cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Edge-On Ion Irradiation of Electron Microscope Specimens

A special technique is described for in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) experiments involving simultaneous ion irradiation, in which the resultant phenomena are observed as in a cross-section TEM specimen. That is, instead of ion-irradiating the film or foil specimen normal to the major surfaces and observing in plan view (i.e., in the same direction), the specimen is irradiated edge-on (i.e., parallel to the major surfaces) and is observed normal to the depth direction with respect to the irradiation. The results of amorphization of Si, irradiated in this orientation by 1 or 1.5 MeV Kr, are presented and briefly compared with the usual plan view observations. The limitations of the technique are discussed and several experiments which might profitably employ this technique are suggested.
Analysis of Microsatellite Instability in Sporadic Parathyroid Adenomas

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is the form of genomic instability associated with defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) in human tumorigenesis. Recent reports have suggested a role for MSI in the pathogenesis of sporadic parathyroid adenomas. However, because of their small sample sizes and/or lack of systematic analysis of genome-wide MSI, these studies have not provided conclusive evidence that MMR defects are a common occurrence in parathyroid neoplasia. To further investigate whether MSI plays an important role in parathyroid tumorigenesis, we analyzed 49 sporadic parathyroid adenomas for MSI using a panel of 5 microsatellite DNA markers that has been recommended for sensitive detection of MSI by the NCI Workshop and validated in other tumor types. These microsatellite loci were amplified by PCR using fluorescent-labeled primers from the 49 samples of template tumor DNA and matching normal DNA isolated from the same patients' peripheral blood leukocytes. None of the 49 tumors showed evidence of MSI at any of the analyzed loci of the NCI marker panel. These observations strongly suggest that defective DNA MMR plays a minor role, if any, in the pathogenesis of sporadic parathyroid adenomas.
Embryonic expression pattern of H218, a G-protein coupled receptor homolog, suggests roles in early mammalian nervous system development

Heterologous expression studies employing mammalian cell tissue culture techniques and in vivo studies of lower eukaryotes suggest that G-protein coupled receptors may play critical roles in regulating early stages of vertebrate nervous system development. Previous work suggests that H218, a rat G-protein coupled receptor homolog, could serve such a role. Most importantly, northern blot data indicate that whole brain H218 mRNA levels are highest during embryogenesis. In the present studies we raised, affinity-purified and characterized several anti-H218, polyclonal antisera and immunohistochemically mapped the expression of H218 during the early stages of rat embryonic nervous system development. The resulting data indicate that H218 is preferentially expressed in young, differentiating neuronal cell bodies and axons. Moreover, the expression is temporally regulated such that highest H218 levels are found in neuronal cell bodies during their early stages of differentiation and in axons during their outgrowth. Therefore, we propose that H218 signal transduction may widely participate in the regulation of some of the first steps in neuronal differentiation including axon outgrowth.
Early Plant Selection Effects on Crown Traits in Pensacola Bahiagrass with Selection Cycle

A positive relationship between crown traits of greenhouse-grown plants and crown development in the field would allow for the efficient evaluation of large populations of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) for rapid stand establishment. The objective of this study was to determine if young plants exhibiting greater crown vigor (expressed as rapid crown area growth and profuse tillering) in the greenhouse would result in larger, more vigorous plants when grown in the field. Fifty young bahiagrass plants, from each of four cycles (C0, C4, C9, and C23) resulting from recurrent restricted phenotypic selection (RRPS), were evaluated in the greenhouse for plant vigor, crown width, crown wet weight, and tiller number. Plants were transplanted to the field and crown area was determined at 6 and 15 mo after establishment. Crown vigor of greenhouse plants was greatest for C4 and C9 plants. Vigor ratings for C9 plants were smaller (P < 0.05) than C4 in Exp. 2, but larger than C0 and C23. Crown area, crown wet weight, and tillering of the greenhouse plants favored plants from C4 populations. Greenhouse plants of C23 generally had smaller crowns and less tillering. Crown area of individual plants from greenhouse plants, for all cycles, was positively correlated with crown area in the field after 6 mo following transplanting (r = 0.74 to 0.87 for Exp. 1 and 0.75 to 0.93 for Exp. 2). At 15 mo after transplanting to the field, bahiagrass crowns had filled the area between spaced plants. Selecting young superior bahiagrass plants in the greenhouse should aid breeders in developing germplasm that could hasten field establishment.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 becomes resistant to sodium chlorate in pure culture, but not in mixed culture or in vivo

Aims: Chlorate kills Escherichia coli O157:H7 and may be an effective feed additive for use in food animals. This study was designed to determine if development of chlorate-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains was likely. Methods and Results: Escherichia coli O157:H7 was chlorate-sensitive, but became chlorate-resistant in pure batch culture and in sterilized faecal fluid; it was killed in mixed culture and did not become resistant. Addition of chlorate to continuous pure cultures caused chlorate resistance, but chlorate addition to mixed continuous culture eliminated E. coli O157:H7 and no resistance occurred. Piglets challenged with E. coli O157:H7 were treated with chlorate; populations were reduced and colonies were always chlorate-sensitive. Conclusions: Chlorate-resistant E. coli O157:H7 can be selected in pure, but not mixed culture, and results suggest that terminal chlorate feeding will not select for chlorate-resistance in vivo. Significance and Impact of the Study: Chlorate can reduce food-borne pathogens prior to harvest, but development of resistance does not appear likely in vivo.
HUMAN PLATELETS EXPRESS TWO DIFFERENT ISOFORMS OF THE MEMBRANE SODIUM-HYDROGEN ANTIPORTER. ▴ 893

HUMAN PLATELETS EXPRESS TWO DIFFERENT ISOFORMS OF THE MEMBRANE SODIUM-HYDROGEN ANTIPORTER. ▴ 893
The speed-controlling reactions in fermentation of quickly dried yeast.

Abstract Several factors which influence the speed of fermentation of quickly dried yeast are investigated. If the yeast is washed and the bulk of coenzymes and phosphate is removed, addition of 0.5 μmole diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) and 0.5 μmole adenosine triphosphate (ATP) per cc. is necessary for maximal speed. In the optimal pH range, which lies between 6.6 and 6.2, and with optimal amounts of cofactors, there is no influence of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), but with suboptimal amounts of DPN, the speed is raised by synthesis to DPN. The dialyzate of boiled juice contains factors which raise the speed of washed yeast by 20–30% of the maximum obtained in the presence of the usual cofactors. A phosphate concentration of 0.01–0.02 M is likewise necessary even if the phosphate is only partly esterified. At pH 6.0 to 5.9 the speed is less than half that at pH 6.5. Fermentation is completely absent without either K + or NH 4 + and without Mg. The optimal amount of the monovalent ions is 5 × 10 −2 M . Sodium alone is unable to allow fermentation but is only slightly harmful if enough K + or NH 4 + is present. Addition of small amounts of phosphoglycerate at optimal potassium phosphate concentration and pH increases the rate of sugar fermentation and gives rise to an extra CO 2 formation during the time of phosphoglycerate decomposition of about 3 to 5 times the amount added.
Reisolation of Nitrosospira briensis S. Winogradsky and H. Winogradsky 1933

Nitrosospira briensis was isolated from the soils of Crete, the Greek mainland and Switzerland. This is only the second report of the reisolation of a member of this genus since it was described by the Winogradskys in 1933. N. briensis, studied in the present investigation, is so tightly coiled that the cells appear as rods or cylinders rather than spirals when examined with the phase- contrast microscope. On occasion the cells partially uncoil and the spirals are clearly evident even with a phase-contrast microscope. When the cells were thin-sectioned, shadowed, negatively-stained or freeze-etched and viewed with the electron microscope, the spirals were visible even in tightly coiled cells. The tightly coiled cells which appear as rods or cylinders are 1.5–2.5 μ long and 0.8–1.0 μ wide. The cells moved erratically and are propelled by 1–6 flagella which were 3–5 μ long.
Feasibility of integrating a clinical decision support tool into an existing computerized physician order entry system to increase seasonal influenza vaccination in the emergency department

While emergency department (ED) seasonal influenza vaccination programs are feasible, reported implementation barriers include added staffing requirements to identify eligible patients and getting busy ED personnel to order and provide vaccination. We present a prospective, observational trial of integrating a clinical decision support tool into an existing ED computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system to increase ED seasonal influenza vaccination without added staffing resources, the operational barriers identified to program implementation, the revenue generated and data on opportunities for future quality improvement. Compared to the comparable pre-protocol period, ED influenza vaccination rose by 17.5% with a resultant profit margin of 34.5%.
Thiamine deficiency limits glucose utilization and glial proliferation in brain lesions of symptomatic rats.

The effects of thiamine (B1) deficiency on local CMRglu (LMCRglu) in the vestibular nuclei were studied with the 14C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method in awake asymptomatic and symptomatic rat...
Conduction through single Mg and Na atoms linking two macroscopic electrodes

Electrical conduction through single Mg and Na atoms placed between two metallic electrodes is studied. When the atoms are in contact with both electrodes, the resistance of the single-atom wire thus formed is 33 k\ensuremath{\Omega} for Na and 12 k\ensuremath{\Omega} for Mg. As the electrodes are moved apart, keeping the atom midway, the resistance for the Na case slowly decreases, but that for Mg rises rapidly. Understanding this difference is relevant to a recently proposed type of atomic switch.
ACS Awards for contributions to agricultural chemistry

The 226th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) was held September 7-11, 2003 in New York City. Among the highlights of this meeting were two awards for outstanding contributions in the field of agricultural chemistry. Nancy Ragsdale of USDA-ARS reports.
Prevalence of food production systems in school foodservice.

Abstract Objective What is the prevalence of central kitchens that use either cook-chill or cook-freeze production systems in school foodservice settings? Design A descriptive study using a 5-minute telephone survey during normal working hours was conducted. Questions were designed to be easily answered with minimal need to reference other documentation. Subjects Five hundred forty school foodservice directors, managers, and supervisors working in school districts of all sizes across the United States were randomly sampled from a national commercial directory of school districts for the study. A total of 353 individuals completed the survey representing 49 of 50 states. Main Outcome Measures Means, standard deviations, and percentages were evaluated for all data collected. Statistical Analyses Performed Descriptive statistics of school district characteristics, prevalence of production systems, food transport systems, inventory methods and equipment used for reheating food are reported. Results The most frequently reported production system was on-site kitchens (45.3%) followed by combination production systems (40.5%) where a central kitchen delivered to a number of satellite locations in addition to schools with on-site food preparation. Central kitchens without additional on-site kitchens represented 14.2% of this study. Of those school districts using either central kitchens or combination production systems, 78% reported hot-food preparation using hot-food delivery to satellites. Cook-chill or cook-freeze production systems were reported by 22% of respondents. Conclusions The high proportion of school districts that prepared and delivered foods hot to satellite sites supports continuing efforts to identify food safety practices and issues related to maintaining food quality in schools.
Progress on the CLEO II CsI Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The upgrade of the CLEO general purpose magnetic detector at CESR includes a new high resolution CsI crystal electromagnetic calorimeter situated in a 1.5T magnetic field. The scintillation light from the CsI is detected by photodiodes. We report on progress made in understanding both the theoretically and experimentally obtainable energy resolution. We give test results on full size crystals from exposure to radioactive sources and a 180 MeV e+ beam.
Access Decisions by Personnel Directors: Subtle Forms of Sex Bias in Hiring.

Midwestern personnel and management association members rated bogus job applications which had identical background qualifications but varied by sex of applicant, sex-role related attributes of applicant, and degree of fit of applicant credentials to job demands. The applicants were rated on their qualifications and likelihood of being considered for the position, expected performance, and expected success in the job. A significant triple interaction was found for the variable that measured the likelihood of the applicant being considered for the position (i.e., access to the position). Higher access ratings were given to the sex–stereotypical applicant when the applicant's credentials matched job demands. When the applicant's credentials did not fit the job demands, raters tended to favor non–stereotypical applicants. Practical and research implications are discussed.
Effects of dietary consumption of cranberry powder on metabolic parameters in growing rats fed high fructose diets

The effect of dietary consumption of a cranberry powder (CP) containing increased amounts of procyanidins and other phytochemicals on metabolic parameters associated with metabolic syndrome was investigated in growing rats fed a high fructose diet. Dietary treatments were control (starch based), high fructose (HF), and HF containing either 3.3, 6.6, or 33 g CP/kg diet. Fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides tended to be higher with HF feeding and were reduced by feeding CP. The area under curve following an oral glucose tolerance test was 35–50% higher in animals fed HF diet vs. control and was decreased to control levels by the low or medium but not high CP diet. Feeding CP tended to lower fasting plasma insulin. Homeostatic models of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-BCF) were lowest in animals fed low or medium CP diets (p < 0.05). Rats fed the control starch diet had slightly higher food intake, final body weight, and abdominal fat compared to animals fed other diets. Kidney weight was higher in HF group and feeding CP decreased kidney weight to normal levels. In the fed state, plasma triglyceride was increased with HF diet, whereas insulin was lower in animals fed HF diet. Overall, inclusion of CP in the diet was effective in modulating some aspects of metabolic parameters associated with metabolic syndrome and the medium level of CP in the diet produced a better response than the lower and higher CP levels.
Habitat, predation, and coexistence between invasive and native crayfishes: prioritizing lakes for invasion prevention

Conditions fostering coexistence of native species with invasive species have received little attention in invasion biology, especially for closely related invasive and native species. We used long-term datasets on multiple replicate invasions to define conditions under which native virile crayfish (Orconectes virilis) can coexist with invasive rusty crayfish (O. rusticus). We examined multiple drivers of coexistence involving habitat use and predation at between-lake and within-lake scales to derive predictions that could guide prioritization efforts to prevent future introductions of rusty crayfish and mitigate impacts of existing invasions. Lakes in which native species persisted for many years had significantly less cobble and sand habitats, and significantly more vegetated habitats compared to lakes from which native crayfish have been displaced. In the presence of rusty crayfish, virile crayfish alter their habitat use to vegetated habitats relative to habitat use in the absence of rusty crayfish. Such vegetated habitats had greater plant standing crop, plant species richness, and sediment percent organic matter compared to vegetated sites occupied by rusty crayfish. Our results suggest that low abundance of cobble habitat and altered habitat use allows native crayfish to coexist with the rusty crayfish invader. At the within-lake scale, virile crayfish persist by escaping predation in the vegetated habitats, despite suboptimal abiotic conditions. By understanding these abiotic and biotic conditions that promote coexistence, managers could enhance native crayfish persistence by targeting high cobble lakes for efforts to prevent the introduction of invasive crayfish, and targeting vegetated habitats for protection in already invaded lakes.
Long-wave infrared detectors based on III-V materials

Future NASA missions for earth observation and planetary science require large photovoltaic detector arrays with high performance in the long wavelength region to 18 microns and at operating temperatures above 65 K where single-cycle long-life cryocoolers are being developed. Since these detector array requirements exceed the state of current HgCdTe technology, alternative detector materials are being investigated as a possible option for future missions. Advanced growth techniques (e.g., MBE and MOCVD) of column III-V semiconductors have opened opportunities for engineering new detector materials and device structures. The technical approaches under investigation at JPL (with university and industry participation) include: quantum well infrared photodetectors, heterojunction internal photoemission (HIP) photodetectors, type-II strained layer superlattices, and nipi doping superlattices. Each of these options are briefly described with some of their pros and cons. A more detailed description is given for the HIP approach being pioneered at JPL.
Subsidence in Coastal Louisiana: Understanding Subsidence: Implications for Coastal Restoration and Protection Planning; New Orleans, Louisiana, 13 January 2009

The high rates of subsidence in coastal Louisiana are a well-documented component of regional land loss, ecosystem function deterioration, and coastal engineering failures. For agencies tasked with managing the effects of subsidence, the wide variability of these rates and their sharp spatial gradients pose significant challenges. Further, there is a lack of scientific consensus on what processes are most responsible for the observed subsidence, which creates uncertainty surrounding spatial patterns of subsidence, as well as a lack of consensus on what areas are most susceptible to it–not trivial questions for the resource management community.
Emergency department thoracotomies in a community hospital

In 4 1/2 years (July 1973 to December 1977), 28 thoracotomies were performed by emergency physicians in the emergency department of a 540-bed community hospital, which averaged 25,800 visits per year. Two patients had sustained crush injuries of the chest in traffic accidents, and 26 had penetrating chest and/or abdominal trauma. Twenty-three of the patients had no vital signs and were clinically dead on arrival. Of these, four (17%) were resuscitated and transported to the operating room; three (13%) were long-term survivors and two left the hospital with no serious sequelae. The other five patients arrived with some vital signs but subsequently had cardiopulmonary arrests in the emergency department. Three (60%) were initially resuscitated using thoracotomy and transported to the operating room but there were no long-term survivors among this group of five. Of the 28 patients who underwent thoracotomies in the emergency department, one in four (7/28; 25%) were initially resuscitated, and one in nine (3/28; 11%) were long-term survivors. Thoracotomy in a community hospital emergency department by emergency physicians can be life-saving.
Supercritical solvents. Carbon dioxide extraction of retained pyridine from pyridine extracts of coal

Abstract Pyridine extracts of coal are excellent models for studies of coal structure and reactions, but the pyridine that is retained is undesirable. A method is described, using supercritical carbon dioxide, for the removal of retained pyridine from pyridine extracts of Illinois No. 6 and Western Kentucky No. 9 coals.
Nanodroplets: a new method for dried spot preparation and analysis

The dried spot technique is an effective method for elemental analysis. However, the current technology, using microliter volume spots, suffers from lack of repeatability and long sample preparation times. In this study, a new nanoliter dried spot sample preparation method was developed and tested. Drying time, drying pattern and detection limits were compared between spots formed from microliter- and nanoliter-sized droplets. This new nanoliter deposition method reproducibly produced uniform spots. The sample throughput was increased significantly with nanoliter droplet drying times ranging from only seconds to minutes. The minimum detectable concentrations for the nanoliter spots were in the ppb range with the ability to detect picogram-level masses. This new sample preparation method has the potential for use in situations where sample availability is limited. Furthermore, nanoliter dried spots are smaller in diameter than the exciting x-ray beam in micro-XRF and conventional XRF instrumentation. This allows faster drying nanoliter droplet microarrays to be used in situations where microliter droplets are primarily used. Published in 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infants detect changes in everyday scenes: The role of scene gist

When watching physical events, infants bring to bear prior knowledge about objects and readily detect changes that contradict physical rules. Here we investigate the possibility that scene gist may affect infants, as it affects adults, when detecting changes in everyday scenes. In Experiment 1, 15-month-old infants missed a perceptually salient change that preserved the gist of a generic outdoor scene; the same change was readily detected if infants had insufficient time to process the display and had to rely on perceptual information for change detection. In Experiment 2, 15-month-olds detected a perceptually subtle change that preserved the scene gist but violated the rule of object continuity, suggesting that physical rules may overpower scene gist in infants' change detection. Finally, Experiments 3 and 4 provided converging evidence for the effects of scene gist, showing that 15-month-olds missed a perceptually salient change that preserved the gist and detected a perceptually subtle change that disrupted the gist. Together, these results suggest that prior knowledge, including scene knowledge and physical knowledge, affects the process by which infants maintain their representations of everyday scenes.
Three‐dimensional aspects of interplanetary shock waves

Most of the interplanetary shock waves observed with 1 AU of the sun originate from some short lived solar event, such as a solar flare, and then propagate out as a more-or-less spherical shock wave until they leave the solar system. Beyond 1 AU another class of interplanetary shock wave becomes common--the corotating shock pair formed by the interaction of long lived solar wind streams. The three dimensional geometry of these two classes of interplanetary shocks is discussed. Also discussed are how these geometries can be statistically studied with an out-of-the-ecliptic mission. Diagrams of shock wave propagation are shown. Also given are numerical examples of shock wave propagation.
Ethnic variation of fetal nasal bone length between 11–14 weeks' gestation

Objective We sought to compare the fetal nasal bone length (FNBL) between different ethnic groups at 11–14 weeks' gestation. Methods FNBL and the FNBL/CRL ratio were measured in patients undergoing first trimester ultrasound for nuchal translucency (NT) and the ethnicity of the patient was recorded under four categories: non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and Chinese. Results Two hundred and one patients were included in the study. Measurement of the FNBL could not be obtained in nine patients (4.5%) and foetal nasal bone was absent in one fetus. Comparing the four groups, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Asian, there were no statistical differences in crown-rump length (61 ± 14 mm; 68.6 ± 15 mm; 60.2 ± 14 mm; 62.4 ± 8.8 mm, respectively) or the NT (1.3 ± 0.5 mm; 1.25 ± 0.4 mm; 1.35 ± 1 mm; 1.4 ± 0.4 mm, respectively). However, the FNBL (2.9 ± 0.7 mm; 2.5 ± 0.6 mm; 2.5 ± 0.6 mm; 2.2 ± 0.4 mm, respectively, p < 0.01) and the FNBL/CRL ratio (0.049 ± 0.01, 0.045 ± 0.01, 0.043 ± 0.01, 0.037 ± 0.01, respectively, p < 0.01) were both statistically different, when comparing between these groups. Conclusion If the FNBL is to be introduced into first-trimester screening, it should be adjusted for ethnicity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of Gains from Research and Promotion in Multistage Production Systems: Reply

pivotal supply shift in my analysis. My response to this claim is twofold. First, I never did claim that ". .. farm production generates greater returns to producers than research on marketing service or consumer promotion." Second, while the mathematics of CK's claim that rankings of research and promotion can be reversed with a pivotal supply shift is correct, the economic significance of this point is questionable. In addition to elaborating on these two points, I will also discuss what I consider to be some more serious reservations about welfare measurement related to esti-
Geant4 Simulations of the SuperCDMS iZIP Detector Charge Carrier Propagation and FET Readout

The SuperCDMS experiment aims to directly detect dark matter particles called WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles). The detectors measure phonon and ionization energy due to nuclear and electron recoils from incident particles. The SuperCDMS Detector Monte Carlo group uses Geant4 to simulate electron-hole pairs ( $$e^-/h^+$$ ) and low temperature phonons. We use these simulations in order to study energy deposition in the detectors. Phonons and electron-hole pairs are tracked in a crystal detector. Because of the band structure of the crystals, the electrons undergo oblique propagation. The charge electrodes on each side of the detector are biased at different voltages while the phonon sensors are grounded. This creates a nearly uniform electric field through the bulk of the detector, with a complex shape near the surfaces. The electric field is calculated from interpolating on a tetrahedral mesh. The resulting TES phonon readout, as well as the FET charge readout are simulated. To calculate the FET readout, the Shockley-Ramo theorem is applied to simulate the current in the FET. The goal of this paper is to describe the theory and implementation of calculating the electric field, performing the charge carrier propagation, and simulating the FET readout of the SuperCDMS detectors.
Quantitative calculations of charge-carrier densities in the depletion layers at YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ interfaces

Charge redistribution at high-${T}_{c}$ superconductor interfaces and grain boundaries on one hand is problematic for technological application. On the other hand, it gives rise to a great perspective for tailoring the local electronic states. For prototypical (metallic) interfaces, we derive quantitative results for the intrinsic doping of the ${\text{CuO}}_{2}$ planes, i.e., for the deviation of the charge-carrier density from the bulk value. Our data are based on ab initio supercell calculations within density-functional theory. A remarkable hole underdoping is inherent to the clean interface, almost independent of the interface geometry. On the contrary, cation substitution as well as incorporation of electronegative impurities can compensate the intrinsic charge transfer and provide access to an exact adjustment of the superconductor's doping. The effects of oxygen deficiency are discussed.
Poincaré invariance of charge-monopole composites and parity violation

It has long been recognized that intrinsic spin and magnetic monopoles may be related. The early classic calculations (1) of the angular momentum in the field of the magnetic Inonopole-charge systems demonstrated that the total angular momentum contains explicit contributions from magnetic monopoles. Recently, JACKIW and REBBI (2), HASENFRATZ and 'THooFT (3) have suggested that in the soliton-monopole sector of the quantunl theory, the total angular momentum J is the sum of conventional M (orbital plus spin) and I (isospin), (1) J=M+ I, M=L+S. The natural question that has been raised in ref. (2,3) and remains to be answered is whether the identification, eq. (1), is, in fact, consistent with the Poincar6 invariance of the theory. As has been pointed out in ref. (2), the explicit construction of all the Lorentz generators and in particular of the boost generator N is complicated by the fact that the perturbative quantization of solitons invariably begins with a nonrelativistic approximation. In view of this, we find it worthwhile to exhibit an implicit but essentially unique form of the boost generator which does satisfy the Lorentz algebra. It turns out, however, that this boost operator fails to auticommutc with the parity operator//. We briefly discuss thc possible significance of this result and point out that the total Hamiltonian of the system would have to accommodate a parity-violating term, in order to restore Poinear6 invariance of the charge-monopolc composite system. In the Lorentz group (*) it is necessary to define the operators M and the boost operators N with the following commutation relations:
The role of transvaginal ultrasound or endometrial biopsy in the evaluation of the menopausal endometrium.

All postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding need endometrial assessment. Disposable suction piston biopsy devices have virtually replaced dilatation and curettage despite little scientific validation. In patients with known carcinoma, false-negative rates with such devices range from 2.5-32.4%. Large prospective studies have shown that an endometrial thickness ≤ 4 mm on transvaginal ultrasound in postmenopausal women with bleeding has a risk of malignancy of 1 in 917. Thus, in postmenopausal patients with bleeding, biopsy is not indicted when endometrial thickness is ≤ 4 mm. The significance of a thick endometrial echo in nonbleeding postmenopausal women has not been validated and need not require automatic tissue sampling.
Advanced Distribution Management can bridge the chasm on the road to grid modernization

Utilities are starting grid modernization programs by implementing advanced distribution network solutions that, in the aggregate, dramatically increase efficiency and prepare the grid for a resumed period of growth. Winning support for these Advanced Distribution Management solutions may be faster when utilities portray the solutions—completely accurately—in terms of the customer and community issues they address rather than in the engineering terms most network operators find compelling. Advanced DMS solutions permit network engineers to respond clearly and directly to customer-generated requirements. They can help utilities place the investment and maintenance costs of meeting those requirements in the context of other utility business applications. This paper examines how utilities are using advanced DMS to help to break down the walls between a utility's operational and business departments. Thus creating a utility increasingly fine-tuned to its customers by leveraging a detailed network model to optimize network operations, reliability, outage response, volt/var control, distribution automation, distributed generation, and microgrids.
Validity of the Family Asthma Management System Scale with an Urban African-American Sample

Objective To examine the reliability and validity of the Family Asthma Management System Scale for lowincome African-American children with poor asthma control and caregivers under stress. The FAMSS assesses eight aspects of asthma management from a family systems perspective. Methods Forty-three children, ages 8–13, and caregivers were interviewed with the FAMSS; caregivers completed measures of primary care quality, family functioning, parenting stress, and psychological distress. Children rated their relatedness with the caregiver, and demonstrated inhaler technique. Medical records were reviewed for dates of outpatient visits for asthma. Results The FAMSS demonstrated good internal consistency. Higher scores were associated with adequate inhaler technique, recent outpatient care, less parenting stress and better family functioning. Higher scores on the Collaborative Relationship with Provider subscale were associated with greater perceived primary care quality. Conclusions The FAMSS demonstrated relevant associations with asthma management criteria and family functioning for a low-income, African-American sample.
Symbolic dynamics and coding applications

The purpose of the article is twofold: to give an elementary and concrete introduction to symbolic dynamics and to discuss two applications to coding problems. It begins with a brief discussion of the origins of symbolic dynamics going back to the work of Radamard in 1898. The rough idea is that symbolic dynamics provides a model for the orbits of a classical dynamical system via a space of sequences. Next it introduces the basic concepts of symbolic dynamics, emphasizing sliding block codes. Some of the fundamental problems, solved and unsolved, in the subject, are surveyed. Then it shows how work on these problems has led to coding applications.
Philadelphia chromosome-positive myeloid cells in the peripheral blood of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients : Comparison with the frequency detected in cycling cells of the bone marrow

Monitoring the frequency of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is important in determining the effectiveness of treatment for patients during therapy. This can be done with high resolution by subjecting short-term bone marrow cultures (48 h) to 24 h of mitotic arrest before harvest and detecting Ph-positive (Ph+) metaphases by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in a procedure termed hypermetaphase FISH or HMF. Here, we compared procedures for detecting Ph+ interphase cells (interphase FISH or I-FISH) in peripheral blood polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) with HMF results on the bone marrow of the same 26 CML patients in different stages of remission. The probes for I-FISH in these experiments were relatively large (200-300 kb) and sufficiently resolved in PMNs so that 97.5% of the cells were scorable. The correlation between the frequencies of Ph+ cells from the two different cell sources was excellent (r = 0.983, P < 0.0001); however, there was a consistently higher level of Ph+ cells observed in the cycling marrow cells than in the peripheral blood PMNs. This was discussed in terms of current theories of apoptosis in CML cells. The large number of PMNs analyzable by I-FISH (approximately 500/patient in this study) provided sufficiently narrow 99% confidence intervals to suggest the procedure as an effective and efficient method for monitoring the frequency of Ph+ cells in CML patients undergoing therapy. However, for detection and quantification of minimal residual disease, HMF is preferable to I-FISH because of the much lower frequency of false-positive readings with the former procedure.
Learning Fuzzy Association Rules and Associative Classification Rules

Learning association rules and/or associative classification rules has been extensively studied in data mining and knowledge discovery community. Associative classification rules are considered as constrained association rules. Mining traditional association rules from transaction databases, however, has suffered some limitations. One of these limitations is that each transaction merely contains binary items with each item either present or absent in a transaction. Another limitation is that only positive association rules are discovered. Mining fuzzy association rules and discovering negative association rules have been developed to overcome these limitations, respectively. In this paper, we briefly introduce fuzzy association rules and negative association rules and especially discuss and compare what negative association rules look like. Approaches to discovering fuzzy association rules and negative association rules are combined to propose a new interestingness measure for both positive and negative fuzzy association rules. With this interestingness measure, an algorithm for mining those rules is described. Also, the special forms of association rules are presented, called associative classification rules. The algorithm to mining positive and negative fuzzy association rules is extended to learn positive and negative fuzzy associative classification rules.
Generation time of Candida albicans in synchronized and nonsynchronized cultures

Synchronized growth of Candida albicans was induced. The generation time of the synchronized cells was compared with those of nonsynchronized cells cultured in Sabouraud broth, Medium 199, and a synthetic synchronization medium. The mean generation time of the synchronized cultures was 3·2 hours while that of the nonsynchronized cultures ranged from 1·7 to 3·6 hours. The generation time in shake cultures of nonsynchronized cells was uniformly shorter than that of the corresponding aerated cultures. The generation time in Sabouraud medium was the shortest and that in synthetic synchronization medium was the longest with each method of incubation.
Diversity of escape variant mutations in simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (SV40 Tag) epitopes selected by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones

Abstract To better understand the relationship between epitope variation and tumor escape from immune surveillance, SV40 T antigen-transformed B6/K-0 cells were subjected to selection with individual CTL clones specific for the SV40 T antigen H-2D b -restricted epitopes I or V. CTL-resistant populations were isolated from a majority of the selection cultures and substituted epitope sequences were identified within most of the resistant populations. Tag sequences deleted of all or portions of the selection-targeted epitope were identified, but in lower numbers compared to epitope sequences bearing single residue substitutions. Relatively few flanking residue substitutions were identified, and only in epitope I-targeted selections. The diversity (numbers and epitope residue locations) of substituted epitope residue positions varied between selections. These findings suggest that the scope of spontaneously occurring mutations that could allow for escape from individual CD8+ T cell clones is large.
Differential phase interferometry with the Keck telescopes

We summarize the differential phase (DP) technique as well as the planned implementation at the Keck interferometer. Multicolor phase measurements are potentially a powerful astrophysical probe - and can allow ground-based direct detection of extrasolar planets. Better than 0.1 mrad phase measurements in the infrared can allow the Keck interferometer to detect radiation from the so-called hot-Jupiter or "roaster" class of planets. At JPL, we are presently developing and testing instrumentation that enable these extremely sensitive measurements. First on-sky observations are expected to start in mid-2004. In this article we describe DP and other related techniques, provide an outline of the instrument and present results from preliminary laboratory experiments.
Application of quadratic programming to FIR digital filter design problems

Quadratic programming problems have long been of interest in the business community. Quadratic programming is often used as the basis for "program trading" where stocks are automatically bought and sold by mutual funds to optimize profits. Quadratic programming algorithms can also be used to optimize digital filters, as discussed in this paper. We present the generalized multiple exchange (GME), simplified generalized multiple exchange (SGME) and modified generalized multiple exchange (MGME) algorithms for designing constrained least-squares (CLS) filters. The CLS filters are generalizations of the popular minimax and least-squares filters. The CLS filters are important not only because of their generality, but also because they are needed for many practical applications. >
Thinking about how to avoid thought: Deep norms, shallow rules, and the structure of attention

If the core problem for decision making is the limited capacity of people and organizations to collect and process information, it is their limited capacity to pay attention that poses the challenge for regulation. Much regulatory activity is thus focused on devising methods for ensuring that organizations and their staff pay attention to the “right” things. Yet outsiders’ claims on attention often are trivialized by insiders because outsiders make those claims without understanding what will be displaced. Drawing on a study of how rules are used in five HIV clinics, this article analyzes forms, training and meetings, and delegation to new occupations as devices for conserving attention. In asking how much thought is required, what should be thought about, and who should do the thinking, people argue about the moral priority of treatment, research, and administration. Allocation of attention is not just about using a scarce resource efficiently, but is also about the right to decide for oneself what is important.
Perception of Emotions from Facial Expressions in High-Functioning Adults with Autism.

Impairment in social communication is one of the diagnostic hallmarks of autism spectrum disorders, and a large body of research has documented aspects of impaired social cognition in autism, both at the level of the processes and the neural structures involved. Yet one of the most common social communicative abilities in everyday life, the ability to judge somebody's emotion from their facial expression, has yielded conflicting findings. To investigate this issue, we used a sensitive task that has been used to assess facial emotion perception in a number of neurological and psychiatric populations. Fifteen high-functioning adults with autism and 19 control participants rated the emotional intensity of 36 faces displaying basic emotions. Every face was rated 6 times—once for each emotion category. The autism group gave ratings that were significantly less sensitive to a given emotion, and less reliable across repeated testing, resulting in overall decreased specificity in emotion perception. We thus demonstrate a subtle but specific pattern of impairments in facial emotion perception in people with autism.
Spatio–Temporal Memories for Machine Learning: A Long-Term Memory Organization

Design of artificial neural structures capable of reliable and flexible long-term spatio-temporal memory is of paramount importance in machine intelligence. To this end, we propose a novel, biologically inspired, long-term memory (LTM) architecture. We intend to use it as a building block of a neuron-level architecture that is able to mimic natural intelligence through learning, anticipation, and goal-driven behavior. A mutual input enhancement and blocking structure is proposed, and its operation is discussed in detail. The paper focuses on a hierarchical memory organization, storage, recognition, and recall mechanisms. Simulation results of the proposed memory show its effectiveness, adaptability, and robustness. Accuracy of the proposed method is compared to other methods including Levenshtein distance method and a Markov chain.
Patterns of Continued Fractions for the Analogues ofeand Related Numbers in the Function Field Case

Abstract Patterns for simple continued fractions of the analogues of ( xe 2/ f + y )/( ze 2/ f + w ) in the F q [ t ] case are described. In contrast to the classical case where they consist of arithmetic progressions, in this case they involve an interesting inductive scheme of block repetition and reversals, especially for q =2.
The Market for Corporate Directors

This paper develops a matching model in the market for directors to explain equilibrium board quality. In my model, (1) the boards of directors have the role of monitoring and advising, (2) the impact of a CEO’s quality increases with the size of a …rm under his control, (3) the CEO and the boards could be either complements or substitutes, in the production function, and (4) the boards enjoy money value and reputation value. When the reputation depends on market value of …rms, potential directors like to work at …rms with talented CEOs if they can enjoy enough reputational gain on boards owing to talented CEOs. In contrast, when potential directors want value-added for reputation, they would be at …rms with low-ability CEOs if the CEO and the boards are substitute. My empirical estimates suggest that talented ongoing CEOs and former CEOs work as outside directors of …rms with high market capitalization and with high sales, though not with high assets. The quality of boards is higher where CEO pay is higher, but whether they like to work at …rms with talented CEOs or not is ambiguous due to the endogeneity. The …rms with talented boards would be likely to pay more to CEO. I also …nd that the …rms with high sales pay more to outside directors. A 1% increase in sales makes board compensation increase by 0.66%. Finally, board pay is 0.13% higher where CEO pay is 1% higher. We can infer that the CEO and the boards are complements in the production function.