cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitude Towards Intimate Partner Violence in Two Asian Cultures

This study used World Values Survey data to investigate which demographics (gender, socioeconomic status, age, marital status, religiosity, and views towards gender equality) of people in two patriarchal societies, China and India, are associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence (IPV). Participants were asked to rank their attitudes towards IPV on a scale of 1 to 10. Logistic regression and linear regression analyses were run for India and China to determine the effects of gender, socioeconomic status, age, marital status, religiosity, and gender equality on the likelihood that participants favor IPV or oppose IPV. The model for India was statistically significant, indicating male, lower middle, upper middle, and upper socioeconomic classes, older age, no longer married, and no religious affiliation were more likely to favor IPV. The model for China was also statistically significant, with male the only significant predictor for favorable attitude. Linear regression analyses were performed for India and China using the participants who favor IPV to determine which variables (gender, socioeconomic status, age, marital status, religiosity, and gender equality) are associated with favoring IPV to a greater extent. The model for India was statistically significant, with never married, lower class, upper class, and supportive attitudes towards gender equality having a positive relationship with more favorable attitudes towards IPV. The model for China was not statistically significant. Overall, results may help target individuals at higher risk for victimization or perpetration of IPV with prevention strategies.
Information-Theoretic Optimal Radar Waveform Design

In this letter, we address the problem of designing the optimal radar waveform for the detection of an extended target in a colored noise environment. The locally most powerful detector and the corresponding optimal waveform based on maximizing the detector's performance under a small-signal assumption are derived. The performance is evaluated analytically, and numerically compared with that of the mutual information based method. The locally most powerful detection metric is shown to be the Kullback–Leibler divergence. The use of the latter measure leads to a substantial performance improvement. Moreover, a useful relationship among the three existing waveform design metrics, namely the output signal-to-noise ratio, the Kullback–Leibler divergence, and the mutual information, is provided. It explains the tradeoffs of the various metrics currently used for radar waveform design.
Parallels and Incongruities between Musical and Verbal Behaviors

The study of music in behavior analytic accounts constitutes a poorly addressed area of application due to conceptual incongruities in the field and a general lack of common ground between the disciplines of music and behavior analysis. This paper will examine the suitability of Skinner’s (1957) analysis of verbal behavior in describing various musical behaviors and propose clarifications of verbal behavior constructs to account for the conceptual similarities and differences between musical and verbal behaviors. The musical concepts of mimicry, relative pitch, and absolute pitch are also discussed from the perspective of a verbal behavior analysis. These are presented as examples of how presumably innate musical abilities remain subject to operant principles of behavior modification and how certain conventions of music may suggest novel functional relations that could expand the existing categorization of operants.
On the Reactivity of the Carba‐closo‐dodecaborate Anion with the Trityl Cation

In 1994 Reed and coworkers reported a variety of trityl salts with various functionalized icosahedral carborane anions. However, it was reported that the parent carba-closo-dodecaborate anion [HCB11H111-] underwent an unidentified chemical reaction with the trityl cation as the ion pair formed in solution. In this communication we have reexamined this reaction and identified the reaction as classical electrophilic substitution of a carborane B-H bond to afford new B-arylated compounds and not a carborane dimer as previously proposed. This is the first example of electrophilic arylation of the HCB11H111- anion. The new arylated carborane anions are fully characterized by multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy, as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Replication research in contextual and individual influences in pragmatic competence: Taguchi, Xiao & Li (2016) and Bardovi-Harlig & Bastos (2011)

Recent development in L2 pragmatics research in a study abroad context has witnessed an emerging line of studies investigating the joint influences of contextual and individual learner factors on second language (L2) pragmatic development. This paper argues for the replication of two representative quantitative studies in this new research direction. Situated within the field's increasing emphasis on explaining the development of L2 pragmatic competence, the first part of this paper makes a case for the necessity of replicating quantitative studies investigating the study abroad context, highlighting why and how the field can benefit from replication research. The second part of this paper presents detailed accounts of the two focus studies and suggests several options for approximate and conceptual replications.
Opioids, adjuvants, and interventional options for pain management of symptomatic metastases

Cancer pain is a complex issue that unfortunately affects a majority of cancer patients, the assessment and treatment of which are equally essential in alleviating many facets of this pain. The objective of this section is to address the many facets of cancer pain: its assessment, management, and its varied treatment modalities. We will discuss characteristics of pain, essential aspects of the patient interview, and management using opioids, adjuvants, and interventional and invasive strategies as well as side effects of these techniques. Many of these modalities are used for palliation but may and should be used in cancer patients who experience side effects from both their cancer and their chemotherapeutics.
A review of data-driven building energy consumption prediction studies

Abstract Energy is the lifeblood of modern societies. In the past decades, the world's energy consumption and associated CO 2 emissions increased rapidly due to the increases in population and comfort demands of people. Building energy consumption prediction is essential for energy planning, management, and conservation. Data-driven models provide a practical approach to energy consumption prediction. This paper offers a review of the studies that developed data-driven building energy consumption prediction models, with a particular focus on reviewing the scopes of prediction, the data properties and the data preprocessing methods used, the machine learning algorithms utilized for prediction, and the performance measures used for evaluation. Based on this review, existing research gaps are identified and future research directions in the area of data-driven building energy consumption prediction are highlighted.
Exploration of the molecular basis of blast injury in a biofidelic model of traumatic brain injury

Biological response to blast overpressure is complex and results in various and potentially non-concomitant acute and long-term deficits to exposed individuals. Clinical links between blast severity and injury outcomes remain elusive and have yet to be fully described, resulting in a critical inability to develop associated protection and mitigation strategies. Further, experimental models frequently fail to reproduce observed physiological phenomena and/or introduce artifacts that confound analysis and reproducibility. New models are required that employ consistent mechanical inputs, scale with biological analogs and known clinical data, and permit high-throughput examination of biological responses for a range of environmental and battlefield- relevant exposures. Here we describe a novel, biofidelic headform capable of integrating complex biological samples for blast exposure studies. We additionally demonstrate its utility in detecting acute transcriptional responses in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans after exposure to blast overpressure. This approach enables correlation between mechanical exposure and biological outcome, permitting both the enhancement of existing surrogate and computational models and the high-throughput biofidelic testing of current and future protection systems.
Multiobjective Energy Analysis

Analytic models have been applied to energy planning problems in an effort to assess the probable impacts of alternative courses of action on vital social concerns. These might include, to name only a few, cost, quality of the environment, state of the economy, dependence on insecure foreign energy sources, standard of living, or equitable distribution of burdens and benefits. A proposed program may have a variety of effects on social objectives; some may be positive, some negative, and some may be completely unexpected. Beneficial results in one area may be purchased at the cost of undesirable consequences in another. In most cases a policy cannot be judged by its impact on a single social concern; several must be considered. The purpose of multiobjective analysis is to identify and quantify the tradeoffs between different social objectives, and to aid policy makers in formulating decisions which achieve the best possible compromise between conflicting goals.
Parent-Child Relationship among Undergraduate Students

The term parent-child relationship refers to the unique and enduring bond between a caregiver and his or her child. To understand the parent child relationship, we must look at the ways that parent and children interact with one another physically, emotionally, and socially. Think about your parents. How did your relationship with your parents contribute to who you are today, or did it? Many psychologists believe that the relationships between parents and children are very important in determining who we become and how we relate to others and the world. The study examined the relationship among undergraduate students. The sample included 160 both male and female out of which were 79 males and 81 females. The 10 dimensions of the scale namely: Protecting, Symbolic Punishment, Rejecting, Object Punishment, Demanding, Indifferent, Symbolic Reward, Loving, Object Reward, Neglecting were considered for analysis. The results reveal that there is no significance difference between the parent-child relationship in girls and boys of age 18-21.
International Exchange in the Natural History Enterprise

The Colonists settled in the antipodes were initially on the intellectual as well as the geographical fringes of natural history research. They were, nonetheless, important components in a system whose major connections reached vertically from colonizer to colonized and, to a lesser extent, horizontally throughout the colonies and former colonies.1 Both American and Australian naturalists were, to European and British thinking in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, as essential for providing animals, minerals, rocks and plants as they were peripheral to discussions of the taxonomic and theoretical meaning of new discoveries.
Selective Brain Distribution and Distinctive Synaptic Architecture of Dual Glutamatergic-GABAergic Neurons

For decades, it has been thought that glutamate and GABA are released by distinct neurons. However, some mouse neurons innervating the lateral habenula (LHb) co-release glutamate and GABA. Here, we mapped the distribution of neurons throughout the rat brain that co-express vesicular transporters for the accumulation of glutamate (VGluT2) or GABA (VGaT) and for GABA synthesis (GAD). We found concentrated groups of neurons that co-express VGluT2, VGaT, and GAD mRNAs within subdivisions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), entopeduncular (EPN), and supramammillary (SUM) nuclei. Single axon terminals established by VTA, EPN, or SUM neurons form a common synaptic architecture involving asymmetric (putative excitatory) and symmetric (putative inhibitory) synapses. Within the LHb, which receives co-transmitted glutamate and GABA from VTA and EPN, VGluT2 and VGaT are distributed on separate synaptic vesicles. We conclude that single axon terminals from VGluT2 and VGaT co-expressing neurons co-transmit glutamate and GABA from distinct synaptic vesicles at independent synapses.
Understanding and Participant Observation in Cultural and Social Anthropology

There was a time when cultural and social anthropologists did not do participant observation. Sir James Frazer, famous anthropologist of yesteryear, was once asked if he ever lived amongst savages. It is reported that he held up his hands “as though to ward off even the thought” and answered “God forbid!”1
Radiation Laws, Units, and Definitions

Electromagnetic radiation is ubiquitous in the world in which we live. We know this radiation as visible light, infrared radiation (radiant heat), microwaves (radio waves), ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays, etc. Regardless of the names we apply to various wavelength bands of radiation, they are all part of the continuum of electromagnetic radiation that exists in the universe.
Infrared and Raman Microspectroscopy: An Overview of their Use in the Identification of Microscopic Particulates

The recent coupling of infrared and Raman spectrometers with microscopes has provided the analyst with two very powerful new tools for identification of microscopic particulates. Unlike other analytical tools, these microspectroscopic techniques yield molecular, as opposed to elemental, information. Both infrared and Raman microspectroscopy are reviewed with respect to their historical development and their respective advantages, limitations and capabilities. The two methods are then discussed in terms of their complementarity in solving chemical identification problems, and it is shown that both methods are often needed for complete sample characterization. Finally, their application to the identification of microscopic particulates is illustrated by two case studies: identification of solder flux residue contamination and characterization of various dust particles.
How Relationality Shapes Business and Its Ethics

Just as Michael Porter’s “five forces” provided a practical analytical tool for describing the forces that shape competitive strategy, so business ethicists ought to provide business leaders with a workable framework for understanding the sources of ethical obligations. The forces that shape competitive strategy vary according to time and industry, but are anchored in an ultimate criteria of profitability. Similarily, ethics can use a set of analytical categories that identify the relevant forces to business ethics on the basis of relationality.
Death and Chronic Incapacity: Long Term Follow-Up on Adaptive Stresses in a Family

Medical illness is a leveler, striking people from all walks of life with diverse coping skills and abilities. Our orientation to severely stressed and distressed families needs to encompass the inherent coping skill potential of a family as well as the severity and chronicity of the coping task being faced by the family. Further, our family theories and family therapies must begin to tackle the task of providing useful insights into the treatment of psychologically normal and healthy but overwhelmingly stressed families, rather than concentrating exclusively on the treatments of the psychologically ill.
Progressive cortical calcification in a newborn. Report of a case

The patient reported here progressed from being a seemingly normal premature newborn to being a completely obtunded infant within a period of eight weeks. Brain biopsy revealed a severe diffuse necrotizing process limited to the cerebral cortex and manifested roentgenographically by extensive cortical calcifications. The midbrain, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord were not involved. The serological tests suggested a recent herpes simplex infection.
A Basic Compositional Model for Spiking Neural Networks

This paper is part of a project on developing an algorithmic theory of brain networks, based on stochastic Spiking Neural Network (SNN) models. Inspired by tasks that seem to be solved in actual brains, we are defining abstract problems to be solved by these networks. In our work so far, we have developed models and algorithms for the Winner-Take-All problem from computational neuroscience [LMP17a,Mus18], and problems of similarity detection and neural coding [LMP17b]. We plan to consider many other problems and networks, including both static networks and networks that learn. This paper is about basic theory for the stochastic SNN model. In particular, we define a simple version of the model. This version assumes that the neurons' only state is a Boolean, indicating whether the neuron is firing or not. In later work, we plan to develop variants of the model with more elaborate state. We also define an external behavior notion for SNNs, which can be used for stating requirements to be satisfied by the networks. We then define a composition operator for SNNs. We prove that our external behavior notion is "compositional", in the sense that the external behavior of a composed network depends only on the external behaviors of the component networks. We also define a hiding operator that reclassifies some output behavior of an SNN as internal. We give basic results for hiding. Finally, we give a formal definition of a problem to be solved by an SNN, and give basic results showing how composition and hiding of networks affect the problems that they solve. We illustrate our definitions with three examples: building a circuit out of gates, building an "Attention" network out of a "Winner-Take-All" network and a "Filter" network, and a toy example involving combining two networks in a cyclic fashion.
Patient-Level Medication Regimen Complexity in an Adolescent and Adult Population with Autism Spectrum Disorders

BACKGROUND Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently experience polypharmacy. However, there is limited understanding of how to quantify medication complexity in this vulnerable population. OBJECTIVES This study examined medication administration difficulty using the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) tool in adolescents and adults with ASD. The outcomes compared the mean total MRCI score with the medication count, described MRCI contributions for over-the-counter medication (OTC), and compared MRCI scores by patient characteristics. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review of patients aged 7-45 years (mean = 20.1) enrolled in a primary care ASD transitions program. Each patient's listed medications were counted and then scored using the validated MRCI tool. RESULTS For the 142 patients studied, mean total MRCI was 14.6 ± 14.6 (range 0-89) and mean medication count was 6.3 ± 5.4 (range 0-38). For patients on 0-4 medications (66 of 142; 46.5%), the mean MRCI was 5.5 ± 4.2, 5-9 medications (50 of 142; 35.2%) the mean MRCI was 15.2 ± 6.8, and 10-38 medications (26 of 142; 18.3%) the mean MRCI was 36.5 ± 18.9 (p<0.001). Sixty percent (85 of 142) reported OTC use, which contributed 26.6% to the mean total MRCI. Reported benzodiazepine (mean MRCI 25.8 ± 17.2), antiepileptic (mean MRCI 23.7 ± 16.9), antipsychotic (mean MRCI 19.7 ± 15.9), or antidepressant (mean MRCI 17.0 ± 14.8) use received higher MRCI scores compared to nonuse (p<0.001 for all except antidepressants [p=0.004]). Total MRCI did not differ significantly by age group, sex, or attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication use (stimulant or nonstimulant). CONCLUSIONS Medication regimen complexity in adolescents and adults with ASD was increased significantly for individuals taking ≥ 5 medications. Central nervous system agent use, other than ADHD therapy, identified patients with higher regimen complexity. The related clinical effects of these findings warrant further investigation.
Using Shapes & Codes to Teach the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: A Hands-On Inquiry-Based Activity

The central dogma of molecular biology is key to understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype, although it remains a challenging concept to teach and learn. We describe an activity sequence that engages high school students directly in modeling the major processes of protein synthesis using the major components of translation. Students use a simple system of codes to generate paper chains, allowing them to learn why codons are three nucleotides in length, the purpose of start and stop codons, the importance of the promoter region, and how to use the genetic code. Furthermore, students actively derive solutions to the problems that cells face during translation, make connections between genotype and phenotype, and begin to recognize the results of mutations. This introductory activity can be used as an interactive means to support students as they learn the details of translation and molecular genetics.
Cardiac amyloidosis: A case report and review of literature

Background Cardiac amyloidosis, a disease caused by the precipitation of amyloid proteins in the myocardial extracellular matrix has been historically difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific clinical manifestations and necessity of biopsy to demonstrate amyloid deposition. However, advances in cardiovascular imaging techniques have facilitated earlier recognition of this disease. In addition, while once thought of as incurable, treatment strategies are emerging for cardiac amyloidosis, making early diagnosis essential. Case summary We outline the case of a 73 years old African American female who was admitted with sudden onset shortness of breath and found to be in cardiogenic shock. Cardiac amyloidosis was suspected due to discordance between electrocardiogram and echocardiogram findings and this was subsequently confirmed with the aid of scintigraphy and an endomyocardial biopsy. Conclusion Our objective is to highlight the diagnostic evaluation and clinical implications of cardiac amyloidosis.
Causes and consequences of avian within-season dispersal decisions in a dynamic grassland environment

Understanding the causes and consequences of dispersal is key to identifying selective pressures underlying species-level variation in biogeography, metapopulation dynamics and adaptive capacity. We tested the hypotheses that nest predation and/or brood parasitism avoidance drive breeding dispersal decisions and that dispersal functions to reduce subsequent reproductive failure in grasshopper sparrows, Ammodramus savannarum, breeding in eastern Kansas, U.S.A. Over 2 years, we monitored the fate of 222 nests and the movements of 144 parents. We established the spatiotemporal patterns of nest success among all nests, then related nest predation and parasitism to subsequent dispersal behaviour and reproductive success. Birds were more likely to disperse following nest predation, but decisions were unaffected by parasitism. Dispersers experienced higher chances of subsequent nest survival than did site-faithful individuals. Although second nests were parasitized less often than were first nests, dispersers did not experience substantially lower parasitism than did site-faithful individuals, suggesting that the challenges of predation and brood parasitism may be solved in different ways. This study represents one of few tests of alternative hypotheses explaining dispersal decisions of songbirds within seasons and represents a rare case study of the consequences of breeding dispersal on subsequent reproductive success. Our results suggest that differences in dispersal tendencies may result from variation in risk-response thresholds rather than alternative causal drivers.
What are the Limits of Social Inclusion? Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous Governance in Canada and the United States

Contemporary debates about poverty and its mitigation often invoke the idea of social inclusion: the effort to increase the capacities and opportunities of disadvantaged populations to participate ...
Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neanderthal Ancestry in African Individuals.

Summary Admixture has played a prominent role in shaping patterns of human genomic variation, including gene flow with now-extinct hominins like Neanderthals and Denisovans. Here, we describe a novel probabilistic method called IBDmix to identify introgressed hominin sequences, which, unlike existing approaches, does not use a modern reference population. We applied IBDmix to 2,504 individuals from geographically diverse populations to identify and analyze Neanderthal sequences segregating in modern humans. Strikingly, we find that African individuals carry a stronger signal of Neanderthal ancestry than previously thought. We show that this can be explained by genuine Neanderthal ancestry due to migrations back to Africa, predominately from ancestral Europeans, and gene flow into Neanderthals from an early dispersing group of humans out of Africa. Our results refine our understanding of Neanderthal ancestry in African and non-African populations and demonstrate that remnants of Neanderthal genomes survive in every modern human population studied to date.
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose induces type II cell death in gliomas.

3359 We have hypothesized that blocking glycolysis, the major energy producing pathway for fast growing, glycolytically depended cancers such as gliomas may be a powerful therapeutic strategy when used alone or in combination therapy to enhance the effects of chemotherapy in energy starved tumors. Our previous studies using the D-glucose antimetabolites 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and 2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (2-FG) have demonstrated that such an approach induces autophagic cell death in vitro and antitumor activity in vivo comparable to drugs such as temozolomide in orthotopic glioma models. In this study we investigated a novel glucose analog, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose (2-FM), for its ability to block glycolysis and induce autophagic cell death. Cell viability assays were carried in U87 cells treated for 72h with increasing concentrations of the 2-FM under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. The results showed 2-FM to have comparable cytotoxicity as that demonstrated by 2-DG and 2-FG in U87 cells. The IC50 values for 2-FM in U87 cells treated for 72 hrs were 3 mM in cells treated under normoxic conditions (21% O2) and 2 mM when cells were under hypoxic conditions (0.1% O2). To test the ability of the 2-FM to induce autophagic cell death we monitored the increase in acidic vesicular organelles (AVO) using acridine orange staining in U87 cells treated with 5 mM 2-FM for 72 hours. The results showed a significant increase in acridine orange staining indicating autophagic cell death under normoxia. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the cells treated with 5 mM 2-FM revealed formation of multilamellar structures, otherwise called autophagosomes, confirming Type II - autophagic cell death in cells treated with 2-FM. Our studies show that 2-FM is an equally potent inhibitor of cell proliferation and an inducer of autophagic cell death in gliomas as are 2-DG and 2-FG, and that targeting energetic metabolism of cancer cells and the autophagic survival response using inhibitors of glycolysis is a promising therapeutic approach to the treatment of cancers that are heavily dependent on glycolysis for survival.
CoT: Decentralized Elastic Caches for Cloud Environments.

Distributed caches are widely deployed to serve social networks and web applications at billion-user scales. This paper presents Cache-on-Track (CoT), a decentralized, elastic, and predictive caching framework for cloud environments. CoT proposes a new cache replacement policy specifically tailored for small front-end caches that serve skewed workloads. Front-end servers use a heavy hitter tracking algorithm to continuously track the top-k hot keys. CoT dynamically caches the hottest C keys out of the tracked keys. Our experiments show that CoT's replacement policy consistently outperforms the hit-rates of LRU, LFU, and ARC for the same cache size on different skewed workloads. Also, \algoname slightly outperforms the hit-rate of LRU-2 when both policies are configured with the same tracking (history) size. CoT achieves server size load-balance with 50\% to 93.75\% less front-end cache in comparison to other replacement policies.
Tree Management and Balancing Process Among Panamanian Farmers

Latin American cattle ranchers have long been depicted as one of the major perpetrators of deforestation. A new conceptualization of Chayanov’s Theory of Peasant Economy is employed to understand ranchers’ perceptions of tree management in Panama. Chayanov’s theory proposes that the family farm is governed by a balance of decisions farmers make between the utility of producing one more item, with the drudgery of producing that item. Farm visits and interviews with 54 Panamanian farmers indicates that trees are actively maintained as part of the utility–drudgery balancing process. These findings suggest that rather than seeing cattle ranchers as perpetrators of deforestation, more research that considers the benefits and tradeoffs farmers confront with tree management could promote productive partnerships among parties invested in farmers’ livelihoods and forest conservation.
Reading and inquiring in an afterschool tutoring program: Working to re-imagine the reading intervention paradigm:

In this article, we discuss tensions that emerged as we collaborated with teachers to iteratively design and refine an afterschool reading intervention approach that emphasizes inquiry and discipli...
Use of a comprehensive program to review religious and personal seasonal influenza vaccination exemption requests by healthcare personnel.

Objective: Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) requires that all faculty and staff receive the seasonal influenza vaccine annually or receive an approved vaccine exemption, either for a medical or deeply held religious or personal belief. We sought to understand the underlying principles behind these exemption requests and their interaction with a multidisciplinary exemption review process. Design: All of the personal and religious exemption requests at VUMC for 3 consecutive influenza seasons from 2015 to 2018 were analyzed, categorizing these requests by 1 of 12 standardized employee categories and 1 of 18 unique reasons for vaccine exemption. Setting: Tertiary-care academic medical center. Participants: Healthcare personnel (HCP). Results: Among the 3 influenza seasons, 1.1%–2.1% of all VUMC HCP requested religious or personal exemption from vaccination. The frequency of religious and personal exemption approval increased annually from 296 of 452 (65.5%) to 196 of 248 (80.2%) to 283 of 323 (87.6%) over the 3 seasons, representing a statistically significant increase each year. Of the 5 most common reasons against vaccination, 4 were explicitly religious in nature; the most common reason was that the “body is a temple or sacred.” Nonclinical staff submitted the most religious and personal exemption requests of any job category, submitting approximately one-third of all requests every year. Conclusions: These results demonstrate how detailed the personal or religious convictions behind vaccine avoidance can be among HCP and how vaccine avoidance stems from much more than simple misinformation regarding vaccination. The intersection between misinformation and personal or religious beliefs provides a unique opportunity to address HCP opinions toward vaccination in an exemption and appeals process like the one described here.
Effects of experimental flea removal and plague vaccine treatments on survival of northern Idaho ground squirrels and two coexisting sciurids

Abstract Plague is a non-native disease in North America that reduces survival of many mammals. Previous studies have focused on epizootic plague which causes acute mortality events and dramatic declines in local abundance. We know much less about enzootic plague which causes less punctuated reductions in survival and abundance of infected populations. As a result, enzootic plague is much more difficult to detect because changes in population attributes are more subtle and Yersinia pestis prevalence is likely lower relative to epizootic plague outbreaks. The northern Idaho ground squirrel (Urocitellus brunneus) is a threatened species which coexists with Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus) and yellow-pine chipmunks (Neotamias amoenus) throughout their restricted distribution in central Idaho. Columbian ground squirrels and yellow-pine chipmunks are more abundant and widespread than northern Idaho ground squirrels and both are known hosts for plague. Hence, enzootic plague may be one cause of rarity for northern Idaho ground squirrels but its effect on this threatened species has not been evaluated. We conducted three controlled and randomized field experiments to examine the effects of plague in northern Idaho ground squirrels and the two coexisting species: 1) a plague vaccine experiment, 2) a paired flea-reduction experiment, and 3) a non-paired flea-reduction experiment. For Experiment 1, we hypothesized that if enzootic plague is present, vaccinated animals would have higher survival. Furthermore, Experiments 2 and 3 tested the prediction that untreated, control animals should have lower survival than those in areas where fleas are experimentally removed or reduced because fleas are the main vector for plague. In the plague vaccine experiment, vaccinated chipmunks had 4.65% higher apparent survival compared to chipmunks that received a placebo for intervals when the vaccine is believed to be effective. Apparent annual survival increased for all three species on experimental flea-reduction plots compared to non-treated plots for the paired experiment but results were mixed for the non-paired experiment. Taken together, our results suggest that enzootic plague is present and negatively impacting survival of northern Idaho ground squirrels and two coexisting species.
The Problem of Veteran Homelessness: An Update for the New Decade.

Introduction There has been a decade-long federal commitment to prevent and end homelessness among U.S. military veterans. Substantial progress has been made; so, a question that stakeholders ask is: Is veteran homelessness still a problem? Methods To answer this question, 2 different data sources were analyzed in 2020: (1) a nationally representative community survey of 4,069 veterans conducted in 2019 and (2) national administrative data from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs on >6 million healthcare and homeless services in 2019. Results In the community sample, the lifetime prevalence of adult homelessness was 10.2%, with the highest prevalence found in participants aged 30–44 years (19.9% prevalence). In the Veterans Affairs administrative data, 4.2% of all Veterans Affairs service users used homeless services (n=290,515 Veterans Affairs homeless services); 27.9% of these were first-time Veterans Affairs homeless service users. Veterans who were racial/ethnic minorities were more likely to report any lifetime adult homelessness, more likely to be identified as homeless in Veterans Affairs records, and more likely to have used any Veterans Affairs homeless program. There was no sex difference in the lifetime prevalence of homelessness, but Veterans Affairs records showed that male veterans were more likely to be identified as homeless and to use homeless programs, suggesting possible underidentification of female veteran homelessness. Across age, sex, and racial/ethnic groups, 35.1% of Veterans Affairs homeless service users used emergency department services in the same year. Conclusions There is a continued need to dedicate resources to address veteran homelessness across sociodemographic groups, and these data serve as a benchmark before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Clinicopathologic and genomic correlates of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and immunotherapy efficacy in NSCLC.

9121Background: Tumor-infiltrating immune cells and PD-L1 expression are associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients (pts) with NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Ho...
Implant Debris from Total Joint Arthroplasties: Studies on the Mechanisms Responsible, the Amounts of Debris Generated, and the Implications in Loosening and Infection

The release of metallic and polymeric debris to the tissues and fluids surrounding total joint replacement components is a significant problem with serious implications affecting the longevity of the arthroplasty. Measurements of metallic debris levels suggests that of the common implant metals, titanium alloy generates more debris, though this conclusion is based on levels measured in tissues collected at revision from around implants which had already failed. Similar measurements performed on synovial fluid samples obtained from aspiration of both well-fixed and loose implants support this finding. However, the debris levels were much lower in the fluid samples from around the well-fixed implants, suggesting that much of the metallic debris around failed joint replacements is a result of rather than a cause of the mechanical loosening itself. Based on the abundance of polymeric debris generated in the joint and on the wide range of shape and size of the debris, polymeric debris may play a more important role in eliciting a deleterious biological reaction than metallic debris. Techniques for clinically improving the situation exist, including improving component design to minimize the stresses associated with damage to the polyethylene articulating surface.
Antitumor reactivity of T cells generated from lymph nodes draining an SEA-expressing murine B16 melanoma and secondarily activated with dendritic cells.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5575 Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) have been used as a source of antitumor effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. The successful use of this strategy depends largely on the immunogenicity of the tumor drained by the lymph nodes as well as the protocols for the secondary in vitro T cell activation and expansion. We constructed a eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-SEA (staphylococcal enterotoxin A) and transfected it into the B16 murine melanoma tumor cells by means of liposome-mediated transfection. We then used SEA-modified B16 cells to induce the TDLN (SEA TDLN) in syngeneic hosts. These TDLN cells were activated in vitro using anti-CD3/anti-CD28/IL-2 with or without dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with B16 tumor lysates. Wild-type (Wt) TDLN induced by using non-modified B16 tumor was used as a control. In vitro analyses showed that SEA TDLN cells proliferated more vigorously than Wt TDLN in response to anti-CD3/anti-CD28/IL-2 stimulation. Tumor lysate-pulsed DC (TPDC) significantly enhanced the proliferation of both Wt TDLN and SEA TDLN cells (p<0.05). Functionally, SEA TDLN cells activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28/IL-2 in the presence of TPDC demonstrated the highest CTL activity and secreted the highest levels of IFNγ towards tumor cells compared with any other experimental group. Using the metastatic pulmonary tumor model, we adoptively transferred (i.v.) Wt TDLN and SEA TDLN cells sensitized in vivo respectively by B16 or SEA-B16 tumor, and activated in vitro by anti-CD3/anti-CD28/IL-2 with or without TPDC. SEA TDLN cells mediated tumor regression more effectively than Wt TDLN cells activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28/IL-2. The addition of TPDC in culture significantly augmented the therapeutic efficacy of both Wt TDLN and SEA TDLN cells (p<0.05), with SEA-TDLN cells activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28/IL-2 plus TPDC being the most potent effector cells in mediating tumor eradication. These results thus indicate that enforced expression of superantigen SEA in a poorly immunogenic tumor, B16, can enhance the immunogenicity of the tumor in vivo . They also support the use of autologous tumor lysate-pulsed DC during the secondary in vitro activation/expansion procedure in order to generate more potent tumor specific effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy.
Abstract 869: Body mass index, weight gain, and physical activity during adulthood in relation to colorectal cancer risk

Background: The impact of obesity/overweight, weight gain, and physical activity during adulthood on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is not clear. To examine the associations between body mass index (BMI), weight gain, and physical activity during adulthood and CRC risk, we conducted a case-control study of incident CRC. Methods: Incident CRC case subjects were recruited from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas; healthy control subjects without a history of cancer, except non-melanoma skin cancer, were identified and recruited using random digit dialing. Epidemiologic data were collected by in-person interview. Unconditional logistic regression and regression spline were performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: A total of 524 non-Hispanic white case subjects and 1,053 healthy control subjects who were 40 years or older were included. In multivariate analysis, obesity (BMI ≥ 30) and overweight (BMI between 25 and 30) at age 20 years were significantly associated with a 2.4-fold (OR = 2.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38 - 4.13, P = .002) and 1.6-fold (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.19 - 2.14, P = .002) increased risk of CRC, respectively. Similarly, obesity and overweight at age 40 years were each significantly associated with a 2.1-fold (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.49 - 2.99, P Conclusions: Obesity/overweight and physical activity during adulthood may influence susceptibility to CRC; also, our data suggest that weight gain during childhood and adolescence may play a more important role than weight gain during adulthood in CRC development. Citation Format: Huakang Tu, Xia Pu, Carrie Daniel-MacDougall, Stephanie C. Melkonian, Yuanqing Ye, Gottumukkala S. Raju, Scott Kopetz, Xifeng Wu. Body mass index, weight gain, and physical activity during adulthood in relation to colorectal cancer risk. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 869. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-869
Pennoyer's Ghost: Consent, Registration Statutes, and General Jurisdiction after Daimler AG v. Bauman

This Note evaluates general personal jurisdiction based on a "consent-by-registration" theory, arguing that old basis of jurisdiction is unconstitutional after Daimler AG v. Bauman. Daimler overturned nearly 70 years of law on general jurisdiction, but in doing so it provoked the return to a basis of jurisdiction dating back Pennoyer v. Neff, with plaintiffs arguing that defendants "consent" to general jurisdiction based on their registration to do business in states where foreign corporations are not "at home." But Pennoyer is dead. Thus, the question is whether Pennoyer’s ghost provides a constitutional basis for general jurisdiction, even after Daimler’s severe limitations of it.
Ordinal Comparison via the Nested Partitions Method

We analyze a new approach for simulation-based optimization of discrete event systems that draws on two recent stochastic optimization methods: an adaptive sampling approach called the nested partitions method and ordinal optimization. The ordinal optimization perspectives provides new insights into the convergence of the nested partitions method and guidelines for its implementation. We also use this approach to show that global convergence requires relatively simulation runs and propose new effective variants of the algorithm. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the key results.
The Midwife as Matchmaker: Socrates and Relational Pedagogy

In recent years, the study of teacher-student relations, also known as relational pedagogy or the pedagogy of relation, has received increasing attention. The majority of the work on the pedagogy of relation focuses on contemporary problems of education. While some foundational texts have been identified, the historical tradition of relational pedagogy has yet to receive much attention. In their introduction to an edited volume on relational pedagogy, Charles Bingham and Alexander Sidorkin write, “There is a long philosophical tradition of emphasizing relations, starting with Aristotle. Among the most obvious recent sources, one can mention Buber, Bakhtin, Dewey, Gadamer, and Heidegger.” This is a cursory remark about the philosophical tradition, which I take as an invitation to pursue further scholarship on the issue, rather than a strong claim about the history of relational pedagogy. None of the authors in Bingham and Sidorkin’s volume examine the tradition in detail, as their concerns center on the contemporary importance of the subject rather than its historical foundation. Yet as the scholarship on relational pedagogy grows, there is good reason to look backwards. The identification of central historical figures for relational pedagogy may stimulate debate not only about those figures but about relational pedagogy generally, thereby deepening theoretical understanding of it.
Examining the moderating effect of workload on controller task distribution

Efforts to characterize controller workload - a key factor in limiting en route capacity - have produced mixed results. Subjective workload ratings reveal significant variations in minimum/maximum workload across individuals and show a categorical jump in perceived workload with a linear increase in aircraft count, making it difficult to predict workload limits with increased traffic. In addition, workload seems to be actively moderated by the controller to reduce monitoring tasks during high traffic/workload situations. In this paper, we examine this strategy shift by associating bookkeeping tasks and route/altitude clearances with online workload ratings. Overall, the data suggest that the controllers shed peripheral tasks related to monitoring and bookkeeping as the traffic ramps up and their perceived workload transitions from low to high. Whenever workload reached a maximum, some bookkeeping tasks were delayed and performed in "groups" after the peak traffic subsided.