cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Everyday Environmentalism: Concerning Consumption

Modern consumption patterns are a product of the historical development and industrialization of the United States, including increased consumer spending and demand for energy-intensive goods. These historical and social trends provide the foundation for understanding contemporary patterns of consumption of natural resources, undoubtedly a cause of global climate change and other serious adverse environmental effects. Significant environmental problems have occurred due to the continued depletion and degradation of public resources, with little consideration for the ultimate costs, whether known and ignored or simply unforeseen.
Experimental Results of Wind Turbine Operational Monitoring with Structural and Aerodynamic Measurements

At the end of 2009, 1.8% of the electricity utilized in the U.S. was produced by wind turbines, which are projected to eventually supply 20% or more to the U.S. electrical grid. As the percentage of wind energy increases, energy supply stability will become increasingly tied to the availability and reliability of turbines. To improve availability and reliability, adaptive wind turbines and wind farms are envisioned that can estimate the applied forces, state of structural health, and adapt their operational states to increase performance and minimize damage accumulation. A critical component of the adaptive wind turbine will be operational monitoring approaches that can estimate the applied forces and state of damage from inference algorithms applied to rotor-based measurements. Sandia National Laboratories has been working to embed structural and aerodynamic measurements and inference algorithms in operational rotors. In this paper the results of the DOE/SNL Sensor Blade 1 experiment will be presented in which a turbine rotor was instrumented with an array of accelerometers, foil strain gages, Fiber- Bragg strain sensors, fiber optic temperature sensors, hot-film sensors, pressure taps, and a five-hole Pitot tube. The data was GPS time-synchronized and correlated with reference measurements of the in-flow, rotor azimuth, hub strain, and tower strain. Inference algorithms were applied to the measurements to estimate rotor deflection and applied forces. The results were used to evaluate the accuracy and latency of the different operational monitoring approaches and measurement types.
Molecular Pathology of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors

This chapter presents cytogenetic and molecular pathology of sarcomas, with emphasis on recurrent abnormalities that are characteristic features of individual cancer types. General concepts concerning biology, pathology, diagnostic techniques, and molecular diagnostic applications of cancers are presented in the beginning of the chapter. The second portion presents each of the major sarcoma types, in alphabetical order, with a specific structure: basic pathology, clinical features, molecular genetic pathology, and molecular diagnosis. Most of the tumors presented herein are soft tissue sarcomas, as few recurrent abnormalities have been established to have biologic and diagnostic significance in bone tumors. In contrast to other diseases and cancers presented in this textbook, sarcomas are more commonly associated with cytogenetic changes, as opposed to molecular changes. Nevertheless, a variety of approaches (e.g., classical cytogenetic analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry) are presented, with strengths and weaknesses of each for clinical application in each tumor type, as appropriate.
Toxicity of Polychlorobiphenyls and its Bioremediation

PCBs are chlorinated aromatic compounds known to have toxic effects on humans and animals. They are well known mutagens and carcinogens and are known to affect almost all systems of the body. They ...
How Effective Tax Planning Can Increase the Tax Benefits of Corporate NOLs

Factors such as the dividends-received deduction, the corporate AMT, and the Section 382 loss rules complicate the computation of NOLs and affect decisions needed in determining whether to carry the loss back.The NOL procedures provide an effective means of averaging the cyclical swings of profitable and nonprofitable tax years. Without these provisions, taxpayers would in effect "waste" excess deductions that occur in one tax year.
Prevalence and Awareness of Pelvic Floor Disorders in Female Adolescents Seeking Gynecologic Care.

Abstract Study Objective To determine the prevalence and awareness of pelvic floor disorder symptoms among female adolescents. Design Cross-sectional study via a written, anonymous survey of adolescents. The survey was composed of validated measures for determination of symptom prevalence. Setting Pediatric and adolescent gynecology clinic in the southeast United States. Participants Female adolescents ages 14-21 years. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures We used χ2 analyses for categorical variables and t test for continuous variables. Results Two hundred sixteen questionnaires were completed. The mean age of respondents was 17.1 (±2.1) years and most respondents had at least heard about urinary (UI) and fecal incontinence (FI; 62.9%). The prevalence of any UI was 31.5%. Urgency UI (UUI) was reported by 15.7% and stress UI was reported by 6.9% of adolescents; 8.8% of participants experienced UUI and stress UI symptoms. FI and pelvic organ prolapse symptoms were reported by 0.9%. There were no differences in reported prevalence rates of UI (31.7% vs 27.9%), FI (1.4% vs 0%), or pelvic organ prolapse (1.4% vs 0%) between younger (14-17 years) and older (18-21 years) adolescent participants, respectively (all P > .05). Although UI was fairly prevalent among respondents, most stated that it had a minimal effect on daily living. Conclusion UI symptoms were common among female adolescents, with UUI being the most reported. Early education regarding pelvic floor disorder symptoms might lead to prevention or empowerment to seek treatment as adolescents age.
Torque Ripple Minimization in Six-Step Modulated PMSM Drives via Fast DC Bus Dynamics

Six-step modulated drive systems have been shown to have higher power density and lower switching loss than pulse-width-modulation (PWM) drive systems. It has also been shown that by manipulating the dc bus voltage, six-step mode can drive permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) over a wide speed range, and maintain the machine operating point on the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) curve below the base speed to reduce the machine copper loss. However, high torque ripple exists while in this type of six-step mode. This paper develops the control design methodologies to leverage fast dc bus manipulation, provided by 2-step finite-settling-step (FSS) dc-to-dc converter control, to minimize torque ripple in six-step PMSM drives. Two torque control algorithms: existing voltage angle-based torque control (VATC) and deadbeat-direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) are used to evaluate torque ripple reduction capability and energy savings potential of six-step PMSM drive systems.
Susceptibility‐directed anticoagulation after pancreas transplantation: A single‐center retrospective study

Pancreas transplant achieves consistent long-term euglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Allograft thrombosis (AT) causes the majority of early graft failure. We compared outcomes of four anticoagulation regimens administered to 95 simultaneous kidney-pancreas or isolated pancreas transplanted between 1/1/2015 and 11/20/2018. Early postoperative anticoagulation regimens included the following: none, subcutaneous heparin/aspirin, with or without dextran, and heparin infusion. The regimens were empirically selected based on each surgeon's assessment of hemostasis of the operative field and personal preference. A sonographic-based global scoring system of AT is presented. The 47-month recipients and graft survival were 95% and 86%, respectively. Recipients with or without AT had similar survival. Five and four grafts were lost due to death and AT, respectively. Outcomes of prophylaxis regimens correlated with intensity of anticoagulation. Compared with no anticoagulation, an increase in hemorrhagic complications occurred exclusively with iv heparin. The higher arterial AT score found in regimens lacking antiplatelet therapy highlights the importance of early antiaggregants therapy. Abnormal fibrinolysis was associated with an increase in AT score. Platelet dysfunction, warm ischemia time, and enteric drainage were predictive of AT and, along with other known risk factors, were incorporated into an algorithm that matches intensity of early postoperative anticoagulation to the thrombotic risk.
Hawaiian health and the filibuster of Walter Murray Gibson

Scholars know Hawai‘i’s “minister of everything” as an upstart who rose to prominence by defending Hawaiian sovereignty. Few have noticed that Walter Murray Gibson’s influence stemmed from ...
A new ecology-on-a-chip microfluidic platform to study interactions of microbes with a rising oil droplet

Advances in microfluidics technology has enabled many discoveries on microbial mechanisms and phenotypes owing to its exquisite controls over biological and chemical environments. However, emulating accurate ecologically relevant flow environments (e.g. microbes around a rising oil droplet) in microfluidics remains challenging. Here, we present a microfluidic platform, i.e. ecology-on-a-chip (eChip), that simulates environmental conditions around an oil droplet rising through ocean water as commonly occurred during a deep-sea oil spill or a natural seep, and enables detailed observations of microbe-oil interactions at scales relevant to marine ecology (i.e. spatial scales of individual bacterium in a dense suspension and temporal scales from milliseconds to weeks or months). Owing to the unique capabilities, we present unprecedented observations of polymeric microbial aggregates formed on rising oil droplets and their associated hydrodynamic impacts including flow fields and momentum budgets. Using the platform with Pseudomonas, Marinobacter, and Alcarnivorax, we have shown that polymeric aggregates formed by them present significant differences in morphology, growth rates, and hydrodynamic impacts. This platform enables us to investigate unexplored array of microbial interactions with oil drops.
A Curious Case of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Midwest and a Review for Clinicians.

Abstract Background Ciguatera poisoning is one of the most prevalent types of fish poisoning, but it is often underreported, leading many health practitioners to be unfamiliar in correctly identifying and treating this toxicity. Case Report We present a case of ciguatera toxicity encountered in an emergency department in a Midwest community hospital setting. A 56-year-old woman presented to the ED with symptoms of perioral numbness, generalized pruritis, and hot/cold temperature reversal. Through careful history taking it was determined that the patient had recently returned from vacationing in the Caribbean and had been consuming meals containing various types of fish. A clinical diagnosis of ciguatera toxicity was made, and the patient was treated supportively. Why Should an Emergency Physician be Aware of This? This topic is important in the realm of emergency medicine because it presents a known toxicologic pathogen in an unsuspecting geographic location. This case highlights the importance of maintaining broad differentials and considering a patient's travel and exposure history to make the clinical diagnosis of ciguatoxin as well as the importance of preventative management to avoid recurrence of symptoms. We review the etiology of this fascinating toxin as well as the clinical implications in the diagnosis and management of this toxicity.
Etiology of neonatal infection related to premature rupture of membranes

Objective To investigate the common pathogens in neonatal infections with premature rupture of membranes (PROM).Methods From May 2007 to November 2010,16 356 neonates who were admitted to Bayi Children's Hospital were assigned to this study. The related clinical and laboratory information were recorded,including PROM and its time of duration,results of blood culture and other clinical data.Results A total of 3432 patients accompanyed with PROM among 16 356 infants (21.0％).There were 1060 full-term neonates (30.9％ ) and 2372 premature infants (69.1％ ) among 3432 PROM cases.The incidence of infectious disease was 35.8％ ( 1227/3432 ) in infants with PROM.The overall positive rate of blood culture was 7.6％ ( 260/3432 ) in infants with PROM:10.5％ ( 111/1060 ) in term infants and 6.3％ (149/2372) in premature infants ( x2 =18.370,P =0.000).The common pathogenic organisms were gram positive ( G + ) cocci ( 58.5％ ) and gram negative ( G- ) bacilli ( 33.8％ ) ( x2 =31.695,P =0.000 ).The most common organisms included Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus homis,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli and Hemolytic staphylococci,accounting for 75.8％ of the total blood culture positive patients.Fungal infection accounted for 7.7％ of the total infectious diseases,which was all in premature infants. The blood culture-positive rate in patients with PROM duration ＜24 h,≥24 hand ≥72 h were 7.7％ ( 119/1544),7.2％ (99/1382),and 9.6％ (42/439) ( x2 =2.701,P =0.259 ),respectively.Conclusions G + coccus is the most common pathogenic bacteria of neonatal infection related to PROM,followed by G- bacillus.Fungi are detected mainly in premature infants.The blood culture-positive rate may not increase with the extension of time of PROM. Key words: Fetal membranes, premature rupture; Infant, newborn ; Bacterial infections and mycoss
Methamphetamine exposures reported to United States poison control centers, 2000–2019

To investigate characteristics and trends of methamphetamine exposures reported to United States (US) poison control centers. Data from the National Poison Data System were analyzed. From January 1...
Need to Intervene: An Exploratory Study of Nurses' Experiences With Patienthood.

Much has been written about the patient experience, but there is little information about experiences of providers as patients. Since lay patients and providers have differing perspectives and expe...
Cannabinoid Use for Appetite Stimulation and Weight Gain in Cancer Care: Does Recent Evidence Support an Update of the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Clinical Guidelines?

Cannabinoids have been used medicinally for thousands of years. Clinical trials support their use for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and HIV- and AIDS-related anorexia. Cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome (CACS) is a common debilitating condition and is associated with poor prognosis. The 2016 European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition clinical guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients concluded that "there are insufficient consistent clinical data to recommend cannabinoids to improve taste disorders or anorexia in cancer patients." The increased attention that cannabinoids have received in recent years warrants an updated evaluation of the literature on this topic, as practitioners are likely to encounter cancer patients interested in cannabinoid use. A systematic literature search was performed to assess the current body of evidence concerning cannabinoid use for the stimulation of appetite and oral intake by cancer patients. Over the past 20 years, 6 randomized controlled trials have evaluated the impact of cannabinoids on appetite-related outcomes in oncology patients in comparison with a control group or placebo. Based on this literature, cannabinoids do not appear to improve appetite, oral intake, weight, chemosensory function, or appetite-related quality of life. Limitations of the literature include small sample sizes, lack of adjustment for confounding variables, and difficulties conducting true placebo-controlled trials with a drug that may result in psychoactive side effects. Further exploration of the impact of cannabinoid use on CACS by using large, well-designed clinical trials is needed.
Conformity and Soft Skills as Determinants of Alternatively Credentialed Non-College Graduate Hireability

Despite targeting technical skills, vocational school graduates earn less than college graduates. This paper presents evidence that conformity selection and perceived skill gaps explain differences in hireability. Microdata from the United States reveal a perceived soft skill deficit for alternatively credentialed noncollege graduate (ACNG) labor. Conformity is also important, but the direction of effect is heterogenous by employer type. Conformity and perceived skill gaps explain about one-third of the hireability variance. Perceived soft skill gaps explain more hireability variance than widely recognized factors like the industry of occupation. Opposite conventional explanation, results suggest that conformity reduces hireability on average. Respondents tend to perceive ACNG candidates as an even mix of high and low performers. Evidence favors employer risk aversion toward labor productivity as a preferred explanation of low ACNG demand. The conclusion incorporates discussion of public misperception on vocational school costs and suggests activities to reduce unconscious bias
Optimizing the Packing Density and Chemistry of Cellulose Nanofilters for High-Efficiency Particulate Removal

The global spread of COVID-19 as well as the worsening air pollution throughout the world have brought tremendous attention to the development of materials that can efficiently capture particulate matter. We suggest that the high porosity of electrospun filters composed of nanofibers could provide minimal obstruction to air flow, while their high tortuosity and surface area-to-volume ratio present an excellent platform to capture particulates. In this study, the removal of nanoscale particles via in-house fabricated cellulose nanofilters is significantly enhanced by chemically functionalizing the fibers' surface via the deposition of the bioinspired glue polydopamine (PDA) or the polycation poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC). The effects of filter packing density, layering thickness, and chemistry on their performance, i.e., their filtration efficiency, most penetrating particle size (MPPS), particle fractional penetration percent, and performance in a high relative humidity environment, were investigated. When evaluated in an extremely hazardous environment (PM concentration ∼2000 μg m-3), the filtration efficiency, pressure drop, and quality factor for the cellulose nanofilters were measured to be >98.0%, <200 Pa, and ∼0.03 Pa-1, respectively. When we evaluated the performance of a composite hydrophobic/hydrophilic filter in an 80% relative humidity environment, a 99.8% filtration efficiency was achieved. We have demonstrated that the removal of nanoscale particulates can be effectively captured using cellulose-based nanofilters, even in a nonideal high humidity environment. These fundamental investigations into the structure-property-chemistry relationships of in-house electrospun nanofilters on nanoscale particulate removal hold the potential to help drive the future engineering of nanofilters for air purification applications, which is a timely and extremely important concern. © 2021 American Chemical Society.
How and When Random Feedback Works: A Case Study of Low-Rank Matrix Factorization

The success of gradient descent in ML and especially for learning neural networks is remarkable and robust. In the context of how the brain learns, one aspect of gradient descent that appears biologically difficult to realize (if not implausible) is that its updates rely on feedback from later layers to earlier layers through the same connections. Such bidirected links are relatively few in brain networks, and even when reciprocal connections exist, they may not be equi-weighted. Random Feedback Alignment (Lillicrap et al., 2016), where the backward weights are random and fixed, has been proposed as a bio-plausible alternative and found to be effective empirically. We investigate how and when feedback alignment (FA) works, focusing on one of the most basic problems with layered structure -- low-rank matrix factorization. In this problem, given a matrix $Y_{n\times m}$, the goal is to find a low rank factorization $Z_{n \times r}W_{r \times m}$ that minimizes the error $\|ZW-Y\|_F$. Gradient descent solves this problem optimally. We show that FA converges to the optimal solution when $r\ge \mbox{rank}(Y)$. We also shed light on how FA works. It is observed empirically that the forward weight matrices and (random) feedback matrices come closer during FA updates. Our analysis rigorously derives this phenomenon and shows how it facilitates convergence of FA. We also show that FA can be far from optimal when $r < \mbox{rank}(Y)$. This is the first provable separation result between gradient descent and FA. Moreover, the representations found by gradient descent and FA can be almost orthogonal even when their error $\|ZW-Y\|_F$ is approximately equal.
A Critical Evaluation of Clinical Trials in Cancer and Pharmacogenomics

A critical overview of recent clinical trials in cancer is presented focused on signaling pathways blockers or inhibitors with a view to developing successful clinical trials employing personalized cancer therapies. Rational, pharmacogenomic strategies in cancer trials should be adopted that include specific molecular targeting based on adequate data for, and detailed modeling of, cancer cell genomes, modifications of cancer signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms. Novel translational oncogenomics research is rapidly expanding through the application of highly sensitive and specific advanced technology, research findings and computational tools and complex models to both pharmaceutical and clinical problems. Multiple sample analyses from several recent clinical studies have shown that gene expression data for cancer cells can be employed to distinguish between tumor types as well as to predict outcomes. Potentially important applications of such results are individualized human cancer therapies or, in general, ‘personalized medicine’ that will have to be validated through optimally designed clinical trials in cancer. A Human Cancer Genomes and Epigenetics Project is proposed that can provide the essential data required for the optimal design of clinical trials with the goal of achieving significant improvements of the survival rates of cancer patients participating in clinical trials for advanced cancer stages. The results of such a six-year Human Cancer Genomes and Epigenetics Project should also greatly aid with the accelerated, rational development of effective anti-cancer medicines and the chemoprevention of cancers.
Students' Responses to Application Quests: A Case-based Learning Activity

Application Quests are case-based learning activities that emphasize issues in professional practice and are given as part of the classroom learning process. This qualitative investigation examined students’ views regarding the perceived impacts that Application Quests had on their learning. A phenomenological analysis of written assignments from 44 undergraduate students revealed six prevalent themes. The Application Quests were described as being unlike previous experiences, difficult and time consuming, and an emotive process. They were further identified as helpful for learning and integrating course material, improving learning across courses, and increasing readiness for professional practice. These themes are discussed in relation to Astin’s input-environment-outcome model of student development during college and potential improvements to future Application Quests.
On Transport in Heterostructures within the Independent-Particle Picture

We use a fully self-consistent model for the I–V characteristic of quantum-heterostructures to investigate effects of the carrier-carrier interaction within the mean-field approximation. We compare the Hartree approximation with two models which account for exchange-correlation effects within the local density approximation. We find that the Hartree term provides the dominant correction to the shape of the I–V curve, while exchange-correlation effects merely narrow the width of the bistable-voltage region.
Localization of receivers using phased-array wireless power transfer systems

Wireless battery charging has been incorporated into an increasing number of commercial electronics with power requirements ranging from a few milliwatts to several hundred watts. With this growing number of deployed devices, there is a necessity to quickly locate and charge them individually. Conventional localization techniques either require intelligence and extra hardware or are limited to merely detecting the presence of an object and not its position. In the proposed localization technique, we use two wireless power transmitters (TX) operating at the the same frequency. The phase difference between the two TXs can be controlled. The forward/reflected signals are measured from each TX and are used to accurately localize the receiver in a two dimensional space. This system does not require additional hardware on the TX or RX side. The entire detection process can be confined to the transmitter firmware. We also formulate a simple localization parameter using the reflected signals to prove the concept of localization.
IEEE-1149.1 use in design for verification and testability at Texas Instruments

Products aimed at standardization and cost reduction of IC and system test and debug, compatible with the JTAG/IEEE-1149.1 scan protocols and standards, are discussed. Included are ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) cells, standard interface ICs, a bus master IC, a controller interface board for IBM compatibles, a high-speed scan interface, and software to control the scan bus. Tradeoffs to be looked at when using the JTAG/IEEE-1149.1 standard for ASIC are evaluated. >
Stability of the Ca2+‐Specific and Ca2+‐Mg2+ Domains of Troponin C

The unfolding of rabbit fast skeleal muscle troponin C has been examined as a function of pH using differential scanning calorimetry as a probe. Studies were conducted between pH 7.2 and 5025 in the absence of both Ca2+ and Mg2+. At pH 7.2, a single unfolding transition with a tm of 58°C, is observed. Decreasing the pH to 5.5 increases the tm for this transition to 67°C. At values ≦5.5, a second unfolding transition is observed, which has a tm of 51°C. These studies suggest that troponin C consists of two types of structural domains: one has a compac structure throughout the pH range examined; the other has a poorly ordered structure at pH 7.2 which becomes more compact as the pH is decreased. We conclude that stabilization of both types of domains occurs through protonation of carboxylate groups clustered in each of the four Ca2+-binding loops. Our data are consistent with assignment of the higher-temperature transition to unfolding of N-terminal protion of the molecule, which contains the Ca2+-specific domains and of the lower-temperature transition to unfolding of the C-terminal portion, which contains the Ca2+-Mg2+ domains.
Ribosome-binding sites and RNA-processing sites in the transcript of the Escherichia coli unc operon.

Abstract The polycistronic mRNA encoding the nine genes of the unc operon of Escherichia coli was studied. We demonstrated the ribosome-binding capabilities of six of the nine unc genes, uncB, uncE, uncF, uncH, uncA, and uncD, by using the technique of primer extension inhibition or "toeprinting." No toeprint was detected for the other genes, uncI, uncG, and uncC. The lack of a toeprint for uncG suggests that this gene is expressed by some form of translational coupling, such that either uncG is read by ribosomes which have translated the preceding gene, uncA, or translation of uncA is required for ribosome binding at the uncG site. RNA sequencing and primer extension in the regions of uncI and uncC, the first and last genes in the operon, respectively, gave less intense signals than those obtained for the other unc genes. This suggested that there are fewer copies of those regions of the transcript and that processing of the unc transcript occurred. Using primer extension and RNA sequencing, we identified sites in the unc transcript at which processing appears to take place, including a site which may remove much of the uncI portion of the transcript. Northern (RNA) blot analysis of unc RNA is consistent with the presence of an RNA-processing site in the uncI region of the transcript and another in the uncH region. These processing events may account for some of the differential levels of expression of the unc genes.
The spectrum of cutaneous disease in leukemias

Cutaneous eruptions are frequent complications in the clinical course of patients with leukemia. Leukemia cutis is occasionally the cause of the eruption, but in many cases the lesions are non-leukemic. We have retrospectively selected all skin biopsies from patients with a computer-coded diagnosis of leukemia seen in the Stanford University Department of Pathology in the last 7 years, and separated these cases into the broad categories of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We also analyzed separately those cases seen in patients treated with bone marrow transplantation from those treated with standard chemotherapy regimens. We found that leukemia cutis was seen frequently as the cause of lesions in patients with CML and CLL. In contrast, a wide variety of lesions were seen in patients with AML, including a greater number of infectious lesions, drug reactions, vasculitis, and lesions secondary to a hemorrhagic diathesis. In the bone marrow transplantation patients, graft vs host disease was usually the cause of skin lesions in those transplanted for CML and ALL, but again those patients with an underlying diagnosis of AML showed a wide variety of lesions including drug reactions, fungal infections and leukemia cutis. Finally, 6% of cases from patients with AML showed intraepidermal blistering disorders of various types, an association that has not been previously reported.
Clinical correlates with microalbuminuria in non-insulin dependent diabetes: Preliminary results of the appropriate blood pressure control in diabetes trial

Summary: Clinical correlates associated with urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) are less well known than in insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM). We therefore performed a cross sectional study examining the relationships of clinical risk factors and diabetic complications with UAE in 950 NIDDM patients. the UAE status was classified into the following categories: (i) no albuminuria ( 200 μg/min). Univariate and miltivariate analyses were initially performed evaluating the associations between clinical risk factors and UAE. Univariate and multivariate analyses were then performed examining the relationships between UAE and the diabetic complications (retinopathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disease). Using multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for diabetes duration, glycosylated haemoglobin, gender and race, the most significant predictors of microalbuminuria and overt albuminuria were systolic hypertension, increased body mass index (BMI), decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, insulin use and smoking pack years. Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluating the associations between UAE and diabetic complications revealed that UAE was a strong predictor of retinopathy (odds ratio [OR]=1.31:95% confidence interval [CI]=1.05,1.66), neuropathy (OR=1.47; CI=1.19,19.83), and cardiovascular diseases (OR=1.28; CI=1.05,1.52). Thus, in the present study increases in UAE were associated with retinopathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disease. Urinary albumin excretion may therefore be a marker of diffuse vascular disease in NIDDM. Aggressive treatment of smoking, cholesterol and hypertension may not only diminish UAE but may also play a significant role in decreasing the other NIDDM vascular complications.
THE EFFECT OF PARENTERALLY ADMINISTERED AD-RENOCORTICAL EXTRACT ON THE INTRADERMAL SPREADING ACTION OF HYALURONIDASE1,2

HAYES, Reed and Baker (1950) reported that prolonged direct application of an alcoholic adrenocortical extract to the skin of rats caused a marked acceleration in the spreading action of hyaluronidase, this effect being evident chiefly in the area of treatment. The concept that adrenal steroids promote hyaluronidase activity stands in contrast to the impressive array of data compiled by other investigators which demonstrate that adrenocortical extract (Opsahl, 1949 a, b, c; Winter and Flataker, 1950; Seifter, Baeder and Begany, 1949), cortisone (Winter and Flataker, 1950; Seifter et al., 1950; Seifter, Baeder and Dervinis, 1949; Opsahl, 1949a) and ACTH (Seifter et al., 1950) decrease the activity of hyaluronidase. There seemed to be at least two possible explanations for the contradictory findings of Hayes, Reed and Baker (1950). First, the acceleration of spreading action as revealed by prolonged local application of adrenal steroids might be an outcome of the local application technique.
Spontaneous Occurrence of Anti-Fibrillin-1 Autoantibodies in Tight-Skin Mice

Tight-skin (TSK) mouse represents an experimental for systemic sclerosis, displaying cutaneous hyperplasia, connective tissue alterations in the internal organs and developing autoantibodies against several scleroderma target autoantigens. TSK mouse syndrome is associated with a mutation in fibrillin-1 (Fbn-1), the major component of 10 nm microfibrils. Here, we have investigated whether TSK mouse develops autoimmunity to Fbn-1 similar to scleroderma target autoantigens. Our results show that anti-Fbn-1 IgG autoantibodies are present in high titer in many TSK mice. Specificity of these antibodies was confirmed by competitive inhibition assays and Western blotting analysis using recombinant human Fbn-1 protein. TSK mouse autoantibodies recognize a conserved epitope present in the C region of Fbn-1. These results indicate the presence of Fbn-1 specific T and B cells in TSK mouse repertoire.
Digital Raingage Recorder

Abstract A digital raingage recording system is described. The apparatus includes a tipping bucket raingage and an electronic system which prints out the time of day each time the bucket tips. The electronic system operates on direct current and is capable of printing 3 lines per second. With a bucket mechanism designed to trip on 0.254 mm of rain, a rainfall rate of 1000 mm h−1 would require 1.1 lines per second.
An organizational model to distinguish between and integrate research and evaluation activities in a theory based evaluation

Theory-based evaluation (TBE) is an evaluation method that shows how a program will work under certain conditions and has been supported as a viable, evidence-based option in cases where randomized trials or high-quality quasi-experiments are not feasible. Despite the model's widely accepted theoretical appeal there are few examples of its well-implemented use, probably due to time and money limitations necessary for planning and a confusion over the definitions between research and evaluation functions and roles. In this paper, we describe the development of a theory-based evaluation design in a Math and Science Partnership (MSP) research project funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Through this work we developed an organizational model distinguishing between and integrating evaluation and research functions, explicating personnel roles and responsibilities, and highlighting connections between research and evaluation work. Although the research and evaluation components operated on independent budgeting, staffing, and implementation activities, we were able to combine datasets across activities to allow us to assess the integrity of the program theory, not just the hypothesized connections within it. This model has since been used for proposal development and has been invaluable as it creates a research and evaluation plan that is seamless from the beginning.
Parental stress as a cause and effect of pediatric burn injury.

The current study reports assessments of stress for parents of children with acute burns at the time of hospital admission and during die first 5 years after injury. At each assessment, parents of children with burns report neither more nor less stress than a normal population. At the time of admission, parents of children with acute burns do not differ from the normal sample on any of die measures of parenting stress. Parents of recovering children with burns do report significant changes. They report significantly higher depressive symptoms at year 2 after the child's burn injury and lower than normal levels of depression in years 4 and 5 after the child's injury. During the recovery period, these parents also attribute their stress more often to the child with burns, whereas other parents more evenly divide blame among their children and their personal characteristics.
Oligocene bathyal to abyssal benthic foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean

We document the bathymetric and geographic distributions of benthic foraminiferal biofacies in 267 upper Eocene to lowermost Miocene samples from 32 Atlantic sites ranging from ~450m to ~4700m paleowater depth, focusing on the Oligocene. We use samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites, Gulf of Mexico Eureka boreholes, and Barbados land sections to: 1) evaluate species and biofacies changes through depth and time; 2) calibrate bathymetric distributions using independent means of calculating paleodepth so that benthic foraminifera may be used elsewhere to estimate paleobathymetry; and 3) evaluate changes in species and biofacies as potential indicators of paleoceanographic changes. Bathyal to abyssal depths in the Atlantic were characterized by Cibicidoides praemundulus , Globocassidulina subglobosa , Gyroidinoides spp., and Oridorsalis spp. in the Oligocene, with C. praemundulus more common at bathyal depths (200–2000m). A Lenticulina spp. – dominated biofacies characterized the upper to upper lower bathyal depths (200–1200m), particularly in the late Oligocene. A biofacies dominated by N. umbonifera characterized the lower abyssal zone throughout the Oligocene, and expanded to lower bathyal depths in the South Atlantic during two time periods, ~32–29 Ma and ~24–22 Ma. These expansions correspond to marine isotope zones Oi2 and Mi1, indicating that there was a faunal response to increased Southern Ocean bottom water currents and cooling associated with ice sheet expansion and sea level fall. In addition, many individual taxa show distinct and consistent paleobathymetric distributions. Others migrate or expand/contract their preferred water depth habitats through time.
Tuning of magnetic properties in cobalt ferrite by varying Fe+2 and Co+2 molar ratios

Abstract Different grades of magnetic cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized with various molar ratios of Fe+2 to Co+2 ions in the initial salt solutions by the co-precipitation method. The crystal structure and morphology of the nanoparticles are obtained from X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis exhibited the Fe–O stretching vibration ~540 cm−1, confirming the formation of metal oxide. The magnetic studies demonstrate that all of the nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at 300 K. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles are affected by the molar ratios of Fe+2 to Co+2 ions. Among all the synthesized nanoparticles, the system with 75:25 molar ratio of Fe+2 to Co+2 ions with a particle size of 13 nm showed a high magnetization of 90 emu/g.
EFFECT OF SWEEP ANGLE AND DRAG ON THE FLUTTER SPEED OF HYDROFOILS

A determination is made of the effect on flutter frequency and speed on variations in the drag coef- ficient and sweep angle. The strip method of analysis is used with wing stiffness being estimated through strength of material analyses. The drag and lift slope coefficient are estimated to compare with experimental data obtained by T. T. Huang. These estimates obtain results which are shown to provide more favorable comparisons with various experiments conducted by him, than could be obtained heretofore. Although comparisons obtained are considered favorable, trends in the data for increasing slope angles are not completely satisfactory which indicates that a further refinement in the theory is still required. Discussion of the possible source for these trends and the limits of appli- cability of this approach are considered. method by employing arbitrary spanwise distribution of the lift curve slope and c.p. location in order to gain a more satisfactory comparison with test results. Other investigators have attempted to utilize the full application of lifting surface theories in solution of the problem. Such a procedure has been proposed by Rowe. 3 His method allows some variation in the satisfaction of the Kutta condition and inherently generates data on the lift curve slope and c.p. location. Abramson and Chu4 obtained encouraging results from their analysis which is based on strip theory. The analysis involves modifications to account for the Kutta condition and variation of the location of the lift curve slope and c.p. location. The application of these conclusions were then used to obtain a conservative flutter speed for the SWRI flutter model as a case in point, and at the same time showed the profound influence on the flutter speed caused by changes in the c.p. location and by variations in the lift curve slope along the wing. Mahig,5 using the strip theory, showed that not only did the lift curve slope affect the flutter speed but that the drag forces which have heretofore been neglected in the literature had an even more profound effect. Although the sensitivity of the flutter speed to varia- tions in the drag coefficient, c.p. location, and lift curve slope have been studied, the effect of sweep back concur- rent with the effect of the drag forces has not been consid- ered analytically by anyone. The analysis presented below does this, and as a result, makes possible a more detailed comparison of theoretical calculations with the experi- mental results obtained by T. T. Huang.6
Outcome for children with group III rhabdomyosarcoma treated with or without radiotherapy.

Abstract Purpose To analyze the sites of relapse, relapse-free survival, and overall survival in children with Group III rhabdomyosarcoma treated with or without radiotherapy (RT). Methods and materials The outcomes of 48 children with Group III rhabdomyosarcoma treated between 1980 and 1997 were evaluated. The median overall survival follow-up was 7.3 years. Of the 48 patients, 65% had embryonal histology. Local treatment after induction chemotherapy included complete surgical resection (CSR) alone in 9 (19%), CSR plus RT in 13 (27%), partial resection or rebiopsy plus RT in 10 (21%), and RT alone in 15 patients (31%). One child developed distant disease before completing local therapy. Results Of the 48 patients, 12 developed relapse at local ( n = 3), regional ( n = 4), or distant ( n = 5) sites. All 9 patients treated with CSR after induction chemotherapy had embryonal/botryoid histology. Only 1 of these 9 patients developed relapse. No statistically significant difference was found in overall survival ( p = 0.95) or relapse-free survival ( p = 0.67) between patients treated with or without RT. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of 5-year overall survival and relapse-free survival was 76% ± 7% and 74% ± 7%, respectively. Significant predictors of relapse-free survival on univariate analysis included CSR ( p = 0.03), nodal positivity ( p = 0.001), and embryonal histology ( p = 0.0003). On multivariate analysis, embryonal histology was the most significant predictor of relapse-free ( p = 0.001) and overall ( p = 0.01) survival. Conclusion The overall survival for children with Group III rhabdomyosarcoma in this series was favorable. Embryonal/botryoid histology was the most significant predictor of both overall and relapse-free survival. We found that for a selected subgroup of children with embryonal histology, induction chemotherapy followed by complete surgical resection alone may be adequate local therapy.
SIMPLE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE ION USING POLYURETHANE FOAM LOADED WITH A MIXTURE OF LIQUID ANION EXCHANGER OF MOLYBDATE FORM AND TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE

Polyurethane foam loaded with a mixture of liquid anion exchanger (Amberlite LA-2) of molybdate form and tributyl phosphate collects phosphate ion by immersing it in the sample solution, and is colored blue by reduction. The color intensity of the foam is proportional to the phosphate concentration in the (0.2-2)ppm range in 2ml of the sample water and (0.05-0.5)ppm range in 10ml of the sample water.
The Early Teaching of Statistics in American Colleges and Universities

This article traces the teaching of statistics in the United States before 1900. The principal sources of information were over 750 catalogues and anniual reports of the presidents of colleges ancd universities at the Library of Congress. Examination of leading scholarly periodicals, such as the Journal of the American Statistical Association, Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, American Economic Review, Journal of Political Economy, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Economic Journal, and the American Journal of Sociology, for the first twenty-five years of their publication yielded veiy little information. It appears that the earliest mentioni of the word "statistics" in the course title was that reported in the 1843-44 catalogue of Transylvania College. There is some doubt whether the course "was ever actually taught" (1). It was not possible to locate catalogues of this school at the Library of Congress or elsewhere, or to obtain a photostatic copy of the page of the catalogue including the course title and content and the name of the professor. It is probable that the University of Virginia was the first institution actually to offer a course. The 1845-46 catalogue indicates that the Department of Moral Philosophy offered three courses at that time, one of which is described as follows:
The future of infectious diseases.

Lederberg delivered his presentation at a symposium of the National Security Studies Program (George Washington University, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service) entitled "Emerging Issues in National Security." Lederberg's speech (that was alternatively titled "Community Disease and Global Health") was part of the symposium's session on environmental/biological factors in national security.
Calibration of a lumped simulation model for double-skin façade systems

Abstract The paper describes the calibration of a simulation model of double-skin facade systems with controlled rotating louvers and ventilation openings. The approach is based on a parameter estimation technique and in situ monitoring of a full-scale element mounted on the south facing facade of an existing building. Contrary to similar work that attempts to derive the behavior from detailed modeling of the physical transport phenomena, the new approach is based on a postulated “minimalistic” lumped model, which is calibrated on in-situ measurements. It is found that the calibrated model is surprisingly accurate and ideally suited for use in the ensuing optimal control and performance studies.