cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intestinal lymphangiectasia, a disease characterized by selective loss of naive CD45RA+ lymphocytes into the gastrointestinal tract

Intestinal lymphangiectasia (InL) is a disease characterized by hypoproteinemia and lymphocytopenia resulting from blocked intestinal lymphatics and loss of lymph fluid into the gastrointestinal tract. This leads to immunologic abnormalities including hypogammaglobulinemia, skin anergy and impaired allograft rejection. In the present study, we evaluated whether the above immunologic abnormalities are secondary to a quantitative or qualitative disorder of T cells. In initial studies we demonstrated that adult InL patients' peripheral blood contain strikingly (and significantly) reduced numbers of CD4+/CD45RA+ T cells, whereas the numbers of CD4+/CD45RO+ T cells were only moderately (and not significantly) reduced. In addition, the CD4+/CD45RO+ T cell population contained an increased percentage of highly differentiated and previously sensitized cells, as demonstrated by decreased CD27 and CD31 expression and increased HLA-DR and CD69 expression. In subsequent functional studies, we showed that the InL CD4+/CD45RO+ T cells, when stimulated in vitro, proliferate fivefold less than control CD4+/CD45RO+ T cells and produce fourfold more IL-4 and threefold less IFN-gamma and IL-2. Thus, this cytokine production profile also reflects the highly differentiated nature of the residual cell population. Overall, these studies provide new information on the trafficking of naive/mature and Th1/Th2 T cell populations in this disease model.
Limits to Flood Forecasting in the Colorado Front Range for Two Summer Convection Periods Using Radar Nowcasting and a Distributed Hydrologic Model

AbstractFlood forecasting in mountain basins remains a challenge given the difficulty in accurately predicting rainfall and in representing hydrologic processes in complex terrain. This study identifies flood predictability patterns in mountain areas using quantitative precipitation forecasts for two summer events from radar nowcasting and a distributed hydrologic model. The authors focus on 11 mountain watersheds in the Colorado Front Range for two warm-season convective periods in 2004 and 2006. The effects of rainfall distribution, forecast lead time, and basin area on flood forecasting skill are quantified by means of regional verification of precipitation fields and analyses of the integrated and distributed basin responses. The authors postulate that rainfall and watershed characteristics are responsible for patterns that determine flood predictability at different catchment scales. Coupled simulations reveal that the largest decrease in precipitation forecast skill occurs between 15- and 45-min lea...
Impact of Inoculum Size and Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) on Vancomycin Activity and Emergence of VISA in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model

The activity of vancomycin against heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) and non-hVISA isolates, using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, was reduced in the presence of a high inoculum amount (108 CFU/ml). A high bacterial load of >105 CFU/ml persisted for all strains with doses up to 5 g every 12 h against high inoculum amounts. No change in the vancomycin MIC was detected in any isolate at a moderate inoculum amount (106 CFU/ml), and bactericidal activity occurred only against the non-hVISA isolate (time to 99% kill, 7.5 h; P = 0.001).
Relativistic Hamiltonian dynamics I. Classical mechanics

Abstract A new Hamiltonian theory is proposed for the dynamics of relativistic systems. It is presented here by means of a closed system of N spinless point particles. The potential energy may depend on the velocities and is assumed to be a sum of two-body interactions. The dynamical variables are chosen on the basis of realizations of the Poincare algebra P . Only manifestly covariant realizations are considered here; the position four-vector of the whole system is not in the enveloping algebra of P . The canonical formulation requires an 8N + 8-dimensional phase space and appropriate first-class and second-class constraints. Reduction leads to noncanonical algebras for the variables in 6N + 6- and in 6N-dimensional phase spaces. Only the latter do not admit a description of the worldlines of interacting particles (but only of free ones.) This incompatibility between the description of individual particles and the presence of interaction is proven to be the reason for the no-interaction theorem by Currie et al. which holds when individual particle variables are used. Interactions linear in the velocities lead to Lorentz-type forces between the particles. Applications of the theory to other physical systems are indicated. Canonical quantization is possible and will be presented in a future publication.
Quadruplex formation by a guanine-rich PNA oligomer.

A guanine-rich PNA dodecamer having the sequence H-G4T4G4-Lys-NH2 (G4-PNA) hybridizes with a DNA dodecamer of homologous sequence to form a four-stranded quadruplex (Datta, B.; Schmitt, C.; Armitage, B. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4111−4118). This report describes quadruplex formation by the PNA alone. UV melting curves and fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments reveal formation of a multistranded structure stabilized by guanine tetrads. The ion dependency of these structures is analogous to that reported for DNA quadruplexes. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicates that both dimeric and tetrameric quadruplexes are formed by G4-PNA, with the dimeric form being preferred. These results have implications for the use of G-rich PNA for homologous hybridization to G-rich targets in chromosomal DNA and suggest additional applications in assembling quadruplex structures within lipid bilayer environments.
IMPROVING READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH METACOGNITIVE TRAINING

This paper contains a brief review of metacognition and its relationship to reading with emphasis on comprehension monitoring and use of corrective strategies. Implications for classroom instruction will be considered and an approach to teaching comprehension monitoring and corrective strategies are described. Finally, a tutorial illustration in which this instructional procedure is implemented is reported.
Ulnar and tibial bending stiffness as an index of bone strength in synchronized swimmers and gymnasts

The purpose of this study is to compare a mechanical property of bone in world-class female athletes with different loading histories. Bone bending stiffness or EI (E is the modulus of elasticity and I, the moment of inertia) was measured noninvasively with the mechanical response tissue analyzer, that analyzes the response of bone to a vibratory stimulus. We evaluated the ulna, ulnar width, wrist density and tibia in 13 synchronized swimmers (SYN), eight gymnasts (GYM) and 16 untrained women (UNT) of similar age. Muscle strength in the flexors and extensors at elbows and knees was measured in the athletes. SYN were taller than GYM or UNT (168±0.7 vs. 152±1.1 or 157±1.2 cm, P< 0.01). Ulnar EI, Nm2, was similar in SYN and GYM (41±5.4 vs. 42±4.2, NS) and 50% higher than in UNT (27±2.1, P<0.05). Ulnar EI, Nm2 was related to ulnar width (r=0.497, P<0.002, n=37) but not to wrist density. Tibial EI, Nm2, in SYN and GYM (270±42 vs. 285±49, NS) was similar and more than twice as high as in UNT (119±6; p<0.05). Knee flexor strength measured at 60° s−1 and elbow extensor strength at 200° s−1 correlated with tibial EI (r=0.44 and 0.41, P<0.05). In spite of different loading histories, the tibiae and ulnas of world-class athletes showed similar high values for bending stiffness that exceeded values in untrained women. EI in the ulna could be related to bone width and in the tibia, to muscle strength.
Associations between schizotypal features and indicators of neurological and morphological abnormalities

Abstract Objective Limited research suggests that subtle neurological and morphological abnormalities that have been documented in patients with schizophrenia also may be associated with schizotypal traits in non-psychiatric samples. Based on the notion that neurological soft signs (NSS) may mark a genetic diathesis, this study hypothesized that NSS scores would be related to the level of schizotypy in relatives of schizophrenia patients and in controls. Additionally, associations between MPA scores and schizotypy were explored in these two groups. Method Twenty-six first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and 38 controls with no personal or family history of psychosis were assessed for schizotypy using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders schizotypal personality disorder module, as well as the self-administered Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. The Neurological Evaluation Scale and a structured examination for MPAs also were administered. Results Mean schizotypy scores did not differ between relatives and controls. Both NSS and MPAs were associated with the level of interviewer-assessed schizotypal features in controls but not in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. NSS and MPAs were not associated with self-reported schizotypy in either group. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that both NSS and MPAs are associated with interview-based schizotypal traits, at least in non-psychiatric participants. Future research should seek to replicate these results in other samples of relatives and controls.
The interaction between soil formation and landscape evolution

Soil formation and landscape evolution are closely related, but they have generally been considered separately by scientists. Now Vanwalleghem et al. have created the first model to fully integrate the two. The model, called MILESD, looks at soil formation processes, including physical and chemical weathering, formation of clays, and biological mixing. It also includes vertical and horizontal soil redistribution processes. The model allows the researchers to look at the effect of erosion on soil profile depth and layering as well as soil properties such as texture, stoniness, and organic carbon content. It also enables them to study the effect of soil dynamics on sediment dynamics.
The Extratropical 40-Day Oscillation in the UCLA General Circulation Model. Part II: Spatial Structure

We examine intraseasonal oscillations in a three-year, perpetual-January simulation using a version.
Nanodentures and Mechanical Electrodynamics: Three-Dimensional Relative Orientation of Plasmonic Nanoarches from Absorption Spectra

We propose a general theme, labeled mechanical electrodynamics, where the relative three-dimensional (3-D) orientation of particles with nontrivial geometries is tracked based on the details of the...
Maps and Spaces

Two quite different concepts of space are important in geography and environmental psychology. One is the concept of macro-environment, of space as geographical scale. The other is the concept of form-at-a-timeless-instant: of naive geometry. Confusing these two concepts leads to serious errors. This paper examines some methodological and philosophical sources of this confusion, and points to a number of research problems in geography and psychology that can benefit from an untangling of the two concepts of space. One such problem is the need to understand the development of mapping abilities in very young children. Another is the larger question of building a body of theory to explain the development of macro-environmental cognition and behavior.
Maternal knowledge of nutrition, problem‐solving abilities and the introduction of complementary foods into infants’ diets

The purpose of the present study was to identify variables (maternal knowledge and problem‐solving ability) associated with the early introduction of complementary foods (i.e. foods other than breastmilk or formula) into infants’ diets. Ninety‐eight primarily African‐American mothers who presented to an urban, ambulatory care clinic in the Midwest completed questionnaires. Maternal knowledge regarding doctors’ recommendations for complementary feeding was associated with when mothers introduced solids (r = 0.25, p < .05), cow’s milk (r = 0.35, p < .05), juice (r = 0.42, p < .001) and water (r = 0.38, p < .001). Maternal nutrient knowledge was associated with when cow’s milk (r = 0.37, p < .05) and fruit drink/soda (r = 0.52, p < .01) were introduced. The quality of maternal problem‐solving was associated with when mothers introduced fruit drink/soda (r = 0.34, p < .05). Results underscore the role that healthcare professionals play in complementary feeding.
Reef recovery following the Frasnian–Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction: Evidence from the Dugway Range, West-Central Utah

The temporally extensive late Middle through Late Devonian biotic crisis involved at least three distinct peaks of elevated extinction intensity during an interval spanning ∼25 myr and resulted in the preferential elimination of certain shallow-marine, warm-water taxa, especially members of reef communities. By the end of the second peak, delimited by the Frasnian–Famennian (F–F) boundary, the stromatoporoids, members of the dominant constructor guild in mid-Paleozoic reefal ecosystems, had ceased building reefs in most parts of the world. The northern Dugway Range in west-central Utah, United States, however, represents one of the few locations globally where stromatoporoids continued reef building into the Famennian. Two measured sections there, which are constrained biostratigraphically using conodonts, indicate that the biohermal sequences occur within the middle Palmatolepis crepida biozone and are early Famennian in age. The post-F–F extinction Dugway reefal faunas are depauperate and dominated by labechiid and stylostromid stromatoporoids, as is characteristic of other early Famennian reefs. In this region, evidence for reefal development is episodic, with stromatoporoid-bearing units interbedded with peloidal and coated-grain carbonate units lacking evidence of reef construction. The stromatoporoid survivors, although fairly minor constituents of Frasnian reef communities, belong to long-ranging clades and may represent so-called extinction-resistant taxa that flourished, albeit locally in Laurentia, following the F–F mass extinction.
An object-oriented nano-kernel for operating system hardware support

The nano-kernel in the /spl mu/Choices operating system provides hardware support for the operating system. The nano-kernel is a single, modular subsystem that encapsulates the hardware and presents an idealized machine architecture to the rest of the system. Higher levels of the system that implement policy access the nano-kernel through a single interface. Thus the /spl mu/Choices nano-kernel is fully decoupled from higher level abstractions such as virtual memory or process paradigms. Within the nano-kernel, the hardware is modeled as a collection of abstract classes in a hardware support framework that are subclassed for particular hardware platforms. This architecture provides a highly modular and portable design making the system vastly easier to work with than previous versions of Choices. We have implemented a prototype of /spl mu/Choices that runs on UNIX. >
CceR and AkgR Regulate Central Carbon and Energy Metabolism in Alphaproteobacteria

ABSTRACT Many pathways of carbon and energy metabolism are conserved across the phylogeny, but the networks that regulate their expression or activity often vary considerably among organisms. In this work, we show that two previously uncharacterized transcription factors (TFs) are direct regulators of genes encoding enzymes of central carbon and energy metabolism in the alphaproteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The LacI family member CceR (RSP_1663) directly represses genes encoding enzymes in the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, while activating those encoding the F 1 F 0 ATPase and enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and gluconeogenesis, providing a direct transcriptional network connection between carbon and energy metabolism. We identified bases that are important for CceR DNA binding and showed that DNA binding by this TF is inhibited by 6-phosphogluconate. We also showed that the GntR family TF AkgR (RSP_0981) directly activates genes encoding several TCA cycle enzymes, and we identified conditions where its activity is increased. The properties of single and double ΔCceR and ΔAkgR mutants illustrate that these 2 TFs cooperatively regulate carbon and energy metabolism. Comparative genomic analysis indicates that CceR and AkgR orthologs are found in other alphaproteobacteria, where they are predicted to have a conserved function in regulating central carbon metabolism. Our characterization of CceR and AkgR has provided important new insight into the networks that control central carbon and energy metabolism in alphaproteobacteria that can be exploited to modify or engineer new traits in these widespread and versatile bacteria. IMPORTANCE To extract and conserve energy from nutrients, cells coordinate a set of metabolic pathways into integrated networks. Many pathways that conserve energy or interconvert metabolites are conserved across cells, but the networks regulating these processes are often highly variable. In this study, we characterize two previously unknown transcriptional regulators of carbon and energy metabolism that are conserved in alphaproteobacteria, a group of abundant, environmentally and biotechnologically important organisms. We identify the genes they regulate, the DNA sequences they recognize, the metabolite that controls the activity of one of the regulators, and conditions where they are required for growth. We provide important new insight into conserved cellular networks that can also be used to improve a variety of hosts for converting feedstock into valuable products.
Another Side of Multiple Murder: Women Killers in the Domestic Context

Although both female and male multiple murderers have been studied, little attention has been paid to women who commit multiple murder. Using a national database of newspaper accounts from two archives, Lexis-Nexis and ProQuest, this article isolates an exploratory sample of U.S. women who, between 1993 and 2001, killed two or more victims during a single episode of domestic violence. These 32 cases are, in some respects, similar to cases of male mass murder but are distinct in other ways. Most significantly, these murders are well planned and the victims are largely, although not entirely, the woman’s own children. These cases are examined in terms of the social characteristics of the offenders as well as their relationship to the victims and the way in which these murders appear to develop. The article concludes that especially with the child killings, there are certain common predisposing factors and precipitating events that play key roles.
Transcriptional Regulators of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels develop from a pre-existing vascular network, is essential for normal development and in certain physiological states. Inadequate or excessive angiogenesis has been incriminated in a number of pathologic states. For example, vaso-occlusive disease arising from atherosclerosis can lead to ischemia, a situation in which enhanced angiogenesis would be beneficial. Conversely, overzealous angiogenesis can contribute to tumor development and in this case inhibition of angiogenesis is desirable. Thus, strategies to induce or inhibit angiogenesis are of considerable therapeutic interest.
Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation

We performed magnetic resonance imaging on sixty-seven individuals who had never had low-back pain, sciatica, or neurogenic claudication. The scans were interpreted independently by three neuro-radiologists who had no knowledge about the presence or absence of clinical symptoms in the subjects. About one-third of the subjects were found to have a substantial abnormality. Of those who were less than sixty years old, 20 per cent had a herniated nucleus pulposus and one had spinal stenosis. In the group that was sixty years old or older, the findings were abnormal on about 57 per cent of the scans: 36 per cent of the subjects had a herniated nucleus pulposus and 21 per cent had spinal stenosis. There was degeneration or bulging of a disc at at least one lumbar level in 35 per cent of the subjects between twenty and thirty-nine years old and in all but one of the sixty to eighty-year-old subjects. In view of these findings in asymptomatic subjects, we concluded that abnormalities on magnetic resonance images must be strictly correlated with age and any clinical signs and symptoms before operative treatment is contemplated.
Modeling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibers: Determination of excitation thresholds

A method for predicting excitation of axons based on the response of passive models is proposed. An expression describing the transmembrane potential induced in passive models to an applied electric field is presented. Two terms drive the polarization of each node: a source term described by the activating function at the node, and an ohmic term resulting from redistribution of current from sources at other nodes. It is shown that a total equivalent driving function including both terms can be used to provide predictions of excitation thresholds for any applied field. The method requires only knowledge of the intracellular strength-duration relationship of the axon, the passive step response of the axon to an intracellular current, and the values of the extracellular potentials. Excitation thresholds for any given applied field can then be calculated using a simple algebraic expression. This method eliminates the errors associated with use of the activating function alone, and greatly reduces the computation required. >
A probabilistic event scheduling policy for optimistic parallel discrete event simulation

A probabilistic scheduling policy for selecting the next event to be processed by a processor during optimistic parallel discrete event simulation is presented. This policy exploits the knowledge about statistical distributions of the difference between the timestamps of successively committed events of a logical process. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate that under appropriate conditions, probabilistic scheduling generates substantially fewer rollbacks compared to the lowest timestamp first scheduling policy.
Primary Structure and Functional Analysis of the Soluble Transducer Protein HtrXI in the Archaeon Halobacterium salinarium

Signal transduction in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarium is mediated by a family of 13 soluble and membrane-bound transducers. Here, we report the primary structure and functional analysis of one of the smallest halobacterial putative transducers, HtrXI. Hydropathy plot analysis of the primary structure predicts no membrane-spanning segments in HtrXI. The fractionation of the H. salinarium proteins confirmed that HtrXI is a soluble protein. Capillary assay with an HtrXI deletion mutant and a complemented strain revealed that this soluble transducer is involved in Asp and Glu taxis. In vivo analysis of the methylesterase activity of the htrXI-1 deletion mutant suggests that HtrXI plays an important role in the adaptation of the chemotactic responses to His, Asp, and Glu, which are attractants for halobacteria. Stimulation by Asp and Glu causes demethylation of HtrXI and of another putative transducer, HtrVII. But addition of His to halobacterial cells increases HtrXI methylation together with that of other putative transducers. In the absence of HtrXI, stimulation by either Glu or His does not decrease or increase the methylation of any putative transducers. Therefire, the HtrXI transducer appears to have a complex role in chemotaxis signal transduction.
Common misdiagnosis of a common neurological disorder: how are we misdiagnosing essential tremor?

Background As a common neurological disorder, the diagnosis of essential tremor (ET) is considered routine. Despite this, previous work suggests that misdiagnoses may be common. Among other things, these misdiagnoses can lead to treatment errors. Objectives To estimate how often other tremor disorders are misdiagnosed as ET and to identify factors that increase the odds of misdiagnosing ET and to precisely quantify the extent to which they do so. Design Seventy-one consecutive patients underwent an evaluation at the Neurological Institute of New York, New York, between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2005; these patients had a preevaluation diagnosis of ET. The criteria for ET were adapted from the consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society. Results Twenty-six patients (37%) were misdiagnosed as having ET (“false ET”). Their true diagnoses were Parkinson disease (11 patients [15%]), dystonia (6 patients [8%]), Parkinson disease with ET (5 patients [7%]), and other disorders (4 patients [6%]). Factors associated with misdiagnosed ET included unilateral arm tremor (odds ratio, 10.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-95.4; P =.02), spooning of the hands and other dystonic postures (odds ratio, 16.3; 95% confidence interval, 4.0-66.4; P P Conclusions About 1 in 3 patients with tremor was misdiagnosed as having ET, with the most frequent false diagnoses being Parkinson disease and dystonia. Several factors that increased the odds of misdiagnosing ET were identified. These factors could be incorporated into improved diagnostic algorithms.
Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of Mycoplasma bovis-specific antibody in bison sera

Mycoplasma bovis has recently emerged as a significant and costly infectious disease problem in bison. A method for the detection of M. bovis-specific serum antibodies is needed in order to establish prevalence and transmission patterns. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) validated for the detection of M. bovis-specific serum IgG in cattle are commercially available, but their suitability for bison sera has not been determined. A collection of bison sera, most from animals with a known history of infection or vaccination with M. bovis, was tested for M. bovis-specific IgG using commercially available kits as well as an in-house ELISA in which either cattle or bison M. bovis isolates were used as a source of antigen. Comparison of the results demonstrates that ELISAs optimized for cattle sera may not be optimal for the identification of bison seropositive for M. bovis, particularly those with low to moderate antibody levels. The reagent used for the detection of bison IgG and the source of the antigen affect the sensitivity of the assay. Optimal performance was obtained when the capture antigen was derived from bison isolates rather than cattle isolates and when a protein G conjugate rather than an anti-bovine IgG conjugate was used for the detection of bison IgG.
A 10 ns hybrid number system data execution unit for digital signal processing systems

A high-performance data execution unit suitable for computation-intensive digital signal processing systems is described. This unit uses the hybrid number system approach to speed up the basic arithmetic operations while remaining compatible with a standard IEEE 32-b floating-point format. However, all the arithmetic operations are performed in the 32 b logarithmic number system (LNS) domain. This chip is designed using a 3.4 V 0.8 mu m CMOS technology with double-layer metallization. Conversion algorithms, chip architecture, design methodology, and major circuit components are discussed. A macrocell design methodology is adopted in order to achieve high-performance custom design circuits with the convenience of an automatic layout system. Computer simulations indicate that all the 32 b floating-point arithmetic operations (multiplication, division, squaring, and square root) can be executed in 10 ns. Extension of this unit into a 64 b double-precision floating-point system and multiply-accumulation applications are also presented. >
Contrôle central de la formation osseuse

L’observation que l’arret des fonctions gonadiques favorise l’apparition de l’osteoporose alors que l’obesite previent la perte osseuse nous a amenes a postuler que la masse osseuse, les fonctions gonadiques et la reproduction sont controlees par les memes hormones. Une analyse in vivo utilisant des methodes genetiques et physiologiques a permis de demontrer que la leptine est le plus puissant inhibiteur de la formation osseuse identifie a ce jour. Les memes etudes in vivo ont permis de demontrer egalement que cette fonction de la leptine, comme les autres, requiert sa liaison a un recepteur hypothalamique. Cette etude demontre que, comme la plupart des autres fonctions homeostatiques, le remodelage osseux est sous le controle de l’hypothalamus. Cette etude suggere aussi que les maladies osseuses degeneratives telle que l’osteoporose pourraient etre en partie d’origine hypothalamique.
Airline Seat Share: A Study in False Optimization

An interactive model is developed which correctly predicts the problems faced by the airline industry today. The function of the model is to simulate the decision making process of determining the number of seats and therefore planes a competitor will fly in a given “market.” A market is a city pair, e.g., the Washington-Chicago market. This model of competition in a regulated industry considers the interaction of seat share, market share and profitability as major determinants of policy. Simulated data is presented for three cases in a two-competitor market. Case 1 supposes this model is used to determine policy only by one airline. Case 2 assumes the model is used by both competitors, but neither will fly a market if losses are encountered. Case 3 assumes that the model is used by both competitors, and losses will be taken to insure a favorable market share for future profitability.
Delayed administration of anti-PD-1 antibody reverses immune dysfunction and improves survival during sepsis

There is increasing recognition that a major pathophysiologic event in sepsis is the progression to an immunosuppressive state in which the host is unable to eradicate invading pathogens. Although there are likely numerous causes for the immunosuppression, expression of negative costimulatory molecules on immune effector cells is a likely contributing factor. PD-1 is a recently described, negative costimulatory molecule that has potent effects to inhibit T cell activation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic functions. PD-1 plays a critical role in the host response to specific pathogens, but relatively little work has been done on the possible effects of PD-1 in sepsis. We hypothesized that the anti-PD-1 antibody would improve survival in sepsis. Mice underwent CLP, and PD-1 expression was quantitated. Additionally, the effects of anti-PD-1 antibody on lymphocyte apoptosis, cytokine production, host immunity, and survival were determined. PD-1 expression increased beginning 48 h after sepsis, and >20% of CD4 and CD8 T cells were positive by 7 days. Anti-PD-1 antibody administered 24 h after sepsis prevented sepsis-induced depletion of lymphocytes and DCs, increased Bcl-xL, blocked apoptosis, and improved survival. Anti-PD-1 also prevented the loss in DTH, a key indicator of immunocompetence in sepsis. Thus, delayed administration of anti-PD-1 antibody, an important therapeutic advantage, was effective in sepsis. Furthermore, these results add to the growing body of evidence that modulation of the positive and negative costimulatory pathways on immune cells represents a viable therapeutic approach in reversing immunosuppression and improving sepsis survival.
Impact of MIMO channel models on outage capacity

The comparison of the outage capacity for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel models that are based on different channel models is made. For this comparison, we chose the 3GPP Spatial Channel Model (SCM), a METRA Analytical Spatial Channel Model (A-SCM), and the correlation-based Long Term Evolution channel model (LTE). The effects of antenna element separation, array orientation, angle spread, and mutual coupling are compared for the models. The SCM performance showed the best agreement with how measurement results from the literature depend on the parameters studied, followed by the A-SCM and then the LTE model. The SCM was also the most computationally involved, followed by the A-SCM, and then the LTE models. We also discuss in what situations a particular channel model could be advantageous.
GaAs thin films for solar cells by ion-assisted deposition

A feasibility study of producing thin polycrystalline GaAs-films on neutral substrates in a cost-efficient medium-quality vacuum of around 10/sup -7/ mbar is presented. To improve morphology and crystal structure of these films at the lowest possible temperature, the effectiveness of ion assistance during the process is examined. By adjusting the energy and intensity of the bombardment, well-defined energy can be brought to impact, which will be equivalent to an increased substrate temperature, levitating the actual thermal stress imposed on the substrate. This temperature is referred to as virtual temperature. If successful, this process will allow commercially attractive substrates to be used under deposition conditions corresponding to significantly higher temperatures. The ion-bombardment will continuously sputter-away loosely bound impurity atoms, so that a less ideal and therefore more cost-efficient vacuum in the 10/sup -7/ mbar range might be used. Experimental results demonstrate that GaAs epitaxial and polycrystalline films with good photovoltaic properties can be deposited in a common high vacuum using ion assistance. >
Operative Management of Ankle Instability: Reconstruction with Open and Percutaneous Methods

Chronic ankle instability affects a large number of young patients. A thorough history and clinical examination are key to proper patient selection. Once the patient decides to undergo operative intervention, the appropriate procedure should be selected according to their physical and lifestyle demands. The surgeon should gain familiarity with the full range of procedures, from open to percutaneous, and anatomic to nonanatomic. With proper patient selection, functional outcomes are excellent, with success rates from 80% to 90%.
Approximating discrete probability distributions with dependence trees

A method is presented to approximate optimally an n -dimensional discrete probability distribution by a product of second-order distributions, or the distribution of the first-order tree dependence. The problem is to find an optimum set of n - 1 first order dependence relationship among the n variables. It is shown that the procedure derived in this paper yields an approximation of a minimum difference in information. It is further shown that when this procedure is applied to empirical observations from an unknown distribution of tree dependence, the procedure is the maximum-likelihood estimate of the distribution.
Timing optimization of FPGA placements by logic replication

Logic replication for placement level timing optimization is studied in the context of FPGAs. We make the observation that critical paths are dominated by interconnect delay and are frequently highly circuitous. We propose a systematic replication technique to "straighten" such paths. The resulting algorithm has several components: cell selection, slot selection for a duplicate cell, fanout partitioning and placement legalization. This algorithm is described and promising preliminary experimental results are reported with up to 29% improvement in critical path delay.
The Great Patriotic War as myth and memory

In the Soviet Union, the ‘Great Patriotic War’ was both a uniquely traumatic ordeal that took the lives of approximately 30 million people, and the focus of a decades-long myth and cult that celebrated the most glorious achievement of the Soviet era. At the war’s end, Stalin, whose mistakes and brutality had greatly increased Soviet war losses, sought to obscure popular memories of the war experience, but the Brezhnev regime turned an idealized memory of the Great Patriotic War into the focus of an elaborate cult. As the Soviet Union declined and finally expired, the memory of the war became highly contested, as ugly truths about the war were made public. Today the war myth lives on as evidence of Stalin’s inhuman rule, and as a source of Russian national pride and patriotism.
Incorporation of Nitrogen Defects for Efficient Reduction of CO2 via Two-Electron Pathway on Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam

The practical recycling of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the electrochemical reduction route requires an active, stable, and affordable catalyst system. Although noble metals such as gold and silver have been demonstrated to reduce CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) efficiently, they suffer from poor durability and scarcity. Here we report three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam incorporated with nitrogen defects as a metal-free catalyst for CO2 reduction. The nitrogen-doped 3D graphene foam requires negligible onset overpotential (−0.19 V) for CO formation, and it exhibits superior activity over Au and Ag, achieving similar maximum Faradaic efficiency for CO production (∼85%) at a lower overpotential (−0.47 V) and better stability for at least 5 h. The dependence of catalytic activity on N-defect structures is unraveled by systematic experimental investigations. Indeed, the density functional theory calculations confirm pyridinic N as the most active site for CO2 reduction, consistent with experimental results.
Capitalising on research-industry partnerships to advance injury prevention

When Super Bowl XLIX became the most watched programme in American history on Sunday, 1 February 2015, over 110 million people also viewed a commercial from Nationwide Insurance for their website and app, ‘Make Safe Happen’. Nationwide Insurance partnered with the Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Safe Kids Worldwide to develop the tips and tools for caregivers for the ‘Make Safe Happen’ website and app.1 With preventable injuries being the leading cause of death in children, Nationwide Insurance aired the commercial and sought to start a conversation and build awareness around child safety and wellbeing.2 The content of the Nationwide Insurance commercial and messaging to the public on the topic of childhood injury prevention was edgy, thought-provoking, controversial and even disturbing to some. Outside the discussion about the commercial's content or messaging, the ‘Make Safe Happen’ app and website brought to the forefront an important issue in injury research, namely that of academic/research and industry …
Necessary Conditions for Control Effort Minimization of Euler-Lagrange Systems

The L1 norm of the control vector is a suitable measure for the effort needed to control a vehicle, since, in several cases of practical interest, it can provide accurate estimate of the fuel consumption. In this paper, we address the problem of minimizing the weighted sum of the L1 norms of the control vectors of N vehicles moving in formation. Specifically, modeling each agent as a six degrees-of-freedom rigid body subject to external forces and moments, and holonomic and nonholonomic constraints, we give necessary conditions for minimizing the formation’s control effort. In addition, we provide necessary conditions for the existence of singular controls for the abnormal and the normal optimal control problems. Two of our main results show that singular controls have order of singularity equal to one and are analytical in the junction between singular and non-singular arcs. In order to highlight the framework presented in this paper, we provide a numerical example concerning a formation of F-16 performing an Immelmann turn.
Lifestyle Medicine: The Importance of Firm Grounding on Evidence*

As the lifestyle medicine movement continues to gain traction and strength, it is critically important that lifestyle medicine practitioners base their recommendations on the best available evidenc...
A New Species of Araiospora from British Guiana

Heretofore, Araiospora, one of the less well known members of the Leptomitaceae, has been found only in temperate countries, and there but rarely. The previous records of the occurrence of this genus, while few in number, might perhaps be regarded as indicating its restriction to temperate conditions. For example, Thaxter (2) has described Araiospora pidchra Thaxter, from Maine and Massachusetts, and Cornu (1) and von Minden (3) have recorded Araiospora spinosa (Cornu) Thaxter, from France and Germany respectively. While collecting in British Guiana as a Sheldon Travelling Fellow from Harvard, however, the writer discovered another species there under really tropical conditions, only seven degrees north of the Equator. It was first found rather commonly in the flat clayey coastal region around George? town growing on submerged or partly submerged fruit of Spondias lutea Linn. (hog plum), on the more or less soft inner surface of green cocoanut husks, and also on recently fallen and submerged twigs. Later it was collected among the sandhills in the vicinity of Bartica, on the Essequibo River system, growing on the submerged fruit of a member of the Bignoniaceae. From its occurrence on several substrata, in Georgetown and in Bartica, it would appear to be widespread, but it should be noted that when thus found the fungus was always in its zoosporangial or nonsexual stage. The oogonial or sexual stage was sought for at different seasons of the year?before, in the middle, and at the end of the rainy season?but with no success. Whether light, a change in temper? ature, a combination of change in temperature and dilution of organic material by the rains, or even the presence of a complementary strain, are required to institute the formation of the perfect stage, is yet to be solved. At all events, from these collections, the indications are that the asexual method of repro1 Contribution from the Cryptogamic Laboratories of Harvard University, No. 93. 172
A Critical Re-evaluation of the Diphenylamine Test for Malignancy

For the past several years, workers concerned with the development of diagnostic tests have observed that a more intense color is obtained when diphenylamine reacts with serum from patients with rheumatic fever, 7 nonspecific inflammations, malignant neoplasms, rheumatoid arthritis, 6 typhoid fever, hepatic lesions, and leukemia, than with serum from healthy persons. These reports indicate that the diphenylamine (DPA) reaction is more likely to be a response to generalized insult than to any specific disease state. In view of the report that the DPA reaction could be used as a diagnostic test for malignancy, it became necessary to re-evaluate the reaction in order to ascertain conditions for specificity, if any exist.
Determination of Serum Polysaccharides by the Tryptophane Reaction.

SummaryA colorimetric method based on the reaction of tryptophane with carbohydrates is described for the determination of serum non-glucosamine polysaccharide. The absorption maximum for the carbohy-drate-tryptophane compound is at 500 mμ for galactose and for mannose, 460 mμ for glucose, and 520 m//, for fructose. Glucuronic acid, glucosamine, and hemoglobin have maxima at wave lengths below 400 mμ. Glucuronic acid also exhibits a weak band at 480-500 mμ.The absorption curves for alcohol precipitates from serum, ascitic fluid, and hydrocele fluid differ from postulated galactose-mannose-glucosamine curves by showing greater absorption in the 400-480 mμ, range. This difference diminishes when the polysaccharide is partly freed from protein.Hemolysis, if marked, introduces a positive error in the method. The color produced by the carbohydrate tryptophane reaction obeys the Lambert-Beers law within the limits investigated.
Investigation on cost of information management in units for implementation of vaccination in Jiangxi province

Objective To understand the cost of investment of information management in immunization sites, to provide the reference for formulation of the investment standard for information. Methods We surveyed 168 immunization sites of information investment through the methods of scene view and questionnaire investigation. Results The costs of information management and maintenance in immunization sites is highest in Center for Disease Control and prevention(CDC) at coun-ty level, and after that is in outpatient services of township hospitals, and the lowest is in the community health service centers. Each unit was 37487 yuan and 16519 yuan, 14396 yuan and 5797 yuan, 13178 yuan and 5520 yuan respectively.The implementation costs for information management and maintenance of filling cards for every 1000 children are 21 160 yuan and 9 891 yuan respectively. The use of immune gold, SMS reminders and construction of digital outpatient and oth-er related work, each unit will invest 13 318 yuan, 7 638 yuan and 174 194 yuan respectively. Conclusion The using workload to census the cost of information would be more practical, according to projection we need to invest 5 984 000 yuan per year the province's development of information technology for vaccination. The cost of the construction of the digital vaccination clinic is relatively large, which is only suitable for the large amount of the unit.
Isocyanide ligands in Tp′(CO)2IMo(CNR) complexes as precursors to aminocarbyne, η2-iminoacyl, and η2-vinyl ligands

A mixture of molybdenum aminocarbyne, η 2 -iminoacyl, and η 2 -acyl complexes, Tp'(CO) 2 Mo≡CN-(Me)(Bu t ), Tp'(CO) 2 Mo(η 2 -C(NBu t )Me), and Tp'(CO)(Bu t NC)Mo(η 2 -C(O)Me), has been prepared via the addition of MeI to the anionic tert-butyl isocyanide complex [Na][Tp'(CO) 2 Mo(CNBu t )]. Addition of MeI to the analogous anionic methyl or phenyl isocyanide complex yields only aminocarbyne complexes
Conclusion: SuperWhoLock Fandom: Cross Fandoms

This conclusion to Crossing Fandoms explores the SuperWhoLock crossover as a metaphor for heterogeneous fan cultures. The chapter examines fan antagonism and fan affect. The flattening of affect in the digital age seemingly negates the difference between fan groups, but SuperWhoLock reveals tensions at the heart of fan culture. SuperWhoLock presents an unusual case where the antagonism is neither completely directed outside the text nor completely directed inside the fandom. Rather, SuperWhoLock antagonism emerges from the tension between the non-canon aspects of the corpus and the requisite fan experiences of the original three texts.
Design and performance evaluation of unbuffered self-routing networks for wideband packet switching

It is shown, through analysis and simulation, that the maximum throughput of an unbuffered self-routing network is greater for fixed packet lengths than for exponentially distributed packet lengths. This means that the maximum throughput of an unbuffered self-routing network will be different for different applications if they do not have the same packet length distribution. >
MIS12/MIND Control at the Kinetochore

Kinetochores are complex multiprotein machines that link chromosomes to dynamic microtubules for chromosome segregation. Two studies in Cell reveal the structure of the human MIS12 and budding yeast MIND kinetochore complexes and the regulatory mechanisms that enable them to link chromosomes to microtubules during mitosis.
Does contracting muscle restore its energy balance following severe hypoxia

When O2 delivery is reduced during severe hypoxia in resting skeletal muscle, an O2 deficit is incurred. Subsequent restoration of O2 supply to skeletal muscle results in an excess use of O2 by that tissue. Adams and Cain (1983) found that the excess O2 use in recovery was always less than the incurred deficit. They concluded that O2 uptake isused for both energy and non-energy supplying processes and that the excess O2 use in recovery reflected only those energy supply processes that had been curtailed during hypoxia. To see if energy stores depletion is the stimulus for excess O2 use by muscle in recovery, we superimposed hypoxia on the elevated 02 demand of contracting skeletal muscle. We postulated that this would further deplete energy stores and necessitate a greater excess O2 use by muscle during recovery.