cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landmarks for the greater petrosal nerve

The anatomy of the greater petrosal nerve while within the middle cranial fossa is lacking in the English literature and must be well understood by the surgeon who operates in this area. Twenty-two sides from six female and five male cadavers were examined. Measurements were made between the greater petrosal nerve as it coursed through the middle cranial fossa and surrounding structures such as the arcuate eminence and lateral wall of the middle cranial fossa. Mean distances from the arcuate eminence to the hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve into the middle cranial fossa measured 17.5 mm (SD = 2.2). The length of this nerve within the middle fossa was approximately 10 mm (SD = 2). From the lateral wall of the middle fossa to a midpoint of the greater petrosal nerve mean distances measured 39 mm (SD = 2.4). The mean distance from the foramen spinosum to the exit of this nerve inferior to the trigeminal ganglion measured 7 mm (SD = 1.8). These measurements will hopefully aid the surgeon who wishes to expose or avoid the greater petrosal nerve within the middle cranial fossa. Clin. Anat. 18:210–214, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Meaning rationalism, a priori, and transparency of content

Most current theories of meaning and mental content accept externalism. One of its forceful exponents is Ruth Garrett Millikan. She argues that externalism leads to the abandonment of "the last myth of the given", that is, of the idea that identity of meaning and mental content is somehow unproblematically given to us, and that we can easily recognize the sameness of meaning and mental content. If one refuses such a "mythical" giveness or meaning rationalism, one has to admit that there is no logical possibility known a priori . The paper tries to show that even if one abandons meaning rationalism one can still hold that there are logical possibilities known a priori . The claim is defended by arguing that a priori knowledge is not completely independent from experience and does not demand the absolute transparency of meaning from the first-person point of view. A priori knowledge requires only a priori justification, that is, such a justification that is based merely on relations between meanings or cont...
Mutual interferences of driving and texting performance

Despite legislative and social campaigns to reduce texting while driving, drivers continue to text behind the wheel. There is abundant evidence demonstrating that texting while driving impairs driving performance. While past driver distraction research has focused on how texting influences driving, the influence of driving on texting behaviors is often ignored. This study used a classic Lane Change Task and a smartphone texting application to study the mutual influences of driving and texting. RESULTS showed that concurrent texting impaired driving by increasing variability in lane position. Meanwhile, driving impaired texting by increasing the texting task completion time and texting errors, and reduced texting key entry speed. The finding of mutual interferences of driving and texting provides new knowledge for social campaigns, which intend to persuade drivers not to drive while texting, and importantly provides a scientific basis for the development of smartphone-based technology to reduce the risky behavior of driving while texting. Keywords: Driver distraction;> Language: en
On the development of the lymphoid follicles of the bursa of Fabricius

The structural features of the development of the bursa of Fabricius in white Leghorn chick embryos are depicted at carefully timed intervals during embryogenesis, with emphasis on the sequence of events between the ninth and twelfth days of incubation. The direction and character of the migration of lymphoid cell precursors and granulocytes from the intravascular space to intraepithelial sites, where the formation of the primitive lymphoepithelial nodule takes place, is demonstrated. The mechanism of the mode of migration of these cells through the stromal epithelial interface is described and illustrated with electron micrographs and their role in the development of the primitive lymphoid follicles is described and discussed.
Rod-like oligomers incorporating 2,6-dialkylamino core-substituted naphthalene diimide as acceptors for organic photovoltaic

Abstract Core-substituted naphthalene diimides (core-substituted NDIs) were incorporated into rod-like molecules and oligomers through reaction at the imide nitrogen positions. N,N′-Di(4-bromophenyl)-2,6-di(N-alkylamino)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxydiimide was synthesized in only three steps, and used as a versatile platform to prepare extended structures by reaction with thiophene substrates using Suzuki-coupling conditions. The optoelectronic properties of the new compounds were examined by UV/vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and theoretical calculations. The imide substituents had little effect on the optical and electrochemical properties of core-substituted NDIs in solution. A bathochromic shift of the absorption was observed upon film formation, accompanied by quenching of fluorescence. These observations are consistent with increased inter-molecular interactions between core-substituted NDI moieties in the solid state. All compounds were tested in organic solar cells by blending with poly(3-hexylthiophene), and several showed a photovoltaic effect, demonstrating their potential as electron acceptors in organic solar cell. The best solar cell was observed for core-substituted NDI with 4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl imide substituents (5a), showing a power conversion efficiency of 0.57% and a large open circuit voltage of 0.87 V. This approach allows new structure–property relationship studies of non-fullerene acceptors in organic solar cells, where one can vary the imide substituent to optimize photovoltaic parameters while keeping the optical and electrochemical properties constant.
Searching for the source regions of martian meteorites using MGS TES: Integrating martian meteorites into the global distribution of igneous materials on Mars

The objective of this study was to identify and map possible source regions for all 5 known martian meteorite lithologies (basalt, lherzolite, clinopyroxenite, orthopyroxenite, and dunite) using data from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS TES). We deconvolved the TES data set using laboratory spectra of 6 martian meteorites (Los Angeles, Zagami, ALH A77005, Nakhla, ALH 84001, and Chassigny) as end members, along with atmospheric and surface spectra previously derived from TES data. Global maps (16 pixels/degree) of the distribution of each meteorite end member show that meteorite-like compositions are not present at or above TES detectability limits over most of the planet's dust-free regions. However, we have confidently identified local-scale (100s1000s km2) concentrations of olivine- and orthopyroxene-bearing materials similar to ALH A77005, Chassigny, and ALH 84001 in Nili Fossae, in and near Ganges Chasma, in the Argyre and Hellas basin rims, and in Eos Chasma. Nakhla-like materials are identified near the detection limit throughout the eastern Valles Marineris region and portions of Syrtis Major. Basaltic shergottites were not detected in any spatially coherent areas at the scale of this study. Martian meteorite-like lithologies represent only a minor portion of the dust-free surface and, thus, are not representative of the bulk composition of the ancient crust. Meteorite-like spectral signatures identified above TES detectability limits in more spatially restricted areas (<tens of km) are targets of ongoing analysis.
The solar eclipse of 26 February 1979: analysis and modelling of primary pair production, electron density and ionic composition

Abstract The solar eclipse of 26 February 1979 was observed from Red Lake, Canada, (52 °N, 91 °W) where totality occurred at about 1053 local time. Several research groups and government agencies participated in an extensive ground- and rocket-based observational program directed at the middle atmosphere. At the time of the eclipse, an extensive geomagnetic storm was in progress and the middle atmosphere was undergoing temperature and circulation changes associated with a stratospheric warming. Concurrent observations of atmospheric constituents, solar radiation, electron flux and other middle atmosphere parameters were obtained as inputs for a D-region predictive chemical computer code, DAIRCHEM, tailored to eclipse conditions. Ion pair production rates were computed by an E-region infrared radiance model and were used as necessary source function input values for DAIRCHEM computations. The computations yielded predictions of electron and total positive ion densities about totality. The positive ion measurements of a supersonic Gerdien condenser and a subsonic blunt probe during the eclipse were in agreement with the model computations and provided normalizing summations of total positive ions for the interpretation of mass spectrometer measurements. The chemical computer code identified principal routes for increase and removal of key species such as O2+, NO+, hydrated clusters and negative ions. The dominant precursor ion for pair production hydrates was O2+ and the chemistry was characteristic of the disturbed D-region.
Is childhood asthma an inflammatory disease

There is now extensive evidence that asthma results from inflammation in large and small airways, and that the degree of inflammation reflects the clinical severity of the disease. Most of this evidence, however, has come from studies in adult patients. Evidence in children comes largely from indirect studies such as measurements of peripheral blood cells and inflammatory markers, rather than from direct bronchoscopic examination. Studies in adults show that inflammation in asthma is characterized by eosinophilia, epithelial damage, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and that activation of allergen-specific T cells plays an important role in orchestrating the inflammatory process. In children, indirect evidence of inflammation comes from the observation that anti-inflammatory agents such as inhaled corticosteroids improve symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, reduce the number of asthma exacerbations, and limit the progressive decline in lung function. Further evidence comes from measurements of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide (potential inflammatory markers) in exhaled air, and of inflammatory mediators in plasma and urine. As in adults, there is evidence that lymphocytes play an important role in orchestrating the inflammatory process. The immunologic profile appears to shift from a Th1-type cytokine profile to an allergen-related Th2-type profile prior to birth. Such a Th2 predominance constitutes a risk factor for the subsequent development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in response to allergen.
Hallux rigidus: A case report of successful chiropractic management and review of the literature

Objective To describe a common musculoskeletal disorder from a chiropractic management prospective, subsequently to stimulate further research into the chiropractic therapeutic effects on such cases and to contribute to chiropractic literature.
Theory and Exact Solutions for Tycko′s Zero-Field NMR in High Field

Abstract A theory of zero-field NMR in high field (ZFHF-NMR) is described in terms of coherent averaging and irreducible tensors. The theory is used to determine analytical solutions for the parameters of the trajectory proposed and used by Tycko. A new pulse sequence is presented, and optimized solutions for dynamic-angle spinning, dynamic-angle hopping, and double-rotation versions of ZFHF-NMR are discussed.
Lead(II) complexation by fulvic acid: how it differs from fulvic acid complexation of copper(II) and cadmium(II).

Abstract Pb2+, like Cu2+, forms strong complexes with fulvic acids (Cd2+-fulvate complexes are much weaker), but Pb-fulvate precipitates at a much lower mole ratio of metal ion to fulvic acid than either Cu-fulvate or Cd-fulvate does. Physical association of Pb2+ with Pb-fulvate solids as well as complexation by sites still available in the precipitates probably causes the increased removal of free Pb2+ from solution after precipitation begins.
Concerns about the design of clinical trials for spinal muscular atrophy

The distinctive clinical course of SMA, characterized by slowing of the rate of degeneration with the passage of time, presents a special challenge to therapeutic clinical trial planning. Much of the actual functional decline may represent either an inevitable consequence of growth or the result of various secondary complications of weakness, making the study of agents intended to improve the course by increasing the level of SMN protein that much more difficult. Studies intended to demonstrate a slowing of the rate of degeneration, modeled upon clinical trials for ALS, are problematic. In contrast, short-term trials designed to demonstrate improved strength have substantial design advantages, but depend upon the demonstration of salutary effects of increased SMN that are plausible but at present only theoretical. This form of study thus has some potential for type II error, falsely rejecting a useful drug. Despite this limitation, logistic and statistical concerns suggest that the best strategy for evaluating any promising new therapy will be to use first a short-term study.
Effective spin-orbit potential in correlated heavy nuclei

We consider a many-body system in which a particle N moves under the influence of the remaining N − 1 particles, taken to be nucleons, and every total particle-particle interaction contains a repulsive core. An expression is derived for that part of the effective one-body potential felt by particle N which is due to a specific portion viN of its interaction with each of the nucleons i = 1, …, N − 1, on the basis of a system wave function of the Jastrow type, neglecting exchange contributions involving particle N. This result is used to estimate the spin-orbit splittings in the region of Pb208 generated by the Gammel-Thaler and Signell-Zinn-Marshak two-body spin-orbit potentials. In both cases the theoretical splittings are of the correct sign and about the right magnitude to explain the observed doublet separations.
Internal waves in Hudson Canyon with possible geological implications

Abstract Data from an array of instruments in Hudson Submarine Canyon for 15 weeks are qualitatively consistent with theoretical and laboratory results concerning the concentration of internal wave energy by canyon topographies. Internal wave energy was intensified at the head and near the floor of the canyon, with phase lags suggestive of propagation of internal waves up the canyon from the deep sea. Significant diurnal and semidiurnal internal tides were present, indicating their generation at the topographic relief around the canyon. Internal wave energy is apparently dissipated by mixing at the head of the canyon. A major storm during the experiment induced strong currents in the canyon. These currents are probably more important than internal waves as carriers of sediment except in the very head of the canyon.
Properties, Powers, and the Subset Account of Realization

According to the subset account of realization, a property, F, is realized by another property, G, whenever F is individuated by a non-empty proper subset of the causal powers by which G is individuated (and F is not a conjunctive property of which G is a conjunct). This account is especially attractive because it seems both to explain the way in which realized properties are nothing over and above their realizers, and to provide for the causal efficacy of realized properties. It therefore seems to provide a way around the causal exclusion problem. There is reason to doubt, however, that the subset account can achieve both tasks. The problem arises when we look closely at the relation between properties and causal powers, specifically, at the idea that properties confer powers on the things that have them. If realizers are to be ontically prior to what they realize, then we must regard the conferral of powers by properties as a substantive relation of determination. This relation of conferral is at the heart of a kind of exclusion problem, analogous to the familiar causal exclusion problem. I argue that the subset account cannot adequately answer this new exclusion problem, and is for that reason ill-suited to be the backbone of a non-reductive physicalism.
Coherent beam combining of high power broad-area laser diode array with near diffraction limited beam quality and high power conversion efficiency.

We explored a path of achieving high quality phase-locking of broad-area laser diode (BALD) array that operates at high electrical to optical power conversion efficiency (PCE). We found that (a) improving single transverse mode control for each individual BALD, (b) employing global Talbot optical coupling among diodes, and (c) enhancing strength of optical coupling among diodes are key factors in achieving high quality phase-locking of high power BALD array. Subsequently, we redesigned and improved a V-shaped external Talbot cavity and employed low reflectivity anti-reflection (AR) coated, low-“smile” BALD array to meet these three important requirements. We demonstrated near-diffraction limit far-field coherent pattern with 19% PCE and 95% visibility. The far-field angle (full-width at half-maximum (FWHM)) of center lobe was measured as 1.5 diffraction angular limited with visibility of 99% for 5A injection current and 1.6 diffraction angular limited with visibility of 95% for 14A injection current. Power scaling of diode array is discussed.
Impact of hindered Brownian diffusion on the accuracy of particle-image velocimetry using evanescent-wave illumination

The ''nano-particle image velocimetry'' tech- nique uses evanescent-wave illumination generated by total internal reflection at the wall to excite colloidal neutrally buoyant fluorescent tracer particles. The dis- placement of these particles over time as they are con- vected by the flow then gives the flow velocity components tangential to the wall. Since the extent of the illumination region normal to the wall is comparable to the particle diameter, a major source of error in this technique is particle ''mismatch'' within a pair of images due to Brownian diffusion causing a particle to move in to or out of the illuminated region. The ''brightness'' (proportional to the amount of imaged fluorescence) and size of indi- vidual particle images in nPIV data are discussed. A sequence of artificial nPIV images are generated for a known uniform velocity field with the particles subject to hindered Brownian diffusion. The velocity fields calculated from these artificial images are compared with the known velocity field to determine the effect of Brownian diffu- sion-induced particle mismatch on nPIV accuracy. A similar analysis is carried out for experimental nPIV images. The results provide design guidance for experi- mental measurements using the nPIV technique.
A survey of software reliability measurement tools

The results are given of a survey of software reliability measurement tools performed for the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Space Based Observation Systems (SBOS) Committee on Standards (COS). This survey is part of an effort to develop a standard for software reliability measurement. Surveys were completed on four tools. This information is presented, along with partial information on three other known tools. The need for critical evaluation and review of these tools is stressed and a brief description of planned work in this area is presented. >
Flurbiprofen treatment of human periodontitis: effect on alveolar bone height and metabolism.

The effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen, in reducing periodontal disease activity was assessed in 15 patients with periodontitis. Eight patients received 50 mg flurbiprofen b.i.d. for 2 months, and 7 patients received placebo in this double-blind study. Alveolar bone height was determined using standardized radiography and alveolar bone metabolism was assessed using 99m-Tc-uptake prior to dosing and 2 months later. Radiopharmaceutical uptake was significantly reduced in the alveolar bone of teeth undergoing active bone loss at the start of the study in patients receiving flurbiprofen (p<.04), whereas no significant change was observed in the placebo-treated patients. There was significantly less bone loss during the 2-month study period in the flurbiprofen-treated patients when compared to the placebo-treated patients (p< .02). These results indicate that flurbiprofen administration may affect bone metabolism and reduce bone loss in patients with periodontitis.
Building efficient and effective metasearch engines

Frequently a user's information needs are stored in the databases of multiple search engines. It is inconvenient and inefficient for an ordinary user to invoke multiple search engines and identify useful documents from the returned results. To support unified access to multiple search engines, a metasearch engine can be constructed. When a metasearch engine receives a query from a user, it invokes the underlying search engines to retrieve useful information for the user. Metasearch engines have other benefits as a search tool such as increasing the search coverage of the Web and improving the scalability of the search. In this article, we survey techniques that have been proposed to tackle several underlying challenges for building a good metasearch engine. Among the main challenges, the database selection problem is to identify search engines that are likely to return useful documents to a given query. The document selection problem is to determine what documents to retrieve from each identified search engine. The result merging problem is to combine the documents returned from multiple search engines. We will also point out some problems that need to be further researched.
Parental Social Responsiveness and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring

EXPOSURE The SRS scores, as reported by nurse mothers and their spouses, were examined in association with risk of ASD using crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses. The SRS scores of the children were examined in association with SRS scores of the parents using crude and adjusted linear regression analyses stratified by case status.
Classroom Interaction and Pedagogic Practice: A Bernsteinian Analysis

Language development through social interaction is a key element in early childhood pedagogy. Because children enter prekindergarten programs at an age in which language and social competencies are still developing, teachers of young children have a unique role in this key stage of development. However, the ways in which teachers socially construct their own roles as instructors and facilitators has a significant impact on the ways that they use language and interact with children in their classrooms. This subsequently affects the manner by which children learn to interact with each other. This is a Bernsteinian analysis of a dual case study of two low-income early childhood programs in Chicago. The pedagogies of the two programs require teachers to construct their roles differently, resulting in differences in language use and social interaction. This study evaluates resulting differences in child language use and how children learn to interact with each other differently in the two programs.
The End of Journals

For hundreds of years, medical journals have served as arbiters of the quality of medical research. But the traditional peer-reviewed publication model is fraying. The hierarchical gateway to publication, historically in the hands of experts, is at odds with the ubiquitous democratization of data and information in the 21st century. The impending revolution in the approach to evaluate and disseminate scientific findings is not an indictment of the talent, intentions, or products of editors and reviewers, but rather a response to a model that simply may have run its course given societal and technological change. The Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes team has had the privilege to found and lead this publication. My thoughts about the state of publication derive from my experiences as an editor, an investigator, an avid reader of the medical literature, and a seeker of ways to improve health care. My observations are as much or more about my own journal as they are about others. As our group approaches the end of our terms, it seemed to be a good time to reflect on the state of medical journals. Journals are facing fundamental challenges that can only be overcome through relentless innovation and a willingness to leave the security of an outdated model. There are at least 9 deficiencies in the current model that fuel the sense that journals as we have known them are approaching their final act. The publication process is a long one. The time from the initial submission of an article to its publication can be half a year or more. There are exceptions, and some papers are expedited, but that is not the typical experience. Despite efforts to streamline the process, obstacles remain in the timeliness of publication. Improvements such as online posting and digital transactions with reviewers and editors …
A Midlatitude Squall Line with a Trailing Region of Stratiform Rain: Radar and Satellite Observations

Abstract A squall line exhibiting an extensive trailing region of stratiform precipitation passed over the observational network of the National Severe Storms Laboratory on 22 May 1976. Satellite imagery and conventional radar observations document its evolution from a broken line of thunderstorms to a system of mesoscale proportions, and single-Doppler radar observations describe aspects of its mature structure. Satellite measurements of cloud-top temperature showed the system to be a mesoscale convective complex (MCC). The life cycle of the system exhibited the stages of development seen in tropical cloud clusters. At maturity, two prominent mesoscale flow regimes were identified at midlevels: one marked by inflow into the system's front and continuing toward its rear, and another associated with inflow entering the extreme rear of the system. The rear inflow was associated with a cyclonic midlevel vortex in the stratiform precipitation region. It produced a concavity, or “notch”, in the back edge of th...
Cultivating Political Powerhouses: TFA Corps Members Experiences That Shape Local Political Engagement.

In recent years, Teach for America (TFA) has invested in developing corps members as leaders. Although TFA asks corps members for a two-year commitment, TFA celebrates the achievements of alumni who have gone on to careers in politics, public policy, and advocacy. Thus, many community leaders see the arrival of TFA corps members as having a greater impact than just inside the classroom. While expectations for corps members are often high both from TFA and from the communities they serve, we seek to understand whether and how corps members become actively engaged in the broader political life of their placement city. Do corps members find the city fertile with opportunities to solve problems and engage in civic and political life? Or will these corps members leave their placements, viewing the political and educational challenges as intractable due to larger city politics? Using data from a panel study of 2012 corps members in four mid-sized city TFA placement sites, this study examines how attitudes towards and engagement with local politics shift as a result corps members’ experiences. Our research indicates that commitments to local politics shift significantly. While some corps members report an increased commitment to local politics, a sizable group actually becomes less enthusiastic and involved. These shifts appear to be related to the perceived openness of the local political arena to newcomers, one’s teaching placement and the local actions of TFA spin-off organization Leadership for Educational Equity (LEE).
The Naval Historian and His Sources

naval history as a formal field of research and writAMERICAN ing is of relatively recent origin. Its beginnings reach back into the 19th century with the works of James Fenimore Cooper, and it was given a tremendous boost by the writings of Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan at the turn of the century. Since then interest in naval history has spread, especially since World War II, until today more scholars than ever before are engaged in active research. Naval history, however, was slow to develop as an academic field. The hallowed tradition of the late 19th century and early 20th century was that naval history should be written by officers, ex-officers, or civilians closely connected with the service. This type of naval literature, although a pioneering effort, left much to be desired. The glamour of naval operations, the heroics of battle, and the thrill of escapes at sea enthralled a generation of readers. The public's image of the United States Navy was molded in large part by writers whose personal tastes dictated the choice of events around which they wove their stories. Mercifully, during the 1920's, authors of American naval history ceased to consider their field as merely a branch of literature and attempted to write "scientific history." Naval officers and a handful of academicians trained in the scientific method sought to make generalizations. They depended primarily upon their own ingenuity for gathering materials, and the quality of their work depended upon their training and initiative. Their search for objectivity sometimes hampered their pursuit of broad inferences. A corner was turned in 1933 when James Phinney Baxter III published The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship (Cambridge, 1933). This book was a wonderful stimulus to scholarship. The time had come, historians realized, to explore areas other than operations, and they began preparing the way for the development of formal naval history. The most significant of these general works was the two-volume survey by Harold and Margaret Sprout, The Rise of American Naval Power, ijj6-igi8 (Princeton, 1939) and Toward a New Order of Sea Power: American Naval Policy and the World Scene (Princeton, 1940) . While the Sprouts were probing the political aspects of the United States Navy, Bernard Brodie in his Sea Power in the Machine Age (Princeton, 1941 ) was concerned with the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the chang-
Message Handler

The Message Handler extracts critical intelligence information from the free-text of military messages to merge with the data parsed from fixed-fields. In the third of four project phases, the current focus is on developing stand-alone capabilities demonstrating the viability of natural language processing in Advance Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTDs), and to operational users at military commands. E-Systems' engineers address the overall military message traffic processing problem, while SRI Interational's computational linguists adapt their Finite State Automaton Text Understanding System (FASTUS) technology to the domain of military message free-text.
Music of Sound and Light: Xenakis's Polytopes

This article explores the audiovisual installations of Greek composer and architect Iannis Xenakis, focusing on the works he calls “polytopes.” The term polytope captures the complexity of the spatial designs and multiple spaces of these unusual light-and-sound works, which have often used thousands of lights and hundreds of loudspeakers. Xenakis’s polytopes are examined in their aesthetic and cultural context; the discussion of this original form of avant-garde art includes a survey of its forms, functions and reception.
Patterns of characterization in folktales across geographic regions and levels of cultural complexity

Literary scholars are generally suspicious of the concept of universals: there are presently no candidates for literary universals that a high proportion of literary scholars would accept as valid. This paper reports results from a content analysis of patterns of characterization in folktales from 48 culture areas, aimed at identifying patterns of characterization that apply across regions of the world and levels of cultural complexity. The search for these patterns was guided by evolutionary theory and the findings are consistent with previous research on patterns of altruism, sex differences in mate preferences, sex differences in reproductive strategy, and differing emphases on male and female physical attractiveness. World literature, especially originally oral literature, represents a vast and neglected repository of information that researchers can use to more precisely map the contours of human nature.
Functional evidence of CFTR gene transfer in nasal epithelium of cystic fibrosis mice in vivo following luminal application of DNA complexes targeted to the serpin-enzyme complex receptor.

Molecular conjugates that target the serpin-enzyme complex receptor transfer the cDNA encoding human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) to the nasal epithelium of cystic fibrosis mutant mice. These complexes effect partial correction of the chloride transport defect as assessed by in vivo nasal potential difference measurements, produce immunohistochemical staining for CFTR, and restore expression of nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2), which is downregulated in the epithelium of mice and humans with cystic fibrosis. Complexes that lack the receptor ligands were ineffective, so receptor access was essential. Mice treated with receptor-targeted lacZ showed β-galactosidase expression in epithelial cells and submucosal glands, but no electrophysiologic correction or NOS-2 expression, so simply accessing the serpin-enzyme complex receptor was not sufficient to produce the observed electrophysiologic or immunohistochemical changes. Correction of the cAMP-stimulated chloride transport was dose related at days 7 and 12 after complex administration, but, for most animals, nasal potential difference had returned to baseline by day 18. Molecular conjugates targeting the serpin-enzyme complex receptor, used to compact plasmid DNA, hold promise for gene therapy of cystic fibrosis.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(2,2′-m(4-hydroxyl pyridine)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole)copolymers for novel proton exchange membranes

Poly(2,2′-(m-4-hydroxyl pyridine)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole)(OH-PyPBI)and its copolymers,i.e.OH-PyPBI/PBI and OH-PyPBI/2PBI,were synthesized by solution polycondensation method,with poly(2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole)(PBI)using microwave as an assistant.The structures and properties of the polymers were characterized by NMR,TGA and solubility.The membranes were fabricated by the solution casting method.After doped in phosphoric acid solutions,the composite membranes were used as high temperature proton exchange membranes,and were characterized mainly by swelling properties,mechanical strength and proton conductivity.The results suggest that the OH-PyPBI/PBI membrane with an acid doping level of 4.3was the best one among all the casting membranes.Its tensile stress at break was 55.3MPa.The elongation at break was 107%.The proton conductivity of this membrane was 0.099S/cm at 150℃ without humidification.Thus,the membranes show a promising application in high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Shock potentiating actions of angiotensin II infusion in cats

Anesthetized cats were infused with angiotensin II or its vehicle (0.05 M phosphate buffer) to detect actions of angiotensin II which can contribute to shock. Mild hemorrhage, or saralasin-induced angiotensin II receptor blockade, were also employed in an attempt to enhance or reduce the angiotensin II effects. Angiotensin II produced a prolonged reduction in superior mesenteric artery blood flow (50% of initial) and an elevation in plasma lysosomal hydrolase (cathepsin D) activity. Additionally, angiotensin II disrupted the normal functioning of the coronary endothelium resulting in macroscopically visible hemorrhagic patches on the myocardium. Saralasin blockade of the angiotensin II receptor prevented the pressor, splanchnic vasoconstrictor, and lysosomal labilizing actions of angiotensin, and also decreased the incidence of cardiac hemorrhages. Angiotensin II infusion after bleeding to 80 mm Hg, however, increased lysosomal hydrolase release, indicating an exacerbation of angiotensin II effects. These data indicate that high levels of angiotensin II are capable of inducing alterations similar to those occurring in hemorrhagic shock. These deleterious effects of angiotensin II were abolished by saralasin and potentiated by a mild hemorrhage.
Optimal management of GIST tumors located near the gastroesophageal junction: Case report and review of the literature

Abstract Introduction The safety and oncologic outcome of laparoscopic gastric GIST resection is well established especially for lesions Methods We present a case-report of a 4.7 cm GIST tumor near the GE junction managed by endoscopically-assisted laparoscopic wedge resection (EAWR). We present a review of the literature highlighting the various combined laparo-endoscopic techniques available. Results We used the non-touch lesion-lifting method to laparoscopically resect the GIST tumor under endoscopic guidance. There were no complications and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 3. Conclusions Endoscopically-assisted laparoscopic wedge resections are feasible and safe for GIST tumors near the GE junction.
Bringing the System Together: Coupling and Complexity

How do we bring all of the components together? To describe the Earth’s climate all the interactions of all of the individual components have to be accounted for. The accounting is done by coupling, which defines a coupled climate (or earth system) model. Different types of coupled models can be constructed, representing regions, the whole planet, or even focusing on human systems. Some important aspects of the coupled system are obvious (e.g., precipitation falling from atmosphere onto land). Other aspects of coupling are more complex, especially interactions that result in strong feedbacks to the climate system. That is, when there is a change in one component of the climate system, how do the other components respond? A critical coupled aspect of the Earth’s climate with certain effects on humans is sea- level rise. Sea-level rise is related to interactions of the ocean, ice, land and atmosphere. The integrated assessment of water resources in California is used as an example of how the water cycle in the climate system is coupled to different components and to the human system.
Electronic hand hygiene monitoring as a tool for reducing health care–associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection

Electronic monitoring of hand hygiene compliance using the World Health Organization's My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene is a new innovation that has not yet been shown to reduce hospital infections. We analyzed existing data from 23 inpatient units over a 33-month period and found a significant correlation between unit-specific improvements in electronic monitoring compliance and reductions in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection rates (r = -0.37, P < .001).
Why Having a Family-Supportive Culture, Not Just Policies, Matters to Male and Female Job Seekers: An Examination of Work-Family Conflict, Values, and Self-Interest

A common strategy to recruit job seekers, particularly women, is to develop and market a family-supportive workplace. We conducted two studies to investigate whether family-supportive policies and/or culture influenced organizational attractiveness, whether gender differences exist, and three theoretically based reasons why they might exist: (a) women anticipating or experiencing greater work-to-family conflict, (b) women having stronger family values, and (c) women expecting to benefit more from family-supportive practices than do men. In Study 1, 195 undergraduate students rated their attraction to a firm using a 3 (Type of Policy: dependent care assistance, flexible work arrangements, control) x 3 (Work-Family Culture: supportive, unsupportive, control) x 2 (Participant Gender) between-subjects design. A supportive work-family culture was associated with higher ratings of organizational attractiveness than was an unsupportive culture, and the effect was stronger for women. The effect of culture on organizational attractiveness was partially mediated by anticipated work-family conflict, but this mediation did not explain gender differences. In Study 2, we surveyed 255 job-seeking and working adults about the importance of family-supportive policies and culture to job choice. Participants rated a family-supportive culture as more important than policies to job choice, and women valued culture more than did men. The gender difference was explained by women’s stronger belief that they would benefit from a family-supportive culture rather than differences in values or work-family conflict. Results suggest that organizations that develop and market a family-supportive culture, rather than only policies, are more appealing to job seekers, especially women.
Adjuvant radiation with hormonal therapy is associated with improved survival in men with pathologically involved lymph nodes after radical surgery for prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose Recent studies have suggested that the addition of adjuvant radiation therapy (aRT) may improve outcomes in men with pathologically involved lymph nodes (pN+). The objective of this study was to assess the treatment patterns and the overall survival (OS) outcomes in men with pN+prostate cancer using the National Cancer Data Base. Methods Men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer between 2004 and 2011, who underwent radical prostatectomy for pN+were identified in the National Cancer Data Base. Patients were stratified into subgroups of those receiving no adjuvant therapy and those receiving adjuvant hormonal therapy (aHT) alone, aRT alone, and aRT+aHT. OS was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and compared between the groups using the log-rank test. Multivariable Cox regression was used to identify covariates that affected OS. Results A total of 7,225 patients were included in this analysis, of whom 3,636 (50.3%) received no adjuvant therapy, 2,041 (28.2%) received aHT alone, 350 (4.8%) received aRT alone, and 1,198 (16.5%) received aRT+aHT. The 5-year OS rates were 85.2% for no adjuvant therapy, 82.9% for aHT alone, 88.3% for aRT alone, and 88.8% for combination hormonal therapy, i.e., aRT+aHT (P Conclusion Patients treated with multimodal aRT+aHT had significantly higher OS rate than patients treated without adjuvant therapy or with aHT/aRT alone.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Showups

The U.S. Supreme Court, state courts, and social science researchers have stated that showup identifications (one-person identifications) are less reliable than lineup identifications. Moreover, 74 % of eyewitness experts endorsed false identifications as more likely to occur from showups than lineups. Examination of the extant literature and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of over 7500 participants confirm that showups are an inferior procedure to lineups. This conclusion holds true even in situations where showups should have a memorial advantage (e.g., at a short retention interval, a clothing match between encoding and test). A signal-detection-based diagnostic-feature model provides a theoretical explanation for why showups produce inferior eyewitness performance. The data also reveal that confidence is better related to accuracy for lineups than for showups. Unless new procedural enhancements can be developed that enhance reliability, police should refrain from conducting showups in favor of lineups.
Case Study 14. Free Range Homo: Modernizing the Body at Dmanisi

The differences between australopithecines and Homo are more than brains and teeth—compared with living apes, the rest of the body underwent a transformation as well. Skeletally, humans have different body proportions even from the australopithecines. Soft-tissue organs also have unique characteristics. Although the fossil record does not provide direct information about those, we can look for functional patterns that might relate them to skeletal changes. The earliest fossils of Homo outside of East Africa suggest a reorganization of body design that made us world travelers.
Valuing the Earth and Each Other

ABSTRACTIn this short essay I briefly explore the utility of Marx’s theory for non-human nature and then proceed to consider his position on value after capitalism. Finally, I claim that many other types of theory contribute to the valuing of nature in the broad sense (beyond capitalism), and argue that proponents of these theories (along with Marxists) could not only learn from each other but also build affinity and solidarity in the construction of diverse economies and subjectivities. The “Leap Manifesto”, authored by representatives of Black Lives Matter, indigenous groups, unions, feminists, climate justice groups, and many others, is one example of the way forward.
Modeling the performance of a winged sub-surface float for acoustic profiling and wave measurements

Near-surface submerged floats have been used to support upward-looking acoustic Doppler profilers to collect current and/or directional wave measurements. However, mooring drawdown and tilt in strong currents pose a design challenge to keep the instruments sufficiently level and close to the surface to collect good quality data. We describe a concept for a relatively small winged float utilizing current-generated lift to minimize drawdown in very high currents, while also maintaining a stable attitude for the sensor. The winged float design consists of a streamlined body with double (box) wings, having modest static buoyancy and tail fins to control the body's attitude while maintaining a near-constant angle of attack of its wings. We model the performance of the winged float by incorporating iteratively the dynamic lift and drag of the wings as well as the static buoyancy and drag of the body itself. Standard aerodynamic formulas are used to estimate wing lift and drag under varying current conditions. Model results indicate that a float equipped with 2 wings, each having a 0.75m chord length and 1.5m span (2.25m2 total wing area) outperforms a 65 inch syntactic float when the current profile is characterized by a strong near-surface current and has a comparable performance to a 65 inch float when the current profile has a sub-surface maximum. We conclude that a winged float, combined with a properly designed mooring, can provide a suitable platform for long-term wave and near-surface current profile measurements in strong current regimes without the need for a surface buoy or massive buoyancy modules.
Average Body Weight for Mantled Howling Monkeys ( Alouatta palliata ): An Assessment of Average Values and Variability

A comparison of mantled howling monkey (A. palliata) body weights from the two Costa Rican populations at SR and LP plus the island population of BCI yielded average body weights of 6445 g for BCI females (N = 49), 5161 g for SR females (N = 21), and 4726 g for LP females (N = 663). Average male body weight for these same three populations was 7562 g for BCI (N = 38), 6573 g for SR (N = 15), and 5790 g for LP (N = 288). All three populations are sexually dimorphic with the males being significantly heavier than the females (BCI: F = 65.71, p < 0.00001); SR: F = 65.60, p < 0.00001; LP: F = 621.72, p < 0.00001).