cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carry Traders, Dealers, and the Forward Discount Anomaly

Currencies do not depreciate enough to offset differences in interest rates. If specialist "carry traders" and foreign exchange (FX) dealers are price-setters in equilibrium, this result is not surprising. Carry traders do not borrow in one currency and lend in another, as standard uncovered interest parity (UIP) requires. They finance positions in the repo markets, earning benchmark bond returns and paying interest at local repo rates. Ceteris paribus, there should be a forward discount "bias" whenever they are long foreign currency. All else may not be equal. Someone must sell the currencies they buy. If this someone is an FX dealer, second-day FX settlement permits "pre-funding" of deliveries. By pre-funding dealers hedge currency risk and earn interest premiums for the currencies they sell. In equilibrium, depreciation should reflect both differences in interest rates and benchmark bond returns, with signs reversing based on the direction of trade. With 10 years of daily data for 6 major currencies, I confirm these predictions.
Changing the Views of Social Work Supervision

This paper examines the history and philosophy of social work supervision through the development of the profession of social work; presents the need for expanding social worker power and participation in the supervision process; reviews some of its current concepts, applications, and functions; and points to new directions for change.
Mariner Venus-Mercury 1973 encounter strategy.

This paper describes the selection of launch and arrival conditions and Venus and Mercury encounter aiming zones to maximize the science return from the Mariner Venus-Mercury mission. A single Mariner spacecraft will be launched in November, 1973, fly by Venus in early February, 1974, and encounter Mercury (the primary target) in late March, 1974. Mercury aiming points will provide: (1) sun and earth occultation, (2) 1000 km periapsis altitude, and (3) return to Mercury after 176 days (two Mercury years). The selected Mercury arrival dates allow high-contrast television imaging. Aiming points at Venus allow gravity assist to Mercury and also permit earth occultation.
A compact lensless and slitless volume holographic spectrometer for diffuse source spectroscopy

We present a simple, very compact, and inexpensive spectrometer for diffuse source spectroscopy using only a volume hologram (recorded by two spherical beams) and a CCD camera (or a detector array). We show that this spectrometer can operate well under spatially incoherent light illumination. We also show that the resolution of this spectrometer can be optimized by proper selection of the location of the CCD camera (or the detector array). The results show the possibility of using optimized holographic optical elements as the integrated collimating, dispersive, and light-collective components of spectrometers.
The Development of Social Toy Play and Language in Infancy

This longitudinal study examined the development of mother-infant social toy play in relation to infant language in two samples, one from 11 to 14 months (n = 70), and another from 14 to 17 months (n = 51) infant age. Infants were videotaped during a laboratory free-play session with mothers and were also assessed for language development. Individual variations in mother and infant social toy play behaviors were stable over time, but the frequency of infant initiations and maternal responses increased over time, especially from 11 to 14 months. Maternal responses to infant toy initiations, as well as manipulation and labeling of toys at 11 months were related to infant language at 14 months, while maternal coordinations with infants at 14 months were related to infant language at 17 months. The implications of mother and infant involvement in social toy play are discussed in relation to infant language development.
Putrescine-enhanced somatic embryos and plant numbers from elite oat ( Avena spp. L.) and reciprocal crosses

Mature embryos from hulled, regenerable GP-1 (A. sativa L.), hull-less, recalcitrant Tibor (A. nuda L.) and reciprocal crosses were cultured in vitro on a putrescine- (Put) containing medium. Hormone-free Murashige and Skoog medium (MS-0) or shoot proliferation medium (SPM) [2.0 mgl−1 (9.0 μM) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)], with and without 0.5 mM Put or 1 mM Put, were tested for effects on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. Put/SPM (0.5mM) was the best medium for both somatic embryos (SEs) and plant numbers per gram of callus, regardless of genotype. This effect was most evident in Tibor, which produced no somatic embryos or plants on SPM, a previously published regeneration medium, and in Tibor ×GP-1, which produced reduced numbers of SE and plants on the remaining media. The number of SEs per gram of callus for GP-1 and GP-1× Tibor showed little significant differences between the different media. Put treatments produced plants from the four genotypes but the regeneration efficiency on Put-containing medium was similar or even better than on SPM for explants containing maternal GP-1 germplasm. This suggests that Put-containing MS-0 medium can be used for testing regeneration of other oat lines. In addition, SPM containing 0.5 mM Put can be used to induce significant regeneration of plants from normally recalcitrant genotypes. This improvement greatly increases the number of potential germplasms for further transformation efforts.
On a Phenomenological Neutron-Proton Interaction

This paper describes the calculations and results obtained in fitting a phenomenological interaction to the properties of the deuteron and related low energy phenomena. This interaction is a linear combination of a central and tensor potential, where both potentials are of the Yukawa shape, but with different ranges. The calculations were based on the variation-iteration method which has the advantage of providing systematically improved trial wave functions, together with limits of error for the well depth eigenvalue at every stage of the process. The nonpositive definite character of the tensor potential complicates the nature of the convergence to the correct eigenvalue. Special methods are described to overcome this difficulty. The successive iterations were performed numerically on the Harvard Mark I calculator. The accuracy obtained for the well depth parameter was limited in practice by the finite intervals employed in the numerical integration, and is estimated to be one in ${10}^{4}$. The quadrupole moment, as a nonstationary quantity, does not exhibit the same degree of convergence; the accuracy obtained was here estimated as one in ${10}^{3}$. The results are presented in tabular form as values of the well depth parameter and of the quadrupole moment for four central potential ranges, five tensor ranges, and three values of the tensor strength. These tables also include values of the fractional amount of $D$ state and of the effective triplet range. The experimental magnitudes of the latter quantities serve to delimit the permissible values of the tensor range. The photoelectric cross section of the deuteron is shown to involve only the triplet effective range in addition to the familiar zero-range formula. The cross section for photomagnetic capture contains the singlet and triplet phenomenological parameters, and in addition, a mixed effective range which also includes the effect of an exchange magnetic moment. The value of the mixed range, as inferred from the experimental capture cross section, agrees with the average of the singlet and triplet effective ranges, within the rather large experimental uncertainties. For the energy domain in which it is appreciable, the photomagnetic cross section is almost uniquely fixed by the capture cross section. The comparison of these cross sections with experiment is satisfactory.
Frequencies, probabilities, and association measures in usage-/exemplar-based linguistics: Some necessary clarifications

In the last few years, a particular quantitative approach to the syntax-lexis interface has been developed: collostructional analysis (CA). This approach is an application of association measures to co-occurrence data from corpora, from a usage-based/cognitive-linguistic perspective. In spite of some popularity, this approach has come under criticism in Bybee (2010), who criticizes the method for several perceived shortcomings and advocates the use of raw frequencies/percentages instead. This paper has two main objectives. The first is to refute Bybee’s criticism on theoretical and empirical grounds; the second and further-reaching one is to outline, on the basis of what frequency data really look like, a cline of analytical approaches and, ultimately, a new perspective on the notion of construction based on this cline.
Using motivated sequence in persuasive speaking: the speech for charity

Objective: To select a charitable organization to receive the class monetary donation Type of speech: Persuasive Point value: 100 points, which is 20% of course grade Requirements: (a) References: 5; (b) Length: 5–7 minutes; (c) Visual aid: Yes; (d) Outline: Yes; (e) Prerequisite reading: Chapter 15 (Lucas, 2001), Chapter 7 (McKerrow, Gronbeck, Ehninger, & Monroe, 2000); (f) Additional requirements: None The five-step motivated sequence organizational pattern (i.e., attention, need, satis faction, visualization, action) is an effective model for persuasive speaking, but students often select topics inappropriate for this format. This format, however, is perfect for trying to convince an audience they should do something such as give money to a charity. This speech gets students involved on an emotional as well as an academic level and encourages them to think of people other than themselves. This assignment also teaches students how to effectively persuade an audience that may have a different agenda.
Thinking and Managing: A Verbal Protocol Analysis of Managerial Problem Solving

While thinking aloud, 12 general managers from six corporations solved a short business case. Three college undergraduates performed the identical task. Content analyses of the verbal protocols sug...
Vaccinia as a vector for tumor-directed gene therapy: Biodistribution of a thymidine kinase-deleted mutant

Tumor-directed gene therapy, such as "suicide gene" therapy, requires high levels of gene expression in a high percentage of tumor cells in vivo to be effective. Current vector strategies have been ineffective in achieving these goals. This report introduces the attenuated (thymidine kinase (TK)-negative) replication-competent vaccinia virus (VV) as a potential vector for tumor-directed gene therapy by studying the biodistribution of VV in animal tumor models. A TK-deleted recombinant VV (Western Reserve strain) expressing luciferase on a synthetic promoter was constructed. Luciferase activity was measured in vitro after transduction of a variety of human and murine tumor cell lines and in vivo after intraperitoneal (i.p.) delivery in C57BL/6 mice with 7-day i.p. tumors (10(6) MC-38 cells). Three other in vivo tumor models were examined for tumor-specific gene expression after intravenous delivery of VV (human melanoma in nude mice, adenocarcinoma liver metastasis in immunocompetent mice, and subcutaneous sarcoma in the rat). In addition, a replication-incompetent vaccinia (1 microg of psoralen and ultraviolet light, 365 nm, 4 minutes) was tested in vitro and in vivo and compared with active virus. Luciferase activity in i.p. tumors at 4 days after i.p. injection of VV was >7000-fold higher than lung, >3000-fold higher than liver, and >250-fold higher than ovary. In addition, intravenous injection of VV resulted in markedly higher tumor luciferase activity compared with any other organ in every model tested (up to 188,000-fold higher than liver and 77,000-fold higher than lung). Inactivation of the virus resulted in negligible gene expression in vivo. In summary, VV has a high transduction efficiency in tumor cells with high levels of gene expression. The results suggest a selective in vivo replication of TK-deleted VV in tumor cells. Replication competent, TK-deleted VV appears to be an ideal vector for testing the in vivo delivery of toxic genes to tumor cells.
Electrical Nanoprobing of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes Using an Atomic Force Microscope

We use an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip to locally probe the electronic properties of semiconducting carbon nanotube transistors. A gold-coated AFM tip serves as a voltage or current probe in three-probe measurement setup. Using the tip as a movable current probe, we investigate the scaling of the device properties with channel length. Using the tip as a voltage probe, we study the properties of the contacts. We find that Au makes an excellent contact in the p region, with no Schottky barrier. In the n region, large contact resistances were found which dominate the transport properties.
Chiral Organoborane Lewis Pairs Derived from Pyridylferrocene

In an effort to develop a new class of redox-active chiral Lewis pairs, pyridine and borane moieties with different steric and electronic properties were introduced onto a planar chiral 1,2-disubstituted ferrocene framework. Metathesis of lithiated, stannylated, or mercuriated pyridylferrocenes with boron halides afforded (pR)-2-[bis(pentafluorophenyl)boryl]-1-(3,5-dimethylpyrid-2-yl)ferrocene (4-Pf), (pR)-2-[dimesitylboryl]-1-(3,5-dimethylpyrid-2-yl)ferrocene (4-Mes), (pS)-2-(bis(pentafluorophenyl)boryl)-1-(2-trimethylsilylpyrid-6-yl)ferrocene (5-Pf), or (pS)-2-[dimesitylboryl]-1-(2-trimethylsilylpyrid-6-yl)ferrocene (5-Mes). The borylated products were analyzed by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Chiral HPLC and optical-rotation measurements were employed to assess the stereoselectivity of the borylation process and to establish the correct stereochemical assignments. The strength of the B-N interactions were investigated in solution and in the solid state. Compounds 4-Pf and 4-Mes formed robust 'closed' B-N heterocyclic systems that proved to be perfectly stable to air and moisture, whereas 5-Pf established a dynamic equilibrium, in which the B-N heterocycle was observed exclusively at room temperature, but opened up at high temperature according to (19)F NMR exchange spectroscopy data. As a consequence, 5-Pf reacted readily with a molecule of water to generate a ring-opened pyridinium borate. The combination of bulky borane and bulky pyridyl groups in 5-Mes led to a completely 'open' frustrated Lewis pair system with uncomplexed pyridine and borane groups, even at room temperature. Electrochemical studies were performed and the effect of preparative ferrocene oxidation on the structural features was also explored.
Dual-label centromere and telomere FISH identifies human, rat, and mouse cell contribution to Multispecies recombinant urogenital sinus xenografts.

BACKGROUND Recombinant xenografts of human cells growing in immunocompromised rodents are widely used for studying stem cell biology, tumor biology, and epithelial to mesenchyme transitions. Of critical importance is the correct interpretation of the cellular composition of such xenografts. METHODS Here we present a rapid and robust method employing protein nucleic acid (PNA) FISH probes to dual-label centromeres and telomeres (Cen/Tel FISH). Such labeling allows unambiguous discrimination between human, mouse, and rat cells in paraffin-embedded tissue sections, providing significant advantages over current methods used to discern human versus rodent cell types. RESULTS Using an in vivo prostatic developmental system where rat embryonic urogenital sinus mesenchyme is recombined with human prostate epithelial organoids and grown in an immunocompromised mouse, Cen/Tel FISH documents that all three species contribute to the development of glandular structures. CONCLUSIONS The method is an indispensable tool to analyze xenograft/host interactions and prevent misinterpretation of data using tissue recombination approaches. Prostate 69: 1557–1564, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Getting a grip on arthritis pain can be costly.

Abstract Although the scientific community has ushered in a great new era in the control of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pain with the discovery of new drugs, the advances are futile if those who need these drugs cannot gain access to them because of the incredible cost. Pharmaceutical treatments for RA include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and biologic therapy. A means must be found to improve drug coverage options for all of those suffering from this disease. As nurses, we have an important role to play as advocates for those suffering from RA. We can speak for those who have reduced access to these medications because of the increasing costs. We are able to explain to those in government, the pharmaceutical industry, private insurers, employers, the corporate world, Congress, our state and local communities, and our family and friends the many issues involved. We can advocate for further research on cost-effectiveness, and we can lobby those in Congress and state governments for improved benefits. © 2001 by the American Society of Pain Management Nurses
Neutralization of a conserved amino acid residue in the human Na+/glucose transporter (hSGLT1) generates a glucose-gated H+ channel.

Abstract The role of conserved Asp204 in the human high affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter (hSGLT1) was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis combined with functional assays exploiting the Xenopus oocyte expression system. Substitution of H+ for Na+ reduces the apparent affinity of hSGLT1 for glucose from 0.3 to 6 mm. The apparent affinity for H+ (7 μm) is about three orders of magnitude higher than for Na+ (6 mm). Cation/glucose cotransport exhibits a coupling ratio of 2 Na+ (or 2 H+):1. Pre-steady-state kinetics indicate that similar Na+- or H+-induced conformational changes are the basis for coupled transport. Replacing Asp204 with Glu increases the apparent affinity for H+ by >20-fold with little impact on the apparent Na+ affinity. This implies that the length of the carboxylate side chain is critical for cation selectivity. Neutralization of Asp204 (Asp → Asn or Cys) reveals glucose-evoked H+ currents that were one order of magnitude greater than Na+ currents. These phlorizin-sensitive H+ currents reverse and are enhanced by internal acidification of oocytes. Together with a H+ to sugar stoichiometry as high as 145:1, these results favor a glucose-gated H+ channel activity of the mutant. Our observations support the idea that cotransporters and channels share common features.
Measurement and modeling of hyperfine- and rotation-induced state mixing in large weakly bound sodium dimers

We present high-precision trap loss spectroscopy of excited molecules obtained by the photoassociation of ultracold sodium atoms. Near the dissociation limit, hyperfine and rotational (Coriolis-type) interactions cause significant mixing of states of different nominal Hund's case (c) symmetry resulting in a complex pattern of spectral lines. We construct a theoretical model of the large, slowly rotating molecule starting from a long-range, atomic viewpoint. Interaction potentials are derived from the known long-range resonant dipole and van der Waals forces between atoms, supplemented at short range by the results of electronic-structure calculations. Spin-dependent interactions coupling the various angular momenta---nuclear spin, electron spin, electron orbit, and the mechanical rotation of the molecule as a whole---are derived from known atomic parameters. We avoid imposing approximate symmetries or coupling schemes and consequently include all nonadiabatic mixing of different degrees of freedom. Quantitative agreement between experiment and theory for both line positions and intensities is found. Specifically, we observe and calculate mixing of levels of , , and symmetry bound by below the asymptote.
TV as storyteller: How exposure to television narratives impacts at-risk preschoolers' story knowledge and narrative skills

Educational media serve as informal educators within the home by supplementing young children's development. Substantial evidence documents the contributions of educational television to preschoolers' acquisition of a variety of skills; however, television's natural capacity as storyteller and the role it plays in preschoolers' early literacy development has been largely overlooked. This study examined the effects of viewing different TV program types on 311 at-risk preschoolers' story knowledge and narrative skills. Children were assigned to one of 4 viewing conditions (i.e. watching up to 40 episodes of a particular program type): no viewing; expository; embedded narrative; or traditional narrative. Story knowledge scores were higher for those viewing either narrative type. In contrast, viewing specific narrative types differentially affected the component skills of narrative competence. Story retelling and identification of explicit story events were higher after repeat viewing of embedded narratives while generating implicit story content was higher after repeat viewing of traditional narratives.
Is Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Enteric Fever Changing in Kathmandu Valley

Introduction : Enteric fever is a public health problem in developing countries including Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella sp causing enteric fever is changing over time and also differs according to geographical location. Periodic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp is mandatory for management of enteric fever rationally. The objective of this study was to analyze the resistance pattern of Salmonella sp to commonly used antimicrobials. Materials and Methods : This was a retrospective study undertaken reviewing the records of blood isolates of Salmonella sp over one year period at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done following Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion technique using Muller Hinton agar. Results : Salmonella typhi was found to be 100% resistance to ampicillin and resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was also high. The resistance to chloramphenicol and ofloxacin was low. No resistance was found to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and amikacin. However, among the sensitive isolates of Salmonella typhi intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime was reported to be high. Among the isolates of S paratyphi A, the resistance to nalidixic acid was 100% followed by 75% to ciprofloxacin. No resistance was found to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefixime, amikacin and low resistance to amoxicillin and ofloxacin. Among the sensitive isolates of S paratyphi A, majority of them were only moderately sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftazidime and about 1/3 of the organisms had only intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone. Conclusiion : Commonly used parenteral third generation cephalosporins, first line drugs like chloramphenicol and amoxicillin and ofloxacin among fluoroquinolones were found to be effective in vitro in treating enteric fever. However, Salmonella typhi was found to be highly resistant to the most frequently used drugs like ciprofloxacin and cefixime and Salmonella paratyphi A to ciprofloxacin. A comparative chart of antimicrobial sensitivity of enteric fever in children over 10 year period from different hospitals of Kathmandu valley is also presented in the study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6625 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 221-228
SAGE III aerosol extinction measurements: Initial results

[1] Beginning in February 2002, the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) has been producing aerosol extinction profiles in the upper troposphere and stratosphere at nine wavelengths between 384 and 1545 nm. An initial examination of the data quality has found that the data agree well with coincident measurements by SAGE II and the shape of the aerosol spectra suggests that the measurement ensemble is consistent across most wavelengths. A problem, probably associated with ozone cross sections, creates small bias at 755 nm and possibly 869 nm. The channel at 601 nm is noisy due to strong ozone absorption and is produced mostly as a tool for tracking ozone data quality.
Ecological factors regulating brood attendance patterns of the western sandpiper calidris mauri

Parental brood attendance patterns vary greatly among shorebird species. For monogamous calidridine species, biparental care with female-first brood departure is most common. It is believed that adult sandpipers balance potential individual survival costs associated with extended parental care against the benefit gained by their brood of prolonged parental care. These costs and benefits are difficult to quantify and factors affecting the termination of parental brood attendance are unclear. We compared clutch size, nesting phenology, and parental attendance patterns of Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri at Nome and Kanaryarmiut, Alaska, sites separated by three degrees of latitude. The sites differed in breeding density and duration of breeding season, but the distribution of clutch sizes did not differ between sites or between nesting attempts. Parental attendance patterns were similar between sites, suggesting that parental attendance is a highly conserved life-history trait in Western Sandpipers. Male Western Sandpipers attended broods longer than females, and the duration of parental attendance decreased at a similar rate for both sexes as the season progressed. Male and female Western Sandpipers undertake differential migrations to their non-breeding grounds, with males typically settling at more northerly locations and females at more southerly sites, a migration pattern shared by certain other monogamous calidridine species. These same species exhibit similar parental brood attendance patterns, suggesting the strong role of overall migration distance in shaping the expression of parental attendance behaviours. A contrast of more geographically disjunct sites coupled with a better understanding of the migratory connectivity between Western Sandpiper breeding and non-breeding populations would elucidate the role of cross-seasonal effects on parental brood attendance decisions.
Deposition, clearance, and translocation of chrysotile asbestos from peripheral and central regions of the rat lung

We investigated the pulmonary deposition, clearance, and translocation of chrysotile asbestos in the context of our previously developed model of asbestosis in the rat. Adult male rats were exposed for 3 hr to an aerosol of chrysotile asbestos. Subgroups were sacrificed up to 29 days postexposure and the lungs of the animals fixed. Peripheral and central regions of the left lung were resected, digested, and analyzed for fiber content by scanning electron microscopy. Pulmonary deposition did not differ between peripheral and central regions. There was no evidence of translocation of fibers from central to peripheral regions. The average diameter of retained fibers decreased over time, consistent with longitudinal splitting. The average length of retained fibers increased over time, consistent with slower clearance of longer fibers. We employed a novel counting scheme to ensure accurate fiber number measurements, allowing the calculation of clearance rates for fibers 0.5 to ⩾16 μm in length. Fibers of length ⩾16 μm were cleared slowly, if at all. These findings could have important implications for the pathogenesis of asbestos-related pleural disease. Many fibers are deposited in the peripheral region, and the longest (⩾16 μm) will persist there for extended periods.
Black Pride and Negro Business in the 1920's: George Washington Lee of Memphis

Looking back on the 1920's, it has become fashionable to accuse black businessmen of betraying and exploiting the Negro masses for their own gain. The career of George W. Lee, however, suggests that some black capitalists did much more than use racial pride for economic profit. They could be the real cutting edge of Negro protest, providing local leadership and a militant philosophy in a period characterized by capitulation to the white majority.
On the state of stress in New England as determined from earthquake focal mechanisms

Assuming only that slip occurs in the direction of resolved shear stress on fault planes, we have found a wide range of uniform stress tensors, each of which is consistent with ten diverse focal mechanisms for recent moderate-size earthquakes in New England and vicinity. Thus, it is possible that the variations in focal mechanisms are due to the occurrence of specific pre-existing zones of weakness rather than to inhomogeneous stresses. Acceptable stresses are broadly consistent with those established for other parts of the eastern United States—namely, northeast- or east-northeast–directed maximum compression and nearly vertical minimum compression.
Effect of tillage intensity and herbicide programs on changes in weed species density and composition in the southeastern coastal plains of the United States

Abstract An experiment was conducted from spring 2001 to 2005 at Blackville, SC, to determine the impact of no-till and glyphosate-resistant crops on changes in the weed community. Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean) was grown in 2001 and 2003, and Zea mays L. (corn) was grown in 2002 and 2004. Tillage each year included no-tillage and conventional tillage (disking and field cultivation prior to crop sowing). Glyphosate-only and nonglyphosate programs were evaluated within each tillage system. Soil cores were collected at 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths prior to spring to estimate the seedbank. Weed biomass by species was determined in mid-summer each year, except in 2003. Twenty-seven species were found in soil collected from the test site throughout the study. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass), Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. (Palmer amaranth), and Mollugo verticillata L. (carpetweed) were the dominant weeds in soil at initiation of the experiment. Summer annual grasses comprised more than 20% of total weed biomass in 2001, but less than 1% of total biomass in 2002 and 2004. D. sanguinalis seed density in soil was reduced rapidly in all management systems and was replaced by Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd (crowfootgrass) as the dominant summer annual grass. There was an 80–99% reduction in the A. palmeri seed density (0–5 cm depth) during the first year of the study and M. verticillata became the dominant summer annual broad-leaved weed. Perennial weeds comprised 99% of the total weed biomass was made up of perennial weeds in nonglyphosate systems regardless of tillage treatment. These perennial weeds consisted of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (bermudagrass), Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge), and Solanum carolinense L. (Carolina horsenettle). The seed density in soil of most species declined over the four cropping seasons.
SAgent: a security framework for JADE

This paper presents SAgent, a general-purpose mobile agent security framework that is designed to protect the computations of mobile agent applications in potentially hostile environments. SAgent works with the JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment) platform [6], a FIPA-compliant multi-agent environment. SAgent supports modular and mostly orthogonal development of agent protection techniques and secure agent applications, so protocols and applications can be developed independently of each other. To accomplish this, a clean conceptual framework is presented which encapsulates in several general class interfaces the common security functionality required by secure agent applications. Furthermore, implementations are provided for two secure multi-agent protocols, and we give experimental results showing the feasibility of these protections. While a few other research projects have examined protocols and techniques for protecting agents, these have been theoretical explorations. SAgent's goal is to bring these theoretical techniques into practice so that they can be experimented with and used, in the framework of a design generic enough to support both software-based and hardware-based protections. The abstractions are clean, giving a well-defined way for a new security provider to implement and experiment with new techniques for protecting mobile agents.
Isn't an alcohol- or drug-addicted adolescent worth a penny? Self-funding programs can make a difference.

284 E mergency nurses see the pain and the destruction that accompany alcohol and drug addiction. While working at San Francisco General Hospital, I met a great number of adolescents with drug and alcohol problems who would do anything to get off the streets but could not. They did not have the physical, economic, environmental, or emotional support necessary for succeeding in the battle against their addictions. By the time I met them at the county hospital, most were using multiple drugs in conjunction with alcohol. To get their f ix, they often went without food, had unprotected sex, or committed crimes. I met them most often during a hospitalization due to injuries, at a time when many of them were scared and ready to start recovery. Unfortunately, unless they could pay for treatment, there was no place to send them for help. In California, public funding is exclusively available to adolescents who are wards of the court; all others must pay out of pocket, which makes treatment often prohibitive. In September 2003, the National Research Council (NRC) and Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a report calling for national action to address the endemic problem of underage drinking. It called upon alcohol manufacturers and retailers, entertainment industry decision-makers, government off icials at all levels, and community members around the nation to do their part. The report also proposed increased taxation of alcohol, improved enforcement of existing laws, and funding of treatment programs.
Continuous room-temperature operation of optically pumped InGaAs/InGaAsP microdisk lasers

Optically pumped InGaAs/InGaAsP multiquantum well microdisk lasers wafer-bonded to sapphire lase continuously at room temperature. A threshold pump power of P/sub th/=1.1 mW at pump wavelength /spl lambda/=0.85 /spl mu/m is measured for a 4.5 /spl mu/m diameter disk with lasing emission wavelength near /spl lambda/=1.6 /spl mu/m.
Comparison of Panel and Comparable Group Sampling Results in Before-After Study

The growing use of the panel technique in research makes it important for investigators to report their observation's when employing this method in conjunction with older and more widely used before-after study designs. This research note compares the panel technique with the comparable group method. By using the two methods on the same sampling group (in an attitude change study), differences in the obtained results are revealed which will be of aid to researchers in the planning stage of a design. In addition to clarifying the particular attributes of each method, new information on the panel technique itself is made available.
Optimal real-time sampling rate assignment for wireless sensor networks

How to allocate computing and communication resources in a way that maximizes the effectiveness of control and signal processing, has been an important area of research. The characteristic of a multi-hop Real-Time Wireless Sensor Network raises new challenges. First, the constraints are more complicated and a new solution method is needed. Second, a distributed solution is needed to achieve scalability. This article presents solutions to both of the new challenges. The first solution to the optimal rate allocation is a centralized solution that can handle the more general form of constraints as compared with prior research. The second solution is a distributed version for large sensor networks using a pricing scheme. It is capable of incremental adjustment when utility functions change. This article also presents a new sensor device/network backbone architecture---Real-time Independent CHannels (RICH), which can easily realize multi-hop real-time wireless sensor networking.
Racial disparities in human papillomavirus vaccination: does access matter?

Abstract Purpose To examine the association between race/ethnicity and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine initiation and to determine how access to health care influences this relationship. Methods We used nationally representative data from the National Survey of Family Growth to assess HPV vaccine initiation in 2,168 females aged 15–24 years. A series of regression analyses were performed to determine the independent effect of race/ethnicity on HPV vaccine initiation after controlling for sociodemographic variables and health care access measures. Age-stratified regression analyses were also performed to assess whether the relationship between race/ethnicity and HPV vaccine initiation differed among females aged 15–18 and 19–24 years. Results There were significant racial/ethnic disparities in HPV vaccination; United States (US)-born Hispanics, foreign-born Hispanics, and African-Americans were less likely to have initiated vaccination than were whites ( p Conclusions Lower rates of HPV vaccination among African-American females do not appear to be explained by differential access to health care. More research is necessary to elucidate factors contributing to HPV vaccination in this population.
Protonierung oder Alkylierung? Stereoselektive Brønsted‐Säure‐katalysierte C‐C‐Verknüpfungen mit Diazoalkanen

In den letzten Jahren wurden neue Aktivierungsmoglichkeiten fur Diazoalkane entdeckt und bereits umfangreich angewendet. Mit chiralen und achiralen Bronsted-Sauren als Katalysatoren gelangen Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff- und Kohlenstoff-Heteroatom-Verknupfungen mit einer zunehmenden Zahl von Diazoalkan-Derivaten. Auf diesem Weg lassen sich sehr einfach in struktureller und stereochemischer Hinsicht komplizierte Verbindungen erhalten. Auserdem wird auch die konkurrierende Protonierung der Diazoverbindung umgangen – eine Reaktion, die seit langem zur effizienten Veresterung von Carbonsauren genutzt wird. Achirale Bronsted-Sauren als Katalysatoren erreichen hohe Diastereoselektivitaten, und chirale Bronsted-Sauren fuhren zu den gewunschten Produkten mit sowohl hoher Diastereo- als auch Enantioselektivitat. Seit einiger Zeit gibt es auch Systeme zur Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Verknupfung, die eine Bronsted-Saure mit einer Lewis-Saure oder einer Ubergangsmetallverbindung kombinieren.
Microfluidic Bead Suspension Hopper

Many high-throughput analytical platforms, from next-generation DNA sequencing to drug discovery, rely on beads as carriers of molecular diversity. Microfluidic systems are ideally suited to handle and analyze such bead libraries with high precision and at minute volume scales; however, the challenge of introducing bead suspensions into devices before they sediment usually confounds microfluidic handling and analysis. We developed a bead suspension hopper that exploits sedimentation to load beads into a microfluidic droplet generator. A suspension hopper continuously delivered synthesis resin beads (17 μm diameter, 112,000 over 2.67 h) functionalized with a photolabile linker and pepstatin A into picoliter-scale droplets of an HIV-1 protease activity assay to model ultraminiaturized compound screening. Likewise, trypsinogen template DNA-coated magnetic beads (2.8 μm diameter, 176,000 over 5.5 h) were loaded into droplets of an in vitro transcription/translation system to model a protein evolution experime...
When Futures Meet the Present

In this essay, I respond to Mische's work on projection and the research of future action. Further, I suggest a tri-partite framework of mechanisms - one I have termed "political semiosis" - that allows historical actors to materially and figuratively reorient and realign the past, present, and future in projects of transformation.
EFFECTS OF ACUTE IONIZING RADIATION ON THE XYLEM FIBERS OF QUERCUS ALBA AND LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA.

Abstract A quantitative histological examination was conducted of selected cambial derivatives in the stems of two angiospermous species ( Liquidambar styraciflua and Quercus alba ) which grew in an area surrounding an air-shielded reactor. During a two-year period absorbed doses ranged between background and 35,000 rads for Q. alba and were background and 14,900 rads for L. styraciflua . Radiation greater than 3500 rads had marked effect on the morphology of cell increments during the time radiation occurred. The libriform fibers produced during irradiation in Q. alba were shorter and possessed thinner walls than the controls. Similar, but less distinct, effects were observed on fiber tracheids in L. styraciflua following dosages of 14,900 rads. Observations made in one year subsequent to irradiation indicated that the production of fibers of normal size occurred in trees which returned to an apparently normal gross morphological condition.
Ebullitive release of lacunar gases from floral spikes of Potamogeton angustifolius and Potamogeton amplifolius: effects on plant aeration and sediment CH4 flux

Abstract Field and laboratory studies examined two Potamogeton species ( P. angustifolius Berchtold Presl. and P. amplifolius Tuckerm.) for effects of ebullition from submersed floral inflorescences, or spikes, upon plant aeration and sediment CH 4 release. Results indicated that daytime release of lacunar gas via ebullition from submersed floral spikes of mature clones was light-dependent and comparable to post-emergence flux. Analysis of tracer movement through plants and measurements of lacunar pressure revealed that daytime convection was driven by a sustained pressure difference (3–6 kPa at midday) between non-ebullient and ebullient clones, and enhanced exchange of lacunar gas between clones connected via rhizome. In comparison to non-ebullient clones, stem lacunae of ebullient clones showed higher concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 and lower concentrations of O 2 . In situ measurements of diffusive and ebullitive CH 4 flux from plants and sediment showed that ebullitive release from submersed floral spikes of P. angustifolius represented 19–29% of total areal CH 4 flux. This indicates that, in addition to effects on plant aeration, ebullitive release of lacunar gases from submersed rhizomatous angiosperms may represent a heretofore-unquantified source of CH 4 emission from aquatic systems.
Incidence of milk alkali syndrome in the Women’s Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study

Dear Editor, Milk alkali syndrome is a condition which has been considered to be on the rise with the use of calcium carbonate for osteoporosis prevention globally. It is considered to be the third most common cause of hypercalcemia in non-end-stage renal disease inpatients [1, 2]. There have been many reports of milk alkali syndrome from calcium carbonate intake ranging from 1 to 9 g of elemental calcium per day. However, most of these patients had other comorbidities like chronic kidney disease or use of diuretics, which can predispose them to the syndrome [1]. In the article “Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women’s Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study” [3], Dr. Prentice and colleagues addressed the health benefits and risks seen with calcium and vitamin D supplementation, but they have not mentioned anything about the occurrence or absence of milk alkali syndrome in this large sample. The study included a significant number of subjects who were more than 70 years of age and significant number of subjects who were taking more than 1,200 mg/day of calcium in the form of calcium carbonate along with vitamin D supplementation. Increasing reports of milk alkali syndrome with calcium carbonate use raises the question if just calcium citrate should be used for osteoporosis prevention despite the higher cost of administering calcium citrate compared to administering calcium carbonate. It will help clinicians make a choice regarding the type of calcium supplement if the authors could clarify if there was any occurrence of milk alkali syndrome in the large sample from the community that was followed up for 7 years. Additional information about the prevalence of chronic kidney disease, use of diuretics, and use of proton pump inhibitors in those patients will also help in the decision making.
The effect of exercise on protein turnover in isolated soleus and extensor digitorium longus muscles

The rate of protein degradation was found to be increased in isolated soleus and extensor digitorum muscles of 60–80 g rats after exercise consisting of running for 120 min. These findings support the hypothesis that exercise causes an increase in skeletal muscle protein degradation, and that both red and white muscles are affected similarly.
Interstitial lung disease in the patient who has connective tissue disease.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) commonly complicates the management of connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Because the pulmonary specialist often is involved in the care of these patients, a comprehensive understanding of the CTD and the usual course of the ILD is important. Furthermore, pulmonary conditions in clinical practice, such as cough, dyspnea, or ILD, may be the first manifestations of a rheumatologic disease. It is estimated that approximately 15% of patients who present with ILD have an underlying CTD. This article reviews the most recent data on the pulmonary presentations of the common rheumatologic diseases with a focus on diffuse lung disease; appropriate treatment requires a correct diagnosis. The article also focuses on new developments and areas of controversy because a comprehensive review is beyond the scope of this paper.
Modeling the interactions between MAC and higher layer: A systematic approach to generate high-level scenarios from MAC-layer scenarios

We propose a new framework for worst-case performance evaluation of MAC protocols for wireless ad hoc networks. Given a protocol, its performance metrics and a network topology, our framework first generates MAC scenarios which achieve poor performance at MAC level. In order to evaluate the impact of these MAC scenarios on the end performance, we model the interactions between MAC interface and the MAC layer using a state transition graph and generate high-level scenarios using enumeration techniques. These high-level scenarios can be simulated and compared with heuristics developed by others to identify high-level scenarios that are expected to lead to the worst-case end performance.In order to demonstrate its usefulness, we use our framework to evaluate the worst-case performance of IEEE 802.11 DCF protocol by generating a library of MAC- and high-level scenarios. We simulate the high-level scenarios to demonstrate that the scenarios we generate exhibit the worst performance among all the scenarios, including those generated by using heuristics recently proposed by other researchers.
Experimental Observation of Excited-State Electron Transfer Quenching Involving Exchange-Coupled Dinuclear FeIII Complexes

Bimolecular electron transfer quenching of the 3MLCT excited state of [Ru(dmb)3]2+ by dinuclear complexes of FeIII has been observed. Compounds of the general form [Fe2(μ-O(H))(μ-O2CCH3)2(Tp)2]n+ (Tp = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate) react following photoexcitation of [Ru(dmb)3]2+ with bimolecular quenching rate constants of kq = (7.1 ± 0.3) × 108 M-1 s-1 for Fe2O(O2CCH3)2(Tp)2 and (5.15 ± 0.15) × 109 M-1 s-1 for [Fe2(OH)(O2CCH3)2(Tp)2]+. It is suggested that the inferred difference in electron transfer rates may be related to the change in intramolecular Heisenberg exchange that accompanies protonation of the oxo bridge.