cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metamorphosis, Transfiguration, and the Body

This essay examines the recent movies Avatar and District 9 in conjunction with the so-called "transfiguration stories" of Matt. 17, Mark 9, and Luke 9. It explores the difference between "transfiguration" and "metamorphosis" in these stories, and questions the avoidance of the latter term in English translations of the New Testament, as well as theological implications of the preference for "transfiguration." This tendency is already observable in the ideological dimensions of the New Testament. That the net effect of this translation preference is to obscure monstrous changes to the body of Jesus is made clear through contrast with the movies, and with Franz Kafka's story, "The Metamorphosis."
Selected Aspects of the Development of English Morphology in Black American Children of Low Socioeconomic Background

A modification of Berko’s test was used to explore the use of six morphological rules, as a function of age, by black children living in New York City. For each of the six morphological rules teste...
Simple procedures for evaluating the cryofixation of biological samples

SUMMARY Ultra-rapid cooling of biological material can be achieved in the absence of cryoprotectants by using thin samples. Three methods now employed to prepare thin samples for freeze-fracture electron microscopy are compared: contacting the sample against a liquid helium-cooled copper surface (Heuser et al., 1979), spraying the sample with a jet of propane (Mueller et al., 1980), and plunging a streamlined copper ‘sandwich’ into liquid propane (Costello, 1980). In the first method a thin surface layer of the sample is ultra-rapidly cooled while in the other methods the entire sample sandwiched between sheets of conducting metals is cooled. The morphology of fracture-faces of dilauryllecithin-water systems is used to evaluate the effectiveness of cooling methods. At optimum cooling rates the initial disordered arrangement of lipid in the lamellar (Lα) phase is preserved, giving smooth fracture faces. At slower cooling rates a worm-like texture appears which signals the formation of molecular ordering characteristic of the Pβ, phase. All three methods are capable of cooling these lipid-water phases as well as other more dilute aqueous suspensions without evidence of ice crystal growth or damage. Measurement of cooling rates employing miniature thermocouples embedded in samples indicates that rates for all three methods are in excess of 10,000 K/s. The propane jet (32 times 103 K/s, slope at 273 K) exposes the sample to coolant more rapidly than the sandwich plunging method (10 times 103 K/s, slope at 273 K) and therefore produces slightly higher cooling rates for samples of equivalent mass and thickness. Each method has its advantages. The contact method is well suited for tissues; the sandwich method is simple and inexpensive; the jet method can potentially produce the highest cooling rates. The last two methods yield complementary replicas.
Characterizing acid diffusion lengths in chemically amplified resists from measurements of deprotection kinetics

The acid-catalyzed deprotection of glassy poly(4-hydroxystyrene-co-tertbutyl acrylate) films was studied with infrared absorbance spectroscopy and stochastic simulations. Experimental data were interpreted with a simple description of subdiffusive acid transport coupled to second-order acid loss. This model predicts key attributes of observed deprotection rates, such as fast reaction at short times, slow reaction at long times, and a nonlinear dependence on acid loading. Fickian diffusion is approached by increasing the postexposure bake temperature or adding plasticizing agents to the polymer resin. These findings demonstrate that acid mobility and overall deprotection kinetics are coupled to glassy matrix dynamics. To complement the analysis of bulk kinetics, acid diffusion lengths were calculated from the anomalous transport model and compared with nanopattern line widths. The consistent scaling between experiments and simulations suggests that the anomalous diffusion model could be further developed into a predictive lithography tool.
Gain Compression and Linewidth Enhancement Factor in Mid-IR Quantum Cascade Lasers

We have observed and quantified the adiabatic and transient chirp in a directly modulated quantum cascade laser (QCL). Those wavelength tuning effects are well-characterized in diode lasers, and the rate equation model that successfully describe the diode laser behavior also provides an excellent fit for the QCL data. In this study, we have extracted the linewidth enhancement factor ( $\alpha _{H}$ ) from the transient chirp and the gain compression factor from the adiabatic chirp. We postulate that the extraction of the $\alpha _{H}$ from the transient chirp is valid for the QCL case, despite additional tuning effects in QCLs (e.g., voltage tuning) that are negligible in diode lasers. Also in the QCL the adiabatic chirp coefficient strongly increases with laser output power but still stays an order of magnitude below typical values known from diode lasers. We hypotesize possibility of the adiabatic chirp to be connected to the χ(3) nonlinearity (responsible for four-wave mixing that was recently attributed to the FM self-locking in QCLs), but the exact origin remains to be experimentally confirmed in future work.
Ventricular Rate Control in the Elderly: Is Digoxin Enough?

The ventricular response in untreated patients with atrial fibrillation often exceeds 120 beats/min at rest. Digoxin can slow this rate, but its efficacy during exertion may be limited. Alternatives, or additions, to digoxin therapy include the beta blockers and diltiazem or verapamil. This review discusses the role of digoxin in relation to these other drugs, with particular reference to the elderly population.
Possible evolutionary significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in blue-green algae.

AMONG eukaryotes, α-linolenic acid (18 : 3α) and certain related polyunsaturated fatty acids occur as major fatty acids only in photosynthetic organisms1, where they are concentrated in chloroplasts as components of the acyl lipids2. Photosynthetic bacteria, by contrast contain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids exclusively, a character which they share with nearly all non-photosynthetic bacteria3–5. Blue–green algae are the only prokaryotes which photosynthesize as do green plants, and their fatty acid composition is thus of particular interest from the evolutionary standpoint. Many filamentous blueαgreen algae have been shown to contain polyunsaturated fatty acids6,8,9, but these compounds are absent from three unicellular blue–green algae so far examined: Anacystis nidulans, Anacystis marina and Synechococcus cedrorum6,7,9. This has prompted us to undertake a more extensive survey of the fatty acid composition of blue–green algae, with particular attention to unicellular representatives.
Adsorption of O, H, OH, and H2O on Ag(100)

The adsorption of H2O and its dissociation products, O, H, and OH, on Ag(100) has been studied using an ab initio embedding method. Results at different sites (atop, bridge, and hollow) are presented. The four-fold hollowsite is found to be the most stable adsorption site for O, H, and OH, and the calculated adsorption energies are 87.1, 42.7, and 76.2 kcal mol - 1 , respectively. The adsorption energy of water at the atop and bridge sites is almost identical with values of 11.1 and 12.0 kcal mol - 1 , respectively. The formation of adsorbed OH species by adsorption of water on oxygen-precovered Ag(100) is predicted to be exothermic by 36 kcal mol - 1 .
Heating rates in tropical anvils

The interaction of infrared and solar radiation with tropical cirrus anvils is addressed. Optical properties of the anvils are inferred from satellite observations and from high-altitude aircraft measurements. An infrared multiple-scattering model is used to compute heating rates in tropical anvils. Layer-average heating rates in 2 km thick anvils were found to be on the order of 20 to 30 K/day. The difference between heating rates at cloud bottom and cloud top ranges from 30 to 200 K/day, leading to convective instability in the anvil. The calculations are most sensitive to the assumed ice water content, but also are affected by the vertical distribution of ice water content and by the anvil thickness. Solar heating in anvils is shown to be less important than infrared heating but not negligible. The dynamical implications of the computed heating rates are also explored and it is concluded that the heating may have important consequences for upward mass transport in the tropics. The potential impact of tropical cirrus on the tropical energy balance and cloud forcing are discussed.
Trauma in the obstetric patient: Evaluation and management

Abstract An organized approach to the problem of trauma during pregnancy will allow efficient handling of patients and minimize unnecessary monitoring and hospitalization. Three types of trauma are encountered most often in the pregnant woman: 1) blunt abdominal trauma, placing the mother/fetus pair at risk for placental abruption, uterine rupture, direct fetal injury, and damage to maternal intra- and extraperitoneal organs; 2) penetrating abdominal trauma, where fetal risk is increased due to vulnerable uterine positioning; and 3) domestic violence, presenting in varying, often subtle guises. Primary and secondary assessments based on principles enunciated by the Advanced Trauma Life Support system combined with subsequent fetal assessment will ensure optimal management. In the hemodynamically critical patient, consideration should be given to cesarean section. In the absence of obvious trauma, uterine tenderness, irritability, or vaginal bleeding, 2–6 hours of benign fetal monitoring allows early discharge. Prophylaxis comprises emphasis on the use of shoulder restraints and lap belts. Primary care physicians should be tuned in to warning signs of domestic violence.
Leprosy in the United States, 1971–1981

In the period 1971-1981, 1,835 cases of leprosy were reported in the United States; only 10% of these cases were indigenous. Since 1977, the number of new cases reported each year has risen because of an increase in imported cases of disease, a situation reflecting the increased number of refugees and immigrants who have entered the United States from areas endemic for leprosy. Forty-five of the 50 states reported cases. In only 25% of the imported cases were the patients known to have had leprosy at the time of immigration; the remaining 75% were diagnosed in this country. The highest rate of disease onset for this latter group occurred within 12 months after entry into the United States, but cases continued to be reported 10 years after entry. Active refugee resettlement programs have widely distributed persons with leprosy, contacts of diseased persons, and persons from endemic areas throughout the 50 states, a situation necessitating the development of expertise by medical professionals and public health officials in the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term follow-up of patients with leprosy.
Fluorescence of matrix isolated guanine and 7-methylguanine

We have prepared argon and nitrogen matrices containing guanine and 7-methylguanine, and measured their absorption, fluorescence excitation and fluorescence emission spectra. The fluorescence excitation spectrum of guanine shows four well-resolved bands in the range from 170 to 290 nm; excitation at the wavelengths of each of these bands results in a fluorescence emission with maximum intensity near 350 nm and a single-exponential decay with a lifetime of about 10 ns. There are significant differences between the fluorescent excitation and emission spectra of guanine and of 7-methylguanine, suggesting that the fluorescence observed from the guanine sample does not arise from a minority tautomer.
Automatic segmentation of rodent spinal cord diffusion MR images.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a key tool for non-invasive spinal cord lesion analysis; however, accurate, quantitative methods for this analysis are lacking. A new, multi-step, multidimensional approach, utilizing the Classification Expectation Maximization (CEM) algorithm, is proposed for MRI segmentation of spinal cord tissues. Diffusion tensor imaging is used to generate multiple images of each spinal slice with different diffusion direction weightings. The maximum likelihood tissue classifications are then jointly estimated to produce a binary classification image, corresponding to voxels containing either spinal cord or background. Edge detection is employed to find a non-parametric curve encapsulating the entire spinal cord. The algorithm is evaluated using data from in vivo DTI of control and injured mouse spinal cords. The algorithm is shown to remain accurate for whole spinal cord, white matter, and hemorrhage segmentation in the presence of significant injury. The results of the method are shown to be at least on par with expert manual segmentation.
Preferences among stimulus matches in the pigeon.

Three pigeons were trained to peck two to five illuminated response keys. A peck to any of the keys changed the stimulus on the key. When all keys showed the same stimulus (i.e., a stimulus match), an additional key was illuminated with white light. A peck on this key produced three-second access to grain, a three-second intertrial interval, and the next trial. For most sessions, no particular stimulus match was required. Although there were often several stimuli available, each bird preferred a particular stimulus match. With up to 12 stimuli available, birds matched a particular stimulus 60% to 100% of the time.
DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL CARDIAC DEFECTS IN THE NEWBORN PERIOD: THE ROLE OF CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

In 30,000 consecutive deliveries from July, 1981 to July 1983, 65 infants with symptomatic congenital heart defects (CHD) and 138 infants with Nonstructural Heart Disease (Ischemic Myocardial Dysfunction, Persistent Fetal Circulation, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) were encountered during the immediate newborn period (<2 wks of age). In addition to routine evaluation (physical exam, ECG, and chest x-ray), two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiograms, transcutaneous oxygen monitoring, and single film aortograms indicated the correct diagnosis in all except one infant with CHD and in all infants with Nonstructural Heart Disease (NSHD). Cardiac Catheterization (CC) during the newborn period was required only in 9 with CHD (14%) and in none with NSHD for correct diagnosis. CC was performed in 3 infants with transposition of the great vessels mainly for balloon atrial septostomy and in 6 infants for better definition of their intracardiac defects. Of 65 infants with CHD, 19 underwent palliative or corrective cardiac surgery. In only 5 infants (26%) was CC judged necessary prior to their initial surgery. In summary, noninvasive or semi-invasive bedside procedures are both sensitive and specific for making the correct diagnosis of CHD during the newborn period. Only in a small number of cases is CC required prior to initial cardiac surgery. In light of this and other similar studies, the indications for CC in symptomatic neonates with CHD should be reevaluated.
Feature Transformation and Model Design Using Minimum Classification Error

A Minimum Classification Error (MCE) based recognition system that also estimates a global feature transformation matrix has been implemented. Unlike earlier studies, we make the explicit assumption that the covariance matrix of the Gaussian mixtures is diagonal when estimating the transformation matrix. This is necessary for mathematical consistency between the model and the transformation matrix estimates. Experimental results show a reduction of up to 50% in the word error rate as compared to Maximum Likelihood estimation.
80-Gbit/s 9-kbit optical pulse storage loop

We have stored 80-Gbit/s 9-kbit packets of optical return-to-zero (soliton-like) data in a fiber-optical storage loop utilizing 2:1 rational-harmonic amplitude modulation at 40 GHz. Storage times greater then 30 seconds have been achieved. Demonstration of storage of 80-Gbit/s packets is an important step in the development of optical packet buffers for future high-speed telecommunications networks and specialized optical processors.
Digestion and Absorption of NAD by the Small Intestine of the Rat

A number of preparations of varying complexity have been used in an effort to elucidate the reactions by which NAD is hydrolyzed to nicotinamide during intestinal digestion. NAD labeled with 14C in the adenine or pyridine moiety was the substrate used with perfused rat intestine, live rats, perfused live rats, with collection of portal flow, intestinal contents, mucosal tissue, or pancreatic juice. The conclusions reached are that a pyrophosphatase present in the intestinal juice and to a much lesser extent in the pancreatic juice releases 5'-AMP and nicotinamide ribonucleotide. The 5'-AMP was rapidly converted to adenosine then to inosine by bacteria-free intestinal contents. Perfused or intact intestine rapidly hydrolyzed NMN to nicotinamide riboside, which accumulated, but was not absorbed. It was slowly cleaved by an enzyme associated with the mucosal cells to nicotinamide, which was the major if not the only labeled compound absorbed.
Immune Suppression by Recombinant Interleukin (rIL)-12 Involves Interferon γ Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (iNOS) Activity: Inhibitors of NO Generation Reveal the Extent of rIL-12 Vaccine Adjuvant Effect

Recombinant interleukin 12 (IL-12) can profoundly suppress cellular immune responses in mice. To define the underlying mechanism, recombinant murine (rm)IL-12 was given to C57BL/6 mice undergoing alloimmunization and found to transiently but profoundly suppress in vivo and in vitro allogeneic responses and in vitro splenocyte mitogenic responses. Use of neutralizing antibodies and genetically deficient mice showed that IFN-γ (but not TNF-α) mediated rmIL-12–induced immune suppression. Splenocyte fractionation studies revealed that adherent cells from rmIL-12–treated mice suppressed the mitogenic response of normal nonadherent cells to concanavalin A and IL-2. Addition of an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) restored mitogenic responses, and inducible (i)NOS−/− mice were not immunosuppressed by rmIL-12. These results support the view that suppression of T cell responses is due to NO produced by macrophages responding to the high levels of IFN-γ induced by rmIL-12. When a NOS inhibitor was given with rmIL-12 during vaccination of A/J mice with irradiated SCK tumor cells, immunosuppression was averted and the extent of rmIL-12's ability to enhance induction of protective antitumor immunity was revealed. This demonstrates that rmIL-12 is an effective vaccine adjuvant whose efficacy may be masked by its transient immunosuppressive effect.
Prospective study of immunologic effects of hydralazine in hypertensive patients

Twenty-seven hypertensive patients (23 of whom were black) were treated with hydralazine as their major antihypertensive drug and were followed for evidence of autoimmunity and clinical systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Only one patient developed SLE but many, although asymptomatic, had serologic evidence of autoimmunity: antibodies to single- and double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA), single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), histones, and lymphocytes. Acetylation phenotype profoundly influenced this response; slow acetylators had a higher incidence and larger amounts of autoantibodies. Antibodies to both types of RNA were a more sensitive index of autoimmunity than antinuclear antibodies. Hydralazine treatment did not alter cell-mediated immune responses. The hydralazine SLE patient had large amounts of autoantibodies that were predominantly IgG, while in the others IgM autoantibodies were predominant. No antibodies, but positive lymphoproliferative responses to hydralazine, were found in half the patients tested.
Burying the Beloved: Marriage, Realism, and Reform in Modern Iran

Amy Motlagh's book is a welcome contribution to the field of Iranian literary-historical and gender studies. It is deeply interdisciplinary, thoroughly grounded in archival research; it is theoreti...
Application-level isolation using data inconsistency detection

Recently, application-level isolation was introduced as an effective means of containing the damage that a suspicious user could inflict on data. In most cases, only a subset of the data items needs to be protected from damage due to the criticality level or integrity requirements of the data items. In such a case, complete isolation of a suspicious user can consume more resources than necessary. The paper proposes partitioning the data items into categories based on their criticality levels and integrity requirements; these categories determine the allowable data flows between trustworthy and suspicious users. An algorithm that achieves good performance when the number of data items is small, is also provided to detect inconsistencies between suspicious versions of the data and the main version.
Maximizing the Impact of Community-Based Research.

Community-based research (CBR) is an increasingly familiar approach to addressing social challenges. Nonetheless, the role it plays in attaining community impact is unclear and largely unstudied. Here the authors discuss an emerging framework aimed toward fostering community impact through university and community civic engagement. They describe how, through application of this framework to initiatives intended to reduce obesity, CBR might be focused for greater effect.
Treatment of Class II molar furcation involvement: meta-analyses of reentry results.

Background: Predictable regeneration of lost periodontal tissues in furcations is difficult to achieve. This paper investigates the efficacy of different treatment modalities for Class II molar furcations.Methods: Publications in English were searched using PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases combined with hand searching from January 1, 1966 to October 1, 2007. The search included randomized controlled human trials in molar Class II furcations with over 6 months of surgical reentry follow-up. Changes in vertical probing depths, vertical attachment levels, and vertical and horizontal bone levels were compared.Results: The search identified 801 articles of which 34 of 108 randomized clinical trials met the criteria. Thirteen trials had test and control arms allowing three meta-analyses: 1) five comparing non-resorbable versus resorbable membranes, 2) five comparing non-resorbable membranes versus open flap debridement and 3) three comparing resorbable membranes versus open flap debridement. Ther...
REGULATION OF BOVINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS TAX AND POL MRNA LEVELS BY INTERLEUKIN-2 AND -10

Recently, particular cytokines have been identified to affect progression of a variety of diseases and retrovirus infections. Previously, we demonstrated that interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, and gamma interferon increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from animals with early disease and decreased in PBMCs from animals with late disease stages of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. In contrast, IL-10 increased with disease progression. To examine the effects of these cytokines on BLV expression, BLV tax and pol mRNA and p24 protein were quantified by competitive PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. IL-10 inhibited BLV tax and pol mRNA levels in BLV-infected PBMCs; however, the inhibitory effect of IL-10 was prevented in PBMCs depleted of monocytes and/or macrophages (monocyte/macrophages). To determine whether these factors were secreted or monocyte/macrophage associated, monocyte/macrophage-depleted PBMCs were cultured with isolated monocyte/macrophages in transwells where contact between monocyte/macrophages and nonadherent PBMCs was blocked. BLV tax and pol mRNA levels increased in transwell cultures similar to cultures containing nonseparated cells, and IL-10 addition inhibited the increase of BLV tax and pol mRNA. These results suggest that monocyte/macrophages secrete soluble factor(s) that increases BLV mRNA levels and that secretion of these soluble factor(s) could be inhibited by IL-10. In contrast, IL-2 increased BLV tax and pol mRNA and p24 protein production. Thus, IL-10 production by BLV-infected animals with late stage disease may serve to control BLV mRNA levels, while IL-2 may increase BLV mRNA in the early disease stage. To determine a correlation between cell proliferation and BLV expression, the effect of IL-2 and IL-10 on PBMC proliferation was tested. As anticipated, IL-2 stimulated while IL-10 suppressed antigen-specific PBMC proliferation. The present study, combined with our previous findings, suggests that increased IL-10 production in late disease stages suppresses BLV mRNA levels, while IL-2-activated immune responses stimulate BLV expression by BLV-infected B cells.
The radiobrightness thermal inertia measure of soil moisture

Radiobrightness thermal inertia (RTI) is proposed as a method for using day-night differences in satellite-sensed radiobrightness to monitor the moisture of Great Plains soils. Diurnal thermal and radiobrightness models are used to examine the sensitivity of the RTI method. Model predictions favor use of the 37.0 and 85.5 GHz, H-polarized channels of the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). The model further predicts that overflight times near 2:00 AM/PM would be nearly optimal for RTI, that midnight/noon and 4:00 AM/PM are nearly as good, but that the 6:00 AM/PM overflight times of the current SSM/I are particularly poor. Data from the 37.0 GHz channel of the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) are used to demonstrate that the method is plausible. >
Activities of the ACM two-year college education committee

This poster presentation showcases the accomplishments of the Two-Year College Education Committee (TYCEC), highlights the 2005 - 2006 curricular activities, and illustrates a typical two-year college education model in North America.
Modeling the effects of contention on the performance of heterogeneous applications

Fast networks have made it possible to coordinate distributed heterogeneous CPU, memory and storage resources to provide a powerful platform for executing high-performance applications. However, the performance of these applications on such systems is highly dependent on the allocation and efficient coordination of application tasks. A key component for a performance-efficient allocation strategy is a predictive model which provides a realistic estimate of application performance under varying resource loads. In this paper, we present a model for predicting the effects of contention on application behavior in heterogeneous systems. In particular, our model calculates the slowdown imposed on communication and computation for non-dedicated two-machine heterogeneous platforms. We describe the model for the Sun/CM2 and Sun/Paragon coupled heterogeneous systems. We present experiments on production systems with emulated contention which show the predicted communication and computation costs to be within 15% on average of the actual costs.
A simple method to characterize substrate current in MOSFET's

Experimental verification of substrate current characteristics is thoroughly carried out. V DS - V DSAT , instead of V DS , is shown to be the driving force of all hot-electron effects. A simple relationship between substrate current and V DS - V DSAT is found. This relationship provides a convenient tool to characterize the substrate current or the channel electric field, and, hence, all hot-electron effects. Measurements of I SUB /I D and V DS - V DSAT at two bias points and any one channel length are sufficient to fully characterize the substrate currents for all channel lengths V DS 's and V G 's for a given technology.
Requirement and Design Trade-offs in Hackystat: An In-Process Software Engineering Measurement and Analysis System

For five years, the Hackystat project has incremen tally developed and evaluated a generic framework for in process software engineering measurement and analysis (ISEMA). At least five other independent ISEMA system development projects have been initiated during this time, indicating growing interest and investment in this approach by the software engineering community. This pa per presents 12 important requirement and design trade offs made in the Hackystat system, some of their implications for organizations wishing to introduce ISEMA, and six directions for future research and development. The three goals of this paper are to: (1) help potential users of ISEMA systems to better evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of current and future systems, (2) help potential developers of ISEMA systems to better understand some of the important requirement and design tradeoffs that they must make, and (3) help accelerate progress in ISEMA by identifying promising directions for future research and development.
The Effects of Random Selection on Gene Frequency

The equations satisfied by the gene frequency for various cases of dominance are converted to the type of stochastic differential equation associated with a diffusion process. Using the physical approach to stochastic integrals, the solutions of the corresponding Fokker-Planck equations are obtained. Conditions for quasifixation are investigated and observed frequencies of the gene medionigra of Panaxia dominula are considered in relation to the model of random selection without dominance. Stochastic changes in the gene frequencies of populations are attributable to random sampling of gametes or random fluctuations in the pressures of selection and migration. Wright [l] pointed out that in real populations the relative importance of these various sources of randomness may be quite different for different genes. In this work we wish to study the effects of random selection on gene frequency. In order to do this we will assume that the population size is large enough to make the effects of random sampling of gametes negligible. We will also suppose that the population considered is sufficiently isolated from others of the same species that the effects of migration, whether deterministic or stochastic, may be ignored. Thus the only source of variability will be the fluctuations in the relative fitnesses of the genotypes. Furthermore, because the population size is assumed to be large, the gene frequencies may be studied through their continuous approximations. The first study of the temporal evolution of gene frequency distributions in the case of randomly varying selection was performed by Kimura [2]. If X(f) denotes an allele frequency at time t, Kimura found an analytic
Profiling-By-Association: a resilient traffic profiling solution for the internet backbone

Profiling Internet backbone traffic is becoming an increasingly hard problem since users and applications are avoiding detection using traffic obfuscation and encryption. The key question addressed here is: Is it possible to profile traffic at the backbone without relying on its packet and flow level information, which can be obfuscated? We propose a novel approach, called Profiling-By-Association (PBA), that uses only the IP-to-IP communication graph and information about some applications used by few IP-hosts (a.k.a. seeds). The key insight is that IP-hosts tend to communicate more frequently with hosts involved in the same application forming communities (or clusters). Profiling few members within a cluster can "give away" the whole community. Following our approach, we develop different algorithms to profile Internet traffic and evaluate them on real-traces from four large backbone networks. We show that PBA's accuracy is on average around 90% with knowledge of only 1% of all the hosts in a given data set and its runtime is on the order of minutes (a 5).
Notch dimerization is required for leukemogenesis and T-cell development

Notch signaling regulates myriad cellular functions by activating transcription, yet how Notch selectively activates different transcriptional targets is poorly understood. The core Notch transcriptional activation complex can bind DNA as a monomer, but it can also dimerize on DNA-binding sites that are properly oriented and spaced. However, the significance of Notch dimerization is unknown. Here, we show that dimeric Notch transcriptional complexes are required for T-cell maturation and leukemic transformation but are dispensable for T-cell fate specification from a multipotential precursor. The varying requirements for Notch dimerization result from the differential sensitivity of specific Notch target genes. In particular, c-Myc and pre-T-cell antigen receptor a (Ptcra) are dimerization-dependent targets, whereas Hey1 and CD25 are not. These findings identify functionally important differences in the responsiveness among Notch target genes attributable to the formation of higherorder complexes. Consequently, it may be possible to develop a new class of Notch inhibitors that selectively block outcomes that depend on Notch dimerization (e.g., leukemogenesis).
Antimicrobial drug prescribing for pneumonia in ambulatory care.

To determine patterns and predictors of antimicrobial drug use for outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia, we examined office visit and pharmacy claims data of 4 large third-party payer organizations from 2000 to 2002. After patients with coexisting conditions were excluded, 4,538 patients were studied. Despite lack of coexisting conditions, fluoroquinolone use was commonly observed and increased significantly (p 65 years (40%) (p < 0.001). Increased use of fluoroquinolones occurred in healthy young and old patients alike, which suggests a lack of selectivity in reserving fluoroquinolones for higher risk patients. Clear and consistent guidelines are needed to address the role of fluoroquinolones in treatment of outpatient community-acquired pneumonia.
A communication-theoretic design paradigm for reliable SOCs

Presented is a design paradigm, pioneered at the University of Illinois in 1997, for reliable and energy-efficient system-on-a-chip (SOC) in nanometer process technologies. These technologies are characterized by non-idealities such as coupling, leakage, soft errors, and process variations, which contribute to a reliability problem. Increasing complexity of systems-on-a-chip (SOC) leads to a related power problem. The proposed paradigm provides solutions to both problems by viewing SOCs as communication networks, and employs ideas from error-control coding, communications, and information theory in order to achieve the dual goals of reliability and energy-efficiency.
Host Genetics of HIV Acquisition and Viral Control

Since the discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS, numerous insights have been gained from studies of its natural history and epidemiology. It has become clear that there are substantial interindividual differences in the risk of HIV acquisition and course of disease. Meanwhile, the field of human genetics has undergone a series of rapid transitions that have fundamentally altered the approach to studying HIV host genetics. We aim to describe the field as it has transitioned from the era of candidate-gene studies and the era of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to its current state in the infancy of comprehensive sequencing. In some ways the field has come full circle, having evolved from being driven almost exclusively by our knowledge of immunology, to a bias-free GWAS approach, to a point where our ability to catalogue human variation far outstrips our ability to biologically interpret it.
Modeling Blood Flow Circulation in Intracranial Arterial Networks: A Comparative 3D/1D Simulation Study

We compare results from numerical simulations of pulsatile blood flow in two patient-specific intracranial arterial networks using one-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) models. Specifically, we focus on the pressure and flowrate distribution at different segments of the network computed by the two models. Results obtained with 1D and 3D models with rigid walls show good agreement in massflow distribution at tens of arterial junctions and also in pressure drop along the arteries. The 3D simulations with the rigid walls predict higher amplitude of the flowrate and pressure temporal oscillations than the 1D simulations with compliant walls at various segments even for small time-variations in the arterial cross-sectional areas. Sensitivity of the flow and pressure with respect to variation in the elasticity parameters is investigated with the 1D model.
Genome-Wide Association Studies: Contribution of Genomics to Understanding Blood Pressure and Essential Hypertension

Contemporary genomic tools now allow the fast and reliable genotyping of hundreds of thousands of variants and permit an unbiased interrogation of the common variability across the human genome. These technical advances have been the basis of numerous recent investigations of genes underlying complex genetic traits, and the results for blood pressure and hypertension have been of particular interest. The pathophysiology of the complex genetic trait blood pressure and hypertension is unclear. The heritability of essential hypertension is high and insights can be gained by finding associated genes. Current genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 10 to 20 loci in or near genes that generally were not expected to be associated with blood pressure or essential hypertension; more significant variants will be discovered when even larger and more refined studies become available. This article gives a short introduction to GWAS and summarizes the current findings for blood pressure and hypertension.
Forensic Psychiatry and the Perturbation of Psychiatrists' Attention and Neutrality During Psychotherapy

Most psychiatrists who practice the specialty of forensic psychiatry also conduct a general psychiatric practice. The free-floating attention necessary for the conduct of psychotherapy can be distracted by the many exigent demands a forensic practice places on the clinician. On the other hand, forensic psychiatrists are exposed to challenging cases and learn clinical skills ordinarily not obtainable from the general practice of psychiatry. The conduct of general practice is quite different from that of forensic practice. Understanding the essential differences should help maintain the equanimity of the psychiatrist and preserve the psychiatrist's attention to his or her patients.
Formation of Nanofibers from Pure and Mixed Waste Streams Using Electrospinning

New methods are needed to reprocess the excess of plastics in the waste stream. In this work, bottle-grade polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Styrofoam, and polycarbonate from compact discs (CDs) were spun into nanofibers as fine as ca. 100 nm in diameter using the electrospinning technique. The mechanical properties of the fibers were evaluated using microtensile testing. The elastic moduli ranged from 15 to 60 MPa, and displayed stiffnesses comparable or greater than fibers made from commercial polymers of equivalent molecular weight. Nanofibers were also prepared from blends of Styrofoam and recycled polycarbonate. Recycled PET fibers were tested for application in water filtration and had greater than 99% filtration efficiency of 1 μm particles. Nanofibers from both pure and mixed waste streams are expected to have applications in myriad areas such as ultra/microfiltration, composites, and tissue engineering.
The Human Uterotubal Junction: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study During Different Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Uterotubal junctions from surgically extirpated human uteri were examined. The specimens were obtained during different phases of the menstrual cycle. The interstitial portions of the tubes together with the cornual areas were dissected, excised, and their luminal surfaces exposed. The specimens were then processed for scanning electron microscopy. The surface epithelium of both the cornual endometrium and interstitial endosalpinx consisted of ciliated and secretory cells that had common morphologic features. Ciliated cells were more numerous in the endosalpinx. Cyclic changes in ciliated cells were minimal, while cyclic secretory activity was demonstrated, especially in the endometrium. The transitional area between the endometrium and the endosalpinx was characterized by a marked increase in the number of ciliated cells, and a tendency of the secretory cells to assume a flattened, polygonal shape. These morphologic features suggest a possible role in the transport and/or maintenance of spermatozoa and/or ova.
THE STATUS OF SOME SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN ROADSIDE SOILS OF BURSA PROVINCE, TURKEY

Nowadays, environmental pollution of heavy metals from automobiles has attained much attention. This was caused some heavy metal pollution in road side soils. In this research, the some selected heavy metals were studied along the taken road side soils under heavy traffic in northwestern Turkey. The aim of this research was carried out to determine the heavy metal pollution status of some agricultural lands along the one of major highways of Turkey. For this purpose, roadside surface soil samples were collected from 50 sites along the Bursa-Izmir highway and analyzed for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. Their concentrations and distributions were determined in this research. Lead concentration was the highest in the soils and ranged from 30.0 to 1210.0 mg/kg. Zinc concentration varied from 62.1 to 492.8 mg/kg and copper concentration ranged from 20.0 to 250.6 mg/kg. Cadmium concentration was the lowest in the soil and varied from 0.5 to 5.2 mg/kg. Overall, the levels of heavy metals in roadside soils were higher as compared to their natural background levels.
Return The Sunk Costs Are Sunk Concept To Principles Of Economics Textbooks

The purpose of this paper is to establish a compelling case for the inclusion of the profoundly important “sunk costs are sunk” concept in all principles of economics textbooks. First, the paper will provide examples of the concept's relevance in political/military decisions. Second, it will supply business examples of where failure to recognize this concept has led to nearly disastrous results. Third, it will provide numerous examples of faulty decisions by individuals resulting from the non-application of the concept. Finally, the paper will provide a psychological explanation for the common failure to properly incorporate the concept into logical and rational decision-making.
Provider Screening and Counseling for Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of Practices and Influencing Factors.

Background:Primary care providers have an important role in identifying survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) and providing safety options. Routine screening rates by providers have been consistently low, indicating a need to better understand providers’ practices to ensure the translation of policy into clinical practice.Aim:This systematic review examines common themes regarding provider screening practices and influencing factors on these practices.Method:A literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search focused on research articles which met the following criteria: (1) health-care providers as participants, (2) provider reports on screening and counseling practices for IPV, and (3) were in English or Spanish.Results:A total of 35 studies were included in the review. Across studies, providers commonly acknowledged the importance of IPV screening yet often used only selective screening. Influencing factors on clin...
Evaluation Of YBa2Cu3O7-δ Sol-Gel Derived Films On Sapphire Substrates Produced From Different Cu(Ii) Alkoxide Groups

Yttrium methoxyethoxide, barium methoxyethoxide and various copper(II) alkoxide groups were used as precursors for the formation of YBa2Cu3O7-δ stable sols in a 2- methoxyethanol / methyl ethyl ketone / toluene / diisopropyl ketone solvent system. Sol fractal dimensions were varied with the sol concentration and with the addition of pyridine. Strong correlation was found between the wettability and the fractal dimensions of the various precursors as determined by contact angle measurements. YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films were deposited on sapphire substrates using a dip-coating technique. The films were fired at 850°C under flowing oxygen or an ozone/oxygen mixture. Although the ozonetreatments helped in the formation of single YBa2Cu3O7-δ phase, they contributed to extensive cracking in the films. The different copper(II) alkoxide precursors had little effect on final film microstructure.
Wise Maxims/Wise Judging

One of the reasons often cited for the renewed interest in Aristotelian virtue theory is its alleged sensitivity to the particular case. In addition to rules and procedures is attention to the variety of individual cases, and a reminder of the shortfalls of misplaced rigour. Often quoted are the passages from the Nicomachean Ethics in which Aristotle warns that we must seek only so much precision as is appropriate for the subject matter (EN1094M1-22; 1103b34-1104al0).2 Repeated, too, is the well-known phrase of the Ethics, that "judgment rests in perception" (EN1109b22). The spirit of these remarks, in essence, that "practical wisdom is not scien tific understanding" (EN1142a24),3 is contrasted with modern views which stress the sufficiency of algorithms for fully determining right action and deliberation based on deduction from rules. However, the contrast between modern and ancient approaches seems less stark when we turn to recent Kantian ethics. For here there has been a recognizable shift away from interpreting Kant as proposing some generalizable view of deliberation as either algorithmic, prescribing a cor rect act for each situation, or as involving rules that prescribe uniform con duct.4 In their place is an emphasis on the notion of acting on principles responsive to the salient features of complex situations. The principles of a subject (maxims) must of course be lawful if they are to be morally accep table. They are in accordance with law (gesetzm?ssig) when they can be universalized or acted on by others. This is the point at which the Cate gorical Imperative enters?namely in checking our initial proposals. But in stressing the importance of acting on principles formulated from the bottom up, the interpretation also stresses the fact that capacities for perceiving moral salience figure crucially in a Kantian account. The role of these capacities is perhaps most perspicuous in the case of imperfect duties, or wide duties of end or virtue. Whereas perfect duties specify determinate actions the performance of which is obligatory, im perfect duties leave wide discretion for the fulfilling of obligatory ends? imperfect duties underdetermine specific action. Ends such as others' happiness or my own moral perfection are held by Kant to be obligatory in the sense that finite rational agents such as ourselves require these policies in
Spontaneous cervical internal carotid artery vasospasm: Case report and literature review

Internal carotid artery (ICA) vasospasm can be caused by mechanical manipulation1 or drugs2 or in association with migraines.3 Recurrent spontaneous ICA vasospasm is a rare cause of stroke. We report a case of recurrent TIA caused by alternating cervical ICA spasms. We also performed a MEDLINE search of previous publications in English from 1950 to August 2013. The search was performed with both text word searching and the appropriate MeSH headings of “carotid vasospasm” and “stroke,” “cerebrovascular accident,” “TIA,” or “brain attack.” The bibliographies of each of the retrieved articles with similar cases were all reviewed and relevant citations in these listings were evaluated for inclusion in the review.