cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goody-Goodies, Sissies, and Long-Hairs The Dangerous Figures in 1930s Los Angeles Political Culture

This article examines how allegations of vice intersected with late 1930s anxieties about communism and sexual deviance to mobilize the first successful recall of a major urban mayor. The article challenges the traditional narratives of the recall and their narrow focus on politicians. Instead, it offers an analysis that dwells on the impact of Los Angeles’ wider political culture on the recall election and beyond. Ultimately, it argues that the new cultural system lay the foundation both for massive waves of antihomosexual policing and for the start of a gay political movement.
On equivalence of two variances of a bivariate normal vector

Abstract A test for assessing the equivalence of two variances of a bivariate normal vector is constructed. It is uniformly more powerful than the two one-sided tests procedure and the power improvement is substantial. Numerical studies show that it has a type I error close to the test level at most boundary points of the null hypothesis space. One can apply this test to paired difference experiments or 2×2 crossover designs to compare the variances of two populations with two correlated samples. The application of this test on bioequivalence in variability is presented. We point out that bioequivalence in intra-variability implies bioequivalence in variability, however, the latter has a larger power.
The effect of molding time and temperature on the modulus and glass transition of phenolics

The effects of molding time and temperature on the dynamic mechanical behavior of a novolak phenolic molding compound were measured using the DuPont Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer. Large differences were found in the modulus-temperature response over the range of curing times (10 to 1800 s.) and temperatures (132 to 218°C) employed. Glass transition temperatures increased well beyond cure temperatures at long cure times. In the asmolded condition, samples cured at lower temperature had higher room temperature modulus than those cured at higher temperatures, and the lower modulus corresponded to lower density. Postbaking by steps up to 232°C increased the glass transition above 280°C, and also served to normalize the modulus differences found in as-molded samples.
Substituent effects on 13C chemical shifts

Abstract The 13C chemical shifts for a series of monosubstituted benzenes, and substituted fluorobenzenes have been determined. Carbons ortho to or attached to the substituent have chemical shifts which follow the parameter Q quite well. Multiple regression analyses indicate that chemical shifts around the ring may be described in terms of field, resonance, and paramagnetic parameters. Similar mechanisms apply for substituent effects on fluorine and proton chemical shifts.
3-D modeling of cosmic-ray transport in the heliosphere: toward solar maximum

Abstract We present preliminary results from new developments in our 3-D time-dependent numerical codes modeling the diffusive transport of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays in the heliosphere, including drift, diffusion, and adiabatic cooling and acceleration. Our existing 3-D codes are modified to achieve a better description of solar maximum conditions. More complex structures of the current sheet are considered, including multiple current sheets during periods of high solar activity. Latitudinal and recurrent time-variations are discussed. The role of the variation of the magnetic field strength is briefly addressed.
Risk factors for cranial nerve injury after carotid endarterectomy.

Background Although numerous studies have described the incidence of postoperative cranial nerve injury (CNI) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA), there have been few attempts to identify risk factors for this complication. Methods The 2012 CEA-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to determine the incidence of CNI after CEA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of CNI after CEA, using a comprehensive array of patient-, carotid disease-, and procedure-related factors as potential predictor variables. Results Of the 3762 CEA patients who were included in our analysis, 84 (2.2%) were noted to have sustained CNI in the first 30 days after their operation. Independent predictors of this complication included age ≥80 years (reference group, P = .05), presence of a preoperative bleeding disorder (including patients in whom preoperative nonaspirin anticoagulation therapy was not stopped before CEA; AOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.03-2.68; P = .04), duration of operation (AOR, 1.15 for each 30-minute interval beyond an operative time of 90 minutes; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25; P = .001), and need for reoperation (AOR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.03-6.80; P = .04). Conclusions Our study demonstrates clinically evident CNI to be a relatively uncommon event after CEA at institutions that participate in the CEA-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and identifies four separate factors that are independently associated with an increased risk of CNI.
Proposals for research in time series forecasting

Abstract This paper reviews to developing lines of forecasting research which have received limited attention in the past and which appear to promise significant improvements in modeling ability and forecasting accuracy. Previous work is summarized, some new results are presented, and suggestions are given for fruitful new avenues of investigation.
Synthesis and Structure of a New Type of Sandwich-Like Yttrium Complex Derived from Tetraphenylethylene: [Na(THF)6][Y(Ph2CCPh2)2]

Yttrium trichloride reacts with both Na2[Ph2CCPh2] and K2[Ph2CCPh2], made from Ph2CCPh2 and sodium and potassium mirrors, respectively, to form complexes of general formula [M(THF)x][Y(Ph2CCPh2)2] (M = Na, 1; K, 2; x = 4−6). Complex 2 undergoes cation exchange with NaBPh4 in THF to form crystals of [Na(THF)6][Y(Ph2CCPh2)2](THF)2, 3, suitable for X-ray diffraction. The anionic unit in 3, [Y(Ph2CCPh2)2]-, has a sandwich-like structure in which each (Ph2CCPh2)2- dianion has six carbon atoms oriented toward the metal center with Y−C distances ranging from 2.518(6) to 2.689(7) A.
The History of the Mongol Conquests

The Mongol conquests, culminating with the invasion of Europe in the middle of the thirteenth century, were of a scope and range never equaled. These nomadic peoples from central Asia briefly held sway over an empire that stretched across Asia to the frontiers of Germany and the shores of the Adriatic. Surprisingly little has been written on this vast and immensely influential empire, known chiefly through the charismatic leaders, Chingis Khan and Kublai Khan. J. J. Saunders's landmark book, first published in 1972, is a carefully documented introductory history of the rise and fall of the great Mongol empire. Saunders sets the historical stage with a discussion of nomad groups and cultures at the dawn of the second millennium, and then traces the rise of the Mongol conquests through the earlier Turkish expansion into Asia between the eighth and twelfth centuries. Beginning in the early 1200s, the Mongols led by Chingis Khan began their insatiable assault on all the kingdoms and peoples around them, erasing whole cities, killing entire populations, forcing mass migrations, and permanently changing the distribution of the world's major religions. The Mongols were finally checked along the edges of Europe and forced out of the Middle East by rejuvenated Muslim factions. As Saunders concludes, one of the major legacies of the Mongol conquests was the transfer of intellectual and scientific primacy of the Old World from Islamic societies to Western Europe, paving the way for the Renaissance.
ODMR saturation techniques in the study of line broadening

Abstract The lineshapes of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra from two different, but complementary methods, are predicted using the geometrical model of Breiland and Harris. The ODMR spectra by differential saturation method of van der Velden and Veeman and the pre-saturation pulse technique are examined. Of particular interest are the ODMR spectra for which narrow dips upon a broad background are observed.
Multiple Family Group Service Model for Children With Disruptive Behavior Disorders Child Outcomes at Post-Treatment

The purpose of this study was to determine the benefits of a multiple family group (MFG) service delivery model compared with services as usual (SAU) in improving the functioning of youth with oppositional defiant/conduct disorder in families residing in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Participants included 320 youth aged 7 to 11 and their families who were referred to participating outpatient clinics. Participants were assigned to the MFG or the SAU condition, with parent report of child oppositional behavior, social competence, and level of youth impairment as primary outcomes at post-treatment. Family engagement to MFG was measured by attendance to each group session. Caregivers of youth in the MFG service delivery model condition reported significant improvement in youth oppositional behavior and social competence compared with youth in the SAU condition. Impairment improved over time for both groups with no difference between treatment conditions. The MFG led to greater percentage of youth with clinically significant improvements in oppositional behavior. Attendance to the MFG was high, given the high-risk nature of the study population. The MFG service delivery model offers an efficient and engaging format to implement evidence-based approaches to improving functioning of youth with oppositional defiant and/or conduct disorder in families from socioeconomically disadvantaged communities.
Detection of polyomavirus SV40 in tonsils from immunocompetent children

Background BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) are nonenveloped DNA viruses, members of the family Polyomaviridae. BK and JC viruses establish persistent infections in humans, and evidence suggests that SV40 can infect humans, as well. Whether persistence occurs in the lymphoid system is unknown.
Generation Gaps in Attitudes Toward Sexist/Nonsexist Language

This study of attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language reveals generation gaps in a sample of 18- to 87-year-olds (N = 370). On average, participants are undecided about the merits of inclusive language, but older participants are more supportive than 18- to 22-year-olds. Attitudes toward women are a significant predictor of attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language in all age—gender groups. Education is a stronger predictor than age; perspective-taking ability and gender self-esteem are each significant predictors for one age—gender group.
On local equivalence for vector field systems

We give sufficient conditions for C ∞ vector field systems on R n with genus g = 1 to be diffeomorphic to a contact structure. The diffeomorphism is explicitly constructed and used to give the most general integral submanifolds for the systems. Finally the implications of these results for integrable hyperbolic partial differential equations in the plane is discussed.
Awareness during general anesthesia: concepts and controversies

Unintended awareness with recall is estimated to occur during about 1 in every 750 general anesthetics. Patients experiencing intraoperative awareness may develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. To understand how awareness during general anesthesia occurs, its risk factors, strategies for prevention, and the potential role of various drugs used during anesthesia, I begin with a brief review of research on how and where anesthetics suppress different central nervous system functions. I critique the major clinical studies on intraoperative awareness, discussing a number of uncertainties arising from limitations in the scientific methods applicable in this setting. Controversies in this topic are due in part to inconsistent and inadequate data on the impact of awareness events on patients, and divergent views about the value of encephalographic monitoring. I also outline strategies for preventing intraoperative awareness and managing cases when they occur.
Recent leak telescope development

The development of the leak telescope as a tool for detecting minute leaks inside a vacuum chamber is described. A more detailed model for the leak telescope that takes into account a variety of real-life effects has been developed. The model was experimentally verified and refined. Experimental results demonstrated that a fairly primitive leak telescope can detect the position of relatively small leaks (i.e. 1*10/sup -5/ torr-l/s) at large distances (i.e. 1 m) in high vacuum (i.e. 1*10/sup -7/ torr). The concept of an oscillating leak telescope holds promise for even better performance. >
Markov Models of Protein Sequence Evolution

Proteins play a vital role in almost every process of life. There are over 2100 known protein families; many are crucially involved in biochemical metabolism, cellular signaling and transport, reaction catalysis, cytoskeletal structure, immune recognition, and sensory input. Because single mutations in the amino acid sequences can have a drastic effect on the protein’s function– and potentially on the fitness of the individual–proteins can be considered the primary unit of phenotypic expression. The complex relationship among protein chemistry, structure, function, and evolution is therefore a significant piece of the evolutionary puzzle, and models of protein evolution are used to test hypotheses about these relationships. There are several applications where protein evolutionary models have had particular success. For example:
Metabolite diffusion in giant muscle fibers of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus.

SUMMARY The time- and orientation-dependence of metabolite diffusion in giant muscle fibers of the lobster Panulirus argus was examined using 31 P- and 1 H-pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance. The 31 P resonance for arginine phosphate and the 1 H resonances for betaine, arginine/arginine phosphate and -CH 2 /-CH groups were suitable for measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient, D. Diffusion was measured axially, D ∥ , and radially, D ⊥ , in fibers over diffusion times of 20 to 300 ms. Diffusion was strongly anisotropic, and D ∥ was higher than D ⊥ at all times. Radial diffusion decreased with time until a steady-state value was reached at a diffusion time of ≈100 ms. Changes in D ⊥ occurred over a time scale that was consistent with previous measurements from fish and mammalian muscle, indicating that diffusion is hindered by the same types of barriers in these diverse muscle types. The time dependence indicated that the sarcoplasmic reticulum is the principal intracellular structure that inhibits mobility in an orientation-dependent manner in skeletal muscle. The abdominal muscles in P. argus are used for anaerobic, burst contractions during an escape maneuver. The fact that these muscle fibers have diameters that may exceed hundreds of microns in diameter, and nearly all of the mitochondria are localized near the sarcolemmal membrane, suggests that barriers that hinder radial diffusion of ATP equivalents may ultimately limit the rate of post-contractile recovery.
Fluorescence visualization of newly synthesized proteins in mammalian cells.

Modern proteomic methods enable efficient identification of the hundreds or thousands of proteins present in whole cells or in isolated organelles. However, a thorough understanding of the proteome requires insight into protein localization as well as protein identity. Recently, visualization of newly synthesized proteins in bacterial cells was demonstrated through co-translational introduction of an alkynyl amino acid followed by selective CuI-catalyzed ligation of the alkynyl side chain to the fluorogenic dye 3-azido-7-hydroxycoumarin. Here we report that selective fluorescence labeling and imaging of newly synthesized proteins can be accomplished in a diverse set of mammalian cells.
New earwigs in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Dermaptera, Neodermaptera)

Two new earwigs (Dermaptera) recently discovered in mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) amber from Myanmar are described and figured. Astreptolabis ethirosomatia gen. et sp. n. is represented by a peculiar pygidicranoid female, assigned to a new subfamily, Astreptolabidinae subfam. n., and differs from other protodermapterans in the structure of the head, pronotum, tegmina, and cercal forceps. Tytthodiplatys mecynocercus gen. et sp. n. is a distinctive form of first-instar nymph of the Diplatyidae, the earliest record for this basal earwig family. The taxon can be distinguished from other Early Cretaceous nymphs by the structure of the head, antennae, legs, and most notably its filamentous and annulate cerci. The character affinities of these taxa among Neodermaptera are generally discussed as is the identity of an enigmatic ‘earwig-like’ species from the Jurassic of China.
Skin Immunization Obviates Alcohol-Related Immune Dysfunction

Alcoholics suffer from immune dysfunction that can impede vaccine efficacy. If ethanol (EtOH)-induced immune impairment is in part a result of direct exposure of immune cells to EtOH, then reduced levels of exposure could result in less immune dysfunction. As alcohol ingestion results in lower alcohol levels in skin than blood, we hypothesized that the skin immune network may be relatively preserved, enabling skin-targeted immunizations to obviate the immune inhibitory effects of alcohol consumption on conventional vaccines. We employed the two most common chronic EtOH mouse feeding models, the liver-damaging Lieber-DeCarli (LD) and liver-sparing Meadows-Cook (MC) diets, to examine the roles of EtOH and/or EtOH-induced liver dysfunction on alcohol related immunosuppression. Pair-fed mice were immunized against the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) by DNA immunization or against flu by administering the protein-based influenza vaccine either systemically (IV, IM), directly to liver (hydrodynamic), or cutaneously (biolistic, ID). We measured resulting tissue EtOH levels, liver stress, regulatory T cell (Treg), and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) populations. We compared immune responsiveness by measuring delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and antibody induction as a function of delivery route and feeding model. We found that, as expected, and independent of the feeding model, EtOH ingestion inhibits DTH, CTL lysis, and antigen-specific total IgG induced by traditional systemic vaccines. On the other hand, skin-targeted vaccines were equally immunogenic in alcohol-exposed and non-exposed subjects, suggesting that cutaneous immunization may result in more efficacious vaccination in alcohol-ingesting subjects.
Keratoacanthoma necessitating metacarpal amputation

Keratoacanthoma is usually considered a benign self-limiting lesion. First described in 1888 by Hutchinson, it most commonly involves the face and hands. It is usually controlled by complete soft tissue excision. A variant, subungual keratoacanthoma, affects bone by pressure erosion of the distal phalangeal tip. We report a case of keratoacanthoma clinically involving a metacarpal and phalanges with a radiologic and physical appearance at variance with previous reports. After multiple recurrences following erosion and cryosurgery, as well as attempted digit salvage with Mohs' surgery, ray amputation was required. The world literature pertaining to keratoacanthoma is reviewed and discussed.
The Equity Estimator for Marketing Research

We introduce a new biased estimator called the Equity estimator to estimate parameters of linear models in the presence of multicollinearity. We then employ a comprehensive simulation methodology to evaluate OLS, the Equity estimator, and a particular form of the Ridge estimator which has received some attention in the statistical literature. We show that both Equity and Ridge perform significantly better than OLS on a variety of performance measures over most of the parameter space. The Equity estimator does much better than the Ridge estimator on the squared error criterion. On other criteria, the Equity estimator performs marginally better than Ridge. In particular, Equity does well when the degree of multicollinearity among the explanatory variables is high and/or the R2 of OLS for the sample is less than 0.7, conditions frequently encountered in marketing research. We discuss how the results of this study can be used by marketing researchers in choosing an appropriate estimator for their particular application.
"Watts" the matter: power reduction issues

Technology continues to shrink lithographic images producing smaller chips which require lower voltages. The lower voltage has helped the overall power dissipation per device, but the number of devices that can be integrated has increased by a faster rate. The result is often power-constrained designs. To help alleviate the explosion in power, designers have been faced with many design challenges. Clock power management is now the norm with multiple operation modes. On-board dynamic frequency adjustment and temperature detectors are now employed to ensure that the product does not exceed its maximum thermal limits. Another aspect of power management is the use of multiple voltages. The author discusses power management from a packaging perspective and concludes that power efficiency has become a mandate for success.
ON THE PRESENCE IN ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM OF TYPE-SPECIFIC PROTECTIVE ANTIBODY NOT NEUTRALIZED BY HOMOLOGOUS SPECIFIC SOLUBLE SUBSTANCE.

In Vol. 53, No. 1, January 1, 1931, page 93, eighth line under the heading "Experimental," for "may be defined as the smallest amount of antiserum," read "may be defined as ten times the smallest amount of antiserum."
Hypercholesterolemia Promotes P-Selectin–Dependent Platelet–Endothelial Cell Adhesion in Postcapillary Venules

Objective— The objectives of this study were to determine whether hypercholesterolemia promotes platelet–endothelial cell (P/E) adhesion in murine postcapillary venules and define the contributions of endothelial or platelet associated P-selection to hypercholesterolemia-induced P/E interactions. Methods and Results— Wild-type (WT) or P-selectin deficient (P-sel −/− ) platelets were isolated and labeled with the fluorochrome CFSE and administered to either WT or P-sel −/− mice placed on a normal diet (ND) or high cholesterol diet (HCD). Intravital videomicroscopy was used to quantify platelet saltation and firm adhesion. HCD-WT mice exhibited a time-dependent increase in P/E cell interactions (relative to ND-WT). Flow cytometry revealed an increased expression of P-selectin on circulating platelets of HCD-WT mice at 2 weeks compared with ND-WT mice. When WT platelets were monitored in HCD-P-sel −/− mice, P/E adhesion was dramatically reduced. However, when P-sel −/− platelets were monitored in HCD-WT recipients, P/E adhesive interactions were reduced even further, comparable to ND-WT mice. Conclusions— These results indicate that elevated cholesterol levels promote P/E adhesion in postcapillary venules and that whereas both endothelial and platelet P-selectin contribute to hypercholesterolemia-induced recruitment of platelets, platelet-associated P-selectin seems to play a more important role in producing the prothrombogenic phenotype in venules.
Gifted vs. Honors Programs Selecting and Guiding Academically Gifted Readers

The writer describes one district's approach to implementing a reading program for gifted readers and offers some suggestions for further reading in this area.
Radar Data Processing and Visualization over Complex Terrain

MountainZebra is a data flow configuration that processes and displays radar data over complex terrain. The system combines three elements: the data stream from an operational radar, 3D topographical information, and the NCAR Zebra data visualization and integration software. MountainZebra operates routinely on a 3D data stream from the National Weather Service Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) at Camano Island, Washington (near Seattle). The WSR-88D data are continuously acquired, archived, formatted, and interpolated for multidimensional display. The three-dimensional topographical information in MountainZebra can be automatically underlaid on any horizontal or vertical display of the radar data. This system allows radar data and other geophysical fields to be analyzed in precise relation to the underlying terrain. Terrain-based visualization facilitates radar data analysis by identifying terrain clutter and shadowing and by identifying orographic precipitation mechanisms. The utility of MountainZebra is illustrated in the investigation of stable orographic enhancement over the windward slopes of the Cascade Mountains of the Pacific Northwest and an orographically enhanced squall line to the lee of the European Alps.
First principles simulation of laser-induced periodic surface structure using the particle-in-cell method

We present our results of a fundamental simulation of a periodic grating structure formation on a copper target during the femtosecond-pulse laser damage process, and compare our results to recent experiment. The particle-in-cell (PIC) method is used to model the initial laser heating of the electrons, a two-temperature model (TTM) is used to model the thermalization of the material, and a modified PIC method is employed to model the atomic transport leading to a damage crater morphology consistent with experimental grating structure formation. This laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) is shown to be directly related to the formation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) and their interference with the incident laser pulse.
Welche Konsequenz hat die Tumorinvasion der Pfortader beim Magenkarzinom

In den letzten Jahren haben molekularbiologische Untersuchungen das Verstandnis von Karzinogenese und Tumorprogression stark erweitert. Zusatzlich wurde der prognostische Wert bekannter histopathologischer Tumormerkmale in klinisch-pathologischen Studien weiter abgesichert. Neben dem histologischen Tumortyp und dem Grading spielt der histologische Wachstumstyp (Lauren) eine entscheidende Rolle. Im Rahmen der Prognose besteht eine enge Korrelation zwischen Tiefe der Tumorinfiltration und der Zahl der befallenen Lymphknoten. Zusatzlich zahlen zu den starksten prognostischen Markern die Lymphangiosis carcinomatosa (L-Klassifikation) und Veneneinbruche (V-Klassifikation), deren Wertigkeit noch nicht evaluiert ist. In den Jahren 1996 bis 2000 wurden 125 Magenkarzinome reseziert. Insgesamt wurden 76 Gastrektomien incl. 12 multiviszeraler Resektionen durchgefuhrt. Weiterhin erfolgte bei 49 Patienten eine subtotale Magenresektion. Eine systemische Lymphknotendissektion des I. und II. Kompartments wurde obligatorisch und bei einem Teil der Patienten die partielle LK-Dissektion des III. Kompartments durchgefuhrt. Bei 44 Patienten wurde eine Ham- und Lymphangiosis diagnostiziert. 6 Patienten wiesen ein pT Stadium I-III mit Ham- und Lymphangiosis ohne positiven pN Status auf. Das Risiko dieser Patientengruppe ist bislang nicht evaluiert. Bei 2 Patienten wurde intraoperativ ein Tumorzapfen in der Pfortader entdeckt. Es erfolgte die Freilegung der Pfortader und die offene Tumorexstirpation. Postoperativ wurden beide Patienten mit einer Chemotherapie (FEM-Schema) behandelt. Beide Patientenverstarben bei diffuser Leberme-tastasierung nach 6 respektive 11 Monaten. Die Invasion der Vena portae durch einen Tumorzapfen ist selten und stellt ein prognostisch ungunstigen Marker dar. Trotz R0-Resektion des Magenkarzinoms und nach Exstirpation des Tumorthrombus mus insgesamt von einer R1-Resektion ausgegangen werden, so dass bei dieser Befundkonstellation eine postoperative palliative Chemotherapie durchgefuhrt werden sollte.
New Insights into Enhancing Microcantilever MEMS Sensors

Damping effects on different geometries were investigated by testing them in air at different pressure levels, ranging from the atmospheric pressure of 105 Pa to 10-2 Pa. The resulting responses of these geometries followed the same trend as the analytical plot for the rectangular shape structure. As the relative resonant frequency of the structure is proportional to the intrinsic resonant frequency, measured at the lowest pressure levels achieved by the AFM system, different shapes showed different amount of responses as a function of pressure. As the intrinsic resonant frequency of the triangular shape was the highest, its relative resonant frequency was the highest; the modified geometry showed intermediate responses among the three geometries.
Cognition as a Service: An Industry Perspective

Recent advances in cognitive computing componentry combined with other factors are leading to commercially viable cognitive systems. From chips to smart phones to public and private clouds, industrial strength “cognition as a service” is beginning to appear at all scales in business and society. Furthermore, in the age of zettabytes on the way to yottabytes, the designers, engineers, and managers of future smart systems will depend on cognition as a service. Cognition as a service can help unlock the mysteries of big data and ultimately boost the creativity and productivity of professionals and their teams, the productive output of industries and organizations, as well as the GDP (gross domestic product) of regions and nations. In this and the next decade, cognition as a service will allow us to re-image work practices, augmenting and scaling expertise to transform professions, industries, and regions.
Legal Aspects of Oncology Care for Dying Patients

Patients with cancer who are approaching the end of their lives, as well as the patients’ families and professional caregivers, often confront difficult decisions regarding the initiation, continuation, withholding, or withdrawal of various forms of medical care. Those clinical choices must be made and implemented within the prevailing legal environment. The legal environment in the United States surrounding and shaping medical decision making and care for dying cancer patients is explored in this chapter. Specific topics addressed include distinguishing living patients from dead bodies, informed consent and refusal, informational confidentiality in medical care, advance health care planning, medical decision making in the absence of advance planning, standards of care and medical malpractice liability, limits on the rights of patients and families, and postmortem rights and responsibilities.
Civil Society Organizations in Latin America as a Democratic Anchor for Long-Term Social Development

This paper provides an empirical investigation of the “social capital” theories that link civil society and democracy. Using data from the Civil Society Index for 44 countries, we find that not only this relationship exists, but that civil society is also positively correlated with human development. Using a simple regression analysis, we discover that democracy has an impact on human development through two essential components of civil society. Therefore, we conclude that all three are part of a unified system where strengthening one reinforces the other two. In addition to these findings, we also investigate the current state of civil society in Latin America and whether it shares common characteristics among its countries. We find evidence that organized civil society in this region is underdeveloped and that its countries are very diverse in their civil development. Thus, we conclude that-even if developing a more professional and democratic civil society could lead to better human outcomes- we will not find single recipes to achieve this vital goal. For this reason, we finish the paper focusing on the case of Mexico to highlight how the analysis of local information can provide some early suggestions on how to improve civil society there. Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the current conditions of civil society in Mexico, we conclude that lack of trust, lack of diversity, and a small government support are their main deterrents. To overcome these barriers, we propose five potential solutions: (1) targeted accountability, (2) inclusion of civil society in the national curriculum, (3) limit on government support per organization, (4) government credit risk sharing, and (5) professionalization programs.
OnRamp to Parallel and Distributed Computing: Web-portal for Teaching Parallel and Distributed Computing

The OnRamp project provides a web portal which coaches users, primarily computer science (CS) undergraduate students, through a collection of interactive curriculum modules teaching them about parallel computing and the software ecosystem while allowing them to launch parallel applications on parallel compute environments (PCEs) from day one. There are a number of hurdles for instructors to incorporating a parallel and distributed computing (PDC) curriculum module into an existing course -- from setting up the materials to preparing the students to work on a remote PCE. The OnRamp project removes these hurdles allowing instructors to easily connect to PCEs, deploy existing PDC curriculum modules, and setup user accounts for a course in just a few minutes. This demonstration of the OnRamp project will show the process an instructor will go through to set up a "workspace" for a class with a few PCEs and curriculum modules. Additionally, we will show how students will interact with this workspace to explore the curriculum module and launch parallel jobs on actual PCEs. We will have time for questions following the demonstration and provide materials for instructors to get started using OnRamp in their courses.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF STAFF TO THE INCIDENCE OF DIARRHEA IN DAY-CARE CENTERS

Sixty randomly selected day-care centers in Houston, Texas, were surveyed for cases of diarrhea by weekly telephone calls during the period October 1980 to May 1981. Visits to each day-care center were made upon enrollment and again to collect self-administered questionnaires which had been mailed to the staff of each center. During the eight-month survey, 986 cases of diarrhea were reported, with an average day-care center incidence of 1.15 cases per 100 person-weeks of observation. A significant positive correlation (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.01) was found between the incidence of diarrhea in a day-care center and each of the following variables reported by the day-care center staff: the average frequency of diapering, the average frequency of working with children less than two years of age, the average frequency of meal preparation, the average frequency of serving food to the children, and the percentage of staff who both diaper and either serve food or prepare meals daily. Day-care centers which accepted children less than two years of age had a 3.55-fold higher incidence of diarrhea compared with centers which did not accept children less than two years of age. Day-care centers in which one or more staff members prepared meals, served food, and diapered children on a daily basis had a 3.28-fold higher incidence of diarrhea compared with centers in which staff did not combine on a daily basis the duties of diapering children with either meal preparation or food service. The results suggest that staff members may play a role in the transmission of diarrhea in day-care centers through diapering, meal preparation, working with children less than two years of age, or a daily combination of diapering and either meal preparation or food service.
Physiologic alterations in small bowel function with age. The absorption of D-xylose.

Studies of changes in xylose absorption with aging revealed that there was no difference in urinaryD-xylose excretion after a 25-gm. oral dose in subjects between the ages of 30 and 69. Xylose excretion decreased in subjects in the 70- to 79-year age group, and decreased even more among subjects over the age of 80. In addition, in the latter group, hourly blood xylose values were lower, reached peak levels later, and the blood disappearance rate was slower. These results suggest that in subjects over 80 there is decreased ability of the small bowel to absorb xylose and of the kidney to excrete xylose.
The long-term residual circulation in Long Island Sound

Current meter data were acquired in Long Island Sound over a period of about 6 mo in 1988 at six different transects. The averages of the low-passed residuals represent the contributions from tidal steering and density forcing. It is found that the long-term residual circulation starts out with a classical estuarine pattern at the Race. The flows into and out of the Sound are vertically partitioned by Long Sand Shoal; they gradually revert back to classical vertically layered estuarine circulation as the Central Basin is traversed. Further west, the bottom oceanic water becomes a westward flowing swift jet close to the Connecticut shore, while the East River water is constrained to flow eastward along the Long Island coast. Counterclockwise gyres, identified in the Eastern Narrows and Western Basin, may increase residence times of polluted East River water in the western Long Island Sound.
Attempts to produce antibodies to a preparation of polyglutamic acid.

SummaryData have been presented to show that detectable antibodies were not observed in man, rabbit or the guinea pig against a preparation of polyglutamic acid. The differences in properties between Blout's and Stahmann's PGA have been mentioned as the possible reason for differences in antigenicity of the two preparations.
Ultrasound-guided perineural injection for nerve blockade: Does a single-sided injection produce circumferential nerve coverage?

Purpose Our current clinical technique for sonographic-guided perineural injection consists of two-sided perineural needle placement to obtain circumferential distribution of the injectate. This study aimed to determine if a single-side needle position will produce circumferential nerve coverage. Methods Fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were used for this study. In six upper extremities, a needle was positioned along the deep surface of median, radial, and ulnar nerves in the carpal tunnel, radial tunnel, and cubital tunnel, respectively, and 2 ml of contrast was injected for each nerve. In three pelvic specimens, a needle was positioned deep to the sciatic nerves bilaterally, and 5 ml of contrast was injected. An additional four median nerve injections were performed using superficial surface needle position. The specimens then underwent CT scanning to assess the distribution of the perineural contrast medium. Results One hundred percent of the radial, ulnar, and sciatic nerves demonstrated circumferential distribution on CT. Only 50% of the median nerve injections with the needle placed deep to the nerve produced circumferential coverage, whereas 100% of median nerves injected with the needle between the nerve and retinaculum demonstrated circumferential coverage. The average length of spread of perineural injectate was 11.6 cm in the upper extremity and 10.3 cm for the sciatic nerves. Conclusions Using clinical volumes of fluid, needle positioning at the deep surface of upper extremity and sciatic nerves was sufficient to produce circumferential coating of the nerve, except in the carpal tunnel, where placement of the needle between the nerve and flexor retinaculum is recommended. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2016;
Experimental Investigation and Modeling of Solute Partition Coefficients During Directional Solidification Process of Al-1.5Cu-3Zn Alloy

The solid-liquid interface of Al-1.5Cu-3Zn alloy with a temperature gradient of 80K/cm was obtained by quenching with the liquid metal coolant (LMC) during directional solidification and the longitudinal section of the sample was examined by the optic microscope.The results show that the micromorphology of the sample solidified at a rate of 0.1μm/s and 7.1μm/s was observed to be the cellular growth interface and dendritic growth interface respectively.The distribution of Cu and Zn was measured and characterized by SEM with EDS and the equilibrium solute partition coefficients for Cu and Zn in Al-1.5Cu-3Zn alloy were calculated to be 0.31 and 0.58,respectively.These coefficients were further calculated using the activity model and concentration model,and the calculated partition coefficients for Cu and Zn in Al-Cu-Zn alloy by the two models were agreeable.The difference between the experimental data and the modeling result was discussed.
Sparse signal recovery methods for variant detection in next-generation sequencing data

Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, have led to the collection of vast quantities of genomic data., Structural variants (SVs) — rearrangements of the genome, larger than one letter such as inversions, insertions, deletions, and duplications — are an important source of genetic, variation and have been implicated in some genetic diseases., However, inferring SVs from sequencing data has proven to, be challenging because true SVs are rare and are prone to, low-coverage noise. In this paper, we attempt to mitigate the, deleterious effects of low-coverage sequences by following a, maximum likelihood approach to SV prediction. Specifically, we model the noise using Poisson statistics and constrain, the solution with a sparsity-promoting 1 penalty since SV, instances should be rare. In addition, because offspring SVs, inherit SVs from their parents, we incorporate familial relationships, in the optimization problem formulation to increase, the likelihood of detecting true SV occurrences. Numerical, results are presented to validate our proposed approach
Arthur E. Haas, His Life and Cosmologies

This paper describes the life and scientific development of Arthur E. Haas, from his early career as young, ambitious Jewish-Austrian scientist at the University of Vienna to his later career in exile at the University of Notre Dame. Haas is known for his early contributions to quantum physics and as the author of several textbooks on topics of modern physics. During the last decade of his life, he turned his attention to cosmology. In 1935 he emigrated from Austria to the United States. There he assumed, on recommendation of Albert Einstein, a faculty position at the University of Notre Dame. He continued his work on cosmology and tried to establish relationships between the mass of the universe and the fundamental cosmological constants to develop concepts for the early universe. Together with Georges Lemaitre he organized in 1938 the first international conference on cosmology, which drew more than one hundred attendants to Notre Dame. Haas died in February 1941 after suffering a stroke during a visit in Chicago.
The Role of Moonlighting GAPDH in Membrane Structure and Function: Membrane Fusion and Iron Metabolism

Membrane structure and function provide for the requisite import and export of required macromolecules, receptor-mediated cell signaling, and, of course, for cell integrity as well the compartmentalization of proteins and nucleic acids. Recent evidence indicates that moonlighting GAPDH fulfills important roles in both membrane structure and function. This includes its requirement for membrane fusion and for basic mechanisms of receptor-mediated iron metabolism. The former may be required for nuclear membrane fusion as a penultimate step in cell division. The latter includes not only iron import and its intracellular transport but also its extracellular acquisition. Each function may involve individual GAPDH isozymes as well as a specific phosphatidylserine binding site within its NAD+ domain. In toto, these findings highlight the interrelationship between membrane function and moonlighting GAPDH activity.
A Postgenomic Perspective on Molecular Cytogenetics.

Background The postgenomic era is featured by massive data collection and analyses from various large scale-omics studies. Despite the promising capability of systems biology and bioinformatics to handle large data sets, data interpretation, especially the translation of -omics data into clinical implications, has been challenging. Discussion In this perspective, some important conceptual and technological limitations of current systems biology are discussed in the context of the ultimate importance of the genome beyond the collection of all genes. Following a brief summary of the contributions of molecular cytogenetics/cytogenomics in the pre- and post-genomic eras, new challenges for postgenomic research are discussed. Such discussion leads to a call to search for a new conceptual framework and holistic methodologies. Conclusion Throughout this synthesis, the genome theory of somatic cell evolution is highlighted in contrast to gene theory, which ignores the karyotype-mediated higher level of genetic information. Since "system inheritance" is defined by the genome context (gene content and genomic topology) while "parts inheritance" is defined by genes/epigenes, molecular cytogenetics and cytogenomics (which directly study genome structure, function, alteration and evolution) will play important roles in this postgenomic era.
The effect of the capillary forces on the desorption of hydrogels in contact with a porous cementitious material

This paper examines the desorption of hydrogels in contact with porous cementitious materials to aid in understanding the mechanisms of water release from superabsorbent polymers (SAP) into cementitious materials. The dependence of hydrogel desorption on the microstructure of cementitious materials and relative humidity was studied. It was shown that the capillary adhesion developed at the interface between the hydrogel and cementitious materials increased the desorption of the hydrogels. The size of hydrogels was shown to influence desorption, beyond the known size dependence of bulk diffusion, through debonding from the cementitious matrix, thereby decreasing the effect of the Laplace pressure on desorption. Microscopic examination highlighted a stark contrast in the desorption morphology of hydrogels with different chemical compositions.
Spieltheoretische Analyse interindustrieller Spillovers in vertikalen Innovationsverbunden

Das Verhaltnis zwischen Abnehmer und Zulieferer ist seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre ein beliebtes Untersuchungsobjekt in der betriebswirtschaftlich orientierten Literatur (vgl. hierzu als Uberblick Homburg 1995). Die Uberlegung, das Unternehmen ihre Innovationsaktivitaten nicht isoliert auf abgeschutteten Markten, sondern in Interaktion mit vertikal verbundenen Unternehmen innerhalb von exklusiven Unternehmensnetzwerken (Unternehmensverbunden) betreiben, ist in der spieltheoretischen Innovationsliteratur hingegen fast vollstandig vernachlassigt worden (Geroski 1992; Lundvall 1988; Malerba und Torrisi 1992). In diesem Kapitel wird daher der Netzwerkgedanke aufgegriffen, um im Rahmen eines zeitlichen Innovationswettbewerbs zwischen zwei Unternehmensverbunden die Auswirkungen technologischer Spillovers zu analysieren (Abschnitte 5.2–5.4). Dabei wird das industrieokonomische Konzept technologischer Spillovers erweitert, indem auch verschiedene Formen verbundsinterner Informationstransfers (intra-group Spillovers) zwischen funktional verbundenen Unternehmen Beachtung finden, die von den Kernunternehmen der Verbunde strategisch generiert werden.