cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment Of A State Commodity Marketing Program: A Case Study Approach Using 2003-2004 Texas Wine Marketing Assistance Program Evaluation

The Texas wine industry is a growing industry that impacts the states economy, offers gains in tourism and provides Texas jobs. This study shows the gains recognized from Texas Wineries during their participation (2004 fiscal year) in the Texas Wine Marketing Assistance Program (TWMAP) with comparisons made to the initial assessment for 2002 fiscal year. A questionnaire was created to assess the benefits to the wineries of the state of Texas which participated in the TWMAP program. When compared to the initial assessment (2002), participating wineries experienced an increase in all categories, for example, average sales, number of wineries participating in the program and visits to the wineries. A greater number of wineries participated in the programs, and a higher percentage believed that the TWMAP was beneficial to their business. Thirty percent more wineries reported sales increases, (67% in 2003, 97% in 2004) with average sales increase from $88,983 in 2003 to $109,387 in 2004 creating a total economic impact increase from $4.1 million to $10.1 million. The ROI increased from 930% to 1,400%. The participants in the TWMAP attribute 35.4% of their sales increases directly to the TWMAP, amounting to $3.57 million in economic benefit for the state, with programming costs of $250,000. The TWMAP returned over $14 for each $1 of state funds invested, or 1,400% return on state funding. This was an increase in the already impressive 930% increase in returns reported in 2002. In light of these trends in this program, it is clear that the TWMAP is establishing a pattern of success and the existence of a marketing campaign has had a successful economic impact on the growth of the Texas wine industry. INTRODUCTION he Texas wine industry is the country’s fifth-leading wine-producing state, and the number of wineries continues to grow. In the past two decades Texas wine production has surged, from 24,000 gallons in 1981 to a high of 1.26 million gallons in 1997. The Texas Wine marketing Assistance Program (TWMAP) was established in 2001 to support this growing industry by promoting Texas wines, and by educating the public about the Texas wine industry. This industry contributes over $170 million in Total Economic Impact, and over $3.5 million in direct excise and state tax revenues. The TWMAP offers public education programs about the wines produced in the state, the promotion of Texas wines and wineries, and the use of research to establish a wine industry marketing plan to increase the consumption of, and access to, Texas wines. g
ASSOCIATION OF ANEMIA WTH OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE INTERVENTION: INSIGHTS FROM THE BMC2 VIC (BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD OF MICHIGAN CARDIOVASCULAR CONSORTIUM VASCULAR INTERVENTIONS COLLABORATIVE) REGISTRY

The prevalence, clinical and treatment and outcomes of patients(pts) with anemia undergoing percutaneous peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) have not been studied. We evaluated 15,683 pts from the statewide, multi-hospital quality improvement BMC2-VIC registry (1/2012-12/2014). Anemia was
Reply to 'Distinct ALK-rearranged and VCL-negative papillary renal cell carcinoma variants in two adults without sickle cell trait'.

Reply to ‘Distinct ALK-rearranged and VCL-negative papillary renal cell carcinoma variants in two adults without sickle cell trait’
Field Tests of Some Insecticides in the Control of the Common Red Mite of Poultry and of the Northern Fowl Mite

Abstract THE observations reported herein were conducted to investigate the utility of some of the newer insecticides in the control of the common red mite of poultry (Dermanyssus gallinae) and of the northern fowl mite (Liponyssus sylvarium) Lethane A-70, hexachlorocyclohexane, and pentachlorophenol were selected for the tests. Lethane A-70, a powerful contact insecticide, when used as a dust was found by Alicata et al. (1946) to destroy all mites and lice upon poultry within 48 hours. Slade (1945) first reported the gamma isomer (gammexane) of hexachlorocyclohexane to be effective against the red mite of poultry. Telford (1947) and Steward (1947) have confirmed the observation. In laboratory experiments, Hixon and Muma (1947) regarded pentachlorophenol as superior to carbolineum in the control of the red mite. Field testing was not undertaken. Data regarding the control of the northern fowl mite are limited. Ritcher and Insko (1948), however, found 40 percent nicotine sulfate applied . . .
Competition studies of oxidative addition of aryl halides to the (PNP)Rh fragment

The (PNP)Rh fragment (2) can be conveniently accessed by dissociation of L from the four-coordinate complexes (PNP)Rh(L) (L = SPri2, 3; L = H2C═CHBut, 10), which contain the tridentate PNP pincer ligand (2-iPr2P-4-Me-C6H4)2N−. A new and a more straightforward synthesis of 10 is reported, yielding 65% of 10 based on RhCl3(H2O)x. A number of new aryl halide oxidation addition products (AHOAP) of the general formula (PNP)Rh(Ar)(Hal) (Hal = Cl, Br, I) have been synthesized through oxidative addition (OA) reactions of meta- and para-substituted aryl halides with 3 or 10. The rotation about the Rh−Caryl bond is restricted, resulting in rotamers for the meta-substituted aryls that are distinct on the NMR spectroscopy time scale. Reactions of some aryl halides containing a p-NO2 or p-CO2Me with 3 or 10 led to the observation of products of C−H OA that are ostensibly stabilized by coordination to the NO2 or CO2Me group. Analogous C−H OA products were observed for the halide-free nitrobenzene and ethyl benzoate, as...
X-Ray Characterization of Mbe-Grown InxGal-xSb/InAs Strained Layer Superlattices

Strain can play a critical role in determining the band structure and optical properties of semiconducting superlattices. Mailhiot and Smith [1] have predicted that strain, induced by mismatch, in In x Ga l-x Sb/InAs makes the superlattice a candidate for infrared detectors. We present a preliminary analysis of the structure, in particular the strain in the layers, of an In x Ga l-x Sb/InAs superlattice, which shows infrared absorption. Our ultimate objective is to relate the structural properties to the optical absorption and an extended (kinematical) diffraction treatment is presented for accomplishing this.
The dermatologic surgical suite.

Abstract In summary the size, layout, surgical lighting, and operative table are the most important variables in providing a comfortable, efficient surgical suite. Each physician will develop their own likes and dislikes when using and experimenting with various instruments and surgical devices. Wherever possible, trial periods should be obtained before committing excessive funds to major purchases. Nothing replaces personal experience in making such selections. A well-equipped, well-designed surgical suite improves the experience for both patients and the dermatologic surgeon.
285 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VALVULAR REGURGITATION IN THE MIDDLE-AGED AFRICAN AMERICAN COHORT OF THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK IN COMMUNITIES (ARIC) STUDY: AN EVALUATION OF PREVALENCE AND BOTH CLINICAL AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC CORRELATES.

Background There are limited data on the prevalence and the clinical and echocardiographic correlates of valvular regurgitation in African Americans despite the higher rates of cardiovascular disease in this group. Purpose The Jackson, Mississippi, site of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study provides a unique opportunity to study mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation (MR, TR, and AR) in this population. Methods There were 2,285 participants who were available for analysis. The prevalence rates of MR, TR, and AR by severity were calculated for participants 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70+ years. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to determine clinical and echocardiographic variables associated with the presence of MR, TR, and AR. Results Mild or greater MR and TR were present in 14.7% and 17.2% of participants, respectively. AR was present in 15.6% of participants. In the multivariable regression model, MR was independently associated with age, sex, lower body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), left atrial (LA) size, left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD), and low LV ejection fraction (LVEF). TR was independently associated with age, sex, lower BMI, HDL, LA size, and lower relative wall thickness. AR was independently associated with age, sex, lower BMI, SBP, LVDD, LV hypertrophy, and low LVEF. Conclusion In this middle-aged African American cohort, the prevalence of mild to greater MR and TR was similar to that seen in other cohorts; however, AR was more prevalent. Several cardiovascular risk factors and echocardiographic parameters were identified as independent correlates of valvular regurgitation.
Scintiphotography in the Early Diagnosis of Urine Leakage Following Renal Transplantation

AbstractThe use of radionuclides in the evaluation of postoperative renal transplantation patients has proved to be an effective technique for the early diagnosis of urinary extravasation. It has the advantage of demonstrating the existence of urine leakage prior to visualization of extravasation on conventional cystograms and excretory urograms. It has the additional advantage of requiring no urological instrumentation and can be repeated as often as clinically indicated.
A modeling lab for discovery-learning in computer science

This paper describes our recent successful effort to obtain grant funding to enhance an existing computer lab with new hardware and software in order to provide a state-of-the-art computerized presentation/modeling/discovery-learning environment. The focus is on the project's rationale, objectives, implementation, impact on our curriculum and assessment. There is a discussion of a national workshop that was recently conducted in the lab and the potential for future workshops. Two modeling examples are presented, and conclusions are given about the project's accomplishments and its future impact.
Diurnal Currents in the Bohai Sea Derived From the Korean Geostationary Ocean Color Imager

Hourly measurements during 9:00 to 16:00 local time are a unique capability of the Korean Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) in monitoring fast-evolving ocean features. In this paper, we derive ocean surface currents in the Bohai Sea from GOCI data using the maximum cross correlation (MCC) feature tracking method and compare the results with altimetry-inversed tidal currents produced from the Oregon State University Tidal Inversion Software (OTIS) after the latter is validated using in situ measurements. The performance of the GOCI-based MCC method is assessed and the discrepancies between the GOCI and OTIS currents are evaluated through a series of sensitivity studies, including studies of different ocean color products, MCC and filter parameters, and time interval between image pairs, in order to find the best setups for optimal MCC performance. Our results show that a box size of 10–15 km and a search range of 4–8 km for every 1 h of time difference, combined with subsequent filters that use the cutoff correlation coefficient of 0.5 and 3 or 4 neighbors within 15 cm/s difference, gives optimal results. Under these setups, the bias errors of GOCI-derived current maps are about 8 cm/s for current vectors and 3° for current directions, respectively. The noise errors are about 20 cm/s in current velocity and 20° in current direction with correlation coefficients of ~0.75 and ~0.9 for the current velocity and current direction, respectively. These findings are useful in developing an hourly surface current product from GOCI measurements for the Bohai Sea.
On the Prowl (Jamie Gillis, 1989)

Towards the end of Boogie Nights, Paul Thomas Anderson’s (1997) paean to the so-called ‘Golden Age’ of 1970s adult film, a limousine glides through the darkness of Los Angeles. Inside, veteran dire...
How Healthy Is Homeschool? An Analysis of Body Composition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

BACKGROUND Public school children regularly participate in school-based physical activity, physical education, and fitness testing. However, almost 2 million American children are homeschooled. The purpose of this research was to assess the body composition of elementary school-aged homeschool children and their corresponding cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. METHODS This research explored the body composition and CVD risk of 145 homeschool children aged 5-11 years using body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, and waist circumference. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests examined differences in CVD risk within the homeschool population. RESULTS Overall, homeschool children had average BMI z-scores (SD [range]) with a mean of -0.11 (0.97 [-3.47 to 2.53]). Unhealthy classifications were seen in 11.2% of the sample by BMI, 19.6% by percent body fat, and 49.7% by waist circumference. Statistical analysis revealed no difference in CVD risk between sexes (χ2 (1) = 0.062, p = .804) or ethnicities (χ2 (1) = 0.927, p = .336) but increased prevalence in children aged 5-9 years (U = 1427, z = -4.559, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Almost half of elementary school-aged homeschool children showed increased risk for CVD and need regular assessment of central adiposity.
Structural Dynamics of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II in Water-Splitting Action

Oxygenic photosynthesis in nature occurs via water splitting catalyzed by the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II. To split water, the OEC cycles through a sequence of oxidation states (Si, i = 0–4), the structural mechanism of which is not fully understood under physiological conditions. We monitored the OEC in visible-light-driven water-splitting action by using in situ, aqueous-environment surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In the unexplored low-frequency region of SERS, we found dynamic vibrational signatures of water binding and splitting. Specific snapshots in the dynamic SERS correspond to intermediate states in the catalytic cycle, as determined by density functional theory and isotopologue comparisons. We assign the previously ambiguous protonation configuration of the S0–S3 states and propose a structural mechanism of the OEC’s catalytic cycle. The findings address unresolved questions about photosynthetic water splitting and introduce spatially resolved, low-frequency SERS as...
Application of a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer for characterizing PM emissions in exhaust plumes from an aircraft engine burning conventional and alternative fuels

Abstract. In the last several decades, significant efforts have been directed toward better understanding the gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines. However, limited information is available on the hygroscopic properties of aircraft engine PM emissions which play an important role in the water absorption, airborne lifetime, obscuring effect, and detrimental health effects of these particles. This paper reports the description and detailed lab-based performance evaluation of a robust hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) in terms of hygroscopic properties such as growth factor (GF) and the hygroscopicity parameter ( κ ). The HTDMA system was subsequently deployed during the Alternative Aviation Fuel EXperiment (AAFEX) II field campaign to measure the hygroscopic properties of aircraft engine PM emissions in the exhaust plumes from a CFM56-2C1 engine burning several types of fuels. The fuels used were conventional JP-8, tallow-based hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), Fischer–Tropsch, a blend of HEFA and JP-8, and Fischer–Tropsch doped with tetrahydrothiophene (an organosulfur compound). It was observed that GF and κ increased with fuel sulfur content and engine thrust condition, and decreased with increasing dry particle diameter. The highest GF and κ values were found in the smallest particles, typically those with diameters of 10 nm.
Liver and Aging

Upsurge of interest in a medical or other scientific problem is usually stimulated by discoveries, conceptual or technological. The rising concern with the medical effects of aging and also its action on the liver has been created not by such factors but rather by sociologic concerns, namely by the rapid increase of the aged segment of the population as expressed in demographic data (U.N. World Assembly 1982; Butler and Beam 1985). In the United States, since 1983, persons over 65 years of age exceed the number of teenagers. In 2050 one-third of the population will be 55 and over, and one-fourth over 65 years of age. According to United Nations data, those over 60 years will double in number from 1985 to 2000 and in 2025 will represent one-seventh of the world population. The most rapidly growing segment of the United States population is those aged 85 and over; in 1949 it represent 1.3% of the population, in 1982 1.9%, and is projected to rise to 2% in 2000 and to 16 million in the year 2050. This alarming problem is further complicated by the greater demand by the aged for health care, particularly drugs. Today persons over 65, 11% of the population, consume 30% of the prescription drugs, and almost all of them take several drugs. The essentially sociologic concern and increasing awareness explain the sudden emphasis on medical care of the aged — geriatrics — and on the science of aging gerontology. The initial scientific isolation of gerontology, coupled with its rapid expansion without scientific breakthroughs, explains the often incomplete and controversial available data. Nevertheless, it stimulates a look at gerontology, attempted in this report, from the point of view of hepatology (Popper 1985, 1986). Based on the prevailing assumption of a reduction of hepatic function in aging, two questions are raised: (1) Does the liver deteriorate in aging — senesce, or wither — and to what degree is this detrimental to the organism? (2) What are the hepatologic problems in clinical management in old age?
From Uncoded Prefetching to Coded Prefetching in Coded Caching Systems

In order to characterize the fundamental limit of the tradeoff between the amount of cache memory and the delivery transmission rate in multiuser caching systems, various coding schemes have been proposed. These schemes can largely be categorized into two classes, namely uncoded prefetching schemes and coded prefetching schemes. The significant differences in the coding components between the two classes may leave the impression that they are largely unrelated. In this work, we provide a connection between the uncoded prefetching scheme proposed by Maddah Ali and Niesen (and its improved version by Yu et al.) and the coded prefetching scheme proposed by Tian and Chen. A critical observation is first given where a coding component in the Tian-Chen scheme can be replaced by a binary code, which enables us to view the two schemes as the extremes of a more general scheme. An explicit example is given to show that the intermediate operating points of this general scheme can in fact provide new memory-rate tradeoff points previously not known to be achievable in the literature. This new general coding scheme is then presented and analyzed rigorously, which yields a new inner bound to the memory-rate tradeoff for the caching problem. This inner bound does not have a closed form, but can be computed efficiently using a linear program.
TCT-589 Clinical Outcomes of the Sentinel Cerebral Protection System in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Meta-Analysis

Despite improvements in device design and risk of stroke following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), the rate of stroke at 30 days remains between 2 – 5%. This meta-analysis pools the data for the only FDA approved CEPD, the Sentinel Cerebral Protection System (CPS) (Claret Medical
Amide Activation by TMSCl: Reduction of Amides to Amines by LiAlH4 under Mild Conditions.

LiAlH4 in the presence of TmsCl as activating agent is found to be efficient to reduce even tertiary and secondary amides to the corresponding amines.
Photo Quiz: Skin Nodules in a Liver Transplant Recipient.

A 62-year-old man with a history of liver transplantation presented to the dermatology clinic for evaluation of a lesion on his arm. Eight months prior to presentation, he had noted a small, nonpainful, nonpruritic nodule on the extensor surface of his arm, and 2 months later, a second lesion
Adjuvants and adjuvanticity

Abstract: Adjuvants are added to vaccines to increase their potency. In general they do this by stimulating innate immune responses. They can be classified into damage-associated molecular patterns-type adjuvants that act by killing cells so that their released products trigger inflammation. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns-type adjuvants contain microbial molecules that trigger inflammation and dendritic cell maturation through pattern recognition receptors. A third type of adjuvant consists of nanoparticles or emulsions optimized to deliver antigen efficiently to dendritic cells or alternatively to prolong the release of antigen into the body. Different types of adjuvants may be combined to maximize their effect.
Policy Implications for Pain in Advanced Alzheimer's Disease

Untreated pain in people with Alzheimer's disease continues to be a serious public health problem. Pain is a subjective and complex experience that becomes increasingly challenging to assess as cognition declines. Our understanding of pain processing is incomplete, particularly for special populations such as people living with Alzheimer's disease, and especially in the advanced stages of the disease. Pain-processing networks in the brain are altered in Alzheimer's disease, yet evidence suggests people living with Alzheimer's disease do not experience less pain. Rather, their pain is not adequately recognized or treated. Although scholarly publications provide important assistance, recent widespread reports and guidelines do not include sufficient guidance, especially as Alzheimer's disease progresses to the last stages. Additionally, current pain measurements may not accurately evaluate pain in this condition, and the existing definitions of pain are not adequate when considering the effects of Alzheimer's disease on pain-processing in the brain. There is a need for new, widespread policies, guidelines, and definitions to help clinicians adequately manage pain in people with Alzheimer's disease. These will need to hinge on continued research because it remains unclear how Alzheimer's disease impacts central pain processing, pain expression, and communication of pain. In the meantime, policies and guidelines need to highlight current best practices as well as the fact that pain continues in Alzheimer's disease.
An ethics-based approach to global health research part 4: Scholarship and publications.

Abstract Disseminating research findings from global health collaborations is essential to advancing science. However, there are a number of ethical considerations and potential challenges to address to ensure thoughtful and non-exploitative reporting. The factors include the benefits and risks to publication, authorship criteria or values, and the accessibility of forums or journals in which to pursue publication. This paper provides commentary related to planning for writing, communicating intentions to publish, obtaining permissions to publish, risks in internationally collaborative work, authorship principles, and journal selection. Authors' and editors’ knowledge of experienced individuals from both pharmacy literature, medical fields, and general publications is incorporated to provide an assessment of risks and benefits of publication of international global health research.
Veterans’ Treatment Engagement and Dropout from Couple and Family Therapy in a Veterans Affairs Health Care System

The present study utilizes data from a Couple and Family Therapy Program in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System (VAHCS) seeks to understand veterans’ and their family members’ treatment engagem...
A 5.3-kb Deletion Including Exon XIII of the Protein S α Gene Occurs in Two Protein S-Deficient Families

Genomic DNA samples from 12 protein S-deficient families with hereditary thrombophilia were analyzed by Southern hybridization using protein S cDNA probes. Protein S-deficient members of families A and B possessed identical restriction fragment length polymorphisms, which suggest the absence of 5.3 kb from one of their protein S alpha alleles. The abnormal alleles from individuals A7 and B1 were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using a forward primer in intron K and a reverse primer in exon XIV. The amplified DNA was cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparison with the normal protein S alpha gene showed that most of intron L (roughly 4.7 kb), the entire exon XIII (151 bp), and about a quarter of intron M (407 bp) were missing from both the A7 and B1 clones. Exon XIII contains all three potential N-glycosylation sites in human protein S. This deletion may result in RNA transcripts in which exon XII is spliced to exon XIV. Such an arrangement would generate a stop codon at position 463 and consequently produce a nonglycosylated protein S molecule truncated by 173 amino acids.
Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy Study of the Dissolution Kinetics of 304 Stainless Steel

An electrochemical atomic force microscope (ECAFM) has been employed to observe, in situ, the topographical and electrical changes that occur on 304 stainless steel as a function of an electrical potential. The concurrent acquisition of a polarization curve and topographical data allows direct correlation of variations in the surface roughness with the electrochemical characteristics of the passivation process. Also, the large AFM scan size, employed in this study, allows for the delineation and determination of the interdependence of the surface kinetics at various regions of the surface. Simultaneous measurements of topographical and electrical changes at these regions have established a correspondence of the competing kinetics between the reactions of dissolution and passivation. This provides a way to relate chemical surface reactions to surface topography.
Interaction of dietary carbohydrate and fat on glucose metabolism in growing pigs

Abstract Increased consumption of fructose has been suggested to be a contributing cause of the increased rates of obesity in humans. Rodent studies have shown an increase in de novo lipogenesis and decreased insulin sensitivity in response to feeding high levels of fructose, but it is unclear if these effects occur in the same progression in humans. We aimed to develop a swine model for studying changes in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance resulting from dietary carbohydrate alone or in combination with high dietary fat. Two experiments were conducted to determine if the source of dietary carbohydrate, with or without added fat, had an effect on body weight gain, glucose metabolism, or insulin response in growing pigs. In the first experiment, pigs (24 barrows, initial body weight 28 kg) were fed one of 4 diets in which the source of carbohydrate was varied: 1) 20% starch; 2) 10% glucose + 10% starch; 3) 10% fructose + 10% starch; and 4) 20% fructose for 9 weeks. There were no differences in growth rate or glucose clearance observed. Experiment 2 was conducted as a 3 × 2 factorial with the main effects of carbohydrate source (20% starch, glucose, or fructose) and added fat level (0 vs 10%). Pigs (24 barrows, initial body weight 71 kg) were fed one of 6 experimental diets for 9 weeks. Compared to the other dietary treatments, pigs fed fructose with high fat had an elevated glucose area under the curve during the GTT (Carbohydrate x Fat interaction, P
Kinetic and Microhydrodynamic Modeling of Fenofibrate Nanosuspension Production in a Wet Stirred Media Mill.

This study examined the impact of stirrer speed and bead material loading on fenofibrate particle breakage during wet stirred media milling (WSMM) via three kinetic models and a microhydrodynamic model. Evolution of median particle size was tracked via laser diffraction during WSMM operating at 3000–4000 rpm with 35–50% (v/v) concentration of polystyrene or zirconia beads. Additional experiments were performed at the center points of the above conditions, as well as outside the range of these conditions, in order to test the predictive capability of the models. First-order, nth-order, and warped-time kinetic models were fitted to the data. Main effects plots helped to visualize the influence of the milling variables on the breakage kinetics and microhydrodynamic parameters. A subset selection algorithm was used along with a multiple linear regression model (MLRM) to delineate how the breakage rate constant k was affected by the microhydrodynamic parameters. As a comparison, a purely empirical correlation for k was also developed in terms of the process/bead parameters. The nth-order model was found to be the best model to describe the temporal evolution; nearly second-order kinetics (n ≅ 2) was observed. When the process was operated at a higher stirrer speed and/or higher loading with zirconia beads as opposed to polystyrene beads, the breakage occurred faster. A statistically significant (p-value ≤ 0.01) MLRM of three microhydrodynamic parameters explained the variation in the breakage rate constant best (R2 ≥ 0.99). Not only do the models and the nth-order kinetic–microhydrodynamic correlation enable deeper process understanding toward developing a WSMM process with reduced cycle time, but they also provide good predictive capability, while outperforming the purely empirical correlation.
From Helmholtz to Schlick: The evolution of the sign-theory of perception.

Abstract Efforts to trace the influence of fin de siecle neo-Kantianism on early 20th Century philosophy of science have led scholars to recognize the powerful influence on Moritz Schlick of Hermann von Helmholtz, the doyen of 19th Century physics and a leader of the zurȕck zu Kant movement. But Michael Friedman thinks that Schlick misunderstood Helmholtz' signature philosophical doctrine, the sign-theory of perception. Indeed, Friedman has argued that Schlick transformed Helmholtz' Kantian view of spatial intuition into an empiricist version of the causal theory of perception. However, it will be argued that, despite the key role the sign-theory played in his epistemology, Schlick thought the Kantianism in Helmholtz' thought was deeply flawed, rendered obsolete by philosophical insights which emerged from recent scientific developments. So even though Schlick embraced the sign-theory, he rejected Helmholtz' ideas about spatial intuition. In fact, like his teacher, Max Planck, Schlick generalized the sign-theory into a form of structural realism. At the same time, Schlick borrowed the method of concept-formation developed by the formalist mathematicians, Moritz Pasch and David Hilbert, and combined it with the conventionalism of Henri Poincare. Then, to link formally defined concepts with experience, Schlick's introduced his ‘method of coincidences’, similar to the ‘point-coincidences’ featured in Einstein's physics. The result was an original scientific philosophy, which owed much to contemporary scientific thinkers, but little to Kant or Kantianism.
A Tutorial on Radiation Oncology and Optimization

Designing radiotherapy treatments is a complicated and important task that affects patient care, and modern delivery systems enable a physician more flexibility than can be considered. Consequently, treatment design is increasingly automated by techniques of optimization, and many of the advances in the design process are accomplished by a collaboration among medical physicists, radiation oncologists, and experts in optimization. This tutorial is meant to aid those with a background in optimization in learning about treatment design. Besides discussing several optimization models, we include a clinical perspective so that readers understand the clinical issues that are often ignored in the optimization literature. Moreover, we discuss many new challenges so that new researchers can quickly begin to work on meaningful problems.
The 5'-terminal guanylate of chloroplast histidine tRNA is encoded in its gene.

Among tRNA species histidine tRNAs possess the unique feature of having an additional nucleotide, a guanylate, at their 5'-end. In prokaryotes this G is encoded in the gene sequence and retained in the mature tRNA as result of an unusual cleavage by RNase P (Orellana, O., Cooley, L., and Soll, D. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 525-529), while in eukaryotes it is added post-transcriptionally by a special tRNA guanylyl transferase (Cooley, L., Appel, B., and Soll, D. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79, 6475-6479). Here we show that the additional G of chloroplast tRNAHis species is gene-encoded and retained in the tRNA by a processing step analogous to the prokaryotic one. However, the structural requirements for recognition by the different RNase P activities are not the same.
Food, Folklore, and Flavor Preference Development

Food choices during pregnancy and lactation are influenced by a variety of factors. While internal factors, such as cravings and aversions, play an important role especially during the first trimester of pregnancy, environmental factors such as cultural food practices and beliefs often dictate the types of foods eaten throughout pregnancy and lactation. Such traditional food practices serve to predispose infants to flavors that are characteristic of their mother’s culture and geographical region. As discussed herein, amniotic fluid and human milk are composed of flavors that directly reflect the foods, spices, and beverages eaten by or inhaled by (e.g., tobacco) the mother. Because the olfactory and taste systems are functioning by the last two trimesters, these flavors are detected early in life, and early experience can bias behavioral response to these flavors later in life. Although more research is needed to understand the mechanisms involved in early flavor learning, these pre- and early-postnatal flavor exposures likely serve to facilitate the transition from fetal life through the breastfeeding period to the initiation of a varied solid food diet. Such learning is the first, but not the only, way in which children learn to appreciate and prefer the flavors of the foods cherished by their culture.
A Threaded Sliding Window Executor for Irregular Computation on a NOW

In this paper, we introduce a sliding window algorithm for the parallelization of irregular coarse-grained computations on a network of workstations. This algorithm extends the well-known inspector-executor model for parallelization of coarse-grained irregular loops. The new algorithm is compared to an existing inspector-executor library as well as our Threaded Executor algorithm.
A Review of “Beauty and Brokenness: Compassion and the Kingdom of God”

In Beauty and Brokenness: Compassion and the Kingdom of God, Martin Lloyd Williams offers a slim volume of reflections on disability and theology. He approaches the subject as a pastor, a teacher, ...
Gauging Credibility in Immigration Proceedings: Immaterial Inconsistencies, Demeanor, and the Rule of Reason

Credibility is a determinative factor in many of the immigration cases adjudicated every year (and, each year, the federal immigration agency adjudicates hundreds of thousands of cases). Given the numbers of affected immigrants and the stakes involved, it is essential that the legislature, agency, and courts employ a well-grounded framework for assessing credibility. In a previous article, I analyzed the then recently enacted REAL ID Act credibility amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act. This article builds on the previous analysis by discussing the rules and guiding principles recently established by the federal courts of appeals that now govern the adjudication of credibility determinations under the REAL ID Act in certain jurisdictions. Specifically, precedential decisions in the federal courts of appeals have focused on the incorporation of a rule of reason test into credibility determinations, the role that "trivial" inconsistencies play in credibility determinations, and the importance of demeanor in an assessment of credibility. The purpose of addressing these rules and guiding principles is threefold. The first goal is to examine whether they are congruent with the REAL ID Act specifically, and credibility determinations generally. Second, in providing an objective assessment, this article seeks to aid immigration adjudicators and reviewing bodies, either by explaining further the implications of rules that have already been established in a jurisdiction, or by answering the question of whether and how to employ them in jurisdictions that have not yet adopted them. Lastly, this article will highlight some of the issues regarding credibility determinations that apply, to a certain extent, to all agency proceedings where credibility is at issue, and even to those outside the agency context. The express credibility findings required of immigration judges provide a unique window into the "black box" of the decision-making process that often surrounds the credibility assessments of triers of fact.
Thirst and Water‐Salt Appetite

In this chapter, the current theoretical concepts and known physiological mechanisms for mammalian fluid homeostasis are reviewed. Fluid loss from the intracellular fluid compartment is sensed by osmoreceptors, which are located peripherally in structures such as the liver as well as in the brain, and underlie osmotic or intracellular thirst and water intake. Fluid loss from the extracellular fluid compartment is sensed by pressure-sensitive cardiopulmonary receptors, and underlies hypovolemic or extracellular thirst and water intake. The peptide hormone, angiotensin II, released during hypovolemia may contribute to extracellular thirst. Both types of dehydration produce vasopressin secretion; its primary role is to minimize further fluid loss from the kidney and it does not seem to contribute to thirst. Brain structures of the forebrain lamina terminalis are critically involved in transduction and integration of this neurosensory and hormonal information to engage drinking behavior, for example naturally-occurring thirst such as after deprivation or during meals. Aspects of thirst during ontogeny and aging, as well as genetic and individual differences in thirst are discussed briefly. Extracellular dehydration involves loss of sodium as well as water, and so both preference and appetite for sodium, and the roles of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II are reviewed. Several problem areas in which our knowledge is less complete are also identified. Keywords: angiotensin; furosemide; homeostasis; kidney; osmoreception
Rejection of repeatable and non-repeatable disturbances for disk drive actuators

Presents an application of two-parameter robust repetitive control (TPRRC) in disk drive servo control, where the repeatable runout (RRO) and non-repeatable runout (NRRO) are rejected simultaneously. The repeatable disturbances are rejected by the internal model structure of TPRRC, while the non-repeatable disturbances are attenuated by the robust performance specification. The design procedure of TPRRC is given. A simple structure of the robust performance weighting function W/sub p/(j/spl omega/~) is proposed and the relationship between the coefficients of W/sub p/(j/spl omega/~) and the performance specification over the non-repeatable disturbance is discussed too. The simulation results using the measured position error signals of a disk drive as output disturbance are presented to show the effectiveness of the disturbance rejection of disk drive servo control and demonstrate that it is a cost effective way to improve the track density of disk drives.
Cache Sharing and Isolation Tradeoffs in Multicore Mixed-Criticality Systems

In mixed-critical applications, tension exists between sharing and isolation with respect to hardware resources: while strong isolation might be required for highly critical tasks, somewhat permissive sharing might be reasonable for less critical tasks to improve throughput or average-case performance. In this paper, this tension is examined as it pertains to shared last-level caches (LLCs) on multicore platforms. In particular, criticality-aware optimization techniques based on linear programming are presented for allocating LLC areas in the context of the previously proposed MC2 (mixed-criticality on multicore) framework. Experiments are also presented that show that these techniques can result in significant schedulability improvements.
Sex differences in the attractiveness of hunter-gatherer and modern risks

When compared with other demographics, young males are more likely to take a variety of risks (like skateboarding, using drugs) and use risky behaviors to attract romantic partners. This study extended research on risk by assessing the attractiveness of 101 different kinds of risks performed by males and females. As predicted, factor analysis revealed that the attractiveness of diverse risks clustered around two major dimensions: risks like those faced by hunter-gatherer humans (e.g.,handling fire and dangerous animals) and risks that are uniquely modern (e.g., driving without seat belts).Additionally, results confirmed that modern risks were rated as unattractive for both sexes, whereas hunter-gatherer risks were rated as especially attractive when performed by males.Discussion focuses on cultural and evolutionary explanations for the link between risk and attractiveness.
Increased Mutagenesis and Unique Mutation Signature Associated with Mitotic Gene Conversion

To examine the fidelity of DNA synthesis during double-strand break (DSB) repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae we studied gene conversion in which both strands of DNA are newly synthesized. The mutation rate increases up to 1400 times over spontaneous events, with a significantly different mutation signature. Especially prominent are microhomology-mediated template switches. Recombination-induced mutations are largely independent of mismatch repair, by DNA polymerases Polzeta, Poleta, and Pol32, but result from errors made by Poldelta and Polepsilon. These observations suggest that increased DSB frequencies in oncogene-activated mammalian cells may also increase the probability of acquiring mutations required for transition to a cancerous state.
Pulse voltammetric techniques applied to the anodization of copper microelectrodes

Abstract Pulse techniques at microelectrodes have been used to show their utility for the investigation of reactions important in corrosion and, specifically, to characterize the anodization of copper in ethylene glycol—water mixtures containing chloride. Pulse techniques render accessible the entire voltammetric wave and yield values of equilibrium constants for complex formation from transient measurements. The formal value of the formation constant for dichlorocuprate(I) in 50% v/v ethylene glycol—water is given by log β 2 = 5.8. At sufficiently high concentrations of chloride and low current density the reaction product is CuCl − 2 , whereas in the limiting current region the product is the neutral monochloro complex.
A Solution To the Problem of "Differences in Units of Measure" In Cross-Population Comparisons

It has been suggested that researchers comparing causal models across populations employ path regression coefficients corrected for unreliability. This procedure, however, does not eliminate the problem of differences in the units of measure across populations. This paper outlines a technique designed to eliminate this problem by comparing "effect ratios," rather than effect coefficients, across populations. Both hypothetical and real data are used to demonstrate the technique.
Preparing secondary teachers to study science teaching

(1991). Preparing secondary teachers to study science teaching. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 40-44.
Role of bacteria and bacterial exopolymer in the attachment of Achnanthes longipes (bacillariophyceae)

The attachment of diatoms to surfaces is an important and poorly understood step in the development of biofouling communities. Experiments were performed in vitro on a common fouling diatom (Achnanthes longipes) to determine the influence of the base material and bacterial conditioning on diatom attachment. The first series of experiments compared attachment of A. longipes to four different base materials, and the influence of a bacterial film on attachment to these materials. A. longipes preferentially attached to polystyrene, a hydrophobic surface, but was inhibited by the presence of a bacterial biofilm. On other surfaces, bacteria either facilitated or had no effect on algal attachment. The second series of experiments found no difference in the attachment of A. longipes to a surface covered with bacterial exopolymer compared to a surface with a film of living bacteria. Attachment of A. longipes was found to vary depending on the conditions under which the bacterial film developed and the species of b...
The preparation of F-cadmium reagents directly from F-alkyl iodides and F-aryl bromide and cadmium metal

Abstract F -alkyl cadmium reagents can be readily prepared via the direct reaction of F -alkyl iodides with cadmium powder in DMF at room temperature. Similar reaction of bromopentafluorobenzene with cadmium powder in DMF at room temperature affords the F -aryl cadmium reagent in excellent yield. This approach provides a rapid, easily scaled up, one-pot procedure to these valuable synthetic reagents from commercially available precursors.
Systematic studies of Pinus balfouriana based on volatile terpenoids from wood and needles and on seed morphology

Abstract Essential oil from wood and from needles of Pinus balfouriana, growing in six geographically well-separated locations in California, was analysed by GLC. Several monoterpenoid components, in particular α-pinene from needles, were found to be usable for distinguishing between trees from the northern and southern parts of the geographic range. Similarity coefficients were calculated and dendrograms constructed. These demonstrated the distinct separation of the northern from the southern populations, and thus substantiated the proposal by Mastrogiuseppe to regard the southern populations as a subspecies. While the northern populations exhibited a tendency to produce larger seeds with longer wings, the difference was of only moderate diagnostic value.
Ketamine-induced Catalepsy during Adult Sedation in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Ketamine continues to rise in popularity for procedural sedation in the Emergency Department (ED) for both adult and pediatric patients. The medication has a good safety profile and is well tolerated in the majority of patients. However, the Emergency Physician should be aware of the full range of side-effects that may be encountered, so as to best anticipate and prepare for potential complications. Objectives We describe two cases of catalepsy (muscle hypertonia with dissociation) in patients undergoing sedation with ketamine. Case Report In the first case, a patient presented to the ED after a prehospital awake nasal intubation for an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. After sedation with ketamine, he was extubated and transitioned to bi-level positive pressure ventilation. Shortly after receiving ketamine, he exhibited severe muscular hypertonia of the upper extremities with facial grimacing. A second patient underwent ketamine sedation for reduction of a shoulder dislocation. After medication administration, he exhibited full body muscular hypertonicity, interfering briefly with the procedure. In both patients, catalepsy resolved spontaneously. Conclusions Ketamine-induced catalepsy is a self-limited side-effect that has the potential to interfere with procedures performed under sedation.