cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting 10Be changes during the Maunder Minimum

[1] Beryllium-10 archives are important resources for understanding how solar activity may have varied in the past. Climate simulations using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE general circulation model are used to calibrate the impacts of production changes, solar forcings, and volcanic aerosol forcing on 10Be concentration during periods such as the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715 A.D.). We find that for the preindustrial period, production-related 10Be changes are the dominant signal in snow concentration, and that the effects of both solar and volcanic forcings on climate are relatively minor. Ambiguities in determining the observed changes in 10Be snow concentration during the Maunder Minimum complicate the process of estimating changes in the solar modulation strength during that time. Given those limitations, we estimate that the average value of the solar modulation parameter ϕ was between 280 and 395 MeV over the course of the Maunder Minimum, and was approximately 142 MeV during the years of peak 10Be concentration as recorded in the Dye 3 and South Pole ice core records.
Rapid Estimate and Modeling of Permanent Coseismic Displacements for Large Earthquakes Using High‐Rate Global Positioning System Data

Online Material: Figures showing application of fitting window approach, residual displacements and trade‐off curves, and finite fault‐slip models. More and more of the Earth’s active plate boundaries are instrumented with continuous Global Positioning System (cGPS) networks that provide both the earthquake research and response communities with the opportunity to observe coseismic surface deformation in much greater detail and rapidity than was possible a decade ago. These measurements of 3D displacements with high temporal resolution are critical for understanding the kinematics and dynamics of events and are complementary to seismic acceleration observations and high spatial resolution Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations. In addition, low‐latency GPS has been tested for use in rapid hazard assessment (e.g., Blewitt et al. , 2006, 2009; Allen and Ziv, 2011; Ohta et al. , 2012). CGPS data from dense networks with hundreds to thousands of stations (e.g., GEONET in Japan, EarthScope/PBO in western United States) are now routinely available on a variety of time scales, from daily download to real time. Advances in GPS processing capability enable the estimates of high‐rate (e.g., 5 min, 30 s, 1 Hz or higher) GPS positions very rapidly, even for large networks. As part of the Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team’s response to the M w 9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, we generated and posted online the first coseismic offset values based on Japan’s dense GEONET cGPS network (Owen et al. , 2011) within 48 hours of the event. These offsets were used in the 26 peer‐reviewed publications that had modeled the Tohoku‐Oki event at the time of this publication. Given the heavy usage of this rapidly available data set for scientific studies, and because many algorithms to model earthquakes are better constrained when they have static coseismic displacements to model the event (in particular in the region of the seismogenic fault …
Striped Bass Culture

The history of striped bass (Roccus saxatilis) culture is reviewed. Hormone injections, spawning, rearing, and stocking programs are discussed.
Disorder, Pseudospins, and Backscattering in Carbon Nanotubes

We address the effects of disorder on the conducting properties of metal and semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Experimentally, the mean free path is found to be much larger in metallic tubes than in doped semiconducting tubes. We show that this result can be understood theoretically if the disorder potential is long ranged. The effects of a pseudospin index that describes the internal sublattice structure of the states lead to a suppression of scattering in metallic tubes, but not in semiconducting tubes. This conclusion is supported by tight-binding calculations.
Interface Synthesis By UHV Deposition/Diffusion Bonding

An ultra high vacuum (UHV) deposition/bonding system has been constructed that can produce planar interfaces from a wide array of materials. The interfaces in this system can be synthesized in-situ by UHV diffusion bonding of two substrates with or without various interfacial layers. Substrate surfaces can be heat treated, sputter cleaned and characterized in-situ prior to deposition and/or bonding. Interfacial layers can be deposited by e-beam evaporation and/or sputter deposition in any layered or alloyed combination. After deposition, the two substrates are bonded in UHV, by the application of heat and pressure. This synthesis procedure permits systematic variation and control of interface morphology and chemistry. Integrity of the bonded interface as well as the microstructure and chemistry are examined by cross-sectional analytical transmission electron microscopy. In this study, stainless steel and single and polycrystalline alumina were used as substrate materials to produce interfaces with and without Ti and Cu interlayers.
Designing Related-to Bankruptcy Jurisdiction

This Note offers a framework for analyzing related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334 that courts can implement immediately within the bounds of the statute and case law. It argues that that the requirements for related-to jurisdiction should be better deployed in accordance with the relative merits of jurisdictional rules and standards. Part I describes the requirements that courts impose to test related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction. Part II demonstrates how the requirements for related-to jurisdiction can be better deployed in accordance with the relative merits of jurisdictional rules and standards. Part III proposes a broad threshold inquiry backstopped by a robust abstention doctrine, which will allow courts to both define bright boundaries where possible and fulfill the policy objectives of bankruptcy jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis.
Patent Reviews: 6,583,866; 6,594,013; 6,596,996; 6,597,443; 6,600,559; 6,598,974; 6,603,542; 6,605,804; 6,603,549; 6,603,560; 6,608,719; 6,614,526

The patent number, date of issuance by the U.S. Patent Office, and classification are shown on the first line. The filing date is that of the first application (although some patents may derive from earlier applications with earlier claim dates). Any opinions expressed are those of the reviewers and do not reflect the opinions of the organizations with which they are associated, the Optical Society of America, or this journal. Printed copies of these patents may be ordered from the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, DC 20231: telephone (703) 557-3158, URL http://patents.uspto.gov. Inquiries about patents should be addressed to the Patents Office, not to this journal or to OSA.
A Biophysical Framework of Heat Regulation Strategies for the Design of Biomimetic Building Envelopes

Efficient thermoregulation solutions can be extracted from strategies found in nature. Living organisms maintain body temperature in very narrow ranges in order to survive. Organisms have adopted physiological, morphological, and/or behavioral means for thermoregulation. In some organisms, the process is achieved by skin functioning as a thermal filter, whereas in others, it is achieved by their built structures. Building envelopes separate occupied indoor spaces from the exterior environment are often considered as thermal barriers or shields. Conceiving the envelope in this way limits potentially efficient solutions, where the building envelope is considered as a medium rather than a barrier, just as in living organisms. In this context, biomimetics, as a design approach, provides a huge potential for innovative thermal solutions. This work focuses on the initial phase of a biomimetic design process, where a biophysical framework is established to provide an easier access to relevant analogies. It presents a structured framework of heat regulation processes to support the search for, and the selection of, appropriate strategies from the large database of nature.
Service Learning and Forensic Engineering in Soil Mechanics

Student leaming can be optimized when higher level cognitive, social, affective and psychomotor learning skills are developed. In this case, a junior-level soil mechanics class conducted a failure investigation and provided repair recommendations for a landslide that was threatening a home. Assessment of learning indicated students learned more and felt better about the work they did, despite rating the class as being a heavy workload as compared to other courses. The instructor noted that while more learning apparently occurred, facilitating a course of this type can be very time consuming, stressful, and a potential source of liability. Further, suitable projects cannot be expected to become available at just the right time on a yearly basis. Even so, the instructor was encouraged by the project and would continue to be receptive to administering similar projects in the future, with the belief that future work would not be as time consuming and could be conducted with less stress and liability.
A new species of Halolaelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Rhodacaroidea) from beach wrack in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA, with comments on opisthonotal plasticity and cribral development in the family

ABSTRACTDecomposing beach wrack in a backwater of Yaquina Bay, Oregon, was found to contain nymphs and adults of a previously undescribed species of the mite genus Halolaelaps (Halolaelapidae). Significant variation was noted among available specimens in the number of opisthonotal shield setae, a feature that has long been considered to be of critical importance in identifying celticus group species. The presence of a well-formed posterodorsal cribrum in this and related celticus group species prompted an examination of cribral development in the Halolaelapidae as a whole and revealed that posterodorsal cribral elements occur in various configurations in three of the four presently recognized halolaelapid genera. A narrow, transversely oriented configuration appears to be unique to members of the celticus species group.
Anthelmintics and Drug Resistance

Equine anthelmintics and the resistance of nematode parasites to anthelmintics are reviewed. Recommendations are made for effective treatment of these parasites and for procedures that can be performed to minimize the problem in the future.
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy of empty and endohedral fullerenes

Fullerene derivatives exhibit many interesting structural, electronic, and chemical properties, largely determined by the carbon cage's ability to accept electrons. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy is a very sensitive and important technique to detect open shell species and to determine HOMO and LUMO density distributions. Here we present a short overview of the most significant and informative reports of electron spin resonance studies of empty and endohedral fullerenes, classified on the basis of the entrapped moiety, cage size symmetry, and on the techniques used to generate the paramagnetic states. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using sharepoint as a limited learning management system

Due to various shortcomings of the Blackboard Learning Management System (LMS) [2, 3, 5, 6, 8] and the pedagogical benefits of having students learn one of the most popular browser-based collaboration and document management platforms used in the computing industry today, the use of Microsoft's SharePoint application as an LMS in a university environment is explored. This paper covers motivations for developing a SharePoint site for use in computer science courses. It also covers discovered benefits of the two year experiment along with critical steps in establishing a secure and easy to manage course SharePoint site.
Changes in prostate cancer detection rate of fusion versus systematic biopsy over time: A single center experience.

15Background: To determine the effect of learning curves and changes in fusion platform during 9 years of NCI’s experience with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)/TRUS fusion biopsy. Methods: A review was performed of a prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing mpMRI followed by fusion biopsy (Fbx) and systematic biopsy (Sbx) from 2007−2016. The patients were stratified based on the timing of first biopsy in 3 groups. Cohort 1 included patients biopsied between 7/2007−12/2010, accounting for learning curve at our institution. Cohort 2 included patients biopsied from 1/2011 up to the debut of UroNav (Invivo) platform in 5/2013. Cohort 3 included patients biopsied after 5/2013. Clinically significant (CS) disease was defined as Gleason 7 (3+4) or higher. Cancer detection rates (CDR) between Sbx and Fbx during different time periods were compared using McNemar’s test. Age and PSA standardized CDRs were calculated for comparison between 3 cohorts. Results: 1528 patients were included in the study with...
Clinicians' Experiences of Shared Trauma after the Shootings at Virginia Tech

This phenomenological study was designed to describe the shared trauma perspectives of 8 counselors who experienced the shootings at Virginia Tech and responded to community mental health needs. Shared trauma, vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue, vicarious resilience, and posttraumatic growth were examined. Themes derived from interviews included changed perceptions of those who experienced shared trauma and the influence of the experiences on clinicians' work. Implications for practitioners and for counselor training are presented.
Aligning sampling and case selection in quantitative-qualitative research designs: Establishing generalizability limits in mixed-method studies

Quantitative researchers increasingly draw on ethnographic research that may not be generalizable to inform and interpret results from statistical analyses; at the same time, while generalizability is not always an ethnographic research goal, the integration of quantitative data by ethnographic researchers to buttress findings on processes and mechanisms has also become common. Despite the burgeoning use of dual designs in research, there has been little empirical assessment of whether the themes, narratives, and ideal types derived from qualitative fieldwork are broadly generalizable in a manner consistent with estimates obtained from quantitative analyses. We draw on simulated and real-world data to assess the bias associated with failing to align samples across qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Our findings demonstrate that significant bias exists in mixed-methods studies when sampling is incongruent within research designs. We propose three solutions to limit bias in mixed-methods research.
A Book for Students of Science and Practicing Scientists: Review of Peter M. Pruzan's 'Research Methodology: The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science'

This article is a review of a book on research methodology. The book covers a broader range of issues than is usually covered in the training of scientists. It deals with the aims and limitations of science and how one may distinguish between science and other forms of intellectual activity. The book offers elaborate coverage of the process of science, the uncertainties involved in it, and the issues of ethics and integrity. Thus, it delves into areas essential for the practice of science. It equips the reader with the conceptual repertoire and the critical outlook necessary to perform and write about science in a responsible manner. The book is highly recommended for both science students and practicing scientists.
Nucleophilic difluoromethylation of aromatic aldehydes using trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (TMSCF3)

Abstract Reaction of the Ruppert–Prakash reagent (Me3SiCF3) with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of triphenylphosphine, lithium iodide and lithium tetrafluoroborate selectively furnishes gem-difluorinated phosphonium salts. Simple alkaline hydrolysis of these salts results in difluoromethylated products. Thus, one-pot nucleophilic difluoromethylation of aromatic aldehydes using Me3SiCF3 has been accomplished. The protocol tolerates electron withdrawing as well as electron donating substituents.
The Value of Rapid Delivery in Online Retailing

For online retailers who sell physical goods, every transaction has two main components: the physical product and the services by which the retailer facilitates the transaction. Delivery speed is arguably the most important service component for online retailers, and for this reason, many retailers are taking steps to improve delivery speed. Despite this emphasis on delivery speed, we are aware of no empirical studies that demonstrate the economic value of faster delivery for an online retailer. We use a quasi-natural experiment -- the opening of a new online distribution center (DC), which shortened the delivery time for a group of western U.S. customers of a leading U.S. apparel retailer -- to estimate the impact of faster delivery on revenue. We show that revenue from the impacted customers increased approximately 4 percent on average after the new DC opened, with the revenue increase varying inversely with distance from the new DC. Our analysis shows that the revenue increase mainly comes from customers placing orders more frequently and buying more expensive items after the new DC opened. Our results show that the second DC added to profit because the margin on additional sales plus a reduction in shipping costs for western customers exceeded the fixed cost of having a second DC.
Technical new feature

A continuous process for the commercial production of isopropenyl stearate (IPS) from triple pressed stearic acid and a stabilized form of propyne has been developed. Cost estimates, including capital costs, operating costs, and profitability, for commercial scale plant production which show the process to be economically feasible are presented. This potentially profitable process offers the advantages of reliable raw material sources, minimal external thermal requirements, and usable process waste streams. For a plant producing 5 million pounds of IPS per year, the selling price range is 80 to 107 cents/lb IPS, corresponding to a raw material cost range of 27 to 54 cents/lb of IPS. For a 20 million pound per year plant, the selling price range is 58 to 85 cents/lb IPS. The selling prices include a 20% annual return on fixed capital investment. Fixed capital requirement ranges from 2.7 to 10.9 million dollars (3rd quarter, 1975) for plants ranging in size from 5 to 50 million pounds of IPS per year, respectively.
The molecular mechanisms of increased radiosensitivity of HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC): an extensive review.

Head and neck carcinomas (HNCs) collectively are the sixth most common cancer with an annual incidence of about 400,000 cases in the US. The most well-established risk factors for HNCs are tobacco and alcohol abuse. With the increasing public awareness, the incidence of HNCs is decreasing. But there is an increasing incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been observed during the last decade. This phenomena is associated with persistent infection with high-risk HPV. HPV associated OPSCC patients tend to be younger males of high socioeconomic status. The increasing incidence causes a significant loss to social resources, given that it’s reported that HPV associated OPSCC represents about 60% of OPSCC cases. There is a growing amount of data supporting the hypothesis that HPV-associated OPSCC has a better survival rate due to a higher sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy as compared to HPV-unrelated OPSCC. Although the HPV positivity is associated with increased radio-sensitivity, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of HPV infection and its carcinogenesis on the radiosensitivity of OPSCC, from the molecular to histologic level, providing a comprehensive insight of this special tumor entity.
Age, aging and mega-serials in Tamil Nadu

ABSTRACTThis qualitative, exploratory study examines issues of age and aging surrounding mega-serial (daily soap opera) production in Tamil Nadu, India. This study is timely for demographic reasons (a rapidly aging Indian population) and for the centrality of mega-serials to India’s entertainment landscape, coupled with the genre’s long history of engaging global audiences with real-world social issues. Two data sources are utilized: focus groups with 16 mega-serial viewers and interviews with 25 members of the Tamil mega-serial industry. Situated in scholarship on gerontology/age studies and media/culture industry studies, analysis yields two broad themes related to (a) representations of age/aging and elder-oriented storylines in contemporary Tamil mega-serials and (b) recent industry changes that may forestall mega-serials’ potential to center age and aging as core narrative elements. Overall, evidence points to an industry and audience(s) in considerable transition.
Syphilis of the oropharynx: Case series of "The Great Masquerader".

Abstract Objective Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection with various presentations. Although, oropharyngeal manifestations are known to occur, the purpose of this study is to present the first case series in which the lesions were initially mistaken for human-papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods A multi-institutional retrospective review. Results Six cases of oropharyngeal syphilis were initially thought to be secondary to OPSCC due to presentation. Symptoms were vague and exam findings consisted of either a tonsillar or base of tongue mass, or lymphadenopathy. Biopsies were negative for OPSCC. Further workup diagnosed syphilis, with resolution of symptoms and lesions after antibiotic treatment. Conclusions Head and neck manifestations of syphilis have been reported in the literature. However, this is the first series reporting on oropharyngeal syphilis masquerading as HPV-related OPSCC. Ultimately, otolaryngologists must maintain a high suspicion for syphilis in order to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Models Of Continuum Mechanical Systems

The mathematical models of continuum mechanics (solid, fluid and gas dynamics) represent one of the most important techniques of applied mathematics ( Courant and Hilbert, 1953; Whitham, 1974; Smoller, 1983; Lin and Segel, 1974; Brekhovskikh and Goncharov, 1985; Stanislav, 1982; Landau and Lifschitz, 1986; Colton and Kress, 1992; Achenbach, 1984). These models are the source of many fundamental partial differential equations such as the heat equation, the Laplace and Poisson equations, the diffusion equation, the wave equation, and others. Modelling of continuum mechanical systems provides a source of important techniques and examples of applied mathematics more numerous than any other area of engineering. Such phenomena as elasticity, viscosity, diffusion, dispersion, wave propagation, refraction, scattering and reflection naturally occur there.
Skin Cancer Risk and Screening in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), both through inherent pathophysiology of the disease and medication effects, influences the risk of development of skin cancer. Evidence suggests that patients with IBD are at an increased risk of developing melanoma, irrespective of therapy, and there is some data that TNFα inhibitors increase this risk. The risk of non-melanoma skin cancers is increased by exposure to thiopurines. Given these associations, it is essential that the IBD practitioner has a good grasp on the most common types of skin cancer and their prevention and management. This chapter covers the pathophysiology of the most common types of skin cancer and provides an overview of data showing associations between skin cancer risk and IBD including various currently available medications. Recommendations are made for skin cancer prevention and management once diagnosed.
An asymptotically compatible meshfree quadrature rule for nonlocal problems with applications to peridynamics

Abstract We present a meshfree quadrature rule for compactly supported nonlocal integro-differential equations (IDEs) with radial kernels. We apply this rule to develop a meshfree discretization of a peridynamic solid mechanics model that requires no background mesh. Existing discretizations of peridynamic models have been shown to exhibit a lack of asymptotic compatibility to the corresponding linearly elastic local solution. By posing the quadrature rule as an equality constrained least squares problem , we obtain asymptotically compatible convergence by introducing polynomial reproduction constraints. Our approach naturally handles traction-free conditions, surface effects, and damage modeling for both static and dynamic problems. We demonstrate high-order convergence to the local theory by comparing to manufactured solutions and to cases with crack singularities for which an analytic solution is available. Finally, we verify the applicability of the approach to realistic problems by reproducing high-velocity impact results from the Kalthoff–Winkler experiments.
The valley of trust: The effect of relational strength on monitoring quality

Abstract Effective monitoring of firms by regulatory agencies is essential to maintaining economic sustainability, correcting information asymmetry in markets, and mitigating social and environmental externalities. Yet, monitoring failures often arise where the monitoring agent fails to detect or report infractions by the firms they monitor. Whereas organizational scholars cite weak relationships and a lack of trust between firms and monitors as a key source of monitoring failures, research in organizational deviance contends that increased trust in strong relationships promotes monitoring failures via negligence and collusion. Drawing on these two literatures, we propose that relationship strength exhibits a U-shaped relationship with monitoring quality, as mediated by trust: increasing relationship strength reduces monitoring failures to a certain point, but beyond which it increases monitoring failures. We test our theory with three studies: a field study using longitudinal archival data on financial restatements, a survey of Certified Public Accountants, and an experimental audit simulation.
Mechanisms of cancer metastasis.

Metastasis, the spread of tumor cells from the primary neoplasm to distant sites and their subsequent growth, is the major cause of death of most cancer patients. Despite significant advances in early diagnosis, general patient care, surgical resection of primary neoplasms, and adjuvant systemic therapies, the majority of patients die from metastatic tumors that are resistant to therapy [8, 35].
Estimating invasion dynamics with geopolitical-unit level records: performance and similarity of common methods using both simulated data and a real case

Estimating invasion dynamic is important to the management of invasive species, and geopolitical-unit level data are usually the most abundant and available records of invasive species. Here, for the first time we evaluated performances and similarities of eight common methods to estimate spread pattern and spread dynamic of invasive species with geopolitical-unit level data, and assessed impacts of variations in geopolitical-units on each method using simulated spread data. We also formulated a concave hull boundary displacement method (i.e., CEB) and an area-based regression method (i.e., AER) for estimating spread with geopolitical-unit data. Three regions with different sized counties in the United States (U.S.) were selected to conduct simulations and three spread scenarios were simulated. R2 and root mean square error were used to evaluate the abilities of all methods to estimate spread. Correlation coefficients were used to assess the similarity pattern of all methods. Finally, kudzu bug Megacopta cribraria, an invasive insect in the U.S., was used as a case study to test the generality of some results concluded from the simulated research. We found the CEB and two regression methods consistently estimated the right expansion patterns. Two boundary displacement and two area-based regression methods estimated highly correlated spread and were the best four methods, among which CEB had the best estimation. Distance-based regression methods are sensitive to irregularity and stochasticity in spread, and the minimum spread distance method had low ability to estimate spread. The case study showed consistent results with the simulated research. Both regression and boundary displacement methods can estimate spread patterns, overall rate, and spread dynamics of invasive species. Boundary displacement methods best estimate spread rates and dynamics; however, for spread without clear infestation outlines, area-based regression methods can be good alternatives.
Introduction to Lower Extremity Reconstruction: Historical Perspectives, Advances in the Field, and the Future

Reconstruction of the lower extremity has evolved as a separate discipline within reconstructive surgery. Trauma is the most common etiology for lower extremity wounds that require reconstruction, followed by tumor resection, infection, or underlying vascular disease. Patients with peripheral vascular disease or diabetes often develop wounds that require debridement, skeletal stabilization, and soft tissue coverage. Regardless of the etiology, the goal of reconstruction is to restore form as well as function.
Optimization of Power Communication Network Based on SDH Self-Healing Ring Network Technology

With the increase in the service demand of the power communication network and the potential impact of the malfunction, whether the results of the artificial configuration can adapt to these changes in the future and a more suitable planning scheme of the network topology is existing, which can make the entire network achieve a better operating condition. Through the field investigation, the services carried by the power communication network of a certain place are pre-configured, that is to say, the time slots of each service on the SDH optical transmission network are fixed and artificially configured. The specific case is explored by the developed simulation software, and the rationality and reliability of the existing services and self-healing planning in the simulation process are evaluated comprehensively to predict the impact of the service transmission caused by the link failure in this paper. Finally the optimization suggestion is provided for the node, link and the system protection of the existing grid planning in the region to improve the performance indicators of all aspects of the network.
Quantitative trait variation, phenotypic integration, and plasticity to elevated carbon dioxide in four recombinant inbred populations of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae)

Abstract Rapid changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a key driver of global climate change, have been shown to affect ecologically important traits in plants. Characterizing the effects of novel genetic variation on quantitative variation, phenotypic integration (multivariate associations among traits), and plasticity to elevated carbon dioxide can shed light on short-term plant responses to climate change. Here we explored univariate and multivariate responses to elevated carbon dioxide among four recombinant inbred populations of Arabidopsis thaliana established from genetically divergent ecotypes crossed to a common genetic background. We found significant genetic variation in all traits, but no genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity (i.e., genotype by environment interactions) in any trait among recombinant inbred lines. Significant cross-environment correlation in fitness values showed similar patterns of selection between ambient and elevated carbon dioxide treatments. Our data suggest that outcrossing among A. thaliana ecotypes increases genetic variation in functional traits, but makes little or no contribution to genotype by environment interactions and patterns of phenotypic integration. However, multivariate analyses revealed shifts in patterns of phenotypic integration in response to elevated carbon dioxide. We conclude that multivariate plasticity will likely play an important role in shaping short-term responses to future carbon dioxide conditions in natural populations of A. thaliana.
Bridging city environments: A contextual approach to the mobilisation of immigrant groups:

Although cities are thought of as environments conducive to collective mobilisation, we know less about the collective processes by which marginal social groups take advantage of these environments...
Designing and Tailoring Preventive Interventions for Fathers’ Parenting

Relative to the extant evidence-based parenting, mothering, and co-parenting educational and behavioral parent training programs, very few have been designed incorporating unique characteristics of fathering behaviors, fathering identities, and fathering roles. Using a father-centric perspective, this chapter discusses tailoring and adapting evidence-based behavioral parent training specifically for fathers. The focus is on cognitive and behavioral moderators that can be utilized for adapting curricula and intervention content to be more salient for participating fathers and in turn enhance effectiveness. Adaptive intervention designs are also introduced and illustrated as a rigorous formal way to test modifications to existing programs specifically for fathers.
How unbiased statistical methods lead to biased scientific discoveries: A case study of the Efron-Petrosian statistic applied to the luminosity-redshift evolution of gamma-ray bursts

Statistical methods are frequently built upon assumptions that limit their applicability to certain problems and conditions. Failure to recognize these limitations can lead to conclusions that may be inaccurate or biased. An example of such methods is the non-parametric Efron-Petrosian test statistic used in the studies of truncated data. We argue and show how the inappropriate use of this statistical method can lead to biased conclusions when the assumptions under which the method is valid do not hold. We do so by reinvestigating the evidence recently provided by multiple independent reports on the evolution of the luminosity/energetics distribution of cosmological Long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (LGRBs) with redshift. We show that the effects of detection threshold has been likely significantly underestimated in the majority of previous studies. This underestimation of detection threshold leads to severely-incomplete LGRB samples that exhibit strong apparent luminosity-redshift or energetics-redshift correlations. We further confirm our findings by performing extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the cosmic rates and the luminosity/energy distributions of LGRBs and their detection process.
Avoiding data loss and corruption for file transfers with Fast Integrity Verification

Abstract End-to-end integrity verification is used to avoid silent data corruption in file transfers by comparing the checksum of files at source and destination end points. However, it increases transfer times significantly as checksum computation requires reading files back from the storage and running compute-intensive hash computation. In this paper, we propose Fast Integrity VERification (FIVER) algorithm which alleviates the overhead of end-to-end integrity verification by overlapping checksum computation with transfer operation and enabling I/O sharing between the two. The results obtained from various network and dataset settings show that FIVER is able to bring down the cost of end-to-end integrity verification from up to 120% by the state-of-the-art solutions to below 15%. Moreover, existing implementations of end-to-end integrity verification are vulnerable to permanent data loss in the case of an unexpected power outage due to completing the integrity verification process while data is still on memory. FIVER addresses this issue by enforcing dirty data on memory to be flushed to disk before finishing integrity verification such that power loss during any phase of a transfer would cause integrity verification to fail and transfer application to retransfer lost data.
Monte Carlo study on dose distributions from total skin electron irradiation therapy (TSET).

Total skin electron therapy (TSET) has been used to treat mycosis fungoides since the 1950s. Practitioners of TSET rely on relatively crude, phantom-based point measurements for commissioning and treatment plan dosimetry. Using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, this study presents whole-body dosimetry for a patient receiving rotational, dual-field TSET. The Monte Carlo codes, BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc, were used to simulate 6 MeV electron beams to calculate skin dose from TSET. Simulations were validated with experimental measurements. The rotational dual-field technique uses extended source-to-surface distance with an acrylic beam degrader between the patient and incident beams. Simulations incorporated patient positioning: standing on a platform that rotates during radiation delivery. Resultant patient doses were analyzed as a function of skin depth-dose coverage and evaluated using dose-volume-histograms (DVH). Good agreement was obtained between simulations and measurements. For a cylinder with a 30 cm diameter, the depths that dose fell to 50% of the surface dose was 0.66 cm, 1.15 cm and 1.42 cm for thicknesses of 9 mm, 3 mm and without an acrylic scatter plate, respectively. The results are insensitive to cylinder diameter. Relatively uniform skin surface dose was obtained for skin in the torso area although large dose variations (>25%) were found in other areas resulting from partial beam shielding of the extremities. To achieve 95% mean dose to the first 5 mm of skin depth, the mean dose to skin depth of 5-10 mm and depth of 10-15 mm from the skin surface was 74% (57%) and 50% (25%) of the prescribed dose when using a 3mm (9 mm) thickness scatter plate, respectively. As a result of this investigation on patient skin dose distributions we changed our patient treatments to use a 3 mm instead of a 9 mm thickness Acrylic scatter plate for clinically preferred skin depth dose coverage.
Not like home: American Visitors to Britain in the 1950s: by Michael John Law, Montréal and Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2019, 241 pp., CAD$120.00 (cloth), CAD $32.95 (paperback), ISBN: 9780773558847

Much changed in the 1950s. Following the Second World War, the United States emerged as the dominant global economic, cultural, military, and political power. The opposite was true for Britain. Whe...
Music and democracy in America: historical perspectives on ‘democratization’ in the digital age

What meanings of democracy are invoked in talk about democratization and music, and how does this discourse reflect struggles over democracy in our time? Contemporary music scholars and commentators have relied on ‘democratization’ to measure the promises and possibilities of music in the digital age. Yet ‘democracy’ is conceived in this discourse as a technological rather than a historical achievement, undermining its normative foundation. Two historical instances in which musicians and critics in the US engaged in democratic controversies through music highlight the contingency of the linkage between network metaphors and liberal notions of the public sphere that underpin the current democratization discourse. Debates about American classical music in the mid-nineteenth century and jazz in the mid-twentieth illustrate that notions of democracy are tied to historical context and contested as different social issues and conflicts arise. I suggest that critical analysis of music attend to the contested meanings of democracy in the contemporary period, noting its uncomfortably close association with libertarianism. Finally, I reflect on whether democracy might be decoupled from network structures and reconnected to historical struggles in this rethinking, or if different criteria are needed to speak to the question of why or how music matters.
Effect of State and Local Sexual Orientation Anti-Discrimination Laws on Labor Market Differentials

This paper presents the first quasi-experimental research examining the effect of both local and state anti-discrimination laws on sexual orientation on the labor supply and wages of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) workers. To do so, I use the American Community Survey data on household composition to infer sexual orientation and combine this with a unique panel dataset on local anti-discrimination laws. Using variation in law implementation across localities over time, I find that anti-discrimination laws significantly reduce gaps in labor force participation rate, employment, and the wage gap for gay men relative to straight men. These laws also significantly reduce the labor force participation rate, employment, and wage premium for lesbian women relative to straight women. One explanation for the reduced labor supply and wage premium is that lesbian couples begin to have more children in response to the laws, shifting to a more traditional household with one woman working fewer hours. Finally, I present evidence that state anti-discrimination laws significantly and persistently increased support for same-sex marriage. This research shows that anti-discrimination laws can be an effective policy tool for reducing labor market inequalities across sexual orientation and improving sentiment toward LGB Americans.
The UV/blue effects of space weathering manifested in S-complex asteroids II: Probing for less-weathered objects in the Solar System

Abstract High resolution spectrophotometry shows that among S-complex and related asteroids that have undergone varying levels of weathering from space exposure, the break in reflectance spectrophotometry between weathered and fresh surfaces persists across the 360–440 nm spectral range. Using this knowledge, candidate Q- and O-class asteroids that could show the onset of space weathering in the ultraviolet/blue spectral region, not yet seen in the visible/near-infrared spectral region, were culled from the taxonomic classification of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey asteroid data base. Fifty-four main-belt asteroids are identified for further examination, although we believe that greater spectral resolution is necessary to confirm this designation.
The etiology of antisocial behavior: Biopsychosocial risk factors across development

Understanding criminal behavior as a biological or physiological phenomenon has continued in its ascendancy by advances made in the fields of genetics and neuroscience in understanding behavior. The development of criminal behavior is a biopsychosocial phenomenon, and factors that influence its development derive from multiple sources, ranging from genetic heritability to gang participation. Risk factors associated with the development of criminal behavior are found for each developmental phase, with the most significant risk factors for each developmental period being those that influence the achievement of developmental milestones. Thus, during infancy, factors that interfere with the formation of a secure attachment appear to be most detrimental while during adolescence, risks associated with peer relationships are critical. This chapter explores these biological and environmental risk factors and their effect on behavior across development. Given the individual and societal costs associated with antisocial behavior, the benefits of such an investment seem clear.
Application of 14 MeV and Cf-252 Neutron Sources to Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Lunar Samples

From conference on analytical methods developed for application to lunar samples analyses; Los Angeles, CA (25 Jun 1972).
Language, Emotions, And Cultures: Emotional Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

An emotional version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that differences in language emotionalities influence differences among cultures no less than conceptual differences. Conceptual contents of languages and cultures to significant extent are determined by words and their semantic differences; these could be borrowed among languages and exchanged among cultures. Emotional differences, as suggested in the paper, are related to grammar and mostly cannot be borrowed. Conceptual and emotional mechanisms of languages are considered here along with their functions in the mind and cultural evolution. A fundamental contradiction in human mind is considered: language evolution requires reduced emotionality, but "too low" emotionality makes language "irrelevant to life," disconnected from sensory-motor experience. Neural mechanisms of these processes are suggested as well as their mathematical models: the knowledge instinct, the language instinct, the dual model connecting language and cognition, dynamic logic, neural modeling fields. Mathematical results are related to cognitive science, linguistics, and psychology. Experimental evidence and theoretical arguments are discussed. Approximate equations for evolution of human minds and cultures are obtained. Their solutions identify three types of cultures: "conceptual"-pragmatic cultures, in which emotionality of language is reduced and differentiation overtakes synthesis resulting in fast evolution at the price of uncertainty of values, self doubts, and internal crises; "traditional-emotional" cultures where differentiation lags behind synthesis, resulting in cultural stability at the price of stagnation; and "multi-cultural" societies combining fast cultural evolution and stability. Unsolved problems and future theoretical and experimental directions are discussed.
Estimating Long-Term Mating Systems Using DNA Sequences

Plant mating systems often involve a mixture of self fertilizations and outcross fertilizations. The degree of selfing has a large impact on the genetic composition of natural populations and on the evolution of the mating system itself in response to such factors as inbreeding depression. This paper describes a means of estimating the long-term rate of self-fertilization from samples of alleles taken from individuals in a population. Use is made of the genealogy of pairs of alleles at a locus within individuals and pairs between individuals. The degree of selfing is closely related to the extent to which the number of nucleotide sites differing within an individual is reduced relative to the number differing between individuals. Importantly, the estimate of long-term selfing is largely independent of population size and is not affected by historical fluctuations in population size; instead it responds directly to the mating system itself. The approach outlined here is most appropriate to evolutionary problems in which the long-term nature of the mating system is of interest, such as to determine the relationship between prior inbreeding and inbreeding depression.
Samuraia tabularasa gen. nov., sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydrocorynidae), an intertidal hydroid from the Gulf of California, Mexico

Samuraia tabularasa, the samurai hydroid, a previously unreported genus and species of athecate hydrozoan, family Hydrocorynidae, is described, based upon field and laboratory observations. Colonies live attached to rocky substrates in the middle of the intertidal zone in the northern and central Gulf of California, Mexico. The principal characters that allow this species to be referred to a new genus are associated with its mode of sexual reproduction by eumedusoids that can remain attached to the colony, or be released as ephemeral, rudimentary structures. This is in contrast to the feeding, free medusae produced by the two species of the other genus, Hydrocoryne, in the family Hydrocorynidae.