cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of nanojet-induced modes with small propagation losses in chains of coupled spherical cavities

Nanojet-induced modes (NIMs) and their attenuation properties are studied in linear chains consisting of tens of touching polystyrene microspheres with sizes in the 2-10 μm range. To couple light to NIMs we used locally excited sources of light formed by several dye-doped fluorescent microspheres from the same chain of cavities. We directly observed the formation and propagation of NIMs by means of the scattering imaging technique. By measuring attenuation at long distances from the source, we demonstrate propagation losses for NIMs as small as 0.5dB per sphere.
Protein synthesis in the neuropil of the rat dentate gyrus during synapse development

Previous studies have shown that there are dramatic accumulations of polyribosomes under developing synapses on dendrites of CNS neurons. The present study was designed to evaluate what types of proteins might be synthesized by the synapse-associated polyribosomes. Hippocampal slices from rat pups sacrificed at 4, 7, 10, 12, 14, and 21 days after birth as well as slices from adult animals were incubated in a modified Eagle's medium containing 3H-leucine. After a 30 min exposure to radiolabeled amino acids, the slices were microdissected, separating the dendritic enriched molecular layer from the cell bodies of the dentate gyrus and the hippocampus proper. The level of protein synthetic activity was assessed by comparing the incorporation in cell body and dendritic laminae. Polypeptides present in each dissected zone were separated electrophoretically on 1D SDS-polyacrylamide gels according to their molecular weight and the newly synthesized proteins were analyzed through gel fluorography. The overall level of 3H-amino acid incorporation into protein (measured as cpm/microgram protein) was higher than that of the adult at all postnatal ages. When the entire slice was analyzed, the maximum incorporation was at 12 days after birth. In the dissected subregions of the slice the peak protein synthetic activity in cell-body-enriched regions of dentate gyrus and hippocampus proper was at 4-7 days postnatal, declining between 7 and 21 days to values comparable to the adult. By contrast, protein synthesis in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus did not peak until 12 days after birth, decreasing toward adult rates after 14 days. The overall pattern of Coomassie stained polypeptides present in the dentate molecular layer was comparable at all ages examined. Moreover, one-dimensional gel analysis showed no qualitative differences in the proteins that were synthesized in the three dissected zones across ages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Metathesis Reactions of Pyrazolotriazinones Generate Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries

Reversible metathesis reactions of pyrazolotriazinones and aliphatic aldehydes or ketones proceed in aqueous, phosphate-buffered media at pH 4 and 40−60 °C to generate thermodynamically controlled mixtures of heterocycles.
Determination of Fe charge-state distributions in the Princeton large torus by Bragg crystal x-ray spectroscopy

A curved-crystal Bragg x-ray spectrometer has been used to measure $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ or $1s\ensuremath{-}2p$ radiation from highly stripped Fexviii-Fexxv impurity ions in the Princeton large torus tokamak. The spectrometer has sufficient energy resolution (\ensuremath{\lesssim}4 eV at 6400 eV) to distinguish between the different ionization states of iron by measuring the energy shift of the $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays. The measured wavelengths agree well with theory and with spectra from solar flares and from laser-produced plasmas. The distribution of Fe charge states in the center of the discharge has been inferred from a comparison of the measured x-ray spectrum with theory. The shape of the spectrum depends strongly on electron temperature (${T}_{e}$) in the range ${T}_{e}=800\ensuremath{-}1500$ eV. Within the factor of 2 uncertainty in $L$-shell ionization cross sections, measured intensities agree with theory, which is based on coronal equilibrium, indicating that the ion lifetime in the center of the plasma is approximately equal to or greater than the equilibration time.
Caution against Determining Tannins in Soil using the Protein Precipitable Phenolics Assay

The aim of this study was to assess the use of the protein precipitable phenolics assay as a method for estimating tannin in soil samples. This method is more selective than general methods such as Folin assays and is used to differentiate tannin from other phenolics in plant extracts. We evaluated the role of the protein as an agent that separated tannin from nontannin phenolics in soil by running the assay in the normal mode, with protein present, and in a modified format without the protein. We tested the method using native soils and soils amended with tannic acid. We found that this assay is not suitable for determining tannin in soil samples, because the protein precipitation step is incompatible with solid soil samples. We also assessed the background color of soil samples in the assay and established that background color is so high that reliable absorbance readings cannot be obtained.
Murder in New York City

"Murder in New York City" dramatically expands what we know about urban homicide, and challenges some of the things we think we know. Eric Monkkonen's unprecedented investigation covers two centuries of murder in America's biggest city, combining newly assembled statistical evidence with many other documentary sources to tease out the story behind the figures. As we generally believe, the last part of the twentieth century was unusually violent, but there have been other high-violence eras as well: the late 1920s and the mid-nineteenth century, the latter because the absence of high-quality weapons and ammunition makes that era's stabbings and beatings seem almost more vicious. Monkkonen's long view allows us to look back to a time when guns were rarer, when poverty was more widespread, and when racial discrimination was more intense, and to ask what difference these things made. With many vivid case studies for illustration, he examines the crucial factors in killing through the years: the weapons of choice, the sex and age of offenders and victims, the circumstances and settings in which homicide tends to occur, and the race and ethnicity of murderers and their victims. In a final chapter, Monkkonen looks to the international context and shows that New York - and, by extension, the United States - has had consistently higher violence levels than London and Liverpool. No single factor, he says, shapes this excessive violence, but exploring the variables of age, ethnicity, weapons, and demography over the long term can lead to hope of changing old patterns.
A Qualitative Inquiry of the Financial Concerns of Couples Opting to Use Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Prevent the Transmission of Known Genetic Disorders

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an innovative prenatal testing option because the determination of whether a genetic disorder or chromosomal abnormality is evident occurs prior to pregnancy. However, PGD is not covered financially under the majority of private and public health insurance institutions in the United States, leaving couples to decide whether PGD is financially feasible. The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the role of finances in the decision-making process among couples who were actively considering PGD. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were completed with 18 genetic high-risk couples (36 individual partners). Grounded theory guided the analysis, whereby three themes emerged: 1) Cost is salient, 2) Emotions surrounding affordability, and 3) Financial burden and sacrifice. Ultimately, couples determined that the opportunity to avoid passing on a genetic disorder to a future child was paramount to the cost of PGD, but expressed financial concerns and recognized financial access as a major barrier to PGD utilization.
Behavioral interventions for sexual dysfunction in the elderly

In this paper we review and evaluate the status of information regarding sexual dysfunction in advanced age. We argue that the behavioral approach has considerable promise for the conceptualization of the sexual problems of older adults, because in rejecting the medical model of nomothetically defining psychological disorders, it allows for considerable variability for individuals to define their problems in living. The great heterogeneity in health and psychological functioning that is found among the elderly can be mirrored in the heterogeneity of problem definitions. Further, the behavioral approach views problem definition as a behavior that may be a product of problematic societal contingencies that may need to be addressed themselves. The utility of this feature for guiding behavior therapists in helping their elderly clients understand their sexual functioning is discussed. Finally, we propose a research agenda that addresses the limitations in the extant literature regarding the assessment and treatment of sexual dysfunction in old age.
The Solution Structure of the DNA Double-Stranded Break Repair Protein Ku and Its Complex with DNA: A Neutron Contrast Variation Study†

Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering with contrast variation has been used to study the structure of the DNA targeting component (Ku) of the DNA-dependent protein kinase and its complex with DNA. The Ku protein in solution has the approximate shape of a prolate ellipsoid with semi-axes of 24, 43, and 89 A. In the presence of a minimal-length DNA binding sequence (a 24-base-pair duplex DNA), a 1:1 Ku/DNA complex forms. This 1:1 stoichiometry is observed when either the Ku or the DNA is in excess. Analysis of the contrast variation data on Ku complexed with either the 24-mer duplex DNA or a slightly longer 30-mer duplex DNA shows that both the DNA and Ku structures have the same overall conformations within the 1:1 complex as the uncomplexed components. The separation of the centers-of-mass for the Ku/24-mer DNA complex is 46 A, while that for the Ku/30-mer DNA is 56 A. The DNA binds within what appears to be a preformed channel that penetrates deeply into the Ku protein such that the entire length of the 24-mer DNA spans the protein. The slightly longer 30-mer binds in a similar fashion, but with its extra length protruding from the protein envelop. The scattering data are consistent with the idea that the Ku "threads" onto the duplex DNA via a channel that can completely bury approximately 24 base pairs.
Acceleration and deceleration of breakage rates in wet ball mills

Abstract Wet grinding is a nonlinear process and hence, estimation of breakage rates based on the linear model cannot be strictly used. Also the use of a functional form for breakage rates in an estimation scheme can produce artificially unrealistic values. In this study a technique for estimation of breakage rates for all size classes is investigated without imposing any functional form. A method known as the G-H scheme is used for estimation. A natural spline-interpolation technique is used to generate short time grinding data based on real experimental data obtained for relatively long grinding time intervals. Using natural spline techniques combined with the G-H scheme, acceleration or deceleration of breakage rates of all individual size classes in wet grinding is determined when the grinding environment is varied.
ORIENTED PRECIPITATION OF INORGANIC CRYSTALS IN FIBROUS MATRICES.

Abstract Hydroxyapatite and thallous phosphate were deposited in various fibrous substrates by spontaneous precipitation. Oriented precipitation was obtained with these crystals in collagenous tendons and β-chitin, and in collagenous tendons in which the free carboxyl or free amino and guanidino groups had been blocked. Reasons are given why mechanical factors are thought to be the predominant cause for the parallel alignment of precipitated crystals and fibres. Also in tissues calcified in vivo , with all probability, mechanical factors determine the orientation of the fully grown crystallites, even if epitaxy plays a role in the nucleation of apatite by collagen.
Molecular dynamics simulations for xenon adsorption on Pt(111) : dynamical differences in the effects produced by the Barker-Rettner and Morse potentials

In order to gain a better insight into the effects of gas-surface potential functions and on observable quantities related to adsorption, xenon trapping on cold Pt(111) was simulated using classical three-dimensional stochastic trajectory calculations with a pairwise additive Morse potential and a potential developed by Barker and Rettner [J. Chem. Phys. 97 (1992) 5844]. Both potentials predict the same dependence of the initial trapping probability on the translational energy and angle of incidence of the colliding xenon atoms, but only the Barker-Rettner potential gives agreement with the observed in-plane scattered distributions, thus providing a basis for distinguishing the potentials. The features of the potentials that determine the differences in collisional dynamics are the potential corrugation and the steepness of the repulsive wall. Corrugation causes substantial scrambling between the components of incident gas-atom parallel and normal momentum, whereas the impulsiveness of the collisions determines the efficiency of energy transfer between the gas and surface. Long collision times computed for the softer Morse potential result in secondary surface recoil effects which cause scattering xenon atoms to gain normal momentum from the vibrationally excited surface; these effects are absent in the impulsive Barker-Rettner potential. These differences in the microscopic dynamics predicted by the potentials strongly effect the computed scattering distributions, but are compensatory in predicting the initial trapping probabilities. The Barker-Rettner potential behaves much like traditional hard cube models, whereas the Morse potential predicts that the efficacious dissipation of incident parallel momentum to the surface facilitates trapping at glancing incidence.
Factorial Designs in Pharmaceutical Stability Studies

An approach to analyzing and interpreting kinetic data from stability studies using factorial designs is presented. This may be useful for screening purposes or as an aid in identifying significant effects in complex systems. A typical 2n factorial experiment is discussed, and methods of variance estimation and statistical testing are presented. An example of simulated data is used to demonstrate how typical results may be analyzed, as well as the potential and limitations of this design in interpretation and construction of kinetic models.
Measurements of the Tip Clearance Flow for a High-Reynolds-Number Axial-Flow Rotor

A high-Reynolds-number pump (HIREP) facility has been used to acquire flow measurements in the rotor blade tip clearance region, with blade chord Reynolds numbers of 3,900,000 and 5,500,000. The initial experiment involved rotor blades with varying tip clearances, while a second experiment involved a more detailed investigation of a rotor blade row with a single tip clearance. The flow visualization on the blade surface and within the flow field indicate the existence of a trailing-edge separation vortex, a vortex that migrates radially upward along the trailing edge and then turns in the circumferential direction near the casing, moving in the opposite direction of blade rotation. Flow visualization also helps in establishing the trajectory of the tip leakage vortex core and shows the unsteadiness of the vortex. Detailed measurements show the effects of tip clearance size and downstream distance on the structure of the rotor tip leakage vortex. The character of the velocity profile along the vortex core changes from a jetlike profile to a wakelike profile as the tip clearance becomes smaller. Also, for small clearances, the presence and proximity of the casing endwall affects the roll-up, shape, dissipation, and unsteadiness of the tip leakage vortex. Measurements also show how much circulation is retained by the blade tip and how much is shed into the vortex, a vortex associated with high losses.
A public health discussion series in an advanced pharmacy practice experience.

Objectives. To develop and integrate a student-centered, active-learning public health discussion series into an existing advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) to enhance knowledge and encourage integration of public health activities into students' future careers. Design. Students participated in 3 hour-long discussions to define and identify the scope of public health and to examine public health initiatives outside of and within health care. Assessment. Improvement in the ability to accurately define public health was observed after students participated in the discussion series compared to baseline. Post-discussion definitions were more broad and accurate. Unsolicited comments about the discussion series documented in post-APPE reflections described students' initial lack of knowledge, improved knowledge base, and improved interest in participating in public health initiatives. Conclusions. Time devoted to public health discussions during an APPE can substantially impact student pharmacists' kn...
Circadian control of mRNA polyadenylation dynamics regulates rhythmic protein expression

Poly(A) tails are 39 modifications of eukaryotic mRNAs that are important in the control of translation and mRNA stability. We identified hundreds of mouse liver mRNAs that exhibit robust circadian rhythms in the length of their poly(A) tails. Approximately 80% of these are primarily the result of nuclear adenylation coupled with rhythmic transcription. However, unique decay kinetics distinguish these mRNAs from other mRNAs that are transcribed rhythmically but do not exhibit poly(A) tail rhythms. The remaining 20% are uncoupled from transcription and exhibit poly(A) tail rhythms even though the steady-state mRNA levels are not rhythmic. These are under the control of rhythmic cytoplasmic polyadenylation, regulated at least in some cases by cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding proteins (CPEBs). Importantly, we found that the rhythmicity in poly(A) tail length is closely correlated with rhythmic protein expression, with a several-hour delay between the time of longest tail and the time of highest protein level. Our study demonstrates that the circadian clock regulates the dynamic polyadenylation status of mRNAs, which can result in rhythmic protein expression independent of the steady-state levels of the message.
“We Can't Give Up Now”: Global Health Optimism and Polio Eradication in Pakistan

The Polio Eradication Initiative, the largest coordinated public health project in history, is currently facing serious difficulties. For years, it has tried and failed to eliminate polio from its last strongholds in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria. Drawing on document analysis as well as participant observation and interviews in Pakistan, Atlanta, Geneva, and Montreal, I explore how officials in the Polio Eradication Initiative systematically devalued or quieted evidence that eradication was not achievable and emphasized evidence that it was achievable, thus creating a string of optimistic projections. Polio eradication's culture of optimism ensures the continuation of the project by convincing donors and officials alike that eradication is immanent. At the same time, it prevents open, objective analysis of the problems the project faces.
African American Racial Identity Across the Lifespan: Identity Status, Identity Content, and Depressive Symptoms

Cluster analytic methods were used to create 4 theorized ethnic identity statuses (achieved, foreclosed, moratorium, and diffused) among 940 African American adolescents (13–17 years old), college students (18–23 years old), and adults (27–78 years old). Evidence for the existence of 4 identity statuses was found across the 3 age groups. The distribution of individuals differed by age group, with the older participants disproportionately occupying the more mature statuses. Identity status was related to identity content such that achieved individuals reported higher levels of racial centrality and private regard. Finally, there was a significant interaction between developmental age group and identity status for depressive symptoms such that diffused college students reported higher symptoms than achieved college students. No status differences were found for the other 2 age groups.
Recreation substitutability: A research agenda

Abstract Recreation substitutability has proved to be a difficult research topic, yet the concept still holds promise for management of wildland settings. That promise is brought nearer to realization by recent progress in defining the substitutability concept and describing the array of potential substitution strategies. This article proposes a research agenda that (1) builds on recent developments concerning substitutability and several related topics and (2) addresses substantive questions about how and why different strategies are chosen. Issues for research include criteria for judging equivalency of substitutes; tradeoffs between substitution strategies; factors influencing the choice of nonequivalent (less satisfying) substitutes; the role of place attachment and perceived setting “uniqueness” in substitute choice; the role of time constraints; links between intended substitutes and actual choices; and substitutability as a factor in ceasing participation.
JUMBL: a tool for model-based statistical testing

Statistical testing of software based on a usage model is a cost-effective and efficient means to make inferences about software quality. In order to apply this method, a usage model is developed and analyzed to validate its fitness for use in testing. The model may then be used to generate test cases representing expected usage, and to reason about system reliability given the performance on the set of tests. The J Usage Model Builder Library (JUMBL) is a Java class library and set of command-line tools for working with usage models. The JUMBL supports construction and analysis of models, generation of test cases, automated-execution of tests, and analysis of testing results.
Hydroquinone-Induced Localized Exogenous Ochronosis Treated with Dermabrasion and CO2 Laser

Exogenous localized ochronosis can result from the repeated use of hydroquinone-containing creams, many of which are available over the counter. We report a case that was managed by dermabrasion and CO2 laser. The incidence and proposed etiologies of hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis are reviewed.
Designing robust watermarks using polynomial phase exponentials [image watermarking]

In this paper, we propose a known-host-state methodology for designing image watermarks that are particularly robust to compression. The proposed approach outperforms traditional spread spectrum watermarking across all JPEG quality factors. The fundamental approach uses 2D chirps as spreading functions, followed by a chirp transform, to recover the watermark. Because this method can spectrally shape the chirp to match image content and JPEG quantization, its performance is greatly enhanced. The energy localization of the chirp is exploited to embed low power watermark per image blocks while maintaining reliable detection performance.
Underrecognition of preexisting cognitive impairment by physicians in older ICU patients.

Objectives Cognitive impairment increases with age, as do many serious illnesses requiring intensive care. Little is known, however, about physician recognition of preexisting cognitive impairment in the ICU and which patient factors may play a role in physician recognition. Design Cross-sectional comparative study. Setting Urban university teaching hospital. Participants A total of 165 patients aged ≥ 65 years who were admitted to the medical ICU. Measurements Two previously validated proxy measures of cognitive impairment, the modified Blessed dementia rating scale and the informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly. Physician interviews and medical record abstraction were used to evaluate the recognition of cognitive impairment. Results The prevalence of preexisting cognitive impairment in the ICU was 37%. Attending physicians were unaware of the preexisting cognitive impairment in 53% of cases, and intern physicians were unaware in 59% of cases. The recognition of preexisting cognitive impairment increased as the severity of the cognitive impairment increased. Two independent risk factors were identified that were significantly associated with the increased recognition of preexisting cognitive impairment ( ie , impairment in activities of daily living or being admitted to the ICU from a nursing home). If both were present, preexisting cognitive impairment was 13 times more likely to be recognized. Conclusions A substantial number of older ICU patients have preexisting cognitive impairment on admission to the ICU, and ICU physicians caring for these patients are unaware of this cognitive impairment in the majority of cases. Future research is needed to identify outcomes related to preexisting cognitive impairment and to improve its recognition.
Optical Properties of Nanostructured Electrodes

A versatile and powerful new lithographic fabrication method has been used to fabricate a number of nano-architectured ordered 2-D indium tin oxide (ITO) and silver (Ag) electrodes. By careful tuning of the dimensions of the nanofeatures in the electrodes, the surface area can be enhanced as desired, in-turn changing resistivity and free carrier concentrations accordingly. Absorption spectra of the samples show the existence of a new optical bandgap, in addition to the bulk bandgap, that is smaller. Nanostructured electrodes show enhanced transparency compared to their planar counterparts and demonstrate typical surface plasmon characteristics. The resonance frequency can be tuned as well by changing the dimensions of the nanofeatures in the electrodes.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts through hepatic neoplasms.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) were successfully placed through hepatic malignancy, without technical complication, in nine patients. A mean follow-up of 229 days (range, 53–391 days) was available in six patients. Ascites improved in three patients and variceal hemorrhage did not recur in another three patients. Hepatic encephalopathy occurred in three patients. Three acute shunt occlusions and two deaths occurred within 30 days of TIPS placement. Shunts that traverse malignancy can be created safely without increased technical complication. Although there is a high rate of acute shunt occlusion, hepatic neoplasm alone should not be a contraindication for TIPS placement.
Women's Bodies, Women's Selves: Illness Narratives and the `Andean' Body

Using the phenomenological perspective provided by the concept of embodiment, this article shows that in Cuenca, Ecuador, knowledge about the body is fluid and during illness women can seek reassurance and explanations from multiple knowledge systems, including locally understood subordinate ones. Employing the concept of `character', as described by Ricoeur, as an explanation for why some women are more vulnerable to illness than others, the author argues that gender ideologies and notions of self-identity intersect in Ecuadorian conceptions of weakness and illness. Women's narrative descriptions of themselves and their experiences with envy illness (envidia) indicate that the experience of illness is an extremely powerful one and that women's interpretations of it cross typical social class divisions. Embodied illness creates a place and moment for revealing that which is often hidden.
Simple Matroids with Bounded Cocircuit Size

We examine the specialization to simple matroids of certain problems in extremal matroid theory that are concerned with bounded cocircuit size. Assume that each cocircuit of a simple matroid M has at most d elements. We show that if M has rank 3, then M has at most d + ⌊√d⌋ + 1 points, and we classify the rank-3 simple matroids M that have exactly d + ⌊√d⌋ points. We show that if M is a connected matroid of rank 4 and d is q3 with q > 1, then M has at most q3 + q2 + q + 1 points; this upper bound is strict unless q is a prime power, in which case the only such matroid with exactly q3 + q2 + q + 1 points is the projective geometry PG(3, q). We also show that if d is q4 for a positive integer q and if M has rank 5 and is vertically 5-connected, then M has at most q4 + q3 + q2 + q + 1 points; this upper bound is strict unless q is a prime power, in which case PG(4, q) is the only such matroid that attains this bound.
Translocation and cross-contamination of E. coli O157 in beef eye-of-round subprimal cuts processed with high-pressure needleless injection.

: High-pressure needleless injection (HPNI) is an emerging enhancing process where small-diameter, high-velocity bursts of liquid penetrate soft foods at pressures up to 69 MPa. The incidence and depth of translocated surface-inoculated E. coli O157 in HPNI-processed beef eye-of-round subprimal cuts was determined. HPNI translocated E. coli O157 from the surface to the interior of the eye-of-round subprimal cuts with incidence of 40% (± 7%), 25% (± 8%), and 25% (± 8)% for subprimals that had been surface-inoculated with a 4-strain cocktail at 0.5, 1, and 2 log10 CFU/cm2, respectively. The run-off water was collected and found to contain 2, 2, and 3 log10 CFU/mL E. coli O157. The runoff was reused for HPNI of additional subprimals, and this resulted in a cross-contamination incidence of 83% (± 4%), 60% (± 15%), and 37% (± 6)%. Incidence of translocation and cross-contamination was similar at 0 to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 6, and 6 to 8 cm below the inoculated surface. Results indicate that surface microbiota on beef will be carried to the interior of HPNI-processed beef by initial translocation from the surface with the injected fluid and by cross-contamination with recycled fluid. Practical Application: This research has practical relevance for the beef enhancement process called high-pressure needleless injection. The process's effect on surface bacteria on beef was studied.
Optically pumped blue-green vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Optically pumped vertical cavity laser operation up to T = 260 K has been achieved in the 480–500 nm-wavelength range in ZnCdSe/ZnSSe/ZnMgSSe pseudomorphic separate confinement heterostructures, containing three active quantum well layers and dielectric high reflectivity mirrors.
Why Do I Study? The Moderating Effect of Attachment Style on Academic Motivation

ABSTRACT Past research has shown the importance of considering close others' interests when pursuing goals, but no research has examined potential moderators of this effect. Two studies examined how attachment style moderates the association between reasons for studying and academic outcomes. In Study 1, 119 participants reported their attachment style, the reasons why they study, and their study habits. As predicted, the association between relational reasons and studying was positive for secure individuals and negative for avoidant individuals. In Study 2, 195 participants reported their attachment style and reasons for studying, as well as their GPA and academic well-being. As predicted, the association between relational reasons and GPA was positive for secure individuals, whereas the associations between personal reasons for studying and academic well-being were positive for avoidant individuals. These results indicate the importance of considering individual differences as moderators of the associat...
Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from the blood of two patients with erythema migrans lesions lacking extracutaneous signs and symptoms of Lyme disease

Background: We recently demonstrated that cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from skin biopsy specimens obtained from erythema migrans lesions was an efficacious procedure to confirm the diagnosis of Lyme disease. Objective: Our purpose was to investigate the efficacy of our microbiologic technique on blood samples obtained from patients with Lyme disease and erythema migrans. Methods: Whole blood samples were obtained from 52 patients with erythema migrans and early localized or early disseminated Lyme disease and placed into polystyrene tubes containing 6 ml of modified Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium, processed, and examined for B. burgdorferi by dark-field microscopy. Results: B. burgdorferi was cultured from the blood of two of our 52 patients (4%). Clinically, both of these patients were considered to have early localized Lyme disease. Conclusion: The culture of B. burgdorferi from the blood of patients with early Lyme disease does not appear to be an efficacious procedure to confirm the diagnosis of Lyme disease. However, the demonstration of spirochetemia in patients with erythema migrans without any extracutaneous evidence of disseminated illness does have therapeutic significance.
Effect of Repetitive Loading on the Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Hernia Repair Materials

Background Hernia repair materials undergo repeated loading while in the body, and the impact on mechanical properties is unknown. It was hypothesized that exposure to repetitive loading would lead to decreased tensile strength and increased strain, and that these differences would become more pronounced with greater loading and unloading sequences. Study Design Polypropylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, composite barrier, and partially absorbable meshes were evaluated. Twenty specimens (7.5 × 7.5 cm) were prepared from each material. Five specimens were subjected to ball burst testing to determine baseline biomechanical properties. Cycles of 10, 100, and 1,000 loading sequences were also performed (n = 5 each). Results BardMesh (CR Bard/Davol), Dualmesh (WL Gore), and Prolene (Ethicon) exhibited significantly reduced tensile strength; BardMesh, Proceed (Ethicon), Prolene, ProLite (Atrium Medical), ProLite Ultra (Atrium Medical), and Ultrapro (Ethicon) exhibited significantly increased strain after exposure to 1,000 cycles compared with their baseline properties. BardMesh and Prolene demonstrated both reduced tensile strength and increased strain values after 1,000 cycles, suggesting that repetitive loading has the greatest effects on these materials. In addition, BardMesh and Prolene exhibited progressively worsening effects as the number of cycles was increased. Conclusions Deterioration of the tensile strength of the mesh or an increase in the ability of the mesh material to stretch (ie, increased strain values) could potentially lead to hernia recurrence or a poor functional result. However, the results of this study should not be interpreted to mean that hernia repair materials will fail in the body after only 10, 100, or 1,000 cycles. The conditions used in this study were more extreme than most physiologic scenarios and were intended as a pilot investigation into how the mechanical properties of hernia repair materials are affected by in vitro cyclic testing.
A Hybrid Abbreviation Extraction Technique for Biomedical Literature

In this paper, we propose a novel technique to extract abbreviation combining natural language processing techniques and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) in biomedical literature. The proposed technique gives us the comparative advantages over others in the following aspects: 1) It incorporates lexical analysis techniques to supervised learning for extracting abbreviations. 2) It makes use of text chunking techniques to identify long forms of abbreviations. 3) It significantly improves Recall compared to other techniques. The experimental results show that our approach outperforms the leading abbreviation algorithms, Extract Abbrev, ALICE, and Acrophile, at least by 6% 13.9%, and 13.2% respectively, in both Precision and Recall on the Gold Standard Development corpus.
Vocal Fold Paralysis Following Spinal Anesthesia

Importance Transient upper cranial neuropathy is a well-described complication of spinal anesthesia. Lower cranial neuropathies, in particular vagal neuropathies, have not been described. We present 4 cases of vocal fold paralysis (VFP) in 3 patients following spinal anesthesia and discuss a proposed mechanism. Observations Three women presented with dysphonia following spinal anesthesia and were found to have unilateral VFP. Patient 1 presented with dysphonia immediately after knee surgery. Patient 2 developed right VFP 1 week after vaginal delivery with spinal epidural anesthesia. Two years later, she presented with sudden onset of dysphonia 3 days after another vaginal delivery with spinal and epidural anesthesia; a contralateral VFP was found. Patient 3 noted dysphonia 4 days after knee surgery and was found to have left VFP. No patient had undergone intubation, and none had a central line on the side of the weakness. Imaging ruled out a relevant lesion. All 3 women had evidence of substantial recovery of motion at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions and Relevance Intracranial hypotension resulting in vagal neuropathy is a possible complication of spinal anesthesia and appears to be the cause of transient vocal fold palsy in these 4 cases.
Dynamics and control of reactor - feed effluent heat exchanger networks

In this paper, we analyze the energy dynamics of process networks comprising of a chemical reactor and a feed effluent heat exchanger (FEHE). Using singular perturbation analysis, we show that, in the case of tight energy integration, the energy dynamics of the network evolves over two time scales, with the enthalpy of individual units evolving in the fast time scale and the overall network enthalpy evolving in the slow time scale. We describe a model reduction procedure to derive the non-stiff slow model which can be used for controller design. The theoretical results are illustrated via a simulation case study.
Reduced Hedonic Capacity/Approach Motivation Relates to Blunted Responsivity to Gain and Loss Feedback in Children

Adolescents and adults with major depressive disorder or elevated depressive symptoms show reduced reward responses and tend to show enhanced responses to negative stimuli. However, reward-related behaviors and adaptive responses to negative feedback undergo dramatic changes across puberty. Thus, key questions remain regarding how altered incentive processing relates to depressive and anhedonic symptoms in prepubertal child populations. Twenty-four nonclinical prepubertal children 7-10 years of age (15 male; 16 Caucasian) completed two signal detection tasks that assessed behavioral responsivity to candy gain and loss feedback, respectively. These tasks were based on Pizzagalli's probabilistic reward task where asymmetric feedback leads to greater bias toward the more frequently rewarded response in more hedonic or nondepressed adults. We further modified the task to create a version where incorrect responses could result in losses from an original allotment of candy. Children and parents/guardians also completed individual difference questionnaires to assess the child's depressive symptoms, general affect, and hedonic capacity/approach motivation. Regressions indicated a relation between hedonic capacity/approach motivation (child self-report) and response bias in both gain and loss tasks. No significant relations were observed between depressive (child self-report), internalizing (parent report), or externalizing symptoms (parent report) and bias in either the gain or loss task in this small sample. These results suggest that reduced hedonic capacity/approach motivation is associated with blunted responses to both gain and loss feedback in prepubertal children.
Occurrence and Paleoecology of Marsilea from the Eocene Wasatch Formation, Johnson County, Wyoming

Fossil Marsiliaceae , referable to Marsilea (also known as water clover or pepperwort), were found as impressions in baked claystone (clinker) of the Eocene Wasatch Formation near Buffalo, Wyoming. This is the first documented evidence of Marsilea foliage in Tertiary strata. The fossil is in the Bureau of Land Management9s Petrified Tree Environmental Education Area where strata are associated with the Healy and Walters coal beds. Previous palynological analyses, the presence of the ferns Salvinia preauriculata and Lygodium kaulfussi , and the stratigraphic position of the deposits indicate an Early Eocene age for the fossils. Leaf impressions of a variety of pteridophytes and spermatophytes, in conjunction with more than 100 pollen and spore taxa, indicate deposition on a tropical to subtropical fluvial floodplain. Leaf morphology, including leaf size, shape, and venation, are very similar to living species of Marsilea . The preservation in thermally altered sedimentary rock that was derived from claystone is consistent with the plants9 current preference for moist clay soils. The conservative morphology and environmental preferences of Marsilea indicate that it is an ecologically conservative genus that can be a reliable indicator of quiet freshwater habitats with clay substrata.
143-P: ACCURACY OF HLA TYPING ON CORD BLOOD UNITS: SAMPLE SWITCHES ARE AN INCREASING EVENT

Aim The NMDP facilitates extended and verification HLA typing (ET/VT) of cord blood units (CBUs) from the Be The Match ® Registry. A retrospective review of HLA discrepancies was performed to determine overall error rates and causes. Methods Initial HLA testing of CBUs for listing on the registry was performed by a variety of typing methods including serology and DNA based methods while ET/VT was performed with DNA based methods. An HLA typing discrepancy was captured when the ET/VT typing was not concordant with registry typing. Results The number of CBU ET/VTs has increased by 2.5 times from 2007 to 2011 while the rate of HLA discrepancies has fallen from 3.9% in 2007 to 1.2% in 2011, which is similar to the worldwide rate of 1.1% reported by the WMDA in 2011. Usage of filter paper spotted from a contiguous segment for ET/VT has increased over this time period, and comprises more than half of all sample types in 2011 (data not shown). Among the technical errors causing discrepancies, 6% were at ET/VT and 94% were from recruitment typing. Interestingly, sample switches seem to be increasing as a proportion of the causes of discrepant typing. There were no sample switches at the ET/VT labs. Conclusions With the numbers of the CBU ET/VTs more than doubling, the discrepancy frequency shows a strong decreasing trend over the last 5 years. Technical errors at recruitment continue to constitute the major causes of HLA discrepancies identified at ET/VT, but sample switches show an increasing trend and should be monitored closely [ Table 1 ].
Stress Evolution In Sputtered Fcc Metal Multilayers

During growth of Cu/Pd multilayers the apparent stress in the Cu layers changes from compressive to tensile during the growth of a single Cu layer. The apparent stress in the Pd layers is initially either tensile or compressive depending on the thickness of the underlying Cu layer. It has been speculated that this stress behaviour may be either a result of island growth of Cu on Pd or alloying at the Cu/Pd interface[1]. We have observed that the stress behavior is similar in Cu/Pd and Pd/Pt multilayers and continue to study these systems to better understand the origins of stress in metal multilayers. Stress evolution during growth is monitored by in-situ substrate curvature measurement using a multiple parallel laser beam technique. High angle superlattice spectra for the multilayers are found from symmetric x-ray diffraction scans in order to determine crystallographic texture. Information about interfacial disorder and alloying in the layers is obtained from simulation of the superlattice diffraction patterns. Stress behaviour is correlated with possible modes of growth of the layers, and with atomic peening and coherency effects.
Body type preferences and body characteristics associated with attractive and unattractive bodies by African Americans and Anglo Americans.

Body type preferences, body characteristics associated with body attractiveness, and personal characteristics associated with unattractive body types (e.g., obese bodies) were examined in African American and Anglo American female and male respondents. African American males preferred larger body types for females, and associated more favorable and fewer unfavorable characteristics with obese females than did Anglo American males. Females of both races preferred a slightly thin body type for males, although African American females associated fewer unfavorable characteristics with obese males than did Anglo American females. Difference between the races in body characteristics associated with attractiveness suggest race-specific prototypes of body attractiveness that correspond to physical differences between the races. Race-specific standards of attractiveness within cultures are discussed.
Graphing correlation coefficients: II. An alternative procedure.

A procedure based on the Pythagorean theorem is described for accurately portraying the relationships among the coefficients of correlation (r), determination (r2), nondetermination (1 - r2), and alienation (√1 - r2).
GE-39VALIDATION OF GLIOMA SPHERE-FORMING CELLS AS MODELS OF GLIOBLASTOMA AND IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL DRIVERS OF TUMORIGENESIS THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION

Glioma sphere-forming cells (GSCs) play important roles in tumor maintenance and chemotherapy and radiation resistance, and thus serve as important models for the development of novel therapies and for understanding tumor biology. We hypothesized that genomic analyses of GSCs in the absence of normal stroma would identify novel somatic alterations not previously reported from whole tumor specimen analyses. We analyzed 42 GSCs, derived at the time of surgical resection, and their matched tumors of origin. Unsupervised consensus clustering by non-negative matrix factorization (CNMF) using whole transcriptome sequencing data identified 5 transcriptional classes. Comparison to published TCGA GBM subtypes using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) showed that 9 GSCs perfectly matched with TCGA mesenchymal subtype. The other 4 subgroups of GSCs mapped to proneural and/or classical subtypes, while none of the GSC classes matched with the neural TCGA subtype. Overall, 73% of GSCs matched the TCGA subtype of paried tumor, suggesting transcriptional consistency between GSCs and their parental tumor. A total of 88 candidate gene fusions were also identified in the GSCs, including the previously reported FGFR3-TACC3 and EGFR-SEP14 fusions. DNA copy number analysis indicated recurrent regions of frequent loss or gain, such as EGFR, MYC, and MYCN amplification, and deletion of PTEN and CDKN2A. Whole exome sequencing based analysis identified 3,918 somatic mutations in 22 GSCs. PTEN, TP53, EGFR and 17 additional genes were identified as significantly altered. Our results indicate genomic consistency between GSCs and their tumors of origin, suggesting the suitability of GSCs as a model for preclinical testing. Additional gene fusions and somatic mutations were detected in GSCs suggesting the important role of these cell models in identifying infrequent events only detectable in pure tumor cell populations.
Phantom study for identifying respiratory motion and correcting motion artifacts in SPECT imaging

Respiratory motion identification and corrections for the motion artifacts in SPECT imaging were analyzed in a phantom study by identifying,the blur direction in the SPECT image through a directional derivative analysis of the motion blurred image.The blur extent was estimated by an auto-correlation analysis of the pseudo-whitened blurred image.Then,a Wiener filter and the Richardson-Lucy blind deconvolution algorithm(RL) were employed to restore the motion blurred image according to the estimated point spread function.The results show that the identification results for 5 typical simulated motions are very close to the true value and that the RL algorithm enables better motion artifact correction within 5 iterations than the Wiener filter.This method can be used to identify respiratory motion with a post-reconstruction based deconvolution algorithm as a promising method in clinical practice to correct motion artifacts in SPECT/PET images.