cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNIT 3.20 Recombinational Cloning

The study of protein en masse, or functional proteomics, depends on the availability of full-length cDNAs in appropriate expression-ready plasmid vectors for protein expression and functional analysis. Recombinational cloning is a universal cloning technique based on site-specific recombination that is independent of the insert DNA sequence to be cloned, which differentiates this method from the classical restriction enzyme-based cloning methods. Recombinational cloning enables rapid and efficient parallel transfer of DNA inserts into multiple expression systems. This unit summarizes strategies for generating expression-ready clones using two of the most popular recombinational cloning technologies, now commercially available from Invitrogen (Gateway) and BD Clontech (Creator). Keywords: Recombinational Cloning; Gateway; Creator
Why Play the Notes? Indirect Aesthetic Normativity in Performance

ABSTRACTWhile all agree that score compliance in performance is valuable, the source of this value is unclear. Questions about what authenticity requires crowd out questions about our reasons to be...
Clinical Staging of Pancreatic Cancer with MDCT and MRI

Pancreatic cancer is a relatively common and highly lethal malignancy that has an overall poor prognosis with an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 7%. This dismal prognosis is in large part related to the advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis. To date, complete surgical resection is a major component of a curative treatment paradigm for pancreatic cancer. Patients who undergo incomplete resection have survival rates no different than patients with metastatic disease. Hence, key to optimal management requires accurate identification of patients who would benefit from surgery and discrimination of those who would not. High-quality cross-sectional imaging (MDCT and MRI) is vital in the detection, staging, and management of pancreatic cancer. This section will review the role of MDCT and MRI in the clinical staging of pancreatic cancer.
Sexual and gender minoritized youth in Christian home schools: Perceptions of climate and support

In 2014, Leelah Alcorn, a homeschooled transgender teenager in the United States, died by suicide after enduring months of social isolation and her parent’s repeated efforts to change her gender id...
Spectra of convex hulls of matrix groups

Abstract The still-unsolved problem of determining the set of eigenvalues realized by n-by-n doubly stochastic matrices, those entrywise-nonnegative matrices with row sums and column sums equal to 1, has attracted much attention in the last century. This problem is somewhat algebraic in nature, due to a result of Birkhoff demonstrating that the set of doubly stochastic matrices is the convex hull of the permutation matrices. Here we are interested in a general matrix group G ⊆ G L n ( C ) and the hull spectrum HS ( G ) of eigenvalues realized by convex combinations of elements of G. We show that hull spectra of matrix groups share many nice properties. Moreover, we give bounds on the hull spectra of matrix groups, determine HS ( G ) exactly for important classes of matrix groups, and study the hull spectra of representations of abstract groups.
SEX AND PERMANENT DRUG DISCONTINUATION IN CLINICAL TRIALS: INSIGHTS FROM THE TIMI TRIALS

Women are underrepresented across cardiovascular clinical trials. Whether women are more likely than men to prematurely discontinue study drug is unknown. Eleven phase 3 TIMI trials were included [135,879 men and 51,812 women (28%)]. The association between sex and odds of premature study drug
Capturing noroviruses circulating in the population: sewage surveillance in Guangdong, China (2013-2018)

Noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks. The specific geographical distribution and expanding diversity of NoVs has posed a challenge to NoV surveillance and interventions. Here, we describe the long-term dynamic correlation between NoV distribution in sewage and in the local population by using high-throughput sequencing and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) analysis. The NoV viral loads in sewage were closely associated with the number of NoV outbreaks in the population. Compared with the viral distributions in outbreaks, the dominance of the newly emerged variants, such as GII.P17-GII.17 and GII.P16-GII.2, could be detected two months ahead in sewage. In addition, the dynamics of pre-epidemic variants, which were rarely detected from clinics, could be captured through sewage surveillance, thus improving our understanding of the viral origin and evolution. Our data highlight that the high-throughput environmental screening should become a critical part of the response to infectious diseases.
Central nervous system disease with JC virus infection in adults with congenital HIV.

Objective The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of individuals with congenital HIV who develop JC virus (JCV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Methods We retrospectively evaluated individuals with congenital HIV who met criteria for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) or JCV granule cell neuronopathy (JCV GCN) at three major healthcare centres in the northeast USA. Data on adherence to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), neurologic symptoms, serum markers of immunity and HIV infection, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses, radiographic features, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores and survival were collected from the electronic medical record up to a censoring date of 1 August 2020. Results Among 10 adults with congenitally acquired HIV, nine were diagnosed with definitive PML and one was diagnosed with probable JCV GCN. Individuals presented at the time of their PML or JCV GCN diagnosis with a mean mRS of 2.0 (standard deviation 1.0). A premorbid mRS was documented for six patients and was zero in all cases. The most common risk factor was confirmed cART nonadherence in nine individuals. Five individuals with PML and one with JCV GCN died, with a latency from symptom onset to death of approximately 3 months for three individuals, and approximately 2 years for the remaining two. Conclusion Youth-adulthood transition is a high-risk point for dropping off from medical care. The study of this timepoint in people living with HIV could help inform effective care in these individuals.
A Call for Rethinking Schooling and Leadership in the Time of COVID-19

COVID-19 forced a sudden closure of schools, prompting a hasty and unplanned reaction of educators to deliver educational content Inspired by Ivan Illich's book Deschooling Society, where he argues for the delivery of educational content by utilizing technology and forging intentional partnerships with parents and communities to assist in the delivery of educational content, we reflect on how these ideas impact school leadership and preparation of school leaders This “forced” deschooling has offered educators an opportunity to rethink the true purpose of education, and redesign flexible, creative and innovative instructional strategies for delivering educational materials and knowledge, as well as rethinking the role of and preparation of educational leaders While we do not offer quick solutions, our intent is to revisit Illich's Deschooling Society as a means to examine and question our school system introspectively and collectively © Copyright © 2021 Rincones, Pena and Canaba
Patterns of interaction with information sources: A case study of a home healthcare admission nurse completing medication-related activities:

A method is presented for understanding how people interact with information sources in complex work environments. The method is based on 1) the importance of focusing on information transformation...
Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities with Lateral Fins

Suspended arrays of small volume, high quality factor silicon nitride nanobeam cavities with lateral fin structure were designed and fabricated. The resonance wavelength and Q-factor can be tuned by changing the alignment of fin to airhole. The resulting nanobeam cavities with lateral fins are ideal candidates for high performance optical cavities.
Report of the Shared Task on Learning Reordering from Word Alignments at RSMT 2012

Several studies have shown that the task of reordering source sentences to match the target order is crucial to improve the performance of Statistical Machine Translation, especially when the source and target languages have significantly divergent grammatical structures. In fact, it is now become a standard practice to include reordering as a pre-processing step or as an integrated module (within the decoder). However, despite the importance of this sub-task, there is no forum dedicated for its evaluation. The objective of this Shared Task was to provide a common benchmarking platform to evaluate state of the art approaches for reordering.
The Little Boat

How hard it was to settle down that first night out on the big screened porch: three times trains passed the crossing, and the peepers' song was lost under the whistle?two long, two short?the rumble and clacking, and clang of the crossing bell. The neighbor's cocker spaniel howled the whole time and for a full two minutes after. ... Or rain sluiced from the eaves, and we saw black limbs against a sky whitened by lightning. The gloom was lavish and agreeable. . . .
Biochemical Studies on the Developing Thoracic Muscles of the Tobacco Horn Worm I. AMINO ACID INCORPORATION INTO MITOCHONDRIA

Abstract Mitochondrial fractions isolated from thoracic muscles of the tobacco horn worm larvae and moths, free of bacterial contaminations, incorporate amino acids into proteins. Optimum activity requires the presence of ATP, an ATP-generating system, and an amino acid mixture. The pH optimum is around 7.2. The system is not affected by cycloheximide, ribonuclease, or actinomycin D. Puromycin completely inhibits the incorporation, while d-chloramphenicol reduces the activity by over 50%. The incorporation activity is under physiological control. Mitochondrial fractions from pupae of intermediate developmental stages show the highest activity, while the fractions from the young pupae and from the adult moths exhibit much lower activities.
From urban frontier to metropolitan region: Oregon's cities from 1870 to 2008

PORTLAND HAS BEEN the largest city in Oregon for the entire span of statehood. Throughout this same period, residents in other cities and in rural communities have resented Portland's economic power, battled its political influence, and wondered whether Portlanders understand the needs and concerns of people living and working in the rest of the state. In recent years, many observers have worried that the divide between urban Oregon and rural Oregon is becoming an unbridgeable chasm. This article puts these concerns in historical perspective with a systematic comparison of Portland's growth with that of other Oregon cities since the 1870s. Cities in the United States have always developed in dynamic tension, as they have competed for investment, immigrants, and economic growth. Oregon has been no exception ? whether Albany promoting itself as a transcontinental railroad terminus in the nineteenth century or The Dalles positioning itself as a high-tech center in the twenty-first century. In these contests, Portland has made the most of the head start it gained in the 1860s, but another dozen cities have made ambitious efforts to push it aside, even as Portland's economic leadership slowly and grudgingly ceded first place in the Pacific Northwest to Seattle.1 We can best understand the changing relationships between Portland and Oregon's other towns and cities if we set these urban centers side by side, tracing parallel changes in popula tion, economics, and cultural relations in the different parts of the state. In exploring these questions, I borrow some of the fundamental ideas of urban
Land of the Lost

Twilight of the Mammoths . Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America. By Paul S. Martin . University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2005. 270 pp. $29.95, €18.95. ISBN 0-520-23141-4. Organisms and Environments. The author interweaves the case for the "overkill" hypothesis for the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna with an overview of his career.
Nonlocal Quantum Correlations: Beyond Entanglement

The utilization and control of nonlocal quantum interactions is an area of active investigation. This is not limited to subatomic structures but extends to the macroscopic level. Nonlocal interactions can be from either entanglement or path indistinguishability (the path integral for larger systems), with the latter being further subdivided as discussed. These two distinct phenomenon have recently been treated often in the literature as essentially identical, which is problematic when utilizing them for practical applications. The confusion may lie in misunderstanding the physics of the type II spontaneous parameteric downconversion source (SPDS), which is used extensively with entanglement studies. This paper examines the distinction, and why it is important for practical applications, between quantum correlations from path indistinguishability versus entanglement. The path indistinguishability approaches discussed, under ambient conditions, are performed with a thermal source or, a coherent source (single photon wavepacket) when local entanglements in both arm have specific characteristics. The latter we will show has the property that it can surprisingly lead to coherence expansion rather than decoherence under the proper conditions. Nonlocal quantum correlations are a complex topic that extends beyond quantum entanglement.
Foreign aid and economic growth: an econometric study of bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world. Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has received a large inflow of foreign capital from various countries for rapid economic progress. Bangladesh thus provides a test case for examining the effectiveness of foreign capital in promoting economic growth. Focussing on the supply side of the economy, an econometric model is developed to quantify the effects of foreign aid and its various components on economic growth. The model is tested using available time series data on Bangladesh from 1972 to 1988. Keeping data limitations, measurement problems and other econometric problems in mind, the empirical results indicate the domestic resources exert a stronger impact on growth than foreign resources. Foreign resources, in its highly aggregative form, do not show any significant contribution to growth. However, its decomposition into various components show that loans are more effective than grants and food aid is more effective than commodity or period ...
Techniques for Implementing Structural Model Identification Using Test Data

Structural system identification methods are analytical techniques for reconciling test data with analytical models. For system identification to become a practical tool for engineering analysis, the estimation techniques/ codes must communicate with finite element software packages, without intensive analyst intervention and supervision. This paper presents a technique used to integrate commercial software packages for finite element modeling, mathematical programming techniques, and general linear system analysis. Two examples of application of this software using measured data are presented. The examples consist of a truss structure in which the model form is well defined, and an electronics package whose model form is ill defined since it is difficult to model such structures with finite elements. A comparison of the resulting updated models with the experimental data shows significant improvement.
Test SPC: a process to improve test system integrity

A proposal to improve and control the final test of integrated circuits is presented. The objective is to improve the productivity of VLSI equipment by using a statistical process to reduce downtime and eliminate test escapes. Goals, developments, and implementation of this process are reviewed.
Popping-out of an inoue balloon catheter: a rare sign of a severe subvalvular mitral lesion.

Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy using the Inoue technique was performed in a patient with a severe subvalvular lesion. Although not entrapped or impeded by the subvalvular lesion, the distal balloon was levered upwards and the procedure ended up with the balloon catheter popping-out during the late phase of inflation. (Jpn Circ J 1998; 62: 549 - 551)
In vivo formation of bone and haematopoietic territories by transplanted human bone marrow stromal cells generated in medium with and without osteogenic supplements.

Autologous transplantation of human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) has been successfully used for bone reconstruction. However, in order to advance this approach into the mainstream of bone tissue engineering, the conditions for BMSC cultivation and transplantation must be optimized. In a recent report, cultivation with dexamethasone (Dex) significantly increased bone formation by human BMSCs in vivo. Based on this important conclusion, we analysed the data accumulated by our laboratory, where human BMSCs have been routinely generated using media both with and without a combination of two osteogenic supplements: Dex at 10(-8) m and ascorbic acid phosphate (AscP) at 10(-4) m. Our data demonstrate that for 22/24 donors, BMSC strains propagated with and without Dex/AscP formed similar amounts of bone in vivo. Thus, human BMSCs do not appear to need to be induced to osteogenic differentiation ex vivo prior to transplantation. Similarly, for 12/14 donors, BMSC strains cultured with and without Dex/AscP formed haematopoietic territories to a comparable extent. While Dex/AscP did not increase bone formation, they significantly stimulated BMSC in vitro proliferation without affecting the number of BMSC colonies formed by the colony-forming units-fibroblasts. We conclude that for the substantial majority of donors, Dex/AscP have no effect on the ability of BMSCs to form bone and myelosupportive stroma in vivo. However, due to increased BMSC proliferation, the total osteogenic population obtained from a single marrow sample is larger after cultivation with Dex/AscP than without them. Secondary to increased BMSC proliferation, Dex/AscP may stimulate bone formation if BMSCs and/or the transplantation system are less than optimal. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
193 nm excimer laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy during corneal ablative surgery

The authors describe construction of a spectrometer to monitor laser-induced fluorescence during excimer laser corneal surgery. Studies to compare spectral differences between various normal and diseased states of the cornea are currently underway. Included in these investigations are measurements of fluorescence from aged and diabetic corneas which are known to behave differently than younger, non-diabetic corneas. The authors' hope is to identify spectral markers predictive of eventual healing and refractive outcome. All of these data taken together, besides enhancing one's knowledge of the biochemistry of the cornea in various states of ocular health, may also guide the alteration of excimer laser ablative patterns to achieve more predictable surgical results by using spectroscopic feedback information.
Supine acceptance of a conventional imaging position may make you less prone to success.

Cardiac SPECT imaging, like most medical imaging employing planar and tomographic data acquisition techniques, has traditionally been performed with the patient in the supine position, i.e. lying face up on the imaging bed.
HIV AIDS and substance abuse primary prevention in minority adolescents

The research prevention project entitled “HIV/AIDS and Substance Abuse Primary Prevention in Minority Adolescents”, funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), targets minority male and female adolescents 12-17 years old in the implementation and evaluation of a program designed to prevent adolescents from engaging in substance abuse and sexual activities which place them as risk for contracting the HIV/AIDS virus. The five-year intervention will serve 750 adolescents and 750 parents.
Adenosine 2A Receptor Antagonist Prevented and Reversed Liver Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Ethanol-Exacerbated Liver Fibrosis

The effect of moderate alcohol consumption on liver fibrosis is not well understood, but evidence suggests that adenosine may play a role in mediating the effects of moderate ethanol on tissue injury. Ethanol increases the concentration of adenosine in the liver. Adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) activation is known to enhance hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and A2AR deficient mice are protected from fibrosis in mice. Making use of a novel mouse model of moderate ethanol consumption in which female C57BL/6J mice were allowed continued access to 2% (vol/vol) ethanol (11% calories) or pair-fed control diets for 2 days, 2 weeks or 5 weeks and superimposed with exposure to CCl4, we tested the hypothesis that moderate ethanol consumption increases fibrosis in response to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and that treatment of mice with an A2AR antagonist prevents and/or reverses this ethanol-induced increase in liver fibrosis. Neither the expression or activity of CYP2E1, required for bio-activation of CCl4, nor AST and ALT activity in the plasma were affected by ethanol, indicating that moderate ethanol did not increase the direct hepatotoxicity of CCl4. However, ethanol feeding enhanced HSC activation and exacerbated liver fibrosis upon exposure to CCl4. This was associated with an increased sinusoidal angiogenic response in the liver. Treatment with A2AR antagonist both prevented and reversed the ability of ethanol to exacerbate liver fibrosis. Conclusion Moderate ethanol consumption exacerbates hepatic fibrosis upon exposure to CCl4. A2AR antagonism may be a potential pharmaceutical intervention to decrease hepatic fibrosis in response to ethanol.
Structure/permeability relationships of polyimide membranes. II

The permeability of 6FDA-m-PDA, 6FDA-2,4-DATr, 6FDA-2,6-DATr, and 6FDA-3,5-DBTF membranes to H2, O2, N2, CO2, and CH4 was measured at 35°C in the pressure range from about 1.4 atm (20 psi) to 8.2 atm (120 psi). The permeability coefficients, , for the penetrant gases in any of the four polyimides studied decrease in the order:. The values of are generally independent of Δp, the pressure difference across the membranes, or decrease slightly with increasing Δp. The gas permeability of three of the polyimides increases, and their selectivity to some gas pairs decreases, in the polymer order: 6FDA-m-PDA < 6FDA-2,4-DATr < 6FDA-2,6-DATr. This appears to be due to an increasing mean interchain distance in these polymers. The gas permeability of 6FDA-3,5-DBTF is higher, and its selectivity lower, than expected from its mean interchain distance, possibly because of a higher segmental mobility. The potential usefulness of the above polyimides as membrane materials for gas separation processes is discussed.
Cyclin A Links c-Myc to Adhesion-independent Cell Proliferation

Adhesion-independent growth is a neoplastic phenotype that is inducible in Rat 1a fibroblasts by enforced MYC expression. The c-Myc protein has been well characterized as a transcription factor, yet the molecular basis of c-Myc-induced neoplastic transformation has remained elusive. In this report, we demonstrate a link between ectopic MYC expression, deregulated cyclin A levels, and adhesion-independent growth.
Febrile seizures: an appropriate-aged model suitable for long-term studies

Seizures induced by fever are the most prevalent age-specific seizures in infants and young children. Whether they result in long-term sequelae such as neuronal loss and temporal lobe epilepsy is controversial. Prospective studies of human febrile seizures have found no adverse effects on the developing brain. However, adults with temporal lobe epilepsy and associated limbic cell loss frequently have a history of prolonged febrile seizures in early life. These critical issues may be resolved using appropriate animal models. Published models of hyperthermic seizures have used 'adolescent' and older rats, have yielded a low percentage of animals with actual seizures, or have suffered from a high mortality, rendering them unsuitable for long-term studies. This article describes the establishment of a model of febrile seizures using the infant rat. Hyperthermia was induced by a regulated stream of mildly heated air, and the seizures were determined by both behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) criteria. Stereotyped seizures were generated in 93.6% of 10-11-day-old rats. EEG correlates of these seizures were not evident in cortical recordings, but were clearly present in depth recordings from the amygdala and hippocampus. Prolonged febrile seizures could be induced without burns, yielding a low mortality (11%) and long-term survival. In summary, in infant rat paradigm of EEG-confirmed, hyperthermia-induced seizures which is suitable for long-term studies is described. This model should be highly valuable for studying the mechanisms and sequelae of febrile seizures.
Soil organic matter and CO2 emission as affected by water erosion on field runoff plots

Abstract Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component of the global carbon cycle. Its dynamics depends upon various natural and anthropogenic factors including soil erosion. A study on Miamian silty clay loam soil in central Ohio was conducted to investigate the effect of soil erosion on SOC transport and mineralization. Runoff plots 10, 20 and 30 m long on a 7% slope under natural rainfall were used. Total soil loss, evolution of CO 2 from the displaced aggregates of various fractions, and total SOC concentrations were determined. It was shown that the primary ways of SOC loss resulted from two processes: 1) mechanical preferential removal of SOC by overland flow and 2) erosion-induced mineralization. Significant amounts of SOC mobilized by erosion at the upper part of the slope during the season (358 kg ha − 1 ) could be lost to the atmosphere within 100 days (15%) and transported off site (44%). Breakup of initial soil aggregates by erosive forces was responsible for increased CO 2 emission. During the initial 20 days of incubation the amount of CO 2 released from coarse size sediment fractions (0.282 g C kg − 1 soil d − 1 ) was 9 times greater than that in fine fractions (0.032 g C kg − 1 soil d − 1 ) due to the greater initial amount of SOC and its exposure to the environment. Sediment size distribution as well as its residence time on the site was the primary controllers of CO 2 loss from eroded soil.
Application of dual-anneal diffusion multiples to the effective study of phase diagrams and phase transformations in the Fe-Cr-Ni system

Abstract A dual-anneal diffusion multiple (DADM) approach is developed for effective determination of intermediate-temperature phase diagrams that are critical to the establishment of reliable thermodynamic databases. A large amount of phase equilibrium data was obtained from DADMs to construct the Fe–Cr–Ni isothermal sections at 1200, 900, 800 and 700 °C. The DADM approach is also a systematic and effective way to study phase precipitation from wide ranges of compositions, thus generating rich atlases of microstructures induced by various transformations. The results from this study indicate that the body-centered cubic to sigma phase transformation in the Fe–Cr–Ni system took place initially through a massive transformation mechanism.
Flow, spray and combustion analysis by laser techniques in the combustion chamber of a direct-injection diesel engine

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show how the analysis of in -cylinder flow, fuel injection, and combustion by means of state-of-the-art optical techniques, as laser light-sheet, laser doppler anemometry and laser shadowgraphy, can help to support the understanding of the interaction of swirl flow development, spray formation, auto-ignition and combustion in near production-line direct-injection diesel engines and thus advances the development of engines with lower fuel consumption and emissions.
Markers for the neuroendocrine origin of central primitive neuroectodermal tumors (cPNET) † 653

Markers for the neuroendocrine origin of central primitive neuroectodermal tumors (cPNET) † 653
Concentric ring on ring test for unirradiated and irradiated miniature SiC specimens

Abstract The flexure strength of miniature disk specimens was evaluated for both the unirradiated and irradiated CVD SiC by equibiaxial flexural test developed in this work. The results for the unirradiated specimens indicated no stress magnification at the loading point, which is often concerned in the biaxial tests for the disk specimens. Although the strength was retained after the irradiation at 1100 and 1300 °C, ∼20% of reduction was observed for the samples irradiated at 1500 °C. It is clearly seen that the smooth cleavage of large grains were frequently observed in the sample irradiated at 1500 °C comparing to specimens irradiated at lower temperatures. A substantially lower population of finer defect clusters such as loops, vacancy, and vacancy clusters may be attributed to the inhibition of the strengthening at the higher irradiation temperatures.
Apollo 12 revisited

Abstract We present compositional data for 358 lithic fragments (2–4-mm size range) and 15 soils (
Violence in dating relationships

The issue of violence between dating partners has only recently come under empirical scrutiny. Research has indicated that a fairly substantial number of adolescents may experience violence in a dating relationship. This article provides an overview on dating violence and offers suggestions to assist nurse practitioners to more confidently and effectively address the needs of adolescents who have encountered violence in dating.
Hydrogen storage by boron-nitrogen heterocycles: a simple route for spent fuel regeneration.

We describe a new hydrogen storage platform based on well-defined BN heterocyle materials. Specifically, we demonstrate that regeneration of the spent fuel back to the charged fuel can be accomplished using molecular H2 and H−/H+ sources. Crystallographic characterization of intermediates along the regeneration pathway confirms our structural assignments and reveals unique bonding changes associated with increasing hydrogen content on boron and nitrogen. Synthetic access to the fully charged BN cyclohexane fuels will now enable investigations of these materials in hydrogen desorption studies.
The economic consequences of marital dissolution for women in the middle years

This article uses longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to explore how changes in marital status affect the economic status of married women in their middle years. Results demonstrate that when a marriage ends, the economic status of women declines considerably. Components of income change are discussed, with emphasis on the extent to which women can compensate for the loss of a spouse's income through increases in paid labor, by changes in living arrangements, and by the use of public and private transfers.
TRANSNATIONALISM AND THE IMMIGRANT: CONTINUITY OR PARADIGM SHIFT?

Antoun, Richard T. 2005. Documenting Transnational Migration. Jordanian Men Working and Studying in Europe, Asia and North America. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. Brettell, Caroline 2003. Anthro...
Scoring of MYC protein expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: concordance rate among hematopathologists

Recent studies have shown that immunohistochemical evaluation of MYC protein expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a useful prognostic tool with high concordance rate among pathologists. Concordance in these studies was assessed among few pathologists from one institution by scoring tissue microarrays. In daily practice, MYC evaluation is performed on entire tumor sections by a diverse group of pathologists. In our study, nine hematopathologists from two institutions scored whole-tissue sections of two sets of cases. The training set included 13 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 4 cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The validation set included 18 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 1 case of Burkitt lymphoma. MYC positivity was defined as ≥40% of tumor cells demonstrating nuclear staining similar to prior studies. The mean score for each case was used to determine MYC status with discrepant cases defined as having any score causing a different MYC status designation. Discrepant cases from the training set were characterized by staining heterogeneity, extensive necrosis or crush artifact and had mean scores within 15 percentage points of 40%. Cases from the validation set that demonstrated any of these features were scored twice on two different days. Overall concordance was moderate (Kappa score: 0.68, P-value<0.001) with no significant change between the two sets (Kappa scores: 0.69 vs 0.67). Thirty-nine percent of cases were discrepant. The findings indicate that a significant number of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are inherently difficult to score due to staining heterogeneity. The effect of heterogeneity can be under-represented when concordance is measured among few pathologists scoring tissue microarrays. Careful scoring strategy in our study failed to improve concordance. In the absence of specific instructions on how to deal with heterogeneity, caution is advised when evaluating MYC expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
The pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histologic pattern of injury on kidney biopsy that can arise from a diverse range of causes and mechanisms. Although primary and secondary forms are described based on the underlying cause, there are many common factors that underlie the development of this segmental injury. In this review, we will describe the currently accepted model for the pathogenesis of classic FSGS and review the data supporting this model. Although the podocyte is considered the major target of injury in FSGS, we will also highlight the contributions of other resident glomerular cells in the development of FSGS.
Characterization of Antipyrine Autoinduction in the Rat Utilizing A New Microsampling Technique for Serial Blood Sample Collections

A new microsampling technique is described and applied to the collection of a large number of blood samples from individual rats receiving a chronic intravenous antipyrine infusion. From these samples, a detailed description of the time-course of antipyrine autoinduction of clearance in the rat was provided. Antipyrine clearance was increased 4–5-fold over 8 d of antipyrine administration, with the increase in clearance following a monoexponential process in all animals. The assumption that the time-course of induction should reflect the degradation rate of induced enzymes was examined by comparing the half-life of antipyrine autoinduction with in vitro estimates for the half-life of induced cytochrome P-450 enzymes. The results of this comparison are discussed with respect to utilizing this kinetic model to quantitate the turnover of drug metabolism enzymes in vivo.
Resonance frequency of elliptical microstrip antennas

A simple and accurate technique is presented for obtaining the resonance frequency of the dominant odd and even modes of elliptical microstrip antennas and resonators. This method is validated by experiment. A previously published method is found to be inaccurate.
Strength of correlations between colposcopic impression and biopsy histology.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine the strength of the correlation between colposcopic impression and biopsy histology. Methods In an urban referral clinic, colposcopy and directed biopsy were performed between July 1, 1996, and December 31, 1999, by residents supervised by board-certified attending obstetrician–gynecologists. Impression and biopsy were graded as benign, suggesting condyloma or koilocytosis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1–3, or cancer. The significance of association was assessed by χ 2 testing and the strength by κ statistics. Results Colposcopies were performed on 2825 women, with colposcopic impression and biopsy grade known for 2112. Exact agreement was found in only 893 (37%) women, but results agreed within one grade in 1203 (75%). The association between impression and histology was significant ( P Conclusion Colposcopy is imprecise, although useful in estimating lesion grade. Management decisions require biopsy.
Charter Schools and Urban Education Improvement: A Comparison of Newark's District and Charter Schools.

This article compares student achievement of fourth graders in charter schools and district public schools in Newark, New Jersey. We find that Newark and New Jersey’s charter schools mirror the educational inequalities of the state as a whole, as well as its Abbott Districts. The data indicate that charter schools are similar to district urban public schools, with pockets of excellence and mediocrity. We measure school performance based on two criteria: actual test score performance, and the difference between actual and predicted performance. We find that some charter schools are able to achieve performance above predicted, given their school and student characteristics, while other schools do worse than predicted. Thus charter schools are not simply a magic bullet, but rather they warrant further investigation to see which practices work and which don’t, especially in a challenging urban setting such as Newark.
Subpopulations of GABA neurons in the dentate gyrus express high levels of the α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor

The alpha 1 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor is highly expressed in a subgroup of neurons in the hippocampal formation. The distribution and chemical identities of these neurons in the dentate gyrus have been studied with double-labeling in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods. Double labeling for the alpha 1 subunit and glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) mRNAs indicated that virtually all neurons in the dentate gyrus that are heavily labeled for the alpha 1 subunit are GABA neurons. However, many GAD65 mRNA-labeled neurons in the hilus do not contain high levels of the alpha 1 subunit mRNA and protein. Studies were thus conducted to determine if the somatostatin neurons of the hilus were part of the alpha 1 subunit-labeled group. Double labeling for the alpha 1 subunit and pre-prosomatostatin mRNAs demonstrated virtually no co-localization of these mRNAs in hilar neurons. Thus, the strongly labeled alpha 1 mRNA-containing neurons and the somatostatin neurons constitute two distinct populations of hilar GABA neurons. Double labeling for the alpha 1 subunit polypeptide and its mRNA with immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization methods demonstrated directly that neurons of the dentate gyrus that express high levels of the alpha 1 subunit mRNA are the same neurons that show extensive labeling for the alpha 1 subunit along their somal and dendritic surfaces. The high levels of alpha 1 subunit expression in some populations of GABA neurons could be related to prominent disinhibitory functions of these neurons.
A multiplicity of approaches to characterize geriatric depression and its outcomes.

Purpose of reviewResearch in geriatric depression has always had a multidisciplinary bent, particularly in methods used to characterize depression. Understanding diagnosis, psychiatric comorbidities, and course continues to be a goal of clinical researchers. Those interested in cognitive neuroscienc
Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm without preoperative arteriography.

Abstract Objective Clinical trials of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) have required both preoperative aortography and computed tomography (CT). We codeveloped specialized three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction and computer-aided measurement, planning, and simulation software (3-D CAMPS) based on CT or magnetic resonance imaging, to eliminate the need for preoperative arteriography. Methods EVAR with 3-D CAMPS as the sole preoperative imaging method was performed in 196 patients from 1996 to 2001, with six endograft types in three configurations. Physical examination, abdominal radiography, and CT (3D-CAMPS) were performed at 1, 6, and 12 months, then annually. Results For a subset of cases in which a comparison could be made, 3-D CAMPS was superior to angiography for prediction of endograft length and iliac access. Hospital mortality was zero, and 30-day mortality was 0.5%. In three patients immediate conversion to open repair (1.5%) was necessary because of previously unknown stent-graft mechanical limits. Incidence of endoleak was 15% at 1 month, 10% at 6 months, 6% at 12 months, and 7% at 24 months, and 92% of endoleaks were type II. Mean follow-up was 18 months. Aneurysm-related mortality was zero. Nineteen secondary procedures (all endovascular) were performed in 16 patients (8%). For all graft types, freedom from secondary procedure was 94% at 1 year and 90% at 2 years, and this was better for endografts ultimately approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (96% at 1 year, 95% at 2 years; P = .02). No known measurement-related complications occurred in the series. Results for secondary intervention and endoleak compare favorably to series with similar endograft types. Conclusions EVAR can be performed with 3-D CAMPS as the sole preoperative imaging method to achieve outcomes comparable to the best series published for each endograft type. CT with 3-D CAMPS can effectively eliminate the need for preoperative arteriography and avert associated morbidity, expense, and exposure to contrast agent and radiation.
Use Of Single-Molecule Imaging To Analyze The Distribution Of Binding Ability In RNA Aptamer Populations

The number of possible sequences for nucleic acid and protein biopolymers of functionally plausible lengths is literally beyond astronomical, exceeding the probable number of atoms in the universe. The nature of the functionality landscape across sequence space for such molecules is of great interest to the origins of life field, and, more pragmatically, to those interested in the design, screening, or in vitro evolution of functionally useful molecules. This encompasses many questions relating characteristics of such molecules, such as stability or structural motifs, to the distribution of ability, as measured by kinetic rates. A key question concerns the likelihood of finding particular functional abilities (binding or catalysis) in a pool of sequences with a given length and/or other complexity-determining attribute.Investigating the “kinetic structure” of a population is not possible with conventional bulk methods as subpopulations are simply averaged together. Such fine structure can only be approached using single-molecule techniques. This project uses a single-molecule fluorescence microscopy technique (Total Internal Reflection, or TIR) to analyze binding kinetics in populations of RNA aptamers. RNA is a particularly good candidate for exploration, owing both to its centrality in the RNA world hypothesis and the current interest in developing RNA aptamer based drugs.Experiments with known GTP aptamers yield on and off rates that differ by species, are comparable to bulk results, and enable species separability in kinetic space. The goal is to enable quantification of the distribution of binding ability in heterogeneous, high complexity pools. In addition to addressing questions related to functional RNA, this is useful for designing and understanding in vitro selection experiments, a key tool for the origins of life field and the expanding field of applied molecular evolution.
Problematic drinking and physiological responses among female college students

Abstract Problematic drinking is a widespread problem among college students, and can contribute to alcohol dependence during later adulthood, particularly among females. The current study assessed vulnerability for alcohol-related consequences by comparing self-reported drinking with coping styles and physiological and behavioral stress responses during a challenging task. Cardiovascular measurements and saliva samples were taken from 88 female students at the beginning of the experiment and after the task. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activity was measured by assessing cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) salivary levels. The behavioral task consisted of a set of three anagrams of increasing difficulty, the last of which had no possible solution, to test the distress tolerance of the participants. Results showed that the majority of participants (70%) reported drinking in the six months prior to data collection, most of whom reported at least one incident of binge drinking. Excessive alcohol use was related to an impaired physiological response to stress during the impossible task. College students who drank to cope with stress had significantly higher basal levels of cortisol and DHEA, an indication of HPA axis over-regulation, while their stress response remained remarkably flat. Self-reported consequences of drinking were related to motives for drinking and lower DHEA levels. Regression analysis indicated that higher cortisol levels mediated the relationship between motives for drinking and problematic drinking.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Abundance of Cotton Insects

Tests were conducted from 1964-1966 to determine the effect of different rates of nitrogen side dress applications on the abundance of and damage from cotton insects in nonirrigated cotton under a seasonal insecticidal control program. Insect infestation or damage counts were made on the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman; bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie); and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. The insecticidal spray programs resulted in effective control of boll weevil and bollworm during each of the 3 years. Significant differences in boll weevil square infestation caused by the different treatments of nitrogen were obtained only 1 year. Significant differences in bollworm damage to bolls did not occur among treatments with nitrogen during any of the 3 years. Although there was an indication that more aphids occurred on leaves as the rate of nitrogen was increased, significant differences among treatments were obtained only 1 year. The effects of nitrogen side dress applications on the yield of seed cotton per acre were inconsistent.
REALISM, RELATIVISM, AND NATURALIZED META-EPISTEMOLOGY

L'A. explore le terrain meta-epistemologique domine par l'absolutisme non naturaliste et le relativisme naturaliste. Il fait le point sur une forme courante de relativisme qu'il appelle constructivisme epistemologique. Il demontre comment le realisme naturaliste se situe entre l'absolutisme et le relativisme et son impact sur la validite universelle de l'epistemologie.