cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Social Media and In-Person Recruitment: Lessons Learned From Recruiting Substance-Using, Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents and Young Adults for a Randomized Control Trial.

BACKGROUND Recruiting large samples of diverse sexual and gender minority adolescent and young adults (AYAs) into HIV intervention research is critical to the development and later dissemination of interventions that address the risk factors for HIV transmission among substance-using, sexual and gender minority AYAs. OBJECTIVE This paper aimed to describe the characteristics of the samples recruited via social media and in-person methods and makes recommendations for strategies to recruit substance-using, sexual and gender minority AYAs, a hardly reached population that is a priority for HIV prevention research. METHODS Using data from a randomized control trial of an HIV and substance use intervention with sexual and gender minority AYAs, aged 15 to 29 years in southeastern Michigan (n=414), we examined demographic and behavioral characteristics associated with successful recruitment from a range of virtual and physical venues. RESULTS We found that paid advertisements on Facebook, Instagram, and Grindr offered the largest quantity of eligible participants willing to enroll in the trial. Instagram offered the largest proportion of transgender masculine participants, and Grindr offered the largest proportion of Black/African American individuals. Although we attempted venue-based recruitment at clubs, bars, community centers, and AIDS service organizations, we found it to be unsuccessful for this specific hardly reached population. Social media and geobased dating applications offered the largest pool of eligible participants. CONCLUSIONS Understanding factors associated with successful recruitment has the potential to inform effective and efficient strategies for HIV prevention research with substance-using, sexual and gender AYAs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02945436; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02945436. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/resprot.9414.
Predicting forested wetland soil carbon using quantitative color sensor measurements in the region of northern Virginia, USA.

Forested wetland soils within the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces of Northern Virginia (NOVA) were investigated to determine the utility of a handheld colorimeter, the Nix Pro Color Sensor ("Nix"), for predicting carbon contents (TC) and stocks (TC stocks) from on-site color measurements. Both the color variables recorded with each Nix scan ("Nix color variables"; n = 15) and carbon contents significantly differed between sites, with redder soils (higher a and h) at Piedmont sites, and higher TC at sites with darker soils (lower values of L, or lightness; p < 0.05). Nix-carbon correlation analysis revealed strong relationships between L (lightness), X (a virtual spectral variable), R (additive red), and KK (black) and log-transformed TC (Ln[TC]; |r| = 0.70; p < 0.01 for all). Simple linear regressions were conducted to identify how well these four final Nix variables could predict soil carbon. Using all color measurements, about 50% of Ln(TC) variability could be explained by L, X, R, or KK (p < 0.01), yet with higher predictive power obtained for Coastal Plain soils (0.55 < R2 < 0.65; p < 0.01). Regression model strength was maximized between Ln(TC) and the four final Nix variables using simple linear regressions when color measurements observed at a specific depth were first averaged (0.66 < R2 < 0.70; p < 0.01). While further study is warranted to investigate Nix applicability within various soil settings, these results demonstrate potential for the Nix and its soil color measurements to assist with rapid field-based assessments of soil carbon in forested wetlands.
Noncontraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives.

Health care providers should inform women properly of the benefits and risks of taking oral contraceptives to counteract the impressions they get from the media. A majority of US women believe that oral contraceptives pose serious health risks more so than pregnancy in one Gallup Poll sponsored by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Actually the risk of death to a woman taking the pill is far lower than having a hysterectomy or carrying pregnancy to term. Updated data from the Royal College of General Practitioners study in Great Britain shows that all the added risk for cardiovascular disease in pill users can be attributed to smokers even those smoking only 15 cigarettes a day. Taking oral contraceptives reduces the risk of ovarian cancer approximately 40% overall and reduces this risk in proportion to duration of use even with short-term use. The progestin in the pill protects against endometrial cancer. The possibility of having functional ovarian cysts is cut 16-fold while taking pills. There is no firm evidence that pills increase the chance of breast cancer.
A Thermal Fluid Convection Model for the Fluid Cell Subject to the Transient Thermal Field

This presentation discuss the thermally induced convection flow in the microstructure fluid cell, composed of two parallel plates with a transient temperature variation. We use the approximations similar to that in the Lorenz model to obtain the generalized transient form thermal convection model. The study examines the convection flow stability and nonlinear flow behavior including bifurcations associated with the transient temperature variations and the flow properties. We use bifurcation maps to justify the numerical computation results on the flow behavior in relation to the fluid property, thermal conduction parameters.
Multiple genetic pathways to similar fitness limits during viral adaptation to a new host

The gain in fitness during adaptation depends on the supply of beneficial mutations. Despite a good theoretical understanding of how evolution proceeds for a defined set of mutations, there is little understanding of constraints on net fitness—whether fitness will reach a limit despite ongoing selection and mutation, and if there is a limit, what determines it. Here, the dsDNA bacteriophage SP6, a virus of Salmonella, was adapted to Escherichia coli K-12. From an isolate capable of modest growth on E. coli, four lines were adapted for rapid growth by protocols differing in use of mutagen, propagation method, and duration, but using the same media, temperature, and a continual excess of the novel host. Nucleotide changes underlying those adaptations differed greatly in number and identity, but the four lines achieved similar absolute fitness at the end, an increase of more than 4000-fold phage descendants per hour. Thus, the fitness landscape allows multiple genetic paths to the same approximate fitness limit. The existence and causes of fitness limits have ramifications to genome engineering, vaccine design, and “lethal mutagenesis” treatments to cure viral infections.
Political Questions and Political Remedies

Defenders of the political question doctrine sometimes observe that the lack of a judicial remedy for a constitutional violation does not deprive injured parties of all remedy, because injured parties can pursue a political or an electoral remedy - they can seek relief at the ballot box or in the political process. This essay criticizes that argument. Political and electoral remedies for constitutional violations are ineffective for important practical and theoretical reasons that grow out of the different structures of the judicial, political, and electoral processes. The judicial process focuses each case on a particular issue; candidates in elections always represent a package of positions on many issues, so that voters do not actually have an opportunity to vote for or against a particular, allegedly unconstitutional action. The judicial process produces reasons for its decisions; the electoral process produces only an inscrutable result, so that even if voters managed to defeat a candidate because of unconstitutional action, no one could really know it. The judicial process operates within a system of precedent; political battles may have to be fought afresh each election cycle. The judicial process is mandatory; legislatures may choose to ignore political agitation. Finally, the judicial process operates according to law; the political and electoral processes are majoritarian and are not likely to be good vehicles for enforcing constraints on majoritarianism. These differences between the judicial, political, and electoral processes demonstrate the error of arguing that the political and electoral processes provide an adequate substitute for a judicial remedy. They also show that the political insulation of judges, although very important, is only one factor supporting the institution of judicial review. Judicial review also rests on the distinctive features of the judicial process: that it is focused, that it is mandatory, that it articulates norms explicitly, and that it operates within a system of precedent. Defenders of the political question doctrine must explain not only why we should entrust constitutional questions to officials not insulated from politics, but why we should entrust them to a process lacking these other, vital features of judicial review.
The feature selection and intrusion detection problems

Cyber security is a serious global concern. The potential of cyber terrorism has posed a threat to national security; meanwhile the increasing prevalence of malware and incidents of cyber attacks hinder the utilization of the Internet to its greatest benefit and incur significant economic losses to individuals, enterprises, and public organizations. This paper presents some recent advances in intrusion detection, feature selection, and malware detection. In intrusion detection, stealthy and low profile attacks that include only few carefully crafted packets over an extended period of time to delude firewalls and the intrusion detection system (IDS) have been difficult to detect. In protection against malware (trojans, worms, viruses, etc.), how to detect polymorphic and metamorphic versions of recognized malware using static scanners is a great challenge. We present in this paper an agent based IDS architecture that is capable of detecting probe attacks at the originating host and denial of service (DoS) attacks at the boundary controllers. We investigate and compare the performance of different classifiers implemented for intrusion detection purposes. Further, we study the performance of the classifiers in real-time detection of probes and DoS attacks, with respect to intrusion data collected on a real operating network that includes a variety of simulated attacks. Feature selection is as important for IDS as it is for many other modeling problems. We present several techniques for feature selection and compare their performance in the IDS application. It is demonstrated that, with appropriately chosen features, both probes and DoS attacks can be detected in real time or near real time at the originating host or at the boundary controllers. We also briefly present some encouraging recent results in detecting polymorphic and metamorphic malware with advanced static, signature-based scanning techniques.
GraphReduce: Large-Scale Graph Analytics on Accelerator-Based HPC Systems

Recent work on graph analytics has sought to leverage the high performance offered by GPU devices, but challenges remain due to the inherent irregularity of graph algorithm and limitations in GPU-resident memory for storing large graphs. The Graph Reduce methods presented in this paper permit a GPU-based accelerator to operate on graphs that exceed its internal memory capacity. Graph Reduce operates with a combination of both edge- and vertex-centric implementations of the Gather-Apply-Scatter programming model, to achieve high degrees of parallelism supported by methods that partition graphs across GPU and host memories and efficiently move graph data between both. Graph Reduce-based programming is performed via device functions that include gather map, gather reduce, apply, and scatter, implemented by programmers for the graph algorithms they wish to realize. Experimental evaluations for a wide variety of graph inputs, algorithms, and system configuration demonstrate that Graph Reduce outperforms other competing approaches.
Upwind methods for flows with non-equilibrium chemistry and thermodynamics

The numerical computation of gas flows with non-equilibrium thermodynamics and chemistry is considered. Several thermodynamic models are discussed, including an equilibrium model, a general non-equilibrium model and a simplified model based upon vibrational relaxation. The effects of the various models on the state equation and the homogeneity property of the Euler equations is described. Flux-splitting procedures are developed for the fully-coupled inviscid equations involving fluid dynamics, chemical production and internal energy relaxation processes. New forms of flux-vector split and flux-difference split algorithms valid for non-equilibrium flow, are embodied in a fully coupled, implicit, large-block structure. Several numerical examples in one space dimension are presented, including high-temperature nozzle flows with hydrogen-air chemistry.
β-Adrenergic receptor/cAMP-mediated signaling and apoptosis of S49 lymphoma cells

β-Adrenergic receptor (βAR) activation and/or increases in cAMP regulate growth and proliferation of a variety of cells and, in some cells, promote cell death. In the current studies we addressed t...
Teacher-Child Interactions in the Classroom: Toward a Theory of within- and Cross-Domain Links to Children's Developmental Outcomes.

Research Findings: Effective teaching in early childhood (EC) care and education settings requires skillful combinations of explicit instruction, sensitive and warm interactions, responsive feedback, and verbal engagement intentionally directed to ensure children's learning and embedded within a classroom environment that is not overly structured or regimented. These aspects of instruction and interaction uniquely predict gains in young children's literacy, language, and social development, effectively contributing to closing gaps in performance between low- and high-risk children. Less clear is an articulation of the ways in which various types of teacher–child interactions within EC settings independently and in combination contribute to children's development. Practice or Policy: In this article, we argue that conceptualizing this system of contextual inputs and developmental outputs in a purely aligned way (e.g., social inputs ⇉ social development; instructional inputs ⇉ academic development) constrai...
QTPIE: Charge transfer with polarization current equalization. A fluctuating charge model with correct asymptotics

Abstract Polarization and charge transfer are important effects which are difficult to describe using conventional force fields. Charge equilibration models can include both of these effects in large-scale molecular simulations. However, these models behave incorrectly when bonds are broken, making it difficult to use them in the context of reactive force fields. We develop a new method for describing charge flow in molecules – QTPIE. The QTPIE method is based on charge transfer variables (as opposed to atomic charges) and correctly treats asymptotic behavior near dissociation. It is also able to provide a realistic description of in-plane polarizabilities.
Calculation of phase equilibria in nitrogen-ethane mixtures by extended corresponding states

Abstract The phase diagram for the nitrogen-ethane mixture is determined via the extended corresponding states one-fluid theory. We support the contention that this mixture is a Type III mixture with a three-phase (liquid-liquid-vapour) line. This line can be calculated extremely well if binary interaction factors are fitted to the three-phase data. Without further adjustment, the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) and vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the system are predicted satisfactorily. The parameters used, however, are not sufficient to predict satisfactory VLE data near a mixture critical line. This conclusion is in agreement with our previous work.
New hepatic fat activates PPARalpha to maintain glucose, lipid, and cholesterol homeostasis

Summary De novo lipogenesis is an energy-expensive process whose role in adult mammals is poorly understood. We generated mice with liver-specific inactivation of fatty-acid synthase (FAS), a key lipogenic enzyme. On a zero-fat diet, FASKOL ( FAS k nock o ut in l iver) mice developed hypoglycemia and fatty liver, which were reversed with dietary fat. These phenotypes were also observed after prolonged fasting, similarly to fasted PPARα-deficiency mice. Hypoglycemia, fatty liver, and defects in expression of PPARα target genes in FASKOL mice were corrected with a PPARα agonist. On either zero-fat or chow diet, FASKOL mice had low serum and hepatic cholesterol levels with elevated SREBP-2 , decreased HMG-CoA reductase expression, and decreased cholesterol biosynthesis; these were also corrected with a PPARα agonist. These results suggest that products of the FAS reaction regulate glucose, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism by serving as endogenous activators of distinct physiological pools of PPARα in adult liver.
The effect of electric current on rat tail tendon collagen in solution.

The effect of electric current on dilute acetic acid solutions of soluble collagen has been studied for impressed voltages of from 0 to 25 volts. Above 2.6 volts the formation of collagen bands (herein defined) were observed at times inversely proportional to the applied voltage. Band formation is attributed to the process of electrolysis. It has been shown that the high pH values are generated in the area of the cathode, and that they are sufficient to induce collagen to precipitate. The nature of the process is such that it cannot occurin vivo as a response to stress induced biopotentials. Reports in the literature describing the effect of implanted voltage sources are interpreted in terms of the mechanism described here.
Interactive computer programs for petrologic modeling with extended Q-mode factor analysis

Abstract An extended form of Q-mode factor analysis may be used if the row-sums of the data matrix are constant and can be helpful especially in developing and testing petrologic-mixing models for igneous systems. The first step is to represent the sample compositions as unit vectors in M -dimensional space and then to project them into space of fewer dimensions ( m ) as determined to be appropriate from a factor-variance diagram. Compositions thought to be those of possible end-members in the petrologic system then are represented as vectors in the M -dimensional space and projected into the same space as the sample vectors. If these vectors remain close to unity in length after projection, the corresponding compositions can serve as end-member compositions for the model. After m suitable end-member compositions have been identified, each sample composition is expressed as a mixture of the end-members by computation of the composition loadings. The interactive computer programs presented are useful in these procedures because of the trial-and-error nature of the modeling procedures.
Studies on Mitral Valve Function. Effect of Acute Hypervolemia, Premature Beats and Other Arrhythmias

A direct method for studying valvular competence is described based on changes in impedance in the blood induced by injections of concentrated saline. It does not require withdrawal of blood samples and may be repeated at frequent intervals in the same animal. It detected mitral insufficiency in the absence of significant changes in atrial pressure tracings. Mitral insufficiency was observed frequently in association with ventricular arrhythmias, occasionally with atrial arrhythmias and in half of the dogs made acutely hypervolemic.
Optimism, Coping, and Long-Term Recovery from Coronary Artery Surgery in Women

Optimism, coping strategies, and psychological and functional outcomes were measured in 55 women undergoing coronary artery surgery. Data were collected in-hospital and at 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Optimism was related to positive moods and life satisfaction, and inversely related to negative moods. Few relationships were found between optimism and functional ability. Cognitive coping strategies accounted for a mediating effect between optimism and negative mood. Optimists were more likely to accept their situation, and less likely to use escapism. In turn, these coping strategies were inversely related to negative mood and mediated the relationship between optimism and this outcome. Optimism was not related to problem-focused coping strategies; thus, these coping strategies cannot explain the relationship between optimism and outcomes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 21: 15–26, 1998
Triage: Principles and Pressures

The aim of this paper is to review the art and science underpinning the application of effective triage. The paper also attempts to cut through the fog of confusion surrounding the topic and to point a way towards a generally-agreed unified approach. Triage needs to be understood in the context of the environment in which it is applied, and the paper deals with this in some detail.
Mycelial amylase activities of thermophilic species of Rhizomucor, Humicola and Papulaspora

Amylase activities in mycelia ofRhizomucor pusillus, Humicola grisea var.thermoidea, Humicola lanuginosa andPapulaspora thermophilia do not correspond directly with previously-measured extracellular values, and appear to decline within the time period corresponding to reduction in mycelial dry weight. The results are compared with previously-reported data on extracellular amylase.
A Comparison of an On-Site Visit and a Simulated Slide Visit: Community Involvement in Hazardous Waste Management

Abstract The proper management of hazardous wastes is an issue facing many communities, necessitating greater citizen involvement in the decision-making process. The study explored the effectiveness of two methods of presenting information concerning hazardous waste management alternatives. Two, one-day workshops, attended by community leaders, were held. Each workshop day was considered a treatment group. The two workshops, an on-site visit and a simulated (slide) site visit, were compared using pretest, posttest, and follow-up attitude and comprehension questionnaires. For the most part, no significant differences were found between the two treatment groups. However, significant differences in the attitudes held by those in technical and non-technical occupations were found.
Arthroscopic repair of posterior instability and reverse humeral glenohumeral ligament avulsion lesions

Posterior glenohumeral subluxation is not as uncommon as once believed. Unidirectional instability as a result of a traumatic event or the primary direction of multidirectional instability as a result of overuse can lead to recurrent involuntary subluxations. Failure of the posterior restraints can occur at the glenoid labral attachment, mid-capsule, and laterally, as in a RHAGL avulsion. Soft tissue reattachment to bone is by way of suture anchors. This may occur at the glenoid medially or laterally along the humeral head insertion (RHAGL lesion). Capsular plication and superior shift can obliterate the capsular pouch. Additional labral lesions superiorly and anteriorly are repaired to centralize the humeral head and reduce the possibility of subcoracoid and subacromial impingement. Recurrence rates are reduced with symmetric repairs that address multiple lesions that are not always seen with a unidirectional open approach. Capsular tears, detachments, and the rotator capsular interval are reduced with minimal alterations in range of motion. Immobilization is combined with intermittent range of motion exercises. Protective scapular and rotator strengthening is a prerequisite before return to strenuous activities. Surgical repair followed by a well monitored rehabilitation protocol can return most individuals back to sport and vocation.
Morphology of the ascending thick limb of Henle

The morphologic characteristics of the medullary and cortical segments of the ascending thick limb of Henle were examined in the rat utilizing light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The kidneys of six normal female Sprague-Dawley rats were preserved for morphological examination utilizing in vivo intravascular perfusion with 6.25% glutaraldehyde buffered in 0.1m sodium cacodylate. SEM revealed the presence of two distinctly different patterns of surface structure among the population of cells forming the epithelium of the ascending thick limb, a roughsurfaced cell with prominent microvilli (R cell) and a smoothsurfaced cell generally devoid of extensive microvilli except along the lateral cell margins (S cell). This variation in surface structure was confirmed with light microscopy and TEM. Throughout both the medullary and cortical segments of the ascending thick limb, the R cells possessed extensive lateral processes radiating form the main cell body to interdigitate with adjacent cells. Lateral processes of S cells were less common than those of the R cells in the inner stripe of the outer medulla, but increased in number and complexity in the outer stripe of the outer medulla and throughout the cortex. S cells outnumbered R cells in the inner stripe of the outer medulla. As the thick limb transversed the outer medulla and ascended toward the parent renal corpuscle, there was a marked increase in the relative number of R cells. In the cortical segment of the ascending thick limb, both the R and S cells tended to acquire a more extensive population of microvilli over their luminal surface making it increasingly difficult to establish clearcut distinctions between the two surface patterns. With the possible exception that vesicles and tubulovesicular profiles located in the apical region were more numerous in many of the S cells, additional morphological differences between the rough and smoothsurfaced cells were not evident. Whether the morphological results represent two distinct cell types or simply a variation in the structure of a single cell type, their presence must be considered in future structural-functional studies involving the ascending thick limb of Henle in the rat.
Fast three-dimensional laser scanning scheme using acousto-optic deflectors

A scheme for fast 3-D laser scanning using acousto-optic deflectors is proposed and demonstrated. By employing counterpropagating acoustic waves that are both chirped and offset in their frequencies, we show that it is possible to simultaneously scan both axially and laterally with frame rates on the order of tens of kilohertz. This scheme was specifically designed for application with multiphoton imaging, particularly of neurons, where it will enable the concurrent monitoring of physiological signals at multiple locations within a microscopic 3-D volume (350 x 350 x 200 microm). When used for this purpose, we demonstrate how this scheme would also inherently compensate for spatial dispersion when ultrafast laser pulses are used in acousto-optic multiphoton microscopy.
Sternal fracture—an analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank

Abstract Background The clinical significance of sternal fractures (SFs) after blunt trauma is heavily debated. We aimed to test the hypothesis that isolated SF is not associated with significant morbidity or mortality. Materials and methods The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) sets for 2007–2010 were retrospectively examined. Adult subjects with SF were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic codes. Data collected included demographics, mechanisms of injury, clinical variables, and in-hospital mortality. The primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome measures included hospital length of stay, intensive care unit days, and ventilator days. Results A total of 32,746 subjects with SF were included. Motor vehicle crash (MVC) was the most common mechanism (84%) in this group and SF was present in 3.7% of all patients admitted after MVC. The mean age was 51 y, 66% were males, and most were white (74%). Overall in-hospital mortality was 8.8% and mortality with isolated SF was 3.5%. Increasing thoracic fracture burden (rib fracture, clavicular fracture, and scapular fracture) was associated with increasing hospital length of stay, intensive care unit days, ventilator days, and mortality. On multivariate regression analysis, other significant predictors of mortality were cardiac arrest, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, blunt cardiac injury, pulmonary contusion, increasing age, and lack of insurance. Conclusions SFs occur in 3.7% of victims after MVC. With isolated SF, the mortality rate is low (3.5%); the tendency for poorer outcomes is most heavily influenced by associated injuries (pulmonary contusions, other thoracic fractures), complications (cardiac arrest, pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome), comorbidities (currently on or requiring dialysis, residual neurologic deficit from stroke), and lack of insurance.
Moderate doses of ethanol fail to increase plasma levels of neurosteroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one-like immunoreactivity in healthy men and women

Rationale: The endogenous GABAergic neuroactive steroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP, allopregnanolone) has been proposed to contribute to ethanol actions. Humans synthesize 3α,5α-THP, but its role in response to systemic administration of ethanol is unclear. Objective: The present study aims to determine the effect of a moderate dose of ethanol on progesterone and 3α,5α-THP concentrations in plasma samples of healthy male and female subjects and to determine if these levels are related to the subjective effects of ethanol. Females were tested in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Methods: Healthy men (N=9) and women (N=12) aged 21–35 participated in the study. Men participated in two sessions on which they received ethanol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo. Women participated in four sessions on which they received ethanol (0.7 g/kg) or placebo during the follicular and luteal phases of their cycle. Subjective states and mood were measured by standardized self-report questionnaires and a measure of psychomotor performance. Steroid levels (progesterone, 3α,5α-THP, estradiol, and cortisol) were measured in plasma samples by radioimmunoassay. Results: Ethanol significantly increased plasma levels of progesterone, but not 3α,5α-THP-like immunoreactivity, in women in the luteal phase. Ethanol had no effect on progesterone or 3α,5α-THP-like immunoreactivity levels in women in the follicular phase or in men, and it did not increase cortisol in men or women. Ethanol also did not affect estradiol in men or women. Conclusions: 3α,5α-THP-like immunoreactivity levels in human plasma are not increased following moderate ethanol consumption, suggesting that circulating levels of progesterone or its tetrahydro-reduced metabolites do not play a major role in ethanol action. However, the possibility remains that ethanol increases endogenous brain production of GABAergic neurosteroids without affecting plasma levels. Moreover, humans synthesize 5β-reduced GABAergic steroids, and levels of these steroids may be altered in plasma or brain.
Transients in High Spin Gyroscopic Systems

Abstract : Except for certain classical solutions for the top, general nonlinear gyroscopic systems have not had much attention. The authors consider transient motions in a general class of nonlinear gyroscopic systems with a large spin parameter.
Locomotor activity, auditory startle and shock thresholds in spontaneously hypertensive rats

A group of SHRs and a group of WKY normotensive controls were compared sequentially on open-field behavior, Y-maze activity, responsiveness and habituation of the auditory startle response, and shock thresholds. In the open field and Y maze the SHRs were more active than the WKYs, but the locomotor activity of the SHRs decreased more within sessions. However, the SHRs could be described as showing more, less or the same between-session habituation depending upon the apparatus and the portion of the session analyzed. The SHRs were less responsive than controls on the auditory startle response measure, and they did not differ from controls on startle-response habituation. The SHRs were less responsive than controls at low shock levels but more responsive at high shock levels. The relationship between SHRs and WKYs on the responsiveness dimension depended upon the modality and intensity of the stimulus, the response characteristics of the test situation, and the time sample of behavior taken.
The effects of radiation-induced defects on H + transport in SiO 2

Abstract The effects of radiation on H + transport in buried oxides have been studied. Mobile H + was introduced into the buried oxides in SIMOX and Unibond by hydrogen annealing. The position of the H + centroid was monitored by rapid point-contact transistor measurements. After irradiation, H + transit across the oxide is significantly slower. The concentration of mobile H + in the oxide remains nearly the same after irradiation. The significance of these findings to the contradictions between the radiation and hydrogen-annealing models are discussed.
Megaregion Planning: State of Practice in Metropolitan Planning Organizations and State Departments of transportation

This paper assesses the state of practice in megaregion-scale transportation planning according to a survey of metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and state departments of transportation (DO...
Partially constrained recovery of (meth)acrylate shape-memory polymer networks

The purpose of this study was to characterize the partial strain recovery of a thermoset shape-memory polymer under a constraining stress. Three polymer networks were synthesized from tert-butyl acrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) solutions. The molecular weight and the weight fraction of the PEGDMA crosslinking monomer was altered systematically to maintain a constant glass transition temperature (Tg = 54°C) but tailorable rubbery moduli, which varied by almost an order of magnitude for the three polymer networks (E = 1.8–11.3°MPa). The shape-recovery behavior of the polymers under a constraining stress was characterized for programming temperature below (20°C) and above (70°C) the Tg. The experiments revealed a peak in the recovered strain for samples programmed at 20°C. Recovered strain scaled linearly with the constraining stress by the rubbery modulus. The work performed by the shape-memory polymer networks was observed to be primarily a function of constraining stress and crosslinking density, while programming temperature had a relatively mild influence; however, the efficiency of the shape-memory effect was shown to be a function of constraining stress and programming temperature, but was independent of crosslinking density. Maximum work efficiencies (up to 45%) were observed for programming temperature of 70°C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Care of the clinician after an adverse event

The past two decades has seen a growing understanding that health care leads to harm in a large number of patients. With this insight has come an understanding that clinicians who care for patients who are harmed experience an understandable and predictable emotional response. After an adverse event, medical care givers may experience a wide range of symptoms including anger, guilt, shame, fear, loneliness, frustration and decreased job satisfaction. These may be accompanied by physical signs of fatigue, sleep disturbances, concentration difficulties, tachycardia and hypertension. These clinicians have been referred to as the "second victims." While many clinicians recover relatively quickly from an adverse event, for some this syndrome can last for weeks, months or indefinitely. Some have even contemplated or completed suicide. Being involved in an adverse event or error may also negatively impact the quality of care the clinician subsequently provides, either because of acute emotional distraction or chronic burnout. This can lead to additional errors and a vicious cycle of error, burnout and error. Health care systems have a moral responsibility to care for second victims. Care might be as simple as asking, "Are you OK?" and acknowledging the normal human emotional response to adverse events. Some centers have developed formal peer support programs in which clinicians are trained to act as peer supporter for emotional recovery after adverse events. Finally, more formal emotional support systems might be needed by some clinicians, including employee assistance programs, hospital clergy or psychological and psychiatric services.
Researchers Hooked on Teaching: Noted Scholars Discuss the Synergies of Teaching and Research

The article reviews the book “Researchers Hooked on Teaching: Noted Scholars Discuss the Synergies of Teaching and Research,” edited by Rae Andre and Peter J. Frost.
Speaking-Rate-Induced Variability in F2 Trajectories

This study examined speaking-rate-induced spectral and temporal variability of F2 formant trajectories for target words produced in a carrier phrase at speaking rates ranging from fast to slow. F2 ...
Carbon NanoTube Noise Characterization

Without relying on the cumbersome liquid Nitrogen coolant, necessary for the conventional mid IR (3~5 μm wavelength) cameras, we designed a new mid wave IR camera, according to biomimetic human vision 2 color receptor system. We suspended over the non-cryogenic long wave IR (HgCdTe) CCD backplane with Single Wall Carbon NanoTubes (SWNT) pixels, which have the band gap energy e BG ~1/ d tuned at the few nanometer diameter d for the mid wave. To ascertain noise contribution, in this paper, we provided a simple derivation of frequency-dependent Einstein transport coefficient D(k) = PSD(k) , based on Kubo-Green (KG) formula, which is convenient to accommodate experimental data. We conjectured a concave shape of convergence 1/k α at α=-2 power law at optical frequency against the overly simplest 1-D noise model about 1/2 K B T, and the ubiquitous power law 1/k α where α=1 gave a convex shape of divergence. Our formula is based on the Cauchy distribution [1+( kd ) 2 ] -1 derived from the Fourier Transform of the correlation of charge-carrier wave function been scattered against lattice phonons spreading over the tubular surface of the diameter d , similar to the Lorentzian line shape in molecular spectral exp (-|x|/ d ) . According to the band gap formula of SWNT, a narrower tube of SWNT worked similarly as Field Emission Transistor (FET) can be tuned at higher optical frequencies revealing finer details of lattice spacing, a and b . Experimental determination of our proposed multiple scales responses formula remained to be confirmed.
Paraduodenal hernia; a case report of an unusual cause of intermittent small bowel obstruction

Paraduodenal hernia; a case report of an unusual cause of intermittent small bowel obstruction
Functional Communication Training with Toddlers in Home Environments

This study was conducted to examine the effects of functional communication training when used by mothers to address the serious challenging behaviors of toddlers. Multiple baseline (across home ro...
Status of experiments at LLNL on high-power X-band microwave generators

The Microwave Source Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is studying the application of induction accelerator technology to high-power microwave generators suitable for linear collider power sources. We report on the results of two experiments, both using the Choppertron's 11.4 GHz modulator and a 5-MeV, 1-kA induction beam. The first experimental configuration has a single traveling-wave output structure designed to produce in excess of 300 MW in a single fundamental waveguide. This output structure consists of 12 individual cells, the first two incorporating de-Q-ing circuits to dampen higher order resonant modes. The second experiment studies the feasibility of enhancing beam to microwave power conversion by accelerating a modulated beam with induction cells. Referred to as the `reacceleration experiment,' this experiment consists of three traveling-wave output structures designed to produce about 125 MW per output and two induction cells located between the outputs. Status of current and planned experiments are presented.
From the editor helpful hints when submitting your manuscript

As the editor of Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian I have numerous responsibilities. I regularly advertise calls for manuscript submissions within the greater library and library school commun...
Diffusion-Sensing versus Quorum Sensing in a Model Biofilm

Cell interactions through soluble signaling molecules control differentiation, immune response and other physiologically vital processes in everything from tissue to biofilms. We tested a model of a bacterial biofilm, which uses an autoinducer (AI), N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone (AHL) for signaling, to discriminate quorum-sensing (QS) and diffusion-sensing (DS). The AI induces the transcription of a set of genes that includes the gene-encoding the AI-producing enzyme, promoting a positive feed-back. We creating a synthetic biofilm using a microfluidic network, to convey cells to an assembly area where multiple, time-shared optical tweezers are used to array them. The cells are encapsulated in a 30μm×30μm×45μm volume of hydrogel mimicking an extra-cellular matrix. To extend the size, shape and constituency of the array, we then step to an adjacent location while maintaining registration with the reference array, and repeat the process as illustrated in Figure 1(a). Using this step-and-repeat method, we formed arrays of E. coli engineered to produce AHL, which is functionally linked to a fluorescence reporter. As shown in Fig. 1(d), the threshold to induce AI production and fluorescence depends on the number of cells and the mass-transfer, indicating that QS is a side effect of DS.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Measuring IGF-I, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 from dried blood spots on filter paper is not only practical but also reliable

Abstract Objective . The aim of this study is to adapt measurements of IGF-I, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 to dried blood filter disk assays. Methods . Measurements of the three analytes in serum samples and in the corresponding blood spotted onto filter paper were compared by applying standard radioimmunoassays. Results . In paired experiments, the quantity of all antigens measured on dried filter spots showed an excellent correlation to that in serum (R>0.88) and in addition this correlation was independent of the whole blood hematocrit value. Recovery of IGF-I, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in experiments using recombinant standards mixed with whole blood was well correlated with the recovery of the plasma fraction on the filter paper. All of the blood spot assays showed a inter- and intra-assay variation of less than 10% and the blood spots were stable over a period of more than 5 months stored at −20°C. Conclusions . Taken together, these data clearly demonstrate that such a filter paper assay is a reliable procedure to monitor changes of IGF-I, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 content in blood. The obvious advantages of this methods concerning storage, handling and shipping of blood probes helps to solve the logistics of centralised measurements of these three analytes.
Environmental Toxicity Studies Using Chickens as Surrogates for Wildlife: Effects of Vehicle Volume

Domestic chicken embryos are frequently used for avian developmental toxicity studies of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, which are often injected into eggs with oil-based vehicles. The volume of toxicant and vehicle injected ranges from relatively low volumes (0.1-0.5 microl/g egg) to relatively high volumes (1.0 microl/g egg and above). Previous research from our laboratory suggested that high volumes of vehicle oil may disrupt normal growth of chicken embryos, possibly from hypoxia-like effects. This analysis explored the potential effects of vehicle volume on developing chicken embryos. We assessed standard measures of mortality, organ growth, body growth, and behavior from chickens developmentally exposed in ovo prior to incubation to low (0.1 microl/g egg) or high volumes (1.0 microl/g egg) of corn oil injected into airsacs or to no injection. The chickens receiving high volumes of oil showed increases in overall embryonic mortality and early embryo mortality compared to chickens receiving low volumes of oil or no injection. The chickens receiving high volumes of oil showed decreased activity during righting reflex, running time, visual discrimination, and olfactory aversion tests, and increased activity during an open-field activity test compared to chickens receiving low volumes of oil or no injection. Somatic endpoints do not appear to be affected by high volume injections. These results suggest that high volumes of vehicle injected into airsacs of eggs may lead to hypoxia-like conditions that increase embryonic mortality and disrupt simple behaviors. However, some effects of volume may diminish when injections are performed later in incubation.
Ethanol potentiation of GABA-induced electrophysiological responses in cerebellum: requirement for catecholamine modulation.

Abstract In this study, we confirmed that microiontophoretically applied norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol potentiate the depressant effects of locally-applied γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on cerebellar Purkinje neurons of anesthetized rats. Although ethanol (EtOH) does not reliably or efficaciously potentiate GABA-induced depressions of neuronal activity, we found that systemic or locally-applied EtOH does markedly potentiate GABA-induced inhibitions of Purkinje neuron firing rate if that response is concomitantly modulated by NE or isoproterenol. This study suggests that the EtOH sensitivity of the GABA mechanism of electrophysiological responses in the cerebellar cortex is regulated by the neuromodulatory effect of β-adrenergic receptor activation.
Terror tactics: Science in the cross hairs

Self-proclaimed anarchists are waging a violent campaign against science and technology. What do they want, asks anarchist scholar Randall Amster
The glycosome of Chara: Ultrastructure, development, and composition

Certain membrane-bound inclusions which we have called glycosomes are a common feature of both young and mature cells of Chara corallina . Glycosomes are spherical in form, bound by a unit membrane, and contain a fine, granular, electron-opaque material. The glycosomes are derived from dictyosomes, initially as large vesicles containing a granular material. They apparently reach their full size some time after release from the dictyosome cisternae. Addition of material through fusion of smaller dictyosome-derived vesicles to the young glycosome is indicated by TEM observations. The silver methenamine staining technique for polysaccharides gives positive proof of the polysaccharide nature of the material within the glycosome. The contents of the glycosome stained intensely for polysaccharides, as did the contents of some of the associated dictyosome vesicles. Staining did not occur in sections of nonosmicated tissues which were not oxidized or in oxidized sections treated with an aldehyde blocking reagent (dimedone) prior to staining.