cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The wisdom of caution: genetic enhancement and future children.

Many scholars predict that the technology to modify unborn children genetically is on the horizon. According to supporters of genetic enhancement, allowing parents to select a child’s traits will enable him/her to experience a better life. Following their logic, the technology will not only increase our knowledge base and generate cures for genetic illness, but it may enable us to increase the intelligence, strength, and longevity of future generations as well. Yet it must be examined whether supporters of genetic enhancement, especially libertarians, adequately appreciate the ethical hazards emerging from the technology, including whether its use might violate the harm principle.
Neutron Diffraction Study of the Magnetic Structures for the Perovskite-Type Mixed Oxides La (Mn, Cr)O 3

A neutron diffraction study has been made of the magnetic properties of the series of perovskite-like compounds $\mathrm{La}[(1\ensuremath{-}x)\mathrm{Mn}, x\mathrm{Cr}]{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. This series exhibits ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic properties which depend on the composition of the sample. The antiferromagnetic structure of pure LaMn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ persists only for very small concentrations of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+3}$; the antiferromagnetic structure characteristic of pure LaCr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is found over a large composition range. For samples of intermediate composition a ferromagnetic moment is observed, the maximum occurring at about 20% ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+3}$. In contrast to the mixed oxides $[(1\ensuremath{-}x)\mathrm{La}, x\mathrm{Ca}]\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ which for certain compositions were truly ferromagnetic, the maximum ferromagnetic moment in this series is very much less than that expected if all the spins were contributing to the moments. A complex ferrimagnetic structure is suggested for the intermediate composition range.
Work function and Auger characteristics of BaO on Rh-Nb substrate mixtures

Abstract The interaction of a BaO adsorbate with a Rh-Nb substrate mixture has been investigated using both interatomic Auger analyses as well as work function studies. The results show that the Ba interacts predominantly with Rh and the O with the Nb in a manner similar to that reported previously for Ir and W substrates, respectively. The intensity of either of these interactions, however, was not as strong as it was compared to the Ir-W case. The manner in which the Auger data varied for different binary Nb-Rh mixtures suggested that the preferential alignment of the BaO molecules noted in the Ir-W case does not occur for the Rh-Nb case and that this is probably due to the weaker interactions between adsorbate and substrate. The work function data also did not show the pronounced minimum near 50% that was observed with the aligned BaO on Ir-W. The correlation between the Ba + and O - ionicity and the work function lowering, however, still seems to be valid, regardless of any BaO alignment effect.
Surface composition and chemistry of supported platinum-iron alloys

Mossbauer spectroscopy and chemisorption data involving H2 and O2 have been used in a complementary manner to determine the surface composition of carbon-supported platinum-iron alloys. Surface iron was determined from the relative Mossbauer spectral area of surface components compared to the total spectral area, and the total metal dispersion by hydrogen titration. The surface composition for reduced samples exposed to hydrogen at room temperature was determined to be substantially the same as the nominal metal bulk composition. No change in surface composition occurred after exposure of the sample to air at room temperature; however, iron enrichment of the surface occurred after a 10-min exposure to air at 300 °C.
The Global Dimension of Quality Assurance in Higher Education

Quality assurance in higher education has become an endeavor of global proportions. Leaders within institutions of higher education are required to make choices about what quality assurance and self-regulation mechanisms to implement and how to respond to external pressures in an environment of increased accountability and competition. University leaders also need to make choices about what standards of quality their institutions will follow. This paper outlines the changing environment of international quality assurance and its implications for management practice and further research. Critical engagements with quality assurance are necessary in order to make decisions that are not only effective but also consistent with the institutional mission and the purposes of higher education. While quality in higher education becomes global, university leaders encounter new opportunities to exercise institutional agency.
A synthetic pathway to diquinane and angular triquinane systems via an iron carbonyl promoted tandem [6+2] ene type reaction

A model study is described on a new approach to the synthesis of diquinane and angular triquinane systems, via iron-promoted tandem [6+2] ene-type double cyclization followed by ozonolysis and intramolecular aldol reaction.
Handicaps to Host Defense: Effects of Hyperglycemia on C3 and Candida albicans

The hyperglycemic patient remains persistently at risk for infectious complications. Whether ascribable to diabetes mellitus, to the administration of glucocorticoids, or to the infusion of hyperalimentation fluids, hyperglycemia may impair several mechanisms of humoral host defense, including such varied neutrophil functions as adhesion, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. In addition, binding of glucose to the biochemically active site of the third component of complement C3 inhibits the attachment of this protein to the microbial surface and thereby impairs opsonization. Last, several pathogens frequently encountered in hyperglycemic patients possess unique mechanisms of virulence that flourish in the hyperglycemic environment. Most notable in this regard is the yeast Candida albicans, which expresses a glucose-inducible protein that is structurally and functionally homologous to a complement receptor on mammalian phagocytes. This protein promotes adhesion in the yeast and subverts phagocytosis by the host. Thus, hyperglycemia serves as a central mechanism in the predisposition of hyperglycemic patients to infection.
Location of the structural gene for glycyl ribonucleic acid synthetase by means of a strain ofEscherichia coli possessing an unusual enzyme

E. coli KB (Benzer) differs from other common laboratory strains in possessing a glycyl sRNA synthetase with a 50 to 100 times elevated Km for glycine. The degree of charging of glycyl sRNA in this strain can be increased by supplementing the growth medium with glycine. The altered enzyme has been used as a marker by which to map its structural gene. Linkage analysis of recombinants from uninterrupted matings, and cotransduction (80%) of the synthetase withxyl, indicate that this gene is located betweenxyl andmalt, close toxyl, at min 69.5 on the map drawn byTaylor andThoman (1964).
Flow mixing, object-matrix coherence, mantle growth and the development of porphyroclast tails

Abstract The kinematic ‘stability fields’ of common porphyroclast types have been defined using a computer program that simulates low Reynolds number Newtonian shearing flow in the vicinity of a rigid spherical object. The principal variables governing the geometry of porphyroclast tails at a given finite shear strain are: (1) porphyroclast-matrix coherence, and (2) mantle recrystallization history, both of which affect the extent to which mantle material becomes mixed with the matrix as deformation progresses.
A 12-Lipoxygenase Product of Arrachidonate Metabolism Is Involved in Angiotensin Action on Renin Release*

Abstract Angiotensin II (All) action is coupled to the hydrolysis of phospholipids resulting in the formation of arachidonic acid, the precursor of both prostaglandins, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Since 12-HETE is not only a major arachidonate lipoxygenase (LO) product in the kidney, but is also a potent inhibitor of renin release, we studied the role of All on renin inhibition and 12-HETE formation using rat renal cortical slices and isolated juxtaglomerular-like cells. In both preparations, 12-HETE was produced in a basal state. All significantly inhibited renin release (control 100 ± 3%, All (10−8 M) 79 + 4%, P < 0.01) and stimulated 12-HETE formation in slices (control 106 ± 6%, All 10−8 M 177 ± 18%, P < 0.01) and in an enriched juxtaglomular cell preparation (control 96 ± 3%, AH 10−8 M 130 ± 6%, P < 0.001). A specific cyclooxygenase blocker, meclofenomate, or 5-LO blocker, U60,257, did not alter basal or All-induced renin inhibition or 12-HETE formation by slices. The LO blockers BW755...
Studying Mass Violence : Pitfalls, Problems and Promises

This article examines some of the main pitfalls, problems, and promises of genocide research. It argues that genocide is a viable academic concept if protected from moral, legal, political, and emotional constraints. It should be approached in a dispassionate, amoral, non-juridical, and apolitical way. The article further discusses a model for understanding genocide that identifies three levels of analysis: the interstate pressures of the global state system and the influence of crises and war; the intrastate context of radical ideology, state power, and the dynamic of the genocidal process; and the micro-level conditions that enable the involvement of individual actors in violence.
Efficacy of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with talc pleurodesis for porous diaphragm syndrome in patients with refractory hepatic hydrothorax

Background Patients with recurrent, refractory hepatic hydrothorax from porous diaphragm syndrome represent a therapeutic challenge with few options. Methods A retrospective review of an electronic prospective database of patients with cirrhosis and refractory hepatic hydrothorax. Patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with talc pleurodesis insufflating 2.5 g of talc. Successful therapy was defined as relief of dyspnea and control of symptomatic hydrothorax for a minimum of 6 months after the procedure. Results There were 41 patients (21 men, median age 55 years), 25 with Child-Pugh class C and 14 with class B, and 2 liver transplant patients. The etiology of the cirrhosis was hepatitis B in 4, hepatitis C in 20, alcohol in 4, cryptogenic cirrhosis in 11, and other in 2. Definitive openings in the diaphragm were seen in only 2 patients. Seven patients (17%) required bedside talc slurry through the chest tube after the intraoperative talc. Overall success was achieved in 80% (33 of 41). Four patients experienced symptomatic fluid reaccumulation at 45, 61, 62, and 102 days and were treated with a repeat VATS, with success in 2. There was 1 operative death (coagulopathy). Conclusions Patients with recurrent effusions from porous diaphragm syndrome have few options. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with talc is safe and successful in about three fourths of patients, but repeat talc slurry through the chest tube or repeat VATS is often needed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery provides an effective alternative to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and is a bridge toward liver transplantation in patients with few other options.
Energy efficient image transmission using wireless embedded smart cameras

Wireless embedded smart cameras provide significant advantages for surveillance applications, due to their mobility and flexibility in deployment. Many surveillance applications rely on data exchange and image transmission through the network. Moreover, with the widespread use of smart phones and social media, image exchange through crowdsourcing can provide invaluable information for surveillance and investigation purposes. However, transmission of images consumes significant amount of energy, and energy is a limited resource for wireless embedded devices. So far, not much attention has been paid to the energy consumption of a static or mobile node during image transmission for different scenarios. In this paper, we present a new approach for image transmission, which employs a relay node and decreases the overall energy consumption of the sender and the relay nodes. We have performed the experiments with actual wireless embedded smart cameras (CITRIC), with TelosB motes, for a static as well as a mobile scenario. We have compared the energy consumption of the proposed method with that of a traditional relay approach, and that of not using a relay node at all. Experimental results show that, with the proposed relay approach, the energy consumption of image transmission can be reduced by up to 16% in a mobile scenario.
Epigenetic regulation in neural crest development.

The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent, migratory cell population that arises from the developing dorsal neu-ral fold of vertebrate embryos. Once their fates are speciﬁed, neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate along deﬁnedroutes and differentiate into a variety of tissues, including bone and cartilage of the craniofacial skeleton, pe-ripheral neurons, glia, pigment cells, endocrine cells, and mesenchymal precursor cells (Santagati and Rijli,2003; Dupin et al., 2006; Hall, 2009). Abnormal development of NCCs causes a number of human diseases,including ear abnormalities (including deafness), heart anomalies, neuroblastomas, and mandibulofacial dys-ostosis (Hall, 2009). For more than a century, NCCs have attracted the attention of geneticists and develop-mental biologists for their stem cell-like properties, including self-renewal and multipotent differentiationpotential. However, we have only begun to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for their for-mation and behavior. Recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetic regulation plays important roles inNC development. In this review, we focused on some of the most recent ﬁndings on chromatin-mediatedmechanisms for vertebrate NCC development. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 91:788–796, 2011. 2011Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: neural crest; neural crest cell; epigenetic regulation; chromatin; chromatin remodelingINTRODUCTION
3D knee-motion tracking from sequences of radiographs

In this paper, a 3D model-based approach is proposed for tracking 3D motion (positions and orientations) of the knee from sequences of 2D radiographs. Conventional methods using external skin markers or body model do not accurately reflect motion of the underlying bone. In contrast, our method is to use sequences of radiographs for direct visualization of bone motion during activities. A 3D texture-mapped volume rendering is used to simulate a radiograph image, a 2D projected image of the 3D model data. A Quadtree-based normalized correlation algorithm is employed to measure similarity between the projected 2D model image and the pre-processed radiograph image. An optimization routine iterates the six motion parameters until the optimal similarity is obtained. This method has been evaluated using test data collected from an anatomically accurate radiographic knee phantom, specifically femur part of the phantom. Further testing is underway using in-vivo radiograph image sequences of a canine hindlime during treadmill walking.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Toroidal kink mode at finite beta

The free-boundary toroidal kink mode is compared with the internal kink mode for a finite beta, circular crosssection toroidal equilibrium. The toroidal kink is more unstable than the ideal internal kink in the sense that the unstable parameter range of the toroidal kink is more extensive. Moreover, when both modes are unstable, the growth rate of the toroidal kink is generally several times larger than that of the ideal internal kink.
APOMIXIS IN PASPALUM SECANS

THE OCCURRENCE of apomixis in Paspalum notatum has been demonstrated by Burton (1948) on the basis of breeding tests in which a male-sterile plant was pollinated with pollen from a plant having a dominant marker gene. More recent studies also have established the occurrence of apomictic phenomena in two additional genera of the tribe Paniceae which are rather closely related to Paspalumr. Facultative apomixis, involving somatic apospory, the production of two distinct types of female gametophytes, and pseudogamy, has been reported by Warmke (1954) in Panicum maximum. Closely comparable phenomena have been found in several species of Pennisetum by Narayan (1951), and Snyder et al. (1955). Preliminary studies of microsporogenesis in several strains of Paspalum secans Hitchc. and Chase revealed extensive meiotic irregularity, the most striking features being almost complete asynapsis or desynapsis of the chromosomes and the production of dyads of microspores. The species is represented in the vicinity of the type locality of Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, by a number of distinguishable morphological types, which exhibit appreciable differences in percentages of pollen stainability and seed set. The progenies of individual plants were found to be very uniform and all plants that were examined had the tetraploid chromosome number 2n 40; although the extent of meiotic irregularity in microsporogenesis would apparently preclude the formation of pollen with normal haploid chromosome complements. This paper presents the results of an investigation of megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and the role of pollination in this species. Details of meiotic behavior and microsporogenesis will be presented in a sub. sequent paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Most of the material for the present study was obtained from three plants that had been transplanted into a grass nursery for convenience in handling. Herbarium specimens from these plants have been deposited in the U.S. National Herbarium. Limited material from a number of other plants growing under natural conditions in the vicinity of Mayagiiez also was studied. Material for the study of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis was killed in formalin-aceticalcohol (70 per cent alcohol) after the florets had been removed from the inflorescences and the distal
Polyimide foams from powder: Experimental analysis of competitive diffusion phenomena

Abstract In the present study, various diffusive processes have been investigated during foaming of powdered precursors of polyimide. A detailed analysis of the powdered precursor's characteristics allows for an enhanced morphological understanding of the resulting microstructures and foam unit cell. Parameters that are central to the foaming process such as particle morphology, volatile concentration and sorption–desorption processes are evaluated. Isothermal and non-isothermal desorption experiments have been carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and specific diffusive processes have been correlated to thermodynamic and kinetic transitions by means of modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) of the corresponding materials. It was found that two primary fluxes of volatiles, one out of the external surface of the particles (responsible for volatile desorption) and the other into the growing bubble (responsible for vapor supersaturation inside the bubble) compete against each other creating a competitive scenario that becomes the controlling factor for potential inflation within the precursor particles.
PREDICTING ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN SYNCOPE

Syncope is a common presentation to the Emergency Department (ED); however, appropriate management and indications for hospitalization remain an ongoing challenge. The objective of this study was to determine if a predefined decision rule could accurately identify patients with syncope likely to have an adverse outcome or critical intervention. A prospective, observational, cohort study was conducted of consecutive ED patients aged 18 years or older presenting with syncope. A clinical decision rule was developed a priori to identify patients at risk if they met any of the following 8 criteria: 1) Signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome; 2) Signs of conduction disease; 3) Worrisome cardiac history; 4) Valvular heart disease by history or physical examination; 5) Family history of sudden death; 6) Persistent abnormal vital signs in the ED; 7) Volume depletion; 8) Primary central nervous system event. The primary outcome was either a critical intervention or an adverse outcome within 30 days. Among 362 patients enrolled with syncope, 293 (81%) patients completed their 30-day follow-up. Of these, 201 (69%) were admitted. There were 68 patients (23%) who had either a critical intervention or adverse outcome. The rule identified 66/68 patients who met the outcome for a sensitivity of 97% (95% confidence interval 93-100%) and specificity of 62% (56-69%). This pathway may be useful in identifying patients with syncope who are likely to have adverse outcome or critical interventions. Implementation and multicenter validation is needed before widespread application.
The effects of multiple pregnancies and age on the elastic tissue of uterine arteries in the guinea pig

Mesometrial arteries and representative areas of the uterus were obtained from young and old postpartum guinea pigs. The tissues were fixed in Bouin's solution and then stained with Taenzer's Orcein and Verhoeff's elastic stains. Picro-indigo-carmine and Van Gieson were used as counterstains. It was found that the distribution of elastic tissue and the number of elastic and muscle layers in the arterial walls in general reflected the number of pregnancies the animal had had. This was found to be reliable only up to three pregnancies, after which the animals could be referred to only as being multiparous. There appeared to be a continuous increase in the amount of elastin in the blood vessels with each successive pregnancy. Further, aged animals showed more elastin in their vessels than younger ones of comparable parity. The formation of the new internal elastic membrane appeared to be delayed in older females. Our observations suggest that there might be a decrease in the postpartum resorption of elastin as a result of successive pregnancies and aging. They also suggest that the delay in the formation of the new internal elastic membrane in older postpartum females is probably due to aging.
Effort in Human Factors Performance and Decision Making

Objective:The aim of this study was to demonstrate the importance of effort in human factors.Background:Effort has made its appearance in several diverse formats and applications. Eight of these are integrated in the current writing related to learning, looking, task switching, visual search termination, information access, choosing decision strategies, and behaving safely.Method:This is based upon a literature review.Results:The common elements of these different effort applications are highlighted, particularly, their manifestations in either implicit or explicit expected value decisions.Conclusions:There is a need to show how the metrics of effort and workload assessment influence decisions in human factors, particularly, those related to safety.
Age-dependent modulation of in vivo cortical acetylcholine release by benzodiazepine receptor ligands

Abstract In vivo microdialysis was utilized to determine the effects of benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) ligands on cortical acettylcholine (ACh) release in awake young and aged rats. There were no significant differences in baseline cortical ACh release as a function of age. While administration of the BZR selective inverse agonist ZK 93 426 increased ACh release in both groups of animals, the aged rats exhibited a greater stimulation. Unexpectedly, under the present testing conditions, the BZR agonist chlodiazepoxide (CDP) had no systematic effect on ACh release in either group. The presence or absence of these drug effects or drug-age interactions was not secondary to the impact of these compounds on behavioral activity. Cortical ACh release could also be stimulated by turning off the lights in the observation room or by the systemic administration of scopolamine. Aged rats were at least as able as their younger counterparts to respond to these manipulations with increased release. These results suggest that basal and stimulated release of cortical ACh is not impaired at the ages studied. Moreover, selective inverse BZR agonist may be a potent way of trans-synaptically stimulating cortical cholinergic transmission.
Neutron scattering studies of alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract Elastic and inelastic neutron scattering are reported for C 8 Rb in the temperature range 4 – 800 K. Several phase transitions above room temperature are reported for the first time; these consist of changes in metal layer stacking and ultimately, at 747 K, the onset of 2D liquid behavior. Phonon dispersion of LA and LO modes propagating along c imply a 20% increase in the interlayer force constant relative to pure graphite. The zone boundary TA mode softens dramatically with increasing temperature, which may be related to the phase transitions.
Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based visible light responsive controlled release delivery system.

A supramolecular assembly for visible light responsive release of cargo molecules is presented. Sulforhodamine 101 was loaded inside the mesopores of mercaptopropyl-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MP-MSN) and entrapped by mercaptopropyl-coordinated Ru(bpy)2(PPh3)-moieties. Irradiation with visible light triggers the release of capping species and loaded molecules.
Phospholipid degradation by SV40-transformed murine fibroblasts.

Abstract Simian virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts (SV3T3), but not the parent 3T3 cell line, can grow on and degrade phospholipid films made from sheep brain extracts. The SV3T3 cells degrade phospholipids dispersed in the medium only when previously grown on phospholipid film. Both cell lines grow in conditioned medium made from SV3T3 cultures that were grown on a phospholipid film. During growth of SV3T3 on phospholipid films, or during growth of either cell type in conditioned medium, neutral lipids accumulate as droplets in the cytoplasm. Multinucleate cells are then formed at approaching confluence.
Improving the Effectiveness of Configural Displays through Mapped Emergent Features and Color-Coded Graphical Elements

When completing tasks in complex, dynamic domains individuals must consider both high-level issues (e.g., relationships among several variables) and low-level data (e.g., the values of individual variables). An important issue in display design is to determine those graphic forms that allow the efficient extraction of information at both levels. One display that has the potential to achieve these dual design goals is the configural (object) display. Research on configural displays has indicated that this type of display will facilitate the extraction of information about high-level issues if the emergent features directly correspond to the critical data relationships that exist in a domain. On the other hand, designing configural displays to offset the cost that is usually associated with the extraction of low-level data has proven to be more difficult. One potential design strategy to accomplish this is to increase the perceptual salience of the lower-level display elements and color-coding is one techni...
Base-catalyzed, pyrolytic rearrangement of some monosaccharides

Abstract Thermal reactions of d -glucose, d -mannose, d -fructose, d -allose, and d -altrose, in the presence of a basic catalyst, have been investigated and compared with transformations in aqueous alkali. G.I.c. analysis of products formed near the melting point of these sugars showed that melting is accompanied by drastic chemical reactions involving C-3 epimerization in addition to the C-2 epimerization observed in aqueous solution.
Numerical Analysis of Effects of Leading-Edge Protuberances on Aircraft Wing Performance

This thesis investigates the effects of biologically inspired leading-edge protuberances on aircraft wings. The study of humpback whales and their flipper performance was the impetus to modifying the leading edge of an aircraft wing in order to gain an aerodynamic advantage during flight. This study examines the effect of leading-edge modification on wing performance at a low Reynolds number (Re), since low Reynolds number flows have unique features, and the knowledge about this flight regime is extremely important for small aircraft, called unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), flying at low speeds. Simulations were executed on wings with leading-edge sinusoidal protuberances, in order to compare the lift and drag characteristics with that of a wing with a smooth leading edge. All wings had the same cross section of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 2412 and a simulated Reynolds number of 5.7 * 10^5. Results from numerical simulations revealed that a decrease in lift and an increase in drag was observed at low angles of attack (AoA) in all cases of the modified wings. At higher angles (α ≥16o), the lift of the modified wings was up to 48% greater than the baseline wing, with 44% less drag or no drag penalty. The amplitude of protuberances significantly affects wing performance. Although the maximum lift generated by modified wings was lower than baseline, protuberances along the leading edge of the wing proved to have a profound advantage in obtaining higher lift at high angles of attack.
Age, Affective Distress, and Illness Detection in Patients Evaluated for Gastrointestinal Complaints

A study of 260 patients was conducted in 1990 using a questionnaire that was designed to measure and assess their recall of symptom patterns, symptom distress levels, symptom interpretation, and physician-recommended treatment plans. The questionnaire was mailed 6–18 months after they had undergone a gastrointestinal workup for unexplained chest or abdominal pain. The authors found comparably high rates of both younger patients (age
Synthesis of Nanostructured Silicon Carbide through an Integrated Mechanical and Thermal Activation Process

Changes of crystal structures and microstructures of SiO2 and graphite powder mixtures induced by high-energy milling, the effect of these changes on the reactivity of reactants, and the mechanism of enhanced SiC formation have been studied using a variety of analytical instruments, including X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, solid-state 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance, and nitrogen adsorption (i.e., the BET method). High-energy milling before carbothermic reduction leads to substantial changes in the structural and energy states of the reactants, which in turn increases the reactivity of the reactants and enhances the formation of nanostructured SiC particles. Furthermore, the structural and energy-state changes contribute to the enhanced SiC formation through the increased reaction kinetics as well as the increased reaction driving force.
Sesquiterpene lactones of some Ambrosia species

Abstract The sesquiterpene lactone content of collections of Ambrosia ambrosioides (Cav.) Payne, A. arborescens Mill., A. chenopodiifolia (Benth.) Payne, A. confertiflora (DC.) Rydb., A. cumanensis HBK, A. peruviana Willd., A. pumila (Nutt.) Gray and A. tenuifolia Spreng. has been investigated.
An iterative multi-scale tensor voting scheme for perceptual grouping of natural shapes in cluttered backgrounds

Grouping processes, which ''organize'' a given data by eliminating the irrelevant items and sorting the rest into groups, each corresponding to a particular object, can provide reliable pre-processed information to higher level computer vision functions, such as object detection and recognition. In this paper, we consider the problem of grouping oriented segments in highly cluttered images. In this context, we have developed a general and powerful method based on an iterative, multiscale tensor voting approach. Segments are represented as second-order tensors and communicate with each other through a voting scheme that incorporates the Gestalt principles of visual perception. The key idea of our approach is removing background segments conservatively on an iterative fashion, using multi-scale analysis, and re-voting on the retained segments. We have performed extensive experiments to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of our approach using both synthetic and real images from publicly available datasets including the Williams and Thornber's fruit-texture dataset [L. Williams, Fruit and texture images. Available from: , 2008 (last viewed in July 2008)] and the Berkeley segmentation dataset [C.F.P. Arbelaez, D. Martin, The berkeley segmentation dataset and benchmark. Available from: , 2008 (last viewed in July 2008)]. Our results and comparisons indicate that the proposed method improves segmentation results considerably, especially under severe background clutter. In particular, we show that using the iterative multiscale tensor voting approach to post-process the posterior probability map, produced by segmentation methods, improves boundary detection results in 84% of the grayscale test images in the Berkeley segmentation benchmark.
Selective Roles for cAMP Response Element-binding Protein Binding Protein and p300 Protein as Coregulators for Androgen-regulated Gene Expression in Advanced Prostate Cancer Cells

The protein acetyltransferases p300 and cAMP response element-binding protein binding protein (CBP) are homologous, ubiquitously expressed proteins that interact with hundreds of proteins involved in transcriptional regulation and are involved globally as transcriptional coregulators. Although these two proteins acetylate and interact with overlapping sets of proteins, we found that p300 and CBP contribute to androgen-induced regulation of distinct sets of genes in C4-2B prostate cancer cells, a model of advanced prostate cancer. CBP cannot compensate for the loss of p300 to support androgen-induced expression of many genes, such as TMPRSS2 and PSA. Global gene expression analysis indicated that 47% of androgen-regulated genes are p300-dependent in these cells, whereas, surprisingly, only 0.3% of them are CBP-dependent. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis after depletion of cellular p300 indicated that p300 is required for androgen-induced acetylation of histones H3 and H4, methylation of histone H3 at Lys-4, and recruitment of TATA box binding protein (TBP) and RNA polymerase II, but not recruitment of the androgen receptor, on the TMPRSS2 gene in response to androgen. Thus, p300 is the dominant coregulator of the CBP/p300 pair for androgen-regulated gene expression in C4-2B cells. p300 is required at an early stage of chromatin remodeling and transcription complex assembly after binding of androgen receptor to the gene but before many critical histone modifications occur.
Experimental Research and Social Policy: Must It Be Rigor versus Relevance?

… the acquirement of knowledge was interesting and attractive but it could only give clear and exact results in proportion to its inapplicability to the question of life. The less it had to do with these questions, the clearer and more exact it was; the more it took the character of a solution of these questions, the obscurer and less attractive they became….(Tolstoy, 1887, p. 41)
New double quantum coherence filter for localized detection of glutathione in vivo

In this work, a new double quantum filter for glutathione (GSH) editing is introduced, combined with the point-resolved spectroscopy localization sequence (PRESS), and demonstrated in vivo. Compared to the conventional double quantum coherence filter, the new filter has two major advantages. First, it eliminates the need for calibration scans for optimizing the signal yield, making it more efficient and convenient for routine use. Second, it removes the influence of water saturation pulses on the GSH yield, further improving its accuracy. With this method, GSH concentrations in the left and right parietal lobes of five healthy volunteers were determined to be 0.91+/-0.16 mM and 0.89+/-0.16 mM, respectively, in agreement with previous studies.
Manganese‐Doped Zinc Orthosilicate‐Bearing Phosphor Microparticles with Controlled Three‐Dimensional Shapes Derived from Diatom Frustules

Mn-doped zinc orthosilicate (Zn2SiO4)-bearing phosphor microparticles were synthesized with controlled three-dimensional (3-D) morphologies inherited from the microshells (frustules) of diatoms (unicellular algae). Silica-based diatom frustules were first coated with manganese and zinc oxide nanoparticles by exposure to an acetate precursor solution and then firing at 700°C. Subsequent reaction of the nanoparticles with the underlying silica at 1050°C yielded compact, continuous, and conformal Mn-doped Zn2SiO4 coatings on the frustule surfaces. The converted 3-D microparticles exhibited bright green emission upon stimulation with 275-nm light. Photoluminescent microparticles with a wide variety of well-controlled 3-D morphologies can be mass produced with this simple, low-cost bioclastic process.
From Papyrus to the Electronic Tablet: A Brief History of the Clinical Medical Record with Lessons for the Digital Age

A major transition is underway in documentation of patient-related data in clinical settings with rapidly accelerating adoption of the electronic health record and electronic medical record. This article examines the history of the development of medical records in the West in order to suggest lessons applicable to the current transition. The first documented major transition in the evolution of the clinical medical record occurred in antiquity, with the development of written case history reports for didactic purposes. Benefiting from Classical and Hellenistic models earlier than physicians in the West, medieval Islamic physicians continued the development of case histories for didactic use. A forerunner of modern medical records first appeared in Paris and Berlin by the early 19th century. Development of the clinical record in America was pioneered in the 19th century in major teaching hospitals. However, a clinical medical record useful for direct patient care in hospital and ambulatory settings was not developed until the 20th century. Several lessons are drawn from the 4000-year history of the medical record that may help physicians improve patient care in the digital age.
Selective Inhibitors of Histone Methyltransferase DOT1L: Design, Synthesis, and Crystallographic Studies

Histone H3-lysine79 (H3K79) methyltransferase DOT1L plays critical roles in normal cell differentiation as well as initiation of acute leukemia. We used structure- and mechanism-based design to discover several potent inhibitors of DOT1L with IC50 values as low as 38 nM. These inhibitors exhibit only weak or no activities against four other representative histone lysine and arginine methyltransferases, G9a, SUV39H1, PRMT1 and CARM1. The X-ray crystal structure of a DOT1L–inhibitor complex reveals that the N6-methyl group of the inhibitor, located favorably in a predominantly hydrophobic cavity of DOT1L, provides the observed high selectivity. Structural analysis shows that it will disrupt at least one H-bond and/or have steric repulsion for other histone methyltransferases. These compounds represent novel chemical probes for biological function studies of DOT1L in health and disease.
Urinary tract cytology

Tumors of the urinary tract are relatively inaccessible to direct biopsy and are often multifocal. Since urine is easily ortained and washes over the entire mucosal surface, urine cytology is, in theory, the perfect specimen to examine to detect a tumor. Unfortunately, interpretation of urine cytology is difficult, and both false-negative and false-positive results are very well known. Diagnostic accuracy increases with the grade of the tumor. Low-grade noninvasive papillary tumors are the sources of most false-negatives. Reactive and degenerative changes due to conditions such as inflammation, stones, prostatic hyperplasia, and therapy are responsible for most false-positives. This lecture will review basic urine cytology and give some pointers to help avoid diagnostic pitfalls.
Identification of p53 Proteins and Targets

Abstract Mutational inactivation of the p53 gene product is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in human cancers. Depending on the promoter or gene context, the p53 protein can function as a transcriptional activator or repressor. During the late 1970s and first half of the 1980s, p53 was believed to encode a protein with oncogenic potential. However, later work established a tumor suppressor role for the gene. Earlier studies had utilized cloned p53 genes that had subtle point mutations in a conserved region encoding a domain involved in DNA binding. Binding to specific DNA sequence elements is a function critical for the tumor suppressor activity of p53. Mutations observed in the p53 protein in human cancers interfere with the specific DNA-binding activity of the protein and alter its biophysical properties. This article discusses the technology used to identify mutant and wild-type p53 proteins. A number of protein targets for p53 that may be important in mediating or regulating p53 function have been identified. The methods utilized in detecting p53 protein–protein interactions are addressed. In addition, the strategies applied toward the identification of target DNA sequences for p53 are included.
Shopping behaviour among gay men: issues of internalized homophobia and self‐esteem

Connections among internalized homophobia, self-esteem and various shopping behaviours are investigated. Internalized homophobia, which affects nearly all gay men to some degree, and self-esteem may affect shopping behaviours such as credit card debt, venue of shopping, enjoyment from shopping, amount of time spent shopping and frequency of shopping. Data from 213 gay men were collected using an Internet-survey design. Results demonstrate that internalized homophobia has weak to moderate effects on thrift store shopping, discount store shopping and credit card debt. Although self-esteem did not predict shopping behaviour, it was correlated with shopping enjoyment. Implications, limitations and future research are discussed.
The effects of a salient self-schema on the evaluation of proattitudinal editorials: Top-down versus bottom-up message processing

Abstract The effects of a salient self-schema on message evaluation were studied. Subjects were identified who characterized themselves using trait adjectives that reflected the prototype of either a “religious” or a “legalistic” person. Equally persuasive sets of proattitudinal messages were developed empirically using weak arguments. Half of the messages were developed to reflect a “religious” perspective on the issue (capital punishment, abortion) whereas half were developed to reflect a “legalistic” perspective on the issue. Religious and legalistic subjects were then exposed to religious or legalistic arguments supporting an equally acceptable position (e.g., eliminating capital punishment). Afterward, subjects evaluated the persuasiveness of the communication and listed their thoughts as part of a “curriculum development project.” Results suggested that subjects when exposed to a schema-relevant message arguments for a position in which they believed were more positive about the quality of the message arguments and in their cognitive responding. These data extend the heuristic value of selfschemata to the area of attitudes and suggest that cognitive responses in persuasion are subjectively rather than objectively rational.
Effects of two neuromuscular fatigue protocols on landing performance.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of two fatigue protocols on landing performance. A repeated measures design was used to examine the effects of fatigue and fatigue protocol on neuromuscular and biomechanical performance variables. Ten volunteers performed non-fatigued and fatigued landings on two days using different fatigue protocols. Repeated maximum isometric squats were used to induce fatigue on day one. Sub-maximum cycling was used to induce fatigue on day two. Isometric squat maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured before and after fatigued landings on each day. During the landings, ground reaction force (GRF), knee kinematics, and electromyographic (EMG) data were recorded. Isometric MVC, GRF peaks, loading rates, impulse, knee flexion at contact, range of motion, max angular velocity, and EMG root mean square (RMS) values were compared pre- and post-fatiguing exercise and between fatigue protocols using repeated ANOVA. Fatigue decreased MVC strength ( p ⩽0.05), GRF second peak, and initial impulse ( p ⩽0.01), but increased quadriceps medium latency stretch reflex EMG activity ( p ⩽0.012). Knee flexion at contact was 5.2° greater ( p ⩽0.05) during fatigued landings following the squat exercise compared to cycling. Several variables exhibited non-significant but large effect sizes when comparing the effects of fatigue and fatigue protocol. In conclusion, fatigue alters landing performance and different fatigue protocols result in different performance changes.
The proportions of some Archaic Greek sculptured figures: A computer analysis

FOR more than a century, art historians have debated the question whether a relationship existed between early Greek and Egyptian art. There is as yet no generally accepted theory of what constitutes the influence of one upon the other, nor any really objective demonstration or proof. Certain similarities have been observed, which one group considers to be accidental or coincidental. Archaic Greek art, they say, developed out of the local tradition. A second group holds that the similarities cannot be coincidences, but must stem from the observation of prototypes and learning of techniques in established schools which teach the skills of stone carving. Others suggest that each sculpture is an individual creation, the artist's unique response to the challenge of his materials and assignment. Still another point of view, adopted by many scholars, is that the human body itself was a direct source of inspiration for Greek sculptors. It has, in fact, been demonstrated that during the archaic period there was an increasing fidelity to the human figure in the execution of anatomical details.' Any contribution to a definitive solution of this puzzle would tell us a great deal about the nature and role of art in ancient Greece, about the nature of art in the history of civilization, and about the cultural affinities between two of the
Analytical X-ray photogrammetry in scoliosis☆

Abstract Analytical photogrammetry was applied to determine the geometric characteristics of scoliotic deformities. Two radiographs forming a stereopair are treated in a general solution in which both the interior and exterior orientation of the X-ray bundles are computed. The derived digital model of the spine is supplemented by a series of computer-generated graphs which help to facilitate the interpretation of results. The analytical formulation of the procedure is discussed and its practical application described.
On the Edge Reconstruction of Graphs Embedded in Surfaces, III

In this paper, we prove that if a connected graphGembeddable in a surface?of characteristic?(?) satisfies (1) the minimum degree ofG?5, (2) |V(G)|??43?(?), thenGis edge reconstructible. A direct consequence of the above result is that a triangulationGof a surface of characteristic?(?) is edge reconstructible if |V(G)|??43?(?).