cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yield Problems in LSI Technology

The "batch conceptl" used in modern semiconductor device processing can lead to a degradation of silicon wafer-perfection during device fabrication. Such a degradation may result in low or zero yield of good devices around the periphery of the wafer. It is shown that peripheral yield loss can be avoided or minimized whenever temperature gradients arising during cooling of a "row of wafers" are eliminated.
Gender, Religious Tradition, and Biblical Literalism

Several studies examine biblical literalism to categorize Christian denominations and predict attitudes and behaviors. Yet, few studies have identified the predictors of literalist orientations. In this study, we use structuration theory and gender theory to develop hypotheses concerning gender differences in literalist ideologies based on the degree of organizational patriarchy among religious traditions. Analyses using two national data sets demonstrate that women are relatively more inclined than men to embrace a literalist ideology in patriarchal religious organizations than in mainline organizations. We argue that a literalist ideology provides a compensatory schema to conservative Protestant women, who are generally denied access to organizational resources, especially positions of leadership and authority, in such organizations. We conclude by identifying the implications of our findings for research on gender, religion and patriarchal organizations.
An Equilibrium Model of Urban Population and the Distribution of Income

The relationship between the level of income and the population of an urban area is a familiar concern in urban economics. Existing models of this relationship assume a homogeneous labour force and hence no inequality in the size distribution of income within an urban area. In this paper we determine what happens to the degree of inequality in money incomes as urban population increases if there are two classes of workers and if each class is compensated for the higher costs associated with larger urban size. We conclude that the primary determinant of the relationship between changes in inequality and changes in urban size is the change in the skill mix of the area.
Shape Variation-Based Frieze Pattern for Robust Gait Recognition

Gait is an attractive biometric for vision-based human identification. Previous work on existing public data sets has shown that shape cues yield improved recognition rates compared to pure motion cues. However, shape cues are fragile to gross appearance variations of an individual, for example, walking while carrying a ball or a backpack. We introduce a novel, spatiotemporal shape variation-based frieze pattern (SVB frieze pattern) representation for gait, which captures motion information over time. The SVB frieze pattern represents normalized frame difference over gait cycles. Rows/columns of the vertical/horizontal SVB frieze pattern contain motion variation information augmented by key frame information with body shape. A temporal symmetry map of gait patterns is also constructed and combined with vertical/horizontal SVB frieze patterns for measuring the dissimilarity between gait sequences. Experimental results show that our algorithm improves gait recognition performance on sequences with and without gross differences in silhouette shape. We demonstrate superior performance of this computational framework over previous algorithms using shape cues alone on both CMU MoBo and UoS HumanID gait databases.
Habitat connectivity, complexity, and quality: predicting adult coho salmon occupancy and abundance

The distribution, quality, and connectivity of instream habitat can influence adult salmon occupancy and abundance patterns and alter population dynamics. In this study, we evaluated the relationsh...
Electrophysiological evidence of alterations to the nucleus accumbens and dorsolateral striatum during chronic cocaine self‐administration

As drug use becomes chronic, aberrant striatal processing contributes to the development of perseverative drug-taking behaviors. Two particular portions of the striatum, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), are known to undergo neurobiological changes from acute to chronic drug use. However, little is known about the exact progression of changes in functional striatal processing as drug intake persists. We sampled single-unit activity in the NAc and DLS throughout 24 daily sessions of chronic long-access cocaine self-administration, and longitudinally tracked firing rates (FR) specifically during the operant response, an upward vertical head movement. A total of 103 neurons were held longitudinally and immunohistochemically localised to either NAc Medial Shell (n = 29), NAc Core (n = 30), or DLS (n = 54). We modeled changes representative of each category as a whole. Results demonstrated that FRs of DLS Head Movement neurons were significantly increased relative to baseline during all sessions, while FRs of DLS Uncategorised neurons were significantly reduced relative to baseline during all sessions. NAc Shell neurons' FRs were also significantly decreased relative to baseline during all sessions while FRs of NAc Core neurons were reduced relative to baseline only during training days 1-18 but were not significantly reduced on the remaining sessions (19-24). The data suggest that all striatal subregions show changes in FR during the operant response relative to baseline, but longitudinal changes in response firing patterns were observed only in the NAc Core, suggesting that this region is particularly susceptible to plastic changes induced by abused drugs.
Kongo: Power and Majesty

A compelling examination of one of the most artistically rich and creative African kingdoms Artists from the kingdom of Kongo-a vast swath of Central Africa that today encompasses the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Angola-were responsible for outstanding creative achievements. With the influx of Portuguese, Dutch, and Italian merchants, missionaries, and explorers, Kongo developed a unique artistic tradition that blended European iconography with powerful indigenous art forms. An initially positive engagement with Europe in the 15th century turned turbulent in the wake of later displacement, civil war, and the slave trade-and many of the artworks created in Kongo reflect the changing times. This comprehensive study is the first major catalogue to explore Kongo's history, art forms, and cultural identity before, during, and after contact with Europe. Objects range from 15th-century "mother-and-child" figures, which reflect a time when Europeans and their Christian motifs were viewed favorably, to fearsome mangaaka, power figures that conveyed strength in the midst of the kingdom's dissolution. Lavishly illustrated with new photography and multiple views of three-dimensional works, this book presents the fascinatingly complex artistic legacy of one of Africa's most storied kingdoms.
Optimism Pattern of All-Star Analysts

This paper studies what drives the change in optimism among all-star analysts. Tracking the history of the entire career of all-star analysts, the paper discovers the optimism patterns in their forecasts and recommendations. One the one hand, while analysts tend to issue more optimistic estimate forecasts , they are less likely to issue optimistic recommendations after becoming all-stars. On the other hand, analysts appear to be less optimistic in terms of both estimates and recommendations after being eliminated from all-star list. Increasing firm coverage also has a positive effect on analyst optimism. The results are significant controlling for forecast accuracy, firm coverage, and job separation effect. This is the first study to look at both the optimism pattern of the entire career of an analyst, and the effect of demotion from all-star team on analyst optimism.
Mucosal immunity to pathogenic intestinal bacteria

The intestinal mucosa is a particularly dynamic environment in which the host constantly interacts with trillions of commensal microorganisms, known as the microbiota, and periodically interacts with pathogens of diverse nature. In this Review, we discuss how mucosal immunity is controlled in response to enteric bacterial pathogens, with a focus on the species that cause morbidity and mortality in humans. We explain how the microbiota can shape the immune response to pathogenic bacteria, and we detail innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that drive protective immunity against these pathogens. The vast diversity of the microbiota, pathogens and immune responses encountered in the intestines precludes discussion of all of the relevant players in this Review. Instead, we aim to provide a representative overview of how the intestinal immune system responds to pathogenic bacteria.
Heritable variation in fitness as a prerequisite for adaptive female choice: the effect of mutation-selection balance

Modele genetique suggerant que l'equilibre mutation-selection seul est suffisant pour produire des variations hereditaires substantielles dans le fitness total dans le cas du choix femelle lorsque les mâles ne contribuent pas a des benefices materiels
Serologic Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis with Emphasis on the Detection of Toxoplasma-specific Immunoglobulin M Antibodies

Commercially available kits were used for the detection of Toxoplasma-specific IgM antibodies. False positive IgM results were observed in whole sera containing Toxoplasma-specific antibodies together with rheumatoid factor when tested by immunofluorescence (IFA). False negative IgM results occurred in whole sera containing competing levels of Toxoplasma-specific IgG antibodies, as indicated by the IFA:IgM-M ratio. False positive and false negative IgM results often occurred when whole sera were tested. These false reactions were eliminated by fractioning IgM from IgG using the Isolab's IgM Isolation System. All five sera in this study with an IFA titer to Toxoplasma of greater than or equal to 1:16,384 also contained Toxoplasma-specific IgM antibodies. This suggests that sera with high titers to Toxoplasma should be tested for Toxoplasma-specific IgM antibodies.
Morningness–eveningness and intrasexual competition in men

A growing body of research points to a relationship between chronotype and socio-sexuality, especially in men, such that evening-types appear both to be more short-term mating oriented than morning-types and to possess more personality traits and other behavioral characteristics that facilitate sexual promiscuity. This study contributes to and expands this body of research by investigating the relationship between chronotype and intra-sexual competition. We tested the prediction that, in a subject population of young heterosexual men, evening-types would score higher on intra-sexual competition in the context of mating. The results were consistent with our prediction and showed that the association between chronotype and intra-sexual competitiveness is not the by-product of correlations with personality measures. Higher intra-sexual competitiveness in men who are evening-types may contribute to their higher short-term mating success reported by previous studies. Evolutionary hypotheses testing predictions derived from sexual selection or life history theory can make a significant contribution to our understanding of the functional significance of inter-individual variation in chronotype and its associated psychological and behavioral traits.
Studies on the technique of solid grafting polypropylene with dual monomers

Maleic anhydride(MAH)and styrene(St)were grafted onto the polypropylene by solid-phase grafting.The effects of various factors on the grafting percentage were investigated.Those factors included the reaction time、reaction temperature、BPO concentration、swelling time、particle size、molar ratio of monomers.Results showed that the monomers had been grafted onto PP;grafting percentage at optimized conditions is 9.6%.
Light-hardened glass-ionomer-resin cement restoration adjacent to a bonded orthodontic bracket: a case report

Light-hardened glass-ionomer-resin restorative cement has all the advantages of glass-ionomer cements and the additional feature of rapid hardening by visible light application. The new restorative formulation can be used to restore a carious lesion adjacent to a bonded orthodontic bracket.
“Don’t touch that dial”: Accommodating musical preferences in interpersonal relationships

How we adapt our behavior for others’ preferences in interpersonal interactions—particularly when those preferences differ from our own—can be a means to nonverbally communicate our attention, interest, and concern for them. Invoking communication accommodation theory (CAT), this vignette study examined how relational closeness and attraction influenced accommodation to others’ musical tastes. One hundred and fifty-nine individuals completed questionnaires assessing their imagined musical accommodation in response to the scenarios detailed in the vignettes. As hypothesized, we found that accommodation of musical preferences was generally predicted by how relationally close or attractive these others were considered to be. However, how important individuals self-reported music to be did not moderate these results. These findings suggest that accommodating to another person’s musical tastes may be a nonverbal way of showing concern for another’s preferences and may communicate closeness and attraction. In t...
Main Clientele and Operators of Underground Banks: Analysis and Findings

The revival of Chinese underground banks during China’s post-reform era after a nearly three-decade hiatus has been a subject of interest for the government and scholars alike. Various reports have indicated that they have played a significant role in the rapid growth of private enterprises by acting as loan-makers, informal foreign exchange dealers, and remitting agencies, through which large amounts of money have been moved domestically as well as across borders (Tsai, 2002). The operation of underground banks in China has been prohibited since 19981 and has been considered illegal in some states of the U.S. However, there is a lack of systematic research tracking the evolution of these informal financing systems, and no reliable investigation has been conducted into underground banking systems with regard to their connection with illegal and criminal activities. Information found in police records presents limited evidence concerning these activities. Needless to say, the perspec-tives of the clients of underground banks have rarely found a place in scholarly examination or in news reports.
Surgical Exposures for Nerves of the Upper Limbs

Peripheral nerve surgery on the upper extremity often involves different approaches. These surgical exposures target the supra- and infraclavicular spaces, the medial and posterior brachial regions, the elbow (ulnar nerve exposure), and the wrist (median nerve exposure). The underlying pathologies addressed by surgery also vary, encompassing traumatic or iatrogenic injuries, entrapment neuropathies, and neoplastic lesions. These insults and their locations determine the type of surgical approach required. Although specific anatomic regions and pathologies differ, the surgical techniques remain constant. The surgeon must appreciate typical peripheral nerve anatomy, while allowing for anatomic variations. Upper extremity surgeries also require careful handling of soft tissue and dissection along peripheral nerves, intraoperative nerve stimulation, cautious measuring of nerve lengths, and confirmation of nerve identity prior to division. With strict adherence to these techniques and principles, peripheral nerve surgery on the upper extremity can be achieved in a safe and successful fashion.
North American contact dermatitis group patch test results: 2011-2012.

Background Patch testing is an important diagnostic tool for assessment of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Objective This study documents the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) patch-testing results from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2012. Methods At 12 centers in North America, patients were tested in a standardized manner with a series of 70 allergens. Data were manually verified and entered into a central database. Descriptive frequencies were calculated, and trends analyzed using χ statistics. Results Four thousand two hundred thirty-eight patients were tested; of these, 2705 patients (63.8%) had at least 1 positive reaction, and 2029 (48.0%) were ultimately determined to have a primary diagnosis of ACD. Four hundred eight patients (9.6%) had occupationally related skin disease. There were 7532 positive allergic reactions. As compared with previous reporting periods (2009-2010 and 2000-2010), positive reaction rates statistically increased for 6 allergens: methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (5.0%; risk ratios [RRs]: 2.01 [1.60-2.52], 1.87 [1.61-2.18]), lanolin alcohol (4.6%; RRs 1.83 [1.45-2.30], 2.10 [1.79-2.47]), cinnamic aldehyde (3.9%; 1.69 [1.32-2.15], 1.53 [1.28-1.82]), glutaral (1.5%; 1.67 [1.13-2.48], 1.31 [1.00-1.71]), paraben mix (1.4%; 1.77 [1.16-2.69], 1.44 [1.09-1.92]), and fragrance mix I (12.1%; RRs 1.42 [1.25-1.61], 1.24 [1.14-1.36]). Compared with the previous decade, positivity rates for all formaldehyde-releasing preservatives significantly decreased (formaldehyde 6.6%; RR, 0.82 [0.73, 0.93]; quaternium-15 6.4% RR 0.75 [0.66, 0.85]; diazolidinyl urea 2.1%; RR, 0.67 [0.54, 0.84]; imidazolidinyl urea 1.6%, 0.60 [0.47, 0.77]; bronopol 1.6%; RR, 0.60 [0.46, 0.77]; DMDM hydantoin 1.6%; RR, 0.59 [0.54, 0.84]). Approximately a quarter of patients had at least 1 relevant allergic reaction to a non-NACDG allergen. In addition, approximately one-fourth to one-third of reactions detected by NACDG allergens would have been hypothetically missed by T.R.U.E. TEST (SmartPractice Denmark, Hillerod, Denmark). Conclusions These data document the beginning of the epidemic of sensitivity to methylisothiazolinones in North America, which has been well documented in Europe. Patch testing with allergens beyond a standard screening tray is necessary for complete evaluation of occupational and nonoccupational ACD.
Dedicated to Leonard Carlitz

This paper gives some biographical information about the mathematician Leonard Carlitz, several anecdotes about the man, and a brief survey of his research on finite fields. Included is a listing of 160 publications by Carlitz related to finite fields, as well as a listing of those 21 of his 44 Ph.D. students who wrote dissertations on this subject.
Purpose Driven Progress: Korean Studies Librarianship in North America, 1990-2009

This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the field of Korean Studies librarianship in North America by describing major developments and collective accomplishments over the past two decades and attempts to capture a snapshot of the current state of the field. While documenting how Korean Studies librarians have overcome formidable challenges to get to where they are today, this article provides a thorough introduction to major trends and issues involving all aspects of Korean Studies librarianship in North America since 1990. It consists of four sections, followed by an appendix. Section I is an introduction. Section II is a survey of the Korean Studies field by way of reviewing various statistics of major Korean Studies programs in North America, including dissertations, faculty size, grants, library holdings, etc. Section III is a brief description of the scholarly communication environment of Korea, which directly impacts Korean Studies librarianship in North America. Section IV, the main part of this article, documents major developments in Korean Studies librarianship in North America, 1990-2009. First I survey historic and current statistics to i llustrate the quantitative growth of the field. Then I review major issues and developments, with a particular emphasis on collective endeavors . Topics covered include the Korean Collections Consortium of North America, the Korean ER consortium, Romanization, workshops and conferences organized by Korean Studies librarians, support programs from Korea, vendor records, visiting librarian programs, outreach and collaboration efforts with Korean Studies scholars, contributions to the profession by way of professional services and leadership activities, virtual reference services, and NACO/SACO, etc. Some individual accomplishments are also mentioned in their proper contexts. The appendix is a preliminary bibliography on Korean Studies librarianship outside of Korea, listing more than 110 entries for articles, chapters, and books, written by more than forty individuals and organizations.
Surface Defect Chemistry and Electronic Structure of Pr0.1Ce0.9O2−δ Revealed in Operando

Understanding the surface defect chemistry of oxides under functional operating conditions is important for providing guidelines for improving the kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Ceria-based oxides have applications in solid oxide fuel/electrolysis cells, thermo-chemical water splitting, catalytic convertors, and red-ox active memristive devices. The surface defect chemistry of doped ceria in the regime of high oxygen pressure, pO2, approximating the operating conditions of fuel cell cathodes at elevated temperatures, has not yet been revealed. In this work, we investigated the Pr0.1Ce0.9O2−δ (PCO) surface by in operando X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopic methods. We quantified the concentration of reduced Pr3+, at the near-surface region of PCO as a function of electrochemical potential, corresponding to a wide range of effective pO2. We found that the Pr3+ concentration at the surface was significantly higher than the values predicted from bulk defect chemistry. This finding indicat...
A dated molecular phylogeny of mite harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi) elucidates ancient diversification dynamics in the Australian Wet Tropics

Abstract Austropurcellia, a genus of dispersal-limited arachnids endemic to isolated patches of coastal rainforest in Queensland, Australia, has a remarkable biogeographic history. The genus is a member of the family Pettalidae, which has a classical temperate Gondwanan distribution; previous work has suggested that Austropurcellia is an ancient lineage, with an origin that predates Gondwanan rifting. Subsequently, this lineage has persisted through major climatic fluctuations, such as major aridification during the Miocene and contraction and fragmentation of forest habitats during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In order to understand Austropurcellia’s evolutionary and biogeographic history, we generated DNA sequences from both mitochondrial and nuclear loci and combined this information with previously published datasets for the globally-distributed suborder Cyphophthalmi (i.e., all mite harvestmen). We generated phylogenetic trees using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches to date divergences using a relaxed molecular clock. According to our estimates, the family Pettalidae diversified in the late Jurassic, in accordance with Gondwanan vicariance. Within Pettalidae, Austropurcellia split from its sister group in the early Cretaceous and began to diversify some 15 Ma later. Therefore, its presence in Australia predates continental rifting—making it one of very few hypothesized examples of Gondwanan vicariance that have withstood rigorous testing. We found a steady rate of diversification within the genus, with no evidence for a shift in rate associated with Miocene aridification. Ages of splits between species predate the Pleistocene, consistent with a “museum” model in which forest refugia acted to preserve existing lineages rather than drive speciation within the group.
Inspirational Messages to Motivate Students: A Human Centered Smartphone Application for Stress Relieve

This paper is a continuation of earlier work on a major topic, i.e. “stressed students while in college” that is essential to both society and students. Based on previous work we have identified and analyzed the possible causes of stress that college students face. Three major factors (i.e. academic, social, and personal/family) are causes of stress for college students. It is important to note that this paper includes only the first three stages of the Human-Centered Design life cycle (Identify Needs, Research/Analysis, Design) related to students’ motivation and mobile application development. Motivation is introduced and added as a key solution for stressed students. We propose a HCD smartphone application as a solution for the following questions: How important is motivation for students? To what extent inspirational messages help students with their motivation? How can a smartphone application help reduce/manage and be used to reduce/manage stress?
STRUCTURE AND REALIZATION OF DECOMPOSABLE BIAFFINE SYSTEMS

Decomposition is one of the fundamental principles of the systems approach to the study of complex objects. Decomposition is performed in order to replace the task of solving a complex problem of system analysis or design by the successive solution of simpler problems. It is also of practical importance to know whether or not it is possible to have a set of inputs controls a set of outputs independently in complex systems.
Measurement of Gastric Acid Secretion

Scientific interest in the psychophysiology of the stomach originated with the studies of Beaumont (1833), who directly observed the effects of mood changes on the gastric mucosa of a patient with a gastric fistula. In a similar manner, other fistulous patients have been examined as a source of information about emotional influences on the acid secretory and motor activity of the stomach (e.g., Gordon & Chernya, 1940; Richet, 1878; Wolf & Wolff, 1943; Wolf, 1965). With the advent of modern electronic monitoring systems, such as the Beckman pH electrode and titration methods, researchers have expanded the scope of their investigations of the psychological influences on the gut beyond the visual inspection methods used with fistulous patients. Wolf and Welsh (1972) have reviewed the research on the effects of psychological variables on gastric function for the reader interested in a detailed analysis of this aspect of the subject.
Membrane-Associated Metabolic Systems Induced by Bacteriophage T4 Infection of Escherichia coli

In this chapter, we review evidence that certain metabolic systems established during the process of infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T4 are associated with the cell envelope of the host. Information pertaining to this subject is incomplete and often controversial. Nevertheless, we are encouraged to review what is known on the premise that the T4 phage system, as has been demonstrated so often in the past, is uniquely endowed with favorable properties for exploring important questions in biology including the structure and functions of cell membranes. Our format is intended to be descriptive rather than comprehensive, and the literature cited is illustrative rather than exhaustive.
Studies on vaginal malodor. II Laboratory model.

Various factors contribute to the formation of malodor in intravaginal collagen sponges (CS) worn for several days by sexually active persons. To study this problem we developed an in vitro model: CS was infiltrated with semen and incubated at various pH's or in the presence of various drugs, at 37° and 95% O2-5% CO2 in humid atmosphere. The odor was measured by subjective olfactometry as well as quantitated and characterized by gas liquid chromatography. Based on previous findings concerning the disappearance of polyamines from the semen in sponges with malodor and present detection of maximal malodor formation at pH 7.4 and absence of malodor with heat-inactivated semen we propose that malodor forms through the enzymatic oxidation of polyamines or diamines possibly by diamine oxidase (DAO) of the semen. Direct assay of DAO showed that all factors inhibiting or stimulating the malodor affected the activity of DAO in the same direction. Thus, while copper ions were stimulatory to odor and DAO activity, zinc ions, acid environment (3.4 pH), exogenous spermine administration, isoproniazid and pargyline, both known inhibitors of MAO's and DAO's, reduced malodor and DAO activity. We found that more intensive malodor developed in sponges made of polyurethane, cellulose or spongin (sea sponge) than of collagen. Whole semen caused greater malodor formation than prostatic fluid and seminal plasma. Both washed spermatozoa and vaginal secretion did not induce any subjectively detectable offensive odor in sponges. Addition of a mixture of nonpathogenic microorganisms to the semen did not enhance the formation of subjectively detectable malodor. GLC showed characteristic differences between volatile compounds formed by ejaculate and bacteria. While most of the malodor formed by the semen-CS system was enzymatically related, some evidence indicates a portion of malodor to be nonenzymatic process. It is concluded that the most feasible method preventing the semen related vaginal malodor is to keep the CS acidic (pH 5) and to impregnate sponges with low concentrations of zinc sulfate (40 mg/sponge), unless the sponge is removed 24 h after the intercourse, washed and reinserted.
Abstract P395: Blood Pressure Screening in Teenage Blood Donors Using the New American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines

Background: Screening of youngsters is valuable in identifying current or future health risk. Since approximately 20% of all blood donated in the U.S. comes from teenagers, blood donation is an opp...
Dual-Source Dual-Energy CT in Detection and Characterization of Urinary Stones in Patients With Large Body Habitus: Observations in a Large Cohort.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to investigate the impact of large body habitus on dual-energy CT (DECT) image quality and stone characterization. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectivel...
Cannabinoid modulation of opioid analgesia and subjective drug effects in healthy humans.

Dozens of preclinical studies have reported cannabinoid agonist potentiation of the analgesic effects of μ-opioid agonists. The aim of this study was to determine if a cannabinoid agonist could potentiate opioid analgesia in humans using several laboratory pain models. Healthy participants (n = 10) with/out current drug use/pain conditions completed this within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized outpatient study. Nine 8-h sessions were completed during which dronabinol (0, 2.5, 5 mg, p.o.) was administered 1 h before oxycodone (0, 5, 10 mg, p.o.) for a total of 9 test conditions. Outcomes included sensory threshold and tolerance from four experimental pain models (cold pressor, pressure algometer, hot thermode, cold hyperalgesia), along with participant- and observer-rated, performance and physiological effects. Oxycodone produced miosis (p 0.05). Depending on the dose combination, dronabinol attenuated or did not alter oxycodone analgesia; for example, dronabinol (2.5 mg) decreased the analgesic effects of oxycodone (10 mg) on pressure tolerance. Conversely, dronabinol increased oxycodone subjective effects (e.g., drug liking) (p < 0.05); oxycodone (5 mg) ratings of “high” were potentiated by 5 mg dronabinol (p < 0.05; placebo = 1.1 [± 0.7]; 5 mg oxycodone = 4.7 [± 2.2]; 5 mg dronabinol = 9.9 [± 8.4]; 5 mg oxycodone + 5 mg dronabinol = 37.4 [± 11.3]). This study indicates that dronabinol did not enhance the analgesic effects of oxycodone and increased abuse- and impairment-related subjective effects. These data suggest that dronabinol may not be an effective or appropriate opioid adjuvant; it could potentially increase opioid dose requirements, while increasing psychoactive opioid effects.
Egyptian Fractions, Nonstandard Extensions of \(\mathbb R\), and Some Diophantine Equations Without Many Solutions

Non-Archimedean extensions of \(\mathbb R\) are used to simplify and extend results related to the study of Egyptian fractions.
E-Government and Social Media: The Impact on Accessibility:

Social media is a valuable tool, providing a means of instruction, communication, and collaboration to many organizations including the government institutions that citizens rely upon. However, whi...
Contrasting Arene, Alkene, Diene, and Formaldehyde Hydrogenation in H-ZSM-5, H-SSZ-13, and H-SAPO-34 Frameworks during MTO

Co-feeding H2 at high pressures increases zeolite catalyst lifetimes during methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reactions while maintaining high alkene-to-alkane ratios; however, the atomistic mechanisms and ...
Renal Fibrosis Is Significantly Attenuated Following Targeted Disruption of Cd40 in Experimental Renal Ischemia

Background Renal artery stenosis is a common cause of renal ischemia, contributing to the development of chronic kidney disease. To investigate the role of local CD40 expression in renal artery ste...
Barely Bonded: Affective Politics and the Gendered Struggle for Water in Villa El Salvador, Lima, Peru

Affect is increasingly understood as a critical element of political life and collective action in Latin America and elsewhere. It is critical to generating participation in collective action projects, sustaining or collapsing action, and how participants interpret the meanings and values of a project and the social relationships within it. More broadly, affective political experiences are markers of the sense of belonging or disaffection from others and broader political systems that are central to civic life. The meanings of participation after projects fade are often attributed mainly to the collective events themselves, and draw on one-off interviews after the events decline, or short ethnographies relatively close in time to the collective actions. As well, they often foreground the positive experiences that participants recall from collective action. Using 48 interviews and three years of participant observation, which followed 12 years of political and social engagement with women residents of Villa El Salvador (VES) in Lima, Peru, we challenge all three of these perspectives. The women were involved in a 20-year, materially successful, brokered collective action project to install water and sanitation systems in their neighborhood. The data reveal that long-term participants recalled actions in collective terms, but recounted affective experiences—mainly senses of abandonment and struggle—in individualistic terms. Unlike what most studies of collective action have concluded, these stories of being “barely bonded” to co-participants and leaders were not attributed to the collective actions themselves: they were told as part of stories of life-long gendered experiences of personal and state violence, state and family abandonment, and corrupt political practices in Peru. These affects were expressed with an insistence on sympathy from author 1, who has had long-term care relationships with people in VES. The methods and findings extend Latin American collective action scholarship that has documented disappointment and civil disaffection as outcomes of collective action, showing that longer-term forms of politics and relationships in which people’s political lives unfold (including with analysts), rather than collective action projects themselves, can reveal richer senses of the meanings of participation in collective action for civic life.
Advertising and media capture: The case of climate change

Abstract This paper analyzes whether media capture by advertisers is a potential source of the divergence between the scientific consensus and public discourse about climate change. I develop an objective measure of the tone of climate change coverage by creating an index that builds on Gentzkow and Shapiro (2010), using phrase frequency analysis to compare newspaper text with the UN's IPCC reports and the Heartland Institute's skeptical response, each of which are lengthy official reports with clear stances on climate change. I also develop a measure of potential advertising from the auto industry, using national shocks to advertising at the manufacturer level weighted by previous advertising at the newspaper level. The empirical analysis shows that this potential advertising allows firms to capture newspapers: within-newspaper, the potential for advertising from car manufacturers shifts the tone of coverage towards skepticism. I also find suggestive evidence that potential advertising reduces the overall quantity of coverage of climate change.
Characteristics of imported Plasmodium ovale spp. and Plasmodium malariae in Hubei Province, China, 2014–2018

There have been an increasing number of imported cases of malaria in Hubei Province in recent years. In particular, the number of cases of Plasmodium ovale spp. and Plasmodium malariae significantly increased, which resulted in increased risks during the malaria elimination phase. The purpose of this study was to acquire a better understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of P. ovale spp. and P. malariae imported to Hubei Province, China, so as to improve case management. Data on all malaria cases from January 2014 to December 2018 in Hubei Province were extracted from the China national diseases surveillance information system (CNDSIS). This descriptive study was conducted to analyse the prevalence trends, latency periods, interval from onset of illness to diagnosis, and misdiagnosis of cases of P. ovale spp. and P. malariae malaria. During this period, 634 imported malaria cases were reported, of which 87 P. ovale spp. (61 P. ovale curtisi and 26 P. ovale wallikeri) and 18 P. malariae cases were confirmed. The latency periods of P. ovale spp., P. malariae, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum differed significantly, whereas those of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri were no significant difference. The proportion of correct diagnosis of P. ovale spp. and P. malariae malaria cases were 48.3% and 44.4%, respectively, in the hospital or lower-level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In the Provincial Reference Laboratory, the sensitivity of microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests was 94.3% and 70.1%, respectively, for detecting P. ovale spp., and 88.9% and 38.9%, respectively, for detecting P. malariae. Overall, 97.7% (85/87) of P. ovale spp. cases and 94.4% (17/18) of P. malariae cases originated from Africa. The increase in the number of imported P. ovale spp. and P. malariae cases, long latency periods, and misdiagnosis pose a challenge to this region. Therefore, more attention should be paid to surveillance of imported cases of P. ovale spp. and P. malariae infection to reduce the burden of public health and potential risk of malaria.
Inca Astronomy and Cosmology

Astronomy in the Andes was well developed by the time the Spaniards arrived. This was due in large to the accumulation of knowledge through observations made by the many civilizations preceding the Incas. Astronomy was not simply observing and understanding celestial movement, however, as it was integrally woven into the very fabric of Andean existence throughout myth, cosmology, and culture, playing an important role in daily life.
Curbing the Cough: Multimodal Treatments for Neurogenic Cough: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objectives/hypothesis Neurogenic cough affects 11% of Americans and causes significant detriment to quality of life. With the advent of novel therapies, the objective of this review is to determine how procedural therapies (e.g., superior laryngeal nerve block) compare to other established pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for neurogenic cough. Methods With the assistance of a medical librarian, a systematic review was performed using PICOS (patients, interventions, comparator, outcome, study design) format: adults with neurogenic cough receiving any pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic treatment for neurogenic cough compared to adults with neurogenic cough receiving any other relevant interventions, or treated as single cohorts, assessed with cough-specific quality of life outcomes, in all study designs and case series with ≥ 10 cases. Case reports, review articles, non-human studies, non-English language articles, and unavailable full-text articles were excluded. Results There were 2408 patients with neurogenic cough in this review, treated with medical therapy (77%), speech therapy (19%), both medical and speech therapy (1%), and procedural therapy (3%). The included studies ranged from low to intermediate quality. Overall, most interventions demonstrated successful improvement in cough. However, the heterogeneity of included study designs precluded direct comparisons between intervention types. Conclusion This meta-analysis compared various treatments for neurogenic cough. Procedural therapy should be considered in the armamentarium of neurogenic cough treatments, particularly in patients refractory to, or intolerant of, the side effects of medical therapy. Lastly, this review illuminates key areas for improving neurogenic cough diagnosis, such as strict adherence to diagnostic and treatment guidelines, sophisticated reflux testing, and standardized, consistent outcome reporting. Laryngoscope, 2020.
Competition between Cations via Classical Poisson-Nernst-Planck Models with Nonzero but Small Permanent Charges.

We study a one-dimensional Poisson–Nernst–Planck system for ionic flow through a membrane channel. Nonzero but small permanent charge, the major structural quantity of an ion channel, is included in the model. Two cations with the same valences and one anion are included in the model, which provides more rich and complicated correlations/interactions between ions. The cross-section area of the channel is included in the system, and it provides certain information of the geometry of the three-dimensional channel, which is critical for our analysis. Geometric singular perturbation analysis is employed to establish the existence and local uniqueness of solutions to the system for small permanent charges. Treating the permanent charge as a small parameter, through regular perturbation analysis, we are able to derive approximations of the individual fluxes explicitly, and this allows us to study the competition between two cations, which is related to the selectivity phenomena of ion channels. Numerical simulations are performed to provide a more intuitive illustration of our analytical results, and they are consistent.
Missed Testing Opportunities Among HIV-Positive Adults in a Community Emergency Department.

Northern Nevada's most utilized emergency department (ED) could represent a locale of missed opportunity for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) detection, as the ED serves as a source of primary ca...
What Hangs On a Hairpin: Inalienable Possession and Language Exchange in Two Marriage Romances

This paper discusses the figuration of the purple jade hairpin as inalienable possession in the Tang author Jiang Fang’s (792–835) marriage romance “Huo Xiaoyu’s story” and the Ming playwright Tang...
Approximate Regions of Attraction in Learning with Decision-Dependent Distributions

As data-driven methods are deployed in real-world settings, the processes that generate the observed data will often react to the decisions of the learner. For example, a data source may have some incentive for the algorithm to provide a particular label (e.g. approve a bank loan), and manipulate their features accordingly. Work in strategic classification and decision-dependent distributions seeks to characterize the closed-loop behavior of deploying learning algorithms by explicitly considering the effect of the classifier on the underlying data distribution. More recently, works in performative prediction seek to classify the closed-loop behavior by considering general properties of the mapping from classifier to data distribution, rather than an explicit form. Building on this notion, we analyze repeated risk minimization as the perturbed trajectories of the gradient flows of performative risk minimization. We consider the case where there may be multiple local minimizers of performative risk, motivated by situations where the initial conditions may have significant impact on the long-term behavior of the system. We provide sufficient conditions to characterize the region of attraction for the various equilibria in this settings. Additionally, we introduce the notion of performative alignment, which provides a geometric condition on the convergence of repeated risk minimization to performative risk minimizers.
The Temporal Dimension in Tort Law

"Mr. Justice Brandeis is . . . the master of both the microscope and the telescope."' So Charles Evans Hughes sought to explain Brandeis's greatness as a lawyer. The power of Hughes's observation lies in its recognition of the range of tasks that lawyers are required to perform in order to serve the interests of their clients and those of society at large. On the one hand, every lawyer must be in control of the particular facts of a given case: concepts without precepts are indeed empty. On the other, every lawyer must have an eye on the theoretical structures that make the facts relevant: precepts without underlying concepts are indeed blind. Good legal analysis turns on the ability to marry the in-depth understanding of the particular case to the overall structure of the system. The aphorism about Brandeis does not apply only to lawyers who practice within the system. It also should influence the style of legal scholarship. By and large academic lawyers are in the business of generating theories that have greater explanatory power than their rivals. Concepts are our business. In some cases the effort is positive, to describe the law as it is; in others the effort is normative, to describe the law as it should be. In practice, of course, the lines between the positive and normative blur precisely because no one finds it easy to defend a normative theory that judges and lawyers have uniformly rejected in practice.2 This urge to do general theoretical work, both positive and normative, has led to a distinct preference for the telescope over the microscope. Most modern legal theory is system building that seeks to locate the dominant features of legal rules in comprehen-
Nonlinear Instability of Free Shear Layers: Subharmonic Resonance and Three-Dimensional Vortex Dynamics

The subharmonic resonance phenomenon in a free shear layer is studied experimentally and numerically. Excitation using both fundamental and subharmonic at an initial phase difference (ϕin shows stable pairing for a wide range of ϕin. However, for a narrow range of ϕin, either ‘shredding’ occurs or pairing is temporarily suppressed and occurs downstream without periodicity. Under detuned excitation, which is more representative of feedback-driven subharmonic growth, amplitude and phase modulations produce multiple sideband frequencies reflecting variations in the pairing location and occasional nonpairings. In direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a temporal shear layer, we uncover and analyze a new mechanism of transition, based on excitation of the ‘bulging’ instability by pairing of spanwise vortices (‘rolls’) with out-of-phase spanwise undulations. This 3D pairing generates strong internal core dynamics, consisting of core size oscillation driven by oscillating cells of spanwise flow within the rolls. Core dynamics amplify due to instability, can grow alongside streamwise vortices (‘ribs’), and eventually initiate mixing transition at a lower initial 3D disturbance level than that required for transition by ribroll interaction alone. We emphasize that the limitations of traditional perturbation analysis in understanding of the nonlinear and 3D aspects of instability and transition need to be overcome by new approaches such as vortex dynamics and topology.
Essentials of the School Health Program

(1934). Essentials of the School Health Program. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 15-45.