cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peak nucleate boiling fluxes for liquid oxygen on a flat horizontal platinum surface at buoyancies corresponding to accelerations between −0.03 and lgE

Peak nucleate boiling fluxes for liquid oxygen near 1 atm, have been measured on a 0.75-in.–diameter flat polished horizontal platinum surface located in a known, variable magnetic-field gradient that produced steady acceleration (which could be maintained indefinitely) on the oxygen acting in opposition to the earth's gravitation, gE. Measurements were made under condition ranging from net negative (directed away from the heated surface) accelerations of −0.03gE acting on the bulk liquid to the normal accelerations, 1.0gE. The results indicate that at zero g conditions for the bulk liquid, the peak nucleate boiling flux is ∼0.55 of the value at 1.0gE. For bulk-liquid accelerations ranging from ∼0.25 to 1gE, the experimental results confirm the ¼ power dependence of peak flux on acceleration as predicted by various correlations. However, below 0.25gE the peak flux becomes insensitive to the acceleration, varying approximately in proportion to the 1/14 power of the net acceleration. At bulk-liquid conditions of zero g (±0.005gE) the peak plux breaks sharply and falls by a factor of 10 between zero g and −0.03gE (for this apparatus).
Aortofemoral bypass grafts: Safety of percutaneous puncture

Abstract To assess the safety of percutaneous puncture for the angiographic study of aortofemoral bypass grafts, we reviewed the medical records of 58 patients who underwent a total of 86 graft punctures. Short-and long-term follow-up revealed that in 83 punctures there were no complications. In three instances (3.5%) there was acute thrombosis of the punctured limb of the graft. This complication may have expedited but did not substantially alter the surgical plans of managing the underlying clinical problem. Although the incidence of complications of direct graft puncture is higher than that associated with puncture of native vessels, alternative approaches are also associated with complications, many of which may be more serious. Therefore, for angiographic studies of patients with aortofemoral bypass grafts, we favor the direct percutaneous puncture provided that enough time has elapsed from surgery. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:642-5.)
Facile purification and click labeling with 2-[18F]fluoroethyl azide using solid phase extraction cartridges

A facile method was developed to purify 2-[18F]fluoroethyl azide ([18F]FEA) using a C18 cartridge and an Oasis® HLB cartridge in series, in which [18F]FEA was exclusively trapped on the HLB cartridge. [18F]FEA can be eluted for reactions in solution; alternatively click labeling can be carried out on the HLB cartridge itself by loading an alkyne substrate and copper (I) catalyst dissolved in DMF onto the cartridge. This solid phase extraction methodology for purification and click labeling with [18F]FEA, either in solution or on the cartridge, is safe, simple, reproducible in high yield, and compatible with automated synthesis of 18F-labeled PET tracers.
Characteristics of Mauna Kea relating to the Japan National Large Telescope

The characteristics of the Mauna Kea site are reviewed. An extensive site survey by NOAO during 1984–1985 showed that the average seeing was in the 0.4–0.6” range and that r 0 was approximately 30 cm. An image quality study at the UH 88-inch telescope in 1987 showed the free atmosphere seeing was 0.5” and the boundary layer contributed less than 0.25 “.
GOING BACK TO SCHOOL: PARTICIPATION MOTIVES AND EXPERIENCES OF OLDER ADULTS IN AN UNDERGRADUATE CLASSROOM

The purpose of this article is to expand knowledge concerning participation motives and difficulties faced by older adults returning to intergenerational college classrooms. This study examined reasons elders returned to college, reasons they stopped attending, difficulties they faced, positive aspects of returning to school, campus integration, and variations in these experiences by gender, employment status, educational attainment, and degree‐seeking behavior. The source of the data was a survey of students over the age of 60 from a small state college. Gender and employment status proved to be important sources of difference in respondents’ participation motives as well as their experiences in the classroom. Suggestions for administrators of these programs and for future research are explored.
Laboratory-measured Nucleation Rates of Sulfuric Acid and Water from the SO2 + OH Reaction

Binary homogeneous nucleation of H 2 SO 4 /H 2 O is the most basic nucleation system, yet its nucleation mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we present results of the laboratory study of this binary nucleation system. H 2 SO 4 was produced through the reaction of SO 2 + OH → HSO 3 (R1) in the presence of SO 2 , OH, O 2 , and H 2 O in a fast flow reactor at 288K and atmospheric pressure. OH was produced from the photolysis of H 2 O. The power dependence of the nucleation rate (J) on sulfuric acid concentration ((H 2 SO 4 )) was 2-10 in the (H 2 SO 4 ) range from 3 × 10 6 � 2 × 10 9 cm �3 . This power dependence increased with decreasing RH and increasing nucleation time. The measured aerosol sizes ranged from 4-20 nm. These aerosol sizes were larger at higher (H 2 SO 4 ) and higher RH, and with higher nucleation times. The effects of RH on aerosol growth were also more pronounced at higher (H 2 SO 4 ) and with higher nucleation times.
The Mechanism of Chip Formation with Hard Turning Steel

Abstract Steels having a hardness of HRC 60 or greater are presently being finished by turning instead of grinding. This is usually done using a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride insert having a rather large nose radius on a very rigid machine at a relatively high cutting speed. In order to understand this process it is important that the sequence of events occurring in the formation of the unique type of chip involved be correctly identified. Experimental evidence to this end is presented and discussed in fundamental terms.
Keto - enol, imine - enamine, and nitro - aci-nitro tautomerism and their interrelationship in substituted nitroethylenes. Keto, imine, nitro, and vinyl substituent effects, and the importance of H-bonding

Tautomeric isomers and conformers of 2-nitrovinyl alcohol (1), 2-nitrovinylamine (2), and 1-nitropropene (3) are reported at the MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory, using the 6-31G* basis set, with energy evaluation at B3LYP/6-311+G** and G2MP2. The nitroalkenes are the global minima on their respective potential energy surfaces. The barriers for the concerted 1,5-H transfer to the corresponding nitronic acids amount to only 5.0 kcal/mol for 1, 13.2 kcal/mol for 2, and a sizable 37.8 kcal/mol for 3. Whereas the aci-nitro tautomer of 2-nitrovinyl alcohol is easily accessible, β-iminonitronic acid has little kinetic stability. H-bonding is a strong stabilizing factor in these nitroalkenes, estimated at 7.0 and 3.7 kcal/mol for the OH and NH2 derivatives, respectively, while its stabilization in their nitronic acids amounts to as much as 13 kcal/mol. The H-bonds are evident from the very short O···H and N···H distances and are characterized by bond critical points. The NO2 substituent effect of about 11.4 kcal/m...
PIGMENT AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES OF OSCILLATORIA AGARDHII (CYANOPHYTA) TO PHOTON FLUX DENSITY AND SPECTRAL QUALITY1

The effects of photon flux density (PFD) and spectral quality on biomass, pigment content and composition, and the photosynthetic activity of Oscillatoria agardhii Gomont were investigated in steady-state populations. For alterations of PFD, chemostat populations were exposed to 50, 130 and 230 μmol photons·m−2·s−1 of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). Decreases in biomass, chlorophyll a (Chl a) and c-phycocyanin (CPC) contents, and CPC: Chl a and CPC: carotenoid content was not altered. Increases in the relative abundances of myxoxanthophyll and zeaxanthin and deceases in the relative abundances of echinenone and β-carotene within the carotenoid pigments coincided with increasing PFD. Increases in Chl a-specific photosynthetic rates and maxima and decreases in biomass-specific photosynthetic rates and maxima with increasing PFD were attributed to increased light harvesting by carotenoids per unit Chl a and reduction in total pigment content, respectively. Responses to spectral quality were tested by exposing chemostat populations to a gradient of spectral transmissions at 50 μmol photons·m−2·s−1 PAR. Biomass differences among populations were likely attributable to the distinct absorption of the PAR spectrum by Chl a, CPC, and carotenoids. Although pigment contents were not altered by spectral quality, relative abundances of zeaxanthin and echinenone in the carotenoid pigments increased in populations exposed to high-wavelength PAR. The population adapted to green light possessed a greater photosynthetic maximum than populations adapted to other spectral qualities.
Biased Attitudes toward Females as Indicated by Ratings of Intelligence and Likeability

This study was designed to unveil some unconscious negative stereotyped views toward females shared by male and female college students. It was hypothesized that generally males will be judged as b...
Neoliberal times: Progress, boredom, and shame among young men in urban Ethiopia

In this article, I examine discourses and practices surrounding employment, the experience of time, and international migration among young men in urban Ethiopia to demonstrate the value and limits of understanding cultural and economic processes in terms of neoliberal capitalism. Young men's inability to experience progress and take on the normative responsibilities of adults is conditioned by economic policies associated with structural adjustment and local values surrounding occupational status. Young men construct international migration as a solution to their temporal problems. I argue that local values surrounding status and shame highlight the importance of social relationships for conceptualizing time and space.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ACR2 gene encodes an arsenate reductase

The ACR2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was disrupted by insertion of a HIS3 gene. Cells with the disruption were sensitive to arsenate. This phenotype could be complemented by ACR2 on a plasmid. The ACR2 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a malE gene fusion with a C-terminal histidine tag. The combination of chimeric MBP-Acr2-6H protein and yeast cytosol from an ACR2-disrupted strain exhibited arsenate reductase activity.
Biodistribution and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase (rhIDU) in mucopolysaccharidosis type I-affected cats following multiple intrathecal administrations

Abstract The storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is caused by a deficiency in lysosomal α- l -iduronidase activity. The inability to degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAG) results in lysosomal accumulation and widespread tissue lesions. Many symptoms of MPS I are amenable to treatment with recombinant human α- l -iduronidase (rhIDU), however, peripherally administered rhIDU does not cross the blood-brain barrier and has no beneficial effects in the central nervous system (CNS). A feline model of MPS I was used to evaluate the CNS effects of rhIDU following repeated intrathecal (IT) administration. Twelve animals were randomized into four groups based on the time of euthanasia and tissue evaluation following three repeat IT administrations of 0.1 mg/kg rhIDU or placebo on Study Days 1, 4 or 5, and 9. Two days after the final IT injection, the mean tissue α- l -iduronidase (IDU) activity in the brains of the two treated animals were approximately 3-times higher (50.1 and 54.9 U/mg protein) than the activity found in normal cat brains (mean of 18.3 U/mg), and remained higher than untreated MPSI brain at 1 month (2.4 and 4.1 U/mg protein) before returning to near-baseline levels after 2 months. This activity corresponded with decreased brain GAG concentrations after 2 days (1.4 and 2.0 μg/mg) and 1 month (0.9 and 1.1 μg/mg) which approached levels observed in normal animals (0.7 μg/mg). Attenuation of GAG, gangliosides GM2 and GM3, and cholesterol reaccumulation was identified at both two days and one month following final IT injection. No adverse effects attributable to IT rhIDU administration were observed. IT rhIDU may be an effective means for providing enzyme replacement therapy for the central manifestations of MPS I.
Mobilizing the Mexican Immigrant: the Role of Mexican-American Organizations:

_ Mv j -IDWAY through the 1980s, it is clear that the Mexican-origin population will have a growing role in the American political system. Yet a sizable proportion of this growing Mexican-origin community is foreign born (approximately 30 percent). This segment, permanent resident aliens and undocumented immigrants, totals almost 6 million persons (Passel et al. 1983; U.S. Census 1984) which could translate into an expanding political capital for Mexican American/Hispanic participation. Yet the few existing studies suggest that their political potential is not likely to be realized in the immediate future (Garcia 1984; Garcia and Arce 1985). The primary focus of this paper is to examine the organizational interface of Mexican-origin non-citizens as an indicator of participation proneness. For comparative purposes, their organizational involvement will be compared to that of Mexican American citizens. While the permanent resident alien falls within the naturalization pipeline, Mexican immigrants have had the lowest rates of naturalization for several decades (Garcia 1982). In addition, it may be argued that they do not identify with and have a limited interest in U.S. political life (de la Garza and Flores 1983; Garcia 1982). Undocumented immigrants are similarly unattached to American politics, and their socioeconomic status and previous political socialization in Mexico and the U.S. suggest that they are unlikely to change their political orientations even if Congress passes an immigration reform bill with legalization of their status (de la Garza and Flores 1983).
Electron Density Measurement in the HCN Laser Using Faraday Mode Splitting Technique

The Faraday mode-splitting, or self-heterodyne, technique has been used to measure electron density along the optical axis of the HCN laser (337 microm). The measurement indicates an afterglow electron density of 4.5 x 10(11) cm(-3); this result agrees with microwave measurements made across the laser axis. The sensitivity of the measurement is about 2 orders of magnitude better than an interferometric measurement at the same wavelength. The technique is easy to instrument, but care is required to interpret the results in the present application. The gain of the HCN laser is probably sufficient to permit use of this technique, in some cases, to measure the density of an external plasma.
Robot programming in the Automated Manufacturing Programming Language Environment (AMPLE)

Abstract This paper presents a research effort of developing a computer system which accepts the description of robotic tasks, selects an appropriate robot, and translates the tasks into a computer program to control the selected robot. In the effort, typical robotic tasks are identified and used to define the capability of a robot and to develop a template set for translating tasks into robot control statements. The computer system contains two components: a pre-processor and a processor. The pre-processor interacts with the user for tasks description, template matching, and data storage. The processor evaluates the tasks to be performed, selects a robot, and sequences the tasks. It also translates the task sequence into a robot program according to the format defined by the selected compiler. A programming language called Automated Manufacturing Programming Language Environment (AMPLE) is selected to implement the system. The IBM AML/E compiler is used for a demonstration of this application. The AMPLE mechanism, the system implementation, and a plan for applying AMPLE to other NC systems are also described in this paper.
High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectra of Alkanethiolate-Coated Gold Nanocrystals

Alkanethiolate-coated gold nanocrystals have been laser desorbed from a solid film, ionized, and analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A previously unresolved distribution of peaks is observed and the number of gold and sulfur atoms associated with each feature can be assigned. Alkyl chains are not evident in these high-resolution spectra. Experiments using spatially and temporally separated light pulses demonstrate that more of the desorbed nanocrystals are neutral than are ionized. Pure gold cluster ions of various sizes can be generated from these neutral molecules in the two-laser experiment.
Effect of lipopolysaccharide and polyriboinosinic acid: polyribocytidylic acid on the air oxidation of reduced ribonuclease.

Abstract Reduced ribonuclease devoid of enzymatic activity can undergo oxidation to give native ribonuclease with full enzymatic activity. Small amounts of E. coli lipopolysaccharide were found to interfere with the process as measured by recovered ribonuclease activity. A similar reduction was found with polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic acid, a substance that possesses many of the same biological activities as endotoxin. The interference does not appear to involve the oxidation reaction per se as protein sulfhydryl groups disappear at the same rate in mixtures with or without the materials. Endotoxin did not interfere with the enzyme catalyzed restoration of native ribonuclease from randomly oxidized ribonuclease.
Performance testing of the primary flight instruments for the Boeing 777 airplane

Honeywell provides both the primary flight instruments (EFIS and EICAS) and the FMS control and display unit (CDU) for the Boeing 777 all-glass flightdeck. In addition, the primary flight instruments are used on the new 737 scheduled to certify in 1997. These instruments feature high resolution, full color, active matrix, liquid crystal display panels. They also feature grayscale, very wide horizontal and vertical viewing angles, high contrast with an achromatic background over viewing angle, a large color gamut, temperature compensation for graylevel stability at all operating temperatures, heaters for cold temperature start-up and 100 fL brightness with a 2000:1 dimming range. This paper provides an update on the experiences gained from the use of these instruments on the flight-deck.
A model study of instability of the inverse problem in electrocardiography

The inverse problem in electrocardiography is studied analytically using a concentric spheres model with no symmetry assumptions on the potential distribution. The mathematical formulation is presented, and existence and uniqueness of the solution are briefly discussed. Solution to the inverse problem is inherently very unstable. The magnitude of this instability is demonstrated using the derived analytical inverse solution for the spherical model. Regularization methods used to date are based on a regularization parameter that does not relate to any measurable physiological parameters. This paper presents a regularization method that is based on a parameter in the form of an a priori bound on the L2 norm of the inverse solution. Such a bound can be obtained from the theoretical estimates based on the measured values of the body surface potentials together with experimental knowledge about the magnitudes of the epicardial potentials. Based on the presented regularization, an exact form of the regularized solution and estimates of its accuracy are derived.
Multipolar phase transitions in magnetic crystals

Abstract We have studied the possibility of successive multipolar phase transitions in magnetic crystals. A Hamiltonian including various ( l ⩽ 4) multipolar interactions is treated in the molecularfield approximation. If each interaction is introduced with its characteristic symmetry, three successive phase transitions at most are found in the absence of any crystalline field anisotropy.
Erratum: First global census of the Adélie Penguin

ABSTRACT In Figure 1 of our article (Lynch and LaRue 2014), we accidentally misidentified the island on the right-hand side (panel B) as Devil Island. The island should have been identified as Paulet Island.
Investigation of pH and temperature on optical rotatory dispersion for noninvasive glucose monitoring

The widespread occurrence of diabetes mellitus and the severity of its associated complications necessitate the development of non-invasive blood glucose measurement devices in an attempt to improve treatment regimens and curb the complications associated with this disease. One method showing promise in this endeavor utilizes optical polarimetry to monitor blood glucose levels indirectly by measuring glucose rotation of polarized light, which is a direct indication of glucose concentration, in the aqueous humor of the eye. The presence of other optically active (chiral) components in the aqueous humor of the eye have the potential to confound the glucose measurement of optical rotation when using a single wavelength polarimeter. Thus, this has led to the recent investigation of multispectral polarimetric systems which have the potential to enable the removal of confounder contributions to the net observed optical rotation, therefore, increasing glucose specificity and reducing glucose prediction errors. Such polarimetric systems take advantage of the uniqueness in the rotation of polarized light, as a function of wavelength, by the chiral molecule of interest. This is commonly referred to as the optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) spectra of the chiral molecule. ORD characterization of the chiral molecules within the aqueous humor is necessary for determining the optimum number of wavelengths needed to reduce glucose prediction errors; however, this information is often only given at the sodium-D line (589 nm) in the literature. This report describes the system we designed and built to measure ORD spectra for glucose and for albumin, the main optical confounder within the aqueous humor, as well as our investigation of the effects of temperature and pH on these ORD spectra.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nuclear radiation effects in polytetrafluoroethylene

Dynamic mechanical studies of polytetrafluoroethylene, subjected to a total reactor radiation dose of about 10/sup 8/ rads, showed that a decrease occurs in the height of the three damping peaks which are observed in unirradiated samples near 200, 300, and 400 un. Concent 85% K. Since the 200 un. Concent 85% K and 400 un. Concent 85% K peaks are associated with configurational changes in the amorphous regions of the material, the experimental observations are compatible with an increased degree of crystallinity. The effects observed in the dynamic modulustemperature relation upon irradiation are consistent with those found in the internal friction spectrum. The changes that occur in degree of crystallinity upon irradiation were studied by both infrared and density measurements, and an increase in crystallinity was found. The changes in the dynamic mechanical properties in the vicinity of room temperature are not well understood, but possible reasons for the observed behavior are given. (auth)
Rich in the Wisdom of Hindsight

The modern historiography of Africa has been so accelerated that many of its earliest practitioners still ply their trade. The fact that these pioneering scholars have changed their minds and practices considerably over time, often without any discussion of their reasons for doing so, suggests, among other things, that the evaluation of their contributions to the field cannot take place on a small scale; it must take into account their entire corpora, both substantively and methodologically.
The equivalence of theorem proving and the interconnection problem

A simple method of converting statements in mathematical logic to equivalent interconnection problems is demonstrated. This shows that if there exists a practical method for solving interconnection problems, then there exists a practical proof procedure for statements in mathematical logic. (In the terminology of Cook [1] and Karp [4], the interconnection problem is NP-complete.) Since such a procedure has been sought for without success for almost 100 years, we should not expect the interconnection problem to be any easier. This holds equally true for finding a method which will route a given percentage of wires.
Broad-area search for targets in SAR imagery with context-adaptive algorithms

This paper describes an ATR system based on gray scale morphology which has proven very effective in performing broad area search for targets of interest. Gray scale morphology is used to extract several distinctive sets of features which combine intensity and spatial information. Results of direct comparisons with other algorithms are presented. In a series of tests which were scored independently the morphological approach has shown superior results. An automated training systems based on a combination of genetic algorithms and classification and regression trees is described. Further performance gains are expected by allowing context sensitive selection of parameter sets for the morphological processing. Context is acquired from the image using texture measures to identify the local clutter environment. The system is designed to be able to build new classifiers on the fly to match specific image to image variations.
THE EXPANSION METHOD: IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH∗

Geographic phenomena and our models of them are closely linked to the spatial-temporal contexts in which they are observed. The expansion method is a procedure that incorporates contextual effects into mathematical models. More importantly, it is the basis for a movement by some geographers away from the classical spatial science paradigm. The evolving paradigm associated with the expansion method represents a reformulation of the way in which geographers think about and use models, and is consistent with a more realistic perspective on the nature of geographic inquiry.
Negative emotionality and positive/social behavior in rural appalachian infants: Prediction from caregiver and infant characteristics

Abstract This study explored stability and change in two aspects of infant temperamental behavior in a sample of 94 economically-disadvantaged rural Appalachian families. Regressions were used to predict Time 2 temperament for infants who increased and dereased in negative emotionality and positive/social behavior. Both infant and caregiving environment factors contributed to explaining change in first-year behavior. In this sample, maternal social support predicted more optimal change in infants' negative emotionality and positive/social behavior. Receiving public assistance and minor perinatal risk were associated with slower decline in negative emotionality and emergence of positive/social behavior.
Does your firm have a Mutual Fund Suitability Guidelines Manual

Purpose – To describe the need and suggest guidelines for a formal, written manual that provides a firm, its registered representatives, and its supervisory principals a line of defense against costly repercussions from sales practice violations.Design/methodology/approach – Discusses regulations concerning the suitable sales of securities to customers, the legal basis for reasonable supervision, why a brokerage firm's business model should guide it in building its manual, contents of a prototype manual, how investment objectives and risk tolerance should be considered, how performance information is disclosed so it is understandable to the customer, both justifiable reasons and dangers related to switching a customer from one fund to another, commission savings issues (including breakpoints, letters of intent, rights of accumulation, and reinstatement privileges), and home office supervision of reps and supervisory principals.Findings – Regulators are concerned with an investment firm's culture of compli...
Helium accumulation fluence dosimetry for fusion reactor materials irradiations

Abstract Extensive sets of helium accumulation fluence monitors (HAFM's) have recently been incorporated in both accelerator- and fission reactor-produced neutron spectra, and results to date have effectively demonstrated their use for accurately characterizing fusion materials neutron test environments. An experiment with 14.8-MeV neutrons from the T(d,n) reaction has combined HAFM materials with radiometric foil dosimetry to provide a detailed fluence profile for the highest-flux irradiation region. Results from a Be(d,n) irradiation are being used to determine the energy sensitivity of HAFM's in a ~ 0–32 MeV neutron spectrum, characterize the Be(d,n) neutron environment, and measure helium generation cross sections for a number of pure elements. Several sets of HAFM materials have been incorporated in fission reactor irradiations to produce an optimum HAFM dosimetry set for environments containing both thermal and fission-spectrum neutrons.
In vivo quantitative imaging of normal and cancerous breast tissue using broadband diffuse optical tomography

Purpose: A NIRtomography system that combines frequency domain (FD) and continuous wave (CW) measurements was used to image normal and malignant breast tissues. Methods: FD acquisitions were confined to wavelengths less than 850 nm because of detector limitations, whereas light from longer wavelengths (up to 948 nm) was measured in CW mode with CCD-coupled spectrometer detection. The two data sets were combined and processed in a single spectrally constrained reconstruction to map concentrations of hemoglobin, water, and lipid, as well as scattering parameters in the breast. Results: Chromophore concentrations were imaged in the breasts of nine asymptomatic volunteers to evaluate their intrasubject and intersubject variability. Normal subject data showed physiologically expected trends. Images from three cancer patients indicate that the added CW data is critical to recovering the expected increases in water and decreases in lipid content within malignancies.Contrasts of 1.5 to twofold in hemoglobin and water values were found in cancers. Conclusions: In vivo breast imaging with instrumentation that combines FD and CW NIR data acquisition in a single spectralreconstruction produces more accurate hemoglobin, water, and lipid results relative to FD data alone.
Measuring the activity of protein variants on a large scale using deep mutational scanning

Deep mutational scanning marries selection for protein function to high-throughput DNA sequencing in order to quantify the activity of variants of a protein on a massive scale. First, an appropriate selection system for the protein function of interest is identified and validated. Second, a library of variants is created, introduced into the selection system and subjected to selection. Third, library DNA is recovered throughout the selection and deep-sequenced. Finally, a functional score for each variant is calculated on the basis of the change in the frequency of the variant during the selection. This protocol describes the steps that must be carried out to generate a large-scale mutagenesis data set consisting of functional scores for up to hundreds of thousands of variants of a protein of interest. Establishing an assay, generating a library of variants and carrying out a selection and its accompanying sequencing takes on the order of 4-6 weeks; the initial data analysis can be completed in 1 week.
Dynamic Patent Races with Risky Choices

This paper investigates equilibrium RD firms compete more vigorously in the later stages of innovation than in the earlier stages; and a follower is more likely to choose a riskier innovation path than one requiring, on average, equivalent effort. It provides an explanation of how the expected benefits, the cost of R&D, and interactions between competing firms combine to determine dynamic R&D strategies over time.
Effects of protein glycosylation on catalysis: changes in hydrogen tunneling and enthalpy of activation in the glucose oxidase reaction.

Three glycoforms of glucose oxidase, which vary in their degree of glycosylation and resulting molecular weight, have been characterized with regard to catalytic properties. Focusing on 2-deoxyglucose to probe the chemical step, we have now measured the temperature dependence of competitive H/T and D/T kinetic isotope effects and the enthalpy of activation using [1-2H]-2-deoxyglucose. The D/T isotope effect on the Arrhenius preexponential factor (AD/AT) is 1.47 (±0.09), 1.30 (±0.10), and 0.89 (±0.04) for the 136, 155, and 205 kDa glycoforms, respectively. The value obtained for the 136 kDa glycoform is well above the range expected for semiclassical−classical (no tunneling) reactions (upper limit of 1.22). The abnormal AD/AT is rationalized by extensive tunneling. The enthalpies of activation are 8.1 (±0.4), 11.0 (±0.3), and 13.7 (±0.3) kcal/mol for the 136, 155, and 205 kDa glycoforms, respectively. Apparently, less glycosylation results in more tunneling and a lower enthalpy of activation. The crystal s...
Democratic Governance and Actors’ Conceptualization of “Civil Society” in Africa: State–Civil Society Relations in Ghana from 1982–2000

Despite civil society’s ambiguity, many scholars tend to focus on the economic reasons for the apparent conflict between state and civil society, with little or no attention to the conceptual differences that may be influencing the behavior of public and civil society actors. Using Ghana under J. J. Rawlings as a backdrop, this article argues that state–civil society relations are partly shaped by the divergent conceptualizations of “civil society” held by state and civil society actors. It suggests that the issue is not just the African state’s limited understanding of the multiple roles that civil society organizations can legitimately play in the polity; it is also civil society’s lack of recognition and acknowledgment of the legitimate functions of the African state.
Static Magnetic Field Therapy for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Feasibility Study

Abstract Colbert AP, Markov MS, Carlson N, Gregory WL, Carlson H, Elmer PJ. Static magnetic field therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome: a feasibility study. Objectives To assess the feasibility of conducting trials of static magnetic field (SMF) therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), to collect preliminary data on the effectiveness of 2 SMF dosages, and to explore the influence of an SMF on median nerve conduction. Design Randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial with a 6-week intervention and a 12-week follow-up. Setting University hospital outpatient clinics. Participants Women and men (N=60), ages 21 to 65 years, with an electrophysiologically confirmed CTS diagnosis recruited from the general population. Interventions Participants wore nightly either neodymium magnets that delivered either 15 or 45mTesla (mT) to the contents of the carpal canal or a nonmagnetic disk. Main Outcome Measures Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) and Function Severity Scale (FSS) of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) and 4 median nerve parameters: sensory distal latency, sensory nerve action potential amplitude, motor distal latency and compound motor action potential amplitude. Results Fifty-eight of 60 randomized participants completed the study. There were no significant between-group differences for change in the primary endpoint SSS or for FSS or median nerve conduction parameters. For the SSS and the FSS, each group showed a reduction at 6 weeks indicating improvement in symptoms. Conclusions This study showed the feasibility and safety of testing SMF therapy for CTS. There were no between-group differences observed for the BCTQ or median nerve parameters after 6 weeks of SMF therapy. Significant within-group, symptomatic improvements of the same magnitude were experienced by participants in both active and sham magnet groups. Future studies are needed to optimize SMF dosimetry and resolve issues related to the use of sham controls in SMF trials.
The lost cause of mourning

This paper examines the evolution of Jacques Lacan’s concept of mourning from his treatment of Hamlet in Seminar 6, “Desire and Its Interpretation,” to its transformation in the tenth Seminar on “Anxiety.” It is a transformation that occurs in tandem with Lacan’s reconception of anxiety as lack of the lack and his reshaped conception of the objet a as object/cause of desire. The key point is the way that Lacan’s renovated conception upends the common sense notion of mourning, that which assumes that suffering the death of a loved one means accommodating oneself to an absence where there was previously a presence. On the contrary, says Lacan, part of what is most deeply to be mourned is the lack in the Other around which the love relation was constructed. The paper concludes by asking to what extent Lacan’s account of mourning should be distinguished from those of both Hegel and Freud.
Some Important Principles of Fish Conservation

(1933). Some Important Principles of Fish Conservation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 91-97.
Developing teams using the Kolb Team Learning Experience

This article shows how the Kolb Team Learning Experience (KTLE) simulation has been used by teams to enhance learning. The KTLE includes seven modules: (a) introduction, (b) team purpose, (c) team membership, (d) team roles, (e) team process, (f) team context, and (g) team action. Each of these modules takes a team through the process of team learning: creating, planning, deciding, and acting (or, in technical terms, diverging, assimilating, converging, and accommodating). The authors describe the simulation and provide examples from teams that have engaged in it.
Stress–strain model for circular concrete columns confined by FRP and conventional lateral steel

Abstract Behavior of reinforced concrete columns confined by Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) or conventional lateral steel (tie/spiral) reinforcement has been studied extensively by many researchers. Although FRP wrapping is used when lateral steel is not sufficient to confine the concrete core, the ability of lateral steel to provide confinement in most of the cases is not negligible. A constitutive stress–strain model is proposed for concrete confined by FRP and conventional lateral steel reinforcement when they act simultaneously. The accuracy of the proposed model in predicting the monotonic stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by both FRP and conventional reinforcement is assessed compared to various experimental data from specimens tested under concentric monotonic load, and several representative models. Additionally, the moment–curvature response of a section, using the proposed model in a fiber-based analysis, is compared and benchmarked against several independent experimental results.
Inadequacies of Viscosity Theories for a Vitreous KNO3‐Ca(NO3)2 Melt

The viscosity of a 0.60KNO3-0.40Ca(NO3)2 melt was measured from 109.6 to 1014 P by a beam-bending method. In this range, the viscosity exhibited Arrhenius behavior, with an activation enthalpy of 138 kcal/mol. These data joined smoothly with capillary and rotational viscometer data from 10−2 to 108 P previously reported for this system. The temperature dependence of shear sound wave velocities at 75.2 MHz was measured, and the temperature dependence of the shear modulus from 60° to 120°C was calculated for this melt. The Fulcher equation, In n=A+B/(T-T0), described the temperature dependence of the viscosity of this melt poorly, indicating severe deficiencies in the viscosity theories which predict an equation of this form.
Luther's Ecclesiology and his Concept of the Prince as Notbischof

Until the appearance of Rudolf Sohm's Kirchenrecht in 1892 and of Karl Rieker's study, Die rechtliche Stellung der evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung bis zur Gegenwart in 1893, the opinion prevailed among scholars by and large that the historic development in the relationship of the church in Germany to the state was contrary to the ideal of the Reformer. This ideal was held to be an autonomous congregational church based upon evangelical principles, an interpretation which had received the support of Aemil Richter's authority in Die Geschichte der cvangelischen Kirciwnverfassung in Deutschland, 1851. Since then, Reformation students have divided on this question. Luther wrote of the Notbischofe: “I wish to leave the jurists … to settle this disputation … I will write as a theologian and a heretic,” and thereby he left a legacy of controversy both to jurists and historians. With equal truth Luther could write, “The other articles … I commend to the lawyers, for it is not my business as an evangelist to decide and judge in these matters. I shall instruct and teach consciences what pertains to divine and Christian matters,” and still maintain, “that since the time of the apostles the secular sword and authority has never been so clearly described and grandly lauded as by me, which even my enemies must acknowledge.” He was involved by circumstances in social and political questions which were not per se his concern as a theologian. Several factors complicate an analysis of Luther's theory of church and state, the immediacy of the medieval inheritance, conceptual differences of terminology from current usage, the complexity of the transitional historical situation, and Luther's characteristic way of addressing himself to a problem without relating his plan of action to his total theory. In fact, Dieckhoff says that as the pertinent quotations lie side by side, it is impossible to harmonize them. Such pessimism, however, is unwarranted, for Luther was never pathologically dialectical and his position can be satisfactorily understood if viewed in relation to his central orientation. Luther's political theory involved, of course, many facets, the question of Imperial power, papal theory, war, toleration, the Turkish question, feudal loyalties, and others. A study of the Notbischofe problem is central, however, for an understanding of his ecclesiology and the much debated church-state question.
Prevalence of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis in patients with cancer could be as high as 13.3 percent.

Dr. Nalliah provides a critical summary of a systematic review in which reviewers find that the overall mean weighted prevalence of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis in evaluated studies was 6.1 percent, and the overall weighted prevalence of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis in studies with documented follow-up was 13.3 percent. Systematic review conclusion. The overall mean weighted prevalence of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis (BON) in the evaluated studies was 6.1 percent, and the overall weighted prevalence of BON in studies with documented follow-up was 13.3 percent. Critical summary assessment. There is inconsistency in prevalence study results and a lack of studies in which investigators have evaluated quality-of-life issues related to or the economic effects of BON in patients with cancer. Evidence quality rating. Limited.
Reactive Oxygen Species Are Induced by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Early during Primary Infection of Endothelial Cells To Promote Virus Entry

The entry of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) into human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-d), natural in vivo target cells, via macropinocytosis is initiated through a multistep process involving the binding of KSHV envelope glycoproteins with cell surface α3β1, αVβ3, and αVβ5 integrin molecules and tyrosine kinase ephrin-A2 receptor, followed by the activation of preexisting integrin-associated signaling molecules such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src, c-Cbl, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K), and Rho-GTPases. Many viruses, including KSHV, utilize cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) for viral genomic replication and survival within host cells; however, the role of ROS in early events of viral entry and the induction of signaling has not been elucidated. Here we show that KSHV induced ROS production very early during the infection of HMVEC-d cells and that ROS production was sustained over the observation period (24 h postinfection). ROS induction was dependent on the binding of KSHV to the target cells, since pretreatment of the virus with heparin abolished ROS induction. Pretreatment of HMVEC-d cells with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly inhibited KSHV entry, and consequently gene expression, without affecting virus binding. In contrast, H(2)O(2) treatment increased the levels of KSHV entry and infection. In addition, NAC inhibited KSHV infection-induced translocation of αVβ3 integrin into lipid rafts, actin-dependent membrane perturbations, such as blebs, observed during macropinocytosis, and activation of the signal molecules ephrin-A2 receptor, FAK, Src, and Rac1. In contrast, H(2)O(2) treatment increased the activation of ephrin-A2, FAK, Src, and Rac1. These studies demonstrate that KSHV infection induces ROS very early during infection to amplify the signaling pathways necessary for its efficient entry into HMVEC-d cells via macropinocytosis.
Symptom Outcomes After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for individual symptoms, medication use, and related factors in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Design: Nonrandomized, prospective, clinical trial. Interventions: Adult patients with medically refractory CRS were examined before ESS with the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory to catalog major and minor symptoms, medication use, physician visits, and missed workdays due to CRS. After a minimum 6-month follow-up after ESS, patients were examined to determine response to therapy. After computation of Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory domains, comparisons were conducted and effect sizes were computed for the change in symptoms after surgery. Results: One hundred adults completed the examination, with a mean follow-up of 19.0 months. Before surgery, the mean major symptom scores ranged from 2.5 to 3.5 (Likert scale, from 0 [symptom absent] to 5 [maximum severity]) and the minor symptom scores ranged from 0.8 to 2.8. After surgery, statistically significant decreases in major and minor symptoms were noted (P.001 for all). The largest effect sizes were noted for the decreases in facial pressure, congestion, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and headache (absolute value of effect size0.85 for all). Similarly, large effect sizes were noted for decreases in symptoms in the nasal (�1.30), facial (�1.13), and total (�1.25) symptom domains of the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory. Medication use actually increased for topical nasal corticosteroids, but decreased for prescription antihistamines. A mean reduction of 1.1 antibiotic courses (mean decrease of 2.3 weeks taking antibiotics) was noted after ESS. Conclusions: Endoscopic sinus surgery provides significant symptom relief for the nasal and facial symptoms associated with CRS. Patients will often still require topical nasal corticosteroids for the management of their CRS, but can expect decreases in antibiotic requirements after ESS.
C. C. Tan: A Life of Peaks and Valleys

I first met C. C. Tan (Tan Jiazhen) in 1946 at the University of Texas in Austin where I was visiting at the time. He was there to give a seminar on “mosaic dominance” in ladybird (aka ladybug) beetles. I was particularly interested because of the similarity to the pattern expression of scute