cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atypical motor and behavioral presentations of Alzheimer disease: a case-based approach.

Background: The correlation of clinical presentation to pathology in dementia syndromes is important to correctly classify and ultimately treat these conditions. However, despite careful clinical characterization, it remains difficult to accurately predict an underlying causative pathology in some cases. Alzheimer disease is a well-defined clinical entity having established diagnostic criteria and characteristic neuropathologic findings. Alzheimer pathology, however, can cause varying clinical syndromes, including both atypical motor and behavioral presentations. Review Summary: Atypical clinical presentations of Alzheimer disease are reviewed in a case-based format. Corticobasal syndrome, with asymmetric Parkinsonism, dystonia, and apraxia, is increasingly recognized as a presentation of Alzheimer pathology. Frontal variant Alzheimer, clinically indistinguishable from behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bv-FTD), can present with difficulties in executive function, poor attention, and behavioral issues. Posterior cortical atrophy (the “visual variant” of Alzheimer) has predominant visuospatial dysfunction and can be an Alzheimer presentation. Finally, Alzheimer can present as logopenic progressive aphasia with word-finding difficulty. Conclusions: Clinicopathologic correlation may be more complex than previously realized, and the location of the microscopic changes may have as much to do with the clinical presentation as the nature of the changes themselves. Recognizing these clinical syndromes can lead to greater accuracy in diagnosis and treatment.
Combining Mariculture and Seawater-Based Solar Ponds

Solar ponds have been thoroughly studied as a means to produce electricity or heat, but there may be comparable potential to use solar ponds to produce optimized environments for the cultivation of some aquaculture crops. For this, conventional brine-based solar ponds could be used. This strategy would probably be most suitable at desert sites where concentrated brine was abundant, pond liners might not be needed, and the crop produced could be shipped to market. Generally, a heat exchanger would be required to transfer heat from the solar pond into the culture ponds. Culture ponds could therefore use either fresh or marine water. In contrast, this paper explores seawater-based solar ponds. These are solar ponds which use seawater in the bottom storage zone and fresh water in the upper convective zone. Because the required temperature elevations for mariculture are only about 10{degrees}C, seawater-based solar ponds are conceivable. Seawater-based ponds should be very inexpensive because, by the shore, salt costs would be negligible and a liner might be unnecessary.
Academic Freedom under Seige

At the very moment when original and critical thinking is urgently needed in America, the mechanisms of repression are put in play. There is no doubt that 9/11 presented American society with anguishing challenges, which called for a protective response, prudent adjustments in security, and some painful soul searching. Perhaps even more tragic for others than these triggering events, and in the end for the citizens of this country, is the less noticed date of 10/7. October 7 was the day a few weeks later when the Afghanistan War started, and “the global war on terror” shifted from a patrioteering White House slogan to a bellicose Pentagon reality. This militarist reflex to rely on the war option for post-9/11 security has been daily proving itself disastrously dysfunctional, and as its failures become more manifest, those American leaders responsible reaffirm their extremism, relying on the arousal of fear, demonization of the other, and global ambition to tame an inept and rudderless opposition, as well as to pacify a nervous, poorly informed, and confused public. And where there are expressions of significant, principled opposition, the impulse of the rulers and their civilian allies has been repressive, if not inquisitorial. In such a setting it is hardly surprising that academic freedom is today more menaced than at any time since the McCarthy witch hunts and loyalty oaths of the early 1950s. My first reaction to being listed among the “101” that David Horowitz had identified as the most “dangerous” professors in the country was bemused pride—somewhat unsure as to whether I actually deserved the accolade, whether I was this dangerous to the radical right, and especially to the ideas and policies that hold sway in our government. I admit also to feeling a modest sense of accomplishment, to be viewed even by one …
Responses of laboratory school teachers to the Teacher Stress Inventory.

The study analyzed on-the-job stress for a sample of 30 full-time university laboratory school teachers: 8 men, 19 women and 3 who did not report sex. A small number experienced a great deal of discomfort (stress) in performing their jobs. The strongest sources of stress identified by these teachers were not enough time for relaxation and preparation, personal life shortchanged, inadequate salary, and teaching poorly motivated students. Several aspects of the stress reported are discussed, and recommendations are made regarding research and methods to help teachers cope with stress.
Estimating the parameters of mixture models with modal estimators

This paper extends some of the work presented in Redner and Walker [I9841 on the maximum likelihood estimate of parameters in a mixture model to a Bayesian modal estimate. The problem of determining the mode of the joint posterior distribution is discussed. Necessary conditions are given for a choice of parameters to be the mode and a numerical scheme based on the EM algorithm is presented. Some theoretical remarks on the resulting iterative scheme and simulation results are also given.
Observation of orientational photorefractive effects in nematic liquid crystals

We report the observation of nonlinear photorefraction in pure aligned nematic liquid crystals in the presence of an applied dc electric field. The effect is attributed to nematic axis reorientation created by the photoinduced space-charge field in combination with the applied dc field. Strong optical nonlinearity, self-diffraction, and beam-coupling effects are observed.
Hybrid photonic crystal and conventional waveguide structures

Hybrid photonic crystal (PhC) and conventional waveguide (CWG) structures have been proposed to achieve ultracompact waveguide bends and splitters with very high efficiency (>99.0%). Such elements are enablers to realize large scale planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) with low index contrast waveguide materials such as silica and polymers. In this paper, we first discuss high efficiency 90 degree bends and splitters and then show how these can be used to create compact ring resonators. These in turn can be used as building blocks for add/drop filters, band pass filters, wavelength division multi-/demultiplexers, and all optical switches.
Note on Ericksen's problem

Der Aufsatz beweist die Existenz einer Drei-Parameter-Familie von inhomogenen Deformationen mit konstanten Deformationsinvarianten. Diese Deformationen lassen sich in jedem homogenen, isotropen, inkompressiblen elastischen Material durch Oberflachenkrafte aufrecht erhalten.
Transmural recording of shock potential gradient fields, early postshock activations, and refibrillation episodes associated with external defibrillation of long-duration ventricular fibrillation in swine.

Background Knowledge of the shock potential gradient (∇V) and postshock activation is limited to internal defibrillation of short-duration ventricular fibrillation (SDVF). Objective The purpose of this study was to determine these variables after external defibrillation of long-duration VF (LDVF). Methods In six pigs, 115–20 plunge needles with three to six electrodes each were inserted to record throughout both ventricles. After the chest was closed, the biphasic defibrillation threshold (DFT) was determined after 20 seconds of SDVF with external defibrillation pads. After 7 minutes of LDVF, defibrillation shocks that were less than or equal to the SDVF DFT strength were given. Results For DFT shocks (1632 ± 429 V), the maximum minus minimum ventricular voltage (160 ± 100 V) was 9.8% of the shock voltage. Maximum cardiac ∇V (28.7 ± 17 V/cm) was 4.7 ± 2.0 times the minimum ∇V (6.2 ± 3.5 V/cm). Although LDVF did not increase the DFT in five of the six pigs, it significantly lengthened the time to earliest postshock activation following defibrillation (1.6 ± 2.2 seconds for SDVF and 4.9 ± 4.3 seconds for LDVF). After LDVF, 1.3 ± 0.8 episodes of spontaneous refibrillation occurred per animal, but there was no refibrillation after SDVF. Conclusion Compared with previous studies of internal defibrillation, during external defibrillation much less of the shock voltage appears across the heart and the shock field is much more even; however, the minimum ∇V is similar. Compared with external defibrillation of SDVF, the biphasic external DFT for LDVF is not increased; however, time to earliest postshock activation triples. Refibrillation is common after LDVF but not after SDVF in these normal hearts, indicating that LDVF by itself can cause refibrillation without requiring preexisting heart disease.
Two paradigms for depth of strategic reasoning in games: Response to Colman

We contrast two approaches to probing the depth of theory-of-mind (ToM) reasoning by adults in matrix game settings: our own and that of Stahl and Wilson.
The First National Study of Elder Abuse and Neglect: Contrast with Results from Other Studies

ABSTRACT The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study (NEAIS), conducted in 1994–1999 under the sponsorship of the US Administration for Children and Families and the Administration on Aging, was designed to obtain national estimates of both reported and unreported cases of elder abuse and neglect for 1996. This article contrasts the methods and results of this study with several previous studies to assess the reasons for differences in estimates. These differences include whether the study was designed to measure prevalence or incidence, the inclusiveness of the definitions, eligible age range, and methods of data collection. Future studies should combine incidence and prevalence and incorporate a sample design that will allow estimates for several age ranges and definitional subsets to meet different public policy requirements.
Teaching games to young children with autism spectrum disorder using special interests and video modelling

AbstractBackground Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may exhibit delayed play skills or repetitive play and have difficulty engaging in spontaneous play with peers.Method A multiple-probe design across participants was used to investigate the effectiveness of a video modelling intervention and the use of children's special interests on their engagement with games and with peers for kindergarten children with ASD.Results Results indicated that all three children with ASD demonstrated increased engagement with the games and social engagement with their peers. Inappropriate behaviour decreased with the intervention. The effects were maintained during the follow-up and generalised to a novel game. Social validity data indicated that the study was meaningful and the intervention was feasible and effective.Conclusion Future research should focus on designing play skills interventions that serve to motivate both children with ASD and their typically developing peers in order to promote more spontaneou...
Upper bounds for electromagnetic excitations

Abstract A generally applicable procedure, based on spectral distribution methods, is given here for evaluating approximately the maximum possible transition strengths in a nucleus achievable by working in a given model space. The method does not involve tedius matrix diagonalization and can be easily used in large model spaces. Comparisons are made with exact shell-model and SU(3) calculations. Numerical examples are given for electric and magnetic multipole transitions from the ground state in the ds-shell nuclei 20Ne, 24Mg, 28Si, 32S and 36Ar.
Diethylstilbestrol on urinary catecholamines and on food intake in castrated male rats

Moderate changes in food intake produced by diethylstilbestrol in rats were not well correlated with changes in urinary norepinephrine, vanillylmandelic acid or epinephrine. Apparently moderate dietary restrictions are not capable of decreasing adrenergic activity, and the decreased urinary norepinephrine produced by diethylstilbestrol is not associated with decreased availability of dietary precursors.
Histopathological Identification of Colon Cancer with Microsatellite Instability

Cancer with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) is the hallmark of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, and MSI-H occurs in approximately 15% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas that have improved prognosis. We examined the utility of histopathology for the identification of MSI-H cancers by evaluating the features of 323 sporadic carcinomas using specified criteria and comparing the results to MSI-H status. Coded hematoxylin and eosin sections were evaluated for tumor features (signet ring cells; mucinous histology; cribriforming, poor differentiation, and medullary-type pattern; sponge-like mucinous growth; pushing invasive margin) and features of host immune response (Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, intratumoral lymphocytic infiltrate, and intraepithelial T cells by immunohistochemistry for CD3 with morphometry). Interobserver variation among five pathologists was determined. Subjective interpretation of histopathology as an indication for MSI testing was recorded. We found that medullary carcinoma, intraepithelial lymphocytosis, and poor differentiation were the best discriminators between MSI-H and microsatellite-stable cancers (odds ratio: 37.8, 9.8, and 4.0, respectively; P = 0.000003 to < 0.000001) with high specificity (99 to 87%). The sensitivities, however, were very low (14 to 38%), and interobserver agreement was good only for evaluation of poor differentiation (kappa, 0.69). Mucinous histopathological type and presence of signet ring cells had low odds ratios of 3.3 and 2.7 (P = 0.005 and P = 0.02) with specificities of 95% but sensitivities of only 15 and 13%. Subjective interpretation of the overall histopathology as suggesting MSI-H performed better than any individual feature; the odds ratio was 7.5 (P < 0.000001) with sensitivity of 49%, specificity of 89%, and moderate interobserver agreement (kappa, 0.52). Forty intraepithelial CD3-positive lymphocytes/0.94 mm2, as established by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, resulted in an odds ratio of 6.0 (P < 0.000001) with sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 67%. Our findings indicate that histopathological evaluation can be used to prioritize sporadic colon cancers for MSI studies, but morphological prediction of MSI-H has low sensitivity, requiring molecular analysis for therapeutic decisions.
Development of a miniaturepH glass electrode with field-effect-transistor amplifier for biomedical applications

A miniaturepH glass electrode for possible clinical and biomedical applications was constructed and evaluated in referencepH buffer solutions at 36°C. A field-effect-transistor (f.e.t.) amplifier was integrated into the system, and its effectiveness was investigated. The average e.m.f. efficiency of the developed electrode was 0·87±0·11V, and a minimum length of 7 mm was required for a goodpH response. Temperature dependence of the electrode was −1·51 mV/oK at apH of 7. Evaluation of the stability of the electrode showed a 1% drift over a 7 h operational time. ThepH and temperature hysteresis effects showed 0·5% and 1·0% deviations, respectively. The response time was within 4 s for 99% response. These electrode characteristics were also investigated in blood plasma and discussed.
Extraction of UroLume endoprosthesis with one-stage urethral reconstruction using buccal mucosa

Long-term analyses of the UroLume Endoprosthesis have shown conflicting results with regard to efficacy and restricture rates. The best management of recurrent urethra stricture disease at the site of a previous UroLume stent is unknown. We describe a previously unreported technique for transperineal excision of the UroLume for recurrent bulbar urethral stricture disease with one-stage reconstruction using buccal mucosa. At 9 months of follow-up, the patient was voiding well with no evidence of stricture recurrence.
No evidence for BCL10 mutation in endometrial cancers with microsatellite instability.

Previous reports have suggested that the mononucleotide repeats in BCL10 frequently are mutated in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. We set out to determine whether these repeats, like simple repeat sequences in other genes, are a target for mutation in endometrial cancers with defective DNA mismatch repair. Primary endometrial cancers (n = 42) and endometrial cancer cell lines (n=5) with microsatellite instability (MSI) were investigated. BCL10 exons 2 and 3 were amplified by PCR and evaluated for mutation using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and single stand conformational variant (SSCV) analysis. Variants were directly sequenced. No BCL10 mutations were detected in exons 2 or 3 by DHPLC or SSCV. A polymorphism in exon 3 (638G-->A) was seen in 4/42 (9.5%) MSI-positive endometrial cancers and 0/5 MSI-positive endometrial cancer cell lines. Thus, mutation in the mononucleotide repeat tracts of BCL10 is not a feature of endometrial cancers with defective DNA mismatch repair.
Thermal oxidation of 6 nm aerosolized silicon nanoparticles : Size and surface chemistry changes

The earliest stages of thermal oxidation of 6 nm diameter silicon nanoparticles by molecular oxygen are examined using a tandem differential mobility analysis (TDMA) apparatus, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Particles are synthesized in and then extracted from a nonthermal RF plasma operating at ∼20 Torr into the atmospheric pressure TDMA apparatus. The TDMA apparatus was used to measure oxidation-induced size changes over a broad range of temperature settings and N2−O2 carrier gas composition. Surface chemistry changes are evaluated in situ with an FTIR spectrometer and a hybrid flow-through cell, and ex situ with ToF-SIMS and XPS. Particle size measurements show that, at temperatures less than ∼500 °C, particles shrink regardless of the carrier gas oxygen concentration, while FTIR and ToF-SIMS spectra demonstrate a loss of hydrogen from the particles and minimal oxide formation. At hig...
Erectile tissue and smooth muscle in snouts of Carettochelys insculpta, Trionchids and other chelonia

Four families of chelonians, the Carettochelyidae, Trionchidae, Pelomedusidae and Chelidae, possess nasal erectile tissue and masses of smooth muscle within the snout. These specialized tissues appear to control the internal diameter of the narial passage. Two of these families, the carettochelids and trionchilds, can change the angle of the tubular snout relative to the head. The trionchids have numerous pharyngeal papillae that function as respiratory surfaces. The angle of the snout and its internal diameter are important to these animals in utilizing the snout to draw clear water into the buccal cavity while buried in the substrate.
Red sea floor origin: rare-Earth evidence.

Abundance patterns of rare earths of submarine tholeiitic basalts from the axial trough of the Red Sea resemble those of basalts from mid-ocean ridges but are distinct from shield or plateau basalts of tholeiitic composition. These results imply that a similar magmatic process, related to spreading of sea floors, operates beneath the axial trough of the Red Sea and the crest of mid-ocean ridges.
A simple method of noninvasive canthopexy during routine lower blepharoplasty.

Lower blepharoplasty treats one of the most delicate and sensitive areas in plastic surgery. Often slight weakness, redundancy, or shortness of the lower eyelid will produce unsightly results and an unhappy patient. I tackled this problem about 18 years ago with a split skin-skin muscle flap technique with lateral suspension.1 This technique, in most cases, is adequate in firming the lower lid laxity, which is often preexisting and is worsened by blepharoplasty. For lack of better terminology, this laxity could be called “presenile ectropion” (Figure 1). Figure 1. Typical appearance of presenile ectropion. In some cases, however, laxity will still occur. During the last 10 years, I have tried a variety of techniques of canthopexy. I have found the techniques presented in this article to be the least invasive; they provide a very effective means of firming up the lower lid margin, not only in its inferior-superior dimension, but also in the anterior-posterior direction, resulting in close contact of eyelid to eyeball. Basically, the preseptal part of the orbicularis muscle is sutured to an area under the lateral palpebral ligament at the lateral orbital rim (Figure 2). Thus, while tightening the lower lid, it helps to reduce the nasojugal and zygomatic fold of the lower lid with conservative lift of the cheek and nasolabial fold. The higher point of insertion permits lateral orbital rim structures, orbicularis muscle, and lateral tarsal ligament to be detoured to a higher point without detaching and resuturing all these structures (Figure 3). In effect, it shortens and firms up the lid margin and lifts the lateral canthal angle upward. This method (procedure 1) is adequate in most cases. Figure 2. Direction of vector of pull of preseptal part of orbicularis muscle under lateral canthal ligaments. Figure 3. The goal of surgery—to shift the whole lateral eyelid higher without shortening …
Restoring Erectile Function by Antioxidant Therapy in Diabetic Rats

Purpose: Diabetes mediates an increase in reactive oxygen species that can lead to impaired endothelial function, decreased smooth muscle in the diabetic corpus cavernosum and increased apoptosis. We hypothesized that antioxidant therapy may restore erectile function by inhibiting apoptosis in diabetic rat crura.Materials and Methods: A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to 5 groups of 8 each, including healthy controls, rats with diabetes, and rats with diabetes with the antioxidant tempol (4-hydroxytetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl) (Sigma-Aldrich®), with insulin, and with tempol and insulin. Intracavernous pressure was measured for functional analysis. Smooth muscle and collagen fiber levels in the rat penile corpus cavernosum were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson's trichrome staining. Endothelial cells were assessed by CD31 staining. Reactive oxygen species related genes were analyzed by cDNA microarray. We confirmed mRNA and protein expression profiles for these genes in di...
Complementarity between a use study and a citation study in considering publication practices in the physical and social sciences

Comparisons of hard and soft science in user (Garvey) and citation (Price) studies were shown to exhibit a previously unnoticed complementarity. In particular, the lower utilization of recent citations by social scientists may be shown to reflect the greater time required for scientific work and subsequent publication of a social science research contribution as opposed to one from the physical sciences. This analysis offers an alternative to the view of hard and soft science offered by Price and raises several research questions regarding the relation between use and citation of scientific literatures.
Exponential expansiveness and complete admissibility for evolution families

Connections between uniform exponential expansiveness and complete admissibility of the pair \({\text{(c}}_{\text{0}} {\text{(}}{\mathbb{N}}{\text{,X),c}}_{\text{0}} {\text{(}}{\mathbb{N}}{\text{,X))}}\) are studied. A discrete version for a theorem due to Van Minh, Rabiger and Schnaubelt is presented. Equivalent characterizations of Perron type for uniform exponential expansiveness of evolution families in terms of complete admissibility are given.
A Numerical Model of a Reciprocating Rod Seal With a Secondary Lip

A numerical model of an elastomeric reciprocating hydraulic rod seal, with both a primary and a secondary lip, has been developed. It is applicable to cases in which the stroke length is significantly larger than the seal width. Coupled fluid mechanics, contact mechanics, and deformation analyses are applied to each lip. Mass conservation and the pressure of the intervening fluid couple the two lips to each other. The leakage, the film thickness distribution, the fluid and contact pressure distributions, and the friction force are predicted for both the outstroke and the instroke for a typical seal, operating with mixed lubrication.
Associations of Gender and Gender-Role Ideology With Behavioral and Attitudinal Features of Intimate Partner Aggression.

This study examined the association between gender-role ideology (scores on a nonegalitarian-egalitarian attitudinal dimension) and features of intimate partner aggression, with attention to how this relationship varied as a function of gender. Undergraduates from a large northeastern urban university (N = 250) completed measures of relationship quality, gender-role ideology, psychological abuse, psychological victimization, physical abuse, physical victimization, and attitudes toward aggression. Controlling for relationship quality, significant interactions between gender and gender-role ideology were found for all dependent variables. For men, the association between ideology and aggression was consistently negative; for women, the pattern of relationships was more variable. Results suggest that the inclusion of gender may be needed to provide a clearer, more representative picture of the association between gender-role ideology and partner aggression.
Context-sensitive synchronization-sensitive analysis is undecidable

Static program analysis is concerned with the computation of approximations of the runtime behavior of programs. Precise information about a program's runtime behavior is, in general, uncomputable for various different reasons, and each reason may necessitate making certain approximations in the information computed. This article illustrates one source of difficulty in static analysis of concurrent programs. Specifically, the article shows that an analysis that is simultaneously both context-sensitive and synchronization-sensitive (that is, a context-sensitive analysis that precisely takes into account the constraints on execution order imposed by the synchronization statements in the program) is impossible even for the simplest of analysis problems.
A systematic review of stress-management programs for medical students.

Because medical students experience a considerable amount of stress during training, academic leaders have recognized the importance of developing stress-management programs for medical students. The authors set out to identify all controlled trials of stress-management interventions and determine the efficacy of those interventions. The authors searched the published English-language articles on PsycINFO and Pub Med, using a combination of the following search terms: stress-management, distress, burnout, coping, medical student, wellness. Both randomized, controlled trials and controlled, non-randomized trials of stress-management programs were selected and critically appraised. A total of 13 randomized, controlled trials or controlled, non-randomized trials were identified. Interventions included self-hypnosis, meditation, mindfulness-based stress-reduction, feedback on various health habits, educational discussion, changes in the length and type of curriculum, and changes in the grading system. Only one study was identified to be of very high quality, although several had described group differences at baseline, used blinding, had good follow-up, and used validated assessment tools. There was a wide heterogeneity of outcome measures used. Interventions that were supported by a reduction in stress and anxiety in medical students included mindfulness-based stress-reduction or meditation techniques, self-hypnosis, and pass/fail grading. Significant opportunities to advance educational research in this field exist by developing more high-quality studies with particular attention to randomization techniques and standardizing outcome measures.
On the multireference character of S-nitrosothiols: A theoretical study of HSNO

Abstract The significant multireference character of the HSNO wavefunction is revealed from a comparison of its S–N bond properties calculated with CASSCF and Hartree–Fock methods. This is further supported by analysis of the CASSCF natural orbital occupation numbers and the configuration interaction expansion coefficients. Associating these results for HSNO with our description of S -nitrosothiols (RSNOs) as a combination of conventional R–S–N O, zwitterionic R–S + N–O − , and RS − /NO + ion-pair resonance structures, we demonstrate that the multireference character of the RSNO wavefunction arises from the ion-pair resonance structure.
What's wrong with the global migration of health care professionals? Individual rights and international justice

When health care workers migrate from poor countries to rich countries, they are exercising an important human right and helping rich countries fulfill obligations of social justice. They are also, however, creating problems of social justice in the countries they leave. Solving these problems requires balancing social needs against individual rights and studying the relationship of social justice to international justice.
Composition, functionality and some chemical and physical properties of eight commercial full-fat soy flours.

Eight full-fat soy flours representing both wet and dry processing methods were evaluated for composition, functionality, and chemical and physical properties including proximate analysis, fatty acids, mineral profiles, presence of trypsin inhibitors (TI), protein dispersibility index (PDI), water and fat absorption, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity and stability, viscosity, particle size, bulk density and shelf stability. All flours had acceptable TI levels. Functionality data and PDI results suggested potential ingredient applications. the flours were reasonably stable to lipid oxidation as indicated by peroxide values and organoleptic evaluation. Microscopy and laser particle sizing failed to support some manufacturers’claims of ultrafine particle size. Beverages made from all flours produced the so-called “catch throat” sensation.
Unique features of optical scanning, single fiber endoscopy.

Background and Objective To advance the field of minimally invasive medical procedures, an ideal endoscope should provide high-resolution images with variable magnification from an ultra-thin package, while adding depth cues and integrating optical diagnoses and therapies. Satisfying all these requirements is extremely difficult using commercial endoscopes. A new imaging technology is introduced that uses directed laser illumination, which is scanned at the distal end of a flexible endoscope. Study Design/Materials and Methods A singlemode optical fiber is driven in vibratory resonance using a piezoelectric actuator. The emitted laser light is scanned in two-dimensions over test specimens. Digital images are constructed by detecting optical power one pixel at a time. Results Unique features of the fiber scanning scope are rapidly changing magnification, enhanced topographic detail, and concurrent fluorescence imaging, which are demonstrated and discussed. Conclusion This fiber scanning scope has the potential for pixel-accurate delivery of high quality laser radiation, allowing the future integration of imaging with diagnosis and therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:177-183, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
USC CINAPS Builds Bridges

More than 70% of our earth is covered by water, yet we have explored less than 5% of the aquatic environment. Aquatic robots, such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and their supporting infrastructure play a major role in the collection of oceanographic data. To make new discoveries and improve our overall understanding of the ocean, scientists must make use of these platforms by implementing effective monitoring and sampling techniques to study ocean upwelling, tidal mixing, and other ocean processes. Effective observation and continual monitoring of a dynamic system as complex as the ocean cannot be done with one instrument in a fixed location. A more practical approach is to deploy a collection of static and mobile sensors, where the information gleaned from the acquired data is distributed across the network. Additionally, orchestrating a multisensor, long-term deployment with a high volume of distributed data involves a robust, rapid, and cost-effective communication network. Connecting all of these components, which form an aquatic robotic system, in synchronous operation can greatly assist the scientists in improving our overall understanding of the complex ocean environment.
Molecular diversity and intragenomic variability in the yeast genus Xanthophyllomyces: the origin of Phaffia rhodozyma?

The teleomorphic basidiomycetous yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is important as a commercial source of astaxanthin, which is a component of feeds for mariculture. Phaffia rhodozyma is the anamorphic state of Xanthophyllomyces; however, there are conflicting reports in the literature concerning the presence of a sexual cycle in P. rhodozyma. The current study attempted to explain this enigma. Strains were obtained from the Phaff Yeast Culture Collection (University of California, Davis) and other sources in the northern hemisphere. Molecular sequences of three nuclear rDNA regions were examined: the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), intergenic spacer (IGS1) and the D1D2 region at the 5' end of the 26S gene. Different levels of genetic variability were observed in the three regions. The D1D2 differentiated major groups of strains, while an increased variability in the ITS suggested that the ITS region could be employed as an ecological marker. The greatest variability was in the IGS1 region, where strains can be defined by the presence and location of indels. Intragenomic sequence heterogeneity in the ITS and IGS1 regions led to the hypothesis that the type strain of P. rhodozyma (CBS 5905 T , UCD 67-210 T ) was derived as a mating-deficient basidiospore from the parent teleomorphic strain CBS 9090.
Effect of MON-0585 on sclerotization of Aedes aegypti cuticle☆

Abstract The effect of MON-0585, an insecticide affecting sclerotization, on mosquito cuticle was investigated. Since the lethal effect of MON-0585 is elicited during cuticle development, cuticular compoments such as structural proteins, chitin, phenoloxidase, and phenols were analyzed from both control and insecticide-treated larvae. Soluble cuticular proteins isolated from both groups of animals did not show any difference in electrophoretic mobility nor in amino acid composition. Cuticle bound proteins also failed to show any differences in amino acid composition. Transmission electron microscopic and radioactive tracer studies indicated that neither chitin synthesis nor chitin fiber assembly in cuticle was affected by MON-0585 treatment. Significant reductions in the levels of covalently bound catechols were observed in MON-0585-treated animals. Moreover, these animals exhibited reduced phenoloxidase activity as compared to controls. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed malformations in the exoskeleton and in the breathing tubes of poisoned mosquito pupae. These results indicate that MON-0585 interferes with cuticular stabilization indirectly and disrupts the structure of the breathing tubes causing early pupal death.
Elasticity of factorizations in integral domains

Abstract For an atomic integral domain R , define ϱ ( R )= sup { m ⧸ n | x 1 ⋯ x m = y 1 ⋯ y n , each x i , y j ϵ R is irreducible}. We investigate ϱ( R ), with emphasis for Krull domains R . When R is a Krull domain, we determine lower and upper bounds for ϱ( R ); in particular, ϱ ( R )≤ max {| Cl ( R )|⧸ 2, 1}. Moreover, we show that for any real numbers r ≥1 or r =∞, there is a Dedekind domain R with torsion class group such that ϱ( R )= r .
Adult onset glycogen storage disease type II (adult onset Pompe disease): report and magnetic resonance images of two cases

Glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII), also referred to as Pompe disease or acid maltase deficiency, is a rare inherited condition caused by a deficiency in acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) enzyme activity (Tinkle andLeslie. GeneReviews, 2008. http://www.genetests.org). The condition is often classified by age of presentation,with infantile and late onset variants (Laforet et al. J Neurology 55:1122-8, 2000). Late onset tends to present with progressive proximal muscle weakness and respiratory insufficiency (Winkel et al. J Neurology 252:875-84, 2005). We report two cases of biopsy confirmed adulto nset GSDII, along with key Magnetic Resonance (MR) images.
Seasonal stresses shift optimal intertidal algal habitats

We studied how the growth, reproduction, and survival of a common intertidal rockweed (Fucus distichus) varied across its tidal elevation at 14 sites around San Juan Island, Washington, USA in spring–summer and fall-winter seasons. We also measured a suite of environmental factors including temperature, light, emersion time, slope, fetch, and herbivory. To interpret the response of Fucus we included measurements of phlorotannins and carbon storage compounds (mannitol, laminarin). Growth and reproduction exhibited parallel patterns across tidal zones and sites. Tidal zone was a significant source of variation for many Fucus response variables, whereas variation between sites was high but not generally a significant factor explaining Fucus growth and physiology. Unexpectedly, the tidal zone in which Fucus achieved its highest growth and reproduction switched between seasons. High zone thalli grew and reproduced better than Mid zone thalli in fall but not in spring. This result can be explained by different combinations of factors influencing Fucus in each season. In spring, longer emersion times due to daytime low tides resulted in lower growth rates higher on the shore, likely due to carbon limitation. In fall during nighttime low tides, emersion and carbon limitation stresses were minimal. Overall, fall growth was lower than spring growth, but low fall light was not responsible. Instead, warmer average fall temperatures in the High zone apparently favored growth and reproduction relative to the Mid zone. In contrast, Mid zone thalli were subjected to more intense herbivory and hydrodynamic stress associated with wave exposure and steep substrata during the fall. At least for some seaweeds, living in the presumably more stressful high zone can actually confer higher integrated performance.
Threonine requirement of commercial laying hens fed a corn-soybean meal diet

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with Hy-Line W36 hens to evaluate their Thr requirement in a corn-soybean meal diet. Eight experimental diets were used in Experiment 1 with graded levels of Thr: 0.53,0.50, 0.48, 0.45, 0.42, 0.40, 0.37, and 0.35%. Seven experimental diets were used in Experiment 2 with graded levels of Thr: 0.58, 0.53, 0.50, 0.48, 0.45, 0.42, and 0.40%. Supplemental amino acids (AA) were added to all diets to ensure that Thr was the first-limiting AA. Egg production (EP), egg mass (EM), and daily Thr intake were significantly increased with increasing dietary Thr levels. Broken-line regression indicated a daily Thr requirement of 439.0 and 462.1 mg per hen per d in Experiment 1 and of 393.9 and 447.1 mg per hen per d in Experiment 2 for EP and EM, respectively. The Thr requirements to produce 1 g of EM were 8.76 and 9.44 mg in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively.
Substance Abuse-Related Admissions to Adult Intensive Care

The frequency of adult surgical and medical intensive care unit (ICU) admissions related to substance abuse was determined at a large community, trauma, and tertiary referral hospital. Of 435 ICU admissions, 14 percent (95 percent confidence interval [CI], 5 to 23 percent) were tobacco related generating 16 percent of costs, 9 percent (95 percent CI, 0 to 18 percent) were alcohol related generating 13 percent of costs, and 5 percent (95 percent CI, 0 to 14 percent) were illicit drug related generating 10 percent of costs. In all, 28 percent (95 percent CI, 20 to 36 percent) of ICU admissions generating 39 percent of costs were substance abuse related. Substance abuse-related admissions were significantly longer and more costly than admissions not related to substance abuse (4.2 days vs 2.8 days, p = 0.004; $9,610 vs $5,890, p = 0.001). Frequency of substance abuse-related admission was linked with tibe patients insurance status (Medicare, private insurance, uninsured). In the uninsured group, 44 percent of admissions were substance abuse related (95 percent CI, 35 to 52 percent), significandy higher than in the private insurance and Medicare groups, and generating 61 percent of all ICU costs in the uninsured group. Large fractions of adult ICU admissions and costs are substance abuse related, particularly in uninsured patients.
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation of peripheral conduit arteries in patients with heart failure

Endothelium-dependent vasodilation of peripheral resistance vessels is abnormal in patients with heart failure, but there are little in vivo data on endothelium-dependent vasodilation of peripheral conduit vessels. This study assessed endothelium-dependent vasodilation of forearm conduit and resistance vessels in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. The effects of intraarterial endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilators on both forearm conduit (brachial artery) and resistance vessels were assessed in 9 patients with New York Heart Association class II-III heart failure and 11 normal subjects of similar age. Brachial artery diameter was measured by two-dimensional, moderate-frequency (8 MHz) ultrasound, and forearm blood flow was measured by strain gauge plethysmography. The endothelium-dependent vasodilator, methacholine (0.3 and 1.5 micrograms/min), increased brachial artery diameter by 7.6 +/- 1.3% and 12.2 +/- 1.5% in normal subjects as compared to 6.9 +/- 2.1% and 10.4 +/- 2.4% in patients with heart failure (P = NS, normal vs heart failure). The endothelium-independent vasodilator, nitroglycerin (0.15 microgram), also produced similar increases in brachial artery diameter in the two groups (8.2 +/- 1.3% in normal subjects vs 11.1 +/- 1.4% in patients with heart failure, P = NS). In contrast, forearm blood flow responses to methacholine were significantly (P < .05) greater in normal subjects (4.1 +/- 0.5 and 9.2 +/- 1.4 mL/min/100 mL forearm volume) than in patients with heart failure (2.0 +/- 0.8 and 5.1 +/- 1.3 mL/min/100 mL forearm volume). Forearm blood flow responses to the endothelium-independent vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside, were similar between the two groups. This study suggests that endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation of the brachial artery is not impaired in patients with class II-III heart failure. This finding contrasts with abnormal endothelium-dependent vasodilation of forearm resistance vessels. These data suggest that there are regional differences in endothelial function in patients with heart failure.
Implicit convex-hull distance of finite-screw-swept volumes

The need for collision detection arises in several robotics areas, including motion-planning, online collision avoidance, and simulation. At the heart of most current methods are algorithms for interference detection and/or distance computation. We presented (1997) an implemented technique for doing exact numerical distance computation and interference detection for translationally-swept bodies and approximate techniques for bodies swept under finite screw motion. Here, we extend the enhanced GJK and Gilbert-Foo, algorithms to obtain exact numerical distance computation and interference detection between the convex hulls of the volumes swept by two convex polyhedra under finite screw motions. This algorithm enables conservative distance and collision computations that are both tighter and more efficient than the previous result. It has been integrated into a bounding-volume hierarchy distance/interference code to extend the result to facetted non-convex rigid bodies.
Impact into the Earth’s ocean floor: Preliminary experiments, a planetary model, and possibilities for detection

Impact processes and plate tectonics are invoked in an experimental study of craters larger than 100 km in diameter on the ocean floor. Although the results obtained from 22-caliber (383 m/sec) ammunition experiments using dense, saturated sand as a target medium cannot be directly scaled to large events, the phenomenology exhibited is that expected of actual craters on the ocean floor: steep, mixed ejecta plume, gravitational adjustment of the crater to form a shallow basin, and extensive reworking of the ejecta, rim, and floor materials by violent collapse of the transient water cavity. Excavation into the mantle is predicted, although asthenospheric influence on outer ring formation is not. The clearest geophysical signature of such a crater is not topography; detection should instead be based on gravity and geoid anomalies due to uplift of the Moho, magnetic anomalies, and seismic resolution of the Moho uplift and crater formation fault planes.
The Amount of Early p24 Antigenemia and Not the Time of First Detection of Virus Predicts the Clinical Outcome of Infants Vertically Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Twenty-three children vertically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were studied for viremia during the first days of life. Nine had HIV-1 infection within the first week (early) ; 14 had HIV-1 first detected by day 11-90 (late). The groups had similar incidence and time of onset of symptomatic HIV-1 infection and survival. CD4 T cell percentages, rates of CD4 T cell attrition, quantitative cell-associated viremia, and p24 antigen concentrations were comparable. Children with peak antigen concentrations >100 pg/mL during the first 6 months (5 early, 6 late) fared worse than those with lower p24 levels. Thus, HIV-1-infected infants with detectable virus in the first few days of life do not have a worse prognosis than infants whose virus is detectable only later. Elevated p24 antigenemia during the first 6 months of life correlates strongly with poor clinical outcome and is independent of the time that virus was first detected.
Residential Mobility and Location Choice: A Nested Logit Model with Sampling of Alternatives

Residential mobility and relocation choice are essential parts of integrated transportation and land use models. These decision processes have been examined and modeled individually to a great extent but there remain gaps in the literature on the underlying behaviors that connect them. Households may partly base their decision to move from or stay at a current location on the price and quality of the available alternatives. Conversely, households that are on the market for a new location may evaluate housing choices relative to their previous residence. How and the degree to which these decisions relate to each other are, however, not completely understood. This research is intended to contribute to the body of empirical evidence that will help answer these questions. It is hypothesized that residential mobility and location choice are related household decisions that can be modeled together using a two-tier hierarchical structure. This paper presents a novel nested logit (NL) model with sampling of alternatives and a proposed procedure for sampling bias correction. The model was estimated using full-information maximum likelihood estimation methods. The results confirm the applicability of this NL model and support similar findings from other empirical studies in the residential mobility and location choice literature.