cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Perception and Social Reality: Why Accuracy Dominates Bias and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Social Perception and Social Reality (Jussim 2012) reviews the evidence in social psychology and related fields and reaches three conclusions: (1) Although errors, biases, and self-fulfilling prophecies in person perception are real, reliable, and occasionally quite powerful, on average, they tend to be weak, fragile, and fleeting. (2) Perceptions of individuals and groups tend to be at least moderately, and often highly accurate. (3) Conclusions based on the research on error, bias, and self-fulfilling prophecies routinely greatly overstate their power and pervasiveness, and consistently ignore evidence of accuracy, agreement, and rationality in social perception. The weight of the evidence - including some of the most classic research widely interpreted as testifying to the power of biased and self-fulfilling processes - is that interpersonal expectations relate to social reality primarily because they reflect rather than cause social reality. This is the case not only for teacher expectations, but also for social stereotypes, both as perceptions of groups, and as the bases of expectations regarding individuals. The time is long overdue to replace cherry-picked and unjustified stories emphasizing error, bias, the power of self-fulfilling prophecies, and the inaccuracy of stereotypes, with conclusions that more closely correspond to the full range of empirical findings, which includes multiple failed replications of classic expectancy studies, meta-analyses consistently demonstrating small or at best moderate expectancy effects, and high accuracy in social perception.
Efficient Full-Wave Analysis of Multilayer Interconnection Structures Using a Novel Domain Decomposition–Model-Order Reduction Method

A novel domain decomposition-model-order reduction method is proposed for efficient full-wave finite-element analysis of multilayer interconnection structures. By considering the special properties of a multilayer structure, the field at each nonmetallic interface (via-holes or other apertures) can be approximated with a modal expansion to establish a boundary condition and decompose the entire computational domain into separate layers. The coupling between each dielectric layer is taken into account through a mode-matching process. To further speed up the computation in each layer, the solution space projection, which is a multipoint model-order reduction method, is integrated into the aforementioned domain decomposition method to form a complete solution algorithm. With the aid of reduced-order models, the domain decomposition process at each frequency is accelerated and a fast broadband analysis is achieved. This domain decomposition-model-order reduction method, called approximate modal interface-solution space projection, is implemented using the finite-element method and validated through several examples, which demonstrate the efficiency of the method in both the computation time and memory usage.
Readability of Printed Patient Information for Epileptic Patients

BACKGROUND:Written information can be a valuable tool in patient education. Studies evaluating written information for various disease states have frequently demonstrated that the majority of literature is written at a readability level that exceeds that of the average patient, and it has been recommended that written communications for adult patients should be provided at a fifth-grade level or lower.OBJECTIVE:To assess the readability of printed patient information available to patients with epilepsy.METHODS:Samples of written patient information (n = 101) were obtained from various sources. The information was classified based on source, content, and intended audience, and readability was assessed using the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Flesch—Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) score.RESULTS:The mean FRES and FKGL score for all samples were 50.2 and 9.4, respectively. Significant differences were observed in both the FRES and FKGL score of material obtained from different sources; however, no difference...
Elimination of frequency search from robustness tests

An example is given which demonstrates that the multivariable stability margin can be a discontinuous function of frequency. A method which checks for robustness without a frequency search and thus alleviates the associated difficulties is proposed. It is shown that robustness can be verified by solving only one multivariable stability margin problem, readily constructed from a state-space realization of the given plant. >
Epitaxial growth of gadolinium oxide on roll-textured nickel using a solution growth technique

Chemical solution epitaxy was used to deposit an epitaxial film of Gd2O3 on roll-textured nickel. A 2-methoxyethanol solution of gadolinium methoxyethoxide was used for spin-coating and dip-coating. Films were crystallized using a heat treatment at 1160 °C for 1 h in 4% H2/96% Ar. Single-layer films were approximately 600 A in thickness, and thicker films could be produced using multiple coatings. θ/2θ x-ray diffractograms revealed only (0041) reflections, indicating a high degree of out-of-plane texture. A pole-figure about the Gd2O3 (222) reflection indicated a single in-plane epitaxy. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the films were smooth, continuous, and free of pin holes. Atomic force microscopy revealed an average surface roughness of 53 A. Electron diffraction indicated that the misalignment of the majority of the grains in the plane was less than 10°. High-current (0.4 MA/cm2) Yba2Cu3O7–δ films were grown on roll-textured nickel substrates using Gd2O3 as the base layer in a three-layer buffer structure.
Minimum Variance Hedging and the Encompassing Principle: Assessing The Effectiveness of Futures Hedges

An empirical methodology is developed for statistically testing the hedging effectiveness among competing futures contracts. The presented methodology is based on the encompassing principle, widely used in the forecasting literature, and applied here to minimum variance hedging regressions. Intuitively, the test is based on an alternative futures contract's ability to reduce residual basis risk by offering either diversification or a smaller absolute level of basis risk than a preferred futures contract. The methodology is also easily extended to cases involving multiple hedging instruments and general hedge ratio models. The methodology is demonstrated by evaluating the hedging effectiveness of Chicago Board of Trade's (CBOT) corn futures versus the Minneapolis Grain Exchange's National Corn Index (NCI) futures. The results indicate that the NCI futures encompass the CBOT futures for hedging country-level corn price risk in North Central Iowa; but, the NCI and CBOT futures are complementary in hedging terminal-level corn price risk at the U.S. Gulf.
Hazard/risk evaluation - What is it?

Many have struggled with how to address the requirement for an evaluation contained in the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E [1]. Many believe that risk management meets this requirement. This article will provide a definition for what a hazard/risk evaluation is and a method for performing a hazard/risk evaluation. The risk assessment and how it fits in an overall risk management process and the relationship between risk assessment and hazard/risk evaluation are also discussed. The flowchart currently in NFPA 70E does not start with the right question and needs modification. This article will explore a new starting place for the thought process and suggest that the flowchart in NFPA 70E needs modification.
ZnSe-Ge heterojunction transistors

Heterojunction transistors are described consisting of n ZnSe epitaxially deposited on Ge base-collector junctions. The low-frequency common-emitter current gain is analyzed in terms of the injection efficiency and base transport factor. The injection efficiency is limited by interface recombination and capture-tunneling components in the emitter current, and the transport factor by low base lifetimes resulting from lattice and thermal mismatches involved with heterojunctions. Experimentally, the gain is constant at low injection levels and varies as a fractional power of the current at higher levels. The gain improves with decreased base widths and higher fields. Increasing the emitter resistivity reduces the capture-tunneling component in the emitter current, and increases the gain. Relatively small temperature dependence is observed, with β decreasing slightly at lower temperatures.
Augmented segmentation and visualization for presentation videos

We investigate methods of segmenting, visualizing, and indexing presentation videos by both audio and visual data. The audio track is segmented by speaker, and augmented with key phrases which are extracted using an Automatic Speech Recognizer (ASR). The video track is segmented by visual dissimilarities and changes in speaker gesturing, and augmented by representative key frames. An interactive user interface combines a visual representation of audio, video, text, key frames, and allows the user to navigate presentation videos. User studies with 176 students of varying knowledge were conducted on 7.5 hours of student presentation video (32 presentations). Tasks included searching for various portions of presentations, both known and unknown to students, and summarizing presentations given the annotations. The results are favorable towards the video summaries and the interface, suggesting faster responses by a factor of 20% compared to having access to the actual video. Accuracy of responses remained the same on average. Follow-up surveys present a number of suggestions towards improving the interface, such as the incorporation of automatic speaker clustering and identification, and the display of an abstract topological view of the presentation. Surveys also show alternative contexts in which students would like to use the tool in the classroom environment.
Polytope Codes Against Adversaries in Networks

This paper investigates a network coding problem wherein an adversary controls a subset of nodes in the network of limited quantity but unknown location. This problem is shown to be more difficult than that of an adversary controlling a given number of edges in the network, in that linear codes are insufficient. To solve the node problem, the class of polytope codes is introduced. Polytope codes are constant composition codes operating over bounded polytopes in integer vector fields. The polytope structure creates additional complexity, but it induces properties on marginal distributions of code vectors so that validities of codewords can be checked by internal nodes of the network. It is shown that polytope codes achieve a cut-set bound for a class of planar networks. It is also shown that this cut-set bound is not always tight, and a tighter bound is given for an example network.
When Winning Isn’t Everything: The Lawyer As Problem Solver

It is very odd to give lectures in places where one has grown up. I grew up just a few miles from Hofstra in Queens in the 1950s and attended the Ethical Culture Society of Long Island just a few miles from there, where I spent my childhood learning about different cultures and religions of the world. I spent my early professional years in Philadelphia, as a legal services attorney in North Philadelphia, just a few miles from Temple Law School. In both of these metropolitan areas I was learning that there were many different kinds of people, a wide variety of legal problems and injustices to be corrected, and many different approaches to be used in both legal and social problem solving. Learning from others and appreciating the different ways we do things is one of the themes of this lecture. Today I want to address the question of what the modern lawyer needs to know and what the modern lawyer must know how to do to be good at what he or she does, to be helpful to clients, to lead a fulfilling life, and hopefully, to leave the world a better place than he or she first found it. I went to law school to work on that illusive jurisprudential concept—justice. On the outside walls of the Edward Bennett Williams Library where I work in Washington, DC, is a quote, which we attribute to a former Georgetown student; “Justice is the ends, law is the means.” So today I want to talk about some ways to achieve justice, both substantively and with different means—means in which law is part, but not the whole, of a process.
Maximizing Boosted Top Identification by Minimizing N-subjettiness

N-subjettiness is a jet shape designed to identify boosted hadronic objects such as top quarks. Given N subjet axes within a jet, N-subjettiness sums the angular dis- tances of jet constituents to their nearest subjet axis. Here, we generalize and improve on N-subjettiness by minimizing over all possible subjet directions, using a new variant of the k-means clustering algorithm. On boosted top benchmark samples from the BOOST2010 workshop, we demonstrate that a simple cut on the 3-subjettiness to 2-subjettiness ratio yields 20% (50%) tagging efficiency for a 0.23% (4.1%) fake rate, making N-subjettiness a highly effective boosted top tagger. N-subjettiness can be modified by adjusting an angular weighting exponent, and we find that the jet broadening measure is preferred for boosted top searches. We also explore multivariate techniques, and show that additional improvements are possible using a modified Fisher discriminant. Finally, we briefly mention how our mini- mization procedure can be extended to the entire event, allowing the event shape N-jettiness to act as a fixed N cone jet algorithm.
An equivalent noise investigation of saccadic suppression.

Visual stimuli presented just before or during an eye movement are more difficult to detect than those same visual stimuli presented during fixation. This laboratory phenomenon—behavioral saccadic suppression—is thought to underlie the everyday experience of not perceiving the motion created by our own eye movements—saccadic omission. At the neural level, many cortical and subcortical areas respond differently to perisaccadic visual stimuli than to stimuli presented during fixation. Those neural response changes, however, are complex and the link to the behavioral phenomena of reduced detectability remains tentative. We used a well established model of human visual detection performance to provide a quantitative description of behavioral saccadic suppression and thereby allow a more focused search for its neural mechanisms. We used an equivalent noise method to distinguish between three mechanisms that could underlie saccadic suppression. The first hypothesized mechanism reduces the gain of the visual system, the second increases internal noise levels in a stimulus-dependent manner, and the third increases stimulus uncertainty. All three mechanisms predict that perisaccadic stimuli should be more difficult to detect, but each mechanism predicts a unique pattern of detectability as a function of the amount of external noise. Our experimental finding was that saccades increased detection thresholds at low external noise, but had little influence on thresholds at high levels of external noise. A formal analysis of these data in the equivalent noise analysis framework showed that the most parsimonious mechanism underlying saccadic suppression is a stimulus-independent reduction in response gain.
Integrated Optimal Formation Control of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In this paper, we investigate the formation control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), specifically unmanned aircraft, in an obstacle-laden environment. The main contribution of this paper is to integrate the formation control, trajectory tracking, and obstacle/collision avoidance into one unified optimal control framework. A nonquadratic avoidance cost is innovatively constructed via an inverse optimal control approach, which leads to an analytical, distributed, and optimal formation control law. The stability and optimality of the closed-loop system are proven. In addition, the proposed optimal control law is dependent only on the information from the local neighbors, rather than all UAVs' information. Simulation of multiple UAVs' formation flying demonstrates the effectiveness of the integrated optimal control design with desired behaviors including formation flying, trajectory tracking, and obstacle/collision avoidance.
Design and Functional Characteristics of a Model Pressure-Measuring System

Design of a system for measuring model pressures up to 200 mm Hg absolute with particular emphasis in the 0.10- to 1.0-mm Hg absolute pressure range is described. Twenty-four model pressures can be measured and recorded by the system in six successive time periods of 15 sec after a 75-sec time for pressures to stabilize in the model tubulation. Automatic controls are described by which each of the unknown pressures may be passed successively to three miniature, small-volume transducers of increasing sensitivity. Automatic means are described which prevent any of the transducers from being over-pressurized. Rapid, accurate, calibration procedures using a servo-driven, null-type micromanometer are described. Typical results of pressure-dist ribution tests obtained at a Mach number (M) of 9.8, freestream pressure (P^) of 0.3 mm Hg, reservoir temperature T0 of 2760°R, and a Reynolds number R6 of 2.0 X 10 5/ft are presented. I. Introduction
Cosmological Parameters from Observations of Galaxy Clusters

Studies of galaxy clusters have proved crucial in helping to establish the standard model of cosmology, with a Universe dominated by dark matter and dark energy. A theoretical basis that describes clusters as massive, multicomponent, quasi-equilibrium systems is growing in its capability to interpret multiwavelength observations of expanding scope and sensitivity. We review current cosmological results, including contributions to fundamental physics, obtained from observations of galaxy clusters. These results are consistent with and complementary to those from other methods. We highlight several areas of opportunity for the next few years, and emphasize the need for accurate modeling of survey selection and sources of systematic error. Capitalizing on these opportunities will require a multiwavelength approach and the application of rigorous statistical frameworks, utilizing the combined strengths of observers, simulators, and theorists.
Just Post It The Lesson From Two Cases of Fabricated Data Detected by Statistics Alone

I argue that requiring authors to post the raw data supporting their published results has the benefit, among many others, of making fraud much less likely to go undetected. I illustrate this point by describing two cases of suspected fraud I identified exclusively through statistical analysis of reported means and standard deviations. Analyses of the raw data behind these published results provided invaluable confirmation of the initial suspicions, ruling out benign explanations (e.g., reporting errors, unusual distributions), identifying additional signs of fabrication, and also ruling out one of the suspected fraud’s explanations for his anomalous results. If journals, granting agencies, universities, or other entities overseeing research promoted or required data posting, it seems inevitable that fraud would be reduced.
Rhodium-catalyzed intermolecular C-H silylation of arenes with high steric regiocontrol.

Regioselective C–H functionalization of arenes has widespread applications in synthetic chemistry. The regioselectivity of these reactions is often controlled by directing groups or steric hindrance ortho to a potential reaction site. Here, we report a catalytic intermolecular C–H silylation of unactivated arenes that manifests very high regioselectivity through steric effects of substituents meta to a potential site of reactivity. The silyl moiety can be further functionalized under mild conditions but is also inert toward many common organic transformations, rendering the silylarene products useful building blocks. The remote steric effect that we observe results from the steric properties of both the rhodium catalyst and the silane.
Synthesis and Reactions of 2-Substituted Ethyl N-Alkylmalonylhydroxamic Acids

Alkylation of O-silylated N-alkylmalonylhydroxamic acids provides a method for the synthesis of 2-substituted N-alkylmalonyl hydroxamic acids. The substituent at C-2 does not materially change the chemistry of the α-lactam intermediates produced from them. They can be converted to unsymmetric ureas and hydantoins in high yields. The addition of unsaturated substituents at C-2 is used to produce cyclic ureas containing medium rings via RCM reactions.
Practical synthesis of α-aminoalkyl-α′-chloromethylketone derivatives. Part 2: Chloromethylation of N-imine-protected amino acid esters

Abstract Chloromethylation of N -imine-protected amino acid esters followed by acid hydrolysis gave α-aminoalkyl-α′-chloromethylketone as a HCl salt form in good yield without racemization. The amino group was conveniently protected with carbamate protecting reagents to give various useful intermediates for the protease inhibitors.
A Joint Livestock-Crop Multi-factor Relative Productivity Approach

An output distance function conditional on the expansion of a second output is presented. These distance functions are used to calculate distinct relative Total Factor Productivity (TFP) scores for two jointly produced products-livestock and crops for 27 countries. From these, TFP growth and direction of growth are calculated.
Driving Spiral Arms in the Circumstellar Disks of HD 100546 and HD 141569A

With two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of disks perturbed externally by stars, brown dwarfs, or planets we investigate possible scenarios that can account for the spiral structure in circumstellar disks. We consider two scenarios: spiral structure driven by an external bound planet or low-mass star, and that excited by a previous stellar close encounter or flyby. We find that both scenarios produce a morphology similar to that observed in the outer disks of HD 141569A and HD 100546: moderately open two-armed outer spiral structure. Our simulations exhibit some trends. While bound prograde objects effectively truncate a disk, a close encounter by a star instead pulls out spiral arms, spreading out the disk. Following a flyby, the morphology of the spiral structure can be used to limit the mass of the perturbing object and the time since the encounter occurred. Eccentric bound planetary perturbers tend to clear gas away from the planet more efficiently, resulting in a reduction in the excited spiral amplitude. Bound perturbers in thicker disks excite more open but lower amplitude spiral structure. When the bound object has higher mass (stellar), the disk is truncated by the Roche lobe of the planet at periapse, and each time the companion approaches periapse, spiral arms may be pulled out from the disk. Thinner disks tend to exhibit more steeply truncated disk edges. We find that the outer two-armed spiral structure at radii greater than 300 AU observed in the disk of HD 141569A is qualitatively reproduced with tidal perturbations from its companion binary HD 141569B and HD 141569C on a prograde orbit near periapse. Our simulation accounts for the outer spiral arms, but is less successful than the secular model of Augereau and Papaloizou at matching the lopsidedness or asymmetry of the disk edge at 300 AU. Our simulations suggest that the disk has been previously truncated by the tidal force from the binary and has aspect ratio or thickness h/r 0.1. The simulated disk also exhibits an enhanced density at the disk edge. We find that a bound object (stellar or planetary) is unlikely to explain the spiral structure in the disk of HD 100546. A coeval planet or brown dwarf in the disk of sufficient mass to account for the amplitude of the spiral structure would be detectable in NICMOS and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph images; however, existing images reveal no such object. A previous encounter could explain the observed structure, provided that the disk is thin, the mass of the perturbing star is greater than ~0.1 M?, and the encounter occurred less than a few thousand years ago. This suggests that the object responsible for causing the spiral structure is currently within a few arcminutes of the star. However, the USNO-B proper motion survey reveals no candidate object associated with HD 100546 or any moving object that could have recently encountered HD 100546. Furthermore, the probability that a field star encountered HD 100546 in the past few thousand years is very low.
EUV Spectra of the Full Solar Disk: Analysis and Results of the Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer (CHIPS)

We analyze EUV spectra of the full solar disk from the Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer (CHIPS) spanning a period of two years. The observations were obtained via a fortuitous off-axis light path in the 140 – 275 A passband. The general appearance of the spectra remained relatively stable over the two-year time period, but did show significant variations of up to 25% between two sets of Fe lines that show peak emission at 1 MK and 2 MK. The variations occur at a measured period of 27.2 days and are caused by regions of hotter and cooler plasma rotating into, and out of, the field of view. The CHIANTI spectral code is employed to determine plasma temperatures, densities, and emission measures. A set of five isothermal plasmas fit the full-disk spectra well. A 1 – 2 MK plasma of Fe contributes 85% of the total emission in the CHIPS passband. The standard Differential Emission Measures (DEMs) supplied with the CHIANTI package do not fit the CHIPS spectra well as they over-predict emission at temperatures below log 10T=6.0 and above log 10T=6.3. The results are important for cross-calibrating TIMED, SORCE, SOHO/EIT, and CDS/GIS, as well as the recently launched Solar Dynamics Observatory.
Uncertainty, Legal Liability, and Incentive Contracts

To address agents' moral hazard over effort, incentive contracts impose risk on the agents. As performance measures become noisier, the conventional agency analysis predicts that principals will reduce the incentive weights assigned to such measures. However, prior empirical results (Prendergast 2002) frequently find the opposite, i.e., incentive weights are larger (agents bear more risk) in more uncertain environments. This paper provides new evidence on the association between the extent of uncertainty and the level of risk imposed on agents. In the context of contracts between managed care organizations and physicians, we examine the effect of task characteristics and the legal liability environment on the extent of risk that physicians bear. We derive the optimal weighting of multiple performance measures in a model of a physician's choice of revenue‐generating and cost‐control efforts. The model predicts that physicians who face less task uncertainty bear more cost risk in their contracts, as predict...
Comparing and aggregating partially resolved trees

Partially-resolved-that is, non-binary-trees arise frequently in the analysis of species evolution. Non-binary nodes, also called multifurcations, must be treated carefully, since they can be interpreted as reflecting either lack of information or actual evolutionary history. While several distance measures exist for comparing trees, none of them deal explicitly with this dichotomy. Here we introduce two kinds of distance measures between rooted and unrooted partially-resolved phylogenetic trees over the same set of species; the measures address multifurcations directly. For rooted trees, the measures are based on the topologies the input trees induce on triplets; that is, on three-element subsets of the set of species. For unrooted trees, the measures are based on quartets (four-element subsets). The first class of measures are parametric distances, where there is a parameter that weighs the difference between an unresolved triplet/quartet topology and a resolved one. The second class of measures are based on the Hausdorff distance, where each tree is viewed as a set of all possible ways in which the tree can be refined to eliminate unresolved nodes. We give efficient algorithms for computing parametric distances and give conditions under which Hausdorff distances can be calculated approximately in polynomial time. Additionally, we (i) derive the expected value of the parametric distance between two random trees, (ii) characterize the conditions under which parametric distances are near-metrics or metrics, (iii) study the computational and algorithmic properties of consensus tree methods based on the measures, and (iv) analyze the interrelationships among Hausdorff and parametric distances.
QCD thermodynamics with colour-sextet quarks

We study QCD with two flavours of colour-sextet quarks as a can didate walking-Technicolor theory. We simulate lattice QCD with two flavours of colour-s extet staggered quarks at finite temperatures to observe the scales of confinement and chiral -symmetry breaking. These should give us some indication as to whether the massless theory has an infrared fixed point making it a conformal field theory, or whether it exhibits confinement a nd chiral symmetry breaking with a slowly varying coupling constant, i.e. ‘walks’. We find tha t unlike the case with fundamental quarks, the deconfinement and chiral-symmetry restoration transitions are far apart. The values of β = 6/g 2 for both transitions increase when Ta is decreased from 1 to 1 as would be expected for finite temperature transitions of an asymptotically-free fi eld theory. So far we see no suggestion of conformal behaviour.
Modular Synthesis of 1,2‐Diamine Derivatives by Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization of Allylic Sulfamides

Allylic sulfamides undergo efficient aerobic oxidative cyclization at room temperature, mediated by a new Pd catalyst system consisting of 5% Pd(TFA)2/10% DMSO in THF. The synthetic utility of these reactions is enhanced by several features: (1) the sulfamide substrates are accessible in multi-gram scale from the corresponding allylic and primary amines, (2) the cyclic sulfamide products are readily converted to the corresponding 1,2-diamines upon treatment with LiAlH4, and (3) substrates derived from chiral allylic amines cyclize with very high levels of diastereoselectivity.
An underwater towed electromagnetic source for geophysical exploration

Low-frequency electromagnetic methods are used in geophysical exploration to detect the magnetic field distortion between a transmitter and receiver produced by locally conductive bodies. Both ground and airborne systems are in current use. It is possible to similarly conduct underwater geophysical exploration by using an underwater towed source of electromagnetic radiation and a receiving magnetic or electric field detector. The receiver can be towed on an auxiliary cable, mounted on a boom on the towing platform, or land based. An underwater towed electromagnetic source suitable for ocean-bottom exploration has been constructed, and its underwater propagation characteristics at low frequency have been studied. This underwater calibrated source (UCS) is 4 m long, weighs 383 kg in air, and can produce vertical and horizontal magnetic dipoles and a horizontal electric dipole. Powered by a current-feedback-controlled, high-power, modified sonar amplifier, the UCS can produce 9710 ampereturn.m2 of magnetic dipole or 200 A.m of electric dipole at 50 A at frequencies up to 200 Hz without significant attenuation from coil inductance. This paper concentrates on the mechanical, hydrodynamic, and magnetic design details of the UCS and the electrical system, consisting of the high-current drive power system and the shipboard monitoring system for attitude and depth detectors.
Population pulsations and the dynamic Stark effect

We present a theoretical description of the interaction of optical waves due to the resonant nonlinear response of an atomic system. We emphasize how the resonant nature of the nonlinear coupling is modified by the shifting of the atomic energy levels as a consequence of the dynamic Stark effect and show the equivalent role played by population pulsations in determining the nature of the nonlinear coupling. A general formalism is developed to treat these effects and is explicitly applied to several examples of current interest, including single-beam saturation spectroscopy, pump–probe saturation spectroscopy, modulation spectroscopy, degenerate four-wave mixing for phase conjugation, and instabilities in the beam propagation through resonant media.
Tritium recovery from tritiated water with a two-stage palladium membrane reactor

Abstract A process to recover tritium from tritiated water has been successfully demonstrated at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly. A 2-stage palladium membrane reactor (PMR) is capable of recovering tritium from water without generating additional waste. A substantial amount of tritiated water will be generated in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor both from torus exhaust and auxiliary operations. In addition, this process can be used to recover tritium from tritiated waste water being prepared for disposal in radioactive waste repositories. A large quantity of tritiated waste water exists world wide because the predominant method of cleaning up tritiated streams is to oxidize tritium to tritiated water. A series of cold (non-tritium) water processing experiments were run in preparation for the tritiated water processing tests. Optimum operating conditions were determined with these experiments. Tritium was recovered from a container of molecular sieve loaded with 2050 g (2550 std. l) of water and 4.5 g of tritium. The maximum water processing rate for the PMR system used was determined to be 0.5 slpm. A control method was developed to automatically liberate steam from the molecular sieve and add the desired amount of CO before injection into the PMR system. The maximum decontamination factor achieved in the 1st stage ranged from 100 to 260, depending on the inlet flow rate. Performance of the 2nd stage could not be measured because the outlet tritium concentration was below the background of the ion chamber used for analysis. Although the DF could not be measured, it is known that the DF was high because no tritium was detected, except during start-up, in the tritium waste treatment system that was downstream from the PMR system.
Pulling by pushing, slip with infinite friction, and perfectly rough surfaces

When one rigid object (the pusher) pushes another (the slider) across a horizontal support plane, Coulomb's law of friction admits some surprising phenomena. First, it is possible to move the slider by moving the pusher away from the slider: pulling. Second, even with an infinite coefficient of friction, it is possible to obtain slip between the two objects as the pusher moves into the slider. This contradicts the common conception that infinite friction always prevents slip. The per fectly rough contact of classical mechanics is not realized by an infinite coefficient of friction. This article shows examples of the phenomena with both quasistatic and dynamic analy ses.
A superresolution imaging method based on dense subpixel-accurate motion fields

A superresolution imaging method suitable for imaging objects moving in a dynamic scene is described. The main operations are performed over three threads: the computation of a dense interframe 2D motion-field induced by the moving objects at subpixel resolution in the first thread. Concurrently, each video image frame is enlarged by cascade of an ideal low-pass filter and a higher rate sampler, essentially stretching each image onto a larger grid. Then, the main task is to synthesize a higher resolution image, from the stretched image of the first frame, and that of the subsequent frames subjected to suitable motion compensation. A simple averaging process and/or a simplified Kalman filter may be used to minimize the spatio-temporal noise, in the aggregation process. The method takes advantage of widely used MPEG-4 encoding hardware/software tools. A few experimental cases are presented with a basic description of the key operations performed in the overall process.
Z/E STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF β-BROMO BAYLIS-HILLMAN KETONES VIA A ONE-POT THREE-COMPONENT X–C/C–C FORMATION REACTION

ABSTRACT Highly stereoselective synthesis of (E)-β-bromo Baylis-Hillman ketones has been achieved using a three-component X–C/C–C formation reaction. The synthesis involves the Michael-type addition of TiBr4 to α,β-acetylenic ketones without using any bases and carbonyl coupling with aldehydes. Modest yields (50–65%) and complete E/Z geometric selectivity have been realized for 10 examples.
Estimation of Energy Release Rates and Instability Analysis for a Pipe With a Circumferential Surface Crack Subjected to Bending

Estimation des taux de degagement d'energie et analyse de l'instabilite d'une tuyauterie soumise a la flexion ayant une fissure superficielle circonferentielle
Transversal torus knots

We classify positive transversal torus knots in tight contact structures up to transversal isotopy.
Offshoring Pollution: Is the United States Increasingly Importing Polluting Goods?

AbstractThe question posed by the title of this article has been at the heart of debates about pollution havens, industrial flight to developing countries, and now carbon “leakage.” Is the United S...
Theoretical bounds for switching activity analysis in finite-state machines

The objective of this paper is to provide lower and upper bounds for the switching activity on the state lines in finite state machines (FSMs). Using a Markov chain model for the behavior of the FSM states, we derive theoretical bounds for the average Hamming distance on the state lines which are valid irrespective of the state encoding used in the final implementation. Such lower and upper bounds, in addition to providing a target for any state assignment algorithm, can also be used as parameters in a high-level power model and thus provide an early indication about the performance limits of the target FSM.
ANDY: a general, fault-tolerant tool for database searching on computer clusters

Summary: ANDY (seArch coordination aND analYsis) is a set of Perl programs and modules for distributing large biological database searches, and in general any sequence of commands, across the nodes of a Linux computer cluster. ANDY is compatible with several commonly used distributed resource management (DRM) systems, and it can be easily extended to new DRMs. A distinctive feature of ANDY is the choice of either dedicated or fair-use operation: ANDY is almost as efficient as single-purpose tools that require a dedicated cluster, but it runs on a general-purpose cluster along with any other jobs scheduled by a DRM. Other features include communication through named pipes for performance, flexible customizable routines for error-checking and summarizing results, and multiple fault-tolerance mechanisms. Availability: ANDY is freely available and can be obtained from http://compbio.berkeley.edu/proj/andy Contact: brenner@compbio.berkeley.edu Supplementary information: Supplemental data, figures, and a more detailed overview of the software are found at http://compbio.berkeley.edu/proj/andy
Interpreting Cointegrated Models

Abstract Error-correction models for cointegrated economic variables are commonly interpreted as reflecting partial adjustment of one variable to another. We show that error-correction models may also arise because one variable forecasts another. Reduced-form estimates of error-correction models cannot be used to distinguish these interpretations. In an application, we show that the estimated coefficients in the Marsh-Merton (1987) error-correction model of dividend behavior in the stock market are roughly implied by a near-rational expectations model wherein dividends are persistent and prices are disturbed by some persistent random noise. Their results thus do not demonstrate partial adjustment or ‘smoothing’ by managers, but may reflect little more than the persistence of dividends and the noiseness of prices.
The O+ density trough at 5000 km altitude in the polar cap

At altitudes near 5000 km over the southern polar cap region of the terrestrial magnetosphere/ionosphere, the Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment (TIDE) on board the Polar satellite has observed O(+) ion density trough regions, in which the densities were at least one order of magnitude lower than the surrounding O(+) densities. In the 0" density trough regions, the estimated O+ densities were generally lower than 0.01 per cc. The boundaries between normal density level regions and the trough density regions were usually abrupt transitions. From 1 December 1997 to 30 November 1998, polar cap O(+) troughs in Polar/TIDE observations occurred at a frequency of about 48%. Statistical examination of the Polar perigee observations from 1 December 1997 to 30 November 1998 shows that the Polar perigee passes evenly covered the southern polar cap region, while the O(+) density trough was always located on the nightside portion of the polar cap magnetosphere/ionosphere, and that invariant latitude spans of such troughs could be as large as 23 deg. in extent. The trough occurrence displayed a strong seasonal dependence; in the winter season (e.g., for July in the Southern Hemisphere) the O(+) ion density trough occurrence frequency ranged up to 92%, while in the summer season (e.g., for January in the Southern Hemisphere) it decreased to as low as 15%. Our statistical results show that the trough occurrence was generally anticorrelated with solar wind dynamic pressure in the solar wind dynamic pressure range 0.8 - 2.6 nanopascal. The O(+) ion density trough occurrence appeared relatively independent of the geomagnetic Kp index, IMF Bz, and By conditions. However, as suggested by the seasonal dependence, the O(+) ion density trough occurrence was strongly related to the solar zenith angle (SZA). In the SZA range 50 deg. to 125 deg., the trough occurrence increased monotonically with SZA. In addition, we sought to determine consistent density and velocity signatures at lower altitudes associated the O(+) ion density trough at 5000 km by examining the near-simultaneous O(+) densities and vertical velocities observed by the DMSP satellite group orbiting at 840 km altitude. However, consistent correlations between the dual altitudes were not reliably established from the present examinations.
Pilomatricoma Masquerading as Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma

We present a case of a 58-year-old woman with a posterior neck mass who underwent fine-needle aspiration of the lesion, with initial cytopathologic evaluation being consistent with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. However, following excisional biopsy of the tumor, histopathologic evaluation revealed a pilomatricoma. Appreciation of the difficulty in cytologic classification of this benign tumor and its propensity for confusion with more aggressive tumors may help prevent unintended and unnecessary invasive procedures as a result of erroneous diagnoses.
Surface Catalyzed Hydrochlorination of 1,3-Butadiene.

The rates of disappearance of gaseous hydrogen chloride (-d[HCl]/dt) and 1,3-butadiene and appearance of the gaseous products 3-chloro-l-butene and (E)- and (Z)-1-chloro-2-butene (+d[products]/dt) in Pyrex IR cells at 295 K and total initial pressures of about 450 torr are found to be proportional to the surface-to-volume ratio (S/V) of the reaction vessel.
Enantiospecific Sn(II)- and Sn(IV)-Catalyzed Cycloadditions of Aldehydes and Donor−Acceptor Cyclopropanes

A cycloaddition strategy for the synthesis of highly enantioenriched 2,5-cis-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans has been developed. In the presence of catalytic Sn(OTf)2 or SnCl4, a range of aldehydes will undergo formal [3 + 2] cycloadditions with a scalemic donor−acceptor cyclopropane to form optically active heterocycles. Mechanistic studies support an unusual SN2 attack by the aldehyde on the activated cyclopropane. Through this mechanism, stereochemical information contained in the cyclopropane is effectively transferred to the tetrahydrofuran products.
Information system security compliance to FISMA standard: a quantitative measure

To ensure that safeguards are implemented to protect against a majority of known threats, industry leaders are requiring information processing systems to comply with security standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Federal Information Risk Management Framework (RMF) and the associated suite of guidance documents describe the minimum security requirements (controls) for non-national-security federal information systems mandated by the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), enacted into law on December 17, 2002, as Title III of the E-Government Act of 2002. The subjective compliance assessment approach described in the RMF guidance, though thorough and repeatable, lacks the clarity of a standard quantitative metric to describe for an information system the level of compliance with the FISMA-required standard. Given subjective RMF assessment data, this article suggests the use of Pathfinder networks to generate a quantitative metric suitable to measure, manage, and track the status of information system compliance with FISMA.
Lewis acid mediated reactions of aldehydes with styrene derivatives: synthesis of 1,3-dihalo-1,3-diarylpropanes and 3-chloro-1,3-diarylpropanols.

The reactions of aryl aldehydes with styrene derivatives, mediated by various boron Lewis acids, were investigated. 1,3-Dihalo-1,3-diarylpropanes were obtained in high yields with boron trihalides, while 3-chloro-1,3-diarylpropanols were obtained in good to excellent yields with phenylboron dichloride. Reactions involving nonenolizable aliphatic aldehydes, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and β-substituted styrenes were also investigated for the first time.
Global coupling and decoupling of the APS storage ring

This paper describes a study of controlling the coupling between the horizontal and the vertical betatron oscillations in the 7-GeV Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring. First, we investigate the strengthening of coupling using two families of skew quadrupoles. Twenty skew quadrupoles are arranged in the 40 sectors of the storage ring and powered in such a way so as to generate both quadrature components of the required 21/sup st/ harmonic. The numerical results from tracking a single particle are presented for the various configurations of skew quadrupoles. Second, we describe the global decoupling procedure to minimize the unwanted coupling effects. These are mainly due to the random roll errors of normal quadrupoles. It is shown that even with the rather large RMS roll error of 2 mrad, the coupling effects can be compensated for with 20 skew quadrupoles each having maximum strength one order of magnitude lower than the typical normal quadrupole strength. >
How well can the New Open Economy Macroeconomics explain the exchange rate and current account

Abstract This paper advances the New Open Economy Macroeconomic literature in an empirical direction, estimating and testing a two-country model. Fit to U.S. and G7 data, the model performs moderately well for the exchange rate and current account. Results offer guidance for future theoretical work. Parameter estimates lend support to the assumption of local currency pricing. Estimates are found for key parameters commonly calibrated in the theoretical literature, such as the elasticity of substitution between home and foreign composite goods, and the response of a country's risk premium to the net foreign asset position. Results also indicate that deviations from interest rate parity are not closely related to monetary policy shocks, as recently hypothesized, but that these deviations are strongly related to shifts in the current account.