cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent implications of weight loss in lung cancer management

Successful lung cancer management has been hindered by the limited efficacy of dietary and pharmacologic interventions to prevent or reverse cancer-associated weight loss. The addition of total parenteral nutrition to chemotherapy in early trials was associated with survival detriment. Dietary counseling and enteral supplement use are common strategies that, when evaluated in randomized trials, do not improve anthropometrics or clinical outcome in lung cancer. Pharmacologic agents including corticosteroids, cyproheptadine, growth hormone, hydrazine sulfate, dronabinol, and pentoxyphylline also have failed to improve even anthropometric parameters in this condition. Megestrol acetate use is associated with appetite stimulation and non-fluid weight gain but, when evaluated in small cell lung cancer patients receiving defined chemotherapy, failed to improve global quality of life, and survival and was associated with toxicity. New strategies for nutrition-based interventions in lung cancer cachexia must consider their potential influence on tumor growth as well as on nutritional status. Recent lung cancer prognostic analyses have identified gender differences in outcome and weight loss that suggest potential targets for combined hormonal and nutrition interventions. Emerging information regarding the influence of specific fatty acids on tumor growth and cachexia development have identified additional approaches for future evaluation.
Experimental Optimization of a Discrete Robot Exhibiting Hysteresis

Discrete joint manipulators are a potential alternative to common continuous joint robots used in industry today. Applications of a discrete joint manipulator include proximity positioning tasks, space exploration, camera placement, and automation systems. Discrete robots are potentially useful for small scale robots because it is difficult to implement sensors and motors at small scales. This work discusses the results obtained with an experimental 7 link robot designed for an 8 × 12 inch grid.Results show that a discrete robot can successfully be used for proximity positioning tasks. The performance depends on the location of discrete points relative to the desired points and also on the repeatability of the experimental manipulator. Results obtained via a vision system demonstrate the potential capabilities of the planar discrete manipulator. Results include subsets of end-effector positions in the gridspace and training results.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Quantitative atomic force microscopy image analysis of unusual filaments formed by the Acanthamoeba castellanii myosin II rod domain.

Abstract We describe a quantitative analysis of Acanthamoeba castellanii myosin II rod domain images collected from atomic force microscope experiments. These images reveal that the rod domain forms a novel filament structure, most likely requiring unusual head-to-tail interactions. Similar filaments are seen also in negatively stained electron microscopy images. Truncated myosins from Acanthamoeba and other model organisms have been visualized before, revealing laterally associated bipolar minifilaments. In contrast, the filament structures that we observe are dominated by axial rather than lateral polymerization. The unusually small features in this structure (1–5 nm) required the development of quantitative and statistical techniques for filament image analysis. These techniques enhance the extraction of features that hitherto have been difficult to ascertain from more qualitative imaging approaches. The heights of the filaments are observed to have a bimodal distribution consistent with the diameters of a single rod domain and a pair of close-packed rod domains. Further quantitative analysis indicates that in-plane association is limited to at most a pair of rod domains. Taken together, this implies that the filaments contain no more than four rod domains laterally associated with one another, somewhat less than that seen in bipolar minifilaments. Analysis of images of the filaments decorated with an anti-FLAG antibody reveals head-to-tail association with mean distances between the antibodies of 75 ± 15 nm. We consider a set of molecular models to help interpret possible structures of the filaments.
Radiolabeled fluoromisonidazole as an imaging agent for tumor hypoxia

Abstract Fluoromisonidazole labeled with H-3 or F-18 has been tested as a quantitative probe for hypoxic cells in vitro and in rodent and spontaneous dog tumors in vivo . In V-79, EMT-6(UW), RIF-1, and canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro , the binding of 50 μM [H-3]Fluoromisonidazole was 50% inhibited by 1000–2000 PPM 0 2 , relative to binding under anoxic conditions. After a 3 hr incubation with labeled drug, the anoxic/oxic binding ratios ranged from 12 to 27 for the four cell types. Retention of [H-3]fluoromisonidazole 4 hr after injection was greater in large KHT tumors (400–600 mm 3 ) with an estimated hypoxic fraction > 30%, than in smaller tumors (50–200 mm 3 ) with an estimated hypoxic fraction of 7–12%. RIF-1 tumors, with an estimated hypoxic fraction of 1.5%, retained the least label, with tumor: blood ratios ranging from 1.7 to 1.9. Spontaneous dog osteosarcomas were imaged with a time of flight positron emission tomograph for up to 5 hr following injection of [F-18] fluoromisonidazole. Analysis of regions of interest in images allowed creation of dynamic tissue time activity curves and calculation of tissue uptake in cpm/gram. These values were compared to radioactivity in plasma. In all cases, retention in some tumor regions exceeded that in plasma and in normal tissue, such as muscle or brain, by 3 to 5 hr post injection. Uptake of fluoromisonidazole in tumors was heterogeneous, with ratios of maximum to minimum uptake as high as 4 in different regions of interest in the same tumor. Tumor:plasma values ranged from 0.28 to 2.02. The oxygen dependency of fluoromisonidazole retention was similar in a variety of cell types and was 50% inhibited by 02 levels in the transition between full radiobiological hypoxia and partial sensitization. The quantitative regional imaging of [F-18] fluoromisonidazole in spontaneous canine tumors at varying times post-injection lays the basis for imaging and modeling of oxygen-dependent drug retention in different regions of human neoplasms.
Self-Assembled Monolayers Composed of Aromatic Thiols on Gold: Structural Characterization and Thermal Stability in Solution

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) derived from 1,2-bis(mercaptomethyl)-4,5-dialkylbenzene (1), 1-mercaptomethyl-3,4-dialkylbenzene (2), 1-mercaptomethyl-4-alkylbenzene (3), 1-mercapto-4-alkylbenzene (4), and 4-mercaptomethyl-4‘-alkoxybiphenyl (5) were prepared by adsorption from solution onto evaporated gold. The SAMs were characterized by contact angle goniometry, optical ellipsometry, and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. Comparison of SAMs generated from 1 and 2 to well-known SAMs generated from normal alkanethiols (6) revealed that the former SAMs are densely packed and highly oriented. The alkyl chains of the SAMs derived from 1 and 2 are, however, less crystalline (i.e., less conformationally ordered) than those derived from 6. The adsorption of compounds 3, 4, and 5 onto gold yielded highly crystalline SAMs. Solution-phase thermal desorption of SAMs 1−6 at temperatures ranging from 60 to 110 °C was monitored using ex situ ellipsometry. The desorption profiles of SA...
The place of diatoms in the biofuels industry

In spite of attractive attributes, diatoms are underrepresented in research and literature related to the development of microalgal biofuels. Diatoms are highly diverse and have substantial evolutionarily-based differences in cellular organization and metabolic processes relative to chlorophytes. Diatoms have tremendous ecological success, with typically higher productivity than other algal classes, which may relate to cellular factors discussed in this review. Diatoms can accumulate lipid equivalently or to a greater extent than other algal classes, and can rapidly induce triacylglycerol under Si limitation, avoiding the detrimental effects on photosynthesis, gene expression and protein content associated with N limitation. Diatoms have been grown on production scales for aquaculture for decades, produce value-added products and are amenable to omic and genetic manipulation approaches. In this article, we highlight beneficial attributes and address potential concerns of diatoms as biofuels research and p...
Investment Neutrality of Business Income Taxes

I. Introduction, 245.—II. The model, 247.—III. The model with full investment write-off, 248.—IV. Depreciation deductions depend on the capital stock, 251.—V. Depreciation deductions depend on the time profile of past investments, 256.—VI. Concluding comments, 258.
FRACTURES OF THE CALCANEUS

Fractures of the calcaneus (os calcis) are the most common of tarsal bone fractures with an overall incidence of approximately 2%. Despite increased experience with these types of fractures, however, there is considerable debate regarding their treatment and overall management. Controversies remain regarding the most appropriate classification system, treatment options, indications for surgery, surgical approaches, and postoperative management. This article presents a rational approach on the treatment of os calcis fractures, based on current and past literature as well as the authors' preferred treatment.
Initial evaluation of a continuous speech recognition program for radiology

The aims of this work were to measure the accuracy of one continuous speech recognition product and dependence on the speaker's gender and status as a native or nonnative English speaker, and evaluate the product's potential for routine use in transcribing radiology reports. IBM MedSpeak/Radiology software, version 1.1 was evaluated by 6 speakers. Two were nonnative English speakers, and 3 were men. Each speaker dictated a set of 12 reports. The reports included neurologic and body imaging examinations performed with 6 different modalities. The dictated and original report texts were compared, and error rates for overall, significant, and subtle significant errors were computed. Error rate dependence on modality, native English speaker status, and gender were evaluated by performing ttests. The overall error rate was 10.3 +/- 3.3%. No difference in accuracy between men and women was found; however, significant differences were seen for overall and significant errors when comparing native and nonnative English speakers (P = .009 and P = .008, respectively). The speech recognition software is approximately 90% accurate, and while practical implementation issues (rather than accuracy) currently limit routine use of this product throughout a radiology practice, application in niche areas such as the emergency room currently is being pursued. This methodology provides a convenient way to compare the initial accuracy of different speech recognition products, and changes in accuracy over time, in a detailed and sensitive manner.
Ethnic differentials in neonatal and postneonatal mortality: a birth cohort analysis by a binary variable multiple regression method.

Abstract Ethnic differentials in neonatal and postneonatal mortality in a birth cohort of Spanish surname, white (non‐Spanish), and nonwhite infants in Houston, Texas, were analyzed with legitimacy status, mother's age, birth order, and birth weight controlled separately and simultaneously. In the presence of all factors, Spanish surname and non‐Spanish white infants had a neonatal mortality risk about 13 per cent below average; nonwhite (primarily Black) infants, 30 per cent above average. Adjusted for all four factors, the risk for nonwhites was 8 per cent below average and for Spanish surname infants 2 per cent below average, while it rose to almost 5 per cent above average for non‐Spanish white infants. Birth weight and legitimacy status were responsible for most of the change. The four factors had less effect on postneonatal mortality, with legitimacy status seeming to have the greatest influence.
Semi-active control of magnetorheological damper system: a Lyapunov design

In this paper, the feasibility of using a magnetorheological (MR) fluid-based system for motion control is studied based on the hysteretic biviscous model of the MR damper. A feedback control system is designed to synchronize the motion of the two masses in a two degree of freedom spring-mass-damper system subject to an unknown disturbance. The controller performance is evaluated numerically. For the derivation of the control law, a quadratic Lyapunov function, which is a function of the relative position and velocity of two masses, is considered. The control input (current) is obtained by minimizing the derivative of the Lyapunov function along the trajectory of the system. In the computer simulation, it is observed that the controller is effective in synchronizing the two body motions.
Rationale, pharmacology and clinical efficacy of partial agonists of α4β2 nACh receptors for smoking cessation

Most smokers repeatedly fail in their attempts to stop smoking because of the addictive nature of the nicotine in tobacco products. Nicotine dependence is probably mediated through the activation of multiple subtypes of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), among which the mesolimbic α 4 β 2 subtype has a pivotal role. Here, we discuss the rationale for and the design of α 4 β 2 nAChR partial agonists as novel treatments for tobacco addiction. Such agents are expected to exhibit a dual action by sufficiently stimulating α 4 β 2 -nAChR-mediated dopamine release to reduce craving when quitting and by inhibiting nicotine reinforcement when smoking. Potent and selective α 4 β 2 nAChR partial agonists that exhibit dual agonist and antagonist activity in preclinical models can be identified. The validity of this approach is demonstrated by the clinical efficacy of the α 4 β 2 nAChR partial agonist varenicline, which has significantly better quit rates than do other treatments and offers a new option for smoking cessation pharmacotherapy.
Internal Temperature of the Moon

Temperatures past and present are inferred from the creep rate of lunar mascons and compared with the results of other methods.
Peripheral nerve ischemia: reperfusion injury and fiber regeneration

We continued our studies of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, extending the reperfusion duration to 42 days to capture the fiber regeneration process. We used a rat model for IR injury produced by ligation and release of nooses around supplying vessels to the sciatic nerve. Fifty-six rats were used. One group (control N = 8) underwent sham ischemia; the other six groups (N = 8 each) underwent complete hind limb ischemia for 4 h followed by reperfusion durations of 0 h (ischemia alone), 3 h, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days. Behavioral and electrophysiological data were obtained immediately before euthanasia. Pathologically, three phases were identifiable: Phase 1 (0-3 h)-minimal pathological changes, minimal edema; phase 2 (7 days, 14 days)-prominent fiber degeneration, endoneurial edema; phase 3 (28 days, 42 days)-abundant small regenerating fiber clusters, minimal edema. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was the most sensitive index of neural deficits and recovery, showing progressive recovery beyond 14 days. Severe functional deficits developed immediately and persisted with a trend to recovery at the 42-day time-point. It was concluded that reperfusion, by oxidative injury, worsened nerve function and aggravated fiber degeneration, but in the longer time frame, permitted fiber regeneration to occur.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the adrenal cortex of the sodium depleted rat: a histochemical study.

Sodium deprivation in the adult white rat causes enlargement of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. This enlargement is accomplished by the proliferation of small groups of cells in the immediate subcapsular area which are characterized by marked activity of G-6-P dehydrogenase and by low lipid content. This is in contrast to the cells of the inner portion of the zone, which like the cells of the normal glomerulosa, are poor in G-6-P dehydrogenase activity and relatively rich in lipids. These observations suggest that the glomerulosa of the rat is not homogeneous but is composed of at least 2 types of cells which differ biochemically in their response to sodium deprivation.
A psychoneural model of visual contrast

A typical set of visual contrast data can be described by a function which relates brightness responses to the luminance stimulus provided by a target that is viewed against an illuminated surround. This brightness-luminance function is represented by a psychoneural visual-contrast model having two channels, one corresponding to the brightness of the target and the other to the brightness of the surround. The principal ascending and descending pathways in each channel are represented by a submodel which is equivalent to the intensity-perception model described by MacKay. The interaction between the channels, which accounts for the perception of contrast, takes the form of nonlinear lateral inhibition. Brightness responses calculated with the use of the pshychoneural contrast model correspond very closely to the data upon which the brightness-luminance function is based.
The RASopathies: Developmental syndromes of Ras/MAPK pathway dysregulation

The Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is essential in the regulation of the cell cycle, differentiation, growth and cell senescence, all of which are critical to normal development. It is therefore not surprising that its dysregulation has profound effects on development. A class of developmental syndromes, the 'RASopathies', is caused by germline mutations in genes that encode protein components of the Ras/MAPK pathway. The vast majority of these mutations result in increased signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, but usually to a lesser extent than somatic mutations associated with oncogenesis. Each syndrome exhibits unique phenotypic features, however, since they all cause dysregulation of the Ras/MAPK pathway, there are numerous overlapping phenotypic features between the syndromes, including characteristic facial features, cardiac defects, cutaneous abnormalities, neurocognitive delay and a predisposition to malignancies. Here we review the clinical and underlying molecular basis for each of these syndromes.
Attention to painful cutaneous laser stimuli evokes directed functional interactions between human sensory and modulatory pain-related cortical areas

Abstract The human ‘pain network’ includes cortical areas that are activated during the response to painful stimuli (termed category 1) or during psychological processes that modulate pain, for example, distraction (termed category 2). These categories include parts of the parasylvian (PS), medial frontal (MF), and paracentral cortex (S1&M1). Here we test the hypothesis that causal interactions both within and between category 1 and category 2 modules occur during attention to a painful stimulus. Event-related causality (ERC) was calculated from local field potentials recorded directly from these cortical areas during the response to a painful cutaneous laser stimulus in patients being monitored for epilepsy. The number of electrodes involved in pairs with significant ERC in category 1 was greater for pre-stimulus vs post-stimulus and for attention vs distraction. This is consistent with our prior evidence that the category 1 ‘pain network’ changes rapidly with time intervals and tasks. In contrast, the interaction between categories was often unchanged or stable across intervals and tasks, particularly in MF. The proportion of contacts involved in interactions with PS was greater during distraction vs attention while activation was less, which suggests that distraction involves an inhibitory process in PS. Functional interactions between categories were overwhelmingly in the direction from category 2 > 1, particularly for contacts in MF which often had a driver role. These results demonstrate that MF is densely interconnected throughout the ‘pain network’ so that stimulation of MF might be used to disrupt the ‘pain network’ as a therapy for pain.
Calculated heat capacity from Raman spectra for vitreous silica

Abstract Low frequency density of states functions have been calculated from polarized Raman spectra and integrated to give low temperature heat capacity functions which are compared to experiment.
Ciguatera poisoning by the horse-eye jack, Caranx latus, a carangid fish from the tropical Atlantic☆

Ciguatera poisoning in five people was produced by a specimen of Caranx latus, horse-eye jack. Halstead-type extracts were prepared from this fish and injected into mice and chicks. Chicks were also fed the flesh. There were no apparent effects in either the mice or the chicks. Four cats were fed varying amounts of either the fresh or broiled fish. One of the cats showed no effect from two feedings and another cat developed some muscular weakness in the hind legs. The third cat developed pronounced muscular weakness in the hind legs. The fourth cat fed the flesh became depressed, body temperature decreased and the animal died on the sixth day. Control feeding of Haemulon or Caranx hippos to these cats had no effect.
Manganese Stimulates the Incorporation of [3H]Inositol into a Pool of Phosphatidylinositol in Brain That Is Not Coupled to Agonist‐Induced Hydrolysis

: Mn2+ greatly increases the incorporation of myo-[3H]inositol into phosphatidylinositol (PI) of brain and other tissues by stimulating the activity of a PI-myoinositol exchange enzyme. This study examined the ability of norepinephrine (NE) and carbachol to stimulate the hydrolysis of [3H]PI formed in the absence and presence of Mn2+-stimulated [3H]inositol exchange. Rat cerebral cortical slices were incubated with myo-[3H]inositol for 60 min in an N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer without or with MnCl2 (1 mM). The tissue was washed and further incubated with unlabeled myo-inositol and LiCl (10 mM). Prelabeled slices were then incubated with NE (0.1 mM) or carbachol (1 mM) to induce agonist-stimulated [3H]PI hydrolysis. Mn2+ treatment resulted in eight- and sixfold increases in control levels of [3H]PI and [3H]inositol monophosphate ([3H]IP), respectively. Both NE and carbachol stimulated [3H]IP formation in tissue prelabeled without or with manganese. However, the degree of stimulation (percentage of control values) was greatly attenuated in the presence of Mn2+. In the absence of Mn2+ treatment, NE decreased [3H]PI radioactivity in the tissue to 80% of control values. However, NE did not decrease [3H]PI radioactivity in the Mn2+ -treated tissue. These data demonstrate that Mn2+ stimulates incorporation of myo-[3H]inositol into a pool of PI in brain that has a rapid turnover but is not coupled to agonist-induced hydrolysis.
Constitutive modeling of concrete in finite element analysis

Abstract Approaches generally used in defining constitutive relations for concrete are reviewed. A computer program developed for the three-dimensional finite element analysis of complex reinforced, prestressed, and refractory concrete systems is described. The constitutive models based on isotropic elastic, orthotropic elastic, and plasticity formulations, which are implemented in that program, are discussed in detail. The program incorporates nonlinear material properties, cracking in concrete, shear transfer in cracked reinforced concrete sections, and time dependent effects such as creep, shrinkage, and transient temperature distributions. A wide range of structural problems are analyzed to demonstrate the applicability of the computer program. Comparisons between predictions with different constitutive models, and between predictions and test results are made.
Dwell fatigue crack nucleation model based on crystal plasticity finite element simulations of polycrystalline titanium alloys

Abstract In this paper a crystal plasticity-based crack nucleation model is developed for polycrystalline microstructures undergoing cyclic dwell loading. The fatigue crack nucleation model is developed for dual-phase titanium alloys admitting room temperature creep phenomenon. It is a non-local model that accounts for the cumulative effect of slip on multiple slip systems, and involves evolving mixed-mode stresses in the grain along with dislocation pileups in contiguous grains. Rate dependent, highly anisotropic behavior causes significant localized stress concentration that increases with loading cycles. The crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model uses rate and size-dependent anisotropic elasto-crystal plasticity constitutive model to account for these effects. Stress rise in the hard grain is a consequence of time-dependent load shedding in adjacent soft grains, and is the main cause of crack nucleation in the polycrystalline titanium microstructure. CPFE simulation results are post-processed to provide inputs to the crack nucleation model. The nucleation model is calibrated and satisfactorily validated using data available from acoustic microscopy experiments for monitoring crack evolution in dwell fatigue experiments.
Disinvitations: You’re not invited to my birthday party

Abstract This paper examines the speech act of disinvitations, the act of rescinding an invitation or an anticipated invitation. Naturally occurring, authentic disinvitations are analyzed to determine the structure of disinvitations providing a second-order analysis; online discussion posts concerning disinvitations provide first-order accounts of attitudes toward disinvitations, outcomes, and the conditions under which they can be performed. An additional online survey supplements the unsolicited data providing additional examples, disinvitation reconstructions, and reactions to and interpretations of disinvitations. First-order discussions characterize disinvitations as highly undesirable, and advice postings admonish would-be disinviters to avoid the act. Nevertheless, the meeting of certain speech community norms allows disinvitations to be performed appropriately with sufficient relational work.
Theory of a two-level artificial molecule in laterally coupled quantum Hall droplets

Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada(Dated: February 2, 2008)We present a theory of laterally coupled quantum Hall droplets with electron numbers (N1,N2)at ﬁlling factor ν = 2. We show that the edge states of each droplet are tunnel coupled and forma two-level artiﬁcial molecule. By populating the edge states with one electron each a two electronmolecule is formed. We predict the singlet-triplet transitions of the eﬀective two-electron moleculeas a function of the magnetic ﬁeld, the number of electrons, and conﬁning potential using theconﬁguration interaction method (CI) coupled with the unrestricted Hartree-Fock (URHF) basis.In addition to the singlet-triplet transitions of a 2 electron molecule involving edge states, triplettransitions involving transfer of electrons to the center of individual dots exist for (N1 ≥ 5,N2 ≥ 5).
Formation of H2O2 by adiabatic expansion of H2-O2 gas mixtures

Mass spectrometric studies of adiabatic expansions of H2-O2 and H2-O2-N2 gas mixtures have revealed the formation of the species H2O2 at concentrations of the order of 10-5-10-4 mole fraction. This species is believed to be a relatively weakly bound isomer which is less stable that H2O2, the common form of hydrogen peroxide. A mechanism which is more consistent with the data is: H2 + H2 + O2 → H2O2 + H2.
Smooth indentation of an isotropic cantilever beam

Abstract The response of an isotropic cantilever beam of finite length under the action of frictionless cylindrical and flat indenters is studied. Solutions are obtained through a localglobal technique, which accounts for both the local behavior near the indenter, as well as the global beam behavior. The method of analysis superposes an infinite-layer solution, derived through the use of integral transforms with a pure-bending beam-theory solution. Local indenter stresses, as well as displacements and rotations, are computed for each case and plotted for various ratios of contact width to beam thickness, and for various positions of the indenter. Where possible, the results are compared to Hertz theory of contact stresses and to beamtheory displacement and rotation solutions.
Coherency of ground motion at regional distances and scattering

Abstract In the absence of local scattering the ground motion due to major phases at an array should be perfectly coherent between different seismometers. We have studied the coherency of ground motion for the regional phase Lg as a function of frequency and spatial separation for the NORESS, ARCESS and FINESA arrays. The events examined are quarry blasts at a distance of 200–400 km from the array, and coherency was estimated for 10–25 s windows containing Lg. In the 1–10 Hz range coherency decreases with increasing spatial separation. The decrease is faster for higher frequencies, but if the separation is scaled to the wavelength then the decay curves are similar and indicate that coherency decreases to
Flat and U-Shaped Heat Spreaders for High-Power Electronics

To achieve a high heat-flux level and reduce manufacturing costs associated with conventional heat pipes, the concept of network heat spreaders employing a boiling heat-transfer mechanism in a narrow space had been proposed, and several flat-plate wickless heat spreaders had been designed and fabricated. The heat spreaders had been tested under different working conditions and orientations relative to gravity with very good results. The previously tested network heat spreaders, however, were based on plates with a relatively large size for general heat spreading purposes. In the present study, network heat spreaders with overall dimensions of 78 2 62 2 3.2 mm are designed and fabricated. Spreaders of this size are intended for use as heat sinks of high-power electronic components. External cooling fins are attached to enhance air-cooling heat transfer rate. The network heat spreaders are tested under various working conditions with water as the working fluid. The maximum heat input rate achieved is about ...
Electrochemical determination of nitrite and nitrate by pneumatoamperometry

Abstract Nitrite in aqueous solution is reduced to nitric oxide with hydroquinone in pH 2 phosphate buffer. The nitric oxide is swept with nitrogen to an anodically polarized membrane-covered platinum electrode, where it is oxidized to nitrate. The resulting current is linearly related to nitrite concentration in the original solution from the detection limit of 18 nmol to 5 μmol of nitrite. Nitrate is subsequently determined similarly after reduction to nitric oxide with hydroquinone in 50% sulfuric acid containing ammonium molybdate catalyst. The linear range is from the detection limit of 40 nmol to 10 μmol of nitrate.
Animal Mind and Animal Ethics: An Introduction

This issue of The Journal of Ethics contains essays by five renowned writers on the topic of mental states in nonhuman animals. While the essays featured here to a large degree focus on animal mentality, each has great significance for the area of animal ethics. In this introduction, I offer a brief preview of the papers that follow. For those with rather limited knowledge of the philosophy of mind, however, I would first like to offer some general remarks on how issues regarding the nature of mind are relevant to questions about animal ethics. Also, since behavior is one of our best sources of evidence for mentality in nonhuman animals, I give examples of how the study of animal behavior (in the field called "cognitive ethology"1) can be used to support claims about the presence or absence of ethically relevant mental features in other animals.
Investigation of hypersonic shock-induced combustion in a hydrogen-air system

A numerical study is conducted to simulate the ballistic range experiments at Mach 5.11 and 6.46. The flowfield is found to be unsteady with periodic instabilities originating in the stagnation zone. The unsteadiness of the flowfield decreased with increase in Mach number, thus indicating that it is possible to stabilize such flowfields with a high degree of overdrive. The frequency of periodic instability is determined using Fourier power spectrum and is found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The physics of the instability are explained by the wave interaction model as proposed earlier by McVey et al. (1971) and subsequently modified by Matsuo et al. (1991). 17 refs.
Rapid purification of native SecA from Escherichia coli: development of a new affinity chromatography procedure

The SecA protein occupies a pivotal position in the public protein export pathway inEscherichia coli. The multifunctional SecA protein recognizes cytoplasmic factors associated with export including the presecretory protein and targets the complex to the inner membrane, where it acts in the early stages of protein translocation. The ability of SecA to bind ATP was the basis for the development of a novel, rapid purification scheme involving a single chromatographic step. Affinity chromatography was carried out on Red Sepharose CL-6B. The SecA present in crude extracts ofE. coli binds strongly to this dye-ligand matrix, and active protein was purified to greater than 90% homogeneity. The protein isolated by this procedure retained the previously described ATPase and RNA-binding activities of SecA. This approach should permit the rapid purification of SecA homologs from a variety microorganisms.
Complete 13C NMR spectra of the axial forms of methyl-, ethyl- and isopropylcyclohexane

Low-temperature 13C NMR spectral data have been obtained for equatorial and axial methyl-, ethyl- and isopropylcyclohexane using a high-temperature cryogenic trapping technique. 13C chemical shift differences between major and minor conformations of each compound are discussed in terms of chemical shift theories. A convenient synthesis of deuteriated dichlorofluoro- and difluorochloromethane, which are excellent low-temperature NMR solvents, is also presented.
A Higher Order Associative Memory with McCulloch-Pitts neurons and Plastic Synapses

The capacity of an order-d associative memory model is O(Nd/logN). The exponential growth of the capacity with respect to d gives higher order models (d > 1) significant advantage over the Hopfield network, whose capacity is limited to O(N/logN). One problem with the higher order models is that their data processing can not be implemented on network models that are widely considered biologically feasible. In this paper, we propose a new higher order associative memory model that can be implemented with a collection of a simple McCulloch-Pitts neuron model with one extension: the synapses or network weights being adaptive or plastic. The plasticity is achieved by allowing the synaptic weights to change along the projection of the current network state to a correlation tensor. We show that our model guarantees convergence with a weak constraint, retains the capacity and basin of attraction of the higher correlation model, and is more robust against noise than the higher correlation model. Extensive numerical experiments agree with our claim. We also propose a d = 2 model with an approximate correlation tensor that brings reduction of computational cost during the retrieval phase. Numerical experiments show that the cost can be reduced by half without affecting the retrieval performance significantly.
The impact of stress on neutral and emotional aspects of episodic memory

The present experiment demonstrates that exposure to a significant psychological stressor (administered before watching a slide show) preserves or even enhances memory for emotional aspects of an event, and simultaneously disrupts memory for non-emotional aspects of the same event. Stress exposure also disrupted memory for information that was visually and thematically central to the event depicted in the slide show. Memory for peripheral information, on the other hand, was unaffected by stress. These results are consistent with theories invoking differential effects of stress on brain systems responsible for encoding and retrieving emotional memories (the amygdala) and non-emotional memories (e.g., the hippocampal formation), and inconsistent with the view that memories formed under high levels of stress are qualitatively the same as those formed under ordinary emotional circumstances. These data, which are also consistent with results obtained in a number of studies using animals and humans, have implications for the traumatic memory debate and theories regarding human memory.
Effects of contact lenses on scanning laser polarimetry of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the effects of contact lenses on scanning laser polarimetry of the peripapillary nerve fiber layer. METHODS: In a prospective study using the Nerve Fiber Analyzer (Laser Diagnostic Technologies, San Diego, California), retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in 22 subjects (51 eyes) was imaged with and without contact lenses (disposable and nondisposable daily wear soft and rigid gas permeable). Measurements of the circumference and of each quadrant were compared using paired Student t test. RESULTS: Nerve Fiber Analyzer measurements with and without contact lenses were not significantly different for any of the contact lens types tested ( P ≥ .11), using either hyperopic (to +4 diopters) or myopic (to −8.5 diopters) lenses. CONCLUSION: Contact lens wear and refractive power of the eye within the range tested do not significantly affect scanning laser polarimetry of the peripapillary nerve fiber layer.
In Situ High-Temperature EPR Investigation of the Charring of Tobacco and the O2-Induced and H2O-Induced Behavior of the Char

In situ high-temperature EPR has been used to study the 350 and 500 °C pyrolysis (under a He atmosphere) of tobacco, as well as the EPR-signaled changes in the resulting char under exposure to O 2 and H 2 O after quenching to room temperature. Exposure of a char to O 2 leads to a large increase in free radical concentration, especially for the 350 °C char. Exposure of the char to both O 2 and H 2 O yields an additional increase in free radical content (followed by a decrease after a maximum is reached), the magnitude of this increase being roughly half that of the initial O 2 -generated increase. The observed patterns result from a complicated chemical interplay involving the creation and destruction of carbon-centered and oxygen-centered free radicals.
Reply to Matos: Maternal effects cannot explain documented patterns of reproductive success

Matos (1) suggests that maternal effects could also explain the results we presented in a recent paper (2). However, from the outset of our study, we were aware that environmental maternal effects could be a competing explanation for the reduced fitness of hatchery-origin fish. In figure 4 of ref. 2, for example, we presented the results for male and female broodstock separately. The broodstock were either wild-born or hatchery-born individuals (0 and 1 generations in captivity, respectively). As described in the paper, each hatchery-born broodstock fish was mated with only a wild-born partner. Thus, the male hatchery broodstock were mated with wild female broodstock. As such, there is no way that the results presented for males could be attributable to an environmental maternal effect.
Individual roles of cellulase components derived from Trichoderma viride

Abstract Three cellulase components were purified from crude filtrates of Trichoderma viride: an enzyme removing successive glucosyl moieties from the nonreducing end of the substrate (E.C. 3.2.1.21), an enzyme attacking internal bonds (E.C. 3.2.1.4), and a component capable of attacking crystalline cellulose. These were demonstrated to have distinct physical and enzymic properties. Although none of the components alone accounted for the properties of the crude, appropriate recombinations did.
Rat Heart Allograft Survival with Donor Pretreatment

Heterotopic rat heart transplants from Ag-B compatible Fischer strain donors to Lewis recipients were monitored by daily ECG. The median survival time (MST) of control grafts was 12.8 days. Pretreatment of donors with whole-body radiation, cyclophosphamide, or antilymphocyte serum resulted in MST of 19.7, 18.0, and 17.8 days, respectively. Local irradiation of the heart alone did not prolong survival beyond control values, whereas whole-body irradiation with the heart shielded did, indicating that the prolongation achieved by donor pretreatment with radiation, at least, was a systemic rather than local effect. Only slight prolongation was achieved by donor radiation in the Ag-B incompatible BN to Lewis strain combination, demonstrating the importance of histocompatibility matching for the effectiveness of donor pretreatment.
Summary of Computer based Energy Management

This paper summarizes the computer based energy management. The concepts on which energy management is based are given including its required features. The energy management structure is identified as a multi-level system. The information communication including the functions performed in each level are given. The implementation of energy management including the steps and economics are briefly described. Finally, a typical hardware description of a currently available energy management system is shown.
Performance of secure SIP and LoST signaling in a Next Generation 9–1–1 testbed

Security is an important concern in Voice over IP (VoIP) applications. An approach to securing the signaling, such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Location to Service Translation (LoST) messages, is to use Transport Layer Security (TLS). Several studies have measured the impact of using TLS on SIP. However, there have not been any tests on the impact of TLS or Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) on IP-based emergency calls or Next Generation 9–1–1 (NG-9–1–1). In this paper, we address the practical issues in establishing a secure framework for NG-9–1–1 with performance metrics such as call setup and server processing delays.
THE BINDING OF ACETYLCHOLINE TO SYNAPTIC VESICLES FROM TORPEDO CALIFORNICA ELECTROPLAX

— The in vitro uptake of exogenous acetylcholine by isolated presynaptic vesicles has been demonstrated in a new system. A preparation of vesicles from Torpedo californica electroplax was developed in which acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptor activity were blocked. The vesicles bound acetylcholine with Kd 1.58 μM, the maximum amount bound being 26 pmol per g of original tissue, or 52 molecules per vesicle. Nicotinic drugs blocked binding, but muscarinic and noncholinergic drugs did not. The relative potency of nicotinic drugs differed greatly from their potency on Torpedo receptor. Sephadex chromatography showed that 26% of the binding was irreversible. The relationship of the binding to acetylcholine uptake and storage was discussed.
Dimension-independent bounds on the degree of approximation by neural networks

Let φ be a univariate 2π-periodic function. Suppose that s ≥ 1 and f is a 2π-periodic function of s real variables. We study sufficient conditions in order that a neural network having a single hidden layer consisting of n neurons, each with an activation function φ, can be constructed so as to give a mean square approximation to f within a given accuracy ∈ n , independent of the number of variables. We also discuss the case in which the activation function φ is not 2π-periodic.
Maternal Residential Atrazine Exposure and Gastroschisis by Maternal Age

Previous literature has suggested a link between maternal exposure to atrazine (the most commonly used herbicide in the US) and risk for gastroschisis (a birth defect that involves incomplete closure of the abdominal wall). Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between maternal atrazine exposure and gastroschisis risk by maternal age. We analyzed data for 1,161 cases with isolated gastroschisis and 8,390 controls delivered in Texas from 1999 through 2008. We estimated atrazine exposure based on maternal county of residence and data from the United States Geological Survey. Logistic regression was conducted among all subjects, and separately among offspring of women <25 and ≥25 years. Risk for gastroschisis in offspring was significantly increased for women ≥25 years with high levels of residential atrazine exposure compared to low (adjusted odds ratio: 1.97, 95 % confidence interval 1.19–3.26). This association was not observed among women <25 years. Our results provide additional insight into the suspected relationship of gastroschisis with atrazine. This relationship appears to be different in older versus younger mothers, providing further evidence that the etiology of gastroschisis may vary based on maternal age.
Measuring Globalization of Industries Using a National Industry Approach: Empirical Evidence Across Five Countries and over Time

This paper presents an objective measurement of industry globalization. Although crucial in understanding firm strategies, industry globalization has been largely subjectively measured, consisting of mostly case studies. This research develops a two-pronged measure of industry globalization based on (a) the extent of an industry's international linkages (LIT) and (b) the integration of value-added activities within the industry (IIT). In addition of providing a quantitative equivalent to Porter [1986] and Bartlett and Ghoshal's [1989] conceptual industry categorizations, this measure permits the examination of important but previously untested notions regarding globalization. Using data for chemical and manufacturing industries for five major trading nations, we find that (1) chemical industries are less global than manufacturing industries, despite high levels of FDI found in chemical industries; (2) U.S. globalization, frequently assumed to be representative of worldwide globalization of industries, is less than that of other major industrial countries; and (3) industries in both sectors are globalizing over time, consistent with the literature.
Standing at the Crossroads: The Battle for the Heart and Soul of Pentecostalism

Abstract This address, delivered at the 40th annual meeting of the Society for Pentecostal Studies in Memphis, Tennessee (March 12, 2011), examines the present state of Pentecostalism and Pentecostal studies through an analogy with American indigenous blues music. Seeing Pentecostalism at a significant juncture, the address seeks to call Pentecostals and Pentecostal scholars to a consideration of what is essential to Pentecostal scholarship. Proposed is a conversational model of scholarship characterized by: 1) an openness to what the Spirit is saying and/or doing in other theologies or movements; 2) commitment to a Pentecostal way of doing theology in the Spirit; 3) interdisciplinary approaches; 4) a commitment to narrative and experience over dogma and proposition; and 5) an openness to hearing the visionary work of young scholars.