cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Including C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Models for Women

Background: While high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk, global risk prediction use. Objective: To develop and compare global cardiovascular risk prediction models with and without hsCRP. Design: Observational cohort study. Setting: U.S. female health professionals. Participants: Initially healthy nondiabetic women age 45 years and older participating in the Women’s Health Study and followed an average of 10 years. Measurements: Incident cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death). Results: High-sensitivity CRP made a relative contribution to global risk at least as large as that provided by total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol individually, but less than that provided by age, smoking, and blood pressure. All global measures of fit improved when hsCRP was included, with likelihood-based measures demonstrating strong preference for models that include hsCRP. With use of 10-year risk categories of 0% to less than 5%, 5% to less than 10%, 10% to less than 20%, and 20% or greater, risk prediction was more accurate in models that included hsCRP, particularly for risk between 5% and 20%. Among women initially classified with risks of 5% to less than 10% and 10% to less than 20% according to the Adult Treatment Panel III covariables, 21% and 19%, respectively, were reclassified into more accurate risk categories. Although addition of hsCRP had minimal effect on the c-statistic (a measure of model discrimination) once age, smoking, and blood pressure were accounted for, the effect was nonetheless greater than that of total, LDL, or HDL cholesterol, suggesting that the c-statistic may be insensitive in evaluating risk prediction models. Limitations: Data were available only for women. Conclusions: A global risk prediction model that includes hsCRP improves cardiovascular risk classification in women, particularly among those with a 10-year risk of 5% to 20%. In models that include age, blood pressure, and smoking status, hsCRP improves prediction at least as much as do lipid measures.
Optimum Predictors of Childhood Asthma: Persistent Wheeze or the Asthma Predictive Index?

Background The Asthma Predictive Index (API) and persistent wheezing phenotypes are associated with childhood asthma, but previous studies have not assessed their ability to predict objectively confirmed asthma. Objective To determine whether the University of Cincinnati API Index (ucAPI) and/or persistent wheezing at age 3 can accurately predict objectively confirmed asthma at age 7. Methods Data from the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study, a high-risk prospective birth cohort, was used. Asthma was defined as parent-reported or physician-diagnosed asthma objectively confirmed by a change in FEV1 of ≥12% after bronchodilator or a positive methacholine challenge (PC20 ≤ 4 mg/mL); or as prior treatment with daily asthma controller medication(s). Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between confirmed asthma at age 7 and a positive ucAPI (adapted and modified from prior published API definitions) and persistent wheezing at age 3. Results At age 7, 103 of 589 children (17.5%) satisfied the criteria for asthma. Confirmed asthma at age 7 was significantly associated with a positive ucAPI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 13.3 [95% CI, 7.0-25.2]; P Conclusion Both a positive ucAPI and persistent wheeze at age 3 were associated with objectively confirmed asthma at age 7; however, the highest risk was associated with ucAPI. These results demonstrate the ucAPI as a clinically useful tool for predicting future asthma in school-age children.
An active integrated retrodirective transponder for remote information retrieval-on-demand

A retrodirective transponder based on a novel compact phase-conjugating mixer with conversion gain has been developed. The active circuit uses one port for both incoming and outgoing signals, enabling a reduction of circuit size, and the balanced structure provides suppression of undesired signals. By using a modulated local oscillator, the circuit can modulate the received signal in order to retransmit local information to the remote site. A microstrip antenna is integrated with the phase conjugator and the whole system was fabricated on a single substrate, enabling a one-card system. A four-element prototype array with 0.5/spl lambda//sub 0/ array spacing demonstrated excellent measured retrodirectivity. Additionally, a simplified binary-phase-shift-keying signal transmitted by the array is recovered successfully at the source location, demonstrating great potential for remote tagging and wireless sensor applications.
Dual viewpoint gestures

This paper examines gestures that simultaneously express multiple physical per - spectives, known as dual viewpoint gestures. These gestures were first discussed in McNeill's 1992 book, Hand and mind. We examine a corpus of approximately fifteen hours of narrative data, and use these data to extend McNeill's observa- tions about the different possibilities for combining viewpoints. We also show that a phenomenon thought to be present only in the narrations of children is present in the narrations of adults. We discuss the significance of these gestures for theories of speech-gesture integration. Dual viewpoint gestures This paper examines hand and body gestures that simultaneously express multiple perspectives on an event or scene. These gestures, known as dual viewpoint ges- tures, suggest that a speaker is taking multiple spatial perspectives on a scene at the same time. Despite the fact that this is a rather impressive cognitive feat, relatively little has been written about the phenomenon (though see McClave, 2000). In an effort to provide systematic data on dual viewpoint gestures, we examine a corpus of approximately fifteen hours of narrative data (containing over four thousand gestures). We use these data to extend previous descriptions of the ways in which viewpoint can be combined in gesture. We also show that a phenomenon thought to be present only in the narrations of children is in fact present in the narrations of adults. The paper is organized as follows. We first explain what it means for gesture to express viewpoint, commenting on different uses of the terms viewpoint and perspective. We then describe dual viewpoint gestures, and provide examples from our corpus. We end with some open questions that may serve as starting points for future research.
The Use of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Patients

OBJECTIVE:To review the published clinical trials of combination antiretroviral therapy, current guidelines about the use of combination antiretroviral therapy, information regarding the impact of adherence on treatment effect, and the effects of combination antiretroviral therapy on morbidity and mortality.METHODS:A MEDLINE search (January 1986–March 1998) was performed to identify all relevant articles. Selected articles and abstracts from this time period and references from these selections were included for review.DISCUSSION:Nucleoside analog monotherapy treatment of HIV infection is inferior to treatment with multiple antiretroviral agents. With the availability of new classes of medications (protease inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NNRTIs], and new nucleoside analogs, combination antiretroviral therapy is now more potent and more complex than ever. The use and effects of protease inhibitors in combination with nucleoside analogs has been well documented. The use of NNRTI...
A neural network method for detecting unipolar activations during ventricular fibrillation

An artificial neural network was trained to detect local activations during the first 2 sec of an induced ventricular fibrillation performed on five pigs. A rule based method (RBM) and methodology based on the transmembrane current (TCM) were used to validate the data for training/testing the network. With appropriate pre- and post-processing, the neural network yielded encouraging results when trained and tested on a portion of the data. A stop training technique was implemented to avoid over-training the network.
Photoionization Dynamics of Small Molecules

The last decade has witnessed remarkable progress in characterizing dynamical aspects of the molecular photoionization process. The general challenge is to gain physical insight into those processes occuring during photo excitation and eventual escape of the photoelectron through the anisotropic molecular field, in terms of various observables such as photoionization cross-sections and branching ratios, photoelectron angular distributions and even newer probes mentioned below. Much of the progress in this field has mirrored earlier work in atomic photoionization dynamics [1] where many key ideas were developed (e.g., channel interaction, quantum defect analysis, potential barrier phenomena and experimental techniques). However, additional concepts and techniques were required to deal with the strictly molecular aspects of the problem, particularly the anisotropy of the multicenter molecular field and the interaction among rovibronic modes.
What Can Experiments Reveal About the Origins of Music

The origins of music have intrigued scholars for thousands of years. In this article I discuss the role of experiments in discussions of these issues. I argue that potentially useful kinds of evidence are those that address the innateness and the specificity of different components of musical behavior. At present there is some evidence for innate influences on music, but little evidence for capacities that are clearly specific to music. Although future experiments could potentially alter this picture, there is currently little unambiguous support for the notion that music is an adaptation.
Multi-Scale Residential Segregation: Black Exceptionalism and America's Changing Color Line

America's changing color line is perhaps best expressed in shifting patterns of neighborhood residential segregation-the geographic separation of races. This research evaluates black exceptionalism by using the universe of U.S. blocks from the 1990 and 2000 decennial censuses to provide a single geographically inclusive national estimate (Theil's H ) of black residential segregation from whites and other groups, which can be additively decomposed into its within (e.g., neighborhood segregation within places) and between components (e.g., racial differences between places). The results show that America's blacks are living in blocks that are roughly two-thirds less racially diverse than the U.S. population overall. Nationally, neighborhood segregation processes account for half, or even less, of blacks' segregation from whites, Hispanics and Asians. Declining big-city micro-segregation has been muted by increasing or persistent macro-segregation. Moreover, with growing neighborhood segregation in the suburbs and fringe, America's central cities-the focus of most previous studies-now account for only a minority share of all neighborhood or micro-level segregation between blacks and whites. Evidence of black incorporation or spatial assimilation must account for other levels of geography that extend beyond the traditional focus on neighborhood segregation in big cities.
Removal of psoralen interstrand cross-links from DNA of Escherichia coli: Mechanism and genetic control☆

Abstract Interstrand cross-links induced by psoralen-plus-light are removed from the DNA of Escherichia coli, and this reaction is effected by the uvrA, uvrB, uvrC and polA (5′ → 3′ exonuclease) gene products. During cross-link removal, cellular DNA strands are cut so that, upon denaturation, the DNA dissociates into segments having an average molecular weight about equal to twice the average distance between cross-links. These strand cuts are persistent in cells, having a half-life of more than 20 minutes. The structure of cross-linked DNA undergoing repair was further investigated by use of density and radioactively labeled isotopes. These experiments demonstrate that two strand cuts are made in one DNA strand near each cross-link, one on each side of one arm of the cross-link. A mechanism is proposed for cross-link removal. The endonuclease coded for by the uvrA and B genes makes an incision on the 5′ side of one arm of a cross-link. Polymerase I (5′ → 3′ exonuclease) then makes a second cut on the 3′ side, in the same strand. This allows the strands to be separated during denaturation, but would leave the second arm of the cross-linking structure still attached to the uncut strand. The persistence of strand cuts at cross-links suggests that rejoining, dependent upon repair polymerization and ligation, is blocked by such a partially excised cross-linking residue. Initial stages of cross-link removal appear to be similar to pyrimidine dimer excision, but intermediates generated by these processes differ substantially in structure and repair must be completed by different mechanisms.
Cellular source of apolipoprotein E4 determines neuronal susceptibility to excitotoxic injury in transgenic mice.

The lipid transport protein apolipoprotein E (apoE) is abundantly expressed in the brain. Its main isoforms in humans are apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. ApoE4 is the major known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and also contributes to the pathogenesis of various other neurological conditions. In the central nervous system, apoE is synthesized by glial cells and neurons, but it is unclear whether the cellular source affects its biological activities. To address this issue, we induced excitotoxic injury by systemic kainic acid injection in transgenic Apoe knockout mice expressing human apoE isoforms in astrocytes or neurons. Regardless of its cellular source, apoE3 expression protected neuronal synapses and dendrites against the excitotoxicity seen in apoE-deficient mice. Astrocyte-derived apoE4, which has previously been shown to have detrimental effects in vitro, was as excitoprotective as apoE3 in vivo. In contrast, neuronal expression of apoE4 was not protective and resulted in loss of cortical neurons after excitotoxic challenge, indicating that neuronal apoE4 promotes excitotoxic cell death. Thus, an imbalance between astrocytic (excitoprotective) and neuronal (neurotoxic) apoE4 expression may increase susceptibility to diverse neurological diseases involving excitotoxic mechanisms.
Rapid Creation of Forward-Genetics Tools for C. briggsae Using TALENs: Lessons for Nonmodel Organisms

Although evolutionary studies of gene function often rely on RNA interference, the ideal approach would use reverse genetics to create null mutations for cross-species comparisons and forward genetics to identify novel genes in each species. We have used transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to facilitate both approaches in Caenorhabditis nematodes. First, by combining golden gate cloning and TALEN technology, we can induce frameshifting mutations in any gene. Second, by combining this approach with bioinformatics we can predict and create the resources needed for forward genetic analysis in species like Caenorhabditis briggsae. Although developing genetic model organisms used to require years to isolate marker mutations, balancers, and tools, with TALENs, these reagents can now be produced in months. Furthermore, the analysis of nonsense mutants in related model organisms allows a directed approach for making these markers and tools. When used together, these methods could simplify the adaptation of other organisms for forward and reverse genetics.
Maternal aggression and post‐hatch care in red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard): The influences of presence of offspring, fostering, and maternal molting

A series of experiments investigated aspects of maternal aggression and care in brooding (tending hatched juveniles) red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii),using a resident‐intruder paradigm. In Experiment 1, maternal female residents won a significantly higher proportion of aggressive encounters than did intruding Form I males. When separated from one's brood for 24 hr, this maternal status effect disappeared, but both maternal care and a significant reproductive status effect reappeared upon reunion. Experiment 2 revealed that maternal care is provided for a brood other than one's own (i.e., fostering) and even after a maternal phase molt. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated a significant maternal resident contest outcome advantage against non‐maternal female intruders, and post‐molt maternal care and aggression. Also, there was a continuation of heightened aggression even briefly after other aspects of maternal care had ceased. These effects of presence of brood on contest outcome, fostering, and post‐m...
Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923)

Introduction, 147. — I. The Man, 149. — II. The Theorist, 153. — III. The Sociologist, 167.
Hermite Polynomial Based Interconnect Analysis in the Presence of Process Variations

Variations in the interconnect geometry of nanoscale ICs translate to variations in their performance. The resulting diminished accuracy in the estimates of performance at the design stage can lead to a significant reduction in the parametric yield. Thus, determining an accurate statistical description (e.g., moments, distribution, etc.) of the interconnect's response is critical for designers. In the presence of significant variations, device or interconnect model parameters such as wire resistance, capacitance, etc., need to modeled as random variables or as spatial random processes. The corner-based analysis is not accurate, and simulations based on sampling require long computation times due to the large number of parameters or random variables. This study proposes an efficient method of computing the stochastic response of interconnects. The technique models the stochastic response in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space in terms of orthogonal polynomial expansions. A finite representation is obtained by projecting the infinite series representation onto a finite dimensional subspace. The advantage of the proposed method is that it provides a functional representation of the response of the system in terms of the random variables that represent the process variations. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in a procedure called orthogonal polynomial expansions for response analysis (OPERA). Results from OPERA simulations on a number of design test cases match well with those from the classical Monte Carlo simulation program with integrated circuits emphasis (SPICE) and from perturbation methods. Additionally, OPERA shows good computational efficiency: speedup of up to two orders of magnitude have been observed over Monte Carlo SPICE simulations
Performance prediction of large parallel applications using parallel simulations

Accurate simulation of large parallel applications can be facilitated with the use of direct execution and parallel discrete event simulation. This paper describes the use of COMPASS, a direct execution-driven, parallel simulator for performance prediction of programs that include both communication and I/O intensive applications. The simulator has been used to predict the performance of such applications on both distributed memory machines like the IBM SP and shared-memory machines like the SGI Origin 2000. The paper illustrates the usefulness of COMPASS as a versatile performance prediction tool. We use both real-world applications and synthetic benchmarks to study application scalability, sensitivity to communication latency, and the interplay between factors like communication pattern and parallel file system caching on application performance. We also show that the simulator is accurate in its predictions and that it is also efficient in its ability to use parallel simulation to reduce its own execution time which, in some cases, has yielded a nearlinear speedup.
How Young Children Evaluate People With and Without Disabilities

How do preschool-age children evaluate people with disabilities, and does social contact make children more positive toward those who are different from them? To answer these questions, typically developing 3- to 5-year-old children completed tasks designed to measure their social preferences for, and judgments about the actions of, unfamiliar individuals with and without disabilities. Participants preferred pictures of typically developing children over children in wheelchairs, but did not prefer children who were described with disabilities over those who were described with mildly negative facts. In a third task, participants evaluated actions that violated norms more negatively than those that did not, regardless of whether the actors had a disability. Children's participation in inclusion programs did not appear to affect their responses. We consider possible explanations for children's responses - including the absence of social contact effects - in the discussion.
The KAM theory of systems with short range interactions, I

The existence of quasiperiodic trajectories for Hamiltonian systems consisting of long chains of nearly identical subsystems, with interactions which decay rapidly with increasing distance between the interacting components, is studied. Such models are of interest in statistical mechanics. It is shown that nonergodic motions persist for much larger perturbations than prior work indicated. If the number of degrees of freedom of the system isN, the allowed perturbation decreases only as an inverse power ofN, as the number of degrees of freedom increases, rather than the inverse power ofN! which previous estimates yielded.
Effects of two training procedures in cross-language perception of tones

Abstract This study evaluated two perceptual training procedures that might be used to increase native English (NE) and native Chinese (NC) listeners’ ability to discriminate the mid- vs. low-tone contrast in Thai under two inter-stimulus-interval (ISI) conditions (500 and 1500 ms). Participants received training using either a two-alternative forced-choice identification (ID) procedure or a categorial same/different discrimination (SD) procedure. The results obtained indicated that (a) NC listeners outperformed NE listeners both before and after training under both ISI conditions; (b) before training, NC listeners’ discrimination was better under the longer ISI while NE listeners’ performance was comparable across the two ISIs, but no ISI difference was observed for either group of listeners after training; (c) both NE and NC listeners’ performances significantly improved after training, but the improvement was significantly greater among NE listeners under both ISI conditions, and (d), the amount of improvement was comparable across the two training procedures and across the two ISI conditions. These results suggest that both ID and SD training procedures were equally effective in improving NE and NC listeners’ discrimination of the mid- vs. low-tone contrast in Thai and that prior experience with a tone language may prove advantageous in learning another tone language.
Rethinking the economics of software engineering

Reliance on skilled developers reduces the return on investment for important software engineering tasks such as establishing program correctness. This position paper introduces adaptive semi-automated (ASA) tools as a means to enable less-skilled workers to perform aspects of software engineering tasks. In an ASA tool, a task is decomposed and the computationally difficult subtasks are performed by less-skilled workers using an adaptive user interface, reducing or eliminating the skilled developer's effort.We describe strategies for decomposing a software engineering task and propose design principles to maximize the cost effectiveness of ASA tools in the presence of imperfect decomposition. Though the approach can be applied to many different types of tasks, this paper focuses on and provides examples for the software correctness tasks of test generation, program verification, and program synthesis. Additionally, we address the auxiliary challenges of latency, intellectual property risk, and worker error.
Engineering the chloroplast genome for hyperexpression of human therapeutic proteins and vaccine antigens

The chloroplast genome is ideal for engineering because it offers a number of attractive advantages, including high-level gene expression, the feasibility of expressing multiple genes or pathways in a single transformation event, and transgene containment due to lack of pollen transmission. The chloroplast-based expression system is suitable for hyperexpression of foreign proteins, oral delivery of vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins, via both leaves and fruits. Through the refinement of expression vectors and use of chaperones, chloroplasts produce up to 47% of foreign protein in the total cellular protein in transgenic tissues. This chapter describes various techniques for creating chloroplast transgenic plants and their biochemical and molecular characterization. Suitable examples for application of chloroplast genetic engineering in human medicine are provided.
Low Cycle Fatigue of an Ultrafine Grained AA5083 Aluminum Alloy Composite Produced by Cryomilling

Low cycle fatigue (LCF) properties were investigated for a novel cryomilled AA5083 aluminum composite with duplex coarse and ultrafine grain sizes and reinforced with boron carbide particulates, referred to as trimodal material. Fully reversed cyclic tests were conducted under plastic strain control at plastic strain amplitudes from 0.15 to 0.6 pct using a constant plastic strain rate in a servo-hydraulic testing system. A nonlinear elastic modulus was used to calculate the elastic contribution to the measured total strain. The LCF performance of this trimodal material is compared to previous results for unreinforced AA5083 aluminum alloy with bimodal grain size (85/15 pct CM/UM) and its coarse-grained wrought counterpart, AA5083-H131. Stress response curves for the trimodal material revealed slow hardening until failure associated with the presence of particulate reinforcements. The very small asymmetry between tension and compression stresses reflects a lack of strain localization beyond the initial cycles. The trimodal and 85/15 pct CM/UM alloys have similar and superior low cycle fatigue strength compared to AA5083-H131. From the Coffin-Manson plot, the trimodal material has a shorter fatigue life than 85/15 pct CM/UM alloy and AA5083-H131 for high plastic strain amplitudes, but nearly identical life at low amplitudes. Microcracks were observed near the dominant crack on trimodal specimen surfaces at failure. Back-scattered images revealed that particulates altered the crack propagation direction; cracks nearly always propagated around particulates.
Development of Visual Acuity in Normal and Astigmatic Infants

Renewed interest in the visual acuity of infants and, especially, its meridional variation was triggered by reports of the stripe-reared kitten experiments (1, 2). The important result was the claim that the distribution of orientation sensitive single units, in the visual cortices of these kittens, had been biased by rearing in the striped environments. For example, if the kitten had been reared under conditions allowing it to see only vertical stripes, the incidence of units sensitive to vertical was high, relative to that of the normally reared animal, and there were very few if any units responsive to horizontal edges. Just the opposite occurred if the kitten had been reared with exposure only to horizontal stripes. In the wake of that claim, many visual scientists began to wonder about its potential relevance to human vision. Two human parallels were suggested and this report will deal with each in turn.
Summary of Organic and Elemental Carbon/Black Carbon Analysis Methods and Intercomparisons

Many different thermal, optical, and thermal/optical carbon analysis methods for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) or black carbon (BC) have been applied throughout the world to evaluate visibility and the Earth’s radiation balance. Dozens of intermethod and interlaboratory comparison studies have been conducted. Several of these studies are catalogued and summarized here. BC or EC concentrations are found to differ by up to a factor of 7 among different methods; factor of 2 differences are common. Differences between methods are not consistent among comparison studies, with some methods showing higher BC for one set of samples and lower BC for other sets relative to a common benchmark. The absorption efficiency relating light absorption (babs) to EC that is derived from collocated optical and chemical measurements can vary by a factor of 10, depending on the collocated babs and EC measurement methods. Future intermethod and interlaboratory comparisons must include components that seek to understand the causes of these differences.
Rational functional representation of flap noise spectra including correction for reflection effects

A rational function is presented for the acoustic spectra generated by deflection of engine exhaust jets for under-the-wing and over-the-wing versions of externally blown flaps. The functional representation is intended to provide a means for compact storage of data and for data analysis. The expressions are based on Fourier transform functions for the Strouhal normalized pressure spectral density, and on a correction for reflection effects based on the N-independent-source model of P. Thomas extended by use of a reflected ray transfer function. Curve fit comparisons are presented for blown flap data taken from turbofan engine tests and from large scale cold-flow model tests. Application of the rational function to scrubbing noise theory is also indicated.
A Significant Period: Historical Scholarship in the United States, 1876–1901: As Revealed in the Correspondence of Herbert B. Adams

(1939). A Significant Period: Historical Scholarship in the United States, 1876–1901: As Revealed in the Correspondence of Herbert B. Adams. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 459-460.
The Panic Attack

You’ve finally written up your work. It’s creative, well-developed. You follow a story arc, introduce intriguing characters living in a color-filled world. They encounter and overcome obstacles. You do it all with thick description and panache. You’ve inserted yourself into the scholarly conversation and found just the right title. Now it’s time for the panic attack.
d-αltro-Heptulose (d-Sedoheptulose) 7-Phosphate: Condensation of 2-Nitroethanol and d-Ribose 5-Phosphate

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the preparation of d -altro-heptulose (d-sedoheptulose) 7-phosphate. The important metabolite d -sedoheptulose ( d -altro-heptulose) 7-phosphate has been prepared by biological and chemical procedures. In general, the biological syntheses are comparatively lengthy and cumbersome although the separation of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate from the reaction mixture takes somewhat less time. The chemical synthesis is very fast, yields are comparable to those for the best biological syntheses, and the product is essentially pure. For preparation, barium d -ribose 5-phosphate trihydrate is dissolved in 130 ml of cold 0.01 N hydrobromic acid, the solution is treated with 66 ml of cold 0.52 N sodium sulfate, and barium sulfate is removed by centrifugation. The precipitate is washed once with 12 ml of cold 0.01 N hydrobromic acid, and the washing is combined with the original, supernatant liquor.
Analysis of Ten Years of Surface UV Observations from Data Fusion for the Continental U.S.

Ten years (2005 - 2014) of surface ultraviolet (UV) observations from TOMS-OMI and UVMRP are combined across the continental U.S. via data fusion technique. The combined UV data inherits advantages from both data sources, satellite and ground observations. This research analyzes the combined data both in time and in space, presenting the preliminary statistical results for this ten-year period.
Explanation using task structure and domain functional models

In this paper we present some of the work and ideas developed at the Ohio State Laboratory for AI Research on explaining the behavior of knowledge systems. The first part of the paper presents an analysis of the explanation problem and the aspects of it that we have concentrated on (briefly, we are concerned more with the form and content of the representations than the explanation form or presentation). Then we describe a generic task-based approach to explanation, including relating the explanation to the logical structure of the task. Finally, we show how causal models of a domain can be used to give explanations of diagnostic decisions.
High-bandwidth link with single laser input using silicon modulators and mode multiplexing

We demonstrate mode multiplexing to expand the bandwidth of silicon microring modulators. We show 37.5 Gb/s bandwidth while using a single laser coupled to a single waveguide, relieving the power and cost constraints associated with integrating multiple lasers for WDM.
A correlative study of aortic valve rotation angle and thoracic aortic sizes using ECG gated CT angiography.

Abstract Objective Various degrees of aortic valve rotation may be seen in individuals with no history of congenital cardiovascular malformations, but its association with aortic sizes has not been studied. Methods Gated computed tomographic (CT angiograms in 217 patients were studied (66.7 ± 15; 22–97 years old)). Aortic diameters were determined at 5 anatomic locations. The length of the aorta from sinus to left subclavian artery was measured. The angle of valve rotation was recorded by measuring the angle between a line connecting the midpoint of the non-coronary sinus to the anterior commissure and another line along the interatrial septum. Rotation angles were correlated with aortic measurements. Patients were separated into two groups based on aortic sizes and into three groups based on age. The threshold for aortic dilatation was set at maximum ascending aorta diameter ≥40 mm (≥21 mm body surface area [BSA] indexed). Results No significant difference in rotation angles was seen between the three age groups or between genders. Rotation angles were significantly correlated with maximal, average, and BSA adjustment of the aortic root and ascending aortic measurements. The aortic root angles were significantly different between the dilated versus nondilated aortas. There was no significant association between the rotation angles and age, length of ascending aorta, or diameters of descending aorta. Multivariate adaptive regression splines showed 25° of aortic root rotation as the diagnostic cut off for ascending aorta dilation. Above the 25° rotation, every 10° of increasing rotation was associated with a 3.78 ± 0.87 mm increase in aortic diameter (p Conclusion Rotation angles of the aortic valve may be an independent non-invasive imaging marker for dilatation of the ascending aorta. Patients with increased rotation angle of the aortic valve may have higher risk for development or acceleration of an ascending aortic dilatation.
Biobehavioral effects of baclofen in anxious alcohol-dependent individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, laboratory study

Baclofen has been suggested as a potential pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder, but the clinical data are conflicting. Here we investigated the biobehavioral effects of baclofen in a sample of anxious alcohol-dependent individuals. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study in non-treatment seeking alcohol-dependent individuals with high trait anxiety (N=34). Participants received baclofen (30 mg per day) or placebo for at least 8 days, then performed an experimental session consisting of alcohol cue-reactivity followed by alcohol administration procedure (alcohol priming, then alcohol self-administration). Total amount of alcohol self-administered was the primary outcome; alcohol craving, subjective/physiological responses and mood/anxiety symptoms were also evaluated. There was no significant medication effect on the total amount of alcohol consumed during the alcohol self-administration (P=0.76). Baclofen blunted the positive association between maximum breath alcohol concentration during priming and the amount of alcohol consumption (significant interaction, P=0.03). Ratings of feeling intoxicated were significantly higher in the baclofen group after consuming the priming drink (P=0.006). During the self-administration session, baclofen significantly increased ratings of feeling high (P=0.01) and intoxicated (P=0.01). A significant reduction in heart rate (P<0.001) and a trend-level increase in diastolic blood pressure (P=0.06) were also detected in the baclofen group during the alcohol laboratory session. In conclusion, baclofen was shown to affect subjective and physiological responses to alcohol drinking in anxious alcohol-dependent individuals. These results do not support an anti-craving or anti-reinforcing effect of baclofen, but rather suggest that baclofen may act as a substitution medication for alcohol use disorder.
Accumulation of Fe oxyhydroxides in the Peruvian oxygen deficient zone implies non-oxygen dependent Fe oxidation

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) have been proposed to be an important source of dissolved iron (Fe) into the interior ocean. However, previous studies in OMZs have shown a sharp decrease in total dissolved Fe (dFe) and/or dissolved Fe(II) (dFe(II)) concentrations at the shelf-break, despite constant temperature, salinity and continued lack of oxygen across the shelf-break. The loss of both total dFe and dFe(II) suggests a conversion of the dFe to particulate form, but studies that have coupled the reduction-oxidation (redox) speciation of both dissolved and particulate phases have not previously been done. Here we have measured the redox speciation and concentrations of both dissolved and particulate forms of Fe in samples collected during the U.S. GEOTRACES Eastern tropical Pacific Zonal Transect (EPZT) cruise in 2013 (GP16). This complete data set allows us to assess possible mechanisms for loss of dFe. We observed an offshore loss of dFe(II) within the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ), where dissolved oxygen is undetectable, accompanied by an increase in total particulate Fe (pFe). Total pFe concentrations were highest in the upper ODZ. X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that the pFe maximum was primarily in the Fe(III) form as Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. The remarkable similarity in the distributions of total particulate iron and nitrite suggests a role for nitrite in the oxidation of dFe(II) to pFe(III). We present a conceptual model for the rapid redox cycling of Fe that occurs in ODZs, despite the absence of oxygen.
Overview of the “Difference of Means” Framework

The previous chapter notes that popular indices of uneven distribution can be expressed in a variety of mathematically equivalent ways. The discussion there (and in Appendices) reviews a variety of formulas presented previously in the literature. It also introduces a set of new formulas that cast indices of uneven distribution as group differences of means on individual residential outcomes. I argue that the group difference of means formulation is an important new approach that brings many advantages and possibilities to segregation measurement and analysis. To make the case for this view I now provide a more detailed discussion comparing standard computing formulas with the difference of means formulas.
Predicting Zero-day Malicious IP Addresses

Blacklisting IP addresses is an important part of enterprise security today. Malware infections and Advanced Persistent Threats can be detected when blacklisted IP addresses are contacted. It can also thwart phishing attacks by blocking suspicious websites. An unknown binary file may be executed in a sandbox by a modern firewall. It is blocked if it attempts to contact a blacklisted IP address. However, today's providers of IP blacklists are based on observed malicious activities, collected from multiple sources around the world. Attackers can evade those reactive IP blacklist defense by using IP addresses that have not been recently engaged in malicious activities. In this paper, we report an approach that can predict IP addresses that are likely to be used in malicious activities in the near future. Our evaluation shows that this approach can detect 88% of zero-day malware instances missed by top five antivirus products. It can also block 68% of phishing websites before reported by Phishtank.
Sex differences in high fat diet-induced impairments to striatal Akt signaling and enhanced sensitivity to the behavioral effects of dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole

Abstract Eating a high fat laboratory chow enhances sensitivity of rats to the behavioral effects of drugs that act on dopamine systems (e.g., cocaine). Further, in male rats, eating high fat chow impairs expression of insulin signaling phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt), which is vital for maintaining dopamine homeostasis. Eating high fat chow enhances sensitivity of female rats to drugs that act indirectly on dopamine receptors (e.g., cocaine); however, less is known about sensitivity of females to drugs that act directly on dopamine receptors (e.g., quinpirole). Further, it is not known if pAkt expression is impaired in female rats eating high fat chow. Some quinpirole-induced behaviors (e.g., penile erections and yawning) are either absent or occur at very low frequency in adult female rats. It is not known if quinpirole sensitivity in adolescent rats is more comparable between sexes. The present report examined another unconditioned behavioral effect (i.e., rearing) induced by once-weekly cumulative doses of quinpirole (0.0032–0.32 mg/kg) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats eating standard laboratory chow (17% kcal from fat) or high fat chow (60% kcal from fat), for several weeks throughout development, (spanning adolescence and early adulthood). Following behavioral assessments, pAkt expression was examined using western blot protein analysis. Eating high fat chow increased sensitivity of male rats to the quinpirole-induced yawning, as compared to male rats eating standard chow. However, other unconditioned behavioral effects of quinpirole (yawning and hypothermia) remained unchanged. Female rats yawned significantly less than male rats, and eating a high fat chow had no effect on any quinpirole-induced unconditioned behavioral effect in female rats. Eating high fat chow also reduced pAkt levels in male, but not female rats. Taken together, these data suggest that alternative behavioral and biochemical assays should be considered to measure sensitivity of female rats to the behavioral effects of dopamine receptor agonists, and further demonstrate the importance of studying drug sensitivity in both male and female subjects.
Charge Transfer and Collection in Dilute Organic Donor-Acceptor Heterojunction Blends.

Experimental and theoretical approaches are used to understand the role of nanomorphology on exciton dissociation and charge collection at dilute donor–acceptor (D–A) organic heterojunctions (HJs). Specifically, two charge transfer (CT) states in D–A mixed HJs comprising nanocrystalline domains of tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) as the donor and C70 as the acceptor are unambiguously related to the nanomorphology of the mixed layer. Alternating DBP:C70 multilayer stacks are used to identify and control the optical properties of the CT states, as well as to simulate the dilute mixed heterojunctions. A kinetic Monte Carlo model along with photoluminescence spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy are used to quantitatively evaluate the layer morphology under various growth conditions. As a result, we are able to understand the counterintuitive observation of high charge extraction efficiency and device performance of DBP:C70 mixed layer photovoltaics at surprisingly low (∼10%) donor c...
An Extension of Franklin's Bijection

We are dealing here with the power series expansion of the product . This expansion may be readily obtained from an identity of Sylvester and the latter, in turn, may be given a relatively simple combinatorial proof. Nevertheless, the problem remains to give a combinatorial explanation for the massive cancellations which produce the final result. The case m = 0 is clearly explained by Franklin’s proof of the Euler Pentagonal Number Theorem. Efforts to extend the same mechanism of proof to the general case m > 0 have led to the discovery of an extension of the Franklin involution which explains all the components of the final expansion.
Formative research implications on design of a randomized controlled trial for oral health promotion in children

The COordinated Oral health Promotion (CO-OP) Chicago trial will test the efficacy of a community health worker (CHW) intervention to improve oral health behaviors for children at high risk for early childhood caries. Before implementing the cluster-randomized controlled trial, we conducted a formative assessment to determine the final design. We used qualitative methods to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the proposed recruitment, data collection, and intervention plan. Key informant interviews (N = 37) and site observations were conducted at 10 pediatric primary care clinics and 10 Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infant and Children (WIC) centers to gain insight from providers and administrators at the locations where recruitment and intervention will occur. Eight focus groups (N = 68) were conducted with caregivers of children to capture the parent perspective. Conceptual coding methods from grounded theory were applied to organize the data into the final themes. Families, clinics, and WIC centers were all very interested in additional supports for oral health and were enthusiastic about CHWs. Challenges included competing family priorities that might interfere in study enrollment and intervention efficacy. Physical space for enrollment and intervention delivery was a major barrier for some sites. Home visits for data collection and intervention delivery would be unacceptable for some families. These challenges and barriers prompted us to make major changes in our trial design. We opened the option for data collection to occur in multiple locations. We eliminated the home-only arm of the trial. Clinics and WIC centers that are randomized to the non-intervention arm will now have CHWs available at the study conclusion. Finally, we aligned the CHW oral health topics to the needs of families. We conducted this comprehensive formative assessment to determine the feasibility and acceptability of the CO-OP Chicago trial. While overall acceptance of the trial was high, the results highlighted specific issues with the proposed trial implementation plan and led to several critical design changes. This type of formative work requires a significant upfront investment but we expect it will translate into savings through better recruitment, retention, intervention implementation and adherence, and result dissemination.
Extremity Muscle Compartment Pressure Measurement

Early diagnosis and treatment of compartment syndrome are essential skills in the care of critically-ill patients. The main principles of diagnosis include understanding normal compartment pressures, compartment perfusion pressures and the pathophysiology of compartment syndrome. A delay in diagnosis of compartment syndrome can lead to severe, often irreversible sequelae including nerve and muscle ischemia. In this chapter, we review the pathophysiology and diagnosis of compartment syndrome utilizing pressure measurements, and relevant anatomy of the extremity compartments, including upper, lower and buttock.