cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Mineral Deposits on Plasma-Sprayed Ha-Coated Ti-6Al-4V

Plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (PSHA) coatings are often used as the attachment vehicle for the femoral component of a total hip prosthesis. The key to successful hip replacement is the attachment of the femoral stem to the surrounding bone. Within hours of implantation of PSHA-coated Ti-6Al-4V rods in canine bone, bone mineral deposits on the HA coating. These deposits take the form of globular networks of fibrous crystallites. The crystallinity of these deposits was confirmed via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction. We have also characterized the composition of these deposits using x-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) in the scanning TEM. Finally, we have studied the morphology of the fiber-like crystallites by stereography in the TEM.
Resolution of contamination on controller IC bond pads for high Pb multi-stack MCM Clip QFN

Clip QFN is a multi-stack MCM package which composes of multiple dies and multiple clips vertically stacked to achieve optimum device performance and minimize footprint. As the number of devices grows, new challenges arise to meet quality and productivity requirements of the product. Different bond pads for the controller die were introduced which added complexity in making these products manufacturable. Given that the technology for each bond pad is different, it was expected that each will have different response on the current bill of materials (BOM) and process. Contamination on the bond pads was observed during wire bonding process causing low assembly yield and affected mean time between assist (MTBA). To address the issue, current BOM and process at prebond were checked. Root cause of discoloration was determined and found out that the current solder paste and the peak temperature during reflow were causing the discoloration. Process optimization alone was not able to completely eliminate the contamination thus the need to modify the existing BOM and process flow became necessary. Through the modification of existing Clip QFN BOM and process flow, contamination on bond pads was eliminated.
Cloning and characterization of a type III Na-dependent phosphate cotransporter from mouse intestine

Intestinal and renal absorption of inorganic phosphate (Pi) is critical for phosphate homeostasis in mammals. We have isolated a cDNA that encodes a type III Na-dependent phosphate cotransporter fr...
Key Concepts in Climate Modeling

What is climate? What is a model? How do we describe the uncertainty in a model? This chapter introduces key terms and concepts. We start with basic definitions of climate and weather. Then, we discuss models. Even if we do not realize it, we use models all the time. So we describe a few different conceptual types of models and put climate models in context. Finally we introduce the concept of uncertainty. As we discuss later in the book, models may have errors and still be useful, but this requires understanding the errors (the uncertainties) and understanding where they come from. These concepts are common to many types of modeling.
Diverse Controls on Carbon Storage under Elevated CO2: Toward a Synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the processes that control ecosystem carbon storage and impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide. A broad range of ecosystem services is potentially CO 2 sensitive. Net primary production (NPP) and carbon storage are but two examples. Other examples that are much less studied include freshwater resources climate, the abundance and distribution of valuable species and genetic resources, and aesthetics or a sense of place. None of these services can be accurately quantified in isolation, and the greatest value of one or more may emerge through their impacts on other services. For example, changes in biome boundaries in response to elevated CO 2 could have large impacts on NPP and carbon storage. Subtle changes, like altered flammability or sensitivity to a pest or pathogen, could have major impacts on ecosystem services ranging from carbon storage, to maintenance of soil fertility, to sensitivity to biological invasion. The value of the ecosystem services connected with NPP and carbon storage depends on perspective. Carbon storage or net ecosystem production in response to elevated CO 2 is critically dependent on the relative dynamics of production and decomposition. When NPP rises, it tends to get ahead of the equilibrium with carbon losses, resulting in positive NEP.
Jim Crow South

The period after the end of Reconstruction (conventionally dated from the political compromise of 1877, though in fact it occurred over a number of years) is often called that of “Jim Crow,” after a nineteenth-century black-face vaudeville character: it is marked by the systematic exclusion of Blacks from the political and much of the economic gains that they had made in the previous decade. For our purposes, it includes most notably the formal exclusion of Black children, by law and public policy, from the schools attended by White children. Of course, they had already been excluded from those schools by common practice, but legally imposed segregation had a different moral significance. As the Supreme Court, in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), would point out in quoting approvingly the finding of a lower court in the same case, “Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group.” This chapter and the next are concerned with how the matter-of-fact separate schooling of Black pupils that had developed became translated into official policies that they should and must be schooled apart.
Electric vehicles: Driving range

For uptake of electric vehicles to increase, consumers' driving-range needs must be fulfilled. Analysis of the driving patterns of personal vehicles in the US now shows that today's electric vehicles can meet all travel needs on almost 90% of days from a single overnight charge.
Complementary III-V heterostructure FETs for low power integrated circuits

The authors report on a complementary III-V heterostructure FET (HFET) technology that makes use of high AlAs mole fraction (Al,Ga)As barrier layers to reduce the gate leakage currents of n- and p-channel heterostructure FETs. The subthreshold currents and drain-to-gate leakage currents of p-HFETs are also substantially reduced as a result of the high AlAs mole fraction (AlGa)As barrier layer. A 1024*1 bit complementary HFET SRAM with access times as low as 4.6 ns and power dissipation of 34.8 mW has also been demonstrated using this technology. >
Dielectric properties and molecular rotation in long-chain bromides

The dielectric constant and cooling curves of highly purified n-hexade-cane, n-dodecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-octadecyl, and n-docosyl bromide have been measured over a large temperature range and at audio frequencies. These compounds will be designated hereafter as C 16 , C 12 -Br, C 16 -Br, C 18 -Br, and C 22 -Br respectively. C 12 -Br, C 16 -Br, and C 18 -Br showed a gradual rise in dielectric constant (prestation) beginning far below the melting point. This behavior, which is identical for falling temperature, is illustrated in Fig. 1 for C 16 -Br. In contrast, C 22 -Br in Fig. 2 froze at 40°C and showed a sharp transition in the solid at 30°C.
‘Freedom footprints: the Barbados story’ – a slavery heritage trail

ABSTRACTFreedom Footprints: The Barbados Story is a heritage trail created around six slavery landmarks. The trail is an outcome of Barbados’ Slave Route Signage Project, implemented by the Ministry of Tourism with the aim of identifying sites of memory linked to the Transatlantic Slave Trade and slavery, researching them and installing interpretive signage. Freedom Footprints was piloted in 2011 with much fanfare and sold-out tours. However despite significant publicity prior to and during the pilot, the voices touting the trail as an outstanding heritage tourism attraction have all but fallen silent. The reasons for this silence are unknown. A case study on Freedom Footprints was developed using a combination of stakeholder interviews, observations, analysis of media reports and archival research, among others. Indications are that the trail has potential to attract both the local and tourist market. However appropriate marketing strategies must be implemented for the trail to achieve desired outcomes.
DORA Platform: DevOps Assessment and Benchmarking

In today’s business environment, organizations are challenged with changing customer demands andQuery expectations, competitor pressures, regulatory environments, and increasingly sophisticated outside threats at a faster rate than in years past.
LGBT/Queer Hermeneutics and the Hebrew Bible:

LGBT and queer interpretive approaches have moved beyond the identitarian and apologetic stances of the 1970s–90s, when the first order of business was to respond to anti-gay voices and understand social location as an interpretive standpoint. The HIV/AIDS health crisis helped move some LGBT interpreters away from homosexuality as an object of study to placing themselves inside the text as subjects, lamenting with the Psalms or putting God in the dock like Job. Queer interpretation, anti-essentialist in spirit, moved away from identitarian concerns placing queer interpreters outside the text as interrogators. Queer biblical criticism resists heteronormativity as the default interpretive stance, but embraces the study of the body, gender performance, midrash-making and playfulness with biblical texts. The queer interpretive approach has begun to mature as it seeks intersections with minoritized criticisms, disability studies and the rising consciousness of intersex people, while criticizing itself as well.
Functional Improvement Among Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) Survivors up to 12 Months Post-injury.

As survival rates have increased for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients, there is limited information regarding recovery beyond 3–6 months. This study was conducted to examine recovery curves using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI) up to 12 months post-injury. We prospectively enrolled 173 patients admitted with ICH who were subsequently evaluated using the mRS and BI at discharge as well as 3, 6, and 12 months. Repeated measures nonparametric testing was conducted to assess functional trajectories across time. The mRS scores showed significant improvement between discharge (median 4) and 3 (median 4), 6 (median 4), and 12 months (median 3) (p values <0.001). However, the mRS scores did not differ between follow-up time-points (i.e., 3–6, 6–12 months). There was significant improvement in scores using the BI (p values <0.001), showing improvement between discharge (mean 43.0) and 3 (mean 73.0), 6 (mean 78.2), and 12 months (mean 83.4). Additionally, there were differences in the BI between 3 and 12 months (p = 0.013), as well as between 6 and 12 months (p = 0.025). The BI may be a more sensitive measure of long-term recovery post-injury than the mRS, which shows minimal improvement for some survivors after 3 months. BI scores indicate survivors continually improve till 12 months post-injury. These results may have implications for the prognostication of ICH and design of clinical trial outcome measures.
What is a Plasma

Plasma is matter heated beyond its gaseous state, heated to a temperature so high that atoms are stripped of at least one electron in their outer shells, so that what remains are positive ions in a sea of free electrons. This ionization process is something we shall study in more detail. Not all the atoms have to be ionized: the cooler plasmas used in plasma processing are only 1–10% ionized, with the rest of the gas remaining as neutral atoms or molecules. At higher temperatures, such as those in nuclear fusion research, plasmas become fully ionized, meaning that all the particles are charged, not that the nuclei have been stripped of all their electrons.
Esophageal pressure: research or clinical tool?

Esophageal manometry has traditionally been utilized for respiratory physiology research, but clinicians have recently found numerous applications within the intensive care unit. Esophageal pressure (PEs) is a surrogate for pleural pressures (PPl), and the difference between airway pressure (PAO) and PEs provides a good estimate for the pressure across the lung also known as the transpulmonary pressure (PL). Differentiating the effects of mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing on the respiratory system, chest wall, and across the lung allows for improved personalization in clinical decision making. Measuring PL in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may help set positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) to prevent derecruitment and atelectrauma, while assuring peak pressures do not cause over distension during tidal breathing and recruitment maneuvers. Monitoring PEs allows improved insight into patient–ventilator interactions and may help in decisions to adjust sedation and paralytics to correct dyssynchrony. Intrinsic PEEP (auto-PEEP) may be monitored using esophageal manometry, which may also improve patient comfort and synchrony with the ventilator. Finally, during weaning, PEs may be used to better predict weaning success and allow for rapid intervention during failure. Improved consistency in definition and terminology and further outcomes research is needed to encourage more widespread adoption; however, with clear clinical benefit and increased ease of use, it appears time to reintroduce basic physiology into personalized ventilator management in the intensive care unit.
Single track location Comb-Push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (STL-CUSE)

Single Track Location Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (STL-SWEI) creates high resolution shear wave speed maps by comparing the tissue motion at each tracking location between spatially-offset radiation force excitations. While STL-SWEI circumvents the resolution-limiting effects of speckle noise, it requires a series of excitation-tracking ensembles to build up a lateral field of view, increasing the acquisition time. Comb-push ultrasound shear elastography (CUSE) is another novel shear wave method that uses adjacent subapertures to simultaneously excite multiple shear waves. We propose here a combination of the two methods, called single track location comb-push ultrasound shear elastography.
The Narrow-Line Regions of Seyfert and Radio Galaxies

This paper reviews the morphology, excitation, and ionization of the gas in the narrow and extended narrow line regions (NLRs and ENLRs) in AGNs. Many high-resolution images of the NLRs of Seyfert galaxies are now available from HST. In some galaxies, these images reveal straight, sharp-edged V-shaped structures (believed to be the projections of 3-dimensional cones), while in others there is a close association between the ionized gas and the radio components. The latter effect arises through radiative shocks driven into the surrounding interstellar gas by the outwardly moving radio components or jets. Photoionization models of ionization-bounded clouds are quite successful in reproducing the line intensity ratios, but a number of problems remain. These problems may be resolved if matter-bounded clouds are also present. Differences between the excitation levels of different NLRs and ENLRs may reflect variations in the fraction of matter-bounded clouds as well as variations in the ionization parameter. I discuss the issue of whether the radiation responsible for photoionizing the gas in Seyfert 2 galaxies originates from a hidden, compact type 1 Seyfert nucleus or from photoionizing shocks within the NLR. These two scenarios are hard to distinguish between. The photoionizing-shock model requires surprisingly high pre-shock densities, raising the question of whether the shocks are sufficiently energetic to power the observed line emission.
Trust, Growth Mindset, and Student Commitment to Active Learning in a College Science Course.

Predictors of student commitment and engagement in an undergraduate science course featuring active learning are explored. The study identified student trust in the instructor as an important predi...
Contrasting effects of yeasts and bacteria on floral nectar traits.

Author(s): Vannette, Rachel L; Fukami, Tadashi | Abstract: Background and Aims:Flowers can be highly variable in nectar volume and chemical composition, even within the same plant, but the causes of this variation are not fully understood. One potential cause is nectar-colonizing bacteria and yeasts, but experimental tests isolating their effects on wildflowers are largely lacking. This study examines the effects of dominant species of yeasts and bacteria on the hummingbird-pollinated shrub, Mimulus aurantiacus, in California. Methods:Wildflowers were inoculated with field-relevant titres of either the yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii or the bacterium Neokomagataea sp. (formerly Gluconobacter sp.), both isolated from M. aurantiacus nectar. Newly opened flowers were bagged, inoculated, harvested after 3 d and analysed for microbial abundance, nectar volume, and sugar and amino acid concentration and composition. Key Results:Yeast inoculation reduced amino acid concentration and altered amino acid composition, but had no significant effect on nectar volume or sugar composition. In contrast, bacterial inoculation increased amino acid concentration, enhanced the proportion of nectar sugars comprised by monosaccharides, and reduced nectar volume. Conclusions:The results presented suggest that microbial inhabitants of floral nectar can make nectar characteristics variable among flowers through divergent effects of yeasts and bacteria on nectar chemistry and availability, probably modifying plant-pollinator interactions.
Code switching: A bridge or barrier between two languages?

Communication in English can be a barrier for second language learners since English serves both as a content subject and also as the means of instruction in classrooms. The issue is compounded when speech-language pathologists (SLPs) provide services to students from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) homes who may be suspected of a communicative disorder. As a result, large numbers of culturally and linguistically diverse children with disabilities and their families are underserved, overserved, or misdiagnosed. Exposing a recent study of one classroom in one school located in southwestern Minnesota, this article performs a dual service of providing information on code switching used by culturally and linguistically diverse students, and information on the usefulness of this in the planning and management of communication problems with this population in academic settings.
The impact of joint misclassification of exposures and outcomes on the results of epidemiologic research

We discuss the causes and impacts of dependent nondifferential misclassification with particular attention to the mechanisms by which dependent misclassification occurs. We also present suggestions for how to reduce the potential for dependent misclassification. Misclassification is ubiquitous in associations between exposures and outcomes in epidemiology. While most epidemiologic textbooks cover independent nondifferential misclassification of both exposures and outcomes, the impact of joint misclassification of exposure and outcome is a poorly understood problem. Under common scenarios, joint misclassification of exposure and outcome can lead to strong bias (in any direction) even when the misclassification of both variables is nondifferential. The direction and magnitude of the bias will depend on the amount of dependent error and the mechanism by which the dependencies occur, as well as the direction and magnitude of the true effect along with the extent to which additional independent nondifferential misclassification of exposures or outcomes also exists.
Genomic Approaches to the Analysis of Cell Free Nucleic Acids

Recent advances in high throughput DNA sequencing and microarray technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics and also opened up many opportunities for the analysis of cell-free nucleic acids. These genomic approaches have not only provided a more comprehensive portrait of the landscape of cell-free nucleic acids, but also enabled a number of non-invasive genome-wide diagnostic methods. In this chapter, we introduce the basic mechanism of high throughput DNA sequencing and discuss some unique characteristics of cell-free nucleic acids that make their experimental procedure for high throughput analysis different from ordinary cellular nucleic acids. We describe different DNA sequencing protocols that have been used for cell-free DNA, including whole genome sequencing, exome sequencing and targeted amplicon sequencing. We explain the statistical model underlying the detection of copy number variation and point mutation from cell-free DNA. We also review recent clinical applications of sequencing cell-free DNA, from the non-invasive diagnosis of fetal genetic defects, to detection of tumor mutations from plasma and monitoring rejection of organ transplantation. In addition, we outline the perspective of profiling cell-free mRNA and cell-free microRNA using RNA-seq and microarray, and their potential applications. Finally, we conclude with discussions of the current challenges and possible future advances for genomic analysis of cell-free nucleic acids.
Mycoplasma-mediated uptake of the exogenous human BRCA1 gene by hatching blastocysts.

Purpose:Biological vectors for cell transfection are mainly viral in origin, with inherent shortcomings. Mycoplasmas are ubiquitous organisms that traverse cells easily. The objective was to determine if Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) would vector exogenous BRCA1 DNA into blastocysts.
Murine T-Cell Differentiation Antigens Detected by Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies can now be produced in unlimited quantities by making “hybridomas” (Kohler and Milstein, 1975). These antibodies introduced a new era in serology, making it possible to distinguish single antigenic specificities among a complex array of antigens. Monoclonal antibodies have been used to discover new antigenic specificities on the surface of lymphoid cells of rats and mice (Williams et al, 1977; Springer et al, 1978a,b; Ledbetter and Herzenberg, 1979; Stern et al, 1978; Trowbridge, 1978), and to characterize biochemically many of the molecules that express these antigens. In other cases monoclonal antibodies have made it possible to distinguish multiple antigenic sites on complex molecules. For example, using monoclonal antibodies, five allotypic sites have been defined and located on mouse IgG2a heavy chain (Oi and Herzenberg, 1979a,b). Similarly, two allotypic sites on mouse immunoglobulin D (IgD) have been located with monoclonal antibodies (Goding, 1980).
Abstract probabilistic modeling of action

Action models used in planning systems must necessarily be abstractions of reality. It is therefore natural to include estimates of ignorance and uncertainty as part of an action model. The standard approach of assigning a unique probability distribution over possible outcomes fares poorly in the presence of abstraction because many unmodeled variables are not governed by pure random chance. A constructive interpretation of probability based on abstracted worlds is developed and suggests modeling constraints on the outcome distribution of an action rather than just a single outcome distribution. A belief function representation of upper and lower probabilities is adopted, and a closedform projection rule is introduced and shown to be correct.
Bringing the Developmental State Back in the Age of Exponentiality

Although there have been significant warnings against the forthcoming Industrial Revolution, no one is able to confidently predict the future of convergence technologies and innovations. Nevertheless, states must be prepared for this uncertain future and be ready to mark new paths of innovation and development. As long as the role of a state is embraced, the Tetris principle is introduced to systemise how a state designs and implements its policy framework to maximise socio-economic benefits while dealing with those future uncertainties. In particular, the policy directions on how to transform such uncertainties into opportunities are proposed on the basis of the Tetris principle, which considers a convergence between innovation, policymaking capacity, fairness and justice, human capital for convergence, and an ageing society.
Zeta integrals for GSp(4) via Bessel models

Using the Piatetski-Shapiro theory of zeta integrals via Bessel models, we explicitly calculate L-factors of irreducible admissible representations of GSp(4, F), where F is a non-archimedean local field of characteristic zero.
Approximating Cellular Densities from High-Resolution Neuroanatomical Imaging Data

Characterizing the cellular architecture (cytoar-chitecture) of tissues in the nervous system is critical for modeling disease progression, defining boundaries between brain regions, and informing models of neural information processing. Extracting this information from anatomical data requires the expertise of trained neuroanatomists, and is a challenging task for inexperienced analysts. To address this need, we present an unbiased, automated method to estimate cellular density of retinal and neocortical datasets. Our approach leverages the fact that within retinal and neurocortical datasets, cells are organized into “layers” of constant density to approximate cytoarchitecture with a small number of known basis elements. We introduce methods for patch extraction, cell detection, and sparse approximation of inhomogeneous Poisson processes to differentiate changes in cellular densities and detect layers. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using automation to reveal the cytoarchitecture of large-scale biological samples.
Effects of high fat diet and chronic circadian challenge on glucocorticoid regulation in C57BL/6J mice.

Both high-fat diet and chronic circadian disruption have been associated with increased incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans. Chronically elevated glucocorticoids, which have considerable impacts on physiological processes such as intermediary metabolism, inflammation, and fat metabolism, have also been implicated in insulin resistance associated with obesity and diabetes. In this study, the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) or chronic circadian challenge in C57BL/6J mice on basal and stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) and blood glucose levels were assessed. Baseline and stress-induced levels of CORT, insulin and glucose were measured before and after acute restraint stress at 4 different time points across the light-dark cycle (LD) in male C57BL/6J mice maintained for 8 weeks on HFD or regular chow. After 8 weeks on diet, baseline CORT levels in HFD mice were of similar magnitude but more variable than in mice on low-fat diet, rendering their daily fluctuations arrhythmic according to statistical analysis. Baseline glucose measures were unchanged despite significant 3-fold increases in baseline insulin levels in HFD mice at all time points sampled. Restraint stress yielded considerable decreases in insulin levels and increases in CORT and glucose levels that were significantly exaggerated in the early active period in mice on HFD. These results indicate a circadian influence on stress responses after prolonged consumption of high fat diet. In a separate experiment, C57BL/6J mice were subjected to 6 weeks of an alternating light-dark (LD) cycle comprised of 6 h advances and delays of phase every 5 days to keep the circadian system from establishing consistent circadian entrainment, with a control group of mice under a regular 12:12 LD cycle. While body weights were not significantly affected by chronic circadian challenge, the basal CORT rhythm in alternating-LD mice was significantly dampened. Stress-induced CORT in alternating LD were no different from regular LD group with the exception of ZT 18, at which time the stress response was moderately suppressed compared to controls. These results support that high-fat diet may be contributing to health disorders such as obesity and diabetes in a manner different from any effects of chronic circadian disruption.
Why Social Psychology Needs Autism and Why Autism Needs Social Psychology: Forensic and Clinical Considerations:

We know a lot about why the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has risen so dramatically since the 1960s. However, social science and social psychology in particular fall short in the ana...
Scatter-and-Gather Revisited: High-Performance Side-Channel-Resistant AES on GPUs

Recent works have shown that there exist microarchitectural timing channels in contemporary GPUs, which make table-based cryptographic algorithms like AES vulnerable to side channel timing attacks. Also, table-based cryptographic algorithms have been known to be vulnerable to prime-and-probe attacks due to their key-dependent footprint in the data cache. Such analysis casts serious concerns on the feasibility of accelerating table-based cryptographic algorithms on GPUs. In this paper, we revisit the scatter-and-gather (SG) approach and make a case for using this approach to implement table-based cryptographic algorithms on GPUs to achieve both high performance and strong resistance to side channel attacks. Our results show that our SG-based AES achieves both high performance and strong resistance against all the known side channel attacks on these different generations of NVIDIA GPUs. We also reveal unexpected findings on a new timing channel in the L1 data cache (D-cache) on NVIDIA Maxwell and Pascal GPUs.
Tales out of school: Tracing perspective change through the stories of former teachers

Abstract Most public school teachers in the United States now leave the classroom before reaching retirement. This study examined the accounts of certified, experienced teachers who left teaching after making significant investments in the career in order to better understand their exit decisions. Anecdotes told by these invested leavers as they described their career were examined through a narrative lens. The analysis indicated a shift in perspective: as the teachers moved through their career, the primary sources of frustration for these former teachers switched from students to adults.
“You Can Have It All, Just Not at the Same Time”: Why Doctoral Students are Actively Choosing Singlehood

Drawing on in-depth interviews with 47 Ph.D. students, this study reveals how gendered beliefs and expectations about work and family differentially affect the family aspirations of never-married and childless men and women. The findings evidence that women disproportionately perceive family formation and the pursuit of an academic career to be fundamentally incompatible. While both men and women privilege career pursuits, women are more likely to report opting for singlehood, by intentionally delaying romantic relationships, marriage, and family formation until they have met career goals. The typologies “Actively Single” and “Partnered Delayers” describe the strategies students employ in their current lives in order to navigate career and family planning. This paper updates and extends work and family research by focusing on those in the life course stage preceding work and marriage/family and revealing that these spheres are perceived in gendered ways long before individuals have begun to engage in either institution.
Temperature regulation during exercise in the heat: Insights for the aging athlete

Abstract Objective The purpose of this review is to evaluate the currently-available literature regarding the impact of both primary aging and age-related fitness on thermoregulatory function during exercise in the heat. In so doing, we aim to (1) characterize the influence of fitness in mitigating age-related declines in thermoregulation, (2) address the limitations of prior experimental approaches for investigating age-related thermoregulatory impairments, (3) examine to what extent aerobic fitness can be maintained in the aging athlete, and (4) begin to address the specific environmental conditions in which age-related impairments in thermoregulatory function may place highly active older adults at increased risk for heat-related illness and injury and/or limited performance. Design Mini-review. Methods Review and synthesis of available information. Results The earth’s climate is warming, accompanied by a consequently greater frequency and severity of extreme heat events. At the same time, lifespan is increasing and people of all ages are staying increasingly active. Age-related impairments in thermoregulatory function are well-documented, leading to increased heat-related health risks and reduced exercise/athletic performance for older adults in hot environmental conditions. High aerobic fitness improves body temperature regulation during exercise via augmented sweating and improved cardiovascular function, including cardiac output and skin blood flow, in humans of all ages. Conclusions The masters athlete is better suited for exercise/heat-stress compared to his or her less fit peers. However, while age and thermoregulation in general has been studied extensively, research on the most fit older adults, including highly competitive athletes, is generally lacking.
Mandated Reporters: The Ethical Education of Medical Students on Pediatrics Clerkship

Medical students are taught to cherish the ethical mandate to “do no harm.” However, the competency to actualize this mandate – or at least theorize how – is not always available to students on pediatrics clerkship when they encounter situations suspicious for child abuse. Mandated reporter training for medical students is largely perfunctory and does not prepare students to identify or document instances of suspected child abuse. Such training approaches students from the threatening angle that they can face punitive measures if they fail to report suspected abuse. In the absence of more thorough, ethics-driven training, students learn informally about their responsibilities as mandated reporters by observing pediatricians communicate about their own interactions with Child Protective Services (CPS), if the topic arises during clerkship. The theoretical premise of child protection is that all involved parties act in accordance with implicitly understood and shared ethical principles to safeguard the wellbeing of children [3]. Despite this assumption of accord, very little standardization exists throughout the process of identifying and reporting suspected child abuse, with the exception of some specific situations that explicitly require CPS referral. Families of color, especially Black families, are disproportionately reported to CPS for child abuse, revealing a major consequence of subjective bias in assessing parental adequacy [2]. A pediatrician may, for example, misattribute a parent’s confusion about a child’s treatment plan to noncompliance and medical neglect [1]. A CPS referral in such an instance draws a line between the medical treatment team – in the role of benevolent advocate of the child’s wellbeing – and the obstructionist, perhaps abusive parent. The medical student, as part of the treatment team, has proximity to the power-holder in the situation, the physician. The student is incentivized to neglect an ethical obligation to explore whether this dynamic is causing harm to the patient. The student does not learn to interrogate the etiology of challenges faced by the parent, or to consider that CPS involvement itself may have deleterious effects on the family [4]. A more intentional and expansive approach to the ethics of mandated reporting throughout medical school would better prepare students to understand and exercise ethical judgment.
Populist party’s challenge to democracy: Institutional capture, performance and religion:

Studies of populist parties typically focus either on discourse, policies, or institutional captures (e.g., constitutional reforms). Yet the analysis of each in isolation risks thwarting our unders...
Social Media Sentiment and IPO Pricing

This study attempts to examine the impact of social media attention and sentiment on IPO pricing. Specifically, by using social media sentiment as a proxy for retail investors’ valuation, I attempt to examine the theoretical predictions in prior studies (Ljungqvist, Nanda and Sigh (2006), Cornelli, Goldreich, and Ljungqvist (2006), and Derrien (2005)) that overoptimism of sentiment investors leads to initial overpricing of IPO followed by long-term reversal. Using posts on Stocktwits during pre-IPO period, I have constructed measurements of investor attention and sentiment. The empiri- cal results are generally consistent with the theoretical predictions that retail investor overoptimism leads to higher IPO first day price run up and worse long-term perfor- mance. Additionally, using machine learning techniques to classify untagged posts, I have found similar results when sentiment measures are constructed by classified un- tagged posts. Results with sentiment measures constructed by these classified posts imply that more optimistic sentiment leads to a higher turnover rate shortly after IPO, indicating that informed investors are selling overpriced IPO shares to sentiment retail investors.
Symptom Occurrence, Severity, and Self-Care Methods by Ethnicity and Age Group Among Adults With Cancer.

Objectives To examine the relationships among cancer therapy-related symptom occurrence and severity, selected cancer-related variables, and demographic variables. Secondary purposes were to examine participants' reported symptom occurrence and severity by ethnicity and by age group and to identify self-care methods. Sample & setting Convenience sampling was used and included 110 adults receiving cancer treatment from a major hospital in the northeast region of the United States. Methods & variables A descriptive correlational design was used. Study variables were symptom occurrence and severity and selected demographic and cancer-related variables. The Therapy-Related Symptom Checklist was used to measure symptom occurrence and severity, and the Symptom Alleviation. Results Significant relationships were found between symptom occurrence and severity and gender, economic status, and disease stage. Feeling sluggish was the most frequently reported symptom. Implications for nursing Oncology nurses are in an influential position to educate and manage participants' cancer therapy-related symptoms.
Listeria monocytogenes GlmR is an accessory uridyltransferase essential for cytosolic survival and virulence

The cytosol of eukaryotic host cells is an intrinsically hostile environment for bacteria. Understanding how cytosolic pathogens adapt to and survive in the cytosol is critical to developing novel therapeutic interventions for these pathogens. The cytosolic pathogen Listeria monocytogenes requires glmR (previously known as yvcK), a gene of unknown function, for resistance to cell wall stress, cytosolic survival, inflammasome avoidance and ultimately virulence in vivo. A genetic suppressor screen revealed that blocking utilization of UDP-GlcNAc by a non-essential wall teichoic acid decoration pathway restored resistance to cell wall stress and partially restored virulence of ΔglmR mutants. In parallel, metabolomics revealed that ΔglmR mutants are impaired in the production of UDP-GlcNAc, an essential peptidoglycan and wall teichoic acid (WTA) precursor. We next demonstrated that purified GlmR can directly catalyze the synthesis of UDP-GlcNAc from GlcNAc-1P and UTP, suggesting that it is an accessory uridyltransferase. Biochemical analysis of GlmR orthologues suggest that uridyltransferase activity is conserved. Finally, mutational analysis resulting in a GlmR mutant with impaired catalytic activity demonstrated that uridyltransferase activity was essential to facilitate cell wall stress responses and virulence in vivo. Taken together these studies indicate that GlmR is an evolutionary conserved accessory uridyltransferase required for cytosolic survival and virulence of L. monocytogenes.
Improving Communication Skills: A Course for Academic Medical Center Surgery Residents and Faculty

Abstract Objective To improve physician/patient communication and familiarize surgeons with contemporary skills for and metrics assessing communication, courses were developed to provide academic general surgery residents and faculty with a toolkit of information, behaviors, and specific techniques. If academic faculty are expected to mentor residents in communication and residents are expected to learn good communication skills, then both should have the necessary education to accomplish such a goal. Design Didactic lectures introduced current concepts of physician-patient communication including information on better patient care, fewer malpractice suits, and the move toward transparency of communication metrics. Next, course participants viewed and critiqued “Surgi-Drama” videos, with actors simulating “before” and “after” physician-patient communication scenarios. Finally, participants were provided with a “toolkit” of techniques for improving physician-patient communication including “2–3–4”—a semiscripted short communication tool residents and other physicians can use in patient encounters—and a number of other acronymic approaches. Results Each participant was asked to complete an anonymous evaluation to assess course content satisfaction. Overall, 86% of residents participated (68/79), with a 52% response rate (35/68) for the evaluation tool. Overall, 88% of faculty participated (84/96), with an 84% response rate (71/84). Residents voiced satisfaction with all domains. For faculty, satisfaction was quantitatively confirmed (Likert score 4 or 5) in 4 of 7 domains, with the highest satisfaction in “communication of goals” and “understanding of the HCAHPS metric.” The percentage of “top box” Doctor Communication Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) scores and national percentile ranking showed a sustained increase more than 1 and 2 years from the dates of the courses. Conclusions The assessment of communication skills is increasing in importance in the practice of surgery. A course in communication, as developed here, quantitatively confirms the effectiveness of this approach to teaching communication skills as well as identifying areas for improvement. Such a course was part of a plan to increase the percentage of “top box” HCAHPS scores and percentile rankings. Faculty can impart the skills gained from such a course to residents attempting to successfully navigate the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestones and future careers as practicing surgeons.
Abstract #LB-303: Advances in Proteomic Characterization of Extracellular Matrix Samples: ECM Profile Influences Mammary Cell Phenotype

Despite the important role that the ECM plays in cell function and survival very few proteomic studies have been reported. Proteomic analyses of ECM proteins have been hindered by the insoluble and digestion resistance nature of this type of sample. Here we explore the utility of combining rapid ultrasonication and surfactant assisted digestion for the detailed proteomic analysis of ECM samples. When we compared this method to traditional overnight digestion, or surfactant assisted digestion alone, this optimized method dramatically improved the sequence coverage for collagen I and allowed for the detailed characterization of two in vivo derived matrices. We applied the method to characterize the EHS tumor derived sample Matrigel. Despite being the matrix of choice for 2D and 3D cell culture experiments the composition of this sample has not been reported in more detail than the presence of about two dozen proteins. Our analysis revealed the presence of hundreds of previously unidentified proteins. We then analyzed and identified a protein profile for ECM isolated from rat mammary glands that was substantially different to that found in Matrigel. Finally we tested the functional significance of the two in vivo matrices in a 3D culture assay to investigate epithelial cell-ECM interactions. Mammary epithelial cells were found to undergo extensive branching morphogenesis when plated with mammary-derived matrix in comparison to Matrigel. Cumulatively, these data highlight the tissue-specific nature of ECM composition and function, and underscore the need for optimized techniques for the proteomic characterization of ECM samples. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr LB-303.
Characterization of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the lower esophageal sphincter of the cat: Binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate

Abstract We have studied the binding of the potent muscarinic antagonist [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate to characterize muscarinic receptors in the lower esophageal sphincter of the cat. Specific binding of [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate reached equilibrium in 25–30 min at 37 °C, was linear with tissue protein concentration, and was saturable. Estimates of the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (K D ) of 1.1 ± 0.1 nM and maximum receptor density (B max ) of 147 ± 5.5 fmol/mg protein were determined from Scatchard plots of the binding data. The Hill coefficient for binding was 1.06 ± 0.07, indicating the absence of cooperative interactions. From kinetic analysis of the data association (k 1 ) and dissociation (k 2 ) rate constants of 6.3 × 10 7 M −1 min −1 and 5.0 × 10 −3 min −1 , respectively, were calculated. Inhibition of binding was stereoselective, with the (-)-isomer of quinuclidinyl benzilate being 37-fold more potent in inhibiting specific binding than the (+)-isomer. Various muscarinic agents inhibited binding in accordance with their estimated affinities for the muscarinic receptor; nicotinic and noncholinergic drugs had virtually no affinity for [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding sites. In functional studies, atropine and (±)-quinuclidinyl benzilate antagonized bethanechol-induced contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter in accordance with their abilities to inhibit specific binding of [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate. The regional distribution of specific binding along the length of the esophagus paralleled the distribution of smooth muscle in the tunica muscularis. Binding to duodenal, jejunal, ileal, and nonsphincter esophageal muscle was similar to that in the sphincter, but was fourfold greater to fundic muscle.
Social Skills Training

Social skills training is a widely used method in clinical, counseling, and educational psychology for teaching people more effective interpersonal skills. For example, goals such as having rewarding conversations, making friends, resolving conflict, resisting pressure from others, handling social situations at work or school, and getting one's needs met during a visit to the doctor can all be accomplished through the use of social skills training. In order to teach these skills, complex social behaviors are first broken down into smaller component skills. Four broad types of component skills include nonverbal skills (e.g., facial expression, body language), paralinguistic features (e.g., voice tone and loudness), verbal content (the actual words spoken), and interactive balance (e.g., amount of time each person talks, latency to respond to the other person's verbalization). Breaking complex skills into simpler ones makes it easier for people to gradually learn them through focusing on small, incremental changes, much like the old saying, “Rome wasn't built in a day.” Keywords: social learning theory; shaping; interpersonal behavior; clinical psychology; social functioning; social competence
Rating Nonnative Writing: The Trouble with Holistic Scoring.

The TESOL Quarterly publishes brief commentaries on aspects of qualitative and quantitative research. For this issue, we asked two researchers to discuss methodological challenges in the rating of compositions.