cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Assessment and Diagnosis

It is only since the early 1970s that children and adolescents have been diagnosed with psychiatric disorders as described in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals. These diagnostic criteria have been expanded and revised four times to keep up with the progress in research in child and adolescent psychiatry. The expanding knowledge of child development, neurology, pharmacology, genetics, maternal and infant health, epidemiology, and adult disorders has led to a growth in the understanding of childhood disorders. In order to diagnose accurately, one must be able to assess the history, course, and presentation of symptoms, including the biological, medical, psychosocial, family, and school areas. Therefore, this chapter reviews a selection of the currently available methods for assessing behavioral and psychiatric problems in children and adolescents as they are commonly seen in a psychiatric setting. The major categorization of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents is presented.
Information Equivalence in Survey Experiments

Survey experiments often manipulate the description of attributes in a hypothetical scenario, with the goal of learning about those attributes’ real-world effects. Such inferences rely on an underappreciated assumption: experimental conditions must be information equivalent (IE) with respect to background features of the scenario. IE is often violated because subjects, when presented with information about one attribute, update their beliefs about others too. Labeling a country “a democracy,” for example, affects subjects’ beliefs about the country’s geographic location. When IE is violated, the effect of the manipulation need not correspond to the quantity of interest (the effect of beliefs about the focal attribute). We formally define the IE assumption, relating it to the exclusion restriction in instrumental-variable analysis. We show how to predict IE violations ex ante and diagnose them ex post with placebo tests. We evaluate three strategies for achieving IE. Abstract encouragement is ineffective. Specifying background details reduces imbalance on the specified details and highly correlated details, but not others. Embedding a natural experiment in the scenario can reduce imbalance on all background beliefs, but raises other issues. We illustrate with four survey experiments, focusing on an extension of a prominent study of the democratic peace.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the first two decades. Morphologic and immunocytochemical study.

The histopathologic and anatomoclinical features of 211 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were reviewed and each case reclassified according to Lukes-Collins, Kiel and Rappaport criteria. Immunologic determination of cell phenotype in 63 cases as well as assessments of immunoglobulin and lysozyme by immunoperoxidase in 48 cases, permitted a precise definition of cell lineage on a functional basis and showed a high degree of predictability of immunologic phenotype of lymphoma cells by conventional morphology. The results of immunologic cell typing and immunoperoxidase studies were consistent with functional schema of Lukes-Collins and Kiel. “True” histiocytic proliferations, (9 cases) showed biologically different behavior from malignant lymphoma (ML), by a high incidence of extralymphatic (skin and soft tissue) presentation, rapid course, and frequent conversion to histiocytic leukemia. Fifty-two percent of studied ML cases were categorized morphologically as B-cell line proliferations, 36.7% as T-cell line and 6.9% as undefined group (ML “U” type). The ratio of T-cell to B-cell malignancies was 1∶1.4. The convoluted type lymphoma was characterized by a high incidence (70%) of anterior mediastinal presentation, high incidence (over 60%) of hematologic and CNS involvement, and a high probability of testicular relapse, especially late. In contrast to malignancies of the T-cell line, B-cell proliferations tended to be localized below the diaphragm, and the most common anatomic location of lymphoma growth appeared to be the gastrointestinal tract, where small and large noncleaved follicular center cell types predominated. The nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in the vicinity of intestinal lymphoma and lack of secretory component within enterocytes were other substantial findings in abdominal B-cell malignancies. Among immunoblastic proliferations, the B-cell type was found to predominate over T-cell and was characterized as highly aggressive disease with a relatively common marrow infiltration. A low anatomic stage of disease and a favorable outcome were closely related to small cleaved type of follicular center cell lymphoma, which comprised only 1.5% of the patients studied. The less defined and morphologically heterogeneous group formed ML “U”, which in over 95% of patients converted to acute lymphocytic leukemia. This joint analysis of “primary leukemic” and “non-leukemic” NHL patients disclosed striking differences in anatomic presentation and natural history of disease between T, B and null cell proliferations versus related cytologic types.
Carbapenem Resistance Caused by High-Level Expression of OXA-663 β-Lactamase in an OmpK36-Deficient Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolate.

ABSTRACT Carbapenem resistance is mainly mediated by carbapenemases or extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) plus a loss of porins. However, we have identified a Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate that contains neither carbapenemases nor ESBLs. Instead, we found that high-level expression of a novel blaOXA-10-derived β-lactamase gene, blaOXA-663, in conjunction with OmpK36 deficiency results in high-level carbapenem resistance. This finding demonstrates the combinatorial complexity of factors, including β-lactamase activity, its expression levels, and porin activity, that yield carbapenem resistance.
An Investigation of Construction Workforce Inequalities and Biases in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) Industry

The construction industry, one of the largest job providers in the U.S., is suffering from critical problems pertaining to labor shortage in the workforce. The researchers have recognized as a critical issue an insufficient interest and poorly sustained participation in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry by underrepresented demographic groups. To address the issue of workforce income inequality and bias, the industry must be able to understand the current situation regarding inequality and pinpoint some of the basic problems. To address this need, this study analyzes current inequality within the construction workforce by race/ethnicity and gender. The preliminary results of the study show that White construction workers are, in average, 16.2 times more than African Americans and 3.6 times more than Hispanics in average, African Americans being the least in number in the construction workforce. Also, the study shows that men in construction workforce, on average, earn 4.2% more than women in the years sampled. Our trend analysis shows that these gaps relating to the number of employed personnel and median weekly earnings did not change.
Spatial variation in teens’ crash rate reduction following the implementation of a graduated driver licensing program in Michigan

Abstract Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury, and teen drivers contribute disproportionately to that burden. Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) programs are effective at reducing teen crash risk, but teen crash rates remain high. Between-state variation in the teen crash rate reduction following GDL implementation has been documented, but this is the first study to examine small-area variation in such a reduction. Fusing together crash data from the Michigan State Police, census data, and organizational data (alcohol outlet, movie theatre, and school locations), we analyzed spatial correlates of teen injury crash, and place-based features that modified the injury crash rate difference following GDL implementation. Specifically, using census-based units, we estimated changes in injury crash rates among teens using negative binomial regression controlling for spatial autocorrelation, and tested whether any measured spatial characteristics modified the crash rate change in the pre versus post GDL periods. There was a substantial reduction in teen crashes after GDL implementation (RR = 0.66, 95%CI: [0.65, 0.67]), and this effect was robust across gender and time-of-day (light/dark). We found evidence that this reduction varied across space; areas with more alcohol outlets corresponded to a larger daytime crash rate reduction post-GDL, while areas near schools corresponded to a smaller daytime crash rate reduction. Concentrations of movie theatres corresponded to larger post-GDL crash rate reductions after dark. Maximizing the substantial successes of GDL programs requires understanding why crash rate reductions were larger in some areas following GDL implementation, and harnessing that understanding to improve its effectiveness across a state, focusing on identifying priorities for improving driver training (e.g., by parents and driver educators), law enforcement, and future policy changes to current GDL laws.
Detection and quantification of free sulfhydryls in monoclonal antibodies using maleimide labeling and mass spectrometry

The detection of free sulfhydryls in proteins can reveal incomplete disulfide bond formation, indicate cysteine residues available for conjugation, and offer insights into protein stability and structure. Traditional spectroscopic methods of free sulfhydryl detection, such as Ellman's reagent, generally require a relatively large amount of sample, preventing their use for the analysis of biotherapeutics early in the development cycle. These spectroscopic methods also cannot accurately determine the location of the free sulfhydryl, further limiting their utility. Mass spectrometry was used to detect free sulfhydryl residues in intact proteins after labeling with Maleimide-PEG2-Biotin. As little as 2% cysteine residues with free sulfhydryls (0.02 mol SH per mol protein) could be detected by this method. Following reduction, the free sulfhydryl abundance on antibody heavy and light chains could be measured. To determine free sulfhydryl location at peptide-level resolution, free sulfhydryls and cysteines involved in disulfide bonds were differentially labeled with N-ethylmaleimide and d5-N-ethylmaleimide, respectively. Following enzymatic digestion and nanoLC-MS, the abundance of free sulfhydryls at individual cysteine residues was quantified down to 2%. The method was optimized to avoid non-specific labeling, disulfide bond scrambling, and maleimide exchange and hydrolysis. This new workflow for free sulfhydryl analysis was used to measure the abundance and location of free sulfhydryls in 3 commercially available monoclonal antibody standards (NIST Monoclonal Antibody Reference Material (NIST), SILu™Lite SigmaMAb Universal Antibody Standard (Sigma-Aldrich) and Intact mAb Mass Check Standard (Waters)) and 1 small protein standard (β-Lactoglobulin A).
PROSPECTS FOR DRAG PREDICTION USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

An account is given of CFD methods deemed likely to yield aerodynamic drag prediction improvements. Improvements in drag prediction are noted to largely proceed from improvements in viscous-layer resolution. Geometric modeling and grid generation are acknowledged to be major pacing items, and may be more important than turbulence modeling. The use of upwind differencing has led to improved solution accuracy due to the nature of the artificial viscosity in cases involving shocks and nonphysical dissipation across viscous layers. Multiblock algorithms will allow more complex geometries to be treated.
Determination of the Nitrogen Atom Density in the Afterglow of a Nitrogen and Helium, Nonequilibrium, Atmospheric Pressure Plasma

Three methods have been examined for evaluating the concentration of nitrogen atoms in the afterglow of a nonequilibrium, helium-stabilized, atmospheric pressure plasma. These are nitric oxide titration, absolute emission intensity of N2(B 3Πg) and temporal decay of the N2(B 3Πg) emission. To employ the second method, the rate constants for the recombination of N atoms into N2(B 3Πg), at different vibrational levels of the B state, were determined. The third newly developed method has three advantages over the other two techniques: (1) it can predict the N-atom density for the entire afterglow, (2) it does not require calibration of the N2(B 3Πg) emission intensity, and (3) it does not disturb the gas flow. According to these measurements, the atmospheric pressure plasma produced a high density of nitrogen atoms, exceeding 4.0×1015 cm−3 at the edge of the discharge for 10 Torr N2 in 745 Torr He at 375 K and 15.5 W/cm3.
Cu dispersed TiO2 catalyst for direct hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into formic acid

Abstract The exponential increase in CO2 emission enforced the discovery of alternative methods to curb excessive atmospheric CO2. In the present manuscript, nano-crystalline copper disperced TiO2 (CuOx-TiO2) catalyst has been explored for the direct hydrogenation of CO2 into formic acid (FA) under hydrothermal condition. Series of Cu based catalysts were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method and tested for CO2 hydrogenation. Of the tested catalyst, CuOx-TiO2 showed the highest TON (turnover number) 6.62 for FA under non-stringent reaction conditions (40 bar, 200 °C). The addition of base (both organic/ inorganic) showed significant improvement in CO2 reduction. Inorganic bases showed a profound effect to obtain a higher yield of FA as compared to organic bases. The process intensification study was conducted for the influence of temperature, base, concentration of base, pressure, catalyst loading, and reaction time on FA production. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalyst were studied by using XRD, ATR-FTIR, BET, FEG-SEM, EDX, and ICP-OES analysis. Catalyst recyclability study showed the gradual drop in TON and TOF for five cycles but the easy regeneration process reboots the catalytic activity. The plausible reaction mechanism for direct hydrogenation of CO2 to FA has also been proposed.
Clinical Benefit of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Advanced Lung Cancer with EGFR-G719A and Other Uncommon EGFR Mutations

The optimal management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with noncanonical epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations (i.e., exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R) is constrained by the heterogeneous behavior of individual uncommon mutations and limited prospective clinical data in this setting. Despite encouraging results with osimertinib from a recently published phase II trial from South Korea, afatinib remains the only currently approved drug for patients with tumors harboring uncommon EGFR mutations (i.e., S768I, L861Q, and/or G719X). When used at the standard dose of 40 mg daily, afatinib is associated with significant rates of treatment-related adverse events, leading to frequent dose reductions and treatment discontinuations. We report a case of a woman with advanced NSCLC harboring EGFR-G719A mutation treated with afatinib (at an off-label pulse dose strategy that merits further evaluation in prospective studies) with sustained partial response for 20 months with manageable expected toxicities. Subsequent disease progression was mediated by off-target pan-EGFR inhibitor (including osimertinib)-resistant KRAS mutation and not by acquisition of EGFR-T790M. We further present the current state of evidence in the literature behind use of first-, second-, and third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors and summarize the evolving spectrum of activity ascribed to osimertinib (and newer EGFR inhibitors with a more favorable therapeutic window and intracranial penetration) in this population of patients with advanced NSCLC and uncommon EGFR mutations. KEY POINTS: Uncommon EGFR mutations characterize a heterogeneous group of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Afatinib is the only currently U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for management of advanced NSCLC with uncommon EGFR mutations (S768I, L861Q, and/or G719X). Afatinib treatment at 40 mg daily is associated with high rates of adverse events and dose reductions; alternative strategies including pulse intermittent dosing should be evaluated prospectively. Osimertinib (with favorable safety profile and intracranial penetration) has shown promising results in this population in a phase II trial from South Korea; additional trials are ongoing.
The influence of urban form and socio-demographics on active transport: A 40-neighborhoods study in Chengdu, China

In China, a centralized planning culture has created similar neighborhoods across the country. Using a survey of 1,048 individuals conducted in 2016 in Chengdu—located in a carefully conceptualized typology of neighborhood forms—we analyzed the associations between individual and neighborhood characteristics and active or nonmotorized transport behavior. Using several multiple logistic and multilevel models, we show how neighborhoods were categorized and how the number of categories or neighborhood types affected the magnitude of the associations with active transport but not the direction. People taking non-work trips were more likely to use active compared with motorized modes in all neighborhood types. Neighborhood type was significant in models but so too were many other individual-level variables and infrastructural and locational features such as bike lanes and location near the river. Of the 3-D physical environment variables, floor area ratio (a proxy for density) was only significant in one model for nonwork trips. Intersection density and dissimilarity (land-use diversity) were only significant in a model for work trips. This study shows that to develop strong theories about the connections between active transport and environments, it is important to examine different physical and cultural contexts and perform sensitivity analyses. Research in different parts of China can help provide a more substantial base for evidence-informed policymaking. Planning and design recommendations were made related to active transport need to consider how neighborhoods, built environments, and personal characteristics interact in different kinds of urban environments.
National Survey of Chief Pediatric Residents’ Attitudes, Practices and Training in Collaborating with Schools

Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that pediatricians be trained to collaborate with school personnel and has stated that inadequate collaboration across systems is a contributor to suboptimal health care. Objectives/Methods: …
Pivoting During a Pandemic: Designing a Virtual Summer Camp to Increase Confidence of Black and Latina girls

Out-of-school time programs like summer camps have shown to be beneficial for exposing students to computer science, particularly in school districts where computing classes are not offered. The COVID-19 pandemic presented challenges for students who were already subject to the digital divide, as in-person camps came to a halt if they weren't prepared to pivot. In response, we created a virtual summer camp that provides informal computer science learning opportunities that were intentionally designed to increase the confidence of Black and Latina girls in computing and to promote positive perceptions of computer science education and career opportunities. Key to our approach is the recognition that representation in the camp's community of attendees, teachers, guest speakers, and in the content can foster confidence for Black and Latina girls in computing. In this paper, we draw on the intersectional computing framework and present the structural, instructional, and curricular design of the virtual program and present initial findings on the impact of the camp on computing confidence, intent to persist, social supports, and computing outcome expectations. Findings of a pre- and post-survey study of 107 camp attendees show that participating in the camp resulted in an increase in computing confidence as well as computing outcome expectations among Black and Latina girls.
Myocarditis After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: True, True, and… Related?

* Abbreviations: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 CDC — : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention FDA — : Food and Drug Administration MIS-C — : multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children SARS-CoV-2 — : serious acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 VAERS — : Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System In this month’s issue of Pediatrics , Marshall et al report a case series describing seven 14- to 19-year-old male individuals who developed symptomatic myocarditis after the second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine.1 The authors report that the symptoms began between 2 and 4 days after the second dose and that all 7 patients experienced rapid resolution of symptoms. This case series is published in the context of other media reports of myocarditis in young adults, mostly male, from the US military and from Israel2 as well as a recent increase in reports of myocarditis after serious acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).3 As such, this case series offers useful preliminary information on clinical and therapeutic details regarding myocarditis among adolescents. Although the authors are quick to point out that a causal relationship between vaccination and myocarditis has not been established, the temporal association of these cases with vaccination as well as the striking similarity in the clinical and laboratory presentations raise the possibility for such a relationship. However, the authors also acknowledge that a significant limitation in their report is that they compiled cases through personal communication rather than through a systematic surveillance system. Clearly, this approach could introduce reporting bias, and a case series cannot establish causality. Another critical point to consider is that the reported cases mirror the seasonal prevalence, sex, and age profile of background cases of myocarditis, thereby complicating an assessment of a potential association with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The authors themselves note in their discussion the high background rate of myocarditis in adolescent and young adult male individuals,4 precisely the population in this case … Address correspondence to Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH University of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics Mail Stop F443 13199 E Montview Blvd, Suite 300 Aurora CO 80045. E-mail: sean.oleary{at}cuanschutz.edu
Schizophrenia-linked protein tSNARE1 regulates endosomal trafficking in cortical neurons

TSNARE1, which encodes the protein tSNARE1, is a high-confidence gene candidate for schizophrenia risk, but nothing is known about its cellular or physiological function. We identified the major gene products of TSNARE1 and their cytoplasmic localization and function in endosomal trafficking in cortical neurons. We validated three primary isoforms of TSNARE1 expressed in human brain, all of which encode a syntaxin-like Qa SNARE domain. RNA-sequencing data from adult and fetal human brain suggested that the majority of tSNARE1 lacks a transmembrane domain that is thought to be necessary for membrane fusion. Biochemical data demonstrates that tSNARE1 can compete with Stx12 for incorporation into an endosomal SNARE complex, supporting its possible role as an inhibitory SNARE. Live-cell imaging in cortical neurons from mice of both sexes demonstrated that brain tSNARE1 isoforms localized to the endosomal network. The most abundant brain isoform, tSNARE1c, localized most frequently to Rab7+ late endosomes, and endogenous tSNARE1 displayed a similar localization in human neural progenitor cells and neuroblastoma cells. In mature rat neurons from both sexes, tSNARE1 localized to the dendritic shaft and dendritic spines, supporting a role for tSNARE1 at the postsynapse. Expression of either tSNARE1b or tSNARE1c, which differ only in their inclusion or exclusion of a Myb-like domain, delayed the trafficking of the dendritic endosomal cargo Nsg1 into late endosomal and lysosomal compartments. These data suggest that tSNARE1 regulates endosomal trafficking in cortical neurons, likely by negatively regulating early endosomal to late endosomal trafficking. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Schizophrenia is a severe and polygenic neuropsychiatric disorder. Understanding the functions of high-confidence candidate genes is critical towards understanding how their dysfunction contributes to schizophrenia pathogenesis. TSNARE1 is one of the high-confidence candidate genes for schizophrenia risk, yet nothing was known about its cellular or physiological function. Here we describe the major isoforms of TSNARE1 and their cytoplasmic localization and function in the endosomal network in cortical neurons. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the majority of brain tSNARE1 acts as a negative regulator to endolysosomal trafficking.
The Inquisition by Special Prosecutor in United States V. Senator Ted Stevens: Of Brady, Contempt, and the Forensic Trifecta

This Article will examine important issues raised by this unusual case and its lingering aftermath, concerning the limits of the trial court’s authority to order prosecutors to comply with the discovery requirements of the Constitution, to order a private attorney as special prosecutor to investigate Assistant United States Attorneys (AUSAs), and to punitively imprison them sua sponte for Brady violation. Part I sets forth the proposition that criminal contempt for a Brady violation is not available to the court, and that so-called “Brady orders” are legally unsound. An amendment to the criminal contempt statute is proposed. Part II examines the legal basis and procedure for a district court to appoint a special prosecutor under Rule 42, Fed. R. Crim. P., and suggests an amendment to the Rule to inhibit the unnecessary and wasteful appointment of Rule 42 special prosecutors in the future. Part III assesses the investigation and report of the court’s special prosecutor, and evaluates whether its publication by the court in the absence of charges being filed or an adversary hearing being afforded constituted an abuse. An amendment to protect the privacy and rights of those investigated is presented.
Transfinite Random Walks

The idea of a random walk on a graph is an idea of considerable importance in probability theory and has a variety of applications in the sciences as well as in other branches of mathematics. The recent survey of Woess [32] provides an excellent overview of the subject along with an extended bibliography. However, all that theory has been restricted to walks on conventional (finite and infinite) graphs. The recent advent of transfinite graphs invites an examination of random walks upon them. This immediately raises the question of how a random walk might wander through a transfinite node and thereby progress from one 0-section to another.
Language and Mind: The formal nature of language

General properties of language Many generations of productive scholarship notwithstanding, the questions to which this paper is addressed can receive only quite tentative answers. There are few languages for which descriptions in depth are available, and only selected aspects of language have been studied with sufficient care and success to provide support for conclusions of a general nature. Still, it is possible, with some degree of confidence, to outline certain properties and conditions that distinguish human languages among arbitrary systems of symbolic manipulation, communication, and self-expression. Competence and performance At the crudest level of description, we may say that a language associates sound and meaning in a particular way; to have command of a language is to be able, in principle, to understand what is said and to produce a signal with an intended semantic interpretation. But aside from much unclarity, there is also a serious ambiguity in this crude characterization of command of language. It is quite obvious that sentences have an intrinsic meaning determined by linguistic rule and that a person with command of a language has in some way internalized the system of rules that determine both the phonetic shape of the sentence and its intrinsic semantic content – that he has developed what we will refer to as a specific linguistic competence. However, it is equally clear that the actual observed use of language – actual performance – does not simply reflect the intrinsic sound–meaning connections established by the system of linguistic rules.
Statistical methods for improving simulation efficiency

This paper describes a variety of statistical devices for improving the effectiveness of computer simulations of random processes. The methods are illustrated by examples from a queueing problem that is inadequately treated by conventional analytical theory.
Identification of data cohesive subsystems using data mining techniques

The activity of reengineering and maintaining large legacy systems involves the use of design recovery techniques to produce abstractions that facilitate the understanding of the system. We present an approach to design recovery based on data mining. This approach derives from the observation that data mining can discover unsuspected non-trivial relationships among elements in large databases. This observation suggests that data mining can be used to elicit new knowledge about the design of a subject system and that it can be applied to large legacy systems. We describe the ISA methodology which uses data mining to identify data cohesive subsystems. We were able to decompose COBOL systems into subsystems by using this approach. Our experience shows that data mining can identify data cohesive subsystems without any previous knowledge of the subject system. Furthermore, data mining can produce meaningful results regardless of system size making this approach especially appropriate to the analysis of large undocumented systems.
First Efforts toward a National Curriculum: The Committee of Ten's Report on History, Civil Government, and Political Economy

The Committee on History, Civil Government and Political Economy was one of ten subcommittees of the larger Committee of Ten formed by the National Education Association in 1892 to address the school curriculum. This article examines the report of the smaller committee, its members and its impact then and since. Parallels to actions in the 1990s are drawn to illustrate the continued timeliness of this report.
Effects of trace elements on nitrogen mineralisation in soils

Abstract Studies to evaluate the effects on nitrogen mineralisation of 19 trace elements showed that all 19 inhibit mineral nitrogen production in soils. Results showed that the relative effectiveness of the trace elements in inhibition of nitrogen mineralisation depends on the soil. When the trace elements were compared by using 5 μmole/g of soil, Ag(I) and Hg(II) were the most effective [with Ag(I) ≥ Hg(II)] and Co(II), As(III), Se(IV), As(V), and W(VI) the least effective in inhibition of nitrogen mineralisation. Other trace elements that inhibited nitrogen mineralisation in soils were: Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Mn(II), Fe(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Sn(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Al(III) B(III), V(IV) and Mo(VI); their degrees of effectiveness varied in the four soils studied. Ag(I), Hg(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Al(III), B(III), and Se(IV) inhibited nitrification, causing accumulation of ammonium-N in some of the soils used.
United States copyright law and digital sampling: Adding color to a grey area

Abstract This study evaluates the current application of United States copyright law in music sampling cases and used the Danger Mouse's Grey Album as a case in point. The following research questions structured the investigation: Are the current applications of United States copyright law appropriate for digital sampling in an international intellectual property environment? Is the practice of digital sampling stealing or recycling? How might the American legislature change copyright law to more clearly guide musical artists on the use of digital sampling? The research includes a review of sampling and its history, international and American copyright history, and the applicable elements of the Copyright Act of 1976, as well as interviews with legal professionals and musicians. The research suggests that the Copyright Act of 1976 is not adequate to address the technology and practices of digital sampling musicians, and that Congress needs to act precisely to amend the law and meet international legal sta...
Intrametropolitan residential mobility and older inner suburbs: A case study of the Greater Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area

Despite signs of decline, older inner suburban areas have not drawn much attention as declining central cities in the United States. In this paper, we study intrametropolitan residential mobility in the greater Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area, focusing on older suburban areas. We organize our discussion around possible explanations for the decline of older suburbs associated with suburbanization, utilizing natural evolution and flight from blight theories. We found that there is a sequence of outward movement toward newer suburbs from older suburbs, and the households who moved to outer areas often cited the desire for a newer house. These results indicate that policies to help remodel older homes and/or construct new homes to replace older ones can be an initial step for those older suburbs to retain households. We conclude that natural evolution explains older suburban movers' outward movement, but there are signs that the flight from blight explanations may become more important in the future.
Developmental Epidemiology: The Perfect Partner for Clinical Practice

Outlines the complimentary and, at times, the seemingly contradictory relation between developmental epidemiology and the practice of clinical child psychology from the perspective of a clinical child psychologist. I argue that, although there has been a perception of tension between clinical practice and epidemiological research, the two are, in fact, closely related. Epidemiology can contribute to clinical practice by advancing psychology as a primary care profession, informing case conceptualization, and facilitating psychologists' communication with the public. Clinicians, in turn, can help advance the field of epidemiology by using clinical observations to inform the design of epidemiological studies and providing solid theoretical modeling for epidemiological research.
Imaging and detection of mines from acoustic measurements

A laboratory-scale acoustic experiment is described where a buried target, a hockey puck cut in half, is shallowly buried in a sand box. To avoid the need for source and receiver coupling to the host sand, an acoustic wave is generated in the subsurface by a pulsed laser suspended above the air-sand interface. Similarly, an airborne microphone is suspended above this interface and moved in unison with the laser. After some pre-processing of the data, reflections for the target, although weak, could clearly be identified. While the existence and location of the target can be determined by inspection of the data, its unique shape can not. Since target discrimination is important in mine detection, a 3D imaging algorithm was applied to the acquired acoustic data. This algorithm yielded a reconstructed image where the shape of the target was resolved.
Relationship between postprandial metabolomics and colon motility in children with constipation.

Background The metabolic pathways associated with colonic motility are unknown. To identify potential metabolic targets for treatment of constipation, we examined the metabolic profile before and after a meal challenge in a cohort of children with constipation and determined its relationship with postprandial colon motility patterns. Methods In this prospective study, 187 metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry at multiple time points before and after a standardized meal in constipated children undergoing a colon manometry. Postprandial metabolite levels were compared with baseline and also correlated with multiple manometric measurements, including the number, frequency, and amplitude of pressure peaks as well as the motility index (MI). Key Results A total of 20 subjects were included (mean age 13.1 ± 3.4 years). No significant metabolite changes were observed at 10 min after the meal, whereas 16 amino acid and 22 lipid metabolites had significant (P < 0.005) postprandial changes, including decreases in methylhistamine, histamine, and GABA, by 60 min. Correlations were observed between normal and abnormal postprandial motility patterns and changes in specific metabolites, including glycerol, carnosine, alanine, asparagine, cytosine, choline, phosphocholine, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine. Interestingly, subjects without the normal postprandial increase in area under the curve (AUC), had markedly increased levels of kynurenic acid and adenosyl-homocysteine. Conclusions & Inferences This is the first study to examine postprandial metabolic changes in children and also to correlate changes in specific metabolites with colonic motility. The results suggest possible metabolic pathways associated with motility and identify potential targets for the treatment of constipation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorenevinylene benzobisoxazoles): New Solution-Processable Electron-Accepting Conjugated Polymers.

We present the synthesis of four new solution-processable, fluorescent poly(arylenevinylene)s containing benzobisoxazole and fluorene moieties. Two different moieties (cis- and trans-benzobisoxazole) and two different alkyl substituents (octyl and 3,7-dimethyloctyl) were used to study the impact of the structure on the electronic, optical, and thermal properties of these polymers. The polymers were characterized using UV−visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All of the polymers possess moderate molecular weights, good solubility in aprotic organic solvents, high fluorescence quantum efficiencies in dilute solutions, and high electron affinities. Cyclic voltammetry revealed quasi-reversible reduction for these polymers. Solution-processed light-emitting diodes using dilute blends of the polymer in a poly(N-vinyl carbazole) matrix gave blue emission with luminous efficiencies of up to 1 Cd/A at ∼470 nm whic...
Affinity of Chronic Erythremic Myelosis Erythroblast Nuclei for Gold Chloride

Erythroblasts from patients with chronic erythremic myelosis (Di Guglielmo Syndrome) showed unique purple punctate nuclear staining after exposure to gold chloride. Presence of indole-containing material in the nuclei of these cells may account in part for the cytochemical reaction.
The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further Developments of the Convection, Viscous Sublayer, and Turbulence Closure Schemes

Abstract The step-mountain eta model has shown a surprising skill in forecasting severe storms. Much of the credit for this should be given to the Betts and Miller (hereafter referred to as BM) convection scheme and the Mellor-Yamada (hereafter referred to as MY) planetary boundary layer (PBL) formulation. However, the eta model was occasionally producing heavy spurious precipitation over warm water, as well as widely spread light precipitation over oceans. In addition, the convective forcing, particularly the shallow one, could lead to negative entropy changes. As the possible causes of the problems, the convection scheme, the processes at the air-water interface, and the MY level 2 and level 2.5 PBL schemes were reexamined. A major revision of the BM scheme was made, a new marine viscous sublayer scheme was designed, and the MY schemes were retuned. The deep convective regimes are postulated to be characterized by a parameter called “cloud efficiency.” The relaxation time is extended for low cloud effic...
Changes in water quality and macroinvertebrate communities resulting from urban stormflows in the Provo River, Utah, U.S.A.

Short-term changes in water quality from 7 summer stormflows and long-term changes in substrates and macroinvertebrate communities resulting from urban runoff from the city of Provo, Utah, were examined from 1999–2002 in the lower Provo River. Stormflows resulted in increased total suspended solids and concentrations of dissolved copper, lead and zinc, and decreased conductivity and dissolved oxygen. The degree of change was generally in proportion to the magnitude of the storm. However, changes were temporary with water quality parameters returning to pre-storm levels within 12 hours. River substrates showed a trend of increased compaction and decreased debris dam area downstream through the urban corridor. Macroinvertebrate communities showed trends of decreased abundance and total species diversity with increasing urbanization. Compared to non-urban reaches, communities in urban reaches had few `sensitive' species and were dominated by tolerant species, particularly snails and leeches. Comparisons with previous studies show that changes in macroinvertebrate community composition in the urban reaches reflected shifts in land use during the past 15–25 years and corresponded to expected threshold levels of impact for amount of impervious surface cover.
The Anatomy and Function of the Laboratory Robot

Abstract The design and operation of a typical user-programmed laboratory robot system is discussed. A laboratory robot is defined as a integrated system of robot arm, controller and laboratory peripherals. The capabilities together with limitations of the current generation of robots and the design specifics of two typical laboratory robot systems, the Zymate and the Perkin-Elmer Masterlab, are presented.
Coming of age at Barnard, 1968

As part of the 40th anniversary commemorations of the 1968 student rebellion at Columbia University, Barnard College invited me to present the annual Virginia Gildersleeve Lecture on the subject “How did 1968 affect your life?” During that tumultuous year I was an undergraduate at Barnard, the women's college affiliated with Columbia and located just across Broadway on the Morningside Heights campus in New York City. Although I was only marginally involved in the protest that shut down the university, campus and national events of that year had a profound influence on me. Looking back on 1968, I can detect the seeds of both my political commitments and my subsequent career as an historian of women, feminism, and sexuality.
The right to privacy is political: Power, the boundary between public and private, and sexual harassment

This paper concerns the relationship between power and the ability to defend the night of privacy. The discourse of public and private spheres has shifted historically, engendering arbitrary and changing legal and cultural definitions of the boundary between public and private. Historic specifications of this boundary have become untenable as increasing numbers of women entered the paid labor force. Recent formulations define the boundary of privacy as an area within each individual's life. However, greater social power increases the ability to protect personal privacy because it offers the ability to define and protect the “private” from scrutiny. After outlining the history of the shifting public/private boundary, this argument is applied to sexual harassment. Explicitly sexual types of harassment are related to the public/private boundary in two ways. First, they challenge the boundary itself, representing the occurrence of “private” conduct in the “public” sphere of work and education. Second, sexual harassment reveals the importance of social power in defining and defending one's privacy. Sexual harassment represents the extreme on a continuum of communication patterns between status unequals, and an invasion of the sexual privacy of the target.
Bethe ansatz solution of the square-triangle random tiling model.

Random tiling models cover the plane with a set of rigid tiles without gaps between tiles and without overlap. This paper considers tilings of the plane by squares and equilateral triangles which display twelvefold rotational symmetry and quasi-long-range quasiperiodic translational order. Tiling configurations may be described as networks of interacting domain walls, for which the Bethe ansatz provides the exact (formal) partition function. Numerical evaluation yields the entropy and phason elastic constants with high accuracy.
Instrumentation for microsurgical osseous dissection: Technical note

✓ The use of the operating microscope has revolutionized the surgical approach to many neurosurgical diseases. The microscope has provided magnification, binocular vision, and excellent lighting in the depths of neurosurgical wounds, allowing the performance of exceedingly delicate procedures that were previously impossible. Occasionally, an operative approach demands microscopic bone dissection. Instrumentation has been developed for working with soft tissue, but special instruments for osseous dissection have not been available. A set of newly developed punches and curettes with a bayonetted offset is described. These keep the surgeon's hand out of the operating field and allow unimpeded visualization through the operating microscope. These prototype instruments have been used successfully in over 100 microscopic neurosurgical procedures.
Transport above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder tracers

[1] Tracer variability above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone is investigated using Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements of carbon monoxide, ozone, water vapor, and temperature during Northern Hemisphere summer (June to August) of 2005. Observations show persistent maxima in carbon monoxide and minima in ozone within the anticyclone in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) throughout summer, and variations in these tracers are closely related to the intensity of underlying deep convection. Temperatures in the UTLS are also closely coupled to deep convection (cold anomalies are linked with enhanced convection), and the three-dimensional temperature patterns are consistent with a dynamical response to near- equatorial convection. Upper tropospheric water vapor in the monsoon region is strongly coherent with deep convection, both spatially and temporally. However, at the altitude of the tropopause, maximum water vapor is centered within the anticyclone, distant from the deepest convection, and is also less temporally correlated with convective intensity. Because the main outflow of deep convection occurs near 12 km, well below the tropopause level (16 km), we investigate the large-scale vertical transport within the anticyclone. The mean vertical circulation obtained from the ERA40 reanalysis data set and a free-running general circulation model is upward across the tropopause on the eastern end of the anticyclone, as part of the balanced threedimensional monsoon circulation. In addition to deep transport from the most intense convection, this large-scale circulation may help explain the transport of constituents to tropopause level.