cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Methodological Review of fNIRS in Driving Research: Relevance to the Future of Autonomous Vehicles.

As automobile manufacturers have begun to design, engineer, and test autonomous driving systems of the future, brain imaging with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can provide unique insights about cognitive processes associated with evolving levels of autonomy implemented in the automobile. Modern fNIRS devices provide a portable, relatively affordable, and robust form of functional neuroimaging that allows researchers to investigate brain function in real-world environments. The trend towards “naturalistic neuroscience” is evident in the growing number of studies that leverage the methodological flexibility of fNIRS, and in doing so, significantly expand the scope of cognitive function that is accessible to observation via functional brain imaging (i.e., from the simulator to on-road scenarios). While more than a decade’s worth of study in this field of fNIRS driving research has led to many interesting findings, the number of studies applying fNIRS during autonomous modes of operation is limited. To support future research that directly addresses this lack in autonomous driving research with fNIRS, we argue that a cogent distillation of the methods used to date will help facilitate and streamline this research of tomorrow. To that end, here we provide a methodological review of the existing fNIRS driving research, with the overarching goal of highlighting the current diversity in methodological approaches. We argue that standardization of these approaches will facilitate greater overlap of methods by researchers from all disciplines, which will, in-turn, allow for meta-analysis of future results. We conclude by providing recommendations for advancing the use of such fNIRS technology in furthering understanding the adoption of safe autonomous vehicle technology.
Temperature acclimation of leaf respiration differs between marsh and mangrove vegetation in a coastal wetland ecotone

Temperature acclimation of leaf respiration (R) is an important determinant of ecosystem responses to temperature and the magnitude of temperature-CO2 feedbacks as climate warms. Yet, the extent to which temperature acclimation of R exhibits a common pattern across different growth conditions, ecosystems, and plant functional types remains unclear. Here, we measured the short-term temperature response of R at six time points over a 10-month period in two coastal wetland species (Avicennia germinans [C3 mangrove] and Spartina alterniflora [C4 marsh grass]) growing under ambient and experimentally warmed temperatures at two sites in a marsh-mangrove ecotone. Leaf nitrogen (N) was determined on a subsample of leaves to explore potential coupling of R and N. We hypothesized that both species would reduce R at 25°C (R25 ) and the short-term temperature sensitivity of R (Q10 ) as air temperature (Tair ) increased across seasons, but the decline would be stronger in Avicennia than in Spartina. For each species, we hypothesized that seasonal temperature acclimation of R would be equivalent in plants grown under ambient and warmed temperatures, demonstrating convergent acclimation. Surprisingly, Avicennia generally increased R25 with increasing growth temperature, although the Q10 declined as seasonal temperatures increased and did so consistently across sites and treatments. Weak temperature acclimation resulted in reduced homeostasis of R in Avicennia. Spartina reduced R25 and the Q10 as seasonal temperatures increased. In Spartina, seasonal temperature acclimation was largely consistent across sites and treatments resulting in greater respiratory homeostasis. We conclude that co-occurring coastal wetland species may show contrasting patterns of respiratory temperature acclimation. Nonetheless, leaf N scaled positively with R25 in both species, highlighting the importance of leaf N in predicting respiratory capacity across a range of growth temperatures. The patterns of respiratory temperature acclimation shown here may improve the predictions of temperature controls of CO2 fluxes in coastal wetlands.
Plant Gene Mapping Techniques

Plant genetic maps are graphic representations of the organization of chromosomes. Maps are developed using a wide range of classical and molecular techniques and population structures. Keywords: genetic maps; comparative mapping; DNA markers; recombination; polyploid; aneuploid
Modeling and characterization of reverse recovery performance of high-power GaAs Schottky and silicon P-i-N rectifiers

The reverse recovery characteristics of high-power GaAs Schottky and silicon P-i-N rectifiers are studied at various temperatures. Devices were first characterized to obtain measured data for forward and reverse I-V, C-V, reverse breakdown voltage, and reverse recovery performance and then simulated using an advanced two-dimensional (2-D) mixed device and circuit simulator. The measured and simulated results show significant reduction in reverse recovery tail-current for the GaAs Schottky rectifier. At higher temperatures, the reverse recovery performance of the GaAs Schottky rectifier improves while that of the silicon P-i-N rectifier is degraded. These results represent the first demonstration and application of mixed device and circuit simulation in accurately predicting the reverse recovery performance of power rectifiers. >
Relationship between patient pre-treatment object relations functioning and psychodynamic techniques early in treatment.

This study explored the relationship between patient pre-treatment object relations (OR) functioning and psychodynamic techniques employed during two early sessions (third and ninth). The sample consisted of 76 outpatients engaged in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. Results showed that lower levels of patient pre-treatment OR functioning, particularly in the identity and affective domains, were related to a greater use of psychodynamic–interpersonal techniques in sessions. Patients who had more adaptive management of aggressive impulses were related to a greater use of cognitive–behavioural techniques by therapists. In addition, exploratory analyses between OR functioning and specific psychodynamic–interpersonal and cognitive–behavioural techniques showed that lower OR functioning in terms of affect, self-esteem, identity coherence, social causality, emotional investment in relationships as well as Global OR were significantly related to therapist focus on avoidance of important topics and affective changes during the session. Implications for clinical practice and Q1 future research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: Consider more frequent use of psychodynamic techniques early in treatment with patients expressing more pathological object representations, particularly when these deficits are in the affective and identity domains. Lower patient object relations functioning may necessitate an in session focus on issues that are avoided or uncomfortable early in treatment. Lower patient object relations functioning may necessitate the need to address and explore labile affective expressions in session as they occur early in treatment. When patients are able to more adaptively express or manage aggressive impulses early within psychodynamic psychotherapy consider the integration of problem solving, goal oriented, future focused (i.e., CB) techniques.
Measuring Finley's Impact

Moses I. Finley (1912-1986) was one of the leading ancient historians of the post-war period. His many books and articles have had a significant impact on the historical profession. This paper seeks to measure the extent of his scholarly impact by means of a bibliometric approach, assessing his contribution in terms of citation counts and in relation to the work of other prominent scholars in the same field.
The History of the Second Amendment

The debate has resulted in odd political alignments which in turn have caused the Second Amendment to be described recently as the most embarrassing provision of the Bill of Rights. [4] Embarrassment results from the politics associated with determining whether the language creates a state's right or an individual right. Civil libertarians support the individual rights recognized in the First, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments and defend these rights against governmental abuse. Civil libertarians insist that each citizen be accorded the right to free speech, even if the citizen is a Nazi hatemonger. Similarly, criminals can count on a vigorous defense of the fourth amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches as well as the fifth amendment right not to incriminate oneself. All of this is true even though most of us would agree that Nazi hate language is of no utility, and a criminal's confession, absent coercion, and the fruits of a search of his or her house are among the best indicators of actual guilt or innocence. Yet, we zealously defend these rights on the premise that governmental abuse of power is a greater evil than that posed by individual hatemongers or criminals.
A Non-Iterative Riccati Approach to Robust Control Design

In this paper we present a non-iterative procedure for designing a linear control law that guarantees practical stability of a system with matched additive disturbances and matched uncertainties in the system matrix and the input connection matrix. The solution of an algebraic Riccati equation is used to generate the feedback gains for a linear controller that guarantees asymptotic stability of the uncertain system without the additive disturbances. Then a multiplier which is a function of the magnitude of the additive disturbances is applied, and the resulting control guarantees practical stability. Unlike other Riccati approaches which require a search procedure, our approach leads directly to a control without requiring any iteration. Application of the results to tracking problems is discussed since formulation of the tracking problem for an uncertain system requires stabilization of a new system with additive disturbances.
The Euler-Lagrange equation under weak regularity conditions

This paper is a continuation of the author's previous work (1994, 1996, 1997, 1998) on a general nonsmooth version of the finite-dimensional Pontryagin maximum principle. The purpose here is to present a further extension of this result for the special case of finite-dimensional classical calculus of variations problems in R/sup n/, with constraints /spl xi/(t)/spl isin/U, where U is a given subset of R/sup n/. For simplicity, we only consider problems with fixed end points. Naturally, the result is a generalization of the classical Euler-Lagrange equations with the Weierstrass's side conditions, stated in the Hamiltonian language of optimal control theory. As in the author's previous work on the maximum principle, the approach used here is classical, in the sense that it involves "needle variations" and uses a fixed-point argument.
Nature of Hamster Complement-fixing Antibody to Adenovirus 12 Tumor Antigen

The presence of complement-fixing (CF) antibody reactive with T antigen and with viral C antigen in hamsters bearing adenovirus 12-induced tumors has been confirmed. Antibody activity in serum obtained at a time when the host was bearing large tumors was found to be associated exclusively with 7S immunoglobulins. Two populations of 7S immunoglobulins showing CF reactivity were distinguished by electrical charge, as determined by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography and immunoelectrophoresis. No antibodies of the 19S IgM type were detected in the serum of hamsters bearing large tumors.
Plant responses to low [CO2] of the past

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18,000-20,000 yr ago) and previous glacial periods, atmospheric [CO(2)] dropped to 180-190 ppm, which is among the lowest concentrations that occurred during the evolution of land plants. Modern atmospheric CO(2) concentrations ([CO(2)]) are more than twice those of the LGM and 45% higher than pre-industrial concentrations. Since CO(2) is the carbon source for photosynthesis, lower carbon availability during glacial periods likely had a major impact on plant productivity and evolution. From the studies highlighted here, it is clear that the influence of low [CO(2)] transcends several scales, ranging from physiological effects on individual plants to changes in ecosystem functioning, and may have even influenced the development of early human cultures (via the timing of agriculture). Through low-[CO(2)] studies, we have determined a baseline for plant response to minimal [CO(2)] that occurred during the evolution of land plants. Moreover, an increased understanding of plant responses to low [CO(2)] contributes to our knowledge of how natural global change factors in the past may continue to influence plant responses to future anthropogenic changes. Future work, however, should focus more on the evolutionary responses of plants to changing [CO(2)] in order to account for the potentially large effects of genetic change.
Micromethods for Measuring Phenylalanine and Tyrosine in Serum

Spectrophotofluorometric micromethods for the determination of phenylalanine and tyrosine on 25 µl of serum are described. These methods were applied to detect phenylketonuria among homozygotes and heterozygotes and in the newborn population. The data presented agree with those previously reported. (1) Phenylketonurics have markedly elevated serum phenylalanine and lower serum tyrosine than the controls. (2) The heterozygotes have a higher fasting serum phenylalanine and, after a standard oral phenylalanine test, show a higher and more prolonged rise of serum phenylalanine than the controls. There was a lesser increase of serum tyrosine after phenylalanine loading in the heterozygotes than the controls. (3) Premature infants of low birth weight have higher serum phenylalanine and tyrosine levels than normal birth weight infants, presumably due to enzyme immaturity. Simultaneous determinations of serum phenylalanine and tyrosine will differentiate newborn infants who are suspected to be phenylketonurics from the homozygotes (phenylketonurics).
East European Studies: A Question and Some Ambivalence

The question “Whither Eastern Europe?” prompts the author to reflect upon the interplay of area studies and political power in the United States. Concerns about the future of East European studies ...
The genetics and neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease.

Here we review the genetic causes and risks for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Early work identified mutations in three genes that cause AD: APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2. Although mutations in these genes are rare causes of AD, their discovery had a major impact on our understanding of molecular mechanisms of AD. Early work also revealed the e4 allele of the APOE as a strong risk factor for AD. Subsequently, SORL1 also was identified as an AD risk gene. More recently, advances in our knowledge of the human genome, made possible by technological advances and methods to analyze genomic data, permit systematic identification of genes that contribute to AD risk. This work, so far accomplished through single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, has revealed nine new genes implicated in AD risk (ABCA7, BIN1, CD33, CD2AP, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, MS4A4E/MS4A6A, and PICALM). We review the relationship between these mutations and genetic variants and the neuropathologic features of AD and related disorders. Together, these discoveries point toward a new era in neurodegenerative disease research that impacts not only AD but also related illnesses that produce cognitive and behavioral deficits.
Measuring Newtonian viscosity from the phase of reflected ultrasonic shear wave

Abstract In this paper, an acoustic shear impedance model is employed to obtain a relation between the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid and phase characteristics of ultrasonic shear wave reflection from a solid–fluid interface. The phase and magnitude of the reflection coefficient can be decoupled in this model. The decoupling allows an independent relation between the acoustic shear impedance (viscosity–density product) and phase of the reflection coefficient. The model was experimentally verified for different fluid–solid combinations. Comparison of the results with the commonly used absolute reflection coefficient method demonstrates that phase measurement provides improved measurements.
Bloch-mode coupling to analyze periodic slits in metallic film

We use Bloch modes to study the interaction between light and periodic structures by matching the tangential fields at the air-grating interface. Wood and surface plasmon anomalies are successfully predicted by this method.
Effect of Galvanic Coupling Between Overpack Materials of High-Level Nuclear Waste Containers

Abstract Effect of environmental parameters and area ratio on the galvanic protection of Alloy 825 (UNS N08825) by A516 Grade 60 steel (UNS K02100) was studied. A simplified model was used to calculate the potential and corrosion current density of the bimetallic couple as a function of the galvanic coupling efficiency. Galvanic corrosion tests were performed to gain confidence in the calculated values. The modeling calculations and laboratory testing indicated that with highly efficient coupling the potential of the galvanic couple could be maintained below the repassivation potential for Alloy 825. As a result, the initiation of localized corrosion on Alloy 825 can be prevented. The formation of oxides, scales, and corrosion product layers between the barriers was shown to reduce the efficiency of the galvanic couple, which may result in conditions leading to the localized corrosion of the inner, corrosion-resistant barrier.
Multifunction Card: Rio Plus II

The advent of the M300XT Workstation makes conventional added memory boards unnecessary, but there remains a large installed base of M300 Workstations that only came with 256K. The popularity of many clone products, too, makes expansion of memory a topic that should be investigated. Specifically, the questions needing answers are:
An Extraordinary Scattered Broad Emission Line in a Type 2 Quasi-stellar Object

An infrared-selected, narrow-line quasi-stellar object has been found to exhibit an extraordinarily broad Hα emission line in polarized light. Both the extreme width (35,000 km s-1 full-width at zero intensity) and 3,000 km s-1 redshift of the line centroid with respect to the systemic velocity suggest emission in a deep gravitational potential. An extremely red polarized continuum and partial scattering of the narrow lines at a position angle common to the broad-line emission imply extensive obscuration, with few unimpeded lines of sight to the nucleus.
A versatile procedure for the preparation of palmitic acid‐d2 and stearic acid‐d6

Syntheses of palmitic acid-d2 and stearic acid-d6 are described, the latter route also having the capability of producing methyl oleate and elaidate-13,13,14,14-d4 from the same synthetic sequence. Overall yields are in the range of 40 to 60%. These syntheses use tris (triphenylphosphine) - chlororhodium(I) for the incorporation of deuterium. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is used to confirm that less than 70 ppb rhodium catalyst remained in the final products.
Regulating farmworkers: The state and the agricultural labor supply in California

The state in a society dominated by the capitalist mode of production is compelled to seek resolution of contradictions within the forms of social relationships compatible with the continuity of a dominant capitalist form and to insure capital accumulation. The resolution should also be able to submerge at least temporarily the inherent conflicts within that situation. Thus, the state may attempt to restrict the possible activities of a militant organization while at the same time helping maintain its existence. The ability of the state decisively to limit and restrict organizations like the United Farm Workers is not, however, guaranteed. The struggle for transitional reforms is thus crucial not only in consolidating gains but also in providing a basis for future actions. From all indications the United Farm Workers seem to recognize the situation. The future of the United Farm Workers as a militant, democratically organized, grassroots organization of agricultural workers capable of mobilizing widespread public support may be influenced more by their ability to stay free of constraining state regulation than by a struggle with a particular segment of agricultural growers. This suggests that if the UFW becomes established on a more permanent basis, its most significant struggles in the future may be with elements of the state which ironically are trying to guarantee its existence. It is this aspect of agricultural labor relations within California as well as the United States in general which may be the most significant during the next decade.
Within-Variable, Between-Occasion Error Covariances in Models of Educational Achievement.

To correct for the effects of measurement error on structural parameter estimates, many researchers are now estimating models of educational achievement with LISREL. In order to estimate such models it is desirable to obtain multiple manifest measures of the latent constructs. Many researchers restrict their models to two manifest measures per latent construct for reasons of economy, but doing so assumes in the absence of external information that all of the covariance between the within-variable measures is reliable covariance. Such an assumption may or may not hold in practice. Using data from High School and Beyond, the present study empirically investigates the extent of within-variable, between-occasion error covariances among variables typically included in models of educational achievement.
Analysis of heating and evaporation from a liquid film adjacent to a horizontal rotating disk

Abstract The processes of heating and evaporation in a thin liquid film adjacent to a horizontal disk rotating about a vertical axis at a constant angular velocity is analyzed. The fluid emanates axisymmetrically from a source at the center of the disk and is carried downstream by inertial and centrifugal forces. Closedform analytical solutions are derived for fully-developed flow and heat transfer. Simplified analyses are also presented for developing heat transfer in a fully-developed flow field. Moreover, a complete threedimensional numerical simulation of the flow system is carried out using a boundary-fitted moving grid system. The different solution methodologies are compared and the results of a parametric study are presented for a range of Reynolds and Ekman numbers. The rate of heat transfer increased significantly with increasing rotational speed. The Nusselt number defined in terms of film thickness approached a constant value in the fully developed region for the cases of heating and evaporation.
Unusual fungal pathogens in fungal rhinosinusitis

Approximately 300 fungal species are known to cause mycotic disease in humans and other animals. More than 50 of these species are documented as agents of rhinosinusitis. Most such infections are caused by species of Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Alternaria, Bipolaris, and Curvularia. A growing number, however, has been attributed to lesser known fungi. Here, 38 fungi that are unusual causes of rhinosinusitis are tabulated and referenced in conjunction with their associated symptoms.
High Resolution Optical Study of The Antisite Defect ASGa in GaAs; Correlation with Midgap Level EL2

A high resolution optical study was carried out on GaAs crystals containing only the EL2 midgap level. The no-phonon line at 1.039 eV was identified as an intracenter transition within AsGa. An excellent correlation was found between the intensity of the no-phot1n AsGa line and the characteristic EL2 absorption. A correlation was also found between the characteristic optical absorption of EL2 and its concentration as determined by DLTS measurements. These results prove the direct association of EL2 with a neutral state of AsGa The presence of another midgap level ELO, contained in heavily doped oxygen crystals had no effect on the optical spectra of EL2, but it did alter the DLTS measurements. Thus, an accurate calibration was obtained for the determination of EL2 by optical absorption based on DLTS measurements on crystals containing only EL2 and thus involving no uncertainties introduced by other midgap levels.
Excess Resources, Utilization Costs, And Mode Of Entry

This study integrates the concepts of utilization costs, resource-based theories, and capital market imperfections into a new framework to explain how companies choose to enter new markets. Two mod...
Increasing fluid intelligence is possible after all

Almost 40 years ago, Jensen (1) claimed that, when all is said and done, there is not much one can do to raise people's IQs. Over the years, there have been various attempts to do so, which generally have yielded somewhat ambiguous results (2). Even successful attempts (3) have typically involved training people on the same kinds of items on which they would be tested, so that it was not clear whether the training was generalizable, rather than merely a result of practice effects on particular item types (4). Further complicating the picture have been studies showing that IQ tends to be fairly highly heritable, with most reliable estimates ranging from ≈0.5 to 0.8 (5). More recently, heritability has been found to vary both with age, with IQ becoming more highly heritable in later years (6), and with social class, with IQ more highly heritable in higher social classes (7). Although heritability does not imply the fixedness of a trait (e.g., height is highly heritable but also modifiable), the mixed results of training studies have been taken to be consistent with the notion that IQ is relatively fixed. IQ may be viewed as a composite comprising multiple elements: In many theories of intelligence, a distinction is made between fluid and crystallized intelligence (8). Fluid intelligence comprises the set of abilities involved in coping with novel environments and especially in abstract reasoning; crystallized intelligence is the product of the application of these processes. Fluid intelligence is often measured by tests such as figural analogy, classification, and matrix problems, whereas crystallized intelligence is measured by tests of vocabulary and general information (9). In this issue of PNAS, … *E-mail: robert.sternberg{at}tufts.edu
International competition in mature, localized industries: Evidence from the U.S. furniture industry

Abstract This study explores the changes taking place in a mature localized industry, traditionally dominated by national players, when it faces the growing presence of international competition. The study is grounded in the resource-based view of the firm and integrated with prior work on international mobility barriers. Drawing on this work, several hypotheses are developed: (1) that resources associated with above average performance will change following the advent of foreign competition; (2) that domestic firms will inadequately transition to the newer valuable resources under a regime of increased foreign competition; and (3) following the entrance of foreign competitors, domestic firms' strategies will display higher levels of convergence. Empirical results, tested on a sample of firms from the U.S. furniture industry, are generally supportive of the hypotheses, although with some exceptions.
Subglobal climate-change actions and carbon leakage: the implication of international capital flows

Abstract The climate-change agreement negotiated in Kyoto obliges the OECD countries to initiate the international effort of abating the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In the event that such an initiative is taken, the associated competitive pressures may induce significant offsetting increases in non-OECD emissions (a process generally known as leakage). The current models used to study these competitive effects have adopted an empirically inconsistent view of the world that international capital markets are perfectly integrated. To the extent that restrictions on the international mobility of capital affect regional investment decisions, it might be expected that the competitive impacts drawn from these models could significantly be altered. This paper addresses this issue. The paper suggests that these competitive effects are not really contingent on capital flows. With a regionally disaggregated dynamic model of the world economy, we show a quite robust result that carbon leakage is virtually unaffected by the presence of restrictions on the mobility of international capital.
Targeting voltage gated sodium channels NaV1.7, Na V1.8, and Na V1.9 for treatment of pathological cough.

Recent advances in our understanding of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) lead to the rational hypothesis that drugs capable of selective blockade of NaV subtypes may be a safe and effective strategy for the treatment of unwanted cough. Among the nine NaV subtypes (NaV1.1–NaV1.9), the afferent nerves involved in initiating cough, in common with nociceptive neurons in the somatosensory system, express mainly NaV1.7, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9. Although knowledge about the effect of selectively blocking these channels on the cough reflex is limited, their biophysical properties indicate that each may contribute to the hypertussive and allotussive state that typifies subacute and chronic nonproductive cough.
STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES : III. AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF THE TRANSFORMING SUBSTANCE AND ITS APPLICATION TO PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II, III, AND VI.

1. An improved method is outlined for the isolation and purification of the pneumococcal transforming substance. This method makes use of the fact that citrate inhibits the destructive action of the enzyme, desoxyribonuclease, which is released together with the active material during lysis of the living bacterial cells. A fivefold greater yield of purified transforming agent is obtained by the present method than by the procedure previousiy described. 2. The specific transforming substance has been isolated from pneumococci of types II and VI, in addition to Type III. In each instance the biologically active material has been found to consist of desoxyribonucleic acid.
BioCreAtIvE Task 1A: gene mention finding evaluation

The biological research literature is a major repository of knowledge. As the amount of literature increases, it will get harder to find the information of interest on a particular topic. There has been an increasing amount of work on text mining this literature, but comparing this work is hard because of a lack of standards for making comparisons. To address this, we worked with colleagues at the Protein Design Group, CNB-CSIC, Madrid to develop BioCreAtIvE (Critical Assessment for Information Extraction in Biology), an open common evaluation of systems on a number of biological text mining tasks. We report here on task 1A, which deals with finding mentions of genes and related entities in text. "Finding mentions" is a basic task, which can be used as a building block for other text mining tasks. The task makes use of data and evaluation software provided by the (US) National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). 15 teams took part in task 1A. A number of teams achieved scores over 80% F-measure (balanced precision and recall). The teams that tried to use their task 1A systems to help on other BioCreAtIvE tasks reported mixed results. The 80% plus F-measure results are good, but still somewhat lag the best scores achieved in some other domains such as newswire, due in part to the complexity and length of gene names, compared to person or organization names in newswire.
Zeros of Dirichlet L-functions near the Real Axis and Chebyshev's Bias

Abstract We examine the connections between small zeros of quadratic L-functions, Chebyshev's bias, and class numbers of imaginary quadratic fields.
ALTERATION IN THE PLASMA TESTOSTERONE: ESTRADIOL RATIO: AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE INHIBIN HYPOTHESIS

The data suggest that in the absence of the testis: (1) testosterone can maintain both FSH and LH concentrations chronically within the physiological range; (2) that estradiol preferentially suppresses plasma LH concentration, indicating that the androgenic component of testosterone modulates FSH secretion; and (3) that subphysiological testosterone concentrations accompanied by physiological estradiol levels permit FSH to escape to midcastrate levels while maintaining LH concentration at intact levels. An alteration in the testosterone: estradiol ratio can account for a selective FSH elevation when testosterone production is low. The data provide an alternative explanation for the inhibin phenomenon.
Differential ion-selective membrane electrode-based potentiometric gas-sensing cells with enhanced gas sensitivity

A novel design for devising static and automated flow-through type potentiometric gas-sensing systems with enhanced response slopes is described. The approach involves the use of two working gas-sensing electrode half-cells in a differential measurement arrangement. One of the half-cells employs a pH-sensitive polymeric membrane electrode to sense pH changes from diffusing analyte gas within a suitable inner electrolyte solution housed behind an outer gas-permeable membrane. The second working half-cell is fabricated with an anion- or cation-selective membrane electrode that responds selectively to the conjugate acid or base ionic form of the analyte gas trapped within an inner buffer solution housed behind a similar gas-permeable membrane. When the two internal solutions of the half-cells are in electrolytic contact, the differential response of the resulting gas-sensing scheme is significantly enhanced compared with the response of a conventional single working electrode/reference electrode type gas cell. For the model analyte gas ammonia, response slopes observed for both static and flow-through measurement schemes approach the 118 mV decade-t predicted by theory. To demonstrate its analytical utility, the flow-through arrangement was used to determine ammonia-N concentrations in bioreactor media with good correlation with conventional electrode and enzymatic methods. The prospects of fabricating similar differential detection arrangements for CO,, NO* and SO, are discussed.
Some metallographic observations on the spalling of AISI 1060 steel by the formation of adiabatic shear bands

Abstract The spalling of metals and alloys occurs by the localization of plastic deformation. The temperatures generated within the shear bands may induce recrystallization, solid state phase transformations and even melting. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the hardness of an AISI 1060 steel on its resistance to spalling by ballistic impact and to record metallographically the evolution of the adiabatic shear bands as a result of repeated impact. The experimental results demonstrated that the resistance of AISI 1060 steel to spalling decreases as its hardness increases, and the layers of untempered martensite which form within the shear bands evolve discontinuously, i.e. the layer of martensite does not form during a single impact. The hardness of the martensite is consistent with the carbon content of the steel. Fractographic analysis of the smeared fracture surface of the spall fragments produced evidence of localized melting.
Challenges of a pharmacist-directed peer support program among adolescents with diabetes

Abstract Objectives To describe the development and challenges of a pharmacist-directed peer support program among adolescents with diabetes. Practice Description The program was designed as adjunctive therapy for adolescents receiving care at the Diabetes Education and Research Center (DERC). DERC is an interdisciplinary facility at which the clinical pharmacist provides direct, diabetes-related patient care services. Through collaboration with DERC, pharmacists developed and facilitated each component of the program. Practice Innovation The U.S. Diabetes Conversation Map program was used for the educational component of the program. This is an innovative, American Diabetes Association–approved tool for providing group education on diabetes self-management. As trained facilitators of the conversation maps, the investigators educated group leaders on how to be facilitators for their peers. Main Outcome Measures Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C), diabetes self-management skills, and diabetes-related quality of life were measured at baseline and following program completion. Qualitative outcomes were measured via validated questionnaires in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The investigators facilitated the gathering of all quantitative and qualitative data. Results Several participants did not meet all inclusion criteria; therefore, data from only six participants were assessed. A1C increased among participants, affirming the challenge of metabolic control during adolescence. Despite this, qualitative analysis of questionnaires revealed improvements in adherence to lifestyle modifications and health perception after program completion. Conclusion Evidence illustrates beneficial effects of peer-facilitated support on the physical and psychological challenges of diabetes self-management; however, challenges existed when implementing this program among adolescents. Suggestions to overcome these challenges include same-sex support groups, use of an appealing setting for participants, incorporation into camps or after-school programs, and extended program length. Pharmacists are well equipped to assist individuals in comprehensive diabetes management programs such as the one described here because of their education and training in medication management, therapeutic lifestyle changes, and patient communication.
RAGE visualization for Special Forces operations

The RAGE system is a collaborative virtual environment which is being developed at the Naval Research Laboratory specifically for planning, training and situation awareness. IT consists of the CAVE-like device known as the GROTTO and a virtual workbench. The system offers many important capabilities for hostage rescue scenarios. First, it avoids the need to create physical mockups of rooms and buildings, instead computer models are generated. Second, it is possible to explore alternative scenarios to experiment with different tactical operations. Third, the system can be linked with other software modules such as simulators and analysis tools, and has the capability to dynamically change the environment as new intelligence information is received. This system has three potential applications. First, it can be used as a device for the training of Special Forces. Second, it can be used to study important military operations. Finally, it can be used as a command and control device used in real-time as the rescue operation is being carried out. We show some these capabilities by reproducing one famous special forces hostage rescue operation.
The Separation of Biologically Active Diastereomers of Zwitterionic β-Lactams by Anion Exchange Chromatography

Abstract Separation of diastereomeric zwitterionic β-lactams was effected on an anion-exchange column. An aqueous pH gradient from neutrality to pH 1 was generated using hydrochloric acid with the resin in the chloride form. Isocratic separations were done with 0.1 N acetic acid with the resin in the acetate form. The separated products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, β-lactamase inhibitory activity and antibiotic activity.
Is It Production “Control”?

Presents information on production control in management. Components of production control; Functions of production control; Discussion of the concept of dispatching.
Data gathering in ultra wide band based wireless sensor networks using a mobile node

Ultra-wideband (UWB) communications is receiving significant attention recently due to its high data rates and low power, low interference transmission. This paper considers the issue of utilizing these advantages of UWB to design improved Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In particular, we consider data gathering in wireless sensor networks using a mobile node for data collection. We first propose a network architecture where a mobile node equipped with both a UWB transceiver and a narrowband RF transceiver is used to collect data from sensor nodes. The sensor nodes are equipped with a narrowband RF transceiver and only a UWB transmitter (not receiver). This approach is chosen to strike a balance between cost of each sensor node and speed of data transfer, since a UWB transmitter is much less complex and expensive than a UWB receiver. We then propose a mobile Data Gathering (DGR) algorithm to find a minimal set of points in the sensor network, which will serve as data gathering points for the mobile node. We use a Voronoi diagram of the network as a starting point, considering each sensor node in the network as a site in the Voronoi diagram and finnding points in the network where data from multiple sites (sensor nodes) can be collected. We then use a weight function designed to reduce the number of these data collection points, and generate a new smaller set of points, such that the mobile node can collect data from multiple sites from each such point. With the aid of a discrete-event simulation model, we show significant savings in the total time for data collection while providing a high level of network coverage.
Demonstration of Myelolytic Substances in Disseminated Sclerosis

SummaryA substance which acted destructively upon the myelin sheaths of rat spinal cord could be demonstrated in the urines of patients suffering from disseminated sclerosis. It was more frequently observed during periods of exacerbations than during periods of remissions. Similar myelolytic substances were also observed in cases of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism, but they were absent in syphilis and in other diseases of the central nervous system. This myelolytic substance could be isolated from the concentrated urines by extraction with dioxane.
Multilevel Modeling To Understand The Folding Hysteresis Of GFP

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is known to show hysteresis during folding. Experiments indicate that this hysteresis occurs due to the cooperative behavior of the chromophore and a few prolines which occur at the edge of the GFP barrel near the chromophore containing helix. Even one-bead-per-residue (C-alpha) structure-based (Go) simulations of GFP contain signatures of structural frustration near the proline regions. We explore the role of this frustration and the cooperativity of the prolines and the chromophore further by performing detailed simulations of GFP.
Endovascular treatment of hepatic artery thrombosis following liver transplantation

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is the most frequent vascular complication following orthotopic liver transplantation. Urgent retransplantation has been considered as the mainstay therapy. Surgical revascularization is an effective alternative in asymptomatic patients. Endovascular therapies including intra-arterial thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), and stent placement have shown encouraging results in recent years; however, their use remains controversial because of potential risk of hemorrhage. Until June 2009, 69 cases were published in 16 reports describing therapeutic potential of endovascular modalities. Interventions were performed as early as within 4 h to as late as 120 days in patients ranging from 4 months to 64 years of age. Majority of published reports suggested the use of urokinase. Thrombolysis was successful in 47 out of 69 (68%) patients. Bleeding was the most common complication including fatal intra-abdominal hemorrhage in three patients. Twenty-nine out of 47 (62%) patients underwent further intervention in the form of PTA, stenting, or both. The follow-up patency ranged from 1 month to 26 months. In conclusion, whenever possible, efforts should be made to rescue the liver grafts through urgent revascularization (surgical and/or endovascular) depending on patient's condition and interventional expertise at the transplant center; reserving the option of retransplantation for failure, complications, and cases with severe clinical symptoms or allograft dysfunction.
Impairments of multisensory integration and cross-sensory learning as pathways to dyslexia

Two sensory systems are intrinsic to learning to read. Written words enter the brain through the visual system and associated sounds through the auditory system. The task before the beginning reader is quite basic. She must learn correspondences between orthographic tokens and phonemic utterances, and she must do this to the point that there is seamless automatic 'connection' between these sensorially distinct units of language. It is self-evident then that learning to read requires formation of cross-sensory associations to the point that deeply encoded multisensory representations are attained. While the majority of individuals manage this task to a high degree of expertise, some struggle to attain even rudimentary capabilities. Why do dyslexic individuals, who learn well in myriad other domains, fail at this particular task? Here, we examine the literature as it pertains to multisensory processing in dyslexia. We find substantial support for multisensory deficits in dyslexia, and make the case that to fully understand its neurological basis, it will be necessary to thoroughly probe the integrity of auditory-visual integration mechanisms.
The Mori–Tanaka method for composite materials with nonlinear interface debonding

Abstract We have used the Mori–Tanaka method to study the effect of nonlinear interface debonding on the constitutive behavior of composite material with high particle volume fraction. The interface debonding is characterized by a nonlinear cohesive law determined from the fracture test of the high explosive PBX 9501. Using the example of the composite material with spherical particles subject to hydrostatic tension, we show that the particle size has an important effect on the behavior of the composite material, namely hardening for small particles and softening for large particles. The critical particle size that separates the hardening and softening behavior of the composite material is determined. For the composite material with large particles, the particle/matrix interface may undergo catastrophic debonding, i.e., sudden, dynamic debonding even under static load. The energy release during catastrophic debonding can be very large, thus may trigger the reaction or detonation of high explosives. For the high explosive PBX 9501, the energy release due to catastrophic debonding of coarse (large) particles is equivalent to the free drop of the high explosive from a height of 110 m. This value become much higher, 455 m, once the debonding of fine (small) particle is accounted for.