cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonparametric error model for a high resolution satellite rainfall product

[1] Characterization of the error distribution of satellite rainfall product has important benefits in practical applications such as rainfall-runoff modeling. Most operational satellite rainfall products are, however, still deterministic and lack any estimate of their uncertainty. Given a high resolution satellite rainfall estimate, it is of interest to know the distribution of the actual rainfall. We develop a new nonparametric model that generates the distribution of actual rainfall values for any given satellite rainfall estimate. The model handles the conditional distribution as the mixture of a positive continuous distribution and a point mass at zero. We fitted and validated the model using rain gauge-adjusted ground-based radar rainfall (representing actual rainfall) and CMORPH satellite rainfall estimates (representing high-resolution satellite rainfall), available at a resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° and 3-hourly, over a domain of 6.25° × 6.25° in the southern United States where the radar rainfall products are considered to be of high quality. The modeling approach can be replicated in other regions.
Uncertainty and the timing of an urban congestion relief investment.: The no-land case

We analyze the impact of population uncertainty on the socially optimum timing of a congestion-relief project in a linear monocentric city with fixed boundaries, where congestion pricing cannot be implemented. This project requires time to bear fruit but no urban land. Under certainty, we show that utility maximization is roughly equivalent to a standard benefit-cost analysis (BCA). Under uncertainty, we derive an explicit optimal threshold for relieving congestion when the urban population follows a geometric Brownian motion. If the time to implement the project is short, we show analytically that deciding on the timing of congestion relief based on a BCA could lead to acting prematurely; the reverse holds if project implementation is long and uncertainty is large enough.
The Heating of Interstellar Gas by Dust

Interstellar grains serve as an intermediary in transferring stellar radiant energy or gas chemical energy into the heating of interstellar gas. Grain photoelectric heating, a process in which ultraviolet photons eject energetic electrons from grains into the gas, dominates the gas heating of the intercloud medium, diffuse clouds, and most photodissociation regions (PDRs); it is also significant in HII regions. Grain photoelectric heating in PDRs can explain the observed correlations of CII(158 µm) with CO J=1-0 intensities and CII(158 µm) + OI(63 µm) with infrared continuum (grain) luminosities. Gas-grain collisions and the infrared emission from grains can dominate the gas heating in molecular clouds with embedded stars. The ejection of newly-formed, vibrationally-excited H 2 molecules from grains behind dense, dissociative shocks leads to postshock gas heating which produces strong far-infrared and millimeter line emission as well as H 2 O maser emission.
Lipopolysaccharide-Defective Mutants of the Wilt Pathogen Pseudomonas solanacearum

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-defective mutants of Pseudomonas solanacearum were used to test the hypothesis that differences in LPS structure are associated with the ability or inability of different strains to induce a hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco. To obtain these mutants, LPS-specific bacteriophage of P. solanacearum were isolated and used to select phage-resistant mutants of the virulent, non-HR-inducing strain K60. The LPS of 24 of these mutants was purified and compared with that of K60 and its HR-inducing variant, B1. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, LPS from K60 and other smooth strains separated into many evenly spaced bands that migrated slowly, whereas LPS from B1 and most phage-resistant strains separated into one to three bands that migrated rapidly. Carbohydrate analysis showed that the LPS of the phage-resistant strains lacked O-antigen sugars (rhamnose, xylose, and N-acetylglucosamine) and could be grouped into (i) those that had all core sugars (rhamnose, glucose, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate), (ii) those that had no core rhamnose, and (iii) those that lacked all core sugars except for 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. The LPS composition of 10 of the rough, phage-resistant mutants was similar to that of the HR-inducing strain, B1, yet none of them induced the HR. Only 2 of 13 mutant strains tested caused wilting of tobacco, and these had rough LPS but produced large amounts of extracellular polysaccharide, unlike most LPS-defective mutants. The evidence did not support the hypothesis that the initial interaction between rough LPS and tobacco cell walls is the determining factor in HR initiation.
Stability analysis of interfacial circulation on a static liquid drop with forced internal circulation

A hemispherical constant volume drop with forced internal circulation was considered as a model approximating a real drop at a similar stage of formation. It was proposed that ordered flow patterns of interfacial circulation which have been observed experimentally on the surface of such a drop are a manifestation of hydrodynamic instability, which was affected by internal flow conditions within the drop and by the properties of the interface. A simplified mathematical model was analyzed in order to detail the mechanism for the onset of interfacial circulation from a non-circulatory basic state. A mathematical description of the steady basic state was obtained by solving the Navier-Stokes equation written in terms of a meridian plane stream function, assuming axial symmetry. The resulting non­ linear partial differential equation was reduced to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations by means of an appropriate Legendre polynomial series representation and was solved numerically using a quasilinearization technique. The solution gave flow patterns which were obviously similar to those observed experimentally. The change in flow patterns was computed and analyzed for different Reynolds numbers and for different interfacial properties such as the surface-tension gradient and the surface viscosity. The stability analysis was carried out using linear theory to develop a stability criterion which provided a sufficient condition for an unstable regime. This stability calculation was different from the
DISTURBING ECONOMIC MYSTERIES: The Causes of the "Job Loss" Recovery

This economic recovery badly needs explaining. It was the first economic recovery in the modern period in which jobs were lost, not gained. The two authors provide an exhaustive analysis of why it has been different this time around. One of their conclusions is that institutional financial power and changes in corporate governance have contributed significantly to sluggish employment.
In Praise of Justice Blackmun: (Corrected) Typos and All

If we are to search Justice Harry A. Blackmun's constitutional oeuvre for an appropriate epitaph, the leading candidate would be his statement in DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services, that "compassion need not be exiled from the province of judging." Those of us who had the good fortune to know Justice Blackmun may be tempted to say that he brought to the profession of judging the same remarkable warmth, sensitivity, and humility that characterized his personal relationships. Yet this observation strikes me as too facile. Many of those who devote their professional lives to labors on behalf of "the people" have no great fondness or respect for actual people, and personally decent individuals sometimes do great evil when wearing official hats (or robes). Thus, although there is undoubtedly some relation between everyone's public and private selves, the relation is often quite complex and subtle. In this essay I try to shed a bit more light on the wellsprings of Justice Blackmun's jurisprudence. The exercise is necessarily speculative, but I believe my conclusions to be at least as plausible as the conventional wisdom that Justice Blackmun was a compassionate Justice because he was a compassionate man.
The enron corpus: a new dataset for email classification research

Automated classification of email messages into user-specific folders and information extraction from chronologically ordered email streams have become interesting areas in text learning research. However, the lack of large benchmark collections has been an obstacle for studying the problems and evaluating the solutions. In this paper, we introduce the Enron corpus as a new test bed. We analyze its suitability with respect to email folder prediction, and provide the baseline results of a state-of-the-art classifier (Support Vector Machines) under various conditions, including the cases of using individual sections (From, To, Subject and body) alone as the input to the classifier, and using all the sections in combination with regression weights.
Identifying Molecular Features Associated with Psychoneurological Symptoms in Women with Breast Cancer Using Multivariate Mixed Models

Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer among women. Research shows many women with BC experience anxiety, depression, and stress (ADS). Epigenetics has recently emerged as a potential mechanism for the development of depression.1 Although there are growing numbers of research studies indicating that epigenetic changes are associated with ADS, there is currently no evidence that this association is present in women with BC. The goal of this study was to identify high-throughput methylation sites (CpG sites) that are associated with three psychoneurological symptoms (ADS) in women with BC. Traditionally, univariate models have been used to examine the relationship between methylation sites and each psychoneurological symptom; nevertheless, ADS can be treated as a cluster of related symptoms and included together in a multivariate linear model. Hence, an overarching goal of this study is to compare and contrast univariate and multivariate models when identifying methylation sites associated with ADS in women with BC. When fitting separate linear regression models for each ADS scale, 3 among 285,173 CpG sites tested were significantly associated with depression. Two significant CpG sites are located on their respective genes FAM101A and FOXJ1, and the third site cannot be mapped to any known gene at this time. In contrast, the multivariate models identified 8,535 ADS-related CpG sites. In conclusion, when analyzing correlated psychoneurological symptom outcomes, multivariate models are more powerful and thus are recommended.
Best Practices Report on the Use of Adjunct Faculty

Eric Gouvin is a contributor and editor for this book, which is a survey of how many ABA-approved law schools manage their adjunct faculty programs, including recruitment and hiring, training, review and evaluation, retention and recognition, and transition to full-time teaching.
SU‐GG‐T‐443: Effect of Inhomogeneity On Dose Distribution for Gamma Knife(R) Perfexion(TM) Treatment

Purpose: To investigate the dose perturbation in Gamma Knife® Perfexion™ Stereotactic Radiosurgery due to inhomogeneity. Method and Materials: We applied Monte Carlo(MC) simulation for Gamma Knife® Perfexion™. Approximation parameters for geometries and materials were used to reconstruct 4mm, 8mm and 16mm collimators in Gamma Knife® Perfexion™ unit. A total of 192 Cobalt‐60 sources with the same activity were simulated. Phase space files stored all particles passing through collimator and reaching a sphere surface of surrounding the isocenter. Patient's geometries were rebuilt from CT data. The doses were calculated using MC simulation with and without inhomogeneity correction. Dose perturbation effect was derived from the comparison of DVH between homogeneous and inhomogeneous geometries. Results: Three patients were investigated. For each patient, at least 2 sites were selected: one in brain and another one close to air cavity. A total of 14 Monte Carlo simulations were performed for 16mm collimator with and without inhomogeneity correction. The statistical error for isocenter dose is around 0.2%. Monte Carlo results show that inhomogeneity effects lowered the dose, on average, by 4.6% in brain site. For sites close to the air cavity, the inhomogeneity effects are mixed. The inhomogeneity effect ranged from 2.7% to −1.3%. Less attenuation from air cavity increases the dose to the site. However, the high density area such as spine results more attenuation and it eventually reduces the dose. Conclusion:Monte Carlo shows that the inhomogeneity effect could cause lower delivered doses from Gamma Knife® Perfexion™ in brain sites and higher or lower doses in those sites close to air cavity. More investigations are necessary to determine accurate dose for treatment sites close to air cavity for Gamma Knife® Perfexion™.
Sunlight, electrochemistry, and sustainable oxidation reactions

Inexpensive, readily available photovoltaic cells have been used to conduct indirect electrochemical oxidation reactions. The reactions retain the efficiency of the solar-electrochemical method while capitalizing on the unique opportunities for selectivity afforded by a chemical oxidant. The versatility of the electrochemical method allowed for the recycling of Os(VIII)-, TEMPO-, Ce(IV)-, Pd(II)-, Ru(VIII)-, and Mn(V)-oxidants all with the same very simple reaction apparatus.
The Effectiveness of Two Sonic and Two Ultrasonic Sealer Tips in Furcations

This study compared the effectiveness of two sonic and two ultrasonic sealer tips on artificial calculus removal from the furcations of mandibular first and second molars. Twenty-four extracted mandibular molars were cleaned and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. Teeth were split buccal lingually, artificial calculus was placed in the furcation areas, and the teeth were photographed with a stereo camera. Teeth were reconnected with bonding material and mounted in a typodont with simulated gingiva and attached to a dental chair. Teeth were instrumented with either a Cavitron TFI10 tip, Cavitron EWPP tip, Titan–S Universal tip, or Titan-S Sickle tip by a licensed dental hygienist until each tooth was judged calculus free to the touch with a CH3 explorer. Time for each instrumentation period was recorded. Following instrumentation, the teeth were again split and photographed. Stereophotogrammetry was used to produce tracings of the teeth with initial calculus and remaining calculus. Pre-instr...
A pilot study of dextromethorphan in naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal

Abstract Dextromethorphan and its metabolite dextrorphan antagonize N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-mediated activity in pre-clinical studies. We examined dextromethorphan's effects on naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal in opiate-dependent subjects stabilized on 25 mg of methadone. Subjects received challenges on three different days with 0.4 mg of intramuscular naloxone. Pretreatment 1 h before naloxone was with dextromethorphan in a double-blind, balanced, randomized design with either placebo, dextromethorphan 60 mg, or dextromethorphan 120 mg for six subjects; and placebo, dextromethorphan 120 mg, or dextromethorphan 240 mg for five subjects. There was considerable inter-individual variability in the response to dextromethorphan, but no net attenuation by dextromethorphan on any withdrawal measure assessed. Two of three subjects detoxified from methadone with dextromethorphan 60 mg orally every 4 h demonstrated considerable withdrawal.
Filters on the pathway to mental health care, I. Incident mental disorders.

This study investigates health and mental health services use by adults with and without newly incident mental disorders and uses prospectively gathered data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program, a multi-site interview survey of adult household residents in the United States. Study subjects were 13400 participants who completed interviews in the initial survey and also in a follow-up 1 year later, and who reported no contact with mental health services in either the specialized mental health sector or in the general medical sector in the 6 months prior to the initial survey. Case ascertainment was by means of a standardized interview method, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Separately, and before the mental health assessments were made, respondents were asked about their use of health and mental health services. ‘Hierarchical’ and ‘filter’ models of mental health services provide frameworks useful in understanding the possible effects of specific categories of psychiatric disturbances on use of health services. Only a minority of individuals with newly incident psychiatric disorder report discussion of mental health issues in a health care setting. Persons who developed a mental disorder during the follow-up interval were just as likely to consult a non-psychiatrist physician for their mental health problems as to consult a specialist in mental health, even accounting for other factors known to be associated with differential use of health care services. This large community study of incident psychiatric disorders strengthens prior evidence on the importance of the general medical sector in the care of individuals with psychiatric disturbances.
Narrowband Power Line Communications: Enabling the Smart Grid

Without question, information and communication technologies will play a vital role in enabling the next-generation power systems to be more energy efficient and reliable than currently existing power systems. In particular, on the LV and MV grids, NB-PLC technologies are particularly attractive as a communications solution due to their low cost of deployment and ability to communicate across the transformer. This ability to cross the transformer is vital in power system topologies with lower population densities. It was ascertained that wideband interfering noise sources, such as defective lighting systems, hampered communication in both PRIME and G3-PLC systems. Additionally, the next-generation NB-PLC standards ITU-T G.hnem and IEEE 1901.2 were investigated. ITU-T G.hnem and IEEE 1901.2 seek to unify NB-PLC technologies and promise higher data rates than PRIME or G3-PLC. Surely, narrowband PLC technologies have a critical role in enabling a more efficient and reliable power grid.
A Clathrate Crystalline Form of Silica.

The low-density cubic form of silica (impure), melanophlogite, has a clathrate-type structure that incorporates organic molecules, including long straight-chain hydrocarbons. The structure is analogous to that of the clathrate crystalline hydrates of composition 6X·46H_2O or 8X·46H_2O. This is the first known example of a silicate framework structure with the pentagonal dodecahedron as a framework element.
Germination and post-germination development of Colletotrichum dematium f. circinans on Allium cepa.

Spores of Colletotrichum dematium f. circinans were inoculated onto the abaxial epidermis of washed and unwashed pieces of leaf-base tissue taken from the first thru fourth layers of white, yellow and red onions. Washing tissue dramatically improved germination, less than 0.1% for unwashed versus 83% for washed. Germination capacity, and the number of germination types (16) found on washed tissue was not affected by onion bulb color or leaf-base layer inoculated. Spores with one sessile appressorium, type 001, or with one germ tube without an appressorium, type 100, or with one germ tube with an appressorium produced at the tip, type 110, made up approximately 93% of the types for those spores which germinated.
Triple points and plutonium equilibrium

Equilibrium prevails at all points in plutonium predominance region diagrams. Triple points combine equilibrium with equal fractions of three Pu oxidation states. A rearrangement equation can be used to describe plutonium at a triple point. Two-reaction-product disproportionation equations are not satisfactory for that purpose.
Evidence for localized excitations in MgO from electron energy-loss spectroscopy☆

Abstract The excited electronic states in the ionic crystal MgO have been studied by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Structure observed above the thresholds for excitation from the Mg 2p, 2s and 1s core levels shows the final states to be predominantly excitonic levels of the Mg2+ ion. Comparison with the known states of the Mg2+ free ion indicates that solid-state shifts and splittings are small.
Bootstrapping options: An application to recapture clauses

Abstract We use bootstrapping to value the recapture clauses in three debt restructuring agreements. The bootstrapping values are between those of the Black, and the Black and Scholes formulas. The main benefit of using bootstrapping is less reliance on an arbitrarily chosen price process.
The psychiatric medical record, HIPAA, and the use of electronic medical records

This article addresses the practical and legal issues related to the psychiatric medical record, with an emphasis on the issues related to confidentiality. Implications of HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) legislation for the practice of child and adolescent psychiatry are addressed. The advantages and disadvantages of electronic medical records are reviewed, with guidelines for selecting software for solo and group practices.
Preliminary Opto-Mechanical Design for the X2000 Transceiver

Preliminary optical design and mechanical conceptual design for a 30 cm aperture transceiver are described. A common aperture is used for both transmit and receive. Special attention was given to off-axis and scattered light rejection and isolation of the receive channel from the transmit channel. Requirements, details of the design and preliminary performance analysis of the transceiver are provided.
Peritonitis during peritoneal dialysis—The role of the preheating water bath

Peritoneal dialysis has several potential complications including peritoneal infection. Assessment of this complication at UTMB during 116 patient hospitalizations revealed clinical peritonitis with positive bacterial cultures in 25% and positive peritoneal cultures in 45%. Because of the high incidence of peritonitis, an epidemiological evaluation strongly suggested a causal relationship with water baths used to preheat the dialysis solutions. To decrease exogenous contamination during preheating, the water baths were filled with 0.25% acetic acid which was changed every 8 hr. Analysis of the 50 subsequent hospitalizations indicated that clinical peritonitis was reduced to 10% (P < 0.05) and positive cultures to 28% (P < 0.02). The clinically important nosocomial infection may be prevented to a significant extent by aseptic care of dialysis bottles and tubing and by use of bacteriostatic solutions in the preheating water bath.
Refinement of the synthetic hydroxyapatite cell parameters

High-precision, computer-refined values of the cell parameters of calcium hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, have been determined with an X-ray diffractometer, internally standardized by means of sodium chloride. The results obtained are as follows: a 0=9.4192 A c 0/a 0=0.731 c 0=6.8867 A volume=529.2 A3
A VLSI architecture for lifting-based forward and inverse wavelet transform

We propose an architecture that performs the forward and inverse discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using a lifting-based scheme for the set of seven filters proposed in JPEG2000. The architecture consists of two row processors, two column processors, and two memory modules. Each processor contains two adders, one multiplier, and one shifter. The precision of the multipliers and adders has been determined using extensive simulation. Each memory module consists of four banks in order to support the high computational bandwidth. The architecture has been designed to generate an output every cycle for the JPEG2000 default filters. The schedules have been generated by hand and the corresponding timings listed. Finally, the architecture has been implemented in behavioral VHDL. The estimated area of the proposed architecture in 0.18-/spl mu/ technology is 2.8 nun square, and the estimated frequency of operation is 200 MHz.
Ambipolar Potential Formation and Control in Bumpy Tori and Mirrors (Report on the Workshop Oak Ridge, Tennessee 1981)

The Workshop on Ambipolar Potential Formation and Control in Bumpy Tori and Mirrors was held at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, May 11–12, 1981. Attending were approximately 100 scientists from both the USA and Japan.The purposes of the workshop were (1) to evaluate the current status of experimental and theoretical understanding of the role played by the ambipolar potentials and (2) to identify processes that influence the formation and control of the ambipolar potentials.
The Sperm-Induced Ca2+ Wave Following Fertilization of the Xenopus Egg Requires the Production of Ins(1,4,5)P3

We used fluorescence ratio imaging of fura-2 in the egg of Xenopus laevis to study the initiation and propagation of the wave of increased free Ca2+ that is normally triggered at fertilization. Naturally matured, jellied eggs were injected with fura-2 and ratio-imaged with fluorescence excitation at 350 and 385 nm while sperm were added. The [Ca2+]i rise normally begins as a small spot near the surface of the egg, remains fairly localized for 20-60 sec, and then spreads more rapidly across the egg at 7.5 +/- 0.05 microns/sec to reach the antipode about 5 min after fertilization. The [Ca2+]i wave velocity is slowed by increasing the concentration of fura-2 in the cytoplasm to 100 microM, and 250 microM fura-2 blocks wave propagation. The peak [Ca2+]i in a sperm-activated wave is 2.2 +/- 0.1 microM and [Ca2+]i returns to preactivation levels within 21 +/- 0.7 min after fertilization. We further studied the mechanism by which sperm trigger the Ca2+ wave by injecting substances that interfere with Ins(1,4,5)P3-induced Ca2+ release or Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). Heparin (3 kDa) inhibits sperm-induced egg activation in a manner that is linearly proportional to its cytoplasmic concentration. At 130 microM (390 micrograms/ml), sperm-induced activation is completely blocked and at 75 microM (225 micrograms/ml) activation of half of the eggs is inhibited. All eggs injected with 130 microM heparin are polyspermic as verified using Hoechst dye to label nuclear DNA. Imaging eggs injected with 75 microM heparin revealed multiple, transient "spots" of increased [Ca2+]i that failed to spread across the egg. Injection of a monoclonal antibody to PIP2 (0.2 microM), kt3g, blocked sperm-induced egg activation in 73% of the 30 eggs injected, suggesting that activation requires the hydrolysis of PIP2 in the membranes of the egg rather than simply the introduction of Ins(1,4,5)P3 from the sperm. This sperm-induced egg activation is not blocked by either of two CICR inhibitors, procaine (10 mM) or ruthenium red (30 microM), and egg activation is not triggered by either of two stimulators of CICR, caffeine (10 mM) or ryanodine (50 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Environmental Analysis of Consumer Products During the Conceptual Phase of Product Design

This paper describes efforts taken to further transition life cycle analysis techniques from the latter, more detailed phases of design, to the early-on conceptual phase of product development. By using modern design methodologies such as automated concept generation and an archive of product design knowledge, known as the Design Repository, virtual concepts are created and specified. Streamlined life cycle analysis techniques are then used to determine the environmental impacts of the virtual concepts. As a means to benchmark the virtual results, analogous real-life products that have functional and component similarities are identified. The identified products are then scrutinized to determine their material composition and manufacturing attributes in order to perform an additional round of life cycle analysis for the actual products. The results of this research show that enough information exists within the conceptual phase of design (utilizing the Design Repository) to reasonably predict the relative environmental impacts of actual products based on virtual concepts.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The rational behavior theory of voting participation: Evidence from the 1970 and 1982 elections

In recent years a substantial literature on the determinants of voting participation has been developed. In many of these studies voting is assumed to be an expression of rational behavior. That is, people vote when they expect that the benefits will exceed the related costs. Voting is largely an act of consumption based upon the widely held belief that one should vote to fulfill a civic duty or upon some combination of personal characteristics which is sufficiently vague to make precise measurement impossible. The rational behavior theory, however, holds that voting is influenced at the margin by personal and environmental factors which incrementally affect expected benefits and costs, making the act of voting more or less rational. Those factors which increase expected benefits will, ceteris paribus, enhance the probability that one will vote. Those factors which increase expected costs will, of course, have the opposite effect. This study is presented as a primarily empirical contribution to the literature which assumes that, since voting is an expression of rational behavior, it can be modeled and tested using standard economic analysis and methodology.
Compiling for shared-memory and message-passing computers

Many parallel languages presume a shared address space in which any portion of a computation can access any datum. Some parallel computers directly support this abstraction with hardware shared memory. Other computers provide distinct (per-processor) address spaces and communication mechanisms on which software can construct a shared address space. Since programmers have difficulty explicitly managing address spaces, there is considerable interest in compiler support for shared address spaces on the widely available message-passing computers.At first glance, it might appear that hardware-implemented shared memory is unquestionably a better base on which to implement a language. This paper argues, however, that compiler-implemented shared memory, despite its short-comings, has the potential to exploit more effectively the resources in a parallel computer. Hardware designers need to find mechanisms to combine the advantages of both approaches in a single system.
Hirsutella thompsonii a fungal parasite of the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas

Hirsutella thompsonii, a hyphomycetous fungus, was found attacking the citrus rust mitePhyllocoptruta oleivora for the first time in May, 1972, in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Sharp reductions in mite populations occurred during this period. The fungus was isolated from mites collected from citrus fruits and leaves. The parasitic nature and the distribution of the pathogen are described.
The timing of orbital-scale Indian monsoon changes

Abstract Ruddiman [2006. What is the timing of orbital-scale monsoon changes? Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 657–658.] interprets early climate model sensitivity tests as indicating that the timing of Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer monsoon strength has, or should have, near-zero phase relative to maxima of NH precession-driven radiation. Ruddiman used this “zero-phase hypothesis” to tune the Vostok methane record to mid-July 30 °N insolation with the assumption that tropical (monsoonal) sources control the orbital-scale variation of methane [ Ruddiman and Raymo, 2003. A methane-based time scale for Vostok ice. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 141–155. ]. In contrast, we and others have measured the monsoon-related response in the Indian Ocean and find that the strongest monsoons occur about 8000 years after precession-driven NH radiation maxima when analyzed over the last 350,000 years. We interpret this resultant −120° phase as a combined response to multiple forcing mechanisms including NH and Southern-Hemisphere (SH) radiation as well as global ice volume. Here, we assess four issues raised by the Ruddiman Viewpoint: (1) the validity of Arabian Sea monsoon proxies, (2) the analogy between phase at the annual cycle (month) and phase at the precessional cycle (ka), (3) the phase implications of the early Kutzbach climate model sensitivity tests, and (4) the phase of ice core and speleothem records cited by Ruddiman in support of his zero-phase hypothesis.
Metabolism of sulfur amino acids by rumen microorganisms.

Abstract The production of methanethiol and ethanethiol from L -methionine, s -methyl- l -cysteine, ethionine, and s -ethyl- l -cysteine during in vitro fermentation by rumen microorganisms was determined by employing gas-liquid chromatography to analyze the head-space gas produced by the fermentations. Each substrate with rumen fluid was incubated at 39 C in serum bottles equipped to permit syringe sampling of the head-space gas evolved. All substrates were used at a concentration of 1.67 mg/ml rumen fluid. It was found that methanethiol was formed during the in vitro fermentation of s -methyl- l -cysteine and of methionine and that ethanethiol was produced from s -ethyl- l -cysteine and from ethionine. When dimethyl thetin chloride was used as substrate, dimethyl sulfide was formed. s -ethyl- l -cysteine inhibited production of methanethiol from s -methyl- l -cysteine in the early stages of fermentation, but inhibition was largely overcome as fermentation proceeded. Some indication of utilization of methanethiol was obtained and appeared to be related to diet. This is in accord with the production of methanethiol by the reaction: methionine → s -methyl- l -cysteine → methanethiol. However, it is possible that both methionine and s -methyl- l -cysteine were directly dethiomethylated.
Personality correlates and changes in proworldmindedness and antiworldmindedness following an intercultural experience.

(1966). Personality Correlates and Changes in Proworldmindedness and Antiworldmindedness Following an Intercultural Experience. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 243-247.
OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN BIOGENIC ARAGONITE: TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

To better interpret the isotopic composition of ancient aragonitic fossils, stable-isotopic analyses have been performed on live and modern specimens of aragonitic foraminifera, gastropods and scaphopods. Samples were collected from the continental margins off southern California and Texas, U.S.A., and Mexico, and provide a range in ambient temperature of 2.6–22.0°C. We observed a strong covariance between the δ18O of the aragonitic foraminifera Hoeglundina elegans and that of coeval aragonitic mollusks. On the average, Hoeglundina was 0.2 ± 0.2‰ depleted in 18O relative to the mollusks, and 0.6 ± 0.3‰ enriched relative to the calcitic foraminifera Uvigerina. This enrichment in 18O of aragonite relative to calcite is similar to that observed in previous experimental and theoretical studies. The temperature dependences of mollusk and Hoeglundina δ18O-values were not notably different from that previously determined for inorganically precipitated calcite, and no significant temperature dependence in Hoeglundina-Uvigerina18O fractionation was observed. Of note is the temperature dependence of the δ13C of the biogenic aragonite. Relative to the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), the δ13C of Hoeglundina and the mollusks decreased by 0.11 and 0.13‰, respectively, per °C increase in temperature. The temperature dependence in Hoeglundina-DIC 13C enrichment, and the lack of it in Uvigerina-DIC enrichment, accounts for the temperature dependence in Hoeglundina-Uvigerina (calcitic) fractionation noted by us and previous workers. Isotopic differences between coeval specimens of these genera provide a rough measure of paleotemperature without requiring a knowledge of the isotopic composition of the paleo-ocean.
Encoding of compressive stress during indentation by group III and IV muscle mechano-nociceptors in rat gracilis muscle.

The mechanical state encoded by group III and IV muscle afferents, putative mechano-nociceptors, during indentation was examined using an isolated muscle-nerve preparation in a rat model. Gracilis ...
Long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms: A randomized-controlled trial for tick bite prevention.

Background Because of frequent exposure to tick habitats, outdoor workers are at high risk for tick-borne diseases. Adherence to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health−recommended tick bite prevention methods is poor. A factory-based method for permethrin impregnation of clothing that provides long-lasting insecticidal and repellent activity is commercially available, and studies are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of this clothing under field conditions. Purpose To evaluate the protective effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms among a cohort of North Carolina outdoor workers. Design, setting, and participants A double-blind RCT was conducted between March 2011 and September 2012. Subjects included outdoor workers from North Carolina State Divisions of Forestry, Parks and Recreation, and Wildlife who worked in eastern or central North Carolina. A total of 159 volunteer subjects were randomized, and 127 and 101 subjects completed the first and second years of follow-up, respectively. Intervention Uniforms of participants in the treatment group were factory-impregnated with long-lasting permethrin whereas control group uniforms received a sham treatment. Participants continued to engage in their usual tick bite prevention activities. Main outcome measures Incidence of work-related tick bites reported on weekly tick bite logs. Results Study subjects reported 1,045 work-related tick bites over 5,251 person-weeks of follow-up. The mean number of reported tick bites in the year prior to enrollment was similar for both the treatment and control groups, but markedly different during the study period. In our analysis conducted in 2013, the effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms for the prevention of work-related tick bites was 0.82 (95% CI=0.66, 0.91) and 0.34 (95% CI=−0.67, 0.74) for the first and second years of follow-up. Conclusions These results indicate that long-lasting permethrin impregnated uniforms are highly effective for at least 1 year in deterring tick bites in the context of typical tick bite prevention measures employed by outdoor workers.
Evaluation of a Competency-Based Approach to Teaching Aural Interval Identification

Twenty-four music majors participated in an evaluation of a competency-based approach to teaching aural Interval Identification. The students were taught ascending Intervals using a traditional learning sequence from the Benward ear-training series. Twelve continued to learn descending, mixed ascending and descending, and harmonic intervals by the same methods in a sequential control group. The other twelve learned in a competency-based experimental group. Whereas there was no significant difference in the amount of learning between the two groups on the basis of ascending intervals, the competency-based experimental group learned significantly more on subsequent materials than did the sequential control group. Although students in both groups spent the same amount of learning time, the competency-based format caused students in the experimental group to spend a greater proportion of their time on the more difficult materials than did students in the control group. Students in the experimental group were ...
Mass and Heat Transfer in Vial Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals: Role of the Vial

Flow of water vapor is impeded by three barriers or resistances: resistance of the dried-product layer, resistance of the semistoppered vial, and resistance of the chamber. The relationship between heat flow and temperature difference may be described by a vial heat transfer coefficient which has contributions from three parallel mechanisms: (a) direct conduction from the shelf to the vial via points of direct contact between the vial and shelf, (b) conduction through the vapor between the vial bottom and the shelf, and (c) radiative heat transfer. This report describes experimental studies of the resistance of semistoppered vials, the resistance of the chamber, and vial heat transfer coefficients. Mass transfer through the semistoppered vial has significant contributions from both Knudsen- and viscous-flow mechanisms. Stopper and chamber resistances are of the same magnitude and are about a factor of 10 less than the dried product resistance. All three heat transfer mechanisms are significant, the relative contributions depending on both the chamber pressure and the type of vial. Vial heat transfer coefficients are sensitive to the geometry of the vial bottom, and even vials of nominally the same specifications may differ significantly in heat transfer characteristics. Vials from the same lot are relatively uniform in their heat transfer characteristics, the relative standard deviation of the vial heat transfer coefficient being only approximately 4%. The temperature distribution in the frozen product is adequately described by a constant temperature gradient in the vertical direction and the thermal conductivity of ice.
Semiconductor materials for thermoelectric power generation up to 700 C

An investigation into the thermoelectric properties of semiconductor materials to uncover the feasibility of power-generating efficiencies at temperatures from 25 to 700 C. Discussion is centered on general considerations of efficiency factors leading to materials selection and some preliminary results in the evaluation of compound semiconductors and their solid-solution alloys.
A nuclear protein associated with lethal heat shock of HL-60 cells.

The responses to stress in living cells are well known. Thermal stress causes decreased protein synthesis as well as rapid induction of heat shock proteins (hsps), or alternately termed stress proteins (sps). The exposure of cultured promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) to a 45 °C lethal heat shock for 1 h elicited synthesis and phosphorylation of a polypeptide Mr 48,000 and pI 7.5 (p 48) as visualized by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel ultramicroelectrophoresis. p 48, which was not observed at sublethal temperatures (39 and 41 °C), was synthesized during all phases of the cell cycle but was phosphorylated only in G0 + G1 and S-phases. The appearance of p 48 was marked by a concomitant and reciprocal reduction in hsps or sps 70 and 90. Distinct protease V8 fragment maps of p 48, hsps 70 and 90 in conjunction with immunochemical determination indicated vast differences in their primary structures. These facts suggest that p 48 was not formed from coalesced breakdown products of hsps 70 or 90. Western blotting showed that p 48 possessed the same immunochemical determinants as two other proteins with the same molecular mass but different isoelectric points. In an association assay, p 48 was shown to bind with actins and hsp 90 from HL-60 nuclei.
INCIDENCE OF LARGE TRUCK-PASSENGER VEHICLE UNDERRIDE CRASHES IN FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM AND NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM

Between 1988 and 1993, the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) coded 4 percent of all fatal large truck-passenger vehicle crashes as involving underrides (portion of passenger vehicle slides under a large truck) or overrides (truck rides over another vehicle). In contrast, the National Accident Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS) coded 27 percent of a sample of 275 fatal large truckpassenger vehicle crashes as underrides during the same years. Seven percent of these 275 fatal crashes are identified as underrides in FARS. The discrepancy between FARS and NASS coding becomes more pronounced when underrides involving sides of passenger vehicles or trucks are considered. The reason for this discrepancy is that NASS/CDS did not code underrides involving side impacts, but FARS did. When underrides involving side impacts were added, the total percentage of underrides in NASS/CDS rose from 27 percent to 50 percent of fatal truck-car crashes. The most likely explanations for the lower inciden...
Application of molecular biology studies to gene therapy treatment strategies

The diagnosis of pancreatic cancer continues to produce fear in both patients and practitioners in large part owing to the likely incurability in all for whom the diagnosis is made. It is this reality that continually motivates the surgical and medical oncologists who endeavor to treat these patients. Currently, the cure rate for pancreatic cancer has improved only minimally, and the overall survival of patients remains dismal, with fewer than 5% of patients alive at 5 years and 92% of these patients dead at 2 years. This current treatment status has stimulated numerous studies endeavoring to understand the diverse mechanisms of cell growth in this tumor. Intensive investigative efforts have produced the understanding of new tumor suppressor genes such as DPC4 and an increasing understanding of tyrosine kinase receptors and signal transduction and their regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Detection of these numerous genetic defects may give new insights and understanding of the highly chemo- and radioresistant nature of pancreatic cancer. These same findings also provide the basis for the development of new potential therapies for pancreatic cancer through gene therapy. This paper reviews the significant molecular biologic findings and their influence on the development of gene therapy strategies in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Chromium picolinate improves insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome

Trivalent chromium (1000 μg), as chromium picolinate, given without change in diet or activity level, caused a 38% mean improvement in glucose disposal rate in five obese subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome who were tested with a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. This suggests that chromium picolinate, an over-the-counter dietary product, may be useful as an insulin sensitizer in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Beam optics of exploding foil plasma x‐ray lasers

In soft x‐ray lasers, amplification is achieved as the x rays propagate down a long narrow plasma column. Refraction, due to electron density gradients, tends to direct the x‐rays out of high density regions. This can have the undesirable effect of shortening the distance that the x ray stay within the plasma, thereby limiting the amount of amplification. The exploding foil design lessens refraction, but does not eliminate it. In this paper, a quantitative analysis of propagation and amplification in an exploding foil x‐ray laser is presented. The density and gain profiles within the plasma are modeled in an approximate manner, which enables considerable analytic progress. It is found that refraction introduces a loss term to the laser amplification. The beam pattern from a parabolic gain profile laser has a dominant peak on the x‐ray laser axis. The pattern from a quartic gain profile having a dip on‐axis can produce a profile with off‐axis peaks, in better agreement with recent experimental data.
The temporal evolution of a small auroral substorm as viewed from high altitudes with Dynamics Explorer 1

A small auroral substorm is investigated with auroral imaging photometers carried on the spacecraft Dynamics Explorer 1. Initial brightening along the auroral oval and the subsequent westward and poleward motions of intense, localized emission regions are associated with auroral surges. Following substorm onset, another region of less intense emissions is observed to develop at lower latitudes and adjacent to the bright region near local midnight. This second region expands towards the east. The bright zone of auroral emissions associated with the surges is interpreted as the signature of electron acceleration along magnetic field lines threading the boundary layer of the plasma sheet in the magnetotail. The more diffuse, less intense region is identified with eastward-drifting electrons injected into the plasma sheet and ring current following substorm onset. No rapid poleward motion of the discrete aurora is detected during substorm recovery.