cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comorbidity of ictal fear and panic disorder

Purpose. We sought to determine the prevalence of psychiatric conditions, particularly panic disorder, in epilepsy patients with ictal fear.Methods. A consecutive series of 12 patients with ictal fear underwent psychiatric evaluation, via either formal consultation with a psychiatrist or standardized interview using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; the latter was addended to create an instrument specifically for use in epilepsy patients (MINI-Epi).Results. Four of the twelve patients (33%) with ictal fear had a comorbid diagnosis of panic disorder. One of these developed panic attacks only after epilepsy surgery, and another worsened after surgery, while in the other two panic attacks were not related to any surgical procedure. Two patients had other anxiety disorders. Eight patients (67%) had current or past depression; this did not appear to be related to the presence of panic disorder.Conclusion. A specific comorbidity exists between focal epilepsy with ictal fear and panic disorder. Involvement of the amygdala in both temporal lobe epilepsy and panic disorder may underlie this. The predisposition to panic disorder in these patients may be exacerbated by anterior temporal lobectomy.
Conceptual Revision and Synthesis of Proximate Factors Associated with Age-Related Improvement in Reproduction

Improvement in reproductive performance with age, up to the point of senescence, is a predominant pattern among vertebrates. Predictions from life-history theory provide a powerful framework for understanding the evolutionary basis of these patterns. However, based on the growing number of publications on this topic, there is increased interest in understanding the proximate causes of age-related improvements in reproductive performance (ARIRP). A formal conceptual framework through which factors related to ARIRP can be examined is lacking. Here, we establish hypotheses with testable predictions for social and ecological factors, including resource quality, mate fidelity, site fidelity, prior breeding experience, and changes in ability to attract mates. We use this conceptual framework to review 55 empirical studies published (between 1900 through 2013) on avian species as birds have the greatest representation in empirical studies of ARIRP. Our synthesis revealed that tests of the breeding experience hypothesis are most prevalent in the literature, whereas tests of the site fidelity hypothesis are least prevalent. Overall, the role of increased mate attraction with age seems to be an important predictor of ARIRP, whereas changes in resource quality with age show the least support among published studies. Because many studies suffered from small sample sizes and did not control for confounding variables, we suggest experimental methodologies for teasing apart hypotheses in empirical investigations and offer statistical approaches for longitudinal datasets. From an ultimate perspective, we also highlight the role of life-history variation, in shaping within-individual improvements. Future work should employ a standardized framework to study patterns of ARIRP, as set forward here, to allow for more quantitative comparison of results across studies.
Expression of heat shock proteins in a linear rodent wound

Heat shock proteins (hsps) are ubiquitous and known to be expressed in all organisms. These stress proteins are likely to be induced in the wound environment and may play a critical role in the overall process of wound repair. Linear incisions were made in Sprague-Dawley rats. Serial skin biopsies were taken, the dermis and epidermis were separated and a protein lysate made. The expression of hsp 72, 47, and 32 were analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. There were distinct patterns of expression of hsp 72, 47, and 32 in the wound. In unwounded dermis, there was no constitutive expression of any of the heat shock proteins studied. In the epidermis, there was constitutive expression of hsp 32 and 72, but not hsp 47. With wounding, all hsps exhibited increased expression both in the dermis and epidermis. These patterns of protein expression are suggestive of the individual heat shock proteins' molecular function, such as hsp 72's role as an indicator of cellular stress and injury, hsp 47's role in collagen synthesis, and hsp 32's role as an antioxidant.
Bernstein's theorem for compact groups

In this paper we generalize the classical Bernstein theorem concerning the absolute convergence of the Fourier series of Lipschitz functions. More precisely, we consider a group G which is finite dimensional, compact, and separable and has an infinite, closed, totally disconnected, normal subgroup D, such that GD is a Lie group. Using this structure, we define in a natural way the notion of Lipschitz condition, and then prove that a function which satisfies a Lipschitz condition of order greater than (dim G + 1)2 belongs to the Fourier algebra of G.
Laser induced molecular background fluorescence in flames

Abstract Laser induced fluorescence of several flame species (C2, CH, OH, CN) was investigated in air/C2H2 and N2O/C2H2 flames using a N2 laser pumped-dye laser system. In all cases, the resulting fluorescence spectrum extends over a broad wavelength range. Due to collisional energy transfer in the flame, several nonresonance fluorescence transitions are observed.
Creativity, oversensitivity, and rate of habituation

Abstract It was hypothesized that creative individuals habituate to stimuli at a rate different than less creative people. Twenty-four male undergraduate students were administered the Remote Associates Test and Alternate Uses Test in group sessions in order to assess potential creativity. Skin potential was recorded on a Beckman Dynograph as 20 bursts of 60 dB white noise were presented through headphones. As predicted, there was a highly significant Remote Associates Test × Alternate Uses Test × Trials interaction. More creative Ss exhibited higher amplitude skin potential responses and habituated much more slowly than did less creative Ss. The results suggest that creative individuals may be motivated to approach novelty rather than avoid repetition. That is, their preference for novel stimuli may not, as might intuitively be expected, arise from boredom or fast rates of habituation.
Review of Contemporary Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm in Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common rhythm disturbance seen in clinical practice, and its prevalence and incidence are rising rapidly as the population ages with its attendant complications. Management of AF involves anticoagulation, and fortunately new drugs for long-term anticoagulation are now available. Maintenance of sinus rhythm, though intuitively better than rate control strategy, has not been shown to offer mortality benefit. Still, maintenance of sinus rhythm is considered an appropriate therapeutic strategy when symptoms are not adequately controlled with rate control. Though significant advances have been made in ablation techniques for AF, pharmacological therapy is still the first line of treatment for rate control and maintenance of sinus rhythm, given ease of use, noninvasive nature, and limited experience with catheter-based ablation techniques. Class IC and III agents (Vaughan Williams classification) form the backbone for pharmacological maintenance of sinus rhythm. Dronedarone, a recently approved class III agent, provides a significant advance because of its relatively safe side effect profile. Currently drugs with selective atrial channels blocking properties, like Vernakalant, are being tested in trials and may provide an opportunity to maintain sinus rhythm with limited toxicity. Large trials are also being conducted to better define the efficacy of catheter-based ablation strategy as first-line treatment. Here, we review the current status of commonly used antiarrhythmic medications for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in AF.
Electron Affinity, Gas-Phase Acidity, Bond Dissociation Energy, and Negative Ion States of Nitromethane

Published electron capture detector (ECD) data for nitromethane and α-nitrotoluene were analyzed using the nonlinear least-squares procedure. From this, the adiabatic electron affinities are 0.50 ± 0.02 and 0.65 ± 0.1 eV and the CN bond dissociation energies are 2.67 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.1 eV, respectively. Negative ion Morse potentials consolidate diverse data for nitromethane in both the CN and CH dimensions. Curves for α-nitrotoluene were predicted by analogy to the nitromethane curves. Semiempirical multiconfiguration configuration interaction (AM1-MCCI) calculations support the above ECD values. For nitromethane, the calculated values are D(CH) = 4.42 eV, EA(CH2NO2) = 2.45 eV, and gas-phase acidity (GPA) = 15.4 eV. These agree with experimental literature values. Comparable predicted values for α-nitrotoluene are D(CH) = 3.8 eV, EA(C7H6NO2) = 2.4 eV, and GPA = 15.0 eV.
An experimental test of alternative models of bidding in ascending auctions

The theory and behavior of the clock version of the ascending auction has been well understood for at least 20 years. The more widely used oral outcry version of the ascending auction that allows bidders to submit their own bids has been the subject of some recent controversy mostly in regard to whether or not jump bidding, i.e. bidders submitting bids higher than required by the auctioneer, should be allowed. Isaac, Salmon & Zillante (2005) shows that the standard equilibrium for the clock auction does not apply to the non-clock format and constructs an equilibrium bid function intended to match with field data on ascending auctions. In this study, we will use economic experiments to provide a direct empirical test of that model while simultaneously providing empirical evidence to resolve the policy disputes centered around the place of jump bidding in ascending auctions.
100-ps gated x-ray spectrometer

Material opacities are of interest in many fields. We have developed a Bragg reflection spectrometer that is gated for imaging samples in a laser heated environment for opacity measurement. A micro-channel plate is coated with a photocathode material and a fast pulse is launched across it. Electrons are converted to photons in a phosphor and recorded on film. Optical gate pulse widths of 100 ps are achieved. Some optical pulse width and sensitivity enhancements are noted at launch and termination. Events of interest are 200 ps long. The framing window is approximately 250 ps in length. Timing jitter is a problem. The instrument timing networks have been examined, and the source of jitter is still unknown. Timing to 50 ps resolution is desired. Close in proximity to the laser-driven event leads to complications in shielding from hard x-rays, hot electrons and shock-driven damage. High Z materials provide shielding from hard x-rays. Magnets screen out hot electrons produced by laser-matter interactions Filters provide energy fiducials. PCD`s provide high resolution timing measurements. Data is recorded on film in a specially designed film pack. The instrument is designed to be used in the NOVA Laser Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
A bead-in-droplet solution exchange system via continuous flow microfluidic railing

A continuous flow, microfluidic railing system has been developed for the rapid and autonomous exchanges of bead and bead-in-droplet formations. Fluidic encapsulations of microparticles (e.g., microbeads and living cells) inside individual microdroplets provide various possibilities for chemical and biological applications. This work extends the bead-in-droplet technology from a single type droplet to a multiple-stage, different droplet solutions system. A micropost array railing system has been demonstrated to passively: (i) guide an array of bead-in-droplet in a “first” droplet solution to different liquid flows and release the microbeads from the droplets, and (ii) re-encapsulate the released microbeads in droplets containing a different, “second” droplet solution. Experimental results revealed successful continuous flow solution exchanges for water-in-oil droplets with size of about 60.2μm in diameter containing microbeads of 15μm in diameter.
Electron microscope observations of diatoms

1. Three-dimensional carbon replicas can be used to study frustular morphology with greater accuracy than either regular carbon replicas or nonreplicated frustules. Because of their resemblance to thru-focus drawings, carbon replicas are well-suited for taxonomic work, much more so than either light or electron micrographs of frustules. 2. Stephanodiscus hantzschiiGrun. has short spines paired with some of the long curved radial spines projecting from the valve margin. 3. Azure B staining of freshly collected diatoms may reveal the presence of tiny epiphytic bacteria on either the frustule or on extracellular polysaccharide structures which can later be detected by electron microscope examination of whole mounts. These epiphytic bacteria may derive part of their nutritional support by local digestion of diatom extracellular polysaccharides, while the bacteria in turn may provide organic nutrients required by their diatom host. 4. The variety of techniques now available enable one to conveniently use the electron microscope to answer most questions concerninig diatom structure.
Role of radiology in medical education: perspective of nonradiologists.

Rationale and Objectives. We asked our nonradiologist colleagues to evaluated and comment on the most desirable format for radiology education. Methods. Questionnaires were distributed to 631 nonradiologist physicians affiliated with the University of Minnesota and representing all medical specialties and academic ranks. Three hundred twenty-seven surveys were returned after one mailing. Results. Residency was retrospectively noted to be indispensable for consolidating knowledge of radiology. The overwhelming majority of clinicians in all specialties believed that formal radiologic instruction should be mandatory for medical students (279 of 322; 87%). Film interpretation was believed to be an indispensable part of a medical student radiology rotation (226 of 321; 70%), but many clinicians indicated a need for additional training. A marked disparity in the perceived level of confidence in interpreting radiologic tests during medical school and residency between those who had and those who had not received formal radiologic instruction during medical school was evident. This difference in perceived level of confidence was present even among the most experienced clinicians. Conclusions. Collectively, the nonradiologist clinicians emphasized the need for a mandatory and clinically oriented radiology curriculum during medical school.
Measurements of the yield stress in frictionless granular systems

We perform extensive molecular dynamics simulations of two-dimensional frictionless granular materials to determine whether these systems can be characterized by a single static yield shear stress. We consider boundary-driven planar shear at constant volume and either constant shear force or constant shear velocity. Under steady flow conditions, these two ensembles give similar results for the average shear stress versus shear velocity. However, near jamming it is possible that the shear stress required to initiate shear flow can differ substantially from the shear stress required to maintain flow. We perform several measurements of the shear stress near the initiation and cessation of flow. At fixed shear velocity, we measure the average shear stress ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{yv}$ in the limit of zero shear velocity. At fixed shear force, we measure the minimum shear stress ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{yf}$ required to maintain steady flow at long times. We find that in finite-size systems ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{yf}g{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{yv}$, which implies that there is a jump discontinuity in the shear velocity from zero to a finite value when these systems begin flowing at constant shear force. However, our simulations suggest that the difference ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{yf}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{yv}$, and thus the discontinuity in the shear velocity, tend to zero in the infinite-system-size limit. Thus, our results imply that in the large-system limit, frictionless granular systems can be characterized by a single static yield shear stress. We also monitor the short-time response of these systems to applied shear and show that the packing fraction of the system and shape of the velocity profile can strongly influence whether or not the shear stress at short times overshoots the long-time average value.
SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY AFFECT GRASSLAND SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESPONSE TO INVASION

In a microcosm experiment, I tested how species composition, species rich- ness, and community age affect the susceptibility of grassland communities to invasion by a noxious weed (Centaurea solstitialis L.). I also examined how these factors influenced Centaurea's impact on the rest of the plant community. When grown in monoculture, eight species found in California's grasslands differed widely in their ability to suppress Centaurea growth. The most effective competitor in monoculture was Hemizonia congesta ssp. Iuzulifolia, which, like Centaurea, is a summer- active annual forb. On average, Centaurea growth decreased as the species richness of communities increased. However, no polyculture suppressed Centaurea growth more than the monoculture of Hemizonia. Centaurea generally made up a smaller proportion of com- munity biomass in newly created ("new") microcosms than in older ("established") mi- crocosms, largely because Centaurea's competitors were more productive in the new treat- ment. Measures of complementarity suggest that Centaurea partitioned resources with an- nual grasses in the new microcosms. This resource partitioning may help to explain Cen- taurea's great success in western North American grasslands. Centaurea strongly suppressed growth of some species but hardly affected others. An- nual grasses were the least affected species in the new monocultures, and perennial grasses were among the least affected species in the established monocultures. In the new micro- cosms, Centaurea's suppression of competing species marginally abated with increasing species richness. This trend was a consequence of the declining success of Centaurea in species-rich communities, rather than a change in the vulnerability of these communities to suppression by a given amount of the invader. The impact of the invader was not related to species richness in the-established microcosms. The results of this study suggest that, at the neighborhood level, diversity can limit invasibility and may reduce the impact of an invader.
Ultrasonic Evaluation of Bonding of an Elastomer to a High Impedance Material

The objective of this work was to provide a means of assessing the integrity of the bond between an elastomer and a metal when access is restricted to the metal side. Since the acoustic impedance of the metal was high, the acoustic reflectivity of the bond interface was nearly unity and varied but slightly between a good bond and a complete disbond. Consequently any acoustic inspection technique must accurately measure small changes in the acoustic signal. In addition extraneous variables such as transducer coupling and incidence angle must be either distinguished or eliminated. When an echo train from multiple backwall reflections was observed, the logarithmic decrement decreased but slightly when a disbond was encountered. Use of this signature for routine inspections would be very tedious and a more definitive indication is required.
Studies with trialkylsilyltriflates: new syntheses and applications

Abstract Syntheses and applications are described for three useful reagents for silylation of unreactive substrates, tert -butyldimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and octadecyldimethylsilyl triflate.
The SC Intillat Ion Bubble Chamber

An additive has been found which converts liquid propane into a liquid scintillator solution. This solution has been used in a bubble chamber to assoc iate photographed interactions in the chamber with externally developed coincidence pulses. Techniques and applications are discussed. Bubble chambers have proved themselves very capable of recording precise geometrical information concerning high energy interactions involving charged particles. Provided that such particles have ranges of more than a few millimeters in the chamber liquid, their directions of flight over a 4? solid angle, their ranges, and in favorable cases their magnetic curvatures and ionizations may all be determined from measurements of chamber photographs. Secondary interactions, multiple scattering, and knock-on electrons are also in general quite apparent. In so far as one may choose the chamber liquid to be hydrogen, deuterium, helium, hydrocarbon, or one containing heavy nuclei one can in many sorts of experiment also control the entire input to an observed high energy reaction in the chamber. A major chamber limitation is in the time coordinate. A bubble chamber photographs in one, perhaps cluttered, picture everything that occurs over a period of the order of milliseconds, and it can do this at most only a few times a second, more commonly every couple of seconds. Moreover one must decide to expand the chamber and use up the relatively expensive opportunity to photograph before it can be determined whether an interesting particle entered or an interesting interaction occurred in the chamber.
Is a hydrophobic amino acid required to maintain the reactive V conformation of thiamin at the active center of thiamin diphosphate-requiring enzymes? Experimental and computational studies of isoleucine 415 of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase.

The residue I415 in pyruvate decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was substituted with a variety of uncharged side chains of varying steric requirements to test the hypothesis that this residue is responsible for supporting the V coenzyme conformation reported for this enzyme [Arjunan et al. (1996) J. Mol. Biol. 256, 590−600]. Changing the isoleucine to valine and threonine decreased the kcat value and shifted the kcat−pH profile to more alkaline values progressively, indicating that the residue at position 415 not only is important for providing the optimal transition state stabilization but also ensures correct alignment of the ionizable groups participating in catalysis. Substitutions to methionine (the residue used in pyruvate oxidase for this purpose) or leucine (the corresponding residue in transketolase) led to greatly diminished kcat values, showing that for each thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzyme an optimal hydrophobic side chain evolved to occupy this key position. Computational studies...
Multiple Pathways Leading to Genomic Instabiligy and Tumorigenesis

Genome instability is a hallmark of many cancers and is thought to play a role in tumorigenesis. Several types of genomic alterations have been described in various tumor cell lines, including expansion and contraction of microsatellite sequences and gross chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations, deletions, and gene amplification events. Several lines of evidence implicate a role for genome instability in the development of neoplasias as well as tumor progression. In hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), the instability of microsatellite sequences throughout the genome of tumors has been observed. Furthermore, microsatellite instability has been observed in 20-30% of ovarian, gastric, pancreatic, prostate, and lung tumors, and occurs at a very early stage in the development of sporadic endometrial tumors. Chromosomal translocations have been implicated in oncogene activation in several lymphomas. Barrett`s esophagus is a condition in which the progression into a cancerous state appears to proceed through a loss of cell cycle regulation, to genetic instability, and finally to the production of a solid tumor. In addition, other cancer-prone syndromes such as ataxia telangiectasia display an increase in chromosomal translocations and a loss of cell cycle regulation. The biochemical activities involved in the generation of these alterations are poorly understood andmore » the subject of a great deal of debate. Defects in several aspects of DNA metabolism and cell cycle regulation have been proposed to be involved in the alteration of chromosomal structure. Here we discuss the possibility that several pathways exist that could lead to the development of genome instability, a higher than normal mutation rate, and the development of tumor cells.« less
Clustered RAID Arrays and Their Access Costs

RAID5 (resp. RAID6) are two popular RAID designs, which can tolerate one (resp. two) disk failures, but the load of surviving disks doubles (resp. triples) when failures occur. Clustered RAID5 (resp. RAID6) disk arrays utilize a parity group size G, which is smaller than the number of disks N, so that the redundancy level is 1/G (resp. 2/G). This enables the array to sustain a peak throughput closer to normal mode operation; e.g. the load increase for RAID5 in processing read requests is given by α = (G - 1)/(N - 1). Three methods to realize clustered RAID are balanced incomplete blocks designs and nearly random permutations, which are applicable to RAID5 and RAID6, and RM2 where each data block is protected by two parity disks. We derive cost functions for the processing requirements of clustered RAID in normal and degraded modes of operation. For given disk characteristics, the cost functions can be translated into disk service times, which can be used for the performance analysis of disk arrays. Numerical results are used to quantify the level of load increase in order to determine the value of G which maintains an acceptable level of performance in degraded mode operation.
Rapid and Brief Communication: Recognizing facial action units using independent component analysis and support vector machine

Facial expression provides a crucial behavioral measure for studies of human emotion, cognitive processes, and social interaction. In this paper, we focus on recognizing facial action units (AUs), which represent the subtle change of facial expressions. We adopt ICA (independent component analysis) as the feature extraction and representation method and SVM (support vector machine) as the pattern classifier. By comparing with three existing systems, such as Tian, Donato, and Bazzo, our proposed system can achieve the highest recognition rates. Furthermore, the proposed system is fast since it takes only 1.8ms for classifying a test image.
FLOC-SPANNER: An O(1) time, locally self-stabilizing algorithm for geometric spanner construction in a wireless sensor network

We present a distributed algorithm for creation of geometric spanners in a wireless sensor network. Given any connected network, we show that the algorithm terminates in time, irrespective of network size. Our algorithm uses an underlying clustering algorithm as a foundation for creating spanners and only relies on the periodic heartbeat messages associated with cluster maintenance for the creation of the spanners. The algorithm is also shown to stabilize locally in the presence of node additions and deletions. The performance of our algorithm is verified using large scale simulations. The average path length ratio for routing along the spanner for large networks is shown to be less than 2.
Intrinsic electric fields and Raman spectra of III-V nitride wurtzite semiconductor heterostructures

The analysis of Raman data on semiconductor nitride heterostructures is complicated by large intrinsic electric fields. This issue is analyzed here by calculating the Raman signal for quantum wells made from wurtzite AlN-GaN. The signature of the confined phonon modes in GaN quantum wells is calculated and found to be strongly effected by the intrinsic electric fields due to lattice mismatch and the piezoelectric character of the materials. This calculation suggests that the effects of electric fields on the electronic states in III-V nitride heterostructures should be taken into account in the analysis of Raman spectra in these materials and that the application of realizable external electric fields would be a useful probe of these materials.
Genetic engineering in agriculture: animal genetics and development

Abstract Recent advances in molecular and developmental genetic technologies have been viewed as potentially revolutionary tools for animal agriculture. The purpose of this review is to define the current status of that ‘revolution' and t o asses its applicability to the livestock industry.
Two-Phase Mach Number Description for Equilibrium Duct Flow of Nitrogen

For equilibrium two-phase flow the squared ratio of mixture volume to mixture sound speed, 0(g, T) is shown to have the same form as many weighted mean two-phase properties; namely 0(g,T) = gp(l,T) + (l-g)0(ti,T), where g is the liquid mass fraction and £(1,7) and 0(0,7) are the isothermal saturated liquid and vapor values of 0 which are generated for nitrogen in tabulated form by a computer program. With these ft tables a simplified method of calculating two-phase Mach numbers is developed for various duct flows. Oneand two-phase Mach number jumps at phase boundaries are also discussed.
Injury Prevention in Novice Runners: An Evidence-Based Approach and Literature Review

Novice runners, or non-runners starting to run, have an increased risk of developing a running-related injury, and have unique injury patterns compared to habitual runners. Identifying injury risk factors before and during training is useful in order for the clinician to advise novices on injury prevention. This article reviews the current body of literature on novice runners regarding anthropometrics, exercise and injury history, training protocol, biomechanics, and gait. Early trends that can guide clinical recommendations for the novice runner are reported, and areas for future research where current literature is inadequate are outlined.
The Identification of the Key Enablers for Force Control of Robotic Friction Stir Welding

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process that uses a rotating tool to plastically deform and then forge together materials. This process requires a large axial force to be maintained on the tool as the tool is plunged into the work piece and traversed along the weld seam. Force control is required if robots are to be used. Force control provides compensation for the compliant nature of robots. Without force control, welding flaws would continuously emerge as the robot repositioned its linkages to traverse the tool along the weld seam. Insufficient plunge depth would result and cause the welding flaws as the robot's linkages yieldedfrom the resulting force in welding environment. As FSW continues to emerge in manufacturing, robotic applications will be desired to establish flexible automation. The research presented here identifies the key enablers for successful and stable force control of FSW. To this end, a FSW force controller was designed and implemented on a retrofitted Milwaukee Model K milling machine. The closed loop proportional, integral plus derivative control architecture was tuned using the Ziegler-Nichols method. Welding experiments were conducted by butt welding 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) x 1.50 in. (38.1 mm) x 8.0 in. (203.2 mm) samples of aluminum 6061 with a 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) threaded tool. The experimental force control system was able to regulate to a desired force with a standard deviation of 129.4 N. From the experiments, it was determined that tool geometry and position are important parameters influencing the performance of the force controller, and four key enablers were identified for stable force control of FSW. The most important enabler is the maintaining of the position of a portion of the tool's shoulder above the work piece surface. When the shoulder is completely submerged below the surface, an unstable system occurs. The other key enablers are a smooth motion profile, an increased lead angle, and positional constraints for the tool. These last three enablers contribute to the stability of the system by making the tool's interaction with the nonlinear welding environment less sensitive. It is concluded that successful implementation of force control in the robotic FSW systems can be obtained by establishing and adhering to these key enablers. In addition, force control via plunge depth adjustment reduces weld flash and improves the appearance of the weld.
Diffraction-limited imaging of unknown objects through fixed unknown aberrations using interferometry.

Diffraction-limited imaging of unknown objects through fixed unknown aberrations is demonstrated using rotational shear interferograms. Objects are assumed to be fully incoherent. No reference point source is used to calibrate the effects of aberrations. Several algorithms are described, and two are successfully used to reconstruct extended objects. Best results are obtained by combining the two successful ones.
Correlations without joint distributions in quantum mechanics

The use of joint distribution functions for noncommuting observables in quantum thermodynamics is investigated in the light of L. Cohen's proof that such distributions are not determined by the quantum state. Cohen's proof is irrelevant to uses of the functions that do not depend on interpreting them as distributions. An example of this, from quantum Onsager theory, is discussed. Other uses presuppose that correlations betweenp andq values depend at least on the state. But correlations may be fixed by the state even though the distribution varies from one ensemble to another represented by that state. Taking covariance as a measure of correlation, it is shown that the different commonly used joint distributions yield the same correlations for a given state. A general characterization is given for a family of distributions with this same covariance.
Side-to-side isoperistaltic strictureplasty in extensive Crohn's disease: a prospective longitudinal study.

Objective To report on the results of a prospective longitudinal study of a new bowel-sparing procedure (side-to-side isoperistaltic strictureplasty [SSIS]) in patients with extensive Crohn's disease. Methods Between January 1992 and April 1999, the authors operated on 469 consecutive patients for Crohn's disease of the small bowel. Seventy-one patients (15.1%) underwent at least one strictureplasty; of these, 21 (4.5%; 12 men, 9 women; mean age 39) underwent an SSIS. The long-term changes occurring in the SSIS were studied radiographically, endoscopically, and histopathologically. Results The indication for surgical intervention was symptomatic partial intestinal obstruction in each of the 21 patients. Fourteen SSISs were constructed in the jejunum, four in the ileum, and three with ileum overlapping colon. The average length of the SSIS was 24 cm. Performance of an SSIS instead of a resection resulted in preservation of an average of 17% of small bowel length. One patient suffered a postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage. All patients were discharged on oral feedings after a mean of 8 days. In all cases, SSIS resulted in resolution of the preoperative symptoms. With follow-up extending to 7.5 years in 20 patients (one patient died of unrelated causes), radiographic, endoscopic, and histopathologic examination of the SSIS suggests regression of previously active Crohn's disease. Conclusions SSIS is a safe and effective procedure in patients with extensive Crohn's disease. The authors' results provide radiographic, endoscopic, and histopathologic evidence that active Crohn's disease regresses at the site of the SSIS.
The “luxury of woe”: The Deserted Village and the Politics of Publication

When it was first published in quarto in 1770, Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village was received by reviewers as a work of polite sentimentalism. Yet by the Romantic period, the poem had become associated with the radical cause. The critical tradition explains this change in reception in terms of Britain's shifting ideological climate, but it was also conditioned by alterations in the poem's format. In luxurious quarto, The Deserted Village emphasized its speaker's “luxury of woe,” leading early readers to praise its poetry while rejecting its politics. The quarto's luxury status emblematized the contradiction at the heart of the poem and sentimental poetry in general: even while The Deserted Village voiced its sympathy for the downtrodden, this sympathy was figured as a luxury available only to wealthier readers. Soon, however, radical printers succeeded in appropriating The Deserted Village by excerpting it in cheap, small-format editions, transforming what was in quarto a celebration of the luxury o...
Tribal and Agency Strategies for Assessing Impacts

The major elements required for human survival—earth, wind (air), fire, and water—are often central components in activities that can be categorized as religious, or at least of significant cultural value. On a bluff where a Native American group may have camped ten thousand years ago to survey the landscape and watch for buffalo, a modern community might like to install a picnic ground and, in the process, would likely disturb artifacts from the prehistoric occupants of the site. On a river characterized by rapids and waterfalls where a Native American group may have gone for spiritual empowerment and enrichment over the last two thousand years, a modern entrepreneur might like to construct a facility for power generation. In a volcano worshipped for millennia as the source of creation and destruction by Native Hawaiians, a developer might seek to extract heat for electric power. It is not surprising that, because of the centrality of the four elements in both biological and cultural survival, these valu...
Differential π-π Cross Sections: Evidence for the Spin of the ρ Meson

Data on the reaction pi /sup +/ + p yields pi /sup +/ + p + pi /sup 0/ are reported. The data consist of a sample of 1684 events in which the proton recoiled at a momeatum bctween l00 and 400 Mev/c. Existence of a pi - pi resonance at a total mass of approximates 725 Mev is confirmed both by the extrapolation method and by using physical-region plots. Exploitation of the dominance of the pi - pi resonance effect in the physical region produces direct evidence, through angular distributions, that the resonance has spin 1. (L.N.N.)
Population-based estimates of outcomes after hospitalization for traumatic brain injury in Colorado.

Abstract Whiteneck G, Brooks CA, Mellick D, Harrison-Felix C, Terrill MS, Noble K. Population-based estimates of outcomes after hospitalized for traumatic brain injury in Colorado. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(4 Suppl 2):S73–81. Objective To determine statewide, population-based outcomes of persons hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI) at 1 year postinjury. Design Follow-up survey of a representative cohort. Setting A statewide, population-based registry and follow-up system for persons hospitalized with TBI. Participants A total of 1591 adult Coloradoans with moderate and severe injury oversampled, but weighted to be representative of persons hospitalized with TBI (1996–1999) who survived their injuries and completed follow-up telephone interviews at 1 year postinjury. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Checklists of symptoms and service utilization, the FIM instrument™, the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique Short Form, a single-item quality of life (QOL) measure, and a needs assessment checklist. Results Problematic outcomes occurring at 1 year postinjury included one third or more being bothered by fatigue, feeling irritable or grouchy, having headaches, and experiencing trouble sleeping more frequently than preinjury; 37% reported needing the assistance of another person in physical and/or cognitive activities of daily living; substantial participation restrictions were noted in areas of occupation (30%) and social integration (22%); and 29% responded that their QOL was only fair or poor. Negative outcomes were reported more frequently among individuals who were more severely injured, older, or female. Conclusions Substantial percentages of people hospitalized with TBI in a population-based sample reported a variety of problematic outcomes at 1 year postinjury.
Sign of coma.

The oblique focusing defect of spherical lenses, known as coma, is described by Seidel as the second of five correction terms (third order) to the Gauss theory. The concept is clear for a refracting surface that is free of spherical aberration; however, the impossibility of eliminating spherical aberration from a single lens with spherical surfaces can confuse the understanding of the second aberration, coma. A way of understanding the comatic effect even in the presence of spherical aberration is described. Confusion over the sign of coma, as indicated by mistakes in optics textbooks, is addressed. This paper suggests corrections to some interpretations of coma found in the literature.
Accuracy of PSF representation in image restoration

Point spread function (PSF) models derived from physical optics provide more accurate representation of real blurs compared to the simpler models based on geometrical optics. However, the restorations obtained using the physical PSF models are not always significantly better than the restorations which employ the geometrical PSF models. The insensitivity of the restoration to the accuracy of the PSF representation is attributed to the coarse sampling of the recording device and insufficiently high signal-to-noise (SNR) levels. Low recording resolutions result in aliasing errors in the PSF and suboptimal restorations. In this work, a high resolution representation of the PSF where aliasing errors are minimized is used to obtain improved restorations. Our results indicate that the SNR is the parameter which ultimately limits the restoration quality and the need for an accurate PSF model. As a rule of thumb, the geometrical PSF may be used in place of the physical PSF without significant loss in the restoration quality when the SNR is less than 30 dB.
Bubbling of the heat flows for harmonic maps from surfaces

In this article we prove that any Palais-Smale sequence of the energy functional on surfaces with uniformly L2-bounded tension fields converges pointwise, by taking a subsequence if necessary, to a map from connected (possibly singular) surfaces, which consist of the original surfaces and finitely many bubble trees. We therefore get the corresponding results about how the solutions of heat flow for harmonic maps from surfaces form singularities at infinite time. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stagnating Turbulent Flows

Extension du modele de turbulence a deux equations de Lam-Bremhorst pour les ecoulements de densite variable. Application a des ecoulements bidimensionnels a point d'arret
Effects of Si-doping in the barriers of InGaN multiquantum well purplish-blue laser diodes

Optical gain spectra of InGaN multiquantum well laser diode wafers having Si-doped or undoped InGaN barriers were compared. Although evidence for effective band-gap inhomogeneity was found in both structures, the wells with the Si-doped barriers exhibited a smaller Stokes-like shift. Si doping suppressed emergence of a secondary amplified spontaneous emission peak at 3.05 eV, which was uncoupled with the primary one at 2.93 eV. Furthermore Si doping reduced the threshold power density required to obtain the stimulated emission.
Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease involving the pituitary gland

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are heterogeneous lesions with variable morphology, immunophenotype, and molecular characteristics. Multiple distinct primary lesions can occur in PTLD, rarely with both B-cell and T-cell characteristics. Lesions can involve both grafted organs and other sites; however, PTLD involving the pituitary gland has not been previously reported. We describe a patient who developed Epstein-Barr virus-negative PTLD 13 years posttransplantation involving the terminal ileum and pituitary, which was simultaneously involved by a pituitary adenoma. Immunohistochemistry of the pituitary lesion showed expression of CD79a, CD3, and CD7 with clonal rearrangements of both T-cell receptor gamma chain (TRG@) and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH@) genes. The terminal ileal lesion was immunophenotypically and molecularly distinct. This is the first report of pituitary PTLD and illustrates the potentially complex nature of PTLD.
Assessing indices of happiness and unhappiness in individuals with developmental disabilities: a review

Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USAThe behavioral deﬁcits of individuals with profound multiple disabilities (PMD) make it difﬁcult toassess their satisfaction and quality of life. To address this problem, researchers have recently evaluatedaffective behavior (i.e., indices of happiness and unhappiness) to document the effects of therapeuticinterventionsandtoassistwithclinicallyrelevantdecisions.Wereviewtherecentliteratureonindicesofhappiness and unhappiness and discuss its major themes. In addition, potential concerns with thistechnology are discussed and clinical recommendations are provided. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Barriers and opportunities for passive removal of indoor ozone

This paper presents a Monte Carlo simulation to assess passive removal materials (PRMs) that remove ozone with no additional energy input and minimal byproduct formation. Distributions for air exchange rate in a subset of homes in Houston, Texas, were taken from the literature and combined with background ozone removal rates in typical houses and previous experimentally determined ozone deposition velocities to activated carbon cloth and gypsum wallboard PRMs. The median ratio of indoor to outdoor ozone was predicted to be 0.16 for homes with no PRMs installed and ranged from 0.047 to 0.12 for homes with PRMs. Median values of ozone removal effectiveness in these homes ranged from 22% to 68% for the conditions investigated. Achieving an ozone removal effectiveness above 50% in half of the homes would require installing a large area of PRMs and providing enhanced air speed to transport pollutants to PRM surfaces. Challenges associated with achieving this removal include optimizing indoor transport and aesthetic implications of large surface areas of PRM materials.
Status Transitions and Marital Satisfaction: The Case of Adult Children Caring for Elderly Parents Suffering from Dementia:

This article uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to examine the factors explaining marital satisfaction among 117 women who recently began caring for an elderly parent with Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia. The analysis examines the relative importance of the demands of caregiving, other social statuses the caregiver occupies (employment and parenting of minor children), husband's provision of instrumental and emotional support and husband's behaviors that hinder the caregiving effort. The findings indicated that husbands' hindrance and emotional support were related to marital satisfaction, while husbands' instrumental support was not. None of the other variables in the analysis was important in explaining marital satisfaction. These findings are consistent with other recent studies that demonstrate the relative importance of spouses' emotional support and hindrance in explaining marital satisfaction following status transitions.