cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of personal space: Proxemic behavior of children 6 through 16

Observations were made of the personal space behaviors of same-sex pairs of children, aged 6–16. Results indicated that children used more space as they grew older and that adult proxemic behaviors were acquired by age 12. While in the younger children no sex differences were present for the proxemic behaviors of distance and body orientation, males were found by early adolescence to stand farther apart and at greater angles than females. The development of personal space and of sex differences in these behaviors is discussed in the context of social learning.
Clinical pharmacology of lubiprostone, a chloride channel activator in defecation disorders

Background: Lubiprostone, a prostaglandin E1 derivative, was approved in January 2006 for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) in adults and in April 2008 for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) in adult women. Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy and safety of lubiprostone and recommend its place in therapy for CIC and IBS-C. Methods: We conducted a literature search using PubMed/Medline (1966 – April 2008) using the keywords lubiprostone, chronic constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome. Data provided by the manufacturer and the FDA were also reviewed. Conculsion: Available literature for lubiprostone is mostly available in abstract data making it difficult to evaluate the clinical evidence. Although this medication shows promise, more information is needed to determine its place in therapy.
Dissolution rates of poly(methyl methacrylate) in mixtures of nonsolvents

Abstract : As predicted by thermodynamic studies of polymer conformation, high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, dissolves cleanly, and at a constant rate, in a 7:3 mixture of 1-butanol and acetonitrile although neither liquid is a solvent for PMMA by itself. Mixtures of other alcohols with acetonitrile also dissolve PMMA. When mixture with the same fraction of acetonitrile are compared, methanol dissolves PMMA almost twice as fast, ethanol and hexanol at about the same rate, and 2-propanol somewhat more slowly than the 1-butanol mixture with acetonitrile. The measurements of dissolution rate were made using a laser interferometer at 20 C. Keywords: Microlithography, Resists, Poly(methyl methacrylate). (aw)
Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ)-Induced Nuclear Localization of Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin in Epithelial Cells†

Apolipoprotein J (apoJ)/clusterin was first identified as an 80 kDa secretory glycoprotein present in most body fluids. It has been implicated in a variety of physiological processes including cellular differentiation and apoptosis. We demonstrate here that in addition to the well characterized secreted form of the protein, there exists an intracellular, nuclear form of apoJ. This intracellular form of the protein is induced to accumulate in the nucleus of two epithelial cell lines (HepG2 and CCL64) in response to treatment with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). We demonstrate in vitro that apoJ protein can be translated from two in-frame ATG sites. Initiation from the first ATG encodes for the secretory form of apoJ and initiation from the second ATG, located 33 amino acids downstream of the first and lacking the hydrophobic signal sequence, encodes for a truncated apoJ protein. This shorter form of apoJ is not recognized by microsomes and therefore not glycosylated, and we postulate that it is retain...
Comments on Field Emission in Solids: Multiple Particle Tunneling and Singularities

In recent field-emission experiments a high energy tail in the field-emitted electron distribution has been observed. It has been described as the products of a cascade process initiated by the injection of hot holes into the conduction band. Another process that can possibly contribute to the tail current is multiple particle tunneling. In the present development we consider the features of this tunneling process. We observe from the data that an infrared divergence-like behavior occurs in the tail current at the Fermi energy. We argue that one reason for the occurrence of such a divergence is the singular transient response of the Fermi sea to the sudden establishment of a hole potential when an electron near the Fermi energy tunnels. In Feldemissionsversuchen wurde kurzlich in der Energieverteilung der emittierten Elektronen ein Auslaufer im Gebiet hoher Energien beobachtet. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, diesen durch die Elektron–Elektron-Wechselwirkung im Metall zu erklaren und ihn folglich durch die Endprodukte eines Kaskaden-Prozesses zu beschreiben, der durch die Injektion von Defektelektronen in das Leitungsband entsteht. Das Problem wird hier weiter untersucht. Es wird vorgeschlagen, das ein Vielteilchen-Tunnelprozes zum Strom der Elektronen hoherer Energie beitragen kann. Aus den Versuchsresultaten ist zu ersehen, das ein infrarotes divergenzahnliches Verhalten im Auslaufer (tail) des Stromes bei der Fermi-Energie entsteht. Ein moglicher Grund fur diese Divergenz ist das singulare Ansprechen des Fermi-Sees auf das plotzliche Entstehen eines Defektelektronen-Potentials, wenn ein Elektron in der Nahe der Fermi-Energie tunnelt.
Transient Discharge of Entrained Air From a Wound Roll

As magnetic tape or other web-like material is wound onto a roll, air moving with the incoming stream and the roll becomes forced into the converging wedge at the stream's point of tangency, The spiral-shaped air bearing so formed can extend many wraps into the roll's interior. When the roll is subsequently brought to rest, the entrained air discharges from it, and the roll's radius gradually decreases until all adjacent tape layers have come into direct contact. In the present paper, a model is developed for this transient discharge process, and for the rate at which the roll stabilizes following steady-state winding. Predictions of the model are compared with results from laboratory experiments in which the roll's radius is measured through laser interferometry during the steady entrainment, and transient discharge, stages of winding. Parametric effects of the tape's tension, speed, width, and surface roughness are specifically addressed with a view towards reducing the time required for the roll to stabilize.
Mass properties measurement for drag-free test masses

Space-borne gravitational wave observatories like the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and those beyond, which may utilize a Modular Gravitational Reference Sensor (MGRS), greatly benefit from precise knowledge of the mass center location and moment of inertia tensor of the test mass prior to launch. The motion of the mass center of a drag-free test mass, which follows a pure geodesic, must be inferred from measurements of the surface. Therefore, knowledge of the mass center is critical for calibration of the cross-coupling between rotational and translational degrees of freedom. Together with the moment of inertia tensor, the mass center can also provide an estimate of the material density inhomogeneity to quadratic order, and the gravitational potential to second order, which improves modeling of self gravitation forces. These benefits, which are independent of the test mass shape, motivate the development of three new techniques for improving mass center and moment of inertia measurements beyond the current state of the art. A static pendulum is proposed to determine the mass center of a cubic test mass to ~ 1 μm by measuring the equilibrium position with the cube in up to 24 different orientations relative to the pendulum platform. Measuring the natural frequency of a dynamic torsion pendulum can determine both the mass center and moment of inertia tensor of arbitrarily shaped objects to ~ 5 μm and 1 part in ~ 104 respectively. The velocity modulation technique for measuring the mass center of a sphere has raised the bar in precision to ~ 150 nm, a factor of 20 improvement over the work presented at the LISA 6th symposium. This new technique involves rolling the sphere down a set of parallel rails to spectrally shift the mass center offset information to the rolling rate frequency, in order to avoid the 1/f noise that typically prevents other techniques from achieving precision below 1 μm.
COUP-TFII is essential for metanephric mesenchyme formation and kidney precursor cell survival

Development of the metanephric kidney in mammals requires complex reciprocal tissue interactions between the ureteric epithelium and the mesenchyme. It is believed that Gdnf, produced in the metanephric mesenchyme, activates Ret signaling in the Wolffian duct to initiate the formation of the metanephros. However, the molecular mechanism for induction of Gdnf in the metanephric mesenchyme is not completely defined. Previous studies demonstrated that during the early stages of kidney development, loss of Osr1, Eya1, Pax2 or Wt1 gene function in the metanephric mesenchyme compromises the formation of the kidney. Moreover, it has been shown that the Hox11-Eya1-Pax2 complex activates the expression of Six2 and Gdnf in the metanephric mesenchyme to drive nephrogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the orphan nuclear receptor chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII, also known as Nr2f2) is required for the specification of the metanephric mesenchyme. Deletion of COUP-TFII at E7.5 results in improper differentiation of the metanephric mesenchyme and absence of essential developmental regulators, such as Eya1, Six2, Pax2 and Gdnf. Importantly, we show that COUP-TFII directly regulates the expression of both Eya1 and Wt1 in the metanephric mesenchyme. Our findings reveal, for the first time, that COUP-TFII plays a central role in the specification of metanephric fate and in the maintenance of metanephric mesenchyme proliferation and survival by acting as a crucial regulator of Eya1 and Wt1 expression.
Accurate Heats of Formation for BFn, BFn+, BCln, and BCln+ for n = 1−3

Accurate heats of formation are computed for BFn, BFn+, BCln, and BCln+, for n = 1−3. The geometries and vibrational frequencies are determined at the B3LYP level of theory. The energetics are determined at the CCSD(T) level of theory. Extrapolation to the basis set limit is discussed. Spin−orbit, scalar relativistic, and core−valence correlation are accounted for. The temperature dependence of the heat of formation, heat capacity, and entropy is computed for the temperature range 300−4000 K and fit to a polynomial.
Computing optimal snowplow route plans using Genetic Algorithms

The road network of a small town is represented by a directed graph. Road junctions are the vertices of this graph and each road segment (which has a length and a priority value) is represented by a directed edge. Priority values are numbers 1, 2, etc. with the assumption that 1 is the highest priority. We seek to compute an optimal route map that begins at a particular vertex (the depot) and covers all the edges at least once and returns to the start vertex. The parameters that we wish to minimize are: the total distance covered (thereby minimizing the deadhead miles), the number of u-turns and priority misplacements. In this paper, we propose a Genetic Algorithms-based solution to compute near-optimal route maps in such a graph. Specifically, we have developed a Java software application that generates route maps that minimize a linear combination of the three parameters. We have experimented with reasonably large graphs and obtained good solutions. These solutions are especially useful in snowplow routing for small towns, as plowing costs consume significant portions of the total municipal budgets of these communities. Most of the route planning is currently done manually and routes have evolved over time by experience. In these times of severe budget stress, route planning using our approach can help in performing this essential service in an efficient manner.
New opportunities for extracting insights from cloud based IDEs

Traditional integrated development environments (IDEs) provide developers with robust environments for writing, testing, debugging, and deploying code. As the world becomes increasingly networked and more services are delivered via the cloud, it is only natural that the functionality of IDEs be delivered via the cloud. In addition to simplifying the provisioning and deployment of new IDE features, and making it easier to integrate with other web native tools, cloud based IDEs provide some fundamental advantages when it comes to understanding the behavior of a wide community of software developers. One of these advantages for the IDE provider is the ability to transparently monitor and analyze the real-time fine-grained actions of a large number of developers. In this paper, we explore how to leverage these transparent monitoring capabilities of cloud based IDEs to develop advanced analytics to understand developers' behavior and infer their characteristics. We demonstrate the feasibility of this research direction with a preliminary study focusing on the way that source code files grow for different developers, development tasks, and skill levels. We then analyze the trends of source code file growth and find growth is more similar within subjects than within tasks.
Maternal transfer of photoperiodic information in rodents

Abstract In many photoperiodic rodents the maternal system transmits photoperiodic information to the young in utero. The young then use this information in an integrated reproductive response to prevailing photoperiodic conditions at the time they leave the nest. Thus it is quite common for weaned young of the same species to respond differently to the same photoperiod, the response dependent on the photoperiod perceived by the dam during gestation. The precise mechanism by which transfer of photoperiodic information from mother to young is accomplished is not entirely known. Central to successful transmission of photoperiodic information is the maternal pineal gland and its hormone, melatonin; in the absence of these no information is transferred to the young, while daily treatment of the pregnant pinealectomized mother with exogenous melatonin has led to successful transmission from mother to young of short-day, but not long-day, information. Reproductive development of newly weaned young, rendered incapable (by pinealectomy) of responding directly to ambient photoperiod, or functionally pinealectomized by exposure to continuous illumination (LL), directly reflects gestational photoperiod seen by the mother; pinealectomized or LL-exposed weanlings gestated on short (inhibitory) days experience a slow rate of reproductive development while similarly treated weanlings that were gestated on long (stimulatory) days undergo rapid gonadal and sex accessory gland growth. Many questions remain about the mechanism of maternal transfer of photoperiodic information to her young. Answers to these questions can only be determined after attaining a thorough knowledge of the basic properties of the photoperiodic time measurement system of the species being investigated.
The Sheath Components of the Giant Nerve Fibres of the Squid

Recent analysis of the ultrastructure of the sheaths of vertebrate nerve fibres has revealed that from the largest, heavily myelinated to the smallest, so-called unmyelinated fibres the molecular architecture is essentially similar, the differences in optical and chemical properties being referable to the relative proportion of oriented lipoid and protein molecules (Schmitt and Bear 1937). Moreover, the birefringence varies in a continuous manner from the largest to the smallest fibres. This essential continuity of ultrastructure of the sheath reveals the distinction between myelinated and unmyelinated fibres to be entirely arbitrary. The analysis has been extended to the sheaths of crustacean nerves, and it has been demonstrated that the metatropic reaction of Gothlin (1913) is not, as he supposed, an artifact due to dehydration tensions, but is evidence that the ultrastructure of these sheaths likewise conforms with that of vertebrate fibres, the amount of oriented lipoid being so small that special methods are required for its detection (Bear and Schmitt 1937; Chinn and Schmitt 1937).
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ORIENTING, CONDITIONABILITY, AND SKIN RESISTANCE RESPONSIVITY

Forty-eight college students, after serving as Ss in a SRR discrimination conditioning experiment, were divided into quartiles on magnitude of SRR to both noxious (UCS) and innocuous (CS) stimuli. With both orienting response (OR) measures, i.e. to the CS and to the UCS, it was shown that subjects giving large ORs gave significantly larger responses to both CS+ and CS− (during conditioning) than did Ss giving small ORs. On the basis of the innocuous stimulus split, Ss giving large ORs demonstrated both significantly faster and greater discrimination conditioning than did Ss giving small ORs. Such differences in rate and amount of discrimination conditioning were not demonstrated with the noxious stimulus split. In other words, with the noxious stimulus measure there is only a significant response level effect, but with the innocuous stimulus definition of OR, there is a significant response level effect, and a significant effect on rate and amount of discrimination conditioning. Thus, noxious and innocuous stimulus definitions of OR do not appear to be measuring the same process.
An infra-red spectroscopic view of atmospheric particulates over El Paso, Texas

Abstract A novel method of monitoring atmospheric particulates in urban environments, a microspectrophotometric technique is described for the analysis of a set of nine impactor samples of atmospheric dust collected near the surface from an urban environment in El Paso, Texas, U.S.A. The sample from each of the six stages is embedded in a KBr micropellet which is analyzed spectroscopically. The analysis revealed a composition and a transition of composition with respect to particle size that was surprisingly close to that of similarly fractionated samples taken from an isolated mountainous site 120 km to the northeast of El Paso. The composition data illustrated a transition from a silicate and carbonate dominated Junge's giant particle fraction (> 2.0 μm dia.) to an ammonium sulfate dominated large particle fraction (between 0.3 and 2.0 μm dia.). The results of the study demonstrate the value of the method used in the detection and identification of the persistent presence of low concentration atmospheric particulates and suggest its use in monitoring urban environment.
Multiscale method for tomographic reconstruction

We use a natural pixel type representation of an object to construct almost orthogonal basis functions. The coefficients of expansion of an object into these basis functions can be computed from the projection (i.e. the strip integral) data by using the Wavelet Transform. This enables us to formulate a multiscale tomographic reconstruction technique wherein the object is reconstructed at multiple scales or resolutions. A complete reconstruction can be obtained by combining these. The almost orthonormal behavior of the basis functions results in a system matrix, relating the input (the object coefficients) and the output (the projection data), which is extremely sparse. The system matrix, in addition to being sparse, has a symmetric block-Toeplitz structure for which fast inversion algorithms exist. The multiscale reconstruction technique can find applications in object feature recognition directly from projection data, tackling ill-posed imaging problems where the projection data are incomplete and/or noisy, and construction of multiscale stochastic models for which fast estimation algorithms exist.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanism of tryptophanase induction in Escherichia coli

Abstract The addition of l -tryptophan to uninduced Escherichia coli K12 leads to the formation of inactive enzyme precursor which can be converted to active l -tryptophanase in the absence of polypeptide synthesis. The accumulation of this precursor begins approximately one minute after the onset of induction. Conversion of the precursor to tryptophanase requires another one to two minutes. In pre-induced cells, inducer removal or infection with phage T6 causes an exponential decay of tryptophanase-forming capacity after a delay of approximately two minutes. However, the capacity to form the enzyme precursor decays with very little delay. These results suggest that the synthesis of tryptophanase-specific messenger RNA is completed within one minute after addition of inducer. Phage infection or inducer removal halt the continued accumulation of tryptophanase-specific messenger RNA, presumably by preventing the initiation of its synthesis. In F− cells, the capacity to form the tryptophanase precursor decays twice as fast after phage infection as after inducer removal; in F+ cells, phage infection does not lead to this accelerated decay. In view of similar results in the case of β-galactosidase, it is possible that infection with T-even phage decreases the functional stability of all host messenger RNA in F−, but not in F+ cells.
Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are important for energy storage in a wide variety of applications including consumer electronics, transportation and large-scale energy production. The performance of lithium-ion batteries depends on the materials used. One critical component is the electrolyte, which is the focus of this paper. In particular, inorganic ceramic and organic polymer solid-electrolyte materials are reviewed. Solid electrolytes provide advantages in terms of simplicity of design and operational safety, but typically have conductivities that are lower than those of organic liquid electrolytes. This paper provides a comparison of the conductivities of solid-electrolyte materials being used or developed for use in lithium-ion batteries.
Analytical modeling of the CMOS-like a-Si:H TFT inverter circuit

The transfer characteristics of a CMOS-like hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (a-Si:H TFT) inverter circuit are analyzed. Accurate analytical expressions for the sheet conductance of the ambipolar a-Si:H TFT are simplified and applied to the CMOS-like TFT inverter circuit. The inverter circuit is composed of only one type of ambipolar a-Si:H TFT that is used for both the driver and load transistors. The CMOS-like inverter circuit has a very high small-signal gain compared to other types of TFT inverter circuits. An analytically calculated voltage transfer curve is almost identical to that obtained by the graphical method and shows very close agreement with the measured transfer curve. >
An Adaptive Two-Dimensional Kalman Tracking Filter

A continuously adaptive two-dimensional Kalman tracking filter for a low data rate track-while-scan (TWS) operation is introduced which enhances the tracking of maneuvering targets. The track residuals in each coordinate, which are a measure of track quality, are sensed, normalized to unity variance, and then filtered in a single-pole filter. The magnitude Z of the output of this single-pole filter, when it exceeds a threshold Z1 is used to vary the maneuver noise spectral density q in the Kalman filter model in a continuous manner. This has the effect of increasing the tracking filter gains and containing the bias developed by the tracker due to the maneuvering target. The probability of maintaining track, with reasonably sized target gates, is thus increased, The operational characteristic of q versus Z assures that the tracker gains do not change unless there is high confidence that a maneuver is in progress.
The determination of limestone surface area by linear regression

An accurate procedure is described to determine rapidly and conveniently the surface area of individual pieces of limestone when estimating benthic macroinvertebrate densities. Based on population samples of 60 limestone and 60 traprock fragments, the authors derived r2 values in their regressions of volume and weight against surface area of 0.909 and 0.939 and 0.84 and 0.76, respectively. Estimates of limestone surface area by these methods yielded error estimates of 4.2% and 3.6%, equal to or superior to any method reviewed.
Management of women with atypical Papanicolaou tests of undetermined significance by board-certified gynecologists: Discrepancies with published guidelines

Abstract Objective: The Bethesda System introduced 2 categories of atypia: atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). Our objective was to test the hypothesis that there is lack of consensus regarding management of women with ASCUS and AGUS. Study Design: A 2-page survey was mailed in April 1998 to a random sample of 491 fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Results: There were 241 responses (50.6%). For first-time ASCUS, 23.0% of respondents would perform colposcopy and 24.4% would repeat the Papanicolaou test in Conclusion: Compared with published guidelines, practitioners undermanage patients with AGUS and overmanage patients with ASCUS. Further physician education appears to be warranted. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:551-6.)
Characterization of Neocortical Principal Cells and Interneurons by Network Interactions and Extracellular Features

Most neuronal interactions in the cortex occur within local circuits. Because principal cells and GABAergic interneurons contribute differently to cortical operations, their experimental identification and separation is of utmost important. We used 64-site two-dimensional silicon probes for high-density recording of local neurons in layer 5 of the somatosensory and prefrontal cortices of the rat. Multiple-site monitoring of units allowed for the determination of their two-dimensional spatial position in the brain. Of the approximately 60,000 cell pairs recorded, 0.2% showed robust short-term interactions. Units with significant, short-latency (<3 ms) peaks following their action potentials in their cross-correlograms were characterized as putative excitatory (pyramidal) cells. Units with significant suppression of spiking of their partners were regarded as putative GABAergic interneurons. A portion of the putative interneurons was reciprocally connected with pyramidal cells. Neurons physiologically identified as inhibitory and excitatory cells were used as templates for classification of all recorded neurons. Of the several parameters tested, the duration of the unfiltered (1 Hz to 5 kHz) spike provided the most reliable clustering of the population. High-density parallel recordings of neuronal activity, determination of their physical location and their classification into pyramidal and interneuron classes provide the necessary tools for local circuit analysis.
The Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Living Aquatic Organisms VI. Organic Complexity and Hydrostatic Pressure Sensitivity

Forty species of aquatic animals belonging to 14 phyla of various levels of organic complexity were examined with reference to their ability to survive increasing hydrostatic pressure. The results of these experiments lead us to seriously question the commonly stated and often quoted hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between pressure resistance and the complexity of organisms.
Co-Administering Tyrosine with Glucose Potentiates Its Effect on Brain Tyrosine Levels

Administration of a tyrosine dose (100 mg/kg, by stomach tube) along with glucose (3 g/kg, also by stomach tube) amplified its effect on the plasma tyrosine/large neutral amino acids (LNAA) ratio and on brain tyrosine levels. Lower and higher glucose doses were without effect, because they caused proportionate decreases in plasma tyrosine and in other plasma LNAA.
Optimal power deposition in hyperthermia. I. The treatment goal: the ideal temperature distribution: the role of large blood vessels.

Improved hyperthermia heating systems that have flexibility in their deposition patterns are becoming available commercially, and even more flexible systems are being developed in research laboratories. To best use these devices one must determine how to deposit the power optimally, for which one needs a clear thermal treatment goal including an ideal temperature distribution. This paper presents definitions for these quantities, and theoretically investigates the relative effects of thermal conduction and blood convection cooling on them. It is shown that both cooling mechanisms can be important clinically, and that the presence of 'large' blood vessels can have a major impact on the optimal power deposition patterns. In particular, an ideal heating system would deposit enough power both outside the treatment volume in order to preheat the incoming blood to the desired treatment temperature, and at the treatment volume boundary in order to overcome thermal conduction effects. The degree to which any heat...
Optimization of community health center locations and service offerings with statistical need estimation

Community Health Centers (CHCs) provide family-oriented healthcare services for people living in rural and urban medically underserved communities; they are an important part of the government's plan to make healthcare more affordable. An optimization model is developed to determine the best location and number of new CHCs in a geographical network, as well as what services each CHC should offer at which capacity level. The weighted demand coverage of the needy population is maximized subject to budget and capacity constraints, where costs are fixed and variable. Statistical methods are applied to national health databases to determine important predictors of healthcare need and disease weights, and these methods are applied to census data to obtain county-based estimates of demand. Using several performance metrics such as the number of encounters, service of uninsured persons, and coverage of rural counties, the results of the system approach to location are analyzed using the state of Georgia as a prot...
The efferent projections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Unilateral partial ablations were made in the medial granular frontal cortex of 6 adult squirrel monkeys. Fiber degeneration was traced using the Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer selective silver impregnation techniques into the cingulum, uncinate fascicle, corpus callosum, internal capsule and sublenticular (ventral extracapsular) bundle. Corticocortical projections were observed to the lateral orbital, parietal, rostral inferior temporal, and entorhinal cortices, as well as to the hippocampus proper. Subcortical projections were observed to the basal amygdaloid nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, lateral dorsal, anterior ventral, mediodorsal, pulvinar, and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. Preterminal and terminal fiber degeneration were notably sparse in most of the neostriatum, except the dorsolateral region of the caudate nucleus. Fiber degeneration traversed the medial crus cerebri of the midbrain, where fibers of passage ascended into the tegmentum through the medial substantia nigra. Preterminal and terminal degeneration were present in the mesencephalic reticular formation lateral and dorsal to the red nucleus and a few degenerating fibers were followed into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray. Degeneration was observed as far caudal as the reticulotegmental nucleus of the rostral pons. On the basis of its connections, the medial prefrontal cortex resembles the remainder of the prefrontal lobe and probably also has an important role in cortical and subcortical limbic mechanisms.
Visual, Tactile, and Auditory "Not Just Right" Experiences: Associations With Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Perfectionism

Abstract “Not just right” experiences (NJREs), or uncomfortable sensations associated with the immediate environment not feeling “right,” are thought to contribute to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology. The literature suggests that NJREs are experienced across sensory modalities; however, existing in vivo measures have been restricted to visual inductions (e.g., viewing and/or rearranging a cluttered table). The present study used a large undergraduate sample ( N = 284) to examine 4 in vivo tasks designed to elicit and assess NJREs across separate sensory modalities (i.e., visual, tactile, and auditory). Task ratings (discomfort evoked, and urge to counteract task-specific stimuli) were uniquely associated with self-report measures of NJREs, OC symptoms (ordering/arranging, checking, and washing), and certain maladaptive domains of perfectionism (doubts about actions, and organization). Findings have implications for experimental research and clinical work targeting NJREs specific to particular senses.
Representations of infinite permutations by words (II)

We prove several cases of the following theorem: Every free group word which is not a proper power can represent every permutation of an infinite set. The remaining cases will be proved in a forthcoming paper of R. C. Lyndon. Fx denotes a free group freely generated by the set X. The elements of X are called letters, and the elements of Fx are represented by reduced words in those letters. G denotes an arbitrary group. We say that a word w can represent a in G if a E G and there exists a homomorphism h: Fx G C such that h(w) = a. In other words w can represent a in G iff the equation w = a is solvable in G, where X is the set of unknowns. Notice that, if q is an endomorphism of Fx and +(w) can represent a in G, then w can represent a in G. As was pointed out in [3], the sums of exponents of each letter of w have a greatest common divisior 1 iff w can represent every a in every G. This set of words with g.c.d. 1 is larger than the set of words w for which there exists an automorphism a of Fx such that a(w) E X. E.g., by a theorem of J. H. C. Whitehead (see [5]), the words x2yx-1y-1 and x2y3, for x, y E X, are in the first set but not in the second set. The solvability of equations w = a for various groups G has been considered in several papers, see [2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10]. In the present paper we will study this question for G = Sy, the group of all permutations of an infinite set Y. In [10] Silberger asks if every w E Fx which is not a power, i.e., is not of the form vk with k > 1, can represent every 7r in Sy, if Y is infinite. He shows that this is true if w = xmyn for x, y E X, x $ y and m $ 0 $ n. Another proof is given in [2]. (For finite Y sufficient conditions in terms of m and n were given in [4]). Our main result is the following partial solution of Silberger's problem (it was announced in [8]). THEOREM 1. If w E Fx, w is not a power, 7r E Sy, and among the cycles of 7r at least one cycle size appears infinitely many times (fixed points are counted as cycles), then w can represent ir in Sy. REMARK ADDED IN MARCH 1986. R. C. Lyndon has just removed my assumption about the existence of repeating cycles in 7r. Thus Silberger's conjecture is true. My proof uses some rather difficult tools of combinatorial group theory (a theorem of Weinbaum about subwords of a relator and the asphericity theorem for Cayley complexes of groups with one relator) but Lyndon's addition is more direct. First he points out that Theorem 1 reduces the problem to the cases when YI = No and either 7r has at least one infinite cycle or 7r has no infinite cycles but Received by the editors June 12, 1985 and, in revised form, October 1985 and March 1986. 1980 Mathematics Subject C(Lsification (1985 Revisnm). Primary 20F05; Secondary 20B07, 20E05. (?)1987 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/87 $1.00 + $.25 per page
Upregulation of dynamin II expression during the acquisition of a mature pancreatic acinar cell phenotype

Members of the dynamin superfamily are GTPases which have been shown to support receptor-mediated endocytosis in vivo and bind to growth factor receptor-associated proteins in vitro. In acinar cells of the pancreas, receptor-mediated endocytosis is very important for the recycling of membranes after secretory granule release. Therefore, characterization of the molecular machinery responsible for this process is critical for a better understanding of this phenomenon. In this study we sought to determine the expression pattern of the endocytic GTPase dynamin II during pancreatic acinar cell differentiation in developing rat embryos and in dexamethasone-treated AR42J cells using Western blot, Northern blot, and immunocytochemical analyses. During pancreatic development, dynamin immunoreactivity is almost undetectable until day E17 but undergoes significant upregulation in acinar cells starting at E18. In addition, the levels of dynamin mRNA and protein in AR42J cells increase approximately threefold during dexamethasone-induced acinar differentiation. The increase in dynamin levels that occurs in both embryonic pancreatic cells and dexamethasone-treated AR42J cells correlates with the establishment of a more differentiated acinar phenotype. Therefore, these results suggest a potential role for dynamin in supporting receptor-mediated endocytosis in mature pancreatic acinar cells.
Improvements in Methods for Spectral Combination of Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Data

Coaddition of spectra in a single-component peak of a gas chromatograph (GC) obtained with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer is the method generally used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the spectrum of the eluted analyte. It is commonly thought that coaddition of spectra to a relative intensity level of 40% of the GC peak will lead to the optimal improvement in S/N of the resulting composite spectrum. We have shown that this is not generally the case for either simulated Gaussian-shaped or experimentally obtained asymmetric GC bands. The optimal intensity level for coaddition is found to be a function of the shape of the GC band and the ratio of the number of background to sample scans used in generating the individual IR spectra. We have also introduced the use of classical least-squares (CLS) techniques as a superior method to improve the S/N of the composite analyte spectrum. With the use of CLS methods, spectra included in generating the composite spectrum can be a small fraction of the maximum intensity in the GC peak while still resulting in S/N improvements. The theoretical S/N of the composite spectrum with the use of CLS methods is shown to be always as good as or better than that achieved with the coaddition method. The improvements achieved in S/N when CLS methods are used can be more than a factor of two greater than results for the traditional coaddition method for the cases considered in this paper. Furthermore, it is shown that increasing the number of background to sample scans is a very convenient method to improve the S/N of the composite spectrum obtained by either method. The results presented here for GC/FT-IR are also generally applicable to LC/FT-IR, SFC/FT-IR, and TGA/FT-IR for bands that contain a single analyte.
Development and Application of an Apparatus for Continuous Measurement of Muscle Extensibility and Elasticity Before and During Rigor Mortisa,a,b

SUMMARY An apparatus was developed to study the extensibility and elasticity characteristics of muscle fibers before and during the onset of rigor mortis. A variable load (weight) was applied to a muscle specimen held in a chamber under controlled conditions maintained by a thermostatically regulated cartridge heater, cooling coil, and gas inlet. A solenoid cell, energized by a cyclic timer, was used to release and apply the load in a direction longitudinal to the vertically mounted specimen. A lever attached to the specimen-loading, system transmitted the extensibility and elasticity of the specimen to the armature of a differential transformer. The output voltage, from the secondary transformer winding was directly proportional to displacement of the armature. This AC output signal was rectified and transferred to a DC recording microammeter. The time course of rigor mortis was not influenced by loading and unloading interval or size of muscle strip, and was found to be temperature-dependent, being prolonged as temperature was decreased. The white fibers of the semitendinosus muscle were found to have a considerably longer delay phase than the red fibers. The relations between the time course of rigor mortis and the ultimate properties of the muscle were discussed.
Multiple Correlates of Physical Aggression in Dating Couples

Participants in a study of the correlates of courtship aggression included 408 college students (125 males, 283 females) who were involved in a dating relationship of two months or longer. Subjects completed self-report measures of courtship aggression, family aggression, personality, dating problems, problem solving, life change, and personal history of aggression. The pattern of significant correlations differed for men and women. The variables significantly discriminated between aggressive and nonaggressive individuals, for both men and women. The contribution of the individual variables to the discriminant function was also determined. The variables measuring relationship problems, problem-solving ability, and a history of fighting contributed to the discrimination of aggressive and nonaggressive men. For the women, the number of relationship problems and an aggressive personality made significant individual contributions.
Drinking and driving among high-risk young Mexican-American men.

Determinants of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) were explored among a sample of relatively young Mexican-American males with limited income and education, high levels of alcohol consumption, and regular vehicle use. Data were collected using questionnaires (N = 104) and focus groups (N = 27), including a focus group with wives and girlfriends (N = 4). Four mechanisms that may contribute to the high rate of DUI behavior in this population were identified: (1) a subculture of permissiveness toward drinking and driving for men, (2) heavy drinking, promoted by machismo and a propensity to measure masculinity with alcohol intake, (3) inadequate knowledge of DUI statutes and inadequate understanding of the relationships between BAC, impairment, and crash risk, and (4) for undocumented drivers, lack of accountability in case of an alcohol-related incident.
A hydrodynamic critical heat flux model for saturated pool boiling on a downward facing curved heating surface

Abstract A theoretical model is developed to predict the critical heat flux (CHF) limit for saturated pool boiling on the outer surface of a heated hemispherical vessel. The model considers the existence of a microlayer underneath an elongated vapor slug on a downward facing curved heating surface. The micro-layer is treated as a thin liquid film with numerous micro-vapor jets penetrating it. The micro-jets have the characteristic size dictated by Helmholtz instability. Local dryout is considered to occur when the supply of fresh liquid from the two-phase boundary layer to the micro-layer is not sufficient to prevent depletion of the liquid film by boiling. A boundary layer analysis, treating the two-phase motion as an external buoyancy-driven flow, is performed to determine the liquid supply rate and thus the local critical heat flux. The model provides a clear physical explanation for the spatial variation of the CHF observed in experiments and for the weak dependence of the CHF data on the physical size of the vessel.
Hydrodynamic forces on submerged vertical circular cylindrical tanks under ground excitation

Abstract This paper investigates hydrodynamic pressures and forces on submerged vertical cylindrical tanks under the action of harmonic ground excitations. Water is assumed to be imcompressible and inviscid, motion irrotational and waves are of small amplitude. Semi-analytical method is used for the solution, that is, the fluid domain is divided into inner and outer regions. The Laplace equations governing velocity potentials for the two regions are solved by separation of variables and expressed in terms of eigenfunctions of the resulting equations which satisfy appropriate boundary conditions. Continuity of pressure and velocity at the interface of the inner and outer regions provides the necessary equations from which the velocity potentials, pressures and forces are obtained. Numerical results are presented in graphical form for forces and pressures for a range of excitation frequencies for selected proportions of tank geometry and water depth.
Finite-time thermodynamic analysis of a Carnot engine with internal irreversibility

Abstract This paper extends Curzon and Ahlborn's result which gives a thermodynamic efficiency of an endoreversible Carnot engine. It is shown that the internal irreversibilities of a Carnot engine can be characterized by a single parameter representing the ratio of two entropy differences. Named the cycle irreversibility parameter, the presence of this parameter in the equations for maximum power and efficiency clearly shows that an engine with internal irreversibilities delivers less power and has a lower efficiency than an endoreversible engine.
A critical analysis of the social work definition according to the relational paradigm

In this article, we attempt to conduct a critical analysis of the joint IFSW and IASSW social work definition by re-reading it from the perspective of the relational paradigm. Our hypothesis is tha...
The BTeV trigger¿recent developments

BTeV is a collider experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron dedicated to precision measurements of CP violation, mixing and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons. The detector is a forward spectrometer with a pixel vertex detector inside a dipole magnet. A unique feature of BTeV is the trigger, which reconstructs tracks and vertices in every beam crossing. We present here an overview of the BTeV trigger and a description of recent improvements in trigger timing.
Conditional limit theorems for branching processes

Let [ ξ ( m ) , m = 0 , 1 , 2 , … ] be a branching process in which each individual reproduces independently of the others and has probability p j ( j = 0 , 1 , 2 , … ) of giving rise to j descendants in the following generation. The random variable ξ ( m ) is the number of individuals in the m th generation. It is assumed that P { ξ ( 0 ) = 1 } = 1 . Denote by ρ the total progeny, μ , the time of extinction, and τ , the total number of ancestors of all the individuals in the process. This paper deals with the distributions of the random variables ξ ( m ) , μ and τ under the condition that ρ = n and determines the asymptotic behavior of these distributions in the case where n → ∞ and m → ∞ in such a way that m / n tends to a finite positive limit.