cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dose of Dialysis on Morbidity and Mortality

The annual mortality rate of patients on hemodialysis in the United States is 24.3%, substantially higher than the mortality of age-matched patients in Europe and Japan. Differences in the dose of dialysis received by US patients has been proposed as an important factor contributing to this high mortality rate. We undertook a prospective effort to increase the dose of dialysis delivered to 130 patients treated at an urban dialysis center affiliated with Vanderbilt University. From 1988 to 1991 the dose of dialysis, represented by the urea kinetic modelling parameter Kt/V (K = dialyzer clearance, t = dialysis time, V = volume of distribution of urea), has been gradually increased from a dose of 0.82 +/- 0.32 to 1.33 +/- 0.23. Concurrent with this increase, there was a reduction of the gross annual mortality rate from 22.8% in 1988 to 9.1% in 1991. To account for potential differences in patient characteristics during those years, we also calculated the number of expected deaths, based on data from the United States Renal Data System. The ratio of observed to expected deaths, termed the "standardized mortality rate," decreased from a value of 1.03 in 1988 to a value of 0.611 in 1991. In addition, the number of hospital days per patient per year decreased from 15.2 d/patient/yr to 10.3 d/patient/yr. We conclude that increasing the dose of delivered dialysis decreases the hospitalization and mortality rates of hemodialysis-dependent patients.
Theme park selection.

Abstract Theme parks are continuously changing in response to market trends and the benefits sought by individuals attending a theme park have changed over the years. Marketers are advised to employ multisegmentation strategies in addressing new market expectations. This study identifies factors influential in the selection of a theme park and by determining the characteristics of visitors versus non-visitors analyses attraction and theme preferences. Telephone questionnaires were administered to 3039 households randomly selected from 10 eastern US metropolitan areas. Factor analysis provided insights into attraction and theme preferences. Strategies are suggested to position theme parks effectively.
Role of hβ1 in activation of human mesangial BK channels by cGMP kinase

In vascular smooth muscle and glomerular mesangial cells, relaxing agents such as nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic peptide activate large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK) via the cGMP...
Attitudes of registered nurses toward euthanasia

We sought to identify variables that contribute to euthanasia attitude and behavior, including demographics, death fears, experience with death, attitudes toward patient autonomy, and level of moral development. Subjects were 137 registered nurses from the southeastern United States representing 13 clinical nursing areas. Principal components analysis identified four factors that together explained 62.9% of total variance. These factors were belief in afterlife, nursing experience, liberal or conservative political view, and personal values. Variables identified through factor analysis were entered into regression analyses. These analyses showed that increased religious belief, years of nursing experience, and propensity to view death as an end of existence predicted opposition to euthanasia. Predictors for euthanasia support included a liberal political view, more experience with dying patients, and the belief that patients should have a personal responsibility for their own health-care decisions.
Inverse elastic surface scattering with near-field data

Consider the scattering of a time-harmonic plane wave by a one-dimensional periodic surface. A novel computational method is proposed for solving the inverse elastic surface scattering problem by using the near-field data. Above the surface, the space is filled with a homogeneous and isotropic elastic medium, while the space below the surface is assumed to be elastically rigid. Given an incident field, the inverse problem is to reconstruct the surface from the displacement of the wave field at a horizontal line above the surface. This paper is a nontrivial extension of the authors’ recent work on near-field imaging of the Helmholtz equation and the Maxwell equation to the more complicated Navier equation due to coexistence of the compressional and shear waves that propagate at different speed. Based on the Helmholtz decomposition, the wave field is decomposed into its compressional and shear parts by using two scalar potential functions. The transformed field expansion is then applied to each component and a coupled recurrence relation is obtained for their power series expansions. By solving the coupled system in the frequency domain, simple and explicit reconstruction formulas are derived for two types of measurement data. The method requires only a single illumination with a fixed frequency and incident angle. Numerical experiments show that it is simple, effective, and efficient to reconstruct the scattering surfaces with subwavelength resolution.
Clinical trials of diuretic therapy in heart failure: research directions and clinical considerations.

Abstract Diuretic drugs have historically been developed for the treatment of sodium and water retention in edematous disorders. The latter have traditionally been an amalgam of congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis and chronic renal failure. With a > 50-year tradition of this approach to development, diuretic drugs have not been evaluated specifically for their safety and efficacy profile in patients with congestive heart failure. Yet, they are the most frequently prescribed drug class for this disorder. Furthermore, they remain the only drug class in congestive heart failure not subjected to large scale clinical trials. Sodium and water retention within this group of patients is related primarily to functional rather than to structural renal abnormalities. The reduction of glomerular filtration rate, increase in aldosterone secretion and abnormal profile of atrial natriuretic factor, all produce retention and can be related to the severity of heart failure. Diuretic drugs have not been scrutinized in a manner similar to that of other drugs for the management of heart failure. Controversy persists regarding direct vascular effects, objective end points of assessment and the magnitude of adverse effects such as activation of neurohormonal pathways. These issues may be addressed by the establishment of reasonable objective end points, better stratification of patients in clinical trials and prospective trials in large clinical series. Even mortality studies should be considered.
Interrelated effects of dietary fats and proteins on atherosclerosis in the pigeon

Summary White Carneau pigeons were maintained for 15 months on diets in which 30 % of the calories came from either margarine, butter, corn oil or Crisco (30 mg of cholesterol was added to each 100 g of the latter two fats to equal the cholesterol content of butter). Dietary protein was supplied by either wheat gluten or a casein-lactalbumin mixture, each fed at two levels. At the end of the experiments the levels of serum triglycerides and cholesterol were measured, as were the prevalence andseverity of aortic atherosclerosis. The aortas were analyzed for their cholesterol content as an additional measure of degree of atherosclerosis. The data from the factorially-designed experiment were analyzed by analysis of variance. The results indicate that almost all of the dietary variables studied (type of fat, presence of cholesterol, type and feeding level of protein) can influence one or more of the parameters thought to be related to atherosclerosis, e.g. , serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels, or the extent of aortic atherosclerosis. Of more significance, however, was the detection of significant interactions, indicating that the effect of a single dietary ingredient is infiuenced by the other components of the diet, and that such influences may be in opposite directions.
Mechanism of action of Micrococcus luteus gamma-endonuclease.

Micrococcus luteus extracts contain ..gamma..-endonuclease, a Mg/sup 2 +/-independent endonuclease that cleaves ..gamma..-irradiated DNA. This enzyme has been purified approximately 1000-fold, and the purified enzyme was used to study its substrate specificity and mechanism of action. ..gamma..-Endonuclease cleaves DNA containing either thymine glycols, urea residues, or apurinic sites but not undamaged DNA or DNA containing reduced apurinic sites. The enzyme has both N-glycosylase activity that releases thymine glycol residues from OsO/sub 4/-treated DNA and an associated apurinic endonuclease activity. The location and nature of the cleavage site produced has been determined with DNA sequencing techniques. ..gamma..-Endonuclease cleaves DNA containing thymine glycols or apurinic sites immediately 3' to the damaged or missing base. Cleavage results in a 5'-phosphate terminus and a 3' baseless sugar residue. Cleavage sites can be converted to primers for DNA polymerase I by subsequent treatment with Escherichia coli exonuclease III. The mechanism of action of ..gamma..-endonuclease and its substrate specificity are very similar to those identified for E. coli endonuclease III.
Reification and Fetishism: Processes of Transformation:

Reification, fetishism, alienation, mastery, and control – these are some of the key concepts of modernity that have been battered and beaten by postmoderns and nonmoderns alike, with Bruno Latour,...
Highly complex chromosomal abnormalities in plasma cell leukemia as detected by FISH technique.

Highly complex chromosol abnormalities in plasma cell leukemia as detected by FISH technique
Immunology of AIDS Related to Psoriasis

The association of severe psoriasis with HIV infection, which dysregulates and destroys the human immune system, supports the hypothesis that psoriasis is an immunologically mediated disease. Psoriasis and Kaposi's sarcoma share angiogenesis as basic early findings and could both be caused by differential cytokine expression or responsiveness. AIDS and research models including transgenic mice offer new models in which to study the role of the immune system and specific gene products in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and other skin diseases.
Using threshold models to explain international relations

The outcome of political opposition or revolution is a public good, which suggests that free riding will diminish the effectiveness of these forms of collective action. The private gains from contributing to collective goals are increased, however, if individuals place some value on ideological conformity or group identity. Nevertheless, some external stimulus is often needed to set in motion a tendency toward social motivation that is strong enough to outweigh the free rider incentive. This paper investigates the extent to which international pressure and demonstration effects can serve to signal support for the objectives of domestic groups in a target country and thereby mobilize collective action in pursuit of their goals. It is of interest to know not only the extent to which inherent barriers to effective collective action are overcome by outside support, but also to show how foreign economic policy can have an impact on political processes in the target country even when that policy itself has minimal economic effects.
Changes in the fibrinolysin system during experimental pulmonary hyaline membrane formation in guinea pigs.

Pulmonary hyaline membranes (HM) described in respiratory distress syndrome due to hyaline membrane disease of infants (HMD), were shown to consist primarily of fibrin (1,2). Several investigators reported deficiencies in the fibrinolysin system of infants suffering from this disease (3-7). We have proposed earlier that plasminogen develops rather late in ontogeny thus leaving premature infants without defense against pulmonary fibrin deposition which may occur from pulmonary exudates developing in relation to birth trauma (8,9). A pathologic entity similar to HMD can be induced in guinea pigs by prolonged exposure to high concentrations of oxygen and aerosolized human amniotic fluid(10,11). The purpose of this study was to investigate possible changes which may occur in the fibrinolysin system during the development of experimental HMD.Materials and methods. English smooth hair male guinea pigs of 250-350 g body weight from our own colony were used. The animals were kept in air conditioned quarters and a...
Organic dust exposure from compost handling: response of an animal model.

The objective of this investigation was to elucidate the pulmonary responses of an animal model to dust generated from leaf/wood compost which had caused a severe case of acute respiratory illness in an individual. Guinea pigs were exposed for 4 hr to 30 mg/m3 of aerosolized leaf/wood compost dust. Inhalation resulted in significant cellular activation and changes in pulmonary mechanics. Maximal elevation in breathing rate ( 36%) was observed 12–18 hr postexposure. Similarly, maximal granulocyte infiltration ( 1,600%) and activation of alveolar macrophages ( 65%) occurred 18 hr postexposure. In contrast, maximal airway obstruction ( 65%) occurred 18 hr postexposure. In contrast, maximal airway obstruction ( 120%) occurred immediately after exposure and returned toward normal ( 53%) by 18 hr postexposure. In several respects, the airway obstruction and pulmonary inflammation described in the animal model were comparable to the human response to compost dust. Therefore, this animal model may be useful in predicting the potential respiratory hazard associated with exposure to various organic dusts. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Optimal starting values for Newton-Raphson calculation of √x½

The problem of obtaining starting values for the Newton-Raphson calculation of √x on a digital computer is considered. It is shown that the conventionally used best uniform approximations to √x do not provide optimal starting values. The problem of obtaining optimal starting values is stated, and several basic results are proved. A table of optimal polynomial starting values is given.
Molecular Genetic and Protein Chemical Characterization of the Cytochrome ba3 from Thermus thermophilus HB8

Thermus thermophilus HB8 cells grown under reduced dioxygen tensions contain a substantially increased amount of heme A, much of which appears to be due to the presence of the terminal oxidase, cytochrome ba3. We describe a purification procedure for this enzyme that yields approximately 100 mg of pure protein from 2 kg of wet mass of cells grown in < or = 50 microM O2. Examination of the protein by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by staining with Coomassie Blue reveals one strongly staining band at approximately 35 kDa and one very weakly staining band at approximately 18 kDa as reported earlier (Zimmermann, B.H., Nitsche, C.I., Fee, J. A., Rusnak, F., and Munck, E. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 5779-5783). By contrast, treatment of the gels with AgNO3 reveals that the larger polypeptide stains quite weakly while the smaller polypeptide stains very strongly. These results suggested the presence of two polypeptides in this protein. Using partial amino acid sequences from both proteins to obtain DNA sequence information, we isolated and sequenced a portion of the Thermus chromosome containing the genes encoding the larger protein, subunit I (cbaA), and the smaller protein, subunit II (cbaB). The two polypeptides were isolated using reversed phase liquid chromatography, and their mole percent amino acid compositions are consistent with the proposed translation of their respective genes. The two genes appear to be part of a larger operon, but we have not extended the sequencing to identify initiation and termination sequences. The deduced amino acid sequence of subunit I includes the six canonical histidine residues involved in binding the low spin heme B and the binuclear center Cu(B)/heme A. These and other conserved amino acids are placed along the polypeptide among alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments in a pattern that shows clear homology to other members of the heme- and copper-requiring terminal oxidases. The deduced amino acid sequence of the subunit II contains the CuA binding motif, including two cysteines, two histidines, and a methionine, but, in contrast to most other subunits II, it has only one region of hydrophobic sequence near its N terminus. Alignment of these two polypeptides with other cytochrome c and quinol oxidases, combined with secondary structure analysis and previous spectral studies, clearly establish cytochrome ba3 as a bona fide member of the superfamily of heme- and copper-requiring oxidases. The alignments further indicate that cytochrome ba3 is phylogenetically distant from other cytochrome c and quinol oxidases, and they substantially decrease the number of conserved amino acid residues.
Activation energies and diffusion coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen in niobium and tantalum

Abstract With the use of the torsional pendulum method of internal friction measurement, the heats of activation for diffusion of O 2 and N 2 in Nb were found to be 27.6 and 38.6 Kcal/mol., respectively. For O 2 and N 2 in Ta the corresponding values of 27.3 and 39.8 Kcal/mol. were determined by the low frequency method coupled with a new high frequency technique. The theoretical diffusion coefficient curves for these systems were obtained from the relationship between heats of activation and the calculated diffusion coefficient constants. An agreement, closer than before, between the experimental and theoretical values of entropy of activation was obtained from an analysis of this thermodynamic property important in the theory of D 0 .
A CMOS implementation of the ESA/390 mainframe architecture

Abstract The ESA/390 high-end CISC architecture has been implemented using a 1.0 um CMOS standard cell technology. The resulting 4 chip, 2.5 Mio, transistor microprocessor is used in IBM's 9221 line of midrange systems. This paper gives an overview of the technology used and a description of the implementation. The dataflow and pipelining scheme are described. Instructions of low complexity are executed RISC-like in a single cycle under full hardware-control, while complete-instructions are interpreted by microcode.
Mechanism of Transforming Growth Factor β–induced Inhibition of T Helper Type 1 Differentiation

Regulation by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays an important role in immune homeostasis. TGF-β inhibits T cell functions by blocking both proliferation and differentiation. Here we show that TGF-β blocks Th1 differentiation by inhibiting the expression of T-bet, the apparent masterregulator of T helper (Th)1 differentiation. Restoration of T-bet expression through retroviral transduction of T-bet into developing Th1 cells abrogated the inhibitory effect of TGF-β. In addition, we show that, contrary to prior suggestions, downregulation of interleukin 12 receptor β2 chain is not key to the TGF-β–mediated effect. Furthermore, we show that the direct inhibitory effect of TGF-β on T cells is responsible, at least in part, for the inability of BALB/c mice to mount a Leishmania-specific Th1 response and to clear Leishmanial infection.
Coagulation in turbulent flow: Theory and experiment

Abstract The coagulation of colloidal particles in turbulent flows is investigated theoretically and experimentally. A coagulation model is developed for destabilized particles in an isotropic turbulent flow. Simple binary collision mean-free path concepts are employed and for mono-disperse systems coagulation rate relations are derived for particle sizes less than and larger than the Kolmogorov microscale of turbulence. Polydisperse systems are also considered and some general results concerning their behavior are obtained. Coagulation experiments are reported on inside fully developed turbulent pipe flows using an approximately monodisperse UCAR latex dispersion in which the particle sizes are less than the Kolmogorov microscale. The flow rate, destabilizer concentration and volume fraction of the dispersed phase were varied in these experiments. The experimental results for destabilized particles are shown to agree very well with the theoretical predictions. Brownian motion coagulation experiments for partially destabilized systems are compared with the corresponding turbulent motion experiments and the results indicate that the coagulation efficiency does not appear to depend on the particle transport mode.
Relationship Marketing in Fortune 500 U.S. and Chinese Web Sites

ABSTRACT Relationship marketing has been successful for firms at building trust and commitment with stakeholders. As more marketing communication is moving online, this study seeks to understand how U.S. and Chinese firms use online communication methods, such as blogs or forums, to build those relationships. The sample included 56 web sites from the Global Fortune 500 firms that have web sites in both English and Chinese. Only 22.8% of the total sample used blogs or forums for symmetrical communication efforts. United States web sites use blogs primarily authored by company employees, whereas the forums on the Chinese web sites are mostly created by the companies themselves.
SU‐FF‐T‐130: Clinical Significance Based IMRT QA Approach

Purpose: Patient‐specific IMRTtreatmentquality assurance procedure often consists of the measurement of 2‐dimensional intensity map and absolute dose. The data is compared with the computed results from TPS using a standard pass‐or‐fail criterion. However, the same dose discrepancy may not have the same clinical significance depending on its location. For instance, the consequence of a hot‐spot in PTV is different than in spinal cord. In this project, we intend to develop a method that considers the locations of the dose discrepancy into the IMRT QA pass‐or‐fail decision‐making. Method and Materials: Compensator‐based IMRTtreatments and PLUNC were used in this study. The 2‐dimensional dose distribution was acquired with the EDR2 film and Mapcheck. The measured point dose was back‐projected to compute the derived intensity map of the IMRT field. Using the measurement‐derived maps the patient dose is recomputed on the planning CTimage. The dose discrepancy points between the original and measured plan were visualized by subtracting two dose grids. The QA test was performed in the 3‐dimentional space with the exclusion of 5% hot‐spots in PTV and cold‐spots in the critical structure. Results: The method was applied on two simulated clinical cases:(1) a 5‐field HN(2) a 5‐field prostate IMRT plan with intentionally modified QA maps of three fields. In each case, the dose discrepancy points were computed and displayed in the patient CT. The QA passing rate is computed using both conventional 2D and revised 3D method. Conclusions: We reconstruct the 3D dose distribution in patient planning CT from the intensity maps obtained from the 2D IMRT QA measurement. A QA statistics method is proposed to include the location of dose discrepancy points. This approach promises a new IMRT QA pass‐or‐fail standard that considers the clinical significance of dose discrepancy measured in IMRT QA.
Membrane protein synthesis by rabbit reticulocytes

Abstract Intact rabbit reticulocytes synthesize several classes of membrane proteins ranging in molecular weight from 20,000 to 200,000. The synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide, and treatment with ribonuclease does not significantly alter the gel pattern.
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonitis: The North American Experience

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis is a clinical and pathologic syndrome characterized by a "pneumonia-like" illness with excessive proliferation of granulation tissue within small airways and alveolar ducts associated with chronic inflammation in the surrounding alveoli. The duration of illness prior to lung biopsy is short, usually less than 2 months, and it is markedly different from that of IPF. Interestingly, unlike in IPF where the patient has difficulty remembering the exact onset of symptoms, patients with COP are frequently very specific about the timing of their disease onset. This is because the disease onset is recent and is often dramatic with the development of a severe flulike illness, ie, cough, fever, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. Inspiratory crackles are frequently present on chest examination. Pulmonary function is usually impaired with a restrictive defect being most common. Gas exchange abnormalities are extremely common with a reduction in Dco and resting hypoxemia being almost universal findings. The roentgenographic manifestations are quite distinctive with a pattern of bilateral, diffuse but inhomogeneous, ground-glass or alveolar opacities being present in the majority of the cases. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings are nonspecific but usually reveal a lymphocytosis. The response to corticosteroid treatment is quite favorable and death from progressive disease is uncommon in COP, especially if treatment is instituted early in the course of the disease. In our experience, the cases with the worse prognosis are those associated with another disease process, in particular, connective tissue disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. In fact, these patients are prone to develop a rapidly progressive form of BOOP with a clinical course similar to the "Hamman-Rich syndrome." Recurrences are relatively frequent, consequently, withdrawal of treatment should be done with extreme caution. Corticosteroids have been the conventional initial treatment of COP, although to our knowledge, there are no controlled clinical trials to support it use. Antibiotics are not effective in treating this syndrome. Thus, based solely on our experience and that of others, we believe that high-dose corticosteroid therapy should be used to treat COP, usually initiated with 1 to 1.5 mg/kg/day (using ideal body weight) not to exceed 100 mg/day. Prednisone is given as a single oral dose in the morning. We recommended maintaining this dose for 4 to 8 weeks. If the patient's condition is stable or improved, the prednisone dosage is gradually tapered to 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day (using ideal body weight) for the ensuing 4 to 6 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Former Foster Youth: A Comparison of Abuse Experiences and Trauma-Related Beliefs

The current study compared the abuse experiences of 108 sexual minority and heterosexual former foster youth who received scholarships through the Orphan Foundation of America. Participants used an anonymous online survey to answer questions regarding their history of physical and sexual abuse. All participants who reported a history of sexual abuse also completed the Trauma Related Beliefs questionnaire (TRB; Hazzard, 1993). Differences across sexual orientation were observed in sexual, but not physical, abuse rates and in the Self-Blame/Stigmatization subscale of the TRB. Specifically, sexual minority participants reported more incidents of sexual abuse, as well as higher scores on the TRB subscale, than did heterosexual participants. These results suggest that sexual orientation is relevant to the experience of abuse among children in the child welfare system.
Perinatal PCB Exposure and its Effect on the Immune System of Young Rabbits

ABSTRACTAntibody mediated and cell mediated immune functions of offspring from New Zealand white rabbits fed control chow or chow containing 10, 100 or 250 ppm of Aroclor 1248 (PCB) were assessed. Only those offspring from mothers fed 250 ppm of PCB had a significantly lower contact sensitivity response to 2,4-dinitro, 1-fluorobenzene (DNFB). There was no significant decrease in either the plaque forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or serum anti-SRBC antibody titers at any exposure level. Histopathologic examination of the spleen and thymus did not reveal any changes in cellularity that might be associated with immunosuppression; nor did differential white blood cell counts or mitogen response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA or Con-A differ significantly from controls.
A MOVING CLUSTER DISTANCE TO THE EXOPLANET 2M1207b IN THE TW HYDRAE ASSOCIATION

A candidate extrasolar planet companion to the young brown dwarf 2MASSW J1207334-393254 (hereafter 2M1207) was recently discovered by Chauvin et al. They find that the temperature and luminosity of 2M1207b are consistent with a young, ~5MJ planet. The 2M1207 system is purported to be a member of the TW Hya association (TWA) and situated ~70 pc away. Using a revised space motion vector for TWA and improved proper motion for 2M1207, I use the moving cluster method to estimate the distance to the 2M1207 system and other TWA members. The derived distance for 2M1207 (53 ± 6 pc) forces the brown dwarf and planet to be half as luminous as previously thought. The inferred masses for 2M1207A and 2M1207b decrease to ~21 and ~3-4MJ, respectively, with the mass of 2M1207b well below the observed tip of the planetary mass function and the theoretical deuterium-burning limit. After removing probable Lower Centaurus Crux (LCC) members from the TWA sample, as well as the probable nonmember TWA 22, the remaining TWA membership is found to have distances of 49 ± 3 (s.e.m.) ± 12 (1 σ) pc and an internal one-dimensional velocity dispersion of 0.8 km s-1. There is weak evidence that the TWA is expanding, and the data are consistent with a lower limit on the expansion age of 10 Myr (95% confidence).
A Health Educator's Guide to Theories of Health Behavior:

Numerous health behavior theories (HBTs), each which attempt to explain why individuals engage in (or fail to engage in) health-related behaviors, exist in the literature. While much attention has been devoted to testing individual theories, little attention has been paid to issues that arise in the selection of theories. The current article has three goals. First, to describe some of the most widely used individual-level HBTs. Second, to discuss the application of these theories to successful health promotion efforts. And finally, to compare and contrast numerous HBTs and provide an example for how a selected theory might be applied to a health education program. The overriding goal is to provide guidance to researchers, health educators and other interventionists with regard to the important decision of which theory to use as a basis for one's health promotion efforts.
IR spectra of complexes of Na, K and Cs with H2O in solid argon

Abstract One-to-one complexes between Na, K and Cs atoms and H2O have been studied by using matrix IR spectroscopy. Perturbed water submolecule vibrations were observed in the bending and stretching regions for each complex. The perturbed stretching vibration is assigned to the totally symmetric stretching mode (v1) of the H2O submolecule in the complex based on isotopic shifts. In both regions, the shift is largest for the Li complex, and the shift decreases for the Na and K complexes but increases again for the Cs complex. The perturbed stretching mode is substantially intensified when compared to the perturbed bending mode. Intensification of the v1 mode steadily increases down the alkali series and is explained by charge-transfer considerations.
Longitudinal-Transverse Separation for Inclusive Electroproduction of Pions and Protons.

We use new measurements of the inclusive electroproduction reactions eN ..-->.. e'..pi../sup plus-or-minus/X and eN ..-->.. e'pX with epsilon values in the range 0.35 < epsilon < 0.45 together with earlier measurements with 0.85 < epsilon < 0.95 to determine the contributions to the cross section due to transversely and longitudinally polarized photons in the range 1.2 GeV/sup 2/ < Q/sup 2/ < 3.3GeV/sup 2/. The longitudinal component is small and consistent with that observed in the total virtual-photoproduction cross section.
Chemistry Beyond Positivism

Chemistry is often thought to be quite factual, and therefore might be considered close to the "positivist" ideal of a value-free science. A closer look, however, reveals that the field is coupled to the invisible realm of values, meanings, and purpose in various ways, and chemists interact with that realm loosely and unevenly. Tacit knowledge is one important locus of such interactions. We are concerned in this essay with two questions. What is the nature of the knowledge when we are in the early stages of discovery? and In what ways does the hidden reality we are seeking affect our search for an understanding of it? The first question is partly answered by Polanyi's theory of tacit knowledge, while the second one leads us to realize the limitations of our language when discussing "reality"-or certain chemical experimental results. A strictly positivist approach is of little use, but so is the opposite, the complete disregard of facts. The contrast between positivism and non-formulable aspects of scientific reasoning amounts to a paradox that needs to be analyzed and can lead to a "connected" chemistry. This in turn resembles networks described by Schweber and is more concerned than the chemistry "as it is" with aspects such as the image of chemistry, the challenges chemists face as citizens, and chemistry in liberal education.
Vanadium doping using VCl4 source during the chloro-carbon epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC

Abstract Semi-insulating 4H-SiC epitaxial layers were produced by chloro-carbon epitaxial growth at an intermediate growth temperature of 1450 °C and at high growth temperatures of 1600 °C, enabling growth rates of 6 and in excess of 60 μm/h, respectively. Vanadium tetrachloride was used as the source of vanadium doping. In epitaxial layers otherwise dominated by nitrogen donors, vanadium-acceptor compensation mechanism was achieved, providing resistivities in excess of 105 Ω cm in fully compensated epilayers. Partial compensation enabled control of n-type doping in a wide range, down to around 1014 cm−3 in epilayers with N2 donor concentration of 1×1015 cm−3. The domination of deep levels of vanadium was confirmed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The limits for vanadium concentration consistent with degradation-free epilayer morphology were established to be around 1–1.5×1017 and slightly less than 1×1017 cm−3 for the growth at 1450 and 1600 °C, respectively.
Polystyrene‐Supported (Catecholato)oxorhenium Complexes: Catalysts for Alcohol Oxidation with DMSO and for Deoxygenation of Epoxides to Alkenes with Triphenylphosphine

Polymer-supported catalysts offer practical advantages for organic synthesis, such as improved product isolation, ease of catalyst recycling, and compatibility with parallel solution-phase techniques. We have developed the (carboxypolystyrene-catecholato)rhenium catalyst 2 derived from tyramine (=4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol), which is effective for alcohol oxidation with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and for epoxide deoxygenation with triphenylphosphine. The supported [Re(catecholato)]catalyst 2 is air- and moisture-stable and can be recovered and used repeatedly without decreasing activity. The procedures work with non-halogenated solvents (toluene). DMSO for Re-catalyzed alcohol oxidation is inexpensive and safer for transport and storage than commonly used peroxide reagents. The oxidation procedure was best suited for aliphatic alcohols, and the mild conditions were compatible with unprotected functional groups, such as those of alkenes, phenols, nitro compounds, and ketones (see Tables 1 and 2). Selective oxidation of secondary alcohols in the presence of primary alcohols was possible, and with longer reaction time, primary alcohols were converted to aldehydes without overoxidation. Epoxides (oxirans) were catalytically deoxygenated to alkenes with this catalyst and Ph3P (see Table 3). Alkyloxiranes were converted to the alkenes with retention of configuration, while partial isomerization was observed in the deoxygenation of cis-stilbene oxide ( cis-1,2-diphenyloxirane). These studies indicate that supported [Re(catecholato)] complexes are effective catalysts for O-atom-transfer reactions, and are well suited for applications in organic synthesis.
Impulsivity and sexual assault in college men

Although impulsivity has been consistently linked to perpetration of sexual aggression, results lack clarity because they do not account for the substantial heterogeneity associated with the construct. The UPPS-P model (Lynam, Smith, Whiteside, & Cyders, 2006), which was proposed to clarify the multidimensional nature of impulsivity, has yet to be applied to sexual aggression. We measured UPPS-P Impulsivity in a sample of male college students who also self-reported on perpetration of sexual aggression. As predicted, impulsivity distinguished perpetrators from nonperpetrators. Perpetrators scored higher than non-perpetrators on Negative Urgency, Positive Urgency, and lack of Premeditation. Results suggest that the impulsivity traits most relevant to sexual aggression are the tendency to act impulsively when experiencing intense emotions (Positive and Negative Urgency) and lack of forethought and planning (lack of Premeditation).
Anatomy of the seed and seedling of Spartina alterniflora Lois. (Poaceae).

Abstract Members of the genus Spartina are dominant macrophytes in many salt marshes of North and South America, Europe and Africa. Although the genus is of great ecological importance, seeds and seedlings of its 16 species have not been described. The seed and seedling of an American species, Spartina alterniflora Lois., are described here. The embryo is enclosed in a lemma, a palea and two glumes. Vascularization of the embryo is panicoid. After germination, leaves arise by periclinal division of cells of the first tunica layer. Laminae assume the adult form by the growth of ribs and formation of furrows on the adaxial surface. The panicoid anatomy of each furrow contains a vascular bundle surrounded by a bundle sheath and large nucleated parenchyma (Kranz) cells. Radiating chlorenchyma extends from the Kranz cells to the epidermis. Stomata were found only on the adaxial lamina surface, and hydathodes on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Sclerenchyma is not present in the lamina of the seedling leaf, but layers of cells above and below the parenchymatous bundle sheath appear to be precursors of sclerenchyma. The primary seminal root is composed of an epidermis, a cortex composed of an outer layer of thick-walled parenchyma and an inner layer of thin-walled parenchyma, and an endodermis that surrounds metaxylem vessels in a triarch configuration. The anatomy of S. alterniflora is that of a C 4 -Kranz plant adapted for living in the estuarine environment. The highly developed mesocotyl of the seed may function in osmoregulation.
Anomalous magnetic behavior of Ce1−xMxCo5(M=Zr, Hf) alloys

Abstract The compound CeCo5 is ferromagnetically ordered with a Curie temperature (Tc) of 641 K and a moment (μCo) of 1.36μB per Co atom at 77 K. Replacement of Ce by Hf or Zr in CeCo5 reduces the magnetic moment on cobalt but substantially increases the Curie temperature. For instance, in Ce0.8Hf0.2Co5μCo=1.12μB at 77 K and Tc=846 K. These results indicate a much stronger d-d electron interaction in the ternary alloys than in CeCo5. Ce in these systems behaves as if it is nearly quadrivalent.
A case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma after breast conserving therapy for breast cancer.

A 45-year-old woman with malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the breast following breast conserving therapy (BCT) is described.
Do Japanese Analysts Overreact or Underreact to Earnings Announcements

Several recent studies have used U.S. analysts' forecasts to test for underreaction or overreaction to information in earnings announcements. These tests have provided mixed results. Evidence in Mendenhall (1991) is that analysts underreact. By contrast. results in De Bondt and Thaler (1990) show overreaction by U.S. financial analysts to earnings announcements. The current study contributes to this topic by examining over/underreaction by Japanese financial analysts. Test results show that Japanese analysts do not overreact to earnings announcements, market to book ratios and sales growth. Instead. there is strong evidence that Japanese analysts underreact to earnings announcements and that their underreaction is more pronounced for firms with mostly permanent earnings. Our results also show that Japanese analysts display larger forecast biases for earnings reported under U.S. GAAP as opposed to Japanese GAAP. Finally, we find that US. analysts discount information in earnings announcements to a larger degree (relying to a greater extent on information in past prices instead) when compared to their Japanese counterparts. Further, in contrast to their Japanese counterparts, these analysts display no optimistic bias. The results above suggest that the impact of each country's unique culture and capital norms will have to be taken into account by policy makers in evaluating the feasibility of harmonization of accounting standards.
Nevus Comedonicus Bilateralis Et Verruciformis

A case of nevus comedonicus is described which was bilateral, more prominent on the right side, worse on the buttocks with unusual verrucous nodules on the right helix, knee and elbows, and affecting the palms and soles. This patient would appear to have been the most seriously afflicted of the 130 reported cases. In addition to the more comedo-like lesions on the trunk, a unique feature was the gradual development of verrucous nodules on the helix of the right ear, knee, hand and elbows. The pathologic changes on the nevus comedonicus on the trunk showed the epidermis to be invaginated, in some instances suggesting a tubular-like quality, with a dilated orifice containing keratin protruding above the surface. Sebaceous glands and hair shaft were absent. The pathologic changes of the verrucous nodule could be described as a more severe form of nevus comedonicus with folding and involution of the epidermis forming large crypts and cysts filled with keratin. Lesions were generally more severe in areas of pressure, which might explain the production of verrucous nodules.
Nonlinear SPICE models for physiologic systems

Most biological systems are nonlinear but investigators interested in modeling them often make linear approximations to avoid performing tedious manual calculations. SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis, developed at the University of California, Berkeley, CA), an electrical circuit simulation program, is frequently used for creating and analyzing linear network models of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. However, few investigators use the full capabilities of the program by modeling nonlinear elements. We developed six nonlinear SPICE elements, allowing simplified modeling of most commonly encountered physiologic processes. These are provided as subcircuits that can be easily incorporated into existing SPICE models. Included are voltage and current controlled nonlinear resistors, capacitors and inductors. In addition, we describe adders, multipliers, powers, inverse, and derivative functions.
Subcellular localization of ribonucleotide reductase in Novikoff hepatoma and regenerating rat liver.

Abstract The subcellular localization of ribonucleotide reductase was ascertained in Novikoff heptoma and normal and regenerating rat tissue. Over 90% of the cellular ribonucleotide reductase is found to be associated with a membrane fraction derived from the postmicrosomal supernatant after centrifugation at 78,000 g for 18 hr which bands at 1.3 m sucrose in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The properties of this particular ribonucleotide reductase are similar to those reported for mammalian ribonucleotide reductase. This membrane fraction, which contains ribonucleotide reductase, had been previously shown to contain a DNA polymerase whose activity is related to cell proliferation. The association of these two enzymes involved in DNA synthesis leads to the suggestion that there may exist a complex of enzymes involved in deoxynucleotide and DNA synthesis in this membrane fraction.
Path Finding Methods for Linear Programming: Solving Linear Programs in Õ(vrank) Iterations and Faster Algorithms for Maximum Flow

In this paper, we present a new algorithm for solving linear programsthat requires only O(a#x221A;rank(A)L) iterationswhere A is the constraint matrix of a linear program with mconstraints, n variables, and bit complexity L. Each iterationof our method consists of solving O(1) linear systems andadditional nearly linear time computation. Our method improves uponthe previous best iteration bounds by factor of a#x03a9;(m/rank(A))1/4 for methods with polynomial time computable iterations and by a#x03a9;((m/rank(A))1/2) for methods which solve at most O(1) linear systems ineach iteration each achieved over 20 years ago.Applying our techniques to the linear program formulation of maximumflow yields an O(|E| a#x221A;(|V|) log2(U)) time algorithm forsolving the maximum flow problem on directed graphs with |E| edges,|V| vertices, and capacity ratio U. This improves upon the previousfastest running time of O(|E| min(|E|(1/2), |V|(2/3)) log(|V|2/|E|) log(U))achieved over 15 years ago by Goldberg and Rao and improves upon theprevious best running times for solving dense directed unit capacitygraphs of O(|E| min(|E|(1/2), |V|(2/3))) achieved by Even and Tarjanover 35 years ago and a running time of O(|E|(10/7)) achievedrecently by Ma#x0105;dry.
How Linguists can Help Native Communities

Anthropological linguists can be of great practical use to native communities in Brazil. The serious danger of language extinction has become widely recognized, especially after Michael Krauss' 1992 estimate that, without any intervention, 90% of the world's languages could become extinct in the twenty-first century, compared with 10% of the mammal species and 5% of the birds. A recent survey in Brazil indicated that 42 out of about 160 native languages are at very high risk of extinction, as measured by the low number of competent speakers or the low rate of language transmission to the younger generations.
Minimum SCM requirements in mixtures containing limestone cement to control thaumasite sulfate attack

Abstract Different supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) were used in Portland-limestone cement (PLC) blends in order to achieve sulfate resistance. The resistance was evaluated by studying mortar expansion and mass change in ettringite sulfate attack (ESA) and thaumasite sulfate attack (TSA). The results showed that the PLC blends containing the Canadian standard recommended amounts of SCMs were not resistant against TSA. However, by increasing the SCM amount, the desired resistance was achieved. Additional SCM types not mentioned in CSA were found as high sulfate resistant blended PLC; among those, the ternary blends of PLC, slag, and fly ash were found to be the most resistant. Additionally, for all blends, a very good correlation between the expansion and mass change results was found.
Viral stimulation of choline phosphotransferase in spleen microsomes

Choline phosphotransferase and phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase enzymatic activities (nmoles phosphatidyl choline/min/mg protein) have been determined in spleen microsomes of Rauscher virus infected BALB/c male mice at 5, 10, 14, and 21 days following inoculation of the virus. There is a significant stimulation of the choline phosphotransferase activity in the virus infected spleens with the peak of activity at about 10 days of viral infection. The specific activity of choline phosphotransferase is 10 times that of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase at 10 days of viral infection. There is a 51-fold increase over controls for the total microsomal choline phosphotransferase at 14 days of viral infection and only an 18-fold increase over controls for the phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase activity. There is a significant (P<0.001) increase over controls in the concentration of total phospholipid-P, phosphatidyl choline-P, and phosphatidyl choline-P fractions as separated by argentation chromatography of microsomes from spleens of mice infected with Friend virus or Rauscher virus for 14 days. The choline phosphotransferase and phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase specific activities in liver microsomes of 14 day Friend and/or Rauscher virus are unaltered during viral infection.