cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human classifier: Observers can deduce task solely from eye movements

Computer classifiers have been successful at classifying various tasks using eye movement statistics. However, the question of human classification of task from eye movements has rarely been studied. Across two experiments, we examined whether humans could classify task based solely on the eye movements of other individuals. In Experiment 1, human classifiers were shown one of three sets of eye movements: Fixations, which were displayed as blue circles, with larger circles meaning longer fixation durations; Scanpaths, which were displayed as yellow arrows; and Videos, in which a neon green dot moved around the screen. There was an additional Scene manipulation in which eye movement properties were displayed either on the original scene where the task (Search, Memory, or Rating) was performed or on a black background in which no scene information was available. Experiment 2 used similar methods but only displayed Fixations and Videos with the same Scene manipulation. The results of both experiments showed successful classification of Search. Interestingly, Search was best classified in the absence of the original scene, particularly in the Fixation condition. Memory also was classified above chance with the strongest classification occurring with Videos in the presence of the scene. Additional analyses on the pattern of correct responses in these two conditions demonstrated which eye movement properties successful classifiers were using. These findings demonstrate conditions under which humans can extract information from eye movement characteristics in addition to providing insight into the relative success/failure of previous computer classifiers.
"It's Not Like Therapy": Patient-Inmate Perspectives on Jail Psychiatric Services

Jails may serve an important public health function by treating individuals with psychiatric problems. However, scholars debate the service qualities that can best achieve this aim. Some suggest the possibility of comprehensive psychiatric services in jails, while others recommend a narrower focus on basic elements of care (assessments, medication management, and crisis intervention). To date, this debate remains uninformed by service recipients. This qualitative study addresses this gap by illuminating patient-inmate perspectives on jail psychiatric services. Patient-inmate experiences indicate that the jail environment is incongruent with the provision of comprehensive psychiatric services. Thus, program administrators would best serve patient-inmates by strengthening basic services and connections to community-based providers who can provide comprehensive and effective care.
Populations of Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and their Natural Enemies in Peanuts

The objective of this on-farm study was to determine if peanuts harbor populations of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and their natural enemies in Georgia. Eight species of phytophagous stin...
The Maze City and the Future of Counterterrorism

This last chapter provides the discussion of the previous research activities, proposing an analysis of the research findings which contemplates four specific areas.
Dynamic Sparse Sampling for Confocal Raman Microscopy

The total number of data points required for image generation in Raman microscopy was greatly reduced using sparse sampling strategies, in which the preceding set of measurements informed the next most information-rich sampling location. Using this approach, chemical images of pharmaceutical materials were obtained with >99% accuracy from 15.8% sampling, representing an ∼6-fold reduction in measurement time relative to full field of view rastering with comparable image quality. This supervised learning approach to dynamic sampling (SLADS) has the distinct advantage of being directly compatible with standard confocal Raman instrumentation. Furthermore, SLADS is not limited to Raman imaging, potentially providing time-savings in image reconstruction whenever the single-pixel measurement time is the limiting factor in image generation.
Pain self-management plus nurse-led support in young adults with irritable bowel syndrome: Study protocol for a pilot randomized control trial

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gut disorder that typically manifests in early adult years. IBS patients report that pain is the most distressing symptom with the greatest impact on quality of life. Pain-sensitivity genes and the gut microbiome may influence severity of symptoms as well as response to self-management (SM) interventions. Based on current understanding of the science of SM, pain neurophysiology, and the gut-brain axis, our team developed a pain SM intervention to be added to evidence-based self-management instruction to increase the individual's SM knowledge and skills (self-efficacy, self-regulation, and goal-setting). The purpose of this randomized controlled longitudinal pilot study is to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of the IBS-pain SM intervention on IBS-pain SM behaviors and related health outcomes. A sample of 80 young adults (age 18-29 years old) will be recruited and randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. Both groups will receive 10 electronic video modules focused on IBS-pain SM knowledge and skills. The experimental group also will receive nurse-led one-on-one phone consultations to facilitate monitoring and problem-solving. All participants will be followed over 12 weeks. Primary outcomes will be measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks, including IBS-pain SM behaviors, quality of life, and well-being. The influence of pain-sensitivity genes and the gut microbiome on IBS-pain SM behaviors and health outcomes also will be assessed.
Research Implications of Universal Design

Over the last few years there has been growing interest in universal design— designing in such a way that people with and without disabilities can use the same products and building elements. Universal design is not a euphemism for familiar conceptions of accessibility. Rather, it involves a fundamental shift in thinking about design, particularly with regard to designing for people with disabilities.
Overcoming the Complex Excited-State Dynamics of Colloidal Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystals Involved in Energy Transfer Processes

Semiconductor nanocrystals are often characterized by complex excited-state dynamics which reflect the inhomogeneous character of ensemble of nanocrystals. A new hybrid inorganic–organic donor–acceptor system involving CdSe nanocrystals and paramagnetic nitronyl nitroxide free radicals is shown to lead to efficient Forster (dipolar) resonance energy transfer. This transfer process, which is monitored by steady-state and time-dependent photoluminescence quenching experiments, occurs on a time scale similar to that of the intrinsic recombination in CdSe nanocrystals, allowing to unravel some of the complexity associated with the excited-state photophysics of semiconductor nanocrystals. A Stern–Volmer formalism that can handle the multiexponential nature of the time-dependent excited-state kinetics of CdSe nanocrystals is developed, leading to excellent agreement between steady-state and time-dependent photoluminescence data when a log-normal distribution model is used for the intrinsinc recombination rate c...
The Gendered Division of Sterilization “Fertility Work:” The Role of Educational and Racial/Ethnic Heterogamy:

Drawing on data from the 2006 to 2010 and 2011 to 2013 rounds of the National Survey of Family Growth, this study examines the division of sterilization “fertility work” among couples who have comp...
Machine learning-based surrogate modeling for data-driven optimization: a comparison of subset selection for regression techniques

Optimization of simulation-based or data-driven systems is a challenging task, which has attracted significant attention in the recent literature. A very efficient approach for optimizing systems without analytical expressions is through fitting surrogate models. Due to their increased flexibility, nonlinear interpolating functions, such as radial basis functions and Kriging, have been predominantly used as surrogates for data-driven optimization; however, these methods lead to complex nonconvex formulations. Alternatively, commonly used regression-based surrogates lead to simpler formulations, but they are less flexible and inaccurate if the form is not known a priori. In this work, we investigate the efficiency of subset selection regression techniques for developing surrogate functions that balance both accuracy and complexity. Subset selection creates sparse regression models by selecting only a subset of original features, which are linearly combined to generate a diverse set of surrogate models. Five different subset selection techniques are compared with commonly used nonlinear interpolating surrogate functions with respect to optimization solution accuracy, computation time, sampling requirements, and model sparsity. Our results indicate that subset selection-based regression functions exhibit promising performance when the dimensionality is low, while interpolation performs better for higher dimensional problems.
Appendix B. Material properties

This short appendix summarizes some of the properties used in this work as well as measurements of permittivity performed for the purpose of ascertaining published values. In some cases, the permittivity was calculated from simulations. Since the resonant frequency of the actual material was measured and given the dimensions of the medium, a simple process of iteration on the permittivity in the simulation until the simulated resonant frequency matched the measured resonant frequency provided the correct value for the material. In other cases, simulations were performed to ascertain the exact value of permittivity.
Missed Opportunities for Early Diabetes Screening in Pregnancy.

Objective This study aimed to identify characteristics of women at risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that fail to receive early pregnancy screening. Study Design This was a retrospective case–control study of at-risk women who initiated care at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at Results Of the 1,932 women who initiated care at Conclusion Higher BMI and prior GDM increased the likelihood of early diabetes screening, but only half of at-risk women were screened. Provider education and best practice alert systems are needed to increase screening for undiagnosed T2DM.
A Retrospective Radiographic Evaluation of a Modified Method of Lateral Column Lengthening

Background: Lateral column lengthening (LCL) is a commonly performed procedure for patients with stage II adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) to correct forefoot abduction. This procedure is f...
Low Permittivity and Dielectric Loss Polyimide with Patternability for High Frequency Applications

We have successfully developed novel low dielectric constant (Dk) and dissipation factor (Df) polyimides by following procedure. We investigated polyimides having various molecular mobility and polarity in polymer backbone to understand how to design low Dk and Df polyimide. We found that molecular mobility at -150 to -50°C was corresponded to Df from 10 to 100 GHz. To reduce Df at GHz order, it was important to reduce molecular mobility at low temperature around -50°C. In addition, to reduce polarity and flexibility in the polyimide backbone was also important to obtain low Df and Dk polyimide. We took advantage of these knowledge for development of low dielectric loss polyimide. As the result, we achieved 0.002 of dissipation factor and 2.7 of permittivity respectively. Those polyimides can be patterned by alkaline aqueous solution wet etching with positive-tone photoresist development and by UV laser ablation. We also have developed photo-definable low loss tangent polyimide by blending of photo active reagent. The novel polyimide showed lower insertion loss of microstrip line than conventional photosensitive polyimide. Those low Dk & Df polyimides can be exploited for insulator of redistribution layers which is essential for interposer, FO-WLP and other RF device.
Sentinels of synthetics – a comparison of phthalate exposure between common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and human reference populations

Phthalates are chemical esters used as additives in common consumer goods, such as plastics, household cleaners, and personal care products. Phthalates are not chemically bound to the items to which they are added and can easily leach into the surrounding environment. Anthropogenic drivers, such as coastal plastic pollution and wastewater runoff, increase the exposure potential for coastal marine fauna. Phthalate exposure in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins has been the focus of recent study, with indications of heightened exposure to certain phthalate compounds. The objective of this study was to compare urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled in Sarasota Bay, FL, to levels reported in human samples collected as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) were the most prevalent metabolites detected in dolphin urine (n = 51; MEP = 29.41%; MEHP = 54.90%). The geometric mean (GM) concentration of MEP was significantly lower for dolphins (GM = 4.51 ng/mL; 95% CI: 2.77-7.34 ng/mL) compared to humans (p<0.05), while dolphin concentrations of MEHP (GM = 4.57 ng/mL; 95% CI: 2.37-8.80 ng/mL) were significantly higher than levels reported in NHANES (p<0.05). Health impacts to bottlenose dolphins resulting from elevated exposure to the MEHP parent compound (diethyl-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP) are currently unknown. However, given the evidence of endocrine disruption, reproductive impairment, and abnormal development in humans, pursuing investigations of potential health effects in exposed bottlenose dolphins would be warranted.
Biomechanical consideration of bone density and its influence on stress distribution characteristics of dental implants

Abstract Bone density is a factor that plays a crucial role in achieving predictable osseointegration and the success of implants. It is very important for the dentist to have proper knowledge about bone density so as to come up with a proper surgery plan; hence an in depth understanding of bone density and its variations has become an important issue to evaluate. The intent of this review article is to discuss the various classifications present to determine the bone density and to study the importance and relevance of bone density in the field of orthodontics. Many clinical studies have demonstrated the relation between bone density and various factors related to the success of dental implants. In this article various works of literature pertaining to the significance bone density has been reviewed and complied; specifically works related to the influence if bone density on load transfer, implant geometry, primary stability and various surgical techniques.
Theoretical prediction of high melting temperature for a Mo–Ru–Ta–W HCP multiprincipal element alloy

While rhenium is an ideal material for rapid thermal cycling applications under high temperatures, such as rocket engine nozzles, its high cost limits its widespread use and prompts an exploration of viable cost-effective substitutes. In prior work, we identified a promising pool of candidate substitute alloys consisting of Mo, Ru, Ta, and W. In this work we demonstrate, based on density functional theory melting temperature calculations, that one of the candidates, Mo0.292Ru0.555Ta0.031W0.122, exhibits a high melting temperature (around 2626 K), thus supporting its use in high-temperature applications.
Restructuring Venezuela's Debt Using Pari Passu

Given the depth of Venezuela’s economic crisis, many fear that the government and the state-owned oil company Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (“PDVSA”) are on the brink of insolvency. In this paper, we introduce a restructuring plan that would allow Venezuela to restructure its external debt in an orderly manner. We propose that Venezuela restructure both PDVSA debt and its own external debt via Exchange Offers. To maximize the number of participating bondholders and receive sufficient debt relief, we suggest that Venezuela primarily utilize the pari passu clauses in the vast majority of PDVSA and Venezuelan bonds, which have been modified compared to a typical pari passu clause and can be read to allow the subordination of the bonds according to Venezuelan law. To minimize the number of holdout creditors, therefore, Venezuela can introduce a law that subordinates non-exchanged debt to exchanged debt, making timely or full payment of holdout debt unlikely. This tactic would minimize the need to solely rely on alternative restructuring techniques, such as exit consents and Collective Action Clauses. We argue that while these techniques might in and of themselves prove insufficient to effectuate a successful restructuring, they could be useful when viewed as second-best restructuring options. Because the parties contracted for debt subordination in the bond contracts, we predict that using a debt subordination technique would be more viable in Venezuela’s case than it has been in past sovereign debt restructurings. Ironically, the pari passu clause that doomed Argentina might be what saves Venezuela.
Predictive model of multiple emergency department visits among adults: analysis of the data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).

In this methodological paper, we use a novel, predictive approach to examine how demographics, substance use, mental and other health indicators predict multiple visits (≥3) to emergency departments (ED) within a year. State-of-the-art predictive methods were used to evaluate predictive ability and factors predicting multiple visits to ED within a year and to identify factors that influenced the strength of the prediction. The analysis used public-use datasets from the 2015–2018 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), which used the same questionnaire on the variables of interest. Analysis focused on adults aged ≥18 years. Several predictive models (regressions, trees, and random forests) were validated and compared on independent datasets. Predictive ability on a test set for multiple ED visits (≥3 times within a year) measured as the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) reached 0.8, which is good for a national survey. Models revealed consistency in predictive factors across the 4 survey years. The most influential variables for predicting ≥3 ED visits per year were fair/poor self-rated health, being nervous or restless/fidgety, having a lower income, asthma, heart condition/disease, having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), nicotine dependence, African-American race, female sex, having diabetes, and being of younger age (18–20). The findings reveal the need to address behavioral and mental health contributors to ED visits and reinforce the importance of developing integrated care models in primary care settings to improve mental health for medically vulnerable patients. The presented modeling approach can be broadly applied to national and other large surveys.
Regular Plans with Differentiated Services Using Cuckoo Algorithm

The management of a server’s differentiated services is one of the top interesting roles in mobile technology. A server with cluster resources serves clients in groups of multiple classes according to their service-level agreement. The server will have the ability to create a regular broadcasting plan (RBP) after some data transformation for either a single or multiple channels. Based on theorems, the Cuckoo search (CS) algorithm discovers RBPs with delay differentiated services (CSDS). Given the delay ratio of just two services, the extended version of CSDS (ECSDS) can discover the RBP with the smallest waiting time for low-priority mobile services. These algorithms will enhance servers’ ability for self-monitoring and self-organizing adapting their services to predefined ratio parameters.
U(VI) adsorption by sodium alginate/graphene oxide composite beads in water

Graphene oxide was encapsulated into sodium alginate to prepare SA-GO composite hydrogel for U(VI) adsorption, which characterized by SEM, FTIR, and XPS. The effects of pH, reaction time, initial U(VI) concentration and adsorbent amount on U(VI) adsorption were studied by batch adsorption experiments. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity was 149.76 mg/L when pH 5.0, adsorbent 0.1 g/L, 30 °C and initial U(VI) concentration 15 mg/L. The adsorption process accords with pseudo-second-order kinetic models and Langmuir isotherm. After five cycles of desorption and reuse experiments, the adsorption capacity of SA-GO for U(VI) was still higher than 85%.
Ceramic variability in 17th century St. Augustine, Florida

One of the issues central to the archaeological research program in St. Augustine has been the nature of colonial adaptive variability and how it is reflected archaeologically. Early and late 17th century ceramic assemblages from three undocumented sites in the town were analyzed and compared using the chi-square test for significance. Observed differences in the ceramic patterning occurred predominantly among Spanish Olive Jar and aboriginal ware categories. Based on previous research at documented 18th century St. Augustine sites, it is suggested that variation among these categories may be linked to 17th century income and occupational status.
Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium caused by low levels of microsatellite genotyping errors

Microsatellite genotyping from samples with varying quality can result in an uneven distribution of errors. Previous studies reporting error rates have focused on estimating the effects of both randomly distributed and locus-specific errors. Sample-specific errors, however, can also significantly affect results in population studies despite a large sample size. From two studies including six microsatellite markers genotyped from 272 sperm whale DNA samples, and 33 microsatellites genotyped from 213 bowhead whales, we investigated the effects of sample- and locus-specific errors on calculations of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The results of a jackknife analysis in these two studies identified seven individuals that were highly influential on estimates of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for six different markers. In each case, the influential individual was homozygous for a rare allele. Our results demonstrate that Hardy–Weinberg P values are very sensitive to homozygosity in rare alleles for single individuals, and that > 50% of these cases involved genotype errors likely due to low sample quality. This raises the possibility that even small, normal levels of laboratory errors can result in an overestimate of the degree to which markers are out of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and hence overestimate population structure. To avoid such bias, we recommend routine identification of influential individuals and multiple replications of those samples.
Thermotropic polyesters with flexible spacers in the main chain and oligo(oxyethylene) substituents

An expanded series of alkoxy-and oligo(oxyethylene)-substituted thermotropic polyesters with flexible decamethylene spacers in the main chain, which have higher molecular weights than those described in an earlier report, were prepared and characterized. All of the polymers in the series are soluble in common organic solvents, and have low melting temperatures (Tm) and isotropization transition temperatures (Ti). The members of the series with oligo(oxyethylene) substituents form both smectic and nematic phases.
Techniques for Measurement of Velocity in Liquid-Metal MHD Flows

Three instruments for measuring local velocities in liquid-metal MHD experiments for fusion blanket applications are being evaluated. The devices are used in room-temperature NaK experiments to measure three-dimensional flow field patterns anticipated in complex blanket geometries. Hot film anemometry, a standard technique in ordinary fluids, is being used, as well as two developmental devices. One is called the Liquid Metal Electromagnetic Velocity Instrument (LEVI), and performs essentially as a local dc electromagnetic flow meter. The third device, a Thermal Transient Anemometer (TTA) is a rugged, yet relatively simple device, which measures local velocity through the mechanism of convective heat transfer, in some ways similar to hot-film anemometry. Results are presented showing the kinds of data collected this far with each instrument. Measurements include both local velocity measurements and some preliminary frequency analyses of the fluctuating signals from both a hot-film sensor and the LEVI device.
Cellular changes associated with triton WR-1339 accumulation in rat hepatocytes. II. Lysosomal triton WR-1339 accumulation.

Abstract Following a single intraperitoneal injection, Triton WR-1339 accumulated in rat hepatocyte lysosomes. The accumulation phenomenon followed a two-step process: (1) Sequestration of Triton and subsequent enlargement of lysosomes which occurred through 48 hr post-injection. (2) Fusion of lysosomes to form swollen, electron-lucid lysosomes which occurred from about 48 hr through 8 days post-injection. During the first phase, the dense lysosomal matrix was pushed to the periphery of the lysosome during enlargement. During phase 2 prominent swelling or enlargement of the lysosomes and increasing cellular damage was observed. From injection to 8 days post-injection, the number and size of the lysosomes increased. Hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus, possibly associated with increased packaging, accompanied the increase in lysosome number. Lysosomal Triton accumulation exhibits morphological characteristics similar in many respects to storage diseases.
A Budget Size in a Democracy: A Review of the Arguments:

There is no lack of opinion whether the public sector in the United States is too large or too small and there may even be a few who would argue that the present public-private mix is the correct one. While different individuals inevitably have different opinions given their underlying preferences and economic, political, and social positions, one can examine the systematic forces at work in the U.S. political and economic system to determine if they bias the mix of public versus private spending from what the average voter-consumer desires. Such examinations were pioneered by Pigou, Galbraith, Downs, Buchanan, and Tullock, among others. In this review their analyses are critically compared and extended especially with respect to what bench mark for “correct” budget size each author takes as relevant in his discussion. The question of possible systematic biases in the composition of public spending as well as in the public-private mix is addressed.
On the use of a directed acyclic graph to represent a population of computer programs

This paper demonstrates a technique that reduces the time and space requirements of genetic programming. The population of parse trees is stored as a directed acyclic graph (DAG), rather than as a forest of trees. This saves space by not duplicating structurally identical subtrees. Also, the value computed by each subtree for each fitness case is cached, which saves computation both by not recomputing subtrees that appear more than once in a generation and by not recomputing subtrees that are copied from one generation to the next. I have implemented this technique for a number of problems and have seen a 15- to 28-fold reduction in the number of nodes extant per generation and an 11- to 30-fold reduction in the number of nodes evaluated per run (for populations of size 500). >
Measurement of 3-Alkyl-2-Methoxypyrazine by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction in Spiked Model Wines

The effect of wine matrix ingredients and conditions on the headspace sampling of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines was investigated with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography, using a nitrogen phosphorus detector. Changes in the recovery of 3-ethyl-, isopropyl-, sec -butyl-, and isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazines from the static headspace of synthetic wine matrices spiked with 5 µg/L of each analyte were investigated and reported as a function of SPME fiber type, extraction time, and temperature. The influence of pH, ethanol, phenolics, and oak was studied. Divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) SPME fibers at an extraction temperature of 50°C for 30 minutes with 30% (w/v) added sodium chloride resulted in the highest analyte recoveries. Although PDMS (100 µm) SPME fibers at an extraction temperature of 35°C for 30 minutes with 30% (w/v) added sodium chloride resulted in lower analyte recoveries, the fiber remained functional for 50 to 75 analyses after other coatings deteriorated. Changing the sample ethanol concentration from 0 to 20% (v/v) resulted in an exponential decrease in the recovered analytes. Below pH 2, there was extensive loss of the analytes in the headspace. No measurable impact on alkyl-methoxypyrazine headspace concentrations was observed with exposures to selected phenolics and to oak.
The Hidden Effect of Interface Energies in the Polymorphic Stability of Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide

Rutile is the thermodynamically stable phase of coarsely crystalline titanium dioxide; however, metastable anatase is frequently present in TiO2 nanoparticles as a result of the lower surface (solid–vapor) energy of this last polymorph. Here, we show that the presence of a solid–solid interface (frequently present due to aggregation or sintering after synthesis and calcination procedures) also markedly influences the polymorphic stability of TiO2 at the nanoscale. By revisiting calorimetric data reported on TiO2 polymorphs, and using a different analysis approach, we derive both surface and interface energies for anhydrous and hydrous interfaces and redraw the stability diagram for anatase and rutile at the nanoscale including an interface term for the first time. The presence of the solid–solid interface (grain boundary) is observed to shift the critical size of the anatase–rutile transition. A similar approach is suggested to be required to provide a better understanding of reported calorimetric data on nanomaterials such as ZrO2 and Fe2O3.
We Are What We Eat

Never before has food been so hot. From foodies to dieters to vegans to home chefs, Americans in the year 2006 are fascinated with cooking and eating-and more than ever, reading about it. The last few years have seen an extraordinary upsurge of publishing in culinary studies and food history, with popular and academic works addressing subjects ranging from the history of wine to cookbooks, coffee, and salt. Two new scholarly books add to this body of literature, shedding important light not only on what Americans ate in different eras, but also how and why they ate what they did. In A Revolution in Eating, historian James McWilliams takes us on a sweeping, visceral and intellectually illuminating tour of seventeenthand eighteenth-century American food traditions, from the savory to gut-wrenching. In Putting Meat on the American Table, Roger Horowitz examines in five thematic chapters-on beef, pork, hot dogs, chicken, and modern-day "convenient meats"-the production and consumption of one of our most beloved and controversial staples. Both authors illustrate deftly the intense negotiations-between different ethnic traditions, producers and consumers, nature and culture-behind our national and regional food ways. In so doing, they produce works of value not only to food historians but also to scholars of commerce, the environment, and culture. As Horowitz illustrates, putting meat on the American table has never been easy. In modern times, Americans have come to crave foods that are speedy, accessible, plentiful, and tasty. By nature, meat is bulky, smelly, and slow to process; it comes in irregular sizes and varying tastes and qualities, and it begins deteriorating as soon as the animal is killed. Not surprisingly, producers have faced serious challenges-to package and preserve meat, render
Acute pulmonary edema in pregnancy

Abstract Objective To describe the incidence, predisposing conditions, and inciting factors culminating in pulmonary edema in the pregnant patient. Methods A review of 62,917 consecutive pregnancies delivered at our institution from January 1, 1989 to June 1, 1999 was undertaken for the diagnosis of pulmonary edema. Each chart was reviewed for maternal demographics, admission diagnoses, medication use, gestational age at diagnosis, fluid balance, coexisting maternal illness, tocolytic use, evidence of preeclampsia, and diagnostic criteria. After careful review of the records, the most likely cause of pulmonary edema was assigned. Results Fifty-one women (0.08%) were diagnosed with acute pulmonary edema during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. The mean patient age at the time of diagnosis was 27.6 ± 6.4 years. The mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis was 31.5 ± 6.8 weeks. The diagnosis of pulmonary edema was made during the antepartum period in 24 patients (47%), the intrapartum period in seven (14%), and the postpartum period in 20 (39%). The most common attributable causes were tocolytic use (13 patients [25.5%]), cardiac disease (13 patients [25.5%]), fluid overload (11 patients [21.5%]), and preeclampsia (nine patients [18%]). Those with fluid overload identified as the likely etiology had a significantly greater mean positive fluid balance (6022 ± 3340 mL). All patients whose pulmonary edema was secondary to tocolytic use received multiple simultaneous tocolytic agents; the most common combination was intravenous magnesium sulfate and subcutaneous terbutaline. Six of the 13 women with cardiac disease were found to have previously undiagnosed structural heart disease. Conclusion The most common causes of pulmonary edema are the use of tocolytic agents, underlying cardiac disease, fluid overload, and preeclampsia.
IVIG Treatment for Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infection in a Child with Abnormal Specific Antibody Function but Normal Ig isotype, IgG Subclass Levels

IVIG Treatment for Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infection in a Child with Abnormal Specific Antibody Function but Normal Ig isotype, IgG Subclass Levels
Performing Counter-High Energy Laser Evasive Tactics

The purpose of this article is to present several physics-based mathematical probabilistic models for Counter Directed Energy Weapon operational planning. The scenario analyzed is that of a surge of friendly Blue aircraft closing on a single High Energy Laser. The surge is a mixture of Blue active platforms, and Blue low-value decoys. Blue is targetable for a finite time. Blue response/measures of effectiveness quantify the survivability of Blue Actives. Red response is the number of Blues killed. Red defense tactics trade off longer engagement times, resulting in higher probabilities of kill, and the number of Blues it can engage in the finite time.
A case of ST-segment elevation provoked by distended stomach conduit

A case of ST-segment elevation provoked by distended stomach conduit is presented. An 83-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with worsening chest discomfort. She had a previous history of subtotal esophagectomy, which was reconstructed using a stomach conduit in the posterior mediastinum. Electrocardiogram showed ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads and a prominent negative P wave in lead V1. Echocardiography demonstrated normal left ventricular function without regional wall motion abnormality; however, the left atrium and ventricle compressed by a substantially distended stomach conduit was noted. Subsequent angiocardiography revealed no coronary atherosclerotic stenosis and normal contractility of the left ventricle. Chest symptoms resolved soon after nasogastric suction, leading to resolution of electrocardiographic changes. The stomach conduit diminished on following repeated echocardiography. The patient was discharged without any evidence of myocardial infarction. Esophagus disease of the reconstructed stomach conduit should be recognized as a rare but considerable cause for electrocardiographic changes.
New Institutionalism: Theory and Analysis

New Institutionalism: Theory and Analysis. Edited by Andre Lecours. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. 380p. 30.95 paper.There has been a lot of discussion over the past decade about the relevance of institutions in political science. This has led to the emergence of an explanatory discipline, new institutionalism, a prominent social theory that focuses on developing a comprehensive study of institutions, the way they interact, and the effects of institutions on society—thus providing a way of viewing how institutions evolve in very different ways, or how institutions shape the behavior of individual members and produce change. In this collection of essays, edited by Andre Lecours, a case is made for the ways new institutionalism helps reframe and renew the theoretical and analytical importance of political institutions in the determination of a variety of political phenomena and outcomes, as a group of scholars—mainly from Canadian universities—address a set of complex issues related to new institutionalist research.
The relationship between interstate variations in the growth of R&D and economic activity

The relationship between regional R&D growth and subsequent regional economic growth is analyzed empirically. The rates of growth from 1920 to 1964 are calculated for various economic variables and R&D in the 48 contiguous states. The correlation coefficients of the growth equations measure consistency in growth. These coefficients are then analyzed via a correlation procedure. The results suggest that regions enjoying the most consistent rates of growth in R&D activity will subsequently enjoy, if not the most rapid economic growth, the smoothest and most consistent pattern of future economic growth.
Perceptual-motor coordination and adaptation during locomotion: Determinants of prism adaptation in hall exposure

Adaptation to prismatic displacement was examined under a number of conditions with locomotion in a hallway exposure. In general, total prism adaptation was inversely related to secondary cognitive load (presence or absence of mental arithmetic) and the relative magnitude of visual and proprioceptive shift depended upon the availability of visible sound sources in the hall environment. When the speaking experimenter was visible to the subject, visual shift was greater than proprioceptive shift, but when the experimenter was not visible and]or was silent, proprioceptive shift was greater than visual shift. No relationship has been detected between locomotion (walking rate) and either prism adaptation or cognitive load. These results are consistent with a model which assumes that the total adaptive response depends upon the available capacity to establish and maintain coordinative linkage between discordant systems, whereas locus of adaptive recalibration depends upon the direction of these coordinative linkages, discordance and adaptation occurring in the guided system(s). The available capacity for coordinative linkage depends upon cognitive load, whereas the directionality of linkage is independently determined by task structure. Locomotion is assumed to be mediated by a sensorimotor system that does not involve the distorted positional information.
Engineering applications of the Chow-Yorke algorithm

The Chow-Yorke algorithm is a scheme for developing homotopy methods that are globally convergent with probability one. Homotopy maps leading to globally convergent algorithms have been created for Brouwer fixed-point problems, certain classes of nonlinear systems of equations, the nonlinear complementarity problem, some nonlinear two-point boundary-value problems, and convex optimization problems. The Chow-Yorke algorithm has been successfully applied to a wide range of engineering problems, particularly those for which quasi-Newton and locally convergent iterative techniques are inadequate. Some of those engineering applications are surveyed here.
Comment on “Observation of 2D Polarons and Magnetopolarons on Superfluid Helium Films”

A Comment on the Letter by O. Tress et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2511 (1996). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Analysis of attack models via Unified Modeling Language in Wireless Sensor Networks: A survey study

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in various environments in monitoring temperature, motion, sound, and vibration. These applications often include the detection of sensitive information from enemy movements in hostile areas or in locations of personnel in buildings. Due to characteristics of WSNs, nodes tend to be exposed to the enemy, and security is a major concern in WSNs. Many researchers have developed various security protocols. However, there is no research paper describing and analyzing security models in WSNs by using a standard notation such as The Unified Modeling Language (UML). Using the UML helps security developers to analyze security attacks and design secure WSNs. In this research, we provide standard models for security attacks by UML Sequence Diagrams to describe and analyze possible attacks in a network and transport layer.
Isolation and characterization of Leishmania donovani calreticulin gene and its conservation of the RNA binding activity.

Abstract Calreticulin has been implicated in multiple cell functions. Recently, we have shown that both human and simian calreticulin are RNA binding proteins and that their binding activity is due to phosphorylation. To demonstrate that the RNA binding property of calreticulin is an intrinsic part of this multi-functional molecule and is evolutionarily conserved, we isolated and characterized the calreticulin gene from the unicellular parasite, Leishmania donovani . Amino acid sequence homology between human and Leishmania calreticulin (L. d. cal) is limited, but like the human homologue, L. d. cal binds Ca + + , can be phosphorylated in vitro and binds certain RNA sequences in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Unlike human calreticulin, L. d. cal is glycosylated and its binding to endogenous Leishmania RNA is phosphorylation-independent. The binding of L. d. cal to Leishmania RNA suggests that the RNA binding activity of calreticulin has remained evolutionarily conserved.
A comprehensive test of optical scatterometry readiness for 65 nm technology production

Measurement bias is a central concept of critical dimension (CD) metrology. Bias is a complex function of sample, tool and time. Bias variation defines the total measurement uncertainty (TMU). TMU is a measure of metrology quality. Precision (or bias variation with time) is only a part of TMU. Often tool-to-tool and sample-to-sample components of bias variation exceed precision. To measure sample-to-sample bias variation, knowledge of the reference CD value for the samples is required. Since bias is sample specific, the technology representative set of calibrated samples has to be created. The described approach has been implemented for a comprehensive evaluation of optical scatterometry (OS) to determine readiness of OS for the 65 nm technology production. The tests covered nine OS applications representative of the technology. The testing revealed that OS metrology is mostly ready to support 65 nm technology production. Both spectral ellipsometry and angular reflectometry OS compete closely on all applications. OS demonstrates acceptable averaged bias for CD and sidewall angle for most applications. Correlation of OS to other metrologies is usually satisfactory. At the same time some problems have been observed. The majority of the tested applications show poor linearity for some measured parameters. Cross-correlation between parameters is usually the cause. OS has trouble to meet the semiconductor industry's tight fleet precision requirements. For all applications, OS tool matching is a major component of fleet precision. The evaluation also exposed some general CD metrology challenges. With accuracy allowance in a sub-nanometer range, it is difficult to find an adequate reference technique to verify and calibrate OS models. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been chosen as a reference technique during this evaluation, but it has limitations. Precision, sidewall profile resolution and tip finite dimensions are some of the AFM limitations. OS fleet TMU for many applications is unacceptably high. Further work is needed to better understand the impact of reference data uncertainty on these alarming results. It is clear that to achieve a desired sub-nanometer agreement between reference and OS data, one must pay scrupulous attention to every detail of the experiment.
Affinity-based management of main memory database clusters

We study management strategies for main memory database clusters that are interposed between Internet applications and back-end databases as content caches. The task of management is to allocate data across individual cache databases and to route queries to the appropriate databases for execution. The goal is to maximize effective cache capacity and to minimize synchronization cost. We propose an affinity-based management system for main memory database cLUsters (ALBUM). ALBUM executes each query in two stages in order to take advantage of the query affinity that is observed in a wide range of applications. We evaluate the data/query distribution strategy in ALBUM with a set of trace-based simulations. The results show that ALBUM reduces cache miss ratio by a factor of 1.7 to 9 over alternative strategies. We have implemented a prototype of ALBUM, and compare its performance to that of an existing infrastructure: a fully replicated database with large buffer cache. The results show that ALBUM outperforms the existing infrastructure with the same number of server machines by a factor of 2 to 7, and that ALBUM with only 1/3 to 1/2 of the server machines achieves the same throughput as the existing infrastructure.
The determination of spin arrangements in magnetic materials by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy using polarized γ-rays

In many magnetic materials it is a good approximation to say that the nuclei of magnetic atoms are subject to axial magnetic fields, and one topic of investigation is to determine the distribution in orientation of these axes. Formulae are given which enable the intensities of 57Fe Mossbauer lines to be calculated in terms of the polarization of the incident γ-rays and parameters which characterize the distribution of the axes of the internal magnetic fields acting on the 57Fe nuclei in a magnetically ordered absorber.
Genomic rearrangement in long-term shoot competent cell cultures of hexaploid wheat

By use of a method for regenerating wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) from cells from long-term suspension culture, the chromosome complement and stability of cultured cells of cv. Mustang were examined. Massive chromosome restructuring and genomic rearrangements were detected by HCl−KOH-Giemsa banding techniques. Chromosome structural variations involved mainly heterochromatin and centromeric regions. These included B genome chromosome elimination; heterochromatin amplification; megachromosomes and extrachromosomal DNA particles; translocations and deletions; telocentric, dicentric, and multicentric chromosomes; and somatic pairing and crossing over. At least 65 break-fusion sites were identified. Most of the sites were located in the B genome chromosomes (42 sites, 64.6%); 36.9% (20 sites) were located in the A genome chromosomes; and the fewest (3 sites, 4.6%) were detected in the D genome. Most of the chromosome break-fusion is in the heterochromatin and centromeric regions. The B genome chromosomes appeared to be eliminated nonrandomly, and the stability of the genome may vary among the genotypes and depend on culture duration. We also checked chromosome number of 1-year-old shoot-competent cells. Only 20% of the cells still had 2n=42 chromosomes. Most of the cells (60%) were hyperploid. These observed variations describe the types of tissue-culture-induced variations and suggest the unsuitability of using wheat cells from long-term cultures for genetic transformation experiments.