cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fighting Broken Symmetry with Doping: Toward Polar Resonant Tunneling Diodes with Symmetric Characteristics

The recent demonstration of resonant tunneling transport in nitride semiconductors has led to an invigorated effort to harness this quantum transport regime for practical applications. In polar semiconductors, however, the interplay between fixed polarization charges and mobile free carriers leads to asymmetric transport characteristics. Here, we investigate the possibility of using degenerately doped contact layers to screen the built-in polarization fields and recover symmetric resonant injection. Thanks to a high doping density, negative differential conductance is observed under both bias polarities of $\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}$/$\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{N}$ resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs). Moreover, our analytical model reveals a lower bound for the minimum resonant-tunneling voltage achieved via uniform doping, owing to the dopant solubility limit. Charge storage dynamics is also studied by impedance measurements, showing that at close-to-equilibrium conditions, polar RTDs behave effectively as parallel-plate capacitors. These mechanisms are completely reproduced by our analytical model, providing a theoretical framework useful in the design and analysis of polar resonant-tunneling devices.
Comment on “Crystallization of Supercooled Liquids: Self-Consistency Correction of the Steady-State Nucleation Rate” by Abyzov et al., Entropy 2020, 22, 558

It is shown that in the growth region (above the critical nucleation size) the transient distributions obtained numerically from the Becker-Doring equation (BDE) by Abyzov et al., Entropy 2020, 22, 558, are in accurate correspondence with the matched asymptotic (singular perturbation) solution by Shneidman, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 1988, 33, 1338. The solution is unmodified by “self-consistency” corrections which affect only the steady state rate. Sensitivity of the results to selection of a specific form of the BDE (the “nucleation model”) also is briefly discussed.
Identifying correlations in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and CO2 hydrogenation over Fe-based ZSM-5 catalysts

Abstract Correlations in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) and CO2 hydrogenation are investigated over Fe supported on the acidic (H) and sodium (Na) forms of ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 50). FTS reactor studies indicate the selectivity toward olefins increases from 11% over Fe/H-ZSM-5 to 29.4% over Fe/Na-ZSM-5 because of Na increasing the surface basicity of the catalyst. Reactor studies are extended to CO2 hydrogenation, where reverse water-gas shift is the dominant reaction, with Fe/Na-ZSM-5 displaying enhanced CO2 adsorption, and in turn, higher CO selectivity (∼80%) versus Fe/H-ZSM-5 (∼60%). The catalysts are characterized by a variety of analytical techniques including Mossbauer spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of NH3 and CO2 to correlate acid-base properties with catalytic performance. The findings of this study clearly show the selectivity of FTS and CO2 hydrogenation can be attenuated toward the desired products by modifying the acid-base properties of the catalyst with sodium. These results are an important step toward designing high-performance catalysts for light olefin synthesis from CO and CO2.
Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and quality of sleep in type 2 diabetics.

Abstract Introduction Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by an irresistible urge to move, with or without paraesthesia occurring or worsening at rest and relieved by activity. Only a few reports of prevalence of RLS with type 2 diabetes are available in India. Aims To estimate the occurrence and risk factors of RLS among Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method This cross-sectional study was done in consecutive adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Demographic and comorbidity profile were collected. RLS diagnosis was made based on revised international RLS study group (IRLSSG) criteria. Results Two hundred and ten diabetic patients were interviewed. Mean age was 56 ± 13.5 years. Male-female ratio was 139: 71. Mean duration of diabetes was 8.3 years. Treatment received for diabetes included oral hypoglycaemic agents (153 patients) and insulin (85 patients). Forty-five patients had polyneuropathy, 18 had retinopathy and 22 had nephropathy. Majority (103) of subjects reported their bedtime as 9–10 pm. Average sleep duration was 8.4 h per night. RLS was diagnosed in 17 (8%) subjects. Mean sleep onset in subjects with RLS was 56 min versus 29 min in diabetics without RLS (p-0.01). The mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was 5 in RLS and 3.3 in non-RLS patients (p-0.01). Discussion and conclusions RLS resulted in poor sleep quality and affected overall quality of life in diabetics. As poor sleep is a known risk factor for uncontrolled diabetes, early identification and treatment of RLS would help improve glycaemic control and quality of life in these patients.
Progress and Challenges in Microengineering the Dental Pulp Vascular Microenvironment.

Abstract Introduction: The dental pulp is highly vascularized and innervated tissue that is uniquely designed, being highly biologically active, while being enclosed within the calcified structure of the tooth. It is well-established that the dental pulp vasculature is a key requirement for the functional performance of the tooth. Therefore, controlled regeneration of the dental pulp vasculature is a challenge that must be met for future regenerative endeavors in endodontics. Methods: In this perspective review, we address recent progress and challenges on the use of microengineering methods and biomaterials scaffolds to fabricate the dental pulp vascular microenvironment. Results: The conditions required to control the growth and differentiation of vascular capillaries are discussed, together with the conditions required for the formation of mature and stable pericyte-supported microvascular networks in 3-dimensional hydrogels and fabricated microchannels. Recent biofabrication methods, such as 3-dimensional bioprinting and micromolding are also discussed. Moreover, recent advances in the field of organs-on-a-chip are discussed regarding their applicability to dental research and endodontic regeneration. Conclusion: Collectively, this short review offers future directions in the field that are presented with the objective of pointing toward successful pathways for successful clinical and translational strategies in regenerative endodontics, with especial emphasis on the dental pulp vasculature.
Reevaulating Amateurism Standards in Men's College Basketball

This Note argues that courts should interpret NCAA conduct under the Principle of Amateurism as a violation of 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act and that courts should order NCAA deregulation of student-athletes' indirect financial activities. Part I of this Note discusses the history of NCAA regulation, specifically its Principle of Amateurism. Part II discusses the current impact of antitrust laws on the NCAA. Part III argues that the NCAA violates antitrust laws because the Principle of Amateurism's overall effect is anticompetitive. Part IV argues the NCAA could institute an amateurism standard with a net pro-competitive effect by allowing student athletes to pursue business opportunities neutral to college budgets; potential revenue sources would include: summer professional leagues, endorsement contracts, and paid-promotional appearances.
Receiver operating characteristics analysis of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) sensors

Inkjet-printed surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensors are fabricated on cellulose based paper or fabric substrates. These flexible sensors provides basic point-of-sampling advantages that is particularly useful in field applications. Due to the heterogeneous loading of nanoparticles on the substrate, SERS intensities inevitably vary across the active area of the printed sensor. This paper will discuss the use of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) for the analysis of inkjet-printed SERS sensors. The aim is to provide an alternative measurand to the SERS enhancement factor that can be used to compare different types of SERS substrates. We have developed statistical analysis from multiple data sets obtained from sensors exposed to both analyte and control to determine the probability of positive detection (PD) at various analyte concentration. This dependence describes the ROC of the sensor and also provides confidence level associated with a given detection limit. We propose this methodology for the evaluation of SERS sensors to enable their field applications.
Analyzing Representations inside Convolutional Neural Networks.

How can we discover and succinctly summarize the concepts that a neural network has learned? Such a task is of great importance in applications of networks in areas of inference that involve classification, like medical diagnosis based on fMRI/x-ray etc. In this work, we propose a framework to categorize the concepts a network learns based on the way it clusters a set of input examples, clusters neurons based on the examples they activate for, and input features all in the same latent space. This framework is unsupervised and can work without any labels for input features, it only needs access to internal activations of the network for each input example, thereby making it widely applicable. We extensively evaluate the proposed method and demonstrate that it produces human-understandable and coherent concepts that a ResNet-18 has learned on the CIFAR-100 dataset.
Is US Tight Oil a 'Ponzi Scheme'?

As US oil and gas share prices languish, there is some nagging concern about the financial health of the industry. Despite turning the world’s largest importer of crude oil into a global exporter, questions linger about profitability and financial leverage – some skeptics have gone so far as to ask if the industry is a “Ponzi Scheme.” Moreover, as oil and gas prices continue their lower-for-longer (but volatile) trajectory, and investors clamor for ever-more cash – in the form of dividends and share repurchases – operators struggle to balance competing demands on cash. We analyzed 35 publicly-traded, US and Canadian tight/shale oil and gas specialists over the six years since global oil prices collapsed and found the industry to be largely profitable (i.e., aggregate Net Income of $5 per oil-equivalent-barrel produced), despite relatively low oil and gas prices. Moreover, with aggregate operating cash flow of $19 per oil-equivalent-barrel (boe) produced the industry has matured sufficiently to self-finance its own growth. In fact, despite heavy investment in both production-growth and reserves-growth, total financial leverage is modest (1.6x EBITDA) and one-third of operators’ credit ratings are investment grade. And in a separate comparative analysis with conventional Independents, we found that US tight oil operators have demonstrated superior profitability, growth and reinvestment, and financial leverage. Across the North American onshore E&P industry, technology-led, operational continuous improvement is driving dramatic, sustainable gains in well-productivity and cost per boe.
Expert opinion in bipolar disorder: Impact of COVID-19 on outcomes and treatment of bipolar disorder

Abstract Bipolar disorder is a common mental illness with a high burden of disability and comorbidity including highly prevalent medical conditions that increase risk for severe COVID-19 illness. Moreover, increased vulnerability to stress, routine and lifestyle disruption in people living with bipolar disorder is well-established. Although data examining the impact of COVID-19 disease and the resulting pandemic on those with bipolar disorder are limited, the present paper aims to discuss existing research at the intersection of COVID-19 and mental health with the goal of considering potential impacts of COVID-19 on outcomes and treatment of bipolar disorder.
Author response: Education Research: Positive effect of scheduled faculty modeling on clerkship student bedside skills exposure and learning

We thank Dr. Sethi for his letter on our article.1 Dr. Sethi advocates for a scheduled assessment of bedside skills by a faculty member during the last week of the clerkship. Indeed, at the University of Rochester, all clerkship students participate in a faculty-observed bedside skills examination of a neurology inpatient during the final week of the clerkship. The examination is scheduled for 1 hour, during which the student is observed taking a complete history, performing a complete neurologic examination, and presenting and discussing the case with the attending physician. Feedback is provided following the examination, which counts for 15% of the clerkship final grade. We published our experience with this faculty-observed bedside skills examination in a previous issue of Neurology® .2
Report of the ALCTS Metadata Interest Group Meeting. American Library Association Midwinter Meeting. Philadelphia, January 2020

The ALCTS Metadata Interest Group invited Melanie Wacker as the speaker to the American Library Association Midwinter Meeting on January 26th, 2020. Ms. Wacker is the Metadata Coordinator at the Co...
Evaluating Reproductive Efficiency in Beef Cattle Herds

Unlike the dairymen, beef cattle producers derive mostof their income from calves born into the herd, making fertility the most important trait of beef cattle. A recent economic study showed that fertility was 5 times more important than the next important disease condition in cattle (Table l). Another study also showed that fertility was 5 times more important than growth rate and 10 times more important than carcass quality.1
Aesthetic Eyelid Measurements of "Beautiful People": Gender Differences and Application for Thyroid Eye Disease Patients.

There remains a paucity of studies investigating measurements of periocular structures of people popularly seen as "beautiful." Such measurements may be helpful in establishing postoperative goals and measuring aesthetic outcomes. This study (1) identifies aesthetic measurements of the periocular structures in idealized celebrities, (2) determines gender differences in such measurements, and (3) compares these measurements to patients who underwent surgical repair of upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease. Methods Digital analysis of 38 celebrity photographs in People's "Most Beautiful People" and "Sexiest Man Alive" was performed to measure image-derived (denoted with an "i") margin reflex distance (iMRD1), tarsal platform show (iTPS), brow fat span (iBFS), and iTPS:iBFS ratio. The same analysis was used for 35 women who underwent surgical repair for thyroid eye disease-related upper eyelid retraction. Results Significant gender differences (P < 0.05) were observed in celebrity metrics, with women having higher upper eyelids (longer iMRD1) (3.30 mm versus 2.50 mm), longer iTPS measurements (3.90 mm versus 2.50 mm), and larger iTPS:iBFS values (0.31 versus 0.20). Postoperative thyroid eye disease patients had significantly higher upper eyelids (longer iMRD1s) (4.80 mm versus 3.30 mm), longer iTPS (5.10 mm versus 3.90 mm), and larger iTPS:iBFS (0.37 versus 0.31) than celebrities. Conclusions There are significant gender differences in the periocular metrics of "beautiful people." Optimal aesthetic outcomes may be more effectively obtained by achieving a preferred range of ratios than by relying on independent measurements. Although aesthetic outcomes are multi-factorial, measurements of "beautiful" people provide helpful guidelines to gauge aesthetic outcomes.
Detection of spruce beetle-induced tree mortality using high- and medium-resolution remotely sensed imagery

Abstract Outbreaks of bark beetles cause widespread tree mortality, which have important consequences for wildlife, forest composition and structure, timber production, and water resources. Recent severe, extensive, and synchronous bark beetle outbreaks have motivated research into methods for surveying the location, extent, and attack stage of outbreak using remotely sensed data. In this paper, we adapt methods for classing mountain pine beetle-induced tree mortality to detect spruce beetle-induced tree mortality from single-date high-resolution imagery and multi-date moderate-resolution data. We use freely available aerial imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) to produce a tree-scale map of gray-stage spruce beetle kill across a broad spatial extent. This map was then used to train a stand-scale classification of spruce beetle outbreak from Landsat Climate Data Record (CDR) data. Gray-stage spruce beetle outbreak was characterized by higher values of the red–green index (RGI) at the tree-level. At the stand-level, gray stands were associated with high values of a Disturbance Index (DI) and low values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Both tree- and stand-scale classifiers of spruce beetle-attributed tree mortality were highly accurate (overall accuracy and user's accuracy for gray trees/stands greater than 88%). Stand-level classification improved with post-classification correction, which removed high-frequency year-to-year variability in forest condition. Comparison of high-resolution and moderate-resolution classified imagery revealed variable amounts of tree mortality occur in areas of landscape-scale spruce beetle outbreak. Our results highlight the utility of both ecologically informed post-classification correction and coupling fine-scale and moderate-scale resolution imagery for mapping and studying spruce beetle outbreaks.
The effect of organic solvents on complexes and ion exchange—I: Silver nitrate complexes in isopropyl alcohol-aqueous nitric acid☆

Abstract The sorbability of silver on an anion exchanger is much enhanced by the presence of organic solvents. The nature of nitrate complexes related to anion exchange of silver in nitric acid + isopropyl alcohol has been studied using a potentiometric method and ion-exchange methods. Stability constants of the silver nitrate complex in solutions of various compositions have been evaluated by potentiometry using a silver electrode. AlthoughAg + is the main species in aqueous nitric acid solutions, the neutral complex AgNO03 becomes predominant (more than 70 per cent) in a 90 per cent isopropyl alcohol solution of 0·5 M nitric acid. For resin phase studies an anion exchange method combined with a special technique was applied successfully. In high alcohol content the formation of Ag(NO3)2−3, as well as AgNO3)−2, was presumed for the resin phase. A method to produce constant ionic strength in orgnaic media of HNO3 + HClO4 was proposed.
Genetic barcoding facilitates captive and wild management of three cryptic African crocodile species complexes

Management of threatened species with conserved morphology is hindered by misidentification and potential hybridization in captivity. African crocodiles of the genera Osteolaemus, Crocodylus and Mecistops were previously considered monotypic, but have recently been identified as consisting of three, two and two cryptic species, respectively. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) new and published sequences from 310 wild-caught specimens were compared with 71 US zoological specimens to identify (barcode) species. We also sequenced either nuclear lactate dehydrogenase A or an anonymous microsatellite flanking sequence in both wild and captive specimens to identify potential first-generation intra-generic hybridization in captive populations. The Osteolaemus COI barcoding gap was 7‐9% sequence divergence. In contrast, the two African Crocodylus species had a 4.7% barcoding gap. These results, in addition to a previously published Mecistops barcoding gap (4.9%), support the use of barcoding as a tool for diagnosing African crocodile species in captive populations. Captive individuals from 14 collections in the US represented five of the seven putative African taxa. Nuclear heterozygosity at fixed polymorphisms differentiating species within genera suggested that 23% of the captive Osteolaemus samples were admixed O. tetraspis × O. sp. nov. cf. tetraspis ‐ West Africa, while no ex situ hybrids were found for Crocodylus or Mecistops. Our results underscore the need to formally recognize divergent crocodile taxa, especially in light of regional threats, and for proper captive breeding management.
A Population History of the United States

1. Paleo Indians, Europeans and the settlement of America 2. Colonization and settlement of North America 3. The Early Republic to 1860 4. The creation of an industrial and urban society, 1860-1914 5. The evolution of a modern population, 1914-1945 6. The baby boom and changing family values, 1945-1980 7. A modern industrial society, 1980-2003.
Developing and teaching of a world-class online project management curriculum

Normal.dotm 0 0 1 280 1601 UTS 13 3 1966 12.0 0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false The evolution of the internet and collaboration tools have made it possible to enhance the range of online education, and make it universally accessible and eminently affordable. Around 2000, the faculty at Boston University’s Metropolitan College proposed an online master’s degree in project management, using the emerging learning management systems. The program grew quickly from 40 to 200 students, and was one of the first in the United States to be accredited by the Project Management Institute’s Global Accreditation Committee. This academic model has now been extended to other disciplines and programs. It was expected from the outset that the BU online and classroom academic experiences would be completely equivalent. This presented several challenges, the first of which was developing online equivalents for the face-to-face pedagogical course components. Second, writing online courses, recording videos and developing innovative discussion topics is time-consuming, and we quickly realised that only fulltime faculty had the commitment and motivation to devote the required effort to produce quality courses. Finally, the technological resources associated with course development and course operation required significant investment, beyond the faculty time, currently estimated at around $60,000 per course. We surveyed our students and alumni every two years and now have enough data to describe accurately the evolution in attitudes to online education. As one of the earlier and premier adopters of a rigorous academic online education model, BU has a vested interest to contribute to the growing debate about the academic quality and rigour of online education, the application of high pedagogical standards, and the innovative use of online teaching frameworks and tools. This paper will address and document these issues and assist in raising awareness of emerging “best practice” in the online education domain.
Microsatellite loci for the plains topminnow (Fundulus sciadicus, Fundulidae)

The plains topminnow (Fundulus sciadicus) is a killifish endemic to the Great Plains region. Recent field surveys indicate that populations may be declining in northerly portions of its range and perhaps throughout. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of 11 microsatellite loci developed for population genetic studies in the species. We also conducted cross-species amplifications to test primer efficacy in five additional taxa, including four killifishes.
Tradition and technology in local newscasts : The social psychology of form

In Counter-Statement, Kenneth Burke distinguishs between the psychology of form and the psychology of information—meaning as brought by readers to a text and as supplied by a text. That distinction...
In vivo evaluation of lipoprotein cholesterol ester metabolism in patients with liver disease

Fifteen patients with liver disease were found to have marked reductions in both plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity (62%) and cholesterol ester concentration (46%) when compared with 11 normal subjects. The changes in cholesterol ester concentration were confined to high-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein; the low-density lipoprotein fraction was not significantly altered. Examination of the plasma lecithin and lipoprotein cholesterol esters revealed that patients with liver disease had significantly greater amounts of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and less linoleic acid than normal subjects. Lipoprotein cholesterol ester kinetic studies were carried out in 2 normal subjects and 2 severely cirrhotic patients who simultaneously received [14C]mevalonic acid and high-density lipoprotein labeled with free [3H]cholesterol. A lipoprotein cholesterol ester model was developed that fit both the 3H and 14C data. The precursors of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol esters were free cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol esters; the distribution pattern was in favor of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol esters in both groups of subjects (71% for normals and 88% for cirrhotics). The turnover of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol esters was similar in both groups of subjects, but the flux of free cholesterol into high-density lipoprotein cholesterol esters was greatly reduced in the cirrhotic patients. In cirrhotic patients, this represented only 9% and 12% of the total lipoprotein cholesterol ester synthesized; in the normal subjects, the values were 68% and 74%. The turnover of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol esters was greatly suppressed in the cirrhotic patients, and their precursor sources were high-density lipoprotein cholesterol esters and tissue free cholesterol. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ester precursors were very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and tissue free cholesterol. In the cirrhotic patients, much greater proportions (78% and 88%) of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ester were derived from free cholesterol. Also, the turnover rates of these esters were reduced in the cirrhotic patients. The present report has provided evidence that cirrhotic patients derive most of their plasma lipoprotein cholesterol esters from an acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase free-cholesterol tissue source--most likely the intestine. By contrast, in normal subjects, the major contribution to plasma esters is via the introduction of newly formed cholesterol esters into the high-density lipoprotein fraction.
Resolving power for the diffusion orientation distribution function.

Purpose The diffusion orientation distribution function (dODF) is primarily used for white matter fiber tractography. Here the resolving power of the dODF is investigated for a simple diffusion model of two intersecting axonal fiber bundles. Methods The resolving power for the dODF is evaluated using the Sparrow criterion. This is determined for the exact dODF and also for q-space imaging (QSI), q-ball, and kurtosis approximations. Results Based on theoretical and numerical calculations, the resolving power is found to depend on the eigenvalues of the diffusion model and on the degree of radial weighting for the dODF. The resolving powers of the QSI and q-ball dODFs improve with increased b-value. The kurtosis dODF has a resolving power similar to that of the exact dODF. Conclusion The dODFs, whether exact or approximate, have finite resolving powers that limit their sensitivity to fiber crossings. The resolving powers for the different dODFs considered here provide convenient benchmarks for assessing and comparing their performance. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guidelines for Conducting a Victim-Sensitive Interview

Victim sensitive interviews allow the adult investigator to gather vital facts from a child. Within these interviews, the investigator is provided with an opportunity to elicit responses from the child regarding allegations that have taken place. These allegations often have many origins and may involve sexual impropriety, abuse, taunting, and torture of a physical nature, verbal nature, or both. The purpose of this article is to provide standardized guidelines that can assist individuals from various occupational fields in conducting victim sensitive interviews. The standardized guidelines provided offer an assemblage of general principles that have consistently appeared within literature as well as in manuals provided by various jurisdictions. These guidelines refer to a practice of conduct that is recommended; however, variance with implementation is allowed. It is assumed that the reader brings a level of clinical experience to the material provided in this article.
Structural Stability of Tandem Calponin-Homology (CH) Domains Originates from their C-Terminal CH2 Domain

Tandem CH domains form a major class of actin binding domains. In general, the N-terminal CH domain (CH1) weakly binds to F-actin whereas the C-terminal CH domain (CH2) does not bind to actin. However, when CH2 is linked to CH1, the actin binding efficiency increases by more than ten times, which implies a functional cooperativity between the two CH domains. The structural cooperativity underlying this functional cooperativity and the physical mechanism by which CH2 domain enhances the actin-binding efficiency is not understood. In this study, we examined the relative stabilities of the two CH domains of utrophin and dystrophin. The isolated CH1 domain of utrophin does not exist as a stable structure; it is more like a destabilized “molten globule” state. However, its CH2 domain folds to a stable structure, as evident from its alpha-helical spectrum and cooperative melt. Similar to utrophin, the CH2 domain of dystrophin is a well-structured protein, and has similar stability as that of the full-length tandem CH domain. The CH1 domain of dystrophin is quite unstable and aggregates severely. These results indicate that the CH1 domain requires CH2 for its folding, or in other words, CH2 acts as a template for CH1 folding. These stability experiments support the earlier hypothesis proposed based on cryo-EM studies that the major role of CH2 might be to stabilize the tandem CH domain. Additional support comes from the literature: no molecular structures are available for the CH1 domains alone, suggesting that they might be unstable in the absence of CH2. In contrast, structures have been determined for numerous CH2 domains. These experimental observations indicate that the CH2 domain enhances the actin-binding function by imparting structural stability to the tandem CH domains.
A Redox-Dependent Function of Thioredoxin Is Necessary to Sustain a Rapid Rate of DNA Synthesis in Yeast

Abstract DNA replication is impaired in mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which lack the two thioredoxin genes TRX1 and TRX2. Trx1p supports a normal rate of DNA replication only if the active site contains the redox active cysteines. Two mutant forms of Trx1p, one containing a Cys30Ser mutation and a second containing the Cys30Ser mutation in combination with a Cys33Ser mutation, were unable to sustain normal rates of DNA synthesis. The thioredoxin active-site mutants completed a round of replication in 66 min as opposed to 18 min observed for an isogenic wild type culture. Western blot analysis, using antibody generated against purified 6× His-tagged Trx1p, showed that both mutant forms of Trx1p were present at the same levels as the wild-type protein. Thus the inability of the mutant proteins to promote DNA synthesis is not caused by degradation or poor expression, but rather by the loss of their reductive capacity. The results show that an optimal rate of DNA synthesis requires a redox function of thioredoxin. Since the measured levels of deoxyribonucleotides are normal in the thioredoxin mutants, thioredoxin either participates with ribonucleotide reductase in channeling a small subset of deoxyribonucleotides to sites of replication, or thioredoxin reduces and thereby activates an unidentified component of the replication machinery.
Serous Body Cavity Fluid Examination

The serous body cavities are mesothelial-lined potential spaces that surround the lungs (pleura), heart (pericardium), and the abdomen and pelvis (peritoneum). Normally, movement of these organs is facilitated by a small amount of fluid, an ultrafiltrate of plasma. When production and resorption of this plasma ultrafiltrate are not properly balanced, fluid may accumulate within 1 or more serous cavities, resulting in a true fluid-filled cavity (effusion).1
Gamma-Ray Transitions between the Low-Lying Levels of F 18

Gamma-ray decay modes of the ${\mathrm{F}}^{18}$ levels below an excitation energy of 4 MeV have been investigated through the ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},p\ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{F}}^{18}$ reaction using a 30-cc lithium-drifted germanium, Ge(Li), detector. Gamma-ray spectra were recorded at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 173\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ beam using a thick quartz target and ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ bombarding energies of 3.45 and 6.0 MeV. Ge(Li)-NaI(Tl) coincidence spectra were also recorded at ${E}_{{\mathrm{He}}^{3}}=3.2$ MeV. Sharper upper limits than obtained previously were set on the relative intensities of many unobserved transitions. A previously unreported transition from the $J=1 3.13$-MeV level to the ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}^{\ensuremath{-}} 1.08$-MeV level was observed with a branching ratio of (27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)%. The mean lifetime of the 3.13-MeV level was inferred from a Doppler-shift measurement to be ($0.37_{\ensuremath{-}0.10}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.15}$) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ sec. It is conjectured that the 3.13-MeV level is the lowest ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ level belonging predominantly to the ${p}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{(2s,1d)}^{3}$ configuration.
Histaminergic modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat basolateral amygdala

The effects of histamine on excitatory synaptic transmission between the external capsule and basolateral amygdala (BLA) were examined using intracellular and field potential recordings in rat amygdala slices. Bath application of histamine (20 microM) suppressed intracellular excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs; 70.3+/-5.1% of control amplitude) in 43 of 64 BLA neurons, and potentiated EPSPs (341+/-81% of control amplitude) in 21 neurons, without changing resting membrane potential or input resistance. The histamine-induced suppression of EPSPs was accompanied by an increase in paired-pulse facilitation of the slopes of EPSPs, suggesting a presynaptic locus of the action. The suppressive effect could be blocked by the selective H3 antagonist thioperamide, and mimicked by the selective H3 agonist R-alpha-methylhistamine, indicating that the suppressive effect is mediated by the presynaptic H3 receptor. The potentiating effect of histamine on EPSPs was not accompanied by the change of paired-pulse facilitation and was not affected by the presence of H1, H2 or H3 receptor antagonists. In addition, the effective concentration of agonist to produce 50% of maximal response (EC50) of the potentiating action of histamine is 49 nM, much lower than the EC50 (470 nM) of the H3 receptor-mediated suppressive effect characterized here. These observations suggest a novel, high affinity and postsynaptically mediated effect of histamine. In extracellular recordings, histamine, at low concentration (200 nM), consistently potentiated field potentials. At high concentration (20 microM), histamine suppressed field potentials, but potentiated field potentials when H3 receptors were blocked. Taken together, these results revealed that histamine, via the presynaptic H3 receptor and a currently unknown mechanism, decreases or increases excitatory synaptic transmission in the BLA respectively. This specific histaminergic modulation of neuronal activity in the amygdala may play an important role in amygdala-mediated physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as fear, emotional learning and memory, temporal lobe epilepsy, and affective disorders.
EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON RESIDUAL NITRITE

The effect of sodium chloride on residual nitrite was studied in a model system, ground meat and bacon. The model system contained 10% bovine serum albumin, 156 ppm sodium nitrite and 0, 1.5, 2.5, or 3.5% sodium chloride. The ground pork system consisted of 156 ppm sodium nitrite and 0, 1.5, 2.5, or 3.5% sodium chloride. Bacon was made under pilot plant conditions to contain 156 ppm sodium nitrite and 0, 1.5, or 3.0% sodium chloride. The results showed that residual nitrite was lower in the presence of larger amounts of sodium chloride; however, if the effect of sodium chloride in decreasing pH and the effect of loss of water during cooking and storage were excluded, then sodium chloride did not cause significant decreases in residual nitrite.
Psychotherapeutic and Pharmacologic Treatment of Schizotypal Personality Disorder: The Heuristic Utility of Stressing Function Over Form

Although the traditional emphasis on overt symptomatology leads readily to diagnosis, such categorization typically assumes a pathological process within the individual that may at best be managed or modified. Conceptualization of symptoms in terms of adaptive and functional considerations may facilitate and broaden options for treatment, potentially improving outcome. This case study provides an example of treatment of schizotypal personality disorder using such an approach. Psychotherapy and medication were directed toward alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression producing functional impairment in memory, and development of interpersonal skills to increase prospects for reinforcement in interaction with others was implemented to decrease the need for fantasy as a means of obtaining such gratification. Psychotherapy focused on selectively reinforcing positive self-statements, social skills training, and anxiety reduction. Serendipitous peer modeling also facilitated therapeutic efforts. The anxioly...
The clinical significance of loss of control over eating in overweight adolescents.

Objective: Given limited data on the diagnostic validity of binge eating disorder (BED) in adolescents, this study sought to characterize overweight adolescents according to types of overeating episodes. Method: Ninety-six adolescents (ages 13–17 years) with recurrent binge eating (BE), loss of control with or without overeating (subclinical BE; SUB), overeating without loss of control (OE), and no overeating or loss of control episodes (CONTROL) were compared on weight/shape concerns and depressive symptoms using ANCOVA and post-hoc least squares difference tests. Results: BE and SUB adolescents had higher weight/shape concern scores than OEs and CONTROLs (ps < .01). BE and SUB adolescents had higher depression scores than CONTROL adolescents (ps < .05). BE adolescents had greater depression scores than OE (p < .01) but not SUB adolescents. Conclusion: Loss of control over eating signals increased impairment independent of overeating in adolescents. Results support refining BED criteria for youth to reflect this distinction. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2008
Reducing the Complexity of Orthogonal Code Based Synthetic Aperture Ultrasound System

In this paper, we propose several techniques to reduce the computation complexity of orthogonal chirp and orthogonal Olay code based synthetic aperture ultrasound systems. First, we minimize the complexity in terms of number of effective multiplications by choosing the system parameters for a specified SNR gain. The proposed method helps in reducing the complexity by about 20. Next, we consider a system that compensates for body motion. We reduce the complexity of motion compensation first by doing the calculations in polar domain, and second, by making use of the correlation in motion velocity field in a small neighborhood. These approximations reduce the computation complexity by3000 with minimal performance penalty.
Comparison of six pharmacologic regimens for hypercholesterolemia.

Abstract Six sequential clinical trials were conducted over 5 years to evaluate the safety and efficacy of different treatment regimens for hypercholesterolemia. Of all the study participants, 11 patients were evaluated in all 6 clinical trials using the following regimens: neomycin, neomycin/niacin, cholestyramine, cholestyramine/neomycin, lovastatin and lovastatin/neomycin. All 6 regimens significantly (p
Tissue-specific regulatory T cells: biomarker for acute graft-vs-host disease and survival.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4 + T cells that are characterized by the expression of CD25 and Foxp3 and are capable of suppressing alloimmune responses. We assessed whether high frequencies of circulating skin or gut tissue–specific Tregs at engraftment could predict acute graft-vs-host disease (aGVHD) incidence and survival in a cohort of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Tregs were analyzed at engraftment in 74 patients receiving HCT. Treg skin-homing (CLA + ) or gut-homing (α 4 β 7 + ) subsets were identified by flow cytometry, and patients were divided into high CLA + Tregs or high α 4 β 7 + Tregs groups, using the 75 th percentile of tissue-specific Treg percentages as a threshold. At day +100 post-HCT, the cumulative incidence of any stage skin or gut aGVHD was significantly lower in those patients with high CLA + Tregs or high α 4 β 7 + Tregs at engraftment, respectively (high CLA + Tregs, 24.0% vs low CLA + Tregs, 55.1%; p = 0.011 for skin aGVHD or high α 4 β 7 + Tregs, 47.3% vs low α 4 β 7 + Tregs, 74.5%; p = 0.029 for gut aGVHD). The 2-year probabilities of overall survival and nonrelapse mortality were 73.4% and 7.5% among patients with high frequencies of tissue-specific Tregs vs 49.4% and 36.1% for those with both low CLA + Tregs and low α 4 β 7 + Tregs ( p = 0.039, p = 0.010). These results suggest that a threshold value for CLA + or α 4 β 7 + Tregs could be used to predict important HCT outcomes, and to direct the rationale use of tissue-specific pre-emptive therapies to decrease clinical aGVHD and improve HCT survival.
Transient Mobility of Oxygen Adatoms upon O2 Dissociation on Reduced TiO2(110)

Tracking the same region of the reduced TiO2(110) surface by scanning tunneling microscopy before and after oxygen exposure at room temperature (RT) confirms that O2 molecules dissociate only at the bridging oxygen vacancies, with one O atom healing a vacancy and other O atom bonding at the neighboring Ti site as an adatom. The majority of O adatoms (∼81%) are found separated from the original vacancy positions by up to two lattice constants along the [001] direction. Since at RT the thermal diffusivity of O adatoms has been found to be rather small, with an experimentally estimated activation energy of ∼1.1 eV, we conclude that the observed lateral distribution of the oxygen adatoms is attained through a nonthermal, transient mobility during the course of O2 dissociation. Unlike for other known cases of the dissociation of diatomic molecules where both “hot” adatoms accommodate at equivalent sites, in the studied system, the oxygen atoms filling the vacancies are locked into the bridging oxygen rows, and...
Normal total emittance of limestone

Abstract The normal total emittance of limestone (from Linwood mines in Iowa) was measured by using the integral blackbody comparison method. The limestone sample (chem comp: CaCO3 59%, MgCO3 26%, Ca(OH)2 15%) was embedded in a precisely drilled cavity in the wall of a hollow, cylindrical, electrically heated silicon carbide furnace. A small rectangular hole, whose size was equal to that of the limestone sample, served as a source of blackbody radiation. The emittance at a given temperature was obtained from the ratio of the sample and the blackbody radiation intensities. In the temperature range 711 K to 1228 K the emittance was found to decrease with temperature in a linear manner as given by e n = 0.821 − 1.25 × 10 −4 T .
Studies on polyribonucleotides. Synthesis of a polyinosinic: 6-thioinosinic acid copolymer.

Abstract The enzymatic synthesis of a high molecular weight (s 20,w ∼10) copolymer of inosinic and 6-thioinosinic acids [poly(I:s 6 I)] has been achieved. Poly (I:s 6 I) forms a double stranded complex with poly C which has a Tm significantly lower than a poly I · ply C complex of equivalent molecular weight.
THE FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA OF RED ALGAE AND THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY FROM PHYCOERYTHRIN TO PHYCOCYANIN AND CHLOROPHYLL

1. The fluorescence spectra of the alga Porphyridium have been recorded as energy distribution curves for eleven different incident wave lengths of monochromatic incident light between wave lengths 405 and 546 mµ. 2. In these spectra chlorophyll fluorescence predominates when the incident light is in the blue part of the spectrum which is strongly absorbed by chlorophyll. 3. For blue-green and green light the spectrum excited in Porphyridium contains in addition to chlorophyll fluorescence, the fluorescence bands characteristic of phycoerythrin and of phycocyanin. 4. From these spectra the approximate curves for the fluorescence of the individual pigments phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and chlorophyll in the living material have been derived and the relative intensity of each of them has been obtained for each of the eleven incident wave lengths. 5. The effectiveness spectrum for the excitation of the fluorescence of these three pigments in vivo has been plotted. 6. From comparisons of the effectiveness spectrum for the excitation of each of these pigments it appears that both phycocyanin and chlorophyll receive energy from light which is absorbed by phycoerythrin. 7. It is suggested that phycocyanin may be an intermediate in the resonance transfer of energy from phycoerythrin to chlorophyll. 8. Since phycoerythrin and phycocyanin transfer energy to chlorophyll, it appears probable that chlorophyll plays a specific chemical role in photosynthesis in addition to acting as a light absorber.
NASA LANGLEY CREW SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTIONS TO AVIATION SAFETY TECHNOLOGY: RESULTS OF STUDIES TO DATE.

The goal of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aviation Safety program is to reduce the number of fatal aircraft accidents worldwide by 80% within 10 years and by 90% within 20 years. Because flight crew error is cited as a causal factor in approximately 70% of aviation accidents occurring from 1985 to 1995 (Boeing, 1996), NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) is leading studies for the Aviation Safety program toward reducing flight crew error with synthetic vision and improved aviation weather information. Synthetic vision is defined as augmented visual displays in which terrain, traffic, and obstacle database information, enhanced by computer graphics and other information, are presented to the flight crew. The Aviation Weather Information (AWIN) project involves determining flight crew requirements for cockpit weather information, integrating weather information products on the flight deck, and designing proper interfaces for their use. This paper presents results of studies to da...
Rate of incorporation of methionine-S35 into the regenerating tissue of experimental wounds

Summary The uptake and turnover of methionine-S 35 and labeled cystine arising from the methionine by experimental wounds was studied. From the rate of uptake of methionine, there appear to be two types of methionine-containing proteins formed, one of which must undoubtedly be collagen. A relation between the pattern of incorporation and turnover of labeled cystine and a mechanism for the formation of collagen in wound tissue is postulated.