cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bathymetry and Sedimentary Structures of Santa Cruz Basin, California: ABSTRACT

As an intermediate basin between coastal and offshore depressions of the California continental borderland, Santa Cruz basin occupies a 1,900-m depression south of the Channel Islands. Steep walls with a thin sediment cover abut the flat basin floor. Hummocky topography, probably related to slumping, characterizes the northwestern quadrant of the basin floor. Three major canyon systems are filling the basin from the northern and southern island platforms, and buried channels show the previous existence of a fourth system. The western wall is relatively straight and featureless compared with the structural terraces, volcanic knolls, and other irregularities of the eastern slope. Radiographic and photographic analyses of several box cores and numerous gravity and piston cores reveal a complex pattern of sedimentation. Paired cores indicate that this may be related partly to coring technique. Biologic structures are abundant, in many places disrupting sedimentary structures so greatly that they become almost indiscernible. Geologic structures, primarily related to very calcareous sand layers with End_Page 461------------------------------ associated cross-bedding, laminations, and other "turbidite" features, indicate that much of the basin fill comes from the insular shelves surrounding the basin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 462------------
Management of glaucoma in the implanted patient

Implanting an intraocular lens in an eye with controlled open angle glaucoma or angle closure glaucoma does not adversely affect the eye's status. Furthermore, it is extremely rare for primary glaucoma to develop in an eye postimplantation. Secondary glaucoma is certainly more common, although its incidence is not substantially greater than that in nonimplanted eyes. Special considerations with respect to medical therapy and surgical treatment of secondary glaucoma in pseudophakia are discussed.
Properties of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures

Fire response of concrete structural members is dependent on the thermal, mechanical, and deformation properties of concrete. These properties vary significantly with temperature and also depend on the composition and characteristics of concrete batch mix as well as heating rate and other environmental conditions. In this chapter, the key characteristics of concrete are outlined. The various properties that influence fire resistance performance, together with the role of these properties on fire resistance, are discussed. The variation of thermal, mechanical, deformation, and spalling properties with temperature for different types of concrete are presented.
Differences in accessory pathway location by sex and race

Background The etiology of accessory pathway (AP) formation is generally unknown. Objective The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that AP formation is genetically mediated by examining whether AP location differs by sex and/or race, using sex and race as proxies to distinguish genetically different individuals. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of 282 consecutive patients undergoing their first electrophysiology study that revealed at least one AP between 2004 and 2008. Sex and race were compared with AP location determined by invasive electrophysiology study. Results Eighty-nine (52%) males and 40 (36%) females had a left posterior AP ( P = .006). Sixty-four (57%) females had a right annular AP, compared with 55 (32%) males ( P P P = .017). After adjusting for sex and age, Asians had 3.8-fold greater odds of having a right anterior AP compared with other races (95% CI 1.5–9.4 greater odds; P = .004). Conclusions Females more commonly had right annular APs, and Asians had right anterior APs substantially more frequently than other races. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of AP formation may have a genetic component.
Authigenesis of magnetite in organic-rich sediment next to a dike: implications for thermoviscous and chemical remagnetizations

Rock magnetic results from organic-rich sediment around a Tertiary dike in Scotland indicate changes in magnetic mineralogy and magnetite content as well as grain size in the contact zone. Sediment specimens within 85 cm of a 90 cm thick dike contain a Tertiary magnetization that is equivalent in direction to the thermal remanent magnetization in the dike whereas the sediment at greater distances does not carry a stable remanence. Based on acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), thermal decay of triaxial IRMs, and S-ratio determinations, magnetite is the dominant magnetic phase in the sediment except near the dike (<8 cm), where hematite is abundant. Maximum laboratory unblocking temperatures (Tbmax) for the magnetization are higher than predicted by a thermal cooling model at distances greater than 40 cm but the Tbmax values are not corrected for gradual cooling of the dike and are, therefore, overestimates. Trends in rock magnetic parameters such as IRM at 300 mT, and anhysteretic remanence (ARM) are consistent with an increasing contribution of single domain/pseudosingle domain magnetite towards the dike. An increase in saturation IRM (SIRM) along with a decrease in ARM/SIRM values < 25 cm from the dike also suggest an increase in multidomain magnetite. Low temperature experiments indicate the presence of abundant superparamagnetic magnetite. Changes in hysteresis parameters are consistent with changes in the relative amounts of the different magnetite size fractions towards the dike. The onset of changes in the magnetite grain size budget starting at 85 cm or approximately one dike-width suggests that chemical processes contributed to the remanence at temperatures as low as 220°C. Petrographic and geochemical studies suggest that the contact zone was not pervasively altered by hydrothermal fluids. Utilizing the dike as an analog for thermal processes that occur during burial, the results of this study suggest that moderately elevated burial temperatures are sufficient to cause magneto-chemical changes.
Stirling's supernovae: A survey of the field

Abstract We argue here that models of SN Ia based on gravitational collapse with the ejection of only a small amount of matter and nickel will be subluminous, and are likely to have problems with the light curve and especially with the spectral evolution. Canonical thermonuclear explosion models can account for the light curves not only in the optical but in the IR and for the spectral evolution. Some classes of thermonuclear models can give adequate kinetic energy of expansion with a range in nickel mass, thus accounting for both normal and subluminous SN Ia. The subluminous models may form interesting amounts of CO in the ejecta. We discuss the comparison of SN Ia,b, and c. SN Ia have an ejecta rich in high opacity iron. SN Ic have comparable ejecta mass, and somewhat lower opacity C O dominated ejecta. SN Ib probably have the highest mass, but are composed largely of low opacity He. We argue that SN Ic are very deficient in both H and He, but that SN Ib may have small, but detectable, amounts of H in their outer layers. There is general agreement that some form of convection is critical for proper understanding of the explosion mechanism of gravitational collapse. There is still a healthy debate about how the convection proceeds and whether it is the universal cure.
Mixing in reactive extrusion of low-density polyethylene melts: Linear vs. branched

The melt flows of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and branched low-density polyethylene (LDPE) have been compared in a fully intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The polyethylene melts were selected in order to investigate the effects of the melt rheology on the mixing. Their shear viscosity curves are quite similar, but the LDPE has a markedly higher apparent extensional viscosity over a wide range of stretch rates. The stagger of the paddles in the mixing zone of the extruder creates axial pressure gradients and provides a nonuniform geometry for axial flow. The resulting pressure-driven axial flow can have significant extensional strain components. Residence time distributions obtained in the melt zones of the extruder with tracer dye reveal that the LDPE has a narrower residence time distribution than the LLDPE over a wide range of operating conditions. The axial dispersion for the LDPE is significantly lower than the axial dispersion for the LLDPE. This is attributed to the greater extensional viscosity of the LDPE. During the reactive extrusion process, solid maleic anhydride and polyethylene were added at the feed port but the peroxide initiator was added only after the polymer was melted. This protocol provides better control of the crosslinking reaction. Residence time distributions measured for the chemically more reactive LLDPE melt indicate reduced levels of axial mixing with reaction. The reduction in mixing is due to a crosslinking reaction that occurs in parallel to the grafting reaction. This change in mixing is smaller than the difference in mixing between LDPE and LLDPE.
A method of membrane preparation for immunoassay

Abstract Membranes prepared from a variety of solid tissues were used as solid-phase antigens for ELISA or RIA after fixation onto polylysine-primed 96-well plates. The preservation of antigens in these membrane preparations was tested by reactivity in ELISA using 2 monoclonal antibodies; W6/32 which recognizes an HLA framework antigen (a protein antigen) and anti-SSEA-1, directed to a carbohydrate antigen carried on glycoproteins. Levels of antigen deposition and usefulness as solid-phase antigens were assessed for ELISA as compared to RIA. Coated plates may be frozen for many months with preservation of antigenic activity. This method is relatively simple, rapid, and is useful for preparation of tissue antigens for immunoassay, especially for screening monoclonal antibodies.
Conflicting Principles in Multicultural Social Work

The starting point for social work approaches to multicultural issues is the principle of respect for human diversity. But practice issues concerning multiculturism and the role of ethnicity in patterns of oppression have revealed that current interpretations and applications of the principle of respect for human diversity often result in self contradictions and conflicts with other social work principles. This paper describes three of these conflicts, and, drawing on the literature of cultural anthropology, ethnic sensitive social work, and constructivism, proposes several conceptualizations to eliminate, or manage, them. The conflicts discussed are 1) respecting the contents of all cultures versus supporting basic human rights, 2) inability to understand the needs and views of people from different cultural backgrounds versus mission to practice social work, and 3) social worker's own right to ethnic preference versus social worker's obligation to eliminate personal cultural bias and prejudice. Conceptu...
A facile approach to fabricate porous nylon 6 nanofibers using silica nanotemplate

Porous Nylon 6 nanofibers were prepared using silica nanoparticles as the template. Firstly, Nylon 6/silica composite nanofibers were prepared as precursors by electrospinning Nylon 6 solutions containing different contents of silica nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the surface morphology and the inner structure of composite nanofibers; where it was found that silica nanoparticles were distributed both inside and on the surface of nanofibers. Analytical techniques [Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction) were used to study the structure and properties of these composite nanofibers. The glass transition, melting, and crystallization processes of the fibers were affected by the addition of silica nanoparticles. Secondly, porous Nylon 6 nanofibers were obtained by removing silica nanoparticles via hydrofluoric acid treatment. The removal of silica nanoparticles was confirmed using FTIR and TGA tests. SEM and TEM observations revealed the formation of the porous structure in these nanofibers. After the formation of the porous structure, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface areas of nanofibers were increased as compared to solid Nylon 6 and composite nanofibers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Nutritional Requirements of Clostridium Tetanomorphum

SummaryStrain E-42, presently identified as a strain of C. tetanomorphum, is exacting in its nutritional requirements. Growth will occur in a basal salt-glucose-thioglycollate medium only following the addition of pantothenic and nicotinic acids, biotin, L-glutamic acid, and L-tryptophan. p-Aminobenzoic acid, choline, thiamine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine may exert slight stimulatory action on growth but are not essential for growth of this organism.
Maximum-efficiency architectures for steady-flow combustion engines, I: Attractor trajectory optimization approach

In this paper, we present a new systematic optimization approach to identify maximum-efficiency architectures for steady-flow combustion engines. Engine architectures are modeled as trajectories in the thermodynamic state space, and the optimal engine architecture is deduced by minimization of total irreversibility over all permissible trajectories that satisfy device constraints. In the past, both parametric and functional minimizations of engine irreversibility have been studied extensively. Our approach combines the functional optimization aspect (i.e., optimization of the process sequence or engine cycle) and the parametric optimization aspect (i.e., optimization of process lengths or parameters in the engine cycle) to identify the maximum-efficiency architecture permitted by physics. The concept central to this approach is that of chemical-equilibrium attractor states in the thermodynamic state space. It enables semi-analytical optimization for reactive engines with no need to model the detailed combustion dynamics. In this study we present the motivation and theoretical details of this method. In Part II of this study, this approach is applied to optimize the class of simple-cycle gas turbine engines. It is shown that even with modest device technology (e.g., turbine inlet temperature of 1650 K), maximum efficiency above 50% can be achieved in simple-cycle engines.
Semiconducting polymer thin films by surface-confined stepwise click polymerization

Surface-confined stepwise click polymerization was used to prepare surface-attached thin films of semiconducting polymers. These highly uniform films showed extended UV/vis absorption characteristics and a remarkable degree of molecular organization with a unidirectional alignment of the polymer chains normal to the surface.
Slotted waveguide directional coupler characteristics

A moment method (MoM) solution for slotted waveguide directional couplers which is sufficiently accurate for predicting the couplers' characteristics is demonstrated. The slot length in the waveguide directional couplers considered is about four wavelengths and the wall thickness is about 0.27 lambda . To simplify the numerical computation, the formulation assumes a uniform field across the slot aperture and utilizes Galerkin's method with the entire domain sinusoidal basis. A self-consistent method taking the finite wall thickness into account avoids an additional matrix equation, as in other MoM formulations. The final solution forms the basis for an efficient computer code applicable to dielectric-loaded slotted waveguide directional couplers. The uniform field assumption restricts the present solution to narrow slots. Numerical results verify, by comparisons with published analytical and experimental data, that this solution is valid for slot lengths as long as 4 lambda . A detailed discussion of the characteristics of narrow-wall and broad-wall slotted waveguide directional couplers is presented. >
Scrolls and nested tubes in multiwall carbon nanotubes

Recent high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) studies of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) reveal a class of defects analogous to edge dislocations in a crystal. These defects are believed to mark the transition from scrolls on one side to nested tubes on the other. On the tube side, layer spacing becomes irregular. Analysis of the helicity of the tubes shows a strong correlation between diameter and helicity. This suggests that the organizing principle for the tubes is not Van der Waals forces, as in the case of graphite or turbostratic carbon, but preservation of helicity. Based on these observations and total energy calculations, the authors speculate that graphene monolayers initially form scrolls and subsequently transform into multiwall nanotubes through the progression of defects. Scrolls and nested tubes thus coexist within a single MWNT.
Factors related to the recurrence of thyroid nodules after surgery for benign radiation-related nodules.

Objective: Benign thyroid nodules are increased by radiation exposure and recurrences are common. The goal of this study was to determine the factors related to recurrence of nodular disease and the efficacy of thyroid hormone therapy in reducing them. Design, setting, and subjects: The study population was drawn from a cohort of 4296 people treated before the age of 16 with conventional external radiation for benign conditions of the head and neck between 1939 and the early 1960s. The study group consisted of 632 subjects who had benign nodules removed surgically. At the discretion of their physicians, 426 subjects were treated with thyroid hormone after surgery, 198 were not, and in 8 subjects, thyroid hormone treatment status was unknown. Main outcomes: There were 129 (20.4%) subjects who developed new nodules during follow-up. Women had a greater risk of recurrent nodules than men (27.5% vs. 13.5%) and the rate of recurrence correlated inversely with the extent of surgery. The group who took thyroid h...
EXAFS analysis of arsenite adsorption onto two-line ferrihydrite, hematite, goethite, and lepidocrocite.

The modes of As(III) sorption onto two-line ferrihydrite (Fh), hematite (Hm), goethite (Gt), and lepidocrocite (Lp) have been investigated under anoxic condition using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) indicates that the absence of oxygen minimized As(III) oxidation due to Fenton reactions. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) indicates that As(III) forms similar inner-sphere surface complexes on two-line ferrihydrite and hematite that differ from those formed on goethite and lepidocrocite. At high surface coverage, the dominant complex types on Fh and Hm are bidentate mononuclear edge-sharing (2E) and bidentate binuclear corner-sharing (2C), with As−Fe distances of 2.90 ± 0.05 and 3.35 ± 0.05 A, respectively. The same surface complexes are observed for ferrihydrite at low surface coverage. In contrast, As(III) forms dominantly bidentate binuclear corner-sharing (2C) sorption complexes on Gt and Lp [d(As−Fe) = 3.3−3.4 A]...
Adult social exploration in the rat as a function of pre- and post-weaning social experience

The effects of pre- and post-weaning social isolation from litter mates on social exploration were investigated in the albino rat. The most important variable affecting S’s stimulus preferences appeared to be its social experience immediately prior to testing. Isolated animals showed no preferences for any of the animal stimuli used, while socially experienced Ss preferred a novel hooded rat. These results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that social exploration in the rat, as compared with mice or chickens, is more a function of novelty than gregarious behavior.
Differential expression of cyclin G2, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C and peripheral myelin protein 22 genes during adipogenesis

Increase of fat cells (FCs) in adipose tissue is attributed to proliferation of preadipocytes or immature adipocytes in the early stage, as well as adipogenic differentiation in the later stage of adipose development. Although both events are involved in the FC increase, they are contrary to each other, because the former requires cell cycle activity, whereas the latter requires cell cycle withdrawal. Therefore, appropriate regulation of cell cycle inhibition is critical to adipogenesis. In order to explore the important cell cycle inhibitors and study their expression in adipogenesis, we adopted a strategy combining the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database available on the NCBI website and the results of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) data in porcine adipose tissue. Three cell cycle inhibitors – cyclin G2 (CCNG2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C (CDKN2C) and peripheral myelin protein (PMP22) – were selected for study because they are relatively highly expressed in adipose tissue compared with muscle, heart, lung, liver and kidney in humans and mice based on two GEO DataSets (GDS596 and GDS3142). In the latter analysis, they were found to be more highly expressed in differentiating/ed preadipocytes than in undifferentiated preadipocytes in human and mice as shown respectively by GDS2366 and GDS2743. In addition, GDS2659 also suggested increasing expression of the three cell cycle inhibitors during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Further study with qPCR in Landrace pigs did not confirm the high expression of these genes in adipose tissue compared with other tissues in market-age pigs, but confirmed higher expression of these genes in FCs than in the stromal vascular fraction, as well as increasing expression of these genes during in vitro adipogenic differentiation and in vivo development of adipose tissue. Moreover, the relatively high expression of CCNG2 in adipose tissue of market-age pigs and increasing expression during development of adipose tissue was also confirmed at the protein level by western blot analysis. Based on the analysis of the GEO DataSets and results of qPCR and Western blotting we conclude that all three cell cycle inhibitors may inhibit adipocyte proliferation, but promote adipocyte differentiation and hold a differentiated state by inducing and maintaining cell cycle inhibition. Therefore, their expression in adipose tissue is positively correlated with age and mature FC number. By regulating the expression of these genes, we may be able to control FC number, and, thus, reduce excessive fat tissue in animals and humans.
Diphenylhydantoin effects on salivary secretion and microsomal calcium accumulation and release.

Diphenylhydantoin inhibited calcium uptake into dog submandibular microsomes at concentrations of 0.05 mM and greater but did not affect calcium release; mesantoin and hydroxyphenyl-phenylhydantoin were without effect. Diphenylhydantoin (20 mg/kg) given i.v. significantly reduced, and mesantoin slightly reduced secretion from submandibular and parotid glands, but hydroxyphenyl-phenylhydantoin was without effect. These data suggest that the reduced secretory volume produced by diphenylhydantoin may be related to its effect on transmembrane calcium movements.
Creating brand identity: a study of evaluation of new brand names

Abstract This research focuses on branding strategies for new products. Meaningful brand names (those that suggest a positive attribute or benefit of the product) are typically evaluated more favorably on overall liking and are easier to recall than non-meaningful brand names. The study reported here is the first such investigation of evaluation of brand names over repeated exposure. Of particular interest are differences in the extent to which meaningful versus non-meaningful brand names benefit from repeated exposure. Results of the study show that meaningful brand names continue to be evaluated more favorably than non-meaningful names, even after repeated exposure, but that evaluations of non-meaningful brand names may improve at a greater rate than those for meaningful brand names. The brand names also influence evaluations of quality and other product attributes. Implications of the research for branding strategies in both domestic and international markets are discussed.
Cell transport via electromigration in polymer-based microfluidic devices.

Electrokinetic transport of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) cells was evaluated in microfluidic devices fabricated in pristine and UV-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC). Chip-to-chip reproducibility of the cell's apparent mobilities (μapp) varied slightly with a RSD of ∼10%. The highest μapp for baker's yeast cells was observed in UV-modified PC with 0.5 mM PBS (pH = 7.4), and the lowest was measured in pristine PMMA with 20 mM PBS (pH = 7.4). Baker's yeast in all devices migrated toward the cathode because of their smaller electrophoretic mobility compared to the EOF. In 0.5 mM and 1 mM PBS, E. coli cells migrated toward the anode in all cases, opposite to the direction of the EOF due to their larger electrophoretic mobility. E. coli cells in 20 mM PBS migrated toward the cathode, which indicated that the electrophoretic mobility of E. coli cells decreased at higher ionic strengths. Observed differential migrations of E. coli and baker's yeast cells in appropriately prepared polymer microchips were used as the basis for selective introduction into microfluidic devices of only one type of cell. As a working model, experiments were performed with E. coli and RBCs (red blood cells). RBCs migrated toward the cathode in pristine PMMA with 1 mM and 20 mM PBS (pH = 7.4), opposite to the direction of the E. coli cells. By judicious choice of the buffer concentration in which the cell suspension was prepared and the polymer material, RBCs or E. coli cells were selectively introduced into the microdevice, which was monitored via laser backscatter signals.
The preparation and structure of Mo2(OAc)2(SSiMe3)2(PEt3)2

Abstract The reaction of Mo 2 (OAc) 4 with (Me 3 Si) 2 S in the presence of PEt 3 in acetonitrile produces the title compound, Mo 2 (OAc) 2 (SSiMe 3 ) 2 (PEt 3 ) 2 , in 83% yield. Its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. The molecule is centrosymmetric and contains a quadruply bonded Mo 2 4+ core with two bridging acetate groups and on each molybdenum atom, terminal PEt 3 and Me 3 SiS − ligands. The distance between the two molybdenum atoms is 2.110(1) A.
Image processing of hydrogen bubble flow visualization for determination of turbulence statistics and bursting characteristics

A technique is described which employs automated image processing of hydrogen-bubble flow visualization pictures to establish local, instantaneous velocity profile information. Hydrogen bubble flow visualization sequences are recorded using a high-speed video system and then digitized, stored, and evaluated by a VAX 11/780 computer. Employing special smoothing and gradient detection algorithms, individual bubble-lines are computer identified, which allows local velocity profiles to be constructed using time-of-flight techniques. It is demonstrated how this techniques may be used to 1) determine local velocity behavior as a function of position and time, 2) evaluate time-averaged turbulence properties, and 3) correlate probe-type turbulent burst detection techniques with the corresponding visualization data.
Social and Vocational Skills Training Reduces Self-reported Anxiety and Depression Among Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum

Those with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) frequently experience high levels of anxiety and depression. These psychological factors may be related to some of the core challenges seen among those with ASD, including social difficulties. We examined whether a social and vocational skills intervention program for adolescents and young adults on the autism spectrum would yield a broader impact that partially alleviated these psychological factors. Following the intervention program participants reported significantly lower depression and anxiety. Responses on a measure of peer relationships were also improved post-intervention, although this did not reach significance. Although preliminary, our findings demonstrate the broader, positive impact that such programs may have.
Lipid metabolite profiling identifies desmosterol metabolism as a new antiviral target for hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been clinically associated with serum lipid abnormalities, yet our understanding of the effects of HCV on host lipid metabolism and conversely the function of individual lipids in HCV replication remains incomplete. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolite profiling of the HCV JFH1 cell culture infection model, we identified a significant steady state accumulation of desmosterol, an immediate precursor to cholesterol. Pharmacological inhibition or RNAi-mediated depletion of DHCR7 significantly reduced steady-state HCV protein expression and viral genomic RNA. Moreover, this effect was reversed when cultures were supplemented with exogenous desmosterol. Together, these observations suggest an intimate connection between HCV replication and desmosterol homeostasis and that the enzymes responsible for synthesis of desmosterol may be novel targets for anti-viral design.
Comparing shapes, understanding evolution.

The study of shape has intrigued some of the brightest minds of humanity, from Leonardo Da Vinci and Carl Friedrich Gauss to some of the top scientists of the modern era. The mathematics to analyze shapes are both beautiful and challenging, covering a variety of tools, from topology (1), to metric and differential geometry (2, 3), to statistics (4). The applications are very diverse and potentially life-changing, and they range from brain research to structural biology and archeology. At the core of this research area is shape comparison: determining how to match, compare, and compute the distance between pairs of shapes. This is the topic addressed by the work of Boyer et al. (5) in PNAS, with a unique interdisciplinary team of anthropologists, archaeologists, computer scientists, and mathematicians.
Surface and interface states of gallium-polar versus nitrogen-polar GaN: Impact of thin organic semiconductor overlayers

Using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, we have investigated the electronic properties of interfaces between copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) films and gallium-polar (Ga-polar) and nitrogen-polar (N-polar) GaN surfaces, respectively. Prior to the deposition of CuPc films, the clean Ga-polar and N-polar surfaces exhibited about 0.6 and 0.13 eV upward band bendings, respectively, showing the influence of electronic states on the surface termination and growth direction. With the deposition of ultrathin layers of CuPc, no additional band bending or charge displacement was observed for the Ga-polar heterointerface. In contrast, the N-polar interface exhibited an additional 0.54 eV band bending upon deposition of only a CuPc monolayer, attributed to a partial electron displacement from GaN to CuPc. The difference between the two cases is interpreted in terms of the difference between the electron affinity of the N-polar and Ga-polar GaN surfaces. With potential device use...
Effect of workload history on task performance.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of workload history (specifically, sudden shifts in workload) on performance. BACKGROUND: In 1993 the National Research Council identified workload transition as an important concern for human factors researchers. The study of workload history suggests that what an individual has been doing prior to a point in time has an effect on subsequent performance. One trend emerging from workload history studies is that a general decrement in performance is most likely to occur following a decrease in task demand. METHOD: The 198 participants were randomly assigned to a high-to-low or low-to-high condition. Participants performed a version of the Bakan Vigilance Task while correct responses, response times, and total errors were recorded. RESULTS: Results supported previous research suggesting a workload decrease results in a performance decrement. More importantly, this study reports that either a sudden increase or decrease could lead to a loss in accuracy and a slowing of response time in a longer time course. CONCLUSION: An explanation of the decrement is offered in terms of adaptation models. In addition, a follow-up study suggested that the decrement is a result of something inherent in the workload shift rather than an effect of fatigue. APPLICATION: Workload history (more specifically, a workload shift) has significant implications for many work environments. These implications are particularly salient in occupations where individuals are confronted with varying levels of workload demand, especially safety-sensitive occupations. Language: en
Ethacrynic Acid continuous infusions in critically ill pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to describe dosage regimens and treatment outcomes in critically ill children receiving ethacrynic acid continuous infusions (CI). METHODS This retrospectiv...
A Pilot Study on the Effects of Aquatic Exercises on Discomforts of Pregnancy

Objectives To estimate the impact of an aquatic exercise program on perception of body image, participation in health‐promoting behaviors, barriers to health‐promoting participation, level of physical discomfort, and mobility. Design A two‐group, quasi‐experimental, pretest/posttest design. Sample and setting A convenience sample of 40 nonexercising pregnant women who were at least 19 weeks gestation were recruited. Sixty percent of the sample was African American. Participants self‐selected assignment to either the exercise or nonexercise group. Both groups completed self‐report measures and underwent a mobility assessment. The exercise group participated in a 60‐minute, 6‐week aquatic exercise program three sessions per week. The control group was instructed to continue their normal activities of daily living. Results Women who had participated in the aquatic exercise program reported significantly less physical discomfort, improved mobility, and improved body image and health‐promoting behaviors as compared to control subjects. Conclusions Aquatic exercise during pregnancy may enhance physical functioning, decreasing maternal discomfort, improving maternal body image, and improving health‐promoting behaviors. JOGNN, 35, 315‐323; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00045.x
Inhibition of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase by sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate

D-Ribulose-l$bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/ oxygenase (3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxylase (dimerizing) EC 4.1.1.39) is a key catalyst of the Calvin cycle and catalyzes the reaction of RuBP with carbon dioxide to give two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate or with oxygen to give one 3-phosphoglycerate and one phosphoglycolate in most if not all autotrophs [l-3] . These two reactions represent a branch point in carbon flow resulting in photosynthesis or photorespiration (discussed [4] ), and it seems likely that the regulation of either or both activities may control the overall carbon metabolism in these organisms. It is logical that one or more intermediate(s) of the Calvin cycle should regulate the activities of RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase. We describe here the inhibition of these activities in the barley enzyme by sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate (SBP) and its possible role in regulating photosynthesis and photorespiration.
Spatial dynamics of colony interactions in young populations of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta

Newly founded colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta compete intensely by brood raids, which result in a rapid reduction of colony density. Experimental plantings of colonies and analyses of sequential maps were used to examine the importance of spatial pattern in the dynamics of young populations. Colony positions were initially clumped in naturally founded cohorts, but were regular in most mature populations. Incipient colonies planted in clumped patterns were more likely to engage in brood raids than colonies planted in regular hexagonal patterns at the same average density. However, contrary to what would be expected if local crowding increased mortality, no significant increases in spatial regularity were observed during brood raiding either in the experimentally planted populations or in a natural population of more than 1200 incipient colonies. These results show that it may be difficult to infer the degree of past or current competition by passive analysis of spatial data even when field experiments show that the probability of mortality depends on local spacing.
American Constitutional Fantasies: Escape from Difference Through Escape from Government

One of the delights of comparative legal work is coming to understand the way that different legal traditions offer quite different answers to the same questions. Perhaps an even greater joy is discovering that not only do different legal traditions have different answers, they also find quite different questions to be central and pressing. This conference, at which Americans and Europeans meet, is organized around the question, “Back to Government? The Pluralistic Deficit in Decisionmaking Processes and Before the Courts.” In Europe, where this conference has been organized and is occurring, this question has powerful resonance. Some have the sense that in Europe, both within the Member States and the European Union (EU) itself, some degree of power has shifted from government to governance. For the Americans, I should perhaps explain that government in this formulation refers to the formal channels of governmental institutions; governance has a somewhat more vague and contested meaning, but it generally refers to legal and political mechanisms that people have developed to advance their interests and values outside of the formal channels of government—such as lobbying and privatization. In Europe, this field of governance is conceived as a tertium quid, in neither the government nor the private sphere. People have looked to governance to protect their interests when the government seems to be seized by a small group of powerful interests. Governance, however, suffers from its own accountability problems, and so the conference organizers wonder whether it is time to go back to government. In fact, Europeans may approach this question from a particular historical perspective: we have tried so hard to understand and develop the field of governance, these Europeans may think, but it has not worked, so is it at last time to ponder the possibility of rehabilitating government? In the United States, this question does not have anything like the same resonance; in fact, it might be argued that the question has no resonance at all be-
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER CONSUMPTION

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of influence of various factors on municipal water consumption in Illinois. For the collection of basic data, questionnaires were sent to all public water works of incorporated towns. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information on factors which may have any effect on water use. The effects of the different parameters on water consumption were based on several correlation and regression combinations of predictands and predictors. It was found that in the Chicago region the percent of services and water used for commercial and industrial purposes and the age of the water works were the most important parameters influencing water consumption (gallons per capita per day) when pumpage is metered at the water works as well as at the customers. For the State, excluding the Chicago region, percent of public water use, persons per service, population and commercial and industrial water use were the most important parameters. It has been recommended that similar statistical analysis be conducted periodically to establish a trend or law of change from the influencing parameters.
Diagnosis of congenital antral web by ultrasound

Historically, the first case of congenital prepyloric membrane in an infant was documented in 1933 [1]. Since then cases have been reported only sporadically in the literature [2–8]. This is a case of congenital antral web which was identified by real-time ultrasonography, confirmed by barium meal study, and proven at gastrotomy.
Stabilization of certain nonlinear systems by linear feedback

Based on previous results of Emre and Knowles [1], it is shown that one can obtain linear feedback laws to stabilize certain nonlinear systems. The algebraic stabilization results established in Emre [5] provide an approach for nonlinear feedback laws that can be implemented on-line.
Diffusion of large penetrant molecules in amorphous polymers

A new version of the free-volume theory of diffusion is modified to describe self-diffusion phenomena in polymer + solvent systems for solvents which do not move as single units. The free-volume equations are used to interpret data which appear to illustrate that some large solvent molecules do indeed move in a segmentwise manner. The dependence of the effective activation energy for diffusion on solvent size is examined, and the importance of energy effects on the diffusion process is considered.
Response to Zeka et al., Am J Ind Med 43: 286-290, 2003.

Zeka et al. [2003] recently considered the role of underlying ventilatory obstruction (as measured by spirometry) in predicting short term airflow obstruction resulting in from inhalation of metal working fluid aerosols. The authors found no clear relationship between acute responses and pre-existing ventilatory obstruction, in contrast to findings from an earlier study [Robins et al., 1997].
Sequence of Physical Changes to the Cell Membrane During Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis in S49 Lymphoma Cells

During apoptosis, physical changes in the plasma membrane prepare the cell for clearance by phagocytes and hydrolysis by secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). The relationships among these changes have not been adequately established, especially for hormone-stimulated apoptosis. This study addresses these issues for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in S49 lymphoma cells. Flow cytometry, microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to assess merocyanine 540 emission, laurdan generalized polarization, phosphatidylserine exposure, caspase activation, and membrane permeability to propidium iodide in the absence and presence of sPLA2. The earliest event observed was activation of cellular caspases. Results with membrane probes suggest that interlipid spacing also increases early during apoptosis and precedes transbilayer migration of phosphatidylserine, DNA fragmentation, and a general increase in lipid order associated with blebbing and dissolution of the cells. The activity of sPLA2 appeared to be linked more to lipid spacing than to loss of membrane asymmetry. The early nature of some of these events and their ability to promote activity of a proinflammatory enzyme suggests the possibility of an inflammatory response during T-lymphocyte apoptosis.
Mécanismes impliqués dans l’invasion de l’os par les cellules tumorales

Resume Les metastases osseuses sont frequentes chez les patients atteints de cancer du sein et de la prostate et sont a l’origine d’une morbidite et d’une alteration considerable de la qualite de vie (douleurs osseuses, fractures graves, d’une hypercalcemie et des syndromes de compression nerveuse). Cet article traite des nouveau concepts sur les interactions entre cancer et os, en particulier l’implication de l’angiogenese et le role de la resorption osseuse induite par les tumeurs dans les metastases osseuses. Grâce aux progres accomplis dans la detection precoce et le traitement chirurgical des tumeurs primaires, la mortalite des patients atteints de cancer depend de plus en plus de la formation de metastases. L’os est, en frequence, le second site de metastases et, a l’autopsie, la frequence des metastases osseuses varie de 60 % a 80 % en fonction du type de cancer. Comme l’attestent des observations cliniques et experimentales, le site initial d’implantation des cellules tumorales concerne plus la moelle osseuse que le tissu osseux. Les micrometastases de la moelle osseuse representent la base physiopathologique de la maladie minimale residuelle menant aux rechutes avec metastases. La comprehension des processus moleculaires au cours de metastases osseuses est donc necessaire a l’evaluation de nouvelles therapies visant a inhiber les stades precoces de la croissance metastatique.
Molecular dynamics simulations of collisional energy transport and sputtering in a condensed gas solid

Abstract Following electronic excitation of a condensed gas solid by photons, electrons, or fast ions, non-radiative decay can give atoms enough kinetic energy to escape from the material. Ejection is studied using molecular dynamics simulations from a Lennard–Jones solid using parameters for solid Ar. The yield is affected by the boundary conditions for the sample sizes used in earlier works. Energy and angular distributions of the ejecta show that focusons determine the ejection probability for excitations at depth. As in earlier works a linear dependence on the kinetic energy release is found for the average sputtering yield.
Spindle assembly and the art of regulating microtubule dynamics by MAPs and Stathmin/Op18.

The way that microtubules reorganize from their long, stable interphase configuration to form the mitotic spindle remains a challenging and unsolved question. It is now widely recognized that microtubule polymerization during the cell cycle is regulated by a balance between microtubule-stabilizing and-destabilizing factors. Stabilizing factors include a large group of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs; e.g. MAP4, XMAP215, XMAP230/XMAP4 and XMAP310) and the destabilizing factors are a growing family of proteins (e.g. Stathmin/Op18 and XKCM1). Recent studies have allowed a mechanistic dissection of how these stabilizing and destabilizing factors regulate microtubule dynamics and spindle assembly.
Effects of cytochrome P-448 and P-450 inducers on microsomal dimethylnitrosamine demethylase activity and the capacity of isolated microsomes to activate dimethylnitrosamine to a mutagen

Abstract The relationship between microsomal dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) demethylase activity and the capacity of isolated hepatic microsomes to activate DMN to a mutagen was examined using microsomes from C57 and DBA/2 mice which had been exposed to three different types of microsomal enzyme inducers: phenobarbital, which induces cytochrome P-450, 3-methylcholanthrene, which induces cytochrome P-448, and the polychlorinated biphenyl, Aroclor 1254 which appears to induce both types of cytochromes. DMN induced mutagenesis was assayed by a Salmonella auxotroph reversion test. With the C57 mice all three inducers increased both the activity of microsomal DMN demethylase and the capacity of the microsomes to activate DMN mutagenicity. In each case, however, the increase in mutagenicity was disproportionately greater than the increase in DMN demethylase activity. This was particularly evident with microsomes prepared from Aroclor induced mice. Microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene treated DBA/2 mice were not induced for DMN demethylase or the activation of DMN mutagenicity. In addition the capacity of Aroclor to function as an inducer was relatively poor in this strain. Both DMN demethylation and mutagenesis were inhibited by the addition of either SKF 525-A or benzo(a)pyrene to the reaction mixtures. Thus microsomal activation of DMN to a mutagen and DMN demethylase appear to involve both cytochromes P-450 and P-448.