cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allele-Specific Effects of ecSOD in Bacterial Infection

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) is the only enzyme that scavenges superoxide specifically in the extracellular compartment. Recent studies indicate that ecSOD is important for protecting tissues from oxidative damage by dampening immune responses but imply that the immunosuppressive effect may be counterproductive during acute infections against invading microorganisms. Although many studies have revealed the importance of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacterial killing, the role of ecSOD during bacterial infection is beginning to be understood. In this study, Listeria monogytogene and Streptococcus pneumoniae were used to infect mice expressing various level of ecSOD: congenic mice sod3129 (relatively high), sod3wt and sod3 KO mice (none). ecSOD expression is inversely related to bacterial clearance. On the other hand, bacterial infection significantly decreases ecSOD activity in infected tissues, while the protein levels are not affected. The induction of iNOS expression is significantly lower in the liver and spleen of sod3 KO mice when compared to those of congenic sod3129 and sod3wt mice. The NO levels in liver and spleen were independent on the level of iNOS induction. However, the NO levels in plasma were significantly induced regardless of the genotype. The oxidative stress levels measured by nitrotyrosine immunoblotting in plasma and liver were significantly higher in sod3 KO mice compared to the congenic sod3129 and sod3wt mice. In conclusion, high ecSOD expression impairs the bacterial clearance and the infection diminishes the ecSOD activity. These data provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention for acute infection.
Hypercube-Derived Computers

A serious difficulty with the hypercube topology is its log P degree. Because technological constraints limit the number of connections that are possible from any one processor, the number of processors that can be connected in a hypercube is limited. Furthermore, if a single-node chip is to be used in different size hypercubes, the chip must have enough connections for the largest hypercube in which it will be used. Therefore, when the chip is used in smaller hypercubes, some of the connections will be wasted.
Christian Caritas in Christian Pedagogy

The article highlights the leading ideas of Christian pedagogy, which are the upbringing of children and youth of spiritual and moral values. The author stresses that Christian pedagogy serves the effective tool for the formation of the spirituality of the younger generation, the formation of philosophical representations and beliefs, etiquette, spiritual traditions and values of people in the universally accepted commandments of God. Considerable attention is paid to the formation of high morality of the younger generation, etiquette, love of people, religiousness, etc. In the Christian religion the highest value compared to all other virtues is „love”. The Christian love is rooted primarily in the commandment of love for God and man, that is why genuine charity comes from the heart full of love. This article presents the teaching of Christ for mercy to others and its practical application in the first Christian Communities. The author described the economic organization and charitable initiatives in the communities of early Christians.
BLOCK ITERATIVE METHODS

Publisher Summary Some 15–20 years ago, there was considerable interest in iterative methods for the solution of elliptic difference equations. The interest in finite-element techniques and direct methods for the solution of large sparse systems reduced interest in iterative methods. However, these questions have taken on a new life because of (1) the interest in 3-dimensional problems and (2) novel computer architecture. This chapter describes the block iterative methods. It is found that from the basic theory developed by David Young, it suffices to consider the block Jacobi schemes. The results for the associated Gauss–Seidel and SIR schemes may then be derived from those for the Jacobi schemes.
Chaperone Suppression of Aggregated Protein Toxicity

Overwhelming experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that molecular chaperones are critical modulators of protein aggregation and toxicity in a number of protein misfolding diseases. However, the mechanism by which chaperone activity facilitates neuroprotection remains poorly understood. Early intermediates in the assembly process of Aβ aggregates have been found to be potent neurotoxins in vivo, and it is likely that prefibrillar intermediates of other disease proteins may have similar pathogenic effects. Accordingly, a key step in the pathogenesis of the various proteinopathies may stem from the aberrant interactions of altered protein conformations or prefibrillar intermediates with key cellular proteins, effectively sequestering their activity and triggering a cascade of events that culminates in neuronal dysfunction prior to the appearance of inclusions. The vast majority of animal studies have shown that chaperones facilitate neuroprotection in the absence of a visible effect on inclusion formation, suggesting that protective interactions may occur at the level of prefibrillar aggregation intermediates, or by preventing conformational changes that precede the formation of aggregation intermedites. It will be important to develop techniques that enable in vivo detection of early aggregation intermediates for the various protein misfolding diseases and determine how interaction of these intermediates with other cellular proteins, such as the molecular chaperones, alters pathogenesis. Ultimately, it is necessary to understand how the various components of the protein quality proteome work together to regulate the toxicity of misfolded proteins. Effective therapies will likely require the simultaneous modulation of numerous components of the cellular quality control apparatus, and the molecular chaperones will play a key role in these types of approaches. Because the molecular chaperones provide a first line of defense against misfolded proteins, and are likely to function at the earliest stages of disease pathogenesis, they are a particularly exciting prospect for therapeutic intervention.
Tradeoffs in the complexity of backdoor detection

There has been considerable interest in the identification of structural properties of combinatorial problems that lead to efficient algorithms for solving them. Some of these properties are "easily" identifiable, while others are of interest because they capture key aspects of state-of-the-art constraint solvers. In particular, it was recently shown that the problem of identifying a strong Horn- or 2CNF-backdoor can be solved by exploiting equivalence with deletion backdoors, and is NP-complete. We prove that strong backdoor identification becomes harder than NP (unless NP=coNP) as soon as the inconsequential sounding feature of empty clause detection (present in all modern SAT solvers) is added. More interestingly, in practice such a feature as well as polynomial time constraint propagation mechanisms often lead to much smaller backdoor sets. In fact, despite the worst-case complexity results for strong backdoor detection, we show that Satz-Rand is remarkably good at finding small strong backdoors on a range of experimental domains. Our results suggest that structural notions explored for designing efficient algorithms for combinatorial problems should capture both statically and dynamically identifiable properties.
Propagation of Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘llicifolius’ and ‘Rotundifolius’ by Stem Cuttings

Abstract Nontreated semihardwood and hardwood cuttings of Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Ilicifolius’ rooted in high percentages (>80%) while comparable results for ‘Rotundifolius’ were only noted for hardwood cuttings. Response of both cultivars to indolebutyric acid (IBA) treatment [2500 to 10,000 ppm (0.25 to 1.0%)] was variable and often resulted in inhibition rather than stimulation of rooting.
Sparse Covariance Modeling in High Dimensions with Gaussian Processes.

This paper studies statistical relationships among components of high-dimensional observations varying across non-random covariates. We propose to model the observation elements' changing covariances as sparse multivariate stochastic processes. In particular, our novel covariance modeling method reduces dimensionality by relating the observation vectors to a lower dimensional subspace. To characterize the changing correlations, we jointly model the latent factors and the factor loadings as collections of basis functions that vary with the covariates as Gaussian processes. Automatic relevance determination (ARD) encodes basis sparsity through their coefficients to account for the inherent redundancy. Experiments conducted across domains show superior performances to the state-of-the-art methods.
Real-time, dither-free Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor optical gain measurement technique

Past research in adaptive optics (AO) has demonstrated the link between apparent beacon extent and wavefront gradient estimation sensitivity, or optical gain, of a classical Shack-Hartmann (SH) subaperture when using quad-cell detector regions. Pixel diffusion and residual wavefront error broaden the effective subaperture point spread functions as the atmospheric seeing varies in time. Although the AO community has generally shifted toward resolved subapertures to combat these interlinked issues, the quad-cell subaperture design offers efficient light usage for dim beacons, integrating less pixel noise while also reducing sensor readout latency. Particularly for telescopes in poor seeing conditions, in order to reduce beacon magnitude requirements, a quad-cell SH design, coupled with the proposed algorithm, can be an enabling solution. We present research conducted at the Starfire Optical Range over the past 8 years in implementing a robust approach that measures the real-time sensitivity on the site’s natural guidestar and laser beacon AO systems at the 3.5- and 1.5-m telescopes. Emphasis is given toward the practical aspects that must be considered beyond the pure theory, which has been presented in several prior works. A high-signal-to-noise strategy has been implemented that estimates the aperture-averaged subaperture sensitivity (related to beacon size) by exploiting the null space of the least-squares wavefront reconstructor. Careful consideration has gone into the implementation of this estimation method to avoid unintended effects, particularly at low-light levels. Unfortunately, this solution does not in itself address aperture-variant effects, such as sodium beacon elongation for extremely large telescopes.
NRF2 plays a critical role in mitigating lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis

The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a key regulator of the cellular antioxidant response, controlling the expression of genes that counteract oxidative and electrophilic stresses. Many pathological conditions are linked to imbalances in redox homeostasis, illustrating the important role of antioxidant defense systems in preventing the pathogenic effects associated with the accumulation of reactive species. In particular, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the accumulation of lipid peroxides has an important role in driving the pathogenesis of multiple disease states. A key example of this is the recent discovery of a novel form of cell death termed ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, lipid peroxidation-driven cell death cascade that has become a key target in the development of anti-cancer therapies, as well as the prevention of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of lipid peroxidation, as well as key components involved in the ferroptotic cascade. We will also highlight the role of the NRF2 signaling pathway in mediating lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis, focusing on established NRF2 target genes that mitigate these pathways, as well as the relevance of the NRF2-lipid peroxidation-ferroptosis axis in disease.
Convergence: An Architectural Agenda for Energy

Convergence is based on the thermodynamic premise that architecture should maximize its ecological and architectural power. No matter how paradoxical it might initially seem, architects should maximize energy intake, maximize energy use, and maximize energy feedback and reinforcement. This presumes that the necessary excess of architecture is in fact an architect’s greatest asset when it comes to an agenda for energy, not a liability. But how do we start to understand the full range of eco-thermodynamic principles which need to be engaged with in order to achieve this? Kiel Moe explicates three factors: materials, energy systems and amortization. When these three factors converge through design, the resulting buildings begin to perform in complex, if not subtle, ways. By drawing on a range of architectural, thermodynamic, and ecological sources as well as illustrated and well-designed case studies, the author shows what architecture stands to gain by simultaneously maximizing the architectural and ecological power of buildings. .
Structural Health Monitoring of Wind Turbines Using a Digital Image Correlation System on a UAV

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently emerged as a robust tool for remote inspection and data acquisition at places that are either inaccessible or riskier to perform measurements. To quantify the level of strain/stress and loading conditions that the rotating structures such as wind turbine experience during operation, an approach is proposed that can perform a nondestructive evaluation of these rotating structures using non-contact, three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation (DIC). This technique addresses the benefit of non-interference with structure functionality and can be used for rotating or non-rotating structures. In this project, a synchronized set of a stereo camera system is used to acquire the images of a rotating turbine. These images are processed to obtain displacement, geometry, and strain over the wind turbine blades during deformation.
Temperature setpoint-ramp control structure for batch reactors

Abstract Batch reactors can present challenging dynamic control problems because of the large nonlinear changes in process parameters during the batch cycle. Large reactant concentrations at the beginning of the batch produce fast reaction rates and large heat-transfer duties if the reactor temperature is increased too rapidly from its low initial temperature. Exothermic reactions can lead to reactor runaways that exceed maximum temperature/pressure safety constraints. Several papers have studied sophisticated techniques for detecting the potential of an impending runaway and taking corrective action. A complex stability criterion embedded in a model predictive control structure is a recent suggestion for handling the problem. This paper discusses a simple practical technique that has been used in industry for decades. The setpoint of a temperature/pressure controller is ramped up at a reasonable rate, but if the demand for coolant increases too much, the ramp is stopped until the demand for control effort drops down to a normal level.
Detection and Identification of Pattern Information on an Electrostatic Friction Display

An electrostatic friction modulation device based on a tablet computer was used to present pattern stimuli to the fingertip for two tasks: detecting patches of friction and matching a frictional pattern to the visual image that produced it. In the detection task, friction patterns were displayed on zero, one two or three cells in a matrix. Errors, whether misses or false alarms, were few. Duration of target-present trials was a linear function of the number of patterns in the display. The intercept indicated an average of under 1 sec to test a location for the presence of a friction patch. The slope was 1.0 sec per item, representing the time to confirm friction change, verify the location, and report. In contrast to fast and accurate detection of friction modulation, identification of patterns by matching to a visual display was at chance, although the patterns were differentiated by form and scale. Given that the patterns fall within the normal acuity of the fingertip, along with previous evidence that fingertip motion per se does not preclude pattern recognition, it appears that the failure to match tactual patterns to visual images resides in processes inherent in information pickup from friction-modulation displays.
Portable Self-Charging Power System via Integration of a Flexible Paper-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Supercapacitor

To meet the energy demand for flexible and miniaturized green electronics, it is highly desirable to develop a portable, cost-effective, lightweight, and sustainable power source through a facile and environment friendly approach. Herein, we report a portable, flexible, and low-cost self-charging power system (SCPS) consisting of a paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator (P-TENG) with high output power density as the energy harvester and a paper-based supercapacitor (P-SC) with a great areal capacitance as the energy storage device. A cellulose paper/polypyrrole composite with a low sheet resistance of 7.8 Ω sq–1 replaced the conventional metal electrodes and positive friction material in the P-TENG, as well as the capacitive material in the P-SC. The portable SCPS is capable of driving various miniaturized electronics such as a temperature/humidity indicator, thus demonstrating its potential as a sustainable power source for flexible and miniaturized green electronics.
Fbxw7 is a driver of uterine carcinosarcoma by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Uterine carcinosarcoma is an aggressive variant of endometrial carcinoma characterized by unusual histologic features including discrete malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components (carcinoma and sarcoma). Recent studies have confirmed a monoclonal origin, and comprehensive genomic characterizations have identified mutations such as Tp53 and Pten. However, the biological origins and specific combination of driver events underpinning uterine carcinosarcoma have remained mysterious. Here, we explored the role of the tumor suppressor Fbxw7 in endometrial cancer through defined genetic model systems. Inactivation of Fbxw7 and Pten resulted in the formation of precancerous lesions (endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia) and well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Surprisingly, all adenocarcinomas eventually developed into definitive uterine carcinosarcomas with carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements including heterologous differentiation, yielding a faithful genetically engineered model of this cancer type. Genomic analysis showed that most tumors spontaneously acquired Trp53 mutations, pointing to a triad of pathways (p53, PI3K, and Fbxw7) as the critical combination underpinning uterine carcinosarcoma, and to Fbxw7 as a key driver of this enigmatic endometrial cancer type. Lineage tracing provided formal genetic proof that the uterine carcinosarcoma cell of origin is an endometrial epithelial cell that subsequently undergoes a prominent epithelial–mesenchymal transition underlying the attainment of a highly invasive phenotype specifically driven by Fbxw7.
Myositis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the most common form of lung involvement in myositis and results in significant morbidity and mortality. ILD can appear in a patient with known or suspected myositis with classic muscle and skin features of myositis or can be the first or dominant presentation in many cases. ILD can present as chronic progressive mild dyspnea on exertion or cough but may also present as acute fulminant respiratory failure. The diagnosis of ILD is made in patients with consistent history and physical findings who have restrictive lung function and reduced diffusing capacity on PFTs and characteristic imaging findings on high-resolution chest CT scan. While the overall prognosis of myositis-associated ILD is good, patients with rapidly progressive ILD are at increased risk for death and should be treated aggressively. Additional poor prognostic markers include the presence of antisynthetase antibodies other than Jo-1, MDA5 antibody, elevated CRP and ESR, advanced age, and elevated ferritin. The mainstay of therapy is immunosuppression, and the approach to treatment is governed by the severity of the lung disease. In select patients with progressive ILD despite therapy, lung transplantation may be an option of last resort.
Concise Formal Synthesis of the Pseudopterosins via Anionic Oxy-Cope/Transannular Michael Addition Cascade.

An anionic oxy-Cope/transannular Michael addition cascade converts a spirocyclic architecture—readily available by Diels–Alder cycloaddition—into the hydrophenalene carbon skeleton of the pseudopte...
Developmental exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) causes biphasic effects on longevity, inflammation, and reproduction in aged zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Increased availability of cannabis and cannabinoid-containing products necessitates the need for an understanding of how these substances influence aging. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to different concentrations of THC (0.08, 0.4, 2 μM) during embryonic-larval development and the effects on aging were measured 30 months later and in the offspring of the exposed fish (F1 generation). Exposure to 0.08 μM THC resulted in increased male survival at 30 months of age. As the concentration of THC increased, this protective effect was lost. Treatment with the lowest concentration of THC also significantly increased egg production, while higher concentrations resulted in impaired fecundity. Treatment with the lowest dose of THC significantly reduced wet weight, the incidence of kyphosis, and the expression of several senescence and inflammatory markers (p16ink4ab, tnfα, il-1β, il-6, pparα and pparγ) in the liver, but not at higher doses indicating a biphasic or hormetic effect. Exposure to THC did not affect the age-related reductions in locomotor behavior. Within the F1 generation, many of these changes were not observed. However, the reduction in fecundity due to THC exposure was worse in the F1 generation because offspring whose parents received high dose of THC were completely unable to reproduce. Together, our results demonstrate that a developmental exposure to THC can cause significant effects on longevity and healthspan of zebrafish in a biphasic manner.
Current and 1-Year Psychological and Physical Effects of Replacing Sedentary Time With Time in Other Behaviors

Introduction Sedentary time is inversely associated with health. Capturing 24 hours of behavior (i.e., sleep, sedentary, light physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) is necessary to understand behavior–health associations. Methods Healthy young adults aged 20–35 years (n=423) completed the Profile of Mood States, the Perceived Stress Scale, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and anthropometric measures at baseline and 12 months. Time spent sedentary (total, in prolonged [>30 minutes] and short [≤30 minutes] bouts), in light physical activity (1.5–3.0 METs), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (>3.0 METs), and asleep, were assessed through SenseWear armband worn 24 hours/day for 10 days at baseline. Isotemporal substitution modeling evaluated cross-sectional and longitudinal psychological and physical health associations of substituting sedentary time with sleep, light physical activity, or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Data were collected from 2010 to 2015 and analyzed in 2019. Results Cross-sectional analyses revealed substituting prolonged sedentary time for sleep was associated with lower stress (standardized β= −0.11), better mood (−0.12), and lower BMI (−0.10). Substituting total or prolonged sedentary for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with lower body fat percentage (total, −0.22; prolonged, −0.23) and BMI (−0.40; −0.42). Higher BMI was associated with substituting total or prolonged sedentary for light physical activity (0.15; 0.17); lower BMI with substituting prolonged sedentary for short bouts (−0.09). Prospective analyses indicated substituting total or prolonged sedentary with light physical activity was associated with improved mood (−0.16; −0.14) and lower BMI (−0.15; −0.16); substituting with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with improved mood (−0.15; −0.15). Conclusions Short- and long-term psychological benefits may result from transitioning sedentary time to light physical activity or sleep, whereas increasing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity may be required to influence physical health. Trial registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01746186.
The Seen and the Unseen: Race and Social Inequities Affecting Kidney Care.

Social factors, including economic, environmental, and living conditions, are potent determinants of health and health inequities. Affected by policies and social conditions, institutional contexts, social contexts and relationships, and physical contexts, social factors serve as fundamental
Effects of dietary grain content on performance and morbidity of newly received beef heifers

Feedlot performance is negatively affected by the onset of infection and disease. The role of receiving calf diet composition in the development of clinical disease is debatable. This study was conducted to compare the effects of a low-concentrate diet with those of a high concentrate diet on the performance and health of newly received heifer calves.
Altered excitatory transmission in striatal neurons after chronic ethanol consumption in selectively bred crossed high alcohol-preferring mice.

Genetic predisposition to heavy drinking is a risk factor for alcohol misuse. We used selectively bred crossed high alcohol-preferring (cHAP) mice to study sex differences in alcohol drinking and its effect on glutamatergic activity in dorsolateral (DLS) and dorsomedial (DMS) striatum. We performed whole-cell patch-clamp recording in neurons from male and female cHAP mice with 5-week alcohol drinking history and alcohol-naive controls. In DMS, alcohol-naive males' neurons displayed lower cell capacitance and higher membrane resistance than females' neurons, both effects reversed by drinking. Conversely, in DLS neurons, drinking history increased capacitance only in males and changed membrane resistance only in females. Altered biophysical membrane properties were accompanied by disrupted glutamatergic transmission. Drinking history increased spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) amplitude in DMS and frequency in DLS female neurons, compared to alcohol-naive females, without effect in males. Acute ethanol differentially impacted DMS and DLS neurons by sex and drinking history. In DMS, acute alcohol significantly increased sEPSC frequency only in neurons from alcohol-naive females, an effect that disappeared after drinking history. In DLS, acute alcohol had opposing effects in males and females based on drinking history. Estrous cycle also impacted DMS and DLS neurons differently: sEPSC amplitudes were higher in DMS cells from drinking history than alcohol-naive females, whereas estrous cycle, not drinking history, modified DLS firing rate. Our data show sex differences in cHAP ethanol consumption and neurophysiology, suggesting differential dysregulation of glutamatergic drive onto DMS and DLS after chronic ethanol consumption.
Seasonal phenology of Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) in Hawaii and the influence of weather on flight activity

Coffee berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) is the most serious insect pest of coffee worldwide, yet little is known about its seasonal flight behavior or the effect that weather variables have on its activity. We sampled flying female CBB adults bi-weekly over a three-year period using red funnel traps baited with an alcohol lure at 14 commercial coffee farms on Hawaii Island to characterize seasonal phenology and the influence of five weather variables on flight activity. We captured almost 5 million Scolytid beetles during the sampling period, with 81-93% of the trap catch comprised of CBB. Of the captured non-target beetles, the majority were tropical nut borer, black twig borer and a species of Cryphalus. Two major flight events were consistent across all three years: an initial emergence from January-April that coincided with early fruit development and a second flight during the harvest season from September-December. A linear regression showed a moderate but significant negative relationship between elevation and total trap catch. A generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) revealed that mean daily air temperature has the most significant (positive) effect on CBB flight, with most flight events occurring between 20-26 {degrees}C. Mean daily solar radiation also had a significant positive effect, while maximum daily relative humidity negatively influenced flight at values above [~]94%. Flight was positively influenced by maximum daily wind speeds up to [~]2.5 m/s and cumulative rainfall up to 100 mm, after which activity declined. Our findings provide important insight into CBB flight patterns across a highly variable landscape and will serve as a starting point for the development of flight prediction models.
Sketching the Contours of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion

This article argues that there is an identifiable scholarship of teaching and learning in theology and religion that, though varied in its entry points and forms, exhibits standards of excellence recognizable in other forms of scholarship. Engaging in this scholarship enhances a professor's possession of practice and often reveals insights into student learning and the contours of a field that can advance both educational and disciplinary projects. Through conversation with a form of the scholarship of teaching and learning that emerged most clearly in work associated with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, we describe starting points and generative assumptions that have been employed in the discourse of the scholarship of teaching and learning in theology and religion as they have emerged in submissions to Teaching Theology and Religion over the past decade and a half and point to its benefits. See responses to this essay by Charles R. Foster, Stephen Brookfield, and Pat Hutchings published in this issue of the journal. Responses by Reid B. Locklin, Joanne Maguire Robinson, and Nadine S. Pence appear in next issue issue, 16:3 (2013).
Beyond Reproach? The Military Commissions Act of 2006 and the Supreme Court's Inability to Nullify Executive Interpretations of What Constitutes a Nongrave Breach of the Geneva Conventions

In response to Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, the U.S. Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, authorizing the President, to determine what actions related to the treatment of suspected terrorist detainees constitute nongrave breaches of the Geneva Conventions. This Note examines how the Supreme Court should decide a case challenging one of the President's interpretations of what behavior falls within that category. It first examines the relevant cases including those addressing the power of the President to direct foreign policy, the political question doctrine, the implications of the legislative branch's authorization of executive actions, the Chevron doctrine, and treaty interpretation principles. It next applies the law in each of these areas to the President's authority tinder the Military Commissions Act and determines that any challenge to the President's authority pursuant to this Act should be either dismissed as nonjusticiable, or a decision should be rendered in favor of the President's interpretation. This Note concludes broffering other methods through which persons could bring a halt to offensive, torturous behavior.
"¡Maten a todos los abogados!". Los abogados y el movimiento de independencia en la Nueva Granada, 1809-1820

Este articulo examina el papel de los abogados en el movimiento de la independencia, durante la decada de 1810.Establece que este grupo profesional y las redes familiares y sociales a las que estaba conectado, jugaron un papel fundamental en la formacion de “juntas” revolucionarias y la adopcion de reformas conducentes al logro de la independencia. El articulo sin embargo rechaza la idea de que el activismo revolucionario de los abogados y sus redes familiares y sociales se derive fundamentalmente de su exclusion de la burocracia estatal. Tampoco considera que haya sido desinteresado o puramente altruista. De cualquier forma muestra tambien que a causa de su participacion en las luchas por la independencia, casi una tercera parte de los abogados de aquella epoca fueron ejecutados por los ejercitos espanoles y varios otros fueron victimas de otras medidas represivas.
Efficient E-Matching for SMT Solvers

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers have proven highly scalable, efficient and suitable for integrating theory reasoning. However, for numerous applications from program analysis and verification, the ground fragment is insufficient, as proof obligations often include quantifiers. A well known approach for quantifier reasoning uses a matching algorithm that works against an E-graph to instantiate quantified variables. This paper introduces algorithms that identify matches on E-graphs incrementally and efficiently. In particular, we introduce an index that works on E-graphs, called E-matching code treesthat combine features of substitution and code trees, used in saturation based theorem provers. E-matching code trees allow performing matching against several patterns simultaneously. The code trees are combined with an additional index, called the inverted path index, which filters E-graph terms that may potentially match patterns when the E-graph is updated. Experimental results show substantial performance improvements over existing state-of-the-art SMT solvers.
REDISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY FROM CONTAMINATED LAKE SEDIMENTS OF CLEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA

Mining operations conducted at the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine at Clear Lake, California, from 1872–1957, together with acid mine drainage since abandonment, deposited ca. 100 metric tons of mercury (Hg) in the sediments of Clear Lake. In 1992 Hg in surficial sediments (up to 183 mg kg-1 total Hg and 15.9 μg kg-1 methyl Hg) exhibited a classic point source distribution with maximum concentrations adjacent to the mine. However, the ratio of methyl:total Hg in sediments increased with distance from the mine, suggesting either differential transport of methyl Hg or a non-linear relationship between sediment inorganic Hg concentrations and methylation. Water exhibited an even more gradual decline in total Hg concentrations with distance from the mine, in both unfiltered bottom water (max. ca. 70 ng L-1) and filtered surface water (max. ca. 7 ng L-1). In comparison with other studies, Clear Lake exhibits high total Hg in sediment and water, yet relatively low methyl Hg concentrations. Our findings indicate a non-linearity between total and methyl Hg concentrations in sediments. The ratio of methyl:inorganic Hg is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher in the water column than in the sediments, making the methyl fraction much more available for down-gradient transport away from the mine. Particulate Hg comprises ca. 33–94% of the total Hg and ca. 25–78% of the methyl Hg in the water column. Geothermal springs do not appear to represent a significant source of Hg to Clear Lake. The present pattern of Hg distribution in Clear Lake shows that water column transport plays some role in the lake-wide contamination of methyl Hg, but high methylation at relatively low inorganic Hg concentrations cannot be ruled out. No quantitative estimate of the area of sediments requiring remediation is possible from these descriptive data alone.
Cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 for cellular activation by soluble tuberculosis factor and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein: role of Toll-interacting protein and IL-1 receptor signaling molecules in Toll-like receptor 2 signaling.

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 play important roles in innate immune responses to various microbial agents. We have previously shown that human dermal endothelial cells (HMEC) express TLR4, but very little TLR2, and respond to LPS, but not to Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein, unless transfected with TLR2. Here we report that HMEC are unresponsive to several additional biologically relevant TLR2 ligands, including, phenol-soluble modulin (PSM), a complex of three small secreted polypeptides from the skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis, soluble tuberculosis factor (STF), and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein (OspA-L). Expression of TLR2 renders HMEC responsive to all these ligands. We further characterized the signaling pathway in response to STF, OspA-L, and PSM in TLR2-transfected HMEC. The TLR2 signaling pathway for NF-κB trans-activation shares the IL-1R signaling molecules. Dominant negative constructs of TLR2 or TLR6 inhibit the responses of STF and OspA-L as well as PSM in TLR2-transfected HMEC, supporting the concept of functional cooperation between TLR2 and TLR6 for all these TLR2 ligands. Moreover, we show that Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) coimmunoprecipitates with TLR2 and TLR4 using HEK 293 cells, and overexpression of Tollip inhibits NF-κB activation in response to TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Collectively, these findings suggest that there is functional interaction between TLR2 and TLR6 in the cellular response to STF and OspA-L in addition to S. epidermidis (PSM) Ags, and that engagement of TLR2 triggers a signaling cascade, which shares the IL-1R signaling molecules, similar to the TLR4-LPS signaling cascade. Our data also suggest that Tollip may be an important constituent of both the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways.
Chromatography of Escherichia coli ribosomes on diethylaminoethyl cellulose.

Abstract Biologically active ribosomes of Escherichia coli can be purified by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Such ribosomes (DEAE-ribosomes) contain about 30% less protein than ribosomes washed by repeated centrifugation. In spite of the loss in protein, the DEAE-ribosomes have the same sedimentation values as washed ribosomes, are active in polypeptide synthesis, and are able to bind phenylalanyl soluble ribonucleic acid in the presence of polyuridylic acid but without guanosine triphosphate or any component of the cell sap. The loss of protein from the DEAE-ribosomes is concomitant with a loss of about 80% of the latent ribosomal DNase but none of the latent ribosomal RNase. Removal of the protein does not alter the response of the DEAE-ribosomes to various inhibitors of protein synthesis, including streptomycin. The DEAE-ribosomes differ from the washed ribosomes in their response to pH, NH4Cl, and magnesium. The activity of the DEAE-ribosomes changes little if at all over the range of pH from 6.9 to 8.5 whereas the washed ribosomes exhibit a broad optimum between pH 7.8 and 8.2. High concentrations (0.12 m) of NH4Cl produce a parallel increase in the binding of phenylalanyl soluble RNA and polypeptide synthesis with the DEAE-ribosomes but not with the washed ribosomes. The optimal magnesium concentration for polypeptide synthesis is 0.012 m with the DEAE-ribosomes as compared to 0.016 m with the washed ribosomes. Electrophoretic patterns of the ribosomal protein obtained from the DEAE-ribosomes were largely the same as those obtained from the washed ribosomes except for the absence of one protein band. These differences indicate that all of the ribosomes chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose have lost protein. The electrophoretic patterns of the ribosomal protein obtained from DEAE-ribosomes and washed ribosomes of E. coli K-12 was compared to ribosomal protein from similar ribosomal preparations of E. coli B.
LIVING IN CYBERSPACE: RECOGNIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE VIRTUAL WORLD IN SOCIAL WORK ASSESSMENTS

This article presents a rationale for the consideration of the role of cyberspace when using a person-in-environment approach to assessment. It examines the significance of cyberspace itself in working with clients who are also its inhabitants and it analyzes the opportunity online communication provides individuals in developing healthy, as well as potentially dangerous, relationships. Case studies, using the Person-in-Environment (PIE) classification system as a framework for assessment, are presented to demonstrate the utility of considering client Internet use as part of an assessment of client functioning.
Identidad y cultura: una interpretación cultural de los Navajo-Hopi tierra de controversias

This interpretive essay provides a socio-cultural explanation of the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute based on the rich narrative account of the conflict by Benedek (1999). A macro-level of analysis is taken so as to identify the general trends of the conflict. SPITCEROW, the acronym for a simple analytical instrument, is used to identify the main components of the overall conflict. Finally an analytical section explains the conflict through the use of the Social Identity Theory and supports it by using a broad cultural approach. The paper concludes that identity needs were at the core of the conflict and that once those issues were addressed and satisfactorily resolved, secondary issues were amicably negotiated and a settlement was reached.
CLAST: Clustering Biological Sequences

Clustering sequences is important in a variety of applications, including development of nonredundant databases, function prediction, and identifying patterns of gene expression. Currently, clustering methods rely on a prealignment as supplementary information to guide the construction of clusters. This chapter introduces a novel algorithm to cluster nucleotide and peptide sequences. The algorithm is a no-reference approach that utilizes only the sequences as input. We also introduce a novel metric that is used to describe the relationship between biological sequences, and serves as the distance measurement for clustering. Results are presented for real biological sequences, comparing the proposed algorithm to other similar tools available.
Fast peak autocorrelation finding for periodicity-exploiting compression methods

Summary form only given. Bilevel image compression algorithms like JBIG, JBIG2-Generic, and PRECIS can exploit 1D or 2D peak autocorrelation in binary images like 'digital halftones', in order to achieve breakthrough boosts in additional compression. For hard to compress, but periodic halftones, boosts of factors of three or more times the compression ratios and similar increases in decompression speeds can be achieved (boosts defined v.s. the closest related, non-periodicity-exploiting algorithm (e.g. JBIG or JBIG2-Generic with AT>0 v.s. with AT=O, or PRECIS v.s. MMR)). Our peak autocorrelation finding method isolates the needed period for peak compression, two orders-of-magnitude faster than the prior art.
The credibility of the United Kingdom's commitment to the ERM : intentions versus actions

The paper presents estimates of a model of the credibility of the U.K. commitment to its central parity against the deutsche mark during the period of U.K. ERM membership (1990-92). The measure of credibility used is the long-term interest differential with Germany. Credibility is decomposed into two aspects: an assessment of whether the government was truly committed to the ERM, and the probability that even a committed government would be able to continue to bear the unemployment costs. Doubts about the first aspect--which could lead to a self-fulfilling crisis--are shown to have declined steadily during the period of ERM membership, while the second aspect is estimated to have become increasingly important, due to rising unemployment.
Fluent aphasia in children: definition and natural history.

We compared the course of a preschool child we followed for 4 years with published reports of 24 children with fluent aphasia. Our patient spoke fluently within 3 weeks of the injury. She was severely anomic and made many semantic paraphasic errors. Unlike other children with fluent aphasia, her prosody of speech was impaired initially, and her spontaneous language was dominated by stock phrases. Residual deficits include chronic impairment of auditory comprehension, repetition, and word retrieval. She has more disfluencies in spontaneous speech 4 years after her head injury than acutely. School achievement in reading and mathematics remains below age level. Attention to the timing of recovery of fluent speech and to the characteristics of receptive and expressive language over time will permit more accurate description of fluent aphasia in childhood. ( J Child Neurol 1992;7:50-59).
Overview of current olfactometer performance across different odorant systems

Institute for Biological Detection Systems410 Greene Hall AnnexAuburn University, AL 36849-5532 USAPhone: (334) 844-4237FAX: (334) 844-4206Supported and funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA 93-6-059), the Officeof Special Technology (DAADO5-93-D-7021), and the Treasury Department (TS 92-16).
A millennium-length reconstruction of Bear River stream flow, Utah

Summary The Bear River contributes more water to the eastern Great Basin than any other river system. It is also the most significant source of water for the burgeoning Wasatch Front metropolitan area in northern Utah. Despite its importance for water resources for the region’s agricultural, urban, and wildlife needs, our understanding of the variability of Bear River’s stream flow derives entirely from the short instrumental record (1943–2010). Here we present a 1200-year calibrated and verified tree-ring reconstruction of stream flow for the Bear River that explains 67% of the variance of the instrumental record over the period from 1943 to 2010. Furthermore, we developed this reconstruction from a species that is not typically used for dendroclimatology, Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). We identify highly significant periodicity in our reconstruction at quasi-decadal (7–8 year), multi-decadal (30 year), and centennial (>50 years) scales. The latter half of the 20th century was found to be the 2nd wettest (∼40-year) period of the past 1200 years, while the first half of the 20th century marked the 4th driest period. The most severe period of reduced stream flow occurred during the Medieval Warm Period (ca. mid-1200s CE) and persisted for ∼70 years. Upper-level circulation anomalies suggest that atmospheric teleconnections originating in the western tropical Pacific are responsible for the delivery of precipitation to the Bear River watershed during the October–December (OND) season of the previous year. The Bear River flow was compared to recent reconstructions of the other tributaries to the Great Salt Lake (GSL) and the GSL level. Implications for water management could be drawn from the observation that the latter half of the 20th century was the 2nd wettest in 1200 years, and that management for future water supply should take into account the stream flow variability over the past millennium.
Indomethacin or flurbiprofen treatment of periodontitis in beagles: comparison of effect on bone loss.

The effect of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and flurbiprofen, on the progression of periodontal disease was studied in 16 beagle dogs over a 12-month period. Standardized radiographs were used to measure the rate of bone loss. Following a 6-month pretreatment baseline period, 5 dogs were dosed daily with 1.0 mg/kg indomethacin, 5 dogs were dosed daily with 0.02 mg/kg flurbiprofen, and 6 dogs were dosed with empty gelatin capsules for a 6-month period. In the untreated control dogs, the rate of bone loss in the treatment period significantly increased from baseline. In contrast, the rate of bone loss significantly decreased from baseline in the flurbiprofen-treated dogs. In the indomethacin-treated dogs, rate of bone loss in the treatment period was not significantly different from baseline. The data indicate that both flurbiprofen and indomethacin inhibit alveolar bone loss in beagles compared to untreated controls. The data also indicate that with the dosages employed flurbiprofen is overall more effective.