cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recruiting new “huddled masses” and “wretched refuse”: a prolegomenon to the human colonization of space

Abstract This paper is offered as an introduction to some of the personnel problems we are likely to face when substantial off-Earth colonization becomes feasible. Most of the literature to date on the subject portrays future colonies as similar in population and community structure to contemporary North American or European communities. A consideration of the history of colonization and of human population movements in general indicates the likelihood that future space colonization will also be hard to control and will take unexpected turns not always to the liking of those in supposed charge. Thus, the greatest impetus to move to the new colonies will come, as in the past, most likely from those throughout the world with the most desperate needs. Again, many nations may, as in the past, take the opportunity to use the new colonies as places to jettison unwanted or undesirable subgroups.
Electrical stimulation of isolated retina with microwire glass electrodes

Abstract The development of high-resolution retinal prostheses fabricated from silicon wafers presents an interesting problem: how to electrically bridge the space between the flat silicon wafer and the curved retinal surface. One potential “bridge” is a microwire glass electrode. In this paper we present our results in evaluating microwire glass electrodes. We stimulated isolated rabbit retina (n=5) with a 0.0256 cm2 microwire electrode. The current and pulse duration were varied from 498 to 1660 μA and 0.1 to 3 ms, respectively. We found that short pulses produced more spikes per coulomb and longer pulses produced more spikes per milliamp. The optimal pulse duration range of 0.7–1 ms was identified as a compromise between the advantages of short and long pulses. Stimulation of isolated rabbit retina with microwire glass results in consistent neuronal spike formation at safe charge density, 20.7±4.3 μC/cm2. We also examined the response of retinas (n=6) to stimulation with a smaller microwire electrode, 0.0002 cm2. We found that less current was required (15 μA versus 756 μA) for a 1 ms pulse, but at the expense of greater charge density (75 μC/cm2 versus 29.5 μC/cm2). Nonetheless, a 128-fold reduction in area resulted in only a 2.7-fold increase in charge density required for a 1 ms pulse duration. The results presented here indicate that microwire glass can be used as a neural stimulating electrode to bridge the gap between flat microelectronic stimulator chips and curved neuronal tissue.
IPSILATERAL URETEROURETEROSTOMY FOR THE TREATMENT OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX OR OBSTRUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLETE URETERAL DUPLICATION

Purpose: We reviewed our experience with ureteroureterostomy as definitive treatment for vesicoureteral reflux or obstruction associated with ureteral duplication to determine the efficacy and morbidity of this procedure and identify factors that affect outcome.Materials and Methods: We performed a total of 100 ureteroureterostomies in 94 children with an average age of 28 months during the 23-year period ending May 1999. Four patients (4 kidneys) failed to return for postoperative evaluation. Followup was 2.5 to 206 months (mean 33). Indications for surgery were vesicoureteral reflux in 53 cases, obstructing ureterocele in 19, ureterocele with upper pole reflux in 4, an ectopic obstructed upper pole ureter in 18 and other in 2. In 23 kidneys ureteroureterostomy was combined with reimplantation of the recipient ureter. Surgery was considered successful when postoperative imaging revealed no reflux or obstruction and a patent ureteroureterostomy anastomosis.Results: Ureteroureterostomy with or without uret...
Formation of n-Alkanethiolate Self-Assembled Monolayers onto Gold in Aqueous Micellar Solutions of n-Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromides

We have investigated the kinetics of formation for n-alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) onto gold in aqueous micellar solutions of n-alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (CmTAB; m = 12, 14, 16, and 18). The cationic micelles provide hydrophobic domains to solubilize the alkanethiols and facilitate their delivery to the gold surface. The kinetics results for SAM formation in aqueous micellar solutions of CmTAB are well described by a first-order Langmuir adsorption model. The measured rate constant decreases exponentially with increasing hydrophobicity (chain length) of the alkanethiol adsorbate and the CmTAB surfactant. The measured rate also decreases with increasingly positive potentials of the gold electrode. A mechanism to describe SAM formation in CmTAB(aq) that is consistent with reported results of solute exchange between ionic micelles in solution consists of (1) fragmentation of thiol-laden micelles to produce submicelles, (2) incorporation of thiol-laden submicelles into adsorbed micelle...
THE EFFECT OF LIGATION OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT ON CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT

The effect on cholesterol synthesis of ligation of the common bile duct was studied in the rat. The bile ducts of rats were ligated; 24 to 48 hours later, estimates of the rate of cholesterol synthesis were made, either by injection of labelled water or acetate into the intact animal, or by incubation of slices or homogenates of the liver in the presence of 1-C(14)-acetate. These various criteria all indicated that cholesterol synthesis was increased following ligation of the bile duct. The average ratios of the rate of synthesis in the experimental animals to that in the controls were as follows: 1. Synthesis from C(14)-carboxyl-labelled acetate: (a) in the intact rat fed ad libitum, 19; (b) in liver slices from the fasted rat, 23; (c) in liver slices from the rat fed ad libitum, 4; (d) in cell-free homogenates from the fasted rat, >27; (e) in cell-free homogenates from the rat fed ad libitum, 17. 2. Synthesis from tritium-labelled water in the intact rat fed ad libitum, 4.
Speciation of organotin compounds by capillary electrophoresis using indirect ultraviolet absorbance detection

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with indirect photometric detection was investigated for the separation of organotin species. Compounds such as dimethyltin (DMT), dibutyltin (DBT), and tributyltin (TBT) are important pollutants in the aqueous environment and techniques are needed to analyze directly aqueous environmental samples quickly and economically. By adjusting the mobile phase to pH 2.65 by HCl, tributyltin, dibutyltin and dimethyltin in aqueous solutions were separated by capillary electrophoresis using indirect ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection. Pyridine was used as the UV absorption additive at 254 nm and separation was achieved in 6 min. Peak tailing obtained at higher pH suggests strong interaction between the dimethyltin cation and the negatively charged capillary wall. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was added to the mobile phase to improve the peak shapes when the pH of the mobile phase was greater than 3.5. Separations of organotin species in mobile phases with or without CTAB were compared. The change of electrophoretic mobility in mobile phases with different pH values indicates that DMT and DBT start to undergo hydrolysis at a pH 3.0. It was also found that the choice of the buffer anions is critical in the separation of the tin compounds as complexes appear to form with DMT and DBT in the presence of oxalate and citrate.
High-definition occupational therapy's competitive edge: personal excellence is the key.

oday, I want to talk with you about the idea of competition and how a competitive spirit can help us secure the power needed as we race toward our Centennial Vision (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2007). It should be no surprise to you that some people call me competitive. Let me tell you how I became this way, and why embracing the competitive spirit is essential for realizing the vision we have for our profession and for projecting �Occupational Therapy in High Definition� in this revolutionary decade of health care reform. Here I am at about 9 years old. For you students from the YouTube generation, this is what, once upon a time, was called 8 mm film. You can ask your parents about it. During cold Brooklyn winters, I went ice skating with my family at the Prospect Park ice rink. But as you can tell, I wasn�t satisfied to simply skate in circles; I was determined to perfect my spins, attitudes, and turns. Essentially, I competed with myself. Like many other childhood occupations, simply the thrill of developing competency and skill was motivation enough. And I was always aware of fashion. How about those earmuffs?! Summer sports were also a particularly significant childhood occupation of mine. As many younger siblings so often do, I was driven to keep up with my older brother. If he was going to swim, jump, and splash, then you can bet I was, too. From a very early age, this spirit of healthy competition was a regular aspect of my winter and summer leisure occupations.
Non-linear analysis of free-edge effects in composite laminates subjected to axial loads

Abstract A finite-element model based on the quasi-three-dimensional elasticity theory of Pipes and Pagano with the non-linear strain-displacement equations is used to study the effect of geometric non-linearity on free-edge stress fields in composite laminates subjected to in-plane loads. The results obtained for transverse normal and shear stresses indicate that the qualitative nature of the stresses remains the same as those obtained in the linear analysis, but the non-linear stresses are larger in magnitude by 5–40%, depending on the laminate. However, in most cases the difference is found to be about 10%.
Noise-immune conjugate large-area atom interferometers.

We present a pair of simultaneous conjugate Ramsey-Borde atom interferometers using large (20(Planck constant/2pi)k)-momentum transfer beam splitters, where (Planck constant/2pi)k is the photon momentum. Simultaneous operation allows for common-mode rejection of vibrational noise. This allows us to surpass the enclosed space-time area of previous interferometers with a splitting of 20(Planck constant/2pi)k by a factor of 2500. Using a splitting of 10(Planck constant/2pi)k, we demonstrate a 3.4 ppb resolution in the measurement of the fine structure constant. Examples for applications in tests of fundamental laws of physics are given.
Revascularization of acellular human dermis (alloderm) in subcutaneous implantation

Abstract Background: Although autogenous soft tissue graft materials, such as fat, fascia, and dermis, are commonly used for subdermal and subcutaneous augmentation, their inherent disadvantages continue to inspire a search for an alternative biomaterial. Objective: This study investigated revascularization after subcutaneous implantation of Alloderm, an allograft derived from acellular human dermis, in a rabbit model. Methods: Alloderm was implanted under the skin in the ears of 8 adult female white rabbits. Harvesting took place after 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Serial sections were stained and examined under light microscopy to assess vascular ingrowth, as determined by the number of vessels and their location of entry. Results: Postoperatively, minimal vessel ingrowth extending from all sides of the implantation site was visible in the grafts at 3 days. By 7 days, scattered vessels could be seen within the collagen bundles of the grafts. Further vessel ingrowth with nearly complete through-and-through vascularity was evident at 14 days. By 28 days, single-layer grafts were structurally intact, with identifiable vessels throughout the collagen bundles and no volume loss. Conclusions: Acellular human dermis is capable of complete revascularization within weeks after implantation. The orientation of the basement membrane has no impact on vascular ingrowth. The extent of revascularization in more complex grafts awaits further study.
Prison Violence, Gender, and Perceptions: Testing a Missing Link in Discretion Research

Criminal justice literature often suggests female social control agents (e.g., police, prison staff, and others) use force less often than male colleagues facing similar situations. Most explain this with reference to personal or social factors which are gendered, arguing role-pressures or differences in skill sets between men and women lead to different reactions by agents. However, part of the story may also be about assessment rather than reaction—men and women may diverge in how they recognize and interpret cues in some (particularly minor) violence situations. Testing this, survey data was drawn from a random sample of 2,077 staff working in all 112 Federal Prisons operating in 2005. By estimating fixed effects models (grouped on prison), as well as controlling for correlates of exposure within a given prison, male and female staff were compared with respect to their assessment of statistically similar violence events. The data showed that women assessed fewer minor assault events to have occurred than their male colleagues, yet the same number of serious violence events. This supports the argument that perceptions may play an important role in explaining gender differences in the use of discretion.
The world-wide burden of neurologic disease

``The search for the appropriate balance in development, for globally acceptable human life styles, is one which has to be undertaken together by rich countries as well as poor ... In this search the global concern for human health must take a central place.'' World Health Organization The economic, social, and personal burdens of the most common neurologic disorders in the United States and other developed countries have been the subject of intense study by their neurologists. But 85% of the world's population lives in countries other than those with established market economies and the formerly socialist economies of Europe, in the so-called ``developing world.'' The enormous impact of neurologic diseases in the developing world is less well-known, and is the focus of this article. In 1990, in the United States there was one neurologist per 29,000 people; in the same year India had one neurologist per 3.2 million, and Pakistan one per 10 million. [1,2] In 1993, 15 African countries had no neurologists at all. These figures are typical of the developing world, and therefore of a majority of the world's population. Lack of local training centers ensures that many of those seeking careers in neurology or the neurosciences will be trained abroad. Yet many who finish their neurologic training in economically advanced countries do not return to practice in their own countries. [3] For a joint 1993 report, the World Bank and the World Health Organization undertook an analysis of the loss of expected life and function resulting from most causes of death or disability. [4] For fatal disorders, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost were defined as the difference between the actual age at death and the expectation of life at that age. Years lost through disability (as from polio or depression) were calculated using a severity scale for …
A simplified prehospital advance directive law: Arizona's approach

Many of the approximately 400,000 deaths that occur outside of hospitals or chronic care facilities each year in the United States are not only expected but also welcomed as relief from terminal disease. However, patients who lack decision-making capacity cannot communicate to emergency medical services system and emergency department personnel their wish not to be the recipient of advanced life support procedures. Prehospital advance directives (PHAD) offer that opportunity. Arizona is only the fourth state to pass a PHAD statute and the first to simplify the law so it is interpreted easily by both providers and patients. PHAD laws need not be complex, either in their language or in their implementation requirements. Simple and easily understood statutes and their resulting directives increase the likelihood that those most likely to need and use this directive will be able to comply with its provisions. Arizona's law addresses several controversial areas yet to be worked out by other states. Placing the PHAD in statute ensures that a statewide attempt will be made to comply with its provisions, and as a law it should be more permanent than advance directive protocols based on administrative fiat. Physicians in other states may want to follow Arizona's lead and employ a joint effort by their state's bar association, hospital association, and medical association to smooth the passage of similar legislation. All parties involved, however, must not seek a perfect statute. Arizona's experience suggests that legislators will need to strike a balance between the needs of the citizens and the fears of lawyers wary of any potential liability for the state or the emergency medical services system.
Strain-Cycling Fatigue Behavior of Ten Structural Metals Tested in Liquid Helium, Liquid Nitrogen, and Ambient Air

The strain-cycling fatigue behavior of 10 different structural alloys and metals (two aluminum alloys, two titanium alloys, two stainless steels, a maraging steel, a high-nickel alloy, pure nickel, and pure copper) was investigated in liquid helium, liquid nitrogen, and ambient air at room temperature. Cylindrical hourglass-shaped specimens were loaded in compression and tension about zero mean strain to produce the desired strain ranges. Tensile properties were also obtained for each material and environmental temperature so that they could be used with the Manson-Hirschberg method of universal slopes to predict the fatigue behavior at each temperature. At high cyclic fatigue lives, fatigue resistance increased with decreasing temperature for all the materials investigated. At low cyclic fatigue lives, fatigue resistance generally decreased with decreasing temperature for the materials investigated. At low cyclic fatigue lives, fatigue resistance generally decreased with decreasing temperature for the materials investigated. Only for Inconel 718 did the fatigue resistance increase with decreasing temperature over the entire life range investigated. Comparison of experimental fatigue behavior with that predicted by the Manson-Hirschberg method of universal slopes showed that the strain-cycling fatigue behavior of the materials at cryogenic temperatures can be predicted with an accuracy comparable to that achieved in earliermore » investigations conducted at room temperature. Of the fatigue data obtained at cryogenic temperatures 80 percent were predicted within a life factor of 3.« less
Karhunen-Loeve representation of ECG data.

Abstract Quantitative representation of mathematical functions or random data provides a useful and often necessary step for analyzing complex physical or physiological phenomena. In general, the representation process converts complex functions or observations into weighted combinations of simple, elementary components. Rationale for use of representation lies in the simplification of restructuring of the original functions or data in terms of these basic elements, which can facilitate understanding or analysis of the phenomena under study. Representation provides a basis for feature extraction in classification problems, filtering for noise reduction, and information assessment. In this paper the author describes some of the classical representation methods and demonstrates specific implementation of the statistical representation of electrocardiographic data using the Karhunen-Loeve method.
A conflict theory of family violence.

This paper makes a theoretical accounting of family violence in terms of the antagonistic elements in our culture and society that serve to irritate family relationships. Using conflict theory as the interpretive tool, the existence of family violence is explained as a direct effect of the economic values of the culture. To further strengthen this theoretical position, portions of other theories are included, such as some of the Feminist arguments dealing with the historical development of patriarchy and a symbolic interaction perspective on the process of socialization for the use of violence in stressful situations.
Absorption of Solar Radiation in Tropical Regions

Earth albedo in lower latitudes measured by satellites and surface stations, comparing solar energy absorption by oceans and atmosphere
Clonal evolution with +11q 13, t(1;7) and t(1;4) at relapse in a patient with Ph positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) treated with single agent front line imatinib followed by dasatinib.

AbstractImatinib, a selective ABL kinase inhibitor has improved therapeutic outcome in patients with Philadelphia positive chronic or acute leukemia. In the present study, we describe a 56-year-old male with Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who was treated with up-front single agent imatinib and achieved complete hematologic, cytogenetic and molecular remission. At relapse 11 months later, new chromosomal translocations involving chromosomes 1, 7 and 4 and cryptic addition to chromosome 11 were identified in Ph + cells and the patient had rapid deterioration with progressive disease. The significance of additional chromosomal abnormalities in imatinib treated patients and secondary chromosomal abnormalities in Philadelphia positive chronic myeloid leukemia and ALL are discussed briefly in this report.
A butch among the belles.

Abstract This memoir of a 65-year-old “butch” lesbian describes her growing-up days in the South and her subsequent professional identity as a university professor and psychologist. The article includes feelings about being raised as a girl while feeling male. Personal reactions to family pressures to conform to a rigid sex role are noted and some attention is given to the effects of living an adult life in the closet.
Determination of elemental selenium and pyrite-selenium in sediments

Abstract A method is described for the selective determination of concentrations of elemental selenium and pyrite-selenium in sediments. A 1 M sodium sulfite solution is used to solubilize elemental selenium and a Cr(II) solution releases selenium in pyrite. The accuracy of the methods was evaluated by using various selenium compounds. The detection limits for the elemental and pyrite-selenium procedures are 0.001 and 0.025 μg Se per gram of sediment, respectively. The relative standard deviationis
Comparison of cardiac effects of enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in the dog heart-lung preparation.

Abstract Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was determined in intact dogs (N = 10 for each anesthetic) to be 2.12 ± 0.04 vol% for enflurane (ENF), 1.28 ± 0.04 vol% for isoflurane (ISO), and 0.94 ± 0.03 vol% for halothane (HAL). Then, the direct cardiac effects of these three anesthetics were studied at 0.36, 0.6, 1.0, and 1.2 MAC in the dog heart-lung preparation (HLP): an in situ whole heart preparation devoid of major extracardiac influences and reflex control. All three agents produced concentration-dependent decreases in heart rate (HR) that became significantly different from control at 0.6 MAC. HAL and ISO reduced +dP/dt max by the same degree at all MAC levels, becoming statistically significant at 0.6 MAC, while a significant reduction in +dP/dt max for ENF occurred first at 1.0 MAC. Marked increases in left atrial pressure (LAP) were observed at 1.0 MAC for all anesthetics and the first significant depression of systemic output (SO) occurred at 1.0 MAC. Each agent produced significant shifts of the left ventricular function curves (LVFC) to the right with each consecutive MAC fraction. Marked reductions in the slope of the LVFC were first observed at 1.0 MAC, and this change in slope was more pronounced with ENF. At 1.2 MAC, ENF seemed to produce a more severe cardiodepression than HAL or ISO, as suggested by a greater incidence of cardiac failure; however, this was not statistically significant. In general, the data suggest that at MAC fractions up to 0.6, ENF is less cardiodepressant than ISO or HAL, but that ENF has a tendency to be more depressant than HAL or ISO at concentrations higher than 1.0 MAC.
Learning and the part‐time worker

Part‐time working is still primarily a female activity, associated with lower organizational position, lower pay, and fewer training opportunities. Development, training and education models that reflect the values and assumptions of traditional (male) working patterns are not sufficiently flexible for organizations of today; nor do they meet the needs of part‐timers. This paper explores some of the factors associated with the development of this group of workers, who appear to experience particular barriers to learning.
Congruity influences memory and judgments of learning during survival processing.

A recent line of research has suggested that memory systems evolved to encode fitness-relevant information more effectively than other types of information—a phenomenon known as the “survival processing effect” (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33:263–273, 2007). However, the basis for the effect has been debated. In addition, it is unknown whether or not individuals will adjust their judgments of learning (JOLs) to reflect the survival processing effect. In three experiments, participants rated 16 words for their relevance to a survival scenario and another 16 words for their relevance to a bank robbery scenario. In Experiment 1A (with no JOLs), the survival processing effect emerged; in Experiment 1B (with JOLs), no survival processing effect emerged, but JOLs were higher in the survival condition. In both cases, these findings were confounded by higher relevance ratings in the survival condition. In Experiment 2, relevance was manipulated within each list, and the survival processing effect was eliminated. Instead, both recall and JOL magnitude were related to level of congruity between the words and type of processing. Together, these results provide further evidence for the role of congruity in the survival processing effect and JOLs.
Chemical Vapor Deposition And Characterization Of Diamond Films Grown Via Microwave Plasma Enhanced CVD

Diamond is an excellent candidate material for use in electronic and wear resistant coating applications due to its hardness, strength, thermal conductivity, high electron drift velocity, chemical and thermal stability, radiation hardness and optical transmission. Electronic devices of particular interest include high power/high frequency devices and devices to be utilized in high temperature, chemically harsh and/or high radiation flux environments. The recent development of techniques for growth of crystalline diamond films using low pressure gases has created the potential for growing thin films for such electronic devices or wear resistant coatings. In this research, diamond thin films grown on silicon by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition were characterized by a variety of materials analysis techniques including secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). This paper reports the characterization of these polycrystalline diamond films and discusses the impurities, bonding, and structure of the as-grown diamond films.
Host cell nuclear function and murine hepatitis virus replication

Murine hepatitis virus strains A59 and JHM replicated with equal efficiency in both nucleated and enucleated L2 cells. In addition, treatment of the host cell with either actinomycin D or alpha-amanitin, both inhibitors of host cell RNA synthesis, had no effect on virus replication. Therefore, the replication of murine hepatitis virus did not appear to depend upon either the presence of the host cell nucleus or continued host cell RNA synthesis.
Inotropic cardiac and vascular actions of [Ala7]angiotensin analogs

Angiotensins I, II, and III are potent cardiac inotropic agents, but vasoconstrictor and steroidogenic activities compromise their use in conditions of cardiac dysfunction. This study examines the inotropic and vascular actions of [alanyl7]-substituted angiotensin analogs in field-stimulated rabbit left atria and isometrically contracting aortic strips. Angiotensin II increased cardiac contractility in a dose-dependent manner with an ED50 of 30 nM. Sarcosine substitution at the amino terminus of angiotensin II increased its potency 10-fold. Inhibition of converting enzyme with teprotide (10 microgram/ml) had no effect on contractile responses to angiotensin II or [Sar1]angiotensin II. [Ala7]Angiotensin II was a weaker cardiac stimulant than angiotensin II, but addition of teprotide enhanced its potency to that of angiotensin II. [Sar1, Ala7]Angiotensin II also was equipotent to [Sar1]angiotensin II in the presence of teprotide. The potency of angiotensin I as an inotropic agent (ED50 = 100 nM) was significantly less than that of angiotensin II, and the angiotensin I response was attenuated by teprotide. [Sar1, Ala7]Angiotensin I was a more effective inotropic agent following teprotide administration. These findings indicate that atrial converting enzyme metabolizes angiotensin I and the [Ala7] analogs of angiotensin I and II. Angiotensin II and [Sar1]angiotensin II had activities in aorta similar to those in atria. As previously reported for uterus, [Ala7]Angiotensin II was inactive in aorta whether teprotide was present or not. The decapeptides were equally potent in the aorta and atria. Sarcosine substitution at the NH2 terminus also was observed to attenuate cardiac selectivity. These data indicate that [Ala7]angiotensin analogs are cardioselective inotropic agents.
B cell‐dependent T cell development

T and B cells are thought to develop independently. While it is widely recognized that T cells help B cells in the production of antibodies to protein antigens, less well understood is whether or how B cells contribute to T cell development and function. Defects in cell-mediated immunity in individuals with B cell deficiency and in B cell-deficient mice suggest that B cells contribute to T cell function. The question of whether T cell development is B cell dependent was revisited using two novel mouse strains: mice with monoclonal T cells (MT) and mice with monoclonal compartments of both B and T cells (MBT). It was found that T cell development and thymocyte selection is modified by the presence of B cells. These results suggest that B cells, or B cell products, contribute to thymocyte selection and T cell development.
DNA repair and the role of chromatin structure

Abstract The demonstration of variable repair efficiency at specific sites in a yeast minichromosome and the lack of gene-specific repair in a human neurodegenerative disorder were among the highlights in 1990, when many reports emphasized the significant role of chromatin structure in both DNA damage formation and its subsequent repair.
IDENTIFYING THE ANTECEDENTS OF AN AGORAPHOBIC REACTION: A TRANSCRIPT

Abstract This interview was directed to identifying the essential stimuli to the agoraphobic reactions of a patient whose anxiety had decreased considerably as r result of favorable changes procured in her marital situation. At one stage of her life, when she removed herself from a particular stress situation, no harm resulted; but at another stage, when the same stress was inescapable, she experienced mounting anxiety, on the basis of which the agoraphobic reaction came to be established.
Rigid granular plasticity model and bifurcation in the triaxial test

Diffuse and localized bifurcation modes in axisymmetric, rectilinear deformations on rigid-granular dilatant material are analyzed. Rigid-granular behavior is described by a Mohr-Coulomb, single-hardening, rigid-plastic model with non-associated flow rule. Diffuse bulging in the compression test and diffuse necking in the extension test are always possible in the vicinity of the plastic limiting state. Localizations in the compression test occur in the softening regime, and in the extension test they occur in the hardening regime of the considered stress ratio-strain curve.
Expression of a hepatocyte growth-factor activator protein in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) deferent duct epithelial cells.

Abstract In previous research, we discovered that turkey deferent duct epithelial cells express a serine protease. Our experimental objective was to identify the gene that encodes this protein. A lambda phage cDNA library from duct cell mRNA was constructed. The library was screened using monoclonal antibodies previously produced against the turkey deferent-duct serine protease. Phage containing the protease cDNA was excised and re-circularized into plasmids. E. coli were transformed with plasmids containing protease cDNA, which was then isolated for sequencing. NCBI blast searches within the GenBank™ database returned 63.5 and 61.7% identity with murine and human hepatocyte growth-factor activator (HGFA) precursor, respectively. The turkey protease cDNA was then cloned into the pQE-32 expression vector and transformed into M15 cells for HIS-tagged expression of the recombinant protein, which was then purified using nickel-chelated Sepharose spin columns. Afterwards, Western blot analysis of the purified recombinant turkey protein revealed recognition by a monoclonal antibody specific to the proteolytic subunit of the turkey deferent duct protease. Therefore, these findings indicate that the recombinant HGFA precursor isolated from the deferent duct is the turkey seminal plasma protease that is secreted from the deferent duct. HGFA, a member of the Kringle-serine proteinase superfamily, can initiate diverse mitogenic, morphogenic and motogenic effects through its substrate hepatocyte growth factor. Although the presence of hepatocyte growth factor and its c-MET receptor have been reported in male mammalian reproductive tracts, our novel findings on the secretion of HGFA precursor from turkeys may help to elucidate the regulation of activated hepatocyte growth factor.
TiNi shape-memory alloy actuated micropump with fluid isolation

The shape memory alloy (SMA) titanium-nickel (TiNi) is used in thin film form as the basis of actuation for a reciprocating micropump. A novel configuration comprising a TiNi actuator and a polyimide diaphragm is used to perform cyclic motion while utilizing the one way shape memory effect (OWSME). The polyimide diaphragm acts as a spring to provide the bias force required for cyclic motion using the OWSME of TiNi. It also isolates the TiNi from the liquid pumped. An electrical drive signal is passed directly through the TiNi thin film. The current results in joule heating and hence a phase transformation in the SMA causing the shape memory effect. The cyclic motion of this actuator configuration cycles the volume of the pump chamber. Doubly fixed polyimide check valves ensure unidirectional flow through the pump chamber, resulting in pumping. The pump was tested with filtered DI water.
A scheduling model for the daily operation of an electric power system

Abstract An efficient and promising algorithm for determining the daily economic schedule of electric power generation in a large power system is proposed. The algorithm handles different types of generating units including thermal, fuel-constrained, and hydro units. The development of the solution method is based on the Lagrangian relaxation approach, which provides a suboptimal solution to the problem. A revised economic dispatch routine is incorporated in the algorithm as a postprocessor, which performs the optimal allocation of the system demand among the committed units and refines the suboptimal schedule by revising the status of unnecessarily committed units.
Secondary Surgery for Cicatricial Complications of Facial Injury

Purpose To investigate the nature of surgical revision procedures necessitated by cicatricial complications of facial injury. Patients and Methods All patients who had facial trauma in a period of ∼5 years managed by a single surgeon were reviewed. Of these, 36 were found to have undergone secondary revision procedures arising specifically from scar-related complications. Results The average age of patients undergoing revision surgery was 34 years; 27 of the 36 patients (75%) were men, and 9 of the 36 (25%) required multiple revision surgical visits. The most common cause of injury was motor vehicle collision; the interval between the initial trauma and the first revision surgery was most commonly 6 to 12 months. Scar-related complications were categorized on the face by anatomic subsite; they occurred most frequently on the forehead/cheeks/chin area, with the eyes/periorbital area the second most frequent location. One hundred twelve discrete surgical procedures (as per current procedural terminology) were performed on these 36 patients to address the cicatricial sequelae of their initial injuries. Conclusions Facial trauma can frequently entail secondary morbidity in the form of facial scar deposition, which itself can necessitate surgical repair. This represents a substantial but as yet underappreciated health care burden attendant to maxillofacial injury.
Neural network based decomposition in optimal structural synthesis

The present paper describes potential applications of neural networks in the multilevel decomposition based optimal design of structural systems. The generic structural optimization problem of interest, if handled as a single problem, results in a large dimensionality problem. Decomposition strategies allow for this problem to be represented by a set of smaller, decoupled problems, for which solutions may either be obtained with greater ease or may be obtained in parallel. Neural network models derived through supervised training, are used in two distinct modes in this work. The first uses neural networks to make available efficient analysis models for use in repetitive function evaluations as required by the optimization algorithm. In the second mode, neural networks are used to represent the coupling that exists between the decomposed subproblems. The approach is illustrated by application to the multilevel decomposition-based synthesis of representative truss and frame structures.
Descriptive and normative ethics: class, context and confidentiality for mothers with HIV.

This descriptive analysis reports on how institutional imperatives and professional assessments define, constrain, and even override normative claims for confidentiality in health care for mothers with HIV/AIDS. The analysis draws upon interviews with seventy-two health, social work, administrative, research, and advocacy professionals who work with mothers and infants with HIV/AIDS in nine sites in the U.S. and Puerto Rico and upon three analytical focus groups involving multidisciplinary groups of practitioners, lawyers, social scientists, and ethicists. Decisions regarding confidentiality for mothers with HIV/AIDS are likely to be influenced by (1) the relative lack of authority over information flow granted by medical institutions and professionals to patients and (2) professionals' class-based assumptions about mothers' needs for confidentiality and the consequences of withholding or disclosing information. Two normative conclusions for confidentiality practice in health care are drawn from and rooted in the descriptive findings of the research. First, if confidentiality practice is to be an expression of patient autonomy and rights, according to the principles generally held in medical settings, patients' control over information must be increased. Second, to avoid discrimination in the practice of confidentiality, decisions should be based on individual circumstances, not stereotypical generalities about social class.
Effect of GTP and other nucleoside triphosphates on GMP incorporation by isolated cortical nuclei.

The concentration of GTP was found to be critically important in determining the characteristics of incorporation of GMP by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from rat brain nuclei. The linearity of the incorporation rate was related to the log of the GTP concentration. Three hundred ..mu..M-GTP in the presence of the other nucleoside triphosphates (1 mM) was near to the optimal conditions in terms of maximum incorporation and linearity. The concentration of ammonium sulfate was an important factor in determining the maximum GMP and UMP incorporation. The U/G incorporation ratio was less than one at low concentrations of substrate and increased with increasing substrate or ammonium sulfate concentration. ..cap alpha..-Amanitin strongly inhibited the reaction, indicating that RNA polymerase II is the effective enzyme.
Potentials of two-photon based 3-D optical memories for high performance computing

The advent of optoelectronic computers and highly parallel electronic processors has brought about a need for storage systems with enormous memory capacity and memory bandwidth. These demands cannot be met with current memory technologies (i.e., semiconductor, magnetic, or optical disk) without having the memory system completely dominate the processors in terms of the overall cost, power consumption, volume, and weight. As a solution, we propose an optical volume memory based on the two-photon effect which allows for high density and parallel access. In addition, the two-photon 3-D memory system has the advantages of having high capacity and throughput which may overcome the disadvantages of current memories.
Ranger Submarine Slide, Northern Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, Baja California, Mexico

Ranger submarine slide sheet on the upper continental slope of the Pacific margin of the Baja California, Mexico, peninsula covers more than 300 km 2 . The slide involved nearly 2 × 10 10 m 3 of partially indurated, late Pliocene and younger (?) hemipelagic muds which moved down a low, 3° slope in late Pleistocene time. A detailed bathymetric survey of the surface of sliding and slide sheet shows that the sediments, which were as much as 125 m thick, moved down a gently folded, disconformable surface on probable Miocene sedimentary rock. The slide was probably initiated by earthquakes occurring within the Sebastian Vizcaino Bay region.
Thrombotic microangiopathy after lung transplantation

cently been utilised in the Novacor LVAS inflow conduit (IFC). The smooth blood-contacting surface and reduced inflammatory response of this ePTFE conduit has eliminated pannus deposition and may reduce the incidence of embolic cerebrovascular accidents (eCVA). This study reports the rate of eCVA using an ePTFE IFC (6cm and 9cm size) in the Novacor LVAS. Methods: Data was collected retrospectively from the eight most active centers in North America and Europe. The rate and linearized rate (events per patient [pt] month) of eCVA following LVAS implantation were determined. Anticoagulation was managed with coumadin, aspirin and/or clopidogrel. Results: Since 2000, the ePTFE IFC has been utilized in 103 pts implanted with the Novacor LVAS. Average age was 52 years and average support duration was 147 days. The eCVA rate was 8.7%; the linearized rate was 0.0180 per pt month. At the time of analysis, 29% of pts was ongoing. There were no eCVAs with the 9 cm IFC (n 45). Three (of 8) centers had no eCVAs with the 6 cm IFC and the eCVA linearized rate (6cm IFC) was 0.0273 per pt month (n 58). Conclusions: The use of ePTFE inflow conduits in the Novacor LVAS has eliminated pannus as a source of particulate emboli, resulting in considerably reduced eCVA rates. The higher eCVA rate with the shorter conduit is believed to be a consequence of its relative inflexibility, sometimes leading to poor alignment in the LV apex. Optimal results may require greater attention to surgical implant technique.
The Internet as a vehicle to communicate health information during a public health emergency: a survey analysis involving the anthrax scare of 2001.

BACKGROUND: The recent public health risks arising from bioterrorist threats and outbreaks of infectious diseases like SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) highlight the challenges of effectively communicating accurate health information to an alarmed public. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate use of the Internet in accessing information related to the anthrax scare in the United States in late 2001, and to strategize about the most effective use of this technology as a communication vehicle during times of public health crises. METHODS: A paper-based survey to assess how individuals obtained health information relating to bioterrorism and anthrax during late 2001.We surveyed 500 randomly selected patients from two ambulatory primary care clinics affiliated with the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. RESULTS: The response rate was 42%. While traditional media provided the primary source of information on anthrax and bioterrorism, 21% (95% CI, 15% - 27%) of respondents reported searching the Internet for this information during late 2001. Respondents reported trusting information from physicians the most, and information from health websites slightly more than information from any traditional media source. Over half of those searching the Internet reported changing their behavior as a result of information found online. CONCLUSIONS: Many people already look to the Internet for information during a public health crisis, and information found online can positively influence behavioral responses to such crises. However, the potential of the Internet to convey accurate health information and advice has not yet been realized. In order to enhance the effectiveness of public-health communication, physician practices could use this technology to pro-actively e-mail their patients validated information. Still, unless Internet access becomes more broadly available, its benefits will not accrue to disadvantaged populations. [J Med Internet Res 2004;6(1):e8]
Comparing Text-based, Blocks-based, and Hybrid Blocks/Text Programming Tools

This dissertation investigates the comparative affordances and drawbacks of blocks-based, text-based, and hybrid blocks/text introductory programming tools. Blocks-based programming environments are growing in popularity and are increasingly being used in formal introductory programming contexts. To date, much of the work evaluating such tools has focused on their effectiveness in out-of-school contexts and emphasized engagement and attitudinal measures over content mastery. Given their growing presence in classrooms, it is important to understand the benefits and limitations of the use of the blocks-based programming approach in formal learning contexts relative to text-based or hybrid blocks/text alternatives. This dissertation will carry out a quasi-experimental study in high school computer science classrooms to answer questions related to the impact of blocks-based, text-based, and hybrid blocks/text introductory tools, assess the suitability of such tools for preparing students for future computer science learning opportunities, and explore the design space between blocks-based and text-based programming. The goal of this work is to better understand the tools we are using to introduce today's learners to computer science and lay the foundation for creating the tools of tomorrow.
First Demonstration of Four-Mode Phase-Sensitive Multicasting of Optical Channel

We demonstrate the first low-noise frequency multicasting to 13 equalized channel copies via four-mode phase-sensitive process in a dual-pump shock-wave parametric mixer. Multicasting BER performance was measured with 2.8 dB advantage over classical EDFA.