cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Geometry of the Light Echo from SN 2006X

We report on the discovery of the geometry producing the light echo emanating from supernova 2006X, a nearby but underluminous Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) in M100 (=NGC 4321). This offers a rare chance to study the environment of a SN Ia. Contrary to previous reports, there is little evidence of a circumstellar component in the light echo morphology or in the light curve of the unresolved SN point source. Instead, the obvious and dominant echo contribution comes from what is probably a relatively thin sheet of material some 26 pc in front of SN 2006X. Of the four known SN Ia light echoes, three show no evidence of a circumstellar echo and the fourth needs to be confirmed. We consider other evidence for circumstellar material around SN Ia, which may be rare.
Enkephalin-based drug design: conformational analysis of O-linked glycopeptides by NMR and molecular modeling

Abstract Glycosylation provides an effective means of enhancing penetration of the blood–brain barrier by pharmacologically active peptides. Glycosylated enkephalin analogues demonstrate much greater analgesic effects than their unglycosylated counterparts when administered peripherally. The solution conformations of glycopeptide enkephalin analogues with the sequences H-Tyr-c-[ d -Cys-Gly-Phe- d -Cys]-Ser(β-O-Glcp)-Gly-NH2, 2, and H-Tyr-c-[ d -Cys-Gly-Phe- d -Cys]-Ser(α-O-Glcp)-Gly-NH2, 3, have been determined by NMR and molecular modeling, and were compared to the unglycosylated peptide H-Tyr-c-[ d -Cys-Gly-Phe- d -Cys]-Ser-Gly-NH2, 1, to determine the impact of glycosylation on peptide conformation. The only observed conformational effects were on the residue of attachment, Ser6, and on the adjacent Gly7-amide. This has important implications in peptide-based drug design in that strategically placed glycosylation can improve transport without destruction of the receptor selectivity of a pre-existing non-glycosylated peptide pharmacophore.
The Power Spectrum of the CfA/SSRS UZC Galaxy Redshift Survey

The combined CfA2/SSRS redshift catalog has recently been improved and made public. We compute the redshift-space power spectrum of this catalog using the regions at -2.5? ? ?1950 ? 50? north (8h ? ?1950 ? 17h) and south (20h ? ?1950 ? 3h,b ? -13?) of the Galactic plane, where it is 98% complete down to Zwicky magnitude 15.5 and contains 13,681 galaxies. Our analysis uses Heavens-Taylor mode expansion, Karhunen-Lo?ve data compression, and the Fisher matrix technique to compute quadratic band power estimates. This allows an exact calculation of window functions, including the integral constraint, in addition to the production of a power spectrum with uncorrelated error bars. Our results with this larger data set agree well with those of previous studies. We analyze 101 h-1 Mpc and 130 h-1 Mpc volume-limited subsets in addition to the full magnitude-limited sample, and our results are well fitted by, e.g., ?CDM models with bias b = 1.2, 1.4, and 1.4, respectively. We estimate the effect of extinction using the Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis dust map. Our results are exclusively for the redshift space galaxy power spectrum, so they can only be compared with theoretical predictions if appropriate corrections are made for biasing and redshift space distortions.
How much benevolence is benevolent enough

Political agents in charge of policy under democracy confront a dilemma like that faced in ‘stag hunt’ games. The absence of an effective enforcement mechanism for punishing politicians who cater to special interests gives political agents strong reason to doubt the commitment of their fellow statesmen to the public welfare. As a result, even when policymakers are partially benevolent towards the public, they are still led to cater to special interests and society fares no better off than if politicians were strictly self-interested. Political agent benevolence is thus an all-or-nothing proposition. Unless benevolence is total, policy looks the same.
Quasi-dynamic traffic light control for a single intersection

We address the traffic light control problem for a single intersection by viewing it as a stochastic hybrid system and developing a Stochastic Flow Model (SFM) for it. We adopt a quasi-dynamic control policy based on partial state information defined by detecting whether vehicle backlog is above or below a certain threshold, without the need to observe an exact vehicle count. Using Infinitesimal Perturbation Analysis (IPA), we derive on-line gradient estimators of an average traffic congestion metric with respect to these controllable green and red cycle lengths when the vehicle backlog is above or below the threshold. The estimators are used to iteratively adjust light cycle lengths so as to improve performance and, in conjunction with a standard gradient-based algorithm, to seek optimal values which adapt to changing traffic conditions. Simulation results are included to illustrate the approach and quantify the benefits of quasi-dynamic traffic light control over earlier static approaches.
Placing Confidence Limits on Polarization Measurements

The determination of the true source polarization given a set of measurements is complicated by the requirement that the polarization always be positive. This positive bias also hinders construction of upper limits, uncertainties, and confidence regions, especially at low signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns). We take a Bayesian approach to creating confidence regions and upper limits by integrating over the likelihood function for polarization measurements. These regions are valid for both low- and high-S/N measurements.
Analysis of the hybrid copper oxide–copper sulfate cycle for the thermochemical splitting of water for hydrogen production

Abstract The hybrid copper oxide–copper sulfate water-splitting thermochemical cycle involves two principal steps: (1) hydrogen production from the electrolysis of water, SO2(g) and CuO(s) at room temperature and (2) the thermal decomposition of the CuSO4 product to form oxygen and SO2, which is recycled to the first step. A four-reaction version of the cycle (known in the literature as Cycle H-5) was used as the basis of the present work. For several of the four reactions, a rotating batch reactor sequence is proposed in order to overcome equilibrium limitations. Pinch technology was used to optimize heat integration. Sensitivity analyses revealed it to be economically more attractive to use a 10 °C approach to minimize heat loss (rather than 20 °C). Using standard Aspen Plus features and the Peng–Robinson equation of state for separations involving oxygen and sulfur oxides, a proposed flowsheet for the cycle was generated to yield “Level 3” results. A cost analysis of the designed plant (producing 100 million kmol/yr hydrogen) indicates a total major equipment cost of approximately $45 million. This translates to a turnkey plant price (excluding the cost of the high-temperature heat source or electrolyzer internals) of approximately $360 million. Based on a $2.50/kg selling price for hydrogen, gross annual revenue could be on the order of $500 million, resulting in a reasonable payback period when all capital and operating costs are considered. Previous efficiency estimates using Level 1 and Level 2 methods gave the process efficiency in the neighborhood of 47–48%. The Level 3 efficiency computation was 24–25% depending on the approach temperature used for recuperation. If the low quality heat rejected by the process can be recovered and used elsewhere, the Level 3 analysis could be as high as 51–53%.
Understanding Urban dynamics

As indicated by published reviews and unpublished criticisms, some readers have had difficulty in understanding several of the most important points of Urban Dynamics by Professor Jay W. Forrester. The book contains several stumbling blocks. For example, certain pet theories that for years have been thought to be important in the dynamics of an urban area are scarcely even mentioned (e.g., transportation, crime, pollution, discrimination and suburbs). Also, several measures of urban characteristics appear to be sufficiently different in the model from those found in real urban areas to distract one's attention from the main points of the book. But there is a message in Urban Dynamics, and when it is comprehended, these stumbling blocks become less significant. This paper is intended to help the reader of Urban Dynamics to understand the message of the book and to see beyond many of the criticisms that have been made.
Synthesis of enamides related to the salicylate antitumor macrolides using copper-mediated vinylic substitution

A new approach to the assembly of enamides is described using copper(I) carboxylate-catalyzed substitution of vinyl iodides and amides. Modified reaction conditions have been developed to synthesize the O-methyloxime enamide side chains related to the natural products lobatamides A−F, oximidine I and II, and CJ-12 950.
The Effect of Type Ibc Contamination in Cosmological Supernova Samples

We explore the effect of contamination of intermediate-redshift Type Ia supernova samples by Type Ibc supernovae (SNe). Simulating observed samples of Type Ia and mixed Type Ibc/Ia populations at a range of redshifts for an underlying cosmological concordance model (ΩM = 0.27, Ωλ = 0.73), we find that even small contamination levels, 2%-5%, may bias the derived Ωλ and ΩM toward larger values. We thus emphasize the need for clean samples of Type Ia SNe for accurate measurements of the cosmological parameters. We also simulate a SN sample similar to the fiducial SNAP detected distribution of Kim and coworkers, but include Type Ibc contamination. For this distribution we illustrate the effect of Type Ibc contamination on the distance modulus versus redshift diagram for low- and high-precision measurements.
Gravitational fields on a noncommutative space

Abstract Noncommutative three-dimensional gravity can be described in terms of a noncommutative Chern–Simons theory. We extend this structure and also propose an action for gravitational fields on an even-dimensional noncommutative space. The action is worked out in some detail for fields on a noncommutative CP 2 and on S4.
Dual Reduction and Elementary Games

Consider the incentive constraints that define the correlated equilibria of a game. The duals of these linear constraints generate Markov chains on the players' strategy sets. The stationary distributions for these Markov chains can be interpreted as the strategies in a reduced game, which is called a dual reduction. Any equilibrium of a dual reduction is an equilibrium of the original game. We say that a game is elementary if all incentive constraints can be satisfied as strict inequalities in a correlated equilibrium. Any game can be reduced to an elementary game by iterative dual reduction.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number: C72.
Renormalization group derivation of the localization length exponent in the integer quantum Hall effect

Abstract We compute, neglecting possible effects of subleading irrelevant couplings, the localization length exponent in the integer quantum Hall effect, for the case of white noise random potentials. The result obtained is ν = 2 for all Landau levels. Our approach consists in a renormalization group transformation of Landau orbitals, which iterates the generating functional of Green's functions for the localization problem. The value of ν is obtained from the asymptotic form of the renormalization group mapping. The basic assumptions in our derivation are the existence of a scaling law for the localization length and the absence of Landau level mixing.
U.S. Chamber of Commerce Liability Survey: Inaccurate, Unfair, and Bad for Business

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce uses its Survey of State Liability to criticize judiciaries and seek legal change but no detailed evaluation of the survey's quality exists. This article presents evidence that the survey is substantively inaccurate and methodologically flawed. It incorrectly characterizes state law; respondents provide less than 10 percent correct answers for objectively verifiable responses. It is internally inconsistent; a state threatened with judicial hellhole status ranked first in the survey while venues not on the list ranked lower. The absence of correlation between survey rankings and observable activity suggests that other factors drive the rankings. Two factors may help explain them. First, persistent low ranking of Gulf Coast states indicates that corporate counsel cannot shed hostility to states that were prominent in asbestos and tobacco litigation, notwithstanding changes in state laws. Second, low rankings of populous states suggest respondents fail to distinguish between rates of events and the absolute number of events. Adverse events in large states may occur more often but not necessarily at higher rates than in small states. The Chamber's uses of the survey fail to account for the sample design, fail to account for the same respondent rating multiple states, fail to account for industry effects, and fail to distinguish among respondents based on their knowledge of a state. The survey may discourage investment in the United States. and corporate risk managers' views suggest that the survey promotes corporate behavior that needlessly endangers the public.
Vibration and flutter of stiff-inplane elastically tailored composite rotor blades

Aeroelastic response, blade and hub loads, and shaft-fixed aeroelastic stability is investigated for a helicopter with elastically tailored stiff-inplane composite rotor blades. A free wake model for nonuniform rotor inflow is integrated with a recently developed finite-element-based aeroelastic analysis for helicopters with tailored composite blades. Pitch-flap and pitch-lag elastic couplings, introduced through the anisotropy of the plies in the blade spar, have a significant effect on the dynamic elastic torsion response. Positive and negative pitch-flap couplings reduce vertical hub shear forces approximately 20% in the high vibration transition flight regime, however, negative pitch-flap elastic coupling significantly increases inplane hub shear forces at all flight speeds. The influence of pitch-flap, pitch-lag, and extension-torsion elastic couplings on the rotating frame blade bending moments is small. Ply-induced composite couplings have a powerful effect on blade stability in both hover and forward flight. Positive pitch-flap, positive pitch-lag, and positive extension-torsion couplings each have a stabilizing effect on lag mode damping. Negative pitch-lag coupling has a strong destabilizing effect on blade lag stability, resulting in a mild instability at moderate flight speeds.
Simultaneous Embedding of a Planar Graph and Its Dual on the Grid

Traditional representations of graphs and their duals suggest that the dual vertices should be placed inside their corresponding primal faces, and the edges of the dual graph should only cross their corresponding primal edges. We consider the problem of simultaneously embedding a planar graph and its dual on a small integer grid such that the edges are drawn as straight-line segments and the only crossings are between primal--dual pairs of edges. We provide an O(n) time algorithm that simultaneously embeds a 3-connected planar graph and its dual on a (2n - 2) � (2n - 2) integer grid, where n is the total number of vertices in the graph and its dual. All the edges are drawn as straight-line segments except for one edge on the outer face, which is drawn using two segments.
The Growth of Planetary Embryos: Orderly, Runaway, or Oligarchic?

We consider the growth of a protoplanetary embryo embedded in a planetesimal disk. We take into account the dynamical evolution of the disk caused by (1) planetesimal-planetesimal interactions, which increase random motions and smooth gradients in the disk, and (2) gravitational scattering of planetesimals by the embryo, which tends to heat up the disk locally and repels planetesimals away. The embryo's growth is self-consistently coupled to the planetesimal disk dynamics. We demonstrate that the details of the evolution depend on only two dimensionless parameters incorporating all the physical characteristics of the problem: the ratio of the physical radius to the Hill radius of any solid body in the disk (which is usually a small number), and the number of planetesimals inside an annulus of the disk with width equal to the planetesimal Hill radius (which is usually large). We derive simple scaling laws describing embryo-disk evolution for different sets of these parameters. The results of exploration in the framework of our model of several situations typical for the protosolar nebula can be summarized as follows: Initially, the planetesimal disk dynamics is not affected by the presence of the embryo, and the growth of the embryo's mass proceeds very rapidly in the runaway regime. Later, when the embryo starts being dynamically important its accretion slows down, similar to the "oligarchic" growth picture. The scenario of orderly growth originally suggested by Safronov is never realized in our calculations; the scenario of runaway growth suggested by Wetherill & Stewart is only realized for a limited range in mass. The slow character of the planetesimal accretion in the oligarchic stage of the embryo's accumulation leads to a considerable increase of the protoplanetary formation timescale compared with that following from a simple runaway accretion picture valid for homogeneous planetesimal disks.
Fast Approach for Calculating Film Thicknesses and Pressures in Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Contacts at High Loads

The film thicknesses and pressures in elastohydrodynamically lubricated contacts have been calculated for a line contact by using an improved version of Okamura's approach. The new approach allows for lubricant compressibility, the use of Roelands' viscosity, a general mesh (nonconstant step), and accurate calculations of the elastic deformation. The new approach is described, and the effects on film thickness, pressure, and pressure spike of each of the improvements are discussed. Successful runs have been obtained at high pressure (to 4.8 GPa) with low CPU times.
Separation of oil-in-water emulsions using electrospun fiber membranes and modeling of the fouling mechanism

Microfiltration of emulsions of oil (dodecane) in water using electrospun membranes of poly(trimethyl hexamethylene terephthalamide) (PA6(3)T) is demonstrated. Rejection of the emulsified dodecane increased from (4.3±0.9)% to (85±5)% when the ratio of droplet diameter to fiber diameter (dp/df) increased from 0.57±0.04 to 2.5±0.4, respectively. The normalized flux (relative to the pure water flux) decreased in proportion to the increase in emulsified oil concentration. The variations observed in flux with time are well-described by models in which the oil fouls the membrane, imparting an additional resistance to transport. The resistivity of the foulant increased with an increase in the concentration of oil in the feed, and grew fastest when dp/df was close to unity. A foulant deposition model is proposed in which the oil droplets form a conformal coating on the fibers. The normalized flux of electrospun membranes was approximately three times higher than that of a commercial phase inversion membrane of comparable bubble point diameter, while exhibiting a similar rejection.
Landen transformations and the integration of rational functions

We present a rational version of the classical Landen transformation for elliptic integrals. This is employed to obtain explicit closed-form expressions for a large class of integrals of even rational functions and to develop an algorithm for numerical integration of these functions.
The Structure of the Local Interstellar Medium. V. Electron Densities

We present a comprehensive survey of C iiabsorption detections toward stars within 100 pc in order to measure the distribution of electron densities present in the local interstellar medium (LISM). Using high spectral resolution observations obtainedbyGHRS andSTISonboardHST,wesearched foralldetectionsof LISM Ciiabsorption.We identify13sightlineswith23individualCiiabsorption components,whichprovide electrondensitymeasurements. We employ several strategies to determine more accurate C ii column densities from the saturated C ii resonance line, including constraints of the line width from the optically thin C iiline, constraints from independent temperature measurementsof theLISMgasbasedonlinewidthsof otherions,andthird,usingmeasuredSiicolumndensitiesasa proxyforCiicolumndensities.Thedistributionof electrondensitiesbasedonusingSiiasaproxyforCiiissimilarto the distribution based on carbon alone, while significantly tighter, and proves to be a promising technique to avoid grossly overestimating the C ii column density based on the saturated line profile. The sample of electron densities appears consistent with a lognormal distribution and an unweighted mean value of ne(C iiS ii) ¼ 0:11 þ0:10 � 0:05 cm � 3 . Seven individual sight lines probe the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC), and all present a similar value for the electron density, with a weighted mean of ne(LIC) ¼ 0:12 � 0:04 cm � 3 . Given some simple assumptions, the range of ob- served electron densities translates into a range of thermal pressures, P/k ¼ 3300 þ5500 � 1900 Kc m � 3 . This work greatly expands the number of electron density measurements and provides important constraints on the ionization, abun- dance, and evolutionary models of the LISM. Subject headingg atomic processes — ISM: abundances — line: profiles — solar neighborhood — techniques: spectroscopic — ultraviolet: ISM
Multiagent Meta-level Control for a Network of Weather Radars

It is crucial for embedded systems to adapt to the dynamics of open environments. This adaptation process becomes especially challenging in the context of multiagent systems. In this paper, we argue that multiagent meta-level control is an effective way to determine when this adaptation process should be done and how much effort should be invested in adaptation as opposed to continuing with the current action plan. We develop a reinforcement learning based mechanism for multiagent meta-level control that facilitates the metalevel control component of each agent to learn policies in a decentralized fashion that (a) it can efficiently support agent interactions with other agents and (b) reorganize the underlying network when needed. We evaluate this mechanism in the context of a multiagent tornado tracking application called NetRads. Empirical results show that adaptive multiagent meta-level control significantly improves the performance of the tornado tracking network for a variety of weather scenarios.
Effect of Operational Conditions on Cooling Performance of Pump-Assisted and Capillary-Driven Two-Phase Loop

As electronics advance and utilize higher power densities, the demand for efficient cooling methods increase. Because of high heat flux capability, two-phase cooling systems may be applied to cool a wide variety of newly emergent technologies such as power electronics seen in electric-drive vehicles. This paper presents the experimental results of the cooling performance of a pump-assisted and capillary-driven two-phase loop which utilizes a unique planar evaporator. The evaporator is fed liquid by both mechanical and capillary pumping, while the vapor and liquid phases in the evaporator are separated by capillary force to prevent it from flooding. Water was used as the working fluid. To reduce the heat leakage through the wall of the evaporator, stainless steel of a relatively low thermal conductivity was used as evaporator enclosure material, while copper was used for the heater. This paper discusses the effects of various operation variables of the two-phase cooling loop, such as heat input, system pressure, liquid flow rate, and heat sink temperature on the cooling performance of the two-phase loop.
Economics at the FCC, 2011–2012: Spectrum Incentive Auctions, Universal Service and Intercarrier Compensation Reform, and Mergers

The past year in economics at the Federal Communications Commission covered a broad range of topics in telecommunications policy. This paper highlights the economic issues that are addressed in the following key areas: spectrum management, universal service and intercarrier compensation reform, and merger review. In spectrum management, the FCC received congressional authority to implement an “incentive auction” to repurpose television broadcasting spectrum into flexible-use licenses that will be suitable for mobile wireless service providers. We discuss some important issues in designing the auction. We next address some aspects of the FCC’s comprehensive reforms of intercarrier compensation, which mainly involves call termination rates, and of universal service. Finally, we discuss the economic analysis of two major mergers: AT&T-T-Mobile, which the FCC staff recommended should be referred to an administrative hearing, and Level 3/Global Crossing, which was cleared with no conditions.
2,3-Bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene: Substrate for Michael Donor/Acceptors in a Novel Synthesis of Fused Cyclopentenes.

The reaction of 2,3-bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene with the anion of various 1-substituted dimethyl 1-pentenedioates has been investigated with the purpose of devising a tandem conjugate addition−[3 + 2]-anionic cyclization route for the synthesis of bicyclo[3.3.0]octenes. The reaction proceeds with complete stereospecificity as was evidenced by treating (E)- and (Z)-dimethyl (3-cyano-2-propenyl)propanedioate with NaH in the presence of the bis(phenylsulfonyl)diene. In both cases only a single cycloadduct was obtained with no detectable signs of the other diastereomer. The overall process involves a series of three sequential conjugate additions followed by benzenesulfinate ion ejection. The success of the method is dependent on the electrophilicity of the proximal π-bond. When 2-((5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuranyl)methyl)malonic acid dimethyl ester was used, a mixture of the tricyclic adduct as well as an allene was obtained. In this case, elimination of the benzenesulfinate group from the initially formed sul...
Pole Allocation Using Matrix Perturbations

An approach is presented for the analysis and design of controllers and observers for high-dimensional systems using pole allocation and matrix perturbation theory. Development of a feedback control law that leads to a desired closed-loop configuration is a prohibitive task computationally, especially for large-order systems. Existing pole allocation algorithms can handle only low-order models. In this paper, matrix perturbation theory is used to provide an estimate of the system eigensolution, which is consequently used to analyze and design the closed-loop controller. The accuracy of the control (or observer) design depends on how small a perturbation the controls (or observer gains) are on the uncontrolled system, and it is assessed qualitatively by considering Gerschgorin's disks and the system eigensolution.
N = 1 string duality

Abstract We discuss duality between type IIA string theory, eleven-dimensional supergravity, and heterotic string theory in four spacetime dimensions with N = 1 supersymmetry. We find theories whose infrared limit is trivial at enhanced symmetry points as well as theories with N = 1 supersymmetry but the field content of N = 4 theories which flow to the N = 4 fixed line in the infrared.
Faint Radio Sources in the NOAO Bootes Field. VLBA Imaging And Optical Identifications

As a step toward investigating the parsec-scale properties of faint extragalactic radio sources, the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) was used at 5.0 GHz to obtain phase-referenced images of 76 sources in the NOAO Bootes field. These 76 sources were selected from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty cm (FIRST) catalog to have peak flux densities above 10 mJy at 5'' resolution and deconvolved major diameters of less than 3'' at 1.4 GHz. Of these faint radio sources, 57 were identified with accretion-powered radio galaxies and quasars brighter than 25.5 mag in the optical I band. On Very Large Array (VLA) scales at 1.4 GHz, a measure of the compactness of the faint sources (the ratio of the peak flux density from FIRST to the integrated flux density from the NRAO VLA Sky Survey catalog) spans the full range of possibilities arising from source-resolution effects. Of the faint radio sources, 30, or 39%, were detected with the VLBA at 5.0 GHz with peak flux densities above 6 σ ~ 2 mJy at 2 mas resolution. The VLBA detections occur through the full range of compactness ratios. The stronger VLBA detections can themselves serve as phase-reference calibrators, boding well for opening up much of the radio sky to VLBA imaging. For the adopted cosmology, the VLBA resolution corresponds to 17 pc or finer. Most VLBA detections are unresolved or slightly resolved, but one is diffuse and five show either double or core-jet structures; the properties of these latter six are discussed in detail. Three VLBA detections are unidentified and fainter than 25.5 mag in the optical I band; their properties are highlighted because they likely mark optically obscured active nuclei at high redshift.
Bond computing systems: a biologically inspired and high-level dynamics model for pervasive computing

Targeting at modeling the high-level dynamics of pervasive computing systems, we introduce bond computing systems (BCS) consisting of objects, bonds and rules. Objects are typed but addressless representations of physical or logical (computing and communicating) entities. Bonds are typed multisets of objects. In a BCS, a configuration is specified by a multiset of bonds, called a collection. Rules specify how a collection evolves to a new one. A BCS is a variation of a P system introduced by Gheorghe Paun where, roughly, there is no maximal parallelism but with typed and unbounded number of membranes, and hence, our model is also biologically inspired. In this paper, we focus on regular bond computing systems (RBCS), where bond types are regular, and study their computation power and verification problems. Among other results, we show that the computing power of RBCS lies between linearly bounded automata (LBA) and LBC (a form of bounded multicounter machines) and hence, the regular bond-type reachability problem (given an RBCS, whether there is some initial collection that can reach some collection containing a bond of a given regular type) is undecidable. We also study a restricted model (namely, B-boundedness) of RBCS where the reachability problem becomes decidable.
Reeh-Schlieder Defeats Newton-Wigner: On Alternative Localization Schemes in Relativistic Quantum Field Theory

Many of the "counterintuitive" features of relativistic quantum field theory have their formal root in the Reeh-Schlieder theorem, which in particular entails that local operations applied to the vacuum state can produce any state of the entire field. It is of great interest then that I.E. Segal and, more recently, G. Fleming (in a paper entitled "Reeh-Schlieder meets Newton-Wigner") have proposed an alternative "Newton-Wigner" localization scheme that avoids the Reeh-Schlieder theorem. In this paper, I reconstruct the Newton-Wigner localization scheme and clarify the limited extent to which it avoids the counterintuitive consequences of the Reeh-Schlieder theorem. I also argue that there is no coherent interpretation of the Newton-Wigner localization scheme that renders it free from act-outcome correlations at spacelike separation.
Spin Dynamics Simulations : A Powerful Method for the Study of Critical Dynamics

spins with quite goodaccuracy. Thisapproachwillbeintroduced,includingthetheoreticalfoundationsofthemethodsofanaly-sis. Thennewlydeveloped,improvedtechniquesbaseduponSuzuki-Trotterdecompositionmethods will be described. The current “state-of-the-art” will be evaluated with speciﬁcexamplesdrawnfromdataonsimplemagneticmodels. Theexaminationofdynamiccriti-calbehaviorwillbehighlightedbuttheextractionofinformationaboutexcitationsatlowtemperatureswillbeincluded.
Tools and techniques of microprocessor data transfer

This paper discusses I/O transfer from four different viewpoints. The first, "I/O Data Transfer Techniques", contrasts the two basic methods of I/O data movement. Having discussed the movement of data, "I/O control" focuses in on how the data movement is governed. "I/O Interface Hardware" takes a closer look at specific hardware that may be used to interface to the MPU. Finally, "An Example of I/O Transfer" concludes the discussion showing the software and hardware required in an actual transfer.
Experiments with single electrons in liquid helium

We describe experiments we have performed in which we are able to image the motion of individual electrons moving in liquid helium 4. Electrons in helium form bubbles of radius ~19 \AA{}. We use the negative pressure produced by a sound wave to expand these bubbles to a radius of about $10\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$. The bubbles are then illuminated with light from a flash lamp and their position recorded. We report on several interesting phenomena that have been observed in these experiments. It appears that the majority of the electrons that we detect result from cosmic rays passing through the experimental cell. We discuss this mechanism for electron production.
A Liouville-Type Theorem for Smooth Metric Measure Spaces

For smooth metric measure spaces (M,g,e −f d vol ) we prove a Liouville-type theorem when the Bakry–Emery Ricci tensor is nonnegative. This generalizes a result of Yau, which is recovered in the case f is constant. This result follows from a gradient estimate for f-harmonic functions on smooth metric measure spaces with Bakry–Emery Ricci tensor bounded from below.
Micromechanical electrometry of single-electron transistor island charge

We consider the possibility of using a micromechanical gate electrode located just above the island of a single-electron transistor to measure directly the fluctuating island charge due to tunnelling electrons.
EXTENDED SCHMIDT LAW: ROLE OF EXISTING STARS IN CURRENT STAR FORMATION

We propose an "extended Schmidt law" with explicit dependence of the star formation efficiency (SFE = SFR/M _(gas)) on the stellar mass surface density (Σ_(star)). This relation has a power-law index of 0.48 ± 0.04 and a 1σ observed scatter on the SFE of 0.4 dex, which holds over five orders of magnitude in the stellar density for individual global galaxies, including various types and especially the low-surface-brightness (LSB) galaxies that deviate significantly from the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) law. When applying it to regions of a sample of 12 spiral galaxies at sub-kiloparsec resolution, the extended Schmidt law not only holds for LSB regions but also shows significantly smaller scatters both within and across galaxies compared with the KS law. We argue that this new relation points to the role of existing stars in regulating the SFE, thus better encoding the star formation physics. Comparison with physical models of star formation recipes shows that the extended Schmidt law can be reproduced by some models including gas free fall in a stellar-gravitational potential and pressure-supported star formation. By implementing this new law into the analytic model of gas accretion in ΛCDM, we show that it can reproduce the observed main sequence of star-forming galaxies (a relation between the SFR and stellar mass) from z = 0 up to z = 2.
Inflation uncertainty, unemployment uncertainty and economic activity*

This paper shows that Livingston Survey measures of unemployment uncertainty are positively correlated with inflation, that inflation Granger Causes unemployment uncertainty and that shocks to inflation uncertainty or unemployment uncertainty have similar effects on real GDP growth. This suggests higher unemployment uncertainty is a cost of higher inflation that may deserve equal billing with inflation uncertainty.
Radio Detection of Radio-Quiet Galaxies

We investigate the radio emission of ~185,000 quiescent (optically unclassifiable) galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). By median-stacking Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeter (FIRST) cutouts centered on the optically-selected sources, we are able to reach flux densities down to the 10s of μJy. The quiescent galaxy sample is composed of two subgroups inhabiting vastly different regimes: those targeted for the SDSS MAIN galaxy sample (~55%) and those targeted for the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) sample (~45%). To investigate the star formation of these quiescent galaxies, we calibrate a radio to star-formation rate (SFR) conversion using a third sample of star-forming (SF) galaxies. We confirm a tight power-law dependence for the SF sample, where L 1.4GHz ~ (SFR)1.37. Comparing this SFR-indicator with indicators in the optical and UV, we derive conflicting SFR estimates for the MAIN sample quiescent galaxies. These radio-derived SFRs intersect those calculated using the 4000 A break (D4000) around an SFR of 1 M ☉ yr–1 and agree to within a factor of 3 over the range of SFRs. However, we find that the radio-derived SFRs are too high relative to the SFRs estimated for similar populations of galaxies using analysis of UV emission, implying either contamination of the radio by Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) or incomplete dust modeling. If AGN activity is dominant in these galaxies, then a relation between AGN radio luminosity and galaxy mass is required to explain the observed trends. For the LRGs, on the other hand, we find the radio luminosity to be relatively high (compared to the SF galaxies) and independent of SFR as derived from D4000, indicating that an AGN component dominates their radio emission. AGN-based radio emission often implies the existence of radio jets, providing evidence of a mechanism for low-level feedback in these quiescent LRGs.
Optical Network Design With Mixed Line Rates and Multiple Modulation Formats

With the growth of traffic volume and the emergence of various new applications, future telecom networks are expected to be increasingly heterogeneous with respect to applications supported and underlying technologies employed. To address this heterogeneity, it may be most cost effective to set up different lightpaths at different bit rates in such a backbone telecom mesh network employing optical wavelength-division multiplexing. This approach can be cost effective because low-bit-rate services will need less grooming (i.e., less multiplexing with other low-bit-rate services onto high-capacity wavelengths), while a high-bit-rate service can be accommodated directly on a wavelength itself. Optical networks with mixed line rates (MLRs), e.g., 10/40/100 Gb/s over different wavelength channels, are a new networking paradigm. The unregenerated reach of a lightpath depends on its line rate. So, the assignment of a line rate to a lightpath is a tradeoff between its capacity and transparent reach. Thus, based on their signal-quality constraints (threshold bit error rate), intelligent assignment of line rates to lightpaths can minimize the need for signal regeneration. This constraint on the transparent reach based on threshold signal quality can be relaxed by employing more advanced modulation formats, but with more investment. We propose a design method for MLR optical networks with transceivers employing different modulation formats. Our results demonstrate the tradeoff between a transceiver's cost and its optical reach in overall network design.
Construction of Bridged and Fused Ring Systems via Intramolecular Michael Reactions of Vinylnitroso Compounds

The first examples of intramolecular Michael-type reactions of in situ-formed vinylnitroso compounds with carbon nucleophiles are reported. This methodology has been used to prepare a variety of ring systems including [3.2.1]-, [2.2.2]-, and [2.2.1]-bridged carbobicyclic compounds, as well as a fused [5.5]-ring compound. Malonate anions have proven to be effective carbon nucleophiles in these conjugate addition reactions, and simple ester potassium enolates have also been successfully employed.
Coupling a QFT to a TQFT and duality

We consider coupling an ordinary quantum field theory with an infinite number of degrees of freedom to a topological field theory. On ℝ^d the new theory differs from the original one by the spectrum of operators. Sometimes the local operators are the same but there are different line operators, surface operators, etc. The effects of the added topological degrees of freedom are more dramatic when we compactify ℝ^d, and they are crucial in the context of electric-magnetic duality. We explore several examples including Dijkgraaf-Witten theories and their generalizations both in the continuum and on the lattice. When we couple them to ordinary quantum field theories the topological degrees of freedom allow us to express certain characteristic classes of gauge fields as integrals of local densities, thus simplifying the analysis of their physical consequences.
Extratropical Stratosphere-Troposphere Mass Exchange

Understanding the exchange of gases between the stratosphere and the troposphere is important for determining how pollutants enter the stratosphere and how they leave. This study does a global analysis of that the exchange of mass between the stratosphere and the troposphere. While the exchange of mass is not the same as the exchange of constituents, you can t get the constituent exchange right if you have the mass exchange wrong. Thus this kind of calculation is an important test for models which also compute trace gas transport. In this study I computed the mass exchange for two assimilated data sets and a GCM. The models all agree that amount of mass descending from the stratosphere to the troposphere in the Northern Hemisphere extra tropics is approx. 10(exp 10) kg/s averaged over a year. The value for the Southern Hemisphere by about a factor of two. ( 10(exp 10) kg of air is the amount of air in 100 km x 100 km area with a depth of 100 m - roughly the size of the D.C. metro area to a depth of 300 feet.) Most people have the idea that most of the mass enters the stratosphere through the tropics. But this study shows that almost 5 times more mass enters the stratosphere through the extra-tropics. This mass, however, is quickly recycled out again. Thus the lower most stratosphere is a mixture of upper stratospheric air and tropospheric air. This is an important result for understanding the chemistry of the lower stratosphere.
Aeroacoustic Characteristics of a Rectangular Multi-element Supersonic Jet Mixer-ejector Nozzle

Abstract This paper provides a unique, detailed evaluation of the acoustics and aerodynamics of a rectangular multi-element supersonic jet mixer–ejector noise suppressor. The performance of such mixer–ejectors is important in aircraft engine applications for noise suppression and thrust augmentation. In contrast to most prior experimental studies on ejectors that reported either aerodynamicoracoustic data, the present work documentsbothtypes of data. Information on the mixing, pumping, ejector wall pressure distribution, thrust augmentation and noise suppression characteristics of four simple, multi-element, jet mixer–ejector configurations is presented. The four configurations included the effect of ejector area ratio (AR=ejector cross-sectional area/total primary nozzle area) and the effect of non-parallel ejector walls. The configuration that produced the best noise suppression characteristics has also been studied in detail. The present results show that ejector configurations that produced the maximum pumping (secondary (induced) flow normalized by the primary flow) also exhibited the lowest wall pressures in the inlet region, and the maximum thrust augmentation. When cases having the same total mass flow were compared, one found that noise suppression trends correspond with those for pumping (per unit secondary area). Surprisingly, the mixing (quantified by the peak Mach number, and flow uniformity) at the ejector exit exhibited no relationship to the noise suppression at moderate primary jet fully expandedMi(the Mach number that would have been attained under isentropic expansion). However, the noise suppression dependence on the mixing was apparent atMi=1·6. The above observations are justified by noting that the mixing at the ejector exit is not a strong factor in determining the radiated noise when noise produced internal to the ejector dominates the noise field outside the ejector.
Acyclic stereoselection in α-amidoalkylation reactions

Abstract The chiral reagent 7 provides the first example of an acyclic α-amidoalkylation reagent that generates a new stereogenic center with excellent stereoselectivity, and the stereochemistry of the resulting products provides evidence that the N-acylimine intermediate reacts through the cisoid conformation 12 .
Performance of the CLEO III LiF-TEA Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector in a High Energy Muon Beam

Abstract The CLEO III Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector uses LiF radiators to generate Cherenkov photons which are then detected by proportional wire chambers using a mixture of CH 4 and TEA gases. The first two photon detector modules which were constructed, were taken to the Fermilab and tested in a beam dump that provided high-momentum muons. We report on results using both plane and “sawtooth”–shaped radiators. Specifically, we discuss the number of photoelectrons observed per ring and the angular resolution. The particle separation ability is shown to be sufficient for the physics of CLEO III.
Solving mazes with memristors: a massively parallel approach.

Solving mazes is not just a fun pastime: They are prototype models in several areas of science and technology. However, when maze complexity increases, their solution becomes cumbersome and very time consuming. Here, we show that a network of memristors---resistors with memory---can solve such a nontrivial problem quite easily. In particular, maze solving by the network of memristors occurs in a massively parallel fashion since all memristors in the network participate simultaneously in the calculation. The result of the calculation is then recorded into the memristors' states and can be used and/or recovered at a later time. Furthermore, the network of memristors finds all possible solutions in multiple-solution mazes and sorts out the solution paths according to their length. Our results demonstrate not only the application of memristive networks to the field of massively parallel computing, but also an algorithm to solve mazes, which could find applications in different fields.
New Zr6MTe2 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Pt), Zr6Fe0.6Se2.4, and Zr6Fe0.57S2.43 Intermetallics: Structural Links between Binary (Zr,Hf)3M Alloys and Porous Metal-Rich Tellurides

The synthesis of the group IV ternary chalcogenides Zr6MTe2 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Pt) and Zr6Fe1-xQ2+x (Q = S, Se) is reported, as are the single-crystal structures of Zr6FeTe2, Zr6Fe0.6Se2.4, and Zr6Fe0.57S2.43. The structure of Zr6FeTe2 was refined in the hexagonal space group P62m (No. 189, Z = 1) with lattice parameters a = 7.7515(5) A and c = 3.6262(6) A, and the structures of Zr6Fe0.6Se2.4 and Zr6Fe0.57S2.43 were refined in the orthorhombic space group Pnnm (No. 58, Z = 4) with lattice parameters a = 12.737(2) A, b = 15.780(2) A, and c = 3.5809(6) A and a = 12.519(4) A, b = 15.436(2) A, and c = 3.4966(6) A, respectively. The cell parameters of Mn-, Co-, Ni-, Ru-, and Pt-containing tellurides were also determined. The Zr6ZTe2 compounds are isostructural with Zr6CoAl2, while Zr6Fe1-xQ2+x (Q = S, Se) were found to adopt a variant of the Ta2P-type structure. Chains of condensed M-centered, tetrakaidecahedra of zirconium constitute the basic structural unit in all these compounds. The modes of cross-...