissemination and Implementation Strategies for a Pediatric Weight Management Intervention: The Nebraska Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Project

Background: Several family-based efficacious pediatric weight management interventions (PWMIs) have been developed to reduce child weight status. These programs are typically based in larger cities...
Effects of Two Alcohol Reduction Interventions on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms of ART Clients in Vietnam

Little is known about the potential mental health impacts of cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing interventions that focus on alcohol reduction among people with HIV (PWH). Our study aimed to assess the impact of two evidence-based alcohol reduction interventions on depression and anxiety symptoms of antiretroviral therapy (ART) clients with hazardous alcohol use. We conducted a secondary data analysis of data from a three-arm randomized controlled trial among ART clients in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam that evaluated the impacts of two alcohol reduction interventions in Vietnam. ART clients 18 years old or more with hazardous alcohol use (based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption) were enrolled and randomized into one of three arms: Combined intervention, Brief intervention, and Standard of care (SOC). Symptoms of depression, measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and anxiety, measured with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, were assessed at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months post-intervention. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the effects of the interventions on depression and anxiety symptoms. The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms at baseline was 25.1% and 16.1%, respectively. Decreases in depression and anxiety symptoms were observed in all three arms from baseline to 12-month follow-up. There were no significant differences in depression and anxiety symptoms among participants receiving either intervention, relative to the SOC. Interventions with a dual focus on alcohol and mental health are needed to achieve more pronounced and sustainable improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms for PWH with hazardous alcohol use.
INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO BODIES TRANSLATING IN AN INVISCID FLUID

The equations of motion of two bodies in translation motion in an inviscid fluid at rest at infinity are expressed in Lagrangian form. For the case of one body stationary and the other approaching it in a uniform stream, an exact, closed-form solution in terms of added masses is obtained, yielding simple expressions for the velocity of the moving body as a function of its relative position and for the interaction forces. This solution is applied to the case of a rectangular cylinder approaching a cylindrical one, for which the added-mass coefficients had been previously obtained in a companion paper by an integral-equation procedure. In order to compare results with those in the literature, and to evaluate the accuracy of the present procedures, results were calculated for a pair of circular cylinders by these methods as well as by successive images. Very good agreement was found. Comparison with published results showed good agreement with the added mass but very poor agreement on the forces, including disagreement as to whether the forces were repulsive or attractive. The discrepancy is believed to be due to the omission of terms in the Bernoulli equation, which was used to obtain the pressure distribution and then the force on a body. The Lagrangian formulation is believed to be preferable to the pressure-integral approach because it yields the hydrodynamic force directly in terms of the added masses and their derivatives, thus requiring the calculation of many fewer coefficients.
How Dare They - European Merger Control and the European Commission's Blocking of the General Electric/Honeywell Merger

In light of the growing globalization of markets and industries it is inevitable that antitrust authorities, as the guardians of fair competition, are increasingly unable to restrict their investigations to their own soil and markets.' This applies not only to national authorities like the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice ("DOJ") or the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") in the United States, but also to supranational authorities such as the European Commission.2 These authorities must look at the mergers that take place in their own backyards as well as in other jurisdictions and assess what effect these "foreign" mergers may have on their own markets. Therefore, it is not surprising that mergers that first appear to be purely American in nature, such as Boeing and McDonnell Douglas, AOL and Time Warner,4 or MCI WorldCom and
Inverse analysis of triarylamine-dye transmission spectra

Inverse analysis of transmission spectra for triarylamine dye in acetone is presented. This analysis employs a parametric model of transmission through a sample of finite thickness, where the permittivity function is represented parametrically by a linear combination of Lorentz oscillator models. The results of this analysis provide estimates of the permittivity function for triarylamine dye, which can be adopted as input data to other types of models, such as those for prediction of transmission and reflectivity spectra for composites containing mixtures of dyes and other materials. In addition, the results of this analysis should contribute to a data base of estimated permittivity functions for practical analysis of spectra.
Java assembly language programming for the JVM: conference workshop

This tutorial/workshop is based on the assumption that the participant is looking for an alternative or supplement to the Intel Pentium or the Power PC real architectures for a computer organization and assembly language course in a CS curriculum. It is also designed to encourage those who have abandoned the traditional computer organization and assembly language course to reconsider such decision given that there now exists a universal, freely accessible, reasonably well-documented, ubiquitous architecture known as the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Secretion of intact proteins and peptide fragments by lysosomal pathways of protein degradation.

We report that degradation of proteins microinjected into human fibroblasts is accompanied by release into the culture medium of peptide fragments and intact proteins as well as single amino acids. For the nine proteins and polypeptides microinjected, acid-precipitable radioactivity, i.e. peptide fragments and/or intact proteins, ranged from 10 to 67% of the total released radioactivity. Peptide fragments and/or intact protein accounted for 60% of the radioactivity released into the medium by cells microinjected with ribonuclease A. Two major radiolabeled peptide fragments were found, and one was of an appropriate size to function as an antigen in antigen-presenting cells. The peptides released from microinjected ribonuclease A were derived from lysosomal pathways of proteolysis based on several lines of evidence. Previous studies have shown that microinjected ribonuclease A is degraded to single amino acids entirely within lysosomes (McElligott, M. A., Miao, P., and Dice, J. F. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 11986-11993). We show that release of free amino acids and peptide fragments and/or intact protein was equivalently stimulated by serum deprivation and equivalently inhibited by NH4Cl. We also show that lysosomal degradation of endocytosed [3H]ribonuclease A was accompanied by the release of two peptide fragments similar in size and charge to those from microinjected [3H]ribonuclease A. These findings demonstrate that degradation within lysosomes occurs in a manner that spares specific peptides; they also suggest a previously unsuspected pathway by which cells can secrete cytosol-derived polypeptides.
A difference in the rate of ribosomal elongation balances the synthesis of eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)-2 alpha and eIF-2 beta

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) is a heterotrimer composed of three subunits designated alpha, beta, and gamma. These proteins exist in equimolar amounts in the cell and have not been detected as isolated subunits. Our research examines the basis of their balanced synthesis. Northern analysis of K562 cell mRNA revealed that eIF-2 beta was five times more abundant than eIF-2 alpha. However, immunoprecipitation of pulse-labeled K562 cells showed an equimolar rate of synthesis of eIF-2 alpha and -beta despite the 5-fold difference in the size of their mRNA pools. Addition of equal amounts of synthetic capped mRNA for eIF-2 alpha and eIF-2 beta to an in vitro translation reaction produced five times more eIF-2 alpha protein than eIF-2 beta. Determination of the polysome profile for alpha and beta mRNA in K562 cells indicated eIF-2 alpha was translated more efficiently than eIF-2 beta. Substitution of either the initiation codon context or the leader of the beta mRNA for that of alpha had only a minor effect on the translational efficiency of beta. Comparison of the rate of ribosomal elongation for the two mRNAs indicated that ribosomes associated with the beta mRNA elongate at a rate 4-fold less than that of eIF-2 alpha. Thus, the balanced translation of alpha and beta mRNA is primarily the result of a 4-fold difference in the rate of ribosomal elongation.
Firms Markets and Efficiency

If the price system is superior to central planning, why do firms exist with sub-economies that are very large, approximating small capitalist economies? In a principal-agent setting we compare a market, in which two principal-agent pairs trade, to a corporation in which a single principal hires both agents. In a market principals motivate their agents to make efforts by writing contracts contingent on observed prices, some of which are negotiated between the agents themselves. These prices may be informative, allowing principals to induce high effort at a lower cost. But, principals in different firms cannot coordinate their contract choices since each lacks authority over the other's agent. Authority over both agents' efforts occurs when a corporation is formed, where one principal contracts directly with both agents, a sub-economy. Information from market prices is then lost and cannot be replicated by internally generated "transfer prices." Whether a market or a firm is optimal is determined by the relative value of managerial authority over agents (the "visible" hand) versus information from market prices (the "invisible" hand).
Haemodynamic profile and responsiveness to anandamide of TRPV1 receptor knock‐out mice

The endocannabinoid anandamide and cannabinoid (CB) receptors have been implicated in the hypotension in various forms of shock and in advanced liver cirrhosis. Anandamide also activates vanilloid TRPV1 receptors on sensory nerve terminals, triggering the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide which elicits vasorelaxation in isolated blood vessels in vitro. However, the contribution of TRPV1 receptors to the in vivo hypotensive effect of anandamide is equivocal. We compared the cardiac performance of anaesthetized TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1−/−) mice and their wild-type (TRPV1+/+) littermates and analysed in detail the haemodynamic effects of anandamide using the Millar pressure–volume conductance catheter system. Baseline cardiovascular parameters and systolic and diastolic function at different preloads were similar in TRPV1−/− and TRPV1+/+ mice. The predominant hypotensive response to bolus intravenous injections of anandamide and the associated decrease in cardiac contractility and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were similar in TRPV1+/+ and TRPV1−/− mice, as was the ability of the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 to completely block these effects. In TRPV1+/+ mice, this hypotensive response was preceded by a transient, profound drop in cardiac contractility and heart rate and an increase in TPR, followed by a brief pressor response, effects which were unaffected by SR141716 and were absent in TRPV1−/− mice. These results indicate that mice lacking TRPV1 receptors have a normal cardiovascular profile and their predominant cardiovascular depressor response to anandamide is mediated through CB1 receptors. The role of TRPV1 receptors is limited to the transient activation of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex by very high initial plasma concentrations of anandamide.
Distensibility of the Atherosclerotic Carotid Artery: Relationship With Plaque Burden and Composition?

Arterial distensibility is a marker that can measure vessel wall functional and structural changes resulting from atherosclerosis [5] with applications including estimation of mechanical properties of the wall for biomechanical models. Although arterial segments affected by atherosclerosis are characterized by marked stiffening [2], little is known about the relationship between local specific atherosclerotic plaque features and wall stiffness. In particular, calcification has been shown to be associated with greater wall stiffness, however, this relationship is not consistent in different arterial segments [1,6]. For the carotid arteries, a more thorough understanding of the role of plaque features in determining wall stiffness might be offered by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multi-contrast, high resolution MRI is an established imaging tool to quantify the components of carotid lesions, as well as plaque burden [8,9]. In addition, CINE MRI has been proven to be a reliable tool to measure arterial distensibility [3], an index frequently used to measure stiffness. In this study, our goals were to use MRI to characterize subject-specific wall stiffness in vivo in atherosclerotic carotid arteries, and to analyze the relation between stiffness and plaque burden and composition. CINE MRI was used to measure vessel wall stiffness; whereas a multi-contrast MRI protocol was applied to characterize vessel wall morphology and composition.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The status of the gobioid genus Paroxyurichthys

Examination of the holotype and only known specimen ofParoxyurichthys typus Bleeker, 1876, from Indonesia revealed it to have distinctions of the cephalic lateralis, post-cranial axial osteology and pigmentation diagnostic ofGobionellus oceanicus (Pallas, 1770) of the western Atlantic.Paroxyurichthys Bleeker, 1876, is a junior synonym ofGobionellus Girard, 1859. The only other species commonly referred toParoxyurichthys, Oxyurichthys laterisquamatus Weber, 1908, from New Guinea, has anterior nares medial to the oculoscapular canals of the snout. This feature is a synapomorphy of the genusStenogobius Bleeker, 1874. The new combination,Stenogobius laterisquamatus is proposed.
Virtual measurements for nonlinear filters

The method of virtual measurements (MOVM) will be described for designing nonlinear filters. The new nonlinear filter theory generalizes the Kalman filter, and in some important applications, the performance of the new filter is vastly superior to the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Unlike the EKF, the new theory does not use linearization. The new design approach, MOVM, can be applied to exact nonlinear filters as well as nonlinear approximate filters.
When Are Tree Structures Necessary for Deep Learning of Representations

Recursive neural models, which use syntactic parse trees to recursively generate representations bottom-up, are a popular architecture. However there have not been rigorous evaluations showing for exactly which tasks this syntax-based method is appropriate. In this paper, we benchmark recursive neural models against sequential recurrent neural models, enforcing applesto-apples comparison as much as possible. We investigate 4 tasks: (1) sentiment classification at the sentence level and phrase level; (2) matching questions to answerphrases; (3) discourse parsing; (4) semantic relation extraction. Our goal is to understand better when, and why, recursive models can outperform simpler models. We find that recursive models help mainly on tasks (like semantic relation extraction) that require longdistance connection modeling, particularly on very long sequences. We then introduce a method for allowing recurrent models to achieve similar performance: breaking long sentences into clause-like units at punctuation and processing them separately before combining. Our results thus help understand the limitations of both classes of models, and suggest directions for improving recurrent models.
Validation of a Crowdsourcing Methodology for Developing a Knowledge Base of Related Problem-Medication Pairs

Background: Clinical knowledge bases of problem-medication pairs are necessary for many informatics solutions that improve patient safety, such as clinical summarization. However, developing these knowledge bases can be challenging. Objective: We sought to validate a previously developed crowdsourcing approach for generating a knowledge base of problem-medication pairs in a large, non-university health care system with a widely used, commercially available electronic health record. Methods: We first retrieved medications and problems entered in the electronic health record by clinicians during routine care during a six month study period. Following the previously published approach, we calculated the link frequency and link ratio for each pair then identified a threshold cutoff for estimated problem-medication pair appropriateness through clinician review; problem-medication pairs meeting the threshold were included in the resulting knowledge base. We selected 50 medications and their gold standard indications to compare the resulting knowledge base to the pilot knowledge base developed previously and determine its recall and precision. Results: The resulting knowledge base contained 26,912 pairs, had a recall of 62.3% and a precision of 87.5%, and outperformed the pilot knowledge base containing 11,167 pairs from the previous study, which had a recall of 46.9% and a precision of 83.3%. Conclusions: We validated the crowdsourcing approach for generating a knowledge base of problem-medication pairs in a large non-university health care system with a widely used, commercially available electronic health record, indicating that the approach may be generalizable across healthcare settings and clinical systems. Further research is necessary to better evaluate the knowledge, to compare crowdsourcing with other approaches, and to evaluate if incorporating the knowledge into electronic health records improves patient outcomes.
Heat transfer enhancement by oscillatory perturbation of a stable separated flow

Abstract Numerical and experimental results for laminar flow and forced convection in a grooved channel indicate that significant heat transfer enhancement is possible by appropriately-tuned modulation of a steady, separated flow. The frequency r response of the enhancement is strongly peaked around the frequency of the least stable (decaying) mode of the unmodulated flow, suggesting that a simple resonance phenomenon is responsible for the transport augmentation.
Application of pharmacokinetic principles to the elucidation of polygenically controlled differences in drug response

The preceding chapter illustrated how pharmacokinetic measurements made in families can be employed to define the Mendelian mode of inheritance of certain primary disorders of drug response. The aberrant drug responses about which Dr. LaDu spoke are transmitted by genes at a single genetic locus; such defects are designated simple single factors. Approximately a dozen examples have been gathered of such simple factors which have as primary effects, adverse reactions to drugs (Kalow, 1962; La Du, 1972; Vesell, 1973) (Table I). Of course, many additional inborn errors of metabolism exhibit abnormal drug response as secondary effects.
Polymers for gas separations: the next decade

Abstract Gas separation by selective permeation through polymer membranes is one of the fastest growing branches of separation technology. Strong interest exists, therefore, in the synthesis of new polymers that exhibit both higher gas permeabilities and selectivities than presently available polymers. Such new polymers, in the form of asymmetric or “composite” membranes, are required in order to improve the economics of extant membrane processes for gas separations and to develop new processes. A considerable amount of information has been available for many years on the permeabilities and selectivities of a large variety of polymers to different gases. However, since most of these polymers were structurally unrelated, syntheses of new polymers for gas separations was based largely on trial and error and previous experience. It is only in recent years that the structure/permeability/selectivity relationships of polymers have become the object of systematic studies. The present review examines the progress made in the understanding of these relationships, with emphasis on selected rubbery and glassy polymers. Some of the most important theoretical models of gas transport in polymers are also reviewed. The potential usefulness of computer simulation techniques for predicting polymer structures that enhance penetrant gas mobility and selectivity is discussed. Finally, conjectures are offered as to possible advances in membrane separations of gaseoous mixtures in the coming decade.
Influence of Hofmeister Salts on the Structure, Aggregation, and Unfolding of RECA

RecA is an Escherichia coli protein that catalyzes the strand exchange process involved in DNA repair. Previous circular dichroism (CD) studies in our lab have shown that high salt concentrations stabilize RecA in a reverse anionic Hofmeister series. Here we utilize infrared spectroscopy to further investigate how various Hofmeister salts alter RecA structure, aggregation, and solvation. Infrared studies were performed in water and deuterium oxide. Spectroscopic evidence shows that salts alter the water OH stretch and amide I and amide II vibrations arising from the protein backbone. Our data suggests salt specific influences on RecA aggregation, secondary structure, and unfolding. Additional experiments were performed under various solution conditions known to influence ion-protein and possibly water-protein interactions. These data are compared to those obtained in different Hofmeister salts in efforts to identify changes in solvation and RecA structure.
Lower bounds for single‐machine scheduling problems

This article addresses deterministic, nonpreemptive scheduling of n jobs with unequal release times on a single machine to minimize the sum of job completion times. This problem is known to be NP-hard. The article compares six available lower bounds in the literature and shows that the lower bound based on the optimal solution to the preemptive version of the problem is the dominant lower bound.
Anti-serpin Antibody-mediated Regulation of Proteases in Autoimmune Diabetes

Secretion of anti-serpin B13 autoantibodies in young diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic mice is associated with reduced inflammation in pancreatic islets and a slower progression to autoimmune diabetes. Injection of these mice with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against serpin B13 also leads to fewer inflammatory cells in the islets and more rapid recovery from recent-onset diabetes. The exact mechanism by which anti-serpin activity is protective remains unclear. We found that serpin B13 is expressed in the exocrine component of the mouse pancreas, including the ductal cells. We also found that anti-serpin B13 mAb blocked the inhibitory activity of serpin B13, thereby allowing partial preservation of the function of its target protease. Consistent with the hypothesis that anti-clade B serpin activity blocks the serpin from binding, exposure to exogenous anti-serpin B13 mAb or endogenous anti-serpin B13 autoantibodies resulted in cleavage of the surface molecules CD4 and CD19 in lymphocytes that accumulated in the pancreatic islets and pancreatic lymph nodes but not in the inguinal lymph nodes. This cleavage was inhibited by an E64 protease inhibitor. Consequently, T cells with the truncated form of CD4 secreted reduced levels of interferon-γ. We conclude that anti-serpin antibodies prevent serpin B13 from neutralizing proteases, thereby impairing leukocyte function and reducing the severity of autoimmune inflammation.
Autism-Like Behavior in BTBR Mice Is Improved by Electroconvulsive Therapy

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by impairments in social and communication abilities, as well as by restricted and repetitive behaviors. Incidence of autism is higher than earlier estimates, and treatments have limited efficacy and are costly. Limited clinical and experimental evidence suggest that patients with autism may benefit from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We examined the therapeutic potential of ECT in BTBR T+ tf/j mice, which represent a validated model of autism. A series of 13 electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) delivered twice a day over 7 days reversed core autism-like behavioral abnormalities—impaired sociability, social novelty, and repetitive behavior—when the animals were tested 24 h after the last ECS. The effect lasted up to 2 weeks after ECT. Neither single ECS nor a series of 6 ECS modified animals’ behavior. Chronic infusion into the lateral brain ventricle of a preferential oxytocin receptor blocker (2S)-2-Amino-N-[(1S,2S,4R)-7,7-dimethyl-1-[[[4-(2-methylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]sulfonyl]methyl]bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4-(methylsulfonyl)butanamide hydrochloride abolished ECT-induced improvement of sociability and mitigated improvement of social novelty but did not affect ECT-induced reversal of repetitive behavior. These proof-of-principle experiments suggest that ECT may, indeed, be useful in the treatment of autism, and that its therapeutic effects may be mediated, in part, by central oxytocin signaling.
Linearization of the Baker-Ball-Zachariasen Gluon Propagator Equation

Abstract The linearized version of the axial-gauge gluon Dyson-Schwinger equation is shown to have a solution with the infrared behavior Ap −4 + B ( p 2 ) −0.8263 , where p is the gluon momentum. This result supports the calculation by Baker, Ball and Zachariasen of the QCD dielectric constant in the IR limit.
Mapping Antarctic ozone from visible-channel data

Accurate, detailed maps of total ozone were not available until the launch of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) in late 1978. However, the Scanning Radiometer (SR) on NOAA satellites during the 1970s included a visible channel that overlapped closely with the Chappuis absorption band of ozone around 600 nm. We use a simple calculation of two-way transmittance to obtain total ozone from data taken by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). THe AVHRR was the successor to the SR on NOAA satellites, and because it flew during the 1980s, we are able to compare our derived ozone amounts with those derived from TOMS. Our method works only over scenes whose albedos are large and unvarying.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Restoration of red blood cell volume following 2-unit red blood cell apheresis.

Background and Objectives Blood donors who weigh at least 130 lbs (59 kg) and have a haematocrit of at least 40 V per cent can donate 2 units of blood, from which a 360-ml volume of red blood cells (RBC) can be isolated. This study was carried out in seven healthy male blood donors to assess the restoration of the RBC volume 1 month following a 2-unit RBC apheresis procedure. Materials and Methods RBC volumes were measured prior to donation and 4 weeks after the 2-unit RBC apheresis procedure without oral iron supplementation. Results Four weeks after the removal of 2 units of RBC from the male donors not supplemented with oral iron, the RBC volume was restored to 92% of the precollection value. The 360-ml volume of RBC collected represented 12–19% of the donor's original RBC volume. Conclusions Male donors can safely donate 2 units of RBC and will restore a mean of 92% of their RBC volume within 1 month without iron supplementation.
Gender and Class in the Twentieth Century

Few nonspecialists know that Belgium was the first continental European country to benefit and suffer from the Industrial Revolution. Resulting in part from this heritage and also building on an even older tradition of textile manufacturing dating back to the High Middle Ages, Belgium is home to a number of high-quality museums and institutions showcasing and researching the age of industry and its corresponding social movements. Two such organizations are the Archive and Museum of the Socialist Workers Movement (AMSAB) and the Museum of Industrial Archaeology and Textiles (MIAT) in the city of Ghent. On April 27–30, 1999, these two institutions joined forces to organize an international conference on “Gender and Class in the 20th Century.” For several days, participants from Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, Great Britain, and Belgium gathered to listen and respond to a variety of presentations covering the whole range of issues related to the conference theme, from sexuality at the point of production to the discursive construction of poverty as female in the contemporary global age.
A Study of Morphology and Intercalation Kinetics of Polystyrene−Organoclay Nanocomposites

Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) is used to study the heat capacity (Cp) of monodisperse polystyrene in the nanocomposites. It is found that the bulk portion of polystyrene in the nanocomposites has a similar temperature range of glass transition behavior as pure polystyrene, while the normalized ΔCp of polystyrene in the nanocomposites strongly depends on the polystyrene concentration. Results from TMDSC, especially the combination of kinetic study of TMDSC and X-ray diffraction, indicate that intercalated polystyrene does not contribute to the ΔCp and does not have glass transition at the regular glass transition temperature. The maximum amount of intercalated polystyrene is around 40 wt %, and this amount will not increase as polystyrene concentration increases as long as the polystyrene with the same molecular weight is used. On the other hand, the amount of intercalated polystyrene increases when polystyrene molecular weight decreases.
Comparison of sideband spectra obtained from analytical formula and from numerical simulation in free-electron laser

The sideband spectrum appearing in the free-electron laser is analyzed. For an untapered undulator, we predict the wavelengths of local peaks arising from the sidebands; they are compared with numerical simulations. In our analytical theory, three laser-driving terms are derived. One term does not chirp in frequency, drives a number of frequencies simultaneously, and is always the strongest term with a fixed strength. The other two driving terms, which also drive multiple frequencies, chirp to both directions from a resonant frequency. We assume that the sidebands originate from a dipole oscillation of average electron energy. This oscillation frequency is equal to the synchrotron oscillation frequency. The theory predicts that the strength of the chirping terms is proportional to the amplitude of the dipole moment.