cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of statistical approaches for physician-randomized trials with survival outcomes

This study compares methods for analyzing correlated survival data from physician-randomized trials of health care quality improvement interventions. Several proposed methods adjust for correlated survival data; however the most suitable method is unknown. Applying the characteristics of our study example, we performed three simulation studies to compare conditional, marginal, and non-parametric methods for analyzing clustered survival data. We simulated 1000 datasets using a shared frailty model with (1) fixed cluster size, (2) variable cluster size, and (3) non-lognormal random effects. Methods of analyses included: the nonlinear mixed model (conditional), the marginal proportional hazards model with robust standard errors, the clustered logrank test, and the clustered permutation test (non-parametric). For each method considered we estimated Type I error, power, mean squared error, and the coverage probability of the treatment effect estimator. We observed underestimated Type I error for the clustered logrank test. The marginal proportional hazards method performed well even when model assumptions were violated. Nonlinear mixed models were only advantageous when the distribution was correctly specified.
Classification and therapy of atrophie blanche

• Atrophie blanche usually appears as painful purpuric papules that evolve into ulcerations and, finally, angular scars on the lower extremities. The literature on this subject presents a confusing picture of its causes, pathogenesis, and treatment. From our review of the literature and our experience in evaluating and treating cases of atrophie blanche, we conclude that it is best categorized as a clinicopathologic entity with multiple causes. Its characteristic histopathologic features and clinical evolution indicate that the common pathologic event is occlusion of vessels in the middle and deep dermis. No single form of therapy has been consistently effective for the treatment of atrophie blanche, but drugs that inhibit platelet thrombus formation or stimulate endogenous fibrinolytic activity arrest the disease in most patients. ( Arch Dermatol 1983;119:963-969)
High-Poverty Youth: Self-Determination and Involvement in Educational Planning

The authors compared involvement in educational planning and use of self-determination strategies reported by two groups of students attending a high-poverty, predominately Black high school: 19 st...
Distinct Signature of Altered Homeostasis in Aging Rod Photoreceptors: Implications for Retinal Diseases

Background Advanced age contributes to clinical manifestations of many retinopathies and represents a major risk factor for age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in the elderly. Rod photoreceptors are especially vulnerable to genetic defects and changes in microenvironment, and are among the first neurons to die in normal aging and in many retinal degenerative diseases. The molecular mechanisms underlying rod photoreceptor vulnerability and potential biomarkers of the aging process in this highly specialized cell type are unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings To discover aging-associated adaptations that may influence rod function, we have generated gene expression profiles of purified rod photoreceptors from mouse retina at young adult to early stages of aging (1.5, 5, and 12 month old mice). We identified 375 genes that showed differential expression in rods from 5 and 12 month old mouse retina compared to that of 1.5 month old retina. Quantitative RT-PCR experiments validated expression change for a majority of the 25 genes that were examined. Macroanalysis of differentially expressed genes using gene class testing and protein interaction networks revealed overrepresentation of cellular pathways that are potentially photoreceptor-specific (angiogenesis and lipid/retinoid metabolism), in addition to age-related pathways previously described in several tissue types (oxidative phosphorylation, stress and immune response). Conclusions/Significance Our study suggests a progressive shift in cellular homeostasis that may underlie aging-associated functional decline in rod photoreceptors and contribute to a more permissive state for pathological processes involved in retinal diseases.
T cell homeostasis in tolerance and immunity

The size of the peripheral T cell pool is remarkably stable throughout life, reflecting precise regulation of cellular survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. Homeostatic proliferation refers to the process by which T cells spontaneously proliferate in a lymphopenic host. The critical signals driving this expansion are "space," contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide complexes, and cytokine stimulation. A number of studies have delineated an association between T cell lymphopenia, compensatory homeostatic expansion, and the development of diverse autoimmune syndromes. In the nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes, lymphopenia-induced homeostatic expansion fuels the generation of islet-specific T cells. Excess interleukin-21 facilitates T cell cycling but limited survival, resulting in recurrent stimulation of T cells specific for self-peptide/MHC complexes. Indeed, data from several experimental models of autoimmunity indicate that a full T cell compartment restrains homeostatic expansion of self-reactive cells that could otherwise dominate the repertoire. This review describes the mechanisms that govern T cell homeostatic expansion and outlines the evidence that lymphopenia presents a risk for development of autoimmune disease.
Majorization formulation of uncertainty in quantum mechanics

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is formulated for a set of generalized measurements within the framework of majorization theory, resulting in a partial uncertainty order on probability vectors that is stronger than those based on quasientropic measures. The theorem that emerges from this formulation guarantees that the uncertainty of the results of a set of generalized measurements without a common eigenstate has an inviolable lower bound which depends on the measurement set but not the state. A corollary to this theorem yields a parallel formulation of the uncertainty principle for generalized measurements corresponding to the entire class of quasientropic measures. Optimal majorization bounds for two and three mutually unbiased bases in two dimensions are calculated. Similarly, the leading term of the majorization bound for position and momentum measurements is calculated which provides a strong statement of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in direct operational terms. Another theorem provides a majorization condition for the least-uncertain generalized measurement of a given state with interesting physical implications.
Accumulation and metabolism of choline and homocholine by mouse brain subcellular fractions

Abstract Minces of mouse forebrain were incubated in Krebs or a Krebs solution containing high K + (32.7mM) and Li + , instead of Na + , for 30 min at 37°; subcellular fractions were prepared, and the levels of ACh in the S 3 and P 3 fractions were determined and compared for the two treatments. Incubation of minces in the Krebs solution with high K + and Li + , instead of Na + , depleted the ACh content of the P 3 fraction 70 per cent, without altering that of the S 3 fraction with respect to incubation of minces in normal Krebs. Subsequent incubation of the depleted minces in normal Krebs containing [ 14 C]choline (0.1 mM) and paraoxon (0.1μM) refilled the depleted P 3 fraction with newly synthesized [ 14 C]ACh, and the ratio of [ 14 C]ACh to total ACh in this fraction (0.63) exceeded that of the S 3 (0.33). Incubation of depleted minces in normal Krebs solution containing the choline analog [ 14 C]homocholine (0.1 mM) and paraoxon (0.1μM) also refilled the depleted P 3 fraction with newly synthesized [ 14 C]acetylhomocholine, and the ratio of [ 14 C]acetylhomocholine to ACh in this fraction (7.26) exceeded that of the S 3 (0.44). Refilling of the depleted P 3 fraction was due to an increase in the accumulation of precursor ([ 14 C]choline 84 per cent and [ 14 C]homocholine, 76 per cent) which occurred independently of the S 3 . Incubation of depleted minces with either extracellular [ 14 C]ACh or [ 14 C]acetylhomocholine did not refill the depleted P 3 fraction with these compounds. These results suggest that ACh, lost from the crude vesicular fraction, can be replaced with newly synthesized ACh independently of the cytoplasm.
Selective Use of Animation and Feedback in Computer-Based Instruction.

The effects of two computer-based instructional strategies—visual display and feedback type—were investigated in the acquisition of electronic troubleshooting skills. Animation was used to simulate the functional behaviors of electronic circuits and to demonstrate the troubleshooting procedures. The first hypothesis tested was that animated visual displays would be more effective than static visual displays if animation was selectively used to support the specific learning requirements of a given task. Results supported this hypothesis by showing that college students in the animated visual display condition needed significantly fewer trials than those in the static visual display condition. The second hypothesis was that the effectiveness of intentionally mediated feedback (knowledge of results or explanatory information) would be minimal if natural feedback—the system's automatic functional reaction to external inputs—was available and the subject had the basic knowledge needed to understand the system functions. The results supported this hypothesis. Overall, this study implies that instructional strategies, including visual displays and feedback, should be applied selectively based on the specific learning requirements of a given task.
Metronomic therapy for refractory/relapsed lymphoma: the PEP-C low-dose oral combination chemotherapy regimen.

AbstractBackground: Metronomic therapy is the application of continuous, low dose chemotherapy. The doses of chemotherapy are usually not sufficient to destroy neoplastic cells, but impact the milieu, particularly angiogenesis.Objective: To determine if the oral PEP-C regimen, consisting of prednisone 20 mgm, etoposide 50 mgm, procarbazine 50 mgm, and cyclophosphamide 50 mgm given in either a daily, alternate day, or fractionated basis, is effective in a variety of lymphomas.Methods: One hundred twenty two patients were studied although the majority had low grade or mantle cell lymphoma. All had received at least two or more prior therapies.Results: Overall, 75% achieved an objective response (OR) with 38% complete responses (CRs) or CRs unconfirmed, and 37% partial responses. ORs were achieved in mantle cell (85%), follicular (88%), marginal zone (71%), and small lymphocytic (67%) lymphomas. Chemosensitive disease was more responsive. Toxicity was minimal.Conclusion: The PEP-C regimen is an easily admini...
Anisotropic thermal expansion of the 1:2:4 yttrium barium copper oxide superconductor

Abstract The 1:2:4 yttrium barium copper oxide superconductor has been prepared and sintered to high density by high pressure techniques. This material is phase pure and shows a sharp transition temperature of 80 K. High temperature X-ray powder diffraction of the 1:2:4 material shows a small anisotropy in thermal expansion. This is compared to the anisotropy in thermal expansion of the 1:2:4 superconductor. A critical grain size, above which thermal expansion anisotropy causes cracking, is calculated for 1:2:4 and compared to that for 1:2:3. The results predict that the critical grain size is over twice as large for the 1:2:4 material. This should result in less microcracking in polycrystalline materials due to thermal expansion anisotropy in devices based on 1:2:4.
Acalculia : historical development and current significance

Acalculia is a loss of calculating abilities occurring as a result of cerebral damage. This paper reviews the development of the notion of acalculia from an expected concomitant of aphasia or dementia to that of a sometimes autonomous disorder. Current evidence indicates that acalculia tends to occur particularly in lesions of the left posterior hemispheric areas.
Predicting bank failures using a hazard model: the Venezuelan banking crisis

Abstract This paper uses a proportional-hazard model with time-varying covariates to determine the financial indicators that could have predicted the bank failures during the 1994–1995 Venezuelan banking crisis. A proportional-hazard model is an adequate econometric tool to analyze this case of limited cross-sectional financial information. I find that both a bank's ability to generate sound profits and the support of low risk government bonds were the key to not failing in a crisis that took down more than half of the system. These results can be extended to a general case of bank failures under volatile economic environments.
Somatostatin antagonist analog increases GH, insulin, and glucagon release in the rat

We have utilized the relative structural simplicity of several short, cyclic, highly active somatostatin analogs in the search for competitive antagonists of somatostatin. During an attempted synthesis of cyclo(7-aminoheptanoyl-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr), catalytic hydrogenation of the protected peptide intermediate unexpectedly gave cyclo [7-aminoheptanoyl-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr(Bzl)] in which the benzyl protecting group on Thr could not be removed even upon prolonged treatment under standard conditions. Injection of this new peptide into the rat completely blocked the inhibitory effects of exogenous somatostatin on GH, insulin, and glucagon release. Indeed, in fasted rats, basal hepatic portal insulin and glucagon levels were significantly increased after analog treatment. Plasma GH levels in Nembutal-anesthetized and stimulated rats were also increased after injection of the analog. These results provide strong evidence that endogenous somatostatin exerts local tonic control of pituitary and pancreatic secretions. The availability of a somatostatin anatagonist should be of considerable value in elucidating the roles of somatostatin in these and many other physiological processes.
Can social networking be used to promote engagement in child maltreatment prevention programs? Two pilot studies.

INTRODUCTION: Child maltreatment is one of the United States' most significant public health problems. In efforts to prevent maltreatment experts recommend use of Behavioral Parent Training Programs (BPTs), which focus on teaching skills that will replace and prevent maltreating behavior. While there is research to support the effectiveness of BPTs in maltreatment prevention, the reach of such programs is still limited by several barriers, including poor retention of families in services. Recently, new technologies have emerged that offer innovative opportunities to improve family engagement. These technologies include smartphones and social networking; however, very little is known about the potential of these to aid in maltreatment prevention. The primary goal of this study was to conduct 2 pilot exploratory projects. METHODS: The first project administered a survey to parents and providers to gather data about at-risk parents' use of smartphones and online social networking technologies. The second project tested a social networking-enhanced brief parenting program with 3 intervention participants and evaluated parental responses. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of parents surveyed reported owning a computer that worked. Eighty-nine percent of parents reported that they had reliable Internet access at home, and 67% said they used the Internet daily. Three parents participated in the intervention with all reporting improvement in parent-child interaction skills and a positive experience participating in the social networking-enhanced SafeCare components. CONCLUSION: In general, findings suggest that smartphones, social networking, and Facebook, in particular, are now being used by individuals who show risk factors for maltreatment. Further, the majority of parents surveyed in this study said that they like Facebook, and all parents surveyed said that they use Facebook and have a Facebook account. As well, all saw it as a potentially beneficial supplement for future parents enrolling in parenting programs. Language: en
A Lightweight Two-Track Tape Recorder Suitable for Correlative Monitoring of the Electrocardiogram

A simple inexpensive modification of a readily available cassette tape recorder is described. The modification permits portable recording of the electrocardiogram or other low-frequency data simultaneously with spoken commentary.
Influence of wetland hydroperiod on diversity and abundance of metamorphosing juvenile amphibians

Numbers of successfully metamorphosing juvenile amphibians were tabulated at three wetlands in South Carolina, U.S.A. using terrestrial drift fences with pitfall traps. A relatively undisturbed Carolina bay was studied for eight years, a partially drained Carolina bay for four years, and a man-made borrow pit for three years. Annual production of juveniles at the undisturbed Carolina bay ranged from zero to 75,644 individuals of 15 species. Fewer individuals of fewer species typically metamorphosed at the borrow pit than at the undisturbed bay, with the least numbers at the partially drained Carolina bay. Both total number and species diversity of metamorphosing juveniles at each site each year showed a strong positive correlation with hydroperiod, i.e., the number of days a site contained standing water that year. Data for one common anuran species and the most common salamander species were analyzed separately by multiple regression, in addition to the community analyses. For the mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum, hydroperiod was a significant predictor of the number of metamorphosing juveniles, but the number of breeding females was not. For the ornate chorus frog, Pseudacris ornata, the number of breeding females was a significant predictor of the number of metamorphosing juveniles, but hydroperiod was not. Variation in the dates of wetland filling and drying interacts with other factors to determine amphibian community structure and diversity. Either increasing or decreasing the number of days a wetland holds water could increase or decrease the number and species diversity of amphibians in and around a wetland.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of intercalation of bromine in graphite—I. Experimental

Abstract The intercalation of bromine in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite was performed at various combinations of temperature T (20–160°C) and bromine vapor pressure P (0.01–20 atm). The phase diagram (logP vs 1 T ) for the formation of various stages showed that the enthalpies of reaction were −10.0, −10.8 and −11.0 kcal mol−1 Br2 for stages 2, 3 and 4, respectively, and that the entropies of reaction were −29.9, −30.8 and −30.6 cal mol−1 Br2 K−1 for stages 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The progress of intercalation was monitored in situ by optical measurements and ex situ by gravimetry, X-ray absorption and X-ray diffraction. The kinetic data yielded the first time-temperature-transformation diagram for intercalation. In particular, the rate of formation of stage 2 or 3 was found to first increase and then decrease as the reaction temperature increased and the thermal phase boundary (70°C for stage 2, 120°C for stage 3) was approached. In addition, the intercalation rate was determined as a function of the bromine potential, thereby yielding a time-concentration-transformation diagram.
Competitive procurement of integrated library systems

The California Slate University (CSU) successfully procured integrated library systems for five of its nineteen campuses during the fiscal year ending June 1988. The procurements demonstrated that competitive bidding not only is highly effective in reducing the overall cost of library systems, but also allows the buyer to achieve favorable contract provisions that would be difficult if not impossible to obtain in a noncompetitive environment.
Therapist adherence to manualized cognitive‐behavioral therapy for anger management delivered to veterans with PTSD via videoconferencing

Therapist adherence to a manualized cognitive-behavioral anger management group treatment (AMT) was compared between therapy delivered via videoconference (VC) and the traditional in-person modality, using data from a large, randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of AMT for veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Therapist adherence was rated for the presence or absence of process and content treatment elements. Secondary analyses were conducted using a repeated measures ANOVA. Overall adherence to the protocol was excellent (M = 96%, SD = 1%). Findings indicate that therapist adherence to AMT is similar across delivery modalities and VC is a viable service delivery strategy that does not compromise a therapist's ability to effectively structure sessions and manage patient care. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–10, 2011.
Semiconductor sidewall shape estimation using top-down CD-SEM image retrieval

We present modifications to a feature-based, image-retrieval approach for estimating semiconductor sidewall (cross-section) shapes using top-down images. The top-down images are acquired by a critical dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM). The proposed system is based upon earlier work with several modifications. First, we use only line-edge, as opposed to full-line, sub-images from the top-down images. Secondly, Gabor filter features are introduced to replace some of the previously computed features. Finally, a new dimensionality reduction algorithm - direct, weighted linear discriminant analysis (DW-LDA) - is developed to replace the previous two-step principal component analysis plus LDA method. Results of the modified system are presented for data collected across several line widths, line spacings, and CD-SEM tools.
ESR spin trapping detection of hydroxyl radicals in the reactions of Cr(V) complexes with hydrogen peroxide.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements provide direct evidence for the involvement of Cr(V) in the reduction of Cr(VI) by NAD(P)H. Addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to NAD(P)H-Cr(VI) reaction mixtures suppresses the Cr(V) signal and generates hydroxyl (.OH) radicals (as detected via spin trapping), suggesting that Cr(V) reacts with H2O2 to generate the .OH radicals. Reaction between H2O2 and a Cr(V)-glutathione complex, and between H2O2 and several Cr(V)-carboxylato complexes also produces .OH radicals. These results suggest that Cr(V) complexes catalyze the generation of .OH radicals from H2O2, and that .OH radicals might play a significant role in the mechanism of Cr(VI) cytotoxicity.
Microaggressions in graduate students’ lives: How they are encountered and their consequences

Abstract This article explores the experiences of teaching assistants from nonmainstream backgrounds in a predominantly white institution (PWI) of U.S. education. We focus on how such teaching assistants experience and respond to “microaggressions” or subtle challenges to their teaching based on race and ethnicity. We also explore the consequences of microaggressions for teaching assistants’ future career plans. Analyses of life history interviews show how processes of microaggressions permeated teaching assistants’ relationships with white prospective and cooperating teachers. The authors suggest ways to interrupt these in teacher education programs.
Infrared spectra of HCN from 2000 to 3600 cm -1

Abstract New measurements are reported on eight vibration-rotation absorption bands of HCN in the infrared region from 2000 to 3600 cm−1. Comparison is made with the predictions of Rank et al. and some revision of rotational constants is found necessary. Perturbations due to l-type resonance are taken into account and found to be in very good agreement with the theory. The splitting of the Δ energy levels is found to be large enough to be observed at microwave frequencies.
PREDICTING MOORING SYSTEM FATIGUE LIFE BY PROBABILISTIC METHODS

Failure of moored structures from accumulated fatigue damage in shackles, connecting links, chain and wire rope components is common. When systems will be deployed for long periods, it is especially important to determine at the design, inspection and maintenance stages the fatigue damage. Since slack moored structures behave in a highly nonlinear manner, commonly used fatigue analysis procedures are normally inadequate. This paper reviews present probablistic fatigue analysis methods, and provides a means for incorporating nonlinear mooring behavior into analysis and design to predict accumulated damage and remaining service life. The procedures presented are general, and they are also applicable to ship and buoy moorings, offshore terminals, and guyed and tension leg platforms.
Testing Equality of Coefficients of Variation of Two Populations

The test statistics are proposed for testing the equality of the coefficients of variation of two normal populations based on independent samples. The asymptotic distributions of the statistics are approximated by well-known distributions. The empirical sizes and powers of these statistics are computed and compared.
Microarray applications in neuroscience.

Abstract Advances in all facets of technology from molecular biology to imaging and computational biology offer unprecedented opportunities for improving our understanding of the brain in health and disease. Oligonucleotide and cDNA microarray analysis, using a variety of “DNA chips,” is a recently developed high-throughput technique that allows for tour-de-force analysis of gene expression. We review this powerful technique, developed in genetics laboratories, with reference to applications in neurologic diseases in humans and the use of animal models. The typical microarray experiment is multistaged and includes preparation or purchase of arrays, preparation of target DNA and probe, target DNA hybridization, microarray scanning, and image analysis. The power and pitfalls of this technology are discussed in the context of neuroscience paradigms. Since unprecedented amounts of data are produced from microarray experiments, bioinformatics and modeling expertise are increasingly becoming critical components of this approach.
Carbonic Acid Dissociation Constant (pK1) in Critically III Newborns

ABSTRACT: In the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the apparent first dissociation constant for carbonic acid in plasma, pK1, is 6.10 ± 0.01 (±SD) in healthy adults. In contrast, values for pK1 in sick adults and in sick infants and children have been reported to vary widely. Because of the far reaching implications of these findings, we repeated the measurements in 19 newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit. Two measurements were made in each infant, one while the infant was acutely ill and another after recovery. We found that neither the mean value nor the range of pK3 values was affected by the infants' clinical status. The values during the acute phase of the hospitalization (range, 6.01-6.12; mean ± SD, 6.08 ± 0.03) did not differ from those after recovery (6.02-6.17; 6.08 ± 0.04). A second study was performed in order to see if the wide range of pK1 values seen in other studies might be the result of an unstable state accompanying acute changes in acid-base status similar to those that might be encountered in clinical situations. However, data in seven lambs showed no significant difference when pK1 before an acute alteration in acid-base status (6.10 ± 0.04) was compared with that 10 min after (6.09 ± 0.03). In newborn intensive care units, nomograms are used to calculate total CO2 from pH and Pco2 assuming a pK1 = 6.10. Our data support this practice.
The Quantitative Position of Marketing in the United States

Introduction, 394. — The definition of marketing, 396. — Retailing costs, 398. — Wholesaling costs, 398. — Manufacturer's marketing costs more difficult to estimate, 399. — Total cost of marketing in excess of 24 billion, 1929, 401. — Marketing costs compared with value added by manufacture, 402. — Income from marketing, 403. — Census of distribution facilitates estimate of marketing employment, 404. — Total marketing employment in excess of 8 million, 1929, 406. — Employment in marketing increased rapidly during the last two decades, 407. — Conclusions, 411. — Increasing specialization as a cause of increasing marketing costs, 412.
Prevention and restoration of second-set liver allograft rejection in presensitized mice: the role of "passenger" leukocytes, donor major histocompatibility complex antigens, and host cytotoxic effector mechanisms.

Background. The aim was to determine whether sublethal donor total body irradiation (TBI) might be as effective as lethal TBI in preventing mouse second-set liver allograft rejection, and to evaluate the role of passenger leukocytes, donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, and host effector mechanisms in the response to livers from sublethally irradiated donors. Methods. B10 (H2 b ) donors received various doses of TBI at different times before their livers were transplanted orthotopically into normal or donor skin-presensitized C3H (H2 k ) recipients. The influence of irradiation on graft non-parenchymal cells (NPC) was determined by monoclonal antibody staining, and flow cytometric analysis. Hematopoietic cells within the grafts were reconstituted by intravenous infusion of syngeneic or third-party bone marrow cells. Allograft survival was determined in recipients that received no treatment, or that were given spleen cells from either normal B10 donors, or MHC class I - or class II-deficient mice syngeneic with the donors. Cytotoxic activity of graft-infiltrating cells and host spleen cells, and complement-dependent cytotoxic alloantibody titers were determined by isotype release assays. Results. The protective effect of donor TBI was observed both at lethal (9.5 Gy) and sublethal doses (5 and 3 Gy; graft median survival time: >100 days). Extended delay in liver transplantation, allowing hematopoietic recovery and graft reconstitution eliminated the effect. Liver NPC were reduced about 80% within 24 hr of 3 Gy TBI, with a selective reduction in the incidence of B cells. The NPC-depleted livers underwent accelerated rejection when donor (but not third-party) spleen cells (5x10 7 were administered systemically to the recipient immediately after graft revascularization. Spleen cells from MHC class I-deficient (but not MHC class II-deficient) mice failed to fully restore accelerated rejection of TBI liver grafts. Freshly isolated graft NPC, or spleen cells from TBI liver recipients, harvested 4 days after transplantation, exhibited lower, donor-specific cytotoxic activity than cells from mice given normal livers. Recipients of TBI livers also showed much lower serum complement-dependent cytotoxic alloantibody titers. Conclusions. By substantially depleting passenger leukocytes, sublethal donor TBI undermines anti-donor cell-mediated and humoral immune reactivity and inhibits second-set liver allograft rejection in presensitized recipients. The interval between irradiation and transplantation is important in conferring resistance to rejection. Expression of MHC class I on donor leukocyte infusions is important for overcoming resistance to second-set rejection induced by donor irradiation.
PITY THE POOR PROFESSOR OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION: THE PUZZLEMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE AND OF PRACTICE

Professors of educational administration are being pressed to hold one of three conflicting positions about knowledge and practice. Using Rein's notion of stories, professors are uged to debate these viewpoints among themselves but use stories to study practitioners. Stories are necessary because of the conflicted nature of American education.
The relationships among gender concepts and cognitive maturity in preschool children

Several aspects of gender concept development were investigated in 60 children of mixed socioeconomic background ranging in age from 3 to 6 years. Tasks were designed to assess gender constancy, knowledge of sex stereotypes, differential memory and preference for sex-typed material, and gender categorization. Cognitive maturity was assessed with a conservation task and total recall on a memory task. Performance improved linearly with age on the gender concepts, individual children of both sexes learned the gender concepts in the same sequence, and cognitive maturity measures were positively related to performance on the gender concept tasks.
Periovulatory enhancement of spontaneous prolactin secretion in normal women.

The role of endogenous estrogen in the regulation of prolactin secretion in man is controversial. To study this question further, spontaneous prolactin patterns were determined over 5 hr in 10 normal women during the early follicular and again during the periovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. Steroid determinations revealed significant elevations in mean ±1 SE E1 (113 ± 20 versus 55 ± 5 pg/ml), E2 (144 ± 47 versus 48 ± 9 pg/ml), and 17-OHP (1,301 ± 266 versus 639 ± 46 pg/ml) during the periovulatory compared to the early follicular phase period. Each subject demonstrated increased mean plasma prolactin concentration during the higher estrogen state. Mean prolactin concentration (calculated from the individual mean values of samples obtained at 15 min intervals for 5 hr) during the midcycle study period was 10.7 ± 1.0 ng/ml compared to the early follicular phase period of 8.1 ± 1.0 ng/ml (p < 0.0005). The mean percent increment in plasma prolactin during the periovulatory period was 39% with a range of 9 to 117%. There was no correlation between mean prolactin and serum E1, E2, P, or 17-OHP levels during either study period. However, the incremental change in prolactin showed a positive correlation with the incremental increase in E2 (correlation coefficient, r = 0.66, p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant correlation was present between mean incremental change in prolactin and E1, P, or 17-OHP. These data suggest that enhanced cyclic estrogen secretion during the periovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle is associated with significantly increased serum prolactin concentrations.
On the shaking of ions in electron storage rings

Abstract We describe the creation and trapping of ions by an electron beam and the coherent and incoherent instabilities that the trapped ions can cause. The transverse oscillations and longitudinal motion of the ions and the different methods of beam shaking are discussed. The movement of the ions are simulated with and without shaking. We explore the effect of shaking on the stability of ions, as well as the dependence of the size of the effect on the amplitude and frequency of shaking. The effect of neglecting the longitudinal and/or horizontal motion of the ions is studied. A short review is given of experimental work by others on the effects of shaking.
Marriage and Desistance From Crime: A Consideration of Gene–Environment Correlation

An impressive body of research has examined the effect of marriage on desistance from a criminal career. Although extensive efforts have been made to control for potential confounders, almost no research has considered the role that genetic influences play in the relationship. In this study, the authors revisited the marriage–desistance connection by analyzing sibling data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health; Ns ranged between 2,224 and 3,745 siblings) and by using a statistical design that controls for confounding genetic influences. The findings revealed that both marriage and desistance were under genetic influence (h2 = .56 and .49, respectively). In addition, before controlling for shared genetic influences, marriage was predictive of desistance. After genetic influences were controlled, the marriage effect remained statistically significant but was reduced by 60%. The implications of these findings for life course criminology are considered.
Diffusion of Macromolecules in the Brain: Implications for Drug Delivery

Therapeutics must diffuse through the brain extracellular space (ECS) in order to distribute within the central nervous system (CNS) compartment; this requirement holds both for drugs that are directly placed within the CNS (i.e., central input) and for drugs that cross the barriers separating blood and brain following systemic administration. The diffusion of any substance within the CNS may be affected by a number of properties associated with the brain microenvironment, e.g., the volume fraction, geometry, width, and local viscosity of the ECS, as well as interactions with cell surfaces, the extracellular matrix, and components of the interstitial fluid. Here, we discuss ECS properties important in governing the distribution of macromolecules (e.g., antibodies and other protein therapeutics), nanoparticles and viral vectors within the CNS. We also provide an introduction to some of the methods commonly applied to measure diffusion of molecules in the brain ECS, with a particular emphasis on those used for determining the diffusion properties of macromolecules. Finally, we discuss how quantitative diffusion measurements can be used to better understand and potentially even improve upon CNS drug delivery by modeling delivery within and across species, screening drugs and drug conjugates, evaluating methods for altering drug distribution, and appreciating important changes in drug distribution that may occur with CNS disease or injury.
Visual attention and neuronal firing patterns in the feline pulvinar nucleus of thalamus.

Abstract MARCZYNSKI, T. J., J. Y. WEI, L. L. BURNS, S. Y. CHOI, E. CHEN AND G. T. MARCZYNSKI. Visual attentionand neuronal firing patterns in the feline pulvinar nucleus of thalamus. BRAIN RES. BULL. 8(6) 565–580, 1982.—In behaving cats, temporal patterns of neuronal firing were studied during slow wave sleep (SWS), motionless quiet wakefulness (QW) coupled with specific direction of the animal's attention, and during bar pressing performance (BP) for milk reward. The analysis was based on relative relations between sequential spike intervals. The strength of the method is based on the fact that the probabilities of occurrence of patterns are determined by the history of a spike train. During SWS, the neuronal firing modes closely followed the theoretical model of independent distribution of intervals, whereas during QW and BP specific for each neuron departures from the model, i.e., patterning was observed. Most importantly, in seven chronically studied neurons idiosyncratic patterns were related to direction of the animal's attention, and, very likely, to the visual forms the animals gazed at, because the patterns disappeared in the dark and during SWS without major changes in the mean firing rate. The replications of patterns upon recurrence of a particular direction of attention was proven statistically. The constancy and idiosyncrasy of these patterns were apparent even though the comparable episodes occurred several hours apart, and the animals slept and/or ate in between, and the distance, i.e., the retinal size of visual forms varied from one episode to another. On the basis of correlative evidence, it was argued that, compared to more abstract modes of information processing, the identification and quantification of patterns based on relative relations between intervals require the least amount of storage of intermediate results. Hence, these patterns are likely to represent a simple and phylogenetically old principle of communication between neurons. It was postulated that the idiosyncrasy and invariance of patterns may play a role in constancy of feature extraction and Gestalt perception.
Environmental loading effects on structures

The environment in which a structure vibrates influences its modal characteristics. Presented herein is experimental modal survey test results on splitter vanes under liquid nitrogen mass-pressure-thermal loading. In particular, shifts in modal frequencies are studied via frequency response functions, power spectral densities, isoplots, quadrature or imaginary plots, and vibration mode shape characteristics generated from strain and acceleration measurements. Analyses have shown that while mass loading lowers the frequencies, increased pressure and lower temperature have opposite effect. Thus, pressurization and cooling of a liquid causes the modal frequencies of the structure in which it is contained to shift upward.
Studies on bovine lymphosarcoma: formation of syncytia and detection of virus particles in mixed-cell cultures.

This paper reports studies on mixed-cell cultures of human diploid embryonic lung (WI-38) cells, embryonic bovine tracheal (EBTr) cells, and bovine embryonic kidney (BEK) cells with thoracic duct lymphocytes and buffy coat cells from lymphosarcoma and normal cattle, and lymphocytes from lymphosarcoma cattle that have been established as cell lines (NBC) in suspension culture. Peripolesis and emperipolesis were very pronounced during the first hours after initiation of mixed cultures with „lymphosarcoma” lymphocytes, whereas little or no peripolesis or emperipolesis characterized mixed cultures with „normal” lymphocytes. Syncytial formation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and nuclear abnormalities occurred in all the mixed cultures containing cells from lymphosarcoma animals. Cells from normal animals did not provoke the characteristic cytopathic effect, with the exception of buffy coat cells from one animal. Interferon was demonstrated in some of the syncytia-positive cultures. The data suggest that the cultures were infected with a latent syncytial virus. Immunological data indicate that this virus was not infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine parainfluenza 3, or bovine viral diarrhea, and preliminary serological data suggest that the lymphosarcoma animals may develop neutralizing antibodies against it. In two cell lines derived from mixed cultures of WI-38 and EBTr with NBC-17, numerous virus particles were observed by electron microscopy both extracellularly and, in many instances, budding from the plasma membranes or from cytoplasmic vacuole membranes. The possible relationship of the virus to bovine lymphosarcoma remains to be elucidated.
36 MEASUREMENT OF 15N-RETENTION AND TYPE I AND TYPE III COLLAGEN SERUM LEVELS PREDICTS RESPONSE OF TREATMENT WITH HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH)

The prognostic value of 15N-(stable isotope nitrogen)-retention (mass-spectrometry) and serum levels of fragments of type 1 collagen (bone and Interstitial fibrils) and type III procollagen (interstitial fibrils) (both by RIA) was studied in 20 hGH deficient children (median age: 10 ys). Patients showing good responses to hGH-therapy (increases above 1 SDS of height for chronological age after 1 year of treatment) had higher mean collagen levels during treatment (Type I: 214 ± 14 vs. 200 ± 14 ng/ml; Type III: 43.3 ± 13.7 vs. 39.5 ± 8.0 ng/ml) than those with smaller responses. The median increase after 3 days of hGH (21U/m2/dle) was higher in those with better responses (Type I: 22 vs. 10 ng/ml; Type III: 13.5 vs. 7.2 ng/ml). Cumulative renal 15N-excretion decreased from pretreatment median values of 0.91 to 0.54 mg/15N/kg. However. 15N-rctention (in %) was identical for good and poor hGH responders (44 %). Short-term administration (3 × 21U/m2) in patients with Turner's Syndrome (n=5) showed no median change of type III collagen (1.7 ng/ml) and 15N retention (9.2%). Therefore, longterm hGH-treatment with such doses in Turner patients are not likely to induce optimal growth responses. Furthermore, these results suggest studies of both 15N-retention test, as well as type I and type III collagen serum levels to predict the response before initiation of longterm hGH-treatment.
Reversed-phase chromatographic method for specific determination of glutathione in cultured malignant cells.

A chromatographic method for the specific determination of glutathione in malignant cell lines is described. The method is based on the ability of glutathione-S-transferase to specifically and quantitatively conjugate glutathione to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and chromatographic quantitation of the resultant conjugate, dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione, by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The assay can be performed on 20 000 g supernatants of cell homogenates without acid extraction. 2-Mercaptoethanol, a sulfhydryl compound often used as a thiol-protective agent to preserve enzymatic activities of a number of enzymes, did not interfere with glutathione determination by this method. The dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione isolated from either standard glutathione samples or from cell homogenates was shown to be identical to authentic dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione using mass spectrometry. Recovery of glutathione in standard samples by the current method was identical to that determined using 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Exogenous glutathione added to supernatants of cell homogenate in the presence or absence of 2-mercaptoethanol was also completely recovered.
HEPARIN ASSOCIATED Na+ LOADING OF PLATELETS: A Possible Mechanism of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia. 644

HEPARIN ASSOCIATED Na + LOADING OF PLATELETS: A Possible Mechanism of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia. 644
The interpretation of lanthanide-induced shifts in 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra

Owing to the present accuracy of the data and various other factors, it is easy to obtain agreement with experimental results for lanthanide-induced shifts in 1H n.m.r. spectra; some considerations in the formulation of such models which have been ignored previously are discussed.
Nutritional Evaluation of Copper-Lysine and Zinc-Lysine Complexes for Chicks

Abstract Three chick experiments were conducted to evaluate two mineral-Lys complexed products, Cu-Lys and Zn-Lys. Relative bioavailability of Lys, Cu, and Zn were assessed separately using diets specifically deficient in each of these nutrients and by employing criteria that respond in a straight-line fashion to supplementation with the nutrient in question. Common-intercept multiple linear regression (slope-ratio) of weight gain, bile Cu concentration, and total tibia Zn regressed on supplemental intake of Lys, Cu, and Zn, respectively, were used to assess bioavailability values relative to the standards (i.e., L-Lys·HCl, CuSO4·5H2 O, and ZnSO4·H2 O). Lysine bioavailability of Cu-Lys and Zn-Lys were estimated as 89 and 109%, respectively, which were not different (P > .05) from 100%. Relative bioavailability of Cu in Cu-Lys and Zn in Zn-Lys were estimated as 120 and 106%, respectively. These values were not different (P > .05) from the standards, i.e., CuSO4·5H2 O for Cu and ZnSO4·H2 O for Zn.
Characterizing the Climate Feedback Pattern in the NCAR CCSM3-SOM Using Hourly Data

AbstractThe climate feedback–response analysis method (CFRAM) was applied to 10-yr hourly output of the NCAR Community Climate System Model, version 3, using the slab ocean model (CCSM3-SOM), to analyze the strength and spatial distribution of climate feedbacks and to characterize their contributions to the global and regional surface temperature Ts changes in response to a doubling of CO2. The global mean bias in the sum of partial Ts changes associated with the CO2 forcing, and each feedback derived with the CFRAM analysis is about 2% of Ts change obtained directly from the CCSM3-SOM simulations. The pattern correlation between the two is 0.94, indicating that the CFRAM analysis using hourly model output is accurate and thus is appropriate for quantifying the contributions of climate feedback to the formation of global and regional warming patterns. For global mean Ts, the largest contributor to the warming is water vapor feedback, followed by the direct CO2 forcing and albedo feedback. The albedo feedb...