cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gape-dependent larval foraging and zooplankton size : implications for fish recruitment across systems

Small gape of zooplanktivorous larval fish limits their prey size; yet, within constraints set by gape, zooplankton size eaten influences larval growth and ultimately survival. To determine if optimal zooplankton size varied among fish species with different gapes, we conducted foraging trials with larval bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus, 10-26 mm TL) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum, 18-31 mm TL). Larvae (n = 10) fed for 1 h on zooplankton assemblages that varied in size, after which all larvae and remaining zooplankton were preserved. Larval gape was measured; both larval gut contents and available zooplankton were quantified. Bluegill, the large-gaped species, fed on larger zooplankton than did gizzard shad with similar gapes. Further, larger bluegill fed on progressively larger zooplankton whereas all gizzard shad ate small prey (<0.60 mm). As available zooplankton size increased, bluegill prey size increased whereas gizzard shad consistently selected small prey. Therefore, differences in zooplankton size among lakes could differentially affect foraging success of larval fishes. In particular, systems with small zooplankton may represent ideal foraging environments for gizzard shad whereas lakes with large zooplankton may favor larval bluegill. If differential larval foraging translates to differential growth and survival, zooplankton size could influence recruitment success and ultimately fish community composition.
The effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with severe head injury

Study objective Concerns exist about the effect of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) on intracranial pressure (ICP). We studied the effect of FFB on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with severe head injury. Design Prior to FFB, patients were anesthetized and muscle relaxants were given as necessary to eliminate coughing. Comparisons were made of mean arterial pressure (MAP), ICP, and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) prior to, during, and after FFB, as well as comparisons of mean cerebral hemodynamic values in an 8-hour period before and after FFB. Observations were made of changes in neurologic status post-FFB. Setting Surgical intensive care unit of Level 1 Trauma Center. Patient population Fifteen patients with severe head injury in whom ICP was monitored and who required FFB for diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia or treatment of lobar collapse. Results Pre-FFB ICP averaged 14.3 mm Hg (range, 6 to 26 mm Hg). During FFB, patients experienced a mean increase in ICP of 13.5 mm Hg above basal values (p=0.0001). At peak ICP, MAP increased from a baseline of 92.3 mm Hg (SD±16.1) to 111.5 mm Hg (±13.9). Mean CPP was 83.7 mm Hg at peak ICP (range, 52 to 121 mm Hg), a 14.0% increase over baseline. The ICP and MAP returned to basal levels following bronchoscopy. No patient had a clinically significant increase in ICP or demonstrated any deterioration in Glasgow Coma Scale score or neurologic examination findings post-FFB. Conclusions Although FFB causes an increase in ICP in patients with severe head injury, MAP also rises, and an adequate CPP is maintained. The ICP returns to basal levels after the procedure. When properly performed, FFB does not adversely affect neurologic status in patients with severe head injury.
Kinetic modeling of the CH3 + C2H2 reaction data with sensitivity analyses

Kinetic modeling and sensitivity analyses for the reaction CH3 + C2H2 → CH3C2H2 (4) have been performed according to the experimental conditions and results of Mandelcorn and Steacie, Garcia Dominguez and Trotman–Dickenson, and Holt and Kerr. The kinetically modeled results show that Mandelcorn and Steacie overestimated the rate constant of reaction (4) whereas Garcia Dominguez and Trotman-Dickenson underestimated it, and that there could be significant uncertainty in the steady-state treated results of Holt and Kerr. Reanalysis of Garcia Dominguez and Trotman–Dickenson's experimental data by kinetic modeling with the proper mechanism gives a more reliable rate constant for reaction (4). The improved rate constant (k4) is in good agreement with our theoretically predicted values. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrating a library strategies peer tutoring program

Abstract Library strategies peer tutoring services were offered as a pilot project during the 1996–1997 academic year at the University of New Mexico General Library (UNMGL). Services were offered through the campus undergraduate learning center located in the largest campus library. A library faculty member coordinated the pilot project with input from faculty and staff in each library department. A training curriculum was developed for the tutors and was integrated into the learning center's nationally certified tutor training program. The pilot project was a success, and tutors now not only work one-on-one with students, but they also assist library instructors during training and course-integrated instruction sessions. Future plans include tutors providing electronic resource assistance in reference areas.
Evidence for a cell-specific action of Reelin in the spinal cord.

Reelin, the extracellular matrix protein missing in reeler mice, plays an important role in neuronal migration in the central nervous system. We examined the migratory pathways of phenotypically identified spinal cord neurons to determine whether their positions were altered in reeler mutants. Interneurons and projection neurons containing choline acetyltransferase and/or NADPH diaphorase were studied in E12.5-E17.5 reeler and wild-type embryos, and their final locations were assessed postnatally. While three groups of dorsal horn interneurons migrated and differentiated normally in reeler mice, the migrations of both sympathetic (SPNs) and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (PPNs) were aberrant in the mutants. Initially reeler and wild-type SPNs were detected laterally near somatic motor neurons, but by E13.5, many reeler SPNs had mismigrated medially. Postnatally, 79% of wild-type SPNs were found laterally, whereas in reeler, 92% of these neurons were positioned medially. At E13.5, both reeler and wild-type PPNs were found laterally, but by E14.5, reeler PPNs were scattered across the intermediate spinal cord while wild-type neurons correctly maintained their lateral location. By postnatal day 16, 97% of PPNs were positioned laterally in wild-type mice; in contrast, only 62% of PPNs were found laterally in mutant mice. In E12.5-E14.5 wild-type mice, Reelin-secreting cells were localized along the dorsal and medial borders of both groups of preganglionic neurons, but did not form a solid barrier. In contrast, Dab1, the intracellular adaptor protein thought to function in Reelin signaling, was expressed in cells having positions consistent with their identification as SPNs and PPNs. In combination, these findings suggest that, in the absence of Reelin, both groups of autonomic motor neurons migrate medially past their normal locations, while somatic motor neurons and cholinergic interneurons in thoracic and sacral segments are positioned normally. These results suggest that Reelin acts in a cell-specific manner on the migration of cholinergic spinal cord neurons.
Numerical Simulation of the Atmospheric Circulation and Climate of Mars

Two level model for planetary atmospheres adapted to simulate atmospheric circulation and climate of Mars
MEASURING EFFECTS ON STOCK RETURNS OF SENTIMENT INDEXES CREATED FROM STOCK MESSAGE BOARDS

Various techniques and sources of information exist to aid investors in predicting future stock returns. However, no effective proxy for retail investors, such as stock message board users, has been established. This study provides guidelines for creating an effective proxy. The heart of such proxies is sentiment indexes, and in the past the indexes have had low predictive power. Introducing four methodological improvements for applying text classifiers and two probability measurements, we contrast eight widely applied text classifiers to stock message board data. Based on the classifier results and incorporating our new methods, the new sentiment index proves to be a significant “same-day positive but next-day negative” directional indicator.
Ancient Roman bridges and their social significance

This article examines the narrative, epigraphic and legal textual sources to assess the social aspects and historical significance of ancient Roman bridges. Bridges are supposed to be not only utilitarian structures, but also monumental and highly sophisticated public projects for everyday usage by all inhabitants of the city, as well as suitable media for self-promotion by the emperors and senators involved. The main objective of this study is the visualization of ancient Roman bridges as historical objects full of military, religious and social connotations. Historical sources are analyzed and evaluated in order to establish whether the bridges of the Roman Empire could have been meant to impress inhabitants and visitors, travelers and residents alike with their size, grandeur, permanence and aesthetics, or whether they were only functional, strategic and costly structures, as well as to investigate if they served as suitable media for self-presentation of imperial power and senatorial class.
γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy

The largest subset of human γδ T cells is the Vγ2 (alternate Vγ9) Vδ2 subset, comprising 2% to 5% of peripheral blood T cells. These Vγ2Vδ2 T cells uniformly recognize nonpeptide alkylamine, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, and organophosphate antigens in a T cell receptor (TCR)—
Probabilistic consistency transformation for multiple alignment of biological networks

In this paper, we propose a probabilistic network alignment approach that maximizes the expected accuracy of the alignment. To this aim, we define a set of correspondence scores between each node pair of two networks using semi-Markov random walk. To increase the consistency of the alignment, we then update these scores by incorporating information from other networks. We employ the transformed scores into a greedy alignment process. Experiments reveal that proposed approach can enhance the alignment accuracy.
Description of a new species of asphondylia Rond. (Diptera : Itonididae) from India

Abstract Asphondyila tectonae, sp. nov. is described from Tectona grandis from Top slip, Madras.
Phaseollin metabolism and tolerance in Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli

Metabolism of the bean phytoalexin, phaseollin, to 1a-hydroxyphaseollone by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli appears to occur by way of an inducible mono-oxygenase. Evidence for this conclusion is that: (1) pretreatment with selected aromatic compounds, as well as phaseollin itself, enhanced the ability of the fungus to metabolize phaseollin, (2) the enhanced ability to metabolize phaseollin did not occur in cultures previously treated with cyclohexi-mide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, (3) naphtho-(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxole, an inhibitor of mono-oxygenases, significantly decreased the rate of phaseollin metabolism and (4) oxygen from O2 but not from H2O was incorporated into 1a-hydroxyphaseollone during the metabolism of phaseollin. Phaseollin metabolism may be a component of, but is not totally responsible for, adaptive tolerance to phaseollin. The expression of tolerance to phaseollin was closely correlated in time with the metabolism of phaseollin. In addition, pretreatment of the fungus with compounds that stimulated phaseollin metabolism also enhanced phaseollin tolerance. However, inhibition of phaseollin metabolism by naphtho-(2,3-d)-l,3-dioxole did not render cultures completely sensitive to the toxic effect of the phytoalexin.
Hydrogel nanosensors for biophotonic imaging of chemical analytes

Polymer-based hydrogel nanosensors have been developed and extensively utilized for the imaging and dynamic monitoring of chemical properties, response to external stimulants, and metabolism of cells and tissues, in real time, using optical imaging techniques. A large fraction of these polymeric nanoparticles are based on polyacrylamide (PAA) owing to its excellent properties such as nontoxicity, biocompatibility and flexibility of engineering. The properties of the PAA matrix can be specifically tailored, depending on the application, and the molecules can be loaded into the matrix. Various surface modifications enable one to control its behavior in cells and in vivo, and can be utilized for specific targeting to cells and subcellular organelles. This special report describes the recent advances in the design and application of the latest generation of PAA nanosensors for some physiologically important ions and small molecules.
Cr migration on 193nm binary photomasks

A new type of chrome-on-glass (COG) photomask defect was observed in 2006. Absorber material migrated into vias on dark field masks, partially obscuring the incident 193nm light and thereby causing the imaged photoresist to be underexposed. Through detailed characterization of new and defective photomasks and their histories it was determined that the migration is not caused by any unusual line events or faulty mask handling procedures. Rather, it is an inevitable result of mask use under specific conditions. Four essential elements have been identified: the presence of Cr, 193nm light exposure, charge, and water vapor and their roles elucidated through modeling studies and existing literature. We have reproduced Cr migration in the laboratory, demonstrating that these four elements are necessary and sufficient for this type of defect to occur. The only way to avoid Cr migration is to avoid reactions with water vapor.
Two types of resistance to polyene antibiotics in Candida albicans

STUDIES reported during the past 15 years have led to the widely accepted conclusion that polyene antibiotics function by binding with the sterol molecules in susceptible cells to cause permeability change and eventual death of the cell1–3. In recent reports4–6 based on liposomal model membrane studies, it has been suggested that susceptibility to polyene antibiotics is determined by organisation rather than by a single component of the membrane, namely sterol. Here, through study of polyene-resistant mutants, we further propose that, at least in some cases, permeability alteration may not be the specific critical event in the fungicidal action of polyene antibiotics.
Suppression by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol of the primary immunoglobulin M response by human peripheral blood B cells is associated with impaired STAT3 activation

Abstract This study was undertaken to gain insights into the mechanism for Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC)-mediated suppression of primary immunoglobulin M (IgM) responses in humans. An in vitro activation model, which employs cell surface-expressed CD40 ligand (CD40L) and recombinant cytokines (interleukin (IL)-2, -6, and -10), was used to differentiate human peripheral blood (HPB) naive B cells into IgM secreting cells. Pretreatment with Δ 9 -THC significantly decreased the number of IgM secreting cells as determined by ELISPOT. The attenuation of IgM secretion by Δ 9 -THC involved, at least in part, the impairment of plasma cell differentiation as evidenced by suppression of immunoglobulin joining chain (IgJ) mRNA expression. The analysis at each of two different stages critically involved in plasma cell differentiation indicates that Δ 9 -THC impaired both the primary activation stage and proliferation of B cells. Interestingly, Δ 9 -THC selectively suppressed the surface expression of CD80, but not other measured B-cell activation markers (CD69, CD86, and ICAM1). Furthermore, pretreatment with Δ 9 -THC was accompanied by a robust decrease of STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas the phosphorylation of the p65 NFκB subunit was not affected. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the mechanisms for impaired B cell function by Δ 9 -THC.
Methods for detection of hemoglobin variants and hemoglobinopathies in the routine clinical laboratory.

Many mutant hemoglobins and hemoglobinopathies can be identified with a high degree of specificity in the routine clinical laboratory. The most frequent abnormalities--those involving Hb S or C--are usually easily detectable in small amounts of sample analyzed by two simple methods of electrophoresis: cellulose acetate at pH 8.5 and citrate agar at pH 6. Some rarer mutants, e.g., Hb O, Hope, and Camden, can also be recognized by these two methods. Presumptive identification of other relatively frequent mutants, such as Hb D Los Angeles (Punjab) and Hb G Philadelphia, can be accomplished with additional data obtained from globin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate in acidic and alkaline buffers containing urea and 2-mercaptoethanol (or dithioerythritol). Electrophoretic profiles are presented of about a dozen hemoglobins likely to be encountered in screening programs in the U.S. Methods are also presented for identifying other genetic hemoglobin abnormalities--various types of thalassemia, Hb M, unstable hemoglobins, and those of the newborn.
Free convection heat transfer to carbon dioxide near the critical point

Abstract Experimental results are presented for forced convective heat transfer from a flat plate in carbon dioxide near the thermodynamic critical point. State conditions were varied throughout the critical region, but most tests were conducted in the single phase (supercritical) state. One of the principal objectives was direct visual observation of the heated flow field, and high speed movie films were taken using a color Schlieren apparatus. A few exploratory hot wire measurements of velocity fluctuations near the plate were also made. Although the experimentally determined heat-transfer coefficient became large whenever the plate temperature approached the pseudocritical, no significant change in the gross nature of the flow field could be observed. In particular no “bubble-like” phenomena could be detected such as has been observed in free convection with other heater geometries. The high heat-transfer coefficients were accordingly ascribed to the large values of thermodynamic and transport properties occurring near the critical point as well as to more minor modifications of the turbulent motion.
Drug Information Availability and Preferences of Health Care Professionals in Illinois: A Pilot Survey Study

Purpose: The primary objective of the study was to determine differences in drug information availability and preferences among pharmacists, nurses, and physicians in Illinois. Methods: A survey was mailed to a random sample of Illinois pharmacists, nurses, and physicians. The survey listed 25 common drug information resources and asked respondents to indicate familiarity with, access to, and preference for each resource. Demographic information was also collected. Results: Of 1,900 deliverable surveys, there were 283 responses, which included 106 pharmacists, 81 nurses, and 96 physicians for a response rate of 15%. Statistical differences among the three groups regarding availability, preference, and familiarity of drug information resources were detected in 20/25, 23/25, and 22/25 of the resources, respectively. Conclusions: Pharmacists appear more familiar with and have wider access to drug information resources than nurses and physicians. Heath care professionals have varied preferences for drug information resources.
Enzymatic catalysis in monophasic organic solvents

Enzymatic catalysis in nonaqueous media significantly extends conventional aqueous-based biocatalysis. Enzymes are active in organic solvents, supercritical fluids, and gaseous solvents. This paper reviews the properties and applications of enzymatic catalysis in monophasic organic solvent systems. These systems are distinct from other nonaqueous-based solvent designs (e.g., biphasic and reverse micellar) as no separate aqueous phase is present. Attention is focused on the factors that influence enzymatic catalysis in monophasic solvents including the role of enzyme-associated water, the nature of the biocatalyst preparation, and the properties of the organic solvent. Recent examples of relevant applications are discussed that highlight both the controlling variables of enzymatic catalysis in monophasic solvents as well as the potential for using this new technology in biocatalysis.
The state and society : intervention in the creation of scientific information in developing countries

Development is related to knowledge. Knowledge is derived from information. The availability of information then could significantly increase the effectiveness of the state in all areas and information may therefore be considered vital to the development efforts of any country. Because of both economic and political considerations, the state has a major role to play in the creation of scientific information, especially in African countries. This article examines the role of the state in the creation of scientific information. The political and economic arguments for state intervention in research activity are explored within an African context. Two main instruments that the state uses to effect this intervention, regulation and resource allocation, are examined. Intervention addresses these major areas: creating the infrastructure required for research activity, determining who conducts research and under what conditions, determining what research is to be done, and determining the questions of retention and release of the information created. Some of the effects of this intervention are also discussed, and, finally, the effectiveness of this intervention is examined. It is concluded that the African state suffers from three major drawbacks when it comes to effectiveness in intervention: resources, expertise, and authority. In Africa, the role of the state in the stimulation of the creation of scientific information deserves more attention than it has received to date. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of a cDNA encoding a glutathione S-transferase (GST) class-π from the bovine ocular ciliary epithelium

Abstract We have used a polyclonal antiserum to bovine ciliary epithelium, a secretory tissue involved in the formation of aqueous humor, to immunoscreen a directional λgt11 Sfi-Not cDNA expression library prepared from bovine ciliary epithelium poly(A)+ RNA. After immunoscreening 6 × 105 independent clones, 41 cDNA clones positive for ciliary epithelium were isolated and characterized. About one-third of the positive cDNA clones were found to be identical and to encode a glutathione S-transferase (GST) class-π. The largest bovine GST cDNA clone isolated, pCN11, contains an open reading frame of 630 bases, encoding a protein of 210 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 23 335 Da. The corresponding amino acid sequence showed an overall identity of 85·6% with the human, and 85·2% with the rat and mouse GST class-π. Northern analysis of bovine ocular tissues revealed that the GST class-π gene encodes a 0·8-kilobase mRNA which is expressed most abundantly in cornea, ciliary epithelium and retina, and in lower levels in iris and lens. Cell lines derived from non-pigmented or pigmented bovine ciliary epithelium also showed high levels of GST-π mRNA expression. These results provide additional evidence for differential gene expression of GST class-π mRNA in various areas of the bovine eye.
Novel Properties of the Smurf1 C2 Domain in Cellular Lipid Binding

Ubiquitin ligases are essential regulators of cellular homeostasis and have been shown to contribute to cancer metastasis and new virus formation. The Nedd4 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases target a number of cellular substrates including regulators involved in TGFβ growth signaling and cellular motility. This 9-member family of ubiquitin ligases has WW domains for target recognition and C-terminal HECT catalytic domains for the covalent linkage of ubiquitin to substrates. In addition, these proteins have N-terminal C2 domains that bind lipids and enable them to localize to membranes.We have discovered new properties of the C2 domain of the Nedd4 family member Smurf1. The Smurf1 C2 domain acts as both a specific phospholipid-binding protein and as an anionic charge sensor in vitro and in cells. Using surface plasmon resonance and centrifugation assays, we have found that the Smurf1 C2 domain binds to phosphoinositides and phosphatidylserine in an synergistic fashion. Confocal images of Smurf1 C2-GFP demonstrate that the domain localizes to the plasma membrane as well as intracellular vesicles in cells. Site-directed mutagenesis has shown the specific residues in the loop region of the protein involved in its cellular membrane localization. In addition, we have used a rapamycin-inducible phosphoinositide phosphatase system to demonstrate that this domain binds phosphoinositides at the plasma membrane. We conclude that the unique properties of the Smurf1 C2 domain to sense specific lipids in addition to anionic charge enable it to target multiple subcellular locations.
Mode matching for a passive resonant ring laser gyroscope

An analytical method of matching the mode of an input laser to the lowest-order mode of a passive resonant ring laser gyro is described, as are the steps in determining the location and focal length of cylindrical mode matching lenses. Results were obtained with no mode matching, with a compromise spherical lens, with horizontal mode matching only, and with the proper cylindrical mode matching lenses. Compared with no mode matching, the latter case shows that the amplitude of the lowest-order mode is increased ∼2.5 times. In addition, the number and intensity of higher-order modes are reduced to near zero, and the relative intensity of the lowest-order mode to the higher-order mode increased from ∼5 to ∼60 times greater.
Do Medieval and Renaissance Androids Presage the Posthuman

In his article "Do Medieval and Renaissance Androids Presage the Posthuman?" Kevin LaGrandeur analyzes the relationships between literary images of artificial humans associated with medieval alchemists and alchemy, their modified reemergence in the Renaissance, and how such androids may forecast the idea of a posthuman subjectivity that is connected with their present-day descendents. For example, the talking brass heads in Robert Greene's two Renaissance plays, The Honorable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay and Alphonsus, Prince of Aragon have their roots in Arabic sources, and the former derives specifically from legends concerning the thirteenth-century alchemist and philosopher Roger Bacon. These early instances of the artificial anthropoid also anticipate, in a broad sense, the kinds of philosophical issues regarding subjectivity that cyborgs bring up for our "posthuman" society. The literature of the earlier era also represents a fear that humans will be diminished-all of the creators in the fictional literature examined are in danger of losing control of their creations, and thus of having their agency called into dispute. Kevin LaGrandeur, "Do Medieval and Renaissance Androids Presage the Posthuman?" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 12.3 (2010):
Actions of γ-aminobutyric acid on neurones of guinea-pig myenteric plexus

The effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied by ionophoresis, pressure ejection and superfusion to myenteric neurones of the guinea-pig ileum were investigated by intracellular recording techniques. Ionophoretic or pressure application of GABA (10 pC-30 nC) caused membrane depolarizations of AH neurones but not S neurones. This depolarization was associated with a conductance increase. It reversed polarity at a membrane potential of -18 mV when intracellular electrodes contained KCl, and -39 mV when electrodes contained K acetate, citrate or sulphate. The ionophoretic depolarization was antagonized by bicuculline (1-30 microM) in an apparently competitive manner. During prolonged or repeated ionophoretic application of GABA, both the depolarization and conductance increase desensitized. Superfusion of GABA (1-100 microM) caused a membrane depolarization in AH neurones, associated with an increase in membrane conductance. The increase in conductance was always smaller than that evoked by ionophoresis of GABA. Bicuculline only partially depressed the depolarization induced by superfusion of GABA, particularly slowing its rising phase. beta-p-Chlorophenyl GABA (baclofen) (10 microM) caused a depolarization similar to that observed with GABA in the presence of bicuculline. The depolarization induced by baclofen and GABA (in presence of bicuculline) superfusion did not decline during prolonged applications; superfusion of GABA but not baclofen reversibly reduced or eliminated the effects of GABA ionophoresis. It is concluded that GABA has two effects on the membrane of myenteric neurones. The first is a bicuculline-sensitive, rapidly desensitizing chloride activation: the second is a bicuculline-insensitive, non-desensitizing depolarization.
Relationship of prolactin receptors to concanavalin A binding.

Abstract Concanavalin A, which binds to specific carbohydrate determinants on the cell surface, was used to investigate the binding of prolactin to its receptors in liver membranes from female rats. The binding of 125 I-labeled ovine prolactin to receptors was sharply inhibited by concanavalin A. This effect was reversed by the competitive sugar α-methyl-D-mannopyranoside and thus required the presence of specifically bound lectin. Concentrations of concanavalin A of up to 50 μg/ml caused a progressive decrease in the apparent affinity of the prolactin receptor for hormone. When higher concentrations were used, the number of available binding sites decreased. Concanavalin A-resistant receptors, about 30% of the total, had the same dissociation constant ( K d ) as the controls. The binding of 125 I-labeled concanavalin A in the same membrane preparations showed the presence of two distinct types of concanavalin A binding. At low concentrations, the lectin bound with high affinity ( K d ≈ 6.6 · 10 −8 M). At high lectin concentrations, low affinity ( K d ≈ 6.7 · 10 −5 M) binding predominated. Since high affinity concanavalin A binding was saturated at 50 μg/ml, this class of binding most likely alters the affinity of the prolactin receptor for hormone; low affinity concanavalin A binding may mask prolactin receptors, making them inaccessible to the hormone. Binding sites for concanavalin A and prolactin appear to be independent but closely related since (i) concanavalin A did not displace bound prolactin from its receptor, and (ii) detergent-solubilized 125 I-labeled prolactin-receptor complexes bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose and were eluted by α-methyl- D -mannopyranoside.
The zero‐order kinetics of acetaldehyde thermal generation from polyethylene terephthalate

The thermal decomposition of polyethylene terephthalale has been examined by healing isothermally in a high-mass reaction chamber and collecting the evolved acetaldehyde on a GC column for quantization. Kinetics were determined at lime intervals up to 1 h for temperatures 225°C, 240°C, 250°C, 260°C, 265°C, 270°C, 280°C, and 300°C. The rate of acetaldehyde evolution was found to be directly proportional to time of reaction at each temperature, thus fitting a zero-order reaction. The Arrhenius plot of the data yielded a straight line above the melting point with a slope different from the straight line for reaction rates below the melting point. The change in slopes occurred around the crystalline melting point. The following thermodynamic values were found above and below the melting point, respectively: EA, 37.5 and 8.2 kcal/mol; ΔSA, + 1.5 and −54 e.u.; A, 0.68 × 1014 and 0.43 × 102 sec−1. Possible mechanistic implications are discussed.
A Snowplowing Resistance Model for Use in Vehicle Dynamic Modeling

This paper develops a simple mechanics-based model of snowplowing resistance for use in vehicle dynamic modeling for snowplowing operations. The mechanics-based model developed provides the basis for design of an advanced driver assistance system for snow removal operations. The control volume approach from continuum mechanics is used to develop a rather simple model that can estimate forces acting on the plow during steady state snow removal operation. Plow sliding resistance, plow air resistance, and friction force between the plow and the snow being deflected from the plow are all taken into account. The model is shown to closely match some of the existing experimental data on snow removal operations and can be incorporated easily into any vehicle dynamic model.
Comparison of intraosseous and intravenous routes of anticonvulsant administration in a porcine model

During status epilepticus, rapid IV access for the administration of anti-convulsant drugs can be a very difficult and time-consuming procedure. Our study evaluated whether therapeutic serum levels of phenobarbital and phenytoin could be obtained by the intraosseous route. Twenty domestic swine weighing 10 to 20 kg were divided into two groups (ten each). In one group, phenobarbital 20 mg/kg was administered either intravenously (five) or intraosseously (five). The second group received phenytoin 15 mg/kg either intravenously (five) or intraosseously (five). All animals had samples for anticonvulsant levels drawn from an indwelling arterial cannula at one, three, five, seven, ten, 15, and 30 minutes after dosing. Anticonvulsant levels were found to be statistically significantly higher with IV administration ( P μ g/mL (phenobarbital) and 11.5 μ g/mL (phenytoin). Our study demonstrates that current IV dosing of phenobarbital 20 mg/kg given intraosseously obtains and maintains therapeutic serum levels. Phenytoin 15 mg/kg does not maintain therapeutic levels and cannot be recommended for intraosseous administration.
Recognition of verbs, abstract nouns and concrete nouns from the left and right visual half-fields

Abstract Visual half-field recognition was evaluated for familiar and unfamiliar verbs, abstract nouns, and concrete nouns. The familiar abstract nouns showed a significantly greater right visual-half-field superiority than did the familiar concrete nouns; however, no difference in asymmetry was found for the unfamiliar abstract and concrete nouns. The greater right visual-half-field superiority for familiar abstract nouns was found under both unilateral and bilateral presentation, with fixation controlled using a center digit. It was suggested that the decreased asymmetry for familiar concrete nouns was due to recognition of these words by both the right and left hemispheres.
Unlimited flex life in the molded‐in hinge in polypropylene: A structural hypothesis

Injection molded hinges of polypropylene possess uniquely unlimited flex life. Polypropylene when crystallized from the melt under extensional flow (as in injection, molded hinges), shows a unique morphology characterized by a planar row structure of lamellae accompanied by a bimodal distribution of the unit cells having the alpha crystal phase. This bimodal orientation consists of two apparently independent orientations of the unit cells with respect to the flow direction: one with the c-(chain) axis parallel to and one with the a′-axis parallel to the flow direction. (The a′-axis is a vector normal to (100) and thus parallel to a* in reciprocal space.) Experimental data on the morphology of polypropylene crystallized under extensional flow are interpreted in terms of two components. The c-axis component corresponds to those molecules in the planar row structure. The a′-component is attributed to secondary crystallization in which small crystallites are finely dispersed between the lamellae of the row structure. These small crystallites act as a “morphological plasticizer” protecting the load-bearing row structure from destructive stress during flexure.
Global regularity for almost minimizers of nonconvex variational problems

We prove some global, up to the boundary of a domain \(\Omega \subset {\mathbb{R}}^{n}\) , continuity and Lipschitz regularity results for almost minimizers of functionals of the form $${\bf {\rm u}} \mapsto \int_{\Omega} g({\bf {\rm x}}, {\bf {\rm u}}({\bf {\rm x}}), \nabla{\bf {\rm u}}({\bf {\rm x}}))\,{\rm d}{\bf x}.$$ The main assumption for g is that it be asymptotically convex with respect its third argument. For the continuity results, the integrand is allowed to have some discontinuous behavior with respect to its first and second arguments. For the global Lipschitz regularity result, we require g to be Holder continuous with respect to its first two arguments.
How do pro-market reforms impact firm profitability? The case of India under reform

Abstract A number of developing countries have enacted pro-market reforms to transform their economies from socialist to market economies. These reforms bring sweeping changes in the economic and competitive landscapes of these countries, with significant consequences for firm performance. We integrate Douglass North's theory of institutional change with gains from governing the economy through market forces relative to government control to theorize a U-shaped relationship between pro-market reforms and firm profitability. We also theorize that the U-shaped relationship will be shallower for foreign firms and top business group firms relative to independent firms. We test and find support for the theorized relationships in a large sample of 122,534 observations taken across 18,591 firms in India, as it has implemented pro-market reforms.
Cell and calcium oxalate crystal growth is coordinated to achieve high-capacity calcium regulation in plants

Crystal idioblasts are cells which are specialized for accumulation of Ca2+ as a physiologically inactive, crystalline salt of oxalic acid. Using microautoradiographic, immunological, and ultrastructural techniques, the process of raphide crystal growth, and how crystal growth is coordinated with cell growth, was studied in idioblasts ofPistia stratiotes. Incorporation of45Ca2+ directly demonstrated that, relative to surrounding mesophyll cells, crystal idioblasts act as high-capacity Ca2+ sinks, accumulating large amounts of Ca2+ within the vacuole as crystals. The pattern of addition of Ca2+ during crystal growth indicates a highly regulated process with bidirectional crystal growth. In very young idioblasts,45Ca2+ is incorporated along the entire length of the needle-shaped raphide crystals, but as they mature incorporation only occurs at crystal tips in a bidirectional mode. At full maturity, the idioblast stops Ca2+ uptake, although the cells are still alive, demonstrating an ability to strictly regulate Ca transport processes at the plasma membrane. In situ hybridization for ribosomal RNA shows young idioblasts are extremely active cells, are more active than older idioblasts, and have higher general activity than surrounding mesophyll cells. Polarizing and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the crystal morphology changes as crystals develop and includes morphological polarity and an apparent nucleation point from which crystals grow bidirectionally. These results indicate a carefully regulated process of biomineralization in the vacuole. Finally, we show that the cytoskeleton is important in controlling the idioblast cell shape, but the regulation of crystal growth and morphology is under a different control mechanism.
Tracking and force control for a class of robotic manipulators

The increasing utilization of robotic manipulators in industrial tasks, such as assembly, forming or shaping of surfaces, as well as the handling of hazardous materials depends greatly on available hybrid force and position control schemes. Since the robot as well as its environment are often subject to parameter uncertainties which can not be neglected, it is necessary to design controllers which are robust with respect to these uncertainties. In addition, the dynamics of the robot are nonlinear requiring consideration of nonlinear control concepts. Another aspect to be taken into account is the relative stiffness of the robot, the force sensor and the manipulated surface. That is, the behavior of the system normal to the surface is relatively stiff while that tangential to the surface is relatively free. Separation of the controller for these two directions is therefore indicated. We propose a controller design which accounts for this point of view and demonstrate its efficacy with respect to robustness and accuracy of position and force tracking by means of numerical simulations. The design is based on the control concept of [CORLESS, LEITMANN 1989]. The example, considered is a Manutecr3 robot with three degrees of freedom. In addition, we account for the dynamics of the actuator which also possesses three degrees of freedom. The considered parameter uncertainties are friction moments in the links, friction between the end effector and the manipulated object, as well as nonlinear dynamics which are difficult to characterize.
Magnetospherically reflected whistlers as a source of plasmaspheric hiss

Ray-tracing simulations and estimates of whistler wave damping show that magnetospherically reflected whistlers can persist for about 100 s in a LF band (about 1 kHz). The combined contribution from whistler rays produced by a single lightning flash but entering the magnetosphere at different points form a continuous hisslike signal, as observed at a fixed point. Estimates indicate that the total whistler wave energy input into the magnetosphere from lightning discharges may maintain experimentally observed levels of magnetospheric hiss.
Real-time interactive virtual tour on the World Wide Web (WWW)

Web-based Virtual Tour has become a desirable and demanded application, yet challenging due to the nature of web application's running environment such as limited bandwidth and no guarantee of high computation power on the client side. Image-based rendering approach has attractive advantages over traditional 3D rendering approach in such Web Applications. Traditional approach, such as VRML, requires labor-intensive 3D modeling process, high bandwidth and computation power especially for photo-realistic virtual scenes. QuickTime VR and IPIX as examples of image-based approach, use panoramic photos and the virtual scenes that can be generated from photos directly skipping the modeling process. But, these image-based approaches may require special cameras or effort to take panoramic views and provide only one fixed-point look-around and zooming in-out rather than 'walk around', that is a very important feature to provide immersive experience to virtual tourists. The Web-based Virtual Tour using Tour into the Picture employs pseudo 3D geometry with image-based rendering approach to provide viewers with immersive experience of walking around the virtual space with several snap shots of conventional photos.
EFFECTS ON CONCURRENT PERFORMANCES OF A STIMULUS CORRELATED WITH REINFORCER AVAILABILITY1

A multiple schedule was arranged in which each component consisted of two, concurrent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. A changeover-key procedure was used, and the components of the multiple schedule were distinguished (initially) by the color of the changeover key. During one component of the multiple schedule, the availability of a reinforcer arranged by one of the variable-interval schedules was marked by an exteroceptive stimulus, provided that that variable-interval schedule was not at the time assigned to the main key. During the other component of the multiple schedule, no reinforcer-correlated stimuli were ever presented. During the latter component of the multiple schedule, the distribution of responses and time for the concurrent variable-interval schedules suggested control by the distribution of reinforcements. During the former component, most main-key responses were emitted on the key in the presence of which reinforcer-correlated stimuli were presented. Changeover rate in the presence of that key color was depressed. The discriminative control over the changeover was easily established and was reversible.
Differentiation-dependent expression of phosphatidylserine in mammalian plasma membranes: quantitative assessment of outer-leaflet lipid by prothrombinase complex formation.

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is asymmetrically distributed in mammalian cell membranes, being preferentially localized in the inner leaflet. Some studies have suggested that a disturbance in the normal asymmetric distribution of PS--e.g., PS exposure in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, which can occur upon platelet activation as well as in certain pathologic red cells--serves as a potent procoagulant surface and as a signal for triggering their recognition by macrophages. These studies suggest that the regulation of PS distribution in cell membranes may be critical in controlling coagulation and in determining the survival of pathologic cells in the circulation. In this paper we describe a sensitive technique, based on PS-dependent prothrombinase complex activity, for assessing the amount of PS on the external leaflet of intact viable cells. Our results indicate that tumorigenic, undifferentiated murine erythroleukemic cells express 7- to 8-fold more PS in their outer leaflet than do their differentiated, nontumorigenic counterparts. Increased expression of PS in the tumorigenic cells directly correlated with their ability to be recognized and bound by macrophages.
Ex Cathedra Iuris

There is a trait of strength, of fierceness even, that often seems to mark the antipodean. Such, at least, was the case with Penny—that is, Penelope Jane—Pether. She had an unflinching if sometimes bemused eye, strong views, great generosity, and political commitment. She joined the Board of Law and Critique early on and both contributed and pushed radical legal analyses of all sorts to the Board. Strength is also the ability to express vulnerability. I had not heard from Penny for a long time when I got a call out of the blue. ‘‘Peter, I have got cancer ... but I am going to beat the bloody thing’’. That was the first of many long and painful conversations. She died on the evening of Wednesday September 10, 2013. A good while later than the doctors predicted and all the same ridiculously soon. What I want to say, in introduction and support of her demise, is that all who have lived and lived well, who have lived even half as well as Penny, have beaten death. She didn’t want to die, she said it was too soon, that she wasn’t ready and she persisted, in what I viewed as an Australian fashion of the femme forte, living her life to the very end. She did not allow death to compromise or diminish her commitments or beliefs. She continued her classes in the local prisons, she reviewed the work of scholars that she admired, whose support she thought they merited, she flew to Paris for ‘‘some decent food’’ only a few weeks before the end, and equally found time to fall out with her mother, to see friends, to correspond, encourage, hope and then, ineluctably, without remorse, in the wake of intolerable pain, to let go, to die. Trained in English literature as well as law, Penny was a force for interdisciplinary conjunctions, for the embrace of theory and practice, scholarship and the
Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of a promising σ2-receptor ligand radiolabeled with fluorine-18 or iodine-125 as a PET/SPECT probe for imaging breast cancer

Sigma-2 receptors represent an endogenous marker for proliferation in solid tumors. The high affinity, high selectivity σ2 receptor ligand N-(4-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)butyl)-2-(2-fluoroethoxy)-5-iodo-3-methoxybenzamide (3) was separately radiolabeled with F-18 and I-125. The radiolabeling yield was 30% and 70% for [18F]3 and [125I]3, respectively. Studies of [125I]3 using murine 66 breast tumor membrane homogenates and evaluation of [18F]3 and [125I]3 in 66 tumor-bearing mice indicate that this ligand has potential as a PET or a SPECT probe for imaging σ2 receptors in breast cancer.