cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving target detection in over‐the‐horizon radar using adaptive chirplet transform

[1] In over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) moving target detection, the signal to clutter ratio (SCR) is low for slow targets near the clutter, such as ships. One method to detect a moving target is to first reject the clutter and improve the SCR before the detection, such as the adaptive Fourier transform developed by Root [1998a, 1998b, 1998c] when a target moves uniformly. When a target does not move uniformly, the Fourier-based techniques for the target detection including superresolution techniques may not work well. In this paper, we propose an adaptive chirplet transform technique in the Doppler processing in OTHR as an alternative of the Fourier transform technique when a target moves nonuniformly.
A family of non-injective skinning maps with critical points

Certain classes of 3-manifolds, following Thurston, give rise to a ‘skinning map’, a self-map of the Teichmuller space of the boundary. This paper examines the skinning map of a 3-manifold M , a genus-2 handlebody with two rank-1 cusps. We exploit an orientation-reversing isometry of M to conclude that the skinning map associated to M sends a specified path to itself, and use estimates on extremal length functions to show non-monotonicity and the existence of a critical point. A family of finite covers of M produces examples of non-immersion skinning maps on the Teichmuller spaces of surfaces in each even genus, and with either 4 or 6 punctures.
Refueling availability for alternative fuel vehicle markets: Sufficient urban station coverage

Alternative fuel vehicles can play an important role in addressing the challenges of climate change, energy security, urban air pollution and the continued growth in demand for transportation services. The successful commercialization of alternative fuels for vehicles is contingent upon a number of factors, including vehicle cost and performance. Among fuel infrastructure issues, adequate refueling availability is one of the most fundamental to successful commercialization. A commonly cited source reports 164,300 refueling stations in operation nationwide. However, from the perspective of refueling availability, this nationwide count tends to overstate the number of stations required to support the widespread deployment of alternative fuel vehicles. In terms of spatial distribution, the existing gasoline station networks in many urban areas are more than sufficient. We characterize a sufficient level of urban coverage based upon a subset of cities served by relatively low-density station networks, and estimate that some 51,000 urban stations would be required to provide this sufficient level of coverage to all major urban areas, 33 percent less than our estimate of total urban stations. This improved characterization will be useful for engineering, economic and policy analyses.
Decadal predictability of tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean temperature trends due to anthropogenic forcing in a coupled climate model

[1] This study quantifies the impact of ENSO on the decadal predictability of tropical Indo‐Pacific Ocean trends in a very large ensemble of NCAR CCSM3 anthropogenically‐forced (A1B scenario) simulations, by decomposing upper ocean temperatures into “ENSO” and “non‐ENSO” variability. On decadal time scales, the ENSO pattern primarily contributes totheensemblespreadandhasatrendwhoseamplitudeisnot predictable.However,the non‐ENSOcomponentofthetrend has much smaller spread and is predictable after 10 years, much sooner than the total trend, which is predictable after 25 years. The non‐ENSO component of the trend explains 96% of the total trend and has a structure that is distinct from ENSO, including cooling in the South Pacific due to increased southeast trades, warming of the warm pool, and strengthening of the equatorial Pacific near‐surface temperature gradient superimposedupon a uniform warming. Citation: Solomon, A., and M. Newman (2011), Decadal predictability of tropical Indo‐Pacific Ocean temperature trends due to anthropogenic forcing in a coupled climate model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02703, doi:10.1029/2010GL045978.
Compact weakly symmetric spaces and spherical pairs

We prove that M. Kramer's classification of list of spherical pairs coincides with that for weakly symmetric spaces by examining the linear isotropy representation of the corresponding homogeneous space associated to each pair.
Performance Testing of the Astro-H Flight Model 3-stage ADR

Abstract The Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) is one of four instruments that will be flown on the Japanese Astro-H satellite, planned for launch in late 2015/early 2016. The SXS will perform imaging spectroscopy in the soft x-ray band using a 6x6 array of silicon microcalorimeters operated at 50 mK, cooled by an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR). NASA/GSFC is providing the detector array and ADR, and Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Inc. is providing the remainder of the cryogenic system (superfluid helium dewar (
Learning measurement models for unobserved variables

Observed associations in a database may be due in whole or part to variations in unrecorded ("latent") variables. Identifying such variables and their causal relationships with one another is a principal goal in many scientific and practical domains. Previous work shows that, given a partition of observed variables such that members of a class share only a single latent common cause, standard search algorithms for causal Bayes nets can infer structural relations between latent variables. We introduce an algorithm for discovering such partitions when they exist. Uniquely among available procedures, the algorithm is (asymptotically) correct under standard assumptions in causal Bayes net search algorithms, requires no prior knowledge of the number of latent variables, and does not depend on the mathematical form of the relationships among the latent variables. We evaluate the algorithm on a variety of simulated data sets.
Factors Affecting Foreign Investor Choice in Types of U.S. Real Estate

Using transaction level data, we present the first analysis of the way that foreign investors choose among different types of United States real estate. Our findings, based on the conditional logit...
Corruption and government size: A disaggregated analysis

Using annual state-level data over 1983–1987, this paper examines the effect of government size on corruption by public officials by including both demand and supply side incentives for engaging in corrupt practices. Our objectives are twofold. First, we assess the relationship between the incidence of corruption and overall measures of the size of the federal government and the state-local sector in each state. Second, we explore what kinds of government activities are more likely to be successful in deterring abuse of public office. Our results are generally supportive of Becker's “crime and punishment” model. Regarding the primary focus of the paper, our results show that government size, in particular spending by state governments, does indeed have a strong positive influence on corruption.
What's Powering Wind? The Role of Prices and Policies in Determining the Amount of Wind Energy Development in the United States (1994-2008)

This paper focuses on the role of electricity markets and renewable energy regulation in wind development across the United States. My findings, using a random effects Tobit model with a 25-state sample, from 1994-2008, indicate that the implementation of state Renewables Portfolio Standards (RPS), Green Power Purchase programs (GPP), and the Federal Production Tax Credit (PTC) positively influenced a state’s added wind capacity. The influence of GPP programs continued to increase in the years after implementation, while for RPS it diminished. Also, other programs such as State Loan and Grant programs directed at increasing renewable energy development have not had a significant impact on wind capacity. The role of market factors is less significant, although there is some evidence that increases in natural gas prices had a positive influence.
"Pollution Havens" and the Regulation of Multinationals by Multiple Governments

This paper develops a common agency model to analyze the strategic interaction between governments in regulating “dirty” multinational ...rms. These ...rms possess private information about the degree of pollution associated with their production technologies. The study shows that the strategic behavior between non-cooperative governments, as a result of asymmetric information, works against the “pollution haven” hypothesis. The paper highlights the importance of factors that can dominate environmental costs in a government’s welfare maximization decision rather than those in a ...rm’s pro...t maximization decision. The paper also draw implications on the empirical studies of the “pollution haven” hypothesis. JEL Classi...cation: H77, Q28, F23, D82
Physician Overtreatment and Undertreatment with Partial Delegation

The physician induced demand literature finds that doctors tend to overtreat patients for financial gain. We analyze this phenomenon when patients are rationally skeptical of doctor's motives and can reject a proposed treatment. We find the classic physician induced demand approach understates patient's welfare loss: treatment on average is excessive but also less medically appropriate, and the latter effect may dominate. Inappropriate treatment arises from the doctor's strategic misdiagnosis to forestall rejection, but this problem can be attenuated by insurance which better aligns incentives and improves communication. We resolve an open question in the partial delegation literature by showing that a generalization of the Krishna and Morgan (2001) equilibrium is the most informative equilibrium that survives the intuitive criterion in a setting that nests both our and their model.
The Role of Trust in Knowledge Acquisition: Results from Field Experiments in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Ecuadorian farmers do not play the investment game (Berg, Dickhaut and McCabe 1995) the same with community farmers as they do with agricultural technicians. Women exhibit a preference for trust in agricultural technicians (vertical trust). Using experimental and survey data from 191 farmers we examine factors associated with 1) farmer trust in community members, 2) farmer trust in agricultural technicians, and 3) differences between levels of trust in agricultural technicians and community farmers. Then we explore how our measures of trust correlate with pesticide knowledge. Farmers who place more trust in community farmers score lower on our pesticide knowledge exam. We find that farmers who exhibit a preference for trusting agricultural technicians score higher on our pesticide knowledge exam.
Developing countries' participation in the World Trade Organization

In the 1960s and 1970s developing countries viewed UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade & Development) rather than the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade) as the main institution through which to promote their interests in international trade. But beginning with the Uruguay Round in the mid-1980s, their attitude changed, many more of them became members of the GATT, and a significant number played an active role in negotiations. The author analyzes developing countries' representation and participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) as of mid-1997 to determine how developing countries can effectively promote their interests and discharge their responsibilities under the rules and agreements of the new organization. He concludes that although many developing countries are actively participating in the new process, more than half of the developing countries that are members of the WTO participate little more than they did in the early 1980s and have not increased their staffing, despite the vastly greater complexity of issues and obligations. Institutional weaknesses at home are the main constraints to effective participation and representation of their interests at the WTO. To make their participation more effective, he recommends that the developing countries establish adequately staffed WTO missions based in Geneva; failing that, pooling their resources and representation in Geneva; and being sure to pay their dues, which are typically small. He also recommends that the international community place higher priority on programs of assistance in support of institutional development of poorer countries aimed at enhancing their capacity to participate in the international trading system and the WTO -- and that the WTO review its internal rules and procedures to ensure that inadvertently they do not make developing countries participation more difficult.
An empirical model of inventory investment by durable commodity intermediaries

Abstract This paper introduces a new detailed dataset of high-frequency observations on inventory investment by a U.S. steel wholesaler. Our analysis of these data leads to six main conclusions: orders and sales are made infrequently; orders are more volatile than sales; order sizes vary considerably; there is substantial high-frequency variation in the firm's sales prices; inventory/sales ratios are unstable; and there are occasional stockouts. We model the firm generically as a durable commodity intermediary that engages in commodity price speculation. We demonstrate that the firm's inventory investment behavior at the product level is well-approximated by an optimal trading strategy from the solution to a nonlinear dynamic programming problem with two continuous state variables and one continuous control variable that is subject to frequently binding inequality constraints. We show that the optimal trading strategy is a generalized (S, s) rule. That is, whenever the firm's inventory level q falls below the order threshold s(p), the firm places an order of size S(p) − q in order to attain a target inventory level S(p) satisfying S(p) ≥ s(p), where p is the current spot price at which the firm can purchase unlimited amounts of the commodity after incurring a fixed order cost K. We show that the (S, s) bands are decreasing functions of p, capturing the basic intuition of commodity price speculation, namely, that it is optimal for the firm to hold higher inventories when the spot price is low than when it is high in order to profit from “buying low and selling high.” We simulate a calibrated version of this model and show that the simulated data exhibit the key features of inventory investment we observe in the data.
How Does Uncertainty Resolution Affect VC Syndication

We use the external certification due to the FDA 510(k) clearance process in the medical device industry as a natural experiment and analyze the dynamics of the syndicate formation of venture capital (VC) firms under various levels of uncertainty. We test several nonmutually exclusive hypotheses on project selection, second opinion, collusion, and diversi fication. Our results suggest that FDA 510(k) clearance serves as an outside certification and reduces uncertainty leading to greater amounts of capital flowing into the company from a larger group of investors. Our results also suggest that experienced VC firms are able to identify promising projects early on without the need for external 510(k) certification or second opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Tax compliance perceptions and formalization of small businesses in south Africa

This paper is based on large-scale surveys of formal and informal small businesses in South Africa, including questions about their experiences and perceptions about tax compliance, tax morale, and related variables. The survey findings suggest that formalization is more likely to take place in urban areas, involving relatively larger firms, and those who already use proper bookkeeping. Informal firms who said they were likely to register for tax in the near future were more likely than other informal firms to report higher satisfaction with government services, and to believe most businesses pay their taxes. The most-cited advantages of being registered for tax included better access to government services, better access to financing, and better opportunities for growth.
Analysis of Preprocessors and Decision AIDS in Organizations

Abstract The use of preprocessors and decision aids in command, control and communication (C 3 ) systems is meant to reduce the workload of individual decisionmakers and improve the quality of an organization's decisionmaking. An information theoretic framework is used to model the decision aids. Thus, it becomes possible to evaluate quantitatively the effect a decision aid has on the workload of a decisionmaker and to derive necessary conditions that preprocessors (a generic form of decision aids) must satisfy in order that they reduce the human's workload.
Quasiclassical Approach to Ionization of Atoms by Strong Laser Pulses: Comparison with the “Simpleman’s” Models and Newtonian Dynamics

The current paper is a continuation of our previous paper [1], in which we proposed to study electron-electron correlations in the quasiclassical model of Kirschbaum and Wilets (also called Fermi Molecular Dynamics (FMD)) [2] with respect to multipho-ton ionization. This model has been already implemented in the paper of Wasson and Koonin [3] for the study of multiphoton ionization rates for multielectron atoms. In the present paper we provide the comparison between quasiclassical FMD and purely classical models for multiphoton ionization. Here, we concentrate on the second simplest quantum system, the He atom.
The acquisition and commercialization of invention in American manufacturing: Incidence and impact

Abstract Recent accounts suggest the development and commercialization of invention has become more “open.” Greater division of labor between inventors and innovators can enhance social welfare through gains from trade and economies of specialization. Moreover, this extensive reliance upon outside sources for invention also suggests that understanding the factors that condition the extramural supply of inventions to innovators is crucial to understanding the determinants of the rate and direction of innovative activity. This paper reports on a recent survey of over 5000 American manufacturing sector firms on the extent to which innovators rely upon external sources of invention. Our results indicate that, between 2007 and 2009, 16% of manufacturing firms had innovated–meaning had introduced a product that was new to the industry. Of these, 49% report that their most important new product had originated from an outside source, notably customers, suppliers and technology specialists (i.e., universities, independent inventors and R&D contractors). We also compare the contribution of each source to innovation in the US economy. Although customers are the most common outside source, inventions acquired from technology specialists tend to be the more economically significant in term of their gross commercial value. As a group, external sources of invention make a significant contribution to the overall rate of innovation in the economy. Innovation policies, both public and private, should pay careful attention to the external supply of invention, and the efficiency of the mechanisms affecting the relationships between inventors and innovators.
THE MAXIMALITY OF THE CORE MODEL

Our main results are: 1) every countably certified extender that coheres with the core model K is on the extender sequence of K, 2) K computes successors of weakly compact cardinals correctly, 3) every model on the maximal 1-small construction is an iterate of K, 4) (joint with W. J. Mitchell) K‖κ is universal for mice of height ≤ κ whenever κ ≥ א2, 5) if there is a κ such that κ is either a singular countably closed cardinal or a weakly compact cardinal, and <ω κ fails, then there are inner models with Woodin cardinals, and 6) an ω-Erdos cardinal suffices to develop the basic theory of K.
Dynamic policy management on business performance management architecture

Business performance management (BPM) is a new approach for an enterprise to improve their capabilities for sensing and responding to business situations. In a diverse and fast-changing business environment, an enterprise needs to adapt itself to any unexpected changes. For BPM, such changes imply changes of the models and services that support BPM. This paper discusses an implementation of BPM with the focus on dynamically adapting its services. We will present the motivation, concept and architecture of the dynamic change mechanisms. First we define a set of configurations as a policy, and also define its consistency through an application context. Then we propose an architectural overview including a policy management service as an implementation of consistency management.
Microarcsecond Astrometric Interferometry

A small astrometric optical interferometer, Mini-POINTS, which would fit fully assembled in about one-third of the Shuttle bay, could measure the angle between stars about 90° apart. For 10th magnitude stars, an observation time of about 20 minutes would yield a measurement uncertainty of 5 microarcseconds. When compared to an astrometric telescope of comparable size which observes the same target for the same period of time, such an interferometer would achieve a greater accuracy by two to three orders of magnitude. Five design criteria lead to an instrument that achieves high precision by employing photon statistics for fringe splitting and achieves high accuracy by means of continuous internal metrology with laser interferometers. The high throughput of Mini-POINTS permits a mission design that addresses a wide variety of scientific questions.
Context-dependent selection of visuomotor maps

Behavior results from the integration of ongoing sensory signals and contextual information in various forms, such as past experience, expectations, current goals, etc. Thus, the response to a specific stimulus, say the ringing of a doorbell, varies depending on whether you are at home or in someone else's house. What is the neural basis of this flexibility? What mechanism is capable of selecting, in a context-dependent way an adequate response to a given stimulus? One possibility is based on a nonlinear neural representation in which context information regulates the gain of stimulus-evoked responses. Here I explore the properties of this mechanism. By means of three hypothetical visuomotor tasks, I study a class of neural network models in which any one of several possible stimulus-response maps or rules can be selected according to context. The underlying mechanism based on gain modulation has three key features: (1) modulating the sensory responses is equivalent to switching on or off different subpopulations of neurons, (2) context does not need to be represented continuously, although this is advantageous for generalization, and (3) context-dependent selection is independent of the discriminability of the stimuli. In all cases, the contextual cues can quickly turn on or off a sensory-motor map, effectively changing the functional connectivity between inputs and outputs in the networks. The modulation of sensory-triggered activity by proprioceptive signals such as eye or head position is regarded as a general mechanism for performing coordinate transformations in vision. The present results generalize this mechanism to situations where the modulatory quantity and the input-output relationships that it selects are arbitrary. The model predicts that sensory responses that are nonlinearly modulated by arbitrary context signals should be found in behavioral situations that involve choosing or switching between multiple sensory-motor maps. Because any relevant circumstancial information can be part of the context, this mechanism may partly explain the complex and rich behavioral repertoire of higher organisms.
Heating and generation of suprathermal particles at collisionless shocks

Collisionless plasma shocks are different from ordinary collisional fluid shocks in several important respects. They do not in general heat the electrons and ions equally, nor do they produce Maxwellian velocity distributions downstream. Furthermore, they commonly generate suprathermal particles which propagate into the upstream region, giving advance warning of the presence of the shock and providing a ‘‘seed’’ population for further acceleration to high energies. Recent space observations and theory have revealed a great deal about the heating mechanisms which occur in collisionless shocks and about the origin of the various suprathermal particle populations which are found in association with them. An overview of the present understanding of these subjects is presented herein.
New constructions for UC secure computation using tamper-proof hardware

The Universal Composability framework was introduced by Canetti to study the security of protocols which are concurrently executed with other protocols in a network environment. Unfortunately it was shown that in the so called plain model, a large class of functionalities cannot be securely realized. These severe impossibility results motivated the study of other models involving some sort of setup assumptions, where general positive results can be obtained. Until recently, all the setup assumptions which were proposed required some trusted third party (or parties). Katz recently proposed using a physical setup to avoid such trusted setup assumptions. In his model, the physical setup phase includes the parties exchanging tamper proof hardware tokens implementing some functionality. The tamper proof hardware is modeled so as to assume that the receiver of the token can do nothing more than observe its input/output characteristics. It is further assumed that the sender knows the program code of the hardware token which it distributed. Based on the DDH assumption, Katz gave general positive results for universally composable multi-party computation tolerating any number of dishonest parties making this model quite attractive. In this paper, we present new constructions for UC secure computation using tamper proof hardware (in a stronger model). Our results represent an improvement over the results of Katz in several directions using substantially different techniques. Interestingly, our security proofs do not rely on being able to rewind the hardware tokens created by malicious parties. This means that we are able to relax the assumptions that the parties know the code of the hardware token which they distributed. This allows us to model real life attacks where, for example, a party may simply pass on the token obtained from one party to the other without actually knowing its functionality. Furthermore, our construction models the interaction with the tamper-resistant hardware as a simple request-reply protocol. Thus, we show that the hardware tokens used in our construction can be resettable. In fact, it suffices to use token which are completely stateless (and thus cannot execute a multiround protocol). Our protocol is also based on general assumptions (namely enhanced trapdoor permutations).
“No Way Out” : The Lack of Efficient Insolvency Regimes in the MENA Region

This paper provides a comparative summary of the payout phase of insolvency systems in the MENA Region. Countries in the region generally have weaker restructuring and liquidation systems than those in most other regions. The paper summarizes many of the weaknesses common across the region.
Teleoperated and automatic nanomanipulation systems using atomic force microscope probes

Nanomanipulation as a new emerging area enables to change, interact and control the nanoscale phenomenon precisely. In this paper, teleoperated and automatic control strategies for atomic force microscope (AFM) probe based nanomanipulation applications are introduced. Teleoperated touching to silicon surfaces at the nanoscale is realized using a scaled bilateral force-reflecting servo type teleoperation control with custom-made 1 d.o.f. haptic device and AFM system. 1-D nanoforce sensing on the operator's finger is achieved during vertical or horizontal motion of the AFM probe tip on surfaces. Then, automatic constant height and force control strategies are introduced for pushing nanoparticles and indenting soft, surfaces. 14 nm radius gold nanoparticles are successfully positioned with few nanometers resolution, and wax surface is indented with a conical AFM tip. Finally, major nanoscale control challenges are reported.
USEFUL SPACEBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADARS

Synthetic aperture radar, nearly three decades after its conception, is about to bear fruit as a potentially powerful tool for exploring the earth from space. Substantial literature now exists describing many of the potential applications of SAR. Ocean waves, ice and current boundaries, geological formations, soil moisture and cities represent a partial list of features or phenomena which yield new information when actively stimulated with microwaves. A number of civilian spacecraft now exist or are in the planning stage in which synthetic aperture radar is expected to play a key role. One might conclude from this rash of activity that the sensor problems are solved, and that spaceborne SAR is about to enter the mature operational phase of its evolution. This is not the case, however, for a number of reasons. Spacebome SAR's place imposing requirements on present technology in many areas. This paper attempts to summarize the fundamental design parameters of the radar system which have a major influence on image quality, and which must receive increased attention as spaceborne SAR systems evolve toward useful remote sensors.
Disruption of Thermally-Stable Nanoscale Grain Structures by Strain Localization

Nanocrystalline metals with average grain sizes of only a few nanometers have recently been observed to fail through the formation of shear bands. Here, we investigate this phenomenon in nanocrystalline Ni which has had its grain structure stabilized by doping with W, with a specific focus on understanding how strain localization drives evolution of the nanoscale grain structure. Shear banding was initiated with both microcompression and nanoindentation experiments, followed by site-specific transmission electron microscopy to characterize the microstructure. Grain growth and texture formation were observed inside the shear bands, which had a wide variety of thicknesses. These evolved regions have well-defined edges, which rules out local temperature rise as a possible formation mechanism. No structural evolution was found in areas away from the shear bands, even in locations where significant plastic deformation had occurred, showing that plastic strain alone is not enough to cause evolution. Rather, intense strain localization is needed to induce mechanically-driven grain growth in a thermally-stable nanocrystalline alloy.
Efficient Allocations in a Dynamic Moral Hazard Economy

I analyze the implications of moral hazard in dynamic economy with production. In particular, I add agency frictions to a benchmark stochastic growth model, by assuming that firms observe output but hours worked and productivity are unobservable. I cast the problem as a continuous time principal agent model and study the contracting problem that results. I solve for the optimal contract using some recent results on the validity of the first-order approach in continuous time, which makes the analysis tractable. I show that the dynamic agency frictions introduce both a "labor wedge" which distorts the allocation of labor within a period and an "intertemporal wedge" distorting the allocation of consumption over time. I analyze the quantitative importance of moral hazard in this economy for consumption and output dynamics and asset prices.
Relational Desires and Empirical Evidence against Psychological Egoism

: Roughly, psychological egoism is the thesis that all of a person's intentional actions are ultimately self-interested in some sense; psychological altruism is the thesis that some people's intentional actions are ultimately other-regarding in some sense. C. Daniel Batson and other social psychologists have argued that there are experiments that provide support for a theory called the ‘empathy-altruism hypothesis’, which entails the falsity of psychological egoism. However, several critics claim that there are egoistic explanations of the data that are still not ruled out. One of the most potent criticisms of Batson comes from Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson. I argue for two main theses in this paper: (1) we can improve on Sober and Wilson's conception of psychological egoism and altruism, and (2) this improvement shows that one of the strongest of Sober and Wilson's purportedly egoistic explanations is not tenable. A defense of these two theses goes some way toward defending Batson's claim that the evidence from social psychology provides sufficient reason to reject psychological egoism.
Indonesia - Labor market policies and international competitiveness

Indonesia's labor market in the 1990s is characterized by rising labor costs, reduced worker productivity, and increasing industrial unrest. The main problem is generous, centrally mandated, but unenforceable worker benefits. Legislation encouraging enterprise-level collective bargaining might help reduce some of the costs associated with worker unrest. Indonesia's labor market in the 1990s is characterized by rising labor costs, reduced worker productivity, and increasing industrial unrest. The main problem is generous, centrally mandated, but unenforceable worker benefits. Legislation encouraging enterprise-level collective bargaining might help reduce some of the costs associated with worker unrest. Policy measures Indonesia adopted in 1986 led to a boom in manufacturing exports and foreign direct investment and put Indonesia on the path to rapid export-oriented, labor-intensive growth. In the second half of the 1980s, because of abundant cheap labor, real labor costs did not rise but worker productivity did, partly through improved education and training of the workforce. There are increasing signs that in the early 1990s Indonesia's competitiveness is being eroded by several factors: rising labor costs, low worker productivity, and increasing industrial unrest. One problem is generous, centrally mandated benefits, detailed in the new social security law. The estimated cost of the government-mandated benefits package would be a hefty 12 percent of the wage bill. The other problem is that the government has greatly limited organized labor, viewing it as a threat to political and economic stability. This approach of mandating benefits centrally through legislation without empowering workers to enforce compliance with the legislation (or negotiate their own benefits packages with employers) is beginning to strain industrial relations in Indonesia. Policymakers should consider allowing effective, democratic plant-level worker organizations. Legislation to encourage collective bargaining at the enterprise level would enable workers and managers to negotiate outcomes that might improve worker productivity. Improving dispute resolution mechanisms and the workers` ability to be heard in the workplace could reduce the incidence of illegal or wildcat strikes. But more than legislative changes are needed. Changes in approaches to industrial relations, deregulation, and increased competition in product markets could make unions' roles more positive, while limiting their negative role. This paper - a product of the Office of the Vice President, Development Economics - was prepared as a background paper for World Development Report 1995 on labor.
Further evidence for the planet around 51 Pegasi

The discovery1 of a planet around the solar-type star 51 Pegasi marked a watershed in the search for extrasolar planets. Since then, seven other planets have been discovered2,3,4,5,6, of which several have surprisingly short orbital periods, like the planet around 51 Peg. These planets were detected using the indirect technique of measuring variations in the Doppler shifts of lines in the spectra of the primary stars. But it is possible that regular oscillations of the stars themselves (or other effects) could mimic the signature of the planets, particularly the short-period planets. The apparent lack of spectral7 and brightness8 variations, however, led to widespread acceptance that there is a planet around 51 Peg. This conclusion was challenged by the observation9 of systematic variations in the line shapes of 51 Peg, which suggest stellar oscillations10. If these observations are correct, then there is no need to invoke a planet around 51 Peg to explain the data. Here we report observations of 51 Peg at a much higher spectral resolution than those in ref. 9, in which we find no evidence for systematic changes in the line shapes. The data are most consistent with a planetary companion to 51 Peg.
Prosecutorial Inconsistency, Estoppel and Due Process: Making the Prosecution Get Its Story Straight

In a surprisingly large number of criminal cases, the prosecution advances inconsistent positions on a common set of facts in separate proceedings. For example, in a number of cases where two defendants were charged with capital murder and the victim died as a result of a single gun shot, the prosecution has argued in separate proceedings that each of the two defendants fired the fatal shot. The prosecution not only argued for conviction on the basis that the particular defendant on trial shot the victim, but also, the prosecution argued for the death sentence, emphasizing the defendant's role as the shooter. Using these inconsistent arguments, the prosecution obtained convictions and death sentences for both defendants. Unfortunately, the law has no defined response to this problem. This Article argues that the prosecution should be prohibited from exploiting inconsistent positions in separate proceedings, suggesting that prosecutorial inconsistency violates the defendant's right to due process. The Article explores approaches to controlling such prosecutorial inconsistency and suggests adapting the law of party admissions, collateral estoppel and judicial estoppel to preclude the prosecution from advancing such inconsistent positions. Finally, the Article details the due process analysis the courts should apply when the inconsistency is discovered after conviction, providing relief to defendants unless the prosecution can demonstrate that there is no reasonable possibility that the inconsistent position influenced the outcome.
Model theory of partial differential fields: From commuting to noncommuting derivations

McGrail (2000) has shown the existence of a model completion for the universal theory of fields on which a finite number of commuting derivations act and, independently, Yaffe (2001) has shown the existence of a model completion for the univeral theory of fields on which a fixed Lie algebra acts as derivations. We show how to derive the second result from the first.
Structural Dynamics of Cognition: From Consistency Theories to Constraint Satisfaction

We first offer a brief review of the history of cognitive consistency theories in social psychology. After promising beginnings as an outgrowth of Gestalt theory, early consistency theories failed to yield a general account of the mechanisms by which attitudes are formed and decisions are made. However over the past decade the principles underlying consistency theories have been revived in the form of connectionist models of constraint satisfaction. We then review experimental work on complex legal decision making that illustrates how constraint satisfaction mechanisms can cause coherence shifts, thereby transforming ambiguous inputs into coherent decisions.
Theory of Coulomb Excitation and Ionization

In 1913, Chadwick first described how alpha particles from radioactive sources could produce characteristic x rays in various elemental atomic targets. It was soon understood that these x rays herald the decay of target atoms following their excitation by the time-varying Coulomb field of the swift alpha particles which produce inner-shell vacancies in inelastic collisions.1 The terms “Coulomb excitation” and “Coulomb ionization” are used in these lectures to describe the production of inner-shell vacancies by the impact of relatively light ions (charge Z1e) on target atoms with nuclear charge Z2e, generally under “asymmetric” conditions, when Z1 ≪ Z2. The distinction between Coulomb excitation and ionization refers, strictly speaking, to the final electronic state of the target atom (neutral or ionized), but the term “Coulomb excitation” will in these lectures be used generically to refer to inelastic collisions which lead to inner-shell vacancies. The symbol K will be used to refer to any inner shell, unless there is a need to specify a particular atomic shell. Thus, σK denotes the cross section for production of an inner-shell vacancy. The filling of such vacancies by decay through x-ray or Auger-electron emission is the subject of other articles in this volume.2
Status of the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System at NSTX

The Experimental Physics Industrial Control System (EPICS) is a set of software which is being used as the basis of the National Spherical Torus Experiment's (NSTX) Process Control System, a major element of the NSTX's Central Instrumentation and Control System. EPICS is a result of a co-development effort started by several U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratories. EPICS is actively supported through an international collaboration made up of government and industrial users. EPICS's good points include portability, scalability, and extensibility. A drawback for small experiments is that a wide range of software skills are necessary to get the software tools running for the process engineers. Our experience in designing, developing operating and maintaining NSTX's EPICS (system) will he reviewed.
Medical Fruits of Labor

My grandfather's death made a profound impact on my life personally and professionally. Our family was able to share in his last joyous days thanks to a caring physician who first suggested palliative care. During these final days in which friends and family said their goodbyes, I realized as a medical student the immense impact we as healthcare workers truly make in our patients' lives. Reflections on palliative care, faith, medicine, and death following this experience influenced my formation as a Catholic, grandson, and as a physician in training. Lay summary: This article describes the personal experience of a medical student who witnesses the final days of his grandfather's life. Life, death, faith, palliative care, and the impact of physicians on families during these times is the subject of his reflection following his grandfather's death.
Optimal Supernova Search Strategies

Recent use of Type Ia supernovae to measure acceleration of the universe has motivated questions regarding their optimal use to constrain cosmological parameters Ω M , ΩΛ and ω Q . In this work we address the question: what is the optimal distribution of supernovae in redshift in order to best constrain the cosmological parameters? The solution to this problem is not only of theoretical interest, but can be useful in planning supernova searches. Using the Fisher matrix formalism we show that the error ellipsoid corresponding to N parameters (for N = 1, 2, 3) has the smallest volume if the supernovae are located at N discrete redshifts, with equal number of supernovae at each redshift and with one redshift always being the maximum one probed. Including marginalization over the “nuisance parameter” M changes this result only trivially.
Primordial magnetic fields from cosmological phase transitions

We study the generation of large scale primordial magnetic fields by a cosmological phase transition during the radiation dominated era. The setting is a theory of N charged scalar fields coupled to an abelian gauge field, that undergoes a phase transition at a critical temperature much larger than the electroweak scale. The dynamics after the transition features two distinct stages: a spinodal regime dominated by linear long-wavelength instabilities, and a scaling stage in which the non-linearities and backreaction of the scalar fields are dominant. This second stage describes the growth of horizon sized domains. We implement a formulation based on the non-equilibrium Schwinger-Dyson equations to obtain the spectrum of magnetic fields that includes the dissipative effects of the plasma. We find that large scale magnetogenesis is efficient during the scaling regime. Charged scalar field fluctuations with wavelengths of the order of the Hubble radius induce large scale magnetogenesis via loop effects. The leading processes are: pair production, pair annihilation and low energy bremsstrahlung, these processes while forbidden in equilibrium are allowed strongly out of equilibrium. The ratio between the energy density on scales larger than L and that in the background radiation r(L,T) = ρB(L,T)/ρcmb(T) is r(L,T) ~ 10−34 at the Electroweak scale and r(L,T) ~ 10−14 at the QCD scale for L ~ 1 Mpc. The resulting spectrum is insensitive to the magnetic diffusion length and equipartition between electric and magnetic fields does not hold. We conjecture that a similar mechanism could be operative after the QCD chiral phase transition.
Learning levels and gaps in Pakistan

The authors report on a survey of primary public and private schools in rural Pakistan with a focus on student achievement as measured through test scores. Absolute learning is low compared with curricular standards and international norms. Tested at the end of the third grade, a bare majority had mastered the K-I mathematics curriculum and 31 percent could correctly form a sentence with the word "school" in the vernacular (Urdu). As in high-income countries, bivariate comparisons show that higher learning is associated with household wealth and parental literacy. In sharp contrast to high-income countries, these gaps decrease dramatically in a multivariate regression once differences between children in the same school are looked at. Consequently, the largest gaps are between schools. The gap in English test scores between government and private schools, for instance, is 12 times the gap between children from rich and poor families. To contextualize these results within a broader South Asian context, the authors use data from public schools in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. Levels of learning and the structure of the educational gaps are similar in the two samples. As in Pakistan, absolute learning is low and the largest gaps are between schools: the gap between good and bad government schools, for instance, is 5 times the gap between children with literate and illiterate mothers.
On a Modified DeGroot-Friedkin model of opinion dynamics

This paper studies the opinion dynamics that result when individuals consecutively discuss a sequence of issues. Specifically, we study how individuals' self-confidence levels evolve via a reflected appraisal mechanism. Motivated by the DeGroot-Friedkin model, we propose a Modified DeGroot-Friedkin model which allows individuals to update their self-confidence levels by only interacting with their neighbors and in particular, the modified model allows the update of self-confidence levels to take place in finite time without waiting for the opinion process to reach a consensus on any particular issue. We study properties of this Modified DeGroot-Friedkin model and compare the associated equilibria and stability with those of the original DeGroot-Friedkin model. Specifically, for the case when the interaction matrix is doubly stochastic, we show that for the modified model, the vector of individuals' self-confidence levels converges to a unique nontrivial equilibrium which for each individual is equal to 1 over n, where n is the number of individuals. This implies that eventually individuals reach a democratic state.