cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voltage-sensitive dyes: Measurement of membrane potentials induced by DC and AC electric fields

Dye indicators of membrane potential have been available for the past 15 years and have been employed in numerous studies of cell physiology. Since the cell membrane is a likely primary site for the cascade of events resulting in a biological response to electromagnetic fields, methodologies for monitoring the membrane voltage will be critical. This laboratory has developed a series of dyes by using theoretical molecular orbital calculations to predict electrochromic structures. The spectra of electrochromic dyes are altered via a direct coupling of the molecular electronic states with an electric field. This mechanism has the advantage of providing both high temporal and high spatial resolution because the effect is instantaneous and is localized to the level of individual indicator molecules. It therefore can have significant advantages over traditional microelectrode techniques because fast changes in potential can be monitored simultaneously over many different regions of a biological preparation. We have used these dyes to monitor membrane potentials induced by both DC and AC electric fields. In a series of studies with a model membrane system, a spherical lipid bilayer, we showed that the potential develops on the membrane in good agreement with a time-dependent solution to Laplace's equation. Cell membranes can also be stained with voltage sensitive dyes. In experiments with dc fields, we are able to map the variation of the induced membrane potential along the surface of the cell by employing digital video fluorescence microscopy. We can also use the fluorescence microscope to detect membrane potential induced by ac fields by using a phase-sensitive detection scheme to extract the corresponding change in the light intensity from the fluorescent indicator. The technology can be extended to more complex biological preparations and can be used in conjunction with other optical techniques such as those which monitor intracellular ion concentrations. It may, therefore, prove highly valuable for the elucidation of biological responses to electromagnetic fields. 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Craniosynostosis surgery in an infant with a complex cyanotic cardiac defect.

We report on a case where craniosynostosis surgery for a left-sided coronal synostosis was performed successfully on an 11-month old infant with a hypoplastic left ventricle with a dysplastic mitral valve, double outlet right ventricle, transposition of the great arteries, atrial septal defect, multiple ventricular septal defects, and surgically applied pulmonary banding. Craniosynostosis surgery is considered high-risk surgery, because of possible sudden and extensive blood loss, and is usually performed in cardiopulmonary healthy children. Children with congenital heart disease undergoing noncardiac surgery have an increased risk of perioperative morbidity and cardiac arrest. Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are a high-risk population when undergoing noncardiac surgery, in all stages of palliation. This infant would be undergoing a partial cavo-pulmonary connection (PCPC) within a few months. With a PCPC, drainage of cranial vessels is dependent on passive flow via the superior caval vein directly into the pulmonary artery. Consequently, this could lead to an increased blood loss during craniosynostosis surgery. Therefore, it was decided to perform the craniosynostosis surgery first, before establishing a PCPC. When a child with CHD presents for high-risk noncardiac surgery, future cardiac procedures and physiology also have to be taken into account. A multidisciplinary approach, involving pediatric cardiologists and pediatric anesthesiologists, is essential in making this decision.
Beta Measures Market Risk Except When It Doesn’t: Regime-Switching Alpha and Errors in Beta

A graphical comparison of CAPM beta and dual-beta estimates illustrates how different alpha values in up-market and down-market can muddle CAPM beta estimates. CAPM beta statistics from 23,060 investable assets are computed and compared against up- and down-market beta statistics estimated for the same group of assets. The empirical results demonstrate that it is common for the estimated beta to be more extreme in value than either the up-market or downmarket beta for a given asset. That is, estimated beta might be overstating risk, understating risk, or fairly representing risk and without other information, wealth managers and investors won’t know which statement is correct. The use of up-market and down-market alphas and betas can help wealth managers make better decisions about asset risk.
Modified suprapubic prostatectomy without irrigation is safe.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether postoperative bladder irrigation can be safely eliminated in the context of a modification to surgical technique. Post-operative irrigation is routinely used following suprapubic prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS Single center retrospective study of 82 patients who underwent suprapubic prostatectomy for BPH comparing complications in those treated with irrigation to patients treated with surgical modification and no irrigation. These consecutive patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 consisted of 43 patients who underwent suprapubic prostatectomy before June 2006 with post operative bladder irrigation and standard method of surgical hemostasis. Group 2 consisted of 39 patients who underwent suprapubic prostatectomy after June 2006 with no post operative irrigation and a modified bladder neck repair performed with the intent of improving hemostasis. The modified bladder neck repair is described. RESULTS Patient characteristics and prostate specimen weights are comparable in both groups. Clot retention was more common in the group 1 patients (11 patients in group 1 vs 2 patients in group 2, P = .01), and 2 patients with disruption of the anterior bladder wall closure were in group 1. CONCLUSIONS Suprapubic prostatectomy can be safely performed without the use of postoperative irrigation. The elimination of postoperative irrigation significantly reduces the economic burden on patients in our locality.
Calculation of the Aharonov-Bohm wave function

A calculation of the Aharonov-Bohm wave function is presented. The result is an asymptotic series of confluent hypergeometric functions which is finite at the forward direction. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Primary Isolation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from Patients with Febrile Illnesses: Clinical and Molecular Characteristics

Ehrlichia chaffeensis was sought among patients with a history of tick exposure and fever, and the accuracy of other diagnostic tests was compared with that of primary isolation. Among the 38 patients enrolled, E. chaffeensis was isolated from the blood of 7 (18%) and from cerebrospinal fluid specimens of 2 of these 7. All 7 patients also were positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of blood, and 6 patients developed diagnostic titers of antibody to E. chaffeensis. The isolates were characterized by molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, the 120-kDa protein gene, and the variable-length PCR target (VLPT) of E. chaffeensis. On the basis of the 120-kDa and VLPT genotypes, the cerebrospinal fluid and blood isolates from the same patients were identical. This study demonstrates that both PCR and culture of blood for E. chaffeensis have high diagnostic yields. More frequent isolation of E. chaffeensis from patients with infection should further our understanding of the pathogenesis of this infection.
Behavioral and cellular responses to pulses of low doses of estradiol-17β

The effectiveness of single vs. separate pulses of low doses of free estradiol on the induction of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized female rats was examined. Two separate subcutaneous pulses of low doses of free estradiol at 0 and 6 hours induced high levels of progesterone facilitated receptivity at 24 hours. However, a single pulse of the same total dose of estradiol induced little or no receptivity at 24 hours (or at 18 hours). In fact, approximately 10 times as much estradiol was required in a single pulse to induce comparable receptivity. The smaller behavioral response to a single pulse was not likely due to a ceiling effect or an unutilized excess of the hormone after one injection. This suggestion is based on measurements of the redistribution of estrogen receptors from the cytoplasm to cell nuclei as an index of an initial cellular stimulus. Doses of estradiol used in the behavioral studies included several doses that were subsaturating with regard to hypothalamic estrogen receptors. The greatly enhanced behavioral response to two separated pulses of estradiol is consistent with the hypothesis that an initial action of estradiol may be to sensitize target tissues to further stimulation by the hormone.
Overview of Recent HiRes Results

We present an overview of the most recent results from the High-Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) observatory. These include both monocular and stereo energy spectra, the results of a search for correlations between event arrival directions and active galactic nuclei, and new results on composition studies using airshower maximum.
Pineal melatonin inhibition of tumor promotion in the N-nitroso-N-methylurea model of mammary carcinogenesis: potential involvement of antiestrogenic mechanisms in vivo.

TheN-methyl-N-nitrosurea (NMU) model of hormone-responsive rat mammary carcinogenesis was used to address the hypothesis that melatonin (Mel), the principle hormone of the pineal gland, inhibits tumorigenesis by acting as an anti-promoting rather than an anti-initiating agent. Daily late-afternoon injections of Mel (500 μg/day), restricted to the initiation phase of NMU mammary tumorigenesis, were ineffective in altering tumor growth over a 20-week period. When Mel treatment was delayed for 4 weeks after NMU and then continued through the remainder of the promotion phase, only tumor number was significantly lower than in controls. However, when Mel injections encompassed the entire promotion phase, both tumor incidence and number were significantly lower than in the controls. Although elimination of the endogenous Mel signal via pinealectomy promoted tumor growth, the effect was not statistically significant. Serum levels of estradiol and tumor estrogen receptor content were unaltered by either Mel or pinealectomy. While Mel treatment failed to affect circulating prolactin levels, pinealectomy caused a two-fold increase in serum prolactin. The estradiol-stimulated recrudescence of tumors following ovariectomy was completely blocked by either 20, 100 or 500 μg Mel/day or tamoxifen (20 μg/day). Thus, Mel appears to be an antipromoting hormone that may antagonize the tumor-promoting actions of estradiol in this model of mammary tumorigenesis.
A BIOFILTER NETWORK MODEL - IMPORTANCE OF THE PORE STRUCTURE AND OTHER LARGE - SCALE HETEROGENEITIES

Previous efforts to describe biofiltration use continuum models with empirical relationships to describe air-flow in the biofilter, and conventional diffusion/reaction equations to describe processes in the biofilm. Biofilters are packed-bed reactors. They differ from conventional reactors because during their operation biomass is being created, which changes the bed's pore structure. This may eventually clog the reactor and prevent further flow of air. All current models ignore the importance of effects that occur at the pore network level. A new biofilter network model is presented here which aims to understand the importance of the pore network structure. The model accounts for biofilm growth. With this model the biofilter removal efficiency and the pressure drop can be related to the bed's pore network structure. Pressure drop changes resulting from the growing biofilm are described and explained. The effects of different initial pore size distributions on the efficiency of the biofilter are discussed. The model predicts that under certain conditions non-uniform biofilm growth will occur in the biofilter.
Heart disease: an ongoing genetic battle?

Babies born with physical defects in their hearts may survive, but they often suffer defects in heart function as adults. The physical and functional problems might, it seems, have the same genetic cause.
Multidimensional Kagiwada-Kalaba method of invariant imbedding with general linear implicit boundary conditions

Abstract The Kagiwada-Kalaba method of invariant imbedding for multidimensional systems is first derived for the split linear implicit boundary conditions. The justification for the Kagiwada-Kalaba procedure is explained in terms of the special nature of the split linear implicit boundary conditions. Extension of the Kagiwada-Kalaba method from the split linear implicit boundary conditions to general linear implicit boundary conditions is described.
Children's Intergroup Empathic Processing: The Roles of Novel Ingroup Identification, Situational Distress, and Social Anxiety.

Individuals often feel more empathy toward members of their own social groups than toward members of other social groups. However, individual factors contributing to this empathy bias remain largely unexplored among children. This study examined intergroup empathic processing among 94 children (mean age=8.74years, SD=1.76) assigned to novel color groups. After 1week in their group, children were interviewed to assess their ingroup identification and trait levels of social anxiety. Subsequently, a social threat was simulated, and children's feelings of situational distress and empathy bias for others who experienced the same threat were assessed. Findings indicated that, among children who reported more social anxiety and situational distress, those with a stronger ingroup identity displayed more empathy bias favoring their ingroup. Given that empathy is an important contributor to prosocial behavior, implications for children's intergroup relations are discussed.
The monetary approach to exchange rate determination under rational expectations: The dollar-deutschmark rate

Abstract This paper reformulates the monetary approach after ascertaining that a money demand function with a partial adjustment mechanism had more empirical support than a money demand function which assumed instantaneous stock adjustment. The resulting exchange rate equation is estimated by two rational expectations techniques. The parameter estimates are reasonable, and are robust to the estimation technique used, to different specifications of the driving processes, and to changes in the estimation period. The structural model outperforms the random walk model and its own unconstrained equivalent, a pure time series equation, in outof-sample forecasts.
Intellectual and political hygiene: The “Sokal Affair”

Physicist Alan Sokal perpetrated a “hoax” on the journal, Social Text, by submitting a fraudulent article and criticizing the journal for publishing it. Sokal's hoax is said to demonstrate the corruption of the humanities. Cultural studies, multiculturalism, science studies, feminism, and “new social movements” have all come under attack. Analysis of coverage of this affair reveals evidence of a dis‐ease with contemporary theory in the humanities that challenges allegiances to an oversimplified conception of the relationship between reality and representation. The Sokal Affair is overdetermined by four currents: anti‐liberalism, anti‐intellectualism, debates among the left about what constitutes a legitimate left, and the often‐perceived incompatibility of the scientific world view with humanistic views of the world. The totalitarian response revealed in this incident‐similar inform to the earlier de Man scandal‐seeks to cleanse the culture of this dis‐ease.
Culture as Disability.

Common sense allows that persons unable to handle a difficult problem can be labeled “disabled.” Social analysis shows that being labeled often invites a public response that multiplies the difficulties facing the seemingly unable. Cultural analysis shows that disability refers most precisely to inadequate performances only on tasks that are arbitrarily circumscribed from daily life. Disabilities are less the property of persons than they are moments in a cultural focus. Everyone in any culture is subject to being labeled and disabled.
Intracellular ATP activates inwardly rectifying K+ channels in human and monkey retinal Müller (glial) cells.

1. In the vertebrate retina, the inwardly rectifying K+ (KIR) channels of the Muller (glial) cells are pathways for the redistribution of excess extracellular K+. Due to this role in K+ homeostasis, the activity of Muller cell KIR channels is likely to have significant functional consequences for the retina. In this study we asked whether intracellular ATP regulates the function of KIR channels expressed by Muller cells, the principal glia of the retina. 2. Freshly dissociated Muller cells from the human and monkey (Macaca fascicularis) retina were studied with various configurations of the patch-clamp technique. 3. Whole-cell recordings from Muller cells revealed that a run-down of the inwardly rectifying K+ current (IK(IR)) was prevented if the pipette solution contained Mg-ATP. Chemical ischaemia induced by inhibitors of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation caused a nearly 10-fold reduction in the IK(IR)) that was fully restored when metabolically inhibited Muller cells were internally perfused with ATP. 4. In recordings from membrane patches of fresh primate Muller cells, we found that inward-rectifying channels with a conductance of 20 pS in 100 mM Ko+ were the predominant type of KIR channel. In excised patches these 20 pS KIR channels were activated when Mg-ATP was at the cytoplasmic surface. Experiments with inside-out patches indicated that the activity of the 20 pS KIR channels can be maintained by ATP synthesized at sites located close to the channel. 5. The inability of the non-hydrolysable ATP analogue 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) to prevent the run-down of IK(IR))and the Mg2+ dependence of the ATP effect on KIR channels are consistent with a mechanism of activation requiring the hydrolysis of ATP. 6. These observations suggest that the metabolic state of a Muller cell regulates the activity of its 20 pS KIR channels and thus influences the function of the glial cell in maintaining K+ homeostasis in the retina.
The M1 and M2 Proteins of Influenza A Virus Are Important Determinants in Filamentous Particle Formation

Influenza A virus is highly pleomorphic with particles exhibiting either spherical or filamentous morphology. The mechanisms behind this pleomorphism and its importance in viral pathogenesis are not clearly understood. We have observed that budding of filamentous influenza A/Udorn virus particles can be readily visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. Filamentous particle formation was inhibited by treatment of cells with the anti-M2 14C2 antibody, but was not inhibited with the isotype identical 5C4 anti-M2 antibody or by anti-neuraminidase antibody. To further explore the viral determinants of filamentous particle formation, we investigated the morphology and growth characteristics of three variants of A/Udorn/72 virus, which had previously been selected for their resistance to growth inhibition by the 14C2 anti-M2 monoclonal antibody. Two of the variant viruses, 5A and 10A, contain single amino acid substitutions in the cytoplasmic domain of the M2 protein, whereas the 1A variant contains a single amino acid substitution in the viral matrix protein, M1. Variants 5A and 10A both were found to retain the filamentous particle phenotype found in the parental strain A/Udorn/72, and the production of filamentous virions by both variants was resistant to inhibition by the 14C2 antibody. However, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy revealed that the variant 1A was composed almost exclusively of spherical particles. The 1A variant displayed higher viral yields and a larger plaque size than the filamentous viruses. In addition, we separated distinct populations highly enriched in spherical or filamentous particles by velocity gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the protein compositions of these particles revealed that the NP:M1 or NP:HA ratios in filamentous particles were significantly lower than in spherical particles, but the filaments have higher levels of NP per particle. The spherical and filamentous particles were found to have similar specific infectivity. These results indicate that the filamentous morphology of the A/Udorn virus depends upon the matrix (M1) and/or M2 proteins.
β-Arrestins 1 and 2 differentially regulate LPS-induced signaling and pro-inflammatory gene expression

Toll like receptors, the critical receptor family in innate immunity, have been shown to signal via both ERK 1/2 and transcription factor NFkappaB. beta-Arrestins 1 and 2 have recently been implicated in modulation of NFkappaB signaling and ERK 1/2 activation. Using a number of approaches: mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from wild-type (WT), beta-arrestins knockouts (KO), beta-arrestins 1 and 2 double KO, and MEFs with reconstituted WT beta-arrestins in the double KO cells, RNA interference (siRNA) specific knockdown of beta-arrestins, and overexpression of WT beta-arrestins, it was demonstrated that beta-arrestin 2 positively regulates LPS-induced ERK 1/2 activation and both beta-arrestins 1 and 2 negatively regulate LPS-induced NFkappaB activation. Also beta-arrestin 2 positively regulate LPS-induced IL-6 production and both beta-arrestins 1 and 2 positively regulate LPS-induced IL-8 production. The specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 significantly decreased LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production suggesting that IL-6 and IL-8 production is, in part, mediated by ERK 1/2 activation. Over expression of wild type beta-arrestins 1 and 2 had no effect on LPS-induced ERK1/2 activation and LPS-induced IL-8 production suggesting that endogenous beta-arrestins 1 and 2 are sufficient to mediate maximum ERK 1/2 activity and IL-8 production. beta-Arrestins thus not only negatively regulate LPS-induced NFkappaB activation but also positively regulate ERK 1/2 activation and specific pro-inflammatory gene expression. Understanding the role of beta-arrestins in regulation of TLR signaling pathways may provide novel insights into control mechanisms for inflammatory gene expression.
Electronic Transponder Feeder System Performance and Animal Feeding Behavior with Four Feed Availability Times

Abstract Animal feeding behavior and performance of an automatic electronic transponder system with two feed stalls for dispensing grain on an individual basis to cows were tested in an 8-wk trial. Forty-three cows were programmed to receive between 7.4 and 19.1 kg of grain per day based on daily milk yield. Treatments were feed availabilities 60, 50, 40, or 30 min on a timer-controlled system to simulate 463, 556, 695, or 926 min of programmed dispensing time per stall per day. The 463 and 556 min rates (222 and 266 kg of grain) resulted in 98 and 96% of the programmed amounts of grain being fed. The 695 and 926 min rates resulted in substantial reductions in the percentage of programmed grain actually dispensed. Reduced available feeder time increased efficiency of stall use during the available feed time but decreased efficiency relative to total time. Feed dispensing was a larger percentage of stall occupancy, and more feed was dispensed per use as stall operation time decreased. Feed time was more closely correlated with occupancy time and number of entries during crowded stall use than during leisurely feeding. Cows used the feeder stalls readily at all hours of the day and night. Mean occupancy time per stall-use was 2.4 min during which feed was dispensed for 1.2 min. Most cows kept their transponders close to full charge, but wide variation among cows existed in the number of entries per day.
Salpingectomy increases peri-implantation endometrial HOXA10 expression in women with hydrosalpinx.

Objective To determine whether women with hydrosalpinx would have diminished endometrial HOXA10 expression and whether salpingectomy would reverse HOXA10 suppression. The homeobox gene HOXA10 is a transcription factor that is necessary for embryo implantation; its expression in human endometrium correlates with receptivity and implantation. Increased endometrial HOXA10 expression may be one mechanism by which salpingectomy results in increased implantation rates in IVF. Design Prospective clinical trial. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Women with unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx. Intervention(s) Expression of HOXA10 was examined prospectively during the midluteal phase in endometrium obtained from infertile women (n = 9) with hydrosalpinges before and after salpingectomy, as well as from fertile controls (n = 6). Quantitative HOXA10 mRNA expression was determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and HOXA10 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Main Outcome Measure(s) Expression of HOXA10 mRNA and protein. Result(s) Expression of HOXA10 mRNA was significantly lower in infertile women with hydrosalpinges, compared with the case of fertile controls. Salpingectomy resulted in a statistically significant, 15-fold increase in endometrial HOXA10 expression. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction findings. Increased HOXA10 expression was evident in both glandular epithelial cells and endometrial stroma. Conclusion(s) HOXA10 is necessary for implantation. Here, we demonstrate decreased HOXA10 expression in response to hydrosalpinx fluid as a potential molecular mechanism for diminished implantation rates. Salpingectomy restores endometrial HOXA10 expression. This may be one mechanism by which salpingectomy results in augmented implantation rates in IVF.
“We’re Still in a Struggle” Diné Resilience, Survival, Historical Trauma, and Healing

As part of a community/university collaborative effort to promote the mental health and well-being of Dine (Navajo) youth, we explored the relevance of addressing historical trauma and current structural stressors, and of building on individual and community strengths through healing and social transformation at multiple levels. Qualitative analyses of 74 ethnographic interviews with 37 Dine youth, parents, and grandparents suggested that a focus on historical trauma as a conceptual frame for behavioral health inequities, understood within the context of resilience and survival, is appropriate. Our findings also highlight the salience of current stressors such as poverty and violence exposure. We explore the fit of an historical trauma healing framework and present implications for intervention and transformation through revitalization of traditional knowledge, culturally based healing practices, intergenerational education, and social change strategies designed to eliminate social inequities.
Fluctuating Asymmetry of Responders Affects Offers in the Ultimatum Game Oppositely According to Attractiveness or Need as Perceived by Proposers

The Ultimatum Game (UG) measures cooperative tendencies in humans. A proposer offers to split a given sum of money between self and a responder, who may accept or reject the offer. If accepted, each receives the proposed split; if rejected, nobody receives anything. We studied the effect of the putative responder’s degree of facial symmetry (fluctuating asymmetry, FA) on the offer he ⁄ she received in opposite-sexed UGs. Symmetry is an important measure of biological quality so subjects were expected to receive higher offers when symmetrical than asymmetrical. In a sample of Jamaicans, individuals played two UGs with oppositesexed responders, a symmetrical photo of a Lebanese and an asymmetrical one. Individuals do indeed give more to symmetrical responders (p = 0.032). When subjects are asked their motivation, a striking dichotomy emerges: those who cite ‘attractiveness’ as a motive, give strongly to symmetrical responders while those citing ‘need’ invariably give more to asymmetrical ones (p < 0.0001). Females also show a nearly significant tendency to cite need as a motive more often than do males.
Starting and Resolving a Partitioned BRAIN

Time-triggered communication is a favored design strategy for safety-critical systems. However, the startup of time-triggered systems is a significant concern, since the time-line from which fault-tolerance is supported must be established in segmented mediums, e.g. multi-hop networks. The startup problems are particularly challenging since clique formation, i.e. the establishment of disjoint time-triggered communication sets, may be systematically induced. This paper presents an alternative startup solution based upon a braided-ring architecture called BRAIN (braided ring availability integrity network). Segmentation-induced cliques are particularly prevalent in this architecture, since each node presents a potential medium break. The described strategy dramatically improves startup performance in relation to current approaches by leveraging the cooperative action of adjacent nodes during startup and high-integrity data propagation.
Determinants of work hours among a cohort of male and female farmers 50 years and older in Kentucky and South Carolina (2002-2005).

ABSTRACT The average age of United States farmers has been increasing for 20 years. The objective is to examine the factors associated with hours worked among farmers age 50 and older. A cohort of Kentucky and South Carolina farmers (n = 1394) over age 50 were surveyed annually during 2002–2005. Of those that reported any farm work, males worked 24 mean hours/week and females worked 14 mean hours/week. Greater satisfaction and more experience farming, increased acreage, and presence of animals significantly increased estimated hours farmed, whereas chronic health problems, although prevalent, had a minor role in determining work hours.
Psychological distress as a risk factor for re-victimization in children

Abstract Objective The goal of this study is to examine the role of psychological distress in predicting child re-victimization across various forms including conventional crime, peer/sibling violence, maltreatment, sexual violence, and witnessed violence. Methods Longitudinal data from the Developmental Victimization Survey, which surveyed children between the ages of 2 and 17 using random digit dial (RDD) methodology, was used to ask about child victimization and psychological distress. The sample for this analysis was 1,025 children who had experienced at least one form of victimization in the first wave of data collection. Results Results show that psychological distress (defined as a composite score of the depression, anger, and anxiety scales) was a unique significant predictor of subsequent overall victimization, as well as victimization across the different categories of victimization (conventional crime, maltreatment, peer and sibling victimization, sexual victimization, and witnessed/indirect victimization), while controlling for demographic variables and prior year victimization. Conclusions These results suggest that the psychological consequences of victimization may also serve as precipitants for re-victimization. We discuss the implications this may have on the understanding of the psychological sequelae of victimization and its role in the risk of future victimization. Practice implications This research suggests that practitioners should expand the forms of victimization that are assessed when working with victimized children. Treatment should not only focus on alleviating psychological distress, but also on the role it may play in raising the risk for re-victimization. Treatment providers should be attentive to bolstering protective qualities when treating victimized children.
Flash-Type A/D Converters And Shift Registers

We have studied a variety of circuits for low-accuracy (4-bit) A/D converters; these have been of two types. The "periodic-threshold" type requires only one comparator for each bit. The "fully parallel" configuration requires one comparator for each digital level (15 for 4 bits). Results for both types of A/D converter will be sum-marized. The periodic-threshold type of circuit depends on the quan-tum interferometric property of Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). Periodic-threshold circuits using two junction SQUIDs are limited to 1-2 GHz of analog bandwidth. Two different circuits for the fully parallel type of A/D converter circuit have been studied. One employs latching comparators for each of the levels and the comparators drive a novel binary encoder. Simulations show that the analog bandwidth is at least 3.5 GHz. Another fully parallel A/D converter circuit uses the bistability of a single junction SQUID to achieve high sensitivity, and the rapid switching of such a SQUID to obtain the short aperture time needed for wideband A/D conversion. Simulations indicate an analog bandwidth of about 5 GHz. Our simulations of shift-register circuits show that a circuit with a three-phase clock and three AND gates per bit can operate at least to 25 GHz. A two-phase circuit, in which current is diverted to one or the other branch of a superconducting loop to indicate a "1" or "0," has been shown by simulation to operate correctly when clocked at 62.5 GHz.
Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography*

L UNG CANCER IS the most common fatal malignancy in the United States. The deaths from lung cancer exceed the combined total of breast, colorectal, and prostate carcinomas, the next 3 most common causes of cancer death. In 2000, an estimated 175,000 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed. Seventy-five percent to 80% were non-small-cell lung cancers. Over 50% of these cancers have distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, and only 20% to 25% are localized and potentially resectable for a cure? Over 1 million Americans will die of lung cancer in the next 7 years if mortality rates remain stable. However, if there were an effective screening mechanism for lung cancer, which resulted in a 10% mortality reduction, over 14,000 lives per year in the US could be saved. 2
Differential Dependence on GluR2 Expression of Three Characteristic Features of AMPA Receptors

The GluR2 subunit controls three key features of ion flux through the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors-calcium permeability, inward rectification, and channel block by external polyamines, but whether each of these features is equally sensitive to GluR2 abundance is unknown. The relations among these properties were compared in native AMPA receptors expressed by acutely isolated hippocampal interneurons and in recombinant receptors expressed by Xenopus oocytes. The shape of current-voltage (I-V) relations between -100 and +50 mV for either recombinant or native AMPA receptors was well described by a Woodhull block model in which the affinity for internal polyamine varied over a 1000-fold range in different cells. In oocytes injected with mixtures of GluR2:non-GluR2 mRNA, the relative abundance of GluR2 required to reduce the log of internal blocker affinity by 50% was two- to fourfold higher than that needed to half-maximally reduce divalent permeability or channel block by external polyamines. Likewise, in interneurons the affinity of externally applied argiotoxin for its blocking site was a steep function of internal blocker affinity. These results indicate that the number of GluR2 subunits in AMPA receptors is variable in both oocytes and interneurons. More GluR2 subunits in an AMPA receptor are required to maximally reduce internal blocker affinity than to abolish calcium permeability or external polyamine channel block. Accordingly, single-cell RT-PCR showed that approximately one-half of the physiologically characterized interneurons exhibiting inwardly rectifying AMPA receptors expressed detectable levels of edited GluR2. The physiological effects of a moderate change in GluR2 relative abundance, such as occurs after ischemia or seizures or after chronic exposure to morphine, thus will be dependent on the ambient GluR2 level in a cell-specific manner.
Costs and repeat rates associated with colonoscopy observed in medical claims for commercial and Medicare populations

Colorectal cancer is among the leading causes of cancer and cancer-related mortality in the United States. The incidence and mortality associated with CRC can be reduced with preventive screening. Inadequate bowel preparation has been associated with missed adenomas and the need for repeat colonoscopies. Separate claims source databases were analyzed to determine the costs associated with colonoscopy in the commercial and Medicare populations. Observed repeat rates for colonoscopy within 4 years of initial screening were also examined. Among the 6 most commonly used billing codes, the average allowed cost for an episode of colonoscopy in 2010 was $2,146 in the commercial population and $1,071 in the Medicare population, with average cost sharing of $334 and $275, respectively. The portion of colonoscopies associated with a biopsy or polyp removal exceeded 50% in the commercial and Medicare populations. Approximately 57% of colonoscopies in the commercial population were associated with claims for a prescription bowel preparation product within 30 days prior to the procedure. Three branded and three generic bowel cleansing products accounted for approximately 75% of the total number of prescription claims for colonoscopy. Given literature reports that up to 25% of patients receive inadequate bowel preparation, the rate of repeat colonoscopy within 4 years of initial screening was lower than expected among patients who were not coded with common clinical reasons for early repeat: benign neoplasm, lesion, or polyp removed at initial screening colonoscopy. The reported rates of inadequate bowel preparation are 15% to 25%, but the rates of repeat colonoscopy found in our analysis are much lower; this is a risk concern considering the reported, significant miss rate of adenomas secondary to inadequate bowel preparation.
Make tests and break tests of elbow flexor muscle strength.

The purposes of this investigation were 1) to compare the forces produced by the elbow flexor muscles during make tests and break tests and 2) to determine the reliability of each of the test procedures. I used a hand-held dynamometer to perform two make tests and two break tests on 27 young women. The forces produced by the elbow flexor muscles during break tests were significantly larger than (p less than .001), albeit correlated with (r greater than .80), the forces produced during make tests. Each testing procedure was reliable (r = .909 for make tests; r = .922 for break tests). On the basis of reliability, one type of testing cannot be considered clearly superior to the other.
Aging and hemoglobin-induced acute kidney injury

it is well known that the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) increases with advancing age ([2][1]). Conceivably, it is related to the age-related functional and structural changes in the kidney that render the elderly population highly susceptible to AKI. Although the relationship between aging
Variation of Solubility with Depth in the Ocean: a Thermodynamic Analysis

A thermodynamic equation can be obtained which gives the dcpendencc of solubility on depth in terms of the partial specific volume of the solute. From published values of these volumes it is shown that the ( equilibrium ) solubility of nitrogen should decrease by 54% per 1,000 m depth whereas that of oxygen should change by less than 0.1%. INTRODUCTION dF=O. (2) Questions of gas solubility in the ocean have relevance to a number of biological problems ( e.g., the accumulation of gases in the swimbladder in deep-sea fishes ) . In many situations the actual amount of dissolved gas is the important parameter. However, for some problems the critical question is: what is the saturation or equilibrium solubility, at great depths? This may not be a quantity easily measured by direct experiment. Nevertheless, since it is an equilibrium quantity, it is related thermodynamically to other parameters which are more accessible to experiment or already known from other investigations. It is the objective of this paper, therefore, to point out these relationships and to make some typical calculations based upon them, THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Let us consider a solute (e.g., OZ or N,) dissolved in the ocean and truly at cquilibrium at all depths, x (x to be measured positively in the downward direction). In principle, the solubility at a deep level p may be very different from that at the surface level a. Nevertheless, if equilibrium exists, then the partial molal free energy, T;i, must be the same for the solute at all levels (Lewis and Randall 1923; Klotz 1950) : In the general situation, in the absence of equilibrium, r;’ would depend on x, the position of the solute in the gravitational field, on P, the pressure on the solute at a given depth, and on m, or preferably In m, where m is the amount of solute dissolved in a specified quantity of solvent at a particular depth. Since
Optimal Solutions for Adaptive Search Problems with Entropy Objectives.

The problem of searching for an unknown object occurs in important applications ranging from security, medicine and defense. Sensors with the capability to process information rapidly require adaptive algorithms to control their search in response to noisy observations. In this paper, we discuss classes of dynamic, adaptive search problems, and formulate the resulting sensor control problems as stochastic control problems with imperfect information, based on previous work on noisy search problems. The structure of these problems, with objective functions related to information entropy, allows for a complete characterization of the optimal strategies and the optimal cost for the resulting finite-horizon stochastic control problems. We study the problem where an individual sensor is capable of searching over multiple sub-regions in a time, and provide a constructive algorithm for determining optimal policies in real time based on convex optimization. We also study the problem in which there are multiple sensors, each of which is only capable of detecting over one sub-region in a time, jointly searching for an object. Whereas this can be viewed as a special case of our multi-region results, we show that the computation of optimal policies can be decoupled into single-sensor individual scalar convex optimization problems, and provide simple symmetry conditions where the solutions can be determined analytically. We also consider the case where individual sensors can select the accuracy of their sensing modes with different costs, and derive optimal strategies for these problems in terms of the solutions of scalar convex optimization problems. We illustrate our results with experiments using multiple sensors searching for a single object.
Channel Catfish Habitat Use and Diet in the Middle Mississippi River

Abstract River modifications have had detrimental effects on biota that depend on river systems; therefore, information is needed to understand these effects and direct management efforts. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are important recreationally, commercially, and ecologically in the Middle Mississippi River (MMR), but few studies have examined their habitat requirements, and food habits have not been evaluated in the MMR. Information about habitat use and food habits could help direct management efforts for channel catfish. To more thoroughly understand the synergistic relation between channel catfish and the associated habitat, we used data from the United States Army Corps of Engineer’s Long-Term Resource Monitoring Program to evaluate channel catfish use of large-scale river features (i.e., macrohabitats) and more fine scale mesohabitats (i.e., substrate type, depth, and velocity). Stomach contents from channel catfish were identified and quantified to determine the relative importance of sp...
GENETIC VARIATION FOR FEMALE MATE DISCRIMINATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

Comparisons between the Canton-S and Tai-Y strains of Drosophila melanogaster (both wild type) revealed variation in female mate discrimination based on chemical courtship signals present as hydrocarbons on the male cuticle. Mating tests indicated that 7-tricosene, which is the primary hydrocarbon on the Canton-S male cuticle but is nearly absent from Tai-Y, was a significant component of the signal. The discrimination was asymmetrical in that Canton-S females clearly distinguished between the two types of males in no-choice tests, but Tai-Y females did not. F1 females expressed an intermediate ability to discriminate, and female progeny of backcrosses expressed a mating phenotype very similar to that of the parental strain to which the backcross was made. Analysis of independent effects from the X and both major autosomes indicated that the discrimination is controlled by gene(s) on chromosome 3.
Synthesis of Oxorhenium Acetyl and Benzoyl Complexes Incorporating Diamidopyridine Ligands: Implications for the Mechanism of CO Insertion

A series of oxorhenium alkyl, phenyl, and vinyl complexes of the form [(DAP)Re(O)(R)] (R = aryl, vinyl, alkyl) was reported, and their reactivity with CO was examined. The methyl complex 5a reacts with CO at a significantly faster rate (2.5 h) than the phenyl complex 7a (24 h). Computational (B3PW91) studies reveal that although the acyl complex is the least stable (ΔG353 = −11.2 kcal/mol) with respect to CO insertion compared to the benzoyl complex (ΔG353 = −14.5 kcal/mol), the activation energy for CO insertion is lower for the methyl complex (ΔG⧧353 = 14.6 kcal/mol) than for the phenyl complex (ΔG⧧353 = 17.4 kcal/mol). This is consistent with the previously proposed mechanism, where CO inserts directly into the Re–R bond without prior formation of a CO adduct. The X-ray crystal structures of complexes 6, 7a, 8a, and 9a are reported.
The role of appearance stigma in implicit racial ingroup bias

Minority groups who show implicit outgroup preference (African Americans, the elderly, and the overweight) are also likely to suffer from appearance stigma (for deviating from cultural aesthetic no...
Structural realism versus deployment realism: A comparative evaluation.

Abstract In this paper I challenge and adjudicate between the two positions that have come to prominence in the scientific realism debate: deployment realism and structural realism. I discuss a set of cases from the history of celestial mechanics, including some of the most important successes in the history of science. To the surprise of the deployment realist, these are novel predictive successes toward which theoretical constituents that are now seen to be patently false were genuinely deployed. Exploring the implications for structural realism, I show that the need to accommodate these cases forces our notion of “structure” toward a dramatic depletion of logical content, threatening to render it explanatorily vacuous: the better structuralism fares against these historical examples, in terms of retention, the worse it fares in content and explanatory strength. I conclude by considering recent restrictions that serve to make “structure” more specific. I show however that these refinements will not suffice: the better structuralism fares in specificity and explanatory strength, the worse it fares against history. In light of these case studies, both deployment realism and structural realism are significantly threatened by the very historical challenge they were introduced to answer.