cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of accumulations of sediments and drift algae on recruitment of sessile organisms associated with oyster reefs

Increases in sediment and drift algae accumulations have caused degradation of coastal lagoons worldwide. It is well known that these factors are stressors of seagrass beds, sediment fauna and coral reefs. However, little is known about the impacts on temperate hard-bottom assemblages within soft-bottom lagoons. To test if accumulations of sediment and drift algae (stress) affected recruitment of sessile oyster reef organisms, we constructed cages in Hog Island Bay, Virginia that trapped drifting macroalgae (c2.7 kg WW m 2 ) and facilitated sedimentation (c7 mm per 2–3 month). The stress treatments and unstressed controls were placed in front, between, and behind reefs (position) to represent wave exposed (c0.3 m, windy conditions), current exposed (c0.2 m s 1 , peak tide) and protected (c0 m, 0.0 m s 1 ) habitats. The percentage cover of recruited taxa onto bricks was mapped 4 times during a 1-year period. There were strong significant effects of stress on the total assemblage, plant (but not animal) richness, total plant and animal cover, and cover of the most common taxa. Unstressed bricks had high plant richness, high animal and plant cover, and high cover of the oyster Crassostrea virginica, the alien algae Gracilaria vermiculophylla and Codium fragile, the alga Agardhiella subulata, and high to medium cover of the opportunistic algae Ulva curvata and Enteromorpha spp. In comparison, sediment-stressed bricks had low plant richness, low animal and plant cover, and low cover of C. virginica, G. vermiculophylla, C. fragile, A. subulata, U. curvata and Enteromorpha spp. Similarly, algaestressed bricks also had low cover of animals, C. virginica, G. vermiculophylla, C. fragile, and A. subulata, but intermediate plant richness and plant cover and high cover of U. curvata and Enteromorpha spp. Although reef position caused significant multivariate results, this factor was clearly less important than the stress factor. Our study shows that accumulations of sediments and drift algae have an adverse impact on sessile temperate reef organisms, reducing richness and abundance, but favoring a few small opportunistic taxa. As the reef-generating oysters themselves performed poorly under these stressors, the long-term impact of the causes of these stressors, eutrophication and urbanization, is likely to be diminished reefs with cascading adverse effects on sessile reef organisms. D 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
The nuclear spins of I126, I132, I133 and I135

Abstract This paper reports some recent results of a continuing program to determine the nuclear spins, magnetic moments and electric quadrupole moments of the radioactive halogen isotopes by the method of atomic beams. The determination of the ground-state spins of radioactive isotopes is particularly important for the interpretation of radioactive decay patterns, and the measurements of nuclear spins and moments provide experimental evidence for the formulation and evaluation of nuclear-structure theories. This work completes the measurement of the nuclear spins of the series of iodine isotopes I123 to I135 with the exception of the 52-min I134 isotope. The nuclear spins of I126, I132, I133 and I135 are 2, 4, 7 2 and 7 2 , respectively. The nuclear spins of the iodine isotopes I123 to I135 are now know with the exception of the 52 min I134 isotope.
Electrochemical and optical detectors for capillary and chip separations

Abstract In separations in capillaries or on chips, the most predominant detectors outside of the field of proteomics are electrochemical (EC) and optical. These detectors operate in the μM to pM range on nL peak volumes with ms time resolution. The driving forces for improvement are different for the two classes of detectors. With EC detectors, there are two limitations that the field is trying to overcome. One is the ever-present surface of the electrode which, while often advantageous for its catalytic or adsorptive properties, is also frequently responsible for changes in sensitivity over time. The other is the decoupling of the electrical systems that operate electrokinetic separations from the system operating the detector. With optical detectors, there are similarly a small number of important limitations. One is the need to bring the portability (size, weight and power requirements) of the detection system into the range of EC detectors. The other is broadening and simplifying the applications of fluorescence detection, as it almost always involves derivatization. Limitations aside, the ability to make detector electrodes and focused laser beams of the order of 1 μm in size, and the rapid time response of both detectors have vaulted capillary and chip separations to the forefront of small sample, fast, low mass-detection limit analysis.
Perceptual reports vs recognition responses: A reply to Parks

Parks (1968) objects to the interpretation offered by Haber and Nathanson (1968), especially with respect to the following condition: S responds to a figure seen oscillating behind a narrow slit that it is foreshortened and also reports that he has a percept only of what is visible in the slit at any instance. Parks argues from these two responses that S must actually have a percept of most or all of the figure, a conclusion denied by the authors. This reply goes to some length to reiterate a distinction between knowledge of a stimulus gained from a percept and that gained from recognizing or constructing what the figure must be, based upon memory of previous percepts and past experience. Parks fails to make this distinction in his reply, and thus equates what S says he knows with what S actually sees. Therefore, this experiment still provides little support for any postretinal storage of the type Parks proposes.
Use of the Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery Perforator Flap in the Reconstruction of Gunshot Wounds to the Face

Purpose The reconstruction of large avulsive tissue loss in the head and neck region is one of the most difficult tasks faced by reconstructive surgeons. The advent of free tissue transfer has improved our ability to predictably reconstruct these patients. One of the most recent advances in the field of microvascular surgery is the use of perforator flaps. We have used the lateral circumflex femoral artery perforator (LCFAP) flap for reconstructions in patients who have suffered severe gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the maxillofacial area. Method A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients treated with a LCFAP flap in our division for large defects of the face resulting from GSWs between July 2005 and July 2006. The patient’s age and gender, site and size of defect, and degree of bone and soft tissue loss were recorded. Flap survival and donor site morbidity were noted as outcomes of the reconstruction. Results Four patients who met the inclusion criteria were identified. The success rate for the flaps was 100%. There was no partial necrosis of the flaps. The size of the defect ranged from 20 × 10 cm to 10 × 10 cm. None of the patients had donor site complications, and all donor sites were closed primarily. Conclusions Use of the LCFAP flap for the reconstruction of large defects secondary to GSWs to the face is a reliable option for the immediate reconstruction of this patient population. The lateral circumflex femoral artery perforator (LCFAP) flap is at a site not involved in the immediate resuscitation of trauma patients, thus ensuring an intact vascular system. This fact makes the LCFAP flap a reliable source for small to large soft tissues for reconstructing avulsive soft tissue losses in the head and neck.
Evaluation of Primary Bladder Neck Obstruction in Men

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in young men. While once considered rare, primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO) is now thought to be the most common underlying pathology in young men (younger than 50 years of age) presenting with LUTS without or without pelvic/testicular pain. This condition, while suggested by a history of mixed voiding and storage complaints in the absence of an antecedent injury or infection, is difficult to diagnose accurately without a diagnostic evaluation including uroflow and urodynamics. PBNO can result in relatively severe voiding dysfunction with long-term consequences if the disease goes unrecognized. Patients with PBNO are frequently misdiagnosed and treated empirically with antibiotics, anticholinergics, or α-blockers, without diagnostic evaluation. As history alone is poorly predictive of the underlying pathology, a comprehensive assessment of patient symptomatology in combination with urinalysis, urine culture, and uroflow can identify patients who should undergo more invasive testing with urodynamics. In symptomatic patients, a combination of uroflow and videourodynamics is highly accurate for the diagnosis. High-pressure voiding and poor funneling of the bladder neck confirm the diagnosis and identify patients most likely to benefit from aggressive treatment. Therapy targeted at the appropriate diagnosis results in effective treatment in the overwhelming majority of patients.
Climatic signal of ice melt features in southern Greenland

The stratigraphie record of melt features in intermediate depth polar ice cores has provided valuable data on past summer climate1–3. The thermal drilling technique used in previous studies precluded extending this record beyond a few hundred years. Recently, however, a 901-m deep ice core was mechanically drilled in southern Greenland. The excellent core quality and improved techniques for measuring melt features have resulted in an ∼2,200 yr record with consistently high quality data. We report here that the temporal variations in melt feature abundance, expressed as annual melt per cent (AMP), provide proxy data on summer climate that can complement other records extending back thousands of years. The AMP profile indicates that relatively warm summers prevailed from about AD 950 until AD 1500 culminating in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The periods from about 300 to 150 BC, AD 350 to 550, and AD 1550 to 1800 had relatively little summer melting.
The Effectiveness of Routine Screening Questions in the Detection of Alcoholism

To assess the prevalence of alcoholism in an ambulatory medical clinic and to determine the effectiveness of screening questions for alcoholism, 232 new patients in a medical primary care unit were interviewed using a questionnaire that included the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Based on MAST scores, 47 of 232 subjects were designated as alcoholics, yielding a prevalence of alcoholism of 20.3%. Sensitivities and specificities for alcohol-use questions were calculated using the MAST diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions "How much do you drink?" and "How often do you drink?" yielded low sensitivities of 34.0% and 46.8%, respectively. The question "Have you ever had a drinking problem?" considered alone had a high sensitivity of 70.2%; when combined with "When was your last drink?" this question had a sensitivity of 91.5%. We recommend the routine incorporation of these last two questions into the medical history in light of the high prevalence of alcoholism in this outpatient population. ( JAMA 1988;259:51-54)
The Culturally Relevant Assessment of Ebonics-Speaking Children

Professional organizations and federal legislation stipulate that assessments of all students must be fair and unbiased. Although these entities provide guidance, there continues to be a gap between guidelines and practice. This article examines the nature of culturally competent practice with Ebonics-speaking youth. Many school psychologists face challenges such as large caseloads, lack of knowledge about Ebonics, and limited access to culturally appropriate assessment materials. The present article fills this gap by providing practitioners with information on the history of Ebonics, implications for the students they assess, and practical ways to address these issues with limited resources.
New species and nomenclatural notes in Acianthera from Brazil

Two new Brazilian species of the orchid genus Acianthera, Acianthera calopedilon and Acianthera cephalopodiglossa, are described and illustrated. The identities of Acianthera bidentula, Acianthera saundersiana, and Acianthera serpentula are discussed. Acianthera velteniana, recently described for Espirito Santo, is placed in the synonymy of Acianthera bidentula. An epitype is selected for Pleurothallis saundersiana and a lectotype for Pleurothallis serpentula. Updated synonymy lists are provided for the taxa treated in the article.
Imperfect nesting in quasi-one-dimensional charge- and spin-density waves.

In quasi-one- and two-dimensional charge- and spin-density-wave systems, the imperfect nesting plays the crucial role in their thermodynamics and transport properties. We study systematically the effects of the imperfect nesting on the condensate density in both static and dynamic limit and related transport properties in charge- and spin-density waves.
Localized hyperthermia with iron oxide-doped yttrium microparticles: steps toward image-guided thermoradiotherapy in liver cancer.

Abstract Purpose To test whether iron oxide (IO)–containing yttrium aluminosilicate (YAS) microparticles (MPs) can generate localized therapeutic hyperthermia (≥ 43°C) when injected intratumorally in an animal model of liver cancer and whether MP distributions could be visualized with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and Methods Twenty-one Sprague–Dawley rats implanted with N1-S1 liver tumors were assigned to alternating magnetic field (AMF) exposure following intratumoral injection with IO-YAS MPs (n = 7), sham surgery (n = 7), or baseline iron quantification (n = 7). Three fiberoptic probes allowed spatial and temporal monitoring of temperatures during 24 minutes of AMF exposure. T2-weighted turbo spin-echo MR imaging was performed within 1 hour after the procedure to detect signal voids caused by IO-YAS deposition. Hematoxylin and eosin–stained pathologic slides were also obtained, and the presence of IO-YAS was evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Results Following AMF exposure, intratumoral temperatures after IO-YAS MP injection achieved therapeutic hyperthermia whereas those after sham surgery did not (46.6°C ± 1.3 vs 36.8°C ± 0.4; P P = .0809) at the conclusion of AMF exposure, respectively. A T2-weighted signal void at the tumor site was observed in all seven treated animals, and intratumoral IO-YAS was visualized on subsequent histopathologic examination in each case. The mean ratio of tumor:NHP Fe concentrations attributable to IO-YAS MPs was 108:1. Conclusions AMF exposure of intratumoral IO-YAS MPs generates localized therapeutic hyperthermia in an animal model of liver cancer. MR detectability and potential for combination brachytherapy warrants further investigation for thermoradiotherapy in liver cancer.
Functional analysis and treatment of self-injurious behaviour in a young child with traumatic brain injury

Primary objective: There has been no research evaluating the utility of functional analysis (FA) in identifying effective interventions for severe problem behaviour in very young children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It was hypothesized that FA technology would be applicable for this population and facilitate effective intervention development.Research design: A within-subject A-B-A reversal design was used to evaluate a functional communication training (FCT) intervention. This design allows for a demonstration of experimental control of the intervention over behaviour in single-case research.Methods and procedure: The authors conducted an FA of self-injurious behaviour (SIB) in an 18-month old boy with TBI. Results of the FA suggested that SIB was maintained, at least in part, by contingent maternal attention. An FCT intervention was used to teach a request for attention using an alternative communication device.Main outcomes and results: The FCT intervention reduced SIB to near zero and resulted ...
Spatial patterns in seasonal and interannual variability of chlorophyll and sea surface temperature in the California Current

[1] Physical forcing and biological response within the California Current System (CCS) are highly variable over a wide range of scales. Satellite remote sensing offers the only feasible means of quantifying this variability over the full extent of the CCS. Using six years (1997–2003) of daily SST and chlorophyll imagery, we map the spatial dependence of dominant temporal variability at resolutions sufficient to identify recurrent mesoscale circulation and local pattern associated with coastal topography. Here we describe mean seasonal cycles and interannual variation; intraseasonal variability is left to a companion paper (K. R. Legaard and A. C. Thomas, manuscript in preparation, 2006). Coastal upwelling dictates seasonality along north-central California, where weak cycles of SST fluctuate between spring minima and late summer maxima and chlorophyll peaks in early summer. Off northern California, chlorophyll maxima are bounded offshore by the seasonally recurrent upwelling jet. Seasonal cycles differ across higher latitudes and in the midlatitude Southern California Bight, where upwelling winds are less vigorous and/or persistent. Seasonality along south-central Baja is strongly affected by processes other than upwelling, despite year-round upwelling-favorable winds. Interannual variation is generally dominated by El Nino and La Nina conditions. Interannual SST variance is greatest along south-central Baja, although interannual variability constitutes a greater fraction of total variance inshore along southern Oregon and much of California. Patterns of interannual chlorophyll variance are consistent with dominant forcing through the widespread depression and elevation of the nutricline during El Nino and La Nina, respectively. Interannual variability constitutes a greater fraction of total chlorophyll variance offshore.
Effectiveness of the Bactiseal Universal Shunt for reducing shunt infection in a sub-Saharan African context: a retrospective cohort study in 160 Ugandan children

Object Antibiotic-impregnated shunts have yet to find widespread use in the developing world, largely due to cost. Given potential differences in the microbial spectrum, their effectiveness in preventing shunt infection for populations in low-income countries may differ and has not been demonstrated. This study is the first to compare the efficacy of a Bactiseal shunt system with a non–antibiotic-impregnated system in a developing country. Methods The Bactiseal Universal Shunt (BUS) was placed in 80 consecutive Ugandan children who required a shunt. In this retrospective cohort study, the outcome for that group was compared with the outcome for the immediately preceding 80 consecutive children in whom a Chhabra shunt had been placed. The primary end points were shunt failure, shunt infection, and death. Shunt survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Significance of differences between groups was tested using the log-rank test, chi-square analysis, Fisher's exact test, and t-test. Results There...
Product Attribute Function Deployment (PAFD) for Decision-Based Conceptual Design

The critical product planning phase, early in the product development cycle, requires a design tool to establish engineering priorities, select the preferred design concept, and set target levels of engineering performance while considering the needs of both the consumer and producer. The quality function deployment (QFD) method was developed as a design process tool to translate customer needs into engineering characteristics; however, limitations have been identified in using the QFD method for product planning. In this paper, a new design tool called product attribute function deployment (PAFD), based on the principles of decision-based design (DBD), is introduced as a decision-theoretic, enterprise-level process tool to guide the conceptual design phase. The PAFD method extends the qualitative matrix principles of QFD while utilizing the quantitative decision-making processes of DBD. The PAFD method is built upon established methods in engineering, marketing, and decision analysis to eliminate the need for the user ratings and rankings of performance, priority, and attribute coupling in the QFD method. The differences between the QFD and the PAFD processes are compared and contrasted, and the conceptual design of an automotive manifold absolute pressure sensor is used as a case study to demonstrate the features and benefits of the PAFD method.
Adaptation of Network Simplex for the Traffic Assignment Problem

This paper presents an algorithm for the traffic assignment problem. The algorithm is characterized by the "origin-based" feature, which solves the user equilibrium flow that is restricted to a single-origin network and loops among origins to produce the all-origin to all-destination equilibrium flow. In contrast to most prior traffic assignment problem algorithms, our method maintains a general spanning tree rooted at each origin, where in-tree arcs can be directed either away from or toward the root. Leveraging an optimality condition in the cycle space, the algorithm uses the network simplex method to identify and cancel a set of negative cost cycles. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the algorithm can generate highly precise solutions with fast convergence on large-scale networks.
The North Pacific Experiment (NORPEX-98): Targeted Observations for Improved North American Weather Forecasts

Abstract The objectives and preliminary results of an interagency field program, the North Pacific Experiment (NORPEX), which took place between 14 January and 27 February 1998, are described. NORPEX represents an effort to directly address the issue of observational sparsity over the North Pacific basin, which is a major contributing factor in short-range (less than 4 days) forecast failures for land-falling Pacific winter-season storms that affect the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The special observations collected in NORPEX include approximately 700 targeted tropospheric soundings of temperature, wind, and moisture from Global Positioning System (GPS) dropsondes obtained in 38 storm reconnaissance missions using aircraft based primarily in Hawaii and Alaska. In addition, wind data were provided every 6 h over the entire North Pacific during NORPEX, using advanced and experimental techniques to extract information from multispectral geostationary satellite imagery. Preliminary results of NORPEX dat...
ORIGINAL RESEARCH—SURGERY: Efficacy and Patient Satisfaction Associated with Penile Prosthesis Revision Surgery

ABSTRACT Introduction Complications that arise after placement of a penile prosthesis may result in the need for revision surgery. Few contemporary penile prosthesis series have focused solely on describing the efficacy and patient satisfaction associated with penile prosthesis revision surgery. Aim To determine the overall success of penile prosthesis revision surgery in providing the patient with a functional implant. Device efficacy and patient satisfaction with penile prosthesis revision surgery will be assessed using psychometrically validated instruments. Main Outcome Measures The erectile function (EF) and satisfaction domains of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) were used to quantify the overall efficacy and patient satisfaction with revision surgery. Methods Data were derived from a prospective database of consecutive patients undergoing penile prosthesis revision surgery performed by a single surgeon (B.R.K.). Eleven patients filled out the IIEF prior to surgery and 26 completed it following surgery. Results Thirty-nine consecutive patients underwent 55 revision procedures related to a prior penile prosthesis. Thirty-four patients (87%) have a functional implant with a median follow-up of 6.5 months (range 1–42 months). Significant improvements in the overall IIEF, EF domain, and satisfaction domain were seen in those patients studied prior to and following revision surgery. The total IIEF, EF domain, and satisfaction domain of the IIEF for the group of 26 responders were 60.7 ± 19.3, 26.6 ± 8.7, and 15.7 ± 5.6, respectively. Patients with fibrotic corporal bodies scored significantly lower on the EF and satisfaction domains than did any other group. Conclusions Penile prosthesis revision surgery is highly successful in providing men with a functional implant. The prostheses function well and patients are satisfied with their devices. Further study of those men with corporal fibrosis is warranted in order to determine the factors needed to improve their overall satisfaction with revision surgery. Kava BR, Yang Y, and Soloway CT. Efficacy and patient satisfaction associated with penile prosthesis revision surgery.
Determination of bupivacaine and three of its metabolites in rat urine by capillary electrophoresis

A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method for the analysis of urinary extracts of the local anesthetic, bupivacaine, and its three main metabolites, desbutylbupivacaine, 3'-hydroxybupivacaine, and 4'-hydroxybupivacaine, in rat urine has been developed. The limits of detection were 0.22 microM for desbutylbupivacaine and bupivacaine, 0.15 microM for 3'-hydroxybupivacaine, and 0.16 microM for 4'-hydroxybupivacaine. The linear range was from 0.7 microM to 16.8 microM for all four compounds. Migration time and peak height reproducibilities, and extraction efficiencies were determined for all four compounds. Peak height reproducibilities (n = 5) for the overall method were improved through the use of prilocaine as an internal standard. Peak height reproducibilities were 5.6% RSD for desbutylbupivacaine and bupivacaine, and 9.9% RSD for 3'-hydroxybupivacaine and 4'-hydroxybupivacaine. Migration time reproducibilities (n = 5) were 2.4% for all compounds. Urine samples were collected from rats administered therapeutic doses of bupivacaine and extracted using a solid-phase extraction method (SPE). Separation of bupivacaine and its metabolites was achieved in 15 min.
A study of the superconductivity of antimony under pressure and a search for superconductivity in arsenic

Abstract The high pressure phase of antimony stable above 85 kbar is superconducting. The transition temperature is 3.55°K at 85 kbar, decreasing very slightly with pressure. Neither an analogous phase transformation nor superconductivity was found in arsenic up to 200 kbar.
Evidence for reduced and dysregulated turnover of dopamine in schizophrenia.

The dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that schizophrenia is related to dopaminergic hyperactivity. To examine this hypothesis, this article reviews studies that have measured levels of DA and its metabolites in schizophrenic patients. From these studies, the following conclusions about schizophrenia emerge: (1) levels of DA and its metabolites can be highly variable; (2) DA turnover appears to be reduced in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients characterized as more chronic and treatment refractory, compared with normal controls; (3) DA turnover has been correlated positively with acute symptomatology and negatively with signs of chronic illness; and (4) central DA levels appear to be elevated. These conclusions support the author's hypothesis that DA turnover may be both reduced and dysregulated in schizophrenia. It is speculated that reduced turnover is primarily due to a deficiency in DA release and that dysregulation may result from the disruption of feedback mechanisms. Acute psychosis may be associated with a relative increase in the release of DA impinging on supersensitiv e postsynaptic receptors made so by chronic synaptic depletion of the transmitter.
An 82-Year-Old Woman With Left Upper Lobe Atelectasis

An 82-year-old woman was seen in the pulmonary clinic for complaints of shortness of breath and intermittent wheeze associated with cough productive of scanty white phlegm. This persisted despite treatment with an inhaled bronchodilator and two courses of antibiotics and prednisone that were prescribed by her primary care physician prior to evaluation in the pulmonary clinic. She was a lifelong nonsmoker with a medical history signifi cant only for a partial colectomy, secondary to two reportedly malignant polyps in her colon, 5 years previously. She did not require any additional treatment after the colectomy and was told that she did not require any follow-up. Physical examination was unremarkable at the time of initial evaluation in the pulmonary clinic. CBC count with differential, basic metabolic panel and hepatic panel was unremarkable. A chest radiograph showed atelectasis of the left upper lobe ( Figs 1A , 1B ), which was confi rmed on CT scan ( Figs 1C , 1D ). Flexible bronchoscopy performed the subsequent week revealed an endobronchial lesion in the left main-stem bronchus partially occluding the left upper lobe bronchus ( Fig. 2 ). Endobronchial biopsy specimens using forceps were sent for pathology, and bronchial brushings and washings were sent for cytology. The initial pathology revealed infi ltrative atypical lymphoid tissue that was highly suspicious for lymphoma, but more tissue was requested for a defi nitive diagnosis. The neoplastic cells stained positive for LCA and CD20 and negative for CD3, cytokeratins (AE 1:3, MAK-6), S-100 protein, and thyroid transcription factor-1 . The bronchial brushings also revealed atypical cells that were suspicious for malignancy ( Fig 3 ). In the interim, the patient’s lactate dehydrogenase level and a fl ow cytometric analysis of her peripheral blood revealed no evidence of an overt B-cell lymphop roliferative disorder or an acute myeloproliferative disorder. A PET-CT scan showed increased fl uorodeoxyglucose (FDG ) uptake in the area of the left main-stem bronchus, with increased soft tissue density tracking along this structure. Maximal standardized uptake value (SUV) was 17.1. There was also left hilar lymphadenopathy with hypermetabolic activity and SUV measuring 22.89, as well as bilateral subcentimeter pulmonary nodules that did not demonstrate increased FDG activity ( Fig 4 ). Flexible bronchoscopy was repeated to obtain more tissue, as well as to perform endobronchial ultrasoundguided transbronchial needle aspiration of the left hilar lymph node. Specimens were sent for fl ow cytometric analysis and pathology. Enough tissue was obtained for the pathologist to make a defi nitive diagnosis on this occasion, and additional fresh tissue was sent for fl ow cytometric analysis.
Evolution of a unique anatomical precision in angiosperm leaf venation lifts constraints on vascular plant ecology

The main role of leaf venation is to supply water across the photosynthetic surface to keep stomata open and allow access to atmospheric CO2 despite evaporative demand. The optimal uniform delivery of water occurs when the distance between veins equals the depth of vein placement within the leaf away from the evaporative surface. As presented here, only angiosperms maintain this anatomical optimum across all leaf thicknesses and different habitats, including sheltered environments where this optimization need not be required. Intriguingly, basal angiosperm lineages tend to be underinvested hydraulically; uniformly high optimization is derived independently in the magnoliids, monocots and core eudicots. Gymnosperms and ferns, including available fossils, are limited by their inability to produce high vein densities. The common association of ferns with shaded humid environments may, in part, be a direct evolutionary consequence of their inability to produce hydraulically optimized leaves. Some gymnosperms do approach optimal vein placement, but only by virtue of their ability to produce thick leaves most appropriate in environments requiring water conservation. Thus, this simple anatomical metric presents an important perspective on the evolution and phylogenetic distribution of plant ecologies and further evidence that the vegetative biology of flowering plants—not just their reproductive biology—is unique.
Inflammation during obesity is not all bad: evidence from animal and human studies

Chronic inflammation is a characteristic of obesity and is associated with accompanying insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although proinflammatory cytokines are known for their detrimental effects on adipose tissue function and insulin sensitivity, their beneficial effects in the regulation of metabolism have not drawn sufficient attention. In obesity, inflammation is initiated by a local hypoxia to augment angiogenesis and improve adipose tissue blood supply. A growing body of evidence suggests that macrophages and proinflammatory cytokines are essential for adipose remodeling and adipocyte differentiation. Phenotypes of multiple lines of transgenic mice consistently suggest that proinflammatory cytokines increase energy expenditure and act to prevent obesity. Removal of proinflammatory cytokines by gene knockout decreases energy expenditure and induces adult-onset obesity. In contrast, elevation of proinflammatory cytokines augments energy expenditure and decreases the risk for obesity. Anti-inflammatory therapies have been tested in more than a dozen clinical trials to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in patients with T2DM, and the results are not encouraging. One possible explanation is that anti-inflammatory therapies also attenuate the beneficial effects of inflammation in stimulating energy expenditure, which may have limited the efficacy of the treatment by promoting energy accumulation. Thus, the positive effects of proinflammatory events should be considered in evaluating the impact of inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Run-time reconfigurable adaptive signal processing system with asynchronous dynamic pipelining: a case study of DLMS ADFE

Most pipelined adaptive signal processing systems are inherently subject to a trade-off between throughput and signal processing performance because of the adaptation feedback loops. To mitigate this dilemma, we propose to apply an asynchronous pipeline to implement pipelined adaptive signal processing systems that can support run-time reconfigurable throughput/performance trade-offs. This can be leveraged to improve the overall system performance in many applications. In this work, we demonstrate this design approach using a delayed LMS (DLMS) adaptive decision feedback equalizer (ADFE) for the communication links with variable data rate. By adjusting the pipelining depth on-the-fly, the DLMS ADFE can dynamically track the best equalization performance allowed by different data rates. We develop the design scheme that applies a zero-delay-overhead asynchronous pipeline style to implement ADFE and support dynamic pipelining depth control. Simulation result shows a significant performance improvement compared with its synchronous counterpart.
The Relevance of Politically Relevant Dyads in the Study of Interdependence and Dyadic Disputes

The role of dyadic trade dependence in reducing conflict has been a subject of some dispute in the recent literature. Liberals have presented strong evidence that a higher level of trade dependence leads to lower probabilities of dyadic disputes, while an equally compelling literature has generated evidence that elevated levels of trade dependence generally increase the likelihood of disputes, or that dependence only decreases the likelihood of conflict for certain pairs of states under specific conditions. Unfortunately, the direct comparison of these competing perspectives has been hindered by the use of different estimation techniques, variable measurements, data sets, and samples. While recent work has attempted to provide a more systematic analysis of the effect of different data sets and sample choices on the relationship between interdependence and conflict (Schneider, Barbieri, & Gleditsch, 2003), no theoretical reason has been put forward as to why estimation results for some samples should diffe...
The Public Health Impact of Antidepressant Medications

: General population surveys often report that only a small proportion of individuals with common mental disorders seek mental health treatment, suggesting a high level of unmet need for mental health care in the community. In recent years, however, the number of adults in industrialized countries who are treated with antidepressant medications has dramatically increased. This paper reviews the public health impact of the increase in the use of antidepressant medications. Whereas some studies suggest a decrease in the incidence of suicide corresponding with the increase in the use of antidepressant medications, other studies do not report such an association. Furthermore, there has been no change in the period prevalence of common mental disorders concurrent with the increase in the use of antidepressant medications. Focusing effort and resources on expanding the capacity of mental health services and improving access to these services without attention to quality, intensity and appropriate targeting of treatments may have limited impact on the mental health of populations.
Long‐term behavior of some major faults in southern California

Background. Several contrasting patterns of long-term behavior can be recognized among the numerous major faults in southern California that are known to be currently active on the basis of geologic, geodetic, and seismologic data. Past large-scale displacements represent cumulative slip along some of the faults during long spans of geologic time, and along others during one or more distinctly shorter spans. Moreover, both rates and senses of movement appear to have changed with time along many of the faults. Such contrasting histories, thus far most effectively traced over the last 25 million years of Cenozoic time, may provide some useful clues concerning future movements that can be expected along these major breaks in the earth's crust.
Maternal transfer of contaminants to eggs in common grackles (Quiscalus quiscala) nesting on coal fly ash basins

Coal combustion is a major source of trace elements to the environment. Aquatic disposal of wastes from this process can result in reproductive failure in many wildlife species, but little is known regarding impacts on avian fauna. Individual eggs were collected from common grackles (Quiscalus quiscala) nesting in association with coal fly ash settling basins and a reference site to determine if females from the contaminated site transfered trace elements to their eggs. Whole clutches were also collected from both sites to examine inter- and intra-clutch variability of maternally transferred contaminants. Selenium was the only trace element found in significantly higher concentrations in ash basin eggs (x¯ = 5.88 ± 0.44 μg/g DW) than in reference eggs (x¯ = 2.69 ± 0.13 μg/g DW). Selenium concentrations in eggs from the ash basins were above background levels, but did not exceed higher proposed Se toxicity thresholds. Inter- and intra-clutch variation was higher for ash basin clutches than reference clutches. The relationship between selenium concentrations and laying order (estimated by egg mass) was not statistically significant, but increased Se concentration in the second egg of most ash basin clutches followed by declining concentrations in subsequent eggs suggested that further examination of this pattern might be warranted.
Indexing strategies for graceful degradation of search quality

Large web search engines process billions of queries each day over tens of billions of documents with often very stringent requirements for a user's search experience, in particular, low latency and highly relevant search results. Index generation and serving are key to satisfying both these requirements. For example, the load to search engines can vary drastically when popular events happen around the world. In the case when the load is exceeding what the search engine can serve, queries will get dropped. This results in an un- graceful degradation in search quality. Another example that could increase the query load and affect the user's search experience are ambiguous queries which often result in the execution of multiple query alterations in the back end. In this paper, we look into the problem of designing robust indexing strategies, i.e. strategies that allow for a graceful degradation of search quality in both the above scenarios. We study the problems of index generation and serving using the notions of document allocation, server selection, and document replication. We explore the space of efficient algorithms for these problems and empirically corroborate with existing theory that it is hard to optimally solve the alocation and selection problems without any replication. We propose a greedy replication algorithm and study its performance under different choices of allocation and selection. Further, we show hat under random selection and allocation, our algorithm is optimal.
NOT WHAT IT USED TO BE: THE CAMBRIDGE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, VOLUMES II AND III The Cambridge Economic History of the United States. Volume II: The Long Nineteenth Century; Volume III: The Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. x, 1021 and x, 1190, respectively. Each volume $99.95.

The long awaited publication of volumes II and III of the Cambridge Economic History of the United States (hereafter CEHUS) is a landmark in the historiography of the U.S. economy (volume I, on the colonial economy, appeared in 1996). A decade in the making, and appearing after the untimely death of one of its editors, Robert Gallman, these volumes will without doubt be accessed and accessed frequently as reference works in the twenty-first century. Not since 1972, when, under the editorial leadership of Lance Davis, Richard Easterlin, and William Parker, Harper and Row published American Economic Growth: An Economist's History of the United States has a comparable multi-author work been attempted. In the event, ten of the original 12 contributors to that work are here for a return engagement.
A Review of 21 iPad Applications for Augmentative and Alternative Communication Purposes

Abstract Using the iPad tablet for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) purposes can facilitate many communicative needs, is cost-effective, and is socially acceptable. Many individuals...
The Nasty Effect: Online Incivility and Risk Perceptions of Emerging Technologies

Uncivil discourse is a growing concern in American rhetoric, and this trend has expanded beyond traditional media to online sources, such as audience comments. Using an experiment given to a sample representative of the U.S. population, we examine the effects online incivility on perceptions toward a particular issue-namely, an emerging technology, nanotechnology. We found that exposure to uncivil blog comments can polarize risk perceptions of nanotechnology along the lines of religiosity and issue support.
Regulation of integrin affinity on cell surfaces

Lymphocyte activation triggers adhesiveness of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1; integrin αLβ2) for intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) on endothelia or antigen-presenting cells. Whether the activation signal, after transmission through multiple domains to the ligand-binding αI domain, results in affinity changes for ligand has been hotly debated. Here, we present the first comprehensive measurements of LFA-1 affinities on T lymphocytes for ICAM-1 under a broad array of activating conditions. Only a modest increase in affinity for soluble ligand was detected after activation by chemokine or T-cell receptor ligation, conditions that primed LFA-1 and robustly induced lymphocyte adhesion to ICAM-1 substrates. By stabilizing well-defined LFA-1 conformations by Fab, we demonstrate the absolute requirement of the open LFA-1 headpiece for adhesiveness and high affinity. Interaction of primed LFA-1 with immobilized but not soluble ICAM-1 triggers energy-dependent affinity maturation of LFA-1 to an adhesive, high affinity state. Our results lend support to the traction or translational motion dependence of integrin activation.
Understanding early functional recovery after robotic prostatectomy.

Objectives. The time to regain urinary control and sexual function after robotic-assisted prostatectomy varies widely. The authors performed a study to prospectively assess relationships between intraoperative processes and early functional recovery after surgery. Methods. Prostate cancer patients undergoing robotic prostatectomy prospectively completed questionnaires (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite–Short Form, Sexual Health Inventory for Men) preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. Relationships between intraoperative processes and early recovery were measured using multiple logistic regression. Results. At 3 months, 73.9% and 29.7% of patients had recovered urinary and sexual function, respectively. Bladder neck preservation was associated with early recovery of both urinary and sexual function (P < .01). The quality of nerve sparing (P = .01), seminal vesicle sparing (P = .03), and the use of urethral suspension (P = .04) were associated with early recovery of sexual function. Conclus...
Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Achieving a spatial resolution that is not limited by the diffraction of light, recent developments of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques allow the observation of many biological structures not resolvable in conventional fluorescence microscopy. New advances in these techniques now give them the ability to image three-dimensional (3D) structures, measure interactions by multicolor colocalization, and record dynamic processes in living cells at the nanometer scale. It is anticipated that super-resolution fluorescence microscopy will become a widely used tool for cell and tissue imaging to provide previously unobserved details of biological structures and processes.
Chatter Stability Analysis Using the Matrix Lambert Function and Bifurcation Analysis

We investigate the stability of the regenerative machine tool chatter problem, in a turning process modeled using delay differential equations (DDEs). An approach using the matrix Lambert function for the analytical solution to systems to delay differential equations is applied to this problem and compared with the result obtained using a bifurcation analysis. The Lambert function, known to be useful for solving scalar first order DDEs, has recently been extended to a matrix Lambert function approach to solve systems of DDEs. The essential advantage of the matrix Lambert approach is not only the similarity to the concept of the state transition matrix in linear ordinary differential equations, enabling its use for general classes of linear delay differential equations, but also the observation that we need only the principal branch among an infinite number of roots to determine the stability of a system of DDEs. The bifurcation method combined with Sturm sequences provides an algorithm for determining the stability of DDEs without restrictive geometric analysis. With this approach, one can obtain the critical values of delay which determine the stability of a system and hence the preferred operating spindle speed without chatter. We apply both the matrix Lambert function and the bifurcation analysis approach to the problem of chatter stability in turning, and compare the results obtained to existing methods. The two new approaches show excellent accuracy, and certain other advantages, when compared to traditional graphical, computational and approximate methods.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Does Your “Feeling of What Happens” Definition of Consciousness Extend to Dreaming? If So, How Do You Conceptualize Internally Generated FWHs?

Allan Hobson’s lectures provide two distinct rewards. First, a review of important ideas and facts from his research on dreams. Second, the lectures present an account of consciousness that roots the phenomenon in the dream process. I like Hobson’s account very much and agree with most, though not all, of Hobson’s choices.