cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tractable closed world reasoning with updates

Abstract Closed world reasoning is the process of inferring that a logical sentence is false based on its absence from a knowledge base, or the inability to derive it. Previous work on circumscription, autoepistemic logic, and database theory has explored logical axiomatizations of closed world reasoning, and investigated computational tractability for propositional theories. Work in planning has traditionally made the closed world assumption but has avoided closed world reasoning. We take a middle position, and describe a tractable method for closed world reasoning over the schematized theories of action used by planning algorithms such as NONLIN, TWEAK, and UCPOP. We show the method to be both sound and tractable, and incorporate it into the XII planner [Golden et al. , 1994]. Experiments utilizing our softbot (software robot) demonstrate that the method can substantially improve its performance by eliminating redundant information gathering.
Relationship between minimum exchangeable potassium and soil taxonomy

Abstract Potassium is an essential element for plant growth and its importance in agriculture has been well recognized. With continuous cropping of a soil, exchangeable ? levels decrease to a minimum, steady‐state level if no ? is added. This minimum level is important to both modeling soil ? cycling and fertilizer ? recommendations, and it has been determined by field studies lasting from 2 to 10 years. Consequently, there is a need for estimation of minimum exchangeable ? levels for a wide range of soil types from soil physical and chemical properties. A literature survey provided 19 studies where minimum exchangeable ? had been measured and regression analysis was conducted on this data to determine predictive relationships. Minimum exchangeable ? is closely related to soil clay content (r2 from 0.66 to 0.99), however, regression constants varied from study to study. Improved correlations were obtained between minimum exchangeable ? and clay content when all the soils (22A, r2=0.69) were divided into 3...
Reversible arterial hypotension after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

The authors report five patients who developed transient arterial hypotension immediately after the rupture of cerebral aneurysms. They manifested deep coma (three cases), abnormal electrocardiogram (four cases), and remarkable pulmonary edema (two cases). The level of consciousness in all three patients who were in deep coma improved with the normalization of blood pressure. Although two patients died of recurrent hemorrhage, the other three patients were discharged in satisfactory condition. Serious clinical conditions that are not terminal and are caused by arterial hypotension immediately after the rupture of cerebral aneurysms are sometimes reversible with adequate treatment.
Wave propagation in heterogeneous anisotropic plates involving large deflection

Abstract Equations of motion for laminated plates of composite materials are derived for motions of large amplitudes as well as for incremental deformations superposed on large deflections. Free waves of large and small amplitudes propagating, respectively, in initially flat and deformed plates are investigated. By using a special substitution for the extensional displacement components the governing equations appear to be linear and consequently the analysis of free wave propagation greatly simplified. It is found that a train of free wave consists of a finite number of simple harmonic waves.
Pastiche: making backup cheap and easy

Backup is cumbersome and expensive. Individual users almost never back up their data, and backup is a significant cost in large organizations. This paper presents Pastiche, a simple and inexpensive backup system. Pastiche exploits excess disk capacity to perform peer-to-peer backup with no administrative costs. Each node minimizes storage overhead by selecting peers that share a significant amount of data. It is easy for common installations to find suitable peers, and peers with high overlap can be identified with only hundreds of bytes. Pastiche provides mechanisms for confidentiality, integrity, and detection of failed or malicious peers. A Pastiche prototype suffers only 7.4% overhead for a modified Andrew Benchmark, and restore performance is comparable to cross-machine copy.
Comparative analysis of DNA flow cytometry and cytology of bladder washings: review of discordant cases.

DNA analysis is becoming an important diagnostic and prognostic adjunct test in urinary cytology. The aim of this study was to compare the results of DNA flow cytometry (FCM) with the cytologic diagnosis of bladder washings (BW). DNA ploidy was evaluated in 251 BW. In 65 cases, follow-up surgical biopsies were available. Cytology results were classified as positive and negative, and FCM results were categorized as diploid and aneuploid. Both tests were evaluated independently. Cases were defined as discordant if the cytology was negative and FCM was aneuploid, or if the cytology was positive and FCM was diploid. All discordant cases were reviewed, and positive predictive values (PPV) for FCM and cytology were calculated for cases with follow-up biopsy results. Cytologic evaluation classified 181 cases as negative, with 175 of them diploid and 6 aneuploid; and 70 as positive, with 53 of them diploid and 17 aneuploid. Overall, there were 59 discordant cases (23.5%, with a confidence limit of 18.2–28.8%). Of 6 aneuploid/cytology-negative cases, biopsies were available in 4 cases and showed one grade 1, two grade 2, and one grade 3 urothelial carcinoma (UC). Reanalysis of these 6 cytology specimens showed 1 case that should have been interpreted as positive (false negative), 4 true negatives, and 1 polyoma virus infection. Out of 53 diploid/cytology-positive cases, biopsies were available in 45 cases and showed nine grade 1, 14 grade 2, three grade 3 UCs, 11 UCs in situ, and eight negative biopsies. The PPV for cytology was 85%, and the PPV for FCM was 95%. We concluded that FCM, which requires a large number of cells, often cannot detect small aneuploid populations, which are present particularly in cases of UC in situ. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2000;22:65–69. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrokinetic studies on fibrinogen. III. The effect of concentration, pH, and surface on the fibrinogen-solid interfacial potential.

Abstract Zeta-potentials for Pyrex surfaces in contact with solutions of human and bovine fibrinogen at different concentrations and over a wide pH range have been determined by the streaming-potential technique. The fibrinogen-Teflon interfacial potential was also evaluated as a function of fibrinogen concentration. A new direct-current amplifier of high input impedance and sensitivity is used to measure streaming potentials for solutions whose specific conductances are greater than 1 × 10 −3 mhos/cm. The preparation of Parlodion-coated Ag-AgCl electrodes for use with solutions of high protein concentrations is described. It is found that the ζ-potential for the fibrinogen-Pyrex interface decreases as the concentration of protein increases. The ζ-potentials for human and bovine fibrinogen change from positive to negative values as the pH is varied from 3.2 to 8.6. It is observed that the zero ζ-potential for both human and bovine fibrinogen solutions (κ ca . 3 × 10 −4 mhos/cm.) occurs at the same pH, namely 5.8. This value is also the pH for the isoelectric point. It is also found that fibrinogen solutions, at constant pH and ionic strength, have lower ζ-potentials in contact with Teflon surfaces than with Pyrex. It is demonstrated that coatings of fibrinogen on Teflon and Pyrex surfaces are tenaciously bound.
Challenges for the kinetic unified dark matter model

Given that the dark matter and dark energy in the Universe affect cosmological observables only gravitationally, their phenomenology may be described by a single stress-energy tensor. True unification however requires a theory that reproduces the successful phenomenology of {lambda}CDM and that requirement places specific constraints on the stress structure of the matter. We show that a recently proposed unification through an offset quadratic kinetic term for a scalar field is exactly equivalent to a fluid with a closed-form barotropic equation of state plus cosmological constant. The finite pressure at high densities introduces a cutoff in the linear power spectrum, which may alleviate the dark matter substructure problem; we provide a convenient fitting function for such studies. Given that sufficient power must remain to reionize the Universe, the equation of state today is nonrelativistic with p{proportional_to}{rho}{sup 2} and a Jeans scale in the parsec regime for all relevant densities. Structure may then be evolved into the nonlinear regime with standard hydrodynamic techniques. In fact, the model is equivalent to the well-studied collisional dark matter with negligible mean free path. If recent observations of the triaxiality of dark matter halos and ram pressure stripping in galaxy clusters are confirmed, this model willmore » be ruled out.« less
Computer simulation of floc formation in a colloidal suspension

Aggregates which form by successive random addition of individual spherical particles without internal rearrangement as the floc grows are shown to have a roughly isometric “core” in which the density diminishes slowly from 54 volume per cent at the center to 54 m−0.29 volume per cent at the edge of the core, where m is the number of primary particles encompassed. The particles not included in the core form projecting “tentacles” which give the total aggregate a rough surface and a mean extent about five particle diameters larger than the core diameter. The fraction of total particles within the core increases with increasing floe size and is nearly unity for visible flocs. The model is capable of accounting for the hitherto anomalously large sediment volume of silica sols in organic solvents.
Polarization-discrimination technique to maximize the lidar signal-to-noise ratio for daylight operations

The impact and potential of a polarization-selection technique to reduce the sky background signal for linearly polarized monostatic elastic backscatter lidar measurements are examined. Taking advantage of naturally occurring polarization properties in scattered skylight, we devised a polarization-discrimination technique in which both the lidar transmitter and the receiver track and minimize detected sky background noise while maintaining maximum lidar signal throughput. Lidar elastic backscatter measurements, carried out continuously during daylight hours at 532 nm, show as much as a factor of square root 10 improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over conventional unpolarized schemes. For vertically pointing lidars, the largest improvements are limited to the early morning and late afternoon hours, while for lidars scanning azimuthally and in elevation at angles other than vertical, significant improvements are achievable over more extended time periods with the specific times and improvement factors depending on the specific angle between the lidar and the solar axes. The resulting diurnal variations in SNR improvement sometimes show an asymmetry with the solar angle that analysis indicates can be attributed to changes in observed relative humidity that modifies the underlying aerosol microphysics and observed optical depth.
Multispectral rock-type separation and classification

This paper shows the possibility of separating and classifying remotely-sensed multispectral data from rocks and minerals onto seven geological rock-type groups. These groups are extracted from the general categories of metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks. This study is performed under ideal conditions for which the data is generated according to laboratory hyperspectral data for the members, which are, in turn, passed trough the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) filters yielding 15 bands. The main challenge in separability is the small size of the training data sets, which initially did not permit the reliable estimation of the second-order statistics for every class. To enable Bayesian classification, the original training data is linearly perturbed with the addition of minerals, vegetation, soil, water and other valid impurities. As a result, the size of the training data is significantly increased and estimates of the covariance matrices are obtained. An eigenvalue analysis is used to generate a set of reduced (five) multispectral vectors, viz., feature vectors, providing principal information about the data. In addition, a nonlinear band-selection method is also employed, based on spectral indices, comprising a small subset of all possible ratios between bands. By applying three optimization strategies, optimal combinations of two and three ratios are found that provide reliable separability and classification between all seven groups. To set a benchmark to which the MTI capability in rock classification can be compared, an optimization strategy is performed for the selection of optimal multispectral filters, other than the MTI filters, and an improvement in classification is predicted when these filters are used.
Dying Well The Unspoken Dimension of Aging Well

I have observed, as a matter of fact, that it is only people who exceed the age of ninety who attain euthanasia—who die, that is to say, of no disease, apoplexy or convulsion, and pass away without...
Hierarchical Markov random field modeling for mammographic structure segmentation using multiple spatial and intensity image resolutions

A hierarchical Markov random field (MRF) model for mammographic structure segmentation using multiple spatial and intensity image resolutions is proposed. The general image model is formed by a sequence of representations at different spatial and intensity scales. Through the hierarchical structure of the MRF model, components at different local spatial resolutions are used to condition the corresponding intensity resolution and the spatial distribution of the intensity components. As a first step, only breast skin edge and non fat breast parenchyma (Cooper's ligaments, blood vessels and fibroglandular tissue) have been included into the model and implemented. Three basic priors for the local spatial intensity distribution (texture) are defined. An iterated conditional mode (ICM) optimization procedure is implemented, the lower resolution representations are used sequentially to form the initial image configurations for the ICM procedure. The proposed approach was tested using 100 digitized mammograms (at a resolution of 100 microns and 12 bits per pixel). The mammograms are from three different views and different breast parenchyma densities. Results for breast skin edge and breast parenchyma were obtained and evaluated visually. For all cases, the location of the three possible structures (skin, parenchyma and background) was identified correctly.
Psychometric deviance in offspring at risk for schizophrenia: I. Initial delineation of a distinct subgroup.

Abstract Psychometric signs from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), which measure substantive disturbances in thinking, social relatedness, volition, and affective expressivity, were evaluated as possible indicators of transmissible liability specific to schizophrenia. Children of three criterion groups in the New York High-Risk Project—offspring at high risk (HR) for schizophrenia, psychiatric comparison (PC) offspring at risk for affective disorders, and normal comparison (NC) offspring not at augmented risk for psychiatric morbidity—were tested before the expression of schizophrenic psychopathology, when the subjects ranged in age from 13 to 26 years. The rate of psychometric deviance in the HR group (23%) was significantly higher than that in either the PC (7%) or NC (2%) groups, and profile analyses showed that the HR subgroup could be delineated by qualitative distinctions in personality functioning. Our results support the utility of MMPI indicators in etiologic investigations of schizophrenia.
Seed and seedling traits affecting critical life stage transitions and recruitment outcomes in dryland grasses

Summary Seeding native plants is a key management practice to counter land degradation across the globe, yet the majority of seeding efforts fail, limiting our ability to accelerate ecosystem recovery. Recruitment requires transitions through several seed and seedling stages, some of which may have overriding influences on restoration outcomes. We lack, however, a general framework to understand and predict differences in these critical demographic processes across species. Functional traits influence fitness, and consequently, trait variation could provide the basis for a framework to explain and predict variation in life stage transition probabilities. We used seed and seedling traits, and field probabilities of germination, emergence, seedling establishment, and survival for 47 varieties of drylands grasses under two watering treatments to identify critical life stage transitions and quantify the effect of traits on cumulative survival through the first growing season. Variation in germination and emergence probabilities explained over 90% of the variation in cumulative survival regardless of seedling survival probabilities or watering treatment, with emergence probability being the strongest predictor of cumulative survival. Coleoptile tissue density and seed mass had significant effects on emergence and germination, respectively, explaining 10–23% of the variation in transition probabilities. Synthesis and applications. While the majority of functional trait work has centred on linking leaf and root traits to resource acquisition and utilization, our study demonstrates that traits associated with germination and emergence may have prevailing influences on restoration outcomes. A portion of these traits have been examined, but there is substantial opportunity to identify other key traits driving these demographic processes. These advancements will underpin our ability to develop trait-based frameworks for overcoming recruitment barriers and facilitating recovery of degraded systems across the globe.
Management of ACCF/AHA Stage C heart failure.

ACC Stage C heart failure includes those patients with prior or current symptoms of heart failure in the context of an underlying structural heart problem who are primarily managed with medical therapy. Although there is guideline-based medical therapy for those with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), therapies in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have thus far proven elusive. Emerging therapies such as serelaxin are currently under investigation and may prove beneficial. The role of advanced surgical therapies, such as mechanical circulatory support, in this population is not well defined. Further investigation is warranted for these therapies in patients with Stage C heart failure.
Rediscovering traditional vegetation management in preserves: Trading experiences between cultures and continents

Abstract Land managers are grappling with massive changes in vegetation structure, particularly in protected areas formerly subjected to fire and grazing. The objective of this review was to compare notes on the historical and current management of ecosystems around the world (especially in wet to dry grasslands in the Americas, Australia, Africa, Europe and Asia) with respect to the usage of fire, grazing and cutting to reduce dominance and support the biodiversity of rare species. This review suggests that former disturbances, which are now often lost, may have once kept tall vegetation from pushing out rarer subdominant species. In cases where prehistoric biodiversity depended on fire or large ungulate grazing, traditional agricultural and indigenous practices may have carried biodiversity forward to historical times by mimicking pre-cultural disturbances (e.g., lightning fire and bison grazing). Ironically, biodiversity related to species richness, landscape heterogeneity and function may decline in preserves, especially if traditional management once maintained this biodiversity. Managers can benefit from a cross-continental comparison of the full arsenal of management techniques used to control encroaching vegetation.
Microprocessor-based cardiopulmonary rate monitor.

A portable microprocessor-based noninvasive cardiopulmonary heart rate monitor is described for use in situations in which direct contact with the subject is either impossible or undesirable. Low-power Doppler microwaves are employed to measure the chest movements associated with the expansion and contraction of the heart and the lung. After proper analogue signal conditioning, the signal is digitised and processed by an Intel-85 microprocessor system. Pattern-recognition techniques are applied to extract the heart and respiration rates. The algorithm is tested on anaesthetised rats. The system has also been tested on a limited number of human subjects. Results indicate that the meter can detect the desired physiological signals, with good accuracy, of a standing or supine human subject wearing ordinary clothing.
Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer

Summary SLND can precisely predict the status of the axillary lymph nodes. A sentinel node that is tumor free should predict tumor-free axillary nodes in at least 95% of cases. The procedure is well tolerated, and axillary staging can be achieved with minimal morbidity. The procedure does have a learning curve, and thus the surgeon should validate the technique's accuracy by performing an immediate CALND in the learning phase. A successful SLND requires not only adherence to technical factors as outlined, but also collaboration from colleagues in nuclear medicine and pathology. Establishing SLND as a standard procedure and to determining whether it can be performed in isolation without CALND requires completion of several active multicenter randomized trials.
Hyperfine Structure and Nuclear Moments of the Stable Bromine Isotopes

The hyperfine structure of the $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state of atomic ${\mathrm{Br}}^{79}$ and ${\mathrm{Br}}^{81}$ has been investigated by the atomic-beam, magnetic-resonance method. The following values have been obtained for the nuclear magnetic dipole interaction constant, $a$, and the nuclear electric quadrupole interaction constant, $b$: ${a}^{79}=884.810\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 \mathrm{Mc}/sec, {a}^{81}=953.770\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 \mathrm{Mc}/sec,$ ${b}^{79}=\ensuremath{-}384.878\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008 \mathrm{Mc}/sec, {b}^{81}=\ensuremath{-}321.516\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008 \mathrm{Mc}/sec.$From these data, an upper limit of 0.0001 Mc/sec can be placed on the nuclear magnetic octupole interaction constant, $c$. Applying the results of recent theoretical calculations by Sternheimer and Koster, the following values of the nuclear quadrupole moments were computed: ${Q}^{79}=(0.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}, {Q}^{81}=(0.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}.$ The ratios ($\frac{{a}^{79}}{{a}^{81}}$) and ($\frac{{b}^{79}}{{b}^{81}}$) are in satisfactory agreement with the ratios ($\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{79}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{81}}$) and ($\frac{\mathrm{eq}{Q}^{79}}{\mathrm{eq}{Q}^{81}}$), respectively, as measured by other methods.An experimental technique is given for combining many of the advantages of the "flop-out" resonance method with those of the "flop-in" resonance method in the analysis of complex spectra.Increased importance can be assigned to the hyperfine structure interaction constants of pairs of isotopes in view of the available information on the ground states of nuclei and on nuclear structure, and the fact that new methods exist for precise measurements of the ratio of nuclear moments.
Summertime study of acid deposition in the Detroit area

A comprehensive acid-deposition measuring station has been set up at the General Motors Technical Center site in Warren, Michigan. A second station is also being operated at a rural site near Lapeer, Michigan, which is approximately 54 km north of the Warren site. This report presents the results of this study for the June-September 1981 period.
The Cellular Mechanism of Aire Control of T Cell Tolerance

Aire promotes the tolerization of thymocytes by inducing the expression of a battery of peripheral-tissue antigens in thymic medullary epithelial cells. We demonstrate that the cellular mechanism by which Aire exerts its tolerance-promoting function is not primarily positive selection of regulatory T cells, but rather negative selection of T effector cells. Surprisingly, supplementing its influence on the transcription of genes encoding peripheral-tissue antigens, Aire somehow enhances the antigen-presentation capability of medullary epithelial cells. Thus, this transcriptional control element promotes central tolerance both by furnishing a specific thymic stromal cell type with a repertoire of self antigens and by better arming such cells to present these antigens to differentiating thymocytes. In Aire's absence, autoimmunity and ultimately overt autoimmune disease develops.
MEMS devices in future astronomical telescope adaptive optics instruments

MEMS deformable mirrors are showing great promise for use in astronomical adaptive optics systems. Recent experiments at a Lick Observatory 1-meter telescope have demonstrated a 144 actuator device in a visible wavelength AO imager. MEMS devices with thousands of actuators could be used for high-Strehl and visible wavelength AO systems on today's large-aperture telescopes (8-10 meters) and future giant (30 meter) telescopes. In this paper we present several design concepts for multiple-mirror AO systems and discuss our efforts at the Laboratory for Adaptive Optics to develop components and test system concepts for these systems.
MULTIMINERAL CALCAREOUS DEPOSITS IN THE MARINE ALGA ACETABULARIA ACETABULUM (CHLOROPHYTA; DASYCLADACEAE)

The ultrastructure and mineralogy of cultured and wild specimens of the green algae Acetabularia acetabulum were studied. Sites of calcification were clarified using TEM and SEM. Minerology was determined via electron diffraction, energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectral analyses of the calcareous deposits. These deposits were found covering the surface and within the cell wall of the cultured juveniles and adult wild specimens of A. acetabulum. Deposits within and directly over the wall were amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) in granular form. In-wall and outer cell wall ACC appear to develop independently from each other. The formation of the in-wall ACC may be mediated by the wall structure and/or chemistry, whereas mucin may be the factor mediating formation of outer cell wall ACC. In contrast to the stable in-wall ACC, outer cell wall ACC could be transitory, transforming into aragonite. In cultured cells, a small amount of monohydrocalcite crystals and calcite were found. It is possible that these were transformation products of ACC. In wild specimens, whewellite (calcium oxalate monohydrate) was present inside and outside of the cap wall. It is unclear if whewellite is present within the cytoplasm. Local and temporal differences in the microenvironments for the multiphase mineralization are suggested.
On the optional hamiltonian completion problem

The Optional Hamiltonian Completion Problem is defined as follows: let the points V of a graph G be partitioned into a set V0 of optional points and a set V1 of non-optional points; determine the minimum number of new lines which when added to G result in a graph which has a cycle containing every point of V1. This cycle may or may not contain optional points of V0. In this paper we present algorithms for solving this problem for trees, unicyclic graphs and cacti.
On the spin 12 Heisenberg ferromagnet utilizing anticommutator Green's functions

Abstract The spin 1 2 Heisenberg ferromagnet has been examined via anticommutator Green's functions and the fermion approximation to obtain the accepted low temperature dependence. Additionally, a reasonable fit to experiment over the entire ferromagnetic temperature range has been obtained.
Identifying persons with chronic conditions in a managed care setting. A comparison of methods.

PURPOSE: Together, the sophisticated computerized information systems and defined, stable populations within Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) can reduce imprecision associated with modeling disease incidence and prevalence. Such data are useful for resource allocation, intervention planning, epidemiological study and surveillance. Identifying all cases of illness within such a defined population is vital to these aims, yet detailed diagnostic information is lacking in many pre-paid plans. In this presentation, diagnostic and prescription data are compared for their ability to assess the treatment prevalence for 28 chronic medical conditions.METHODS: Group Health Cooperative is a mixed model HMO in Western WA state. Automated records for calendar year 1999 were examined for 182,174 commercially insured patients age 20-64. Prescription drug data and International Classification of Disease-9(th) Clinical Modification codes (ICD-9CM) were used to identify 28 chronic medical conditions among patients. Chi square tests were performed to compare results produced by the two methods.RESULTS: The diagnostic method worked best for conditions with no clear pharmacologic treatment. However, the pharmacy-based method better identified patients with chronic illnesses initially diagnosed prior to 1999, and with disorders for which standard diagnostic codes are inconsistently utilized, such as mental health conditions.CONCLUSIONS: While both diagnostic and pharmacy-based methods perform well in identifying a limited set of conditions, each performs poorly under certain circumstances. A hybrid method utilizing both diagnostic and pharmacy data may be more appropriate for an HMO setting. Additional research is needed to develop and refine such a method.
Development of substrate-pumped nMOS protection for a 0.13 μm technology

Abstract A methodology is presented for improved process and circuit development of substrate-pumped nMOS protection. ESD process development is accelerated by applying factor analysis to completed non-ESD experiments. Factor analysis is complemented by a straightforward diagnosis of nMOS snapback. This approach enabled verification of two process solutions, including a novel method, in one fab cycle-time. HBM data that shows the substrate-pumped nMOS can provide dramatically higher protection than estimated from conventional I t2 measurements. This motivates improved ESD circuit development. The nMOS clamp transistor is characterized as an actively biased LNPN, which is how it is used in a substrate-pumped protection circuit. A systematic approach to circuit development is described that is based upon empirical characterization of well-defined circuit components under conditions approximating ESD.
Conformation of the Troponin I C-Terminal Domain in Silico and in vitro: A Consideration of Dynamics in Comparing Simulation and Experiment

The troponin complex acts as a molecular switch in striated muscle cells to regulate myosin attachment to and isomerization on actin filaments in response to changes in calcium concentration. Transitions between the inactive and active states of the thin filament require extensive domain movements and binding exchanges involving the C-terminal domain of cardiac troponin I (TnI-C), believed to be intrinsically disordered in the high-Calcium state [1]. Mutations in TnI-C are associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, highlighting the importance of this domain in regulating cardiac contraction; however, the conformational flexibility of the domain has delayed its characterization compared with the rest of the troponin complex.Here, we use single molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to probe the global conformation of TnI-C in the high-Calcium state, capitalizing on the technique's ability to analyze heterogeneous populations. We compare six pairwise distances within TnI-C to outputs from molecular dynamics simulations to gain insight into conformational sampling at finer detail and a faster timescale than experimental measurements allow. We find that simulations are in good agreement with smFRET measurements, but only after simulations are averaged over time. Simulations rarely, if ever, sample an “ideal” conformation matching all experimental measurements simultaneously; this finding highlights the importance of considering timescale when combining simulations and experimental measurements. Using our combined in silico and in vitro approach, we can predict areas of helical propensity and cluster potential global domain conformations in the unbound state, potentially providing mechanistic insight into the coupled binding and folding of this region during muscle relaxation.1. Julien, O., Mercier, P., Allen, C.N., et al. (2011) Is there nascent structure in the intrinsically disordered region of troponin I? Proteins 79: 1240-1250.
DNA Nanomechanical Switches under Folding Kinetics Control

Existing DNA nanodevices operate at equilibrium under changes in solution composition. We propose an alternative DNA switch design that can be driven and maintained out of equlibrium, under fixed chemical conditions. Moderate cooling rate after heat denaturation drives the switch to its lowest energy conformation, while rapid cooling (>100 °C/ms) locks the molecule in a unique alternative conformation that is retained over weeks at room temperature. This reversible process is probed using fluorescent energy transfer. DNA switches operating out of equilibrium should be more amenable to nanotechnology applications and scalable integration.
Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates for scrotal circumference and semen traits in young beef bulls

Abstract Estimated in this study were heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations involving scrotal circumference (SC), percent live sperm, sperm number, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and an overall measure of a bull's potential breeding efficiency. Potential breeding efficiency is a composite trait based on a consideration of sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm morphology and scrotal circumference. Data used were from three sources. Records on 863 Angus, 753 Polled Hereford, and 302 Simmental bulls were made available through the Missouri Performance-Tested Bull Sale and records on 1169 Polled Hereford bulls came from the American Polled Hereford Association. Information from these first two data sets were used to estimate heritability of scrotal circumference. The third data set was provided by Nichols Farms of Bridgewater, Iowa, and included information from the records of 465 yearling Polled Hereford and 264 yearling Simmental bulls. This latter data set was used to estimate all of the above mentioned parameters. Each data set was kept separately for the purpose of statistical analysis. Parameters were estimated using components from paternal half-sib analysis of variance and covariance. Pooled estimates of heritability for SC, sperm concentration, sperm motility, percent live sperm, sperm number and potential breeding efficiency were 0.51 ± 0.09, 0.20 ± 0.13, 0.11 ± 0.12, 0.00, 0.19 ± 0.14 and 0.13 ± 0.12, respectively. Phenotypic correlations involving the six traits were very consistent for the two breeds. Combined across breeds their values ranged from 0.47 for SC and percent live sperm to 0.96 for sperm concentration and potential breeding efficiency. Corresponding genetic correlations were generally positive and high and ranged from 0.65 for SC and sperm motility to 1.14 for sperm number and potential breeding efficiency.
Photoablative dilution with pre-enrichment for the clonal isolation of rare cancer cells

The clonal isolation of rare cells, especially cancer and stem cells, in a population is important to cell biology. We have demonstrated that the Laser-Enabled Analysis and Processing (LEAP, Cyntellect Inc., San Diego, CA) instrument can be used to efficiently produce clones by photoablative dilution. The LEAP instrument performs automated fluorescence imaging and real-time image analysis to classify cells. The instrument also features a pulsed laser that gives it the ability to purify a sample by eliminating unwanted cells via laser ablation or UV-induced apoptosis. In photoablative dilution, rare cells are deposited into a multiwell plate at 10 cells per well. Then one cell is chosen to clone, and the other cells present in the well are eliminated by laser ablation. We have successfully used LEAP to produce single cell clones in 95% of wells (originally containing 5±2.1 cells/well). While photoablative dilution is a very effective way of producing clonal cultures, it has a fundamental limitation in the low number of cells that can be processed. This can be overcome by performing a pre-enrichment to increase the frequency of the rare cells to be cloned. Another enrichment strategy is flow cytometry based cell sorting. Flow sorting can provide greater than 104 fold enrichment and cells can be sorted directly into a multiwell plate. With pre-enrichment, photoablative dilution can be used to clonally isolate rare cells. This is especially important in cases where the total number of potentially rare cells recovered by first stage enrichment sorting is only 10-200 cells. Such a situation which would normally preclude second pass sorting for purity by the high-throughput first stage cell separation technology.
Urban Planning Resources in Libraries

Anyone doing research in urban planning soon realizes that it is an interdisciplinary field. Planners draw upon the research and publications of many fields, such as economics, engineering, architecture, and geography, to name only a few. This guide is compiled to help urban planners and researchers find their way through the many publications they will need. It will answer the often posed questions: What reference materials are available? Where are they located? How does one use them?
Transcription termination in vivo in the leader region of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Internal deletions were isolated which have one terminus in the leader region of the tryptophan (trp) operon, the transcribed segment preceding the first major structural gene, and the other terminus in one of the five structural genes. These deletions increase expression of the remaining structural genes of the operon up to ninefold without affecting trp operator function, suggesting, in agreement with the conclusion of Jackson & Yanofsky (1973), that there is a site between the operator and trpE which normally limits operon expression. Quantitative hybridization analyses indicate that in trpR bacteria growing in the presence of excess tryptophan, only one of every eight to ten RNA polymerase molecules which initiate transcription on the operon proceeds beyond the leader region into the structural genes. Consistent with this conclusion is the detection of a major, discrete, trp mRNA species corresponding to the initial 130 to 140 nucleotide pairs of the leader region. In addition, leader sequence oligoribonucleotides are generally present in relative molar excess over those corresponding to structural genes. Since leader deletions do not affect transcription initiation frequency, it appears that there is a site of transcription termination in the leader region of the operon, immediately preceding trpE.
Application of event tree risk analysis to fisheries management

Abstract Risk analysis can be defined as the evaluation of the probability of end events interpreted in terms of sequences of earlier events. In fisheries science, stock assessment provides future projections on which management decisions can be based, Uncertainties in estimating input parameters for such projections are considerable. For the assessment problem we propose an event tree analysis that couches the uncertainty of projections in terms of relative risk associated with various management options. As an illustration we rephrase the stock assessment advice given in 1980 for the Georges Bank haddock stock (Melanogrammus aiglefinus L.) in the framework of event tree analysis. This method is also examined for a second species: the Gulf of Mexico menhaden (Brevoortia patronus). We also evaluate the results and their sensitivity relative to choices of end events.
Human tissue factor contains thioester-linked palmitate and stearate on the cytoplasmic half-cystine

The state of the five half-cystine residues in human tissue factor (TF) has been characterized. The results indicate that the four half-cystines in the extracellular domain of TF form two disulfide bonds and the half-cystine in the cytoplasmic region is acylated by plamitic acid and stearic acid. The extracellular disulfide cross-links, Cys/sup 49/-Cys/sup 57/ and Cys/sup 186/-Cys/sup 209/, were deduced from the analysis of tryptic peptides. Acylation of the cytoplasmic half-cystine was demonstrated by purifying and characterizing fibroblast TF from cells labeled with (/sup 3/H)palmitic acid. Radiolabeled fibroblast TF was observed by autoradiography following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The tritiated material covalently bound to the protein was identified as (/sup 3/H)palmitate and (/sup 3/H)stearate by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Deacylation of TF with hydroxylamine resulted in the spontaneous generation of disulfide-linked TF dimers. This result suggests that the disulfide-linked TF dimer, a minor component of most TF preparations, and the recently described heterodimeric form of TF are artifacts produced by deacylation of Cys/sup 245/ and subsequent interchain disulfide bond formation.
Existence of a Sm-C Grain Boundary Phase at the Chiral MAC Point

Abstract Based on a mean field analysis of the Chen-Lubensky model we extend an earlier discussion regarding the effect of chirality on the region of the phase diagram where the Cholesteric, Smectic-A, and Smectic- C* phases meet (i.e., the N* AC* point). We show that, on the Sm-C* side of the phase diagram, a second twist grain boundary (or chiral smectic) phase occurs. This phase, the “TGB C ”, is a highly dislocated version of Smectic-C. According to the deGennes analogy, this phase corresponds to Abri- kosov's flux lattice when the Ginzburg parameter K is negative. We also show that an Ising like transition between the TGB A and TGB C occurs and that this phase boundary, together with the Sm-A/TGB A Sm-C/TGBc, and the x-y like Sm-A/Sm-C* phase boundaries, meet at a multicritical point.
Effects of heavy metals on phagocytosis by Molluscan hemocytes

Abstract The effects of ten heavy metal cations on phagocytosis of polystyrene latex spheres by hemocytes of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica , were investigated. Exposure to 1 and 5 ppm Cd 2+ , 5 ppm Co 2+ , 1 ppm Cr 3+ , 1 ppm Cu 2+ , 0·5 ppm Fe 3+ , 0·05 ppm Hg 2+ , 1 and 5 ppm Mn 2+ , 1 and 5 ppm Pb 2+ , 1 ppm Sn 2+ , and 1 and 5 ppm Zn 2+ resulted in no alteration of phagocytic ability. However, exposure to 1 ppm Co 2+ , 5 ppm Cu 3+ , 5 ppm Cu 2+ , 1 and 5 ppm Fe 3+ , 0·1 ppm Hg 2+ and 5 ppm Sn 2+ resulted in significantly enhanced uptake of polystyrene spheres. Finally, exposure to 0·5, 1 and 5 ppm Hg 2+ resulted in inhibition of phagocytosis and increased cell death.
Item Response Theory analysis of the Autonomy over Tobacco Scale (AUTOS).

Abstract Introduction The Autonomy over Tobacco Scale (AUTOS) is composed of 12-symptoms of nicotine dependence. While it has demonstrated excellent reliability and validity, several psychometric properties have yet to be investigated. We aimed to determine (1) whether items functioned differently across demographic groups, (2) the likelihood that individual symptoms would be endorsed by smokers at different levels of diminished autonomy, and (3) the degree of information provided by each item and the reliability of the full AUTOS across the range of diminished autonomy. Methods Data for this study come from two convenience samples of American adult current smokers (n = 777; 69% female; 88% white; Mage = 34 years, range: 18–78), of whom 66% were daily smokers (Mcigarettes/smoking day = 10.1, range: Results After p value correction, items remained invariant across sex and minority status, while two items functioned differently according to age, with minimal impact on the total AUTOS score. Discriminative power of the items was high. The greatest amount of information is provided at just under one-half SD above the mean and the least at the extremes of diminished autonomy. The AUTOS maintains acceptable reliability (> 0.70) across the range of diminished autonomy within which more than 95% of smokers' scores could be anticipated to fall. Conclusion The AUTOS is a versatile and psychometrically sound instrument for measuring the loss of autonomy over tobacco use.
Characterization of the in vitro interaction between SV40 T antigen and p53: mapping the p53 binding site

An efficient in vitro system for generating soluble complexes between simian virus 40 T antigen and the cellular protein p53 was developed. A p53 cDNA was inserted 3' to the SP6 promoter in pGEM-1 (Promega-Biotec) and transcribed by SP6 polymerase. In vitro translation of the cRNA generated p53 which was immunoprecipitable with all five monoclonal antibodies tested (PAb122, PAb421, PAb242, PAb246, and PAb248). The p53 sedimented at about 8-10 S in sucrose gradients, possibly corresponding to a tetramer. T-antigen-p53 complexes were produced by the addition of immunoaffinity-purified T antigen to p53-containing translation lysates. Equivalent amounts of p53 were immunoprecipitated with the anti-T-antigen antibodies PAb416, PAb419, and PAb101, suggesting that in vitro made p53 complexed mostly to a population of T-antigen molecules that had matured at least 15 min in the cell. The complexes sedimented at 18-20 S in sucrose gradients. In order to map the p53 binding site on T antigen, p53 was complexed in vitro to labeled proteolytic fragments of T antigen. A 46K fragment, spanning residues 131-517, was immunoprecipitated with the anti-p53 monoclonal PAb122 and therefore is likely to contain the p53 binding site. This region contains T-antigen sequences necessary for the efficient transformation of nonpermissive cells and for the induction of cellular rRNA synthesis. It also contains the binding sites for DNA polymerase alpha and ATP. We suggest a possible role for T-p53 complexes in T-antigen-associated functions.
Effect of age on the expression of antioxidant enzymes in male Fischer F344 rats.

Abstract Age-related changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were determined in brain, heart, hepatocytes, intestinal mucosa, and kidney from male Fischer F3444 rats. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased significantly with age in all five tissues studied. The activity of catalase decreased with age in brain, hepatocytes, and kidney while glutathione peroxidase activity decreased significantly with age only in intestinal mucosa and kidney. The relative levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase mRNA were measured in brain, hepatocytes, and kidney. An age-related decrease in SOD and catalase mRNA was observed for brain, hepatocytes, and kidney. GPX and mRNA levels decreased with age in hepatocytes and kidney but did not change with age in brain. In general, the age-related changes in the activities of SOD, catalase, and GPX were paralleled by a similar change in the relative level of the mRNAs coding for these enzymes.