cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of the asymptotic behavior of the D-dimensional Ising model

Abstract A general method is introduced for studying the asymptotic behavior of the D-dimensional Ising model. In our approach, the continuum representation of the Ising partition function is analyzed by using bifurcation theory in conjunction with well-known asymptotic methods of analysis. Following a suggestion of Gallavotti, it is shown rigorously that in the range H ( = J/kT) 1 4 D the gaussian model yields the correct asymptotic behavior of the Ising model, and there is no phase transition in this range. For the range H > 1 4 D, the behavior of the Ising model is obtained bu “bifurcating” from the gaussian model, and the solution in this range is found to be very similar in structure to the one obtained for the corresponding D-dimensional spherical model. We find bifurcation in all dimensions, no phase transition in one-dimension, but a phase transition in all D ⩾ 2. For D = 2, the phase transition is characterized by a logarithmic singularity in the specific heat (in accordance with the exact behavior found by Onsager). For D = 3, the transition is characterized by an algebraic singularity in the specific heat (in particular, the singularity is (λ - λ c ) -1 2 where λ is a parameter related to, but not identical with, the temperature). With regard to quantitative estimates, since in this paper the bifurcation analysis was carried through only to order e2, where e is the bifurcation parameter, our estimates of the transition temperature in 2 and 3 dimensions are somewhat displaced from the accepted values. Finally, the possible relevance of our approach to other problems of interest in the theory of phase transitions is indicated.
The Gut Microbiome Modulates Colon Tumorigenesis

ABSTRACT Recent studies have shown that individuals with colorectal cancer have an altered gut microbiome compared to healthy controls. It remains unclear whether these differences are a response to tumorigenesis or actively drive tumorigenesis. To determine the role of the gut microbiome in the development of colorectal cancer, we characterized the gut microbiome in a murine model of inflammation-associated colorectal cancer that mirrors what is seen in humans. We followed the development of an abnormal microbial community structure associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis in the colon. Tumor-bearing mice showed enrichment in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with members of the Bacteroides , Odoribacter , and Akkermansia genera and decreases in OTUs affiliated with members of the Prevotellaceae and Porphyromonadaceae families. Conventionalization of germfree mice with microbiota from tumor-bearing mice significantly increased tumorigenesis in the colon compared to that for animals colonized with a healthy gut microbiome from untreated mice. Furthermore, at the end of the model, germfree mice colonized with microbiota from tumor-bearing mice harbored a higher relative abundance of populations associated with tumor formation in conventional animals. Manipulation of the gut microbiome with antibiotics resulted in a dramatic decrease in both the number and size of tumors. Our results demonstrate that changes in the gut microbiome associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis directly contribute to tumorigenesis and suggest that interventions affecting the composition of the microbiome may be a strategy to prevent the development of colon cancer. IMPORTANCE The trillions of bacteria that live in the gut, known collectively as the gut microbiome, are important for normal functioning of the intestine. There is now growing evidence that disruptive changes in the gut microbiome are strongly associated with the development colorectal cancer. However, how the gut microbiome changes with time during tumorigenesis and whether these changes directly contribute to disease have not been determined. We demonstrate using a mouse model of inflammation-driven colon cancer that there are dramatic, continual alterations in the microbiome during the development of tumors, which are directly responsible for tumor development. Our results suggest that interventions that target these changes in the microbiome may be an effective strategy for preventing the development of colorectal cancer.
Roles of insulin signalling and p38 MAPK in the activation by lithium of glucose transport in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle

We have demonstrated previously in insulin-sensitive skeletal muscle that lithium, an alkali metal and non-selective inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), activates glucose transport by engaging the stress-activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). However, it is presently unknown whether this same mechanism underlies lithium action on the glucose transport system in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. We therefore assessed the effects of lithium on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport, glycogen synthesis, insulin signalling (insulin receptor (IR), Akt, and GSK-3), and p38 MAPK in soleus muscle from female obese Zucker rats. Lithium (10 mM LiCl) increased basal glucose transport by 49% (p < 0.05) and net glycogen synthesis by 2.4-fold (p < 0.05). In the absence of insulin, lithium did not induce IR tyrosine phosphorylation, but did enhance (p < 0.05) Akt ser(473) phosphorylation (40%) and GSK-3beta ser(9) phosphorylation (88%). Lithium potentiated (p < 0.05) the stimulatory effects of insulin on glucose transport (74%), glycogen synthesis (2.4-fold), Akt ser(473) phosphorylation (39%), and GSK-3beta ser(9) phosphorylation (36%), and elicited robust increases (p < 0.05) in p38 MAPK phosphorylation both in the absence (100%) or presence (88%) of insulin. The selective p38 MAPK inhibitor A304000 (10 muM) completely blocked basal activation of glucose transport by lithium, and significantly reduced (42%, p < 0.05) the lithium-induced enhancement of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in insulin-resistant muscle. These results indicate that lithium enhances both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle of female obese Zucker rats, and that these lithium-dependent effects are associated with enhanced Akt and GSK-3beta serine phosphorylation. As in insulin-sensitive muscle, the lithium-induced activation of glucose transport in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle is dependent on the engagement of p38 MAPK.
Thrombolytic therapy and cocaine-associated acute myocardial infarction

The role of thrombolytic therapy in patients with cocaine-associated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is controversial. Some have suggested that because the AMI mortality may be low in young patients with cocaine usage, the risks outweigh the benefits of thrombolytic therapy. Two cases of cocaine-associated AMI are presented. Each case illustrates different aspects of this controversy. In one case, ECG interpretation and concerns with thrombolytic therapy in this setting led to prolonged treatment delay. The second case illustrates unrecognized cocaine-associated AMI treated safely with thrombolytic therapy and beta-blockade. The arguments for and against thrombolytic therapy in this setting are discussed. The available literature suggesting increased risk associated with thrombolytic therapy in patients with cocaine-associated AMI is critically reviewed.
BK virus as a potential co-factor for HPV in the development of cervical neoplasia

Cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer in women worldwide. A persistent infec- tion with high risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) is necessary for cervical cancer to occur. However, the great majority of women that are infected with HR-HPV will not develop cervical cancer, indicating that HR-HPV alone is not adequate to drive the development of cervical cancer, suggesting the involve- ment of cofactors. The BK polyomavirus (BKV) establishes latency near cervical tissue in the urogenital tract and is frequently detected in the urine, especially in immunosuppressed patients, and hence may co- exist with HR-HPV. Current experimental evidence indicates that both HR-HPV and BKV are capable of altering cell-cycle control and inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, they may act additively or synergistically to promote malignant transformation. We hypothesize that BKV is a co-factor for HR-HPV in cervical can- cer. In this study, we examined 249 cervical swabs that were submitted for routine HR-HPV screening test in the Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). Our results showed that 107 samples contained HR-HPV at an overall rate of 43% (107/249); BKV was present in 4 (3.7%) of the 107 HR-HPV positive specimens and in 12 (8.5%) of the 142 HR-HPV negative samples with an overall positive rate of 6.4% (16/249). Although there was no statistical significance between HR- HPV and BKV co-infection (P=0.19, Fisher's exact test), our results support the hypothesis that BKV can co-exist with HR-HPV in cervical specimens.
Fault detection for linear discrete-time invariant systems with decoupling and optimization

This paper discusses the robust fault detection design for the criteria such as ℋ - /ℋ ∞ ,ℋ 2 /ℋ ∞ andℋ ∞ /ℋ ∞ in which G d , the transfer function from disturbance to the measurement output, is a tall transfer matrix and D d is not full column rank. It is shown that the faults in a subspace can be made arbitrarily sensitive, while the faults in the complementary subspace have bounded sensitivities that are maximized by our filter. We also discuss the decoupling and non-decoupling conditions, and their relations with image spaces of G d and G f (the transfer function from disturbance to the measurement output and the transfer function from fault to the measurement output). Furthermore, based on the optimal filter, a method is given to partially decouple the disturbance from the residual without impacting the rest of the fault sensitivities. An example is given to illustrate our results.
Review of the in vitro activity of gemifloxacin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobic pathogens

Published reports on the in vitro activity of gemifloxacin mesylate (SB 265805), a new fluoronaphthyridone, against anaerobic pathogens are reviewed here. The studies used a variety of media, inocula and antimicrobial agents. Using a proposed breakpoint of 0.5 mg/L, these studies showed that gemifloxacin had generally higher potency against Gram-positive anaerobes (Clostridium perfringens, all Peptostreptococcus spp.) and fusobacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium necrophorum) and moderate but variable potency against Gram-negative anaerobes. Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum and many Bacteroides fragilis isolates were inhibited by concentrations of < or =0.5 mg/L, while the other species of the B. fragilis group required higher concentrations for inhibition. Species variability was evident: Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Porphyromonas canoris, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas macaccae, Prevotella heparinolytica and Prevotella intermedia were susceptible to 0.5 mg/L of gemifloxacin while most other Porphyromonas and Prevotella spp. were not. These data suggest that gemifloxacin may have a clinical role in the treatment of certain dental, head and neck and pleuropulmonary infections in which Gram-positive anaerobes, fusobacteria and some Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. may predominate.
PLM software selection model for project management using hierarchical decision modeling with criteria from PMBOK knowledge areas

This paper presents a methodology for product lifecycle management (plm) software selection utilizing the nine knowledge areas of the project management body of knowledge (pmbok). The methodology utilizes a five process gate approach where the plm offerings are researched, sorted, paired down, evaluated, and implemented. The primary decision model utilizes hierarchical decision modeling (hdm). Prioritizations are assigned to the pmbok knowledge areas utilizing a pair-wise comparison survey and then assessed across the different plm system offerings. The proposed decision methodology is meant to serve only as a guide to assist with selection of plm software from a project management perspective. To validate the model, several case studies are presented that apply the selection methodology to different industries: semiconductor, information technology (it), and automotive supply.
Constraints on water use efficiency of drought tolerant maize grown in a semi-arid environment

Abstract Identifying the constraints on crop water use efficiency (WUE) will help develop strategies to mitigate these limitations, potentially guiding agronomic and irrigation management strategies as well as providing needed directions in breeding. Boundary functions identify the upper limits of yield per unit of crop water use, and are useful for identifying constraints on WUE. The objectives of this research were to (1) develop a boundary function for maize using data ( n = 260) from research projects conducted at Bushland, TX, and (2) compare the yields of two recently developed, drought tolerant maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids with the boundary function and examine possible abiotic and biotic constraints on maximizing water use efficiency. A commercially available hybrid and an experimental hybrid were grown in 2012 (high environmental stress environment) and 2013 (moderate stress environment) in 48 weighing lysimeters containing soil monoliths of either clay loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sand in a rain shelter facility. Plant density was 8 plants m −2 ; irrigation treatments were 50% and 80% replacement of predicted crop evapotranspiration. The high stress environment of large vapor deficits and high temperatures during early reproductive growth stages in 2012 compared with 2013 significantly constrained the yield potential of both hybrids. It also showed the difference in stress tolerance of the hybrids with significant differences in WUE, yield and yield components between hybrids. Soil textural class was a significant constraint on WUE and harvest index (HI), with larger WUE and HI from crops in the fine sand and sandy loam compared with those of the crops in the clay loam and silt loam. Continued increases in the tolerance of maize to abiotic and biotic stresses will be necessary to maintain maize production in the southern High Plains region as irrigation water resources decline.
Redescription of the Jamaican orb-weaving spider Chrysometa pecki Levi, 1986 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), including the first description of the male.

The tetragnathid genus Chrysometa Simon, 1894 includes 138 species found in the Americas, ranging from the Caribbean to Chile (World Spider Catalog 2015). This genus was revised by Levi (1986), with more recent publications adding to the genus (Alvarez-Padilla 2007, Nogueira et al. 2011, Simo et al., in press). Following Alvarez-Padilla & Hormiga (2011), Chrysometa is differentially diagnosed from other American tetragnathids based on the male palp with a cymbial ectobasal process, cymbial ectomedian process, and embolic basal process, and a paracymbium articulated with a membrane. The epigynum is flat, with fertilization ducts present. Both sexes have guanine crystals in their abdomen and femora lacking trichobothria. Three Jamaican Chrysometa are known: C. pecki Levi, 1986, C. fuscolimbata (Archer, 1958) and C. linguiformis (Franganillo, 1930); all of them known from females only (Levi 1986).
Behavioral Gaps Between Hypothetical Investment Returns and Actual Investor Returns

Individual investors behave badly. “[I]nvestors with strong behavioral biases or lack of attention” to meaningful financial news are more likely to forgo equity ownership or to participate in capital markets “for the wrong reasons.”1 Individual investors, often the product of that lethal combination of ignorance and bias, “trade … frequently, tend to time their buys and sells badly, and prefer high expense [mutual] funds and active funds rather than index funds.”2 Behavioral biases cost investors. Narrow framing extracts a 2.16 % premium from the most heavily affected quintile of individual investors relative to the least affected quintile.3 The disposition effect costs the worst quintile 0.89 % in annual returns relative to best quintile.4
The interface envelope: gaming, technology, power

The Interface Envelope is an exploration of interfaces – the structured contexts that allow people to interact with digital technologies. An interface is best understood as an environment made up o...
218 GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER WHO ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM.

Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the leading cause of death in patients with cancer. The 1-year survival rate in patients diagnosed with cancer at the time of VTE is 12% compared with 36% in cancer patients who are free of thrombosis. VTE in cancer patients may indicate a more aggressive phenotype. Methods With the overarching goal of testing, the ability of gene expression profiling to detect biologically and clinically significant differences in patients with cancer and VTE, using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a proof of principle, we have expanded on previous work wherein we have shown the ability of multiple gene expression patterns (‘metagenes’) to predict a thrombotic event (Potti A. Blood 2005). Ninety-six patients with NSCLC were enrolled in this study. RNA was extracted and gene array data obtained using an Affymetrix U133 2.0 plus GeneChip. The clinical history of all 96 patients was reviewed to identify those patients with a definitive VTE episode soon after the initial diagnosis of cancer and not within 6 weeks of surgery. Fourteen of ninety-six96 (14.5%) patients met these criteria. We then identified 14 additional patients with NSCLC matched by age, gender, and clinical stage patients who did not have VTE for at least 2 years following the diagnosis of cancer. Gene expression data were analyzed using a binary regression analysis. Results Using the metagene approach, a discriminator gene set (n = 50) that differentiated patients with NSCLC and VTE from patients with NSCLC without VTE was identified. A leave-one-out cross-validation performed to further assess the reliability of the discriminator metagene set was greater than 85% accurate in identifying patients with NSCLC and VTE. Also, significant biologically relevant differences were seen between the comparison groups, to include genes such as P53, VEGFC, E2F4, TFPI, and EPHB2. Conclusions Our data suggest that a genomic approach can be used to identify and characterize patients with NSCLC that develop VTE, while also providing information important to an understanding of the underlying biology of the association between cancer and thrombosis.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with metoclopramide.

SUMMARYThe case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome presented was associated with the use of metoclopramide, a dopamine-blocking agent, which is normally used in nonpsychiatric patients. The patient was successfully treated with dantrolene and bromocriptine. Nonpsychiatrist physicians should be aware
Changes in the value relevance of research and development expenses after IFRS adoption

Abstract We investigate whether the nature of differences between national GAAP and IFRS is associated with differential changes in the value relevance of R&D expenses after the adoption of IFRS across countries. Using a difference-in-differences study on a sample of public companies in nine countries that covers pre-IFRS and post-IFRS periods during 1997–2012, we find that the value relevance of R&D expenses declines after IFRS adoption in countries that previously mandated immediate expensing or allowed optional capitalization of R&D costs. On the contrary, there is no change in the value relevance of R&D expenses for countries that switched from the mandatory capitalization rule to IFRS. We also investigate the moderating effects of national institutions on the changes in the value relevance of R&D expenses after IFRS adoption. We find that in countries with stronger investor protection, the changes in the value relevance of R&D expenses are larger. In addition, changes in the value relevance of R&D expenses are smaller for countries whose national culture is characterized by higher uncertainty avoidance. Our findings highlight the importance of both accounting standards and national institutions in explaining the changes in the value relevance of accounting information after IFRS adoption.
Effect of partial vagotomy in the neck or lower thorax on insulin-stimulated acid secretion in dogs.

In dogs with gastric fistulas division of one cervical vagal trunk did not alter the acid response to maximal doses of insulin but reduced the response to submaximal doses. Lower thoracic hemivagotomy, performed below the esophageal plexus, reduced the acid response to all doses of insulin but did not change the dose of insulin required to produce the decreased maximal response. Neither form of vagotomy altered the response to a high dose of histamine. The findings are consistent with the view that: (1) each cervical vagus supplies the entire stomach so cutting either cervical vagus does not deprive any part of the stomach of all its vagal innervation; (2) the lower thoracic vagi are terminal branches that contain all the vagal fibers to a segment of the stomach, cutting these produces complete vagal denervation of segments of stomach proportional to the fraction of total fibers cut. Unilateral cervical vagotomy produces 50% denervation of 100% of the stomach. Lower thoracic hemivagotomy produces 100% denervation of 50% of the stomach.
LAKE EFFECT OBSERVATIONS IN MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN

Field observations of temperature, humidity, and wind conditions were taken during mesoscale lake breeze, synoptic-aided lake breeze, and synoptic-scale lake effect situations in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Measurements were made along two east-west transect routes to document Lake Michigan's cooling impact. Lake breezes are characterized by significant changes in weather parameters: a sharp drop in temperature, a rise in dew point, an increase in relative humidity, and a shift from offshore to onshore winds. Temperature contrasts between lakefront and inland envirionments exceed 5°C. Lake cooling is confined to a coastal zone extending 8.0 km inland. Synoptic-aided lake breezes combine mesoscale lake breeze formation with the added influence of developing synoptic onshore winds. These situations are characterized by earlier time of occurrence, greater inland movement, and reduce land-lake thermal contrasts. Synoptic lake effect is produced by steady prevailing onshore winds from the northeast or east under the...
Infiltration capacity of roadside filter strips with non-uniform overland flow

Abstract The side slope to a roadside swale (drainage ditch) constitutes a filter strip that has potential for infiltration of road runoff, thereby serving as a stormwater quantity and quality control mechanism. A total of thirty-two tests were performed during three seasons in four different highways located in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, MN to analyze the infiltration performance of roadside filter strips and the effect of fractional coverage of water on infiltration. Three different application rates were used in the experiments. All the tests showed that water flow on the lateral slope of a roadside swale is concentrated in fingers, instead of sheet flow, at the typical road runoff intensities for which infiltration practices are utilized to improve surface water quality. A linear relationship between flux of water from the road and fraction of wetted surface was observed, for the intensities tested. The average percentage infiltration of the medium road runoff rate (1.55 × 10−4 m2/s, without direct rainfall) experiments performed in fall was 85% and in spring 70%. For the high road runoff rate (3.1 × 10−4 m2/s, without direct rainfall) tests the average amount of water infiltrated was 47% and for the low road runoff rate (7.76 × 10−5 m2/s, without direct rainfall) tests it was 69%, both set of tests performed in spring and summer. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of swale soil was high, relative to the values typical of laboratory permeameter measurements for these types of soils. This is believed to be due to the macropores generated by vegetation roots, activity of macrofauna (e.g. earthworms), and construction/maintenance procedures. The trend was to have more infiltration when the saturated hydraulic conductivity was higher and for a greater side slope length, as expected. The vegetation, type of soil and length of the side slope are important to consider for constructing and maintaining roadside swales that will be efficient as stormwater control measures. These measurements indicate that the filter strip portion of a roadside swale typically infiltrates a substantial fraction of road runoff. However, the measurements do not incorporate the influence of direct rainfall upon the infiltration into filter strips.
Early and late outcomes with prolonged open chest management after cardiac surgery.

Abstract Objectives Open chest management (OCM) is an important intervention for patients who are unable to undergo sternal closure after cardiac surgery. This study reviews the factors associated with a prolonged need for this intervention and investigates its association with early and late mortality. Methods Patients undergoing OCM from January 2009 to December 2014 were reviewed. Differences in the median duration of OCM when a perioperative variable was present versus its absence were determined and variables significant at P ≤ .1 were analyzed using Poisson regression for factors associated with prolonged OCM. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were developed to investigate perioperative factors that were associated with early and late mortality. Results A total of 201 patients (5%) required OCM and the overall median duration of this intervention was 3 days. The use a temporary assist device (median, 7 vs 2 days; P P P P = .02) were among the factors that were highly associated with prolonged OCM using Poisson regression. Thirty-day mortalities occurred in 32 patients (16%) and were significantly associated with emergency surgery ( P = .03), sternal re-explorations ( P = .001), and OCM duration (median, 6 vs 3 days; P = .02). On multivariable logistic regression and Cox analysis, delaying sternal closure by 1-day increments increased the risk of early and late mortality by 11% ( P = .01), and 9% ( P Conclusions Prolonged OCM was associated with increasing perioperative morbidity and a higher risk of early and late mortality.
B Cell Biology

B cells, central players in the adaptive immune response, produce antibodies and are essential for protective immunity. This chapter provides an overview of the current understanding of B cell biology for the dermatologist and cutaneous biologist. Antibody structure and function are reviewed in detail, outlining the varied antigenic targets of antibodies, enumerating the many effector functions of antibodies and describing how these effector functions differ by antibody isotype. Additionally, an overview of the complement system is provided, highlighting its role in the immune response and mechanisms of its activation. B cell development is summarized, with a focus on generation of the antibody repertoire and establishment of tolerance to self-antigens. Current therapeutic mechanisms of targeted B cell depletion are described and biological caveats of their use are discussed. An overview of the B cell response to infection is presented, highlighting the role of B cell – T cell interactions, formation of the germinal center response and the role of regulatory B cells. Finally, the formation, function and maintenance of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells, key components of durable immunity, are reviewed.
The U.S. Twin Delivery Volume and Association with Cesarean Delivery Rates: A Hospital-Level Analysis.

Objective The objective of this study was to test whether hospitals experienced in twin delivery have lower rates of cesarean delivery for twins. Methods We divided obstetric hospitals in the 2011 National Inpatient Sample by quartile of annual twin deliveries and compared twin cesarean delivery rates between hospitals with weighted linear regression. We used Pearson's coefficients to correlate a hospital's twin cesarean delivery rate to its overall cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) rates. Results Annual twin delivery volume ranged from 1 to 506 across the 547 analyzed hospitals with a median of 10 and mode of 3. Adjusted rates of cesarean delivery were independent of delivery volume with a rate of 75.5 versus 74.8% in the lowest and highest volume hospitals (p = 0.09 across quartiles). A hospital's cesarean delivery rate for twins moderately correlated with the overall cesarean rate (r = 0.52, p Conclusion Most U.S. obstetrical units perform a low volume of twin deliveries with no decrease in cesarean delivery rates at higher volume hospitals. Twin cesarean delivery rates correlate with other obstetric parameters such as singleton cesarean delivery and VBAC rates suggesting twin cesarean delivery rate is more closely related to a hospital's general obstetric practice than its twin delivery volume.
Initiating Nutritional Support Before 72 Hours Is Associated With Favorable Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Therapeutic Hypothermia.

OBJECTIVES To understand the relationship between the timing of initiation of nutritional support in children with severe traumatic brain injury and outcomes. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a randomized, controlled trial of therapeutic hypothermia (Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Consortium: Hypothermia, also known as "the Cool Kids Trial" (NCT 00222742). SETTINGS Fifteen clinical sites in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. SUBJECTS Inclusion criteria included 1) age less than 18 years, 2) postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale less than or equal to 8, 3) Glasgow Coma Scale motor score less than 6, and 4) available to be randomized within 6 hours after injury. Exclusion criteria included normal head CT, Glasgow Coma Scale equals to 3, hypotension for greater than 10 minutes ( 30 min), pregnancy, penetrating injury, and unavailability of a parent or guardian to consent at centers without emergency waiver of consent. INTERVENTIONS Therapeutic hypothermia (32-33°C for 48 hr) followed by slow rewarming for the primary study. For this analysis, the only intervention was the extraction of data regarding nutritional support from the existing database. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Timing of initiation of nutritional support was determined and patients stratified into four groups (group 1-no nutritional support over first 7 d; group 2-nutritional support initiated < 48 hr after injury; group 3-nutritional support initiated 48 to < 72 hr after injury; group 4-nutritional support initiated 72-168 hr after injury). Outcomes were also stratified (mortality and Glasgow Outcomes Scale-Extended for Pediatrics; 1-4, 5-7, 8) at 6 and 12 months. Mixed-effects models were performed to define the relationship between nutrition and outcome. Children (n = 90, 77 randomized, 13 run-in) were enrolled (mean Glasgow Coma Scale = 5.8); the mortality rate was 13.3%. 57.8% of subjects received hypothermia Initiation of nutrition before 72 hours was associated with survival (p = 0.01), favorable 6 months Glasgow Outcomes Scale-Extended for Pediatrics (p = 0.03), and favorable 12 months Glasgow Outcomes Scale-Extended for Pediatrics (p = 0.04). Specifically, groups 2 and 3 had favorable outcomes versus group 1. CONCLUSIONS Initiation of nutritional support before 72 hours after traumatic brain injury was associated with decreased mortality and favorable outcome in this secondary analysis. Although this provides a rationale to initiate nutritional support early after traumatic brain injury, definitive studies that control for important covariates (severity of injury, clinical site, calories delivered, parenteral/enteral routes, and other factors) are needed to provide definitive evidence on the optimization of the timing of nutritional support after severe traumatic brain injury in children.
Mucosal regeneration of the maxillary sinus after surgery

The postsurgical effects of the removal of the maxillary sinus mucosa were studied in an animal model. Ten rabbits underwent Caldwell-Luc procedures with the removal of all the maxillary sinus mucosa from one sinus, while the other sinus in each animal was used as a control. After allowing time for postsurgical healing, animals were examined for mucociliary transport and sections for histologic examination were obtained. Respiratory ciliated epithelium was present in seven of the postsurgical sinuses. Marked increases in acute and chronic inflammation, granulation, fibrosis, and ulcerations were noted.
Function of Head-Cocking in Garnett's Greater Bush Baby (Otolemur garnettii)

Head-cocking is rotation of the head about the rostrocaudal axis with a fixed direction of orientation. The behavior is a response to either visual or auditory stimuli according to species. Although head-cocking is prevalent in small primates, its functional significance is unclear. We studied head-cocking in response to a variety of novel visual and acoustic stimuli in Garnett's greater bush babies (Otolemur garnettii). We systematically varied stimulus type (animate vs. inanimate image) and mode of presentation (NON-VIDEO vs. VIDEO) to assess their effects on the head-cocking response. A higher incidence of head-cocking occurred with novel animal images and for NON-VIDEO presentations. Acoustic stimuli suppressed rather than facilitated head-cocking. Juveniles head-cocked much more than adults did. Clearly head-cocking in Otolemur garnettii is primarily involved in visual rather than auditory function. It does not serve simple sensory/perceptual functions such as depth perception or acuity. Instead, in consideration of the importance of novelty to the elicitation of the behavior, the higher incidence in younger animals, and the structure of the visual system, we propose that head-cocking is a motor strategy to encode the parameters of novel images in the process of form learning.
Cervix Stromal Cells and the Progesterone Receptor A Isoform Mediate Effects of Progesterone for Prepartum Remodeling

The prepartum transition from a soft to ripening cervix is an inflammatory process that occurs well before birth when systemic progesterone is near peak concentration. This 2-part study first determined that stromal fibroblasts but not macrophages in the cervix have progesterone receptors (PRs). Neither the number of PR cells in cervix sections nor the relative abundance or ratio of nuclear PR isoforms (PR-A/PR-B) were diminished in mice between day 15 of pregnancy and term. Second in mice lacking PR-B ( Pgrtm20mc), the number of cells that expressed the PR-A isoform were maintained during this period of prepartum cervix remodeling. Thus, progesterone effects to sustain pregnancy, as well as soften and ripen the cervix, are mediated by a stable stromal cell population that expresses PR-A and, through interactions with resident macrophages, are likely to mediate inflammatory ripening processes in preparation for birth.
Mussolini’s children: race and elementary education in fascist Italy

As Italy marks the eightieth anniversary of the ‘Manifesto of Race’ and the devasting legal codes that followed, Eden McLean’s Mussolini’s Children provides a rigorous account of the Fascist-era pe...
The Causes of Homelessness and the Characteristics Associated With High Risk of Homelessness: A Review of Intercity and Intracity Homelessness Data

Two different city-level homelessness data types have been used by many homelessness studies in the United States: intercity data and intracity data. Intercity homelessness data are collected throu...
Strong spin-orbit quenching via the product Jahn-Teller effect in neutral group IV qubits in diamond

Artificial atom qubits in diamond have emerged as leading candidates for a range of solid-state quantum systems, from quantum sensors to repeater nodes in memory-enhanced quantum communication. Inversion-symmetric group IV vacancy centers, comprised of Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb dopants, hold particular promise as their neutrally charged electronic configuration results in a ground-state spin triplet, enabling long spin coherence above cryogenic temperatures. However, despite the tremendous interest in these defects, a theoretical understanding of the electronic and spin structure of these centers remains elusive. In this context, we predict the ground-state and excited-state properties of the neutral group IV color centers from first principles. We capture the product Jahn–Teller effect found in the excited state manifold to second order in electron–phonon coupling, and present a nonperturbative treatment of the effect of spin–orbit coupling. Importantly, we find that spin–orbit splitting is strongly quenched due to the dominant Jahn–Teller effect, with the lowest optically-active 3Eu state weakly split into ms-resolved states. The predicted complex vibronic spectra of the neutral group IV color centers are essential for their experimental identification and have key implications for use of these systems in quantum information science.
Trends in cardiorespiratory fitness among apparently healthy adults from the Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle STudy (BALL ST) cohort from 1970-2019.

Introduction Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD mortality. However, little is known in regards to how CRF has trended in apparently healthy adults over the past several decades. Purpose To analyze trends in CRF and CVD risk factors over the last 50 years in a population of apparently healthy adult men and women. Methods Participants were 4,214 apparently healthy adults (2,390 men and 1,824 women) from the Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle STudy (BALL ST) that performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing between 1970–2019 for the assessment of CRF defined as VO2max (ml/kg/min). Participants were self-referred either to a community-based exercise program, fitness testing, or were research subjects in exercise related studies and were placed into groups by decade based on testing date. Results CRF showed a general trend to decline (P<0.05) from the 1970s to the 2000s with an increase (P<0.05) from the 2000s to the 2010s for both men and women. This pattern persisted for age and sex-adjusted CRF level, determined by Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Data Base (FRIEND). For both women and men, CRF across the decades was associated (P<0.05) with the prevalence of physical inactivity, smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension, and with diabetes in men only. Conclusion CRF declined from 1970 through the 2000s in a cohort of apparently healthy men and women which was associated with worsening CVD risk profiles. However, the decline in CRF was attenuated over the past decade which may have a positive impact on future CVD in the population. Promoting physical activity to increase CRF should be a primary aspect of CVD prevention programs.
A novel ultrasound-guided mouse model of sudden cardiac arrest.

Aim Mouse models of sudden cardiac arrest are limited by challenges with surgical technique and obtaining reliable venous access. To overcome this limitation, we sought to develop a simplified method in the mouse that uses ultrasound-guided injection of potassium chloride directly into the heart. Methods Potassium chloride was delivered directly into the left ventricular cavity under ultrasound guidance in intubated mice, resulting in immediate asystole. Mice were resuscitated with injection of epinephrine and manual chest compressions and evaluated for survival, body temperature, cardiac function, kidney damage, and diffuse tissue injury. Results The direct injection sudden cardiac arrest model causes rapid asystole with high surgical survival rates and short surgical duration. Sudden cardiac arrest mice with 8-min of asystole have significant cardiac dysfunction at 24 hours and high lethality within the first seven days, where after cardiac function begins to improve. Sudden cardiac arrest mice have secondary organ damage, including significant kidney injury but no significant change to neurologic function. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided direct injection of potassium chloride allows for rapid and reliable cardiac arrest in the mouse that mirrors human pathology without the need for intravenous access. This technique will improve investigators’ ability to study the mechanisms underlying post-arrest changes in a mouse model.
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction:

Cerebral hemorrhage, a devastating subtype of stroke, is often caused by hypertension and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Pathological evidence of CAA is detected in approximately half of all individuals over the age of 70 and is associated with cortical microinfarcts and cognitive impairment. The underlying pathophysiology of CAA is characterized by accumulation of pathogenic amyloid β (Aβ) fragments of amyloid precursor protein in the cerebral vasculature. Vascular deposition of Aβ damages the vessel wall, results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakiness, vessel occlusion or rupture, and leads to hemorrhages and decreased cerebral blood flow that negatively affects vessel integrity and cognitive function. Currently, the main hypothesis surrounding the mechanism of CAA pathogenesis is that there is an impaired clearance of Aβ peptides, which includes compromised perivascular drainage as well as dysfunction of BBB transport. Also, the immune response in CAA pathogenesis plays an important role. Therefore, the mechanism by which Aβ vascular deposition occurs is crucial for our understanding of CAA pathogenesis and for the development of potential therapeutic options.
A new food label to aid farmland preservation programs: Evidence from a field experiment

Abstract An original preserved-farm (PF) label was invented to examine consumers’ interest in farmland preservation and willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for products from such farms. Using field experiments with watermelons, the new label was also compared with a local (LL) label which may capture some of the same sources of consumer utility. In total, 328 consumers participated across field experiment sessions in three states (Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania) in two types of locations (farmer’s markets, public parks). Tests showed significant premiums for both LL and PF labels. Importantly though, the PF label premium surpassed that for the LL label at all locations except Maryland and held its value across states better than the LL label. Latent class analysis was used to further examine the data, dividing consumers into four clusters. Tobit models run on these clusters identified distinct marketing opportunities for users of the PF label. Overall, evidence showed a PF label may be able to aid in increasing preserved farmland while increasing farmer income.
Incorporating dark-field information in mesh-based x-ray phase imaging

X-ray phase imaging has found limited clinical use due to requirements on x-ray coherence that may not be easily translated to clinical practice. Instead, this work employs a conventional source to create structured illumination with a simple wire mesh. The system has been employed to produce high contrast absorption images with simultaneous differential phase contrast images. In previous work we have demonstrated accurate quantitative phase extraction. In this work, we have incorporated the dark field information to successfully reveal additional structure in low contrast objects.
Exploring Control, Threats, Violence and Help-Seeking among Women Held at Gunpoint by Abusive Partners

Firearms are used in over half of partner violence victim homicides, and many victims experience firearm-related threats from their abusive partners. It is unclear whether, and to what extent, abusers who make firearm-related threats also engage in other forms of control and violence. An online community-based sample of women whose abusive partners caused them to experience fear because of their access to guns or threats to use them were recruited for the study. This study examined coercive control, threats, violence, and help-seeking for women whose partner held them at gunpoint (n = 112) compared to women whose partners did not hold them at gunpoint (n = 125). Women whose partners held them at gunpoint experienced more severe and frequent firearm and non-firearm related threats and physical/sexual violence. Additionally, abusers used a variety of strategies to control victims including tactics to increase dependency, debility, and dread—all of which were more frequent and severe among women held at gunpoint by the abuser. Only about half of the women held at gunpoint, and 30% of those not held at gunpoint, talked to police or sought a civil protective order. Among those that sought help through the justice system, only about 70% told police or the court about the firearm threats. Current legal remedies that restrict firearms may reduce some lethality risk, but safety is far from guaranteed by solely restricting gun ownership underscoring the importance of assessment and safety planning for partner violence victims who experience firearm-related threats.
Longitudinal Associations Between Discrimination, Neighborhood Social Cohesion, and Telomere Length: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND We aimed to examine if neighborhood social cohesion moderated longitudinal associations between baseline reports of discrimination and 10-year changes in leukocyte telomere length (LTL). METHODS Data are from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (N = 1064; age range 45-84 years). Baseline discrimination was measured using the Major Experiences of Discrimination Scale (MDS; none, 1 domain, ≥2 domains) and the Experiences of Discrimination Scale (EDS; none, moderate, high). Neighborhood social cohesion at baseline was assessed via a community survey within census tract-defined neighborhoods. 10-year change in LTL was defined as regression to the mean-corrected 10-year difference in the ratio of telomeric DNA to a single-copy gene (T/S). RESULTS In linear mixed-effects models, we found that neighborhood social cohesion modified the effect of baseline reports of MDS on 10-year changes in LTL, independent of sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and health conditions (p(χ 2) = .01). Among those residing in neighborhoods with low social cohesion, experiencing major discrimination in ≥2 domains was associated with faster LTL attrition over 10 years, compared to reporting no discrimination (β = -0.03; 95% confidence interval: -0.06, -0.003). We found no main associations for either discrimination measure and no interaction between EDS and neighborhood social cohesion. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that neighborhood social cohesion is an important dimension of the neighborhood context that may moderate the impact of major experiences of discrimination on telomere length attrition. These findings help advance our understanding of the integral role that neighborhood environments play in attenuating the effect of discrimination on accelerated cell aging.
Peak Moments - When Kindergarten Is High Risk.

Peak Moments As the new school year approaches, an immunocompromised mother faces a different risk–benefit calculus from most moms in sending her son off to kindergarten during a pandemic. But havi...