cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harmonizing Methods of Scientific Inference with the Precautionary Principle: Opportunities and Constraints

Virtually anyone with an interest in environmental policy is familiar with the allegations that traditional methods of statistical inference are biased against preventative environmental standards. They surely also know of the Precautionary Principle as the broad theory often cited by environmentalists to support this critique and to argue that regulated industries should bear the burden of proving that their products and activities are safe. This collision between scientific method and environmental principle has had great salience in environmental law and policy for many years. However, the debate loses much of its force and momentum because it is premised on a relatively superficial understanding of the underlying statistical methods. This Article seeks to move beyond the heuristics of the current discourse. The Article examines the role of statistical methods in environmental policy-making and describes the interplay between scientific assessments and frequentist statistics. Part I provides a brief introduction to frequentist methods. Part II addresses the debate over burdens of proof and minimizing statistical error rates in environmental law, and uses several rationales for the Precautionary Principle to evaluate common misconceptions about the use of frequentist methods in environmental science. This Article demonstrates that statistical tests are more flexible than most people appreciate and proposes a solution to environmentalists' concerns, "equivalence testing," that reverses the benign-until-proven-guilty presumption of traditional frequentist methods. It concludes by identifying the respective limits of statistical inference and the Precautionary Principle in environmental decisionmaking.
Enacting Advocacy-Oriented Visionsof Bilingual Education:Lessons from Experienced BilingualEducators

This article profiles the work of twoexperienced bilingual educators advocating in and for bilingual programs toillustrate the kinds of advocacy work that bilingual educators withadvocacy-oriented visions of bilingual education engage in, the paths thattheir advocacy work take over time, and the factors that influence theiradvocacy efforts. Their stories offer insights for bilingual teachers who areseeking ways to effectively advocate for emergent bilingual learners and forteacher educators preparing bilingual teachers.
The Preponderance of Geography: Revisiting American Grand Strategy in Asia

What drives the grand strategy of great powers? Answering this question is crucial not just for the respective countries which such grand strategies are meant to serve, but since foreign policy is an inherent component of any grand strategy, the impact of those grand strategies will also likely be felt by the targeted countries. Furthermore, understanding the grand strategies of great powers also allows us to discern insights into broader regional and international relations that unfold alongside. The case of American grand strategy is particularly relevant here. Not just because of its impact in shaping the regional environment in the Asia Pacific region, but also because of its often contradictory puzzles. In this paper, I offer a plausibility probe of how geography — specifically, geo-strategy or the geographical considerations of military policy and strategy — continues to shape U.S. grand strategy in Asia. I also argue that such geographical preponderance is mainly caused by the institutionalization of geography in American grand strategy making, and the increasing role of military officers, specifically Regional Combatant Commanders (previously known as regional CINCs), in foreign policy making and execution. These arguments will then be applied to revisit American grand strategy in Asia. Moreover, given the region’s geostrategic maritime character, the role of the U.S. Navy through the U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) is especially crucial as a means to sustain American grand strategy geared to prevent the rise of regional hegemons while sustaining current operations across the spectrum of threats.
Managing information following hurtful experiences How personal network members negotiate private information

The present study explores how personal network members manage information related to hurtful experiences. The study uses communication privacy management (CPM) theory as the theoretical framework for a theme analysis of responses of disclosers of hurtful experiences and confidants regarding how they manage information related to a hurtful experience. Results of the thematic analysis provide insight into the process by which people disclose a hurtful experience with a personal network member, establish rules for sharing information, manage privacy boundaries, and deal with privacy turbulence. Findings illuminate the unique challenges and circumstances present in the context of hurtful experiences. The implications for coping with a hurtful experience and extending CPM theory are discussed.
Graphical Models for Identifying Fraud and Waste in Healthcare Claims

We describe graphical model based methods for analyzing prescription and medical claims data in order to identify fraud and waste. Our approach draws on ideas from speech recognition and language modeling to identify patients, doctors and pharmacies whose prescription encounters show signicant departure from normative behavior. We have analyzed claims data from a large healthcare provider, consisting of over 53 million individual prescription claims in the calendar year 2011.
The Color intelligent design Based on Digital Evaluation

Based on the MoSpencer's aesthetic formula about color coordination,the fitness function is presented,it is proved reasonable by experiments.And it is used to the solution of the adaptability process in genetic algorithms,the initial population is generated automatically based on color psychology,so the intelligent process is presented to achieve a solution.At last the effectiveness of this method is verified by examples.
An Application of Sustainable Lean and Green strategy with a Six Sigma Approach on a Manufacturing System

The intention of this research is to study the application of sustainable lean and green strategy with a Six Sigma approach (SLGS). There are a restricted number of studies that apply lean and green strategy in a Six Sigma format. However, there is no study that consider a complete sustainable, economic, environmental and social, assessment of manufacturing cells by implementing Six Sigma approach. This research aims to investigate the application and benefits of conducting SLGS for waste and emission reduction, energy reduction, and productivity and social improvements. In this research, the steps of the new methodology are developed, and the result of the proposed methodology is assessed in a case study. The results of the study indicated that by applying SLGS methodology there will be a reduction in cost and environmental impacts.
Identifiability of covariance parameters in linear mixed effects models

Abstract Building a linear mixed model often involves selection of the parametrized covariance matrix structures for the random components of the model. Parameters in the covariance matrix of the response then consist of those from the random effects and from the random residual error. However, some specifications of the structures can result in the parameters not identifiable, even if the model is not over-parametrized. Software output can look normal with no indication of error when fitting non-identifiable models. In our simulation studies, we found no implication of model non-identifiable about half of the times. We derive model identifiability conditions which only rely on properties of the known design matrix associated with the random effects and the specific structures being used. The results can be applied to study identifiability for commonly used covariance matrix structures.
Energy harvesting from aperiodic low-frequency motion using reverse electrowetting

Mechanical energy harvesting can provide a promising alternative to electrochemical batteries, which are currently widely utilized to power mobile electronics. In this work we present a theoretical analysis of a recently proposed method of mechanical energy harvesting, which combines a reverse electrowetting phenomenon with the fast self-oscillating process of bubble growth and collapse. We investigate the details of the bubble dynamics and analyze the dependence of the energy generation process on the system parameters. The results demonstrate that self-oscillation frequencies of several kHz are possible, which can lead to very high power generation densities in excess of 104 W m-2. The obtained results indicate the possibility of high-power energy harvesting from mechanical energy sources with very low frequencies, well below 1 Hz.
Current management of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the most devastating and disabling type of stroke. Uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) is the most common cause of spontaneous ICH. Recent advances in neuroimaging, organised stroke care, dedicated Neuro-ICUs, medical and surgical management have improved the management of ICH. Early airway protection, control of malignant HTN, urgent reversal of coagulopathy and surgical intervention may increase the chance of survival for patients with severe ICH. Intensive lowering of systolic blood pressure to 30 cbic centmetre) or symptomatic perihaematoma oedema, it may be beneficial to keep serum sodium level at 140–150 mEq/L for 7–10 days to minimise oedema expansion and mass effect. Mannitol and HTS can be used emergently for worsening cerebral oedema, elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) or pending herniation. HTS should be administered via central line as continuous infusion (3%) or bolus (23.4%). Ventriculostomy is indicated for patients with severe intraventricular haemorrhage, hydrocephalus or elevated ICP. Patients with large cerebellar or temporal ICH may benefit from emergent haematoma evacuation. It is important to start intermittent pneumatic compression devices at the time of admission and subcutaneous unfractionated heparin in stable patients within 48 hours of admission for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. There is no benefit for seizure prophylaxis or aggressive management of fever or hyperglycaemia. Early aggressive comprehensive care may improve survival and functional recovery.
Trends in Automobile Travel, Motor Vehicle Fatalities, and Physical Activity: 2003-2015.

Introduction Annual per-capita automobile travel declined by 600 miles from 2003 to 2014 with decreases greatest among young adults. This article tests whether the decline has been accompanied by public health co-benefits of increased physical activity and decreased motor vehicle fatalities. Methods Minutes of auto travel and physical activity derived from active travel, sports, and exercise were obtained from the American Time Use Survey. Fatalities were measured using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Longitudinal change was assessed for adults aged 20–59 years by age group and sex. Significance of changes was assessed by absolute differences and unadjusted and adjusted linear trends. Analyses were conducted in 2016. Results Daily auto travel decreased by 9.2 minutes from 2003 to 2014 for all ages ( p p p p Conclusions Reduced motor vehicle fatalities are a public health co-benefit of decreased driving, especially for male millennials. Despite suggestions to the contrary, individuals did not switch from cars to active modes nor spend more time in sports and exercise. Maintenance of the safety benefits requires additional attention to road safety efforts, particularly as auto travel increases.
An empirical assessment of the wage premium for American veterans of World War II

Abstract This paper examines U.S. census data from 1960 to 1980 to assess the relative wages of WWII veteran and non-veteran men. Our analysis reveals that a significant portion wage gap between veterans and non-veterans (the “veteran wage premium”) is due primarily to differences in education, work experience and other socioeconomic characteristics. Our findings are consistent with the notion that greater human capital, due perhaps to the selection process for military service, or to the post-war benefits provided by the GI Bill, helped contribute to the remarkable post-war labor market success of American veterans. To a lesser extent, veterans may also have benefited from preferential labor market treatment, or from intangible aspects of military experience that enhanced their returns to earnings-related characteristics.
Mistakes and Failures in Forensic Pathology

In 1956 Dr. Alan Moritz wrote a timeless manuscript entitled “classical mistakes in forensic pathology”. This treatise on the common personal and systemic failings within death investigation is con...
Requirement of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine 845, Src, and Stat5b in the neurotensin-induced proliferation of human prostate cancer cells.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5332 Neuroendocrine (NE) cells have been shown to contribute to the progression of prostate cancer, and we have previously demonstrated that NE-like cells derived from LNCaP prostate cancer cells secrete greater amounts of neurotensin than undifferentiated LNCaP’s. Since PC3 androgen-independent prostate cancer cells express the neurotensin receptor (a G-protein-coupled receptor), we have examined the molecular mechanisms of growth stimulation by neurotensin in PC3 cells. Following a 48 h treatment of serum-starved PC3 cells with 100 nM neurotensin, up to a 2-fold increase in cell number was observed; corresponding increases in DNA synthesis (BrdU incorporation) were measured. Neurotensin-induced proliferation was also observed in androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells, but not in RWPE-1 normal prostate epithelial cells. Similar data were obtained by treatment of PC3 cells with conditioned medium from NE-like cells, and this effect was partially inhibited by pre-incubation of PC3 cells with an EGFR inhibitor. Neurotensin induced a time-dependent increase in both general EGFR tyrosine and Tyr845 phosphorylation, and these effects were blocked by specific inhibition of Src (which mediates Tyr845 phosphorylation) or EGFR. Phosphorylation of Src and Stat5b (a downstream effector of Tyr845) was also induced by neurotensin, and these increases were abrogated by specific inhibition of EGFR or Src. Expression of EGFR (Tyr845) or Stat5b (Tyr699) mutants in PC3 cells resulted in the loss of neurotensin-induced stimulation of DNA synthesis, relative to wild-type controls. Moreover, neurotensin-induced increases in proliferation and DNA synthesis were abolished by selective inhibition of EGFR, Src, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP’s). These data indicate that neurotensin can stimulate mitogenic activation of PC3 cells through a mechanism involving MMP’s, EGFR transactivation, EGFR Tyr845, Src, and Stat5b.
Recognizing the Importance of Alternative Media

Most research on journalists’ role perceptions and journalistic culture remains Western-focused, and is limited to mainstream media. This quantitative study uses a survey to fill two gaps in the literature by examining differences in role perceptions and journalistic culture among mainstream and alternative media journalists in Brazil. Results indicate significant differences in role perceptions, as mainstream media journalists place more importance on traditional ethics, while alternative media journalists value their normative responsibilities more.
A combined transmission-distribution system dynamic model with grid-connected DG inverter

With increasing deployment of DG inverters, simulating transmission and distribution systems together is gaining great attention. In this work a dynamic model of a Combined Transmission-Distribution System (CoTDS) is presented. The CoTDS model includes a Distribution System (DS) with static loads, induction motor loads, reactive shunts and DGs, all represented with dynamic details, and is integrated with a comprehensive time-domain Transmission System (TS) model with detailed dynamic characteristics of generator components. The DG inverter model is based on a power-electronic inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller to control the active and reactive power into the distribution system. A linearized small-signal model is derived from the elaborate non-linear system and is employed to identify the system eigen values. Timedomain simulations and eigen values of the combined system are compared with results from standalone transmission and distribution system models and results indicate the need for a combined simulation platform for conducting further studies on distribution systems with increasing DG penetration.
What Makes a Good Neighbor? Race, Place, and Norms of Political Participation

Social norms are thought to motivate behaviors like political participation, but context should influence both the content and activation of these norms. I show that both race and neighborhood context moderate the social value of political participation in the United States. Using original survey data and a survey experiment, I find that Whites, Blacks, and Latinos not only conceptualize participation differently, but also asymmetrically reward those who are politically active, with minority Americans often providing more social incentives for participation than Whites. I combine this survey data with geographic demography from the American Community Survey and find that neighborhood characteristics outpace individual-level indicators in predicting the social value of political participation. The findings suggest that scholars of political behavior should consider race, place, and social norms when seeking to understand participation in an increasingly diverse America.
Decentralization, healthcare access, and inequality in Mpumalanga, South Africa.

Abstract Healthcare access and utilization remain key challenges in the Global South. South Africa represents this given that more than twenty years after the advent of democratic elections, the national government continues to confront historical systems of spatial manipulation that generated inequities in healthcare access. While the country has made significant advancements, governmental agencies have mirrored international strategies of healthcare decentralization and focused on local provision of primary care to increase healthcare access. In this paper, we show the significance of place in shaping access and health experiences for rural populations. Using data from a structured household survey, focus group discussions, qualitative interviews, and clinic data conducted in northeast South Africa from 2013 to 2016, we argue that decentralization fails to resolve the uneven landscapes of healthcare in the contemporary period. This is evidenced by the continued variability across the study area in terms of government-sponsored healthcare, and constraints in the clinics in terms of staffing, privacy, and patient loads, all of which challenge the access-related assumptions of healthcare decentralization.
The Past as a Key to the Present

Taphonomy is the study of the processes of preservation and how they affect information in the fossil record (Behrensmeyer and Kidwell, 1985). A common tactic in taphonomic research is comparison of living communities and fossil assemblages in order to measure the information that taphonomic processes remove from a living community as it passes into an assemblage of fossil remains (Johnson, 1960, 1962, 1965; Lawrence, 1968; Warme, 1969; Warme et al., 1976; Lasker, 1976; Peterson, 1976, 1977; Schopf, 1978; Koch and Sohl, 1983; Staff et al., 1986; Fursich and Flessa, 1987). Understanding this information loss is necessary in order to “strip away the taphonomic overprint” when using fossil remains to reconstruct a once-living community (Lawrence, 1968).
A representation reducing approach to scientific discovery

The proliferation of sensors and the ease of large dataset maintenance have given many scientists more data than can be analyzed by traditional means. Computers have long been used to help scientists calculate. Science, however, is more than calculating. Science at least also i nvolves hypothesis generation and testing, planning, and integrating prior knowledge with new ideas. Artificial intelligence (AI) and database (DB) technologies have grown to the point where they may be able to help scientists in more meaningful ways. We investigate a principled approach to semi-automated knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) for integrated scientific discovery and the rationale for this approach.
Autonomy at Work

Autonomy, defined herein as self-governance and freedom from excessive external control, is a primary source of human morality, growth and development, health and well-being, and effectiveness at work. This article briefly reviews two general models concerned with autonomy (the internal–external locus of control model and self-determination theory) and then focuses on four streams of research dealing more specifically with autonomy at work (the job characteristics model; the job demands–job control model; models of autonomous work groups and self-organizing teams; and theories of organizational democracy). There is considerable evidence supporting the importance of autonomy at work, which can be experienced either individually or in groups and other collective entities. More research is needed on each of the streams identified as well as research aimed at developing a general theory of autonomy at work.
Attributional Processes, Treatment of Maladaptive Behaviors, and the Maintenance of Behavior Change

In the preceding chapter, we reviewed several current areas of research that illustrate the potential importance of attributional processes in the etiology and maintenance of various dysfunctional behavior patterns. This research in social and cognitive factors involved in the development and maintenance of maladaptive behaviors also has been accompained by an increased interest in the incorporation of attribution principles to treatment procedures (e.g., Brewin & Antaki, 1987; Forsterling, 1985; Harvey & Galvin, 1984; Kopel & Arkowitz, 1975; Ross, Rodin, & Zimbardo, 1969; Valins & Nisbett, 1972). In an early paper, Valins and Nisbett (1971) attempted to describe how social-psychological research on attribution processes may be relevant to the area of clinical practice. Since the appearance of this paper, a number of researchers have investigated the application of attributional principles to the treatment of clinically important problem behaviors. In this chapter, we will examine both social-psychological and clinical research relevant to two major forms of attributional treatments of various maladaptive behaviors: misattribution and attributional-retraining therapies. We also will examine the empirical evidence regarding the possible relationship between a patient’s attributions about his or her treatment improvements and the maintenance of his or her behavioral changes.
Looking for Pura Vida: Disgruntled Parents in Search of Educational Alternatives in Costa Rica

Using a transnational theoretical framework, this study explores U.S. families expatriating to Guanacaste, Costa Rica in search of educational alternatives to U.S. schooling. In order to meet the needs of this influx of U.S. families to the region, schools such as La Paz Community School in Flamingo, Guanacaste have emerged. This qualitative inquiry explores emergent themes from 16 semi-structured interviews conducted with US parents whose children attend La Paz. Findings reveal participants’ desire for a progressive educational alternative for their children that embraces a more collective vision of learning. For interviewees, frustrations with U.S. K-12 schools became symbolic of cultural criticism of US social norms and the desire to recreate a lifestyle removed from daily pressures in the United States.
Experiments in Operationalizing Metadata Quality Interfaces: A Case Study at the University of North Texas Libraries

This case study presents work underway at the University of North Texas (UNT) Libraries to design and implement interfaces and tools for analyzing metadata quality in their local metadata editing environment. It discusses the rationale for including these kinds of tools in locally-developed systems and discusses several interfaces currently being used at UNT to improve the quality of metadata managed within the Digital Collections.
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Socioeconomic Discrepancies, Contemporary Treatment Approaches and Survival Trends from the National Cancer Database

The aim of this study was to evaluate socioeconomic discrepancies in current treatment approaches and survival trends among patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). The 2004–2015 National Cancer Database was retrospectively analyzed for histopathologically proven ICC. Treatment predictors were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression and overall survival via multivariable Cox models. Overall, 12,837 ICC patients were included. Multiple factors influenced treatment allocation, including age, education, comorbidities, cancer stage, grade, treatment center, and US state region (multivariable p < 0.05). The highest surgery rates were observed in the Middle Atlantic (28.7%) and lowest rates were observed in the Mountain States (18.4%). Decreased ICC treatment likelihood was observed for male African Americans with Medicaid insurance and those with low income (multivariable p < 0.05). Socioeconomic treatment discrepancies translated into decreased overall survival for patients of male sex (vs. female; hazard ratio [HR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–1.26, p < 0.001), with low income (< $37,999 vs. ≥ $63,000 annually; HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.14, p = 0.032), and with Medicaid insurance (vs. private insurance; HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.23, p = 0.006). Both surgical and non-surgical ICC management showed increased survival compared with no treatment, with the longest survival for surgery (5-year overall survival for surgery, 33.5%; interventional oncology, 11.8%; radiation oncology/chemotherapy, 4.4%; no treatment, 3.3%). Among non-surgically treated patients, interventional oncology yielded the longest survival versus radiation oncology/chemotherapy (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.65–0.82, p < 0.001). ICC treatment allocation and outcome demonstrated a marked variation depending on socioeconomic status, demography, cancer factors, and US geography. Healthcare providers should address these discrepancies by providing surgery and interventional oncology as first-line treatment to all eligible patients, with special attention to the vulnerable populations identified in this study.
Regulierung und Liquiditätshortung

Wahrend der Finanzkrise 2007/2008 misstrauten sich einige Banken gegenseitig. Dies fuhrte auf dem Hohepunkt der Krise zu einem fast vollstandigen Austrocknen von Interbankenmarkten mit Zinsen in Rekordhohe. Banken horteten ihre Liquiditat, statt diese in Form von Interbankkrediten auszureichen, um anderen Banken dringend benotigte Liquiditat zur Verfugung zu stellen. Kapitel 5 analysiert vor diesem Hintergrund, inwiefern die NSFR als Strukturkennziffer des Regelwerks von Basel III das vorsorgliche Liquiditatshortungsmotiv von Banken und die Stabilitat von Bankensystemen im Sinn einer veranderten Wahrscheinlichkeit austrocknender Interbankenmarkte beeinflussen kann.
Light intensity preferences of broiler chickens: implications for welfare

There is considerable debate as to the optimal light intensities for growing chickens. This is influencing regulations and industry practices. The present study examines the preference of broiler chickens for light intensity. A choice system was developed to allow determination of the preferences of broiler chickens for light intensity. This system had three light proof pens each with feeders or waterers but different light intensities. There was a connecting transit pen with a light intensity of 1 to 2 lux. This allowed birds access to the pens each with feeders or waterers. There were markedly more chickens observed in the pens each with feeders or waterers and a light intensity of 20 lux than 5 lux. Moreover, more feed was consumed in the 20 lux pens than 5 pens. There were also high numbers of chickens in the transit compartment with its low light intensity (1 to 2 lux) and no feeders or waterers. Broiler chickens exhibited a preference for 20 lux light intensity for feeding compared to 5 lux light intensity. The present study supports the view that there should be a light intensity of at least 20 lux for the areas around the feeders and also suggests that light intensity may be reduced in other areas for resting and other activities.
Lazo: A Cardinality-Based Method for Coupled Estimation of Jaccard Similarity and Containment

Data analysts often need to find datasets that are similar (i.e., have high overlap) or that are subsets of one another (i.e., one contains the other). Exactly computing such relationships is expensive because it entails an all-pairs comparison between all values in all datasets, an O(n2) operation. Fortunately, it is possible to obtain approximate solutions much faster, using locality sensitive hashing (LSH). Unfortunately, LSH does not lend itself naturally to compute containment, and only returns results with a similarity beyond a pre-defined threshold; we want to know the specific similarity and containment score. The main contribution of this paper is LAZO, a method to simultaneously estimate both the similarity and containment of datasets, based on a redefinition of Jaccard similarity which takes into account the cardinality of each set. In addition, we show how to use the method to improve the quality of the original JS and JC estimates. Last, we implement LAZO as a new indexing structure that has these additional properties: i) it returns numerical scores to indicate the degree of similarity and containment between each candidate and the query—instead of only returning the candidate set; ii) it permits to query for a specific threshold on-the-fly, as opposed to LSH indexes that need to be configured with a pre-defined threshold a priori; iii) it works in a data-oblivious way, so it can be incrementally maintained. We evaluate LAZO on real-world datasets and show its ability to estimate containment and similarity better and faster than existing methods.
Low body mass and ethnic identity exploration exacerbate the association between body image concerns and loss of control eating in Hispanic/Latino men.

OBJECTIVE Although Hispanic/Latino populations have some of the highest rates of obesity in the United States, little is known about their loss of control (LOC) eating, a robust predictor of excess weight gain. This study examined the association between body image concerns and LOC eating frequency in a sample of young Hispanic/Latino men. Body mass index (BMI), ethnic identity, and acculturation were examined as potential moderators. METHOD The sample included 271 Hispanic/Latino men between the ages of 18 and 30 years (Mage = 23.89 ± 3.54; MBMI = 26.46 ± 5.82). Participants completed an online survey and reported on height, weight, and demographic characteristics; concerns with muscularity and body fat; LOC eating frequency in the last 28 days; ethnic identity; and perceived acculturation. RESULTS Negative binomial regression models were conducted, adjusting for BMI, income, education, and presence of a psychiatric diagnosis. Concerns with muscularity and body fat were positively associated with LOC eating frequency (ps < .001). Low BMI exacerbated the link between concerns with body fat and LOC eating frequency (p = .03). The positive association between concerns with muscularity and LOC eating frequency was exacerbated among those who reported low ethnic identity exploration (p = .01). While acculturation did not function as a moderator (ps = .14-.27), it was inversely associated with LOC eating frequency (p < .001). DISCUSSION BMI and ethnic identity are important individual factors to consider in the link between body image concerns and LOC eating among young Hispanic/Latino men.
Managing change and mitigating reform cynicism

This paper contributes to the literature on resistance to change in public organizations by studying how management mitigates employee cynicism toward reforms. Focusing on performance management re...
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: A promising tool for translational research and regulatory toxicology

Abstract Computational pharmacokinetic modeling methods, such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, have shown great promise for use in translational research as well as regulatory assessments. PBPK models are assumption-based simplifications of the complex biological system modeled and have high data demands for model parameterization and verification. However, unlike empirical models that rely on multiple observations from a single system, PBPK models uniquely allow for data to be obtained from multiple platforms (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo). Furthermore, these data are integrated by the principles of physiology and pharmacology/toxicology to make predictions in domains with sparse observations. Our article provides an overview of scientific utility of PBPK modeling in translational research and regulatory toxicology using some case examples that highlight the important role of PBPK model-based predictions in contributing to regulatory assessments of diverse types of chemicals, ranging from food and environmental chemicals to drugs intended for use in veterinary and human medicine. At present, collective efforts are ongoing for establishing uniformity, consistency, and transparency within many areas of PBPK modeling, and with continuing advances in the field of computational pharmacokinetic, PBPK modeling has the potential to contribute to reliable alternatives to animal testing in the future.
Chapter 14 – Limiting Morbidity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how a physician can limit morbidity associated with placing neuromodulation device(s) in the human body during trials. Some of complications that a physician may have to deal with include infection, hemorrhage, injury of nervous tissue, cerebrospinal fluid leak, placing the device into the wrong compartment, hardware migration, and hardware erosion. Since insertion of the neuromodulation device is usually done in a planned fashion, there is always a time interval that would allow the implanter to check the patient for ongoing infection or bacterial colonization, and to treat this infection to decrease the chances of the new device becoming colonized. Hemorrhage may occur either during or after an operation. In terms of patient preparation, it is extremely important to check each patient for the presence of coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia. Of all instances of nervous tissue injury related to neuromodulation, most occur during the insertion procedure, and each particular location carries its own set of precautions and concerns. During insertion of SCS electrodes, care must be taken to avoid injury of the spinal cord and the nerve roots. Another well-known complication of neuromodulation is erosion, and usually occurs when device components are located too superficially under the skin.
The Effects of Obligatory and Preferential Frames on Delay Discounting

Human decision making is partly determined by the verbal stimuli involved in a choice. Verbal stimuli that may be particularly relevant to human decision making are the words should and like, whereby should is presumably associated with what one ought to choose, and like is presumably associated with what one prefers to choose. The current study examined the potential effects of should and like on decisions in a monetary delay-discounting task. Eighty-three participants were recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and were randomly assigned to a sequence of 2 conditions—should and like—in a repeated-measures experimental design. Based on condition assignment, the questions “Which should you choose?” and “Which would you like to choose?” appeared above each monetary option and its respective delay. Overall, participants demonstrated significantly lower levels of discounting in the should condition when compared to the like condition. However, this effect was much less consistent for participants exposed to the should condition prior to the like condition. The results of the current investigation indicate that the use of the words should and like constitutes separate classes of verbal stimuli that we refer to as obligatory and preferential frames. The effect of obligatory and preferential frames on delay discounting may be relevant to the prediction and control of decision making in social contexts.
Peripheral Blood Examination Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

OBJECTIVES: Peripheral blood abnormalities in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have not been fully elucidated. We report qualitative and quantitative peripheral blood findings in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and compare them with a control group. METHODS: We reviewed electronic medical records, complete blood counts, peripheral blood smears, and flow cytometry data in 12 patients with SARS-CoV-2. These were compared with 10 control patients with symptoms suspicious for SARS-CoV-2 but who tested negative. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted in blood counts, except that absolute lymphopenia was present frequently in the control group (P < .05). Acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly (APHA) was noted in all COVID-19 cases, in most cases affecting over 5% of granulocytes. This contrasted with APHA in only 50% of control cases, affecting fewer than 5% of granulocytes in all cases (P < .05). Monolobate neutrophils were exclusive to COVID-19 cases. COVID-19 patients had greater frequency of plasmacytoid lymphocytes (P < .05). Flow cytometry data revealed absolute CD3+ T-cell count reduction in 6 of 7 patients; all of them required mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphopenia was infrequent in our COVID-19 cohort; however, flow cytometric analysis revealed absolute T-cell count reduction in most cases. COVID-19 cases had significant APHA with monolobate neutrophils and plasmacytoid lymphocytes as compared to controls.
Knees with Smaller Posterior Tibial Slope And More Concave Medial Tibial Plateau Are At Higher Risk Of Isolated Meniscal Injuries

Objectives:Meniscal injuries are extremely common. Several anatomical features of the knee, including the tibial plateau morphology, have been shown to influence knee biomechanics and the risk of l...
Selective Neuronal Vulnerability: Morphological and Molecular Characteristics*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the distinct morphological patterns of ischemic brain injury and discusses the possible pathogenesis of ischemic damage to selectively vulnerable brain neurons. The neuropathologists have defined at least three morphologically distinct varieties of ischemic brain damage, including autolysis, infarction, and selective neuronal necrosis (SNN). A fourth pattern may be added as generalized neuronal necrosis (GNN). Autolytic brain damage is characterized by chromatin clumping, mitochondrial swelling, and dispersion of ribosomes uniformly throughout all the brain cells. Such changes are the consequence of terminal ischemia of the brain without reperfusion and are seen in post-mortem brain tissue. Infarction has been defined by the neuropathologists as an area of pannecrosis—that is, irreversible damage to all cell types, including astroglia and endothelial cells within a specific vascular territory of the brain. The transition zone between an area of cerebral infarction and the entirely normal brain tissue frequently contains necrotic neurons but normal astroglia. Such border zone necrosis of neurons develops irrespective of the brain region, and therefore, differs from selective neuronal necrosis that occurs only in those populations of vulnerable neurons.
On the functions acting on Besov-type and Lizorkin-Triebel-type spaces

Let f be a real-valued function defined on ℝ. For some restrictions of the parameters p, q, s and τ, if the function f acts on Besov-type space or Lizorkin-Triebel-type space by composition then th...
Head acceleration event metrics in youth contact sports more dependent on sport than level of play

The goal of the study was to evaluate how repetitive head traumas sustained by athletes in contact sports depend on sport and level of play. A total of 16 middle school football players, 107 high s...
SDSS-V focal plane robot positioning metrology

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey V (SDSS-V) is an all-sky spectroscopic survey of ≥ 6 million objects, designed to decode the history of the Milky Way, reveal the inner workings of stars, investigate the origin of solar systems, and track the growth of supermassive black holes across the Universe.1 The robotic Focal Plane System (FPS)2 will carry 500 robots each with three fibers for science and metrology. The science fibers feed the BOSS3 and APOGEE4 spectrographs, while the metrology fibers are back illuminated to aid in robot positioning. Blind initial x/y positional precision of the robots is expected to be better than 50µm. The robots must position the fibers to better than 5µm in order to meet the science requirements. The FPS fiber viewing camera (FVC) consists of optomechanical components that look back through the telescope optics at light from back-lit fiducial and metrology fibers to measure the positions of the robots in the telescope focal plane. The FVC takes an image of the robots in the telescope focal plane, measures their positions to an accuracy of better than 3µm, and then feeds back error commands to the robot control system to meet the 5µm positional requirement. This paper details the optomechanical design, and initial results of an engineering run on the du Pont telescope.
Lighting Strikes Twice: Recurrent Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) after Influenza Vaccination.

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare acute demyelinating syndrome of the peripheral nervous system that is commonly preceded by infection. Vaccinations have also been associated with an increased incidence of GBS, though the risk is low. Caution with revaccination is recommended in patients with a history of GBS. Risks of revaccination compared with the risks of influenza complications should be considered. Patients who experience GBS after vaccination have not been shown to have an increased incidence of recurrent GBS after the influenza vaccine, though evidence is limited. We report a case of recurrent GBS in a patient following the influenza vaccine.
Gorgias and the Weakness of Logos

After briefly considering Plato’s objections to rhetoric—it disregards the truth, aiming only to persuade, and it manipulates our emotions rather than instructing us—I turn to the historical Gorgias. The ‘Encomium of Helen’ ascribes to logos (speech) virtually all-powerful capacities for persuasion, seduction, and even bewitchment. Here Gorgias (seemingly) celebrates the very things Plato rejects. Yet in the ‘Defense of Palamedes’ considerable anxieties about whether logos actually does possess such (persuasive) strength are voiced: the weakness, not the power, of logos comes to occupy center stage. Gorgias’ own views thus are likely more complex than Plato allows.
The Effect of Mode Mix on Interfacial Toughness: A Ductile Mechanism

This paper deals with the problem of a plane strain crack growing steadily and quasi-statically along the interface between a brittle and a ductile material, under small scale yielding and mixed-mode conditions. Previously determined asymptotic near-tip solutions are used in conjunction with a variational statement of compatibility to obtain approximate solutions for a sequence of small scale yielding problems with different values of the phase angle (or mode mix) of the remotely applied elastic singularity fields. As suggested by Bose and Ponte Castaneda [3], such full-field solutions may be used in the context of a standard crack growth criterion, requiring that continued growth take place with a fixed near-tip crack opening profile, to obtain theoretical predictions for the dependence of interfacial toughness on phase angle. The results, which are in qualitative agreement with available experimental data, and also with some recent theoretical results by Tvergaard and Hutchinson [9], predict a strong dependence on mode mix, and also on material properties, particularly, on the hardening parameter. In addition, it is found that this increased mixed-mode interfacial toughness phenomenon also occurs for crack growth in homogeneous ductile materials, if it is assumed that the crack is somehow (say, by scratching the surface of the specimen) constrained to grow straight ahead of the crack tip, regardless of the mode mix of the applied loading fields. This suggests that ductility provides the main operating mechanism for explaining the dependence of interfacial toughness on the mode mix of the applied loading fields, during steady crack growth.
The Partnership Conception of Democracy

Professor Michelman takes up a central issue of political and constitutional theory in his intriguing Brennan Lecture-the bewitching idea that democracy means self-government. We say that democracy is valuable because in a democracy the people govern themselves, and it is this sense, rather than any supposed instrumental advantages democracy enjoys over other forms of government, that explains its great contemporary popularity. But we have great difficulty in stating what the claim of self-government means. Democracy cannot provide self-government in the most literal sense: individual citizens cannot have a veto on law or
Correlation Clustering with Partial Information

We consider the following general correlation-clustering problem [1]: given a graph with real edge weights (both positive and negative), partition the vertices into clusters to minimize the total absolute weight of cut positive edges and uncut negative edges. Thus, large positive weights (representing strong correlations between endpoints) encourage those endpoints to belong to a common cluster; large negative weights encourage the endpoints to belong to different clusters; and weights with small absolute value represent little information. In contrast to most clustering problems, correlation clustering specifies neither the desired number of clusters nor a distance threshold for clustering; both of these parameters are effectively chosen to be the best possible by the problem definition.
Technology Roadmaps as a Tool for Energy Planning and Policy Decisions

ABSTRACT In recent years, decision makers have used “technology roadmaps” as inputs into policy and program planning decisions. These road-maps represent a collaborative process whereby stakeholders identify the future technical developments, market barriers, and policy mechanisms needed to successfully move a new technology to market. This article presents an overview of technology roadmapping processes and outcomes. In particular, the article discusses an evaluation of eight technology roadmaps developed for sustainable energy technologies. From this evaluation, lessons are learned about the usefulness of technology roadmaps.