cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probability of moraine survival in a succession of glacial advances

Emplacement of glacial moraines normally results in obliteration of any older moraines deposited by less extensive glacial advances, a process we call “obliterative overlap.” A probability analysis of the likely impact of obliterative overlap on the completeness of the glacial record assumes that moraines were deposited at various distances from their glacial source areas randomly over time. Assuming randomness and obliterative overlap, after 10 glacial episodes, the most likely number of surviving moraines is only three. The record of the Pleistocene is in agreement with the probability analysis: the 10 glaciations during the past 0.9 m.y. inferred from the deep-sea record resulted in moraine sequences in which only two or three different-aged moraine belts can generally be distinguished.
Knowledge elicitation for performance assessment in a computerized surgical training system

Effective training is the key to minimizing the dangers of minimally invasive surgery (MIS). At present, the assessment of laparoscopic skills relies on the expertise of senior surgeons. The judgment is typically based on and expressed in ordinal variables that can take values such as low, medium, high or other comparable terms. This limited assessment, along with the lack of expert surgeons' metacognitive awareness of how the judgment process takes place, results in imprecise rules for the evaluation of laparoscopic surgical skills. In this work, we present the knowledge elicitation process to model the performance metrics and the rules involved in the assessment of minimally invasive surgical skills. We have implemented a scoring system for the evaluation of laparoscopic skills based on five performance metrics capable of distinguishing between four proficiency levels while providing a quantitative score. Our assessment model is based on fuzzy logic, so that it is easier to mimic the judgment that is already performed by experienced surgeons. The presented framework was empirically validated using the performance data of 38 subjects belonging to five groups: non-medical students, medical students with no previous laparoscopic training, medical students with some training, residents, and expert surgeons.
Adsorption isotope effects for carbon dioxide from illite- and quartz-packed column experiments

Abstract The transport of gas through porous media can be affected by diffusion and advection, reaction with solid and liquid phases, and adsorption onto solid substrates. Stable isotope substitution within a gas affects its adsorption affinity, solubility and diffusion coefficients and therefore isotope fractionation occurs with these processes. Adsorption of CO 2 onto dry solid substrates has been shown to have an apparent inverse isotope effect whereby 12 CO 2 is preferentially retained during chromatography compared to 13 CO 2 . Here, carbon isotope compositions are reported for CO 2 eluted from 1-dimensional flow-through column experiments on dry geologic substrate including quartz sand and crushed illite. An analytical solution to a coupled advection–diffusion–adsorption equation is developed to fit the carbon isotope data and interpret the results from each experiment and a Rayleigh fractionation model is used to interpret adsorption results. Adsorption results from the illite-packed column are shown to closely follow a Rayleigh fractionation model with an alpha value ( α adsorbed-gas ) of 0.9909 whereas only diffusion and advection are required to describe the empty and quartz-packed columns with a diffusivity ( D ) ratio of 0.9991 between 13 CO 2 and 12 CO 2 . These results demonstrate that adsorption isotope effects may significantly change the δ 13 C value of CO 2 that is transported across dry geologic media and these effects should be considered in carbon capture and storage (CCS) leakage detection studies and studies attempting to accurately source CO 2 respired in soils under transient state conditions. Isotope effects associated with CO 2 adsorption in partially or fully water-saturated geologic media should be investigated in the future.
Psychometric and psychophysical hue discrimination functions for the pigeon

Abstract Four pigeons were trained on a “yes-no” signal detection procedure to detect the presence or absence of hue difference in a split field. Response bias was manipulated by varying reinforcement probability. Discrimination indices (d'), computed for each reference wave-number (1/λ), were linearly related to wave-number difference, and were shown to be a ratio scale of wave-number difference. Intersection of these functions at d' = 2.0 yielded a hue discrimination function. This psychophysical hue discrimination function and the slopes of the psychometric functions showed that hue discrimination was best at 500, 540–550 and 600 nm spectral regions.
Characterization of the Influence of the Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride on the Structure and Thermal Stability of Green Fluorescent Protein

Ionic liquids (ILs) are finding a vast array of applications as novel solvents for a wide variety of processes that include enzymatic chemistry, particularly as more biocompatible ILs are designed and discovered. While it is assumed that a native or near-native structure is required for enzymatic activity, there is some evidence that ILs alter protein structure and oligomerization states in a manner than can negatively impact function. The IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [bmim]Cl, is a well-studied, water-miscible member of the popular 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium IL family. To improve our understanding of the impact of water-miscible ILs on proteins, we have characterized the structure and oligomerization state of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in aqueous solutions containing 25 and 50 vol % [bmim]Cl using a combination of optical spectroscopy and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Measurements were also performed as a function of temperature to provide insight into the effect of the IL on t...
Study on the Influence of Large-Scale Electric Vehicles on Power Grid

Nowadays, the depression of energy market and the ever rising price of gasoline make us pursue green transportation. With the forceful support from our government, Electric Vehicles (EVs) develop rapidly. When randomly being connected to the power grid in large scale, EVs will bring new problems to grid in operation. This paper analyzes the load characteristics of EVs and their impact on the power grid. Study the charging and discharging time and capacity of each type of EVs, based on the EVs’ charging mode in China. This paper adopts Monte Carlo simulation method to obtain expectation and standard deviation of power demand of a single EV, then calculates the overall power demand of large-scale EVs.
The use of dermatologic drugs in pregnancy and lactation

Physicians are generally reluctant to prescribe dermatologic drugs to pregnant or nursing women because treatment is often elective and can be harmful to the patient, her fetus, or nursing infant; concerns for potential litigation also give pause. Yet, some effective dermatologic drugs have been determined to be safe during pregnancy and lactation. Of great practicality is an easily accessed reference guide that condenses information on such drugs into a set of tables that list pregnancy and teratogenicity ratings. Indications and contraindications are ordered in relation to the phases and trimesters of pregnancy. A discussion of the necessity of considering stages of childbearing in choosing drug therapies introduces the tables. A summary list of cautions spells out the steps physicians should take in treating women of childbearing age.
Callous-Unemotional Behaviors in Young Girls: Shared and Unique Effects Relative to Conduct Problems.

Among girls, little is known about the shared and unique associations that callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors and conduct problems have with aspects of emotional and behavioral dysregulation and with parenting practices. This study examined these associations using a large community-based sample of young girls (N = 990). The findings revealed that hyperactivity-impulsivity and negative emotionality were positively and uniquely associated with conduct problems, but not with CU behaviors, after controlling for co-occurring conduct problems. Conduct problems were also positively associated with both generalized anxiety and panic/somatic anxiety. In contrast, CU behaviors were negatively related to generalized anxiety problems after controlling for co-occurring conduct problems. The results also indicated that conduct problems were more closely associated with harsh punishment and low parental warmth among girls with low versus high CU behaviors.
Chronic kidney disease: Safe anticoagulation for patients with CKD--are we there yet?

Data from the ARISTOTLE trial showed that apixaban, compared with warfarin, reduced the rates of stroke, death and major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation, regardless of renal function. Is the problem of balancing the risks of thromboembolism and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease finally solved?
Extraction of Cd2+ and Pb2+ from dilute aqueous solution using metal-sorbing vesicles in a hollow-fiber cartridge

Abstract Continuous extraction of heavy metal ions from dilute aqueous solution using engineered surfactant vesicles as metal ion sorbents has been investigated. In this experimental process, the metal-sorbing vesile solution circulates through the tube-side of a hollow-fiber cartridge, while metal bearing solution circulates through the shell-side. The vesicle sorbents are stable and rapidly take up and concentrate by orders of magnitude both Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ . A lipophilic metal carrier in the phosphatidylcholine vesicle wall shuttles heavy metal ions to the aqueous vesicle core where an encapsulated water-soluble chelating agent, nitrilotriacetate, complexes the ion, thereby providing the driving force for metal ion sorption. Two metal carriers have been studied: natural antibiotic, A23187, and a novel synthetic carrier. Vesicles containing the synthetic carrier show selective uptake of Pb 2+ over Cd 2+ at pH 5.5 from a mixed solution. A pseudo-steady state model simulates the overall extraction process well. The rate of extraction has been found to be limited by the rate of diffusion of ions through the hollow fiber membrane.
Effect of fixation upon the histochemistry of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) in intraoral wounds.

Abstract Intraoral wounds and biochemical films were examined to determine the best method of fixation for glycosaminoglycans. Tissues fixed in 1 % cetyl pyridinium chloride-10 % formalin stained intensely with preparations of Alcian blue. When these tissues were treated with Streptomyces hyaluronidase and bacterial chondroitinases, staining was comparable to untreated tissues fixed in only 10 % formalin. The addition of cetyl pyridinium chloride to formalin fixatives was a requirement for glycosaminoglycan histochemistry in open wounds, and presumably in other tissues that contain these complex sugars.
The effects of localized hot-carrier-induced charge in VLSI switching circuits

Abstract This paper presents data collected from CMOS test circuits designed to characterize hot-carrier effects in digital switching circuits. Test circuits were configured as CMOS inverters, transmission gates, and NMOS transmission gates. The MOSFETs within the circuits could be probed so that the degradation of their dc characteristics could be directly measured. These circuits were hot-carrier-stressed under pulsed switching conditions similar to their operation in VLSI circuits. The results indicate that device degradation is strongly dependent on the circuit configuration and switching conditions. Transmission gate circuits exhibit a more severe degradation in switching characteristics than inverter circuits due to the localization of the hot-carrier-induced charge. The localized nature of hotcarrier-induced charge must be considered at the circuit simulation level to accurately assess the effect on circuit performance.
Efficient and selective synthesis of (S,R,R,S,R,S)-4,6,8,10,16,18-hexamethyl-docosane via Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes (ZACA reaction).

(S,R,R,S,R,S)-4,6,8,10,16,18-Hexamethyldocosane (1) was synthesized in 11% yield in 11 steps in the longest linear sequence from ≥98% pure (S)-β-citronellal and 6 additional steps for the preparati...
Cross-reactive arrays based on three-way junctions

We report herein a novel system for the parallel processing of molecular recognition events utilizing arrays of oligonucleotide-based fluorescent sensors to characterize hydrophobic molecules in solution. The binding domains of the sensors were based on three-way junctions that utilize double helical stems as framework regions to reliably fold regardless of variations in or around the binding domain. A reporting domain was introduced by the specific substitution of a single phosphodiester group with a phosphorothioate, followed by selective functionalization with a fluorophore. The sensors were organized into cross-reactive arrays to yield characteristic fingerprints for samples containing hydrophobic molecules. The fingerprints can be used to characterize steroids in solution, including complex biologically important fluids. Arrays have the potential for clinical applications such as the detection of gross errors in steroidogenesis.
THE NONPROFIT SECTOR OF THE U.S. ECONOMY: A METHODOLOGICAL STATEMENT

United States input-output accounts identify and measure the interrelationships between the various industries in the United States economy. However, these accounts do not identify nonprofit activities from their for-profit counterparts in the service-producing sector. This paper, prepared by Gabriel Rudney and Paula Young, presents the methodology and summary data produced by disaggregating the service-producing industries to identify separately nonprofit activities. The input-output accounts for 1977 produced in this study include 107 industries, but in this paper the results are summarized into 14 industries showing only nonprofit and for-profit components. The GNP and total outputs in this study are consistent with the revised input-output accounts for 1977 prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Models of L-Band Radar Backscattering Coefficients Over Global Terrain for Soil Moisture Retrieval

Physical models for radar backscattering coefficients are developed for the global land surface at L-band (1.26 GHz) and 40 ° incidence angle to apply to the soil moisture retrieval from the upcoming soil moisture active passive mission data. The simulation of land surface classes includes 12 vegetation types defined by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme scheme, and four major crops (wheat, corn, rice, and soybean). Backscattering coefficients for four polarizations (HH/VV/HV/350611873VH) are produced. In the physical models, three terms are considered within the framework of distorted Born approximation: surface scattering, double-bounce volume-surface interaction, and volume scattering. Numerical solutions of Maxwell equations as well as theoretical models are used for surface scattering, double-bounce reflectivity, and volume scattering of a single scatterer. To facilitate fast, real-time, and accurate inversion of soil moisture, the outputs of physical model are provided as lookup tables (with three axes; therefore called datacube). The three axes are the real part of the dielectric constant of soil, soil surface root mean square (RMS) height, and vegetation water content (VWC), each of, which covers the wide range of natural conditions. Datacubes for most of the classes are simulated using input parameters from in situ and airborne observations. This simulation results are found accurate to the co-pol RMS errors of to 3.4 dB (six woody vegetation types), 1.8 dB (grass), and 2.9 dB (corn) when compared with airborne data. Validated with independent spaceborne phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radars and field-based radar data, the datacube errors for the co-pols are within 3.4 dB (woody savanna and shrub) and 1.5 dB (bare surface). Assessed with spaceborne Aquarius scatterometer data, the mean differences range from ~ 1.5 to 2 dB. The datacubes allow direct inversion of sophisticated forward models without empirical parameters or formulae. This capability is evaluated using the time-series inversion algorithm over grass fields.
Formalization of Grievance Procedures" A Multi-Firm and Industry Study

This study examines how two aspects of formalization of grievance procedures affect grievance procedure effectiveness: written versus oral presentation of grievance and the level of union and management authorized to resolve grievances at the first step. Several demographic variables were controlled for: size of bargaining unit, percentage of organization represented, number of grievances filed, and industry. A sample of 46 firms, representing a broad cross-section of unionized companies in the private sector, was obtained with the help of the American Arbitration Association. Results indicate that more formal grievance procedures (e.g., written presentation) are positively related to resolution rates at the first step. The number of grievances field and the size of the bargaining unit were positively related to total resolution rates prior to arbitration.
An assessment of the contribution of fossil cave deposits to the Quaternary paleontological record

Mammal-bearing cave deposits are an important part of the Quaternary fossil record, but the exact nature of the contribution that caves make to the fossil record is a research area that is largely unexplored. To explore this issue, late Pleistocene species representation in cave versuses non-cave deposits was examined. Additionally, this study examined how fossiliferous cave deposits influence perceptions of past biogeographic distributions, and evaluated factors that impact the distribution of cave deposits. Across the United States, cave deposits account for a high proportion of the individual species records known from the late Pleistocene and caves provide the only late Pleistocene records of 14 individual taxa. Calculated ratios of individual taxonomic records from caves relative to the total number of individual taxonomic records resulted in a value of 0.62. The impact of cave data on understanding of late Pleistocene biogeographic distribution patterns vary among individual species of sciurid rodents. Geographic analyses comparing the distribution of cave and non-cave sites in Texas suggest a strong relationship between site distribution and specific geologic and hydrologic features. Ultimately, understanding potential biases recorded in distinct depositional settings provides improved frameworks for interpreting the adequacy of the fossil record.
Convertibility Measures for Manufacturing Systems

Abstract With increased consumer demands for a wider variety of products In changeable, unpredicted quantities, manufacturing system responsiveness has become increasingly Important for Industry competitiveness. Manufacturers need systems that can be rapidly adjusted with regard to both functionality and throughput capacity over the lifetime of the system. Convertibility is defined as the capability of a system to adjust production functionality, or change from one product to another. End-users of manufacturing systems are struggling with the Issue of how to measure and quantify convertibility. Metrics for convertibility are proposed in this paper so that different manufacturing systems can be compared with respect to this area of performance. These metrics are based on assessments of the configuration itself, and the system components such as machines and material handling devices. Metrics for quantifying convertibility are useful for comparing system configurations during the early phases of design, with out requiring detailed product or process plan Information.
Basic Approaches to Separation. Analysis and Classification of Methods According to Underlying Transport Characteristics

Abstract We note the loss of opportunities in the historical fragmentation of separation science, and give arguments for an increased unification of approaches in the future. The complexities of classifying separation methods are discussed, and it is suggested that the science of taxonomy must be invoked to make comprehensive advances toward realistic polythetic classifications. Some basic elements of a classificatory system are described in terms of the type of displacement leading to separation and the profile of the driving force leading to relative displacement. The driving forces may be continuous (c) or discontinuous (d), arising in external fields and interfacial interactions, respectively. Flow may be integral to the separation (F) by its occurrence parallel (F(=)) or perpendicular (F(+)) to the force, or the system may be effectively static (S). These considerations lead to six fundamental categories for most separations: Sc, Sd, F(=)c, (F(=)d, F(+)c, and F(+)d. Examples are given for each catego...
Control of anion incorporation in the molecular beam epitaxy of ternary antimonide superlattices for very long wavelength infrared detection

Authors discuss how anion incorporation was controlled during the epitaxial growth process to develop InAs/GaInSb superlattice (SL) materials for very long wavelength infrared applications. A SL structure of 47.0 A InAs/21.5 A Ga0.75In0.25Sb was selected to create a very narrow band gap. Although a molecular beam epitaxy growth developed can produce a strain balanced ternary SL structure with a precisely controlled band gap around 50 meV, the material quality of grown SL layers is particularly sensitive to growth defects formed during an anion incorporation process. Since Group III antisites are the dominant structural defects responsible for the low radiative efficiencies, the authors focus on stabilizing III/V incorporation during SL layer growth by manipulating the growth surface condition for a specific anion cracking condition. The optimized ternary SL materials produced an overall strong photoresponse signal with a relatively sharp band edges and a high mobility of ~10,000 cm2/V s that is important for developing infrared materials.
Management of thalassaemia

Abstract Thalassaemias are the commonest single gene disorders in the world. They result from reduced synthesis of α or β-globin genes and can result in an asymptomatic carrier status, mild anaemia or severe anaemia which may result in intrauterine death or necessitate lifelong transfusion to sustain life. β-thalassaemia major is the most common of the most severe phenotypes. There has been significant improvement in clinical care particularly relating to transfusion safety and management of iron overload. Challenges remain to further improve care, quality of life and dealing with a globally rising incidence and prevalence of thalassaemias. This review gives an overview of the treatment of β-thalassaemia major and the management of its complications.
A model of morphogenetic pattern formation

A model for the morphogenetic movement of surfaces composed of cellular monolayers is proposed. The cells are presumed joined at their lateral surfaces. An otherwise unspecified substance called a "morphogen" is introduced which is the agent of change in the individual cell (or cell-like region). The distribution of these cellular deformations define a surface (the middle surface, through the middle of the cell heights) via equations given for the Gauss and Mean curvatures of the surface defined at each point. The Gauss curvature as a function of the morphogen level determines the metric of the surface "g(u, v)" in conformal co-ordinates u, v. A unique equation for the morphogen distribution over the survace is presented which has the property of size invariance, that is, the model "regulates" without need of further arguments. The two resulting coupled equations for the metric and the morphogen, eqns (4) and (2), both non-linear equations, are to be solved self-consistently, once the individual cell deformation as a function of morphogen is given. The surface geometry determines the morphogen distribution, and the morphogen distribution in turn affects the surface geometry. Extension of the model to two or more morphogens is straightforward, and the key property of "regulation" or size invariance of the model is retained. Numerical integration of the two coupled equations is carried out in the case of axial symmetry, and the results presented by the case that individual cells deform by changing the ratio of their apical to basal areas, as well as their heights. Gastrulation in small regulating holoblastic eggs (e.g. starfish, sea urchin and amphioxus) is discussed in light of the present model.
Synthetic studies with 13-deoxybaccatin III.

An efficient synthesis of 13-epi-7-O-(triethylsilyl)baccatin III from 13-deoxybaccatin III is described. Oxidation of 13-deoxy-7-O-(triethylsilyl)baccatin III with tert-butyl peroxide, followed by ...
Endo-extralaryngeal suture technique for endoscopic lateralization of paralyzed vocal cords

The development of the Lichtenberger endo-extralaryngeal needle carrier has allowed suture lateralization of the vocal cord in 54 patients with bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis. Of the 54 patients, 53 are included in the results, and in 50 patients this was the one and only operation necessary for improvement of their airway. Forty-eight patients underwent a tracheotomy, but underwent decannulation after the procedure. Five patients did not require a tracheotomy. Three patients' cases were considered failures because they required a second open operation to successful decannulate. Two basic methods of vocal cord lateralization are described. In 10 cases the procedure(s) was performed bilaterally to create an adequate airway. Voice quality remained excellent in 35 of the 53 patients. The remaining 18 patients had adequate airways but less than adequate voice.
Cerebellar nuclear projections from the basilar pontine nuclei and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis as demonstrated with PHA-L tracing in the rat

Small iontophoretic placements of the orthogradely transported axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were made in portions of the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) or nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) to determine if these cell groups provide projections to the cerebellar nuclei (CN) in the rat and if so, to visualize the morphology of the axons and teminals and illustrate any topographical organization in this system. Axons that originated from BPN or NRTP neurons and contained PHA-L were visualized by an immunohistochemical procedure that involved sequential incubation of tissue sections with goat anti-PHA-L antibody, biotinylated rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin, and a biotin-avidin-peroxidase conjugate. Following injections of PHA-L restricted to ventral and medial portions of the BPN, labeled fibers were observed in the brachium pontis, the white matter dorsal to the CN, and to a lesser extent, in the white matter of the parafloccular stalk. Labeled preterminal axons entered the CN and gave rise to beaded axons that arborized primarily within dorsal portions of the lateral, interposed, and medial cerebellar nuclei. Injections of PHA-L restricted to either lateral portions of the BPN or ventrolateral regions of NRTP produced labeled fibers in the cerebellum that most frequently involved the parafloccular stalk and ventral portions of the CN. In contrast, dorsomedial NRTP injections resulted in the presence of labeled fibers both in the dorsal cerebellar white matter and the parafloccular stalk as well as dorsal and ventral portions of the CN. With the exception of the rostral and medial territory of interpositus anterior which received very sparse input, all portions of each CN subdivision seemed to exhibit some degree of terminal labeling. The density of labeled axon terminals in the CN appeared to be somewhat greater in the NRTP-injected cases compared to BPN-injected animals. These observations indicate that in the rat, both the BPN and NRTP contain neurons whose axons distribute to the CN. It is likely that most of the axons which project to the CN are collaterals of fibers that continue into the cerebellar cortex as mossy fibers but confirmation of this point must await further investigation. In light of the extensive projections from the cerebral cortex to the BPN and NRTP, this axonal system provides the cerebral cortex with a relatively direct route of access to the CN via one synapse in the BPN or NRTP.
Long‐term methamphetamine‐induced decreases of [11C]WIN 35,428 binding in striatum are reduced by GDNF: PET studies in the vervet monkey

The effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) pretreatment on methamphetamine (METH)-induced striatal dopamine system deficits in the vervet monkey were characterized with [11C]WIN 35,428 (WIN)-positron emission tomography (PET). WIN, a cocaine analog that binds to the dopamine transporter (DAT), was used to provide an index of striatal dopamine terminal integrity. In two subjects, GDNF (200 μg/40 μl) was injected into the caudate and putamen unilaterally vs. saline contralaterally. After 1–2 weeks, + and –GDNF striatal WIN-PET binding values were equivalent as calculated by multiple time graphic analysis, suggestive of an absence of unilateral DAT up-regulation. Three other subjects (n = 3) received GDNF injections into the caudate and putamen unilaterally and one week later, were administered METH HCl (2 × 2 mg/kg; i.m., 24 hours apart; a neurotoxic dosage for this species). At 1 week post-METH, WIN-PET studies showed that mean WIN binding was decreased by 72% in the +GDNF and by 92% in the –GDNF striatum relative to pre-drug assessment values. Thus, GDNF pretreatment reduced the extent of METH-induced decreases in WIN binding. Subsequent WIN-PET studies (1.5–9-month range) showed a protracted recovery of WIN binding in each striatum, indicative of long-term but partially reversible METH neurotoxicity. Further, at each time point, WIN binding remained relatively higher in the +GDNF vs. –GDNF striatum. These results provide further evidence that the adult non-human primate brain remains responsive to exogenously administered GDNF and that this pharmacotherapy approach can counteract aspects of neurotoxic actions associated with methamphetamine. Synapse 35:243–249, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The recall of information about persons and groups

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of instructions to form an impression of individuals or groups on the recall of behavioral information. Several underlying factors that may affect recall were examined, including the organization of the material in memory, the availability of trait concepts as retrieval cues, the amount of processing, and the distinctiveness of the behaviors presented. In Experiment 1, subjects under instructions either to form an impression of a person, to form an impression of a group, or to remember the information received a series of trait adjectives followed by behaviors that varied in their evaluative and descriptive consistency with these adjectives. Behaviors were recalled better under person impression conditions than under other conditions; however, this difference occurred only if subjects had also recalled adjectives describing the traits that the recalled behaviors exemplified. Behaviors were recalled better under person impression conditions if they were evaluatively inconsistent with the trait adjectives presented than if they were evaluatively consistent with the adjectives; however, descriptive consistency had little effect on recall under these conditions. The effects of consistency variables under other instructional conditions were quite different. In Experiment 2, subjects received information about 12 behaviors, presented in either a list or a paragraph, under instructions either to form an impression of a person or to remember the behaviors. Unfavorable behaviors were recalled better under person impression than memory set conditions, but favorable behaviors were not. Behaviors were better recalled when they pertained to many traits than when they pertained to few, but this increase was the same regardless of instructional set. Finally, there was no evidence that the organization of the information in a list or a paragraph affected the recall of the behaviors. The implications of the results for the determinants of recall under different instructional conditions, and for the nature of cognitive representations of the information formed under different instructional sets, are discussed.
Through-glass interposer integrated high quality RF components

High quality and compact RF devices, using the half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) architecture loaded with a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR), are implemented on a glass interposer layer, which therefore serves as an interconnection layer and as a host medium for integrated passive RF components. Compared with the silicon interposer approach, which suffers from large electrical conductivity and therefore substrate loss, the glass interposer has advantages of low substrate loss, allowing high quality interconnection and passive circuits, and low material and manufacturing costs. Corning fusion glass is selected as the substrate to realize the compact CSRR-loaded HMSIW resonators and bandpass filters (BPFs) working under the principle of evanescent wave amplification. Two and three pole bandpass filters are designed for broadband operation at 5.8 GHz. Thru glass vias (TGVs) are used to define the side-wall of the substrate integrated waveguiding structure. Surface micromachining techniques are used to fabricate the proposed devices. The variations of the external quality factor (Qe) of the resonator and the internal coupling coefficient (M) of the coupled resonators are studied for filter design. Operation of the filters at 5.8 GHz with a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of more than 10% for an in-band return loss of better than 20 dB and an low insertion loss of less than 1.35 dB has been obtained, which is not feasible with a usual Si interposer approach. Measurement results are presented from 2 to 10 GHz and show good agreement with simulated ones.
Dimensionality crossover in superconducting wire networks.

We have fabricated wire networks in the form of triangular arrays of third-order Sierpinski gaskets and percolation arrays on square lattices. For the gaskets the superconducting phase boundary, ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$(H), exhibits a clear crossover between the homogeneous and inhomogeneous (fractal) regimes. This is formally equivalent to the phonon-fracton crossover. Surprisingly, the random, square-lattice percolation networks, which are expected to exhibit a similar crossover, seem to behave in a manner characteristic of two-dimensional systems, independent of length scale.
A protocol to diagnose intimate partner violence in the emergency department.

Background: To better identify women at risk for intimate partner violence (IPV), we developed a diagnostic protocol composed of injury location and response to a verbal questionnaire to identify women at high risk for reporting an IPV-related injury etiology. The purpose of this study was to test the external validity of the protocol when applied at two institutions that differ considerably in terms of geography and socioeconomic measures. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used at two demographically and geographically different hospitals, designated HI and H2. The sample was composed of adult females age ≥18 years presenting to the emergency department (ED) for evaluation and management of nonverifiable traumatic injuries. The predictor variable was risk for reporting an IPV-related injury. Risk was categorized per the protocol as high or low. High-risk subjects had visible head, neck, or face (HNF) injuries and positive responses to the questionnaires. Low-risk subject had non-HNF injuries or negative responses to the screening questionnaires. The outcome variable was self-reported injury etiology classified as IPV-related or other. Descriptive and bivariate statistics and standard measurements for a diagnostic test were computed. Results: The sample was composed of 400 subjects, with 200 subjects enrolled at each institution. Self-reported IPV was 34% and 9.5% at H1 and H2, respectively. The protocol classified 33% (H1) and 18% (H2) of subjects as high risk. Sensitivities were 90% (H1) and 74% (H2). Specificities were 96% (H1) and 88% (H2). Subjects classified per protocol as high-risk had an 18-fold (p < 0.01, H1) and 13-fold (p < 0.01, H2) increased risk for reporting IPV-related injuries. Conclusions: Despite significant geographic and socioeconomic differences between the two hospitals, the results suggest that our protocol may be applicable in disparate clinical settings.
Accounting for hedges: foreign currency exposures

Accounting for foreign currency hedges has become a fiercely complicated procedure. At a time when financial institutions are having to alter disclosure methods, the authors provide a practical guide to dealing with each type of hedging procedure.
SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN VERTEBRATE COCHLEAR ENDOLYMPH AS DETERMINED BY FLAME MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY.

Abstract 1. 1. Concentrations of 1·8 mM/1 Na and 151 mM/1 K (K/Na quotient 84) were measured in cochlear endolymph of guinea pigs, using a simplified flame microspectrophotometer which is described. 2. 2. This sodium concentration is low enough to admit of the possibility that the positive endocochlear potential is a sodium diffusion potential. 3. 3. K/Na quotients were measured in other species, the highest values obtained for each being 42 (turtle), 30 (frog) and 20 (lizard).
Lost workdays and decreased work effectiveness associated with headache in the workplace

Little is known about the impact of different types of headache on lost work time and work effectiveness in the United States. Estimation of the distribution and magnitude of the impact of headache in the workplace is necessary before workplace interventions can be developed. During 1993 and 1994 in Baltimore County, Maryland, study subjects were contacted by random-digit dialing and interviewed by telephone about their headaches. Headache diagnoses were assigned using International Headache Society criteria for migraine and episodic tension-type headache. Measures of workplace impact were derived based on self-reports of missing work because of headache and frequency and magnitude of reduced work level because of headache. Of the 13,343 respondents, 9.4% reported missing work more than rarely because of headache, 31% reported that their work level was reduced more than rarely by headache, and 9.2% reported that their work level was reduced more than 50% by headaches during work. In accounting for both actual lost workdays and reduced effectiveness at work, individuals lost the equivalent of 4.2 days per year because of headache. Of the 9922 annual estimated actual lost workdays because of headache, 57% were due to migraine and 43% were due to tension-type and other headache types. Of the 23,287 annual estimated reduced effectiveness workday equivalents, 64% were due to tension-type and other headache types, and 36% were due to migraine. Headache type, headache severity, and education level were each independent predictors of workplace impact of headache. Subjects with migraine headache were much more likely to report actual lost workdays because of headache, whereas tension-type and other headache types accounted for a large proportion of decreased work effectiveness because of headache. The results have implications regarding the control of indirect costs in the workplace because of headache, and on workplace-based treatment and prevention programs.
Utilization of Mastectomy and Reconstruction in the Outpatient Setting

Background Reconstruction rates after mastectomy have been reported to range from 25–40 %; however, most studies have focused on patients treated in an inpatient setting. We sought to determine the utilization of outpatient mastectomy and use of breast reconstruction in Southern California.
Strategic Options For Road Transport In Europe Beyond 1992

With the “EC 1992” deadline already elapsed, the European logistics environment continues to go through unprecedented change. European shippers are making significant modifications to their distribution networks and their overall logistics strategies. Although more price/service offerings and lower transportation rates have been forecast as benefits for shippers, the overall impact of the Single European Market on the operating strategies of carriers and other logistics providers remains unclear. The European transportation industry is quite different from that found in the United States in either the pre‐ or post‐deregulatory environments. Therefore, shippers cannot easily forecast what the future will hold with respect to the structure of the evolving European motor carrier industry. The objective of this research is to assess the changing European motor carrier conditions and predict how carriers may adapt to the new environment by moving into various operating strategies. By more fully understanding the probable pricing and service options available in the emerging pan‐European motor carrier industry, shippers can maximize the likelihood of selecting motor carriers that can meet the needs of their overall logistics strategies in the new operating environment.
Oxytocin reverses amphetamine-induced deficits in social bonding: evidence for an interaction with nucleus accumbens dopamine.

Drug addiction has devastating consequences on social behaviors and can lead to the impairment of social bonding. Accumulating evidence indicates that alterations in oxytocin (OT) and dopamine (DA) neurotransmission within brain reward circuitry may be involved. We investigated this possibility, as well as the therapeutic potential of OT for drug-induced social deficits, using the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster)—a socially monogamous rodent that forms enduring pair bonds between adult mates. We demonstrate that repeated exposure to the commonly abused psychostimulant amphetamine (AMPH) inhibits the formation of partner preferences (an index of pair bonding) in female prairie voles. AMPH exposure also altered OT and DA neurotransmission in regions that mediate partner preference formation: it decreased OT and DA D2 receptor immunoreactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc), respectively, and increased NAcc DA levels. Administration of OT directly into the mPFC of AMPH-exposed voles restored partner preferences, and altered NAcc DA levels, and this effect was dependent on OT receptor activation. Together, these data suggest that repeated AMPH exposure impairs pair bonding through an OT-mediated mechanism, and that OT and DA systems within brain reward circuitry may interact to mediate the complex relationship between drug abuse and social bonding. Further, these results provide empirical support for the idea that the central OT system may represent an important target for the treatment of social deficits in addiction.
Weights for symmetric and general linear groups

Abstract An important feature of the theory of finite groups is the number of connections and analogies with the theory of Lie groups. The concept of a weight has long been useful in the modular representation theory of finite Lie groups in the defining characteristic of the group. The idea of a weight in the modular representation theory of an arbitrary finite group was recently introduced in Alperin (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 41 (1987, 369–379), where it was conjectured that the number of weights should equal the number of modular irreducible representations. Moreover, this equality should hold block by block. The conjecture has created great interest, since its truth would have important consequences—a synthesis of known results and solutions of outstanding problems. In this paper we prove the conjecture first for the modular representations of symmetric groups and second for modular representations in odd characteristic r for the finite general linear groups. In the latter case r may be assumed to be different from the defining characteristic p of the group, since the result is known when r is p. The well-known analogy between the representation theory of the symmetric and general linear groups holds here too.
Differences between first time and repeat spectator tourists of a youth soccer event: intentions and image approaches

The understanding of behaviours of sport tourists is an important topic for destination tourist development. Given that repeat visitation is often a desired outcome for tourism destinations, this study examines whether there are differences in behavioural outcomes and image perceptions of spectators of a small-scale sport event based on past behaviours. Data were collected from tourist spectators attending a youth soccer sport event. The hypotheses focused on differences among first-, second-, and third-time attendees regarding their future behaviours and images of the event and the destination. The results revealed no differences in these variables between the three groups. Implications for this study suggest that youth sport event spectators may form strong behavioural and image perceptions from the first time they attend the event, which do not change with attendance frequency. Destination marketers can invest marketing resources to attract first-time attendees and achieve long-term behavioural outcomes.
A Study of the Resistance of Rhode Island Reds to Implants of Lymphoid Tumor Strain RPL-12

ABSTRACT THE work of Hutt et al. (1941), Taylor et al. (1943), Waters (1945), Waters and Prickett (1946), Waters (1951), and King et al. (1952) shows that lines of chickens can be developed which are highly resistant to naturally occurring visceral leucosis. Heritability estimates for susceptibility to naturally occurring leucosis of .051 and .048 were made by Lush et al. (1948) and Robertson and Lerner (1949) respectively. Nightall (1956) reported heritability estimates of death due to spontaneous leucosis of .009 for Light Sussex and .054 for Rhode Island Reds from unselected stock. No estimates of host susceptibility to induced visceral leucosis are found in the literature. Other workers have demonstrated that visceral leucosis can be induced in healthy chickens by the use of an inoculum prepared of material from leucotic birds (Furth and Breedis, 1933; Furth and Breedis, 1935; Burmester et al., 1946; Burmester and Cottral, 1947; Burmester and Dennington, 1947; . . .
The kondratiev phenomenon: A systems perspective

During periods of social and economic malaise, such as the present, there tends to be renewed interest in Kondratiev cycles or economic long waves. However, the existence of these forms is highly debated. This paper redefines the issues to emphasize deep evolutionary sequences of societal structural changes within which more surficial periodic and aperiodic cycles and spatiotemporal waveforms can be recognized. The history of long-wave studies and controversy is discussed. The original findings of N. D. Kondratiev are briefly reviewed. The characteristics of the present downturn are discussed. A systems summary of the Kondratiev phenomenon is presented. Then evidence for the existence of the Kondratiev phenomenon and its associated manifestations is provided. Considerable evidence comes from the analysis of time-series data. However, major emphasis is placed on systems theory and the explanatory role of system dynamics, catastrophe theory and dissipative-structure theory. The importance of macropsychological driving forces is briefly summarized. Kondratiev theory is interpreted as paradigm shift. The relevance of Kondratiev theory to societal systems planning, policymaking and design is stressed. This paper deals with the levels of the society and supranational system of living systems theory.