cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GeHx (x=0–3) and GenHx (n=2–7) in flash pyrolysis of GeH4

Abstract Gas-phase thermal decomposition of germane, GeH 4 , has been studied using a flash pyrolysis technique ( ∼20 μs reaction time), coupled with a vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS). Pyrolysis temperatures ranged from 685 to 1500 K, and resulted in the formation of GeH 2 above 900 K and GeH x ( x =0,1,3) above 1100 K. In addition, Ge n ( n =2–7) and a small amount of highly unsaturated hydrogenated Ge n H x ( n =2–7) clusters were observed above 1100 K.
Selves and a Changing Social Form: Notes on Three Types of Hospitality

Taking hospitality as a social form, analysis of three altering types (domestic, airline, the hospice) shows reflections of social and economic forces that change the form and interactions within it and, hence, the selves of the interactants. It is suggested that symbolic interactionists pay particular attention to the dynamics of social forms as a way to link situated activity and larger social and economic forces.
Zombie porn: necropolitics, sex, and queer socialities

This essay examines two gay zombie films by Canadian filmmaker Bruce LaBruce. I look to the ways LaBruce brings together the already intimate genres of horror and porn to paint an ambivalent picture of contemporary gay life and what he calls ‘the death of gay culture’. Zombies and zombie sex are deployed to level an anarcho-punk critique at contemporary queer collusions with necropolitical power. At the same time, explicit scenes of zombie sex gesture toward an always immanent political potentiality lodged within necropolitics. Rather than herald only a dead or failed future, LaBruce's gay zombies express disaffected, impersonal socialities, and especially forms of sex and politics that are deemed retrograde but that paradoxically suggest undead presents and futures. These necropolitical socialities are stubbornly animate, undying efforts that improvise intimate publics appropriate to contemporary precarities.
Identification of Bacteriophage MS2 Coat Protein from E. coli Lysates via Ion Trap Collisional Activation of Intact Protein Ions

Collisional activation of the intact MS2 viral capsid protein with subsequent ion/ion reactions has been used to identify the presence of this virus in E. coli lysates. Tandem ion trap mass spectrometry experiments on the +7, +8, and +9 charge states, followed by ion/ion reactions, provided the necessary sequence tag information (and molecular weight data) needed for protein identification via database searching. The most directly informative structural information is obtained from those charge states that produce a series of product ions arising from fragmentation at adjacent residues. The formation of these product ions via dissociation at adjacent amino acid residues depends greatly on the charge state of the parent ion. Database searching of the charge-state-specific sequence tags was performed by two different search engines: the ProteinInfo program from the Protein information Retrieval On-line World Wide Web Lab or PROWL and the TagIdent program from the ExPASy molecular biology server. These sear...
Atmospheric flux of ammonia from sprinkler application of dairy waste

Abstract Atmospheric ammonia ( NH 3 ) emissions are a growing environmental and human health concern in the U.S. This paper describes an experiment to measure NH 3 emissions from the sprinkler application of dairy slurry to a grass field. The slurry was from milking cows that are housed in a freestall barn that is scraped daily and the waste is stored in a series of anaerobic lagoons that are emptied annually. Atmospheric measurements of NH 3 were made using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) and tracer ratio flux experiments were used to determine field fluxes after application. An area source tracer ratio method was used to determine NH 3 field fluxes, it involved releasing SF 6 as the tracer gas from the upwind edge of the applied slurry and measuring the tracer concentration downwind along with the DOAS NH 3 measurements. The flux is calculated from the ratio of the NH 3 and SF 6 concentrations and the SF 6 release rate and taking into account the differences in area and dispersion. An emissions model was also developed for NH 3 volatilization after application based upon tracer flux data and modeling of the concentration data. Of the total ammonical nitrogen entering from the sprinkler pump, 18% volatilized before reaching the ground. The initial flux during the tracer experiment was 47 μ g m - 2 s - 1 and this decreased to 17 μ g m - 2 s - 1 during the experiment. Ambient measurements showed an exponential decay with time. An empirical exponential equation was fit to the measurement data and it had a mean bias of - 0.10 ppbv and a normalized mean bias of - 0.050 % . A theoretical model had a mean bias of - 11 ppbv and a normalized mean bias of - 5.5 % . Overall sprinkler waste application emissions for the 175 milking cows was 5900 kg NH 3 yr - 1 or 34 kg NH 3 cow - 1 yr - 1 .
RECALS II: a new list scheduling algorithm

Presents a new scheduling heuristic RECALS II for high-level synthesis applications. RECALS II accepts a directed acyclic graph and a set of resources and schedules the graph while minimizing the number of clock cycles required to execute it. Experiments show that schedules produced by RECALS II are close to the optimal solutions. >
Design and analysis of microstrip reflectarray antennas

This paper presents a review of the current literature on microstrip reflectarrays. Properties of such antennas will be presented. Different design and analysis of such arrays will be discussed. Applications of microstrip reflectarrays will also be reviewed.
The influence of heavy doping on the emitter efficiency of a bipolar transistor

The emitter efficiency current gain β γ is calculated taking into account the effect of the bandgap decrease caused by heavy doping of the emitter. It is found that this effect reduces the emitter efficiency and explains experimental results on the temperature dependence of the current gain. It also predicts an optimum emitter doping for a given base doping.
Yaa autoimmune phenotypes are conferred by overexpression of TLR7

The Y-linked autoimmune accelerating (Yaa) locus drives the transition to fatal lupus nephritis when combined with B6.Sle1 in our C57BL/6J (B6)-congenic model of systemic autoimmunity. We and others recently demonstrated that the translocation of a cluster of X-linked genes onto the Y chromosome is the genetic lesion underlying Yaa (Subramanian, S. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006. 103: 9970–9975; Pisitkun, P. et al., Science 2006. 312: 1669–1672). In male mice carrying Yaa, the transcription of several genes within the translocated segment is increased roughly twofold. Although the translocated X chromosome segment in Yaa may contain as many as 16 genes, the major candidate gene for causation of the Yaa-associated autoimmune phenotypes has been TLR7. To confirm the role of TLR7 in Yaa-mediated autoimmune phenotypes, we introgressed a targeted disruption of TLR7 (TLR7–) onto B6.Sle1Yaa to produce B6.Sle1YaaTLR7– and examined evidence of disease at 6 and 9 months of age. Our results demonstrate that the up-regulation of TLR7 in the B6.Sle1Yaa strain is responsible for splenomegaly, glomerular nephritis and the majority of the cellular abnormalities of B, T and myeloid cells. The up-regulation of TLR7 was also responsible for driving the infiltration and activation of leukocytes in the kidney, in which activated T cells were a primary component. However, the resolution of TLR7 up-regulation did not eliminate the enhanced humoral autoimmunity observed in B6.SleYaa, suggesting that additional elements in the translocation may contribute to the disease phenotype. See accompanying commentary http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200838478
Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone regulate AUF1 isoforms in a tissue-specific fashion in the mouse.

.—The sex difference in the metabolism of certain mRNAs in the murine submaxillary gland (SMG) prompted us to determine whether androgens regulate the expression of any of the four isoforms of AUF1...
Meaning in Spinoza's Method

Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Texts and editions Introduction 1. A worm in the blood: some central themes in Spinoza's Ethics 2. A few further basic concepts 3. Emendative therapy and the Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione 4. Method: analysis and synthesis 5. Maimonides and Gersonides 6. Definitions in Spinoza's Ethics: where they come from and what they are for 7. The third kind of knowledge and 'our' eternity Bibliography Index of passages referred to and cited General index.
The Use of Social Media Technologies to Create, Preserve, and Disseminate Indigenous Knowledge and Skills to Communities in East Africa

The preservation, management, and sharing of indigenous knowledge is crucial for social and economic development in ruralAfrica. The high rate of illiteracy (print-based) in rural Africa and the exclusion of indigenous knowledge from Western education add to the information gap experienced in rural Africa. Other challenges facing oral cultures are the disappearance of traditional knowledge and skills due to memory loss or death of elders and the deliberate or inadvertent destruction of indigenous knowledge. The rapidly increasing use of social media and mobile technologies creates opportunities to form local and international partnerships that can facilitate the process of creating, managing, preserving, and sharing of knowledge and skills that are unique to communities inAfrica. This article proposes the use of social media and mobile technologies (cell phones) in the creation, preservation, and dissemination of indigenous knowledge and discusses the role of libraries in the integration of social media technologies with older media that employ audio and audiovisual equipment to reach a wider audience.
Deconfining phase transition on lattices with boundaries at low temperature

In lattice gauge theory (LGT) equilibrium simulations of QCD are usually performed with periodic boundary conditions (BCs). In contrast, deconfined regions created in heavy ion collisions are bordered by the confined phase. Here we discuss BCs in LGT with respect to their suitability to model a cold exterior of the lattice volume. Subsequently, we perform Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of pure SU(3) LGT with a thus inspired simple change of BCs using volumes of a size comparable to those typically encountered in the BNL relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) experiment. Corrections to the usual LGT results survive in the finite volume continuum limit. We estimate them as a function of the volume size for the temporal extensions N τ = 4 and 6 of the lattice and find that the results collapse to one curve when the previously established SU(3) scaling relation for the Wilson action is used. In magnitude the corrections found are comparable to those of including quarks. As observables we use a pseudocritical temperature, which rises opposite to the effect of quarks, and the width of the transition, which broadens similar to the effect of quarks.
Exact solutions to the modified 2D Burgers vortex equation: a general result for the unsteady case

Exact solutions to the unsteady modified 2D Burgers vortex equation are obtained for arbitrary forms of the flow parameter γ(t) via Fourier analysis. The result extends the available literature, where only very specific forms of the flow parameter γ(t) have been considered in the unsteady flow cases. One strength of the method is that we need not assume separable solutions.
Robust data-driven incorporation of prior knowledge into the inference of dynamic regulatory networks

Motivation: Inferring global regulatory networks (GRNs) from genome-wide data is a computational challenge central to the field of systems biology. Although the primary data currently used to infer GRNs consist of gene expression and proteomics measurements, there is a growing abundance of alternate data types that can reveal regulatory interactions, e.g. ChIP-Chip, literature-derived interactions, protein–protein interactions. GRN inference requires the development of integrative methods capable of using these alternate data as priors on the GRN structure. Each source of structure priors has its unique biases and inherent potential errors; thus, GRN methods using these data must be robust to noisy inputs. Results: We developed two methods for incorporating structure priors into GRN inference. Both methods [Modified Elastic Net (MEN) and Bayesian Best Subset Regression (BBSR)] extend the previously described Inferelator framework, enabling the use of prior information. We test our methods on one synthetic and two bacterial datasets, and show that both MEN and BBSR infer accurate GRNs even when the structure prior used has significant amounts of error (>90% erroneous interactions). We find that BBSR outperforms MEN at inferring GRNs from expression data and noisy structure priors. Availability and implementation: Code, datasets and networks presented in this article are available at http://bonneaulab.bio.nyu.edu/software.html. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Moisture Transfer Through Impermeable Foam Insulations

The biophysical characteristics of perforated foam systems are presented in terms of experimentally determined values of insulation and moisture vapor permeance (MVP). The effect of windbreak motion on the moisture vapor transfer through such systems is discussed. A theoretical comparison among systems is given in terms of environmental range using the concept of moisture permeability index.
On material frame-indifference of turbulence closure models

Abstract The transformation of the second-order moment equation in turbulence under a change of frame is examined. The proper transformation of the apparent body force is included. It is shown that the second-order closure is consistent with the principle of material frame-indifference of continuum mechanics. The implications on second-order modeling are discussed.
Evolution of Chemical Composition, Morphology, and Photovoltaic Efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite under Ambient Conditions

The surface composition and morphology of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films stored for several days under ambient conditions were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Chemical analysis revealed the loss of CH3NH3+ and I– species from CH3NH3PbI3 and its subsequent decomposition into lead carbonate, lead hydroxide, and lead oxide. After long-term storage under ambient conditions, morphological analysis revealed the transformation of randomly distributed defects and cracks, initially present in the densely packed crystalline structure, into relatively small grains. In contrast to PbI2 powder, CH3NH3PbI3 exhibited a different degradation trend under ambient conditions. Therefore, we propose a plausible CH3NH3PbI3 decomposition pathway that explains the changes in the chemical composition of CH3NH3PbI3 under ambient conditions. In addition, films stored under such conditions were incorporated into photovoltaic cells, and their performances ...
Graph memory development in a robot control architecture

The objective of this work is to develop a robot control architecture that detects and adapts to changing conditions without relying on a-priori information or human-in-the-loop calibration and setup. The focus of this work is the integration of memory based learning algorithms with coordinated observer and exploration modules through the use of a common graph based situational memory
Does Leading in Polls Make Candidates More Appealing? Experimenting with the Microfoundations of Momentum

Several nations ban the release of pre-election poll results based on the assumption that voters will be adversely influenced by poll information. The AAPOR notes that there is no scientific evidence that voter decisions are influenced by media polls. This paper uses a list experiment and question wording experiment to assess if voters might be influenced by a candidate’s poll standing when voting. Results are consistent with a theory that proposes that voters with weaker political preferences (the less educated, younger, less politically engaged) may be significantly more likely to support candidates who are leading in media polls. Although the effects are substantial for some sub sets of voters, these voters may be least likely to become aware off media poll information in a real world setting. The effect poll information on candidate choices is minimal for the electorate overall.
Controlling Hog Prices during the Transition from War to Peace

HE FIRST models of any new invention are rough and ready affairs; some of them destroy their creators before they are perfected. Lilienthal's dying words, "We will fly and fall, fly and fall, until we can fly without falling" may need to be invoked several times before we get through with forward price floors for farm products. The purpose of this paper is to promote the flying and reduce the falling as much as possible. The paper proceeds, first, to lay down some principles derived from economic theory and practical experience that are applicable to price floors for all farm products; and second, to suggest some improvements in the existing floors for one or two specific products.
PRECURSOR LESIONS OF CIRRHOSIS

Heavy alcohol consumption can produce cirrhosis of the liver even in the presence of adequate diets but not all heavy drinkers develop this complication. The reason why, for the same ethanol intake, some individuals develop cirrhosis and others do not is unknown. We have now defined precirrhotic lesions that may allow us to detect those individuals prone to develop cirrhosis prior to their social or medical disintegration. Traditionally, alcoholic hepatitis, as defined by necrosis and extensive polymorphonuclear inflammation, has been considered as an essential precursor lesion of alcoholic cirrhosis. However, both experimental and clinical observations are now challenging this classic concept. It was found in patients and baboons that alcoholic cirrhosis can develop without a conspicuous stage of polymorphonuclear inflammation. Some mono nuclear inflammatory cells appear but their role remains to be defined. Myofibroblasts have been recognized for the first time in normal liver, and their proliferation was found to accompany and to precede the earliest signs of fibrosis. Since these cells have a broad capacity to synthesize all the types of collagen found in the cirrhotic liver, they may play a key role in the development of fibrosis. Fibrosis becomes apparent first and foremost in the zone 3 of the hepatic lobule with deposition around the terminal hepatic venule (perivenular fibrosis) with adjacent perisinusoidal fibrosis. The appearance of this lesion indicates the initiation of the fibrotic process which, upon continuation of drinking, has a propensity to progress towards more severe stages of fibrosis or cirrhosis, both in baboons and in alcoholic patients. Therefore individuals who display this lesion must be considered at particular risk to develop cirrhosis upon continuation of drinking. Thus appearance of this lesion demands an all out effort at controlling the problem of alcoholism. Circulating procollagen peptides increase in alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, but do not distinguish patients with simple fatty liver from those with early stages of fibrosis. There is also a controversy concerning the use, for early detection, of HLA types and other genetic markers. At present therefore, no blood test can as yet replace liver biopsies to detect those individuals who appear to be particularly prone to rapidly develop the rapid irreversible hepatic complications of alcohol abuse.
SELECTION ON A FLORAL COLOR POLYMORPHISM IN THE TALL MORNING GLORY (IPOMOEA PURPUREA): TRANSMISSION SUCCESS OF THE ALLELES THROUGH POLLEN

The W locus, a codominant locus influencing floral pigment intensity in the tall morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, is polymorphic throughout the southeastern United States. Previous studies suggest that this polymorphism is actively maintained by balancing selection, and that increased selfing accompanied by lack of pollen discounting ("Fisher effect") may act to protect the white allele when it is rare. Processes that act to protect the dark allele and thus stabilize the polymorphism in conjunction with the Fisher effect have not been previously detected. The goal of this study was to determine whether any of three such processes might operate in I. purpurea. Estimates of breeding system parameters in a large experimental population in which the white allele was in higher than normal frequency (0.5) provided little evidence that either dark- or light-flowered plants were more successful as pollen parents than white-flowered plants. In addition, no evidence was found for a transmission bias favoring the dark allele in the ovules produced by light heterozygotes. In contrast, a strong transmission bias favoring the dark allele in pollen of heterozygotes was observed. A simple model using parameter estimates derived from this and previous studies indicates that a balance between the Fisher effect and biased transmission in heterozygote pollen could account for many properties of the polymorphism.
E-002 Safety of Retained Microcatheters: An Evaluation of RF Heating in a Nitinol Braided Endovascular Catheter at 1.5T and 3T

Purpose The use of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH, Onyx) for liquid embolisation of cranial vascular lesions has occasionally resulted in microcatheter fragments unintentionally remaining in situ in patients following endovascular procedures. Undergoing subsequent diagnostic MRI examinations poses a safety concern due to potential radiofrequency (RF) heating mediated by the metallic braid incorporated into the microcatheter. We sought to assess heating of a microcatheter commonly used to deliver Onyx in a phantom. Methods A 1.9F nitinol braided microcatheter (eV3 Echelon™-14, Irvine, CA) was embedded in a polyacrylamide phantom with five fluoroptic temperature probes placed along the length of the microcatheter and an additional background sensor. The phantom was scanned using a fast spin echo (FSE) sequence at average specific absorption rate (SAR) levels from 0.25 to 4.0 W/kg. Further scanning was performed using 2-minute clinical scans: T1 FSE, T2 FSE, DWI, T2 FLAIR, 3D-SPGR and b-SSFP. The scan that produced the most heating was repeated over a 15-minute acquisition. The experiments were then repeated with catheter fragment lengths of 9cm, 18cm, 36cm and 72cm. Experiments were performed on both 1.5T (Philips Achieva, Cleveland, OH) and 3T (GE Discovery 750w, Milwaukee, WI) clinical scanners. Results The maximal heating for the nitinol braided catheter immersed 93cm occurred at 20cm proximal to the tip using the T1 FSE sequence at 1.5 T. Maximal heating at 3T occurred using the b-SSFP sequence at the same position. The maximal temperature rise during a 2-minute scan was 0.84C at 1.5T and 0.45C at 3T. Figure 1 shows the temperature changes along different points on the catheter during a 15-minute T1 FSE sequence at 1.5T. The same scans for fragment lengths of 9cm, 18cm, 36cm and 72cm produced maximal temperature (C) rises of 0.68, 0.80, 1.70 and 1.07 at 1.5T, respectively. The temperature changes during a 15-min b-SSFP sequence at 3T for these fragment lengths were 0.66, 0.83, 1.07 and 0.72, respectively. Conclusions Heating of nitinol braided microcatheters occurred during diagnostic MR scanning and was a function of SAR level and geometric considerations. SAR and time limitations are proposed for patients with this microcatheter entrapped in their vasculature. Although the catheter displayed higher heating levels at 1.5T relative to 3T at a given SAR, it should be noted that there are most likely differences between the SAR models on the two scanner interfaces. Furthermore, the 3T scanner used for this study had a wider diameter bore. Disclosures A. Losey: None. P. Lillaney: None. A. Martin: None. V. Halbach: None. D. Cooke: None. C. Dowd: None. R. Higashida: None. D. Saloner: None. M. Wilson: None. M. Saeed: None. S. Hetts: None.
Is there a link between Chlamydia and heart disease

CHLAMYDIAE Chlamydiae are Gram-negative bacteria that are obligately intracellular parasites (Moulder et al ., 1984). Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae are human pathogens. C. trachomatis is a leading cause of preventable blindness in developing nations and sexually transmitted disease in the Western world (Moulder et al ., 1984). C. pneumoniae is an aetiological agent of acute respiratory diseases (Grayston et al ., 1998) and causes approximately 10% of pneumonia cases and 5% of bronchitis and sinusitis cases in adults (Grayston et al ., 1993). Chlamydia psittaci is an avian pathogen. Humans can be infected with C. psittaci , through direct contact with an infected bird or by inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta of infected birds. This disease, known as psittacosis, is a severe pneumonia with systemic symptoms (Moulder et al ., 1984; Everett et al ., 1999). Other chlamydial species infect animals (Fukushi & Hirai, 1992; Everett et al ., 1999). Although rare, humans may be infected through contact with lower mammals. Chlamydial infection often becomes chronic and induces chronic inflammatory responses leading to tissue destruction, fibrosis and scarring and, thus, has been termed a disease of immunopathology (Grayston et al ., 1985). For example, repeated/chronic ocular infection with C. trachomatis can result in blindness and genital tract infection can result in obstruction of the fallopian tube and infertility. Considerable recent attention has been focused on the association of C. pneumoniae with atherosclerosis, a disease of chronic inflammation and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world.
Validation of four Malaxis species (Orchidaceae)

Names of four species of Malaxis, described as new without a Latin diagnosis in Selbyana 24(2), 2003, are validated here. RESUMEN. Se validan los nombres de cuatro especies de Malaxis descritas como nuevas sin diagnosis latina en Selbyana 24(2), 2003.
Estimating and projecting the effect of cold waves on mortality in 209 US cities

The frequency, duration, and intensity of cold waves are expected to decrease in the near future under the changing climate. However, there is a lack of understanding on future mortality related to cold waves. The present study conducted a large-scale national projection to estimate future mortality attributable to cold waves during 1960-2050 in 209 US cities. Cold waves were defined as two, three, or at least four consecutive days with daily temperature lower than the 5th percentile of temperatures in each city. The lingering period of a cold wave was defined as the non-cold wave days within seven days following that cold wave period. First, with 168million residents in 209 US cities during 1962-2006, we fitted over-dispersed Poisson regressions to estimate the immediate and lingering effects of cold waves on mortality and tested if the associations were modified by the duration of cold waves, the intensity of cold waves, and mean winter temperature (MWT). Then we projected future mortality related to cold waves using 20 downscaled climate models. Here we show that the cold waves (both immediate and lingering) were associated with an increased but small risk of mortality. The associations varied substantially across climate regions. The risk increased with the duration and intensity of cold waves but decreased with MWT. The projected mortality related to cold waves would decrease from 1960 to 2050. Such a decrease, however, is small and may not be able to offset the potential increase in heat-related deaths if the adaptation to heat is not adequate.
GENN: A GEneral Neural Network for Learning Tabulated Data with Examples from Protein Structure Prediction

We present a GEneral Neural Network (GENN) for learning trends from existing data and making predictions of unknown information. The main novelty of GENN is in its generality, simplicity of use, and its specific handling of windowed input/output. Its main strength is its efficient handling of the input data, enabling learning from large datasets. GENN is built on a two-layered neural network and has the option to use separate inputs-output pairs or window-based data using data structures to efficiently represent input-output pairs. The program was tested on predicting the accessible surface area of globular proteins, scoring proteins according to similarity to native, predicting protein disorder, and has performed remarkably well. In this paper we describe the program and its use. Specifically, we give as an example the construction of a similarity to native protein scoring function that was constructed using GENN. The source code and Linux executables for GENN are available from Research and Information Systems at http://mamiris.com and from the Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine at http://mathmed.org. Bugs and problems with the GENN program should be reported to EF.
Storage Effects on Sample Integrity of Environmental Surface Sampling Specimens with Bacillus anthracis Spores.

The effect of packaging, shipping temperatures and storage times on recovery of Bacillus anthracis str. Sterne spores from swabs was investigated. Macrofoam swabs were pre-moistened, inoculated with Bacillus anthracis spores, packaged in primary containment or secondary containment before storage at -15°C, 5°C, 21°C, or 35°C for 0-7 days. Swabs were processed according to validated Centers for Disease Control/Laboratory Response Network culture protocols, and the percent recovery relative to a reference sample (T0) was determined for each variable. No differences were observed in recovery between swabs held at -15° and 5°C, (p ≥ 0.23). These two temperatures provided significantly better recovery than swabs held at 21°C or 35°C (all 7 days pooled, p ≤ 0.04). The percent recovery at 5°C was not significantly different if processed on days 1, 2 or 4, but was significantly lower on day 7 (day 2 vs. 7, 5°C, 102, p=0.03). Secondary containment provided significantly better percent recovery than primary containment, regardless of storage time (5°C data, p ≤ 0.008). The integrity of environmental swab samples containing Bacillus anthracis spores shipped in secondary containment was maintained when stored at -15°C or 5°C and processed within 4 days to yield the optimum percent recovery of spores.
Mechanics of Invasive Fungal Growth and the Significance of Turgor in Plant Infection

In many plant diseases, fungi execute direct cuticular penetration and then breach the epidermal cell wall. A mycelium is established by further invasive growth through host tissues. The role of specific exoenzymes in the disease process is still questionable, but mechanical aspects of invasion are well defined. Invasive growth by tip-growing hyphae is largely driven by the force available from turgor pressure, though cytoskeletal expansion may play a subsidiary role. The delivery of this force to the substrate in contact with the hyphal tip depends upon the interplay between turgor, the cytoskeleton, and processes that control wall-yielding; this is formalized in a novel mathematical model for plant infection. Empirical support for the model comes from studies on hyphal growth, and from experiments on appressorial development in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. There is substantial evidence that turgor-driven invasive growth provides the link between melanin synthesis and pathogenicity in M. grisea.
Currency Crisis and Restricted Policy Options, March–August 1976: Opening ‘Pandora’s Box’

With the passage of the Government’s plans in March 1976 to freeze the level of public expenditure through 1979–80 (UK Parliament 1976), Chancellor of the Exchequer Denis Healey was of the view that enough had been done to assuage external confidence and to ‘free up’ domestic resources to allow an export-led economic recovery (UK Healey 1976a: 272). It became clear over the following months, however, that the policies adopted in early 1976 were deemed inadequate by actors who were in a position to have their policy preferences realized. The Government’s expenditure plans would have to be revised downward twice again in 1976.
Neonatal Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis

The presentation, treatment, and outcome of neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (SVT) were studied in 42 children, using neurology clinic records (1986-2005) at Indiana University School of Medicine.
Position and the Free Particle

Our discussion of the free particle has so far been largely in terms of one observable, the momentum operator. The free particle Hamiltonian is given in terms of this operator (\(H=P^2/2m\)) and we have seen in section 11.5 that solutions of the Schrodinger equation behave very simply in momentum space.
Additive manufacturing of Inconel 718—Copper alloy bimetallic structure using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™)

Abstract To understand processing ability and measure resultant interfacial and thermal properties of Inconel 718 and copper alloy GRCop-84, bimetallic structures were fabricated using laser engineering net shaping (LENS™), a commercially available additive manufacturing technique. It was hypothesized that additively combining the two aerospace alloys would form a unique bimetallic structure with improved thermophysical properties compared to the Inconel 718 alloy. Two approaches were used: the direct deposition of GRCop-84 on Inconel 718 and the compositional gradation of the two alloys. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Vickers microhardness and flash thermal diffusivity were used to characterize these bimetallic structures to validate our hypothesis. The compositional gradation approach showed a gradual transition of Inconel 718 and GRCop-84 elements at the interface, which was also reflected in the cross-sectional hardness profile across the bimetallic interface. SEM images showed columnar grain structures at the interfaces with Cr2Nb precipitate accumulation along grain boundaries and the substrate-deposit interface. The average thermal diffusivity of the bimetallic structure was measured at 11.33 mm2/s for the temperature range of 50 °C–300 °C; a 250% increase in diffusivity when compared to the pure Inconel 718 alloy at 3.20 mm2/s. Conductivity of the bimetallic structures increased by almost 300% compared to Inconel 718 as well. Such structures with designed compositional gradation and tailored thermal properties opens up the possibilities of multi-material metal additive manufacturing for next generation of aerospace structures.
Bayesian Optimization for Transportation Simulators.

Abstract Mobility dynamics in urban transportation systems is governed by a large number of travelers that act according to their utilities, preferences and biases. The mobility patterns that we observe are the results of the emerging traveler’s behaviors and, in practice, we develop models that represents mobility patterns and their resulting traffic flows. Models, however, can only approximate the processes they represent and often times do not reproduce exact matches to the true system’s observed data. Systematic adjustments, or calibrations, to the model and its input variables may be required to align the associated outputs more closely with their true values. In this paper we outline a mathematical framework that allows the calibration for parameters of urban transportation models through a distributed, Gaussian Process Bayesian regression with active learning methods and demonstrate using a ground transportation simulation model.
Effect of nature and extent of functional group modification on properties of thermosets from methacrylated epoxidized sucrose soyate

Abstract A study was carried out to evaluate the impact of modification of epoxidized sucrose soyate using a combination of methacrylate and inert esters (acetate propionate, butyrate) on the properties of the resins as well as the thermosets. Previous studies have shown that methacrylated epoxidized sucrose soyate (MESS) can yield thermosets having high glass transition temperature (Tg) and good mechanical properties, but had high resin viscosity due to hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups. Further functionalization to yield dimethacrylated epoxidized sucrose soyate (DMESS) resulted in reduced resin viscosity, but some of the thermosets were brittle. In this study, to maintain low resin viscosity and improve thermoset ductility, replacement of some methacrylate groups with various ester groups was explored. The synthesis of these resins was carried out in a one-pot process involving the sequential slow addition of anhydrides of the acids mixed prior to addition. The synthesized resins were characterized for their viscosity with and without styrene diluent. Formulations were made using varying amounts of styrene and free-radically cured using peroxyesters as initiators. The bio-based resins with 30% styrene gave much lower viscosities compared to commercial resins containing higher amounts of styrene (33% and 45%). The thermosets produced had improved flexibility and toughness with only a slight reduction in the glass transition temperature. The inclusion of the non-functional esters in the resin structure acted as internal plasticizers for the polymer system. The new sets of thermomechanical properties demonstrated the tunability of the bio-based resin system and opens up different avenues for end-use applications.
Cognitive demands during wearable exoskeleton assisted walking in persons with multiple sclerosis

Gait impairment in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with weakened muscle control, poor coordination, high metabolic demands and fatigue. Robotic exoskeletons may facilitate walking and induce better control during walking leading to coordinated muscle activity, reducing metabolic and cognitive demands. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of variation in cognitive demands in persons with MS during exoskeleton assisted and unassisted walking. Eight subjects diagnosed with MS and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) between 6.0 and 7.5 completed up to 15 sessions of exoskeleton-assisted gait training. After training, cognitive demands were measured by a reaction time (RT) task during Timed 25 feet walk (T25FW). The subjects performed the RT task during both with and without exoskeleton walking. No difference was observed in RT during assisted and unassisted walking. The preliminary findings suggest that individuals with MS could walk with exoskeleton without greater cognitive demands.
Managing Smoke in United States Wildlands and Forests: A Challenge for Science and Regulations

In past decades the Forest Service and other land management agencies in the United States developed the image in the national popular imagination of forest fires being unnatural occurrences fraught with danger and personal loss. These policies, which were designed to save forests from fire, especially commercially valued forests and associated private property, have now left many ecosystems with fuel loadings that can easily result in large conflagrations unless these loadings are carefully and methodically removed by controlled burns.
Visibility analysis of oceanic blue space using digital elevation models

Abstract Published evidence shows that views to blue spaces (e.g. ocean, lake, and river) have positive effects on humans’ health and mental well-beings. However, quantitative assessment of blue space visibility is challenging for large spatial areas with complex terrain or built environment. The assessment approach introduced in this study applied an innovative sampling strategy which generalizes blue space as a lattice of points and calculate visibility of all the points within a continuous area. Compared to traditional viewpoint-based visibility analyses, this approach can assess blue space visibility over a large area at a fine spatial resolution. The raster output can be overlaid with data recorded at different spatial units to study the associations between blue space visibility and socio-economic and health disparities. Additionally, this approach can be applied to assess impact of buildings to blue space visibility over space by comparing outputs generated from different digital elevation models (DEM). The utility of this approach was demonstrated in a case study in the island of O’ahu, Hawaii, which finds that: (1) wealthier and older people possess higher share of ocean visibility; (2) man-made buildings have caused large shrink and redistribution of ocean visibility; (3) high-rise buildings have particularly high and extensive impact to ocean visibility. The findings suggest that improved environmental assessment processes and planning policies are needed to mitigate the inequality of visible blue space in different population groups and preserve the shrinking visible blue space in the process of urban development.
First description of subglacial megalineations from the late Paleozoic ice age in southern Africa

We identify late Paleozoic ice age (LPIA) subglacial megalineations from field and geospatial imagery of the Twyfelfontein area of northern Namibia, and present the results of a geomorphometric analysis of those data. Asymmetric 0.1–1.5 km-long megawhalebacks indicate a paleo-ice flow to the northwest. We infer that an ice stream draining the LPIA Kaokoveld ice sheet existed within the proto-Huab River valley and that was comparable to ice streams in modern Antarctica. Recognition of a paleo-ice stream in northern Namibia supports interpretations of glaciogenic sedimentary successions (Itarare Group) in southern Brazil that suggest the presence of major, terrestrial glacial outlet systems in southern Africa during the LPIA.
To Kill a Mockingbird: Why Can’t the Finch Family Pronounce the Names of the Prospects for the 1935 Crimson Tide?

That spring was a good one: the days grew longer and gave us more playing time. Jem’s mind was occupied mostly with the vital statistics of every college football player in the nation. Every night ...
Rating the effectiveness of fishery-regulated areas with AIS data

Abstract The currently existing Biological Protection Areas (BPAs) are Italian conservation measures specifically oriented to preserve/recover commercial fish stocks through the regulation or ban of few fishing activities. Although BPAs have been well identified/designed within the Italian national waters, neither data on their effects on fishery resources nor on the fishers’ compliance with these no-take regulations are yet available. In this context, the present study was aimed to investigate how AIS data processing could be used to map patterns in fishing activity within/around small regulated areas and rate the effectiveness of the conservation measures in place. To do this, it was impossible not to address the issue surrounding well-known and substantial gaps in data coverage and attempt an estimate of them by flagging events when AIS had been switched off within/around BPAs. Results highlighted that almost all the BPAs are illegally trawled and that, unless additional legislation is effected to regulate the use of AIS by fishing vessels, it may provide a useful source of information to map fishing activities stated that the data are interpreted in an appropriate way.
Essence or Context

Cast in the form of a gloss on the passage on Hanslick from The Oxford History of Western Music, this essay considers such topics as musical beauty (versus the musical sublime), the relationship of musical form and content, the status of music as an artifact of culture rather than phenomenon of nature, the function of metaphor in the perception and description of music, and the ontological status of musical structure—in all cases framing its formulations as responses to the writing of Nick Zangwill (whose reply will be found in this volume).
Abstract 3772: Inter- and intra-tumoral variations in ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 transcriptional programs underlie three distinct molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancers

Accounting for 15% of all lung cancer diagnoses, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with dismal clinical outcomes, due in part to failure to define SCLC molecular subsets and identify the unique, targetable vulnerabilities therein. Recent data has begun to delineate these subsets by uncovering inter-tumoral heterogeneity in features such as DNA damage response, EMT, and neuroendocrine (NE) status. An integrated analysis of clinical samples to determine the implications of this heterogeneity broadly on SCLC classification has not yet been performed. Using RNAseq data from 81 SCLC tumor samples, we applied non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) which identified three clusters, each enriched for unique transcriptional programs driven by ASCL1 (30/81), NEUROD1 (24/81), or POU2F3 (27/81). These three genes encode transcription factors which define mutually exclusive NE-high, NE-low, and novel tuft cell variants of SCLC. Bulk RNAseq analyses of SCLC CTC-derived xenograft (CDX) models validated the clustering analysis in vivo. However, single-cell RNAseq from these same models reveals subtle evidence of intra-tumoral and intra-cellular heterogeneity in transcriptional programs that appear mutually exclusive in bulk analyses, suggesting plasticity among these variants. Guided by our NMF results, we performed RNAseq-based supervised clustering to classify each of 60 SCLC cell lines into ASCL1-driven, NEUROD1-driven, and POU2F3-driven clusters. Then, using reverse phase protein array data for these lines, we derived proteomic signatures for each cluster as follows: ASCL1-driven: E-cadherinhigh/TTF-1high/cMYClow, NEUROD1-driven: E-cadherinlow/TTF-1low/cMYChigh, and POU2F3-driven: E-cadherinhigh/TTF-1low/cMYChigh (ANOVA p Citation Format: Carl M. Gay, Lixia Diao, C. Allison Stewart, Yuanxin Xi, Robert J. Cardnell, Stephen G. Swisher, Jack A. Roth, Bonnie S. Glisson, Jing Wang, John V. Heymach, Lauren A. Byers. Inter- and intra-tumoral variations in ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 transcriptional programs underlie three distinct molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3772.
Performance of high-throughput CometChip assay using primary human hepatocytes: a comparison of DNA damage responses with in vitro human hepatoma cell lines

Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are considered the "gold standard" for evaluating hepatic metabolism and toxicity of xenobiotics. In the present study, we evaluated the genotoxic potential of four indirect-acting (requiring metabolic activation) and six direct-acting genotoxic carcinogens, one aneugen, and five non-carcinogens that are negative or equivocal for genotoxicity in vivo in cryopreserved PHHs derived from three individual donors. DNA damage was determined over a wide range of concentrations using the CometChip technology and the resulting dose-responses were quantified using benchmark dose (BMD) modeling. Following a 24-h treatment, nine out of ten genotoxic carcinogens produced positive responses in PHHs, while negative responses were found for hydroquinone, aneugen colchicine and five non-carcinogens. Overall, PHHs demonstrated a higher sensitivity (90%) for detecting DNA damage from genotoxic carcinogens than the sensitivities previously reported for HepG2 (60%) and HepaRG (70%) cells. Quantitative analysis revealed that most of the compounds produced comparable BMD10 values among the three types of hepatocytes, while PHHs and HepaRG cells produced similar BMD1SD values. Evidence of sex- and ethnicity-related interindividual variation in DNA damage responses was also observed in the PHHs. A literature search for in vivo Comet assay data conducted in rodent liver tissues demonstrated consistent positive/negative calls for the compounds tested between in vitro PHHs and in vivo animal models. These results demonstrate that CometChip technology can be applied using PHHs for human risk assessment and that PHHs had higher sensitivity than HepaRG cells for detecting genotoxic carcinogens in the CometChip assay.