cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous readout of 128 X-ray and gamma-ray transition-edge microcalorimeters using microwave SQUID multiplexing

The number of elements in most cryogenic sensor arrays is limited by the technology available to multiplex signals from the arrays into a smaller number of wires and readout amplifiers. The largest demonstrated arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters contain roughly 250 detectors and use time-division multiplexing with Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). The bandwidth limits of this technology constrain the number of sensors per amplifier chain, a quantity known as the multiplexing factor, to several 10s. With microwave SQUID multiplexing, we can expand the readout bandwidth and enable much larger multiplexing factors. While microwave SQUID multiplexing of TES microcalorimeters has been previously demonstrated with small numbers of detectors, we now present a fully scalable demonstration in which 128 TES detectors are read out on a single pair of coaxial cables.
Verifying distributed programs via canonical sequentialization

We introduce canonical sequentialization, a new approach to verifying unbounded, asynchronous, message-passing programs at compile-time. Our approach builds upon the following observation: due the combinatorial explosion in complexity, programmers do not reason about their systems by case-splitting over all the possible execution orders. Instead, correct programs tend to be well-structured so that the programmer can reason about a small number of representative executions, which we call the program’s canonical sequentialization. We have implemented our approach in a tool called Brisk that synthesizes canonical sequentializations for programs written in Haskell, and evaluated it on a wide variety of distributed systems including benchmarks from the literature and implementations of MapReduce, two-phase commit, and a version of the Disco distributed file-system. We show that unlike model checking, which gets prohibitively slow with just 10 processes Brisk verifies the unbounded versions of the benchmarks in tens of milliseconds, yielding the first concurrency verification tool that is fast enough to be integrated into a design-implement-check cycle.
Novel avenues for drug discovery in diabetic kidney disease.

Introduction: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has emerged as major cause of morbidity and mortality. After progressing to renal failure, over 70% of DKD patients are dead with five years. New treatme...
Solution Deposited Cu2BaSnS4–xSex from a Thiol–Amine Solvent Mixture

The discovery that cation antisite defects in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTS) thin film photovoltaic absorbers are a major contributor to lower than expected device efficiencies has spurred recent interest in material design to develop similar materials that maintain the desirable optoelectronic properties of CZTS, while mitigating this source of loss. Recent reports have shown that this can be accomplished by replacing zinc with a larger cation of the same valency, such as barium, to give Cu2BaSn(S,Se)4. Until this point, Cu2BaSn(S,Se)4 has only been synthesized by solid-state and physical deposition methods. Herein, we use a thiol-amine solvent mixture to dissolve bulk Cu2S, BaS, and SnO to prepare a precursor ink that upon low temperature annealing yields phase-pure trigonal Cu2BaSnS4-xSex (nominal x = 0, 1, 2, 3) alloys with tunable direct band gaps from 1.56 – 1.86 eV.
A Systematic Assessment of the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Fault Activation Through Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma and Southern Kansas

Author(s): Schoenball, M; Ellsworth, WL | Abstract: Much of Oklahoma and southern Kansas has seen widespread seismic activity in the last decade that is attributed to large-scale wastewater disposal into the Arbuckle group. Using a waveform-relocated earthquake catalog, we perform a systematic study of the activity on several hundreds of identified faults. We use 93 sequences with at least 30 events for a detailed analysis of their spatiotemporal evolution. For most awakened faults, seismicity tends to initiate at shallower depth and migrates deeper along the faults as the sequence proceeds. No major sequence starts with the largest earthquake, and many sequences initiate months before they rise to peak activity. We study temporal clustering as a means to quantify earthquake interactions. Some sequences show no temporal clustering similar to Poissonian background seismicity but at much higher rate than the natural background. Other sequences exhibit strong temporal clustering akin to main shock-aftershock sequences. We conclude that once initiated by anthropogenic forcing, portions of the activated faults in the Oklahoma/Kansas area are close enough to failure to continue failing through earthquake interactions. In many sequences, including those with the largest earthquakes, seismicity continues within the previously activated region rather than by growing the activated area. Therefore, monitoring seismicity with a low magnitude threshold and high location precision has the potential to detect minor activity as it initiates failure on specific faults and thus provide time to take actions to mitigate the occurrence of potentially damaging earthquakes.
Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk: The Role of Cardio-oncology

Cardio-oncology is a subspecialty of cardiology. It was created to address oncology data indicating that newly developed drugs for cancer treatment were having unanticipated cardiac side effects. Cardio-oncology designs primary and secondary risk strategies through surveillance as well as interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk (CVR), prevent cardiotoxicities, and manage the side effects that may occur. Rather than discuss in detail the cardiotoxicities of specific therapies or radiation, this review article will explore the interplay of cancer, cancer treatment, and CVR. It will examine the link between CVR and cancer risk, define mechanisms associated with cardiotoxicity, and describe screening and surveillance for patients undergoing cancer treatment. Finally, effective preventative and management strategies used to reduce the incidence of cardiotoxicities in those receiving chemotherapeutics or radiation will be presented.
Positive Nipple Margin After Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: An Alternative and Oncologically Safe Approach to Preserving the Nipple-Areolar Complex.

The aim of this study is to describe a less aggressive approach to management of positive nipple margin following nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), allowing for preservation of the nipple–areolar complex (NAC). A single-institution retrospective chart review was performed for patients undergoing NSM from 1989 to 2017. Positive nipple margin was defined as any residual invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) within the additional nipple margin. Management included complete NAC removal, subareolar shave biopsy, or observation alone. Primary outcomes included rates of positive nipple margin and local recurrence. A total of 819 breasts underwent NSM, yielding a total of 32 breasts (3.9%) with positive nipple margin. Management included 11 (34.4%) subareolar shave biopsies, 15 (46.9%) complete NAC excisions, and 5 (15.6%) with observation alone, plus 1 (3.1%) lost to follow-up. Final pathology after subareolar shave biopsy did not reveal any residual disease, and no patients developed NAC necrosis or required NAC removal. Final pathology after NAC excision revealed 3 of 15 with additional disease (1 invasive ductal carcinoma, 2 DCIS). Of the five patients who had no subsequent intervention, tumor pathology was DCIS in all cases. One patient received adjuvant radiation therapy. Mean time to intervention was 3.7 ± 1.9 with mean follow-up of 2.9 years. Management of positive nipple margin after NSM with subareolar shave biopsy is a safe alternative to preserve the NAC.
Abstract 2780: Engineering human fusion constructs for targeted delivery of granzyme B to CD33 and CEA antigens

Our laboratory has developed a unique platform for the delivery of the highly pro-apoptotic serine protease granzyme B (GrB). The construct contains enzymatically active GrB and therefore does not require release from the targeting carrier by a fragile linker in contrast to conventional antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). We employed two scFvs targeting the CD33 antigen found on AML and the juxtamembrane epitope of CEA found on numerous solid tumors. These human scFvs (designated HU33 and CEA respectively) were fused to human GrB through an engineered IgG heavy-chain fragment (hinge to Fc and designated Fc) which contains a dimerization domain. The GrB-Fc-HU33 and GrB-Fc-CEA constructs were cloned into the pSECTag vector containing an upstream 5kDa purification tag with an enterokinase (EK) cleavage site for facile removal. The molecules were expressed in transiently-transfected HEK-293E suspension cells and grown at 37°C for 3 days in 5% CO2. The molecules were isolated from culture media and purified by IMAC followed by EK cleavage and SP chromatography to remove the free tag. The yields were 6-10 mg/L for both molecules. Specific binding of each molecule to the antigen target is undergoing Biacore and/or ELISA assessment. The cytotoxicity of the GrB-Fc-HU33 against HL-60 cells showed a specific cytotoxic effect with an IC50 of 120 nM. Tests of this agent against a panel of cells expressing various levels of CD33 are ongoing. The cytotoxic effects of the GrB-Fc-CEA were assessed against HT29, HT1080-CEA and A431 cells and demonstrated IC50 values of 80, 110 and 95 nM respectively. Based on IC50 values, these data demonstrate that the fusion construct targeting CD33 is efficiently internalized and effectively delivers active serine protease to the cytosol even at relatively low antigen expression levels. In addition, the juxtamembrane epitope of the CEA antibody also allows efficient internalization for delivery of GrB to the cytosol. Immunofluorescence and confocal studies to examine the time course of internalization and the pro-apoptotic events triggered by these agents are under examination and will be presented. Research conducted, in part, by the Clayton Foundation for Research. Citation Format: Lawrence H. Cheung, Khalid A. Mohamedali, Walter N. Hittelman, Michael G. Rosenblum. Engineering human fusion constructs for targeted delivery of granzyme B to CD33 and CEA antigens [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2780.
Membrane Lipids: Fatty Acids

Lipids are insoluble in water and have large regions of their surface composed of hydrocarbons with very few polar groups. Their aversion to water is responsible for the Hydrophobic Effect that drives membrane stability. Membrane lipids are ‘amphipathic’, with a polar end anchoring the lipid to the aqueous interface and a long hydrophobic segment that forms the oily membrane interior. In human cells there are over 1,000 major lipids and countless minor lipids. There have been several attempts to classify lipids, the most recent being a lipidomics-based system by Fahy et al. from 2005. The most important lipid component of membranes is fatty acids. A fatty acid is a mono-carboxylic acid with a long (normally 14–24 carbons), un-branched, hydrophobic tail which may be either saturated or unsaturated (often 0–6 cis non-conjugated double bonds). Fatty acids are the basic building blocks of complex membrane lipids and so are largely responsible for membrane structure, fluidity, and function.
David Marr: A Theory of the Cerebellar Cortex

The brilliant but tragically short-lived — indeed, meteoric — career of David Marr was catapulted into orbit by his “Theory of the Cerebellar Cortex” (1969). One need not belabor the details of this well-publicized theory here (cf. Eccles 1973, Llinas 1981, Ito 1984, Pellionisz 1985). Rather, three general observations on the theory will be briefly discussed.
Why Regression Coefficients Have the Wrong Sign

It is not uncommon that regression coefficients appear with the sign opposite to the expectations of the researcher. Several causes and cures of this data analyst's nightmare are gathered together in this paper. Among the causes discussed are: range of ..
Political Discrimination and Law Professor Hiring

There are comparatively few conservative and libertarian law professors on U.S. law school faculties. Why is this? One possible explanation is discrimination based on political orientation. This paper tests this using a model of discrimination based on the work of Nobel Prize-winning economists Gary Becker and Kenneth Arrow in order to measure the “rank gap” — the difference in the ranking of a hiring law school based on one’s political orientation after controlling for other predictors of that ranking (clerkships, publications, the law school one graduated from, etc.). The paper, using matching statistical methods, finds that upon comparing conservative/libertarian law professors hired from 2001-2010 with equally-credentialed liberal law professors, conservatives/libertarians end up, on average, at a law school ranked 12-13 spots lower (i.e., less prestigious). (See pages 36-37.) This rank gap is not uniform, being more moderate with the top 75 schools, non-existent with schools 76-100, and the largest with the lowest-ranked schools. (See page 40.) The paper finds a similar “rank gap” for law professors whose political orientation was unknown or moderate compared to their liberal peers. Thus, while there may be other mechanisms causing the dearth of conservative/libertarian law professors in the legal academy, those who do make it in the door appear to experience discrimination based on political orientation. The paper also discusses the harms that a lack of conservative/libertarian law professors causes. Namely, legal scholarship suffers from an echo chamber; law students, particularly liberal ones, may not sufficiently learn how to make or counter conservative and libertarian arguments; and law and policy is not as strong as it could be without conservative/libertarian critiques and perspectives. (See part I.A, pages 5-11.)
ULTRA: A Model Based Tool to Detect Tandem Repeats

In biological sequences, tandem repeats consist of tens to hundreds of residues of a repeated pattern, such as atgatgatgatgatg ('atg' repeated), often the result of replication slippage. Over time, these repeats decay so that the original sharp pattern of repetition is somewhat obscured, but even degenerate repeats pose a problem for sequence annotation: when two sequences both contain shared patterns of similar repetition, the result can be a false signal of sequence homology. We describe an implementation of a new hidden Markov model for detecting tandem repeats that shows substantially improved sensitivity to labeling decayed repetitive regions, presents low and reliable false annotation rates across a wide range of sequence composition, and produces scores that follow a stable distribution. On typical genomic sequence, the time and memory requirements of the resulting tool (ULTRA) are competitive with the most heavily used tool for repeat masking (TRF). ULTRA is released under an open source license and lays the groundwork for inclusion of the model in sequence alignment tools and annotation pipelines.
Factors that may contribute to poor outcome despite good reperfusion after acute endovascular stroke therapy

Endovascular therapy with mechanical thrombectomy is a formidable treatment for severe acute ischemic stroke caused by occlusion of a proximal intracranial artery. Its strong beneficial effect is explained by the high rates of very good and excellent reperfusion achieved with current endovascular techniques. However, there is a sizable proportion of patients who do not experience clinical improvement despite successful recanalization of the occluded artery and reperfusion of the ischemic territory. Factors such as baseline reserve, collateral flow, anesthesia and systemic factors have been identified as potential culprits for lack of improvement in the setting of timely and successful revascularization. Older age, baseline disability and perhaps radiological markers of chronic brain injury can affect the prognosis of patients treated with endovascular therapy. Collateral flow is a major determinant of outcome after endovascular therapy and it is manifested by the size of the core in relation to the volume of the salvageable tissue. Parenchymal and vascular imaging can help assess the quality of collateral flow, but the optimal radiological strategy for daily practice (i.e. the optimal combination of rapid availability and diagnostic precision) has not been established. A sizable body of observational evidence indicates that acute hypertension, hyperglycemia and fever are associated with worse outcomes after a stroke even after optimal reperfusion with endovascular therapy. Lastly, current randomized controlled trials in anesthesia for stroke demonstrate similar rates of good functional outcome between general anesthesia and conscious sedation suggesting equipoise exists.
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Determining the Location of Infill Wells in Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production Activities

Among all of the energy resources, oil is the most widely used primary energy source. Oil reservoirs need to be characterized accurately for effective field development purposes. Typically, available field data in the reservoir characterization stage may include seismic surveys, well logs, core analysis data and field production history. One of the challenges for reservoir engineers is to utilize various types of data collected in different scopes to characterize the reservoir and propose optimized development strategies. Numerical reservoir simulation is one of the most broadly implemented approaches to quantitatively evaluate a field development plan. However, establishing a decent reservoir simulation model requires rigorous conversions from the raw field data to structural maps and spatial petrophysical property distributions as input parameters. History matching needs to be carried out to tune the property distributions to match numerical model predictions to field histories. The conventional reservoir characterization and field development workflow could be time and labor intensive. This keynote lecture presents the development of artificial-neural-network based expert systems which effectively correlate seismic survey data, well log data and field production history. When compared against the conventional reservoir characterization and field development optimization protocols, the developed expert system can provide much more rapid predictions than conventional reservoir simulators.
Making Sense of Dissatisfaction during the Transition to Motherhood through Relational Dialectics Theory

Motherhood is a complicated experience as well as concept in U.S. society, and while several notions of motherhood circulate in U.S. culture, they are not equally accepted. Their unequal circulatio...
A cautionary tale: Trauma, ethics and mentorship in research in the USA

It has become commonplace in academia to encourage students from underrepresented groups to provide insider perspectives on experiences of marginality. Yet, there has been little discourse on how p...
ERRATUM ERRATUM TO "STRESS-INDUCED PREPROENKEPHALIN mRNA EXPRESSION IN THE AMYGDALA CHANGES DURING EARLY ONTOGENY IN THE RAT" (Neuroscience 114 (1) 7-11)

The publisher regrets the greek letters in the abstract were incorrectly reproduced. The correct text is printed below. Stress activates endogenous opioids that modulate nociceptive transmission. Exposure to a potentially infanticidal adult male rat suppresses pain-related behaviors in pre-weaning but not in older rats. This male-induced analgesia is mediated by opioid receptors in the periaqueductal gray, a midbrain structure that is innervated by amygdala projections. To determine whether enkephalin, a and opioid receptor agonist, is activated by male exposure, mRNA levels of its precursor, preproenkephalin, were measured in subdivisions of the amygdala and the periaqueductal gray. In 14-day-old but not in 21-day-old rats, 5 min of male exposure induced analgesia to heat and increased preproenkephalin mRNA levels in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in the periaqueductal gray. The change in the activation of enkephalinergic neurons in the central amygdala may contribute to the change in stress-induced analgesia during early ontogeny.
Who owns the beach? Conflicts over public spaces in a tourism economy:

ABSTRACT As the town of Canoas has transitioned from a fishing village to a growing tourist town, the beaches have become the center of economic and cultural activities. The occupation of beaches by small scale vendors has created conflict among different groups including hotel developers, surfers, migrants, and local politicians. These groups have different aesthetics and ideas of public space, creating conflicting over what beaches should look like and how they should be used. This research analyzes the day to day practices through which different groups claim beach spaces and the ways these claims are challenged. These conflicts illustrate the struggles over environmental governance between municipal, state, and federal governments. This research contextualizes the occupation of public space in a longer legal history of land occupation and environmental protection in Brazil, examining the constant negotiations between traditional and legal systems of land rights. Keywords: Beach. Public Spaces. Tourism. Brazil. RESUMO Desde que a cidade de Canoas passou de uma vila de pescadores para uma cidade turistica crescente, as praias se tornarem o centro de atividades culturais e economicas. Esta ocupacao de praias por vendedoras criou conflitos entre diferentes grupos incluindo empresarios hoteleiros, surfistas, migrantes e politicos locais. Estes grupos tem diferentes estetica e ideias de espaco publico, criando conflito de como as praias devem aparecer e como elas deverem ser usadas. Esta pesquisa analisa as praticas cotidianas atraves das quais diferentes grupos ocupam espacos de praia e como estas ocupacoes sao contestadas. Esses conflitos ilustram a briga sobre governanca ambiental entre o poder publico municipal, estadual e federal. Esta pesquisa contextualiza a ocupacao do espaco publico em uma longa historia juridica de ocupacao do terra e protecao ambiental no Brasil, examinando as constantes negociacoes entre os sistemas tradicionais e juridicos de direitos a terra. Palavras-Chave: Praia. Espaco Publico. Turismo. Brasil.
Bitcoin and Blockchain: What We Know and What Questions are Still Open

Since its launch in 2009 much has been written about Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies and blockchains. While the discussions initially took place mostly on blogs and other popular media, we now are witnessing the emergence of a growing body of rigorous academic research on these topics. By the nature of the phenomenon analyzed, this research spans many academic disciplines including macroeconomics, law and economics and computer science. This survey focuses on the microeconomics of cryptocurrencies themselves. What drives their supply, demand, trading price and competition amongst them. This literature has been emerging over the past decade and the purpose of this paper is to summarize its main findings so as to establish a base upon which future research can be conducted. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Neural networks as an applied tool for ultrasound beamforming and image reconstruction

In recent years, the computer science community has made available its artificial intelligence tools to the public at-large. Freely available online courses, software libraries, and databases have made it easy to incorporate artificial intelligence, and specifically machine learning, into many research areas. In medical imaging, this has led to a proliferation of machine learning-based research methodologies in image reconstruction tasks, whether appropriate or not. In this lecture, we review machine learning as a tool for ultrasound beamforming. We discuss the selection of an appropriate problem to be solved with machine learning, survey common and popular implementations of neural networks, and describe best practices and common pitfalls. We visit a few misconceptions about machine learning in ultrasound imaging and examine the recent literature in the field of ultrasound beamforming and image reconstruction.
Sexual diversity on college campuses: using a BDSM framework to discuss consent

Sexual assault in higher education is a continuing concern. At the same time, college students are engaging in a range of consensual sexual behaviors that could appear to be sexual violence. Sexuality education on college campuses should address the spectrum of sexual behaviors and college health professionals and administrators need to be able to distinguish consensual rough sex from sexual violence. Common consent negotiations in BDSM (bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, sadism and masochism) contexts may serve as an appropriate model for acquiring consent. This viewpoint article aims to (1) review the increased participation of college students in diverse sexual behaviors, and (2) introduce the consent process of BDSM as a framework for college health professionals to discuss consent for other sexual behaviors.
Periodicity in World Theatre History

Establishing a plausible scheme of periods for world theatre history is a critical historiographic task, but the confused mass of period-concepts currently in use draw heavily on criteria from beyond theatre itself and are often relevant only to European theatre, if even that. This chapter seeks to establish a periodicity that reflects the broad reality of world theatre history. After reviewing existing approaches to periodicity, it offers a set of principles that can yield a more satisfactory periodization. It then applies those principles to a data-set of theatre forms and discovers that over the past thousand years, there have been three distinct inflection points in theatre history, the first two occurring across the many regions of Eurasia, the third being truly global. The chapter concludes with a brief account of the historical forces that might have given world theatre history its particular shape.
European Multinational Companies and Trade Unions in Eastern and East-Central Europe

The fact that multinational companies operate (MNCs) in more than one country can be expected to lead to a weaker bargaining position for labour. However, there are hopes that these companies may, under certain circumstances, transfer good employment practices from their home countries. This theory is investigated for the case of MNCs based in western Europe that invest in the countries of eastern and east-central Europe, where they dominate in several important economic sectors. The established legal and institutional frameworks in those countries give a degree of employment protection, but it is limited. Union recognition by MNCs is quite common, but collective bargaining often provides little beyond existing legal provisions. A series of case studies shows how unions can try to, and sometimes succeed in, getting better results from bargaining. The key conclusion is that international solidarity, contacts and publicity can help unions in host countries, but the ultimate determinant is the determination and organisational strength of employees.
Evolving morphology of crustal accumulations in Earth's lowermost mantle

Abstract Subducted oceanic crust is one of the major sources of compositional heterogeneity in Earth's mantle. It has been proposed that subducted oceanic crust may accumulate at the bottom of the Earth's mantle and cause the seismically-observed, Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs). Testing this hypothesis requires a better understanding of the morphology of the crustal accumulations in the lowermost mantle. Here, through geodynamic modeling experiments, we find that thick subducted oceanic crust could accumulate into thermochemical piles with a height up to ∼1000 km above the core-mantle boundary (CMB), and the crustal accumulations typically have chemically fuzzy top boundaries and stratified interiors. As the oceanic crust thins with mantle cooling, it becomes more difficult to accumulate on the CMB, and the previous crustal accumulations gradually become smaller in size and gain sharp top boundaries and relatively homogeneous interiors. Our results suggest that if the present-day LLSVPs are mainly caused by the accumulations of subducted oceanic crust, they may be produced in the early hotter Earth when subducted oceanic crust may be thicker, and they may start with chemically fuzzy top boundaries and stratified interiors and gradually develop into chemically sharper top boundaries and more homogenized interiors.
International Marketing: Strategy and Theory

Marketing is a universal activity that is widely applicable, regardless of the political, social or economic systems of a particular country. However, this doesn't mean that consumers in different parts of the world should be satisified in the same way.The 4th edition of International Marketing has been written to enable managers and scholars to meet the international challenges they face everyday. It provides the solid foundation required to understand the complexities of marketing on a global scale.The book has been fully updated with topical case studies, examples of contemporary marketing campaigns, the most relevant discussion topics as well as the most up-to-date theories, references and research findings. It is this combination of theory and practice that makes this textbook truly unique, presenting a fully rounded view of the topic rather than an anecodotal or descriptive one alone.The book includes chapters on:* Trade distortions and marketing barriers* Political and legal environments* Culture* Consumer behaviour* Marketing research* Promotion and pricing strategies* Currencies and foreign exchangeAccessibly written and designed, this book is the most international book on marketing available that can be used by undergraduates and postgraduates the world over. A companion website provides additional material for lecturers and students alike.
Retinoids, vitamin D, invasion, and metastasis.

Prostate cancer has a long latency period: 20 to 30 years or more. During this time, cells acquire malignant characteristics in the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (pin), the precursor of cancer, which may progress to invasive cancer, has been observed in men in their twenties and thirties; however, the cancer is not generally manifested until after age 60. It may therefore be possible to block the progression of pin not only to high-grade pin, but also to early carcinoma, by using chemopreventive agents during the long latency period. Thus, pin provides an extraordinary opportunity for prostate cancer prevention. In addition, secondary and tertiary chemoprevention implies intervention in the multistep process of carcinogenesis not only to reverse or arrest premalignant lesions, but to also prevent invasion and metastasis.
Properties of Nucleoprotein Complexes Containing Replicating Polyoma DNA

Short-lived nucleoprotein complexes (r-py complex) containing replicating polyoma DNA were isolated from infected cells after lysis with Triton X-100. The Triton lysing procedure of Green, Miller, and Hendler (1971) releases most complexes containing supercoiled viral DNA (py complex) from nuclei, but liberates only a portion of r-py complexes. r-py Complexes are associated more strongly with nuclear sites but can be extracted by prolonged incubation of nuclei in lysing solution. Complexes containing replicating polyoma DNA appear to be precursors to stable complexes containing supercoiled DNA. Sedimentation and buoyant density studies indicate that protein is bound to both r-py complexes and py complexes at a ratio of protein to DNA of about 1 to 2/1. Both types of complexes sediment as if the viral DNA is more compact than free DNA and both undergo major reversible configurational changes with increased salt concentration. Changes resulting from enzymatic and chemical treatment indicate that there may be two or more protein components in both r-py complex and py complex. One component is digested by Pronase and trypsin while another is resistant to the enzymes but released by deoxycholate. The abundance and similarity in chemical and physical properties of protein bound to all forms of polyoma DNA suggest that part of the protein molecules may serve in a structural capacity.
Tobacco Smoke-induced DNA Damage and an Early Age of Smoking Initiation Induce Chromosome Loss at 3p21 in Lung Cancer

The short arm of chromosome 3 is thought to harbor a novel oncogenic locus that is important in the genesis of lung cancer. The region at 3p21 is believed to contain a distinct locus that is sensitive to loss from the action of tobacco smoke carcinogens and has been reported to be specifically targeted for deletion in lung cancer. To investigate whether 3p21 alteration in lung cancer is associated with carcinogen exposure, PCR-based analysis was performed to detect loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 3 at 3p21 in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). We also measured instability at the BAT-26 locus, because the mismatch DNA repair gene, hMLH1, is found at 3p21. LOH at 3p21 was analyzed for association with the clinical features of NSCLC, p53 mutation status, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct levels (measured using 32P-postlabeling) and carcinogen exposure information including cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure. Of 219 lung cancers, 150 cases (68.5%) were informative at the D3S1478 locus, and 44.2% of squamous cell carcinoma cases and 30.2% of adenocarcinoma cases showed 3p21 LOH. None of the cancers showed BAT-26 instability. The prevalence of 3p21 LOH was higher in both current and former smokers compared with never smokers and was higher in p53 mutated cases. Among squamous cell carcinoma cases, there was a strong association of increased 3p21 LOH with increasing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts levels (P = 0.03), as well as an increased prevalence LOH with earlier age of smoking initiation (P = 0.02). Our results confirm that 3p21 LOH is strongly associated with measures of biologically effective dose of exposure to tobacco carcinogens. Our results also suggest that alterations of hMLH1 are not related to any of the reported associations, because there was no evidence of microsatellite instability. Finally, LOH in 3p21 may be an early molecular event in NSCLC, because it is significantly associated with a tendency to start smoking at a young age.
Roles for the E4 orf6, orf3, and E1B 55-Kilodalton Proteins in Cell Cycle-Independent Adenovirus Replication

Adenoviruses bearing lesions in the E1B 55-kDa protein (E1B 55-kDa) gene are restricted by the cell cycle such that mutant virus growth is most impaired in cells infected during G1 and least restricted in cells infected during S phase (F. D. Goodrum and D. A. Ornelles, J. Virol. 71:548–561, 1997). A similar defect is reported here for E4 orf6-mutant viruses. An E4 orf3-mutant virus was not restricted for growth by the cell cycle. However, orf3 was required for enhanced growth of an E4 orf6-mutant virus in cells infected during S phase. The cell cycle restriction may be linked to virus-mediated mRNA transport because both E1B 55-kDa- and E4 orf6-mutant viruses are defective at regulating mRNA transport at late times of infection. Accordingly, the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio of late viral mRNA was reduced in G1 cells infected with the mutant viruses compared to that in G1 cells infected with the wild-type virus. By contrast, this ratio was equivalent among cells infected during S phase with the wild-type or mutant viruses. Furthermore, cells infected during S phase with the E1B 55-kDa- or E4 orf6-mutant viruses synthesized more late viral protein than did cells infected during G1. However, the total amount of cytoplasmic late viral mRNA was greater in cells infected during G1 than in cells infected during S phase with either the wild-type or mutant viruses, indicating that enhanced transport of viral mRNA in cells infected during S phase cannot account for the difference in yields in cells infected during S phase and in cells infected during G1. Thus, additional factors affect the cell cycle restriction. These results indicate that the E4 orf6 and orf3 proteins, in addition to the E1B 55-kDa protein, may cooperate to promote cell cycle-independent adenovirus growth.
Target classification performance as a function of measurement uncertainty

In this paper, we demonstrate target classification using the proposed features in previously reported research under measurement uncertainty conditions. The MSTAR dataset is widely used real target measurements in automatic target recognition society. Extremely high classification results of the dataset, which are over 90% correct classification, have been reported from some literatures. However, this high classification results could be acquired not only by the classification system, but also the cleanness of the dataset. Therefore, in this paper, more realistic target classification scenarios including target aspect angle estimation error, strong white Gaussian noise, and different combination of test and training targets are applied for classification and its corresponding results are examined. The proposed target feature extraction techniques show the robustness of the measurement uncertainties and excellent classification results.
Induced Senescence of Intact Wheat Seedlings and Its Reversibility

Intact wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) were induced to senesce by placing them in the dark and at various stages of senescence were placed back in the light and their recoverability observed. Seedlings demonstrated complete recovery of chlorophyll, protein, and rate of photosynthesis after 2 days in the dark, but were unable to recover fully after 4 days. This suggests the onset of an irreversible stage in senescence by day 4. Foliar applied cytokinins delayed senescence, and zeatin at 0.1 mm delayed the onset of the irreversible stage for 6 days. In addition to delaying the loss of total soluble protein, zeatin maintained the net protein recovery capacity of the tissue. Control seedlings, however, lost their potential for net protein recovery at a rate similar to their loss of total soluble protein. Treatment with zeatin had no apparent effect on dark respiration during senescence, and although treatment did delay the loss of membrane permeability to substrate, the change in permeability occurred too late to have a causal role in senescence.
Structure and properties of silicon nitride and SixGe1−x nitride prepared by direct low energy ion beam nitridation

Abstract Thin films of silicon nitride, germanium nitride and silicon germanium nitride were formed using direct low energy ion beam nitridation. In this process a monoenergetic nitrogen ion beam directly impinges on the material to be nitrided, in the present work Si(100), Ge/Si(100) and Si 0.89 Ge 0.11 /Si(100). The energies investigated ranged from 100 eV to 1 keV. Germanium and SiGe alloy were grown on Si(100) using molecular beam epitaxy. The kinetic energy of the ion beam introduces activated nitrogen species athermally into the substrate, and allows the formation of nitrides at low temperatures (20–420°C). Properties of the films such as stress, stoichiometry and microstructure are found to depend strongly on ion energy and substrate temperature. Film stress is highly compressive for samples deposited at room temperature, but decreases with temperature and becomes tensile at 420 °C. Film thicknesses, as measured by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, were found to be much greater than the projected range of the ions. The creation of an amorphous layer beneath the amorphous nitride films is observed, and is found to be a strong function of ion energy, temperature and nitrogen ion dose.
The Regulation of Wages in New Zealand

Introduction: the New Zealand system not what it was intended to be, 405. — I. A court of arbitration, unlike a board of conciliation, must follow guiding principles, 407. — The New Zealand judges hesitate to state principles, 407. — Early cases, 407. — II. Existing conditions and prosperity of the industries the basis for several years, 409. — Yet a general tendency to raise wages, 415. — Cost of living little considered, 416. — III. As time went on, more emphasis on cost of living, 417. — Statistics until 1907 inconclusive, 420. — Fragmentary evidence not accepted, 422. — Informal statements by the Court of the principles followed, 426. — IV. Beginning in 1912, higher wages awarded to common laborers, 428. — A policy on minimum wages announced, 431. — V. Index numbers of prices published in 1911–14, 434. — Wages advanced as much as cost of living, 438. — VI. Change of personnel in 1913 but no change of policy, 439. — Lowest-paid workers granted some increase, 442. — No regard paid to great advance in cost of living in 1914–15, 443. — VII. Conclusion, 445.
Measuring stress velocity index using mean blood pressure: simple yet accurate?

The stress velocity index, or the relationship of the rate-corrected mean velocity of circumferential shortening (VCFc) to the end systolic wall stress (ESWS), is a sensitive, load-independent measure of left ventricular contractility. ESWS is technically difficult to obtain and requires simultaneous blood pressure measurement, carotid artery tracing, and phonocardiogram. We report our comparison of two simpler methods of measuring ESWS and, therefore, stress velocity index. Patients with normal cardiac anatomy who had completed anthracycline chemotherapy were evaluated. ESWS as measured by the standard method using a carotid artery tracing (ESWScar) was compared to ESWS obtained using mean arterial pressure (ESWSmap) or systolic blood pressure (ESWSsbp). The cohort included 63 patients, with 37 (59%) males and a median age of 13.1 years. The mean (±SD) ESWScar was 53.3±15.3 g/cm2 (range, 26.3–94 g/cm2); ESWSmap, 53 ±13.4 g/cm2 (range, 27.1–86.1 g/cm2); and ESWSsbp, 72.9 ± 18.2 g/cm2 (range, 40.8–117.2 g/cm2). ESWSmap and ESWSsbp closely correlated with ESWScar (coefficient correlation r = 0.88 and r = 0.87, respectively). Using ESWSmap, all patients were correctly classified as having normal or abnormal contractility as defined by stress velocity index, whereas ESWSsbp detected only two of the six patients with impaired contractility. We conclude that ESWSmap is a simple, highly sensitive and specific method for assessing left ventricular contractility. ESWSmap correlates closely with ESWScar and can be incorporated into the monitoring of cardiac dysfunction in the anthracycline-treated population. Further studies are needed to determine if this simplified measure accurately assesses the ESWS in other cardiac disease states.
REGI-B: Scanning Registration Densitometer

REGI-B is a system incorporating a scanning microscope that automatically measures the optical microdensity of an image in conjunction with position over an 18-by 24-inch area, with a resolution of O. 0001 inch. The high resolution of the density measurement taken during the precision scanning makes it possible to define the position of an image at any specified density level to a high degree of accuracy. Earlier positional measuring device s could not locate images accurately because they had no accurate measurement of the optical density gradient at the edge of the image. The hardware consists of an X - Y scanner with a linear grating on one axis and a stepper motor on the other. The linear grating monitors position on a reversible digital counter. The stepper motor automatically increments a preset distance after each scan. A beam of light is reflected or transmitted from a Kohler light source. The detector is amicroscope that can be fitted with a round or a rectangular aperture. A photomultiplier converts the light to an electrical signal that is amplified in a logarithmic or linear mode; the former is necessary when density is being measured directly. The system can be set to trigger on any density level; the position of that level is recorded on magnetic tape. In an alter-native mode, the density information is digitized and then recorded on tape. The output tapes serve as the input to a program by which the computer can make comparisons of the data.© (1969) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Global Financial Stability and the Lessons of History: A Review of Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff's This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly

In Reinhart and Rogoff's economic history This Time is Different , the authors provide a panoramic view of crises from the Middle Ages to the modern era. Published just as the current global financial storm arrived, the book quickly showed how history could provide not just useful perspective but also, as we can now see, very prescient guidance in the aftermath. In the longer run, the book serves to inspire ongoing work in long-run macro-financial history. (JEL F30, G01, G20, N20)
SemantEco: A semantically powered modular architecture for integrating distributed environmental and ecological data

Abstract We aim to inform the development of decision support tools for resource managers who need to examine large complex ecosystems and make recommendations in the face of many tradeoffs and conflicting drivers. We take a semantic technology approach, leveraging background ontologies and the growing body of linked open data. In previous work, we designed and implemented a semantically enabled environmental monitoring framework called SemantEco and used it to build a water quality portal named SemantAqua. Our previous system included foundational ontologies to support environmental regulation violations and relevant human health effects. In this work, we discuss SemantEco’s new architecture that supports modular extensions and makes it easier to support additional domains. Our enhanced framework includes foundational ontologies to support modeling of wildlife observation and wildlife health impacts, thereby enabling deeper and broader support for more holistically examining the effects of environmental pollution on ecosystems. We conclude with a discussion of how, through the application of semantic technologies, modular designs will make it easier for resource managers to bring in new sources of data to support more complex use cases.
Floridi’s Fourth Revolution and the Demise of Ethics

Luciano Floridi has proposed that we are on the cusp of a fourth revolution in human self-understanding. The information revolution with its prospect of digitally enhancing human beings opens the door to engineering human nature. Floridi has emphasized the importance of making this transition as ethically smooth as possible. He is quite right to worry about ethics after the fourth revolution. The coming revolution, if it unfolds as he envisions, spells the demise of traditional ethical theorizing.
Nuclear data sheets for A=127

Abstract Nuclear structure data for the nine known members of the A = 127 mass chain are compiled, and adopted level properties and decay schemes are presented. The compilation is based on selected data from approximately 120 references available through June 1972. Included are eleven pages of drawings showing in pictorial form the bulk of the adopted values. These are followed by tabular data listings and summaries of level properties and gamma-ray properties for each member of the A-chain. Adopted decay schemes are discussed following the data for each radioactive nucleus. These sections also include the normalization factor used to relate absolute photon intensities with the relative values generally reported in the literaturethe data for each radioactive nucleus. These sectio Possible inconsistencies or errors in the data are also noted throughout the compilation.