cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal, targeting the lung, liver, kidney, and testes following acute intoxication, and causing nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, osteotoxicity and tumors after prolonged exposures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are often implicated in Cd toxicology. This minireview focused on direct evidence for the generation of free radicals in intact animals following acute Cd overload and discussed the association of ROS in chronic Cd toxicity and carcinogenesis. Cd-generated superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals in vivo have been detected by the electron spin resonance spectra, which are often accompanied by activation of redox sensitive transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, AP-1 and Nrf2) and alteration of ROS-related gene expression. It is generally agreed upon that oxidative stress plays important roles in acute Cd poisoning. However, following long-term Cd exposure at environmentally-relevant low levels, direct evidence for oxidative stress is often obscure. Alterations in ROS-related gene expression during chronic exposures are also less significant compared to acute Cd poisoning. This is probably due to induced adaptation mechanisms (e.g., metallothionein and glutathione) following chronic Cd exposures, which in turn diminish Cd-induced oxidative stress. In chronic Cd-transformed cells, less ROS signals are detected with fluorescence probes. Acquired apoptotic tolerance renders damaged cells to proliferate with inherent oxidative DNA lesions, potentially leading to tumorigenesis. Thus, ROS are generated following acute Cd overload and play important roles in tissue damage. Adaptation to chronic Cd exposure reduces ROS production, but acquired Cd tolerance with aberrant gene expression plays important roles in chronic Cd toxicity and carcinogenesis.
Tree-structured sensor fusion architecture for distributed sensor networks

An assessment of numerous activities in the field of multisensor target recognition reveals several trends and conditions which are cause for concern. .These concerns are analyzed in terms of their potential impact on the ultimate employment of automatic target recognition in military systems. Suggestions for additional investigation and guidance for current activities are presented with respect to some of the identified concerns.
A model of the differential representation of signal novelty in the local field potentials and spiking activity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Local field potentials LFPs and spiking activity reflect different types of information procssing. For example, neurophysiological studies indicate that signal novelty in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is differentially represented by LFPs and spiking activity: LFPs habituate to repeated stimulus presentations, whereas spiking activity does not. The neural mechanisms that allow for this differential representation between LFPs and spiking activity are not clear. Here, we model and simulate LFPs and spiking activity of neurons in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in order to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying this differential representation. We demonstrate that dynamic negative-feedback loops cause LFPs to habituate in response to repeated presentations of the same stimulus while spiking activity is maintained. This disassociation between LFPs and spiking activity may be a mechanism by which LFPs code stimulus novelty, whereas spiking activity carries abstract information, such as category membership and decision-related activity.
Infectious RNA Isolated from the Spinal Cords of Mice Chronically Infected with Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

The DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) persistently infects cells of the spinal cord during the chronic phase of infection. Although in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-PCR have demonstrated the presence of viral RNA in the spinal cord, it has not been determined whether this RNA is infectious and, if so, how many PFU equivalents of virus the RNA can yield. In this study, we demonstrated that TMEV RNA isolated from the spinal cords of chronically infected mice is infectious and that there is at least 30-fold more infectious RNA than infectious virus in the spinal cords of these mice.
Ternary diffusion coefficients of the brine systems NaCl (0.5 M)-Na2SO4 (0.5 M)-H2O and NaCl (0.489 M)-MgCl2 (0.051 M)-H2O (seawater composition) at 25°C

Mutual diffusion coefficients have been measured by Rayleigh interferometry for two ternary brine compositions at 25/sup 0/C: NaCl (0.5 M)-Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ (0.5 M)-H/sub 2/O and NaCl (0.489 M)-MgCl/sub 2/ (0.051 M)-H/sub 2/O. The latter is a ternary analog of seawater. Four diffusion coefficients are required to characterize a ternary system. The data show that the cross term diffusion coefficients are significant, and cannot be neglected in accurate geochemical modeling. Since d/sub 21/ for NaCl-Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/-H/sub 2/O is negative, a sufficient gradient of NaCl can cause Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ to move uphill against its own gradient. One of the cross term coefficients for NaCl-MgCl/sub 2/-H/sub 2/O is nearly as large as one of the main term coefficients.
Modeling the spectral optical properties of ammonium sulfate and biomass burning aerosols: parameterization of relative humidity effects and model results

Abstract The importance of including the global and regional radiative effects of aerosols in climate models has increasingly been realized. Accurate modeling of solar radiative forcing due to aerosols from anthropogenic sulfate and biomass burning emissions requires adequate spectral resolution and treatment of spatial and temporal variability. The variation of aerosol spectral optical properties with local relative humidity and dry aerosol composition must be considered. Because the cost of directly including Mie calculations within a climate model is prohibitive, parameterizations from off-line calculations must be used. Starting from a log-normal size distribution of dry ammonium sulfate, we developed optical properties for tropospheric sulfate aerosol at 15 relative humidities up to 99%. The resulting aerosol size distributions were then used to calculate bulk optical properties at wavelengths between 0.175 and 4 μm. Finally, functional fits of optical properties were made for each of 12 wavelength bands as a function of relative humidity. Significant variations in optical properties occurred across the total solar spectrum. Relative increases in specific extinction and asymmetry factor with increasing relative humidity became larger at longer wavelengths. Significant variation in single-scattering albedo was found only in the longest near-IR band. This is also the band with the lowest single scattering albedo. A similar treatment was done for aerosols from biomass burning. In this case, two size distributions were considered. One was based on a distribution measured for Northern Hemisphere temperate forest fires while the second was based on a measured size distribution for tropical fires. Equilibrium size distributions and compositions were calculated for 15 relative humidities and five black carbon fractions. Mie calculations and band averages of optical properties were done for each of the resulting 75 cases. Finally, fits were made for each of 12 spectral bands as functions of relative humidity and black carbon fraction. These optical properties result in global average forcing from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols of −0.81 Wm-2. The global average forcing for biomass aerosols ranged from −0.23 to −0.25 Wm-2 depending on the assumed size distribution, while fossil fuel organic and black carbon are estimated to heat the atmosphere by about 0.16 Wm-2.
Application of ChIP-Seq and related techniques to the study of immune function.

Behaviors observed at the cellular level such as development and acquisition of effector functions by immune cells result from transcriptional changes. The biochemical mediators of transcription are sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs), chromatin modifying enzymes, and chromatin, the complex of DNA and histone proteins. Covalent modification of DNA and histones, also termed epigenetic modification, influences the accessibility of target sequences for transcription factors on chromatin and the expression of linked genes required for immune functions. Genome-wide techniques such as ChIP-Seq have described the entire "cistrome" of transcription factors involved in specific developmental steps of B and T cells and started to define specific immune responses in terms of the binding profiles of critical effectors and epigenetic modification patterns. Current data suggest that both promoters and enhancers are prepared for action at different stages of activation by epigenetic modification through distinct transcription factors in different cells.
Two‐dimensional potential energy surfaces for CH(X 2Π)+N2(X 1Σ+g) →HCN(X 1Σ+)+N(4S)

Two‐dimensional potential energy surfaces for the CH+N2→HCN+N(4S) reaction are obtained which describe (i) the C2v HCN2 region of the doublet potential energy surface; (ii) the region of the quartet potential energy surface including the C2v minimum and the dissociation pathway to HCN+N(4S); and (iii) the region of crossing of the doublet and quartet surfaces. These surfaces are fit using simple, physically motivated functional forms. In the first and third regions, the active coordinates are the C–N2 [center‐of‐mass (c.m.)] distance and the N–N distance. In the second region, the active coordinates are the C–N’ separation, where N’ denotes the departing N atom, and the angle H–C–N. In the following paper, this potential is used to study the dynamics of the title reaction and to compute Boltzmann rate constants.
Differences between epileptic and non-epileptic children with special reference to the tryptophan tolerance test.

SUMMARY A wide variety of clinical and laboratory tests were given to 90 children, 43 of whom were epileptics. Urinary xanthurenic acid excretion after a standard tryptophan load was determined in 80 children. Abnormal excretion rates occurred not only in the epileptics but also in children with other CNS disorders, as well as in some clinically healthy control siblings of epileptics. Among epileptic children the tryptophan tolerance test result was significantly more often abnormal when the child had a family history of seizures. RESUME Differences entre les enfants epileptiques et non epileptiques specialement dans lews reponses au test de tolerance au tryptophane De tres nombreaux tests cliniques et de laboratoire ont ete pratiques chez 90 enfants dont 43 etaient epileptiques–l'excretion urinaire de Pacide xanthurenique apres une charge standard en tryptophane a ete mesuree chez 80 enfants. Des taux d'excretion anormaux ont ete observes non seulement chez les epileptiques mais aussi chez des enfants avec d'autres atteintes du systeme nerveux central, ainsi que chez quelques enfants en bonne sante appartenant aux families d'epileptiques. Parmi les enfants epileptiques, les resultats du test de tolerance au tryptophane ont ete trouves anormaux significativement plus frequemment quand la famille de l'enfant atteint presentait egalement une histoire de crises comitiales. ZUSAM MENFASSUNG Unterschiede zwischen epileptischen und nicht epileptisehen Kindern mil besonderer Berucksichtigung des Tryptophan-Toleranz-Testes Eine grose Anzahl klinischer und laborchemischer Untersuchungen wurde bei 90 Kindern angestellt, von denen 43 Epileptiker waren. Die Xanthurensaure-Ausscheidung im Urin wurde bei 80 Kindern nach standartisierter Gabe von Tryptophan bestimmt. Abnorme Exkretionsraten wurden nicht nur bei epileptischen sondern auch bei Kindern mit anderen Erkrankungen des ZNS beobachtet, sowie auch bei einigen klinisch gesunden Kontrollgeschwistern von Epileptikern. Unter epileptischen Kindern war das Ergebnis des Tryptophan-Toleranz-Testes signifikant haufiger abnorm, wenn in der Familie des Kindes Anfalle aufgetreten waren. RESUMEN Diferencias entre ninos epilepticos y no-epilepticos con referenda especial a la prueba de tolerancia al triptofano Se realizo una gran variedad de pruebas clinicas y de laboratorio en 90 ninos, incluso 43 epilepticos. En 80 ninos se determino la excrecion urinaria de acido xanturenico despues de una administration normal de triptofano. Tasas anormales de excrecion ocunieron no solamente en epilepticos, sino tambien en ninos afectos de otros disturbios del sistema nervioso central, y en algunos ninos sanos, hermanos de epilepticos, usados como testigo. En los ninos epilepticos los resultados de la prueba de toletancia al triptofano eran anormales significativamente mas veces cuando el nino tenia una historia familiar de convulsiones.
X-ray line-broadening investigation of deformation during hot rolling of Ti–6Al–4V with a colony-alpha microstructure

Abstract X-ray line-broadening techniques that were previously developed and applied to quantify deformation behavior during the hot rolling of commercial-purity titanium were applied to Ti–6Al–4V plate with a colony-alpha preform microstructure. The work quantified the challenges in using line-broadening techniques for two-phase titanium alloys which undergo a phase transformation during cooling following hot working.
Gas chromatographic analysis of Chlorinated Biphenyls

Abstract Capillary column gas chromatography is reported as an analytical method for biphenyl, the 3 monochlorobiphenyls and the 12 dichlorobiphenyls. Two complementary columns were used permitting, in effect, total resolution.
Effect of ethylenebisdiisothiocyanato sulfide (EBIS) on mouse liver δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase

Abstract Ethylenebisdiisothiocyanato sulfide (EBIS), a breakdown product of the ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides, is an effective inhibitor of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase when administered in vivo to mice. EBIS also inhibits the 3,5-dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (DDC)-mediated induction of ALA synthetase when administered 16 or 1 hr prior to, simultaneous with, or 1 hr subsequent to the administration of DDC. EBIS also inhibits the DDC-mediated induction of ALA synthetase when administered 3 hr after the administration of DDC. However, the degree of inhibition is diminished compared to prior administration or simultaneous administration of EBIS with DDC. The EBIS-mediated inhibition of ALA synthetase does not appear to be by way of a generalized inhibition of protein or RNA synthesis since EBIS induces rather than inhibits hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity. These data suggest that the inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P -450 monooxygenase activity and the decrease in cytochrome P -450 concentrations seen on administration of EBIS to rats or mice is the result of inhibition of ALA synthetase leading to a deficiency in the heme moiety required to synthesize holo-cytochrome P -450.
Fallen women and fatherless children: Jewish domestic servants in eighteenth-century Altona

Records covering a brief period in eighteenth-century Altona reveal a pattern of behavior within the Jewish servant class that was widespread among non-Jewish neighbors. Jewish maidservants bore a significant number of children out of wedlock. These children came to the attention of communal authorities because of the dispute over who was responsible to bury them should they die. The unique arrangement that existed between the three communities Altona-Hamburg-Wandsbek caused these disputes to be recorded; ordinarily the matter would have remained shrouded in silence. Both the pattern of pregnancy and childbirth out of wedlock, as well as the tendency of community or magistracy to place the sole responsibility on the mother, were characteristic of non-Jewish European society in the eighteenth century. A notable departure from the non-Jewish norm was that none of the Jewish mothers in these records was charged with infanticide.
Determinants of mating success in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) IV. Sperm competition

This study was designed to clarify several aspects of sperm competition in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). By mating females homozygous for a recessive coat color gene with two males, one homozygous for the dominat gene (agouti) and one homozygous for the recessive (cream), paternity of the resulting young could be determined by day 2 postpartum. When females received 5 consecutive ejaculations from a male of one strain followed by 5 ejaculations from a male of the other strain, there was a significant advantage with respect to litter composition for the male ejaculating first. A mechanism for the first male mating advantage was suggested by the results of an experiment in which the time interval between first and second males was varied. Delays of 30 min between first and second males significantly increased the proportion of young sired by the first male. With a delay of 8 h, the first male sired all of the young. Delays between matings by males of the two strains had greater effects when mating tests began around the time of ovulation, rather than several hours before. Ejaculations in excess of those required for pregnancy initiation were shown to have a two-fold effect. They afforded the first male a measure of protection against displacement by a subsequent male. Conversely, prolonged copulation by the second male resulted in significant displacement of the sperm of a predecessor. The protective effects of multiple ejaculations by the first male were mediated by two mechanisms: the delay in introduction of competing sperm and an increase in the relative concentration of the first male's sperm. Prolonged copulation by the second male also appeared to function through its effect on relative sperm concentrations. Males of these genotypes differed with respect to the relative fertilizing capacity of their cjaculates. When ejaculations from males of the two strains were alternated (thus minimizing mating order effects), agouti males sired over 90% of the young. The time during which mating tests were conducted (relative to the occurrence of ovulation) had no effect on the relative performance of the strains. The effects of prolonged copulation and first male mating advantage demonstrated in this study are consistent with observations of mating behavior under semi-natural conditions. Thus, it appears that patterns of sperm allocation and manipulation, male and female mating strategies, and mating systems have coevolved.
STRUCTURES OF PENTAKIS- (IMIDAZOLE)COPPER(II) HEXAFLUOROARSENATE MONOHYDRATE AND CHLOROTETRAKIS- (IMIDAZOLE)COPPER(II) CHLORIDE

The complexes [Cu(imH)5](AsF6)2·H2O and [Cu(imH)4Cl]Cl (imH = imidazole) were prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, magnetic moment measurements and X-ray crystallography. The complex cation in each species contains a five-coordinate copper atom with a distorted square-pyramidal geometry.
Development of a support software system for real-time HAL/S applications

Methodologies employed in defining and implementing a software support system for the HAL/S computer language for real-time operations on the Shuttle are detailed. Attention is also given to the management and validation techniques used during software development and software maintenance. Utilities developed to support the real-time operating conditions are described. With the support system being produced on Cyber computers and executable code then processed through Cyber or PDP machines, the support system has a production level status and can serve as a model for other software development projects.
Exploring a Conceptual Model-Based Approach to Teaching Situated Word Problems: A Rejoinder to Jitendra's Response to Yan Ping Xin and Dake Zhang

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Asha K. Jitendra's Response to Xin and Zhang (The Journal of Educational Research, 2009, Vol. 102, No. 6). The claim of “factual errors, including inappr...
Identification of critical interactions in uncertain network systems with complex dynamics

In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on tools from system theory and ergodic theory of dynamical systems for the identification of critical interactions responsible for the emergence of complex dynamics in network systems. We consider a network system with multiple uncertain random parameters and operating in non-equilibrium. The objective is to determine which of these multiple parameters are critical for maintaining the stability of non-equilibrium dynamics. We provide necessary condition, expressed in terms of variance of uncertainty and nominal system dynamics, to maintain the stability of network system. The condition is used for rank ordering uncertain parameters and to provide margin of stability for network system. The proposed method is applied for the identification of parameters responsible for limit cycle oscillations in biochemical network involved in yeast cell glycolysis and for robust synchronization in network of Kuramoto oscillators with uncertainty in coupling parameters.
Family-level Coparenting Processes and Child Gender as Moderators of Family Stress and Toddler Adjustment

The goal of this multi-method study was to examine how child gender and coparenting processes influence associations between family stress and toddlers' social adjustment. The participants, 104 dual-earner couples and their 2-year-old children, were videotaped in their home during a freeplay activity. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaires about stress in their roles as partners, workers, and parents and their child's social–emotional adjustment. Consistent with previous research, higher levels of family stress were associated with poorer adjustment for children. Family harmony, represented by warmth and cooperation, was significantly associated with fewer internalizing problems for children even when family stress was considered. Conversely, coparental banter or ‘playful humour’ between parents moderated the nature of the association between family stress and children's adjustment. Banter between parents was especially protective for girls suggesting that, even in families with toddler-aged children, gender plays an important role in family-level coparenting processes. Future research needs to consider more fully the impact that child characteristics, such as gender, have on the interplay between the family context and children's development. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlating Ca2+ Responses and Secretion in Individual RBL-2H3 Mucosal Mast Cells *

The role of Ca2+ in stimulus-response coupling in nonexcitable cells is still not well understood. The Ca2+ responses of individual cells are extremely diverse, often displaying marked oscillations, and almost nothing is known about the specific features of these Ca2+signals that are important for the functional response of a cell. Using the RBL-2H3 mucosal mast cell as a model, we have studied the temporal relationship between changes in intracellular Ca2+ and serotonin secretion at the single-cell level using simultaneous indo-1 photometry and constant potential amperometry. Secretion in response to antigen never occurs until intracellular Ca2+ is elevated, nor is it seen during the first few oscillations in Ca2+. Exocytotic events tend to be clustered around the peaks of oscillations, but excellent secretion is also seen in cells with sustained elevations in Ca2+. Ca2+ release from stores in the absence of influx fails to elicit secretion. If refilling and continued release of Ca2+ from stores is prevented with thapsigargin, Ca2+ influx can still trigger secretion, suggesting that store-associated microdomains of Ca2+ are not required for exocytosis. Our findings demonstrate the importance of an amplitude-encoded Ca2+ signal and Ca2+influx for stimulus-secretion coupling in these nonexcitable cells.
Identifying the loci responsible for natural variation in fruit size and shape in tomato

Fruit size and shape are two major factors determining yield, quality and consumer acceptability for many crops. Like most traits important to agriculture, both are quantitatively inherited. Despite their economic importance none of the genes controlling either of these traits have been cloned, and little is known about the control of the size and shape of domesticated fruit. Tomato represents a model fruit-bearing domesticated species characterized by a wide morphological diversity of fruits. The many genetic and genomic tools available for this crop can be used to unraveal the molecular bases of the developmental stages which presumably influence fruit architecture, size and shape. The goal of this review is to summarize data from the tomato QTL studies conducted over the past 15 years, which together allow the identification of the major QTLs responsible for fruit domestication in tomato. These results provide the starting point for the isolation of the genes involved in fruit-size/shape determination in tomato and potentially other fruit-bearing plants.
Successful treatment of refractory disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection with the addition of linezolid and mefloquine

Execpt in patients with AIDS, disseminated MAC infection has been rare. We describe a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia who developed disseminated cutaneous MAC lesions refractory to conventional antimycrobial therapy. The lesions responded to the addition of compounds that were recently discovered to have anti-MAC activity (linezolid, moxifloxacin) as well as GM-CSF.
Theoretical framework for formulating MIP scheduling models with multiple and non-uniform discrete-time grids

Abstract We present a framework for the formulation of MIP scheduling models based on multiple and nonuniform discrete time grids. In a previous work we showed that it is possible to use different (possibly non-uniform) time grids for each task, unit, and material. Here, we generalize these ideas to account for general resources, and a range of processing characteristics such as limited intermediate storage and changeovers. Each resource has its own grid based on resource consumption and availability allowing resource constraints to be modeled more accurately without increasing the number of binary variables. We develop algorithms to define the unit-, task-, material-, and resource-specific grids directly from problem data. Importantly, we prove that the multi-grid formulation is able to find a schedule with the same optimal objective as the discrete-time single-grid model with an arbitrarily fine grid. The proposed framework leads to the formulation of models with reduced number of binary variables and constraints, which are able to find good solutions faster than existing models.
Effect of crack curvature on stress intensity factors for ASTM standard compact tension specimens

The stress intensity factors (SIF) are calculated using the method of lines for the compact tension specimen in tensile and shear loading for curved crack fronts. For the purely elastic case, it was found that as the crack front curvature increases, the SIF value at the center of the specimen decreases while increasing at the surface. For the higher values of crack front curvatures, the maximum value of the SIF occurs at an interior point located adjacent to the surface. A thickness average SIF was computed for parabolically applied shear loading. These results were used to assess the requirements of ASTM standards E399-71 and E399-81 on the shape of crack fronts. The SIF is assumed to reflect the average stress environment near the crack edge.
Evaluation of Slip-Traction Characteristics of Polymeric Transfer Films

Experiments carried out on Batelle's rolling disk apparatus to determine the traction characteristics of polymeric transfer films developed under cryogenic conditions are described. The analyses reveal that the presence of a soft layer can significantly decrease the slope of the traction curves in a bearing. The measurement of low traction indicates the presence of soft layer in the contact zone; if this thin film can be maintained, the bearing stability may be maintained.
Bridging the gap between basic and clinical investigation

This article focuses on the increasing importance of effective communication between scientists and their clinical colleagues. Some recent and innovative programs to facilitate these interactions are also discussed.
Herbal medicine among the miskito of Eastern Nicaragua

Medicinal plants identified by Miskito informants in Awastara, Nicaragua, were collected in the field. They are listed and botanically identified in this paper. Particularly interesting among the collection of 23 plant species are those used to cure snakebite and athlete’s foot, as observed in the field.
Expression of genes encoding corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), type 1 CRF receptor, and CRF-binding protein and localization of the gene products in the human ovary.

Recently, the presence of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (IrCRF) in the thecal-stromal cells of the human ovary and the ability of CRF to suppress estrogen production by human granulosa cells in vitro have been reported. To understand the functional role of ovarian CRF requires characterization of the human ovarian CRF system, which includes CRF, type 1 CRF receptor (CRF-R1), and the high affinity CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP). Accordingly, we have examined the ovarian CRF system and the cellular distribution of these proteins and their messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. Normal ovaries from 10 premenopausal women undergoing hysterectomy with ovariectomy were used in the analyses. IrCRF and its mRNA were localized in thecal cells of small antral and mature follicles. A low abundance of IrCRF and mRNA was also detected in stromal cells of both stages of follicles. Expression of the gene encoding CRF was more prominent in matu...
Seven Chinchorro mummies and the prehistory of northern Chile.

The mummification methods of an ancient maritime population on the northern coast of Chile are reviewed and the findings in an additional seven individuals are reported. Members of this cultural group, Chinchorro, practiced a selective, elaborate form of artificial mummification which persisted more than 4,000 years. Its complexity diminished with time, gradually disappearing after 2,000 B. C. One of the seven individuals herein reported is a rather poorly but spontaneously (“naturally”) preserved body that may represent the oldest mummy reported to date–about 9,000 years old. Chemical reconstruction of their diet demonstrates that the principal component was derived from marine resources with only minor supplementation from terrestrial hunting as well as food gathering from river mouth vegetal sources, confirming the marine dependence of their adaptational strategy. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bilateral mammary artery grafting: avoidance of complications with extended use.

Abstract This study was undertaken to more clearly define the operative risks and appropriate strategies for the selection of patients who might be candidates for bilateral internal mammary artery grafting. A review of the 674 patients who underwent this procedure was performed over a 10-year period from January 1982 through 1991. These patients represented 5% of the 12,824 patients who underwent bypass grafting during this period. The mean patient age was 54 ± 9.4 years, and 92% of the patient were male. Diabetes was present in 17.5%, with 24% of this group insulin dependent. The ejection fraction was less than 0.50 in 26.7% and 14% had had previous bypass procedures. Hospital mortality was 1.9% (n = 13). Hospital morbidity included wound infection in 3.6%, reoperation for bleeding in 2.1%, and stroke in 1.6%. Postoperative intraaortic balloon pump support was necessary in 2.8%. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that advanced age, an emergent operative status, and the number of diseased vessels (especially left main obstruction) were predictors of hospital death. Except for wound infection (9.3% versus 2.5%) and length of hospital stay (10.8 ± 11.8 days versus 8.8 ± 7.6 days), the complications in diabetics were similar to those in patients without diabetes, respectively. At 5 years, freedom from death, death or infarctions, and death, myocardial infarction, or coronary reoperation was 90%, 70%, and 62%, respectively. The only significant multivariate correlates of long-term survival were diabetes and reoperative surgery.
Horizontal and vertical distribution of euphausiid species on the Western Antarctic Peninsula U.S. GLOBEC Southern Ocean study site

Abstract The Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is a site of high krill abundance and a likely source region for krill populations found to the north and east of the area. The U.S. GLOBEC Southern Ocean program studied factors that contribute to the overwintering success of krill in the region of Marguerite Bay, WAP. A MOCNESS net system was used to sample the vertical distribution and abundance of zooplankton relative to physical features (hydrography and circulation) during four broad-scale survey cruises in the fall and winter of 2001 and 2002. Four species were found throughout the study area on all four cruises: Euphausia superba, Euphausia crystallorophias, Euphausia triacantha, and Thysanoessa macrura. The species had significantly different horizontal and vertical distributions. Both E. superba and T. macrura were broadly distributed throughout the area, but the central 50% of their vertical distributions were distinct with E. superba most abundant in the upper 100 m in the coldest, freshest water (average temperature and salinity: −1.13 °C; 33.80) and T. macrura occurring between 100 and 250 m (at 0.01 °C; 34.228). E. crystallorophias had a more coastal distribution and was usually found deeper in slightly warmer and saltier water (−0.44 °C; 33.9982) than E. superba and either overlapped or was above T. macrura in depth. E. triacantha was much rarer and sporadically distributed in the study area and was found substantially deeper (center of distribution about 300 m) in the warmest saltiest water (1.40 °C; 34.65) than the other three euphausiid species. Larval distributions for E. superba indicated that at least some proportion of the populations resulted from reproduction and development on the continental shelf, and not solely from offshore reproduction and transport onto the shelf. A neutral particle tracking model was used to gain insight into the relative importance of shelf versus off-shelf origins for the larvae. The results suggest that a combination of offshore and onshore reproduction can account for the observed E. superba larval distributions in the U.S. SO GLOBEC study site.
Conservative Management and Behavioral Modifications for Overactive Bladder

Overactive bladder is a chronic condition that has significant effects on quality of life. Management of this condition often emphasizes the use of anticholinergic therapy. However, there are often intolerable side effects that result in poor compliance with these medications. Conservative management and behavioral modification are effective management tools as initial therapies or in conjunction with medical therapy. This review focuses on nonpharmacologic therapies and their role in the management of overactive bladder.
Constructing a media server architecture for the needs of the video industry

The video industry has been using tape as a storage medium for many years, but several technologies which have been growing in use and declining in cost during the past decade have begun to allow a shift away from tape. These technologies are computer hard drives, high speed data networks, and real time operating systems. Now systems can be constructed consisting of the above components and video, audio, and data I/O which duplicate many of the functions of conventional VTRs, audio decks, and cart machines. These systems can expand to bring together support for multiple applications that meet the current and emerging needs of the video industry. Such systems are called video servers or media servers. The goal of such systems is to do some of the functions performed at broadcast facilities and television networks in a way which enhances currently available functionality while giving new functionality, increasing reliability, and reducing operating costs. Some of these functions include commercial insertion, time delay, program playback, and news editing and playback.
Response to Harold Benenson, “Victorian Sexual Ideology and Marx’s Theory of the Working Class”

Karl Marx "radically shifted the terms of socialist discussion of women's needs," in Harold Benenson's view, by ignoring concerns with the authoritarian structure of families that had been raised by earlier Utopian criticism, by accomodating himself to the hegemony of skilled males over the working class through trade unions and the suffrage movement, and by legitimizing that hegemony in his basic theoretical concepts. Despite the validity of some points Benenson raises along the way, his exercise in the intellectual history of socialism is misleading, and his condemnation of Marxist methods of analysis, if accepted, would deprive those of us who are attempting to conceptualize the historical relations of gender and class of analytical tools that are indispensible to that task. If a fundamental contrast existed between the views of Utopians and those of Marxists on women's needs and women's activity, it was not of the type described in this paper. Benenson himself notes that "forthright champions of the rights of women" were few in Utopian ranks, though he quite rightly adds that those whom he discusses (especially Flora Tristan and Frances and James Morrison) were remarkably perceptive and suggested a much more thorough analysis of women's position under capitalism than was to be found in The Communist Manifesto. To understand the history of socialism, however, it is equally important to compare those "forthright champions" with the attitudes toward women and toward the family expressed in other dominant currents of Utopian criticism, especially with those of Etienne Cabet, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, and Wilhelm Weitling. The com parison should be made, not to score a debating point, but to ask why utopias with widespread appeal among artisans of the 1830s-1850s should have offered a roman tic reification of the family and (especially in the case of Weitling) celebrated "family love" as proof that a non-competitive society could be created by the proper exercise of human reason. An important task confronting historians is to explain why these ideas flourished in particular artisan circles at the time (especially among tailors and shoemakers), and how they reflected and perhaps influenced the changing relation ship of women to the trades involved. Benenson's arguments steer us away from this historical problem, and consequently from investigating the role played by influen tial Utopians in creating a plebeian version of the Victorian sexual ideology.
Exchange of stabilities for surface tension driven convection

An analytical proof is presented showing that the marginal or neutral state for surface-tension-driven convection in infinite liquid layers is stationary so that the principle of exchange of stabilities is valid. The method of Green's functions is used to reduce the eigenvalue problem to a single differential equation with an integral boundary condition. The proof is carried out using the adjoint version of this eigenvalue problem.
Plerixafor Dosing and Administration in a Patient with Dialysis-Dependent Renal Failure

Objective:To report on the use of plerixafor in a patient with multiple myeloma and dialysis-dependent renal failure.Case Summary:A 38-year-old man with multiple myeloma and dialysis-dependent renal failure was evaluated for stem cell transplantation. Stem cell mobilization with 6 doses of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 10 μg/kg/day yielded an inadequate maximum pre-apheresis CD34+ count of 5.6 cells/μL. The patient was treated with a postdialysis subcutaneous dose of plerixafor 160 μg/kg after 4 days of G-CSF therapy. After a single dose of plerixafor, the patient's pre-apheresis CD34+ count was 125.6 cells/μL. After 1 apheresis session, the stem cell collection yield was 5.33 × 105 CD34+ cells/kg. There were no observed plerixafor toxicities. The patient underwent successful autologous stem cell transplantation. Times to neutrophil and platelet engraftment were 12 and 15 days, respectively. At 100-day follow-up, the patient's myeloma was in remission and he met all criteria for durable en...
Periosteal thickening as a manifestation of trauma in infancy

This paper reports the findings in a study of the incidence of periosteal elevation in children and its possible relationship to child abuse. Two separate sets of radiographs of the skeleton of children were taken for a variety of diagnostic purposes. The suspected abuse set consisted of 59 radiographs taken for suspected child abuse. The mean age for all patients examined was 1.22 years whereas, the mean age for patients with cortical thickening was 0.5 years, suggesting that cortical thickening occurs in a relatively young population. Cortical thickening was assessed by reason for examination. A significant difference (p = .05) was detected with 6/8 (75%) of the patients with cortical thickening from the suspected child abuse groups and only 2/8 (25%) of the patients from the seizure-diagnostic category. The two infants who were noted to have periosteal elevation but were not suspected of abuse had experienced unusual circumstances, one was wearing an abduction splint and the other was a severely hypotonic premature. It is our impression that periosteal thickening is not a normal finding in infants and does not represent a consequence of normal infant care practices. In each case in which cortical thickening was detected, there was evidence to suggest that the child had experienced abnormal or rough handling. As a result of these findings, we believe that cortical thickening of the long bones detected on radiograph is an indication of child abuse.
Generalized Boussinesq type of equations with compactons, solitons and periodic solutions

Generalized Boussinesq type of equations with positive and negative exponents are examined. The analysis depends mainly on the sine-cosine ansatz. It is formally shown that these nonlinear models give rise to compactons, solitary patterns, solitons, and periodic solutions depending on the exponents and the coefficients of the derivatives of u(x,t). The presented scheme reveals quite a number of remarkable features that will be helpful for identical problems.
Enhanced production of neutron-rich rare isotopes in peripheral collisions at Fermi energies.

A large enhancement in the production of neutron-rich projectile residues is observed in the reactions of a $25\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{n}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}$ $^{86}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{r}$ beam with the neutron-rich $^{124}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n}$ and $^{64}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i}$ targets relative to the predictions of the EPAX parametrization of high-energy fragmentation, as well as relative to the reaction with the less neutron-rich $^{112}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n}$ target. A hybrid model based on a deep-inelastic transfer (DIT) code followed by a statistical deexcitation code accounts for part of the observed large cross sections. The DIT simulation indicates that the production of neutron-rich nuclides in these reactions is associated with peripheral nucleon exchange in which the neutron skins of the neutron-rich $^{124}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n}$ and $^{64}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i}$ target nuclei may play an important role. From a practical viewpoint, such reactions offer a novel synthetic avenue to access extremely neutron-rich rare isotopes towards the neutron-drip line.
The mechanism of orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase: catalysis by destabilization of the substrate.

The mechanism of orotidine 5‘-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMP decarboxylase, ODCase) was studied using the decarboxylation of orotic acid analogues as a model system. The rate of decarboxylation o...
Catabolic diversity of periphyton and detritus microbial communities in a subtropical wetland

The catabolic diversity of wetland microbial communities may be a sensitive indicator of nutrient loading or changes in environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were to assess the response of periphyton and microbial communities in water conservation area-2a (WCA-2a) of the Everglades to additions of C-substrates and inorganic nutrients. Carbon dioxide and CH4 production rates were measured using 14 days incubation for periphyton, which typifies oligotrophic areas, and detritus, which is prevalent at P-impacted areas of WCA-2a. The wetland was characterized by decreasing P levels from peripheral to interior, oligotrophic areas. Microbial biomass and N mineralization rates were higher for oligotrophic periphyton than detritus. Methane production rates were also higher for unamended periphyton (80 mg CH4-C kg−1 d−1) than detritus (22 mg CH4-C kg−1 d−1), even though the organic matter content was higher for detritus (80%) than periphyton (69%). Carbon dioxide production for unamended periphyton (222 mg CO2-C kg−1 d−1) was significantly greater than unamended detritus (84 mg CO2-C kg−1 d−1). The response of the heterotrophic microbial community to added C-substrates was related to the nutrient status of the wetland, as substrate-induced respiration (SIR) was higher for detritus than periphyton. Amides and polysaccharides stimulated SIR more than other C-substrates, and methanogenesis was greater contributor to SIR for periphyton than detritus. Inorganic P addition stimulated CO2 and CH4 production for periphyton but not detritus, indicating a P limitation in the interior areas of WCA-2a. Continued nutrient loading into oligotrophic areas of WCA-2a or enhanced internal nutrient cycling may stimulate organic matter decomposition and further contribute to undesirable changes to the Everglades ecosystem caused by nutrient enrichment.
New microsatellite markers for the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius sensu stricto reveal the genetic structure of US and Puerto Rican populations

Abstract The ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius has been introduced to many areas around the world as a source of inoculum for pine plantations. However, little is known about the genetic structure of fungal populations in their introduced habitats. To study the genetics of exotic P. tinctorius populations, we developed and employed seven new microsatellite markers and compared samples from Puerto Rico (exotic range) and the eastern United States (native range). Bayesian cluster analysis, neighbor joining analysis and FST values all strongly separated Puerto Rican populations from North American populations. Consistent with a founder effect, populations from Puerto Rico had reduced allelic richness when compared to samples from the United States. The genetic structure of P. tinctorius populations in Puerto Rico is weak to modest and is not correlated with geographic distance reflecting anthropogenic movement of inoculum with forestry practices.