cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perianal fistulas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Fistula in ano represents a challenging pathology for both the patient and the clinician, and management can be made even more difficult in the setting of Crohn's disease. Up to 54% of patients with Crohn's disease will suffer from anorectal involvement that can have a profound impact on quality of life. However, treatment of Crohn's-related fistulas can be fraught with complications, including delayed wound healing, persistent fistula, and fecal incontinence. As such, a thoughtful, moderated, and well-informed approach is necessary when evaluating and treating a Crohn's-related anal fistula. In this article, we review the current literature regarding diagnosis and treatment of anal fistulas in this specific patient population. The tenets of management include control of the underlying sepsis and proctitis, accurate diagnosis with exam under anesthesia, appropriate imaging, with either magnetic resonance imaging or endoanal ultrasound, and, finally, the implementation of appropriate medical and surgical therapies. Further, we define which patients can avoid morbidity associated with aggressive therapy and review the current management of Crohn's-related rectovaginal fistulas and fistulas following proctocolectomy and ileal pouch–anal anastomosis.
Recreational sexuality preferences among middle‐class husbands and wives

Abstract Though the literature focusing on interpersonal sexuality continues to expand, little is known about how husbands and wives value their sexual and affectional activities compared to other outlets for their discretionary time. Preferences for discretionary sexual activity, other joint activities, and independent activities were examined as a function of the number of years married. A stratified area probability sample of middle‐class households yielded 227 husbands and 233 wives. Respondents completed a questionnaire that included items on leisure activities they most preferred. The proportion of husbands and wives who indicated a preference for “engaging in sexual or affectional activities” decreased as the number of years married increased. When other joint and independent activity types were examined over the marital career, it was found that husbands' preferences for other joint activities increased proportionally, whereas wives' preferences for independent activities increased. These results ...
Activity based video indexing and search

We describe a method for searching videos in large video databases based on the activity contents present in the videos. Being able to search videos based on the contents (such as human activities) has many applications such as security, surveillance, and other commercial applications such as on-line video search. Conventional video content-based retrieval (CBR) systems are either feature based or semantics based, with the former trying to model the dynamics video contents using the statistics of image features, and the latter relying on automated scene understanding of the video contents. Neither approach has been successful. Our approach is inspired by the success of visual vocabulary of "Video Google" by Sivic and Zisserman, and the work of Nister and Stewenius who showed that building a visual vocabulary tree can improve the performance in both scalability and retrieval accuracy for 2-D images. We apply visual vocabulary and vocabulary tree approach to spatio-temporal video descriptors for video indexing, and take advantage of the discrimination power of these descriptors as well as the scalability of vocabulary tree for indexing. Furthermore, this approach does not rely on any model-based activity recognition. In fact, training of the vocabulary tree is done off-line using unlabeled data with unsupervised learning. Therefore the approach is widely applicable. Experimental results using standard human activity recognition videos will be presented that demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
Song Learning in the Anna Hummingbird (Calypte anna)

Songs of wild male Anna hummingbirds (Calypte anna) consist of syllables grouped into phrases. Nearest neighbors tend to share similar syllable types, rhythms and syntax. Songs from different localities contain different syllable types, syntax and repetition indices. A male raised by hand in isolation produced a song consisting of highly variable syllable types of a wide frequency range. The song was simple in structure, and syllables were not grouped into phrases. Three males raised by hand as a group sang songs containing two stereotyped syllable types sung in alternating sequence and without phrase structure. These three males shared syllable types and syntax. The data from our study indicate that despite its relatively simple syrinx the Anna hummingbird learns syllable types, frequency, rhythm and syntax (as do oscines with their more complex syringes) during the song development process.
Publicité et professions de santé

Resume La publicite reste interdite en France aux professionnels de sante, parce qu’elle est comprise comme « commerciale » ; une simple information utile aux patients, qui ne vise pas a promouvoir le professionnel de sante ou son cabinet, serait alors autorisee ; reste encore en suspens la question de la conformite de l’interdiction totale de publicite avec le droit europeen et la constitution francaise.
Instantons as a bridge between weak and strong coupling in quantum chromodynamics

The transition from weak to strong coupling in quantum chromodynamics is discussed using semiclassical methods to calculate the effective coupling $g(a)$ of an effective lattice theory as a function of $a$. We demonstrate that the renormalization effects due to instantons cause a sharp transition from weak to strong coupling in the range $g(a)\ensuremath{\approx}1.5\ensuremath{-}3$. This is verified by showing that the "string tension" as well as the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ function calculated by semiclassical methods match their strong-coupling behavior for $g\ensuremath{\approx}1.5\ensuremath{-}3$. An independent test of this notion is provided by a bag-model calculation of the string tension.
An Evaluation Of Fiber Optic Connectors For LAN Applications

The relationships between optical launch conditions (application) and fiber optic connector losses are developed. An analysis of fiber optic connection losses which covers eight factors such as ferrule hole eccentricity and hole diameter, fiber numerical aperture, and core diameter is given. The analysis is statistical in nature and based on a Monte Carlo computational method. The results of precise dimensional measurements of connector components are included in the evaluation. Specific examples for 62/125μm fiber connections are cited and the evaluation is extended to multi-connector LAN systems. The results of the analysis are compared with actual test results achieved with the connectors, and the use of the program to predict performance results in new or specific LAN applications is explained.
Directional correlation measurements of the gamma rays emitted in the decay of 160Tb

Abstract The decay of 160 Tb to levels in 160 Dy has been investigated by measuring the gammagamma directional correlations using two 30 cm 3 coaxial Ge(Li) detectors in conjunction with multichannel coincidence and routing electronics. A detailed analysis was performed in order to correct for the effects on the measured correlations of Compton-scattered radiation. The results of the sixteen measured directional correlations served to verify the current spin assignments, and in addition yielded values for the E2 M1 and M2 E1 multipole mixing ratios of the gamma transitions, given in terms of explicitly defined reduced matrix elements. Values obtained for the mixing ratios δ ( γ ) are (energies in keV): δ (215) = − 0.18 ± 0.10, δ (299) = + 0.005 ± 0.010, δ (392) = + 0.005 ± 0.070, δ (765) = − (7 +20 − 5 ), δ (879) = − 11.5 ± 1.9, δ (962) = − 18.0 ± 5.0, δ (1178) = + 0.02 ± 0.02, δ (1272) = − 0.03 ± 0.03. The results are discussed in terms of collective rotational nuclear motion.
Efficient parallelization of path planning workload on single-chip shared-memory multicores

Path planning problems greatly arise in many applications where the objective is to find the shortest path from a given source to destination. In this paper, we explore the comparison of programming languages in the context of parallel workload analysis. We characterize parallel versions of path planning algorithms, such as the Dijkstra's Algorithm, across C/C++ and Python languages. Programming language comparisons are done to analyze fine grain scalability and efficiency using a single-socket shared memory multicore processor. Architectural studies, such as understanding cache effects, are also undertaken to analyze bottlenecks for each parallelization strategy. Our results show that a right parallelization strategy for path planning yields scalability on a commercial multicore processor. However, several shortcomings exist in the parallel Python language that must be accounted for by HPC researchers.
Differential expression of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in maize leaf cell types.

Abstract Mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells, the dimorphic photosynthetic cell types in the C 4 plant Zea mays, differ in protein composition. In particular, the large subunit of the chloroplast enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) is found entirely or almost exclusively in bundle sheath cells. The DNA sequence coding for this polypeptide is contained in the chloroplast DNA of both mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. RNA complementary to this coding sequence has been detected in RNA from bundle sheath cells, but is almost or entirely absent from mesophyll cells. Similarly, translatable mRNA for this polypeptide has been detected in RNA from bundle sheath cells, but not from mesophyll cells. Portions of the 4200 base pair maize plastid DNA sequence Bam 9 outside the large subunit gene region appear to be transcribed in mesophyll cells. Thus differential gene expression at the mRNA level has been directly demonstrated to occur in these two cell types.
Toward Hexaphenylethane: Structure and Decomposition of Crystalline Triphenylmethyl Iodide

Triphenylmethyl iodide (C19H15I) crystallizes in the monoclinic system: a = 15.919(6) A, b = 10.826(6) A, c = 19.397(11) A, β = 114.86(4)°, space group C2/c, Z = 8. In the structure, heterochiral propeller molecules are interdigitated. This arrangement, coupled with earlier reports of the thermal instability of triphenylmethyl iodide, suggested a convenient, topochemically controlled, solid-state synthesis of the elusive hydrocarbon hexaphenylethane. Crystals of the 13Cmethyl-labeled triphenylmethyl iodide were heated to 100 °C in a rotor spinning at the magic angle within an NMR spectrometer. Spectral changes and accompanying analyses by plasma desorption mass spectrometry, calorimetry, and ESR spectroscopy reveal that the major product in the decomposition is triphenylmethane, produced by hydrogen atom abstractions from neighboring triphenylmethyl radicals, that subsequently oligomerize. These data provide a new view of the thermal stability of triphenylmethyl iodide in the solid state and an old view ...
Regulation of goby intestinal ion absorption by the calcium messenger system.

The role of the calcium messenger system in the regulation of ion absorption across the teleost intestine was studied using pharmacological intervention. Radiochloride transport was independent of external Ca2+ over the range 10 μM to 2.5 mM. Treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (to elevate intracellular Ca2+) reduced Cl− absorption and produced hyperpolarization of the apical membrane potential of intestinal epithelial cells. The Ca2+-calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine (TFP) and calmidazolium (R24571) produced opposite effects, i.e., stimulation of Cl− absorption and cellular depolarization. Treatment with TFP or R24571 will block or override the inhibitory action of A23187. These data suggest a regulatory role for Ca2+ in the control of intestinal NaCl absorption and mediation via calmodulin.
The role of hypertrophy and growth factors inheart failure

The physiologic trophic factors growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) generally increase body weight and cardiac mass proportionately, and several studies suggest that both growth factors cause vasodilation and increased myocardial contractility. Established clinical benefits of ACE inhibitors can be explained, at least in part, by inhibition of cell hypertrophy, lowered systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and afterload, leading to reduction of progressive left-ventricular (LV) enlargement. An alternative approach would be to administer IGF-1 or GH to stimulate compensatory hypertrophy and reduce afterload by their vasodilator action, as well as through potential favorable effects on myocardial contractility. In our initial study in the rat myocardial infarction (MI) model, when IGF-1 was administered early (at 2 days) post-MI and continued for 2 weeks, body weight (BW) increased and LV weight/BW remained unchanged, the LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume increased (but not when normalized to BW), and the LV ejection fraction increased in rats with large infarctions. These findings suggested a beneficial rather than detrimental effect of such treatment, and we then studied the action of combined IGF-1 and GH starting after infarct healing at 4-weeks' post-MI. BW increased substantially and LVEDV/BW was lower in treated rats than in control rats, suggesting relatively less LV dilation with little remodeling in this setting; IGF-1/GH increased the cardiac output by 46%, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) fell and the cardiac index (CI) was significantly elevated in treated rats with a large MI. Recently, others have used the rat MI model to study the effects of 2-weeks' of GH started at 4-weeks' post-MI, as well as IGF/GH for 2-weeks in rats treated with an ACE inhibitor for 3-month's post-MI. In both studies, in conscious treated rats the BW increased, LV/BW was not different compared to the control rats, but the CI increased, SVR fell, and estimated LV dP/dtmax was significantly augmented. Preliminary data in our laboratory suggest that beneficial effects may also occur with GH administration in the setting of chronic angiotensin II receptor blockade (losartan) after MI in the rat. Thus, growth factor therapy appears to have favorable effects in heart failure early and late after MI in the rat. Additional cardiac hypertrophy occurs early after MI, but the later beneficial effects appear to relate primarily to systemic vasodilation, improved cardiac output, and enhanced myocardial contractility.
Brain mechanisms involved in the control of vocalization

Summary This article reviews recent experimental and clinical literature on the central neural mechanisms involved in vocalization. Various parts of the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, and extrapyramidal system have been shown in human and animal studies to be important in vocalization, but the exact function of these areas with regard to vocal control is unclear. The limbic system and diencephalon project to the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), which may be important for coordination of various muscle groups involved in vocalization. The PAG neurons project to the reticular formation, nucleus retroambiguus, and nucleus ambiguus. Neurons in the nucleus retroambiguus seem to be involved in control of neurons related to the respiratory or laryngeal systems. Different types of motoneurons of the laryngeal muscles in the nucleus ambiguus are related to various functions such as vocalization, swallowing, and respiration.
Discrete epidemic models.

The mathematical theory of single outbreak epidemic models really began with the work of Kermack and Mackendrick about $8$ decades ago. This gave a simple answer to the long-standing question of why epidemics woould appear suddenly and then disappear just as suddenly without having infected an entire population. Therefore it seemed natural to expect that theoreticians would immediately proceed to expand this mathematical framework both because the need to handle recurrent single infectious disease outbreaks has always been a priority for public health officials and because theoreticians often try to push the limits of exiting theories. However, the expansion of the theory via the inclusion of refined epidemiological classifications or through the incorporation of categories that are essential for the evaluation of intervention strategies, in the context of ongoing epidemic outbreaks, did not materialize. It was the global threat posed by SARS in $2003$ that caused theoreticians to expand the Kermack-McKendrick single-outbreak framework. Most recently, efforts to connect theoretical work to data have exploded as attempts to deal with the threat of emergent and re-emergent diseases including the most recent H1N1 influenza pandemic, have marched to the forefront of our global priorities. Since data are collected and/or reported over discrete units of time, developing single outbreak models that fit collected data naturally is relevant. In this note, we introduce a discrete-epidemic framework and highlight, through our analyses, the similarities between single-outbreak comparable classical continuous-time epidemic models and the discrete-time models introduced in this note. The emphasis is on comparisons driven by expressions for the final epidemic size.
Evaluation of silica resins for direct and efficient extraction of DNA from complex biological matrices in a miniaturized format.

Abstract For DNA purification to be functionally integrated into the microchip for high-throughput DNA analysis, a miniaturized purification process must be developed that can be easily adapted to the microchip format. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of a variety of silica resins for miniaturized DNA purification and gauge the potential usefulness for on-chip solid-phase extraction. A micro-solid-phase extraction (μSPE) device containing only nanograms of silica resin is shown to be effective for the adsorption and desorption of DNA in the picogram–nanogram mass range. Fluorescence spectroscopy as well as capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection is employed for the analysis of DNA recovered from solid-phase resins, while the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to evaluate the amplifiable nature of the eluted DNA. We demonstrate that DNA can be directly recovered from white blood cells with an efficiency of roughly 70%, while greater than 80% of the protein is removed with a 500-nl bed volume μSPE process that takes less than 10 min. With a capacity in the range of 10–30 ng/mg of silica resin, we show that the DNA extracted from white blood cells, cultured cancer cells, and even whole blood on the low microliter scale is suitable for direct PCR amplification. The miniaturized format as well as rapid time frame for DNA extraction is compatible with the fast electrophoresis on microfabricated chips.
Spatial and temporal variation of water column measurements in aquaculture ponds

Abstract Horizontal, vertical, and diel variations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), particulate carbon (PC), particulate nitrogen (PN), and particulate nitrogen: carbon (N:C) ratios were examined in 0.4-ha, 1-m deep freshwater aquaculture ponds. Levels of sampling included horizontal locations, buckets from the same location, samples from buckets, and subsamples of samples. The variability associated with each level of sampling was estimated by a nested analysis of variance. The greatest sources of variability for all measurements were the highest (locations) and lowest (samples for particulate measurements and subsamples for dissolved measurements) levels of sampling. Locations within ponds were responsible for over 75% of the variance of PC and PN, less than 35% of the variance of SRP and TDP, and less than 7% of the variance of N:C. A statistical analysis indicated that sampling at three locations, with only one sample at all lower levels of sampling, would be adequate to reduce the standard error to 10% of the mean at least 50% of the time for all dissolved and particulate measurements examined in this study. Horizontal variability was reduced when the ponds were well mixed vertically (i.e., isothermal). Consequently, determination of the temperature difference between surface and bottom water of the pond prior to sampling is recommended as an index of mixing conditions. During well mixed conditions, depth never contributed more than about 12% to the total variance for any measurement. Although time of day contributed more than 50% to the total variance for a few measurements during well mixed conditions, the magnitude of the temporal variation was small, except for particulate carbon in surface water which increased by approximately 25% from morning to afternoon.
TEXTURAL PROPERTIES AND COLOR CHARACTERISTICS OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS WITH SELECTED BINDERS AND NOMEAT ADJUNCTS

Restructured steaks were evaluated using subjective and objective texture and color analyses. Treatments included: intact muscle, restructured steaks with no additives, salt/sodium tripolyphosphate (NaCl/STP), calcium alginate, crude myosin extract (CME) with 0.1% Nad and 0.4% STP [low salt & phosphate (LSP)], CME with 1.0 NaCl and 0.4% STP [high salt & phosphate (HSP)], surimi LSP and surimi HSP. Restructured steaks made from CME (HSP) or surimi (HSP) exhibited superior (P < 0.05) sensory textural evaluation, tensile strength values, cooking loss properties, color and color stability (subjective and objective) when compared to other restructured steaks except CME (LSP) and NaCl/STP (in some parameters). Restructured steaks made with CME or surimi in combination with 1% NaCl and 0.4% STP improved or maintained textural properties as well as color and color stability of restructured steaks.
Computation of a precise mean sea surface in the eastern north Pacific using SEASAT altimetry

Satellite altimetry has application to both solid earth and ocean dynamics research. Because the mean surface of the ocean coincides with the geoid to within about 1 m, three-dimensional maps constructed from grids of altimeter measurements yield information about the gravity field and processes taking place in and beneath the earth's crust. At the same time, statistical analyses of the altimeter data used to construct the surface can provide a survey of the mesoscale eddy field [Cheney and Marsh, 1981]. This short report presents results obtained by using SEASAT altimetry in a 5000×5000 km area of the eastern North Pacific. We hope to illustrate several points: the precision of the SEASAT data, the power of the crossing-arc technique employed in the data reduction, and the geodetic/oceanographic implications of precise altimetric maps.
Good's compromise: Comments on I. J. Good

I. J. Good and Karl Popper have at least one major disagreement. Good believes that we can and must use subjective probability in science. Popper thinks that the use of such judgements are harmful for the growth of science. In Good's paper an attempt is made to show how our sub jective judgements of the probability of theories can effectively be used in science to evaluate theories. Good's general approach to showing the usefulness of probability judgements is to argue that the making of such judgements is necessary in order to evaluate theories. Then in order to develop a theory of their usefulness we only have to show how they can be improved and applied. I will argue that such judgements are not needed and that Good has failed to account for the growth of knowledge. Good's defense of his position rests on the claim that subjective prob ability judgements are needed. There seem to be three parts to Good's claim. The first is that we will inevitably use probability simply because our brains operate in a particular way. The second is that we need to be critical of the way they are used if we want our judgements to be coherent and intellectually honest. The third is that their honest use will lead to success in evaluating theories and acting which could not be obtained if we did not honestly recognize the necessity of using them. According to Good, an honest objectivism leads to subjectivism. If we suppose that Good is right and that the decision to accept a theory or carry out an action is based on probability estimates we quickly face a problem. The probability estimate is itself a theory of the likelihood of truth or success. If a probability estimate is accepted, and the acceptance of all theories involves estimates of probability, then we must have an estimate of the probability of the probability estimate being right. We clearly cannot do this. So at some point we decide to accept a probability estimate without an estimation of the probability of that estimate being right. At some point we decide to accept a theory as true without any probability judgement. Good recognizes the problem of making judgements about our judge
A graph theoretic approach to the grouping of ordering data

This paper gives a graph theoretic interpretation of the problem of stratifying ordered data.
Almost complex structures that model nonlinear geometries

Abstract This article studies a class of connections defined on a symplectic manifold with a Lagrangian foliation that model certain aspects of local differential geometry. This construction is of interest because it provides a more satisfactory treatment of the Equivalence Principle in General Relativity, and it offers a new approach to the study of geometric structures. Homogeneous direction-dependent metrics are studied using these techniques. Conditions are given that guarantee the existence of horizontal distributions that generalize the Levi-Civita and Cartan connections.
Myosin-X is required for cranial neural crest cell migration in Xenopus laevis.

Myosin-X (MyoX) belongs to a large family of unconventional, nonmuscle, actin-dependent motor proteins. We show that MyoX is predominantly expressed in cranial neural crest (CNC) cells in embryos of Xenopus laevis and is required for head and jaw cartilage development. Knockdown of MyoX expression using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides resulted in retarded migration of CNC cells into the pharyngeal arches, leading to subsequent hypoplasia of cartilage and inhibited outgrowth of the CNC-derived trigeminal nerve. In vitro migration assays on fibronectin using explanted CNC cells showed significant inhibition of filopodia formation, cell attachment, spreading and migration, accompanied by disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. These data support the conclusion that MyoX has an essential function in CNC migration in the vertebrate embryo. Developmental Dynamics 238:2522–2529, 2009. © Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.†
Dissolution of partially immersed nickel during in situ oxidation in molten carbonate: cyclic, stripping and square wave voltammetry measurements

Abstract Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, stripping voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were used to determine the product of concentration and diffusivity of Ni 2+ ions in 62% Li 2 CO 3 +38% K 2 CO 3 electrolyte mixture under standard gas composition(15% O 2 +30% CO 2 ) at 650°C. In the case of cyclic voltammetry and stripping voltammetry, dissolved nickel is first deposited on a gold electrode at negative potentials, then dissolved by scanning through positive potentials. Square wave voltammetry is also used as a more precise method to compare the cD 1/2 product between electrochemical techniques. The magnitude of the peak current from current–potential data is related to scan rate, diffusivity and concentration of nickel ions in the melt. Values of cD 1/2 obtained by these techniques are in good agreement. The saturation concentrations calculated from our measurements (0.5–1 μmol cm 3 ) depend on the diffusion coefficient used in the calculations, but agree with literature values in order of magnitude.
Probabilistic analysis of a materially nonlinear structure

A probabilistic finite element program is used to perform probabilistic analysis of a materially nonlinear structure. The program used in this study is NESSUS (Numerical Evaluation of Stochastic Structure Under Stress), under development at Southwest Research Institute. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the radial stress of a thick-walled cylinder under internal pressure is computed and compared with the analytical solution. In addition, sensitivity factors showing the relative importance of the input random variables are calculated. Significant plasticity is present in this problem and has a pronounced effect on the probabilistic results. The random input variables are the material yield stress and internal pressure with Weibull and normal distributions, respectively. The results verify the ability of NESSUS to compute the CDF and sensitivity factors of a materially nonlinear structure. In addition, the ability of the Advanced Mean Value (AMV) procedure to assess the probabilistic behavior of structures which exhibit a highly nonlinear response is shown. Thus, the AMV procedure can be applied with confidence to other structures which exhibit nonlinear behavior.
The Bloodstained Doll: Violence and the Gift in Wartime Japan

During 1936-45, women throughout the Japanese Empire made countless female figures and sent them in imonbukuro (comfort bags) to military personnel. Incorporating elements of amulets, Bodhisattva images, hitogata (an cient protective figures), and Western-style dolls, these masukotto (mascots) or imon ningy? (comfort dolls) took on shifting ideological and ritual functions. Ini tially, they helped domesticate colonial landscapes and bind conventional sol diers to the female-coded mythic Japanese homeland. Late in the war, when taken by tokk?tai (Special Attack Corps, or "kamikaze") pilots on fatal missions, the dolls had increasingly conjugal and sacrificial associations, foreshadowing their ambiguous deployments in postwar memorial, display, and political projects.
Stimulated emission and emission efficiency enhancement in nanopatterned silicon

1.278μm laser emission has been observed in a SOI structure which has been nanopatterned to contain an array of nanopores. The optical transition is identified to be associated with phononless recombination mediated by the bistable, carbon-related G center. The present work is focused on increasing the luminescence intensity from nanopatterned Si by increasing the number of G centers present in the material. The G center density is increased by increasing the concentration of substitutional atoms in the lattice prior to nanopatterning. To this end, solid-phase epitaxial regrowth of carbon-rich silicon is utilized in order to take advantage of the increased solid solubility of carbon in silicon at the interface between crystalline and amorphous solid silicon.
Sensorimotor Management of the High-Risk Neonate

This article is focused on the development of treatment strategies for high-risk infants who exhibit motor dysfunction or are at risk for developing motor problems. The need for the development of models for treatment is stressed and Critical Period, Compensation, Full-Term Environment, and Ecological models are described. Assumptions regarding treatment and specific procedures are discussed in light of a particular model. Neonatal intervention literature is reviewed with focus on examples of clinical research on models for treatment with high-risk infants. The need for research-based intervention is emphasized.
Passivation of Fe(110) via phosphorus deposition: the reactions of trimethylphosphite

Abstract The reactions of trimethylphosphite, P(OCH 3 ) 3 , with the clean and phosphorus pre-covered Fe(110) surface have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). P(OCH 3 ) 3 adsorbs molecularly on the clean surface and remains intact up to a temperature of 250 K at which point it begins to decompose to surface methoxy and atomic phosphorus. Subsequent reaction of methoxy yields gaseous CO and H 2 at 430 K, as well as adsorbed P, C, and O. CO is formed upon heating to ∼770 K from the recombination of atomically adsorbed C and O. The presence of phosphorus on the surface alters the decomposition pathway for molecular trimethylphosphite via a combination of electronic and geometric effects, leading to production of formaldehyde in addition to CO and H 2 . The fraction of formaldehyde increases with higher phosphorus coverages. The dependence of the reactions on phosphorus coverage indicated that proximity to adsorbed phosphorus favors formaldehyde production while CO is formed on clean Fe sites. The effect of phosphorus on the reactions of trimethyl phosphite on Fe(110) is similar to the effect of sulfur and oxygen on the reactions of methanol on Fe(100), but different than the effects of sulfur and oxygen on the reactions of methanol on Fe(110), suggesting that adsorbed phosphorus may change the geometric structure of Fe(110). The deposition of phosphorus via irreversible decomposition of P(OCH 3 ) 3 is self limiting. A maximum of ∼0.35 ML of phosphorus is deposited on the surface at which point the trimethyl phosphite primarily reversibly adsorbs below 500 K. These results indicate that P-containing moieties in lubricant additives form a passivating surface layer upon which the remaining additives only weakly bind.
High‐pressure research in Japan

The field of high-pressure research in Japan has a long history, dating from early efforts at the beginning of this century to compress gases to an era of broad but intense activity during the past 20 years to study solid state properties of materials. In a recent report released by the U.S. Office of Naval Research located in Tokyo (E. F. Skelton, High-Pressure Science and Technology in Japan, Rep. ONRTM1,1979), the research being done in 43 Japanese High-Pressure Laboratories is described in detail. A large proportion of the research is related to solid state physics and chemistry, but an equally large proportion is related to geophysical studies. There are industrial programs in Japan to develop ‘superhard’ materials, such as diamond and cubic boron nitride, although the emphasis is on basic research rather than production.
SU-GG-T-467: On the Sensitivity of Film-Based, In Vivo Dosimetry to Setup Errors for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Treatments

Purpose: To determine whether film‐based, in vivodosimetry can be used to verify precise dose delivery of stereotactic body radiotherapy treatments and to examine its sensitivity in detecting rigid body shifts and introduction of inhomogeneities. Method and Materials: A QUASAR™ respiratory motion phantom was CT scanned, in static mode, with an imaging insert containing two spheres of different sizes and a cube. A SBRT treatment plan was created with TomoTherapy TPS utilizing one of the spheres as the target volume. Dose prescription was 98% of target volume to receive at least 60.0Gy delivered in 5 fractions. The image set was imported into tomotherapy TPS as a patient image set for treatment planning and as a phantom image set for delivery quality assurance verification. Radiographic film was place at the couch table top below the phantom (coronal plane) during irradiation so as to measure the exit dose. Delivery was repeated with the introduction of various lateral shifts and inhomogeneities to the phantom. Calculated exit dose planes were extracted from the DQA analysis software and compared with measured films. Results: Agreement between calculated and measured exit dose planes for the original setup was shown to be within 10%. Comparison profiles of the calculated and measured exit dose planes between the 2cm lateral shift and original setup indicate insufficient sensitivity of the film measurements to distinguish the expected differences and patterns. Similar conclusions were reached for 5cm lateral shifts and introduction of inhomogeneities. Conclusion: According to preliminary results, film‐based, in vivodosimetry can be suitable for SBRT treatment verification but was shown not to be sensitive to detection of rigid body shifts and inhomogeneities. Further studies of different treatment sites are planned to determine if film‐based, in vivodosimetry can be used as a secondary technique for patient setup verification.
The behavior analytic perspective: Its nature, prospects, and limitations for behavior therapy

Behavior analysis is defined as a natural science approach to behavior--with both basic and applied branches--and contrasted with cognitive psychology. Behavior analysis is described as an integrated science that views a person's interactions with the environment as selecting certain behaviors--or rather, environment-behavior relations--making them more probable, given certain subsequent stimulus situations. It seeks an understanding that promotes effective action, which fits the clinical interests of behavior therapy. It promotes persistent searching for environmental causes, which has resulted in a remarkable range of successes, clinical and other. We explore the reasons that all behavior therapists are not behavior analysts and suggest needed future developments.
Metal sources and exposures in the homes of young children living near a mining-impacted Superfund site

Children living near hazardous waste sites may be exposed to environmental contaminants, yet few studies have conducted multi-media exposure assessments, including residential environments where children spend most of their time. We sampled yard soil, house dust, and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 in 59 homes of young children near an abandoned mining area and analyzed samples for lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and manganese (Mn). In over half of the homes, dust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, and As were higher than those in soil. Proximity to mine waste (chat) piles and the presence of chat in the driveway significantly predicted dust metals levels. Homes with both chat sources had Pb, Zn, Cd, and As dust levels two to three times higher than homes with no known chat sources after controlling for other sources. In contrast, Mn concentrations in dust were consistently lower than in soil and were not associated with chat sources. Mn dust concentrations were predicted by soil concentrations and occupant density. These findings suggest that nearby outdoor sources of metal contaminants from mine waste may migrate indoors. Populations farther away from the mining site may also be exposed if secondary uses of chat are in close proximity to the home.
Lying about running: The functions of talk in a scene

The running scene rests upon a system of beliefs (a code) about the “qualities” of running performances. Membership in the scene entails the interrelated use of conversational forms and the presentation of a “team” identity. The forms consist of nomic talk, ritualized lying and code truth telling. Within each form, the runner may “lie” about or manage information regarding running performances in order to construct, maintain or attack the system of beliefs. The “lie,” then, plays a major role in the scene as a device of social interaction.
A Pathway Connecting the Monsoonal Heating to the Rapid Arctic Ice Melt

AbstractThis study provides a monsoonal link to the rapid Arctic ice melt. Each year the planetary-scale African–Asian monsoonal outflow near the tropopause carries a large anticyclonic gyre that has a longitudinal spread that occupies nearly half of the entire tropics. In recent years, the South Asian summer monsoon has experienced increased rainfall over northwestern India and Pakistan and it has also contributed to more intense local anticyclonic outflows from this region. The western lobes of these intense upper-high-pressure areas carry outflows with large heat fluxes from the monsoon belt toward central Asia and eventually to the region of the rapid ice melt of the Canadian Arctic. In this study this spectacular pathway has been defined from airflow trajectories, heat content, and heat flux anomalies. Most of these show slow increasing trends in the last 20 years. The monsoonal connection to the rapid Arctic ice melt is a new contribution of this study. This is shown from the passage of a vertical c...
Cardiac Disease Associated with Hyper- and Hypothyroidism: Report of Two Cases

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/21-1-13303 Acute cardiac complications of thyroid dysfunction present a diagnostic and management problem. Two cases recently encountered at a private hospital are described. Case 1. A 66-year-old female had a history of acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema two years prior to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. She was treated twice with an oral antithyroid agent and was rendered euthyroid. However, upon discontinuation of therapy, she not only developed thyrotoxicosis a third time, but also presented with acute pulmonary edema. Subsequently she was treated with I 131 . Three months later she again presented with acute pulmonary edema, acute myocardial infarction and severe hypothyroidism. Case 2. A 59-year-old female was discovered to have thyrotoxocosis during hospitalization for control of diabetes mellitus. Eighteen hours after treatment with I 131 , she developed acute pulmonary edema which resolved within 12 hours of appropriate medical management.
Intracellular differentiation of purine ribonucleotides derived from endogenous and exogenous sources.

Abstract Ethidium bromide inhibits completely the incorporation of adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine into nucleic acids of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro . It inhibits the incorporation of glycine and orotic acid into nucleic acids and of glycine and lysine into proteins only moderately and in a different manner. This inhibition of preformed purine metabolism is not caused by prevention of adenine entry into the cells, or by prevention of ribonucleotide formation from adenine. It is concluded that this drug distinguishes, in a manner as yet unknown, between two intracellular compartments of purine ribonucleotides, one derived from exogenously supplied purines and the other made from endogenous precursors.
Using YouTube as a Platform for Teaching and Learning Solubility Rules

Two challenges faced by university instructors in introductory chemistry courses are the need to keep the course material connected with technology that students are using as well as engaging students in a manner that keeps them interested in the subject. A case study is described where students in a general chemistry course were challenged to create and upload a video to the video-sharing Web site YouTube that could be used to learn solubility rules (which ions combine to form insoluble precipitates in dilute aqueous solutions). An assessment of the assignment was done by comparing results on a common exam question for courses with and without the assignment, as well as a follow up question on the final exam, survey questions, and comments. Results suggest that the solubility rules YouTube video assignment improved student learning of the rules and promoted interest in chemistry among a majority of the students involved in the activity.
Monitoring the Delivery of Cancer Care Commission on Cancer and National Cancer Data Base

The primary objective of the Commission on Cancer (CoC) is to ensure the delivery of comprehensive, high-quality care that improves survival while maintaining quality of life for patients with cancer. This article examines the initiatives of the CoC toward achieving this goal, utilizing data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to monitor treatment patterns and outcomes, to develop quality measures, and to benchmark hospital performance. The article also highlights how these initiatives align with the Institute of Medicine's recommendations for improving the quality of cancer care and briefly explores future projects of the CoC and NCDB.
Injection Scheduling Design for Reduced Order Waterflood Modeling

Discussion & Future Work In this work we are going to address the idea of designing a proper experiment for the purpose of approximating the two phase waterflooding process with a low order data driven model. In sum, reduced order modeling performance can be improved by providing a more informative data. A prior knowledge about the dynamics of the process can help to design and adapt an injection schedule to provide such data. Since the model structure is linear, it is of the most importance that the schedule keeps the process in its linear regime while exciting the relevant dynamics. Therefore, designing a proper injection schedule boils down to understanding the production constraints that limit the design parameters and reaching to an optimal trade-off, to have as informative of a data as possible. The novelty of this work is that we look into this problem from reservoir engineering angle as well as the requirements from system identification viewpoint.
Comparison of recreational health risks associated with surfing and swimming in dry weather and post-storm conditions at Southern California beaches using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)

Southern California is an increasingly urbanized hotspot for surfing, thus it is of great interest to assess the human illness risks associated with this popular ocean recreational water sport from exposure to fecal bacteria contaminated coastal waters. Quantitative microbial risk assessments were applied to eight popular Southern California beaches using readily available enterococcus and fecal coliform data and dose-response models to compare health risks associated with surfing during dry weather and storm conditions. The results showed that the level of gastrointestinal illness risks from surfing post-storm events was elevated, with the probability of exceeding the US EPA health risk guideline up to 28% of the time. The surfing risk was also elevated in comparison with swimming at the same beach due to ingestion of greater volume of water. The study suggests that refinement of dose-response model, improving monitoring practice and better surfer behavior surveillance will improve the risk estimation.
Development and validation of an approach to produce large-scale quantities of CpG-methylated plasmid DNA

The prokaryotic CpG-specific DNA methylase from Spiroplasma, SssI methylase, has been extensively used to methylate plasmid DNA in vitro to investigate the effects of methylation in vertebrate systems. Currently available methods to produce CpG-methylated plasmid DNA have certain limitations and cannot generate large quantities of methylated DNA without cost or problems of purity. Here we describe an approach in which the SssI methylase gene has been introduced into the Escherichia coli bacterial genome under the control of an inducible promoter. Plasmid DNA propagated in this bacterium under conditions which induce the methylase gene result in significant (>90%) CpG methylation. Methylated DNA produced by this approach behaves similarly to methylated DNA produced in vitro using the purified methylase. The approach is scalable allowing for the production of milligram quantities of methylated plasmid DNA.