cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On scalar readings of French propre ‘own’

The goal of this paper is to account for scalarity effects typically arising in the presence of French propre ‘own’. I argue for the presence of an implicit, focus-sensitive operator E akin to overt ‘even’, which has previously been proposed to combine with certain NPIs and minimizers. My argument is based on empirical and theoretical considerations: the E operator hypothesis correctly predicts that the domain for the scalarity effect does not depend on the position of propre and that the simultaneous presence of overt focus particles gives rise to intervention effects; this hypothesis is moreover economical since it makes it possible to provide a single lexical entry for propre under all its readings and to analyze all cases of scalarity effects by using a single mechanism, namely E. Furthermore, I argue that the association between E and the focused possessive DP containing propre is pragmatic. It is because propre is a maximizer of possessive relation—i.e. it characterizes the possessive relation it modifies as most specific—that it is relevant in the association with E of the focused DP containing it: the possessum is ranked higher than its alternatives on the scale of relational specificity introduced by propre, and this scale pragmatically correlates with the scale of unexpectedness required by the semantics of E. In sum, the case of propre supports the existence of E on new empirical ground and thus clarifies the pragmatic conditions giving rise to it.
Due process vs. crime control: Death qualification and jury attitudes.

Juries that exclude people who are unwilling to impose the death penalty (death-qualified juries) may be biased against capital defendants. To evaluate this possibility we compared the demographic characteristics and attitudes toward the criminal justice system of people who would or would not be excluded by theWitherspoon standard. A random sample of 811 eligible jurors in Alameda County, California were interviewed by telephone. Of the 717 respondents who stated that they could be fair and impartial in deciding on the guilt or innocence of a capital defendant, 17.2% said that they could never vote to impose the death penalty, and thus are excludable underWitherspoon. Significantly greater proportions of blacks than whites and of females than males are eliminated by the process of death qualification. On the attitudinal measures, the death-qualified respondents were consistently more prone to favor the point of view of the prosecution, to mistrust criminal defendants and their counsel, to take a punitive approach toward offenders, and to be more concerned with crime control than with due process. Eleven of the 13 items showed statistically significant differences.
Confucius Image Detailed Analyse

Confucius is a famouse thinker and educator in our country history, his thoughts, personality spirits, education methods and means affect to the future generations profoundly, Confucius also therefore become assumption object of many legends, So Confucius image changes.The 《 Analects 》 is a most book of knowing Confucius' thoughts and actions, for the objectively knowing of the image of Confucius, the writer analyzed the Confucius' image of the 《 Analects 》 in details, drew five pictures of Confucius, it is a comparatively complete Confucius image in the history that they pile one upon another.
Corona Suppression of Grading Rings on Suspension Composite Insulators on 500 kV Compact Transmission Line

The corona discharge of some grading rings is serious on 500 kV compact transmission line in China,due to the improper structure design and installation. In order to suppress the corona and avoid the same fault in the future,it is necessary to optimize the structure of the grading ring. Consequently,the grading rings having obvious corona discharge were found out by observing hardware fittings along lines with UVI (ultraviolet imager),then the electric field distribution of the grading rings was calculated using three-dimension FEM(finite element method). After analyzing the electric field distribution to get the causes of corona discharge,the structure of grading ring was optimized to reduce the maximum electric field intensity on its surface from 3868 V/mm to 2475 V/mm. According to the optimization proposals,new grading rings were manufactured and hung on operating lines. The observations by UVI show that the new ones have no corona discharge on their spheres and bodies which validate the optimizations. This study can provide experiences and references for the design of anti-corona hardware fittings on high voltage transmission lines.
Monitoring and Analysis of Causes of Death among Residents in Yunnan Province during 2006—2008

[Objective]To understand the distribution of death causes in Yunnan and provide scientific evidence for comprehensive prevention measures.[Methods]The major causes of death and life loss were found out with such indicators as mortality,constituent ratio of causes of death,Potential Years of Life Lost(PYLL),rate of Potential Years of Life Lost(rate of PYLL).[Results]Totally 39,014 death cases were reported during 2006—2008 and the mortality was 564.40 /100 000,male cases were more than female cases.The first five chief causes of death in order were respiratory diseases,injuries and toxicosis,cardiovascular diseases,malignant tumor and heart disease,by which cases of death caused accounted for 71.07% of total.Respiratory diseases,injuries and toxicosis and malignant tumor were the leading causes of loss of life.Suicide,accidental fall,traffic accident of motor vehicle,other accidents and harmful effects were the major constitution of injuries and toxicosis,which resulted in premature death of residents and death of the younger.[Conclusion]Chronic diseases are the chief causes of death,and injuries and toxicosis lead to the premature death of young adults in monitoring point.
Digitally Inspired Thinking: Can Social Media Lead to Deep Learning in Higher Education?

ABSTRACTIn this study, students from a variety of disciplines, who were enrolled in six courses that incorporate the use of social media, were surveyed to evaluate their perception of how the integration of social-media tools supports deep approaches to learning. Students reported that social media supports deep learning both directly and indirectly, makes learning easier, promotes long-term retention of content, and fosters a more engaging and enjoyable learning environment. These findings suggest that integration of social media into college courses can support deep approaches to learning.
A comparison between single and dual monitor productivity and the effects of window management styles on performance

Several research studies have been published on user opinion and productivity of using dual monitor systems. These studies found that users typically enjoy using multiple monitors, but none found a strong increase in performance and productivity. Other researchers have focused on improving multiple monitor usability, but often without any statistical framework. This study compared single and dual monitor productivity measures: task time, cursor movement, and number of window switches. Additionally, window management styles (WMS) were studied in order to help designers understand user behavior better. WMS were broken into two categories, toggler and resizer, and then compared to the WMS created by Kang and Stasko (2008). The results of the research showed a significant difference between the number of open applications and a significant difference between single and dual monitors for the number of window switches. The only significant difference between the toggler and resizer WMS was the number of window switches, which was an interaction between the styles and the tasks.
Development and qualification of an LC–MS/MS method for investigating the biological implications of micelle entrapped paclitaxel in cell culture and rats

Paclitaxel is a front-line antineoplastic drug used in chemotherapeutic modalities for treatment of various types of malignancies. However, its efficacy is limited by dose-related toxicities. In this study, we have explored two important biological aspects of entrapping paclitaxel in PEG2000 -DSPE micelles. First, we evaluated the impact of this micellar delivery system on P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-paclitaxel interaction, and we investigated differences in plasma pharmacokinetics of free and micelle-entrapped paclitaxel. For quantification of paclitaxel, an LC-MS/MS method was developed. Paclitaxel was extracted from samples using a simple one-step protein precipitation. Chromatographic conditions included a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile-water (60:40, v/v) pumped at 1 mL/min. The lower limit of quantitation in both plasma and cell lysate was 1.0 ng/mL. The quantitative linear range was 1-1000 ng/mL. In addition, P-gp efflux studies on free and micellar paclitaxel showed the proficiency of PEG2000 -DSPE micelles in evading P-gp-mediated efflux, thus increasing paclitaxel uptake. Furthermore, the micellar paclitaxel levels were maintained in the body for longer time as compared with taxol, which is desirable for increasing the efficacy of paclitaxel in cancer treatment.
Influences of target surface small-scale rectangle roughness on impingement jet array heat transfer

Abstract The present investigation considers the effects of special roughness patterns on impingement target surfaces to improve the effectiveness and surface heat transfer augmentation levels of impingement jet array cooling. This investigation utilizes various sizes, distributions, shapes, and patterns of surface roughness elements for impingement cooling augmentation. The surface roughness shape considered here is rectangle, in combination with larger rectangular pins. Combinations of small rectangle roughness and large pins are considered together, along with arrays of small rectangular roughness alone. Tests are performed at impingement jet Reynolds numbers of 900, 1500, 5000, and 11,000. Local and overall impingement cooling performance depends upon the pattern, distribution, arrangement, and height of the roughness elements, as well as upon the jet Reynolds number. Depending upon the magnitude of jet Reynolds number, different behavior and trends are observed for the small rectangle roughness and large pins together, compared with arrays of small rectangular roughness alone. Overall, results demonstrate the remarkable ability of target surface roughness to produce increased surface heat transfer augmentation levels of impingement jet array cooling, relative to target surfaces which are smooth.
The role of postmastectomy radiotherapy in women with pathologic T3N0M0 breast cancer

BACKGROUND The authors determined the impact of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) on overall survival (OS) among patients with pT3N0M0 breast cancer in the National Cancer Data Base. METHODS A total of 3437 patients with pT3N0M0 breast cancer who initially were treated with mastectomy between 2003 and 2011 were identified. Of these women, 1644 (47.8%) received PMRT (67% treated with chest wall RT alone and 33% treated with chest wall and regional lymph node irradiation). Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify characteristics associated with PMRT and OS. In addition, propensity score matching and interaction effect testing also were performed. RESULTS PMRT was associated with age .1). Finally, propensity score matching analysis confirmed the impact of PMRT on OS (P = .02). It is interesting to note that regional lymph node irradiation did not improve OS versus chest wall RT alone (P = .09). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with pT3N0M0 breast cancer in the National Cancer Data Base, PMRT was found to be associated with improved OS regardless of surgical margin status, tumor size, and receipt of systemic therapy. Cancer 2017;123:2829–39. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Different signal enhancement pathways of attention and consciousness underlie perception in humans

It is not yet known whether attention and consciousness operate through similar or largely different mechanisms. Visual processing mechanisms are routinely characterized by measuring contrast response functions (CRFs). In this report, behavioral CRFs were obtained in humans (both males and females) by measuring afterimage durations over the entire range of inducer stimulus contrasts to reveal visual mechanisms behind attention and consciousness. Deviations relative to the standard CRF, i.e., gain functions, describe the strength of signal enhancement, which were assessed for both changes due to attentional task and conscious perception. It was found that attention displayed a response-gain function, whereas consciousness displayed a contrast-gain function. Through model comparisons, which only included contrast-gain modulations, both contrast-gain and response-gain effects can be explained with a two-level normalization model, in which consciousness affects only the first level and attention affects only the second level. These results demonstrate that attention and consciousness can effectively show different gain functions because they operate through different signal enhancement mechanisms.
Multivariable Control of Vapor Compression Cycles: Coordination of Compressor and Expansion Valve

Abstract This paper discusses a control design for regulating vapor compression cycles based on multivariable feedback techniques. The performance of conventional controllers based on independent SISO loops has been limited, due to the strong cross-couplings inherent among the SISO loops. An LQG compensator with integrators is proposed to replace the SISO feedback design. A lumped-parameter model proposed by the authors in (He et al., 1995) has proved to be effective in describing the cycle dynamics in the vicinity of an operating point. For designing a MIMO LQG compensator, a reduced order model is proposed such that the dimension of the compensator is maintained reasonably low. The experimental results show that the performance of the MIMO LGQ is superior to the SISO design. The robustness of the LQG compensator based on the reduced-order model is also discussed.
Developing packaging for medical preparations

The packaging of pharmaceuticals is inevitably conservative and because of this new developments tend to originate in other areas and then develop into the fields of medicine. Specialised packages for pharmaceutical products are somewhat slow to develop and tend to be associated with new methods of administering drugs or such specific trends as the unit dose form or methods of bettering compliance.
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: county-level risk factors based on the Social Ecological Model.

Aims:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the third leading cause of death among Americans in 2014. Multiple factors, ranging from proximal (i.e. biological characteristics and behaviors) to distal (i.e. environmental characteristics and policies), have been shown to predict COPD outcomes. The Social Ecological Model (SEM), which specifies that five levels of influence (i.e. intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy factors) are implicated in the development of ill health, has not been used in epidemiological studies of COPD prevalence. A better understanding of the community-level correlates of COPD prevalence may improve community health practice.Methods:Using several sources of county-level secondary data (n = 646), changes in COPD prevalence from 2012 to 2014 were predicted from the five levels of the SEM using ordinary least squares (OLS) hierarchical linear regression. The geographic distribution of county-level changes in COPD prevalence was analyzed with...
A Hybrid Approach for Facial Expression Recognition

Facial expression recognition is an emerging research area for improving human and computer interaction. This research plays a significant role in the field of social communication, commercial enterprise, law enforcement, and other computer interactions. In this paper, we propose a hybrid design for facial expression recognition combining image pre-processing steps and different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structures providing better accuracy and greatly improved training time. We are predicting seven basic emotions of human faces: sadness, happiness, disgust, anger, fear, surprise and neutral. The model performs well regarding challenging facial expression recognition where the emotion expressed could be one of several due to their quite similar facial characteristics such as anger, disgust, and sadness. The experiment to test the model was conducted across multiple databases and different facial orientations, and to best of our knowledge, the model provided an accuracy of about 89.58% for KDEF dataset, 100% accuracy for JAFFE dataset and 71.975% accuracy for combined (KDEF + JAFFE + SFEW) dataset across these different scenarios. Performance evaluation was done by cross-validation techniques to avoid bias towards a specific set of images from a database.
Modeling of intragranular misorientation and grain fragmentation in polycrystalline materials using the viscoplastic self-consistent formulation

Abstract The recently established methodology to use known algorithmic expressions of the second moments of the stress field in the grains of a polycrystalline aggregate for calculating average fluctuations of lattice rotation rates and the associated average intragranular misorientation distributions using the mean-field viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) formulation is extended to solve the coupled problem of considering the effect of intragranular misorientations on stress and rotation rate fluctuations. In turn, these coupled expressions are used to formulate and implement a grain fragmentation (GF) model in VPSC. Case studies, including tension and plane-strain compression of face-centered cubic polycrystals are used to illustrate the capabilities of the new model. GF-VPSC predictions of intragranular misorientation distributions and texture evolution are compared with experiments and full-field numerical simulations, showing good agreement. In particular, the inclusion of misorientation spreads reduced the intensity of the deformed texture and thus improved the texture predictions. Moreover, considering that intragranular misorientations act as driving forces for recrystallization, the new GF-VPSC formulation is shown to enable modeling of microstructure evolution during deformation and recrystallization, in a computationally efficient manner.
The Law of Omission, the Double Series of Potiores and Related Problems

In the beginning of the fragment Elements of Ethics, Meinong establishes the character of egoism and altruism. This is done basically by an empirical method, first inductively, by stating what people do or what attitude they show when they are called egoistical or altruistic. Then the purely empirical method is left behind and conditions are stated which must be satisfied by a person in order to be classified as either egoistical or altruistic. This procedure follows common usage of the terms as closely as possible. It goes deeper, however, insofar as it establishes a clear theoretical use of the terms. In the beginning of the fragment Elemnts of Ethics, Meinong establishes the character of egoism and altruism. This is done basically by an empirical method, first inductively, by stating what people do or what attitude they show when they are called egoistical or altruistic. Then the purely empirical method isleft behind and conditions are stated which must be satisfied by a person in order to be classified as either egoistical or altruistic. This procedure follows common usage of terms as closely as possible. It goes deeper, however, insofar as it establishes a clear theoretical use of the terms. This procedure is not yet object theoretical use of the terms. This procedure is not yet object theoretical even though it has apriori elements. It deals with what is given in the actual world in which we live. In the analysis of the following laws, however, the various relationships between terms which allow of gradayions which have contraries and contradictories which,thus, establish classes of values or possibilities are not empirical anymore. There, Meinong is working wihtin his object theory. In other words, this is apriori value theory.
Molecular Preservation of Eurypterids

The fossil remains of eurypterid cuticles, yield long-chain (<C9 to C22) aliphatic components during Pyrolysis-Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, similar to type II kerogen in contrast to chitin and protein that constitutes the bulk of modern analogs. Structural analysis (thermochemolysis) of the eurypterid cuticle revealed fatty acyl moieties (derived from lipids) of chain lengths C7 to C18, with C16 and C18 being the most abundant. The residue was immune to base hydrolysis, indicating a highly recalcitrant nature and suggesting that if ester linkages are present in the macromolecule, they are sterically protected. Some samples yielded phenols and polyaromatic compounds indicating a greater degree of aromatisation, which correlates with higher thermal maturity as demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. Analysis (including thermochemolysis) of the cuticle of modern scorpion and horseshoe crab, living relatives of the eurypterids, showed that C16 and C18 fatty acyl moieties likewise dominate. Assuming that the original composition of the eurypterid cuticle was similar to that in living chelicerates, fossilization likely involved the incorporation of such lipids into an aliphatic polymer.
Authenticity & aura: A Benjaminian Approach to Tourism

Abstract As a dynamic concept, authenticity has ignited many debates regarding its meaning and utility, thus resulting in several theoretical perspectives (objective, constructive, postmodern, existential) with various analytical focuses, from object to experience. In light of its conceptual variability, it should be asked—What does authenticity do? This paper revisits Walter Benjamin’s notions of authenticity and aura; ideas introduced by MacCannell and worthy of further consideration. Similar to its development in tourism studies, Benjamin’s theorizations of the concept are complex and relational—authenticity is established through ritual and tradition and is connected to aura. They are mutually constitutive and simultaneously products of other phenomena. As it bridges analytical perspectives, his work offers a useful addition to the authenticity discourse.
Assessment of the Activities of Food Crop Gleaners in Delta State, Nigeria:

The study examined the activities of food crop gleaners in Delta State, Nigeria. It describes and assesses the socio-economic characteristics of food crop gleaners, crops gleaned, reasons adduced b...
Ambient Pollutants and Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Greater Boston

Background and Purpose— Associations between exposures to ambient air pollution and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have been inconsistent, and data on stroke subtypes are currently limi...
Exploring Acid–Base Chemistry by Making and Monitoring Red-Cabbage Sauerkraut: A Fresh Twist on the Classic Cabbage-Indicator Experiment

Naturally occurring anthocyanin indicators have been used for many years to introduce science students to acid–base concepts. A classroom activity has been developed that uses naturally occurring anthocyanins to monitor the pH changes associated with the fermentation of red cabbage to sauerkraut by lactic acid bacteria. Through the activity and related discussion, students are introduced to the scientific method, basic laboratory practices, acid–base chemistry, chemical and physical changes, fermentation, and microbiology. Although this activity and accompanying assignments are designed for students ages 6–12, the activity is adaptable to students of all ages and backgrounds.
Identifying as a Troublemaker/Partier: The Influence of Parental Incarceration and Emotional Independence

Researchers have found that experiencing parental incarceration has long-term consequences for children, such as involvement in crime. However, few studies have examined how parental incarceration influences identity endorsement. Given that self-identities influence behavior, including criminal activity, understanding precursors of self-identities is important. In the current paper, we examined the association between parental incarceration and young adult children’s deviant self-identities. Furthermore, we explored how this association varied by emotional independence, or freedom from the excessive need for parental approval. We analyzed data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS) (n = 965), a sample of men and women interviewed five times over a period of ten years (2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2011), and publically available official incarceration records. Parental incarceration was only positively associated with identifying as a troublemaker/partier during young adulthood among those with low emotional independence (i.e., for those with the need for parental approval) (p < 0.05). That is, parental incarceration was inconsequential for young adults’ identifying as troublemakers/partiers among those with high levels of emotional independence (i.e., for those with freedom from the need for parental approval). These findings suggest that the development of high emotional independence, or values, beliefs, and identities in contrast to and separate from an incarcerated parent, may attenuate the intergenerational transmission of antisocial identities and behavior.
DNA methylome study of human cerebellar tissues identified genes and pathways possibly involved in essential tremor

Background Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological syndrome of unknown origin with poorly understood etiology and pathogenesis. It is suggested that the cerebellum and its tracts may be involved in the pathophysiology of ET. DNA methylome interrogation of cerebellar tissue may help shine some light on the understanding of the mechanism of the development of ET. Our study used postmortem human cerebellum tissue samples collected from 12 ET patients and 11 matched non-ET controls for DNA methylome study to identify differentially methylated genes in ET. Results Using Nugen's Ovation reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), we identified 753 genes encompassing 938 CpG sites with significant differences in DNA methylation between the ET and the control group. Identified genes were further analyzed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) by which we identified certain significant pathways, upstream regulators, diseases and functions, and networks associated with ET. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that there are significant differences in DNA methylation patterns between the ET and control samples, suggesting that the methylation alteration of certain genes in the cerebellum may be associated with ET pathogenesis. The identified genes allude to the GABAergic hypothesis which supports the notation that ET is a neurodegenerative disease, particularly involving the cerebellum.
Optimum Integration of Solar Energy With Battery Energy Storage Systems

This article discusses optimum designs of photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery energy storage system (BESS) by using real-world data. Specifically, we identify the optimum size of PV panels, the optimum capacity of BESS, and the optimum scheduling of BESS charging/discharging, such that the long-term overall cost, including both utility bills and the PV system, is minimized. The optimization is performed by considering a plethora of parameters, such as energy usage, energy cost, weather, geographic location, inflation, and the cost, efficiency, and aging effects of solar panels and BESS. To capture the impacts of long-term factors such as aging effects, inflation, and discounted economic returns, the problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem over the time horizon covering the entire life cycles of solar panels and BESS of the order of ten years or longer, whereas almost all existing works on PV system designs consider much shorter time horizons of the order of days or weeks. The MINLP is transformed into mixed integer linear programming (MILP) and solved by branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm. The complexity of MILP is high due to the long time horizon. A new low-complexity algorithm is then proposed by using dynamic programming, where it is shown that the MINLP problem can be transformed into one that satisfies Bellman’s principal of optimality. Applying the newly developed algorithms on real-world data from a commercial user in San Francisco reveals that the system achieves the break-even point at the 66th month and achieves a 29.3% reduction in total system cost.
Quality and Safety in Healthcare, Part LXXII: Credentialing and Privileging.

ABSTRACT Healthcare credentialing is the methodology used by an organization to obtain and validate a practitioner's credentials, typically to participate in patient care. Privileging is the process by which the designated individuals in the healthcare organization evaluate the credentials, as well as the performance of the individual to determine that the provider is worthy to have certain privileges in the institution to contribute to the care of patients. The healthcare institution must have appropriate processes to ensure that providers continue to give excellent care in order to maintain privileges. There must also be procedures in place for remediation and revocation of privileges when necessary, as well as an appeals procedure. In addition, there should be provisions for privileging of temporary workers and for privileging in emergency situations.
Identification and Quantification of Technetium Species in Hanford Waste Tank AN-102.

Technetium-99 (Tc), a high yield fission product generated in nuclear reactors, is one of the most difficult contaminants to address at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford, Savannah River, and ot...
Teaching the counter story. An analysis of narration in African American cookbooks using Critical Race Theory

As nutrition educators we must promote sensitivity to the historical roots of eating and food patterns. This analysis of narratives from a sampling of cookbooks written by African Americans, represents an attempt to give voice to an unconventional source of documentation regarding the historical experiences of a people oppressed by enslavement and institutionalized racism as told through recipe sharing. The themes that emerged from an examination of the missions and motivations of the authors included; history, work, cultural tradition, and empowerment in the struggle to survive. Critical Race Theory provided a lens to examine the counter story told by these authors. The counter story documented the unrecognized contributions of African Americans to the culture of all food practices in America, through their roles as cooks in domestic and industrial settings, as well as their own homes. We need to develop an appreciation of the celebration of life that is expressed through food in the African American community. And we must advocate for the right to good food, healthcare and education for all of the communities and people we serve.
Introduction to the special issue, Sequential processing in spoken and written language.

What is language? A multidimensional, abstract construct in our heads that is run through multiple selection and alignment operators in our brains that create rule-based, nested hierarchies of unit...
Breastfeeding in women with rheumatic diseases.

Objective Many rheumatologists and women with rheumatic disease worry that the disease or treatment will prevent breast feeding. International guidelines establish, however, that most antirheumatic medications are compatible with breast feeding. We sought to identify the frequency and predictors of desire to and actually breast feeding in women with rheumatic diseases. Methods Pregnant women with rheumatic disease were enrolled prospectively. Demographics and breastfeeding intention were collected at study entry, while actual breastfeeding decision was recorded postpartum. Maternal diagnosis, demographics and medication use was collected throughout the study. Predictors of breast feeding and intention were identified using stepwise logistic regression. Results A total of 265 pregnancies were included in the study, 88 with SLE, 33 with undifferentiated connective tissue disease, 100 with arthritis and 44 with other rare rheumatic diagnoses. Of these, 79% intended to breastfeed, 84% of women ever breast fed and 65% were still breast feeding at an average of 7.6 weeks postpartum. Medication concern was the most commonly cited reason not to breastfeed though only 5% of women were taking or planning to start a non-lactation compatible medication at their postpartum visit. In multivariate analysis, women with a college degree were more likely and women with SLE were less likely to intend to breastfeed. Actual breast feeding was most strongly predicted by the woman’s intention to breastfeed, but also increased with maternal age, decreased if the baby was born preterm and decreased the further the postpartum appointment occurred from delivery. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the majority of women with rheumatic disease want to and can breastfeed successfully. Additionally, very few women required a medication that was not compatible with breast feeding to control their rheumatic disease in the postpartum period. Despite this, an important minority of patients did not continue breast feeding due to their personal concerns about the risks of antirheumatic medications to their infant.
The Design and Integration of a Comprehensive Measurement System to Assess Trust in Automated Driving

With the increased availability of commercially automated vehicles, trust in automation may serve a critical role in the overall system safety, rate of adoption, and user satisfaction. We developed and integrated a novel measurement system to better calibrate human-vehicle trust in driving. The system was designed to collect a comprehensive set of measures based on a validated model of trust focusing on three types: dispositional, learned, and situational. Our system was integrated into a Tesla Model X to assess different automated functions and their effects on trust and performance in real-world driving (e.g., lane changes, parking, and turns). The measurement system collects behavioral, physiological (eye and head movements), and self-report measures of trust using validated instruments. A vehicle telemetry system (Ergoneers Vehicle Testing Kit) uses a suite of sensors for capturing real driving performance data. This off-the-shelf solution is coupled with a custom mobile application for recording driver behaviors, such as engaging/disengaging automation, during on-road driving. Our initial usability evaluations of components of the system revealed that the system is easy to use, and events can be logged quickly and accurately. Our system is thus viable for data collection and can be used to model user trust behaviors in realistic on-road conditions.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Fingertip

The anatomy of the fingertip is complex as it is such a specialized anatomical area. The skeletal, vascular, nervous, soft tissue, and cutaneous anatomies are discussed, including the highly developed nail complex. The basis for understanding of function and pathology of the fingertip is dependent upon a basic understanding of its anatomy and physiology.
Chromatography of methylenedioxyphenyl compounds: I. Simple and pesticidal derivatives

Abstract Chromatographic analysis has played an important role in the elaboration of metabolism, degradation and mode of action of a variety of methylenedioxyphenyl derivatives. Thin-layer and gas chromatography have been singularly effective in the separation and identification of isomeric mixtures as well as elaborating the influence of substituents on the basic methylenedioxy moiety to chromatographic behavior. A variety of chromatographic techniques undoubtedly will be in the forefront of attempts to further elaborate the possible dichotomy of action of the methylene-dioxyphenyl synergists 60,122 .
The role of mitofusin 2 in saturated fatty acid induced ER stress in H4IIE liver cells (1116.4)

Genetic ablation of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) in mice results in ER stress and insulin resistance in the liver. In liver cells, saturated fatty acids (SFA) induce ER stress and activate c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) which can mediate Mfn2 degradation. We hypothesized that SFA would reduce Mfn2 expression. We examined the effects of the unsaturated fatty acid oleate (O250µM) and the SFA palmitate (P250 µM) on Mfn2 mRNA, translation and protein expression in H4IIE liver cells (n=3). O250 µM and P250 µM had no significant effect on Mfn2 mRNA. P250 µM significantly increased Mfn2 translational efficiency based on polysome profiling, however no increase in Mfn2 protein expression was observed. JNK-mediated degradation of Mfn2 involves serine phosphorylation (pSer) and ubiquitination (Ub), however P250 µM did not increase pSer or Ub of Mfn2. These data suggest that either the increase in translational efficiency was not sufficient to alter Mfn2 protein levels or that Mfn2 degradation occurs via mechanisms independen...
SCIENCE, MEASUREMENT, AND VALIDITY: IS COMPLETION OF SAMUEL MESSICK'S SYNTHESIS POSSIBLE?

Messick's (1989) theory of test validity is profoundly influential (Hubley and Zumbo, 1996; Angoff, 1988) in part because it brings together disparate contributions into a unified framework for building validity arguments. At the heart of Messick's theory lies a synthesis of realism and constructivism with respect to both scientific facts and measurement. Within this synthesis there remains a tension between the evidential basis and the consequential basis for test interpretation and use. This cannot be sidestepped simply by limiting the evidential basis to test interpretation and the consequential basis to test use: Interpretation and use are not so easily held separate. The roles of constructivism and context in Messick's theory underline the inherent link between facts and values, but the assumption that facts are objective and values are subjective goes unquestioned in Messick's theory. The inherent link between facts and values combines with this assumption to produce the unresolved tension in Messick's theory. This suggests that a unified theory of test validity requires a theory of value justification.
Adaptation to increasing loads of total parenteral nutrition: Metabolic, endocrine, and insulin receptor responses

Abstract The metabolic, hormonal, and insulin receptor responses to the initiation, maintained infusion, and cessation of a total parenteral nutrient solution were assessed in 5 adult patients with gastrointestinal disorders as part of a program of home total parenteral nutrition. Three phases were studied: phase 1, continuous infusion; phase 2, 17 h of infusion; and phase 3, the 12-h night-time schedule. In the first 2 phases, all subjects responded well. Blood glucose was in the range of 100–130 mg/dl; nitrogen balance, positive; and weight gain, progressive. The major response to the abrupt initiation of the infusion was brisk insulin secretion. Tapering resulted in a fall of glucose to fasting levels and a rapid decline in insulin. No significant changes in glucagon, cortisol, or growth hormone were noted with initiation or cessation. During phase 3, 4 of the 5 patients had patterns similar to phase 2, although plasma glucose and insulin responses were higher. There was no post-infusion hypoglycemia, and the glycemic responses to glucagon 11 h postinfusion suggested preservation of glycogen stores. One subject tolerated the infusion in phases 1 and 2, but not in phase 3. While his insulin responses were essentially equal to the other 4, marked hyperglycemic, hyperglucagonemia, and higher growth hormone and cortisol levels were noted. During phase 3 total insulin binding to circulating monocytes was significantly diminished in all patients. This decrease was predominantly a function of a decrease in high-affinity receptors and may reflect receptor "downregulation" by the hyper-insulinemia which developed with each infusion. Thus, adaptation to the initiation, infusion, and cessation of nutrients during home total parenteral nutrition is characterized by abrupt alterations in insulin secretion without apparent changes in counterregulatory hormones. The responses to insulin may be modulated by regulatory changes in insulin receptors which could predispose some patients to carbohydrate intolerance while protecting others from postinfusion hypoglycemia.
Cohesive strength characterization of brittle low-k films

The cohesive strength of low k dielectric films is an important property in predicting thermomechanical integrity of the Cu/low k interconnect structure. An approach to measure the cohesive strength of brittle low k films is presented, in which residual stress, elastic modulus and film thickness, are considered. The importance of residual film stress in cohesive failures is demonstrated.
Stress Measurement in Circular Cylinders

A general procedure is presented whereby all the internal stresses in a glass cylinder can be calculated from birefringence observations. The method applies to circular cylinders, either rods or tubes, where the stress distribution may be any arbitrary function of the radial coordinate and where the observation path is far enough from the ends of the cylinder so that end effects are negligible. The method is applied to an oil-tempered solid glass rod and the calculated stress is compared with that expected from a constant cooling rate.
A series of new high‐performance materials based on poly[4′‐fluorophenyl‐bis(4‐phenyl)phosphine oxide]

A new series of high-performance poly(arylene phosphine oxide) (PAPO) materials were synthesized postpolymerization from fluorinated poly(arylene phosphine oxide) (f-PAPO). The new materials had increased solubility and film-forming ability over the parent f-PAPO. With the careful choice of the nucleophile, the thermal stability was also increased. The parent polymer f-PAPO was synthesized via Ni(0) coupling from aromatic chloride and mesylate monomers. Both monomers were polymerized successfully to create polymers with intrinsic viscosities of 0.235 and 0.123 dL/g, respectively. The higher molecular weight f-PAPO gave a glass transition of 320 °C and a char yield of 54% at 650 °C in air. The substitution of f-PAPO via nucleophilic aromatic substitution produced PAPO thermoplastics with significant changes in the properties. The largest increase in the thermal stability relative to f-PAPO was from 563 to 600 °C 10% weight-loss values in nitrogen after the displacement of fluoride by 4-aminophenol, which yielded poly[4-(4-aminopheonxyphenyl)bis(4′-phenyl)phosphine oxide]. Additionally, the char yield increased from 54 to 71% in air at 650 °C. The solubility of the parent polymer was improved after substitution with 3-tert-butylphenol, n-nonylamine, and poly(ethylene glycol)monomethyl ether. All of these became soluble in chloroform, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Copolymers were synthesized with 2,5-dichloro-4′-fluorobenzophenone to improve the solubility of f-PAPO without the loss of thermal stability. These copolymers also underwent nucleophilic aromatic substitution to create an epoxy cure agent that was used with the DEN 431 resin. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2277–2287, 2003
ULTRAFAST DYNAMICS OF THERMAL AND NONTHERMAL STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN METALS

Although structural phase changes in metals are a vital problem due to its fundamental importance as well as wide applicability in materials processing and manufacturing, the underlying physics of this process is still not fully understood and remains only at a phenomenological level. The study of the dynamics associated with structural changes only becomes possible recently with advances of femtosecond laser techniques. In this paper, we discuss our experimental results in the ultrafast dynamics of structural changes in metals induced by both thermal and nonthermal processes by monitoring materials states through their transient dielectric constants. These results lead to a more complete understanding of the physical mechanism of structural phase changes in metals.
Lipid composition of selected strains of Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Abstract The nature and quantity of the lipids of selected strains of Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis have been examined. The lipid compositions of the organisms studied are relatively similar with the exception of minor variations in the relative proportions of the major phospholipids and the presence of additional minor components in Y. pseudotuberculosis . The phospholipids detected in strains and species of Yersinia have been identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolaniine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol by chromatography of the glycerol phosphate esters derived from the lipids after mild alkaline hydrolysis and by chromatography of the products of acid hydrolysis of the esters. No phosphatidylcholine was detected. Two of the minor components detected in Y. pseudotuberculosis were identified as mono- and diglucosyl diglyceride. No glycolipids were detected in Y. pestis strains. The fatty acid compositions generally consist of 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, cyclopropane(cyc)-17:0, 18:0, 18:1, hydroxy(OH)-16:0, cyc-19:0 and 20:0. Relatively small quantities of 10:0 and 14:1 and trace quantities of OH-14:0 and OH-18:0 were also detected. The lipid composition of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis are quite similar to those reported for members of the Enterobacteriaceae .
Comparison of protein-polysaccharide nanoparticle fabrication methods: Impact of biopolymer complexation before or after particle formation

The nature of protein-polysaccharide nanoparticles prepared using two fabrication methods was compared: Type 1 particles were formed by creating beta-lactoglobulin nanoparticles, and then coating them with pectin; Type 2 particles were formed by heating beta-lactoglobulin and pectin complexes together. Protein nanoparticles (d=180 nm) were created by heating beta-lactoglobulin above its thermal denaturation temperature (T(m)) at pH 5.8. Type 1 particles were then formed by mixing these particles with high methoxy (HM) pectin under conditions where pectin adsorbed to the protein (pH<6). Type 2 particles were created by heating beta-lactoglobulin-HM pectin electrostatic complexes above T(m) at pH 4.75. At pH 4.5, Types 1 and 2 particulates had similar charge (-33 mV), protein content, and shapes (spheroid), however, Type 1 particulates were larger (d=430 nm) than Type 2 particulates (d=300 nm). The influence of pH, ionic strength and protein:pectin mass ratio (r) on the physical stability of the two types of particles was tested. A weight ratio of 2:1 (protein:pectin) gave good pH stability of the particles against aggregation by imparting more surface charge. Type 2 particles had a higher electrical charge, better stability to aggregation at lower pH values (pH<4), and better stability to aggregation at high salt concentrations (200 mM NaCl) than Type 1 particles. These differences suggested that Type 2 particulates had a higher surface coverage with pectin, thereby reducing their tendency to aggregate. These results have important consequences for the design of biopolymer nanoparticles based on thermal treatment of proteins and polysaccharides.