cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shoreward swimming boosts modeled nearshore larval supply and pelagic connectivity in a coastal upwelling region

Abstract Larval transport by marine organisms is regulated by a combination of vertical swimming behavior and seasonal reproductive timing, but recent studies suggest horizontal swimming behaviors may also be important. Larvae in highly productive coastal upwelling regions are especially vulnerable to offshore transport and must employ effective dispersal “strategies” to return onshore to suitable settlement sites. Using a primitive-equation numerical model, we investigate how horizontal swimming affects nearshore larval supply and potential settlement and connectivity during climatological spring and summer in central California, a region of persistent coastal upwelling within the California Current System. The addition of shoreward swimming with speeds of 1–7 cm s−1 increases nearshore larval supply by a factor of 1.4–13, depending on the speed, timing of its onset, and the vertical swimming behavior of the larvae, which included both diel and ontogenetic vertical migrations. Nearshore larval supply increases approximately linearly with swimming speed integrated over the pelagic larval duration. While pelagic connectivity increases with shoreward swimming for all vertical behaviors investigated, spatial patterns of connectivity, when standardized by nearshore larval supply, are similar with and without horizontal behavior. Onshore swimming broadens the alongshore extent of areas that can act as effective source regions in central California, increasing potential dispersal distances 11–26%. A related statistic, the reverse pelagic connectivity, reveals Monterey Bay and the Gulf of the Farallones as important source regions that should be considered when adaptively managing California's network of marine protected areas.
Positive Affect and Overconfidence: A Laboratory Investigation

We conduct a carefully-designed random-assignment experiment to investigate whether mild positive affect impacts overconfidence. Our result indicates that, compared to neutral affect, mild positive affect significantly increases overconfidence. This result is robust to various specification checks. Our result has implications for the effect of happiness on overconfidence and the role of emotions in economic decision making, in general. Finally, we reconfirm the ubiquity of overconfidence and start to explore its determinants.
Sea ice deformation in Fram Strait — Comparison of CICE simulations with analysis and classification of airborne remote-sensing data

Abstract Complex surface topography is a characteristic especially of older sea ice, and an observed loss of older or multi-year sea ice in the Arctic indicates an imminent transition of the Arctic ice cover from perennial to seasonal. Prediction of this transition in the Arctic system is one of today's “big science” questions. The objective of this paper is to compare model output and data analysis, toward addressing a key problem in sea-ice modeling, the correct representation of ridges and other spatial features that result from deformation. Morphologically complex, ridged ice exists in Fram Strait. High-resolution airborne remote sensing data, including image data and altimeter data showing ridging, collected from unmanned aircraft over Fram Strait during the Characterization of Arctic Sea Ice Experiment (CASIE) in 2009, are analyzed using geostatistical classification. This approach results in parameters that capture deformation characteristics and facilitates comparison to model results. Ridging and other forms of deformation are implemented in the Los Alamos sea-ice model CICE. The main parameters that are compared are freeboard as a proxy of ice thickness and percentages of level versus ridged ice from modeling and laser altimeter data analysis. Results from freeboard analysis indicate that except for the elevation class 0.1 m–0.2 m, models and observations match very well. For concentration of deformed ice, results from CICE using the standard parameter configuration are within 20% of deformed ice area concentration compared to results from altimeter data analysis. Variation of several physical parameters indicates the sensitivity of model results to ridging parameters and provides results that are within 7% of data analysis results in each grid cell, with the parameter that yields the best match depending on geographic location and morphologic province. In general our approach demonstrates an avenue for parameterization on both the data analysis side and the modeling side that allows a direct comparison of results from sea-ice models and data analysis and hence an evaluation of numerical sea-ice models.
Sex-specific airway hyperreactivity and sex-specific transcriptome remodeling in neonatal piglets challenged with intra-airway acid

Acute airway acidification is a potent stimulus of sensory nerves and occurs commonly with gastroesophageal reflux disease, cystic fibrosis, and asthma. In infants and adults, airway acidification ...
Document Clustering with an Augmented Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Model

In this paper, we propose an augmented NMF model to investigate the latent features of documents. The augmented NMF model incorporates the original nonnegative matrix factorization and the local invariance assumption on the document clustering. In our experiment, first we compare our model to baseline algorithms with several benchmark datasets. Then the effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated using datasets from CiteULike. The clustering results are compared against the subject categories from Web of Science for the CiteULike dataset. Experiments of clustering on both benchmark data sets and CiteULike datasets outperforms many state of the art clustering methods.
Perception and Adoption of Mobile Accessibility Features by Older Adults Experiencing Ability Changes

To investigate how older adults perceive ability changes (e.g., sensory, physical, cognitive) and how attitudes toward those changes affect perception and adoption of built-in mobile accessibility features (such as those found on Apple iOS and Google Android smartphones and tablets), we conducted an interview study with 14 older adults and six of their family members. Accessibility features were difficult for participants to find and configure, which were issues compounded by a reluctance to use trial-and-error. At 4-6 weeks after the interview, however, some participants had adopted new accessibility features that we had showed them, suggesting a willingness to adopt once features are made visible. The older adults who did already use accessibility features had experienced a disability earlier in life, suggesting that those experiencing progressive ability changes later in life might not be as aware of accessibility features, or might not have the know-how to adapt technologies to their changing needs. Our findings provide support for creating technologies that can detect older adults' abilities and recommend or enact interface changes to match.
Intravital Microscopy (IVM) in Human Solid Tumors: Novel Protocol to Examine Tumor-Associated Vessels

Background: Intravital microscopy (IVM) allows the real-time, direct visualization of microscopic blood vessels. This pilot clinical trial will elucidate the physical and functional characteristics of vessels associated with solid tumors. Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of performing IVM in patients with solid tumors during the standard course of surgical resection. IVM will also be performed when vasopressors or fluid boluses are administered during the standard course of the operation. Methods: This is an open-label, nonrandomized, single-center, pilot study of IVM observation in subjects with solid tumors undergoing surgical resection. Results: This study was active on January 1, 2019 (NCT03823144) and funded by the Mayo Clinic Florida Cancer Focused Research Team Award. As of September 27, 2020, we had enrolled 20 patients. Accrual period is expected to end by December 31, 2021. Conclusions: This trial will support the development of interventions to improve patient treatment by extending the application of IVM to the tumor microenvironment. IVM observations during volume and pressor management at the time of surgery may aid in the development of strategies to augment responses to systemic treatments.
Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges.

Radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) is emerging as a safe and effective targeted approach to treating many types of cancer. In RPT, radiation is systemically or locally delivered using pharmaceuticals that either bind preferentially to cancer cells or accumulate by physiological mechanisms. Almost all radionuclides used in RPT emit photons that can be imaged, enabling non-invasive visualization of the biodistribution of the therapeutic agent. Compared with almost all other systemic cancer treatment options, RPT has shown efficacy with minimal toxicity. With the recent FDA approval of several RPT agents, the remarkable potential of this treatment is now being recognized. This Review covers the fundamental properties, clinical development and associated challenges of RPT. Radiopharmaceutical therapy is emerging as a safe and effective approach for the treatment of cancer, offering several advantages over existing therapeutic strategies. Here, Sgouros and colleagues provide an overview of the fundamental properties of radiopharmaceutical therapy, discuss agents in use and in clinical development and highlight the associated translational challenges.
The Influence of Fire on the Radiocarbon Signature and Character of Soil Organic Matter in the Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon, USA

Forest fires contribute a significant amount of CO2 to the atmosphere each year, and CO2 emissions from fires are likely to increase under projected conditions of global climate change. In addition to volatilizing aboveground biomass and litter layers, forest fires have a profound effect on belowground carbon (C) pools and the cycling of soil organic matter as a whole. However, the influence of fire on belowground organic matter cycling is not well defined and varies widely with fire severity. We measured soil organic matter (SOM) characteristics across a range of fire severities two years after the 2002 Biscuit Fire in southwest Oregon, USA, to address the following questions: (1) Which C pools are preferentially volatilized or transformed to charcoal under low-severity and high-severity fire? (2) How does fire change the distribution of SOM among density fractions and depths? (3) How does fire affect the general character of SOM including such variables as abundance, C:N ratio, 13C abundance, and 14C abundance? We examined soils from a mixed hardwood-evergreen forest across a range of burn severities: unburned, low severity, mixed severity, and high severity. Results indicated that increasing burn severity led to progressive loss of forest floor mass, but not to progressive loss of C from the mineral soil. Although fire significantly increased the charcoal content of the soils, fire did not significantly change the distribution of soil organic matter between heavy and free or light fractions. Other significant changes in soil organic matter characteristics included a progressive increase in nitrogen (N) with increasing burn severity, possibly due to the encroachment of N-fixing shrubs following the loss of native vegetation. Although qualitative changes in total root abundance following fire were noted, differences among burn severity treatments were not statistically significant. Increased concentrations of rock fragments in burned areas may be suggestive of erosion in these areas, consistent with previous studies documenting varying degrees of soil erosion following fire. In addition, although 13C abundances were similar among severely burned and unburned plots, soils from severely burned plots were significantly depleted in 14C in comparison to soils from unburned plots. This 14C depletion is most likely the combined result of erosion and preferential combustion of organics enriched in 14C relative to the bulk soil, perhaps reflecting a historical pattern of fire occurrence and severity across the landscape.
What Happens If They Come for You? An Exploration of Mothers’ Racial Socialization on Discrimination With Black College Women:

Few scholars have considered the racial socialization that Black mothers offer to their daughters on racial discrimination and violence or how mothers’ other social identities (social class and eth...
Joint Treatment of De Novo Umbilical Endometriosis with Plastic Surgery and Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery

Study Objective The purpose of this report is to visually document the surgical steps of a novel four-flap umbilicoplasty in the treatment of primary cutaneous umbilical endometriosis. Design This is a case report and surgical video presenting information gathered from chart review. Patient consent was obtained verbally and documented in the medical record. Setting The intervention was performed in a standard operating room of a community hospital located in an urban area. Patients or Participants This patient is a 36-year-old gravida 1 para 0 who presented to MIGS with a decade long history of cyclic pain and bleeding from primary cutaneous umbilical endometriosis. Symptom control was refractory to cauterization by general gynecology. She was counseled on a joint procedure with MIGS and plastic surgery. Interventions The patient underwent diagnostic laparoscopy and resection of intraperitoneal endometrial implants with MIGS. She underwent umbilical endometriosis resection with a novel four-flap umbilicoplasty with plastic surgery. She followed up appropriately postoperatively with both surgical teams without complication. Measurements and Main Results Patient reported symptom control and satisfaction with cosmetic result. Provider noted satisfactory cosmetic result and lack of complication, including infection at the surgical site. Conclusion This video demonstrates a novel treatment approach to primary cutaneous umbilical endometriosis via four-flap umbilicoplasty. The surgery was performed jointly with MIGS and plastic surgery. Interspecialty collaboration was a key aspect of this patient's care in providing symptom relief as well as a cosmetically appearing outcome.
Near-Optimal Dispersion on Arbitrary Anonymous Graphs.

Given an undirected, anonymous, port-labeled graph of $n$ memory-less nodes, $m$ edges, and degree $\Delta$, we consider the problem of dispersing $k\leq n$ robots (or tokens) positioned initially arbitrarily on one or more nodes of the graph to exactly $k$ different nodes of the graph, one on each node. The objective is to simultaneously minimize time to achieve dispersion and memory requirement at each robot. If all $k$ robots are positioned initially on a single node, depth first search (DFS) traversal solves this problem in $O(\min\{m,k\Delta\})$ time with $\Theta(\log(k+\Delta))$ bits at each robot. However, if robots are positioned initially on multiple nodes, the best previously known algorithm solves this problem in $O(\min\{m,k\Delta\}\cdot \log \ell)$ time storing $\Theta(\log(k+\Delta))$ bits at each robot, where $\ell\leq k/2$ is the number of multiplicity nodes in the initial configuration. In this paper, we present a novel multi-source DFS traversal algorithm solving this problem in $O(\min\{m,k\Delta\})$ time with $\Theta(\log(k+\Delta))$ bits at each robot, improving the time bound of the best previously known algorithm by $O(\log \ell)$ and matching asymptotically the single-source DFS traversal bounds. This is the first algorithm for dispersion that is optimal in both time and memory in arbitrary anonymous graphs of constant degree, $\Delta=O(1)$. Furthermore, the result holds in both synchronous and asynchronous settings.
The origins of early childhood anthropometric persistence

The rates of childhood obesity have increased dramatically in the last few decades. Non-causal evidence suggests that childhood obesity is highly persistent over the life cycle. However, little is known about the origins of this persistence. This paper examines the evolution of anthropometric measures from birth through primary school. We provide estimates of the causal effect of past anthropometric outcomes on future anthropometric outcomes (state dependence) and investigate the importance of time-varying and time-invariant factors in the dynamics of childhood anthropometric measures. We find that anthropometric measures are highly persistent from infancy through primary school. Moreover, most of this persistence is driven by time-invariant, unobserved factors that are determined prior to birth, consistent with the so-called fetal origins hypothesis. Thus, policy interventions designed to improve childhood obesity will only have meaningful, long-run effects if these time-invariant, unobserved factors are altered. Future research is needed to identify such factors, although evidence suggests that maternal nutrition may play an important role.
Peopling the Environmental State: River Restoration and State Power

Dam removal in the United States is an increasingly attractive option for advocates of river restoration. We argue that dam removal in New England (United States) is a useful lens for examining sta...
Biologic Adjuvants for Foot and Ankle Conditions

Orthobiologics are a family of treatments including molecules, cells, or tissues that aid in reparative musculoskeletal processes, employed in the setting of surgical or nonsurgical therapies to supplement bone, cartilage, and tissue regeneration. They are classified as bone grafts, growth factors, stem cell therapy, blood-based preparations, viscosupplementation, and scaffold-based therapy. The most common orthobiologic products used in foot and ankle include platelet-rich plasma (PRP), bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), bone morphogenic proteins, and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). While extracorporeal shock wave therapy is not itself a biologic, it does stimulate a biologic response, and is included in this chapter. There is ample level I evidence supporting PRP use for osteochondral lesions of the talus, plantar fasciitis, chronic remitting non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy, and diabetic foot ulcers. PRP may also provide benefit in ankle osteoarthritis and fracture healing. recombinant human PDGF has been consistently proven in level I studies as a safe and effective alternative to autograft to augment ankle and hindfoot fusions, eliminating the morbidity associated with autograft harvesting. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate may be considered as an adjuvant treatment for bone healing, osteochondral lesions of the talus, and Achilles tendon repair. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is a treatment option for patients with plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendinosis. Cell-based therapies may provide cells capable of osteoblastic differentiation and osteogenic potential, however, further investigation is warranted. In general, orthobiologics have rapidly expanding indications and are becoming increasingly accepted given their clinical benefits of improved pain and function, minimally invasive delivery, and positive safety profiles. To strengthen future evidence-based guidelines for biologic use in foot and ankle, higher evidence studies are required with improved standardization of concentration, treatment protocols, and outcome measures.
1. Short-Term Memory Limits in Human Performance

Publisher Summary This chapter describes theoretical studies on distraction and capacity limits. This theoretical material forms the background for the subsequent discussion of human factors implications of short-term memory. The working-memory hypothesis assumes cognitive roles for working memory in addition to understanding strings of words. In contrast, mutual interference among memory loads does occur for other embedded tasks (even with slow input or an interval for initial rehearsal. Converging evidence for assuming distinct systems of immediate memory could come from memory loading experiments. As the field of human factors becomes increasingly concerned with cognitive aspects, as well as sensory-motor aspects, of human performance, this situation is quite likely to improve.
Protection of Aftertreatment Systems from Sulfur, PASS-2™ - Advanced System Design Evaluation

This study was performed by the Department of Engine and Emissions Research under an SwRI® Internal Research and Development Program. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a system design that was an advancement over SwRI's patented Protection of Aftertreatment Systems from Sulfur (PASS) technology.[1,2] A Lean NO x Trap (LNT) was employed as the sulfur-sensitive emissions reduction device. Lean Sulfur Traps (LST) and Rich Sulfur Traps (RST) were formulated to provide the sulfur protection. Testing was performed to evaluate the efficiency of the LNT, the sulfur poisoning of the LNT, the efficiency of the LST, and the regeneration and protection characteristics of the PASS-2 system. The program successfully demonstrated that an LST upstream of an LNT does provide protection for the LNT from the adverse effects of fuel-borne sulfur. The work also demonstrated that the LST could be desulfurized, with all of the product sulfur species passing through the LNT, without adversely affecting its performance. These two results validated the PASS-2 advanced system design. The data also suggested that an LST could be effective at storing sulfur from 8 ppm sulfur diesel exhaust at very high efficiency for a minimum of 50,000 miles. A single desulfurization of the LST could release most of the stored sulfur in less than five minutes, with only a minor impact on fuel economy. A temporary deactivation of the LNT was reversed within five minutes, so the NO x emission impact would also be very minor. The lack of high temperature required to regenerate the LNT would result in significantly increased durability of the LNT. In essence, the PASS-2 system could be used to maintain emissions efficiency over 435,000 miles for heavy-duty applications, with an estimated nine desulfurizations of the LST during that period, when the system is fully developed.
Circadian clock mediates ER stress signaling in alcoholic fatty liver (1116.12)

[Purpose] This is the first study to investigate how alcohol regulates ER stress and fatty liver through nuclear receptor SHP mediated liver circadian clock machinery. [Methods] The NIAAA EtOH binge model was established using 8 weeks old, male C57BL/6 (WT) and SHP-/- (SKO) mice (Nat Protoc 2013; 8:627-637). In brief, the mice were acclimatized to a control liquid diet for 5 days, then fed with 5% Lieber-DeCarli diet or pair-fed for 10 days. By day 11, the mice were gavaged maltose (control) or EtOH solutions at zeitgeber time (ZT) 3 (9 am) and sacrificed at ZT12, 18, 0, and 6. [Results] Metabolomics by GC/MS revealed a global alteration by alcohol in the oscillation of serum intermediate metabolites in pathways of glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism in SKO mice. The rhythmic expression of core clock genes (Clock, Bmal1, Npas2) and nuclear receptors (Rorα, Rorγ, Rev-erbα) were disturbed by alcohol. Hepatic lipid metabolic genes and ER stress markers exhibited strong oscillations which were perturbed ...
Initial Cell Type Divergence in Dictyostelium Is Independent of DIF-1

Abstract Prespore and prestalk cells can be distinguished within aggregates ofDictyosteliumby the expression of well-characterized cell type-specific genes. Fusion of thetagBregulatory region toEscherichia coliβ-galactosidase revealed that this prestalk-specific gene marks the differentiation of the initial prestalk cell population, PST-1. The reporter gene was expressed normally intagB−mutant cells despite the fact that they do not accumulate measurable levels of DIF-1, a morphogen that was previously implicated in prestalk differentiation. In an independent experimental system, wild-type cells respond to the addition of DIF-1 by induction of the prestalk markerecmAand repression of the prespore markercotB.We found that DIF-1 did not affect the expression of thetagBorcarBgenes, both of which are prestalk specific and essential for PST-A cell differentiation. We conclude that the initiation of prestalk development is not dependent on DIF-1 and suggest that the morphogen participates mainly at later stages.
Electron Cloud Effects in Accelerators

Abstract We present a brief summary of various aspects of the electron-cloud effect (ECE) in accelerators. For further details, the reader is encouraged to refer to the proceedings of many prior workshops, either dedicated to EC or with significant EC contents, including the entire ?ECLOUD? series [1?22]. In addition, the proceedings of the various flavors of Particle Accelerator Conferences [23] contain a large number of EC-related publications. The ICFA Beam Dynamics Newsletter series [24] contains one dedicated issue, and several occasional articles, on EC. An extensive reference database is the LHC website on EC [25].
The Association between Intravitreal Steroids and Post-Injection Endophthalmitis Rates

Purpose To determine whether there is a difference in the risk of endophthalmitis after an intravitreal steroid injection compared with an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent injection. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants A total of 75 249 beneficiaries in a large national US medical claims database representing 406 380 intravitreal injections. Methods Data were searched for all intravitreal injections (Current Procedural Terminology 67028) performed between 2003 and 2012. Cohorts were created on the basis of injections using anti-VEGF agents (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, and pegaptanib) and intraocular steroids (triamcinolone and dexamethasone). Endophthalmitis was defined as having a new endophthalmitis diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision 360.0x) and a "tap-and-inject" procedure (Current Procedural Terminology 67015, 67025), a vitrectomy (67036), or an intravitreal antibiotic injection on the same day, between 1 and 14 days post-injection. Exclusion occurred for any history of endophthalmitis, Results A total of 387 714 anti-VEGF injections and 18 666 steroid intravitreal injections were performed and followed by 73 (rate = 0.019% or 1/5283 anti-VEGF injections) and 24 (rate = 0.13% or 1/778 steroid injections) cases of endophthalmitis, respectively. After controlling for diagnosis, age, race, and gender, the odds ratio (OR) for endophthalmitis occurring was 6.92 (95% confidence interval, 3.54–13.52, P Conclusions The rate of endophthalmitis post-intravitreal steroid injection in a national cohort was 0.13% (1/778 injections). This rate conferred a significantly increased OR of 6.92 for endophthalmitis compared with anti-VEGF agents.
DISTRIBUTION OF ENDOGENOUS AND PARENTERALLY ADMINISTERED PORPHYRIN IN VIABLE AND NECROTIC PORTIONS OF A TRANSPLANTABLE TUMOUR.

Distribution of Endogenous and Parenterally Administered Porphyrin in Viable and Necrotic Portions of a Transplantable Tumour
Effect of sample viscosity in high-performance size-exclusion chromatography and its control

Abstract When the sample viscosity greatly exceeds that of the mobile phase, flow instabilities occur, which lead to non-uniform flow in the radial direction. This “fingering” effect is usually greater with large-diameter than with micro-bore columns and may have worse effects in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) than in any other chromatographic mode, as retention is shorter and dilution less important with SEC than with modes where retention is significant. This study suggests ways to reduce this viscosity effect. For example, this effect can be eliminated by controlling the concentration of a suitable mobile-phase additive which allows one to equate the viscosities of the eluent and the sample. Another possibility is to follow the sample with a plug of eluent, 0.3–0.5 column volumes wide, having a slightly higher viscosity than the sample. No spurious peaks are observed, as the plug acts as a wall prohibiting “fingering”.
Multi-model projections of twenty-first century North Pacific winter wave climate under the IPCC A2 scenario

A dynamical wave model implemented over the North Pacific Ocean was forced with winds from three coupled global climate models (CGCMs) run under a medium-to-high scenario for greenhouse gas emissions through the twenty-first century. The results are analyzed with respect to changes in upper quantiles of significant wave height (90th and 99th percentile HS) during boreal winter. The three CGCMs produce surprisingly similar patterns of change in winter wave climate during the century, with waves becoming 10–15 % smaller over the lower mid-latitudes of the North Pacific, particularly in the central and western ocean. These decreases are closely associated with decreasing windspeeds along the southern flank of the main core of the westerlies. At higher latitudes, 99th percentile wave heights generally increase, though the patterns of change are less uniform than at lower latitudes. The increased wave heights at high latitudes appear to be due a variety of wind-related factors including both increased windspeeds and changes in the structure of the wind field, these varying from model to model. For one of the CGCMs, a commonly used statistical approach for estimating seasonal quantiles of HS on the basis of seasonal mean sea level pressure (SLP) is used to develop a regression model from 60 years of twentieth century data as a training set, and then applied using twenty-first century SLP data. The statistical model reproduces the general pattern of decreasing twenty-first century wave heights south of ~40 N, but underestimates the magnitude of the changes by ~50–70 %, reflecting relatively weak coupling between sea level pressure and wave heights in the CGCM data and loss of variability in the statistically projected wave heights.
Cbx2 stably associates with mitotic chromosomes via a PRC2 or PRC1-independent mechanism and is needed for recruiting PRC1 complex to mitotic chromosomes

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic transcriptional factors that repress key developmental regulators and maintain cellular identity through mitosis via a poorly understood mechanism. Using quantitative live-cell imaging in mouse ES cells and tumor cells, we demonstrate that, although Polycomb repressive complex (PRC) 1 proteins (Cbx-family proteins, Ring1b, Mel18, and Phc1) exhibit variable capacities of association with mitotic chromosomes, Cbx2 overwhelmingly binds to mitotic chromosomes. The recruitment of Cbx2 to mitotic chromosomes is independent of PRC1 or PRC2, and Cbx2 is needed to recruit PRC1 complex to mitotic chromosomes. Quantitative fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis indicates that PRC1 proteins rapidly exchange at interphasic chromatin. On entry into mitosis, Cbx2, Ring1b, Mel18, and Phc1 proteins become immobilized at mitotic chromosomes, whereas other Cbx-family proteins dynamically bind to mitotic chromosomes. Depletion of PRC1 or PRC2 protein has no effect on the immobilization of Cbx2 on mitotic chromosomes. We find that the N-terminus of Cbx2 is needed for its recruitment to mitotic chromosomes, whereas the C-terminus is required for its immobilization. Thus these results provide fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance.
Tricyclic Antidepressants and Cognitive Decline

In this study, we sought to determine the cross-sectional and longitudinal relations of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) use to cognitive function and cognitive change in a population-based sample of adults ( n =1,488). Sociodemographic information, TCA use, and baseline scores on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) were determined in the initial two waves of the study. At wave 3, participants repeated the MMSE; the prospective relation was assessed for change between waves 2 and 3 (median 11.5 years). These findings failed to support the concept that TCA use is related to concurrent measurable cognitive deficits, and TCA use does not appear to significantly compromise memory over a substantial time span.
Age-associated changes in decorin in rat mandibular condylar cartilage

The small proteoglycan decorin strongly binds the fibrils of collagen types I and II; this interaction is thought to play a part in the maintenance of tissue integrity and biomechanical properties. In limb articular cartilage, there is evidence that decorin synthesis increases with age and that it is elevated in response to increased loading or in osteoarthritic cartilage. The aim here was to characterize the presence and relative amount of decorin in the condylar cartilage of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with maturation by Western blotting, and to assess its tissue localization by immunohistochemistry. Comparative data were obtained from tibial articular cartilage, which has been extensively studied. Cartilage from the mandibular condyle and tibial plateau was harvested from 24-day-old (growing) and 161-day-old (young adult) female Sprague-Dawley rats. In growing animals, decorin appeared slightly more abundant in the mandibular condylar cartilage than in articular cartilage, whereas in young adult animals the decorin content in the TMJ cartilage was noticeably less than in limb articular cartilage. Although there was an increase in decorin abundance with age at the TMJ, the increase in decorin with age in limb articular cartilage was considerably more pronounced. These data indicate that, although decorin is present in mandibular condylar cartilage, its abundance in adults is less than in limb articular cartilage; thus, maturation-associated changes may be dissimilar in magnitude from those documented for limb articular cartilage.
The validity of role-play assessments of assertiveness

Sixteen male and thirty-six female subjects, equally divided into low- and high-assertive groups on the basis of self-report, were engaged in an assertion-eliciting, behavioral assessment situation. Subjects were confronted with a female experimenter's intention to withold well-deserved experimental credits because a bogus “second subject” failed to appear, and a subsequent request series in which the experimenter made a series of hierarchically graded requests in a supposed effort at rescheduling the subject. Half of the subjects were instructed that their interaction with the experimenter would be “make-believe” and that they should role play their responses, and half received no instructions (actual behavior condition). Role-play subjects made more assertive and fewer passive/compliant responses to the behavioral assessment situation than did actual behavior subjects, and female subjects made fewer passive/compliant responses than did males. Role-play subjects also refused more requests in the request series and were rated as more assertive on a global measure than actual behavior subjects.
An explicit velocity based Lax-Wendroff/Taylor-Galerkin methodology of computation for the dynamics of structures

Abstract An explicit velocity-based Lax-Wendroff/Taylor-Galerkin methodology of computation with emphasis on applicability to the dynamics of structures is proposed. The proposed formulations are general and applicable to the areas of linear/nonlinear computational structural dynamics (CSD). The concepts are based on the philosophy of an improved rationale for treating both the spatial and temporal variations in direct integration methods. As a consequence, the approach is based on first expressing the transient time-derivative terms in conservation form in terms of a Taylor series expansion including higher order time-derivatives, which are then evaluated from the governing dynamic equations of motion also expressed in conservation form. An updating scheme is proposed for the necessary conservation variables for obtaining the dynamic response. The basic methodology is described and developed in technical detail with emphasis on applications to beam-type structural models. Results which are of a comparative nature are presented to validate and therein demonstrate the applicability to linear/nonlinear dynamics of structures.
A sparsification approach to set membership identification of a class of affine hybrid systems

This paper addresses the problem of robust identification of a class of discrete-time affine hybrid systems, switched affine models, in a set membership framework. Given a finite collection of noisy input/output data and some minimal a priori information about the set of admissible plants, the objective is to identify a suitable set of affine models along with a switching sequence that can explain the available experimental information, while optimizing a performance criteria (either minimum number of switches or minimum number of plants). Our main result shows that this problem can be reduced to a sparsification form, where the goal is to maximize sparsity of a given vector sequence. Although in principle this leads to an NP-hard problem, as we show in the paper, efficient convex relaxations can be obtained by exploiting recent results on sparse signal recovery. These results are illustrated using two non-trivial problems arising in computer vision applications: video-shot and dynamic texture segmentation.
Mapping isoprene emissions over North America using formaldehyde column observations from space

good simulation of both the GOME data (r 2 = 0.69, n = 756, bias = +11%) and the in situ summertimeHCHOmeasurementsoverNorthAmerica(r 2 =0.47,n=10,bias= � 3%).The GOMEobservationsshowhighvaluesoverregionsofknownhighisoprene emissions anda day-to-day variability that is consistent with the temperature dependence of isoprene emission. Isoprene emissions inferred from the GOME data are 20% less than GEIA on average over North America and twice those from the U.S. EPA Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS2) inventory. The GOME isoprene inventory when implemented in the GEOS-CHEM model provides a better simulation of the HCHO in situ measurements thaneitherGEIAorBEIS2(r 2 =0.71,n=10,bias= � 10%). INDEXTERMS:0312Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504); 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305);0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere— composition and chemistry; 0394 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques; 0399 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: General or miscellaneous; KEYWORDS: Isoprene, Formaldehyde, GOME, biogenic emissions, satellite instrument, volatile organic compounds
Cytochrome P-450 and the aromatization of 16α-hydroxytestosterone and androstenedione by human placental microsomes

Abstract When measured in vitro using human placental microsomal preparations, the aromatization of 16α-hydroxytestosterone to estriol and androstenedione to estrone and estradiol proceeds at almost identical initial rates. Important differences between 16α-hydroxytestosterone and androstenedione aromatization are evident, however. While substantial findings have implicated cytochrome P-450 in placental aromatization, the aromatization of androstenedione is insensitive to CO although it is competitively inhibited by metyrapone. 16α-Hydroxytestosterone aromatization, in contrast, is inhibited 50–60% by CO and is strongly inhibited by metyrapone. 16α-hydroxytestosterone aromatization is strongly inhibited in a competitive manner by androstenedione, while 16α-hydroxytestosterone has essentially no effect on androstenedione aromatization, although at very high 16α-hydroxytestosterone concentrations (65 μM) and subsaturating androstenedione concentrations, 16α-hydroxytestosterone appears to noncompetitively inhibit androstenedione aromatization. The apparent K m for the aromatization of androstenedione is 95 nM and for 16α-hydroxytestosterone, 7 μM. Both androstenedione and 16α-hydroxytestosterone cause type I spectral perturbations associated with binding to cytochrome P-450 when added to placental microsomes; however, the ΔA 390–420 is twice as great in response to saturating amounts of androstenedione than in response to 16α-hydroxy testosterone. If androstenedione is added to 16α-hydroxytestosterone, the same spectral change as that caused by androstenedione alone is expressed. The apparent spectral dissociation constant for androstenedione is 93 nM while for 16α-hydroxytestosterone it is 11 μM; both essentially the same as the comparable apparent K m s for aromatization. The evidence suggests the presence of two aromatase P-450's in human placenta.
On bipartite matchings of minimum density

Abstract We study the complexity of bipartite matchings between points on two horizontal lines when the density (i.e., the number of edges of the matching that cross any vertical cut) is to be minimized. We show that finding density-minimizing matchings is considerably harder than finding weight-minimizing matchings by proving that the problem is NP-hard for general bipartite graphs. For a number of variants we present a new combinatorial characterization of the optimal density that leads to efficient and elegant algorithms. The problem of finding a matching of minimum density has applications in the area of circuit layout.
Role of Epidermal Growth Factor in Gastroprotection and Ulcer Healing

The mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the most rapidly proliferating tissues in the body. Proliferation and growth are balanced by cell loss through exfoliation of the surface cells, so that under normal conditions the cell population is maintained at a dynamic steady state (1). Most newly produced cells migrate rapidly from the regeneration zone to the surface and differentiate into the mucous cells of the surface epithelium. The migration time required to replace the total surface epithelial cells is about 3 days in the rat (2) and 4-6 days in man (3,4). Because of the rapid turnover of mucosal cell populations, any alteration in the processes regulating the growth is likely to produce functional changes and may lead either to mucosal atrophy or ulcerations when the cell loss exceeds cell regeneration or to hyperplasia when the production of cells is increased or their life is prolonged.
Cluster expansion of the lattice gas: Determination of the first ten high-temperature coefficients

Abstract The coefficients in the high-temperature virial expansion of the Helmholtz free energy of the Ising model are polynomials in the density. A cluster method is used to determine the first ten polynomials. These polynomials have also been obtained by reversing the fugacity series.
A GAL4 Driver Resource for Developmental and Behavioral Studies on the Larval CNS of Drosophila

We report the larval CNS expression patterns for 6,650 GAL4 lines based on cis-regulatory regions (CRMs) from the Drosophila genome. Adult CNS expression patterns were previously reported for this collection, thereby providing a unique resource for determining the origins of adult cells. An illustrative example reveals the origin of the astrocyte-like glia of the ventral CNS. Besides larval neurons and glia, the larval CNS contains scattered lineages of immature, adult-specific neurons. Comparison of lineage expression within this large collection of CRMs provides insight into the codes used for designating neuronal types. The CRMs encode both dense and sparse patterns of lineage expression. There is little correlation between brain and thoracic lineages in patterns of sparse expression, but expression in the two regions is highly correlated in the dense mode. The optic lobes, by comparison, appear to use a different set of genetic instructions in their development.
Transperineal percutaneous I-125 implant of prostate

Abstract Although Iodine-125 seeds for interstitial radiation of prostatic cancer via the retropubic route is an established method of treatment, the retropubic implant technique has disadvantages: inadequate space for proper placement of the needles, possible bleeding from the prostatic venous plexus by the insertion of needles through these veins, and possible wound infection due to inadvertent puncturing of the bladder and/or rectum by the needles. A technique is described whereby Iodine-125 seeds for intersitial radiation are placed into the prostate through the perineum allowing more accurate placement of the seeds, assuring homogenous dose distribution, and decreasing the risk of bleeding and of bacterial contamination.
Investigation of the Mechanism of Antimicrobial Lipopeptides using Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Antimicrobial lipopeptides (AMLPs) are a series of acylated cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and low hemolytic activity. We used microsecond-scale coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations with the MARTINI force field to understand AMLPs' modes of action. Rigorous free energy calculations have been performed to probe the mechanism for their selectivity for different membranes. Although these studies provided useful insights, artifacts arising from the coarse representation of electrostatics in MARTINI force field complicated further interpretation of the simulations. To address this deficiency, we are developing a new coarse-grained force field for AMLPs and lipids based on elliptical Gay-Berne van der Waals potential and electric multipoles. This force field will retain much of the computational efficiency of current coarse-grained models while the detailed representation of electrostatics and molecular shape in this force field will provide more realistic descriptions of molecular interactions among AMLPs and membrane lipids.
A mathematical model for the temperature effects on circadian rhythms

Abstract A previously developed model for the light effects on circadian oscillators is extended to simulate the results of a series of new experiments dealing with the temperature effects. The existence of a compensating factor y expressed as “an equivalent temperature” has been postulated and the basic circadian oscillator senses the difference T-y only, where T is the temperature of the external environment. The specific form of the mathematical equations and the numerical values of their parameters were chosen to simulate one set of experiments only and then the model was able to predict the results of the remaining experiments. In contrast with earlier models assuming the existence of two interacting oscillators in order to explain the temperature effects, the present model incorporates in a single oscillator the effects of both light and temperature on the system.
Syntheses of Titanium and Zirconium Chlorotrialkyl Complexes and Crystal Structure of Chlorotrineopentylzirconium Containing Unusual Linear Symmetric Metal-Chloride Polymeric Chains.

Chlorotrineopentylzirconium (Me3CCH2)3ZrCl was found to crystallize in polymeric chains with unusual linear and symmetric chloride bridges and the repeat unit −Cl−Zr(CH2CMe3)3−Cl−Zr(CH2CMe3)3−. The syntheses of new trialkyl chloride complexes (Me3SiCH2)3MCl (M = Ti, Zr) and improved methods of preparing (Me3CCH2)3MCl (M = Ti, Zr) and tetraalkyl complexes (Me3ECH2)4Ti (E = C, Si) are reported.