cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel de-coupling solid polymer electrolyte via semi-interpenetrating network for lithium metal battery

Abstract Compared with linear homopolymer and block copolymer electrolytes, network-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) demonstrated much improved lithium dendrite resistance and cell cyclability in lithium metal batteries (LMBs), suggesting that polymer chain architecture plays a pivotal role in SPE design. To further improve the state-of-the-art performance of SPEs, in this work, we report a novel interpenetrating network (IPN) SPE that is comprised of poly (ethylene oxide) and poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC) chains. The synthesis of the SPE is based on the crosslinking of octakis(3-glycidyloxypropyldimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane and amine-terminated polyethylene glycol while incorporating linear PPC with a controlled concentration. The IPN SPEs showed improved ionic conductivity and a nearly threefold increase of lithium ion transference number. The optimized SPE could be stably cycled for over 300 ​h ​at a harsh current density of 1.5 ​mA ​cm−2 in the galvanostatic symmetrical cell plating/stripping experiment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that incorporation of PPC could effectively reduce the uneven lithium deposition while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to confirm the active components that are associated with the stable solid electrolyte interface. Full LMBs fabricated using the IPN SPE, a lithium metal anode and a LiFePO4 cathode delivered high specific capacity of over 160 ​mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and over 95 ​mAh g−1 at 2 ​C with an excellent Coulombic efficiency and lifetime. This work demonstrated a new pathway of SPE molecular design towards high performance SPEs for LMB applications.
Liquid-like interactions in heterochromatin: Implications for mechanism and regulation.

Abstract A large portion of the eukaryotic genome is packed into heterochromatin, a versatile platform that is essential to maintain genome stability. Often associated with a compact and transcriptionally repressed chromatin state, heterochromatin was earlier considered a static and locked compartment. However, cumulative findings over the last 17 years have suggested that heterochromatin displays dynamics at different timescales and size scales. These dynamics are thought to be essential for the regulation of heterochromatin. This review illustrates how the key principles underlying heterochromatin structure and function have evolved along the years and summarizes the discoveries that have led to the continuous revision of these principles. Using heterochromatin protein 1–mediated heterochromatin as a context, we discuss a novel paradigm for heterochromatin organization based on two emerging concepts, phase separation and nucleosome structural plasticity. We also examine the broader implications of this paradigm for chromatin organization and regulation beyond heterochromatin.
Ethnobotany, botany, and archaeology

Abstract This chapter has provided some information on where and when cannabis evolved, archaeological hints as to when it began to be used for intoxicating purposes, and ideas on how we can classify the cannabis plant botanically. Prior evidence for the origins of cannabis based on the distribution of wild-type plants suggested that it is indigenous to somewhere in central Asia. Cannabis is an annual plant belonging to the Mulberry family and related to hops that dies at the end of each growing season. It propagates itself through seeds grown from the female after fertilization by pollen from the separate male specimen.
Nicole’s mother is dead: death games, unruly stories, and what matters in preschool

This paper presents data from a multi-year ethnography of a rural preschool in the United States in which children engaged in substantial free and structured imaginative play. An unexpected parent ...
Five Laws of Politics: Further Evidence from Gubernatorial and Provincial Elections

In two previous articles, I have identified five “laws” of politics governing national competitive electoral systems from around the world (Cuzan 2015, 2019). They describe invariant or nearly invariant patterns of incumbent support characteristic of democracies, whether parliamentary or presidential. In this paper, I show that the same patterns are observed at the sub-national level in Australia, Canada, and the United States.
Anterior Hip Dislocation: Characterization of a Rare Injury and Predictors of Functional Outcome.

Abstract Background Anterior native hip dislocation remains poorly studied due to the rarity of the injury. The aim of this study was to describe injury characteristics of anterior hip dislocation, detail its initial treatment, and determine the intermediate term outcomes including the rate of conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods A cross-sectional study was performed at a single urban academic Level 1 trauma center for patients who sustained traumatic anterior hip dislocations from 2010-2017. Baseline demographic, injury, and treatment data were recorded. Patients were contacted to inquire about subsequent surgery and complete functional outcome questionnaires. Available post-operative radiographs were also reviewed. Results Thirty-two anterior hip dislocations met inclusion criteria and were included in the study. 69% of dislocations were obturator dislocations and 31% iliac dislocations. Only 22% were simple dislocations with the remainder having an associated femoral head fracture and/or acetabular fracture. Iliac dislocations were more likely to be associated with acetabular fractures and require surgical treatment while obturator dislocations were more likely to be simple dislocations or have femoral head fractures. Excluding two patients treated with acute THA at the time of injury, follow-up information was available for 16 patients at a minimum of eighteen months from the time of injury. Only one required subsequent conversion to THA. For the remaining fifteen patients, modified Harris hip scores (mHHS) averaged 82.6, PROMIS global physical health averaged 51.9, and PROMIS global mental health averaged 48.3 with mean follow-up of 4.2 years. mHHS was significantly higher for obturator dislocations and a negative association was seen with age. Conclusions Obturator dislocations occurred twice as frequently as iliac dislocations. Associated acetabular or femoral head fractures are common. Conversion to THA was low, occurring in only 1 of 16 patients not treated with acute arthroplasty. Obturator dislocations and age less than 45 years old at the time of injury were associated with better functional outcome at intermediate term follow-up.
Commercialization of technologies out of US universities

U.S. academic research institutions spent public and private funds of 54 billion dollars solely in 2009. This is a significant investment considering recent harsh economic downturn. While there exists public acknowledgement of importance of unremitting investment on research and development, U.S. research institutions still struggle to validate their performance and get reliable support from public and private stakeholders. Therefore, measuring their economic contribution based on robust and realistic approach is critical to improve their practices and secure sustainable growth by attracting more interests of taxpayer. Therefore, this paper contributes to a new approach which integrated the steps of identification of time-lags in licensing, efficiency change analysis and exploration of the influence of organizational characteristics on licensing performance. The study also included an innovative approach to resolve issues with the super efficiency DEA model, including mathematical infeasibility and zero data considerations. The results which are grounded on the comprehensive observations over multiple time durations provide an insight into the licensing practices of US research institutions.
Pediatric Brain Tumors

Recent insights into the biology of brain tumors form the basis for ongoing changes in their classification. Integrating appropriate molecular studies into the clinical diagnosis of pediatric brain tumors allows a better stratification of these tumors. For the future this approach also holds the promise of a more targeted and hopefully more effective treatment approach for affected patients. In the case of infiltrating gliomas, the molecular data supports the notion that most pediatric gliomas are biologically distinct from adult-age tumors even if they exhibit overlapping or identical histomorphologic features. For medulloblastomas and ependymomas, the integration of molecular information into the clinical diagnosis allows more accurate prognostication and a more nuanced approach in deciding on aggressive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
A Universal Multiple Inverter Control Architecture with Droop For Unbalanced Distribution Grid

The ever-increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) using three-phase voltage source inverters (VSI) results in the need for better management of VSIs. For example, these VSIs are now required or capable of providing the required positive and negative sequence (PNS) components in an unbalanced power grid. This is achieved by developing a dedicated control strategy for PNS voltages and currents of grid-forming and grid-feeding VSIs. The grid-forming and grid-feeding VSIs can operate in a grid-connected mode as well as islanded mode as a microgrid. These multiple VSIs utilize existing distribution feeders which are part of an unbalanced system in terms of load, and feeder-impedances. In this work, a new robust droop control based approach is proposed to support multiple VSI operation in both grid-connected or islanded modes of operation. To achieve the fault ride-through capability of VSIs, a current limiter is also proposed in the dq-frame accounting for the PNS currents during unbalanced fault scenarios. The simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control method and current limiting strategy.
Mastocytosis—a review of disease spectrum with imaging correlation

Mastocytosis is a rare disorder due to the abnormal proliferation of clonal mast cells. Mast cells exist in most tissues, mature in situ from hematopoietic stem cells and develop unique characteristics of local effector cells. Mastocytosis develops by activation mutation of the KIT surface receptor which is involved in the proliferation of a number of cell lines such as mast cells, germ cells, melanocytes, and hematopoietic cells. It manifests as two main categories: cutaneous mastocytosis and systemic mastocytosis. Imaging can play an important role in detection and characterization of the disease manifestation, not only by radiography and bone scans, but also magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, which can be more sensitive in the assessment of distinctive disease patterns. Radiologists should be aware of various appearances of this disease to better facilitate diagnosis and patient management. Accordingly, this review will discuss the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and role of imaging in detection and extent estimation of the systemic involvement of the disease, in addition to demonstration of appearance on varying imaging modalities. Familiarity with the potential imaging findings associated with mastocytosis can aid in early disease diagnosis and classification and accordingly can lead directing further work up and better management.
Expansion Microscopy Reveals Plasmodium falciparum Blood-Stage Parasites Undergo Anaphase with A Chromatin Bridge in the Absence of Mini-Chromosome Maintenance Complex Binding Protein.

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum undergoes closed mitosis, which occurs within an intact nuclear envelope, and differs significantly from its human host. Mitosis is underpinned by the dynamics of microtubules and the nuclear envelope. To date, our ability to study P. falciparum mitosis by microscopy has been hindered by the small size of the P. falciparum nuclei. Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) has recently been developed for P. falciparum, allowing the visualization of mitosis at the individual nucleus level. Using U-ExM, three intranuclear microtubule structures are observed: hemispindles, mitotic spindles, and interpolar spindles. A previous study demonstrated that the mini-chromosome maintenance complex binding-protein (MCMBP) depletion caused abnormal nuclear morphology and microtubule defects. To investigate the role of microtubules following MCMBP depletion and study the nuclear envelope in these parasites, we developed the first nuclear stain enabled by U-ExM in P. falciparum. MCMBP-deficient parasites show aberrant hemispindles and mitotic spindles. Moreover, anaphase chromatin bridges and individual nuclei containing multiple microtubule structures were observed following MCMBP knockdown. Collectively, this study refines our understanding of MCMBP-deficient parasites and highlights the utility of U-ExM coupled with a nuclear envelope stain for studying mitosis in P. falciparum.
LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Workers' Compensation: Amend Certain Provisions

The Act changes various provisions of Georgia's workers' compensation law. In particular, the Act redefines those who are presumed to be totally dependent upon an employee who dies as the result of an on-the-job accident. Further, it authorizes no-liability stipulated settlements between parties, to be approved by the Board of Workers' Compensation. The Act also authorizes agreements for lump sum settlements that are prorated over the life expectancy of the injured employee. The Act increases various statutory maximum and minimum workers' compensation payments. It also provides electronic fund transfer as an option for paying benefits.
Auditory and visual sustained attention in Down syndrome.

Abstract Background Sustained attention (SA) is important to task performance and development of higher functions. It emerges as a separable component of attention during preschool and shows incremental improvements during this stage of development. Aims The current study investigated if auditory and visual SA match developmental level or are particular challenges for youth with DS. Further, we sought to determine if there were modality effects in SA that could predict those seen in short-term memory (STM). Methods and procedures We compared youth with DS to typically developing youth matched for nonverbal mental age and receptive vocabulary. Groups completed auditory and visual sustained attention to response tests (SARTs) and STM tasks. Outcomes and results Results indicated groups performed similarly on both SARTs, even over varying cognitive ability. Further, within groups participants performed similarly on auditory and visual SARTs, thus SA could not predict modality effects in STM. However, SA did generally predict a significant portion of unique variance in groups’ STM. Conclusions and implications Ultimately, results suggested both auditory and visual SA match developmental level in DS. Further, SA generally predicts STM, though SA does not necessarily predict the pattern of poor auditory relative to visual STM characteristic of DS.
Sherlock's Toolkit: A forensic DNA analysis system

DNA sequence analysis has multiple forensic applications. The justice system currently uses sizes of STRs as well as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for DNA evidence. With recent advancements in DNA sequencing technologies, inclusion of additional polymorphic loci, including SNPs, enable new useful analyses while maintaining backwards compatibility with STR sizing. Sherlock's Toolkit, developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory, is an open source, scalable system for the integration and automation of STR and SNP-based analysis for high-throughput sequence data. The toolkit includes modules for a range of kinship, biogeographic ancestry, replicate, and mixture analyses.
Airloads investigation of an 0.030 scale model of the space shuttle vehicle 140A/B launch configuration (model 47-OTS) in the ARC 9 by 7 foot unitary plan wind tunnel for Mach 1.55 and 2.2 (iA14B), volume 1

Results of tests conducted on an 0.030-scale launch configuration model of the space shuttle vehicle 140A/B in the NASA/ARC 11-foot unitary plan wind tunnel are presented. Aerodynamic loads data were obtained at Mach numbers from 0.6 to 1.4. Surface pressure distributions were obtained simultaneously with six-component stability and control force data on the complete launch configuration. The configuration consisted of the orbiter, an external tank, two solid rocket boosters, and associated intercomponent attach hardware. Angles of attack and sideslip from -10 degrees to +10 degrees were investigated.
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) grafted on an ordered mesoporous silica surface using atom transfer radical polymerization with activators regenerated by electron transfer

Atom transfer radical polymerization with activators regenerated by electron transfer was demonstrated as a convenient strategy to graft functional polymers from a concave surface of ordered mesoporous silica. SBA-15 silica with cylindrical mesopores of diameter 24 nm (nominal BJH pore diameter of 29 nm) was used as a support, and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) as well as poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) as grafted polymers, which are known for their stimuli-responsive properties. Successful polymerizations were performed in small vials without prior deoxygenation. The resulting silica/polymer composites had appreciable specific surface areas of 68–145 m2 g−1 and accessible pores of nominal (BJH) diameters 21–24 nm, with up to 26 wt% polymer loading. PNIPAAm chains cleaved from the silica support had a quite low polydispersity index (∼1.26) throughout the grafting process. Temperature-responsive properties of the silica/PNIPAAm composite were confirmed by using differential scanning calorimetry.
The island rule and a research agenda for studying ecogeographical patterns

We are currently experiencing a resurgence of interest in ecogeographical rules, which describe general trends in morphology and related traits along geographical gradients. In order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the generality and underlying causal mechanisms for these patterns, we recommend a new, more integrated research agenda. In particular, we recommend studies that simultaneously consider different clines in morphology, geographical ranges and diversity as intricately related phenomena; all being ecological, evolutionary and biogeographical responses of organisms to selection regimes that vary non-randomly over space and time, and among species with different ecological and evolutionary histories.
Length of pelagic period in echinoderms with feeding larvae from the Northeast Pacific

Abstract Minimum and maximum times from fertilization to settling are reported for larvae reared in the laboratory from 12 species of echinoderms representing four classes. For the holothuroid Parastichopus californicus (Stimpson) the maximum time observed was 13 weeks; for the asteroids Luidia foliolata Grube, Pisaster ochraceus (Brandt), and Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt) the maxima were 20, 32, and 21 weeks, respectively; for the ophiuroid Ophiopholis aculeata (Linnaeus) the maximum was 31 weeks; for the echinoids Brisaster latifrons (A. Agassiz), Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz), Allocentrotus fragilis (Jackson), and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O. F. Muller) maxima were 24, 23, 36, and 21 weeks, respectively. The maximum pelagic periods in each class of echinoderms were approximately double other estimates based on cultured larvae. The pelagic periods in these cultures suggest a capacity for extensive dispersal in nature.
High and low anxiety and GSR adaptation

GSR records were obtained for two groups of 20 Ss differing in score on the Eysenck Personality Inventory (high and low scores) while they were presented with a series of 80 stimuli four different lights alternating in apparent random sequence). Typical adaptation phenomena were observed for the high-N group while no adaptation was evident in the low-N group. It is concluded that the observed relationship between anxiety and adaptation supports the contention that adaptation of the GSR is a form of conditioned inhibition.
Poetic realizing as knowing

Although self‐sufficient, poetry provides knowledge, in the sense indicated by the phrase knowing what it is or by the word realization, of certain kinds of experience which are identified as themes in poems. We may know or realize thematic‐concepts in ordinary life experience, and in writing and reading poems. Themes, as objects of knowledge, cannot be separated from their instances.
Computation of alloy phase diagrams at low temperatures

Standard statistical-mechanics techniques for alloy-Ising models such as Monte Carlo simulations or the cluster variation method usually present numerical problems at low temperatures or for highly stoichiometric compounds. Under these conditions, their application to complex alloy Hamiltonians, with extended pair and multi-site interactions, is non trivial and can be very computer-time demanding. In this work, we investigate the application of a low-temperature expansion of the thermodynamic potentials for Hamiltonians with many pair and multi-site interactions. In this way, analytic expressions can be obtained for the free energies from which temperature-composition phase diagrams for any alloy can easily be computed regardless of the complexity of the Ising energy expression. It is demonstrated that with only a few terms in the expansion, the low-temperature expansion is accurate up to temperatures where Monte Carlo simulations or cluster variation calculations are practical. Consequently, these three methods can be used as complimentary techniques to compute a single phase diagram. Furthermore, we also show that the coefficients of the low-temperature expansion can be computed from the same information used to build the cluster variational free energy, thereby making the low-temperature expansion very simple to use. We illustrate the application of this new approach by computing the fcc Pd-rich phase diagram of the Pd-V alloy.
Physiological fatigue of smooth muscle contractions in rat urinary bladder

OBJECTIVE To characterize the physiological fatigue in bladder smooth muscles that can occur within 60 s of stimulation, which is closer to the duration of normal voiding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Longitudinal and transverse strips of rat bladder were used; the muscles were mounted in an in vitro multi-muscle chamber, and the decline in contractile tension recorded during continuous electrical stimulation at frequencies of 5–30 Hz for 60 s. The effect of muscle length on fatigue was assessed by monitoring the decline in tension during 30 Hz stimulation at rest length, and at 60% and 100% stretched lengths of the bladder strips. To assess some of the factors involved in the development of fatigue, tension responses of fatigued muscles were monitored on exposure to 80 mm potassium or 1 µm bethanechol. RESULTS In both longitudinal and transverse bladder strips stimulated at 30 Hz, peak contractile tension declined to 50% of original after ≈ 33 s, and to 30% after 60 s of stimulation. After 10 s rest, 60% of the original tension was recovered. Increasing the frequency of fatigue stimulation from 5 to 30 Hz significantly increased the extent of the decline in tension and reduced the time to a 50% decrease in tension. Stretching the bladder strips from rest length to 100% stretched length significantly reduced the extent of tension decline and increased the time to a 50% decrease in tension. Exposure of fatigued muscles to high potassium or bethanechol generated more tension than electrical stimulation. CONCLUSION Contractile fatigue occurs in both longitudinal and transverse strips of the bladder smooth muscles within the duration of normal voiding. Increasing the frequency of stimulation from 5 to 30 Hz increased the degree and rate of fatigue. Stretching the bladder strips from rest length by 60–100% reduced the degree and rate of fatigue. Bladder fatigue may be caused by decreased depolarization of the smooth muscle membranes, reduced release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals, or by other yet undetermined mechanisms.
Normal DNA ligase activity in a γ-ray-sensitive Chinese hamster mutant

Abstract A Chinese hamster cell mutant (XR-1) was previously described that is extremely deficient in the repair of double-strand DNA breaks produced by γ-irradiation during the sensitive G 1 -early-S period and somewhat deficient in repair of γ-ray-induced single-strand DNA breaks. To determine whether a deficiency in DNA ligase activity might underlie the biochemical defect, protein extracts from mutant and parental cells were examined for their ability to ligate single- and double-strand breaks in DNA. The kinetics of ligation of single 5′-phosphate-3′-hydroxyl breaks in double stranded DNA were the same in protein extracts from both cells. After separation of protein extracts by gel-filtration chromatography, the percentage of activity in the large and small molecular forms of DNA ligase was also similar in the two cells. Finally, protein extracts prepared from exponentially growing or G 1 -synchronized mutant and parental cells were equal in their ability to ligate blunt-end DNA substrates. These data suggest that a deficiency in DNA ligase is not the cause of the repair defect in the XR-1 mutant cell.
A PaaS for composite analytics solutions

In their pursuit of market competitiveness and sustainable top line growth, enterprises are increasingly turning to sophisticated analytics solutions to derive insights and value from the deluge of data that are being generated from all sources. Leading practitioners of Big Data analytics have already moved past the stage of using single analytics modalities on siloed data sources. They are starting to create composite analytics solutions that take advantage of multiple analytics programming models and are also integrating them into their existing enterprise IT systems. At the same time, the CIOs have wholeheartedly embraced cloud computing as a means of reducing the capital and operational cost of their IT systems and streamlining their DevOps processes. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) as a cloud computing consumption model has seen wide acceptance by developers and IT administrators. Although there are PaaS platforms for individual workload types involved in these advanced composite analytics solutions, the composition aspect is not addressed by any of these individual PaaS platforms. Further, there is no lifecycle management support for the solution as a single logical entity. This paper argues for the need of a true PaaS for composite analytics solutions in order to accelerate their adoption by the industry and foster the creation of a healthy ecosystem. We present the design and prototype implementation of such a platform and our early experience of using it to deploy a Telco Fraud Detection solution.
Facial masculinity and fluctuating asymmetry

Abstract Recently, women have been found to prefer the scent of symmetrical men and relatively masculine male faces more during the fertile (late follicular and ovulatory) phases of their menstrual cycles than during their infertile (e.g., luteal) phases. These findings make most theoretical sense if men's symmetry is associated with the masculinity of their faces and, therefore, men's symmetry and facial masculinity tap a shared underlying quality. This study examined associations between masculine facial features and nonfacial body symmetry as well as facial symmetry in samples of 141 men and 154 women. As predicted, a component of facial features that discriminates the sexes and reflects masculinization of the face significantly covaried with symmetry in men. No significant correlation was observed for women. These findings suggest that men's facial masculinity partly advertises underlying developmental stability.
Multi-mode synchronized control for formation flying interferometer

This paper describes the design of an reaction control system based formation flying control for the Starlight space interferometer mission, consisting of two spacecrafts. Both slew and tracking control are seamlessly integrated within the same control architecture, allowing for position and velocity mode of operation, while ensuring smooth transition between slewing and tracking. To minimize the duration of thruster induced disturbances during interferometric observations, thruster activities on each spacecraft are synchronized and limited to the first second of each 30 second time window.
Self-regulation as a buffer of the relationship between parental alcohol misuse and alcohol-related outcomes in first-year college students

Alcohol misuse among college students is a large public health concern, thus, it is imperative to identify factors that reduce this risk. One risk factor associated with developing alcohol-related problems is meeting criteria for being an adult child of an alcoholic (ACOA). Conversely, self-regulation has been identified as a protective factor that is inversely associated with drinking-related outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether self-regulation buffers the risk associated with ACOA status on alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences. In a sample of 195 first-year college students, we found that ACOA status had a unique effect on both alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. Self-regulation was unrelated to alcohol use but inversely associated with alcohol-related consequences. Notably, self-regulation moderated the effect of ACOA status on alcohol-related problems (but not alcohol consumption) such that self-regulation was most strongly related to alcohol-related problems among ACOAs. Our results suggest that self-regulation helps explain the resilience of many ACOAs.
Do Stock Market Investors Reward Companies with Reputations for Social Performance

Stock market returns were compared with corporate reputations for social performance over the period 1984 through 1996. Financial performance was positively correlated with reputations for corporate social performance; the effect was strongest in the 1980s, but continued at a lower level through the end of the study period. Investors have been rewarded for having purchased stocks of companies with better reputations, even at premium prices.
Heartbreak to Happiness: Striving to Improve Outcomes for the Patient in Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Childbearing Poster Presentation Background Lymphoma is now the fourth most diagnosed malignancy during pregnancy, occurring in approximately 1:6,000 births. With the delay in childbearing and the increase in primiparous maternal age it can be expected that cancer will be diagnosed more frequently in pregnant women. Since non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas occur in an older patient population than Hodgkin’s lymphomas, this may account for fewer reports of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients with coexisting pregnancies. When a diagnosis is made, issues surrounding decisions regarding the approach to treatment options are extremely complex and must include the medical and obstetric health of both the mother and fetus.
A sensitive radioimmunoassay for 7S nerve growth factor antigens in serum and tissues.

— A radioimmunoassay was developed which can measure accurately concentrations of mouse 7S nerve growth factor antigens (NGFA) as low as 3·0 ng/ml in serum or tissue homogenates. Extremely large amounts of presumed nerve growth factor were found in the submaxillary gland; but considerable quantities were also present in mouse serum, kidney, adrenal gland and vas deferens. Heart, spleen, liver and muscle contained less of the presumed nerve growth factor, and only small amounts were recovered from brain. Rat adrenal gland and serum from rats, guinea pigs and man contained much less immunologically reactive material. The level of presumed nerve growth factor in the mouse heart was highest at birth and decreased slowly during maturation. In the mouse submaxillary gland the content of presumed nerve growth factor increased rapidly after 2 weeks of postnatal age, with higher levels found in male animals. Destruction with 6-hydroxydopamine of the sympathetic nerves in the hearts of newborn or adult mice did not significantly alter the amount of presumed nerve growth factor recovered in the heart.
Enzymatic methylation of arsenic compounds. VI. Characterization of hamster liver arsenite and methylarsonic acid methyltransferase activities in vitro.

Abstract Methylation of inorganic arsenic to methylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) has been considered to be the major pathway of inorganic arsenic biotransformation and detoxification. Comparative studies, in vivo, have demonstrated variation in the abilities of animals to methylate inorganic arsenic. We propose that the rate of inorganic arsenite methylation may be one of the factors responsible for observed species variation. Arsenite and MMA methyltransferases of Golden Syrian hamster liver have been partially purified 40- and 67-fold, respectively. The monothiol l -cysteine promotes greater activities, in vitro, of these enzymes than similar concentrations of either glutathione or dithiothreitol. The pH optima of the partially purified arsenite and MMA methyltransferase activities are 7.6 and 8.0, respectively. Both activities display classic Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics. The K m and V max of hamster liver arsenite methyltransferase are 1.79 × 10 −6 M and 0.022 pmol/mg protein/60 min, respectively. Hamster liver MMA methyltransferase has K m and V max values of 7.98 × 10 −4 M and 0.007 pmol/mg protein/60 min, respectively. A similar kinetic relationship of these activities is also observed in the liver of the rabbit, which, like the hamster, excretes higher amounts of MMA than most other species studied. The higher K m and lower V max of MMA methyltransferase, compared to arsenite methyltransferase, measured in these two species suggests that MMA may be produced at a rate higher than it can be subsequently methylated to DMA, thereby allowing MMA to accumulate and be excreted.
The Development of Renal Physiology Since 1950

HE EXTENT and breadth of the development of renal physiology in the last 40 years is perhaps reflected in a comparison of the volumes that dealt with the field at the beginning and end of the period. Homer Smith's 1951 volume, The Kid­ ney: Structure and Function in Health and Dis­ easel covered pretty much all that was known of the subject and it was possible for one man to deal with the entire field. A recent analogue, The Kid­ ney: Physiology and Pathophysiology, 2 edited by Seldin and Giebisch, is several times larger and the work of no less than 130 authors! Obviously our knowledge has grown massively in breadth and depth, a growth that has been made possible to no small extent by improvement of information ac­ quisition methods. In 1950 most of our knowledge of kidney func­ tion was based on studies of intact organisms by application of the clearance technique, the devel­ opment of which Smith and his associates played a dominant role. To some extent the interpretation of such studies was anchored on the results of micro­ puncture in the hands of A.N. Richards and his associates. At that time, however, micropuncture had not been used for over a decade. With this background of where matters stood .at the beginning of this period, let us consider the development of a few areas in which the authors have had some involvement.
Characterization of l -leucine transport in the opportunistic yeasts Malassezia furfur and Malassezia pachydermatis

The lipophilic yeastsMalassezia furfur andM. pachydermatis show an initial rapid uptake ofl-leucine followed by slower steady-state rates. At least two independent transport systems forl-leucine were present in both species. The high-affinity system forM. furfur had a KT of 0.047 µM with a Jmax of 222 fM/min/106 cells (65 pM/min/mg dry weight), whereas forM. pachydermatis the KT was 0.067 µM with a Jmax of 709 fM/min/106 cells (89 pM/min/dry weight). The low-affinity system forM. furfur had a KT of 646 µM with a Jmax of 1.62 pM/min/106 cells (0.5 nM/min/mg dry weight) and that ofM. pachydermatis had a KT of 3.3 µM with a Jmax of 9.97 pM/min/106 cells (1.3 nM/min/mg dry weight). Both transport systems were energy-dependent. Cells incubated with Tween 80 showedl-leucine uptake via both transport systems. Cells incubated with a combination of glucose (1%) and Tween 80 (0.01%) showed decreased transport rates for the high-affinity system for both species as compared with cells incubated only with glucose. The low-affinity transport system of both species in the presence of glucose plus Tween 80 showed an initial rapid uptake followed by greater efflux than influx ofl-leucine.l-Leucine demonstrated binding to Tween 80, but the major effect of Tween 80 on membrane transport inMalassezia appears to be on the efflux of transported molecules.
A Systematic Management Plan for School Discipline

If a discipline program is to be effective, Duke con tends, it must be undertaken on a comprehensive, school-wide basis. He outlines such a program below.
A model system for peptide hormone action in differentiation: Interleukin 2 induces a B lymphoma to transcribe the J chain gene

Abstract Physiological levels of a purified T cell hormone, interleukin 2 (IL-2), were found to stimulate a clone murine B cell line (BCL 1 ) to secrete pentamer IgM antibody. The peptide hormone acts at the cell surface via specific IL-2 receptors and induces changes in the 5′ chromatin of the J chain gene that correlate with its transcription and with the production of the J chain protein required for pentamer IgM assembly. There was no effect of IL-2 on cell proliferation nor on μ heavy chain gene transcription. These results define a specific function for IL-2 in B cell differentiation. In addition, the IL-2BCL1 system provides a model for examining the mechanism by which signals generated by hormone-receptor interaction are transmitted to the nucleus and regulate gene expression.
Effect of Depression and Psychosocial Stressors on Cessation Self-Efficacy in Mothers who Smoke

Motherhood offers factors that may contribute to or confound attempts to quit smoking, including social cues around pregnancy, post partum depression, financial and other pressures of child rearing, being a role model and concern that secondhand smoke might affect their child’s health. We sought to characterize a population of tobacco-using mothers in order to identify barriers to quitting that both mirror the general population and are unique to motherhood. A cross-sectional survey collected information in two urban emergency departments from women who smoked and were mothers of small children. The survey asked about tobacco use, including levels of addiction, attempts to quit, readiness and self efficacy for quitting, and other psychosocial risks. We hypothesized that mothers reporting psychosocial stressors and depression would be less motivated to quit and less likely to have attempted quitting. One hundred ninety-two smoking mothers enrolled, representing 433 children exposed to secondhand smoke. Nicotine addiction was moderate. Women reporting at least one form of stress (relationship, financial, work, emotional, family-related) had similar levels of addiction (Fagerstrom score 2.8 vs. 2.9, p = 0.63) and motivation to quit (Ladder of Contemplation 6.4 vs. 6.1, p = 0.26), but reported feeling less confident in their ability to quit than non-stressed counterparts (6.6 vs. 7.6, p = 0.04). Over half (51.3%) of smoking mothers reported symptoms of depression for more than 2 weeks in a row in the last year. Depressed mothers had similar levels of addiction (Fagerstrom score 2.9 vs. 2.8, p = 0.63), and readiness to quit (6.6 vs. 6.5, p = 0.89), and had attempted to quit at similar rates (78% vs. 82%, p = 0.58). However, depressed mothers were less confident in their ability to quit (6.4 vs. 7.4, p = 0.02) and were more than twice as likely to report they are “not at all confident” (22% vs. 9%, p = 0.03). Providers who encourage mothers to quit smoking must identify and be prepared to address psychosocial stressors and co-morbid depression.
Dexamethasone suppresses pituitary-adrenal but not behavioral effects of centrally administered CRF

Abstract Intracerebral ventricular (icv) administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) significantly enhances the expression of stress related behaviors in the rat and also activates the pituitary-adrenal system. The pituitary-adrenal response can be blocked by pretreatment of animals with dexamethasone. The behavioral effects (motor activation, increased grooming and decreased eating) on the other hand are resistant to suppression by dexamethasone. The independence of the behavioral effects from activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis suggests that stress-induced release of CRF could contribute to behavioral alterations even in the presence of high concentrations of endogenous steroids.
Early Childhood Prospective Teacher Pedagogical Belief Shifts Over Time

Prospective teachers' shifts of pedagogical beliefs over time were examined in this study. There were significant differences found between beliefs reported at the onset of a teacher education program when compared to beliefs reported at graduation and after one year of employment. Prospective teachers had higher mean scores on learner-centered beliefs at graduation and after one year of employment than did students at the beginning of the teacher education program. The findings revealed the changes of prospective teachers' beliefs as a result of participation in one early childhood teacher education program.
Enabling policy-based access control in BI applications

Protecting the sensitive information in a company's data warehouse from unauthorized access is an important component of regulatory compliance and privacy protection for Business Intelligence (BI) applications. The access control features in current database systems are not suitable to meet this requirement since they are limited to base table accesses whereas BI applications typically use materialized views for better performance. In this paper, we provide a middleware-enabled policy-based framework that allows access control to be uniformly applied to both base tables and materialized views to enable selective access to data warehouse. We also provide empirical evaluation of our approach.
Economic growth and alternative deficit-reducing tax increases and expenditure cuts: A cross-sectional study

This paper assesses empirically the relative desirability of alternative deficit-reducing tax increases and expenditure cuts in terms of their individual impact on economic growth, using cross-sectional data for a sample of 21 developed countries for the period 1972–81.
Left superior vena cava connection to unroofed coronary sinus associated with positional cyanosis: successful transcatheter treatment using Gianturco-Grifka vascular occlusion device.

A persistent left superior vena cava connection to an unroofed coronary sinus is a rare cardiac anomaly that is associated with a variable degree of cyanosis. We report an infant with this condition and the unusual feature of cyanosis dependent on head position. When the patient's head was rotated to the left, he developed severe stenosis of the left internal jugular vein, enlarged cervical collateral veins that connected to the right superior vena cava and had an oxygen saturation 95%. When the patient's head was rotated to the right, the left internal jugular vein was widely patent and systemic oxygen saturation decreased to 87%. There was no right ventricular volume overload. Temporary occlusion of the left superior vena cava documented tolerable proximal venous pressure. Cyanosis was relieved by transcatheter closure of the left superior vena cava with a Gianturco-Grifka vascular occlusion device. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 48:369-373, 1999.
Toward a multiple clock/voltage island design style for power-aware processors

Enabled by the continuous advancement in fabrication technology, present-day synchronous microprocessors include more than 100 million transistors and have clock speeds well in excess of the 1-GHz mark. Distributing a low-skew clock signal in this frequency range to all areas of a large chip is a task of growing complexity. As a solution to this problem, designers have recently suggested the use of frequency islands that are locally clocked and externally communicate with each other using mixed clock communication schemes. Such a design style fits nicely with the recently proposed concept of voltage islands that, in addition, can potentially enable fine-grain dynamic power management by simultaneous voltage and frequency scaling. This paper proposes a design exploration framework for application-adaptive multiple-clock processors which provides the means for analyzing and identifying the right interdomain communication scheme and the proper granularity for the choice of voltage/frequency islands in case of superscalar, out-of-order processors. In addition, the presented design exploration framework allows for comparative analysis of newly proposed or already published application-driven dynamic power management strategies. Such a design exploration framework and accompanying results can help designers and computer architects in choosing the right design strategy for achieving better power-performance tradeoffs in multiple-clock high-end processors.
Sociology as a vocation

What does it mean to be a sociologist? Does it still make sense to “commit a social science”? This essay reflects on the former question and answers the latter affirmatively. It accepts much of Weber’s argument in “Science as a Vocation,” but it goes beyond Weber by suggesting that the practice of sociology is meaningful in ways he did not fully recognize. The point of doing sociology is not only being dedicated to specialized scholarly work or called to illuminate human affairs, but also being oriented to certain virtues and moved by a particular kind of passion.
Genetic, biochemical, and behavioral uniformity among populations of Myzus nicotianae and Myzus persicae

Prior to designation as distinct species, an appellation presently in question, the tobacco aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman (Homoptera: Aphididae), was classified as a tobacco-feeding form of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). In this study, RAPD polymorphisms distinguished members of the Myzus persicae complex (M. persicae and M. nicotianae) from three outgroup Myzus species (M. cerasi (F.), M. hemerocallis Takahashi, and M. varians Davidson). Polymorphisms within the complex did not separate populations on the basis of host association (tobacco versus other host plants) or geographic origin (collections from the United States, Europe, and Japan). Similarly, while GC-MS analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles revealed both developmental and inter-populational differences within the M. persicae complex, it did not separate populations of tobacco feeding aphids from those collected off non-tobacco hosts. Finally, with the exception of their responses to a choice between lettuce and collards, the host preference behavior of a green peach aphid population, a red tobacco aphid population, and a green tobacco aphid population was indistinguishable in host preference experiments. These results add to a growing body of evidence suggesting M. nicotianae and M. persicae are conspecific.
Documenting the Gaze: Psychoanalysis and Judith Helfand's Blue Vinyl and Agnes Varda's The Gleaners and I

The history of the documentary film is tied to its relation to the concept of objectivity. As an approach to filmmaking, objectivity involves hiding the presence of the filmmaker. Documentary film ...