cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protection against a syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma by administration of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies

A hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibody (mAb) with specificity for tumor-associated cell surface antigens of a transplantable murine mammary adenocarcinoma (SMC-168) was prepared by fusion of syngeneic C3H/He spleen cells with SP2 myeloma cells. Mice which were pretreated with this mAb (C–73) were significantly resistant to the outgrowth of a tumorigenic dose of SMC-168 cells when compared to controls. The treated nice developed tumor-specific cell-mediated immunity, measured by leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI), which was equal to that of mice immunized with live tumor cells. The IgG fraction from serum of mice receiving mAb C-73 contained antibodies which would bind to that mAb suggesting the presence of anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id). This binding could be partially inhibited by a soluble l-butanol cell surface extract of SMC-168. Rabbits were immunized with mAb C-73 to produce a polyclonal anti-Id. The purified and absorbed IgG fraction of this serum would bind only to mAb C-73 and not to ...
Synapsin III: Role in Neuronal Plasticity and Disease

Synapsin III was discovered in 1998, more than two decades after the first two synapsins (synapsins I and II) were identified. Although the biology of synapsin III is not as well understood as synapsins I and II, this gene is emerging as an important factor in the regulation of the early stages of neurodevelopment and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and in certain neuropsychiatric illnesses. Molecular genetic and clinical studies of synapsin III have determined that its neurodevelopmental effects are exerted at the levels of neurogenesis and axonogenesis. In vitro voltammetry studies have shown that synapsin III can control dopamine release in the striatum. Since dopaminergic dysfunction is implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions, one may anticipate that polymorphisms in synapsin III can exert pervasive effects, especially since it is localized to extrasynaptic sites. Indeed, mutations in this gene have been identified in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and multiple sclerosis. These and other findings indicate that the roles of synapsin III differ significantly from those of synapsins I and II. Here, we focus on the unique roles of the newest synapsin, and where relevant, compare and contrast these with the actions of synapsins I and II.
Interplay of the scaling limit and the renormalization group: Implications for symmetry restoration

Symmetry restoration is usually understood as a renormalization-group induced phenomenon. In this context, the issue of whether one-loop renormalization-group equations can be trusted in predicting symmetry restoration has recently been the subject of much debate. Here we advocate a more pragmatic point of view and expand the definition of symmetry restoration to encompass all situations where the physical properties have only a weak dependence upon an anisotropy in the bare couplings. Moreover we concentrate on universal properties, and so take a scaling limit where the physics is well described by a field theory. In this context, we find a large variety of models that exhibit, for all practical purposes, symmetry restoration: even if symmetry is not restored in a strict sense, physical properties are surprisingly insensitive to the remaining anisotropy. Although we have adopted an expanded notion of symmetry restoration, we nonetheless emphasize that the scaling limit also has implications for symmetry restoration as a renormalization-group induced phenomenon. In all the models we considered, the scaling limit turns out only to permit bare couplings which are nearly isotropic and small. Then the one-loop $\ensuremath{\beta}$ function should contain all the physics and higher loop orders can be neglected. We suggest that this feature generalizes to more complex models. We exhibit a large class of theories with current-current perturbations [of which the $\mathrm{SO}(8)$ model of interest in two-leg Hubbard ladders and armchair carbon nanotubes is one] where the one-loop $\ensuremath{\beta}$ functions indicate symmetry restoration; thus we argue that these results can be trusted within the scaling limit.
Refinement of X ray data on proteins. II. Adjustment of structure of specified geometry to relieve atomic overlaps

Abstract In a first stage of refinement of the X ray data on proteins, the dihedral angles (φi, ψi , χj) of the backbone and side chains were adjusted by a least-squares fit to the X ray coordinates so that the computed structure conformed to the bond angles and bond lengths derived from crystal structures of its constituent amino acids. The results are used here as the starting point for the second stage of the refinement, in which atomic overlaps that persist through the first stage are relieved. The energy of the first-stage structure is reduced considerably in the second stage, and the root-mean-square deviation of the computed coordinates from the X ray ones is reduced in going from the first to the second stage of refinement. The second-stage refinement procedure is applied here to lysozyme, and the resulting structure may then be used as a starting point for conformational energy calculations in which the total energy is minimized.
Propagation characteristics of ultrawide-bandwidth pulsed Gaussian beams

The propagation characteristics of a beam generated by driving an aperture with an ultrashort, hence ultrawide-bandwidth, space–time Gaussian pulse are considered. It is shown analytically with an approximate form of the solution that the beam intensity and the beam energy have different diffraction lengths and rates of beam spread in the far field. These beam properties are also discussed for a derivative receiver system. The analytical results are supported with numerical simulations of the exact pulsed-beam solution.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of amine and diamine signaling by a trifluoroacetyl azobenzene reporter group.

(Trifluoroacetyl)azobenzene dyes were previously employed as amine reporter groups (chemosensors) in a dendrimer-based monomolecular imprinting system. Kinetic and binding studies with a range of amines and diamines show that the highly selective signaling observed for alkane diamines by these imprinted dendrimers arises from a kinetic effect due to intramolecular general base-catalyzed carbinolamine formation with the dye itself. The relationship between diamine structure and carbinolamine stability and rate of formation is described.
Enkephalin inhibits firing of myenteric neurones.

ENDOGENOUS ligands for the opiate receptor have recently been described. The first to be characterised were methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin, penta-peptides isolated from porcine brain by Hughes et al. and subsequently synthesised1. The enkephalins are also found in high concentrations in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum2,3, a neuronal network which is widely used as a model in investigations of narcotic action4. In the myenteric plexus, narcotic analgesics inhibit the neuronal firing which can be recorded with a glass suction electrode5,6. This action is stereospecific, is reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone and is not dependent upon the presence of any synaptic input to the neurones6. The endogenous presence of enkaphalin in brain prompted an examination of its effects when applied by iontophoresis to units whose activity was recorded extracellularly7–10. We have adopted an alternative approach in which known concentrations of enkephalin are applied to isolated ganglia of the myenteric plexus whilst recording neuronal activity. The results indicate that low concentrations of the enkephalins act on the myenteric neurones to inhibit their firing.
Carbon dioxide laser monitor for NH 3 in flue gas

An instrument was developed for the detection of NH3 in flue gas, exploiting a fortuitous spectral overlap between the ν2aQ(6,6) absorption line of NH3 and the R (18) emission line of the isotopic 13C16O2 laser. The system was developed for use with De–NOx processes, which convert harmful nitric oxides generated in utility and industrial furnaces into harmless nitrogen and water vapor by injection of NH3. The instrument detects unreacted NH3 in the flue gas down to concentrations of a few ppm with an accuracy of ∼10%. It can serve as an environmental monitor and as part of a feedback control system to adjust the upstream NH3 injection to the desired rate.
Degradation of Phase Coherence by Defects in a Two-Dimensional Vortex Lattice

The thermodynamic nature of two-dimensional vortex matter is studied through a duality analysis of the $\mathrm{XY}$ model over the square lattice with low uniform frustration. A phase-coherent vortex lattice state is found at low temperature if rigid translations are prohibited. It shows a nonzero phase rigidity that is degraded exclusively by the creation of dislocation pairs. The unbinding of such pairs causes the vortex lattice to simultaneously lose phase coherence and to melt at a continuous (Kosterlitz-Thouless) phase transition. General phase autocorrelation functions are also computed, and these results are used to argue for the existence of a continuous melting transition of vortex matter in layered superconductors.
Hormonal termination of diapause in the alfalfa weevil.

Topical treatment of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), with the synthetic juvenile gonadotropic hormone 10,11-epoxyfarnesenic acid methyl ester effectively terminated summer diapause.
A Review of Fabrication and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose Based Nanocomposites

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a unique nanofibrous biomaterial which can have applications in many engineering fields. BC possesses excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility and can be engineered in various forms from nano to macro scales. BC based nanocomposites can be manipulated to improve their properties and/or functionalities. Such materials can be categorized as high-strength materials as well as materials for plant biomimicking, biomedical, electrically conductive, catalysis, optical, luminescent, proton conductive, separating, antimicrobial, thermo-responsive, and other applications. The review presented here focuses on various fabrication methods used and novel applications of BC based nanocomposites that are expected to be commercialized.
Plasma glucagon suppression by phenformin in man

In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of action of phenformin, eleven juvenile-onset, insulin-requiring diabetic subjects underwent four different treatment regimens during standard breakfast tests. These four treatments were: control (no insulin or phenformin); insulin alone (15 U regular insulin administered subcutaneously one-half hour before breakfast); phenformin alone (50 mg of the timed-release capsule given twice daily for three days before the study and two and one-half hours before breakfast on the day of study); and phenformin plus insulin (in the amounts and at the times stated above). Phenformin was found to decrease postprandial hyperglycaemia significantly when compared with control values, and its addition to insulin further decreased the postprandial glucose rise below that found with insulin alone (p<0.005). These effects were associated with a reduction in early (30-min) postprandial hyperglucagonaemia (p <0.05). Triglyceride levels, gastrin secretion, growth hormone levels, and increments ofα-amino nitrogen were not affected by phenformin. Thus, suppression of postprandial hyperglucagonaemia may be an additional mechanism in the reduction of postprandial hyperglycaemia after phenformin.
Time-based sampling of social network activity graphs

While most research in online social networks (OSNs) in the past has focused on static friendship networks, social network activity graphs are quite important as well. However, characterizing social network activity graphs is computationally intensive; reducing the size of these graphs using sampling algorithms is critical. There are two important requirements---the sampling algorithm must be able to preserve core graph characteristics and be amenable to a streaming implementation since activity graphs are naturally evolving in a streaming fashion. Existing approaches satisfy either one or the other requirement, but not both. In this paper, we propose a novel sampling algorithm called Streaming Time Node Sampling (STNS) that exploits temporal clustering often found in real social networks. Using real communication data collected from Facebook and Twitter, we show that STNS significantly out-performs state-of-the-art sampling mechanisms such as node sampling and Forest Fire sampling, across both averages and distributions of several graph properties.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Overexpression Is Associated With Outcome in Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder: A Retrospective Study of Patients Treated Using Radical Cystectomy

Objective To assess the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) expression in urothelial carcinoma (UC) and its prognostic role in relation to clinicopathologic parameters. Methods A total of 100 cases of invasive UC were evaluated using tissue microarrays. Membranous IGF1R staining was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. A scoring method analogous to that of HER2 expression in breast carcinoma was used, and the highest score was assigned in each tumor. IGF1R was considered overexpressed in cases with score ≥1. Results We found IGF1R overexpression in 62% of invasive UC. IGF1R overexpression was associated with race ( P = .04) and pT category ( P = .03). Median follow-up was 29 months (range, 0.5-212). Progression rate was 60%, and overall mortality and cancer-specific mortality rates were 69% and 51%, respectively. In invasive UC, IGF1R overexpression was significantly associated with overall mortality and cancer-specific mortality (Mantel Cox P = .0002 and P = .006, respectively). IGF1R overexpression was associated with increased hazard ratios (HRs) for overall mortality (HR = 2.63, P = .001) and cancer-specific mortality (HR = 2.45, P = .01), independently and after adjusting for clinicopathologic features and treatment modalities. Conclusion We found IGF1R overexpression in 62% of bladder UC. More importantly, IGF1R overexpression was a significant predictor of overall mortality and cancer-specific mortality, suggesting its potential role as a prognosticator in UC of bladder.
A two-sided coin Mapping perceptions of the pros and cons of relationship commitment

Four studies documented the pros and cons of people’s experiences of relational commitment. Study 1 used individual’s own words to develop an initial taxonomy of elements connected with commitment. Study 2 empirically refined that taxonomy, identifying three primary factors underlying perceptions of commitment—positive, negative, and constraint. Study 3 found evidence of convergent validity with various measures of relationship commitment and satisfaction. Finally, Study 4 demonstrated that the positive, negative, and constraint elements were differentially associated with ratings of positive and negative relationship quality. The findings provide an important and necessary step in efforts to create a better understanding of how individuals personally view and experience the contradictory nature of commitment in intimate relationships.
Structural Evaluation of Interfaces by Electron Diffraction

A method for extracting quantitative information from weak diffraction features at or near matrix reflections is described. The technique requires an accurate knowledge of the fall-off of the matrix reflection. This fall-off was studied both experimentally and theoretically for a wide range of coherence conditions in the microscope. Subtraction of this matrix contribution from the total intensity of an [004] reflection from a Σ =13 (001) twist boundary shows that the streak arises from local as well as from long range interference effects. The latter contribution varies with spatial coherence length which depends on the condenser setting of the microscope.
Chemical modification of n-GaAs electrodes with Os3+ gives a 15% efficient solar cell

The minimization of interfacial recombination losses is a key factor in the operation of any semiconductor-based solar-energy-conversion device, including solid-state junctions, semiconductor/liquid junctions and colloidal suspensions of semiconductors. A frequently cited advantage of semiconductor/liquid junctions is the ability to manipulate surface recombination rates by chemical reactions1–7. A notable example is the improvement in current–voltage properties of n-GaAs photoanodes which have been exposed to aqueous solutions of Ru3+ ions8–10. Here we report new surface-modification procedures for GaAs which have produced the most efficient photoelectrochemical cell reported to date. We also report experiments which indicate that the current–voltage improvements in this system are accompanied by increased interfacial hole transfer rates at the GaAs/liquid interface.
Compton profiles of polypropylene, polyethylene and polybutadiene

Abstract Compton profiles of very thin samples (to avoid multiple scattering) of the simple polymers polypropylene, polyethylene and polybutadiene were measured using Mo Kα radiation. A small difference between polypropylene and polyethylene was detected due to the differences in the wave functions involving pendant methyl groups in the former and pendant hydrogens in the latter. The polybutadiene was measured to determine the contribution of the C = C (double) bond to the momentum density. Comparison of the Compton profiles with theory is fair.
Hospitality marketing research: Recent trends and future directions

This article reviews the hospitality marketing research published in four top hospitality journals from 2008 to 2010 for the purposes of identifying significant trends and gaps in the literature. A total of 274 articles are reviewed and classified based on research topic, industry focus, and analysis technique as well as on a number of other methodological criteria. Significant topical and methodological trends are discussed. Important topical trends are synthesized and specific directions for future research are proposed. We conclude with the presentation and discussion of an organizational framework for future hospitality marketing research.
Complete structures of the sphingosine analog mycotoxins fumonisin B1 and AAL toxin TA: Absolute configuration of the side chains

Abstract Fumonisin B 1 and AAL toxin T A are sphingosine-analog mycotoxins characterized by propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid side chains esterified to alkylamine backbones. The absolute configuration of all stereogenic centers in the backbones is known. Using chiral gas chromatography methodology we have determined the absolute configuration at C-3′ in the side chains to be S, thereby completing structure determination of both toxins.
Iso[7]LGD2-protein adducts are abundant in vivo and free radical-induced oxidation of an arachidonyl phospholipid generates this D series isolevuglandin in vitro.

Isolevuglandins (isoLGs) are a family of γ-ketoaldehydes, aka isoketals or neuroketals, that are generated by free radical-induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing lipids. Because of their high reactivity toward e-amino groups of lysyl residues, isoLGs are found as protein adducts in vivo. Plasma levels of isoLG-derived protein modifications are orders of magnitude higher than levels of the corresponding isoprostane. This suggests that while isoprostanes are rapidly cleared from the circulation, isoLG−protein adducts accumulate over the lifetime of the protein, which can be weeks, and this may provide a dosimeter for oxidant stress. We now confirm the postulated formation of the first D series isoLG, iso[7]LGD2, by free radical-induced oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in vitro. We also show that iso[7]LGD2−protein adduct levels in blood are the highest known for an isoLG-derived epitope. They average 30-fold higher than isoLGE2−protein and 3-fold higher ...
Intraperitoneal delivery of paclitaxel by poly(ether-anhydride) microspheres effectively suppresses tumor growth in a murine metastatic ovarian cancer model

Intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy is more effective than systemic chemotherapy for treating advanced ovarian cancer, but is typically associated with severe complications due to high dose, frequent administration schedule, and use of non-biocompatible excipients/delivery vehicles. Here, we developed paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded microspheres composed of di-block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(sebacic acid) (PEG-PSA) for safe and sustained IP chemotherapy. PEG-PSA microspheres provided efficient loading (~ 13% w/w) and prolonged release (~ 13 days) of PTX. In a murine ovarian cancer model, a single dose of IP PTX/PEG-PSA particles effectively suppressed tumor growth for more than 40 days and extended the median survival time to 75 days compared to treatments with Taxol(®) (47 days) or IP placebo particles (34 days). IP PTX/PEG-PSA was well tolerated, with only minimal to mild inflammation. Our findings support PTX/PEG-PSA microspheres as a promising drug delivery platform for IP therapy of ovarian cancer, and potentially other metastatic peritoneal cancers.
Effects of Age and Sex on Speed of Finding Embedded Figures

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of age and sex on the speed for school students finding embedded figures. Twenty boys and 20 girls participated. Ten of each sex were in either Grades 3 or 4 and 10 of each sex were in Grades 11 or 12. Each subject was given three pairs of figures and told to find the simple figure which was embedded in the more complex figure. A 2 (age) × 2 (sex) × 3 (figures) mixed analysis of variance showed sex and age were significant. Boys found the hidden figures faster than girls, and older students were faster than younger ones. The results agreed with much of the previous literature.
Estimating Genotypic Correlations and Their Standard Errors Using Multivariate Restricted Maximum Likelihood Estimation with SAS Proc MIXED

Plant breeders traditionally have estimated genotypic and phenotypic correlations between traits using the method of moments on the basis of a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Drawbacks of using the method of moments to estimate variance and covariance components include the possibility of obtaining estimates outside of parameter bounds, reduced estimation efficiency, and ignorance of the estimators' distributional properties when data are missing. An alternative approach that does not suffer these problems, but depends on the assumption of normally distributed random effects and large sample sizes, is restricted maximum likelihood (REML). This paper illustrates the use of Proc MIXED of the SAS system to implement REML estimation of genotypic and phenotypic correlations. Additionally, a method to obtain approximate parametric estimates of the sampling variances of the correlation estimates is presented. MANOVA and REML methods were compared with a real data set and with simulated data. The simulation study examined the effects of different correlation parameter values, genotypic and environmental sample sizes, and proportion of missing data on Type I and Type II error rates and on accuracy of confidence intervals. The two methods provided similar results when data were balanced or only 5% of data were missing. However, when 15 or 25% data were missing, the REML method generally performed better, resulting in higher power of detection of correlations and more accurate 95% confidence intervals. Samples of at least 75 genotypes and two environments are recommended to obtain accurate confidence intervals using the proposed method.
Lewis acid–base interactions of SiF4 with molecular anions formed by electron capture reactions

Abstract Lewis acid–base interactions between SiF 4 and a wide range of molecular negative ions are reported here for the first time. The molecular anions include those formed by simple electron attachment to p -benzoquinone, benzophenone, nitrobenzene, and 21 substituted nitrobenzenes and also include the o - and p -nitrophenoxy anions. From measurements performed by pulsed electron-beam high pressure mass spectrometry, equilibrium constants and free energies for the association reactions, M − + SiF 4 ⇌ M − (SiF 4 ), at 150 °C are reported for each of the molecular anions, M − . It is shown that the strengths of these Lewis acid–base interactions of SiF 4 are much greater than ion–dipole interactions previously reported between these molecular anions and several common solvent molecules of relatively high dipole moment, including methanol, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and dimethlysulfoxide. The strengths of the Lewis acid–base interactions of SiF 4 with molecular anions show a strong inverse dependence on the electron affinity of the parent molecule and on the availability of a specific Lewis base site on the molecular anion that can be closely approached by the central Si atom of SiF 4 . It is also shown that strong interactions between SiF 4 and the molecular anions derived from compounds of very low electron affinity can be gainfully used for the trace detection of such compounds by electron capture mass spectrometry.
ANTENATAL STEROIDS ENHANCE MATURATION OF SMALL INTESTINAL MOTOR ACTIVITY IN PRETERM INFANTS. • 1143

ANTENATAL STEROIDS ENHANCE MATURATION OF SMALL INTESTINAL MOTOR ACTIVITY IN PRETERM INFANTS. • 1143
Über die Konstitution des Nocardamins

Das stickstoffhaltige Spaltprodukt des Antibioticums Nocardamin1(2) wurde als 1-Amino-5-hydroxylamino-pentan identifiziert. Fur des Nocardamin folgt daraus die neue Konstitution IV. Es wurde eine zweite Synthese des 1-Amino-5-hydroxylamino-pentans ausgefuhrt.
An experimental and analytical investigation of axial crack propagation in long pipes

Abstract Experimental pressure histories, axial and circumferential strains, and crack-opening shapes were compared with the predictions of a simplified model of a fracturing pipe. This model, based upon previous analytical and numerical studies, assumed that the axial strains were negligible. The comparison showed that this assumption was valid only for relatively thickwalled pipes. An analytical energy analysis, based upon experimental data, indicated that the primary energy absorption in thin-wall pipes was the axial stretching of the pipe flaps formed by the propagating crack. The pressure profiles and crack shapes developed by modifying the model to account for the axial strain energy compared well with the experimental results. This good agreement indicates that accurate predictions of dynamic axially propagating cracks may be made using a ring model which will consider the axial energy and the frictional shear forces which exist between longitudinal sections.
Elastic reservations for efficient bandwidth utilization in LambdaGrids

We introduce the concept of elastic reservation of bandwidth capacity to mitigate the problem of bandwidth fragmentation in LambdaGrids and present a network model which can support elastic reservations. We also define the Elastic Scheduling Problem (ESP), which succinctly captures the optimal utilization objective of elastic reservations. Analysis of ESP reveals that it is an NP-complete problem. Hence we present a heuristic algorithm, Squeeze In Stretch Out (SISO), for tackling ESP in polynomial time. SISO achieves good bandwidth utilization in simulation and efficiently handles the dynamic sharing of bandwidth between advance and immediate reservation requests. We also explore the impact of cost incentives for adopting elastic reservations on both the service provider and the user. In general, the approach for elastic reservation and scheduling presented in this paper is applicable to any concurrently accessible resource where the usage characteristics are quasi-flexible.
Insurance in cooperation with the Agrarian Fund and the State Food and Grain Corporation of Ukraine

Стаття присвячена аналізу страхування сільськогосподарської продукції при співпраці з Аграрним фондом та Державною продовольчо-зерновою корпорацією України. Досліджено механізм взаємодії сільськогосподарських підприємств із зазначеними державними установами та окреслено роль страхування в ньому. Визначено умови укладання договорів страхування та виявлено їх вплив на діяльність сільськогосподарських підприємств.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMONIA DUE TO FRIEDLANDER'S BACILLUS : I. THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL FRIEDLANDER'S BACILLUS PNEUMONIA.

Experimental pneumonia due to Friedlander's bacillus was produced in white rats by the intrabronchial inoculation of the bacilli suspended in mucin. The pneumonia was lobar in type, was almost uniformly fatal, and simulated the acute form of the natural disease in human beings. The pathogenesis of the pneumonic lesion was studied by examination of microscopic sections of the lungs of animals killed at frequent intervals during the course of the infection. The histologic characteristics of the various stages of the pneumonia were essentially the same as those previously described in experimental pneumococcal (Type I) pneumonia except for the following differences: (1) In isolated areas of the lung in Friedlander's pneumonia many more bacteria were encountered in the alveoli than were ever noted in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. (2) Abscess formation was common in the late stages of Friedlander's infection, whereas it was not noted in the pneumococcal lesion. (3) Organization of the alveolar exudate, rarely observed in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia, was a prominent feature of the pneumonia due to Friedlander's bacillus. The mechanism of spread of Friedlander's lesion appeared to be the same as that of pneumococcal pneumonia. Likewise there was noted the same phagocytosis of organisms in the lungs of even bacteremic animals dying of the infection.
Bank accretion and the development of vegetated depositional surfaces along modified alluvial channels

Abstract This paper describes the recovery of stable bank form and development of vegetated depositional surfaces along the banks of channelized West Tennessee streams. Most perennial streams in West Tennessee were straightened and dredged since the turn of the century. Patterns of fluvial ecological responses to channelization have previously been described by a six-stage model. Dendrogeomorphic (tree-ring) techniques allowed the determination of location, timing, amount, and rate of bank-sediment deposition. Channel cross sections and ecological analyses made at 101 locations along 12 streams, encompassing bends and straight reaches, show that channel and bank processes initially react vertically to channelization through downcutting. A depositional surface forms on banks once bed-degradation and heightened bank mass wasting processes have eased or slowed. The formation of this depositional surface marks the beginning of bank recovery from channelization. Dominating lateral processes, characteristic of stable or natural channels, return during the formation and expansion of the depositional surface, suggesting a relation with thalweg deflection, point-bar development, and meanderloop extension. Characteristic woody riparian vegetation begins to grow as this depositional surface develops and becomes part of the process and form of restabilizing banks. The depositional surface initially forms low on the bank and tends to maintain a slope of about 24°. Mean accretion rates ranges from 5.9 cm/yr on inside bends to 0 cm/yr on most outside bends; straight reaches have a mean-accretion rate of 4.2 cm/yr. The relatively stable, convex upward, depositional surface expands and ultimately attaches to the flood plain. The time required for the recovery process to reach equilibrium averaged about 50 years. Indicative pioneer speccies of woody riparian vegetation include black willow, river birch, silver maple, and boxelder. Stem densities generally decrease with time after and initial flush of about 160 stems per 100 m2. Together bank accretion and vegetative regrowth appear to be the most important environmental processes involved in channel bank recovery from channelization or rejuvenation.
Influences of Sex and Egg Production on Water Turnover in Chickens

Abstract Total body water pool volumes and rates of body water turnover were measured in cocks and in nonlaying and laying hens. The body water half life (t½) and total body water in percent of body weight was significantly less in nonlaying hens than in cocks. During egg production the body water pool size of hens increased significantly and the t½ decreased significantly. The increased flux of water of hens during egg production was far more than could be accounted for as water lost in the eggs alone. The body water pool size or its rate of turnover in cocks did not change significantly.
Utilization of urethral plate in hypospadias surgery.

Purpose: Recognition the urethral plate comprises tissues that normally should have created the urethra was an important milestone in hypospadias surgery, giving rise to new operative repairs - most notably the tubularized incised plate technique. This article reviews the current state of the art for hypospadias repair using tubularized, incised plate (TIP). Materials and Methods: Personal experience and literature reports were reviewed to summarize use of TIP urethroplasty for distal, proximal, and re-operative hypospadias repairs. Results: The TIP can be used to correct all distal and most proximal hypospadias. The major contraindication is ventral curvature that leads to urethral plate transection for straightening, which is only necessary in some proximal cases. Reoperations can also be performed using TIP provided the urethral plate has been maintained and is not grossly scarred. Complication rates are comparable to previously used techniques, while cosmetic appearance after TIP is considered superior to other available procedures. Conclusions: Recognition of the urethral plate and its incorporation into the neourethra has revolutionized hypospadias repair. The most commonly used operative procedure today is TIP.
A*-tree: a structure for storage and modeling of uncertain multidimensional arrays

Multidimensional array database systems are suited for scientific and engineering applications. Data in these applications is often uncertain and imprecise due to errors in the instruments and observations, etc. There are often correlations exhibited in the distribution of values among the cells of an array. Typically, the correlation is stronger for cells that are close to each other and weaker for cells that are far away. We devise a novel data structure, called the A*-tree (multidimensional Array tree), demonstrating that by taking advantage of the predictable and structured correlations of multidimensional data, we can have a more efficient way of modeling and answering queries on large-scale array data. An A*-tree is a unified model for storage and inference. The graphical model that is assumed in an A*-tree is essentially a Bayesian Network. We analyze and experimentally verify the accuracy of an A*-tree encoding of the underlying joint distribution. We also study the efficiency of query processing over A*-trees, comparing it to an alternative graphical model.
Exploring Space Exploring Earth

The preface of Exploring Space Exploring Earth states that its objective is “…to explore the impact of space flight on geology and its subsurface counterpart, geophysics…” As promised, some of the book's chapters deal with geophysics—space geodesy, satellite studies of geomagnetism, and remote sensing. Others cover geology—impact cratering, terrestrial geology, and comparative planetology. Biology is also covered, and the book includes data acquired from Earth orbiting and planetary spacecraft.
Electromagnetic cross sections for electron and nuclear research

Abstract Much of the extensive experimental data being generated by electron accelerators is difficult to interpret accurately because of the complexity of the electromagnetic cross section formalisms. The need for greater experimental and theoretical attention to these characteristic complexities is illustrated with the cross section analyses employed in recent experiments on the total nuclear cross sections for 10 to 70 MeV X rays.
Peer vs. parental influence in substance use among hispanic and Anglo children and adolescents.

The relative influence of peer and parental influence on youths' use of alcohol and other drugs is explored among 446 Anglo and Hispanic youths, ages 9–17. Current users and abstainers are similar in age and gender. Among both groups, parental influence is more profound than that of peers. However, substance users, compared to abstainers, are more influenced by peers. Level of marijuana use by youths' friends is the most reliable predictor of drug use. Youths having viable relationships with parents are less involved with drugs and less influenced by drug-oriented peers.
TEL/platelet-derived growth factor receptor β activates phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase and requires PI3 kinase to regulate the cell cycle

TEL/platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFβR) is the protein product of the t(5;12) translocation in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. TEL/PDGFβR transforms interleukin-3 (IL-3)–dependent Ba/F3 and 32D cells to IL-3 independence and induces a murine myeloproliferative disease in a bone marrow transplantation model of leukemogenesis. The fusion protein encodes a constitutively activated, cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that activates multiple signal transduction pathways. To identify the signaling pathways that are necessary for transformation by TEL/PDGFβR, transformed Ba/F3 and 32D cells were studied. TEL/PDGFβR activates the kinase activity of phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase and stimulates phosphorylation of its downstream substrates, including Akt and p70S6 kinase. Activation of this pathway requires the kinase activity of TEL/PDGFβR and is inhibited by the PDGFβR inhibitor, STI571. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3 kinase with the pharmacologic inhibitor, LY294002, inhibits growth of the transformed cells. Treated cells arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle within 16 hours but do not undergo apoptosis. To study the mechanism of cell cycle arrest by LY294002, the activity of the cdk4 complex, which regulates the transit of cells from the G1 to S phase in hematopoietic cells, was examined. Both STI571 and LY294002 lead to a decrease in the activity of cdk4 kinase activity and a decrease in expression of both Cyclin D2 and Cyclin E within several hours. These studies demonstrate the presence of a signaling pathway from TEL/PDGFβR to PI3 kinase and subsequently to regulation of the cdk4 kinase complex. Activation of this pathway is necessary for transformation by TEL/PDGFβR.
Using image analysis to measure two-dimensional soil deformation

Abstract A system for measuring two-dimensional deformation in a soil bin using video image analysis was developed and evaluated. Soil was placed in the bin [1.22 (wide)×9.1 m long] in 50 mm deep layers of nominally uniform bulk density (1.35 Mg m−3) to a total depth of 0.76 m. White polypropylene markers [6.4 (dia.)×25.4 mm] were placed in the soil such that vertical rectangular cross-sectional grids were exposed by removing selected bin modules. Video image analysis was used to determine vertical and horizontal coordinates of each marker which, in turn, were compared to measurements using a sonic digitizer which were accurate to ±0.5 mm.
Phosphorylation by protein kinase C inactivates an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase purified from human platelets

An inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase purified from human platelets contains two major components, 53 and 36 kDa polypeptides. Each polypeptide expresses Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent enzymatic activity and is phosphorylated by an unidentified protein kinase in the enzyme preparation. The 36-kDa polypeptide may be further phosphorylated on serine residues by protein kinase C to a stoichiometry of 0.8 mole phosphate per mole of protein. Phosphorylation of the 36-kDa component is correlated with inhibition of the kinase activity; the inhibitory effect is dependent upon Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine/diolein and may be blocked by a selective peptide inhibitor of protein kinase C. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C decreases the Vmax of the enzyme from 160 to 28 nmol/mg/min; the Km (0.76 microM) is not altered. These data suggest that protein kinase C may negatively regulate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase activity in the human platelet.
Integrated product and process data for business to business collaboration

Collaborative development of engineered products in a business to business (B2B) environment requires more than the selection of components from an on-line catalogue. It involves the electronic exchange of product, process, and production engineering information during both design and manufacturing. Although the state of the practice does include a variety of ways to exchange product data electronically, it does not extend to the exchange of manufacturing process data. The reason is simple: process data are usually tied to specific manufacturing resources. These resources are not known typically at product development time. This paper proposes an approach called integrated product and process data, in which manufacturing process data are considered during product development. This approach replaces traditional process plans, which are resource specific, with a resource-independent process representation. Such a representation will allow a much wider collaboration among business partners and provide the necessary base for collaborative product development.
The selective attention of learning-disabled children: Three studies

Three studies were performed to assess the selective attention of learning-disabled (LD) children. In the first study, 10 LD and 16 non-LD children were given the Speeded Classification task. LD children sorted cards more slowly than non-LD children, and children in both groups had trouble ignoring irrelevant information. Non-LD children became more accurate across trials, while LD children did not. In the second study, one group of 13 LD children was taught to accompany their Speeded Classification sorting verbally in an attempt to improve their performance; the other group of LD children (n=12) received no such instruction. The experimental group, however, showed poorer performance across trials compared with the control group. In the third study, the children from Experiments 1 and 2 were given the Central-Incidental Learning task. Older children learned more central memory items than younger children and, LD children learned more incidentally than non-LD children.
Preseptal and orbital cellulitis in childhood. A changing microbiologic spectrum.

Abstract Objective The authors sought to determine whether the microbiologic spectrum of preseptal and orbital cellulitis had changed over the past decade. Design A retrospective chart review of all inpatient and outpatient children with an ICD-9 diagnosis of preseptal or orbital cellulitis seen at Vanderbilt University Medical Center since the introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type-B (HiB) vaccine (1986–1996). Main outcome measures Blood and abscess cultures from children with preseptal and orbital cellulitis were tabulated. Results During this period, 70 cases of preseptal cellulitis were seen. Blood cultures were obtained in 59 cases; only 6 were positive. Five cultures grew Streptococcus species. The one positive H. influenzae culture occurred in 1987 in a child who did not receive the HiB vaccine. There have been no new patients with preseptal cellulitis and H. influenzae bacteremia at Vanderbilt for 10 years. There were ten cases of orbital cellulitis, of which blood or abscess or both were cultured in eight. Six cases had positive cultures. Four cultures grew Streptococcus species. The other two grew H. influenzae and mixed H. influenzae /gram-positive cocci. Conclusion The incidence of hemophilus-associated bacteremia in patients with preseptal cellulitis has decreased dramatically over the past 10 years. Streptococcus species now are the predominant cause. Orbital cellulitis due to H. influenzae may still occur, but it is much less likely. A more conservative approach to the diagnosis and management of preseptal and orbital cellulitis may be warranted.
Nanodiamond Lateral Field Emission Diode Devices

We are fabricating and examining nanocarbon derived electron emission devices, specifically, nanodiamond lateral field emission diodes. These novel microstructures provide interesting means of accomplishing electronics that are unaffected by temperature and radiation and have promise for high-speed and high-power applications with their small inter-electrode spacing and efficient emitter geometry. The characteristic properties of nanocrystalline diamond are favourable for lateral field emitters. In this work, we report the fabrication process advancement and field emission behavior of the nanodiamond comb-shaped field emitter array in diode configuration. The lateral diode design includes arrays of high aspect-ratio nanodiamond emitter fingers arranged in a comb-like structure with spacing as small as 2 μm from the nanodiamond anode. The 9000- fingered lateral field emission diode (8 μm anode-cathode spacing) exhibited a turn-on voltage of 60 V (threshold electric field: 7.5 V/μm) and a high emission current over ~ 25 mA at an anode voltage of 260 V (electric field ~ 32 V/μm).
An approach to the late revision of a failed nasal reconstruction.

Background:Most nasal reconstructions previously repaired with regional flaps require a revision to improve appearance and function. Many local flaps also create significant landmark and contour distortions, such as alar crease obliteration or nostril margin malposition.Methods:Over 400 nasal recons
Optimized complementary auxiliary basis sets for explicitly correlated methods: aug-cc-pVnZ orbital basis sets

Compact auxiliary basis sets matched to the standard aug-cc-pVnZ and aug-cc-pV(n + d)Z orbital basis sets have been developed for use as resolution-of-the-identity (RI) sets in explicitly correlated F12 calculations. The resulting RI errors from using these sets have been benchmarked in calculations of atomization energies and electron affinities for a number of representative small molecules. These errors were always more than an order of magnitude smaller than the residual basis set error for a given choice of orbital basis set.
Chemosensory Performance of Molecularly Imprinted Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer Materials

Fluorescent conjugated polymers are an attractive basis for the design of low detection limit sensing devices owing to their intrinsic signal amplification capability. A simple and universal method to rationally control or fine-tune the chemodetection selectivity of conjugated polymer materials toward a desired analytical target would further benefit their applications. In a quest of such a method we investigated a general approach to cross-linked molecularly imprinted fluorescent conjugated polymer (MICP) materials that possess an intrinsic capability for signal transduction and have potential to enhance selectivity and sensitivity of sensor devices based on conjugated polymers. To study these capabilities, we prepared an MICP material for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and related nitroaromatic compounds. We found the imprinting effect in this material to be based on analyte shape/size recognition being substantial and generally overcoming other competing thermodynamically determined trends. The described molecularly imprinted fluorescent conjugated polymers show remarkable air stability and photostability, high fluorescence quantum yield, and reversible analyte binding and therefore are advantageous for sensing applications due to the ability to "preprogram" their detection selectivity through a choice of an imprinted template.