cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Six Decades of Radiocarbon Dating in New World Archaeology

Radiocarbon (14C) dating provided New World archaeological research with the first continent-wide common chronometric scale that transcended the mostly relative site- and region-specific chronological sequences that had been assembled during the preceding century of fieldwork. 14C data continue to play a critical role in establishing a chronometric framework for the 5-century-long debate concerning the timing of the initial peopling of the New World. Other issues where 14C results have been of particular importance include the origins and development of New World agriculture and determination of the relationship between the Western and Classic Maya long-count calendar. The introduction of a third-generation measurement technology of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) beginning in the late 1970s has provided a means of obtaining analyses on milligram and microgram amounts of carbon permitting more detailed critical approaches to increasing the accuracy of 14C values on certain sample types--particularly human skeletal materials. It also provided a more effective means of allowing greater dating precision in situations where such data had an important bearing on the validity of inferences about the rates of cultural evolutionary change in New World societies.
The Economics of Dying -- The Illusion of Cost Savings at the End of Life

For more than a decade, health policy analysts have noted -- and some have decried -- the high cost of dying1–7. With the acceleration of pressures on health care costs and calls for reform, considerably more attention has been focused on proposals to control costs at the end of life8. One proposal would require persons enrolling in a health care plan to complete an advance directive9,10. Others would require hospitals to establish guidelines to identify and reduce futile care11–13. Similar ideas have been expressed by members of President Bill Clinton's Health Care Task . . .
Calculation of Flame Ionization Detector Relative Response Factors Using the Effective Carbon Number Concept

Equations are given for relating flame ionization detector relative response factors to the effective carbon number (ECN) of neat and derivatized components. The ECN ap­ proach can be used for calculating relative response fac­ tors in cases where pure materials are not available for detector calibration. Examples of this approach are given for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated organics in neat form, alcohols and acids as the trimethylsilylated derivatives, and carbohydrates as the trimethylsilyl-oxime derivatives.
A Statistical Approach to the Identification of Vortical Structures During Dynamic Stall with Flow Control

Understanding dynamic stall is of critical importance to controlling unsteady loading during the operation of rotary systems. While in the phase averaged sense, a picture can be created of how flow control affects the recirculation region on an airfoil undergoing dynamic pitching, any given instantaneous flow field captured with Particle Image Velocimetry exhibits two issues. The first is that instantaneous flow fields vary significantly from the phase averaged flow fields. The second is that vortex identification methods fail in adequately describing the vortical structures present in the instantaneous field, due to the high shear that exists between the free stream and the recirculation region. Instead, a method whereby the centers of the vortical structures are identified, and then the circulation about these structures is measured and is used to present how the evolution of dynamic stall occurs in a statistical sense. In this way, it can be shown how the dynamic stall process is altered when flow control is applied vis a vis the change in the extent of vortical structures shed during dynamic stall, with the eventual goal of replacing a full 3-D reconstruction of flow fields under dynamic conditions with a simpler, sparser data set.
The Fiduciary Duty of Minority Shareholders to Preserve S Corporation Status

A small business corporation may file a federal election to be taxed like an S corporation to which all shareholders must consent. Once an election becomes effective it can be terminated with disastrous effects if the corporation thereafter loses its status as a small business corporation. One opportunistic pathway for lost status is a transfer of stock by a minority shareholder to a wholly-owned entity when there is no transfer restriction agreement in place. This Article explores such opportunistic behavior where a minority shareholder seeks to exploit the threat to make such a transfer to extract a favorable buy out. Specifically, corporate case law has limited the right to transfer using gap filler fiduciary duties as well as contractual good faith. The Article also explores the role of the minority shareholder's lawyer in aiding and abetting a breach of such a fiduciary duty thereby making the lawyer directly liable to the corporation for substantial damages.
Ten Parental Alienation Fallacies That Compromise Decisions in Court and in Therapy

False beliefs about the genesis of parental alienation and about appropriate remedies shape opinions and decisions that fail to meet children’s needs. This article examines 10 mistaken assumptions: (a) children never unreasonably reject the parent with whom they spend the most time, (b) children nev
Late, late-onset infections in the nursery.

Abstract Infections affecting infants in the hospital nursery are generally divided into those with a prenatal onset and early- and late-onset postnatal infections. Little attempt has been made to differentiate infections affecting infants more than a week of age from those with an onset at several months of age. Three cases are presented which demonstrate how, currently, infants far older than one month of age are being treated for nosocomial, nursery-associated infections. This information has implications both for treatment decisions and for the gathering of epidemiologic data on nosocomial infections.
Recent research advances in eosinophilic esophagitis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergic disease triggered by food allergens with an increasing prevalence. This review highlights recent research advances in EoE with a focus on the literature of the past 18 months. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of EoE in the black population is higher than previously suggested. A novel locus spanning CAPN14 is associated with EoE. Diagnostic tests utilizing an analysis of EoE-specific transcriptome have been improved. Standardized EoE symptom score systems have been established. Treatment trials show the promise and limitations of allergen avoidance, antiinflammatory reagents, and anti-interleukin-13 antibodies. Insights into disease mechanisms highlight the role of invariant natural killer T cells and group 2 innate immune cells. Epithelial barrier protein desmoglein 1, bone morphogenetic protein antagonist follistatin, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1, and CAPN14 have been defined as new potential therapeutic targets in EoE as regulators of the inflammatory interleukin-13-axis. The role of IgG4 in the disease mechanisms has been suggested. SUMMARY Genetic predisposition influenced by environmental factors increases EoE susceptibility. Research identifying the critical events leading to allergen sensitization and the esophagus-specific responses that drive EoE is evolving, and will lead to a better understanding of EoE and new therapeutic approaches for the disease.
Two Cases of Uninstitutionalized Bargaining

The perilous moment for a bad government is when that government tries to mend its ways. Tocqueville 1955: 177 All of the socialist regimes in Europe depended for their survival on maximizing economic growth and maintaining the party's economic and political monopoly. Bunce 1999: 56 It is a fact of current life that secession movements are under way, with more to come. It is also a fact that there is growing support for including some sort of right to secede in a number of constitutions. Allen Buchanan 1991: 148 Because the fundamental problem of federal design is to supply a stabilizing institutional context for bargaining over inherently redistributive policy, and because these institutions, many of which are constitutional, are themselves subject to negotiation and reinterpretation, the idea of a constitution as a living document reflects the conventional wisdom that such things as the division of prerogatives and jurisdictions between federal subjects and the federal center should not be impervious to adjustment and redefinition as society evolves and circumstances change. If these adjustments are to remain incremental and evolutionary, however, then bargaining and renegotiation must be set in some larger and stable institutional context – a layer of institutional structure that is somehow further removed from the pressures of bargaining but which nevertheless directly impacts and regulates it. And if, for convenience, we label such institutions “constitutions” in a broad sense, then an essential part of federal design, as we outline matters in the previous chapter, is to create a constitutional supergame that encompasses federal bargaining and restrains it so that Level 1 provisions are more than mere words on paper.
The Helmholtz Decomposition

Basic properties of the Helmholtz decomposition of a vector field over the entire three-dimensional space into its longitudinal (irrotational, lamellar, curl-free) part and transversal (solenoidal, divergence-free) part are described in this appendix.
Related Layout Systems

In addition to the MIT implementation of PI there have been two other significant implementations of PI: 2PI and EC-PI. This chapter describes these two variations of PI which were developed respectively at the General Electric Research and Development Center and at the Technion in Israel. 2PI extends PI in several ways to make PI more convenient to use in an industrial setting; EC-PI follows PI’s problem decomposition but changes some of the component algorithms. This chapter also describes selected other layout systems—including the Magic, Phoenix, and TimberWolf systems—and points out many of the significant layout systems that came before and after PI.
Long-term stability of plasma oxidized PDMS surfaces

The hydrophilicity of untreated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces is problematic in applications where adhesion of proteins and cells is desirable. In this work, we investigated the effects of variables involved with plasma surface oxidation including time, power, monomer extraction, and storage conditions over 45 days. In order to maintain a hydrophilic surface for the longest time, the storage condition was the most influential factor above all other variables. Investigated changes in plasma treatment time, and power had less profound effects. Furthermore, only marginal differences in extracted and non-extracted PDMS were observed.
From brain to blood vessels and back: a noninvasive optical imaging approach.

The seminal work of Grinvald et al. has paved the way for the use of intrinsic optical signals measured with reflection methods for the analysis of brain function. Although this work has focused on the absorption signal associated with deoxygenation, due to its detailed mapping ability and good signal-to-noise ratio, Grinvald’s group has also described other intrinsic signals related to increased blood flow, scattering effects directly related to neural activation, and pulsation effects related to arterial function. These intrinsic optical signals can also be measured using noninvasive diffuse optical topographic and tomographic imaging (DOT) methods that can be applied to humans. Here we compare the reflection and DOT methods and the evidence for each type of intrinsic signal in these two domains, with particular attention to work that has been conducted in our laboratory. This work reveals the refined two-way relationship that exists between vascular and neural phenomena in the brain: arterial health is related to normal brain structure and function, both across individuals and across brain regions within an individual, and neural function influences blood flow to specific cortical regions. DOT methods can provide quantitative tools for investigating these relationships in normal human subjects.
Conformational Changes in Active and Inactive States of Human PP2Cα Characterized by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange–Mass Spectrometry

PPM serine/threonine protein phosphatases function in signaling pathways and require millimolar concentrations of Mn2+ or Mg2+ ions for activity. Whereas the crystal structure of human PP2Cα displayed two tightly bound Mn2+ ions in the active site, recent investigations of PPM phosphatases have characterized the binding of a third, catalytically essential metal ion. The binding of the third Mg2+ to PP2Cα was reported to have millimolar affinity and to be entropically driven, suggesting it may be structurally and catalytically important. Here, we report the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange–mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics to characterize conformational changes in PP2Cα between the active and inactive states. In the presence of millimolar concentrations of Mg2+, metal-coordinating residues in the PP2Cα active site are maintained in a more rigid state over the catalytically relevant time scale of 30–300 s. Submillimolar Mg2+ concentrations or introduction of the D146A mutation increased the conform...
Resilience by Teaming: Distribution Network Design and Flow Management Protocols

Agents in a supply network deliver flow to other agents in the network or to entities outside the scope of the SN. Flow distribution occurs through flow links \(fl_{i \to j}\) which are subject to disruptions that affect service levels, possibly extending far beyond the reach of a single link. Therefore, creating resilient links and managing flow to avoid and overcome disruptions without impact on the service level is of utmost importance. This chapter presents two protocols from the Resilience by Teaming framework: Distribution Network Formation/Re-configuration Protocol (DNF/RP) and Distribution Flow Control Protocol (DFCP). DNF/RP implements a fuzzy network formation and reconfiguration strategy designed to create routes that balance the cost of flow distribution with the ability to re-configure the route in the face of disruptions. DFCP performs real-time monitoring and route re-configuration to avoid disruptions and ensure flow delivery according to the predefined SLAs. The use of resilient distribution protocols in combination with the sourcing and internal control protocols introduced in preceding chapters provides the foundation for Resilience by Teaming in supply networks.
An analysis of broad-spectrum pulse amplification from mixed Nd: Glass amplifiers

We present results in a comprehensive analysis of gain shaping from Nd:glass amplifiers in an effort to generate near 100 fs pulses in chirped pulse amplification. We discuss relative gain balance between the two media.
Observations of the Magnetized Disruption of Collimated Plasma Flows

The dynamics of magnetized flows is of great interest to the astrophysics community as the formation and long collimation distances of jets in accretion systems are still open questions. In many of these systems, the background magnetic field is parallel to the jet propagation direction. Recent experiments [1] performed at the Jupiter Laser Facility investigated the effects of imposing a background magnetic field aligned with a collimated jet. Plastic cone targets were irradiated by a long-pulse laser as shown schematically in Fig. 1a. When the shock emerges from the backside of the cone, accelerated material accumulates on axis producing a collimated flow. Figure 1b demonstrates the collimation of the plasma without the background field and the disruption of the flow when applying a 5 T field. Experimental results will be discussed in detail with supporting numerical work describing the mechanisms causing the jet disruption.
Tehran’s subway: gender, mobility, and the adaptation of the ‘proper’ Muslim woman

Tehran’s subway, the most affordable means of public transportation in the city, offers a useful context to study the relationship between women’s spatial mobility, the construction of self, and so...
A Randomized Study of Patient Risk Perception for Incidental Renal Findings on Diagnostic Imaging Tests

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to assess differences in patient distress, risk perception, and treatment preferences for incidental renal findings with descriptive versus combined descriptive and numeric graphical risk information. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A randomized survey study was conducted for adult patients about to undergo outpatient imaging studies at a large urban academic institution. Two survey arms contained either descriptive or a combination of descriptive and numeric graphical risk information about three hypothetical incidental renal findings at CT: 2-cm (low risk) and 5-cm (high risk) renal tumors and a 2-cm (low risk) renal artery aneurysm. The main outcomes were patient distress, perceived risk (qualitative and quantitative), treatment preference, and valuation of lesion discovery. RESULTS. Of 374 patients, 299 participated (79.9% response rate). With inclusion of numeric and graphical, rather than only descriptive, risk information about disease progression for a 2-cm renal tum...
Physical Activity and Risk of Preterm Birth in a Cohort of African American Women.

Abstract Background Few studies have identified modifiable risk factors that are associated with the prevention of preterm delivery (PTD). This study examined the relationship between PTD and physical activity during pregnancy. Methods Data were obtained by medical record review and postpartum questionnaires from a cohort of African American women (N = 1,410) delivering singleton infants. Physical activity was self-reported and analyses compared any and none. Additional analyses classified leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and walking for a purpose as 0, 1 to 19, 20 to 39, and 40 minutes per day or more and stair climbing as 0, 1 to 5, 6 to 9, and 10 or more times per day. Log-Poisson models adjusted for previous PTD, pregnancy complications, and income were used to examine the association between PTD and physical activity during pregnancy across body mass index categories. Results Overall, 16.4% of deliveries were preterm. LTPA was associated with a decreased prevalence of PTD (prevalence ratio [PR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–0.96), but stratification by maternal prepregnancy body mass index suggested that LTPA was only protective against PTD among women with normal weight (PR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23–0.79). Stair climbing 10 or more times per day was associated with a decreased prevalence of PTD among women with normal weight (PR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11–0.94) and women with overweight (PR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07–0.80) only. Walking for a purpose (e.g., to the store, the bus stop, or to work) was not associated with PTD. Conclusions African American women who participate in either LTPA or stair climbing during pregnancy have a decreased prevalence of PTD, but the protective effect varied by maternal body mass index.
The Shallow Arch

The first investigation of dynamic snap-through of shallow arches is due to Hoff and Bruce [1]. They considered the problem of a pinned arch with a half-sine-wave initial shape and a half-sine wave distributed lateral load. They treated the two extreme cases of sudden loads: that of constant magnitude and infinite duration and the ideal impusle case. Following this first paper, several studies are reported in the literature, in the middle to late 1960s, dealing with the arch configuration. These studies include the works of Lock [2], Hsu and his associates [3–6], and the Ph.D. thesis of the current author [7]. A short period after this, the arch problem was reinvestigated by employing the Budiansky-Roth [8] criterion. Please refer to Chapter 1 for a discussion of concepts, criteria, and estimates of critical conditions under suddenly applied loads. An attempt was made by Fulton and Barton [9] to introduce a different criterion for dynamic stability. The interested reader is also referred to the work of Lo and Masur [10] and of Huang and Nachbar [11], who added the effect of initial geometric imperfections and viscoelastic behavior. More recently, stability boundaries (interaction curves) were discussed by Gregory and Plaut [12] and Donaldson and Plaut [13] for arches that are loaded by two independent sets of dynamic loads applied in varying proportions to each other. The effect of damping on the dynamic buckling of low arches was investigated by Johnson [14].
Fetal Asphyxia and the Primate Colony in Puerto Rico

From an historical perspective, asphyxia in the newborn infant presents a number of issues. Although defined as “pathological changes caused by lack of oxygen in respired air, resulting in hypoxia and hypercapnia” (Dorland 2007, p. 167), the term is used differently by physiologists, clinicians, and pathologists. In Greek the term means “a stopping of the pulse,” thus strictly speaking, the word asphyxia is an “infelicity of etymology” (Eastman 1936b, p. 274). As with many definitions, however, once it has been accepted, it may be altered to fit the circumstances. For instance, obstetrical asphyxia is “an imprecise term… frequently based on low Apgar scores alone…” (Cunningham et al. 1989, p. 597). Some prefer the term “neonatal or perinatal depression” (Reece and Hobbins 2007, p. 1234). According to a task force of the World Federation of Neurology Group, it is a “… condition of impaired blood gas exchange leading, if it persists, to progressive hypoxemia and hypercapnia” (Bax and Nelson 1993, p. 1022). For the neonatologist, asphyxia is applied to “infants who require more than one minute of positive pressure ventilation before the occurrence of sustained respiration.” No reference is made to blood gas values. In contrast, hypoxia is the case in which deficient oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia) is associated with the O2 supply to tissues being reduced below physiologic levels, despite adequate perfusion. Commonly associated with conditions of impaired placental exchange of O2, asphyxia may result from abruptio placentae [premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall], prolapse of the umbilical cord, maternal shock with hypotension, carbon monoxide intoxication, and other conditions. As noted below, a link between reduced fetal oxygenation and the development of perinatal complications such as intrauterine growth restriction and subsequent neurodevelopmental handicaps has long been established (Figs. 5.1 and 5.2).
New Aspects Concerning the Regulation of Pineal Indoleamine Metabolism: Implications for Neuroimmunology

The pineal hormone melatonin is an essential photoperiodically-regulated messenger which is involved in the modulation of organismal physiology at a number of levels. Whereas the stability of the circadian production of melatonin is generally well documented, there are factors which clearly modify the 24 hour synthesis of this important hormone. Changes in either the duration of elevated melatonin, the amplitude of the nocturnal increase, or the phasing of the nighttime rise relative to a melatonin sensitive period may all be important in terms of the consequences of the altered melatonin rhythm. The following brief report will describe the generation of the melatonin rhythm, present some examples of factors that change the quantity of pineal melatonin synthesized and released over a 24 hour period, and discuss these changes in terms of their potential relationship to neuroimmunomodulation and tumor growth.
Addressing Health and Health-Care Disparities: The Role of a Diverse Workforce and the Social Determinants of Health:

Despite major advances in medicine and public health during the past few decades, disparities in health and health care persist. Racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States are at disproportionate risk of being uninsured, lacking access to care, and experiencing worse health outcomes from preventable and treatable conditions. As reducing these disparities has become a national priority, insight into the social determinants of health has become increasingly important. This article offers a rationale for increasing the diversity and cultural competency of the health and health-care workforce, and describes key strategies led by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Minority Health to promote cultural competency in the health-care system and strengthen community-level approaches to improving health and health care for all.
Discrete Choice, Censored Regression, and the Costs of Organization

This chapter reviews the approaches used in strategic management and economics to assess the normative validity of business decision rules, that is, whether prescribed strategies and practices are likely to lead to superior performance. While economists tend to assess theories of business behavior in terms of their predictive ability, the success of a theory in predicting managerial behavior tells us little about that theory’s value as a normative guide to business decision making. The strategic management research relating strategic and organizational choices to firm performance generally fails to account for the systematic selection of strategies and organizational forms, however. To the extent the strategies and organizational forms managers adopt reflect expected performance, least squares estimates of the relation between firm behavior and performance will be biased. The chapter discusses procedures for correcting selection bias and reviews a pair of recent empirical studies that illustrate its importance.
Thickness and Side-Groove Effects on J - and δ-Resistance Curves for A533-B Steel at 93°C

A test program was conducted to determine the effects of specimen thickness variations, side grooves, and crack length variations on the deformation and ductile fracture of A533-B, CI-1 steel at 93°C. The crack extensionswere estimated using the correlation between elastic compliance and crack length. Crack extensions were also estimated using a correlation among crack-opening displacements, load line displacements (δ - V L ), and crack length. The inferred estimates of crack extension were supplemented by some measurements on heat-tinted fracture surfaces. The results suggest that the observation of thickness or side-groove effects on crack-extension resistance curves is dependent on the method of measuring crack extension. The compliance correlation method was less sensitive to crack extension and showed a classical thickness effect: increased crack growth resistance with decreasing thickness, and decreased resistance with the use of side grooves. The δ - V L correlation method was more sensitive to crack extension and showed no effect of thickness or of side grooves on crack growth resistance. The presence of side grooves promoted flat fracture and suppressed shear lips. Specimens without side grooves developed large shear lips.
Correlation of I-V Curve Parameters with Module-Level Electroluminescent Image Data Over 3000 Hours Damp-Heat Exposure

Four module brands of three samples each were exposed to 3000 hours of accelerated damp-heat testing. Current voltage (I-V) curve tracing and electroluminescent (EL) imaging were performed at 500 hour steps. The I-V curves were analyzed to get 8 common I-V parameters: maximum power $(P_{mp})$ , fill factor (FF), current at maximum power $(I_{mp})$ , voltage at maximum power $(V_{mp})$ , current at short circuit $(I_{sc})$ , voltage at open circuit $(V_{oc})$ , series resistance $(R_{s})$ , and shunt resistance $(R_{sh})$ . The EL images were processed with a data processing pipeline using the open source coding language Python, employing techniques such as filtering, thresholding, convex Hull, regression fitting, and perspective transformation. This pre-processing was necessary to re-orient the images in a uniform manner as there was variance involved in the alignment of the modules during the measurement process. With the preprocessed data in hand, module-level parameters of median, mean, and standard deviation were calculated from the image pixel intensity distributions. These image data parameters were plotted against all the I-V curve parameters to identify trends in these data types. Correlation heat maps were generated depicting the relationships between data type parameters from IV and EL measurements.
From biomass to biofuel economics

Abstract Developing technological, institutional, and policy interventions to balance the food and bioenergy contribution of food systems requires a full understanding of the process by which biomass is converted into biofuels. There are many pathways to convert biomass into biofuels. In this chapter, we discuss these processes from a technological perspective and identify the opportunities for interventions to make the food system more efficient and sustainable. Our discussion is concentrated on the first-generation biofuels. The conversion rate from biomass to biofuel and biomass yield in terms of land are summarized. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of producing food crop-based biofuels.
Myeloid Neoplasms with Germline Predisposition

Acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome in the setting of inherited (germline) mutations or inherited bone marrow failure syndromes.
Systematic Review: The Role of Thrombolysis in Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism

Abstract Background This systemic review provides practicing emergency physicians updated information about the role of thrombolysis in the treatment of intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. Methods A PubMed literature search from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2018 was conducted and limited to human clinical trials written in English with relevant keywords. High-quality studies were identified and then underwent a structured review. Recommendations are made based on the literature review. Results Sixty-three articles met criteria for rigorous review, of which 13 were appropriate for citation in this review. Of these 13, there were 6 prospective studies and 7 retrospective studies. Conclusions Thrombolysis, either catheter-directed or systemic, is a treatment option in the management of patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism and a high likelihood of clinical deterioration. Each method of thrombolysis carries risks and benefits. Based on the available evidence, transfer to a facility for the purpose of catheter-directed thrombolysis is not recommended.
Exploring Effective Fuzzing Strategies to Analyze Communication Protocols

In recent years, coverage-based greybox fuzzing has become popular forvulnerability detection due to its simplicity and efficiency. However, it is less powerful when applied directly to protocol fuzzing due to the unique challenges involved in fuzzing communication protocols. In particular, the communication among multiple ends contains more than one packet, which are not necessarily dependent upon each other, i.e., fuzzing single (usually the first) packet can only achieve extremely limited code coverage. In this paper, we study such challenges and demonstrate the limitation of current non-stateful greybox fuzzer. In order to achieve higher code coverage, we design stateful protocol fuzzing strategies for communication protocols to explore the code related to different protocol states. Our approach contains a state switching engine, together with a multi-state forkserver to consistently and flexibly fuzz different states of an compiler-instrumented protocol program. Our experimental results on OpenSSL show that our approach achieves an improvement of 73% more code coverage and 2x unique crashes when comparing against fuzzing the first packet during a protocol handshake.
Azacitidine As a Post-Stem Cell Transplant Maintenance for Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Background Relapse is the major cause of death after allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) for AML in children. The data for the use of Azacitidine (Aza) to prevent post-SCT relapse in adult patients with AML is very encouraging, however there has been limited data available in pediatric populations. Method Since January 2016, Aza was introduced as a post SCT maintenance therapy to all AML patients at Riley Hospital for Children in anticipation of preventing relapse. Retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients who underwent SCT for AML between January 2016 and December 2018 was conducted. We planned to initiate post SCT Aza (32 mg/m2/dose IV for 5 days) at Day+60, and then continue treatment every 28 days for a total of four cycles as tolerated. Results A total of 19 patients with AML received allogeneic SCT (type of SCT: BMT (n=17) and CBT (n=2) / MRD (n=6), MUD (n=8), MMUD (n=1) and Haplo (n=4)), median age 10 year old (range, 1-19), median follow up 389 days (range, 220-1183). A total of 14 patients received Aza after SCT. Five patients did not receive Aza due to following reasons; early relapse (n=2), GvHD (n=1), Sorafenib maintenance for FLT3 mutation (n=1) and parent's preference (n=1). Median day of initiation of Aza was 85 days post SCT (range; 66 -143). Almost all patients tolerated with Aza maintenance well without any dose reduction due to toxicities, but early discontinuation occurred in 2 patients after the 3rd cycle due to worsening chronic GvHD (n=1) and parent's preference (n=1). No recurrence or worsening aGvHD was observed. Six patients died, from progressive disease (n=5) and lung cGvHD (n=1). Compared to historical cohort at our institution (a total of 14 AML patients; 2012-2015), no survival benefit was observed, however, patients who received Aza had a tendency to relapse later compared to historical controls. Conclusion Administering 4 cycles of post-SCT, low dose of Aza as a maintenance therapy is safe and feasible. We need to further explore how to effectively incorporate Aza in the post-SCT setting, including optimal timing of initiation of therapy, determination of optimal dose, and duration of therapy to maximize survival benefit and reduce relapse.
Designing Optimal Network for Rural Electrification using Multiplier-accelerated A * Algorithm

This analysis proposes a modified A* routing algorithm for the routing of networked rural electrification systems in areas with substantial topological variation. Due to geographical complexity, using standard A* algorithm for optimal routing is very inefficient. This new algorithm utilizes a modified heuristic to reduce computational time while achieving near-optimal routing results. The modified algorithm is also more suitable for use in routing studies where inputs are uncertain, requiring Monte Carlo simulations to assess the robustness of proposed routes.
Ultrasound-Guided Procedures

Ultrasound is cost-effective, portable, real-time, and safe. Ease of use and training makes it an ideal tool to increase the accuracy and safety for many thoracic procedures. Ultrasound is standard of care for pleural procedures such as thoracentesis and chest tube (including indwelling pleural catheter (IPC)) placement as well as for pulmonary procedures such as percutaneous needle biopsy and medical thoracoscopy. In this chapter we will describe the techniques and evidence regarding the use of ultrasound to guide pleural and pulmonary procedures.
Decreasing Pediatric PACU Noise Level and Alarm Fatigue: A Quality Improvement Initiative to Improve Safety and Satisfaction.

Abstract Purpose To describe how a pediatric postanesthesia care unit used a two-phased approach of bundled interventions to reduce unit noise levels and improve staff perceptions of their work environment. Design Pre/post design. Methods Postanesthesia care unit sound levels and monitor alarms were measured at baseline and after implementing both project phases. Nursing staff members were surveyed at baseline and after completion of the project. Findings Monitor alarms were reduced by more than 50% after Phase I. However, noise measurement data did not reflect a difference in sound levels between baseline and intervention phases. Despite this, staff perceived the unit as much quieter. Conclusions The reduction in monitor alarms did not cause an appreciable change in sound levels as measured by noise dosimeters in either intervention phase. Despite these findings, nurses perceived a quieter and more pleasant workplace. These impressions might have resulted from subjective expectations versus actual volume levels, or they might owe to the reduction in incidence of alarms themselves, which they had viewed as nuisance sounds.
Clinical Forensic Psychology

Clinical forensic psychology can be defined as assessment, treatment, or consultation that revolves around clinical issues occurring in legal contexts. This chapter discusses methodological challenges and approaches that arise in three primary areas of clinical forensic psychology—descriptive forensic assessment (e.g., psycholegal capacities), predictive assessment (e.g., violence risk assessment), and evaluation of legally relevant constructs (e.g., psychopathic personality and malingering). Forensic assessment research is challenged by varying legal definitions, lack of gold standards for validation, insensitive predictor and outcome measures, dichotomous legal outcomes versus continuous psychological outcomes, low and varying outcome base rates, ethical constraints placed upon researchers by legal realities, and studying constructs defined partially by deceitfulness. Research of descriptive questions include literature surveys, polling experts, theory-based development, and evaluating agreement between test classification and clinicians' assessments. Although postdictive and pseudoprospective designs are common in predictive research, they have shortcomings best overcome through use of prospective designs that include multiple measures and sources of data. Repeated-measures prospective designs, case-crossover designs, and naturally occurring field experiments offer novel opportunities to study predictive questions. Research on psycholegal constructs commonly relies on factor analytic and prototypical approaches to explicating psycholegal constructs. Simulation and analogue studies are often used to study constructs such as malingering. Keywords: crime; criminal psychology; forensic assessment; forensic psychology; law and psychology; malingering; prediction; psycholegal capacities; psychopathy; risk assessment
Abstract A28: Predictive factors for mortality after surgery alone for human papilloma virus-associated oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma: Analysis of the National Cancer Database

Objective: Assess survival outcomes after surgery alone for p16-positive/human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+OPSCC) using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Background: Survival outcomes for surgery alone for HPV+OPSCC without adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy are unclear. Adjuvant treatment may be unnecessary for some cases of HPV+OPSCC, given the reliance of current guidelines on extrapolations from studies of non-HPV associated OPSCC treatment. Methods: Overall survival (OS) was analyzed for 736 HPV+OPSCC patients who underwent surgery alone from 2010-2014. We studied available risk factors for death in the NCDB. Kaplan-Meir curves and crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with Cox and Firth regression modeling were used. Staging was readjusted from the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition to the 8th. Results: Most patients had T1/T2 (84.7%) and N0/N1 (74.7%) disease. OS after surgery alone for pathologic stage 1 disease at 3 and 5 years was 94% and 92%, respectively (p Conclusions: In this study, limited by the lack of data on smoking history, perineural invasion (PNI), recurrence, and disease-specific survival, HPV+OPSCC after surgery alone has a high overall survival, especially when stage 1 with pathologic N0 or N1 disease without ENE. Further studies of HPV+OPSCC patients who have refused adjuvant treatment with smoking, PNI, recurrence and disease-specific survival information are needed to evaluate the utility of surgery alone, especially for stage 1 cases with N1 disease. Citation Format: Mary Han, Gaelen B. Stanford-Moore, David W. Schoppy, William R. Ryan. Predictive factors for mortality after surgery alone for human papilloma virus-associated oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma: Analysis of the National Cancer Database [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; 2019 Apr 29-30; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_2):Abstract nr A28.
Mechanogenetics for cellular engineering and cancer immunotherapy

Recent synthetic biology advancements have shown that cells can be engineered to respond to external stimuli such as chemical compounds and light, which significantly improves the specificity and controllability of CAR T therapy. However, the lack of both spatiotemporal and depth control is still the main issue in the clinic of CAR T treatment. At the same time, mechanogenetics, capable of penetrating deep tissues with high spatiotemporal precision, is rapidly evolving and advancing to reveal its potential for cancer immunotherapy. In the past few years, researchers have demonstrated the precise and remote control of engineered cells with mechanical perturbation originated from ultrasound, which may become a new solution to circumvent the limitations of CAR T therapy in the future. This review will discuss mechanobiology and the state-of art designs of controllable CAR T cells. A specific focus of this review will be on the mechanical control of CAR T therapy.
Surgical Castration Changes Struggle Behavior and Vocalizations in Male Piglets.

This study assessed acute pain in piglets during castration through behavioral indicators. Piglets (n=88) were randomly allocated to one of two treatments: surgical castration and sham-castration. ...
Mask Compliance Training for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

Since the arrival of the novel coronavirus, recommendations for public masking have emerged to decrease infection rates. For a variety of reasons, tolerating wearing a mask is challenging for many individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs). Therefore, we evaluated behavioral strategies to promote compliance with wearing a mask with six hospitalized individuals diagnosed with IDDs. One participant was compliant with wearing the mask for extended durations during baseline while engaging in various activities (e.g., academics, leisure). For the other five individuals, engagement in activities alone was ineffective. Blocking mask removal, reinforcement for mask wearing, and noncontingent access to preferred activities or competing stimuli were then evaluated using a changing-criterion design in which the duration participants were required to tolerate the mask gradually increased. Increases in compliance with mask wearing were achieved with all participants; however, the terminal duration was attained for only four of the five individuals.
Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Approach in Children Presenting with Urinary Tract Infection: Comparative Effectiveness Analysis Using RIVUR and CUTIE Data

Purpose:The initial imaging approach to children with urinary tract infection (UTI) is controversial. Along with renal/bladder ultrasound, some advocate voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), ie a bottom...
An Unusual Pigmented Plaque in a Newborn.

1. Jena Song, DO, MPH* 2. Jose Bustillo, DO* 3. Sherin Meledathu, DO* 1. *Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center and Children’s of New Jersey, Newark, NJ A full-term, large for gestational age newborn girl, is born via vaginal delivery to a 32-year-old gravida 3, para 3 mother with a generally uncomplicated pregnancy. The pediatrics team has been called to the delivery for meconium-stained amniotic fluid. The infant does not appear to be in respiratory distress and has Apgar scores of 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Her blood glucose level is 45 mg/dL. Upon inspection, she is noted to have a large, raised, hyperpigmented plaque covering the right side of her head, measuring 18 × 15 cm (Figs 1 and 2). This plaque is accompanied by greater than 20 other macules, patches, and plaques diffusely distributed throughout the body that are either hyper or hypopigmented, have either smooth or irregular borders, and vary in size from 0.5 to 3 cm (Fig 3). The patient also has multiple areas of blue-gray pigmented patches on her sacrum, but no sacral dimple is evident. Her neurologic examination reveals a newborn who is alert, responsive, and has normal primitive reflexes and tone for gestational age. Her head circumference is 35.5 cm (53rd percentile). No dysmorphic features are noted, and the remainder of the examination is remarkable only for a systolic heart murmur. Figure 1. Gross visualization of plaque throughout the body. A large, raised, hyperpigmented plaque, measuring 18 × 15 cm, covering the right side of the infant’s scalp. © 2017–2020, Jena Song, DO, MPH. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 2. Gross visualization of plaque throughout the body. Further visualization of large, hyperpigmented plaque extending to the right maxillary region and right upper eyelid. © 2017–2020, Jena Song, DO, MPH. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 3. Gross visualization of plaque throughout the body. Numerous hyperpigmented macules, patches, and patches of smaller caliber covering the right shoulder, posterior neck, back, …
Russia’s Oil and Gas Sector in 2018

The oil and gas sector is among the basic ones of the Russian economy and is playing an important role in the income generation for the state budget and Russia’s trade balance. Implementation of the OPEC+ agreement regarding the production restriction has resulted in the world crude oil prices growth. In 2018, the volumes of crude oil production peaked for the entire post-Soviet period and the extraction and export of the natural gas hit all-time high. Under the first stage of tax maneuver in force in the oil industry, the refining depth and increased volumes of export of petroleum products observed before its implementation were replaced by contraction of production and export of fuel oil and by the reduction of crude oil refining and export of petroleum products. Oil refining depth moved up markedly. It was decided to gradually complete tax maneuver in the oil sector and introduce the additional profits tax (windfall tax).
Fundamental problems in dynamic fracture

ABSTRACT Following a brief general review of developments in dynamic fracture, four problem areas in this discipline are examined: Crack initiation under stress wave loading, crack propagation, branching, and arrest. These topics are discussed from the viewpoint of understanding the physical fracture process at the tip of dynamically loaded cracks. Time scales, other than those governed by the elastic wave speeds, are important in connection with dynamic fracture. These time scale differences are connected with the establishing of the process zone which consists of an ensemble of micro cracks. Direct evidence of these micro cracks is reviewed as well as the importance of strain rate history effects in dynamic fracture.