cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selecting the best predictor variate

The Bechhofer indifference-zone approach is used to determine the sample size for selecting the best predictor variate from a set of k variates. A multivariate normal model is assumed and the best predictor variate is defined to be that variate for which the predictand has the smallest population conditional variance. Asymptotic distribution theory and probability bounds are employed to obtain sample-size approximations, which are compared with (numerical) exact results.
Birth, morphologic, and blood characteristics of free-ranging white-tailed deer neonates.

Winter severity is a primary factor influencing deer survival and reproduction in northern climates. Prolonged, harsh winters can adversely affect body condition of does, resulting in depressed morphologic development of neonates. In this study, we captured 59 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) neonates (28 in 2001 and 31 in 2002), following two distinctly different winters, one severe and the other historically mild. Vaginal implant transmitters allowed exact age to be determined for 73% of the neonates; new hoof growth was used to estimate age (days) of the other 27%. Birthdate and morphologic measurements of neonates (i.e., birth mass, new hoof growth, hoof length) were compared by sex and capture year. For known-age neonates (n=43), there was a year-by-sex interaction effect (P=0.01) on birthdate, being later for females during spring 2001 compared with 2002, which was consistent with a significant (P=0.03) year-by-sex interaction for total hoof length (22.3 mm [SE=0.9] and 20.3 [SE=0.8] for f...
A comparison of quantile estimators

Ten nonparametric estimators of quantiles are compared in small samples by Monte Carlo simulation methods. The estimators are compared by using properties such as mean square error and mean absolute deviation. Nine distributions are used for the comparisons and include long-tailed distributions (e.g., Laplace), short-tailed distributions (e.g., uniform), and skewed distributions (e.g., exponential)
Circadian rhythms in adaptation to light of Limulus photoreception.

Abstract 1. The lateral eye of Limulus responds differently to light-adaptation depending upon whether the eye is tested during the day, or at night when a central circadian clock is known to activate efferent fibers that terminate in the retina. 2. At night, the decrement in retinal sensitivity due to light-adaptation is less pronounced immediately following a light-flash but is greater at longer times after the flash when compared with responses recorded during the day. 3. In our quantitative description of dark adaptation we find that at least two time constants are needed to describe the time course, and that the two decaying exponentials are differentially altered by circadian clock action. 4. We relate these day-to-night alterations in light-adaptive properties to circadian changes in physiology and morphology studied previously in Limulus photoreceptors.
Filamentous green algae additions to isocyanate based foams

Filamentous green algae, Cladophora glomerata, obtained from rivers and streams in California was used as a filler in isocyanate-based foams. Up to 40 wt % dried and chopped algal fibers were added to the isocyanate–polyol mix. The algal fibers and foam samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The effective hydroxyl number of the algae and the tensile and compressive properties of the composite foam were measured. The results indicate that foams with a uniform cell size were obtained for algal fiber lengths between 500 and 600 μm. Peak mechanical properties were obtained for algae concentrations between 5 and 10 wt %. The elastic modulus of the foam follows a power law relationship with density, with an exponent of 1.6. The overall hydroxyl number for the algae is around 300. The hydroxyl groups in the algae can serve as efficient sites for reactions with isocyanate and hence algae fibers can act as reinforcing fillers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2469–2477, 2004
A cryogenic ionization chamber for high-resolution fission cross-section measurements☆

Abstract This paper describes a multiple-plate gas ionization chamber designed for cross-section measurements of neutron-induced fission in strongly radioactive nuclei. The requirements of high resolution are discussed, in particular the need for cooling the sample to reduce Doppler broadening, and the selection of the gas mixtures that will enable fast counting at a low temperature. The observed gain in resolution with cooled samples is in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
A characterization of idempotents in semigroups

Abstract The purpose of this note is to present a theorem which characterizes, exhibits, and counts the number of idempotents in a symmetric groupoid. The proof is simple and it simplifies similar results in two papers by Harris in which the number of idempotents is counted by graph theoretic terminology and by generating functions. Some immediate corollaries give other combinatorial results in semigroup theory as well as identifying subgroups of the symmetric semigroup.
Adult clear cell sarcoma of the kidney with atrial tumor thrombus.

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is an aggressive pediatric neoplasm now thought to be pathologically distinct from Wilms tumor. Mean presenting age is 36 months. Although there have been other adult case reports of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney, many are not well documented and did not undergo thorough pathological analysis to distinguish them from Wilms tumor. The only previous report of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney with a right atrial tumor thrombus also describes the lesion as a Wilms tumor.1 We describe the oldest patient in the English literature with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney.
Some intuitions behind realizability semantics for constructive logic: Tableaux and Läuchli countermodels

Abstract We use formal semantic analysis based on new constructions to study abstract realizability, introduced by Lauchli in 1970, and expose its algebraic content. We claim realizability so conceived generates semantics-based intuitive confidence that the Heyting Calculus is an appropriate system of deduction for constructive reasoning. Well-known semantic formalisms have been defined by Kripke and Beth, but these have no formal concepts corresponding to constructions, and shed little intuitive light on the meanings of formulae. In particular, the completeness proofs for these semantics do not generate confidence in the sufficiency of the Heyting Calculus, since we have no reason to believe that every intuitively constructive truth is valid in the formal semantics. Lauchli has proved completeness for a realizability semantics with formal concepts analogous to constructions. We argue in some detail that, in spite of a certain inherent inexactness of the analogy, every intuitively constructive truth is valid in Lauchli semantics, and therefore the Heyting Calculus is powerful enough to prove all constructive truths. Our argument is based on the postulate that a uniformly constructible object must be communicable in spite of imprecision in our language, and that the permutations in Lauchli's semantics represent conceivable imprecision in a language, while allowing a certain amount of freedom in choosing the particular structure of the language. We give a detailed generalization of Lauchli's proof of completeness for the propositional part of the Heyting Calculus, in order to make explicit constructive and algebraic content. In our treatment, we establish several new results about Lauchli models. We show how to extend the sconing and gluing constructions familiar from Kripke and Frame semantics and Topos theory, to Lauchli models, and use them to give an algebraic approach to countermodel construction. In particular, the Lauchli arguments are given without the restriction to the integers, Z, as a group of permutations, which makes much of the coding scheme used in Lauchli's original paper transparent. We also make use of a new propositions-as-types syntax for the Heyting calculus, with limited nondeterminism, in which validity of formulae can be decided without loop-detection.
The development of a menstrual distress questionnaire.

The development of a Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) is described. Each of 839 women rated their experience of 47 symptoms on a six-point scale separately for the menstrual, premenstrual, and intermenstrual phases of her most recent menstrual cycle and for her worst menstrual cycle. The 47 sy
Effect of stress on dissolution/precipitation of platinum: Implications concerning core–shell catalysts and cathode degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract Effect of applied stress on dissolution/precipitation of platinum was investigated. Two platinum wires/foils were partially immersed in a PtCl 4 solution in DMSO. A tensile load was applied to one wire/foil and the other one was left load free. The wire/foil subjected to a tensile load developed a positive potential (became cathodic) with respect to the unstressed wire/foil. This observation suggests that under a tensile stress, the chemical potential of Pt decreases. This result suggests design strategies for core–shell catalysts used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Nanosize catalyst particles are under compression due to the Gibbs–Thompson effect. Core–shell catalysts have additional stresses in the shell depending upon lattice parameters of the core and the shell. The present results suggest that stable core–shell catalysts for PEMFC with Pt shell should be designed such that the shell is under a tensile stress (or reduced compression compared to monolithic catalyst particles). The present results also suggest that from the standpoint of stability, the lattice parameter of the core should be larger than that of the shell.
Measurements of high concentration suspended sediments using the optical backscatterance sensor

Abstract An optical backscatterance sensor (OBS™) was used to measure extremely high concentration suspended sediments on the Amazon continental shelf as part of the AmasSeds project (A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf Sediment Study). Using a pumping system for obtaining water samples to calibrate the sensor in situ, the OBS output was observed to increase approximately linearly for concentrations 36 g/l. The OBS response was nearly continuous from 0 to 320 g/l making it possible to obtain continuous suspended sediment concentration profiles through fluid muds.
Women, civil society and politics in Pakistan

This article makes the argument that when women have organized themselves into groups with a political purpose, we have witnessed significant advancement in the construction of a civil society in Pakistan. It traces the role women's groups have played as intermediary groups, particularly as they play increasingly important political and social roles in countering the actions and inactions of the state. Importantly, it is in the ongoing effort to develop a National Plan of Action in Pakistan in response to the Beijing Platform for Action that women's groups are contributing in a significant way to a participatory, sensitized and increasingly decentralized national planning process which is encouraging regional and NGO inputs in unprecedented ways.
Shear Zones in Salt-Dome Stocks Delineate Spines of Movement: ABSTRACT

Ever since Balk's studies of the 1940s, the idea has been growing End_Page 2209------------------------------ that the salt of a stock moves vertically upward in several unit cylinders called "spines." Observations in the salt mines of the Five Islands trend in south Louisiana confirm this interpretation. In some places the spines are defined by sedimentary gouge (shale, sand, limestone), which becomes included in the salt core and clearly marks the spine boundaries. These boundary shear zones can extend from the edge of the salt to the very center of the stock. Shear zones that have a diameter of 1,000 to 4,000 ft have been observed in four of the five mines. Every gradation exists from relatively simple, thin (15 ft), linear shear zones, to wider (400 ft) ones that have been twisted and sheared into the salt in complicated patterns by later salt movements. The shear zones can be traced upward through the salt to surface irregularities in the salt-stock surface, and into topographic irregularities on the ground surface (generally valleys). Disruptions of the overlying domal sedimentary rocks also can be recognized, and Balk and Muehlberger suggested these as the cause of the irregular salt motion. The present analysis suggests, however, that the salt spines cause the overlying strata disruptions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2210------------
Malrotation of gastric fundus is a cause of functional dyspepsia; endoscopic gastropexy is an effective treatment

Malrotation of gastric fundus is a cause of functional dyspepsia; endoscopic gastropexy is an effective treatment
OPUS: the FUSE science data pipeline

This paper describes how the OPUS pipeline, currently used for processing science data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), was used as the backbone for developing the science data pipeline for a much smaller mission. The far ultraviolet spectroscopic explorer (FUSE) project selected OPUS for its data processing pipeline platform and selected the OPUS team at the STScI to write the FUSE pipeline applications. A total of 105 new modules were developed for the FUSE pipeline. The foundation of over 250 modules in the OPUS libraries allowed development to proceed quickly and with considerable confidence that the underlying functionality is reliable and robust. Each task represented roughly 90 percent reuse, and the project as a whole shows over 70 percent reuse of the existing OPUS system. Taking an existing system that is operational, and will be maintained for many years to come, was a key decision for the FUSE mission. Adding the extensive experience of the OPUS team to the task resulted in the development of a complete telemetry pipeline system within a matter of months. Reusable software has been the siren song of software engineering and object- oriented design for a decade or more. The development of inexpensive software systems by adapting existing code to new applications is as attractive as it has been elusive. The OPUS telemetry pipeline for the FUSE mission has proven to be a significant exception to that trend.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dielectric relaxation and breakdown detection of doped tantalum oxide high-k thin films

While TaO/sub x/, HfO/sub x/, ZrO/sub x/, Hf-doped TaO/sub x/, and Zr-doped TaO/sub x/ thin films are promising high-k gate dielectric candidates, their intrinsic reliability has not yet been investigated. In this paper, the authors examine some fundamental reliability aspects of these high-k films through ramp voltage stress testing. By studying dielectric relaxation and analyzing the transient conductivity, the breakdown mode of the tested high-k film is identified; a sensitive method of breakdown detection in ramped voltage tests is proposed and investigated.
First observational estimates of global clear sky shortwave aerosol direct radiative effect over land

[1] Using one year (2000–2001) of merged Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data sets from NASA's Terra satellite, we estimate the top of atmosphere cloud-free direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosols over global land areas. The global mean shortwave DRE is −5.1 ± 1.1 Wm−2 although substantial regional variability in DRE over land exists due to differences in aerosol properties and land cover types. This value is consistent with those reported in the literature although this is the first observational estimate of the global DRE over land using satellite data alone. Future studies need to separate the anthropogenic component of aerosols from satellite data to examine aerosol climate forcing over global scales.
PHYLOGENY OF TRICHOPTERA

The vitality of the phylogenetic dialogue in trichopterology, especially since 1967, is evidenced by the high quality and large number of published phylogenetic inferences concerning caddisflies and the continuing spirited exchange of opinions about some differences among those ideas. Monophyly for Trichoptera seems well argued. Monophyly for suborder Annulipalpia sensu stricto also is widely acknowledged, as is monophyly for suborder Integripalpia sensu stricto. Various postulated relationships of Hydrobiosidae, Rhyacophilidae, Glossosomatidae, and Hydroptilidae (="Spicipalpia") are less convincing. Phylogenies for several groups of families within Annulipalpia and Integripalpia have been proposed and relationships within at least 126 intrafamilial taxa also have been inferred.
Hierarchy, Alienation, Commitment, and Organizational Effectiveness

Four dimensions of organizational hierarchy are identified: inequality of skills and knowledge, inequality of rewards, inequality of authority, and inequality of information distribution. Instead of the prevailing and largely untested hypothesis that hierarchical structure is positively related to organizational effectiveness, an alternative hypothesis is formulated, viz., that it is negatively related. This hypothesis is linked to a causal model interrelating hierarchical structure with work alienation, organizational commitment, and organizational effectiveness. Some evidence for the alternative hypothesis is examined. The four-dimensional concept is then used to assess the burgeoning literature on industrial democracy. The phenomenon of "shop-floor democracy" is conceptualized as involving a process of destratification with respect to allfour dimensions of hierarchy. In view of environmental pressuresfor the rationalization of organizations as well as the secular trend in this direction, a destratifica...
The effect of added magnesium on the availability of zinc with some high-protein feedstuffs.

Abstract IT HAS been noted that in a number of oil seed meals the magnesium content is equal to or greater than the calcium content (Lease and Williams, 1967). When zinc-containing extracts of these same meals were made (Lease, 1966), the magnesium followed the zinc through several purifications. Added calcium increases the chick’s dietary zinc requirement in isolated soy protein diets (O’Dell et al., 1958). The effect seems to be mediated through the intestinal tract, possibly through a greater uptake of zinc by phytate in the presence of calcium (Byrd and Matrone, 1965). Phytate occurs in nature as the calcium: magnesium salt of phytic acid. As a component of such a complex and as a companion Group II element, magnesium might be expected to act as does calcium in increasing zinc uptake in the presence of phytate. The effect of added magnesium on the chick’s dietary zinc requirements was determined. Five …
Genetics of emotional regulation: the role of the serotonin transporter in neural function

Identifying biological mechanisms through which genes lead to individual differences in emotional behavior is paramount to our understanding of how such differences confer risk for neuropsychiatric illness. The emergence of techniques such as in vivo imaging of brain function in humans and genetic engineering in rodents has provided important new insights into the impact of serotonin (5-HT), a key modulator of emotional behavior, on neural systems subserving anxiety and depression. A major finding has been the discovery of genetic variation in a crucial regulatory molecule within the 5-HT system, the 5HT transporter (5-HTT), and its influence on emotional traits. The study of the 5-HTT provides a new foundation for understanding the neurobiological and genetic basis of emotional regulation and affective illness.
Generative Ritual Among Nonmetropolitan Lesbians and Gay Men: Promoting Social Inclusion

Generativity is typically studied as a normative adult inclination expressed through social roles (D.P. McAdams & E. de St. Aubin, 1992). We extend this research by examining generativity through the lenses of social marginality and ritual. Toward this end, we utilize in-depth interview and observational data about family rituals from 49 downstate Illinois residents who participated in a larger survey of nonmetropolitan lesbian and gay life. We first examine their ritual intentions and the locations where they are enacted. Then we identify what makes the rituals generative and identify their facilitating and moderating conditions. The findings suggest a distinction between normative and queer generativity. Our final product is a substantive grounded theory of generativity among sexual minorities that extends current theory.
Lycopene, tomatoes, and coronary heart disease

Tomato and its major antioxidant component lycopene have recently been focused as important antioxidant nutrients because of their ability to reduce reactive oxygen species and to provide health benefits. Most of the studies were undertaken to determine the usefulness of lycopene against cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies, however, yielded conflicting results. This study was undertaken to compare cardioprotective abilities of tomato juice and lycopene. Rats were gavaged either tomato juice or lycopene for 3 weeks. At the end of 3 weeks, isolated hearts were subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Both tomato juice and lycopene reduced the extent of lipid peroxidation; but only tomato juice, but not lycopene, improved post-ischemic ventricular function, and reduced myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The results indicated for the first time that tomato juice, but not lycopene, possesses cardioprotective ability.
Low Back Pain: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management

Low back pain is a common condition, responsible for significant morbidity and major occupational and economic impact on society. While most cases of low back pain spontaneously resolve, the clinician must be alert to clinical indicators or "red flags" that suggest the presence of systemic illness or imminent neurologic compromise. In the absence of such findings, diagnostic imaging generally does not contribute to management, and may be safely delayed for a trial of conservative therapy. Continued activity is associated with a favorable outcome. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, acetaminophen, muscle relaxants, and tricyclic antidepressants can provide meaningful pain relief, while several nonpharmacologic measures may also contribute to symptomatic and functional improvement.
Linguistic variables, approximate reasoning and dispositions

(1983). Linguistic variables, approximate reasoning and dispositions. Medical Informatics: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 173-186.
Predicting decline of kidney function in lupus nephritis using urine biomarkers.

ObjectiveTo evaluate candidate biomarkers to predict future renal function decline (RFD) in children and adults with lupus nephritis (LN).MethodsAt the time of enrollment into prospective observational LN cohort studies liver-type fatty acid binding protein (LFABP), albumin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), uromodulin, transferrin, and hepcidin were measured in urine samples of two cohorts of patients with LN, one followed at a pediatric (cohort-1; n = 28) and one at an adult institution (cohort-2; n = 69). The primary outcome was RFD, defined in cohort-1 as a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥20% and in cohort-2 as a sustained increase of ≥25% in serum creatinine concentration (SCr), both from baseline.ResultsAll patients (n = 97) had normal eGFR or SCr at the time of urine collection at baseline. RFD occurred in 29% (8/28) of patients in cohort-1 during a mean follow-up of 6.1 months, and in 30% (21/69) of those in cohort-2 during a mean follow-up of 60 months. Indiv...
Finite-Dimensional Hilbert Spaces

(1970). Finite-Dimensional Hilbert Spaces. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 457-464.
A Survey Of Accounting Information Systems Instructors Instructional Re-sources On The World Wide Web

This research presents the results of an analysis of 136 randomly selected AIS faculty from the Hasselback directory and their use of Web pages to provide instructional re-sources (e.g. materials that add value to a course. Results indicate that 43.4% of the AIS faculty have no web presence, and 56.6% have Web pages but the majority con-tain only biographical information as opposed to instructional resources. Overall, the results indicate a small majority of AIS faculty are providing Web-based instructional resources.
A generalized approach for simulating growth and development in diverse marine copepod species

Predicting ecological changes under climate change requires mechanistic descriptions of the impact of environmental conditions on the physiology, life history, and population dynamics of target species. A generic framework has been developed to simulate the growth and development of copepods, a critical link in pelagic ecosystems that connects environmental variability and changes in primary production with higher trophic levels. The modelled copepods, referred to as “compupods”, are described by their body mass and developmental stage. The dynamics of the compupods are determined by three core equations: universal temperaturedependence, Holling’s type II ingestion, and allometric scaling. This general framework was applied to four copepod taxa: Pseudocalanus newmani, Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, and C. hyperboreus, spanning a wide range of body sizes. A genetic algorithm procedure was used to estimate the unknown parameters required to produce a good fit to observed species-specific growth and development data. The performance of the model was evaluated by comparing the influence of food and temperature on ingestion, gut clearance, and egg production rates with published relationships. Simulations of the four species suggest that small changes in the trade-off between growth and development are responsible for the interspecific diversity observed.
The Geometry of Radon's Theorem

(1972). The Geometry of Radon's Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 9, pp. 949-963.
Weathering unrest: The ecology of urban social disturbances in Africa and Asia

Over the last several years research has examined anew the potential for climate change to induce political conflict and potentiate social unrest. Several explanations for the relationship between ...
Crop domestication, global human-mediated migration, and the unresolved role of geography in pest control

Ecological pest management seeks to improve pest control through the manipulation of ecological processes that promote natural enemies and suppress pests. These approaches can involve cultural practices such as reduced tillage, increased use of non-crop plants that provide food and shelter for natural enemies, and intercropping to enhance the abundance and diversity of natural enemies. A major assumption of ecological pest management is that these activities can be equally effective for all insect herbivores. Here, I propose that these strategies may only be effective for a subset of pests and geographic regions because most insect pests have complex evolutionary histories that make them difficult to manage. I discuss how crop domestication and human-mediated migration are major evolutionary events that shape the geography of interactions between plants, herbivores, and natural enemies. Insect herbivores can evolve to be pests through three major modes: 1) herbivores associated with the crop wild ancestor may shift onto the domesticated crop, 2) herbivores may host-shift from native host plants onto an introduced crop, or 3) human-mediated migration can introduce insect pests into new cropping regions. The resulting geographic structure can influence the success of pest management by altering ecological factors such as: species distributions, patterns of biodiversity, community structure, and natural enemy attack rates. I discuss how the different modes of insect pest evolution structure a set of relevant questions and approaches for ecological pest management. By acknowledging how agricultural history and geography shape the ecology and evolution of insect pests, we may collectively develop a better capacity to identify where and how ecological pest management approaches can be most broadly effective.
Tiny Fossils, Big Impact: The Role of Foraminifera-Enriched Condensed Section in Arresting the Movement of a Large Retrogressive Submarine Landslide in the Gulf of Mexico

A 3.4-m thick condensed section enriched in foraminifera formed the final detachment horizon of a retrogressive submarine landslide, in the Ursa Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico. The high concentration of foraminifera produces a high porosity (up to five porosity units) layer distinct from the background clay. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 308 Site U1324 cored and logged this layer. We conducted a sedimentological analysis on 31 samples across this zone and the overlying and underlying background clay. CT images show that foraminifera are individuals dispersed within the clay, unbroken, and have retained a significant amount of intraskeletal void space. The assemblage is expected for this time interval in the Late Pleistocene (~24 kya). We interpret the layer is a result of a pause in terrigenous sedimentation. The condensed section was a preferred detachment horizon but only minimal sliding occurred before further movement ceased. One possible mechanism to explain this is the presence of foraminifera results in a dilational shear strengthening behavior, which arrested movement. Further work will be required to test this, however. On a broader scale, condensed sections with abundant microfossils, may play a key role in landslide mechanics because they can alter the shearing properties of the background material.
Intracranial Pressure and Extracellar Bulk Flow in Hyposmolar Edema

At the last ICP meeting, we reported a 2.2 times increase in cortical extracellular space (ECS) fluid bulk flow in water intoxicated rabbits compared to the bulk flow in normal rabbits. This increased bulk flow was measured between 60 and 90 minutes after completion of an intravenous water infusion. In those experiments both the control and the edema groups of rabbits had ICP maintained near atmospheric pressure by continuous drainage or venting of CSF and perfusion fluid through a needle placed in the cisterna magna.
The course of early disinhibited social engagement among post‐institutionalized adopted children

Background Approximately 20% of post-institutionalized (PI) children exhibit disinhibited social engagement (DSE) or the propensity to approach and engage strangers. There is little longitudinal research examining changes in DSE after adoption, or methods of identifying children with persistent behaviors. Methods DSE was assessed observationally four times during the first 2 years postadoption in PI children 16–36 months at adoption (n = 68) relative to same-age nonadopted children (n = 52). At age 5, a validated interview determined which PI children met criteria for Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED). Results DSE trajectories initially increased and then stabilized. PIs had higher DSE levels initially and a steeper increase rate than NAs. When separated into physical and nonphysical DSE components, group differences arose in initial physical DSE and the rate of change of nonphysical DSE. DSE rate of increase predicted DSED diagnosis, as did longer institutional duration and poorer institutional care. Conclusions The rate of increase in DSE postadoption, rather than the level observed at adoption, is predictive of disordered social engagement by age 5 years.
On the chemical homogeneity of InxGa1−xN alloys – Electron microscopy at the edge of technical limits

Ternary InxGa1−xN alloys became technologically attractive when p-doping was achieved to produce blue and green light emitting diodes (LED)s. Starting in the mid 1990th, investigations of their chemical homogeneity were driven by the need to understand carrier recombination mechanisms in optical device structures to optimize their performance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the technique of choice to complement optical data evaluations, which suggests the coexistence of local carrier recombination mechanisms based on piezoelectric field effects and on indium clustering in the quantum wells of LEDs. We summarize the historic context of homogeneity investigations using electron microscopy techniques that can principally resolve the question of indium segregation and clustering in InxGa1−xN alloys if optimal sample preparation and electron dose-controlled imaging techniques are employed together with advanced data evaluation.
Clusters of amniotic fluid cells and their associated early neuroepithelial markers in experimental myelomeningocele: Correlation with astrogliosis

Myelomeningocele (MMC) is the most common and severe disabling type of spina bifida resulting in the exposure of vulnerable spinal cord to the hostile intrauterine environment. In this study, we sought to examine the cellular content of fetal amniotic fluid (AF) in MMC and explore a correlation between these cells and pathological development of MMC. MMC was induced in fetal rats by exposing pregnant mothers to all-trans retinoic acid and AF samples were collected before term. Cells were isolated from AF samples and morphologically and phenotypically characterized in short-term cultures. In addition, the spinal cord injury in MMC fetuses was assessed by immunohistochemical examination of astrogliosis. We identified a population of cells from the AF of MMC fetuses (MMC-AF) that formed adherent clusters of tightly packed cells, which were absent from the AF of normal control fetuses (norm-AF). MMC-AF clusters contained cells co-expressing adherens junction associated proteins (ZO-1), N-cadherin and F-actin at sites of cell-cell contacts. In addition, they expressed markers of early neuroepithelial cells such as SOX-1 and Pax-6 along with other stem/progenitor cell markers such as SOX-2 and nestin. Subpopulations of cells in MMC-AF clusters also expressed more advanced differentiation markers such as doublecortin and GFAP. We found that the appearance of cluster forming cells in cultures from MMC-AF correlated with activation of astrogliosis associated with the spinal cord injury in MMC fetuses. In summary, we identified a neuroepithelial cell population in the AF of MMC fetuses that formed adherent clusters in culture and we characterized cellular markers of these cells. Our data suggests that the phase of the disease is a crucial factor in the emergence of these cells into the AF and that these cells may provide a new and important platform for studying the progression of MMC and development of improved strategies for the repair and diagnosis of MMC prenatally.
Performance Evaluation of an All-Optical ShuffleNet using Optical Buffering and Deflection Routing

All-optical multihop networks, where the data portion of a packet is maintained in an optically encoded format from the source to the destination, can be achieved by augmenting optical switching nodes with optical buffering. Topologically, the ShuffleNet network is a strong contender for implementing such networks ranging from cluster networks to metropolitan area networks. The performance of a regular multihop network whose nodes are augmented with optical buffering and use deflection routing is evaluated. Using the ShuffleNet network as an example, we show that performance, in terms of throughput, average delay, and loss probability, can be improved as multiple fiber delay loops are added for a large range of network parameters. We then compare the performance of ShuffleNet with the Manhattan Street networks with similar features.
Geometric Ramifications of Invariant Expressions in the Binary Hypercommutative Variety

The binary hypercommutative (BH) variety, also referred to as the variety of thirdpoint groupoids in Harris (Thirdpoint groupoids, Masters thesis, Virginia State University, 2008), is a collection of algebras associated naturally with the nonsingular points of an irreducible cubic curve. The identities which define these algebras have, as consequences, expressions whose value is invariant under any permutation of the variables comprising the expression. We characterize such expressions and Conjecture that they can be used to determine points of intersection between a given cubic curve and an arbitrary algebraic curve. We prove the Conjecture in the case of the intersection of a cubic γ and a conic β: If γ, β meet in the five points a,b,c,d,e in the real projective plane, then they meet also in the point e*{(a*b)*(c*d)} where a*b denotes the point of intersection besides a,b where the line joining a,b meets γ. The expression e*{(a*b)*(c*d)} is invariant in the BH variety. The Conjecture is also proved for two types of singular cubics. We provide illustrations as strong evidence, but cannot prove similar statements pertaining to the intersection of a nonsingular cubic with higher degree algebraic curves.
Integrated Brillouin Laser With Sub-Milliwatt Threshold

A Brillouin laser featuring an ultra-high-Q silica cavity monolithically integrated with a silicon-nitride waveguide is demonstrated. The device features a sub-milliwatt threshold pump power and provides high-coherence output for on-chip sources, gyroscopes, and microwave generation.
The ecology of Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. II. Helminth populations in the definitive host.

The helminths of 1,579 arctic foxes from St. Lawrence Island were investigated by standard methods. The foxes, obtained mainly during the winter from fur trappers, harbored 22 species of helminths. Four of those were trematodes, viz., Maritrema afanassjewi Belopol’skaia, 1952, Orthosplanchnus pygmaeus Iurakhno, 1967, Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) and Alaria marcianae (LaRue, 1917), each of which occurred in a single host. Two species of cestodes, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) and Mesocestoides kirbyi Chandler, 1940, were uncommon (in 2.7 and 1.3 % of the foxes, respectively). Taenia polyacantha Leuckart, 1856 and Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 were present in about 80 % of the foxes, and Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) in less than 10 %. The specimens of Taenia spp. from the autumn-winter sample were usually destrobilate. In about 2 % of the foxes, acanthocephalans of six species occurred. Four of those, of the genus Corynosoma Luhe, 1904, were common in marine mammals of the region ; a fifth, Corynosoma clavatum Goss, 1940, has been reported previously only from marine birds of the Southern Hemisphere ; and the sixth, Polymorphus cf. minutus (Goeze, 1782), has been found widely in waterfowl of the Northern Hemisphere. Of the nematodes, Sobolophyme baturini Petrov, 1930, Cylicospirura felineus (Chandler, 1925), and Physaloptera sp. were rare (with each in only one to three foxes). Trichinella nativa Boev et Britov, 1972 and Crenosoma vulpis (Dujardin, 1844) were uncommon (1.5 and 4 %, respectively). The nematodes most often present were Toxascaris leonina (von Linstow, 1902) (89 %) and Uncinaria stenocephala (Railliet, 1884) (40 %). Several of the rare to uncommon helminths probably were transported to the island by foxes immigrating from the adjacent continents via the pack ice.
The origins of the small DNA tumor viruses.

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a description of the discovery of the origin of virus, namely smallpox virus and its vaccine. The chapter describes the cell culture and poliovirus. The viruses of monkey kidney cells are also discussed in the chapter. The use of monkey kidney cells on a scale of the size needed for vaccine trials rapidly led to considerable experience with these cells. The chapter also describes, in detail, the origins of the DNA tumor viruses, namely, the adenoviruses and simian virus 40 (SV40). The molecular biology of the DNA tumor viruses is also discussed in the chapter. The small DNA tumor viruses studied so intensively between 1960 and 1993 have contributed out of proportion to their size, to a fundamental body of knowledge about eukaryotes. From the perspective of the early days where searches for new viruses and vaccine development led to the discoveries of adenoviruses and SV40, no one could have predicted the central role these viruses would play in both basic biology and oncology. Such is the very nature and essence of science. The history of the discoveries of and studies with SV40, and the human adenoviruses teaches once again the powerful role of basic fundamental scientific research in showing the way to the application of medical needs. This history also shows how basic and applied research goals can go hand-in-hand to produce good science.
MR Imaging of SLAP Lesions.

Background SLAP lesions of the shoulder are challenging to diagnose by clinical means alone. Interpretation of MR images requires knowledge of the normal appearance of the labrum, its anatomical variants, and the characteristic patterns of SLAP lesions. In general, high signal extending anterior and posterior to the biceps anchor is the hallmark of SLAP lesions. Common diagnostic criteria for a SLAP lesion by MR or MR arthrography include the following: presence of a laterally curved, high signal intensity in the labrum on a coronal image, multiple or branching lines of high signal intensity in the superior labrum on a coronal image, full-thickness detachment with irregularly marginated high signal intensity and/or separation >2 mm on conventional MRI or 3 mm on MR arthrography between the labrum and glenoid on a coronal image, and a paralabral cyst extending from the superior labrum. Methods MR diagnosis of SLAP tears may be improved with provocative maneuvers, such as longitudinal traction of the arm or positioning of the shoulder in abduction and external rotation during imaging. The use of intra-articular contrast distends the joint similar to what occurs during arthroscopy and forced diffusion under the labrum may improve the ability to detect SLAP lesions that might not be seen with standard MR. Improved diagnostic accuracy for SLAP tears is seen with 3-T compared with 1.5-T MR imaging, with or without intra-articular contrast material. Conclusion Regardless of MR findings, however, physicians should be cautious when recommending surgery in the patient with a vague clinical picture. The patient's history, physical exam, and imaging evaluation all should be considered together in making the decision to proceed with surgery.
CDKN2A deletion as a prognostic marker: A clinico-genomic analysis of sarcoma patients.

11543Background: Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors with variable tendencies for aggressive behavior. Molecular markers for prognosis are needed to help risk stratify patients and potenti...
Universal Screening for Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Risk in Students: DESSA-mini Risk Stability Over Time and Its Implications for Screening Procedures

The first purpose of the current study was to examine the defensibility of common recommendations for the frequency of screening administrations. The second purpose was to examine the internal cons...
Teaching, Learning, and Assessment With Virtualization Technology:

This article describes how virtualization technology can provide a solution to the difficulties in teaching, learning, and assessing students’ performance in computer networking subjects. The focus...
Synthesis of Amorphous/Crystalline Laminated Metals via Accumulative Roll Bonding

Bulk metallic glasses (BMG) are best known for their high strength and hardness; however, due to their limited tensile plasticity, they are undesirable for many structural applications. Nano-laminated amorphous/crystalline metals fabricated via deposition techniques have been shown to deform homogeneously while demonstrating extraordinary mechanical properties, including high strength and ductility; however, their fabrication is limited in size and scalability potential. Here, accumulative roll bonding has been demonstrated as a scalable fabrication technique for the processing of nanolaminated Zr-based BMG/Ni composites. The rolling was performed at elevated temperatures, utilizing the thermoplastic formability of the BMG in its supercooled liquid region. Microhardness measurements were utilized to investigate the thermo-mechanical history of the BMG phase. Refined BMG layers with thicknesses as small as 34 nm have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy techniques. The resulting amorphous/crystalline interface has been demonstrated to have an effective interface width of 3–4 nm.
Anxiety sensitivity as a transdiagnostic treatment target

Abstract This chapter provides a brief review of the literature on anxiety sensitivity and describes the construct as a transdiagnostic factor. We summarize a model that highlights the role anxiety sensitivity plays as an amplification factor and thus a target for intervention. The chapter finishes by introducing the chapters in this volume.
Validation of the Highway Capacity Manual Urban Street Travel Time Reliability Methodology using Empirical Data

The 6th edition of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM-6) includes the concept of travel time reliability (TTR), which attempts to determine the distribution of average trip travel times over an exten...
Intramyocardial Regulation of Coronary Dynamics

The intramural blood vessels and fluid-filled interstitial space form a hydraulic continuum enmeshed by myocardial muscle layers and collagen matrix. An underlying theoretical and conceptual construct presented here emphasizes the dynamic interplay between interstitial and intravascular compartments and the resultant microvascular resistance in response to extravascular changes, be these hydraulic, connective tissue (collagen) dependent, or intramyocardial fiber stress in origin. The lumenal patency or narrowing of the coronary resistance vessels depends, in part, on the supporting structure of the myocardium, mediated through collagen matrix attachments (tethering) and interstitial fluid (hydraulic skeleton) matrix. Both these architectural structures provide scaffolding that supports muscle cells and blood vessels. Multiple interactions, including fluid transport, at the vessel-interstitiummuscle interface level are principally responsible for the mechanical regulation of coronary flow dynamics. Analysis of the intramyocardial mechanical milieu in terms of solid elastic theory concepts can be misleading. By exploring the spectrum (beating-isobaric, isovolumic; arrested-systolic, diastolic) of intramyocardial mechanical states, an impetus for a more definitive framework characterizing coronary physiology may emerge.
High Plasmonic Quality Titanium Nitride Thin Films on Si (001) with MgO Buffer

We demonstrate high plasmonic quality TiN on Si (001) via PE-ALD. Employment of an MgO buffer improved the figure of merit (FoM) at 1550 nm from 2.0 to 2.5 and the peak FoM from 2.4 to 2.8.
Surgical Tone Reduction in Cerebral Palsy

This article overviews the surgical options for hypertonia management in cerebral palsy, both spasticity and dystonia. We review the history and use of intrathecal baclofen. We contrast its use with the indications for selective dorsal rhizotomy and review how it is the optimal technique to lower tone in the ambulatory spastic diplegic patient with cerebral palsy. This article reviews the advent of deep brain stimulation, with an emphasis on selection criteria and expected outcomes in this population. The article reviews the principles and use of selective peripheral neurotomy as it is applied to focal spasticity not requiring systemic tone reduction.