cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the spatiotemporal variability in subsurface thermal regimes across a low-relief polygonal tundra landscape

Abstract. Vast carbon stocks stored in permafrost soils of Arctic tundra are under risk of release to the atmosphere under warming climate scenarios. Ice-wedge polygons in the low-gradient polygonal tundra create a complex mosaic of microtopographic features. This microtopography plays a critical role in regulating the fine-scale variability in thermal and hydrological regimes in the polygonal tundra landscape underlain by continuous permafrost. Modeling of thermal regimes of this sensitive ecosystem is essential for understanding the landscape behavior under the current as well as changing climate. We present here an end-to-end effort for high-resolution numerical modeling of thermal hydrology at real-world field sites, utilizing the best available data to characterize and parameterize the models. We develop approaches to model the thermal hydrology of polygonal tundra and apply them at four study sites near Barrow, Alaska, spanning across low to transitional to high-centered polygons, representing a broad polygonal tundra landscape. A multiphase subsurface thermal hydrology model (PFLOTRAN) was developed and applied to study the thermal regimes at four sites. Using a high-resolution lidar digital elevation model (DEM), microtopographic features of the landscape were characterized and represented in the high-resolution model mesh. The best available soil data from field observations and literature were utilized to represent the complex heterogeneous subsurface in the numerical model. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of the developed modeling approach to capture – without recourse to model calibration – several aspects of the complex thermal regimes across the sites, and provide insights into the critical role of polygonal tundra microtopography in regulating the thermal dynamics of the carbon-rich permafrost soils. Areas of significant disagreement between model results and observations highlight the importance of field-based observations of soil thermal and hydraulic properties for modeling-based studies of permafrost thermal dynamics, and provide motivation and guidance for future observations that will help address model and data gaps affecting our current understanding of the system.
Interaction of Dislocations With Interfaces in Nanoscale Multilayered Metallic Composites

Atomistic simulation studies of dislocation nucleation and propagation in nanoscale multilayered metallic systems (Cu-Ni and Cu-Nb) are performed. Nanoindentation model is used to generate dislocations at and near the surface. Interaction of the propagating dislocations with two types of interfaces (coherent and incoherent) is analyzed. In the case of coherent interface, Cu(111)-Ni(111), dislocations that initiate in Cu layer propagate through the interface into Ni. However, the interface acts as an obstacle for dislocation propagation and leads to a higher dislocation density near the interface. In the case of incoherent interface, Cu(111)-Nb(110), dislocations that initiate in Cu do not propagate into Nb and tend to accumulate in copper near the interface. In both cases, the interfaces provide mechanisms for strengthening the nanoscale multilayered metallic systems.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Mesh Generation Transfer Based on Topology Matching

This paper describes a method to automatically generate a mesh by transferring the mesh generation parameters from a standard geometry to an equivalent one. This allows the geometry and mesh generation systems to be separate. The new geometry may be a parametric version of the previous geometry or a new geometry. The requirement is that the geometries have the same topology. The transfer is accomplished by finding the best correspondence between the two topologies.
The Clinical Laboratory and Diabetes Mellitus: The Future

Diabetes is a prevalent disease, especially type II disease. Therefore, the most specific and sensitive laboratory tests will be required in diagnosing and treating this disorder. While the laboratory makes important contributions to the therapy for this disorder, much additional experimental and developmental work is needed to approach the preclinical diagnosis of either type I or type II diabetes mellitus.
Suitability of the PROMIS alcohol use short form for screening in a HIV clinical care setting

Abstract Background At-risk alcohol use is important to identify in clinical settings to facilitate interventions. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use Short Form was developed through an item response theory process, but its utility as a screening instrument in clinical care has not been reported. Objective To determine the ability of the PROMIS Alcohol Use Short Form to identify people with current or future at-risk alcohol use defined by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test consumption (AUDIT-C) instrument. Methods Observational study of people living with HIV (PLWH) in clinical care at four sites across the US. Patients completed a tablet-based clinical assessment prior to seeing their providers at clinic appointments. We used 3 definitions of clinically-relevant at-risk alcohol use and determined the proportion of PLWH with current or future at-risk drinking identified by the PROMIS instrument. Results Of 2497 PLWH who endorsed ≥1 drink in the prior 12 months, 1500 PLWH (60%) endorsed “never” for all PROMIS items. In that group, 26% had clinically-relevant at-risk alcohol use defined by one or more AUDIT-C definitions. At follow-up (N = 1608), high baseline PROMIS scores had 55% sensitivity for at-risk drinking among those with at-risk drinking at baseline, and 22% sensitivity among those without baseline risk. Conclusions The PROMIS Alcohol Use Short Form cannot be used alone to identify PLWH with clinically-relevant at-risk alcohol use. Optimal assessment of problem drinking behavior is not clear, but there does not seem to be an important role for the PROMIS instrument in this clinical setting.
Dopamine synthesis in alcohol drinking-prone and -resistant mouse strains.

Alcoholism is a prevalent and debilitating neuropsychiatric disease, and much effort has been aimed at elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying maladaptive alcohol drinking in an effort to design rational treatment strategies. In preclinical literature, the use of inbred mouse lines has allowed for the examination of ethanol effects across vulnerable and resistant phenotypes. C57BL/6J mice consistently show higher rates of ethanol drinking compared to most mouse strains. Conversely, DBA/2J mice display low rates of ethanol consumption. Given that the reinforcing and rewarding effects of ethanol are thought to be in part mediated by its actions on dopamine neurotransmission, we hypothesized that alcohol-preferring C57BL/6J and alcohol-avoiding DBA/2J mice would display basal differences in dopamine system function. By administering an L-aromatic acid decarboxylase inhibitor and measuring L-Dopa accumulation via high-performance liquid chromatography as a measure of tyrosine hydroxylase activity, we found no difference in dopamine synthesis between mouse strains in the midbrain, dorsal striatum, or ventral striatum. However, we did find that quinpirole-induced inhibition of dopamine synthesis was greater in the ventral striatum of C57BL/6J mice, suggesting increased presynaptic D2-type dopamine autoreceptor sensitivity. To determine whether dopamine synthesis or autoreceptor sensitivity was altered by a history of ethanol, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to one or two weekly cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure and withdrawal. We found that there was an attenuation of baseline dopamine synthesis in the ventral striatum after two cycles of CIE. Finally, we examined tissue content of dopamine and dopamine metabolites across recombinant inbred mice bred from a C57BL/6J × DBA/2J cross (BXD). We found that low dopaminergic activity, as indicated by high dopamine/metabolite ratios, was positively correlated with drinking. Together, these findings show differential autoreceptor effects on dopamine synthesis between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice, and suggest that decreased dopaminergic activity is associated with excessive drinking.
Case 61: Those That Ignore the Past

A visiting anesthesiologist demonstrates the superficial temporal arterial cannulation (STA) in infants. This he recommends instead of the radial artery (RA) cannulation. You are impressed, and under his guidance, you, as a resident, do one with great success. The visiting anesthesiologist suggests that you do ten cases, and if successful report it as an abstract to a pediatric medical meeting. He tells you he will help you with the IRB submission. You are excited.
Expression of a Two Chain Gamma-Glutamyl Carboxylase: Importance of Disulfide Bond Formation and Transmembrane Domain Interactions.

Abstract The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase is an integral membrane protein with five transmembrane domains (TMDs). It catalyzes the post-translational modification of specific glutamic acid residues of vitamin K-dependent proteins to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues. This posttranslational modification is critical for the biological functions of blood coagulation. The native enzyme is a single chain molecule with one disulfide bond. In this study, we have expressed carboxylase as two chains: residues 1–345 and 346–758 in the same insect cells. Our results show that these two fragments are assembled into a fully active enzyme and are joined by a disulfide. Affinity purification of the carboxylase C-terminal fragment (346–758) results in co-purification of the N-terminal fragment (1–345) even under reducing condition. This indicates that, in addition to the disulfide linkage between these two fragments, they are also linked by non-covalent interactions. One possibility is that the hydrophobic interactions between the TMDs play a role. According to carboxylase membrane topology, there are four TMDs (1–4) in the N-terminal fragment and one TMD (fifth) in the C-terminal fragment. The C-terminal fragment contains all glycosylation sites. When we introduced two prolines to disrupt the transmembrane helix in the wild type carboxylase's fifth TMD, glycosylation was eliminated. This indicates that the domain is not inserted into the lumen of the ER, but remains in the cytoplasm. Therefore, as our results demonstrate, in the two chain carboxylase with its fifth TMD disrupted, the two chains do not form a disulfide bound nor do they associate through essential non-covalent TMD interactions. While proline residues can disrupt membrane helices as described above, they often occur at the interface between the membrane and the lumenal surface of ER; these prolines appear to affect the chain orientation as it exits the membrane. There is a proline at residue 378 near the lumenal surface of the fifth TMD helix of carboxylase. To examine P378's effect on disulfide bond formation, we mutated it to leucine. Results show that less disulfide bond formed in the two chain mutant carboxylase and the protein was significantly degraded when compared to the unmutated two chain molecule. Based on our results, we conclude the following: 1) the two chain carboxylase is assembled into a single molecule in vivo and the two chains are joined by a disulfide bond, the enzyme carboxylates gla-containing substrates and binds propeptide with affinity similar to that of wild type enzyme. Therefore, this molecule is a good model for structural studies of TMD interactions and disulfide bond formation; 2) TMD association in the membrane is important for the orientation of the N- and C-terminal portions of carboxylase to be assembled into the active enzyme; 3) and finally proline residue 378 at the lumenal interface of the fifth TMD plays a key role in the conformation which promotes disulfide formation.
Secular Changes in the Postcranial Skeleton of American Whites

Secular change in height has been extensively investigated, but size and shape of the postcranial skeleton much less so. The availability of large, documented collections of nineteenth- and twentieth-century skeletons makes it possible to examine changes in skeletal structure over the past 150 years. We examined secular changes in long bone lengths and proportions, their allometric relationship to stature, and crosssectional properties of long bone shafts. Bone measurements and stature were organized into 10-year birth cohorts, ranging from 1840 to 1989. Variation among cohorts was tested by one-way ANOVA, and secular trend was examined visually by plotting mean measurements by birth decade. Allometry was examined by regressing log bone lengths onto log stature, using least squares regression. Allometry was also examined using the geometric mean of log bone lengths as the size variable. All bone lengths and stature showed positive secular change. Stature and the distal long bones showed the most pronounced changes. Proportions also changed, as revealed by the brachial and crural indices. Both indices increased, but the brachial index change was the most pronounced. Allometric relationships suggest that brachial index changes result from positive allometry of the radius and negative allometry of the humerus. Similar but less marked allometric relationships were found in the tibia and femur. Long bone shaft properties changed in the following ways: femur midshafts and tibia shafts at the nutrient foramen became more mediolaterally narrowed, and the femur became more mediolaterally thickened at the subtrochanteric level, approaching platymeria. All major long bones became more gracile. These remarkable changes in the postcranial skeleton are a response to the unparalleled changes in the environment in which modern Americans now live. Changes in growth resulting from plentiful and secure nutrition, reduced disease load, and marked reduction in bone loading from reduced activity levels are mainly responsible.
Justice and the Practical Wisdom of the Individual

One absence in the writings of Maimonides is an explicit discussion of practical wisdom and the necessity for practical deliberation over different competing goods and interests in an individual’s decision-making process. Gersonides’ ethics can be distinguished here from Maimonides’ through the former’s greater focus on competing practical goods with a method for how to decide between them. He interprets the narrative of the Hebrew Bible as a chronicle of cases whereby three different goods conflict: human physical needs such as family and property; peace and the cessation of conflict; and obeying God’s commands. He thus views the ethical stance of the Bible as seeking not to avoid conflict but rather endeavoring to create a tradition of demonstrating how to deal with serious practical conflicts.
Resolving two enigmatic distributions in the genus Orthotrichum (Orthotrichaceae): A re-evaluation of Orthotrichum fenestratum and O. sordidum

Orthotrichum fenestratum Card. & Ther , described from St. Paul Island and reported only from a few small islands in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Chain, was considered unique because of perforations in the exostome. Comparisons with the uncommon, but widespread, arctic-montane species, O. pylaisii Brid . , indicates that like O. fenestratum , O. pylaisii also has exostomial perforations and these species are conspecific. The distribution of O. pylaisii is mapped for northwestern North America. Orthotrichum sordidum Sull. & Lesq. was described from eastern North America and then reported from East Asia and from scattered locations in Alaska and Greenland. All of the Alaskan specimens are O. pylaisii and also all of the Greenland specimens examined belong to this latter species; consequently O. sordidum should be removed from the floras of these northern regions. Similar to O. pylaisii, O. sordidum also has perforate (and fenestrate) exostome teeth, but differs in a number of features, including 8 vs.16 exostome teeth; deeply ribbed, emergent capsules vs. lightly ribbed, exserted capsules; and 8, well-developed endostome segments vs. rudimentary segments of O. pylaisii . Orthotrichum sordidum occurs almost exclusively on tree trunks, while O. pylaisii occurs on rock.
Chapter 38 - Mood disorders

Mood disturbances, especially depressive disorders, are the most frequent neuropsychiatric complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). These disorders have a complex clinical presentation and are highly comorbid with anxiety, substance misuse, and other behavioral alterations such as impulsivity and aggression. Furthermore, once developed, mood disorders tend to have a chronic and refractory course. Thus, the functional repercussion of these disorders is huge, affecting the rehabilitation process and the long-term outcome of TBI patients. The pathophysiology of mood disorders involves the interplay of factors that precede trauma (e.g., genetic vulnerability and previous psychiatric history), factors that pertain to the traumatic injury itself (e.g., type, extent, and location of brain damage) and factors that influence the recovery process (e.g., family and social support). It is hardly surprising that mood disorders are associated with structural and functional changes of neural circuits linking brain areas specialized in emotional processing such as the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and amygdala. In turn, the onset of mood disorders may contribute to further prefrontal dysfunction among TBI patients. Finally, in spite of the prevalence and impact of these disorders, there have been relatively few rigorous studies of therapeutic options. Development of treatment strategies constitutes a priority in this field of research.
NLRP6 function in inflammatory monocytes reduces susceptibility to colitis in mice

NLRP6 is a member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, whose members are involved in the recognition of microbes and/or tissue injury. NLRP6 was previously shown to regulate IL-18 secretion and is important for protecting mice against chemically-induced colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer. However, the cellular mechanisms by which NLRP6 reduces susceptibility to colonic inflammation remain unclear. Here, we determined that NLRP6 expression is specifically upregulated in Ly6C hi inflammatory monocytes that infiltrate into the colon during dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammation. Adoptive transfer of WT Ly6C hi inflammatory monocytes into Nlrp6 −/− mice was sufficient to protect them from mortality, significantly reducing intestinal permeability and damage. NLRP6-deficient inflammatory monocytes were specifically defective in TNFα production, which was important for reducing DSS-induced mortality and dependent on autocrine IL-18 signaling by inflammatory monocytes. Our data reveal a previously unappreciated role for NLRP6 in inflammatory monocytes, which are recruited during colitis to promote barrier function and limit bacteria-driven inflammation. This study also highlights the importance of early cytokine responses, particularly NLRP6-dependent and IL-18-dependent TNFα production, in preventing chronic dysregulated inflammation that occurs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Instructor and peer influence on college student use and perceptions of Wikipedia

Purpose This study aims to investigate how undergraduate students are influenced by instructors and peers in the ways that they use and think about Wikipedia for academic work. It examines the positive (encouraging the use of Wikipedia) and negative (discouraging the use of Wikipedia) influences of others and how these affect student behavior and attitudes. Design/methodology/approach Sixteen undergraduates participated in two meetings each with the principal investigator, each meeting consisting of a structured interview and a brief survey. Recorded interviews were analyzed by the investigator for patterns to compare participants’ responses. Findings Participants were more frequently and strongly influenced by instructors than by peers about Wikipedia, and this influence was for the most part perceived to be negative. However, the ways in which student behaviors and attitudes changed in response to this influence varied. Three categories or “influence types” emerged in the ways influence was manifested: receptive, independent and conflicted. Practical implications The findings of this study will aid instructors of undergraduate students by describing the likely reactions of those students to various ways of talking about Wikipedia. This information can help inform methods for teaching different kinds of students about the website. Originality/value Previous studies have shown how students use Wikipedia, as well as the attitudes of faculty toward Wikipedia. This study serves to bridge the gap between these areas, providing insight into how faculty and classmates’ attitudes influence student use of Wikipedia.
A quantitative risk assessment model for the management of software projects

This chapter presents a comprehensive quantitative management model for information technology (IT). It is assessment based and can be easily implemented without imposing an unacceptable organizational-change solution. It supplies detailed information about the functioning of processes, which will allow managers to both effectively oversee operations, as well as assess their prospective and ongoing risks of execution.
2133. Cutibacterium acne Surgical Site Infections: Case Series From a University-Affiliated Hospital Network

Background Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acne, residing on skin, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands, can persist in the dermal layer despite standard surgical skin preparations. Traditionally considered a colonizer, it’s been increasingly recognized as a cause of surgical site infections (SSI). We aimed to gain further clinical insight into C. acne’s role in SSI.
Template models for forced-localization tasks

We have previously presented the results of a psychophysical study of forced localization performance in tasks that include ramp-spectrum noise as a model of CT acquisition noise. The study used efficiency analysis and the classification image technique to better understand the mechanisms of performance. In this work, we begin the process of developing models of observer performance for these tasks. Since the image statistics for these tasks are well defined, we can use the ensemble image mean and covariance to compute templates for several standard model observers (PWMF, NPW, NPWE, and four implementations of the CHO). The goal of this work is to compare these with the human observer classification images to see if they are using spatial weighting of images in similar ways to perform the tasks. The most direct comparison would be of a model-observer template to the average human-observer classification image. However it may be the case that the classification image estimation procedure introduces bias into the classification image. Additionally, classification images may have effects from internal noise. Thus we also explore a comparison of humans and models in which the model is elaborated with internal noise and used as a scanning linear filter to generate localization responses. A classification image is then estimated for the model and compared with human-observer classification images. We compare both performance and the classification-image profile to the human-subject data. We find very limited ability to fit both endpoints.
Utilizing a Critical Service-learning Approach in an Adapted Physical Education Course

Adapted physical education (APE) is offered as a course in most physical education teacher education (PETE) programs to better prepare preservice teachers (PST) in giving instruction to students wi...
Generalized Gaussian dynamics, phase-space reduction and irreversibility: a comment

A rubric of methods developed in the past decade by various workers, W. G. Hoover, D. J. Evans, G. P. Morriss and otherst[1,2], have proved to be a really ingenious and efficient set of techniques for non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. In this approach, the Newtonian dynamics is modified by adding “frictional terms” according to a prescription of Gauss[3] in order to keep the total or kinetic energy a constant of the motion when the system is subjected to a thermodynamic or mechanical driving field. A variation of Gauss’ modified dynamics was invented by S. Nose[4], and simplified by Hoover[5], in which only the long-time average of the (total or kinetic) energy is fixed but which is also often employed in practical applications. We shall refer to these modifications of Newtonian dynamics collectively as generalized Gaussian dynamics, and to the nonequilibrium simulation technique based upon them as the Gaussian or generalized Gaussian MD method. Especially for problems where it is important to minimize boundary influences, the method seems to have significant advantages. Quite generally, it eliminates the need for any random-number generation and only requires the numerical integration of deterministic dynamics. The method can be expected to work since holding the total or kinetic energy fixed should naturally be equivalent to introducing a coupling to a heat bath or “thermostatting” the system when the number of particles is large. Therefore, it is not surprising if for such large-particle systems the use of the Gaussian method produces a steady state measure which will correctly reproduce the universal (i. e. independent of the reservoir-modeling technique) physical features of the non-equilibrium steady state. The “physical” properties are generally those which depend only on large-scale features and a macroscopic number of particles.
Feedback control algorithms for automated glucose management in T1DM: the state of the art

Abstract Safety and performance of artificial pancreas (AP) systems rely on the design of advanced control algorithms. In this chapter, we provide an overview of various feedback control algorithms for glucose regulation proposed in the literature. We discuss how the safety and performance requirements are enforced in real-time closed-loop control algorithms through designing particular controller structures and operation constraints. Existing results on proportional-integral-derivative control, fuzzy logic control, model predictive and optimal control, and linear parameter-varying control are covered. With the need for long-term home use of the AP, controller adaptivity becomes an important factor to consider in AP algorithm design. In this regard, developments on long-term parameter adaptation and machine-learning-based control are also discussed.
‘Free’ Market ‘Knowledge’: ‘That Part of the Argument Which Is Not Sympathetic to Me, I Pass Over’

What would have happened to the ‘American experiment’ had George Washington not delivered his Newburgh Address to disgruntled military officers but had, instead, succumbed to Austrian-style notions of ‘liberty’? Mises enlisted political ‘Fascism’ to protect (Austrian) Classical Liberalism (‘property’), and Hayek—who sought to create ‘a system of really limited democracy’—promoted superstitious reverence towards ascribed status for the same purpose. To achieve this, he needed dictators (in Chile, Augusto Pinochet; in Portugal, Antonio de Oliveira Salazar; in Argentina, Jorge Rafael Videla, etc.) plus (as he told James Buchanan) ‘secondhand dealers in opinion’ who ‘determine what people think in the long run. If you can persuade them, you ultimately reach the masses of the people.’ Or as Mises put it: ‘The masses, precisely because they are dull and mentally inert, have never created new ideologies. This has always been the prerogative of the elite.’ (‘Inferior’ consumers could be persuaded by ‘superior’ producers that they were sovereign.) While North Americans were ‘too unstable’ in their opinion, the Operation Condor military dictatorships of South America were more to Hayek’s liking: the kleptocratic Pinochet was an ‘honourable general’ and his government officials were ‘educated, reasonable, and insightful men.’ Murray Rothbard, Hayek’s fourth-generation Austrian School co-leader, was, in effect, a tax-exempt spotter for Al-Qaeda; Pinochet seized power (coincidentally) on 9 November 1973; and Videla seized power in Argentina on 29 March 1976. In ‘Dirty War’ Argentina, elite business classes use their connections to have the military Junta kidnap, torture and ‘disappear’ some of the key figures within the labour movement who represented potential threats to their interests. Similar forces operated under European ‘Fascism’ and in South American Operation Condor countries.
Group Sex Events Among Cisgender Men Who Have Sex With Men: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Survey Study to Explore Participation and Risk-Taking Behaviors.

Background: Group sex events (GSEs) are common among cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM), pose a unique risk profile for HIV and sexually transmitted disease (STD) transmission, and may be on the rise, in part because of Web-based networking platforms. However, collecting data on GSEs can be challenging, and many gaps exist in our knowledge about GSE participation among MSM. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop survey questions addressing aggregate and partner-specific group sex behaviors to measure prevalence of GSEs and associated risks in persons participating in Project Diagnostic Evaluation To Expand Critical Testing Technologies (DETECT), including MSM seeking HIV and STD testing at a public clinic in Seattle, Washington. Methods: We developed a computer self-assisted survey that included questions about participant demographics, sexual history, and risk behaviors, including group sex, as a part of Project DETECT, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–funded study evaluating point-of-care HIV tests. Aggregate and partner-specific questions asked about participation in all GSEs, threesomes, and four-or-more-somes including questions about number and HIV status of sex partners and condom use during the events. To evaluate question performance, we assessed the discrepancies in reporting between the aggregate and partner-specific questions, quantified question refusal rates, and calculated the additional time required to answer the GSE questions. Information about network density (number of partnerships of overlapping duration) was estimated and compared for MSM who did and did not report GSEs. Results: Among 841 visits by 690 MSM who were asked any group sex survey question, participation in a GSE of any type in the past 3 months was reported at 293 visits (293/841, 34.8%). We found that 9.0% (76/841) of MSM in the sample reported ≥1 four-or-more-some in the partner-specific questions but did not report in the aggregate. The proportion of refusals on any given aggregate GSE-related question ranged from 0% (0/273) to 10.6% (15/141) (median 2.6%) and partner-specific questions ranged from 0% (0/143) to 22% (5/23) (median 3.0%), with questions about four-or-more-somes having the highest proportions of refusals. Completing the aggregate group sex questions added 1 to 2 minutes and the partner-specific questions added an additional 2 to 4 minutes per partner to the total survey length. As expected, the partner-specific GSE questions documented higher density of sexual networks that was not captured by asking about total partner counts and overlap of specific partnerships. Conclusions: We found that the Project DETECT survey was able to obtain nuanced information about GSEs. The question skip patterns and consistency checks were effective, and survey fatigue was minimal. More research is needed on GSEs, and our survey represents a promising data collection tool to help fill gaps in knowledge about the subject.
Systemic Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Protein Levels Correlate with Neuroimaging Measures in Chronically HIV-Infected Individuals.

Few studies have examined systemic mitochondrial function in conjunction with brain imaging in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Oxidative phosphorylation enzyme protein levels of periphe...
Teaching social responsibility and geographic literacy through a course on social vulnerability in disasters

ABSTRACTSocial vulnerability describes human susceptibility to harm or loss from hazards; hence, understanding the human-environment interactions that underlie vulnerability is essential for aspiri...
A flexible nonlinear mixed effects model for HIV viral load rebound after treatment interruption

Characterization of HIV viral rebound after the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy is central to HIV cure research. We propose a parametric nonlinear mixed effects model for the viral rebound trajectory, which often has a rapid rise to a peak value followed by a decrease to a viral load set point. We choose a flexible functional form that captures the shapes of viral rebound trajectories and can also provide biological insights regarding the rebound process. Each parameter can incorporate a random effect to allow for variation in parameters across individuals. Key features of viral rebound trajectories such as viral set points are represented by the parameters in the model, which facilitates assessment of intervention effects and identification of important pretreatment interruption predictors for these features. We employ a stochastic expectation-maximization (StEM) algorithm to incorporate HIV-1 RNA values that are below the lower limit of assay quantification. We evaluate the performance of our model in simulation studies and apply the proposed model to longitudinal HIV-1 viral load data from five AIDS Clinical Trials Group treatment interruption studies.
Donald A. B. Lindberg: Inspiring Leader and Visionary in Biomedicine, Healthcare, and Informatics.

Background: As Director of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM) for 30 years, Dr. Donald A. B. Lindberg was instrumental in bringing biomedical research and healthcare worldwide into the age of genomic and translational medicine through the informatics systems developed by the NLM. Lindberg opened free access and worldwide public dissemination of all the NLM's biomedical literature and databases, thus helping transform not only biomedical research like the Human Genome Project and its successors, but also the practices of medicine and healthcare internationally. Guiding, leading, and teaching-by-example at national, regional, and global levels of biomedical and healthcare informatics, Lindberg helped coalesce a dynamic discipline that provides a foundation for the human understanding which promotes the future health of our world. Objectives: To provide historical insight into the scientific, technological, and practical clinical accomplishments of Donald Lindberg, and to describe how this led to contributions in the worldwide interdisciplinary evolution of informatics, and its impact on the biosciences and practices of medicine, nursing, and other healthcare-related disciplines. Methods: Review and comment on the publications, scientific contributions, and leadership of Donald Lindberg in the evolution of biomedical and health informatics which anticipate the vision, scholarship, research in the field, and represent the deeply ethical humanism he exhibited throughout his life. These were essential in producing the informatics systems, such as the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), MEDLINE, PubMed, PubMed Central, and ClinicalTrials.gov , which, together with NLM training programs and conferences, made possible the interactions among researchers and practitioners leading to the past quarter-century of rapid and dramatic advances in biomedical scientific inquiry and clinical discoveries, openly shared across the globe. Conclusion: Dr. Lindberg was a uniquely talented physician and pioneering researcher in biomedical and health informatics. As the main leader in developing and funding innovative informatics research for more than 30 years as Director of the National Library of Medicine, he helped bring together the most creative interdisciplinary researchers to bridge the worlds of biomedical research, education, and clinical practice. Lindberg's emphasis on open-access to the biomedical literature through publicly shared computer-mediated methods of search and inquiry are seen as an example of ethical scientific openness.
Is Solidarity Possible in Global Health Policy and Systems Research

Solidarity in global health research is often seen by researchers as a supererogatory ethical goal in community engagement efforts. It represents a higher ethical or transformative goal that signal...
How do pilon fractures heal? An analysis of dual plating and bridging callus formation.

Abstract Objectives 1) To determine the effect of single versus dual plate metaphyseal fixation for pilon fractures on callus formation and reoperation rates, 2) to determine the effect of biomechanically matched versus unmatched fixation, and 3) to determine whether patient or surgical factors were independent predictors of bridging callus formation or need for reoperation. Design Retrospective comparative study. Setting Single level one trauma center. Patients Fifty patients with AO/OTA type C2 or C3 pilon fractures treated with plate fixation. Intervention Internal fixation with a plate and screw construct, with comparisons made between patients with single versus dual plate fixation, and patients treated with biomechanically matched or unmatched fixation. Main Outcome Measurements Modified RUST (mRUST) scores at three and six months and reoperation rate. Results At six months, mean mRUST scores were significantly lower in patients treated with dual metaphyseal plates compared to a single plate (8.7 vs 10.4, p=0.046) There were 15 open fractures; eight were treated with supplemental fixation, while seven were treated with single-column fixation. Open fracture (OR 51.05, p=0.008) was a risk factor for reoperation. Screw density between 0.4 and 0.5 was a protective factor against reoperation (OR 0.03, p=0.026). Biomechanically unmatched fixation did not affect mRUST scores or reoperation rates. Conclusions Pilon fractures treated with a single plate had more callus formation six months after surgery compared to those treated with dual plate fixation, and there was no difference in reoperation rates. Screw density between 0.4-0.5 was protective against reoperation. These data may serve as the basis of future work to determine the ideal fixation construct for the frequently comminuted metaphysis in pilon fractures. Further work is necessary to determine whether callus formation in these injuries is desirable. Level of Evidence Three
Sounding Characteristics that Yield Significant Convective Inhibition Errors due to Ascent Rate and Sensor Response of In Situ Profiling Systems

AbstractAccurate measurements of the convective inhibition (CIN) associated with capping inversions are critical to forecasts of deep convection initiation. The goal of this work to determine the s...
Drug and herbal/dietary supplements-induced liver injury: A tertiary care center experience.

Drug and herbal/dietary supplements-induced liver injury: A tertiary care center experience
R7 photoreceptor axon targeting requires matching levels of the Lost and found protein in R7 and its synaptic partners

The formation of neural circuits requires growing processes to select the correct synaptic partners from a wide array of choices. This recognition depends on interactions between cell surface proteins, but quantitative comparisons of the levels of such proteins have been less considered as a source of synaptic specificity. Here we show that the relative levels of the Drosophila CUB-LDL protein Lost and found (Loaf) in the UV-sensitive R7 photoreceptor and its synaptic partners are important for normal R7 axon targeting. Although targeting occurs normally in loaf mutant animals, removing loaf from photoreceptors or restoring it to the synaptic partner neurons Tm5a/b or Dm9 in a loaf mutant causes R7 axons to terminate prematurely. Loaf localizes primarily to intracellular vesicles including endosomes. We suggest that Loaf regulates the trafficking or function of a transmembrane protein, and mismatched levels of this protein on R7 and its synaptic partners prevent stable synapse formation.
Exact two-body expansion of the many-particle wave function

Progress toward the solution of the strongly correlated electron problem has been stymied by the exponential complexity of the wave function. Previous work established an exact two-body exponential product expansion for the ground-state wave function. By developing a reduced density-matrix analog of Dalgarno-Lewis perturbation theory, we prove here that (i) the two-body exponential product expansion is rapidly and globally convergent with each operator representing an order of a renormalized perturbation theory, (ii) the energy of the expansion converges quadratically near the solution, and (iii) the expansion is exact for both ground and excited states. The two-body expansion offers a reduced parametrization of the many-particle wave function as well as the two-particle reduced density matrix with potential applications on both conventional and quantum computers for the study of strongly correlated quantum systems. We demonstrate the result with the exact solution of the contracted Schr\"odinger equation for the molecular chains ${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{5}$.
Catalytic upcycling of high-density polyethylene via a processive mechanism

The overconsumption of single-use plastics is creating a global waste catastrophe, with widespread environmental, economic and health-related consequences. Here we show that the benefits of processive enzyme-catalysed conversions of biomacromolecules can be leveraged to affect the selective hydrogenolysis of high-density polyethylene into a narrow distribution of diesel and lubricant-range alkanes using an ordered, mesoporous shell/active site/core catalyst architecture that incorporates catalytic platinum sites at the base of the mesopores. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that long hydrocarbon macromolecules readily move within the pores of this catalyst, with a subsequent escape being inhibited by polymer–surface interactions, a behaviour that resembles the binding and translocation of macromolecules in the catalytic cleft of processive enzymes. Accordingly, the hydrogenolysis of polyethylene with this catalyst proceeds processively to yield a reliable, narrow and tunable stream of alkane products. Achieving plastic deconstruction with high selectivity is crucial for upcycling schemes, but remains challenging. Here, a processive approach for the selective hydrogenolysis of high-density polyethylene into narrow alkane fractions is introduced relying on a Pt/SiO2 catalyst encapsulated in a mesoporous silica shell.
Surface-relief gratings with anti-reflective nanostructures for panchromatic astronomical low/medium/high resolution spectroscopic surveys

Volume Phase Holographic Grating (VPHG) technology provides efficient dispersion solutions for astronomical spectroscopy, but its fabrication and parameter control remain in the realm of nonlinearity. More accurate and repeatable control can be achieved using micro-lithographic patterning processes and reactive-ion plasma etching (RIE), to fabricate surface relief gratings, free from surface defects and completely embedded into the substrate material. Such gratings promise potential for low/medium resolution spectroscopy applications not only in usual ground-based spectrographs, but in those subject to much harsher conditions (e.g. space-based, cryogenic, high-power laser instruments). When combined with nano-textured anti-reflective surfaces using the same fabrication technology, the relief gratings can serve astronomical spectroscopy needs that may be sub-optimally met or not feasible with VPHGs. We detail prototype micro-lithographic grating fabrication results in this paper.
Health and performance of calves fed fresh colostrum from their dams compared to those fed stored colostrum from non-dams

The objective of this study was to assess the preweaning performance, health, and survival of calves fed fresh colostrum from their dams compared to calves receiving colostrum that was not from their dams, and had been stored frozen or refrigerated. A total of 182 Holstein heifer calves born during July and August 2010 at a north-central Florida dairy farm were included. Explanatory variables included colostrum source, adjusted colostrum score, total estimated IgG intake, time to colostrum feeding, and calf-serum total protein determination as a measure of colostral immunoglobulin absorption. Control variables comprised birth weight and dam parity number. Average daily weight gain (ADG) was not affected by colostrum source. Number of disease events was the only variable showing a significant negative association with ADG (P=0.001), but there was a tendency to significance for lower-birth weight to be associated with a higher number of disease events; P=0.08. Source of colostrum did not affect the number of disease events or the total number of days on treatment. Similarly, no significant association with calf mortality was found for colostrum source. Time to event analyses did not indicate any significant association between morbidity and mortality and any of the explanatory variables, including colostrum source. We concluded that colostrum source was not significantly associated with performance, health, and survival in this population of dairy calves.
Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Visuospatial Function and Oculomotor Control

This demo uses Virtual Reality (VR) to assess cognitive function in people with Parkinson’s disease. We developed a VR-based assessment that combines simple game mechanics with components of the Trail Making Test. We collect performance metrics and gaze analytics during gameplay using the HTC Vive Pro Eye system. Ultimately, this data will allow clinicians and researchers to characterize cognitive and visuomotor deficits in people with neurological impairments such as Parkinson’s disease.
Before and beyond dualism: Paul Croce and David Leary on William James.

Reviews the books, "Young William James Thinking" by Paul Croce (2018) and "The Routledge Guidebook to James's Principles of Psychology" by David E. Leary (2018). Paul Croce's Young William James Thinking and David Leary's The Routledge Guidebook to James's Principles of Psychology reach important, at times convergent conclusions, though through very different approaches. Croce practices the kind of sympathetic hermeneutics that James wished had informed the reception of his pragmatism. A labor of love, Young William James zeroes in on the "center" of James's "vision," redrawing its contours. Leary, by contrast, proceeds through a razor-sharp analysis of James's Principles of Psychology. He sees himself as tracing paths and itineraries, through which readers can explore James's complex work. Croce's book addresses a broad audience of people who are interested in William James and the James family, and who also desire to learn more about American culture and society in the second half of the 19th century. Leary's study is aimed at a more specialized readership of historians of science, intellectual historians, psychologists, and philosophers, as well as graduate and undergraduate students. Through works like Leary's and Croce's readers can better understand the reasons why James's thought came to function as a resource not only for neuroscientific, biological understandings of mind, self, and values, such as Antonio Damasio's, but also for a humanistic "sciences of the human person," such as Roberto Assagioli's psychosynthesis and American humanistic psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
When self-perceptions of expertise increase closed-minded cognition: The earned dogmatism effect

Abstract Although cultural values generally prescribe open-mindedness, open-minded cognition systematically varies across individuals and situations. According to the Earned Dogmatism Hypothesis , social norms dictate that experts are entitled to adopt a relatively dogmatic, closed-minded orientation. As a consequence, situations that engender self-perceptions of high expertise elicit a more closed-minded cognitive style. These predictions are confirmed in six experiments.