cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of Piezo1 mechanosensitive ion channel in HEK293T cells by 30 MHz vertically deployed surface acoustic waves.

Abstract Ultrasound (US) has emerged as a promising noninvasive modality for neuromodulation. Despite previous evidence that US may mediate cellular response by activating mechanosensitive ion channels embedded in the cell membrane, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this work, we developed a vertically deployed surface acoustic wave (VD-SAW) platform that generates 30 MHz focused ultrasound wave for mechanical stimulation of single cells. We investigated the role of Piezo1 in mediating the intracellular calcium response ( [ C a 2 + ] i ) of HEK293T cells in response to pulsed US operated at a peak pressure of 1.6 MPa with 20% duty cycle, and a total treatment time of 60 s. We observed that the elicited calcium response depends critically on the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) or burst duration of the US, as well as the presence of the Piezo1. Significantly higher [ C a 2 + ] i increase was produced in the Piezo1-transfected (P1TF) than in the Piezo1-knockout (P1KO) HEK293T cells. Furthermore, higher calcium response probability, stronger and faster [ C a 2 + ] i increase, and greater cell displacement were produced at 2 Hz PRF with 100 ms burst duration than 200 Hz PRF with 1 ms burst duration. Altogether, we have demonstrated that the VD-SAW platform provides a unique and versatile tool for investigating US-induced mechanotransduction at the single cell level.
Ridesharing Systems with Electric Vehicles

Ridesharing systems are encouraging drivers in their fleets to adopt electric vehicles and may therefore be able to provide not only transportation services to passengers but also energy services to power grid operators through appropriate contracts. This paper develops a queuing network model of such ridesharing platforms where drivers may decide, at any given time, whether to provide transportation or grid services based on the incentives offered by the ridesharing platform. Then it considers designing driver incentives to maximize revenue for the ridesharing platform, via an analysis of the reward structure and an optimization algorithm. Platform revenue is assessed for various system parameters under optimal incentives.
Magnesium and the Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Low Leaf Water Potentials

Leaves generally lose photosynthetic activity when leaf water potential (ΨW) decreases. The losses are attributable to stomatal closure and decreased chloroplast activity (1). Attention has recently focused on the chloroplasts because many agronomic species show especially large effects at that level.
Sports team performance and revenue of out-of-stadium vending operations

Using a novel data set on daily sales revenue, we examine how the Baltimore Orioles’ performance affects a street vendor operating outside Oriole Park at Camden Yards. While fans respond positively...
Impairment of Tissue-Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Chronic Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease.

Background and aims Little is known about the presence and function of tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells [MtSCs] within the gastrointestinal mucosa in health and inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. The contribution of MtSCs to the generation of inflammatory fibroblasts during IBD is also poorly understood. We hypothesized that IBD-MtSCs are impaired and contribute to the generation of the pathological myofibroblasts in IBD. Methods In a cohort of clinically and endoscopically active IBD patients and normal controls, we used quantitative RT-PCR and stem cell differentiation assays, as well as confocal microscopy, to characterize MtSCs. Results Expression of two stem cell markers, Oct4 and ALDH1A, was increased in the inflamed IBD colonic mucosa and correlated with an increase of the mesenchymal lineage marker Grem1 in ulcerative colitis [UC], but not Crohn's disease [CD]. Increased proliferation and aberrant differentiation of Oct4+Grem1+ MtSC-like cells was observed in UC, but not in CD colonic mucosa. In contrast to normal and UC-derived MtSCs, CD-MtSCs lose their clonogenic and most of their differentiation capacities. Our data also suggest that severe damage to these cells in CD may account for the pathological PD-L1low phenotype of CD myofibroblasts. In contrast, aberrant differentiation of MtSCs appears to be involved in the appearance of pathological partially differentiated PD-L1high myofibroblasts within the inflammed colonic mucosa in UC. Conclusion Our data show, for the first time, that the progenitor functions of MtSCs are differentially impaired in CD vs UC, providing a scientific rationale for the use of allogeneic MSC therapy in IBD, and particularly in CD.
Extracellular Matrix by Design: Native Biomaterial Fabrication and Functionalization to Boost Tissue Regeneration

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a “nest” established by cells in their surroundings. It is a microenvironment that supports cellular function and survival, as well as their collaboration with one another. In native organs, the ECM provides the desired spatial architecture, biomolecular composition, and biomechanical cues to guide cellular organization and activities that are unique to each organ. Recapitulating these essential features of the extracellular environment holds the key to enabling effective biofabrication of functional tissues, thus, becoming the central goal of engineering biomaterials in regenerative medicine. Accordingly, native ECM biomaterials have emerged as robust and versatile contenders for supporting tissue repair and regeneration, with growing interest in techniques that enhance their regenerative potential. In particular, chemoselective ECM functionalization is an emerging research direction that endows the native ECM with desirable new features without altering the overall material properties. Further, the ECM is constantly undergoing remodeling, especially following implantation and during regeneration, which is critical for the long-term stability and functionality of the engineered tissues. Here, we present a timely review of the unique material properties and applications of ECM biomaterials in tissue engineering, highlighting recent advances in ECM manufacture, functionalization, and remodeling characterization, while also providing an outlook of potential research directions that will move the field forward. In native organs, the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a wide array of essential biological, mechanical, and physiological signals to guide cellular activities such as adhesion, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and interaction with other cells. ECM biomaterials extracted from native organs are gaining popularity in tissue engineering. In particular, recent advancements in whole-organ decellularization and 3D bioprinting are expediting the progress in bioengineering organs with physiologically relevant tissue architecture and biomolecular composition. This review summarizes key concepts in using native ECM biomaterials for tissue engineering and highlights the conventional and emerging strategies for further modification of such ECM materials to endow them with the desired biomimetic functions to facilitate tissue regeneration. We will also briefly cover the current understanding of constructive ECM remodeling during regeneration as well as related investigatory tools.
Deuterium equilibrium isotope effects in a supramolecular receptor for the hydrochalcogenide and halide anions

We highlight a convenient synthesis to selectively deuterate an aryl C–H hydrogen bond donor in an arylethynyl bisurea supramolecular anion receptor and use the Perrin method of competitive titrations to study the deuterium equilibrium isotope effects (DEIE) of anion binding for HS−, Cl−, and Br−. This work highlights the utility and also challenges in using this method to determine EIE with highly reactive and/or weakly binding anions.
The Effect of Advertising Copy on Sensory Thoughts and Perceived Taste

We propose that advertisement (ad) content for food products can affect taste perception by affecting sensory cognitions. Speciﬁcally, we show that multi-sensory ads result in higher taste perceptions than ads focusing on taste alone, with this result being mediated by the excess of positive over negative sensory thoughts. Since the ad effect is thoughts-driven or cognitive, restricting cognitive resources (imposing cognitive load) attenuates the enhancing effect of the multiple-sense ad. Our results are exhibited across three experiments and have many implications for cognition and sensory perception research within consumer behavior, as well as several practical implications.
What's Left of Us

THIS IS THE WAY we play it. There is something there, of course there is. We just never say. We fuck, or we have lunch. He has a wife. I have a life that has little to do with him. Now, I never once let it slide, it isn't even there to slide colored warm and fleshy onto my face where he would see and be uneasy, or worse, frightened. And if it happens when we are making love or fighting that his brown eyes shift to blue or whatever the dumb song says, he closes them. We learned to do this the only way there is, him with another woman, a previous lover, and me, unfortunately, with him.
Unsupervised learning the hidden structure of speech

The unsupervised neural network learning procedure is applied to the analysis and recognition of speech. This procedure takes a set of input patterns and attempts to learn their function; it develops the necessary representational features during the course of learning. A series of computer simulation studies was carried out to assess the ability of these networks to label sounds accurately, to learn to recognize sounds without labels, and to learn feature representations of continuous speech. These studies demonstrate that the networks can learn to label presegmented test tokens with accuracies of up to 99%. These networks developed rich internal representation. There is no clock; the circuit is data driven, and there is no necessity for endpoint detection or segmentation of the speech signal during recognition. Training in the presence of noise provides noise immunity up to the trained level. For the speech problem studied, the circuit connection only need to be accurate to about a 3-b digitization depth for optimum performance. The algorithm used maps efficiently onto a simple VLSI hardware chip. >
Does boron play only a structural role in the growing tissues of higher plants

In species in which boron (B) mobility is limited, B deficiency only occurs in growing plant organs. As a consequence of the highly localized patterns of plant growth and the general immobility of B it has been extremely difficult to determine the primary function of B in plants. In species in which B is phloem mobile, the removal of B from the growth medium results in the depletion of B present in mature leaves. Thus, it is possible to develop mature leaves with increasingly severe levels of B depletion, thereby overcoming the complications of experiments based on growing tissues. Utilizing this approach we demonstrate here that B depletion of mature plum (Prunus salicind) leaves did not result in any discernible change in leaf appearance, membrane integrity or photosynthetic capacity even though B concentrations were reduced to 6–8 µg/g dwt, which is less than 30% of the reported tissue B requirement. Boron depletion, however, results in a severe disruption of plant growth and metabolism in young growing tissues. This experimental evidence and theoretical considerations suggest that the primary and possibly sole function of B, is as a structural component of growing tissues.
Introduction: Can the Ordinary Practice of Law Be a Religious Calling?

This article is an introduction to essays authored by speakers at Pepperdine University's Institute on Law, Religion, and Ethics inaugural conference. The theme of the conference was the question of whether religious faith, particularly the faith of Christians and Jews, can be a source of meaning for the practice of law. The conference focused on the religious concept of vocation or calling as a means of understanding the ordinary, day-to-day work of lawyers. Many of the speakers argued that work, even what is normally considered secular work, is an area of life that can and should be redeemed by God. Cochran states that most religious traditions accept the notion that all productive work can be a religious calling. In this introduction, he addresses two issues: "Why are so many lawyers dissatisfied with their work?" and "Is the ordinary practice of law something that one can do to the glory of God?". Cochran concludes this introduction with a brief summary of the essays written by the speakers at the conference.
A New α-d-Mannosidase Occurring in Golgi Membranes

Abstract α-d-Mannosidase has been found to be a component of Golgi membranes of rat liver, other glycosidases being of low or negligible activity except for N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, which is readily released from the membranes by 0.4 m NaCl. The mannosidase is not appreciably extracted from the membranes by 0.4 m NaCl or by 1% Triton X-100 but is released by 0.5% deoxycholate. In addition to its distinctive subcellular localization, the Golgi enzyme is clearly distinguishable from the lysosomal and soluble cytoplasmic α-d-mannosidases on the basis of pH optimum, mobility in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, thermal inactivation rate, and kinetic properties. Possible relationships of the Golgi mannosidase to glycoprotein metabolism and to the other mannosidases are discussed.
Preparation of dense ultra-fine grain barium titanate-based ceramics

Hydrothermal BaTiO/sub 3/ with 3-5 wt.% Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was sintered to very high densities at 850 degrees C. New results on the effect of lower concentrations of Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/ on the densification and the dielectric properties of the BaTiO/sub 3/ ceramic are discussed in the present work. As an expansion of the previous work, hydrothermal Sr/sub 0.2/Ba/sub 0.8/TiO/sub 3/ was sintered with 0-5 wt.% Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/ between 850 and 1250 degrees C. When 5 wt.% Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was added, the powder compacts sintered to a bulk density of greater than 5.2 gm/cm/sup 3/, at 950 degrees C. The room-temperature dielectric constant of this ceramic was 1500, and the K vs. T plot followed the Z5U industrial specification. >
Microprocessor Based Diagnostics for Diesel Powered Equipment

This paper describes the concept, design and development of a new highly flexible diagnostic system for diesel powered equipment. An application involving an Ingersoll-Rand compressor and electrical generator for aircraft ground support is reviewed. The diagnostic system consists of three microprocessor based modules that communicate with each other. These modules provide the function of performance monitoring, data logging, fault diagnostics, simulation, calibration and operator interface.
A Review of “Tribal Libraries, Archives, and Museums: Preserving Our Language, Memory, and Lifeways”

Throughout the United States, tribal libraries, archives, and museums serve a variety of different purposes and preserve a wide array of collections, including, but not limited to, books, records, ...
LIMITS ON CHARGED HIGGS USING ${\rm t{\bar t}}$ CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTS

We present the results of a search for charged Higgs in the decay products of at the CDF II detector at the Tevatron. The search is based on the cross section measurements of production in three exclusive decay channels: dilepton, lepton + jets and lepton + hadronic tau. Assuming the charged Higgs decays only via , and , and , limits in the MSSM (mHiggs, tan(β)) plane are obtained at tree level. A model-independent analysis is introduced in which the results are independent of Higgs branching ratios. This analysis results in BR(t→Hb)<0.7 at 95%CL for 80 GeV<mHiggs<150 GeV.
Spinal cord infarction in meningitis: Polygenic risk factors

We report a male with spinal cord infarction and tetraplegia after Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. He was subsequently found to have both a Chiari I malformation and factor V Leiden mutation. A literature search was conducted to identify previously reported cases of pediatric spinal cord infarction associated with acute bacterial meningitis, anatomic brain anomalies, and hypercoagulability disorders. This article is the first report of spinal cord infarction in a child with hypercoagulability disorder and structural brain anomaly in the setting of acute bacterial meningitis. The confluence of infection, inflammation, localized pressure, and predisposition to hypercoagulability produced unique conditions resulting in infarction of the cervical spine. This report emphasizes the polygenic nature of the expression of spinal cord infarction.
A Comparison of Measured Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) with Predicted Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) in Morbidly Obese Patients

Text: Purpose: To compare, in patients with morbid obesity, resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by a handheld indirect calorimeter (MedGem) with predicted energy expenditure as calculated by 8 different prediction equations Methods: REE was measured by a handheld indirect calorimeter (MedGem) for 34 female morbidly obese patients. Eight different equations were used to calculate predicted REE. For each predicted REE, the difference from the MedGem REE was calculated for each patient. For each method, differences were plotted against the corresponding means of the MedGem and predicted measures. Plots were used to determine whether a systematic relationship existed between the differences and means. Bland-Altman limits of agreement were calculated for each predicted REE with / 500kcal/day established as a priori clinically unacceptable error. Disagreement between the MedGem (MG) REE and the predicted REEs was defined as greater than 10%. Results: The lowest amount of bias was observed for Mifflin-St Jeor (MSJ) equation using actual body weight, which was on average 129.52 higher than MedGem. Following the MSJ equation was the HarrisBenedict equation using actual body weight, which was on average 172.14 higher than MedGem. The mean bias (Predicted REE MG) was 10% for both equations with limits of agreement between 457.74 and 716.78 kcal/day (MSJ) and 391.03 and 735.31 kcal/day (HB). Since the mean bias was 10 % for both equations and limits of agreement exceeded / 500kcal/day, when compared to MG REE, both predictive equations may not be clinically acceptable for use with this population.
Distribution and Transport of Suspended Particulate Matter in Hueneme, Redondo, Newport, and La Jolla Submarine Canyons, California

Studies of the distribution of suspended particulate matter in the waters over Hueneme, Redondo, Newport, and La Jolla submarine canyons off southern California are combined with analyses of recordings of canyon-floor currents to evaluate the influence of canyons on the seaward dispersal of fine, terrigenous sediment. The canyon surveys were undertaken during the fall and winter months of 1971 to 1973 when suspended-sediment concentrations and composition over the mainland shelf are controlled principally by terrigenous-sediment supply. Consequently, particle concentrations at all levels generally increased toward the coast; highest values, exceeding 6 mg per 1, were present in the Newport and Hueneme areas because of the relative proximity of large rivers. The vertical distribution of suspended particulate matter is influenced strongly by the density structure of the water column on the shelf and slope, and sharply bounded, midwater, turbidity maxima are well developed over the shelf where sediment supply is comparatively large. Nepheloid layers were present and ranged from a few meters to >200 m in thickness with peak particle concentrations of 5 to 7 mg per 1 over the inner shelf and within the steep-walled, headward portions of each canyon. Although a nepheloid layer is a characteristic component of suspensate distribution in all sampled areas, maximum particle concentrations were
Particle transmutations in quantum gravity

Abstract Topologically nontrivial quantum gravitational field configurations may induce transitions between particles and anti-particles. This might explain the change in baryon and other quantum numbers that occur in black-hole formation and evaporation without requiring a loss of information.
Gender Performances During Labor and Birth in the Midwives Model of Care

Previous research suggests many middle-class white women attempt to maintain femininity during labor and birth. There is also evidence that women who give birth outside the medical model may engage in more gender-deviant behaviors. The current study examines women’s accounts of gender performances during birth in the midwives model of care. Participants describe themselves engaging in a number of gender-deviant behaviors, without apology or overt remorse. However, participants also describe themselves engaging in activities during labor and birth that are traditionally considered feminine, including domestic tasks, care-giving and adhering to beauty norms; some defined childbirth itself as a feminine activity. Thus, participants are not simply adhering to or defying dominant notions of femininity, but are engaging in a complex set of gender behaviors. It is argued that study participants are prioritizing certain aspects of femininity—in particular, the “good mother”—over others.
Isohemagglutinins of Graft Origin after ABO-Unmatched Liver Transplantation

The increasing success of liver transplantation in recent years has provided an experimental model to study and document the hepatic synthesis of many plasma proteins.1–5 The normal hepatobiliary tract has not been regarded as a major source of antibody,6,7 aside from the enteric IgA secreted from plasma into the biliary tree.8 Liver transplantation affords the opportunity to study the production of antibody to red cells. Recipient ABO incompatibility to the donor (a mismatched transplant, e.g., a group A liver transplanted into a group B recipient), although not absolutely contraindicated in liver transplantation, is avoided when possible. However, ABO-unmatched transplants (defined as a group O liver transplanted into a non-group O recipient or a group A or B liver to an AB recipient) are used frequently. We report the short-term occurrence of anti-recipient ABO antibody after eight unmatched transplants. In five cases there was evidence of hemolysis. No such antibodies have been seen in over 180 ABO-matched transplants at our center. These antibodies were most probably produced by donor lymphocytes transplanted in or with the livers.
The wrapper: a surface optimization algorithm that preserves highly curved areas

Software to construct polygonal models of anatomical structures embedded as isosurfaces in 3D medical images has been available since the mid 1970s. Such models are used for visualization, simulation, measurements (single and multi-modality image registration), and statistics. When working with standard MR- or CT-scans, the surface obtained can contain several million triangles. These models contain data an order of magnitude larger than that which can be efficiently handled by current workstations or transmitted through networks. These algorithms generally ignore efficient combinations that would produce fewer, well shaped triangles. An efficient algorithm must not create a larger data structure than present in the raw data. Recently, much research has been done on the simplification and optimization of surfaces ([Moore and Warren, 1991]); [Schroeder et al., 1992]; [Turk, 1992]; [Hoppe et al., 1993]; [Kalvin and Taylor, 1994]). All of these algorithms satisfy two criteria, consistency and accuracy, to some degree. Consistent simplification occurs via predictable patterns. Accuracy is measured in terms of fidelity to the original surface, and is a prerequisite for collecting reliable measurements from the simplified surface. We describe the 'Wrapper' algorithm that simplifies triangulated surfaces while preserving the same topological characteristics. We employ the same simplification operation in all cases. However, simplification is restricted but not forbidden in high curvature areas. This hierarchy of operations results in homogeneous triangle aspect and size. Images undergoing compression ratios between 10 and 20:1 are visually identical to full resolution images. More importantly, the metric accuracy of the simplified surfaces appears to be unimpaired. Measurements based upon 'ridge curves; (sensu [Cutting et al., 1993]) extracted on polygonal models were recently introduced [Ayache et al., 1993]. We compared ridge curves digitized from full resolution, Wrapper, and volume subsampled CT-scan isosurfaces. [Dean, 1993] introduced a method for measuring distances between space curves. In the best case this method demonstrated that ridge curves digitized from the Wrapper simplified images were two orders of magnitude closer to the full resolution image than those taken from the volume subsampled images.
Cortisone and Irradiation* II. Pulmonary Necrosis and Blood Vessel Impairment in Irradiated Cortisone-treated Rat Lung

In order to investigate the extent and nature of injury caused by cortisone in the lung parenchyma, 3 mgs of cortisone were given daily to irradiated and nonirradiated rats for a period of 100 days. The cortisone-treated rats developed pulmonary hemorrhage and necrosis with liquefaction, which killed many animals during the experiments while irradiated animals died by pulmonary infection. Although cortisone inhibits the inflammatory reaction and reduces the amount of lymphoid tissue and the production of fibrosis, it appears to be responsible for liquefaction, hemorrhage, and blood vessel impairment. In general, it may be said that hyperemia, congestion, extravasation and/or hemorrhage, and capillary thrombosis occur in the lung parenchyma progressively. Liquefaction and/or necrosis are a result of increased capillary pressure and its permeability. This blood vessel impairment leads to arteriosclerosis-like lesions (Monckeberg type) in the main pulmonary artery.
Energy comparisons and where to insulate earth-sheltered buildings and basements

Abstract Earth-sheltered buildings use dramatically less energy than conventional designs, as is shown by a computer study of single and two storey residences. Various insulating techniques are discussed for windows, and for roofs, walls, and floors of earth-sheltered houses and for basements of conventional houses.
Effects of buoyancy and mechanical layering on collisional deformation of continental lithosphere: Results from physical modeling

Abstract We use two suites of lithospheric-scale physical experiments to investigate the manner in which deformation of the continental lithosphere is affected by both (1) variations of lithospheric density (quantified by the net buoyant mass per area in the lithospheric mantle layer, M B ), and (2) the degree of coupling between the crust and lithospheric mantle (characterized by a modified Ampferer ratio, Am ). The dynamics of the experiments can be characterized with a Rayleigh–Taylor type ratio, ϕ CLM . Models with a positively buoyant lithospheric mantle layer ( M B > 0 and ϕ CLM > 0) result in distributed root formation and a wide deformation belt. In contrast, models with a negatively buoyant lithospheric mantle layer strongly coupled to the crust ( M B ϕ CLM > ≈ − 0.2, and Am > ≈ 10 − 3 ) exhibit localized roots and narrow deformation belts. Syncollisional delamination of the model lithospheric mantle layer and a wide deformation belt is exhibited in models with negatively buoyant lithospheric mantle layers weakly coupled to the crust ( M B ϕ CLM Am − 3 ). Syncollisional delamination of the continental lithosphere may initiate due to buoyancy contrasts within the continental plate, instead of resulting from wedging by the opposing plate. Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities dominate the style of deformation in models with a negatively buoyant lithospheric mantle layer strongly coupled to the crust and a slow convergence rate ( M B ϕ CLM > ≈ − 0.2). The degree of coupling ( Am ) between the model crust and lithospheric mantle plays a lesser role in both the style of lower-lithospheric deformation and the width of the crustal deformed zone with increasing density of the lithospheric mantle layer.
Beneficial Preparatory Aortopulmonary Shunt for Anatomical Repair of Transposition of the Great Arteries with Intact Ventricular Septum

Anatomical repair was successfully performed in an infant with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum who had previously received a Blalock-Taussig shunt. In this patient, creation of an aortopulmonary anastomosis induced a well-developed left ventricle with concomitant adequately increased pressure and mass. Beneficial aortopulmonary shunt that precedes the anatomical repair in selected patients with simple transposition is discussed.
Nucleus basalis-enabled stimulus-specific plasticity in the visual cortex is mediated by astrocytes

Although cholinergic innervation of the cortex by the nucleus basalis (NB) is known to modulate cortical neuronal responses and instruct cortical plasticity, little is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms. Using cell-attached recordings in vivo, we demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the NB, paired with visual stimulation, can induce significant potentiation of visual responses in excitatory neurons of the primary visual cortex in mice. We further show with in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, ex vivo calcium imaging, and whole-cell recordings that this pairing-induced potentiation is mediated by direct cholinergic activation of primary visual cortex astrocytes via muscarinic AChRs. The potentiation is absent in conditional inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptor type 2 KO mice, which lack astrocyte calcium activation, and is stimulus-specific, because pairing NB stimulation with a specific visual orientation reveals a highly selective potentiation of responses to the paired orientation compared with unpaired orientations. Collectively, these findings reveal a unique and surprising role for astrocytes in NB-induced stimulus-specific plasticity in the cerebral cortex.
Steric effects on the metal–insulator (mirror–transparent) transition in YHx

Abstract In order to further study the role of structure on the metal–insulator (mirror–transparent) transition in yttrium-hydride (YH x ) films [Nature 380 (1996) 231], we have substituted scandium (Sc) into the Y lattice. This substitution shows the effect of reduction of unit cell size on this transition. Electron-beam evaporation was used to deposit 100-nm-thick films of Y 1− z Sc z alloys for 0≤ z ≤1. The films are capped with a 10 nm overlayer of palladium (Pd) to prevent oxidation and to catalyze hydrogen absorption. Fully hydrogenated alloys with z ≤0.10 exhibit optical transmittance of up to 0.14 in agreement with the literature [J. Alloys. Comp. 253–254 (1997) 41]. This transmittance decreases by a factor of 3–12 for scandium concentrations of 20% and greater. The cell volume for z ≥0.20 is consistent with rare-earth elements that do not form trihydrides. Details of sample synthesis, lattice structure, and optical transmission spectra are discussed.
Adherence to Insulin and the Risk of Glucose Deterioration

Efforts to improve glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes have been limited by the tendency for patients to experience glycemic deterioration during the maintenance phase of treatment. It has previously been reported that insulin use is a predictor of so-called “hyperglycemic relapse” (1). This previous retrospective study was limited by the inability to adjust for medication adherence, as this measure was not available in the database. Here, we reconsider the relationship between insulin use and hyperglycemic relapse in a prospective cohort study after consideration of medication adherence. We studied 164 patients currently enrolled in a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases–funded Relapse Prevention Trial. Each patient in this study had documented previous …
Mixed integer formulation to minimize makespan in a flow shop with batch processing machines

Batch processing machines are commonly used in wafer fabrication, kilns, and chambers used for environmental stress screening (ESS). This paper proposes two models to schedule batches of jobs on two machines in a flow shop. A set of jobs with known processing times and sizes has to be grouped, to form batches, in order to be processed on the batch processing machines. The jobs are nonidentical in size. The processing time of a batch is the longest processing time of all the jobs in that batch. Mixed integer formulations are proposed for the flow shop problem when the buffer capacity is unlimited or zero. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the application of our model.
Window heating by a pulsed laser: focal lengths and rise times.

A simple model is solved for the heating of a thin cylindrical laser window. Steady-state focal lengths of different windows are calculated. (AIP)
Culturally related stress, hopelessness, and vulnerability to depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in emerging adulthood

Culturally related experiences are seldom considered in assessing risk for suicidal behavior among emerging adults, despite racial/ethnic differences in suicide attempts. The present study examined the impact of culturally related stressors on hopelessness, symptoms of depression, and suicidal ideation-well-known predictors of suicidal behavior-among emerging adults over time, and whether hopelessness would mediate the relation between culturally related stressors and both depression and ideation. An ethnically diverse sample of 143 emerging adults, ages 18 to 25, completed self-report measures of acculturative stress, perceived discrimination, and depressive symptoms at 1 time point, and self-report measures of ethnic identity, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation 2 to 3years later. Higher baseline acculturative stress and perceived discrimination predicted hopelessness, but not symptoms of depression, when entered simultaneously into a regression analysis. However, there was an indirect relation between these culturally related stressors and depressive symptoms through hopelessness. There was also a direct relation between acculturative stress at baseline and suicidal ideation at follow-up, and hopelessness mediated this relation. However, the indirect relations between culturally related stressors and depression and suicidal ideation through hopelessness were only present at low levels of ethnic identity, but not at average or high levels of ethnic identity. Acculturative stress and perceived discrimination may thus increase vulnerability to depression and suicidal ideation to the extent that they increase hopelessness, but a strong ethnic identity may buffer against this relation. This study highlights the need for incorporating culturally related experiences in assessing risk for suicidal ideation and behavior, particularly among emerging adults from diverse backgrounds.
Combined effects of freezing rates and of various protective agents on the preservation of human erythrocytes.

Summary o 1. Fifty cubic millimeters of citrated human blood containing various concentrations of glyeerol, DMSO, dextrose, sucrose, or PVP were frozen in capillary tubes which had an outside diameter of 1.5 mm and a wall thickness of 0.3 mm, by abrupt immersion into isopentane baths at temperatures ranging from −5 to −130°C. 2. The frozen specimens were thawed rapidly by abrupt immersion of the capillary into a well stirred water bath at 35°C, and the extent of injury to the erythrocytes was measured by a colorimetric determination of the amount of hemoglobin released from the damaged cells. 3. The results obtained indicate that the 5 protective agents investigated may be classified into three types: the type glycerol, the type dextrose and the type PVP. 4. Protective agents of the type glycerol, which includes DMSO, become increasingly efficient in preventing lysis with increased concentration (up to a limit) at low cooling velocities and increasingly injurious at high cooling velocities. 5. At low cooling velocities, at which hemolysis is minimum with protective agents of the type glycerol, the agents of the type dextrose, including sucrose, exert only a slight protection. At high cooling velocities, they become increasingly effective in reducing hemolysis. 6. Protective agents of the type PVP give results intermediate between those of the type glycerol and those of the type dextrose. At low cooling velocities they give less protection than the additives of the type glycerol, but more than those of the type dextrose. Conversely, at high cooling velocities, they do not provide the protection afforded by sugars, nor do they exert the marked injurious effects of glycerol. 7. The general shape of the hemolysis curves obtained with human blood frozen at various rates with different protective agents is very similar to those observed with bovine blood frozen under the same conditions.
Retrograde amnesia for passive avoidance produced by stimulation of dorsal hippocampus.

Abstract Retrograde amnesia (RA) was produced in rats receiving low-level hippocampal stimulation (ESB) immediately following footshock (FS) in a one-trial passive avoidance situation. Rats given ESB without FS showed no avoidance and those receiving FS without ESB avoided maximally. The role of hippocampal after-discharges in RA is discussed.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the interactions between screw dislocations and self-interstitial clusters in body-centered cubic Fe

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to elucidate the interactions between screw dislocations and self-interstitial atom (SIA) defects in body-centered cubic Fe, using an embedded atom method potential fitted to ab initio forces. Two interaction mechanisms were identified: the junction mechanism, in which the original 1/2〈1 1 1〉 SIA loop was transformed into a 〈1 0 0〉 loop after the interaction, and the helical dislocation mechanism. The strengthening factor due to the interaction was estimated to be in the 0.4–0.6 range, in good agreement with experiments.
Circulating Eccentric Orbits Around Planetary Moons

Eccentric orbits in the third-body perturbed problem are evaluated in the context of planetary-moon missions. All possible motion in the doubly averaged problem is reviewed and concisely summarized via contour plots. Special attention is paid to the well-known class of orbits that cycle between low and high eccentricity while circulating in argument of periapse. Applying the doubly averaged assumptions, the maximum sustainable inclinations and eccentricities for long-term circulating ballistic orbits are found and discussed for the dimensioned systems at Ganymede, Europa, Titan, Enceladus, and several other planetary moons. The full-cycle periods of the circulations and librations are reduced to quadratures that are functions only of the two integrals of motion and the moon and orbiter mean motions. In the specific case of Ganymede, higher-fidelity models are considered to analyze the validity of the doubly averaged assumptions. Families of stable long-repeat-cycle periodic orbits are demonstrated in the unaveraged Hill-plus-nonspherical-potential model. Several point designs are considered in a full ephemeris model, and promising results include long-term ephemeris-stable orbits that enjoy maximum inclinations above 60 deg. These circulating "ball-of-yarn" orbits cycle between high and low eccentricities while distributing close approaches throughout the moon's surface.
Impact of Conformational Heterogeneity of OxoG Lesions and Their Pairing Partners on Bypass Fidelity by Y Family Polymerases

7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine (oxoG), the predominant oxidative DNA damage lesion, is processed differently by high-fidelity and Y-family lesion bypass polymerases. Although high-fidelity polymerases extend predominantly from an A base opposite an oxoG, the Y-family polymerases Dpo4 and human Pol η preferentially extend from the oxoG•C base pair. We have determined crystal structures of extension Dpo4 ternary complexes with oxoG opposite C, A, G, or T and the next nascent base pair. We demonstrate that neither template backbone nor the architecture of the active site is perturbed by the oxoG(anti)•C and oxoG•A pairs. However, the latter manifest conformational heterogeneity, adopting both oxoG(syn)•A(anti) and oxoG(anti)•A(syn) alignment. Hence, the observed reduced primer extension from the dynamically flexible 3′-terminal primer base A is explained. Because of homology between Dpo4 and Pol η, such a dynamic screening mechanism might be utilized by Dpo4 and Pol η to regulate error-free versus error-prone bypass of oxoG and other lesions.
MRI-based computational model of heterogeneous tracer transport following local infusion into a mouse hind limb tumor.

Systemic drug delivery to solid tumors involving macromolecular therapeutic agents is challenging for many reasons. Amongst them is their chaotic microvasculature which often leads to inadequate and uneven uptake of the drug. Localized drug delivery can circumvent such obstacles and convection-enhanced delivery (CED) - controlled infusion of the drug directly into the tissue - has emerged as a promising delivery method for distributing macromolecules over larger tissue volumes. In this study, a three-dimensional MR image-based computational porous media transport model accounting for realistic anatomical geometry and tumor leakiness was developed for predicting the interstitial flow field and distribution of albumin tracer following CED into the hind-limb tumor (KHT sarcoma) in a mouse. Sensitivity of the model to changes in infusion flow rate, catheter placement and tissue hydraulic conductivity were investigated. The model predictions suggest that 1) tracer distribution is asymmetric due to heterogeneous porosity; 2) tracer distribution volume varies linearly with infusion volume within the whole leg, and exponentially within the tumor reaching a maximum steady-state value; 3) infusion at the center of the tumor with high flow rates leads to maximum tracer coverage in the tumor with minimal leakage outside; and 4) increasing the tissue hydraulic conductivity lowers the tumor interstitial fluid pressure and decreases the tracer distribution volume within the whole leg and tumor. The model thus predicts that the interstitial fluid flow and drug transport is sensitive to porosity and changes in extracellular space. This image-based model thus serves as a potential tool for exploring the effects of transport heterogeneity in tumors.
Reaction of [(tBu)Ga(μ3-Te)]4 with Elemental Sulfur and Selenium: A Facile Chalcogenide Exchange Reaction

A facile chalcogenide exchange is observed for the reaction between [(tBu)Ga(μ3-Te)]4 and elemental sulfur or selenium, resulting in the stoichiometric formation of the appropriate cubane, [(tBu)Ga...
The business of library acquisitions: A consumer action model

Abstract Librarians'concerns for ethics, management, standards, and evaluation of service performance reflect a concern for the business operations of a library. While libraries serve social, educational, and cultural needs in society, they are also non-profit business organizations. It is, therefore, necessary that a library be managed as a professional business. We are large bureaucracies and major consumers, but we find ourselves striving for recognition as professional organizations by the public and the book industry. In Acquisitions, as conscientious consumers of the publishing industry, we have a responsibility to evaluate the trade standards of the products we purchase and the performance of the service for which we have contracted. This paper presents a model of trade standard guidelines for a specialized area of the publishing industry and advocates a broader application towards trade standards for the entire publishing industry.
Auctions with bidder-determined allowable combinations

Abstract Combinatorial auctions are desirable as they enable bidders to express the synergistic values of a group of assets and thus may lead to better allocations. Compared to other types of auctions, they keep bidders from being exposed to risks (of receiving only parts of combinations that would be valuable to them) or from being overly cautious (in order to minimize such risks). However, computation time needed to determine the set of optimal winning combinations in a general combinatorial auction may grow exponentially as the auction size increases, and this is sometimes given as a reason for not using combinatorial auctions. To determine the winning allocation in a reasonable time, a bid taker might try to limit the kinds of allowable combinations, but bidders may disagree on what combinations should be allowed, and this may make limiting the allowable combinations politically infeasible. This paper proposes and tests successfully a new approach to managing the computational complexity of determining the set of winning combinations. The main idea is to let bidders themselves determine and prioritize the allowable combinations. Using bidder-determined combinations has two nice properties. First, by delegating the decision on what is biddable to the bidders who know what combinations are important to them, the bid taker is able to be (and appear) fair. Second, since bidders know their economics and have the incentive to get important combinations included, bidder prioritization of combinations will tend to assure that the most economically-important combinations are included in determining the winning set of bids if the bid taker is not able to consider all of the combinations submitted by bidders. The proposed auction process is useful in situations, such as government auctions, in which the bid taker is reluctant to limit the allowable combinations.
A Pilot Training Program in the Mental Health of Older Women.

This paper describes and analyzes a pilot social work education program in the mental health of older women. It discusses the past, present, and probable future developmental activities related to planning, implementation, and evaluation of the model sponsored by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work. The preliminary outcomes of this five‐year project may offer some guidelines and alternatives for training and retraining professionals for mental health practice with older women.
Relationship between posture and lifting capacity

Abstract This study investigates the effect of changes in posture caused by wearing high-heeled shoes on the maximum lifting capacity. Nine female college students, ages 20 to 25 years, participated in this study. Three heel heights (flat, 5 cm and 7.6 cm), two lifting heights (floor to knuckle and knuckle to shoulder), and lifting frequency of 4 per minute were examined. The results indicate that a significant difference exists between MAWOL with flats and that with 7.6 cm heels for both lifting heights. Subjects lifted 21.5% less weight using 7.6 cm heels than wearing flats. No significant difference was found between MAWOL with flats and 5 cm high heels. In addition, in evaluating the tasks subjectively, the subjects reported that they experienced a stress ontheir legs when lifting with 5 cm and 7.6 cm high-heeled shoes. The conclusion of this study indicates that a change in posture affects lifting capacity, and individuals should adjust their predetermined MAWOL while wearing high-heeled shoes.