cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HYDRODYNAMIC RELATIONS IN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

We explore the consequences for macroscopic effective Lagrangians of assuming that the momentum density is proportional to the flow of a conserved current. Such a relation holds in models that microscopically contain only one type of charge carrier. We show that such a relation leads to certain universal corrections to the usual effective Lagrangians considered for the description of superfluids. A fully consistent derivation of the superconducting Hall effect predicted by London is given. Some related issues that arise in anyon superconductivity are discussed: the linear Hall effect is derived in a transparent way, and the vanishing of the b term (under appropriate assumptions) is demonstrated formally. Some other possible applications are sketched.
Remarks on the progress of general circulation studies

A brief sketch of the development of terrestrial atmospheric general circulation studies is given in such fashion as to illuminate the current thinking and research being performed on the subject. The successive stages of progress are examined from the point of view of the search for better formulations of the problem, which would lessen the chance of erroneous closure assumptions. It becomes obvious that according to this criterion the primitive equation solutions represent the best numerical treatment. Stress is placed upon the necessity of observational studies to give us, ideally at least, the most correct picture of the mechanics of the general circulation—a contention amply attested to by the history of the subject. Some suggestions for future theoretical and observational research are included. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb01589.x
An Artificial neural network based $b$ jet identification algorithm at the CDF Experiment

We present the development and validation of a new multivariate b jet identification algorithm (“b tagger”) used at the CDF experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. At collider experiments, b taggers allow one to distinguish particle jets containing B hadrons from other jets. Employing feedforward neural network architectures, this tagger is unique in its emphasis on using information from individual tracks. This tagger not only contains the usual advantages of a multivariate technique such as maximal use of information in a jet and tunable purity/e ciency operating points, but is also capable of evaluating jets with only a single track. To demonstrate the e ectiveness of the tagger, we employ a novel method wherein we calculate the false tag rate and tag e ciency as a function of the placement of a lower threshold on a jet’s neural network output value in Z + 1 jet and t¯ t candidate samples, rich in light flavor and b jets, respectively.
Successful treatment of a mediastinal endodermal sinus tumor in a 2-year-old child

The article describes a primary mediastinal endodennal sinus tumor in a child. The employment ofmultidrug therapy combined with surgical treatment resulted in a long-term remission in this rare tumor.
Overexpanded Two-Dimensional-Convergent-Divergent Nozzle Flow Simulations, Assessment of Turbulence Models

HERE is renewed interest in two-dimensional‐ convergent-divergent (2D‐CD) nozzles because of the advantages they offer over axisymmetric cone gurations for supersonic transport. These include higher performance, reduced afterbody drag, easier integration with airframes, and large mechanical area excursion capabilities. The performance of these nozzles can suffer at off-design conditions when the large nozzle area ratio reductions required during subsonic and transonic acceleration cannot be achieved under the mechanical and control system constraints. Because this can adversely affect the acceleration time to cruise, the fuel burnt, and the range, it is desirable to predict off-design performance with a high degree of accuracy. The purpose of the present investigation is to assess the computational results obtained for overexpanded 2D‐ CD nozzles using e ve different turbulence models. Overexpanded nozzle e ow predictions are challenging because of the large shock-induced separated e ow regions in the divergent nozzle section. The 2D‐ CD nozzle tested under static conditions by Hunter 1 was selected for the numerical assessment because the large number of pressure taps gave a better dee nition of the shock location. The nozzle has a design pressure ratio of 8.8 for an exit Mach number of 2.1. Approach The implicit numerical solution of the compressible twodimensional Navier‐ Stokes equations was obtained using the NPARC code.
Nicardipine versus nitroprusside for breakthrough hypertension following carotid endarterectomy.

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nicardipine and nitroprusside for breakthrough hypertension following carotid endarterectomy. Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled effectiveness trial. Setting: University-based surgical intensive care unit. Patients: 60 ASA physical status I, II, III, and IV patients experiencing breakthrough hypertension at the time of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Interventions: Patients received either nicardipine (n = 29) and placebo or nitroprusside (n = 31) and placebo for up to 6 hours postoperatively. Loading doses of nicardipine were provided, but placebo was used as a load for patients randomized to nitroprusside. Measurements and Main Results: Rapidity and variability of blood pressure (BP) control were assessed. During the first 10 minutes, 83% of nicardipine patients compared to 23% of nitroprusside-treated patients, achieved BP control ( p p Conclusions: Nicardipine administration produced more rapid BP control, most likely related to the administration of a loading dose. In addition to more rapid control, nicardipine-treated patients had less variability in BP and required significantly fewer additional interventions. Although no patient suffered a major event during this study, this study was not powered sufficiently to assess safety.
Orientation Imaging and Reorientation Dynamics of Single Dye Molecules

We introduce new techniques for obtaining single-molecule orientation images and analyzing the reorientation dynamics of single fluorescent molecules. Polarization modulation is used with confocal microscopy to measure the absorption dipole orientation and reorientation dynamics of individual dye molecules physisorbed to glass and embedded in thin, spin-cast polymer films under ambient conditions. Discrete jumps in absorption dipole orientation are observed for a significant fraction of dye molecules in all samples tested, and in all cases the distribution of first-jump times can be fitted by a stretched exponential function. A sub-population of dye molecules that is stationary on the time scale of these experiments (32 s) is observed and persists even at high excitation power. Data analysis techniques are developed for quantifying the reorientation dynamics of single molecules, and a novel method for quickly identifying rotationally mobile molecules in a scan field is introduced. A dependence of the reor...
Comparison of Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Colistin, and Carbenicillin in Pseudomonas Sepsis in Monkeys

Intravenous inoculation of 3.4 x 10(10) to 7.4 x 10(10)Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms into rhesus monkeys 4 days after intravenous or intratracheal inoculation of 2.0 to 2.5 mg of vincristine sulfate resulted in fatal sepsis in eight of nine monkeys. After intramuscular administration, in two equal doses, of 5 mg of tobramycin, gentamicin, and colistin per kg per day beginning 16 hr after challenge, 4 of 11, 4 of 11, and 3 of 10 monkeys died, respectively. Administration of daily doses of 100 to 400 mg of carbenicillin per kg was followed by death in 5 of 12. Duration of illness in the surviving monkeys in each therapy group was similar. Under the conditions of this study, prior administration of vincristine sulfate resulted in a decrease in leukocytes and enhanced susceptibility to Pseudomonas infection. Using this model for studies of comparative efficacy of antibiotics, we observed comparable results after treatment with tobramycin, gentamicin, colistin, and carbenicillin.
Micronutrient Needs of the Elderly.

Older adults are becoming a significant percentage of the world’s population. A multitude of factors, from the normal aging process to the progression of chronic disease, influence the nutrition needs of this very diverse group of people. Appropriate micronutrient intake is of particular importance but is often suboptimal. Here we review the available data regarding micronutrient needs and the consequences of deficiencies in the ever growing aged population.
Frequency-domain maximum likelihood estimation for automatic speech recognition in additive and convolutive noises

A feature estimation technique is proposed for speech signals that are degraded by both additive and convolutive noises. An EM algorithm is formulated in the frequency-domain for identification of the magnitude response of the distortion channel and power spectrum of additive noise, and posterior estimates of short-time power spectra of speech are obtained based on the identified channel and noise. The estimated posterior power spectra are used to calculate perceptually-based linear prediction cepstral coefficients, and the estimated cepstral features and their temporal regression coefficients are used for automatic speech recognition using acoustic models trained from clean speech. Experiments were performed on speaker independent continuous speech recognition, where the speech data were taken from the TIMIT database and were degraded by a distortion channel and simulated additive noises with white or colored spectral characteristics at various SNR levels. Experimental results indicate that the proposed technique leads to convergent identification of channel and noise and significantly improved recognition accuracy for speaker-independent continuous speech.
Testing an in-home gait assessment tool for older adults

In this paper, we present results of an automatic vision-based gait assessment tool, using two cameras. Elderly residents from TigerPlace, a retirement community, were recruited to participate in the validation and test of the system in scripted scenarios representing everyday activities. The residents were first tested on a GAITRite mat, an electronic walkway that captures footfalls, and with inexpensive web cameras recording images. The extracted gait parameters from the camera system were compared with the GAITRite; excellent agreement was achieved. The residents then participated in the scenarios, with only the cameras recording. We found that the residents displayed different gait patterns during the realistic scenarios compared to the GAITRite runs. This finding provides support of the importance and advantage of continuous gait assessment in a daily living environment. Results on 4 elderly participants are included in the paper.
Towards the integration of data-dependent process monitoring tasks using a time-frequency representation

Efficient process operation requires integration of various operation tasks and the techniques used to solve them. In this paper the author presents a formal framework for the integration of various data analysis and information extraction tasks. The author shows that a time-frequency representation of process data obtained via wavelet packet analysis, provides a consistent framework for unifying the tasks of outlier detection, constraint-free dynamic data reconciliation, and univariate data compression. Furthermore, the resulting data representation in the time-frequency domain may be exploited very effectively for information extraction via multivariate statistical methods. The data representation obtained after rectification can be seamlessly integrated with existing algorithms for fast matrix multiplication and adaptive approximate principal component analysis.
Effect of upstream RNA processing on selection of µS versus µM poly(A) sites

All of the regulatory factors responsible for augmenting microseconds mRNA levels preceding the dramatic increase in secretory IgM production upon B cell activation has not been totally elucidated. Whereas previous experiments have centered on the region of the gene specifying the choice between splicing to mu M exons versus selection of the mu S poly(A) site, we have found that upstream sequences within the Cmu gene, specifically the Cmu 4 acceptor splice site together with intronic sequences between the Cmu 3++ and Cmu 4 exons, play an important role in dictating the precision or the extent of splicing to the mu M exons even under conditions in which functional polyadenylation factors should be in excess. Therefore, splicing of upstream exons can affect remotely located downstream exons. These findings suggest that regulation of differential mu S/mu M mRNA expression may involve general processing enzymes that recognize specific cis -regulatory sequences residing within the body of the mu gene and account for the unique ability of activated B cells to secrete copious amounts of IgM.
The where and when of wetter and drier: disappearing Arctic sea ice plays a role

Summer precipitation in northern Europe has been above average for each of the past six years (2007?2012), a pattern that is unprecedented in over a century. During these same years, the summer Arctic sea-ice cover has averaged about 40% below its typical extent prior to the 1950s and set two new record minima. Could there be a connection? This is the question that motivated the new study by Dr?James?Screen, a Research Fellow at the University of Exeter, UK, that appears in this issue of ERL (2013 Environ. Res. Lett. 8 044015). Adding to the growing body of evidence linking rapid Arctic warming to changing weather patterns in the northern hemisphere mid-latitudes, he concludes that sea-ice loss and associated surface warming lead to large-scale circulation patterns that favor wet summers in northern Europe and dry summers along the northern Mediterranean.
Empirical models of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms: Potential use as a remote detection tool in the Santa Barbara Channel

The Santa Barbara Channel, CA is a highly productive region where wind-driven upwelling and mesoscale eddies are important processes driving phytoplankton blooms. In recent years, the spring bloom has been dominated by the neurotoxin-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. In this paper, we relate a 1.5-year time series of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. abundance and domoic acid concentration to physical, chemical, and biological data to better understand the mechanisms controlling local Pseudo-nitzschia spp. bloom dynamics. The data were used to define the ranges of environmental conditions associated with Pseudonitzschia spp. bloom development in the Santa Barbara Channel. The time series captured three large toxic events (max. particulate domoic acid concentration, pDA � 6000 ng L � 1 ; max. cellular domoic acid
Copper‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Organozinc Reagents to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones: Ethyl 5‐(3‐Oxocyclohexyl)Pentanoate

Copper-catalyzed conjugate addition of functionalized organozinc reagents to α,β-unsaturated ketones: ethyl 5-(3-oxocyclohexyl)pentanoate product: Ethyl 5-(3-oxocyclohexyl)pentanoate reactant: 6.7 mL of neat ethyl 5-iodovalerate (10.24 g, 40.0 mmol) Keywords: addition, to CCCO and CCCN; metalation reactions, lithium; metalation reactions, zinc; metal-catalyzed reactions, copper; replacement reactions, halogen by halogen
Lyapunov-based switching control of nonlinear systems using high-gain observers

We consider dynamic output feedback practical stabilization of uniformly observable nonlinear systems, based on high-gain observers with saturation. We assume that uncertain parameters and initial conditions belong to known but comparably large compact sets. In this situation, designs based on traditional robust or adaptive techniques, if applicable, would lead to high controller, observer, and adaptation gains. High gains may excite unmodeled dynamics and significantly amplify measurement noise. Moreover, they could be impossible or too costly to implement. In order to reduce the control efforts and improve robustness of a continuous high-gain-observer-based sliding mode control with respect to these nonideal operational conditions, we have recently proposed a new logic-based switching design strategy. In this paper, we generalize our technique and apply it to a wider class of nonlinear systems and more general Lyapunov-function-based state and output feedback designs. It is important to notice, in particular, that we require neither the sign of the high-frequency gain to be known nor the system to he minimum-phase. The key idea is to split the set of parameters into smaller subsets, design a controller for each of them, and switch the controller if the derivative of the Lyapunov function does not satisfy a certain inequality, after a dwell-time period. We do not order the candidate controllers in advance, as in our earlier work. Instead, we use estimates of the derivatives of the states, provided by an extended order high-gain observer, to calculate instantaneous performance indices. When the controller is falsified, we switch to a new controller that corresponds to the smallest index among the controllers that have not been falsified yet. This modification is important when the number of candidate controllers is high and pre-routed search may lead to an unacceptable transient performance.
Person-in-Context Insights on Contextual Variation in the Victim–Offender Overlap Across Schools

The correlation between victimization and offending (i.e., the victim-offender overlap) is one of the most documented empirical findings in delinquency research, leading researchers to investigate potential contingencies in this relationship. A small number of studies have found evidence of contextual variation in the victim-offender overlap, but these studies have produced conflicting results as to whether urban context amplifies or attenuates this relationship. To add clarity to this body of literature, the present study uses a nationally representative sample of adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to investigate potential variation in the victim-offender overlap across school context. Results indicate that victimization is positively and significantly related to offending in all school contexts but that the relationship between victimization and offending is stronger in non-urban schools than in urban schools. Results also indicate that negative emotionality may play a key role in unpacking the mechanisms through which context moderates the victim-offender overlap.
Using Scenarios to Assess the Impact of Air Pollution in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

This article addresses tropospheric ozone, created by privately owned vehicles, that may be observed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the year 2025, if current trends continue. The uniqueness of our research is twofold: (a) it considers the potential of human settlement patterns in a study region based on existing activities (including sprawl) and (b) it develops a personal trip-making framework to estimate vehicle miles traveled (VMTs). The authors calculate approximately what effect the VMTs would have on air quality. Our analysis indicates that the Park, with limited intervention, can see a reduction in ozone levels.
Assessing differential usage of usenet social accounting meta-data

We describe a usage study of NetscanTech, a system that generates and publishes daily a range of social metrics across three dimensions: newsgroup, author, and thread, for a set of approximately 15,000 technical newsgroups in Usenet. We bring together three interlinked datasets: survey data, usage log data and social accounting data from Usenet participation, to triangulate the relationship between various user roles and differential usage of social metrics in NetscanTech. We found our most frequent users focused on information related to individual authors far more than any other information provided. In contrast, users that visited less frequently focused more on information related to newsgroups and viewing newsgroup metrics. Our results suggest features that designers and developers of online communities may wish to include in their interfaces to support the cultivation of different community roles.
“Berlese vs. Winkler”: Comparison of Two Forest Litter Coleoptera Extraction Methods and the ECOLI (Extraction of Coleoptera in Litter) Protocol

Abstract We present results of a comparison between the Winkler (Moczarski) eclector and the Berlese-Tullgren funnel methods for extracting forest litter-dwelling Coleoptera from sifted substrates, with a focus on relevance for taxonomic studies. A review of the history and methodologies of leaf litter arthropod extraction is provided. Repeated, timed trials were performed to compare the relative effectiveness of the two methods using litter samples from various sites across the southern United States. Extraction rates for Winkler and Berlese funnels were evaluated based on temporal and taxonomic criteria by comparing accumulations of Coleoptera specimens and species at timed intervals. In addition, Curculionidae, Staphylinidae, and “rare” species were targeted and evaluated separately. No clear differences in extraction efficiency, either temporally or taxonomically, between Winklers and Berleses were detected. But contrary to current extraction practices, extraction patterns for both Winklers and Berles...
Differences in Spleen Suppressor Cell Content in Rats With Progressing and Regressing Tumors

Young New Zealand Black rats (less than 35 wk old) developed progressively growing tumors when given injections of cells from a syngeneic 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced fibrosarcoma. Spontaneous tumor regression occurred in animals more than 10 months of age. Compared to the responses of spleen cells from age-matched controls, spleen cells from rats in which tumor progression was present progressor rats) showed decreased proliferative responses to concanavalin (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and syngeneic MCA tumor cells. Spleen cells from rats in which the tumors had regressed (regressor rats), however, produced significant increases in proliferative responses when compared with the responses of spleen cells from age-matched controls and from progressor rats. Cell-mixing experiments implicated the presence of two spleen suppressor cell populations in progressor rats, one of which was not present in regressor rats. The unique suppressor cell found in progressor rats appeared to be specific for tumor cell-induced proliferative responses. Spleen cells from both progressor and regressor rats produced similar suppressive effects in the PHA and Con A responses of normal cells.
Diachronic Frontiers: Landscape Archaeology in Highland Albania

The modern practice of archaeological surveyregional, intensive, diachronic, and interdisciplinaryis well-suited to the study of frontiers. In this paper we provide the example of the Shala Valley Project, which studies the northern Albanian mountain valley of Shala, home to the Shala tribe. Northern Albania is the only place in Europe where tribal societies survived into the 20th century. We attribute their survival to the frontier position of northern Albania, wherein tribal chiefs controlled access to and through valley systems. Shala provides a classic example of a refuge society, perched within a strongly contested peripheral zone. The tribe actively and creatively resisted state incorporation during both the Ottoman (Early Modern) and Modern periods. The northern Albanian frontier may have formed much earlier, though, perhaps as early as the Bronze Age. We bring a broad array of evidence to bear on this question, drawn from the ethno-historical, excavation, and of course, survey-archaeological records.
Murder and psychosis: Neuropsychological profiles of homicide offenders with schizophrenia.

Background Neurocognitive dysfunction, a core feature of schizophrenia, is thought to contribute to the impulsive violent aggression manifested by some individuals with schizophrenia, but not enough is known about how homicidal individuals with schizophrenia perform on neuropsychological measures. Aims The primary aim of our study was to describe the neuropsychological profiles of homicide offenders with schizophrenia. Supplementary analyses compared the criminal, psychiatric and neuropsychological features of schizophrenic homicide offenders with and without God/Satan/demon-themed psychotic symptoms. Methods Twenty-five men and women diagnosed with schizophrenia who had killed another person – 21 convicted of first-degree murder and 4 found not guilty by reason of insanity – completed neuropsychological testing during forensic evaluations. Results The sample was characterised by extensive neurocognitive impairments, involving executive dysfunction (60%), memory dysfunction (68%) and attentional dysfunction (50%), although those with God/Satan/demon-themed psychotic symptoms performed better than those with nonreligious psychotic content. Conclusions Our findings indicate that impaired cognition may play an important role in the commission of homicide by individuals with schizophrenia. A subgroup with God/Satan/demon delusions seem sufficiently less impaired that they might be able to engage in metacognitive treatment approaches, aimed at changing their relationship to their psychotic symptoms, thus reducing the perception of power and omnipotence of hallucinated voices and increasing their safety. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Segregant Enhanced Fracture of Ceramics

The fracture toughness and failure mode of ceramic materials are highly sensitive to the presence of impurities at grain boundaries. Magnesium oxide serves as a model material to investigate fracture with respect to impurity levels at grain boundaries. Lithium fluoride, added to MgO as a sintering aid, is retained as an intergranular phase. By post-fabrication heat treatment, the LiF is removed and a change in fracture mode follows. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy, along with analytical (atomic absorption spectroscopy and selective electrode analysis) and microanalytical (scanning Auger microprobe) techniques are used to follow the progression of LiF with heat treatment. The results of this study are compared to other oxides and carbide systems in which the fracture toughness has also been found to be sensitive to the amount and location of segregants.
Improvement in the optical quality and energy resolution of CsSrBr3: Eu scintillator crystals

Abstract The crystal growth of CsSrBr 3 : Eu with improved energy resolution for use in gamma-ray detection applications is reported. CsSrBr 3 boules doped with 5% Eu were grown by the vertical Bridgman method in quartz ampoules of 17 mm and 22 mm diameter. It was observed that the addition of an excess of CsBr in the melt improved the optical transparency and energy resolution of the scintillator crystals. The energy resolution of the gamma-ray spectra recorded with crystals measuring o 22 mm×15 mm was 7.4% at 662 keV (for a crystal with non-optimized stoichiometry) and 6.2% at 662 keV (for a crystal with optimized stoichiometry i.e. excess CsBr in the melt), which is a significant improvement over previous reports. Temperature dependent powder XRD measurements were also carried out to study the solid–solid phase transition which occurs as the crystals are cooled after growth.
The Temperature Relations Of The Immature Stages Of The Malarial Mosquito, Anopheles Quadrimaculatus Say, With A Comparison Of The Developmental Power Of Constant And Variable Temperatures In Insect Metabolism,

For half a century medical men, biologists, engineers, and many other anti-malarial workers have increasingly endeavored to bring the world's most devastating disease, malaria, under control. Its widespread prevalence in the southeastern United States is attributed largely to the activities of the mosquito vector, Anopheles quadrimaculalus Say, which serves as the definitive host of the Plasmodium parasites which are the causative agents of the malady. A principal method in the control of the disease throughout the world has been the prevention of breeding of anopheline mosquitoes. Although the literature on these forms has grown very rapidly, few attempts have been made to determine their reactions to isolated and controlled environmental conditions. Field investigations have been very numerous, but these have been under such a complexity of circumstances that only a very fragmentary knowledge has been obtained concerning the specific factors and combinations of factors that contribute to their success in nature. It has been generally recognized in recent years that it is essential to make a thorough, basic study of the ecology of the species concerned before the greatest mosquito control achievements can be accomplished.
Analysis of efectiveness of methylpredinisolone on acute onset of children's asthmatic diseases

Objective:To look out a quick and effective method to control acute onset in children's asthmatic diseases with medicine Methods:70 Cases of middle and severe asthmatic diseases were randomly divided into two groups,group A were given methylpredinisolone 0 2 mg/kg per dosage and group B,dexmethasone 0 5 mg/kg per dosage One time every 8 hour in the first day and then every 12 hours in the second and third day through vein infusion,at the same time,salbutamol solution was inhaled through air-compression pump in both two groups The improvement of symptoms were observed and made scores to evaluate the effectiveness respectively after 24 hours and 4 days therapy Results:The scores were respectively 1 41 and 3 13 after 4 days therapy,which showed a signifincantly difference in two groups ( P 0 01) The control rate were respectively 27 5% and 13 3% ( P 0 05),and the effectiveness rate 65 0% and 53 3% ( P 0 05) There was a signifincantly difference in two groups Conclusions:Methylpredinisolone is an ideal medicine to control airway inflammation and releave the acute asthmatic diseases
Ecological and Social Factors Affecting Hatchability of Eggs

Hatchability, defined as the proportion of eggs surviving to the end of in- cubation that hatch, varies among populations of birds. Here, I examine the effects of a variety of variables on hatchability in a comparative analysis of 155 studies of 113 species. Of the ecological and geographical variables considered, latitude, diet, and nest type explain a significant amount of the variance in hatchability due to a significant increase in hatch- ability along a latitudinal gradient and a decrease in hatchability in carnivorous and hole- nesting species compared to herbivorous and open-nesting species. Of the variables related to sociality, all affect hatchability adversely as they increase along a sociality gradient (de- fined as the likelihood of increasing frequency of interactions with conspecifics), signifi- cantly so in the case of social organization and possibly incubation pattern. In addition, hatchability of eggs in nests of Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) groups con- taining more than one breeding male and/or female is significantly lower than that observed in groups with a single breeding individual of each sex. Although the causes of these trends in hatchability are unclear, these results provide comparative evidence to support the hy- pothesis that there is a direct, detectable reproductive cost to individuals pursuing strategies that are more social. Received 9 March 1981, accepted 11 February 1982. to exist, some of which can be correlated with both social and ecological factors. The corre- lations of the social variables with hatchability prompted a second analysis comparing hatch- ability among several subsets of a population of the cooperatively breeding Acorn Wood- pecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). Significant variability in hatchability is also shown to be present within this species.
P74: Novel human mitochondrial enzyme can transform nitrite into nitric oxide

Endogenous metabolism of nitrate to nitrite to nitric oxide (NO) affects numerous biological events in humans, such as blood pressure control and hypoxic vasodilation, yet the molecular mechanism of this transformation remains uncertain and controversial. Nitrate and nitrite conversion to NO are reductive processes, requiring electron and proton transfer reactions, suggesting that oxidoreductase enzymes are involved. Nitrate reduction may occur through a combination of endogenous (i.e. human enzymes) and exogenous (i.e. commensal bacteria) nitrate reductase enzymes, while nitrite reduction to nitric oxide is likely catalyzed by endogenous nitrite reductase enzymes. Several mechanisms have been investigated, yet no conclusive data are available to support a single enzyme as an indispensable component for reduction of nitrite to NO in human tissue. It is likely that different enzyme systems are active in specific tissues under differential hypoxia, pH and co-factor regulatory control. We have identified a novel human nitrite reductase enzyme, which we hypothesize may contribute to mitochondrial reduction of nitrite to NO. The mitochondria amidoxime reducing component (mARC) enzyme is widely expressed in human tissue, but has an undefined physiological function. We hypothesize that mARC catalyzes the NADH-dependent reduction of nitrite to NO. To test this hypothesis the kinetics of nitrite reduction to NO by human mARC was investigated. Recombinant mARC was generated using standard molecular biology techniques, and then isolated using metal affinity chromatography. Site directed mutagenesis was used to change the active site cysteine into alanine. Human cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase were also isolated to determine if mARC can utilize NADH as an electron source in conjunction with these enzymes. Nitric oxide chemiluminescence spectroscopy was used to measure NO-formation rates under anaerobic conditions. Our study established that mARC can generate NO from nitrite in the presence of NADH, cytochrome b5, and cytochrome b5 reductase at pH 7.4. The maximum velocity (Vmax) of NO-formation measured was 5 nmoles NO s−1 mg−1 protein. Moreover, mutation of the putative active site cysteine residue to alanine, and substitution of tungsten for molybdenum, completely abolished enzyme activity. The kinetic data supports our hypothesis and establishes that human mARC is capable of catalyzing reduction of nitrite to NO. Moreover, these data suggest that cysteine 270 and molybdenum are important in the transformation of nitrite to NO. Disclosure Supported by institution training grant (T32).
Parent Advocacy Across the LifeSpan

Abstract Services are critical for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). However, due to complicated and insufficiently funded service delivery systems, parents have to advocate for services for their offspring with IDD. To date, although parents of children with IDD advocate from receiving the initial diagnosis until adulthood, no study has examined parent advocacy across the lifespan. In this paper, we examine studies about parent advocacy with respect to four age periods: early childhood, school-based services, transition services, and adulthood. In each period, we examined the need for advocacy, methods of advocacy used, and effect of advocacy. By examining advocacy across the lifespan, we present the similarities and differences in advocacy in relation to the age of the child. Directions for future research are discussed.
Longitudinal Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility on Company Websites.

As social issues increase, so does the scope of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Companies are expanding their CSR activities and making the terminology used to describe them more specific. T...
Lifted Auto-Context Forests for Brain Tumour Segmentation

We revisit Auto-Context Forests for brain tumour segmentation in multi-channel magnetic resonance images, where semantic context is progressively built and refined via successive layers of Decision Forests (DFs). Specifically, we make the following contributions: (1) improved generalization via an efficient node-splitting criterion based on hold-out estimates, (2) increased compactness at a tree-level, thereby yielding shallow discriminative ensembles trained orders of magnitude faster, and (3) guided semantic bagging that exposes latent data-space semantics captured by forest pathways. The proposed framework is practical: the per-layer training is fast, modular and robust. It was a top performer in the MICCAI 2016 BRATS (Brain Tumour Segmentation) challenge, and this paper aims to discuss and provide details about the challenge entry.
Large-scale subspace clustering by fast regression coding

Large-Scale Subspace Clustering (LSSC) is an interesting and important problem in big data era. However, most existing methods (i.e., sparse or low-rank subspace clustering) cannot be directly used for solving LSSC because they suffer from the high time complexity-quadratic or cubic in n (the number of data points). To overcome this limitation, we propose a Fast Regression Coding (FRC) to optimize regression codes, and simultaneously train a nonlinear function to approximate the codes. By using FRC, we develop an efficient Regression Coding Clustering (RCC) framework to solve the LSSC problem. It consists of sampling, FRC and clustering. RCC randomly samples a small number of data points, quickly calculates the codes of all data points by using the non-linear function learned from FRC, and employs a large-scale spectral clustering method to cluster the codes. Besides, we provide a theorem guarantee that the non-linear function has a first-order approximation ability and a group effect. The theorem manifests that the codes are easily used to construct a dividable similarity graph. Compared with the state-of-the-art LSSC methods, our model achieves better clustering results in large-scale datasets.
Influence of tumor size on outcomes following pelvic exenteration.

Abstract Objective Pelvic exenteration (PE) is often the only curative option for locally advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancies. Despite radical surgery, recurrence risk and morbidity remain high. In this study, we sought to determine tumor size effect on perioperative outcomes and subsequent survival in patients undergoing PE. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed for female patients who underwent PE at two comprehensive cancer centers from 2000 to 2015. Demographics, complications and outcomes were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square, student's t -test, logistic regression, non-parametric tests, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards. Results Of 151 women who underwent PE, 144 had available pathologic tumor size. Gynecologic oncology, surgical oncology, and urology performed 84, 29, and 31 exenterations, respectively. Tumor dimensions ranged from 0 to 25.5cm. Perioperative complications, 30-day mortality, reoperation, and readmission rates were not associated with tumor size. Obesity and prior radiation increased risk for major perioperative complication while anterior exenterations decreased risk. Larger tumors were more likely to undergo total pelvic exenteration (OR 1.14; 95%CI 1.03–1.27), have positive margins (OR 1.11; 95%CI 1.02–1.22), and recur (65%, 42% and 20% for tumors >4cm, ≤4cm and no residual tumor respectively, p =0.016). Tumor size >4cm and positive margins were associated with worse overall survival amongst gynecologic oncology patients. Conclusion Tumor size was not associated with perioperative morbidity. Larger tumors were associated with positive margins, more extensive resection, and worse survival in gynecologic oncology patients. Larger studies are needed to further understand tumor size impact on PE outcomes within specific tumor types.
Confronting intercultural awareness issues and a culture of disengagement: An engineering for social justice framework

Multi-university research suggests that despite efforts to foster intercultural awareness among U.S. engineering students involved in community engagement initiatives, such students do not show significant gains—and some show decreases—in intercultural development. Recent research also indicates that even in engineering programs designed to foster public and/or community engagement, U.S. engineering students show evidence of a culture of disengagement. As one approach to address these awareness and engagement gaps, this paper proposes an engineering for social justice framework that, among other factors, promotes identification of underlying root causes of social inequity and enhancement of human capabilities across curricular contexts, including communication courses. Drawing from coded analyses of student papers and evaluations of student discourse, findings from a course in Intercultural Communication suggest the engineering for social justice framework adds value in important ways. Students begin to question and disrupt less agile forms of intercultural awareness, to develop more complex forms of intercultural communication awareness, and to recognize the importance of public/community engagement. Implications for professional communication scholars, engineering curricula, and community engagement initiatives are discussed.
Total Synthesis of Ipomoeassin F and Its Analogs for Biomedical Research

Abstract As a unique family of resin glycosides, ipomoeassins exhibit exceptionally high potency against cancer cell growth with a novel unknown mode of action. This account describes the development of a more efficient synthetic route for scalable assembly of ipomoeassin F, a flagship congener of the family. The new synthesis highlights a series of highly regioselective transformations, including α configuration-controlled allyloxycarbonylation of a glucose diol, TBS silylation of a fucose triol, and stereospecific β glycosylation of a fucose diol. Immediately after the completion of the synthesis, we also embarked on systematic exploration of structure–activity relationship for ipomoeassin F and acquired a great amount of firsthand information on its pharmacophore. The new knowledge on organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry studies will expand applications of the ipomoeassins to more areas of biomedical research in the future.
The utility of point count surveys to predict wildlife interactions with wind energy facilities: An example focused on golden eagles

Abstract Wind energy development is rapidly expanding in North America, often accompanied by requirements to survey potential facility locations for existing wildlife. Within the USA, golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are among the most high-profile species of birds that are at risk from wind turbines. To minimize golden eagle fatalities in areas proposed for wind development, modified point count surveys are usually conducted to estimate use by these birds. However, it is not always clear what drives variation in the relationship between on-site point count data and actual use by eagles of a wind energy project footprint. We used existing GPS-GSM telemetry data, collected at 15 min intervals from 13 golden eagles in 2012 and 2013, to explore the relationship between point count data and eagle use of an entire project footprint. To do this, we overlaid the telemetry data on hypothetical project footprints and simulated a variety of point count sampling strategies for those footprints. We compared the time an eagle was found in the sample plots with the time it was found in the project footprint using a metric we called “error due to sampling”. Error due to sampling for individual eagles appeared to be influenced by interactions between the size of the project footprint (20, 40, 90 or 180 km2) and the sampling type (random, systematic or stratified) and was greatest on 90 km2 plots. However, use of random sampling resulted in lowest error due to sampling within intermediate sized plots. In addition sampling intensity and sampling frequency both influenced the effectiveness of point count sampling. Although our work focuses on individual eagles (not the eagle populations typically surveyed in the field), our analysis shows both the utility of simulations to identify specific influences on error and also potential improvements to sampling that consider the context-specific manner that point counts are laid out on the landscape.
Sensetribute: smart home occupant identification via fusion across on-object sensing devices

Occupant identification proves crucial in many smart home applications such as automated home control and activity recognition. Previous solutions are limited in terms of deployment costs, identification accuracy, or usability. We propose SenseTribute, a novel occupant identification solution that makes use of existing and prevalent on-object sensors that are originally designed to monitor the status of objects they are attached to. SenseTribute extracts richer information content from such on-object sensors and analyzes the data to accurately identify the person interacting with the objects. This approach is based on the physical phenomenon that different occupants interact with objects in different ways. Moreover, SenseTribute may not rely on users' true identities, so the approach works even without labeled training data. However, resolution of information from a single on-object sensor may not be sufficient to differentiate occupants, which may lead to errors in identification. To overcome this problem, SenseTribute operates over a sequence of events within a user activity, leveraging recent work on activity segmentation. We evaluate SenseTribute using real-world experiments by deploying sensors on five distinct objects in a kitchen and inviting participants to interact with the objects. We demonstrate that SenseTribute can correctly identify occupants in 96% of trials without labeled training data, while per-sensor identification yields only 74% accuracy even with training data.
Mechanisms of Behavior Change in 12-Step Approaches to Recovery in Young Adults

Empirical evidence indicates that, in general, treatments which systematically engage adults with freely available twelve-step mutual-help organizations (TSMHOs), such as alcoholics anonymous (AA) and narcotics anonymous (NA) often enhance treatment outcomes while reducing healthcare costs. Also evident is that TSMHOs facilitate recovery through mechanisms similar to those mobilized by professional interventions, such as increased abstinence self-efficacy and motivation, as well changing social networks. Much less is known, however, regarding the utility of these resources specifically for young adults and whether the TSMHO mechanisms are similar or different for young adults. This article provides a narrative review of the clinical and public health utility of TSMHOs for young adults and summarizes theory and empirical research regarding how young adults benefit from TSMHOs. Results indicate that, compared to older adults, young adults are less likely to attend TSMHOs and attend less frequently but derive similar benefit. The mechanisms, however, by which TSMHOs help, differ in nature and magnitude. Also, young adults appear to derive greater benefit initially from meetings attended by similar aged peers, but this benefit diminishes over time. Findings offer developmentally specific insights into TSMHO dynamics for young adults and inform knowledge of broader recovery needs and challenges.
Antecedents of Status Attainment in Organizational Settings: Competence as a Mediator

We investigated relations between potential status antecedents and status attainment in an integrative model. We also examined whether (a) competence mediates the status antecedents – the status at...
The Many Faces of Objectivity in the Courtroom

While prior research studies of the German prosecution function have emphasized how bureaucratic organizational practices have shaped the prosecutorial behavior during the case investigation stage, those studies shed little light on prosecutorial decision-making in the courtroom (Asmus 1988). In this chapter I explore that gap and examine whether prosecutors' courtroom decisions reflect their duty to be objective fact-finders. I argue that prosecutors interpret and perform their duty to function as second judges differently and those differences impact the outcome of the truth-finding process.