cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Civil War Newspaper Maps: A Historical Atlas

Bull Run - Ball's Bluff - Chickamauga - Antietam - Secessionville - Champion's Hill. To the Northern public during the Civil War, they were exotic names of unfamiliar places where husbands, sons, fathers and brothers fought and died. Hungry for information from these far-off battlefields, Americans began buying daily newspapers in record numbers. Competition among publishers grew keen. Correspondents reporting from the field soon began supplementing written dispatches with battlefield maps, and before long newspapers were seeking new ways to portray topography and battle lines in clear, effective images. In "Civil War Newspaper Maps", David Bosse shows how 19th-century advances in printing and engraving technology, coupled with an unprecedented public demand for information, led to the development of a means of mass communication still in use today - the quickly produced, up-to-the-minute newspaper battlefield map. Bosses introduction offers a concise overview of the subject, including how correspondents sent maps to their papers from the field, press-military relations during the war, and the economic problems of map printing. Following the text is an atlas of 45 newspaper maps printed by the Northern daily press. Each map is accompanied by a summary of the military operation it illustrates and a commentary on the map itself, including an evaluation of its accuracy based on comparison with other historical and cartographic sources. Arranged chronologically, the maps cover nearly every theatre of the war and represent a unique historical record of one of the pivotal events in American history. David Bosse is curator of maps at the William L. Clements Library at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and the author of "Civil War Newspaper Maps: A Cartobibliography of the Northern Daily Press".
Measurement of Novel Biomarkers to Predict Chronic Heart Failure Outcomes and Left Ventricular Remodeling

Myocardial remodeling is pivotal in the progression and complication of chronic heart failure (HF). We assessed serial measurement of five biomarkers with biologic links to remodeling (biglycan, secreted frizzled-related protein 3, endostatin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 [IGFBP7], mimecan) in 142 patients with HF followed through 882 office visits. IGFBP7 and mimecan were most associated with events; in fully adjusted models, lower IGFBP7 concentrations across visits independently predicted fewer events (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83; 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 0.73–0.95, p = 0.01). Subjects with rising mimecan had greater decrease in left ventricular end diastolic (p = 0.07) and systolic (p = 0.01) volumes, greater increase in ejection fraction (p = 0.02), and had lowest event rates. Statistical models suggested several HF medications might lead to changes in both IGFBP7 and mimecan values. The results suggest serial measurement of IGFBP7 provides prognostic information, while changes in mimecan provide unique information regarding myocardial remodeling.
Chemisorption of H on magnetic Ni(001).

A theoretical investigation of an ordered $p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ H overlayer on Ni(001) shows a marked reduction of the surface Ni moment to \ensuremath{\sim}0.2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ (which at room temperature gives the impression of a "dead" layer) and the formation of a covalent-metallic bond between H and Ni. These results, along with the calculated equilibrium properties and single-particle spectrum, are discussed and compared to experiment.
Ab initio study of the electronic and structural properties of the ferroelectric transition in KH 2 PO 4

First-principles electronic structure calculations were carried out for the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases of ${\mathrm{KH}}_{2}{\mathrm{PO}}_{4}$ using the pseudopotential method. The calculated structures are in good agreement with experiment. The calculations reveal that the distance \ensuremath{\delta} between the two equilibrium positions of H along the O-O bond in the paraelectric phase depends on both the O-O bond length and the coordinated motion of the heavier P and K atoms. The results reconcile the previously proposed tunneling and geometric phenomenological models. The spontaneous polarization is found to arise from the redistribution of charge density caused by the displacement of the P atoms relative to the O atoms along the ferroelectric axis. The critical pressure for the transition from the orthorhombic to the tetragonal structure at zero temperature is found to be 30 kbar.
Minimizing Isobutylene Emissions from Large Scale tert-Butoxycarbonyl Deprotections

Isobutylene off-gas amounts liberated during the methanesulfonic acid-catalyzed deprotection of N-BOC−pyrrolidine in THF, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, toluene, and dichloromethane were measured using on-line gas-phase mass spectroscopy. While one full equivalent of isobutylene was released as an off-gas when THF was used as the reaction solvent, emissions were reduced by 65−95% in other solvents. In alcohol solvents, the corresponding alkyl tert-butyl ethers are formed as byproducts of the reaction as expected. In dichloromethane and toluene, oligomers of isobutylene can be formed under the reaction conditions. These results provided the basis for developing an effective acid/toluene scrubber for isobutylene that was successfully employed on the pilot plant scale.
Attitudes Toward Languages for Business at Two South Florida Universities

This study compares and contrasts the Aattitudes of business and language professors at two florida universities toward foreign language forbusiness courses. It presents the results of questionres distributed to one hundred and thirty-seven business faculty and thirty-one foreign language professors at the two institutions. The findings proe information about how the two groups view other, and the reasons why business schools be opposed to having language requirements. The results also reveal several problems in communication that exist between language and business faculty at the two universities. The purpose of the study is to gather and analyze information about how language and business faculty perceive each other in order to further mutual understanding, communication, and wider accepce of language for business courses.
The Detection of Magnetic Fields Toward M17 through the HI Zeeman Effect

We have carried out VLA Zeeman observations of HI absorption lines toward the HII region in the M17 giant molecular cloud complex. The HI absorption lines toward M17 show between 5 and 8 distinct velocity components which vary spatially in a complex manner across the source. We explore possible physical connections between these components and the M17 region based on calculations of HI column densities, line of sight magnetic field strengths, as well as comparisons with a wide array of previous optical, infrared, and radio observations. In particular, an HI component at the same velocity as the southwestern molecular cloud (M17 SW) ~20 km/s seems to originate from the edge-on interface between the HII region and M17 SW, in un-shocked PDR gas. We have detected a steep enhancement in the 20 km/s HI column density and line of sight magnetic field strengths (Blos) toward this boundary. A lower limit for the peak 20 km/s HI column density is N_{HI}/T_s > 5.6 x 10^{19} cm^{-2}/K while the peak Blos is ~ -450 muG. In addition, blended components at velocities of 11-17 km/s appear to originate from shocked gas in the PDR between the HII region and an extension of M17 SW, which partially obscures the southern bar of the HII region. The peak N_{HI}/T_s and Blos for this component are > 4.4 x 10^{19} cm^{-2}/K and +550 muG, respectively. Comparison of the peak magnetic fields detected toward M17 with virial equilibrium calculations suggest that ~1/3 of M17 SW's total support comes from its static magnetic field and the other 2/3 from its turbulent kinetic energy which includes support from Alfven waves.
Eutrophication and management initiatives for the control of nutrient inputs to Rhode Island coastal lagoons

An assessment of developing eutrophic conditions in small temperate lagoons along the coast of Rhode Island suggests that in such shallow, macrophyte based systems the response to nutrient enrichment differs from that described for plankton based systems. The nitrogen loadings per unit area of the salt ponds are 240–770 mmol N per m2 per year. Instead of the high nutrient concentrations, increased phytoplankton biomass and turbidity, leading to eventual loss of benthic macrophytes described for such systems as the Chesapeake, Patuxent and Appalachicola Bay, nutrient enrichment of the Rhode Island lagoons has led to increased growth of marine macroalgae. The increased macroalgal growth appears to alter the benthic habitat and a shift from a grazing to detrital food chain appears to be impacting important shellfisheries. As more extensive areas of organic sediments develop, geochemical cycling changes, resulting in higher rates of nitrogen remineralization and accelerated eutrophication. The major sources of nitrogen inputs to the salt ponds have been identified and a series of management initiatives have been designed to limit inputs from present and potential development within the watersheds of the lagoons.
Intraoperative brain shift and deformation: a quantitative analysis of cortical displacement in 28 cases.

Objective A quantitative analysis of intraoperative cortical shift and deformation was performed to gain a better understanding of the nature and extent of this problem and the resultant loss of spatial accuracy in surgical procedures coregistered to preoperative imaging studies. Methods Three-dimensional feature tracking and two-dimensional image analysis of the cortical surface were used to quantify the observed motion. Data acquisition was facilitated by a ceiling-mounted robotic platform, which provided a number of precision tracking capabilities. The patient's head position and the size and orientation of the craniotomy were recorded at the start of surgery. Error analysis demonstrated that the surface displacement measuring methodology was accurate to 1 to 2 mm. Statistical tests were performed to examine correlations between the amount of displacement and the type of surgery, the nature of the cranial opening, the region of the brain involved, the duration of surgery, and the degree of invasiveness. Results The results showed that a displacement of an average of 1 cm occurred, with the dominant directional component being associated with gravity. The mean displacement was determined to be independent of the size and orientation of the cranial opening. Conclusion These data suggest that loss of spatial registration with preoperative images is gravity-dominated and of sufficient extent that attention to errors resulting from misregistration during the course of surgery is warranted.
Porosity effects on particle size determination via sedimentation

Abstract The effect of porosity in silica particle sizes determined by gravitational settling in fluids is discussed, and correction factor illustrated. The errors associated with particle size determination are a function of the particle porosity only (i.e., independent of fluid and particle density). If the effect of porosity is not included, the particle size will be under-predicted by a factor of √1—ϵ.
Relationship between sleep and pain in adolescents with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome.

Study objectives To investigate sleep quality in adolescents with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome (JPFS) and determine whether sleep abnormalities, including alpha-delta sleep (ADS), correlate with pain intensity. We hypothesized that successful treatment for pain with exercise therapy would reduce ADS and improve sleep quality. Design Single-center preintervention and postintervention (mean = 5.7 ± 1.0 weeks; range = 4.0-7.3 weeks) observational study. Patients Ten female adolescents (mean age = 16.2 ± 0.65 SD yr) who met criteria for JPFS and completed treatment. Interventions Multidisciplinary pain treatment, including intensive exercise therapy. Measurements and results Pain and disability were measured by a pain visual analog scale (VAS) and the functional disability inventory. Subjective sleep measures included a sleep VAS, an energy VAS, and the School Sleep Habits Survey. Objective sleep measures included actigraphy, polysomnography (PSG), and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Baseline PSG was compared with that of healthy age- and sex-matched control patients. At baseline, patients had poorer sleep efficiency, more arousals/awakenings, and more ADS (70.3% of total slow wave sleep [SWS] versus 21.9% SWS, P = 0.002) than controls. ADS was unrelated to pain, disability, or subjective sleep difficulty. After treatment, pain decreased (P = 0.000) and subjective sleep quality improved (P = 0.008). Objective sleep quality, including the amount of ADS, did not change. Conclusions Although perceived sleep quality improved in adolescents with JPFS after treatment, objective measures did not. Our findings do not suggest exercise therapy for pain improves sleep by reducing ADS, nor do they support causal relationships between ADS and chronic pain or subjective sleep quality.
Effect of the current major insect outbreaks on decadal phenological and LAI trends in southern Rocky Mountain forests

Remote sensing is a valuable tool for monitoring the impact of landscape-scale disturbances on ecosystem structure and function. We explore the impact of the ongoing insect outbreaks Dendroctonus ponderosae , D. rufipennis , and Ips spp. on southern Rocky Mountain forests, with the goal of assessing the sensitivity of leaf area index LAI and phenology metrics to different disturbance severities. Specifically, we investigate the influence of the outbreaks on two important ecosystem metrics, LAI, and phenology e.g. green-up date, green-up speed, amplitude, etc.. Both were assessed via MODIS: 1000 m LAI MOD15A2 and 250 m NDVI MYD13Q1 for the phenology assessment. Trends 2002–2010 in phenology metrics and LAI were compared to different cumulative severities and timing of tree mortality, as determined from aerial surveys. Trends in phenology were significantly correlated with disturbance severity but with very low predictive power. This seems likely due to yearly variations in the onset of snow-fall and snow-melt, which dominate the phenologic signal at the regional scale of this study. Trends in LAI were associated more strongly with both disturbance severity and timing, with landscapes disturbed early in the observation period showing recovery e.g. a positive trend in LAI. The LAI, which is related to various vital ecosystem properties like water use and gas exchange, seems to be fairly resilient to even heavy mortality. Further work determining the relative contribution of the various functional groups trees, shrubs, and grasses to the LAI recovery is needed to better understand the implications of this large-scale, pervasive disturbance on forest structure and function.
Lysozyme transport in p-HEMA hydrogel contact lenses

Protein binding in hydrogels adversely affects their performance and can interfere with their usage in several biomedical applications including contact lenses. In this study we focus on understanding and modeling the mechanisms of protein transport in hydrogels, specifically focusing on the effect of protein concentration and gel crosslinking on transport. Specifically, we focus on lysozyme, the most abundant protein in tear fluid, and hydrogels of poly-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (p-HEMA), a common contact lens material. Protein uptake experiments with gels of different thicknesses showed a time scale increase as the square of the thickness suggesting diffusion controlled transport. Partition coefficient was found to be dependent on the equilibrium concentration of lysozyme, and also on the degree of crosslinking. Since transport is related to mesh size, gel modulus was obtained for various crosslinkings and utilized to estimate the mesh size. The transport data were fitted to a diffusion model and the fitted diffusivity was compared to diffusivity predicted from a model based on hydrogel mesh size. Both protein absorption and desorption data fitted the diffusion model with the same value of diffusivity, but the experimentally measured diffusivities were significantly smaller than those estimated on the basis of the gel mesh size. Models were modified to take into account protein binding to the polymer but the modified predictions were still larger than the measured values. The results of this study could assist in the development of contact lens materials that exhibit minimal protein binding, in designing cleaning regimens for protein removal from contact lenses, and in applications related to protein binding in several other biomaterials.
Assessing predictors of influenza and pneumonia vaccination in rural senior adults.

Abstract The overall purpose of this study was to identify predictors of influenza and pneumonia vaccination among rural senior adults. A mail survey was conducted in eight rural counties. Reported immunization rate for influenza (81.5%) among respondents was higher as compared to pneumonia (74.7%). Knowing someone with influenza was the strongest predictor of influenza vaccination and knowing someone with pneumonia was the strongest predictor of pneumonia vaccination. Belief that vaccinations are always beneficial was also a significant predictor. While several of the findings of this study are consistent with factors reported in literature to be significant predictors of immunization behavior for this age group, surprisingly, access was not a significant predictor for this rural sample.
AESTHETICS AND MANAGEMENT: BRIDGING THE GAP

Abstract It is possible to identify two relatively independent and distinct perspectives on what is valuable in the visual landscape. On the one hand there is the procedure for assessing visual quality which is utilized in one form or another by the various American land management agencies. An alternative approach is represented by the scholarly study of landscape aesthetics, a perspective which has its roots in the early 1700's in English literature, and has continued and evolved into its modern form. Inherent in this aesthetic study is the belief that the aesthetic qualities of landscapes are related to the informational and functional needs of humans. There is considerable value in using this traditional approach as a basis for improving current visual asessment processes. In order for this to occur, however, it must be possible to translate the rich information provided by the traditional approach into a mapped informational form that is compatible with the current visual assessment and management techniques. The effort to develop such a translation has focused on aspects of landform and land cover that might indicate the presence of such conceptual visual properties of the landscape as coherence, legibility and mystery. Initial steps to apply and test this translation have been taken, with promising results. The methodology used in these initial studies is relatively straightforward and widely applicable. Given the importance of the challenge and the encouragement of the preliminary results, it is hoped that others concerned with the fate of the landscape will be stimulated to apply these methods to their own landscape contexts.
The Impact of Distributed Leadership on Collaborative Team Decision Making

There are many rationales for group, rather than individual, decision making. Theorized advantages include more information to contribute to the decision, more diverse perspectives to inform deliberation, and greater efficiency for implementation. This article reports on the first experimental study of distributed leadership. Here we examine the impact of a distributed leadership intervention—as well as associated individual and team characteristics—on collaborative team decision making. We find that the intervention caused more collaborative decision making and that individual's perceived influence over school decision making, use of data, and trust within the team are also associated with higher levels of collaborative decision making.
Mechanisms for Defining Supercoiling Set Point of DNA Gyrase Orthologs I. A NONCONSERVED ACIDIC C-TERMINAL TAIL MODULATES ESCHERICHIA COLI GYRASE ACTIVITY

DNA topoisomerases manage chromosome supercoiling and organization in all cells. Gyrase, a prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerase, consumes ATP to introduce negative supercoils through a strand passage mechanism. All type IIA topoisomerases employ a similar set of catalytic domains for function; however, the activity and specificity of gyrase are augmented by a specialized DNA binding and wrapping element, termed the C-terminal domain (CTD), which is appended to its GyrA subunit. We have discovered that a nonconserved, acidic tail at the extreme C terminus of the Escherichia coli GyrA CTD has a dramatic and unexpected impact on gyrase function. Removal of the CTD tail enables GyrA to introduce writhe into DNA in the absence of GyrB, an activity exhibited by other GyrA orthologs, but not by wild-type E. coli GyrA. Strikingly, a "tail-less" gyrase holoenzyme is markedly impaired for DNA supercoiling capacity, but displays normal ATPase function. Our findings reveal that the E. coli GyrA tail regulates DNA wrapping by the CTD to increase the coupling efficiency between ATP turnover and supercoiling, demonstrating that CTD functions can be fine-tuned to control gyrase activity in a highly sophisticated manner.
Chronic variable stress or chronic morphine facilitates immobility in a forced swim test: reversal by naloxone

The behaviors displayed in a forced swim test were investigated in rats previously exposed to a chronic variable stress treatment or chronic administration of morphine. In addition, to further explore the participation of an endogenous opiate mechanism in these behavioral effects, naloxone was either administered during the chronic treatment (prior to each stress or morphine exposure) or immediately prior to the forced swim test. Animals were submitted daily to a different stressor for 1 week or injected with morphine (10 mg/kg, IP) for 6 days, whereas controls were unmanipulated except for the injection process. On the day following the last stressor, control and stressed animals were administered saline or naloxone (2 mg/kg, IP) 15 min prior to the forced swim test. Morphine treated animals were similarly tested on the third day following the last morphine injection. In a separate group of rats, naloxone (2 mg/kg, IP) was administered daily 10 min prior to each stressor of the chronic stress regime or each daily morphine injection. A significant increase in the time spent in immobility was observed in stressed animals as well as in rats chronically treated with morphine. In both groups, this potentiated immobility was attenuated by naloxone pretreatment prior to the forced swim test or when given before each daily stressor or morphine injection. In addition, the concurrent exposure to stress or morphine along with naloxone administration enhanced struggling in the first 5 min of the forced swim test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quinacrine fluorescence patterns of human D group chromosomes.

Quinacrine fluorescence patterns have been used to identify ten different numerical and structural abnormalities of human chromosomes 13, 14 and 15. There are several advantages of this method over autoradiographic and morphological methods.
How entrepreneurs seduce business angels: : An impression management approach

This paper develops and tests a set of hypotheses concerning how impression management strategies deployed by entrepreneurs affect their likelihood to secure funding. We test our propositions on a sample of nascent ventures seeking business angel funding in the New York metropolitan area. Our results suggest that business angels prefer investment proposals characterized by the moderate use of positive language, moderate levels of promotion of innovation, supplication and blasting of competition, and high levels of opinion conformity.
Isolation and characterization of nascent albuminyl peptides synthesized in vivo from rat liver

Abstract A procedure is described for the isolation of nascent albuminyl peptides from rat liver polysomes which is based on the isolation of total peptidyl tRNA by ion-exchange chromatography on ECTEOLA cellulose followed by immuno-affinity chromatography employing monospecific anti-albumin antibodies immobilized on Sepharose 4B. Identity of the isolated nascent albuminyl peptides was assayed by tryptic peptide fingerprint analysis. Quantitation and determination of the specific activity of the nascent albuminyl peptides, labeled in vivo with l -[ 14 C]leucine, were made by subjecting the peptides to acid hydrolysis, dansylation and resolution of the amino acids by thin-layer chromatography, and determination of the specific activity of dansyl leucine.
The reverse trace: a programming tool

It is often difficult for a student to make the transition from tracing programs that others have written to writing her own first real program. The author suggests that the student create a trace first and then derive a program that would make that trace. This method is fittingly called a reverse trace.
Defects in human immunodeficiency virus budding and endosomal sorting induced by TSG101 overexpression

Retrovirus budding is greatly stimulated by the presence of Gag sequences known as late or L domains. The L domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) maps to a highly conserved Pro-Thr-Ala-Pro (PTAP) sequence in the p6 domain of Gag. We and others recently observed that the p6 PTAP motif interacts with the cellular endosomal sorting protein TSG101. Consistent with a role for TSG101 in virus release, we demonstrated that overexpressing the N-terminal, Gag-binding domain of TSG101 (TSG-5′) suppresses HIV-1 budding by blocking L domain function. To elucidate the role of TSG101 in HIV-1 budding, we evaluated the significance of the binding between Gag and TSG-5′ on the inhibition of HIV-1 release. We observed that a mutation in TSG-5′ that disrupts the Gag/TSG101 interaction suppresses the ability of TSG-5′ to inhibit HIV-1 release. We also determined the effect of overexpressing a panel of truncated TSG101 derivatives and full-length TSG101 (TSG-F) on virus budding. Overexpressing TSG-F inhibits HIV-1 budding; however, the effect of TSG-F on virus release does not require Gag binding. Furthermore, overexpression of the C-terminal portion of TSG101 (TSG-3′) potently inhibits budding of not only HIV-1 but also murine leukemia virus. Confocal microscopy data indicate that TSG-F and TSG-3′ overexpression induces an aberrant endosome phenotype; this defect is dependent upon the C-terminal, Vps-28-binding domain of TSG101. We propose that TSG-5′ suppresses HIV-1 release by binding PTAP and blocking HIV-1 L domain function, whereas overexpressing TSG-F or TSG-3′ globally inhibits virus release by disrupting the cellular endosomal sorting machinery. These results highlight the importance of TSG101 and the endosomal sorting pathway in virus budding and suggest that inhibitors can be developed that, like TSG-5′, target HIV-1 without disrupting endosomal sorting.
Acute inotropic stimulation with dopamine in severe congestive heart failure: Beneficial hemodynamic effect at rest but not during maximal exercise

Abstract Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of dopamine were studied at rest and during maximal exercise in 13 patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). During exercise before the administration of dopamine, the stroke volume index increased from 17.1 ± 5.2 ml/m 2 at rest to 28.1 ± 10.9 ml/m 2 (p 2 (p 2 (difference not significant [NS]) and 43.9 ± 11.9 versus 42.5 ± 11.2 mm Hg (NS), respectively. In contrast, the maximal heart rate achieved during exercise was significantly higher with dopamine, 140.3 ± 29.3 versus 136.0 ± 29.7 beats/min (p 2 (p
A 3-D printed miniaturized log-periodic dipole antenna

This paper presents a miniaturized, light-weight, log-periodic dipole antenna fabricated with 3-D printing techniques. The antenna substrate is built of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene material using the fused deposition modeling process and then metalized through direct print additive manufacturing using Dupont CB-028 silver ink. The antenna weighs 1.8 g and has a measured gain > 4 dBi and front-to-back ratio > 20 dB over the 2.25-3.75 GHz range. Compared to the standard log-periodic dipole antenna, the size is reduced by 13% with minimal gain degradation.
America's post‐Vietnam stress disorder

The year 1995 was a good year for the war buffs, marked as it was by the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II and the 20th anniversary of the “fall of Saigon” that ended the Vietnam war. The mass media were flooded with war retrospectives, celebrating the triumphal victory of the Allies in 1945 and agonizing once again over the “lessons” of the American war that won't die. Seemingly timed to coincide with the latter, the publication of Robert McNamara's In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam unleashed a firestorm of controversy about the war and this pivotal figure's role in shaping U.S. policy. McNamara's confession that “we were wrong, terribly wrong” about Vietnam seemed to rip the scabs from America's war wounds and ignite all the old arguments about the war. Within mainstream culture, McNamara was vehemently denounced by Vietnam vets, journalists like David Halberstam and the New York Times’ editors, as well as those on the right who sensed that Vietnam “doves” would be vindicated b...
Modelling sea⧸shore rotation

Abstract This paper describes an inventory model to assist Navy planners in managing enlisted personnel distributions between sea and shore duty. In order to fulfill its mission, the Navy must maintain specified sea-manning levels, but personnel must also be periodically rotated to shore duty. Rotation patterns which promote morale and retention may not produce acceptable sea and shore distribution. Consequently, a compromise between these conflicting considerations must be determined. Effective planning requires knowledge of what personnel distributions result from a particular rotation pattern, or, conversely, what rotation pattern, if any, will produce a desired distribution. The network flow model developed in this paper provides an accurate simulation of personnel movements, including the relationships between rotation patterns, retention rates, promotion to higher paygrades, and personnel distribution. It models a Navy enlisted community whose inventory varies over time, and which has several experience levels, each with a different rotation pattern. Because of the complexity of sea/shore rotation dynamics, the model does not provide analytic insight into them, but it can be used interactively to assist the community manager in defining feasible rotation patterns. The model calculates a gradient allowing the user to determine how to alter rotation patterns so that personnel flows over a predetermined horizon will gradually adjust the inventory to attain the desired distribution. Theoretically, this could be accomplished by a linear programming algorithm; but due to the excessive number of variables and the wide range of acceptable policy alternatives, it is not practical. Instead, the personnel manager interacts with the model in a series of iterative steps to develop an acceptable management strategy.
Effects of pentachlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the microflora of the soil in a beech wood

Every second month for 2 years a beech forest floor was treated with pentachlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichorophenoxyacetic acid each in two concentrations. The microbial biomass and its respiration activity in the three litter horizons were measured during this time and during a recovery period of 2 years after the treatment was stopped. The microbial biomass, mainly fungi, was decreased dose-responsively, as was the respiration rate. The doubling time of the fungal biomass was estimated to be about 50–100 days in the F horizon, and considering the natural decreases and recovery times observed, it is suggested, following Domsch et al. (1983), that a biomass decrease of 75%–93.75% is tolerable, a decrease of less than 75% is negligible, and a decrease of over 93.75% is critical.
Thermal cycling distortion of metal ceramics: Part II--Etiology.

Abstract The three-dimensional geometry of conventional fixed prostheses complicates the study of the thermal cycling distortion in metal ceramic alloys. Any explanation of the etiology of thermal cycling distortion in metal ceramic restorations must account for the observed magnitude, tinmng, and direction of the deformation. The simplified experimental geometry developed in Part I was applied to elucidate the etiologic factors involved in metal ceramic deformation. Techniques to minimize the thermal cycling distortion were also studied. It was found that all of the significant distortion occurred during the first thermal cycling of the alloy (oxidation) and that no distortion resulted from the application of body porcelain. The specimens that were cold worked and then oxidized had significantly more distortion than any other group. A significant reduction in distortion was observed when the initial thermal cycling was completed before the specimens were cold worked. It was determined that the release of casting- and cold working-induced stresses had a synergistic effect.
An analysis of three national health insurance proposals in sub-Saharan Africa.

The financing and/or provision of health insurance by government has a theoretical basis: it stems from market failure in the private health insurance market; and, from externalities in the consumption of health care by the poor. Government health insurance, or national health insurance (NHI) may be analysed by using five criteria: who are the beneficiaries?; efficiency effects; the equity of financing; the level of administrative costs; and, political acceptability. In the last five years, Ghana, Zimbabwe and Nigeria have each considered proposals for NHI. However, each proposal shows design flaws, when analysed in the light of the five criteria above. This article first considers types of health insurance in Sub-Saharan Africa, and why NHI, with cost recovery as an essential component, might be desirable. A following section present an outline of the NHI proposals in Ghana, Zimbabwe and Nigeria and points out the design flaws. A final section builds upon the theoretically-good aspects of the three proposals, and considers some alternate approaches to NHI that these three countries and other countries in the Sub-Sahara might want to consider.
Modeling Debris Slide Geometry with Balanced Cross Sections: A Rigorous Field Test

Cross sections of slopes subjected to progressive displacements can be constructed from arrays of deeply embedded survey poles aligned in the directions of slip. Changes in the spacing and plunge angles of the poles can be used to construct vertical sections that show positions of slip surfaces and the changing shapes and/or positions of stratigraphic boundaries by applying the principles of cross-section balancing. Balanced models of such progressive failures can be used as the basis for determining field locations, data needs, and mitigation strategies associated with more rigorous geotechnical investigations. A slow debris slide in the coastal bluffs of Lake Michigan has been monitored bi-weekly to tri-weekly beginning in 1996 with balanced cross sections constructed annually. When the debris slide was drilled in 47 different places in 2003 as part of a bluff de-watering study, surfaces of rupture and stratigraphic contacts observed in drill cores matched with strong correlation the predicted depth positions of slip surfaces from balanced section models. Without access to the balanced geometric models of the debris slide as guides to drilling sites and geotechnical analyses of soils, the drilling program would not have produced the level of knowledge necessary for a well planned mitigation strategy.
Advantages and limitations of coupling isotachophoresis and comprehensive isotachophoresis-capillary electrophoresis to time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Abstract Capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) and comprehensive isotachophoresis–capillary electrophoresis (ITP–CE) were successfully coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) using angiotensin peptides as model analytes. The utility of ITP–TOF-MS and ITP–CE–TOF-MS for the analysis of samples containing analyte amounts sufficient to form flat-top ITP zones (30 μ M ) as well as for samples with trace analyte amounts (0.3 μ M ) was studied. Separations were performed in 150 μm internal diameter (I.D.) capillaries for the ITP experiments, and in 200 μm I.D. (ITP) and 50 μm I.D. (CE) capillaries for ITP–CE experiments. The fused-silica columns were coated with poly(vinyl alcohol) to suppress electroosmotic flow that can disrupt ITP zone profiles. The sample loading capacity in both ITP and comprehensive ITP–CE was greatly enhanced (up to 10 μl) compared with typical nanoliter-sized injection volumes in CE. It was concluded that ITP–TOF-MS alone was adequate for the separation and detection of high concentration samples. The outcome was different at lower analyte concentrations where mixed zones or very sharp peaks formed. With formation of mixed zones, ion suppression and discrimination could occur, complicating quantitative determination of the analytes. This problem was effectively overcome by inserting a CE capillary between the ITP and TOF-MS. In such an arrangement, samples were preconcentrated in the high load ITP capillary and then injected into a CE capillary where they were separated into non-overlapping peaks prior to their detection by TOF-MS. The advantage of this comprehensive arrangement, which we have described previously, is that there is no need to discard portions of the sample in order to avoid overloading of the CE capillary. The whole sample is analyzed by multiple injections from ITP to CE. Thus, this method can be used for the analysis of complex samples with wide ranges of component concentrations.
Cost-effectiveness of preoperative autologous blood donation for orthopedic and cardiac surgeries

Decision analysis techniques can be used to determine objectively the health improvement benefit obtained from a medical intervention relative to the resources required for the intervention. Such calculations can help direct societal healthcare policies but may not be directly applicable to an individual patient. However, these analyses can still be used to indicate those situations in which an intervention is most beneficial and those in which its use may not be appropriate. Preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD), for example, may not be cost-effective if blood units are collected when they are not likely to be used or if such units are transfused solely because they are available. Furthermore, the risks associated with PABD may exceed those of the allogeneic transfusion that the patient seeks to avoid, particularly in patients with significant cardiac disease. In such settings, careful, objective analyses may help direct not only healthcare policy but also hemotherapy practice for individual patients.
An increase of blood squamous cell carcinoma antigen in Pseudomonas aeruginosa spondylitis

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is traditionally engaged for detecting and following up malignancy from a squamous cell origin. We encountered an unusual increase of blood SCCA but no other cancer markers in a patient associated with an infective lumbar spondylitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An overshooting of Th1 expression, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, bumped up by his uremia as a result of P. aeruginosa infection may hasten SCCA. Therefore, SCCA might additionally serve as a serological marker for infection besides squamous cell cancer, and its false-positive increase also highlights the appropriateness of tumor marker screening.
Epigenomic biomonitors: global DNA hypomethylation as a biodosimeter of life-long environmental exposures

Epigenomics refers to the study of genome-wide heritable changes in gene activity and expression in the progeny of cells or individuals, without a change in nucleotide sequence, and its contribution to cellular growth and differentiation, disease and aging. Epigenomics provides a window through which we can understand the exposome [1], that is the life-course impact of environment, nutrition and lifestyle choices on health and disease susceptibility, as well as risk [2]. Epigenomic processes, a whole-genome concert of heritable epigenetic changes acting with choreographed precision, behave in a cell-specific, temporally regulated fashion to direct normal development, differentiation, organogenesis, tissue formation, tissue maintenance and aging [3]. While genetic processes rely on the nucleotide sequence of the DNA, epigenomic processes depend on reversible biochemical alterations of the DNA strands or higher order chromatin packaging to regulate gene activity and expression. As such, epigenomic processes can be both appealing and elusive targets for biomonitoring environmental exposures. Epigenomic mechanisms are linked to gene activation, gene silencing and chromosomal instability, but questions still remain regarding the timing, maintenance and stability of epigenomic marks. Additional knowledge of how critical epigenomic patterns are inherited and maintained is needed to understand the role of the human epigenome in health and disease. For example, little is known regarding how normal growth and development are impacted by the epigenome, which is not a stable entity but rather highly dynamic, as it responds to micro- and macro-environments throughout the life course [4]. Epigenomic changes are tissue, exposure or disease specific and seem to be in a dynamic flux during the cell cycle and in mitotic divisions [5]. The epigenome is linked to circadian rhythms, is highly dependent on lifestyle and context and may be associated with maternal and grand-maternal exposures. As such, it is a magnificent molecular tapestry of ourselves, providing a record of where we come from and a roadmap of who we will become – invaluable information pending our ability to decipher it. Furthermore, because of its potentially modifiable, yet fundamentally stable nature, there in lies the possibility that we might learn how to manipulate the epigenome to nurture and promote health, as well as to prevent or treat disease [6].
Carbodiimide coupling to formalin-fixed red blood cells a direct passive hemagglutination test for anti-horse ferritin☆

The water-soluble carbodiimide, 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate, has been used to couple horse ferritin covalently to formalin-fixed, human red blood cells. This method has been optimized with respect to sensitivity, range, and reproducibility. The sensitized cells are stable for at least 6 months at 4 degrees C, and they may be stored frozen without additives or special precautions. Titers of 1/216 are routinely obtained with antisera to ferritin.
Ledge structure and the mechanism of θ' precipitate growth in AlCu

A model of precipitate plate growth developed for the PtC interstitial alloy system is extended to substitutional systems and compared with observations on θ′ precipitation from Al–4% Cu. By analogy, simple basic units of ledge growth involving conservative and non-conservative partial dislocation propagation on {001} planes are predicted for θ′ formation directly from solid solution. In contrast to current models for Al–Cu that assume a/n[001] dislocations at ledges, single ledges (one θ′ unit cell high), are necessarily associated with partial dislocations whose shear component is 1/2[100] or 1/2[010] analogous to the 1/6〈112〉 Shockley partials in the nucleation of γ′ plates on {111} planes in AlAg. This is shown to be a direct outcome of a simple lattice correspondence between the f.c.c. matrix and the b.c.t. precipitate. In general, however, double ledges (1.16 nm high) with opposite, cancelling, shears form to minimize shape change. Superledges (2.03 nm high) which are frequently observed, in addition minimize volume change. Accommodation of misfit in the broad faces of the precipitate also arises naturally in the model from epitaxial dislocations formed by combinations of growth partials. When θ′ forms from θ″ the vacancy super-saturation provided by dissolving dislocation loops is thought to initiate the transformation. A commonality of behavior found for PtC, AlCu, and AlAg suggests a wider validity for the proposed model. Ein Modell fur das Wachstum plattchenformiger Ausscheidungen, entwickelt fur das interstitielle Legierungssystem Pt–C, wird auf substitutionelle Systeme ubertragen und mit Beobachtungen von θ′-Ausscheidungen in Al–4% Cu verglichen. Einfache Grundeinheiten des Stufenwachstums, die die konservative und nichtkonservative Ausbreitung von Partialversetzungen auf {001}-Ebenen erfordern, werden fur θ′-Bildung aus dem ubersattigten Mischkristall vorhergesagt. Im Gegensatz zu ublichen Modellen fur Al–Cu, die a/n[001] Versetzungen an Stufen annehmen, sind Einzelstufen (eine θ′-Einheitszelle hoch) notwendigerweise mit einer Partialversetzung verbunden, deren Scherkomponente 1/2[100] oder 1/2[010] betragt, analog zu den 1/6〈112〉 Shockley-Partialversetzungen in der Keimbildung von γ′-Platten auf {111}-Ebenen in Al–Ag. Es wird gezeigt, das dies das direkte Ergebnis eines einfachen Gitterzusammenhangs zwischen der k.f.z.-Matrix und der t.r.z.-Ausscheidung ist. Im Allgemeinen werden jedoch Doppelstufen (1,16 nm hoch) mit entgegengesetzten, sich gegenseitig aufhebenden Scherkomponenten gebildet, um die Formanderung zu minimieren. Superstufen (2,03 nm hoch), die oft beobachtet werden, gleichen zusatzlich die Volumenanderung aus. Fehlpassung auf den flachen Seiten der Ausscheidungen wird durch epitaktische Versetzungen ausgeglichen, die durch Kombination von Wachstums-Partialversetzungen entstehen. Wenn θ′ sich aus θ″ bildet wird vermutet, das die Leerstellenubersattigung aus sich auflosenden Versetzungsringen die Umwandlung beginnt. Die Ahnlichkeit im Verhalten von PtC, AlCu und AlAg deutet auf eine allgemeinere Anwendungsmoglichkeit des Modells hin.
Effects of DksA, GreA, and GreB on Transcription Initiation: Insights into the Mechanisms of Factors that Bind in the Secondary Channel of RNA Polymerase

Abstract Escherichia coli DksA, GreA, and GreB have similar structures and bind to the same location on RNA polymerase (RNAP), the secondary channel. We show that GreB can fulfil some roles of DksA in vitro , including shifting the promoter-open complex equilibrium in the dissociation direction, thus allowing rRNA promoters to respond to changes in the concentration of ppGpp and NTPs. However, unlike deletion of the dksA gene, deletion of greB had no effect on rRNA promoters in vivo . We show that the apparent affinities of DksA and GreB for RNAP are similar, but the cellular concentration of GreB is much lower than that of DksA. When over-expressed and in the absence of competing GreA, GreB almost completely complemented the loss of dksA in control of rRNA expression, indicating its inability to regulate rRNA transcription in vivo results primarily from its low concentration. In contrast to GreB, the apparent affinity of GreA for RNAP was weaker than that of DksA, GreA affected rRNA promoters only modestly in vitro and, even when over-expressed, GreA did not affect rRNA transcription in vivo . Thus, binding in the secondary channel is necessary but insufficient to explain the effect of DksA on rRNA transcription. Neither Gre factor was capable of fulfilling two other functions of DksA in transcription initiation: co-activation of amino acid biosynthetic gene promoters with ppGpp and compensation for the loss of the ω subunit of RNAP in the response of rRNA promoters to ppGpp. Our results provide important clues to the mechanisms of both negative and positive control of transcription initiation by DksA.
Mad rivers run sane

Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature Under Siege. By Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly Jr. Basic Books: 1992. Pp. 376. $24. (To be published in the United Kingdom by Aurum Press later this year.)