cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between urinary kallikrein and renal sodium handling during water immersion in normal man.

Considerable controversy exists with regard to the physiological role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in regulating renal sodium handling. It has been both suggested and denied that a positive relationship exists between urinary sodium excretion and kallikrein activity. This discrepancy may relate in part to the experimental manipulations used to achieve extracellular fluid volume expansion, since the infusion of exogenous solutions is frequently accompanied by alterations in plasma composition and urine flow which may affect the kallikrein- kinin system independently of volume alterations. The successful characterization of the water immersion model (NI) and the demonstration that it induces acute central hypervolemia without concomitant alterations in plasma composition commended its utilization in the present study. The NI model was used to assess in a kinetic fashion the relationship between urinary kallikrein excretion and renal sodium handling. Normal subjects were studied after 11 h of dehydra...
GENERALIZED SATURATION CRITERIA FOR PHOTOTHERMAL MEASUREMENTS

The concept of photothermal saturation is generalized to include photothermal deflection detection and localized excitation. Photoacoustic saturation is treated as a special case.
Large-scale reversals in shoreline trends along the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast

Robust regression modeling of shoreline data spanning 1930 to 1990 and covering 1055 km of the Atlantic coast shows that nearly two-thirds of the U.S. east coast shorelines have undergone a significant change in the long-term rates of change between 1950 and 1980. The model results show that 62% of the shorelines have become more erosional or less accretional. The average timing of these reversals (1967) corresponds to a peak in the record of extratropical (northeast) storm frequency and magnitude. These results raise questions regarding the applicability of linear methods for interpreting historical, long-term trends and for predicting future shoreline positions.
Coercive sexual fantasies of college men as predictors of self‐reported likelihood to rape and overt sexual aggression

In this study we explored the role of coercive sexual fantasies among men as predictors of hypothetical willingness to rape and self‐reports of past sexual aggression. Men (N = 114) enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses were given questionnaires assessing sexual fantasies, acceptance of rape myths, and aggressive tendencies as well as measures of likelihood to commit rape and past history of coercive sexual behavior. Likelihood to rape was found to be correlated with reports of coercive sexual fantasies (r = .51, p < .001), rape myth acceptance (r = .21, p < .05), and aggressive tendencies (r = .21, p < .05), yielding a multiple R of .44 (p < .001). Past coercive sexual behavior was correlated with coercive sexual fantasies (r = .26, p < .05), aggressive tendencies (r = .22, p < .05), and with their interaction (r = .39, p < .01), yielding a multiple R of .41 (p < .05). The two target variables, likelihood to rape and coercive sexual behavior, were not significantly associated with one another. The...
Analysis of SPECT including Scatter and Attenuation Using Sophisticated Monte Carlo Modeling Methods

The effects of scatter and attenuation on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images can be analyzed with the aid of sophisticated Monte Carlo simulation. Correction procedures can be evaluated by comparing corrected images with images absent of scatter and attenuation. The simulation enables control of components which govern the emission and transport of radiation through the source and attenuating medium. The basic calculation involves sampling the probability density functions (pdf) which govern the photon transport process. First, the origin of a photon is selected by sampling. Variance reduction is applied so that a detection is "forced" and weighted by the probability of an initial direction within the acceptance angle of the collimator multiplied by the probability that the photon is not attenuated. Second, the photon history is continued by sampling for a direction. The photon is forced to interact within the attenuating medium and an appropriate weight is calculated. Variance reduction is again applied with a weight determined by the product of the probability of interaction within the attenuating medium, the probability of scatter, the probability of scattering into the acceptance angle of the collimator, and the probability that the photon reaches the detector. Finally, a new direction and energy is selected. If the new energy is below the baseline energy, the history is terminated; otherwise, the second step is repeated. Presently, the collimator's geometric efficiency is considered without septal penetration.
Hans Kelsen's Doctrine of Imputation

First, the author examines the traditional doctrine of imputation. A look at the traditional doctrine is useful for establishing a point of departure in comparing Kelsen's doctrines of central and peripheral imputation. Second, the author turns to central imputation. Here Kelsen's doctrine follows the traditional doctrine in attributing liability or responsibility to the subject. Kelsen's legal subject, however, has been depersonalized and thus requires radical qualification. Third, the author takes up peripheral imputation, which is the main focus of the paper. It is argued that with respect to the basic form of the law, exhibited by the linking of legal condition with legal consequence, peripheral imputation counts as an austere doctrine, shorn as it is of all references to legal personality or the legal subject. If Kelsen's reconstructed legal norms are empowerments, then the austere doctrine of peripheral imputation captures the rudiments of their form, exactly what would be expected if peripheral imputation does indeed serve as the category of legal cognition. Finally, the author develops the puzzle surrounding the legal “ought” in this context. Although Kelsen talks at one point as though the legal “ought” were the peculiarly legal category, the author submits that this is not the best reading of Kelsen's texts.
Disparities in stroke incidence contributing to disparities in stroke mortality

Stroke mortality rates declined dramatically in the 20th century, yielding 1 of the top 10 public health achievements of that era.1 Despite this, rates have remained consistently higher among blacks than any other race/ethnic group in the United States.2–5 This disparity in stroke mortality is largest at younger ages; at age 45 years, the mortality rate is 3 times higher for blacks than whites, with a decreasing racial disparity with increasing age: by age 85 years the difference is no longer apparent.2–4,6 There are also substantial geographic disparities in stroke mortality with higher rates in the southeastern United States, termed the “stroke belt.” First identified in 1965, excess stroke mortality rates in this region have existed since at least 1940 and have persisted.6–8 A 153-county region including the coastal plain of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia is referred to as the “stroke buckle” due to even higher stroke mortality than the rest of the stroke belt.9 Because the stroke belt and buckle contain counties with very high stroke mortality rates and counties with average or even low stroke mortality, the overall stroke mortality is approximately 20% higher in the stroke belt than rest of the nation, with rates in the stroke buckle approximately 40% higher than rest of the nation.6–9 In the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (GCNKSS), the black-white disparity in stroke mortality was primarily due to higher stroke incidence among blacks, with little contribution of case fatality, the other potential contributor to disparities in stroke mortality.10 National racial and geographic disparities in stroke mortality are documented based on death certificates through the national vital statistics system. National data on stroke incidence based on validated stroke events are not available. The goal of this report was to describe black-white and geographic differences in stroke incidence in a national population-based cohort and assess if the pattern and magnitude of stroke incidence rates mirror the disparities in stroke mortality.
Interpolation and approximation properties of rational coordinates over quadrilaterals

Abstract This is a study of the properties of rational coordinate functions for the purposes of interpolation and approximation of functions over an arbitrary convex quadrilateral in the plane. In particular, we investigate the properties of the space of all real homogeneous polynomials in the rational coordinate functions. We show that the class B n of all real homogeneous polynomials of degree n has the dimension ( n + 1) 2 and contains the set of all real polynomials of degree n or less in the Cartesian coordinates. We construct a monomial basis for B n , and a canonical basis for Lagrange interpolation which can be used in finite element approximations. Finally, we define an approximation procedure in Sobolev spaces and derive estimates for the norms of the error function.
Impact of work-hour restrictions on residents' operative volume on a subspecialty surgical service.

Background Whether the 80 hours per week limit on surgical residents' work hours has reduced the number or variety of cases performed by residents is unknown. Study design We quantified residents' operative experience, by case category, on a pediatric surgical service. The number of senior and junior residents' cases were compared between residents from the year before (n = 47) and after (n = 44) the 80-hour limit. Residents also completed a questionnaire about their operative and educational experience. As an additional dimension of the educational experience, resident participation in clinic was assessed. Student's t -test was used. Results Total number of cases performed either by senior (before, 1.58 ± 0.42 versus after, 1.84 ± 0.82 cases/day) or junior (before, 0.70 ± 0.21 versus after, 0.71 ± 0.15) residents has not changed (p = NS). Senior residents' vascular access and endoscopy rate increased; other categories remained stable. Residents' perception of their experience was unchanged. But residents' participation in outpatient clinic was significantly decreased (before, 66.0% ± 14.7% versus after, 17.0% ± 19.9% of clinics covered, p Conclusions The 80-hour limit has had minimal impact on residents' operative experience, in case number and variety, and residents' perceptions of their educational experience. Residents' reduction in duty hours may have been achieved at the expense of outpatient clinic experiences.
Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults

Adapted tango dancing improves mobility and balance in older adults and additional populations with balance impairments. It is composed of very simple step elements. Adapted tango involves movement initiation and cessation, multi-directional perturbations, varied speeds and rhythms. Focus on foot placement, whole body coordination, and attention to partner, path of movement, and aesthetics likely underlie adapted tango’s demonstrated efficacy for improving mobility and balance. In this paper, we describe the methodology to disseminate the adapted tango teaching methods to dance instructor trainees and to implement the adapted tango by the trainees in the community for older adults and individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Efficacy in improving mobility (measured with the Timed Up and Go, Tandem stance, Berg Balance Scale, Gait Speed and 30 sec chair stand), safety and fidelity of the program is maximized through targeted instructor and volunteer training and a structured detailed syllabus outlining class practices and progression.
Evidence for the integrity of central processing during tonic immobility.

Abstract These experiments provide evidence that chickens may be capable of both retrieval and extinction of previously learned associations while in tonic immobility. In the first experiment birds received aversive conditioning followed by immobilization on a stabilimeter platform. During tonic immobility all subjects showed suppression of minor movement in response to the conditioned aversive cue. In the second experiment birds were also given aversive conditioning and half were extinguished during tonic immobility. For 50% of the subjects in each group the effects of the aversive cue on immobility were assessed three days later. As evidence for associative processing, nonextinguished birds remained immobile over 17 times longer following cue presentation than extinguished controls. Results were discussed as they relate to motor “uncoupling” during tonic immobility, and the view of tonic immobility as a predator defense.
Interleaved narrow-band PRESS sequence with adiabatic spatial-spectral refocusing pulses for 1H MRSI at 7T.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI) is a useful technique for measuring metabolite levels in vivo, with Choline (Cho), Creatine (Cre), and N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA) being the most prominent MRS-detectable brain biochemicals. 1H MRSI at very high fields, such as 7T, offers the advantages of higher SNR and improved spectral resolution. However, major technical challenges associated with high-field systems, such as increased B1 and B0 inhomogeneity as well as chemical shift localization (CSL) error, degrade the performance of conventional 1H MRSI sequences. To address these problems, we have developed a Position Resolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence with adiabatic spatial-spectral (SPSP) refocusing pulses, to acquire multiple narrow spectral bands in an interleaved fashion. The adiabatic SPSP pulses provide magnetization profiles that are largely invariant over the 40% B1 variation measured across the brain at 7T. Additionally, there is negligible CSL error since the transmit frequency is separately adjusted for each spectral band. in vivo 1H MRSI data were obtained from the brain of a normal volunteer using a standard PRESS sequence and the interleaved narrow-band PRESS sequence with adiabatic refocusing pulses. In comparison with conventional PRESS, this new approach generated high-quality spectra from an appreciably larger region of interest and achieved higher overall SNR. Magn Reson Med 59:973–979, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurement of cerebral blood flow in the rat with intravenous injection of [11C]butanol by external coincidence counting: a repeatable and noninvasive method in the brain.

No method has been reported for measuring CBF, repeatedly and noninvasively, in the rat brain. A new method is described, which is noninvasive to the brain, skull, or cervical large vessels. Two pairs of coincidence detectors were positioned, one over the rat brain and the other at the loop of a catheter inserted into the femoral artery. The coincidence head curve and arterial curve were recorded after intravenous injection of 1-(/sup 11/C)butanol in 15 rats. CBF was calculated by one-compartment curve fitting (CBFo) from 1-min data and with the recirculation corrected height/area method from 3-min data (CBFh X 3 min) and 5-min data (CBFh X 5 min). CBFo agreed well with CBFh X 5 min, although a slight overestimation was observed in CBFh X 3 min. The normal CBFo in the normocapnic group (n . 6, paCO2 36.7 +/- 2.3 mm Hg) was 1.76 +/- 0.49 ml/g min (mean +/- SD). A good correlation was observed between CBFo (y) and PaCO2 (x), and the regression line was y . 0. 0629x -0.715 (r . 0.88, p less than 0.0001). We concluded that this method gives the stable blood flow values noninvasively and with a minimum loss of blood (less thanmore » 0.28 ml per measurement). Applications of this method include activation studies, studies on the effect of drugs and treatments, and water and oxygen extraction fraction studies using different tracers in the same rat.« less
Franck—Condon analyses on a personal computer: Quadratic coupling, linear coupling, and line broadening

Abstract A previously reported program for the calculation of vibronically resolved electronic absorption and emission spectra has been substantially improved to allow for the inclusion of up to five linearly coupled vibronic modes, in addition to the original three quadratically coupled modes, and for energy-weighted line broadening.
Behavioral Family Treatment for Patients with Bipolar Affective Disorder

Techniques of behavioral family management (BFM), which have been found to be highly effective in delaying relapse for schizophrenic patients when used as adjuncts to medication maintenance, are also applicable in the outpatient treatment of recently hospitalized bipolar, manic patients. The authors describe their adaptation of the educational, communication skills training, and problem-solving skills training modules of BFM to families containing a bipolar member. The observations that families of bipolar patients are often high functioning, and that these families seem to enjoy interchanges that are highly affective and spontaneous, led to certain modifications in the original BFM approach. The authors found it necessary to be (a) more flexible and less didactic, (b) more oriented toward dealing with affect and resistance to change, and (c) more focused on the patient's and family members' feelings about labeling, stigmatization, and medication usage. Research issues relevant to testing the efficacy of this approach are also discussed.
Modeling and simulation of a Magnetorheological mount

Magnetorheological (MR) mounts have been developed to replace hydraulic mounts because the MR effect makes the mount controllable and more adaptive. An MR mount, except for the added damping due to magnetic field, operates similarly with a hydraulic mount. Therefore, the geometry of the flow paths (inertia tracks) and the distribution of the magnetic field across these paths affect significantly the mount behavior. In this study, different geometries for the flow paths of an MR mount, designed to operate in flow mode, are considered and their effect on the mount behavior is simulated. The effects of the different geometries considered are quantified through changes in displacement transmissibility of the mount over a 0 to 70 Hz frequency range. The results of the analysis provide useful insights about model parameter values and contribute to the successful design of the flow mode operating MR mount.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Empirical determinants of the relative yields on taxable and tax-exempt securities

Abstract Yields on short-term prime-grade municipals vary through time in relation to after-corporate-tax yields on short-term U.S. Treasury securities. The pattern is not related to the default premium in municipal yields or to the historical ceiling on bank deposit rates (Regulation Q). However, there is a strong link to the default premium in corporate yields and to municipal holdings by large commercial banks. These findings suggest that taxable and tax-exempt markets are linked both by the capital-structure decisions of firms and by the tax-arbitrage activities of banks.
Symptomatic Rathke's Cleft Cysts Located Entirely in the Suprasellar Region: Review of Diagnosis, Management, and Pathogenesis

Three cases of an entirely suprasellar symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst, two of which were associated with normal sella turcicas, are reported. In all cases, the cysts caused compression of the optic chiasm, and two produced hypothalamic dysfunction. The diagnosis of these entirely suprasellar masses was enhanced by metrizamide cisternography. Two cases were treated by frontal craniotomy and one was treated transsphenoidally, with good results in all cases. The radiology, pathology, and surgical treatment of these unusual cases is presented. An embryological pathogenesis for the occurrence of an entirely suprasellar Rathke's cleft cyst is discussed.
Endovascular management of intracranial blister aneurysms: spectrum and limitations of contemporary techniques

Background Intracranial blister aneurysms are rare lesions that are notoriously more difficult to treat than typical saccular aneurysms. High complication rates associated with surgery have sparked considerable interest in endovascular techniques, though not well-studied, to treat blister aneurysms. Objective To evaluate our experience using various endovascular approaches to treat blister aneurysms. Methods All consecutive blister aneurysms treated using an endovascular approach by the study authors over a 3-year period were retrospectively analyzed. A literature review was also performed. Results Nine patients with blister aneurysms underwent 11 endovascular interventions. In various combinations, stents were used in 8/11, coils in 5/11, and Onyx in 3/11 procedures. At mean angiographic follow-up of 200 days, 8/9 aneurysms were completely occluded by endovascular means alone requiring no further treatment and 1/9 aneurysms required surgical bypass/trapping after one failed surgical and two failed endovascular treatments. At mean clinical follow-up of 416 days, modified Rankin Scale scores were improved in six patients, stable in two, and worsened in one patient. One complication occurred in 11 procedures (9%), resulting in a permanent neurologic deficit. No unintended endovascular parent vessel sacrifice, intraprocedural aneurysmal ruptures, antiplatelet-related complications, post-treatment aneurysmal re-ruptures, or deaths occurred. Conclusion This series highlights both the spectrum and limitations of endovascular techniques currently used to treat blister aneurysms, including a novel application of stent-assisted Onyx embolization. Long-term follow-up and experience in larger studies are required to better define the role of endovascular therapy in the management of these difficult lesions.
Impulsive Radio Signals from the Planet Venus

RADIO signals of an impulsive or burst-like nature which appear to come from the planet Venus have been detected at the Ohio State University at a wave-length of 11 metres. The observations were made with an interferometer antenna consisting of two colinear arrays of six horizontal half-wave-length elements one-quarter wave-length above ground. Each array is backed up by a reflector element, which, with the ground, forms a corner reflector. The arrays are separated by 426 ft. along an east–west axis. The receiver operates a pen recorder with a time constant of about one-quarter second.
Reliability of Nominal Data Based on Qualitative Judgments

Most research related to the reliability and validity of marketing measures has focused on multi-item quantitative scales. In contrast, little attention has been given to the quality of nominal sca...
How much does industry matter

This study partitions the total variance in rate of return among FTC Line of Business reporting units into industry factors (whatever their nature), time factors, factors associated with the corporate parent, and business-specific factors. Whereas Schmalensee (1985) reported that industry factors were the strongest, corporate and market share effects being extremely weak, this study distinguishes between stable and fluctuating effects and reaches markedly different conclusions. The data reveal negligible corporate effects, small stable industry effects, and very large stable business-unit effects. These results imply that the most important sources of economic rents are business-specific; industry membership is a much less important source and corporate parentage is quite unimportant.
Correction of partial volume inaccuracies in quantitative phase contrast MR angiography

The phase difference method of phase contrast MR angiography provides a means of measuring the average velocity in each voxel of an MR scan. When static tissue is present in a voxel containing flow, the measured velocity is not the average velocity of the flow alone, but is lower due to the partial volume effect of the static tissue. We present a preprocessing technique that removes the contribution of static tissue in each voxel prior to calculation of average velocity, resulting in more accurate velocity measurements and better lumen definition. Results of flow tube experiments are presented which confirm the improvement in measurement accuracy.
Predicting potential responders in social Q&A based on non-QA features

Given the recent advancement of online social networking technologies, social question and answering has become an important venue for individuals to seek and share information. While studies have suggested the possibilities of routing questions to potential answerers for their help and the information provided, there is little analysis proposed to identify the characteristics that differentiate the possible responders from the nonresponders. In order to address such gap, in this work we present a model to predict potential responders in social Q&A using only non-QA-based attributes. We build the classifier using features from two different aspects, including: features extracted from one's social profile and style of posting. To evaluate our model, we collect over 20,000 questions posted on Wenwo, a social Q&A application based on Weibo, along with all their responders. Our experimental results over the collected dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of responder prediction based on non-QA features and proposed potential implications for system design.
Proteasomal inhibition induced by manganese ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate: relevance to Parkinson's disease

Maneb, a widely used fungicide, has been associated with Parkinsonism in humans. In experimental models, maneb and its major active element, manganese ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (Mn-EBDC) cause selective nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in mice and in rats, respectively. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this neurodegeneration, we studied the effects of Mn-EBDC on proteasomal function, which is decreased in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), in a dopaminergic neuronal cell line (MES 23.5 or MES). The results demonstrated that exposure of MES cells to 6 microM Mn-EBDC for 7 days produced not only significant neurotoxicity but also inhibition of proteasomal chymotrypsin-like and postglutamyl peptidase activities. Proteasomal dysfunction was accompanied by formation of cytoplasmic inclusions that were positive for alpha-synuclein immunostaining and significantly increased sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble alpha-synuclein aggregation seen by Western blot analysis. In addition, there was a significant increase in oxidative stress, evidenced by elevated total protein carbonyl content, in cells treated with Mn-EBDC. Manipulation of intracellular reduced glutathione levels with N-acetyl-L-cysteine or L-buthionine sulfoximine pretreatment to modulate Mn-EBDC-mediated oxidative stress altered Mn-EBDC-mediated neurotoxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, and alpha-synuclein aggregation in these cells. These data suggest that neurotoxicity-induced by Mn-EBDC is at least partially attributable to Mn-EBDC-mediated proteasomal inhibition, and that the proteasome may be an important target by which environmental exposure modifies the risk for developing PD in vulnerable populations.
What's in an 'is a' link?

IntroductionSeveral researchers have demonstrated that current medical terminologies and ontologies use relations in inconsistent and ambiguous ways,[1] despite Woods’ seminal work that first illustrated the problem.[2] The goal of the present work is to catalog the different ways in which SNOMED CT uses the is a relation. The rationale for creating the catalog is to serve as a basis for systematically improving the semantics of terminologies and ontologies so as to improve their accessibility to machine inference. I reviewed the literature to find ontological mistakes that change the interpretation of the is a relation, without respect to any particular terminology. I then reviewed the stated relationships table of SNOMED CT, Jan 2009 version, placing them into categories from the literature, and creating new categories when existing categories did not apply. I found nine categories of misuse of the is a relation in SNOMED CT (see Table in poster), eight from the literature and one from my analysis. SNOMED CT had an example of every misuse found in the literature. The January 2009 version of SNOMED CT violates its intended interpretation of the is a relation, which is nearly identical to the definition of Smith et al.[1] I cataloged nine categories of misuse of is a, and found an example of each in SNOMED CT. This study demonstrates for the first time that (1) certain common ontological mistakes, not previously identified as causing misuse of is a, lead to ambiguity in the interpretation of is a, (2) the stated relationships of SNOMED CT are the source of mistakes in the use of the is a relation, (3) SNOMED CT has at least one example of every problem with is a elucidated from the broader literature. References1. Smith B, Ceusters W, Klagges B, et al. Relations in biomedical ontologies. Genome Biol.2005;6(5):R46.2. Woods W. What's in a link: Foundations for semantic networks. In: Bobrow D, Collins A, eds. Representation and understanding. New York: Academic Press; 1975:35-82.
Optimization of COC hot embossing with soft PDMS tools

ABSTRACT In this paper, Taguchi optimization method was used to investigate a COC (cyclic olefin copolymer) hot embossing using soft PDMS (polydimethyls iloxane) tools. Because of the PDMS tools soft intrinsic nature, replication errors occur due to deformation during the hot embossing. The para meters, which affect on the replication quality, such as temperature, embossing force, and hold time were se lected as the control f actors. Four level, L 16 (4 5 ) orthogonal array of Taguchi method was use to develop the optimal process. Height and width of the embossed channels were defined as quality characteristics. The result of the an alysis indicated temperature to be the most significant factor that substantially affects replication fidelity. The optimized embossing process with soft PDMS tools can now be used to rapidly replicate microfluidic devices having both smal l and large features with confidence. Keywords: Taguchi method, hot embossing, COC, PDMS 1. INTRODUCTION Hot embossing is the most widely used replication method for fabricating structures in thermoplastics for a wide range of microfluidic applications.
Characterizing 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon mine collapse from ALOS PALSAR InSAR

We used ALOS InSAR images to study land surface deformation over the Crandall Canyon mine in Utah, which collapsed on 6 August 2007 and killed six miners. The collapse was registered as a ML 3.9 seismic event. An InSAR image spanning the time of the collapse shows 25–30 cm surface subsidence over the mine. We used distributed dislocation sources to model the deformation field, and found that a collapse source model alone does not adequately fit the deformation field. Normal faulting is also required, such that the event is best characterized as a ‘trapdoor’ collapse. The calculated moment of the normal fault is about the same as the moment of the collapse source, with each larger than the seismically computed moment. Our InSAR results, including the location of the event, the extent of the collapsed area, and constraints on the shearing component of the deformation source, all confirm and extend recent seismic studies of the 6 August 2007 event.
Technology transfer: a designer's tool

The author discusses technology transfer as a design tool for leveraging resources and reducing cost in system design. The aim of the author is to provide designers with an idea of how to use the technology transfer process to design better systems and products. It is established that technology transfer is the use of ideas or knowledge. Any knowledge or idea that is used for a specific application is technology transfer. Secondly, the author discusses the motivation for using technology transfer as a design tool and provides examples from different areas to show how it might be used. Next, he discusses design considerations, including some successful processes for technology transfer, the requirement for specifying a well-defined need, timing the technology transfer in the design cycle, and overcoming barriers in the process. Finally, he provides examples of sources which the design might use to locate technology. >
Diversity Synthesis of Complex Pyridines Yields a Probe of a Neurotrophic Signaling Pathway

Recognizing the value of including complex pyridines in small-molecule screening collections, we developed a previously unexplored [2 + 2 + 2]-cycloaddition of silyl-tethered diynes with nitriles. The tether provides high regioselectivity, while the solvent THF allows catalytic CpCo(CO)2 to be used without exogenous irradiation. One of the resulting bicyclic and monocyclic (desilylated) pyridines was identified as an inhibitor of neuregulin-induced neurite outgrowth (EC50 = 0.30 µM) in a screen that probes a pathway likely to be involved in breast cancers and schizophrenia.
A model for the rationalization of saline and metallic hydride formation

Abstract The exothermic, reversible formation of solid hydrides from the elements is rationalized on the basis of a model in which the hydride consists of hydrogen anions and metal cations, the latter likewise engaging in metal-metal bonding in the metallic hydrides. The lattice energy is evaluated as the sum of the Madelung energy and this metal-metal interaction energy. Two empirical methods of estimating the latter are suggested, one involving crystal field stabilization. The total lattice energy so calculated is compared semi-quantitatively with the sum of the endothermic factors in a Born-Haber cycle. The energy balance is favourable with few exceptions for hydrides known to form directly, and unfavourable for hydrides which evidently do not form directly from the elements.
Plant organellar protein targeting: a traffic plan still under construction

It has long been understood that specific features of a protein and its corresponding import apparatus dictate the behavior of mitochondrial proteins in their intracellular targeting behavior. In plants, the process by which proteins are directed to organelles has been influenced uniquely by the introduction to the cell of plastids. Parallel functions carried out within the mitochondrion and plastid permit the sharing of proteins and emergence of mechanisms to facilitate dual-targeting of the nuclear-encoded products to both compartments. These include transcriptional and translational variations, relaxation of translation initiation controls and conditional cellular influences. Details of the dual targeting system are emerging from recent studies, and evidence of variation in protein targeting behavior across plant families and across organisms implies that the system itself is in flux. This trend towards multi-targeting enhances protein versatility across eukaryotes – one means of cellular response to developmental or environmental influence.
Intracoronary Administration of Abciximab in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is now the preferred method of treating patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Despite restoration of epicardial flow, microvascular obstruction may persist after primary PCI as a result of both atheromatous and thrombotic embolization, neutrophil plugging, edema, and vasospasm.1–3 Therefore, studies such as the one by Thiele et al4 in this issue of Circulation that focus on the prevention and treatment of microvascular dysfunction are informative with respect to the means to improve the primary PCI strategy. Article p 49 There have been efforts to identify mechanical and pharmacological strategies to improve myocardial perfusion after primary PCI. Compared with the systemic administration of intravenous pharmacotherapies, highly localized administration of intracoronary pharmacotherapy may be associated with a several-hundred-fold increase in the local concentration of an agent in the epicardial artery and microcirculation. A number of pharmacotherapies, including adenosine,5,6 calcium channel blockers,7 α-blockers,8 β2-receptor activators,9 other vasodilators, antithrombotics,10,11 and antiplatelet agents,12–14 have been used to treat microvascular dysfunction. There are tens of thousands of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) receptors on the platelet surface.15 Platelet receptor occupancy studies have demonstrated that if there are fewer GPIIb/IIIa receptors free and available for cross-linking with fibrinogen, then myocardial perfusion is improved.16 To estimate the number of GPIIb/IIIa receptors available for cross-linking, the absolute platelet count has been multiplied by the percent of receptors available to cross link to calculate an index of the absolute number of GPIIb/IIIa receptors available. The absolute number of GPIIb/IIIa receptors available for cross-linking is reduced among patients with successful restoration of myocardial perfusion and ST-segment resolution in an STEMI population.16 Thus, the hypothesized mechanistic basis for intracoronary administration of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors is that high …
Of Gothic Architects and Grecian Rods: William Blake, Antiquarianism and the History of Art

William Blake’s relationship to competing strains of antiquarianism in the last half of the eighteenth century played a major role in the ways he understood art history. Eighteenth-century British antiquarianism comprised sometimes-overlapping, sometimes-opposing categories of study, and its connotations prove difficult to recover. As a result, contemporary scholars tend to label the kinds of antiquarians who studied classical antiquity ‘connoisseurs’ because they often collected and displayed the things they studied, and because they were just as likely to collect the works of Moderns as they were of the Ancients. The word antiquarian in contemporary scholarship, on the other hand, has generally been reserved for the study of the materials from the ancient British past. At the time, however, the term ‘antiquarian’ as often referred to scholars of classical erudition like Sir William Hamilton as it did to the ‘popular’ antiquarianism of George Vertue or Horace Walpole. British connoisseurship as it was practised by classical antiquarians was commonly associated with a constellation of affinities, including cosmopolitanism, the reverence of classical art, an interest in pagan religions, and some frank and omnivorous appetites, which often found outlet in grand tourism, homosocial club culture, and their attendant sexual liaisons (Brewer, 252–87). By contrast, popular antiquarianism was characterised as more isolated and isolating, its practitioners often minutely preoccupied with ancient British artifacts and architecture, old ballads, and vernacular languages. However, the word antiquarian simply meant, as the OED tells us, ‘One who studies or is fond of antiquities. . . ’ be they British or Roman or, as often was the case, Roman artifacts unearthed from British soil. In this essay, I want to situate the anticlassicism evident in Blake’s late works in terms of a disdain for English connoisseurship as practised by a certain highly visible group of classical antiquarians. While Blake’s attitude towards Hellenism may have shifted over the course of his life, evidence of his dislike for the English practitioners of classical antiquarians can be found throughout his work. Blake came to understand classical and popular antiquarianism as opposing categories, and these categories informed his Protestant renegotiation of the history of art. A deeper understanding of Blake’s relationship to these antiquarian practices of his day offers rich rewards, since it gives a clearer picture of what is at stake in Blake’s poetry about art. In particular, I offer a reading of the Notebook verse ‘If it is True what the Prophets write’, a poem that has had little scholarly attention.
Development of PCR assays targeting genes in O-antigen gene clusters for detection and identification of Escherichia coli O45 and O55 serogroups.

The Escherichia coli O45 O-antigen gene cluster of strain O45:H2 96-3285 was sequenced, and conventional (singleplex), multiplex, and real-time PCR assays were designed to amplify regions in the wzx (O-antigen flippase) and wzy (O-antigen polymerase) genes. In addition, PCR assays targeting the E. coli O55 wzx and wzy genes were designed based on previously published sequences. PCR assays targeting E. coli O45 showed 100% specificity for this serogroup, whereas by PCR assays specific for E. coli O55, 97/102 strains serotyped as E. coli O55 were positive for wzx and 98/102 for wzy. Multiplex PCR assays targeting the E. coli O45 and the E. coli O55 wzx and wzy genes were used to detect the organisms in fecal samples spiked at levels of 10 6 and 10 8 CFU/0.2 g feces. Thus, the PCR assays can be used to detect and identify E. coli serogroups O45 and O55.
Detection power, estimation efficiency, and predictability in event-related fMRI.

Experimental designs for event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging can be characterized by both their detection power, a measure of the ability to detect an activation, and their estimation efficiency, a measure of the ability to estimate the shape of the hemodynamic response. Randomized designs offer maximum estimation efficiency but poor detection power, while block designs offer good detection power at the cost of minimum estimation efficiency. Periodic single-trial designs are poor by both criteria. We present here a theoretical model of the relation between estimation efficiency and detection power and show that the observed trade-off between efficiency and power is fundamental. Using the model, we explore the properties of semirandom designs that offer intermediate trade-offs between efficiency and power. These designs can simultaneously achieve the estimation efficiency of randomized designs and the detection power of block designs at the cost of increasing the length of an experiment by less than a factor of 2. Experimental designs can also be characterized by their predictability, a measure of the ability to circumvent confounds such as habituation and anticipation. We examine the relation between detection power, estimation efficiency, and predictability and show that small increases in predictability can offer significant gains in detection power with only a minor decrease in estimation efficiency.
Impurity characterization of solar wind collectors for the genesis discovery mission by resonance ionization mass spectrometry.

NASA's Genesis Discovery Mission is designed to collect solar matter and return it to earth for analysis. The mission consists of launching a spacecraft that carries high purity collector materials, inserting the spacecraft into a halo orbit about the L1 sun-earth libration point, exposing the collectors to the solar wind for two years, and then returning the collectors to earth. The collectors will then be made available for analysis by various methods to determine the elemental and isotopic abundance of the solar wind. In preparation for this mission, potential collector materials are being characterized to determine baseline impurity levels and to assess detection limits for various analysis techniques. As part of the effort, potential solar wind collector materials have been analyzed using resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS). RIMS is a particularly sensitivity variation of secondary neutral mass spectrometry that employs resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) to selectively postionize an element of interest, and thus discriminates between low levels of that element and the bulk material. The high sensitivity and selectivity of RIMS allow detection of very low concentrations while consuming only small amounts of sample. Thus, RIMS is well suited for detection of many heavy elements in the solar wind, since metals heavier than Fe are expected to range in concentrations from 1 ppm to 0.2 ppt. In addition, RIMS will be able to determine concentration profiles as a function of depth for these implanted solar wind elements effectively separating them from terrestrial contaminants. RIMS analyses to determine Ti concentrations in Si and Ge samples have been measured. Results indicate that the detection limit for RIMS analysis of Ti is below 100 ppt for 10{sup 6} averages. Background analyses of the mass spectra indicate that detection limits for heavier elements will be similar. Furthermore, detection limits near 1 ppt are possible with higher repetition rate lasers where it will be possible to increase signal averaging to 10{sup 8} laser shots.
Direct detection of double-stranded DNA: molecular methods and applications for DNA diagnostics

Methodologies to detect DNA sequences with high sensitivity and specificity have tremendous potential as molecular diagnostic agents. Most current methods exploit the ability of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to base pair with high specificity to a complementary molecule. However, recent advances in robust techniques for recognition of DNA in the major and minor groove have made possible the direct detection of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), without the need for denaturation, renaturation, or hybridization. This review will describe the progress in adapting polyamides, triplex DNA, and engineered zinc finger DNA-binding proteins as dsDNA diagnostic systems. In particular, the sequence-enabled reassembly (SEER) method, involving the use of custom zinc finger proteins, offers the potential for direct detection of dsDNA in cells, with implications for cell-based diagnostics and therapeutics.
Reversible Intercellular Coupling by Regulated Expression of a Gap Junction Channel Gene

Direct intercellular coupling through gap junction channels has been implicated in diverse processes including cellular differentiation, growth control, metabolic cooperativity and electronic coupling and natural and induced mutations in connexin genes have been described in human and experimental disease states. Genetic systems in which the extent of coupling could be reversibly regulated would provide an important approach for examining these potential functional roles, both in vitro and in vivo. Here we describe the generation and characterization of cell lines in which the extent of coupling is reversibly controlled at the transcriptional level. Plasmids encoding a tetracycline-controlled trans-activator and a tetracycline-responsive connexin32 target gene were introduced in the communication-deficient SKHepl cell line. Quantitative immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy with connexin32-specific antibodies demonstrated that expression of connexin32 in stable transfectants was tightl...
Deformation and the Strip Necking Zone in a Cracked Steel Sheet

When a tensile stress is applied to a thin cracked plate, a strip necking region results ahead of a crack tip. The relative opening displacement between the crack surfaces and between the upper and lower boundaries of the strip necking region were measured by the moire method. The strains ahead of the strip necking region and the thickness reduction (therein) were also measured. The measured relative opening displacements were compared with the calculated values using the Dugdale strip necking model. The thickness reduction in the strip necking region is equal to the relative opening displacement.
The Legal History of 'Dangerous or Unusual Weapons'

The phrase “dangerous or unusual weapons” has long been used by American courts to justify prohibiting possession or carrying of particular classes of weapons. Examination of the history of this phrase shows it was neither as ancient nor as broadly prohibitive as many assume. Analogies to First Amendment case law suggest that the authority of the government may be more limited than D.C. v. Heller (2008) indicates.