cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TOWARDS AN IN VIVO INDEX OF VASOMOTOR TONE INDEPENDENT OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

When the heart stops, arterial pressure decays asymptotically to a value different from the venous pressure. Our study was performed to test the hypothesis that this decay is influenced by vasomotor tone and contains information that could lead to the development of an index of vasomotor tone. Twelve anesthetized dogs were subjected to brief periods of cardiac arrest by stimulating the distal ends of the cut vagi. This was done approximately 9 times in each dog at varying levels of vasomotor tone produced by IV nitroprusside and methoxamine and decay of central aortic pressure was recorded. A mathematical model of the lumped arterial bed was evolved in which each term had recognizable physiologic meaning. Using multiple nonlinear regression analysis, the pressure-time data were fitted to this model and, in most cases, fitted and observed decays were hardly distinguishable to the eye (r2 values were greater than 9). It was predicted that asymptotic pressure, calculated using the model, would rise or fall as vasomotor tone rose or fell. The average asymptotic pressures under the influence of methoxamine were significantly greater (P<.05) than control values and average asymptotic pressures under the influence of nitroprusside were significantly less (P<.05) than average control values. It is suggested that these asymptotes may form the basis for developing an index of vasomotor tone independent of flow measurement.
Inventing the “Poétesse”: New Approaches to French Women Romantic Poets

Women poets of the nineteenth century remain for the most part marginalized in the study of French Romanticism, despite the historical fact that women turned to poetry in increasing numbers during the July Monarchy. The poetess’s enduringly ambiguous situation is reflected in the linguistic instability of the terminology used to designate her. This essay takes as its starting point the linguistic uncertainty surrounding the term "poetesse" in the nineteenth century and compares it to Anne Mellor’s definitions of the poetess and the female poet. In a survey of French Romantic poetesses (Desbordes-Valmore, Tastu, Gay, Mercoeur, Segalas), Mellor’s distinction between two traditions proves to be untenable, as poetesses straddle the fine line between domesticity and social engagement. Ultimately, Mellor’s definition of the poetess in opposition to the female poet does however resonate with French women poets’ critical reception: the invention of the poetesse has largely obscured the critical assessment of women poets’ social engagement.
Thermal and modal properties of hollow glass waveguides

The transmission and input end heating of hollow-glass waveguides are greatly affected by the launch conditions of the input laser energy. A theoretical discussion is given on the effect of coupling conditions from a carbon-dioxide laser and its effect on waveguide performance. It is shown that the optimum coupling for maximum transmission is not necessarily equivalent to optimum coupling to the lowest- order HE11 mode. It is also shown that the input end heating of these waveguides can be reduced substantially with minimal effect on transmission if the waveguide bore size is large.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Continuous parathyroid hormone induces cortical porosity in the rat: effects on bone turnover and mechanical properties.

We examined the time course effects of continuous PTH on cortical bone and mechanical properties. PTH increased cortical bone turnover and induced intracortical porosity with no deleterious effect on bone strength. Withdrawal of PTH increased maximum torque to failure and stiffness with no change in energy absorbed. Introduction: The skeletal response of cortical bone to parathyroid hormone (PTH) is complex and species dependent. Intermittent administration of PTH to rats increases periosteal and endocortical bone formation but has no known effects on intracortical bone turnover. The effects of continuous PTH on cortical bone are not clearly established. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four 6-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three control, six PTH, and two PTH withdrawal (WD) groups. They were subcutaneously implanted with osmotic pumps loaded with vehicle or 40 μg/kg BW/day human PTH(1-34) for 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days. After 7 days, PTH was withdrawn from two groups of animals for 7 (7d-PTH/7d-WD) and 21 days (7d-PTH/21d-WD). Histomorphometry was performed on periosteal and endocortical surfaces of the tibial diaphysis in all groups. μCT of tibias and mechanical testing by torsion of femora were performed on 28d-PTH and 7d-PTH/21d-WD animals. Results and Conclusions: Continuous PTH increased periosteal and endocortical bone formation, endocortical osteoclast perimeter, and cortical porosity in a time-dependent manner, but did not change the mechanical properties of the femur, possibly because of addition of new bone onto periosteal and endocortical surfaces. Additionally, withdrawal of PTH restored normal cortical porosity and increased maximum torque to failure and stiffness. We conclude that continuous administration of PTH increased cortical porosity in rats without having a detrimental effect on bone mechanical properties.
Some results in linear interpolation theory

Using a well-known form for the inverse of a symmetric Toeplitz matrix, some results in linear interpolation theory are derived. For an autoregressive process it is shown that interpolation at the mid-point of a data record yields the minimum interpolation error. Also, some results for infinite length interpolators are simply derived.
Symmetrical indentation over a uniformly expanding contact region—II. Perfect adhesion

Abstract A two-dimensional wave propagation analysis of half-space indentation by a rigid indentor of a general symmetric shape at arbitrary speeds is considered under conditions of frictionless contact and perfect adhesion. The contact region is assumed to expand symmetrically at a constant rate and the indentor profile and time history are approximated by polynomial curves. Homogeneous function techniques reduce the mathematical analysis to Hilbert problems and the field variables are written as single integrals of the solutions. For a wedge traveling at a constant speed the contact stresses and resultant forces on the half-space are plotted. Wedge angle-indentor velocity-contact area expansion rate relations required for smooth separation from the indentor are also graphed.
Virus-induced CD8+ T cells accelerate the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Implications for how viral infections might trigger multiple sclerosis exacerbations

Viral infections can exacerbate multiple sclerosis (MS) through poorly defined mechanisms. We developed an experimental system whereby infection with an asymptomatic neurotropic alphavirus caused a transient acceleration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) without altering the expansion or differentiation of autoreactive CD4+ T cells. Instead, this effect on the clinical course of EAE depended on CD8+ T cells that neither participate in viral clearance nor induce neuropathology in infected mice without EAE. Our system should be useful to further unravel how certain viral infections trigger MS exacerbations and to understand how CD8+ T cells can exert pathogenic effects within active demyelinating lesions.
The Madelung constant for the tetragonal distortion of the CsCl lattice

Abstract The Madelung constant is calculated for the tetragonal distortion of the CsCl lattice using Ewald's method over a large c a range. The results deviate considerably from the analytical expressions for the Madelung constant in the literature. As a checkpoint for our calculation, the Madelung constant for the ideal cubic AuCuI structure ( c a = √2) is also computed by direct lattice summation using Evjen's method.
TH‐E‐BRE‐07: Development of Dose Calculation Error Predictors for a Widely Implemented Clinical Algorithm

Purpose: Several shortcomings of the current implementation of the analytic anisotropic algorithm (AAA) may lead to dose calculation errors in highly modulated treatments delivered to highly heterogeneous geometries. Here we introduce a set of dosimetric error predictors that can be applied to a clinical treatment plan and patient geometry in order to identify high risk plans. Once a problematic plan is identified, the treatment can be recalculated with more accurate algorithm in order to better assess its viability. Methods: Here we focus on three distinct sources dosimetric error in the AAA algorithm. First, due to a combination of discrepancies in smallfield beam modeling as well as volume averaging effects, dose calculated through small MLC apertures can be underestimated, while that behind small MLC blocks can overestimated. Second, due the rectilinear scaling of the Monte Carlo generated pencil beam kernel, energy is not properly transported through heterogeneities near, but not impeding, the central axis of the beamlet. And third, AAA overestimates dose in regions very low density (< 0.2 g/cm3). We have developed an algorithm to detect the location and magnitude of each scenario within the patient geometry, namely the field-size index (FSI), the heterogeneous scatter index (HSI), and the lowdensity index (LDI) respectively. Results: Error indices successfully identify deviations between AAA and Monte Carlo dose distributions in simple phantom geometries. Algorithms are currently implemented in the MATLAB computing environment and are able to run on a typical RapidArc head & neck geometry in less than an hour. Conclusion: Because these error indices successfully identify each type of error in contrived cases, with sufficient benchmarking, this method can be developed into a clinical tool that may be able to help estimate AAA dose calculation errors and when it might be advisable to use Monte Carlo calculations.
Pyoverdine-mediated iron transport. Fate of iron and ligand in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Incubated in the presence of [55Fe]ferri[14C]pyoverdine, iron-poorPseudomonas aeruginosa accumulated more55Fe than14C over a 60-min period. Distribution studies showed (a) more14C than55Fe in the soluble fraction during the first 20 min, (b) approximately 60% of the55Fe associated with the membranes at 60 min, and (c) approximately 85% of the14C in the soluble fraction at 60 min. Cells osmotically shocked after incubating with [55Fe]ferri[14C]pyoverdine for 60 min released55Fe but not14C, suggesting separation of metal and ligand in the periplasmic space. Whereas the mechanism of dissociation of iron and ligand is not known, the decrease in transport observed in the presence of dipyridyl suggests involvement of reduction in this process. Transport of iron was energized by the proton motive force instead of by intracellular levels of ATP. The hydrogen ion gradient was the major driving force of transport. Cyanide-poisoned cells accumulated more14C than55Fe over 60 min. Here, iron accumulated in the soluble fraction instead of on the membranes.
A Dictionary of Modern Indian History 1707-1947

This volume, containing over 400 entries arranged alphabetically, is a valuable reference work on important events, public figures, and institutional changes in India from the start of the 18th century to 1947, with additional material on the 1950s and 1960s. Each entry is a compact, informative essay on the theme covered and concludes with a short bibliography. The Dictionary also contains a select chronology that provides a basic narrative of the period and a detailed index. Comprehensive and accessible, this book is a useful resource for anyone needing information about the people and events of modern Indian history.
Coverage and structure of deuterium on Cu(111)

Abstract The absolute coverages of atomic deuterium adsorbed on the Cu(111) surface at a temperature of 100 K have been determined using nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), and correlated with thermal desorption spectra (TDS) and deuterium-induced low energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns for Cu(111). It was found that the adsorption of deuterium saturates at a coverage of 0.67 ± 0.03 ML, significantly lower than that observed for fcc(111) transition metal surfaces. The D coverage for a (2 × 2) LEED pattern was measured to be 0.5 ML, in common with those of H Ni (111) and H(D) Ag (111) . No bulk absorption was observed. The low saturation coverage of D on Cu(111) is attributed to the combination of a low heat of adsorption and D-D repulsion on the surface.
Function and mechanism of flow conditioners under various loading pressure conditions in bulk powders

The working mechanism of flow conditioners (anti-caking agents, glidants or lubricants), which can significantly change the flowability of dry fine powder, was investigated in this paper by measuring the rheological parameters of bulk powder structure under a wide range of compressive pressures (10-2 000 kPa). As representative rheological parameters, the tensile strengths σt and plastic deformation coefficients Y of bulk powders were utilized. Cohesive pulverized Pittsburgh seam coal powders were used as host powders and fine starch and calcium stearate were used as proto-typical flow conditioners. The working mechanism of flow conditioners in the bulk powders was found to depend not only on the properties of the flow conditioners but also on the prevailing pressure on the bulk powders. The mechanism of flow conditioners under the relatively low compressive pressure ( 100 kPa). Two different working mechanisms of types α and β were found under low compressive pressure, which were not observed under high compressive pressure. This finding is important, because many fine powder processes such as mixing, transportation and chemical reaction are currently carried out under the relatively low compressive pressure conditions.
Exercise ultrafast computed tomography: Preliminary findings on its role in diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease*

The recent surge in interventional cardiac procedures emphasizes the critical need for improvements in the sensitivity and specificity of noninvasive diagnostic techniques for both screening and evaluating coronary artery disease. Ultrafast computed tomographic scanning is an emerging modality with considerable potential for fulfilling this role. The present study. In the present issue of the Journal, Roig et al. (1) report their initial studies of exercise testing using ultrafast computed tomography. Thirty-one patients had both selective coronary angiography followed within 1 month by ultrafast computed tomographic studies of left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and during graded bicycle ergometry. Subsequently, complete rest and exercise study analysis was possible in 27 patients. The intent of the study was to examine the feasibility of ultrafast computed tomography as a minimally invasive means to define the absence or presence of significant coronary artery disease (defined as >50% stenosis in one or more vessels) by analysis of global and regional (tomographic) left ventricular ejection fraction. The authors found, in patients without definite disease, that global ejection fraction increased on the average of 5% units during exercise whereas it decreased on the order of 5% units in patients with disease. As pointed out in this study and in prior studies (2,3), the distribution of regional ejection fraction in the normal left ventricle is heterogeneous but presents as a near normal distribution function. During exercise, the regional distribution narrowed and the average
Rocket and Satellite Observations of the Solar Ultra-violet Spectrum

THE Lyman lines of hydrogen, as well as the corresponding lines of He I and He II, are of interest both as tools for analysing the solar atmosphere and as energy sources for the terrestrial ionosphere. So far, interest in these lines has centred mainly around the Lyman-α lines because of their greater strength.
Capsule Commentary on Stevens et al., Variation in Inpatient Consultation Among Older Adults in the United States.

J ohnWennberg first reported what he termed Bunwarranted geographic variation^ in healthcare delivery in the early 1970s. In that tradition, Stevens et al. report on the variation in inpatient consultation among older adults in the United States. Consults are common among hospitalized patients and invaluable when needed. However, the decision to obtain a consultation has a strong discretionary component to it. Using Medicare data from 2009–2010, Stevens at al. found that nearly all hospitalizations included at least one consultation, with most admissions averaging nearly three. However, the use of consultation varied markedly, nearly fourfold across quintiles of non-critical–access hospitals. Patient factors, such as acuity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-patient mortality, expectedly predicted consultation use. However, despite accounting for patient characteristics, hospital and regional factors continued to predict consultation use, with more consultations at larger hospitals and those located in the Northeast, and fewer at non-federal public hospitals. The authors conclude that the degree of variation in consultation use observed and the amount of non-patient–driven variation is evidence that this resource is being used inappropriately, with a high likelihood of both overuse and underuse. These data are convincing evidence of unwarranted variation in consultation use. The authors note that unmeasured variables, such as physician competency, hospital culture, malpractice environment, and financial relationships, may be contributing to this variation. These are all important areas to study, to determine the causes of variation in the use of inpatient consults. In addition, from a quality measurement point of view, further research is needed to study the appropriateness of consultation for specific conditions and the impact of consultation on patient care decisions and outcomes. That variation exists is clear from Steven’s data. What is unclear are the consequences of this variation. In the absence of such information, there is little actionable potential for Steven’s findings. Given that medical consultation has complex determinants that are difficult to disentangle, there are barriers to using it as a measure of quality. In the end, broader systematic strategies at cost containment such as Medicare’s bundled payment initiative may be the means to curb unwarranted variation, including inpatient consultation.
Structural effects in the action of antibiotics on the ion permeability of lipid bilayers. III. Gramicidins “A” and “S”, and lipid specificity

1. 1. Gramicidins “A” and “S” differ not only structurally but, in their action on bilayers, functionally in at least four respects: kinetics, overall order of reaction, ion selectivity and ion dependence of kinetics. In each case, Gramicidin “S” behaves more like a Tyrocidine (and is, therefore, here renamed Tyrocidine “S”). 2. 2. In mixtures (Tyrothricin), Tyrocidine inhibits the action of Gramicidin “A” and changes its kinetics to that approaching the “autocatalytic” behavior of Tyrocidine itself. 3. 3. Tyrocidines, but not Gramicidin, show ion-dependent kinetics with rates increasing in the order K+ < Na+ < NH4+. 4. 4. The above actions are marked by lipid specificities, which do not depend on net charge but rather on the presence or absence of amino groups: the former give 2–3 orders of magnitude lower conductance with either antibiotic, and autocatalytic behavior with Gramicidin “A”. 5. 5. The presence of cholesterol (2:1 mole ratio to phospholipid) reduces the Gramicidin conductance by over an order of magnitude while leaving that of Tyrocidine unchanged. 6. 6. The different actions of Gramicidin and Tyrocidine with respect to ions accounts for some of the properties of the mixture, Tyrothricin. Their complimentary behavior can be interpreted in terms of a common molecular mechanism, previously proposed for the latter, the essence of which is a distinction between polar and non-polar reactions, the latter generally speaking being rate limiting.
PUBLIC GOODS AND PRIVATE SOLUTIONS IN MARITIME HISTORY

The maritime world during the days of sail was not unlike other frontiers. As long as individuals bore the full costs of their actions, they tended freely to take responsibility for their lives. And thus those in the private sector provided the goods and services that were needed. Government-provided goods and services were usually superfluous or redundant, if not burdensome. Of course, over the past century, roughly speaking, there have been both amazing technological advances and huge increases in government involvement in daily life, both on land and on the sea. One should not be deceived into thinking that the former have necessitated the latter. It is not that the sea was a frontier whose primitive characteristics led to the superfluity of government involvement. It is that on such a frontier individuals were generally unable to socialize the costs of their actions. Both benefits and costs accrued to those who acted. The government provision of goods and services largely constitutes a convenient method by which some individuals can retain the benefits for themselves while shifting many of the costs to others.
Refined crystal structure of Sr2Mg17 and Ba2Mg17

Abstract The crystal structures of Sr2Mg17 and Ba2Mg17 have been investigated and refined by single crystal counting diffractometer techniques. Sr2Mg17 crystallizes in space group P6 3 mmc with two formulas per unit cell having the dimensions: a o = 10.535 A ± 0.005 and c o = 10.356 A ± 0.005 . Ba2Mg17 crystallizes in the space group R 3 m with three formulas per unit cell having the dimensions: a o = 10.650 A ± 0.002 and c o = 15.587 A ± 0.002 . Atomic positions were determined using Patterson and Fourier maps coupled with least square refinement. The structures are related to the hexagonal CaZn5 lattice, obtained by: 3 × XMg5 = X3Mg15 in which a bonded pair of Mg atoms substitute for one heavy X atom giving X2Mg17. The structures differ in the pattern of substitution of the Mg pair for the heavy X atom. In both structures the pair of Mg atoms display an unusually close bond length of 3.02 A. Occupancy factors were allowed to vary for the Sr2Mg17 structure and the effect on the R factor disproved the suggestion of disorder in this structure.
Tapasin and ERp57 form a stable disulfide‐linked dimer within the MHC class I peptide‐loading complex

We previously showed that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chaperone tapasin can be detected as a mixed disulfide with the thiol-oxidoreductase ERp57. Here we show that tapasin is a unique and preferred substrate, a substantial majority of which is disulfide-linked to ERp57 within the cell. Tapasin upregulation by interferon-γ induces sequestration of the vast majority of ERp57 into the MHC class I peptide-loading complex. The rate of tapasin–ERp57 conjugate formation is unaffected by the absence of β2-microglubulin (β2m), and is independent of calnexin or calreticulin interactions with monoglucosylated N-linked glycans. The heterodimer forms spontaneously in vitro upon mixing recombinant ERp57 and tapasin. Noncovalent interactions between the native proteins inhibit the reductase activity of the thioredoxin CXXC motif within the N-terminal a domain of ERp57 to maintain its interaction with tapasin. Disruption of these interactions by denaturation allows reduction to proceed. Thus, tapasin association specifically inhibits the escape pathway required for disulfide-bond isomerization within conventional protein substrates, suggesting a specific structural role for ERp57 within the MHC class I peptide-loading complex.
trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine is a mechanism-based inactivator of the histone demethylase LSD1.

The catalytic domain of the flavin-dependent human histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) belongs to the family of amine oxidases including polyamine oxidase and monoamine oxidase (MAO). We previously assessed monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) for their ability to inhibit the reaction catalyzed by LSD1 [Lee, M. G., et al. (2006) Chem. Biol. 13, 563−567], demonstrating that trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (2-PCPA, tranylcypromine, Parnate) was the most potent with respect to LSD1. Here we show that 2-PCPA is a time-dependent, mechanism-based irreversible inhibitor of LSD1 with a KI of 242 μM and a kinact of 0.0106 s-1. 2-PCPA shows limited selectivity for human MAOs versus LSD1, with kinact/KI values only 16-fold and 2.4-fold higher for MAO B and MAO A, respectively. Profiles of LSD1 activity and inactivation by 2-PCPA as a function of pH are consistent with a mechanism of inactivation dependent upon enzyme catalysis. Mass spectrometry supports a role for FAD as the site of covalent mod...
Factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) and other asparaginyl hydroxylases

FIH (Factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor), an asparaginyl β-hydroxylase belonging to the super-family of 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases, catalyses hydroxylation of Asn-803 of hypoxia-inducible factor, a transcription factor that regulates the mammalian hypoxic response. Only one other asparaginyl β-hydroxylase, which catalyses hydroxylation of both aspartyl and asparaginyl residues in EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like domains, has been characterized. In the light of recent crystal structures of FIH, we compare FIH with the EGFH (EGF β-hydroxylase) and putative asparagine/asparaginyl hydroxylases. Sequence analyses imply that EGFH does not contain the HXD/E iron-binding motif characteristic of most of the 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases.
Problems, obstacles, and complications of limb lengthening by the Ilizarov technique.

Difficulties that occur during limb lengthening were subclassified into problems, obstacles, and complications. Problems represented difficulties that required no operative intervention to resolve, while obstacles represented difficulties that required an operative intervention. All intraoperative i
Electrostatic mechanism for DNA bending by bZIP proteins.

Biology is replete with examples of protein-induced DNA bending, yet the forces responsible for bending have been neither established nor quantified. Mirzabekov and Rich proposed in 1979 that asymmetric neutralization of the anionic phosphodiester backbone by basic histone proteins could provide a thermodynamic driving force for DNA bending in the nucleosome core particle [Mirzabekov, A. D., & Rich, A. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 1118−1121]. Strauss and Maher lent support to this proposal in 1994 by demonstrating that replacement of six proximal phosphate residues with neutral methylphosphonates resulted in DNA bent spontaneously toward the neutralized face [Strauss, J. K., & Maher, L. J., III (1994) Science 266, 1829−1834; Strauss, J. K., Prakash, T. P., Roberts, C., Switzer, C., & Maher, L. J., III (1996) Chem. Biol. 3, 671−678; Strauss, J. K., Roberts, C.; Nelson, M. G.; Switzer, C., & Maher, J. L., III (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 9515−9520]. Here it is shown that bZIP protein...
Methodologies for rapid and effective response to requests for quotation (RFQs)

The ability to respond quickly and effectively to requests for quotation (RFQs) from customers can be a significant source of competitive advantage to manufacturing companies. This paper presents a new paradigm for processing RFQs and describes methodologies for rapid and accurate estimation of manufacturing cost for modified standard products and custom-made products. Insights gained through industry collaboration on the development of rapid cost estimation systems are also discussed. The work presented in this paper complements ongoing efforts by government and industry to establish the infrastructure and enabling technologies for electronic commerce, and can therefore contribute to significant gains in supply chain agility.
Removal of the Nonionic Detergent Emulgen 911 from Solubilized Microsomes by HPLC

Abstract The removal of a nonionic detergent, Emulgen 911, by HPLC from solubilized microsomes is described. Microsomal samples were dissolved in phosphate buffer containing sodium cholate and tritiated Emulgen 911. The HPLC column was eluted with phosphate buffer containing 20% (v/v) glycerol, sodium cholate and, for one set of conditions with Lubrol WX. The detergent, Emulgen 911, when eluted with sodium cholate, binds tightly to the column eluting after the inclusion volume. Elution in the presence of Lubrol WX resulted in decreased retention, with Emulgen 911 eluting within the inclusion volume. Microsomal samples chromatographed with sodium cholate are resolved into two peaks. The first eluting peak is associated with the cytochrome P-450 fraction. Effective detergent removal under these conditions was 88% of the eluted radioactivity. For purified cytochrome P-4501 detergent removal was 99% efficient and provided a sample with a ratio of 2.5 microgram detergent per nanomole of P-450. Elution with Lub...
The militarization of Native America: Historical process and cultural perception

Abstract Native Americans have experienced widespread militarization as the result of a number of factors. First, many Mative nations militarized in reaction to the weaponry and threats presented by invading Europeans. Secondly, the Europeans and later the Americans used Native Americans as auxiliaries and allies in their wars against other Native nations. Finally, militarization came to several tribes by way of the U.S. policy of assimilating American Indians into mainstream American society. Militarization, in short, became a way of legitimating Native citizenship. Many Indians, however, look upon their military service in a different way. Native American militarization resembles that of the Nepalese Gurkha veterans of the British Army.
Comparison of intravenous cocaethylene and cocaine in humans

Rationale: Cocaethylene is a pharmacologically active homolog and metabolite of cocaine, formed by transesterification of cocaine in the presence of ethanol. Here we relate findings from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in which we examined the physiological and subjective effects and pharmacokinetics of IV administered cocaethylene in human volunteers using cocaine as a comparator. Methods: Cocaine-dependent participants randomly received one study drug, cocaethylene (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg), cocaine (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg), or placebo, during each experimental session which occurred on separate days. Results: Cocaethylene was less potent in elevating heart rate than equivalent doses of cocaine. Similar differences between cocaine and cocaethylene were found for subjective measures (”Cocaine High”, ”Rush”, ”Stimulated” and ”Good Drug Effects”). All active drug conditions produced significant increases in systolic blood pressure relative to placebo, but no significant effect on diastolic blood pressure was observed. Cocaethylene demonstrated a slower clearance, larger volume of distribution and correspondingly longer elimination half-life than cocaine. Conclusion: The findings from this study confirm those of previous studies that show that cocaethylene has pharmacological properties in common with cocaine, but is less potent.
Distal enhancers: new insights into heart development and disease

Advances in genome research have provided an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the function of non-coding DNA regulatory regions that control transcription. Large-scale studies have recently identified hundreds of thousands of distal enhancer elements; their discovery has revealed new insights into the mechanistic details of how tissue-specific gene expression patterns are established and maintained during development. Emerging evidence indicates that lineage-specific transcription factors and chromatin regulators coordinate the activation of distal enhancers to ensure robust control of gene expression programs in a cell type-specific manner. We discuss recent progress in the field and emphasize examples related to the cardiac lineage, where possible, as a model for understanding the contribution of enhancer biology to development and how disruption of enhancer function leads to disease.
Integrated optics applications for ferroelectric materials

Abstract The field of integrated optics is concerned with the development of thin-film components for performing a variety of operations on guided light beams-modulation, switching, beam deflection, frequency shifting, directional coupling, frequency-selective coupling, power division, frequency mixing, etc. Most integrated optics research in recent years has employed lithium niobate as the substrate material. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in ferroelectric components for integrated optics, and discusses applications in communications, signal processing, and sensor systems. The need for substrate materials with improved electrooptic and acoustooptic properties and lower susceptibility to optical damage is also discussed.
Diffusional impedance of stationary microelectrodes

Abstract The diffusional impedance of a stationary disk microelectrode is derived. High and low frequency expressions are given, and an approximate solution, which covers both the high and low frequencies is also derived. The complex impedance plots of microdisk electrodes are discussed. Geometrical considerations lead to the concept of the “effective diffusional area”, which is a useful tool for the prediction of microelectrode behavior. This notion is applied to evaluate some features of ring microelectrodes.
Total sleep time and other sleep characteristics measured by actigraphy do not predict incident hypertension in a cohort of community-dwelling older men.

Study Objective:To evaluate whether actigraphy-measured total sleep time and other sleep characteristics predict incident hypertension in older men.Methods:Study subjects were community-dwelling pa...
Non-isovolumic behavior of the unit cell of skinned striated muscle fibers.

Abstract X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the sarcomeric unit cell of the thick filament lattice of crayfish muscle fibers stripped of the sarcolemma does not shorten isovolumically. This particular behavior can be explained in terms of the variation of negative charge within the A-band with interdigitation of thin filaments. Values for effective charge densities of the filaments are determined and used to calculate the total effective charge within the A-band which is then related to separation between myosin filaments. Correlation between empirical and theoretical values illustrates that interfilament separation in skinned fibers is a linear function of A-band charge.
A perspective on modelling rotorcraft in turbulence

The turbulence as experienced by a blade station requires a non-Eulerian and rotationally-sampled description and it is referred to here as the rotating frame turbulence or RFT. The stationary RFT spectral densities show large peaks centered about the integer multiples of rotor speed (1P, 2P etc.). Given the constant energy of the spectrum, the energy gets shifted to higher frequencies, the energy increase at these peaks being balanced by the energy decrease at lower-than-1P frequencies. Thus, the RFT excites each blade with basic and higher harmonics. Therefore, in modeling elastic blades, second and higher modes of inplane bending, out-of-plane bending and torsion become relatively more important. However, neither the space-fixed turbulence applied to elastic blades nor the RFT applied to rigid blades can adequately capture the effects of those peaks, no matter how sophisticated the turbulence or blade model per se. The RFT with its energy shift to and the peaks centered about the basic and higher frequencies is fundamental to the investigation of gust-induced stability and vibration. Accordingly, a RFT model is presented from which the stationary model as studied recently in wind-turbines and the nonstationary model as studied earlier in compound rotorcraft in high-speed cruising can be recovered as special cases. Concerning stochastic stability with RFT, new methods of analysis are required to remove the current assumption that the turbulence is a white noise and to minimize the impact of high order Floquet analysis.
The Effects of Aesthetics and Cognitive, Style on Perceived Usability

This study assesses the influence of product aesthetics and user cognitive style on perceived usability. It also attempts to determine whether the two effects are independent of one another. It was predicted that the strength of the relationship between aesthetics and perceived usability depends on individual differences in cognitive style. To test this hypothesis, two functionally identical but aesthetically different computer applications were created. Participants took a test that assessed their cognitive styles, interacted with one of the two applications, and subjectively rated the application on both usability and aesthetic quality. Results showed a significant relationship between perceived aesthetic quality and perceived usability, and also between perceived aesthetic quality and objectively-defined aesthetic quality. No relationship was observed between objectively-defined aesthetic quality and perceived usability or between cognitive style and perceived usability, and no interaction between aest...
Rheology and microstructure of low-fat Mozzarella cheese

The contributions of fat and moisture content to Mozzarella cheese texture were investigated to provide a basis for developing low-fat cheese with consumer acceptability. The characteristics of low-fat high-moisture (LFHM) experimental Mozzarella cheeses before and after 6 weeks of refrigerated storage were compared with those of high-fat low-moisture controls. High levels of either moisture in nonfat substance or fat in dry matter (FDM) were accompanied by decreases in hardness, complex viscosity, and elastic modulus and increases in meltability during the storage time. Starter culture bacteria were observed at the surface of the fat droplets, the latter having a tendency to coalesce during storage. Development of texture and meltability in LFHM Mozzarella appeared to be directly related to increased proteolysis of αs1-casein observed during storage. These results show the feasibility of making Mozzarella cheese containing <25% FDM with textural properties similar to those of a full-fat cheese if the product contains enough moisture and is stored under refrigeration for several weeks.
Multi-isotopic modelling of mass spectra: a procedure for verification of the fragmentation hypothesis for the organometallic and coordination compounds.

Abstract Interpretations of mass spectra usually depend on explanations of the molecular structure by determination of the fragmentation ions structures. Therefore, identification of fragmentation ions formulas is an initial step of such investigations. It seems that multi-isotopic modelling of all ions proposed in fragmentation data should lead to the theoretical mass spectrum. Good adjustment of experimental and predicted spectra proves the validity of the fragmentation table, whose contents are recognised as fragmentation hypothesis. This means that multi-isotopic modelling is a helpful tool for verification of proposed fragmentation data. Applications of the method are presented for 1,1′,2,2′,3,3′-hexachloro-ferrocene, C10H4Cl6Fe, and bis(dibutyldithiophosphate)-zinc(II), [(C4H9O)2PS2]2Zn.
Perceived instrumental support and children's health across the early life course.

Abstract A large, venerable literature demonstrates the importance of social relationships and social support for health, though much less research examines whether the benefits of social support to mothers extend to children. This paper examines the relationship between mothers' perceptions of instrumental support and children's health using longitudinal data from the U.S. Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4342), a cohort of American children born in urban areas to mostly unmarried parents. Results suggest mothers' perceptions of instrumental support is positively associated with children's overall health, and this finding persists despite controlling for a host of individual-level characteristics of mothers and children (including a lagged indicator of children's health) and in fixed-effect models. Mothers' economic security and mothers' wellbeing attenuate some, but not all, of the association between perceived instrumental support and children's overall health. In addition, the link between perceived instrumental support and three specific indicators of health – asthma, overweight/obese, and number of emergency room visits – falls to statistical insignificance after accounting for individual-level characteristics, suggesting these associations result from social selection processes. Taken together, these findings suggest the beneficial health consequences of social support may extend to children across the early life course and demonstrate the need to better understand mothers' reports of children's overall health.
Computer simulation of trails on a square lattice. I. Trails at infinite temperature.

A trail is a random walk on a lattice for which two bonds are not allowed to overlap. However, the chain may cross itself and one may associate with each such intersection an attractive energy \ensuremath{\varepsilon}. We study trails at infinite temperature T=\ensuremath{\infty} (i.e., trails without attractions) on a square lattice using the scanning simulation method. Our results for the radius of gyration and the end-to-end distance strongly suggest (as do previous studies) that the shape exponent is \ensuremath{\nu}=0.75, similar to that for self-avoiding walks (SAW's). We obtain significantly more accurate estimates than have been obtained before for the entropy exponent \ensuremath{\gamma}=1.350\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012 and for the effective growth parameter \ensuremath{\mu}=2.720 58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 20 (95% confidence limit). The persistence length is found to increase with increasing chain length N and the data fit slightly better an exponential function ${N}^{w}$ where w=0.047\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009 than a logarithmic one. Guttmann [J. Phys. A 18, 567 (1985)] has shown exactly that trails and SAW's on the hexagonal lattice at T=\ensuremath{\infty} have the same exponents. Our results suggest that this is true also for the square lattice.
Agent based scientific simulation and modeling

Computer Science Department, Purdue UniversitySUMMARYThe simulation and modeling of complex physical systems often involves many components because(i) the physical system itself has components of differing natures, (ii) parallel computing strategies requiremany (somewhat independent) components, and (iii) existing simulation software applies only to simplergeometrical shapes and physical situations. We discuss how agent based networks are applied to such multi-component applications. The network agents are used to (a) control the execution of existing solvers on sub-components, (b) mediate between sub-components, and (c) coordinate the execution of the ensemble. Thispaper focuses on partialdifferentialequation (PDE)models as an instanceof theapproach and describes theimplementation of networks using the PELLPACK problem solving environment for PDEs and the Bondsystem for agent based computing. Copyright
DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELS TO PREDICT DRIVER INJURY SEVERITY IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS

The relationship between driver injury severity and driver, vehicle, roadway, and environment characteristics was examined. The use of two well-known neural network paradigms, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and fuzzy adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural networks, was investigated. The use of artificial neural networks can lead to greater understanding of the relationship between the aforementioned factors and driver injury severity. Accident data for 1997 for the Central Florida area, which consists of Orange, Osceola, and Seminole Counties, were used. The analysis focuses on two-vehicle accidents that occurred at signalized intersections. The MLP neural network has a better generalization performance of 65.6 and 60.4 percent for the training and testing phases, respectively. The performance of the MLP was compared with that of an ordered logit model. The ordered logit model was able to correctly classify only 58.9 and 57.1 percent for the training and testing phases, respectively. A simulation experim...
Second-order transverse magnetic anisotropy induced by disorder in the single-molecule magnet Mn 12

For the single-molecule magnet ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12},$ Cornia et al. recently proposed that solvent molecules may cause the quantum tunneling that requires a lower symmetry than ${S}_{4}.$ However, magnetic quantum tunneling and electron-paramagnetic-resonance experiments suggested that the proposed theory may not correspond to the measurements. In this regard, we consider positional disorder induced by the solvent molecules and orientational disorder by the methyl groups of a ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$ molecule. We calculate, within density-functional theory, the second-order transverse magnetic anisotropy parameter E and an easy-axis tilting angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ induced by the positional disorder and the E value by the orientational disorder. We also calculate the local magnetic anisotropy and the local easy axis for each inequivalent Mn site in different environments to investigate their effects on the global E value. We find that the hydrogen bonding between a ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$ molecule and the solvent molecule is crucial to obtain a substantial E value and that the E value increases upon geometry relaxations. Our calculations on relaxed geometries show that the largest calculated E value is 0.016 K and that the largest tilting angle is $0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.$ Our largest E value is comparable to experimental results but larger than Cornia et al.'s.
Prediction of Co-Regulated Gene Groups through Gene Ontology

Gene ontology (GO) is organized in three principles, cellular component, biological process and molecular function. analysis of GO annotations of a list of differentially expressed genes on microarrays became a common approach in helping with their biological interpretation. Earlier studies in GO analysis are based on a single principle, mostly Biological Process; valuable information in the other two principles is neglected. This paper proposes a novel approach to investigate gene co-regulation based on GO annotations from all three principles. We used the semantic similarity of GO annotations as a measure to partition genes into functionally related clusters and developed a performance index (PI) that consolidates GO annotations from all three principles to measure the quality of each cluster. We successfully applied our algorithm to yeast dataset. Our results indicate that PI is a good measure of the likelihood of a cluster being co-regulated by one or more TFs. Another analysis based on individual GO principle indicates that gene annotations in biological process are the most informative and those in cellular component are the least informative with regard of gene co-regulation. However, none of the analyses based on an individual principle could provide satisfactory classification. It is important to consider gene annotations in all three principles
Diagnostic Features of the AGCT

(1955). Diagnostic Features of the AGCT. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 241-247.
Social Stories for Students with Autism in Physical Education

(2008). Social Stories for Students with Autism in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 42-45.