cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperreactivity to endotoxin in BCG-treated guinea pigs and its relationship to delayed hypersensitivity.

SummaryThe development of systemic and cellular reactivity to PPD has an entirely different pattern from that of hyperreactivity to endotoxin in BCG immunized guinea pigs. Hyperreactivity appears not to be related to altered cellular reactivity in contrast to PPD sensitivity or delayed sensitivity to well characterized proteins.
Introducing Solubility Control for Improved Organic P-Type Dopants

To overcome the poor solubility of the widely used p-type dopant 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), we have synthesized a series of structure-modified, organic p-type dopants to include alkyl ester groups designed to enable solubility and miscibility control. UV–vis–NIR and cyclic voltammetry measurements show increased solubility of mono- and diester substituted dopants with only modest changes to acceptor strength. Using absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and in-plane conductivity measurements, we demonstrate that the new dopants can successfully p-type dope poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). Monoester substituted dopants are characterized by only slightly reduced electron affinity relative to F4TCNQ, but greater doping effectiveness due to increased miscibility with P3HT. Diester substituted dopants undergo a dimerization reaction before assuming their doped states, which may help anchor dopants into position post deposition, thus decreasing the negative effect...
Search Costs and Revealed Preferences for Idiosyncratic Volatility

We use capital flows into and out of mutual funds to infer investors’ preferences towards idiosyncratic volatility (IV). We find investors are more likely to both purchase and redeem funds with high IV. This pattern is concentrated among funds in the top quintile of IV, and it is stronger among retail investors, non-incumbent investors, and funds with lower visibility. Our results suggest that search costs contribute to investors’ preference for IV when making trading decisions. Our findings that IV can result in increased visibility and liquidity may also help explain the puzzling negative relationship between IV and equity returns.
Reasoning as a Critical Thinking Skill

(1991). Reasoning as a Critical Thinking Skill. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 14, Communication Yearbook 14, pp. 441-444.
The W -criterion for the onset of shear banding in complex fluids

A stability analysis of planar shear flow shear of a homogeneous, complex fluid predicts that shear banding instabilities can grow in fluids with a shear thinning strength above W c = 1 and dampen out in fluids with W < 1. The shear thinning strength, $$ W\left(\dot{\gamma}\right)=-\kern0.32em \partial \kern0.5em \log \eta /\partial \kern0.5em \log \dot{\gamma} $$ , arises naturally as the lead material function for the stability analysis of shear thinning fluids. The onset of shear banding is modeled as shear-thinning instability, which is attributed to anomalously strong shear thinning. Not considered here are inertial or elastic instabilities. In lack of suitable viscosity data from experiments, a Carreau powerlaw fluid and a Carreau-Yasuda powerlaw fluid serve as testbeds for the W-criterion. The analysis shows that the limiting high shear viscosity, η ∞, plays an important role in shear banding and that the ratio of the limiting high shear viscosity and zero shear viscosity, η ∞/η 0, has to be sufficiently small for shear banding to occur. The main purpose of this brief communication is to share this new stability criterion. Extensive testing is still needed and is planned for future study.
A general goodness-of-fit test for survival analysis

Existing goodness-of-fit tests for survival data are either exclusively graphical in nature or only test specific model assumptions, such as the proportional hazards assumption. We describe a flexible, parameter-free goodness-of-fit test that provides a simple numerical assessment of a model9s suitability regardless of the structure of the underlying model. Intuitively, the goodness-of-fit test utilizes the fact that for a good model early event occurrence is predicted to be just as likely as late event occurrence, whereas a bad model has a bias towards early or late events. Formally, the goodness-of-fit test is based on a novel generalized Martingale residual which we call the martingale survival residual. The martingale survival residual has a uniform probability density function defined on the interval -0.5 to +0.5 if censoring is either absent or accounted for as one outcome in a competing hazards framework. For a good model, the set of calculated residuals is statistically indistinguishable from the uniform distribution, which is tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic.
A SAMHD1 mutation associated with Aicardi–Goutières syndrome uncouples the ability of SAMHD1 to restrict HIV‐1 from its ability to downmodulate type I interferon in humans

Mutations in the human SAMHD1 gene are known to correlate with the development of the Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome (AGS), which is an inflammatory encephalopathy that exhibits neurological dysfunction characterized by increased production of type I interferon (IFN); this evidence has lead to the concept that the SAMHD1 protein negatively regulates the type I IFN response. Additionally, the SAMHD1 protein has been shown to prevent efficient HIV-1 infection of macrophages, dendritic cells and resting CD4+ T cells. To gain insights on the SAMHD1 molecular determinants that are responsible for the deregulated production of type I IFN, we explored the biochemical, cellular and antiviral properties of human SAMHD1 mutants known to correlate with the development of Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome. Most of the studied SAMHD1 AGS mutants exhibit defects in the ability to oligomerize, decrease the levels of cellular dNTPs in human cells, localize exclusively to the nucleus, and restrict HIV-1 infection. At least half of the tested variants preserved the ability to be degraded by the lentiviral protein Vpx, and all of them interacted with RNA. Our investigations revealed that the SAMHD1 AGS variant p.G209S preserve all tested biochemical, cellular and antiviral properties, suggesting that this residue is a determinant for the ability of SAMHD1 to negatively regulate the type I interferon response in human patients with AGS. Overall, our work genetically separated the ability of SAMHD1 to negatively regulate the type I IFN response from its ability to restrict HIV-1. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Scaling is over — What now?

Over the last half century, the device community was guided by two quintessential laws that set the roadmap for device work: (1) Moore's law that provided the commercial push to double device count in a cadence of approximately two years and (2) Dennard's scaling laws that provided the physics to do just that. These driving forces slowing down due to power constraints. In fact, the clock frequency did not change significantly since the 65nm node. However, the basic underlying van Neumann architecture, shown in Fig 1, that binds the compute unit with the memory has not changed since its conception in the late 1940s. It served well as general computing platform for the traditional workloads like transaction processing, data bases, etc. However as more and more data is collected and the desire to extract value from this data is growing, a class of workloads is emerging that is ill fitted to run on von Neumann machines. These so called cognitive workloads will handle massive amounts (10s of PB) of data compared to 100GB in traditional workloads. They do not require the same digital accuracy and are more noise tolerant. These relaxed requirements allow to create accelerator chips at improved compute efficiency compared to the general-purpose CPU [1], however within the context of the von Neumann architecture. Neuromorphic computing solutions will eliminate the von Neumann bottleneck by reducing data movement in the system.
When ‘good religion’ is good

The article interrogates the assumptions and arguments proposed by Elizabeth Shakman Hurd in Beyond Religious Freedom and her contribution in the present issue of the JRPP. Hurd destabilizes and hi...
Diagnosis and Management of Virus and Virus like Diseases of Citrus

This chapter covers fifteen virus and virus like diseases of citrus plus thermotherapy, with emphasis on the citrus tristeza disease. Included in this chapter are the citrus disease of psorosis, cristacortis, citrus chlorotic dwarf, impietratura, satsuma dwarf, vein enation, leprosis, tatter leaf, infectious variegation, exocortis, cachexia, gum pocket, stubborn and concave gum. Epidemiology of tristeza is presented in some detail where the disease has ravaged the citrus industries of so many countries. Tristeza cross protection has helped the citrus industries of Brazil, South Africa and Australia overcome the devastation of some of the more virulent isolates of the citrus tristeza virus.
Cynics and Punks

This chapter attempts to draw parallels through an odd juxtaposition between Ancient Greek Cynicism and the nomadism of the early punk band Black Flag. Beginning with an analysis of the praxis and theory of the major Greek Cynics, including Diogenes of Sinope, Crates of Thebes, and Hipparchia of Maroneia, the second part of the chapter considers how the Cynic philosophy is reflected in the activities and objectives of a traveling punk band. Focusing on the final years of formation as a band in which they were in a constant state of mobility, a case is made that in many ways the punk band Black Flag should be considered modern-day Cynics.
Bio-Inspired Micropatterned Platforms Recapitulate 3D Physiological Morphologies of Bone and Dentinal Cells

Cells exhibit distinct 3D morphologies in vivo, and recapitulation of physiological cell morphologies in vitro is pivotal not only to elucidate many fundamental biological questions, but also to develop new approaches for tissue regeneration and drug screening. However, conventional cell culture methods in either a 2D petri dish or a 3D scaffold often lead to the loss of the physiological morphologies for many cells, such as bone cells (osteocytes) and dentinal cells (odontoblasts). Herein, a unique approach in developing a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM)-like micropatterned synthetic matrix as a physiologically relevant 3D platform is reported to recapitulate the morphologies of osteocytes and odontoblasts in vitro. The bio-inspired micropatterned matrix precisely mimics the hierarchic 3D nanofibrous tubular/canaliculi architecture as well as the compositions of the ECM of mineralized tissues, and is capable of controlling one single cell in a microisland of the matrix. Using this bio-inspired 3D platform, individual bone and dental stem cells are successfully manipulated to recapitulate the physiological morphologies of osteocytes and odontoblasts in vitro, respectively. This work provides an excellent platform for an in-depth understanding of cell-matrix interactions in 3D environments, paving the way for designing next-generation biomaterials for tissue regeneration.
Moments of the Scores

Upper bounds on absolute moments of the scores are derived for sums of independent random variables in terms of the moments of the scores, as well as in terms of the total variation norm of densities of summands.
MULTIPLE PITUITARY ADENOMAS WITH FUNCTIONAL FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE SECRETION LEADING TO OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION SYNDROME.

ABSTRACT Objective: To present a rare case of multiple pituitary adenomas with a functional follicle-stimulating hormone component leading to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Methods: We present ...
Chapter 11 – Manufacture and Licensing of Medicinal Products

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the licensing of a medicinal product, its manufacture, and distribution. The European Directives (EU) has issued several directives that establish a community-wide system of control on medicines. The guiding principle of European and UK medicines legislation is to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of medicinal products, with the overall aim of safeguarding public health. The main European medicines legislation is Directive 2001/83/EC, on the community code relating to medicinal products for human use, which repealed and re-enacted the original Directive 65/65/EEC and many subsequent directives on related subjects, with the aim of simplifying the European regulatory structure. It requires that medicines placed on the market must have a license (known as a marketing authorization). This is based on showing that the product meets standards of safety, quality, and efficacy. In the United Kingdom, the decentralized system is administered by the MHRA on behalf of the government. The basic framework of medicines control was set out in the Medicines Act of 1968. Subsequently, EC legislation has become dominant in this area and UK legislation now reflects EC law. However, instead of producing a new Medicines Act (MA), the changes are set out in various regulations.
Einstein viscosity with fluid elasticity

Adding a small amount of rigid particles to a viscoelastic fluid leads to interesting suspension rheology, because the gradients near the particles induce elastic stresses in the fluid phase. We derive the viscosity of a dilute suspension of spheres by perturbation theory for a weakly elastic fluid.
A view from the other side: A senior’s view of participating in online groups during the pandemic

While Covid-19 has taken a heavy toll on the 1.3 million residents in nursing facilities, there are five times the number of elders who live in the community. This story highlights the perspectives...
A NOVEL SMALL MOLECULE PROMOTOR OF REMYELINATION (P3.2-066)

Objective: To examine the efficacy of Anacardic acid (AA) as a novel small molecule agent for remyelination Background: Currently there are no approved agents which are available to repair demyelinating lesions. Axons devoid of myelin ultimately become atrophic and die leading to permanent neurologic deficits. Design/Methods: Oligodendrocyte cultures were prepared from 6 day old rat pups. Purified populations of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) were cultured with AA and the expression of MBP, PLP and MOG was examined. We also examined the efficacy of AA in inducing Sox10 and Purα known transcription elements which regulate myelin gene expression. We used the Cuprizone model of gliotoxic demyelination to examine the effect of AA in promoting remyelination. Results: AA enhanced the expression of MBP over that seen in controls in OPC using both western blot and qRT-PCR assays. In addition, using q RT-PCR there was a > 3 fold increase in mRNA for Mbp, Plp and Mog along with increase in mRNA expression of the transcriptional elements Purα and Sox 10 which regulate MBP expression by AA suggesting a rapid induction of myelin genes. AA also induced IL-33, a known trophic factor for axons. When AA was given to animals fed with cuprizone, AA treated mice showed a 18% increase in expression of MBP over vehicle treated controls (p, Conclusions: Our studies show that AA a naturally occurring small molecule is able to induce myelin genes and promote remyelination in vivo. Induction of myelin genes appeared to be mediated as a direct effect on OPC and indirectly through the activation IL-33. Since the cashew fruit and nuts from which AA is isolated has been used as a nutrient and a diet supplement it is unlikely to be toxic and will form a basis for its use as a novel therapeutic agent to promote remyelination. Disclosure: Dr. Natarajan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rose has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sriram has received research support from EMD Serono.
Penal Incapacitation: A Situationist Critique

Incapacitation of offenders has been an influential goal of criminal justice policy during the era of mass incarceration. The Supreme Court’s Eighth Amendment Jurisprudence has accepted incapacitation alone as a justifying purpose for recidivist sentencing enhancements. Yet recent Eighth Amendment decisions have required that severe sentences of incarceration be justified by reference to all purposes of punishment cumulatively, and have tested claims of incapacitative benefits against empirical evidence. This Article critiques penal incapacitation as both theoretically and empirically flawed. Incapacitation theory underestimates situational factors contributing to crime, over-attributes dangerousness to individuals, and fails to account for crime committed in prison. These flaws preclude incapacitation from rationally justifying recidivist sentence enhancements as preventive. In addition, they support a critical interpretation of penal incapacitation as an expressive practice of segregating and stigmatizing offenders on the basis of status and disposition rather than conduct and desert. These weaknesses may prevent incapacitation from justifying lengthy recidivist sentences under the more demanding proportionality standard applied in recent Eighth Amendment cases.
Anaerobic microbiota facilitate P. aeruginosa access to the airway epithelium in a novel co-culture model of colonization

ABSTRACT The role(s) of anaerobic microbiota in chronic airway disease are poorly understood due to inherent limitations of existing laboratory models. To address this knowledge gap, we use a dual oxic-anoxic co-culture approach that maintains an oxygen-limited apical epithelial microenvironment while host cells are oxygenated basolaterally. Reduced oxygen culture did not alter the physiology or gene expression of Calu-3 cells but supported anaerobe-epithelial interactions for 24h without affecting bacterial or host cell viability. Anaerobe challenge led to increased expression of inflammatory marker genes and compromised integrity of apical mucins, leading to our hypothesis that anaerobe-host interactions prime the airways for chronic infection. Indeed, anaerobe pre-treatment of Calu-3 cells led to an increase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. This model system offers new insight into anaerobe-host interactions in airway disease pathophysiology and motivates further study of the lung, gut, and oral cavity, where etiological roles of anaerobes have been proposed but specific pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear.
A Comparative Assessment of Cooling Center Preparedness across Twenty-Five U.S. Cities

Cooling centers have played a significant role in reducing the risks of adverse health impacts of extreme heat exposure. However, there have been no comparative studies investigating cooling center preparedness in terms of population coverage, location efficiency, and population coverage disparities among different subpopulation groups. Using a catchment area method with a 0.8 km walking distance, we compared three aspects of cooling center preparedness across twenty-five cities in the U.S. We first calculated the percentage of the population covered by a single cooling center for each city. Then, the extracted values were separately compared to the city's heat indexes, latitudes, and spatial patterns of cooling centers. Finally, we investigated population coverage disparities among multiple demographics (age, race/ethnicity) and socioeconomic (insurance, poverty) subpopulation groups by comparing the percentage of population coverage between selected subpopulation groups and reference subpopulation groups. Our results showed that cooler cities, higher latitude cities, and cities with dispersed cooling centers tend to be more prepared than warmer cities, lower latitude cities, and cities with clustered cooling centers across the U.S. Moreover, older people (≥65) had 9% lower population coverage than younger people (≤64). Our results suggest that the placement of future cooling centers should consider both the location of other nearby cooling centers and the spatial distribution of subpopulations to maximize population coverage and reduce access disparities among several subpopulations.
Electrocardiogram Before Tricyclic Antidepressant Use: Minimal Impact in Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electrocardiogram (ECG) findings on the initiation of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) for functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and to evaluate cardiac outcomes related to low dose TCA use. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all pediatric outpatients at a tertiary pediatric hospital with an ECG ordered by a pediatric gastroenterologist when considering initiation of a TCA between January 2011 and February 2018. We collected demographics, previous cardiovascular testing results, TCA dosing, and pertinent outcomes, including cardiology referrals, emergency department, and hospital admissions, and death during the study period. All ECGs were reviewed for corrected QT (QTc) interval, heart rate, and other abnormalities. RESULTS: Of 233 patients with screening ECGs, most (84.1%) were prescribed a TCA. Functional abdominal pain or dyspepsia account for 82.0% of diagnoses. Initial TCA dosing of amitriptyline varied widely, 10-50âmg/day, and the dose was not associated with QTc intervals. TCAs were not started in only 1.7% (4/233) due to ECG results. A significant ECG abnormality prompting cardiology referral was found in eight (3.4%) with a prolonged QTc interval in one (0.4%). In 10.7% (25/233) of patients, screening ECG was obtained despite available ECG in the chart. No deaths and no emergency department or hospital visits for arrhythmia or drug overdose occurred. CONCLUSION: Screening ECGs infrequently influence TCA initiation and may lead to increased resource utilization. The overall frequency of cardiology referral due to ECG results is low. Serious adverse cardiac events are unlikely with low dose TCA administration.
Chapter 14. Antiviral Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the advances in the chemistry of HIV, picornavirus, and herpes virus infections. Azidothymidine (AZT) has been found to act synergistically with foscarnet, in inhibiting the replication of HIV, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Dextran sulfate has been found to be a potent agent against HIV-1 in vitro . A serious of phosphonomethoxyethyl purines have been evaluated against HIV and found to be effective. The HIV protease has been shown to be an aspartic-type protease. Pepstatin A has shown to inhibit part of the intracellular HIV-specific gag processing. This suggests yet another interesting approach to the inhibition of HIV replication. The human rhinovirus (HRV) group of the picornavirus family represents one of the most serologically diverse groups of human pathogens. Anti-peptide vaccines, although potentially broad-spectrum in nature, induce only weak neutralizing antibody responses. A direct in vitro comparison of a “new” generation of more potent antirhinovirus compounds has been reported. Dichloroflavan and enviroxime have been included as reference compounds. The antirhinoviral activities of a number of natural and synthetic 3-methoxyflavones have been recently reported. Acyclovir (ACV) remains the drug of choice for control of HSV infections. ACV has been found to be effective for the therapy of first-episode herpes proctitis, eczema herpeticum, neonatal encephalitis, and herpetic tracheobronchitis. The antiviral effect of BCV against HSV has been shown to be because of its effect on the viral DNA polymerase. Additional agents that interfere with herpes virus DNA synthesis as well as other stages in the virus life cycle have been discussed in this chapter.
Structure and Function of Acetylcholinesterase

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure and function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (ACh-ase). The enzyme is a dimer, each protomer comprising two nonidentical chains. The nonidentity of the two groups of polypeptide chains is supported by the determination of the number of active sites of ACh-ase. The α-chain of ACh-ase contains an active site. The α and β chains together may form an active unit. Acetylcholine (Ach) is released by excitation in the excitable membranes as a specific signal and causes a conformational change of the ACh receptor, thereby releasing Ca 2+ ions bound to carboxyl groups of the protein. Ca 2+ ions are involved in the excitability of nerve and muscle fibers; the Ca 2+ ions released induce conformational changes of phospholipids and other polyelectrolytes. Thus, these reactions act as typical amplifiers of the signal given by ACh. ACh-ase by hydrolyzing ACh permits the receptor to return to its original conformation; the barrier of the ion movements is thereby re-established.
A Latent Profile Analysis of drinking motives among heavy drinking college students

INTRODUCTION: Positively (Enhancement and Social) and negatively (Coping) reinforcing drinking motives have been shown to be associated with alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and depression among college students. Although prior studies of drinking motives have mostly consisted of variable-centered analyses, the current study used a person-centered approach where individuals were grouped into categories based on shared characteristics using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA). We investigated the utility of drinking motive profiles to determine how different profiles were associated with alcohol outcomes and depressive symptoms. METHOD: Participants were 648 undergraduate students who had violated a university alcohol policy and who endorsed consuming alcohol in the past month. Social, Coping, and Enhancement subscales from the Drinking Motives Questionnaire were used as indicators. RESULTS: After examining one-through-eight class LPA solutions, the six-class solution provided the best empirical and clinically meaningful fit to the data. Classes with high coping and high positive reinforcing drinking motives consumed more alcohol than profiles of students with high coping and low positive reinforcing motives. Classes high on both coping and positively reinforcing motives reported the most alcohol related problems. Classes with higher levels of coping motives and either high or low positive reinforcing motives reported the highest depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Drinking motive profiles differ in terms of alcohol outcomes and depressive symptoms. We encourage researchers to explore motives for drinking with individuals, especially assessing the relationship between coping motives and depression in the presence or absence of positively reinforcing motives. Language: en
Chapter 5 The Development of The Dentate Gyrup

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of the dentate gyrus and discusses those aspects of neuronal plasticity in this system that bear upon its development. Dentate gyrus is a useful model system for the analysis of cortical development. The precursor population of cells from which the neurons of the dentate gyrus are derived arises from a rather restricted portion of the neuroepithelial lining of the medial wall of the cerebral vesicle between the region that contributes the neurectodermal component of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle and the neuroepithelium from which the hippocampus itself arises. In most neural systems for which quantitative data are available, considerably more neurons are formed than finally survive, the definitive numbers of cells being determined by a phase of naturally occurring cell death at a later stage in development. So far it has been difficult to establish whether or not a similar phase of cell death occurs during the development of the dentate gyrus. The chapter highlights the morphology of the dentate gyrus in the rat and mouse.
Effectiveness of chemical sanitizers against Campylobacter jejuni-containing biofilms

Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in mixed-culture biofilms was determined after treatment with chemical sanitizers including chlorine, quaternary ammonia, peracetic acid (PAA), and a PAA/peroctanoic acid mixture (PAA/POA). Biofilm-producing bacteria (gram-positive rods, Y1 and W1) were isolated from chicken house nipple drinkers. A meat plant isolate (Pseudomonas sp.) was also included as a biofilm producer. Two-day-old biofilms grown on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic coupons in R2A broth at 12 degrees C were incubated with 10(6) CFU/ml C jejuni for 6 h to allow attachment. The coupons were then rinsed and incubated in fresh media for an additional 24 h. C. jejuni-containing biofilms were detached by vortexing with glass beads in modified brucella broth, which was then enumerated for C. jejuni on selective/differential media. The presence of biofilm enhanced (P < 0.01) the attachment and survival of C. jejuni After the 24-h incubation, only 20 CFU/cm2 of C. jejuni were recovered from the control without biofilms compared to 2,500 to 5,000 CFU/cm2 in samples with preexisting biofilms. The presence of biofilm microflora decreased (P < 0.01) the effectiveness of sanitizers against C. jejuni. Chlorine was the most effective sanitizer since it completely inactivated C. jejuni in the biofilms after treatment at 50 ppm for 45 s. C. jejuni in biofilms was susceptible to all sanitizers tested but was not completely inactivated by treatment with quaternary ammonia, PAA, or PAA/POA mixture at 50 and 200 ppm for 45 s.
Biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. VI. Incorporation of L-threonine into interpeptide bridges in Micrococcus roseus.

Abstract A particulate enzyme system from Micrococcus roseus R27 has been obtained which catalyzes the biosynthesis of a peptidoglycan. The preparation catalyzes the incorporation of l-threonine onto the e-amino group of lysine in the presence of transfer RNA (tRNA), supernatant solution, and ATP. Crude 14C-l-threonyl-tRNA will substitute for these additional requirements. The threonyl-tRNAs of this organism have been separated into two fractions, each of which participates in both peptidoglycan and protein biosynthesis. The amino acid-coding properties of the two threonyl-tRNAs in polypeptide synthesis are reported. l-Alanine is also found in the interpeptide bridge of M. roseus R27, but only indirect evidence for the incorporation of l-alanine into the interpeptide bridge following the incorporation of l-threonine could be obtained.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid. VII. Characterization of Escherichia coli exonuclease 3 activity for possible use in terminal nucleotide sequence analysis of duplex deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract At 5° in a high salt concentration and a ratio of enzyme to DNA 3' terminus of one, Escherichia coli exonuclease III catalyzes the hydrolysis of approximately six nucleotides from each 3' terminus of duplex DNA followed by a plateau in which no further hydrolysis occurs. When the ratio of exonuclease III to DNA 3' terminus is increased to two, approximately 12 nucleotides are hydrolyzed from each 3' terminus. Removal of a larger number of nucleotides can be accomplished by raising the temperature from 5° to 25° for several minutes and then returning it to 5°. Thus, under selected conditions, exonuclease III can be used to remove a small defined number of nucleotides from each 3' terminus of duplex DNA. Radioactive deoxynucleotides can then be added to the 3' ends using the protruding 5'-terminated single strands as templates in an Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I-catalyzed repair synthesis. This system has been studied for possible use in the analysis of 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences of duplex DNA.
On Geurst's equations for inertial coupling in two phase flow

Geurst used variational techniques to derive the inertia terms in the momentum equations of the two fluid model for two-phase flow.
Computer-based Physician Order Entry: The State of the Art

Direct computer-based physician order entry has been the subject of debate for over 20 years. Many sites have implemented systems successfully. Others have failed outright or flirted with disaster, incurring substantial delays, cost overruns, and threatened work actions. The rationale for physician order entry includes process improvement, support of cost-conscious decision making, clinical decision support, and optimization of physicians' time. Barriers to physician order entry result from the changes required in practice patterns, roles within the care team, teaching patterns, and institutional policies. Key ingredients for successful implementation include: the system must be fast and easy to use, the user interface must behave consistently in all situations, the institution must have broad and committed involvement and direction by clinicians prior to implementation, the top leadership of the organization must be committed to the project, and a group of problem solvers and users must meet regularly to work out procedural issues. This article reviews the peer-reviewed scientific literature to present the current state of the art of computer-based physician order entry.
User level failure mitigation in MPI

In a constant effort to deliver steady performance improvements, the size of High Performance Computing (HPC) systems, as observed by the Top 500 ranking1, has grown tremendously over the last decade. This trend, along with the resultant decrease of the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), is unlikely to stop; thereby many computing nodes will inevitably fail during application execution [5]. It is alarming that most popular fault tolerant approaches see their efficiency plummet at Exascale [3,4], calling for more efficient approaches evolving around application centric failure mitigation strategies [7].
Alternating-phase focusing with amplitude modulation

We have previously developed a model of alternating-phase focusing (APF) applicable to ion linacs comprised of short independently controlled cavities. The main beam dynamical aspects of APF are adequately described by four parameters: equilibrium synchronous phase, phase modulation amplitude, length of APF period, and incremental energy gain. In this paper we report on an extension of the analysis to include simultaneous modulation of the accelerating field amplitude. Two additional parameters are included: relative phase between the amplitude and phase modulation and magnitude of the amplitude modulation. The effects of amplitude modulation on the stable regions and longitudinal acceptance are discussed. >
SESSION 2B: WARS AND STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT Wars and the Evolution of Fiscal Regimes in Europe, 1700???2000

Fiscal regimes have become progressively more centralized and though the trend extends over nearly a millennium, the process accelerated in the early nineteenth century. The growth of central government budgets as a fraction of the economy and relative to local and regional budgets is well known. Many believe that the process has been driven by changes in citizens' demand for social services and therefore have associated it with democratization and with crises such as World War I and the Great Depression. In this paper we take a different tack and consider the evolution of fiscal institutions and changes in the preferences of the central executive. Our reconsideration is prompted by the observation that from and institutional standpoint fiscal centralization long preceded the massive expansion of the welfare state in the twentieth century.
Packset radio antenna measurements

Packset radio antennas in the HF and VHF ranges have traditionally presented severe matching problems due to the dependence of antenna parameters on position, surroundings and operator. The advent of high power (20-40W) packsets tunable over the entire HF and VHF range have made better antenna matching desirable. A novel antenna measurement test set is described and a body of measured antenna data is presented. Variations of reactance over a 2.5:1 range and resistance over a 200.1 range are shown to be common when the antenna is electrically short. Techniques for reducing such variation are discussed.
The effect of boron doping and gamma irradiation on the structure and properties of microwave chemical vapor deposited boron-doped diamond films

We investigated the effects of gamma irradiation doses of 50, 100, and 103 kGy on boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films synthesized using microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition with varying boron concentrations of [B]/[C]gas = 100, 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm. The diamond thin films were characterized prior to and post-irradiation and the influence was assessed in terms of morphology, structure, and physical properties using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and IR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrical measurement techniques. The results clearly showed that the response of gamma irradiation on BDD films was distinctive compared to those of undoped diamond films with changes in electronic behavior from metallic (>1019 to 1020 cm–3) to semiconducting (≤1019 cm–3), especially in the case of heavily boron-doped diamond films demonstrated by micro-Raman spectroscopy and electrical property characteristics. In fact, this modification in electrical property behavior induced by “gamma conditioning” can be effectively used to fine control boron doping in chemically vapor deposited diamond much needed for various electronic devices. The “gamma conditioning” refers to material processing by radiation which helps to passivate electrically active boron and defects with hydrogen migration thus fine tunes the boron acceptor concentration albeit that this is difficult to achieve during BDD film deposition. In addition, the results also indicate that almost all of the BDD films studied hereby tend to reach a state of damage saturation when submitted to gamma irradiation of 103 kGy. We discuss our novel findings in terms of the interplay of boron-hydrogen in diamond with possible multiple scenarios: (i) the generation of point/Frenkel defects due to Compton scattered electrons, (ii) the formation of a nonmetallic boron-rich borocarbide (e.g., B13C2) phase, (iii) the passivation of electrically active acceptor (B) sites due to the invariable presence of H in the grains and at the grain boundaries, (iv) the desorption of H from the diamond surface, and (v) the “priming or pumping” effect, which improves the electronic properties by compensating for the shallow boron acceptors to produce semiconducting/insulating material, verified by the cold neutron depth profiling technique.
Continuous beam divergence control via wedge-pair for laser communication applications

Lasercom terminals often scan an area of uncertainty during acquisition with a wide-divergence beacon beam. Once the terminal has established cooperative tracking with the remote terminal, a narrow divergence beam is used for communication. A mechanism that enables continuous beam divergence control can provide significant size, weight, and power (SWaP) benefits to the terminal. First, the acquisition and the communication beams can be launched from the same fiber so only a single high-power optical amplifier is required. Second, by providing mid-divergences, it eases the remote terminal’s transition from the acquisition phase to the communication phase. This paper describes a mechanism that provides gradual, progressive adjustment of far-field beam divergence, from wide divergence (> 300 μrad FWHM) through collimated condition (38 μrad FWHM) and that works over a range of wavelengths. The mechanism is comprised of a variable-thickness optical element, formed by a pair of opposing wedges that is placed between the launch fiber and the collimating lens. Variations in divergence with no beam blockage are created by laterally translating one wedge relative to a fixed wedge. Divergence is continuously adjustable within the thickness range, allowing for a coordinated transition of divergence, wavelength, and beam power. Measurements of this low-loss, low-wavefront error assembly show that boresight error during divergence transition is maintained to a fraction of the communication beamwidth over wavelength and optical power ranges.
Developing an institutional policy on conflict of interest in CME activities

The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education has adopted a new guideline concerning commercial support of CME activities that states: “An accredited sponsor shall have a policy on conflict of interest applicable to CME activities.” This guideline is the result of several federal investigations of health care professionals with financial ties to a commercial company who perform research and make educational presentations related to the company's products. The AMA and the AAMC have recently developed guidelines for conflicts of interest involving research that use full disclosure of relationships as the primary remedy. When full disclosure is applied to CME activities, a speaker discloses conflicting or potentially conflicting interests to participants at the CME activity, allowing the participants to evaluate and adjust for the possible influence of the disclosed interest. The general principle of full disclosure is clear, but detailed definitions are needed to identify situations constituting conflict of interest, the procedures for disclosure, and possible responses to failure to disclose. An initial draft of a policy on conflict of interest is presented with a discussion of operational issues and some options for implementing the policy. Some generally recognized standards need to be developed and publicized so that institutions can determine whether a particular policy would be overly restrictive or inadequate. The organizations most likely to develop nationally recognized standards are the AMA or the AAMC. Whatever the guidelines, the implementation of routine procedures for disclosing conflicts of interest will increase the work associated with producing certified CME activities.
STUDIES IN THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF THE PROTEINS : II. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SOLUBILITY OF CASEIN AND ITS CAPACITY TO COMBINE WITH BASE. THE SOLUBILITY OF CASEIN IN SYSTEMS CONTAINING THE PROTEIN AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE.

1. The solubility in water of purified, uncombined casein has previously been reported to be 0.11 gm. in 1 liter at 25°C. This solubility represents the sum of the concentrations of the casein molecule and of the soluble ions into which it dissociates. 2. The solubility of casein has now been studied in systems containing the protein and varying amounts of sodium hydroxide. It was found that casein forms a well defined soluble disodium compound, and that solubility was completely determined by (a) the solubility of the casein molecule, and (b) the concentration of the disodium casein compound. 3. In our experiments each mol of sodium hydroxide combined with approximately 2,100 gm. of casein. 4. The equivalent combining weight of casein for this base is just half the minimal molecular weight as calculated from the sulfur and phosphorus content, and one-sixth the minimal molecular weight calculated from the tryptophane content of casein. 5. From the study of systems containing the protein and very small amounts of sodium hydroxide it was possible to determine the solubility of the casein molecule, and also the degree to which it dissociated as a divalent acid and combined with base. 6. Solubility in such systems increased in direct proportion to the amount of sodium hydroxide they contained. 7. The concentration of the soluble casein compound varied inversely as the square of the hydrogen ion concentration, directly as the solubility of the casein molecule, Su, and as the constants Ka1 and Ka2 defining its acid dissociation. 8. The product of the solubility of the casein molecule and its acid dissociation constants yields the solubility product constant, Su·Ka1·Ka2 = 2.2 x 10–12 gm. casein per liter at 25°C. 9. The solubility of the casein molecule has been estimated from this constant, and also from the relation between the solubility of the casein and the sodium hydroxide concentration, to be approximately 0.09 gm. per liter at 25°C. 10. The product of the acid dissociation constants, Ka1 and Ka2, must therefore be 24 x 10–12N. 11. It is believed that these constants completely characterize the solubility of casein in systems containing the protein and small amounts of sodium hydroxide.
Hyaluronan, CD44, and Emmprin Regulate Lactate Efflux and Membrane Localization of Monocarboxylate Transporters in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells

Interactions of hyaluronan with CD44 in tumor cells play important cooperative roles in various aspects of malignancy and drug resistance. Emmprin (CD147; basigin) is a cell surface glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is highly up-regulated in malignant cancer cells and stimulates hyaluronan production, as well as several downstream signaling pathways. Emmprin also interacts with various monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). Malignant cancer cells use the glycolytic pathway and require MCTs to efflux lactate that results from glycolysis. Glycolysis and lactate secretion contribute to malignant cell behaviors and drug resistance in tumor cells. In the present study, we find that perturbation of endogenous hyaluronan, using small hyaluronan oligosaccharides, rapidly inhibits lactate efflux from breast carcinoma cells; down-regulation of emmprin, using emmprin small interfering RNA, also results in decreased efflux. In addition, we find that CD44 coimmunoprecipitates with MCT1, MCT4, and emmprin and colocalizes with these proteins at the plasma membrane. Moreover, after treatment of the cells with hyaluronan oligosaccharides, CD44, MCT1, and MCT4 become localized intracellularly whereas emmprin remains at the cell membrane. Together, these data indicate that constitutive interactions among hyaluronan, CD44, and emmprin contribute to regulation of MCT localization and function in the plasma membrane of breast carcinoma cells.
Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals

Perceived partner responsiveness is a core feature of close, satisfying relationships. But how does responsiveness originate? Can people create relationships characterized by high responsiveness and, consequently, higher quality relationships? The authors suggest that goals contribute to cycles of responsiveness between two people, improving relationship quality for both of them. The present studies examine (a) how interpersonal goals initiate responsiveness processes in close relationships, (b) the self-perpetuating nature of these processes, and (c) how responsiveness evolves dynamically over time through both intrapersonal projection and reciprocal interpersonal relationship processes. In a semester-long study of 115 roommate dyads, actors' compassionate and self-image goals predicted a cycle of responsiveness between roommates, occurring within weeks and across the semester. In a 3-week study of 65 roommate dyads, actors' goals again predicted cycles of responsiveness between roommates, which then contributed to both actors' and partners' relationship quality. Results suggest that both projection and reciprocation of responsiveness associated with compassionate goals create upward spirals of responsiveness that ultimately enhance relationship quality for both people.
The Servants of Obama's Machinery: F.A. Hayek's The Road to Serfdom Revisited?

We assess Peter Boettke's public choice reading of F. A. Hayek's The Road to Serfdom (1944). In particular, we argue that Boettke's reading of Hayek's thesis ignores the possibility that rent-seeking interests may block movements along Hayek's road and does not give sufficient weight to facts on the ground: Labour's political ideology—as well as its marked unwillingness and apparent inability to ride roughshod over a variety of de facto veto players—provided a relatively insurmountable roadblock on the road to serfdom.
Epidermolysis bullosa and severe ulcerative colitis in an infant

An infant with epidermolysis bullosa simplex had diarrhea at 3 weeks of age; severe ulcerative colitis was subsequently diagnosed. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex has not been associated with gastrointestinal disease except for buccal ulceration.