cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wireless routing and control: a cyber-physical case study

Wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSANs) are being adopted in process industries because of their advantages in lowering deployment and maintenance costs. While there has been significant theoretical advancement in networked control design, only limited empirical results that combine control design with realistic WSAN standards exist. This paper presents a cyber-physical case study on a wireless process control system that integrates state-of-the-art network control design and a WSAN based on the WirelessHART standard. The case study systematically explores the interactions between wireless routing and control design in the process control plant. The network supports alternative routing strategies, including single-path source routing and multi-path graph routing. To mitigate the effect of data loss in the WSAN, the control design integrates an observer based on an Extended Kalman Filter with a model predictive controller and an actuator buffer of recent control inputs. We observe that sensing and actuation can have different levels of resilience to packet loss under this network control design. We then propose a flexible routing approach where the routing strategy for sensing and actuation can be configured separately. Finally, we show that an asymmetric routing configuration with different routing strategies for sensing and actuation can effectively improve control performance under significant packet loss. Our results highlight the importance of co- joining the design of wireless network protocols and control in wireless control systems.
The fractionation of dinucleoside monophosphate and some trinucleoside diphosphate isonicotinoyl hydrazones by column chromatography

A column-chromatographic system using DEAE-cellulose and gradient elution with triethylammonium formate at pH4.0–3.5 is described. It is capable of separating the oligonucleotide isonicotinoyl hydrazones that are produced by nuclease digestion of RNA oxidized with periodate and coupled with isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Fifteen dinucleoside monophosphate isonicotinoyl hydrazones were characterized by their elution positions on the columns, so that all but two of them could readily be identified. Twelve trinucleoside diphosphate hydrazones were also characterized by their elution positions on the column. The application of this method of fractionation to terminal-sequence studies of RNA is discussed.
Volunteering and democratization in Southern Africa: A structural and cultural analysis

VOLUNTEERING AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: A STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL ANALYSIS This dissertation examines the practices and social constructions of volunteering in Southern Africa. Grounded in structural and cultural theory, I focus on volunteering as the product, rather than the raw material, of political processes. My approach stresses the volunteers’ perspectives, yet centers on critiques of dominance. In doing so, I destabilize the view of volunteering as inherently pro-social behavior, or as intrinsically characteristic of deepening democratic systems. Combining evidence from Afrobarometer surveys and twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork in South Africa and Zambia I show how meanings and practices, not just resources and capital, shape the socially constructed nature of volunteering given specific historic, economic and political conjunctures. The findings reveal that contemporary practices of volunteering in Southern Africa are a consequence of poverty, paternalistic exchange relationships, and state-civil society partnerships undergirded by foreign development aid. The dissertation is structured around four empirical points. The first concerns who volunteers. I identify characteristics of Africans who are most likely to actively belong to voluntary groups, and pinpoint the role of foreign development aid and poverty in shaping the volunteer landscape. The second highlights the positive connection between civic culture and active voluntary group membership in Africa, but I argue that this association does not inherently translate into greater democratic gains for a country. The third emphasizes “why” people volunteer. I document the exchange nature of volunteering, revealing its practical function for maintaining social cohesion and augmenting social capital, while simultaneously entrenching social hierarchies and paternalistic inequalities. The fourth point offers a theory linking three orientations to volunteering with activities in three different types of civil society. These view can be “allegiant,” “opportunistic,” or “challenging” and steer people toward volunteer activities that match their inclinations to enhance, confront, or preserve given social systems. Throughout this dissertation I illustrate how volunteerism aids residents of complex, diverse societies to define new social relations, craft compatible identities, and make meaning of social change. I present an effort in doing a sociology of volunteerism from Africa, rather simply in Africa, which increases the generalizability of existing theories of volunteerism to post-colonial, developing country contexts.
Digoxin Therapy of Fetal Superior Ventricular Tachycardia: Are Digoxin Serum Levels Reliable?

Background Despite its seldom occurrence, fetal tachycardia can lead to poor fetal outcomes including hydrops and fetal death. Management can be challenging and result in maternal adverse effects secondary to high serum drug levels required to achieve effective transplacental antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Case A 33-year-old woman at 33 weeks of gestation with a diagnosis of a fetal sustained superior ventricular tachycardia developed chest pain, shortness of breath, and bigeminy on electrocardiogram secondary to digoxin toxicity despite subtherapeutic serum drug levels. She required supportive care with repletion of corresponding electrolyte abnormalities. After resolution of cardiac manifestations of digoxin toxicity, the patient was discharged home. The newborn was discharged at day 9 of life on maintenance amiodarone. Conclusion We describe an interesting case of digoxin toxicity with cardiac manifestations of digoxin toxicity despite subtherapeutic serum drug levels. This case report emphasizes the significance of instituting an early diagnosis of digoxin toxicity during pregnancy, based not only on serum drug levels but also on clinical presentation. In cases of refractory supportive care, digoxin Fab fragment antibody administration should be considered. With timely diagnosis and treatment, excellent maternal and perinatal outcomes can be achieved.
Impact of an Elevated Temperature Environment on Sn-Ag-Cu Interconnect Board Level High-G Mechanical Shock Performance

The mechanical stability of Sn-Ag-Cu interconnects with low and high silver content against mechanical shock at room and elevated temperatures was investigated. With a heating element-embedded printed circuit board design, a test temperature from room temperature to 80°C was established. High impact shock tests were applied to isothermally pre-conditioned ball-grid array interconnects. Under cyclic shock testing, degradation and improved shock performances were identified associated with test temperature variation and non-solder mask defined and solder-mask defined pad design configuration differences. Different crack propagation paths were observed, induced by the effect of the elevated temperature test conditions and isothermal aging pre-conditions.
Cyclic tensile response of Mo-27 at% Re and Mo-0.3 at% Si solid solution alloys

Abstract Stress-controlled uniaxial cyclic tensile tests were conducted on binary Mo-27 at% Re and Mo-0.3 at% Si solid solutions as a function of temperature and compared against the previously reported cyclic response of pure Mo. The Mo-27 at% Re alloy with a recrystallized grain size of ~30 µm was evaluated in the temperature range 25 °C–800 °C at R=0.1 and stress range that was 80% of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS); a peak in fatigue life was observed between 300 °C and 500 °C. The decrease in fatigue life at the higher temperatures of 700 °C and 800 °C is attributed to dynamic strain aging. Transmission electron microscopy of the cyclically-deformed alloy revealed parallel bands of dislocation at room temperature that transitioned to a uniform cell structure at 500 °C and back to orthogonal planar arrays at 800 °C. The as-extruded Mo-0.3 at% Si alloy was evaluated from 25 °C to 1200 °C and showed superior fatigue life and ratcheting strain resistance as compared to pure Mo and the Mo-27 at% Re alloy (within the temperature range where data were available for comparison). The superior resistance is attributed to the high density of dislocations within the material in this mostly unrecrystallized state rather than Si in solid solution. Above 800 °C, the ratcheting strain increases and fatigue life decreases rapidly with increasing temperature and is associated with dynamic recovery.
Frequency stabilization using solar smoothing, leveling and time shifting in a hybrid renewablenetwork

Increasing solar power penetration onto the electrical grid can lead to excessive power and frequency variations. This paper demonstrates the use of energy storage as a solution to reduce these variations by using certain operational modes.These modes will lead to reducing the cycling of conventional power plants thus, leading to a more stable grid frequency and also minimize the mechanical stress on turbines. With an increase in ancillary resources, utilities can generate higher revenues, and reduce variations in their area control error (ACE). A nonlinear model for a lead acid battery is used to implement the operational modes. A load-frequency control model, is used model the frequency variations within the band of ±1% of grid frequency.
Titanium-Niobium and Titanium-Niobium-Base Alloys Containing Small Additions of Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, or Oxygen

This chapter deals with the effects of the so-called “interstitial elements”, B, C, N, and 0 (as listed in order of increasing atomic number) on the superconducting properties of Ti-Nb and related alloys. C, N, and 0 are always present to some extent in the commercial grades of starting material. Typical intes-titial levels in commercial Ti are: C, 100 ppm; N, 100 ppm; and 0, 800 ppm; commercial Nb may contain: C, 20 ppm; N, 20 ppm; and 0, 100 ppm; while commercial Ti-52Nb superconductor may contain at least: C, 70 ppm; N, 50 ppm; and 0, 500 ppm (see also Table 8–12, p.316).
The Physiology of Vomiting

In contrast to the perception of nausea, the physiology of the vomiting reflex (emesis) is generally established. This “complex” reflex serves a defensive function to expel noxious chemicals from the upper gastrointestinal tract (GI). Oddly, not all mammals possess this reflex, lacking in rodents and lagomorphs that makeup approximately 40 % of extant mammalian species. Four sensory pathways trigger the emetic reflex: (1) GI vagal afferents; (2) area postrema for detection of circulating toxins; (3) vestibular complex for motion sickness; and (4) forebrain descending pathways for cognitive and learned responses. These sensory inputs converge on a common caudal hindbrain network, a central pattern generator, which produces the motor event sequence of emesis. Although vomiting is useful to avoid food poisoning, it is maladaptive in numerous clinical conditions, including treatments with cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy agents, inhalational anesthesia for surgery, and opioids for pain control; vomiting is also prominent in chronic diseases, such as diabetic gastroparesis and cyclic vomiting syndrome. Clinically significant vomiting is only partly controlled with available antiemetic drugs; thus, research on the physiology of vomiting remains an important field for developing new therapies.
Modeling spending preferences & public policy

Understanding preferences over government spending is important for understanding electoral behavior and many other aspects of the political world. Using data on relative preferences for more or less spending across different issue areas, we estimate the general spending preferences of individuals and congressional candidates along a left-right spending dimension. Our modeling approach also allows us to estimate the location of policies on this same dimension, permitting direct comparison of people's spending preferences with where they perceive policy to be. We find that public shows very low levels of polarization on spending preferences, even across characteristics like partisanship, ideology, or income level. The distribution of candidates' spending preferences shows much more sorting by party, but candidates are significantly less polarized than is contemporary voting in Congress.
Infection Control Programs in Nursing Homes

Healthcare delivery has moved from acute care hospitals to multiple settings, including subacute care, long-term care or nursing home (NH), rehabilitation, assisted living, home, and outpatient settings.
AmeriFlux Network aids global synthesis

The carbon cycle science community has called for demonstrable progress in streamlining terrestrial-atmosphere observations into a global network to enable syntheses and regional to global modeling of the role of terrestrial ecosystems in climate change. The AmeriFlux network of about 100 research sites is the primary research group and data provider for large syntheses on terrestrial carbon cycling in the Americas. To broaden the value of the network, AmeriFlux has developed a database design and new guidelines for the submission of micrometeorological, meteorological, and biological data to the archive.
Single-Molecule Clocks Controlled by Serial Chemical Reactions

Chemical clocks usually achieve well-defined temporal delays through concentration thresholding coupled to the production, degradation, activation, or inhibition of downstream effectors. In this way, the stochastic dynamics of many individual molecules yield essentially deterministic bulk behavior through ensemble averaging. As a result, their temporal evolution is governed by ensemble dynamics rather than by the behavior of an individual molecule or complex. Here, we present a general approach for the design of single-molecule clocks that permits quasi-deterministic control over the lifetime of single molecular interactions without any external synchronization. By coupling the dissociation of a bimolecular complex to a series of irreversible chemical steps, we interpose a well-defined time delay between binding and dissociation. The number and speed of irreversible steps can be varied to systematically tune both the lifetimes of complexes and the precision of the time delay, raising the prospect of local...
Evolution and Physics of the Tokamak

In the exploration of space, the launching of Sputnik proved the possibility of sending an object into orbit around the earth. Subsequent development of spacecraft led to the landing of man on the moon with Apollo 11, followed by construction of the space station, serviced by shuttles that could re-enter the atmosphere repeatedly. In the development of fusion reactors, the success of early experimental tokamaks is analogous to the success of Sputnik. The simple drawings of tokamaks in previous chapters resemble modern tokamaks no more than Sputnik resembles Apollo 11. A lot of development has occurred, and a lot more has been learned about tokamaks. There have been both pleasant and unpleasant surprises. There is, however, a big difference between the two programs. In space science, the basic physics – namely, Newton’s laws of motion – were already known; while in fusion, the physics of plasmas and of toroidal confinement had to be worked out first. After the initial successes, there was much more to learn about spacecraft, such as their interaction with the plasmas, solar wind, and magnetic fields in the solar system. This chapter describes what we have learned about tokamaks, once they were up and running.
Photosynthetic reactions with pyridine nucleotide analogs: II. 3-pyridinealdehyde-diphosphopyridine nucleotide and 3-pyridinealdehyde-deamino-diphosphopyridine nucleotide

Photophosphorylation with spinach chloroplast fragments was catalyzed by 3-pyridinealdehyde-DPN and 3-pyridinealdehyde-deamino-DPN. Neither ferredoxin nor ferredoxin-TPN reductase was necessary. During phosphorylation, there was no apparent reduction of the analogs. Furthermore, phosphorylation with the enzy-matically reduced analogs was very low. The oxidized forms also catalyzed an uptake of oxygen with illuminated chloroplast fragments. Hydrolysis of the analogs with phosphodiesterase did not result in a marked decrease in catalysis of phosphorylation. It is concluded that a substituted pyridine ring with a quaternary N-atom is necessary for catalytic activity. The inhibition by CMU and desaspidin was the same as for the photophosphorylation accompanying TPN reduction. A weak EPR signal could be detected with the analogs and illuminated chloroplast fragments. It is suggested that, during photophosphorylation, the analogs are converted only to a radical form and that the electron flow is similar in part to that required for TPN reduction.
PROBABILITY AND THE MYSTERY OF QUANTUM MECHANICS

Measurement induced transitions, incompatible properties, radical event indeterminateness, and yet well defined probabilistic behavior at all levels; the quantum world looks at first sight very mysterious indeed. I shall suggest, however, that a good proportion of the quantum mystery is man-made, brought on by a host of discredited expectations about science and the world.
Revisiting the role of hypoxia-inducible factors in pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a deadly condition with limited treatment options. Early studies implicated hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) as contributing to the development of hypoxia-induced PH. Recently, the use of cells derived from patients and transgenic animals with cell-specific deletions for various parts of the HIF system has furthered our understanding of the mechanisms by which HIFs control pulmonary vascular tone and remodeling to promote PH. Additionally, identification of HIF inhibitors further allows assessment of the potential for targeting HIFs to prevent and/or reverse PH. In this review, recent findings exploring the role of HIFs as potential mediators and therapeutic targets for PH are discussed.
Embracing our Future: CS Courses and Curriculum for Non-CS-majors

CS majors are certainly not disappearing, but the interest and demand for computing from non-CS majors is a far larger part of our future, as members of CS departments, than those on the disciplinary-major path. As computing evolves from valuable specialty to a professional literacy, CS departments face several challenges. How do we support both the traditional CS-major path and provide computing curriculum to a far broader audience? How do we partner with sibling departments in order to foster their sense of ownership and identity with computing's mindsets and toolsets? And, perhaps especially poignant in 2018, how do we invest energy into the CS-for-All future during a time that demand in our major pathway is at historic highs? This workshop distills the experiences of three faculty members who have tried to answer these questions within the context of their departments. The presenters will share the results of those experiments, will offer hands-on exploration of a representative subset of the curricular materials, and will scaffold a strategic discussion of CS's future and identity in the era of "CS for All."
Significance of Cancer Cells at the Vein Edge in Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Following Pancreatectomy with Vein Resection.

Resection of the superior mesenteric and/or portal vein (SMV-PV) is increasingly performed with pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma. We sought to analyze the impact of cancer at the transected edge(s) of the vein wall. Patients who underwent pancreatectomy with vein resection between 2003 and 2015 at a single center were evaluated. R1 resection was defined per guidelines from the American Joint Commission on Cancer and the College of American Pathologists. Specimens were also evaluated for the presence (V+) or absence (V−) of cancer cells at the transected edge(s) and depth of vein invasion. Among 127 evaluated patients, 114 (90%) received preoperative therapy. R-status was categorized as margin-negative (R0)/V− (n = 72, 57%), R0/V+ (n = 19, 15%), margin-positive (R1)/V− (n = 24, 19%), and R1/V+ (n = 12, 9%). Patients with V− specimens had similar median durations of recurrence-free survival (RFS) (12 vs 9 months) and overall survival (OS) (30 vs 28 months) as did patients with V+ specimens (P > 0.05). In contrast, cancer invasion into the lumen was associated with RFS and OS (P 0.05). Cancer invasion into the superior mesenteric and/or portal vein was adversely associated with survival, but cancer at the vein edge(s) was not. Transection of the SMV-PV through macroscopically normal vein may be performed to minimize resected vein length without fear of negatively affecting oncologic outcomes.
Ruthenium catalyzed regioselective copolymerization of acetophenone and α,ω-dienes

This paper reports a novel ruthenium catalyzed regioselective copolymerization reaction between acetophenone and α,ω-dienes such as divinyltetramethyldisiloxane and divinyldimethylsilane which leads respectively to copoly(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4-oxa-3,5-disila-1,7-heptanylene/2-acetyl-1,3-phenylene) and copoly(3,3-dimethyl-3-sila-1,5-pentanylene/2-acetyl-1,3-phenylene). This reaction involves the ruthenium catalyzed insertion of the carbon-carbon double bonds of α,ω-dienes into the aromatic C−H bondsortho to the acetyl group of acetophenone. Similar ruthenium catalyzed reactions between acetophenone and alkenes to yield monomericortho alkyl substituted acetophenones have been recently reported.1
The Implications of Change in Population Size and Composition on Future Participation in Outdoor Recreational Activities

The future U.S. population will grow slowly, age significantly, and have larger minority components. These factors' effects on recreational behavior have received extensive attention, but analyses ...
Exposure to Non-Native Tropical Milkweed Promotes Reproductive Development in Migratory Monarch Butterflies.

Background: North American monarchs (Danaus plexippus) are well-known for their long-distance migrations; however, some monarchs within the migratory range have adopted a resident lifestyle and breed year-round at sites where tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is planted in the southern coastal United States. An important question is whether exposure to exotic milkweed alters monarch migratory physiology, particularly the ability to enter and remain in the hormonally-induced state of reproductive diapause, whereby adults delay reproductive maturity. Cued by cooler temperatures and shorter photoperiods, diapause is a component of the monarch’s migratory syndrome that includes directional flight behavior, lipid accumulation, and the exceptional longevity of the migratory generation. Methods: Here, we experimentally test how exposure to tropical milkweed during the larval and adult stages influences monarch reproductive status during fall migration. Caterpillars reared under fall-like conditions were fed tropical versus native milkweed diets, and wild adult migrants were placed in outdoor flight cages with tropical milkweed, native milkweed, or no milkweed. Results: We found that monarchs exposed to tropical milkweed as larvae were more likely to be reproductively active (exhibit mating behavior in males and develop mature eggs in females) compared to monarchs exposed to native milkweed. Among wild-caught fall migrants, females exposed to tropical milkweed showed greater egg development than females exposed to native or no milkweed, although a similar response was not observed for males. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that exposure to tropical milkweed can increase monarch reproductive activity, which could promote continued residency at year-round breeding sites and decrease monarch migratory propensity.
Daytime and nighttime correlates of fatigue and lack of energy in adults living with HIV.

ObjectiveTo describe correlates of fatigue and lack of energy symptoms in adults living with HIV.MethodsAdults living with HIV were recruited if they were ≥45 years old, unemployed, and reported ei...
Incorporating cost uncertainty and path dependence into treatment selection for pavement networks

Abstract This paper proposes a new probabilistic treatment path dependence (PTPD) model for budget allocation within pavement network management problems. During the evaluation of treatment alternatives for a segment in a pavement network, the model considers benefits of both the evaluated treatment and its following actions. It also incorporates the influence of treatment cost and deterioration uncertainties. Treatments are selected for each segment in the pavement network using a risk-based optimization model. Three case studies are presented to illustrate the application and benefits of this new model. Results of the first two cases show that the risk-aversion coefficient in the model influences segment-level treatment selections and pavement network performance. The third case shows that the PTPD model performs better than a benefit-cost ratio model due to the incorporation of uncertainties and treatment path dependence. To obtain a similar performance level, the conventional model requires a 10.4% higher annual budget for the given case study. The results presented here suggest that elements of this model – notably consideration of uncertainty in deterioration and cost, treatment path dependency, and explicit risk trade-offs – could be incorporated into asset management tools to improve the cost-effectiveness of pavement network planning.
Is Urbanization Good for the Climate? A Cross-County Analysis of Impervious Surface, Affluence, and the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being:

We contribute to literature exploring the socioecological impact of urban development as a multidimensional project, one in which changes to landscape features complement changes in demographic and...
The role of doping and microstructure on hydrogen solubility in monoclinic ZrO2: Experimental validations of simulated defect chemistry

Abstract The effect of chemical doping and ceramic microstructure on H solubility was measured systematically for the first time in monoclinic ZrO2. Excitingly, the influence of chemical doping by Fe, Cr and Ta cations on bulk H solubility was in qualitative agreement with defect chemistry simulations based on density functional theory and statistical thermodynamics. This is the first experimental validation of the recently-developed modeling framework, which is capable of high-throughput defect chemistry computations of light elements in metal oxides. H solubility was quantified using temperature-programmed desorption and was measured for various microstructures and under varied oxygen partial pressure, enabling us to identify the microstructural origin (i.e. bulk, surfaces and grain boundaries) of sorbed H defects and infer their defect type. Doping the oxide resulted in a significant increase in the H-uptake time, indicating that solute cations slowed H defect diffusion. Ta doping offered the lowest bulk H solubility at all measurement temperatures (410 °C–60 °C), though Fe doping also lowers bulk solubility at lower temperatures and yielded the most tightly bound H defects of all oxides. This could be significant in applications where one wishes to minimize H permeation via limiting diffusion kinetics. Based on this work we emphasize the role of both doping and microstructure on the overall H uptake and highlight the importance of elucidating the relative nuances of each oxide system; we thus reiterate the value of a high-throughput computational analysis.
The Mechanical Microenvironment in Breast Cancer

Mechanotransduction is the interpretation of physical cues by cells through mechanosensation mechanisms that elegantly translate mechanical stimuli into biochemical signaling pathways. While mechanical stress and their resulting cellular responses occur in normal physiologic contexts, there are a variety of cancer-associated physical cues present in the tumor microenvironment that are pathological in breast cancer. Mechanistic in vitro data and in vivo evidence currently support three mechanical stressors as mechanical modifiers in breast cancer that will be the focus of this review: stiffness, interstitial fluid pressure, and solid stress. Increases in stiffness, interstitial fluid pressure, and solid stress are thought to promote malignant phenotypes in normal breast epithelial cells, as well as exacerbate malignant phenotypes in breast cancer cells.
Hydride formation in Ti6Al4V: An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study

Abstract Hydrogen uptake causes hydride formation, lattice strains and other crystallographic changes in Ti6Al4V. To monitor these changes and understand them better, we developed an in situ hydrogen-charging setup for transmission X-ray diffraction, and employed it at a high-energy synchrotron X-ray source. We observed anisotropic lattice expansion by H ingress, as well as hydride formation induced microstrain evolution in both phases. The hydride phase was also crystallographically characterized, including its orientation relationship with the neighboring phases, employing electron backscattered diffraction analysis. Further applications of the presented methodology to investigate H-microstructure interactions are also discussed.
A geometry-based framework for modeling the complexity of origami folding

Abstract This paper presents a quantitative framework to analyze the complexity of folding origami structures from flat membranes. Extensive efforts have realized intricate origami patterns with desired functions such as mechanical properties, packaging efficiency, and deployment behavior. However, the complexity associated with the manufacturing or folding of origami patterns has not been explored. Understanding how difficult origami structures are to make, and how much time they require to form is crucial information to determining the practical feasibility of origami designs and future applications such as robotic origami assembly in space. In this work, we develop this origami complexity metric by modeling the geometric properties and crease formation of the origami structure, from which it outputs crease and pattern complexity values and a prediction of the time to complete the pattern assembly, based on the characteristics of the operator. The framework is experimentally validated by fabricating various Miura-ori origami paper models.
Teacher Candidate Tensions with the edTPA: A Neoliberal Policy Analysis

The edTPA, a recent example of a teacher candidate assessment, has influenced how teacher education classes are taught and how teacher candidates are learning. We describe three tensions present in...
Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults: current controversies.

Purpose of review Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) continue to plague the surgical patient population with an adverse impact on postoperative outcomes. The aim of this review is to critically assess current evidence for PONV management, including studies evaluating baseline risk reduction and antiemetic prophylaxis, to provide a pragmatic approach to prevention and treatment of PONV in routine clinical practice. Recent findings Multiple recent reviews and guidelines have been published on this topic with some limitations. In the current ERAS era, all patients irrespective of their PONV risk should receive two to three antiemetic for prophylaxis. Patients at a high risk of PONV [i.e. prior history of PONV, history of motion sickness, high opioid requirements after surgery (e.g. inability to use nonopioid analgesic techniques)] should receive three to four antiemetics for prophylaxis. Summary This review provides a practical approach to PONV prevention based on recent literature.
Agency and Personification: Core Analogical Operators in the Architectural Design Process

This paper examines the intrinsic use of the analogical operators of agency and personificationin architectural design. Agency, the capacity of an entity to exert power or force, and personification, the projection of human qualities on non-human entities, exist as examples of a larger set of conceptual tools humans used to interact with their environment. It is common in architectural design to discuss a form or a composition, which is a relationship between forms, as acting on that (agency) or feeling like this (personification). The feeling or activity are part of the transfer of meaning between the designer's intentions and how another human interprets the design intuitively. The feeling or activity is only projected by the designer onto static forms and does not actually exist in the form or composition – the form is not capable of having human feelings nor does it physically engage in action. What they do is engage cognitive metaphors that are at the heart of human mental processing (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). By examining agency and personification, the paper will explore major cognitive metaphors and their existence as an inherent part of understanding architecture. The discussion will involve both the theoretical and the practical as well as an introduction to image schema – recurring cognitive structures used to connect patterns with understanding and reasoning. In architectural design, cognitive metaphors will be discussed as part of a toolkit of analogical operators which connect architectural design to architecturalexperience. These operators, it will be seen, use low-level knowledge categories, such as innate and sensorimotor content, to give meaning to architectural objects in context.
Rapid dephosphorylation of protein kinase C substrates by protein kinase A activators results from inhibition of diacylglycerol release

The biochemical events encompassing the dephosphorylation of protein kinase C substrates by protein kinase A activators have been investigated in a neurotumor cell line, NCB-20. Treatment of [32P]orthophosphate-labeled cells with protein kinase A activators (e.g. forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP, prostaglandin E1) resulted in an inhibition of protein kinase C activity due to a failure of the protein kinase C complex to translocate into the membrane. Phospholipase C activity, as measured by the synchronous release of diacylglycerol and inositol phosphates (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, and inositol 1-phosphate) in response to bradykinin, was inhibited up to 50% following exposure to protein kinase A activators. At the same time, phospholipase C-specific inositol phospholipid substrates (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) were found to accumulate in NCB-20 cells following treatment with protein kinase A activators. This suggests that phospholipase C may be altered through protein kinase A-mediated protein phosphorylation. Second messenger generation (inositol phosphates, diacylglycerol, and Ca2+) is therefore inhibited through cyclic AMP-mediated shutdown of the inositol lipid cycle at the level of phospholipase C.
Chapter 9 Distributional and macroeconomic aspects of environmental policy

Publisher Summary The achievement of an efficient balance between the economic system and the environment is just one of many societal objectives. How environmental policy affects these other objectives is important because these impacts may serve to constrain the set of politically feasible policies, may recommend some approaches over others or may provide guidance as to the most appropriate timing of policy implementation. Two effects of environmental policy have been discussed in the chapter: distributional effects and macroeconomic effects. The former concerns how the costs and benefits of environmental policy are distributed among socioeconomic groups and among geographic regions; the latter concerns the impact of environmental policy on important national aggregates such as inflation, unemployment, and productivity. The chapter examines the theoretical models that serve to identify the channels of influence, the data which provide the raw material for the estimates and the methods used to quantify the impacts. The objective is to convey a sense of the magnitude of the impacts along with an appreciation for the reliability of these estimates for policy purposes. Finally, the chapter discusses the policies that have triggered the effects being estimated.
Cool Stars in the EUV: Spectral and Structural Variability

EUV observations of RS CVn binaries and M dwarf flare stars are used to illustrate the variability of coronal emission seen in EUVE spectra and photometry. The EUVE emission line spectra show that the quiescent coronae of active stars are extremely hot (≥10 million K) and flares, which are even hotter, are common. Spectral sequences showing the evolution of flare temperature and density are presented. Very high coronal electron densities (log Ne ∼ 13) have been detected during M dwarf flares. EUVE data for the RS CVn binary HR1099 are compared with those from simultaneous observations in other spectral regions, including X-ray (ASCA), ultraviolet (IUE), and radio (VLA, AT) data. These combined data show that the peak coronal temperature is above the sensitivity of EUVE and that the time of maximum flare brightness is spectral region dependent.
Retinoid-related Orphan Receptors (RORs): Roles in Cellular Differentiation and Development.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the roles of retinoid-related orphan receptors (RORs) in cellular differentiation and development. Retinoid-related orphan receptors (RORα, RORβ, and RORγ) are transcription factors belonging to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. During embryonic development, RORs are expressed in a spatial and temporal manner and are critical in the regulation of cellular differentiation and the development of several tissues. RORα plays a key role in the development of the cerebellum particularly in the regulation of the maturation and survival of Purkinje cells. In RORα-deficient mice, the reduced production of Sonic Hedgehog by these cells appears to be the major cause of the decreased proliferation of granule cell precursors and the observed cerebellar atrophy. RORα has been implicated in the regulation of a number of other physiological processes, including bone formation. RORβ expression is largely restricted to several regions of the brain, retina, and pineal gland. Mice deficient in RORβ develop retinal degeneration that results in blindness. RORγ is essential for lymph node organogenesis. RORγ plays a key role in the generation of lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells that are essential for the development of these lymphoid tissues. In addition, RORγ is a critical regulator of thymopoiesis. It controls the differentiation of immature single-positive thymocytes into double-positive (DP) thymocytes and promotes the survival of DP thymocytes by inducing the expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-X L . All three RORs appear to play a role in the control of circadian rhythms. RORα positively regulates the expression of Bmal1, a transcription factor that is critical in the control of the circadian clock.
Mass Teaching and Competition in Swimming

(1929). Mass Teaching and Competition in Swimming. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 57-61.
A review of utilization of diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of patients with back pain: The when and what of back pain imaging

Purpose: To review the indications for imaging in patients with back pain. Methods: The author's experience as a clinical neuroradiologist in dealing with both referring physicians and their patients with back pain form the basis of this manuscript. Several texts and recent peer reviewed papers dealing with imaging of the spine were consulted. Results: There are controversies over when to image and the appropriate imaging modality to be used. The author presents his views on the sources of these controversies and his philosophy on imaging patients with back pain. A brief review of the major imaging findings in degenerative and non-degenerative causes of back pain is presented. To fully appreciate and see examples of these imaging findings, the reader should read texts devoted to spinal imaging. Conclusion: Controversy over the decision of when to perform imaging of patients with back pain persist. From the perspective of the radiologist there is little controversy over the choice of imaging studies to be performed. MRI is superior to all other tests in the identification of degenerative and non-degenerative causes of back pain. CT without intrathecal contrast is an excellent test for degenerative disease but will often fail to detect non-degenerative (e.g. neoplastic) causes of back pain. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Aberrations of curved zone plates and Fresnel lenses

The generalization of zone plates and Fresnel lenses from the usual flat surfaces to curved surfaces is discussed. It is shown that, although Abbe's sine law applies to zone plates but not to Fresnel lenses, both can yield single-element aplanats if formed on a curved surface. Third-order aberration formulas are given.
EQUIVARIANT LOCALIZATION TECHNIQUES IN TOPOLOGICAL QUANTUM FIELD THEORIES

This paper proposes a different approach to derive Witten's formula relating Donaldson and Seiberg–Witten invariants for four-manifolds, via equivariant localization techniques. Our approach proposes a direct study on the Donaldson–Witten and Seiberg–Witten configuration spaces, not making use the theory of non-abelian monopoles.
Variability in accumulation of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) in needles of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) following long-term budworm defoliation

Long-term defoliation by budworms was associated with higher levels of soluble proanthocyanidins in the current year needles of Douglas-fir trees. The proanthocyanidin contents of needles from defoliated Douglas-fir trees were considerably more variable than those levels of undefoliated ones. The increased mean and variability of proanthocyanidin levels following defoliation may have interesting ecological consequences for Douglas-fir and its defoliators.
A Toolkit for Measuring Sprawl

Debate regarding suburban sprawl in urban studies is contentious. It is fair to say that the phenomenon is not fully understood to satisfaction in the academic, policy, or planning communities and there are a host of reasons why this may be the case. Characterization of sprawl in the literature is often narrative and subjective. Measurement is piecemeal and largely data-driven. Existing studies yield contrary results for the same cities in many cases. The partial appreciation for the intricacies of sprawl is problematic. In practice, city planning agencies and citizen advocacy groups are scrambling to suggest and develop “smart growth” strategies to curb sprawl, without a strong empirical basis for measuring the phenomenon. Yet, sprawl is extremely popular with consumers. In this paper, we develop an innovative approach to diagnosing sprawl, looking across the full range of its characteristic attributes in a comprehensive fashion that is robust to some well-known challenges. This proves to be very useful in sweeping the parameter space of the phenomenon, enabling the visualization and valuation of sprawl surfaces across attributes, allowing us to check the pulse of a developing city. We apply the work to Austin, TX, a controversial exemplar of American sprawl, with the surprising result that sprawl and “smart growth” are found to co-exist and co-evolve. This raises questions about relationships between the two, with consequences for planning and public policy.
Comment on real-time finite-temperature gauge field propagators

The gauge-fixing terms of the free, real-time thermal gauge field propagators corresponding to quantization in a covariant gauge obtained by Kobes, Semenoff, and Weiss are shown to be incorrect, apart from well-known signature ambiguities in the off-diagonal elements, and to differ from those obtained by Landsman using the method of the Klein-Gordon divisor. We obtain the correct forms which are then shown to coincide with Landsman's results by means of a distributional identity.
Energetic salts of azotetrazolate, iminobis(5-tetrazolate) and 5, 5′-bis(tetrazolate)

Energetic ionic salts of azotetrazolate (AT), iminobis(5-tetrazolate) (IBT) and 5, 5′-bis(tetrazole) (BT) were synthesized; 1-methyl-4-aminotriazolium azotetrazolate has a layered structure and exhibits a heat of formation of +4360 kJ kg−1.
Analysis of interacting cracks due to sequential indentations on sapphire

Abstract Crack interaction behavior due to two sequential static Vickers indentations on a-plane sapphire was investigated. Secondary indentations were performed at various radial separations and angular positions around a primary indentation. The results indicate that interaction sensitivity for sapphire is highly dependent on the spatial relationship of the indentation patterns relative to the crystal orientation. Heightened crack interaction sensitivity was observed when sequential indentations were aligned along the m-axis while the lowest interaction sensitivity occurred when indentations were aligned along the c-axis. Cracks propagating parallel to the rhombohedral planes (R1 and R2) interacted first for most of the indentation orientations tested, while the basal plane (B) cracks interacted first only when indentations were performed along the c-axis. A new bulk material separation mode was identified when two sequential indentations were aligned along the m-axis. Two new terms are defined to characterize the sensitivity of the material to crack interactions due to sequential indentations: (i) the “interaction limit” (IL), which refers to the maximum distance between indentations that results in an extension of initial crack systems for a given orientation; and (ii) the “unification limit” (UL), which refers to the maximum distance between two indentations that results in complete unification or joining of crack systems originating from each indentation. The implications of these results for design of impact-resistant transparent windows and for establishing guidelines for the multi-hit resistance of sapphire are discussed.
On a class of hyperfinite factors that arise from null-recurrent Markov chains

Abstract Let α > 1, and let p α be the probability measure on {0, 1} that is given by p α {0} p α {1} −1 = α . The group of non-singular transformations of Π n = 1 ∞ ({0, 1}, P {0, 1}, p α ) that is generated by {S k x:κ ϵ N }, S k x = ( x n + δ kn (mod 2)) n =1 ∞ , gives rise, by the group measure space construction, to a hyperfinite factor Ol α . Using null-recurrent Markov chains we construct a family Ol αq , 1 2 ⩽ q , of mutually non-isomorphic hyperfinite factors such that Ol αq ⊗ Ol αq is isomorphic to Ol α , 1 2 ⩽ q .
Dissociation of CH3SH+ by Collisional Activation: Evidence of Nonstatistical Behavior†

We have measured the absolute total cross sections for CH2SH+(CH3S+), CH2S+, HCS+, HS+, CH3+, and CH2+ produced by the collision-induced dissociation (CID) reaction of CH3SH+(12A‘‘) + Ar in the cen...