cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design, Synthesis, and Self-Assembly of Polymers with Tailored Graft Distributions

Grafting density and graft distribution impact the chain dimensions and physical properties of polymers. However, achieving precise control over these structural parameters presents long-standing synthetic challenges. In this report, we introduce a versatile strategy to synthesize polymers with tailored architectures via grafting-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). One-pot copolymerization of an ω-norbornenyl macromonomer and a discrete norbornenyl comonomer (diluent) provides opportunities to control the backbone sequence and therefore the side chain distribution. Toward sequence control, the homopolymerization kinetics of 23 diluents were studied, representing diverse variations in the stereochemistry, anchor groups, and substituents. These modifications tuned the homopolymerization rate constants over 2 orders of magnitude (0.36 M–1 s–1 < khomo < 82 M–1 s–1). Rate trends were identified and elucidated by complementary mechanistic and density functional theory (DFT) studies. Building ...
Role of Immersive Touch Simulation in Neurosurgical Training

Over years, neurosurgical training is changing: sophisticated clinical skills to learn are challenged by catastrophic consequences in case of surgical mistakes, and patient safety and procedure efficacy have a higher priority than educational training. Practice, though, is the mainstay for surgical learning and skills improvement, and simulation models provide training opportunity in a safe and controlled environment.
Laminated Object Manufacturing of 3D‐Printed Laser‐Induced Graphene Foams

Laser-induced graphene (LIG), a graphene structure synthesized by a one-step process through laser treatment of commercial polyimide (PI) film in an ambient atmosphere, has been shown to be a versatile material in applications ranging from energy storage to water treatment. However, the process as developed produces only a 2D product on the PI substrate. Here, a 3D LIG foam printing process is developed on the basis of laminated object manufacturing, a widely used additive-manufacturing technique. A subtractive laser-milling process to yield further refinements to the 3D structures is also developed and shown here. By combining both techniques, various 3D graphene objects are printed. The LIG foams show good electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, as well as viability in various energy storage and flexible electronic sensor applications.
Ca 2+ , Astrocyte Activation and Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

Mounting evidence supports a fundamental role for Ca2+ dysregulation in astrocyte activation. Though the activated astrocyte phenotype is complex, cell-type targeting approaches have revealed a number of detrimental roles of activated astrocytes involving neuroinflammation, release of synaptotoxic factors and loss of glutamate regulation. Work from our lab and others has suggested that the Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin (CN), provides a critical link between Ca2+ dysregulation and the activated astrocyte phenotype. A proteolyzed, hyperactivated form of CN appears at high levels in activated astrocytes in both human tissue and rodent tissue around regions of amyloid and vascular pathology. Similar upregulation of the CN-dependent transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT4) also appears in activated astrocytes in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (ADs) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Major consequences of hyperactivated CN/NFAT4 signaling in astrocytes are neuroinflammation, synapse dysfunction and glutamate dysregulation/excitotoxicity, which will be covered in this review article.
Effects of experimental anthropogenic noise on avian settlement patterns and reproductive success

Tree swallows prefer to nest in quieter territories, with birds in noisier territories suffering lower reproductive success. Females exposed to traffic noise laid fewer eggs than expected based on egg-laying dates alone (a proxy of female quality). These females also had nestlings of reduced body condition, even though nestlings were not exposed to noise directly. Our results suggest negative impacts of noise on egg production and nestling body condition, which could reduce local population size.
Prognostic and Therapeutic Significance of Phosphorylated STAT3 and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-6 in Peripheral-T Cell Lymphoma.

Peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCL) is a heterogenous group of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and many patients remain refractory to the frontline therapy. Identifying new prognostic markers and treatment is an unmet need in PTCL. We analyzed phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3) expression in a cohort of 169 PTCL tumors and show overall 38% positivity with varied distribution among PTCL subtypes with 27% (16/59) in PTCL-NOS; 29% (11/38) in AITL, 57% (13/28) in ALK-negative ALCL, and 93% in ALK-pos ALCL (14/15), respectively. Correlative analysis indicated an adverse correlation between pSTAT3 and overall survival (OS). PTPN6, a tyrosine phosphatase and potential negative regulator of STAT3 activity, was suppressed in 62% of PTCL-NOS, 42% of AITL, 60% ALK-neg ALCL, and 86% of ALK-pos ALCL. Loss of PTPN6 combined with pSTAT3 positivity predicted an infwere considered significantferior OS in PTCL cases. In vitro treatment of TCL lines with azacytidine (aza), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi), restored PTPN6 expression and decreased pSTAT3. Combining DNMTi with JAK3 inhibitor resulted in synergistic antitumor activity in SUDHL1 cell line. Overall, our results suggest that PTPN6 and activated STAT3 can be developed as prognostic markers, and the combination of DNMTi and JAK3 inhibitors as a novel treatment for patients with PTCL subtypes.
The Prevalence and Health Impacts of Frequent Work Discrimination and Harassment among Women Firefighters in the US Fire Service

Intro. Both discrimination and harassment directly impact mental and physical health. Further, workplace discrimination degrades workplace culture and negatively impacts health behaviors, job-related outcomes, and family dynamics. Women represent a small proportion of the fire service and are often the targets of discrimination/harassment, yet little research documents the impact of such experiences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between chronic work discrimination and/or harassment and women firefighters’ (FFs) physical and mental health, substance abuse, and job efficacy, stress, and satisfaction. Methods. Snowball sampling was used to solicit participation from women career FFs. Participants completed an online survey regarding physical and mental health, health behavior, job efficacy/stress/satisfaction, and family well-being. Logistic regression examined the impact of work discrimination-harassment severity on dichotomous variables. Results. 1,773 had complete data on their experiences with work-related discrimination and harassment. Women reported experiencing verbal (37.5%) and written (12.9%) harassment, hazing (16.9%), sexual advances (37.4%), and assaults (5.1%) in the fire service. FFs in the highest tertile of work discrimination-harassment severity reported over 40% more poor health days in the last 30 days (OR=1.42; 95%CI=1.33-1.51; p<0.001). Women who experienced moderate and severe discrimination/harassment had negative mental health outcomes including higher prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Those who experienced high rates of discrimination and/or harassment also were more likely to report issues with alcohol consumption. Conclusion. The impact of discrimination and harassment, related negative physical and mental outcomes, low levels of job satisfaction, and negative impact of these experiences on family/home stress likely take a significant toll on women in the fire service. Findings confirm and extend previous work suggesting there is a need to improve the mental and physical health of women FFs. Future work should examine the prospective relationship between discrimination/harassment and poor health outcomes and potential policies/practices to reduce these negative behaviors.
Stress Linked to Reports of Simulator Sickness in Vigilance: A Factor Analysis of the SSSQ and the SSQ:

The current study investigated the relationship between stress and simulator sickness within vigilance tasks. The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire and the Short Stress State Questionnaire were empl...
Connecting chemistry concepts with environmental context using student-built pH sensors

AbstractEducational research supports incorporating active engagement into K-12 education using authentic STEM experiences. While there are discipline-specific resources to provide students with su...
Populist Nationalism and the Challenges of Divided Nationhood: The Politics of Migration, Mobility, and Demography in Post-2010 Hungary:

This article uses the case of post-2010 Hungary to investigate the ways in which the concomitant trends of mobility, migration, and demographic decline may intersect to both challenge and bolster t...
Evaluating Amyloid Beta (Aβ) 1-40 Degradation by Capillary Electrophoresis

Here, we describe a capillary electrophoresis method for evaluating proteolysis of the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) 1-40. This method is suitable for kinetic studies, demands little specialized equipment, and consumes only small quantities of a commercially available substrate whose physiological accumulation is thought to underlie the development of Alzheimer's disease.
The pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic or acquired disorder characterized by progressive distention of multiple tubular segments and manifested by fluid accumulation, growth of non-neoplastic epithelial cells and remodeling of the extracellular matrix resulting ultimately in some degree of renal functional impairment, with the potential for regression following removal of the inductive agent(s). It is due to an aberration of one or more factors regulating tubular morphogenesis. Human PKD can pursue a rapid course with renal failure occurring perinatally (infantile PKD) or an indolent course without renal failure developing during the life of the individual (adult PKD). Human acquired PKD develops in atrophic and scarred end-stage kidneys with non-cystic forms of renal disease. Cell proliferation, fluid secretion, impaired cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction, defective function of the Golgi apparatus, cell undifferentiation, and an abnormal matrix have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PKD based on clinical and experimental studies. Under normal conditions, the dynamic turnover of tubular epithelia and matrices are tightly regulated to maintain tubular morphology. The basic defect in PKD is tubular dysmorphogenesis. Our finding indicates that the principal phenotypic features of autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) are altered structure and function of the Golgi complex, altered structure and composition of the matrix and cell undifferentiation, all of which are probably interrelated. If the gene product of the ADPKD 1 gene results in a defective matrix, the abnormal Golgi function and cell differentiation may be due to faulty matrix-cell communication.
The Prevalence of Hyperpalatable Baby Foods and Exposure During Infancy: A Preliminary Investigation.

Objective: To characterize the prevalence of hyperpalatable foods (HPF) among baby foods in the U.S. and examine the prevalence of HPF exposure and consumption from both baby food and adult food sources among infants aged 9–15 months. Methods: A U.S. baby food database as well as baby foods from three 24-h dietary recalls of 147 infants were used to identify baby foods as HPF per previous publication. HPF exposure was defined as intake of any HPF during the 3-day measurement period. To determine the extent of HFP consumption, % kilocalorie (kcal) intake from HPF was characterized. Results: Only 12% of baby foods were HPF; however, nearly all participants (>90%) consumed HPF, primarily through exposure to adult foods. Younger infants (<12 months) consumed 38% [standard deviation (SD) = 23.6%] of their daily food kcal from HPF and older infants (≥12 months) consumed 52% (SD = 16.4%) of daily food kilocalorie from HPF. Most younger infants (68%) and older infants (88%) had repeated exposure to the same HPF across the measurement period. Conclusions: The prevalence of HPF among baby foods in the U.S. is low. However, almost all infants were exposed to HPF, and HPF comprised a substantial percentage of daily food kilocalorie in infants' diets. Findings highlight the transition to solid food consumption during complimentary feeding period is a critical time for early HPF exposure.
Characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment of sinonasal squamous-cell carcinoma.

Background Treatment and prognosis of sinonasal squamous-cell carcinoma (SNSCC) have not significantly improved despite improvements in radical therapy. Characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) may identify patient subgroups associated with disease recurrence, and provide new biomarkers for improved patient stratification and treatment. Methods The TiME was quantitatively evaluated by multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) in archived tissue sections from 38 patients with SNSCC, and were assessed for differences between recurrent (n = 20) and nonrecurrent (n = 18) groups. Hierarchical clustering analyses were performed to identify phenotypic TiME subgroups within the cohort and were used to compare survival outcomes. Results Our mIHC analysis revealed increased T-cell populations and decreased myeloid-cell populations in SNSCC patients without recurrent disease, as compared with patients with recurrent disease. Within T-cell subsets, there was a significantly higher percentage of granzyme B+ , T-bet+ , Eomes+ T cells, as well as higher proliferation of CD8+ T cells within the nonrecurrent group relative to the recurrent group. Furthermore, immune-cell complexity profiles of SNSCC revealed hyper- and hypo-T-cell-inflamed, myeloid-inflamed, B-cell-inflamed, and broadly hypoinflamed subtypes not previously identified by gene expression analyses. Our study revealed that presence of either hyper- or hypo-T-cell-inflamed TiME subtypes were associated with increased survival outcomes as compared with broadly hypoinflamed TiME subtypes (p = 0.035 and 0.0376, respectively). Conclusions The TiME of SNSCC reveals distinct subtypes, which may correlate with recurrence and survival outcomes.
Initiation in Amilibia's Los fantasmas de barro

The reader of the contemporary Spanish novelist Jesus Maria Amilibia's Los fantasmas de barro (1978) is confronted with harsh and embittered social criticism of the economic deprivation, vengeance, hyprocrisy, broken families, cruel punishments, and man's inhumanity to his fellow human beings prevalent during the Franco era. Admittedly, this portrayal of Spain is all too typical of the postCivil War novel, beginning with Cela's La familia de Pascual Duarte (1942), and continuing through an enormous production of novelistic works in which the writers increasingly seek to express their personal views about society. Amilibia's work, however, is something more than a mere expose of the social ills of Spain and warrants unique importance because its structure and form complement the action and demonstrate in effect the basic underlying rites which function in a given society and manifest its value system.
Vector-transmitted disease vaccines: targeting salivary proteins in transmission (SPIT).

More than half the population of the world is at risk for morbidity and mortality from vector-transmitted diseases, and emerging vector-transmitted infections are threatening new populations. Rising insecticide resistance and lack of efficacious vaccines highlight the need for novel control measures. One such approach is targeting the vector–host interface by incorporating vector salivary proteins in anti-pathogen vaccines. Debate remains about whether vector saliva exposure exacerbates or protects against more severe clinical manifestations, induces immunity through natural exposure or extends to all vector species and associated pathogens. Nevertheless, exploiting this unique biology holds promise as a viable strategy for the development of vaccines against vector-transmitted diseases.
POWER EXTRACTION FROM WATER WAVES.

Salter has demonstrated experimentally that a horizontal cylinder in the free surface of water can be a device to extract energy from the incident waves. This paper proposes a design which is based on the idea of a tethered-float breakwater, and gives the theoretical design criteria for maximum power extraction from a general floating cylinder with one or two degrees of freedom. It is shown that the rate of energy extraction must be equal to the rate of radiation damping and that the floating body must be made to resonate. Then for a body with one degree of freedom, the maximum efficiency at a given frequency can be at least one half if the body is symmetrical about a vertical axis, and greater for an asymmetrical body. For a body with two degrees of freedom, all the wave power can be extracted. Hydrodynamical aspects of the controlled motion are examined. Viscous effects are ignored.
Emerging communication technologies in emergency medical services.

Advances in communication technologies are changing the face of emergency medical services (EMS). Two communication technologies in particular—cellular-enhanced 9-1-1 service and automatic crash notification (ACN)—will have a considerable impact on EMS. Although enhanced 9-1-1 service from land-line phones is now available in nearly every EMS system across the country, enhanced 9-1-1 service from cell phones currently does not exist. With more and more emergency calls made from cell phones, the implementation of this service is a clear priority. Automatic crash notification, a quickly emerging technology, can potentially provide EMS systems with invaluable data within seconds of when a collision occurs. However, many issues with regard to ACN systems need to be addressed, including liability concerns, access to ACN data, ability of drivers to understand the ACN system, and ACN system architecture. The potential interfaces between ACN systems and EMS systems create significant opportunities to enhance EMS ...
To survive or to fail: That is the question

Abstract A question that naturally arises in life testing is the following: “During the conduct of the test, what would you rather observe, a failure or a survival?” Most people answer this question by saying failure, because intuitively, failures are presumed to provide more information about the parameters of a failure model than survivals. The aim of this article is to point out that such intuition could be misleading and that the answer depends on the particular parameterization that is chosen. The argument is made through the use of Shannon's measure of information in an experiment, with the exponential as an example.
Computerized 'living' cardiac registry: an aid to improved ambulatory patient care.

Abstract A prototype computerized cardiac registry has been developed and utilized to facilitate and improve ambulatory patient care. Information on 365 cardiovascular patients seen in consultation as in-patients was entered into a time-sharing computer system and updated on subsequent encounters in the cardiac clinics. Outputs from the registry include ‘quick response’ patient summaries and follow-up checklists. The summary provides concise information on a patient to facilitate clinical decision-making when the medical record is inadequate or not available. Checklists provide a means of quality control by identifying patients according to selected parameters. These have proved useful in improving continuity of care and in allowing close monitoring of patients at risk for complications of their therapy or requiring preventive medical measures. Technical feasibility of the system has been demonstrated, and cost analysis indicates an acceptable cost per patient. The registry has the potential for inter-institutional use and could easily be adapted to serve the needs of primary health services or other specialties.
Mean value theorem for boundary value problems with given upper and lower solutions

An approach based on successive application of the mean value theorem or, equivalently, a successive linear interpolation that excludes extrapolation, is described for two-point boundary value problem (BVP) associated with nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The approach is applied to solve numerically a two-point singular BVP associated with a second-order nonlinear ODE which is a mathematical model in membrane response of a spherical cap that arises in nonlinear mechanics. The upper and lower bounds on solution for the foregoing second-order ODE are assumed known analytically. Other possible methods such as the successive bisection for the BVP associated with second-order nonlinear ODE and a multivariable Taylor series for the second or higher-order nonlinear ODEs are also discussed to solve two-point BVP. The scope/limitation of the later methods and other possible higher-order methods in the present context are stressed.
Transport and percolation in disordered systems—A self-consistent time-local approach

A new self-consistent equation for the transport of excitations in disordered systems, which forms the basis for a new class of time-domain coherent potential approximations, is developed. As an example, we calculate the probability of remaining in the original site G0(t) as well as the second moment of the distribution of excitations 〈r2(t)〉 for a random mixture of donors which satisfy a master equation with short-range transition rates. A percolation-type transition is observed and its characteristics are analyzed both above and below the transition point.
Landmarked: land claims and restitution in South Africa

Landmarked: land claims and restitution in South Africa, by Cherryl Walker, Athens, OH and Auckland Park, Ohio University Press and Jacana Media, 2008, xii + 292 pp., $26.95, ISBN 9780821418703 Wal...
The Synthesis and Characterization of 4, 5, and 6 Coordinate Ni(II) Complexes of the "Heteroscorpionate" Ligand (3-tert-Butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane.

Six new Ni(II) complexes of the “heteroscorpionate” ligand (3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane, L1OH, have been prepared and characterized (in most cases crystallographically). These complexes include: tetracoordinate [Ni(L1O)Cl]; pentacoordinate [Ni(L1O)(acac)] and [Ni(L1O)(OAc)]; and hexacoordinate [Ni(L1O)(acac)(pz)], [Ni(L1O)(OAc)(MeOH)], and [Ni(L1O)2]. This second generation of heteroscorpionate ligand supports a tetrahedral environment for Ni(II) but is not a tetrahedral enforcer. Thus the tetra- and pentacoordinate species readily add additional ligands to produce 5- and 6-coordinate complexes. The formation of the undesirable, coordinatively saturated, [Ni(L1O)2], “sandwich” complex is only a minor interference in most of these reactions unlike the situation seen with the previous generation of ligand. This family of heteroscorpionates shows promise as platforms for biomimetic studies which are already underway.
Almost periodic behavior of nonlinear waves

The motion of linearly arranged particles driven by nonlinear forces between nearest neighbors has been studied. Recent theoretical results concerning three nonlinear systems are reported here. Each of the systems discussed has an unusually large number of integrals, i.e., functionals conserved during motion; this fact might explain why some numerically computed trajectories of these systems seem to be confined to such an unexpectedly small portion of phase space. However, an additional mechanism must also be at work. The first of the systems discussed is Hamiltonian and completely integrable; accumulating evidence indicates that the second is, also. The Toda lattice, the Korteweg--de Vries equation, and the sine-Gordon equation are considered. (RWR)
Tympano-ossiculoplasty utilizing the Spiggle and Theis titanium total ossicular replacement prosthesis.

Objective Since 1993, titanium prostheses have been used in Europe as a biocompatible implant for ossicular reconstruction. More recently, the titanium ossicular prosthesis has become more widely available in the United States as a newer means of surgical restoration of hearing. We will review the hearing results of patients who have undergone tympano-ossiculoplasty using a titanium total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TOP). We will compare these results to our previously published results using the porous polyethylene TOP. Methods Retrospective review in a tertiary otologic practice. Results Eighteen patients underwent tympano-ossiculoplasty with a titanium TOP. Among these patients, 10 cases involved revision of a previously placed ossicular prosthesis. Hearing results showed that 16 of 18 patients (89%) had closure of the postoperative air-bone gap to within 20 dB, and the average air-bone gap improvement was 23 dB. The average follow-up time was 8 months (range, 2–21 months). The results of this initial evaluation compare favorably with the results that we obtained using a porous polyethylene TOP in which 67% of 133 patients closed the air-bone gap to within 20 dB. Conclusion We have recently begun using the titanium TOP, which has resulted in improved postoperative hearing when compared with the porous polyethylene TOP. In the future, longer follow-up and increased patient numbers will strengthen our conclusions.
Perceived Access to Self-relevant Information Mediates Judgments of Privacy Violations in Neuromonitoring and Other Monitoring Technologies

Advances in technology are bringing greater insight into the mind, raising a host of privacy concerns. However, the basic psychological mechanisms underlying the perception of privacy violations are poorly understood. Here, we explore the relation between the perception of privacy violations and access to information related to one’s “self.” In two studies using demographically diverse samples, we find that privacy violations resulting from various monitoring technologies are mediated by the extent to which the monitoring is thought to provide access to self-relevant information, and generally neuromonitoring did not rate among the more invasive monitoring types. However, brain monitoring was judged to be more of a privacy violation when described as providing access to self-relevant information than when no such access was possible, and control participants did not judge the invasiveness of neuromonitoring any differently than those told it provided no access to self-relevant information.
A High-Resolution Numerical Method for a Two-Phase Model of Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition

A conservative, upwind numerical method is formulated for the solution of a two-phase (reactive solid and inert gas) model of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) in granular energetic solids. The model, which is representative of most two-phase DDT models, accounts for complete nonequilibrium between phases and constitutes a nonstrictly hyperbolic system of equations having parabolic degeneracies. The numerical method is based on Godunov's methodology and utilizes a new approximate solution for the two-phase Riemann problem for arbitrary equations of state. The approximate solution is similar to the Roe-type Riemann solution for single-phase systems. The method is able to accurately capture strong shocks associated with each phase without excessive smearing or spurious oscillations and can accurately resolve fine-scale detonation structure resulting from interaction between phases. The utility of the method is demonstrated by comparing numerical predictions with known solutions for three test cases: (1) a two-phase shock tube problem; (2) the evolution of a steady compaction wave in a granular material resulting from weak piston impact (~100 m/s); and (3) the evolution of a steady two-phase detonation wave in an energetic granular material resulting from weak piston impact. The nominally second-order accurate numerical method is shown to have global convergence rates of 1.001 and 1.670 for inert test cases with (case 1) and without (case 2) discontinuities, respectively. For the reactive test case having a discontinuity (case 3), a convergence rate of 1.834 was predicted for coarse grids that seemed to be approaching the expected value of unity with increasing resolution.
Sustainable Alliances: The Origins of International Labor Environmentalism

This article examines evaluates the strength of the Labor-Environmentalist alliance of the late twentieth century. It traces the evolution of trade unionists' thinking about nature and the human relationship to the environment by examining intellectual and political sources of labor involvement in United Nations' environmental policy making from the 1950s through the 1980s. The article explores the reasons trade union organizations, notably the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the International Trade Secretariats (Global Union Federations) and the European Trade Union Confederation, participated in a variety of international conferences and institutions such as the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Environment, the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development. It finds that environmentally conscious trade unionists developed their own version of environmentalism and sustainable development based on a reworking of basic trade union principles, a reworking that emphasized solidarity with nature and made central the protection of the health and safety of workers, communities, and environments.
Effects of foraging effort on body fat and food hoarding in Siberian hamsters.

Food hoard size varies inversely with body fat levels in Siberian hamsters. If food hoarding only increases when body fat decreases, then hamsters foraging for their food should only increase food hoarding when foraging efforts decrease body fat ("lipostatic hypothesis"); however, if food hoarding increases whenever there is an energy flux away from fat storage, then it should increase regardless of significant body fat decreases ("metabolic hypothesis"). Female Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) earned food pellets after completion of a programmed number of wheel revolutions (Immobilized Wheel [free access to food], Free Wheel [wheel active, free food], and 10, 50, 100, and 200 revolutions/pellet). Hamsters were killed after 19 days and inguinal, retroperitoneal, and parametrial white adipose tissue (WAT) pads (IWAT, RWAT, and PWAT, respectively) were harvested and carcass composition determined. Food hoard size increased fourfold with the availability of running wheels alone (Free Wheel), increased threefold with low foraging levels (10 and 50 revolutions/pellet), but was nearly abolished at the highest foraging level (200 revolutions/pellet). Surplus food (earned, not eaten or hoarded) was significantly greatest at the lowest level of foraging. As foraging effort increased, PWAT mass decreased the most (<10 revolutions/pellet), while RWAT and IWAT mass only were decreased at the highest foraging effort. Carcass lipid content only was significantly decreased at the highest foraging effort, yet food hoarding was nearly abolished at that level. Collectively, these results demonstrate that body fat levels and food hoarding can be uncoupled with increases in foraging effort. J. Exp. Zool. 289:162-171, 2001.
The design and construction of the CDF central drift tube array

Abstract The central drift tube (CDT) array is one of the charged particle tracking systems for the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). The CDT array, which operates in the limited streamer mode, provides high-accuracy r-φ-z information at a radius of 1.4 m for tracking charged particles produced in the central region (pseudorapidity range − 1 s = 1.8 TeV p p c Tracking of charged particles in the r-z view of the CDT array is accomplished via charge division along the anode wires; drift-time measurements in three layers of the CDT array provide tracking information in the r-φ view. A novel design enabling rigid and precise mechanical support of 2016 3 m long, 12.7 mm diameter ultra-thin walled stainless steel drift tubes has been implemented for the CDF central drift tube array. Details of the mechanical design and fabrication of the CDF central drift tube array are described. Some preliminary performance results of the operation of the CDT array obtained from s = 1.8 TeV p p collisions are also disc
Factors influencing the soft-rotting of potato tubers by bacteria

The production of extensive soft rot in potato tubers which were wounded, inoculated withErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica and stored inc. 100% RH at 20° was greatly increased by replacing air in containers with N2. Accumulation of CO2 due to tuber respiration did not significantly affect the production of rots in these conditions. When tubers were inoculated with sterile water in place of theErwinia and held under anaerobic conditions, spreading soft rots were also produced andClostridia, but not soft rotErwinia, were isolated from the rotted tissue. Some of theseClostridia were shown to be capable of breaking down potato tissue, and may be a significant cause of potato soft rots developing in store.
Sensitization of Depressive-like Behavior during Repeated Maternal Separation is Associated with More-Rapid Increase in Core Body Temperature and Reduced Plasma Cortisol Levels

Infant guinea pigs exhibit a 2-stage response to maternal separation: an initial active stage, characterized by vocalizing, and a second passive stage marked by depressive-like behavior (hunched posture, prolonged eye-closure, extensive piloerection) that appears to be mediated by proinflammatory activity. Recently we found that pups showed an enhanced (i.e., sensitized) depressive-like behavioral response during repeated separation. Further, core body temperature was higher during the beginning of a second separation compared to the first, suggesting a more-rapid stress-induced febrile response to separation the second day, though the possibility that temperature was already elevated prior to the second separation could not be ruled out. Therefore, the present study examined temperature prior to, and during, 2 daily separations. We also examined the temperature response to a third separation conducted 3 days after the second, and assessed the effect of repeated separation on plasma cortisol levels. Core temperature did not differ just prior to the separations, but showed a more-rapid increase and then decline during both a second and third separation than during a first. Temperature responses were not associated with changes in motor activity. Depressive-like behavior was greater during the second and third separations. Pups separated a first time showed a larger plasma cortisol response at the conclusion of separation than did animals of the same age separated a third time. In all, the results indicate that the sensitization of depressive-like behavior during repeated separations over several days is accompanied by a more-rapid febrile response that may be related to a reduction of glucocorticoid suppression.
An analysis of automatic teller machine usage by older adults: A structured interview approach

It is often assumed that automatic teller machines (ATMs) are inherently easy to use and require no training. However, there is evidence to suggest that ATM users do experience difficulty when learning to use the system. The purpose of the present study was to conduct an in-depth analysis of ATM usage by older adults. Our approach consisted of telephone interviews followed by structured individual interviews. The goals were to understand the problems encountered by ATM users, to determine how ATMs might be better designed and to assess the training needs of older individuals. The phone interview data provide information about the relationships between age, sex and ATM usage within the adult sample, as well as information about why some people choose not to use ATMs. The structured interview data provide a more in-depth view of the concerns of both users and non-users, and information about training needs. The training and design implications of the results are discussed.
Everyday Activism as a Dialogic Practice: Narratives of Feminist Daughters

The current study investigates the experiences of young women raised by feminist activist mothers. Given the relatively small number of women who embrace a feminist identity, investigating their stories represents a unique opportunity to understand the development of a political and social-justice consciousness as a communicative process that grows and evolves over time. Overwhelmingly daughters report that everyday activism captures both how they came to a feminist consciousness as young children and how they see their role in creating change as college students. The daughters’ stories underscore the epistemic value of everyday activism, as the interactions with their mothers generated a language that allowed them to know the importance of voice, the consequences of silence, the pain of invisibility, and the political nature of personal experience.
Neurosteroid production in the songbird brain: a re-evaluation of core principles.

Concepts of brain-steroid signaling have traditionally placed emphasis on the gonads and adrenals as the source of steroids, the strict dichotomy of early developmental (“organizational”) and mature (“activational”) effects, and a relatively slow mechanism of signaling through intranuclear receptors. Continuing research shows that these concepts are not inaccurate, but they are certainly incomplete. In this review, we focus on the song control circuit of songbird species to demonstrate how each of these concepts is limited. We discuss the solid evidence for steroid synthesis within the brain (“neurosteroidogenesis”), the role of neurosteroids in organizational events that occur both early in development and later in life, and how neurosteroids can act in acute and non-traditional ways. The songbird model therefore illustrates how neurosteroids can dramatically increase the diversity of steroid-sensitive brain functions in a behaviorally-relevant system. We hope this inspires further research and thought into neurosteroid signaling in songbirds and other animals.
Defective platelet aggregation in congenital agammaglobulinemia

may be present in patients with SCD who have normal growth and puberty, since CAC and CAB values for this group fall within the low normal range and never approach the average for the control group. We conclude that CAB and CAC activity is a stable indicator of zinc deficiency in children with SCD. The use of this screening tool and a study of zinc balance should probably precede the selection of patients who may benefit from therapy with zinc.
Crystal structure analysis of Y2Cu2O5

Single crystals of Y2Cu2O5 were obtained in the flux growth process by controlled heating of a mixture of Y2O3, BaO, and CuO in a molar ratio of 1∶8∶20. These crystals were analyzed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal contains polymeric chains of Cu2O5 interspersed by yttrium ions surrounded by octahedral arrangements of oxygen atoms. Crystal data: space group=Pna21,a=10.799(2) A,b=3.4990(5) A,c=12.459(2) A,Z=4, 380 reflections,R=0.026,Rw=0.030.
Validity of physical activity measures in ambulatory individuals with multiple sclerosis

Purpose. The literature suggests that individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) engage in less physical activity than non-diseased individuals. That conclusion, however, depends upon the validity of scores from measures of physical activity among the MS population. This study evaluated the validity of scores from two self-report surveys, a pedometer, and an accelerometer and during seven days of free-living conditions among individuals with MS.Method. Participants were 30 individuals (28 females, two males) with an established definite diagnosis of MS. The participants wore a pedometer and a single-axis accelerometer during the waking hours of a 7-day period. After the 7-day period, participants returned to the lab and completed a self-administered physical activity questionnaire and then underwent a 7-day physical activity recall.Results. There were strong correlations (a) between scores from the two self-report measures of physical activity and (b) between scores from the two objective measures of physic...
Between Prescription and Practice: Licensure and Women's Legal Identity in Bourbon Quito, 1765–1810

Recent scholarship on early Latin America explores the limitations of the patriarchal model for explaining colonial gender relations.1 Investigations of marriage choice, economic activities, and cr...
The security appliance to BIRD software router

The Internet consists of a large number of interconnected Autonomous Systems (ASes) which exchange their routes using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). However, it was originally designed to operate in a trusted environment, and there are no internal mechanisms to protect the information it carries. We have implemented RTR-BIRD, which is an enhancement of BIRD software router to interact with RTRPKI which is another implementation of us to allow RTR-BIRD to support origin validation using Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI). In contrast to QuaggaSRx that is the only one RPKI-capable software router implementation at this time, our implementation enables users to access an empirical cache rather than a virtual cache which is implemented by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and resides in a local. Subsequently, RTR-BIRD can be exploited for practical testing in software-based routing environment against QuaggaSRx. Our main contribution here is that we have developed the originator which not only makes a software router (BIRD) interact with RPKI but also shares a validated cache as well as Route Origin Authorizations (ROAs) of the cache with the other software routers. We also expect that RTR-BIRD is faster than QuaggaSRx as much as the difference in performance between the deployed and latest version of BIRD and that of Quagga. It's because an algorithm theoretically shows the same performance in a same situation, and each origin validation scheme of RTR-BIRD and QuaggaSRx, each of which is implemented based on the same standard defined by IETF, is equivalent to each other.
Some aspects of stereochemistry and hydrogen bonding of carbohydrates related to polysaccharide conformations

Some general rules governing hydrogen bonding at the ring oxygens of furanosides, pyranosides, and bridge oxygens of glycosides have been formulated from existing data on crystal structures of carbohydrates. Ring oxygens of the majority of the glycopyranosides in the hemiacetal or acetal form are involved in hydrogen bonding such that the hydrogen bond direction is usually equatorial to the ring plane and not axial. In contrast, there are no known examples of ring oxygens of glycofuranosides and methyl-glycopyranosides displaying hydrogen bonding in the crystal. Also, the bridge oxygens of glycosides are not involved in hydrogen bonding. The observed shortening in the exocyclic and endocyclic anomeric C(1)O bonds and the geminal CO bonds indicate that compounds with two oxygen atoms attached to the same saturated carbon atom may participate in double-bond-no-bond resonance interaction in the same manner as difluoromethane. It is also possible that under these circumstances the carbon atom exhibits greater than tetracovalency. The “anomeric effect” may also be related to (a) the differences in the “double bonding” or bond shortening in the anomeric CO bonds of the anomeric glycopyranosides, (b) the shorter intramolecular O(1)…O(5) non-bonded interaction, and (c) the smaller O(1)C(1)O(5) valence angle in the equatorial anomer compared to the axial anomer. An analysis has been made of the energetically preferred conformations about the glycosyl and glycosidic bonds of 1,4- and 1,3-polysuc-charides. In the 1a, 4e-glycopyranosides the projected angle ϕ1 [O(5)C(1)OR, where R = C or H] is positive, while it is negative in the 1e, 4e-glycopyranosides. Angle ϕ2 [C(1)OC(4′)C(3′)] is positive in both the 1,4-anomeric polyglycosides. 1e, 4e- and 1a, 4e -polysaccharides are stabilized by intramolecular O(5)…HO(3′) and O(2′)…O(3′) hydrogen bonding, respectively, and generate linear and helical (cyclic) structures, respectively. 1e, 3e- and 1a, 3e-polysaccharides may be stablized by one of two possible intramolecular hydrogen-bonding schemes such that the 1a, 3e -polysaccharides generate helical structures while the 1a, 3e-polysaccharides generate nonhelical structures. The conformation about the C(5)C(6) bond in the pyranosides falls into two groups where the angle ϕ00 [O(5)C(5)C(6)O(6)] is either positive, ∼+60 ± 30°, or negative, ∼–60 ± 30°, the former conformation being found more frequently. In the furanosides the latter conformation is preferred.
Utilizing heat from the sun

Modern development of aluminum products and vacuum devices makes feasible and economically practical the wholesale production of solar-heat appliances for various purposes, according to an authority on solar radiation who has been experimenting with such appliances for 20 years.
An HPLC method using FMOC-ADAM for determination of hydroxyproline in muscle

An HPLC method using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate-1-amino-adamantane (FMOC-ADAM) for the determination of hydroxyproline (HYP) in muscle hydrolyzates is described. The HYP was converted to a stable fluorescent derivative with FMOC after removal of all primary amino acids with ortho-phthaldialdehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol. Excess FMOC was reacted with a hydrophobic amine, ADAM, thus eliminating the need for pentane or diethyl ether extraction. The method was performed without the use of controlled temperature derivatizations or extra equipment (e.g. column switching valves). Analysis of HYP was complete after 3 min, with a total analysis time of 7·5 min. The HYP content of various muscle samples obtained with the HPLC procedure compared very well with values obtained using a colorimetric assay.
Osmotic swelling of endocytic compartments induced by internalized sucrose is restricted to mature lysosomes in cultured mammalian cells.

To determine which endocytic compartments are sensitive to sucrose-induced osmotic swelling, CHO and Vero cells were cultured for 1-3 days in media containing 0.03 to 0.05 M sucrose. (Sucrose is internalized but not digested by these cells.) To immunolocalize late endocytic compartments, cells were fixed with formaldehyde and labeled with antibodies against the 215-kDa mannose 6-phosphate receptor (prelysosomal compartment) and LAMP-1 and -2 (mature lysosomes). Early endosomes were labeled by a 2-min uptake of lucifer yellow, mature lysosomes by greater than or equal to 16-h uptake of lucifer yellow followed by a 2-h chase. The data showed that sucrose induced swelling of mature lysosomes only (mannose 6-phosphate receptor negative, LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 positive); early endosomes and the prelysosomal compartment were not affected by the presence of sucrose, i.e., osmotically swollen. Accumulation of lucifer yellow in the swollen compartment was insensitive to cycloheximide. These results suggest, by inference, that the complement of membrane transport proteins that regulate the osmotic properties of endocytic organelles must be discontinuously distributed along the endocytic pathway.
Automation, workers and union decline: Ben Seligman's contribution to the institutional economics of labor

This paper presents a study of the work of the institutional labor economist, Ben Seligman. Seligman presents an interesting case study of theory and practice because he spent part of his career working for unions. He formed his version of institutional economics before he went to work for those unions, but his work for them exposed him to the impact automation was having on workers and unions. Because his institutional economics included an appreciation for humans as active agents with the capability to act within the limits set by the context of socioeconomic institutions, he was able to set forth an analysis of automation that centered on alienation as a key indicator of the harm automation caused.