cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Activity Level and Body Temperature in the Rat

Summary.-Body texperature was monitored continuously while the behavior in the living cagc was either sampled across time or also continuously recorded. Although a significant correlation was found benveen activity level and temperature, this relationship was weak and had no consistent temporal dependency. Both activiq level and temperature appear to depend primarily upon time of day. Body temperature is known to vary systematically with a 24-hr. cycle, and this cycle is known to be highly correlated with the 24-hr. activity cycle. In the rat, for example, activity level and temperature are normally both high at night and low during the day. There are currently two hypotheses about the causal mechanism underlying this correlation. One, proposed by Stevenson and Rixon (1957), is that the rat (particularly the hungry rat) is active in order to maintain or increase its body temperature. This conjecture was implausible to start with2 and has now been discredited by Campbell and Lynch (1967, 1968). Campbell and Lynch's more recent data tend to support the alternative hypothesis chat the rat runs because it is momentarily warm. They found that running in a wheel is preceded by a slight rise in temperature. The present data support neither of these causal hypotheses but suggest instead that there is very little relationship ora a short-term basis between activity and body temperature. The correlation that is found between these two variables when they are measured over 24 hr. tends to disappear when they are measured over short intervals. METHOD Ss were male Sprague-Dawley rats, about 90 days old. Two Ss were used in Exp. 1, and 10 were used in Exp. 2. Body temperature was monitored by a telemeter system made by Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. The sensors were paraffin-coated discs about 2 un. in diameter and .5 cm. thick which broadcast a temperature-dependent FM signal. The signal was received by a set 'Supported by NSF Grant GB-5694. 'Consider first the €act that the hungry rat does not run when its temperature is the lowest, i.e., during the day, but during the night when it is already relatively warm. The reader may consider second how he would react upon finding himself awake at some unnaturally early hour. If he were sure in the knowledge that he was sleepy because his temperature was low, would he then leap our of bed and run around so as to raise his temperature? Or would this idea be aversive; would he just roll over and try to go back to sleep? Certainly he could raise his temperature by becoming sufficiently energetic; the question is would he? Our thesis is that the rat is much like man in this respect. When he is cold because he is in the cold part of his remperature cycle he sleeps, and when he is in the warm part of his temperature cycle
Atmospheric concentrations and regional source apportionments of sulfate, nitrate and sulfur dioxide in the berkshire mountains in western massachusetts

Abstract The General Motors' mobile Atmospheric Research Laboratory was situated in rural western Massachusetts in the Berkshire Mountains for 62 days during the summer of 1984. The purpose of this study was to determine the source regions of the acid deposition precursors (sulfate, sulfur dioxide and nitrate) for this northeastern U.S. location. To apportion the precursors to source regions, daily ambient air samples were analyzed for the precursors as well as for tracer species that are associated with particular sources. Principal component and trajectory analyses were used to deduce the contributions from the Midwest and Northeast. On the average during the 2-month study, Midwestern sources accounted for 58% of the SO 4 2− , 38% of the SO 2 and 46% of the total NO 3 − (particulate NO 3 − plus HNO 3 ). The Northeast accounted for the balance of SO 2 and total NO 3 − , and 18% of the SO 4 2− . Approximately 24% of the SO 4 2− was attributed to background SO 4 2− . On days in the upper quartile of pollutant concentrations, the Midwestern contributions increased to 76% for SO 4 2− , 48% for SO 2 and 64% for total NO 3 − .
THE CRITICAL MASS HYPOTHESIS OF SUICIDE IN ADOLESCENTS

Of the 48 states, those 46 with higher rates of suicide among youth 5 to 24 years old in 1970 had less increase in the suicide rate by 1989 than states with lower rates.
Conceptual Design of a MEDE Treatment System for Sodium Bonded Fuel

Unirradiated sodium bonded metal fuel and casting scrap material containing highly enriched uranium (HEU) is stored at the Materials and Fuels Complex (MFC) on the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). This material, which includes intact fuel assemblies and elements from the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) and Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) reactors as well as scrap material from the casting of these fuels, has no current use under the terminated reactor programs for both facilities. The Department of Energy (DOE), under the Sodium-Bonded Spent Nuclear Fuel Treatment Record of Decision (ROD), has determined that this material could be prepared and transferred to an off-site facility for processing and eventual fabrication of fuel for commercial nuclear reactors. A plan is being developed to prepare, package and transfer this material to the DOE High Enriched Uranium Disposition Program Office (HDPO), located at the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Disposition of the sodium bonded material will require separating the elemental sodium from the metallic uranium fuel. A sodium distillation process known as MEDE (Melt-Drain-Evaporate), will be used for the separation process. The casting scrap material needs to be sorted to remove any foreign material or fines that are not acceptable to the HDPO program. Once all elements have been cut and loaded into baskets, they are then loaded into an evaporation chamber as the first step in the MEDE process. The chamber will be sealed and the pressure reduced to approximately 200 mtorr. The chamber will then be heated as high as 650 oC, causing the sodium to melt and then vaporize. The vapor phase sodium will be driven into an outlet line where it is condensed and drained into a receiver vessel. Once the evaporation operation is complete, the system is de-energized and returned to atmospheric pressure. This paper describes the MEDE process as well as a general overview of the furnace systems, as necessary, to complete the MEDE process.
Design a Dynamic Flow Co-culture System to Investigate the Effect of Biomechanical Force Found in Vascular Niche on Cell Functions

Vascular niche plays a critical role in regulating the cellular phenotypes in cells around the niche. Because physiological parameters (e.g., flow & pressure) directly influences the functional status of vasculature, which then influence the surrounding cellular phenotypes, it is essential to study cell behaviors in a realistic, physiologically relevant system in order to better understand the interactions between the surrounding cells and the vascular niche. Here we report the design and construction of a dynamic flow co-culture system in which vascular cells and the surrounding cells can be co-cultured in the system and allowed to communicate with each other via soluble factors and cell-cell contact. The system is able to accurately replicate any pre-defined shear stress waveform and apply it to the cultured vascular cells. To validate the performance of the system, an investigation of the reaction of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) co-cultured with human smooth muscle cells to different shear stress environments is presented. Further investigation includes the effects of the different resulting HUVEC gene expression on cell types that are found adjacent in the vascular niche to the surrounding cells such as smooth muscle cell (SMC). A procedure was developed to provide consistent results when applying the shear force that match in vivo conditions... Overall cell morphology, alignment, growth proliferation, and RNA expression are reported of both cell lines.
Up-regulation of oxytocin receptors in rabbit amnion by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate

The marked up-regulation of oxytocin (OT) receptors in rabbit amnion at term was reproduced in cultured amnion cells by raising intracellular cAMP levels. (Bu)2AMP, forskolin, or cholera toxin caused 2- to 8-fold increases in specific binding of iodinated OT antagonist. The rise in OT receptors involves activation of protein kinase-A activity and protein synthesis, as forskolin's effects were inhibited by H-7 and H-8 and by cycloheximide, respectively. Forskolin treatment also increased specific cross-linking of a photoaffinity derivative of [125I]OT antagonist to a 50-kilodalton electrophoretic band corresponding in size to the amnion OT receptor. Forskolin and (Bu)2cAMP increased OT stimulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release; PGE2 release elicited by epidermal growth factor or calcium ionophore was unchanged. Forskolin also enhanced stimulation of PGE2 synthesis by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, an activator of protein kinase-C. Because protein kinase-C mediates OT action in amnion cells, forskolin causes increases in both the signal and signal transduction mechanisms. These results suggest that cAMP mediates the exponential-like rise in rabbit amnion OT receptors occurring in vivo at term. The physiological signals increasing cAMP concentrations in amnion may be important for OT stimulation of PGE2 release and, therefore, have a significant role in the initiation and/or progression of labor.
Radicalism within the Context of Social Movements: Processes and Types

Drawing on work within the study of social movements and on conversion processes that is relevant to understanding radicalization, as well as on our own relevant research experiences and findings, especially on radicalism in right-wing and left-wing movements, we focus attention on the elements and dynamics of social movements, both intra-movement and extramovement, that facilitate the grassroots development and maintenance of radical identities and enhance or diminish the prospect of engagement in radical action. In particular, we note the importance of free spaces to associate apart from the reach of control agents and adversaries,the development of affinity groups and a security culture within which associational trust might develop, and the role of perceptions of the prospect of persecution by social control agents as working together to contribute to the development of radicalization. However, we emphasize that there is no single pathway to radicalization, or type of radical, but that different types, and thus pathways, result from the different ways in which the contributing factors can interact and combine. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol4/iss4/6 Journal of Strategic Security Volume 4 Issue 4 2011, pp. 115-130 DOI: 10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.5 Journal of Strategic Security (c) 2011 ISSN: 1944-0464 eISSN: 1944-0472 115 Radicalism within the Context of Social Movements: Processes and Types David A. Snow and Remy Cross University of California, Irvine dsnow@uci.edu
A Novel Interactive Exoskeletal Robot for Overground Locomotion Studies in Rats

This paper introduces a newly developed apparatus, Iron Rat, for locomotion research in rodents. Its main purpose is to allow maximal freedom of voluntary overground movement of the animal while providing forceful interaction to the hindlimbs. Advantages and challenges of the proposed exoskeletal apparatus over other existing designs are discussed. Design and implementation challenges are presented and discussed, emphasizing their implications for free, voluntary movement of the animal. A live-animal experiment was conducted to assess the design. Unconstrained natural movement of the animal was compared with its movement with the exoskeletal module attached. The compact design and back-drivable implementation of this apparatus will allow novel experimental manipulations that may include forceful yet compliant dynamic interaction with the animal’s overground locomotion.
In vitro culture methods for transition stages of filarial parasites: Evidence that host factors are important for parasite development

Simulium vittatum is a black fly that can serve as a surrogate intermediate host for the filarial parasite,Onchocerca lienalis. Use of media conditioned by excised thoraces ofS. vittatum led to the identification of a soluble chemical cue(s) used by the microfilariae to migrate to fly thoracic muscles, the site where continued differentiation occurs. Medium conditioned by a vertebrate cell line (LLCMK2) supported vigorous culture of third-stage (L3) and fourth-stage larvae (L4), and provided an environment for uncomplicated screening of therapeutic drugs such as ivermectin.
Somatic gonadal cells: The supporting cast for the germline

Cell-cell signaling and adhesion are critical for establishing tissue architecture during development and for maintaining tissue architecture and function in the adult. Defects in adhesion and signaling can result in mislocalization of cells, uncontrolled proliferation and improper differentiation, leading to tissue overgrowth, tumor formation, and cancer metastasis. An important example is found in the germline. Germ cells that are not incorporated into the gonad exhibit a greater propensity for forming germ cell tumors, and defects in germline development can reduce fertility. While much attention is given to germ cells, their development into functional gametes depends upon somatic gonadal cells. The study of model organisms has provided great insights into how somatic gonadal cells are specified, the molecular mechanisms that regulate gonad morphogenesis, and the role of germline-soma communication in the establishment and maintenance of the germline stem cell niche. This work will be discussed in the context of Drosophila melanogaster.
Numerical Investigation of Depletion in the Outer Asteroid Belt

Abstract The orbits of about 3000 fictitious asteroids, representing a possible distribution of bodies in the early Solar System, were investigated by numerical integration spanning 38,000 years to reproduce the observed distribution of outer belt asteroids. This integration interval allowed for a much larger sample size than previous studies. For additional information on non-escape orbits, the behavior of the estimate of the largest Lyapunov characteristic number was utilized to identify strongly chaotic orbits. The equations of the regularized planar elliptic restricted three body problem were derived to handle close encounters with Jupiter. The semimajor axis distribution for non-escape orbits showed an excess of bodies compared with the observed distribution. This excess is associated with mean motion resonances. When the strongly chaotic orbits are eliminated, the resulting distribution of orbits shows qualitative agreement with the present distribution, reproducing the major groups at the 3:2, 4:3, and 1:1 resonances.
A new procedure for the quantitative splitting of lanthionine to cysteine.

Summary o 1. Lanthionine is not split to cysteine by cyanogen bromide alone or by sodium cyanide alone. 2. Lanthionine is split quantitatively to cysteine by heating with NaCN and CNBr. 3. Free cysteine and free cystine are changed by heating with NaCN−CNBr so that they no longer give the cysteine or cystine reaction. 4. Methionine by heating with NaCN−CNBr does not give a cysteine reaction. 5. On adding cysteine, cystine, or methionine, singly or together, to lanthionine and then heating with NaCN−CNBr there is no increase in the liberation of cysteine from lanthionine as judged by the Sullivan reaction. 6. Application of the lanthionine procedure to alkali-treated human hair and lactalbumin indicated a relatively high yield of lanthionine.
CD8+ T Cells in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection

Trypanosoma cruzi infection and Chagas disease remains among the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases. Despite this, studies of the immune response to T. cruzi have provided new insights in immunology and guidance for approaches for prevention and treatment of the disease. T. cruzi represents one of the very best systems in which to study CD8(+) T cell biology; mice, dogs, and primates (and many other mammals) are all natural hosts for this parasite, the robust T cell responses generated in these hosts can be readily monitored using the full range of cutting edge techniques, and the parasite can be easily modified to express (or not) a variety of tags, reporters, immune enhances, and endogenous or model antigens. The infection in most hosts is characterized by vigorous and largely effective immune responses, including CD8(+) T cells capable of controlling T. cruzi at the level of the infected host cells. However, this immune control is only partially effective and most hosts maintain a low level infection for life. This review addresses the interplay of highly effective CD8(+) T cell responses with elaborate pathogen immune evasion mechanisms, including the generation and simultaneous expression of highly variant CD8(+) T cell targets and a host cell invasion mechanisms that largely eludes innate immune detection.
Nontransitive-nontotal consumer theory☆

Abstract We show the parallel nature of two approaches to nontransitive or nontotal consumers: through “weak” preferences and through “strict” preferences. This yields specific results (e.g., a new equilibrium existence theorem with weak preferences), general results (a metatheorem translating between the two approaches), and general concepts (a new notion of “rationality”). We give revealed preference axioms to characterize preferences, and prove equivalences among several axiom systems, showing that the apparent weakness of some axiom systems is illusory. We resolve a Weak Axiom conjecture, and we introduce a new axiom. We prove that our nonclassical consumers generalize classical equilibrium theory.
Autoregressive moving average models of crown profiles for two California hardwood species

Time-series Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models were employed to model tree crown profiles for two California hardwood species (blue oak and interior live oak). There are three major components of these models: a polynomial trend, an ARMA model, and unaccounted for variation. The polynomial trend was used to achieve a stationary series. For these crown profiles, the use of a quadratic trend resulted in a stationary series for 60% of the profiles. A cubic trend was used for another 23%, and a quartic for 7%. It was found that 80% of the tree crown profiles could be modeled using a first order ARMA model [AR(1), or MA(1)] in conjunction with a polynomial trend and another 10% as a polynomial trend with white noise. When the coefficients of the ARMA models were statistically significant, the models proved to be both visually and statistically an improvement over the polynomial trend. Using a binary classification scheme it was possible to relate the type of ARMA model needed for a crown profile series to tree size and stand characteristics.
Comparison of Serum Zinc Levels in Healthy, Systemically Ill and Dermatologically Diseased Dogs

— Decreased levels of total body zinc can lead to profound effects on both the immune and integumentary systems. Unfortunately, accurate measurements of total body zinc are difficult because the mineral is ubiquitous in the environment and many endogenous and exogenous factors can falsely elevate or depress measurements. In man, various dermatologic and non-dermatologic diseases have been associated with low serum zinc levels. The objective of this study was to analyse by atomic absorption and compare the serum zinc levels of healthy dogs, dogs with non-dermatologic diseases, dogs with allergic skin diseases and dogs with other dermatologic diseases. Using the Student-Newman-Keuls test, no significant differences in the mean serum zinc levels were demonstrated among any of the four groups (P > 0.05). Resume— Une diminution des taux zinc total dans le corps peut avoir de profondes repercussions sur la reponse immunitaire et les systemes tegumentaires. Malheureusement, La mesure du taux global de zinc corporel ets difficile car ce miniral est ubiquitaire dans l'environnement et de nombreux facteurs endogenes ou exogenes peuvent elever ou diminuer de facon erronnee les dosages. Chez l'homme, quelques maladies, dermatologiques ou non, ont ete associees a des zincemies faibles, objectif de cette etude etait d'analyser par absorptio atomique et comparer les zincemies plasmatiques de chiens sains, atteints de maladies generales et de maladies cutanees. En utilisant le test de Student-Newman-Keuls, aucune difference significative n'a ete retrouvee entre les 4 groupes (P > 0.05). Resumen Niveles bajos de zinc pueden conducir a profundos efectos en tanto el sistema inmunitario, como en el integumentario. Desafortunadamente la medida de la cantidad total de zinc en el organismo es compleja debido a la ubicuidad del mineral en el medio ambiente, y a la gran cantidad de factores endogenos y exogenos que pueden producir medidas falsas del mismo. En medicina humana se han asociado varias enfermedades dermatologicas y sistemicas con bajos niveles de zinc. El objetivo de este estudio es el analisis por medio del metodo de absorcion atomica y la comparacion de los niveles de zinc en el suero de perros sanos, perros con enfermedades de tipo general, perros con enfermedades de piel de tipo alergico, y perros que presentaban enfermedades cutaneas de tipo no alergico. Utilizando el test de Student-Newman-Keuls no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la cantidad media de zinc en suero delos cuatro grupos (P > 0.05).
Site-directed mutagenesis of NnrR: a transcriptional regulator of nitrite and nitric oxide reductase in Rhodobacter sphaeroides

NnrR, a transcriptional activator and member of the CRP/FNR family of regulators, is responsible for controlling the expression of a number of denitrification genes in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.3. The apparent effector for NnrR is nitric oxide, and in its presence NnrR activates expression of the nirK gene and the nor operon, encoding nitrite reductase and nitric oxide reductase, respectively. Whether nitric oxide directly interacts with NnrR to activate transcription is unknown. Other denitrifiers carry putative orthologs of NnrR. To gain insight into NnrR function, a number of conserved residues were mutagenized. The impact of these changes on NnrR function was assessed by monitoring expression of a nirK-lacZ fusion. In this way a region spanning from Tyr93 to Cys103 that contains residues critical for NnrR activity was identified.
Raman spectra and simulation of cis- and trans-cyclooctene for conformational analysis compared to inelastic neutron scattering

Simulated and measured Raman spectra are used to determine the molecular conformation of trans-cyclooctene. This is the first reported Raman spectrum of this highly strained species. A crown structure results in a computed Raman spectrum, which is in good agreement with the experiment; a chair structure does not. Comparison is made with the case of cis-cyclooctene. The computed structure and limitations of the method of conformational analysis are discussed. In particular, the relative merits of Raman spectroscopy in comparison with infrared and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) are evaluated using computed spectra for all three methods and comparison of the observed INS for cis-cyclooctene with that computed for two conformations. It is concluded that the combination of computed and observed Raman spectra provides a useful method for conformational analysis for cases of this type. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continued search for the cellular signals that regulate regeneration of dopaminergic neurons in goldfish retina

Intraocular injections of low doses (0.7-1.4 mM estimated intraocular concentration) of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) selectively destroy dopaminergic neurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of goldfish retina, and they never regenerate. However, injection of a higher dose of 6OHDA (2.9 mM) destroys > 30% (but not all) of the cells in both the INL and the outer nuclear layer (ONL), but within 3 weeks, neurons in both the INL (including dopaminergic neurons) and the ONL regenerate. We hypothesize that the regenerated neurons derive from mitotic rod precursors in the ONL and that damage to the surrounding micro-environment (i.e. destruction of photoreceptors) triggers the regenerative response. To directly test this hypothesis, we selectively ablated > 99% of dopaminergic neurons (with low doses of 6OHDA) and up to 55% of rod photoreceptors (with tunicamycin), and asked whether the dopaminergic neurons regenerated, as evidenced by double immunolabeling with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase and anti-bromodeoxyuridine. After 38 days, the number of bromodeoxyuridine-immunoreactive rod nuclei was increased 2.4-fold compared to controls, but no regenerated dopaminergic neurons were found. These data suggest that although the rate of rod production increases, rod precursors do not alter their normal pathway of development to replace dopaminergic neurons in the INL when damage to the ONL is limited to destruction of rods.
Supplier Development Practices: Product- and Service-Based Industry Comparisons

SUMMARY Supplier development has become a viable supply chain management practice across industries as firms continue to focus on their core competencies and outsource a significant percentage of the costs of goods sold. Supplier development practices used by buying firms include formal supplier assessment and feedback, supplier incentives, competitive pressure, and direct involvement improving performance through activities such as training and investment. Although it is apparent that such strategies and processes are used to some extent across industries, it is unclear if there are differences in supplier development approaches between product- and service-based firms. The findings indicate that service firms tend to rely on the competitive pressure of market forces to instigate supplier performance to a greater extent than product-based firms and that productbased firms tend to use assessment, incentives, and direct involvement to a greater extent than service firms.
Effect of isoproterenol on regional myocardial perfusion and tissue oxygenation in acute myocardial infarction

The effect of isoproterenol infusion on regional myocardial perfusion and tissue oxygenation during acute myocardial infarction was investigated in anesthetized dogs. Measurements of regional flow with radioactive microspheres and myocardial lactate and adenosine triphosphate from analysis of myocardial biopsies were compared in normal, marginal, and infarcted tissue in dogs with a ligated coronary artery. After 10 minutes of isoproterenol 0.15 microgram/Kg./minute, flow was unchanged in the marginal and infarcted regions, and, although rises occurred in most dogs, changes were inconsistent in the normal regions. In the marginal regions, tissue lactate rose by 5.6 mumoles/g (97 per cent) and adenosine triphosphate fell by 2.4 mumoles/g (46 per cent) after isoproterenol. No consistent changes occurred in the normal or infarcted regions of the dogs given isoproternol or in any regions of control dogs given saline. It is concluded that beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol increases tissue ischemia in experimental acute myocardial infarction.
The relationships among percentage body weight loss, circulating free fatty acids and consummatory behavior in rats

Abstract Two experiments were done to determine the empirical relationships among percentage body weight loss, circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and consummatory behavior in rats. In Experiment 1, FFA concentration was found to increase with food deprivation. Both FFA and food consumption per unit time were found to decrease together as the duration of a post-deprivation food consumption test was increased. In Experiment 2, FFA again decreased but rate of bar pressing on a 2 min VI schedule increased as duration of post-deprivation testing increased. In Experiment 1, no statistically significant differences in either food consumption or FFA measures was found between animals deprived to 10 or 20 per cent of original body weight. In Experiment 2, however, both rate of bar pressing and FFA measures were found to vary as a function of 10 per cent body weight loss. The inconsistent relationship between antecedent deprivation conditions and the two response measures was thus reflected in the likewise inconsistent relationship between the two response measures and one index (FFA) of the metabolic condition of the animal. The results are discussed in terms of a lipostatic mechanism which proposes that decreases in circulating FFA concentration may be correlated with satiety and increases in circulating FFA concentrations may be correlated with hunger.
An Optical-Digital System For Automatic Processing Of Chest X-Rays

A description of a prototype optical-digital system for automatic processing of chest X-rays and preliminary results are presented. The system consists of a digital image scanner used for locating the lung fields and texture measurements, a diffraction pattern sampling unit which provides both annular ring and wedge samples of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of lung areas, and a microcomputer for control and computation of decision functions. The film is positioned by a computer-controlled film transport to provide an overall automated system. The system is currently being designed for the Appalachian Laboratory for Occupational Respiratory Diseases and will be used for screening chest X-rays of coal miners for pneumoconiosis.
Doppler miniprobe to measure arterial graft flow in coronary artery bypass grafting.

Using a 5 x 5-mm ultrasonographic Doppler miniprobe, the flow volume of arterial grafts (internal thoracic artery and gastroepiploic artery) was measured four times during the course of coronary artery bypass grafting. Graft flow just before sternal closure was almost equivalent to that in the preoperative phase when the anastomosis was optimal. Use of the Doppler miniprobe facilitated evaluation of the arterial graft flow pattern easily and quickly. We conclude that the Doppler miniprobe can provide helpful information for the evaluation of results of coronary artery bypass grafting in real time without necessitating any additional procedures. (Ann Thorac Surg 1991;52:3224)
Classroom Practices at Institutions with Higher-than-Expected Persistence Rates: What Student Engagement Data Tell Us.

This chapter discusses the finding that student retention benefits when the instruction increases the level of academic challenge and the amount of support provided to students.
Sensation magnitude judgments are based upon estimates of physical magnitudes

After writing my response to the commentaries, I sat back and reflected on the fascination and frustration of work on this topic. There is the ancient fascination of trying to understand the nature of the sensory bridge linking us to the external world. Also, discussing the measurability of sensation brings to the surface concepts we use and take for granted when we are working in other areas of psychology; and it holds them before us for critical examination. The frustration lies chiefly in the difficulty of formulating concepts clearly, in a way understood by all. At least when constructing the original Tower of Babel, workers hearing strange words knew that communication was not occurring. The psychophysical Tower of Babel sometimes has workers using the same words, but with different meanings. Much of my response is based on attempts to clarify concepts and clear up confusions.
Growth of carbon tetrabromide crystals for optical studies

Abstract A simple vapor deposition process is reported for growing optically clear single crystals of CBr4II at 300 K. These crystals are stable when sealed in an evacuated Pyrex tube, however, a thin brown film slowly develops on the surface when exposed to the atmosphere for a long duration. The sealed crystals are not affected when exposed even to an intense argon ion laser beam.
Surface ionization of polynuclear species in Al(III) hydrolysis—I. Titration results

Abstract Successive titrations with base and acid using one solution yielded evidence that the relatively sharp transition to higher OH/Al values at pH≈ 6 may be caused, in part, by the formation of a relatively stable dispersion of a polynuclear species with OH/Al in the range 2.5 ± 3. Surface or edge site deprotonation of this species can be used to explain the OH/Al versus pH curve above pH ≈ 6. Destabilization of a polynuclear species by charge reduction through surface site deprotonation may control the formation of the visible aluminum hydroxide precipitate at pH > 6.5. The species/precipitate with OH/Al > 2.5 dissolves very slowly with acid addition. Dissolution occurred at a pH (4.9) which was significantly lower than the pH at which the species was formed and lower than the pH at which it apparently had aggregated to form the precipitate.
Unidirectional surface-normal waveguide grating couplers for wafer-scale MCM interconnect

We report the fabrication of tilted gratings on polyimide waveguides. The reported gratings provide an effective unidirectional surface-normal optical couple-in and couple- out for polymer-based optoelectronic interconnects. Such a planarized grating is particularly suitable for wafer-scale MCM optoelectronic interconnects due to its unique non- blocking fanout feature. both surface-normal input and output grating couplers have been demonstrated for the first time on polyimide waveguides on silicon substrate.
Bridge to Transplant With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Followed by HeartWare Ventricular Assist Device in a Child

A 10-year-old boy was admitted with dilated cardiomyopathy. Before scheduled implantation of a HeartWare ventricular assist device, he experienced a cardiac arrest and required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for both cardiac and pulmonary support. After 4 days of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and 126 days of support on the HeartWare ventricular assist device, he underwent successful cardiac transplantation. He is doing well 6 months after transplantation.
Synthesis and absolute configuration of 2-(12′-aminotridecyl)-pyrrolidine, a defensive alkaloid from the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis

Abstract The synthesis of 2-(12′-aminotridecyl)-pyrrolidine ( 1 ), a defensive alkaloid recently isolated from the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis , is described. The (2 S ,12′ R ) configuration is assigned to this alkaloid by comparing the 1 H NMR spectrum of its ( S )-MTPA derivative with that of ( R )- and ( S )-MTPA [α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl] derivatives of the synthetic sample. These results suggest that the seventeen carbon skeleton of 1 is acetate rather than proline derived.
The Effect of Teacher Behaviors and Food Serving Arrangements on Young Children's Eating in a Day Care Center.

Educators advocate that a sound nutritonal program for preschool children should focus not only on the kinds of food children eat, but also on the interrelationship of the psychological and sociological aspects that affect children's eating behaviors during mealtime. The lifetime eating habits of people may be influenced primarily from factors acquired during the development of eating habits in early childhood. A study by Eppright, Fox, Fryer, Lamkin, and Vivian (1969) has indicated that by the age of 3 years many children have developed a dislike for certain foods or types of foods, notably vegetables. Teachers in preschool settings and parents may overestimate the amounts of food needed by preschool children and encourage overeating at this early age. Also persons working with young children need to be aware of the possible psychological effects of negative ways of dealing with children when they are reluctant to eat. Eating habits of infants and preschool children were found to be highly individualistic in another study by Eppright, Fox, Fryer, Lamkin, and Vivian (1970). Teachers' awareness that mealtime can be blended into the total
Imaging prostate cancer invasion with multi-nuclear magnetic resonance methods: the Metabolic Boyden Chamber.

The physiological milieu within solid tumors can influence invasion and metastasis. To determine the impact of the physiological environment and cellular metabolism on cancer cell invasion, it is necessary to measure invasion during well-controlled modulation of the physiological environment. Recently, we demonstrated that magnetic resonance imaging can be used to monitor cancer cell invasion into a Matrigel layer [Artemov D, Pilatus U, Chou S, Mori N, Nelson JB, and Bhujwalla ZM (1999). Dynamics of prostate cancer cell invasion studied in vitro by NMR microscopy. Mag Res Med 42, 277–282.]. Here we have developed an invasion assay (“Metabolic Boyden Chamber”) that combines this capability with the properties of our isolated cell perfusion system. Long-term experiments can be performed to determine invasion as well as cellular metabolism under controlled environmental conditions. To characterize the assay, we performed experiments with prostate cancer cell lines preselected for different invasive characteristics. The results showed invasion into, and degradation of the Matrigel layer, by the highly invasive/metastatic line (MatLyLu), whereas no significant changes were observed for the less invasive/metastatic cell line (DU-145). With this assay, invasion and metabolism was measured dynamically, together with oxygen tensions within the cellular environment and within the Matrigel layer. Such a system can be used to identify physiological and metabolic characteristics that promote invasion, and evaluate therapeutic interventions to inhibit invasion.
Trace elemental analysis of automotive paints by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS)

Paints and coatings are frequently encountered as types of materials that are submitted to forensic science laboratories as a result of trace evidence transfers. The aim of this study was to develop a method to complement the commonly used techniques in a forensic laboratory in order to better characterize these samples for forensic purposes. A laser ablation method has been used to simultaneously sample several layers directly prior to introduction into an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer for the detection and quantification of the trace metals present in the layer(s). Time-resolved analysis plots displaying the elemental response and quantification of selected metals are compared to associate/discriminate paint samples. Matrix-matched standards were successfully incorporated into the analysis scheme for quantification of lead in the solid paint samples. Preparation of new matrix-matched standards for quantification of additional elements developed for this study are also presented. A sample set of eighteen (18) survey automotive paint samples have been analyzed with the developed method in order to determine the utility of LA-ICP-MS for trace element analysis of paints.
Composite thin film and electrospun biomaterials for urologic tissue reconstruction.

A replacement material for autologous grafts for urinary tract reconstruction would dramatically reduce the complications of surgery for these procedures. However, acellular materials have not proven to work sufficiently well, and cell-seeded materials are technically challenging and time consuming to generate. An important function of the urinary tract is to prevent urine leakage into the surrounding tissue--a function usually performed by the urothelium. We hypothesize that by providing an impermeable barrier in the acellular graft material, urine leakage would be minimized, as the urothelium forms in vivo. However, since urothelial cells require access to nutrients from the supporting vasculature, the impermeable barrier must degrade over time. Here we present the development of a novel biomaterial composed of the common degradable polymers, poly(e-caprolactone) and poly(L-lactic acid) and generated by electrospinning directly onto spin-coated thin films. The composite scaffolds with thin films on the luminal surface were compared to their electrospun counterparts and commercially available small intestinal submucosa by surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy and by analysis of permeability to small molecules. In addition, the materials were examined for their ability to support urothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and multilayered urothelium formation. We provide evidence that these unique composite scaffolds provide significant benefit over commonly used acellular materials in vitro and suggest that they be further examined in vivo.
Studies on the hymenoptera: I. Skin reactions of normal persons to honeybee (Apis mellifera) extract

Abstract Two hundred "normal" clinically nonsensitive individuals were tested intracutaneously with three reagents prepared from the honey bee. Seventy-five or 37.5 per cent gave positive reactions varying from 1 to 4 plus. One hundred and twenty-five or 62.5 per cent reacted negatively. The reactions with the dialyzed-residue fraction were more vigorous as a rule than those of the whole bee-body extract or of the dialysate. Of the 15 persons in our group who had "never" been stung by any member of the Hymenoptera, skin reactions were positive in 6 and negative in 9. Our findings indicate that almost 25 of "normal" persons exhibit a skin sensitivity to tests with serial dilutions of honeybee extract. This fact should be borne in mind when evaluating positive reactions in bee-sensitive cases before treatment is instituted.
The relation of inspiratory distention of the lungs to emphysema

Abstract 1.1. Experimental bronchoconstriction in dogs first causes pulmonary distention with increased inspiratory position of the chest, and a more negative intrapleural pressure. 2.2. In four cases of bronchial asthma, the intrapleural pressure was found to be more negative than normal instead of more positive, indicating active pulmonary distention by increased inspiratory effort. 3.3. The prolonged effect of more negative intrapleural pressure causes distention and stretching of the lungs with probable loss of elasticity. This is the first step in the production of structural emphysema. Thereafter, the intrapleural pressure rises, and the weakened alveolar walls subjected to further strain rupture and coalesce. 4.4. Direct experiments show that increased carbon dioxide tension and anoxemia also cause a more negative intrapleural pressure and a mean increased thoracic girth. 5.5. Anoxemia produced by very low oxygen tensions has been shown to produce emphysema in rats. 6.6. The greater negative intrapleural pressure found in bronchoconstriction may be explained by increased resistance to respiration, carbon dioxide retention, and anoxemia resulting from bronchoconstriction.
A Mixture Theory formulation for hydraulic or pneumatic transport of solid particles

In this paper, we discuss the importance of constitutive modeling of the stress tensors in certain engineering issues, related to the pressure drop and skin friction, encountered in solids transport. To study this problem, we first give a brief account of the formulation of a two-component mixture based on the theory proposed by Massoudi, Rajagopal and co-workers. The mixture consists of a linearly viscous fluid infused with solid particles. The solids particles are modeled as a granular media and it is assumed that the mixture is dense enough so that we can use the theory of interacting continua. The subsequent boundary value problem, flow between two flat plates, is then solved numerically and results for various dimensionless numbers are presented for velocities and volume fraction profiles. The engineering quantities of interests discussed are related to the pressure drop and skin friction at the walls.
Do readers make inferences about conversational topics

When we read that two protagonists in a storychatted together for a couple of minutes, do we draw inferences about the topic of the conversation on the basis of information presented earlier in the text? Participants read passages in which protagonists part and later reunite; the passages ended with a sentence either that implied conversation or did not. In Experiment 1, participants’ continuation sentences indicated that inferences about the topic of conversation were drawn. Recognition probe data in Experiment 2 provided more immediate evidence of such inferences. Experiment 3 addressed a possible confound in Experiment 2 and again provided evidence that readers inferred the continuation of the conversation. In Experiments 4 and 5, we investigated the effect of having the targeted conversational topic be a secret that should not be shared between the protagonists. The results are discussed in terms of the collaboration between passive, memory-based text processing and schema-driven comprehension processes.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Studies Of Magnetic Disk Surfaces

Infrared spectroscopy offers a simple and non-destructive method for the study of particulate disk surfaces. Disk parameters that were previously difficult to obtain may now be measured insitu and in a routine manner. The infrared analysis and distribution mapping of lubricant and magnetic coating have been automated using a Fourier transform spectrometer. An integrated disk handler and software package automatically positions the disk at predetermined locations for measurement and data reduction.
Optical power limiting in multilayer systems with nonlinear response.

Optical power limiting is studied in multilayer systems where alternate layers exhibit nonlinear response. It is shown that the existence of optical limiting depends on the sign of the coupling of the Kerr nonlinearity. Approximate analytic results are found for single-layer systems, which suggest trends in the more complex multilayer systems. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Bearing Witness: Gay Men's Health Crisis And The Politics Of Aids

BEARING WITNESS IS A STORY ABOUT HOPE, a statement of faith in the human spirit. By dint of circumstance, it is two stories rolled into one. On the one hand, it is the tale of how volunteerism became the most necessary and reliable response to the political problems caused by AIDS and, on the other, it is a chronicle of how the gay community mobilized itself in the service of transformation to contain and resolve the social, psychological, and spiritual issues that the disease raised.
Chemical supply chain modeling for analysis of homeland security events

Abstract The potential impacts of man-made and natural disasters on chemical plants, complexes, and supply chains are of great importance to homeland security. To be able to estimate these impacts, we developed an agent-based chemical supply chain model that includes: chemical plants with enterprise operations such as purchasing, production scheduling, and inventories; merchant chemical markets, and multi-modal chemical shipments. Large-scale simulations of chemical-plant activities and supply chain interactions, running on desktop computers, are used to estimate the scope and duration of disruptive-event impacts, and overall system resilience, based on the extent to which individual chemical plants can adjust their internal operations (e.g., production mixes and levels) versus their external interactions (market sales and purchases, and transportation routes and modes). To illustrate how the model estimates the impacts of a hurricane disruption, a simple example model centered on 1,4-butanediol is presented.