cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporally regulated overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the mammary gland reveals distinct fetal and pubertal phenotypes

We have previously demonstrated that overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in the mammary glands of transgenic mice results in defects in ductal elongation and branching during puberty and in lobuloalveolar development during pregnancy. In addition, we have shown that PTHrP is necessary for the formation of the initial ductal tree during embryonic mammary development. In order to examine the effect of varying the timing of PTHrP overexpression on mammary development, we created tetracycline-regulated, K14-tTA/Tet(O)-PTHrP double transgenic mice. In this report, we document that this 'tet-off' system directs transgene expression to the mammary gland and that it is fully repressed in the presence of tetracycline. Using these mice, we demonstrate that transient overexpression of PTHrP before birth causes defects in ductal branching during puberty and that overexpression of PTHrP during puberty decreases the rate of ductal elongation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that if PTHrP overexpression is initiated after ductal morphogenesis is completed, lobuloalveolar development is unaffected. Finally, we demonstrate that the impairment in ductal elongation caused by PTHrP is associated with an increase in the basal rate of epithelial cell apoptosis in terminal end buds and a failure to increase end bud cell proliferation and decrease apoptosis in response to estrogen and progesterone.
The prevalence, burden, and treatment of severe, frequent, and migraine headaches in US minority populations: statistics from National Survey studies.

Background The prevalence and burden of migraine and other severe headaches in the US population as a whole is well documented. Prevalence and treatment patterns in US racial and ethnic minorities, however, have received less attention. We sought to assemble and compare this information as identified in large, nationally representative studies. Methods We searched for summary statistics from studies performed in the United States between 1989 and 2014. Included studies had to provide population-based, nationally or broadly representative information on the prevalence, burden, or treatment of severe or frequent headache or migraine in adult US Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, or Asians. Results Nine studies were included in the review. Prevalence data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) provide the most comprehensive information for major racial and ethnic groups. The average prevalence of severe headache or migraine from 2005 to 2012 NHIS was 17.7% for Native Americans, 15.5% for Whites, 14.5% for Hispanics, 14.45% for Blacks, and 9.2% for Asians. Severe headache or migraine prevalence was higher in females of all races and ethnic groups compared with males and across all included studies. Female to male prevalence ratios from the 2005-2012 NHIS were 2.1 for Whites, 2.5 for Hispanics, 2.1 for Blacks, and 2.0 for Asians. Among those with chronic migraine (≥15 days of headache per month), prevalence data from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study showed that the prevalence of chronic migraine was highest in Hispanic women (2.26% compared with 1.2% for White females), whereas White males had the lowest prevalence at 0.46%. Data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey and National Ambulatory Care Survey show that Hispanics make only 89.5 annual ambulatory care visits per 10,000 population at which they receive a diagnosis of migraine, compared with 176.3 for Whites and 133.2 for Blacks. In contrast, visit rates resulting in a diagnosis of nonspecific headache were more comparable across all groups. Only one study obtained information on selected subgroups within Hispanic and Asian populations. This showed that differences among these subgroups, which suggest composite prevalence estimates for broadly defined racial and ethnic groups such as Asians, may conceal meaningful differences in subgroups, such as Vietnamese or Filipinos. Conclusions In the United States, migraine prevalence is highest among Native Americans, then Whites, followed closely by Hispanics and Blacks. Asians have the lowest prevalence of severe, frequent headache or migraine of the major racial or ethnic groups. Differences in diagnosis and treatment of headache and migraine may indicate racial and ethnic disparities in access and quality of care for minority patients.
Some aspects of the biology of the horse mackerel [Trachurus trachurus (L.)] in waters around Britain

Evidence is presented which supports the hypothesis of a seasonal migration between the North Sea and the western English Channel. Fish caught west of Britain have a different length composition and there is some evidence of a North–South migration. Analysis of stomach contents shows that the species is a plankton feeder. Data on seasonal growth in young fish show the growth-rate is most rapid between August and December; length-frequency distributions of two year-classes were bimodal. The use of the otolith burning technique revealed up to 35 check rings, as compared with the reported maximum age of 10 years. With the exception of ring numbers 1 to 3, it could not be established the rings were annual.
SMSI effects on CO adsorption and hydrogenation on Pt catalysts: Part II. Influence of support and crystallite size on the kinetics of methanation

Platinum was dispersed on η-Al2O3, SiO2, SiO2Al2O3, and TiO2, and its fraction exposed was varied from near unity to 0.007. The turnover frequency (TOF) for CO hydrogenation to CH4 was constant over this range of Pt crystallite size on a given support. However, the support utilized had a major influence on specific activity and TOF values on PtTiO2 catalysts were 10 times greater than those on PtAl2O3 and PtSiO2Al2O3 and 100-fold higher than the TOF on PtSiO2. A model for methanation invoking H-assisted CO bond rupture as the rate determining step correlated the different kinetic parameters measured over these Pt catalysts. Analysis of this model using transition state theory provided an estimate of the maximum active site density and, in agreement with in situ ir spectroscopic studies, indicated that only a small fraction (0.01 or less) of the surface Pt atoms constitute active sites on TiO2-supported Pt. The alteration in catalytic behavior for TiO2-supported Pt is attributed to a change in structure of the Pt crystallites caused by a strong interaction with a partially reduced titania surface. The observed enhancement in activity after reduction at only 473 K implies that this effect is localized and not dependent on bulk electronic properties.
Distributed control of systems over discrete Groups

This paper discusses distributed controller design and analysis for distributed systems with arbitrary discrete symmetry groups. We show how recent results for designing controllers for spatially interconnected systems, based on semidefinite programming, are applicable to a much larger class of interconnection topologies. We also show how to exploit the structure of the symmetry group to produce a hierarchy of decreasingly conservative analysis and synthesis conditions.
Nutritional management of hospitalised dogs and cats

Nutritional support is a vital component of successful management of hospitalised animals. Lack of adequate calories and nutrients can lead to adverse consequences, including loss of lean body mass. These deleterious effects can be seen within 3–5 days of anorexia. Optimal nutritional assessment will allow the clinician to develop an appropriate nutrition plan which will address patient selection, timing, route of administration and diet selection. Early institution of an individualised nutritional plan allows enhanced nutritional management, reduced risk of malnutrition and ultimately improved patient outcome.
Vaccinia Virus Infection of Synchronized Pig Kidney Cells

Abstract Vaccinia virus replication was studied in pig kidney (PK-15) cells synchronized by excess thymidine treatment. It was found that virus replication with concomitant inhibition of mitosis can occur at any period in the life cycle of the cell except for the narrow span of time from late prophase through telophase. Cells infected at this time continue to divide, and vaccinia does not replicate until cell division is complete.
Helicopter vibration reduction using structural optimization with aeroelastic/multidisciplinary constraints - A survey

This paper presents a survey of the state-of-the-art in the field of structural optimization when applied to vibration reduction of helicopters in forward flight with aeroelastic and multidisciplinary constraints. It emphasizes the application of the modern approach where the optimization is formulated as a mathematical programming problem, the objective function consists of the vibration levels at the hub, and behavior constraints are imposed on the blade frequencies and aeroelastic stability margins, as well as on a number of additional ingredients that can have a significant effect on the overall performance and flight mechanics of the helicopter. It is shown that the integrated multidisciplinary optimization of rotorcraft offers the potential for substantial improvements, which can be achieved by careful preliminary design and analysis without requiring additional hardware such as rotor vibration absorbers of isolation systems.
Knowledge Spheres and the Diffusion of National IT Policies

How do national ICT policies disseminate in a country? Why would there be a differential awareness of policies among various sectors and/or professions? These are the two major research questions addressed in the study reported here. Motivation for ICT adoption and use, it is argued, will generally be influenced by the set of policies on which certain sectors or professional-groups focus. This, in turn will influence the nature of development of the ICT industry within the nation. The study uses quantitative techniques to assess sectoral differences in the diffusion of national ICT policies in Egypt by gauging the awareness of ICT policies by key decision makers within each major economic sector. Interviews with 33 top-ranking government and IT-sector executives are used to elicit the key ICT policies. These policies were then further studied in interviews with 47 policy-makers and private sector managers who form the respondent base for this study. Findings show a skewed distribution of awareness of national ICT policy diffusion and that, as predicted, this distribution is related to sector-affiliation. Thus, the sets of policies that are closest to the inherent interests of chosen sectors and professional affiliations are identified. The findings suggest that correctly positioning ICT policies can be a critical element for the implementation of national strategies that shape the direction and pace of a country-wide development of ICT capabilities and capacity. This is especially so in developing countries, where the effects of ICTs in leveraging economic and social development are deemed to be substantial.
An electrically conductive plastic composite derived from polypyrrole and poly(vinyl chloride)

An electrically conductive plastic material was obtained by the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. The transmission electron microscopy shows that polypyrrole is uniformly distributed in the matrix. The conductivity of the composites fall in the range of 5 to 50 S/cm, and their mechanical properties, as measured in a stress—strain test, are very similar to those of pure poly(vinyl chloride). These can be further improved by addition of poly(chloroprene) rubber as a plasticizer.
Mixing of Cr51-labeled red cells in patients with congestive heart failure and controls.

Composite time-concentration curves of labeled erythrocytes in venous blood constructed by pooling data from 11 patients without circulatory failure showed a curve of mixing lasting 25 min. Data from 9 patients in congestive heart failure showed variable mixing lasting at least as long as in the control patients.
Neutrophil string formation: hydrodynamic thresholding and cellular deformation during cell collisions.

Neutrophils unexpectedly display flow-enhanced adhesion (hydrodynamic thresholding) to L-selectin in rolling or aggregation assays. We report that the primary collision efficiency (e) of flowing neutrophils with preadhered neutrophils on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) or fibrinogen also displayed a maximum of e ; 0.4-0.45 at a wall shear rate of 100 s � 1 , an example of thresholding. Primary collision lifetime with no detectable bonding decreased from 130 to 10 ms as wall shear rate increased from 30 to 300 s � 1 , whereas collision lifetimes with bonding decreased from 300 to 100 ms over this shear range using preadhered neutrophils on ICAM-1, with similar results for fibrinogen. Antibodies against L-selectin, but not against CD11a, CD11b, or CD18, reduced e at 100 s � 1 by .85%. High resolution imaging detected large scale deformation of the flowing neutrophil during the collision at 100 s � 1 with the apparent contact area increasing up to ;40 mm 2 . We observed the formation of long linear string assemblies of neutrophils downstream of neutrophils preadhered to ICAM-1, but not fibrinogen, with a maximum in string formation at 100 s � 1 . Secondary capture events to the ICAM-1 or fibrinogen coated surfaces after primary collisions were infrequent and short lived, typically lasting from 500 to 3500 ms. Between 5 and 20% of neutrophil interactions with ICAM-1 substrate converted to firm arrest (.3500 ms) and greatly exceeded that observed for fibrinogen, thus defining the root cause of poor string formation on fibrinogen at all shear rates. Additionally, neutrophils mobilized calcium after incorporation into strings. Static adhesion also caused calcium mobilization, as did the subsequent onset of flow. To our knowledge, this is the first report of 1), hydrodynamic thresholding in neutrophil string formation; 2), string formation on ICAM-1 but not on fibrinogen; 3), large cellular deformation due to collisions at a venous shear rate; and 4), mechanosensing through neutrophil b2-integrin/adhesion. The increased contact area during deformation was likely responsible for the hydrodynamic threshold observed in the primary collision efficiency since no increase in primary collision lifetime was detected as shear forces were increased (for either surface coating).
Processing of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers and their blends : analysis of an in-situ LCP composite system

Thermotropic LCP/LCP fiber blends were prepared by a combination of meltblending and hot-drawing, using a wholly aromatic copolyester KU-9211 (also called K161 from Bayer A.G.) and an aliphatic containing LCP (liquid crystalline polymer) PET/PHB60 (from Kodak Tennessee Eastman). Morphological evidence, including scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showed that the dispersed phase consisted primarily of highly oriented, 0.5 to 2 μm diameter rigid-rods of aromatic fibers imbedded in a matrix of predominantly aliphatic LCP fibrils with diameters in the range of 20 to 50 nm. An interphase of approximately 50 nm strongly bonded the two phases together. The fiber blends were characterized using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gas chromotography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), and rheological measurements. It appears that the processing conditions employed for melt blending had caused PET/PHB60 to undergo chain scission, thereby creating chemical interactions between the two LCP components during the melt blending process. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the extracted fraction from the mixture of 30 wt% K161/70 wt% PET(PHB60) confirmed the chemical interaction between the two thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers.
A Colorimetric Determination for 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) in Air, Blood and Water

Abstract J A simple, rapid colorimetric procedure is described for measuring microgram quantities of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) in blood and water. The method, with minor modification, has also been adapted for analysis of air samples. The report provides a calibrated range for analysis of 1-60 micrograms UDMH per milliliter fluid and of 2.5-50 ppm in air; its useful range may be considerably extended by manipulative dilution techniques. The test has additional, limited qualitative application to the analysis of urine.
What makes us human

The sequence of chimpanzee chromosome 22 is starting to help us to define the set of genetic attributes that are unique to humans, but interpreting the biological consequences of these remains a major challenge.
Making psychiatric history: madness as folie a plusieurs.

Is mental illness an object of knowledge? The history of psychiatry teaches us to doubt it, by emphasizing the infinitely variable and fluctuating character of psychiatric entities. Mental illness is not simply ‘out there’, waiting to be described and theorized by psychiatrists; it interacts with psychiatric theories, clinical entities waxing and waning in accordance with diagnostic fashions, institutional practices and methods of treatment. This should be a warning to psychiatrists and therapists: their intervention is part of the ‘etiological equation’ of the syndromes that they claim to observe from the outside. But this should also be a warning to historians of psychiatry, who can no longer be content with writing the history of ready-made syndromes and psychiatric theories. They must, if they want to remain faithful to their improbable ‘object’, study the complex interactions from which those syndromes and those theories emerge, somewhere between the doctors, the patients and the society that surroun...
Dynamics of HD Molecules Trapped in Cages of Zeolite

There is considerable interest in the use of mesoporous structures (e.g. zeolites and metal organic frameworks) for hydrogen storage but little is known about the molecular interactions and the dynamics of molecules inside the cages of these structures. In order to determine these properties we have measured the nuclear magnetic spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times of HD molecules trapped in the α-cages of zeolite 13X for a wide temperature range 1.6 12 K, corresponding to the onset of intercage diffusion.
The P55 protein affected by v-mos expression is vimentin.

Abstract Rabbit antiserum prepared against a cyclic 19-amino-acid peptide predicted from the sequence of the viral mos gene (v-mos) of Moloney murine sarcoma virus not only recognized v-mos gene products but also specifically detected a 55,000-Mr polypeptide expressed in a variety of cells that grow on solid surfaces. This normal cellular protein, previously shown to be reduced in amount in cells expressing the v-mos gene, was found to be the intermediate filament structural protein, vimentin. This conclusion was reached by comparing relative mobilities in denaturing gels, isoelectric points, immunoreactivities, location in the cell, and peptide maps.
Study of electrospray assisted electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes on insulator substrates

In recent years, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has been adopted as a cost-effective and reliable single-step solution-based room temperature coating method for carbon nanotubes (CNTs), predominantly on conducting surfaces. Contrary to this general pre-requisite of conductive target substrates, in this work we have explored a fabrication strategy for the scalable deposition of CNTs on insulating glass surfaces by the sequential combination of electrospraying and the EPD technique. This combined process flow has been referred to as “electrospray-assisted EPD”, where an initial CNT coating on glass substrates is obtained by electrospraying which, in turn, further assists CNT film growth by EPD. The successful integration of the electrospray technique in the EPD process flow also eliminates the need for surface functionalization of the insulator substrates prior to the deposition step. Electrospray-assisted EPD has resulted in the successful fabrication of uniform, homogenous, and thick CNT deposits (∼4.5 - 5 μm) with precise thickness control. A detailed investigation of the effect of the initial electrosprayed coating on the final CNT film growth and thickness is also presented in this report. This research endeavor presents a significant opportunity for the integration of this deposition model into a wider platform of materials research and technology, chemical sensing, and applications based upon printable and flexible electronics.
Secondary Prevention After Cardioembolic Stroke

Cardiac causes of ischemic stroke usually lead to severe neurological deficits from large intracranial artery occlusion compared to small vessel ischemic stroke. The most common cause of cardioembolic stroke is nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF), which has an increasing incidence with age. Other less common causes of cardioembolic stroke include myocardial infarction, left ventricular thrombus, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, valvular abnormalities, and endocarditis. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common finding on echocardiograms in patients with and without stroke (up to 20 % of the population), and a controversial source of cryptogenic stroke. AF stroke trials demonstrate that anticoagulation is superior to antiplatelet therapy in terms of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism prevention. Recently, warfarin has been compared with a number of drugs with different mechanisms of anticoagulation, namely direct thrombin (Factor II) inhibitors and Factor Xa inhibitors, which are collectively referred to as the novel or new oral anticoagulants (NOAC). Overall, the NOACs were found to be at least equally effective in reducing ischemic stroke with less intracranial bleeding risk. NOACs are attractive because of warfarin’s narrow therapeutic index, requirement for frequent blood monitoring, multiple drug interactions, and a higher rate of intracranial bleeding as compared to NOACs in randomized trials. The best way to prevent cardioembolic stroke remains early detection and treatment of AF in eligible patients, and treating the underlying stroke mechanism.
Upper Bounds for the Lengths of $s$ -Extremal Codes Over $\BBF _{2}$ , $\BBF _{4}$ , and $\BBF _{2} + u\BBF _{2}$

Our purpose is to find an upper bound for the length of an s-extremal code over F2 (resp. F4) when d equiv 2 (mod 4) (resp. d odd). This question is left open in [A bound for certain s -extremal lattices and codes, Archiv der Mathematik, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 143-151, 2007] (resp. [s-extremal additive F4 codes, Advances in Mathematics of Communications, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 111-130,2007]). More precisely, we show that if there is an [n, n/2, d] s-extremal Type I binary self-dual code with d > 6 and d equiv 2 (mod 4), then n 1 and d, equiv 1 (mod 2), then n < 13d - 26. We also define s-extremal self-dual codes over F2 + uF2 and derive an upper bound for the length of an .s-extremal self-dual code over F2 + uF2 using the information on binary s-extremal codes.
Hypertension and the adrenergic system.

The increasing role of adrenergic drugs may be related to the possibility that adrenergic system abnormalities contribute to the development of primary hypertension.
B-1: a history

First proposed in 1970 as a replacement for the B-52 manned strategic bomber, the B-1 has fallen into and out of favor with every Administration since. yet, while production costs have soared, performance expectations have declined.
IMPACT OF A REPLACEMENT BIRTH RATE ON U.S. ADULT VALUE STRUCTURE

Summary.-Consequences of a replacement birth rate would include changes in the population age distribution. This study combined estimates of these age distribution changes with estimates of the relationship between age and values to yield estimates of the impact of a replacement birth rate on value structure. Results suggest that virtually no changes in value structure should occur solely as a consequence of a replacement birth rate. The current birth rate in the United States is close to (if not below) a replacement level, and if the birth rate continues at this level, the size of the population will gradually stabilize. Equally important, the age composition of the population will change gradually to include a smaller proportion of children and a much larger proportion of old persons. For both practical and scientific reasons, it appears useful to anticipate the psychological consequences, if any, of these changes. Recently, it was concluded that such demographic changes alone would produce no major changes in several psychological characteristics of the U.S. population, including average abilities, personality patterns, and incidence of important life transitions (3). The present study uses the same procedures to investigate the possible impact of the same demographic changes on future value structures of U.S. adults. Because the purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of demographic changes alone, other variables known to affect value structures are assumed to be constant. The basic procedure was to combine age distributions in various years after attainment of a replacement birth rate with estimates of the relationship between age and values to yield estimaes of population values for the same years. In order to compute the age distributions, it was assumed that U.S. women continue to have their children at the same relative ages, but give birth to only enough female children to yield a net reproduction rate of 1.00. It was also assumed that the death rate for the entire U.S. population sank to the level of the white population's death rate at the same time a replacement birth rate was attained. Using the 1969 age distribution as a base, these assumptions were used to compute age distributions at 10-yr. intervals for 150 yr. after attainment of a replacement birth rate ( 3). The trends in the size and age structure of these distributions appear consistent with other estimates of a gradual transition to a stable population in the United States (1, 2). Value structure was assessed in terms of Rokeach's (4) Value Survey which asks persons to make separate rank orderings of 18 "terminal" and 18 "instrumental" values. Terminal values refer to end states of existence and instru
Preventing Drug-resistant Infections in Health Care

Health care-acquired infections (HAIs) affect millions of health care workers and patients every year and are becoming increasingly resistant to common treatments. These dangerous infections are largely preventable, but are created primarily by the inappropriate administration of antibiotics and spread by inadequate infection control practices by health care workers. Many institutions currently do not report or effectively control HAI outbreaks, but the regulatory climate is changing and medical imaging personnel have an important role in preventing the spread of HAIs. This article introduces contamination types and transmission facets of the HAI problem. Physical reservoirs in the health care environment are identified and the epidemiology, surveillance and control of emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria are reviewed.
Field epidemiological analysis on the first case of human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) in Huangpu District of Shanghai

[Objective]Based on the investigation and treatment of the cases of human infection with avian influenza A( H7N9),to study the application effect of field epidemiology on public health emergencies.[Methods]The epidemiological investigation and observation of close contacts were performed on a case of human infection with avian influenza A( H7N9),and the subtype of viral nucleic acid was identified by RT-PCR.[Results]The case was confirmed as the human infection with avian influenza A( H7N9) according to the clinical manifestations and pathogen detection.Before onset of the disease,the patient had done some shopping in a live poultry market near his house,and has eaten the frozen chicken once,while there was no other suspicious contact history.4 close contacts of the patient were observed,and interpersonal transmission was not found.The disease had the characteristics of acute onset,rapid progress and serious damage to multiple organs.Although with active rescue,the patient died on the seventh day of onset.In the epidemic treatment,disease control and prevention institutions,and clinical professionals provided the technical support,the government paid great attention to,and the multi-sector collaboration was performed.The reports of disease were timely,and the response was rapid.The epidemiological investigation was conducted frequently,to constantly enrich and perfect the survey data,and the effect was satisfactory.[Conclusion]The virus strain has poultry characteristics,and there is no interpersonal transmission.However,the virus infection sources and transmission factors are not known.The field epidemiology provides an important theory and method for public health emergency response.
Practical issues in conducting small-area variation analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This paper provides a detailed examination of the conduct of a small-area variation analysis (SAVA) health services research project to aid other researchers in performing and interpreting such projects. STUDY CONDUCT SAVA was performed on hospital admissions with suspected acute cardiac ischemia in the state of Michigan, and the details of each of the steps are presented. The study team consisted of the principal investigator, a biostatistician, a health economist, a medical geographer, and a systems analyst. Data were obtained from the state hospital association and from a commercial demographics source. Small areas for analysis were defined by a patient origin clustering method. Crude area rates were adjusted for age and gender composition of small areas. Multivariate Poisson regression that included sociodemographic variables was performed on adjusted rates. Issues in interpretation of SAVA and practical barriers to primary care SAVA are discussed.
MicroRNomics of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of noncoding, conserved, tiny (19–24 nt) RNAs that regulate gene expression either by RNA interference (RNAi), where they target 3′-UTR and degrade mRNA or repress translation, or by RNA activation (RNAa), where they target promoter elements at 5′-UTR and induce gene transcription. They have emerged as a therapeutic target for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases because each miRNA has several targets that allows it to make a layer of regulatory network. Diabetes is recognized as a multifactorial metabolic disease that increases the chances of heart failure and exacerbates mortality. MiRNAs regulates insulin production, beta-cell differentiation, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and rhythm, and thereby plays a crucial role in cardiac remodeling in diabetes. Differential expression of circulatory miRNAs has potential as a biomarker for heart failure in diabetes. It is documented that miRNAs regulate inflammation, epigenetic modifications, and autophagy and are altered by matrix metalloproteinase 9, homocysteine, and exercise, which are associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. This chapter embodies the differentially expressed miRNAs in diabetic hearts, their plausible causes of deregulation, and the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy.
The Kindergarten Transition: Behavioral Trajectories in the First Formal Year of School

ABSTRACTDuring the first year of school, student success hinges on learning not only new academic skills, but also behavioral expectations and developing self-regulation skills in the classroom. The purpose of this study was to investigate development in behavioral regulation during the kindergarten year. The authors used multilevel models to explore the association between sex and risk status on academic engagement and disruptive behavior trajectories based on daily teacher-generated behavioral ratings obtained for 22 full-day kindergarten students (six at risk, 12 male) across 80 school days. Results indicated that, in general, behavior improved over time; academic engagement increased whereas disruptive behavior decreased. However, behavioral trajectories varied as a function of sex and risk status. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.
The Ethics of Biological Interventions on Psychopathic Prisoners

Hubner and White's (2016) argument that deep brain stimulation (DBS) is unethical in treating psychopathic prisoners is provocative, interesting, and timely. It rests on two main assumptions. First...
A cross-layer traffic analysis countermeasure against adaptive attackers of Wireless Sensor Networks

In most Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications the sensors forward their readings to a central sink or base station (BS). The unique role of the BS makes it a natural target for an adversary's attack. Even if a WSN employs conventional security mechanisms such as encryption and authentication, an adversary may apply traffic analysis techniques to locate the BS. This motivates a significant need for improved BS anonymity to protect the identity, role, and location of the BS. Previous work presented distributed beamforming as an effective anonymity-boosting technique. Such work evaluated the anonymity performance of distributed beamforming when its application is unknown to the adversary. In this paper we reinforce the use of distributed beamforming as a cross-layer anonymity-boosting technique, even when the adversary is fully aware of its application and adapts the attack strategy accordingly. Moreover, we demonstrate that a cross-layer implementation of distributed beamforming successfully misdirects such an adaptive adversary.
Marital Happiness and Inter-Racial Marriage: A Study in a Multi-Ethnic Community in Hawaii

Inter-racial marriages are often reported as less stable and less happy than intra-racial marriages, but the effect of race and culture is difficult to separate. This paper examines self-reported m...
The DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine induces RASSF1A expression in EJ6 human bladder carcinoma cells

4114 RASSF1A (Ras association domain family 1A) gene, a tumor suppressor gene, is located at chromosome 3p21.3 and is epigenetically inactivated in many human cancers. The re-expression of RASSF1A can arrest tumor cells in G1/S, inhibiting their proliferation. Recent studies have identified RASSF1A promoter methylation as a major mechanism of its silencing. We report here that 5-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine (FdCyd) treatment of EJ6 human bladder carcinoma cells, in which RASSF1A is not expressed, decreases the RASSF1A promoter methylation and increases the RASSF1A mRNA expression. Primers specific for methylated and unmethylated sequences in the region of the RASSF1A promoter CpG Island were used for methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis of bisulfite-modified DNA. An unmethylated signal was observed in EJ6 cells treated with 1, 10 or 100 μM FdCyd for 3 days and was stronger after 3 weeks of treatment with 10 or 100 μM FdCyd and 9 weeks of treatment with 1 μM FdCyd. A methylated signal was observed in both FdCyd-treated and untreated EJ6 cells, indicating both successful bisulfate conversion and a lack of complete demethylation in all cells. The bisulfite modified DNA samples from EJ6 cells that were treated with 100 μM FdCyd from 3 days to 12 weeks were used for quantitative DNA CpG methylation analysis of RASSF1A by methylation-sensitive single-nucleotide primer extension (Ms-SNuPE). The average methylation of the four CpG sites examined was 0.96 in untreated EJ6 cells, 0.85 after treatment with 1 μM 5-azadeoxycytidine for 3 days. After the EJ6 cells were treated by FdCyd for 14 or 15 weeks at 1, 10 or 100 μM concentration, the average methylation was 0.80, 0.67 or 0.57 respectively. The expression of RASSF1A mRNA was examined by RT-PCR. A 245-bp amplification fragment of the RASSF1A message was undetected in untreated EJ6 cells and was detected after treatment of the cells with 100 μM FdCyd for 3 weeks. The signal was greater after longer exposures, up to 9 weeks. We compared the expression of RASSF1A mRNA (normalized to HPRT ) in untreated and FdCyd-treated EJ6 cells to the expression in normal human fibroblasts (HF). In EJ6 cells treated with 100 μM FdCyd for 3 and 9 weeks, the relative RASSF1A mRNA expression was 2.0% and 39.9%, respectively, of the expression in HF. Thus, FdCyd, not only inhibits RASSF1A DNA methylation, but also increases RASSF1A mRNA expression. (Supported by CA81055 and CA33572.)
A Novel Use of Peer Coaching to Teach Primary Palliative Care Skills: Coaching Consultation

Abstract Background We aim to address palliative care workforce shortages by teaching clinicians how to provide primary palliative care through peer coaching. Intervention We offered peer coaching to internal medicine residents and hospitalists (attendings, nurse practioners, and physician assistants). Measures An audit of peer coaching encounters and coachee feedback to better understand the applicability of peer coaching in the inpatient setting to teach primary palliative care. Outcomes Residents and hospitalist attendings participated in peer coaching for a broad range of palliative care–related questions about pain and symptom management (44%), communication (34%), and hospice (22%). Clinicians billed for 68% of encounters using a time-based billing model. Content analysis of coachee feedback identified that the most useful elements of coaching are easy access to expertise, tailored teaching, and being in partnership. Conclusion/Lessons Learned Peer coaching can be provided in the inpatient setting to teach primary palliative care and potentially extend the palliative care work force.
Astronomy: The star that would not die.

An event that initially resembled an ordinary supernova explosion continued to erupt brightly for more than 600 days. Standard theoretical models cannot explain the event's properties. See Letter p.210 Thousands of 'core-collapse' supernovae have been observed over the past 15 years, with common observational elements such as hydrogen absorption lines that slow over time and a single light-curve peak or luminosity that plateaus for around 100 days before declining. Iair Arcavi and colleagues report observations of the supernova iPTF14hls, which does not display the usual elements. Its light curve has multiple peaks and extends over 600 days. They conclude that the properties could be explained by ejection of several tens of solar masses of gas a few hundred days before the explosion, but there is no viable explanation for how this occurred. Although multiple pre-supernova eruptions are predicted by the pulsational pair instability, that model is inconsistent with the energetics involved here and the continued presence of hydrogen absorption lines with no decrease in velocity.
Seed Dormancy and Germination Ecology of Calycanthus floridus L., a Species with Threatened Status in Kentucky

Abstract The seed germination ecology of Calycanthus floridus (Eastern Sweetshrub) has not been formally investigated. The purposes of this study were to determine the type of seed dormancy found in the species, the most effective method of breaking this dormancy, and the environmental conditions producing maximum germination. We employed a variety of standard treatments to determine the specific type(s) of dormancy present, as well as treatments to determine effective dormancy-breaking mechanisms. We determined that seeds possessed physical dormancy (PY) imposed by a water-impermeable seed coat. Mechanical scarification was the most effective method of breaking PY; submersion in acid was also moderately effective. Seed germination following scarification can occur over a wide range of temperatures. There is no light requirement for seed germination. This study represents the first case of physical dormancy reported for the genus and only the second for the family.
Multi-lingual Concept Extraction with Linked Data and Human-in-the-Loop

Ontologies are dynamic artifacts that evolve both in structure and content. Keeping them up-to-date is a very expensive and critical operation for any application relying on semantic Web technologies. In this paper we focus on evolving the content of an ontology by extracting relevant instances of ontological concepts from text. We propose a novel technique which is (i) completely language independent, (ii) combines statistical methods with human-in-the-loop and (iii) exploits Linked Data as bootstrapping source. Our experiments on a publicly available medical corpus and on a Twitter dataset show that the proposed solution achieves comparable performances regardless of language, domain and style of text. Given that the method relies on a human-in-the-loop, our results can be safely fed directly back into Linked Data resources.
Interpretation of structural analytical models from the coordination view in building information models

Abstract Structural design/analysis is one of the most needed uses of Building Information Modeling (BIM). Transforming a building information model to an engineering analytical model is tedious and time-consuming. In addition to geometry transformation, extensive modifications and interpretations are required to make the complex transformed model ready for analysis. Despite such a recognized need, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) has not been developed sufficiently in engineering analysis uses of BIM as much as it is in some other uses such as design coordination and facility management. As a contribution to addressing this void, development of a new mechanism is discussed in this paper for transformation of IFC building information models in the Coordination View to their equivalent structural models in IFC Structural Analysis View. Considering IFC as the input and output file formats of the mechanism significantly increases the level of interoperability in the proposed model interpretation process. This mechanism is designed to automate the required transformation, modification, and additions operations during such information exchanges. To illustrate feasibility of its implementation, a tool is introduced to automate the developed Interpreted Information Exchange (IIE) mechanism, and its application through a case study serves as validation of the mechanism. The designed IIE mechanism can be extended to automate additional structural modeling tasks. The IIE concept is also applicable to other uses of BIM, especially engineering analysis uses, in order to automate creation of analytical modeling from building information models.
Lesion Size Does Not Predict Outcomes in Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation.

Background:Cartilage repair algorithms use lesion size to choose surgical techniques when selecting a cartilage repair procedure. The association of fresh osteochondral allograft (OCA) size with gr...
Continuum Mechanics: One Spatial Dimension

In the previous chapter we investigated how to model the spatial motion of objects (cars, molecules, etc.) but omitted the possibility that the objects exert forces on each other. The objective now is to introduce this into the modeling. The situations where this is needed are quite varied and include the deformation of an elastic bar, the stretching of a string, or the flow of air or water.
Theories for Studying Rural Families and Work

In this chapter, we discuss the role of theory and how it helps to shape our interpretation of data and findings. An overview is presented of the major theoretical frameworks used by the Rural Families Speak (RFS) research team members to study various aspects of employment for rural low-income family. RFS findings are used to illustrate the frameworks and suggestions are made regarding future research. The theories presented are further addressed in chapters throughout the book. The 22 theories are grouped into major categories: (a) Ecological, (b) Capital, Capabilities, and Family Economic, (c) Resource based, (d) Life perspectives, and (e) Employment/Output.
Circadian Oscillations in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the site of an endogenous clock mechanism, exhibiting circadian rhythms of metabolism, electrophysiological activity, and gene expression. SCN tissue is composed of cellular populations that are structurally, functionally, and spatially heterogeneous. It is a multioscillator system, with individual cells and SCN subdivisions acting as coupled but dissociable circadian oscillators. Coupling between cells and regions likely depends on classical and peptide neurotransmitters as well as on nonsynaptic mechanisms. The molecular, cellular, and tissue substrates for hypothesized, mutually coupled morning and evening circadian oscillators within the SCN are not yet known.
Initial Total Thyroidectomy Versus Lobectomy with Intraoperative Frozen Section for Thyroid Nodules That Are “Suspicious for PTC”

The optimal surgical management for a thyroid nodule that is ‘suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)’ remains unclear. Surgical options include (1) lobectomy with intraoperative frozen section or (2) initial total thyroidectomy. To help address this clinical question we employ the GRADE approach. The current literature was reviewed, and outcomes were assessed for their impact on clinical decision-making as related to thyroid surgery. Based on our review of the literature, it is clear that there is currently a paucity of high-to-moderate quality evidence regarding the treatment of patients with thyroid nodules that are ‘suspicious for PTC’. Important aspects to consider in the decision-making process are (1) accuracy of diagnosis and (2) relative risk of surgery. When considering the available evidence, assuming relatively low complication rates by experienced surgeons, initial total thyroidectomy may be recommended.
Public Health Accreditation: History, Implications, and Opportunities for Tribal Public Health.

For several years before the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) launched the national voluntary public health accreditation process in 2011, tribes and American Indian/Alaska Native partner organizations took an active role in discussions about public health improvement. PHAB's ongoing col
Definitive Radiation Therapy and Survival in Clinically Node-Positive Prostate Cancer.

Purpose The survival benefit of combined radiation therapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) compared with ADT alone for clinically lymph node–positive prostate cancer remains controversial. Methods and Materials We identified patients with clinically node-positive, nonmetastatic prostate cancer diagnosed between 2000 and 2015 and treated with ADT (n = 450) or ADT-RT (n = 198) from a national Veterans Affairs database. We compared prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) between treatment groups using multivariable competing-risks regression and Cox regression, respectively. An interaction term between ADT-RT and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (dichotomized about the median) was included in the multivariable models. Results ADT-RT was associated with improved PCSM among patients with PSA levels less than the median of 26 ng/mL (sub-distribution hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.88; P = .02) but not greater than the median (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% CI 0.67-1.96; P = .62) (P = .038 for interaction). ADT-RT was also associated with improved ACM among patients with PSA levels less than the median (HR, 0.38; 95% CI 0.25-0.57; P Conclusions Definitive treatment with ADT-RT is associated with improved PCSM and ACM among patients with clinically node-positive prostate cancer and lower baseline PSA levels. Patients with clinically node-positive disease appear to be a heterogeneous cohort, with a subset who may achieve long-term survival with combined RT and ADT.