cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cognitive Psychometric Investigation of Word Production and Phonological Error Rates in Logopenic Progressive Aphasia.

Purpose This study investigated the relationship between word production rates (WPRs) and phonological error rates (PERs) in generative and responsive tasks in logopenic progressive aphasia (lvPPA)...
Racial, Gender, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Liver Transplantation

Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving therapy; therefore, equitable distribution of this scarce resource is of paramount importance. We searched contemporary literature on racial, gender, and socioeconomic disparities across the LT care cascade in referral, waitlisting practices, allocation, and post-LT care. We subsequently identified gaps in the literature and future research priorities. Studies found that racial and ethnic minorities (Black and Hispanic patients) have lower rates of LT referral, more advanced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma at diagnosis, and are less likely to undergo living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Gender-based disparities were observed in waitlist mortality and LT allocation. Women have lower LT rates after waitlisting, with size mismatch accounting for much of the disparity. Medicaid insurance has been associated with higher rates of chronic liver disease and poor waitlist outcomes. After LT, some studies found lower overall survival among Black compared to White recipients. Studies have also shown lower literacy and limited educational attainment were associated with increased post-transplant complications and lower use of digital technology. However, there are notable gaps in the literature on disparities in LT. Detailed population-based estimates of the advanced liver disease burden, LT referral and evaluation practices, including for LDLT, are lacking. Similarly, little is known about LT disparities worldwide. Evidence-based strategies to improve access to care and reduce disparities have not been comprehensively identified. CONCLUSION: Prospective registries and alternative "real-world" databases can provide more detailed information on disease burden and clinical practices. Modeling and simulation studies can identify ways to reduce gender disparities due to size or inaccurate estimation of renal function. Mixed-methods studies and clinical trials should be conducted to reduce care disparities across the transplant continuum.
Sample Selection for Large-scale MT Discriminative Training

Discriminative training for MT usually involves numerous features and requires large-scale training set to reach reliable parameter estimation. Other than using the expensive human-labeled parallel corpora for training, semi-supervised methods have been proposed to generate huge amount of “hallucinated” data which relieves the data sparsity problem. However the large training set contains both good samples which are suitable for training and bad ones harmful to the training. How to select training samples from vast amount of data can greatly affect the training performance. In this paper we propose a method for selecting samples that are most suitable for discriminative training according to a criterion measuring the dataset quality. Our experimental results show that by adding samples to the training set selectively, we are able to exceed the performance of system trained with the same amount of samples selected randomly.
Obesity is independently associated with septic shock, renal complications, and mortality in a multiracial patient cohort hospitalized with COVID-19.

Background Obesity has emerged as a risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. To inform treatment considerations the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 complications and the influence of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors deserves continued attention. Objective To determine if obesity is an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 complications and mortality and examine the relationship between BMI, race, ethnicity, distressed community index and COVID-19 complications and mortality. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 1,019 SARS-CoV-2 positive adult admitted to an academic medical center (n = 928) and its affiliated community hospital (n-91) in New York City from March 1 to April 18, 2020. Results Median age was 64 years (IQR 52-75), 58.7% were men, 23.0% were Black, and 52.8% were Hispanic. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 75.2%; median BMI was 28.5 kg/m2 (25.1-33.0). Over the study period 23.7% patients died, 27.3% required invasive mechanical ventilation, 22.7% developed septic shock, and 9.1% required renal replacement therapy (RRT). In the multivariable logistic regression model, BMI was associated with complications including intubation (Odds Ratio [OR]1.03, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]1.01-1.05), septic shock (OR 1.04, CI 1.01-1.06), and RRT (OR1.07, CI 1.04-1.10), and mortality (OR 1.04, CI 1.01-1.06). The odds of death were highest among those with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (OR 2.05, CI 1.04-4.04). Mortality did not differ by race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic distress score, though Black and Asian patients were more likely to require RRT. Conclusions and relevance Severe complications of COVID-19 and death are more likely in patients with obesity, independent of age and comorbidities. While race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status did not impact COVID-19 related mortality, Black and Asian patients were more likely to require RRT. The presence of obesity, and in some instances race, should inform resource allocation and risk stratification in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
Slow Crack Growth in Metal‐Reinforced Glass Composites

Mesure de la vitesse des fissures en fonction de l'intensite de contrainte dans des composites a matrice de verre borosilicate renforcee par des spheres metalliques de Kovar (alliage Fe-Ni-Co)
Mechanistic studies in swine to evaluate newborn infant vitamin A dosing strategies (260.1)

Clinically, infant care is challenging especially in resource-poor developing countries where small-for-gestational-age is common and in any country when an infant is born prematurely. Several components comprise perinatal mortality of infants. Children suffering from vitamin A deficiency have a greater risk of irreversible blindness and dying from infectious diseases. Supplementation programs are an approach to address this issue. Studies have found little or no improvement in infant vitamin A status after supplementing with 25,000 IU vitamin A. Based on WHO’s recommendations, children ages 6 - 11 mo receive 100,000 IU vitamin A and those 12 - 59 mo receive 200,000 IU vitamin A every 4 to 6 mo. Multi-centered and randomized trials of infant supplementation programs have shown inconsistent results. Infant supplementation itself has been debated due to the higher incidence of bulging fontanelle in vitamin A-dosed infants. Therefore, a series of studies were performed in a swine model to evaluate infant dos...
Negawatts: Twelve transitions, eight improvements and one distraction

Abstract Efficient use of electricity is undergoing 12 main transitions — in concept, content, scope, technology, implementation, regulation and market role — that make achievable savings far larger and cheaper than previously supposed. For example, large electrical savings are often turning out to cost less than small savings. Eight powerful classes of improvements can continue to keep end-use efficiency generally the least-cost resource. However, efficiency efforts have lately been diverted by a retail-wheeling myth which, if true, would only strengthen the business case for making very efficient use of electricity a core competitive strategy — with or without the rapidly approaching and radical decentralization of the electricity system.
The Grand Question

Grand Canyon . Solving Earth9s Grandest Puzzle. By James Lawrence Powell . Pi Press, New York, 2005. 317 pp. $27.95, C$38.95. ISBN 0-13-147989-X. The author9s account, written for the nonspecialist, centers on the efforts to understand how and when the Colorado River carved its Grand Canyon.
Diaziquone-induced micronuclei in cytochalasin B-blocked mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Abstract A mouse peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) micronucleus (MN) test was developed using a modification of the technique for assessing MN in human PBLs described by Fenech and Morley (1985). Male C57B1/6 mice (5/dose) were injected i.p. with either 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 mg diaziquone (AZQ)/kg. After 24 h the mice were bled by cardiac puncture, PBLs were isolated on a Ficol-density gradient and then cultured in RPMI 1640 medium using 8 μg phytohemagglutinin/ml. In some cultures cytochalasin B (CYB) was added at 21 h during the medium change to block cytokinesis. In other culture, CYB was omitted to compare the sensitivity of analyzing MN in binucleate versus unblocked mononucleate cells. All doses of AZQ yielded significant increases in MN-containing binucleated PBLs. The use of CYB in the mouse PBL MN test increased the sensitivity approximately 3-fold. The MN test in mouse PBLs should be useful in comparative cytogenetic studies of mice and humans.
Chemokine expression dynamics in mycobacterial (type-1) and schistosomal (type-2) antigen-elicited pulmonary granuloma formation.

Transcript expression of 24 chemokines (CKs) was examined throughout 8 days in mouse lungs with type-1 (Th1) or type-2 (Th2) cytokine-mediated granulomas induced by bead-immobilized mycobacterial purified protein derivative or Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens. Where possible, CK protein levels were also measured. In addition, we examined effects of in vivo cytokine depletions. Findings were as follows: 1) bead challenge induced increases in 18 of 24 CK transcripts with type-1 and type-2 responses displaying different patterns. CKs fell into four categories: a) type-1-dominant (γ-interferon-inducible protein (IP-10), monokine induced by INF-γ (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), lipopolysaccharide-induced chemokine (LIX), rodent growth-related oncogene homologue (KP), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and -1β (MIP-1β), lymphotactin), b) type-2-dominant (eotaxin, monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2) and -3 (MCP-3), liver and activation-regulated chemokine (LARC), T cell activation protein-3 (TCA-3), c) type-1 and type-2 co-dominant (MCP-1, MCP-5, monocyte-derived chemokine (MDC), thymus and activation-related chemokine (TARC), C10), and d) constitutive (lungkine, secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC), EBI1-ligand chemokine (ELC), fractalkine, macrophage inflammatory protein-1γ (MIP1-γ), and stromal cell derived factor-1α (SDF1-α). 2) CKs displayed characteristic temporal patterns. CXC (IP-10, MIG, MIP-2, LIX, KC) and certain CC (MCP-1, MCP-5, MIP-1α, MIP-1β) CKs were produced maximally within 1 to 2 days. Others (MCP-2, MCP-3, eotaxin, lymphotactin, LARC, TCA-3) displayed peak expression later. 3) Interferon-γ neutralization profoundly abrogated MIG, but had little effect on other CKs. Tumor necrosis factor-α neutralization caused up to 50% reduction in a range of CKs. These findings indicate that type-1 and type-2 granulomas display characteristic CK profiles with coordinated expression that is under cytokine-mediated regulation.
Dynamic Autoassociative Neural Memory Performance VS. Capacity

A new capacity measure is proposed for the class of dynamic autoassociative neural memories (ANMs). The proposed associative memory capacity measure is based on the memory's performance vs. the number of stored memory vectors, where performance is defined in terms of the memory's error-correcting ability and its fundamental memories' attraction volumes. This new method of measuring ANM capacity is very effective when ANMs are used in pattern recognition and error-tolerant content-addressable memories. The proposed capacity/performance measure has been tested for several ANMs having the same dynamic Hopfield memory-like architecture, each employing a different recording technique. Correlation, generalized inverse (orthogonal), and Ho-Kashyap memory recordings have been investigated. Monte Carlo analysis has been performed on ANMs recorded with randomly generated patterns, in order to determine and compare performance characteristics and dynamics.
Host-selective toxins: agents of compatibility.

20 HSTs have been documented. In general, HSTs are deter? minants of host range or specificity in that plant species, varieties, or genotypes sensitive to an HST are those that are susceptible to the producing pathogen. HSTs have been criti? cal factors in two major epidemics of crops in the United States in the 20th century, including the Southern corn leaf blight epidemic of 1970 that destroyed ~15% of that year's crop. They are also important factors in several other economically sig? nificant diseases throughout the world. Studies of diseases involving HSTs led to the first elucidation of the molecular ba? sis of disease susceptibility in any interaction (Southern corn leaf blight; Dewey et al., 1988) and to the first cloning and func? tional characterization of a Mendelian disease resistance gene (Northern corn leaf spot; Johal and Briggs, 1992). Some HSTs have highly unusual chemical structures and unusual biolog? ical activities. Although some HSTs are extremely toxic, the reaction to them is often controlled by single plant genes. The study of HSTs and the diseases in which they occur continues to contribute fundamental knowledge about the processes and regulation of disease susceptibility and resistance, about ba? sic plant biochemistry through their use as specific metabolic inhibitors, about the structure and organization of secondary metabolite pathways, and about the organization of fungal ge? nomes and the evolution of new pathogen races. Because cell death is a symptom of many plant diseases, it was hypothesized early on that phytotoxic compounds con? tribute to the virulence or pathogenicity of plant pathogens. Although it is now well established that many plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi produce phytotoxic compounds, the majority of these compounds are nonselective. That is, these com? pounds affect a broader range of organisms than the producing organism infects. Some nonselective toxins, such as fusicoc? cin, trichothecene, coronatine, phaseolotoxin, syringomycin, and tabtoxin, contribute to virulence or symptom development in the diseases in which they occur (Stoessl, 1981; Ballio and
Purification and characterization of soybean nodule nitrite reductase

A nodule cytosol nitrite reductase was isolated from soybean [Glyine max (L.) Mer. cv. Tracy] grown in the presence of nitrate. Enzyme activity increased when increased amounts of nitrate were supplied to the plant. A purification procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, DEAE Sephadex and Blue Sepharose chromatography resulted in an activity capable of forming 6.7 μmol ammonia (mg protein)−1 min−1. This represented a 235-fold increase in specific activity. The molecular weight, estimated by gel filtration, was 55 000. The pH optimum for activity was 7.1. Ammonia formed stoichiometrically as nitrice was consumed. From Lineweaver-Burk plots, Km values of 0.5mM for nitrite and 0.2mM for methyl viologen were calculated. Spectral data suggest the association of a heme chromophore with the enzyme.
Serotonergic agents restore appropriate decision-making in neonatal rats displaying dopamine D1 receptor-mediated vacillatory behavior.

A number of studies in the past have indicated that certain types of dopamine receptor-mediated behaviours can be reversed by serotonin aginists. We have recently described a behavior in neonatal rats induced by the selective D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393, which we termed vacillatory behavior. The current study was aimed at determining the effectiveness of several serotonin-specific agents at reversing this behavior. Behaviors measured on day 15 revealed that SKF 38393-mediated behavior was effectively blocked by SCH 23390 (a selective D1 antagonist), serotonin receptor agonists specific for the 5-HT1A receptor (buspirone and ipsapirone), and the serotonin uptake inhibitor chlomipramine. However, the behavior was not reversed by diazepam. These data suggest that the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems must be in a proper balance for appropriate decision-making behaviors to occur.
Comparison of Chemical and Hysteresis CO2 Trapping in the Nugget Formation 2

The Moxa Arch Anticline is a regional-scale northwest-trending uplift in western Wyoming and it has been chosen for CO2 capture and storage. The Nugget Sandstone is a deep saline aquifer that has been a candidate for CO2 storage. In this paper we compare the amount of mineral and solution trapping in comparison with dynamic hysteresis trapping based on compositional simulation. To the best of our knowledge this is the first paper to computationally assess the chemical trapping in the Nugget formation and to compare these three trapping mechanisms against each other. Reaction-path and kinetic modeling of CO2C_-brineC_-mineral reactions in the Nugget formation was investigated to probe the factors that affect capacity for CO2 chemical trapping. The solution and precipitation trapping of CO2 are functions of temperature, pressure, CO2 fugacity and brine composition. The geochemical simulation of this system was explored in order to assess how mineralogy might change and the relative importance of mineral and solution trapping phenomena through time. After 30 years, 0.06 g of CO2 per kg of reacted rock is sequestered as mineral phases and solution trapping amounts to 3.1 g/kg rock. In comparison, a recent computational study of the Rose Run sandstone, Ohio indicates a much higher (30 times higher) mineral trapping capacity, mainly because of the presence of glauconite as an iron source for siderite formation. The total hysteresis trapping in our study is 4.5g/kg rock based on compositional simulation for the same period of time. These results reveal that mineral trapping in the Nugget formation is not significant but that total chemical trapping might be as high as 70% of hysteresis trapping. Therefore, the contribution and importance of chemical trapping in CO2 sequestration should be taken into account for assessment of CO2 sequestration.
Famine in China, 1958–61

For many years, very little reliable information was available about the population of the People’s Republic of China. Inferences and speculations about population trends were based on press reports, eyewitness accounts, and occasional snippets of official information apparently based on a population registration system. This unsatisfactory situation has changed completely in the last four years, reflecting both a general switch to much greater openness on the part of the Chinese authorities and the successful execution of the 1982 population census. A flood of demographic data has poured out of China, including single-year age distributions from the 1953 and 1964 censuses, results from a 10 percent sample of households from the 1982 census, fertility rates for the period 1940–82 from a one-in-a-thousand sample fertility survey carried out in late 1982, and registration figures for year-end population and for birth and death rates from 1950 to 1982. These data provide a basis not only for assessing current demographic trends in China, but also for constructing demographic estimates for the entire period back to the establishment of the People’s Republic.
Biosynthesis of chitin during various stages in the metamorphosis of Prodenia eridania

The relationship between chitin content and activity of the chitin synthetase enzyme was investigated in final instar larvae and pupae of Prodenia eridania. A correlation was found between changes in chitin concentration and activity of the enzyme. The maximum level of chitin and the peak activity of the enzyme occurred in the late final larvae. The concentrations of hexosamines and chitodextrins are also discussed in relation to their possible significance in chitin biosynthesis.
Spin-polarized EXAFS using Kβ detection

The first spin-polarized EXAFS of an anti-ferromagnetically coupled system using Kβ detection is reported. The Kβ SPEXAFS effect is much larger than the K-edge XMCD SPEXAFS, because of the greater spin polarization of the excited photoelectrons. This internally referenced technique is suited for antiferromagnetically coupled systems, as well as ferromagnetic and paramagnetic systems.
Damage Control: Restoring the Physical Integrity of America’s Rivers

Technological development of America’s rivers, including the installation of more than 80,000 dams, has segmented the streams and fragmented their watersheds. A vision for the nation’s rivers requires science and public policy that emphasize restoration and maintenance of the rivers’ physical integrity to create a great river legacy for future generations. The Clean Water Act mandates the biological, chemical, and physical integrity of the nation’s rivers, but researchers and decision makers have paid scant attention to physical integrity. Physical integrity for rivers refers to a set of active fluvial processes and landforms wherein the channel, near-channel landforms, sediments, and overall river configuration maintain a dynamic equilibrium, with adjustments not exceeding limits of change defined by societal values. Rivers with physical integrity have functional surfaces and materials that are susceptible to monitoring and measurement with a set of geographic indicator parameters. Science and policy for...
Visualization of Ion Channeling of (100)Si and Si1-xGex Epitaxial Grown Layers on Silicon

Three dimensional visualization of ion channeling spectra was obtained by computer graphics in order to observe the crystalline quality and the strain state of thin films. Pure (100)Si and Si 1-x Ge x (x=0.10, 0.18) layers, epitaxially grown on (100)Si substrates, were channeled along the crystal axis with the 2 MeV He ++ ion beam in a UHV target chamber. The data were interpolated using a standard bicubic tensor product B-spline surface with uniform knot sequences in x and y directions. With this modeling technique we have shown the orientation of the major planes in a diamond crystal and the angular displacement of the Ge signal in the SiGe epilayer relative to the Si substrate signal due to the presence of tetragonal distortion in the epilayer.
The incidence and reporting of sharps exposure among medical students, orthopedic residents, and faculty at one institution.

Objective To compare the incidence of sharps injuries among medical students, orthopedic residents/fellows, and orthopedic faculty at one institution and to determine the rate of reporting exposures. Design Cross-sectional survey. Surveys were completed by 44% (53/120) of medical students, 76% (23/30) of residents/fellows, and 56% (17/30) of full-time faculty. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Medical students, orthopedic surgery residents/fellows, full-time academic orthopedic surgery faculty. Results Twenty-eight percent of medical students, 83% of residents/fellows, and 100% of faculty had been exposed to a sharps injury at some point in their career; 42% of residents/fellows had experienced a sharps exposure within the past year. The most common single instrument responsible for sharps injuries among all groups was the solid-bore needle; students and residents were significantly more likely than faculty to have a sharps injury from a solid-bore needle than all other devices combined (p = 0.04). Medical students were more likely to ignore the exposure than residents/fellows (p = 0.004) or faculty (p = 0.036). Only 12.5% of medical students followed all the steps of the postexposure protocol. Conclusion Sharps exposures occur among orthopedic surgeons and their trainees. Interventions are needed to increase safety among residents and medical students. Further research should evaluate factors suppressing medical student reporting of sharps exposures.
VOC identification and inter-comparison from laboratory biomass burning using PTR-MS and PIT-MS

Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from fires of biomass commonly found in the southeast and southwest U.S. were investigated with PTR-MS and PIT-MS, which are capable of fast measurements of a large number of VOCs. Both instruments were calibrated with gas standards and mass dependent calibration curves are determined. The sensitivity of the PIT-MS linearly increases with mass, because the ion trap mass spectrometer used in PIT-MS is more efficient for higher masses, whereas the quadrupole in PTR-MS is most efficient around 70 amu. The identification of VOCs in the complicated mix of the fire emissions was done by gas chromatographic pre separation and inter-comparison with other instrumentation: GC–MS, FTIR, and NI-PT-CIMS. With these state of the art identification methods only 50–75% of the mass detectable by PTR-MS or PIT-MS could be identified. The amount of identified material was dependent on the type of fuel used and the phase of the burns, more can be identified in the flaming stage of the fire. Compounds with masses above 100 amu contributed the largest fraction of the unidentified mass. Emission ratios with CO for all identified and unidentified compounds were determined. Small oxygenated VOCs had the highest emission ratios of the observed compounds.
Fermi statistics applied to a weakly excited column of granular particles in a vibrating bed

A one-dimensional experiment in granular dynamics is carried out to test the thermodynamic theory of weakly excited granular systems [Hayakawa and Hong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 2764] where granular particles are treated as spinless Fermions. The density profile is measured and then fit to a granular Fermi distribution function, from which the global temperature of the system, T , is determined. Then the center of mass, 〈z(T)〉〈z(T)〉, and its fluctuations, 〈Δz(T)2〉〈Δz(T)2〉, are measured and plotted as functions of T. The granular Fermi function fits the density profile fairly well, with the value of T being reasonably close to the predicted value. The scaling behavior of 〈z(T)〉〈z(T)〉 and 〈Δz(T)2〉〈Δz(T)2〉 is in excellent agreement with the theory.
Intrinsic evolvable hardware platform for digital circuit design and repair using genetic algorithms

A hardware/software platform for intrinsic evolvable hardware is designed and evaluated for digital circuit design and repair on Xilinx Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Dynamic bitstream compilation for mutation and crossover operators is achieved by directly manipulating the bitstream using a layered framework. Experimental results on a case study have shown that benchmark circuit evolution from an unseeded initial population, as well as a complete recovery of a stuck-at fault is achievable using this platform. An average of 0.47@ms is required to perform the genetic mutation, 4.2@ms to perform the single point conventional crossover, 3.1@ms to perform Partial Match Crossover (PMX) as well as Order Crossover (OX), 2.8@ms to perform Cycle Crossover (CX), and 1.1ms for one input pattern intrinsic evaluation. These represent a performance advantage of three orders of magnitude over the JBITS software framework and more than seven orders of magnitude over the Xilinx design tool driven flow for realizing intrinsic genetic operators on Xilinx Virtex Family devices.
Nonequilibrium hypersonic stagnation flow with arbitrary surface catalycity including low reynolds number effects

Abstract Dissociated stagnation point flow on highly cooled blunt bodies in a hypersonic stream of air or diatomic gas is considered, including low Reynolds number effects and nonequilibrium chemical reaction throughout the shock layer. An arbitrary atom recombination rate on the surface is allowed. Based on the continuum thin shock layer model of Cheng, it is shown that in many applications the significant gas phase reaction effects occur in a generalized nonequilibrium vorticity-interaction flow regime, including the transition from recombination rate to dissociation rate-controlled behavior. An approximate analytical solution is given for this regime which predicts atom concentrations and nonequilibrium heat transfer within 10 per cent of exact numerical solutions down to shock layer Reynolds numbers of 100.
Quantitative Two-Dimensional Infrared (2D IR) Spectroscopy: Theoretical Development for General and Specific Cases:

A quantitative two-dimensional correlation analysis for various spectroscopic techniques is introduced. Normalization of the spectral intensities enables two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy to be used for quantitative purposes. As a result of the normalization, the correlation strengths are characterized by the dynamic parameters of the correlated spectral intensities. Relationships between the chemical species associated with peak positions in 2D IR spectra are characterized by both the magnitude and the sign of the correlation strength. The magnitude describes the degree of harmonization, while the sign shows the relationship between the dynamic behaviors of the correlated spectral intensities. The phase spectrum, which indicates the quantitative relationship among the dynamic behavior of the spectral intensities, is also introduced.
Consequences of Child and Adult Sexual and Physical Trauma among Deaf Adults

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consequences of sexual and physical trauma among a sample of deaf adults. Thirty-two men and 45 women completed the Life Event Checklist (LEC), the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI), the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire–20 (SDQ–20) and a sociodemographic questionnaire. In this sample, 40.6% of the male participants and 53.3% of the female participants had experienced some type of sexual trauma during their lifetimes. Physical trauma was reported by 75% of males and 71.1% of female participants. For those who had experienced childhood sexual trauma, the odds ratio of revictimization in adulthood was 6.69. Sexual trauma also rarely occurred by itself. Two thirds of all participants with sexual trauma histories also reported some type of physical abuse. Participants with sexual trauma histories displayed significantly more symptoms of PTSD and depression than people without such trauma history. Physical and sexual a...
Chain entanglement and melt viscosity of compatible polymer blends: poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(styrene-acrylonitrile)

Abstract The plateau modulus and zero-shear melt viscosity of binary compatible blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) and an azeotropic poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) were measured by dynamic oscillation and shear creep, and used to analyse the entanglement behaviour between dissimilar chains and the compositional dependence of zero-shear melt viscosity. It is found that, due to specific interchain interactions (which give rise to the molecular miscibility), dissimilar chains are less likely to entangle than similar chains. The zero-shear melt viscosity η 0 obeys the simple relation, log η 0 = o 1 log η 01 + o 2 log η 02 , where o is the volume fraction, and the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the two pure components, respectively, for the present blends.
Comparison of Multiple Steroid Concentrations in Serum and Dried Blood Spots throughout the Day of Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Background/Aim: Periodic measurement of plasma concentrations of cortisol precursors on a clinic visit may be of limited value in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia becaus
Outbreak of vancomycin-, ampicillin-, and aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in an adult oncology unit.

Abstract An outbreak of bacteremia caused by Enterococcus faecium with high-level resistance to vancomycin (MIC of > or = 256 micrograms/ml), ampicillin (MIC of > or = 64 micrograms/ml), and gentamicin or streptomycin (MIC of > or = 2,000 micrograms/ml) occurred in an adult oncology unit from June 1991 to May 1992. Active surveillance for the presence of this organism in stool or perianal cultures was begun in September 1991. Between June 1991 and May 1992, seven patients with bacteremia and 22 noninfected carriers of the organism in stool were identified. The vanA gene, tested for by PCR and gene probe, was present in all isolates evaluated. All bacteremic patients also had resistant E. faecium present in a stool or perianal culture; the stool isolates tested were closely related to the respective blood isolates as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Antibiotic regimens using high-dose ampicillin and an aminoglycoside were ineffective with four patients. Five patients (71%) had multiple positive blood cultures; four of these patients died. Following a multiple logistic regression analysis, it was found that bacteremic patients received a significantly greater number of total antibiotic days compared with noninfected stool carriers (P = 0.019). The emergence of E. faecium with high-level resistance to vancomycin, ampicillin, and aminoglycosides underscores the importance of performing susceptibility testing on all clinically significant isolates. In the neutropenic adult oncology patient, bacteremia with this organism is of probable gastrointestinal origin, is often persistent, and is refractory to treatment with ampicillin in combination with an aminoglycoside. Prolonged use of antibiotics may predispose patients with gastrointestinal colonization to develop bacteremia.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of GlcNAcα1,4Gal-releasing endo-β-galactosidase from Clostridium perfringens

The unique clostridial endo-beta-galactosidase (Endo-beta-Gal(GnGa)) capable of releasing the disaccharide GlcNAc alpha 1,4Gal from O-glycans expressed in the gastric gland mucous cell-type mucin has been crystallized. The crystal belongs to space group P6(3), with unit-cell parameters a = 160.4, c = 86.1 A. Under cryocooled conditions and using a synchrotron X-ray source, the crystals diffract to 1.82 A resolution. The asymmetric unit contains two or three molecules.
Development and factor analysis of an index of post-polio sequelae

Purpose. This present study describes the development, factor structure and initial validation of the Index of Post-Polio Sequelae (IPPS).Method. The IPPS was tested on a sample of 849 community-dwelling polio survivors between the ages of 40 and 93 years old who participated in a large, national study of menopause and aging in late polio. Items from the IPPS were submitted to a factor analysis using principal components extraction and rotated to oblique simple structure using promax rotation. Convergent validity was assessed using bivariate correlation.Results. Three factors were extracted that accounted for approximately 53% of the variance in the original IPPS items. Factor 1 (Pain) was loaded most heavily by two items referring to muscle and joint pain. Factor 2 (Atrophy) was loaded by items referring to muscle atrophy, involved muscle weakness, and fatigue. Factor 3 (Bulbar) was comprised of two items referring to breathing and swallowing problems. Bivariate correlations between health and psychosoci...
Swelling of Müller cells induced by AP3 and glutamate transport substrates in rat retina

Previous studies have shown that a single systemic injection of 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate (AP3), an agonist/antagonist at metabotropic glutamate receptors, produces marked swelling of rodent Muller cells. To investigate the effects of AP3 on Muller cells, we used in vitro retinal segments prepared from 30 day old rats. Incubation with AP3 for 1 h or more caused severe swelling of Muller cells with the appearance of mitotic cellular profiles in the outer nuclear layer. The Muller cell swelling was mimicked by substrates for glutamate transporters, suggesting that AP3 may produce its effects via transport into glial cells. To determine whether AP3 is a substrate for glutamate transporters, we studied cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. In hippocampal astrocytes, AP3 activated currents via an Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporter. Consistent with this, substitution of extracellular sodium with choline blocked Muller cell swelling in the rat retina. These results indicate that the acute glial swelling produced by AP3 results primarily from a fluid shift that accompanies the transport of AP3 and sodium into Muller cells.
An architectural systems engineering methodology for addressing cyber security

This paper discusses important shortcomings of current approaches to systems security engineering. The value and limitations of perimeter security designs are examined. An architectural approach to systems security engineering is introduced as a complementary means for strengthening current approaches. Accordingly, this paper outlines a methodology to identify classes of new reusable system security solutions and an architectural framework based on reuse of the patterns of solutions. It also introduces a new methodology for security metrics intended to stimulate critical solution design tradeoff analyses as part of security design reuse considerations. Examples of problems, potential architectural solutions, and corresponding security metrics are provided. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Starch synthase and starch branching enzyme from germinating castor bean endosperm

Abstract Sucrose, but not starch, accumulates to high levels during fat utilization in young castor bean seedlings. High activities of starch synthase, starch branching enzyme and starch phosphorylase were present in the tissue but the very low ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity probably accounts for the low level of starch accumulation. DEAE-cellulose chromatography resolved a single ADPG starch synthase with both primed and citrate-stimulated (unprimed) activities. Three isozymes of branching enzyme were resolved, one co-eluting with starch synthase. ADPG and UDPG starch synthase activities were present in plastid-rich pellets (marker, RuBisCO). Treatment with {3-[(3-cholamido-propyl) dimethylammonio] 1-propane-sulphonate} (CHAPS) solubilized 75% of these activities. The remainder is attributed to starch granule-bound starch synthase. The effect of various glucan primers on the activities of soluble ADPG starch synthase and starch phosphorylase were determined.
Do [all]-S,S'-dioxide oligothiophenes show electronic and optical properties of oligoenes and/or of oligothiophenes?

A comprehensive photophysical and spectroscopic (electronic and Raman) study guided by density functional theory, DFT, CIS, and correlated ab initio calculations has been performed on a series of fully oxidized oligothiophenes with variable chain length, and up to four rings. A comparison with the properties of oligoenes and oligothiophenes is proposed. Absorption, fluorescence, lifetimes, flash-photolysis, phosphorescence, two-photon absorption, Raman, resonance Raman, and thermospectroscopy data are collected and interpreted according to the obtained theoretical results. The interest is focused on the ground electronic state and in the low-lying excited electronic states. Full oxygenation of the sulfur atoms of oligothiophenes results in: (i) restricted inter-ring isomerization such as observed from the absorption spectra; (ii) an effective quenching of fluorescence, and (iii) the appearance of dual emission. The emission features are explained by the interference of a dipole-allowed and a dipole-forbid...
Bone Health History in Breast Cancer Patients on Aromatase Inhibitors

A cross-sectional study was performed to assess bone health history among aromatase inhibitor (AI) users before breast cancer (BC) diagnosis, which may impact fracture risk after AI therapy and choice of initial hormonal therapy. A total of 2,157 invasive BC patients initially treated with an AI were identified from a prospective cohort study at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC). Data on demographic and lifestyle factors were obtained from in-person interviews, and bone health history and clinical data from KPNC clinical databases. The prevalence of osteoporosis and fractures in postmenopausal AI users was assessed, compared with 325 postmenopausal TAM users. The associations of bone health history with demographic and lifestyle factors in AI users were also examined. Among all initial AI users, 11.2% had a prior history of osteoporosis, 16.3% had a prior history of any fracture, and 4.6% had a prior history of major fracture. Postmenopausal women who were taking TAM as their initial hormonal therapy had significantly higher prevalence of prior osteoporosis than postmenopausal AI users (21.5% vs. 11.8%, p<0.0001). Among initial AI users, the associations of history of osteoporosis and fracture in BC patients with demographic and lifestyle factors were, in general, consistent with those known in healthy older women. This study is one of the first to characterize AI users and risk factors for bone morbidity before BC diagnosis. In the future, this study will examine lifestyle, molecular, and genetic risk factors for AI-induced fractures.
Continuous Culture Fermentation of Whey Permeate to Produce Microbial Oil

Abstract The oil-accumulating yeast, Candida curvata D, was grown in Cheddar cheese whey permeate in continuous culture at various dilution rates. The amount of lipid obtained per hour was greatest at a dilution rate of .05h −1 . Continuous culture fermentations yielded lipids of consistent composition except for the fastest dilution rate examined (.2h −1 ). The lipid produced at this dilution rate contained less oleic acid and more linoleic acid than did lipid produced at slower dilution rates and resembled the lipid found in exponential phase cells in batch culture. When lipid production rates in batch and continuous culture systems were compared, the continuous culture system was much more efficient. This increased efficiency might also be seen on an industrial scale and could make the fermentation of whey permeate to produce oil more economically feasible.
ES cell cycle progression and differentiation require the action of the histone methyltransferase Dot1L

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) proliferate with rapid cell cycle kinetics but without loss of pluripotency. The histone methyltransferase Dot1L is responsible for methylation of histone H3 at lysine 79 (H3K79me). We investigated whether ESCs require Dot1L for proper stem cell behavior. ESCs deficient in Dot1L tolerate a nearly complete loss of H3K79 methylation without a substantial impact on proliferation or morphology. However, shortly after differentiation is induced, Dot1L-deficient cells cease proliferating and arrest in G2/M-phase of the cell cycle, with increased levels of aneuploidy. In addition, many aberrant mitotic spindles occur in Dot1L-deficient cells. Surprisingly, these mitotic and cell cycle defects fail to trigger apoptosis, indicating that mouse ESCs lack stringent cell cycle checkpoint control during initial stages of differentiation. Transcriptome analysis indicates that Dot1L deficiency causes the misregulation of a select set of genes, including many with known roles in cell cycle control and cellular proliferation as well as markers of endoderm differentiation. The data indicate a requirement for Dot1L function for early stages of ESC differentiation where Dot1L is necessary for faithful execution of mitosis and proper transcription of many genes throughout the genome.
Evidence for the use of vilazodone in the treatment of major depressive disorder

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by dysfunction in cognition, behavior, and physical functioning, and is associated with a chronic clinical course. There are barriers to successful treatment, which often result in early discontinuation and relapse. Adverse effects (AEs) remain the most commonly cited reason for discontinuation of treatment with conventional antidepressants, particularly early on in therapy. This often translates into relapse of symptoms or recurrence of the depressive episode. The delay to therapeutic response also has a meaningful implication for treatment adherence. Areas covered: This article focuses on the implications of a novel entity for the treatment of depression; the first new molecule developed for this indication in the last 10 years. Vilazodone is a novel dual-acting serotonergic antidepressant, which is a selective and potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, as well as a selective partial agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor. Expert opinion: The data ...
Design considerations of a real-time clinical confocal microscope

A real-time clinical confocal light microscope provides the ophthalmologist with a new tool for the observation of the cornea and the ocular lens. In addition, the ciliary body, the iris, and the sclera can be observed. The real-time light microscopic images have high contrast and resolution. The transverse resolution is about one half micron and the range resolution is one micron. The following observations were made with visible light: corneal epithelial cells, wing cells, basal cells, Bowman's membrane, nerve fibers, basal lamina, fibroblast nuclei, Descemet's membrane, endothelial cells. Observation of the in situ ocular lens showed lens capsule, lens epithelium, lens fibrils, the interior of lens fibrils. The applications of the confocal microscope include: eye banking, laser refractive surgery, observation of wound healing, observation of the iris, the sciera, the ciliary body, the ocular lens, and the intraocular lens. Digital image processing can produce three-dimensional reconstructions of the cornea and the ocular lens.
The humanist turn in Foucault's rhetoric of inquiry

The authors discuss the relationship of Michel Foucault's work to the humanist perspective. They argue that Fisher is inaccurate in characterizing Foucault as an “anti‐humanist.” Instead, Foucault is properly read as sympathetic to the humanist perspective, and his concept of the “statement” and method of critique turn the humanist perspective away from an institutionalized, perhaps ideological, form that legitimizes the extant social order, and toward a liberating, activist form that allows for change within the status quo.
Genetic and epigenetic dissection of cis regulatory variation

Divergence in gene expression is of interest because it generates molecular markers for phenotypic variation, potentially including the causes underlying this variation. Alteration of gene expression patterns can have a direct genetic (or epigenetic) basis in cis regulatory polymorphism or can be indirectly regulated by trans-acting factors. Expression mapping studies have begun to reveal the local (suggesting cis) and distant (usually trans) patterns of inheritance of genetic variation that underlies transcriptional polymorphism. The molecular basis that contributes to transcriptional divergence is, however, largely unknown especially for genes under selection that might influence phenotype. Additional genome-wide empirical data from many related organisms are required to dissect cis-, trans-, and cis x trans- dependent sources of variation in gene expression to provide a better understanding of the evolution of transcriptional regulatory networks.