cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deterrence Theory and the Role of Shame in Projected Offending of College Students against a Ban on Alcohol

In the present study we advance previous research in deterrence theory by examining the perceived deterrent effects of a newly instituted dry policy on a college campus. A survey of 500 full-time undergraduate students between the ages of 18 and 26 was conducted 3 months following the ban on alcohol. Hypotheses are derived from deterrence theory and focus on both formal and informal sanctions as they predict projected offending. Findings indicate that perceived severity of the sanction does not predict deterrence against future policy violations. However, the informal deterrent of shame does lower projected offending. While these results suggest that a formal dry policy is not likely to deter future problem drinking behaviors among these college students, reductions may be achieved with the use of informal sanctions and the incorporation of principles from reintegrative shaming theory.
Bidimensional dentoalveolar distraction osteogenesis for treatment efficiency

This case report describes the treatment of a 16-year-old girl with a unilateral posterior buccal crossbite, a unilateral Class II molar relationship, and a maxillary right canine high in the labial sulcus. The treatment plan included surgically assisted unilateral maxillary expansion for the correction of the buccal crossbite, with simultaneous dentoalveolar distraction of the maxillary right canine into the extraction space of the first premolar aided by skeletal anchorage. Reduced orthodontic treatment time was facilitated by these 2 surgical procedures. A pleasing esthetic result and a good functional occlusion were achieved in 13 months.
FMNL3 FH2-actin structure gives insight into formin-mediated actin nucleation and elongation

Formins are actin-assembly factors that act in a variety of actin-based processes. The conserved formin homology 2 (FH2) domain promotes filament nucleation and influences elongation through interaction with the barbed end. FMNL3 is a formin that induces assembly of filopodia but whose FH2 domain is a poor nucleator. The 3.4-A structure of a mouse FMNL3 FH2 dimer in complex with tetramethylrhodamine-actin uncovers details of formin-regulated actin elongation. We observe distinct FH2 actin-binding regions; interactions in the knob and coiled-coil subdomains are necessary for actin binding, whereas those in the lasso-post interface are important for the stepping mechanism. Biochemical and cellular experiments test the importance of individual residues for function. This structure provides details for FH2-mediated filament elongation by processive capping and supports a model in which C-terminal non-FH2 residues of FMNL3 are required to stabilize the filament nucleus.
Acute Lung Injury Induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin B: Disruption of Terminal Vessels as a Mechanism of Induction of Vascular Leak

The current hypothesis of alveolar capillary membrane dysfunction fails to completely explain the severe and persistent leak of protein-rich fluid into the pulmonary interstitium, seen in the exudative phase of acute lung injury (ALI). The presence of intact red blood cells in the pulmonary interstitium may suggest mechanical failure of pulmonary arterioles and venules. These studies involved the pathological and ultrastructural evaluation of the pulmonary vasculature in Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced ALI. Administration of SEB resulted in a significant increase in the protein concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and vascular leak in SEB-exposed mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. In vivo imaging of mice demonstrated the pulmonary edema and leakage in the lungs of SEB-administered mice. The histopathological studies showed intense clustering of inflammatory cells around the alveolar capillaries with subtle changes in architecture. Electron microscopy studies further confirmed the diffuse damage and disruption in the muscularis layer of the terminal vessels. Cell death in the endothelial cells of the terminal vessels was confirmed with TUNEL staining. In this study, we demonstrated that in addition to failure of the alveolar capillary membrane, disruption of the pulmonary arterioles and venules may explain the persistent and severe interstitial and alveolar edema.
Analysis of Twisting Stiffness for a Multifiber Composite Layer

The twisting stiffness of a rectangular cross section consisting of a single row of solid circular cross-section fibers embedded in a matrix is analyzed. The problem is formulated as a Dirichlet torsion problem of a multielement region and solved by the boundary-point least-squares method. Numerical results for a single-fiber square cross section compare favorably with previous relaxation-method results. New numerical results for three and five-fiber composites suggest that the torsional rigidity of a multifiber composite can be approximated from the torsional rigidities of single and three-fiber models.
Chemical modifications and genetic engineering of food proteins.

Abstract Relationships of structure to function of proteins can be studied using chemical modifications of amino-acid side chains and, more recently, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques to alter primary sequences. A wide array of chemical modifications are available to the food chemist for manipulating the functionality of food proteins. The esterification of side-chain carboxyl groups in proteins to yield polycationic polymers is emphasized in this review as an example of changing the functionality of a protein via chemical derivatization. However, chemical modifications of proteins generally suffer from a lack of control in the extent of derivatization attainable, oftentimes yielding polydisperse products. Recent advances in recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology offer the opportunity to relate systematically well-defined alterations in the primary sequence to changes in protein functionality. Using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, one can now use synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides to prepare semisynthetic genes coding for specific changes in the primary sequence of proteins. Incorporation of the altered genes into an appropriate host can lead to the production of the modified protein for structure-function relationship studies. These recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques may eventually provide the means to engineer proteins and enzymes.
Forestry issues and conservation in Uganda

Abstract This paper reviews current trends in the policy and use of Uganda's forestry resource. Deforestation significantly exceeds reafforestation. A diverse indigenous flora of hundreds of tree species is being replaced with 4–5 exotic tree species, having potentially adverse effects on the ecology and severely limiting options for future development. Although immediate causes of deforestation can be related to short-term exploitation, the ultimate cause of this imbalance is unsustainable human population growth. Forest management policy is evaluated with particular attention given to objectives and methods of natural forest exploitation. It is argued that Uganda's natural forests represent a unique genetic and natural resource with the potential to serve many interest groups and supply many benefits through sustainable and non-destructive uses. The present management practice, however, caters primarily to only two inerest groups, namely the timber and the charcoal and fuelwood industries. Under current policy, which encourages rehabilitation of sawmills and mechanised exploitation of the natural forest, other interest groups and values of the forest are not given due consideration. Suggestions are offered for a management plan that gives primary consideration to non-destructive low-impact uses of the natural forest, and for a more effective programme of reafforestation. Planted woodlots and tree plantations would become the major sources of wood products, leaving the natural forests intact to provide other services not involving destructive harvesting. It is proposed that the role of Uganda's Forest Department be re-evaluated accordingly. Reafforestation programmes in progress and planned for the future are examined. It is cincluded that unless a far greater segment of the general population is involved in these programmes, they are likely to be of very limited value in meeting Uganda's fuelwood needs. The importance of energy conservation is discussed and it is concluded that nationwide improvement of 10% efficiency in fuelwood use would be twice as effective in dealing with the fuelwood crisis as all existing and planned reafforestation projects combined. Assistance from international aid agencies is also discussed, with a plea for appropriate and self-sustaining programmes based on long-term ecological planning.
Emerging infections with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in outpatients at an Army Community Hospital.

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection typically occurs in chronically ill patients requiring long-term antimicrobial therapy or hospitalization. However, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) necrotizing soft tissue infections seem to be increasing in incidence. Our aim was to describe the incidence and microbiologic characteristics of CA-MRSA isolates collected at an army community hospital. Methods: We report a retrospective review of MRSA isolates identified during 1998–2003 at the microbiology laboratory of Moncrief Army Community Hospital that serves a community of approximately 40,000 transient residents yearly in Fort Jackson, South Carolina. We evaluated the incidence of MRSA in our laboratory during 1998–2003. For MRSA isolates from 2003, we evaluated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Six selected isolates were evaluated by molecular typing, resistance gene analysis, and toxin analysis. Results: During 1998–2003, 241 (23%) of 1041 S. aureus isolates identifie...
Production of Hericium sp. (Lion’s Mane) mushrooms on totem logs in a forest farming system

Hericium is an edible, highly sought after wood rotting fungus of temperate deciduous forests. There is little or no commercial forest production on wood substrates, unlike shiitake for which there is considerable commercial demand. There are no detailed descriptions of production practices, and very few commercially available strains. This study compared yield of mushrooms from four different strains—one commercial, Hericium erinaceus and three strains of H. americanum isolated locally (upstate NewYork). Each strain was inoculated onto totem stacks of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and mushroom production was monitored for five years. There were differences among strains in the percentages of totems that fruited over the five year duration of the experiment. Significantly fewer logs fruited of the commercial strain compared to the locally isolated strains. There were no significant difference among the four strains with respect to the yield of mushroom per log, but yield varied significantly depending on the number of years after inoculation, with peak production during the third and fourth years. Peak production levels were similar to the commercial yield of forest cultivated shiitake mushrooms. The successful forest production of Hericium mushrooms on totem stacks, and the yield potential demonstrated here suggest that this non-timber forest crop may be suitable for commercial production.
Maternal alcohol and tobacco consumption and their association with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

Although little is known about factors influencing its occurrence nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NV) has been associated with favorable pregnancy outcome. In order to learn more about the association of maternal alcohol and tobacco comsumption with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy information on NVP in 210 patients at a west coast health maintenance organization was obtained. Smoking and alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy were also estimated in 2 personal interviews during gestation. 72% of the subjects had NVP in the first 4 months of pregnancy. Smokers had significantly less NVP than nonsmokers (52% in contrast to 79%). NVP in smokers was negatively associated with alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy; the stronger relation being for alcohol reported in the 6 months prior to pregnancy. 46% of smokers drinking more than 1/2 fluid ounce of absolute alcohol daily in this period reported NVP; 68% of smokers drinking less had NVP. For nonsmokers there was no relation between alcohol use in any period and NVP. The risk of NVP associated with pre-pregnancy drinking was not related to any change in alcohol consumption after conception. The results suggest an interaction between NVP smoking and reported alcohol consumption. The association of favorable pregnancy outcome with NVP may be because women who experience it are less likely to be regular drinkers and smokers.
Characterization of Fabric Luster via Image Analysis

Fabric luster is usually described visually (e.g. dull, bright, glittery, etc). Instrumental reflectance measurements have been applied to gauge luster, but these techniques only give overall reflectance values and do not adequately describe the luster. Image texture analysis, on the other hand, has been successfully applied to characterise luster. In the procedurc a fabric surface is photographed, the photonegative scanned on a digital microdensitometer, and the data processed in a computer. In the work described the images formed by light rellected from carpet surfaces accurately represent the carpet luster appearance. Quantitative and descriptive luster measurements show that people rate carpet luster mainly on the quantity and intensity of specular glitter points.
What ideal end users teach us about collaborative software

Many studies have evaluated different uses of collaborative software. Typically, the research has focused on the shortcomings and, sometimes, the ways end users succeed or fail to work around these shortcomings. In a recent field study, surprisingly, a group demonstrated unimpaired dexterity using a full range of collaborative software. Some interesting lessons emerged from observing these "perfect" collaborators. Lessons include implications for more typical or "less than perfect" end users, especially around the adoption of collaboration technology. Also, there is a general, but subtle, lesson that studying successful users of technology (or "ideal end users" as we put it) can be as valuable as studying those who struggle with technology and highlight its shortcomings.
Effects of breaking wave induced turbulence within a longshore current model

Abstract A longshore current model which includes a modification of the bottom stress term due to the effects of breaking-wave induced turbulence is developed and applied to field data from both barred and planar beaches. This turbulence is postulated as producing a vertical mixing which alters the near-bottom vertical profile of the longshore current. As a result, the bottom fiction coefficient, c f , used to relate the free stream current velocity to the bottom stress is modeled as consisting of two components, c fl , a spatially constant value which is assumed to be related to bottom characteristics and c fr , which is dependent upon breaking-wave induced near-bottom turbulence levels. Employing a one-dimensional turbulent kinetic energy equation to model this breaking-wave induced turbulence, a spatially varying bottom friction coefficient is obtained. The spatially constant c fl is estimated based on data taken seaward of the surf zone, where the wind stress is assumed to be balanced by the bottom stress. The concept is demonstrated without the inclusion of horizontal mixing in the longshore current model formulation. The model predicted cross-shore profiles of longshore current show improved agreement with observations compared with treatments using constant c f values.
Support and Interpersonal Stress in the Social Networks of Married Daughters Caring for Parents With Dementia

Data collected on 95 married daughters and 1,195 members of their social networks are used to investigate factors differentiating individuals who were and were not a source of social support or interpersonal stress to women caring for parents with dementia. Reports by the caregivers indicated that siblings and friends were almost equally important sources of support, but that siblings were overwhelmingly the most important source of interpersonal stress. Multivariate analyses demonstrated the importance of some dimensions of status similarity in explaining which network members were a source of support or stress. Individuals who had cared for an elderly relative were more likely to have been a source of support and less likely to have been a source of stress; individuals who were more similar in age to the caregivers were also less likely to have been a source of stress. Gender similarity was also associated with the provision of support; however, gender-similar network members were also a greater source of interpersonal stress.
Hierarchical Bayesian statistics: merging experimental and modeling approaches in ecology

covariance estimation. Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics 12(4)450-469. Latimer, A. M., S. Wu, A. E. Gelfand, and J. A. Silander, Jr. 2006. Building statistical models to analyze species distribu tions. Ecological Applications 16:33-50. Ritter, K., and M. Leecaster. 2007. Multi-lag cluster designs for estimating the semivariogram for sediments affected by effluent discharges offshore in San Diego. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 14:41-53. Schabenberger, O., and C. A. Gotway. 2005. Statistical methods for spatial data analysis. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Waller, L. A., B. J. Goodwin, M. L. Wilson, R. S. Ostfeld, S. Marshall, and E. B. Hayes. 2007. Spatio-temporal patterns in county-level incidence and reporting of Lyme disease in the northeastern United States, 1990-2000. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 14:83-100. Waller, L, and C. Gotway. 2004. Applied spatial statistics for public health data. Wiley, New York, New York, USA. Wikle, C. K. 2003. Hierarchical Bayesian models for predicting the spread of ecological processes. Ecology 84:1382-1394. Wikle, C. K., L. M. Berliner, and N. Cressie. 1998. Hierarchical Bayesian space-time models. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 5:117-154. Xia, G, M. L. Miranda, and A. E. Gelfand. 2006. Approx imately optimal spatial design approaches for environmental health data. Environmetrics 17:363-385. Zimmerman, D. L. 2006. Optimal network design for spatial prediction, covariance parameter estimation and empirical prediction. Environmetrics 17:635-652.
REDUCTION OF PAH AND SOOT IN PREMIXED ETHYLENE-AIR FLAMES BY ADDITION OF DIMETHYL ETHER

ABSTRACT Results are presented from a combined experimental and modeling study undertaken to understand the pathways by which the addition of dimethyl ether (DME) to fuel-rich ethylene flames causes reductions in PAH and soot. The experimental work was conducted in a flat-flame burner at equivalence ratios of 2.34 and 2.64. DME was added to the ethylene at two levels corresponding to 5 and 10% oxygen by weight in the fuel. Soot was measured by laser-induced incandescence calibrated with light extinction, and aromatic species were measured using laser-induced fluorescence. Modeling was based on a 1D, premixed flame model and kinetic mechanisms described in the literature. The modeling work captures the trends in aromatic species with changes in equivalence ratio and oxygen concentration in the fuel. However, the soot predictions do not match the increases observed at the higher equivalence ratio. Analysis of the modeling results for the lower equivalence ratio shows that the addition of DME to the ethylene...
Prenatal Ultrasound and Urological Anomalies

Prenatal ultrasound is an integral part of caring for pregnant women in the United States. Although surprisingly few data exist to support the clinical benefit of screening ultrasound during pregnancy, its use continues to rise. Urologic anomalies are among the most commonly identified, with overall detection sensitivity approaching 90%. Prenatal hydronephrosis is the most frequently identified finding and predicting postnatal pathology based on its presence can be difficult. As the degree of fetal hydronephrosis increases so does the risk of true urinary tract pathology. Diagnoses that require more urgent care include causes of lower urinary tract obstruction and bladder and cloacal exstrophy.
Development and operation of an improved turntable dust feeder

Abstract An improved version of a dry dispersion turntable aerosol feeder has been developed which provides greater variation, control, and reliability in aerosol output. The heart of the system is a rotating dust cylinder that permits steady delivery of dust to a turntable groove where it is picked-up by an adjustable aspirator. This design feature eliminates the need for vibrators and ensures a smooth dust flow to the dust pick-up point. Depending on the cylinder diameter, unattended operating time can be greatly increased. The aspirator incorporates an adjustable venturi and pick-up apparatus. By varying venturi adjustment and air pressure, dust pick-up under differing operating conditions can be assured. A large range in aerosol output can be achieved using different groove widths, locations, and turntable speeds. Operational performance tests show steady aerosol output over the delivery range of 100 mg/min to 50 g/min, depending on the size of the feeder. To date, two sizes of the turntable aerosol feeder have been utilized effectively resulting in dust concentrations ranging from 100 μg/m 3 to 560 mg/m 3 .
Cytokine-induced accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in rat C6 glial cells: implication for X-adrenoleukodystrophy.

Abstract: X-Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited metabolic disorder of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) with subsequent manifestation of neuroinflammatory disease. To investigate the possible role of proinflammatory cytokines in the X-ALD disease process, we examined the effect of cytokines on the metabolism of VLCFA in C6 glial cells expressing oligodendrocyte-like properties. C6 glial cells under serum-free conditions were treated with different combinations of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interferon-γ) or cytokine with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokine-treated C6 cells had higher concentrations of VLCFA, measured as percent weight and also as C26:0/C22:0 ratio, which were 300–400% as compared with the controls. We also found increased levels of C26:1 in cytokine-treated cells. The accumulation of VLCFA paralleled the decrease (35–55%) in peroxisomal β-oxidation activity and a 12- to 14-fold increase in the production of nitric oxide (NO). Individual cytokines were unable either to produce NO or to increase the levels of VLCFA in C6 cells. Inhibition of cytokine-induced NO production by l-N-methylarginine, an inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), and N-acetylcysteine, an inhibitor of cytokine-mediated induction of inducible NOS, normalized the peroxisomal β-oxidation activity and the levels of VLCFA, suggesting a role for the proinflammatory cytokines and NO toxicity in the neuropathological changes associated with abnormal VLCFA metabolism (e.g., X-ALD). X-ALD is a peroxisomal disease having deficient oxidation of VLCFA, resulting in the excessive accumulation of VLCFA in all tissues but especially in brain. We observed greater increase in levels of VLCFA in the inflammatory region of ALD brain (in the demyelinating plaque and the area around the plaque) than in the normal-looking area away from the plaque; this also indicates that cytokines in the proinflammatory region may augment the VLCFA defect caused by the inherited abnormality in X-ALD brain. Although C6 glial cultured cells do not reflect the X-ALD model precisely, the observed relationship between the cytokine-induced inhibition of the oxidation of VLCFA, excessive accumulation of VLCFA, and excessive production of NO and their normalization by inhibitors of NOS in C6 glial cells suggests that NO-mediated toxicity may play a role in VLCFA-associated neuroinflammatory diseases (e.g., X-ALD).
A multiple-map model for pattern classification

A characteristic feature of vertebrate sensory cortex (and midbrain) is the existence of multiple two-dimensional map representations. Some workers have considered single-map classification (e.g. Kohonen 1984) but little work has focused on the use of multiple maps. We have constructed a multiple-map classifier, which permits abstraction of the computational properties of a multiple-map architecture. We identify three problems which characterize a multiple-map classifier: classification in two dimensions, mapping from high dimensions to two dimensions, and combination of multiple maps. We demonstrate component solutions to each of the problems, using Parzen-window density estimation in two dimensions, a generalized Fisher discriminant function for dimensionality reduction, and split/merge methods to construct a “tree of maps” for the multiple-map representation. The combination of components is modular and each component could be improved or replaced without affecting the other components. The classifier training procedure requires time linear in the number of training examples; classification time is independent of the number of training examples and requires constant space. Performance of this classifier on Fisher's iris data, Gaussian clusters on a five-dimensional simplex, and digitized speech data is comparable to competing algorithms, such as nearest-neighbor, back-propagation and Gaussian classifiers. This work provides an example of the computational utility of multiple-map representations for classification. It is one step towards the goal of understanding why brain areas such as visual cortex utilize multiple map-like representations of the world.
1224 CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ANGELMAN HAPPY PUPPET SYNDROME (AHPS)

Cephalometric analyses were performed on five caucasian patients with AHPS to further investigate the craniofacial abnormalities observed in this disorder. The study included four females and one male ranging in age from 11 to 33 years. Analysis of twenty-two angular and linear relationships measured on lateral cranial radiographs demonstrated the following significant abnormalities: microcephaly, short anterior and posterior cranial base, mid-face retrusion and decreased vertical face height. The sella turcica, reported as being displaced in previous studies, was normal in configuration and position in all our cases. In addition, despite the fact that four of our five patients appeared clinically prognathic, all had normal mandibular length, width and shape. It was concluded that this relative prognathism was caused by upward and forward rotation of the mandible as a consequence of the shortening and retrusion of the mid-face. We postulate that these abnormalities, responsible for the characteristic craniofacial configuration in patients with the AHPS, result from the shortening of the anterior cranial base which is secondary to abnormal brain morphogenesis and growth.
Psychotherapy and the Idea of Meaning

A number of influential theorists in psychotherapy and psychology rightly argue that meaning is central to psychology. However, they ground this insight on further claims that persons autonomously ...
Monitoring the implementation of Consultation Planning, Recording, and Summarizing in a breast care center.

Abstract Objective We implemented and monitored a clinical service, Consultation Planning, Recording and Summarizing (CPRS), in which trained facilitators elicit patient questions for doctors, and then audio-record, and summarize the doctor–patient consultations. Methods We trained 8 schedulers to offer CPRS to breast cancer patients making treatment decisions, and trained 14 premedical interns to provide the service. We surveyed a convenience sample of patients regarding their self-efficacy and decisional conflict. We solicited feedback from physicians, schedulers, and CPRS staff on our implementation of CPRS. Results 278 patients used CPRS over the 22-month study period, an exploitation rate of 32% compared to our capacity. 37 patients responded to surveys, providing pilot data showing improvements in self-efficacy and decisional conflict. Physicians, schedulers, and premedical interns recommended changes in the program's locations; delivery; products; and screening, recruitment and scheduling processes. Conclusion Our monitoring of this implementation found elements of success while surfacing recommendations for improvement. Practice implications We made changes based on study findings. We moved Consultation Planning to conference rooms or telephone sessions; shortened the documents produced by CPRS staff; diverted slack resources to increase recruitment efforts; and obtained a waiver of consent in order to streamline and improve ongoing evaluation.
Improving the transfer to secondary school: how every child's voice can matter

Children in their final year of primary school (Year 6) were asked about their experiences of transition to high school so far. This multi-method study included questionnaires, discussion, drawing and writing. The children raised a range of issues including mixed feelings; friends; bullying; getting lost; race; being the only child from their primary school; teachers; growing up; and school choice. Learning issues were rarely raised, suggesting that the social aspects of the move are most important for children at the end of Year 6. Most students wanted as much experience of their new school as possible, before they start attending there as a pupil. A key finding from this study is that children can be a very valuable resource in improving transition. Given accessible opportunities, which need not take up large amounts of time or resources, all children can inform the transition process and contribute to ongoing improvement.
Interaction of hybrid nanowire–nanoparticle structures with carbon monoxide

A gas-phase sensor based on a GaN nanowire mat decorated with Au nanoparticles was studied both experimentally and theoretically. The sensor is responsive to CO and H2 and could be used to study the water–gas-shift reaction, which involves combining CO and H2O to produce H2. It was shown that for catalyzing this reaction using support Au nanoparticles, the sequence in which the reactants are exposed to the catalyst surface is critical. To quantitatively evaluate the sensor response to gas exposure a depletion model was developed that considered the Au nanoparticle–semiconductor interface as a nano-Schottky barrier where variation in the depletion region caused changes in the electrical conductivity of the nanowires.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 1. Structure-function studies.

To probe the catalytic mechanism of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), 13 active-site mutants were constructed and characterized by steady-state kinetics. In addition, microtiter plate assays were developed for both the phosphorolytic and synthetic reactions and used to determine the kinetic parameters of each mutant. Mutations in the purine binding site exhibited the largest effects on enzymatic activity with the Asn243Ala mutant resulting in a 1000-fold decrease in the kcat for inosine phosphorolysis. This result in combination with the crystallographic location of the Asn243 side chain suggested a potential transition state (TS) structure involving hydrogen bond donation by the carboxamido group of Asn243 to N7 of the purine base. Analogous to the oxyanion hole of serine proteases, this hydrogen bond was predicted to aid catalysis by preferentially stabilizing the TS as a consequence of the increase in negative charge on N7 that occurs during glycosidic bond cleavage and the associated increa...
An examination of family functioning utilizing the circumplex model in psychiatrically hospitalized children with depression

The purpose of the current study was to explore the relationship between childhood depression and family functioning. 11 children with depression and 11 children without depression were compared via scores on the adaptability and cohesion dimensions of the FACES-III-K. Children with depression reported significantly less cohesive and more disengaged (displaying emotional separateness and lack of closeness) families than children without depression. Cohesion (the emotional bonding and individual autonomy of family members), but not adaptability, appears to be an important factor in the relationship between family functioning and childhood depression. Clinicians are advised to use treatments designed to help alleviate low family cohesion for children with depression.
Evaluation of Wound Closure in Oblique 23-gauge Sutureless Sclerotomies With Visante Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose To investigate the in vivo real-time wound morphology of fresh 23-gauge sutureless oblique sclerotomy wounds with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Prospective, observational case series. Methods Subjects underwent three-port pars plana vitrectomy with a 23-gauge trocar/cannula microincision surgical system at the Cole Eye Institute. All incisions were created in an oblique (aka beveled or angled) fashion. The incisions were imaged with the Visante OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California, USA) device on postoperative days 1 and 8. The main outcome measure was wound structure (eg, presence of gaping) as evaluated with OCT. Surgical and ocular parameters were also recorded. Results Fourteen patients were investigated. Gross clinical examination revealed no evidence of leakage. OCT demonstrated closed wounds in all eyes on postoperative days 1 and 8. The external (entry) site of the incision was occasionally seen as a gape; however the rest of the wound was closed. One patient with closed wounds had transient hypotony along with shallow peripheral choroidals noted on postoperative day 1, which resolved on their own. Conclusions Oblique incisions have been proposed for microincision sutureless vitrectomy to prevent wound leakage, hypotony, and the secondary risk of endophthalmitis. This study demonstrates that oblique incisions provide adequate wound apposition as shown by OCT even on postoperative day 1.
Interleukin 1α Increases Serum Leptin Concentrations in Humans

Leptin, the protein product of the ob gene, regulates appetite and body weight in animals. Endotoxin and cytokines, induced by endotoxin, interleukin (IL) 1 and tumor necrosis factor, increase expression of leptin in mice and hamsters. We measured serum leptin concentrations in patients with cancer before and after administration of recombinant human IL-1 alpha. Fourteen patients received IL-1 alpha at one of three dose levels (0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 microgram/kg.day) for 5 days. Serum leptin concentrations increased in all but two patients within 24 h after the first dose. The increase in leptin was correlated directly with IL-1 alpha dose (P = 0.0030). Despite continued administration of IL-1 alpha, serum leptin concentrations returned to pretreatment levels by day 5 of therapy. An increase in serum leptin concentrations may be one mechanism by which anorexia is induced by IL-1 alpha. However, tachyphylaxis of the leptin response suggests that other mechanisms also are involved.
Error correction vs. query garbling for Arabic OCR document retrieval

Due to the existence of large numbers of legacy documents (such as old books and newspapers), improving retrieval effectiveness for OCR'ed documents continues to be an important problem. This article compares the effect of OCR error correction with and without language modeling and the effect of query garbling with weighted structured queries on the retrieval of OCR degraded Arabic documents. The results suggest that moderate error correction does not yield statistically significant improvement in retrieval effectiveness when indexing and searching using n-grams. Also, reversing error correction models to perform query garbling in conjunction with weighted structured queries yields improved retrieval effectiveness. Lastly, using very good error correction that utilizes language modeling yields the best improvement in retrieval effectiveness.
Spatial changes in volcanic and seismic activity prior to great earthquakes

Spatial relationship between volcanism and seismicity prior to the occurrence of several great interplate earthquakes in the circum Pacific area has been examined in order to understand the process of underthrusting in detail. The locations of the epicenters of the great earthquakes have been examined in terms of locations of concentrated volcanic and seismic activity in a short time period in order to determine if there is any relationship between these activities, and whether such relationships can be used to refine the underthrusting model. The study shows that in most cases, (1) there is no volcanic activity in the vicinity of the epicenter of the great earthquake and (2) maximum volcanic activity is localized, i.e., volcanoes adjacent to one another exhibit considerable activity in a short time period. Very little systematic spatial relationship between these three parameters is observed although in most cases, there is no volcanic activity at the time of maximum earthquake activity. Locations of active volcanoes and earthquake activity, during the five years prior to the occurrence of the great earthquake, do not appear to be a guide to the epicenter of the great earthquake. This study therefore suggests that although there is temporal relationship between the occurrence of maximum volcanic and seismic activity and the occurrence of great earthquake, there appears to be no systematic spatial relationship between these three parameters.
Defending Millian Theories

In this article I offer a three-pronged defense of Millian theories, all of which share the rough idea that all there is to a proper name is its referent. I first give what I believe to be the first correct analysis of Kripke's puzzle and its anti-Fregean lessons. The main lesson is that the Fregean's arguments against Millianism and for the existence of semantically relevant senses (that is, individuative elements of propositions or belief contents that are sensitive to our varying personal conceptions of the referents of those elements) are viciously circular. Thus, the Fregean must give new arguments for her central claims. Second, I offer original, positive arguments for the Millian idea that the thoughts that Cicero was bald and that Tully was bald are identical. Strangely enough, the arguments appeal to nothing but pretheoretical principles regarding folk psychological usage-traditionally the source of Fregean intuitions. Third, I examine one of the most important recent papers on Kripke's puzzle, that by David Sosa (1996). Sosa claims to have found a way to turn the tables on Kripke's puzzle by using it to argue against Millian theories. I argue that Sosa's argument on behalf of the Fregean is question-begging. I conclude that Millian theories can be seriously defended without any use of theoretical constructs such as guises or Russellian propositions, and that Fregeans provide new argument for their theory's central claims.
Effect of IMF By on thermospheric composition at high and middle latitudes: 2. Data comparisons

[1] The strength and orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has a strong effect on the high-latitude plasma convection pattern, thereby influencing the speed and direction of polar thermospheric winds. The possibility of similar IMF control over the compositional response of the thermosphere during geomagnetic disturbances has not been fully investigated. This study finds that the y-component of the IMF (IMF By) exerts significant control over the development and subsequent equatorward transport of composition disturbances during periods of heightened geomagnetic activity. This is determined using the NCAR-TIMEGCM to simulate the thermospheric conditions during the first 3 weeks far-ultraviolet (FUV) imaging operations of the Dynamics Explorer 1 (DE-1) mission in 1981. The images reveal changes in the relative thermospheric column abundance of O versus N 2 (ΣO/N 2 ). These changes are reproduced by the model, incorporating variable IMF strength and orientation as inputs. It is found that simple reversal of IMF By leads to subsequent changes in ΣO/N 2 at middle latitudes by as much as 30%. This is a manifestation of the effect identified in the companion to this report (Crowley et al., 2006). The study confirms the hypothesis of Immel et al. (1997) that IMF-B y effects on middle-latitude thermospheric composition are important, though more complex than expected. Contrary to previous predictions, early morning local times are shown to be more likely to suffer large decreases in ΣO/N 2 when By is negative. However, the overall magnitude of high-latitude Joule heating is found to be greater when By is positive.
Characterization of a HindIII-generated DNA fragment carrying the glutamine synthetase gene of Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract The glnA gene, encoding glutamine synthetase in Salmonella typhimurium, has been cloned into the plasmid pBR322. One hybrid plasmid, pJBl, containing an 8.5 kb insert generated by a HindIII digest, was analyzed using eleven different restriction enzymes. Evidence that the region controlling glutamine synthetase expression remained on the insert was obtained by showing that the regulation is normal in cells carrying plasmids with the insert in the original and reversed orientation. Several new plasmids derived from pJBl following SalI and EcoRI digestions were examined for their ability to complement a glnA202 mutation in order to locate the DNA segment needed for glutamine synthetase expression. The results show that cells containing plasmid pJB8, which has a 2.1 kb deletion, produce and regulate glutamine synthetase normally, whereas cells with a plasmid (pJB11) similar to pJB8, but lacking a 0.25 kb EcoRI fragment, do not exhibit glutamine synthetase activity. The analysis of proteins produced in minicells containing pJB8 and pJB11 show that they both produce a protein that migrates with the glutamine synthetase subunit. Because pJB11 makes an inactive protein of similar size to the glutamine synthetase subunit, the 0.25 kb deletion may encode only the C-terminus of this protein. Consistent with this finding is the presence of a strong RNA polymerase-binding site on pJB8 to the right of the 0.25 kb EcoRI that could correspond to a promoter near the N-terminus of the glnA gene.
The Consequences of Maladaptive Coping: Integrating General Strain and Self-Control Theories to Specify a Causal Pathway Between Victimization and Offending

Drawing from general strain and self-control perspectives, the role of maladaptive coping (i.e., substance use) in the causal pathway between victimization and offending is explored. Specifically, the present study investigates: (1) the extent to which self-control influences substance use in response to victimization, and (2) whether victims with low self-control and who engage in substance use are more likely to commit violent offenses in the future. Three waves of panel data from the Gang Resistance Education and Training program are used (N = 1,463), and negative binomial regression models are estimated to explore the interactive effects of low self-control, victimization, and substance use on violent offending. Victims with low self-control are more likely to engage in substance use post-victimization, and low self-control and substance use are found to exert significant conditional effects on the pathway between victimization and offending. These results remained robust even after controlling for prior violent offending, peer influences, prior substance use, and other forms of offending. The causal pathway between victimization and offending can be explained by drawing upon key concepts drawn from self-control (i.e., how self-control shapes coping responses) and general strain (i.e., how those responses influence offending above and beyond self-control) theories, indicating that these two perspectives can and should be integrated more explicitly to explain the dynamics of victimization and offending.
Effects of class I heparin binding growth factor and fibronectin on platelet adhesion and aggregation.

Abstract Fibronectin and heparin binding growth factor-type 1 have been affixed to vascular graft surfaces to enhance the attachment and the proliferation of transplanted endothelial cells, respectively. The current study examines the effect of fibronectin and heparin binding growth factor-type 1 on platelet adhesion and activation in vivo and on platelet aggregation in vitro. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prostheses (5 cm × 4 mm internal diameter) were treated either with fibronectin ( n = 9), fibronectin/heparin/heparin binding growth factor-type 1/heparin ( n = 12), or neither ( n = 13) and were interposed into canine aortoiliac systems bilaterally. Autogenous radiolabeled (Indium 111 oxine, 650 μCi) platelets were injected intravenously before reestablishment of circulation. Perfusion was maintained for 30 minutes, and prostheses were removed with segments of native aorta and distal iliac arteries bilaterally. Specimens were examined for thrombus-free surface area, by gamma well counting for adherent radiolabeled platelets, and by light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopic techniques. Results showed that both the fibronectin and fibronectin/heparin/heparin binding growth factor type 1/heparin pretreated prostheses contained significantly greater numbers of platelets and adherent radioactivity than did control graft segments when normalized to their ipsilateral iliac arteries. Fibronectin/heparin/heparin binding growth factor-type 1/heparin pretreated prostheses contained 27 ± 16 times more radioactivity per square millimeter than ipsilateral iliac arteries, fibronectin pretreated prostheses had 13 ± 8 times more radioactivity per square millimeter than ipsilateral iliac arteries, and untreated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene had 4 ± 3 times more radioactivity per square millimeter than ipsilateral iliac arteries. Fibronectin/heparin/heparin binding growth factor-type 1/heparin was more radioactive than alone ( p = 0.056). Histologic evaluation and thrombus-free surface area determinations corroborated the gamma well counting data. Platelet aggregation in vitro was not activated by either fibronectin (1 to 100 μg/100 μl) or heparin binding growth factor-type 1 ( 25 to 2500 ng/100 μl). These data suggest that fibronectin and heparin binding growth factor-type 1 promote platelet adhesion not aggregation. (J VASC SURG 1990;11:665-74.)
Classification: Purposes, Principles, Progress, Prospects

There is an intimate interrelation between principles and procedures in classification, and modern work in this field has been profoundly affected by the development of electronic computers. Besides the delineation of natural systems and the achievement of economy of memory and ease of manipulation, the primary purpose of classification is the description of the structure and relationship of groups of similar objects. Successful classifications generate scientific hypotheses, although much classificatory work has applied, practical goals. The acceptance of polythetic taxa is a major conceptual advance and has directly led to classifications based on many, equally weighted characteristics. The specification of data for classification by computer will enhance objectivity but not eliminate cultural and subjective biases. Techniques of classification include cluster analysis and ordination, and numerous ways of representing classifications have been elaborated recently. By the application of graph theory to some classificatory problems it has been possible to reconstruct evolutionary branching sequences. Computer classification has been successfully applied across a broad range of disciplines.
RF power injected into the DC yard by an HVDC convertor pole

A new estimate has been made of the RF power injected by an HVDC convertor pole into the DC yard. The RF power levels measured provide a design basis for either an active or passive RF filter for the protection of a power-line carrier system of a convertor station of this type.