cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating a Backscattering Side Channel to Enable Detection of Dormant Hardware Trojans

This paper describes a new physical side channel, i.e., the backscattering side channel, created by transmitting a signal toward the integrated circuits (ICs), where the internal impedance changes caused by on-chip switching activity modulate the signal that is backscattered (reflected) from the IC. To demonstrate how this new side channel can be used to detect small changes in circuit impedances, we propose a new method for nondestructively detecting hardware Trojans (HTs) from outside the chip. We experimentally confirm, using measurements on one physical instance for training and nine other physical instances for testing, that the new side channel, when combined with an HT detection method, allows detection of a dormant HT in 100% of the HT-afflicted measurements for a number of different HTs while producing no false positives in HT-free measurements. Furthermore, additional experiments are conducted to compare the backscattering-based detection to one that uses the traditional EM-emanation-based side channel. These results show that backscattering-based detection outperforms the EM side channel, confirm that dormant HTs are much more difficult for detection than HTs that have been activated, and show how detection is affected by changing the HT’s size and physical location on the IC.
UTI patients have pre-existing antigen-specific antibody titers against UTI vaccine antigens

Abstract Urinary tract infection (UTI) is most frequently caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Our laboratory has been developing an experimental vaccine targeting four UPEC outer membrane receptors involved in iron acquisition – IreA, FyuA, IutA, and Hma – to elicit protection against UTI. These vaccine targets are all expressed in humans during UTI. In the murine model, high titers of antigen-specific serum IgG or bladder IgA correlate with protection against transurethral challenge with UPEC. Our aim was to measure levels of pre-existing serum antibodies to UTI vaccine antigens in our target population. To accomplish this, we obtained sera from 64 consenting female patients attending a clinic for symptoms of cystitis. As a control, we also collected sera from 20 healthy adult male donors with no history of UTI. Total IgG and antigen-specific IgG titers were measured by ELISA. Of the 64 female patients, 29 had significant bacteriuria (>104 cfu/ml urine) and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Thirty-five patients had non-significant bacteriuria (
The Abraham Lincoln Exception to the Hearsay Rule

President Abraham Lincoln once famously said: "You can fool some of the people all of the time, and all the people some of the time, but you can't fool all of the people all of the time." This article explains how this famous aphorism is a surprisingly accurate summary of the logic and the limitations of Federal Rule of Evidence 803(21), the venerable hearsay exception that allows a witness to testify about what he has learned from others concerning the "reputation among a person's associates or in the community concerning the person's character." The article shows how this remarkable connection is illustrated by both the law applied in federal court today and by the 19th century Illinois courts where Lincoln practiced as a trial lawyer for years. Indeed, it is quite likely that Lincoln's famous remark was based on his understanding of the legal theory behind this hoary hearsay exception as it was developed by the courts of his time.
A Case of Complex and Abnormal Behaviors at Night: The Role of the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit in Diagnosis

Complex nocturnal behaviors associated with sleep have many potential causes, including parasomnias and epilepsy. Although the type of event and description can frequently lead to a diagnosis, sometimes it is challenging clinically to determine the cause of the behaviors, requiring a more in-depth investigation. We report the case of a 29-year-old woman with a long history of complex abnormal behaviors and visual hallucinations at night. An extensive clinical evaluation failed to reveal a definitive cause of these episodes, prompting a 3-day epilepsy monitoring unit admission. During the stay, several events were captured on video electroencephalography, leading to a conclusive final diagnosis. This case highlights the challenging task of finding a definitive diagnosis in cases of complex nocturnal behaviors and the potential role of an admission to an epilepsy monitoring unit to help diagnose the cause of these behaviors.
Up, down, and out: next generation libraries for genome-wide CRISPRa, CRISPRi, and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout genetic screens

Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 technology have enabled the flexible modulation of gene expression at large scale. In particular, the creation of genome-wide libraries for CRISPR knockout (CRISPRko), CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) has allowed gene function to be systematically interrogated. Here, we evaluate numerous CRISPRko libraries and show that our recently-described CRISPRko library (Brunello) is more effective than previously published libraries at distinguishing essential and non-essential genes, providing approximately the same perturbation-level performance improvement over GeCKO libraries as GeCKO provided over RNAi. Additionally, we developed genome-wide libraries for CRISPRi (Dolcetto) and CRISPRa (Calabrese). Negative selection screens showed that Dolcetto substantially outperforms existing CRISPRi libraries with fewer sgRNAs per gene and achieves comparable performance to CRISPRko in the detection of gold-standard essential genes. We also conducted positive selection CRISPRa screens and show that Calabrese outperforms the SAM library approach at detecting vemurafenib resistance genes. We further compare CRISPRa to genome-scale libraries of open reading frames (ORFs). Together, these libraries represent a suite of genome-wide tools to efficiently interrogate gene function with multiple modalities.
What is the association between student well-being and high-stakes examination scores?

INTRODUCTION As educators seek to improve medical student well-being, it is essential to understand the interplay between distress and important outcomes. Performance on Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination has played a significant role in selection for postgraduate residency positions in the United States and consequently has been a source of great stress for medical students. The purpose of this study was to examine whether student well-being correlates with performance on a high stakes licensing examination. METHODS Between 2014 and 2016, three sequential cohorts of medical students at the University of Michigan Medical School completed the Medical Student Well-Being Index (MSWBI) at the end of their 2nd-year curriculum, shortly before taking Step 1. Associations between well-being and Step 1 scores were investigated while adjusting for MCAT scores and cumulative second-year course scores. RESULTS In total, 354 students were included in the analysis (68.1% of potential responders). On bivariate analysis, poor student well-being (0 = low distress [high well-being], 7 = high distress [poor well-being]) was associated with lower Step 1 examination scores (slope = -2.10, P < .01), and well-being accounted for 5% of overall Step 1 score variability (R2 = .05). However, after adjustment for MCAT scores and cumulative GPA (full model R2 = .51), the relationship between well-being and Step 1 score was no longer significant (slope = -0.70, P-value = .06). CONCLUSIONS When controlling for metrics of academic performance, student well-being prior to taking Step 1 was not associated with how well students performed on Step 1 for the study sample.
Analysis of the Source Range Monitor During the First Four Hours of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 Accident

The source range monitor (SRM) data recorded during the first 4 h of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) accident following reactor shutdown were analyzed. An effort to simulate the actual SRM res...
Heat-activated Endonuclease in Bacillus subtilis

A heat-stable, heat-activated endonuclease was found in sonic extracts of the transformable strain Bacillus subtilis 168 when the organism was grown to logarithmic phase in minimal medium. The enzyme was not present in the poorly transformable strain 23. The endonuclease was stable to 100 C for 30 min and, in a crude extract, was activated by heating at 80, 90, or 100 C. The activation caused a 5- to 10-fold increase in total units of enzyme activity. Sucrose gradient centrifugation indicated that the enzyme in a crude preparation has a major form (molecular weight, 66,000) which remains unchanged after heat activation. Under the assay conditions employed, the endonuclease did not release acid-soluble material from the substrate, high molecular weight tritiated deoxyribonucleic acid. The product, in double-stranded form, had a molecular weight of approximately 105, but it appeared to have undergone single-strand breaks.
Trocar suprapubic cystostomy for postoperative bladder drainage in the female.

Abstract A comparative study in 98 patients was carried out to determine the value of trocar suprapubic cystostomy as a means of postoperative bladder drainage versus bladder drainage by transurethral catheter. With the initiation of voiding on the fifth postoperative day, the patients were taught a do-it-yourself technique of stopcock management which included measuring and recording the volumes of voided and residual urine. Transurethral catheterization was completely eliminated. Of all techniques, the trocar cystostomy procedure had the lowest incidence of “significant bacteriuria,” the shortes hospital stay, and the lowest incidence of morbidity. No major technical complications occurred; minor complications consisted of intravesical bleeding, wound infection, and subcutaneous hematomas. Retropubic urine extravasation and fistula formation were not observed. With the elimination of postoperative catheterization, the trocar cystostomy technique simplified and shortened nursing care. Patients were enthusiastic to be saved the discomfort of repeated catheterization. Although these preliminary results do not permit the making of conclusions as to the relative merits of trocar suprapubic cystostomy, our experience has been sufficiently gratifying as to encourage its continued use.
Introduction to the Smart Service Systems: Analytics, Cognition, and Innovation Minitrack

Economic and societal well-being depend on innovations that help people use big data more intelligently. Human-centered, smart service systems for business and society can be characterized by: (1) the types of offerings to their customers and/or citizens, (2) the types of jobs or roles for people within them, and (3) the types of returns they offer investors interested in growth and development, through improved use of technology, talent, or organizational and governance forms, which create (dis) incentives that (re) shape behaviors. Innovators of smart service systems, including entrepreneurs, managers, and policymakers seek to improve quality-of-service for customers, quality-of-life for citizens, and/or quality-of-returns for investors. Smart service systems are ones that continuously improve (e.g., productivity, quality, compliance, sustainability, etc.) and co-evolve with all sectors (e.g., government, healthcare, education, finance, retail and hospitality, communication, energy, utilities, transportation, etc.). Regional service systems include nations, states, cities, universities, and hospitals.. Global service systems include multi-national businesses, professional associations, and NGOs. Natural or human-made disasters, technology failures, criminal activities, political collapse can disrupt or negatively impact quality-of-life for people living and working in service systems. Using big data analytics and cognitive systems to improve decision-making service providers try to compete for the hearts, minds, and wallets of collaborators by (1) improving existing offerings, (2) innovating new types of offerings, (3) evolving their portfolio of offerings, and, (4) changing their relationships to others in the ecosystem in ways stakeholders perceive as more positive, sustainable, fair, or responsible. The goal of this mini track is to explore the challenges, issues and opportunities related to innovation of smart service systems that enable value co-creation with analytics, cognitive and human systems. NSF and other funders see this research area as essential to build interdisciplinary innovation capacity (http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2015/nsf15610/nsf15610.htm).
Using Scone's Multiple-Context Mechanism to Emulate Human-Like Reasoning

Scone is a knowledge-base system developed specifically to support human-like common-sense reasoning and the understanding of human language. One of the unusual features of Scone is its multiple-context system. Each context represents a distinct world-model, but a context can inherit most of the knowledge of another context, explicitly representing just the differences. We explore how this multiple-context mechanism can be used to emulate some aspects of human mental behavior that are difficult or impossible to emulate in other representational formalisms. These include reasoning about hypothetical or counter-factual situations; understanding how the world model changes over time due to specific actions or spontaneous changes; and reasoning about the knowledge and beliefs of other agents, and how their mental state may affect the actions of those agents.
Families Of Homosexual Men: Their Knowledge And Support Regarding Sexual Orientation And HIV Disease

Background: The number of homosexual men (gay) with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who will become ill in the next few years is expected to rise dramatically. Many will need and desire support from their families of origin. Understanding the history of family relationships can be crucial for the optimal care of these patients and their families. Little is known, however, about the relationship between gay men and their families of origin. Methods: A convenience sample of gay men (n = 265) from three northern California cities was surveyed to determine family member knowledge of their sexual orientation and HIV status and perceived family supportiveness regarding issues of HIV disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fifty-five percent of the sample were HIV negative, 14 percent were HIV positive, 8 percent had received a diagnosis of AIDS, and 23 percent had not been tested. Results: Approximately 70 percent of family members knew a son’s or brother’s sexual orientation. Fewer family members (50.9 percent) knew a son’s or brother’s HIV status than knew his sexual orientation. Untested gay men reported the least family knowledge of both sexual orientation and HIV status. There was, however, considerable variation in knowledge among members of the same family, with mothers and sisters knowing HIV status more frequently than fathers and brothers. The amount of supportiveness regarding issues of HIV disease within the family also varied considerably. Conclusions: It is important for the family physician caring for the gay male patient, his family, or both to understand that the pattern of knowledge and supportiveness among family members concerning sexual orientation and HIV status is selective, even within the same family. The physician needs to assess family members’ knowledge and attitudes to plan an overall care strategy.
Textiles: Critical and Primary Sources, ed. Catherine Harper

(2013). Textiles: Critical and Primary Sources, ed. Catherine Harper. TEXTILE: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 350-353.
Effective Normalization Technique for Correction of Matrix Effects in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Detection of Magnesium in Powdered Samples

The goal of this research was to investigate the influence of the matrix on the laser-induced spectroscopy of magnesium. Powdered samples were used and were presented to the measurement as thin distributions on adhesive tape. A wide range of NIST certified reference materials were used as samples. With careful sample preparation and correction for sample surface density on the tape (determined by weighing), reasonable consistency in the Mg signal intensity was obtained regardless of sample matrix. Relative error of ~10% and a precision of 10-20% were obtained for the determination of Mg in several certified samples.
GATA4 and GATA6 Silencing in Ovarian Granulosa Cells Affects Levels of mRNAs Involved in Steroidogenesis, Extracellular Structure Organization, IGF-I Activity, and Apoptosis

Knockdown of the transcription factors GATA4 and GATA6 in granulosa cells (GCs) impairs folliculogenesis and induces infertility. To investigate the pathways and genes regulated by these factors, we performed microarray analyses on wild-type GCs or GCs lacking GATA4, GATA6, or GATA4/6 (G4(gcko), G6(gcko), and G4/6(gcko)) after in vivo treatment with equine chorionic gonadotropin. GATA4 deletion affected a greater number of genes than GATA6, which correlates with the subfertility observed in G4(gcko) mice and the normal reproductive function found in G6(gcko) animals. An even greater number of genes were affected by the deletion of both factors. Moreover, the expression of FSH receptor, LH receptor, inhibin α and β, versican, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and the regulatory unit 2b of protein kinase A, which are known to be crucial for ovarian function, was greatly affected in double GATA4 and GATA6 knockouts when compared with single GATA-deficient animals. This suggests that GATA4 and GATA6 functionally compensate for each other in the regulation of key ovarian genes. Functional enrichment revealed that ovulation, growth, intracellular signaling, extracellular structure organization, gonadotropin and growth factor actions, and steroidogenesis were significantly regulated in G4/6(gcko) mice. The results of this analysis were confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical, and biological assays. Treatment of GCs with cAMP/IGF-I, to bypass FSH and IGF-I signaling defects, revealed that most of the affected genes are direct targets of GATA4/6. The diversity of pathways affected by the knockdown of GATA underscores the important role of these factors in the regulation of GC function.
Enhanced Photorefractivity from Ion-Doped Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals

Dynamic near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and asymmetric two-beam coupling experiments are performed on thin films of photorefractive polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). Results obtained from films doped with perylene (serving as the photoexcitable electron donor) and N,N‘-dioctyl-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide (NDI) (the electron acceptor) are compared to those obtained from films that have also been doped with tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB). Both the dynamic NSOM and two-beam coupling results provide clear evidence for enhanced photorefractivity in films doped with permanent ions such as TBATFB. Computer simulations of the NSOM results lend supporting evidence and also provide valuable information on the origins of this enhancement. It is concluded that the enhanced optical response arises from the nonlinear dependence of the liquid crystal orientation state on the electric fields within individual liquid crystal droplets and, hence, the concentrations of both permanent an...
Towards Multiplexed Fiber Delivered Laser Ignition for Natural Gas Engines

The use of laser ignition for advanced gas engines may provide benefits including extension of the lean limit and higher efficiency operation at elevated pressures. This contribution provides a short review of efforts to develop a practical laser ignition system for advanced multicylinder gas engines. The approach is to use a single laser source with fiber optic cables delivering the high power pulses from the source to the engine cylinders. The optical requirements for the fiber delivery lead us to use coated hollow core optical fibers. Characterizations and results of spark delivery tests for the fibers are presented. Single-cylinder engine test results using fiber delivered laser ignition are summarized. For multicylinder operation, a multiplexer based on a moving mirror is used to route the laser output pulses to different fiber channels (cylinders). Benchtop testing and initial engine testing of the multiplexed system are presented.
El Miedo y El Hambre: Understanding the Familial, Social, and Educational Realities of Undocumented Latino Families in North Central Indiana

This study explored how different ecological factors, within and outside the family, affected the educational success of the children of undocumented families. The sample consisted of 63 immigrant Latino parents (40 families) who resided in North Central Indiana. This study utilized an ethnographic research design. Findings demonstrated that immigration laws were affecting the educational success of the children of undocumented families. Most parents expressed lack of familiarity of the American educational system and that they had culture and language barriers. Findings also demonstrated that undocumented families were adapting to their realities, as a result of the resiliency in their families and communities. Implications for practice and future research were provided.
Family smoking history moderates the effect of expectancies on smoking initiation in college students.

Abstract Aims This report was designed to test the hypothesis that family history of smoking (FH) would moderate the effects of positive and negative smoking expectancies on initiation in a college sample. Design Secondary analysis of a study of college freshmen never-smokers (n = 196; 46% male) who completed a baseline interview and quarterly online follow-up assessments for 15 months. Findings Analyses indicated that FH moderated the effect of negative outcome expectancies (p = .003) but not the effects of expectancies for positive or negative reinforcement on the probability of smoking initiation. Stronger negative expectancies were associated with a decreased risk of initiation for family history positive but not family history negative participants. Conclusions Findings are consistent with previous tobacco research indicating that FH + adolescents have more negative expectancies about cigarette smoking. This suggests that adolescents observing negative consequences or receiving negative messages from their parents about cigarettes may be less likely to experiment with smoking.
SU-FF-T-383: Prescription and Inverse Planning for Biologically Conformal Radiation Therapy

Purpose: It is well known that the spatial biology distribution in tumors and sensitive structures is heterogeneous. Recent progress in biological imaging is making the mapping of this distribution increasingly possible. The purpose of this work is to establish a framework for quantitatively incorporating the spatial biology data into IMRT inverse planning, and to show its advantage in enhancing the TCP while reducing the NTCP. Method and Materials: Based on a LQ model, we derive a general formula for determining the desired dose to each tumor voxel for a biology distribution characterized by the clonogen density, radiosensitivity, and proliferation rate. The desired dose distribution is used as the prescription for inverse planning. An objective function with the voxel-dependent prescription is constructed with incorporation of the nonuniform dose prescription. The functional unit density distribution in a sensitive structure is also considered phenomenologically when constructing the objective function. Two cases with different known biology distributions are used to illustrate the new formalism. For comparison, treatments with uniform dose prescriptions and simultaneous integrated boost are also planned. The TCP and NTCP are calculated for each type of plans and the superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional dose escalation schemes is demonstrated. Results: Our calculations reveal that it is technically feasible to produce deliberately nonuniform dose distributions with consideration of biological information. Compared with the conventional dose escalation schemes, the new technique generates biologically conformal IMRT plans that significantly improve the TCP while reducing the NTCPs. Conclusion: Biologically conformal radiation therapy (BCRT) incorporates patient specific biological information and provides an outstanding opportunity for us to truly individualize radiation treatment. The proposed formalism lays technical foundation for BCRT and allows us to maximally exploit the technical capacity of IMRT to more intelligently escalate the radiation dose. This work was supported in part by NCI.
Modulation of phosphatidylserine epitope expression by BeWo cells during forskolin treatment

The adenylcyclase activator forskolin induces the human choriocarcinoma line, BeWo, to undergo differentiation and fusion within 48 to 72 h. Using three monoclonal antibodies that differentiate between the anionic phospholipids cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylserine (PS) and immunoperoxidase techniques we investigated the expression of PS by BeWo during 48 h of forskolin treatment. We observed that BeWo cells not exposed to forskolin express an epitope of pS that reacts strongly with monoclonal antibody BA3B5C4 (CL+/PS+), whereas following treatment with forskolin there is a decrease in reactivity with BA3B5C4 and a concurrent increased activity with a second PS-reactive monoclonal antibody, 3SB9b (CL-/PS+). A third monoclonal antibody, D11A4 (CL+/PS-), that reacted with all anionic phospholipids except PS did not bind to BeWo cells, whether forskolin treated or not. These observations support previous interpretations using human placenta that during cytotrophoblast differentiation two antigenic forms of PS are expressed. Based on the described relationship of PS with cellular fusion events in other systems and the association of naturally occurring antibodies against PS with pregnancy loss and intrauterine growth retardation in humans, we propose that altered expression of PS during normal placental development and in BeWo after exposure to forskolin may be critical in the cytotrophoblast differentiation process.
Body-size evolution in Cretaceous molluscs and the status of Cope's rule

Cope's rule, the tendency for lineages to evolve to larger body size, is widely seen as a pervasive evolutionary pattern1–4. However, only a few studies5–8 have gone beyond enumerating isolated examples to assess its overall frequency relative to body-size decrease or stasis. Thus, although size is clearly an important parameter for microevolution and ecology9–14, including conservation biology10, its impact on large-scale patterns remains poorly understood. The prevalence of Cope's rule is even more uncertain, as some reported cases of evolutionary size increase may actually represent an expansion of a clade's size range (a pattern generally termed an 'Increase in variance', although not necessarily in the formal statistical sense) rather than a phyletic, directional trend15–18. I have performed a comprehensive census of body-size changes in a large fauna of Cretaceous bivalve and gastropod genera. A directional net increase in body size (including the loss of small-sized species and thus representing Cope's rule in the strict sense) is no more frequent than an increase in size range among species or a net evolutionary size decrease. Thus the undisputed ecological importance of body size does not translate into a preferred macroevolutionary pattern.
Interaction of metal porphyrins with fullerene C60: a new insight.

The electronic structure and bonding in the noncovalent, supramolecular complexes of fullerene C60 with a series of first-row transition metal porphines MP (MFe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) have been re-examined with DFT methods. A dispersion correction was made for the C60−MP binding energy through an empirical method (J. Comput. Chem. 2004, 25, 1463). Several density functionals and two types of basis sets were employed in the calculations. Our calculated results are rather different from those obtained in a recent paper (J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 3704). The ground state of C60·FeP is predicted to be high spin (S = 2); the low-spin (S = 0), closed-shell state is even higher in energy than the intermediate-spin (S = 1) state. With only one electron in the Co-dz2 orbital, the calculated Co−C60 distance is in fact rather short, about 0.1 A longer than the Fe−C60 distance in high-spin C60·FeP. Double occupation of an M-dz2 orbital in MP prevents close association of any axial ligand, and so the Ni−C60, Cu−C60, and Zn...
An algorithm for clustering profile data and its application to near-surface ice content data from wet coastal tundra soils near Barrow, Alaska

An algorithm to cluster profile data into groups that minimize the sum of the intra-group variances was applied to near-surface soil ice content data collected near Barrow, Alaska, in wet tundra terrain. When the algorithm was requested to produce 2–5 groups and group mean profiles, the results were consistant with the modern theory of ice segregation. This process produces much of the variability of near surface soil ice stratigraphy in nature. These results strengthen the case for employing the algorithm on other profile data sets as an aid in hypothesis formulation.
Establishment and characterization of a cell line from the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae)

We established a continuous cell line from the embryo of the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae), a known major vector of the Japanese encephalitis virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) in Asia. The cell line, designated NIID-CTR, was serially subcultured in VP-12 medium supplemented with 10 % heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS). It continued to grow for more than 60 passages over a 750-d period. The NIID-CTR cell line mainly comprised two morphologically distinct types of cells with adhesive properties: spindle-shaped and round cells. Most of the NIID-CTR cells at the 45th passage were diploid (2n = 6). The growth kinetics of the NIID-CTR cells was significantly affected by the FBS concentration in the medium. The population doubling time of the NIID-CTR cells was 20 h in the presence of 10 % FBS and 76 h in its absence. The DNA sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene confirmed that the NIID-CTR cell line was derived from C. tritaeniorhynchus. The cells were highly susceptible to Japanese encephalitis and Dengue viruses, thus providing a valuable tool for the study of mosquito-borne flaviviruses.
Pain management techniques used by patients with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract This study investigated the pain management techniques used by patients with multiple sclerosis. Participants from a state branch of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society completed surveys asking for their "most" and "least" effective pain management techniques. Participants then rated these techniques as to their effectiveness. Ninety percent of participants reported pain, with usual pain being in the moderate range. Typical respondents reported several effective and ineffective pain management strategies including medication, physical manipulation, exercise, psychosocial or alternative techniques, and rest/sleep. The health care and quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis might be significantly improved if these pain experiences and strategies were to receive more clinical and research attention. © 2001 by the American Pain Society
Microwave properties of magnetic garnet thin films

Abstract The theories describing the dynamical excitations of the spin system of the ferromagnetic garnets are reviewed in this paper. Initially the microscopic description using quantum spin operator notation, normally used in the theoretical studies on the subject, is presented. The role of surface anisotropy energies in determining the boundary conditions of standing spin wave modes in thin films is developed in some detail in this model. The continuum model, which is the usual language of the experimentalist for analyzing ferromagnetic resonance data, is subsquently introduced and shown to be equivalent to the microscopic model. Some application of the continuum model include ferromagnetic resonance, spin wave resonance, magnetostatic wave effects and non-linear excitations of the spin system.
A linear programming model for minimizing U.S. oil consumption

Abstract This paper describes applications of a new model which can be used to help minimize oil consumption by electric utilities in the U.S. The model can be employed to determine the theoretical upper bound on oil savings against which performance can be measured. It can also be used to identify oil conservation options on an hourly basis. In conjunction with other models it can be used to determine system additions and contractual changes necessary for exercising these options. Further, the results can be verified by inspection. Test results using actual hourly data for the Eastern Interconnected System indicate that significant oil savings, over and above those already achieved by electricity transfers, may be realizable.
Organ allocation in adults with congenital heart disease listed for heart transplant: Impact of ventricular assist devices

Background Adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) listed for heart transplantation are rarely supported by ventricular assist devices (VADs). This may be a disadvantage to their priority for organ allocation. We sought to determine the relationship between VAD implantation and successful transplantation among patients listed for heart transplant. Methods Adults with CHD patients ( N = 1,250) were identified from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database from 1985 to 2010 and compared to patients without congenital etiology for heart failure ( N = 59,606). VAD use at listing, listing status, status upgrades and reasons for upgrade prior to transplant were trended at 5-year intervals and appropriate statistical comparisons were made between groups. Results Since 1985, VAD use prior to transplant has increased significantly in patients without CHD, but not in CHD patients (17% vs 3% in 2006 to 2010, p p p = 0.03). Among those upgraded to Status 1, CHD patients were less likely to have a VAD at transplant than those without (3% vs 18%, p = 0.005). VAD use was more likely to result in death in CHD patients. Conclusions VAD use is less common in CHD patients than in patients without CHD, both at the time of listing and transplantation. Reduced VAD use appears to contribute to lower listing status and organ allocation. These differences have grown more disparate over time. Separate criteria for organ allocation for CHD patients may be justified.
Selective suppression of lipid resonances by lipid-soluble nitroxides in NMR spectroscopy

The ability of lipid-soluble nitroxides to suppress selectively the peaks of lipid resonances in 31P, 1H, and 13C NMR spectra was investigated in serum as part of studies aimed at using these contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. Nitroxides are especially interesting potential contrast agents because they can reversibly be converted in cells to diamagnetic hydroxylamines, with conversion rates that are dependent on the redox potential and the intracellular concentration of oxygen; the characterization of nitroxide-dependent changes in NMR spectra may therefore be a useful means to measure oxygen-dependent redox metabolism in vivo. The fatty acid analogs, doxyl stearates, suppressed the methyl resonance of choline and the methyl and methylene peaks of lipids in the 1H NMR spectra of serum samples. As a consequence, lactate peaks, which were not readily detected became clearly resolved and could be evaluated quantitatively. The 31P resonance of phosphatidylcholine in the 31P NMR spectrum was suppressed by 5-doxyl stearate and 4-(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecyl)ammonium-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy l,iodid e (Cat16). In the 13C NMR spectrum, the resonances of the methyl groups of choline and the lipids also were broadened significantly by addition of 5-doxyl stearate. Differential suppression of lipid resonances can be employed to facilitate quantitation of lactate.
PATTERNS AND SEARCH STATISTICS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the pattern and search statistics. Most of the paper discusses one particular application and the work presented is descriptive of approaches to that application. In situations that arise in artificial intelligence, initial null and alternative hypotheses must be modified as information is obtained. One modification concerns the establishment of other hypotheses to which the observed last datum also contributes and a decision regarding as to which pair of null and alternative hypotheses to emphasize in further testing.
Toward Increasing FPGA Lifetime

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have been aggressively moving to lower gate length technologies. Such a scaling of technology has an adverse impact on the reliability of the underlying circuits in such architectures. Various different physical phenomena have been recently explored and demonstrated to impact the reliability of circuits in the form of both transient error susceptibility and permanent failures. In this work, we analyze the impact of two different types of hard errors, namely, Time- Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) and Electromigration (EM) on FPGAs. We also study the performance degradation of FPGAs over time caused by Hot-Carrier Effects (HCE) and Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI). Each study is performed on the components of FPGAs most affected by the respective phenomena, from both the performance and reliability perspective. Different solutions are demonstrated to counter each failure and degradation phenomena to increase the operating lifetime of the FPGAs.
Zonal Momentum Balance, Potential Vorticity Dynamics, and Mass Fluxes on Near-Surface Isentropes

While it has been recognized for some time that isentropic coordinates provide a convenient framework for theories of the global circulation of the atmosphere, the role of boundary effects in the zonal momentum balance and in potential vorticity dynamics on isentropes that intersect the surface has remained unclear. Here, a balance equation is derived that describes the temporal and zonal mean balance of zonal momentum and of potential vorticity on isentropes, including the near-surface isentropes that sometimes intersect the surface. Integrated vertically, the mean zonal momentum or potential vorticity balance leads to a balance condition that relates the mean meridional mass flux along isentropes to eddy fluxes of potential vorticity and surface potential temperature. The isentropic-coordinate balance condition formally resembles balance conditions well known in quasigeostrophic theory, but on near-surface isentropes it generally differs from the quasigeostrophic balance conditions. Not taking the intersection of isentropes with the surface into account, quasigeostrophic theory does not adequately represent the potential vorticity dynamics and mass fluxes on near-surface isentropes—a shortcoming that calls into question the relevance of quasigeostrophic theories for the macroturbulence and global circulation of the atmosphere.
A Novel PEGylated Interferon Beta‐1a for Multiple Sclerosis: Safety, Pharmacology, and Biology

This study clinically evaluated a novel PEGylated form of interferon beta-1a (PEG-IFN beta-1a), a potential first-line treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis, in healthy volunteers. Two randomized, blinded phase I studies were conducted: a single-dose study (n = 60) comparing subcutaneous or intramuscular PEG-IFN beta-1a (63, 125, or 188 µg) with intramuscular unmodified IFN beta-1a 30 µg and a multiple-dose study (n = 69) comparing subcutaneous PEG-IFN beta-1a dosed once every 2 or 4 weeks with placebo. Assessments included pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (serum neopterin and 2',5'-OAS) measures, exploratory immune assessments, safety, and tolerability. A dose-proportional increase in PEG-IFN beta-1a exposure was observed, with a 4-fold greater exposure at 63 µg (6 million international units [MIU]) of PEG-IFN beta-1a than with 30 µg (6 MIU) intramuscular unmodified IFN beta-1a. Increases in neopterin and 2',5'-OAS levels and changes in T helper cell pathway gene expression and lymphocyte subsets were greater and more sustained with PEG-IFN beta-1a than with unmodified IFN beta-1a. PEG-IFN beta-1a was well tolerated, with only transient reductions in absolute neutrophils and some lymphocytes. Flu-like symptoms were a commonly reported adverse event. These data support the continued clinical development of PEG-IFN beta-1a as a potentially effective treatment for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Canary islands-north African population affinities: measures of divergence based on dental morphology.

Summary This investigation addresses two related questions about the origins and biological affinities of the Canary Islands' aboriginal inhabitants. First: With which North African populations do the pre-conquest inhabitants of the Canary Islands have their greatest affinities? Second: Does inter-island biological variability among the Canary Islanders, as has been suggested by other researchers (Hooton 1925, Schwidetzky 1963), imply that potentially different founding populations remained distinct during the pre-conquest period? This study employs dental morphology data derived from pre-conquest skeletons to answer these questions. Non-metric dental traits appear to be controlled by polygenic systems with a low to moderate environmental contribution to the resulting phenotype (Berry 1978, Harris & Bailit 1980, Nichol 1990) and can thus be assumed to reflect genetic relationships. The dental morphology of a sample of Canary Islanders (n = 397) is compared to that of Northwest African samples of Algerian Shawia Berbers (n = 26), Kabyle Berbers (n = 32), Bedouin Arabs (n = 49) and Punic Carthaginians (n = 28) as well as to six samples from Northeast Africa (n = 307) included for the purpose of understanding Canary Islanders' affinities within a wider context. The analysis employs 28 dental traits, quantifying differences in their expression among the various samples through a summary statistic, CAB Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD). The MMD analysis indicates that the Canary Island sample is most similar to the four samples from Northwest Africa: the Shawia Berbers, Kabyle Berbers, Bedouin Arabs and Carthaginians, less similar to the three Egyptian samples and least like the three Nubian samples. An intra-island comparison among samples from La Gomera, Gran Canaria and Tenerife reveals low, insignificant MMD values in all cases, implying that inter-island dental morphology differences are not so great as to require hypotheses of separate founding populations.
Transport Properties of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Prepared from Oligomeric Fluorosulfonimide Lithium Salts Dissolved in High Molecular Weight Poly(ethylene oxide)

Transport properties such as ionic conductivity, lithium transference number, and apparent salt diffusion coefficient are reported for solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) prepared using several oligomeric bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide (fluorosulfonimide) lithium salts dissolved in high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The salt series consists of polyanions in which two discrete fluorosulfonimide anions are linked together by [(perfluorobutylene)disulfonyl]imide linker chains. The restricted diffusion technique was used to measure the apparent salt diffusion coefficients in SPEs, and cationic transference numbers were determined using both potentiostatic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. A general trend of diminished salt diffusion coefficient with increasing anion size was observed and is opposite to the trend observed in ionic conductivity. This unexpected finding is rationalized in terms of the cumulative effects of charge carrier concentration, anion mobili...
Framing the Anti-War Protests in the Global Village: A Comparative Study of Newspaper Coverage in Three Countries

/ This study compared newspaper coverage of anti-war protests in three countries based on the theoretical framework of framing. News stories in The New York Times, The Times and the People's Daily ...
Direct, Longitudinal Comparison of 1H and 23Na MRI After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Purpose—23Na MRI may offer new insight into the evaluation of tissue injury. We performed a direct, longitudinal, morphological comparison of 1H T2 relaxation, 1H apparent diffusion ...
An adaptive line enhancer based on the convex combination of two IIR filters

An adaptive line enhancer is a self-tuning filter which attempts to retrieve a sinusoid buried in noise. Generally speaking, there is a trade-off between convergence speed and steady-state error. One method to address this is to use a variable step size algorithm, with a large step size for acquisition, and a smaller step size for improved steady-state performance. An alternate topology is based on the convex combination of two adaptive filters: a fast filter handles acquisition, while a slower filter is used to minimize error. In this paper, we present an adaptive line enhancer based on the convex combination of two IIR filters. It achieves both fast tracking and good steady-state performance, albeit at an increase in computational complexity.
Very low temperature spectroscopy: The helium pressure broadening coefficients below 4.3 K for the higher lying states of CH3F

Abstract The temperature dependence of the helium pressure broadening cross sections of the J = 3 ← 2 and J = 4 ← 3 transitions of CH 3 F have been measured between 4.3 and 1.8 K. These measurements were made with a new technique which uses a collisional cooling method to allow studies of spectroscopically active gases at temperatures far below their nominal freezing points. All of the observed K components of the transitions had cross sections of ∼ 33 A 2 at 300 K. However, at 4.2 K the cross sections had increased and varied between 64 and 88 A 2 before declining and converging once again to ∼ 52A 2 near 1.9 K. The attributes of spectroscopy in this environment are also described as are opportunities for other kinds of studies, especially in the infrared.
OR Experience is Indispensable in Student Education

(1953). OR Experience is Indispensable in Student Education. Hospital Topics: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 67-67.
Resampling and Distribution of the Product Methods for Testing Indirect Effects in Complex Models

Recent advances in testing mediation have found that certain resampling methods and tests based on the mathematical distribution of 2 normal random variables substantially outperform the traditiona...
Experimental evaluation of animated-verifying object viewers for Java

Although many visualization techniques have been shown to be pedagogically effective, they are still not widely adopted. The reasons include: lack of suitable methods of automatic-generation of visualizations, lack of integration among visualizations, and lack of integration with basic integrated development environment (IDE) support. To effectively use visualizations when developing code, it is useful to automatically generate multiple synchronized views without leaving the IDE. The jGRASP IDE provides object viewers that automatically generate dynamic, state-based visualizations of objects and primitive variables in Java. Such seamless integration of a lightweight IDE with a set of pedagogically effective software visualizations is unique and is currently unavailable in any other environment. Multiple instructors have reported positive anecdotal evidence of their usefulness. We conducted formal, repeatable experiments to investigate the effect of these viewers for singly linked lists on student performance and we found a statistically significant improvement over traditional methods of visual debugging that use break-points.