cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplification of Multiple Fourier Series: An example of algorithmic approach

This paper describes one example of multiple Fourier series which originate from a problem of spectral analysis of time series data. The example is exercised here with an algorithmic approach which can be generalized for other series manipulation on a computer. The generalized approach is presently pursued towards applications to a variety of multiple series and towards a general purpose algorithm for computer algebra implementation.
Tricoloring as a corrective measure (abstract only)

This work presents a two-stage logic program to find tricolorings of a geometric braid [1]. This software is applied to data from the KnotData digital library of the Mathematica [5] symbolic computing system, revealing errors in that collection. The two algorithms presented below have been implemented in SWI-Prolog [4]. The first produces a crossing relation from a Knotdata braid word and the second searches for tricolorings given a crossing relation.
Search Costs in Identity-Preserved Agricultural Markets

Many industries have “match-maker” institutions that help agents make links to one anotherby reducing search costs. Such institutions are now emerging in niche farm and food markets. Inthis study I provide an explanation for such institutions with a theoretical model of a niche marketchannel involving a small producer, retailer, and variety-loving consumer. I focus on the processby which producers are connected to retailers, and show that search costs between producers andretailers can be an important ﬁxed cost of entry. Reduced search costs result in a larger numberof matches, and facilitate the growth of niche market channels selling on the basis of produceridentity. I examine the role of consumer preferences, retailer bargaining power, and other keyfeatures of these markets.KEYWORDS: marketing cooperatives, monopolistic competition, niche market, product differ-entiation, search
Survey of cardiac pacing in the United States in 1989

Abstract A survey of physicians who implant permanent cardiac pacemakers was conducted to identify practice patterns related to pacemaker-implantation frequency, hospital and implantation-facility characteristics, indications for pacing and pulsegenerator replacement, preferences regarding device types, pacing modes, follow-up methods and frequency, and type and frequency of pacing-related complications. Questionnaires were sent to 11,414 potential physician respondents and 6 pacemaker manufacturers. Implanters' opinions were solicited regarding such issues as the importance of various device features and capabilities, the appropriateness of practice guidelines, and the efficacy of quality-assurance measures. In 1989, 89,445 primary pacemaker implantations and 21,055 pulse-generator replacements were performed by approximately 7,919 physicians at about 3,400 U.S. centers. Typically, a pacemaker manufacturer's sales representative played an active role in 80% of cases. Since the last survey, which examined pacing practices in 1985, primary implantations of dual-chamber pacemakers increased from 22 to 32%, and the proportion of adaptive-rate pacemakers increased from 1 to 40% of primary implants. The “typical” implanter used bipolar electrode systems in 90% of cases, single-chamber pacemakers in 70%, and the introducer method in 95% of lead placements. Significant differences in practice patterns were found among subsets of the survey respondents. Surgeons tended to work alone, use simpler, singlechamber pacemakers, and leave follow-up to others. Electrode stability tended to be better among implanters in nonacademic environments. The quadrennial survey continues to provide useful information on an easily identifiable and traceable patient population, but the process would be greatly simplified by the adoption of a “universal” reporting system such as that used in Europe.
Sendero Luminoso and the threat of narcoterrorism

Foreword Historical Background Ideology and Goals Strategy: Achieving the New Democratic Republic Organization Government Response Narcoterrorism Conclusion Index
HLA-B16 antigens: sequence of the ST-16 antigen, further definition of two B38 subtypes and evidence for convergent evolution of B*3902

The ST-16 antigenic specificity of the HLA-B locus is defined as a B39 variant of Mexican-Americans. Nucleotide sequencing of cDNA shows the ST-16 allele (B*3905) differs from B*39011 by a single substitution that substitutes tyrosine for aspartic acid at position 74 of the mature class I heavy chain. The complete coding region sequence for the common caucasoid allele encoding the B38 antigen has been determined. This B*3801 allele differs from B*3802 at two nucleotide substitutions within the Bw4 sequence motif. B*3801 and B*3802 may have been derived independently from B*39011 by conversion events with B alleles donating distinctive Bw4 motifs. A novel allele B*39022 derived from a Colombian Indian differs from the B*39021 allele of Japanese origin at two widely separated silent substitutions. Comparison of sequences for the known B16 alleles suggest that B*39021 and B*39022 were independently derived by recombination from B*39013 and B*39011 respectively.
Portal chronic inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a histologic marker of advanced NAFLD-Clinicopathologic correlations from the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis clinical research network

Adult nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by absent or mild portal chronic inflammation (CI); in children, portal CI may be predominant. This study correlated clinical features with portal CI. Centrally-graded biopsies and temporally-related clinical parameters from 728 adults and 205 children. From the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN) were evaluated. Mild, more than mild and no portal CI were found in 60%, 23% and 16% of adult biopsies and 76%, 14% and 10% of pediatric biopsies. Autoantibodies, and elevated alanine aminotransferase were not associated with portal CI. Clinical features associated with “more than mild” in adults were older age (P < 0.0001), female gender (P = 0.001), higher body mass index (P < 0.0001), elevated insulin levels (P = 0.001), higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score (HOMA-IR) (P < 0.0001), and medications used for NAFLD (P = 0.0004), diabetes (P < 0.0001), and hypertension (P < 0.0001). “More than mild” in the pediatric biopsies correlated with younger age (P = 0.01), but not with body mass index, insulin or HOMA-IR. In both groups, lobular and portal inflammation scores had no association, but there was an association with definite steatohepatitis (P < 0.0001). Features associated in the adult biopsies with “more than mild” were steatosis amount (P = 0.01) and location (P < 0.0001), ballooning (P < 0.0001), and advanced fibrosis (P < 0.0001). In the pediatric biopsies, “more than mild” was associated with steatosis location (P = 0.0008) and fibrosis score (P < 0.0001), specifically, the portal/periportal fibrosis or greater fibrosis) (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Increased portal CI is associated with many clinical and pathologic features of progressive NAFLD in both adults and children, but not with ALT, autoantibodies, or lobular inflammation. More than mild portal CI in liver biopsies of untreated NAFLD may be considered a marker of advanced disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
A mixture theory for thermal diffusion in unidirectional composites with cylindrical fibers of arbitrary cross section

Abstract A binary mixture theory is developed for heat conduction in a unidirectional, fibrous composite containing a two dimensional periodic array of cylindrical fibers of arbitrary cross section. The case considered concerns a class of problems for which conduction occurs primarily in the direction of the fiber axis. Model construction is based upon an asymptotic scheme wherein the ratio of transverse-to-longitudinal diffusion times is assumed to be small: this premise, and the problem class studied, are appropriate for many composites designed primarily for thermal protection. The resulting theory, which retains information on the temperature distribution in the microstructure, contains a mixture interaction coefficient: the latter is determined from the solution of a time-independent boundary value problem in a unit cell. A variational principle-based finite element method is proposed for the solution of this boundary value problem. Consequently, the theory is closed in the sense that no unknown coefficients exist, i.e. the theory is completely determined by the material properties and geometries of the constituents. Numerical analyses are carried out for several microstructural geometries of practical interest. The results indicate that, for achievable volume fractions, the concentric circular cylindrical approximation often used in practice provides an adequate measure of global and averaged local temperature fields for composites containing circular fibers in a hexagonal array, and square fibers arranged in a square array. It is found, however, that such an approximation may not be accurate for composites containing rectangular fibers in a similar unit cell. Here a parametric study reveals that the interaction coefficient is a strong function of the unit-cell aspect ratio.
Too Little, Too Late, and Too Timid: The Federal Response to the Foreclosure Crisis at the Five-Year Mark

The primary federal policy responses to the foreclosure crisis, thus far, include programs to reduce foreclosures and efforts to mitigate the impacts of foreclosures on communities. This paper reviews policy responses between 2007 and 2012. While there is less information at this point on the outcomes of mitigation polices, the overall federal response is thus far lacking. The programs pale in comparison with the challenges they are intended to solve and suffer from other program design and implementation problems. Foreclosure prevention efforts, in particular, are faulted for being too reliant on marginal incentive payments, for failing to include a key policy, bankruptcy modification, which would have encouraged lenders to modify loans more aggressively, and for not sanctioning servicers more aggressively for poor performance and/or noncompliance. The overall federal response is also characterized as moving too slowly in some cases and being too captive to the policy preferences of the financial service...
Acquiring Software Design Schemas: A Machine Learning Perspective

In this paper, we describe an approach based on machine learning that acquires software design schemas from design cases of existing applications. An overview of the technique, design representation, and acquisition system, is presented. The paper also addresses issues associated with generalizing common features such as biases. The generalization process is illustrated using an example.
Science and logistics

The report of the panel on “Science and Logistics” of the Fifth Annual Logistics Research Conference is summarized by its chairman.
A concurrent facility design procedure for flexible manufacturing systems

This paper describes a facility design procedure for minimizing work-in-process (WIP) storage requirements in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). An FMS is defined as a set of workcenters in a line layout that are linked by a materials handling system consisting of an automated guided vehicle system (AGVS) supplemented by a secondary handling system. The secondary handling system is used for material transport whenever WIP storage at a workcenter reaches a level that prohibits the flow of incoming or outgoing unit loads. The facility design procedure is based on the sequencing of workcenters in the FMS line layout to minimize the rate of transactions passed to the secondary handling system. >
Surface Impedance Measurements of YBa2Cu3O7−x Thin Films in Stripline Resonators

Microwave surface impedance of thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−x deposited by a single-target off-axis magnetron sputtering technique was measured as a function of temperature, frequency and if magnetic field, Hrf using a stripline resonator. The measurements included determination of the penetration depth λ, equal to 0.167 µm the best film. The surface resistance Rs was measured over a frequency range of 0.4 to 20 GHz; the temperature range was 4.2 K to Tc, and the Hrf ranged from 0 to 225 Oe. The Rs at 4.2 K and 1.5 GHz is 4.5 × 10−6 Ω. We observed that Rs(Hrf) depends upon the conditions under which the films were deposited. Films deposited at low temperature show a linear dependence on Hrf and those deposited at high temperature show a weak dependence upon on Hrf. All films show a rapid rise in Rs at high values of Hrf.The shape of Rs(Hrf) is similar to that of Nb and NbN films measured in the same stripline geometry. We propose that Rs(Hrf) is related to the grain structure of the films. We have measured intermodulation products in these resonators. Films showing weak dependence of Rs on Hrf demonstrate smaller intermodulation effects. We discuss the implications for microwave device applications.
The reliability of hand-held dynamometry in measuring isometric strength of the shoulder internal and external rotator musculature using a stabilization device

Although hand-held dynamometry is considered an objective method of measuring strength, the reliability of the procedure can be compromised by inadequate tester strength and insufficient stabilization of the dynamometer and subject. The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of a hand-held dynamometer with the use of a portable stabilization device while testing the shoulder internal and external rotator musculature. The isometric strength of the shoulder rotator musculature was tested twice in 30 asymptomatic adult volunteers (15 male and 15 female) between 18 and 63 years of age by using an intrasession design. Consistency of the testing protocol was maintained through the use of an arm stabilization apparatus, which fixed the arm in 30 degrees of the scapular plane and a portable dynamometer stabilization device. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC's) were high, ranging from ICC (3,1) = 0.971-0.972 for the test-retest trials of internal and external rotation. There was no significant difference between sessions one and two for maximum internal rotation (p = 0.431) and maximum external rotation strength (p = 0.780). The results indicate that the testing protocol with stabilization device is a reliable method for measuring strength of the internal and external rotator shoulder musculature.
Sun Protection Beliefs among Hispanics in the US.

Purpose. We reviewed the literature on sun protection beliefs in Hispanics living in the United States to explore what challenges are faced by area of research. Method. A review of PubMED, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases was performed. Studies were published in peer-reviewed journals (in all years available) and written in English. The search terms used were [“skin cancer” OR “sun protection”] AND [“Latino” OR “Hispanic”] AND “beliefs.” Eligible papers were included in the final analysis after meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) the records had to quantitatively examine and report sun protection beliefs in Hispanics, (2) the number of Hispanic participants in the sample had to be clearly specified, and (3) studies reporting differences in sun protection beliefs between Hispanics and other racial and ethnic groups were included in the review. Results. Of the 92 articles identified, 11 met inclusion criteria and addressed sun protection beliefs regarding skin cancer seriousness and susceptibility, and benefits and barriers of sun protection and skin cancer risk behaviors. Characteristics of studies and results were examined. Conclusion. There is insufficient evidence to determine a pattern of sun protection beliefs among Hispanics in the United States. More quality studies are needed which focus on sun protection beliefs in Hispanics.
Degradation of 3,5-dimethyl-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione in aqueous aerobic media

Decomposition of 3,5-dimethyl-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (DTTT) has been studied by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). Hydrolysis rate constants for DTTT and rate constants for product formation were measured. The partially hydrolyzed and aged DTTT solutions have been separated and analyzed by GC-MS. Formaldehyde, 1,3-dimethyl-2-thiourea, N -methyl dithiocarbamic methyl ester, N -methyldithiocarbamic perthiomethyl ester, 2-methyl-5-dihydro-3H-4-thia-1,2-isooxazolidine-3-thione, 1,3,5-trimethyl-hexahydro-2H-1,3,5-triazine-2-thione, 4-methyl-5-methylimino-1,2,4-dithiazolidine-3-thi-one, and 2,4-dimethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dithione were identified from the hydrolyzed DTTT solution. Methyl isothiocyanate, which is one of the intermediates formed during the decomposition of DTTT, was also monitored by UV-VIS and HPLC for the formation of common products and characterized by GC-MS. The decomposition pathways for DTTT are presented and are in accord with the limited literature data. Environmental impact assessment of the DTTT and its metabolites is summarized.
Interpersonal Control and Expressed Emotion in Families of Persons With Schizophrenia: Change Over Time

This study examined communication patterns in 62 families of persons with schizophrenia, comparing families with relatives who were low expressed emotion (EE) at the beginning and end of a 2-year study, those who were high EE at the beginning and end, and those whose EE status changed. Interaction was coded with the Relational Control Coding System and analyzed as a Markov process. Dialogues in the stable low-EE and stable high-EE families were rather similar initially, and both groups showed increasing flexibility at year 1. However, at year 2, low-EE dyads showed increasingly complex structure and flexibility in control, but high-EE dyads showed simpler structure and rigidly controlling patterns. When EE status changed, so did the structure of the dialogues and the patterning of control. Although earlier research found more "tightly joined" systems in families of high-EE relatives, it may be that over time, these family members distance from each other and so are less connected. It is also possible that relatives who remain high EE despite intervention are a subset of high-EE relatives who need more support or different therapeutic approaches to maintain change.
A randomized, controlled trial to assess a novel colorectal cancer screening strategy: the conversion strategy--a comparison of sequential sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy with immediate conversion from sigmoidoscopy to colonoscopy in patients with an abnormal screening sigmoidoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: Our study was a randomized, controlled trial to assess a novel strategy that provides comprehensive colorectal cancer screening in a single visit versus traditional sigmoidoscopy and, where appropriate, colonoscopy on a subsequent day. METHODS: Consecutive patients referred for screening were randomized to control or so-called “conversion” groups. Patients in the control group were prepared for sigmoidoscopy with oral phospho-soda. Those with an abnormal sigmoidoscopy were scheduled for colonoscopy on a future day after oral polyethylene glycol preparation. In the conversion group, patients were prepared with oral phosphosoda. Patients with a polyp .5 mm or multiple diminutive polyps were converted from sigmoidoscopy to colonoscopy, allowing comprehensive screening in a single visit. Clinical outcomes were assessed by postprocedure physician and patient questionnaires. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-five patients were randomized (control 5 121, conversion 5 114). In the control group, 28% had an indication for colonoscopy. Three of 33 (9%) with an abnormal sigmoidoscopy did not return for colonoscopy. At colonoscopy, 27% had a proximal adenoma. In the conversion group, 28% had an abnormal sigmoidoscopy and underwent conversion to colonoscopy. Forty-one percent undergoing colonoscopy in the conversion group had a proximal adenoma. Physicians reported no differences in preparation or procedure difficulty, whereas patients reported no differences in the level of comfort or overall satisfaction between groups. When queried regarding preferences for future screening, 96% chose the conversion strategy. CONCLUSIONS: The conversion strategy led to similar outcomes compared to traditional screening while improving compliance with colonoscopy in patients with an abnormal sigmoidoscopy. (Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2074 ‐2079. © 2000 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology)
Isotropy of Inertia: A Sensitive Early Experimental Test

An experimental test for anisotropy of inertia performed by a nuclear freeprecession experiment is described. The precession was observed in the Earth's magnetic field, in a countryside location in the open air. The experiment was exceptionally sensitive, and slightly unusual in other ways. Some of the background and other aspects are briefly discussed.
YBCO microwave grain boundary mixer using a SrTiO/sub 3/ bicrystal substrate

A microwave mixer was patterned on a microstrip transmission line of superconducting YBCO (YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/). The YBCO film was epitaxially laser deposited on a SrTiO/sub 3/ bicrystal substrate. A weak link was constructed by patterning a microbridge in the microstrip at the bicrystal boundary. Microwave signals at 9.000 GHz and 9.941 GHz were applied at the input of the microstrip line. An output intermediate frequency signal was observed at 941 MHz and was detected as the transmitted signal. The microbridge junction, which behaved as a resistively shunted Josephson junction (RSJ), was current biased slightly above the critical current I/sub c/. The mixer conversion loss was measured at the input and output ports of the device package. The mixing efficiency was determined at the device junction. This efficiency was compared with the calculated efficiency determined by numerical solution of the Josephson equation for the weak link junction. >
On Assessing the Quality of Physicians’ Clinical Judgment The Search for Outcome Variables

A primary question that must be resolved in the development of tasks to assess the quality of physicians’ clinical judgment is, “What is the outcome variable?” One natural choice would seem to be the correctness of the clinical decision. In this article, we use data on the diagnosis of urinary tract infections among young girls to illustrate why, in many clinical situations, this is not a useful variable. We propose instead a judgment weighted by the relative costs of an error. This variable has the disadvantage of requiring expert judgment for scoring, but the advantage of measuring the construct of interest.
Size tunable synthesis of solution processable diamond nanocrystals

Diamond nanocrystals were synthesized catalyst-free from nanoporous carbon at high pressure and high temperature (HPHT). The synthesized nanocrystals have tunable diameters between 50 and 200 nm. The nanocrystals are dispersible in organic solvents such as acetone and are isotropic in nature as seen by dynamic light scattering.
Electronic conductance model in constricted MoS2 with nanopores

We describe a self-consistent model for electronic transport in a molybdenum di-sulphide (MoS2) layer containing a nanopore in a constricted geometry. Our approach is based on a semi-classical thermionic Poisson-Boltzmann technique using a two-valley model within the effective mass approximation to investigate perturbations caused by the nanopore on the electronic current. In particular, we show that the effect of the nanopore on the conductance is reduced as the nanopore is moved from the center to the layer edges. Our model is applied to the detection of DNA translocating through the nanopore, which reveals current features similar to those as predicted in nanopore graphene layers.
RRTX: Asymptotically optimal single-query sampling-based motion planning with quick replanning:

Dynamic environments have obstacles that unpredictably appear, disappear, or move. We present the first sampling-based replanning algorithm that is asymptotically optimal and single-query (designed for situation in which a priori offline computation is unavailable). Our algorithm, RRTX, refines and repairs the same search-graph over the entire duration of navigation (in contrast to previous single-query replanning algorithms that prune and then regrow some or all of the search-tree). Whenever obstacles change and/or the robot moves, a graph rewiring cascade quickly remodels the existing search-graph and repairs its shortest-path-to-goal sub-tree to reflect the new information. Both graph and tree are built directly in the robot’s state-space; thus, the resulting plan(s) respect the kinematics of the robot and continue to improve during navigation. RRTX is probabilistically complete and makes no distinction between local and global planning, yet it reacts quickly enough for real-time high-speed navigation ...
Treatment of Severe Infections with Amikacin

Amikacin was administered to forty-four patients suffering from severe infections, often due to organisms resistant to many antibiotics, including gentamicin. Several aggravating factors were often present. The dose administered was 500 mg or 250 mg twice daily, but in patients with impaired renal function the dose was determined by frequent monitoring of serum antibiotic levels. In 28 cases (64 %) results were excellent, in 9 cases (20 %) they were good and in only 7 cases (16 %) a fair result was obtained. No ototoxicity was observed, but in two patients a mild, reversible rise in BUN and serum creatinine was found. Amikacin may replace gentamicin for the initial treatment of severe infections, especially in countries or hospitals with an increasing rate of resistance to gentamicin.
Circulatory effects of endothelin in newborn piglets.

Endothelin, a recently described endothelial cell-derived peptide, produces pulmonary and coronary vasoconstriction in mature animals. We investigated the acute hemodynamic effects of porcine endothelin in 14 anesthetized open-chest new-born piglets during normoxia (Pao2 = 102 +/- 5 mmHg) and hypoxia (fractional inspired O2 concentration = 0.12 X 15 min, Pao2 = 31 +/- 1 mmHg). Six of these animals were pretreated with indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Low-dose (100 pmol/kg) intravenous bolus injection of endothelin decreased pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) (42 +/- 6 to 16 +/- 4 mmHg.l-1.min.kg, P less than 0.01) and increased coronary blood flow (CBF) (17 +/- 2%, P less than 0.01); cardiac index (CI) and coronary vascular resistance were unaffected. The pulmonary and coronary responses to endothelin were preserved during hypoxia: PVRI fell (160 +/- 22 to 83 +/- 13 mmHg.l-1.min.kg, P less than 0.05) and CBF rose (35 +/- 11%, P less than 0.05). Low-dose endothelin moderately increased mean arterial pressure (61 +/- 3 to 75 +/- 6 mmHg, P less than 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) (375 +/- 23 to 491 +/- 41 mmHg.l-1.min.kg, P less than 0.01). High-dose (1,000 pmol/kg) endothelin mildly decreased PVRI (51 +/- 7 to 35 +/- 12, NS), moderately increased SVRI (375 +/- 45 to 594 +/- 95 mmHg.l-1.min.kg, P less than 0.05), and markedly diminished CBF (-54 +/- 6%, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Improvement of severe baseline lower urinary tract symptoms following robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.

Aims This study was designed to assess lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) following robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Methods In a single surgeon series, 938 patients underwent robotic prostatectomy and completed International Prostate Symptom Score surveys at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Patients preoperative LUTS were categorized as mild, moderate, or severe according to the original International Prostate Symptom Score validation. Patient demographics, in addition to clinical and pathologic outcomes were obtained from an Institutional Review Board-approved database. Results Preoperatively, 55.8% of patients presented with mild, 36.4% with moderate, and 7.8% with severe LUTS. Increased prostate size trended with increased LUTS severity (P < 0.001). Patients who had severe preoperative LUTS witnessed a 57% reduction in International Prostate Symptom Score (from 24.1 to 10.7, P < 0.001). Men with moderate preoperative LUTS also witnessed a significant decrease in postoperative LUTS (from 12.1 to 8.3, P < 0.001). Conclusions The majority of patients with moderate or severe LUTS improved significantly following robotic prostatectomy, with the largest improvements seen in the severe group. Prostate cancer patients with severe LUTS should be counseled on the beneficial role of robotic prostatectomy in an effort to improve their voiding dysfunction and as a viable cancer treatment.
Designed Porous Media

This chapter reviews a series of developments that point in the direction of applying porous media concepts to the description, simulation and optimization of compact systems with complex flow structures, see Bejan et al. [6]. Compact and miniaturized heat exchangers are primary examples of this trend. Other examples are chemical reactors, fiber filters, brush seals, and the modeling of micro-segregation during the solidification of alloys. The new aspect highlighted by these developments is that flow structures are optimized so that flow systems exhibit maximum global performance subject to global constraints. Optimization of flow structure means that in the beginning the flow geometry is free to change. The system is free to morph. Global performance is achieved through the generation of flow architecture, see Bejan [2]. In this way the flow structure becomes a porous medium with purpose, i.e. a designed porous medium.
No TRIFling Matter on STING.

STING is a crucial component of the mammalian innate immune response to microbial infection. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Wang et al. (2016) report that TRIF, an adaptor of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), is essential for STING-mediated innate antiviral immunity as well as pro-protozoal responses.
Anions Stabilize Each Other inside Macrocyclic Hosts

Contrary to the simple expectations from Coulomb's law, Weinhold proposed that anions can stabilize each other as metastable dimers, yet experimental evidence for these species and their mutual stabilization is missing. We show that two bisulfate anions can form such dimers, which stabilize each other with self-complementary hydrogen bonds, by encapsulation inside a pair of cyanostar macrocycles. The resulting 2:2 complex of the bisulfate homodimer persists across all states of matter, including in solution. The bisulfate dimer's OH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonding is seen in a 1H NMR peak at 13.75 ppm, which is consistent with borderline-strong hydrogen bonds.
Complete current-based induction motor condition monitoring: stator, rotor, bearings, and load

A complete summary of techniques for monitoring and protecting each major component of a low voltage, line-connected induction motor is given in this paper. Specifically, a method for protecting the machine from thermal overload is presented, along with a method for robust stator turn-fault detection. Current-based spectral analysis for rotor and rotating faults, as well as bearing faults is also presented. Each of these techniques are proved to provide condition- and fault-related information to the user without additional sensors.
DSM-5: Do Counselors Really Want an Alternative?:

The results of a survey exploring counselor attitudes toward the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) are presented. The survey revealed that counselor...
Drone Near Me: Exploring Touch-Based Human-Drone Interaction

Personal drones are becoming more mainstream and are used for a variety of tasks, such as delivery and photography. The exposed blades in conventional drones raise serious safety concerns. To address this, commercial drones have been moving towards a safe-to-touch design or have increased safety by adding propeller guards. The affordances of safe-to-touch drones enable new types of touch-based human-drone interaction. Various applications have been explored, such as augmented sports and haptic feedback in virtual reality; however, it is unclear if individuals feel comfortable using direct touch and manipulation when interacting with safe-to-touch drones. A previous elicitation study showed how users naturally interact with drones. We replicated this study with an unsafe and a safe-to-touch drone, to find out if participants will instinctively use touch as a means of interacting with the safe-to-touch drone. We found that 58% of the participants used touch, and across all tasks 39% of interactions were touch-based. The proposed touch interactions were in agreement for 67% of the tasks, and users reported that interacting with the safe-to-touch drone was significantly less mentally demanding than the unsafe drone.
Voice-leading prototypes and harmonic function in two chorale corpora

We describe a data representation for voice leading between two sonorities in a chorale texture, and a similarity measure for these voice leadings. These tools are used in an empirical study of the relationship between voice leading and harmonic function in a corpus of Bach chorales and a corpus of Lutheran chorales from a hundred years earlier. Common voice-leading types in the corpora are subjected to a cluster analysis that is readily interpreted in terms of harmonic functional syntax. We are thus able not only to read a theory of harmony directly out of a corpus, but to do so without building in a priori notions of chord structure, rootedness, or even key. The cluster analysis also clarifies important syntactic differences between the pre-tonal (modal) corpus and the Bach (tonal) corpus.
A Vicennial View of Squid Magnetocardiography

I am no historian and what follows is by no means an accurate narrative of the first attempt at SQUID magnetocardiography. The main protagonists in this tale are of course David Cohen and Jim Zimmerman. Their collaboration came about from quite different paths. I was an observer and an amicus curiae to this collaboration. The forces that shape science and technology today often have their origins in the immediate past. I will look back some twenty years to events that preceded the use of SQUIDS in biomagnetism and also try to look forward some twenty years to what could be in the future. I will recount some recollections of how this marriage between SQUIDS and biomagnetism was consummated.
Dialectical Thinking, Psychology of

Dialectical thinking, as a psychological concept, refers to a purposeful and effortful mental process for contemplating facts, views, and goals of opposing perspectives. It is commonly associated with the Hegelian method of reasoning—that is, a thesis gives rise to its opposite (antithesis), and as a result of this contradiction, the synthesis arises—and Marxism that applied the dialectic method in its analysis of cultures and civilizations. In psychology, dialectical thinking was first used by a group of developmental psychologists to describe adult cognitive development beyond Piaget's adolescent ‘formal operation’ stage. It has also refereed in negotiation, conflict management, and decision-making research to thinking strategies of integrating opposing perspectives to be much more productive in improving efficiency and outcomes. Recent progress in cross-cultural psychology reveals fundamental cultural differences in dialectical thinking. Eastern naive dialecticism has found to affect Chinese reasoning about apparent contradictions in ways that are different from typical Western (most dramatically American) responses.
Identification of Early Pathological Events in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease by Molecular Imaging

The aberrant mineralization of soft tissues (i.e., ectopic calcification) recently has been associated with various chronic and degenerative conditions in humans. Cardiovascular tissue, particularly vasculature and valves, are among the peripheral tissues affected by the pathological deposition of calcium phosphate in connective tissue [1]. Although whether ectopic calcification originates from the same causes in different soft tissues is still unclear, the mineralization process seems to be triggered by chronic inflammatory conditions. This relationship has been especially demonstrated in the cardiovascular system, where macrophage infiltration and subsequent release of proteolytic enzymes and cytokines precedes the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells and valve interstitial cells (VICs) into osteoblast-like cells. Over the last two decades, cardiovascular calcification has gradually gained the attention of more research groups with the acknowledgement that calcification constitutes an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [2–7]. Moreover, the prevalence of arterial calcification and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is expected to increase, due to aging worldwide population. An estimated 2.1 million patients in Europe and 3.5 million patients in North America will suffer from severe CAVD by 2025 and 2050, respectively [8]. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the initiation of CAVD will lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods to improve patients’ quality of life.
The Effects of Missed Doses of Antibiotics on Hospitalized Patient Outcomes

Abstract Background Missing doses of antibiotics in hospitalized patients is a well-described but inadequately recognized issue. We hypothesized that missing doses of antibiotics decreases quality of care. Methods Retrospective study on patients admitted to the Shock Trauma ICU from February to June 2015. Patients prescribed a multidose course of antibiotics were evaluated. A missed antibiotic dose was one ordered but never given (a completely missed dose) or a dose that was not given within an hour before or after the planned time (an off-schedule missed dose). Patient outcomes included a positive culture, ventilator, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), and mortality. Multiple statistical methods were used as appropriate; significance was set as P Results For the 5-mo study period, 280 patients were admitted and 200 met inclusion criteria. Eight percent of patients (16/200) did not miss any antibiotic doses, 39% (77/200) had only off-schedule doses, 2% (4/200) had only completely missed doses, and 51% (103/200) had both off-schedule and completely missed doses. For the 200 patients, 8167 doses were ordered and 2096 (26%) were missed. Adjusting for age, gender, BMI, injury severity score, and doses of antibiotics showed that those who miss doses off-schedule had longer LOS than those who do not miss doses of antibiotics. There was a significant nonlinear relationship between LOS and frequency of early (P-value = 0.02) and late (P-value = 0.01) doses. Conclusions To reduce length of hospital stay and optimize quality, methods to improve compliance with antibiotic dosing schedules should be investigated.
Genes and Pathways Promoting Long-Term Liver Repopulation by Ex Vivo hYAP-ERT2 Transduced Hepatocytes and Treatment of Jaundice in Gunn Rats.

Hepatocyte transplantation is an attractive alternative to liver transplantation. Thus far, however, extensive liver repopulation by adult hepatocytes has required ongoing genetic, physical, or chemical injury to host liver. We hypothesized that providing a regulated proliferative and/or survival advantage to transplanted hepatocytes should enable repopulation in a normal liver microenvironment. Here, we repopulated livers of DPPIV- (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) rats and Ugt1a1 (uridinediphosphoglucuronate glucuronosyltransferase 1a1)-deficient Gunn rats (model of Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1), both models without underlying liver injury, for up to 1 year by transplanting lenti-hYAP-ERT2 (mutated estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain 2)-transduced hepatocytes (YAP-Hc). Yap (yes-associated protein) nuclear translocation/function in YAP-Hc was regulated by tamoxifen. Repopulating YAP-Hc and host hepatocytes were fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified and their transcriptomic profiles compared by RNAseq. After 1 year of liver repopulation, YAP-Hc clusters exhibited normal morphology, integration into hepatic plates and hepatocyte-specific gene expression, without dysplasia, dedifferentiation, or tumorigenesis. RNAseq analysis showed up-regulation of 145 genes promoting cell proliferation and 305 genes suppressing apoptosis, including hepatocyte growth factor and connective tissue growth factor among the top 30 in each category and provided insight into the mechanism of cell competition that enabled replacement of host hepatocytes by YAP-Hc. In Gunn rats transplanted with YAP-Hc+tamoxifen, there was a 65%-81% decline in serum bilirubin over 6 months versus 8%-20% with control-Hc, representing a 3-4-fold increase in therapeutic response. This correlated with liver repopulation as demonstrated by the presence of Ugt1a1-positive hepatocyte clusters in livers and western blot analysis of tissue homogenates. Conclusion: Tamoxifen-regulated nuclear translocation/function of hYAP-ERT2 enabled long-term repopulation of DPPIV-/- and Gunn rat livers by hYAP-ERT2-transduced hepatocytes without tumorigenesis. This cell transplantation strategy may offer a potential therapy for most of the inherited monogenic liver diseases that do not exhibit liver injury.
Earth discourses: constructing risks and responsibilities in Chinese state and social media

Defining global warming as a rhetorical construct built by stakeholders, this study investigates how Chinese state and social media understand risk and responsibility regarding climate change. This multi-layer, multi-dimensional, statistical and qualitative textual analysis focuses on the ratification and implementation of the Paris Agreement and the U.S. withdrawal from it. Findings indicate that a new green public sphere led by grassroots experts and aided by lay people is burgeoning in China and changing the way people conceptualize environmental risks and engage in environmental protection. With theoretical and methodological innovations, this study contributes to the emerging field of transnational environmental communication.
Challenges in Implementing Experiential Learning in IB Education

Teaching and learning can be effective in a number of ways – some of them superficial with short survival half-lives and others reaching quite deeply into students minds with much longer survival s...
Silicon absorption by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Although silicon (Si) is a quantitatively major inorganic constituent of higher plants the element is not considered generally essential for them. Therefore it is not included in the formulation of any of the solution cultures widely used in plant physiological research. One consequence of this state of affairs is that the absorption and transport of Si have not been investigated nearly as much as those of the elements accorded 'essential' status. In this paper we report experiments showing that Si is rapidly absorbed by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants from solution cultures initially containing Si at 0.5 mM, a concentration realistic in terms of the concentrations of the element in soil solutions. Nearly mature plants (headed out) 'preloaded' with Si absorbed it at virtually the same rate as did plants grown previously in solutions to which Si had not been added. The rate of Si absorption increased by more than an order of magnitude between the 2-leaf and the 7-8 leaf stage, with little change thereafter.
Depression Treatment Expenditures for Adults in the USA: a Systematic Review.

We review 2016–2019 peer-reviewed literature which summarizes the factors contributing to high expense of treating depression among adults in the USA, and interventions that have been conducted to decrease depression treatment expenditures. Treatment expenditures associated with depression are high and growing, driven in part by increased health care utilization and a shift toward increased insurance coverage of medications and therapies. The majority of identified articles describe the elevated financial burden associated with treating individuals with chronic medical conditions who also have a depression diagnosis. The few available studies documenting health care system-level interventions identify that multi-target treatment for comorbid illness, collaborative care management, and integration of psychiatric treatment into primary care show promise for reducing depression treatment expenditures. Additional research is needed to identify innovative, cost-effective state, and federal payer-initiated depression treatment models, and evaluation of collaborative care and integrated care models implemented to scale across multiple health care systems.
cDNA Microarray analysis of changes in gene expression associated with MPP+ toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells

cDNA microarray analysis of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+) toxicity (1 mM, 72 h) in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells identified 48 genes that displayed a signal intensity greater than the mean of all differentially expressed genes and a two-fold or greater difference in normalized expression. RT-PCR analysis of a subset of genes showed that c-Myc and RNA-binding protein 3 (RMB3) expression decreased by ∼50% after 72 h of exposure to MPP+ (1 mM) but did not change after 72 h of exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine (25 μM), rotenone (50 nM), and hydrogen peroxide (600 μM). Exposure of retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells to MPP+ (1 mM, 72 h) also resulted in a decrease in RMB3 expression and an increase in GADD153 expression. In contrast, c-Myc expression was slightly increased in RA-differentiated cells. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of MPP+ toxicity and show that MPP+ can elicit distinct patterns of gene expression in undifferentiated and RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells.
Examining the Mathematical Emphasis in Five Curriculum Programs

In this chapter, we examine mathematical treatment and emphasis in the five curriculum programs—what aspects of mathematics are emphasized and the way in which the mathematics is represented and organized for student learning. In doing so, we attend to mathematics content presented for daily instruction, in particular, the scope and sequence of number and operations. In addition, the cognitive demand of instructional activities, the nature of ongoing practice, and the visual and physical representations used are examined in order to discern the mathematical emphasis in the programs. The results show that there are substantial variations in the scope and sequence of number and operations, cognitive demand of tasks and problems, ongoing practice, and representations used across the five programs. Such variations reveal different mathematical treatments and emphasis in the programs. We summarize important findings of the study and discuss implications for teachers and teaching for each of the findings.