cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved algorithms for distributed resource allocation

Eugene St yer Gary L. Peterson School of Information and Computer Science Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Ga. 30332 The problem of assigning resources to processes in a distributed system using only 10~81 communication is considered. The problem is a generalized form of Dining Philosophers as given by Lynch [S] and also considered by Chandy and Misra [2]. Those solutions, however, allowed a process to wait for relatively distant processes, and also to wait many times for the same process. Our algorithms, based in part on Lynch’s, have improved locality. That is, a process’s waiting time is a small function of the number and speed of nearby processes. The first algorithm prevents a process from being delayed by processes that are far away in the network. A process may delay another if its distance away is at most logarithmic in the number of colors used to edge-color the graph representing the network. (The previous algorithms are linear in edge-color.) A second algorithm restricts the neighboring processes so that they cannot repeatedly acquire and relesse resources ahead of other processes, each time causing an additional delay. The maximum waiting time is polynomially bounded by the number of processes within a distance limited by the number of colors. (As opposed to an exponential bound for the previous solutions.) The algorithms can be combined to give an overall improved algorithm. Much of the analysis of the algorithms is non-trivial. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.
Two-Dimensional Tracking of ncd Motility by Back Focal Plane Interferometry

A technique for detecting the displacement of micron-sized optically trapped probes using far-field interference is introduced, theoretically explained, and used to study the motility of the ncd motor protein. Bead motions in the focal plane relative to the optical trap were detected by measuring laser intensity shifts in the back-focal plane of the microscope condenser by projection on a quadrant diode. This detection method is two-dimensional, largely independent of the position of the trap in the field of view and has approximately 10-micros time resolution. The high resolution makes it possible to apply spectral analysis to measure dynamic parameters such as local viscosity and attachment compliance. A simple quantitative theory for back-focal-plane detection was derived that shows that the laser intensity shifts are caused primarily by a far-field interference effect. The theory predicts the detector response to bead displacement, without adjustable parameters, with good accuracy. To demonstrate the potential of the method, the ATP-dependent motility of ncd, a kinesin-related motor protein, was observed with an in vitro bead assay. A fusion protein consisting of truncated ncd (amino acids 195-685) fused with glutathione-S-transferase was adsorbed to silica beads, and the axial and lateral motions of the beads along the microtubule surface were observed with high spatial and temporal resolution. The average axial velocity of the ncd-coated beads was 230 +/- 30 nm/s (average +/- SD). Spectral analysis of bead motion showed the increase in viscous drag near the surface; we also found that any elastic constraints of the moving motors are much smaller than the constraints due to binding in the presence of the nonhydrolyzable nucleotide adenylylimidodiphosphate.
RECENT STUDIES IN EARLY MODERN ENGLISH LIFE WRITING

AbstractThis essay surveys scholarship on English life writing from 1971 through 2008. Critical interest in life writing, a category which includes a wide range of genres that involve writing about the self and theorizing about self‐writing, has yielded feminist, historicist, social, formalist, and manuscript‐based approaches to this body of material, to name just a few of the most prominent trends. In particular, the study of life writing has been invigorated but also challenged by changing definitions of “autobiography” and an increasing willingness to recognize multiple genres and combinations of genres as life writing. Other important trends over the past few decades include a continuing study of women's self‐narratives, greater understanding of the significance of manuscript culture to life writing, and attention to the historical development of subject formation. This vibrant body of scholarship suggests rich possibilities for future studies. (M.M.D. and J.A.E.)
High performance multi-scaled nanostructured spectrally selective coating for concentrating solar power

Abstract Spectrally selective coatings (SSCs) are a critical component that enables high-temperature and high-efficiency operation of concentrating solar power (CSP) systems. In this Letter, we describe a novel design for a high-performance SSC based on multi-scaled nanostructures. Optimal design of the new structure for high optical performance of the SSC is predicted by the effective medium theory. To demonstrate the feasibility of the design, we fabricate the SSCs using fractal nanostructures with characteristic sizes ranging from ~10 nm to ~10 μm. Optical measurements on these structures show unprecedentedly high performance with ~90–95% solar absorptivity and
First Direct Detection of 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylcyclopropanone

3,5-Dihydro-3,5-dialkyl-3,5-diaryl-4H-pyrazol-4-ones stimulate interest as potential precursors for 2,3-diarylcyclopropanones. Photoreactions of trans-3,5-dihydro-3,5-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-4H-pyrazol-4-one were studied by continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed laser UV photolysis revealing an intermediate that undergoes rearrangement to form cis- and trans-1,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-2-indanones with the yield of ca. 60%. Steady-state photolysis (254 and 350 nm excitation) in different solvents produced an intermediate cyclohexadiene as evidenced by UV/vis, IR, and 1H NMR spectra. In contrast, the nanosecond laser pulsed photolysis at 355 nm produced 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-diphenylcyclopropanone along with two products of retro-1,3-dipolar addition phenylmethylketene and 1-phenyldiazoethane. These can be observed by time-resolved IR (TRIR) spectroscopy as characteristic absorption bands at 1814, 2101, and 2038 cm-1, respectively. Similar retro-1,3-dipolar addition showed 1-phenyldiazoethane formed following flash photolysis...
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in a Lattice Channel With Bleed Holes

A lattice structure for internal cooling with coolant bleeds is investigated experimentally. The lattice configuration provides a serpentine complex flow passage where the flow takes multiple twists and turns with impingement before exiting the coolant flow channel. The combination of impingement, tortuous flow path and turbulators are expected to provide high heat transfer coefficients. In this study, measurements of heat transfer coefficient and total pressure drop were performed for a constant cross-section lattice geometry with bleed holes at the end of the passage as the flow exits. A transient liquid crystal technique was used for the measurements. Stationary tests were performed for four Reynolds number (5500<Re<22000) in a lattice structure with two inlet channels. The data indicated high heat transfer coefficients at locations corresponding to the impingement sites (with the peak Nu/Nu0 ranging from 8–9 at the lowest Re and 3–4 at the highest Re). The spanwise-averaged Nu/Nu0 ratios showed a rapid asymptotic development and shows constant values beyond about 10 sub-channel hydraulic diameters. Channel averaged Nu/Nu0 values are obtained in the range 2.25–3.1. Pressure drop measurements were made, and are combined with the Nu/Nu0 values to produce a TPF. These values are in the range of 1–1.6 with the higher values exceeding TPF’s of turbulated and pin-fin channels.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Perfusion technique for treatment of right heart failure

A simple heparin-bonded circuit to facilitate a femoral vein to femoral artery shunt for the treatment of right-sided circulatory failure is proposed. Desaturated venous blood is shunted to the left-sided circulation to increase systemic blood pressure at the expense of saturation.The circuit comprised ¼ inch x 3/32 inch tubing with a paediatric Bio-Medicus centrifugal pump head allowing adequate regulation of flow. Paediatric Bio- Medicus cannulae provide flows between 500 and 2000 ml/min. Measurements of pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, arterial pressure, arterial saturation and cardiac output were recorded.In the four case studies presented, the treatment included unloading of the right ventricle with venous to arterial shunting. Likewise, eight Holstein calves underwent shunt utilization after placement of a left ventricular assist device and induction of right ventricular failure.The future use of this device may be instrumental in aiding the cardiothoracic surgical team in the tre...
Social variables and divergent selection for mating behaviour of male chickens (Gallus domesticus)

Abstract Heterosexual or unisexual contact of juvenile males from two lines divergently selected for male mating frequency, and a control line had little, if any influence on their subsequent mating behaviour. The interaction of lines x social environments for mating behaviour was not significant, showing that lines responded in a similar manner to the environments. It is hypothetized that selection for low cumulative number of completed matings (CNCM) was primarily for higher neural thresholds, whereas selection for high CNCM affected loci operative after neural thresholds are attained. The magnitude of the sexual component of a court was found to be dependent on the genetic background of the population, being less in the low mating than in the high mating line.
Neonatal muscle growth: a quantitative study.

Various growth parameters of the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle were studied during the first week of neonatal growth, including changes in weight, length, girth and fiber number. These quantitative studies were supplemented by ultrastructural analysis of fiber diameter and morphology in an attempt to determine the source of “new” muscle fibers in the neonate. In the 2-day-old extensor digitorum longus many of the myofibers were enclosed with other filamented cells (a satellite myofiber and/or myotube) in a common basement membrane, forming a cluster. Clusters accounted for 40% of the total independent filamented cells and clusters in 2-day-old muscles, for 2% in the 5-day-old, and for less than 1% in the 8-day-old. The decrease in the percentage of clusters occurred concomitantly with an increase in the number of independent filamented cells. In the 2-day-old there were 2,932 ± 130 independent cells and clusters; this number increased by 90% in the 8-day-old muscle. Mean diameters of filamented cells (whether found independently or as part of a cluster) increased from 6.5 μm to 7.4 μm and to 9.5 μm on days 2, 5, and 8 respectively. Increased filamented cell diameter between days 2 and 5 was a result of growth of the smallest filamented cells into the medium-size compartment. Between the fifth and eighth day postpartum, the increase was due to the growth of both small and medium-size filamented cells. The largest fibers did not increase in diameter during the first week of postnatal development, maximal fiber diameter in the 2-day-old being 15.9 μm and in the 8-day-old, 16.1 μm. At two-days the area through the widest girth of the muscle occupied by filamented cells was 35% of the total cross-sectional area of the extensor digitorum longus. At eight days muscle fibers occupied 59% of the cross-sectional area. To accommodate the myofibers the muscle belly increased its girth, and there was a decrease in the percentage of the area occupied by interstitial tissue, nerves, and blood vessels.
Effect of Temperature on the Surface Tension of Soluble and Insoluble Surfactants of Hydrodynamical Importance

The effect of temperature on the surface tension of soluble and insoluble surfactants was investigated at an air−water interface. Equilibrium surface tension measurements were performed using the Wilhelmy plate technique in which both temperature and concentration were varied systematically. Insoluble surfactants (oleyl alcohol and hemicyanine) and soluble surfactants (Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) were used since they are commonly used in hydrodynamic experiments in which the effects of surfactants on free surface dynamics are studied. The principal result of this investigation is that the surface tension of the above-mentioned surfactants decreases linearly with temperature, independent of concentration, with the exception of oleyl alcohol whose surface tension becomes relatively independent of temperature above 23 °C. The adequacy of standard models for surfactant behavior in describing these data is considered.
Physiological amino acids in the central nervous system of the tarantulas, Aphonopelma chalcodes and Dugesiella echina (Orthognatha: Theraphosidae)

Abstract 1. 1. An analysis of the physiological (free) amino acids in the central nervous system of the tarantula spiders, Aphonopelma chalcodes and Dugesiella echina (Theraphosidae) was conducted. 2. 2. Nitrogenous waste products (ammonia and urea) together comprised 56% of the total ninhydrin-positive compounds in A. chalcodes and 55% in D. echina . 3. 3. GABA accounted for 6% of the total ninhydrin-positive compounds in the CNS of A. chalcodes , and 7% in D. echina . 4. 4. GABA, aspartate, taurine, glycine and glutamate (which have been shown to function as neurotransmitters and/or comodulators of NT activity) together comprised 25% of the total ninhydrin-positive compounds. 5. 5. The most abundant amino acids were proline, alanine, glutamate and aspartate. Glutamate and aspartate concentrations in the CNS of the more primitive theraphosids are lower than those found in web-building spiders.
Solving personnel tour scheduling problems using the dual all-integer cutting plane

Personnel tour scheduling problems are highly relevant to service organizations and have recently received considerable attention in both theory and practice. The inherent complexity of generalized set-covering formulations (GSCFs) of personnel tour scheduling problems has often resulted in the deployment of LP-based and local-search heuristic procedures, even for relatively small problems. This paper evaluates the performance of the dual all-integer cutting plane for solving such problems. A computational study revealed that the cutting plane, enhanced by an LP objective cut and sophisticated source row selection rule, substantially outperformed a commercial branch and bound code across four sets of test problems. The study also showed that an advanced starting solution based on the LP relaxation of the GSCF generally provided more rapid convergence of the algorithm.
A SOLID PHASE PROTOCOL OF THE BIGINELLI DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS SUITABLE FOR COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY

Abstract A new protocol for solid phase Biginelli condensations of β-ketoesters, aldehydes and ureas has been developed. This method uses a Wang resin-linked GABA urea and provides dihydropyrimidines in a single operation in high yield and purity suitable for subsequent direct solution phase screening.
Design, Syntheses, and Evaluations of Bicyclomycin-Based Rho Inactivators

The commercial antibiotic bicyclomycin (1) has been shown to target the essential transcriptional termination factor rho in Escherichia coli. Little is known, however, about the bicyclomycin binding site in rho. A recent structure−activity relationship study permitted us to design modified bicyclomycins that may irreversibly inactivate rho. The four compounds selected were C(5a)-(4-azidoanilino)dihydrobicyclomycin (3), C(5a)-(3-formylanilino)dihydrobicyclomycin (4), C(5)−norbicyclomycin C(5)-O-(4-azidobenzoate) (5), and C(5)-norbicyclomycin C(5)-O-(3-formylbenzoate) (6). In each of these compounds the inactivating unit was placed at the C(5)−C(5a) site in bicyclomycin. In compounds 3 and 5 an aryl azide moiety was used as a photoaffinity label whereas in 4 and 6 an aryl aldehyde group was employed as a reductive amination probe. The synthesis and spectral properties of 3−6 are described. Chemical studies demonstrated that 3 and 4 were stable in D2O and CD3OD (room temperature, 7 d), while 5 and 6 underwen...
Conformational changes associated with proton-dependent gating of ASIC1a.

Acid-sensing ion channels are proton-gated Na+ channels expressed predominantly in neurons. How channel structure translates an environmental stimulus into changes in pore permeability remains largely undefined. The pore of ASIC1 is defined by residues in the second transmembrane domain (TM2), although a segment of the outer vestibule is formed by residues of TM1. We used the voltage clamp fluorometry technique to define the role of the region preceding TM2 (pre-TM2) in activation and desensitization of mouse ASIC1a. Oocytes expressing E425C channels labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 C5-maleimide showed a change in the emission of the fluorescent probe in response to extracellular acidification. The time course of the change in fluorescence correlated with activation but not desensitization of E425C channels. The fluorescence emission did not change following extracellular acidification in oocytes carrying an inactivating mutation (W287G/E425C), although these channels were labeled and expressed at the plasma membrane. Our data indicate that pore opening occurs in conjunction with a conformational rearrangement of the pre-TM2. We observed a change in the emission of the fluorescent probe when labeled E425C channels transition from the desensitized to the resting state. The substituted-cysteine-accessibility method was used to determine whether the pre-TM2 has different conformations in the resting and desensitized states. State-dependent changes in accessibility to 2-[(trimethylammonium)ethyl]methanethiosulfonate bromide modification were observed in oocytes expressing K421C, K422C, Y424C, and E425C channels. Our results suggest that the pre-TM2 of ASIC1a undergoes dynamic conformational rearrangements during proton-dependent gating.
Using a New Dispersed Oil Model to Support Ecological Risk Assessment

ABSTRACT A new model is being used to support dispersant Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) workshops. User-driven output includes trajectory maps for both chemically dispersed and undispersed oil, and concentration isopleths reported by depth and over time. To help make toxicological sense of the output, oil concentration isopleths were nominally fixed at concentrations and exposure times of concern developed by consensus during past ERA workshops. Two No. 6 fuel spill scenarios, each with alternative outcomes (not dispersed vs 80% dispersed) were developed, one in open ocean water (10,000 bbls spill), and the other in an estuary (2000 bbls spill). Plume epicenter maximum dispersed oil concentrations peaked in the range of 10–20 ppm but decreased within 24 hours to 1–2 ppm or less. Average concentrations in the most contaminated portions of the dispersion area never exceeded 3 ppm in either scenario. Plankton in a small (< 25%) fraction of the open ocean plume were at moderate risk at 24 hours. These effec...
Who Benefits From Memory Training

Cognitive training programs can have significant benefits. However, their efficacy is often reduced for individuals of advanced age or lower cognitive ability. Using older adult subjects, we examined the role of self-initiation of cognitive control in a training program that targets recollection memory. Relative time spent on an open-ended, intentional encoding task that requires the self-initiation of cognitive control was highly predictive of improvement in the training task, and fully accounted for individual differences related to age and crystallized intelligence. Analyzing training programs from the perspective of cognitive theory may help clarify how these programs have their effects and suggest ways to optimize such programs for the individuals who need them most.
Racial Beliefs among Blacks and Whites.

The belief structure that blacks and whites have of each other influences day-to-day relations between them. Frequently, for instance, blacks and whites must interact in a variety of situations which involve at least a minimal level of communication and cooperation. However, awkwardness, misunderstanding, hostility, and distrust often make the relations between them unproductive. Many laymen and social scientists argue that these complications occur because blacks and whites see themselves through different social perspectives. In consequence, social scientists have devoted considerable attention to some of the important aspects of this argument (e.g., Campbell, 1971; Gordon, 1964; Himes, 1973; Ladner, 1973; Pettigrew, 1975; Pinkney, 1975; Rose et al. 1973; Wilson, 1973). The thesis of different social perspectives refers to one or the other of several different elements which might influence
Numerical investigation of plate edge and slot size effects in low yield stress measurements with a slotted plate device

There is a need for accurate yield stress measurements, especially in the case of low yield stress complex materials such as biological samples. This task cannot be accomplished with conventional rotational rheometers due to significant wall slip effects and the necessity to operate the device at very low shear rates, often beyond the limit that such rheometers can achieve. In this paper, we focused on the slotted plate method proposed recently for low yield stress measurements. Using computational fluid dynamics, we studied the effects of plate geometry on the measurement accuracy of the slotted plate method. Results of this study indicate that both wall slip effects and pressure drag force can be substantially reduced by adopting a thin plate with sharp front and rear edges, high slot area ratio, and large number of slots. If the plate has 30° triangular edges, a slot area ratio of 80%, and 12 slots, the slotted plate method overpredicts the yield stress of a 0.09 wt.% Carbopol dispersion (yield stress of 9.17 Pa) by only 8.4% under no-slip conditions and underpredicts the yield stress by 12.3% under free-slip conditions. Similar results were obtained for human saliva characterized by a very low yield stress (0.073 Pa).
Efficacy of cervical cytologic screening in the control of cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer mortality in the U.S. has been declining, and this has been attributed to cervical cytologic screening. This report reviews data on the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in order to evaluate the effect of cytologic screening. U.S. cervical cancer mortality has been declining consistently since 1946, with little change in the mortality trend after widespread cytologic screening. Incidence of invasive cervical cancer in specific geographic areas has also declined. However, the rate of diagnosis of carcinoma in situ has increased sharply and parallels increasing cytologic screening rates. A causal association of cytologic screening with the decreasing mortality and incidence of invasive cervical cancer cannot be established using current data, especially considering declining mortality prior to widespread screening and increasing removal of women from the population at risk by hysterectomy.
Nuclear magnetic shielding at large distances of a hydrogen atom in an electric field

The nuclear magnetic shielding constant of a hydrogen atom in a uniform electric field is calculated at a pointP which is situated at a large distance from the nucleus in the direction of the electric field. The main term of the screening constant is found to be proportional to the first power of the electric field and to the inverse second power of the distance betweenP and the hydrogen nucleus.
Engineering geophysics — a geophysicist’s view

Most geophysicists are trained to solve exploration problems which are very different from engineering problems. To be effective an engineering geophysicist must maintain good communications with engineers and engineering geologists. The shortage of experienced engineering geophysicists in Australia, and the limited practical geophysical training provided to most earth science and engineering professionals, means that current engineering geophysical practice is frequently inadequate. Engineering geophysics has an important place in geotechnical investigations; however, greater attention must be given to the accuracy of interpretation and reporting of geophysical information in engineering terms. In recent years increasing legal action related to engineering construction contracts has meant that the checking of geophysical interpretations has become a matter of some importance. Re-interpretation of published engineering seismic refraction data using a variety of techniques includng computer ray-tracing and continuously variable velocity media, demonstrates that the original interpretation contained significant errors and inconsistencies, and that the alternative interpretations could lead to a quite different engineering assessment of the site conditions.
The effect of flooding and residue incorporation on soil chemistry, germination and seedling growth.

Abstract Anaerobic soil conditions created during flood events may alter soil chemistry. Increased concentrations of phenolic compounds and decreased soil inorganic nitrogen may occur, with subsequent negative effects on seed germination and seedling growth. We investigated these relationships under greenhouse conditions using simulated floods with stagnant, flowing or intermittent flood waters. These flood experiments were followed by germination tests using Virginia wild rye ( Elymus virginicus L.) seeds; shoot growth was also evaluated. Flowing and stagnant flood water resulted in significantly lower soil nitrate levels than intermittent flood waters. Ammonium and polyphenolic levels, however, were greatest under the stagnant flood treatment. Germination and shoot growth decreased with increased soil polyphenolics. Polyphenolic levels explained about 17% of the variation in germination and 18% of the variation in shoot growth. These results suggest that flooding may affect subsequent regrowth of floodplain vegetation due to changes in soil chemical properties. However, further study is needed to determine if flooding affects soil polyphenolics and inorganic nitrogen under actual field conditions and to identify the types of polyphenolics formed and their possible effects on seed germination and root growth.
Pulse Pressure Variation Predicts Fluid Responsiveness in Elderly Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Objective To assess the ability of pulse pressure variation to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated elderly patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Design A prospective, interventional study. Setting An academic, tertiary referral hospital. Participants Sixty patients >70 years old and mechanically ventilated after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Interventions Intravascular volume expansion using 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution, 7 mL/kg over 20 minutes. Measurements and Main Results Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, pulse pressure variation, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, and stroke volume index were measured immediately before and after volume expansion. Fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase in stroke volume index ≥15% after volume expansion. Forty-one patients were fluid responders and 19 patients were nonresponders. In contrast to central venous pressure or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, pulse pressure variation was higher in the responders than in the nonresponders (22 ± 6% v 9.3 ± 3%, p = 0.001) and correlated with the percent changes in the stroke volume index after volume expansion (r = 0.47, p = 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for pulse pressure variation was 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.75–0.94). The threshold value of 11.5% allowed the discrimination between responders and nonresponders with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 74%. Conclusions Pulse pressure variation is a reliable predictor of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated elderly patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
The Radical Nature of Combined Psychotherapy

Abstract The therapist's commitment in thought and action to combined practice influences all aspects of professional life. Hence, the "radical" (or foundational): The idea as well as the shared history of combined psychotherapy are rooted within the complexities and intensities of the multiple transference-countertransferences, intrapsychic defenses, interpersonal strategies, and inevitable enactments of all members of one's practice. Case anecdotes illustrate (a) the psycho-social impact of Establishment psychoanalysis and group analysis on the therapist; (b) the intertwining of dyadic-group experience on manifest and latent content, inference making, and interpretation; (c) how the "group" never leaves the room, that is, the salutary effects on the therapist's thinking and clinical relationships of the idea as well as the reality of group, even with those patients not exposed to combined treatment; and (d) resistances specific to combined treatment. Combined individual-group psychoanalytic therapy is a natural fit, yet a radical extension of contemporary relational psychoanalytic theory and practice.
EEG effects of ECT: Implications for rTMS

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves the use of electrical stimulation to elicit a series of generalized tonic-clonic seizures for therapeutic purposes and is the most effective treatment known for major depression. These treatments have significant neurophysiologic effects, many of which are manifest in the electroencephalogram (EEG). The relationship between EEG data and the response to ECT has been studied since the 1940s, but for many years no consistent correlates were found. Recent studies indicate that a number of specific EEG features recorded during the induced seizures (ictal EEG) as well as before and after a course of treatment (interictal EEG) are related to both the therapeutic efficacy and cognitive side effects. Similar to ECT, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), which involves focal electromagnetic stimulation of cortical neurons, has also been studied as an antidepressant therapy and also appears to have neurophysiologic effects, although these have not been as fully investigated as is the case with ECT. Given the similarity of these treatments, it is natural to consider whether advances in understanding the electrophysiologic correlates of the ECT response might have implications for rTMS. The present article reviews the literature on the EEG effects of ECT and discusses the implications in terms of the likely efficacy and side effects associated with rTMS in specific anatomic locations, the potential for producing an antidepressant response with rTMS without eliciting seizure activity, eliciting focal seizures with rTMS, and the possibility of using rTMS to focally modulate seizure induction and spread with ECT to optimize treatment.
The Gas-Phase Acidity of 2(3H)-Oxepinone: A Step toward an Experimental Heat of Formation for the 2-Oxepinoxy Radical

In an effort to gain further insight into the oxidation of the phenyl radical, this contribution details the first of three experiments designed to establish the heat of formation of the 2-oxepinoxy radical. We report here the synthesis of the previously unknown 2(7H)-oxepinone (12a) and 2(3H)-oxepinone (12b). We have determined the gas-phase acidity (ΔacidH298) of 12b by means of a bracketing study employing a flowing afterglow apparatus with quadrupole mass spectrometric detection. In this experiment, compound 12b was reacted in the gas phase with a series of bases of varying strength. A proton-transfer reaction was observed when 12b was reacted with t-BuS-, but not when 12b was reacted with HS-. We conclude that the gas-phase acidity of 12b lies between those of t-BuSH and H2S, and it is thereby assigned a value of ΔacidH298 = 352 ± 2 kcal/mol. Additional support for this value was found by performing the reverse reactions (i.e. the 2-oxepinoxy anion (15a) was reacted with proton sources of differing a...
3-Aminomethylindole and 3-Methylaminomethylindole: New Constituents of Barley

THIS communication reports the identification of two new alkaloids, related structurally and perhaps biosynthetically to gramine. Shoots of 4-day-old barley seedlings were extracted with trichloracetic acid. The centrifuged solution was extracted with ethyl ether, made alkaline and re-extracted. The ether extract of the alkaline solution was dried and concentrated. Aliquot s were chromatographed using paper impregnated with a mixture of 0.2 M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and 0.03 volume of 01 M citric acid1 and developed with isopropanol equilibrated with 0.29 volume of the same buffer. Sprayed with Millon's reagent1, the chromatograms showed a strong gramine spot, and two spots called here compounds A and B and identified by the evidence below as 3-aminomethylmdole and 3-methyl-aminomethylindole respectively. In addition, there was an unidentified spot.
Distributed replica placement algorithms for correlated data

In distributed systems, data may be correlated due to accesses from clients and the correlation has some impact on date placement, and existing research works focus on independent data objects. In this paper, we address both the scalability and the stability of the data placement solutions in internet environment. We first show that replica allocation decisions can be made locally for each replica site in a tree network, with data access knowledge of its neighbors. We then develop a new replication cost model for correlated data objects in Internet environment. Based on the cost model and the algorithms in previous research, we develop a distributed optimal replica allocation algorithm (DOPR) for correlated data in internet environment. A distributed heuristic algorithm (DHPR) is then developed to efficiently make replica placement decisions. The algorithm obtains sub-optimal solutions for the correlated data model and yields significant performance gains. Experimental studies show that the distributed heuristic allocation algorithm significantly outperforms the general frequency-based replication schemes (in which the replication decision of each data object is made based on the number of accesses on that data object).
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF PROBE DIFFUSION IN GELS

Abstract We present a dynamic light scattering study of the temperature dependence of the dynamics of probe diffusion in polyacrylamide gels and pregel solutions as a function of crosslink content and scattering angle. Our results show that the spinodal transition in polyacrylamide gels affects the movement of the probe particles. The dynamical behaviour ranges from overdamped vibration of particles controlled by the gel elasticity (relaxational behaviour) at low temperatures to the free diffusion of particles controlled by the sol viscosity at higher temperature. The decay rate of the relaxational mode decreases upon approaching the spinodal temperature, and this decrease is even more pronounced than that of gels without probe particles. Our results suggest that the friction felt by the 50 nm probe particles as they move in the gel appears to diverge at the spinodal temperature, scaling as ≈(T−Ts)−1.5. This behaviour is observed over the entire temperature range for probe diffusion in a well gelled sample, whereas in a sample closer to the gel threshold the strong temperature dependence is observed only at low temperatures, the higher temperature behaviour being the same as that in pre-gel solutions. We propose an interpretation of the experimental data in terms of a simple theory of Brownian particles harmonically bound to the gel network.
The solution of Bloch equations for flowing spins during a selective pulse using a finite difference method

The movement of spins during periods of selective pulses result in a modulation of the signal intensity and phase of the received magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) signal, and is a major cause of signal loss from vessels imaged with slice‐selective pulses. Methods are well developed for compensation of phase perturbations for spins flowing at constant velocity during the time of applied gradients. However, for spins flowing during selective pulses, the magnitude of the amplitude and phase perturbations has not been understood nor to this time has any method of flow compensation been proposed. This is due in part to the difficulty in using the Bloch equations to quantify the amplitude and phase modulation during radiofrequency (rf) excitation since solutions cannot be obtained analytically. In this paper a finite difference method is used to solve Bloch equations for flowing spins during a 90° selective pulse. Compared with stationary spins, the magnetization distribution for flowing spins exhibits a shift of the slice profile in the direction of the flow, an expansion of the profile, phase shifts, and changes in profile shape. The profiles show residual phase errors which become more severe with higher flow velocities, with flow compensation schemes which apply in the case of spins flowing during applied gradients, and in the absence of an rf pulse. The measurement and understanding of the magnetization distribution is important to designing pulse sequences that compensate for flow. Flow compensated pulse sequences are necessary to reduce image flow artifacts and to increase signal of vessels in MR angiographic images.
3D digital cleansing using segmentation rays

We propose a novel approach for segmentation and digital cleansing of endoscopic organs. Our method can be used for a variety of segmentation needs with little or no modification. It aims at fulfilling the dual and often conflicting requirements of a fast and accurate segmentation and also eliminates the undesirable partial volume effect which contemporary approaches cannot. For segmentation and digital cleansing, we use the peculiar characteristics exhibited by the intersection of any two distinct-intensity regions. To detect these intersections we cast rays through the volume, which we call the segmentation rays as they assist in the segmentation. We then associate a certain task of reconstruction and classification with each intersection the ray detects. We further use volumetric contrast enhancement to reconstruct surface lost by segmentation (if any), which aids in improving the quality of the volume rendering.
Restoration of juvenile baseline growth hormone secretion with preservation of the ultradian growth hormone rhythm by continuous delivery of growth hormone-releasing factor.

The ability of continuously delivered GH-releasing factor (GRF) to enhance GH secretion while maintaining the normal ultradian GH rhythm was investigated. Synthetic human GH-releasing factor (hGRF(1-44)NH2) was continuously infused for 4 days by means of i.v. catheters to 11-week-old broiler chickens. At this age, overall endogenous GH secretion is low, and baseline GH is barely detectable. Six birds per treatment received vehicle (control), 0.324 mg hGRF(1-44)NH2/kg body weight per day (low dose) or 3.24 mg hGRF(1-44)NH2/kg body weight per day (high dose). After 4 days of GRF conditioning, concurrent with continued GRF infusion, serial blood samples were removed via atrial catheters at 15-min intervals for 6 h and GH plasma profiles determined. High dose GRF significantly increased GH plasma concentrations over tenfold compared with controls; however, most of this increase reflected an increase in basal GH, which was reinstated to juvenile baseline levels. Augmentation of pulse amplitude above this increased baseline was not proportionately as high, and failed to reach juvenile levels. The ultradian rhythm of GH was not altered by continuous GRF administration. Both low and high dose GRF treatments resulted in significant enlargement of the anterior pituitary gland. Total pituitary GH mRNA levels, although elevated over twofold by GRF treatment, were not significantly different from controls. Measures of plasma GH magnitude (overall and baseline mean, and peak amplitude) were significantly correlated with pituitary GH mRNA for control birds, but were not correlated for GRF treatments. Feed intake was markedly depressed (33%) on the high dose GRF treatment, in conjunction with total inhibition of body weight gain over the 4-day period of administration. Longitudinal bone growth and width of the epiphyseal growth plate were also significantly reduced by high dose GRF treatment, probably reflecting the reduced level of nutrient intake, despite high circulating concentrations of GH.
Simple glucose sensors with micromolar sensitivity based on organic electrochemical transistors

A simple glucose biosensor with micromolar sensitivity is reported. The sensor utilizes a conducting polymer transistor, with a channel made out of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) and a Pt gate electrode. Glucose oxidase is used to confer specificity. It is shown that the sensor's response to glucose is well within the clinical range of glucose levels in human saliva. The sensitivity and range of detection of the sensor can be tuned by adjusting the magnitude of the gate bias.
Minor speech with major significance: re-membering China in David Der-wei Wang's self-reflexive Monster ∗

The paper argues that a project to re-member China lies embedded in The Monster that Is History as Wang examines the monstrous violence which ravages modern China through the lenses of fiction. Through the alchemy of what the author calls ‘diasporic ambivalence’, it finally assumes the form of huawen wenxue, or Sinophone literature. As the project inevitably encounters resistance from the Taiwanese nativist, it falls into an aporia/differend between Sinophone and Taiwanese literature as struggling means to constitute a community formation.
Northern analysis of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus sojae

RNAs from three Aspergillusparasiticus and three Aspergillus sojae isolates were probed with seven genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Previously published work and preliminary work in this study demonstrated that these aflatoxin biosynthesis genes were present in the DNA of the isolates. RNA from aflatoxin-producing and O-methylsterigmatocystin-producing A. parasiticus strains SRRC 143 and SRRC 2043 hybridized to all of the gene probes tested. However, RNA from a strain of A. parasiticus that had lost its ability to produce aflatoxin in culture (SRRC 77) and RNA from one of the A. sojae isolates did not hybridize to any of the gene probes. Two of the A. sojae isolates hybridized to the regulatory gene aflR and the structual gene uvm8, which is believed to code for a fatty acid synthase involved in an early step in aflatoxin biosynthesis, but not to any of the other five genes of the aflatoxin pathway tested. These results suggest that most of the genes involved in aflatoxin production are transcriptionally blocked in A. parasiticus SRRC 77 and all of the A. sojae isolates. The cause of this blockage is unknown.
Social Monitoring of the Post-Chernobyl Situation

The tasks and functions of monitoring include more than just recording facts and accumulating data and knowledge bases. There are also analyses of the current situation, predictions of the consequences of contemplated and adopted decisions, and proposals for correcting and preventing unfavorable consequences. That is why social expertise methodology has acquired unusual importance in monitoring, especially in unclear situations, as have simulations of real social processes. The post-Chernobyl era, accentuated by the general social crisis, can be understood quite successfully through such methods.
Transverse-longitudinal temperature equilibration in a long uniform beam

Computer simulations are employed to examine the transfer of transverse thermal energy to the longitudinal direction via a collective electrostatic instability which is driven by an initial temperature anisotropy. The nature of the instability is illustrated using electrostatic particle-in-cell simulations in an axisymmetric geometry, but with three components of the velocity. Results are presented for a long coasting space-charge-dominated beam, propagating in a uniform focused channel to illustrate the development of a coherent mode structure with an axial wavelength comparable with the beam diameter, and growth times comparable with the betatron period.
A Theoretical View of Advertising Communication

It is proposed that advertising research be based less on one-way transmission models of communication and more on multivariate studies with emphasis on receivers' contributions to communication outcomes. A four-level model of the process is presented and several dimensions within each level are identified, based upon recent research on TV commercial effects. The four levels described are (1) the unconscious level, (2) the immediate perceptual level, (3) the retention or learning level, and (4) the behavior level. Research at each level is discussed.
Coordinate expression of AOS genes and JA accumulation: JA is not required for initiation of closing layer in wound healing tubers.

Wounding induces a series of coordinated physiological responses essential for protection and healing of the damaged tissue. Wound-induced formation of jasmonic acid (JA) is important in defense responses in leaves, but comparatively little is known about the induction of JA biosynthesis and its role(s) in tuber wound-healing. In this study, the effects of wounding on JA content, expression of JA biosynthetic genes, and the involvement of JA in the initiation of closing layer formation in potato tubers were determined. In addition, the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in wound-induced JA accumulation was examined. The basal JA content in non-wounded tuber tissues was low ( 5-fold, reached a maximum between 4 and 6h after wounding, and declined to near-basal levels thereafter. Tuber age (storage duration) had little effect on the pattern of JA accumulation. The expressions of the JA biosynthetic genes (StAOS2, StAOC, and StOPR3) were greatly increased by wounding reaching a maximum 2-4 h after wounding and declining thereafter. A 1-h aqueous wash of tuber discs immediately after wounding resulted in a 94% inhibition of wound-induced JA accumulation. Neither JA treatment nor inhibition of JA accumulation affected suberin polyphenolic accumulation during closing layer development indicating that JA was not essential for the initiation of primary suberization. ABA treatment did not restore JA accumulation in washed tuber tissues suggesting that leaching of endogenous ABA was either not involved or not solely involved in this loss of JA accumulation by washing. Collectively, these results indicate that JA is not required for the induction of processes essential to the initiation of suberization during closing layer development, but do not exclude the possibility that JA may be involved in other wound related responses.
Whistle While You Work A Review of the Life Satisfaction Literature

Life satisfaction is a key indicator of subjective well-being. This article is a review of the multidisciplinary literature on the relationship between life satisfaction and the work domain. A discussion of top-down and bottom-up theories of life satisfaction is included, and the literatures on work-related antecedents of life satisfaction, the proximal mediators (quality of work life, quality of nonwork life, and feelings of self-worth), and consequences of life satisfaction were reviewed. A meta-analysis of life satisfaction with respect to career satisfaction, job performance, turnover intentions, and organizational commitment was performed. Each major section of the article concludes with a future opportunities subsection where gaps in the research are discussed.