cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote Substitution on N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Heightens the Catalytic Reactivity of Their Palladium Complexes

A new series of exceptionally bulky N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands is based on 1,3-bis-2′,6′-diisopropylphenylimidazol-2-ylidene (IPr), through substitution of large groups at the para (4′) position of the aryl rings. π-Cinnamylpalladium chloride complexes with these ligands are precatalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling. Large triarylmethyl substituents at the 4′ position of the NHC give significantly greater catalyst activity. Although the %Vbur parameter has been proposed as a general measure of the size of bulky ligands, the sterically induced enhancement of the catalytic rate does not correlate with the %Vbur parameter; instead, solid angles are more useful in quantifying the differences between ligands because they account for bulk more distant from the metal. Overall, these results show that the use of distant steric hindrance can have a distinct positive influence on catalytic ability.
The Changing Modes of Data in Recent Research

Using two overlapping samples of articles from the JEL 1970–74 data base, the authors analyse the distribution of economics articles among the subfields, the changes in the distribution 1970–74, and the importance of empirical data generally and by subfield. There is also a casual examination of the quality of empirical data used.
Toward authenticated caller ID transmission: The need for a standardized authentication scheme in Q.731.3 calling line identification presentation

The rising prevalence of phone fraud is hurting consumers and businesses. With about a half million reports each year in the United States, phone fraud complaints have more than doubled since 2013. In the current calling line identification presentation scheme, the caller ID is trivially spoofed. Scammers are using spoofed caller IDs to trick their victims into answering unwanted calls and further a variety of scams. To provide a solution to this problem, this paper proposes an authentication scheme that provides the possibility of a security indicator for the current Q.731.3 calling line identification presentation supplementary service. The goal of this proposal is to help prevent users from falling victim to phone impersonation scams, as well as provide a foundation for future defenses to stop unwanted calls based on the caller ID information. This work will help to guide the future development of a standardized scheme in authenticating SS7 identities.
Tunable Lubricin-mimetics for Boundary Lubrication of Cartilage

The glycoprotein lubricin is the primary boundary lubricant of articular cartilage. Its boundary lubricating abilities arise from two key structural features: i) a dense mucin-like domain consisting of hydrophilic oligosaccharides and ii) an end terminus that anchors the molecule to articulating surfaces. When bound, lubricin molecules attract and trap water near a surface, reducing friction and facilitating glide. Synthetic analogues were previously created to mimic lubricin using thiol-terminated polyacrylic acid-graft-polyethylene glycol (pAA-g-PEG) brush copolymers. The PEG moiety was designed to mimic the mucin-like domain of lubricin and the thiol-terminus was designed to anchor the molecules to cartilage surfaces, mimicking the binding domain. In this study, these synthetic lubricin-mimetics were bound to gold-coated surfaces to characterize the relationship between the polymers' molecular architecture and their lubricating capacity. A library of nine copolymer brushes was synthesized using different sizes of pAA and PEG. Larger molecular weight polymers created smoother, more densely covered surfaces (p < 0.05). Additionally, the hydrodynamic sizes of the polymers in solution were correlated with their lubricating abilities (p < 0.05). Friction coefficients of cartilage against polymer-treated gold surfaces were lower than cartilage against untreated surfaces (Δμeq = − 0.065 ± 0.050 to − 0.093 ± 0.045, p < 0.05).
Depression as an independent predictor of postoperative delirium in spine deformity patients undergoing elective spine surgery

OBJECTIVE Depression is the most prevalent affective disorder in the US, and patients with spinal deformity are at increased risk. Postoperative delirium has been associated with inferior surgical outcomes, including morbidity and mortality. The relationship between depression and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing spine surgery is relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if depression is an independent risk factor for the development of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing decompression and fusion for deformity. METHODS The medical records of 923 adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) undergoing elective spine surgery at a single major academic institution from 2005 through 2015 were reviewed. Of these patients, 255 (27.6%) patients had been diagnosed with depression by a board-certified psychiatrist and constituted the Depression group; the remaining 668 patients constituted the No-Depression group. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and intra- and postoperative complication rates were collected for each patient and compared between groups. The primary outcome investigated in this study was rate of postoperative delirium, according to DSM-V criteria, during initial hospital stay after surgery. The association between depression and postoperative delirium rate was assessed via multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Patient demographics and comorbidities other than depression were similar in the 2 groups. In the Depression group, 85.1% of the patients were taking an antidepressant prior to surgery. There were no significant between-group differences in intraoperative variables and rates of complications other than delirium. Postoperative complication rates were also similar between the cohorts, including rates of urinary tract infection, fever, deep and superficial surgical site infection, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, urinary retention, and proportion of patients transferred to the intensive care unit. In total, 66 patients (7.15%) had an episode of postoperative delirium, with depressed patients experiencing approximately a 2-fold higher rate of delirium (10.59% vs 5.84%). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, depression was an independent predictor of postoperative delirium after spine surgery in spinal deformity patients (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that depression is an independent risk factor for postoperative delirium after elective spine surgery. Further studies are necessary to understand the effects of affective disorders on postoperative delirium, in hopes to better identify patients at risk.
The Fracture Resistance of Brittle Matrix Composites

The fracture resistance of brittle matrix composites has been examined through a combination of experimental and modelling studies. R-curve measurements on both fiber-reinforced and metal-reinforced composites have been correlated with models of crack bridging. An important feature of the measurements and calculations is the strong influence of specimen size on the apparent fracture resistance. The influence of other geometric effects is also discussed.
“Mi Historia Familiar Es Sencilla” (My Family History Is Simple)”: Testimonio in the New Latino Diaspora

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we share the testimonio of Santana, an immigrant from rural Mexico, who explained the ways that she navigates her life and raises her children as a Latina immigrant woman here in the southeastern United States. Our inquiry is guided by analysis of ethnographic interviews conducted with Santana over a period of three years. We argue that Santana saw these interviews as an opportunity to share testimonios—embodied life stories that bear witness to a history of social injustice. Testimonio centralizes marginalized knowledge and documents a collective experience of injustice via an individual narrative. Santana’s testimonio underscores the complex ways that Latina migrants draw from embodied experiences to resist oppression and sobrevivir, a verb that implies not only enduring, but moving forward with knowledge, power, self-confidence, and creativity. We argue that her testimonio disrupts the power relations embedded in the traditional hierarchy between the researcher and the research p...
Global change in streamflow extremes under climate change over the 21st century

Abstract. Global warming is expected to intensify the Earth's hydrological cycle and increase flood and drought risks. Changes over the 21st century under two warming scenarios in different percentiles of the probability distribution of streamflow, and particularly of high and low streamflow extremes (95th and 5th percentiles), are analyzed using an ensemble of bias-corrected global climate model (GCM) fields fed into different global hydrological models (GHMs) provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP) to understand the changes in streamflow distribution and simultaneous vulnerability to different types of hydrological risk in different regions. In the multi-model mean under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, 37 % of global land areas experience an increase in magnitude of extremely high streamflow (with an average increase of 24.5 %), potentially increasing the chance of flooding in those regions. On the other hand, 43 % of global land areas show a decrease in the magnitude of extremely low streamflow (average decrease of 51.5 %), potentially increasing the chance of drought in those regions. About 10 % of the global land area is projected to face simultaneously increasing high extreme streamflow and decreasing low extreme streamflow, reflecting the potentially worsening hazard of both flood and drought; further, these regions tend to be highly populated parts of the globe, currently holding around 30 % of the world's population (over 2.1 billion people). In a world more than 4° warmer by the end of the 21st century compared to the pre-industrial era (RCP8.5 scenario), changes in magnitude of streamflow extremes are projected to be about twice as large as in a 2° warmer world (RCP2.6 scenario). Results also show that inter-GHM uncertainty in streamflow changes, due to representation of terrestrial hydrology, is greater than the inter-GCM uncertainty due to simulation of climate change. Under both forcing scenarios, there is high model agreement for increases in streamflow of the regions near and above the Arctic Circle, and consequent increases in the freshwater inflow to the Arctic Ocean, while subtropical arid areas experience a reduction in streamflow.
Method for the derivatization of organic compounds at the sub-nanomole level with reagent vapor

A method for the micro-derivatization of organic compounds has been developed especially adapted for gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) or fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS). Single or multistep reactions can be carried out at the sub-nanomole level using the necessary reagents in the vapor phase. Examples are the per-trifluoroacetylation of a mixture of glucose, mannose and galactose, for GCMS and the conversion of a pentapeptide (Leu-enkephalin) to a derivative with a quaternary ammonium group attached to the C-terminal amino acid for FABMS. The collision induced mass spectrum of the cation generated by FABMS is significantly different from that of the protonated molecular ion of the underivatized peptide. The major advantages of the procedure are the elimination of losses by surface adsorption, of contamination of the sample and ability to transfer all of the product into the mass spectrometer.
Spiraling Connectivity of NAc-VTA Circuitry.

How do nucleus accumbens (NAc) subdivisions shape information flow into distinct ventral tegmental area (VTA) subcircuits? Yang et al. (2018) provide insightful answers to this question by expanding our knowledge about the circuit architecture and function of reciprocal connectivity between NAc and VTA.
Optical imaging with a high-resolution microendoscope to identify sinonasal pathology.

Abstract Objectives High-resolution microendoscopy (HRME) is an optical imaging modality that allows real time imaging of epithelial tissue and structural changes within. We hypothesize that HRME, using proflavine, a contrast agent that preferentially stains cell nuclei and allows detection of cellular morphologic changes, can distinguish sinonasal pathology from uninvolved mucosa, potentially enabling real-time surgical margin differentiation. Study design Ex vivo imaging of histopathologically confirmed samples of sinonasal pathology and uninvolved, normal sinus epithelium. Setting Single tertiary-level institution. Subjects and methods Five inverted papillomas, one oncocytic papilloma, two uninvolved sinus epithelia specimens, and three inflammatory polyps were imaged ex vivo with HRME after surface staining with proflavine. Following imaging, the specimens were submitted for hematoxylin and eosin staining to allow histopathological correlation. Results Results show that sinonasal pathology and normal sinus epithelia have distinct HRME imaging characteristics. Schneiderian papilloma specimens show increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear crowding, and small internuclear separation, whereas normal sinus epithelia specimens show small, bright nuclei with dark cytoplasm and relatively large internuclear separation. Inflammatory polyps, however, have varying imaging characteristics, that resemble both Schneiderian papilloma and normal sinus epithelia. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of HRME imaging to discriminate sinonasal pathology from normal sinus epithelia. While the system performed well in the absence of inflammation, discrimination of inflamed tissue was inconsistent, creating a significant limitation for this application. Novel imaging systems such as HRME with alternative contrast agents may assist with real-time surgical margin differentiation, enabling complete surgical resection of inverted papilloma and reducing recurrence rates.
Traumatic Disorders of the Cervical Spine

The child’s cervical spine often presents a diagnostic dilemma. The presence of cervical growth plates, lack of complete ossification, unique developmental aspects, and hypermobility are causes of confusion in the interpretation of cervical radiographs in children with neck pain or stiffness [1]. Cervical spine radiographs in children are notoriously difficult to interpret. Lack of familiarity with normal growth and development and poorly positioned films make diagnosis difficult and can lead to problems in management [2].
Hormones and dietary factors controlling gene activation and expression in carcinogenesis.

The development of a malignant phenotype involves complex interactions among endogenous and environmental factors. Cellular transformation induced by radiation or chemical carcinogens proceeds through a set of cellular pathways initiated by localized changes in DNA and leading to an abnormal expression of altered cellular genes (3, 7, 18, 23, 28).
KOOS-JR Demonstrates Psychometric Limitations in Measuring Knee Health in Individuals After ACL Reconstruction.

Background:Measurement properties of the short form of the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS-JR) are not established in individuals after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ...
Lewis Pairs as Highly Tunable Dynamic Cross-Links in Transient Polymer Networks

Classical Lewis pairs (LPs) between unhindered electron-poor Lewis acids (LAs) and electron-rich Lewis bases (LBs) present an overlooked motif with tremendous potential as dynamic cross-links in tr...
Improving Exposure for Transoral Oropharyngeal Surgery with the Floor of Mouth Window: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study

Transoral robotic and laser surgery is rising in popularity due to the increasing incidence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) related oropharyngeal cancer. However, adequate exposure of the tongue base remains a major hurdle in many cases. This study introduces a novel surgical technique called the Floor of Mouth Window, which can be used to improve tongue base exposure at the time of transoral surgery. This is a preclinical anatomic cadaver study. Seven fresh cadavers were used for this study. Exposure of the tongue base was compared between conventional mouth gags – the Feyh-Kastenbauer and McIvor – and our novel procedure, the Floor of Mouth Window. Exposure was compared subjectively using endoscopic and extracorporeal photographs, as well as objective measurements of inter-incisor distance, and oral cavity volume. The exposure achieved by the Floor of Mouth Window technique was superior to the mouth gags. Inter-incisor distance and oral cavity volume measurements were all more favorable with the Floor of Mouth Window. This technique allowed for successful transoral laser tongue base and tonsil resection without the use of gags or scopes. The Floor of Mouth Window is an adjunctive procedure that simply and reliably improved exposure for transoral oropharyngeal surgery in this cadaveric feasibility study. This improved exposure may help increase the adoption of transoral surgery and reduce the number of aborted cases due to anatomic limitations.
Effects of polymer residue on the pull-in of suspended graphene

Graphene is an ideal candidate for building microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices because of its extraordinary electronic and mechanical properties. Some research has been done to study the MEMS pull-in phenomenon in suspended graphene, but no one has yet considered the effects of polymer residue. Polymer residue is an inevitable consequence when transferring polycrystalline graphene (PCG) grown using chemical vapor deposition, the most common graphene growth method. Polymer residue is also introduced when using photolithography to build MEMS devices. In this paper, the authors study the effects of polymer residue on the pull-in of suspended PCG ribbon devices and find that thick polymer residues cause a variation in pull-in voltage. However, after removing most of the polymer residue using a more abrasive chloroform treatment, the authors find that the graphene structure is no longer able to suspend itself as the graphene-substrate interaction energy becomes greater than the strain energy needed to conform graphene to the substrate. Therefore, polymer residue is found to cause variation in the pull-in voltage but is also found to help in graphene’s suspension at high length to displacement ratios.
Early Screening of DDH using SVM Classification

Treatment of Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH) becomes less convoluted if it is detected early. In this paper, an acoustic non-invasive data is used for detection of DDH. We investigate early detection of DDH using machine learning technique through support vector machine (SVM) technique. We use data from a proposed method that tested different simplified models of the hip joint. Models were stimulated with band-limited white acoustic noise (10-2500 Hz) and the response of the model was measured. We obtain phase, transfer function and coherence as features for different simulated hip dysplasia levels and for simulated normal cases. Results shows that linear SVM gives an overall accuracy of 79% for 4 class with an area under the curve (AUC) of.93 for the most dislocated hip joint in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
The impact of energy intensity, urbanisation, industrialisation, and income on CO2 emissions in South Africa: an ARDL bounds testing approach

We examine the dynamic short and long-run relationship between urbanisation, industrialisation, energy intensity, per capita GDP, and CO2 emissions in South Africa from 1970 to 2016. The Autoregressive Distributed Bounds Testing Approach (ARDL) is employed to calculate short-run and long-run relationships in the presence of structural breaks and the vector error correction model is applied to determine the direction of causality. The bounds tests suggest that the five variables are bound together in the long run when CO2 emission is the dependent variable and that urbanisation has the largest impact on CO2 emissions. Granger causality tests show a strong bidirectional causality among all the variables, with the exception of GDP and energy intensity where there is a strong unidirectional relationship running from energy intensity to GDP per capita. Our findings suggest that policymakers must develop comprehensive policies for mitigating CO2 emissions, particularly those that focus on managing rapid urbanisation.
Technical Challenges of Heart Avoidance for Synchronous Breast and Lung Cancers in a Postmenopausal Female: A Planning Case Report From a Safety-Net Hospital.

Abstract Synchronous breast and lung cancers are rare and pose technical challenges for radiotherapy management. We present the case of a 63-year-old asymptomatic female with synchronous left breast HER2-positive invasive ductal carcinoma and right upper lobe atypical carcinoid tumor.
Recurrent Multifocal Mycoplasma orale Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient: A Case Report and Review.

A young woman with mixed connective tissue disease complicated by erosive arthritis, secondary hypogammaglobulinemia due to rituximab, and a history of many infectious complications developed multiple nonhealing wounds, polyarticular joint pain, and leukocytosis. Radiographic studies demonstrated multiple scattered areas of osteomyelitis and complex abscesses. Purulent fluid drained from multiple sites did not yield a microbiologic diagnosis by standard culture technique, but Mycoplasma orale was ultimately identified using 16 S ribosomal RNA gene amplification and sequencing. We describe this unique case and review the literature.
Hydrogen Production by the Enterobacter cloacae Strain

Today, alternative and sustainable solutions are proposed to replace fossil fuels. Hydrogen production from renewable energy sources has gained special attention in recent years, especially biohydrogen production from biomass resources which is accepted as a sustainable ecofriendly approach, it is a colorless gas, tasteless, odorless, light and non-toxic. When this gas is used as fuel, air pollution will not be produced, only water is produced and considered as end-product. This work aims to develop a microbial biohydrogen electrosynthesis using Enterobacter cloacae strain bacteria isolated from Beni-Messous wastewater. Very little informations are available on the hydrogen production using E. cloacae, which is a gram negative, motile, facultative anaerobe. The present work deals an electrochemical study from linear and cyclic voltammetry tests examining the hydrogen evolution reduction in biocathode in order to optimize the biohydrogen production. The acetate fermentation, the proton H+ accumulation and reduction had allowed an increase in current density from −19 to −96.6 mA/m2 with the E. cloacae strain.
Separation of Powers Legitimacy: An Empirical Inquiry into Norms About Executive Power

The continuing debate over the President’s directive authority is but one of the many separation-of-powers issues that have confronted courts, scholars, government officials, and the public in recent years. The Supreme Court, for instance, has considered whether the President possesses the power to make appointments of agency heads without Senate confirmation during certain congressional recesses. The Court has passed judgment recently, but has yet to resolve fully, questions about Congress’s authority to constrain the President’s power to remove the heads of administrative agencies. And the Court has considered the limits on Congress’s ability to delegate legislative authority to other rulemaking institutions. In these and other cases involving disputes over interbranch relations, courts and academic analysts have perennially grappled with both legal interpretation as well as constitutional history and political theory. Yet, as much as these cases involve law, history, and theory, they also at least implicitly raise decidedly empirical questions about law’s effects on governmental behavior as well as its impacts on the legitimacy of constitutional government.Empirical questions are embedded throughout all forms of law, but the empirical effects of structural aspects of constitutional law have so far largely escaped systematic study. Admittedly, political scientists have studied the three branches of government and their interactions extensively, but what have so far avoided systematic empirical study are the relationships between different choices about separation-of-powers doctrine and outcomes in terms of governmental behavior or public attitudes about governmental legitimacy. This Article offers an initial foray into this largely unexplored terrain, providing a distinctive empirical investigation of public norms about executive power and how doctrinal choices can affect perceptions of the legitimacy of legal judgments. We focus here on Presidents’ efforts to get involved in shaping what agencies do.
Deep Generative Adversarial Network to Enhance Image Quality for Fast Object Detection in Construction Sites

Visual recognition of the content and actions that take place in a construction site is important in many applications such as data-driven simulation, autonomous systems, and intelligent machinery. Construction project, however, are dynamic and complex, and often take place in harsh environments. This may hinder the ability to collect good quality, well-lit, and occlusion-free imagery, which in turn, can lower the performance of computer vision models for fast and reliable object detection. In this paper, we propose and validate a deep convolutional neural network (CNN)-based generative adversarial network (GAN) trained and tested on construction site photos from two in-house datasets to increase image resolution by generating missing pixel information. Results show that using GAN-enhanced images can improve the average precision of pre-trained models for detecting objects such as building, equipment, worker, hard hat, and safety vest by up to 32% while maintaining the overall processing time for real-time object detection.
Durable Antibacterial Finishing on Kapok Fibrous Nonwovens with Polydopamine/PEI Assisted Immobilization of Silver

As a natural cellulose fiber, kapok fiber is much easier to degrade due to its thin wall structure of fiber in the process of storage and use. In this work, a finishing modification was designed and developed to prevent kapok fiber from degradation. Dopamine was polymerized in situ and deposited on the surface of kapok fiber, which was operated in the mixed solvents of ethanol:water (1:1 in volume) to overcome the strong buoyancy. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was introduced to assist dopamine polymerization and improve the load rate. An optimum dosage, 1.0 g/l of PEI could afford the highest loading rate of 32.1% of polydopamine (PDA), and remarkably improve loading fastness. As a multi-amino polymer, PEI could reduce Ag+ and chelate with metal silver (Ag). The PDA/Ag covered kapok fiber and nonwovens showed good antibacterial activity and better mechanic strength, which would be more suitable for durable oil absorption and sound absorption materials than pure kapok fiber.
A Soft Resistive Sensor with a Semicircular Cross-Sectional Channel for Soft Cardiac Catheter Ablation.

The field of soft robotics has attracted the interest of the medical community due to the ability of soft elastic materials to traverse the abnormal environment of the human body. However, sensing in soft robotics has been challenging due to the sensitivity of soft sensors to various loading conditions and the nonlinear signal responses that can arise under extreme loads. Ideally, soft sensors should provide a linear response under a specific loading condition and provide a different response for other loading directions. With these specifications in mind, our team created a soft elastomeric sensor designed to provide force feedback during cardiac catheter ablation surgery. Analytical and computational methods were explored to define a relationship between resistance and applied force for a semicircular, liquid metal filled channel in the soft elastomeric sensor. Pouillet’s Law is utilized to calculate the resistance based on the change in cross-sectional area resulting from various applied pressures. FEA simulations were created to simulate the deformation of the sensor under various loads. To confirm the validity of these simulations, the elastomer was modeled as a neo-Hookean material and the liquid metal was modeled as an incompressible fluid with negligible shear modulus under uniaxial compression. Results show a linearly proportional relationship between the resistance of the sensor and the application of a uniaxial force. Altering the direction of applied force results in a quadratic relationship between total resistance and the magnitude of force.
An Anatomy of Morningstar Ratings

Chicago-based Morningstar rates the investment performance of mutual funds, assigning one to five stars with five being the best rating. This paper first documents the method that Morningstar uses in assigning these widely circulated ratings and then explores in detail the implications for the ranking of domestic equity mutual funds for June 1997. The empirical results show the following: First, it is less likely that a fund with a long history will receive the top rating of five stars than a fund with a short history. Second, Morningstar assigns its highest two ratings to nearly a half of the no load domestic diversified equity funds that it evaluates, while it assigns its lowest two ratings to just over a quarter of these funds. This large proportion of highly rated no load domestic diversified equity funds is due to the comparison group that Morningstar uses in rankings its funds. Specifically, Morningstar compares these no load funds to all domestic equity funds, which include both load and no load funds as well as sector funds, convertible bond funds, and other miscellaneous funds. Since Morningstar handicaps load funds for their load and penalizes sector funds for their lack of diversification, no load diversified domestic equity funds receive more stars than they would if they were evaluated in terms of themselves alone.
Drunk Texting: When the Phone Becomes a Vehicle for Emotional Dysregulation and Problematic Alcohol Use.

Background: Drunk texting is an understudied phenomenon, despite its ubiquity and evidence suggesting it may be implicated in heavy drinking. Research on texting motivations and use of the phone as...
Full-wave modeling of THz RTD-gated GaN HEMTs

Abstract Modeling transistors at terahertz frequencies is challenging, because electromagnetic and quantum effects that are negligible in lower frequencies become limiting factors in device performance. Though previous work has focused on modeling the channel of a high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) using hydrodynamic equations, a more complete toolset is needed to describe submillimeter-wave device gain performance. This paper introduces a simulator that couples full-wave Maxwell’s equations with Schrodinger-based charge transport equations, and is used to evaluate the gain performance of a GaN HEMT at THz. This novel simulator is also used to evaluate the effect on gain when a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) is integrated with a HEMT. Upon validation with published work, we state the feasibility of RTD-gated GaN HEMT structures that have resonances up to 2.3 THz and gain up to 6 dB.
FACTORS RELATED TO SUCCESS IN BUSINESS RETENTION AND EXPANSION PROGRAMS

A survey of local coordinators of business retention and expansion programs is used to determine factors associated with successful programs. The most successful R&E programs go beyond short-term goals of solving firms' immediate problems, and begin a process of dialogue and coalition building among community leaders from various disciplines. The vehicle for this consensus for development is the written community action plan based on overall results of the survey of local businesses. The most successful coordinators in this survey resisted the temptation to do everything themselves and worked closely with a task force of local leaders in developing community recommendations.
Analysis of Coupled Multiphase Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mechanical Deformation at the Yucca Mountain Drift Scale Test

A numerical simulation of coupled multiphase fluid flow, heat transfer, and mechanical deformation was carried out to study coupled thermal-hydrological-mechanical (THM) processes at the Yucca Mountain Drift Scale Test (DST) and for validation of a coupled THM numerical simulator. The ability of the numerical simulator to model relevant coupled THM processes at the DST was evaluated by comparison of numerical results to in situ measurements of temperature, water saturation, displacement, and fracture permeability. Of particular relevance for coupled THM processes are thermally induced rock-mass stress and deformations, with associated changes in fracture aperture and fractured rock permeability. Thermally induced rock-mass deformation and accompanying changes in fracture permeability were reasonably well predicted using a continuum elastic model, although some individual measurements of displacement and permeability indicate inelastic mechanical responses. It is concluded that fracture closure/opening caused by a change in thermally induced normal stress across fractures is an important mechanism for changes in intrinsic fracture permeability at the DST, whereas fracture shear dilation appears to be less significant. Observed and predicted maximum permeability changes at the DST are within one order of magnitude. These data are important for bounding model predictions of potential changes in rock-mass permeability at a future repositorymore » in Yucca Mountain.« less
Torture, Truth Serum, and Ticking Bombs: Toward a Pragmatic Perspective on Coercive Interrogation

The 'War on Terror' has prompted a great deal of discussion about the use of torture as a means of extracting information from those suspected of having perpetrated past acts of violence or planning future ones. Despite the years that have passed since the attacks of September 11, 2001, for both citizens and government officials there is still a strong tension between the competing emotions of anger, revenge, and desperation; it seems increasingly difficult to adhere to international norms governing a nation's moral and legal obligations to protect its citizens from grave danger while continuing to support individual freedoms. Among the more difficult questions to emerge from those that were far-fetched (if not unthinkable) just a few decades ago is how to handle the so-called ticking-bomb scenario. As terror organizations grow in size and complexity, uncovering terrorist plans by interrogating a group member has become critical, and the need to gather intelligence in order to save lives increasingly urgent.
The Romance of Home: The Fair Housing Movement in the 1950s

This paper examines the effort to secure fair housing laws at the local, state and federal levels in the 1950s, focusing in particular on New York City and state. It will examine the arguments that advocates made regarding the role the law should play in preventing housing discrimination, and the relationship of these views to advocates' understanding of property rights in general. My paper will argue that fair housing advocates had particular conceptions about the importance of housing in American society that both supported and limited their success. By arguing that minorities only sought what others wanted - a single-family home in the suburbs - advocates structured the debate to secure the most support. At the same time, this frame of reference limited the fair housing effort to advocacy for middle-class blacks, and obscured questions of housing affordability that were equally important to many blacks. The paper will examine the class-based nature of the effort for fair housing, in the context of the rise of the urban renewal program and the decline in support for public housing. Together, these phenomenon contributed to increasing class and racial segregation in American cities.
Women and Slavery, Volume 2: The Modern Atlantic – Edited by Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller

In one of the final essays in this anthology, titled “Re‐Modeling Slavery as if Women Mattered,” Claire Robertson and Marsha Robinson assert that their goal is “not simply to add women to the mixtu...
Use of spectral fluorescence resonance energy transfer to detect nitric oxide-based signaling events in isolated perfused lung.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a fluorescence microscopy technique suitable for live cells and capable of detecting changes in the conformational state of a single protein or the distance between two interacting proteins when the proteins are conjugated with appropriate donor and acceptor fluorophores. Confocal-based spectral detection systems enable the resolution of fluorescent images by providing full spectral information for each voxel of the image without switching of optical filters. Furthermore, using calibration spectra, it is possible to unambiguously separate the cross-talk between overlapping donor and acceptor emissions. This unit describes the use of confocal-based spectral imaging of nitric oxide (NO) sensitive FRET reporters in the vasculature of the intact, isolated perfused mouse lung. This type of in situ imaging approach allows the visualization and study of temporal molecular signaling events within the appropriate physiologic microenvironment of the intact, living organ. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 45:12.13.1-12.13.12. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: nitric oxide; fluorescence resonance energy transfer; lung; confocal microscopy
Digital tuning of continuous-time high-Q filters

A digital tuning scheme for automatic tuning of continuous-time high-Q filters is proposed. The tuning scheme uses the phase information for both frequency and Q factor tuning; therefore the relationship between the filter's passband magnitude and Q is immaterial. Due to the digital control of tuning loops, only one loop is active at a given time interval, which eliminates the need for slow Q tuning loop, improves stability and reduces tuning time. Experimental tests on the breadboard verify the operation where approximately 1% tuning error is accomplished.
Abstract: A Hierarchical Item Response Model for Cognitive Diagnosis

Cognitive diagnosis models (see, e.g., Rupp, Templin, & Henson, 2010) have received increasing attention within educational and psychological measurement. The popularity of these models may be larg...
In patients with sciatica, MRI at 1 year did not differentiate between a favorable or unfavorable outcome

Source Citation el Barzouhi A, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Lycklama a Nijeholt GJ, et al; Leiden–The Hague Spine Intervention Prognostic Study Group. Magnetic resonance imaging in follow-up assessment of...
Amino acid geochronology: Resolution and precision in carbonate fossils

Changes in indigenous proteins preserved in carbonate skeletons can be used to estimate the time elapsed since death of the organism. Racemization, the most widely used reaction in amino acid geochronology, refers to the inversion of l-amino acids to their d-configuration. For the protein amino acid l-isoleucine, racemization occurs about only one of the two chiral carbon atoms; this reaction (epimerization) proceeds from an initial dl ratio near zero to an equilibrium ratio of about 1.30. The reaction rate is controlled primarily by temperature, and to a lesser degree by the nature of the proteins themselves, a variable related to taxonomy and the extent of protein degradation. Analyzing monospecific samples minimizes the taxonomic variable. The resolving power of dl ratios as relative-age indices is a function of the reaction rate, degree of natural variability and analytical uncertainty. Natural variability is defined as the spread in ratios in five well preserved shells of the same age from a single stratum, and is primarily related to taxonomy. It can range from ±20% or more in taxa of low reliability to ±1% in taxa of greatest integrity; 5 to 10% is to be expected. Analytical uncertainty within a single laboratory is relatively insignificant, amounting to no more than ±2%, but interlaboratory comparisons suggest caution in comparing ratios determined at different laboratories or by different techniques. Sampling appropriate portions of a shell is essential to minimize variability in dl ratios. Site temperature exerts the greatest control on reaction rate, hence resolving power. For tropical sites (>25°C) age differences <1 ka can be resolved within the Holocene and Ca. 5 to 10 ka for older samples as the rate decreases; equilibrium is attained after 150 to 300 ka. The reaction rate is substantially lower at mid latitude sites (ca. + 10°C), where equilibrium requires about 2 Ma and resolution within the last glacial cycle is no better than 10 to 20 ka. Arctic sites (<−10°C) show almost no measurable racemization within the Holocene, and in extreme cases even within the last 100 ka; equilibrium is not attained in 10 Ma. The extent of amino acid racemization/epimerization in carbonate fossils provides chronological information for the critical time period beyond radiocarbon dating. dl ratios can be used directly as relative age indices, and with suitable calibration can provide reasonable estimates of absolute age and/or effective diagenetic temperature. Improving the accuracy of racemization-based age estimates requires a better understanding of racemization kinetics in carbonate systems.
Comparison of time-dependent effects of (+)-methamphetamine or forced swim on monoamines, corticosterone, glucose, creatine, and creatinine in rats

Methamphetamine (MA) use is a worldwide problem. Abusers can have cognitive deficits, monoamine reductions, and altered magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings. Animal models have been used to investigate some of these effects, however many of these experiments have not examined the impact of MA on the stress response. For example, numerous studies have demonstrated (+)-MA-induced neurotoxicity and monoamine reductions, however the effects of MA on other markers that may play a role in neurotoxicity or cell energetics such as glucose, corticosterone, and/or creatine have received less attention. In this experiment, the effects of a neurotoxic regimen of (+)-MA (4 doses at 2 h intervals) on brain monoamines, neostriatal GFAP, plasma corticosterone, creatinine, and glucose, and brain and muscle creatine were evaluated 1, 7, 24, and 72 h after the first dose. In order to compare MA's effects with stress, animals were subjected to a forced swim test in a temporal pattern similar to MA administration [i.e., (30 min/session) 4 times at 2 h intervals]. MA increased corticosterone from 1–72 h with a peak 1 h after the first treatment, whereas glucose was only increased 1 h post-treatment. Neostriatal and hippocampal monoamines were decreased at 7, 24, and 72 h, with a concurrent increase in GFAP at 72 h. There was no effect of MA on regional brain creatine, however plasma creatinine was increased during the first 24 h and decreased by 72 h. As with MA treatment, forced swim increased corticosterone more than MA initially. Unlike MA, forced swim reduced creatine in the cerebellum with no change in other brain regions while plasma creatinine was decreased at 1 and 7 h. Glucose in plasma was decreased at 7 h. Both MA and forced swim increase demand on energy substrates but in different ways, and MA has persistent effects on corticosterone that are not attributable to stress alone.
Electrochromic WO3−x films with reduced lattice deformation stress and fast response time

Abstract Electrochromic properties of electrochemically deposited and etched (EDE) WO3−x films have been investigated using voltammetry and nanogravimetry to elucidate the amount of residual stress associated with lattice polarization and deformation in WO3−x nanoparticles. The cathodic WO3−x deposition from pertungstic acid solution and unusual properties of the cathodic electroetching of the oxide in tetraethyl ammonium chloride solution are reported and elucidated on the basis of Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Nanogravimetry (EQCN) measurements. The stress enhanced resonant frequency shift was observed upon WO3−x film coloration. However, the stress enhancement appeared to be much lower (up to 4–6 times) than that measured for films synthesized by other methods. The stress reduction in WO3−x films under study has been attributed to the stress relaxing propensity of EDE film to suppress the compressive stress wave. A considerable isotopic effect has been observed in nanogravimetry of the H+ and D+ ion intercalation into WO3−x films. We have found that the isotopic effect is primarily due to the true mass loading difference between hydrogen and deuterium ions, for the same concentration of color centers (2.65 × 1021 cm−3), since EQCN frequency shifts associated with stress in the film for H+ and D+ are very close to each other.
Alternating Arene−Perfluoroarene Poly(phenylene ethynylenes)

We report the synthesis of two poly(phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) with alternating dialkylbenzene−perfluorobenzene repeating units. The combination of low volume fraction of solubilizing side chains and enhanced intermolecular π−π stacking renders these materials insoluble. A soluble polymer analogue was realized by using a 1,2,4,5-tetralkoxy benzene in the place of dialkyl benzenes, and its properties are compared to a nonfluorinated analogue. The effects of fluorination and side-chain identity on supramolecular and thermal behavior were investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized optical microscopy. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction from small-molecule model compounds provided further insight, including indication that PPE's composed of alternating 1,2,4,5-tetralkoxy- and 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzenes can assemble to close face-to-face π-stacks. Initial efforts to prepare these same polymers and small-molecule model compounds by alternate pathways are also...
Evidence-based core clinical pharmacy services in United States hospitals in 2020: services and staffing.

Abstract We developed a model for the provision of clinical pharmacy services in United States hospitals in 2020. Data were obtained from four National Clinical Pharmacy Services database surveys (1989, 1992, 1995, and 1998) and from the American Health-System Association's 2000 Abridged Guide to the Health Care Field. Staffing data from 1998 indicated that 45,734 pharmacist and 43,836 pharmacy technician full-time equivalent (FTE) staff were employed in U.S. hospitals; 17,325 pharmacist FTEs (38%) were devoted to providing clinical pharmacy services. To provide 14 specific clinical pharmacy services for 100% of U.S. inpatients in 2020, 37,814 new FTEs would be needed. For a more realistic manpower projection, using an evidence-based approach, a set of five core clinical pharmacy services were selected based on favorable associations with major health care outcomes (mortality rate, drug costs, total cost of care, length of hospital stay, and medication errors). The core set of services were drug information, adverse drug reaction management, drug protocol management, medical rounds, and admission drug histories. Implementing these core clinical pharmacy services for 100% of inpatients in 2020 would require 14,508 additional pharmacist FTEs. Based on the current deployment of clinical pharmacists and the services they perform in U.S. hospitals, change is needed to improve health care outcomes and reduce costs. The average U.S. hospital (based on an average daily census of 108.97 +/- 169.45 patients) would need to add a maximum of 3.32 pharmacist FTEs to provide these core clinical services (if they were not provided already by the hospital). Using this evidence-based approach, the five selected core clinical pharmacy services could be provided with only modest increases in clinical pharmacist staffing.