cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urbanization's impact on sustained yield management as perceived by forestry professionals in central New York

Abstract The urbanizing forested landscape in the United States is creating challenges for resource managers and land-use planners. Logistic regression models developed to assess urbanization's effect on forestland for the mid-Atlantic and southern states found that population density was the best predictor of reduced commercial harvest opportunity. We applied similar methodologies in central New York to assess urbanization's impact on sustained yield management. We surveyed professional foresters in a five-county area and asked them to rate the potential for sustained yield management by township. We utilized those expert opinions to develop a logistic regression model that predicted the probability of sustained yield management in central New York while exploring the factors that influence sustained yield management. We found that road density was the primary variable influencing the likelihood of sustained yield management in central New York. Population density, which is highly correlated with road density, also proved to be a strong determinant of sustained yield management. The results suggest that the potential for sustained yield management approaches 10% at a road density of 3 mi/mi 2 , 50% at 2.5 mi/mi 2 , and 90% at 2 mi/mi 2 . The corresponding figures for population density were 150 people per square mile (ppsm), 75 ppsm and 25 ppsm, respectively. In addition, we determined that the probability of sustained yield management approaches 100% for a property that is approximately 30 acres and drops to 50% for a parcel that is between 15 and 20 acres. This study provides resource managers and land-use planners a guide in which to effectively gauge the cumulative effect of urbanization on the forest resource in central New York. Unlike other regions of the United States, central New York's growth pattern is characterized by stagnant population growth (declining in some places) combined with continued urbanization and low-density sprawl. Because growth patterns vary regionally, different indicators may be needed to accurately assess the urbanizing forested landscape across the United States.
Anisotropic wetting of ZnO by Bi2O3 with and without nanometer-thick surficial amorphous films

Abstract Anisotropic formation of equilibrium-thickness Bi2O3-enriched surficial amorphous films (SAFs) on ZnO has been documented [Luo J, Chiang Y-M. Acta Mater 2000;48:4501]. This study further explores anisotropic wetting of ZnO single crystals by Bi2O3-rich liquid with and without SAFs. For Bi2O3 on the ZnO { 1 1 2 ¯ 0 } surfaces wherein nanometer-thick SAFs are present in equilibrium with partial wetting drops, the measured (advancing) contact angle decreases with increasing temperature, but it stabilizes at ∼6° above ∼860 °C. In contrast, the contact angle is virtually a constant on the { 1 1 ¯ 0 0 } surfaces where SAFs are not present. This observation suggests that wetting in the presence of nanoscale SAFs follows a generalized Cahn wetting model. Faceted ridge formation at the triple lines and associated pinning effects are observed. Observation and analysis of unique two-stage isothermal drop receding kinetics show that complete wetting does not occur up to 1050 °C and that the receding contact angle is estimated to be ∼4° via two methods. Quantitative evaluation of a thermodynamic model shows that the observed “residual” contact angle of ∼4–6° and the extended SAF stability can be explained on the basis of a significant attractive London dispersion force.
Early expression of IFN-alpha/beta and iNOS in the brains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-infected mice.

To investigate the roles of type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) and other mediators of innate immune responses (e.g., inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) in early dissemination of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) infection, we used mice with targeted deletions in either their IFN-alpha/beta-receptor (IFNAR-1-/-) or interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2-/-) genes. Following footpad infection, both IFNAR-1-/- and IRF-2-/- mice were more susceptible than control mice to VEE. The IFNAR-1-/- mice also exhibit accelerated VEE dissemination to serum, spleen, and brain, and compared with control mice, they evidenced faster kinetics in the upregulation of proinflammatory genes. In contrast, in IRF-2-/- mice, iNOS gene induction was completely absent following peripheral virulent VEE infection. In evaluating the role of cells involved in iNOS production, primary microglial cell cultures were found to be highly permissive to VEE infection. Moreover, VEE infection increased levels of nitric oxide (NO) in...
Demonstration of spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges in vivo.

Abstract The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was examined as a function of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) concentration in vivo. Oneyear-old Wistar rats were continuously infused with BUdR through the tail vein for 24 h, sacrificed, and mitotic preparations prepared from femur bone marrow. It was observed that from the minimum concentration of BUdR which permitted accurate scoring (1.9 μg/g wt/h) to a BUdR concentration of 7 μg/g wt/h, SCE frequency remained constant. Above 7 μg BUdR/g wt/h SCE frequency increased, saturating at higher BUdR concentrations. The stability of SCE frequency at low BUdR concentrations is interpreted to indicate the existence of spontaneous SCEs in vivo.
Expression of "retinal" contrast gain control by neurons of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus.

This paper describes the temporal tuning of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat (27 X cells, 51 Y cells) and how this changes with stimulus contrast. Drifting sinusoidal gratings of optimal spatial frequency were presented at 7 temporal frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8,16 and 32 Hz) and 4 contrasts (10, 20, 40, 80%). For some cells response growth at all temporal frequencies was proportional to changes in contrast. Thus, their temporal tuning functions, on log-log axes, were displaced vertically with increasing contrast. This shift also largely characterizes the response to low temporal frequencies of the other neurons studied. For these other cells, however, responses to high temporal frequencies grew disproportionately large with increasing contrast generally causing their tuning functions to change shape. Typically the peaks of these functions shifted to higher frequencies at higher contrasts. Most of the X cells studied displayed behavior of the first type, while Y cells usually followed the second pattern. This qualitative impression was confirmed quantitatively. Cubic spline functions were fit to the temporal tuning functions obtained at different contrast levels and the peaks of the curves were extracted. X and Y cells preferred similar temporal frequencies at low contrast levels (X mean=8.1 Hz; Y mean=8.4 Hz) but Y cell values were significantly higher at higher contrasts (80%) (X mean= 12.0 Hz; Y mean=16.8 Hz). These contrast-dependent changes in the temporal characteristics of geniculate cells resemble those described for retinal ganglion cells by Shapley and Victor (1978 and subsequent). Thus, the gain control behavior of geniculate cells probably reflects the temporal properties of their retinal inputs with relatively little modification.
II—Matthew Boyle: Transparent Self-Knowledge

I distinguish two ways of explaining our capacity for ‘transparent’ knowledge of our own present beliefs, perceptions, and intentions: an inferential and a reflective approach. Alex Byrne (2011) has defended an inferential approach, but I argue that this approach faces a basic difficulty, and that a reflective approach avoids the difficulty. I conclude with a brief sketch and defence of a reflective approach to our transparent self-knowledge, and I show how this approach is connected with the thesis that we must distinguish between a kind of self-knowledge that is of oneself as agent and another kind that is of oneself as patient.
Three-dimensional structure of the high-potential iron-sulfur protein isolated from the purple phototrophic bacterium Rhodocyclus tenuis determined and refined at 1.5 A resolution.

The molecular structure of the high-potential iron-sulfur protein (HiPIP) isolated from the phototrophic bacterium, Rhodocyclus tenuis, has been solved and refined to a nominal resolution of 1.5 A with a crystallographic R-factor of 17.3% for all measured X-ray data from 30 A to 1.5 A. It is the smallest of the HiPIP structures studied thus far with 62 amino acid residues. Crystals used in the investigation belonged to the space group P21 with unit cell dimensions of a = 36.7 A, b = 52.6 A, c = 27.6 A and β = 90.8 ° and contained two molecules per asymmetric unit. The structure was solved by a combination of multiple isomorphous replacement with two heavy-atom derivatives, anomalous scattering from the iron—sulfur cluster, symmetry averaging and solvent flattening. The folding motif for this HiPIP is characterized by one small α-helix, six Type I turns, an approximate Type II turn and one Type I′ turn. As in other HiPIPs, the iron-sulfur cluster is co-ordinated by four cysteinyl ligands and exhibits a cubane-like motif. These cysteinyl ligands are all located in Type I turns. The hydrogen bonding around the metal cluster in the R. tenuis protein is similar to the patterns observed in the Chromatium vinosum and Ectothiorhodospira halophila HiPIPs. Several of the amino acid residues invariant in the previously determined C. vinosum and E. halophila structures are not retained in the R. tenuis molecule. There are 13 solvent molecules structurally conserved between the two R. tenuis HiPIP molecules in the asymmetric unit, some of which are important for stabilizing surface loops. Interestingly, while it is assumed that this HiPIP functions as a monomer in solution, the two molecules in the asymmetric unit pack as a dimer and are related to each other by an approximate twofold rotation axis.
Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. VI. Animal and human responses to vapors of "60 Solvent".

Abstract The suggested hygienic standard of 0.44 mg/liter (90 ppm) is based solely upon animal response to inhalation of “60 Solvent” vapor. Rats were affected at 0.85 mg/liter (170 ppm), but this concentration as well as 1.7 mg/liter (350 ppm) was well tolerated by human volunteers in sensory threshold studies. The LC50 for rats that inhaled the vapor for 4 hr was 24 (22–30) mg/liter or 4900 (4500–6100) ppm. Half this concentration caused loss of coordination, but 3.4 mg/liter (690 ppm) caused no visible response. Similar responses occurred in beagles at 9.5 mg/liter (1900 ppm) and 4.0 mg/liter (820 ppm). Cats died within 4 hr at 20 mg/liter (4100 ppm). The rat Lt50 was 150 min at 38.0 mg/liter (7700 ppm). There were slight increases in liver and kidney weights of beagles on the 5.7- and 2.8-mg/liter levels after 65 exposures (6 hr/day) with no other findings statistically significant. Dilated kidney tubules and pink homogeneous material at the cortico-medullary junction were found in rats that had inhaled 5.7, 2.8, and 1.4 mg/liter (1200, 570, and 290 ppm, respectively), for 13 weeks. In an extension of this study with rats only at 0.85, 0.44, and 0.20 mg/liter (170, 90, and 41 ppm, respectively), there was a statistically significant increased frequency of moderate kidney tubular regeneration and, in our opinion, an unrelated decrease in blood urea nitrogen after 13 weeks of inhalation of 0.85 mg/liter. The odor threshold, as determined by 6 people, was approximately 0.01 mg/liter (2 ppm). Based upon 15-min inhalation periods by humans and the animal findings, the concentration judged acceptable for 8 hr/day, 5 days/week of inhalation was 0.44 mg/liter (90 ppm).
Relationship between river fragment length and persistence of two imperiled great plains cyprinids

We used logistic regression to model the persistence of two imperiled pelagic-spawning cyprinids, sharpnose shiner Notropis oxyrhynchus and smalleye shiner N. buccula, endemic to the Brazos and Wichita Rivers, Texas, USA. There was a significant positive relationship between persistence and river fragment length. Mean length of river fragments in which sharpnose shiner or smalleye shiner still occur was significantly greater (599 ± 27 km) than the mean length of fragments from which these species were absent (187 ± 20 km). Persistence of both species appears to depend on the presence of river fragments long enough to allow spawned ova and swim-up fry time to develop and move out of the current into the backwater areas.
Effect of Response Effort Requirement on Percentage of Short Interresponse Times under Delayed and Immediate Reinforcement

Higher levels of required response effort on an operant task resulted in a greater percentage of short (less than 1 sec.) interresponse times for rats receiving a 2-sec. delay of food reinforcement. These results and those of previous studies were discussed in terms of a possible explanation based on salience of response feedback stimuli.
Studies of core disruptive accidents and licensing aspects of fast breeder reactors

Abstract This paper discusses the role of the core disruptive accident (CDA) in the safety evaluations and licensing of Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR). Parametric studies of transient overpower (TOP) accidents based on calculations for SNR-300 using the HOPE computer code are presented. Major uncertainties in TOP analysis are identified and discussed with emphasis on the need for reliable fuel failure criteria. A series of calculations illustrating the possible behavior of the U.S. LMFBR demonstration plant following a loss-of-flow (LOF) accident without scram using the SAS-IIIA computer code are described. It is shown that for a beginning of life (BOL) core and end of equilibrium cycle (EOEC) core, the reactivity effects from sodium voiding and clad motion can lead to further sustained reactivity additions from subsequent fuel motion and FCI driven sodium voiding. In these calculations we have used the fuel enthalpy criterion which predicts clad failure around the core midplane. For the EOEC case these effects can add sufficient reactivity to take the system above prompt-critical (LOF driven TOP) and into hydrodynamic disassembly. For the BOL case the sodium void may not be sufficient to bring the system near sustained prompt-critical. However, clad motion appears to be effective in raising the reactivity to prompt-criticality. These results are based on clad failure dynamics modeling in SAS-IIIA. Further work is needed in the area of fuel-clad behavior under severe transients before definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding the applicability of current clad failure models at high clad temperatures (>1000°C). The potential significance of a new concept in CDA analysis called the “transition phase” is briefly mentioned.
Bacteriophage T4 RegA Protein Binds RNA as a Monomer, Overcoming Dimer Interactions

The stoichiometry of the complex formed between the T4 translational repressor protein regA and the 16 nt gene 44 recognition element (gene 44RE) RNA has been determined. Under quantitative binding conditions, the association of wild-type regA protein with gene 44RE RNA exhibits saturation at a 1:1 ratio of protein to RNA. It is known that regA protein exists as a dimer in protein crystals. Thus, the stoichiometry may be indicative of a regA dimer bound to two RNAs or a regA monomer bound to one RNA. Gel filtration through Sephadex G-75 revealed that wild-type and R91L regA proteins (14.6 kDa) elute at a mass of 29 kDa, consistent with the mass of a dimer. However, wild-type regA preincubated with gene 44RE (1:1) resulted in a complex that eluted at approximately 20 kDa, consistent with a regA monomer-RNA complex. Covalent crosslinking of surface lysines with glutaraldehyde confirmed that wild-type and R91L proteins exist as dimers and higher oligomers in solution. However, the addition of RNA to wild-type regA protein prior to crosslinking inhibited the formation of crosslinked dimers. Thus, the regA protein-protein interactions observed in solution are disrupted or blocked in the presence of gene 44RE RNA. Together, these studies demonstrate that regA protein binds RNA as a monomer, although free protein exists predominantly as a dimer.
Preconditioned multigrid simulation of an axisymmetric laminar diffusion flame

We employ a damped Newton multigrid algorithm to solve a nonlinear system arising from a finite-difference discretization of an elliptic flame sheet problem. By selecting the generalized minimum residual method as the linear smoother for the multigrid algorithm, we conduct a series of numerical experiments to investigate the behavior and efficiency of the multigrid solver in solving the linearized systems, by choosing several preconditioners for the Krylov subspace method. It is shown that the overall efficiency of the damped Newton multigrid algorithm is highly related to the quality of the preconditioner chosen and the number of smoothing steps done on each level. ILU preconditioners based on the Jacobian pattern are found to be robust and provide efficient smoothing but at an expensive cost of storage. It is also demonstrated that the technique of mesh sequencing and multilevel correction scheme provides significant CPU saving for fine grid calculations by limiting the growth of the Krylov iterations.
Ethical Principles in Counseling

Kitchener, K.S. (1984). Intuition, Critical Evaluation and Ethical Principles: The Foundation for Ethical Decisions in Counseling Psychology. Counseling Psychologist, 12(3), 43–55.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 192

The available experimental data pertaining to the nuclear structure of nuclei with A = 192 are compiled; the results from various decay and reaction measurements are compared and evaluated. Inconsistencies and discrepancies in the level schemes are discussed. Level properties, gamma-ray properties, and comments are presented following the data on the relevant nucleus.
Kinetics of the reaction of C6H5 with HBr and DBr

The rate constants for the reaction of C6H5 with HBr and DBr have been measured with the cavity–ring–down method in the temperature range of 297 to 523 K and 297 to 500 K, respectively. These rate constants can be effectively represented, in units of cm3/s, by Both activation energies are similar and positive, contrary to those of alkyl radical reactions, all of which exhibit negative temperature dependencies. The difference, as pointed out before [1], could be accounted for by the electron-withdrawing effect of the phenyl vis-a-vis the electron-donating ability of the alkyls. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
THE SPECIFICITY OF OXIDIZED AND REDUCED PROTEINS OF THE OCULAR LENS

Oxidized and reduced proteins were prepared from the ocular lenses of sheep, swine, chicken and fish (pike). The proteins were prepared under conditions designed to avoid denaturation and to produce relatively pure compounds. Serologic studies revealed that species specificity is demonstrable in the proteins from chicken and fish lenses, but in the more closely related species (swine and sheep) this characteristic is not so evident. Serologic differences may be detected in the lens preparations from a single species, depending on the redox state of the protein.
Accuracy of effective medium parameter extraction procedures for optical metamaterials

An effective medium parameter extraction procedure that incorporates first-order spatial dispersion effects is devised to study the homogenization of a one-dimensional stack. It is shown that for such a stack, the proposed extraction procedure yields effective medium parameters that characterize the medium with improved accuracy and are independent of the number of unit cells composing the stack. It is also shown that in the optical regime, where it is difficult to realize a unit cell of a width that is much smaller than the wavelength, the inaccuracy due to use of an extraction procedure that assumes no spatial dispersion can be prohibitively high. This work establishes the importance of extending the common extraction procedure so as to account for spatial dispersion contributions.
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering from silver nanoparticles

We experimentally demonstrate for the first time the existence of distinguishable contributions to hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) intensities from Ag nanoparticles arising from electric–dipole and electric–quadrupole plasmon resonances at the emitted wavelength. We show that these results can be successfully modeled using an electromagnetic theory of HRS which assumes a surface-induced nonlinear susceptibility. In addition, we show that simple angular distribution measurements may be used to determine the relative sizes of the dipole and quadrupole contributions.
PKC-θ function at the immunological synapse: prospects for therapeutic targeting.

Protein kinase C (PKC)-θ regulates conventional effector T (Teff) cell function. Since this initial finding, it has become clear that the role of PKC-θ in T cells is complex. PKC-θ plays a central role in Teff cell activation and survival, and negatively regulates stability of the immunological synapse (IS). Recent studies demonstrated that PKC-θ is required for the development of natural CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T (Treg) cells, and mediates negative regulation of Treg cell function. Here, we examine the role of PKC-θ in the IS, evidence for its distinct localization in Treg cells and the therapeutic implications of inhibiting PKC-θ in Teff cells, to reduce effector function, and in Treg cells, to increase suppressor function, for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune and alloimmune disease states.
The convergence of the twain or titanic collision? Bi and reference in the 1990s' sea of change

It all began a very long time ago, sometime before 1876, that annus mirabilis of librarianship during which the American Library Association was founded, Library Journal debuted, and Samuel Green published in its pages the first article about reference librarianship. And it continues today. In April 1994, an unidentified library school student from the State University of New York at Buffalo queried the participants of the LIBREFL listserv, asking them, “Can you give a summary of the ‘hot’ library reference issues of the week? I'm working on a project for my Reference course, and would like to find out what is REALLY vital to refernce (sic) librarians out there today.” I was tempted to reply that all of that week's “hot” issues were identified in Green's 1876 article. In that article describing the phenomenon we today call reference service, Green touched on issues such as the librarian's obligation to provide information without injecting personal values, the inability of any librarian to know everything, the need sometimes to refer a patron to another information agency, SDI services, the value of proactive rather than passive service, the challenges of the reference interview, and, of course, what has come to be called the “information versus instruction debate.”
The Impact of Pharmacologic and Genetic Knockout of P-Glycoprotein on Nelfinavir Levels in the Brain and Other Tissues in Mice

Insufficient concentrations of protease inhibitors such as nelfinavir may reduce the effectiveness of HIV dementia treatment. The efflux transporter mdr1 product P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been demonstrated to play a role in limiting nelfinavir brain levels. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of GF120918 (10 mg/kg, IV), a P-gp inhibitor, on intravenous nelfinavir (10 mg/kg) in vivo disposition and tissue penetration in P-gp-competent mdr1a/1b (+/+) mice versus P-gp double knockout mdr1a/1b (-/-) mice. Intravenous administration with the P-gp inhibitor GF120918 to mdr1a/1b (+/+) mice increased nelfinavir concentrations over a range of 2.3- to 27-fold, whereas nelfinavir distribution in mdr1a/1b (-/-) mice was 2- to 16-fold higher than that in their wild counterparts. Nelfinavir levels after GF120918 coadministration were higher in the heart, liver, and kidneys than those detected with mdr1a/1b knockout mice. In contrast, mdr1a/1b knockout mice exhibited higher nelfinavir levels in the brain (16.1-fold vs. 8.9-fold increase) and spleen (4.1-fold vs. 2.3-fold increase) compared to pharmacological inhibition with GF120918 in wild mice. Most notably, GF120918 provided tissue-specific effects in mdr1a/1b knockout mice with enhanced (p < 0.05) drug accumulation in the brain ( approximately 21-fold) and heart (3.3-fold). Our results suggest mdr1a/1b-independant mechanisms may also contribute to nelfinavir tissue distribution in mice.
A compact bandpass filter using a 1-D periodic slow wave structure

A compact, dual-mode bandpass filter based on a stripline ring resonator is presented. This 2-pole filter was implemented using a one-dimensional periodic structure, such that the physical length of the ring resonator was decreased due to the slow wave effect. At a center frequency of 2 GHz, the length of the ring was reduced by 41.8%, and the overall footprint of the filter was reduced by 51.9%. With the periodic structure, this filter achieved 0.6 dB of loss centered in a 310 MHz bandwidth, compared to 1 dB of loss centered in a 230 MHz bandwidth achieved without the slow wave structure.
Brief Experimental Analysis: A Decision Tool for Bridging the Gap Between Research and Practice

This special issue illustrates how brief experimental analysis (BEA) is gaining recognition as a valuable tool for making treatment decisions about children who are unresponsive to regular classroom instruction. This commentary article provides evidence for why BEA has grown in popularity, briefly summarizes each of the studies included in the series, and discusses issues that are critical to conducting and interpreting data from a BEA. The articles in the issue exemplify how BEA is flexible enough to evaluate diverse intervention options, is time and cost efficient, and is uniquely suited for use in a problem-solving approach to school-based service delivery.
A complex of congenital cardiac anomalies: ventricular septal defect, biventricular origin of the pulmonary trunk, and subaortic stenosis.

Abstract Four cases are reported that presented an anatomic complex consisting of ventricular septal defect with biventricular origin of the pulmonary trunk and subaortic stenosis. The ventricular septal defect in this complex is unusual in that it is located anteriorly in the outflow tract of the right ventricle and does not involve the membranous portion of the ventricular septum. The subaortic stenosis is the consequence of a muscular ridge that lies across the outflow tract of the left ventricle and encroaches on the width of the subaortic portion of this outflow tract. The pulmonary artery is not transposed and overrides the ventricular septal defect. Associated anomalies of the aortic arch were present in all cases. Early infantile death from pulmonary hemorrhage and edema occurred in these cases.
Latched microswitches in laminates for high power 0-6.5 GHz applications

A microswitch designed for high power radio-frequency (RF) applications is presented. A unique 3D transmission line is combined with a robust latched direct contact switch in this RF switch design. Each unit is fabricated in laminate panels before being singulated into pre-packaged micro-RF switches. High power RF tests reached 15 W at 1.9 GHz for this device. The switch has a good RF performance with −0.296 dB insertion loss and −22.03 dB isolation at 6.56 GHz.
Prognostic factors for multifocal prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens: lack of significance of secondary cancers.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated secondary cancers in the prostate in relation to predictions of pathological stage and prognosis.Materials and Methods: A total of 222 men with T1c (impalpable) prostate cancer and 6 or more systematic needle biopsies were matched with radical prostatectomy and classified into 3 groups according to tumor multifocality and secondary cancer volumes, including a single tumor in 54 (24%), an index (largest) tumor with secondary cancers less than 0.5 cc in 86 (39%) and an index tumor with secondary cancers greater than 0.5 cc in 82 (37%). Logistic analysis was used to predict adverse histological features. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to predict prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure after radical prostatectomy.Results: There were no differences among the 3 groups with respect to preoperative serum PSA, number of positive cores, percent Gleason grade 4/5 cancer in the needle biopsy or histological features in radical prostatectomy specimens. On logistic analysis nei...
A rapid purification of synapsin I: a neuron specific spectrin binding protein.

Abstract We have developed a one Chromatographic step isolation protocol for the neuron specific protein synapsin I. This procedure results in a yield of 80 μg/g brain, which is ten fold better than the highest yield yet reported for this protein. The authenticity of the synapsin I isolated by this procedure is demonstrated by comigration with authentic synapsin I on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, crossreactivity with antibody specific against synapsin I, and nearly identical two dimensional chrymotryptic iodopeptide maps of authentic synapsin I and the protein purified by this protocol. Synapsin 1 isolated by this procedure retains its functional properties, demonstrated by the ability of synapsin I to stimulate the formation of a brain spectrin(240/235)/synapsin I/F-actin ternary complex as determined by a low shear falling ball viscometry assay. This novel protocol therefore has the advantage of being a rapid, high yield procedure that retains the functional properties of synapsin I.
Cluster Analysis Classification of SF-36 Profiles for Patients With Spinal Pain

Study Design. A k-means cluster analysis of patients with spinal and radicular pain based on the SF-36 Health Survey scales. Objective. The aim was to determine whether spine patients fall into clusters according to self-reported health status as measured by the SF-36 and to determine if clustering is similar across four common diagnostic categories: herniated disc, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, and chronic pain syndrome. Summary of Background Data. Cognitive-behavioral classifications of chronic pain patients have previously identified three patient groups described as Dysfunctional, Interpersonally Distressed, and Minimizers/Adaptive Copers. The purpose of these classifications is to facilitate and direct treatment based not only on biomedical diagnosis but also on emotional, social, and behavioral diagnoses. This type of analysis has not been done on the quality-of-life scores of patients with specific spinal diagnoses. Methods. Health status data were reviewed from the initial visits of 15,748 spine patients in the National Spine Network database. Based on the eight scales of the SF-36, k-means cluster analysis divided the National Spine Network population into distinct clusters of similar patients. Clustering was performed separately for each clinical diagnosis group. Results. In all four diagnostic categories, cluster analysis classified patients into three groups. Group 1 had fairly high (relative to the entire sample) scores on all scales and was labeled “Highly Functional.” Group 2 had low measures on physical variables but comparatively high scores on the mental scales. These were labeled “Emotional Adapters.” Group 3 had low scores on all scales. These patients were labeled “Dysfunctional.” Although patients in each diagnostic category fell into one of the three groups, the proportion of patients within each group was quite different among chronic pain patients ascompared to the other three diagnostic groups. For example, 29% of herniated disc patients were in the Highly Functional group, whereas only 14% of patients in chronic pain were categorized as Highly Functional. Thirty-three percent of spondylosis patients were classified as Dysfunctional compared with 51% of chronic pain patients. Conclusions. Patients with spinal pain fall into three groups according to their profile of scores on the SF-36 Health Survey. It is proposed that such empirical groupings can guide decision-making in selecting the most appropriate therapies. Spine 2003;28:2276–2282
Treatment planning for heavy ion radiotherapy

A computerized treatment planning system based on quantitative information in computerized tomographic (CT) scans has been developed for the heavy ion radiotherapy trials at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The CT number of each pixel is converted to a water equivalent length and used in the calculation of isoeffect dose distributions from multiport heavy charged particle irradiation. The water equivalent length of pixels in the beam path has also been histogrammed and used in quantitatively studying the range shortening effects by inhomogeneities. Treatment plans for representative lesions of the pelvis, abdomen, and thorax are presented.
Ageing research in the media

How the demands of newspaper and magazine publishing influence what people read about ageing
A New Quinoline Sensitizer-Centered Lanthanide Chelate and Its Use for Protein Labling on Ni-NTA Beads for TR LRET Assays

A quinoline sensitizer-centered lanthanide chelate system of novel design for TR-LRET was prepared; it exhibited high labelling efficiency with a his-tagged protein (ERα-LBD) on the Ni-NTA beads, using a mixed metal chelate protocol, and it functioned well in TR-LRET protein–protein interaction assays.
The Size of Government in Majoritarian and Consensus Democracies

This article looks at the effect of democratic institutions on the size of government. With the help of the ordinary least squares regression analysis of data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1974 to 1995, the study provides considerable evidence that the variance in the type of democracy, measured by the Lijphart index of majoritarian/consensus political institutions, has a systematic effect on the variance in the size of government, measured both by total government outlays as well as total government revenue as a percentage of gross domestic product. The article further argues that such institutional effects on the size of government are strengthened by partisan politics. More specifically, the analysis demonstrates the presence of the multiplicative interaction effect of the mutually reinforcing nature between the institutional structure and partisan composition of government in their association with the size of government.
The Future for Evaluation

It is challenging enough to predict what will happen five months from now, no less five or 10 years into the future. Yet the invitation to speculate about the future of our field comes at an exciting time, and so I am pleased to make some guesses. A good way to begin is to reflect briefly on the past thirty years. Both research and practice have gone through three distinct phases. The first phase, from the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s, was ignited by agroup of professionals, drawn from human services disciplines, who were excited by an interdisciplinary challenge. The challenge was to create a broad field called program evaluation. The result was vigorous activity with special emphasis on research design, data analysis, and efforts to stress the importance of having a solid theoretical framework to underpin both. The second phase for our field, which began roughly during the mid 197Os, gave us another 10 year push. Two professional societies were created-the Evaluation Research Society and the Evaluation Network. Each group attracted about a thousand members. My colleagues occasionally differentiated between them by asserting that ERS was more ‘academic’-focusing on theory and design, while ENET’s members emphasized the practical challenges of field-based interventions. This distinction was convenient. Yet the two groups clearly shared much overlap, both in substance and in their membership. Extensive discussions over several years consummated in a merger in 1986. The two groups consolidated to form one, overarching professional association. The American Evaluation Association was born, and I was privileged to be its first, elected president. I remember the first Board of Directors worrying early and often about what level of membership this new organization could sustain. As it turns out, AEA has grown and is prospering as we approach its 10th anniversary. The third phase, initiated by organizational leadership from AEA, began in the mid1980s and is continuing now. During this time, the field of evaluation has matured in several directions. First, the focus on the substantive disciplines of education, psychology, and health, which played such an important role in the field’s early development, has been
Aggregate Carbon Pools after 13 Years of Integrated Crop-Livestock Management in Semiarid Soils

Integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems that utilize perennial or high-residue no-till annual forages may build soil organic matter and, thus, enhance aggregate stability, water retention, nutrient cycling, and C storage. We examined long-term effects of ICL management on soil organic C (SOC) pools compared with continuous cotton [CTN; (Gossypium hirsutum L.)] at the system and individual vegetation levels, both using limited irrigation (65 and 77% replacement of evapotranspiration, respectively). Soil samples collected in 1997 (baseline) and 2010 were fractionated into four water stable aggregate-size classes: macroaggregate (>250 μm), microaggregate (53–250 μm), and silt + clay ( 250 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm), and silt + clay (<53 μm). Reduced tillage and increased vegetation inputs under WW-B. Dahl Old World bluestem [Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake; bluestem], a component of the ICL, resulted in increased mean weight diameter (1.5 mm in bluestem vs. 0.40 mm in CTN) and higher proportions of macroaggregates (59%) than under CTN. A continued increase in SOC was measured in the ICL following 13 yr with 22% more SOC relative to CTN. The results from the detailed soil aggregate C fractionation revealed that an ICL under limited irrigation enhanced SOC stored in protected, recalcitrant aggregate pools (intra-aggregate microaggregate SOC of 8.2 and 5.4 mg g⁻¹ macroaggregate in the ICL and CTN, respectively). These benefits impart important ecosystem services such as potential C sequestration and reduced erosion potential, which are especially important in these semiarid soils.
A Versatile Molecular Trap Built from Hydrogen-Bonded Tiles

A molecule trapped in a cage—more benignly referred to as a “host-guest” complex—is a bit like a ship in a bottle. Somehow, the molecule got into the cage, and it is not always clear how that happened. Some preformed cages are simply filled with small molecules, as illustrated by molecules diffusing into a zeolite chamber. Some molecules template their own cage, like the polyhedral water clathrates that trap the methane of methane ice. The cage and its contents may self-assemble like the virus proteins around an RNA or DNA core. No one has designed a synthetic molecular cage with the elegance of a virus, but chemists are getting closer ( 1 – 3 ). On page 436 of this issue, Liu et al. ( 4 ) report a supramolecular cage of 20 separate ions that reliably self-assemble to trap a wide variety of guests of varying charge and composition. Most fascinating, the cage “forces” the formation of previously unknown metal-halogen clusters.
Visual experience as a determinant of the response characteristics of cortical receptive fields in cats

Cats reared with their visual world restricted to vertical lines for one eye and horizontal lines for the other had, in their visual cortices, units with elongated receptive fields that were either vertically or horizontally oriented. These receptive fields could be mapped only using that eye which had seen lines of the same orientation during development. Other units had diffuse, unresponsive receptive fields (Hirsch and Spinelli, 1970). Six cats, from the group above, were revived and allowed normal binocular viewing in an attempt to determine the possibility and extent of adding other types of receptive fields by giving other experiences to their visual systems. After exposure to a normal environment for up to 19 months it was found that indeed there had been a massive increase in the percentage of those classes of receptive fields that were either absent or weak at the end of the selective visual experience. Significantly, these receptive fields, acquired during binocular viewing, were very often binocular. The results, however, show that units whose response characteristics mimic the stimuli viewed during development were almost completely unaffected by normal binocular visual experience, i. e., they were monocularly activated and had the orientation appropriate for the stimuli viewed by the eye from which they could be mapped. Most impressive are a few units whose receptive field shape is almost a carbon copy of the pattern viewed during development. The data provide evidence that visual experience has a direct continuing and lasting effect on the functional connectivity of cells in the visual cortex.
The Heat Transfer Characteristics of a 16 kW Steam Driven Double Effect Absorption Chiller

A 16 kW (4.6 refrigerant tons) steam driven, double effect, parallel flow absorption chiller has been designed, manufactured, and installed in the Intelligent Workplace (IW) of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). This chiller is driven by 6 bar saturated steam and uses a 57% LiBr-H2 O sorbent. It is the smallest absorption chiller available in the existing market. The absorption chiller consists of five major and four minor heat transfer components. The manufacturer of the chiller has provided information on detailed configuration and dimensions of these components to support the calculation of their heat transfer areas, A’s, and the estimation of overall heat transfer coefficients, U’s. A steady state computational performance model for the chiller has been developed based on the applicable scientific and engineering principles. The model has been used to calculate all chiller internal working conditions and to analyze the experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions. Heat transfer coefficients inside and outside of the tubes making up the chiller’s heat transfer components have been estimated by published empirical correlations. The product of the overall heat transfer coefficient and the surface contact area, UA’s, for the 5 major heat transfer components have been estimated using the chiller model and measured performance data. Significant variations, 30%, in this parameter are observed under partial load, reduced flow conditions. Deviations between the experimental measurements and the model solutions have been analyzed to evaluate the model accuracy. At design operating conditions, the overall deviation is about 6%.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
An Attempt to Unionize a Semi-Literate Navaho Group

The transformation of a society based on an agricultural or pastoral economy to one relying on wage work is a type of social change which will occur more and more frequently in the near future. An example of this kind of cultural innovation was observed and studied by the writer during the summer of 1951 while doing research in a Navaho farming "community" which, in this article, will be called Big Rock. The economic change introduced to this "community" was the construction of a natural gas pipeline across the Navaho reservation, with the initial work near Big Rock. In this paper, however, the focus of inquiry is not merely on the fact that Navaho farmers worked for wages on a gas pipeline, but on the unsuccessful attempt of a trade union to organize these workers.
Nutrient demand interacts with legume particle length to affect digestion responses and rumen pool sizes in dairy cows.

Abstract Effects of legume particle length on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, ruminal fermentation and pool sizes, and digestion and passage kinetics, and the relationship of these effects with preliminary DMI (pDMI) were evaluated using 13 ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in a crossover design with a 14-d preliminary period and two 19-d treatment periods. During the preliminary period, pDMI of individual cows ranged from 22.8 to 32.4 kg/d (mean = 26.5 kg/d) and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield ranged from 22.9 to 62.4 kg/d (mean = 35.1 kg/d). Experimental treatments were diets containing alfalfa silage chopped to (1) 19 mm (long cut, LC) or (2) 10 mm (short cut, SC) theoretical length of cut as the sole forage. Alfalfa silages contained approximately 43% neutral detergent fiber (NDF); diets contained approximately 47% forage and 20% forage NDF. Preliminary DMI, an index of nutrient demand, was determined during the last 4 d of the preliminary period, when cows were fed a common diet, and used as a covariate. Main effects of legume particle length and their interaction with pDMI were tested by ANOVA. Alfalfa particle length and its interaction with pDMI did not affect milk yield or rumen pH. The LC diet decreased milk fat concentration more per kilogram of pDMI increase than the SC diet and increased yields of milk fat and fat-corrected milk less per kilogram of pDMI increase than the SC diet, resulting in a greater benefit for LC at low pDMI and for SC at high pDMI. The LC diet tended to decrease DMI compared with the SC diet. Ruminal digestion and passage rates of feed fractions did not differ between LC and SC and were not related to level of intake. The LC diet tended to decrease the rate of ruminal turnover for NDF but increased NDF rumen pools at a slower rate than the SC diet as pDMI increased. This indicated that the faster NDF turnover rate did not counterbalance the higher DMI for SC, resulting in larger NDF rumen pools for SC than LC. As pDMI increased, LC increased ruminal digestibility of potentially digestible NDF and total NDF, and SC decreased them, but total-tract digestibilities of potentially digestible NDF, total NDF, organic matter, and dry matter were lower for LC than for SC. Ruminal digestibilities of starch and organic matter interacted quadratically with level of intake. When legume silage was the only source of forage in the diet, increasing chop length from 10 to 19 mm tended to decrease DMI but did not negatively affect productivity of cows.
Temperature-touch interactions: Is there a reverse Weber phenomenon?

Recent studies have confirmed and extended the 19th-century observations of E. H. Weber that concomitant cold can intensify the apparent heaviness of tactile pressure stimulation. These studies have also shown that concomitant warm can also intensify pressure sensation in some regions of the body. The question arises whether pressure can intensify thermal sensations under comparable conditions of stimulation. Subjects made magnitude estimations of the thermal sensations aroused at eight different temperatures and at three different forces. Estimated thermal sensation turned out to be independent of the force level. Such an outcome strengthens the argument against the hypothesis that thermal intensification represents a central summation of thermal and tactile sensations.