cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The efferent projections of the pretectal complex: an autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase analysis

Abstract Anterograde autoradiographic data reveal that neurons within the pretectal complex of the tree shrew possess axons which terminate within three general categories of targets. First, there are targets of a major ipsilateral descending pathway which include: the dorsal cap of Kooy of the inferior olivary complex, the dorsolateral and dorsomedial regions of the griseum pontis, the mesencephalic reticular formation which lies immediately dorsal and lateral to the red nucleus, the medial terminal nucleus and the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. A second category of targets receive their pretectal input from a large ascending bundle which projects ipsilaterally to: the reticular and lateral nuclei of the thalamus, the zona incerta, the central lateral and paracentral intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and bilaterally to the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. A third category of targets include cranial nerve and closely associated nuclei which play a role in eye movements. Pretectofugal fibers projecting to nuclei in this third category terminate ipsilaterally within the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, bilaterally within the nucleus of the posterior commissure and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and contralaterally within the somatic cell column of the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei. There are also commissural projections to contralateral pretectal cell groups. Injections of horseradish peroxidase were placed within 11 pretectal targets. These data, which confirm and extend our autoradiographic findings, show that the majority of pretectal targets receive input from several pretectal nuclei, and that the size of pretectal neurons, rather than the cell groups in which they are located, dictates the termination site(s) of their axons.
Lipophilicity coefﬁcients of potential tumor imaging agents, positron-labeled O6-benzylguanine derivatives

Novel radiolabeled O 6 -benzylguanine (O 6 -BG) derivatives. 6-O-[ 1 1 C]-[(methoxymethyl)benzyl]guanines ([ 1 1 C]p-O 6 -MMBG, 1a; [ 1 1 C]m-O 6 -MMBG, 1b; [ 1 1 C]o-O 6 -MMBG, 1c), 2-amino-6-O-[ 1 1 C]-[(methoxymethyl)benzyloxy]-9-methyl purines ([ 1 1 C]p-O 6 -AMMP, 2a; [ 1 1 C]m-O 6 -AMMP, 2b; [ 1 1 C]o-O 6 -AMMP, 2c), 2-amino-6-O-[ 1 1 C]-[(methoxymethyl)benzyloxy]-9-benzyl purines ([ 1 1 C]p-O 6 -AMBP, 3a: [ 1 1 C]m-O 6 -AMBP, 3b; [ 1 1 C]o-O 6 -AMBP, 3c), 2-amino-6-O-benzyloxy-9-[ 1 1 C]-[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]purine ([ 1 1 C]ABMMP, 4), and 2-amino-6-O-benzyloxy-9-[ 1 1 C]-[(4'-methoxycarbonyl)benzyl]purine ([ 1 1 C]ABMBP, 5), have been synthesized for evaluation as potential novel positron emission tomography tumor imaging agents. The ability of O 6 -BG analogs to penetrate the blood-brain barrier in brain tumor could be due, at least in part, to their lipophilicity. In this paper, we measured lipophilicity coefficients (log P) of compounds 1-5 by the C 1 8 HPLC method. These log P values were compared, and correlations between lipophilicity and biological activity of selected analogs were made. The results suggest the appropriate level of lipophilic character in this class of compounds as useful imaging agents appears to be in the range of 1.4-2.6.
Comparative Study of Guest Charge−Charge Interactions within Silica Sol−Gel

We investigated the effect of charge−charge interactions on the mobilities of rhodamine 6G (R6G), Nile Red, sulforhodamine B, and Oregon Green 514 (ORG) guest molecules within a silica sol−gel host as the guest charge progressed from positive to neutral to negative. Through classification of the mobility as fixed, tumbling, or intermediate behavior, we were able to distinguish differences in surface attraction as the guest charge was varied. On the basis of our results, an attractive charge (as tested by cationic R6G) does not contribute significantly to mobility within dry films. However, an increase in the cationic influence is observed in water-equilibrated environments. A comparison of ORG in dry and water- and phosphate-buffer-equilibrated films indicates that charge repulsion does significantly increase dye rotational mobility (to a maximum of 24 ± 3% tumbling molecules). However, in view of the percentage of tumbling molecules found, charge−charge interactions do not appear to be the dominant force...
Chemical physics of heavy electron uranium compounds

Abstract We discuss chemical trends relating to the formation of heavy electron compounds by uranium.
Accurate hydrogen depth profiling by reflection elastic recoil detection analysis

Abstract A technique to convert reflection elastic recoil detection analysis spectra to depth profiles, the channel-depth conversion, was introduced by Verda et al. [Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 183 (2001) 401]. But the channel-depth conversion does not correct for energy spread, the unwanted broadening in the energy of the spectra, which can lead to errors in depth profiling. A work in progress introduces a technique that corrects for energy spread in elastic recoil detection analysis spectra, the energy spread correction [Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 187 (2002) 383]. Together, the energy spread correction and the channel-depth conversion comprise an accurate and convenient hydrogen depth profiling method.
The Effect of Autoclaving Sesame Meal on its Phytic Acid Content and on the Availability of its Zinc to the Chick

Abstract MANY workers have shown that the dietary requirement of the chick for zinc is higher on a vegetable protein than on an animal protein diet. It has been debated whether this is due to a combination of zinc with the phytic acid of the vegetable protein (O’Dell et al., 1964) or whether a zinc-protein or zinc-protein-phytic acid complex is involved (McCall et al., 1961; Norris and Davis, 1960). It has been shown that addition of phytic acid to casein diets will increase the chick’s dietary requirement for zinc (O’Dell et al., 1964; Likuski and Forbes, 1964). Likuski and Forbes (1964) also showed that phytic acid would increase the chick’s requirement for dietary zinc on an amino acid diet. Autoclaving reduced the chick’s or poult’s need for added zinc on isolated soybean protein or sesame diets (Kratzer et al., 1959; Lease et al., 1960) and it has been suggested that this …
Two-week normobaric intermittent hypoxia exposures enhance oxyhemoglobin equilibrium and cardiac responses during hypoxemia

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is extensively applied to challenge cardiovascular and respiratory function, and to induce physiological acclimatization. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothe...
The effect of ac fields on carrier-mediated transport

Abstract Molecular diffusion contributes the limiting resistance in many separation processes which use a membrane to moderate interphase solute fluxes. The transmembrane flux and selectivity can be improved by using carrier-mediated membranes; however, these membranes are often diffusion-rate limited. It is proposed that this limitation be alleviated by applying a sinusoidal electric field across a membrane containing charged carrier. An approximate model is formulated which emphasizes the fundamental aspects of this hypothesis. When applied to the separation of olefins from paraffins using silver ion in aqueous membranes, the model indicates that the flux of solute is generally increased by applying an AC field to the membrane.
Analysis of PAH and PCB emissions generated during the combustion of binder enhanced densified refuse derived fuel

Abstract Our research group has been involved in developing a binding agent to add to pelletized densified refuse derived fuel (dRDF). Initial tests showed that Ca(OH) 2 is effective in reducing the rate of degradation of dRDF pellets. Further tests were done analyzing the affect of this binder on PAH and PCB emissions. Both PAH and PCB emissions were reduced considerably upon the addition of four to eight percent binder to the pellets.
Household Survey Data and Pricing Policies in Developing Countries

In recent years, household survey data from developing countries have increasingly become available and have been increasingly used to cast light on important questions of policy. The reform of prices, whether agricultural prices, consumer taxes, subsidies, or tariffs, has consequences for individual welfare and for government revenues, and these can be investigated empirically with household survey data. The gainers and losers from price changes can be identified, and the magnitudes of their gains and losses measured. Nonparametric estimation techniques provide a straightforward and convenient way of displaying this information. The procedure is illustrated for the effects of rice pricing in Thailand using data from more than five thousand rural households. Estimates of the revenue effects of price reforms are harder to obtain, because they require estimates of supply and demand elasticities, estimates that are not easily obtained for many developing countries. A procedure is presented for estimating price elasticities of demand from spatial price variation as recorded in household survey data. The main innovations lie in the appropriate treatment of quality variations and measurement error. Applications of the procedure in Cote d'Ivoire, Indonesia, and Morocco are reviewed.
Solution Structure of a Metallointercalator Bound Site Specifically to DNA

The solution structure of the complex of the metallointercalator Δ-α-[Rh[(R,R)-Me2trien]phi]3+ ((R,R)-Me2trien = 2R,9R-diamino-4,7-diazadecane; phi = 9,10-phenanthrenequinone diimine) bound to d(GAGTGCACTC)2 at 4 °C has been determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with restrained molecular dynamics calculations. Δ-α-[Rh[(R,R)-Me2trien]phi]3+ binds specifically to its designed site, 5‘-TGCA−3‘, with slow exchange kinetics. Using interproton distance restraints (including 70 intermolecular restraints) derived from NOESY spectra in both D2O and H2O and torsional restraints derived from ECOSY data, 20 disparate starting structures converged to a set of final structures with an average RMSD (between structures) of 1.0 A. As shown previously, binding occurs by deep intercalation of the phi ligand at the central 5‘-GC-3‘ step of the decamer, positioning the ancillary Me2trien ligand in the major groove. C2 symmetry is maintained with no kinking or bending of the DNA double helix. The binding site is deforme...
Gypsum as replacement of silicic tuff (tephra or pumice): Bardawil Lagoon, eastern Mediterranean

Gypsum has replaced a tuff (tephra) or pumice in Bardawil Lagoon, a hypersaline body of water in the eastern Mediterranean off the coast of the Sinai Peninsula. The gyprock is a vugular pure gypsum. This rock was initially mistake for pumice; its vesicular texture suggested large-scale degassing. It is composed of angular and worn gypsum clasts bounded together by a gypsum cement. The texture is unlike that of any gypsum rock yet described. The initial tuff (tephra) or pumice, now replaced by gypsum, may be related to the most powerful eruption in recorded history, the Thera/Santorini eruption which spread over much of the eastern Mediterranean.
Accuracies and Sample Sizes Associated with Estimating Densities of Adult Beetles (Coleoptera) Caught in Probe Traps in Stored Barley

The surface of barley stored in a metal bin was divided into four concentric strata, and adults of six insect species in the top 16 cm of grain were sampled using 60 unbaited, perforated, plastic probe traps. Traps were left in grain for 1 wk on six consecutive weeks between 20 August and 2 October 1986. Except for the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the greatest amount of variation (81-89% of the total) in trap catch of the remaining five species was found among traps within strata, followed by strata within weeks (8-19%), and weeks (0-8%). Fewer adults of all six species were captured in traps in the stratum closest to the bin wall compared with strata near the bin center. Variance-mean relationships indicated that adults of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and R. dominica were randomly distributed among the probe traps. However, the distribution of adults of Cryptolestes spp.; hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.); foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl); and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), was aggregated. Except for Cryptolestes spp., accuracies (expressed as a proportion of mean trap catch) in estimating mean trap catches of the remaining species improved with an increase in trap catch and the number of traps used. For Cryptolestes spp., the accuracy of estimates decreased with an increase in mean trap catch but improved with an increase in the number of traps used. Except for Cryptolestes spp., the number of traps required for estimating mean trap catches of the other species within 25 or 50% of the true mean decreased exponentially with an increase in trap catch. For all six species, the number of traps required increased with an increase in the mean trap catch when the accuracy was expressed as a constant value independent of trap catch. An upper ceiling on the number of traps required for estimating mean trap catches was determined by expressing the accuracy as a constant proportion of mean trap catch and as a constant value independent of mean trap catch.
The dilemma of drug development for heart failure: when is the time to initiate large clinical trials?

We have reached a difficult time in what has heretofore been an active period of drug development for heart failure. Over the past decade, there have been large scale trials of beta-blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, aldosterone antagonists, endothelin antagonists, cytokine inhibitors, and natiuretic peptides. Some of the classes and agents studied, such as the beta-blockers and spironolactone, are not new but nonetheless have yielded remarkably positive and important results. Newer agents, such as the angiotensin receptor blockers, the selective aldosterone receptor antagonist eplerenone, and BNP are finding a role in clinical practice. Unfortunately, there have also been notable neutral or negative results with very promising agents, including endothelin antagonists, cytokine inhibitors, and vasopeptidase inhibitors. Other agents continue to be investigated. These include the phosphodiesterase inhibitor enoximone, which is being studied in lower doses in chronic heart failure, the calcium-sensitizer levosimendan for acute heart failure, and vasopressin antagonists for both acute and longer-term therapy. Nonetheless, it seems that the pace of drug development has slowed, and there is more interest in the development of devices than new drugs. There are several reasons for this slowdown. First, despite the large numbers of heart failure patients and the associated mortality, morbidity, and cost, heart failure is often not considered a particularly profitable target for drug development. Many other conditions, including cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes, emotional disturbances, and sexual dysfunction are more prevalent and in some cases offer better potential for higher drug prices. Second, there is a perception that physicians believe that current therapy is very effective for the large majority of patients who have mild to moderate symptoms, and that newer agents would need to be used on top of
A central nervous system keratan sulfate proteoglycan: localization to boundaries in the neonatal rat brain.

Abstract During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), adhesive molecules promote the formation of axonal pathways and appropriate neuronal connections by facilitating cellular interactions. In addition to the interactions that bring neurons together, recent evidence suggests inhibition of neuronal interactions also plays a role by restricting axons to their appropriate pathways and forming boundaries between functional units of the developing CNS. The present study describes the distribution of a recently identified large keratan sulfate proteoglycan. ABAKAN, in the postnatal day 14 (P14) and adult rat brain. In the adult brain ABAKAN appears to be relatively evenly distributed throughout the CNS, while at P14 this proteoglycan is found at high concentrations between different functional units of the neonatal brain. For example, ABAKAN appears to separate different cortical areas and mark the boundaries between thalamic nuclei. In vitro assays demonstrate that this keratan sulfate proteoglycan is a potent inhibitor of neurite growth. The distribution of ABAKAN at P14 and the effects of this keratan sulfate proteoglycan on neurite growth suggest that ABAKAN functions as a molecular barrier to axonal growth in the developing rat brain.
Mechanics of Solids with Defective Microstructure

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the relation between the two principal modes of microstructural kinetics and continuum theories formulated for the description of the nonlinear response of solids. Specifically, the discussion centers on the brittle vs ductile response of solids, suggesting that theories based on plastic flow are inadequate for the description of phenomena related to nucleation and growth of microcracks.
On greedy approximation algorithms for a class of two-stage stochastic assignment problems

In this paper we consider the two-stage stochastic linear assignment 2SSLA problem, which is a stochastic extension of the classical deterministic linear assignment problem. For each agent and job, the decision maker has to decide whether to make assignments now or to wait for the second stage. Assignments of agents and jobs, for which decisions are delayed to the second stage, are then completed based on the scenario realized. We discuss two greedy approximation algorithms from the literature and derive a simple necessary optimality condition that generalizes the key ideas behind both of these approaches. Subsequently, based on this result we design a new greedy approximation method. Theoretical observations and the results of computational experiments are also presented.
Emigrants and the Body Politic Left Behind: Results from the Latino National Survey

There is a duality at the heart of the migration phenomenon, as the very same people who are immigrants are also emigrants, making a living and possibly setting down roots in the receiving society, but still connected to and oriented toward the home society where their significant others often reside. While research has shown that home-country political conditions and experiences affect immigrant political behaviour in the receiving society, scholarship has yet to ask how those same factors affect the ways in which emigrants relate to the body politic left behind. This paper seeks to fill that lacuna. We find that pre-migration political experiences impart a lasting post-migration interest in home-country politics and that such effects are substantial compared with the impacts associated with other cross-border connections, such as remittance sending or return travel.
Enamel Dissolution: I. Effects of Various Agents and Titanium Tetrafluoride

By comparing phosphorus loss from enamel windows during successive exposures in acetic acid buffer, measurements were made of the effects of a number of uncommon fluoride and nonfluoride compounds on enamel dissolution. Acidulated ytterbium chloride and the tetrafluorides of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium gave much more lasting protection against the action of acid than did the fluorides commonly used for caries prophylaxis.
Autoregressive representation of infant EEG for the purpose of hypothesis testing and classification.

Abstract Frequency characteristics of infant electroencephalograms are represented by autoregressive coefficients and statistically evaluated with standard multivariate techniques. Autoregressive spectral analysis is presented as a quantified and objective technique for testing hypotheses about infant EEG development and, in combination with maturational level. Discrimination between infant EEG spectra for different age levels is demonstrated and clinically abnormal cases are classified relative to age graded reference groups.
Platelet-derived growth factor and malignant transformation.

Investigations of human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent mitogen for mesenchymal derived cells in culture [l-3], have provided a rational basis for the understanding of at least one mechanism involved in malignant transformation. PDGF is a heat-stable (loo”), cationic (isolectric point 9.8) polypeptide [4] that circulates in blood stored in the a-granules of platelets [5]. It is released from platelets into the serum during blood clotting, constituting the major polypeptide growth factor of serum. It is suggested that in uiuo PDGF is delivered during platelet degranulation at the site of injury where it participates in the process of wound healing by stimulating the proliferation and migration of connective tissue cells. We have shown recently that PDGF and the transforming protein of the simian sarcoma virus (SSV). an acute transforming retrovirus of primate origin, derive from the same or closely related cellular genes [6]. This conclusion is based on the demonstration that PDGF and the SSV transforming protein [7,8] share extensive amino acid sequence homology 16, 9, 101, have common antigenic determinants and structural conformation [ 111, and exert identical biological functions [12, 131. These findings suggest that the ability of the simian sarcoma virus to induce transformation derives from the incorporation of the PDGF gene within the retroviral genome. The resulting transforming one gene (v-sis) region within the retrovirus genome codes for a PDGF-like mitogen and is capable of inducing neoplastic transformation by the continuous production of this potent mitogen causing sustained cell proliferation. Consistent with the findings described above is the detection of v-sis-related messenger RNAs in human tumors of mesenchymal origin, such as glioblastomas, fibrosarcomas, and osteosarcomas [14]. Production of PDGF-like mitogen by these human malignant cells in culture has been reported [ 15-171. More recent studies have demonstrated that these cells synthesize, process, and release PDGF-like polvpeptides which are recognized by specific PDGFante the current understanding of PDGF structure and function; its role in the regulation of normal cell growth; and its link to malignant transformation.
Barriers to invasive infilling by Brachypodium sylvaticum in Pacific Northwest forests

The success of invasive plants is often dependent on continued natural and anthropogenic habitat perturbations but it is less clear whether invasive species are capable of infiltrating undisturbed plant communities (range infilling). We studied the ecology of Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome), a Eurasian bunchgrass that forms dense and expansive monocultures in forests of Oregon’s Willamette Valley with the objective of assessing its potential to infill undisturbed forests near the edge of its expanding range. Observations suggest that B. sylvaticum may be associated with sites that have a history of disturbance, but infestations appear to be spreading in forest understory habitats. We assessed the effects of leaf litter depth and texture (proportions of coniferous and deciduous litter) on seedling recruitment in the field and in a controlled experiment. Coniferous litter facilitated the establishment and growth while the presence of deciduous litter severely reduced B. sylvaticum recruitment. Survival and growth of established B. sylvaticum seedlings was highest in the coniferous litter. Leaf litter treatments contributed to the retention of soil moisture and seedlings had increased biomass and more tillering with deeper litter. Field surveys partially corroborated these results; recruitment occurs at the edge of existing B. sylvaticum populations where leaf litter depth is moderate, but B. sylvaticum is absent from regions of the understory characterized by deeper and less dense leaf litter. These results suggest that B. sylvaticum has the potential to invade native understory communities, but the progress of invasion will depend on the frequency and intensity of perturbations of the accumulated leaf litter.
Alterations in deprivation, glucoprivic and sucrose intake following general, mu and kappa opioid antagonists in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats.

Abstract While opioid agonists administered into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus increase food intake in rats, naloxone reduces deprivation-induced intake. Ventricular administration of either mu (beta-funaltrexamine) or kappa (nor-binaltorphamine) opioid antagonists reduces spontaneous, deprivation, glucoprivic and palatable intake. The present study assessed whether microinjections of either general, mu or kappa opioid antagonists into the paraventricular nucleus altered either deprivation (24 h) intake, 2-deoxy- d -glucose hyperphagia or sucrose intake in rats. Deprivation intake was significantly reduced by nor-binaltorphamine (5 μg, 68 nmol, 30–33%), beta-funaltrexamine (5 μg, 100 nmol, 26–29%) or naltrexone (10 μg, 260 nmol, 26%) in the paraventricular nucleus. 2-Deoxy- d -glucose hyperphagia was significantly reduced only after 2 h by naltrexone (10 μg, 260 nmol, 69%), norbinaltorphamine (20 μg, 272 nmol, 69%) or beta-funaltrexamine (20 μg, 400 nmol, 83%) in the paraventricular nucleus. Sucrose intake was significantly reduced by nor-binaltorphamine (5 μg, 68 nmol, 27–36%), naltrexone (5–10 μg, 130–260 nmol, 18–31%) and beta-funaltrexamine (5 μg, 100 nmol, 20%) in the paraventricular nucleus. These data indicate that general, mu and kappa opioid antagonists administered into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus produce similar patterns of effects upon different forms of food intake as did ventricular administration, implicating this nucleus as part of the circuitry underlying opioid mediation of ingestion.
The direct diagnosis of myocardial infarction by photoscanning after administration of cesium-131☆

Abstract 1. 1. It is possible to visualize the left ventricular myocardium of the intact, living patient, without discomfort or danger to the patient, by photoscanning after the administration of cesium-131. 2. 2. The normal left ventricular myocardium appears as a full, even density, with a smooth contour. Myocardial infarcts appear as “cold” areas of decreased uptake. 3. 3. In 6 patients with unequivocal fresh myocardial infarcts, the scans were positive in 5 and doubtful in 1. In 2 patients who probably had suffered recent myocardial infarctions, the scan was positive in 1 and negative in 1. In 2 patients who had heart disease but who had probably not had recent myocardial infarctions, the scan was negative in 1 and doubtful in 1. The scan was negative in each of 3 patients with normal hearts.
Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Clay Nanoplatelets and Their Impurities

The results of an in-depth study of 1 nm thick individual clay sheets by atomic force microscopy (AFM) are presented. Several techniques have been employed, including lateral force microscopy (LFM) and force modulation microscopy (FMM). The individual clay sheets, also referred to as clay nanoplatelets in the literature, were found to be extremely compliant and strongly adhered to a variety of substrates. In all cases, these nanoplatelets were accompanied by mobile impurities that could not be separated from the nanoplatelets. A detailed examination of these impurities using AFM suggests that they are comprised of low molecular weight silicates as well as the intercalating salt used to process the clay. An understanding of the nature and chemistry of these impurities will be necessary as models of these clays are developed for various applications, such as reinforcement in composite materials or elements for molecular electronics. Further, these clay nanoplatelets and their impurities present a novel two-...
Rapid Measurements of Surface Tension from the Profile of Drops or Bubbles

Methods that obtain surface tension (γ) from the shape of the interfacial profile provide the basis for studying films on the surface of drops and bubbles. Typical procedures iteratively adjust a number of parameters, including γ, to minimize the perpendicular distance from the profile to points calculated by numerical solution of the Young-Laplace equation. While these methods are robust, they are too slow to use feedback in experiments that maintain γ or other variables constant. Such experiments provide important quantitative information concerning the flux of surfactants to and from an interface during adsorption or collapse. We have instead developed a more rapid alternative method. An analytical expression (J.F. Padday, Nature, 1963) relates γ to the volume (V) of the cap between the apex and a point on the profile, the coordinates (x, z) of that point, and the tangential orientation (θ). The analytical expression has two unknowns: γ, and the curvature at the apex. Values of x, z, θ, and V at two or more points along the profile solve the equation, and provide γ. To improve the accuracy of the method, we developed a new algorithm to find x and z rapidly and with subpixel resolution. Summation of the conical segments between pairs of adjacent points provides V. Interpolation on a look-up table that relates x, z, V, and θ for Laplacian curves improves the accuracy of θ. The process for refining θ can also accurately determine contact angles of drops on surfaces. The replacement of an iterative procedure with an analytical expression can substantially reduce the computation required to determine γ in real time for experiments that use feedback.
Assessment of a sustainability program in graduate Civil and Environmental Engineering Education

The engineering professions are becoming increasingly international and oriented towards a sustainability mindset. To enable graduate students in the Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) Department at Michigan Technological University to prepare to meet these demands, the National Science Foundation awarded the University a “Scholarships in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (S-STEM)” grant that enabled 45 students in six CEE degree programs to receive $5,000-$10,000 scholarships in 2008-12. The Michigan Tech S-STEM Program was designed to advance a global outlook of economic and social prosperity that protects the environment through various means. A complementary goal was to advance intercultural competency. The S-STEM scholars' knowledge of and attitudes toward sustainability and intercultural competency was assessed during the grant period. Pre-/post-intercultural competence assessment results were similar, however, through coursework, one sub-group of scholars displayed increased intercultural competence in pre/post assessment. Emergent content analysis of scholar written materials suggests that maturation in scholar perspectives, balancing engineering with community, economic, and environmental realities, occurred during the scholarship periods.
Gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity and plasma thyroxine concentrations do not predict time of release of hatchery coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) for maximum adult returns

Abstract The timing of cyclic changes in gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity and plasma thyroxine (T 4 ) concentrations in coho ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) and spring chinook ( O. tshawytscha ) salmon were compared with the time of release from hatcheries promoting maximal survival. In coho salmon from Big Creek reared in the laboratory, thyroxine reached a maximum concentration in April, and gill (Na+K)-ATPase activities reached a maximum in May. Plasma thyroxine in coho salmon reared at Big Creek Hatchery had two peaks in concentration in April and mid-May. Only fish released in June had a peak in gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity in mid-May. Coho salmon reared at Cascade Hatchery showed no cyclic changes in either plasma thyroxine or gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity. Greatest returns from coho salmon released from Big Creek Hatchery and from Cascade Hatchery occurred from fish released in June. Juvenile spring chinook salmon reared at Cole Rivers Hatchery had peaks in gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity in June or July, September, and November. In the same strain of fish reared in the laboratory, gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity reached a peak in October, and thyroxine concentration reached a maximum in November. Greatest adult returns occurred in fish released from Cole Rivers Hatchery in August. Spring chinook salmon reared at Round Butte Hatchery had variable peaks in gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity, depending on the year and rearing conditions. The time of release providing greatest adult returns did not correlate well with peaks in gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity. Results from these studies indicated that gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity and plasma T 4 levels were poor predictors for release of juvenile coho and spring chinook salmon to produce maximal adult returns. The relationship of oceanic factors to survival of hatchery fish is discussed.
Clinical Research in Dental Institutions as Reported in Selected Dental Journals

This study provided data on the amount of research reported by dental institutions to dental journals between 1960 and 1979 in the areas of oral surgery, pathology, endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and pedodontics.
Post-Silicon Failing-Path Isolation Incorporating the Effects of Process Variations

This paper introduces a novel approach for isolating the failing paths for a fabricated chip. Failing paths are defined as the paths violating the timing constraint at the post-silicon stage, in the presence of process variations. To achieve this goal, a framework is suggested in which, first, a large number of statistically critical paths are extracted at the pre-silicon stage. These paths are those with the highest probability to violate the timing and therefore can form a “good” candidate set for failing paths. Next, a small set of representative paths are selected from those in the candidate set. These selected paths have their delays highly correlated with the delays of the remaining statistically critical paths. By directly measuring the delays of these selected representative paths at the post-silicon stage, the post-silicon delays of the remaining candidate failing paths can be predicted accurately that allows further isolating the failing paths for each fabricated chip. Simulation results show that up to a few thousand candidate failing paths can be accurately predicted using the post-silicon delays of less than 150 representative paths in the presence of more than 1000 independent process parameter variations for the ISCAS89 benchmark circuits. For each fabricated chip, the isolated failing paths are guaranteed to include all the “actual” failing paths in the candidate set. The proportion of the “actual” nonfailing paths from the isolated failing paths is shown to be very small.
Functional Selectivity at the μ-Opioid Receptor: Implications for Understanding Opioid Analgesia and Tolerance

Opioids are the most effective analgesic drugs for the management of moderate or severe pain, yet their clinical use is often limited because of the onset of adverse side effects. Drugs in this class produce most of their physiological effects through activation of the μ opioid receptor; however, an increasing number of studies demonstrate that different opioids, while presumably acting at this single receptor, can activate distinct downstream responses, a phenomenon termed functional selectivity. Functional selectivity of receptor-mediated events can manifest as a function of the drug used, the cellular or neuronal environment examined, or the signaling or behavioral measure recorded. This review summarizes both in vitro and in vivo work demonstrating functional selectivity at the μ opioid receptor in terms of G protein coupling, receptor phosphorylation, interactions with β-arrestins, receptor desensitization, internalization and signaling, and details on how these differences may relate to the progression of analgesic tolerance after their extended use.
Inductive Voltage Adder Network Analysis and Model Simplification

Inductive voltage adder topology has attracted great attentions in pulse power community for near two decades. However, there has been lack of literatures on inductive voltage adder network analysis and circuit design model. We have recently developed a simplified model and a set of simple formulas. An expanded model and more detailed analysis are presented in this paper. Our model reveals the relationship of output waveform parameters and hardware designs. Computer simulations have demonstrated that parameter estimation based on this approach is accurate. This approach can be used in early stages of project development to assist feasibility study, geometry selection in engineering design, and parameter selection of critical components. A set of fundamental estimation formulas including system impedance, rise time, and number of stages are presented. This approach is also applicable to induction LINAC design. In addition, the model presented in this paper shows a new topology of high voltage waveform generator.
First STEPs: serial transverse enteroplasty as a primary procedure in neonates with congenital short bowel.

Abstract Background Since its introduction as an alternative intestinal lengthening technique, serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) has been increasingly used as the surgical treatment of choice for patients with refractory short bowel syndrome (SBS). While primary STEP for the treatment of congenital conditions was proposed in the original description of the procedure, emphasis was placed on a delayed or staged approach to these patients. To date, a comprehensive review of the outcomes from this sub-population has not been reported by the International STEP Data Registry. Methods A retrospective review of the International STEP Data Registry was performed to identify all patients who underwent STEP as a primary operative procedure for the treatment of congenital SBS. Changes in pre- and post-STEP values were assessed using paired t-tests with significance set at p Results Fifteen patients underwent primary STEP for congenital SBS between September 1, 2004, and April 10, 2012. Thirteen patients had follow-up information available. Causes of congenital SBS included closing gastroschisis, small bowel atresia, and midgut volvulus. Twelve patients had pre- and post-STEP bowel measurements taken. Average pre- and post-STEP bowel lengths were 32 ± 16 cm and 47 ± 22 cm, respectively. Intestinal length was increased by a mean of 15 ± 12 cm for a relative small bowel length increase of 50.4 ± 27.3% (p Conclusions Primary STEP is a feasible and safe surgical option for the treatment of congenital conditions resulting in SBS. Primary STEP establishes early bowel continuity, creates intestinal length from congenitally dilated bowel, and appears to obviate the need for interval stomas and their associated loss of bowel length in neonates with congenital SBS. However, with recent changes in SBS management emphasizing intestinal rehabilitation, additional studies are needed to assess the long-term impact on intestinal adaptation of STEP performed in the neonatal period prior to adoption of this technique.
Non-peptide αvβ3 antagonists: Identification of potent, chain-shortened RGD mimetics that incorporate a central pyrrolidinone constraint

Antagonists of the integrin receptor alpha(v)beta(3) are expected to have utility in the treatment of osteoporosis through inhibition of bone resorption. A series of potent, chain-shortened, pyrrolidinone-containing alpha(v)beta(3) receptor antagonists is described. Two sets of diasteromeric pairs of high-affinity antagonists demonstrated marked differences in log P values, which translated into differing dog pharmacokinetic properties. One member of this set was demonstrated to be effective in reducing bone resorption in rats.
Factor Structure of Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: Is Empathy Preserved?

Social cognitive impairments are core features of schizophrenia and are closely associated with poor functional outcome. This study sought to identify specific aspects of social cognition and their relationships to measures of social function, quality of life, and neurocognition. Principal component analysis was performed using social cognitive measures in patients with schizophrenia and healthy matched controls and revealed three factors: Interpersonal Discomfort, Basic Social Cognition, and Empathy. Patients had higher scores on Interpersonal Discomfort and lower scores on Basic Social Cognition than controls, but the two groups were the same on Empathy. Lower social performance was significantly correlated with poor Basic Social Cognition in patients and with high Interpersonal Discomfort in controls. While neurocognition was significantly associated with Basic Social Cognition in both groups, it was not associated with Empathy. Social cognitive interventions should emphasize improving basic social cognitive processing deficits, managing Interpersonal Discomfort, and utilizing preserved capacity for empathy as a potential strength in social interactions.
Transonic Buffet of a Supercritical Airfoil with Trailing-Edge Flap

A supercritical airfoil with a trailing-edge flap was tested at the High Reynolds Number Two-Dimensional Test Facility of the National Aeronautical Establishment. Buffet boundaries at various flap angles were determined from the divergence of the indicated normal-force fluctuations. The test was performed quite deep into the buffet regime of the airfoil, and spectral analyses of the unsteady normal force showed shock-wave oscillations of approximately 50-80 Hz for Mach numbers between 0.612 and 0.792. The drag of the airfoil was measured from wake probes, and the drag penalties for the large flap angles were quite significant. This study illustrates the use of trailing-edge flaps for buffet alleviation at transonic conditions.
Effect of aging on cardiac function plus monitoring and support.

Elderly surgical patients are common and often require evaluation and support of the cardiovascular system. Aging significantly impacts ventricular and vascular anatomy resulting in altered cardiac functionality. Physiological changes of aging include a blunted baroreflex and altered beta-adrenergic responsiveness resulting in a decreased dependence on chronotropy and an increased reliance on stroke volume in response to stress. Monitoring of the elderly cardiovascular system is valuable and can be achieved in a number of noninvasive and invasive methods. Management of shock in the elderly benefits from an understanding of the needs of the specific patient and a recognition of the risks/benefits of each cardiovascular medication.
Memory Brokers, Shameful Pasts, and Civil War Commemoration:

This article examines the commemoration of the American Civil War via the symbolic structure of "fragmented" and "multivocal" commemorative sites. Through observation, thick description, and interviews, this work examines the contested commemoration of the American Civil War with regard to race, slavery, and collective sentiment. The role of memory brokers in the commemoration process, both past and present, is identified, placing the commemoration of the American Civil War within a shame-centered framework. Illustrations of the symbolic structure of the sites and ideological struggles to recognize the role of slavery as a cause for war, as well as the role of Black soldiers in the war’s outcome, may add to our understanding of U.S. race relations, both past and present.
A fast algorithm for backprojection

In the filtered backprojection (FBP) procedure for image reconstruction from projections, backprojection dominates the computation time. The authors propose a simple algorithm which reduces the number of multiplications in the linear interpolation and backprojection stage by 50%, with a small increase in the number of additions. The algorithm performs the interpolation and backprojection of four views together. The resulting image is virtually identical to that obtained by classical FBP. The authors have also generalized the algorithm to backproject more than four view together. This generalized version, however, may increase the number of additions disproportionately, and requires nonuniformly spaced angular sampling. >
Vindicating Vitruvius on the subject of perspective

The definitive history of incipient vanishing point perspective in the antique world has yet to be written. It may be that the fixation on the fully developed centralized ‘Renaissance perspective’ has led scholars to neglect signs of early, still tentative explorations of the principle in Late Classical/Early Hellenistic art. It is my thesis that the evidence is there but has been overlooked in the search for more accomplished manifestations than the nature of the sources would indicate.
Eco-localism and sustainability

Abstract Economic sustainability is best secured by the creation of local or regional self-reliant, community economies. This is the central argument of eco-local economic theory. Drawing on the experience of local currencies, community corporations, regional food economies and other locally oriented efforts, eco-local theory presents a new analysis of the “economy of place”. It focuses on locally symbiotic capital, positive externalities of self-reliance and negative externalities of long-distance trade, and its specific concepts and analyses of the economy, efficiency and economies of scale, and consumption and welfare. Given its specific values and assumptions, it is an economic theory of the social economy that is compatible with, but distinct from, ecological economics.
The effect of disparity in visual cues on the goal gradient and the anticipatory gradient in the rat

Three groups of rats ran 16 acquisition trials, for water reward, in a multiple unit straight-alley maze. Group I was presented with a light stimulus in compartment I; group II in compartment III; and, group ill in compartment V. The groups were divided in two and on the 17th trial were presented with the stimulus in a different compartment. It was shown that locomotor patterns established during acquisition trials, conforming generally to those described by Hull, were affected by the change in the location of the light stimulus. The change in locomotor speed patterns suggests that goal and anticipatory gradients are essentially indeces of perception of cues to relative position in the maze.
Problem Solving: A Statistician's Guide

PART ONE: The general principles involved in tackling real-life statistical problems Introduction The stages of a statistical investigation Formulating the problem Collecting the data Analyzing the data - 1: General strategy Analyzing the data - 2: The initial examination of data Analyzing the data - 3: The 'definitive' analysis Using resources - 1: The computer Using resources - 2: The library Communication - 1: Effective statistical consulting Communication - 2: Effective report writing Numeracy Summary: How to be an effective statistician PART TWO: Exercises Descriptive statistics Exploring data Correlation and regression Analyzing complex large-scale data sets Analyzing more structured data Time-series analysis Miscellaneous Collecting data PART THREE: Appendices Appendix A: A digest of statistical techniques Appendix B: MINITAB and GLIM Appendix C: Some useful addresses Appendix D: Statistical tables References Author Index Subject Index