cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of neglect reveals dissociable behavioral but not neuroanatomical subtypes

In the current study, we investigated whether standard assessment techniques of visuospatial neglect are sensitive to detecting dissociable subtypes. We administered a battery of tasks commonly used to detect the presence of visuospatial neglect to 120 patients with unilateral right hemisphere infarcts and, in most cases, performed a systematic analysis of their lesions to quantify and localize brain damage. Using a factor analysis, we discovered seven relatively independent constructs, three of which were specifically related to the presence of left hemispatial neglect: Left Attentional Processing, Line Bisection, and Word Reading. Impairments in two of these factors, Left Attentional Processing and Line Bisection, occurred together in most cases but also occurred independently in 38 cases. There were no cases in whom Word Reading was present without concomitant deficits in one or the other two factors. These three factors could not be distinguished neuroanatomically; that is, lesions were equally likely in the temporal/parietal cortex, dorsolateral frontal cortex, or in deep frontal structures. These data confirm the notion that hemispatial neglect is a complex and multifaceted disorder composed of cognitively independent processes. These processes, however, cannot be dissociated neuroanatomically based on currently available assessment techniques.
On wavelet-based multiresolution image compression

In this paper, we study the characteristics of a wavelet-based multiresolution image compression technique. Daubechies length-M shift-orthogonal coefficient sequences, which generate continuous-time wavelet and scaling function, are used for an L-stage multiresolution image decomposition. Lossy reconstruction of the image is carried out using limited high magnitude samples, and peak signal-to-noise ratio is computed for several M and L values. A comparison between the multiresolution technique and the block discrete cosine transform technique is also presented. >
Minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands

The characteristics of terrestrial vertebrates on oceanic islands are examined. They often include a reduced body size, a tolerance of conspecifics, flightlessness, a reduced basal rate of metabolism, and a propensity to enter torpor. On oceanic islands ectotherms frequently replace endotherms. These changes reduce the energy expenditure and resource requirements of vertebrates. Such reductions are permitted by the absence of mammalian predators and facilitate the survival of island endemics in the face of a restricted resource base and a variable environment through an increase in population size. Some insular species increase body size, but this occurs only when the resource base is large, due either to a fortuitously abundant resource, or to the absence of other species that exploit normally abundant resources. Some questions are posed to guide future work. They examine of the characteristics that permit species to disperse over water barriers, the conditions that require a reduction in resource use, the rapidity of response by immigrants to island conditions, whether supertramps show physiological differentiation with respect to island distance or size, and whether island size is absolute or relative to the size of the immigrants.
FFT-accelerated MOT-based solution of time-domain BLT equations

The technique proposed in this paper solves the TD-BLT equations together with the boundary conditions supplied by a circuit (CKT) solver at the loads by using a marching on in time (MOT)-based scheme. True to the BLT spirit, it uses Green's functions/propagators to account for TL-termination interactions instead of discretizing TL voltages as in finite-difference schemes.
First Record of Hybridization in the Hawaiian Honeycreepers: 'I'iwi (Vestiaria coccinea) × 'Apapane (Himatione sanguinea)

ABSTRACT The adaptive radiation of the Hawaiian honeycreepers is the largest ever recorded for birds on an oceanic archipelago. Despite including >50 species in 21 genera, no hybridizations across honeycreeper species have ever been confirmed. Here, we report genetic and morphological analyses that verify the first hybrid between two Hawaiian honeycreeper species: the 'I'iwi (Vestiaria coccinea) and 'Apapane (Himatione sanguinea). This hybridization is notable given that the parental species diverged ∼1.6 mya and show distinct morphological differences. Further, this discovery is important in light of recent evidence that hybridization plays an important role in speciation and genetic diversity in both plants and animals.
Quantized Multimode Precoding in Spatially Correlated Multiantenna Channels

Multimode precoding, where the number of independent data streams is adapted optimally, can be used to maximize the achievable throughput in multiantenna communication systems. Motivated by standardization efforts embraced by the industry, the focus of this work is on systematic precoder design with realistic assumptions on the spatial correlation, channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and the receiver, and implementation complexity. For the spatial correlation of the channel matrix, we assume a general channel model, based on physical principles, that has been verified by many recent measurement campaigns. We also assume a coherent, linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver and knowledge of the spatial statistics at the transmitter along with the presence of an ideal, low-rate feedback link from the receiver to the transmitter. The reverse link is used for codebook-index feedback and the goal of this work is to construct precoder codebooks, adaptable in response to the statistical information, such that the achievable throughput is significantly enhanced over that of a fixed, nonadaptive, independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) codebook design. We illustrate how a codebook of semiunitary precoder matrices localized around some fixed center on the Grassmann manifold can be skewed in response to the spatial correlation via low-complexity maps that can rotate and scale submanifolds on the Grassmann manifold. The skewed codebook in combination with a low-complexity statistical power allocation scheme is then shown to bridge the gap in performance between a perfect CSI benchmark and an i.i.d. codebook design.
Aldehyde fuchsin staining, direct or after oxidation: problems and remedies, with special reference to human pancreatic B cells, pituitaries, and elastic fibers.

Successful production of aldehyde fuchsin (AF) having the unique properties described by Gomori depends on each of many critical variables. AF made from basic fuchsins which contain mainly rosanilin (C.I. 42510) do not stain properly-fixed pancreatic B cells, pituitary basophils, or elastic fibers in unoxidized sections. AF made from basic fuchsins containing mainly pararosanilin (C.I. 42500) stains these entities strongly. Substances stained by AF without oxidation fall into two classes: 1) nonacidic peptides and proteins, most of which contain half-cystines, and 2) polyanions, particularly when sulfated. Group 2 substances stain rapidly, Group 1 substances stain slowly. Many modifications of aldehyde fuchsin have been described. Modified aldehyde fuchsins (MAFs) differ in the kind of aldehyde and in the amount of aldehyde and hydrochloric acid used in their formulation; they differ also in the temperature and duration of the ripening necessary before they can be used. If microsections are first oxidized by acid permanganate or other oxidant, MAF staining of pancreatic B cells, pituitary basophils and other substances containing cystines is speeded and intensified. Most modified methods prescribe oxidation, but the author's does not. The chemical basis, final result and potential side-reactions of oxidation methods (OXMAF) differ from those of direct methods (DIMAF) such as the author's. DIMAF staining is slower but inherently simpler and less destructive. The time required for optimal staining with DIMAF depends on the potency of the stain, which in turn depends on how the stain was made and its age. Detection of DIMAF--reactive peptides and proteins may be hampered by the strong staining of polyanions. This can be remedied if the polyanions are first stained with Alcian blue (AB) or other durable basic dye of contrasting color resistant to acid ethanol. Experiences with the AB-DIMAF staining of pancreatic B cells, pituitaries and elastic fibers in formalin-fixed human tissues are detailed. Proper control of the variables which affect MAF will insure useful and reliable results either directly or after oxidation. Authors and editors are urged to be more careful hereafter to distinguish the results of DIMAF from those of OXMAF methods. Published reports should always specify the parameters that affect the properties of MAF. In OXMAF methods the steps intervening between oxidation and staining should be spelled out. Such care should help dispel the confusion and uncertainty which cloud the use and reputation of aldehyde fuchsin at present. This unique dye deserves wider and wiser use.
Continuous Infusion of Pantoprazole with Octreotide Does Not Improve Management of Variceal Hemorrhage

Study Objective. To assess the effect of a prolonged continuous infusion of pantoprazole on patient outcomes when the drug was combined with standard octreotide therapy in patients with variceal hemorrhage. Design. Retrospective cohort study Setting. Large academic hospital. Patients. One hundred thirty adults who received treatment for a documented variceal hemorrhage; 53 patients received standard octreotide therapy plus a prolonged continuous infusion of pantoprazole (continuous-infusion group) and 77 patients received either octreotide alone, octreotide with a short-term (< 24 hrs) infusion of pantoprazole, or octreotide with intermittent acid suppression (control group). Measurements and Main Results. The primary outcome measure was the number of units of packed red blood cells transfused during hospitalization. Baseline characteristics between the treatment groups were similar. The duration of therapy for variceal hemorrhage was significantly longer in the continuous-infusion group than in the control group. Transfusion requirements for packed red blood cells (mean ± SD 6.4 ± 6.5 vs 5.8 ± 6.6 units, p=0.66) and platelets (8.8 ± 15.1 vs 5.1 ± 11.9 units, p=0.13) were similar for the continuous-infusion group versus the control group. The continuous-infusion group, however, received significantly more units of fresh-frozen plasma than the control group (6.1 ± 10.6 vs 2.9 ± 6.2 units, p=0.05). There was no significant difference in mortality rate between groups. Conclusion. Prolonged continuous infusions of pantoprazole with octreotide seemed to offer no additional benefit compared with octreotide plus short-term infusions of pantoprazole or intermittent acid suppression in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage. Prospective studies should be conducted to evaluate the role of continuously infused proton pump inhibitors in this setting before their use can be advocated.
A Plan for the study of snow‐cohesion and snow‐loads in estimating the necessary strength of roofs against snow‐overload

The present plan is the result of the presentation of the paper by myself and Mr. Parshall at the Spokane meeting on the Construction of Snow-Survey Shelter-Cabins [Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 1939, pp. 125–135]. At that time I mentioned that purlins and shakes constituted the roof of our cabins and yet that a weight of 12.5 tons of snow had been measured above one of them. Our cabins are approximately 10 by 17 feet in horizontal dimensions and nearly 11 feet from ground to gable.
Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Supportive and Palliative Care Referral Among Hematologic and Solid Tumor Oncology Specialists

Background. Palliative care (PC) referrals are often delayed for patients with hematologic malignancies. We examined the differences in attitudes and beliefs toward PC referral between hematologic and solid tumor specialists and how their perception changed with use of the service name “supportive care” (SC). Materials and Methods.Werandomlysurveyed 120hematologic and 120 solid tumor oncology specialists at our tertiary care cancer center to examine their attitudes and beliefs toward PC and SC referral. Results. Of the 240 specialists, 182 (76%) responded. Compared with solid tumor specialists, hematologic specialists were less likely to report that they would refer symptomatic patients with newly diagnosed cancer to PC (solid tumor, 43% vs. hematology, 21%; p 5 .002). A significantly greater proportion of specialists expressed that they would refer a patient with newly diagnosed cancer to SC than PC (solid tumor specialists: SC, 81% vs. PC, 43%; p , .001; hematology specialists: SC, 66% vs. PC, 21%; p , .001).The specialists perceived that PC was more likely than SC to be a barrier for referral (PC, 36% vs. SC, 3%;p , .001), to be synonymous with hospice (PC, 53% vs. SC, 6%; p , .001), to decrease hope (PC, 58% vs. SC, 8%; p , .001), and to be less appropriate for treatment of chemotherapy side effects (PC, 64% vs. SC, 19%; p , .001). On multivariate analysis, female clinicians (odds ratio [OR], 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-15.2; p 5 .02) and the perception that PC is a barrier for referral (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2-7.6; p 5 .02) were associated with PC referral if the service name “SC” was used. Conclusion. Hematologic specialists were less likely to refer patients early in the disease trajectory and wereconducive to referralwiththeservicenameSCinsteadofPC.TheOncologist 2015;20:1–7
Empirical modeling of proton induced SEU rates

A new method for calculating proton induced SEU (p-SEU) rates in orbit from heavy ion cross section data is presented. It is based on a simple expression to derive the p-SET cross section from the heavy ion results which leads to an 'effective LET flux' for the protons in the given orbit. The resulted p-SEU rates are in good agreement with those calculated from measured p-SEU cross section data. A comparison with other empirical models is given.
Protection from extinction

The effect of the presence of a conditioned inhibitor on extinction of excitatory conditioning was studied in one magazine approach and three autoshaping experiments using rats and pigeons. In each case, the presence of an inhibitor reduced responding to an exciter during extinction but allowed substantial recovery of responding to that exciter when subsequently tested separately. Control stimuli with a history of being irrelevant to reinforcement or being nonreinforced had less of a protective effect.
Cytotype Regulation of P Transposable Elements in Drosophila melanogaster: Repressor Polypeptides or piRNAs?

The telomeric P elements TP5 and TP6 are associated with the P cytotype, a maternally inherited condition that represses P-element-induced hybrid dysgenesis in the Drosophila germ line. To see if cytotype repression by TP5 and TP6 might be mediated by the polypeptides they could encode, hobo transgenes carrying these elements were tested for expression of mRNA in the female germ line and for repression of hybrid dysgenesis. The TP5 and TP6 transgenes expressed more germ-line mRNA than the native telomeric P elements, but they were decidedly inferior to the native elements in their ability to repress hybrid dysgenesis. These paradoxical results are inconsistent with the repressor polypeptide model of cytotype. An alternative model based on the destruction of P transposase mRNA by Piwi-interacting (pi) RNAs was supported by finding reduced P mRNA levels in flies that carried the native telomeric P elements, which are inserted in a known major piRNA locus.
Biochemical and nutritional properties of organic acid-treated high-moisture sorghum grain

Abstract Biochemical and nutritional properties of high-moisture sorghum grain treated with 1.5% propionic acid or 0.6 or 1.2% of a combination of 6 parts propionic acid and 2 parts each of acetic and benzoic acids were studied. Acid treatment increased the concentrations of reducing sugars (considered a non-enzymatic effect from lack of inherent diastatic activity) and several free amino acids, somewhat reduced the activity of alpha-amylase added to the grain, and increased the in vitro digestibility by pepsin-pancreatin of proteins in the grain. Tests using weanling rats showed no significant differences in protein efficiency ratios, relative nutritive values, or biological values of proteins from control and treated sorghum grains. Diets prepared with treated grain decreased absorption of iron in weanling rats.
Simulation of a penile-prosthesis with stress evaluation

A malleable penile prosthesis made from silicon rubber, having one end fixed and the other free, is treated as a long column with end loading. It is found that this prosthesis can withstand a load of about 300 lb, deflecting only 0.3 mu m. During the experiment, the prosthesis was loaded without any muscle structure surrounding it. Once placed inside an actual penis with the muscles intact, the total girth of the penis increases, which helps it to carry a load beyond 185 lbs, so the prosthesis is safe in design. >
Complexity issues in automated synthesis of failsafe fault-tolerance

We focus on the problem of synthesizing failsafe fault-tolerance where fault-tolerance is added to an existing (fault-intolerant) program. A failsafe fault-tolerant program satisfies its specification (including safety and liveness) in the absence of faults. However, in the presence of faults, it satisfies its safety specification. We present a somewhat unexpected result that, in general, the problem of synthesizing failsafe fault-tolerant distributed programs from their fault-intolerant version is NP-complete in the state space of the program. We also identify a class of specifications, monotonic specifications, and a class of programs, monotonic programs, for which the synthesis of failsafe fault-tolerance can be done in polynomial time (in program state space). As an illustration, we show that the monotonicity restrictions are met for commonly encountered problems, such as Byzantine agreement, distributed consensus, and atomic commitment. Furthermore, we evaluate the role of these restrictions in the complexity of synthesizing failsafe fault-tolerance. Specifically, we prove that if only one of these conditions is satisfied, the synthesis of failsafe fault-tolerance is still NP-complete. Finally, we demonstrate the application of monotonicity property in enhancing the fault-tolerance of (distributed) nonmasking fault-tolerant programs to masking.
The Sequential Development of Jaw and Lip Control for Speech

Vertical displacements of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw during speech were recorded for groups of 1-, 2-, and 6-year-olds and adults to examine if control over these articulators develops seque...
Phosphorus(V) Bromide

[7789-69-7] Br5P (MW 430.47) InChI = 1S/Br5P/c1-6(2,3,4)5 InChIKey = QRKVRHZNLKTPGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (bromination agent for conversion of alcohols to bromides) Alternate Names: phosphorus pentabromide. Physical Data: mp 179–181 °C; The Merck Index (11th ed.) reports dec above 100 °C. Solubility: sol CS2, CCl4. Form Supplied in: yellow solid; commercially available. Preparative Method: from Bromine 1 and Phosphorus(III) Bromide,1 with which it is in equilibrium. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: corrosive and highly toxic; stable if kept dry, but reacts violently with water; store under N2 at rt; use in a fume hood.
Impacts of vertically propagating tides on the mean state of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system

The National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM) is utilized to understand the role that upward propagating tides play in determining the zonal mean state of the ionosphere-thermosphere system. A sensitivity assessment of the TIE-GCM shows that TIE-GCM solutions greatly depend on the lower boundary conditions. We also establish the veracity of our TIE-GCM solutions within and above the dynamo region. To isolate the mean effects of tidal dissipation, differences between TIE-GCM simulations with and without lower boundary tidal forcing as specified by the Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere are investigated. Dissipation of the DW1, (diurnal westward propagating tide with zonal wave number 1), diurnal eastward propagating tide with zonal wave number 3, and SW2 (semidiurnal tide with zonal wave number 2) explains most of ∼10–30 m s−1 seasonal and latitudinal variability in zonal winds within the dynamo region, with SW2 playing a greater role than ascribed in previous studies. Tidal dissipation at low latitudes causes a 9% decrease (30% increase) in [O] ([O2]) number densities near the F2 layer peak, leading to at least a 9% decrease in peak electron density (NmF2) throughout the year. F2 layer peak height (hmF2) differences of -4 to 2 km at low latitudes are explained by variations in the field-aligned plasma motion driven by meridional wind differences induced by tidal dissipation. Compositional effects are mainly driven by DW1 and SW2, which differs from previous interpretations of tidal-driven composition changes by DW1 “tidal mixing” exclusively. We suggest that tides may produce a net transport of constituents in the thermosphere similar to the way that, e.g., gravity waves can drive net transport of sodium in the mesosphere.
2013 M&A Update

The authors give an update on the current M&A climate, with a special focus on cross-border M&A considerations for middle-market firms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technique of Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy

Since the initial description of laparoscopic fundoplication, surgeons have increasingly incorporated the techniques of minimally invasive surgery in the surgical management of esophageal diseases. Minimally invasive surgical techniques have been more frequently applied for benign esophageal disease, and are now being used for malignant disease. There are several approaches, which include the transthoracic and transhiatal approaches, for esophageal resection for cancer. The objective of this article is to describe our technique of minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma of Adults

The non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) represent a diverse group of neoplasms with many different clinical presentations, associated laboratory abnormalities, responsiveness to treatment, and clinical outcome. The cell of origin and stage of maturation arrest prior to uncontrolled proliferation are important to the understanding of this diversity (Table 47.1). In the USA, the incidence of NHL steadily increases from childhood through age 80 years; unlike Hodgkin’s disease, no peak incidence exists for young adults. NHL is the fifth most common malignancy in men and women, respectively, and is among the most rapidly increasing malignancies [1]. They represent the seventh most common cause of death from cancer in the USA, with the age-adjusted incidence being about three times that of Hodgkin’s disease [1]. The incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is twice as frequent among whites as blacks, and there is an almost 50 % increase in presentation in males compared with females. The reason for this gender and race predominance is unknown; however, it may reflect a different pattern of occupational exposure or a difference in the immune status of males compared with females. Links among agricultural work (organochlorine-based pesticides), wood products, and organic solvents have been established [2].
Migration With Arbitrarily Wide-Angle Wave Equations

We develop a new scalar migration technique that is highly accurate for imaging steep dips in heterogeneous media. This method is based on arbitrarily wideangle wave equations (AWWEs) that are highly accurate space-domain one-way wave equations and have a form similar to the 15 ◦ equation. The accuracy of the proposed method is increased by introducing auxiliary variables, as well as adjusting the parameters of the approximation. Poststack migration is carried out by downward continuation using the AWWE, for which we have developed a stable, explicit, double-marching scheme. Up to 80 ◦ accuracy is achieved by secondorder AWWE migration with only 2.3 times the computational effort of the 15 ◦ equation and requiring almost the same storage. We illustrate the performance of AWWE migration using impulse-response graphs, a single-dipping reflector, and a slice of the SEG/EAGE salt model.
Structures of Bifunctional Molecules Containing Two Very Different Supramolecular Synthons: Carboxylic Acid and Strong π···π Stacking 1,8-Naphthalimide Ring

A series of molecules containing a carboxylic acid and a 1,8-naphthalimide group joined by different linkers (HLC1 = CH2; HLC2 = CH2CH2; HLC3 = CH2CH2CH2; HLophen = ortho-C6H4; HLC4 = para-C6H4; HLala = S-CHCH3) have been prepared and structurally characterized. The structures of HLC1, HLC3, and HLala are similar, with alternating hydrogen bonding of the carboxylic acids and π···π stacking interactions of the naphthalimide groups assembling the molecules into parallel chains that are linked into sheets by a second set of π···π stacking interactions. Hydrogen bonding and π···π stacking interactions of the naphthalimide groups also assemble HLC2 into chains, but the chains are alternately oriented at nearly right angles causing the interchain π···π stacking interaction to organize the chains in an open three-dimensional structure. Three of these open structural units interpenetrate forming a unique three-dimensional network. The rigid ortho-arene linker in HLophen directs the orientation of the π···π stacki...
Enhanced Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Growth in Human Corneal Fibroblasts by Combinations of Interferon-α and -γ

Trials testing the topical treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) ocular infections with single interferons (IFN) have provided mixed results. To determine if combination therapy with IFN may be more effective, the ability of combinations of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma to inhibit HSV growth in human corneal fibroblasts (HCF) was assessed. Virus yields were reduced 282-fold and 37-fold, respectively, in HCF treated with either IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma (10(3) units/mL each). In cells treated with a combination of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma (10(3) units/mL each), an average reduction of 5.1 x 10(5)-fold in the yield of infectious virus was achieved. Combinations of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma considerably enhanced the antiviral effect in HCF, suggesting that combination treatment may be efficacious against ocular HSV infections; these findings provide a possible explanation at the cellular level for the poor results achieved in previous clinical trials.
Contemporary Sociology in Czechoslovakia

pulses). Obviously, too, if culture conflict is meant to refer to all conflict caused in part by culture, is not the meaning so inclusive as to make the use of the term of questionable value-is any conflict left out? And finally, if the adjective "culture" in the term culture conflict should refer to a grouping of people, we should 'confine' it to culture groups-are any left out?-; or if it should refer to (culture as) an interest, we would similarly include allsituations. Is not such a combination term too unwieldy for practical consideration unless we settle upon some limited meaning for it, at least tentatively until research in various kinds of "culture" brings in more distinctions?
The Justifications and Controversies of Panendoscopy--A Review

The triple endoscopies of direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy, commonly known as panendoscopy, are frequent surgical procedures in otorhinolaryngology. Their purpose is to diagnose additional primary malignancies. The incidence of multiple synchronous primary malignancies has been reported between 3% and 13%. This unusually high rate is attributed to the process of field cancerization in which an anatomical region is exposed to a surface carcinogen and multifocal areas undergo irreversible change to multifocal malignancies. The majority of additional malignancies are diagnosed within 2 years of the index tumor's diagnosis, and are most consistently diagnosed within routine panendoscopy. Nevertheless, a significant percentage (40%) of additional primary malignancies present after this time and consequently, long-term follow-up is essential to the timely diagnosis of metachronous lesions. The predominant controversies surrounding panendoscopy involve the comparable diagnostic efficacies between endoscopic procedures and various radiologic studies. Although the operative complications reported for panendoscopy have been minimal, the expense is considerably greater than that of the respective radiologic alternatives. After a critical review of the literature, the use of endoscopy has been found to be superior to CXRs and barium swallows as the principal means of diagnosis of upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Specifically, bronchoscopy with bronchial washings should be obtained via passage of the bronchoscope through the endotracheal tube in order to decrease contamination. Positive washings are significant and demand further evaluation. Negative washings, on the other hand, yield little information.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Other Kinds of Macromolecular Models

This chapter describes the origin of the major types of nondiffraction models. Additionally, it provides some guidance to use these nondiffraction models wisely. When one looks at the models of macromolecules, crystallographic models are just one type of the models present. There are many other types of models as well. These models, like the crystallographic models, vary widely in quality and reliability. The user of these models is faced with deciding whether the quality of the model allows confidence in the apparent implications of the structure. The goal of the chapter is to make the readers aware of the variety of model types available to the structural biologist to give a start toward understanding other methods of structure determination. It also provides guidance to judge the quality of noncrystallographic models, primarily by drawing the attention to analogies between criteria of quality in crystallography. The chapter provides brief descriptions of how protein structures are determined by NMR and by homology modeling. Moreover, some guidance is provided on judging the quality of these noncrystallographic models. The chapter also outlines NMR models and homology models.
Analysis of Thrust Production in Small Synthetic Flapping Wings

For flapping micro air vehicles, geometrical parameters such as size, aspect ratio as well as structural topology can affect thrust production in hover mode. Synthetic wings similar in size to that of a humming bird’s were manufactured with the hope of understanding these affects. The experimental method for measuring thrust and the manufacturing process used to make the wings have seen improvement from previous work such that there is less scatter and uncertainty; this allows for smaller variations in thrust to be detected. With confidence in the fabrication and testing procedure, an optimization problem was attempted where three design parameters were chosen as variables and the objective was to maximize thrust. These efforts were coupled with noncontact imaging techniques like digital image correlation and laser doppler velocimetry to help extract the characteristics that are consistent with wings that produce considerable thrust. The results of these tests will help to obtain the relationships between the consciously selected geometric parameters and the thrust produced. It was found that by machining the synthetic wings from acetal resin sheet and pairing that skeleton with a carbon fiber rod less variation was present. This wing construction was found to have a quick production time, making an experimental optimization feasible.
Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of tauopathies: Hopes and challenges

A group of neurodegenerative diseases referred to as tauopathies are characterized by the presence of brain cells harboring inclusions of pathological species of the tau protein. These disorders include Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration due to tau pathology, including progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and Pick's disease. Tau is normally a microtubule (MT)-associated protein that appears to play an important role in ensuring proper axonal transport, but in tauopathies tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and disengages from MTs, with consequent misfolding and deposition into inclusions that mainly affect neurons but also glia. A body of experimental evidence suggests that the development of tau inclusions leads to the neurodegeneration observed in tauopathies, and there is a growing interest in developing tau-directed therapeutic agents. The following review provides a summary of strategies under investigation for the potential treatment of tauopathies, highlighting both the promises and challenges associated with these various therapeutic approaches.
PoCos: Population Covering Locus Sets for Risk Assessment in Complex Diseases.

Susceptibility loci identified by GWAS generally account for a limited fraction of heritability. Predictive models based on identified loci also have modest success in risk assessment and therefore are of limited practical use. Many methods have been developed to overcome these limitations by incorporating prior biological knowledge. However, most of the information utilized by these methods is at the level of genes, limiting analyses to variants that are in or proximate to coding regions. We propose a new method that integrates protein protein interaction (PPI) as well as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data to identify sets of functionally related loci that are collectively associated with a trait of interest. We call such sets of loci “population covering locus sets” (PoCos). The contributions of the proposed approach are three-fold: 1) We consider all possible genotype models for each locus, thereby enabling identification of combinatorial relationships between multiple loci. 2) We develop a framework for the integration of PPI and eQTL into a heterogenous network model, enabling efficient identification of functionally related variants that are associated with the disease. 3) We develop a novel method to integrate the genotypes of multiple loci in a PoCo into a representative genotype to be used in risk assessment. We test the proposed framework in the context of risk assessment for seven complex diseases, type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), psoriasis (PS), bipolar disorder (BD), coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HT), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Our results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms individual variant based risk assessment models as well as the state-of-the-art polygenic score. We also show that incorporation of eQTL data improves the performance of identified POCOs in risk assessment. We also assess the biological relevance of PoCos for three diseases that have similar biological mechanisms and identify novel candidate genes. The resulting software is publicly available at http://compbio.case.edu/pocos/.
Approximate Quadrature Measures on Data-Defined Spaces

An important question in the theory of approximate integration is to study the conditions on the nodes xk,n and weights wk,n that allow an estimate of the form $$\displaystyle \sup _{f\in \mathcal {B}_\gamma }\left |\sum _k w_{k,n}{\,f}(x_{k,n})-\int _{\mathbb {X}} fd\mu ^*\right | \le cn^{-\gamma }, \qquad n=1,2,\cdots , $$ where \(\mathbb {X}\) is often a manifold with its volume measure μ∗, and \(\mathcal {B}_\gamma \) is the unit ball of a suitably defined smoothness class, parametrized by γ. In this paper, we study this question in the context of a quasi-metric, locally compact, measure space \(\mathbb {X}\) with a probability measure μ∗. We show that quadrature formulas exact for integrating the so called diffusion polynomials of degree < n satisfy such estimates. Without requiring exactness, such formulas can be obtained as a solutions of some kernel-based optimization problem. We discuss the connection with the question of optimal covering radius. Our results generalize in some sense many recent results in this direction.
Homer1a drives homeostatic scaling-down of excitatory synapses during sleep

Sleep is an essential process that supports learning and memory by acting on synapses through poorly understood molecular mechanisms. Using biochemistry, proteomics, and imaging in mice, we find that during sleep, synapses undergo widespread alterations in composition and signaling, including weakening of synapses through removal and dephosphorylation of synaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors. These changes are driven by the immediate early gene Homer1a and signaling from group I metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1/5. Homer1a serves as a molecular integrator of arousal and sleep need via the wake- and sleep-promoting neuromodulators, noradrenaline and adenosine, respectively. Our data suggest that homeostatic scaling-down, a global form of synaptic plasticity, is active during sleep to remodel synapses and participates in the consolidation of contextual memory.
Love and Christian Ethics: Tradition, Theory, and Society

With Love and Christian Ethics, Fredrick Simmons has done us all a service. This ambitious book, which brings together an impressive and diverse group of thinkers, considers the place of love “as t...
An analysis of phase noise requirements for ultra-low-power FSK radios

This paper presents an analysis of the influence of phase noise (PN) on FSK radios and derives the total PN requirement for a low power FSK link based on Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. A simple noise model is built, including phase noise and white noise from the AWGN channel, to analyze its influence on the BER of an ULP FSK RX. It shows that to achieve a 10−4 BER, the minimum PN requirement can be more relaxed than current synthesizer designs. The trade-off between PN, data rate, and frequency deviation of FSK modulation is also studied, showing how bandwidth can be traded for relaxed PN while maintaining the same spectral efficiency (bits/Hz). This result implies we could migrate from LC-VCOs to ring oscillators with a simple PLL for wireless communication using FSK and significantly reduce the power of radios. A chip was fabricated to test the accuracy of the model at different PN levels, showing agreement among theoretical analysis, simulations, and measurements.
Kunstbetrachtung, Kunsthermeneutik, Kunstpädagogik

Die Aufsatze Erinnerung uber die Betrachtung der Werke der Kunst und Abhandlung von der Fahigkeit der Empfindung des Schonen in der Kunst gelten als die »zentralen Essays zur Wahrnehmung von Kunst« (Decultot 2004, 71) aus W.s Feder.
The pathogenesis of hormone-producing tumors of the lung.

Pulmonary neoplasms, and in particular bronchogenic carcinomas, are one of the most critical problems in oncology. A phenotypic variable associated with these tumors is their ability to synthesize and secrete biochemical markers of diverse kinds. These markers fall into several different categories, including peptide hormones, nonpeptide hormones and hormone-like substances, regulatory peptides, enzymes, structural proteins, and other less well understood antigenic substances. Hormones and regulatory peptides have been associated with all the histological types of bronchogenic carcinoma.
Website environmenal cues: how do they work in online apparel shopping?

In spite of the remarkable growth in online apparel sales, the absence of physical examination before purchasing can be percieved risk in online apparel shopping. To reduce the risks and enhance online consumers' shopping experiences, it is valuable to study the significance of website enviroment on consumer response behaviors. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of website enviromental cues on the consumer's two dimensins of attitudes (i.e. hedonic and utilitarian) that, in turn influence their response behaviors (i.e., satisfaction and purchase intention).
A simplified methodology for complex analog module layout generation

Analog layout design automation has been evolving constantly and several attempts have been made to find a solution for analog synthesis. Due to the complexity of analog design problem it is difficult to find a single approach which can be readily accepted by the industry. The optimization based full analog synthesis tools are quick but does not capture layout engineers' expertise and therefore produce sub optimal layout. The semi-automated layout tools help layout engineers considerably however the layout creation cycle time is still at unacceptable level for time-consuming analog designs. This paper presents a simplified methodology for generating complex analog modules layout using template driven parameterized cells to reduce layout creation cycle time significantly while meeting the layout designers need. The paper discusses step by step approach of developing a placement and routing template to capture layout engineers' expertise for complex analog modules and demonstrates its effectiveness by implementing a triple cascode amplifier super-pCell which is being used in pipeline Analog to Digital Converts. The implemented methodology is very flexible and fully controllable so that designers can easily create a layout with additional design requirements and constraints quickly. The proposed approach is successfully adopted by layout engineers and as a result, the required layout resources for a design are reduced significantly whereas layout engineers' efficiency is improved significantly.
Relativistic Free Particles

The fundamental assumption in Newtonian mechanics is the absolute nature of space and time. That our empirical knowledge of the physical world points up to the contrary was one of the cornerstones of Einstein’s great critique of space and time. The analysis of Einstein and Lorentz of the empirical and mathematical nature of the physical phenomena established that only space-time, as a four-dimensional manifold, has an invariant physical significance, and that its familiar splitting into space and time is essentially dependent on the observer. Each observer was thus seen to describe only the points of the space-time manifold in his vicinity by four coordinates; the formulas describing the transformation of coordinates of the same space-time point by two different observers involved smooth functions. In other words, space-time became an abstract C∞ manifold and each observer was seen to describe a neighborhood of this manifold in terms of local coordinates. Only statements which retain their meaning in every coordinate system were asserted to have any physical significance, i. e., the global differential geometric statements. Einstein’s theory of gravitation is, for example, a formulation of the theory of gravitational phenomena involving only intrinsic geometric objects like connections and tensor fields.
Modeling Rare Baseball Events--Are They Memoryless?.

Three sets of rare baseball events – pitching a no-hit game, hitting for the cycle, and turning a triple play – offer excellent examples of events whose occurrence may be modeled as Poisson processes. That is, the time of occurrence of one of these events doesn't affect when we see the next occurrence of such. We modeled occurrences of these three events in Major League Baseball for data from 1901 through 2004 including a refinement for six commonly accepted baseball eras within this time period. Model assessment was primarily done using goodness of fit analyses on inter-arrival data.
Automorphisms of the Classical Algebras

The automorphism groups of classical Lie algebras, in the sense of the previous chapter, have been studied for the four “great classes” A-D by Jacobson [216], considering the most natural realizations of these algebras. A unified approach has been made by the author [357], substituting certain combinations of algebraic operations for the exponential functions used in the fundamental work of Gantmacher [145] in the complex case. Where the author’s results are incomplete (in case the ground field is not algebraically closed), they have been completed by Steinberg [381]. Indeed, Steinberg is able to deal with characteristics 2 and 3 as well, since he obtains his Lie algebras by Chevalley’s process (Chap. II, § 3) from a complex semisimple Lie algebra. We reproduce here the results of Steinberg, restricted to the case of classical algebras in our sense, as well as giving essentially Chevalley’s results on the general structure of the groups of Chevalley, when regarded as subgroups of the automorphism groups of classical algebras. Finally, we give interpretations for these results in terms of the natural realizations for types A-D, as well as for the exceptional algebras.
Estimates of the Prevalence of Speech and Motor Speech Disorders in Youth With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.

Purpose Speech sound disorders and velopharyngeal dysfunction are frequent features of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q). We report the first estimate of the prevalence of motor speech disorders (MSD...
Towards a new paradigm of global development? Beyond the limits of international development

An international development framing is increasingly ill-fitting to a 21st century characterized by interconnected globalized capitalism, the challenge of sustainable development, as well as the bl...
Feasibility of Spinal Anesthesia Placement Using Automated Interpretation of Lumbar Ultrasound Images: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background This study evaluated the efficacy of spinal anesthesia administration by resident physicians when using an ultrasound system with automated neuraxial landmark detection capabilities. Methods 150 patients were enrolled in this trial. Anesthesiology residents placed spinals in subjects undergoing scheduled cesarean delivery using one of three techniques to identify neuraxial landmarks: palpation, ultrasound, or combined palpation and ultrasound. Ultrasound was performed using a handheld system that automatically identified neuraxial landmarks (e.g. midline, intervertebral spaces). All residents watched a 10-minute video and received 20 minutes of hands-on training prior to participating in the study. First insertion success rate was the primary end point. Results Among all patients, use of ultrasound resulted in a 11% greater first-insertion success rate (RR: 1.11 [0.85-1.47], p=0.431), a 15% reduction in needle insertions (RR: 0.85, p=0.052), and a 26% decrease in needle passes (RR: 0.74, p=0.070). In obese patients of BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, use of ultrasound resulted in 26% greater first-insertion success rates (RR: 1.26, p=0.187), a 21% decrease in needle insertions (RR: 0.79, p=0.025), a 38% decrease in needle passes (RR: 0.62, p=0.030), and a 75% decrease in patients reporting neutral or low patient satisfaction with anesthesia administration (RR: 0.25, p=0.004). Discussion Resident anesthesiologists competently utilized the ultrasound system after receiving minimal training. Technical endpoints and patient satisfaction trended towards improvement when ultrasound was used prior to spinal placement, with stronger trends observed in obese patients. Additional study is required to fully characterize the impact of the ultrasound system on clinical efficacy.
A Single Reactive Noncanonical Amino Acid is Able to Dramatically Stabilize Protein Structure

A p-isothiocyanate phenylalanine mutant of the homodimeric protein homoserine o-succinyltransferase (MetA) was isolated in a temperature dependent selection from a library of metA mutants containing noncanonical amino acids. This mutant protein has a dramatic increase of 24 °C in thermal stability compared to the wild type protein. Peptide mapping experiments revealed that the isothiocyanate group forms a thiourea cross-link to the N terminal proline of the other monomer, despite the two positions being >30 A apart in the X-ray crystal structure of the wild type protein. These results show that an expanded set of building blocks beyond the canonical 20 amino acids can lead to significant changes in the properties of proteins.