cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A tectonic interpretation of earthquake focal mechanisms and hypocenters in Ridge Basin, southern California

abstract Ridge Basin is in the territory of the current uplift in southern California. The basin is bounded by the San Gabriel and San Andreas faults. During a seismic experiment conducted there in 1972 to 1973, 42 small earthquakes were located in the region of the basin. Approximately one-third of the epicenters lie near the San Gabriel fault for a distance of more than 10 km. Their composite focal mechansim plot does not show uniquely defined nodes. However, the data permit a solution that agrees with known parameters of the San Gabriel fault. Namely, a vertical fault that strikes northwest, with a right-lateral strike-slip displacement. A composite fault-plane solution for most of the remaining events in the basin gives two well-constrained nodes; one dips southeast nearly parallel with the dip of the hypocenter zone and, therefore, was assumed to be the fault plane. It strikes northeast almost parallel to the basin hinge line of late Pliocene-early Pleistocene age, and the solution indicates reverse right-oblique displacement. The history of the basin suggests that reverse faulting should be expected to accompany subsidence, and subsidence is indeed suggested in the northwest part of the basin where the valleys appear inundated with sediments. Whereas the dip-slip component of faulting corresponds to basin formation, the strike-slip component of the right-oblique movement may relate to the tectonic process that is locking the San Andreas fault. Since the Pliocene was a time of formation of the basin, and the mid- and late Pleistocene mainly was a time of folding of lower Pleistocene and older rocks and erosion of them, the proposed model seems more analogous to the Pliocene tectonic cycle than to the Pleistocene one. Both Pyramid Dam and Castaic Dam are situated in the basin. Their location with respect to the faults of the earthquakes is not resolved.
Structural Influences: Cholesterol, Drug, and Proton Binding to Full-Length Influenza A M2 Protein

The structure and functions of the M2 protein from Influenza A are sensitive to pH, cholesterol, and the antiinfluenza drug Amantadine. This is a tetrameric membrane protein of 97 amino-acid residues that has multiple functions, among them as a proton-selective channel and facilitator of viral budding, replacing the need for the ESCRT proteins that other viruses utilize. Here, various amino-acid-specific-labeled samples of the full-length protein were prepared and mixed, so that only interresidue (13)C-(13)C cross peaks between two differently labeled proteins representing interhelical interactions are observed. This channel is activated at slightly acidic pH values in the endosome when the His(37) residues in the middle of the transmembrane domain take on a +2 or +3 charged state. Changes observed here in interhelical distances in the N-terminus can be accounted for by modest structural changes, and no significant changes in structure were detected in the C-terminal portion of the channel upon activation of the channel. Amantadine, which blocks proton conductance by binding in the aqueous pore near the N-terminus, however, significantly modifies the tetrameric structure on the opposite side of the membrane. The interactions between the juxtamembrane amphipathic helix of one monomer and its neighboring monomer observed in the absence of drug are disrupted in its presence. However, the addition of cholesterol prevents this structural disruption. In fact, strong interactions are observed between cholesterol and residues in the amphipathic helix, accounting for cholesterol binding adjacent to a native palmitoylation site and near to an interhelix crevice that is typical of cholesterol binding sites. The resultant stabilization of the amphipathic helix deep in the bilayer interface facilitates the bilayer curvature that is essential for viral budding.
Biological notes on three species of Tabanidae (Diptera) obtained during experiments on transmission of equine infectious anemia of horses.

Notes are presented on relative success in obtaining engorgement on donor and principal horses according to fly species; number of feedings and gonotrophic cycles; time periods between feeding, oviposition and refeeding; time required in the egg stage; survival time in the laboratory. Flies were trapped in the field, then stored in a refrigerated incubator prior to feeding. Four percent of the Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Macquart), 20% of the Tabanus sulcifrons Macquart and 56% of the T. quinquevittatus Wiedemann fed successfully. Of the T. quinquevittatus tested for feeding 24 hr after interruption, 76% fed successfully and 38% tested after oviposition fed successfully. Representatives of each species oviposited, while a few T. quinquevittatus oviposited 3 times and fed 4 times. T. quinquevittatus oviposited x ¯ 6.6 days after feeding and would refeed within 1 day. The egg stage required x ¯ 7.6 days. T. sulcifrons oviposited x ¯ 9.3 days after feeding. Time required for oviposition and hatching was strongly temperature dependent.
Ryanodine-sensitive stores regulate the excitability of AH neurons in the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig ileum.

Myenteric afterhyperpolarizing (AH) neurons are primary afferent neurons within the gastrointestinal tract. Stimulation of the intestinal mucosa evokes action potentials (AP) that are followed by a...
An iterative method for strong barrier coverage under practical constraints

Barrier coverage is a fundamental application for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we consider a practical probabilistic sensing model and propose an iterative scheme, called BaCo, to provide strong barrier coverage under this model, with the objective of minimizing the number of active sensors. Moreover, we build the barrier under practical constraints of minimum detection probability and maximum false alarm probability. We use simulations to show that BaCo converges quickly and achieves better results than previous work while also bounding the system false alarm probability.
Leviathan in the Commons: Biomedical Data and the State

This chapter analyzes the role that the state has played with respect to the generation and management of large repositories of scientific data, situating it within the context of commons theory and the organization of common pool resources. Extending beyond the traditional “big science” conception of the state as creator/provisioner of large-scale scientific data pools, and the literature of state-based innovation incentives, this chapter identifies nine distinct but interdependent roles that the state has played in assembling and maintaining scientific data sets. It uses as a case study the U.S. federal government’s engagement with genomic research projects beginning with the Human Genome Project and encompassing a range of federally-funded, public-private and private sector projects. It then assesses the potential roles that the state may play in the formation and maintenance of new pools of biomedical data, namely data from clinical trials. The analytical framework described in this chapter offers a means by which state engagement with data-intensive research projects may be compared across agencies, fields and national borders. This framework may be used to assess the effectiveness of state engagement in such research programs and to configure state engagement in new data commons in a manner that can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of data sharing arrangements and improve overall social welfare.
Efficient long-term cryopreservation of pluripotent stem cells at -80 °C

Current long term cryopreservation of cell stocks routinely requires the use of liquid nitrogen (LN2), because commonly used cryopreservation media containing cell membrane permeating cryoprotectants are thermally unstable when frozen at higher storage temperatures, e.g. −80 °C. This instability leads to ice recrystallization, causing progressive loss of cell viability over time under the storage conditions provided by most laboratory deep freezers. The dependency on LN2 for cell storage significantly increases operational expense and raises issues related to impaired working efficiency and safety. Here we demonstrate that addition of Ficoll 70 to cryoprotectant solutions significantly improves system thermal stability at the working temperature (~−80 °C) of laboratory deep freezers. Moreover, a medium comprised of Ficoll 70 and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in presence or absence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) can provide reliable cryopreservation of various kinds of human and porcine pluripotent stem cells at −80 °C for periods that extend up to at least one year, with the post-thaw viability, plating efficiency, and full retention of pluripotent phenotype comparable to that achieved with LN2 storage. These results illustrate the practicability of a promising long-term cryopreservation method that completely eliminates the need for LN2.
Does Fair Value Accounting Exacerbate the Procyclicality of Bank Lending

This study investigates whether fair value accounting contributes to the procyclicality of bank lending. Using banks’ approval/denial decisions on residential mortgage applications to capture banks’ supply of credit, I find no evidence that fair value accounting has procyclical effects on bank lending over the past two business cycles. I further identify two reasons for this result. First, the main accounting item distinguishing fair value accounting from historical cost accounting—unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities—does not affect lending decisions. Second, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are not procyclical, as the risk-free interest rate rises during some expansionary periods, resulting in unrealized losses, while the risk-free interest rate (and sometimes the default spread) falls during some recessionary periods, resulting in unrealized gains.
A Sociolinguistic Approach to Emotion Concepts in a Senegalese Community

In the cross-cultural study of emotion, language is often a crucial source of information. Many aspects of language are pertinent: emotion terminology, together with the talk that defines terms and elaborates upon them; speakers1 attributions of emotion to themselves and others; and the display of emotion during talk. Though of course linguistic evidence is not the only kind of evidence that might be relevant to a cross-cultural analysis, any or all of these linguistic behaviors potentially enter into the attempt to understand the cultural frameworks within which emotion is conceptualized. This paper explores some sociolinguistic issues relating to that attempt. Fieldwork in a rural Wolof community in Senegal provides a case at hand.
Extremely low-coverage whole genome sequencing in South Asians captures population genomics information

The cost of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) has decreased tremendously in recent years due to advances in next-generation sequencing technologies. Nevertheless, the cost of carrying out large-scale cohort studies using WGS is still daunting. Past simulation studies with coverage at ~2x have shown promise for using low coverage WGS in studies focused on variant discovery, association study replications, and population genomics characterization. However, the performance of low coverage WGS in populations with a complex history and no reference panel remains to be determined. South Indian populations are known to have a complex population structure and are an example of a major population group that lacks adequate reference panels. To test the performance of extremely low-coverage WGS (EXL-WGS) in populations with a complex history and to provide a reference resource for South Indian populations, we performed EXL-WGS on 185 South Indian individuals from eight populations to ~1.6x coverage. Using two variant discovery pipelines, SNPTools and GATK, we generated a consensus call set that has ~90% sensitivity for identifying common variants (minor allele frequency ≥ 10%). Imputation further improves the sensitivity of our call set. In addition, we obtained high-coverage for the whole mitochondrial genome to infer the maternal lineage evolutionary history of the Indian samples. Overall, we demonstrate that EXL-WGS with imputation can be a valuable study design for variant discovery with a dramatically lower cost than standard WGS, even in populations with a complex history and without available reference data. In addition, the South Indian EXL-WGS data generated in this study will provide a valuable resource for future Indian genomic studies.
A Data Driven Approach to Cervigram Image Analysis and Classification

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death for women worldwide. Early detection of cervical cancer is possible through regular screening; however, in developing countries, screening and treatment options are limited due to poor (or lack of) resources. Fortunately, low cost screening procedures utilizing visual inspection after the application of acetic acid in combination with low cost DNA tests to detect HPV infections have been shown to reduce the lifetime risk of cervical cancer by nearly 30 %. To assist in this procedure, we developed an automatic, data centric system for cervigram (photographs of the cervix) image analysis. In the first step of our algorithm, our system utilizes nearly a thousand annotated cervigram images to automatically locate a cervix region of interest. Next, by utilizing both color and texture features extracted from the cervix region of interest on several thousand cervigrams, we show that our system is able to perform a binary classification of disease grading on cervigram images with comparable accuracy to a trained expert. Finally, we analyze and report the effect that the color and texture features have on our end classification result.
Use of Art-Making Intervention for Pain and Quality of Life Among Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.

Background: Although pain is one of the most prevalent symptoms among cancer patients, medications do not always result in sufficient pain relief. Furthermore, these medications only address the physical component of pain. Art making, a holistic approach, may distract the user’s attention from pain and allow expression of the nonphysical (e.g., psychological, spiritual) components of pain. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate evidence for the efficacy of art-making interventions in reducing pain and improving health-related quality of life (QoL) among cancer patients. Method: PubMed, Academic Search Premier, ProQuest, and CINAHL were searched from database inception to September 2016 using the following search terms: neoplasm, cancer, tumor, pain, pain management, quality of life (QoL), well-being, art therapy, painting, and drawing. Results: Fourteen articles reporting 13 studies were reviewed. Some studies reported beneficial effects of art making on pain and QoL, but the evidence was w...
Advances in 1550-nm driven THz, GaAs photoconductive switches

Ultrafast photoconductive switches were fabricated from GaAs embedded with ErAs nanoparticles and tested in two antenna types: a self-complementary square spiral, and a slot antenna designed for half-wave resonance at 567 GHz. These devices are designed for driving with 1550nm lasers. At least ∼46 μW of THz average power was generated from the spiral, and ∼5 μW from the resonant slot. This is the first demonstration of a 1550-nm-driven GaAs:ErAs THz source in a resonant antenna.
Electrically thin approach to switching cell design for flying capacitor multilevel converters

To fulfill the promises of wide band-gap (WBG) power transistors, circuit parasitics arising from the interconnection of these devices must be reduced through careful layout. While prior work has demonstrated guidelines for lateral, single-sided PCB layouts for half-bridges, this work presents the potential improvement in vertical, dual-sided designs by leveraging an electrically thin approach. Though results are discussed specifically in the context of integrated switching cells (ISC) for flying capacitor multilevel converters (FCML), this technique can also be applied to other topologies to similarly improve high frequency operation.
Multi-view graph learning with adaptive label propagation

Graphs play an essential role in many data mining paradigms, such as semi-supervised classification. Conventional graph learning methods mainly focus on constructing graphs from single-view data. Nowadays data can be collected from multiple views using various sensors. How to construct a robust and reliable graph from multi-view data is still an open problem. In this paper, we propose a multi-view graph learning (MVGL) approach with adaptive label propagation for semi-supervised classification. MVGL integrates latent factor extraction, graph sparsification, and label propagation into a unified framework. It seeks shared latent factors from multi-view data as view-independent data representations, and then constructs a sparse graph accordingly. Meanwhile, the label propagation is adaptively optimized during graph construction. An efficient optimization algorithm is designed to solve the model. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets show remarkable improvements over both single-view and multi-view learning baselines.
Diurnal behavior and distribution patterns of Kiko wethers in southern-pine silvopastures during the cool-season grazing period

Goats are commonly used to utilize the understory vegetation in pine silvopasture systems. Understanding goats’ behavior and their distribution patterns is necessary to manage this system well. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diurnal behavior and distribution patterns of goats in Southern-pine silvopastures during the cool-season grazing period. This study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 in Tuskegee, Alabama, USA. Eight different cool-season forages were planted in separate subplots within each plot in mixed-pine silvopasture systems with three replications (3 plots, 0.4-ha each) in the fall of 2014 and 2015. Trees in the silvopasture consisted of longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Twenty-eight Kiko wethers were rotationally stocked in the silvopasture plots in April 2015, and January to April 2016. When study began, trees were 10 years old (DBH: 12 ± 0.2 cm; height: 7 ± 0.1 m), and animals were 5–7 months old. The diurnal behavior (grazing, browsing, loafing, lying, and debarking) and distribution patterns of goats were monitored from dawn to dusk for two consecutive days (2015) or one day (2016) in each plot at each grazing rotation. Grazing was the most dominant diurnal behavior (36–54%) of Kiko wethers followed by lying (29–34%) and loafing (15–22%). The distribution evenness index was more even in 2016 vs. 2015, spring vs. winter, and mid-day vs. morning. Goats also showed some debarking behavior (< 2%), mostly on longleaf pine. The study showed that goats’ behavior and distribution patterns were influenced by year (age), season, and part of the day.
Coarctation repair—redo challenges in the adults: what to do?

Aortic coarctation is one of the most common congenital cardiac pathologies. Repair of native aortic coarctation is nowadays a common and safe procedure. However, late complications, including re-coarctation and aneurysm formation, are not uncommon. The incidence of these complications is dependent on the type of the initial operation. Both endovascular and conventional open repair play important roles in the treatment of late complications after previous coarctation repair. This article will review the incidence of late complications after coarctation repair and will discuss the treatment options for redo coarctation repair in adult patients.
Group and Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Youth with Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Children (aged 8–14 years) with anxiety disorders were randomly assigned to cognitive-behavioral individual treatment, cognitive-behavioral group treatment, or a wait-list control. Treatment outcome was evaluated using diagnostic status, child self-reports, and parent- and teacher-reports. Analyses of diagnostic status revealed that significantly more treated children (73% individual, 50% group) than wait-list children (8%) did not meet diagnostic criteria for their primary anxiety disorder at posttreatment. Other dependent measures demonstrated the superiority of both treatment conditions compared to the wait-list condition. However, a child-report of anxious distress demonstrated only the individual treatment to effect significant improvement. Measures of social functioning failed to discriminate among conditions. Analyses of clinical significance revealed that notable proportions of treated cases were returned to nondeviant limits at posttreatment. Treatment gains were maintained at a 3-month follow-up.
Development of the Genital System

In mammals, sex determination is accomplished by a chromosomal mechanism. It begins at the time of fertilization through the coupling of two gametes: either two X chromosomes (XX in females) or an X and a Y chromosome (XY in males). The SRY gene is the sex determination gene of the Y chromosome. Gonadal differentiation begins after the migration of the primordial germ cells (PGCs) into the indifferent gonad. Testis determination is normally initiated in males by the expression of the SRY gene. In the absence of SRY expression, the bipotential gonad develops as an ovary. Ovarian differentiation is dependent on the presence of germ cells. However, germ cells are not necessary for testicular differentiation. The indifferent genital ducts consist of the mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts and the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts. In mammalian embryos, the testis secretes several hormones, such AMH, testosterone, and INSL3, which promote Wolffian duct differentiation into the male reproductive tract, whereas the Mullerian ducts degenerate in males. In the absence of the male hormones, the Wolffian ducts degenerate, whereas the Mullerian ducts persist and differentiate into the female internal reproductive tract. The fate of the indifferent genital ducts depends on the gender of the gonad. Genital duct development is a hormonally and genetically controlled process. Hox gene family members are involved in the development of genital ducts in both males and females. Along the anterior–posterior axis of the genital duct, Hox genes are expressed according to their 3’-5’ order in the Hox clusters. Wnt gene family members are also involved in both female gonadal differentiation and female genital duct development. The external genitalia pass through an undifferentiated state before the distinguishing sexual characteristics appear. The development of the genital tubercle is initially regulated by Hox gene expression. Because the genital tubercle is located at the terminal part of the urogenital system, it expresses the 5’-most genes from the Hox gene clusters, specifically Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 . Malformations of the genital system are intrinsic defects in the developing human that result in localized abnormalities during the development of the reproductive duct system. The genetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal anomalies and gene mutations, influence the development of the genital system and cause malformations.
Optical resolution of 2-(3-indolyl)propionic acid with Mucor javanicus and α-chymotrypsin

Resolution of 2-(3-indolyl)propionic acid was achieved via biocatalytic hydrolysis of its chloroethyl ester. Of the enzymes tested, Mucor javanicus lipase (R selectivity) and α-chymotrypsin (S selectivity) had high reactivity and enantioselectivity (E value > 50). Neither enzyme showed enantioselectivity (E value = 1) for 2-phenylpropionic acid.
Covington Hall, Labor Struggles in the Deep South and Other Writings . Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1999. 262 pp. $34.00 cloth; $14.00 paper.

Covington Hall was a lifelong labor activist and a member of the Industrial Workers of the World. Hall edited labor newspapers and was a contributor to socialist and labor movement publications including the Industrial Worker, the One Big Union Monthly, and the original International Socialist Review. For years, his unpublished manuscript on Southern labor, a work that is both history and memoir, has been a resource for historians of labor in and near Louisiana. Now it is widely available, with an introduction by David Roediger. Hall tells a lively story about key movements in Louisiana labor history from the 1880s to 1914, but he is not always able to capture or explain the broad sweep of events. And the introduction by David Roediger does less than it should, offering little analysis of the unions Hall will describe or of the social settings in which they operated. Oddly, Roediger does not take the opportunity to apply his theories on “the wages of whiteness” to Hall's text; perhaps this is because New Orleans white workers don't seem to be receiving them. Hall himself deals with issues of race and unionism as they arise in particular situations, but not as themes in southern or American labor history.
Impact of Genetic Targets on Cancer Therapy: Hepatocellular Cancer

Understanding cancer at the genetic level had gained significant attention over the last decade since the human genome was first sequenced in 2001. For hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) a number of genome-wide profiling studies have been published. These studies have provided us with gene sets, based on which we can now classify tumors and have an idea about the likely clinical outcomes. In addition to that, genomic profiling for HCC has provided us a better understanding of the carcinogenesis process and identifies key steps at multiple levels (i.e. Genetics, molecular pathways) that can be potential targets for treatment and prevention. Although still an incurable disease, unresectable HCC has one proven systemic therapy, sorafenib, and many under active investigation. With advancement in technology and understanding of hepatocarcinogenesis, scientists hope to provide true personalized treatment for this disease in the near future. In this review article we discuss advances in understanding genetics and pathogenesis of HCC and the currently available and ongoing trials for targeted therapies. These emerging therapies may guide the development of more effective treatments or possibly a cure for HCC.
Transparency as design choice of open data contests

Open data contests have become popular virtual events that motivate civic hackers to design high performing software applications that are useful and useable for citizens. However, such contests stir up controversy among scholars and practitioners about the role of transparency, or more specifically, the unrestricted access and observability of the applications submitted throughout the contest. In one view, transparency may reduce performance because it causes excessive replication, whereas another view argues that transparency can encourage novel forms of reuse, namely recombination. This article proposes a new perspective towards transparency as a design choice in open data contest architectures. We introduce a 2‐dimensional view towards transparency, defined as observability of information about each submitted (a) solution (how it works) and its (b) performance (how high it scores). We design a sociotechnical contest architecture that jointly affords both transparency dimensions, and evaluate it in the field during a 21‐day contest involving 28 participants. The results suggest that the joint instantiation of both transparency dimensions increases performance by triggering different kinds of recombination. Findings advance literature on sociotechnical architectures for civic design. Furthermore, they guide practitioners in implementing open data contests and balancing the tension between individual versus collective benefits.
Public Funds and Private Education: Impact of School Vouchers on the U.S. Workforce

The debate over the use of public funds to finance private school education has waged for well over forty years. The contemporary debate on school vouchers centers on the impact of vouchers on public education budgets. While the impact of vouchers on public budgets is critical to understanding the impact of vouchers in general, the focus on budgets marginalizes, if not altogether ignores issues of even greater relevance. It's clear that a well educated workforce is the key to America's ability to compete in the global market place. It is also clear that a greater cross section of the population must have access to quality education which emphasizes science and technology. Another fact to consider in the current debate over school vouchers is that only the general goals and objectives of public education are considered. For example, most discussions concerning public education identify quality education for all students as its primary objective, this is certainly the case. However, at least one of the overall goals of public education is to prepare students to meet the demands of an ever changing workforce. A workforce which will have to compete nationally and internationally in order to keep the United States competitive and economically viable against nations with growing GDP's like China, Japan and Germany. The primary question at this juncture in the debate over public education and vouchers should focus on the overall impact the system has on preparing students to meet the challenges of the contemporary workforce. This study examines the utility of school vouchers in terms of their impact on workforce preparedness and focuses less on the impact this system has on school budgets.
Constrained Marginal Space Learning

In this chapter, we present the constrained MSL to exploit correlations learned from the training set to increase the efficiency of the computational framework. The prior distribution of the object position is learned based on the statistics of the distance from the object center to volume border, and the test hypotheses of the orientation and scale are generated using an example-based sampling strategy from the training set. Furthermore, we employ the quaternion formulation for 3D orientation representation and distance measurement to overcome the limitations of Euler angles in the original MSL. Extensive comparison experiments are performed on three 3D anatomical structure detection problems in medical images, namely, liver detection in Computed Tomography (CT) volumes, and left ventricle detection in both CT and ultrasound volumes. They show that constrained MSL can improve the detection speed up to 14 times relative to the original MSL, while achieving comparable or better detection accuracy. It takes less than half a second to detect a typical 3D anatomical structure in a volume.
Sufficiency Quantification for Seamless Text-Independent Speaker Enrollment

Text-independent speaker recognition (TI-SR) requires a lengthy enrollment process that involves asking dedicated time from the user to create a reliable model of their voice. Seamless enrollment is a highly attractive feature which refers to the enrollment process that happens in the background and asks for no dedicated time from the user. One of the key problems in a fully automated seamless enrollment process is to determine the sufficiency of a given utterance collection for the purpose of TI-SR. No known metric exists in the literature to quantify sufficiency. This paper introduces a novel metric called phoneme-richness score. Quality of a sufficiency metric can be assessed via its correlation with the TI-SR performance. Our assessment shows that phoneme-richness score achieves −0.96 correlation with TI-SR performance (measured in equal error rate), which is highly significant, whereas a naive sufficiency metric like speech duration achieves only −0.68 correlation.
A brief critical overview of Geoforum’s history, 1970–2018

Abstract This critical review examines the history of the journal Geoforum from its founding in 1970 through 2018, with a specific focus on how the journal has changed over the past forty-eight years. This review outlines significant changes in the journal’s aim and scope over the years, and the resulting impact on what has been published within Geoforum’s pages. Additionally, it provides an overview of current themes in the journal’s publications, major changes in the journal’s structure since its inception, and a brief discussion of Geoforum’s strengths and weaknesses.
Was ist ein Medizinisches Einsatzteam (MET)

Das MET stellt peripheren Stationen rund um die Uhr notfall- und intensivmedizinische Expertise zur Verfugung. Das MET muss ortskundig, gut ausgerustet und trainiert sein. Kommunikative Kompetenzen sind insbesondere zu fordern, um einerseits die unmittelbare Notfallsituation bewaltigen zu konnen, aber auch um nachgelagerte Diagnostik und Therapieeskalation zu organisieren. Dabei ist das MET ein wesentliches Glied in der innerklinischen Rettungskette, das jedoch nur durch eine zeitgerechte Alarmierung das Patientenoutcome verbessern kann.
Impact of Increased Intracranial Pressure on Pupillometry: A Replication Study

In a diverse, multicenter population, to confirm or refute the conclusions that pupillary light reflex changes are associated with increased intracranial pressure. Design Replication study. Patients Within the Establishing Normative Data for Pupillometer Assessments in Neuroscience Intensive Care registry there were 273 patients (16,221 pupillary observations) that included both intracranial pressure and pupillometry values. Measurements and Main Results To evaluate findings by the previous author, we explored for differences among measures of the pulmonary light reflex obtained from automated pupillometry with ICP values dichotomized as < 15 mm Hg (normal) versus ≥ 15 mm Hg (elevated). Analysis of t-test indicates statistically significant differences for all right and left mean pupilometer values, except right latency (p = 0.3000) and repeated measure mixed model (p = 0.0001). In the setting of increased intracranial pressure, mean pupilometer values were lower for both left and right eyes comparing to normal intracranial pressure, except right neurologic pupil index (3.98, 3.92;p = 0.0300) and left latency (0.27, 0.25; p < 0.0001). Conclusions Our findings confirm and extend those of McNett et al Worsening measures of the pupillary light reflex using automated pupillometry are associated with elevated intracranial pressure.
Implementation of a geriatric oncology screening tool (G8) in an academic oncology practice serving a Hispanic-rich population.

87Background: ASCO recommends utilization of the G8 screening tool to assist in predicting mortality, but there are limited data in Hispanic patients. Our practice utilizes the G8 to identify patie...
Association of Erectile Dysfunction with Incident Atrial Fibrillation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Abstract Purpose Erectile dysfunction has been associated with atrial fibrillation in cross-sectional studies, but the association of erectile dysfunction with incident atrial fibrillation is less well established. This study aimed to determine whether erectile dysfunction is independently associated with incident atrial fibrillation after adjusting for conventional risk factors. Methods We studied 1760 male participants (mean age 68 ± 9 years) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), who completed self-reported erectile dysfunction assessment at MESA exam 5 (2010-2012). Cumulative incidence of atrial fibrillation was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) using 3 models in which variables were added in a stepwise manner. In model 3, HR was adjusted for age, race and ethnicity, education, smoking status, alcohol use, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, diabetes, anti-hypertensive medication use, lipid-lowering medication use, total cholesterol, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Results During the median follow-up of 3.8 (interquartile range, 3.5-4.2) years, 94 cases of incident atrial fibrillation were observed. There was a significant difference between males with and without erectile dysfunction for cumulative incident atrial fibrillation rates at 4 years (9.6 vs 2.9%, P Conclusions Among older male participants in this prospective study, we found that self-reported erectile dysfunction was associated with incident atrial fibrillation.
Gastric Electric Stimulation for Refractory Gastroparesis.

Objective To outline the use and utility of gastric electric stimulation (GES) as a therapeutic intervention for gastroparesis. Methods Review of the literature. Results Gastroparesis is characterized by delayed gastric emptying, with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and abdominal pain. Some patients with gastroparesis do not respond to medical intervention, and for these patients surgical intervention may be warranted. GES utilizes high-frequency gastric neurostimulation to facilitate gastric emptying and reduce symptoms of gastroparesis. It is indicated for patients with idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis who have nausea and vomiting as their primary symptoms and who have not responded to medical therapy. GES has also been used in postsurgical and pediatric gastroparesis patients. Optimizing the outcome of this surgical treatment through proper patient selection and meticulous surgical technique is essential as there are inherent risks to the procedure. Nonblinded studies of GES for medically refractory gastroparesis have demonstrated therapeutic symptomatic benefit, whereas randomized controlled trials have not. New interventions such as pyloromyotomy and pyloroplasty are reasonable alternatives or addendums to GES. Conclusion GES may be considered among the therapies available for treating patients with refractory symptoms of gastroparesis. More studies, specifically those comparing GES, pyloromyotomy, GES combined with pyloromyotomy, and placebo, are needed to help guide therapy selection for refractory gastroparesis.
Accurately Predicting Cardiovascular Risk-and Acting on It.

In this issue, Dodson and colleagues report the development of a prediction model for all-cause mortality 6 months after myocardial infarction among older adults that incorporates measures of funct...
Cross-Subsidization in Teacher Pension Benefits: Examining Rates of Return Among School Districts:

When pension benefits are not directly tied to contributions, some individuals may earn disproportionate returns on their retirement contributions. For instance, individuals who receive relatively ...
CEO Incentive Contracts, Risk Shifting, and Commitment Benefits of Gender Diverse Boards

We argue gender-diverse boards are associated with distinct preferences that reassure investors about their commitment to moderate risk and boost long-term corporate survival. Results suggest a strong relation between gender-diverse boards and bondholder-aligned CEO compensation components, particularly when CEOs have greater incentives to take and shift risk. This association is robust to a variety of controls for potential endogeneity, and is more pronounced when women directors are on compensation committees, regularly attend meetings and have influential backgrounds. Compensation spillovers occur with gender-diverse boards choosing similar peers. Bond and stock prices increase around female director appointment announcements, especially for high-yield issuers.
Subthreshold photofission of U 235 and Th 232

Photofission cross sections for $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$, and $^{236}\mathrm{U}$ have been measured in the energy range from 3.25 to 5.75 MeV and for $^{234}\mathrm{U}$ and $^{236}\mathrm{U}$ at 3.5 MeV. The cross sections change by over seven orders of magnitude for this energy range. Cross section shapes are significantly different for different isotopes indicating a strong sensitivity to fission barrier parameters.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION Barrier shape; fission; nuclear reactions; photofission bremsstrahlung; threshold; tract counting.
Trials in thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: Describing the state of clinical research in the field.

Abstract Background : Endovascular thrombectomy has revolutionized treatment of ischemic stroke. Given the clinical and socioeconomic support for thrombectomy, new devices, procedures, and pharmaceuticals have emerged in recent years, and have been subject to a growing number of clinical trials worldwide. Objective : To define the current state of thrombectomy clinical trials, highlight recent trends, and help guide future research in this area. Methods : Current and previous clinical trials involving thrombectomy for ischemic stroke were queried from the Clinicaltrials.gov database. Trials were categorized by their current status, study design, funding type, exclusion criteria, study phase, enrollment, start and completion dates, country of origin, item of investigation, outcome metrics, and whether a peer-reviewed publication was linked to the trial. Results : Querying the ClinicalTrials.gov registry yielded 196 trials, of which 161 (82.1 %) were started within the past 5 years. The average time to completion was 30.6 months. A total of 62 studies (31.6 %) examined the safety or efficacy of a thrombectomy device, 29 (14.8 %) investigated a pharmacological intervention alone or in combination with a device, 59 (30.1 %) examined aspects of the endovascular procedure on patient outcomes, and 14 (7.2 %) examined diagnostic utility during thrombectomy. Most trials were funded by academic centers (53.1 %) or industry (34.7 %). Although the United States contributed the most studies overall (59; 30.1 %), studies from European and Asian countries have been increasing since 2015. Conclusion : These trends indicate an increasing number of trials starting the past few years, with most occurring in Europe and examining devices or aspects of the thrombectomy procedure.
Establishing Clinically Significant Patient-reported Outcomes for Diverticular Disease.

Abstract Background Diverticular disease can undermine health-related quality of life. The diverticulitis quality of life (DV-QOL) instrument was designed and validated to measure patient-reported burden of diverticular disease. However, values reflecting meaningful improvement (i.e., minimal clinically important difference [MCID]) and the patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) have yet to be established. We sought to establish the MCID and PASS of the DV-QOL and describe the characteristics of those with DV-QOL above the PASS threshold. Materials and methods We performed a prospective cohort study of adults with diverticular disease from seven centers in Washington and California (2016-2018). Patients were surveyed at baseline, then quarterly up to 30 mo. To determine the MCID and PASS for DV-QOL, we applied various previously established distribution- and anchor-based approaches and compared the resulting values. Results The study included 177 patients (mean age 57 y, 43% women). A PASS threshold of 3.2/10 distinguished between those with and without health-related quality of life–impacting diverticulitis with acceptable accuracy (area under the curve 0.76). A change of 2.2 points in the DV-QOL was the most appropriate MCID: above the distribution-based MCIDs and corresponding to patient perception of importance of change (AUC 0.70). Patients with DV-QOL ≥ PASS were more often men, younger, had Medicaid, had more serious episodes of diverticulitis, and had an occupational degree or high-school education or less. Conclusions Our study is the first to define MCID and PASS for DV-QOL. These thresholds are critical for measuring the impact of diverticular disease and the evaluation of treatment effectiveness.
Symptomatic, Presymptomatic, and Asymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

ABSTRACT Importance Asymptomatic and presymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 are an ongoing and significant risk for community spread of the virus, especially with the majority of the world still unvaccinated and new variants emerging. Objective To quantify the presence and effects of symptom presentation (or lack thereof) on the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Design A cohort of 12,960 young adults participated in health reporting, contact tracing, and COVID-19 testing for 103 days between August 10 and November 20, 2020. Setting A mid-sized university campus in Indiana, United States. Participants University students, most of whom are 18-23 years old (67%) and living in congregate on-campus housing (60%). Of the 12,960 students, 1,556 (12.0%) tested positive for COVID-19 during the 103 day period. Of the positive cases, 1,198 reported sufficient health check data (7 days prior and 7 days post diagnosis) to be classified as asymptomatic or symptomatic. Main Outcome Secondary attack rate, based on presentation or absence of symptoms and type of symptoms calculated with respect to confirmed close contacts and a 14-day incubation period, varies on the type of symptom, timing of symptoms, and absence of symptoms. A quantifiable understanding of SAR on the longitudinal data of more than one thousand subjects in a university environment provides keen insights about developing strategies to respond to the continued prevalence of COVID-19 in the unvaccinated world and growth of variants. Results 32.5% of all cases reported no symptoms within a 15-day window centered on their positive test (7 days prior, the day of the positive test, and 7 days after). The secondary attack rate (SAR) of asymptomatic COVID-19 index cases was 19.1%. The SAR of symptomatic index cases was 25.4%, and while the onset timing of symptoms did not affect transmission, the presence of certain symptoms like fever, shortness of breath, and dry cough increased the SAR as high as 30.0%. Conclusions and Relevance Asymptomatic rates of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are much higher than has been estimated in prior studies and continue to pose a significant and ongoing risk in the pandemic, especially with the prevalence of variants like the Delta variant. In addition, different symptoms are associated with varying rates of transmission, posing a significant challenge in how to diagnose or assess risk through mechanisms such as daily health checks for symptom reporting, a practice commonly in place for entry into schools, offices, restaurants, etc. Given the uncertain nature of symptoms and varied transmission rates, this study suggests a broader embrace of masking, social distancing and testing might be needed to counter the variants until higher global vaccination rates can be achieved.
Oxidative Metabolism of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mammalian Cell Fractions

The nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAH) are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, whose genotoxicity is dependent on biological activation. Two pathways for the metabolism of nitro-PAH have been noted: (1) cytochrome P450-mediated C-oxidation; and (2) nitroreduction of the exocyclic nitro group via cytosolic and/or microsomal enzymes to reactive arylhydroxylamines (1–4). Typically, the cytochrome P450-mediated C-oxidation leads to the formation of phenol and dihydrodiol metabolites that are quickly detoxified by sulfate or glucuronide conjugation (5–7). Alternatively, epoxide intermediates are conjugated to glutathione with glutathione transferases (8)