cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voltage‐gated potassium channels and the diversity of electrical signalling

Since Hodgkin and Huxley discovered the potassium current that underlies the falling phase of action potentials in the squid giant axon, the diversity of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels has been manifested in multiple ways. The large and extended potassium channel family is evolutionarily conserved molecularly and functionally. Alternative splicing and RNA editing of Kv channel genes diversify the channel property and expression level. The mix-and-match of subunits in a Kv channel that contains four similar or identical pore-forming subunits and additional auxiliary subunits further diversify Kv channels. Moreover, targeting of different Kv channels to specific subcellular compartments and local translation of Kv channel mRNA in neuronal processes diversify axonal and dendritic action potentials and influence how synaptic plasticity may be modulated. As one indication of the evolutionary conservation of Kv1 channel functions, mutations of the Shaker potassium channel gene in Drosophila and the KCNA1 gene for its mammalian orthologue, Kv1.1, cause hyperexcitability near axon branch points and nerve terminals, thereby leading to uncontrolled movements and recapitulating the episodic ataxia-1 (EA1) symptoms in human patients.
The Effect of Inherited Chondrodystrophy on the Hexosamine Content of Cartilage from Turkey Embryos

Abstract The effect of inherited chondrodystrophy on the composition of embryonic turkey cartilage was studied. Cartilage from embryos homozygous for the mutant gene contained less than one-half the normal amount of galactosamine containing mucopolysaccharides. Histological examination also showed that there was a substantial decrease in extracellular matrix content of the chondrodystrophic cartilage.
Viscoelastic properties and coating performance of water‐soluble acrylic copolymers crosslinked with melamine resin

Acrylic copolymers with different amounts of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups for obtaining practical performance of melamine-cured acrylic coatings was investigated. Property testing results indicated that glass transition temperature (Tg) and shear modulus increased, and molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc) decreased with the increase of hydroxyl and carboxyl number in the acrylic copolymers. The degree of crosslinks influenced the resistance to solvent and chemicals at a lower baking temperature. Compared with acrylic acid, itaconic acid as a carboxyl monomer was more effective in inducing a lower baking schedule. The water-soluble acrylic copolymer, which is neutralized with triethylamine, consists of 20 wt % methylmethacrylate, 55 wt % buthylacrylate, 15 wt % hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and 10 wt % itaconic acid. The copolymer showed higher crosslinks when cured with methoxymethyl melamine formaldehyde resin under a relatively lower baking schedule at 135°C for 30 min. It also has excellent solvent and chemical resistance. This coating film has a Tg value of 39°C, modulus of 2 × 108 dyne/cm2 in the rubbery state, and Mc value of 464. Also the acrylic copolymer films with Mc < 900 have good properties for solvent, acid, and alkali resistance. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Air-displacement plethysmography for the measurement of body composition in children aged 6–48 months

Air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) is an age-appropriate method for measuring relative fat mass (%FM) in children; however, the accuracy of this method has not been evaluated in children aged 5 y or younger. Mean %FM values measured by ADP (17.9 ± 8.0%) and by total body water (TBW) (23.7 ± 6.3%) were significantly different (P < 0.001). Regression analysis of %FM by ADP vs. TBW provided a line of best fit with a slope of 0.089, r2 = 0.013, and standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 6.3% FM (P = 0.40). The error was related to child weight and %FM, but not to behaviors (movement or vocalizations) occurring during the test sequence. A large portion of the error was attributable to imprecision in measuring small volumes. As currently designed, ADP is not an accurate method for measuring %FM in young children. Further investigation of the sources of variability will provide insight into ways of improving the accuracy of this technology for this population. This study examined the accuracy of an ADP system modified for young children (BOD POD; Life Measurement, Concord, CA) by comparing %FM results from ADP with those obtained from TBW by deuterium (D2O) dilution (reference method) in 72 children aged 6–48 mo.
Delayed Auditory Feedback and Aphasia

Summary The effect of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) was evaluated in three groups of subjects: 10 normal controls, 10 non-fluent aphasics, and 10 fluent aphasics. Speech production tasks consisted of (1) repeating sound and words; (2) naming objects; (3) producing sentences from given stimulus words; (4) answering questions; (5) reciting nursery rhymes; and (6) reading. Two delays were used, 180 and 360 msec. Two independent judges rated patients' responses for changes in intensity, duration, and quality of speech. Inter-judge reliability was considered satisfactory. Contrary to some previous reports, all subjects, including all the fluent aphasics, showed some DAF effect. Fluent aphasics, however, showed a significantly smaller DAF effect than non-fluent aphasics. Patients with conduction aphasia appeared to be the least impaired. Overall DAF effect was greater with 180 msec. than with 360 msec. The largest DAF effect occurred during answering questions, followed by repeating, reading, nursery rhymes, sentence production, and naming, in that order. Repetition of a complex word produced a greater DAF effect than repetition of a simple sound. Finally, we found a differential effect of DAF on the three measures used in the study. We hypothesize that DAF effects result from changes in two separate monitoring systems. One systems is related to changes in the intensity of speech and does not appear to be affected by aphasia. The other is responsible for duration and qualitative changes in speech and is differentially affected in relation to pathology producing aphasia.
The Significance of Core Values on the Theory and Practice of Organizational Development

Values are the outcome of choice, as well as the underlying forces which influence those choices. How important are they in terms of the theory and practice of OD? Their importance over the past 30 years is demonstrated, and it is concluded that the identity of OD is dependent on the existence and application of the core values it advocates.
A single automated instrument for monitoring total trihalomethane and total haloacetic acid concentrations in near real-time

Abstract A single instrument is presented for selectively measuring the concentrations of total trihalomethanes (THM4) and total haloacetic acids (HAA9) directly from drinking water distribution systems. The method is based on the fluorescence reaction of THM4 or HAA5 species with nicotinamide. The method detection limit (MDL) for THM4 was 2.5 μg L−1 with mean % recovery of 108% and % relative standard deviation (% R.S.D.) of 4%. For HAA5, the MDL was 3.3 μg L−1 with mean % recovery and % R.S.D. of 102% and 3.5%, respectively. Side-by-side comparisons to United States Environmental Protection Agency methods (Methods 502.2 and 552.3) in chlorinated and chloraminated distribution systems exhibited reproducible biases that ranged from ∼0.2 to 5 μg L−1 for THM4 and from ∼−0.7 to −27 μg L−1 for HAA5. The device provides for automated on-line sampling and analysis of THM4 and HAA9 with hourly sample analysis rates and is effectively a real-time system for drinking water monitoring.
Competition between Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria americana as influenced by soil fertility

Abstract The influence of soil fertility on competitive interactions between dioecious hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle] and American eelgrass (Vallisneria americana Michx) was investigated. Addition series experiments were conducted with mixed plantings of Hydrilla : Vallisneria grown at two levels of soil fertility. Competitive abilities of each plant species were determined using the reciprocal-yield model of mean plant weight. In monocultures, Hydrilla biomass averaged six times higher at high fertility as compared to biomass at low fertility, whereas only a two-fold increase in biomass was obtained with Vallisneria grown in similar fertility treatments. In mixed cultures at high fertility, Hydrilla was the stronger competitor relative to Vallisneria, with one Hydrilla plant being competitively equivalent to 7.2 Vallisneria plants in terms of their respective abilities to reduce Hydrilla biomass. Under nutrient limiting conditions, however, Hydrilla growth and its competitive advantage over Vallisneria were both depressed, and Vallisneria was the dominant species. These data indicated that differential response to increased nutrient inputs is one major determinant of competitive success in mixtures of dioecious Hydrilla and Vallisneria.
Implementing hardware Trojans: Experiences from a hardware Trojan challenge

Hardware Trojans have become a growing concern in the design of secure integrated circuits. In this work, we present a set of novel hardware Trojans aimed at evading detection methods, designed as part of the CSAW Embedded System Challenge 2010. We introduced and implemented unique Trojans based on side-channel analysis that leak the secret key in the reference encryption algorithm. These side-channel-based Trojans do not impact the functionality of the design to minimize the possibility of detection. We have demonstrated the statistical analysis approach to attack such Trojans. Besides, we introduced Trojans that modify either the functional behavior or the electrical characteristics of the reference design. Novel techniques such as a Trojan draining the battery of a device do not have an immediate impact and hence avoid detection, but affect the long term reliability of the system.
An evaluation of nine amalgamators

Many dentists have complained of unreliability of mixes from mechanical amalgamators. A comparison of trituration time and temperature, speed and capsule thrust, and strength values obtained from nine machines revealed the important role of the capsule-pestle combination.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and hip fracture risk in older U.S. white adults.

We used serum 25(OH)D data from NHANES III and incident hip fracture cases identified using linked mortality and Medicare records, and found that serum 25(OH)D was significantly related to reduced hip fracture risk in non-Hispanic white adults ≥65 yr of age. Introduction: The role of vitamin D status in reducing fracture risk is unclear. We examined the relationship between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and incident hip fracture risk in older non-Hispanic white adults. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 1917 white men and women ≥65 yr of age who were examined in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994), a nationally representative survey. Incident hip fractures were ascertained using linked mortality and Medicare records that were obtained for NHANES III participants. Serum 25(OH)D values were measured with a radioimmunoassay kit. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of hip fracture by serum 25(OH)D level. Results: There were 156 incident hip fracture cases in the sample. Cases were older, had lower BMD and body mass index, more prevalent spine or wrist fractures and weight loss before baseline, and ate fewer kilocalories and less calcium than noncases. After adjusting for these differences, serum 25(OH)D values exceeding 60 nM were significantly related to hip fracture risk. For example, the multivariate-adjusted RR was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.46-0.89) among individuals with serum 25(OH)D values ≥62.5 nM compared with those with values below this level. When grouped into quartiles, the multivariate-adjusted RR for the second, third, and fourth versus the first quartile of serum 25(OH)D were 0.50 (95% CI, 0.25-1.00), 0.41 (95% CI, 0.24-0.70), and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.29-0.86), respectively. Conclusions: Serum 25(OH)D was related to a significantly lower hip fracture risk in this cohort of older white adults, even after adjusting for several relevant confounding variables. The relationship did not seem to be linear across all values. Our results support other studies suggesting that serum 25(OH)D values exceeding 60 nM are associated with health benefits.
Nucleation phenomena during co-injection of ceramic particulates into atomized metal droplets

Nucleation phenomena that are associated with the co-injection of ceramic particulates into atomized metal droplets were studied using finite difference analysis. Classical nucleation theory, together with thermal interactions between particulates and droplet, were used to predict the onset temperature for nucleation. Based on the present results, it was found that wetting-angle effects and thermal-shock effects are two important factors that influence the nucleation of solid on the surface of the ceramic particulate. The thermal shock that is induced by the presence of ceramic reinforcements promotes nucleation of the solid at the particulate surface as a result of a large thermal gradient between the melt and the particulate during a short contact time. The thermal-shock effects were studied by varying ceramic particulate size, temperature and initial droplet undercooling at the ceramic particulate injection distance. The numerical results are noted to be consistent with available experimental results.
Early effects of neighborhood density and phonotactic probability of spoken words on event-related potentials

All current models of spoken word recognition propose that sound-based representations of spoken words compete with, or inhibit, one another during recognition. In addition, certain models propose that higher probability sublexical units facilitate recognition under certain circumstances. Two experiments were conducted examining ERPs to spoken words and nonwords simultaneously varying in phonotactic probability and neighborhood density. Results showed that the amplitude of the P2 potential was greater for high probability-density words and nonwords, suggesting an early inhibitory effect of neighborhood density. In order to closely examine the role of phonotactic probability, effects of initial phoneme frequency were also examined. The latency of the P2 potential was shorter for words with high initial-consonant probability, suggesting a facilitative effect of phonotactic probability. The current results are consistent with findings from previous studies using reaction time and eye-tracking paradigms and provide new insights into the time-course of lexical and sublexical activation and competition.
Abstract 2952: Aberrant accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate in human breast cancer with myc activation

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Metabolite addiction of tumors may represent an Achilles heel for cancer cells and an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Recently, using an untargeted discovery approach and validation of key metabolites, we characterized the metabolomic profile of human breast tumors and uncovered intrinsic metabolite signatures in these tumors. Importantly, the oncometabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), accumulated in a subset of tumors and human breast cancer cell lines. 2HG reached millimolar concentrations comparable to those in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant gliomas, despite the absence of IDH mutations. Instead, we discovered a significant association between increased 2HG levels and MYC pathway activation in breast cancer, which was corroborated in human mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells with inducible MYC overexpression and knockdown. Further analyses showed a global increase of DNA methylation in 2HG-high tumors and identified a poor survival tumor subtype with distinct DNA methylation, high tissue 2HG, and heightened occurrence in African-American patients. Tumors of this subtype had a stem cell-like transcriptional signature with WNT and MYC pathway activation. These tumors over-expressed glutaminase, suggesting a functional relationship between glutamine and 2HG metabolism in breast cancer. Accordingly, 13C-labeled glutamine was metabolized into 2HG in cells with aberrant 2HG accumulation, whereas pharmacologic and siRNA-mediated inhibition of glutaminase markedly reduced 2HG. Our findings highlight 2HG as a candidate breast cancer oncometabolite associated with MYC activation and poor prognosis. Citation Format: Prachi Mishra. Aberrant accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate in human breast cancer with myc activation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2952. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2952
Clique covering the edges of a locally cobipartite graph

Abstract We prove that a locally cobipartite graph on n vertices contains a family of at most n cliques that cover its edges. This is related to Opsut's conjecture that states the competition number of a locally cobipartite graph is at most two.
Herbal Medicine and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Applications and Challenges

Use of herbal medicine in the treatment of liver cancer has a long tradition. The compounds derived from the herb and herbal composites are of considerable interest among oncologists. In the past, certain herbal compounds and herbal composite formulas have been studied through in vitro and in vivo as an anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) agent, enhancing our knowledge about their biologic functions and targets. However there is a significant distinction between the herbal medicine and the herbal production even though both are the plant-based remedies used in the practice. In this article, for the sake of clarity, the effective herbal compounds and herbal composite formulas against HCC are discussed, with emphasizing the basic conceptions of herbal medicine in order to have a better understanding of the prevention and treatment of HCC by herbal active compounds and herbal composite formulas.
Failure rates of single- versus dual-coil nonrecalled sprint quattro defibrillator leads.

Electrical failure is more common in single-coil compared with dual-coil implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) leads in the case of the recalled Riata lead. Single-coil leads are however favored in most patients given their lower risk of extraction. We therefore evaluated the failure-free survival of single- versus dual-coil ICD leads not included in Food and Drug Administration recalls. All patients receiving a Medtronic transvenous Sprint Quattro single- or dual-coil ICD lead were included in this analysis. Leads were followed to the end point of electrical failure. A total of 1,020 dual-coil and 631 single-coil ICD leads were implanted at our institution from November 2000 to March 2014. As expected, dual-coil leads had a longer follow-up time (3.4 ± 2.6 years vs 1.3 ± 1.0 years, p
Functional tests of enhancer conservation between distantly related species

Expression patterns of orthologous genes are often conserved, even between distantly related organisms, suggesting that once established, developmental programs can be stably maintained over long periods of evolutionary time. Because many orthologous transcription factors are also functionally conserved, one possible model to account for homologous gene expression patterns, is conservation of specific binding sites within cis-regulatory elements of orthologous genes. If this model is correct, a cis-regulatory element from one organism would be expected to function in a distantly related organism. To test this hypothesis, we fused the green fluorescent protein gene to neuronal and muscular enhancer elements from a variety of Drosophila melanogaster genes, and tested whether these would activate expression in the homologous cell types in Caenorhabditis elegans. Regulatory elements from several genes directed appropriate expression in homologous tissue types, suggesting conservation of regulatory sites. However, enhancers of most Drosophila genes tested were not properly recognized in C. elegans, implying that over this evolutionary distance enough changes occurred in cis-regulatory sequences and/or transcription factors to prevent proper recognition of heterospecific enhancers. Comparisons of enhancer elements of orthologous genes between C. elegans and C. briggsae revealed extensive conservation, as well as specific instances of functional divergence. Our results indicate that functional changes in cis-regulatory sequences accumulate on timescales much shorter than the divergence of arthropods and nematodes, and that mechanisms other than conservation of individual binding sites within enhancer elements are responsible for the conservation of expression patterns of homologous genes between distantly related species.
The generalization of Faulhaber's formula to sums of non-integral powers

Abstract A formula for the sum of any positive-integral power of the first N positive integers was published by Johann Faulhaber in the 1600s. In this paper, we generalize Faulhaber's formula to non-integral complex powers with real part greater than −1.
Ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization using pure follicle-stimulating hormone with and without gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in high-responder patients.

There is a distinct pattern of response to gonadotropin stimulation in some patients marked by high peak estradiol (E2) levels, multifollicular ovarians response, and elevated basal luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios. We reviewed the stimulation profiles of five such high-responder patients who failed to conceive during in vitro fertilization with ovarian stimulation using pure FSH. All patients had baseline LH/FSH >1.5 and peak E2>800 pg/ml. One cycle was canceled prior to hCG administration because of marked ovarian response (E2>2500 pg/ml, multiple small follicles). In a subsequent cycle, all patients were pretreated with the gonadotropin releasing-hormone agonist (GnRHa) leuprolide acetete for 10–14 days prior to initiation of FSH for ovarian stimulation. Leuprolide was continued until the day of hCG administration. During cycles using GnRHa, there was a statistically significant decrease (P <0.05) in serum FSH on day 3 (<5 vs 8.3 mIU/ml), serum E2 on day 3 (14.6 vs 34.6 pg/ml), and peak serum E2 (1197.6 vs 1923.0 pg/ml). Patients during cycles with GnRHa had a greater number of preovulatory (8.6 vs 3.0) and total (12.4 vs 6.0) oocytes retrieved (P<0.05). The fertilization rate of preovulatory oocytes was also higher during cycles using GnRHa (83 vs 64%). Two pregnancies occurred in the cycles pretreated with GnRHa. These preliminary data indicate that in high-responder patients, a combination of GnRHa and pure FSH results in lower E2 levels during the stimulation cycle and a greater number of total and mature oocytes retrieved and fertilized.
A method for ranking components importance in presence of epistemic uncertainties

Importance Measures (IMs) are used to rank the contributions of components or basic events to the system performance, e.g. its reliability or risk. Most times, IMs are calculated without due account of the uncertainties in the model of the behavior of the system. The objective of this work is to investigate how uncertainties can influence IMs and to develop a method for giving them due account in the corresponding ranking of the components or basic events. The uncertainties considered in this work affect the model parameters values and are assumed to be described by probability density functions. The method for ranking the contributors to the system performance measure is applied to the auxiliary feedwater system of a nuclear pressurized water reactor.
State change in Chile, 1973–1988

All of the Southern Cone military regimes of the 1970s articulated a commitment to a neoconservative program of state change. Nowhere, however, was the commitment translated into policy with greater zeal, speed, and consistency than in Chile. What differed in Chile was less a lack of resistance to neoconservatism than the capacity of the economic team to ignore or override that resistance due to the extreme concentration of political power achieved by General Augusto Pinochet. The Chilean experience consequently underlines the importance of institutional arrangements for understanding variations in policy outcomes.
Field-And Time-Dependent Photo And Dark Current Studies Of Semi-Insulating Gaas

Photocurrent and dark current precise time-dependent measurements have been conducted on semi-insulating GaAs as functions of pulsed voltage at room and low temperature, employing pulsed and continuous illumination. These experiments have been performed also as functions of fast voltage interruptions and slow voltage interruptions and slow voltage relaxations, and their respective position in time (epoch) as well as the time of imposition of a field pulse. Further work was conducted on the response of photocurrent to follow rapidly oscillating cw voltage superimposed onto a field pulse. The objective of these studies is to assist in characterizing trapping levels in semi-insulating GaAs, including EL2, and to determine time-constants for current decay. From these experiments we deduced a trap saturation time of 300 ns and a trap liberation time of 8.5 - 10.0 ns.
Effect of chromium addition to the Co-MCM-41 catalyst in the synthesis of single wall carbon nanotubes

This paper studies the effect of chromium addition to the Co-MCM-41 catalyst in the synthesis of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT). The molecular ratios between the two metals have been varied in the catalyst template and their effect on the synthesized SWNT distribution has been studied. By adding Cr to the Co-MCM-41 monometallic catalyst, the diameter distribution of the synthesized SWNT has shifted towards smaller diameter tubes. This shift was correlated with the development of a bimetallic oxide in the MCM-41 framework during catalyst synthesis. By use of fluorescence spectroscopy, the relative abundance of certain tube chiralities has been seen to increase in the bimetallic samples compared to the monometallic ones as for example the (6,5) nanotube. X-ray absorption analysis of the catalyst before, during and after the SWNT synthesis, suggested that the use of a less reducible oxide (chromium oxide) to anchor clusters of a nanotube growth catalyst (cobalt clusters) is an important general tool for engineering the resultant nanotube properties. The addition of chromium has been seen to affect both the reducibility of the cobalt ions and the size of the resultant particles during the SWNT synthesis process.
Use of chemical profiling to differentiate geographic growing origin of raw pistachios

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of chemical profiling methods combined with multivariate methods to differentiate the geographical growing regions of pistachios (Pistachia vera). Elemental analysis (Ba, Be, Ca, Cu, Cr, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ti, Cd, and P) of pistachios samples was performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Analysis of inorganic anions and organic acids (selenite, bromate, fumarate, malate, selenate, pyruvate, acetate, phosphate, and ascorbate) of pistachio samples was performed using capillary electrophoresis. Bulk carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were performed using stable isotope MS. There were nearly 400 pistachio samples analyzed from the three major pistachio growing regions: Turkey, Iran, and California (United States). A computational evaluation of the trace element data sets was carried out using statistical pattern recognition methods including principal component analysis, canonical discriminant analysis, discriminant analysis, and neural network modeling. Several linear discriminant function models classified the data sets with 95% or higher accuracy. We report the development of a method combining elemental analysis and classification techniques that may be widely applied to the determination of the geographical origin of foods.
A new tool for tissue engineers: ions as regulators of morphogenesis during development and regeneration.

Abstract Currently, most of the research on how to encourage stem cells to replace missing tissues focuses on biochemical control, such as signaling by growth factors. In addition to basic question...
What can Mathematical Models Tell us About Occupational Mobility

A description is given of most models and methods which have recently been proposed for describing aggregate movement over a set of occupational categories, both during a single interval of time and over a sequence of intervals; contingency tables and Markov chains are emphasized. Substantial movement (in an aggregate sense) is “explained” by simple effects of supply, demand, age of respondent, etc., without knowledge of nondemographic variables such as respondent's education, aspirations, etc. Related but unpublished findings by the author and others are given and numerous possible directions for investigation are suggested.
The Franco-Prussian War: The German invasion of France, 1870-1871

Introduction Preface Chapter 1: The Antagonists 1. The Technical Background 2. The Unreformed Armies 3. The Reform of the Prussian Army 4. The Reform of the French Army Chapter 2: The Outbreak 1. The War Plans 2. The Hohenzollen Candidature 3. The German Moblisation 4. The French Mobilisation Chapter 3: The First Disasters 1. The Concentration of Armies 2. Spicheren 3. Froeschwiller Chapter 4: The Army of the Rhine 1. The Invasion 2. Vionville-Mars-la-Tour 3. Gravelotte-St. Privat Chapter 5: The Army of Chalons 1. Beaumont 2. Sedan Chapter 6: The Government of National Defence 1. Ferrieres 2. The Nation in Arms 3. The Francs-Tireurs Chapter 7: Metz and Strasbourg Chapter 8: The Battles for Orleans 1. Coulmiers 2. Beaunc-la-Rolande 3. Loigny Chapter 9: The Siege of Paris 1. The Investment 2. Le Plan Troucu 3. Versailles 4. The Bombardement Chapter 10: Guerre a Outrance 1. the Deepening Conflict 2. Chanzy 3. Faidherbe 4. The End in the West 5. Bourbaki Chapter 11: The Peace Notes on Sources Select Bibliography Index
Response of Old and New Soybean Cultivars to Heterodera glycines Ichinohe

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe; SCN) causes significant yield loss each year. New cultivars (released since 1997) have superior yield compared with older cultivars (released between 1938 and 1983), but responses to SCN have not been evaluated. Studies were established at three locations in Iowa for 2 yr to measure yield loss of 23 cultivars that differed in year ofrelease and SCN resistance in locations with varying SCN population density and Heterodera glycines Type (HG Type). Initial SCN population densities (Pi) were <1000 eggs 100 cm -3 (HG Type 2.7) at Whiting, between 1000 and 4000 eggs 100 cm -3 (HG Type 1.2.5.7 and 2.5.7) at Nevada, and between 4000 and 12,500 eggs 100 cm -3 (HG Type 0 and 7) at De Witt in 2005 and 2006. Analysis of simple effects from year x location interactions consistently showed that new SCN-resistant cultivars had lower final SCN population densities (Pf) and reproduction factors (Rf) compared with old and new SCN-susceptible cultivars. Among all locations, seed yield of new SCN-resistant cultivars was 14% greater than new SCN-susceptible cultivars and 32% greater than old SCN-susceptible cultivars. Yield increase was a result of increased seed production (seeds m -2 ) and not from a change in seed mass. Yield of new SCN-susceptible cultivars was 18% greater than old SCN-susceptible cultivars but did not provide greater control of SCN. These data indicate that yield increases with new SCN-susceptible cultivars are not the result of improved SCN management. Data support the selection of SCN-resistant cultivars for fields in which SCN has been identified, regardless of Pi or HG Type to increase yield and reduce SCN population densities.
Re-Ranking Algorithms for Name Tagging

Integrating information from different stages of an NLP processing pipeline can yield significant error reduction. We demonstrate how re-ranking can improve name tagging in a Chinese information extraction system by incorporating information from relation extraction, event extraction, and coreference. We evaluate three state-of-the-art re-ranking algorithms (MaxEnt-Rank, SVMRank, and p-Norm Push Ranking), and show the benefit of multi-stage re-ranking for cross-sentence and cross-document inference.
Theory of Phonon-Assisted Tunneling in Semiconductors

We calculate the phonon-assisted tunneling current for a model $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junction (as opposed to the homogeneous-electric-field model) due to two mechanisms. A first-order mechanism in which an electron on, say, the $p$ side scatters to a state on the $n$ side with the emission of a phonon yields results similar to those calculated by other workers for the homogeneous-electric-field model and is about three orders of magnitude too small to account for the experimentally observed current. A second-order process in which an electron on the $p$ side tunnels to an intermediate state in a higher band on the $n$ side via the interband term in the Hamiltonian and then scatters with the emission of a phonon to a final state on the $n$ side yields a current equal in magnitude to the experimentally observed current. This mechanism also succeeds, where the first one fails, in accounting for the magnitude of an differences between the experimentally measured pressure coefficients $\ensuremath{\pi}_{\mathrm{LA}}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}_{\mathrm{LA}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}_{\mathrm{TA}}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}_{\mathrm{TA}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ where $\ensuremath{\pi}=\frac{{J}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\mathrm{dJ}}{\mathrm{dP}}$, the superscripts identify the direction of current flow, and the subscripts, the branch of the phonon involved in the tunneling process (LA = longitudinal acoustic, TA = transverse acoustic).
Water involvement in diapause and the resumption of morphogenesis of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella

The effect of water on diapause and the resumption of morphogenesis of the southwestern corn borer was examined. Diapause larvae were held under dry conditions or with access to water in various environmental regimes known to permit different rates of diapause development. Results showed that diapause development occurred at a higher rate in larvae held dry than in those continuously supplied with contact water. Larvae did not, therefore, require an exogenous water source to complete diapause development. Although the availability of water promoted the post-diapause pupal moulting cycle of larvae which had completed diapause development, those which maintained a tissue water content > ca. 55% did not require contact water to complete this cycle. The loss of water in diapause larvae held under dry conditions or with access to water along with the quantity imbibed following various periods of dehydration was estimated. The physiological significance of the results in relation to other similar data is discussed. Zusammenfassung DIE BEDEUTUNG DES WASSERS FUR DIE DIAPAUSE UND FUR DIE WIEDERAUFNAHME DER MORPHOGENESIS BEIM SUDWESTLICHEN MAISBOHRER, DIATRAEA GRANDIOSELLA Es wurde der Einfluss von Wasser auf Diapause und Wiederaufnahme der Morphogenesis bei Diatraea grandiosella untersucht. Reife Diapauselarven wurden aus Laborzuchten erhalten oder im Freiland in Sudost-Missouri gesammelt. Sie wurden trocken gehalten oder hatten Zugang zu Wasser und zwar in verschiedenen Umgebungsbedingungen, bei denen bekannter-massen die Diapauseentwicklung mit verschiedener Geschwindigkeit erfolgt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Diapauseentwicklung rascher ablief bei Larven, die trocken gehalten wurden als bei solchen mit dauerndem Kontaktwasser. Die Larven brauchen demnach keine exogene Wasserquelle zur vollstandigen Diapauseentwicklung. Zwar begunstigt die Verfugbarkeit von Wasser nach der Diapause das Einsetzen der Verpuppungsphase; dennoch brauchten diejenigen Larven, deren Gewebswassergehalt bei uber ca. 55% lag, uberhaupt kein Kontaktwasser, um diese Phase, d.h. die Verpuppung, abzuschliessen. Der Wasserverlust von Diapauselarven bei trockenen und nassen Bedingungen wurde bestimmt und ebenso die aufgenommene Wassermenge nach Trockenperioden. Die physiologische Bedeutung der Ergebnisse in Beziehung zu anderen, ahnlichen Daten wird diskutiert.
Anticoagulant-resistant rats: possible control by the use of the chloro analog of vitamin K 1 .

Strains of wild rats that are resistant to the anticoagulant action of coumarins and derivatives of indandione have been discovered in a number of geographic areas. These rats have now been shown to be more susceptible than normal rats are to the anticoagulant action of the vitamin K antagonist, 2-chloro-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. This compound, either alone or in combination with warfarin, would appear to be an effective rodenticide in areas where resistance to the indirect anticoagulants is a problem.
Time-of-Flight Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Atoms and Molecules

Following the advent of third-generation synchrotron-radiation sources with ultra-high brightness and X-ray pulse widths of a few picoseconds, the technique of time-of-flight (TOF) electron spectroscopy has experienced a dramatic enhancement in energy resolution. Using soft-X-ray beams focused to 100 μm or less, a new gas-phase TOF-photoelectron apparatus in operation at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) has demonstrated electron energy resolution as high as 8000 (E/ΔE), comparable to some of the best electrostatic analyzers, while maintaining the traditional efficiency of the TOF technique. This apparatus is being used to probe limitations of basic approximations in X-ray photoemission: (1) the independent-particle approximation, and (2) the dipole approximation. In both cases, new limits of these approximations have been discovered in unexpected photon-energy regimes. This paper includes an overview of the TOF technique as well as a summary of results from the ALS on limits of these basic approximations.
A Two-Carbon Switch to Sterol-Induced Autophagic Death

Although both cholesterol and plant sterols are abundant in our diets, our intestinal epithelial cells selectively and efficiently rid the body of plant sterols. However, a rare mutation in plant sterol excretion in humans results in the accumulation of plant sterols, particularly sitosterol, in the plasma and tissues. Sitosterol differs from cholesterol only in an extra ethyl group on the sterol side chain. Significantly, sitosterolemia is associated with accelerated atherothrombotic vascular disease, notably myocardial infarction. An important process that promotes atherothrombosis is advanced lesional macrophage death, leading to plaque necrosis. One of the causes of atherosclerotic macrophage death is sterol-induced cytotoxicity. We therefore compared the effects of excess intracellular sitosterol vs. cholesterol on macrophage death. Whereas excess cholesterol kills macrophages by caspase-dependent apoptosis, sitosterol kills macrophages by a caspase-independent pathway involving necroptosis and autophagy. The finding that an ethyl group on the sterol side chain fundamentally alters the way cells respond to excess sterols adds new insight into the mechanisms of sterol-induced cell death and may provide at least one explanation for the excess atherosclerotic heart disease in patients with sitosterolemia.
Hybrid MPI: a case study on the Xeon Phi platform

New many-core architectures such as Intel Xeon Phi offer applications significantly higher power efficiency than conventional multi-core processors. However, while this processor's compute and communication performance is an excellent match for MPI applications, leveraging its potential in practice has proven difficult because of the mismatch between the MPI distributed memory model and this processor's shared memory communication hardware. Hybrid MPI is a high performance portable implementation of MPI designed for communication over shared memory hardware. It shares the heaps of all the MPI processes that run on the same node, enabling them to communicate directly without unnecessary copies. This paper describes our work to port Hybrid MPI to the Xeon Phi platform, demonstrating that Hybrid MPI offers better performance than the native Intel MPI implementation in terms of memory bandwidth, latency and benchmark performance.
The Discretion to Search A Multilevel Examination of Driver Demographics and Officer Characteristics

Understanding police decision making has been a priority for policing scholars since the middle part of the 20th century. Recent emphasis has focused on examining the decision to search drivers and...
Flexible Daily Work Schedules in U.S. Jobs: Formal Introductions Needed?

The incidence of flexible daily starting and ending times of work presumably reflects the various underlying motivations of employers to offer them either as a formal workplace program or on a more selective basis. Access to scheduling flexibility is greater for managerial and professional, long hours, private sector, salaried and nonunion jobs, and for parents and men. This advantage is gained primarily through means other than a formal flexi-time plan. Implementation of more formal programs would likely promote more equity in access.
Fibrinolysis and liver regeneration

The plasmin and plasminogen activator proteases of the plasma fibrinolytic system were investigated as potential blood-borne mediators of the proliferative activation of hepatocytes by partial hepatectomy. Partial (68%) liver resection, as well as proliferatively activating the remaining hepatocytes, rapidly (by 30 minutes) doubled the level (or activity) of circulating plasminogen activator but later (2 hours) greatly depressed this level. This later depression of the activity of circulating plasminogen activator lasted for eight to ten hours before returning to the normal level two to four hours before the hepatocytes in the liver remnant began to synthesize DNA. This sequence of changes in the fibrinolytic potential was not abolished by prior thyroparathyroidectomy which is known to inhibit the initiation of hepatocyte DNA synthesis and to prevent the secretion of the calcium homeostatic hormones, another early systemic consequence of partial liver resection. Since the early rise in plasminogen activator activity did not cause the appearance of active (free) circulating plasmin, and since the injection of large doses of the fibrinolytic and protease inhibitors, EACA and Trasylol®, during this early, post-operative period of hyperfibrinolytic potential did not prevent hepatocytes from initiating DNA synthesis, it is unlikely that either plasmin or its activator protease are blood-borne initiators of hepatocyte proliferative development.
Updating the AGK3 Reference Star Catalog with Astrometrically Reduced Schmidt Plates

Figure 1 shows a typical pattern of residuals (Taff et al. 1990c), over an entire plate, from a cubic plate model normally used for the astrometric reduction of wide field-of-view Schmidt plates (e.g. 6.5 × 6.5 deg2). Their presence explains the generally poor results obtained by previous workers when they attempted to astrometrically reduce large portions of Schmidt plates. This systematic form of the residuals also shows that precision has been meaningless since the problem is dominated by issues of accuracy. Any quadratic or cubic plate model will successfully randomize some small area, nominally a square degree, of any Schmidt plate. Without the appropriate version of Fig. 1, one can not know where this good section is; it does move around the plate as the terms included in the plate model are varied.
Thermomechanical response of AL-6XN stainless steel over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures

Abstract To understand and model the thermomechanical response of AL-6XN stainless steel, uniaxial compression tests are performed on cylindrical samples, using an Instron servohydraulic testing machine and UCSD's enhanced Hopkinson technique. True strains exceeding 40% are achieved in these tests, over the range of strain rates from 0.001/s to about 8000/s, and at initial temperatures from 77 to 1000 K. In an effort to understand the underlying deformation mechanisms, some interrupted tests involving temperature and low- and high-strain rates, are also performed. The microstructure of the undeformed and deformed samples is observed by optical microscopy. The experimental results show: (1) AL-6XN stainless steel displays good ductility (strain >40%) at low temperatures and high-strain rates, with its ductility increasing with temperature; (2) at high-strain rates and 77 K initial temperature, adiabatic shearbands develop at strains exceeding about 40%, and the sample breaks, while at low-strain rates and 77 K, axial microcracks develop at strains close to 50% or greater; (3) dynamic strain aging occurs at temperatures between 500 and 1000 K and at a strain rate of 0.001/s, with the peak value of the stress occurring at about 800 K, and becoming more pronounced with increasing strain and less pronounced with increasing strain rate; and (4) the microstructure of this material evolves with temperature, but is not very sensitive to the changes in the strain rate. Finally, based on the mechanism of dislocation motion, paralleled with a systematic experimental investigation, a physically based model is developed for the deformation behavior of this material, including the effect of viscous drag on the motion of dislocations, but excluding the dynamic strain aging effects. The model predictions are compared with the results of the experiments. Good agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental results is obtained. In order to verify the model independently of the experiments used in the modeling, additional compression tests at a strain rate of 8000/s and various initial temperatures, are performed, and the results are compared with the model predictions. Good correlation is observed.
Scattering-probe-imaging of the field confinement on tapered metal-wire waveguides

Using a recently developed scattering-probe-imaging technique, we observe strong confinement of the THz electric field at the end of a tapered metal-wire waveguide compared to an un-tapered wire. This confinement agrees well with FEM simulations.
Can Only Intelligent People Be Creative? A Meta-Analysis.

Some research has shown that creativity test scores are independent from IQ scores, whereas other research has shown a relationship between the two. To clarify the cumulative evidence in this field, a quantitative review of the relationship between creativity test scores and IQ scores was conducted. Moderating influences of IQ tests, IQ score levels, creativity tests, creativity subscales, creativity test types, gender, age, and below and above the threshold (IQ 120) were examined. Four hundred forty-seven correlation coefficients from 21 studies and 45,880 participants were retrieved. The mean correlation coefficient was small (r = .174; 95% CI = .165 - .183), but heterogeneous; this correlation coefficient indicates that the relationship between creativity test scores and IQ scores is negligible. Age contributed to the relationship between intelligence and creativity the most; different creativity tests contributed to it secondly. This study does not support threshold theory.