cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spongecake and eggroll: two hereditary diseases in Drosophila resemble patterns of human brain degeneration

Various neuronal degenerative diseases are characterized by late onset, relentless progression, and finally death. Many have a direct genetic basis; others are of still unknown etiological mechanisms [1], [2]. The study of human neurodegenerative diseases is complicated by the difficulty of obtaining tissue samples at various stages of progression, especially early in the course of the disease. Since neurodegeneration occurs in many organisms [3], [4], [5], model organisms amenable to genetic and molecular techniques, such as the mouse, offer important advantages. Much less laborious and expensive are worms or flies, which have short generation times and can be rapidly screened for mutations. To investigate the use of the fly as a model system for identifying genes related to such diseases, we screened for mutants having reduced lifespan, then examined them for brain degeneration. We describe here two such mutants, each with a different pattern of degeneration as characterized by light and transmission electron microscopy. The brain of the aging spongecake mutant exhibits regionally specific, membrane-bound vacuoles similar to those seen in spongiform degenerations such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [6], [7]. The mutant eggroll develops dense, multilamellated structures in the brain, resembling ones found in lipid storage diseases such as Tay-Sachs [8].
Specific Sex-Drug Combinations Contribute to the Majority of Recent HIV Seroconversions Among MSM in the MACS

Background:New HIV infections are being observed among men who have sex with men (MSM). Understanding the fusion of risky sexual behaviors, stimulant and erectile dysfunction drug use with HIV seroconversion may provide direction for focused intervention.Methods:During the follow-up period (1998-200
Analysis of granular simple shear flows with a rate-dependent model

Abstract The theory of the thermodynamically consistent rate-dependent model for flow of granular materials is reviewed. The material coefficients are evaluated by matching the model with the kinetic theory of Lun et al. in the limit of nearly elastic spherical particles. The special case of simple shear flow of granular materials in the grain inertia regime is studied in detail. The predicted stresses are compared with a previously derived rate-dependent model and the existing digital simulation data for a range of solid volume fraction. It is shown that the use of the new material coefficients improves the agreement between the model predictions and the simulation and experimental data.
Tracheostomy Tube: Cuff Obstruction

To the Editor.— A 58-year-old man with end-stage scleroderma was admitted with respiratory failure. The patient subsequently came to tracheostomy, which was carried out under local anesthesia without incident. A polyethylene blue-line "softseal" cuffed tube was first inflated, found to be normal, and then inserted. The patient did well for two hours, at which time his condition suddenly deteriorated. The diagnosis of tension pneumothorax was made, and he was relieved first by needle puncture, which was followed quickly by tube thoracostomy. The patient's respiratory condition improved rapidly, only to deteriorate 15 minutes later. At this point, his tracheostomy tube cuff was deflated, and he once again improved. The patient was challenged with cuff inflation only to deteriorate again. Removal of the tube disclosed a large aneurysmal dilitation. Reinflation in a simulated trachea demonstrated obstruction of the lumen by the abnormal cuff. This created, in effect, a ball-valve mechanism and may
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) Enhances Functional Recovery Following Severe Spinal Cord Injury to the Rat

We have recently demonstrated that following a moderate contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) to rats, subsequent administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) significantly enhances functional recovery and tissue sparing. To further characterize the effects of bFGF, we evaluated its efficacy after a more severe contusion injury at T(10) using the NYU impactor. Immediately after SCI, osmotic minipumps were implanted into the lateral ventricle and lumbar thecal sac to deliver bFGF at 3 or 6 microg per day versus control vehicle for 1 week. Animals were behaviorally tested for 6 weeks before histological assessment of tissue sparing through the injured segment and glial reactivity distal to the lesion. Compared to moderate SCI, all rats had more prolonged and sustained functional deficits 6 weeks after severe contusion. Subjects treated with bFGF had pronounced recovery of hindlimb movements from 2 to 6 weeks compared to controls, manifested in significantly higher behavioral scores. Only marginal tissue sparing was seen rostral to the injury in bFGF-treated spinal cords versus controls. Optical density measurements of astrocyte and microglial cell immunoreactivity in bFGF-treated spinal cords showed that after 6 weeks they approximated controls, although astrocyte immunoreactivity remained higher in controls rostrally. In summary, intrathecal infusion of bFGF following severe SCI significantly restores gross hindlimb motor function that is not correlated with significant tissue sparing. In light of previous evidence that pharmacological intervention with bFGF after moderate SCI enhances tissue preservation, the current findings indicate that yet undefined mechanisms contribute to the enhanced functional recovery following bFGF treatment.
Narrators and Narrating Characters: Voicing in Le Roman de Flamenca

In the thirteenth-century Old Occitan romance Le Roman de Flamenca (Flamenca), the narrator’s function is complicated when a number of characters (whom I call narrating characters) appropriate the narratorial role by disrupting and manipulating the text using very specific literary techniques. The characters disseminate the plot, address moral issues, dramatize digressions, create imaginary dramatic scenarios, predict events, and address the audience directly. On a number of occasions, these narrating characters act “out of character,” appropriate the authorial voice (and its attendant authority) and add their own subjectivities. Based on the mirroring that occurs between the narrator and the narrating characters, we should consider Flamenca as a multi-narratorial text and treat the narrator as an important character rather than privilege him as representing the authorial voice.
How college students' physical health relates to coping.

The relationship between coping and physical health status was examined for 100 undergraduate students using the COPE scale and the Medical Index (formerly identified as the Cornell Medical Index)....
Abstract B47: Biomarker discovery and evaluation of response to anticancer therapeutics in breast cancer using a novel nanofluidic immunoassay

Cancer subtype specific molecular variations dramatically affect patient responses to already existing treatments. For example, the phosphorylation status of many proteins that are involved in signal transduction pathways perturbed in cancer cells is extremely important in determining whether these cells are susceptible to killing by available cancer therapeutics. Therefore, differentially phosphorylated protein isoforms can be a particularly useful prognostic biomarker of drug response in the clinic. However, accurate detection and quantitative analysis of cancer-related phosphoproteins in tumors is limited by current technologies. Using a novel, fully automated nanocapillary electrophoresis technology (CB1000TM) designed to separate protein molecules based on their isoelectric point, we are currently developing highly sensitive assays for reliable assessment of the phosphorylation status of cancer-related phosphoproteins in tumors, before and during drug treatment. We have already developed and optimized assays measuring all AKT, ERK and MEK isoforms and their respective phosphoisoforms using a single detection reagent method. Using these assays, we were able to measure levels of activated MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and AKT1/2/3 in cancer cell lines, mouse xenografts and patient FNAs using protein extracted from as few as 125 cells. We have already measured and characterized changes in the phosphorylation states of these targets before, during and after treatment with inhibitors of the PI3K pathway in breast cancer, and based on this data we are currently developing molecular profiles that predict response to available therapeutics. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(7 Suppl):B47
System of cities dynamics in newly industrializing nations.

Rapid industrialization in such countries as Korea Malaysia and Taiwan suggests that the complex functional structures of cities in the periphery may appear early in development. This paper proposes a 4-stage framework for the dynamics of a system of cities in a developing country undergoing industrialization and encompassing both nonindustrial and industrial development. The synthesis is assessed with evidence from the newly industrializing Asian nations of Korea Malaysia and Taiwan. The 4 stages of cities industrial change include 1) increasing primacy with industrial satellites 2) increasing primacy with industrial satellites and nodal towns on a transport network 3) rapidly increasing primacy with rapidly growing industrial satellites and nodal towns on the transport network and 4) decreasing primacy with slowly growing industrial satellites and rapidly growing peripheral industrial towns. The 4-stage synthesis suggests that economic development in the periphery may occur even while the primate city maintains its hegemony over control and coordination functions. Peripheral industrial growth does not challenge this hegemony. The growth of industrial cities is instead part of a process of regional specialization in which the low cost labor in the periphery becomes an attraction for industry. These stages are not inevitable. Government efforts are necessary to develop rural areas in terms of social improvements (education and health) capital infrastructure (transportation and utilities) and fair payments to farmers for their outputs. These seem to be the lessons learned from the industrialization process in Korea Malaysia and Taiwan.
Library resources to enhance the undergraduate experience

Colleges and universities are facing opportunities and challenges created by the confluence of new technology and millennial students, who are using technology to access information, collaborate, and interact. This new generation of students expects information to be targeted to them based on their role at the university. Lehigh has integrated targeted Library resources within its campus portal to meet our students' needs. Students' K-12 experiences also encompass a vast array of internet tools to find information. For students the skills of finding, using and citing this information is often lacking. Lehigh has been working for four years on an Information Literacy initiative to identify the needs of our students and to work with faculty to allow students to best use Lehigh's research tools and databases. Another component of the Information Literacy Initiative is the use of Lehigh's special collection materials and digital library to demonstrate the unique ways that library materials can be used to enhance instruction and ensure a unique course experience.
Effects of tumor necrosis factor and interferon-β on proliferation and epidermal growth factor binding in young and senescent WI-38 cells

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and various interferons (IFN) have potent cytostatic or cytotoxic effects on a variety of human tumor-derived cell lines. Their effects on normal cells are more controversial. We have examined the effects of TNF and IFN-β on the proliferation of WI-38 cells in a serum-free, growth factor-supplemented medium and in serum-containing medium. These cells respond to the combination of epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and dexamethasone by DNA synthesis at a rate and extent equivalent to serum-stimulated cells. TNF has no effect on this growth factor-stimulated proliferation. However, it is stimulatory in serum-containing medium. IFN-β inhibits DNA synthesis 60 to 70% in both young and senescent cells. TNF and IFN-β together have a synergistic effect and completely inhibit growth factor-stimulated DNA synthesis in young cells. No synergism was observed with senescent cells. TNF stimulated an increase in the number of EGF specific binding sites two- to threefold in 24 h in both young and senescent cells. This seems to result from a proportional increase in a very high affinity binding site. IFN-β has little or no effect on EGF binding either alone or in combination with TNF.
Equal Educational Opportunity: Theory, Practice, and Policy.

(1973). Equal educational opportunity: Theory, practice, and policy. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 12, Beyond Teacher Competence, pp. 54-58.
Elastic constants of fiber-reinforced boron-aluminum: Observation and theory

Abstract Elastic constants, both the C ij ’s and S ij ’s, were measured and calculated for a laminated, uniaxially fiber-reinforced boron-aluminum composite. Three theoretical models were considered: square-array, hexagonal-array, and random-distribution. By combining several existing theoretical studies on randomly distributed fibers, we derived relationships for predicting the full set of elastic constants for this model. The random-distribution model agrees best with observation, especially for off-diagonal elastic constants. Considering all nine elastic constants, observation and theory differ on the average by 6%. These discrepancies arise from three sources: experimental error propagation, limited applicability of a transverse-isotropic model to a laminated composite, and elastic anisotropy of boron fibers.
Effect of Calcium on the Reversible Thermal Inactivation of Lignin Peroxidase

Abstract This study investigated the effects of calcium on the thermal inactivation of lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The monophasic loss of veratryl alcohol oxidase activity corresponded to the loss of calcium when the enzyme was thermally inactivated. Addition of calcium slowed and oxalate and EGTA increased the apparent inactivation rate. The thermally inactivated lignin peroxidase could be readily reactivated by addition of Ca 2+ . The amount of activity recovered was dependent on temperature, Ca 2+ concentration, and incubation conditions. Enzyme activity could be recovered up to 95% of its original value by addition of Ca 2+ when lignin peroxidase was depleted of Ca 2+ by incubation with EGTA. Although heme absorbance decreased when the enzyme was thermally inactivated, the amount of iron in the enzyme did not change. Changes in the heme environment of the inactivated enzyme were suggested by changes in the electronic absorption in which the Soret band shifted from 408 to 410 nm, the absorption at 502 nm shifted to 532 nm, and the absorption at 634 nm disappeared upon inactivation. Upon the addition of Ca 2+ , the bands returned to the original wavelength. Therefore, it is proposed that the inactivation mechanism of lignin peroxidase is that the loss of calcium causes heme environmental changes resulting in the loss of enzyme activity.
Empathy and Instinct: Cognitive Neuroscience and Folk Psychology

Abstract Might we have an instinctive tendency to perform helpful actions? This paper explores a model under development in cognitive neuroscience that enables us to understand what instinctive, helpful actions might look like. The account that emerges puts some pressure on key concepts in the philosophical understanding of folk psychology. In developing the contrast, a notion of embodied beliefs is introduced; it arguably fits folk conceptions better than philosophical ones. One upshot is that Humean insights into the role of empathy and instinct in the production of helpful actions are affirmed.
The Importance of Honey Consumption in Human Evolution

It has been suggested that honey may have been an important food source for early members of the genus Homo, yet the importance of meat and savanna plant foods continue to be stressed as the most relevant foods in dietary reconstructions. Here, the importance of honey and bee larvae in hominin diets is explored. Ethnographic reports, examples of Paleolithic rock art, and evidence from non-human primates are used to show that early hominins likely targeted beehives using the Oldowan tool kit. The consumption of honey and bee larvae likely provided significant amounts of energy, supplementing meat and plant foods. The ability to find and exploit beehives using stone tools may have been an innovation that allowed early Homo to nutritionally out-compete other species and may have provided critical energy to fuel the enlarging hominin brain.
Synthetic Methods and Reactions. Part 106. Suppression of anchimerically assisted rearrangement products in the synthesis of α‐fluorocarboxylic acids from α‐amino acids with 48:52 (w/w) hydrogen fluoride/pyridine [1]

Anchimerically assisted rearrangement, observed in the fluorination of some α-amino acids with 70 : 30 (w/w) hydrogen fluoride/pyridine (by weight) in the presence of NaNO2, is substantially or fully suppressed by using the less acidic reagent 48 : 52 (w/w) hydrogen fluoride/pyridine.
Relative risk regression for current status data in case-cohort studies

We propose using the weighted likelihood method to fit a general relative risk regression model for the current status data with missing data as arise, for example, in case-cohort studies. The missingness probability is either known or can be reasonably estimated. Asymptotic properties of the weighted likelihood estimators are established. For the case of using estimated weights, we construct a general theorem that guarantees the asymptotic normality of the M-estimator of a finite dimensional parameter in a class of semiparametric models, where the infinite dimensional parameter is allowed to converge at a slower than parametric rate, and some other parameters in the objective function are estimated a priori. The weighted bootstrap method is employed to estimate the variances. Simulations show that the proposed method works well for finite sample sizes. A motivating example of the case-cohort study from an HIV vaccine trial is used to demonstrate the proposed method. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 39: 557-577; 2011 © 2011 Statistical Society of Canada R´
The impact of raising the minimum drinking age on driver fatalities

Time series analysis was used to obtain statistical tests of the impact of raising the drinking age on monthly driver fatalities in Illinois, Michigan, and Massachusetts. A control series design permitted comparison between younger drivers (21 or less years) and older drivers (25 and older) within states where the minimum drinking age was raised. Since the two groups share the same driving conditions, it was important to demonstrate that any reduction in fatalities was limited to the young age group within which the drinking age change occurred. In addition, control states were selected to permit a comparison between driver fatalities of the young age group (21 or less) in states with the law change and young drivers in states without the law change. Significant immediate reductions in fatalities among 21 and younger drivers in Illinois and Michigan were observed after these states raised their minimum drinking age. No significant reductions in any control series were observed. A linear decrease in young driver fatalities was observed after the drinking age was raised in Massachusetts. There was also a significant linear decrease in young driver fatalities in the Connecticut control series, perhaps due to increasing awareness among young drivers of the dangers of drinking and driving.
Heparin binding sites on Ross River virus revealed by electron cryo-microscopy

Cell surface glycosaminoglycans play important roles in cell adhesion and viral entry. Laboratory strains of two alphaviruses, Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus, have been shown to utilize heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor, whereas Ross River virus (RRV) does not significantly interact with it. However, a single amino acid substitution at residue 218 in the RRV E2 glycoprotein adapts the virus to heparan sulfate binding and expands the host range of the virus into chicken embryo fibroblasts. Structures of the RRV mutant, E2 N218R, and its complex with heparin were determined through the use of electron cryo-microscopy and image reconstruction methods. Heparin was found to bind at the distal end of the RRV spikes, in a region of the E2 glycoprotein that has been previously implicated in cell-receptor recognition and antibody binding.
Eta Squared, Partial Eta Squared, and Misreporting of Effect Size in Communication Research

Communication researchers, along with social scientists from a variety of disciplines, are increasingly recognizing the importance of reporting effect sizes to augment significance tests. Serious errors in the reporting of effect sizes, however, have appeared in recently published articles. This article calls for accurate reporting of estimates of effect size. Eta squared (η 2 ) is the most commonly reported estimate of effect sized for the ANOVA. The classical formulation of eta squared (Pearson, 1911; Fisher, 1928) is distinguished from the lesser known partial eta squared (Cohen, 1973), and a mislabeling problem in the statistical software SPSS (1998) is identified. What SPSS reports as eta squared is really partial eta squared. Hence, researchers obtaining estimates of eta squared from SPSS are at risk of reporting incorrect values. Several simulations are reported to demonstrate critical issues. The strengths and limitations of several estimates of effect size used in ANOVA are discussed, as are the implications of the reporting errors. A list of suggestions for researchers is then offered.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome and outcomes after near hanging.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the case rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after near hanging and the secondary outcomes of traumatic and/or anoxic brain injury and death. Risk factors for the outcomes were assessed. METHOD: The method is a single-center, statewide retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients admitted between August 2002 and September 2011, with a primary diagnosis of nonjudicial "hanging injury." RESULTS: Of 56 patients, 73% were male. The median age was 31 (Interquartile range (IQR), 16-56). Upon arrival, 9% (5/56) did not have a pulse, and 23% (13/56) patients were intubated. The median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 13 (IQR, 3-15); 14% (8/56) had a GCS = 3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome developed in 9% (5/56) of patients. Traumatic anoxic brain injury resulted in 9% (5/56) of patients. The in-hospital case fatality was 5% (3/56). Lower median GCS (3 [IQR, 3-7] vs 14 [IQR, 3-15]; P =.0003) and intubation in field or in trauma resuscitation unit (100% [5/5] vs 16% [8/51]; P =.0003) were associated with ARDS development. Risk factors of death were GCS = 3 (100% [3/3] vs 9% [5/53]; P =.002), pulselessness upon arrival of emergency medical services (100% [3/3] vs 4% [2/53]; P CONCLUSIONS: The ARDS case rate after near hanging is similar to the general trauma population. Low GCS and intubation are associated with increased risk of ARDS development. The rate of traumatic and/or anoxic brain injury in this population is low. Language: en
Palliative care of the chronically critically ill patient

Evidence is accumulating that distressing physical and emotional symptoms are prevalent among patients with critical illness, including those requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation, and that suffering is underestimated and undertreated by caregivers. Although patients and their families rank communication as a preeminent concern, it remains deficient in process and content, even when the illness requires weeks of critical care. Strategies are available to improve symptom management and communication about appropriate goals of care. For the CCI, whose risks of death, disability, and suffering are so high, it is essential that excellent palliative care be provided along with restorative treatment in an integrated way.
Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal individuals can be induced to secrete immunoglobulin G antibodies against self-antigen thyroglobulin in vitro.

Autoantibodies to the self-antigen thyroglobulin (Tg) are usually not found in sera of normal individuals, but are often present in sera of patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. To determine if the presence of such autoantibodies could be due to the abnormal appearance of self-reactive B cells, which are otherwise absent in normal subjects, or to an alteration in the mechanisms regulating such B cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal individuals and patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases were cultured and stimulated in vitro with the polyclonal stimulant pokeweed mitogen (PWM). A modified plaque assay was used to enumerate cells secreting protein A-binding immunoglobulins (Igs) and specific antibodies against Tg. PBL from all individuals tested, includingnormal subjects (n = 26), could be induced by PWM to produce antibodies against Tgin vitro and these antibodies were of IgG isotypes. PBL from patients with detectable serum anti-Tg had more inducible cells secreting anti-Tg [27,000...
Acardiac twin with externalized intestine adherent to placenta: unusual manifestation of omphalocele.

TRAP (twin reversed arterial perfusion) syndrome produces an acardiac twin (acardiac monster, acardius, acardiacus, chorioangiopagus parasiticus, etc.). Acardiacs result from monozygotic multiple births in which three anatomic anomalies occur: (1) a fetus’ cardiac development is disturbed; (2) artery–artery anastomosis carries blood from a normal (“pump”) twin to the acardiac; (3) vein–vein anastomosis carries blood from the acardiac back to the normal twin. Whether reversal of blood flow in the acardiac results from or causes cardiac dysmorphogenesis has not been resolved. Acardiac twins demonstrate a complex constellation of malformations usually thought to result from reversed blood flow; omphalocele is particularly common. We report monochorionic monoamnionic male twins in which an acardiac twin demonstrated externalized intestines adherent to the placenta. The twins were delivered from a 30-year-old primigravida mother by cesarean section without maternal complications at 33 w. The mother has no significant past medical history. The macerated acardius had a 4-cm long attenuated umbilical cord with indeterminate number of vessels. Structures rostral to the thorax were absent save for one poorly developed hand and arm. The abdomen contained loose mesenchyme and no organs. The entire intestine (21 cm) along with two testes was located in a sac on the surface of the placenta. No histopathologic anomalies of formed structures were identified aside from spatial relationships and incomplete development. The normal twin required no intensive care and is doing well. To our knowledge, this is the first report of externalized intestine, which may represent an unusual consequence of omphalocele.
Circulating Progenitor Cells and Childhood Cardiovascular Disease

Circulating progenitor cells have been extensively studied in the context of heart disease in adults. In these patients, they have been demonstrated to be markers of myocardial injury and recovery as well as potential therapeutic agents. However, studies in children are much more limited. Here we review current knowledge pertaining to circulating progenitor cells in the context of childhood cardiovascular disease. Priorities for further research are also highlighted.
The Effects of Reward Contingency and Participative Decision Making on Intrinsically and Extrinsically Motivating Tasks

The article focuses on a study which examined the effects of reward contingency and participative decision making on intrinsically and extrinsically motivating tasks. E. L. Deci has examined change...
Rule consequentialism makes sense after all

It is commonly claimed that rule consequentialism (utilitarianism) collapses into act consequentialism, because sometimes there are benefits from breaking the rules. I suggest this argument is less powerful than has been believed. The argument requires a commitment to a very particular (usually implicit) account of feasibility and constraints. It requires the presupposition that thinking of rules as the relevant constraint is incorrect. Supposedly we should look at a smaller unit of choice—the single act—as the relevant choice variable. But once we see feasibility as a matter of degree, there is no obvious cut-off point for how broadly we should think about the constraints on our choices. Treating “a bundle of choices” as a relevant free variable is no less defensible than treating “a single act” as the relevant free variable. Rule utilitarianism, rule consequentialism, and other rules-based approaches are stronger than their current reputation.
High intensity proton operations at Brookhaven

In 1995 the AGS upgrade met its design goal of 60 TP (1 TP=10/sup 12/ protons) per pulse, made possible by significant improvements in the AGS Booster and AGS. We summarize these improvements and outline strategies for future upgrades.
MODIFICATION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS-B VIRUS INFECTION IN CHIMPANZEES BY ADMINISTRATION OF AN INTERFERON INDUCER

Abstract Chimpanzees chronically infected with hepatitis-B virus showed transient changes in several markers of infection when treated with the interferon inducer polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid-poly-1-lysine carboxymethyl cellulose. Serum Dane-particle-associated D.N.A. polymerase, e antigen and hepatitis-B surface antigen, and intrahepatic hepatitis-B surface and core antigens diminished during treatment. Defective (D.N.A.-polymerase-negative) Dane particles increased in titre transiently during treatment; these may play a role in the modulation of hepatitis-B virus infection. Humoral immune responses in chronic hepatitis-B carrier chimps were unaffected. Interferon inducers (or exogenous interferon) may be useful for the treatment of chronic hepatitis-B virus infection.
From perception to activation: the molecular-genetic and biochemical landscape of disease resistance signaling in plants.

More than 60 years ago, H.H. Flor proposed the “Gene-for-Gene” hypothesis, which described the genetic relationship between host plants and pathogens. In the decades that followed Flor's seminal work, our understanding of the plant-pathogen interaction has evolved into a sophisticated model, detailing the molecular genetic and biochemical processes that control host-range, disease resistance signaling and susceptibility. The interaction between plants and microbes is an intimate exchange of signals that has evolved for millennia, resulting in the modification and adaptation of pathogen virulence strategies and host recognition elements. In total, plants have evolved mechanisms to combat the ever-changing landscape of biotic interactions bombarding their environment, while in parallel, plant pathogens have co-evolved mechanisms to sense and adapt to these changes. On average, the typical plant is susceptible to attack by dozens of microbial pathogens, yet in most cases, remains resistant to many of these challenges. The sum of research in our field has revealed that these interactions are regulated by multiple layers of intimately linked signaling networks. As an evolved model of Flor's initial observations, the current paradigm in host-pathogen interactions is that pathogen effector molecules, in large part, drive the recognition, activation and subsequent physiological responses in plants that give rise to resistance and susceptibility. In this Chapter, we will discuss our current understanding of the association between plants and microbial pathogens, detailing the pressures placed on both host and microbe to either maintain disease resistance, or induce susceptibility and disease. From recognition to transcriptional reprogramming, we will review current data and literature that has advanced the classical model of the Gene-for-Gene hypothesis to our current understanding of basal and effector triggered immunity.
"Don't be Lazy, Don't Lie, Don't Steal": Community Justice in the Neoliberal Andes.

Two processes have reshaped many Latin American indigenous societies: the rise of native movements and the transnationalization of rural economies. Although the connections between these two processes remain sharply debated, both critics and defenders of indigenous movements assume that ethnic unity and economic differentiation must work against each other. I argue otherwise, demonstrating that the territorial consequences of economic change'due chiefly to migration, stratification, and consumerism'invigorate local indigenous politics even as they fragment cultural values. By examining community justice in Otavalo, Ecuador, I show how indigenous people create politically effective unities while they simultaneously produce hierarchical relationships among places and cultural orientations through their activism. [indigenous peoples, grassroots politics, economic change, community justice, Andes, Ecuador]
A wavelet based multi-resolution controller for sensorless position control of PM synchronous motors at low speed

this paper presents an application of a wavelet-based multi-resolution PID controller, for sensorless control of PM synchronous motor (PMSM). The procedure uses high-frequency injection. In this proposed controller, the wavelet package is used to decompose the error signal between actual and command signals into different frequency ranges. Consequently, a better estimation of position and speed is obtained. Moreover, a significant decrease in the noise caused by high-frequency injection can achieved. The performance of this system was evaluated in both simulation and laboratory experiments. The complete control system including the proposed wavelet controller was implemented in real time using the dSpace along with a laboratory scale 250-W, 10-pole PMSM. For demonstration of the advantages of the proposed controller, results obtained from this method were compared with the conventional PI controller.
Anticoccidial Drugs: Growth and Performance Depressing Effects in Young Chickens

Abstract Monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, nicarbazin, halofuginone, or arprinocid were fed to 1-week-old male broiler chicks at recommended levels and 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 times the recommended level, for 3 weeks. Pair-feeding experiments also were conducted to investigate the extent that growth depression with medicated diets could be attributed to the drop in feed consumption. At the recommended level of drugs, growth and feed conversion were not significantly affected. At elevated drug levels, performance was impaired; the adverse effects of drugs became more pronounced with increasing the concentrations in the diets. Weight gain was significantly depressed at 1.5× with arprinocid, halofuginone, and salimomycin, at 1 to 2× with monensin, at 2× with lasalocid, and at 2.5× with nicarbazin. Feed conversion, however, was adversely affected by 2× with halofuginone or 2.5× with salinomycin, nicarbazin, arprinocid, monensin, or lasalocid. The results of the pair-feeding experiments with 2 to 3 times drug levels indicated that most of the growth depression with medicated diets could be attributed to reduced feed consumption, but all drugs except arprinocid caused some additional growth depression.
Possible removal of topiramate by continuous renal replacement therapy.

Abstract Background Topiramate is primarily renally eliminated and requires dosage adjustment based upon renal function. While there is data to suggest drug removal during intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), little is known regarding its clearance and dosing during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Case description We describe a 59-year-old man with refractory status epilepticus who was started on continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) for acute renal failure while receiving topiramate with a series of serum concentrations to assess for removal during CVVHDF. Conclusion Our data suggest clinically important amounts of topiramate are removed by CRRT, and higher topiramate dosage may be needed for these patients instead of the current recommended 50% of normal dosage. Unfortunately, there is no antiepileptic drug dosing recommendation when used during CRRT due to the paucity of data. This case highlights a need for research evaluating the effect of CRRT on AED elimination in order to optimize therapy for seizure control.
An information-processing approach to personal problem solving.

An information-processing view of personal problem solving is presented, involving the way people take in information, process that information into plans for solutions to personal problems and carry out those plans. An abbreviated view of how we view the effect of some important individual differences is presented. We present a definition of problem, which we see as allowing research that can use methods analogous to those employed in research informal problem solving and in the study of 'experts.' We hope that such research will allow us to target interventions according to particular client weaknesses. We suggest some research directions that have promise of future pay off. Suggestions for counseling are made that derive from our experience in counseling college students.
DNA supercoiling changes and nuclear matrix-associated proteins : Possible role in oncogene-mediated radioresistance

Abstract Purpose: Transfection with either H- ras or H- ras and c- myc has been shown to confer radioresistance in rat embryonal cells (REC). REC primary, transfected with either c- myc or cotransfected with c- myc and H- ras (in ascending order of radioresistance and tumorigenicity), were used as an in vitro model system to determine if nuclear matrix-mediated higher order DNA organization contributes to oncogene-mediated radioresistance. Methods and Materials: DNA damage induction and repair were measured by the alkaline and neutral filter elution assays. Analysis of the ability of DNA loop domains to undergo supercoiling changes in the presence of radiation-induced damage was determined by the fluorescent halo assay 9FHA). Because DNA loops are organized by the nuclear matrix (NM), a study of NM-associated proteins by high resolution two0dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed. Results: Induction and repair rates of DNA single- and double-strand breaks were similar for the relatively radiosensitive c- myc transfected and the radioresistant c- myc + H- ras transfected cells. However, the degree of inhibition of DNA supercoil rewinding in the presence of radiation-induced damage was less in the radioresistant cells and was inversely correlated with survival. A. progressive loss of NM-associated proteins was observed, which correlated with increasing radioresistance and tumorigenicity in these cell lines. In addition, some protein changes were consistent with the possibility that these changes could be involved in DNA anchoring. Conclusions: Increased radioresistance associated with increasing tumorigenicity in these oncogene-transfected cell lines could be due to changes in NM-mediated DNA organization, possibly via differences in NM protein composition that occur following oncogenic transfection.
An exploratory comparison of four modes of communication for determining requirements: results on creativity, quality and satisfaction

Previous research has indicated that groups can benefit from the combination of face to face and asynchronous computer mediated communication for conducting work. This exploratory experiment compares the effectiveness of four different modes of communication for groups working on the upstream phases of software development: (1) face to face; (2) synchronous computer conferencing; (3) asynchronous computer conferencing; (4) combined-FtF and asynchronous computer conferencing. Teams of graduate students determined the requirements for an automated post office as a course assignment, over a two week time period. The creativity and quality of solutions produced by groups in the combined condition were higher than those of the remaining three communication modes. Combined groups were generally more satisfied with their solutions, although no differences among conditions were found regarding satisfaction with the process used to accomplish work.
Influence of sex hormones on citrate synthesis in liver.

SummaryA study of factors influencing citrate synthesis was conducted using the fluoroacetate technique of Potter(2) to determine the cause of the marked sex difference (1) in citrate accumulation in the liver following administration of fluoroacetate to rats. Castration of female rats did not decrease citrate synthesis in the liver but castrated and adrenalectomized male rats acquired the ability to accumulate citric acid in the liver after fluoroacetate treatment. Administration of testosterone to female rats for several days decreased citrate synthesis in the liver and testosterone inhibited citrate synthesis by rat liver homogenates in vitro. The results of these experiments indicated that androgens suppress citrate formation in the liver.
Immunity to visceral lymphomatosis in chicks following injection of virus into dams.

SummaryResults obtained in experiments involving 14 immunized hens and 300 test chicks indicate that the virus of visceral lymphomatosis is capable of inducing antibodies in adult chickens, and that these antibodies are transmitted to the chick via the egg, giving the former a significant immunity to challenge inoculation.
Insecticidal Control of the Southwestern Corn Borer

Data on insecticidal control of the southwestern corn borer, Zeadiatrea grandiososella (Dyar), in fields of corn were obtained at 3 locations in Mississippi between 1961 and 1964. Endrin and isobenzan gave the best control. Carbaryl, DDT, diazinon, and endosulfan reduced infestations and stalk girdling. The bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was ineffective.
Global Inequality: An Introduction

Global inequality has been little analyzed by sociologists despite their claim to be the scienti?c experts most in charge of the study of human inequalities and social strati?cation. Most undergraduate courses on social inequalities study race, class and gender without ever acknowledging that the greatest inequalities are between those individuals and households that live in developed versus less developed societies. The amount of international inequality has vastly outweighed within country inequalities since at least the 1870s when a wave of economic globalization under the Pax Britannica increased average wages in the core while leaving most of the periphery and the semiperiphery at subsistence levels. Increasing inequality was one of the most important consequences of nineteenth century globalization, and this fact is pregnant with importance for those who seek to understand what the consequences of twentieth century globalization may be. Resistance to global capitalism and attacks on symbols of power are likely to increase, just as they did in the decades following the great expansion of trade and investment in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Research into the causes of increasing inequalities is thus extremely important for social scientists, policy makers and global citizens who need to understand how the world-system works in order to change it.
Relational programs

The objective of this research is to produce useful, low-cost methods for developing correct concurrent programs from formal specifications. In particular, we address the design and verification of the synchronization and communication portions of such programs. Often, this portion can be implemented using a fixed, finite amount of synchronization related data, i.e., it is "finite-state." Nevertheless, even when each program component contains only one bit of synchronization related data, the number of possible global synchronization states for K components is about 2K, in general. Because of this "state-explosion" phenomenon, the manual verification of large concurrent programs typically requires lengthy, and therefore error-prone, proofs. Using a theorem prover increases reliability, but requires extensive formal labor to axiomatize and solve verification problems. Automatic verification methods (such as reachability analysis and temporal logic model checking) use state-space exploration to decide if a program satisfies its specification, and are therefore also subject to state-explosion. To date, proposed techniques for ameliorating state-explosion either require significant manual labor, or work well only when the program is highly symmetric and regular (e.g., many functionally similar components connected in similar ways).To overcome these drawbacks, we advocate the synthesis of programs from specifications. This approach performs the refinement from specifications to programs automatically. Thus, the amount of formal labor is reduced to writing a formal specification and applying the appropriate synthesis step at each stage of the derivation. While nontrivial, writing a formal specification is necessary in any methodology that guarantees correctness.
Gas Transporting Conditions for Formation of Large-and Medium-Sized Gas Fields in Different Types of Basins of China

The characteristics of gas migrating channels of large-and medium-sized gas fields in different types of basins of China are analyzed,it is believed that no matter what the basin types are,faults or fractures act as the main gas migrating channels.This paper presents the definition and the calculation of comprehensive evaluation parameters for gas transporting capability of gas pools and studies the capabilities of 46 large-and medium-sized gas fields in domestic three types of basins where the faults act mainly as gas migrating channels.The study shows that the large-and medium-sized gas fields in Cratonic basin possess the highest or strongest gas transporting capability,those in foreland basin have medium one and those in rift basin are the lowest.By definition,calculation and study,it is shown that the gas accumulation efficiency of foreland basin is the highest,that of rift basin is medium,that of Cratonic basin is the lowest.By study of relationship between the gas accumulation efficiencies and the comprehensive evaluation parameters,it is believed that the foreland basin is of the greatest effect of gas transporting capability on the gas accumulation efficiency,the rift basin is of medium one and Cratonic basin is of the smallest.This paper also presents that the minimum value of comprehensive evaluation parameters required for forming gas transporting capability of high efficiency of foreland basin is about 1.6×10-14 m/s,that of rift basin is about 2.0×10-14 m/s and that of Cratonic basin is about 5.2×10-14 m/s.
Study on Cold Area of Meteorological Factors to the Impact Ofurban Main Infectious Diseases Paleolimnologic

OBJECTIVE Reveal the six infectious diseases quantitative relationship with meteorological factors in Harbin for cold area epidemic diseases prevention and control to provide a scientific basis.METHODS Collection the data of 2004—2009 Harbin six infectious diseases including dysentery,infectious diarrhea,scarlet fever,mumps,gonorrhea,epidemic hemorrhagic fever and meteorological.Use Excel to establish a database and treatment data with SPSS 17.0 statistical software.RESULTS Mean temperature is the important meteorological factor which affect incidence of bacillary dysentery,infectious diarrhea,scarlet fever,gonorrhea and epidemic hemorrhagic fever,the average air humidity is important meteorological factor of affecting the incidence of the epidemic mumps.CONCLUSION According to forecast model equation and the critical point and short-term future climate forecasting can predict the incidence of the six infectious diseases and reduce health risks for people.