cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive Monitoring and Neurointerventional Management of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by isolated rise in intracranial pressure (ICP) leading to chronic, debilitating headaches, tinnitus, and vision loss. Conventional diagnostics and monitoring primarily require the use of invasive procedure like lumbar puncture to measure ICP, while traditional management strategies involve weight reduction and medical treatment with acetazolamide. In an effort to reduce the need for invasive procedures, noninvasive methods of ICP monitoring such as optic nerve sheath diameter measurements and two-depth transcranial Doppler ultrasonography have been developed. In cases of refractory and fulminant IIH, surgical management strategies such as optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF), ventriculoperitoneal (VP) and lumboperitoneal (LP) shunting, and transverse venous sinus stenting are used to relieve symptoms via ICP reduction. While ONSF and VP/LP shunting exhibit utility primarily for the treatment of vision loss and headache, respectively, venous sinus stenting may prove to be an effective option in the management of all symptoms of IIH. Most importantly, consideration of the patient’s individual symptoms and values should be taken into account when choosing the optimal surgical management strategy for patients with IIH.
Genotypic variation in the persistence of transgenerational responses to seasonal cues

Phenotypes respond to environments experienced directly by an individual, via phenotypic plasticity, or to the environment experienced by ancestors, via transgenerational environmental effects. The adaptive value of environmental effects depends not only on the strength and direction of the induced response but also on how long the response persists within and across generations, and how stably it is expressed across environments that are encountered subsequently. Little is known about the genetic basis of those distinct components, or even whether they exhibit genetic variation. We tested for genetic differences in the inducibility, temporal persistence, and environmental stability of transgenerational environmental effects in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic variation existed in the inducibility of transgenerational effects on traits expressed across the life cycle. Surprisingly, the persistence of transgenerational effects into the third generation was uncorrelated with their induction in the second generation. Although environmental effects for some traits in some genotypes weakened over successive generations, others were stronger or even in the opposite direction in more distant generations. Therefore, transgenerational effects in more distant generations are not merely caused by the retention or dissipation of those expressed in prior generations, but they may be genetically independent traits with the potential to evolve independently.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Guide for Nurses

Nurses are central to the care of patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Patients with these conditions present with nuanced symptoms and have complex nursing care needs. Although much of the exact pathophysiology of these diseases is not known, all nurses benefit from a fundamental understanding of the genesis of skin manifestations, associated pharmacology, and prognosis. The care of patients hospitalized with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis consists of wound care, infection prevention, comfort management, hydration and nutrition, psychosocial support, and the prevention of long-term complications. This article provides an overview of these diseases, including clinical diagnosis, history and physical assessment, related pharmacology, and nursing care priorities. A description of the current state of the science in clinical management for nurses at all levels is provided, with an emphasis on nursing's contribution to the best possible patient outcomes.
Clinical Demands and Challenges for Future Mechanical Circulatory Support Technologies

The field of mechanical circulatory support is changing rapidly due to multiple factors. Innovations in pump design have led to improved hemocompatibility and reduced adverse events, yet essential challenges remain including managing an aging population of patients with multiple comorbid conditions. Fiscal constraints are also creating pressure to deliver ongoing care for patients supported on mechanical circulatory support outside of the hospital. In this chapter, we discuss these different drivers of change as well as potential solutions including through the use of digital health technology and mobile health devices.
Unit 14: Employment Agreements (Open-Access Book Entrepreneurship Law: Company Creation)

This is Unit 14 from Entrepreneurship Law: Company Creation, an open-source textbook authored by Samantha Prince Unit 14 covers the following topics: • Recitals • Term and Termination • Compensation • Perks • Scope of Employment • Non-compete and Non-solicitation • Liability Protection • Confidentiality Provisions • Golden Parachutes
Protocol for constructing large size human antibody heavy chain variable domain (V H ) library and selection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody domains.

This protocol is a comprehensive guide to phage display-based selection of virus neutralizing VH antibody domains. It details three optimized parts including (1) construction of a large-sized (theoretically > 1011) naive human antibody heavy chain domain library, (2) SARS-CoV-2 antigen expression and stable cell line construction, and (3) library panning for selection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody domains. Using this protocol, we identified a high-affinity neutralizing human VH antibody domain, VH ab8, which exhibits high prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Li et al. (2020).
Size Efficient Key-Value Type Context Sharing in Mobile Edge Computing

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) aims to extend the edge of cloud computing networks in remote servers. MEC promises advantages such as fast response time and balancing processing load because MEC devices can process the information between the user devices and cloud servers intelligently and dynamically depending on the situation. An increasing number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices share information with cloud servers. MEC can address issues arising from situations where billions of IoT devices share information with other devices, MEC, and cloud servers. In this case, a load balancing model and architecture are needed for better storage and communication bandwidth control to avoid problems such as data congestion among MEC servers. Considering that the Key-value type context is one of the most popular representations for IoT information sharing, a new approach to address the communication load imbalance in MEC is needed. This paper proposes a novel model and architecture to share key-value type context among mobile devices, cloud servers, and MEC servers. We use probabilistic data structures, Bloomier Filters, to reduce the key-value type information footprint. The data quality degradation caused by false positives can be controlled and eliminated with a particular type of Bloomier filter and a common dictionary shared by devices and servers. We analyze our approach to show the proposed model’s performance, architecture, and algorithm, demonstrating that we can reduce the footprint size to represent the key-value type context information with zero or practically zero data degradation.
G-Quadruplex-Enabling Sequence within the Human Tyrosine Hydroxylase Promoter Differentially Regulates Transcription.

G-Quadruplexes (GQs) found within the promoter regions of genes are known to mostly act as repressors of transcription. Here we report a guanosine (G)-rich segment in the 3'-proximal promoter region of human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which acts as a necessary element for transcription. Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the catecholamine biosynthesis and is linked to several common neurological disorders such as Parkinson's and schizophrenia. A 45 nucleotide (nt) sequence (wtTH49) within the human TH promoter contains multiple G-stretches that are extremely well conserved among the primates but deviate in rodents, which raises the possibility of variation in the GQ structures formed in the two orders with the potential for a distinctive functional outcome. Biochemical and biophysical studies, including single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer, indicate that the wtTH49 sequence can adopt multiple GQ structures by using different combinations of G-stretches. A functional assay performed with 2.8 kb of the 3'-proximal end of the TH promoter and a mutated version (TH49fm; mutated wtTH49) that is unable to form any GQ structure indicates that overall the GQ-enabling wtTH49 sequence is functionally necessary and enhances human TH promoter activity by 5-fold compared to that of the mutant. Two additional mutants, each of which was designed to form distinct GQs, differentially affected reporter gene transcription. A cationic porphyrin TMPyP4 destabilizes the wtTH49 GQ and lowers the level of reporter gene expression, although its analogue, TMPyP2, fails to elicit any response. The 45 nt G-rich sequence within the human TH promoter can form multiple GQ structures, is a necessary element in transcription, and depending on the utilized combination of G-stretches affects transcription in different ways.
Multimegajoule Electromagnetic Implosion of Shaped Solid-Density Liners

Electromagnetic implosions of shaped cylindrical aluminum liners that remain at solid density are discussed. The approximate liner parameters have an initial radius of 3 to 4 cm, are 4 cm in height, and are nearly 0.1 cm thick. The liners are driven by the Shiva Star 1300-{mu}f capacitor bank at an 84-kV charging voltage and an nearly 30-nH total initial inductance (including implosion load). The discharge current travels along the length of the liner and rises to 14 MA in nearly 8 {mu}s. The implosion time is nearly 12 {mu}s. Diagnostics include inductive current and capacitive voltage probes, magnetic probes, and radiography. Both right-circular cylinder and conical liner implosion data are displayed and discussed. Radiography indicates implosion behavior substantially consistent with two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic calculations, which predict inner surface implosion velocities exceeding 20 km/s, and compressed density of two to three times solid density. Less growth of perturbations is evident for the conical liner (nearly 1% thickness tolerance) than for the right-circular cylindrical liner (nearly 3% thickness tolerance). 12 refs., 8 figs.
Structure and Function of Villin

Villin is an epithelial cell‐specific protein that belongs to a family of actin‐binding proteins that display structural and functional homology and include among other proteins, gelsolin, severin, fragmin, adseverin/scinderin, supervillin, and protovillin. Villin is unique among these proteins in that it can sever, cap, nucleate, and crosslink actin filaments. The actin modifying functions of villin are regulated by calcium, phosphoinositides, and tyrosine phosphorylation of the villin protein. Villin also self‐associates and this property of villin is likewise determined by its ligand‐binding properties. Overexpression of villin regulates actin redistribution, cell morphology, cell migration, and cell death. Studies done with the villin knockout mice substantiate the significance of villin in actin reorganization and maintenance of epithelial cell plasticity. In this chapter I discuss how the ligand‐binding properties of villin are mechanistically important to its functions in cell migration and cell death.
Duration, magnitude, and frequency of subaerial volcano deformation events: New results from Latin America using InSAR and a global synthesis

[1] We combine new observations of volcano deformation in Latin America with more than 100 previous deformation studies in other areas of the world to constrain the frequency, magnitude, and duration of subaerial volcano deformation events. We discuss implications for eruptive hazards from a given deformation event and the optimum repeat interval for proposed InSAR satellite missions. We use L band (23.6 cm wavelength) satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to make the first systematic search for deformation in all volcanic arcs of Latin America (including Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and the northern and southern Andes), spanning 2006–2008. We combine L and C band (5.6 cm wavelength) InSAR observations over the southern Andes volcanoes to extend the time series from 2002 to 2008 and assess the capabilities of the different radars: L band gives superior results in highly vegetated areas. Our observations reveal 11 areas of volcano deformation, some of them in areas that were thought to be dormant. There is a lack of observed deformation at several erupting volcanoes, probably due to temporal aliasing. The total number of deforming volcanoes in the central and southern Andes now totals 15 (from observations between 1992 and 2008), comparable to the Alaska/Aleutian arc. Globally, volcanoes deform across a variety of time scales (from seconds to centuries) often without eruption and with no apparent critical observation time scale, although observations made every minute are sometimes necessary to see precursors to eruption.
Acceptance of scientific management by natural resource dependent communities

We explore the reaction of two resource dependent communities, west Texas ranchers and Gulf Coast oyster fishers, to scientific resource management. We examine the criteria these two social groups use to judge scientific claims, and by extension, scientific resource management. Although scientists rely on factors internal to the scientific enterprise (e.g., methodological rigor), natural resource dependent communities such as ranchers and fishers may rely on factors external to the scientific process. Such factors include the histori- cal relationship the community has had with the managing agency, the extent to which scientific explana- tions match local experience, the conceptual fit between managers' and communities' views of the appropri- ate relationship between humans and nature, and the resources available to the community to argue against regulation. We conclude that (1) agencies should explore the possibility of including the experiential knowl- edge of natural resource users where applicable and (2) agencies should recognize that communication skills can be as important as scientific skills in reaching management goals.
Composición y Propiedades Bioactivas de la Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): Una Revisión

Yerba mate es una infusion popular producida y consumida en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay. Se procesa a partir de hojas y tallos de Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., un arbusto perenne de la familia Aquifoliaceae. El procesamiento ocurre en seis etapas: recoleccion de hojas maduras y tallos pequenos, tostado por fuego directo, secado por aire caliente, molienda, envejecimiento (dependiendo de los atributos sensoriales requeridos), y embalaje final. Si bien la yerba mate se ha cultivado y consumido por siglos en America del Sur, su popularidad en los Estados Unidos ha aumentando debido a la demanda por bebidas saludables y alimentos mas naturales y por los potenciales beneficios para la salud de la yerba mate (antioxidante, antimicrobiano, accion contra la obesidad y diabetes, digestivo, estimulante). La yerba mate tambien se ha investigado como agente de prevencion y causa de algunos tipos de cancer, causando controversia entre investigadores. Investigaciones recientes han ampliado el espectro de uso de la yerba mate como agente antimicrobiano, proteccion de cultivos y accion contra patogenos transmitidos por alimentos. Resultados prometedores para el uso de esta planta en la salud humana y animal han llevado a esta revision. Esta revision se centro en la composicion de la yerba mate, y el efecto que el cultivo y el procesamiento puede tener sobre sus propiedades.
Identification of high risk DISC1 structural variants with a 2% attributable risk for schizophrenia.

Abstract The causes of schizophrenia remain elusive. In a large Scottish pedigree, a balanced translocation t(1;11) (q42.1;q14.3) disrupting the DISC1 and DISC2 genes segregates with major mental illness, including schizophrenia and unipolar depression. A frame-shift carboxyl-terminal deletion was reported in DISC1 in an American family, but subsequently found in two controls. A few common structural variants have been associated with less than a 2-fold increased risk for schizophrenia, but replication has not been uniform. No large scale case-control mutation study has been performed. We have analyzed the regions of likely functional significance in the DISC1 gene in 288 patients with schizophrenia and 288 controls (5 megabases of genomic sequence analyzed). Six patients with schizophrenia were heterozygous for ultra-rare missense variants not found in the 288 controls ( p = 0.015) and shown to be ultra-rare by their absence in a pool of 10,000 control alleles. We conclude that ultra-rare structural variants in DISC1 are associated with an attributable risk of about 2% for schizophrenia. In addition, we confirm that two common structural variants (Q264R and S704C) elevate the risk for schizophrenia slightly (odds ratio 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.7). DISC1 illustrates how common/moderate risk alleles suggested by the HapMap project might be followed up by resequencing to identify genes with high risk, low frequency alleles of clinical relevance.
Immune response overview.

A short synopsis of the history of identification of the protective cellular immune response to Brucella is given along with indication of the current major research focuses in this area. Finally, critical areas of research for the future are suggested.
The chemisorption of nitrogen at activated sites on a polycrystalline tungsten surface

Abstract The exposure of a polycrystalline tungsten surface to atomic nitrogen or bombardment by N2+ is shown to enhance chemisorption. Ion bombardment causes the saturation coverage to be increased by about 50 % over that found after exposure to the molecular gas. A somewhat greater saturation coverage is obtained by exposure to neutral atomic nitrogen. The additional gas found in these experiments is desorbed at lower temperatures than nitrogen chemisorbed in β sites. These results are interpreted on the basis of chemisorption at endothermic adsorption sites.
Moyamoya syndrome in a patient with congenital human immunodeficiency virus infection.

A 10-year-old boy with congenital human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection developed recurrent episodes of left hemiparesis at age 7 years. The progression of his disease was followed by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, and cerebral angiography. The series of images showed progressive stenosis of both carotid arteries at the suprasellar origin with involvement of his anterior and middle cerebral arteries, while prominent collateral vessels developed from his external carotid supply through ophthalmic and middle meningeal arteries. The pattern of cerebrovascular disease is consistent with moyamoya syndrome. We suggest that further studies on the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular disease in patients with HIV could be helpful in understanding the cause of moyamoya disease as well. Also, with the various advances in treatment of HIV, neurovascular complications could be seen more frequently as the long-term survival in these patients improves. (J Child Neur...
Fireaxe: the DHS secure design competition pilot

Application security is a crucial problem in today's technological society. Currently, there does not exist a place for discovering, learning, and testing secure design principles. Fireaxe is the pilot competition that attempts to fill this gap. Two teams, one in New Mexico, and one in California, participated in this trial run. We successfully show that a secure design competition is feasible and useful for teaching and guiding students to implement more secure software.
Elastic, low density epoxy/clay aerogel composites

Clay aerogels are ultra-low density materials formed by the freeze-drying of aqueous clay gels. While unmodified clay aerogels exhibit generally poor mechanical properties, incorporation of polymers into these structures can greatly increase their strengths and moduli; such polymer/clay aerogel composites have potential for use in a range of structural and insulation applications. Polymer/clay aerogel composites were formed by a new process in which water-soluble thermoset epoxy precursors are reacted within a clay hydrogel, which is then freeze-dried to produce the polymer/clay aerogel composites. The compressive properties of these polymer/clay aerogel composites greatly exceed those of plain clay aerogels; moreover, some of these composites exhibit novel elastomeric behavior, withstanding and recovering large amounts of compressive strain without failure or significant permanent deformation.
Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of respiratory tract epithelial cells by TGFβ

In this paper we examined the effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) on the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells in primary culture. Treatment of these cells with TGF beta inhibits cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner; concentrations as low as 1 pM are able to inhibit cell growth. Concomitantly, TGF beta causes cells to accumulate in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and a sharp reduction in the ability of the cells to form colonies after subculture at clonal density. These results indicate that TGF beta induces terminal cell division in these cells. The inhibition of cell growth is accompanied by changes in cell morphology and a stimulation of the formation of cross-linked envelopes. TGF beta enhances the levels of transglutaminase activity and cholesterol sulfate, two markers of squamous differentiation. Our results indicate that TGF beta induces terminal squamous cell differentiation in rabbit tracheal epithelial cells. Retinoic acid (RA) does not affect the commitment to terminal cell division induced by TGF beta, but inhibits the expression of the squamous phenotype. Growth of normal human bronchial epithelial cells was affected by TGF beta in a way similar to that of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells. Several carcinoma cell lines tested were quite resistant to TGF beta, whereas growth of one carcinoma cell line was stimulated by TGF beta. These results indicate that a modified response to TGF beta could be one mechanism involved in the aberrant growth control of malignant cells.
Academic library campaigns: suggestions for fundraisers

Discusses key elements in academic library campaigns including the development plan, the case statement, the campus campaign, the external campaign and major donors, and various methods of recognition. These are some of the elements necessary in seeking alternative sources of funding for today's libraries.
Adaptive One Dimensional DCT-VQ For Motion Compensated Video Coding

The motion compensated frame difference (MCFD) signals of video have much less correlation than the still frames. This change of source statistics brings the compactness power of the 2D DCT down. The Hadamard matrix decomposition 1D DCT of MCFD is proposed in this paper. The 1D DCT case is compared with the 8x8 2D DCT case. The results indicate that both perform the same practically. But the first is simpler computationally than the latter. Transform coefficients split into bands and each band is grouped based on the variances. The VQ of transform coefficient bands is employed. 35.77 dB of PSNR at 0.3245 bits/pixel is obtained with the proposed scheme which is also perceptually as good as the 2D DCT case.
Behavioral effects of moderate lead exposure in children and animal models: part 1, clinical studies.

(1980). Behavioral effects of moderate lead exposure in children and animal models: Part 1, clinical studies. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 43-99.
Assessing reliability of gene clusters from gene expression data

The rapid development of microarray technologies has raised many challenging problems in experiment design and data analysis. Although many numerical algorithms have been successfully applied to analyze gene expression data, the effects of variations and uncertainties in measured gene expression levels across samples and experiments have been largely ignored in the literature. In this article, in the context of hierarchical clustering algorithms, we introduce a statistical resampling method to assess the reliability of gene clusters identified from any hierarchical clustering method. Using the clustering trees constructed from the resampled data, we can evaluate the confidence value for each node in the observed clustering tree. A majority-rule consensus tree can be obtained, showing clusters that only occur in a majority of the resampled trees. We illustrate our proposed methods with applications to two published data sets. Although the methods are discussed in the context of hierarchical clustering methods, they can be applied with other cluster-identification methods for gene expression data to assess the reliability of any gene cluster of interest.
Lateral Line Receptors: Where Do They Come from Developmentally and Where Is Our Research Going?

The lateral line system is composed of both mechanoreceptors, which exhibit little variation in structure between taxonomic groups, and electroreceptors, which exhibit considerably more variation. Cathodally sensitive ampullary electroreceptors are the primitive condition and are found in agnathans, chondrichthyans, and most osteichthyans. Aquatic amphibians also have ampullary electroreceptors for at least part of their life cycle. The more recently evolved anodally sensitive ampullary electroreceptors and tuberous electroreceptors are only found in four groups of teleost fishes. The basic ontogenetic unit of lateral line development is the dorsolateral placode. Primitively, there are six pairs of placodes, which pass through sequential stages of development into lateral line receptors. There is no question about the origin of primitive mechanoreceptors or electroreceptors, however, we do not have a good understanding of the origin of teleost mechanoreceptors and their ampullary or tuberous electroreceptors; do they come exclusively from dorsolateral placodes or from neural crest or even general ectoderm? A second intriguing lateral line question is how certain teleost fish groups evolved tuberous electroreceptors. Electroreception appears to have re-evolved at least twice in teleosts after being lost during the neopterygian radiation. It has been suggested that the development of tuberous electroreceptors might be due to changes in placodal patterning or a change in the general ectoderm that placodes arise from. Unfortunately, our understanding of lateral line origins in fishes is very sketchy, and, if we are to answer such an evolutionary question, we first need more complete information about lateral line development in a variety of fishes, which can then be combined with gene expression data to better interpret lateral line receptor development.
Circumvention of MHC class II restriction by genetic immunization

Abstract The fate of T cell responses to peptide-based vaccination is subject to constraints by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), MHC restriction. Using as a model system of T and B cell epitopes from the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite, we show that vaccination by somatic transgene immunization readily primes Balb/c mice (H-2 d ) a strain previously reported to be non-responder to immunization with a synthetic peptide vaccine encompassing these epitopes. Following genetic vaccination Balb/c mice developed a primary T cell response comparable to that of the responder strain C57Bl/6 (H-2 b ). Following booster immunization on day 45 Balb/c mice responded with a typical T cell memory response. Priming induced the formation of specific antibodies, which rose sharply after booster immunization. These findings suggests that genetic immunization can circumvent MHC class II restriction.
A monopole in N = 8 supergravity

Abstract An explicit ansatz for a monopole in N = 8 supergravity is constructed. The monopole mass is estimated by extremizing an energy functional, whose positive definite character is guaranteed by a positive energy theorem.
Interaction of Carbon Dioxide with Transition-Metal-Substituted Heteropolyanions in Nonpolar Solvents. Spectroscopic Evidence for Complex Formation.

Tetraheptylammonium salts of various transition-metal-substituted heteropolyanions with α-Keggin ([XW11O39M]n-), α-Wells−Dawson ([P2W17O61M]m-), and Weakley and Finke structures ([P2W18O68Co4]10-) were investigated with respect to their reactivity with CO2 in nonpolar solvents. It was found that copper(II)- and manganese(III)-substituted heteropolyanions do not react with CO2. Germano- and silicotungstates with the α-Keggin structure do form complexes with CO2 when substituted with Co(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II). In contrast, boro- and phosphotungstates substituted with Co(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II) are unreactive. The α2 isomers of Wells−Dawson phosphotungstates show reactivity similar to that of α-Keggin silicotungstatesi.e., Co(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II) derivatives do react with CO2. On the other hand, the α1 isomer of the Co(II)-substituted Wells−Dawson anion does not react with CO2, and neither does the Weakley and Finke cobaltotungstate. When reactions do occur, they are completely reversible. An excess of w...
Technique for Reducing the Effects of Nonlinear Terms on Electric Field Measurements of Electric Field Sensor Arrays on Aircraft Platforms

AbstractA generalized technique has been developed that reduces the contributions of nonlinear effects that occur during measurements of natural electric fields around thunderstorms by an array of field mills on an aircraft. The nonlinear effects can be due to nearby charge emitted by the aircraft as it acquires and sheds charge, but the nonlinear effects are not limited to such sources. The generalized technique uses the multiple independent measurements of the external electric field obtained during flight to determine and remove nonlinear contaminations in the external vector electric field. To demonstrate the technique, a simulated case with nonlinear contaminations was created and then corrected for the nonlinear components. In addition, data from two different field programs utilizing two different aircraft and field mill configurations, each containing observable and different nonlinear effects, were also corrected for the significant nonlinear effects found in the field mill outputs. The expanded ...
Mass transfer and complexation in concentrated zinc/potassium halide electrolytes. II: Complexation and migration effects

Abstract A speciation analysis of concentrated ZnCl 2 /KCl solutions indicates that four species: Zn 2+ , ZnCl + , ZnCl − 3 and ZnCl 2− 4 , are present in varying amounts in the concentration range studied. Proton NMR spectroscopy performed on several solutions also confirms this. A computer analysis was undertaken to model the transport of species to the electrode and to correct for the migration effect of the halozinc complexes. Diffusivities calculated from the corrected limiting currents are presented and their relationship to solution structure and viscosity is discussed.
Optimal depreciation, payments to capital, and natural monopoly regulation

This paper examines optimal recovery of capital costs by the profit- maximizing firm operating under a rate-of-return constraint and for the regulator's problem of welfare maximization such that revenues are sufficient to cover economic costs. In this regard, we examine optimal depreciation schedules and time horizons for recovery, as well as the effects of stationary and nonstationary demand and cost conditions and a profit tax on the recovery paths. For the regulated firm seeking profits, once recovery begins, it continues at the most rapid rate until full recovery of costs occurs. In terms of the welfare objective, the regulator is required to commit to full recovery over a finite time period. For both the profit and welfare objectives, the optimal recovery requires “backloading” under a broad set of conditions (recovery increases through time, a practice that is contrary to extant rules).
Joining Punishment and Treatment in Substantive Equality

How can justice and treatment be combined so that the rights of victims are upheld and offenders are rehabilitated? Substantive justice administers punishment proportionate both to the offense and ...
The Metal-Ammonia Reduction of 1-Naphthoic Acid

Abstract The reduction of aromatic compounds with alkali metals in liquid anhydrous ammonia (Birch Reduction and its modifications) has developed as an effective method for the synthesis of 1,4-cyclohexadiene derivatives, and has been the subject of several reviews.1,2 In many cases, particularly with polynuclear compounds,2 the reaction is complicated by subsequent isomerizations, and/or the reduction of initial products which are often themselves subject to reduction under the reaction conditions. Recently, we have shown that inverse quenching techniques can provide a substantial improvement in this reduction reaction by minimizing the effect of excess metal during the quenching process.3 Application of these methods to 1-naphthoic acid 1 have not only provided an excellent synthesis of 1,4-dihydro-1-naphthoic acid, but we believe will furnish a much improved general technique f o r the reduction of polynuclear aromatic carboxylic acids.
Examining the concurrent validity of assessing preschool language and literacy skills

The purpose of this study was to examine the concurrent validity of the assessment for an early language and literacy project. The goal of the project was to promote a successful transition to kindergarten for preschoolers who were at risk for reading difficulties by equipping them with the necessary language and literacy skills needed for early reading success. Both child outcome data and classroom/teacher level data were collected at the beginning and the end of the academic semester. Child-level pre- and post-tests indicated that participating children's language and literacy skills were improved in name writing, letter recognition, beginning sound awareness, rhyming awareness, and print knowledge. Findings from the validity study suggested a significant relationship between- and within-child outcome measures. A significant relationship was also found between norm-referenced child outcome measures and classroom-level measures; however, no significant relationship was identified between criterion-refere...
CXCL5 gene polymorphisms are related to systemic concentrations and leukocyte production of epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA-78)

Data exist linking elevated epithelial neutrophil activating peptide (ENA-78) concentrations with myriad inflammatory conditions. ENA-78 is encoded by the CXCL5 gene which has recently been shown to be polymorphic in nature (rs352046 and rs425535). No functional data on these polymorphisms exist. We investigated whether CXCL5 polymorphisms are associated with differences in plasma ENA-78 concentrations or leukocyte production of ENA-78 from cultured leukocytes in relatively healthy adults. We genotyped 114 adults for the above polymorphisms. Variant alleles at both loci were highly linked (D'=1, r2=0.94). The rs352046 variant allele was associated with significantly higher ENA-78 plasma concentrations. A genotype effect was also demonstrated for this polymorphism and leukocyte production of ENA-78. Both polymorphisms were predicted to have functional consequences by in silico analyses, with the rs352046 polymorphism found to occur at a transcription factor binding site for myeloid zinc finger proteins and the rs425535 polymorphism found to be located in an exon splicing enhancer site. Our findings add to the strength of CXCL5 as candidate gene in future disease-gene and pharmacogenetic association studies.
Smoluchowski-like theory for trapping kinetics in a slab

Abstract The theory of diffusion-limited reactions is traditionally developed in terms of unconstrained diffusion in an unbounded volume. The Smoluchowski mean-field theory predicts an exponential decay of the survival probability for particles that diffuse among randomly placed static traps. This means that the ensemble of traps may be considered as a uniform absorbing continuum. It is shown that this picture is also correct in the case of constrained diffusion, more specifically for diffusion in a slab constrained by two parallel absorbing planes.
Detection of Basement Membrane Zone Antigens During Epidermal Wound Healing in Pigs

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) antigen, laminin, and type IV collagen, 3 distinct antigens of basement membrane, were studied by indirect immunofluorescence in the epidermal-dermal junction of re-epithelializing wounds. Partial thickness wounds were made with a dermatome in the skin of white Yorkshire pigs. After 2 or 3 days, the wound site and the surrounding normal skin were excised and cryostat sections were studied using BP sera as well as whole antisera and affinity purified antibodies to laminin and type IV collagen. Laminin and type IV collagen were detected in the basement membrane zone of normal epidermis and at the re-epithelializing epidermal-dermal junction for a variable distance into the healing wound but both were absent from the more distal migrating epidermis. In contrast, BP antigen extended from the basement membrane zone of normal skin throughout the entire epidermal-dermal junction of dermis. These results suggest that in the re-epithelization of superficial wounds laminin and type IV collagen are not present in the initial epidermal-dermal interaction of the migrating epithelium but that BP antigen may be important in this early interaction.
LASER MULTIPHOTON DISSOCIATION IONIZATION OF ACROLEIN CLUSTERS

Clusters of acrolein, C3H4O, are formed by supersonic expansion techniques. The acrolein clusters are ionized and decomposed by 193 nm light from an excimer laser and detected by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The dominant channel of decomposition involves the loss of a carbon atom from all the clusters. The loss of C2, C3, and even up to C6 is also observed from larger clusters. The presence of clusters with more hydrogen atoms than expected for multiples of acrolein molecules suggests that reactions within the cluster and evaporation are important processes. The mechanisms of the dissociation routes are discussed in terms of ladder and ladder-switching processes within individual molecules within the cluster.
Cooperative learning for reduced complexity cross-layer Cognitive Radio

A Cognitive Radio (CR) network has to adapt operations of all secondary users to meet performance goals while avoiding interfering the primary network (PN) beyond a set limit. For this, this paper considers a distributed cross-layer resource allocation CR algorithm. While the cross-layer approach notably improves performance in terms of average end-to-end distortion and network's congestion rate, it increases the number of iterations needed to find the resource allocation solution. In this paper, the extra complexity in the cross-layer approach is addressed through a novel cooperative cross-layer learning algorithm where peer nodes cooperate first distributing the learning tasks, followed by sharing of the complementary learned information. The algorithm does not rely on the availability of expert nodes that have already performed the learning process. Simulation results show that the cooperative learning technique reduces complexity by approximately 45% with a small and very acceptable sacrifice in performance.
The metal promoted hydration of Di-2-pyridyl ketone : UV-vis spectra of Cu(II) and Cr(III) in aqueous solution with Di-2-pyridyl ketone and the X-ray structure analysis of bis-2,2',N,N'-bipyridyl ketone hydrate chromium(III) chloride and ruthenium

Abstract The crystal structures of the bipyridyl ketone hydrate complexes I, CrC22H26N4O8Cl and II, RuC22H34N4O12 have been determined by X-ray methods. Crystal data are: I, monoclinic space group C2/c, Z=4, a=11.19(1), b=14.67(1), c=17.12(1) A, β=104.06(1)°; II, triclinic space group P 1 , Z=1, a=9.829(9), b=8.829(9), c=8.908(7) A, α=99.79(6), β=103.04(6), γ=76.30(7)°. In both cases hydration occurs across the ketone double bond in the ligand and one of the hydrate oxygen atoms bonds to the metal to form a tridentate chelate. UV-Vis spectra of solutions of Cu(II) and Cr(III) with bipyridyl ketone, BPK, reveal that initial coordination of BPK and the metal is rapid but that weeks are required to form the complex compounds that crystallize from solution. The absorption spectra are shown to be pH dependent. The metal to ligand bond distances are I, CrO 1.939(5), CrN 2.061(5), 2.055(6) A; II, RuO 1.975(4), RuN 2.057(4), 2.065(5) A. An approximate correlation between off-axis angles of the coordinated oxygen atoms and the difference between square planar and octahedral crystal field stabilization energy in ten reported BPK hydrate complexes is indicated.
Recent results in charm decays from mark III

Measurements of D{sup 0} {yields} {bar K}{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0}, {bar K}{sup 0}{eta} and {bar K}{sup 0}{eta}{prime} are reported. Preliminary results of a search for the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decays D{sup +} {yields} K{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}}{pi}{sup +} and K{sup +}{pi}{sup 0} are also given. Both analyses used 9.3 {plus minus} 0.47 pb{sup {minus}1} of data collected near the {psi}(3770) at SPEAR.
Trait-mediated indirect interactions in invasions: unique behavioral responses of an invasive ant to plant nectar.

Exotic species often form beneficial, facultative associations with indigenous species. However, we still have a limited understanding of the influences that these positive associations may have on the dynamics and impacts of species invasions. Highly invasive species may respond differently than less invasive species to resources that are exchanged in mutualisms, leading to trait-mediated indirect interactions between native species via invaders that may reshape native communities. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the highly invasive ant species, Anoplolepis gracilipes, exhibits stronger trait changes in response to increasing levels of nectar than co-occurring, less invasive ant species. Across two islands in the Samoan Archipelago, we located multiple sites dominated by A. gracilipes and multiple sites dominated by other, less invasive species. At each site, we manipulated nectar levels on a common extrafloral nectary-bearing shrub and assessed short-term changes in ant worker recruitment and aggression. We found that the recruitment response of the highly invasive ant species A. gracilipes was not unique: other dominant ant species also increased recruitment in response to increasing nectar levels. However, A. gracilipes did show unique changes in aggressive behaviors: as nectar levels increased, the proportion of prey discovered, attacked and removed by A. gracilipes workers and the speed at which they performed these aggressive behaviors all increased strongly. Other ant species showed no such responses. In addition, fewer subordinate ants persisted on plants at sites invaded by A. gracilipes. Finally, plot-level, simultaneous manipulations of ant access to the plants and nectar availability demonstrated that Morinda citrifolia-ant mutualisms influenced the β-diversity of local arthropod communities differently when A. gracilipes dominated local ant assemblages. These results suggest that mutualisms between invasive ants and native plants can modify interactions between invaders and co-occurring arthropods, possibly leading to more negative consequences for native communities. They also underscore the importance of incorporating both positive species interactions and indirect pathways into our studies of both community ecology and invasion biology.
A Reliable Earth Sensor for Attitude Sensing

An earth sensor for determining the orientation of a space vehicle with respect to the earth with a mean time to failure of 29 years, far higher reliability than former sensors, is being developed. The sensor uses a new approach of detecting the earth. This method requires no moving parts and only about ten per cent of the electronic parts required by existing earth sensors. The far infrared radiation from the earth is imaged on temperature sensitive elements which absorb infrared radiation and are heated by it. The sensor uses the difference in temperature between elements to determine the offset angle.
Influence of Dietary Fats and Estradiol 17 Beta Monopalmitate Upon the Edible Meat Yield of Roaster Chickens

Abstract THE beneficial effects of estrogenic type hormones for finishing roaster chickens have been known and studied for a number of years. The first material to gain wide commercial application in the poultry industry was diethylstilbestrol. The many advantages of this material as a finishing agent have been well examined and one attribute was that its use increased the dressing percentage (Detwiler et al., 1950; Fromm and Margolf, 1956). An amendment to the Pure Food and Drug law in 1962 prevented further use of diethylstilbestrol as a finishing agent in poultry. Diligent search for a material which would be acceptable for use in poultry was climaxed with the Food and Drug Administration approval of estradiol-17 beta-mono-palmitate in 1964. It has been reported that, among other attributes, this substance is also capable of increasing the dressing percentage or eviscerated yield (Wesley et al., 1965; Megally and Stadelman, 1967). The work reported here . . .
An Efficient and Robust Tsunami Model on Unstructured Grids. Part I: Inundation Benchmarks

A modern multi-purpose baroclinic circulation model (SELFE) has been recently extended to include the ability to simulate tsunami propagation and inundation. The core model is based on the 3-D nonlinear shallow-water wave (NSW) equations, which are solved on unstructured grids, using the finite-element method. A semi-implicit method is used to solve all equations to enhance numerical stability, thus bypassing the most stringent CFL restriction on the time step. Further aided algorithmically by an Eulerian-Lagrangian solution of the advection terms in the momentum equation and by a simple yet effective inundation algorithm, SELFE is very efficient and robust in both quasi-2-D (with two vertical layers) and 3-D modes. A quasi-2-D version of the model is being used to update and expand the characterization of tsunami hazards along the Oregon coast. As a part of a rigorous testing procedure that includes multiple types of coastal problems, we present in this paper a quantitative assessment of performance of the quasi-2-D SELFE for two challenging open benchmark problems proposed in the 3rd International Workshop on Long-wave Runup Models. Satisfactory results are obtained for both problems.