cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal Heliophysical Processes

The physical processes in the heliospace are a direct consequence of the Sun’s mass and electromagnetic emissions. There has been enormous progress in studying these processes since the dawn of the space age half a century ago. The heliospace serves as a great laboratory to study numerous physical processes, using the vast array of ground and space-based measurements of various physical quantities. The observational capabilities collectively form the Great Observatory to make scientific investigations not envisioned by individual instrument teams. The International Heliophysical Year (IHY) program has been promoting scientific investigations on the universality of physical processes such as shocks, particle acceleration, dynamo, magnetic reconnection, magnetic flux ropes, plasma-neutral matter interactions, turbulence, and several other topics. This chapter highlights scientific deliberations on these and related topics that took place during the IAGA session on “Universal Heliophysical Processes” in Sopron, Hungary. The session featured several invited and contributed papers that focused on observations, theory and modeling of the universal heliophysical processes.
On internal gravity waves associated with the stable boundary layer

The stable planetary boundary layer at the baseof the residual layer supports internalwaves that are unambiguously ‘boundary layer’ incharacter. Some of these wavesare instabilities and some are neutrally stable modes, but they all have critical levelsin the residual layer. These waves exist for a broad range of conditions and should bea major component of any ducted disturbance that propagates within ninety degreesof the wind direction. The wave properties can be computed without the numericaldifficulties usually associated with critical-level systems.
Gonococcal lipopolysaccharide: A toxin for human fallopian tube mucosa

Abstract Gonococci damaged the mucosa of human fallopian tubes in organ culture (FTOC), producing characteristic pathologic features. Filter-sterilized supernatant fluid from donor gonococcal-infected FTOC damaged recipient FTOC in a similar fashion. Gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was detected in these toxic donor fluids in concentrations of 1.2 to 8.3 μg/ml. Purified gonococcal LPS in concentrations as low as 0.015 μg/ml produced damage equivalent to that caused by toxic donor fluid and was neutralized by polymyxin B. Such LPS-mediated damage to ciliated cells, if it occurs in gonococcal salpingitis, may impair mucociliary flow and predispose to ectopic pregnancy and recurrent ascending infection.
Galactose Transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae II. Characteristics of Galactose Uptake and Exchange in Galactokinaseless Cells

The characteristics of the inducible galactose system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by using the nonmetabolized galactose analogues, l-arabinose and d-fucose, and galactokinaseless and transportless mutants. Induced wild-type cells transport l-arabinose by facilitated diffusion. Transportless cells transport neither galactose nor l-arabinose above the noninduced rate, whereas galactokinaseless cells transport galactose l-arabinose and d-fucose by facilitated diffusion. Determination of unidirectional rate of 14C-labeled galactose uptake by preloaded galactokinaseless cells, containing a large unlabeled free-galactose pool, showed that the rate of galactose uptake by facilitated diffusion is greater than the rate of galactose metabolism at similar external galactose concentrations.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent microassay and hemagglutination compared for detection of thyroglobulin and thyroid microsomal autoantibodies

We have evaluated for their potential use in the routine clinical laboratory enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for human thyroglobulin antibodies (hTg-Ab) and microsomal antibodies (M-Ab). Results are expressed in terms of an "ELISA Index," based on comparison with a laboratory standard. The specificity of both ELISA assays is shown by dose-dependent inhibition of the hTg-Ab and M-Ab activities of the laboratory standards by the appropriate specific antigens. Similar concentrations of ovalbumin had no significant effect on the standard activity in both assays. For consecutive samples evaluated for hTg-Ab (n = 113) and M-Ab (n = 106) by ELISA and hemagglutination, rank order analysis of the results showed a highly significant correlation between the methods (r = 0.81, p = less than 0.001 for hTg-Ab; r = 0.82, p = less than 0.001 for M-Ab). However, 8/47 (17%) of samples positive in the hTg-Ab ELISA were negative by hemagglutination, and 7/69 (12%) of samples positive in the M-Ab ELISA were negative by hemagglutination. We effectively excluded the possibility of false positivity of these specimens by ELISA by blocking specimen positivity with the specific antigens in 12 of 14 specimens investigated. We conclude that ELISA techniques for human thyroid autoantibodies are sensitive and specific, easy to initiate, objective, and capable of use in large-scale screening. They are superior to standard hemagglutination techniques by having an increased detection rate for hTg-Ab and M-Ab.
Gene Mutagenesis Systems and Resources for the Saccharinae

This chapter focuses on mutant populations in Saccharinae that are available for genomic studies. Emphasis is on sorghum mutant resources as few mutant resources are available in sugarcane or Miscanthus due to polyploidy of their genomes. As a minimally redundant genome that last experienced genome duplication ∼70 million years ago, sorghum is particularly sensitive to ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and other mutagens, with many mutagenized lines displaying various phenotypes at EMS concentrations as low as 0.1%. Many mutant phenotypes have the potential to increase biomass production or bioenergy conversion efficiency of sorghum plants. Characterizing these sorghum mutants may also provide useful information to improve biomass production and bioenergy conversion efficiency or other traits of other plants, for example via RNAi technology. The small size of the sorghum genome, its diploid nature, and high gene density also make sorghum an obvious choice for an efficient transposon tagging system. The Candystripe1 (Cs1) transposon has been isolated. The activity of Cs1 has been demonstrated in the y1 locus, and several mutations have been isolated. An understanding of the genetic behavior of this element has been gathered toward the development of a viable transposon tagging system in sorghum.
Computing the endogenous mortgage rate without iterations

A number of mortgage prepayment models require a specification of the mortgage rate process. Usually, ad-hoc models are used (e.g., a Treasury yield plus some constant). Recently, a number of papers have appeared where the authors have utilized a mortgage rate implied by the current yield curve (the so-called endogenous mortgage rate). However, the existing computational algorithms suffer from the curse of dimensionality and, consequently, are problematic to use for full-scale problems. A computational algorithm, proposed in this paper, is tractable in the sense that its complexity is equivalent to the problem of mortgage valuation. Moreover, the algorithm does not require iterations. The numerical example is based on a PDE computation. An implementation of a Monte Carlo method is also discussed.
MECHANISMS OF THIAMINE STIMULATED BRANCHED CHAIN AMINOACID METABOLISM

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme of branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKA'ase). Responses to its precursor Vitamin B1 occurred in a 7 year-old male with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). B1 (100 mg/day for 3 weeks) decreased urinary BCKA excretion from 0.9 to 0.2 gm/gm creatinine and increased decarboxylation of branched chain aminoacids (BCAA) by his lymphocytes (WBC) from 2-5% to 17-26% of control. During the subsequent 2 years on B1 therapy, he had no ketoacidemia, and progressed developmentally. When urinary BCKA were below 0.2 gm/gm creatinine, further stimulatory effects of B1 were not seen. BCKA'ase activity in mitochondria isolated from his cultured skin fibroblasts was augmented by 0.2 mM TPP and Mg2+ only at αketo-β-methylvalerate (KMV) concentrations above 5.0 mM. TPP had no stimulatory effect on control mitochondria. However, B1 reduced maximal plasma isoleucine (lleu) (20±4 to 9±2 mg%) reached by 3 controls after 150 mg/Kg lleu, and increased their WBC BCAA decarboxylation 45 to 260%. TPP and Mg2+ prevented the decline (7 to 0.2 nanomoles CO2/mg/15 min.) of KMV BCKA'ase activity in inner membrane-matrix from control mitochondria after 100 minutes of preincubatton. We propose that TPP enables an alternate low affinity pathway for KMV utilization when BCKA'ase is impaired, as in MSUD, and augments KMV BCKA'ase by decreasing the rate of normal enzyme degradation.
A statistical analysis of the impact of monetary policy on credit union lending

Abstract In this paper, a polynomial distributed lag regression model has been employed to determine the responsiveness of credit union consumer installment lending to changes in monetary policy. Estimation of the model leads to the following conclusions: (a) the model provides an adequate statistical representation of credit union reaction to monetary policy, (b) over time, credit union lending behavior has come to react more quickly to changes in monetary policy, and (c) over time, the degree, or strength, of response of lending behaviour to changes in monetary policy has weakend. The model is also applied to commercial bank consumer installment lending with similar results.
Mode of Gonadotropin Secretion in Infantile Female Rats and the Role of Estrogen in Feedback Regulation

The temporal aspects of gonadotropin release were studied in infantile (14-day-old) female rats. Blood samples were collected using vena cava cannulae at 10, 15, 20, or 30 min intervals and assayed for either LH alone or for both LH and FSH. Within individual animals, blood LH levels exhibited a degree of variability suggestive of a pulsatile release of the hormone. Wide fluctuations in circulating FSH were also observed, indicating that FSH might also be secreted in a pulsatile manner. Peak values for both gonadotropins were 2 to 5-fold higher than baseline levels. The majority of pups exhibited a nonrhythmic release of hormones. In some animals, LH and FSH appeared to be secreted in a temporally coincident manner. Administration of LHRH to cannulated pups evoked a simultaneous discharge of both gonadotropins. To determine whether endogenous 17β-estradiol (E2) plays a physiological role in the control of LH secretion in infantile rats, circulating LH levels were monitored in cannulated pups which had bee...
The Effect of Bandwidth of Semiactive Dampers on Vehicle Ride

A passenger car model with a full car body and four wheelaxle assemblies is used to investigate the influence of semiactive suspensions on ride performance. Mean square values are evaluated for various damping levels and control value switching times. Due to severe nonlinearities, frequency responses are not obtained directly. They are reconstructed from Fast Fourier Transform using a scanning window. The results are compared with those from LQR actiue suspensions and pure on-off dampers. The effect of control value switching time (bandwidth) is studied and shows a significant influence on the vehicle ride, suspension travels, and tire deflections
Statistics of irradiance scattered from a diffuse target containing multiple glints

The study of the statistical effects of atmospheric turbulence on coherent radiation scattered from a diffuse target is extended, both theoretically and experimentally, to include the effects of target glint. Theoretically, expressions are developed for the first- and second-order moments of irradiance for targets containing multiple glints. The expression for the normalized variance of irradiance for a diffuse target with a single glint illuminated by a coherent source over a horizontal atmospheric path is evaluated numerically for comparison with experimental results. Experimental measurements of both the variance and covariance of irradiance for a coherent source illuminating a diffuse target containing a single glint are presented.
A New Technique for Treatment of Simple Post-Prostatectomy Urinary Incontinence: Preliminary Experience

AbstractPurpose: Because of the complexity of reconstructive surgical techniques, the high failure rate and cost of the devices used, as well as the associated mechanical malfunctions there is need for an alternative operation to treat post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. We present a new procedure along with promising results in cases of simple post-prostatectomy incontinence after transurethral resection of the prostate or open prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: The principles of our technique include lysis of the pelvic urethra with preservation of the neurovascular bundle, as well as suspension of the prostatic capsule to the anterior abdominal wall. With this technique we corrected post-prostatectomy sphincteric incompetence in 21 patients. Preoperative evaluation included physical examination, excretory urography, ascending urethrocystography and urethrocystoscopy. Urodynamic investigations included uroflowmetry, cystometrography and urethral pressure profilometry. The patients were reevaluate...
Cylindrical Ice Accretions as Simulations of Had Growth:III Analysis Techniques and Application to Trajectory Determination

Abstract Crystal size parameters are studied, using cylindrical accretions formed from supercooled cloud in dry growth in a wind tunnel as a function of deposit temperature and cloud temperature. Effects of recrystallization, of interpretation of crystal boundaries and of the technique of making thin sections are explicitly examined. The crystal features are in general influenced in important ways by all of these variables. A shape factor is defined–a measure of grain elongation–and found to reflect the degree of recrystallization. Similarities to and differences from previous experimental results are discussed and the applicability of these results to interpreting natural hailstones is examined. Relatively crude but useful deductions of temperature (or altitude) of growth can be made with confidence, but detailed deductions would have to be verified in some independent way at the present state of knowledge.
Twisted π-system electro-optic chromophores. A CIS vs. MRD-CI theoretical investigation

Abstract Twisted, merocyanine-type molecules are investigated theoretically as chromophores, whose optical and electro-optic responses can be controlled via steric repulsion-mediated tuning of the central dihedral angle. Employing multi-reference determinant computational methods results in significant modifications to the quantitative aspects of the response properties, compared to values computed using a single determinant ground state, and leads to computed hyperpolarizabilities even larger than previously estimated. Using either computational approach demonstrates that fine control of the sharp variations in response properties can be achieved by using substituent-induced steric repulsions to modify the internal dihedral twist angles.
Hybrid silica nanoparticles for luminescent spore detection

Lanthanide luminescence is a common method for the detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA), a chemical marker for bacterial spores. In this paper we report the development of silica nanoparticle based luminescent sensors for DPA detection. The sensors consist of three different modified EDTA–Tb complexes immobilized on 37 nm solid silica nanoparticles. The use of a nanoparticle platform also allows for the incorporation of an internal reference which eliminates the need for instrument-specific calibration curves for DPA quantification in an analyte. Limits of detection on the order of nanomolar concentrations can be achieved using these nanoparticle based DPA luminescence sensors.
Provenance Determination of Volcaniclastic Rocks: the Nature and Tectonic Significance of a Cambrian Conglomerate from the New England Fold Belt, Eastern Australia

ABSTRACT The Murrawong Creek and Pipeclay Creek Formations of the New England Fold Belt of eastern Australia provide one of the few records of Middle Cambrian-(?) Early Ordovician sedimentation along the eastern Gondwana margin. They comprise conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and laminated argillite that accumulated in an inner-submarine-fan environment. Sandstones are quartz-poor volcanolithic varieties. Conglomerate clasts are mainly andesite but range from basalt to rhyolite; all these rocks are porphyritic with phenocrysts of feldspar (albite after calcic plagioclase), augite, and, uncommonly, titanomagnetite. The augite is a low-TiO2 variety, and titanomagnetite has only a modest TiO2 content. Alteration has modified the magmatic composition of the clasts, but the ess mobile elements indicate they were derived from a low-K orogenic suite, in consonance with petrographic and mineralogical data. A western source and the presence of lower Paleozoic subduction-complex rocks to the east of the Cambrian-(?) Ordovician units indicates that the latter accumulated in a forearc setting. The distributive province may have been the precursor of the Macquarie Volcanic Belt of the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt in N.S.W., or one of the Cambrian oceanic island arcs preserved in the fragmented Gondwana margin sequences in southeastern Australia, northern Victoria Land (Antarctica), and New Zealand.
Amino Acid Propensities are Position-dependent Throughout the Length of α-Helices

Abstract The 20 commonly occurring amino acids have been shown to have distinct position-dependent, helix-forming propensities near the ends of α-helices. Here, we show that the amino acids also have very strong position-dependent propensities throughout the length of a helix. Most helices are amphiphilic, and they have a strong tendency to both begin and end on the solvent-inaccessible face of the helix. These position-specific propensities should provide valuable parameters to guide de novo protein design, and should allow more precise prediction of helical topology in natural proteins.
Transcriptional profiling reveals that C5a alters microRNA in brain endothelial cells

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disturbance is a crucial occurrence in many neurological diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our previous studies showed that experimental lupus serum altered the integrity of the mouse brain endothelial layer, an important constituent of the BBB. Complement activation occurs in lupus with increased circulating complement components. Using a genomics approach, we identified the microRNA (miRNA) altered in mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd3) by lupus serum and the complement protein, C5a. Of the 318 miRNA evaluated, 23 miRNAs were altered by lupus serum and 32 were altered by C5a alone compared with controls. Seven miRNAs (P < 0 · 05) were differentially expressed by both treatments: mmu-miR-133a*, mmu-miR-193*, mmu-miR-26b, mmu-miR-28*, mmu-miR-320a, mmu-miR-423-3p and mmu-miR-509-5p. The microarray results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR. In line with the in vitro results, expression of miR-26b and miR-28* were also significantly up-regulated in lupus mouse brain which was reduced by C5a receptor inhibition. Target prediction analysis revealed miR gene targets encoding components involved in inflammation, matrix arrangement, and apoptosis, pathways known to play important roles in central nervous system lupus. Our findings suggest that the miRNAs reported in this study may represent novel therapeutic targets in central nervous system lupus and other similar neuroinflammatory settings.
The carotid body and arousal in the fetus and neonate

Abstract Arousal from sleep is a major defense mechanism in infants against hypoxia and/or hypercapnia. Arousal failure may be an important contributor to SIDS. Areas of the brainstem that have been found to be abnormal in a majority of SIDS infants are involved in the arousal process. Arousal is sleep state dependent, being depressed during AS in most mammals, but depressed during QS in human infants. Repeated exposure to hypoxia causes a progressive blunting of arousal that may involve medullary raphe GABAergic mechanisms. Whereas CB chemoreceptors contribute heavily to arousal in response to hypoxia, serotonergic central chemoreceptors have been implicated in the arousal response to CO 2 . Pulmonary or chest wall mechanoreceptors also contribute to arousal in proportion to the ventilatory response and decreases in their input may contribute to depressed arousal during AS. Little is known about specific arousal pathways beyond the NTS. Whether CB chemoreceptor stimulation directly stimulates arousal centers or whether this is done indirectly through respiratory networks remains unknown. This review will focus on arousal in response to hypoxia and CO 2 in the fetus and newborn and will outline what we know (and do not know) about the involvement of the carotid body in this process.
GTP hydrolysis is essential for protein import into the mitochondrial matrix

Protein import into the innermost compartment of mitochondria (the matrix) requires a membrane potential (delta psi) across the inner membrane, as well as ATP-dependent interactions with chaperones in the matrix and cytosol. The role of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP during import into the matrix, however, remains to be determined. Import of urea-denatured precursors does not require cytosolic chaperones. We have therefore used a purified and urea-denatured preprotein in our import assays to bypass the requirement of external ATP. Using this modified system, we demonstrate that GTP stimulates protein import into the matrix; the stimulatory effect is directly mediated by GTP hydrolysis and does not result from conversion of GTP to ATP. Both external GTP and matrix ATP are necessary; neither one can substitute for the other if efficient import is to be achieved. These results suggest a "push-pull" mechanism of import, which may be common to other post-translational translocation pathways.
Integration of stereotactic ultrasonic data into an interactive image-guided neurosurgical system

Stereotactic ultrasound can be incorporated into an interactive, image-guide neurosurgical system by using an optical position sensor to define the location of an intraoperative scanner in physical space. A C-program has been developed that communicates with the OptotrakTM system developed by Northern Digital Inc. to optically track the three-dimensional position and orientation of a fan-shaped area defined with respect to a hand-held probe. (i.e., a virtual B-mode ultrasound fan beam) Volumes of CT and MR head scans from the same patient are registered to a location in physical space using a point-based technique. The coordinates of the virtual fan beam in physical space are continuously calculated and updated on-the-fly. During each program loop, the CT and MR data volumes are reformatted along the same plane and displayed as two fan-shaped images that correspond to the current physical-space location of the virtual fan beam. When the reformatted preoperative tomographic images are eventually paired with a real-time intraoperative ultrasound image, a neurosurgeon will be able to use the unique information of each imaging modality (e.g., the high resolution and tissue contrast of CT and MR and the real-time functionality of ultrasound) in a complementary manner to identify structures in the brain more easily and to guide surgical procedures more effectively.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Compatibility and stability of telavancin and vancomycin in heparin or sodium citrate lock solutions.

Purpose The compatibility and stability of telavancin and vancomycin in heparin or sodium citrate lock solutions were evaluated. Methods Telavancin and vancomycin hydrochloride injection powder lyophilized for solution were reconstituted with 0.9% sodium chloride injection at room temperature according to the manufacturer’s instructions and then further diluted with (1) commercially available heparin sodium to reach a final heparin concentration of 2500 units/mL or (2) sodium citrate solution 2.2% or 4% to achieve final telavancin and vancomycin concentrations of 2 and 5 mg/mL. Physical stability, chemical compatibility, and biological anticoagulant stability were analyzed for each antibiotic–anticoagulant combination immediately after preparation and at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Changes in coagulation were measured at each time point and compared using two-way analysis of variance. Results Both telavancin and vancomycin retained at least 90% of the initial concentration after incubation at 37 °C over 72 hours. The biological stability of vancomycin 2 mg/mL and telavancin 2 mg/mL did not significantly alter prothrombin time when compared with that of 0.9% sodium chloride injection. However, telavancin 5 mg/mL and vancomycin 5 mg/mL significantly increased the activated partial thromboplastin time at 72 hours compared with the control solution. Visual precipitation only occurred with vancomycin-containing solutions; however, this dissipated after 10 minutes. Conclusion Telavancin 2 and 5 mg/mL was physically compatible in combination with heparin 2500 units/mL and with sodium citrate 2.2% and 4% over 72 hours. Vancomycin 2 and 5 mg/mL initially precipitated in the sodium citrate 2.2% formulation, but no precipitation was noted after 10 minutes of incubation at 37 °C. Telavancin and vancomycin 2 and 5 mg/mL retained over 90% of the initial concentration after incubation at 37 °C over 72 hours.
Regulation of force development studied by photolysis of caged ADP in rabbit skinned psoas fibers.

Abstract The present study examined the effects of Ca 2+ and strongly bound cross-bridges on tension development induced by changes in the concentration of MgADP. Addition of MgADP to the bath increased isometric tension over a wide range of [Ca 2+ ] in skinned fibers from rabbit psoas muscle. Tension-pCa (pCa is −log [Ca 2+ ]) relationships and stiffness measurements indicated that MgADP increased mean force per cross-bridge at maximal Ca 2+ and increased recruitment of cross-bridges at submaximal Ca 2+ . Photolysis of caged ADP to cause a 0.5mM MgADP jump initiated an increase in isometric tension under all conditions examined, even at pCa 6.4 where there was no active tension before ADP release. Tension increased monophasically with an observed rate constant, k ADP , which was similar in rate and Ca 2+ sensitivity to the rate constant of tension re-development, k tr , measured in the same fibers by a release-re-stretch protocol. The amplitude of the caged ADP tension transient had a bell-shaped dependence on Ca 2+ , reaching a maximum at intermediate Ca 2+ (pCa 6). The role of strong binding cross-bridges in the ADP response was tested by treatment of fibers with a strong binding derivative of myosin subfragment 1 (NEM-S1). In the presence of NEM-S1, the rate and amplitude of the caged ADP response were no longer sensitive to variations in the level of activator Ca 2+ . The results are consistent with a model in which ADP-bound cross-bridges cooperatively activate the thin filament regulatory system at submaximal Ca 2+ . This cooperative interaction influences both the magnitude and kinetics of force generation in skeletal muscle.
Robotic dismembered pyeloplasty: a 6-year, multi-institutional experience

Purpose: The introduction of the da Vinci® Surgical System to perform complex reconstructive procedures, such as repair of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, has helped to overcome some of the technical challenges associated with laparoscopy. We review our large multi-institutional experience with long-term followup of robotic dismembered pyeloplasty.Materials and Methods: A total of 140 patients from 3 university medical centers underwent robotic dismembered pyeloplasty. An institutional review board approved retrospective chart review was performed to collect demographic, preoperative, operative and postoperative data. Patients were analyzed as an entire cohort and then divided into various subgroups.Results: Of the cases 117 (84.6%) were primary repairs and 23 (16.4%) were secondary repairs. There were 13 (9.3%) patients who underwent concomitant stone extraction and 5 (3.6%) procedures were performed on patients with solitary kidneys. A crossing vessel was found in 77 (55%) patients. Mean operative t...
ION KINETIC ENERGY DETERMINATIONS IN RADIO-FREQUENCY GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY

Radio-frequency glow discharge (rf-GD) sources produce an abundance of both atoms and ions. For the mass spectrometric application of the glow discharge technique, knowledge of the ion kinetic energies is required to optimize extraction and focusing of ions from the source region into the analyzer. This paper details kinetic energies experimentally determined with the use of the “retarding potential” method. For this study, the analyzer quadrupole of a double-quadrupole mass spectrometer was positively biased to act as a repeller. Ion kinetic energies (IKEs) determined for a variety of discharge and analyzer operating conditions ranged from 12.5 eV to 25.0 eV for 63Cu+. Kinetic energy measurements were confirmed from ion trajectory simulations and follow closely the experimental values for identical analyzer conditions and initial IKEs. Results of this study indicate that the conditions under which ions are formed (plasma conditions) affect IKEs and energy spreads to a greater extent than analyzer paramet...
Polarization fluctuations in regions bounded by equi-potentials

Abstract It is shown that the integral of · n as a function of r over a volume Ve bounded by an equi-potential is independent of r' and of Ve and is determined solely by [ϵ(ω)−1] · n provided the dielectric constant is local and that Ve is of macroscopic dimensions.
The influence of non-uniformly doped substrates on mos C-V curves

Abstract Theoretical C - V curves have been computed for substrate impurity concentrations which drop exponentially to a constant background level on receding from the surface. It is shown that for certain impurity profiles the C - V curves appear similar to those which would be obtained from a uniformly doped substrate with a large surface state density. It is evident therefore that some ambiguity may exist in the interpretation of experimental C - V curves if there is a marked departure from uniformity in the substrate doping level near the surface.
Emile Durkheim and the historical thought of Marc Bloch

French historiography before Marc Bloch was predominately a history of precisely ascertained, localized and dated facts, such as changes of reign, treaties and battles, formation of new ministries and of new institutions. Historians stressed the accumulation of facts, extreme caution in the formulation of conclusions and the restriction of the historian's statement to what was obviously verifiable. The consequence of this approach was a narrow perception of historical reality.
FAMILY RESEARCH AND FAMILY THERAPY: A REUNION?*

This decade is witnessing the re-establishment of research in family therapy as an intrinsic component of the field. It is instructive to recall that family therapy actually had its most significant beginnings in the context of family research in the 1950s and that, three decades ago, family therapy and family research were fundamentally fused. In this paper, several of the most important forms of recent and current family research and family therapy research that are important to clinicians are identified, and it is suggested that this reunion of clinical and research interests signifies a new phase in the growth of the family therapy field.
Physical activity is related to timing performance in older adults

ABSTRACT Physical activity has been linked to better cognitive function in older adults, especially for executive control processes. Researchers have suggested that temporal processing of durations less than 1 second is automatic and engages motor processes, while timing of longer durations engages executive processes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a higher level of physical activity is associated with better reproduction performance in older adults, especially for durations in the “cognitive” range (i.e., longer than 1 s). Older right-handed adults completed a temporal reproduction task with five target durations (300, 650, 1000, 1350, and 1700 ms). Physical activity level was assessed via estimation of VO2 peak using a self-report activity scale. Results indicated that higher physical activity level was associated with better timing accuracy and that this effect was dependent on target duration. Namely, the relationship between physical activity and timing accuracy was strongest at ...
Trace analysis at clay‐modified carbon paste electrodes

Carbon paste electrodes modified with montmorillonite clay are used for the collection of iron(III) from dilute solutions followed by voltammetric quantification of the surface-bound cation. Open-circuit conditions are maintained during the ion exchange preconcentration. The surface is regenerated by a brief exposure to a sodium carbonate solution. For 20 preconcentration/measurement/regeneration cycles, the response could be reproduced with 4.8% relative standard deviation. Factors influencing the response, such as electrode composition, preconcentration time, measurement and „cleaning” solutions, ionic strength, coexisting metals, iron concentration, and other variables, have been investigated. A detection limit of 0.2 mg/liter was estimated following 3 min preconcentration. The unusual mechanisms of ion exchange processes at clays should lead to a new class of modified electrodes for preconcentration/voltammetric measurements.
Pressure Cooking versus Steam Processing and Flaking Sorghum Grain for Dairy Calves

Abstract Fifty-five 3-day-old Holstein calves were individually penned and allotted to one of 5 rations: I) steam-processed flaked sorghum grain, soybean meal, II and III) pressure cooked sorghum grain, soybean meal, IV) pressure cooked sorghum grain, cottonseed meal pellets and V) equal parts by weight of pressure cooked sorghum grain and rolled barley plus soybean meal. Whole milk was fed for 30 days. Water, starter and loose alfalfa hay (except Group III received alfalfa pellets) were fed from 3 to 90 days of age. Average daily gains to 90 days, I to V (kg) : 0.57; 0.54; 0.58; 0.46; 0.57 and feed per unit gain: 2.57; 2.53; 2.56; 2.87; 2.78 were not different (P a .05). Thirty-six calves were equally allotted to Rations I, II, and V and fed in the same manner except as the calves reached 40 days of age they were removed from individual pens, confined in 3 groups by treatment, and fed their respective rations to 90 days of age. Daily gains for I, II, and V were (kg): 0.68; 0,52; 0.59. Feed per unit gain was (kg) : 2.43; 2.77; 2.47. The value of pressure cooking may be similar to steam processing and flaking sorghum grain for dairy calves.
De novo biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cockroach Periplaneta americana

The de novo biosynthesis of 6,9,12-linolenic acid, 11,14-eicosadienoic acid, 5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, and arachidonic acid was demonstrated in adult female cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. These four polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were present primarily in the phospholipid (PL) fraction of both males and females. They were purified by AgNO3 thin-layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. The double bond positions of the major isomer of eicosatrienoic acid were shown to be at the delta 5,11,14 positions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of both methoxy and epoxide derivatives and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and GC-MS of ozonolysis products. The other PUFAs cochromatographed with standards on both packed and capillary GLC columns. The in vivo incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into 5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, 11,14-eicosadienoic acid, 6,9,12-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid was demonstrated by radio-GLC and radio-HPLC and for 5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid by radio-GLC of ozonolysis products. The latter technique clearly demonstrated that the entire eicosatrienoic acid molecule was labeled. Thoracic tissue contained the highest amount of radiolabeled 5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (1.6% of total radioactivity incorporated into PL) while radiolabeled 11,14-eicosadienoic acid was found primarily in abdominal epidermal tissue (2% of total radioactivity incorporated into PL). Radiolabeled arachidonic and 6,9,12-linolenic acids comprised 0.1 and 0.02%, respectively, of the total radioactivity in the PL fraction. These data document the de novo biosynthesis of di-, tri-, and tetraunsaturated fatty acids in the American cockroach, and indicate that this animal can desaturate on both sides of the delta 9 double bond of oleic acid.
Sexual Politics in the Workplace: The Interactional World of Policewomen

This paper examines the dynamics of male-female interaction in one work setting—the backstage region of a police department—and explores the variety of ways that policewomen are pressured to “stay in their place” by male coworkers. Policewomen face interpersonal dilemmas because as police officers they are expected to behave like colleagues (i.e. as status equals); as women they are expected to behave as status subordinates. This paper investigates a number of the techniques by which female officers' gender is made salient and male officers assert dominance over female officers. The verbal techniques employed include the use of euphemisms, affectionate terms of address, cursing, joking and putdowns, and gossip. Non-verbal messages are transmitted by the use of personal space, touch, and chivalrous ceremonies. In addition the problems posed by sexuality and sexual harassment in the workplace are discussed. Data are based on nine months of participant observation and 55 interviews with officers in one police district in Washington, D.C.
Experimental survey of the L-H transition conditions in the DIII-D tokamak

We present the global analysis of a recent survey of the H-mode power threshold in DIII-D using D degrees to D+ NBI after boronization of the vacuum vessel. Single parameter scans of BT, Ip, density, and plasma shape have been carried out on the DIII-D tokamak for neutral beam heated single-null and double-null diverted plasmas. In single-null discharges, the power threshold is found to increase approximately linearly with BT and ne but remains independent of Ip. In double-null discharges, the power threshold is found to be approximately independent of both BT and ne. Various shape parameters such as plasma-wall gaps had only a weak effect on the power threshold. Imbalancing the double null configuration resulted in a large increase in the threshold power.
Congenital Dandy Walker malformation associated with first trimester warfarin: A case report and literature review

While the warfarin embryopathy is well defined, central nervous system abnormalities associated with gestational warfarin exposure require further definition. Based on the timing of warfarin exposure in humans, it has been proposed that second- and third-trimester exposure predisposes to CNS abnormalities while first-trimester exposure more typically is associated with the warfarin embryopathy. A case is presented of a liveborn male with Dandy Walker malformation, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and Peter anomaly of the right eye who was exposed to warfarin between the 8th and 12th weeks of gestation who had none of the stigmata of the warfarin embryopathy. His is the first known case of exposure confined to the first trimester, and the fifth case of Dandy Walker malformation among a total of 15 CNS cases associated with this drug. This case offers evidence that Dandy Walker malformation may represent a distinct complication of in utero first-trimester exposure, and consideration of these particular abnormalities with exposure limited to a period prior to the known appearance of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors suggests that warfarin has a direct teratogenic effect on central nervous system morphogenesis.
Methodological problems and policy implications in Vietnamese refugee research.

This article is written with 2 objectives: 1) to describe some of the critical methodological problems encountered in research with Vietnamese refugees in San Diego California about whom few studies have been conducted previous to their arrival in 1975; and 2) to discuss the policy implications of research beset with these difficulties some of which are unique to studies of refugee populations per se while others are common to research on small ethnic minorities in general. This article focuses on 4 major issues: 1) the quality of refugee studies 2) the purpose and functions of such research 3) the ethical dilemmas of studying refugees and 4) public policy implications of refugee research. Recommendations are offered to resolve some of these issues which would call for policy changes both in the ways that refugee research is conducted and in the training of researchers themselves.
On the Inelastic Photo-Dissociation of the Deuteron

There exists the possibility of directly verifying the theoretical prediction of the existence of excited states of the nucleons at about 45 Mev above the ground state by an inelastic photoelectric dissociation process of the deuteron with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays of energies larger than the excitation energy of these states. The cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ for such processes is calculated in terms of the elastic cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ by using the simplest form of the strong coupling theory. The quantity $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ has a maximum at about 87 Mev where it reaches the approximate value of 0.07. These processes should be experimentally detectable and would furnish valuable information about the properties of nuclei.
Bicyclomycin Fluorescent Probes: Synthesis and Biochemical, Biophysical, and Biological Properties

Bicyclomycin (1) is a commercially available antibiotic whose primary site of action in Escherichia coli is the transcription termination factor rho. Key aspects of the 1.rho interaction-K(d), stoichiometry for 1.rho binding, and whether 1 and ATP binding induce conformational changes in rho-remain unknown. In this study, the design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of bicyclomycin fluorescent probes (BFP) constructed to sense the 1.rho interaction are described and their use documented. We show that dihydrobicyclomycins with medium-to-large C(5a)-substituents afforded excellent inhibitory activities exceeding those of 1 in the poly(C)-dependent ATPase assay. The utility of BFP in bicyclomycin-rho binding studies was documented through the use of 5a-(phenazin-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)dihydrobicyclomycin (15). Excitation (290 nm) of W381 in wild-type rho in the presence of 15 and ATP led to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and gave a K(d) (15) of 9.9 microM. Using ADP in place of ATP or excluding nucleotide did not result in energy transfer, which suggests that ATP binding induced a conformational change in rho. FRET measurements provided an approximate weighted average distance (23 A) between W381 and 15 in the presence of bound ATP. The K(d) value for 15.rho was correlated with ATP binding at the 3 tight ATP binding (K(d)(ATP) = 95 nM) sites in wild-type rho.
The Role for Anticoagulation with Warfarin in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure and Normal Sinus Rhythm

Objective:To evaluate the role of anticoagulation with warfarin in patients with systolic heart failure (HF) and normal sinus rhythm (NSR).Data Sources:Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1950–December 2007) and the American College of Cardiology Annual Scientific Session (2004) using the terms heart failure, warfarin, and anticoagulation.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles in English identified via the searches were evaluated. We excluded trials that evaluated the use of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or valvular disorders.Data Synthesis:Patients with systolic HF are considered to be in a prothrombotic state. Studies have demonstrated a decreased incidence of thromboembolic events with anticoagulation therapy in patients with HF and concomitant AF, valvular dysfunction, or hypercoagulable disorders, but there are limited data supporting the role of anticoagulation in patients with HF and NSR. There are 3 prospective clinical trials and 1 ongoing trial designed...
An empirical analysis of cross-security information asymmetry and the “pecking order” hypothesis

This paper suggests that any examination of the “pecking order” hypothesis must consider the possibility that a firm's level of information asymmetry is related to the type of security it issues. The empirical results show that, on average, firms issuing common stock exhibit higher information asymmetry levels (as proxied by financial analysts' earnings forecast errors) than do firms issuing debt. However, after controlling for information asymmetry, abnormal returns to common stock announcements remain significantly less than those of debt issues which supports the existence of a “pecking order” in capital procurement.
Cost-effectiveness of screening a population with chronic gastroesophageal reflux

Abstract Background: Persons with chronic esophageal reflux are at increased risk for the development of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Recently developed ultrathin endoscopes are less expensive and better tolerated than standard endoscopes, they can be used without sedation, and are sensitive and specific for Barrett's esophagus. The cost-effectiveness of one-time screening strategies were evaluated for 50-year-old patients with chronic reflux: no screening, standard endoscopy, and screening by an ultrathin endoscope. Methods: Markov models were created to simulate the clinical course for patients with chronic reflux. Costs and quality-adjusted life-years were estimated from cancer registry data, published medical data, and expert opinion. Results: Under baseline assumptions, no screening resulted in average costs of $11,785 per person and 19.3226 quality-adjusted life-years. Ultrathin endoscopy screening resulted in costs of $12,119 per person and 19.3326 quality-adjusted life-years, yielding a marginal cost-effectiveness ratio of $55,764 per quality-adjusted life-year. Using standard endoscopy yielded costs of $12,332 with only slightly greater effectiveness, yielding a marginal cost-effectiveness ratio of $709,260 when compared with ultrathin endoscopy and $86,833 compared with no screening. Results were most sensitive to variation in the incidence of cancer in the population with Barrett's esophagus. Conclusions: Screening for Barrett's esophagus with ultrathin endoscopy is more cost-effective than standard endoscopy, and both strategies appear to improve quality-adjusted life-years among patients with chronic reflux at costs that are similar to those of other accepted preventive measures. (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:311-8.)
Clostridium botulinum Type F: Isolation from Salmon from the Columbia River.

Clostridium botulinum type F has been isolated from a salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) taken from the Columbia River. Cultures of this type have been reported only twice before—once the bacterium was isolated.
Dynamics of ultrafast singlet and triplet charge transfer in anthraquinone-DNA conjugates.

The efficiency of singlet and triplet charge radical ion-pair formation and the dynamics of radical-pair charge recombination in DNA−anthraquinone conjugates have been investigated by means of femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. Singlet charge separation is more efficient than intersystem crossing, resulting in inefficient formation of the long-lived triplet radical ion pair. Both singlet charge separation and charge recombination are faster when guanine rather than adenine is the neighboring purine base.