cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Influence of Elements of the Social and Physical Environment on Neighborhood Gun Crime

Amidst the more than 38,000 firearm related deaths in the United States annually, academic researchers, policy makers, and the general public often lack a basic understanding as to how elements of the physical environment work alongside socio-demographic characteristics of neighborhoods to influence the occurrence, prevalence, and spatial patterns in gun crime. Drawing on criminal justice, public health, and business databases in 2015–2018, we examine whether, and how, aggregate risk from the physical/built environment works independently and in conjunction with socio-structural features of neighborhoods to predict gun-related criminal incidents. Our results suggest: (1) a neighborhood-level measure of risk based on elements of the physical or built environment is associated with exacerbated levels of neighborhood gun crime; (2) racial heterogeneity/diversity and the concentration of disadvantage increase the risk of gun crime, as well; (3) both racial diversity and concentrated disadvantage condition the impact of the neighborhood built environment such that risk associated with the physical landscape is more strongly associated with gun crimes in racially homogenous and more affluent locales; and (4) the influence of the physical environment on risk of gun-involved criminal incidents is non-linear with a positive yet decelerating slope. Implications for gun violence stakeholders and the further development of research on neighborhood-level measures of risk from the physical built environment are discussed.
Exploring Maternal Health in Ethiopia Using Indigenous Approaches: Policy and Practice Implications:

The World Health Organization reports reveal that the average risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes in sub-Saharan Africa is about 1 in 45 compared to 1 in 5,400 in high-income countries. In ...
Deep learning approaches for natural product discovery from plant endophytic microbiomes

Plant microbiomes are not only diverse, but also appear to host a vast pool of secondary metabolites holding great promise for bioactive natural products and drug discovery. Yet, most microbes within plants appear to be uncultivable, and for those that can be cultivated, their metabolic potential lies largely hidden through regulatory silencing of biosynthetic genes. The recent explosion of powerful interdisciplinary approaches, including multi-omics methods to address multi-trophic interactions and artificial intelligence-based computational approaches to infer distribution of function, together present a paradigm shift in high-throughput approaches to natural product discovery from plant-associated microbes. Arguably, the key to characterizing and harnessing this biochemical capacity depends on a novel, systematic approach to characterize the triggers that turn on secondary metabolite biosynthesis through molecular or genetic signals from the host plant, members of the rich ‘in planta’ community, or from the environment. This review explores breakthrough approaches for natural product discovery from plant microbiomes, emphasizing the promise of deep learning as a tool for endophyte bioprospecting, endophyte biochemical novelty prediction, and endophyte regulatory control. It concludes with a proposed pipeline to harness global databases (genomic, metabolomic, regulomic, and chemical) to uncover and unsilence desirable natural products.
Pronunciation and Task-Based Instruction: Effects of a Classroom Intervention:

Explicit pronunciation instruction enhances production of intelligible, comprehensible, and fluent second language (L2) speech. Additionally, task-based instruction (TBI) enhances the production of...
STEM-Focused Career Courses and College Pipeline for Students with Learning Disabilities:

Recent educational policies in the United States have fostered the growth of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career-focused courses to support high school students’ persist...
Reaction Path-Force Matching in Collective Variables: Determining Ab Initio QM/MM Free Energy Profiles by Fitting Mean Force.

First-principles determination of free energy profiles for condensed-phase chemical reactions is hampered by the daunting costs associated with configurational sampling on ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (AI/MM) potential energy surfaces. Here, we report a new method that enables efficient AI/MM free energy simulations through mean force fitting. In this method, a free energy path in collective variables (CVs) is first determined on an efficient reactive aiding potential. Based on the configurations sampled along the free energy path, correcting forces to reproduce the AI/MM forces on the CVs are determined through force matching. The AI/MM free energy profile is then predicted from simulations on the aiding potential in conjunction with the correcting forces. Such cycles of correction-prediction are repeated until convergence is established. As the instantaneous forces on the CVs sampled in equilibrium ensembles along the free energy path are fitted, this procedure faithfully restores the target free energy profile by reproducing the free energy mean forces. Due to its close connection with the reaction path-force matching (RP-FM) framework recently introduced by us, we designate the new method as RP-FM in collective variables (RP-FM-CV). We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method on a type-II solution-phase SN2 reaction, NH3 + CH3Cl (the Menshutkin reaction), simulated with an explicit water solvent. To obtain the AI/MM free energy profiles, we employed the semiempirical AM1/MM Hamiltonian as the base level for determining the string minimum free energy pathway, along which the free energy mean forces are fitted to various target AI/MM levels using the Hartree-Fock (HF) theory, density functional theory (DFT), and the second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) theory as the AI method. The forces on the bond-breaking and bond-forming CVs at both the base and target levels are obtained by force transformation from Cartesian to redundant internal coordinates under the Wilson B-matrix formalism, where the linearized FM is facilitated by the use of spline functions. For the Menshutkin reaction tested, our FM treatment greatly reduces the deviations on the CV forces, originally in the range of 12-33 to ∼2 kcal/mol/A. Comparisons with the experimental and benchmark AI/MM results, tests of the new method under a variety of simulation protocols, and analyses of the solute-solvent radial distribution functions suggest that RP-FM-CV can be used as an efficient, accurate, and robust method for simulating solution-phase chemical reactions.
Moving forward: Recommendations to overcome existing structural racism.

Abstract A critical need exists to address structural racism within academic and community medicine and surgery and determine methods that will serve to repair its long-standing effects and alleviate the associated negative consequences. Because of our broad skillset and the populations we serve, vascular surgeons are uniquely positioned to identify and address the effects of structural racism in our places of work and for the populations we treat. Our goal is to discuss the effects of racism on healthcare outcomes and provide recommendations on how to combat these through equitable practices such as the diversification of the vascular surgery workforce, inclusivity as partners and leaders, and the promotion of improved outcomes among our most vulnerable patients from racial and ethnic minority groups. It is imperative that we stand for antiracism within our field through our societies, journals, clinical trials, training programs, clinical practice groups, and leadership.
Understanding barriers to collaborative governance for the food-energy-water nexus: The case of Phoenix, Arizona

Abstract Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus governance includes the communication and collaboration among multi-level stakeholders across sectoral boundaries of the resources for decision-making. It can increase resource security and decrease unintended consequences, as compared to single-sector governance approaches. Despite these benefits, in practice, many decisions continue to be made separately from one another without cross-sector collaboration. This research integrates the theory of collaborative governance with the concept of the FEW nexus to identify and understand the barriers to this collaboration and to provide recommendations for increased collaborative FEW nexus governance. Focusing on the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area, a water-scarce region with a growing population, we conduct a comprehensive case study with social network analysis, participant observation, and interviews. We present the results of our analysis in three sections. First, we identify the key barriers to collaborative FEW nexus governance within four identified themes: structural asymmetries, process asymmetries, communication and coordination, and external influences. Second, we unpack how stakeholders in our study case experience these barriers. Finally, from our case study, we provide recommendations for overcoming barriers and implementing collaborative FEW nexus governance in practice, such as building trust and finding mutual benefit. We conclude that “sector mismatch,” similar to scale mismatch, is the main cause of the identified barriers and that approaches to collaborative FEW nexus governance must address this mismatch for successful engagement.
GHRH–Arginine GH Stimulation Test

Indication 1. In order to evaluate patients with suspected GH deficiency 2. In order to assess growth hormone reserve when insulin tolerance test is contraindicated/not preferred
Developing Medical Student Competence in Intimate Partner Violence: a National Priority

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health concern (World Health Organization 2013; Moreno et al. 2013). Medical students receive some training in IPV, but it may not be robust enough to translate to clinical situations.
THE RIGHT TO JUDICIAL PROTECTION: "AMPARO" AND OTHER LATIN AMERICAN REMEDIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

This paper describes how the right to judicial protection is recognized in the legal systems of Latin America. Reference is made not only to the amparo of Mexico also adopted by some twelve Latin American countries2 but also to other Latin American legal devices which specifically protect human rights, such as the writ of habeas corpus, the mandado de seguranca, the judicial review, and the people's action against unconstitutional laws, among others.
Pool fencing for preventing drowning of children

In most industrialized countries, drowning ranks second or third behind motor vehicles and fires as a cause of unintentional injury deaths to children under the age of 15. Death rates from drowning are highest in children less than five years old. Pool fencing is a passive environmental intervention designed to reduce unintended access to swimming pools and thus prevent drowning in the preschool age group. Because of the magnitude of the problem and the potential effectiveness of fencing, we decided to evaluate the effect of pool fencing as a drowning prevention strategy for young children.
AN EXTRAORAL FISTULATING TRACT; REPORT OF A CASE.

Abstract This case illustrates what can occur when diagnostic procedures in the related health service fields are not coordinated. This is one of several cases on file in which extraoral fistulating tracts were treated surgically without consideration of dental implications. This case emphasizes the need for an adequate history and a complete roentgenographic examination of the dentition.
A compositional based model for the tear film lipid layer

Abstract BACKGROUND: The tear film lipid layer is formed from lipids secreted by meibomian glands of the eyelid. After initial analyses of these lipids we concluded that an understanding of the function of the various classes of lipids in a normal lipid layer could only be understood after detailed investigations of both polar and nonpolar lipids of the meibomian gland. METHODS: Meibomian gland secretions were obtained from normals. Lipids were separated by thin layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography, and analyzed by UV absorbance, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: Based on our analyses we concluded that the current understanding of lipid layer composition and function were inadequate or misleading. We therefore propose that the more polar lipids function as a structure (with surfactant characteristics) upon which the functional stability of the more nonpolar lipids are dependent. We further suggest that the interrelationships between lipid classes present, length of fatty acids and alcohols, their unsaturation, and hydroxylation are important for maintaining proper thixotropic characteristics of the lipid layer as well as optimal barrier properties. CONCLUSION: The tear film lipid layer is composed of 2 phases: (1) a thin polar phase adjacent to the aqueous-mucin phase and (2) a thick nonpolar phase associated with both the polar phase and the air interface. The structural characteristics of the polar phase and the barrier functions of the nonpolar phase are a direct result of specific compositional parameters.
Special singularity integrals encountered in electric circuits [RLC circuit examples]

In this article, the authors first introduce four special singularity integral identities that involve the impulse, the doublet and the unit step functions, and provide a simple proof for each integral identity. Next, to demonstrate the use of these singularity integral identities, the authors consider the impulse response of two second-order RLC circuits and use these integrals to calculate the energy stored and dissipated in each circuit. The authors believe that these solutions are direct and easy to use in electrical circuit problems involving singularity functions. They hope that a wider coverage of these special integral identities and their applications will be offered in the educational literature.
THE OROMO, GADAA/SIQQEE DEMOCRACY AND THE LIBERATION OF ETHIOPIAN COLONIAL SUBJECTS

This paper explores the potential role of the Gadaa/Siqqee system of Oromo democracy in the development of a democratic multinational liberation movement of the colonized nations within the Ethiopian Empire in order to dismantle the Tigrayan-led Ethiopian terrorist government and replace it with a sovereign multinational democratic state in the Horn of Africa based on the principles of Indigenous democracy. After a brief introduction, this study describes the presence of a democratic, Siqqee/Gadaa administration among the Oromo in the Horn of Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries and the subsequent changes that made them vulnerable to colonization. It further examines the essence and main characteristics of Gadaa/Siqqee, showing that it provides a contrasting political philosophy to the authoritarian rule of the Ethiopian Empire. The study shows that in the face of oppression and exploitation the Oromo people have struggled to preserve and redevelop their Indigenous democracy, written records of which go back to the 16th century, long before European nations embraced the principles of democratic governance. It also explains how it can be adapted to the current condition of the colonized nations within the Ethiopian Empire in order to revitalize the quest for national self-determination and democracy and to build a sovereign democratic state in a multinational context. Furthermore, the piece asserts that this struggle is truly a difficult one in the 21st century as the process of globalization is intensified and regional and local cultures are being suppressed under the pressure of dominating cultures.
Amino acid limitation negatively regulates insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA levels and E-domain peptide secretion at a post-transcriptional step in BRL-3A rat liver cells.

Abstract Deprivation of cultured BRL-3A rat liver cells for a single essential amino acid (leucine, methionine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine) under conditions in which the cells remain highly viable causes a decreased secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) E-domain peptide into the culture medium. This decrease is observed within 8 h after shifting the cells into amino acid-deficient medium. The magnitude of this decrease is greatest in tryptophan-deprived cultures, in which there is a 66% decrease in IGF-II E-domain peptide secretion over a 24-h incubation as compared with E-domain peptide secretion in control cultures incubated in complete medium. Northern blot analysis has indicated that the decrease in IGF-II E-domain peptide secretion observed in amino acid-deprived cells is correlated with a decreased abundance of the major 3.6-kilobase (kb) species of IGF-II mRNA, as well as several minor species. In contrast, the level of a 1-kb species of IGF-II mRNA is not decreased in amino acid-limited cells. In addition, one other specific mRNA, that encoded by the alpha-tubulin gene, also is not significantly decreased in the leucine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan-limited cells. These results indicate that amino acid limitation specifically decreases the level of certain IGF-II mRNA species. The 3.6- and 1-kb IGF-II mRNA species differ only in the length of the 3'-untranslated region, suggesting the existence of a specific regulatory sequence in the long 3'-untranslated region of the 3.6-kb mRNA species that regulates levels of this mRNA species under conditions of amino acid limitation. IGF-II gene transcription is not decreased in the amino acid-limited cells. This indicates that the decrease in IGF-II mRNA and E-domain peptide secretion observed in the amino acid-deprived cells is caused primarily by a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism.
The bacterial fermentation product butyrate influences epithelial signaling via reactive oxygen species-mediated changes in cullin-1 neddylation.

The human enteric flora plays a significant role in intestinal health and disease. Populations of enteric bacteria can inhibit the NF-κB pathway by blockade of IκB-α ubiquitination, a process catalyzed by the E3-SCFβ-TrCP ubiquitin ligase. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase is regulated via covalent modification of the Cullin-1 subunit by the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8. We previously reported that interaction of viable commensal bacteria with mammalian intestinal epithelial cells resulted in a rapid and reversible generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that modulated neddylation of Cullin-1 and resulted in suppressive effects on the NF-κB pathway. Herein, we demonstrate that butyrate and other short chain fatty acids supplemented to model human intestinal epithelia in vitro and human tissue ex vivo results in loss of neddylated Cul-1 and show that physiological concentrations of butyrate modulate the ubiquitination and degradation of a target of the E3- SCFβ-TrCP ubiquitin ligase, the NF-κB inhibitor IκB-α. Mechanistically, we show that physiological concentrations of butyrate induces reactive oxygen species that transiently alters the intracellular redox balance and results in inactivation of the NEDD8-conjugating enzyme Ubc12 in a manner similar to effects mediated by viable bacteria. Because the normal flora produces significant amounts of butyrate and other short chain fatty acids, these data provide a functional link between a natural product of the intestinal normal flora and important epithelial inflammatory and proliferative signaling pathways.
Leiomyosarcoma in childhood and adolescence.

Background: Few series of leiomyosarcoma in patients <21 years of age have been reported. We reviewed our institutional experience with this neoplasm to learn disease characteristics, patterns of relapse, and outcome. Methods: The records of 21 patients with leiomyosarcoma admitted to our institution were reviewed retrospectively; 18 of these were diagnosed after 1970. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Ninety-five percent (20 of 21) were initially treated with a wide local excision that was complete with a negative microscopic margin in 10 (48%). There also was a strong correlation between grade and surgical margins. High-grade tumors were associated with a lower rate of complete resection. The majority underwent additional therapy. Radiation was used to treat both initial and recurrent disease in nine patients, with four of these undergoing brachytherapy. Thirteen patients were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, most commonly doxorubicin (seven patients) and cisplatin (six patients). The median length of survival was 9.3 years, and there were nine disease-related deaths (43%). Of interest was the progressive decrease in survival with time. The 5-year overall survival rate was 79%; the 10-year rate was 49%. Three patients died of progressive disease >10 years after initial diagnosis. Conclusions: We conclude that leiomyosarcomas arising in childhood and adolescence are associated with a good initial chance of survival that decreases progressively over time. Known prognostic factors from larger adult series are consistent with the present data, but they are not provable because of the small number of patients. In particular, the grade was correlated with surgical margins.
Execution characteristics of programs in a page-on-demand system

h show the execution characteristics of two types of commonly used programs in a large-scale, time-shared computer system. A software monitoring facility built into the supervisor was used for data collection during normal system operation. These data were analyzed, and results of this analysis are presented for a Fortran compiler and an interactive line file editor.Probability distribution functions and other data are given for such things as CPU intervals, I/O intervals, and the number of such intervals during execution. Empirical distributions are compared with simple theoretical distributions (exponential, hyperexponential, and geometric). Other data show paging characteristics of tasks as a function of the number of pages those tasks have in core.
Development and Evaluation of a Regulatory Model for Pesticides in Flooded Applications

The pesticides in flooded applications model (PFAM) is a regulatory model for government agencies and others interested in estimating water concentrations of pesticides used in flooded agriculture applications such as rice paddies and cranberries bogs. PFAM was designed around the specific parameters that are typically available for a pesticide risk assessment, thereby simplifying the model and allowing the user to concentrate on only the most relevant model inputs. The model considers the fate properties of pesticides and allows for the specifications of typical flooded agriculture management practices such as scheduled water releases and refills. It also allows for natural water-level fluctuations resulting from precipitation and evapotranspiration. Model quality assurance requirements for regulatory models aimed at protecting the public are that the models err on the high side of measured data and at the same time should not cause undue burden to stakeholders by being overly conservative. For the studies herein, PFAM did tend to err on the high side of the data yet provided more realistic estimates than the currently used methods, which thereby reduced stakeholder burden. As is also important for a regulatory model, PFAM is nonproprietary and freely available.
Numerical modeling of solidification combustion synthesis

A numerical study of self-propagating combustion synthesis is carried out to determine the effect of the heat of reaction(Q), the activation energy (E), the frequency factor (K0), thermal conductivity(K*), and initial temperature(T 0 on the combustion velocity and combustion temperature in the presence of cooling at one end. The numerical procedure allows for the formation and solidification of nonstoichiometric combustion products. This includes the phase change of the product through its solidification and eutectic range. Calculations are carried out for the Ti-C system with an objective of predicting solutions which are comparable to previously reported, experimentally determined values. Calculations are also compared with the thin zone analytical solution to the combustion problem. The use of lowK 0 values to bring the solutions close to the experimentally determined numbers is discussed. Solutions are presented to elucidate the effect of relevant parameters on the thickness of the combustion and preheat zones. Conditions where extinction is expected to occur are identified. The effect of the thermal conductivity on the velocity may be to increase or decrease the velocity, depending on the value ofK 0. At lowK 0 values, an increase in the thermal conductivity may lead to a decrease in the combustion velocity. The effect of the initial temperature on the combustion velocity and temperature is to increase both; however, the increase in the combustion temperature may not be proportional to the increase in the initial temperature. The activation energyE has a pronounced effect on reducing the combustion velocity while not influencing the combustion temperature. The time rate of the solidification process which determines the final microstructure is discussed.
Untangling genomes from metagenomes: Revealing an uncultured class of marine euryarchaeota

Ecosystems are shaped by complex communities of mostly unculturable microbes. Metagenomes provide a fragmented view of such communities, but the ecosystem functions of major groups of organisms remain mysterious. To better characterize members of these communities, we developed methods to reconstruct genomes directly from mate-paired short-read metagenomes. We closed a genome representing the as-yet uncultured marine group II Euryarchaeota, assembled de novo from 1.7% of a metagenome sequenced from surface seawater. The genome describes a motile, photo-heterotrophic cell focused on degradation of protein and lipids and clarifies the origin of proteorhodopsin. It also demonstrates that high-coverage mate-paired sequence can overcome assembly difficulties caused by interstrain variation in complex microbial communities, enabling inference of ecosystem functions for uncultured members.
An Application of Mixed-Integer Programming Duality to Scheduling Thermal Generating Systems

A decomposable mixed-integer programming model for simultaneous economic consideration of unit commitment and short-term dispatch of thermal power generating equipment is presented. An optimum solution procedure is described which takes advantage of the structure of the model and promises computational efficiency in practical applications. Characterizing the demand forecast as a discretized function permits a probabilistic forecast to be incorporated in the scheduling model. The model minimizes the total expected costs of start-up, shutdown, and unit operating costs subject to the demand, reserve, and unit commitment constraints. Extensions to multiple periods and to include additional constraints such as time dependent start-up costs and geographic constraints are given.
Efficient Reliability-Based Design and Inspection of Stiffened Panels Against Fatigue

This paper develops an efficient computational technique to perform reliability-based optimization of structural design and an inspection schedule for fatigue crack growth. Calculating structural reliability in the presence of inspection is computationally challenging because crack size distribution has to be updated after each inspection to simulate replacement. An exact evaluation using Monte Carlo simulation is time consuming because large sample size is required for estimating accurately a low probability of failure. In this paper a less expensive approximate method is proposed to calculate reliability with inspection, combining Monte Carlo simulation and a first-order reliability method. We use Monte Carlo simulation with a small sample to update the probability distribution of cracksizesafterinspectionanda first-orderreliabilitymethodtocalculatethefailureprobabilityatanytimebetween inspections. The application of this methodology is demonstrated by optimizing structural design and an inspection scheduleforminimumlifecyclecostofstiffenedpanelssubjecttouncertaintyinmaterialpropertiesandloading.The effect of the structural design and the inspection schedule on the operational cost and reliability is explored and the costofstructuralweightistradedagainstinspectioncosttominimizetotalcost.Optimizationrevealedthattheuseof inspections can be very cost effective for maintaining structural safety. Nomenclature As = area of a stiffener, m 2 ATotal = total cross sectional area of panel, m 2 a = crack size, mm ac = critical crack size, mm acH = critical crack length due to hoop stress, mm acL = critical crack length for transverse stress, mm acY = critical crack length causing yield of net section of panel, mm ah = crack size at which probability of detection is 50%, mm ai = initial crack size, mm ai;0 = crack size due to fabrication defects, mm aN = crack size afterN cycles of fatigue loading, mm b = panel length, m Ctot
Estradiol induced alterations of the immune system--I. Enhancement of IgM production.

Abstract Estrogens have been postulated as natural modulators of the immune system. In this study we have evaluated the effect of estradiol in vivo immunoglobulin production in male rats. Administration of either a 75 μg/kg or 750 μg/kg dose of estradiol resulted in a dose-related increase of anti-sheep red blood cell antibody titers during a primary antibody response. These same animals when dosed with estradiol during a secondary antibody response showed an earlier appearance of the peak antibody titer in estradiol-treated rats as compared to controls. Rats dosed with estradiol only during the secondary antibody response period also showed a dose-related increase in Ab titer over control values but no shift in the time of appearance of the peak titer. Treatment of sera with 2-mercaptoethanol to evaluate IgG titers showed that 2-mercaptoethanol treatment both reduced the titer to control values and eliminated the estradiol-induced shift in the appearance of the peak antibody titer in rats given estradiol during the primary and secondary antibody response periods. Sera from animals dosed with estradiol during the secondary antibody response period only also showed titers reduced to control levels after 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of the sera. Estradiol-treated rats also had an increase in antibody titers to polysaccharide from Type III pneumococci, a T-cell independent antigen. While total antibody responses were increased following estradiol, there were no differences in the number of antibody-producing cells between control and estradiol-treated animals. The results of these studies suggest that estradiol exerts a direct effect on B cells resulting in increased synthesis of IgM antibodies. We cannot rule out, however, some modulation through regulatory T-cells.
Androgen receptors from the epididymis of the rhesus monkey.

The specific binding of androgens by macromolecules in the cytosol of the Rhesus monkey epididymis is demonstrated. The affinity of these binding sites for dihydrotestosterone (Kd 7.3 × 10-9M) is higher than that for testosterone, while cortisol and corticosterone do not compete. Density gradient analysis of the cytosol disclosed that the macromolecules responsible for specific binding have a sedimentation coefficient of 8 S, while the 3.5 to 4.5 S region of the gradient contains non-specific steroid-binding components. The hormone-receptor complex has an isoelectric point of 5.5. Thermoability of the complex is evidenced by the release of hormone during incubation at 27°C (20% and 44% after 30 and 60 min., respectively). Warming at 27°C of minces or cell-free mixtures of cytosol and purified nuclei previously labelled at 0°C leads to formation of an intranuclear complex which has a sedimentation coefficient of about 4 S in gradients containing 0.5M KC1. The concomitant decrease in radioactivity bound to ...
Acid hydrolysis of native and annealed starches and branch-structure of their Naegeli dextrins.

Abstract Eight commercial starches, including common corn, waxy corn, wheat, tapioca, potato, Hylon V, Hylon VII, and mung bean starch, were annealed by a multiple-step process, and their gelatinization characteristics were determined. Annealed starches had higher gelatinization temperatures, reduced gelatinization ranges, and increased gelatinization enthalpies than their native starches. The annealed starches with the highest gelatinization enthalpies were subjected to acid hydrolysis with 15.3% H 2 SO 4 , and Naegeli dextrins were prepared after 10 days’ hydrolysis. Annealing increased the acid susceptibility of native starches in the first (rapid) and the second (slow) phases with potato starch showing the greatest and high amylose starches showing the least changes. Starches with a larger shift in onset gelatinization temperature also displayed a greater percent hydrolysis. The increase in susceptibility to acid hydrolysis was proposed to result from defective and porous structures that resulted after annealing. Although annealing perfected the crystalline structure, it also produced void space, which led to porous structures and possible starch granule defects. The molecular size distribution and chain length distribution of Naegeli dextrins of annealed and native starches were analyzed. The reorganization of the starch molecule during annealing occurred mainly within the crystalline lamellae. Imperfect double helices in the crystalline lamellae improved after annealing, and the branch linkages at the imperfect double helices became protected by the improved crystalline structure. Therefore, more long chains were observed in the Naegeli dextrins of annealed starches than in native starches.
Vectored injection into compressible laminar and turbulent boundary layers

A fundamental analysis of two-dimensional supersonic boundary layer flow, both laminar and turbulent, is presented for a wide range of normal and nonnormal mass-transfer velocities. The analysis is based on the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, and results are compared with available theoretical and experimental data. Certain cases of practical importance, for which results are not presently available, are referred to.
Minimum-Mass Design of Sandwich Aerobrakes for a Lunar Transfer Vehicle

A structural mass optimization study of a sandwich aerobrake for a lunar transfer vehicle was conducted. The proposed spherical aerobrake had a base diameter of 15.2 m and radius of 13.6 m. A hot thermal protection system (TPS) and cold structure were used in the design. Honeycomb sandwich aerobrake structures made up of four different materials—aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, graphite-epoxy, and graphite-polyimide—were considered. Cases of aerodynamic load, equivalent uniform pressure, and aerodynamic plus thermal load were analyzed. Both linear stress and buckling analyses were conducted for a range of skin and core thicknesses. A graphical optimization procedure was used to determine the skin and core thicknesses of a minimum-mass aerobrake. The design criteria used were material strength, global buckling, and TPS tile deformation. Among them, the TPS deformation criterion was the most critical. The graphite-epoxy aerobrake was the lightest among the four materials studied. Its total mass is about 12.3% of the LTV mass, for supports at 75% span. Equivalent uniform loading produced smaller deformations, stresses, and buckling loads than did the more realistic aerodynamic loading for the same aerobrake configuration. Thermally induced stresses countered the aerodynamically induced stresses and hence had a beneficial effect on the deformation and buckling of the aerobrake.
Study of some constituents of vitamin B12.

Es wird uber eine Reihe von Studien berichtet, welche die Zusammensetzung des Vitamins B12 zum Gegenstand haben. Diese mit sehr kleinen Substanzmengen ausgefuhrten Versuche bedienten sich ausschlieslich der Chromatographie auf Filtrierpapier. Zwei Probleme bildeten den Hauptgegenstand der Untersuchung, namlich die Frage des Vorkommens von Nukleinsaurebestandteilen im Vitamin und die quantitative Bestimmung der schon fruher nachgewiesenen Aminoverbindung. In der fur Nukleinsauren ausgearbeiteten Versuchsanordnung konnten weder Purine, noch Pyrimidine oder Desoxyribose nachgewiesen werden. Die Bestimmung der Aminoverbindung ergab das Vorliegen von 2 Molen Aminoderivat (berechnet als 2-Amino-1-propanol) pro Mol Phosphor.
Exciton–vibrational coupling in pinwheel aggregates of π-conjugated molecules

Abstract Absorption spectra of para -distyrylbenzene (DSB) aggregates are calculated based on a Hamiltonian which includes excitonic coupling between molecules, each containing a single electronic transition coupled to an intramolecular vibration (with frequency ω 0 and Huang–Rhys factor λ 2 ). Aggregates are based on the four-molecule pinwheel unit which maximizes the favorable edge–face interactions. Pinwheel aggregates of DSB lie within the intermediate coupling regime, J ≈ λ 2 ℏω 0 , where the excitonic bandwidth J is of the order of the nuclear relaxation energy. A square lattice of pinwheel units lies primarily within the strong coupling regime J ≫ λ 2 ℏω 0 . Theoretical spectra compare favorably with experiment.
On wave propagation and uniqueness in one-dimensional elastic bodies

A notion referred to as the Wave Propagation Property is analyzed in the context of the nonlinear theory of one-dimensional elastic bodies. Roughly speaking, a body possesses this property if mechanical disturbances propagate with bounded speed. A uniqueness theorem is proven with the aid of the results on wave propagation.
PERCEPTIONS AND MISPERCEPTIONS IN CONSUMER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

The extent to which respondents are able to correctly perceive and subjectively report their relative level of household food consumption is examined. The role of perception and misperception is examined in the context of a family economics-resource management framework and a causal path model. Findings suggest that the perceptual error is remarkably modest. The characteristics of households systematically associated with positive and negative perceptual error are identified.
Exposure of female macaques to Western-style diet with or without chronic T in vivo alters secondary follicle function during encapsulated 3-dimensional culture.

Increased adiposity and hyperandrogenemia alter reproductive parameters in both animal models and women, but their effects on preantral follicles in the ovary remain unknown. We recently reported that Western-style diet (WSD) consumption over 1 year, with or without chronic exposure to elevated circulating T, increased the body fat percentage, elicited insulin resistance, suppressed estradiol and progesterone production, as well as altered the numbers, size, and dynamics of antral follicles in the ovary during the menstrual cycle in female macaques. Therefore, experiments were designed to compare the WSD and WSD+T effects to age-matched controls on the survival, growth, and function of isolated secondary follicles during 5 weeks of encapsulated 3-dimensional culture. Follicle survival significantly declined in the WSD and WSD+T groups compared with the control (CTRL) group. Although media progesterone levels were comparable among groups, androstenedione and estradiol levels were markedly reduced in the WS...
PRISE EN COMPTE DU RAYONNEMENT ACOUSTIQUE EN FLUIDE LOURD PAR ÉQUATIONS INTÉGRALES DANS LA MODÉLISATION DES TRANSDUCTEURS PIÉZOÉLECTRIQUES BIDIMENSIONNELS PAR ÉLÉMENTS FINIS

A piezo-elastic problem including fluid-structure interaction is adressed using a single variationnal formulation based on Helmholtz integral equations in the continuous wave regime. Internal losses are taken into account by introducing complex material constants. This formulation has been implemented in the numerical code E.T.BID.M which is a plane strain bidimensionnal finite elements program. The response of transducers having large transversal dimensions can be accurately computed.
Picking the winners in large-scale ground-vehicle satcom-on-the-move deployments

United States military planners are making plans for large scale deployment of on-the-move satellite communication systems. Current thinking calls for broad capability at both commercial Ku bands as well as military Ka bands. How this will really play out depends on many factors in the satellite industry that are uncertain. These factors include installed satellite capacity and loading factors, final resolution of several sets of proposed regulation standards, the degree (or lack) of enforcement of those standards, and the size of future on-the-move budgets. Nobody really knows what will happen, but the stakes are high. As a result, there are many antenna hardware configurations now offered or on the drawing board that will be winners in some scenarios and losers in others. For the purposes of this investigation, on-the-move antennas are grouped by several major defining characteristics (such as height and cost). How these categories fair under different scenarios is then discussed.
Asperger’s Syndrome and Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, Aetiology and Intervention Strategies

Autistic disorders are characterised by an absence of two way social interaction, an impairment in communication and a markedly restricted range of interests. Children with an autistic disorder often appear unmotivated and are prone to under utilise important environmental cues. Consequently they are often considered to be ponderous, callous and pedantic. Although debate still exists regarding the aetiology of the condition, a number of researchers (Leslie, 1987; Frith, 1991; Baron‐Cohen, 1993) have proposed that what children with autistic disorders are displaying is a lack of “Theory of Mind”; which prevents them from recognising that others have their own thoughts, beliefs and emotions. A discussion on the diagnosis of the disorder, with particular reference placed on Asperger's Syndrome, is presented. Implications for educators and classroom intervention strategies are considered.
Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation for solid tumors: expanding the application of allogeneic immunotherapy.

Abstract In the arena of tumor immunology, there is a growing perception that the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reaction that follows allogeneic stem cell transplantation represents the most potent form of cancer immunotherapy currently in clinical use. While allogeneic stem cell transplantation has become an accepted form of "immunotherapy" for the treatment of hematological malignancies, its efficacy in inducing antitumor effects against nonhematological cancers has, until recently, been largely unexplored. The investigational application of nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (NST) in solid tumors represents the logical consequence of almost 50 years of experimental and clinical research into the immunological basis for the cure of hematological malignancies following allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT). Here we review the historical background, development, and preliminary clinical results of allogeneic stem cell transplantation as immunotherapy for solid tumors. Semin Hematol 39:63-71. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Resolution Enhancement in Raman Spectroscopy Using Polarization Data

Because overlapping Raman bands will, in general, have different depolarization ratios, it is possible to resolve such bands by means of a computer subtraction of the Ivh spectrum, scaled by an appropriate constant, from the Ivv spectrum. Several examples are given which illustrate both the capabilities and the limitations of the technique.
DNA-sequence recognition by CAP: role of the adenine N6 atom of base pair 6 of the DNA site

Two similar, but not identical, models have been proposed for the amino acid-base pair contacts in the CAP-DNA complex ('Model I,' Weber, I. and Steitz, T., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 3973-3977, 1984; 'Model II,' Ebright, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 7274-7278, 1984). One difference between the two models involves Glu181 of CAP. Model I predicts that Glu181 of CAP makes two specificity determining contacts: one H-bond with the cytosine N4 atom of G:C at base pair 7 of the DNA half site, and one H-bond with the adenine N6 atom of T:A at base pair 6 of the DNA half site. In contrast, Model II predicts that Glu181 makes only one specificity determining contact: one H-bond with the cytosine N4 atom of G:C at base pair 7 of the DNA half site. In the present work, we show that replacement of T:A at base pair 6 of the DNA half site by T:N6-methyl-adenine has no, or almost no, effect on the binding of CAP. We conclude, contrary to Model I, that Glu181 of CAP makes no contact with the adenine N6 atom of base pair 6 of the DNA half site.
Fate and transport of atorvastatin and simvastatin drugs during conventional wastewater treatment

This research investigates the environmental behavior of two widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering statin drugs that are expected to be present at significant concentrations in wastewater influents, namely: atorvastatin and simvastatin. Batch biodegradation experiments suggest that both statins are well degraded during secondary treatment, and removal rates exhibit a substrate-enhancement model reflecting elements of both first-order behavior and cometabolism. Resulting biodegradation parameters are used in conjunction with literature sorption parameters to construct a mass-balance model of statin concentrations during conventional treatment. Model results exhibit excellent accuracy compared to measurements from a medium-sized WWTP in the Southeastern USA. Influent concentrations of 1.56 μg L(-1) and 1.23 μg L(-1) were measured for atorvastatin and simvastatin. Results also suggest that 85-90% of each drug is removed during conventional treatment, with sorption accounting for less than 10% of overall removal. Expected effluent concentrations are orders of magnitude less than previously reported ecotoxicity thresholds for both drugs. Overall, results suggest statin active ingredients do not pose a significant environmental threat. It is recommended that future work characterize the fate of statin metabolites and that the same mass-balance modeling approach be used to assess other highly-prescribed pharmaceutical drugs.
Atypical effects of electroshock on emotionality in rats

The present study examines a unique property of shock, i.e., the absence of a clearly perceivable source of the stimulus. Twenty-four male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: object alone, shock alone, and shock plus object. Using three open-field measures of emotionality, it was found that the group shocked without an object present was significantly more emotional than the group shocked with an object present or the group presented with the object only
All-optical NACK for fast packet retransmission in AWGR-based optical switches

This paper presents an all-optical technique to provide an on-the-fly physical layer negative acknowledgement for packet retransmission in AWGR-based all-optical switches for datacom. Fast NACK notification and packet retransmission is demonstrated.
Uniform CLT for Markov chains with a countable state space

Abstract For an irreducible Markov chain taking integer values which has a finite second moment for the first return time from some integer to itself, we find a necessary and sufficient condition for a CLT which is uniform over all subsets of the integers. This is a generalization of one of the results in Durst and Dudley (1981) who worked in the i.i.d. case. An example that clarifies the difference between the i.i.d. case and Markov case is presented.