cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood Eosinophil Count and Outcomes in Severe Uncontrolled Asthma: A Prospective Study

Background Severe uncontrolled asthma (SUA) is associated with increased asthma exacerbations. Whether high blood eosinophil counts are related to this burden is uncertain. Objectives To determine the relationship of blood eosinophil counts to asthma exacerbations, utilization, and cost in patients with SUA. Methods Patients with persistent asthma (age ≥ 12 years) were identified administratively with SUA in phase I by evidencing (1) 2 or more asthma exacerbations; (2) 6 or more medium- or high-dose dispensed canisters of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) as monotherapy or with long-acting β 2 -agonist; and (3) 3 or more dispensed non-ICS controllers. Of the 541 patients with SUA invited to participate in the prospective phase II follow-up study, 261 (48.2%) had blood tests (index date) to determine eosinophil count and other atopic biomarkers. The relationship of blood eosinophil cutoff points to asthma exacerbations and direct costs 1 year after the index date were determined by multivariable regression. Results A blood eosinophil cutoff point of greater than or equal to 400 cells/mm 3 compared with less than 400 cells/mm 3 , but not 150 cells/mm 3 or 300 cells/mm 3 , was a risk factor in the outcome year in adjusted analyses for 2 or more asthma exacerbations (risk ratio, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.02-2.35; P =.04) and any asthma emergency department visit or hospitalization (risk ratio, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.16-4.55; P =.02), but not for rate of asthma exacerbations or incremental total direct asthma costs per patient ($202; 95% CI, −286 to 691). Conclusions A high blood eosinophil count was an independent risk factor for 2 or more asthma exacerbations or any asthma emergency department visit or hospitalization, but not direct costs in patients with SUA, possibly constrained by limited power.
Inferring what hardliners would do: assessing factual knowledge of state policies on immigrant treatment in the US

Survey questions concerning citizenship guidelines, naturalization tests, and party positions largely inform scholarship on policy knowledge of immigration. However, a feature of US immigration enf...
Oral fluency, sociolinguistic competence, and language contact: Arabic learners studying abroad in Egypt

Abstract This study examines the development of oral fluency and sociolinguistic competence in 21 U.S. university Arabic learners studying for four months in three programs in Egypt. Two measures of oral fluency (speech rate and mean length of run) were measured in pre and post sociolinguistic interviews. Sociolinguistic competence was operationalized as the percent of Egyptian phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical items used in the post interview (students had not been extensively exposed to Egyptian dialect prior to study abroad). The results demonstrate that while students made gains in oral fluency on average, not all students made gains. However, all students gained in sociolinguistic competence, implying that this measure of oral performance may not be captured by fluency measures. Observation and interview data were used to analyze the experiences of high and low gainers on each measure. These results show that high gainers socialized in Arabic with both study abroad students and Egyptians, while low gainers primarily socialized with other study abroad students in English. Program components helped shape social networks and language use. The study concludes with recommendations for measuring oral gains during study abroad and program interventions.
Cyclic Purging for Low-Temperature Solid Fusion Reactor Blanket Operation

A purging process was developed that will permit operation of fusion reactor blankets employing solid LiAlO/sub 2/ as the breeder material at fuel temperatures of <600/sup 0/C. The low fuel temperature would greatly reduce the problems of fuel sintering, densification, and volume expansion that occur at fuel temperatures in excess of 900/sup 0/C without degrading the plant thermal efficiency. The process consists of heating the blanket to a specified temperature for a given time at regular intervals to release tritium held up in the breeding material. As an example, a detailed purging cycle was developed for the breeder rod shim rod blanket that uses LiAlO/sub 2/ in the form of micronsize particles compacted into millimeter-size pellets and is designed for low-temperature operation. Tritium inventory, doubling time, purging time, purging temperature, purging frequency, and particle size are the parameters used to evaluate the process. Calculations indicate that breeder particle sizes ranging from 20 to 50 ..mu..m and purging temperatures ranging from 600 to 700/sup 0/C can result in purge times of <1 h with three or more weeks between purges, and a doubling time of 7 yr for a blanket inventory limit of 5 kg and a breeding ratio of <1.02.
Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange of proteins monitored by mass spectrometry has established itself as a powerful method for probing protein conformational dynamics and protein interactions. The method uses isotope labeling to probe the rate at which protein backbone amide hydrogens undergo exchange. Backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates are particularly sensitive to hydrogen bonding; hydrogen bonding slows the exchange rates dramatically. Exchange rates reflect on the conformational mobility, hydrogen bonding strength, and solvent accessibility in protein structure. Mass spectrometric techniques are used to monitor the exchange events as mass shifts that arise through the incorporation of deuterium into the protein. Global conformational information can be deduced by monitoring the exchange profiles over time. Combining the labeling experiment with proteolysis under conditions that preserve the exchange information allows for localizing exchange events to distinct regions of the protein backbone and thus, the study of protein conformation with medium spatial resolution. Over the past decade, H/D exchange mass spectrometry has evolved into a versatile technique for investigating conformational dynamics and interactions in proteins, protein-ligand and protein-protein complexes.
Graphical analyses of anatomic and metabolic responses to cancer therapy using PET/CT

1039 Learning Objectives To learn about graphical methods that are used to evaluate treatment response in oncology clinical trials using PET/CT. Summary: Image analysis is performed to measure image metrics such as PET SUV and CT size. For individual patients, these metrics are often summed to determine overall disease state. The changes of these metrics over time relative to pre-treatment are then used to assess the magnitude of the treatment effects. Bar charts are used to show changes in a metric by individual tumors or patients. These charts can be ranked by the magnitude of change to produce so-called “waterfall” plots. The bars can be color-coded or annotated to add information, such as response assessment, pathology results, or best overall response. Waterfall plots can demonstrate the distribution of lesions or patients that have complete response, partial response, stable disease, or progressive disease. Line graphs of metrics versus time can be used to evaluate temporal effects for patients with multiple scans, demonstrating the pharmacodynamic effects of therapy. Scatter plots are used to evaluate correlations in response assessment between different imaging modalities, time points, and radiotracers. They can demonstrate whether early response assessment predicts later assessment. Similarly, scatter plots of different modalities can demonstrate whether functional changes correlate with anatomic response. These graphical methods represent means used to evaluate and demonstrate different aspects of therapeutic response in clinical trials using PET/CT.
Infrared and Raman Spectra Due to Lattice Vibrations

The infrared and Raman spectra of a solid may arise from a number of causes. We shall, however, limit our discussion here to the infrared absorption and reflection and Raman scattering in a crystal due to the interaction of the incident electromagnetic fields with its vibrational modes. Related topics such as infrared spectra due to the transitions among the low-lying electronic levels of a solid, spectra due to impurities or free carriers in a semiconductor, the absorption of radiation due to the excitation of a local mode around an impurity center in a solid, the various magneto-optic effects in semiconductors observed usually in the far infrared, and electronic Raman spectra of solids shall not be included in the present article.
Dietary vitamin D3 at 50x the adequate intake increases apoptosis in the quadriceps of the female G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study

BackgroundWe previously showed that dietary vitamin D3 (D3) at 50x the adequate intake (AI) increased functional capacity in the transgenic G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), ...
Effects of Point of Aim on the Accuracy and Eye Movement Behavior in Bowling: A Pilot Study

Background: A common research question in far-target aiming has been the importance and significance of the final visual fixation before movement initiation. In rolling tasks, such as 10-pin bowling, location of point of aim needs not be at the final target, the pins, but may be located at any point along the trajectory of the ball. Objective: Specific interest in the present experiment has focused on the relationship between visual point of aim and performance accuracy, and the relationship of visual control strategies utilized by expert performers. Methods: Skilled bowlers (N=7) performed 20 trials per condition concentrating on visual targets in different distances along the bowling lane (20, 40, 60 feet, and self-selected). Ball trajectory was tracked using a video based system and eye movement was measured using an eye tracking system. Results: Deviation of the ball from the visual target increased with visual target distance, while deviation of the ball from the pins was the lowest in the self-selected visual targets, followed by aiming at the pins. The final fixation duration before movement initiation was not associated with ball accuracy regardless of visual target locations. However, results demonstrated the association between final fixation duration task difficulty, that is, longer final fixation duration with increased visual target distance. Conclusion: The results indicate that visual fixations before movement initiation are uncharacteristically long while visual fixations just before the completion of the movement are relatively short.
Chebyshev gradient polynomials for high resolution surface and wavefront reconstruction

A new data processing method based on orthonormal rectangular gradient polynomials is introduced in this work. This methodology is capable of effectively reconstructing surfaces or wavefronts with data obtained from deflectometry systems, especially during fabrication and metrology of high resolution and freeform surfaces. First, we derived a complete and computationally efficient vector polynomial set, called G polynomials. These polynomials are obtained from gradients of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind – a basis set with many qualities that are useful for modal fitting. In our approach both the scalar and vector polynomials, that are defined and manipulated easily, have a straightforward relationship due to which the polynomial coefficients of both sets are the same. This makes conversion between the two sets highly convenient. Another powerful attribute of this technique is the ability to quickly generate a very large number of polynomial terms, with high numerical efficiency. Since tens of thousands of polynomials can be generated, mid-to-high spatial frequencies of surfaces can be reconstructed from high-resolution metrology data. We will establish the strengths of our approach with examples involving simulations as well as real metrology data from the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) primary mirror.
Incremental Segmentation of ARX Models

Abstract We consider the problem of incrementally segmenting auto-regressive models with exogenous inputs (ARX models) when the data is received sequentially at run-time. In particular, we extend a recently proposed dynamic programming based polynomial-time algorithm for offline (batch) ARX model segmentation to the incremental setting. The new algorithm enables sequential updating of the models, eliminating repeated computation, while remaining optimal. We also show how certain noise bounds can be used to detect switches automatically at run-time. The efficiency of the approach compared to the batch method is illustrated on synthetic and real data.
Fluid-Structure-Jet Interaction Effects on High-Speed Vehicle Performance and Stability

This paper considers the performance and stability of high-speed vehicles due to 7changes in the vehicle configuration that introduce the interaction of multiple physics. A conventional vehicle mod...
Birobidzhan in Khrushchev’s Thaw: the soviet and the western outlook

The present article looks into the little-researched period in the nine-decade long history of the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR), which is still present atavistically in the administrative-territo...
Emergency Nurses' Perceived Confidence in Participating in the Discharge Process of Congestive Heart Failure Patients From the Emergency Department: A Quantitative Study.

Introduction:Adults with exacerbated heart failure (HF) who present to the emergency department (ED) generally are readmitted. However, Hispanic HF patients are more likely to be admitted than Whit...
The Legacy of Wilfred Cantwell Smith

Video AbstractThe Legacy of Wilfred Cantwell Smith This article was originally part of a panel at the Toronto Parliament of the World’s Religions on the legacy of Wilfred Cantwell Smith (1916–2000). A Toronto native, Professor Smith was the most important Canadian scholar of religion in the twentieth century. He founded the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University and directed the Center for the Study of World Religions at Harvard University. In this article, I examine his legacy with respect to the study of Islam and Muslims, and how that work helps us to move forward in the twenty-first century.
Using Magic in Computing Education and Outreach

This special session explores the use of magic tricks based on computer science ideas; magic tricks help grab students’ attention and can motivate them to invest more deeply in underlying CS concepts. Error detection ideas long used by computer scientists provide a particularly rich basis for working such “magic”, with a CS Unplugged parity check activity being a notable example. Prior work has shown that one can perform much more sophisticated tricks than the relatively well-known CS Unplugged activity, and these tricks can motivate analyses across a wide variety of computer science concepts and are relevant to learning objectives across grade levels from 2nd grade through graduate school. These tricks have piqued the interest of past audiences and have been performed with the aid of online implementations; this conference session will demonstrate enhanced implementations used to illuminate the underlying concepts rather than just to perform the tricks. The audience will participate in puzzling out how to apply relevant concepts as we work through a scaffolded series of tricks centering on error detection and correction. The implementations also provide a useful model for incorporating greater interaction than is typically found in current innovative online interactive textbooks. In addition, they are samples for possible programming assignments that can motivate students using CS Unplugged activities to actively pursue deep programming experiences.
Local formula for the Z 2 invariant of topological insulators

We proposed a formula for the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ invariant for topological insulators, which remains valid without translational invariance. Our formula is a local expression, in the sense that the contributions mainly come from quantities near a point. Using almost commute matrices, we proposed a method to approximate this invariant with local information. The validity of the formula and the approximation method is proved.
Screening for Cancer: Find It Early; Treat It Early; Save Lives

Cancer progression proceeds relatively slowly, acquiring new mutations and hallmark capabilities over the span of many years before it causes symptoms that prompt the patient to seek medical attention. By the time the cancer is clinically evident, the tumor burden already may be high and the extent of spread advanced, reducing the possibility of cure. Screening for cancer takes advantage of the long lag time between the initiation of a cancer and the development of tumor-related symptoms. It involves testing otherwise normal individuals to find a developing cancer in its asymptomatic phase, enabling early diagnosis and treatment and increasing the possibility of cure. As a result, systematic screening for the common cancer types should reduce the number of deaths from those cancer killers. Although the strategy is logical and appealing, the realization of successful screening is problematic to impossible. Unless the screening test being used always yields a positive result when the specific cancer is present (100% sensitive) and is always negative when the cancer is absent (100% specific), false-positive results lead to overdiagnosis, and false-negative results lead to false reassurances and lost opportunities for curative treatment. Because it is virtually impossible to develop a test that is both 100% sensitive and 100% specific, the harms created by using imperfect tests for cancer screening may outweigh the benefits. This problem is amplified when the cancer being sought is rare. Unless the test performance is perfect, screening for rare cancers is both ineffective and hazardous. The level of performance of tests offered for cancer screening is monitored and graded by the US Preventive Services Task Force. Compliance with screening tests that have been demonstrated to lower the number of deaths from cancer is highly recommended for cancer prevention. This chapter discusses the strategies and realities of cancer screening in detail.
Net Neutrality Around the Globe: A Survey

Net neutrality has been the topic of numerous debates in many countries. People are fighting for what they believe to be a basic right to use the Internet, in which bandwidth throttling and preferable treatments should not be exercised. There are many new developments in the fight for fair Internet access services. In this paper, we conduct a survey on a global scale of laws and regulations regarding net neutrality. We study the prominent countries in four parts of the world: North America, Central and South America, Asia, and Europe to show what laws and regulations are put into action for each country. We also compare how each country implements the net neutrality principles.
Anticoagulation Strategies and Filter Life in COVID-19 Patients Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: A Single-Center Experience.

Because of the unprecedented increase in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), capacity to provide continuous RRT (CRRT) for AKI may quickly be overwhelmed ([1][1]). Exacerbating this resource crunch is the hypercoagulability observed in COVID-19 ([2][2],[3][3]). Frequent
Pulmonary Hypertension in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Using the current definition of pulmonary hypertension, about a third of patients with OSA have mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of 20 mmHg or higher. Mild pulmonary arterial hypertension may occur in patients with OSA without daytime hypoxemia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, pulmonary hypertension could be more severe in the presence of chronic lung disease, heart failure, and obesity hypoventilation. Studies, mostly observational, suggest that the treatment of OSA improves pulmonary hypertension.
Is Foreignness an Asset or a Liability? Explaining the Performance Differential between Foreign and Local Firms

I seek to make sense of the variety of performance differentials between foreign and local firms observed in international competition, so that the competitive consequences of foreignness can be better understood. I develop a theoretical framework in which the costs and advantages that foreign firms have are context-specific and relative, and their range broader than that recognized by the theory of the MNE. This approach implies that foreignness carries different meanings and has different strategic implications in different competitive settings. Application of the theoretical framework to foreign financial service affiliates in London illustrates its merit in enabling one to distinguish between the impact of the additional costs that foreign firms are maintained to have and their superior advantages on their performance. Since different causes of performance differential have different theoretical implications, and also require different strategic responses, it is important to be able to identify them. I stress the importance of these findings in deepening the understanding of the conditions under which foreignness is an asset or a liability.
RADIOCARBON IN DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON BY UV OXIDATION: PROCEDURES AND BLANK CHARACTERIZATION AT NOSAMS

This study describes a procedural blank assessment of the ultraviolet photochemical oxidation (UV oxidation) method that is used to measure carbon isotopes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS). A retrospective compilation of Fm and δ13C results for secondary standards (OX-II, glycine) between 2009 and 2018 indicated that a revised blank correction was required to bring results in line with accepted values. The application of a best-fit mass-balance correction yielded a procedural blank of 22.0 ± 6.0 µg C with Fm of 0.30 ± 0.20 and δ13C of –32.0 ± 3.0‰ for this period, which was notably higher and more variable than previously reported. Changes to the procedure, specifically elimination of higher organic carbon reagents and improved sample and reactor handling, reduced the blank to 11.0 ± 2.75 µg C, with Fm of 0.14 ± 0.10 and δ13C of –31.0 ± 5.5‰. A thorough determination of the entire sample processing blank is required to ensure accurate isotopic compositions of seawater DOC using the UV oxidation method. Additional efforts are needed to further reduce the procedural blank so that smaller DOC samples can be analyzed, and to increase sample throughput.
Prolegómenos para una reconstrucción estructuralista de la mecánica cuántica

A structuralist “reconstruction sketch” of an idealized theory is provided. This theory, QM, has some essential features of quantum mechanics. QM is a theory about abstract “result-observation events”, formal characterizations of interactions among physical systems and their results. QM is a stochastic theory and in the stochastic apparatus some features of “real life” quantum mechanics are recognizable. The result-observation events themselves exhibit neither essentially quantum mechanical features nor essentially physical features. At the level of the basic theory element QM is more like a specialization of probability theory than a physical theory. It is only at the level of specialization of the basic theory element that essentially physical and quantum mechanical features may be introduced. The account provides a “reconstruction sketch” rather than a reconstruction largely in that no account is given of physically interesting specializations. It also falls short of a full reconstruction in that the mathematical apparatus is restricted to finite structures.
Topology Evaluation of Models for Difficult Targets in the 14th Round of the Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction (CASP14)

This report describes the tertiary structure prediction assessment of difficult modeling targets in the 14th round of the Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP14). We implemented an official ranking scheme that used the same scores as the previous CASP topology-based assessment, but combined these scores with one that emphasized physically realistic models. The top performing AlphaFold2 group outperformed the rest of the prediction community on all but two of the difficult targets considered in this assessment. They provided high quality models for most of the targets (86% over GDT_TS 70), including larger targets above 150 residues, and they correctly predicted the topology of almost all the rest. AlphaFold2 performance was followed by two manual Baker methods, a Feig method that refined Zhang-server models, two notable automated Zhang server methods (QUARK and Zhang-server), and a Zhang manual group. Despite the remarkable progress in protein structure prediction of difficult targets, both the prediction community and AlphaFold2, to a lesser extent, faced challenges with flexible regions and obligate oligomeric assemblies. The official ranking of top-performing methods was supported by performance generated PCA and heatmap clusters that gave insight into target difficulties and the most successful state-of-the-art structure prediction methodologies.
Mandatory Nodal Evaluation During Resection of Clinical T1a Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancers

BACKGROUND Recommendations for intraoperative lymph node evaluation are uniform regardless of whether a primary tumor is clinical T1a or T2a according to TNM 8th edition for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We quantified nodal disease risk in patients with T1a disease (≤1 cm). METHODS The National Cancer Database was queried for clinical T1a N0 M0 primary NSCLCs ≤1 cm undergoing lobectomy with mediastinal nodal evaluation from 2004-2014. Nodal disease risk was analyzed as a function of demographics and tumor characteristics. RESULTS Among 2157 cases, 6.7% had occult nodal disease: 5.1% occult N1 and 1.6% N2. Adenocarcinoma (7.5%), large cell carcinoma (25%), and poor differentiation (11.8%) or undifferentiated/anaplastic (25.0%) had high rates of combined pN1 and N2 disease (P < .001). In univariable analysis, odds of pathologic N1, N2, or N1/N2 nodal disease with respect to N0 was greatest for large cell carcinoma (ref. adenocarcinoma odds ratio [OR] 4.31, 3.62, 4.12 respectively; all P < .05), and anaplastic grade (OR 10.71, 13.09, 11.55). Bronchoalveolar adenocarcinomas had the lowest odds (OR 0.41, 0.11, 0.32) and squamous cell carcinoma had lower odds for N2 (OR 0.29, all P < .05). In multivariable analysis only bronchoalveolar adenocarcinomas had lower odds of pathologic N2 and N1/N2 disease with respect to N0. Worsening grade remained significant for pathologic N1 and N1/N2 disease (both P < .05). CONCLUSIONS A significant rate (6.7%) of occult nodal disease is present in primary NSCLCs ≤1 cm. Risk increases with certain histology and worsening grade. We recommend mandatory systematic hilar and mediastinal nodal evaluation for T1a NSCLC tumors for accurate staging and adjuvant therapy.
Improving the measurement of alexithymia in autistic adults: a psychometric investigation of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and generation of a general alexithymia factor score using item response theory.

Background Alexithymia, a personality trait characterized by difficulties interpreting emotional states, is commonly elevated in autistic adults, and a growing body of literature suggests that this trait underlies several cognitive and emotional differences previously attributed to autism. Although questionnaires such as the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) are frequently used to measure alexithymia in the autistic population, few studies have investigated the psychometric properties of these questionnaires in autistic adults, including whether differential item functioning (I-DIF) exists between autistic and general population adults. Methods This study is a revised version of a previous article that was retracted due to copyright concerns (Williams and Gotham in Mol Autism 12:1-40). We conducted an in-depth psychometric analysis of the TAS-20 in a large sample of 743 cognitively able autistic adults recruited from the Simons Foundation SPARK participant pool and 721 general population controls enrolled in a large international psychological study. The factor structure of the TAS-20 was examined using confirmatory factor analysis, and item response theory was used to generate a subset of the items that were strong indicators of a "general alexithymia" factor. Correlations between alexithymia and other clinical outcomes were used to assess the nomological validity of the new alexithymia score in the SPARK sample. Results The TAS-20 did not exhibit adequate model fit in either the autistic or general population samples. Empirically driven item reduction was undertaken, resulting in an 8-item general alexithymia factor score (GAFS-8, with "TAS" no longer referenced due to copyright) with sound psychometric properties and practically ignorable I-DIF between diagnostic groups. Correlational analyses indicated that GAFS-8 scores, as derived from the TAS-20, meaningfully predict autistic trait levels, repetitive behaviors, and depression symptoms, even after controlling for trait neuroticism. The GAFS-8 also presented no meaningful decrement in nomological validity over the full TAS-20 in autistic participants. Limitations Limitations of the current study include a sample of autistic adults that was majority female, later diagnosed, and well educated; clinical and control groups drawn from different studies with variable measures; only 16 of the TAS-20 items being administered to the non-autistic sample; and an inability to test several other important psychometric characteristics of the GAFS-8, including sensitivity to change and I-DIF across multiple administrations. Conclusions These results indicate the potential of the GAFS-8 to robustly measure alexithymia in both autistic and non-autistic adults. A free online score calculator has been created to facilitate the use of norm-referenced GAFS-8 latent trait scores in research applications (available at https://asdmeasures.shinyapps.io/alexithymia ).
Disparities in Breast-Conserving Therapy for Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native Women Compared with Non-Hispanic White Women.

Little is known about the surgical patterns of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) breast cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are disparities in breast cancer surgery and radiation therapy between non-Hispanic AI/AN (NH-AI/AN) women and non-Hispanic White (NHW) women. Data from the National Program of Cancer Registries of the Centers for Disease Control and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results were used for this cross-sectional study. Female patients with invasive breast cancer diagnosed 2010–2015 were stratified by race/ethnicity, surgical procedure, radiation, and region. Percentage distributions of mastectomy and lumpectomy were compared overall and by region and stage. From 2010 to 2015 there were 3292 NH-AI/AN women and 165,225 NHW women diagnosed with breast cancer. For early stage (AJCC stage 1 and 2), NH-AI/AN women had overall significantly higher percentage of mastectomy (41% vs 34.4%, p < 0.001) and significantly lower percentage of lumpectomy (59% vs 65.6%) compared with NHW women, without significant differences in post-lumpectomy radiation (71% vs 70%). There were regional variations, notably in the Northern Plains, where the percentage of mastectomy for early-stage disease was 48.9% for NH-AI/AN women versus 35.9% for NHW women, and in Alaska with 47% for NH-AI/AN women versus 33.3% for NHW women (p < 0.001). There were no overall significant differences in type of surgery or radiation for late-stage disease between groups. This is the first study to show disparities in surgical management of NH-AI/AN women with breast cancer. For early-stage disease, NH-AI/AN women undergo a higher percentage of mastectomy. Future clinical directions could focus on the factors that drive awareness, decision-making, and access to breast conservation.
Building Business in Post-Communist Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia: Collective Goods, Selective Incentives, and Predatory States

Prior to 1989, the communist countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR lacked genuine employer and industry associations. After the collapse of communism, industry associations mushroomed throughout the region. Duvanova argues that abusive regulatory regimes discourage the formation of business associations and poor regulatory enforcement tends to encourage associational membership growth. Academic research often treats special interest groups as vehicles of protectionism and non-productive collusion. This book challenges this perspective with evidence of market-friendly activities by industry associations and their benign influence on patterns of public governance. Careful analysis of cross-national quantitative data spanning more than 25 countries, and qualitative examination of business associations in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Croatia, shows that postcommunist business associations function as substitutes for state and private mechanisms of economic governance. These arguments and empirical findings put the long-standing issues of economic regulations, public goods and collective action in a new theoretical perspective.
Oligosaccharides produced by acetolysis of blood group active(A + H)sulfated glycoproteins from hog gastric mucin.

Abstract Blood group (A + H) sulfated glycoproteins containing oligosaccharides of 14 sugar residues have been purified from hog stomach mucosa, and the structure of the carbohydrate chains was investigated. Penta-, tetra-, tri-, and disaccharides were isolated from the products of acetolysis of this material, and their structures were studied by chemical, enzymatic, and immunological methods. Periodate oxidation of a reduced sulfated disaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine gave predominantly erythritol, indicating 1 → 4 linkage between the two glucosamine residues. Galactose and N-acetylglucosamine were obtained from the treatment of trisaccharide with β-galactosidase. Methylation analysis of the trisaccharide revealed equal amounts of acetates of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methylgalactitol and 2,4,6-tri-O-methylgalactitol in addition to 3,6-di-O-methyl-N-methylglucosaminitol. This is consistent with the structure Gal (β1-3)/→ Gal (β1-4)/→ GlcNAc. Blood group H-active monofucosyl penta- and tetrasaccharides were resistant to β-galactosidase, but were cleaved to the monosaccharides by a mixture of α1,2-l-fucosidase, β-galactosidase, and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Analysis of the methylated pentasaccharide revealed the presence of acetates of 2,3,4-, 2,3,6-, and 3,4,6-tri-O-methylgalactitol in approximately equal amounts and, in addition, 2,3,4-tri-O-methylfucitol and 3,6-di-O-methyl-N-methylglucosaminitol. These data are consistent with the structure Fuc (α1-2)/→ Gal (β1-4)/→ GlcNAc (β1-4)/→ Gal (β1-6)/→ Gal. Methylation analyses of one of the two tetrasaccharides showed acetates of 2,3,4-tri-O-methylfucitol, 3,4,6-, 2,3,6-tri-O-methylgalactitol, and 3,6-di-O-methyl-N-methylglucosaminitol, and for the other acetates of 2,3,4-tri-O-methylfucitol, 3,4,6-, 2,3,6-tri-O-methylgalactitol, and 4,6-di-O-methyl-N-methylglucosaminitol. Those data are consistent with the structures Fuc (α1-2)/→ Gal (β1-4)/→ GlcNAc (β1-4)/→ Gal and Fuc (α1-2)/→ Gal (β1-3)/→ GlcNAc (β1-4)/→ Gal. The suggested structure of blood group (A + H) -sulfated glycoprotein presented below is further substantiated. [see PDF for sequence]
Fast burst correlation of financial data

We examine the problem of monitoring and identification of correlated burst patterns in multi-stream time series databases. Our methodology is comprised of two steps: a burst detection part, followed by a burst indexing step. The burst detection scheme imposes a variable threshold on the examined data and takes advantage of the skewed distribution that is typically encountered in many applications. The indexing step utilizes a memory-based interval index for effectively identifying the overlapping burst regions. While the focus of this work is on financial data, the proposed methods and data-structures can find applications for anomaly or novelty detection in telecommunications and network traffic, as well as in medical data. Finally, we manifest the real-time response of our burst indexing technique, and demonstrate the usefulness of the approach for correlating surprising volume trading events at the NY stock exchange.
The Legal Boundaries of Educational Governance

This chapter describes and analyzes the legal boundaries of educational governance. At bottom, these boundaries are determined by federal and state constitutional law, which in turn establish limits on federal and state authority. Described functionally and most simply, the basic legal structure of educational governance consists of two complementary rules. First, through the use of its spending powers, the federal government at the moment has almost unfettered discretion to direct the education policies of states. Second, the states, because of their constitutional status vis-a-vis political subdivisions, have even more authority over local school districts. To be sure, neither the federal government nor the states need to exercise the authority they possess nor control all facets of education. They can and have delegated or devolved authority. Nonetheless, the important point to recognize is that the legal rules that serve as the foundation for educational governance effectively allow these two levels of government to decide how much they wish to delegate and how much they wish to control. This in turn renders the legal boundaries of educational governance remarkably porous, manipulable, and unstable. Indeed, it is perhaps most helpful to recognize that there are no hard and fast legal boundaries of educational governance. That is, there are no state or federal constitutional rules that apportion clear and inviolable spheres of responsibility for education among local, state, and federal governments. Instead, the foundational legal rules render the boundaries primarily a matter of politics and policy choices. In addition to explaining how these rules operate, this chapter also considers whether they are likely to be or should be altered.
Music, Emotion, Analysis

In this essay I explore the idea that musical passages which are particularly remarkable are so in part because of ways they correlate with the progress and change of emotions. Taking as my point of departure Susanne Langer's idea that music represents a kind of non-discursive knowledge uniquely affiliated with emotional life, I argue that recent empirical research on music and emotion has not provided a compelling model for the relationship between music and emotion and that Langer's approach, when refined through recent research on processes of analogy, provides a viable alternative. I apply this perspective to an analysis of Domenico Scarlatti's Sonata in A major, K. 208, with a special focus on passages which are typically regarded as highly expressive.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the BDNF, VDR, and DNASE 1 Genes in Dry Eye Disease Patients: A Case-Control Study.

Purpose To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and DNASE1 genes that may be associated with dry eye disease (DED), and determine whether this association varies by the presence of depression. Methods A case-control study was performed with 64 DED cases and 51 controls. We collected 2 mL of saliva following a routine eye exam. Genotyping was performed using both custom and predesigned TaqMan SNP genotyping assays for 12 hypothesized SNPs. Genotype and allele frequencies of cases and controls were evaluated. Odds ratios were calculated for allele frequencies. Stratified analysis was performed to determine if the association between SNPs and DED varied by depression status. Results A total of 18% of cases had the minor allele A of Val66Met (rs6265) SNP in the BDNF gene compared with 9% of the controls (P = 0.05). Odds ratio was 2.22. Two SNPs (Fokl-rs2228570 and Apal-rs7975232) in the VDR genes also varied between DED cases and controls. Cases were 1.72 and 1.66 times more likely to have the minor allele A in rs2228570 and rs7975232, respectively, than controls (P = 0.06 for both). While not statistically significant, among patients with depression, DED cases were 3.93 times more likely to have the minor allele A of the Val66Met SNP compared to controls. Conclusions This pilot study showed that Val66Met in the BDNF gene and two SNPs, Fokl and Apal, in the VDR gene may potentially be associated with DED. Additionally, the association between DED and Val66Met may vary by depression status.
Re‐defining food allergy phenotypes and management paradigm: is it time for individualized egg allergy management?

Cite this as: S. A. Leonard and A. Nowak-Wegrzyn, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 609–611.
Individual differences in self-discrepancies and emotional experience: Do distinct discrepancies predict distinct emotions?

Self-Discrepancy Theory (SDT) proposes that ideal-self discrepancies predict dejection/depression and ought-self discrepancies predict agitation/anxiety, but individual differences research has rarely found clear support for this pattern. After considering methodological and statistical reasons for these mixed findings, the present research tested SDT’s predictions using a multivariate structural equation model with latent predictors and outcomes (n = 245 college students). SDT was broadly but incompletely supported: ought discrepancies uniquely predicted anxious affect, but both ideal and ought discrepancies predicted depressed affect.
Formation of InGaAs fins by atomic layer epitaxy on InP sidewalls

We describe a fabrication process which forms InGaAs fins with sub 10 nm thickness and 180 nm height. The process flow requires no semiconductor dry-etch, thereby avoiding surface damage arising from such processes. Instead, InGaAs fins are formed using nanometer controlled atomic layer epitaxial growth, using tertiarybutylarsine, upon InP sidewall which are eventually selectively etched. Such fins can serve as channels of field effect transistors, allowing excellent electrostatics and with potentially high operating current per fin.
Claisen-type addition of glycine to a pyridoxal iminium ion in water.

formula chem. The 5'-deoxypyridoxal stabilized glycine carbanion has been generated in water at neutral and mildly basic pH. At pH < 7, this carbanion reacts mainly with the carbonyl carbon of 1 to form a stable Claisen-type adduct. At pH ≥ 8, this carbanion reacts with the iminium carbon of the pyridoxalglycine iminium ion to form the second Claisen-type adduct 3 as the major reaction product.
Microhabitat distribution of protostelids in tropical forests of the Caribbean National Forest, Puerto Rico

The standardized technique developed by Moore and Spiegel is useful in the characterization of protostelid communities in the aerial and litter microhabitats of tropical montane rainforests of Puer...
Excitation of Multiple-Magnon Bound States in Co Cl 2 ·2 H 2 O

The results of far-infrared transmission measurements on Co${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O at helium temperatures are reported and compared with theoretical predictions. Antiferromagnetic resonance, ferrimagnetic resonance, and ferromagnetic resonance have been observed in the respective metamagnetic phases of this material. Furthermore, these magnons appear to interact with an unexpected excitation which is believed to be an optical phonon. The most striking feature of the data, however, is the appearance of absorption lines in each phase which shift with magnetic field at a rate corresponding to $g$ values of about 14, 21, 28, and even 35, as compared to the $g$ value of \ensuremath{\sim}7 for the single magnons. Furthermore, the energy of each of these $n$-fold multiple excitations is markedly less than $n$ times the energy of a onefold one. These excitations are identified as clustered spin reversals or magnon bound states, and this is the first direct observation of such states. In the simple Ising-model approximation, such clusters of $n$ adjacent spin reversals are eigen-states, and the Ising-model energies qualitatively describe the observed energy spectra in all three phases. Using the theoretical results of the preceding paper, the small non-Ising terms are included in the theory, and excellent quantitative agreement is obtained. The reasons why bound states can be observed in Co${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O are also discussed.
Oligodendroglial differentiation induces mitochondrial genes and inhibition of mitochondrial function represses oligodendroglial differentiation.

Demyelination occurs in multiple inherited mitochondrial diseases. We studied which genes were induced as a consequence of differentiation in rodent and human oligodendroglia. Cholesterol, myelin and mitochondrial genes were significantly increased with oligodendroglial differentiation. Mitochondrial DNA content per cell and acetyl CoA-related transcripts increased significantly; thus, the large buildup of cholesterol necessary for myelination appears to require mitochondrial production of acetyl-CoA. Oligodendroglia were treated with low doses of the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone to test the dependence of differentiation on mitochondrial function. Undifferentiated cells were resistant to rotenone, whereas differentiating cells were much more sensitive. Very low doses of rotenone that did not affect viability or ATP synthesis still inhibited differentiation, as measured by reduced levels of the myelin transcripts 2′,3′-Cyclic Nucleotide-3′-Phosphodiesterase and Myelin Basic Protein. Thus, mitochondrial transcripts and mtDNA are amplified during oligodendroglial differentiation, and differentiating oligodendroglia are especially sensitive to mitochondrial inhibition, suggesting mechanisms for demyelination observed in mitochondrial disease.
Patient satisfaction after trigeminal nerve repair

Objective. The purpose of this study was to measure patient satisfaction and to evaluate the factors influencing patients' perceptions of the outcome of inferior alveolar nerve or lingual nerve repair. Study design. We used a retrospective cohort study design and a sample of patients who underwent repair of inferior alveolar nerve or lingual nerve injuries. The major outcome variable was the patient's overall satisfaction with treatment. The patient's satisfaction was rated as either good to excellent (group A) or fair to poor (group B). Results. The study sample was composed of 46 patients with a mean age of 28 ± 12 years; 76% were female. Fifty-five percent of the sample reported their overall satisfaction to be good to excellent. No individual predictor factors were statistically associated with patient satisfaction. Among the outcome variables, the measures of taste, pronunciation, self-consciousness, and function were statistically significantly different (P <.05) between the 2 groups. Conclusion. After nerve repair, more than half of the patients rated their overall satisfaction with the operative results to be good to excellent. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95:538-43)