cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further Results on Diffraction Tomography Using Rytov’s Approximation

The inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation is expressed in terms of a general transformation of the propagating wave. Rytov’s transformation is then seen as a natural one in the inversion of this equation. An updated inversion algorithm is presented and the problem of phase determination is discussed. Finally, simulation and experimental results are presented to show some of the problems with the Rytov approach in acoustic tomography.
1989 McCollum Award lecture. Genetic and hypothalamic mechanisms for obesity--finding the needle in the haystack

The elements of a feedback system for regulating body fat stores consists of an afferent limb providing feedback signals to the central controller in the brain, which integrates information from the sensory and autonomic nervous systems with signals from the internal milieu and modulates ingestive behavior and thermogenic components of the adrenergic nervous system. The search for defective mechanisms that produce obesity has utilized animals with genetic, hypothalamic, and dietary types of obesity. In all three cases, obesity is associated with an absolute or relative decrease in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Experimental situations associated with reduced activity of the sympathetic nervous system are generally accompanied by increased food intake and vice versa. Hypothalamic obesity results from damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus, which disrupts modulation of the autonomic nervous system by nutrient and hormonal signals. Recessively inherited obesity may result from failure to modulate the steroid-receptor complex interaction with the promoter region of the genome. Impaired acetylation of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) may be involved in the development of obesity in the obese yellow mouse. In all cases adrenalectomy arrests the progression or reverses the obesity. These findings further strengthen the autonomic and endocrine hypothesis for obesity.
Look both ways before crossing the street: Perspectives on the intersection of bimodality and bilingualism

In 1939, NYU Professor of German, Murat Roberts warned readers about the potentially harmful effects of societal bilingualism: “When two languages come to be spoken by the same society for the same purposes, both of these languages are certain to deteriorate. The sense of conflict disturbs in both of them the basis of articulation, deranges the procedure of grammar, and imperils the integrity of thought. The representation of the mind is divided into incongruous halves; and the average speaker, being no linguistic expert, finds it difficult to keep the two media apart. Confusion follows. The contours of language grow dim as the two systems collide and intermingle” (23). Roberts’ warnings about the threat of bilingualism are a thin cloak over the assumption that monolingualism is the norm. But even without dire predictions, conceptions of language representation and use derived from the study of bilinguals have been slow to enter the mainstream. The relation between language representation and control (Abutalebi & Green, 2007) and the dynamic nature of grammatical knowledge across the lifespan (Linck, Kroll & Sunderman, 2009) should change the way we conceptualize all language processing, whether monolingual, bilingual or multilingual.
Origin and prediction of free-solution interaction studies performed label-free.

Interaction/reaction assays have led to significant scientific discoveries in the biochemical, medical, and chemical disciplines. Several fundamental driving forces form the basis of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions in chemical and biochemical systems (London dispersion, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and electrostatic), and in the past three decades the sophistication and power of techniques to interrogate these processes has developed at an unprecedented rate. In particular, label-free methods have flourished, such as NMR, mass spectrometry (MS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), biolayer interferometry (BLI), and backscattering interferometry (BSI), which can facilitate assays without altering the participating components. The shortcoming of most refractive index (RI)-based label-free methods such as BLI and SPR is the requirement to tether one of the interaction entities to a sensor surface. This is not the case for BSI. Here, our hypothesis is that the signal origin for free-solution, label-free determinations can be attributed to conformation and hydration-induced changes in the solution RI. We propose a model for the free-solution response function (FreeSRF) and show that, when quality bound and unbound structural data are available, FreeSRF correlates well with the experiment (R2 > 0.99, Spearman rank correlation coefficients >0.9) and the model is predictive within ∼15% of the experimental binding signal. It is also demonstrated that a simple mass-weighted dη/dC response function is the incorrect equation to determine that the change in RI is produced by binding or folding event in free solution.
Design and Fabrication of a Novel MEMS Device for High Resolution Force and Displacement Measurement

We present the design and fabrication of a MEMS device for high resolution force and displacement measurements. Both quantitative and qualitative measurements can be performed in-situ in scanning, transmission and tunneling electron microcopy (SEM, TEM and STM), where the small chamber size makes it challenging to integrate conventional force-displacement sensors. The device exploits the amplification of displacement and attenuation of structural stiffness due to buckling of slender silicon beams to obtain pico-Newton force and nanometer displacement resolution. The design uses buckling of two sets of beams of slightly different lengths to create a loading device. The amplification of the specimen deformation into the micron range enables measurement by visual inspection (optical microscope) without using complex displacement sensing mechanism. Co-fabrication of the specimen with the device is possible, thus eliminating the problems associated with alignment and positioning. The device can be used for characterization of materials such as carbon nanotube-polymer interfaces, nanoscale thin films and mechanical testing of single biological cells.© 2004 ASME
THE USEFULNESS OF BEHAVIOR FOR PHYLOGENY ESTIMATION: LEVELS OF HOMOPLASY IN BEHAVIORAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS.

It is widely believed that behavior is more evolutionarily labile and/or more difficult to characterize than morphology, and thus that behavioral characters are not as useful as morphological characters for estimating phylogenetic relationships. To examine the relative utility of behavior and morphology for estimating phylogeny, we compared levels of homoplasy for morphological and behavioral characters that have been used in systematic studies. In an analysis of 22 data sets that contained both morphological and behavioral characters we found no significant difference between mean consistency indices (CIs, which measure homoplasy) within data sets for the two types of characters. In a second analysis we compared overall CIs for 8 data sets comprised entirely of behavioral characters with overall CIs for 32 morphological data sets and found no significant difference between the two types of data sets. For both analyses, 95% confidence limits on the difference between the two types of characters indicate that, even if given the benefit of the doubt, morphological characters could not have substantially higher mean CIs than behavioral characters. These results do not support the idea that behavioral characters are less useful than morphological characters for the estimation of phylogeny.
Drastically Lowered Protein Adsorption on Microbicidal Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

Polyelectrolyte multilayer films assembled from a hydrophobic N-alkylated polyethylenimine and a hydrophilic polyacrylate were discovered to exhibit strong antifouling, as well as antimicrobial, activities. Surfaces coated with these layer-by-layer (LbL) films, which range from 6 to 10 bilayers (up to 45 nm in thickness), adsorbed up to 20 times less protein from blood plasma than the uncoated controls. The dependence of the antifouling activity on the nature of the polycation, as well as on assembly conditions and the number of layers in the LbL films, was investigated. Changing the hydrophobicity of the polycation altered the surface composition and the resistance to protein adsorption of the LbL films. Importantly, this resistance was greater for coated surfaces with the polyanion on top; for these films, the average zeta potential pointed to a near neutral surface charge, thus, presumably minimizing their electrostatic interactions with the protein. The film surface exhibited a large contact angle hys...
Abrupt increase in hydrogen diffusion on transition-metal surfaces during hydrogenation catalysis

A sharp increase in the rate of hydrogen isotope scrambling was identified during the hydrogenation of olefins with H2 + D2 mixtures on Pt(111) catalysts, which spectroscopic data suggest is due to a sudden increase in atomic hydrogen surface mobility because of a decrease in the size of the islands of the adsorbed hydrocarbons.
FUELING OF ITER-SCALE FUSION PLASMAS

Fueling system functions for the International Thermonuclear Engineering Reactor (ITER) and similar scale devices are to provide hydrogenic fuel to maintain the plasma density profile for a specifi...
Motor control in human spinal cord injury

There are two major accomplishments in the practice of contemporary medicine of spinal cord injury (SCI): the first consists of significant new developments in clinical criteria for the assessment of spinal cord functions (Ditunno et al.., 1994), and the second of laboratory methods involving significant technological developments in neuroradiology (Weirich et al.., 1990; Bonduranti et al., 1990) and human neurophysiology (Dimitrijevic and Halter, 1995).
CEDAW as a “Living Document”: Over Thirty Years of Committee Work

This chapter traces the development of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Committee into an increasingly visible, legitimate and authoritative monitoring body for the Convention. It looks at two dimensions of this process: the Committee’s international support structures and interconnectedness within the United Nations (UN), and its working methods. It shows that the creation of a sound and well-resourced international monitoring mechanism for women’s rights—the core part of global discourse translation—has taken a long time and depended on the persistent “norm work” of Committee experts and advocates within and outside of the UN. While the process has been successful as a whole, the Committee has also faced a number of challenges, such as the need to balance strong women’s rights advocacy with inter-governmental recognition.
Reprogramming of mouse retinal neurons and standardized quantification of their differentiation in 3D retinal cultures

Postmitotic differentiated neurons are among the most difficult cells to reprogram into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) because they have poor viability when cultured as dissociated cells. To overcome this, other protocols have required the inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor to reprogram postmitotic neurons, which can result in tumorigenesis of the cells. We describe a method that does not require p53 inactivation but induces reprogramming in retinal cells from reprogrammable mice grown in aggregates with wild-type mouse retinal cells. After the first 10 d of reprogramming, the aggregates are then dispersed and plated on irradiated feeder cells to propagate and isolate individual iPSC clones. The reprogramming efficiency of different neuronal populations at any stage of development can be quantified using this protocol. Reprogramming retinal neurons using this protocol will take 56 d, and these retina-derived iPSCs can undergo retinal differentiation to produce retinae in 34 d. In addition, we describe a quantitative assessment of retinal differentiation from these neuron-derived iPSCs called STEM-RET. The procedure quantifies eye field specification, optic cup formation and retinal differentiation in 3D cultures using molecular, cellular and morphological criteria. An advanced level of cell culture experience is required to carry out this protocol.
A Role for Activation of the Kallikrein-Kinin System in the Homing Property of Endothelial Progenitor Cells.

Abstract The plasma kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) plays an important role in inflammation, thrombosis and vascular pathology. Activation of the KKS results in bradykinin release, which increases vascular permeability and modulates inflammatory responses. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) home to ischemic and inflamed tissues and participate in the vasculogenesis. However, the homing mechanism remains poorly understood. We now report that activation of the KKS regulates the homing property of EPCs using in vivo and in vitro approaches. We have previously shown that the Lewis rat, which displays a mutant kininogen (Ser511Ala), is susceptible to peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS)- induced systemic inflammation including arthritis and displays activation of the KKS and increased bradykinin levels. CD34-positive EPCs were isolated from bone marrow of disease-free Lewis rats by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. After culture in EGM2 on collagen surfaces for 7 days, a single colony with cobblestone-like morphology appeared and was subjected to large-scale expansion. Compared with differentiated rat lung microvessel endothelial cells (rLMECs), rat EPCs expressed similar levels of endothelial cell lineage marker mRNA such as VE-cadherin, CD31, vWF and uPAR. EPCs exclusively expressed hematopoietic progenitor cell markers, Sca-1 and CD34. Both of EPCs and rLMECs expressed bradykinin type 2 receptor (B2R) but not B1R. To observe the in vivo mobilization of EPCs, EPCs were labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) and injected into Lewis rats in which inflammation/arthritis was induced by PG-PS. Two weeks after PG-PS injection, pannus formed in the synovial tissues, representing the entry into the chronic phase of arthritis. The fluorescently-labeled EPCs were selectively detected in the inflamed synovium of PG-PS-treated rats, but not that of disease-free rats. As detected by confocal microscopy, implanted EPCs formed new blood vessels in the inflamed synovial tissues. To further investigate the mechanism by which the KKS regulates EPC mobilization, we observed that bradykinin (a B2R agonist), but not des-Arg9-bradykinin (a B1R agonist), stimulated EPC transmigration through confluent rLMEC layer at 100 and 1000 nM (P
Effective variants of max-sum algorithm to radar coordination and scheduling

This work proposes new techniques for saving communication and computational resources when solving distributed constraint optimization problems in an environment where system hardware resources are clustered. Using a pre-computed policy and two phase propagation on Max-Sum algorithm, the system performance on Radar scheduling problem improves in terms of communication and computation.
A greedy algorithm for decentralized Bayesian detection with feedback

We consider a decentralized binary detection architecture comprised of n local detectors (LDs) communicating their decisions to a Data Fusion Center (DFC). Each local detector (LD) declares preference for one of two hypotheses (H 0 or H 1 ) and transmits it to the DFC. The decision of the kth LD at time step t is ut k . The DFC develops a global preference ut 0 for one of hypotheses based on the vector of local decisions Ut while minimizing a Bayesian cost. The input to the kth LD at time step t is the observation yt k collected from the surveyed environment, and the previous global decision ut−1 0 . Alhakeem and Varshney developed a person-by-person optimal (PBPO) solution to this problem, namely a PBPO procedure to calculate the global fusion rule and the local decision rules. However, their solution requires that at each time step 2n fusion rule equations and 2n local threshold equations be solved simultaneously. In this paper we suggest a suboptimal solution to the problem, based on independent local minimizations of similar Bayesian cost by each LD and by the DFC. To assess the cost of decentralization, the performance of this solution is compared to that of an architecture that processes all observations in one central location.
Geographic Differences in Persistent Organic Pollutant Levels of Yellowfin Tuna

Background: Fish are a source of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the human diet. Although species, trophic level, and means of production are typically considered in predicting fish polluta...
Crevasse-splay and associated depositional environments of the hominin-bearing lower Okote Member, Koobi Fora Formation (Plio-Pleistocene), Kenya

The Okote Member from the northeast Turkana Basin of Kenya represents an exceptionally good archive of Early Pleistocene archaeological and fossil sites. Field study of the lower Okote Member and underlying deposits was conducted in detail at two sets of outcrops (500-1000 m long) separated by some 22 km of modern landscape. The examined sections (10-15 m thick) preserve two facies: interbedded sandstones, tuffs and mudstones (crevasse splay) and ribbon-like bodies of sandstone/tuff (crevasse channel). Mudstones are overprinted with small carbonate nodules and sparse slickensides that are interpreted as evidence of weak soil development after the cessation of suspension deposition in a floodplain. The immaturity of the ancient soils implies that sediment accumulation was fairly rapid yet the nodules and slickensides indicate seasonal contrasts in moisture. Episodically rapid sedimentation is suggested by the types of depositional environments and their structures, and indications of soft sediment deformation. Crevassing may have been influenced by rivers that flooded in response to monsoonal rainfall variations and the voluminous influx of fluvially reworked volcaniclastics to the basin. A well-developed palaeosol directly underlying the lower Okote Member suggests that the deposits accumulated following a significant depositional hiatus. This basal contact, in addition to the apparent pervasiveness and penecontemporaneousness of the sedimentary facies, resembles a crevasse-splay system deposited by a subdelta lobe or river avulsion. A paucity of lacustrine/deltaic indicators might indicate that the studied deposits correspond better with an avulsion origin. Sedimentation rates calculated from prior radiometric dating of tuffs tend to overestimate the timeframe of accumulation for individual strata of the lower Okote Member. Many appear to have formed on the order of 100-103 years, as suggested by facies, palaeosols, and observations of modern crevasse splays. This cautions against using sedimentation rates alone to infer how much time a stratum preserving fossil/archaeological information represents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Benign melanocytic nevus cells in axillary lymph nodes. A prospective incidence and immunohistochemical study with literature review.

Benign nevus cell aggregates (NCAs) in lymph nodes usually present as intracapsular or trabecular collections of small, uniform melanocytes that resemble those seen in intradermal melanocytic nevi. The surgical pathologist must be aware of nodal NCAs because they can mimic micrometastasis of carcinoma. Although not uncommon, the frequency with which NCAs occur is controversial. Two previous studies attempted to determine the case incidence of NCAs in axillary lymphadenectomies; widely different results were reported, ranging from .33% to 6.2%. In this study, the authors examined prospectively 300 axillary lymph node dissections containing 5186 lymph nodes, using S-100 protein immunohistochemistry as a supplemental evaluation measure, to determine the incidence of NCAs. Twenty-eight NCA-positive lymph nodes from 22 cases were found, for a 7.3% case incidence and a .54% nodal incidence; these figures were higher than those previously reported. The possible pathogenesis of this phenomenon is discussed, with a review of the literature.
Predicting Aflatoxin and Fumonisin in Shelled Corn Lots Using Poor-Quality Grade Components

A study was conducted to determine if aflatoxin and fumonisin are concentrated in the poor-quality grade components of shelled corn. Four 1.0 kg test samples were each taken from 23 lots of shelled corn marketed in North Carolina. Inspectors from the Federal Grain Inspection Service divided each test sample into 3 grade components: (1) damaged kernels (DM), (2) broken corn and foreign material (BCFM), and )3) whole kernels (WH). The aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration was measured in each component and a mass balance equation was used to calculate the total concentration of each mycotoxin in each test sample. Averaged across all test samples, the aflatoxin concentrations in the DM, BCFM, and WH components were 1300.3, 455.2, and 37.3 ppb, respectively. Averaged across all test samples, the fumonisin concentrations in the DM, BCFM, and WH components were 148.3, 51.3, and 1.8 ppm, respectively. The DM and BCFM components combined accounted for only 5.0% of the test sample mass, but accounted for 59.8 and 77.5% of the total aflatoxin and fumonisin mass in the test sample, respectively. Both aflatoxin mass (ng) and aflatoxin concentration (ng/g) in the combined DM and BCFM components had high correlations with aflatoxin concentration in the lot. The highest correlation occurred when aflatoxin mass (ng) in the combined DM and BCFM components was related to aflatoxin concentration in the lot (0.964). Similar results were obtained for fumonisin. This study indicated that measuring either aflatoxin or fumonisin in the combined DM and BCFM grade components could be used as a screening method to predict either aflatoxin or fumonisin in a bulk lot of shelled corn.
Characteristics of The Cancer Genome Atlas cases relative to U.S. general population cancer cases.

Despite anecdotal reports of differences in clinical and demographic characteristics of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) relative to general population cancer cases, differences have not been systematically evaluated. Data from 11,160 cases with 33 cancer types were ascertained from TCGA data portal. Corresponding data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries databases were obtained. Differences in characteristics were compared using Student’s t, Chi-square, and Fisher’s exact tests. Differences in mean survival months were assessed using restricted mean survival time analysis and generalised linear model. TCGA cases were 3.9 years (95% CI 1.7–6.2) younger on average than SEER cases, with a significantly younger mean age for 20/33 cancer types. Although most cancer types had a similar sex distribution, race and stage at diagnosis distributions were disproportional for 13/18 and 25/26 assessed cancer types, respectively. Using 12 months as an end point, the observed mean survival months were longer for 27 of 33 TCGA cancer types. Differences exist in the characteristics of TCGA vs. general population cancer cases. Our study highlights population subgroups where increased sample collection is warranted to increase the applicability of cancer genomic research results to all individuals.
Testifying Bodies: Testimonial Injustice as Derivatization

Human beings as objects, and we are objects inter alia, offer information, even knowledge. And yet, in a society marked by pervasive identity prejudice, even objects do not offer neutral facts. Her...
A 250Mv, 0.063J/Ghash Bitcoin Mining Engine in 14nm CMOS Featuring Dual-Vcc Sha256 Datapath and 3-Phase Latch Based Clocking

A 0.15mm2 Bitcoin mining engine is fabricated in 14nm CMOS with highest-reported energy-efficiency of 0.063J/GHash at 250mV, $25 ^{\circ}\mathrm {C}$. Fully-unrolled SHA256 datapath with Bitcoin-specific look-ahead/deferred digest optimizations and 3-cycle distributed scheduler provide 31/56% digest/scheduler delay reductions, resulting in 10% higher energy-efficiency with dual-Vcc operation. 3-phase latch-based clocking with stretchable non-overlapping clocks eliminates all min-delay paths, reducing total sequential power consumption by 50%. Robust mining operation over a wide supply range of 230–900mV is demonstrated, with 10–760MHash/s throughput measured at $100 ^{\circ}\mathrm {C}$.
Preclinical modeling of the AKT inhibitor MK2206 and topotecan in small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

e17537 Background: Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive and lethal tumor. Despite its exquisite chemosensitivity, median survival is only 9-11 months. Topotecan is the onl...
Presentation and Management Patterns of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Adults Due to Rare Inherited Neuromuscular Diseases

Abstract Objective To describe the urologic sequalae of several rare congenital neuromuscular diseases. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records at Gillette Specialty Healthcare (2014-2018) of patients presenting to urology clinic with lower urinary tract symptoms and select rare congenital diseases: muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and Rett syndrome. Results Muscular dystrophies (n = 19) are X-linked myogenic disorders characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness. Men present to the urologist at variable ages, typically with complaints of functional incontinence and normal cystometrograms; we manage them with oral anticholinergic medications, condom catheter, or suprapubic catheter. Spinal muscular atrophy (n = 6) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and motor nuclei in the lower brainstem leading to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Patients typically present with nephrolithiasis and urinary retention in late adolescence/early adulthood, but timing varies. Filling cystometrograms have been normal. We allow passive retention with intermittent catheterization and creation of catheterizable channels, when indicated. Rett syndrome (n = 5) is a rare, noninheritable genetic condition affecting females characterized by a brief period of normal development followed by loss of speech and purposeful hand use; there are characteristic behaviors. Patients present in early adulthood with complaints of urinary retention. We manage retention with permissive retention or sphincter chemodenervation. Conclusion Several congenital neuromuscular conditions can cause lower urinary tract symptoms when these individuals become adults. We have discussed the clinical characteristics and management of select neurogenic and myogenic bladder conditions seen in adults with congenital conditions.
Rising CO2 saves lives

![Graphic][1] Anthropogenic climate change is a multi-faceted problem. Rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere cause a warming of global temperatures, acidify the oceans and may ultimately deplete aquatic oxygen, leading to hypoxia. By itself, any one of these conditions can pose a real challenge
Quasicrystalline phase and crystalline approximant in Ni–Mn–In Heusler alloy system

Abstract Intermetallic compounds and micro-structures in Ni–Mn–In alloy system were investigated with transmission electron microscopy, selected-area and nano-beam electron diffraction, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Together with two types of Heusler phases, a decagonal quasicrystalline phase and a structurally related crystallite were found in the Ni–Mn–In system. As is well-known, most of the decagonal quasicrystals are aluminum-based intermetallic phases. It is interesting to investigate the aluminum-free decagonal quasicrystalline phase as a new member of the quasicrystal family. Structural characterization was carried out on the decagonal quasicrystalline phase and the crystalline approximant in the Ni–Mn–In alloy system.
Voice Rehabilitation and Resilience Work With the Commercial Singer: A Concept Piece

Purpose This clinical focus article presents a perspective on an approach in scaffolding vocal recovery and rehabilitation for commercial singers. The expectation in vocal performance is sound prod...
The Reasons People Think About Staying and Leaving Their Romantic Relationships: A Mixed-Method Analysis.

Across three studies (total N = 993) with diverse methodologies (i.e., experimental studies, longitudinal in vivo sampling), we found that there are distinct reasons why individuals believe their r...
Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Delayed Skin Cancer Services

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a unique set of challenges to cancer care centers around the world. Diagnostic and treatment delays associated with lockdown periods may be expected to increase the total number of avoidable skin cancer deaths. During this unprecedented time, dermatologists have been pressed to balance early surgical interventions for skin cancer with the risk of viral transmission. This article summarizes evidenced-based recommendations for the surgical management of cutaneous melanoma, keratinocyte cancer, and Merkel cell carcinoma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional long-term studies are required to determine the effect of COVID-19 on skin cancer outcomes.
GlucoMine: A Case for Improving the Use of Wearable Device Data in Diabetes Management

The growing popularity of wearable devices for continuous sensing has made personal health data increasingly available, yet methods for data interpretation are still a work in progress. This paper investigates potential under-utilization of wearable device data in diabetes management and develops an analytic approach - GlucoMine - to uncover individualized patterns in extended periods of such data to support and improve care. In addition, we conduct a user study with clinicians to assess and compare conventional tools used for reviewing wearable device data in diabetes management with the proposed solution. Using 3-6 months of continuous glucose monitor (CGM) data from 54 patients with type 1 diabetes, we found that: 1) the recommended practice of reviewing only short periods (e.g., the most recent 2-weeks) of CGM data based on correlation analysis is not sufficient for finding hidden patterns of poor management; 2) majority of subjects (96% in this study) had clinically-recognized episodes of recurrent adverse glycemic events observable from analysis of extended periods of their CGM data; 3) majority of clinicians (89% in this study) believe there is benefit to be gained in having an algorithm for extracting patterns of adverse glycemic events from longer periods of wearable device data. Findings from our user study also provides insights, including strengths and weakness of various data presentation tools, to guide development of better solutions that improve the use of wearable device data for patient care.
Overview of Avionics and Electrical Ground Support Equipment

Presents an overview of the Crew Module Avionics and the associated Electrical Ground Support Equipment for the Pad Abort 1 flight test of the Orion Program. A limited selection of the technical challenges and solutions are highlighted.
Cellular Pharmacology of Liposomal cis-Bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum (II) in Mouse Resident Peritoneal Macrophages, Kupffer Cells, and Hepatocytes

The in vitro and in vivo interaction of liposomal cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum++ + (II) (L-NDDP) with mouse resident peritoneal macrophages (RPM), Kupffer cells (KC), and hepatocytes was studied. The peak in vitro uptake of L-NDDP by RPM was 12.5 ng elemental platinum/100 micrograms cell protein and constituted 0.2% of the platinum available for phagocytosis. The subsequent release of platinum by RPM was rapid initially, with a 20-fold increase over the first 4 h, followed by a plateau; ultrafilterable (free) platinum constituted 50% of the total platinum released at 24 h. The retained intracellular platinum in RPM at 24 h was close to 50% of that initially present. The peak in vitro uptake of L-NDDP by KC was 11.3 ng platinum/100 micrograms cell protein and amounted to 0.2% of the platinum available for phagocytosis. The release of platinum by KC was detectable only after 4 h of incubation and increased 3-fold over the next 14 h. The ultrafilterable platinum released by KC at 18 h was 40% of the total platinum released. The retained intracellular platinum in KC at 18 h was 33% of that initially present. The peak in vitro uptake of L-NDDP by hepatocytes was almost 50 ng platinum/100 micrograms cell protein and constituted 0.8% of the platinum available for intake. Following the i.v. injection of L-NDDP, hepatocytes contained up to 6-fold higher platinum concentrations than KC. This observation was supported by transmission electron microscopy showing a higher concentration of multilamellar vesicles within hepatocytes than in KC, 5 min after i.v. injection of L-NDDP. These findings suggest that L-NDDP becomes available to the liver following i.v. injection, that both macrophages and hepatocytes play a role in the metabolism of L-NDDP, and that Kupffer cells could mediate a sustained release of platinum in the liver following the interaction with L-NDDP, indicating the potential of L-NDDP for the treatment of tumors in the liver.
Dyschondrosteosis: The most common cause of Madelung's deformity**

Dyschondrosteosis is a dominant hereditary bone dysplasia resulting in wrist deformity and mesomelic dwarfism. No previous cases of this condition have been described from North America. This report also includes the first documented case in a male. European authors have distinguished between dyschondrosteosis and Madelung's disease. Clinical and radiologic findings in 5 patients in 2 families presented here and a review of the literature strongly suggest that these two conditons are in fact identical. Dyschondrosteosis would appear to be the preferred designation since, historically, it has included all of the features of the condition.
Dynamic modeling and simulation of a real world billiard

Abstract Gravitational billiards provide an experimentally accessible arena for testing formulations of nonlinear dynamics. We present a mathematical model that captures the essential dynamics required for describing the motion of a realistic billiard for arbitrary boundaries. Simulations of the model are applied to parabolic, wedge and hyperbolic billiards that are driven sinusoidally. Direct comparisons are made between the modelʼs predictions and previously published experimental data. It is shown that the data can be successfully modeled with a simple set of parameters without an assumption of exotic energy dependence.
DISCRIMINATION OF PREY, BUT NOT PLANT, CHEMICALS BY ACTIVELY FORAGING, INSECTIVOROUS LIZARDS, THE LACERTID Takydromus sexlineatus AND THE TEIID Cnemidophorus gularis

Sampling environmental chemicals to reveal prey and predators and to provide information about conspecifics is highly developed in lizards. Actively foraging lizards can discriminate between prey chemicals and control stimuli, but ambush foragers do not exhibit prey chemical discrimination. Recent experiments on a few species of herbivorous lizards have also demonstrated an ability to identify plant food chemicals. We studied chemosensory responses to chemicals from prey and palatable plants in two species of actively foraging, insectivorous lizards. Both the lacertid Takydromus sexlineatus and the teiid Cnemidophorus gularis exhibited strong responses to prey chemicals, but not to plant chemicals. These findings increase confidence in the relationship between prey chemical discrimination and foraging mode, which is based on data for very few species per family. They also provide data showing that actively foraging insectivores in two families do not respond strongly to plant cues. Such information is essential for eventual comparative studies of the relationship between plant diet and responses to food chemicals. The traditional method of presenting stimuli by using hand-held cotton swabs worked well for T. sexlineatus but could not be used for C. gularis due to repeated escape attempts. When stimuli were presented to C. gularis on ceramic tiles and no experimenter was visible, the lizards responded readily. Presentation of stimuli on tiles in the absence of a visible experimenter may be a valuable approach to study of food chemical discrimination by active foragers in which antipredatory behavior interferes with responses to swabs.
Medium-chain-triglyceride lipid emulsion: metabolism and tissue distribution

The utilization and distribution of radioactively labeled lipid emulsions were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals received one of three lipid emulsions. Group 1 received [14C]medium-chain-triglyceride (MCT) lipid emulsion, group 2 received a 75%:25% (vol:vol) admixture of [14C]MCT: unlabeled long-chain-triglyceride (LCT) lipid emulsion, and group 3 received only [14C]LCT. The radioactive dose appearing in expired carbon dioxide and various body tissues was monitored over a 24-h period. Results indicate that MCT is oxidized more rapidly and completely than in LCT; approximately 90% of the MCT is converted to carbon dioxide with in 24 h compared with 45% for LCT. When MCT and LCT are administered together, the metabolism of MCT is slowed but remains more rapid than that of LCT. Removal of MCT from the blood was more rapid than was removal of LCT, and tissue radioactivity was lower.
When loss is gain: reduced presenilin proteolytic function leads to increased Aβ42/Aβ40

More than 100 missense mutations in presenilin 1 and 2 are associated with early‐onset dominant Alzheimer disease. These proteins span the membrane several times and are ostensibly the catalytic component of the γ‐secretase complex, which is responsible for producing the amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) that deposits in the Alzheimer brain. A common outcome of Alzheimer‐associated presenilin mutations is an increase in the ratio of the more aggregation‐prone 42‐residue form of Aβ to the 40‐residue variant, which is often referred to as a presenilin ‘gain of function’. An apparent paradox is that most of these mutant presenilins have reduced proteolytic efficiency, which forms part of the counter argument that presenilin ‘loss of function’ can cause the neuronal dysfunction and death that lead to the disease. In this review, a unifying hypothesis is presented that puts forward a biochemical mechanism by which slower less‐efficient forms of the protease can result in a greater proportion of 42‐residue Aβ.
The Role of Transplant in Multiple Myeloma

Over the past decades significant therapeutic advances have been made in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). A population-based study of 45,595 patients showed substantial incremental increases in myeloma-specific survival in patients younger than 80 years treated between 1973 and 2009. Depth of response to therapy has long been associated with improved long-term outcomes. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) was previously the only modality capable of inducing a very good partial response (VGPR) or complete response in a substantial proportion of patients. The introduction of 2 classes of novel agents, immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors, resulted in induction regimens that achieve VGPR rates exceeding 60% even before transplant, thus challenging the role of ASCT. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) has also been tested in patients with MM; however, its current role remains undefined given the high rates of transplant-related mortality and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Posttransplant consolidation and maintenance strategies have further improved progression-free and overall survivals. This article discusses the current roles of ASCT, allo-SCT, and consolidation and maintenance therapies in the management of MM.
Document image segmentation Using a two-stage neural network

In this paper, we present a new system to segment and label document images into text, halftone images, and background using feature extraction and unsupervised clustering. Each pixel is assigned a feature pattern consisting of a scaled family of differential geometrical invariant features and texture features extracted from the cooccurence matrix. The invariant feature pattern is then assigned to a specific region using a two-stage neural network system. The first stage is a self-organizing principal components analysis (SOPCA) network that is used to project the feature vector onto its leading principal axes found by using principal components analysis. Using the SOPCA algorithm, we can train the SOPCA network to project our feature vector orthogonally onto the subspace spanned by the eigenvectors belonging to the largest eigenvalues. By doing that we ensure that the vector is represented by a reduced number of effective features. The next step is to cluster the output of the SOPCA network into different regions. This is accomplished using a self-organizing feature-map (SOFM) network. In this paper, we demonstrate the power of the SOPCA-SOFM approach to segment document images into text, halftone, and background.
The “Sounds” of Silence A Case Study

Insights gained about the meaning of an eleven-year-old LD child's various silent periods — and the educational implications for teaching other LD children
Benefit of feeding dietary calcium and nonphytate phosphorus levels above National Research Council recommendations to tom turkeys in the growing-finishing phases

This experiment evaluated the effects of feeding various dietary Ca and nonphytate P (nPP) levels to Large White male turkeys from 3 to 17 wk of age. After consuming a common prestarter diet, poults were fed approximate NRC (1994) levels of dietary Ca and nPP from 3 to 9 wk of age or levels approximately 25% higher. From 9 to 17 wk of age, each starter group was fed approximately 75 (low P), 100 (medium P), or 145% (high P) of the NRC (1994) requirements for Ca and nPP. Diets were fed as crumbles to 6 wk of age and as pellets from 6 to 17 wk of age. There were no effects on BW or feed efficiency to 9 wk of age. Litter P was increased by 21% when high Ca and nPP were fed from 3 to 9 wk. High dietary Ca and nPP fed during the growing-finishing period generally improved bone strength and ash. Tibia strength and ash were higher in the medium P group compared with in the low P group. Wing bone strength was greater in the high P group than in both the birds fed low or medium P. Litter P was increased by 23% when High P was fed in the growing-finishing period compared to the birds fed the Medium P diet during the same period. The results show there is a benefit to bone strength and mineralization when Ca and nPP are fed at levels higher than NRC (1994) recommendations.
THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM IN VISUALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN.

Review of the electroencephalograms of visually handicapped children revealed a greater frequency of abnormalities in the totally blind children as compared to the partially sighted children. The abnormalities noted were spikes and slow waves and absence of alpha rhythm activity over the occipital areas. There were no correlations between the degree of abnormality of the EEG and the intellectual potential or presence of seizures. The electrical abnormalities may represent a dysfunction of the normal neurophysiologic relationship within the brain because of absence of or deprivation of a significant sensory input.
Factors Influencing Early Rehabilitation After THA: A Systematic Review

A wide variation exists in rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in part due to a paucity of evidence-based literature. We asked whether a minimally invasive surgical approach, a multimodal approach to pain control with revised anesthesia protocols, hip restrictions, or preoperative physiotherapy achieved a faster rehabilitation and improved immediate short-term outcome. We conducted a systematic review of 16 level I and II studies after a strategy-based search of English literature on OVID Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases. We defined the endpoint of assessment as independent ambulation and ability to perform activities of daily living. Literature supports the use of a multimodal pain control to improve patient compliance in accelerated rehabilitation. Multimodal pain control with revised anesthesia protocols and accelerated rehabilitation speeds recovery after minimally invasive THA compared to the standard approach THA, but a smaller incision length or minimally invasive approach does not demonstrably improve the short-term outcome. Available studies justify no hip restrictions following an anterolateral approach but none have examined the question for a posterior approach. Preoperative physiotherapy may facilitate faster postoperative functional recovery but multicenter and well-designed prospective randomized studies with outcome measures are necessary to confirm its efficacy.
Feminism, legal reform and women's empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa

The issue of women's rights in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has gained prominence in research studies, policy debates and feminist activism. Area experts contend that for women to play a larger role in the economy and society is vital to the region's progress. But women in MENA still face gender discrimination that prevents them from reaching their potential, despite impressive gains in education and health. To varying degrees across MENA countries, discrimination against women is built into cultural attitudes, government policies and legal frameworks. The region's family laws codify discrimination against women and girls, placing them in a position subordinate to men in the family – a position that is then replicated in the economy and society. I briefly discuss recent trends in women's activism and family law reform in the MENA region, with a spotlight on Morocco, which adopted an entirely new family law in early 2004. The new Moroccan law drew on international standards and norms on women's and children's rights, the imperatives of national development and Islam's spirit of justice and equality. That a feminist campaign succeeded in altering family law in a MENA country, where laws are based on Sharia, or Islamic law, shows that effective coalitions can be built in MENA countries by linking social and economic development to women's rights. The Moroccan case demonstrates the links among research, activism and policy.
Super-resolution benefit for face recognition

Vast amounts of video footage are being continuously acquired by surveillance systems on private premises, commercial properties, government compounds, and military installations. Facial recognition systems have the potential to identify suspicious individuals on law enforcement watchlists, but accuracy is severely hampered by the low resolution of typical surveillance footage and the far distance of suspects from the cameras. To improve accuracy, super-resolution can enhance suspect details by utilizing a sequence of low resolution frames from the surveillance footage to reconstruct a higher resolution image for input into the facial recognition system. This work measures the improvement of face recognition with super-resolution in a realistic surveillance scenario. Low resolution and super-resolved query sets are generated using a video database at different eye-to-eye distances corresponding to different distances of subjects from the camera. Performance of a face recognition algorithm using the super-resolved and baseline query sets was calculated by matching against galleries consisting of frontal mug shots. The results show that super-resolution improves performance significantly at the examined mid and close ranges.
Diplamine, a cytotoxic polyaromatic alkaloid from the tunicate diplosoma sp.

Abstract A novel cytotoxic alkaloid, diplamine ( 3 ) was isolated from the tunicate Diplosoma sp. The structure was established by interpretation of spectral data and chemical analysis.