cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of IGBTs and MCTs in resonant DC link converters

The switching characteristics of IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors) and MCTs (MOS controlled thyristors) in both zero voltage and zero current switching RDCL (resonant DC link) converters with low and high power ratings. The factors that affect the switching operation are noted. Waveforms of the experimental results are used to present a comparative study between the switching characteristics of both devices under the various operating conditions. The need for adjusting the initial conditions in the RDCL converters to account for the nonideal behavior of the switching device is discussed. Both MCTs and IGBTs were found to operate extremely well in both zero-voltage-switching and zero-current-switching resonant converters. MCTs were found to have fewer losses in both circuits due to reduced conduction losses. >
Translational Regulation in Reticulocytes

Rabbit reticulocyte lysate is the first and is still the most efficient system for cell-free protein synthesis in vitro. It has not only provided us with much of our understanding of translational regulation, but also provided a unique system to study the coordination of the biosynthesis of heme and globins. The finding that heme is required for the initiation of protein synthesis is the stepping stone to our current knowledge of the translational regulation of initiation by the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2).
How Changes in Longevity Annuity Prices and Longevity Risk Affect Retirement Income Adequacy

Building on the May 2011 EBRI Issue Brief, this paper analyzes how changes in longevity annuity prices and longevity risk affect retirement income adequacy of retirees facing three different types of risk-investment income, longevity, and long-term care risk. Longevity annuities are similar to immediate annuities in that they provide a stream of fixed benefits over time (usually until death). Unlike an immediate annuity, which (as the name implies) begins to provide a benefit immediately upon purchase, a longevity annuity starts to distribute its payments only when the retiree reaches an advanced age, such as 80 or 85. The price of a longevity annuity is lower than that of an immediate annuity because it is mainly determined by conditional survival, which declines with age. In other words, a longevity annuity distributes higher payments per premium dollar compared with an immediate annuity because the payments are deferred until a commencement age at which the chance of survival declines. Since retirement income adequacy depends, in part, on different annuity prices (how much the annuity costs) and mortality (how long the individual lives), this paper analyzes how those factors would affect the retirement income adequacy of retirees targeting a desired level of adequacy (e.g., a 90 percent probability of adequacy). As the price of a longevity annuity increases, and as longevity risk grows, more initial retirement wealth is needed and the degree of annuitization needs to be increased - especially to achieve a 90 percent chance of adequacy (the inverse is true as well). The optimal degree of annuitization with a longevity annuity, however, depends on how much an individual’s retirement portfolio is invested in equities. The analysis also shows how changes in longevity annuity price and longevity risk affect retirement income adequacy in terms of a multiple of final earnings. Note: The simulation results presented here were based on certain assumptions for a male retiring at age 65, with specific long-term capital market and investment expenses, and long-term general and health-care cost inflation rates. Additional research is needed to analyze retirement income adequacy for a female or a household with alternative assumptions. The PDF for the above title, published in the June 2011 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another June 2011 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Tracking Health Insurance Coverage by Month: Trends in Employment-Based Coverage Among Workers, and Access to Coverage Among Uninsured Workers, 1995-2009.”
Chapter 455 – Extreme Temperature Performance Enhancement of P-I-N Multiple Quantum Well GaAs/AlGaAs Solar Cells, Due to Quantum Size Effects

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the incorporation of a super-lattice structure in the intrinsic region of a p-i-n solar cell and calculates the short circuit tunneling current density as a function of the: geometry of the super-lattice (thickness of successive layers and hence mini-bands), temperature (T), open circuit voltage, and photon flux. The short circuit current density is dominated by tunneling of carriers at low temperatures, while thermal currents dominate at high temperatures. This is an improvement over bulk gallium arsenide counterparts where short circuit currents are in the order of 30 mA/cm2. The chapter presents the results at two temperature extremes, indicating a clear domination of tunneling currents at low temperatures and where thermionic currents reverse the role at high temperatures.
Effects of Expanded Coverage for Chiropractic Services on Medicare Costs in a CMS Demonstration

Background Moderately convincing evidence supports the benefits of chiropractic manipulations for low back pain. Its effectiveness in other applications is less well documented, and its cost-effectiveness is not known. These questions led the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) to conduct a two-year demonstration of expanded Medicare coverage for chiropractic services in the treatment of beneficiaries with neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) conditions affecting the back, limbs, neck, or head. Methods The demonstration was conducted in 2005–2007 in selected counties of Illinois, Iowa, and Virginia and the entire states of Maine and New Mexico. Medicare claims were compiled for the preceding year and two demonstration years for the demonstration areas and matched comparison areas. The impact of the demonstration was analyzed through multivariate regression analysis with a difference-in-difference framework. Results Expanded coverage increased Medicare expenditures by $50 million or 28.5% in users of chiropractic services and by $114 million or 10.4% in all patients treated for NMS conditions in demonstration areas during the two-year period. Results varied widely among demonstration areas ranging from increased costs per user of $485 in Northern Illinois and Chicago counties to decreases in costs per user of $59 in New Mexico and $178 in Scott County, Iowa. Conclusion The demonstration did not assess possible decreases in costs to other insurers, out-of-pocket payments by patients, the need for and costs of pain medications, or longer term clinical benefits such as avoidance of orthopedic surgical procedures beyond the two-year period of the demonstration. It is possible that other payers or beneficiaries saved money during the demonstration while costs to Medicare were increased.
An Examination Of Bahamian Respondents' Task And Relationship Orientations: Do Males Have A Significantly Different Score Than Females?

Leaders get things done through building relationships and getting tasks done in a timely manner. The focus on leadership of people in different cultures are of great importance to managers since they want tasks done in a timely manner and healthy relationships maintained with their vendors and customers. To explore the orientation of respondents in the Bahamas, this research focused on the differences of male and female Bahamian respondents. From the responses of 211 individuals in Nassau, it appears that Bahamians have significantly different scores on the relationship and task orientations. They are more relationship-oriented. The responses of 46 males and 165 females demonstrate significant differences based on gender. The information is useful for international managers and expatriates working in the Bahamas. Suggestions for future research and implications are presented.
Silicon Membrane Studies of Point Defect Transport Kinetics During Thermal Oxidation

Self-interstitial transport kinetics in float-zone and Czochralski silicon was studied during thermal oxidation of silicon membranes. Bulk recombination of interstitials is higher in the CZ than in the FZ silicon. The low apparent interstitial diffusivity obtained in this study is explained by a bulk effect.
Comparison of the thoracic flexion relaxation ratio and pressure pain threshold after overhead assembly work and below knee assembly work.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the thoracic flexion relaxation ratio following overhead work and below-knee work. [Subjects and Methods] Ten men (20–30 years) were recruited to this study. The thoracic flexion relaxation ratio and pressure pain threshold was measured after both overhead work and below-knee work. [Results] The pressure-pain thresholds of the thoracic erector spinae muscle decreased significantly from initial, to overhead, to below-knee work. Similarly, the thoracic flexion relaxation ratio decreased significantly from initial, to overhead, to below-knee work. [Conclusion] Below-knee work results in greater thoracic pain than overhead work. Future studies should investigate below-knee work in detail. This study confirmed the thoracic relaxation phenomenon in the mid-position of the thoracic erector spinae.
ISSR Analysis on Genetic Diversity of Wild Staphylea bumalda in Santan Scenic Area of Hubei Province

ISSR molecular marker technique was applied to detect genetic diversity of 32 wild Staphylea bumalda samples in Santan Scenic Area of Hubei Province. Ten primers were selected from eighteen ISSR primers,and a total of 147 DNA bands were amplified,and 134 bands among them were polymorphic and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 91.16 %.The average DNA bands amplified by each primer were 14.7.Based on POPGENE 1.32 and NTSYS-pc software,the average number of effective allele,Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index were 1.4319,0.2653,and 0.4118,respectively.The genetic similarity coefficient among samples ranged from 0.47 to 0.87.These 32 samples were clustered into 3 groups at the genetic similarity coefficient 0.6558 by UPGMA.All these showed that there was great genetic diversity in wild Staphylea bumalda group.
Food poisoning factors and dynamic portion of pathogenic bacteria

Objective:To study food poisoing factors and explore dynamic portion of pathogenic bacteria.Methods:The collected poisoning samples,such as food,patients with rectal swab feces,and vomit,chef hands daub,sticky food pathogenic test sample daub,serum etc,application for credit TDH and TRH PCR inspection.Results:1,1978-2004 that cause food poisoning,four people killed 48 families and other places.2,2005-2007 cause food poisoning,including deputy hemolytic 27 59.26%(16) v.,Staphylococcus aureus 25.93%(7).Conclusion:1,4 by two and two above pathogen infection(two deputy mixed salts,pathogenic Escherichia coli and proteus,a deputy hemolytic vibrio,pathogenic Escherichia coli,a deputy hemolytic vibrio,Staphylococcus aureus,pathogenic Escherichia coli) cause food poisoning.2,75 food poisoning from rural family factors caused many other officials packed up,from bacterial infection,especially for food,food industry pollution is serious,a growing number of poisoning.3,88,including deputy hemolytic vibrio strains caused by a single 1 type of serum is 14(70%),two or more mixed type two kinds of serum has six(30%),the classification results: 23(O1 type 26.14% O2),1(37),1.14% O3 type(25),"42.05% type(1),28.41% O5 1.14% strains(1),(O10 1.14%),Among the K6 strains O3: a type of serum advantage and popular type ": for BaoFaXing K8 serum.K25 O1: for in serum type,type,O2,serum O5 serum and also O1 serum type.4,45 strains of TDH and vice hemolytic vibrio TRH detection,mainly TDH positive and negative TRH strains.Different type,type of serum O1 16 isolates 15 of TDH strains TDH strains of positive,negative,9 all plant type O3 TDH positive fungus,20 "type,17 TDH strains,3 strains TDH positive negative.5,4 Staphylococcus aureus genetic alterations by colibowel toxin,3 strains of Staphylococcus aureus colibowel toxin for gene C,1 strain of gene,C.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, Corporate Influence, and International Trade

Section 305 of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act specifically calls for FDA to develop recommendations on whether and how to harmonize requirements under the Codex Alimentarius Commission (“Codex”), an international organization charged with developing food standards, guidelines, codes of practice and “other recommendations to ensure fair practices in food trade and protect[ion of] the health of consumers.” FDA’s International Food Safety Capacity-Building Plan is largely supportive and deferential to Codex, concluding that “the use of Codex standards helps assure a safe global food supply.” To be sure, Codex’s stated mission and policies should create and facilitate adoption of universal standards and best practices to ensure a safe global food supply, supported as it is by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization, specialized UN agencies with well-regarded research capacity. This paper challenges the FDA’s current approach to Codex standards. Using common criticisms of Codex — that it favors rich countries over poor, industry over consumers, and trade over health — it urges FDA to use its new authority to ensure that Codex standards are informed by advances in nutrition science, to bring greater transparency to Codex decision-making, and to integrate its overseas capabilities with its activities at Codex.
Becoming a reflective planning educator

After a 45-year career as a professor and practitioner of planning, the author reflects on relationships among research, professional practice, and teaching. While his efforts to directly influence public policy through practice often met with limited success at the time, he finds that practice greatly enriched his teaching and his work did eventually influence practice, primarily through the professional work of his students. Because of changing academic culture, junior planning faculty today have far less opportunity to engage in practice than in the past. The education of practitioners is challenged by the growing absence of senior faculty whose research is influenced by practice.
Mirror Duality via G2 and Spin(7) Manifolds

The main purpose of this chapter is to give a construction of certain “mirror dual” Calabi–Yau submanifolds inside of a G 2 manifold. More specifically, we explain how to assign to a G 2 manifold (M, φ, Λ), with the calibration 3-form φ and an oriented 2-plane field Λ, a pair of parametrized tangent bundle valued 2- and 3-forms of M. These forms can then be used to define different complex and symplectic structures on certain 6-dimensional subbundles of T(M). When these bundles are integrated they give mirror CY manifolds. In a similar way, one can define mirror dual G 2 manifolds inside of a Spin(7) manifold (N 8, Ψ). In case N 8 admits an oriented 3-plane field, by iterating this process we obtain Calabi–Yau submanifold pairs in N whose complex and symplectic structures determine each other via the calibration form of the ambient G 2 (or Spin(7)) manifold.
High-contrast grating resonators for label-free detection of disease biomarkers

A label-free optical biosensor is described that employs a silicon-based high-contrast grating (HCG) resonator with a spectral linewidth of ~500 pm that is sensitive to ligand-induced changes in surface properties. The device is used to generate thermodynamic and kinetic data on surface-attached antibodies with their respective antigens. The device can detect serum cardiac troponin I, a biomarker of cardiac disease to 100 pg/ml within 4 mins, which is faster, and as sensitive as current enzyme-linked immuno-assays for cTnI.
Performance Analysis of a Hop-by-Hop Relay Selection Strategy in Multi-Hop Networks

We propose and analyze a hop-by-hop relay selection strategy for multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative relay networks. In this method, relay selection in each stage is based on the channel state information (CSI) to the relays in the following stage. More specifically, in each stage, relays that successfully receive and decode the message from the previous hop form the candidate set for relaying, and the best relay in this set is selected for retransmission to the next hop. As such, a central controller (CC) for the entire relay network is not required and this strategy can be implemented in a distributed manner. We analyze the performance of this method in terms of end-to-end outage probability and ergodic and effective ergodic capacities. Numerical results from analysis are shown to closely match those obtained from simulation. We also compare our results to those from existing relay selection strategies in the cases of perfect and imperfect CSI and demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method.
Calvarial Defect Healing Induced by Small Molecule Smoothened Agonist.

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling positively regulates both endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Use of small molecules for tissue engineering applications poses several advantages. In this study, we examined whether use of an acellular scaffold treated with the small molecule Smoothened agonist (SAG) could aid in critical-size mouse calvarial defect repair. First, we verified the pro-osteogenic effect of SAG in vitro, using primary neonatal mouse calvarial cells (NMCCs). Next, a 4 mm nonhealing defect was created in the mid-parietal bone of 10-week-old CD-1 mice. The scaffold consisted of a custom-fabricated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) disc with hydroxyapatite coating (measuring 4 mm diameter × 0.5 mm thickness). Treatment groups included dimethylsulfoxide control (n = 6), 0.5 mM SAG (n = 7) or 1.0 mM SAG (n = 7). Evaluation was performed at 4 and 8 weeks postoperative, by a combination of high-resolution microcomputed tomography, histology (H & E, Masson's Trichrome), histomorphometry, and immunohisto...
Where next for laser diodes

Semiconductor laser diodes have undergone a quiet revolution in the past year. These devices are crucial to communications networks, since they are used to transmit digital information between cities and continents using optical fibres (see pp35–39). In the last few months researchers have developed smaller and more efficient laser diodes that rely on a novel material to control current flow and confine the light. The same technology could also be exploited in future integrated optical circuits, which could replace various electronic components.
Paleoproterozoic orogenesis and quartz-arenite deposition in the Little Chino Valley area, Yavapai tectonic province, central Arizona, USA

New field mapping and laboratory studies of Paleoproterozoic rock units around Little Chino Valley in central Arizona clarify the timing of magmatism, deformation, and sedimentation in part of the Yavapai tectonic province and yield new insights into sources of sands and weathering environments. Mafic lavas, calc-silicate rocks, and pelitic and psammitic strata in the Jerome Canyon area west of Little Chino Valley were deposited, deformed, and intruded by the 1736 ± 21 (2σ) Ma Williamson Valley Granodiorite. U-Pb geochronologic analysis of detrital zircons from a sample of psammitic strata yielded a maximum depositional age of ca. 1738 Ma. Approximately 25% of the detrital-zircon grains were derived from a ca. 2480 Ma source, as previously identified in Grand Canyon schist units. Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical comparison of the Jerome Canyon detrital-zircon analyses with Grand Canyon schist analyses indicates that three of the 12 samples analyzed by Shufeldt et al. (2010) are statistically indistinguishable from the Jerome Canyon sample at the 95% confidence level and supports the concept that the Jerome Canyon sequence and Paleoproterozoic schists in the eastern and western Grand Canyon are part of the same tectonostratigraphic terrane. The Del Rio Quartzite on the northeast side of Little Chino Valley, previously considered an outlier of Mazatzal Quartzite, consists of poorly sorted quartz arenite, pebbly quartz arenite, and conglomerate deposited in a braided-stream environment. Microscope examination of 32 thin sections stained for potassium and calcium failed to identify any feldspar, mica, or mafic silicate grains. Similarly, conglomerate clasts consist entirely of vein quartz and less abundant argillite and jasper. A rock unit interpreted as a paleosol beneath the Del Rio Quartzite contains no surviving minerals except quartz, some of which is embayed and rounded as in corrosive saprolitic soils. U-Pb geochronologic analyses of detrital zircons from the 1400-m-thick Quartzite indicate maximum depositional ages of ca. 1745 Ma for the base and ca. 1737 Ma for the top. The unit is folded but is unaffected by the penetrative deformation and metamorphism that affected other Paleoproterozoic volcanic and sedimentary strata in the area, and it is probably significantly younger. We infer that the physically immature but chemically super-mature Del Rio Quartzite was deposited during a time of extreme weathering during a hot, humid climate with exceptionally high atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and associated corrosive rainwater rich in carbonic acid.
Ablation of Newly Generated Hippocampal Granule Cells Has Disease-Modifying Effects in Epilepsy.

Hippocampal granule cells generated in the weeks before and after an epileptogenic brain injury can integrate abnormally into the dentate gyrus, potentially mediating temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that inhibiting granule cell production before an epileptogenic brain insult can mitigate epileptogenesis. Here, we extend upon these findings by ablating newly generated cells after the epileptogenic insult using a conditional, inducible diphtheria-toxin receptor expression strategy in mice. Diphtheria-toxin receptor expression was induced among granule cells born up to 5 weeks before pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and these cells were then eliminated beginning 3 d after the epileptogenic injury. This treatment produced a 50% reduction in seizure frequency, but also a 20% increase in seizure duration, when the animals were examined 2 months later. These findings provide the first proof-of-concept data demonstrating that granule cell ablation therapy applied at a clinically relevant time point after injury can have disease-modifying effects in epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT These findings support the long-standing hypothesis that newly generated dentate granule cells are pro-epileptogenic and contribute to the occurrence of seizures. This work also provides the first evidence that ablation of newly generated granule cells can be an effective therapy when begun at a clinically relevant time point after an epileptogenic insult. The present study also demonstrates that granule cell ablation, while reducing seizure frequency, paradoxically increases seizure duration. This paradoxical effect may reflect a disruption of homeostatic mechanisms that normally act to reduce seizure duration, but only when seizures occur frequently.
Physical Exercise and the Resting Brain

This chapter provides a summary of the research to date on the effects of exercise on the resting brain. We concentrate on the neuroimaging techniques of cerebral perfusion and brain connectivity to discuss the resting-state brain and how exercise affects the brain. Certain brain regions, such as the hippocampus and the so-called default mode network, are specifically discussed.
Control of Ship-Mounted Cranes

We developed an integrated systems solution, which enables the transfer of cargo from one pitching, rolling, yawing, surging, heaving, and swaying ship to another pitching, rolling, yawing, surging, heaving, and swaying ship adjacent to it without damage to the ships or the material, personnel, or equipment. The total solution has been demonstrated through computer simulations, which account for the interaction of the two ships and the waves. Also, the total solution has been demonstrated in the Computer Automated Virtual Environment (CAVE) at Virginia Tech. As a part of the total systems solution, we also developed a process to ensure safe and expeditious ship approach, connection of the ships, minimization of the absolute as well as relative motions of the two ships, dynamic handling of the moored-ship assembly, and separation of the ships in an open ocean environment and in sea conditions up to sea state five, as defined by the Pierson-Moscowitz scale.
10 Rules for Surviving as a Mathematician and Teacher

I am indeed honored that a gathering was organized to celebrate my sixtieth birthday. When I turned forty, Horst Herrlich told me that at that point I was entitled to wax philosophical1. So now I feel that I am more than entitled — I’m actually obliged to do so. So here goes…
Artificial intelligence: consciousness and conscience

Our society is in the middle of the AI revolution. We discuss several applications of AI, in particular medical causality, where deep-learning neural networks screen through big data bases, extracting associations between a patient’s condition and possible causes. While beneficial in medicine, several questionable AI trading strategies have emerged in finance. Though advantages in many aspects of our lives, serious threats of AI exist. We suggest several regulatory measures to reduce these threats. We further discuss whether ‘full AI robots’ should be programmed with a virtual consciousness and conscience. While this would reduce AI threats via motivational control, other threats such as the desire for AI—human socioeconomic equality could prove detrimental.
(103) The Impact of Self-Reported Sleep Disturbances on Preoperative Experimental Pain Sensitivity and Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes

Approximately 18% of patients undergoing lower extremity joint arthroplasty fail to significantly improve following arthroplasty. We previously demonstrated that higher levels of fibromyalgia (FM) symptoms (“FMness”) prior to surgery are associated with less postoperative improvement. Sleep disturbances, which are a core symptom domain in FM, are present in greater than 90% of chronic pain patients. Here, we consider the impact of self-reported sleep disturbances on knee arthroplasty outcomes six months after surgery (n=74, 54% female), and on psychophysical pain sensitivity in a subset of these patients preoperatively (n=43). Sleep impairment was assessed using the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep impairment measure. The primary surgical outcome was improvement on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) total score, predicted by baseline sleep impairment, controlling for baseline WOMAC scores, age, sex, use of opioids prior to surgery, and the extent of widespread pain. Pressure pain thresholds were measured preoperatively at the trapezius, wrist, knee and lower leg bilaterally, and averaged over three presentations at each site. Greater sleep impairment preoperatively was associated with less improvement on the WOMAC total score at 6 months, such that a ten-point decrease on the PROMIS sleep measure, indicating greater sleep impairment at baseline, was associated with 7.53 fewer points of improvement on the WOMAC (95% CI= 2.53, 12.53). Furthermore, greater sleep impairment was associated with greater pressure pain sensitivity at the trapezius (r= .438, p = .003), wrist (r=.318, p = .033), surgical knee (r = .394, p = .007), and the lower leg (r= .459, p= .002), but not at the non-surgical knee (r = .279, p = .06). Preoperative sleep problems are associated with increased experimental pain sensitivity and less clinical improvement following arthroplasty. Optimizing surgical outcomes may require monitoring and improving preoperative sleep quality.
Dietary Enzyme Supplementation in Duck Nutrition: A review

SUMMARY Ducks have traditionally been a relatively small component of the global poultry industry but recent growth has been noted. As consumption has risen worldwide, the efficiency of duck meat production has become increasingly important. The nutritional formula is a critical economic factor because feed accounts for a major portion of the cost of raising poultry. The determination of optimal duck nutrition is necessary to attain the best live performance for ducks to maximize the productivity of duck meat. However, our understanding of the effects of feed additives in duck diets is still far behind our understanding of that in chickens. Enzyme additives in animal feed have been used in the poultry industry since the late 1980s, but there has been a lack of research effort into how enzymes can be applied in the duck industry. This review synthesizes the available information regarding enzyme studies with ducks. After reviewing the available information, it is concluded that it is worth further examination of how enzymes can be used to improve duck nutrition in the future. Enzyme studies are important because they are useful tools for improving the duck meat industry by allowing more efficient utilization of nutrients in feedstuffs and reducing the negative impacts of detrimental components in standard and alternative feed ingredients.
Free-space-coupled microdisk resonators (Conference Presentation)

We present a new class of grating-integrated microdisk resonators that directly and efficiently couple to free space and can be excited by top illumination. We discuss the theory and design of such devices and present characterization results of 1530-nm-resonators with 0.8 µm to 1.2 µm radii, which are fabricated using amorphous silicon on glass. A 1.2-µm-radius resonator has a measured Q of ~16,000 and is efficiently excited by top illumination as evidenced by an observed thermally-induced bistability threshold of 0.7 mW. The small footprint and ease of coupling enable dense resonator arrays for applications in free space and flat optics.
RLG and PCC: An Interview with Karen Smith-Yoshimura*

It is important to remember that there were two bibliographic networks, OCLC and the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN), which together with the Library of Congress enabled the sharing o...
The Effect of Tax Enforcement on Managers’ Self-Dealing: Evidence from Insider Trading

This study examines the effect of tax enforcement on informed trading by corporate insiders. Building on prior work suggesting that the tax authority can discipline managerial misconduct (Dyck and Zingales 2004; Desai, Dyck, and Zingales 2007), we hypothesize that the increased scrutiny from an IRS audit raises insiders’ perceived risk of detection, who respond by reducing their trading activity while the firm is under audit. Using a novel, firm-specific measure to identify firms undergoing IRS audits, we find evidence consistent with our prediction. Further, we find that the deterrence effect is stronger among tax audits in which the IRS downloads SEC Form 4 filings (where insiders report their trades). We also find that the reductions in insider trading are most pronounced for the top 5 officers of the firm, are stronger when alternative monitoring channels are relatively weak, and that opportunistic trading is reduced but there is no effect on routine trading. Overall, our findings provide direct evidence that heightened scrutiny from tax enforcement serves as an effective monitoring mechanism and reduces the ability of insiders to profit from informed trading.
‘With This Atmosphere of Unrest and Sinister Rumours…’: Military Physical Culture in Pre-Independence Ireland

Where Chap. 1 dealt with recreational physical culture, Chap. 2 explores the longer history of exercise in martial institutions as well as the police force. Covering the period up to, and including, 1923, this chapter discusses physical culture in the British military, the Ulster Volunteer Force, the Irish Volunteers, Na Fianna Eireann, and the Irish Republican Army. Commentaries on more militant uses of physical culture are combined with comments on the Royal Irish Constabulary to highlight the importance of the fit, often male, body in defence and police forces.
AI and Algorithmic Decision Making: Exploring Their Promises, Perils, And Pitfalls

With the recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), there is a trend in management research to study how algorithms can assist in critical organizational decisions, such as who to target ...
Dosimetric Verification of Simulation-Free Palliative Radiotherapy: A Retrospective Study on Delivered Dose Reconstructed on CBCT Setup Images.

Purpose/Objective(s) Planning on diagnostic scans may eliminate the need for simulation while reducing wait times for palliative patients. The purpose of this retrospective study is to determine the fidelity of the radiation planned versus delivered in simulation-free palliative radiotherapy (SF-RT). Materials/Methods 28 palliative patients receiving 31 SF-RT courses underwent planning on diagnostic images from 1/2020 to 11/2020. The actual dose delivered to the patients was reconstructed on the fractional setup CBCT images. Regions receiving 90% and 100% of the original plan's prescription dose were contoured and propagated to the CBCT images registered to the diagnostic images. Changes in the mean dose to those regions (MeanD90% and MeanD100%) were reported as the surrogates for the delivery fidelity, together with the changes in the maximum dose (MaxD), due to the lack of PTV in typical palliative plans. A hypothesis test was performed to determine the significance of the deviations. Results In all the SF-RT courses, the absolute maximum deviations in the actual delivered dose from the approved plans were 4.1%, 4%, and 3.7% in MaxD, MeanD90%, and MeanD100%, and the mean deviations were 0.07%, 0.35%, and 0.78%, respectively. One-sided one sample t-test were 0.42% (P = 0.66, 95% CI: [-Inf, 0.75%]), 1.51% (P = 0.93, 95% CI: [-Inf, 0.86%]) and 2.56% (P = 0.99, 95% CI: [-Inf, 1.17%]). All deliveries were within a 5% threshold and deemed clinically acceptable. Conclusion The study quantified the discrepancy between the SF-RT plans and the actual dose delivered for a cohort of patients with palliative intent. The overall deviations were in line with standard palliative RT, which relies on simulation CT images for planning, and deemed clinically acceptable in the palliative setting.
Prediction of the solubility in lipidic solvent mixture: Investigation of the modeling approach and thermodynamic analysis of solubility.

Abstract Self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) is one of the methods to improve solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drug(s). The knowledge of the solubility of pharmaceuticals in pure lipidic solvents and solvent mixtures is crucial for designing the SMEDDS of poorly soluble drug substances. Since, experiments are very time consuming, a model, which allows for solubility predictions in solvent mixtures based on less experimental data is desirable for efficiency. Solvents employed were Labrafil® M1944CS and Labrasol® as lipidic solvents; Capryol-90®, Capryol-PGMC® and Tween®-80 as surfactants; Transcutol® and PEG-400 as co-solvents. Solubilities of both drugs were determined in single solvent systems at temperature (T) range of 283–333 K. In present study, we investigated the applicability of the thermodynamic model to understand the solubility behavior of drugs in the lipiodic solvents. By using the Van’t Hoff and general solubility theory, the thermodynamic functions like Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy of solution, mixing and solvation for drug in single and mixed solvents were understood. The thermodynamic parameters were understood in the framework of drug–solvent interaction based on their chemical similarity and dissimilarity. Clotrimazole and Fluconazole were used as active ingredients whose solubility was measured in single solvent as a function of temperature and the data obtained were used to derive mathematical models which can predict solubility in multi-component solvent mixtures. Model dependent parameters for each drug were calculated at each temperature. The experimental solubility data of solute in mixed solvent system were measured experimentally and further correlated with the calculates values obtained from exponent model and log-linear model of Yalkowsky. The good correlation was observed between experimental solubility and predicted solubility.
Dynamic response of a nonlinear membrane in supersonic flow

References 1 Quinn, B. P., "Frequence de la formation des tourbillons dans un sillage laminaire," Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 258, 53565358(1964). 2 Hoerner, S. F., Fluid-Dynamic Drag (published by the author, 1958), 2nd ed., Chap. Ill, pp. 3-6. 3 Quinn, B. P., "Decomposition tourbillonnaire d' un sillage laminaire," Doctorate Thesis, Universite de Paris (1964). 4 Garber, D., "The effect of external sound on the vortex shedding from cylinders," J. Aeronaut. Sci. 25, 275-276 (1958).
"Horned Perplexities": Melville's "Donelson" and Media Environments

In Hopkins, The Self, and God, Walter J. Ong traces influences of the telegraph on human consciousness, as registered in Gerard Manley Hopkins’s nineteenth-century meditation “The Wreck of the Deutschland,” which Ong claims is the “first great telegraphically conditioned poem in English, and perhaps in any language” (50).1 If true, Melville’s narrative poem “Donelson” from Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War warrants an asterisk. While some might debate whether the long-underrated work is a “great” poem, “Donelson,” published ten years prior to “The Wreck of the Deutschland,” experiments with the telegraph as technique, content, and theme in ways that anticipate Hopkins. “Donelson” and “The Wreck of the Deutschland” are different poems, written by authors who could not appear more unlike: Hopkins, the diminutive, Oxford-educated English aesthete and convert to Catholicism who entered the community of Jesuit priests; and Melville, the rugged, self-educated American sailor with a degree granted by a whale ship, the tortured skeptic who like his Dansker in Billy Budd found wisdom in “pithy, guarded cynicism,” yet in the right company was more “genial” than ascetic. “The Wreck of the Deutschland” is an effusive, introspective meditation that celebrates Divine Providence, whereas “Donelson” is a more reserved reflection on war, cryptic and ironic, with a closing prayer that is more a cry of exasperation than an invocation. What they have in common is that both not only portray terrible and yet strangely inspiring distant tragedies but also, more importantly, stare into the souls of people who participate in the far-away suffering through the medium of the telegraph. Regarding motifs in “Donelson” relevant to technology, discourse, and media, Faith Barrett finds tensions between union and division, oral and written discourses, popular and elite literature; David Devries and Hugh Egan identify “internal dialogues” and Bakhtinian heteroglossia throughout BattlePieces (17); and Eliza Richards claims that the war and “media forms” changed “the way people think, write, and process information” (149).2 By further contextualizing these insights in the media environments of the nineteenth
Educating for Cultural Awareness

A revised model of the international adjustment pro-' cess reveals how business schools and U.S. fums can share the taskof preparing internationally effective managers. If business schools provide "general anticipatory adjustment" to the international environment by educating for cultural awareness, f i i can costeffectively target training to specific jobs, organizations, and countries.
Immunology (The History)

First page of article Keywords: immunology (history of); expulsion theories of acquired immunity
Memory hierarchy design for stream computing

Several classes of applications with abundant fine-grain parallelism, such as media and signal processing, graphics, and scientific computing, have become increasingly dominant consumers of computing resources. Prior research has shown that stream processors provide an energy-efficient, programmable approach to achieving high performance for these applications. However, given the strong compute capabilities of these processors, efficient utilization of bandwidth, particularly when accessing off-chip memory, is crucial to sustaining high performance. This thesis explores tradeoffs in, and techniques for, improving the efficiency of memory and bandwidth hierarchy utilization in stream processors. We first evaluate the appropriate granularity for expressing data-level parallelism—entire records or individual words—and show that record-granularity expression of parallelism leads to reduced intermediate state storage requirements and higher sustained bandwidths in modern memory systems. We also explore the effectiveness of software- and hardware-managed memories, and identify the relative merits of each type of memory within the context of stream computing. Software-managed memories are shown to efficiently support coarse-grain and producer-consumer data reuse, while hardware-managed memories are shown to effectively capture fine-grain and irregular temporal reuse. We introduce three new techniques for improving the efficiency of off-chip memory bandwidth utilization. First, we propose a stream register file architecture that enables indexed, arbitrary access patterns, allowing a wider range of data reuse to be captured in on-chip, software-managed memory compared to current stream processors. We then introduce epoch-based cache invalidation—a technique that actively identifies and invalidates dead data—to improve the performance of hardware-managed caches for stream computing. Finally, we propose a hybrid bandwidth hierarchy that incorporates both hardware- and software-managed memory, and allows dynamic reallocation of capacity between these two types of memories to better cater to application requirements. Our analyses and evaluations show that these techniques not only provide performance improvements for existing streaming applications but also broaden the capabilities of stream processors, enabling new classes of applications to be executed efficiently.
The National Cancer Data Base Report on Cutaneous and Noncutaneous Melanoma A Summary of 84,836 Cases from the Past Decade

BACKGROUND. This study reviews the case-mix characteristics, management, and outcomes of melanoma cases occuring in the U. S. within the last decade. METHODS. Analyses of the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) were performed on cases diagnosed between 1985 through 1994. A total of 84,836 cases comprised of cutaneous and noncutaneous melanomas were evaluated. RESULTS. The percentages of melanomas that were cutaneous, ocular, mucosal, and unknown primaries were 91.2%, 5.2%, 1.3%, and 2.2%, respectively. For cutaneous melanomas, the proportion of patients presenting with American Joint Committee on Cancer Stages 0, I, II, III, and IV were 14.9%, 47.7%, 23.1%, 8.9%, and 5.3%, respectively. Factors associated with decreased survival included more advanced stage at diagnosis, nodular or acral lentiginous histology, increased age, male gender, nonwhite race, and lower income. Multivariate analysis identified stage, histology, gender, age, and income as independent prognostic factors. For ocular melanomas, 85.0% were uveal, 4.8% were conjunctival, and 10.2% occurred at other sites. During the study period, there was a large increase in the proportion of ocular melanoma patients treated with radiation therapy alone. For mucosal melanomas, the distribution of head and neck, female genital tract, anal/rectal, and urinary tract sites was 55.4%, 18.0%, 23.8%, and 2.8%, respectively. Patients with lymph node involvement had a poor prognosis. For unknown primary melanomas, the distribution of metastases as localized to a region or multiple sites at presentation was 43.0% and 57.0%, respectively. Surgical treatment of patients with unknown primary site of the melanoma resulted in better survival compared with no treatment. CONCLUSIONS. Treatment of early stage cutaneous melanoma resulted in excellent patient outcomes. In addition to conventional prognostic factors, socioeconomic factors were found to be associated with survival. Cancer 1998;83:1664 ‐78. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Energy coupling in membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli. I. Accumulation of metabolites in response to an electrical potential.

Abstract Membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli have been shown to accumulate sugars and amino acids in response to an artificially imposed membrane potential, in the absence of any metabolizable substrate. Membrane vesicles were first loaded with K+ by incubation at 40° in 0.5 m potassium phosphate and then transferred to K+-free medium. Addition of the potassium ionophores valinomycin, monactin, or enniatin elicited rapid efflux of K+ ions, down the concentration gradient, with the generation of a membrane potential, interior negative. These potassium ionophores also induced concentrative uptake of amino acids and sugars by the vesicles. By contrast, nigericin and monensin, which catalyze electrically neutral exchange of K+ or Na+ for H+, did not induce metabolite accumulation. Accumulation of proline in response to valinomycin was a function of the gradient of K+ concentration across the membrane. Accumulation was not affected by inhibitors of the respiratory chain nor by N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, but was completely abolished by reagents which render the membrane permeable to protons or which inhibit the transport carrier itself. The optimal external pH for valinomycin-induced proline uptake lay between 7 and 8; in addition, membrane vesicles prepared so as to create an alkaline lumen accumulated proline better than did those whose lumen pH was acid. The results suggest that the driving force for proline accumulation is the electrical potential; a pH gradient is not required. Potassium-loaded vesicles, prepared from a mutant defective in proline transport, failed to accumulate proline in response to valinomycin, but did accumulate glycine and thiomethyl-β-d-galactoside. This and other experiments with mutants and inhibitors strongly suggest that the accumulation driven by an artificial membrane potential is mediated by the physiological transport systems. The results are consistent with the chemiosmotic interpretation of metabolite transport by membrane vesicles.
Human Culture and The One Structure: On Luft's Reading of the Late Husserl

This article presents and discusses Sebastian Luft’s recent interpretation of Husserl’s late phenomenology. Luft argues that Husserl envisioned a hermeneutic phenomenology of the cultural world, thereby articulating a project that can be considered complementary with Cassirer’s philosophy of symbolic forms. Three of Luft’s claims, in particular, are assessed and criticized: (1) the Cartesian Husserl and the life-world Husserl pursue two separate agendas; (2) Husserl’s genetic phenomenology is fundamentally compatible with Paul Natorp’s project of a reconstructive psychology; (3) Husserl’s late work is oriented towards hermeneutical understanding of the world of culture.
RF and microwave technology challenges for Internet-of-Things applications

An overview is provided of RF and microwave technology challenges for Internet-of-Things applications. In addition to traditional ultra-low power radio requirements, improved energy recovery and storage technologies and improved solid-state sensor technologies will be required. The marriage of RF, dc, sensors and network technologies promises a vast array of new technologies for the improvement of human health and well-being.