cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Enzymology of Skeletal Muscle Disorders

In myopathic disorders, abnormal serum enzyme activities are seen primarily in diseases of skeletal muscle where the condition involves the muscle fibers themselves. In denervation myopathies, serum enzyme activities are usually normal. The most dramatic increases of serum enzymes, particularly creatine kinase, are found in the dystrophic diseases, particularly Duchenne dystrophy. A review is given here of the many causes of abnormal serum enzyme activities where the source of enzymes is believed to be skeletal muscle. These include the dystrophies, various types of trauma, exercise, drug- and poison-induced causes including alcohol, malignant hyperthermia, inflammatory diseases, and miscellaneous causes. Tissue and serum activities are summarized for the commonly performed serum enzymes, i.e., CK, LD, AST, and aldolase. An extensive tabular and current description of the various types of dystrophies is given along with serum CK and pyruvate kinase activities.
Therapy for myocardial stunning.

Myocardial stunning, or postischemic dysfunction, is defined as delayed recovery of systolic and/or diastolic function of viable myocardium despite restoration of coronary flow after an ischemic insult (4). The severity and duration of myocardial stunning is highly dependent on the duration and severity of the previous ischemic insult (2). Thus, clinically significant myocardial stunning can be seen only after severe ischemic insult, especially after reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction and during the recovery period after coronary artery bypass surgery (2). However, in the former condition some of the cases of delayed recovery of function may be attributed to delayed improvement of perfusion by either delayed recanalization or recuitment of collaterals, and in the latter condition a delayed recovery from hibernation or new ischemic insult due to acute occlusion of the bypass grafts may be the reason for the continuous myocardial dysfunction (2). Thus, in the clinical setting pure myocardial stunning should be diagnosed only after simultaneous demonstration of persistent mechanical dysfunction despite restoration of normal coronary perfusion. Myocardial stunning has also been described following less severe ischemia induced by partial coronary stenosis following exercise in both animals and humans (2). This form of myocardial stunning following exercise treadmill testing may serve as a marker of severe multivessel coronary artery disease (2). It might be that in daily life uncontrolled effort induced ischemia may result in prolonged and clinically relevant myocardial stunning in patients with severe coronary artery disease.
VELVET ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE) OF THE BITTER LAKE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, NEW MEXICO, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES

Abstract Velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of the Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge were collected and studied over a 4-year period (1996 to 1999). The study resulted in the collection of at least 52 species in 6 genera. It also resulted in the discovery and description of the previously unknown male of Dasymutilla calorata Mickel, plus the discovery and description of 2 new species.
Proton occupation numbers in Ge isotopes

Abstract Wave functions for ground states in Ge isotopes, derived solely from fits to 2n transfer data, give a good account of the jump in proton occupation numbers between 72Ge and 74Ge, and determine the proton occupation numbers of the basic states.
I(2) representations of US money demand

Abstract Researchers have found success in estimating I(2) representations of money demand for other countries. Using a general equilibrium cash-credit model, an I(2) model for the United States is tested. No bias is found from treating the variables as I(1).
Compositional trends among Kaapvaal Craton garnet peridotite xenoliths and their effects on seismic velocity and density

We examine the modes and compositions of garnet-bearing peridotite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal Craton to quantify factors governing density and seismic velocity variations within metasomatically altered cratonic mantle. Three distinct compositional trends are resolved by principal component analysis. The first reflects differences in residue composition resulting from partial melting. The second is associated with orthopyroxene (opx) enrichment, possibly due to silica addition by subduction zone fluids in the source region of the xenoliths. The third principal component reflects garnet and clinopyroxene enrichment possibly as a consequence of melt infiltration. More than half of the mineral mode variance among Kaapvaal Craton xenoliths can be accounted for by opx enrichment. Melt depletion effects can account for as much as 30% of the variance, while less than 20% of the variance is associated garnet and clinopyroxene enrichment. Using the parameterization of Schutt and Lesher (2006) we show that at cratonic mantle temperatures and pressures, orthopyroxene enrichment results in little change in bulk density (ρbulk) and shear-wave velocity (VS), but decreases compressional wave velocities (VP) and VP/VS. In contrast, melt depletion has little effect on VP, but leads to an increase in VS and a decrease in ρbulk and VP/VS. Garnet (gt) and clinopyroxene (cpx) enrichment cause an increase in ρbulk, VP, VS, and VP/VS. The isolation of the major contributions to xenolith compositional variations among the Kaapvaal Craton suite helps to reconcile seeming discrepancies among previous studies that estimate the effects of composition on mantle density and seismic velocity based on either xenolith or laboratory data. Subtle variations in these properties with the pressure of equilibration may explain some of the fine scale structure in seismic tomograms for cratonic mantle, but overall differences among peridotite lithologies can only account for at most a 2–3% change in seismic velocities. Larger changes in lithospheric seismic properties are more likely associated with temperature differences or presence of mafic or hydrated lithologies. We also find that the density effects of melt depletion are insufficient to produce cratonic mantle that is neutrally buoyant with respect to fertile convecting mantle.
Tryptic activity of the duodenal juice inaplastic anemia

Summary Six cases of aplastic anemia with decreased triptic activity of duodenal juice are presented. These cases are compared with examples of the bone marrow dysfunction and pancreatic insufficiency syndrome. Possible etiologic factors for this unexpected finding are briefly mentioned.
Combustion of low heating value fuels and wastes in the spouted bed

In a spouted bed burner, the flow-maintained vortex of particles operates as a heat exchanger, preheating the incoming mixture without diluting it. This makes it a combustor especially attractive for incinerating low heating value fuels and wastes. Bench-scale experimental studies were carried out to assess the ability of the spouted bed to burn efficiently poor fuels and waste materials in various aggregative states. The paper reports results of two series of experiments with gaseous and liquid fuel-containing streams. High levels of hydrocarbon conversion and combustion efficiency were attained for mixtures that would not be combustible by other methods without an auxiliary fuel. Dans un brǔleur en lit “spouted”, le vortex des particules maintenu par l'ecoulement agit comme un echangeur de chaleur, en prechauffant le melange alimente sans le diluer; cette caracteristique en fait un dispositif de combustion particulierement interessant pour l'incineration des combustibles et des dechets de faibles valeurs calorifiques. On a procede a des etudes experimentales, a l'echelle du laboratoire, pour evaluer l'aptitude du lit “spouted” a brǔler de facon efficace des combusbibles et des dechets de faibles valeurs calorifiques dans divers etats d'agglomeration. On presente les resultats de deux series d'experiences sur des combustibles gazeux et liquides; on a obtenu des niveaux eleves de conversion en hydrocarbures et d'efficacite de combustion dans le cas de melanges qui ne pourraient brǔler par d'autres methodes sans l'addition d'un combustible auxiliaire.
Patterns of Baseline Autonomic Nerve Activity and the Development of Pacing-Induced Sustained Atrial Fibrillation

Background Whether autonomic nerve activity is important in the development of pacing-induced sustained atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. Objective The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that patterns of baseline autonomic nerve activity are important in the development of pacing-induced sustained AF. Methods Radiotransmitters were implanted in 12 ambulatory dogs to record left stellate ganglion nerve activity (SGNA) and vagal nerve activity (VNA). Sustained (>48 hours) AF was induced with intermittent rapid atrial pacing. Results At baseline (before pacing), 1-minute integrated nerve activity between SGNA and VNA demonstrated either a single linear relationship with excellent correlation (group 1, N=3, r=0.816 ± 0.105) or nonlinear relationships with poor correlation (group 2, N=9, r=0.316 ± 0.162, P P P P P P Conclusion Ambulatory dogs with good linear sympathovagal correlation and higher vagal tone at baseline have more PAT episodes at baseline and faster induction of sustained AF by rapid pacing. Rapid atrial pacing increased the VNA of the remaining dogs before induction of sustained AF.
Genetic dissection of the Streptococcus pyogenes M1 protein: regions involved in fibronectin binding and intracellular invasion.

Entry of serotype M1 Streptococcus pyogenes into host cells depends on binding of the host glycoprotein fibronectin (Fn) by the bacterial M1 protein. The present study was undertaken to localize the Fn binding region in M1 and assess other potential functions of M1. A set of recombinant M1 protein fragments were assayed for their capacities to bind Fn and inhibit ingestion of streptococci by epithelial cells. M1 protein, M6 protein and internally-deleted derivatives of M1 were expressed on the surface of Lactococcus lactis. Lactococci that expressed M1 or M6 protein bound Fn and were efficiently taken up by epithelial cells. Deletion of both the N-terminal A and B repeats regions of M1 abrogated Fn binding and intracellular invasion. Deletion of either the A domain (M1ΔA) or B repeats (M1ΔB) significantly reduced, but did not completely eliminate, Fn binding indicating that M1 protein may possess two independent Fn binding sites. Fn binding by the M1ΔA or M1ΔB proteins was insufficient for efficient invasion, however, suggesting that M protein binding alters the structure of Fn that, in turn, affects the interaction between Fn and epithelial cells. Although expression of M1, M6 or M1ΔB proteins led to aggregation of lactococcal cells, aggregation did not significantly contribute to invasion efficiency.
Resonance-frequency behaviour of a cavity with an evanescent section

The resonance frequency fr of a waveguide cavity, with an evanescent air gap of length d and symmetrically loaded with dielectric (length t), has two distinct types of behaviour that depend on t. If for d = 0, fr0 ≡ fr0 > fc0, where fca is the cutoff frequency of the air section, fr decreases for increasing d and approaches fca. However, if fr0 < fca, fr increases and approaches a constant value that depends on t.
Human Krüppel-related 3 (HKR3): a candidate for the 1p36 neuroblastoma tumour suppressor gene?

Human Kruppel-related 3 (HKR3) is a zinc finger gene that maps within chromosome subbands 1p36.2-.3, a region postulated to contain a tumour suppressor gene associated with advanced neuroblastomas. Genomic clones of HKR3 were isolated from a P1 library and physically mapped to within 40 kb of D1S214 at 1p36.3. The gene is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, but especially high levels are present in human fetal and adult nervous tissues. Hemizygous deletion of HKR3 in a lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a neuroblastoma patient with a constitutional 1p36 interstitial deletion and in the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-AS, which also has a small interstitial 1p36 deletion, has been observed. Allelic loss at D1S214 in 15/15 informative primary neuroblastoma specimens with 1p36 deletions has also been observed. In a panel of 16 neuroblastoma cell lines, no gross genomic DNA rearrangements were noted, the gene was always expressed (albeit at variable levels) and there was no evidence for truncating mutations. Furthermore, there were no mutations detected in the zinc finger coding region in four neuroblastoma cell lines with 1p deletions analysed by direct sequence analysis. We conclude that HKR3 is a novel zinc finger gene that maps to a region of the genome commonly rearranged or deleted in neuroblastoma and other human cancers.
A CyberGIS framework for the synthesis of cyberinfrastructure, GIS, and spatial analysis

Cyberinfrastructure (CI) integrates distributed information and communication technologies for coordinated knowledge discovery. The purpose of this article is to develop a CyberGIS framework for the synthesis of CI, geographic information systems (GIS), and spatial analysis (broadly including spatial modeling). This framework focuses on enabling computationally intensive and collaborative geographic problem solving. The article describes new trends in the development and use of CyberGIS while illustrating particular CyberGIS components. Spatial middleware glues CyberGIS components and corresponding services while managing the complexity of generic CI middleware. Spatial middleware, tailored to GIS and spatial analysis, is developed to capture important spatial characteristics of problems through the spatially explicit representation of computing, data, and communication intensity (collectively termed computational intensity), which enables GIS and spatial analysis to locate, allocate, and use CI resources...
Intracranial migration of metallic fixation devices into the sagittal sinus

Abstract Metallic rigid fixation has enjoyed a broad spectrum of application in craniofacial surgery. However, this technology has been associated with several concerns: infection, extrusion, immunologic reaction, growth restriction, and intracranial passive migration of hardware. While intracranial migration has been observed in many cases of pediatric craniofacial surgery, no observed sequalae have been reported. This case report presents a patient that demonstrated intracranial migration of metallic fixation hardware, rigid fixation plates and screws were observed to have translocated into the sagittal sinus. A brief review of intracranial migration literature accompanies the case report.
Preparation of a functionalized tetracyclic intermediate for the synthesis of rhodexin A.

An efficient synthesis of the tetracyclic steroid core, 19, of rhodexin A and sarmentogenin is reported. An initial inverse-electron-demand Diels−Alder reaction of the acyldiene 6 with the silyl en...
Changes in ego development in the wake of September 11

Abstract In a longitudinal study using the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT), we examined changes in ego development in response to the events of September 11, 2001. A sample of 24 individuals responded to the WUSCT in both the summer and fall of 2001, before and after the events of September 11. A significant decrease in mean ego level was found following September 11, as well as more equivocal support for an increase in variability in responses to the WUSCT.
Treatment of cervical carcinoma in situ in HIV positive women.

Objectives To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of hysterectomy vs. cone biopsy in HIV seropositive patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix (CIS). Methods We performed a retrospective case-control study of all HIV seropositive patients diagnosed with carcinoma in situ of the cervix from 1989 to 1995. A control group of HIV(-) women with CIS was also ascertained matched for date of diagnosis of CIS, race and age. Results There were 439 patients with CIS, of which 45 were HIV seropositive (10.3%). Nine were treated by hysterectomy, 30 by cone biopsy, and six remained untreated. Overall, 63% of HIV(+) patients did not receive any follow-up Pap smear (44% of hysterectomy patients, 50% of cone biopsy patients, and 83% of untreated patients; chi(2) P=0.41). According to Pap smear results, 67% (10/15) cone biopsy patients and 60% (3/5) hysterectomy patients had an abnormal Pap smear after treatment (P=0.9). Median time to recurrence was 12 months in hysterectomy patients vs. 14 months in cone biopsy patients. Deaths occurred in 22% of hysterectomy patients, 17% of cone biopsy patients, and 50% of untreated patients, none due to cervical cancer. Median time to death from presentation was 27.5 months for hysterectomy patients, 11 months for cone biopsy patients, and 7 months for untreated patients (P Conclusion All patients diagnosed with CIS should be counseled regarding HIV prevention and testing because of a significant seropositive rate. Compliance with gynecologic follow-up is very poor in this patient population. Special efforts should be made to enhance compliance. Cone biopsy and hysterectomy appear to be equally safe and effective in the treatment of CIS. CIS in HIV patients is a poor prognostic indicator for death from any cause.
Regarding Whiteness: Exploring and Intervening in the Effects of White Racism in Teacher Education

This study examines the beliefs of nine white English-only speaking preservice teachers who tutored English language learners of Mexican origin as part of a university field service requirement. Over the course of a semester, participants were interviewed at length about their own reasons for becoming teachers, their beliefs about the children, and the ways in which race influenced their lives. Participants also were observed tutoring, and their learning journals were analyzed. Through various means of data collection, it became apparent that the good intentions of the participants were consistently undermined by the whiteness and the racism that influenced their beliefs about and behaviors with the children. The researcher consequently decided to intervene in the study, sharing data with participants and encouraging them to see the ways that whiteness and racism influenced their tutoring experience. Critical Race Theory and Critical White Studies together make up the theoretical framework that situates t...
Solution Precursor Plasma Spray Eu: Y2O3 Phosphor Coating

Using the solution precursor plasma spray process Eu: Y2O3 phosphor coating was deposited. The phase composition, microstructure, and photoluminescent properties of the as-synthesized powders and as-deposited coatings were investigated. XRD analysis indicated that the coating is composed of cubic Y2O3. SEM micrographs reveal the as-sprayed coating is porous with a thickness of ~150 μm. Photoluminescent property measurement indicated that the phosphor coating exhibits the strongest emission at 612 nm, which is assigned to 5D0 → 7F2 electric-dipole transition.
On the error analysis of residual stress measurements by the hole-drilling method

AbstractIn this paper, an error analysis is carried out to discuss two important parameters that influence the accuracy in the measurement of residual stress by the hole-drilling technique. The first is the error associated with zero strain phenomenon that occurs for certain orientations of the strain gauges. A rigorous condition for zero strain point is given and measurement accuracy is discussed when the zero strain point phenomenon occurs. Secondly, the calculated residual stress field is affected by the methods chosen for the estimation and calibration of the relieved strain coefficients. The errors associated with the estimation of the relieved strain coefficients are also discussed along with their useful range for the calculation of the residual stress field.
DISPERSION RELATIONS FOR HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED CRYSTAL LATTICES.

The dispersion relations for waves propagating in the [0001] and [$01\overline{1}0$] directions were calculated, using a Born---von K\'arm\'an model of the hexagonal close-packed crystal lattice. The interactions between nearest neighbors in the plane were considered to be central forces, while the interactions between nearest and next-nearest neighbors out of the plane were considered to be noncentral forces, i.e., the interactions involved both central and angular forces. The atomic force constants were evaluated (1) from the elastic constants by the method of long waves, (2) from a least-squares analysis of the eigenvalues of the secular equation for elastic waves propagating in certain symmetric crystallographic directions at critical points in the Brillouin zone, i.e., from a least-squares analysis of the dispersion relations, and (3) from a least-squares analysis of the elastic constants and the dispersion relations. The correlation between theoretical and experimental dispersion relations from the noncentral-force model is good for magnesium and zinc and is limited for beryllium. If the atomic force constants have been calculated by a least-squares analysis of certain points in the dispersion relations with or without the elastic constants, these atomic force constants greatly enhance the agreement between theory and experiment. As a result of this work it seems that better agreement between theory and experiment is obtained if angular forces are included in a model of the hcp crystal lattice rather than simply extending the sphere of interaction to more and more neighbors.
Transduction of endogenous envelope genes by feline leukaemia virus in vitro

Feline leukaemia viruses (FeLV) are exogenous retroviruses that can be detected in most cats with leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, myeloproliferative diseases and fatal immunosuppression. FeLV isolates have been divided into three subgroups, based on the viral envelope-determined properties of interference and host range in vitro. FeLV-A is present in all natural isolates and is generally minimally pathogenic. FeLV-B is found with FeLV-A in isolates from approximately 40% of natural infections and in a higher percentage of cats with lymphoma. Following the fundamental observations of genetic reassortment of avian retroviruses with endogenous viral genes and the origination of lymphomagenic viruses during the ontogeny of AKR mice, we show here that transfection of feline cells with FeLV-A DNA results in its recombination with endogenous FeLV-related sequences to produce viruses with the structural and host range properties of FeLV-B. Thus in vitro propagation of a retrovirus may result in the generation of variants with very different properties.
Decreasing junk food consumption: A comparison of self-perception theory and reinforcement theory

A behavior reduction procedure based on self-perception theory was developed, and its efficacy was compared to that of a common behavior modification intervention based on traditional reinforcement theory. Following a baseline phase, university students were monetarily reinforced for increasing (in the self-perception condition) or decreasing (in the behavior modification condition) their consumption of “junk food.” Subsequently, the magnitude of reinforcement was reduced and, finally, the reinforcement contingency was withdrawn. The intervention based on reinforcement theory produced the predicted decrease in junk food consumption while the intervention was in effect, and the postreinforcement intake of subjects in that condition remained below baseline. However, despite an increase in junk food consumption during the intervention phase in the self-perception condition, the hypothesized “overjustification effect” was not produced. While the results did not support self-perception theory, the data were consistent with an alternative account of the overjustification effect proposed by Williams (1980).
Statistical dependence between neighboring retinal ganglion cells in goldfish

Simultaneous recordings were made of the spontaneous discharge of neighboring retinal ganglion cells in goldfish. Crosscorrelation analysis indicates two types of correlation. Neighboring units with like receptive field organization tend to discharge together while units having complementary receptive field organization tend not to discharge together.
Competence and Helping

Summary In order to test various explanations of the fact that perceived competence appears to correlate positively with altruism, Ss were given false feedback as to their competence on a “visual creativity” test and then asked to help with a second task, writing creative color names. Three groups of Ss who were told they were competent were given reduced cost, increased happiness, and increased responsibility as reasons for helping; the other three groups were given no explanations, but were told that their competence was high, or low, or given no information. The three explanation groups helped more than the other three groups, and the reduced cost group helped more than the other five. The three dependent measures of helping (percentage of helpful Ss, duration of help, and magnitude of help) proved differentially sensitive to treatment and sex differences. Only the latter two measures showed greater helping in the reduced cost group; only the magnitude measure showed significantly greater helping for m...
Race and vascular depression risk in community-dwelling older adults.

Objective Authors examined racial differences in cerebrovascular risk factors (CVRFs) and overall depressive symptomatology. Methods The authors applied a correlational design using a depression inventory, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES–D) and self-report CVRF data from black and white community-dwelling elderly subjects (N = 362). Results Black subjects were more likely than whites to screen positive for depression, but there were no race differences in CVRFs. Across races, greater rates of CVRFs were associated with higher scores on the CES–D. CVRFs and lower education level were independent predictors of positive depression screening on the CES–D. Conclusions CVRFs were associated with depression in black and white elderly subjects. Future research should examine race differences within vascular depression, utilizing broader measures of CVRFs.
Substrate recognition and specificity of double-stranded RNA binding proteins

Recognition of double-stranded (ds) RNA is an important part of many cellular pathways, including RNA silencing, viral recognition, RNA editing, processing, and transport. dsRNA recognition is often achieved by dsRNA binding domains (dsRBDs). We use atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to examine the binding interface of the transactivation response RNA binding protein (TRBP) dsRBDs to dsRNA substrates. Our results explain the exclusive selectivity of dsRBDs toward dsRNA and against DNA–RNA hybrid and dsDNA duplexes. We also provide corresponding experimental evidence. The dsRNA duplex is recognized by dsRBDs through the A-form of three duplex grooves and by the chemical properties of RNA bases, which have 2′-hydroxyl groups on their sugar rings. Our simulations show that TRBP dsRBD discriminates dsRNA- from DNA-containing duplexes primarily through interactions at two duplex grooves. The simulations also reveal that the conformation of the DNA–RNA duplex can be altered by dsRBD proteins, resulting in...
Formation of optically active osmium silicide in silica using ion implantation and thermal annealing

Optically active metal silicides offer an interesting direct band gap material that in principle can be integrated into Si-based microelectronics to provide optoelectronic functionality. In particular the isostructual phases of Os 2 Si 3 and Ru 2 Si 3 and their alloys could be tailored to yield a response ranging from the visible blue to the near infrared. The metal-rich phase, Os 2 Si 3 poses some difficulties for the annealing process since it is the low temperature phase, and thus difficult to fabricate in silica due to the high temperature needed for precipitation. Ion implantation of Os and Si ions above the stoichiometric ratio resulted in the formation of Os 2 Si 3 at 1100 °C, as indicated by Rutherford backscattering. Faint visible photoluminescence was detected with a peak centered near (520 nm) corresponding to the previously reported bandgap of 2.3 eV [L. Schellenberg, H.F. Braun, J. Muller, J. Less-Common Met. 144 (1988)]. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported photoluminescence from this material.
Three-Dimensional Interpretation of the Marine CSEM Data Using Joint Iterative Migration of Electric and Magnetic Fields

D039 Three-Dimensional Interpretation of the Marine CSEM Data Using Joint Iterative Migration of Electric and Magnetic Fields M.S. Zhdanov* (University of Utah) & T. Ueda (University of Utah) SUMMARY Marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) surveys have become widely used in off-shore petroleum exploration. However the interpretation of the MCSEM data is a very challenging problem because of the enormous amount of computations required in the case of the multi-transmitter and multireceiver data acquisition systems used in these surveys. In this paper we demonstrate that this problem can be solved using the method of electromagnetic migration. We extend the basic principles of
Unique Structural Features of the Peptidoglycan of Mycobacterium leprae

The peptidoglycan structure of Mycobacterium spp. has been investigated primarily with the readily cultivable Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has been shown to contain unusual features, including the occurrence of N-glycolylated, in addition to N-acetylated, muramic acid residues and direct cross-linkage between meso-diaminopimelic acid residues. Based on results from earlier studies, peptidoglycan from in vivo-derived noncultivable Mycobacterium leprae was assumed to possess the basic structural features of peptidoglycans from other mycobacteria, other than the reported replacement of l-alanine by glycine in the peptide side chains. In the present study, we have analyzed the structure of M. leprae peptidoglycan in detail by combined liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In contrast to earlier reports, and to the peptidoglycans in M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis, the muramic acid residues of M. leprae peptidoglycan are exclusively N acetylated. The un-cross-linked peptide side chains of M. leprae consist of tetra- and tripeptides, some of which contain additional glycine residues. Based on these findings and genome comparisons, it can be concluded that the massive genome decay in M. leprae does not markedly affect the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway, with the exception of the nonfunctional namH gene responsible for N-glycolylmuramic acid biosynthesis.
R70-36 Maximin Automata

A stationary maximin automaton is a system A = 〈S, U, f, h, F〉, where S and U are finite nonempty sets of states and inputs, respectively; F⊆S is a set of final states; f:S × U × S →[0, 1] can be imagined to be a transition relation which associates with every state s E S and input u E U a measure, 0≤ f(s,u,s') ≤ 1 that the next state is s', there being no constraint, for example, that the sum of these measures equals 1 for a given s and u. Similarly, the function h: S → [0, 1] defines something like an initial distribution, again with no constraints on the sum of all of the h(s)'s. What serves to distinguish maximin automata from other better known classes of automata is the manner in which the function f is extended to sequences of inputs x ∈ U*; this is defined as follows:
SELF‐DEFEATING LOBBYING: HOW MORE IS BUYING LESS IN WASHINGTON

The business community has greatly stepped up its political involvement. But the fragmented form of that involvement—in which each business interest lobbies separately for its own parochial goals—has meant a free‐for‐all in which business's collective interests have been the real loser. If it is to avoid the self‐defeating consequences of much of today's lobbying, business must find a way of strengthening its collective institutions, such as the Business Roundtable, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Business‐Industrial Political Action Committee, and the Committee on Economic Development.
Effect Of Double-Ended Beam Tracking Errors On Optical PPM Communication

Communications via optical cross-link between two satellites require reciprocal spatial beam tracking. For intersatellite links (ISL) operating at narrow beamwidths, the line-of-sight pointing error at both satellite stations will have a significant impact on the system communication performance. Large pointing error on either end of the system can combine to impose higher power penalty at the transmitter, and can severely degrade the receiver performance. Tradeoffs in the required optical power and the size of the receiver aperture can be made while keeping the communication bit error rate constant. An approach to the selection of the optimal system parameters is presented. Given the tracking error statistics at each end of the link, and the desired probability of bit error rate (PBE), the combination of optical apertures are found that minimizes the required laser power. A tight error upper bound for direct-detection PPM system were developed for the bit error rate calculation. The spatial angle tracking error statistics modeled for each station are identical Rician distribution with static pointing errors. The product of optical apertures and the RMS tracking error, and the ratio of the required laser power and the RMS tracking error, are found to be constants, which are independent of the actual RMS tracking error for fixed PBE and static pointing error. Practical ISL parameters are used in the selection of the pair of optical apertures. It will be shown that in order to meet the size and weight constraint of the optical package and the requirement of the transmitting laser, suboptimal designs may be necessary for ISL applications. Sets of curves illustrating the impact of tracking error on the design parameters and the associated laser power penalty for different aperture gains and power requirement will be presented.
INTRAHEMISPHERIC VISUAL-MOTOR INFORMATION PROCESSING AND CEREBRAL FUNCTIONAL LATERALIZATION

A series of stimuli, words and faces, were presented tachistoscopically to 24 dextrals and 12 sinistrals. The stimuli were presented to one eye at a time and the subjects were instructed to respond to specific words or stimuli with a specific hand. The results indicate that (1) cerebral functional asymmetry is related to handedness; in the dextrals, the left hemisphere is more specialized in verbal recognition, while in the sinistrals, the right hemisphere is more specialized in recognizing non-verbal material. (2) An ipsilateral hand-and-eye combination is a valid method of measuring intrahemispheric information processing, provided that the tachistoscopically presented visual stimuli are capable of inciting specialized hemispheric function. The dominant relationship among the crossed and non-crossed visual pathways is discussed.
Design of a virtual database

Abstract This paper proposes a database management system that automatically executes and integrates data retrieval, information deduction and information processing for query processing. The major thesis is that a user should be allowed to define and access any information related to a database—even if the information is not explicitly stored in the database; furthermore, this process of generating new information should be automated in a sense that users do not have to write procedural programs. Thus, the notion of data independence and query processing can be maintained.
Spectroscopy Using Quantum Logic

We present a general technique for precision spectroscopy of atoms that lack suitable transitions for efficient laser cooling, internal state preparation, and detection. In our implementation with trapped atomic ions, an auxiliary “logic” ion provides sympathetic laser cooling, state initialization, and detection for a simultaneously trapped “spectroscopy” ion. Detection is achieved by applying a mapping operation to each ion, which results in a coherent transfer of the spectroscopy ion9s internal state onto the logic ion, where it is then measured with high efficiency. Experimental realization, by using 9Be+ as the logic ion and 27Al+ as the spectroscopy ion, indicates the feasibility of applying this technique to make accurate optical clocks based on single ions.
N.M.R. spectroscopy and calcium binding of sialic acids: N-glycolylneuraminic acid and periodate-oxidized N-acetylneuraminic acid☆

Abstract N.m.r. spectroscopy (1H- and 13C-) of N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and of its interaction product with Ca2+ at pH 7, indicated that a 1:1 complex is formed, with a formation constant of 193 M −1 [compared to 121 M −1 for N-acetylneuraminic acid (1)]. From analysis of electric-field shifts, an approximate position of the Ca2+ ion in the complex is inferred, with the hydroxyl group of the N-glycolyl group providing the additional binding. Compound 1 was oxidized with sodium periodate, and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy was applied in an attempt to identify the aldehyde formed, and to demonstrate that the loss of the glycerol-1-yl side-chain (carbon atoms 8 and 9) decreases its Ca2+ ion-binding capacity.
YIELDS OF DEEP‐FAT FRIED CHICKEN PARTS AS AFFECTED BY PREPARATION, FRYING CONDITIONS AND SHORTENING

Eight-piece-cut broiler parts from 2–2.5 lb carcasses were obtained from a processing plant. Parts were either battered and breaded or flour predusted, battered and floured again before being fried in a deep-fat fryer. At the doneness point, the cooking yields of fried chicken decreased with an increase in frying temperature. Overcooking, reduced the yields. Wing parts had higher cooking yields than thigh, breast, and drumsticks. Fried chicken prepared with the flour predust-batter flour method had higher yields than that prepared with the batter-breading method. A slightly higher yield was observed for parts fried in solid shortening than for those fried in liquid shortening. Under the same holding temperature, the weight loss of fried chicken parts, held under heat lamps, was greater than those held in an electric oven.
Finite buffer queue with generalized processor sharing and heavy-tailed input processes

We consider a set of N fluid On-Off flows that share a common server of capacity c and a finite buffer B. The server capacity is allocated using the generalized processor sharing scheduling discipline. Each flow has a minimum service rate guarantee that exceeds its long-term average demand ρ i . The buffer sharing is unrestricted as long as there is available space. If the buffer is full, the necessary amount of fluid from the most demanding flows is discarded. When On periods are heavy-tailed, we show that the loss rate of a particular flow i is asymptotically equal to the loss rate in a reduced system with capacity c - Σ j ≠ i ρ j and buffer B, where this flow is served in isolation. In particular, the system behaves as if it had N times bigger buffer. This new insight on buffer multiplexing gain offers an additional tradeoff in distributing buffers between core and edge switching elements.
Morphology and topology in coarsening of domains via non-conserved and conserved dynamics

We investigate the late-stage coarsening of three-dimensional two-phase structures using non-conserved and conserved dynamics. Mixtures with a volume fraction of a phase of 50% are studied for non-conserved and conserved dynamics, and systems with volume fractions of 22%, 30%, 36%, and 40% are studied for conserved dynamics. The morphology and topology are quantified using the interfacial shape distribution and the genus, respectively. For systems with 50% volume fraction evolving via both dynamics and 36% and 40% mixtures evolving via conserved dynamics, we find that domains are bicontinuous and have time-invariant scaled morphologies and topologies. Each bicontinuous mixture yields a unique scaled interfacial shape distribution. However, all these mixtures have similar scaled topologies, yielding similar values (0.134 ± 0.004) in the scaled genus density. Additionally, these bicontinuous mixtures are different from the topology of Schoen's G surface that has been considered previously as a good model fo...
The Equivalence of Two Rules of Classification for Two Populations

Abstract In many applied classification problems, the populations of interest are defined in terms of ranges for the dependent variable. In these situations, it is intuitively appealing to classify individuals into the respective populations based on their estimated conditional expectation. On the other hand, based on theoretical considerations, one may wish to use the classification rule based on the posterior probabilities. This article shows that under certain conditions these two classification rules are equivalent.
The GDPs of seven major regions, 1950–1990

Using international comparison data for 1950–1990, we describe the GDPs of seven major regions of the non-Communist world: the North, the South (“down under”), Tropical Africa, Tropical America, and South-West, South-Central and South-East Asia. The inequality among these regions accounts for almost 90 percent of the inequality among the 113 individual countries.
The elimination and differentiation of chromosomes in the germ line of sciara.

The germ line chromosomes of S. coprophila have been followed from the time of origin of the germ cells up to the time of meiosis in the male and up to first larval molt in the female. The mechanism which prevents the accumulation of L (limited) chromosomes in the germ line is a unique process of chromosome elimination: it occurs in male and female embryos after the germ cells have migrated from the pole plasm to the definitive gonad site, and it involves the movement of whole L chromosomes through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm. The extra paternal X chromosome is eliminated from the germ cells at the same time and in the same manner. Following this elimination there is a cytological differentiation of the chromosomes remaining inside the nucleus. First, the 4 paternal homologues of the regular complement undergo a loosening of coils and become light-staining whereas the maternal homologues remain condensed like the L's. Next, the L chromosomes undergo a process of extreme attenuation and dispersion following which they return to the condensed state. H3-thymidine autoradiography on gonial and premeiotic cells in the testis reveals that the L chromosomes undergo DNA replication at the end of the S period, also that there are asynchronies in DNA synthesis among the regular chromosomes. The phenomena of differential chromosome staining and asynchronous DNA replication are considered in the light of current theory regarding heterochromatization and gene inactivation, also in relation to the phenomenon of chromosome imprinting encountered in this genus.
Hyponymous objects and Late Insertion

Abstract In this paper I propose a solution to a problematic issue for syntactic head-movement analyses of both noun incorporation (NI) and denominal verb constructions—hyponymous direct objects. Such objects challenge the idea that an incorporated nominal is base-generated in object position, because in surface syntax that position is filled with non-cognate nominal material. By applying the Distributed Morphology notion of Late Insertion I propose an analysis wherein non-cognate nominal material can be inserted into the tail of a movement chain in both construction types. Under a Minimalist view of movement, a copy of the moved item appears both at the head and tail of a chain. With Late Insertion, these copies are not actual words, but rather identical abstract syntactico-semantic features. My analysis of hyponymous objects is that some languages allow for the insertion of non-cognate material to spell-out the features in the tail position when such spell-out is non-deterministic. I argue that the hyponymy relation is attributable to pragmatic interpretation, and I also apply this analysis to cases of “classifier incorporation”. Finally, I address some residual theoretical issues raised by the Late Insertion analysis of NI, including variation in complementation in denominal verb and NI constructions.
Numerical study of external burning flowfields

This paper demonstrates the successful application of CFD to modeling an external burning flowfield. The study used the 2D, 3D, and PNS versions of the SPARK code. Various grids, boundary conditions, and ignition methodologies have been employed. Flameholding was achieved through the use of a subsonic outflow condition and a hot block located behind the step to ignite the fuel. Since the resulting burning produces a large subsonic region downstream of the cowl, this entire surface can be pressurized to the level of the back pressure. An evaluation of interactions between the ramjet exhaust and the external burning products demonstrate the complexity of this design issue. Ths code is now capable of evaluating the external burning effectiveness for flight vehicles using simple injector schemes, and the methodology can be readily applied to other external burning designs.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

The clinical manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis have been recognized for more than a century. For most of that time, physicians have viewed the disease from different perspectives, interpreting portions of its clinical spectrum as if they were distinct and unrelated entities. More recently, Langerhans cell histiocytosis has been unified into a single concept, though the disease continues to defy traditional classification. By most accounts, Langerhans cell histiocytosis appears to be a morphologically benign proliferation of inflammatory cells that escapes regulatory control mechanisms. Studies from patients with all stages of the disease, however, document clonal proliferation of immune processing cells (i.e., Langerhans cells), suggesting a malignant disease process. The most common ophthalmic manifestation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a solitary lesion of orbital bone, which typically responds to minimally invasive therapy. The best management of solitary orbital Langerhans cell histiocytosis is debatable and has been complicated by its recent designation as a risk factor for central nervous system disease. This article summarizes recent developments in understanding the biology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, reviews its ophthalmic manifestations, prognosis, and the controversy surrounding treatment of isolated orbital disease.