cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Scale to Assess Perceptions of Cheating in Examination-Related Situations

The Perceptions of Cheating Scale (POCS) was developed to assess perceptions of academic cheating in examination-related situations. The final form of the POCS contained 30 items depicting cheating scenarios. Respondents were required to assign levels of punishment appropriate for the cheating described. Data were collected from both college students and faculty. As partial validation, a comparison was made between faculty and student response patterns. Results showed clear differences with faculty consistently assigning harsher punishments. Examination of the relationships between the POCS and several criterion variables yielded some small but statistically significant coefficients.
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior: Discrepancy-Enlarging Loops, and Three Further Issues

In Chapter 3 we talked about efforts to conform to behavioral reference points. Those processes cover a lot of behavior, but not all behavior. Sometimes people want to attain particular ends, but sometimes they want to escape or avoid particular ends. Sometimes people want to be specific ways, sometimes they want to not be specific ways. The experiences of trying to move toward and trying to move away obviously differ, and they involve different self-regulatory structures. In this chapter we consider moving-away processes, and a different kind of feedback loop: the discrepancy-enlarging loop. As we said in Chapter 2, some feedback processes act to create a divergence between an input (perception of present condition) and a comparison value. Rather than resembling a gravity field, it looks like antigravity. Rather than a goal, it seems to involve an anti-goal. These loops may be less prominent in behavior than are approach loops. They do, however, play an important role. In this chapter we address that role. Then we turn to some broader questions that transcend the two types of feedback processes. DISCREPANCY-ENLARGING FEEDBACK LOOPS IN BEHAVIOR In trying to identify cases of positive feedback in behavior, there are several things to look for. First, positive loops always involve attempts to deviate from a comparison point, efforts to push away from something. Second, it's likely that the distancing from standard is constrained or overridden at some point by the action of a negative loop.
Influence of endurance exercise training on antioxidant enzymes, tight junction proteins, and inflammatory markers in the rat ileum

This study investigated the effects of endurance exercise training on ileum antioxidant status, as well as tight junction, inflammatory, and nutrient transporter gene expression. Sprague–Dawley rats (4 month old) were assigned to sedentary (SED) or endurance exercise-training (EXE) groups (n = 8/group). EXE animals were trained on the treadmill for 10 days at a speed of 30 m/min at 0° incline for 60 min/day. SED and EXE animals were sacrificed (24 h after the final training bout) and the ileum was stored for analyses. The ileum of EXE had higher (p 0.05) in the lipid peroxidation biomarker 4-hydroxynonenal. Ileum mRNA expression of the tight junction gene zonulin increased (p 0.05) between SED and EXE. The ileum mRNA expressions of seven nutrient transporters (SLC5A8, SLC7A6, SLC6A19, SLC7A7, SLC27A2, SLC16A10, and SLC15A1) were not different between the two groups (p > 0.05). EXE had lower ileum TNFα mRNA expression (p 0.05) were found in the other inflammatory mRNAs including NFκB, IFNγ, IL6, CCL2, TLR4, and IL10. In addition, no changes in p-p65:p65 were detected. These findings suggest that 10 days of endurance exercise training up-regulates key endogenous antioxidant enzymes, decreases select inflammation markers, and alters select markers of tight junction permeability.
Polymer Pendant Crown Thioethers for Removal of Mercury from Acidic Waste Streams-Characterization and Extraction Performance

The removal and immobilization of mercury(II) ions from industrial waste streams is a difficult and expensive problem requiring a robust extractant that is resistant to corrosive conditions. We have now developed an acid-resistant thiacrown polymer that has potential utility as a selective and cost-effective Hg2+ extractant. A new crown thioether, 2-hydroxymethyl-1,4,8,11,14-pentathiacycloheptadecane ([17] aneS5-OH), was synthesized through reaction of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol with 4,7,10-trithiatridecane-1,13-di-p-toluenesulfonate; then treated with thionyl chloride to form 2-chloromethyl-1,4,8,11,14-pentathiacycloheptadecane ([17] aneS5-Cl); followed by conversion to 2-(N-methyl)aminomethyl-1,4,8,11,14-pentathiacycloheptadecane ([17] aneS5-NHMe), through reaction with methylamine. The synthesis of the 4-vinylbenzyl-substituted thiacrown was readily accomplished by treating with 4-vinylbenzyl chloride. Co-polymerization of the 4-vinylbenzyl-substituted thiacrown with DVB (80% divinylbenzene) using AIBN as the radical initiator generated the highly cross-linked crown thioether polymer. The polymer based material was tested for Hg(II) extraction activity from acidic solutions. The material was found to extract 95+% of the Hg in a pH range of around 1.5 to over 6.0, with contact times of less than 30 min and in the presence of high concentration of competing ions such as Pb, Cd, Al, and Fe. The spent polymer could also be stripped of the Hg2+ and reused without sufficient loss of loading capacity. Characterization of the binding sites by XPS and XAS show only some of the S atoms in the thiacrown participate in the binding of Hg. Our results indicate this polymer has the potential to treat highly acidic wastes efficiently. This thiacrown polymer is far more effective in extracting Hg2+ from aqueous solution than previously reported Hg2+ extrac-tants, not only being very fast and efficient and selective, but also independent of pH.
UNUSUAL CAUSES OF ABDOMINAL PAIN

Common and uncommon GI and other intraperitoneal illnesses may present in unusual ways. In addition, many systemic or extraperitoneal disease processes frequently include abdominal pain as a clinical manifestation. The clinician should suspect an unusual cause of abdominal symptoms in patients with repeated visits to the ED without a diagnosis, those who appear ill or complain of severe abdominal pain with disproportionately negative abdominal physical examination findings, those with constitutional or extraperitoneal symptoms or signs, and the elderly or immunocompromised. After initial resuscitation and stabilization have taken place, early evaluation of the need for urgent surgical evaluation and operative management is crucial in the patient with abdominal pain, even when the cause of the symptoms is unclear. A thorough history and careful and complete abdominal and nonabdominal physical examination, paired with appropriate but judicious diagnostic testing, are essential to detecting these unusual causes of abdominal pain and to preventing needless morbidity and mortality.
A submersible study of the western intersection of the Mid-Atlantic ridge and Kane fracture zone (WMARK)

In 1994, a joint Japanese-American dive program utilizing the worlds deepest diving active research submersible (SHINKAI 6500) was carried out at the western ridge-transform intersection (RTI) of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Kane transform in the central North Atlantic Ocean. A total of 15 dives were completed along with surface-ship geophysical mapping of bathymetry, magnetic and gravity fields. Dives at the RTI traced the neovolcanic zone up to, and for a short distance (2.5 km) along, the Kane transform. At the RTI, the active trace of the transform is marked by a narrow valley (<50 m wide) that separates the recent lavas of the neovolcanic zone from the south wall of the transform. The south wall of the transform at the western RTI consists of a diabase section near its base between 5000 and 4600 m depth overlain by basaltic lavas, with no evidence of gabbro or deeper crustal rocks. The south wall is undergoing normal faulting with considerable strike-slip component. The lavas of the neovolcanic zone at the RTI are highly magnetized (17 A m−1) compared to the lavas of the south wall (4 A m−1), consistent with their age difference. The trace of the active transform changes eastwards into a prominent median ridge, which is composed of heavily sedimented and highly serpentinized peridotites. Submersible observations made from SHINKAI find that the western RTI of the Kane transform has a very different seafloor morphology and lithology compared to the eastern RTI. Large rounded massifs exposing lower crustal rocks are found on the inside corner of the eastern RTI whereas volcanic ridge and valley terrain with hooked ridges are found on the outside corner of the eastern RTI. The western RTI is much less asymmetric with both inside and outside corner crust showing a preponderance of volcanic terrain. The dominance of low-angle detachment faulting at the eastern RTI has resulted in a seafloor morphology and architecture that is diagnostic of the process whereas crust formed at the WMARK RTI must clearly be operating under a different set of conditions that suppresses the initiation of such faulting.
Automated validation of satellite derived coastal optical products

Automated validation methods and a suite of tools have been developed in a Quality Control Center to analyze the stability and uncertainty of satellite ocean products. The automatic procedures analyze match-ups of near real time coastal bio-optical observations from Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) with satellite-derived ocean color products from MODIS Aqua and Terra, SeaWIFS, Ocean Color Monitor, and MERIS. These tools will be used to compare MVCO in situ data sets (absorption, backscattering, and attenuation coefficients), co-located SeaPRISM-derived water leaving radiances, and the Aerosol Robotic Network (AeroNet) derived aerosol properties with daily satellite bio-optical products and atmospheric correction parameters (aerosol model types, epsilon, angstrom coefficient), to track the long term stability of the bio-optical products and aerosol patterns. The automated procedures will be used to compare the in situ and satellite-derived values, assess seasonal trends, estimate uncertainty of coastal products, and determine the influence and uncertainty of the atmospheric correction procedures. Additionally we will examine the increased resolution of 250m, 500m, and 1 km satellite data from multiple satellite borne sensors to examine the spatial variability and how this variability affects assessing the product uncertainty of coastal match-ups of both bio-optical algorithms and atmospheric correction methods. This report describes the status of the QCC tool development and potential applications of the QCC tool suite.
Overlapped inductors and its application on a shared RF front-end in a MultiStandard IC

A technique to build overlapped inductors at the same location while keeping good isolation between them is presented. The key idea is to use magnetic and electric cancellation to reduce coupling. A shared LNA for WiFi and Bluetooth (BT) applications using the overlapped inductor is proposed. It enables independent gain control up to the first RF stage in a receiver so that the system integration complexity is reduced.
Understanding Treatment Gaps for Mental Health, Alcohol, and Drug Use in South Dakota: A Qualitative Study of Rural Perspectives.

Purpose More than 25% of US adults experience mental health or substance use conditions annually, yet less than half receive treatment. This study explored how rural participants with behavioral health conditions pursue and receive care, and it examined how these factors differed across American Indian (AI) and geographic subpopulations. Methods We undertook a qualitative follow-up study from a statewide survey of unmet mental health and substance use needs in South Dakota. We conducted semistructured phone interviews with a purposive sample of key informants with varying perceptions of need for mental health and substance use treatment. Results We interviewed 33 participants with mental health (n = 18), substance use (n = 9), and co-occurring disorders (n = 6). Twenty participants (61.0%) lived in rural communities that did not overlap with AI tribal land. Twelve participants (34.3%) were AI, 8 of whom lived on a reservation (24.2%). The discrepancy between actual and perceived treatment need was related to how participants defined mental health, alcohol, and drug use “problems.” Mental health disorders and excessive alcohol consumption were seen as a normal part of life in rural and reservation communities; seeking mental health care or maintaining sobriety was viewed as the result of an individual's willpower and frequently related to a substantial life event (eg, childbirth). Participants recommended treatment gaps be addressed through multicomponent community-level interventions. Discussion This study describes how rural populations view mental health, alcohol, and drug use. Enhancing access to care, addressing discordant perceptions, and improving community-based interventions may increase treatment uptake.
Protecting Juries from Themselves: Restricting the Admission of Expert Testimony in Toxic Tort Cases

This paper examines issues surrounding the use of expert witness testimony in toxic tort cases.
The Role of the Spermatophore in the Reproductive Biology of Protogynes of Aculus cornutus (Acarina: Eriophyidae)

Newly emerged protogynes of Aculus cornutus (Banks) inseminated from one fresh spermatophore containing about 50 sperm cells produced predominantly females (an average 23) for several days but later produced only males. Such protogynes failed to recognize and/or visit fresh spermatophores 4, 8, 12, or 16 days later, even though they began producing only males before the 9th day, but 5- or 10-day-old noninseminated protogynes that had previously produced only males, readily visited the spermatophores and became inseminated. When protogynes were exposed continuously to spermatophores in laboratory colonies or were newly inseminated from a single spermatophore, the sperm were found in only the left or right spermatheca. This one spermatheca in the continuously exposed protogynes contained few to many sperm cells, and its shape varied correspondingly; in newly inseminated protogynes, the one spermatheca always contained many sperm and was globose. Protogynes readily visited newly deposited or 2-dayold spermatophores (and subsequently produced females), but they neither recognized nor visited 4-, 6-, or 8-dayold spermatophores though sperm from 1- to 6-day-old spermatophores did not differ morphologically from younger sperm. Males and protogynes commenced depositing spermatophores and eggs, respectively, within a few hours after they became adults, and protogynes visited spermatophores less than a minute after eclosion. At 26Â°C, males deposited an average 35 spermatophores/day, and protogynes laid an average 4 eggs/day. The largest number of spermatophores deposited by one male was 614.
Domestic Capacity and the Implementation Gap in Regional Trade Agreements

Regional trade agreements (RTAs) all over the world share many of the same institutional features—from dispute-settlement mechanisms to legalized language to escape clauses—and espouse many of the same goals. But many of those features are unimplemented in different contexts across the world. Many observers have pointed to an “implementation gap” in RTAs—most of which promise much but deliver relatively little—but offer no explanation for this gap. I argue that this is explained by domestic capacity. In countries where the rule of law is weak and infrastructure is insufficient—and particularly when those elements interact—it is difficult to implement trade agreements. This article utilizes expert survey data to demonstrate that member states with poor infrastructure and little respect for the rule of law are unable to carry out the obligations they agree to in their trade agreements. Domestic capacity—both physical and institutional—can explain the implementation gap between what agreements promise and wh...
Design of a Thermal Management System for Directed Energy Weapons

A generic model was developed that can provide an estimate of the mass and volume and characterize the usefulness of thermal energy storage (TES) for various thermal management (TM) applications in advanced military aircraft. Conceptual design for low thermal duty cycle electronic heat sink applications was described. The criteria are presented for selecting a design for different end-applications. A thermal resistance model has been developed to analyze and optimize the design. It can be concluded that the heat sink design for the high-energy laser (HEL) system can have a high heat storage ability of 20 MJ, a volume storage density of 86 MJ/m 3 and a mass storage density of 77 kJ/kg. The airborne active denial (AAD) system heat sink design can have a high heat storage ability of 25 MJ, a volume storage density of 76 MJ/m 3 and a mass storage density of 69 kJ/kg. Nomenclature A = surface area of TES chambers (m 2 ) a = vapor chamber width (m) b = vapor chamber length (m) D = width of vapor channel (m) Dh = hydraulic diameter of vapor channel (m) keff = effective thermal conductivity of carbon foam and PCM (W/m⋅K) kfoam = thermal conductivity of the carbon foam (W/m⋅K) kl = thermal conductivity of the working fluid in liquid state (W/m⋅K) kPCM = thermal conductivity of PCM (W/m⋅K) kwall = thermal conductivity of the TES chamber wall (W/m⋅K) kc = thermal conductivity of the vapor chamber plate (W/m⋅K) G = mass flux (kg/m 2 .s) N = number of TES chambers mPCM = total mass of PCM present in the VCTES system (kg) mtot = total mass of VCTES heat sink (kg) Prl = liquid Prandtl number, µl cp,l / kl Pred = reduced pressure, P/Pcritical Psat = normal pressure (gage)/vapor saturation pressure (atm) (=P) Q = total heat absorption capacity of the VCTES heat sink (MJ) Qm = heat storage capacity per unit mass (MJ/kg)
Building an Organizational Global Mindset Culture: Implications for Practice

Henson defines the characteristics of a global mindset culture, and recommends the following practices for organizations that want to create this culture: top management commitment to building a global mindset culture; structures and processes for global alignment and coordination; infrastructures for global communication; assessment of global mindset potential; use of development assignments to build global mindset in individuals and teams; reduction of the headquarters “center of gravity”; cross-cultural awareness and sensitivity as a key element in the company’s learning strategy; identification of a global talent pool; recognition and rewards for those with global mindset; support for individuals on overseas assignments; and formal and informal processes for sharing best practices globally.
Cooperative Silencing of Chicken ρ- and βH- Globin Gene Expression by Chicken β-Globin Regulatory Elements: Involvement of RNAi Mediated Repression.

Abstract The chicken β-globin locus represents a well characterized, model system where the relationship between chromatin structure, transcription and DNA replication can be studied. The locus contains several regulatory elements including an intergenic enhancer as well as upstream regulatory elements that may function either alone or in combination with the intergenic enhancer as an LCR. The availability of the recombination proficient chicken B cell line DT40 has allowed the introduction of mutations into the endogenous chicken β-globin locus and phenotypic analysis after microcell mediated chromosome transfer into human erythroleukemia (K562) cells. Using this system, we have introduced deletions in the chicken β-globin intergenic enhancer as well as 5′ HS 1,2, and 3. Expression of the embryonic ρ and fetal βH chicken globin genes were repressed by the intergenic enhancer, 5′ HS1, or 5′HS2. No ρ or βH globin gene expression was detected in K562 cells containing control chicken chromosomes, while ρ and βH mRNA were activated when the intergenic enhancer, 5′ HS1, or 5′HS2 were deleted. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments that assayed RNA polmerase II (pol II), GATA-1 and NF-E2 p45/ p18 binding at regulatory elements and gene promoters in targeted cell lines supported this hypothesis and suggested a potential role for 5′HS3 in gene activation. However, targeted deletion of 5′ HS3, unlike the other chicken β-globin regulatory elements, showed no transcriptional phenotype. Our results demonstrate the intergenic enhancer, 5′HS1, and 5′ HS2 function through a common silencing mechanism involving pol II, GATA-1, and NF-E2/P18. The recent demonstration of the involvement of Pol II in the synthesis of miRNA's prompted us to investigate the role of miRNA's in gene silencing in this system. A small miRNA was identified at the intergenic enhancer region. ChIP assays showed the binding of two components of the RISC (Dicer and Ago2) at the chicken globin regulatory elements. These results are consistent with the involvement of RISC and miRNA's in gene silencing in this system.
A Case Study of Cloud Radar Observations and Large-Eddy Simulations of a Shallow Stratiform Orographic Cloud, and the Impact of Glaciogenic Seeding

AbstractThe impact of glaciogenic seeding on precipitation remains uncertain, mainly because of the noisy nature of precipitation. Operational seeding programs often target cold-season orographic clouds because of their abundance of supercooled liquid water. Such clouds are complicated because of common natural seeding from above (seeder–feeder effect) or from below (blowing snow). Here, observations, mainly from a profiling airborne Doppler radar, and numerical simulations are used to examine the impact of glaciogenic seeding on a very shallow (<1 km), largely blocked cloud that is not naturally seeded from aloft or from below. This cloud has limited but persistent supercooled liquid water, a cloud-base (top) temperature of −12°C (−16°C), and produces only very light snowfall naturally. A Weather Research and Forecasting Model large-eddy simulation at 100-m resolution captures the observed upstream stability and wind profiles and reproduces the essential characteristics of the orographic flow, cloud, and...
Effects of heat and smoke on the germination of six Florida scrub species

Abstract Ecological disturbances in ecosystems are often essential for the continued success of many species, acting to increase resource availability and allowing recruitment of new individuals. Fire, a common disturbance, has been shown to influence seed germination in many ecosystems worldwide. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of fire, in the form of heat and smoke, on seed germination of six Florida scrub species ( Chrysopsis highlandsensis , Eryngium cuneifolium , Hypericum cumulicola , Lechea cernua , Liatris tenuifolia , and Polygonella polygama ). We applied dry heat, wet heat, and aqueous smoke treatments to the target species with control, low, and high levels for each treatment, using a novel approach with individual seeds closely monitored for germination time in microplate wells. Smoke treatments resulted in significantly higher germination percentages for three Florida scrub species, C. highlandsensis , E. cuneifolium , and L. cernua , as well as decreased time to germination for C. highlandsensis , but had no effect on the other three species. Dry heat treatments either had no effect or reduced percent germination in all species, while wet heat treatments resulted in virtually no germination. These results show fire effects in Florida scrub do include smoke-stimulated germination in some species, and most of our study species would not have reduced germination due to heat, especially if located within the insulating sands. Determining how fire influences seed germination will allow for more effective management techniques and higher success in propagating native plants.
Oncology Nurse Retreat: A Strength-Based Approach to Self-Care and Personal Resilience

Oncology nurses are at high risk for burnout and compassion fatigue. Self-care is an essential element that oncology nurses should incorporate into their daily lives but, instead, is often deprioritized. As a result, nurses do not seek out educational opportunities that focus on self-care or personal growth. This article describes the curriculum that was developed for an oncology nurse retreat that promoted self-care and building personal resilience using tools that could be adapted for use with patients and families. .
Plasma Adaptive Optics Evaluation Using Two-Wavelength Heterodyne Interferometry

The third part of a research program that investigates the possibility of using low-temperature ionized air (plasma) for adaptive optics in an airborne laser directed-energy system is presented. It...
Mechatronic Design and Optimization of an Artificial Heart

Abstract The mechatronic left-ventricular assist devices (LVAD’s or artificial hearts), Streamliner HG3b and HG3c, have successfully been implanted in calves. The first was implanted for 4 hours (Figure 1) and the second for 34 days. The tests confirmed the feasibility of low power levitation (1.5 watts coil power) and very low blood damage in mag-lev ventricular assist devices. In this paper, we describe the unique mechatronic modeling and design of these compact systems. Key features of this LVAD concept are the passive radial magnetic suspension and an active voice-coil thrust bearing. This system is one of the smallest mag-lev systems designed to date.
CO2 capture from the industry sector

Abstract It is widely accepted that greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, must be significantly reduced to prevent catastrophic global warming. Carbon capture and reliable storage (CCS) is one path towards controlling emissions, and serves as a key component to climate change mitigation and will serve as a bridge between the fossil fuel energy of today and the renewable energy of the future. Although fossil-fueled power plants emit the vast majority of stationary CO2, there are many industries that emit purer streams of CO2, which result in reduced cost for separation. Moreover, many industries outside of electricity generation do not have ready alternatives for becoming low-carbon and CCS may be their only option. The thermodynamic minimum work for separation was calculated for a variety of CO2 emissions streams from various industries, followed by a Sherwood analysis of capture cost. The Sherwood plot correlates the relationship between concentrations of a target substance with the cost to separate it from the remaining components. As the target concentration increases, the cost to separate decreases on a molar basis. Furthermore, the lowest cost opportunities for deploying first-of-a-kind CCS technology were found to be in the Midwest and along the Gulf Coast. Many high purity industries, such as ethanol production, ammonia production and natural gas processing, are located in these regions. The southern Midwest and Gulf Coast are also co-located with potential geologic sequestration sites and enhanced oil recovery opportunities. As a starting point, these sites may provide the demonstration and knowledge necessary for reducing carbon capture technology costs across all industries, and improving the economic viability for CCS and climate change mitigation. The various industries considered in this review were examined from a dilution and impact perspective to determine the best path forward in terms of prioritizing for carbon capture. A possible implementation pathway is presented that initially focuses on CO2 capture from ethanol production, followed by the cement industry, ammonia, and then natural gas processing and ethylene oxide production. While natural gas processing and ethylene oxide production produce high purity streams, they only account for relatively small portions of industrial process CO2. Finally, petroleum refineries account for almost a fifth of industrial process CO2, but are comprised of numerous low-purity CO2 streams. These qualities make these three industries less attractive for initial CC implementation, and better suited for consideration towards the end of the industrial CC pathway.
Finite Element Study to Evaluate the Biomechanical Performance of the Spine After Augmenting Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation With Kyphoplasty in the Treatment of Burst Fractures

Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) is a well-known minimally invasive surgery (MIS) employed in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures (TBF). However, hardware failure and loss of angular correction are common limitations caused by the poor support of the anterior column of the spine. Balloon kyphoplasty (KP) is another MIS that was successfully used in the treatment of compression fractures by augmenting the injured vertebral body with cement. To overcome the limitations of stand-alone PPSF, it was suggested to augment PPSF with KP as a surgical treatment of TBF. Yet, little is known about the biomechanical alteration occurred to the spine after performing such procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the immediate post-operative biomechanical performance of stand-alone PPSF, stand-alone-KP, and KP-augmented PPSF procedures. Novel three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models of the thoracolumbar junction that describes the fractured spine and the three investigated procedures were developed and tested under mechanical loading conditions. The spinal stiffness, stresses at the implanted hardware, and the intradiscal pressure at the upper and lower segments were measured and compared. The results showed no major differences in the measured parameters between stand-alone PPSF and KP-augmented PPSF procedures, and demonstrated that the stand-alone KP may restore the stiffness of the intact spine. Accordingly, there was no immediate post-operative biomechanical advantage in augmenting PPSF with KP when compared to stand-alone PPSF, and fatigue testing may be required to evaluate the long-term biomechanical performance of such procedures.
Population Change and Contrasting Integration, Attachment, and Participation in the New West-Old West

As we have detailed in prior chapters, historical and traditional patterns of internal migration in the United States consisted of large population movements from rural to urban areas. However, over the last 40 years a different pattern emerged at two distinct times – during the late 1970s and mid-1990s. Both reflected more contemporary macro-level factors, including changing workforce and economic ­conditions, advances in telecommunications, and intergenerational transfers of wealth, each of which contributed to a reversal of the dominant pattern. Now, significant numbers of people were moving from urban to rural areas (Beyers and Nelson 2000; Fuguitt and Beale 1996; Fitchen 1991; Hawley and Mills 1982; Johnson and Purdy 1980; Johnson and Beale 1994; McGranahan 1999; Tucker 1976). These patterns, particularly in the 1970s, became popularized as an American “rural renaissance” (Morrison and Wheeler 1976; Brown and Wardwell 1980).
Assessment of pointer dog behavior

Studies of behavioral traits of the “Arkansas Line of nervous pointer dogs” are well documented (Murphreeet al., 1969). Demonstrations of drug effects on these traits, as measured on the standardized behavior test and expressed as “Morbidity Score,” have been disappointing, despite other evidence of effectiveness of drug treatments such as modification of operant performance (Murphreeet al. 1974c). A simple reproducible test with high interrater reliability is presented here. Subjects were nine nervous dogs that received placebo, pimozide, and chlordiazepoxide in a double-blind crossover design. Both drugs significantly attenuated “human avoidance,” a nervous trait. Placebo had no effect. The chlordiazepoxide effect was maximal on the first day of administration, returning to baseline three to four days after the last dose. The pimozide maximal effect was on day 4, with return to baseline six to nine days after the last dose. In addition to the aberrant behavior of the nervous pointer, hyperresponsiveness to dopaminergic stimulation and increased levels of L-DOPA in the cisternal spinal fluid were observed.
Innovations and advances in instrumentation at the W. M. Keck Observatory

Since the start of operations in 1993, the twin 10 meter W. M. Keck Observatory telescopes have continued to maximize their scientific impact and to produce transformative discoveries that keep the observing community on the frontiers of astronomical research. Upgraded capabilities and new instrumentation are provided though collaborative partnerships with Caltech and UC instrument development teams. The observatory adapts and responds to the observers’ evolving needs as defined in the observatory’s strategic plan, periodically refreshed in collaboration with the science community. This paper summarizes the performance of recently commissioned infrastructure projects, technology upgrades, and new additions to the suite of instrumentation at the observatory. We will also provide a status of projects currently in the design or development phase, and since we need to keep our eye on the future, we mention projects in exploratory phases that originate from our strategic plan. Recently commissioned projects include telescope control system upgrades, OSIRIS spectrometer and imager upgrades, and deployments of the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI), the Near-Infrared Echellette Spectrometer (NIRES), and the Keck I Deployable Tertiary Mirror (KIDM3). Under development are upgrades to the NIRSPEC instrument and adaptive optics (AO) system. Major instrumentation in design phases include the Keck Cosmic Reionization Mapper and the Keck Planet Finder. Future instrumentation studies and proposals underway include a Ground Layer Adaptive Optics system, NIRC2 upgrades, the energy sensitive instrument KRAKENS, an integral field spectrograph LIGER, and a laser tomography AO upgrade. Last, we briefly discuss recovering MOSFIRE and its return to science operations.
The Climate Downturn of 536–50

This chapter surveys the evolution of research on the 536–50 CE climatic downturn and its human impacts. It presents the written evidence for atmospheric anomalies over the Mediterranean alongside the ever-growing wealth of relevant ice core and tree ring scholarship, and it highlights changes in reconstruction and interpretation as scholars reworked old evidence and injected new data. Judgments about the downturn’s historical significance in multiple world regions are discussed but not assessed in depth. In line with current evidence, the chapter concludes that the anomaly was a discontinuous complex of phenomena whose effects were extreme but varied across space and time. A cluster of very large volcanic eruptions triggered exceptional cooling and possibly drought across several parts of the globe. This was not a “536 event” or a “mystery cloud” of 12 or 18 months’ duration. It was a decade and a half of marked cold, with troughs in summer temperatures around 536, 540–1, and 545–6.
Technology-transfer Offices in Universities: Their Processes and Performance Metrics

Technology transfer from universities to industry leads to technological progress, which benefits several stakeholders including the university, venture capitalists, business community, entrepreneu...
Length doesn't matter—telomere damage triggers cellular senescence in the ageing heart

Telomere shortening induces cellular senescence in proliferative cells. Yet, it is presently unclear how it is triggered in post‐mitotic cells such as cardiac myocytes. A new study by Anderson et al (2019) reports that during ageing of the heart, cellular senescence develops independently of telomere length, but is evoked by DNA damage, which preferentially accumulates at the telomere. Removal of senescent cells using senolytic drugs ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and may inform novel approaches to improve the conditions for the ageing heart.
A U.S. Food and Drug Administration Age Based Pooled Analysis of Cytokine Release Syndrome and Neurotoxicity in Subjects with Relapsed/Refractory Lymphoma Treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy

Abstract Background: With recent FDA approvals of CAR T cell therapy for the treatment of relapsed/refractory aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, an increasing number of older adults will be treated with this therapy. An improved understanding of the safety of CAR T cell therapy in this population is important to inform clinical decision making for the treatment of older subjects. Methods: Data from two prospective single arm studies (n=214) of two approved CART cell products for the treatment of relapsed/refractory lymphoma were pooled and analyzed. Rates of cytokine release syndrome (CRS), as well as severity and treatment modalities (oxygen, vasopressor support, tocilizumab and steroids) were pooled and analyzed by age. Selected neuropsychiatric events were pooled and analyzed by age. Results: Age was balanced between the two studies. The median age of subjects was 58 years (range 22-76 years). Of the 214 total subjects, 24% were 65 years of age and older. CRS and neurotoxicity were evaluated in the subjects who received treatment with CAR T cell therapy. (Table 1). *Two studies employed different grading methods for CRS; Lee's criteria (Lee DW et al, Blood 2014) and U Penn criteria (Porter DL et al, Blood 2014) Conclusions: This exploratory analysis suggests overall similar rates of CRS and grade 2 and higher CRS in subjects less than 65 years as compared to 65 years of age and older. There appears to be an overall higher rate of encephalopathy and grade 3 and higher delirium/encephalopathy in adults 65 years and older compared to less than 65 years of age. The inclusion of greater numbers of patients ≥ 65 years of age in clinical trials will further inform clinicians about the safety and efficacy of CAR T cell therapy in older adults. Table 1: Adverse Events by Age in subjects treated with CART cell therapy Download : Download high-res image (402KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
GETTING TO THE ROOT OF THE PROBLEM: AORTIC ROOT ABSCESS FROM ROUTINE CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

Aortic root abscess is rare after left heart catheterization (LHC) and can rapidly progress to complete heart block (CHB). Failure to prompt surgical treatment leads to high morbidity and mortality. A 76 year old man with history of moderate aortic stenosis (AS) presented with 1 week of chest pain
The role of ethnic identity in OC symptom dimensions among Asian Americans.

Abstract Little is known about obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in Asian Americans. Past research has shown elevations in certain symptom dimensions when compared with White Americans, but there have not been any studies on cultural mechanisms for these differences. In this study, we examined whether ethnic identity mediated differences in severity of various OC symptom dimensions between Asian and White Americans. A total of 453 participants (79 Asian American, 374 non-Hispanic White) completed measures of ethnic identity and OC symptoms. Separate boostrapped mediation analyses were conducted to determine the indirect (i.e., mediation) effect of ethnoracial group membership on different OC symptom dimensions, via ethnic identity. There was significant evidence of mediation across the majority of OC subscales examined. Asian Americans reported stronger ethnic identity than their White counterparts, which in turn predicted more severe contamination obsessions and washing compulsions, harm-related intrusions, checking, neutralizing, as well as symmetry/ordering symptoms. This study is the first to demonstrate an exacerbating function of ethnic identity for OC symptoms among Asian Americans, contrary to some previous evidence of its protective role for overall mental health among ethnoracial minorities. More research is needed to test and validate hypotheses about why ethnic identity mediated group differences in OC symptoms.
The missing fire: Quantifying human exclusion of wildfire in Pacific Northwest forests, USA

Western U.S. wildfire area burned has increased dramatically over the last half‐century. How contemporary extent and severity of wildfires compare to the pre‐settlement patterns to which ecosystems are adapted is debated. We compared large wildfires in Pacific Northwest forests from 1984 to 2015 to modeled historic fire regimes. Despite late twentieth‐century increases in area burned, we show that Pacific Northwest forests have experienced an order of magnitude less fire over 32 yr than expected under historic fire regimes. Within fires that have burned, severity distributions are disconnected from historical references. From 1984 to 2015, 1.6 M ha burned; this is 13.3–18.9 M ha less than expected. Deficits were greatest in dry forest ecosystems adapted to frequent, low‐severity fire, where 7.2–10.3 M ha of low‐severity fire was missing, compared to a 0.2–1.1 M ha deficit of high‐severity fire. When these dry forests do burn, we observed that 36% burned with high‐severity compared to 6–9% historically. We found smaller fire deficits, 0.3–0.6 M ha, within forest ecosystems adapted to infrequent, high‐severity fire. However, we also acknowledge inherent limitations in evaluating contemporary fire regimes in ecosystems which historically burned infrequently and for which fires were highly episodic. The magnitude of contemporary fire deficits and disconnect in burn severity compared to historic fire regimes have important implications for climate change adaptation. Within forests characterized by low‐ and mixed‐severity historic fire regimes, simply increasing wildfire extent while maintaining current trends in burn severity threatens ecosystem resilience and will potentially drive undesirable ecosystem transformations. Restoring natural fire regimes requires management that facilitates much more low‐ and moderate‐severity fire.
Faculty Development for FLOSS Education

With the recent upsurge in the development, use, and adoption of free/libre open source software (FLOSS) across all sectors of business, it is critical that graduates of computing degree programs gain an understanding of FLOSS development tools, processes, and culture. However, many faculty members are not fluent in FLOSS development and have little experience in teaching FLOSS. This paper reports on a faculty development program designed to bring instructors up to speed on how to support student learning within FLOSS projects. The paper discusses the challenges to FLOSS education from the instructor’s perspective, describes the Professors’ Open Source Software Experience (POSSE) workshop, and presents the results of a study into the impact of POSSE on instructors based on semi-structured interviews. This work is part of a larger study into instructor experiences when incorporating Humanitarian Free Open Source Software (HFOSS) into their curriculum.
Quantification of a PbCl x Shell on the Surface of PbS Nanocrystals

Differences between the properties of PbS nanocrystals prepared using a large excess of PbCl2 and those prepared using other Pb sources have led to speculation that a thin PbClx shell may be presen...
Investigating the Impact of Geographic Location on Colorectal Cancer Stage at Diagnosis: A National Study of the SEER Cancer Registry

Background Early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with decreased mortality and potential avoidance of chemotherapy. CRC screening rates are lower in rural communities and patient outcomes are poorer. This study examines the extent to which United States' rural residents present at a more advanced stage of CRC compared to nonrural residents. Methods Using the 2010-2014 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Incidence data, 132,277 patients with CRC were stratified using their county of residence and urban influence codes into 5 categories (metro, adjacent micropolitan, nonadjacent micropolitan, small rural, and remote small rural). Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between late stage at diagnosis and county-level characteristics including level of rurality, persistent poverty, low education and low employment, and patient characteristics. Results In the adjusted analysis the rate of stage 4 CRC at diagnosis differed across geographic classification, with patients living in remote small rural counties having the highest rate of stage 4 disease (range: 19.2% in nonadjacent micropolitan counties to 22.7% in remote small rural counties). Other factors, such as patient characteristics, insurance status, and regional practice variation were also significantly associated with late-stage CRC diagnosis. Conclusions Geographic residence is associated with the rate of stage 4 disease at presentation. Additional patient factors are associated with stage 4 CRC disease at diagnosis. Cancer outcomes are worse for rural patients, and late stage at diagnosis may partially account for this disparity. These differences have persisted over time and suggest areas for further research, patient engagement, and education.
Access Service Unbound

Following a supply chain model, appropriated from the business world, a public four-year institution dismantled its Access Services Department by limiting physical item processing tasks, delinquent account management, and the Circulation Desk, redoubling its efforts to focus on customer service by offering a “roving” model of customer service. This newly reformed Public Services Department offers self-checkout options in addition to these aforementioned changes. Users depend on access to course materials, technological equipment, and ILL/Reserves items. This paper describes how this library managed the transition of changes in responsibilities and offered excellent access despite the new format.
Contrasting quantum sensing light source properties, which generate different photocurrent pulse-statistics

We are developing a semi-classical model to explain the physical processes behind the origin of the statistical variations in the photoelectron current pulses that we register for different kinds of light. They are: super-Poissonian thermal light, Poissonian laser light and sub-Poissonian nonlinearly generated light. Einstein’s photoelectron equation is an energy balancing equation. It does not incorporate the E-vector stimulation process before the quantum mechanically bound electrons can be released, which constitutes a key objective of physics. To introduce physics, we postulate that the photons are hybrid entities. They are discrete packets of energy hνmn at the moment of emission. Then they immediately evolve into spatially spreading diffractive wave packets to accommodate Huygens-Fresnel principle. HF principle has been behind the sustained progress in classical optics and photonics engineering. Thus a spatially spread out single wave-packet cannot any more deliver the necessary quantum cupful of energy hνmn to Angstrom-size detecting atoms. We need simultaneous stimulation of the same quantum entity by multiple wave packets. This model of physical interaction process naturally brings into play the significance of the degree of mutual coherence between different photon wave packets, along with their time varying amplitudes that are simultaneously stimulating the detecting quantum entities during any time-interval selected for the detection system. The superposition effects on the detector due to these phase and amplitude fluctuations are the physics-reasons behind the generation of different statistical variations in the photoelectron counts due to different kinds of sources even though the original photons are released randomly by all quantum sources.
SERUM CYSTATIN C AS MARKER FOR METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN ASYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS

Serum cystatin C(cystC) is a biomarker for renal function and used as an index for glomerular filtration rates if serum creatinine is unsuitable to do so. Studies have shown that increased cystC convey increased cardiovascular (CV) risk in those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Studies have also