cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies in Differential Compaction

This series of laboratory experiments is intended to illustrate what may be expected in a region where differential compaction has occurred. The paper contains a discussion of the increase of dip with depth, the type of deformation that results, the relative importance of beds around and over the hill, the effect of two hills, and the effect of rejuvenation. Criteria are given by which a compaction fold may be recognized. A very important role of differential compaction is directive, and it is shown that this role may determine the subsurface attitude and the surface reflection of folds which owe a large part of their deformation to forces of a very different nature.
Ketorolac versus Acetaminophen or Ibuprofen in Controlling Postoperative Pain in Patients with Strabismus

Purpose: Ketorolac is a new, parenteral, nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory agent. The authors compare the effectiveness of a single intravenous dose of ketorolac with a single oral dose of either acetaminophen or ibuprofen in controlling postoperative pain in patients with strabismus. Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-masked study was performed on 60 patients older than 12 years of age who were undergoing strabismus surgery. The patients were randomized into one of three single-dosage treatment groups: group 1 received oral acetaminophen (650 mg); group 2 received oral ibuprofen (600 mg); and group 3 received intravenous ketorolac (60 mg) intraoperatively and placebo capsules postoperatively. Pain and sedation levels were assessed at 2 and 5 hours after surgery by having the patient mark a standard 100-mm visual analog scale. Results: The ketorolac-treated patients had significantly less pain at both the 2- and 5-hour intervals after surgery compared with either the acetaminophen or ibuprofen groups ( P = 0.001). There was no difference in the level of sedation among any of the three treatment groups. Conclusion: Intravenous ketorolac given at the conclusion of surgery was more effective than either oral acetaminophen or oral ibuprofen given 30 to 45 minutes after strabismus surgery in controlling postoperative pain. Pain relief was achieved earlier by intravenous delivery than by oral agents. Greater pain relief with ketorolac was sustained 5 hours after surgery. This facilitates suture adjustment and earlier discharge. Similar pain control is possible for other ophthalmologic surgery. Because the oral medications used in this study were administered in capsules, the results may have been different if clinically available preparations had been tested.
Use of land facets to plan for climate change: conserving the arenas, not the actors.

Abstract: Even under the most optimistic scenarios, during the next century human-caused climate change will threaten many wild populations and species. The most useful conservation response is to enlarge and link protected areas to support range shifts by plants and animals. To prioritize land for reserves and linkages, some scientists attempt to chain together four highly uncertain models (emission scenarios, global air–ocean circulation, regional circulation, and biotic response). This approach has high risk of error propagation and compounding and produces outputs at a coarser scale than conservation decisions. Instead, we advocate identifying land facets—recurring landscape units with uniform topographic and soil attributes—and designing reserves and linkages for diversity and interspersion of these units. This coarse-filter approach would conserve the arenas of biological activity, rather than the temporary occupants of those arenas. Integrative, context-sensitive variables, such as insolation and topographic wetness, are useful for defining land facets. Classification procedures such as k-means or fuzzy clustering are a good way to define land facets because they can analyze millions of pixels and are insensitive to case order. In regions lacking useful soil maps, river systems or riparian plants can indicate important facets. Conservation planners should set higher representation targets for rare and distinctive facets. High interspersion of land facets can promote ecological processes, evolutionary interaction, and range shift. Relevant studies suggest land-facet diversity is a good surrogate for today's biodiversity, but fails to conserve some species. To minimize such failures, a reserve design based on land facets should complement, rather than replace, other approaches. Designs based on land facets are not biased toward data-rich areas and can be applied where no maps of land cover exist.
Effects of Intraruminal Infusion of Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium on Hypophagia from Propionate in Lactating Dairy Cows

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of salt type on hypophagic effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate in lactating dairy cows. Our working hypothesis is that oxidative metabolism of propionate causes satiety by increasing hepatic ATP concentration and decreasing the discharge rate of the hepatic vagus. We hypothesized that hypophagic effects of propionate are reduced by ammonium and potassium. We speculated that ammonium infusion lowers hepatic ATP concentration because ATP is used for urea synthesis and potassium increases the discharge rate of the hepatic vagus. Eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment. Treatments were intraruminal infusion of propionic acid, ammonium propionate, sodium propionate, and potassium propionate. Treatment solutions were 0.93 M for propionate and 0.67 M for salts among the treatments except for propionic acid. Treatment solutions were infused over 14 h starting 2 h before feeding at 17.9 ml/min, which is equivalent to 16.7 and 11.9 mmol/min for propionate and salts, respectively. Infusion of ammonium propionate decreased dry matter intake compared with sodium propionate and potassium propionate (P < 0.04; 11.0 vs. 14.0 and 13.9 kg/12 h) by decreasing meal frequency without affecting meal size, indicating that ammonium delayed the sense of hunger. No difference in DMI and feeding behavior was observed between infusion of sodium and potassium propionate. Contrary to the hypothesis, ammonium infusion did not reduce hypophagic effects of propionate, possibly because the urea cycle indirectly stimulated oxidative metabolism in the liver by generating oxidizable carbon from amino acid catabolism.
HAMP, Home Attachment, and Mortgage Default

This paper studies the Homeowner Affordability Modification Program (HAMP), a 2009 federal program reducing delinquent homeowners mortgage payments to 31 percent of monthly income. To assess the program I propose and estimate a structural model of mortgage default using program results. The model allows for income, house prices, and exit preference shocks to induce default, and allows homeowners to vary by an unobserved permanent attachment, or sentimental, value to their home. Counterfactual simulations suggest HAMP has prevented 515,354 defaults as of June 2013 at an expected five year cost per prevented default of $41,096. Back-of-the-envelope calculations estimate the social cost of foreclosure at $16,000 suggesting a net program loss of $12.7 billion. Simulation results indicate the program needs to raise the target payment level to 52 percent of monthly income to become socially beneficially.
Downregulation of 5′-nucleotidase in rabbit heart during coronary underperfusion

The hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine during acute coronary underperfusion is temporarily beneficial to myocardial survival yet may cause tissue injury during sustained underperfusion because of deple...
Seasonality: Hormones and Behavior

Seasonal environmental change in all regions of the world affects vertebrate endocrinology and behavior. In temperate and arctic regions, vertebrates often principally detect and respond to annual changes in day length. In tropical regions that do not experience significant seasonal changes in day length, other seasonal environmental factors, such as rainfall, food supply and/or presence of conspecifics, drive hormonal status and behaviors. Here, we present some notable examples of the vast diversity of hormones, physiologies, and behaviors influenced by seasonality of the environment.
The Impact of Perceived Leader Integrity on Subordinate Ethical Intentions in a Work Team Environment

Over the last decade, the increased use of work teams within organizations has been one of the most influential and far-reaching trends to shape the business world. At the same time, corporations have continued to struggle with increased unethical employee behavior. Very little research has been conducted that specifically examines the developmental aspects of employee ethical decision-making in a team environment. This study examines the impact of a team leader’s perceived integrity on his or her subordinates’ behavior. The results, which came from a survey of 245 MBA students functioning for 2 years in a work team environment, indicate an interaction between leader integrity and team member ethical intentions.
Lending a Hand to the Invisible Hand: How a National Market System Contributes to the Evolution of the U.S. Securities Marketplace

In 1975, Congress directed the Securities and Exchange Commission to facilitate the establishment of a national market system for securities. Dissatisfied with the increasing fragmentation of and barriers to interaction among the equities markets, Congress vested the Commission with the authority to work with the exchanges and over-the-counter market to create linkages among markets through communications and data processing facilities. Congress found that a national market system would "foster efficiency, enhance competition, increase the information available to brokers, dealers, and investors, facilitate the offsetting of investors' orders, and contribute to best execution of such orders." As a result of the technological revolution in the securities industry over the past quarter century, some commentators have suggested that the Commission's mandate to facilitate a national market system, far from strengthening markets, has limited the benefits of competition among markets. Market forces acting alone, it is argued, are sufficient to ensure that investors not only receive the information they need to make informed investment decisions, but also to assure execution of their orders in the most efficient manner possible. Government intervention, moreover, is said to have entrenched outdated linkages and communications systems that impede evolution in today's securities marketplace. The core purpose of authorizing regulatory intervention to facilitate a national market system, however, remains as important today as it was in 1975: to eliminate anticompetitive burdens and ensure cross-market access to market information and trading opportunities, so that market forces can promote the evolution of a market structure that benefits the end users of the securities markets - investors and issuers. Despite the rapid changes in the marketplace resulting from new technology and competition, the commercial incentives of markets and market intermediaries remain sufficiently misaligned from the interests of investors and issuers that a market structure dictated solely by market forces may be inefficient absent regulatory intervention. While the precise approaches to implementing a national market system must naturally change with the times, there is a role for regulation in ensuring that the evolution of the U.S. securities marketplace unfolds in a manner that benefits investors and serves the public interest.
Interpreting Consumer Health Questions: The Role of Anaphora and Ellipsis

While interest in biomedical question answering has been growing, research in consumer health question answering remains relatively sparse. In this paper, we focus on the task of consumer health question understanding. We present a rule-based methodology that relies on lexical and syntactic information as well as anaphora/ellipsis resolution to construct structured representations of questions (frames). Our results indicate the viability of our approach and demonstrate the important role played by anaphora and ellipsis in interpreting consumer health questions.
Abstract A73: Breast cancer subtype distribution and survival among Hispanic women in California

Background: Evidence on the burden of breast cancer subtypes among Hispanic women is limited, as prior research suggests that Hispanics may be prone to develop those subtypes that are associated with poor prognosis. Additionally, few studies have characterized the population-based distribution of breast cancer subtypes among Hispanic women, by the joint expression of hormone receptors (HR: estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR)), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Purpose: Our objective was to assess the distribution and survival of breast cancer subtypes among Hispanic women diagnosed with primary, invasive breast cancer between 2005 and 2010 in California. Methods: Based on information from the California Cancer Registry, breast cancer subtypes were defined as: HR positive/HER2 negative (HR+/HER2-); HR+/HER2+; HR-/HER2+; and triple negative (HR-/HER2-). We calculated frequency distributions of breast cancer subtypes and used polytomous multivariate logistic regression to evaluate their associations with clinical and demographic factors, including socioeconomic status (SES) and Hispanic enclave (based on quintile distribution across the state of California), and nativity. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression methods were used to assess breast cancer-specific survival and mortality. Results: Among 16,380 Hispanic breast cancer patients, HR+/HER- was the predominant subtype (62.6%), followed by triple negative (15.6%), HR+/HER2+ (13.8%) and HR-/HER2+ (8.1%). Women living in lower SES neighborhoods had a greater risk of triple negative (p Conclusion: In the most comprehensive analysis of breast cancer subtypes among Hispanic women in the United States to date, our findings indicate that low SES was significantly associated with increased risk of developing and dying from breast cancer subtypes with poor prognosis. Foreign-born women were at greater risk than US-born of HR-/HER2+ tumors, although nativity was not associated with other subtypes. Hispanic women diagnosed with HR- breast cancer subtypes were at significantly increased risk of death; especially, those with triple negative breast cancer. While these results indicate that the distribution and burden of breast cancer subtypes among California Hispanic women are similar to other racial/ethnic populations, it is imperative to better understand the impact of SES on risk factor exposures that increase the risk of developing specific breast cancer subtypes. Citation Format: Matthew P. Banegas, Li Tao, Sean Altekruse, William F. Anderson, Esther M. John, Christina A. Clarke, Scarlett L. Gomez. Breast cancer subtype distribution and survival among Hispanic women in California. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A73. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-A73
Patient- and clinician-rated outcome measures for clinical decision making in rehabilitation.

Outcome measures can be classified as clinician rated and patient rated. Clinician-rated measures predominantly assess impairments, whereas patient-rated measures, also known as patient-based measures, are designed to evaluate the impact of the injury on a patient’s daily activities, work, and recreation. Currently, there is a greater reliance on clinician-rated impairment measures for clinical decision making, specifically with treatment planning and assessing outcomes of care. To comprehensively evaluate the effect of an injury, patient-rated outcome measures must be used because they allow for the assessment of a patient’s ability to perform daily activities and participate in work and recreation that is affected by an injury. Clinician-rated impairment measures should be used to guide the development of a treatment program, and patient-rated measures should be used for both treatment-program development and assessing treatment outcomes in daily clinical practice. The purposes of this article are to de...
Deletion of PTEN produces deficits in conditioned fear and increases fragile X mental retardation protein

The phosphatase and tensin homolog detected on chromosome 10 (PTEN) gene product modulates activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. The PI3K pathway has been found to be involved in the regulation of the fragile X mental retardation protein, which is important for long-term depression and in the formation of new memories. We used delayed fear conditioning and trace fear conditioning to determine learning and memory deficits in neuron subset-specific Pten (NS-Pten) conditional knockout (KO) mice. We found that NS-Pten KO mice had deficits in contextual learning and trace conditioning, but did not have deficits in the ability to learn a conditioned stimulus. Furthermore, we found increased levels in the total and phosphorylated forms of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in the hippocampus of NS-Pten KO mice.
Scutellospora dipurpurescens, a new species in the Endogonaceae from West Virginia

Scutellospora dipurpurescens, sp. nov. (Endogonaceae) was discovered in several unmanaged pastures and a partially reclaimed surface coal mine in West Virginia. Spores are yellow to greenish-yellow with four walls. An outer finely laminate wall and a second hyaline membranous wall form the outer wall group. The inner wall group consists of a semi-rigid hyaline unit wall and an innermost hyaline amorphous wall. Both inner walls stain in Melzer's solution, a diagnostic feature of this species. The inner unit wall stains light pinkish-purple and the inner amorphous wall stains reddish to dark purple. This fungus forms mycorrhizae with arbuscules but not vesicles in fescue, sudangrass, and red clover grown in pot culture.
Statistical Properties of the Norris Lake, GA, Earthquake Swarm of 1993

During the summer of 1993, residents of the Norris Lake community in the Piedmont Province of Georgia, USA, experienced a swarm of shallow ( m b ). In this epicentral area no earthquakes were previously reported and no significant events have occurred since, and the swarm is considered complete and isolated. The swarm began June 8 with a short, 5-day burst of activity. The number of events per day and cumulative strain release increased exponentially to mid-August, when more than 200 events occurred per day. After the mid-August peak, the number of events per day decreased at a rate consistent with an aftershock sequence. The largest event ( m b = 2.7) occurred late in the sequence on September 23, 1993. Times of occurrence were read and magnitudes computed from visual records covering the time period of June 13, through December, 1993 for over 4,800 events with m b magnitude greater than -2i149 The correlation dimension of occurrence times suggests that the swarm may be divided into constant-valued segments that start and end at a large event. The peak of the swarm was characterized by a high dimension, suggesting a uniform rate of occurrence of earthquakes, whereas the beginning and end of the swarm were characterized by low dimensions typical of clusters of events. The average b -value in the Gutenberg-Richter recursion relation for the complete swarm was 0.8. The b -value for shorter time segments of the swarm increased gradually from 0.4 in July to greater than 1.0 in September, including the period of the highest rate of seismicity in August. The b -value returned to its average, 0.8, at the end of the swarm. The b -values were constant or increased gradually before the four largest events, changed at the time of three of these events, and on average tended to decrease with time afterward. We speculate that the systematic increase and subsequent decrease in b -value and correlation dimension are characteristics of earthquake swarms triggered during a transient decrease in strength. Furthermore, we speculate that the decrease in strength may be caused by increases in fluid pressure and that the increase in fluid pressure may have been augmented by the conversion of elastic stress to hydrostatic stress during the occurrence of earthquakes in the swarm.
In Memoriam: Susanne M. Shafer

Susanne Shafer, professor emeritus in the Division of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, College of Education, died suddenly on March 28 on Jekyll Island, Georgia.
Dissemination of Neisseria meningitidis.

Infection of the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx by Neisseria meningitidis can lead to systemic invasion, resulting in fulminant sepsis and meningitis. A recent study divulges a molecular event relevant to the dissemination of the bacterium.
Effect of Hyperglycemic-Glycogenolytic Factor on Blood Sugar of Patients with Diabetes

ConclusionA small number of patients were treated with the H-G factor obtained as a contaminant of certain insulin preparations. Five of 6 patients with labile diabetes showed a rise in blood sugar greater than was seen in any of the normal subjects or stable diabetic patients.
ON USING THE KREISSELMEIER-STEINHAUSER FUNCTION IN SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

An investigation into using the Kreisselmeier-Steinhauser (KS) function in Simultaneous Analysis and Design (SAND) was performed in an effort to improve the performance and decrease the computational effort required for the minimum weight optimization of structural systems subjected to simultaneous strength, displacement, and size side constraints. Use of the KS function decreases the number of constraints in an optimization by combining them into a small number of constraint functions or even into a single constraint function, thereby reducing the number of constraint gradient evaluations and improving the performance of SAND. Three different formulations were tried in which the linear and nonlinear constraint equations were combined in various ways using the KS function. The standard three-bar, ten-bar, and seventy-two bar trusses were analyzed and optimized using these formulations. Specific and general programs were coded to perform SAND optimizations on these structures using the KS formulations. All programs utilized the optimizer NPSOL implemented on a SUN-SPARC IPX to optimize the respective structures. For the evaluated truss structures, the use of Kreisselmeier -Steinhauser functions in SAND decreased the required workspace for all cases and the computer time for some cases while yielding excellent accuracy.
ExM-STORM: Expansion Single Molecule Nanoscopy

Recently, Chen et al. invented Expansion Microscopy, or ExM, which imprints a specimen features of interest onto a polymer hydrogel network and expands the network homogeneously to magnify sub-diffraction-limit features. However, ExM bleaches massively, 50-100% of the fluorescent molecules; thus it is not suited for single-molecule imaging. Here, we describe improved ExM that is free of bleaching, and thus can be synergically integrated with single-molecule nanoscopy, STORM.
Book Review: Joseph G. Bock’s The Technology of Nonviolence: Social Media and Violence Prevention

In the wake of the 2009-2012 Arab Spring protests—the first large- scale wave of Arab demonstrations in the Internet age—many pondered the significance of the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the movement. While the actual impact of technology in the Arab Spring is contested (Morozov, 2012), we can nevertheless tentatively note that the examples of technology being used throughout the Arab Spring are at the very least compelling for the field of peacebuilding, including vio- lence prevention. In this unique cultural and technological contemporary moment, scholars who study violence should be asking themselves: in socially and politically tumultuous places, can technology predict or even be used to prevent violence?
Comparative study of fetal ventricular septal defect by in dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography,spatiotemporal image correlation and routine echocardiography

Objective To explore the clinical value of dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography,spatiotemporal image correlation(STIC)in evaluating fetal ventricular septal defect(VSD).Methods Two thousand and eighty-two fetus were examined by echocardiography(ECG),17 cases of suspected VSD were examined by STIC,and the defect size was measured.While the difference of VSD diagnosis and defect size measurement in two methods were compared.Results Eighteen cases of VSD were confirmed after parturition,17 cases were diagnosed by ECG,13 cases were diagnosed by 3D-STIC.The sensitivity of fetal VSD in ECG(94.44%)was higher than that in 3D-STIC(72.22%),there was significant difference between the two methods(P0.05),while there was no significant difference of accuracy and specificity in the two methods(P0.05).The maximum diameter of VSD by ECG was lower than that by 3D-STIC(P0.01).Conclusion 3D-STIC can display the size and shape of VSD in fetus directly,while the sensitivity is not higher than ECG.
Implications of high rates of metastatic prostate cancer in BRCA2 mutation carriers

BACKGROUND Patients with germline BRCA2 gene mutations (BRCA2mut) have more aggressive prostate cancer. Analysis of all reported germline BRCA2mut prostate cancer cases allows better understanding of the clinicopathologic features and survival outcomes of these men. METHODS A systematic review was performed with the MEDLINE database to capture articles evaluating clinicopathologic characteristics of men with BRCA2mut associated prostate cancer. Inclusion criteria were at least five subjects, confirmation of BRCA2mut status, and data for at least 2 clinical parameters of disease. Meta-analysis was performed on outcomes data. Chi-squared tests were used to compare disease features among men undergoing formal versus ad hoc screening, as well as an age of diagnosis less than versus greater than 65 years. Rates of metastatic disease among BRCA2mut cases were compared to rates among non-carrier control subjects and the general population using the SEER database. RESULTS Twelve out of 289 studies met our inclusion criteria, representing 261 BRCA2mut men. Among carriers, the median age at diagnosis was 62 years and median PSA was 15 ng/dl with 95% of men having a PSA>3. Over 40% of BRCA2mut patients had T3/T4 disease and over 25% were metastatic at presentation. Survival was worse in BRCA2mut men with prostate cancer when compared to non-BRCA2mut subjects. BRCA2mut carriers had significantly higher rates of metastatic disease (18%) versus non-carrier controls (8%) and the SEER population (4%). CONCLUSIONS BRCA2mut carriers are more likely to have poor risk of prostate cancer at presentation and exhibit worse oncologic outcomes relative to non-carriers, including a fourfold increase in metastatic disease. Younger men and those undergoing formal screening present with less advanced disease which supports a need for earlier identification and screening protocols. Additionally, this population may benefit from alternative therapeutic paradigms. Prostate © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi-Pathway and Cumulative Risk Assessment

Most pollution control strategies can be characterized as a single -medium, single pollutant, approach. Such an approach begins by dividing the environment into three primary compartments: air, water, and land (soil). Pollution problems then are grouped into three categories: air pollution, water pollution, and solid waste pollution problems. In the single-medium approach, these three categories of problems are managed independently without consideration of their interactions. For example, major air pollution sources may be required to install the best available control technologies (BACT) based purely on consideration of the risk from releases to air; industrial wastewater dischargers may be required to meet best available technology (BAT) effluent limitations based solely on the risk from releases to water; and RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) and CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) impose restrictions on the options for land disposal of solid waste (Guruswamy, L, 1990; NRC, 1987; Rao, 1995) based solely on the risk from such routes of disposal. Similarly, the choice of manufacturing processes and pollution control technologies often reflects concern for a single pollutant, while a facility may emit literally dozens of chemicals, metals, etc.
STABILITY OF CRYSTALS AGAINST MELTING AND VITRIFICATION

The long-range atomic order of crystalline alloys can be destroyed by a variation of temperature resulting in regular melting or by non-equilibrium solid state processing resulting in glass formation. The destabilization of the crystalline lattice and evolution of the amorphous phase is triggered by a variety of methods including, for example, alloying beyond the equilibrium limit, mechanical deformation, irradiation, thermal annealing of thin film superlattices and application of high pressures. Under local equilibrium conditions, the crystal-to-glass transition exhibits similar features as equilibrium melting, whereas under non-equilibrium conditions catastrophic vitrification can occur at the To-temperature extended into the glass forming regime. It is shown that randomly frozen-in impurities or lattice defects cause rounding of the first-order melting transition to an isentropic transition resulting in a triple point between supersaturated crystal, undercooled liquid and glass at the crossover of the ideal glass transition and melting lines.
High-Performance Carbon Nanotube Complementary Logic With End-Bonded Contacts

Carbon nanotube (CNT) has been envisioned as a promising channel replacement for silicon in sub-5 nm logic technology nodes. Successful implementation of CNT-based CMOS technology requires high-quality low-resistance contacts for both ${p}$ - and ${n}$ -type field-effect transistors (PFETs and NFETs) that can be scaled down to sub-10 nm size. End-bonded contact schemes potentially provide the solution for ultrascaled contacts to CNTs with their low and size-independent contact resistances. In this paper, we report a new form of end-bonded metal contacts made by carbon dissolution into metal contacts with high carbon solubility (e.g., Ni and Co). This new approach requires low annealing temperature (400 °C–600 °C) and maintains metal integrity post contact formation, which has been the major issue in previous metal carbide-based demonstrations where typically >900 °C annealing is required. The end-bonded Ni contacts serve as robust ${p}$ -type contacts to CNTs, and perform better than standard side-bonded Pd contacts at scaled dimensions. In addition, for the first time, we demonstrate CMOS logic with end-bonded Ni contacts, featuring the smallest reported contact size thus far for CNT inverters. These findings could pave the way to realizing CNT-based scalable CMOS technology.
A Noise-Efficient 36 nV/ $\surd $ Hz Chopper Amplifier Using an Inverter-Based 0.2-V Supply Input Stage

This paper presents an analog front end (AFE) that achieves a high noise efficiency by using a chopper amplifier with a 0.2-V supply inverter-based input stage followed by a 0.8-V supply stage. The high input-stage current needed to reduce the input-referred noise is drawn from the 0.2-V supply, significantly reducing power consumption. The 0.8 V stage provides high gain and signal swing, improving linearity. Biasing and common-mode rejection techniques for the ultra-low-voltage stage are presented. The AFE is implemented in a 0.18 $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process and integrates the chopper low-noise instrumentation amplifier, a programmable-gain amplifier, and an antialiasing filter. The AFE consumes 0.79 $\mu \text{W}$ and achieves a competitive power efficiency factor (PEF) of 1.6 and an input noise of 0.94 $\mu \text{V}_{\text {rms}}$ integrated from 0.5 to 670 Hz while maintaining a 36 nV/ $\surd $ Hz input noise density down to 0.5 Hz. The included 0.8/0.2-V buck converter may be used to provide the 0.2-V supply at 72%–74% efficiency without significantly increasing noise, yielding a PEF of 1.8.
Vibration control of smart base-isolated irregular buildings using neural dynamic optimization model and replicator dynamics

Abstract Vibration control of irregular structures subjected to earthquake excitations is a complex civil engineering problem. Base isolation has been used as an earthquake-protective system over the past few decades. It is, however, a passive control system lacking the adaptability to the real-time changes in motion from the earthquake excitation. In order to aid the base isolation system, control devices are installed at the base to provide the real-time vibration control. This research is motivated by evolutionary game theory and uses replicator dynamics as a resource allocation algorithm to determine control decisions. The control algorithm is evaluated using a three-dimensional base-isolated benchmark structure subjected to major historical earthquakes.
The kinematics of envenomation by the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis

The yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis (Cuvier 1817), is a common saltwater stingray species that can administer a fast, venomous sting, usually as the result of being inadvertently stepped upon. This species has been studied by a number of investigators, however, little is known about the kinematics of its strike, or the strike of any other ray species. High-speed cinematography was used to film vertical strikes catalyzed by a foot-like apparatus used to pin the animal down. The average maximum velocity of 213.15 cm/s was found to occur 61.3% through the total strike; strikes lasted, on average, 0.23 s. The average maximum acceleration was determined to be 3067.34 cm/s/s. To accomplish a successful envenomation, a stingray will arc its tail upward then depress the tip of its tail to reveal the venomous spine, forming an angle with the tail with a mean of 35.73°. This angle appears, on average, at a point 58.8% through the path of the strike, or just before the maximum velocity. Morphological analyses determined that this angle is accomplished by a significant reduction in the dorso-ventral height of the vertebral column, as well as spacing between haemal arches and processes, creating a “hinge-like” feature that allows the tail-tip to flex away from the spine. Yellow stingrays are morphologically and behaviorally adapted to deploy their venomous spine as a mean of defense against threats, and a better understanding of this mechanism may aid in the prevention and treatment of stingray-inflicted wounds in humans.
The Role of Digital Products Under the WTO: A New Framework for GATT and GATS Classification

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 155II. The WTO and International Trade 155III. The Evolution of Digital Products 157A. The Easy Cases-Tangible Goods Ordered Through the Internet and Electronically-Delivered Services 157B. E-Products 158C. Remote Additive Manufacturing 1591. What is additive manufacturing? 1592. Legal treatment of additive manufacturing 1603. Why focus on additive manufacturing? 161IV. A Goods-Services Framework for Digital Products 162A. Definitions-A Formalistic Approach 1621. Dictionary definitions 1632. Common-usage definitions-tangibility and essential characteristics... 164B. Likeness-A Functional Approach 166C. Goals of the WTO-A Theoretical Approach 1691. Goals enunciated in GATT and GATS preambles 1692. Economic goals of trade liberalization 1703. Protectionist goal of the GATS 1714. WTO goals and digital products 172V. Synthesis and Proposed Solution 174A. Sui Generis Solutions 174B. A New Approach: Cost-Minimizing Interpretation 175VI. Conclusion 177I. IntroductionAccording to Moore's Law, the number of transistors that electrical engineers will be able to fit on a microchip doubles every two years.1 So while technology expands at a geometric rate, the law governing technology inevitably loses pace and has the difficult task of playing catch-up. In international law, this problem has manifested itself in the realm of international trade of digital products. International trade law under the World Trade Organization (WTO) relies on distinguishing between goods and services. In the age of the Internet, commenters have vigorously debated the proper WTO treatment of digital products-are they goods or services?2 This Comment seeks to answer that question by proposing a new, three-part taxonomy for classification. Section II explains the relevant aspects of WTO law and outlines the difference in treatment of goods and services in international law. Section III discusses four types of digital goods and the efforts made at classification thus far. Section IV provides a three-part taxonomy of classification based on formalistic, practical, and theoretical concerns. Finally, Section V proposes a method to synthesize different methods of classification. Applying this method, I conclude that digital products should be treated as services under current WTO law.II. The WTO and International TradeThe WTO, as a body, is essentially the sum of trade liberalization agreements between member states. …
Detection of sensitizing and resistance EGFR mutations from circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood using multiplexed next-generation sequencing in patients with advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma.

8093 Background: Analysis of tumor biopsies obtained after the development of acquired resistance (AR) to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors can contribute to the understanding of resistance mechanism...
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Xe 129 in Natural Xenon

The spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}$ of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{129}$ has been measured as a function of temperature in the liquid and as a function of pressure in the gas. A strong shift $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ in the external field required for resonance at constant frequency but varying sample density $\ensuremath{\rho}$ has been discovered. As the sample density increases in the region above 48 atm, $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ decreases linearly at the rate of 3.45 milligauss per amagat (density at standard conditions) in a field of 8060 gauss. In the liquid the temperature dependence of the product of ${T}_{1}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ can be described by an activation energy of 0.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 kcal/mole. In the gas at room temperature between 48 and 73 atm, ${T}_{1}$ varies as ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{-}2.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4}$. The largest value of ${T}_{1}$ observed was 2600\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}600 sec for a gas sample at 48 atm, and the shortest value was 57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 sec in the liquid at -101\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The experimental values of ${T}_{1}$ have been compared with theoretical predictions in two limiting cases, the rare gas and the dense liquid. In both cases the experimental values, although larger than previously reported values, are still two to three orders of magnitude smaller than predicted from an intermolecular nuclear magnetic dipole interaction. The relaxation time was found to be independent of field. Implications of our data for determining the relaxation mechanism are discussed. It is suggested that the relaxation may be caused by a fluctuating magnetic field at the nucleus resulting from the motion of nonsymmetrical electronic charge distributions during collisions.
Voids in the Point Source Catalogue Survey and the Updated Zwicky Catalog

We describe an algorithm to detect voids in galaxy redshift surveys. The method is based on the void finder algorithm of El-Ad & Piran. We apply a series of tests to determine how accurately we are able to recover the volumes of voids using our detection method. We simulate voids of different ellipticity and find that if voids are approximately spherical, our algorithm will recover 100% of the volume of the void. The more elliptical the void, the smaller the fraction of the volume we can recover. We insist that voids lie completely within the survey. Voids close to the edge of the survey will therefore be underestimated in volume. By considering a deeper sample, we estimate that the maximal sphere diameters are correct to within 30%. We apply the algorithm to the Point Source Catalog redshift (PSCz) survey and the Updated Zwicky Catalog (UZC). The PSCz survey is an almost all-sky survey with objects selected from the IRAS catalog. The UZC covers a smaller area of sky but is optically selected and samples the structures more densely. We detect 35 voids in the PSCz and 19 voids in the UZC with diameter larger than 20 h-1 Mpc. Using this minimum size threshold, we find that voids have an average effective diameter of 29.8 ± 3.5 h-1 Mpc (PSCz) and 29.2 ± 2.7 h-1 Mpc (UZC) and that they are underdense regions with δρ/ρ values of -0.92 ± 0.03 (PSCz) and -0.96 ± 0.01 (UZC), respectively. Using this quite stringent threshold for void definition, voids fill up to 40% of the volume of the universe.
Pre- and postnatal enzyme capacity for drug metabolite production.

Most lipid-soluble foreign compounds including drugs, insecticides and many environmental pollutants are metabolized in animals by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver. These enzymes are virtually absent in fetuses of laboratory animals, but their activities increase to adult levels within 3–8 weeks after birth. In human fetuses, the enzymes appear during the first half of pregnancy, and their activities during gestation reach about one third of those found in adults. The species differences in fetal activities apparently parallel the differences in the development of liver endoplasmic reticulum. In laboratory animals, the rough-surfaced reticulum does not develop until 4 days before birth and the smooth-surfaced reticulum develops only after birth. In man, however, the rough-surfaced form appears at about 7 to 9 weeks of gestation, whereas the smooth-surfaced form appears at about the 3rd month of pregnancy. Despite the early development of these enzymes in humans, they probably play only a minor role in limiting the accumulation of most foreign compounds in human fetuses. Nevertheless, they may play an important role in drug-induced toxicities, particularly those that are mediated through the formation of chemically reactive metabolites—Gillette, J. R. and B. Stripp. Pre- and postnatal enzyme capacity for drug metabolite production. Federation Proc. 34: 172–178, 1975.
Hypertension in the Geriatric Population: A Patient-Centered Approach

Hypertension contributes greatly to adverse cardiovascular outcomes; the magnitude of this contribution increases with age. The most recent guideline has proposed raising the goal systolic blood pressure to less than 150 mm Hg among those over age 60; however, this recommendation is not endorsed by other organizations. There are multiple contributors to hypertension in the older individual, including increased vascular stiffness, salt sensitivity, and decreased baroreceptor responsiveness. Therapy in the hypertensive patient over age 60 should be individualized and account for patient's health, functional and cognitive status, comorbidities, frailty, and prognosis.
Laparoscopic CO2 laser vaporization of endometriosis compared with traditional treatments.

This study reports on 108 infertile patients with endometriosis diagnosed at laparoscopy. Sixty-four patients had endometriosis and adhesions vaporized with a CO 2 laser (LAS) and were prospectively compared with a control group (CON) of 44 patients who had laparoscopy. The 6- and 12-month estimated cumulative pregnancy rates for LAS were 0.32±0.07 and 0.55±0.09 respectively, and for CON 0.17±0.06 and 0.43±0.09 (Breslow P =0.10). Monthly fecundity rates were 6.7% in LAS and 4.5% in CON. Survival analysis with fixed covariates showed that pregnancy rates were increased in patients with adhesions ( P =0.002) and other pelvic disease ( P =0.0001). Pregnancy rates were reduced by age ( P =0.02), previous adhesiolysis ( P =0.0000) and post-laparoscopy medical treatment ( P =0.0002). Our findings indicate that CO 2 laser laparoscopy vaporization of endometriosis can be a safe, effective, and possibly improved modality for treating endometriosis.
Collaborative Customer Relationship Management (CCRM)

Since the early nineties, the concept of Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) via vertical collaboration has raised the potential level of collaboration among manufacturers and retailers to new heights. ECR consists of two areas of cooperation: logistics and marketing. ECR implementation in the consumer goods market to date has been primarily in logistics because potential cost reductions are more easily obtainable there.
Short-term traffic flow prediction using EMD-based recurrent Hermite neural network approach

An empirical mode decomposition based recurrent Hermite neural network (ERHNN) prediction model is proposed to predict short-term traffic flow in this study. First, a recurrent Hermite neural network (RHNN) prediction model with different orthonormal Hermite polynomial basis functions (OHPBFs) as activation functions is introduced. Then, to further mitigate the influence of noise and improve the accuracy of prediction, an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is derived to decompose the original short-term traffic flow data into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and adopt them as the inputs for the RHNNs. Therefore, an ERHNN prediction model, which comprises good predictive ability for the nonlinear and non-stationary signals through the combination of the merits of OHPBFs, EMD and EHNN, is proposed to predict short-term traffic flow more effectively. The validity of the ERHNN prediction model is verified using all day short-term traffic flow data at high way I–80W in California. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ERHNN prediction model is with superior performance compared with the pure recurrent neural network (RNN) and RHNN prediction models.
The Difference between Causal Analysis and Predictive Models: Response to "Comment on Young and Holsteen (2017)".

The commenter’s proposal may be a reasonable method for addressing uncertainty in predictive modeling, where the goal is to predict y. In a treatment effects framework, where the goal is causal inf...
Leading Colleges & Universities in a New Policy Era: How to Understand the Complex Landscape of Higher Education Accountability

This article provides postsecondary leaders with a way to quickly develop a more thorough understanding of higher education accountability. It describes the complexity of the broader higher educati...
Co-mingling effects of dialectal and stylistic variation due to choice of speaker normalization

This paper explores how a speaker normalization routine can result in co-mingling effects of dialectal and stylistic variation. To this end, the paper examines a database of vowel formants in a passage and a wordlist task collected from 88 monolingual American English speakers in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula; this corpus is further stratified by ethnic-heritage, age, sex and educational attainment. Two different speaker normalization routines, Lobanov (Adank et al., 2004) and Labov ANAE (Labov et al., 2006), were used; however, each routine yielded differences in a paralleled analysis. The Lobanov normalization routine removes much of the ethnic-heritage effect that appears in the analysis using the Labov ANAE normalization routine. Examining the cause of these different results reveals that 1) the Lobanov routine removes any mean shifts in formant values that run orthogonal to anatomical variation (i.e., vocal tract length effects) and 2) the ANAE routine only removes shifts which are correlated across formants. The ethnic-heritage effect in this dataset involves mean shifts that are negatively correlated to typical anatomical variation, which results in the ANAE routine potentially amplifying such effects. We discuss the import of these findings for vowel space variation and language change.