cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
La atención primaria de salud y la salud materno infantil

The Primary Health Care strategy introduced concepts which sought to revolutionize the way how to achieve Health for All at the global level. The Declaration of Alma Ata was a prelude to initiatives and global plans that sought compromise to States and society in achieving access to health equity. The Summit of Action for Children and the Meeting of the Millennium, which agreed health targets to achieve by year 2015 were inspired by the concepts included in Primary Health Care. While it is true that the purposes lying below the postulates in Alma Ata were not reached, there was remarkable progress in aspects related to the Mother and Child Health. The Selective Primary Healthcare inspired the so-called “Revolution for the Child Survival”, which identified the main causes of the 15 million deaths in children recorded at the global level at the beginning of the Decade of the eighties of the last century, as well as the simple, low-cost interventions based on the evidence shown to be effective in the prevention of this “silent emergency” represented by the avoidable child deaths. Product of these interventions related to children health and the subsequent inclusion of interventions for the prevention of the 500 000 preventable maternal deaths recorded worldwide at the beginning of this century, has achieved remarkable progress at global level. Peru was one of the countries of the Americas that showed greater progress in reducing maternal and infant mortality. This article seeks to find an explanation of procedures and processes that allowed these achievements at the global level and in Peru, inspired by the principles proposed by the Primary Health Care strategy.
Anatomical assessment of the digastric branch of the facial nerve as a landmark to localize the extratemporal facial nerve trunk.

Localization of the facial nerve trunk (FNT) [i.e., the portion of the facial nerve between the stylomastoid foramen (SMF) and pes anserinus] may be required during various surgical interventions such as parotidectomy and hypoglossal-facial anastomosis. Several landmarks have been proposed for efficient identification of the FNT. We sought to assess the anatomical features of the digastric branch of the facial nerve (DBFN) and its potential as a landmark to identify FNT. Fifteen sides of eight cadaveric heads were dissected to find the DBFN. Anatomic features of DBFN including its point of origin relative to SMF, length, and important relationships, as well as the distance between the insertion point on the digastric muscle and mastoid tip were recorded. DBFN was found in all specimens originating from the FNT outside the SMF with an average length (± standard deviation) of 15.4 ± 3.4 mm. In all specimens, the DBFN inserted on the superomedial aspect of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle (PBD). In 8/15 specimens, DBFN was accompanied by the stylomastoid artery on its anteromedial side. Average distance (± standard deviation) between the mastoid tip and the nerve insertion point on PBD was 13.6 ± 2.0 mm (range 10–17). The DBFN is a reliable landmark for identifying the FNT. It could be consistently identified within 15–20 mm of the mastoid tip on the superomedial aspect of the PBD. The DBFN may be used as a supplementary landmark for efficient localization of the FNT. Not applicable (anatomic study).
Evolutionary motives and food behavior modeling in romantic relationships

Abstract This research examines the influence of evolutionary motives on the modeling of food behavior. Across three studies, we demonstrate that the evolutionary motives of mate acquisition and mate retention influence relationship partners to model the food behaviors of their eating partners. We show that females, but not males, model the food behavior of an opposite sex eating partner under a mate acquisition evolutionary motive, while males, but not females, model the food behavior of an opposite sex eating partner under a mate retention evolutionary motive. Finally, we demonstrate that neither sex models food behavior under a parenting evolutionary motive. For marketers and policymakers, we offer recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of promotions targeted to couples or families.
Premedical Student Exposure to Pharmaceutical Marketing: Too Much, Too Soon?

Background and objectives Direct pharmaceutical marketing to physicians by pharmaceutical representatives is effective in changing behavior of health care providers, resulting in less evidence-based prescribing. Although much has been written about pharmaceutical marketing exposures among medical students, less is known about direct marketing exposures before students matriculate. This study examined the types of pharmaceutical representative direct marketing exposures for premedical students and where they occurred. Methods From June to August of 2017, researchers surveyed students who accepted admission to US public medical schools. These prematriculated students completed our survey just prior to matriculation. The survey inquired about whether the students were exposed to pharmaceutical marketing directly from pharmaceutical salespeople, the types of marketing they observed or received, and where these interactions occurred. Results Survey participants included 911 prematriculated students from 14 of the 188 medical schools invited to participate. Seventy-one percent (646) of the participants received or observed someone receiving pharmaceutical marketing gifts, small meals or snacks, articles, or samples. The two most common contexts for direct pharmaceutical marketing exposures were during shadowing experiences (54%, 346) and during employment (50%, 323). Conclusions The findings suggest that it may be common for medical students to have interacted directly with pharmaceutical salespeople or observed other health professionals in these interactions before they matriculate in medical school. Because many of these interactions occur during clinical experiences required by institutions for admission, medical schools and premedical associations should consider delivering conflict-of-interest education early in medical school education or before students matriculate.
Web Honeypots for Spies

We are building honeypots for document-collecting spies who are searching the Web for intelligence information. The goal is to develop tools for assessing the relative degree of interest elicited by users in representative documents. One experiment set up a site with bait documents and used two site-monitoring tools, Google Analytics and AWStats, to analyze the traffic. Much of this traffic was automated ("bots"), and showed some interesting differences in the retrieval frequency of documents. We also analyzed bot traffic on a similar real site, the library site at our school. In nearly one million requests, we concluded 64% were bots. 46 did identify themselves as bots, 40 came from blacklisted sites, and 12 gave demonstrably false user identifications. Requestors appeared to prefer documents to other types of files and 40% of the requests did not respect the terms of service on access provided by a robots. txt file.
Correction to: Einstein’s Gyros

The article ‘Einstein’s Gyros’ written by Jozsef Illy was originally published electronically
Electrochemical optimization and small-signal analysis of grid-connected polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells for renewable energy integration

Abstract In this paper, a small-signal model of a single cell Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) was developed based on state-space approach to study the effect of various operating conditions on the dynamic responses of the fuel cell. Dynamics of hydrogen, oxygen, and water partial pressure were considered in the modeling procedure. The transient responses of a single- and multiple cell PEMFC were also investigated as the operating parameters of air flow rate, fuel flow rate, temperature, anode/cathode relative humidity level, and electrical current were varied. Next, the studied PEMFC was integrated to the main grid using a boost DC/DC converter and a DC/AC converter. The stability of the overall system was tested through eigenvalue analysis in MATLAB, and several case studies were designed to examine the sensitivity of boost converter parameters and phase-locked loop (PLL) on the stability of the overall system. The analysis results were then validated on a 100 Watt simulated PEMFC in MATLAB Simscape Power System toolbox, and a set of optimum operating conditions were proposed.
Values informing the development of an indicator of appropriate diabetes therapy: qualitative study

Objectives Despite increasing focus on individualised diabetes management, current diabetes quality measures are based on meeting generic haemoglobin A1c thresholds and do not reflect considerations of clinical complexity, hypoglycaemic susceptibility or treatment burden. Our team observed a multidisciplinary stakeholder panel tasked with informing an appropriate diabetes therapy indicator (ADTI) and analysed their deliberations, seeking to understand what constitutes appropriate diabetes therapy and how it can be captured using an operational quality indicator. We focused specifically on factors the panel valued in an ideal indicator, how they defined appropriateness and how they thought an indicator of appropriateness could be operationalised. Design Qualitative study examining Delphi panel deliberations as it iteratively refined the ADTI. Participants and methods The 12-member panel was comprised of clinicians (endocrinology, primary care, geriatrics), pharmacists, nurses, researchers, and representatives of public and private health plans. It met for four teleconference calls and deliberated asynchronously using semi-structured questionnaires following each call to develop the ADTI. These semistructured questionnaires, as well as the meeting minutes, were then analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Results We identified three themes in panellist discussions that represented the core value systems underpinning the indicator and its formation: (1) promoting individualised, evidence-based and equitable care; (2) balancing autonomy and prescriptiveness in clinical decision-making; and (3) ensuring an accurate, reliable and practical indicator. These three principles were operationalised into definitions of treatment intensity and clinical complexity, and yielded an indicator that participants judged both fair and effective. Conclusions Better understanding of what multidisciplinary stakeholders perceive as appropriate diabetes management can help develop quality indicators that are patient-centred, evidence-based, equitable and pragmatic across a range of clinical settings.
Difficulty Ventilating: A Case Report on Ventilation Considerations of an Intubated Asthmatic Undergoing Air Medical Critical Care Transport.

Abstract The air medical transport of intubated patients is a high-risk mission that requires preplanning before helicopter launch. This case describes a scenario in which the helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) team was unable to ventilate a patient because of the mechanical limitations of the transport ventilator. The HEMS mission was ultimately aborted, and the patient had to be transported by a ground crew equipped with a hospital-based ventilator. In addition to the optimal medical management of the patient in status asthmaticus, critical care transport crews must be familiar with the treatment of patients exhibiting extremely high peak airway pressures. Specifically, ventilator manipulations as well as the technical specifications of the transport ventilator may preclude the patient from being transported by the HEMS team. It is imperative that the patient's current ventilator setting be evaluated before the launch of the aircraft to prevent any possible delays in patient care.
Antithrombin deficiency: A pediatric disorder.

Abstract Introduction Hereditary antithrombin (AT) deficiency is an autosomal dominant thrombophilic disorder. Guidelines do not support routine testing of children based on personal or familial thrombosis. Aim To investigate clinical, genetic and laboratory profiles of AT deficient children and their affected family members. Materials and methods Data were analyzed from a prospective cohort of pediatric patients with AT deficiency. The SERPINC1 gene was sequenced for all individuals with available DNA. AT, thromboelastography (TEG), calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT), D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) and factor VIII activity were performed on patient samples. Results Thirty-six individuals from 11 families had AT deficiency (activities 45–70 U/dL) with incident thrombosis in 13 children and 10 adults (64% overall). Three neonates presented with middle cerebral artery and/or aortic occlusions with inferior vena cava and cerebral or renal vein thromboses in 2 of the 3. Two pre-pubertal children were symptomatic, one with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis who suffered recurrent arterial and venous thrombi. Both Type I and Type II AT deficiencies conferred a high severity of thromboses. Heterozygous SERPINC1 mutations were identified in seven families; three were novel, resulting in missense, splice site and frameshift alterations. Thrombin generation (CAT) was increased in all asymptomatic affected patients including 9 children and 1 adult. Conclusions Genetic AT deficiency often presents in infants and children, warranting laboratory evaluation based on personal and family history. Increased thrombin generation was detected in all asymptomatic children and adults, suggesting a possible role in detecting and monitoring individuals at risk for thrombosis.
Land-use history and abiotic gradients drive abundance of non-native shrubs in Appalachian second-growth forests with histories of mining, agriculture, and logging

Abstract Invasion by non-native species is a consequence of previous anthropogenic disturbance that can be expected to differ between land-use histories with contrasting impacts on the physical and biotic environment. Mining, agriculture, and logging all alter environmental character in different ways through their different effects on soils and surrounding vegetation. We used second-growth forests with histories of mining, agriculture, logging, and older forest (>120 years) with no recent disturbance history to test the hypotheses that invasion is driven by 1) lasting environmental impacts of land use or 2) colonization following niche opening due to disturbance. We sampled shrub cover, environmental variables, and soils in forests with histories of mining, agriculture, logging, and older second-growth with no recent history of land use in four 10-meter2 plots per site. Our analysis focused on the two most common non-native shrubs, Berberis thunbergii and Rosa multiflora. Cover of B. thunbergii was marginally significantly higher in post-agricultural and mined forests than logged sites or older second growth, whereas R. multiflora was most frequent in mined sites. Both species showed a significant relationship with environmental variables such as soil pH, water-holding capacity, and elevation. Soil texture differed with land-use history: post-agricultural sites were significantly higher in silt and clay, and lower in sand, than the mined, logged, or old forest sites, reflecting the interaction of land-use history with landform. Most environmental variables did not differ between land-use histories. Non-native shrubs were associated with land-use histories involving soil disturbance despite the lack of lasting contrasts in most soil variables, indicating that invasion primarily reflects past opportunities for colonization and environmental gradients that are not impacted by land use. We conclude that the presence of non-native shrubs is a biotic legacy of past disturbance that outlasts altered environmental conditions that may be present at the time of abandonment.
Can social media monitoring help identify the next EVALI? An examination of Reddit posts about vitamin E acetate and Dank Vapes

Abstract Background Scientists identified vitamin E acetate (VEA) and “Dank Vapes” (a fake brand of tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] vaping products) as contributors to the 2019–2020 outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). On social media, people who post about vaping or THC discussed the causes of EVALI. We examined whether Reddit conversations may have served as early signals of the outbreak. Methods We collected Reddit posts from March 2018 to February 2020 on vaping- and THC-related subreddits that mentioned VEA or Dank Vapes. We identified peaks in post volume, examined post content, and used natural language processing to identify terms most characteristic of posts. Results There were almost no posts about VEA before EVALI. Subsequently, there were two peaks, both referencing media coverage of scientific findings that linked VEA to EVALI. Discussion regularly referenced concerns about the legitimacy of Dank Vapes before EVALI; peaks in posts were largely unrelated to scientific findings or media coverage of those findings. The terms most characteristic of VEA posts were EVALI-related; those most characteristic of Dank Vapes posts were about quality or legitimacy. Conclusions Although posts about VEA and Dank Vapes did not predict the outbreak, the public health community could use social media to encourage people who vape or use THC to report future health concerns (e.g., through FDA’s Safety Reporting Portal). Researchers and regulators could also use social media to see if potentially problematic products, such as Dank Vapes, have a history of concern among individuals who use those products.
DIFFERENCES IN MEDICAL AND LIFE-STYLE RISK FACTORS FOR MALNUTRITION IN LIMITED-RESOURCE OLDER ADULTS IN A RURAL U.S. STATE: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Objectives Medical and life-style factors are associated with malnutrition in older adults. This study assessed the presence of these risk factors in limited-resource, community-dwelling older adults to inform the development of a nutrition education interventions.
Clustering by Intent: A Semi-Supervised Method to Discover Relevant Clusters Incrementally

Our business users have often been frustrated with clustering results that do not suit their purpose; when trying to discover clusters of product complaints, the algorithm may return clusters of product models instead. The fundamental issue is that complex text data can be clustered in many different ways, and, really, it is optimistic to expect relevant clusters from an unsupervised process, even with parameter tinkering. We studied this problem in an interactive context and developed an effective solution that re-casts the problem formulation, radically different from traditional or semi-supervised clustering. Given training labels of some known classes, our method incrementally proposes complementary clusters. In tests on various business datasets, we consistently get relevant results and at interactive time scales. This paper describes the method and demonstrates its superior ability using publicly available datasets. For automated evaluation, we devised a unique cluster evaluation framework to match the business user's utility.
Lessons Learned from Six Sigma in R&d

(2006). Lessons Learned from Six Sigma in R&D. Research-Technology Management: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 15-19.
The Paradox of the White Worker: Studies in Race Formation

The new labour history, associated in American with the name of Herbert Gutman, shifted attention away from unions and other institutions toward the daily life of working people. It broke new ground in examining the role of the family, the community, and culture in forming the working class. In treating working people as the subjects of their own activity, the Gutman school broke with the labour historians who preceded it. However, in its attitude toward the race problem it continued the tradition established earlier within Old Left circles, of substituting an abstract notion of the working class for the lived experience of working people.1 Unable to deny entirely the record of white labour in accepting and promoting racial distinctions, the new labour historians treated white supremacy as peripheral to the main line of working-class formation and struggle. Rarely did they ask what the labour movement looked like from the perspective of the slave worker kept in bondage by the alliance of slaveholders, financiers, and white labourers known as
Mea Culpa: Formal Education and the Dis-Integrated World.

Formal education has removed itself so far from any truly integrated view of the Natural World that fragmentation and certainty are prevailing ethics. Technological progress has resulted in increased specialization within academic disciplines and their concurrent separation from each other. Knowledge is extracted from a fully integrated world, but is examined and defined by the 'dis-integrated' objectives.
A Response to May's Commentary on “A Look at EMDR

ABSTRACT The present article is a response to May's (2004) commentary on our original article: “A Look at EMDR: Technique, Research and Use with College Students.” May (2004) points out the controversial nature of the research on EMDR, and we agree. We continue to hold, however, that EMDR is a promising treatment for use in college counseling centers with short-term therapy models.
Figure-of-merit enhancement in nanostructured FeSb(2-x)Ag(x) with Ag(1-y)Sb(y) nanoinclusions.

We present the figure-of-merit (ZT) improvement in nanostructured FeSb2−xAgx with Ag1−ySby nanoinclusions through a metal/semiconductor interface engineering approach. Owing to the interfaces between FeSb2−xAgx and Ag1−ySby phases, as well as the identical work functions, both thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of the nanocomposites were significantly reduced in the lower temperature regime compared with pure FeSb2. Overall, an improvement of 70% in ZT was achieved for the optimized nanocomposite FeSb1.975Ag0.025/Ag0.77Sb0.23 sample, in which Ag0.77Sb0.23 is about 10% by molar ratio. The results of this approach clearly demonstrated the metal/semiconductor interface concept and confirmed the potential of strongly correlated material systems as promising thermoelectric materials.
Effects of decalcification on bulk and compound-specific nitrogen and carbon isotope analyses of dentin

RATIONALE For bulk carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of dentin, samples are typically decalcified. Since the non-protein carbon in dentin is low, whole sample analysis may produce reliable data. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of bone and tooth dentin protein is a powerful tool for reconstructing the flow of carbon and nitrogen in modern and past food webs. Decalcification has also been used to prepare bone and dentin samples for CSIA, but the effects of this process on bulk dentin, amino acid composition, and their specific isotope values are not known. METHODS The bulk isotope values of raw and decalcified dentin from a sperm whale tooth were measured to determine the effects of decalcification and the accuracy of untreated dentin results. CSIA was also performed on decalcified and raw dentin to examine differences in the amino acid isotope values and molar composition between these two approaches. RESULTS Analysis of raw dentin yields precise and accurate bulk isotope measurements for this animal. The isotopic values of decalcified samples and raw dentin for individual amino acids were similar, but the average of the isotope value offsets between the two sample types was significant. The presence of inorganic material complicated raw sample processing for individual amino acid isotope values, and may have contributed to the isotopic differences between decalcified and raw samples. CONCLUSIONS Decalcification is not needed to measure bulk isotope values in dentin from this modern odontocete, probably because the lipid and carbonate concentrations are low and the carbon isotope values of dentin protein and carbonate are similar. This method should not be applied in some cases (e.g., with fossil dentin and modern bone). Decalcification should still be used prior to CSIA since significant matrix issues occur with raw dentin processing and decalcification does not alter the amino acid molar composition or isotopic values of dentin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Please Pass the Chips: Genomic Insights into Obesity and Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an increasingly common disorder of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Approximately 16 million individuals in the United States have diabetes, and 800,000 new cases are identified each year. Two important characteristics of this disease are insulin resistance, the failure of peripheral tissues, including liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, to respond to physiologic doses of insulin, and failure of pancreatic beta-cells to properly secrete insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels. Obesity is a significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent observations of extremely lean, lipoatrophic models have revealed a similar predisposition to developing diabetes. Although it may seem paradoxical that both increased adiposity and severely reduced fat mass cause diabetes, a common pathophysiologic process in fat may be responsible for the predisposition to develop hyperglycemia in both conditions. This review will focus on the important role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diabetes, and on insights gained through the application of microarray technology to analyze adipocyte gene expression.
Soya Products and Serum Lipids: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

Soya proteins and isoflavones have been reported to exert beneficial effects on the serum lipid profile. More recently, this claim is being challenged. The objective of this study was to comprehensively examine the effects of soya consumption on the lipid profile using published trials. A detailed literature search was conducted via MEDLINE (from 2004 through February 2014), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register) and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of soya on the lipid profile. The primary effect measure was the difference in means of the final measurements between the intervention and control groups. In all, thirty-five studies (fifty comparisons) were included in our analyses. Treatment duration ranged from 4 weeks to 1 year. Intake of soya products resulted in a significant reduction in serum LDL-cholesterol concentration, -4.83 (95% CI -7.34, -2.31) mg/dl, TAG, -4.92 (95% CI -7.79, -2.04) mg/dl, and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations, -5.33 (95% CI -8.35, -2.30) mg/dl. There was also a significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol concentration, 1.40 (95% CI 0.58, 2.23) mg/dl. The I² statistic ranged from 92 to 99%, indicating significant heterogeneity. LDL reductions were more marked in hypercholesterolaemic patients, -7.47 (95% CI -11.79, -3.16) mg/dl, than in healthy subjects, -2.96 (95% CI -5.28, -0.65) mg/dl. LDL reduction was stronger when whole soya products (soya milk, soyabeans and nuts) were used as the test regimen, -11.06 (95% CI -15.74, -6.37) mg/dl, as opposed to when 'processed' soya extracts, -3.17 (95% CI -5.75, -0.58) mg/dl, were used. These data are consistent with the beneficial effects of soya proteins on serum LDL, HDL, TAG and TC concentrations. The effect was stronger in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Whole soya foods appeared to be more beneficial than soya supplementation, whereas isoflavone supplementation had no effects on the lipid profile.
Ventral hippocampal muscimol disrupts context‐specific fear memory retrieval after extinction in rats

Research aimed at understanding Pavlovian fear memory extinction has yielded considerable insight into the conditions under which fear memories may become inhibited. After extinction, Pavlovian fear memory retrieval is context-specific. Fear memories are not expressed in the extinction context, but they are expressed in every other context. Research indicates that the dorsal hippocampus mediates the context-specific expression of fear memory, but the role of the ven- tral hippocampus in mediating this process is unknown. Insofar as the ventral hippocampus is involved in the acquisition and expression of both context and tone fear, we asked whether GABA systems in the ventral hippocampus mediate context-specific fear memory retrieval after extinction. Experiment 1 showed that ventral hippocampal inacti- vation with muscimol disrupted context-specific fear memory retrieval. Experiment 2 showed that rats infused with muscimol can discriminate a context in which they were shocked from a neutral context. Nonethe- less, they do appear to have a mild impairment in this task. Experiment 3 showed that ventral hippocampal muscimol did not disrupt locomotor activity, but did result in a slight increase in freezing and grooming, an effect that cannot explain the context-specific retrieval deficit demon- strated in experiment 1. These data are consistent with a role for the ventral hippocampus in mediating context-specific fear memory retrieval. V C 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Brain potential signs of feature processing during auditory selective attention.

WE recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to random dichotlc tone sequences as subjects attended to tone bursts of a designated pitch (250, 1000 or 4000 Hz) and ear of delivery. The effects of attention were isolated as negative difference (Nd) waves by subtracting ERPs to ignored tones from
Stereoregular polypropylenes studied by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were utilized to characterize polypropylenes of different stereoregularity (atactic, syndiotactic and isotactic) deposited on gold- or silver-coated mica surfaces. The AFM images clearly revealed distinctive surface topographies among the three types of polymers, which are largely due to their stereoregularity and crystallinity. The ToF-SIMS data showed distinguishable differences among the fragmentation spectra obtained from these polypropylene samples, especially in the low-mass region. Variations in the cluster structures were also detected. Supporting metal substrates had significant influence on fragment ion formation. Our results suggest that mass spectrometry and AFM could be used together to obtain supplemental information to NMR measurements of polymer stereoregularity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nucleation in the pre-coalescence stages: universal kinetic laws

Abstract This article is devoted to a detailed summary of recent results on the dynamic scaling of the cluster size distribution (CSD) and other universal kinetic laws in the pre-coalescence stages of nucleation and growth. A comprehensive presentation is given to the systematic approaches developed for elucidating the dynamic evolution of the CSD for sizes within the nucleation barrier layer (NBL) and beyond. In the pre-coalescence stages of nucleation and before the complete depletion of the monomer, the CSD for sizes within and beyond the NBL obey dynamic scaling relations. The dynamic scaling relations and their asymptotic limits are invariant to the size dependence of the cluster formation energy. For sizes beyond the NBL, the scaling relation of the CSD exhibits an asymptotic universal power law, the exponent of which depends only on the interphase interfacial atom transport mechanism. Comparison with limited available experimental data for sizes beyond the NBL confirms the predictions. The physical reasons behind the universal kinetic laws in the pre-coalescence stages of nucleation are outlined. The universal kinetic laws open a doorway to the systematic study of nucleation in condensed materials by providing a genera] novel foundation to guide the design of nucleation experiments and to elucidate fundamental mechanisms based on macroscopic observations of the cluster size distribution in the pre-coalescence stages of nucleation and growth.
The Study of Oscillating Flow Separation Using Multiple Wavy-Walled Tubes

This study examines oscillating flow as a novel mechanical separation mechanism to separate propylene from nitrogen. A system of multiple wavy-walled tubes was utilized to determine the effect of increasing the number of tubes on mass transfer and separation. It was shown that using multiple tubes in a parallel configuration increases mass transfer at the higher oscillation frequencies. Increasing the number of tubes also yields approximately the same separation quality as reducing the piston amplitude by the same factor. The use of multiple tubes was shown to be a viable method of enhancing mass transfer with a reasonable separation.
Parameters of infection in chicks exposed to Marek's disease by two different methods.

Abstract A chronologic study was conducted to examine early parameters of infection with Marek’s disease virus (MDV) in birds contact exposed and birds inoculated intratracheally with MDV-infected cell culture. In the contact exposed group viremia and histologic lesions appeared at 8 days post exposure (p.e.) compared to 20 days p.e. in the inoculated group. Early lesions were found primarily in the nerves and skin. Humoral antibody, detected by the agar gel precipitin test and the indirect fluorescent antibody test, appeared at 24 days p.e. in each group. Birds from each group necropsied at 9 weeks p.e. did not show a significant difference in the incidence or severity of lesions nor in antibody titer. There was no correlation between antibody titer and the incidence of gross lesions.
O4 An inventory study on a randomized group of 1000 patients visiting a multidisciplinary breath odor clinic at a university hospital

In 1994 the first European multidisciplinary (periodontology, ENT, psychiatry and occasionally gastro-enterology) outpatient clinic was initiated at the University Hospital in Leuven, Belgium. The first 1000 patient files on the alphabetical list were analysed. It surprisingly consisted of 499 men and 501 women (2–90 years old, mean 38). The majority consulted spontaneously (69%), others were referred by their house doctor (14%), general dentist (6%) or medical/oral specialists (11%). One-third had complaints since more than 5 years. Two-thirds were informed by confidents or colleagues about their breath odor while they were unaware of it, 15% of the patients noticed it themselves and 18% were informed by others besides noticing it themselves. Not a single patient was alcoholic but 14% were tobacco addicts. In 83.4% of the patients there was an oral problem. Mostly tongue coating or/and periodontitis, was evident. In 3.6% it was a combination of ENT/intra-oral causes. An ENT or gastro-enterologic cause was detected in 3.1 and 1.3% respectively. ENT causes involved postnasal drip, tonsillitis, sinusitis, rhinitis. Only 1% had a metabolic or hormonal problem. The latter regularly also had tongue coating or periodontitis, but the elimination of these causes did not solve the entire problem. On the other hand in 7.6% of the patients no physical cause could be detected, while psychological/psychiatric problems were clearly identified. After the first multidisciplinary examination and treatment initiation/instructions, a control visit was proposed 2–6 months later. All patients were meanwhile referred for follow-up to their general dentist or periodontologist or house doctor/medical specialist. Nearly 60% of the patients did not show up at the second appointment. When a sample was contacted by telephone (n = 40) all declared they were cured. 10% of the patients needed 3 appointments or more. From the 31% of the patients who came back for their control visit, 68.5% had experienced a (clear-cut) improvement, and 22.7% noticed a slight to strong improvement. The patients who did not report any improvement (8.8%) were nearly all identified as having psychological or psychiatric traits.
Van der Waals theory of nematogenic solutions. I. Derivation of the general equations

In the Van der Waals theory of liquids, very short-ranged intermolecular repulsions are approximated by hard-particle exclusions and somewhat longer-ranged intermolecular attractions are subject to a self-consistent mean-field treatment. This approach, which has recently been applied to pure nematogens, is here extended to nematogenic solutions. The molecular hard cores are taken to be spherocylindrical or spherical in shape and their contribution to the free energy of the system is evaluated using scaled-particle theory. The general theory, applicable to mixtures of any number of rodlike or effectively spherical molecules is derived and its applications to various types of nematogenic systems are discussed. Finally, the way in which the theory could be modified to treat species whose molecular shapes cannot satisfactorily be approximated by spheres or spherocylinders is indicated.
Dental development in the cotton ear marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The dental development of the cotton ear marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was determined from gross and radiographic examinations of 40 colony born specimens to provide a biological yardstick for estimating the age of wild caught young animals. In this species 4 deciduous teeth (Id1) erupt during the first week; 4 (Id2) during the second week; 12 (Cd, Md1, Md2) during the third week and 4 (Md3) during the fourth week of age. Four permanent teeth (M1) are visible on oral examination at 3 to 4 months: 8 (M1, M2) at 4 to 6 months; 12 to 20 (M1, M2, I1, I2, Pm3) at 7 to 8 months; 24 to 28 (M1, M2, I1, I2, Pm1, Pm2, Pm3 at 8 to 11 months and the full complement of 32 at 11 to 12 months of age. The stage of mixed dentition extends from age 112 to 340 days. There is a close correspondence in the age related eruption pattern in each quadrant with no significant difference between males and females.
Alzheimer's Disease: The Problem of Incorrect Clinical Diagnosis:

We reviewed the medical records of eight patients clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease who were found on autopsy to have neuropathologic findings inconsistent with Alzheimer's disease. The clinical criteria for the diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease from the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS/ADRDA) were retrospectively applied to these patients. The patients presented with clinical features atypical for Alzheimer's disease early in the course of the disease, including focal neurologic findings, gait abnormalities, motor speech abnormalities, and extrapyramidal features. Attention to these clinical red flags may decrease the likelihood of misdiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in a patient with a non-Alzheimer's disease cause of dementia.
On feeding on more than one trophic level

IN trying to understand the structure of ecological communities, ecologists usually pay particular attention to the interactions between pairs, or small groups of species1. Questions about the ‘shape’ of the food webs within which these species are embedded are much more rarely asked2–4. For example, what happens when a population feeds at more than one trophic level (omnivory)? In some real food webs there seem to be no omnivores (Fig. 1a)5; in others omnivores are common6,7 (Fig. 1c)8. In this note we attack the problem of omnivory using simple, linear Lotka–Volterra models of food webs9, and show that certain patterns are much more likely to persist on an evolutionary time scale than others. We then compare the model predictions with real food webs.
Carcinoma of the maxillary sinus following thorotrast instillation. Report of 3 cases.

Three cases of carcinoma of the maxillary sinus 10, 18, and 21 years after the instillation of thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) into the maxillary sinus are reported. Histologically, one was an adenocarcinoma, one was a squamous cell carcinoma, and one was a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. A cause and effect relationship between the substance used and the production of the cancer appears highly probable. These cases add to the existing accumulated evidence that Thorotrast or otherrelated radioactive substances should not be used as a diagnostic medium since their persistence in the form of colloidal particles in the tissues over long periods represents a definite hazard for a possible carcinogenic effect. (auth)
Comment on a spin-glass model of Fernandez and Medina

The decay of the magnetization of a simple spin-glass model is compared with the results obtained by Fernandez and Medina for a similar model. We find a rapid decay to a remnant magnetization followed by a much slower decay. The slow decay of the magnetization appears logarithmic in time only for intermediate times. Our model exhibits a more rapid decay at very long times which was not observed by Fernandez and Medina. An advantage of the model presented here is that an analytic expression for the time-dependent magnetization is obtained. No Monte Carlo calculation is necessary.
Novel vaccines against influenza viruses

Killed and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines are effective in preventing and curbing the spread of influenza epidemics when the strains present in the vaccines are closely matched with the predicted epidemic strains. These vaccines are primarily targeted to induce immunity to the variable major target antigen, hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus. However, current vaccines are not effective in preventing the emergence of new pandemic or highly virulent viruses. New approaches are being investigated to develop universal influenza virus vaccines as well as to apply more effective vaccine delivery methods. Conserved vaccine targets including the influenza M2 ion channel protein and HA stalk domains are being developed using recombinant technologies to improve the level of cross protection. In addition, recent studies provide evidence that vaccine supplements can provide avenues to further improve current vaccies.
Heparin-activated protein kinase from rabbit muscle: Relationship to enzymes of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 category

A heparin-activated protein kinase has been previously identified in rabbit skeletal muscle extracts (Z. Ahmad et al. (1985) FEBS Lett. 179, 96-100). Further study has indicated that this enzyme phosphorylates rabbit muscle glycogen synthase in the same tryptic peptide(s) as the protein kinase FA/GSK-3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) and is able to activate the ATP-Mg2+-dependent protein phosphatase. These results indicate similarities in properties between the two protein kinases. Exposure of the heparin-activated enzyme to trypsin resulted in loss of heparin activation, from 3-fold to 1.3-fold. One hypothesis suggested by this result is that the enzyme FA/GSK-3 could be a derivative of the heparin-activated enzyme that has lost heparin sensitivity. The conceptual importance of this hypothesis is that it may provide a clue to the mode of regulation of this important class of protein kinases.
A Markovian approach to determining process means with dual quality characteristics

This paper studies a production system where products are produced continuously and whose specification limits are specified for screening inspection. In this paper, we consider dual quality characteristics and different costs associated with each quality characteristic that falls below a lower specification limit or above an upper specification limit. Due to these different costs, the expected total profit will greatly depend on the process parameters, especially a process mean. This paper develops a Markovian-based model for determining the optimum process means with the consideration of dual quality characteristics in a single-stage system. The proposed model is then illustrated through a numerical example and sensitivity analysis is performed to validate the model. The results showed that the optimum process mean for both quality characteristics have a significant effect on the performance of the system. Since the literature survey shows that dealing with multi-quality characteristics is extremely limited, the proposed model, coupled with the Markovian approach, provides a unique contribution to this field.
Scalable, High-Throughput, Low-Latency AWGR-based Optical Switches with Distributed Control Plane for Future Computing Systems

We review our research on optical switches exploiting wavelength routing in arrayed waveguide grating routers (AWGRs). We discuss the loopback-buffer, all-optical-NACK and all-optical-TOKEN architectures, presenting their effectiveness in terms of network performance and experimental studies.
Dual blockade of the EGFR and COX-2 pathways: a phase II trial of cetuximab and celecoxib in patients with chemotherapy refractory metastatic colorectal cancer.

Objectives The epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 pathways play key and often complementary roles in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study explores the clinical and biological effects of combined blockade of these pathways
Choroidal Neovascularization in Second Eyes of Patients with Unilateral Exudative Age-related Macular Degeneration

Purpose: To evaluate patients with unilateral occult choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) for the nature of the neovascularization which develops in the fellow eyes. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed unilateral occult CNV were followed prospectively for the development of CNV in the fellow eye. Patients were classified based on the type of occult CNV in the first eye: (1) those with associated serous pigment epithelial detachment (serous PED) and (2) those without. Demographic and clinical data, including the type of CNV in the second eyes, were compared. Results: Choroidal neovascularization developed in 115 patients in the second eye. Fifty-six patients had occult CNV with a serous PED (also termed vascularized PED) in the first eye, and 59 patients had occult CNV without serous PED. The two groups did not differ significantly in the demographic and the clinical features evaluated. Well-delineated (or classic) CNV developed in the fellow eye of one patient in each group. Of the remaining 55 patients with vascularized PED in the first eye, the same type of occult CNV developed in 48 (87%) patients in the second eye. Of 58 (84%) patients in the second group, the same type of occult CNV developed in the second eye of 49 patients. This symmetric distribution of type of CNV between eyes is highly significant ( P Conclusions: Eyes with occult CNV secondary to AMD can be classified by the presence or absence of an associated serous PED. Patients with unilateral occult CNV have a significant risk of occult CNV developing in the second eye, and the type of occult disease in the first eye is highly predictive of the type of neovascularized disease in the second eye. These findings are important with respect to natural history, and possibly to the treatment response and visual prognosis of patients with neovascularized AMD.