cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What do names tell us about our former occupations

The paper will analyze some linguistic, primarily onomastic evidence of still existent or extinct crafts and occupations within the framework of the former social structure. Many onetime crafts became extinct in the course of time, but traces of their former diffusion and importance can be reconstructed from their onomastic, primarily, anthroponomastic reflections. Similar surnames motivated by occupation can be found all across Europe. Some surname statistics in various European countries are given in the paper.
Treatment of inferior oblique muscle overaction with myectomy or with anterior transposition

This paper presents a comparative study of the effectiveness of myectomy and anterior transposition in the treatment of inferior oblique muscle overaction. We operated 160 patients with overaction of the inferior oblique muscle. Eighty patients (148 eyes) were operated by myectomy at the insertion and 80 patients (151 eyes) by anterior transposition of the insertion of the inferior oblique near the temporal side of the insertion of the inferior rectus muscle. Comparison of the two methods, using the chi-squared test, showed that: 1) both surgical procedures were equally effective (chi 2 = 0.26) for correcting overaction of the inferior oblique muscle and V-phenomenon; 2) weakening of the inferior oblique muscle of both eyes was almost always required (in 115 out of 116 cases) in cases with V-phenomenon and often (24 out of 44 cases) in cases of congenital paresis of the superior oblique muscle. We conclude that both procedures are equally effective and equally easy to perform.
Risk factors for late or no prenatal care following Medicaid expansions in California.

Objectives: To describe the characteristics and risk factors of women with only third-trimester (late) or no prenatal care. Methods: A statewide postpartum survey was conducted that included 6364 low-income women delivering in California hospitals in 1994 and 1995. Results: The following factors appeared most important, considering both prevalence and association with late or no care: poverty, being uninsured, multiparity, being unmarried, and unplanned pregnancy. Forty-two percent of women with no care were uninsured, and uninsured women were at dramatically increased risk of no care. Over 40% of uninsured women with no care had applied for Medi-Cal prenatally but did not receive it. Risks did not vary by ethnicity except that African American women were at lower risk of late care than women of European background. Child care problems were not significantly associated with either late or no care, and transportation problems (not asked of women with no care) were not significantly related to late care. Conclusions: Lack of insurance appeared to be a significant barrier for the 40% of women with no care who unsuccessfully applied for Medi-Cal prenatally, indicating a need to address barriers to Medi-Cal enrollment. However, lack of financial access is unlikely to completely explain the dramatic risks associated with being uninsured. In addition to eliminating barriers to prenatal coverage, policies to reduce late/no care should focus on pre-pregnancy factors (e.g., planned pregnancy and poverty reduction) rather than on logistical barriers during pregnancy.
Diasporic subjects: Gender and mobility in south sulawesi

Abstract This article considers the gender dynamics of a migrant population living in an industrial processing zone on the outskirts of Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Based on historical, demographic, and ethnographic analyses of migration linked to this site, the research focuses on the ways that the relationships between morality, migration, and gender are changing for migrants to this zone. As more young women have migrated to join this peri-urban industrial workforce, their presence has spurred a renegotiation of gendered morality, particularly in terms of gendered meanings of inhabiting “public” space and participating in the industrial labor force. These migrants form their gender identities not only through place-bound contact with people in origin and destination sites, but also through contact with the sociocultural norms of migrants from other parts of the archipelago and world, transnational industrial and media expansion, and continued reference to their families' “Bugis values.” Recent research has analyzed the growth of the new female industrial workforce in relation to postmodern production relations and new patterns of consumption. In this article, I build on these studies to explore the ways migrants' cultural struggles around gender are shaped not only by new production relations and consumer aspirations, but also by the interethnic interactions of low-income migrants themselves living in the zone. The tensions that characterize these negotiations mark a historical shift in the gendered meaning of “the local” in the Bugis diaspora.
Nozzle wear rate prediction using regression and neural network

Abstract Nozzle wear can cause overapplication of chemicals, which results in increased production costs, and may also cause environmental damage due to excess chemicals contaminating both ground and surface water. The objectives of this research were to predict the nozzle wear rates for four fan nozzles using regression and neural network techniques and drawing comparisons between the two techniques from the prediction results. Both regression and neural network methods were applied for modelling nozzles made of four different materials, namely, brass, nickel-coated brass, plastic and stainless steel. The model relates wear rates to usage time at three different operating spray pressures: 138, 256 and 552 kPa Dummy variables were used to represent different nozzle types. One hundred and sixty-eight observations were used to build a regression model. Forty-four observations, chosen from within the sample data, were used for model validation. One of the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service's (USDA-ARS) data set, considered to be out-of-sample data was also used for model validation. Log–log linear model was used to build the regression model by using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). A neural network software, NeuroShell Easy Predictor, was chosen to develop a neural network model. Model adequacy was established both by visual inspection and statistical techniques. Part of the actual data, which was not used for model building, was applied to the model for its validation. A comparison of the regression model and neural network model shows that the regression and the neural network models perform equally well for the predictions made with both sets of validation data.
In Vivo Radiaprotective Effects of Growth Hormone.

Ionizing irradiation can cause bone marrow failure and death. Very few effective therapeutic agents are currently available for this condition. It was previously published that human recombinant growth hormone promotes hematopoietic and immune reconstitution after stem cell transplantation. In this study, we investigated the effects of growth hormone on radiation-induced injury. In a sublethally irradiated model (BALB/c mice, 5 Gy), the recovery of platelets in peripheral blood was significantly accelerated after treatment with human recombinant growth hormone at a dose of 20 μg, i.p., once a day, for 35 days starting within one hour after irradiation. Similar trends were also observed in total white blood cells and all lymphocyte subsets tested (T, B, NK cells). These data suggest that growth hormone can promote hematopoietic and immune recovery after irradiation. We then tested whether growth hormone can rescue animals from lethal irradiation. BALB/c mice were irradiated with 7.5 Gy and treated with growth hormone using the same regimen as that used in the sublethal model. As demonstrated in the figure, 5 out of 10 mice in the growth hormone treated group survived more than 80 days after irradiation, whereas 9 out of 10 mice died by day 25 in the saline control group. Growth hormone was still effective when tested using higher dose of radiation (8.5 Gy). These findings demonstrate that human recombinant growth hormone has significant radioprotective effects even when given after total body irradiation.
Teacher Voice in Global Conversations around Education Access, Equity, and Quality.

Despite public commitments internationally and nationally to include the voices of all stakeholders, the voices of teachers have continued to be marginalized in the literature and in policy-making related to global educational development. The purpose of the current study is to examine the process of invoking teacher voice using a sample of international teachers participating in a US-based teacher exchange program. Toward this end, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 16 teachers from 14 countries and four continents (all participants in the Teaching Excellence and Achievement [TEA] program). Results demonstrate that teacher voice was more personal rather than systemic, narrative rather than propositional, and utilized colloquial vocabulary rather than technical jargon. Teacher voice is also not always positive, but can be biased, critical, or judgmental. Nonetheless, the interviews also illustrate the critical necessity of including teacher voice in educational planning and decision-making. The full text of the article can be found at 10.18275/fire201704011107
Comments on Conceptualizing and Measuring the Exchange of Beauty and Status

In this comment, I identify two methodological issues in McClintock’s (2014) article on beauty exchange. First, McClintock’s difference models, which find no evidence of exchange, are poor measures...
Surgical Treatment of Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures: An Analysis of Complications in 784 Surgical Repairs:

Background:Distal biceps brachii tendon ruptures lead to substantial deficits in elbow flexion and supination; surgical repair restores muscle strength and endurance.Purpose:To examine clinical and...
Minimizing a Submodular Function from Samples

In this paper we consider the problem of minimizing a submodular function from training data. Submodular functions can be efficiently minimized and are conse- quently heavily applied in machine learning. There are many cases, however, in which we do not know the function we aim to optimize, but rather have access to training data that is used to learn the function. In this paper we consider the question of whether submodular functions can be minimized in such cases. We show that even learnable submodular functions cannot be minimized within any non-trivial approximation when given access to polynomially-many samples. Specifically, we show that there is a class of submodular functions with range in [0, 1] such that, despite being PAC-learnable and minimizable in polynomial-time, no algorithm can obtain an approximation strictly better than 1/2 − o(1) using polynomially-many samples drawn from any distribution. Furthermore, we show that this bound is tight using a trivial algorithm that obtains an approximation of 1/2.
46 Adolescent sexual decisions

Abstract PURPOSE: To explore the relationship of age difference between sex partners at first intercourse and the usage of effective contraceptives, and the relationship of age difference at first pregnancy and pregnancy rate. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among high school students utilizing a self-administered questionnaire. Sexually active females were categorized by partner age difference at first intercourse as ⩽2 years (A), 3-5 years (B) and ⩾6 years (C). The 3 groups were compared for effective contraceptive use with chi-square tests. For first pregnancy event, females were categorized as having peer-aged (⩽2 years) and older (⩾3 years) partner to consider the effect of the age difference on pregnancy rate. RESULTS: There were 1094 respondents (response rate ~87%), 550 females and 518 males. For this analysis, 231 sexually active females (21% of sample) were included. An inverse relationship between effective birth control use and the partner age difference at first intercourse was seen [77% effective for A vs. 71% for B vs. 45% for C]. When compared to A, C showed a significant decrease in effective birth control usage (p = 0.03) and B showed non-significant decrease (p = 0.44). Of the 35 females reporting pregnancy, 20 (57%) had sex partners who were ⩾3 years older at the time of first pregnancy. This group experienced a pregnancy rate 1.3 times those with peer-aged partners. Of the 12 females reporting pregnant at age ⩽14 years, 8 (67%) reported the partner was ⩾3 years older. The pregnancy rate of this group was twice that of those 14 years and under with a peer-aged partner. CONCLUSION: Female adolescents reporting first intercourse with a partner ⩾6 years older, also reported a decrease use of effective birth control. Of those reporting pregnancy, females with an older partner experienced an increased pregnancy rate when compared to those with a peer-aged partner.
Lipomas of the Brachial Plexus: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Background Lipomas are common benign tumors. When they develop in proximity to peripheral nerves, they can cause neurologic symptoms secondary to mass effect. Previous reports have shown symptom resolution after removal of lipomas compressing various upper extremity peripheral nerves. However, brachial plexus lipomas are relatively rare. Our multidisciplinary experience with brachial plexus lipoma resection is reviewed in the largest case series to date. Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing resection of brachial plexus lipomatous tumors between 2006 and 2016 was performed. Patient demographic data, diagnostic imaging, clinical presentation, operative details, surgical pathology, and clinical outcomes were reviewed. Results Twelve brachial plexus lipomatous tumors were resected in 11 patients: 10 lipomas, 1 hibernoma, and 1 atypical lipomatous tumor. The most common tumor location was supraclavicular (50%), followed by axillary (42%), and proximal medial arm (8%). The most common brachial plexus segment involved was the upper trunk (50%), followed by posterior cord (25%), lateral pectoral nerve (8%), lower trunk (8%), and proximal median nerve (8%). Most patients presented with an enlarging painless mass (58%). Of the patients who presented with neurologic symptoms, symptoms resolved in the majority (80%). Conclusions Brachial plexus lipomas are rare causes of compression neuropathy in the upper extremity. Careful resection and knowledge of brachial plexus anatomy, which may be distorted by the tumor, are critical to achieving a successful surgical outcome with predictable symptom resolution. Finally, surveillance magnetic resonance imaging may be warranted for atypical lesions.
Legal and Tax Aspects of Divestitures

Selling (part of) your business has many legal implications to be observed that you should have on your radar screen from the very beginning of the divestiture process.
Negative Affect Intensity and Hostility in Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder With or Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Objective: Negative affect intensity and hostility have both been implicated in alcohol use disorders (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when they occur separately, but neither have bee...
Die Physik – ein baufälliger Turm von Babel

Physiker versprechen immer wieder, ein Theoriegebaude zu errichten, das die gesamte Welt erklart. Dabei musste jeder wissen, der die Disziplin zu seinem Beruf gemacht hat, dass sogar in langst errichteten Stockwerken teils gewaltige Risse klaffen.
The Relevance of Subsequent Agreement and Subsequent Practice for the Interpretation of Treaties

In May 2012, the International Law Commission (ILC) appointed a special rapporteur, Georg Nolte, to complete a project on "subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties." Previously referred to by the name "treaties over time," the project is expected to result by 2016 in a series of "observations" or "conclusions" about how the meaning of a treaty might be determined based, at least in part, on the conduct of the States Parties after the treaty is concluded.The project raises a large number of interesting issues, some of which concern terminology and line drawing, others that concern theory and history, and still others that concern when and how States and tribunals rely upon this phenomenon. This essay discusses the extent to which subsequent agreements and practice have actually been a relevant or important component of treaty law in the past and present, and what level of importance they might enjoy in the future. In other words, while there are certainly examples of the use of subsequent conduct in different fields of international law, how pervasive is this phenomenon, and is it increasing or decreasing in its relevance?
Child, Family, and State: The Relationship Between Family Policy and Social Protection Policy

Children are the largest age group in the world’s population and the most vulnerable group economically, socially, and physically. Given the extensive demographic and social changes in recent years, there is a search for new policy strategies for protecting children and promoting child and family well-being. Even when there is economic growth and political commitment to children, and as essential as these are, more is needed. In particular, knowledge regarding which policy strategies are most effective is essential, if the goal is to do better by children.
The Doorknob Phenomenon in Clinical Practice

By definition, the doorknob phenomenon or doorknob statement occurs when patients wait until the last moment in the clinical encounter—often while the physician is grasping the doorknob to exit the examination room—to utter something that, not uncommonly, provides crucial information. Physicians must then determine whether to pursue this new information immediately or to defer the new issue until the next visit.
Textile-Based Flexible Electronics for Wearable Applications: From Antennas to Batteries

We present a new class of textile-based electronics for wearable applications that are flexible, robust, and completely unobtrusive to the wearer. Contrary to state-of-the-art flexible electronics, the proposed technology brings forward unprecedented tolerance to mechanical/thermal stresses; enables precision and Radio-Frequency (RF) performance similar to that achieved by rigid copper prototypes; and eliminates the need for rigid/bulky batteries. Specifically, conductive traces (antennas and transmission lines, among others) are realized via automated embroidery of conductive E-threads, while batteries are directly “printed” on fabrics via conductive inks. The proposed technology brings forward transformational opportunities for a very wide range of applications, including healthcare, sports, wireless communications, Radio Frequency Identification, etc.
Expressive Law and Oppressive Norms: A Comment on Richard McAdams's "A Focal Point Theory of Expressive Law"

H FLOW does law affect behavior? Scholars are not of one mind. The conventional "deterrence" or "instrumental" model' looks to the response to penalties and punishments imposed for violations of legal rules. People's willingness to comply with the law's commands stems from official threats to deprive them of something valuable by imposing financial liability, withdrawing privileges, throwing them in prison, or extracting fines.2 The simplicity and testability of this theory account for its appeal and for the temptation to adopt its assumptions in analyzing particular problems. Another line of scholarship recognizes the model's limitations. A theory of compliance that looks only to the response to sanctions and penalties cannot explain observed patterns of behavior. The scattershot nature of law enforcement predicts more widespread flouting of legal commands than is actually observed. It is fortunate, however, that the deterrence theory fails to explain why most people obey the law. Were a credible threat of punishment all that worked to prevent violations of law, vastly greater investments in law enforcement and penalties would be needed to secure a tolerably orderly society. The recent surge of interest in the expressive power of law represents an attempt to develop a more complete and sophisti-
The association of health literacy, numeracy and graph literacy with frailty

Frailty is a state of vulnerability to stressors which may result in high mortality, morbidity, and health-care utilization in older adults. Whether health literacy, graph literacy and numeracy are associated with frailty is unknown. To assess the association of health literacy, numeracy and graph literacy with frailty in male veterans. This is a retrospective study of 470 cognitively intact, non-depressed veterans who completed evaluations of health literacy, numeracy and graph literacy at Miami VA facility in 2012. A 43-item frailty index was created as a proportion of all potential variables (demographics, comorbidities, number of medications, laboratory tests, and activities of daily life). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by multinomial logistic regression models with frailty status (robust, prefrail and frail) as the outcome variable, and with health literacy, numeracy, and graph literacy scores as independent variables. Age, race, ethnicity, education, socio-economic status, and comorbidities were considered as covariates. Patients were 100% male, 40% White, 82% non-Hispanic, mean age was 56.8 years. The proportion of robust, pre-frail and frail was 10.0%, 61.3% and 28.7%, respectively. Neither health literacy nor objective nor subjective numeracy was associated with frailty after adjustment for covariates. In contrast, higher graph literacy scores were associated with a lower risk for frailty (p = .015) even after adjusting known risk factors for frailty. Neither health literacy nor numeracy is associated with frailty. Higher graph literacy score is associated with a lower risk for frailty even after adjusting for known risk factors for frailty.
Cultural considerations for treating Hispanic patients with eating disorders: A case study illustrating the effectiveness of CBT in reducing bulimia nervosa symptoms in a Latina patient

Eating disorders (ED's) are the deadliest of all mental disorders, yet there is a paucity of research examining the clinical presentation of eating disorders in Hispanic populations and limited guidelines for culturally sensitive treatment. Given the rapid growth of Hispanic communities in the U.S., it is important to acknowledge the unique clinical profile of patients within this demographic and examine eating pathology within this socio-cultural context. This case study aims to illustrate the utility, relevance, and effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on alleviating eating disorder symptoms in an adult Latina patient with bulimia nervosa to understand the broader implications of applying manualized treatments to diverse populations. We outline the strengths of CBT in quickly modifying problematic thought patterns and decreasing pathological behaviors while raising questions about cultural generalizability. In addition, we explore CBT's limitations in addressing certain underlying ED pathology-driving and maintaining factors for minority individuals.
Evaluation of the bacterial ocular surface microbiome in ophthalmologically normal dogs prior to and following treatment with topical neomycin-polymyxin-bacitracin

The ocular surface microbiome of veterinary species has not been thoroughly characterized using molecular-based techniques, such as next generation sequencing (NGS), as the vast majority of studies have utilized traditional culture-based techniques. To date, there is one pilot study evaluating the ocular surface of healthy dogs using NGS. Furthermore, alterations in the ocular surface microbiome over time and after topical antibiotic treatment are unknown. The objectives of this study were to describe the bacterial composition of the ocular surface microbiome in clinically normal dogs, and to determine if microbial community changes occur over time or following topical antibiotic therapy. Topical neomycin-polymyxin-bacitracin ophthalmic ointment was applied to one eye each of 13 adult dogs three times daily for seven days, while contralateral eyes served as untreated controls. The inferior conjunctival fornix of both eyes was sampled via swabbing at baseline prior to antibiotic therapy (day 0), after 1 week of treatment (day 7), and 4 weeks after discontinuing treatment (day 35). Genomic DNA was extracted from the conjunctival swabs and primers targeting the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes were used to generate amplicon libraries, which were then sequenced on an Illumina platform. Data were analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Molecular Ecology (QIIME 2.0). At baseline, the most relatively abundant phyla sequenced were Proteobacteria (49.7%), Actinobacteria (25.5%), Firmicutes (12%), Bacteroidetes (7.5%), and Fusobacteria (1.4%). The most common families detected were Pseudomonadaceae (13.2%), Micrococcaceae (12%), Pasteurellaceae (6.9%), Microbacteriaceae (5.2%), Enterobacteriaceae (3.9%), Neisseriaceae (3.5%), and Corynebacteriaceae (3.3%). Alpha and beta diversity measurements did not differ in both control and treatment eyes over time. This report examines the temporal stability of the canine ocular surface microbiome. The major bacterial taxa on the canine ocular surface remained consistent over time and following topical antibiotic therapy.
An Analysis of the Current Policies for Social Media Use in Saudi Higher Education.

This paper presents a research study that investigated and analyzed the status of social media policies at Saudi Arabian higher education institutions (HEIs). This study is the first attempt to review social media policies in 68 Saudi universities and colleges. Social media policies published on the institutions websites were collected. This study focuses on the readability, accessibility, and content coverage of these policies. In addition, the study identified potential gaps concerning learning and teaching with social media policies, as well as how well these policies meet student and faculty needs. A summary of the current status of social media policies at Saudi HEIs and recommendations for improving the current status were presented as the result of this study.
Should COVID-19 Patients > 75 Years be Ventilated? An Outcome Study.

BACKGROUND: Elderly patients with COVID-19 disease are at increased risk for adverse outcomes. Current data regarding disease characteristics and outcomes in this population is limited. AIM: To delineate the adverse factors associated with outcomes of COVID- 19 patients ≥75 years of age. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Patients were classified into mild/moderate, severe/very severe, and critical disease (intubated) based on oxygen requirements. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: 355 patients aged ≥75 years hospitalized with COVID-19 between March 19th and April 25th, 2020 were included. Mean age was 84.3 years. One-third of the patients developed critical disease. Mean length of stay was 7.10 days. Vasopressors were required in 27%, with the highest frequency in the critical disease group (74.1%). Overall mortality was 57.2%, with a significant difference between severity groups (mild/moderate disease : 17.4%, severe/very severe disease : 71.3%, critical disease: 94.9%, p < 0.001). Increased age, dementia, and severe/very severe and critical disease groups were each significantly associated with increased odds for mortality while diarrhea was associated with decreased odds for mortality (OR : 0.12, 95% CI : 0.02-0.60, p < 0.05)]. None of the cardiovascular comorbidities were significantly associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: Age and dementia are associated with increased odds for mortality in patients ≥75 years of age hospitalized with COVID-19. Those who require intubation have the greatest odds for mortality. Diarrhea as a presenting symptom was associated with lower odds for mortality.
Functional and structural basis of extreme conservation in vertebrate 5' untranslated regions.

The lack of knowledge about extreme conservation in genomes remains a major gap in our understanding of the evolution of gene regulation. Here, we reveal an unexpected role of extremely conserved 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) in noncanonical translational regulation that is linked to the emergence of essential developmental features in vertebrate species. Endogenous deletion of conserved elements within these 5′ UTRs decreased gene expression, and extremely conserved 5′ UTRs possess cis-regulatory elements that promote cell-type-specific regulation of translation. We further developed in-cell mutate-and-map (icM2), a new methodology that maps RNA structure inside cells. Using icM2, we determined that an extremely conserved 5′ UTR encodes multiple alternative structures and that each single nucleotide within the conserved element maintains the balance of alternative structures important to control the dynamic range of protein expression. These results explain how extreme sequence conservation can lead to RNA-level biological functions encoded in the untranslated regions of vertebrate genomes. Extremely conserved 5′ UTRs act as cis-regulatory elements, playing an unsuspected role in translation regulation. A new in-cell mutational method, icM2, shows that these 5′ UTRs adopt alternative structures that depend on RNA helicase activity.
The Double-Edged Sword of Borrowing: Increasing Costs of Homeownership and the Roles of Property and Loan Flipping in New York City

Excerpt] Introduction For many lowand moderate-income homeowners, home equity represents their single largest asset. 1 Unfortunately, unscrupulous lenders and real estate sales people are targeting low-income residents in fi nancial distress to profi t from rising house values. They are offering equity-stripping refi nancing, selling overappraised homes to fi rsttime buyers, and offering fi nancial assistance that can place unaware homeowners in serious jeopardy of default, foreclosure, or eviction.
Beyond the Provirus: from Howard Temin's Insights on Rous Sarcoma Virus to the Study of Epstein-Barr Virus, the Prototypic HumanTumor Virus

This chapter focuses on the development of one's understanding of carcinogenesis mediated by avian retroviruses, to which Howard Temin contributed so much. This understanding, coupled with the associated study of retroviruses in general, has been essential to dealing effectively with human disease. It also outlines current appreciation of human tumor viruses, using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a model. Human tumor viruses are less efficient pathogens than most of the well-studied avian oncogenic retroviruses. Howard Temin refined a transformation assay for Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) such that it became a standard method for detecting and measuring the transforming abilities of different viruses in cell culture. Avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) provide one example of weakly transforming viruses. These viruses formerly often infected commercial flocks of chickens, in which they were propagated either vertically or horizontally. Four human tumor viruses-EBV (a herpesvirus), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papilloma virus types 16 (HPV-16), -18, -31, and -33, and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1; a retrovirus)-have been studied sufficiently to be considered in this chapter. A fifth, hepatitis C virus, has been identified, but virologic studies of it are only now beginning. The outcome of infection with some human tumor viruses can be profoundly affected by the immune response of the host. The four human tumor viruses (EBV, HBV, HPV, and HTLV-1 ) vary in the cell types they infect, in the times between infection and development of cancers, and in the mechanisms by which they induce and/or maintain proliferation of infected cells.
The case for complexity: A look at the relationship between individual and structure from the inside out

Abstract This paper develops a model of the individual – structure relationship using a predominantly sociological explanation. Adopting the perspective of the individual and grounding the approach in a structurationist framework, a system of person-based and role-based relationships is proposed. The model's implications for the individual are developed from an examination of markets, hierarchies and networks. Main conclusions cross-cut individual, functional and organizational levels: (1) work- and non-work roles need to be intentionally maintained and leveraged as a way to develop individual and organizational complexity; (2) individual discretion is essential to achieving the proper balance between the two kinds of roles; (3) networks provide the greatest potential for role satisfaction; and (4) HRD assumes an instrumental role in establishing and maintaining a culture of trust and in designing and supporting jobs that foster complexity and discretion.
Synchronous assay for human sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction

A synchronous acrosome reaction system was established for human spermatozoa. Seminal plasma is removed from the spermatozoa by centrifugation and the washed spermatozoa are capacitated in a modified BWW medium (without exogenous substrates) containing 35 mg/ml human serum albumin for 3 h at 37 C. Subsequently, 10 microM ionophore A23187 (final concentration) is added, the mixture incubated for 15 min at 37 C and the percent acrosome reaction determined by a modified triple stain technique (trypan blue stain omitted). Since no significant decrease in sperm motility occurs during incubation or after ionophore treatment, a vital stain does not need to be employed, allowing the use of any acrosome detection technique. The average percentage of acrosome-rejected spermatozoa after ionophore treatment (40 +/- 10%) was about 2- to 3-fold higher than that seen without ionophore treatment. Ionophore treatment for 15 min failed to stimulate the acrosome reaction in spermatozoa incubated for less than 3 h. Additionally, the presence of substrates in the BWW medium, higher sperm numbers, increased ionophore concentrations or longer incubation periods did not enhance the induction of the acrosome reaction. Ionomycin, a more specific calcium ionophore than A23187, produced essentially the same results as A23187 but tended to decrease sperm motility. This synchronous acrosome reaction system for human spermatozoa is relatively simple and can be used to study the effect of modulators on capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction.
Religion, Politics, and Issue Polarization in the United States Congress, 1959-2013

In this study we examine whether, and if so how, the confl uence of religion and party has impacted voting in the U.S Congress over the past half century. We address two primary questions: fi rst, has religion contributed to the growing political partisanship among members of Congress over this period, and second, if so, are these cleavages refl ected in congressional voting patterns? We answer both questions in the affi rmative.
Stromal cells mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development.

The essential role of vitamin A and its metabolites, retinoids, in kidney development has been demonstrated in vitamin A deficiency and gene targeting studies. Retinoids signal via nuclear transcription factors belonging to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) families. Inactivation of RARaplpha and RARbeta2 receptors together, but not singly, resulted in renal malformations, suggesting that within a given renal cell type, their concerted function is required for renal morphogenesis. At birth, RARalpha beta2(−) mutants displayed small kidneys, containing few ureteric bud branches, reduced numbers of nephrons and lacking the nephrogenic zone where new nephrons are continuously added. These observations have prompted us to investigate the role of RARalpha and RARbeta2 in renal development in detail. We have found that within the embryonic kidney, RARalpha and RARbeta2 are colocalized in stromal cells, but not in other renal cell types, suggesting that stromal cells mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development. Analysis of RARalpha beta2(−) mutant kidneys at embryonic stages revealed that nephrons were formed and revealed no changes in the intensity or distribution of molecular markers specific for different metanephric mesenchymal cell types. In contrast the development of the collecting duct system was greatly impaired in RARalpha beta2(−) mutant kidneys. Fewer ureteric bud branches were present, and ureteric bud ends were positioned abnormally, at a distance from the renal capsule. Analysis of genes important for ureteric bud morphogenesis revealed that the proto-oncogene c-ret was downregulated. Our results suggest that RARalpha and RARbeta2 are required for generating stromal cell signals that maintain c-ret expression in the embryonic kidney. Since c-ret signaling is required for ureteric bud morphogenesis, loss of c-ret expression is a likely cause of impaired ureteric bud branching in RARalpha beta2(−) mutants.
Development of song responses in the zebra finch caudomedial neostriatum: role of genomic and electrophysiological activities.

Zebra finches first form demonstrable memories of specific songs between 25 and 35 days of age—several days after fledging from the nest. What accounts for the late onset of specific song memory formation? Here we investigated physiological development of the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM), part of the avian analogue of auditory cortex and a probable component of the system involved in song perception. Two types of physiological responses were characterized: electrophysiological (single-unit spike rate) and genomic (induction of the immediate early gene zenk, also known as zif-268, egr-1, ngfi-a, krox-24). We found that by day 20, zebra finches already have robust electrophysiological responses in NCM to song stimulation. Spike activity was greater in response to conspecific songs compared to heterospecific songs, white noise, or tones, and ≈10% of the units showed selective responses to forward versus reversed songs. In contrast, at this age the zenk gene is expressed at a constitutively high level and undergoes no further induction in response to song presentation. At day 30, electrophysiological responses remained similar, but the zenk gene began to shift from a constitutive to an inducible pattern of expression. These results are consistent with a general role for NCM in the representation of song auditory patterns, and with a role for zenk gene expression in governing the efficiency of specific song memory storage at different ages. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 163–180, 2001
Sample sizes for β‐expectation tolerance limits which control both tails of the normal distribution

Sample sizes for tolerance limits are given on a normal distribution. β-Expectation tolerance intervals are defined and constructed to control the proportion in each tail of the normal distribution. We also require with a high probability that the proportion in each tail is close to its corresponding expected coverage. Under these conditions. we dctcrniine a minimum sample size and its accompanying tolerance limits. Graphs of minimum sample sizes for the tolerance limits are provided. The computation for minimum samplc sizes is based on the bivariate noncentral t distribution. Examples are given to illustrate the use of the graphs.
Le premier siècle: one hundred years of progress in the treatment of Apert syndrome.

Abstract The year 2006 marked the 100th anniversary of the publication of Eugene Apert's article, De l'acrocephalosyndactylie in the Bulletin de la Societe des medecins des hospitaux de Paris. During the last century, much progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of this condition. A translation of Apert's original article is provided as is an overview of what has been learned during the last 100 years and what the future treatment of this condition may be.
Qawiaraq Inupiaq: a clue to the origin of consonant palatalization in Alaskan Inuit

Abstract Inuit or Eastern Eskimo includes two Inupiaq dialect groups spoken in Alaska: North Alaskan and Seward Peninsula. The latter comprises the Bering Strait and Qawiaraq dialects. Bering Strait Inupiaq is spoken along the western coast of the Seward Peninsula around Bering Strait and on adjacent offshore islands, namely King Island and the Diomedes. Also found on the Seward Peninsula, Qawiaraq was traditionally spoken at the now-abandoned village of the same name, located along the lower Kuzitrin River near Igloo, and also at other locations in the interior of the Seward Peninsula, including the drainage of the Fish River. There may have been a coastal dialect as well, although little or nothing remains of it. Today, Qawiaraq speakers from the Kuzitrin River live primarily in Teller, northwest of Nome, and those from the Fish River live in White Mountain and Golovin, near the southern shore of Seward Peninsula. About a century ago, Qawiaraq people moved south from the Teller-Igloo area to Unalakleet ...
The numerical evaluation of parameters in distribution functions of polymers from their molecular weight distributions

It has been shown that the parameters in the log-normal (LN) and generalized exponential (Gex) distributions can be evaluated if molecular weight ratios H and Hz, or their equivalents, are known for a linear, unimodal homopolymer. It is suggested that better checks of observed and calculated values of Mz can be obtained for such polymers as are characterized by m ≤ 0.15, by treating them as Gex rather than LN distributions.
HIGHWAY BRIDGE INSPECTION: STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE SURVEY

The congressionally mandated National Bridge Inspection Program requires states to inspect periodically all highway bridges on public roads, among other activities; visual inspection (VI) is the primary tool used to perform these inspections. A survey was conducted to help determine current policies and practices that may affect the accuracy and reliability of VI. The survey had three main objectives: to compile a "state of the practice" for bridge inspection, particularly as it pertains to VI; to gather information about bridge inspection management to study how inspection management may influence the reliability of inspections; and to gather data about the current use of nondestructive evaluation technologies and to identify current and future research needs. State departments of transportation, local departments of transportation, and select bridge inspection contractors participated in the survey. Conclusions drawn from this study indicate that the use of nondestructive evaluation has increased since ...
Temporal dynamics of root and foliar severity of soybean sudden death syndrome at different inoculum densities

Temporal dynamics of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) root and foliar disease severity were studied in growth chamber experiments on susceptible plants exposed to different inoculum densities (0, 100, 101, 102, and 103 conidia g−1 soil) of Fusarium virguliforme. The monomolecular model provided the best fit to describe the progress of root and foliar disease severity over time. Disease severity and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) both increased in response to increasing inoculum density (P 0.9, P < 0.01) with foliar disease severity assessments performed 30 to 50 DAI. Root biomass was reduced by up to 67% at the three highest inoculum densities, indicating the aggressiveness that F. virguliforme possesses as a root rot pathogen on soybeans.
Conceptual challenges in linking physical activity and disability research.

Reducing the functional limitations and disability that accompany aging and disease are goals of both physical activity and disability research. Efforts to link the two fields, as reflected in this supplement to the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, should expand considerably our ability to achieve these goals because of the special perspectives and strengths that each discipline brings to this collaboration. Disability research focuses on epidemiologic pathways by which disease, injury, and other conditions ultimately lead to disability and on surveillance of population levels of disability. Through its numerous adaptations, the “disablement process” model has provided a longstanding, strong guiding framework for this work. More recently, research on health promotion for people with disabilities is being undertaken, with a special emphasis on physical activity as both a primary and secondary prevention approach. Physical activity researchers targeting older adults address a variety of issues in order to design optimal interventions to change physical activity behavior. Some of these include identifying numerous multilevel determinants of physical activity, examining characteristics of exercise interventions that increase physical activity and lead to improved outcomes in this age group, and exploring mechanisms by which improved outcomes occur. Physical activity research that is more closely aligned with disability research includes epidemiologic studies of how natural physical activity levels and changes in activity levels are associated with subsequent physical functioning and disability in older adults. The papers in this supplement reflect state-ofthe-art ideas from both disciplines. The physical activity experts describe exercise interventions in older adults in terms of fitness, functioning, and disability outcomes; they also summarize key system-level factors and policies that affect physical activity levels in older adults. The disability specialists describe the disablement process and suggest ways to improve measures of the steps in the process. Several physical activity researchers attempted to fit their discussions within the disablement process model; however, in many cases, the model was a poor fit with their concepts and research processes. To enable this visionary work to progress in a timely manner, a conceptual framework is needed that can be used easily by both fields. Such a unifying framework should begin with the disablement process model, given that the ultimate goal is to prevent or slow the onset and progression of the disablement process in older adults. Four basic ways in which the model could be improved for this particular collaboration follow:
The effect of pluronic F-68 on circulatory dynamics and renal and carotid artery flow during hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract Sixteen dogs (eight control and eight experimental) were subjected to experimental hemorrhagic shock. Arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, heart rate, peripheral resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, stroke volume, left ventricular stroke work, left ventricular work, carotid artery flow, and renal artery flow were determined prior to and immediately after hemorrhage, and after the intravenous administration of one cc/kg of 5% Pluronic F-68. A significant increase in renal artery flow was found in the Pluronic group compared to the controls. There was no significant difference between the experimental groups and the control groups in the other parameters measured. Pluronic F-68 has been previously shown to increase the microcirculation in the mesentery and to increase urinary output in experimental hemorrhagic shock. These effects are apparently not related to a central, inotropic effect, but to its peripheral rheological properties.