cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Hybrid RANS-LES of Compressible Flows

The formulation of a RANS-LES method for compressible flows faces many fundamental problems. The usual adoption of mass weighted, Favre, averages in the RANS region, and filtered Favre averages in the LES region produces additional difficulties to the connection of the RANS and LES zones, and the dialogue between RANS and LES quantities, both as regards the post processing of data and the formulation of bridging RANS-LES closures, is not so easy. In this paper this problem is explored on the basis of the operational filtering approach that with the introduction of the generalized central moments gives a unified averaging invariant formulation both of RANS and LES. The extension of this approach to the mass weighted averages will be discussed and a mixed RANS-LES system of equations will be presented.
Conflicts of interest improve collective computation of adaptive social structures.

In many biological systems, the functional behavior of a group is collectively computed by the system’s individual components. An example is the brain’s ability to make decisions via the activity of billions of neurons. A long-standing puzzle is how the components’ decisions combine to produce beneficial group-level outputs, despite conflicts of interest and imperfect information. We derive a theoretical model of collective computation from mechanistic first principles, using results from previous work on the computation of power structure in a primate model system. Collective computation has two phases: an information accumulation phase, in which (in this study) pairs of individuals gather information about their fighting abilities and make decisions about their dominance relationships, and an information aggregation phase, in which these decisions are combined to produce a collective computation. To model information accumulation, we extend a stochastic decision-making model—the leaky integrator model used to study neural decision-making—to a multiagent game-theoretic framework. We then test alternative algorithms for aggregating information—in this study, decisions about dominance resulting from the stochastic model—and measure the mutual information between the resultant power structure and the “true” fighting abilities. We find that conflicts of interest can improve accuracy to the benefit of all agents. We also find that the computation can be tuned to produce different power structures by changing the cost of waiting for a decision. The successful application of a similar stochastic decision-making model in neural and social contexts suggests general principles of collective computation across substrates and scales.
Island topographies to reduce short-circuiting in stormwater detention ponds and treatment wetlands

Abstract Urban stormwater is an increasing environmental problem for cities worldwide. Many cities have turned to green infrastructure solutions, which provide water treatment and retention while also harnessing other ecosystem services. This study considered the design of detention ponds and treatment wetlands with the goal of improving hydraulic performance (specifically reducing short-circuiting) while also increasing habitat diversity. Fifty-four basin topographies, including a variety of islands and berms, were compared to an open and a traditional serpentine basin. Using scaled physical models the hydraulic performance of each design was evaluated using tracer studies to construct the residence time distribution and to visually observe the circulation pattern. In addition, the earthwork construction cost and habitat diversity index (based on the Shannon-Weaver entropy measure) were estimated at field scale. The results reveal multiple design options that improve hydraulic performance, relative to both the open and serpentine basins, and which represent a range of habit diversity and cost. General guidelines for optimal configurations are discussed.
Synthesis of arrays containing porphyrin, chlorin, and perylene-imide constituents for panchromatic light-harvesting and charge separation

Achieving solar light harvesting followed by efficient charge separation and transport is an essential objective of molecular-based artificial photosynthesis. Architectures that afford strong absorption across the near-UV to near-infrared region, namely panchromatic absorptivity, are critically important given the broad spectral distribution of sunlight. A tetrapyrrole–perylene pentad array was synthesized and investigated as a means to integrate panchromatic light harvesting and intramolecular charge separation. The pentad consists of three moieties: (1) a panchromatically absorbing triad, in which a porphyrin is strongly coupled to two perylene-monoimides via ethyne linkages; (2) a perylene-diimide electron acceptor; and (3) a chlorin hole-trapping unit. Integrating the three components with diphenylethyne linkers generates moderate electronic coupling for intramolecular energy and hole/electron transfer. The construction of the array relies on a stepwise strategy for incorporating modular pigment building blocks. The key building blocks include a trans-A2BC porphyrin, a chlorin, a perylene-monoimide, and a perylene-diimide, each bearing appropriate (halo, ethynyl) synthetic handles for Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reactions. One target pentad, three tetrads, four triads, and four monomeric benchmark compounds were synthesized from six building blocks (three new, three reported) and 10 new synthetic intermediates. Four of the tetrapyrrole-containing arrays are zinc chelated, and four others are in the free base form. Absorption and fluorescence spectra and fluorescence quantum yields were also measured. Collectively, investigations of the arrays reveal insights into principles for the design of novel reaction centers integrated with a panchromatic antenna for artificial photosynthetic studies.
Linear Trading Rules for Portfolio Management

The author continues his study of dynamic portfolio management published in an earlier issue of this journal. The approach considers each asset in isolation and finds the best trading policy for the asset within a prespecified class of policies. An earlier article considered linear trading rules and developed the notion of a target portfolio—a position we would prefer to hold given a single cost-free trade. The target is in motion, driven by changes in a collection of signals that are assumed to be correlated with future asset returns. In this article, the author expands the class of policies to include piecewise linear policies for three defined ranges (buy, hold, sell) and defined responses in the buy and sell regions. The policy driver is the difference between the target position and the current position, known as the backlog. If the backlog is small enough in absolute value, we are in the no-trade zone, and the policy prescription is hold. If the backlog is larger than the positive no-trade zone, the policy buys a fraction of excess and thus moves part of the way toward the boundary of the no-trade zone. The situation is symmetric in the sell case. The policy is defined by two parameters: the size of the no-trade zone and the fraction of the excess that is purchased (sold). The focus on one asset and a two-parameter policy class allows one to find good solutions to an otherwise intractable problem. The state space for the problem is the position of the asset and the values of the signals. The technique is scalable: Problems have been solved with over 3,000 assets and over 30 signals per asset. The resulting policy can then be folded into a single-stage multiasset optimization, in effect embedding the optimal dynamic policy into the static optimization.
Metabolic rates of juvenile scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini)

Oxygen consumption of juvenile scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini, was measured in a Brett-type flume (volume=635 l) to quantify metabolic rates over a range of aerobic swimming speeds and water temperatures. Oxygen consumption (log transformed) increased at a linear rate with increases in tailbeat frequency and swimming speed. Estimates of standard metabolic rate ranged between 161 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 at 21°C and 203 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 at 29°C (mean±SD: 189±15 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 at 26°C). Total metabolic rates ranged from 275 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 at swimming speeds of 0.5 body lengths per second (L s–1) to a maximum aerobic metabolic rate of 501 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 at 1.4 L s–1. Net cost of transport was highest at slower swimming speeds (0.5–0.6 L s–1) and was lowest between 0.75 and 0.9 L s–1. Therefore, these sharks are most energy efficient at swimming speeds between 0.75 and 0.9 L s–1. These data indicate that tailbeat frequency and swimming speed can be used as predictors of metabolic rate of free-swimming juvenile hammerhead sharks.
Sex- and Age-specific Increases in Suicide Attempts by Self-Poisoning in the United States among Youth and Young Adults from 2000 to 2018

Objective To evaluate the incidence and outcomes from intentional suspected-suicide self-poisoning in children and young adults ages 10-24 years old from 2000 to 2018. Study design Retrospective review of intentional suspected-suicide self-poisoning cases reported to the National Poison Data System from US poison centers from 2000 to 2018 for patients 10-24 years old. For comparison of annual rates, population data by year of age were obtained from the US Census Bureau. We evaluated changes in the annual incidence, the annual rate per 100 000 population, and the medical outcome by patient age and sex. Results There were 1 627 825 intentional suspected-suicide self-poisoning cases, of which 1 162 147 (71%) were female. In children 10-15 years old from 2000 to 2010, there was a decrease in number and rate per 100 000 population followed by a significant increase (from 125% to 299%) from 2011 to 2018. In children 10-18 years old, the increase from 2011 to 2018 was driven predominantly by females. In 19-24 years old age groups, there was a temporal delay and reduced increase in slope compared with the younger groups. There were 340 563 moderate outcomes, 45 857 major outcomes, and 1404 deaths. The percentage of cases with a serious outcome, major effect, or death increased over time and with age. Conclusions The incidence and rate of suicide attempts using self-poisoning in children less than 19 years old increased significantly after 2011, occurring predominantly in young girls. There has been an increase in the severity of outcomes independent of age or sex.
Lead Poisoning in Children

Asymptomatic lead poisoning has become more common in children. Blood lead levels of less than 5 µg per dL are associated with impairments in neurocognitive and behavioral development that are irreversible. Risk factors for lead poisoning include age younger than five years, low socioeconomic status, living in housing built before 1978, and use of imported food, medicines, and pottery. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force released a recommendation in 2019 citing insufficient evidence to assess the balance of benefits and harms of universal screening for elevated blood lead levels in asymptomatic children and pregnant women. Local risk factors can be substantial, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that states and cities formulate their own targeted screening guidelines. In the absence of local guidance, the CDC recommends screening all Medicaid-eligible children at 12 months and again at 24 months, or at least once between 36 and 72 months if not previously screened. The CDC also recommends universal screening in areas where more than 27% of the housing was built before 1950, or where at least 12% of children 12 to 36 months of age have blood lead levels greater than 10 µg per dL. Life-threatening lead levels are treated with chelation therapy, and lower levels should prompt case management and environmental investigations to identify and remove the source of exposure. Primary prevention strategies are essential to eliminate the harmful effects of lead on child development.
Aptamer-based SERS Biosensor for Whole Cell Analytical Detection of E. coli O157:H7

Abstract Infectious outbreaks caused by foodborne pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7 are still imposing a heavy burden for global food safety, causing acute illnesses and significant industrial impact worldwide. Despite the growth of biosensors as a research field, continuous innovation on detection strategies, novel materials and enhanced limits of detection, most of the platforms developed at the laboratory scale never will get to meet the market. The use of aptamers as capture biomolecules has been proposed as a promising alternative to overcome the harsh environmental conditions of industrial manufacturing processes, and to enhance the performance under real, complex, conditions. In this work, we present the feasibility of using aptameric DNA sequences, covalently conjugated to 4-aminothiophenol-gold nanoparticle complexes for the sensitive and highly specific detection of E. coli O157:H7 via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis. Low concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 were detected and quantified within 20 min in both pure culture (∼101 CFU mL−1) and ground beef samples (∼102 CFU mL−1). The SERS intensity response showed a strong negative linear correlation (r2 = 0.995) with increasing concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 (ranging from 102 to 106 CFU mL−1). High specificity was achieved at genus (L. monocytogenes, S. aureus S. typhimurium) species (E. coli B1201) and serotype (E. coli O55:H7) level, demonstrating with 95% of confidence that the interferent microorganisms tested generated a Raman signal response not significantly different from the background (p = 0.786). This work evaluates the incorporation of aptameric DNA sequences as bio capture molecules exclusively. The successful performance presented using non-modified citrate reduced GNPs, is promising for potential low-cost, high-throughput applications. The findings might be applied simultaneously to the detection of a wide variety of foodborne pathogens in a multiplexed fashion employing unique Raman probes and strain-specific aptamer sequences.
Strong Aharonov-Bohm quantum interference in simply connected LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 structures

We report Aharonov-Bohm (AB) type quantum interference in simply connected devices created at the ${\mathrm{LaAlO}}_{3}/{\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ interface using conductive atomic force microscope (c-AFM) lithography. The oscillations are multiperiodic functions of magnetic field strength, and they exhibit a substantial magnetic hysteresis with frequencies that depend on the magnetic sweep direction. The oscillation amplitude for the lowest two frequencies approaches ${e}^{2}/h$, consistent with the theoretical maximum for the AB effect, and harmonics up to third order are observable. Broadband quasiperiodic behavior is reported in a fraction of simply connected electron waveguide devices that exhibit magnetic asymmetries. Curiously, nanoscale ring devices that are multiply connected lack signatures of AB quantum interference. The interference phenomena are associated with an inhomogeneous magnetic landscape within the ${\mathrm{LaAlO}}_{3}/{\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ nanostructures.
Homeostasis disrupted by strain mechanosensing.

In injured intervertebral discs, disruptions in fibre organization and in cellular contractility result in a fibrotic phenotype and progressive tissue degeneration.
Windows interoperability with Linux in the enterprise (WINWILE): a solution to the high cost of licensing, downtime, and security problems

The cost of running an exclusive Microsoft platform can be prohibitive for many organizations. Never ending updates, upgrades, and patches, coupled with what seems to be a constant barrage of viruses and security concerns, can easily lead to an unacceptable amount of downtime. This paper reports on a successful effort to create a heterogeneous system utilizing both Microsoft and non-Microsoft products, including Linux. Initial user feedback has been quite positive, and cost savings can easily be 40% or more.
Percutaneous thermal ablation for treatment of osteoid osteoma: a systematic review and analysis.

Although radiofrequency ablation is well validated for treatment of osteoid osteoma, newer technologies, namely cryoablation, have been less thoroughly studied. The purpose is to perform a systematic review and pooled analysis of percutaneous ablation technologies for treatment of osteoid osteoma with subset analysis of intra-articular and spinal tumors. A total of 36 of 79 identified manuscripts met inclusion criteria, comprising 1863 ablations in 1798 patients. Inclusion criteria were (1) retrospective or prospective analysis of thermal ablation of osteoid osteomas in any location, (2) at least 6 months of clinical follow-up, (3) 10 or more patients, (4) patients not included in a second study included in this review, and (5) English language or English translation available. Success rate was defined as all ablations minus technical failures, clinical failures, and recurrences. Subset analysis of intra-articular and spinal tumors was performed. Overall success rate was 91.9% (95% CI 91–93%). Technical failure, clinical failure, and recurrence rates were 0.3%, 2.1%, and 5.6% respectively. Complications were seen in 2.5% (95% CI 1.9–3.3%) patients. There was no significant difference when comparing radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation (p = 0.92). Success rates for intra-articular (radiofrequency ablation) and spinal tumors (radiofrequency and cryoablation) were 97% and 91.6% respectively. Percutaneous ablation of osteoid osteomas was highly successful with low complication rates. Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation is similar, which is consequential because cryoablation is associated with decreased pain, predictable nerve regeneration, and theoretical immunotherapy benefits. Treatment of more challenging intra-articular and spinal lesions demonstrated similarly high success and low complication rates.
N-glycosylation of α 1D-adrenergic receptor N-terminal domain is required for correct trafficking, function, and biogenesis

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) biogenesis, trafficking, and function are regulated by post-translational modifications, including N-glycosylation of asparagine residues. α1D-adrenergic receptors (α1D-ARs) - key regulators of central and autonomic nervous system function - contain two putative N-glycosylation sites within the large N-terminal domain at N65 and N82. However, determining the glycosylation state of this receptor has proven challenging. Towards understanding the role of these putative glycosylation sites, site-directed mutagenesis and lectin affinity purification identified N65 and N82 as bona fide acceptors for N-glycans. Surprisingly, we also report that simultaneously mutating N65 and N82 causes early termination of α1D-AR between transmembrane domain 2 and 3. Label-free dynamic mass redistribution and cell surface trafficking assays revealed that single and double glycosylation deficient mutants display limited function with impaired plasma membrane expression. Confocal microscopy imaging analysis and SNAP-tag sucrose density fractionation assays revealed the dual glycosylation mutant α1D-AR is widely distributed throughout the cytosol and nucleus. Based on these novel findings, we propose α1D-AR transmembrane domain 2 acts as an ER localization signal during active protein biogenesis, and that α1D-AR N-terminal glycosylation is required for complete translation of nascent, functional receptor.
Couple Relationship Education Outcomes Predicted by Family Life Stage and Traditionality

An understudied aspect of couple relationship education (CRE) effectiveness is participant factors, including their changing needs over time. This study investigated the influence of changing needs over time on CRE outcomes. Participants (n = 692) self-selected to a CRE course and completed pre- and posttests. Family life stages were utilized to reflect changing needs, and participants were also assessed whether they fit family development theory’s expected (traditional) stage progression. Using linear mixed-effects models, we estimated the impact of family life stage on the posttest scores of three outcomes: commitment, relationship knowledge, and control rejection. We further tested whether a traditional progression interacted with family life stage. Related to our first hypothesis, if CRE outcomes differed by life stage, results indicated that the CRE outcome of commitment was different for those in the establishment and transition to parenthood stages, and the CRE outcome of knowledge differed for those in the transition to parenthood and preschool stages. The second hypothesis, an interaction between life stage and traditional (versus nontraditional) form of that stage, was supported for commitment and knowledge. Those who were in non-traditional earlier life stages and scored low on the pretest did not do as well on the posttest as their traditional counterparts. It may be that what couples need varies based on life stage and traditionality, and typical CRE courses may be less effective for non-traditional participants. Curricula should be carefully considered, to ensure it applies to the targeted participants. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Expected Versus Experienced Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients Recovering From Cancer Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Patient expectations of the impact of surgery on postoperative health-related quality of life (HRQL) may reflect the effectiveness of patient-provider communication. We sought to compare expected versus experienced HRQL among patients undergoing cancer surgery. Methods Adults undergoing cancer surgery were eligible for inclusion (2017-2019). Preoperatively, patients completed a smartphone-based survey assessing expectations for HRQL 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively based on the 8 short-form 36 (SF36) domains (physical functioning, physical role limitations, pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role limitations, and mental health). Experienced HRQL was then assessed through smartphone-based SF36 surveys 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Correlations between 1- and 6-month trends in expected versus experienced HRQL were determined. Results Among 101 consenting patients, 74 completed preoperative expectations and SF36 surveys (73%). The mean age was 54 years (SD 14), 49 (66%) were female, and the most common operations were for breast (34%) and abdominal (31%) tumors. Patients expected HRQL to worsen 1 week after surgery and improve toward minimal disability over 6 months. There was poor correlation (≤±0.4) between 1- and 6-month trends in expected versus experienced HRQL in all SF36 domains except for moderate correlation in physical functioning (0.50, 95% confidence interval [0.22-0.78], P < 0.001) and physical role limitations (0.41, 95% confidence interval [0.05-0.77], P = 0.024). Patients expected better HRQL than they experienced. Conclusions Preoperative expectations of postoperative HRQL correlated poorly with lived experiences except in physical health domains. Surgeons should evaluate factors which inform expectations around physical and psychosocial health and use these data to enhance shared decision-making.
Networks never rest: An investigation of network evolution in three species of animals

Abstract Despite considerable advancement in the study of network evolution, three basic limitations are common to the data collected: (1) examining a small number of networks, (2) not observing networks from scratch, (3) not collecting time-stamped, continuous records of all interactions among all members of groups. Here, we avoid these limitations by observing all aggressive interactions leading to network formation from the moment of introduction among all members of 45 groups of four individuals each in three species of animals: chickens, cichlid fish, and mice. We apply several recently developed methods for the visualization and analysis of network evolution to these unique datasets. We discover, first, that network evolution is a remarkably dynamic process across all three species: networks do not evolve to specific structures and then remain in those configurations. Instead, we find dynamic stability in which many groups continually return to a general class of structures. Second, we find considerable similarity across species in the pathways that the groups take through different possible network configurations as they evolve. Third, we show that transitive component triads are more stable than intransitive ones. Fourth, we track the evolution of individual ranks within groups and discover that many individuals do not have stable positions. Finally, we discuss fundamental questions that our findings raise for the study of networks in both animals and humans.
Choreoathetosis in the Setting of Human Herpesvirus-6 Infection in a Transplant Recipient

Background: Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) has been associated with various neurologic disorders, but movement disorders are rare. This case describes a patient who developed a choreoathetotic movement disorder in the setting of HHV-6 infection. Case Report: A 72-year-old woman with AML and recent HHV-6 encephalitis following stem cell transplant presented with involuntary movements. Neurologic examination demonstrated motor impersistence and irregular non-stereotyped writhing movements consistent with a choreoathetotic movement disorder secondary to HHV-6 infection. Discussion: This is the first literature reported case of adult-onset chorea associated with HHV-6 infection, though it remains unclear if the movement disorder was from the infection or a secondary autoimmune response.
Directly Measured Costs of Severe Maternal Morbidity Events during Delivery Admission Compared with Uncomplicated Deliveries.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the actual excess costs of care for delivery admissions complicated by severe maternal morbidity (SMM) compared with uncomplicated deliveries. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study of all deliveries between October 2015 and September 2018 at a single tertiary academic center. Pregnant individuals ≥ 20 weeks' gestation who delivered during a hospital admission (i.e., a "delivery admission") were included. The primary exposure was SMM, as defined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria, CDC criteria excluding blood transfusion, or by validated hospital-defined criteria (intensive care unit admission or ≥ 4 units of blood products). Potential SMM events identified via administrative and blood bank data were reviewed to confirm SMM events had occurred. Primary outcome was total actual costs of delivery admission derived from time-based accounting and acquisition costs in the institutional Value Driven Outcomes database. Cost of delivery admissions with SMM events was compared with the cost of uncomplicated delivery using adjusted generalized linear models, with separate models for each of the SMM definitions. Relative cost differences are reported due to data restrictions. RESULTS Of 12,367 eligible individuals, 12,361 had complete cost data. Two hundred and eighty individuals (2.3%) had confirmed SMM events meeting CDC criteria. CDC criteria excluding transfusion alone occurred in 1.0% (n = 121) and hospital-defined SMM in 0.6% (n = 76). In adjusted models, SMM events by CDC criteria were associated with a relative cost increase of 2.45 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.29-2.61) the cost of an uncomplicated delivery. SMM by CDC criteria excluding transfusion alone was associated with a relative increase of 3.26 (95% CI: 2.95-3.60) and hospital-defined SMM with a 4.19-fold (95% CI: 3.64-4.83) increase. Each additional CDC subcategory of SMM diagnoses conferred a relative cost increase of 1.60 (95% CI: 1.43-1.79). CONCLUSION SMM is associated with between 2.5- and 4-fold higher cost than uncomplicated deliveries. KEY POINTS · Severe maternal morbidity as defined by CDC criteria confers a 2.5-fold increase in delivery hospitalization costs.. · Intensive care unit admission or ≥ 4 units of blood products confer a fourfold increase in cost.. · Costs of maternal morbidity may motivate SMM review..
Electrically Conductive In Situ Formed Nano‐Si3N4/SiC/TiCxN1−x Ceramic Composite Consolidated by Pulse Electric Current Sintering (PECS)

Fully dense nano-sized Si3N4/SiC/TiCxN1−x conductive composites have been synthesized through the reactive-consolidation of a powder mixture of amorphous polymer precursor-derived silicon carbonitride and nanocrystalline TiO2 by pulse electric current sintering. The nano-Si3N4 and SiC grains, with sizes ranging from 15 to 30 nm, form large aggregate regions up to 20 μm in size. The nano-TiC0.3N0.7 grains, ranging from 100 to 300 nm in size, form a connected matrix in which the micro-sized Si3N4/SiC aggregate regions are distributed. The resultant ceramic composite possesses an excellent electrical conductivity, ∼3.40 × 104 (Ω·m)−1. This ceramic also exhibits favorable mechanical properties, including ∼14 GPa hardness and 6.7 MPa·m1/2 fracture toughness.
Static analysis of mutant subsumption

Mutation analysis generates a large set of variants, or mutants, and then demands a test set that distinguishes each variant from the original artifact. It has long been apparent that many mutants contribute little, if anything, to the subsequent test set. Researchers have developed various approaches to separate valuable mutants from redundant mutants. The notion of subsumption underlies several such approaches. Informally, one mutant subsumes another if tests that kill the first also kill the second. Computing subsumption relations is, not surprisingly, undecidable. Recent work formalized the notion of a mutant subsumption graph (MSG) and showed that root nodes in the MSG precisely identify mutants that are not redundant. To address the decidability issue, we first defined the dynamic subsumption graph as an approximation to the MSG. This paper continues by showing how symbolic execution can be used to construct static subsumption graphs. While symbolic execution has some distinct shortcomings, we show how we can mitigate these problems with a hybrid approach that extracts test cases from the analysis process and re-evaluates the subsumption graph dynamically.
The Brauer-Siegel Theorem

Using the integrals expressing the zeta function, one can give certain estimates concerning its residue in order to derive asymptotic results relating the class number, regulator, and discriminant of a number field, and notably the following.
The Bw-Tree: A B-tree for new hardware platforms

The emergence of new hardware and platforms has led to reconsideration of how data management systems are designed. However, certain basic functions such as key indexed access to records remain essential. While we exploit the common architectural layering of prior systems, we make radically new design decisions about each layer. Our new form of B-tree, called the Bw-tree achieves its very high performance via a latch-free approach that effectively exploits the processor caches of modern multi-core chips. Our storage manager uses a unique form of log structuring that blurs the distinction between a page and a record store and works well with flash storage. This paper describes the architecture and algorithms for the Bw-tree, focusing on the main memory aspects. The paper includes results of our experiments that demonstrate that this fresh approach produces outstanding performance.
Abdominal migraine, another cause of abdominal pain in adults.

Abstract Background Abdominal migraine is a diagnostically challenging childhood disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, which has not been clearly demonstrated to occur in adults. Methods We used 2 sets of consensus criteria for the diagnosis of abdominal migraine in children to evaluate adults suspected of having this condition in both our own patient population and in the medical literature. Two patients in our clinic and 11 patients from the medical literature composed our initial study cohort and were analyzed using the International Classification of Headache Disorders , 2 nd Edition and American College of Gastroenterology Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for abdominal migraine in children. Results Ten of these patients met inclusion criteria for definite or probable abdominal migraine and comprised our final study cohort. The 10 patients from this adult cohort shared common demographic and clinical characteristics with children suffering from abdominal migraine, including a familial history of migraine in 90%. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that abdominal migraine occurs and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent abdominal pain in adults, especially if there is a family history of migraine headaches.
Mandibular osteotomies for access to select parapharyngeal space neoplasms.

Background Tumors involving the parapharyngeal space present a challenge of surgical access. Methods We reviewed all parapharyngeal space tumors resected at the University of California, San Francisco, between 2003 and 2006 and identified 14 patients who had a mandibular osteotomy to enhance surgical access to the parapharyngeal space. Results The surgical approach for the 14 patients who had a mandibulotomy was accomplished via either 1 or 2 mandibular osteotomies. A single paramedian osteotomy between the canine and the first premolar was used in 4 cases, whereas a combination of a horizontal osteotomy above the lingula and a paramedian osteotomy between the canine and first premolar was employed in 8 cases. A lingual dental splint and rigid fixation were used to achieve mandibular stabilization and fixation. Conclusion We found that the single and double mandibular osteotomies provided excellent surgical access allowing for total tumor removal with few sequelae. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Mexicanin I, a helenanolide sesquiterpene lactone in Hulsea and its systematic implication

Abstract The discovery of a helenanolide sesquiterpene lactone in Hulsea supports placement of the genus in the tribe Heliantheae.
Possible correlation between species extinction, evolution and plate adjustments to continental erosion

Data from continental erosion and from fluctuations in sea level are offered as a correlation with species extinction reported by Raup. Such data suggest a model for long term punctuate evolution.
An Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope With No Soft X-Ray Response

While EUV grazing incidence telescopes of conventional design exhibit a substantial X-ray response as well as an extreme UV response, and existing bandpass filters for the transmission of radiation longward of 400 A also transmit soft X-rays, the grazing incidence telescope presented suppresses this soft X-ray throughput through the incorporation of a Wolter Schwarzschild Type II mirror with large graze angles. The desirable features of an EUV photometric survey telescope are retained. An instrument of this design will be flown on the EUE mission, in order to make a survey of the sky at wavelengths longer than 400 A.
Ricin A-chain requires c-Jun N-terminal kinase to induce apoptosis in nontransformed epithelial cells.

Abstract Ricin is a toxin isolated from castor beans that has potential as a weapon of bioterrorism. This glycoprotein consists of an A-chain (RTA) that damages the ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis and a B-chain that plays a role in cellular uptake. Ricin activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 signaling pathways; however, a role for these pathways in ricin-induced cell death has not been investigated. Our goals were to determine if RTA alone could activate apoptosis and if the JNK and p38 pathways were required for this response. Comparable caspase activation was observed with both ricin and RTA treatment in the immortalized, nontransformed epithelial cell line, MAC-T. Ribosome depurination and inhibition of protein synthesis were induced in 2–4 h with 1 μg/ml RTA and within 4–6 h with 0.1 μg/ml RTA. Apoptosis was not observed until 4 h of treatment with either RTA concentration. RTA activated JNK and p38 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner that preceded increases in apoptosis. Inhibition of the JNK pathway reduced RTA-induced caspase activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. In contrast, inhibition of the p38 pathway had little effect on RTA-induced caspase 3/7 activation. These studies are the first to demonstrate a role for the JNK signaling pathway in ricin-induced cell death. In addition, the MAC-T cell line is shown to be a sensitive in vitro model system for future studies using RTA mutants to determine relationships between RTA-induced depurination, ribotoxic stress, and apoptosis in normal epithelial cells.
When agreement is for number and gender but not person

In many languages, adjectives agree with a noun phrase in number and gender, but not in person. In others, ditransitive verbs can agree with their theme argument in number and gender, but not in person (the Person Case Constraint). However, a unified account of these two similar patterns has rarely been attempted. In this article, I review how a single syntactic principle from Baker (2008)—the Structural Condition on Person Agreement (SCOPA)—can explain both phenomena, in contrast to other existing proposals. I then go on to show how the SCOPA also accounts for five other environments in which verbs agree in number and gender (if relevant) but not in person. Special attention is given to two entirely new cases: subject raising constructions in Sakha and agreement with direct objects in Ostyak. Along the way, I also discuss the consequences of partial agreement for case assignment, using this to explain why non-SCOPA-compliant configurations sometimes result in legitimate partial agreement with a first or second person pronoun, and sometimes result in a structure being ineffable.
Factors controlling phytoplankton primary productivity in Byram Lake, Mt. Kisco, N.Y., summer 1977

Phytoplankton productivity was measured in Byram Lake Reservoir during summer 1977. Depth integrated productivity (0–5 gC m− 2 d−1) increased with station depth, which together with visibility measurements indicated that light did not limit deep station productivity (C1 and S2). Macrophytes at station C5 (shallow) reduced the euphotic zone to 0 in June.
Implementation and physician behavior change : an industry perspective.

Clinical practice guidelines are omnipresent and increasing in number; however, their utility and applicability are questioned. A great deal of effort is expended in their creation, but how they reach their ultimate customers is very variable. The pharmaceutical industry has considerable resources that may assist in this process; however, they need to be more involved in the development of clinical practice guidelines. This can happen only if both guideline developers and industry set aside their fears, concerns, and prejudices and collectively try to improve health care through more appropriate management of patients.
Transactions Costs and Efficiency in Western Water Allocation

Economists argue that market forces should play a greater role in water allocation---emphasizing the inefficiency of allocating water to grow low value and surplus crops, while nonagricultural water users struggle to develop expensive new supplies. Agriculture accounts for 850%--95% of water use in many western states, and the cost of reducing irrigated acreage so that water can be available for other uses is generally far less than the cost of developing new water supplies (Young). Moreover, transfer of only a small portion of water used in agriculture would be sufficient to satisfy foreseeable nonagricultural water demands, so disruption of western U.S. agricultural production would be negligible (Tregarthen, Young). Over the last decade, market transfers have become a more common means to reallocate water, though nowhere could such voluntary transactions be characterized as a "free market" (Saliba and Bush). Every western state imposes conditions on water transfers. Such policies generate uncertainties and costs for transferors and have been described as inefficient and unnecessary impositions on the market (Tregarthen, Anderson and Johnson). Should public policy seek to minimize the cost of transferring water, or can transactions costs actually facilitate efficient reallocation by accounting for social costs of transfers?
The hemoglobins and serum albumins of three species of wood rats (Neotoma Say and Ord).

Abstract 1. 1. Electrophoretic patterns of hemoglobin and albumin variation were examined among three species of wood rats, Neotoma albigula, Neotoma mexicana and Neotoma floridana . 2. 2. A single hemoglobin pattern was found in N. mexicana , three patterns were found in N. floridana and eight different patterns were found in N. albigula . Hemoglobin patterns among the three species can be used in separating these taxa at the specific level. 3. 3. Serum albumin variation results from the presence of five codominant alleles segregating from a single locus. N. floridana was monomorphic for a single albumin allele, while N. mexicana and N. albigula were polymorphic.
A single molecule study of cellulase hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose

Cellobiohydrolase-I (CBH I), a processive exoglucanase secreted by Trichoderma reesei, is one of the key enzyme components in a commercial cellulase mixture currently used for processing biomass to biofuels. CBH I contains a family 7 glycoside hydrolase catalytic module, a family 1 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), and a highlyglycosylated linker peptide. It has been proposed that the CBH I cellulase initiates the hydrolysis from the reducing end of one cellulose chain and successively cleaves alternate β-1,4-glycosidic bonds to release cellobiose as its principal end product. The role each module of CBH I plays in the processive hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose has yet to be convincingly elucidated. In this report, we use a single-molecule approach that combines optical (Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscopy, or TIRF-M) and non-optical (Atomic Force Microscopy, or AFM) imaging techniques to analyze the molecular motion of CBM tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP), and to investigate the surface structure of crystalline cellulose and changes made in the structure by CBM and CBH I. The preliminary results have revealed a confined nanometer-scale movement of the TrCBM1-GFP bound to cellulose, and decreases in cellulose crystal size as well as increases in surface roughness during CBH I hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose.
Welding: Solidification and microstructure

Parameters that control the solidification of castings also control the solidification and microstructure of welds. However, various physical processes that occur due to the interaction of the heat source with the metal during welding add a new dimension to the understanding of the weld pool solidification. Conventional theories of solidification over a broad range of conditions can be extended to understand weld pool solidification. In certain cases, because of rapid cooling rate effects, it is not unusual to observe nonequilibrium microstructures. Recent developments in the application of computational thermodynamics and kinetic models, studies on single-crystal welds, and advanced in-situ characterization techniques have led to a better understanding of weld solidification and microstructures.
Routine hematocrit after elective gynecologic surgery.

Abstract Objective: To determine the clinical use and associated costs of routine postoperative hematocrit after elective gynecologic surgery. Methods: We reviewed the charts of all women who had elective gynecologic surgery over 12 months at a community hospital. Demographic data, estimated blood loss at surgery, pre- and postoperative hematocrits, postoperative symptoms suggesting anemia, and incidence of transfusion were tabulated. Laboratory charges for hematocrit at the hospital were used to develop an economic assessment. Statistical analysis was done with Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Fisher exact test. Results: Among 1105 women who had elective surgery, a single postoperative hematocrit was done in 761 (69%) and two or more postoperative hematocrits (mean 2.4, range 2–6) were done in 201 (18%). The overall incidence of blood transfusion related to elective gynecologic surgery was 1.9% (21 of 1105). Five of those women needed preoperative transfusions, eight needed intraoperative transfusions, and the remaining eight had postoperative transfusions. All women who needed postoperative transfusion showed some sign or symptom of anemia. None received transfusions based solely on hematocrit. Risk factors for postoperative transfusion included low preoperative hematocrit and increased intraoperative blood loss. Conclusion: Routine postoperative hematocrit in asymptomatic women after uncomplicated elective gynecologic surgery did not improve outcome.
Tempo effect on age-specific death rates

It is widely known that shifts of cohort fertility schedule can produce misleading trends in period TFR. This note shows that such a “tempo bias” can occur in age-specific mortality as well: if the age distribution of cohort deaths shifts toward older (younger) ages, the period age-specific death rate is biased downward (upward).
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF γ‐TURN CONFORMATION IN PROLINE‐CONTAINING PEPTIDES USING13 C N.M.R.

The dependence of the 13C shift difference of proline carbons C beta and C gamma on the dihedral angle psi has been studied using the model peptide acetyl-D-proline N-methylamide. The shift difference delta beta gamma is shown to be correlated with the percent cis isomer about the acetylproline bond, both factors depending strongly on the degree of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Both the fraction of trans peptide bond and the fractional gamma-turn conformation increase as the sample concentration is decreased in CDCl3. delta beta gamma values have been used to evaluate the fractional gamma-turn probabilities in a number of cyclic and linear peptides including thyrotropin releasing factor and bradykinin. Using this parameter, it is concluded that in bradykinin the gamma-turn probability is low in D2O and not strongly temperature dependent. In contrast, studies of a model peptide for the portion of bradykinin believed to adopt a gamma-turn conformation are consistent with an increased gamma-turn probability inless polar solvents. Data for X-Pro-Y peptides (Y = imino acid) indicate significantly reduced values of delta beta gamma, and this appears to be a useful basis for assigning the Pro C beta resonances corresponding to this sequence.
Pressure-broadened linewidths of hydrogen sulfide

Self-broadened and foreign-gas (N2 and O2) broadened linewidths of H2S at 300°K have been calculated using the Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory of line broadening for a wide range of quantum numbers J and Ka, in both type A and type B bands. Computed values for self-broadened linewidths are in good agreement with the experimental results of Helminger and De Lucia. Air-broadened linewidths of H2S at 200°K have also been calculated, so that the temperature dependence can be estimated.
A behavorial analysis of a group hypnosis treatment method.

Abstract This paper describes some common denominators between hypnosis and behavior therapy by means of a behavioral analysis of a group hypnosis treatment procedure. The treatment method involved interactional group psychotherapy under hypnosis, combined with cognitive and affective restructuring, and self hypnotic training utilizing visual imagery cues. The techniques capitalized on the vividness of the fantasy experience and the ease of changing emotional sets under hypnosis, to allow subjects to learn more adaptive affective responses and to rehearse more effective patterns of social behavior. The same treatment procedures are analyzed in a behavioral framework emphasizing the use of covert learning through imagery and the role of the therapist and the group as social reinforcers. It is proposed that a greater awareness of the use of learning principles by hypnotherapists would generate a more effective and systematic use of hypnosis.