cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastric stimulation: A new paradigm for management of morbid obesity

The introduction of gastric pacing into bariatric surgery heralds a new paradigm and represents a novel approach to the management of the disease of morbid obesity. This innovation extends today's standard concepts of inducing weight loss by gastric restriction and intestinal malabsorption to satiety induction by physiologic or biochemical mechanisms elicited by repetitive electronic gastric stimulation. To date, gastric pacing has been demonstrated to reduce appetite, increase satiety, inhibit gastric motility, and directly affect central nervous system mechanisms and hormones related to satiety and/or appetite. Current clinical studies of gastric pacing with the Transneuronix Implantable Gastric Stimulator (IGS®) system have shown the laparoscopic placement of bipolar electrode leads into the wall of the stomach, and the subcutaneous implantation of a battery-powered pacer, to be extremely safe and relatively easy. Further, this form of bariatric therapy allows for percutaneous adjustment of the pacer and its effect on the gastric wall, with the opportunity to temporarily discontinue therapy. The weight loss outcomes of the clinical trials with this system to date have been mixed and have clearly demonstrated the need for preoperative patient selection. The fact that only certain well-
Aging With a Severe Mental Illness: Challenges and Treatments

Severe mental illness (SMI) impacts many different facets of individuals' lives. As they age, those with SMI experience increased physical illnesses, functional impairment, cognitive deficits, and social disability. To promote more effective social work practice with this population, this article highlights the major biopsychosocial and family issues of aging with a psychiatric diagnosis. In addition, intervention approaches that have demonstrated efficacy are summarized along with ways to coordinate services across multiple service delivery sectors. Finally, future directions in practice and research are presented to develop additional methods of support for older adults with SMI and their families.
Teaching about the nature of intelligence

Abstract Since 1975, I have taught at irregular intervals a course on the nature of intelligence. In this essay, I describe 20 general principles I impart to students through the course.
A framework for unified financial services supervision: Lessons from Germany and other European countries

This paper examines recent institutional and structural developments relating to unified financial services supervision in Germany, Scandinavian countries and the UK. At the outset, it is important to stress that issues of regulatory organisation are essentially second order issues. Far more important — and the first order issue — is the implementation of financial regulation, in particular supervisory capacity and its quality and the soundness of the legal framework underlying the regulatory process.
Configuration specificity in bisection acuity.

Abstract Crucial for the perception of form are the spatial relationships between the elements of a visual stimulus. To investigate the mechanisms involved in coding the distance between visual stimuli, thresholds for detecting whether a central marker accurately bisects a spatial interval were compared for a variety of configurations. Thresholds are best when all three members of the bisection configuration are identical. Performance is impaired, often by as much as a factor of two, when the outer delimiters of the spatial interval differ from the central marker in either length, orientation or contrast polarity. Illusory contours act poorly as borders for bisection by a central line. Disparity thresholds are not affected by orientation differences between test and flanking lines. Because in peripheral vision bisection acuity improves with practice, transfer of training between configurations can be used to gauge overlap of neural processing mechanisms. Transfer is complete only between patterns where all markers are similar, reduced when the outer markers differ by 20° in orientation and absent when they are orthogonal. The dependence of bisection discrimination on similarity between the elements of the stimulus demonstrates that the encoding of spatial location and spatial extent are coupled to the coding of other stimulus properties
Neutron elastic and inelastic scattering from 28Si, 32S and 34S

Abstract Differential cross sections for the elastic and inelastic scattering of neutrons from the sd-shell nuclei 28 Si, 32 S and 34 S have been measured in the 20–26 MeV region. The data are analyzed in terms of the rotation-vibration ( 28 Si) and anharmonic vibration ( 32, 34 S) collective models. Isoscalar E2, E3 and E4 transition matrix elements are obtained from the normalized multipole moments of the real potential and the results are compared with those obtained from electromagnetic probes and from nuclear structure theoretical calculations.
Reliability of ultra-porous low-k materials for advanced interconnects

The reliability of new ultra-porous low-k materials is often a fascinating and complex tale involving multiple concepts from material science, electrical and chemical engineering. Pursuing an understanding of reliability for novel low-k materials requires the dissection of fundamental mechanisms and phenomena altering the electrical and physical properties of the dielectric matrix. Failure mechanisms can be categorized into two main groups. Intrinsic failure arises from damage to the dielectric matrix due to the transport of charge carriers. Ion catalyzed failure results from the drift of ionic species originating from the metal/dielectric interface. Integration of sub-20nm process technology nodes can be radically advanced by resolving how major failure mechanisms coexist and collaborate to generate dielectric failures. Here, we present a set of dynamic applied field experiments designed to identify changes in the conduction and reliability of dielectric films as result of bias and temperature stress (BTS). It is shown that ionic species originating from the metal/dielectric interface can behave as trapping centers for charge carriers under BTS. Trapping of electrons into ionic centers could increase the scattering of charge carriers which leads to the additional formation of intrinsic defects across the dielectric matrix, thus accelerating intrinsic failure. A mechanism is proposed to describe how leakage current decay at the onset of BTS is related to charge carrier confinement into intrinsic and ionic defects. The kinetics of charge trapping events were found to be consistent with a time-dependent reaction rate constant, k = k 0 · (t + 1)β−1 where 0<β<1. This formulation leads to a classic, stretched exponential decay rate that we are looking to use to help predict dielectric reliability.
Lectotypification of Campanula saxatilis, Phyteuma pinnatum and Verbascum arcturus,Linnaean names of three taxa endemic to Crete

Abstract Turland, N. J.: Lectotypification of Campanula saxatilis, Phyteuma pinnatum and Verbascum arcturus, Linnaean names of three taxa endemic to Crete. — Willdenowia 36 (Special Issue): 303–309. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2006 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.36.36124 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) Three Linnaean plant names are lectotypified: Campanula saxatilis (Campanulaceae), Phyteuma pinnatum (now Petromarula pinnata, Campanulaceae) and Verbascum arcturus (Scrophulariaceae). The latter two species are endemic to the S Aegean island of Crete (Kriti), whereas C. saxatilis is endemic to Crete (subsp. saxatilis) and the islands of Kithira and Antikithira to the northwest (subsp. cytherea).
3D SAR image formation for underground targets using ultra-wideband (UWB) radar

This paper analyzes the application of ultra-wideband ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in a down-looking configuration for the detection of buried targets. As compared to previous studies, where target detection algorithms have been developed based on the radar range profiles alone (pre-focus data), we investigate the potential performance improvement by forming synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the targets. This becomes important in scenarios with small signal-to-noise or signal-to-clutter ratios. Our three-dimensional (3-D) image formation algorithm is based on the backprojection technique. We apply this method to radar scattering data obtained through computer simulation by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. Our analysis demonstrates the advantages of using focused SAR images versus the pre-focus range profiles. We also perform a parametric study of several physical factors that could affect the image quality.
A nucleoside Di- and triphosphatase from germinating barley

The distribution of phosphomonoesterases and phosphodiesterases in tissues of germinated barley was about 20% each for roots, shoots, and embryo, and 40% in the degermed caryopsis, expressed as a percentage of the total seedling activity. Isoelectric focusing of tissue extracts showed several phosphomonoesterases and phosphodiesterases having pI values between 4 and 6. A separate and distinct enzyme had a pI of 8·8 and was present in all tissues. This enzyme, purified by adsorption on carboxymethyl cellulose, and by gel filtration chromatography, had an apparent mol. wt. of 59,000 and catalyzed the hydrolysis of nucleoside di- and triphosphates. Treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol apparently cleaved the enzyme into two polypeptides of equal mol. wt. The enzyme was particularly active on orthophosphate esters of p -nitrophenol. It was inactive on nucleoside monophosphates, sugar phosphates, phytate, β-glycerophosphate, pyrophosphate, pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxamine phosphate, 5′-uridine diphosphoglucose, and dinucleoside phosphates. Activity was not stimulated by cations. Michaelis constants ranged from 0·07 to 0·37 μ M for different orthophosphate esters. The enzyme was stable at up to 60°C, and its activity was optimum at pH 7.
Effects of Permeation of Helium through the Walls of Fused Silica Capillary GC Columns

Hold-up times and peak widths have been measured in long fused silica GC capillary columns at high temperature with helium as the carrier gas. The results lead to the conclusion that the helium permeates through the column walls. The conventional Poiseuille theory of carrier gas flow has been extended to include this phenomenon. The resulting “loss modified Poiseuille” model, which uses literature values for the permeability of fused silica to helium, has been used to simulate the observed behavior. Good agreement between simulation and experiment validates the model. Simulations have been used to explore the effect of column permeability on hold-up times, peak widths, and velocity profiles over a broad range of column geometries.
G-banding and chromosome structure.

G-banding of chromosomes promises to be the most valuable technique for routine chromosome analysis due to its inherent simplicity, sensitivity, and stability of the material obtained. In the past, banding procedures have had several shortcomings in regard to efficiency and consistency of results. It is now possible to obtain good and consistent quality banding by using minor modifications of the standard technique, including the use of diluted Giemsa. This has eliminated the need of “pre-treatment” of the chromosome preparation, a point overemphasized in most of the work published so far. G-banding can also be observed using DNA (Feulgen) and histone (Alcian blue) stains. The results obtained by this simple technique suggest that banding represents a native conformational feature of chromosomes.
7β,14β‐Epoxy­hydro­codone‐6,6‐di­methoxy ketal: an unusual oxetane‐containing opioid

The title compound, C20H25NO5, which was formed by reaction of 7α-bromo­hydro­codone-6,6-di­methoxy ketal with KOtBu in tetra­hydro­furan, is the first example of a 7,14-bridged oxetane. The geometry of the oxetane ring is consistent with previously reported structures.
4D GPR tracking of water infiltration in fractured high-porosity limestone

Three thousand liters of water were infiltrated from a 4 m diameter pond to track flow and transport inside fractured carbonates with 20–40 % porosity. Sixteen time-lapse 3D Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys with repetition intervals between 2 hrs and 5 days monitored the spreading of the water bulb in the subsurface. Based on local travel time shifts between repeated GPR survey pairs, localized changes of volumetric water content can be related to the processes of wetting, saturation and drainage. Deformation bands consisting of thin subvertical sheets of crushed grains reduce the magnitude of water content changes but enhance flow in sheet parallel direction. This causes an earlier break through across a stratigraphic boundary compared to porous limestone without deformation bands. This experiment shows how time-lapse 3D GPR or 4D GPR can non-invasively track ongoing flow processes in rock-volumes of over 100 m3.
Proliferative responses to platelet-derived growth factor in young and old rat patellar tendon.

Musculoskeletal soft tissue repair is often a slow process that may be complicated by aging, thus we investigated the mitogenic response of young and old rat patellar tendon (PT) explants to platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB). Bilateral PT explants from young (4 months) and old (29 or 36 months) rats of two strains (Fisher 344 and Fisher-Brown-Norway) were cultured for 72 h in platelet-poor horse serum in the presence or absence of 100 ng/ml recombinant human PDGF-AB. The explants were radiolabelled with [3H]-TdR for the final 24 h in culture. Tendon cellularity and DNA synthesis data were analyzed by multiple factor ANOVA (age, strain, and side), Mann-Whitney t-test (cellularity and DNA synthesis), and a sign test (proliferative response to PDGF). Tendon cellularity declined significantly with age in both strains (p 100%) increase in DNA synthesis with the addition of PDGF (p < 0.05). Although there was a trend to lower proliferative responses in older tendons, the differences were not significant. Autoradiographic analysis of labeling indices in F344 tendons showed a diminished responsiveness to PDGF (p < 0.04, ANOVA). Strain and side response on a per cell or tissue weight basis were not significant factors. Under appropriate experimental conditions, these two animal models of aging showed declines in responses to high levels of PDGF, suggesting that the PT reflects an age-dependent diminished capacity for wound repair.
Temperature sensitive secretion of mutant myocilins

Recent studies have demonstrated that glaucoma-causing mutant myocilin proteins are misfolded and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. We showed previously that P370L mutant myocilin is poorly secreted at 37 degrees C and prolonged expression of the protein in differentiated human trabecular meshwork cells results in abnormal morphology and cell killing. Culturing cells at a lower temperature, a condition known to facilitate protein folding, enhances secretion and reverses the cytotoxic effects. We wanted to determine if temperature sensitive secretion is a general property of myocilin missense mutants. Wild-type or mutant forms of myocilin were transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells cultured at either 37 or 30 degrees C and protein secretion was assessed by immunoblotting. Of 15 myocilin missense mutants tested, representing a range in severity of associated glaucoma phenotypes, 14 displayed increased secretion at 30 degrees C. The sole exception was K423E, which is associated with an unusual mode of glaucoma inheritance. Generally, there is an inverse relationship between the degree of mutant myocilin secretion at 30 degrees C and the severity of the associated glaucoma phenotype. Mutants that show abundant secretion at 30 degrees C such as T377M, G364V, I499F and D380A are associated with less virulent glaucoma phenotypes, while mutants such as P370L, I477N, and Y437H display little secretion at 30 degrees C and are associated with more virulent glaucoma phenotypes. We conclude that temperature sensitive secretion is a property of most olfactomedin-domain myocilin mutants. The correlation between temperature sensitive secretion and glaucoma phenotype likely reflects the intrinsic susceptibility to misfolding of individual mutant proteins. These results support the hypothesis that myocilin-induced glaucoma is a protein conformational disease. Facilitating mutant protein folding could be a new approach to development of therapies for this disease.
Prony, Pisarenko, and the matrix pencil: a unified presentation

In the past, the Prony and Pisarenko algorithms have been widely used in the pole zero identification of linear systems as well as in the problem of extracting harmonics embedded in noise. These techniques have also been applied successfully to the direction of arrival (DOA) problem. It is shown that these algorithms are equivalent to a recently proposed DOA estimation technique called the matrix pencil approach. >
Immunologic Deficiency States Basic Review of Mechanisms of Immunity

Immunologic deficiency states are variable, but several fairly distinct entities have been identified in recent years. This report summarizes current knowledge of immunologic development and presents several "new" diseases which illustrate nature's defects in development.Concepts have been simplified to make them understandable and recognizable in an individual patient. This well written, up-to-date work by a recognized authority on clinical immunology and infectious disease will be of great value to clinicians.
Protein conformational prediction

The prediction of the secondary and tertiary structure of globular and membrane proteins is reviewed. Prospects are encouraging for future developments, but present algorithms require cautious interpretation.
Prediction of First-Grade Reading Achievement: Criterion Validation of a Measure of Visual Recognition Memory

In a longitudinal study of 192 first-graders, the author examined the predictive efficiency of a newly developed measure of visual recognition memory in predicting end of first-grade reading achievement when analyzed in conjunction with a standardized, conventional reading readiness test. Results obtained from extensive regression analyses failed to substantiate any practical predictive utility for the instrument when used with a fairly homogeneous sample.
Undergraduate Research in Small Psychology Departments: Two Decades Later

In a follow-up to Kierniesky (1984), surveys from 355 small psychology programs revealed changes in undergraduate research activity over the past 2 decades. A variety of research-related activities increased significantly despite continued limited resources and support at many small schools. School admissions selectivity continued to be a major variable associated with more student research activity. The development of graduate programs at small schools has had little impact on undergraduate research. I discuss the dual roles of undergraduate research as apprentice training and as liberal education.
Symptomatic, electrocardiographic, metabolic, and hemodynamic alterations during pacing-induced myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Atrial pacing has been used to assess the physiologic impact of coronary artery disease (CAD). Several variables have served as markers of pacing-induced myocardial ischemia, but their specificities and sensitivities are unknown. Accordingly, in 28 patients, incremental atrial pacing was performed. Of the 28, 10 had no CAD. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (by gated equilibrium blood pool scintigraphy) increased in this group (0.60 ± 0.11 [mean ± standard deviation] before pacing to 0.67 ± 0.13 at peak-pacing, p = 0.002). In no patient did left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increase by > 5 mm Hg. No patient had lactate production, and 2 (20%) had electrocardiographic S-T segment depression ≥0.1 mV. Four (40%) had chest pain with atrial pacing. In the remaining 18 patients with CAD, atrial pacing caused a decrease in LVEF ≥0.05 (0.46 ± 0.10 to 0.33 ± 0.09, p 5 mm Hg, and only 9 (50%) had lactate production. Ten (56%) had ischemic electrocardiographic changes, and 12 (67%) had chest pain. Thus, the electrocardiographic, metabolic, and hemodynamic alterations that may accompany pacing-induced ischemia are specific but relatively insensitive markers of ischemia. In contrast, chest pain during atrial pacing is a nonspecific occurrence, appearing with similar frequency in normal subjects and patients with CAD and pacing-induced ischemia.
Photooxidative Bleaching of Chlorophyllin

Chlorophyllin, a water-soluble, copper-containing porphyrin, can be bleached rapidly in the light or slowly in the dark in a reaction which is oxygen dependent. Both the photo and the dark bleaching reactions are temperature dependent. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show that the copper in the bleached and nonbleached state remains in the +2 redox state and could be readily reduced. This would imply that there is no net oxidative change to the copper during the bleaching process. FT-IR absorption spectroscopy showed vibrations characteristic of a vinyl functionality disappeared upon bleaching. Aqueous solutions of chlorophyllin were not dialyzable through dialysis tubing of molecular weight cut-off, 6000-8000 molecular weight, indicative of an aggregate chlorophyllin micelle. Analysis of products by high performance liquid chromatography showed that the chlorophyllin mixture was more complex than originally anticipated and that two components were lost from the mixture upon photobleaching. One compound that is preferentially lost upon photobleaching has been identified by mass spectral analysis as Cu(II) chlorin e6.
Developing a 6-DOF robot to investigate multi-axis ACL injuries under valgus loading coupled with tibia internal rotation

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have become more common in recent years as more young people participate in risky sporting activities [1]. Most ACL injuries occur as a result of noncontact mechanisms. Previous in vitro studies of ACL strain have found significant increases in ACL strain primarily with anterior directed force on the tibia relative to the femur and with internal rotation and often with valgus torque [2,3]. However, there remains significant controversy over the mechanisms of ACL failure and the forces on the knee that lead to injury. Some studies have also shown that isolated valgus loading may not load the ACL strongly. The goal of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying valgus-related ACL injuries. An improved understanding of ACL failure may lead to improved ACL injury prevention programs. A novel 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) knee driving robot was developed in this study with a unique multi-axis simultaneous torque/position control. It was found that pure valgus torque caused a torque that internally rotated the tibia and thus increased ACL strain markedly, which may be an important mechanism underlying the rather common seemingly valgus-related ACL injuries.
The first febrile seizure: A study of current pediatric practice

A natonwide survey of pediatricians was conducted to ascertain their methods of evaluation and ofmanagement of a child who had had a “first” febrile seizure. Two hundred and sixty (58%) of the sample of 445 pediatricians responded to the single mailing. Nearly one-quarter (24%) routinely hospitalized the child. A wide variation in utilization of diagnostic studies for this condition was reported. Those procedures for which the highest proportion of respondents indicated routine performance were: lumbar puncture (41%); measurements of concentrations of serum calcium (38%) and of blood sugar (43%); and electroencephologram (36%). Of the 260 respondents, only 15% prescribed phenobarbital therapy for a defined period of time after the occurrence of the first febrile seizures. Fifty-four percent of pediatricians advised parents to administer phenobarbital only when the child had a febrile illness. The results demonstrate that practicing pediatricians vary widely in the evaluation and management of children with an initial febrile seizure. Lack of consensus among pediatric practitioners concerning the management of this and other conditions will seriously hamper future peer review efforts.
Androgen Receptor Enhances p27 Degradation in Prostate Cancer Cells through Rapid and Selective TORC2 Activation

Androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in prostate cancer (PCa) growth, with androgen deprivation or AR down-regulation causing cell-cycle arrest and accumulation of the p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. The molecular basis for this AR regulation of cell-cycle progression remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that androgen can rapidly reduce p27 protein in PCa cells by increasing its proteasome-mediated degradation. This rapid androgen-stimulated p27 degradation was mediated by AKT through the phosphorylation of p27 T157. Significantly, androgen increased TORC2-mediated AKT S473 phosphorylation without affecting the PDK1-mediated AKT T308 phosphorylation or TORC1 activity. The TORC2 activation was further supported by enhanced mTOR/RICTOR association and increased phosphorylation of additional TORC2 substrates, SGK1 and PKCα. The androgen-stimulated nuclear translocation of AR was associated with markedly-increased nuclear SIN1, a critical component of TORC2. Finally, the androgen-mediated TORC2/AKT activation targets a subset of AKT substrates including p27 and FOXO1, but not PRAS40. This study reveals a pathway linking AR to a selective activation of TORC2, the subsequent activation of AKT, and phosphorylation of a discrete set of AKT substrates that regulate cellular proliferation and survival. These findings establish that TORC2 can function as a central regulator of growth in response to signals that are distinct from those regulating TORC1, and support efforts to target TORC2 for cancer therapy.
The effects of single infusions of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate on body composition in neonates with acidosis

Acid-base equilibrium and plasma and red blood cell water and solute were evaluated in a group of asphyxiated, acidotic neonates prior to and following infusion of hypertonic NaHCO3. The dose was calculated to correct the deficit of base in a bicarbonate space of 400 ml/kg and was given at a rate of 0.3 mM NaHCO3/kg/minute. All of the infants with RDS and two of the five with other forms of asphyxia received ventilatory assistance during the infusion. The quantity of base infused was sufficient to alter acid-base balance and shift whole blood and red blood cell pH values toward normal. The changes in body composition 3 minutes following the infusion indicate that the osmotic load imposed by the hypertonic NaHCO3 caused a shift of solute-free water into the interstitial and intravascular fluids. During the period from 3 to 30 minutes following the infusion there was redistribution of extracellular water and solute so that plasma volume and [Na]PL decreased. Since there was no evidence of an intracellular shift of solute, we hypothesize that the changes in body composition between 3 and 30 minutes postinfusion were in part the consequence of gradual penetration of transcellular fluids by Na. Osmotic inactivation of ECF Na by sequestration with connective tissue polyelectrolytes may also play a role. These studies' do not provide an answer to the clinical problem of whether the beneficial effects of prompt correction metabolic acidosis outweigh the potenially harmful effect of the osmotic alterations that accompany rapid infusion of hypertonic NaHCO3.
Generalized Dispersion Matrices for Covariance Structural Analysis

Abstract Matrices V that are linear combinations of linearly independent matrices K i are considered. If the K -matrices are simultaneously diagonalizable, methods are given for deriving eigenroots (eigenvalues) of V and, when the K i s are also a closed set under multiplication, for deriving V −1 . Included are such cases as the K -matrices being powers of a matrix, or Kronecker products of powers of matrices. The methods are extensions of those used for dispersion matrices for balanced-data variance-components models. Applications in covariance structural analysis for (real symmetric) structured dispersion matrices and for other situations are discussed.
Flow in random porous media: mathematical formulation, variational principles, and rigorous bounds

The problem of the slow viscous flow of a fluid through a random porous medium is considered. The macroscopic Darcy's law, which defines the fluid permeability k, is first derived in an ensemble-average formulation using the method of homogenization. The fluid permeability is given explicitly in terms of a random boundary-value problem. General variational principles, different to ones suggested earlier, are then formulated in order to obtain rigorous upper and lower bounds on k. These variational principles are applied by evaluating them for four different types of admissible fields. Each bound is generally given in terms of various kinds of correlation functions which statistically characterize the microstructure of the medium. The upper and lower bounds are computed for flow interior and exterior to distributions of spheres.
General theory of simple waves in relaxation hydrodynamics

The purposes of this paper are: (1) to determine sufficient conditions for simple waves to exist in one-dimensional, nonsteady, nonmagnetic, relaxation hydrodynamics; (2) to study the properties of these waves; (3) to apply the theory to the flow of a dissociating gas. In a previous paper [l], we obtained the partial differential equation for characteristic manifolds in relaxation hydrodynamics when K, the relaxation scalar (cf. [l, p. 278]), is constant. However, such a value for K leads to simple waves which form a family of parallel lines in the one-dimensional nonsteady case (Theorem 12). In order to determine a more general type of simple wave, we discuss the theory of characteristic manifolds for the following two types of relaxation scalars: Case 1, K is not constant and is a function of class C1 of the density, relaxation variable and entropy; Case II, K is not constant and is a function of class Cl of the space and time variables. The following basic result is proved: if a regularity condition is satisfied and if as K approaches the limit value zero, the speed of the characteristic wave approaches the limiting speed c, (as in the case when K is constant), then the characteristic manifolds (for the above two types of K) satisfy the same partial differential equation as in the case where K is constant (see Theorems 2-4). Most of Section 2 is concerned with verifying this result. The principal difficulty lies in the fact that the discontinuity theory for Case I is rather involved. Due to this, sufficient conditions (Conditions A and B) for the discontinuity theory problem must be formulated with care. However, when this has been done then the discontinuity theory problem for Case II is easily analyzed. Further, for proper given data (Conditions C and D), the corresponding Cauchy problem is
DETECTION OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION BY RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR CREATINE KINASE MB

A radioimmunoassay for the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (myocardial isoenzyme) has been developed based on an antibody to the B subunit. The antibody cross-reacts with MB but exhibits no cross-reactivity with MM C.K. even when present in 20 000 molar excess over MB C.K. unlabelled MB but not MM (up to 85 000 mI.U./ml) competitively displaces precipitable counts. This sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay accurately detects MB in a concentration of 0-01 mI.U./ml. Plasma MB C.K. in 100 healthy controls averaged 1 mI.U./ml+/-0-6 (S.D.), similar to results in 20 patients with chest pain without infarction. In contrast, in 50 patients with myocardial infarction MB C.K. values averaged 97+/-30 mI.U./ml. When hourly blood-samples from 10 of these patients admitted within an hour of chest pain were analysed by R.I.A., a 100% increase in MB was detectable within four hours of the onset of chest pain, generally before total C.K. exceeded the normal range. Development of an R.I.A. suitable for assay of an isoenzyme in plasma provides a specific and sensitivity assay of MB C.K., facilitating analysis of multiple samples and early detection of myocardial infarction. It may also serve as a prototype for radio-immunoassay of multiple forms of other enzymes of clinical importance.
Nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation in winter oat crowns before and during cold hardening

Most cool-season grasses store large amounts of fructan during fall hardening. Fructan storage has been extensively investigated in most winter cereals, but very little research has been reported in oat (Arena sativa L). To compare fructan accumulation in crowns of representative winter cereals, two oat, two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and one rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivar were raised under controlled conditions for 5 wk at 15 °C and 3 wk at 2 °C. Starting at the end of Week 4, and at weekly intervals, carbohydrates were extracted from fresh crown tissue and separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). a dry-weight concentration basis, oat crowns accumulated significantly less fructan of degree of polymerization greater than 9 (DP > 9) than all other cultivars and significantly more DP3 to DP7 fructan. The presence of large amounts of sucrose and DP3 to DP7 fructan suggested that substrate level was not limiting synthesis of DP > 9 fructan in oat. Contribution no. 8946 of the U.S. Regional Pasture Res. Lab.
Microstructural characterization of shear band formation in Al-Li alloys

Les alliages de Al-Li fournissent une opportunite unique pour l'etude de l'histoire thermique de la formation des bandes de cisaillement. Ceci ce fait en suivant la dissociation thermique de la phase precipitee δ' (Al 3 Li) comme fonction de la concentration du Li et la temperature du solvus δ'. La temperature du solvus δ' augmente avec l'augmentation de la concentration du Li. Donc, la dissolution de δ' dans les bandes de cisaillement, en fonction de la concentration du Li, peux fournir une sonde de temperature interne pour etudier l'histoire thermique des bandes de cisaillement. Dans les tests experimentaux qui ont ete conduit, des bandes de cisaillement on ete produites dans les echantillons deformes a des vitesses de 10 4 /s
DNA-catalyzed hydrolysis of DNA phosphodiesters

Hydrolysis of the phosphodiester linkages in DNA is a notoriously difficult reaction. Deoxyribozymes that use Zn2+ and Mn2+ ions to accelerate this reaction by a factor of one hundred million (or more) have been identified and characterized.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions involving As(III) and As(V) species in aqueous media

Thermodynamic considerations show that photogenerated holes in UV-irradiated TiO2 can oxidize As(III) to As(V). Similarly, the photogenerated electrons can reduce As(V) to the elemental state. Experimental data are presented in verification of these expectations. An electron acceptor (e.g., O2) is needed for the hole transfer pathway whereas the heterogeneous photocatalytic reduction of As(V) is facilitated by a hole scavenger such as methanol. The oxidation of As(III) to As(V) also proceeds in the dark when a large excess of H2O2 is present. However, this process is very facile with simultaneous UV irradiation of the peroxide. These data point toward the feasibility of a two-step pollution abatement scheme for the initial oxidation and subsequent immobilization of the toxic As(III) species.
Origin and diagenesis of lacustrine sediments, upper Oligocene Creede Formation, southwestern Colorado

Much controversy has arisen over both the depositional and diagenetic environments of the lacustrine sediments and the chemical evolution of waters within those sediments that make up the upper Oligocene Creede Formation. Previous studies of the neighboring Creede Ag-Pb-Zn district proposed that saline and isotopically heavy fluids from the Creede Formation were involved in ore deposition. Examination of rhythmically laminated limestones from two Continental Scientific Drilling Program drill cores (CCM-1 and CCM-2) provided a unique opportunity to study carbonate sediments of a caldera lake. The upper parts of CCM-2 (50–148 m depth) are characterized by laminations of low-Mg calcite containing brine shrimp fecal pellets (with an aragonite precursor), organic matter (including bacterial mat–like laminae), calcite pseudomorphs after gypsum, and cements of bladed low-Mg calcite and tabular clinoptilolite. The degree of recrystallization and crystal coarsening is greater in the lower part of CCM-2 (172–309.4 m depth) and in CCM-1 (8.8–155.2 m depth). These observations suggest that ancient Lake Creede was an evaporative, partially meromictic, saline to hypersaline, near-neutral, Na-Mg-SO 4 -Cl or Cl-SO 4 lake. SO 2− 4 and H + were supplied to the lake by the oxidation of volcanic SO 2(gas) , which buffered the alkalinity of the lake. Brine shrimp in the epilimnion are consistent with salinities greater than seawater and with warm surface temperatures. The lack of bioturbation in rhythmically laminated carbonate-siliciclastic couplets indicates either meromictic conditions or saline conditions or both. Bacterial mat-like laminae suggest that lake waters were either relatively shallow or clear. Displacively grown gypsum crystals indicate times when evaporative ground-water conditions dominated (e.g., during low lake levels), and their absence may indicate changes in water chemistry and lake level. Sulfate reduction during burial resulted in the conversion of gypsum and iron oxides to calcite and pyrite. Maximum estimates for the duration of the lake range from 132 323 to 76 340 yr and are based on rhythmites in CCM-2. Results from this study support the hypothesis of saline and isotopically heavy waters evolving within the Creede Formation prior to ore deposition.
Hit and run

Deep in their secret hideouts, two heroes receive an urgent call: disaster has struck! When evil is on the loose, saving the day is what these two defenders of virtue do best, until they inadvertently get into a fender bender with each other. Now Deconstructor and the Knockout, two of the world's greatest costumed crime fighters, are stuck bickering over a car accident. What happens when two champions of justice clash over insurance claims? How low will a superhero stoop to get out of a sticky situation? And whose rates will be blown sky high? Find out in "Hit and Run"!
PVA (privacy through visual anonymity) lab for enhancing CS education and outreach (abstract only)

Given that many modern computing technologies have led to privacy issues in today's digital world, the latest CS curriculum (CS2013 - Ironman Version 1.0) has recommended a strong need for inclusion of privacy topics within the present body of knowledge. According to the above curriculum, there is a requirement for global awareness of today's growing privacy concerns with technology. Our proposed lab caters to the above curricular recommendation. We present a physical security focused lab, which is based on the technology of PVA (Privacy through Visual Anonymity). Through this hands-on PVA lab, we teach pre-university and university students the notion of privacy in images/videos and educate them in the technique of VA (Visual Anonymity), which can help safeguard one's privacy by obscuring the individual identity in pictures/videos captured by cameras. Using this lab, we intend to enhance CS education and outreach by making students aware of the global issue of privacy invasion in today's surveillance and by demonstrating how the issue can be addressed via VA. The lab exercises are based on two open-source applications, namely "ObscuraCam" and "YouTube-FaceBlur". These applications are used as tools for enabling students to learn the concept of PVA. In this process, we show students an innovative aspect of balancing security and privacy in technology, thereby drawing their focus to the humanitarian side of CS applications. Our topic of PVA also enhances the IAS knowledge area in the latest CS curriculum.
Acute and chronic somatomedin-C response to growth hormone: Evaluation of correlation with age and growth rate

Acute and chronic somatomedin-C response to growth hormone: evaluation of correlation with age and growth rate
How a leaf gets its shape.

Leaves are formed from a group of initial cells within the meristem. One of the earliest markers of leaf initiation is the down-regulation of KNOX genes in initial cells. Polar auxin activity, MYB and LOB domain transcription factors function to keep KNOX out of the initiating leaf. If KNOX genes are expressed in initial cells, leaves fail to form. As the leaf grows away from the meristem, its shape is determined by growth in three axes, proximal–distal, abaxial–adaxial and medial–lateral. HD-ZIPIII, KANADI and the small RNA pathway play a significant role in the latter two axes. KNOX proteins play a role in the proximal–distal axis. Although genetic networks are conserved between monocots and dicots, the outcome in leaf shape often differs.
Solid-state 13C NMR study of neutral insulating and electrochemically doped conducting poly (p-phenylene vinylene)

Abstract Carbon-13 NMR spectra of neutral and electrochemically doped poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) as well as PPV precursor polymer have been measured by use of heteronuclear decoupling, cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning techniques. With the aid of selective pulse sequence experiments and rotating frame proton relaxation data the results have been discussed in terms of structure and molecular mobility.
Characterization of T cells bearing HLA-DR antigens in rheumatoid arthritis.

It has been demonstrated that T cells bearing HLA-DR antigens on their surface are actively involved in an immune response. In diseases of disordered immunoregulation, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there are elevated numbers of circulating HLA-DR + T cells. In this study, we examined the cellular physiology of these T cells in RA patients. Using tritiated thymidine incorporation, we found that, in most patients, HLA-DR + cells do not account for a significant amount of spontaneous proliferation found in peripheral blood T cells. RNA hybridization studies, using a cloned HLA-DR alpha chain gene probe, indicate that the T cells actively synthesize HLA-DR antigens rather than passively adsorbing them. The cell surface phenotype of the HLA-DR + T cells was analyzed using double immunofluorescence and a variety of monoclonal antibodies. The expression of T cell differentiation antigens T4, T6, T8, and T10 varied markedly from patient to patient. In some patients, a significant number of cells expressed both T4 and T8 antigens. Most HLA-DR + cells also express antigens defined by the following antibodies: anti-Tac (the interleukin-2 receptor), J2 (a glycoprotein found on T cell blasts), and ILR-1 (a class II major histocompatibility complex antigen). Activated T cells bearing HLA-DR antigens may play a role in the development of RA. Our data demonstrate that although these cells are not lymphoblasts, they possess a distinct cell surface phenotype.
Investigation of the peak action wavelength of light-activated gene transduction

Light-activated gene transduction (LAGT) is an approach to localize gene therapy via preactivation of cells with UV light, which facilitates transduction by recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. Previous studies demonstrated that UVC induces LAGT secondary to pyrimidine dimer formation, whereas UVA induces LAGT secondary to reactive-oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, the empirical UVB boundary of these UV effects is unknown. Thus, we aimed to define the action spectra for UV-induced LAGT independent of DNA damage and determine an optimal wavelength to maximize safety and efficacy. UV at 288, 311 and 320 nm produced significant dose-dependent LAGT effects, of which the maximum (800-fold) was observed with 4 kJ m⁻² at 311 nm. Consistent with its robust cytotoxicity, 288 nm produced significantly high levels of DNA damage at all doses tested, whereas 311, 320 and 330 nm did not generate pyrimidine dimers and produced low levels of DNA damage detected by comet assay. Although 288 nm failed to induce ROS, the other wavelengths were effective, with the maximum (10-fold) effect observed with 30 kJ m⁻² at 311 nm. An in vivo pilot study assessing 311 nm-induced LAGT of rabbit articular chondrocytes demonstrated a significant 6.6-fold (P<0.05) increase in transduction with insignificant cytotoxicity. In conclusion, 311 nm was found to be the optimal wavelength for LAGT on the basis of its superior efficacy at the peak dose and its broad safety range that is remarkably wider than the other UV wavelengths tested.
IGF-1 Regulates Cyr61 Induced Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion

Background Studies from our laboratory and others have shown that cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61) may be involved in tumor proliferation and invasion. In earlier studies, we demonstrated increased insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) is associated with breast tumor formation and poor clinical outcomes. In our current study we have investigated IGF-1 regulation of Cyr61 and whether targeting IGF-1 could inhibit Cyr61 induced tumor growth and proliferation.
SU‐FF‐T‐189: Skin‐Sparing Technique for Breast Cancer Treatments Using Tomotherapy

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness, taking into consideration breathing motion and patient setup errors, of a technique for skin sparing in Tomotherapy breast‐cancer treatments in which a 1‐cm wide structure surrounding the skin is used to control hot spots. Method and Materials: 4DCT datasets were evaluated to assess the magnitude of breast skin motion. Tomotherapy plans were generated on the two subsets exhibiting opposite breathing phases. A PTV encompassing the whole breast, minus 5 mm from the skin, was prescribed 50.4 Gy in 25 fractions. A “flash‐PTV” starting at the outer‐most edge of the PTV and extending 5 mm past the skin was prescribed 44 Gy. For each 4DCT dataset, one subset was used as the primary plan, and the other (at the opposite breathing phase) as phantom to evaluate the effect of breathing motion on dose distributions near the skin. Also, past patient treatments were evaluated to assess the magnitude of the uncorrected setup error for breast cancer patients treated with the Tomotherapy machine by comparing the daily MVCT to the planning CTimages to obtain the magnitude of mismatch at the skin throughout treatment. Dosimetric measurements with TLD on anthropomorphic phantom and in‐vivo will be performed. Results: The magnitude of breathing motion was found to be on average 3 mm in the anterior/posterior directions. The magnitude of patient setup error was found to be 5 mm on average. Analysis of the plans generated using the opposite breathing phase as phantom showed that a 1‐cm skin‐sparing structure provided adequate compensation for skin movement. Conclusion: The technique provides skin sparing while delivering homogeneous dose distribution to the entire breast, with little effect from breathing motion. Care must be taken when positioning the patient. Conflict of Interest: This work was partially supported by a grant from Tomotherapy, Inc.