cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A radar detector using quantized envelope samples

Abstract The detection of a sequence of echo pulses with random carrier phase is an important problem in radar. It is well known that, to a first approximation, the optimum receiver is a quadratic detector for small signal-to-noise ratios and is a linear detector for large signal-to-noise ratios. In this paper, a detector based on scaling and rounding envelope samples into digital words of only a few bits is presented and analyzed. This detector is essentially a generalization of a suboptimum detector known as a binary detector which performs postdetection integration by digital counting and is particularly useful in automatic detection systems. The asymptotic relative efficiencies of this detector relative to the quadratic detector and the linear detector are obtained. Also, non-asymptotic performance comparisons based on relative efficiency and on probability of detection are made. It is shown that this detector is more efficient than the other two detectors in most signal-to-noise ratio ranges. In addition, this detector is applicable when the noise environment is somewhat different from Gaussian.
Total colonic aganglionosis: a surgical challenge. How to avoid complications?

Introduction Total colonic aganglionosis represents a significant challenge for pediatric surgeons. Long-term results are suboptimal and complications are very common. We analyzed our experience to formulate recommendations to achieve better results and avoid complications and sequelae.
Elusive enhanced ionization structure for H 2 + in intense ultrashort laser pulses

Enhanced ionization of $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ in intense ultrashort laser pulses was measured using molecular dissociation imaging of an $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ beam and with a pump-probe technique using cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy on a ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ target. Both measurements show a broad, single-peak distribution for enhanced ionization, in contrast to the double-peak structure predicted by ``frozen'' nuclei theory. This calculated double-peak structure is most likely washed out by nuclear motion and to a lesser extent by intensity averaging.
A Scalable Indexing Mechanism for Ontology-Based Information Integration

In recent years, there has been an explosion of publicly available RDF and OWL web pages. Typically, these pages are small, heterogeneous and prone to change frequently. In order to effectively integrate them, we propose to adapt a query reformulation algorithm and combine it with an information retrieval inspired index in order to select all sources relevant to a query. We treat each RDF document as a bag of URIs and literals and build an inverted index. Our system first reformulates the user’s query into a set of sub goals and then translates these into Boolean queries against the index in order to determine which sources are relevant. Finally, the selected data sources and the relevant ontology mappings are used in conjunction with a description logic reasoner to provide an efficient query answering solution for the Semantic Web. We have evaluated our system using ontology mappings and ten million real world data sources.
Plasma aldosterone concentration and renal sodium excretion are altered during the first days of training.

Summary The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the training-induced hypervolemic response seen in the horse is associated with aldosterone-mediated renal mechanisms affecting sodium conservation during the first days of training. Five healthy, Standardbred mares (weight 450–500 kg, age 4–8 years) that were unfit, but accustomed to running on the treadmill, were used to test the hypothesis that repeated submaximal exercise would alter plasma aldosterone (ALDO) concentration and renal excretion of electrolytes in horses within the first 3 days of training. The experiment consisted of a 2 week housing equilibration period followed by a 1 week control period and a 3 day exercise training period (30 min/day at 60% VO2max). During control, ALDO and renal fluid and electrolyte losses were measured for 24 h on 3 separate days. Renal function (urine volume [UV], 24 h excretion of Na+, K+ and CI- [UNA+V, UK+V, UClV], clearance of Na+ [CNa+], K+ [CK+] and Cl− [CCl-], creatinine [CCr], osmotic substances [Cosm], and solute-free water [FWC], and the fractional excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl−) and ALDO were measured for an additional 3 consecutive days during the training period. There were no differences (P>0.05) in any variable during the control period. Plasma volume increased (+18.7%, P<0.05) after 3 days of training. During training, there were no significant changes in plasma osmolality, electrolyte concentrations or CCr. Training caused decreases (P<0.05) in UV (-30%), UNA+V (-73%), UK+V, (-55%) and UCl-V (-70%). Training also caused decreases (P<0.05) in Cosm (-30%), through decreases in CNa+ (-60%), CK+ (-60%), and CCl- (-66%). Interestingly, FWC increased (+30%, P<0.05), whereas, there were significant decreases in the fractional excretion of Na+ (-59%), K+ (-48%) and Cl− (-60%). Training caused substantial elevations in both pre-exercise (967%, P<0.05) and postexercise (+3013%, P<0.05) plasma ALDO concentrations suggesting an increase in both basal levels and the responsiveness to acute exercise. Together, these observations suggest that mechanisms affecting tubular conservation of electrolytes contribute to the early response to training. However, it is also concluded that renal mechanisms appear to be only part of the mechanism for conserving sodium and water intake as well as training-induced changes in gastrointestinal mechanisms affecting electrolyte and water balance.
Separation of progesterone-specific from CBG-like binding sites by chromatography on columns of spheroidal hydroxylapatite.

Abstract Columns of spheroidal hydroxylapatite were used to separate progesterone-specific from CBG-like binding sites in preparations of human or rat uterine cytosol. The advantages of the method are a rapid and complete separation of the two types of progesterone-binding proteins with good recoveries. Up to a 10-fold purification of the progesterone-specific binding protein may be achieved.
METABOLISM OF COUMARIN BY A MICRO-ORGANISM: O-COUMARIC ACID AS AN INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN COUMARIN AND MELILOTIC ACID.

Metabolism of Coumarin by a Micro-Organism : O-Coumaric Acid as an Intermediate between Coumarin and Melilotic Acid
Estrogen Receptors in Rat Uterine Cell Cultures: Effects of Medium on Receptor Concentration*

Both the estrogen responsiveness and -binding capacity of cultured rat uterine cells were decreased dramatically when the medium was not changed at 24-h intervals. Treatment of cells for 24 h with 1 nM 17β-estradiol in fresh medium led to a 3-fold increase in progesterone receptor concentration, but without fresh medium, no increase in progesterone receptors was observed. When the medium was changed on cells with a low estrogen-binding capacity (depleted cells), a 6- to 10-fold increase in estrogen-binding capacity (to in vivo levels) occurred within 24 h (fed cells), and total protein was increased 2-fold. The high and low affinity binding characteristics of fed and depleted cells were identical. Recovery of the estrogen-binding capacity of depleted cells was relatively slow, increasing after a 6-h lag and reaching maximal levels by 24 h. While 6 h of 10−5 M cycloheximide treatment (protein synthesis inhibited >95%) had little effect on control estrogen binding levels, it completely inhibited the increas...
Robust control of the MMT adaptive secondary mirror

For force-actuated, thin facesheet mirrors, structural flexibility within the control bandwidth calls for a new approach to adaptive optics. Dynamic influence functions are used to characterize the influence of each actuator on the entire surface of a deformable mirror. A linearized model of atmospheric distortion is combined with these dynamic influence functions to produce a dynamic reconstructor for providing actuator inputs in response to wavefront sensor measurements. This dynamic reconstructor is recognized as an optimal control problem. A hierarchic control scheme which seeks to emulate the quasi-static control approach that is generally used in adaptive optics is compared to the dynamic reconstruction technique. Although dynamic reconstruction requires somewhat more computational power to implement, it achieves better performance with less power usage, and is less sensitive to errors than the hierarchic technique because it incorporates a dynamic model of the deformable mirror.
The Academic Preparation and Achievement of Black and White Collegiate Athletes

Data on all varsity athletes at a major university over a ten-year period were examined to assess the differences, if any, between whites and blacks in precollege academic preparation and college achievement. White athletes scored higher than their black peers on every measure of academic potential—ACT, SAT, high school rank, and high school grade point average. These differences in preparation translate into greater academic success in college for whites, both in better grades and a higher graduation rate. These findings confirm that schools with big-time sports programs tend to recruit black athletes who are academically marginal, thus a high rate of academic failure for them. The implications of this form of racial exploitation are elaborated.
Application of the general method of harmonic expansion on coset manifolds to the mass spectrum of the squashed seven-sphere compactification of D = 11 supergravity

Abstract The techniques of harmonic expansion are applied to the problem of obtaining the mass spectrum of the 4-dimensional theory resulting from compactification of D = 11 supergravity onto the squashed seven-sphere, J 7 . The complete set of contributing isometry group representations is given, and the general method of harmonic expansion is illustrated by computing the masses corresponding to the scalar and longitudinal fermionic harmonics. These techniques are then applied to the transverse fermionic harmonics. A proof is given that scalarmultiplets exist and the masses of an infinite tower of these are calculated.
The dependence of the Chou-Fasman parameters on amino acid side chain structure

Abstract The Chou-Fasman conformational parameters, P , for amino acid residues in proteins are shown to be a linear function of intermolecular force and steric parameters. For α- helix, coil and turn parameters, steric effects are predominant; whereas for β-sheet parameters, intramolecular forces are predominant. Turn and coil parameters show little or no difference in their dependence which is different from that of α-helix and in some ways almost reciprocal. Factors which increase the probability of finding an amino acid residue in an α-helix usually decrease the probability of finding it in coil or turn. Values of P were calculated for several of the less common amino acids.
An explanation of the persistence of the Great Red Spot of Jupiter

An argument is given basing the persistence of the Great Red Spot of Jupiter on compensation of the natural decay of vorticity by collision with a portion of the vortices shed by the South boundary of the South Tropical Zone. The latter are deviated northward by Coriolis acceleration. The GRS itself is regarded as a Rankine vortex with a central depression revealing the coloration of a layer below.
Effect of Pheromone Dispenser Density on Timing and Duration of Approaches by Peachtree Borer

The timing and duration of approaches by male peachtree borer Synanthedon exitiosa Say (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) to commercial pheromone dispensers placed singly or at high density in peach orchards was determined by using field-deployed video cameras and digital video recorders. Cameras were trained on one dispenser, and one standard lure was placed in a peach orchard, and on 12 dispensers in a separate orchard where dispensers for mating disruption had been placed at 371 per hectare. Male moth approaches were video recorded at the peak of peachtree borer annual flight, from 13 to 18 August 2009. The mean approach timing (h:min:sec±SD) during the study period was 11:33:12 ± 00:46:43, 11:43:52 ± 00:45:58, and 11:41:21 ± 00:45:54 AM with the single dispenser, high-density dispensers, and lure, respectively. Day-to-day variability in approach timings suggested that there were no biologically significant differences among treatments. The frequency distribution of approach durations varied among treatments, as the high-density dispensers had mostly short approaches, while the distribution of approaches to the single dispenser and lure was wider. The median (interquartile range) approach duration was 3 (2-4), 1 (1-2), and 4 (2-6) seconds with the single dispenser, high-density dispensers, and lure, respectively. The relative rank of median approach durations was constant throughout the period, indicating differences among treatments. This study showed that the presence of pheromone dispensers for mating disruption did not cause an advancement of peachtree borer diel rhythm of response. Shorter approaches to dispensers placed at high density than singly suggest that dispenser retentiveness is not constant with peachtree borer, which may bias estimates of disruption activity as a function of dispenser density.
A Cardiovascular Health Program for Latinos Supplemented with Pedometers.

Abstract Background: Physical inactivity is an important modifiable risk factor for many chronic diseases which disproportionately affect Latinos in the U.S. Targeting at-risk Latinos for prevention and intervention programs to increase physical activity can help decrease their risk for developing these diseases. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to promote physical activity, while measuring and monitoring behavior change associated with pedometer use among Latinos. The study's objectives were to: (1) promote physical activity and increase awareness of the importance of walking and exercise through the use of pedometers, (2) calculate the amount of pedometer steps each participant takes over a period of time, and (3) determine whether the use of pedometers along with education about exercise in a cardiovascular disease program would increase participant's physical activity. Methods: Prior to starting the program, participants were given a pedometer and a journal to track their steps. Results: The ave...
Answers to Dermatophile questions

From questions on page 106 . The answer is (D), kerion. This is a manifestation of tinea capitis, ringworm of the scalp. It can occur in more severe cases and in the very young, resulting in a boggy mass on the scalp with loss of hair. Diagnosis can be difficult as potassium hydroxide preparations can be negative in the presence of such inflammation; culture is frequently needed to prove scalp infection. Treatment must be in the form of an oral antifungal drug …
The Role of Automation Etiquette and Pedigree in Trust and Dependence

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of automation etiquette and pedigree on trust and dependence. Participants (N = 60) performed a simulated luggage-screening task while interacting with an imperfect automated aid that varied in pedigree (expert vs. novice) and etiquette (polite feedback vs. neutral feedback vs. rude feedback). Trust, perceived reliability, and dependence on the automated aid were measured. Results indicated that participants perceived the polite system as being more reliable and trustworthy than the rude system. Moreover, compliance varied as a function of etiquette and pedigree. Participants complied less often with the rude expert system than the rude novice system. These findings support theoretical work that suggests surface level features of automation can influence trust and trust related behaviors. Further research is warranted to determine how mimicking human communication styles can further influence human interaction with automation.
'Profit' variability in for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals.

This paper proposes two tests of the hypothesis that not-for-profit hospitals (NFPs) behave differently than for-profit hospitals. The profit variability test states that the profits of an NFP will be less variable over time than profits of a for-profit hospital if the NFP maximizes utility subject to a profit constraint. The second test examines whether NFP profits respond less to change in exogenous factors, such as Medicare reimbursement rates, than profits of for-profit hospitals. Both tests, performed on panel data from 1983 to 1988, support the hypothesis that NFPs behave differently than for-profit hospitals.
Rapamycin enhances LPS induction of tissue factor and tumor necrosis factor-α expression in macrophages by reducing IL-10 expression

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces monocytes/macrophages to express proinflammatory cytokines and tissue factor (TF), the primary activator of the coagulation cascade. Anti-inflammatory signaling pathways including the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway inhibit proinflammatory and TF gene expression in macrophages. We determined the role of Akt, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and interleukin-10 in the inhibition of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine and TF gene expression in peritoneal macrophages (PMs). We used wild type (WT) peritoneal macrophages (PMs), and PMs from PTEN(flox/flox)/LysMCre mice (PTEN(-/-) PMs), which have increased Akt activity. Pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin inhibited LPS induction of IL-10 mRNA and protein, and enhanced the expression of TF and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha in WT PMs. Furthermore, neutralizing IL-10 with anti-IL-10 antibody enhanced LPS induction of TNFalpha and TF expression in WT PMs. The addition of recombinant IL-10 abolished rapamycin enhancement of LPS-induced TNFalpha and TF expression in WT PMs. Consistent with enhanced Akt activation, LPS-induced IL-10 expression was increased in PTEN(-/-) PMs compared to WT PMs. In contrast, LPS-induced TNFalpha and TF expression was significantly reduced in PTEN(-/-) PMs compared to WT PMs. However, the neutralizing IL-10 antibody did not completely prevent inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha and TF expression in PTEN(-/-) PMs. The results indicate that mTOR dependent IL-10 expression leads to inhibition of LPS induction of TF and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha in WT macrophages. In contrast, the decrease in LPS-induced TNFalpha and TF expression in PTEN(-/-) PMs also requires an IL-10-independent pathway.
Dynamic tissue engineering scaffolds with stimuli-responsive macroporosity formation

Macropores in tissue engineering scaffolds provide space for vascularization, cell-proliferation and cellular interactions, and is crucial for successful tissue regeneration. Modulating the size and density of macropores may promote desirable cellular processes at different stages of tissue development. Most current techniques for fabricating macroporous scaffolds produce fixed macroporosity and do not allow the control of porosity during cell culture. Most macropore-forming techniques also involve non-physiological conditions, such that cells can only be seeded in a post-fabrication process, which often leads to low cell seeding efficiency and uneven cell distribution. Here we report a process to create dynamic hydrogels as tissue engineering scaffolds with tunable macroporosity using stimuli-responsive porogens of gelatin, alginate and hyaluronic acid, which degrade in response to specific stimuli including temperature, chelating and enzymatic digestion, respectively. SEM imaging confirmed sequential pore formation in response to sequential stimulations: 37 °C on day 0, EDTA on day 7, and hyaluronidase on day 14. Bovine chondrocytes were encapsulated in the Alg porogen, which served as cell-delivery vehicles, and changes in cell viability, proliferation and tissue formation during sequential stimuli treatments were evaluated. Our results showed effective cell release from Alg porogen with high cell viability and markedly increased cell proliferation and spreading throughout the 3D hydrogels. Dynamic pore formation also led to significantly enhanced type II and X collagen production by chondrocytes. This platform provides a valuable tool to create stimuli-responsive scaffolds with dynamic macroporosity for a broad range of tissue engineering applications, and may also be used for fundamental studies to examine cell responses to dynamic niche properties.
A randomized trial of vaginal mesh attachment techniques for minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy.

We investigated the efficiency and efficacy of vaginal mesh attachment using interrupted, non-barbed, delayed absorbable sutures in comparison with a running, barbed, delayed absorbable suture during laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC) and robotic sacrocolpopexy (RSC). Women undergoing LSC or RSC were recruited. Participants were randomized to at least six 0 PDS non-barbed interrupted sutures or at least six passes of a 1 PDS barbed suture (Quill™) on each anterior and posterior polypropylene mesh leaflet. The primary outcome was the time to attach the mesh to the vagina. The LSC and RSC groups were block randomized by suture type. Secondary outcomes included: (1) intraoperative surgeon assessment of satisfaction as measured using a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS), (2) postoperative POP-Q evaluation for anatomic failure, and (3) overall appearance of vaginal walls measured using a VAS. Of the 64 included subjects who were randomized, 32 had mesh attachment with the barbed suture (16 LSC, 16 RSC) and 32 had attachment with non-barbed sutures (16 LSC, 16 RSC). Among all the subjects (LSC and RSC), the non-barbed suture group had significantly longer mesh attachment times than the barbed suture group (42 vs. 29 min, p 0.05). The barbed suture technique was 11 – 16 min faster for attaching mesh to the vagina than the non-barbed suture technique. Anatomic outcomes at 12 months were comparable between the suture groups. It is reasonable to use a running, barbed suture in minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy.
A vocabulary development and visualization tool based on natural language processing and the mining of textural patient reports

Medical terminologies are critical for automated healthcare systems. Some terminologies, such as the UMLS and SNOMED are comprehensive, whereas others specialize in limited domains (i.e., BIRADS) or are developed for specific applications. An important feature of a terminology is comprehensive coverage of relevant clinical terms and ease of use by users, which include computerized applications. We have developed a method for facilitating vocabulary development and maintenance that is based on utilization of natural language processing to mine large collections of clinical reports in order to obtain information on terminology as expressed by physicians. Once the reports are processed and the terms structured and collected into an XML representational schema, it is possible to determine information about terms, such as frequency of occurrence, compositionality, relations to other terms (such as modifiers), and correspondence to a controlled vocabulary. This paper describes the method and discusses how it can be used as a tool to help vocabulary builders navigate through the terms physicians use, visualize their relations to other terms via a flexible viewer, and determine their correspondence to a controlled vocabulary.
Secrecy capacity of the ergodic layered erasure wiretap channel

We consider the layered erasure wiretap channel which can also be viewed as the time varying version of the deterministic model of the wiretap channel and characterize its secrecy capacity. We assume an arbitrary fading statistics for the erasure probabilities of the layers and assume that only the fading statistics is known at the transmitter while the instantaneous erasure information, i.e., which layers are erased in a particular channel use, is known at both the receivers. The converse is based on an enhancement technique where we first construct an enhanced wiretap channel and then derive upper bound to the secrecy capacity of the enhanced channel. On the achievability side we show that a coding scheme, in which information is transmitted only via a subset of the layers chosen carefully depending on the channel statistics and independent coding is done across different layers in this subset, can achieve the upper bound.
The anticipated degree of success of different approaches to lake rehabilitation

The anticipated degree of success for different approaches to water quality management (egosystemic, piecemeal, environmental, and ecosystemic) in four lake ecosystem types (hypereutrophic, urban, acidified, and recreational) at different stages of ecological degradation, was assessed. The success of an ecosystem approach, particularly its preventive aspects, appears to be inversely proportional to the state of ecosystem degradation. The highest degree of success is expected in relatively undisturbed lakes through stringent preventive and legislative measures. Combinations of all the available options and approaches should be utilized when deciding the optimum corrective measures to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems effectively.
Rapid degradation of the Cry1F insecticidal crystal protein in soil.

The gene for the core Cry1F insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) has been incorporated into the genome of maize plants, Zea mays L. Plants expressing this ICP are protected from attack by various Lepidopteran pests including the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). The stability of the Cry1F ICP in soil was assessed in a laboratory study designed to determine the persistence of the active protein residue in soil over time, using insect bioassay as the analytical quantification method. The GI(50) (concentration estimated to inhibit growth by 50%) rose at each consecutive incubation interval, indicating a consistent decline in Cry1F activity over time. The residue data were poorly described by a first-order model when fit to either the full data or a truncated data set where the last interval (28 days) was excluded. Data were well described by a shift-log model, and this model predicted DT(50) (time until 50% decay) and DT(90) (time until 90% decay) values of 0.6 and 6.9 days, respectively. This rapid degradation rate was consistent with other Bt proteins evaluated in our laboratory.
Influence of chronic ethanol consumption on hamster liver microsomal O-dealkylase activities and cytochrome b5 content

The effects of two different methods of administering ethanol to hamsters on liver microsomal cytochrome levels and the activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase have been examined. Administration of ethanol in liquid diets resulted in enhanced levels of cytochrome P-450, NADPH-supported aniline hydroxylase (Form I), and both NADPH- and NADH-supported p-nitroanisoleO-demethylase. NADH-ferricyanide reductase was also increased. No change in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase or in the NADPH-supported rate of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase was observed. In contrast, both NADH-supported ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and cytochrome b5 levels were decreased. Administration of ethanol in the drinking water to chow-fed animals had no effect on total cytochrome P-450 levels; however, the rates of NADPH-supported aniline hydroxylase (Form I) and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity were increased. No changes in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-ferricyanide reductase, or NADH-supported p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity were noted. Cytochrome bin5 levels were decreased as were both the NADPH- and NADH-supported rates of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase. These data suggest that chronic consumption of ethanol by hamsters either in liquid diet form or as ethanol-water solutions to chow-fed animals lowers cytochrome b5 levels. When cytochrome b5 levels are lowered and total chromosome P-450 levels remain unchanged, the NADPH-supported rate of microsomal O-dealkylation of ethoxyresorufin is decreased. These data suggest that cytochrome b5 participates in the NADPH-supported microsomal O-dealkylation of ethoxyresorufin.
Outcome Study of Patient-Controlled Morphine Analgesia, With or Without Ketorolac, Following Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

AbstractPurpose: We compared the effects of postoperative pain control strategies on recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: The results in 22 consecutive patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1993 and 1994 were evaluated. Pain control was achieved using morphine patient-controlled analgesia in 11 patients or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory ketorolac in 11. Outcome measures were compared between the 2 groups.Results: The interval to return of bowel function, length of hospitalization and total hospital costs were significantly decreased in the ketorolac treated patients.Conclusions: Pain control with ketorolac affords excellent analgesia wile allowing for earlier recovery of bowel function, shorter hospitalization and lower overall costs in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy.
Impulsive data association with an unknown number of targets

First- and second-order solution methods for the multi-target data association problem with an unknown number of targets are presented. It is shown that by considering a single continuous measurement signal with impulsive switching between measuring the position of different objects, the data association problem can be recast as a continuous optimization over the impulse times and magnitudes. First- and second-order adjoint formulations are derived which reduce the calculation of the either the first- or second-order derivative of the cost function to a single integration (over any number of impulse times and magnitudes). These adjoint formulations as well as a method for estimating the total number of impulses which occur are the main contributions of this work.
H+-dependent efflux of Ca2+ from heart mitochondria.

A rapid loss of accumulated Ca2+ is produced by addition of H+ to isolated heart mitochondria. The H+-dependent Ca+ efflux requires that either (a) the NAD(P)H pool of the mitochondrion be oxidized, or (b) the endogenous adenine nucleotides be depleted. The loss of Ca2+ is accompanied by swelling and loss of endogenous Mg2−. The rate of H+-dependent Ca2+ efflux depends on the amount of Ca2+ and Pi taken up and the extent of the pH drop imposed. In the absence of ruthenium red the H+-induced Ca2+-efflux is partially offset by a spontaneous re-accumulation of released Ca2+. The H+-induced Ca2+ efflux is inhibited when the Pi transporter is blocked withN-ethylmaleimide, is strongly opposed by oligomycin and exogenous adenine nucleotides (particularly ADP), and inhibited by nupercaine. The H+-dependent Ca2+ efflux is decreased markedly when Na+ replaces the K+ of the suspending medium or when the exogenous K+/H+ exchanger nigericin is present. These results suggest that the H+-dependent loss of accumulated Ca2+ results from relatively nonspecific changes in membrane permeability and is not a reflection of a Ca2+/H+ exchange reaction.
Stimulation of macrophage H2O2 release by resident thymocytes: effect of a soluble factor distinct from interferon-γ

Abstract Activated T cells are known to stimulate macrophage oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity through release of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In contrast, the role of nonactivated T cells in regulating macrophage effector functions is less well defined. We have previously reported that a low molecular weight soluble factor derived from resident (nonactivated) thymocytes enhances macrophage receptor-mediated phagocytosis. In the present study, we examined the capacity of resident murine thymocytes to stimulate the respiratory burst and microbicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages cultured for 1–2 days with cell-free thymocyte supernatant (TS) released two to three times more H 2 O 2 in response to PMA or opsonized zymosan than did control macrophages. The H 2 O 2 -stimulating factor in TS was distinguished from IFN-γ by its heat stability (100 °C, 20 min), approximate MW of 2400 Da (gel filtration high-pressure liquid chromatography), and absence of interferon activity in both antiviral and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. TS-treated macrophages, however, did not exhibit a greater capacity to kill or inhibit the intracellular growth of Toxoplasma gondii , indicating that the thymocyte factor did not fully activate macrophage microbicidal mechanisms. These data suggest that thymocytes can increase the respiratory burst capacity of macrophages in the absence of antigen-specific immune responses.
Predictors of Emotional Strain Among Spouse and Adult Child Caregivers

This study used data from the 1999 National Long Term Care Survey to examine predictors of emotional strain between spouse and adult child caregivers using the frameworks of role theory and the stress process model. Secondary data analysis examined if and how emotional strain differed between the groups and what the predictors of emotional strain were for each group. Common group predictors of emotional strain were elder's disruptive behaviors, caregiver's perceived overload, family disagreement, limitations on the caregiver's life, and utilization of personal coping strategies by the caregiver. There were predictors unique to spouse's emotional strain but elders' race and respite availability were unique predictors of adult child caregiver's emotional strain. Ways in which predictors of emotional strain can be used to design effective and efficient social work interventions are discussed.
Development of Effective Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Patients with Cancer

IL-2 has no direct impact on cancer cells, so all of the antitumor impact of IL-2 administration is a result of stimulating immune reactions in vivo. Results of the first clinical administration of IL-2 in patients with advanced cancer were published in 1985 and demonstrated that substantial, and sometimes complete, cancer regressions could be mediated in patients with metastatic melanoma and metastatic kidney cancer refractory to other treatments. 5-7 An update of these studies with a median followup of 11.9 years in 409 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or metastatic kidney cancer treated in the Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute with high dose IL-2 alone is shown in Tables 2 and 3 and Figure 1. Complete regressions were seen in 7% to 9% of patients and objective partial regressions were seen in 9% to 10% of patients (Table 2). The duration of responses of patients achieving a complete response was substantial, and of 33 patients with complete response, 27 remained in complete regression from 46 to 211 months (Table 3). Many of these patients are continuously disease-free beyond 10 years and are probably cured (Fig. 1). These studies, repeated by many groups, led to worldwide approval of IL-2 for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma or kidney cancer. An example of two patients achieving a complete response of lung or liver disease are shown in Figures 2 and 3. Although the number of complete responses was small and only a few solid cancers were susceptible to treatment by IL-2 administration, the principle was established that immune reactions could cause regression of established, invasive human cancer. These clinical findings set the stage for a variety of studies designed to understand the cellular and molecular basis of these responses with the goal that increased understanding would lead to improvements in the development of more effective cancer immunotherapy.
Giant bronchial polyp treated by emergency thoracotomy.

An unusual giant bronchial polyp of the right upper lobe is reported which produced sudden life-threatening airway obstruction in a man who had become dyspneic shortly before admission. The pedunculated tumor had suddenly prolapsed into the opposite stem bronchus. Immediate thoracotomy without prior endoscopic examination was chosen deliberately to avoid further compromise of the already dangerously limited airway. The course and management are described in detail and the etiology of this lesion is discussed. To our knowledge such a giant bronchial polyp has not been reported previously.
Multidimensional coherent optical photocurrent spectroscopy of a semiconductor quantum well

We present a new technique for Multi-Dimensional Coherent spectroscopy of nano-structures. We measure the Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) amplitude and phase via photocurrent detection. The measurement is suitable for any nano-structures that can be electrically contacted.
Discourse at Our Disposal: Stories in and around the Garbage Can.

Using a case study based on interviews and documents, this article applies narrative theory and methods to garbage can decision theory. Narrative approaches to organizational action offer insight into how decisions and actions occur in organizations. Following narrative theory, organizational decision making may be understood as the interweaving of multiple, ongoing, and unending narratives that constitute organizational decision makers. Narrative analyses also accommodate the complexity of organizational decisions and actions.
Sucrose and Disease

Data currently available indicate that high sucrose consumption does not contribute significantly to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, or micronutrient deficiency. It may contribute, however, to dental caries formation by cariogenic bacteria.
On routes and routines: The early development of spatial and temporal representations

Abstract Despite apparently fundamental differences, time and space pose similar challenges for representational development. In both cases, children must code relationships between elements that are experienced one at a time. Two influential models of spatial and temporal knowledge in early childhood place considerable emphasis on the coding of sequential relations. These parallels led us to compare the operations that a group of preschool children (M age = 4, 7) could perform on their representations of their nursery school routine and a novel unidirectional route that we taught them. We found that for both contents, the children could describe the order of elements, arrange cards depicting the elements in forward order, and place the cards in backward order. When groups were equated on the basis of their forward-order competence on the route and routine tasks, similar levels of accuracy were shown on the two backward-order tasks. These findings support the existence of representational similarities, but additional research will be required to determine the extent of the overlap. Such research should also help us evaluate the adequacy of existing models of early spatial and temporal representation.
Flavor-changing electromagnetic transitions

We compute the ${q}_{i}{q}_{j}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transition amplitude for off-shell and on-shell quarks with flavors $i\ensuremath{\ne}j$, in the standard weak-interaction model. The results we present are valid for all quark and photon momenta and for all external and internal quark masses. We discuss the Feynman rules and Ward-Takahashi identities in the 't Hooft---Feynman gauge. Our results can be applied to a variety of phenomena such as the electric dipole moment of the neutron, the process ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}t\overline{c}$, and flavor-changing transitions with either gluon or photon emission.
Declining Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) populations are associated with landscape-specific reductions in brood parasitism and increases in songbird productivity.

Many songbird species have experienced significant population declines, partly because of brood parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), which is positively associated with increasing landscape forest cover in the midwestern United States. However, cowbirds are also experiencing long-term population declines, which should reduce parasitism pressure and thus increase productivity of host species. We used 20 years of nest monitoring data from five sites in Missouri across a gradient of landscape forest cover to assess temporal trends in the rate and intensity of brood parasitism for Acadian Flycatchers (Empidonax virescens), Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea), and Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). We evaluated whether there were concomitant changes in fledging brood size, nest survival, a combination of the two metrics (i.e., host young produced per nest attempt), and whether such changes were more substantial with decreasing landscape forest cover. Parasitism rates and intensities declined substantially during 1991–2010. Fledging brood size and nest survival rates were positively associated with landscape forest cover, confirming the fragmentation hypothesis for Midwest forest birds. Declining parasitism rates were associated with increased fledging brood sizes, with more pronounced increases as landscape forest cover decreased. Nest survival increased insubstantially across time during laying and incubation, but not during the nestling stage. The best predictor of nest survival was parasitism status, with parasitized nests surviving at lower rates than unparasitized nests. Overall, productivity increased during 1991–2010, with more pronounced increases associated with lower levels of landscape forest cover. The negative effects of cowbirds on nest survival in addition to fledging brood size in less forested landscapes suggest that cowbirds may be a primary cause of forest fragmentation effects on songbird productivity in the Midwest. Our results underscore the dynamic nature of demographic parameters, which should be accounted for in predictive models of wildlife responses to future environmental conditions.
A silanediol inhibitor of the metalloprotease thermolysin: synthesis and comparison with a phosphinic acid inhibitor.

A silanediol inhibitor of the metalloprotease thermolysin was prepared for comparison to a known phosphinic acid inhibitor, providing the first comparison of these second-row element based transition-state analogues. Inhibition of thermolysin by the silanediol (Ki = 41 nM) was comparable to that of the phosphinic acid (Ki = 10 nM) even though the silanediol is uncharged and thereby lacks the intrinsic Coulombic attraction of the phosphinate anion to the active-site zinc cation. This silanediol protease inhibitor is the least sterically encumbered example prepared to date and, therefore, the most prone toward polymerization. Hydrolysis of a difluorosilane intermediate to the silanediol leads cleanly to a monomeric product.
On the Use of Cut-Off Scores with Criterion-Referenced Tests in Instructional Settings.

The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a response to the timely papers by Glass (1978) and Burton (1978)'. My comments will be limited mainly to the issues and technology associated with the use of cut-off scores (or "standards," in the terminology of Glass and Burton) with criterion-referenced tests in the process of instructional decisionmaking. It is this particular application of cut-off score technology which has received the most use since there exist thousands upon thousands of school-based, objectives-based instructional programs in operation around the country. Most (if not all) of these programs make extensive use of criterion-referenced tests to provide data for instructional decisionmaking. To make instructional decisions (i.e., assign examinees to mastery states), cut-off scores must be determined. The remainder of the material presented in the paper is organized into four sections: Criterion-Referenced Testing, Uses of Cut-Off Scores in Instructional Decisionmaking, Consideration of the Glass and Burton Papers, and Some Suggestions for Setting CutOff Scores.
Progress in research and development on long length coated conductors in Fujikura

Abstract This paper describes a process for the fabrication of coated conductor (CC) wires, which is developed by Fujikura, and discusses their properties. These wires are composed of a buffer layer, which is formed by the ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) technique, and a superconducting layer, which is formed by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process. In order to increase the I c × L which means the product of critical current ( I c ) and the length ( L ) of the CC wires the I c value and I c distribution along the length of CC wires have been improved by using a new PLD pilot plant. The I c value increases approximately linearly with the thickness of the superconducting layer, and it continues to increase up to a thickness of approximately 4 μm or 5 μm. The I c × L value of our fabricated CC wire is 176,023 Am. The I c value of a short sample is 972 A/cm. The process rate of IBAD is enhanced up to 100 m/h and that of PLD is enhanced up to 20 m/h. A 40-m long CC tape, which has an average I c of 300 A, is fabricated by the improved IBAD and PLD techniques.
Don't eat the spinach--controlling foodborne infectious disease.

Between August 19 and September 5, symptomatic enteritis from Shiga toxin–producing E. coli O157:H7 infection was reported in 199 persons in 26 states in association with consumption of fresh spinach or spinach-containing products. Dr. Dennis Maki asks why outbreaks continue to occur in a country where food production and distribution are intensively regulated at every level.
The development of the human fetal adenohypophysis

Understanding the development of the human adenohypophysis is dependent on visualizing the growth of Rathke's pouch. This embryonic structure gives rise to bilateral anterior and posterior, superior and inferior segments. These segments differ in their potential to produce various types of hypophyseal chromophils. The potential differences are described in the text. Further, by application of specific staining procedures it has been possible to determine the approximate time that specific chromophils appear in the adenohypophysis. The chromophils of the adenohypophysis develop in the order: cell type III, I, IV, II, V, VI and IX. There may be a relationship between the development of certain chromophils and the onset of function in target endocrine glands.
Enhancement Of Dynamic Differential Gain Of GaAs Etalons By Angle Tuning Of The Switch Beam

The dependence of differential gain in GaAs bistable etalons on the incident angle of the switching beam is studied theoretically for the case of pulsed, single-wavelength operation. Both dispersive and absorptive aspects of the etalon are included. Simulations predict that differential-gain characteristics can be significantly improved over the normal incidence case by utilizing angular separation of the pump and switching beams. The limitations of the plane-wave approximation and the potential effect of beam walk-off are discussed.
Dynamical Minimalism: Why Less is More in Psychology:

The principle of parsimony, embraced in all areas of science, states that simple explanations are preferable to complex explanations in theory construction. Parsimony, however, can necessitate a trade-off with depth and richness in understanding. The approach of dynamical minimalism avoids this trade-off. The goal of this approach is to identify the simplest mechanisms and fewest variables capable of producing the phenomenon in question. A dynamical model in which change is produced by simple rules repetitively interacting with each other can exhibit unexpected and complex properties. It is thus possible to explain complex psychological and social phenomena with very simple models if these models are dynamic. In dynamical minimalist theories, then, the principle of parsimony can be followed without sacrificing depth in understanding. Computer simulations have proven especially useful for investigating the emergent properties of simple models.