cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Cellular Piezoelectric Actuators With High Blocking Force and High Strain

Preliminary design and analysis of a new concept for efficiently amplifying piezoelectric actuators are presented in this paper. Piezoelectric actuators, such as Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), have produced substantial stress at high bandwidth, but at very small strains on the order of 0.1%. This paper presents a new strain amplification design to be utilized as the first layer in the previously designed “nested rhombus” multi-layer mechanism. This mechanism produces substantial strain through exponentially increasing strain with each subsequent layer. However, the blocking force produced in previous designs is insufficient for many practical applications. Through static and kinematic analysis, this paper addresses how this new concept sufficiently amplifies strain, and presents numerous issues to consider in designing for greater blocking force. A prototype of this new concept provides 126 N of blocking force and displacement of 0.3 mm.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Physical activity and positive youth development: Impact of a school-based program

BACKGROUND: Protective factors associated with positive youth development predict health and education outcomes. This study explored trends in these protective factors and in physical activity among low-income students, and determined the impact of a school-based youth development program on these trends. METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental time series design including data from 158 low-income schools from 2001 to 2007. Ninety-four schools had exposure to a school-based program promoting physical activity and youth development through structured play; 64 schools served as controls. Primary outcomes were 5th-grade student scores (n = 13,109) on a California statewide survey for physical activity (1–6 scale) and measures of protective factors including problem solving skills, meaningful participation in school, and caring adults (1–4 scales). Predictors were time (year) and school's number of years of exposure to the program. RESULTS: Overall, significant annual declines were seen in protective factors, including students' report of feeling safe (−0.03, 95% CI [−0.03, −0.01]), caring adults at school (−0.03 [−0.05, −0.02]), and problem solving skills (−0.03 [−0.04, −0.02]). Cumulative declines over 6 years were equivalent to a drop of 1 school-level SD. Each additional year of exposure to the program predicted greater meaningful participation (0.02 [0.001, 0.5]), problem-solving skills (0.03 [0.0001, 0.06]), and increased physical activity (0.06 [0.01, 0.10]); exposure throughout elementary school (6 years) increased scores by 1 school-level SD. CONCLUSIONS: Low-income students reported a significant decline in protective factors since 2001. School partnerships with youth development programs promoting physical activity may ameliorate declines in emotional well-being and increase physical activity.
Material-appropriate processing: A contextualist approach to reading and studying strategies

Processing strategies or text adjuncts that are mnemonically effective with some types of text produce no benefits with other text types. A framework for understanding these seemingly inconsistent mnemonic effects across different types of text is presented. The framework suggests that two types of conceptual elaboration are important for free recall: individual-item processing and relational processing. The mnemonic effectiveness of text adjuncts or other manipulations to increase elaboration of a text will depend on: (1) the type of conceptual elaboration induced by the particular text adjunct or study strategy; (2) the type of elaboration invited by the text itself; and (3) the overlap between the processing induced by the text adjunct or study strategy and the processing invited by the text itself. Significant enhancement in recall is anticipated only to the extent that the text adjunct or study strategy encourages processing that is complementary to the processing invited by the material itself. The viability of this framework is demonstrated in a review of the pertinent literature on the mnemonic effects of encoding difficulty. Then, research stimulated by the framework that uses educationally relevant study and text adjuncts (embedded questions, outlining, adjunct pictures) is reviewed. Predictions generated by the framework are consistently upheld.
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Induced Gene Signatures in the Mouse Lung: Potential Predictive Value for Human Lung Cancer Risk and Prognosis

Concerns over the potential for multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to induce lung carcinogenesis have emerged. This study sought to (1) identify gene expression signatures in the mouse lungs following pharyngeal aspiration of well-dispersed MWCNT and (2) determine if these genes were associated with human lung cancer risk and progression. Genome-wide mRNA expression profiles were analyzed in mouse lungs (n = 160) exposed to 0, 10, 20, 40, or 80 μg of MWCNT by pharyngeal aspiration at 1, 7, 28, and 56 d postexposure. By using pairwise statistical analysis of microarray (SAM) and linear modeling, 24 genes were selected, which have significant changes in at least two time points, have a more than 1.5-fold change at all doses, and are significant in the linear model for the dose or the interaction of time and dose. Additionally, a 38-gene set was identified as related to cancer from 330 genes differentially expressed at d 56 postexposure in functional pathway analysis. Using the expression profiles of the c...
Ethics Statements of Public Relations Firms: What Do They Say?

This study was designed to examine the prevalence of a code of ethics and to analyze its content among public relations agencies in the United States. Of the 1,562 public relations agencies reviewed, 605 (38.7%) provided an ethical statement. Among the ethical statements provided by these public relations agencies, ‹respect to clients,’ ‹service,’ ‹strategic,’ and ‹results’ were the values most frequently emphasized. On the other hand, ‹balance,’ ‹fairness,’ ‹honor,’ ‹social responsibility,’ and ‹independence’ were the least frequently mentioned in the ethical codes. Also, none of the sampled agencies included any sanctions regarding enforcement of their particular codes of ethics.
The Subaltern Writes Back: Immigrant Bangladeshi Girls Punctuating the Equilibrium of Ethnic Patriarchy in New York City

The study was grounded in the lived experiences of 13 female and 20 male children of Bangladeshi descent in New York City. It explored how the intersection of ethnicity, gender, generation, and mig...
The connection between library use and use of campus computer applications

In the last decade, the academic library has been transformed into an environment which is heavily reliant on computers. At the same time, usage of academic computer applications elsewhere on campus has increased. This study was conducted to determine if there is a relationship between student use of a university library and student use of computers. Results of this study are reported, and implications for academic libraries in areas such as user education, information technology support and library/computer centre cooperation are discussed.
Nonlinear Behavior of Space Shuttle Superlightweight Liquid-Oxygen Tank Under Prelaunch Loads

The new Space Shuttle superlightweight external fuel tank e ew for the e rst time on 2 June 1998 (Space Transportation System-mission 91 ). We present results of elastic linear-bifurcation buckling and nonlinear analyses of one of its major components; that is, the liquid-oxygen tank. The contents include an overview of the structure and a brief description of the e nite element code that was used to conduct the analyses. Results are presented that illustrate three distinctly different types of nonlinearresponsephenomena for thin-walled shells that aresubjected to combined mechanical and thermal loads that launch-vehicle shell designers may encounter. A procedure is demonstrated that can beused by structural analysts and designers to obtain reasonable, conservative estimates of linear-bifurcation, buckling-load knockdown factors for shells that are subjected to complex loading conditions or to characterize the effects of initial geometric imperfections on nonlinear shell response phenomena. Results are also presented that show that the superlightweight liquid-oxygen tank can carry loads in excess of twice the values of the operational prelaunch loads considered and that a e uid-e lled launch-vehicle shell can be highly sensitive to initial geometric imperfections. Presentedherearee vepapersonlarge-scaleanalysesofacomplexshellstructure.Thee rst,longerpaper,“ NonlinearBehaviorofSpaceShuttleSuperlightweight Liquid-OxygenTankUnderPrelaunchLoads,” coversthestructure,theanalysistechnique,someloading cases,andexperimentalverie cationonthemethod.Itis followed by a companion paper, “ Modeling and NonlinearStructural Analysis of a Large-ScaleLaunch Vehicle,” which goes into greaterdepth on themethods, and then by three shorter papers, “ Effects of Welding-Induced Imperfections on Behavior of Space Shuttle Superlightweight Tank,” “ Nonlinear Behavior of Space Shuttle Superlightweight Tank Under Booster Ascent Loads,” and “ Nonlinear Behavior of Space Shuttle Superlightweight Tank Under End-of-Flight Loads,” covering interesting behaviorunder differing load cases. Thesepapersare intended to stand ontheir own (and hencehavesomeredundant introductory material) but are complementary to one another, and so they are presented here together.
Detailed mesoscale dynamic simulation of block copolymer directed self-assembly processes: Application of protracted colored noise dynamics

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers is a promising technique for producing sub-30 nm pitch regular patterns, and the development of these DSA techniques could benefit greatly from computer simulation of such methods. Current simulation methods such as mean field approaches suffer from a number of limitations that affect their accuracy and their level of detail. In this work a simulation approach based on the use of Protracted Colored Noise Dynamics (PCND) with coarse grained mesoscale polymer models based on statistical segment beads has been developed and studied. It has been shown that using PCND allows simulations to reach an equilibrium state at least 35 times faster than without PCND.
Detection of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in nonhematopoietic small round cell tumors of children

In the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumors (SRCTs), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is often used as a marker for lymphoblastic lymphomas and leukemias. However, the specificity of TdT using the avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase (ABC) method is not well documented. To address this issue, we stained paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of 64 cases of childhood SRCTs using the ABC method with anti-TdT. For any TdT-positive tumors, an additional antibody panel for lymphoid markers was applied. Two patterns of TdT positivity were observed: (1) tumor specific, consisting of strong to moderate nuclear staining, and (2) scattered positive lymphoid cells, usually in a perivascular location and expressing T-cell markers. Analysis showed that 7 of 10 medulloblastomas stained with TdT in a tumor-specific pattern (4 cases moderately to strongly positive in 75-100% of tumor cells, 3 cases weakly to moderately positive in 25-50% of cells). Also, 1 of 19 rhabdomyosarcomas and 1 of 8 Ewing's sarcomas showed moderate to strong tumor-specific TdT staining in 100 and 10% of cells, respectively. Scattered TdT-positive lymphoid cells were observed in 27% of these 64 SRCTs. These findings emphasize that TdT positivity should not be relied upon exclusively for making a diagnosis of lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoma or ruling out other SRCTs.
Is memory a matter of enzyme induction

Variations in cholinesterase and RNA concentrations and in levels of neural activity have been linked to learning. These three groups of experimental evidence suggest that the basis of memory lies in an increase of the concentrations of enzymes associated with transmitter substances, as a long-lasting effect of stimulation. Biological precedent exists in microbial physiology.
Effect of parallel velocity on the formation of a Kondo resonance in the atom-surface interaction

We investigate the effect of parallel velocity on the formation of a Kondo resonance when an atom is scattered against a surface. It is shown that the structure of the Kondo resonance depends sensitively on the parallel velocity of the atom. It is shown that this dependence can be probed by studying charge transfer in atom-surface scattering experiments.
The Four Causes of Behavior

Comprehension of a phenomenon involves identifying its origin, structure, substrate, and function, and representing these factors in some formal system. Aristotle provided a clear specification of these kinds of explanation, which he called efficient causes (triggers), formal causes (models), material causes (substrates or mechanisms), and final causes (functions). In this article, Aristotle's framework is applied to conditioning and the computation-versus-association debate. The critical empirical issue is early versus late reduction of information to disposition. Automata theory provides a grammar for models of conditioning and information processing in which that constraint can be represented.
VUV dissociative excitation cross sections of H2O, NH3, and CH4 by electron impact

Absolute excitation functions for excited fragments resulting from electron bombardment of H2O, NH3, and CH4 by low energy electrons (0–300 eV) have been measured in the VUV (1100–1950 A). The predominant emission for each molecule was the H Lyman‐α line while the OI, NI, CI, and CII emissions were at least an order of magnitude weaker. Absolute cross sections at 100 eV are given along with the appearance potential of the various processes and the possible dissociative‐excitation channels through which such processes proceed.
Polymer MEMS for Measuring Single Cell Forces

We have developed a polymer MEMS sensor for measuring mechanical forces generated by single adherent cells. Mechanical forces are known to play a role in cell regulation, and measuring these forces is an important step in understanding cellular mechanotransduction. The sensor consists of four polystyrene microcantilever beams with cell adhesion pads at each end. Finite element analysis was used to guide the design of a compound cantilever to allow measurement of forces in multiple directions. The device was evaluated by measuring forces generated by WS-1 human skin fibroblasts. A single cell was placed on the sensor using a custom micromanipulator. Forces were calculated by optically measuring the deflection of each probe during cell attachment and spreading. Measurements were performed on normal cells and those treated with cytochalasin D to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton. Cytochalasin D treated cells showed a significant decrease in force. This device can be used to evaluate the mechanical response of cells to a variety of chemical, mechanical, and other environmental stimuli.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Some factors affecting frost‐penetration

Starting with the winter of 1936–37, measurements have been made to determine the penetration of frost under different farming practices, exposures, and cover-conditions. The data were collected on the Upper Mississippi Valley Conservation Experiment Station, located at La Crosse, Wisconsin, which is about 43°5 north latitude. The soil-types, on which the studies were made, are the Clinton Silt Loam, which has a four- to six-foot loessial deposit over soil residual limestone, and the Dubuque Silt Loam, which has a 12- to 24-inch loessial deposit over soil residual limestone.
Stratigraphic analysis of a fossil Neogoniolithon -capped patch reef and associated facies, San Salvador, Bahamas

An unusual Pleistocene patch reef is exposed in a coastal cliff at Grotto Beach, San Salvador, Bahamas. The reef is a coralline framestone constructed mainly by Porites astreoides together with a few large heads of Diploria strigosa and Montastrea annularis, and is capped by a dense thicket of Neogoniolithon strictum that is interpreted as marking the subtidal/intertidal boundary. The reef is flanked to the northeast by laminated to low-angle cross-laminated intraclastic grainstones and to the southwest by skeletal rudstone of reefal and interreefal derivation. Uranium-series dating of pure aragonite from a Diploria corallum yielded an age of 123 000±9000 years. Reef growth began on an erosional surface underlain by steeply crossbedded eolian grainstone. As the reef grew upward, it also grew laterally over adjacent penecontemporaneous subtidal sediments. The reef was eventually buried by 2.3 m of shallow subtidal and beach sediments that apparently prograded seaward during a highstand, or possibly while sea level was still rising. The shallow subtidal sediments are mainly peloidal, ooidal and skeletal grainstones that are pervasively bioturbated. The overlying beach facies comprises predominantly laminated, sparsely burrowed grainstone. The beach and shallow subtidal facies contain boulders of fine-grained laminated grainstone that are interpreted as storm-tossed blocks of beachrock. Living analogs of the Grotto Beach fossil reef lie off East Beach, San Salvador. Several of these have a flourishing cap of Neogoniolithon that extends above low-tide level and we believe that the Neogoniolithon cap of Grotto Beach reef did likewise. Wherever found in the stratigraphic record this facies should serve to identify the subtidal/intertidal boundary. The uppermost Pleistocene beach sediments associated with Grotto Beach fossil reef lie 5.8 m above present-day mean sea level, which ist strong evidence that this portion of San Salvador has undergone little subsidence since the Grotto Beach section was deposited.
Elderly Parents and the Geographic Availability of their Adult Children

Using data from the 1987 National Survey of Families and Households, this study examines the distribution and determinants of the geographic distance between elderly parents and their adult childre...
Head and neck manifestations and quality of life of patients with ectodermal dysplasia.

Objectives Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) are a group of genetic disorders characterized by deficient ectodermal and mesodermal development. Studies examining resultant otolaryngologic issues are few. The objectives of this study were to delineate the head and neck manifestations and quality of life in EDs. Study Design and Setting For 75 individuals, comprehensive histories were taken and otolaryngologic examinations were performed, and subjects rated their otolaryngologic symptom severity. A validated quality of life instrument (SF-8) was administered. Results The majority of subjects had a diagnosis of hypohidrotic ED (72%). Otolaryngologic conditions included otitis media (28%), cerumen impaction (48%), nasal obstruction/crusting (51%), heat intolerance (76%), and eczema (39%). Physical findings included peg teeth/hypodontia (76%), alopecia (41%), nasal crusting (41%), and saddle nose deformity (44%). Quality of life scores were generally high. Overall, health was rated “good to excellent” by 87 percent. Conclusion Patients with ED frequently experience significant otolaryngologic symptoms, although most patients report a good quality of life. Significance A greater understanding of the otolaryngologic issues in ED should help facilitate diagnosis and improve management.
Hymenolepis diminuta: Action of worm RNase against RNA

Abstract Hymenolepis diminuta possesses a tegumental ribonuclease (RNase) which hydrolyzes rat liver and degraded yeast RNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography of rat liver RNA after incubation with intact worms demonstrated significant hydrolysis of the high molecular weight RNA fractions (28 S and 18 S), with the appearance of fractions of intermediate molecular weight (i.e., between 18 S and 4 S), as well as ethanol-soluble fractions. Hydrolysis of degraded yeast RNA (with a molecular weight of approximately 25,000) yielded a single ethanol-precipitable hydrolysis product, as well as ethanol-soluble hydrolysis products.
Food and Drug Adminstration requirements for dental implants

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a section of the Department of Health and Human Services of the United States Government, and its primary responsibility is to control the distribution of food, drugs, and medical devices within the country while ensuring public safety. The sale and distribution of dental implants is under the regulatory control of the FDA. Device classification, procedures for approval, and the current status of the approval process for endosseous implants are described in this article. The premarket approval procedure of the FDA is compared with the American Dental Association certification process. Issues related to the safety and effectiveness of dental implants are discussed.
Pesticides Screened Against Two Rust Mites of Citrus

Eighty-eight materials were screened against Phyllocoptrula oleitvora (Ashmead), and 43 of them were tried against Aculops pelekassi (Keifer), from January 1965 to December 1967, by dipping the leaves of infested citrus seedlings into chemicals dissolved in acetone and diluted to 20 ppm in water. Ten of 23 materials retested against P. oleillora at 2 ppm or lower gave 95% or better mortality at 1.0 ppm, and Cela K-37 (0-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O-ethyl ethylphosphonothioate), Fisons NC-5016(phenyl 5,6-dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzimidazole-carboxylate) and Thompson-Hayward TH 7465 (2-methyl-I-naphthyl thiocyanate) were effective at 0.5 ppm. Also, 5 of 8 materials that appeared effective against A. pelekassi and that were tested at lower doses gave 95% or better mortality at 1.0 ppm. In addition, Hercules 13842 (0,0-dimethyl phosphorodilhioate S-ester with N-(2-bromo-lmercaptoethyl) phthalimide) and Thompson-Hayward TH 184-F (pentachlorophenyl tetramethylphosphorodiamidate) gave 95% or better mortality at 0.5 ppm against A. pelekassi but failed against P. oleivora .
Interstitial Narratives: Rethinking Feminine Spaces of Modernity in Nineteenth-Century French Fashion Plates

As a number of studies on French fashion have recently suggested, modernity and the sartorial have been especially linked in France since the nineteenth century, when writers and artists drew on fa...
Dye efflux studies suggest that hematopoietic stem cells expressing low or undetectable levels of CD34 antigen exist in multiple species

We previously described a method for isolating murine hematopoietic stem cells capable of reconstituting lethally irradiated recipients, which depends solely on dual-wavelength flow cytometric analysis of murine bone marrow cells stained with the fluorescent DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342. This method, which appears to rely on the differential ability of stem cells to efflux the Hoechst dye, defines an extremely small and homogeneous population of cells (termed SP cells). We show here that dual-wavelength analysis of Hoechst dye-stained human, rhesus and miniature swine bone marrow cells reveals a small, distinct population of cells that efflux the dye in a manner identical to murine SP cells. Like the murine SP cells, both human and rhesus SP cells are primarily CD34-negative and lineage marker-negative. In vitro culture studies demonstrated that rhesus SP cells are highly enriched for long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs), an indicator of primitive hematopoietic cells, and have the capacity for differentiation into T cells. Although rhesus SP cells do not initially possess any hematopoietic colony-forming capability, they acquire the ability to form colonies after long-term culture on bone marrow stroma, coincident with their conversion to a CD34-positive phenotype. These studies suggest the existence of a hitherto unrecognized population of hematopoietic stem cells that lack the CD34 surface marker classically associated with primitive hematopoietic cells.
Production of π0π0 and π0η in photon-photon collisions

Abstract We investigate the four-photon final state produced in γγ colissions. In the π 0 π 0 channel we observe f(1270) production with predominantly helicity 2 and measure a partial width Γ γγ 2.9 +0.6 −0.4 ± keV (independent of assumptions on the helicity). We observe A 2 (1310) production in the π 0 η channel and find a partial width Γ γγ = 0.77 ± 0.18 ± 0.27 KeV (assuming helicity 2). We give an upper limit for f ≈ ηη .
A Generalized Sampling Theorem with the Inverse of an Arbitrary Square Summable Sequence as Sampling Points

In this article a generalized sampling theorem using an arbitrary sequence of sampling points is derived. The sampling theorem is a Kramer-type sampling theorem, but unlike Kramer's theorem the sampling points are not necessarily eigenvalues of some boundary value problems. The theorem is then used to characterize a class of entire functions that can be reconstructed from their sample values at the points tn = an + b if n = 0, 1, 2, ... and tn = an + c if n = 0, -1, -2, ..., where a, b, c are arbitrary constants. The reconstruction formula is derived explicitly in the form of a sampling series expansion. When a = 1, b = 0 = c, the famous Whittaker-Shannon-Kotel'nikov sampling theorem is obtained as a special case.
Geometrically Constrained Two-Tensor Model for Crossing Tracts in DWI

MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the brain and spine provides a unique tool for both visualizing directionality and assessing intactness of white matter fiber tracts in vivo. At the spatial resolution of clinical MRI, much of primate white matter is composed of interdigitating fibers. Analyses based on an assumed single diffusion tensor per voxel yield important information about the average diffusion in the voxel but fail to reveal structure in the presence of crossing tracts. Until today, all clinical scans assume only one tensor, causing potential serious errors in tractography. Since high angular resolution imaging remains, so far, untenable for routine clinical use, a method is proposed whereby the single-tensor field is augmented with additional information gleaned from standard clinical DTI. The method effectively resolves two distinct tract directions within voxels, in which only two tracts are assumed to exist. The underlying constrained two-tensor model is fitted in two stages, utilizing the information present in the single-tensor fit. As a result, the necessary MRI time can be drastically reduced when compared with other approaches, enabling widespread clinical use. Upon evaluation in simulations and application to in vivo human brain DTI data, the method appears to be robust and practical and, if correctly applied, could elucidate tract directions at critical points of uncertainty.
Apatite thermochronometry of Western Canadian Shield: Implications for origin of the Williston Basin

Apatite fission-track ages of basement from the Superior craton in eastern Manitoba, western Ontario and eastern North Dakota record two periods of Late Proterozoic epeirogeny and erosion. The latter period, which involves basement beneath and adjacent to the eastern flank of the Williston Basin, precedes basin subsidence and roughly coincides in time with breakup of the Proterozoic supercontinent. We speculate that these events are genetically related.
Tests of a third generation multianode phototube for the CDF plug shower maximum detector

Abstract The CDF experiment at Fermilab is upgrading most of the detector in preparation for run II. We report here the results of tests of the 16-channel Hamamatsu R5900-M16 photomultiplier tube, which has been chosen as the photodetector for the plug calorimeter shower maximum readout. The gain uniformity, stability, pixel uniformity, linearity, cross-talk, and quantum efficiency is found to be superior to that of earlier generations of multianode photomultiplier tubes.
Malignant mesenchymoma with widespread metastasis including bone marrow involvement in a dog

A male castrated Golden Retriever was presented for evaluation of a large mass over the left shoulder extending to the lower part of the neck that had been present for an extended period of time, but had a recent history of rapid growth. Previous aspirates of the mass were consistent with a lipoma. The mass was surgically excised and was diagnosed as an extraskeletal osteosarcoma based on histopathology. After surgery, the dog was initiated on a chemotherapy protocol with carboplatin and metronomic cyclophosphamide. He became neutropenic, anemic, and thrombocytopenic 14 days after the carboplatin treatment was administered. The neutropenia resolved, but the anemia and thrombocytopenia progressed. A bone marrow aspirate revealed erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hyperplasia with a predominance of early precursors, and a subset of cells that made up 20% of the total population that were reported as bizarre and unclassifiable. These cells were discrete in nature and were thought to be hematopoietic in origin. The dog was euthanized due to deterioration of the clinical condition. On postmortem examination, widespread metastasis involving the lungs, liver, kidney, heart, and bone marrow was found. Histopathology of the tumor lesions determined 2 distinct malignant populations of liposarcoma and osteosarcoma, consistent with malignant mesenchymoma. However, the possibility of 2 separate neoplastic processes cannot be definitively excluded. This is the first report of bone marrow metastasis of a malignant mesenchymoma in a dog.
NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS: HOW DO THEY RELATE TO DEVELOPMENTAL AND NEUROLOGIC OUTCOME IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS AT 40 MONTHS.† 1608

NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS: HOW DO THEY RELATE TO DEVELOPMENTAL AND NEUROLOGIC OUTCOME IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS AT 40 MONTHS.† 1608
Cost-Effective Regulatory Options for Water Quality Limited Streams

With the pressure from industries and municipalities to reduce the waste water treatment costs associated with the permit limits needed to attain the goals of the Clean Water Act, attention has turned ways of introducing flexibility into the regulations without sacrificing the water quality goals. Wisconsin is the first state to have adopted a variety of options from which dischargers may choose when meeting their water quality requirements. These options were developed for the express purpose of minimizing the costs and maximizing the flexibility of the point source water quality regulations while ensuring that permitted discharge would not violate the water quality standards. This paper presents five options that the state has made available to dischargers, as well as one the state did not adopt. The conclusion is that a mix of options can substantially increase the flexibility and reduce the costs of meeting water quality standards on effluent limited streams.
Efficiency of resonance energy transfer in homo-oligomeric complexes of proteins.

A theoretical model is proposed for the apparent efficiency of fluorescence (Forster) resonance energy transfer (FRET) in mixtures of free monomers and homo-oligomeric protein complexes of uniform size. The model takes into account possible pathways for transfer of optical excitations from single donors to multiple acceptors and from multiple donors (non-simultaneously) to single acceptors. This necessary departure from the standard theory has been suggested in the literature, but it has only been successfully implemented for a few particular cases, such as for particular geometries of the oligomers. The predictions of the present theoretical model differ significantly from those of the standard theory, with the exception of the case of dimers, for which agreement is observed. This model therefore provides new insights into the FRET behavior of oligomers comprising more than two monomers, and also suggests means for determining the size of oligomeric protein complexes as well as the proportion of associated and unassociated monomers.
The macrosemiiform fish companion of the Late Jurassic theropod Juravenator from Schamhaupten, Bavaria, Germany

Abstract. A new neopterygian fish, Voelklichthys comitatus n. gen. n. sp., is described. The fish was found during the preparation of the theropod Juravenator starki Gohlich & Chiappe, 2006 in the same rock. The fish possesses numerous autapomorphies. The combination of autapomorphies is unique among Jurassic fishes and makes its taxonomic assignment difficult. The following characters are few examples demonstrating some of the peculiarities of the fish: The fish is small, oblong-shaped and has a large triangular head that is deeper than long; deepest point is at the level of the postparietal bone [parietal of traditional terminology] and the ventral end of the cleithrum. The skull roof is almost vertically oriented, with a strongly ossified and developed antero-dorsal orbital margin. Premaxilla and dentary possess very small conical teeth. The opercular apparatus is markedly narrow and deep. A clavicle is present. Both dorsal and ventral postcleithra are almost as deep as the maximum depth of the head; the dorsal postcleithrum is two times deeper than the ventral one. The vertebral centra are of arcocentral-type formed mainly by the development of the dorsal arcocentra. Pectoral and pelvic fins possess long rays that extend onto the pelvic and anal fins, respectively, whereas the rays of the dorsal and anal fins extend onto the caudal fin. The fish is interpreted as a macrosemiiform because it presents two of the three synapomorphies of the group (e.g., an incomplete circumorbital ring because the lateral edge of parietal bone [frontal of traditional terminology] makes up part of orbital margin and absence of a supramaxillary bone). The third macrosemiiform synapomorphy cannot be determined in the new fish because the coronoid bones and their dentition are not observed due to condition of preservation. The new fish shares a few characters with members of the families Macrosemiidae and the Uarbryichthyidae but lacks others so that presently, we place it in a family indeterminate within Macrosemiiformes. doi: 10.1002/mmng.201200001
Optimal Timing of Account Audits in Internal Control

This paper calculates the minimum required frequency between audits of a given type to meet prespecified accuracy goals for a given type of account. Both "100 percent," as well as sampling type audits are addressed. The effectiveness of a given audit type includes the mean and standard deviation of any residual error that may remain in the account after the audit has been performed and after account balances have been adjusted. The accuracy goals consist of the maximum accumulated error that is considered by management to be tolerable between audits, and the prescribed likelihood that this tolerance level will not be exceeded. The model assumes that certain parameters of the error process have been estimated, but no distributional information is required. Closed form, easy to use, lot-size type formulae are derived which calculate the required frequency or upper bounds between audits. The model also provides insights as to the relative cost-effectiveness of various types of audits.
ON THE FINE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

Nuclei from nearly ripe eggs of Rana pipiens were isolated and cleaned in 0.1 M KCl. The whole nucleus was then digested to various degrees with ribonuclease or trypsin, followed by washing and fixation in either osmium tetroxide or potassium permanganate. The nuclear envelope was dissected off, placed on a grid, air dried, and compared with undigested controls in the electron microscope. Some envelopes were dehydrated, embedded in methacrylate, and sectioned. Annuli around "pores" are composed of a substance or substances, at least partially fibrillar, which is preserved by osmium but lost during permanganate fixation. Material within the "pores" is also preserved by osmium but partially lost after permanganate. No evidence of granules or tubules in the annuli was found in air dried mounts although a granular appearance could be seen in tangentially oriented thin sections. Thin sections of isolated envelopes give evidence of diffuse material within the "pores" as well as a more condensed diaphragm across their waists. In whole mounts of the envelope the total density within "pores" is relatively constant from "pore" to "pore." All material within "pores," including the condensed diaphragm, is removable by trypsin digestion. Wispy material from the "pore" structure projects into the nucleus and annular material extends into the cytoplasm. Both annular and diaphragm materials remain with the envelope when it is isolated and are thus considered a part of its structure, not merely evidences of material passing through. There is no evidence of ribonuclease-removable material in any part of the "pore" complex.
Heavy-section steel technology program: Recent developments in crack initiation and arrest research☆

Abstract Technology for the analysis of crack initiation and arrest is central to the reactor pressure vessel fracture-margin-assessment process. Regulatory procedures for nuclear plants utilize this technology to assure the retention of adequate fracture-prevention margins throughout the plant operating license period. As nuclear plants age and regulatory procedures dictate that fracture- margin assessments be performed, interest in the fracture-mechanics technology incorporated into those procedures has heightened. This has led to proposals from a number of sources for development and refinement of the underlying crack-initiation and arrest-analysis technology. This paper presents an overview of ongoing Heavy-Section Steel Technology (HSST) Program research aimed at refining the fracture toughness data used in the analysis of fracture margins under pressurized-thermal-shock loading conditions.
Robust Observer Design for Lipschitz Nonlinear Systems With Parametric Uncertainty

This paper discusses optimal and robust observer design for the Lipschitz nonlinear systems. The stability analysis for the Lure problem is first reviewed. Then, a two-DOF nonlinear observer is proposed so that the observer error dynamic model can be transformed to an equivalent Lure system. In this framework, the difference of the nonlinear parts in the vector fields of the original system and observer is modeled as a nonlinear memoryless block that is covered by a multivariable sector condition or an equivalent semi-algebraic set defined by a quadratic polynomial inequality. Then, a sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of the observer error dynamics is formulated in terms of the feasibility of polynomial matrix inequalities (PMIs), which can be solved by Lasserre’s moment relaxation. Furthermore, various quadratic performance criteria, such as H2 and H∞, can be easily incorporated in this framework. Finally, a parameter adaptation algorithm is introduced to cope with the parameter uncertainty.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The preparation of acetic acid for use in otic drops and its effect on endocochlear potential and pH in inner ear fluid

The ototoxicity of an otic drop preparation containing 2% acetic acid and 3% propylene glycol (VoSol, Denver Chemical Co., Humacao, PR) was investigated according to measurements of endocochlear potential (EP) and inner ear fluid pH. The application of this preparation to the round window membrane for 30 minutes caused a depression in EP from 80.5 +/- 2.5 mV (mean +/- SD; n = 6) to 11.7 +/- 7.7 mV, and lowered inner ear fluid pH from 7.55 +/- 0.09 to 5.06 +/- 0.19 (n = 6) in perilymph and from 7.52 +/- 0.07 to 5.88 +/- 0.63 (n = 6) in endolymph. Two percent acetic acid produced similar changes after 30 minutes: EP was reduced from 83.0 +/- 2.2 mV to 34.0 +/- 2.9 mV and endolymphatic pH from 7.49 +/- 0.04 to 6.83 +/- 0.21 (n = 4). However, the application of artificial perilymph of pH 4 titrated with HCl induced no significant changes in either EP or endolymphatic pH. We suggest that the mechanisms of ototoxicity in the otic drop preparation are Na+ and K+-ATPase inhibition, and that such inhibition is due to the intracellular acidification of strial cells resulting from the penetration of acetic acid across the cell membrane, and to the direct and synergistic actions of propylene glycol.
Salt stress limitation of seedling recruitment in a salt marsh plant community.

Seedling recruitment in salt marsh plant communities is generally precluded in dense vegetation by competition from adults, but is also relatively rare in disturbance-generated bare space. We examined the constraints on seedling recruitment in New England salt marsh bare patches. Under typical bare patch conditions seed germination is severely limited by high substrate salinities. We examined the germination requirements of common high marsh plants and found that except for one notably patch-dependent fugitive species, the germination of high marsh plants is strongly inhibited by the high soil salinities routinely encountered in natural bare patches. Watering high marsh soil in the greenhouse to alleviate salt stress resulted in the emergence of up to 600 seedlings/225 cm2. The vast majority of this seed bank consisted of Juncus gerardi, the only common high marsh plant with high seed set. We tested the hypothesis that salt stress limits seedling contributions to marsh patch secondary succession in the field. Watering bare patches with fresh water partially alleviated patch soil salinities and dramatically increased both the emergence and survival of seedlings. Our results show that seedling recruitment by high marsh perennial turfs is limited by high soil salinities and that consequently their population dynamics are determined primarily by clonal growth processes. In contrast, populations of patch-dependent fugitive marsh plants which cannot colonize vegetatively are likely governed by spatially and temporally unpredictable windows of low salinities in bare patches.
Failure detection and localization in component based systems by online tracking

The increasing complexity of today's systems makes fast and accurate failure detection essential for their use in mission-critical applications. Various monitoring methods provide a large amount of data about system's behavior. Analyzing this data with advanced statistical methods holds the promise of not only detecting the errors faster, but also detecting errors which are difficult to catch with current monitoring tools. Two challenges to building such detection tools are: the high dimensionality of observation data, which makes the models expensive to apply, and frequent system changes, which make the models expensive to update. In this paper, we present algorithms to reduce the dimensionality of data in a way that makes it easy to adapt to system changes. We decompose the observation data into signal and noise subspaces. Two statistics, the Hotelling T2 score and squared prediction error (SPE) are calculated to represent the data characteristics in signal and noise subspaces respectively. Instead of tracking the original data, we use a sequentially discounting expectation maximization (SDEM) algorithm to learn the distribution of the two extracted statistics. A failure event can then be detected based on the abnormal change of the distribution. Applying our technique to component interaction data in a simple e-commerce application shows better accuracy than building independent profiles for each component. Additionally, experiments on synthetic data show that the detection accuracy is high even for changing systems.
A review of recent uses of phosphorimetry for organic analysis

Phosphorimetry involves the measurement of radiation emitted by organic molecules excited by radiational means. In 1944, Lewis and Kasha’ identified the phenomenon of phosphorescence as the result of a radiative transition from an excited triplet state to the ground state. In 1957, Kiers, Britt and Wentworth evaluated a number of analytical uses of phosphorescence. They described the potential for obtaining selectivity in phosphorimetry by spectral resolution of the excitation and emission radiation and alluded to time resolution. In 1958, Freed and Sahnrej described the construction of a phosphorimeter used for analytical determinations of several drugs. Later (1962), Parker and Hatchard modified a spectrofluorimeter for measurement of phosphorescence spectra. A year later, Latz and Winefordner’ described a spectrophosphorimeter and its use in determination of aspirin in blood serum. Since that time, much of the work in the field of phosphorimetry has been carried out by Winefordner’s research group, but a number of researchers have recently become involved in room-temperature phosphorimetry. This review will be devoted to the use of lowtemperature phosphorimetry, room-temperature phosphorimetry, pulsed-source/gated-detector/timeresolved phosphorimetry and several specialized phosphorimetric techniques for the quantitative measurement of low concentrations of organic molecules. We will primarily be concerned with advances since the 1975 reviews of phosphorimetry by Aaron and Winefordner6 and by O’Donnell and Winefordner.7 A more thorough review of the fundamental aspects of phosphorimetry and instrumentation, will be found in the books by Parker,* Schuhnan,9 Wehry,’ o Guilbault,” and Zander.12 Because excited molecules tend to remain in the first excited triplet state (Tl) for some characteristic lifetime (ranging from msec to set), non-radiative energy loss (quenching) occurs. As a result, in order to observe phosphorescence, it is essential to minimize non-radiative de-excitation processes of Tl such as collisions with solute or solvent molecules. The con-
A pH activated configurational rotary switch: controlling the E/Z isomerization in hydrazones.

The replacement of one of the carbonyl groups in a 1,2,3-triketone-2-naphthylhydrazone with a pyridine ring yields an original molecular switch that can be switched fully, effectively, and reversibly between the E and Z configurations. This hydrazone-based, pH-controlled, molecular switch is the first example of a chemically controlled configurational rotary switch. The bistable switch exists primarily (97%) as the E configuration in solution and can be converted quantitatively to the Z-H+ configuration upon treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. When Z-H+ is passed over a plug of K2CO3, the “metastable” Z configuration is observed using 1H NMR spectroscopy, which thermally equilibrates to give back the E configuration. The rate of this process is dependent on the polarity of the solvent, indicating that the E/Z isomerization takes place via a rotation around the hydrazone C═N bond.
Monitoring Indices of Cow Comfort in Free-Stall-Housed Dairy Herds

Indices of cow comfort are used widely by consultants in the dairy industry, with a general understanding that they are representative of lying behavior. This study examines the influence of stall base type (sand or a geotextile mattress filled with rubber crumbs) and time of measurement on 4 indices of comfort collected at hourly intervals in 12 herds, aligned by morning and afternoon milking. Stall base type significantly influenced all indices of comfort. For example, the least squares mean (SE) cow comfort index (proportion of cows touching a stall that are lying down) was 0.76 (0.015) in herds with mattresses compared with 0.86 (0.015) in herds with sand stalls. Significant hourly variation was also identified suggesting that timing of measurement is important. None of the indices of cow comfort derived from the high-yielding group pen was associated with the mean 24-h lying time of 10 sentinel cows whose time budgets were known in each herd. However, the cow comfort index was associated with the herd mean 24-h stall standing time, with the strongest relationships occurring 2 h before the morning and afternoon milking, when stall base type did not significantly influence the association. When measured at these times, we recommend use of the stall standing index (proportion of cows touching a stall that are standing), with values greater than 0.20 being associated with abnormally long herd mean stall standing times greater than 2 h/d.