cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in NLO corrections to in-medium jets

We present some recent progress in studying the jet quenching phenomena. In the first part of the talk, we study how to improve the standard energy loss picture by going beyond the “soft-gluon” (small-x) approximation and formulating the multi-gluon emission through the usual DGLAP evolution equations in the nuclear medium. We demonstrate that the numerical results based on such an approach describe well the suppression of single hadron production in A+A collisions at the LHC. In the second part of the talk, we present how to study the next-to-leading order corrections to the energy loss formalism. In particular, we compute the full next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the transverse momentum broadening in both e+A and p+A collisions, from which we identify a QCD evolution equation for the related quark-gluon correlation function, in turn, the QCD evolution of jet transport parameter qˆ.
Photoprotection in the Era of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is burgeoning in the life sciences, chiefly in dermatology. It combines discoveries in a variety of disciplines such as materials science, chemistry, and engineering to allow the modification or manufacture of topical and systemic agents, a record number of which have been patented for the benefit of the skin. Natural selection has balanced the need for photoprotection for prevention of skin cancer and preservation of folic acid with the need to synthesize vitamin D3. Artificial photoprotection methods have ranged from shade, fabrics, and accidental nanomaterials such as ultrafine clays to modern methods of creating nanoparticles for topical or systemic delivery to spinning nanomaterials in textiles. These agents are being developed at an accelerated rate and possess a number of properties which make them superior to their traditional counterparts. This review discusses photoprotection in an historical context and surveys some of the avenues of research and development which incorporate nanotechnology.
Salesperson-Manager Role-Relationship and Its Impact on Salesperson Performance: A Relational Identity Approach

This research focuses on the salesperson-manager relational identification and the proposed framework permits a more clear understanding of what the relationship with the manager means to individual salespeople. A hypothesized model is developed on the foundation provided by recent research on relational identity (Sluss and Ashforth 2007), along with relational identification, predicated on the role-relationship between two individuals in a workplace. Hypotheses are tested using a sample of 107 salespeople and their respective sales managers within a business-to-business context. A hierarchical regression method was used to analyze the data. Findings demonstrate that strong relational identification with managers can enhance the potential of salespeople and stimulate their motivation to work hard. The negative interactive effect of psychological identification on the relationship between salesperson-manager relational identification and salesperson effort also offers a new learning opportunity for managers.
Is There an Association Between Temporomandibular Joint Effusion and Arthralgia

Purpose The literature on joint effusion (JE) and its association with clinical and radiologic variables in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) is inconsistent and is characterized by multiple methodologic limitations. The primary aim of this investigation was to evaluate the association between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified JE and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthralgia. The secondary aim of this investigation was to determine the association between JE and other clinical and MRI-identified soft tissue characteristics. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Clinical and soft tissue imaging assessments were carried out according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders guidelines. The dependent variable was JE and the primary independent variable was arthralgia. The secondary independent variables were TMJ pain-associated characteristics and MRI-identified variables. When applicable, Pearson χ2 or t test was used to determine the statistical associations between JE and clinical characteristics and between JE and MRI-identified variables. Furthermore, generalized estimating equation (GEE) modeling was conducted to determine which of the independent clinical and MRI-identified variables were associated with JE. Results Data for 158 participants, representing 312 joints, were extracted. The mean age of the female sample (59.4%) was 31 ± 11.1 years and that of the male sample (40.6%) was 29.8 ± 9.7 years. No association was found between JE and arthralgia. However, statistically significant associations were found between JE and lateral disc rotation (P = .001) and between JE and disc position in the coronal and sagittal planes (P = .001). The GEE model suggested that disc displacement with reduction (odds ratio = 2.5) was a statistically relevant contributing factor for JE in the absence of degenerative joint disease. Conclusion Results associated JE with the position of the disc in the sagittal plane. No association was found between JE and arthralgia or TMJ pain-associated clinical characteristics in patients with TMDs.
Social impact of the social enterprise zoo

Social enterprises (SE) emerge where there are opportunities to find new ways to balance otherwise competing interests and to achieve social purposes in ways that are better than and distinct from traditional approaches. Understanding whether the zoo and its elements are achieving these purposes, making progress, or causing harm is complicated and difficult. The challenges begin with assessing essential things that cannot be measured easily or well. They continue with how SE simultaneously has social impact at so many levels: individual, organizational, communal, within and among parts of the zoo, and society as a whole. They are exacerbated by the need to account for gains in one social impact area possibly being accompanied by harm in another. Of course, being complicated or challenging or even presently unprovable is no excuse for not trying. In that spirit this chapter approaches assessing the social impact of SE, its potential, and its distinguishing character at three key levels: the broad zoo itself for which the search for assessment tools is ongoing; the specific habitats and animals for which metrics, measures and standards might be more accessible but for which accurate cross-purpose benchmarking is still a challenge; and the broader contexts within which the SE zoo exists, including traditional business, philanthropy, and the governmental regulatory environment. It is with respect to the latter – particularly with regard to priority of purpose and public accountability – that the social enterprise zoo has had its clearest impact so far.
Comparative content analysis of professional, semi-professional, and user-generated restaurant reviews

ABSTRACTThis study examines the content of professional, semi-professional, and user-generated reviews. By comparing these three review types, this study was able to identify characteristics and factors unique to each type of review. Although, the amount of discourse in a particular factor varied, food is clearly the most important review factor regardless of review type. Semi-professional reviews emphasize atmosphere and decor more than both newspaper and user-generated reviews, while price factors were more prevalent in semi-professional reviews and user-generated reviews than in newspaper reviews. Understanding the varied structures of review types provides guidance for both restaurateurs and review users.
Effects of different PKC isoforms on proliferation, survival and invasiveness in a human pancreatic carcinoma cell line (PANC-1)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3517 PKCs constitute a serin-threonin kinase family that have a key role in malignant transformation. The functional relevance of each PKC isoform is unclear, because of their differential expression in different tissues. Pancreatic carcinoma is characterized by poor prognosis and lack of response to conventional therapy. The ethiology of this disease is almost unknown. The aim of this work was to study the effect of PKC delta (δ) and PKC zeta (ζ) overexpression on in vitro properties associated with the tumoral behavior of the human pancreatic cancer cells, PANC-1. In every case, cells transfected with the empty vectors were used as controls (C). The invasive ability of PANC-1 cells, assessed in matrigel-coated transwell chambers, was inhibited by the overexpression of PKCδ and enhanced by PKCζ (PKCζ: 12.54±1.8 vs C: 6.53±0.8 invasive cells/field, p<0.05; PKCδ: 3.01±1.2, vs C: 11.44±3.3 cells/field, p<0.05). In the case of PKCδ this behavior was associated with a decrease in MMPs activity, while uPA secretion was not modulated. On the other hand, neither uPA nor MMPs seemed to be involved in the higher invasive ability of PANC-PKCζ cells. While overexpression of PKCζ promoted the clonogenic ability of PANC-1 cells, PKCδ showed no effect on this property. Finally we demonstrated that neither PANC-δ or PANC-PKCζ cells differ from control cells in their susceptibility to cytotoxicity induced by doxorrubicin. However, when PANC-PKCδ cells were exposed to the phorbol ester PMA, cells became resistant to the cytotoxic treatment. Our results suggest that the overexpression of PKCζ induced a more malignant phenotype associated with the enhancement in invasiveness and clonogenicity. On the contrary, PKCδ overexpression was associated with a more normal phenotype due to the decrease in the proteolytic secretion and in consequence in invasiveness.
Effects of uncertainty in seismicity on estimates of seismic hazard for the east coast of the United States

abstract The lack of knowledge of the cause of earthquakes in the Eastern United States and the short length of seismic history lead to decisional and statistical uncertainties concerning the seismicity of the East. The effect of these uncertainties on the calculated seismic hazard for the east coast is assessed by deriving probability distributions on the important parameters. The available earthquake catalog for the Eastern United States is adequate to establish activity rates for seismic sources but not maximum possible sizes of events. Thus it is not justifiable on a statistical basis to assume that events larger than those observed historically in areas of the East will not occur in the future. The Modified Mercalli intensities associated with an annual probability of 10 −4 of being equaled or exceeded range from VIII to IX for selected sites from Florida to Maine; these intensities are generally insensitive to the manner in which seismic sources are drawn to represent seismicity, except for those sites which lie within an important seismic source under one hypothesis and outside all seismic sources under a different hypothesis. Several disadvantages of using a strictly deterministic procedure to determine design intensities are disclosed by this study. Specifically, design intensities established deterministically are sensitive to seismic source geometry and to the largest event observed historically in each source. The risks associated with these design intensities vary by more than a factor of ten for the sites on the east coast examined here.
HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users in low, medium, and high seroprevalence communities

Although injection drug users (IDUs) are at high risk of HIV, seroprevalence rates vary throughout the United States. This paper compares HIV-related risk behaviors for IDUs across communities with low, moderate, and high seroprevalence rates among IDUs. Data are based on interviews with 12,072 seronegative IDUs from 22 communities participating in a multisite study. Injection- and sex-related risk behaviors (e.g., using others' syringes, unprotected sex acts) were found to be significantly higher in the low seroprevalence communities. This indicates that efforts to reduce risk behaviors should be continued across all IDU communities. Further research on the social/environmental context of risk-taking is needed.
Genomic detection of a familial 382 Kb 6q27 deletion in a fetus with isolated severe ventriculomegaly and her affected mother

Terminal deletions of the chromosome 6q27 region are rare genomic abnormalities, linked to specific brain malformations and other neurological phenotypes. Reported cases have variable sized genomic deletions that harbor several genes including the DLL1 and TBP. We report on an inherited 0.38 Mb terminal deletion of chromosome 6q27 in a 22-week fetus with isolated bilateral ventriculomegaly and her affected mother using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The deleted region harbors at least seven genes including DLL1 and TBP. The affected mother had a history of hydrocephalus, developmental delay, and seizures commonly associated with DLL1 and TBP 6q27 deletions. This deletion is one of the smallest reported isolated 6q27 terminal deletions. Our data provides additional evidence that haploinsufficiency of the DLL1 and TBP genes may be sufficient to cause the ventriculomegaly, seizures, and developmental delays associated with terminal 6q27 deletions, indicating a plausible role in the abnormal development of the central nervous system.
How Many People Live in Political Bubbles on Social Media? Evidence From Linked Survey and Twitter Data:

A major point of debate in the study of the Internet and politics is the extent to which social media platforms encourage citizens to inhabit online “bubbles” or “echo chambers,” exposed primarily ...
Sustainability and Resilience Planning for Local Governments - Haris Alibašić

In Sustainability and Resilience Planning for Local Governments, Haris Alibasic sets out to provide essential planning tools for organizations to develop their own sustainability and resilience pla...
Quantifying phenotypic variability and fitness in finite microbial populations

In isogenic microbial populations, phenotypic variability is generated by a combination of intrinsic factors, specified by cell physiology, and environmental factors. Here we address the question: how does phenotypic variability of a microbial population affect its fitness? While this question has previously been studied for exponentially growing populations, the situation when the population size is kept fixed has received much less attention. We show that in competition experiments with multiple microbial species, the fitness of the population can be determined from the distribution of phenotypes, provided all variability is due to intrinsic factors. We then explore how robust the relationship between fitness and phenotypic variability is to environmental fluctuations. We find that this relationship breaks down in the presence of environmental fluctuations, and derive a simple formula relating the average fitness of a population to the phenotype distribution and fluctuations in the instantaneous population growth rate. Using published experimental data we demonstrate how our formulas can be used to discriminate between intrinsic and environmental contributions to phenotypic diversity.
Effect of immunoglobulin source on survival, growth, and hematological and immunological variables in pigs

The effects of feeding different sources of immunoglobulins (sow's colostrum by nursing, SC; no colostrum, NC; bovine colostrum, BC; and porcine immunoglobulins, PI) to neonatal pigs during the first 2 d of life on their subsequent survival, growth, feed intake, feed conversion, incidence of diarrhea, and selected hematological and immunological variables were assessed throughout a 19-d experimental period. After d 2, all pigs were fed the same liquid basal diet. Crossbred neonatal pigs, 10 per treatment, were individually reared after birth (NC, BC, and PI) or 2 d of age (SC) with an automatic feeding device. All pigs of treatments SC and PI, and 80 and 30% (P .05), regardless of treatment. A transient physiological scours was observed in 20 to 50% of the pigs between 5 and 7 d of age; by 10 d of age, all pigs had solid feces. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit in blood of pigs of treatment NC were lower (P < .05) than those of the other treatments. Concentrations of total serum proteins, trichloroacetic acid-precipitable proteins, and serum IgG of SC pigs were higher (P < .01) than those of pigs in the other treatments. These results showed that porcine immunoglobulins or bovine colostrum can be satisfactorily used as immunoglobulin sources in artificial rearing of colostrum-deprived neonatal pigs.
Modal assertions for actor correctness

The actor model is a well-established way to approach to modularly designing and implementing concurrent and/or distributed systems, seeing increasing adoption in industry. But deductive verification tailored to actor programs remains underexplored; general concurrent logics could be used, but the logics are complex and full of features to reason about behaviors the actor model strives to avoid. We explore a relatively lightweight approach of extending a system for proving sequential program correctness with means to prove safety properties of actor programs (currently, assuming no faults). We borrow ideas from hybrid logic, a modal logic for stating assertions are true at a particular point in a model (in this case, a particular actor’s local state). To make such assertions useful, we stabilize them using rely-guarantee-style reasoning over local actor states, and only permit sending stable versions of these assertions to other actors. By carefully restricting the formation of assertions that a proposition is true at a certain actor, we avoid the need for actors to handle each others’ rely-guarantee relations explicitly. Finally, we argue that the approach requires only modest adjustments beyond applying traditional sequential techniques to actors with immutable messages, by implementing most of the logic as a Dafny library.
Posterior Sternoclavicular Dislocation: Do We Need "Cardiothoracic Backup"? Insights From a National Sample.

OBJECTIVES To describe the incidence of and risk factors for vascular injury associated with P-SCD. METHODS We used data from the HCUP-NIS from 2015 to 2016 and defined a cohort of patients with sternoclavicular dislocation (SCD) using ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes. We further isolated a subset with P-SCD. We describe the incidence of thoracic vascular injury, demographics, and injury severity score in this cohort. RESULTS Of an estimated 550 patients who had SCD, 140 (25%) were identified as having a P-SCD. No vascular injuries occurred in the P-SCD cohort. Among all patients with SCD, <2% of patients had a vascular injury, all of whom had an injury severity score ≥15, independent of the vascular injury itself. Among patients with an isolated P-SCD injury (55), overall length of stay was 1.8 days and total charges averaged $29,724.45. There was no mortality among patients with isolated P-SCD. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report no vascular injuries in the largest known series of P-SCD. Among all patients with SCD, vascular injury was rare, occurring only in severely polytraumatized patients. The recommendation for routine involvement of cardiothoracic surgeons in all cases of P-SCD should be re-examined. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Privacy and trust in cloud computing

This paper focuses on analyzing security and privacy problems facing cloud computing. The major issue discussed in the research that of losing control of data by both the cloud service providers (CSPs) and cloud service users (CSOs). Cloud computing offers organizations an innovative business model to adopt IT services without having to incur massive investment costs. A general analysis of the cloud is provided including its various forms. The growth and development of cloud computing technology are hampered by the fears of losing control of sensitive data by corporations and individuals. Solutions regarding this problem are discussed., and an intensive elucidation of the optimal one is included.
Tamsulosin-Induced Priapism: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature.

Background: Tamsulosin in a widely used drug in urology practice in treating lower urinary tract symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia, distal ureteral stones, and ureteral stent-related symptom...
Cost and Efficiency Analysis for Hybrid AC/DC Distribution System Planning with PV and Battery

Distribution system planning is one of the main tasks for the electric utilities. Cost and energy efficiency are two main concerns in the distribution planning process. In this work, cost and efficiency analyses are conducted for the hybrid AC and DC distribution grids for the planning purposes. The IEEE 34-bus feeder has been applied for the case studies. The investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, replacement cost, etc., have been considered in the life cycle cost analysis. Power losses of both the AC and DC section are calculated with an open source simulation tool, the Open Distribution Simulator Software (OpenDSS). The proposed framework can be applied to quantitatively evaluate the cost and efficiency of hybrid AC and DC distribution grids and help comparing different planning options.
The Visual and Sonic Registers of Neighbourhood Estrangement

As COVID-19 ravages the United States, calls to police for COVID-related concerns are proliferating. This article asks what happens when a contagious and novel disease creates a context wherein nei...
Abnormal Gesture Perception and Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis

Individuals diagnosed with psychotic disorders exhibit abnormalities in the perception of expressive behaviors, which are linked to symptoms and visual information processing domains. Specifically, literature suggests these groups have difficulties perceiving gestures that accompany speech. While our understanding of gesture perception in psychotic disorders is growing, gesture perception abnormalities and clues about potential causes and consequences among individuals meeting criteria for a clinical high-risk (CHR) syndrome is limited. Presently, 29 individuals with a CHR syndrome and 32 healthy controls completed an eye-tracking gesture perception paradigm. In this task, participants viewed an actor using abstract and literal gestures while presenting a story and eye gaze data (eg, fixation counts and total fixation time) was collected. Furthermore, relationships between fixation variables and both symptoms (positive, negative, anxiety, and depression) and measures of visual information processing (working memory and attention) were examined. Findings revealed that the CHR group gazed at abstract gestures fewer times than the control group. When individuals in the CHR group did gaze at abstract gestures, on average, they spent significantly less time fixating compared to controls. Furthermore, reduced fixation (ie, count and time) was related to depression and slower response time on an attentional task. While a similar pattern of group differences in the same direction appeared for literal gestures, the effect was not significant. These data highlight the importance of integrating gesture perception abnormalities into vulnerability models of psychosis and inform the development of targeted treatments for social communicative deficits.
Seven years later: state neonatal risk-appropriate care policy consistency with the 2012 American Academy of Pediatrics Policy.

To assess consistency of state neonatal risk-appropriate care policies with the 2012 AAP policy seven years post-publication. Systematic, web-based review of all publicly available 2019 state neonatal levels of care policies. Information on infant risk (gestational age, birth weight), technology and equipment capabilities, and availability of specialty staffing used to define neonatal levels of care was extracted for review. Half of states (50%) had a neonatal risk-appropriate care policy. Of those states, 88% had language consistent with AAP-defined Level I criteria, 80% with Level II, 56% with Level III, and 55% with Level IV. Comparing policies (2014–2019), consistency increased in state policies among all levels of care with the greatest increase among level IV criteria. States improved consistency of policy language by each level of care, though half of states still lack policy to provide minimum standards of care to the most vulnerable infants.
Highly Ordered Inverse Opal Structures Synthesized from Shape-Controlled Nanocrystal Building Blocks.

Three-dimensional ordered porous materials known as inverse opal films (IOFs) were synthesized using nanocrystals with precisely defined morphologies. Comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies of the volume fraction ratio and electrostatic interactions between nanocrystals and polystyrene templating particles enabled the formation of highly ordered crack-free photonic structures. The synthetic strategy was first demonstrated using titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanocrystals of different shapes and then generalized to assemble nanocrystals of other functional materials, such as indium tin oxide and zinc-doped ferrite. Tunable photocatalytic activity of the TiO 2 IOFs, modulated through the choice of the shape of TiO 2 nanocrystals in conjunction with selecting desired macroscopic features of the IOF, was further explored. In particular, enhanced activity is observed for crack-free, highly ordered IOFs whose photonic properties can improve light absorption via the slow light effect. This study opens new opportunities in designing multi-length-scale porous nanoarchitectures having enhanced performance in a variety of applications.
Dimension reduction in the /spl lscr//sub 1/ norm

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma shows that any set of n points in Euclidean space can be mapped linearly down to O((log n)//spl epsi//sup 2/) dimensions such that all pairwise distances are distorted by at most 1+/spl epsi/. We study the basic question of whether there exists an analogue of the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma for the /spl lscr//sub 1/ norm? Note that Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma gives a linear embedding which is independent of the point set. For the /spl lscr//sub 1/ norm, we show that one cannot hope to use linear embeddings as a dimensionality reduction tool for general point sets, even if the linear embedding is chosen as a function of the given point set. In particular, we construct a set of O(n) points in /spl lscr//sub 1//sup n/ such that any linear embedding into /spl lscr//sub 1//sup d/ must incur a distortion of /spl Omega//spl radic/(n/d). This bound is tight up to a log n factor. We then initiate a systematic study of general classes of /spl lscr//sub 1/ embeddable metrics that admit low dimensional, small distortion embeddings. In particular, we show dimensionality reduction theorems for tree metrics, circular-decomposable metrics, and metrics supported on K/sub 2,3/-free graphs, giving embeddings into /spl lscr//sub 1//sup O(log(2) n)/ with constant distortion. Finally, we also present lower bounds on dimension reduction techniques for other /spl lscr//sub p/ norms. Our work suggests that the notion of a stretch-limited embedding, where no distance is stretched by more than a factor d in any dimension, is important to the study of dimension reduction for /spl lscr//sub 1/. We use such stretch limited embeddings as a tool for proving lower bounds for dimension reduction and also as an algorithmic tool for proving positive results.
The 4F peptide significantly decreases intestinal oxidized fatty acids (835.1)

Background: We recently reported that the intestine maybe a major site of action for the peptide regardless of the route of administration. In the present study we sought to examine this hypothesis . Methods: LDLR null mice (6 - 7 months old) were fed a Western Diet (WD) and were given drinking water with or without D-4F at a concentration of 50 υg/mL. After 2 weeks the mice were anesthetized and perfused for 10 min through the left ventricle with ice cold saline containing 2mM EDTA and 20 μM BHT to wash the organs free of blood. The intestinal lumen was thoroughly washed with the perfusion solution and enterocytes were isolated and disrupted in the presence of potent antioxidants and protease inhibitors. Lipids were extracted and determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Results: D-4F significantly reduced the enterocyte content of 5-HETE, 12-HETE, 15-HETE, 9-HODE, and 13-HODE (p = 0.015; p = 0.014; p = 0.015; p = 0.034; p = 0.024, respectively). D-4F also reduced the fecal content of 5-HETE, 12-HETE, 15-HETE, 9-HODE,...
Crystallin Genes: Templates for Lens Transparency

Analysis of recombinant DNAs provides new information on the basis of crystallin evolution and diversity. All crystallin genes contain introns. Two similar, tandemly linked chicken delta-crystallin genes, which probably arose by gene duplication, contain at least 16-17 introns. In the beta-crystallins three introns are situated between exons encoding the structural motifs of the protein, thus relating gene and protein structure. The structurally similar beta- and gamma-crystallins are coded by separate gene families which apparently arose by successive duplications of a common ancestral gene. The N-termini (5' end of gene) of the beta-crystallins appear to have diverged, while the 3' ends have been conserved. In the single murine alpha A-crystallin gene, coding information (the insert exon) for the alpha Ains peptide is contained within an intron. Alternative RNA splicing of this gene gives both the alpha A2 and the alpha Ains crystallin mRNAs. Thus, molecular genetics is providing a deeper appreciation of evolutionary events and is serving to redefine the crystallins in terms of their genes. Since the crystallins are so abundant in the lens, greater understanding of their polypeptide and gene structure should contribute to our understanding of and ability to treat cataract.
Conductivity of solid complexes of lithium perchlorate with poly{[ω‐methoxyhexa(oxyethylene)ethoxy]methylsiloxane}

Conductivite de 7,10 −5 Ω −1 cm −1 a 25°C et 10 −4 Ω −1 a des temperatures superieures. Influence de la teneur en sel et du degre de reticulation
Effects of normal stress perturbations on the frictional properties of simulated faults

[1] We report on laboratory experiments to investigate the frictional response of creeping faults to sudden changes in normal stress. Experiments were conducted on layers of quartz powder, bare surfaces of Westerly granite, and layers of a 50/50 mixture of quartz powder and smectite clay powder. The tests were carried out at room temperature and controlled humidity using a servo-controlled double-direct shear configuration. Normal stress perturbations, corresponding to loading and unloading of tectonic fault zones, were applied during steady sliding at constant loading rate from 3 to 1000 μm/s (shear strain rates of 1.5 × 10−3 to 0.5 s−1). Sudden changes in normal stress resulted in a linear elastic response of shear stress followed by a transient evolution of friction over a characteristic displacement. The transient, inelastic response is quantified as α = (Δτα/σ)/ln(σ/σ0), where Δτα is the transient change in shear stress following a step change from initial normal stress σ0 to final normal stress σ. We find that α is independent of sliding velocity and varies with ambient relative humidity and shear loading history. For unloading, we document a transition from stable to unstable behavior as a function of net slip in the range 3 to 30 mm (shear strains of 1.5 to 15). Increased humidity led to higher values of α for pure quartz gouge, but smaller α for the quartz-clay gouge. The effects of shear displacement and humidity are discussed in the context of particle characteristics and gouge fabric development. The extended rate- and state-dependent friction laws, using one state variable and the Ruina evolution law with normal stress variation, describe our observations.
Dip‐Pen Nanolithography of Nanostructured Thin Films for the Life Sciences

The sections in this article are Introduction Dip-Pen Nanolithography Important Parameters Applications of DPN Direct and Indirect Patterning of Biomaterials Using DPN Background Direct Patterning Indirect Patterning Applications of DPN for Medical Diagnostics and Drug Development General Methods of Nano/Micro Bioarray Patterning Virus Array Generation and Detection Tests Diagnosis of Allergic Disease Cancer Detection Using Nano/Micro Protein Arrays Drug Development Lab-on-a-Chip Using Microarrays Summary and Future Directions Keywords: dip-pen nanolithography; protein patterning; microarray; nanoarray; medical diagnostics; drug development
Organizational Origins: Entrepreneurial and Environmental Imprinting of the Time of Founding

Explores the effects of the events surrounding the founding of a firm on its subsequent strategic choices and long-term development. Theorists write about how the beliefs and attitudes of the entrepreneur or the environment conditions at time of founding leave imprints on the firm or leave inertial properties. The entrepreneur is likewise imprinted by his or her environmental background and experiences, which affect the strategy of the firm. These differences can explain why organizations begun at different times have different forms and follow different strategies. This study empirically examines the influence of entrepreneur characteristics and of environmental conditions at time of founding on strategies initially adopted by semiconductor firms. Proposes there are four strategy types: first-mover, second-mover, low-cost producer, and niche strategy. Four entrepreneurial characteristics are previous experience, previous employment, education, and age. Four stages of the semiconductor industry are identified: military market, symbiotic competition, expansion and Japanese entry, and custom market. Hypotheses about business strategies are developed for each entrepreneurial feature, strategy, and stage in this semiconductor industry. Data in the form of structured interviews (with supplemental information) were gathered from 51 merchant semiconductor firms in the Santa Clara-San Jose area. Found that the individual's functional experience delimits substantially the range of strategic options considered when beginning new firms. Place of previous employment influences in varying degrees the initial strategy. Level of formal education strongly and significantly affects choice of using first-mover strategy. Founder's age negatively affects choice of first-mover strategy. The relationship between period of founding and initial strategy is mixed. To a limited degree, industry evolution favors strategies meeting dominant environmental requirement. Overall, links are demonstrated between entrepreneurial, environmental, and strategic characteristics. (TNM)
Instant Update: Considering the Molecular Mechanisms of Mutation & Natural Selection

The molecular basis of evolution is an important concept to understand but one that students and teachers often find challenging. This article provides training and guidance for teachers on how to present molecular evolution concepts so that students will associate molecular changes with the evolution of form and function in organisms. Included are examples that illustrate how mutation followed by selection causes populations to evolve. Next month we will share lab activities that illustrate the concepts and reinforce the complementary roles of mutation and selection in the overall process of evolution.
State Gun Law Environment and Youth Gun Carrying in the United States

Importance Gun violence and injuries pose a substantial threat to children and youth in the United States. Existing evidence points to the need for interventions and policies for keeping guns out of the hands of children and youth. Objectives (1) To examine the association between state gun law environment and youth gun carrying in the United States, and (2) to determine whether adult gun ownership mediates this association. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a repeated cross-sectional observational study design with 3 years of data on youth gun carrying from US states. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey comprises data of representative samples of students in grades 9 to 12 from biennial years of 2007, 2009, and 2011. We hypothesized that states with more restrictive gun laws have lower rates of youth gun carrying, and this association is mediated by adult gun ownership. Exposures State gun law environment as measured by state gun law score. Main Outcomes and Measures Youth gun carrying was defined as having carried a gun on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey. Results In the fully adjusted model, a 10-point increase in the state gun law score, which represented a more restrictive gun law environment, was associated with a 9% decrease in the odds of youth gun carrying (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.91 [95% CI, 0.86-0.96]). Adult gun ownership mediated the association between state gun law score and youth gun carrying (AOR, 0.94 [ 95% CI, 0.86-1.01], with 29% attenuation of the regression coefficient from −0.09 to −0.07 based on bootstrap resampling). Conclusions and Relevance More restrictive overall gun control policies are associated with a reduced likelihood of youth gun carrying. These findings are relevant to gun policy debates about the critical importance of strengthening overall gun law environment to prevent youth gun carrying.
Remarks on an exact Seiberg-Witten map

We obtain the leading derivative corrections to an expression for the Seiberg-Witten map given by Banerjee and Yang and show how they affect the noncommutative deformation of the Maxwell action, as well as the matter coupling in noncommutative emergent gravity.
SU‐FF‐I‐63: Reproducibility of Guidewire Positioning and Stent Path for Endovascular Interventions

Purpose: Clinicians often have difficulty passing guidewires and stents during endovascular interventions. As a first step toward facilitating guidewire and stent guidance, we have investigated the reproducibility of paths that guidewires and stents take as they pass through the access vessels. Method and Materials: An internal carotid vessel phantom having tortuousity similar to the carotid siphon was constructed from 3 mm tubing and encased in Sylgard elastomer. A guidewire was repeatedly passed through the phantom. Each time, images were acquired for several views (9′ II mode, 225 micron pixel size). In addition, an undeployed stent (length 30 mm, diameter 1.3 mm) was repeatedly passed over the guidewire while images were acquired at 10 fps again using different views, without repositioning of the guidewire. Pairs of views (0° LAO, 82° LAO) were selected for biplane reconstruction. The centerlines of the guidewire were manually indicated and fit with a spline in each image. The correspondence between the indicated centerlines is established using the epipolar constraints, and 3D centerline of the guidewire and stent path were reconstructed. The reproducibility of the guidewire and stent positions were then determined after aligning the images (to remove jitter) and the 3D centerlines. Results: The average repeated‐indication difference for the guidewire was 0.4 ± 0.1mm (2D) and 0.5 ± 0.1mm (3D). The average repeated‐positioning difference for the guidewire was 0.4 ± 0.2mm (2D) and 0.4 ± 0.1mm (3D). The average guidewire‐versus‐stent‐path difference was 0.5 ± 0.2mm (2D) and 0.4 ± 0.04mm (3D). Conclusion: Guidewire positions are very stable, and stent passage appears to affect guidewire position near the vessel wall, indicating that physical/mechanical models may be used to determine guidewire and stent‐pathways. Support from NIH R01 EB02916 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation.
Genetic and biochemical analysis of the adenylyl cyclase-associated protein, cap, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Abstract We have identified, cloned, and studied a gene, cap, encoding a protein that is associated with adenylyl cyclase in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This protein shares significant sequence homology with the adenylyl cyclase-associated CAP protein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CAP is a bifunctional protein; the N-terminal domain appears to be involved in cellular responsiveness to RAS, whereas loss of the C-terminal portion is associated with morphological and nutritional defects. S. pombe cap can suppress phenotypes associated with deletion of the C-terminal CAP domain in S. cerevisiae but does not suppress phenotypes associated with deletion of the N-terminal domain. Analysis of cap disruptants also mapped the function of cap to two domains. The functional loss of the C-terminal region of S. pombe cap results in abnormal cellular morphology, slow growth, and failure to grow at 37 degrees C. Increases in mating and sporulation were observed when the entire gene was disrupted. Overproduction of both cap and adenylyl cyclase results in highly elongated large cells that are sterile and have measurably higher levels of adenylyl cyclase activity. Our results indicate that cap is required for the proper function of S. pombe adenylyl cyclase but that the C-terminal domain of cap has other functions that are shared with the C-terminal domain of S. cerevisiae CAP.
Electrodeposited, "textured" poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) (e-P3HT) films for photovoltaic applications

Organic photovoltaic devices have been created on activated and modified ITO electrodes from electrodeposited poly(3-hexylthiophene) (e-P3HT) donor layers, using pulsed-potential-step (PPS) electrodeposition protocols. PPS electrodeposition uses a series of potential steps of diffusion-controlled e-P3HT deposition, alternated with rest periods where no deposition occurs and the diffusion layer region near the electrode/solution interface refills with thiophene monomer. To create the most photoactive e-P3HT films, a “carpet” layer of polymer was first deposited using dual step chronoamperometry, to create a smooth, pinhole-free film on the ITO electrode. PPS electrodeposition was subsequently used to electrodeposit additional polymer and texture the e-P3HT surface, as revealed by both AFM and SEM. The extent of doping of the polymer film was controlled by the last applied rest potential and monitored by anion incorporation into the e-P3HT film using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Textured and elec...
A Turn Taking Medium Access Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

MAC protocols for wireless networks can be broadly categorized as scheduled or random access protocols. Random access protocols continue to be popular for wireless ad hoc networks, because of their robustness and ease of implementation over multihop scenarios. However under heavy traffic load conditions the performance of random access protocol deteriorates and fairness becomes a serious issue. In this paper, we propose a MAC scheme, where nodes take turns to access the media based on local neighbor knowledge and their transmission activity that reduces the impact of random access and ensuing contention resolution leading to exponential backoff and high delays. In the proposed turn taking mechanism the nodes self-schedule in a distributed manner. Through simulations the performance of the neighbor knowledge based turn taking MAC was compared with IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance).
Comment on 'New eddy viscosity model for computation of swirling turbulent flows'

For the case of vanishing Ri, the authors correctly note that a must be equal to CM, whose specified numerical value (0.09) applies for a flow in local equilibrium (P/e = 1). The authors then select a value for /3 (= 0.25) by stating that /3 should be in the range 0.05 < 0 < 0.44 for a flow in local equilibrium. On the basis of Eq. (5), this set of values (a = 0.09, /§ = 0.25) corresponds to 0i = 0.25 and 02 = 0.36. These values for fa and 02 are not, however, compatible with each other. This can be shown by letting P/e = 1 in Eq. (2) and noting that
Energetics of Actively Powered Locomotion Using the Simplest Walking Model

We modified an irreducibly simple model of passive dynamic walking to walk on level ground, and used it to study the energetics of walking and the preferred relationship between speed and step length in humans. Powered walking was explored using an impulse applied at toe-off immediately before heel strike, and a torque applied on the stance leg. Although both methods can supply energy through mechanical work on the center of mass, the toe-off impulse is four times less costly because it decreases the collision loss at heel strike. We also studied the use of a hip torque on the swing leg that tunes its frequency but adds no propulsive energy to gait. This spring-like actuation can further reduce the collision loss at heel strike, improving walking energetics. An idealized model yields a set of simple power laws relating the toe-off impulses and effective spring constant to the speed and step length of the corresponding gait. Simulations incorporating nonlinear equations of motion and more realistic inertial parameters show that these power laws apply to more complex models as well.
Data, development, and dual processes in rationality

Although Stanovich & West (S&W) are likely to be criticized for not proposing a process model, results of such a model (fuzzy-trace theory) support many of their conclusions. However, arguments concerning evolution and Gricean intelligence are weak. Finally, developmental data are relevant to rationality, but contradictory results suggest a dual-processes approach that differs from S&W's based on fuzzy-trace theory.
Spontaneous motility in premature infants: Features of behavioral activity and rhythmic organization

The spontaneous motor activity of clinically stable premature infants, 26–36 weeks gestational age, was investigated. Movements were recorded using a pressure-sensitive transducer positioned below the infant's head and torso. Behavior samples were digitized every 0.5 s during 2 and 3-hr continuous recording sessions. Time-series analyses revealed prominent motility cycles of circa 80 min and circa 30 min. These results are consistent with periodicities in motility and REM activation observed in full-term neonates. The longer rhythms of 70–100 min of motility found in this study establish that these periods are present at this stage of development independent of maternal zeitgebers. Developmental changes in motility rhythms and movement burst durations were also observed. Bout durations became somewhat longer in older ( > 30 weeks) infants, but the relative time devoted to movement per session was comparable in older and younger (≤ 30 weeks) infants. © 1993 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Viral diseases of the oral mucosa.

The oral mucosa is often involved in diseases caused by viral pathogens. Viruses isolated from the oral cavity may be direct causative agents, adjuncts in the disease process, or superinfection of a separate primary process. Viruses have variable mucosal processes and stages of evolution, and many viruses have similar clinical presentations. Often, the investigator must consider the oral lesions in the context of the general clinical presentation and use laboratory tests for diagnosis. Both DNA and RNAviral families have been implicated in oral mucosal diseases.