cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in RF interference

Present trends in the design of transmitters, receivers, and antennas for use in communications and radar are reviewed to assess their impact on interference, interference measurement techniques, shielding and prediction methods. It is shown that transmitter power output and antenna size have increased by a factor of 10 in the last decade and that similar increases are anticipated in the next five to ten years. Transmitter spurious outputs are now frequently greater than the desired outputs of transmitters a few years ago. It is also shown that receiver sensitivity improvement, as a result of new techniques (masers, parametric, amplifiers, etc.), may not be realizable unless antenna side- and backlobes are drastically reduced. It is further shown that the sensitivity and frequency range of field intensity meters must be increased to permit meaningful measurements in the light of these developments. It is suggested that the performance of filters for transmitters must be developed for receivers to reduce interference.
Supported employment outcomes for transition age youth and young adults.

Topic Supported Employment (SE) can help transition age youth and young adults to obtain employment and develop meaningful careers and financial security. Purpose The purpose of this analysis is to examine the role of SE in achieving employment outcomes for youth (ages 18-24) and young adults (ages 25-30), compared to outcomes for older adults. Given the importance of employment to the quality of life of young people in establishing work histories and starting careers, it is important to have a better understanding of what client and program characteristics result in better employment outcomes. Sources used Data are from the Employment Intervention Demonstration Program (EIDP), a multisite randomized controlled trial of SE among 1,272 individuals with psychiatric disabilities in 7 states. Conclusions and implications for practice Among all study participants, youth and young adults had significantly better outcomes in terms of any employment and competitive employment than older (>30 years) adults. However, in multivariable models of participants randomly assigned to SE, young adults had significantly better outcomes than youth or older adults. Other significant predictors of employment and competitive employment were future work expectations, not receiving Supplemental Security Income, and receipt of more hours of SE services. Characteristics of youth, young adults and SE programs that enhance employment are discussed in terms of policy and practice.
Automating the hunt for volcanoes on Venus

Our long-term goal is to develop a trainable tool for locating patterns of interest in large image databases. Toward this goal we have developed a prototype system, based on classical filtering and statistical pattern recognition techniques, for automatically locating volcanoes in the Magellan SAR database of Venus. Training for the specific volcano-detection task is obtained by synthesizing feature templates (via normalization and principal components analysis) from a small number of examples provided by experts. Candidate regions identified by a focus of attention (FOA) algorithm are classified based on correlations with the feature templates. Preliminary tests show performance comparable to trained human observers. >
YjbH-enhanced proteolysis of Spx by ClpXP in Bacillus subtilis is inhibited by the small protein YirB (YuzO)

The Spx protein of Bacillus subtilis is a global regulator of the oxidative stress response. Spx concentration is controlled at the level of proteolysis by the ATP-dependent protease ClpXP and a substrate-binding protein, YjbH, which interacts with Spx. A yeast two-hybrid screen was carried out using yjbH as bait to uncover additional substrates or regulators of YjbH activity. Of the several genes identified in the screen, one encoded a small protein, YirB (YuzO), which elevated Spx concentration and activity in vivo when overproduced from an isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible yirB construct. Pulldown experiments using extracts of B. subtilis cells producing a His-tagged YirB showed that native YjbH interacts with YirB in B. subtilis. Pulldown experiments using affinity-tagged Spx showed that YirB inhibited YjbH interaction with Spx. In vitro, YjbH-mediated proteolysis of Spx by ClpXP was inhibited by YirB. The activity of YirB is similar to that of the antiadaptor proteins that were previously shown to reduce proteolysis of a specific ClpXP substrate by interacting with a substrate-binding protein.
The neural basis of theory of mind and its relationship to social functioning and social anhedonia in individuals with schizophrenia

Theory of mind (ToM), the ability to attribute and reason about the mental states of others, is a strong determinant of social functioning among individuals with schizophrenia. Identifying the neural bases of ToM and their relationship to social functioning may elucidate functionally relevant neurobiological targets for intervention. ToM ability may additionally account for other social phenomena that affect social functioning, such as social anhedonia (SocAnh). Given recent research in schizophrenia demonstrating improved neural functioning in response to increased use of cognitive skills, it is possible that SocAnh, which decreases one's opportunity to engage in ToM, could compromise social functioning through its deleterious effect on ToM-related neural circuitry. Here, twenty individuals with schizophrenia and 18 healthy controls underwent fMRI while performing the False-Belief Task. Aspects of social functioning were assessed using multiple methods including self-report (Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Social Adjustment Scale), clinician-ratings (Global Functioning Social Scale), and performance-based tasks (MSCEIT—Managing Emotions). SocAnh was measured with the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale. Region-of-interest and whole-brain analyses revealed reduced recruitment of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) for ToM in individuals with schizophrenia. Across all participants, activity in this region correlated with most social variables. Mediation analysis revealed that neural activity for ToM in MPFC accounted for the relationship between SocAnh and social functioning. These findings demonstrate that reduced recruitment of MPFC for ToM is an important neurobiological determinant of social functioning. Furthermore, SocAhn may affect social functioning through its impact on ToM-related neural circuitry. Together, these findings suggest ToM ability as an important locus for intervention.
Steps substantive researchers can take to build a scientifically strong case for the existence of trajectory groups.

Sterba and Bauer's Keynote Article does a superb job of reviewing the "... assumptions, strengths, and limitations of model-based person-oriented methods-clarifying which theoretical principles [researchers] can test and the compromises and trade-offs required to do so." Their writing is exceptionally clear, and the examples given highly instructive. At the same time, their arguments may be so convincing that the reader may be reluctant to pursue person-oriented analyses in a longitudinal context. The purpose of this Commentary is not to contradict Sterba and Bauer's arguments but to briefly review the steps that substantive researchers can take in building a scientifically strong case for either assuming continuously varied growth "... or that [trajectory groups] actually exist" according to Raudenbush. These steps have been elaborated in a series of papers by Muthen and colleagues, but it is useful to briefly review them here.
Nanotechnology in the Environment—The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Nanotechnology is the ability to work at the molecular level, atom by atom, to create larger structures with fundamentally new molecular organization, novel properties, and functions. Engineered nanomaterials, typically a tenth the size of a human cell, are currently being used for a broad range of novel applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, tumor treatment, imaging, catalysis, detectors/sensors, and energy storage and transmission devices. Although some nanomaterials have been synthesized since the 1980s, their widespread production is relatively recent and their market size is expected to reach $1 trillion within 10 to 15 years. Such rapid growth suggests the potential for large environmental footprints, some of which will be good, some bad, and some ugly. On the good side, some nanomaterials hold great promise for reducing waste production, cleaning up industrial contamination, providing potable water, and improving the efficacy of energy production and use. The high potential to improve environmental technologies some of which date back to the Victorian era is intrinsically related to the small size of engineered nanomaterials, which results in significantly different properties than the associated bulk materials. Small size translates into a large surface to volume ratio, which implies greater opportunity to interact with environmental pollutants. In a sense, nanomaterials are “all surface.” This can be a highly desirable property for water, wastewater, and hazardous waste treatment. Some nanomaterials can be superior adsorbents or catalysts that remove pollutants more efficiently and at a substantially lower cost than current materialintensive approaches such as ion exchange resins and activated carbon adsorption. Nanotechnology also offers the potential for multifunctional materials, such as nano-architectured membranes for water treatment that incorporate chemically reactive nanomaterials to accomplish both separation and degradation of pollutants and enhance antifouling properties. The good news is that many of our colleagues are making significant progress toward the development of environmental nanotechnologies. These include nanosized iron for reductive treatment of chlorinated solvent DNAPLs, nanomagnetite for the removal of arsenic by sorption and magnetic separation, high-performance nanoscale Pd/ Au catalysts for treating particularly challenging contaminants in water that must be removed to a very low level, and novel advanced oxidation and disinfection approaches, to name a few. We hope to publish more papers in these emerging areas of research in the near future. On the bad side, the environment will be increasingly prone to
Relationships Between Nutritional Condition of Adult Females and Relative Carrying Capacity for Rocky Mountain Elk

Abstract Lactation can have significant costs to individual and population-level productivity because of the high energetic demands it places on dams. Because the difference in condition between lactating and dry Rocky Mountain elk ( Cervus elaphus nelsoni ) cows tends to disappear as nutritional quality rises, the magnitude of that difference could be used to relate condition to habitat quality or the capability of habitats to support elk. We therefore compared nutritional condition of ≥ 2.5-yr-old lactating and dry cows from six free-ranging Rocky Mountain elk populations throughout the United States. Our goal was to quantify differential accrual of body fat (BF) reserves to determine whether the condition of dry and lactating cows could be used to define relevant management thresholds of habitat quality (i.e., relative carrying capacity) and consequently potential performance of elk populations. Levels of BF that lactating cows were able to accrue in autumn and the proportional difference in BF between dry and lactating cows in autumn were related ( F 1–2,10 ≥ 16.2, P
All the News That's Fit to Print?: New York Times Coverage of Human-Rights Violations

The so-called CNN effect suggests that the American public has quick access to more information about world events than ever before.To test the prevalence of the effect, this study examines New York Times stories on fifty countries that human-rights researchers list among the top violators. Results show that although there is a moderate correlation between the magnitude of political terror and the number of human-rights stories from a given country, the Times's overall coverage of human rights is seriously lacking. Attention to abuses occurs primarily in countries that were strategically instrumental during the cold war and in countries where there is clear U.S. involvement.
Design of a microwave breast imaging array composed of dual-band miniaturized antennas

We present a compact dual-band patch antenna array designed for use in a 3-D microwave tomography system for breast imaging. The array is designed for operation within the interstitial space of an MRI patient support platform. This configuration permits scattered-field data acquisition with the breast in the same position as a benchmark MRI scan, thereby enabling precise co-registration with breast MRI. We investigate operating characteristics of the antenna array elements contained in the array using numerical simulations. We demonstrate that dual-band operation of the array is maintained in the presence of an ellipsoidal breast phantom.
Hard Cases and Legal Validity: Hart's Insight

I propose a positivist solution to Dworkin’s problem of hard cases, as exemplified by Riggs v. Palmer. Hard cases are cases in which the posited law points to a clear outcome, but the question of what the law requires remains open. Parties to the positivism/natural law debate take these to illustrate the possibility of legally binding moral considerations. I argue that, despite appearance, hard cases like Riggs v. Palmer do not raise the problem of morality in law at all. Rather, the majority’s judgment in Riggs can be explained by appeal to law’s systemic nature, as consisting in an organized system of primary and secondary rules that govern the actions of independent actors. Dworkin is right to hold that the basic structure of the posited law makes it vulnerable to hard cases. However, I argue, those very features that make it vulnerable to such cases also give the posited law the resources to resolve them. No further appeal to morality is necessary.
Mechanisms of Mutation in Nondividing Cells: Insights from the Study of Adaptive Mutation in Escherichia colia

That spontaneous mutations arise at random during the nonselective growth of a population was established by classic papers published in the 1940s and 1950s.1–4 With some dissent,5,6 the reigning dogma for 40 years was that most spontaneous mutations arise as random errors during genomic replication. In 1988 Cairns and his collaborators7 published a paper that changed our thinking about the nature of spontaneous mutation. They confirmed and extended previous results showing that mutations arise in nondividing bacterial cells when they are subjected to nonlethal selective pressure. In addition, Cairns et al. suggested that only selected mutations, not deleterious or neutral mutations, appeared in a population during selection. This phenomenon was named “directed mutation” by the editors of Nature, but the name “adaptive mutation” is most widely used today. The phenomenon of adaptive mutation has generated a wealth of research in the subsequent years (reviewed in refs. 8–10). The Lamarckian idea of a reverse information flow from the environment back to the genome was eliminated early on.11 The remaining explanations for the phenomenon all incorporate some form of a reversible process of “trial and error.” That is, during selection a random mutational process affecting the whole genome occurs, but the process is adaptive because the variants (or the cells bearing them) are transient until a mutation arises that allows growth.7,12–14 However, not all cases of mutation in nondividing cells are examples of adaptive mutation, as in some cases it was shown that the mutations can arise when the cells are merely starving. This review focuses on the best studied example of adaptive mutation, reversion to lactose utilization (Lac+) in Escherichia coli strain FC40. We now know that nonselected mutations arise and persist in the population during lactose selection.15 Thus, the mutational process in FC40 does not meet the original definition of adaptive mutation. However, we continue to call the selected mutations “adaptive” to distinguish them from mutations occurring during nonselective growth and from nonselected mutations occurring during selection. This meaning of adaptive mutation is the same as that used by evolutionists to distinguish beneficial from neutral or deleterious mutations. Recently it was found that among Lac+ clones of FC40 the frequency of nonselected mutations appears to be higher than that among the population at large.15–17 These results imply that a subpopulation of stressed cells undergoes some form of transient mutation, as originally suggested by Hall.13
A processing pathway for amyloid β-protein precursor generates a secreted form with an intact carboxyl terminus

Extracellular deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβt) is a key neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down's syndrome and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidoses-Dutch type (HCHWA-D). Aβis part of a larger transmembrane glycoprotein, the amyloid Pprotein precursor (AβPP). Two processing pathways are known for AβPP. In the secretory pathway AβPP is secreted following cleavage within Aβ thereby preventing Aβ formation. The endosomal/lysosomal pathway generates intracellular carboxyl terminal fragments that contain the Aβ region. Recently, Aβ has been detected in human cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and in conditioned medium from a variety of cell culture systems. This indicates that Aβ is formed by a normal processing pathway that has not yet been understood. To investigate this pathway we have expressed AβPP751 and two disease related point mutants of AβPP resulting in glu693 -to-gln andval717 -to-ile in the baculovirus expression system. In each case we detected secreted AβPP molecules ...
Single Unit Recordings in the Auditory Nerve of Congenitally Deaf White Cats: Morphological Correlates in the Cochlea and Cochlear Nucleus

It is well known that experimentally induced cochlear damage produces structural, physiological, and biochemical alterations in neurons of the cochlear nucleus. In contrast, much less is known with respect to the naturally occurring cochlear pathology presented by congenital deafness. The present study attempts to relate organ of Corti structure and auditory nerve activity to the morphology of primary synaptic endings in the cochlear nucleus of congenitally deaf white cats. Our observations reveal that the amount of sound-evoked spike activity in auditory nerve fibers influences terminal morphology and synaptic structure in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Some white cats had no hearing. They exhibited severely reduced spontaneous activity and no sound-evoked activity in auditory nerve fibers. They had no recognizable organ of Corti, presented .90% loss of spiral ganglion cells, and displayed marked structural abnormalities of endbulbs of Held and their synapses. Other white cats had partial hearing and possessed auditory nerve fibers with a wide range of spontaneous activity but elevated sound-evoked thresholds (60‐70 dB SPL). They also exhibited obvious abnormalities in the tectorial membrane, supporting cells, and Reissner’s membrane throughout the cochlear duct and had complete inner and outer hair cell loss in the base. The spatial distribution of spiral ganglion cell loss correlated with the pattern of hair cell loss. Primary neurons of hearing-impaired cats displayed structural abnormalities of their endbulbs and synapses in the cochlear nucleus which were intermediate in form compared to normal and totally deaf cats. Changes in endbulb structure appear to correspond to relative levels of deafness. These data suggest that endbulb structure is significantly influenced by sound-evoked auditory nerve activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 397:532‐548, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: organ of Corti structure; auditory nerve fibers; terminal morphology
Modifications of boronic ester pro-chelators triggered by hydrogen peroxide tune reactivity to inhibit metal-promoted oxidative stress

Several new analogs of salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) and salicylaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone (SBH) that contain an aryl boronic ester (BSIH, BSBH) or acid (BASIH) in place of an aryl hydroxide have been synthesized and characterized as masked metal ion chelators. These pro-chelators show negligible interaction with iron(III), although the boronic acid versions exhibit some interaction with copper(II), zinc(II) and nickel(II). Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the aryl boronate to phenol, thus converting the pro-chelators to tridentate ligands with high affinity metal binding properties. An X-ray crystal structure of a bis-ligated iron(III) complex, [Fe(SBH(m-OMe)3)2]NO3, confirms the meridonal binding mode of these ligands. Modifications of the aroyl ring of the chelators tune their iron affinity, whereas modifications on the boron-containing ring of the pro-chelators attenuate their reaction rates with hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the methoxy derivative pro-chelator (p-OMe)BASIH reacts with hydrogen peroxide nearly 5 times faster than the chloro derivative (m-Cl)BASIH. Both the rate of pro-chelator to chelator conversion as well as the metal binding affinity of the chelator influence the overall ability of these molecules to inhibit hydroxyl radical formation catalyzed by iron or copper in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid. This pro-chelator strategy has the potential to improve the efficacy of medicinal chelators for inhibiting metal-promoted oxidative stress.
Energetics of east African pycnonotids

Rate of oxygen consumption was measured in five bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) from western Uganda to evaluate whether this group is indeed characterized by the very low basal rates of metabolism previously reported. For three of these species, body temperature and rate of metabolism were measured as a function of ambient temperature from 10°C to 35°C. In these species body temperature was highly variable, and declined with ambient temperature in Andropadus virens. Such variation, in conjunction with behavioral adjustments, may reduce heat loss at low ambient temperatures. Body mass accounted for 98 percent of the variation in the basal rates of metabolism presented here. Basal rates in these species ranged from 81 to 90 percent of values predicted by the Aschoff-Pohl relationship for passerines, whereas previous measurements ranged from 56 to 72 percent of predicted values. This difference may reflect differences in species or measurement techniques, which, if the latter, suggests that the reduction in metabolic rate in this family may be less than originally thought. These data underline the importance of continued data collection on the metabolism of tropical birds, few of which have been measured to date.
Multi-armed Bandit Problems with History

In this paper we consider the stochastic multi-armed bandit problem. However, unlike in the conventional version of this problem, we do not assume that the algorithm starts from scratch. Many applications offer observations of (some of) the arms even before the algorithm starts. We propose three novel multi-armed bandit algorithms that can exploit this data. An upper bound on the regret is derived in each case. The results show that a logarithmic amount of historic data can reduce regret from logarithmic to constant. The eectiveness of the proposed algorithms are demonstrated on a large-scale malicious URL detection problem.
Physical Modeling of Bubble Screens

Bubble screens have long been used for a variety of purposes, ranging from control of stratification, density currents, oil spills, shoaling, icing and wave heights, to inducing artificial mixing for augmentation of convective heat and mass transfer rates, aeration and water quality control. Dimensional and similitude considerations have been employed to develop the necessary requirements for physical modeling of such screens. This led to the development of a set of scaling relationships, into which a scale factor was introduced to account for distortion of similitude requirements. The scaling relationships were also found to depend on a densimetric Froude number representing source strength. These permit transposition of model results to field scale.
REDESCRIPTION OF HAPLOSTOMA BANYULENSIS (COPEPODA: CYCLOPOIDA: ASCIDICOLIDAE) LIVING IN THE COMPOUND ASCIDIAN TRIDIDEMNUM TENERUM FROM STRANGFORD LOUGH, NORTHERN IRELAND

Abstract The female of Haplostoma banyulensis (Brement, 1909) is redescribed on the basis of specimens parasitizing the compound ascidian Trididemnum tenerum (Verrill) at Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. It is shown to have a mandible, which was not reported in the original description or in succeeding studies. This species can be distinguished from its 10 congeners of subgroup 1 of Haplostoma by the following characteristics: labrum with six distinct processes subequally spaced; legs 1–4 exopods with armature formula 5,4,5,5; leg 4 with longest exopod; copulatory organs including two copulatory pores and two seminal receptacles; and subcylindrical caudal ramus with three spinal elements on terminal margin.
Transition temperatures and vacancies in superconducting Rb 3 C 60

We have studied the role of alkali-metal vacancies in the structure and superconductivity in nominal ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}{\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ through preparation of samples with different alkali-metal loadings and annealing temperatures, to search for the possible role of nonstoichiometry in superconductivity. We find sample-to-sample variations of $\ensuremath{\sim}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ in the superconducting transition temperature, but this does not correlate with vacancy concentration. We conclude that a model of electronic structure of alkali-metal fullerenes based on proximity to a Mott-Hubbard transition at integer doping is not applicable.
Analytical Electron Microscopy Study of Electron Radiation Damage in Iron Phosphate Glass Waste Forms

A series of iron phosphate glass waste forms with compositions of 45Fe2O3-55P2O5, 20Fe2O3-80P2O5, and 20Fe2O3-20Na2O-60P2O5, namely FeP-1, FeP-2 and FeP-3, was studied by analytical electron microscopy (AEM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) bright-field (BF) imaging showed that under the electron irradiation, phase segregation occurred in both the FeP-1 and FeP-2 samples at high electron doses (3.84×1026 e/m2). In contrast, bubbles formed in the FeP-3 sample, even at a relatively low dose (2.88×1025 e/m2), which may be attributed to the migration of Na under irradiation as in the case in sodium borosilicate glass. Series electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis showed that the glass materials experienced mass-loss and composition variation. No obvious Fe valence state changes under irradiation were observed within the irradiation period.
Assurance Qualité de la production d'eau par hémodialyse et du dialysat

Malgre l'optimisation constante des techniques de traitement de l'eau pour hemodialyse et de production des concentres de sels mineraux, le risque d'alteration de la qualite du dialysat par des micro-organismes et les produits de leur paroi persiste.Le generateur-moniteur d'hemodialyse demeure en effet le maillon le plus faible de la chaine d'hemodialyse et apparait aujourd'hui comme la source majeure de la contamination microbienne du dialysat du fait de l'efficacite aleatoire de sa desinfection chimique.La contamination microbienne du dialysat est a l'origine du developpement d'un biofilm sur la surface du circuit hydraulique, facteur majeur de bio-incompatibilite et de dysfonctionnement du generateur-moniteur d'hemodialyse.Une recherche de biofilm a ete realisee sur des tubulures vehiculant l'eau pour hemodialyse et le dialysat frais de generateurs de differentes marques, en service depuis 1 a 3 ans. L'examen par microscopie electronique a balayage de la surface interne des tubulures a mis en evidence la presence d'un biofilm constitue de nombreux depots bacteriens associes a un glycocalyx a differents stades de formation alors qu'aucun germe etait decele dans le dialysat frais preleve et que la concentration en endotoxines etait inferieure au seuil de detection. Le biofilm a ete quantifie apres sonification des tubulures par des analyses microbiologiques et chimiques. Les germes viables et totaux ont ete denombres respectivement par filtration sur membrane et incubation sur gelose trypticase-soja pendant 48 heures a 37°C puis 72 heures a 30°C et par la methode d'epi fluorescence. La concentration en endotoxines a ete determinee par le test du LAL. Le taux de polysaccharides, composant le glycocalyx, a ete evalue par la methode colorimetrique de Dubois.Le biofilm contenait de 10 a 30 CFU/cm2 et de 1.102 a 1.106 bacteries totales/cm2 et presentait une concentration en endotoxines de 0,3 a 15 EU/cm2 et un taux de polyosides de 7 a 100 µg/cm2 .L'etude menee a ainsi permis de demontrer qu'un biofilm pouvait se constituer des la premiere annee de mise service du generateur malgre la desinfection chimique pratiquee selon les recommandations du fabricant et qu'un risque de decharge de germes et d'endotoxines dans le dialysat echappant au controle microbiologique n'etait pas a exclure.Par consequent, la mise en place d'un programme d'Assurance Qualite globale de la chaine d'hemodialyse s'avere necessaire afin de garantir la fiabilite du dialysat produit.
Non-Linear Aerodynamic Modeling of Airfoils for Accurate Blade Element Propeller Performance Predictions

The blade element method is an indispensible engineering design tool. It executes rapidly on a personal computer and is capable of accurate propeller performance predictions. An extensive literature survey serves to show that for conventional high-aspect ratio propeller blades lifting surface and computational fluid dynamics approaches add a large degree of complexity without providing significantly improved performance prediction capabilities as compared to the blade element/vortex theory. The accuracy of the blade element method is, however, highly dependent on the accuracy of the airfoil aerodynamic model. The primary focus of this paper is thus to present a non-linear aerodynamic model of airfoils to be used in combination with a blade element code for the purpose of propeller performance prediction. This non-linear airfoil model includes the behavior of the lift and drag coefficients up to 90 degrees angle of attack as well as corrections for compressible flow phenomena. Propeller performance predictions using the proposed airfoil model are compared against experimental data. Very good agreement between experiment and prediction validates the model, though it is limited to subsonic helical tip Mach numbers. The non-linear aerodynamic model presented in this paper adds to the versatility, efficiency, and accuracy of the blade element method.
What Caffeine Tells Us about Nutrient Source Apportionment in Rural Watershed Tile Drainage

Markers offer interesting insight into the complexities of nutrient management in watersheds. This paper reports on the use of caffeine as a marker to track the contribution of human wastewater and groundwater to nutrient levels observed within tile drainage effluents in a rural, secondary tributary of Lake Erie in northwest Ohio. The study results revealed a strong, negative correlation between caffeine and total phosphorous (Pearson’s product moment correlation = -0.9). However, no additional correlations were observed between caffeine and other nutrients. Mean ± standard deviation caffeine concentrations ranged from non-detect at the control site to 1.2±0.4 μg/L in tile drainage effluents from sites having on-site wastewater systems. Mean ± standard deviation concentrations observed for total nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in tile drains were 3.5±1.8 mg/L and 0.4±0.07 mg/L, respectively. Commonalities in nutrient fingerprints (total and speciated phosphorous and nitrogen) in groundwater and tile drainage highlight the complex relationships for nutrient and water quality management in irrigation drainage networks.
Partial Replacement of Serum and Embryo Extract Requirements for Growth of Avian Cell Cultures.

SummarySalmine, pyruvate, insulin and lactalysate or its derivatives have been shown to replace partially requirements of avian cell cultures for serum and embryo extract. In addition to these factors, however, serum was required for growth comparable to that attained in the basal medium containing both serum and embryo extract. A function of lactalysate and embryo extract was inhibition of a toxic effect of serum. The stimulatory and“anti-toxic” effects of lactalysate were confined largely to the non-dialyzable portion. Nevertheless, the activity of acid hydrolysates of the lactalysate residue demonstrated that these properties were not dependent on a proteose or peptone.
The correlation between C-reactive protein and blood pressure in males and females

Objective To evaluate the relationship between C-reactive protein(CRP)and blood pressure(BP)in different genders. Methods A total of 3456 subjects from the Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces of China in the Urban Rural Epidemiological cohort were selected. All subjects were divided into 4groups according to the interquartile range of CRP levels:group G1(CRP0.14 mg/L),group G2(CRP 0.14- 0.45 mg/L),group G3(CRP0.45-1.42mg/L),and group G4(CRP≥1.42mg/L). Results The levels of systolic and diastolic BP were increased with the numerical increase of CRP,which were higher in group G4 than in group G1 [in males:(137.0±24.7)/(85.1±14.7)vs(128.6±20.6)/(79.7±12.8)mm Hg;in females:(133.8±23.3)/(83.0±13.0)vs(122.0±19.9)/(76.4±10.5)mm Hg,P0.05]. Logistic regression analysis revealed that CRP was positively related to hypertension prevalence. The risk of hypertension was 1.588 times higher in group G4 than in group G1 in females(95% CI1.155-2.181;P=0.004),and 1.651 times higher in males(95% CI 1.145-2.381;P=0.007). Conclusion In China,CRP was independently associated with BP and hypertension in males and females.
The Spectrum of Urinary Tract Fibroepithelial Polyps in Children

A fibroepithelial polyp is a benign neoplasm that occurs throughout the urinary tract. In children less than 18 years old only 12 cases of upper tract polyps have been reported. We report 2 additional pediatric cases of upper tract fibroepithelial polyps and a rare case of a fibroepithelial polyp in the bladder. At 2 to 7-year followup there has been no recurrence or further development of the polyps. A benign natural history and conservative therapy should be emphasized when fibroepithelial polyps of the upper or lower urinary tracts are encountered in children.
Black Identity, Past, Present and Future

The Identity of Blacks is a major problem that has opposed Western scholars to African scholars during colonialism and a few years following postcolonialism. In fact,Colonization had significant impacts in the African states. It seems that during colonization, the white man had a totally different image of Blacks as opposed to how African people viewed themselves in terms of their identity. Because the White man assumed that Blacks, no matter where they could be, had no proper image of themselves, there was a huge tendency for white folks to consider Blacks as savage people and completely evils. My aim purpose in this essay is to try to analyze issues related to Black identity by putting an emphasis on colonization as the main foundation. In order to do so, I am going to examine the why and how the White man had transformed and distorted Black identity. Thus, I intend to explore new paths to try to restore the real identity of Blacks nowadays.
Early and late results of total correction of tetralogy of Fallot.

Two hundred and nine patients underwent total repair of tetralogy of Fallot without congenital pulmonary atresia from 1971 to 1979. The age of the patients ranged from 22 months to 27 years (mean 6.8 years). Previous palliative shunts were present in 130 patients (62.2%). The right ventricular outflow tract obstruction was relieved by infundibulectomy in 31 patients (14.8%), by transannular patching in 142 patients (67.9%), and by insertion of a right ventricular-to-pulmonary artery prosthetic conduit in 10 patients (4.7%) with associated coronary artery anomalies. A porcine valve was inserted after transannular patching only in patients with undersized pulmonary arteries, unilateral pulmonary artery, or congenitally absent pulmonary valve. There were 10 early postoperative deaths (4.7%). Previous palliative shunts did not adversely affect early postoperative mortality rate. Surgically induced permanent complete heart block occurred in one patient (0.4%). Six patients (3%) died in the late postoperative period, three of them of unrelated causes. Late results were good in 170 patients (87%), fair in 10 patients (5.1%), and poor in 15 patients (7.6%). Poor results were due to residual stenosis at the origin of the pulmonary arteries in 13 patients (6.5%) and to residual ventricular septal defect in two patients (1%). The mean cardiothoracic ratio was 0.61 for patients with poor results and 0.54 for the entire group. Pulmonary valvular insufficiency was well tolerated postoperatively in the absence of distal pulmonary artery obstruction. This experience supports a policy of aggressive relief of the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction including liberal use of transannular patching and, when indicated, extensive reconstruction of the pulmonary artery branches. We also recommend a two-stage treatment program for symptomatic infants with unfavorable anatomy consisting of initial Blalock-Taussig shunt followed by total repair at about 3 years of age.
Case Example: Two Clips

This case sample demonstrates the steps in performing a two-Clip MitraClip procedure in a patient with severe functional mitral regurgitation (MR). The precise TEE localization of the residual MR after the first clip allowed for accurate placement of the second clip with excellent results.
Ornithine decarboxylase induction in liver- and hepatoma-derived cell cultures: no detectable differences between control and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated cells.

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity is markedly stimulated in fetal rat primary hepatocyte cultures by the addition of fresh growth medium and in hepatoma-derived cell cultures 2-6 hr following the addition of fresh serum-containing or serum-free medium. The three hepatoma-derived continuous cell lines studied were: H-4-II-E (rat), Hepa-1 (mouse), and HTC (rat "minimal deviation" hepatoma). When ice-cold fresh medium is added and the cultures are then incubated at 37°, ODC induction is greater than when fresh medium, prewarmed to 37°, is added. ODC induction is less in confluent cultures than in logarithmically growing cultures, and less in frozen postmitochondrial supernatant fractions than in freshly prepared fractions. No relationship is apparent between ODC induction and total cellular content of either cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. Whereas 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine stimulates cyclic AMP levels, this inhibitor of phosphodiesterase does not enhance ODC activity. These results do not support the hypothesis that stimulation of monooxygenase and ODC activities by various inducers of P-450 is mediated by the increased amount of cyclic AMP. ODC induction is never found to be greater in 3-methylcholanthrene-treated cultures than in control cultures. "Basal" ODC activities in nonstimulated liver- or hepatoma-derived cells in culture are 2-25 times greater than those in liver of the nonstimulated adult intact animal. Therefore, a difference in ODC induction between 3-methylcholanthrene-treated and control cultures (a) may be obscured by the already elevated ODC activity, (b) may not be a necessary prerequisite for the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase to occur, or (c) may be necessary if the starting ODC activity is very low but unnecessary if the starting ODC activity is already high. These data point out the difficulties in using cell culture to study the relationship between drug-metabolizing enzyme induction and ODC induction.
DiffEq, Phase Plane

This program prints a direction field and draws trajectories in the x,y-phase plane for an autonomous system of differential equations of the form $$\frac{{dx}} {{dt}} = f(t,y)\quad and\quad \frac{{dy}} {{dt}} = g(x,y)$$ and locates and analyzes singulartities.
Ceramic dielectrics

Ceramic dielectrics, as we know them today, are quite different from those in use 25 years ago. In fact, at the turn of the century, the American ceramic literature only briefly and sparingly mentions ceramic dielectrics. In 1901 and 1902 A. S. Watts writes on porcelain insulators stating that, “The essential properties of an electrical insulator are: first, that it possess, first of all, a high efficiency as a non-conductor; second, that it stand, without snapping, any reasonable strain put upon it by the exigencies of wiring; third, that it withstand the blows of missiles, even bullets, without, breaking.”
Tracking the Diffusion of Contact-Induced Disease from Social Interactions and Limited Observations of Symptoms

In this paper, we present an effective method to track diffusion of contact-induced disease at individual level, by utilizing both social interaction data captured by social sensors and limited symptom data reported by probe volunteers in a social community. Our method is effective, as demonstrated by experiments on a large synthesized dataset covering 1,300 people.
Non-visible light underwater optical communications

One look at the absorption curve for light in water suggests that the best possible window for underwater optical transmission is at the blue-green end of the visible light spectrum, centered at roughly 450 nm for clear, deep water, and shifted more towards green for coastal water [1]. While this holds true for signal transmission in the optical communications channel, it is also true for the solar spectrum, which presents as in-band white noise near the ocean surface. The greatest signal loss and interference is in the 0 to 40 meter depth range, but solar irradiance is still present to a depth of 300 meters and in some cases to a depth of500 meters. Because solar radiation shares the same spectral band as the communications signal, solar light is very difficult to reject without the loss of transmitted communications signal. For wide-angle transmitters and receivers, dielectric, thin-film (TF) filters are not effective due to the wavelength dependence on angle of incidence, thus making narrow-angle band pass filters for underwater use very difficult to design. Absorptive filters can be used to reject large portions of the visible spectrum, but the problem of in-band noise still remains since absorptive filters do not exhibit the sharp cutoff of interference filters. Sources in the range of 350 to 400 nm present a viable means to work at, or just beyond, the edge of the visible spectrum where a majority of sunlight can be rejected. Until recently, efficient, inexpensive, near ultraviolet (NUV) sources have not been readily available; but the demand for new, high power NUV light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for commercial applications has made their use in underwater applications possible. These wavelengths are not visible to the human eye thus making them good candidates for non-visible communications. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's (WHOI's) Optical Communications Group has performed many field and lab experiments with short wavelengths for the purpose of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), enhanced daylight performance, and non-visible underwater communications. Initially 405 nm LEDs were used for WDM in shallow water and then for long-range transmission tests in deep water at the Axial Seamount of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JDR). Additional tests were performed using 405 nm and 385 nm near the surface at JDR to assess ambient daylight rejection. Recently, work has been done in very shallow water in Cape Cod Bay to assess range with high ambient light in very turbid water.
Non-Invasive Approaches for Estimating Protein Turnover in Man

Abstract Determining the physiologic regulation of body protein synthesis and breakdown is critically important to understanding alterations in protein metabolism during illness and injury since, ultimately, loss of body protein can determine survival. In man, the ability to sample organ or structural proteins after administration of an appropriate tracer label is generally limited or impossible. This has led to the development of simplified, non-invasive approaches attempting to quantify body protein dynamics from the kinetics of nitrogen or from the turnover of a representative amino acid tracer. Each of these approaches has serious limitations which are discussed. The extent to which the model deficiencies influence the calculated protein kinetic values is largely unknown. Clearly, however, there is pressing need to develop more comprehensive models to describe the system in question.
Effect of Addition of Dry Crumb Rubber on the Performance of Terminal Blend Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Mixtures

Three major methods are used to produce crumb rubber modified asphalt pavement: the dry process (CRDry), the terminal blend process (CRTB), and the wet process (CRWet). Although the CRDry process replaces the portion of fine aggregate in the asphalt mixture with crumb rubber (CR) particles, the CRWet process incorporates CR particles into hot liquid asphalt before it is mixed with aggregates. CRTB is known as a special type of CRWet process in which the CR is blended with asphalt binder at the asphalt terminal. In general, the CRWet process can integrate 15% to 22% CR by weight of the binder. This amount ranges from 10% to 12% in the CRTB process as a result of the limitations associated with transportation and pumping. This study investigated the feasibility of increasing the CR content of CRTB modified asphalt mixtures. The addition to the mixture of about 0.5% CR (by weight of the mix) through the CRDry process doubled the amount of rubber to be found in a conventional CRTB mix. The relative performanc...
Weather sensitivity and climate change perceptions of tourists: A segmentation analysis

Many communities rely on tourism spending, so it is important to understand any potential changes to tourist flows resulting from changing climate and weather patterns. However, tourists are not a ...