cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Septohippocampal cholinergic modulation in classical conditioning

In previous papers we have investigated the functional role of the hippocampal region in learning and memory using connectionist modeling techniques to focus on behavioral processes involved in associative learning (Gluck & Myers, 1993; Myers & Gluck, 1994). Additional work has extended the model by using known neuroanatomical architecture of the hippocampal formation to ascribe specific hippocampal and entorhinal cortical functions (Myers, Gluck & Granger, 1995). These models assume that the hippocampus develops new stimulus representations that enhance the discriminability of differentially predictive cues while the entorhinal cortex develops new stimulus representations that decrease the discriminability of similarly predictive cues. In subsequent work, (Myers, et al., 1996) by incorporating the ideas proposed by Hasselmo and Schnell (1994), the model has been extended to account for the physiologically-based effects of septohippocampal neuromodulation on associative learning. The modulation of hippocampal processing states may be controlled by cholinergic input from the basal forebrain, thus allowing for the hippocampus to be shifted between states of information storage and recall. By manipulating the learning rate of the hippocampal component, the model is useful in understanding the role of disruption of hippocampal processes by cholinergic blockade. Hippocampal computation may be more directly assessed through the application of the generalized Gluck & Myers model on both hippocampal-region mediated (delay conditioning) and hippocampal-region dependent (latent inhibition) associative learning tasks.
Modified in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow

Controversy continues to surround the treatment of ulnar nerve compression at the elbow in the cubital tunnel. By performing extensive segmental electrodiagnostic studies of the ulnar nerve through the cubital tunnel, accuracy of diagnosis is improved. In those patients with documented compression where the ulnar nerve enters the flexor carpi radialis, decompression of this area alone yields excellent results with rapid recovery.
Carbon Dynamics in the Boreal Forest

As one of the largest and most intact biomes, the boreal forest occupies a prominent place in the global carbon budget. While it contains about 13% of global terrestrial biomass, its organic-rich soils hold 43% of the world’s soil carbon. A growing body of research has attempted to measure how climate influences the processes governing carbon uptake and release, and to predict further changes due to climate change. Current research on boreal forest carbon pools and the processes that affect them suggest that this biome acts as a weak sink for atmospheric carbon. However, evidence of rapid climate change at northern latitudes has raised concern that the boreal forest could readily shift to a net carbon source if the ecophysiological processes facilitating carbon uptake are sufficiently disrupted. Changes in soil temperatures, respiration rates, and disturbance dynamics (type, extent, and frequency) brought about by climate change or other factors could switch the biome to a net source of carbon. Based on current knowledge, it appears that a warming climate will likely create the conditions for increased carbon release from boreal forests.
Bone Marrow Aspiration Does Not Induce a Measurable Pain Response Compared to Sham Procedure

Bone marrow is commonly collected from horses for regenerative medicine applications. Little information is available regarding pain experienced by the horse during bone marrow aspiration. The objective of this study was to characterize horse reaction and pain response during bone marrow aspiration (BMA) compared to a sham (SHAM) procedure. We hypothesized there would be significantly greater horse reaction or pain response measured by salivary cortisol, heart rate variability, and depth and duration of sedation measured by sedation scores and head height between BMA and SHAM. Twelve university owned horses underwent a BMA and sham procedure, four weeks apart in a randomized cross-over design, while sedated with 0.4 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride. As measures of sedation depth, head height was recorded and sedation level was scored at specific procedural time points. Salivary cortisol was measured immediately before and two hours after each procedure. Heart rate variability was assessed before, during, and after each procedure. There were no differences in head height, sedation score or salivary cortisol between groups. No differences were noted between groups in heart rate variability before or during the procedure, but there was a significant decrease in low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio after the procedure in the BMA group. Over time, there was a significant reduction in LF/HF ratio during the procedure in both groups. Overall, BMA from the sternum did not result in a measurable pain response during, or in the 2 hours following the procedure, in comparison to a sham procedure.
Publishing the AO Philosophy

Writing about the concept of Osteosynthesis, and its practice, preceded the 1958 creation of the AO. Maurice Muller had set down the first written instructions on Osteosynthesis in 1951, while at the hospital in Fribourg and following his visit to Danis. As the AO group started to take up its work, it was again Muller who created the well-known instruction sheets (Merkblatter in German), which were carefully reviewed by all AO members and regularly amended to include their commentary. They carried the title Operative Frakturbehandlung, or Internal Fixation, which would become the title of the AO’s first full textbook.
The Political Economy of Food for Your Non-Foodie Friend in Under 120 Pages

First paragraph: Eric Holt-Gimenez, former executive director of Food First, adds the themes of agriculture, food policy, and food justice to Polity Press’ Global Futures Series with Can We Feed The World Without Destroying It? Following previous publica­tions in this series, this is a brief (118 pages) yet comprehensive introduction to the political economy of food written by one of the foremost authorities on food justice. Readers start at the food system’s twisted capitalist roots and finish with hope in the transformative power of food-based social movements, food sovereignty, and agroecology. . . . See the press release for this article.
Integrating the 2019 AGS Beers Criteria into NP practice: A stepwise approach

The American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria, designed to prevent the prescription of potentially inappropriate medications to older adult patients, were updated in 2019. This article provides a stepwise protocol on how to incorporate the Beers Criteria guidelines into NP practice using a case study model.
Interruption and Renewal: How and Why do People Search Across Sessions?

Cross-session search is ubiquitous in people's daily life and work. People search for a variety of information across multiple sessions to complete a task or solve a problem. Given the challenging characteristics of cross-session search, there are many studies on developing tools to support cross-session search. However, there has been less attention to investigate reasons that cause people to stop and resume searches across sessions for the same task, which is an extremely important aspect of understanding cross-session search. Motivated by research on task factors and users' information behavior, we focus on how and why people search across sessions. Particularly, we propose to 1) identify reasons that cause cross-session searches in everyday life; 2) characterize search stopping and renewal reasons and their relationships during cross-session search; 3) investigate the influence of task factors and user characteristics on stopping and renewal reasons, and to further identify their influences on users' information behavior. Our results will shed light on searchers' cross-session search behavior characteristics and help inform the design of systems to provide better assistance for cross-session search tasks.
Experimental results on gravity driven fully condensing flows in vertical tubes, their agreement with theory, and their differences with shear driven flows’ boundary-condition sensitivities

Abstract This paper synthesizes experimental results with computational results towards development of a reliable heat transfer correlation for gravity driven annular wavy condensing flows inside a vertical tube. For fully condensing flows of pure vapor (FC-72) inside a vertical cylindrical tube of 6.6 mm diameter and 0.7 m length, the experimental conditions are typically annular wavy and they cover: mass flux G over a range of 2.9 kg/m2 s ⩽ G ⩽ 87.7 kg/m2 s, temperature difference ΔT of 5–45 °C, and length of full condensation xFC in the range of 0 The range of flow conditions over which there is good (within 15%) and poor (15–30% or >30%) agreement with the theory and modeling assumptions are discussed and these conditions have been identified. The paper also refers to key experimental results with regard to sensitivity of the flow to time-varying or quasi-steady (i.e. steady-in-the-mean) impositions of pressure at both the inlet and the outlet.
Friction and Snow–Pavement Bond after Salting and Plowing Permeable Friction Surfaces:

Open graded, ultrathin, and permeable friction course surfaces (collectively referred to as PFSs) have been successfully used by many transportation agencies in several countries as a wearing surfa...
Trustworthy Men: How Inequality and Faith Made the Medieval Church : by Ian Forrest, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2018, 520 pp., $45.00/£35.00 (cloth)

The life of medieval peasants was dominated by the Church and local society. Both institutions were hierarchical and dependent upon inequality. The Church sought to teach the laity about Christian ...
Controlling litter effects to enhance rigor and reproducibility with rodent models of neurodevelopmental disorders

Research with rodents is crucial for expanding our understanding of genetic and environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). However, there is growing concern about the number of animal studies that are difficult to replicate, potentially undermining the validity of results. These concerns have prompted funding agencies and academic journals to implement more rigorous standards in an effort to increase reproducibility in research. However, these standards fail to address a major source of variability in rodent research brought on by the “litter effect,” the fact that rodents from the same litter are phenotypically more similar to one other than rodents from different litters of the same strain. We show that the litter effect accounts for 30–60% of the variability associated with commonly studied phenotypes, including brain, placenta, and body weight. Moreover, we show how failure to control for litter-to-litter variation can mask a phenotype in Chd8V986*/+ mice that model haploinsufficiency of CHD8, a high-confidence autism gene. Thus, if not properly controlled, the litter effect has the potential to negatively influence rigor and reproducibility of NDD research. While efforts have been made to educate scientists on the importance of controlling for litter effects in previous publications, our analysis of the recent literature (2015–2020) shows that the vast majority of NDD studies focused on genetic risks, including mutant mouse studies, and environmental risks, such as air pollution and valproic acid exposure, do not correct for litter effects or report information on the number of litters used. We outline best practices to help scientists minimize the impact of litter-to-litter variability and to enhance rigor and reproducibility in future NDD studies using rodent models.
Albuminuria is Not an Appropriate Therapeutic Target in Patients with CKD: The Con View

Albuminuria is a risk factor for progression of kidney disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers slow the progression to ESRD, an effect that is correlated with reduction in albuminuria. This has led to the hypothesis that albuminuria should be a target for therapy. This work argues that there are issues with this hypothesis. The previously reported studies were not designed to test the hypothesis that achieving a specific albuminuria target would be beneficial in and of itself irrespective the mechanism used to achieve that goal. One cannot assume that the beneficial effect observed was causally related to the effect on albuminuria or that it would extend to other interventions. Most importantly, it is not known if the approach of maximizing therapy to reduce proteinuria is safe. Recent studies have shown that combining renin-angiotensin system therapies decreases albuminuria without significant clinical benefit but with increased risk of adverse events. More studies are needed, but at this time, albuminuria has not jumped the hurdle needed to be accepted as a surrogate end point or target for treatment. Primum non nocere, first do no harm.
Systemic sclerosis portends increased risk of conduction and rhythm abnormalities at diagnosis and during disease course: A US population-based cohort:

Objectives:To study the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of conduction and rhythm disorders in a population-based cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis versus nonsystemic sclerosis compar...
The Introduction to the Magee System of Technical Analysis

Basic Tenets of Technical Analysis Evolved from Dow Jones Theory. Support and Resistance. Bar Charts and Their Uses. The Importance of Trends. Trend Channels. Gaps. The Magee Method. Selected Market Letters of John Magee (1982-1988). Glossary. Glossary of Patterns. Index.
Partitioned echo canceller utilizing decimation echo location

In practice, digital echo cancellers require design trade-offs between the effective range, rate of convergence, and system resource (sizing and timing) requirements. While echo cancelling over an extended time range is often desirable, for a standard LMS approach it comes at the expense of increased system resource requirements and decreased convergence rates. In this paper, the authors investigate a Decimation Echo Location (DEL) technique which provides a novel approach for identifying the high energy regions of the echo impulse response model over an extended range. Accurate echo location provided by the DEL process enables a subsequent partitioning of an echo canceller. The Partitioned Echo Canceller (PEG) structure was developed to operate only on the identified regions of interest. In this manner, the echo canceller can be effective over an extended range without sacrificing system resource or performance requirements. DEL/PEC simulations have readily yielded a factor of five increase in algorithm efficiency compared to a conventional LMS approach, with additional refinements promising even greater gains. For a system with a predetermined modeling range requirement, DEL/PEC provides a solution with significantly reduced resource requirements. Similarly, for an application with a fixed system resource allotment, this technique greatly extends the effective modeling range capability.
CHAPTER 239 – The Role of Rac and Rho in Cell Cycle Progression

The ability of cells to progress through the cell cycle depends on the concerted action of mitogen- and anchorage-stimulated signal transduction pathways. The regulation of the cell cycle machinery is often disrupted in tumor cells, with the most common targets being proteins involved in G1 progression. Identifying the signaling pathways responsible for G1 progression is therefore important for increasing the understanding of control mechanisms that operate during normal cell proliferation and their subversion in tumor cells. One class of signaling proteins that has recently been recognized to play a significant role in G1 phase progression is the small GTP binding proteins of the Rho GTPase family. This chapter focuses on the role of two members of the Rho GTPase family, Rac and Rho, in G1 progression.
Common diagnostic challenges in the pathology of nonneoplastic lung diseases: a case-based review.

Abstract We use a case-based format to review 4 relatively common, diagnostic challenges in surgical pathology of nonneoplastic lung diseases. All cases are linked to virtual slides so that the reader can participate in a manner that simulates the breakout session held at the 2008 New Frontiers in Pathology course at the University of Michigan, from which, this material was excerpted. Brief clinical histories and a summary of radiologic findings are followed by a description of the pertinent histologic findings and a concise topic review, intended to focus on practical diagnostic considerations. Our goal is that readers gain a greater understanding of those features most helpful in recognizing usual interstitial pneumonia, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, aspiration pneumonia, and Wegener granulomatosis.
Mechanical Properties of Monolayer Graphene Oxide

Mechanical properties of ultrathin membranes consisting of one layer, two overlapped layers, and three overlapped layers of graphene oxide platelets were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging in contact mode. In order to evaluate both the elastic modulus and prestress of thin membranes, the AFM measurement was combined with the finite element method (FEM) in a new approach for evaluating the mechanics of ultrathin membranes. Monolayer graphene oxide was found to have a lower effective Young’s modulus (207.6 ± 23.4 GPa when a thickness of 0.7 nm is used) as compared to the value reported for “pristine” graphene. The prestress (39.7−76.8 MPa) of the graphene oxide membranes obtained by solution-based deposition was found to be 1 order of magnitude lower than that obtained by others for mechanically cleaved graphene. The novel AFM imaging and FEM-based mapping methods presented here are of general utility for obtaining the elastic modulus and prestress of thin membranes.
Four-base codons ACCA, ACCU and ACCC are recognized by frameshift suppressor sufJ

The frameshift suppressor sufJ acts to correct a set of +1 frameshift mutations having very different sequences at their mutant sites. This suppressor acts by reading a 4 base codon located near, but not at, the site of each suppressible mutation. Suppression thus necessitates out-of-phase translation of the short stretch of mRNA between the site of action of the suppressor tRNA and the site of the frameshift mutation. We have identified the site read by sufJ by mutationally creating a series of such sites in the neighborhood of a previously nonsuppressible frameshift mutation. Each of the newly generated sites was formed by base substitution. Four independently generated sites were analyzed by DNA sequencing. At each site the quadruplet codon ACCX was generated (where X is A, U or C). Thus sufJ is able to read a 4 base codon in which any of three bases is acceptable in the fourth position. This is the first frameshift suppressor that does not read a run of three repeated bases in the first three positions of its codon.
A Neural Network Architecture For Evidence Combination

ABSTRACT Neural network models have attracted the attention of many researchers in the pattern recognition domain. These models possess many interesting computational properties which include content addressable memory, automatic generalization, and the ability to modify their processing (learn) based on their input data. They also promise extremely fast implementations if they can be realized in special purpose hardware. Such special purpose implementations, due to the limits of integration, imply a finite number of neurones for any one system [2]. Under such constraints, the construction of large neural network systems implies parallelism among sub-modules. This paper presents an architecture based on fusing the outputs of several independent neural network systems in order to define a single aggregate system.The system presented here recognizes handwritten ZIP code digits taken from pieces of United States Postal Service (USPS) mail. The overall system is composed of several sub-modules, each of which could be realized in a neural network of reasonable size. Parts of the system have been shown to achieve up to 75% accuracy processing digits at the rate of about one digit per second (real time). Currently, the neural net­ work paradigm on which the system is based is being simulated on a serial machine (a Symbolics 3600 series lisp machine). In order to keep the total time of the system within a reasonable limit of ~ 100 time steps, each network module has been limited to a few (<10) time steps. Current work involves the definition of other modules whose evidence will be combined with the described module. The gross system architecture is designed to integrate multiple evidence sources. The overall goal is to have both neural network and symbol processing paradigms in a single system.
Early postnatal alcohol exposure reduced the size of vibrissal barrel field in rat somatosensory cortex (SI) but did not disrupt barrel field organization

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been shown to alter the somatosensory cortex in both human and animal studies. In rodents, PAE reduced the size, but not the pattern of the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF) associated with the representation of the whiskers, in newborn, juvenile, and adult rats. However, the PMBSF is not present at birth, but rather first appears in the middle of the first postnatal week during the brain-growth spurt period. These findings raise questions whether early postnatal alcohol exposure might disrupt both barrel field pattern and size, questions that were investigated in the present study. Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into alcohol (Alc), nutritional gastric control (GC), and suckle control (SC) groups on postnatal day 4 (P4). Rat pups in Alc and GC were artificially fed with alcohol and maltose-dextrin dissolved in milk, respectively, via an implant gastrostomy tube, from P4 to P9. Pups in the Alc group received alcohol (6.0 g/kg) in milk, while the GC controls received isocaloric equivalent maltose-dextrin dissolved in milk. Pups in the SC group remained with their mothers and breast fed throughout the experimental period. On P10, pups in each group were weighed, sacrificed, and their brains removed and weighed. Cortical hemispheres were separated, weighed, flattened, sectioned tangentially, stained with cytochrome oxidase, and PMBSF measured. The sizes of barrels and the interbarrel septal region within PMBSF, as well as body and brain weights were compared between the three groups. The sizes of PMSBF barrel and septal areas were significantly smaller (P<.01) in Alc group compared to controls, while the PMBSF barrel pattern remained unaltered. Body, whole-brain, forebrain, and hemisphere weights were significantly reduced (P<.01) in Alc pups compared to control groups. GC and SC groups did not differ significantly in all dependent variables, except body weight at P9 and P10 (P<.01). These results suggest that postnatal alcohol exposure, like prenatal exposure, significantly influenced the size of the barrel field, but not barrel field pattern formation, indicating that barrel field pattern formation consolidated prior to P4. These results are important for understanding sensorimotor deficits reported in children suffering from fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
Dissociation mechanisms for metal N-glycosides of N-acetyl neuraminic acid

Abstract Metal(II) N-glycoside complexes of N-acetyl neuraminic acid are synthesized and analyzed by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. The dissociation products for various ligands (1,3-diaminopropane and diethylenetriamine) and metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) are compared and contrasted. Most notable were the differences in the cross-ring cleavages: the 0,4 X cross-ring cleavage seems to be favored by the 1,3-diaminopropane ligand, whereas the 0,2 X, 0,4 X–H 2 O, and 0,4 X cross-ring cleavages are prevalent in the diethylenetriamine ligand complexes. Dissociation mechanisms are postulated based on the results of 2 H and 13 C labeling experiments.
Buckling and postbuckling of imperfect cylindrical shells under axial compression

Abstract A solution methodology is described for the complete analysis of a geometrically imperfect, thin, circular, cylindrical shell loaded by a uniform axial compression. The analysis includes pre-limit point behavior, the establishment of critical conditions (limit point) and post-limit point behavior. The solution scheme is then utilized to study the effects of various geometrical parameters (radius to thickness and length to radius ratios) on the response characteristics of an imperfect, unstiffened, thin, cylindrical shell. These effects are assessed for a virtually axisymmetric-type of geometric imperfection.
Level and correlates of perceived quality of life for Lao Hmong refugees in Nebraska

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceived global quality of life and the sense of well-being for thirteen specific domains of life experience for 145 Lao Hmong refugees in Nebraska. In addition, the study examined the relationship between the thirteen domains of life experience, four demographic variables, and perceived global quality of life. Because the refugee population studied was largely illiterate in English as well as their native language, a special questionnaire format was developed to allow them confidentiality in responding. An analysis of the data indicated that the Lao Hmong living in Nebraska were generally satisfied with their global life quality and its various domains. The statistical tests used showed the importance of one's view of Self in determining life quality. The study provided data on a unique minority group that has not previously been studied in terms of perceived quality of life.
Calculations of Pion Excess in Nuclei

The authors construct, in the static potential approximation, the number operator for excess pions present in nuclei due to the pion-exchange forces between nucleons. Expectation values are calculated with use of variational wave functions obtained from a realistic Hamiltonian. Results are presented for systems ranging from the deuteron to nuclear matter: For example $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ is estimated to have \ensuremath{\sim}7 extra pions, over and above the pion clouds associated with the individual nucleons.
Encoding and compensation schemes using improved pre-equalization for the 64B/66B Encoder

This paper proposes an improved pre-equalization approach for the transmitter in the new high speed communication IEEE 802.3ba 40G/100G Ethernet standards. It is noted that the new 64b/66b encoder, for the above standards, causes a shift in the signal's power spectral density. Preliminary results show that the power shift is not uniform. Depending of the bit rate, in some cases the encoder shifts the spectrum from the low frequency to the high frequency region of the spectrum; at other bit rates is the opposite. This problem is compounded by the attenuation of the signal caused by the frequency response of a typical physical channel. In this paper, a transmitter pre-equalizer is proposed that compensates for this spectrum shift. In addition, this approach is aimed at emerging high speed data standards which are transmitting at 25 Giga bits per second (Gbps) on a single trace using the 64b/66b encoder. Based on our previous experience, a receiver equalizer will be proposed to enhance the performance legacy backplanes so that they can work up to the 25 Gbps speeds.
Note on residually finite rings

This paper is on the subject of residually finite (= RF) modules and rings introduced by Varadarajan [93] and [98/99]. Specifically there are several theorems that simplify proofs and generalize some results of Varadarajan, namely. Theorem 1. An RF right R-module is finitely bedded (= has finite essential socle iff M is finite. Corollay. If T is a right RF woth just finitely many simple ringht R-modules, them R is fimite. Theorem 2. A commutative ring R is residually finite iff every local ring Rm at a maximal ideal m is finite.
Questioning the social powers of art: Toward a pragmatic aesthetics

Faith in the social powers of the arts allows American intellectuals to maintain a loyalty to democracy in the abstract while deploring people's concrete cultural practices. This perspective is analyzed and critiqued, and Dewey's beliefs in “art as experience” offered as an alternative that can refigure, and thereby benefit, American social thought.
Mass transfer in a continuous-flow mixing vessel

Mass transfer coefficients have been determined for the dissolution of Na2S2O3·5H2O crystals in water under conditions of turbulent agitation in a mixing vessel. The dissolution was carried out in a steady-flow process in which the area of selt crystals and the concentration of the solution in the mixing vessel were constant during each run. A comparison is made with previously unpublished results for batch runs in a similar system, and a method is developed for calculating the surface area of salt particles suspended in the mixing vessel under steady-flow conditions.
Representations of local nonrelativistic current algebras

In this paper we show how to specify the particle content of a nonrelativistic quantum theory of $N$ identical spinless particles in terms of observables like the particle number density and the flux density of particles. Our approach to this problem is through a study of the irreducible representations of the local, equal-time current algebra. It is shown how these representations define a functional representation of the current algebra, and that the Hamiltonian can be written in terms of the currents in a nonsingular fashion in any irreducible representation.
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF GA+ IONS DESORBED BY 3-KEV ION BOMBARDMENT OF GAAS(110)

The angular distribution of ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{+}$ ions desorbed from the molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown GaAs{001}-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4) surface by ion bombardment is presented. This distribution displays the highest degree of anisotropy, relative to the crystal direction of desorbed ions, which has been reported to date. The interpretation of the data is possible using physical arguments based on a simple geometric model of the desorption of ions from the surface. Further insight is provided by comparison to molecular-dynamics simulations of the keV-ion bombardment of metal and semiconductor surfaces. The experimental and calculated distributions of ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{+}$ ions desorbed from the (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4) surface are in reasonable qualitative agreement. The results indicate that the extreme anisotropy in the angular distribution results from a direct mechanism wherein a third-layer As atom collides with a second-layer Ga atom and thereby causes the Ga atom to eject along their mutual bond axis. This mechanism has been observed previously on Si and GaAs surfaces but is not commonly observed on metal surfaces, and can be ascribed to the directional bonding and open structure of covalent crystals. Other features of the angular distribution are related to blocking and channeling of the desorbed ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{+}$ ions. These features indicate that there is one, and only one, missing row of ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ dimers for every 16 \AA{} unit-cell length along the 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} crystal direction. These results provide complementary information which is in excellent agreement with other studies of the GaAs{001}-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4) surface.
Smokers versus snorters: Do treatment outcomes differ according to route of cocaine administration?

Smoking cocaine achieves maximal concentration and effect far more rapidly than through the intranasal ("snorting") route, and it is associated with greater propensity for dependence and more severe consequences. However, very little is known about differences in treatment outcome according to route of administration. This study compared treatment outcomes, such as frequency of cocaine use and Addiction Severity Index (ASI) composite scores, by primary route of cocaine administration (smoking vs. intranasal) among a pooled sample of 412 cocaine-dependent individuals participating in 1 of 5 randomized clinical trials. The majority (80%) reported smoking as their primary route of cocaine administration. Overall, results indicated better cocaine use outcomes both during the treatment phase and through a 12-month follow-up period for intranasal users compared to smokers, although not all differences reached statistical significance. Intranasal users remained in treatment longer, F(1, 408) = 3.55, p < .05, and showed a trend toward achieving longer periods of sustained abstinence within treatment, F(1, 378) = 2.68, p = .08, as well as less use over time during the follow-up period than smokers (Time × Route: t = 1.87, p = .06). Also, intranasal users' ASI cocaine composite score decreased more than smokers, but there were overall decreases in the other ASI domains for all participants over the course of the study period. These results suggest that intranasal users may achieve better cocaine use outcomes than smokers, yet this doesn't appear to translate to differential changes in the severity of problems experienced in other life areas.
Understanding the Conflict Choices of Dictatorships

Dictators at War and Peace. By Jessica L. P. Weeks Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2014. 247 pp., $24.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-8014-7982-3). The aggressive acts of dictatorships often dominate news headlines, ranging from Russia's annexation of the Ukraine's Crimea in early 2014 to North Korea's decision to test-fire both short- and medium-range missiles on multiple occasions that same year in violation of UN resolutions. Though we often associate dictatorships with belligerence, many dictatorships are, in fact, peaceful; for example, Malaysia (led by the United Malays National Organisation) or Botswana (led by the Botswana Democratic Party). Broad statements about the international conflict behavior of dictatorships are unlikely to be accurate, simply because there is enormous variation across dictatorships in how politics works within them. In the last decade, this insight—that dictatorships often differ from one another as much as they do from democracies—has led to an explosion of research in the comparative politics literature emphasizing the importance of disaggregating dictatorships for understanding political outcomes. This research has demonstrated that systematic differences among dictatorships help to explain important variations in the ways they repress (Davenport 2007), their use of foreign aid (Wright 2008), their prospects for democratization (Geddes 2003), and more (see Ezrow and Frantz 2011 for a review of this literature). One of the central messages to emerge is that lumping all dictatorships into one category can lead to misunderstandings of authoritarian politics. A few studies in the international …
Quantum mechanical tunneling in synaptic and ephaptic transmission

Quantum mechanical tunneling theory is applied to the problem of synaptic vesicle release and to the problem of electric transmission at the ephaptic junction. In the synapse the tunneling produces conformational changes in macromolecules to open and close vesicle macrogates. Quantum mechanical tunneling as a basis for charge transfer and physical release of vesicles at junction membranes provides a unified concept of ephaptic and synaptic transmission. Details of this model are in agreement with experimental data for miniature endplate potential frequency and delay effects as a function of polarization, osmotic pressure, and temperature. The theory accounts for anatomical specializations at the synaptic cleft and the narrow junction observed for the ephapse.
Many and multiple myeloma(s).

In this issue Garand et al1provide compelling evidence of the relationship between chromosome translocations and morphology in patients with multiple myeloma. They report that patients with t(11;14)(q13;q32) have lymphoplasmacytic morphology, while patients with t(4;14)(p16.3;q32) have plasmablastic morphology. Is this a study of 'phenomenology'? I think not, and believe the time has come to think about myeloma not as a single disease but rather as a group of diseases characterized by the underlying cytogenetic aberrations.
Electrochemical study of gold electrodes with anodic oxide films—I. Formation and reduction behaviour of anodic oxides on gold

Abstract Up to three types of oxide are formed during anodic polarization of gold. The first formed oxides (oxides I and II, surface oxides, inner oxides) can be selectively electrochemically reduced and reformed in the presence of the last formed oxide (oxide III, bulk oxide, outer oxide). It is shown that a second type of oxide (oxide II) is not formed before oxide I reaches a thickness of two monolayers, ie 1.5 mC cm −2 oxide charge. This critical limit is independent of pH, electrolyte, ionic strength, buffer, buffer capacity or surface roughness. A severe influence of insufficient buffer capacity in potentiodynamic surface oxide formation and reduction is experimentally shown, discussed and explained. It is suggested that the onset of oxide II formation can be used for surface roughness determinations.
Functional adaptation and phenotypic plasticity at the cellular and whole plant level

The ability to adaptively alter morphological, anatomical, or physiological functional traits to local environmental variations using external environmental cues is especially well expressed by all terrestrial and most aquatic plants. A ubiquitous cue eliciting these plastic phenotypic responses is mechanical perturbation (MP), which can evoke dramatic differences in the size, shape, or mechanical properties of conspecifics. Current thinking posits that MP is part of a very ancient “stress-perception response system” that involves receptors located at the cell membrane/cell wall interface capable of responding to a broad spectrum of stress-inducing factors. This hypothesis is explored here from the perspective of cell wall evolution and the control of cell wall architecture by unicellular and multicellular plants. Among the conclusions that emerge from this exploration is the perspective that the plant cell is phenotypically plastic.
Disappearance Rates of Coagulation Factors: Transfusion Studies in Factor‐Deficient Patients

Data are presented describing the circulating levels of coagulation factors after transfusion of blood and plasma into patients with deficiencies of factors V, VII, VIII, IX, and X. The half-disappearance times of the factors were as follows: V, 16 hours; VII, 4 hours initially and 22.6 hours subsequently; VIII, 10.5 to 11 hours; IX, 4 hours initially, 39.5 hours subsequently; X, two components, the slower being 35 hours. All of the factors had an initial rapid disappearance with half-disappearance times of a few hours. For factors VII, IX, and X, a two-component logarithmic decrease was found. It is emphasized that, if these coagulation factors are proteins, they have half-disappearance times which are considerably shorter than those of most other plasma proteins. The therapeutic implication of this observation is discussed in relation to hemostatic levels and survival of the coagulation factors in banked blood.
Synergism and Antagonism of Parasitic Diseases and Malnutrition

Malnutrition may appear to increase or decrease the severity of a parasitic disease, but the fundamental mechanisms that influence such synergistic or antagonistic relationship have yet to be identified. Several factors must be considered in an evaluation of possible synergistic or antagonistic relationships. They include the species and virulence of the parasite; the nutritional requirements of the parasite; the severity, duration, and type of malnutrition in the host; and lastly, the competence of immune mechanisms and other resistance factors in the host. Because the immune system may be impaired by malnutrition, fails to provide protection against most parasitic infections, and has a known propensity for producing harmful as well as beneficial responses, the immunological functions of the host are undoubtedly key indicators of whether malnutrition will cause an increase or a decrease in the severity f a parasitic disease.
A tiered mentorship program improves number of students with an identified mentor.

Background: Mentorship is critical to professional development and academic success. Unfortunately, only about 40% of medical students can identify a mentor. While group mentorship has been evaluated – the concept of a specialty specific, tiered group mentorship program (TGMP) has not. In the latter, each member of the group represents a unique education or professional level. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of a specialty-specific, tiered group mentorship program to improve mentorship for students interested in emergency medicine. Methods: Groups consisted of faculty members, residents, 4th-year students pursuing a career in Emergency Medicine, and junior (MS1, MS2, and MS3) medical students (13 total groups). Students completed confidential electronic surveys before and after completion of the program. Results: Of 126 students, 85 completed the Course Evaluation Survey. At program onset, 11.4% of 1st-year students, 41.7% of 2nd-year students, 50% of 3rd-year students, a...
The 4′-O-benzylated doxorubicin analog WP744 overcomes resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein and breast cancer resistance protein in cell lines and acute myeloid leukemia cells

Background: The synthetic 4’-O-benzylated doxorubicin analog WP744 was designed to abrogate transport by the multidrug resistance (MDR)-associated ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP-1). We compared its uptake and cytotoxicity with those of doxorubicin and daunorubicin in cell lines overexpressing Pgp, MRP-1 or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Methods: Cellular uptake was studied by flow cytometry and cytotoxicity in 96-h 96-well cultures in cell lines overexpressing Pgp, MRP-1 or wild type (BCRPR482) or mutant (BCRPR482T, BCRPR482G) BCRP and in pre-treatment AML marrow cells. Results: Uptake and cytotoxicity of WP744 were consistently greater than those of doxorubicin and daunorubicin at equimolar concentrations in all cell lines studied and in AML cells. Conclusion: WP744 overcomes transport by Pgp, MRP-1 and BCRP in cell lines and AML cells and is a promising agent for clinical development in AML and other malignancies with broad-spectrum multidrug resistance.
Theory-Driven Choice Models

We explore issues in theory-driven choice modeling by focusing on partial-equilibrium models of dynamic structural demand with forward-looking decision-makers, full equilibrium models that integrate the supply side, integration of bounded rationality in dynamic structural models of choice and public policy implications of these models.
Nonleptonic weak decays and the eightfold way

Assuming that the strongly interacting particles approximately obey the "eightfold way" symmetry,(1,2) we may try to investigate the consequences of the further assumption that the weak interactions of baryons and mesons have simple transformation properties under the same symmetry.
The philtrum: anatomical observations from a new perspective.

Background:The anatomy of the upper lip has previously been studied with a focus on muscular components. The authors’ group has recently demonstrated that the superficial fat of the face is partitioned into compartments by membranes and associated vessels. The authors implement this concept to evalu
Site-specific introduction of an acetyl-lysine mimic into peptides and proteins by cysteine alkylation

Protein acetylation on Lys residues is recognized as a significant post-translational modification in cells, but it is often difficult to discern the direct structural and functional effects of individual acetylation events. Here we describe a new tool, methylthiocarbonyl-aziridine, to install acetyl-Lys mimics site-specifically into peptides and proteins by alkylation of Cys residues. We demonstrate that the resultant thiocarbamate modification can be recognized by the Brdt bromodomain and site-specific antiacetyl-Lys antibodies, is resistant to histone deacetylase cleavage, and can confer activation of the histone acetyltransferase Rtt109 by simulating autoacetylation. We also use this approach to obtain functional evidence that acetylation of CK2 protein kinase on Lys102 can stimulate its catalytic activity.
Treatment failure: insect desensitization. Case reports of fatalities.

Abstract This is a report of 8 patients with insect sting hypersensitivity who had a fatal reaction following an insect sting despite previous desensitization therapy.
New poly(phenyleneethynylene)s with cationic, facially amphiphilic structures.

Polymers based on meta substituted phenylene ethylene are prepared with patterned polar and nonpolar groups to favor an extended conformation. These polymers were characterized at the air−water interface by Langmuir techniques and found to form stable monolayers with an extended conformation based on molecular models. In addition, these polymers show phospholipid membrane activity as measured by induced leakage of calcein from large unilamellar vesicles. These polymers represent new facially amphiphilic structures which are cationic in nature and surface active.
Supraoptic nucleus afferents from the main olfactory bulb--I. Anatomical evidence from anterograde and retrograde tracers in rat.

The morphological features of a putative connection between the main olfactory bulb and the supraoptic nucleus of the rat was studied using a combination of anatomical techniques. Immunocytochemistry of neuropffysin-containing processes were employed to delineate morphological features of supraoptic dendrites. Main olfactory bulb efferents to the supraoptic nucleus were studied by injection of the anterogradely transported substances, wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, into the main olfactory bulb. To confirm the results of these studies, the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells within the main olfactory bulb was determined after injection of rhodamine-labeled latex microspheres or Fluoro-GoldR into the supraoptic nucleus. Neurophysin immunocytochemistry revealed the supraoptic nucleus dendritic plexus which coursed anteroposteriorly beneath supraoptic somata. Additionally, a portion of this plexus also projected ventrolaterally into periamygdaloid areas, a feature of supraoptic architecture which is not generally appreciated. The anterograde tracers labeled main olfactory bulb efferents including a dense plexus of terminals and fibers ventrolateral to the ipsilateral supraoptic nucleus. The pattern of anterogradely labeled fibers and terminals appeared to overlap with the distribution of ventrolaterally projecting neurophysin-containing processes. Since the latter consists of dendritic processes of supraoptic origin, this suggests that the main olfactory bulb projects to the supraoptic nucleus. Injections of rhodamine-labeled latex microspheres or Fluoro-GoldR resulted in retrogradely labeled mitral cells throughout the ipsilateral main olfactory bulb. Taken together, these anatomical studies demonstrate a direct projection from the main olfactory bulb to the supraoptic nucleus of the rat. A companion electrophysiological study confirmed these results.