cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teri Mills: Champion for America's Nurse

The article profiles nursing educator Teri Mills, founder of the National Nursing Network Organization (NNNO). Particular focus is given to her lobbying of the U.S. Congress for the creation of a National Nurse for Public Health government office to collaborate with the U.S. Surgeon General. Also noted is the report "The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health," by researcher Susan Hassmiller and colleagues, which looks at the role of nursing leadership in improving health outcomes.
Hydrokinetic Energy Resource Assessment of the Gulf Stream Near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina

The Gulf Stream near the coasts of North Carolina is considered a promising source of hydrokinetic energy. A statistical analysis is conducted to assess the energy available for extraction in this region. Weibull distribution is used as the Probability Density Function (PDF) for this purpose. The ocean current velocity data are collected from the ‘HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)’. The data are collected at a depth of 20 m from the sea surface which is considered a good position for energy extraction. The Weibull parameters from the analysis are calculated using the maximum likelihood method. The direction of the ocean current was found to be mostly uniform in this region. The theoretical power density of this region was estimated to be more than 275 W/m2 around 70% of the time and exceeded 2000 W/m2 around 10% of the time.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Synthesis of two Drosophila male accessory gland proteins and their fate after transfer to the female during mating.

Abstract The male accessory gland ofDrosophila is an adult secretory tissue which contributes many products to the male ejaculatory fluid. The secretions of the accessory gland affect the behavior and physiology of the female fly after mating, reducing her receptivity to courtship and stimulating egg production and oviposition. We have examined the developmental and mating-stimulated expression of two accessory gland proteins in the male and their transfer to and fates in the mated female. One of these proteins, msP 355a, has features of a prohormone and contains a region with amino acid sequence similarity to the egg-laying hormone of Aplysia; the other, msP 355b, is a small acidic protein. Both proteins are first detected in the accessory gland only after eclosion, although their transcripts are already present in late pupae. Both proteins are initially detected in the two morphologically distinct secretory cell types of the accessory gland, the main cells, and the secondary cells. In the glands of aged virgin males, they are only detected in the large vesicles of the secondary cells and in the lumen of the gland. Copulation results in an increase in the mRNAs for both proteins, as well as renewed translation of the proteins at least in the main cells. Both proteins are transferred to the female genital tract during copulation, and rapidly enter the female hemolymph. msP 355a is subject to rapid and specific cleavage within the female genital tract, but not in the hemolymph; msP 355b is not cleaved in either the female genital tract or the hemolymph.
Histamine enhances voltage-gated potassium currents of ON bipolar cells in macaque retina.

In primates, the retina receives input from neurons tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus.1 These are in the a subset of the neurons that are most active in the waking state and project diffusely throughout the central nervous system.2 They are tonically active, releasing histamine throughout the day in macaques.3 The axons of these neurons enter the retina through the optic disc, run in the optic fiber layer, and terminate in the inner plexiform layer (IPL).4 Only one type of histamine receptor (HR), however, has been localized to date in the macaque retina, and it is in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Using light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, HR3 has been localized to the tips of the dendrites of ON bipolar cells.5 These are local circuit neurons that depolarize in response to increments of light intensity in their receptive field centers and convey this signal to the IPL. There are six types, including rod bipolar cells, ON midget bipolar cells, blue cone bipolar cells, and three types of diffuse bipolar cells.6 Based on double-labeling experiments with antibodies to a marker for ON bipolar cells, metabotropic glutamate receptor 6, they all express HR3.5 Because they are also localized to ON bipolar cell dendrites, voltage-gated potassium channels are among the potential targets for modulation by histamine. Like HR3, the Kv1.2 subunit has been localized to the tips of ON bipolar cell dendrites in goldfish retina.7 Other subunits, including Kv1.1, Kv1.3, and Kv2.1, have also been localized to ON bipolar cell dendrites in mouse retina.8 These subunits, like others in the Kv class, form potassium channels that rapidly activate after depolarization and bring the membrane potential closer to the equilibrium potential for potassium.9 Although the voltage-gated potassium channels of primate bipolar cells have not been localized anatomically, they have been described using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Using acutely isolated bipolar cells from macaque retina, two major types of potassium currents activated by depolarization were identified. A transient current, IK(A), peaked in less than 5 ms and reached a steady state by 40 ms; this current predominated in midget bipolar cells. The delayed rectifier IK(V) activated more slowly and did not inactivate rapidly. IK(V) predominated in diffuse bipolar cells and was the only potassium current detectable in rod bipolar cells.10 Subtypes of bipolar cells vary in their potassium currents in other mammalian retinas.11 Here we report that histamine produced a dose-dependent increase in IK(V) in ON bipolar cells, including many rod bipolar cells. The selective HR3 agonist (R)-α-methylhistamine (RAMH)12 had the same effect. Histamine also hyperpolarized ON bipolar cells.
An Exploratory Study of the Factors That Influence the Usage or Non-Usage of Websites

Abstract The study tests the predictors of online activity. Two hundred subjects were asked to respond to the questions related to the factors that affect the usage or non-usage of the web. Based on the model for hypotheses formulation, LISREL 8.3 was used for testing of four hypotheses. The results show that ”usage or non-usage of the web” is predicted by the two latent variables “accessibility of personal information” and “knowledge of security tools.” The construct “accessibility of personal information” is predicted by “personal security concern.”
Increased superoxide generation is associated with decreased superoxide dismutase activity and mRNA expression in placental trophoblast cells in pre-eclampsia.

Pre-eclampsia is a multi-system disorder unique to human pregnancy. Although the aetiology of pre-eclampsia is still unknown, increased placental oxidative stress contributes to the pathophysiology of this pregnancy disorder. The goal of this study was to determine if placental trophoblast cells generate superoxide, and if there was a difference in superoxide generation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity between trophoblast cells isolated from pre-eclamptic placentae versus normal placentae. Placentae were obtained from nine normal and 10 pre-eclamptic pregnancies immediately after delivery. Trophoblast cells were isolated and purified by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Superoxide generation and SOD activity were determined by spectrophotometric assays. Localization of CuZn-SOD protein within the placenta was examined by immunohistochemical staining. mRNA expression of CuZn-SOD was determined in trophoblast cells isolated from five normal and five pre-eclamptic pregnancies by Northern blot analysis. 18S ribosomal mRNA expression was used as an internal standard. We found: (1) trophoblast cells from pre-eclamptic placentae generated significantly more superoxide than trophoblast cells from normal placentae: 17.62+/-3.19 versus 4.70+/-0.76 nmol/5x10(6) cells (mean+/-s.e.), P< 0.01; (2) protein and mRNA expression for CuZn-SOD was mainly localized in the trophoblast cells within the placenta; and (3) SOD activity and relative mRNA expression for CuZn-SOD were significantly decreased in trophoblast cells from pre-eclamptic placentae as compared to trophoblast cells from normal placentae, SOD activity: 6.46+/-1.76 versus 13.01+/-1.67 units/mg protein, P< 0.05; relative mRNA expression for CuZn-SOD: 0.25+/-0.09 versus 0.73+/-0.07, P< 0.01. We conclude that increased superoxide generation was associated with decreased SOD activity and mRNA expression for CuZn-SOD in trophoblast cells isolated from pre-eclamptic placentae. These findings support the notion of increased oxidative stress in the pre-eclamptic placenta, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of this pregnancy disorder.
The psychotherapy of dually diagnosed patients

A model of psychotherapy with dual diagnosis patients is presented. This therapy is divided into 3 phases: achieving sobriety, maintaining abstinence, and advanced recovery. In each of these phases, dual diagnosis patients require many specialized techniques, which are discussed. After sobriety, psychotherapy is behavioral and supportive. When abstinence is stabilized, then psychodynamic principles can be integrated into an approach that recognizes the role played by potential return to substance abuse. Abstinence is even more critical in dual diagnosis patients than in uncomplicated substance abusers. In advanced recovery, more traditional psychotherapy can be done, particularly in nonpsychotic patients.
Interferometric scanning of laser beams

Abstract A new beam deflection technique is based on modulating the optical transmission characteristics of a modified Fabry-Perot interferometer. Electro-optically changing the interferometer length leads to fast high resolution scanning of the transmission fringe. Experiments have been conducted using the 4880 A argon laser line with an interferometer containing a LiNbO 3 crystal.
Uniform change: an ethnography on organizational symbolism, volunteer motivation and dysfunctional change in a paramilitary organization

The United States Air Force’s (USAF) unpaid civilian auxiliary, the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) wears USAF uniforms and performs search and rescue missions looking for downed aircraft. After CAP members miswore the USAF uniform (Cheng, 1996), the USAF instituted a top‐down uniform change making the CAP uniform more distinct from the USAF uniform. CAP members, who affirmed that they were to be motivated solely by a desire to perform CAP’s mission, and not motivated by wearing USAF uniforms, quit and withdrew commitment. This participant observation ethnography studies how USAF’s misunderstanding of volunteer motivation and the symbolism of organizational uniforms led to dysfunctional organizational change. An alternative solution that makes positive symbolic change is proposed.
Nanoliter-scale non-invasive flow-rate quantification using micro-interferometric back-scatter and phase detection.

The current trend toward miniaturization of fluid-handling systems, particularly those of micro-fluidic devices on the capillary-scale, will certainly lead to improvements in chemical and biochemical analyses. Unfortunately, when fluid volumes reach nano- and picoliter scale it is problematic to perform non-invasive fast and accurate volume flow or flow velocity measurements. Here a simple, non-invasive method is presented for detecting and measuring linear flow velocity within fluid-filled capillaries. A small fluid volume is repeatedly heated locally by means of an infrared laser diode and using the micro-interferometric back-scatter detector (MIBD) at a fixed distance downstream, a thermally induced change in refractive index is observed when the heated volume traverses the probe volume of the detector. Fluid velocity is calculated by monitoring the phase difference between the second harmonic of the heating function and the resulting MIBD output in the Fourier domain. In a probe volume of 40 nL flow rates between 1 and 10 µL min–1 are quantifiable, with 3σ detection limits determined to be 42.8 nL min–1.
The Ocular Melanoma Story LIII Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture: Part II

Purpose To trace the evolution and status of our knowledge of choroidal melanoma with regard to the nature, cause, and treatment of this tumor. Methods Historical materials beginning with Georg Bartisch's contributions in 1583 through to the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study and recent basic research are reviewed. Results Many individuals have made important contributions to our knowledge about this tumor. Basic information, however, regarding the natural history of the tumor, the most effective treatment, and its cause is lacking. Conclusion The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study will provide important information regarding the choice of treatment between enucleation and radiotherapy as well as natural history information, quality of life, and definitive pathology findings. Definitive treatment of choroidal melanoma will depend on knowledge of the genetic defects that cause the tumor. Within the next 25 years, it is predicted that genetic defects will be determined and tumor samples will be obtained using small-needle aspiration and DNA probes located on microchips. In addition, treatment will then be based on drugs designed to inhibit molecules related to the genetic defect in the tumor.
Sustained Attention as a Predictor of Low Academic Readiness in a Preschool Popultion

This study examined a measure of sustained attention, the Continuous Performance Task (CPT), as an early predictor of low academic readiness. One hundred and sixty kindergarteners were given the CPT, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-R), and the Metropolitan Readiness Test (MRT) in the first weeks of school. The readiness criterion was the Emory Teachers Ratings of Academic Development (TRAD), completed at mid-year. All three predictors were correlated significantly with each other and with the TRAD. High, average, and low readiness scores on the predictors significantly predicted TRAD ratings, while combining the data significantly increased forecasting efficiency. In predicting low readiness, only the CPT and MRT proved significant. The MRT was the best predictor, but the CPT was hindered by a ceiling effect and tapped a variable, sustained attention, that the MRT and TRAD do not. It was concluded that the CPT has promise as a useful, objective, and efficient preschool screener.
Inflaton two-point correlation in the presence of a cosmic string

Precise measurements of the microwave background anisotropy have confirmed the inflationary picture of approximately scale invariant, Gaussian primordial adiabatic density perturbations. However, there are some anomalies that suggest a small violation of rotational and/or translational invariance in the mechanism that generates the primordial density fluctuations. Motivated by this we study the two-point correlation of a massless scalar (the inflaton) when the stress tensor contains the energy density from an infinitely long straight cosmic string in addition to a cosmological constant.
Experimental and theoretical electron density distribution of α,α-trehalose dihydrate

Abstract α,α-Trehalose is of interest because of its cryoprotective and antidessicant properties, and because it possesses various technical anomalies such as 13C NMR spectra that give misleading indications of intramolecular structural symmetry. It is a non-reducing disaccharide, with the glycosidic oxygen atom shared by the anomeric carbon atoms of the two glucose rings, and is therefore subject to a proposed ‘overlapping’exo-anomeric effect. We report here a study of the electron density of trehalose with X-ray diffraction and quantum mechanics calculations, similar to a recent study of sucrose, also a non-reducing molecule. In particular we studied the electron density around the glycosidic linkage and the hydrogen bonding with both deformation density and Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analyses. A total of 129,952 single crystal X-ray intensity measurements were collected on α,α-trehalose dihydrate to a resolution of sin θ/λ = 1.18 A−1 at 100 K and refined with an aspherical multipole model to a final agreement factor of R1 = 0.0160. Wavefunctions were calculated at three levels of theory. Redistribution of electron density due to anomeric effects was reduced in trehalose, compared to sucrose. Five new C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds were confirmed with bond critical points and bond paths from AIM analyses, as were the previously proposed O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Impact-modified nylon 6/polypropylene blends: 2. Effect of reactive functionality on morphology and mechanical properties

Abstract The morphology of nylon 6/polypropylene blends modified with maleated rubbers, such as styrene-ethylene/butylene—styrene triblock copolymers (SEBS-g-maleic anhydride (MA)) and ethylene-propylene random copolymers (EPR-g-MA), is affected by changes in the level of functionality of the rubber. By adjusting this level of functionality it is possible to induce drastic changes in the morphology of blends with fixed composition. Unfunctionalized versions of these elastomers are difficult to disperse in the nylon 6 phase, even in the presence of maleic anhydride-polypropylene, and lead to blends with low toughness. The use of polypropylene (PP) grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) in addition to the maleated rubbers improves the degree of dispersion of the polypropylene phase and the low temperature toughness of the blends. Blends with up to 16% PP-g-MA showed ductile—brittle transition temperatures as low as the transition temperature of toughened nylon 6 (−30°C). The degree of heterogeneity of mixtures of PP and PP-g-MA has a profound effect on the low temperature toughness and morphology of the rubber-modified nylon 6/PP blends, particularly in blends with compositions in the transition region of phase continuity. A fine degree of dispersion of the PP-g-MA in PP is desired in these mixtures, since it leads to the best low temperature toughness in blends of fixed composition.
Microprobe Analyses of Gold-Porcelain Bonding

An electron microprobe analyzer was used in area and line-scanning modes at the interfaces of several types of gold-porcelain crown systems. High concentrations of trace elements diffusing to the boundaries were clearly revealed. These trace elements are, therefore, believed to play an important role in the system bonding.
Monomolecular adsorption and crystallite diameters of cellulose from structural and adsorption considerations

Calculations of the monomolecular water vapor adsorption by three different celluloses (cotton, wood pulp and cellophane) from structural considerations are in agreement with the BET determined values for crystallite diameters of 16 to 200 A on the basis of adsorption being confined to the fraction f of the three hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit that are available on the surface of the crystallites and within the amorphous zones, when f ranges from 0.16 to 0.29. These low values of f are compatible with the fact that the void volume of the amorphous zones does not exceed about 6%. More exact values for f are needed before more definite values for the crystallite diameters can be estimated. A modified fringe micelle diagram containing a considerable amount of chain association in the amorphous zones is given that meets the requirement dictated by the calculations. Another approach, involving direct estimation of the adsorbing surface areas of crystallites and amorphous zones, on the basis of adjacent surfaces being shared by water molecules adsorbed between them, gives surface areas somewhat larger than the BET values using the same f values. Agreement with values from the former approach is obtained if only 75% of the surface per anhydroglucose unit is considered effective for adsorption.
Vortex behavior in the waldhof fermentor

This is the first part of a systematic study on the mechanisms of the Waldhof fermentor. When an agitator is rotating in a liquid, a vortex will develop on the surface. Air is dispersed into the liquid when the vortex is deep enough to reach the agitator. This is the basic mechanism of air dispersion in a Waldhof fermentor. In this work, experimental results, empirical correlations, and theoretical equations were obtained to relate the vortex depth to a number of physical factors including agitator diameter, agitator speed, tank diameter, liquid depth, liquid viscosity, and so on. The vortex depth was found a function of both Reynolds number and Froude Number.
Exploratory Model Study of Tornado-Like Vortex Dynamics

Abstract A laboratory model of the tornado-like vortex near the ground is developed and studied. The circulation is produced by a rotating cylindrical screen and the updraft is produced by an exhaust fan at the opening of the top hood. By means of kerosene smoke, the vortex core and a reverse flow zone were observed in the experiment. The profiles of velocity and pressure were measured at three different circulation strengths. The maximum inward radial velocity in the boundary layer is approximately proportional to the circulation strength. Outside the vortex core, the top hood and ground boundary layers, the flow is a potential vortex flow with a very small inward radial velocity. The vertical velocity distribution generally has a Gaussian profile except that it is slightly downward in the annular reverse flow region. The diameter of the reverse flow region is controlled by the opening size of the outlet on the top hood. The reverse flow region extends to the top of the ground boundary layer only when th...
Thermal Conductivity of Solid Hydrogen

The thermal conductivity of solid parahydrogen containing 0.2 to 5% orthohydrogen has been measured over the temperature range 1.5-6 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. On the low-temperature side of the conductivity maximum, the conductivity shows both a ${T}^{3}$ dependence and a strong dependence on orthohydrogen concentration. Within the resolution of the measurements, no (static) impurity scattering attributable to the orthohydrogen could be detected. We discuss the significance of these results in relation to a recent calculation that emphasizes the impurity scattering of phonons by orthohydrogen.
Parameter estimation for first-order bifurcating autoregressive processes with Weibull innovations

Abstract We study the first-order bifurcating autoregressive process X t = ϕ X ⌊ t / 2 ⌋ + ϵ t with Weibull innovations. Using point process technique, we estimate the model parameter ϕ and the tail index α in the Weibull distribution and obtain the joint limit distribution of estimators.
Route of nutrition support.

P rospective studies, meta-analyses, and current assessments of the literature have validated nutrition as a hallmark and a required staple in the care of select hospitalized patients. Aggressively administered nutrition support should be the standard of care when indicated, and prolonged periods of inadequate nutrition support leading to malnutrition should be avoided.1 However, an area of controversy exists surrounding the route of delivery and outcomes.2–8 Before 1968 the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was the only route available for nutrition support. Dudrick et al. revolutionized the management of patients dying from the inability to take enteral nutrition with the description of total parenteral nutrition (TPN).9 Once another route for nutrition support became available, the logical question that followed was, which one was better? Many articles in the literature have advocated enteral nutrition as the preferred route.2–4 These investigators argued that enteral nutrition maintains the integrity of the GI tract and has fewer infectious complications compared with TPN. However, there are as many articles that have found no difference between enteral nutrition and TPN.5–8
Adjuvant therapy for stage II, estrogen receptor negative breast cancer

The estrogen receptor (ER) assay provides information which correlates with the proliferative potential, pathology and prognosis for patients with breast cancer. A review of our natural history data correlating ER and axillary node involvement at the time of mastectomy with prognosis allows the identification of a high risk subset of patients with early recurrence and poor survival. Patients with ER negative, stage II disease had a significantly higher recurrence rate, and poorer overall survival was observed in spite of systemic therapy instituted at relapse. Based on this data we initiated a pilot study of intensive adjuvant therapy for women with ER negative, stage II breast cancer. At a median follow-up of 19 months for 39 treated patients, both a disease free and overall survival advantage is apparent for treated patients. Morbidity was low, with no therapy related hospitalizations. We have demonstrated the feasibility of intensive therapy for this high risk group. For a definitive answer the patient resources of a cooperative group will be needed.
Partial spread OFDM

In this paper, partial spread OFDM system has been presented and its performance has been studied when different detection techniques are employed, such as minimum mean square error (MMSE), grouped Maximum Likelihood (ML) and approximated integer quadratic programming (IQP) techniques . The performance study also includes applying two different spreading matrices, Hadamard and Vandermonde. Extensive computer simulation have been implemented and important results show that partial spread OFDM system improves the BER performance and the frequency diversity of OFDM compared to both non spread and full spread systems. The results from this paper also show that partial spreading technique combined with suboptimal detector could be a better solution for applications that require low receiver complexity and high information detectability.
Between-word simplification patterns in the continuous speech of children with speech sound disorders.

Purpose This study was designed to identify and describe between-word simplification patterns in the continuous speech of children with speech sound disorders. It was hypothesized that word combinations would reveal phonological changes that were unobserved with single words, possibly accounting for discrepancies between the intelligibility of single-word samples and that of continuous speech. Method Four boys with developmental speech sound disorders provided samples of single words and continuous speech. Substitutions and deletions with single words formed the basis for determining 2 categories of between-word segment mismatches: observed and novel. Mismatches were attributed to one of 4 types of between-word simplifications reported for typical phonological development: between-word consonant deletion, between-word cluster reduction, between-word consonant sequence reduction, and between-word assimilation. Results Continuous speech revealed observed and novel patterns. Segment mismatches occurred diffe...
ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS IN INSECT PARASITISM1

Ecological and physiological adaptations of the tachinid parasite Lydella grisescens R-D, to its hosts were studied experimentally. The factors affecting host finding and larviposition of the adult females were evaluated. The frass of four lepidopterous larvae, including two natural hosts, the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.) and the stalk borer Papaipema nebris (Guen.), and two non-hosts, the armyworm Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) and the cat-tail borer Archanata oblonga Grt., was found to attract the Lydella females and stimulate them to larviposit. The attracting material in frass is soluble in ethanol and water, and seems to be a metabolic product of the caterpillars rather than a product of plant fermentation. Artificial parasitization by implantation of Lydella larvae in the host caterpillars was employed to determine the physiological suitability of various natural and unnatural hosts to the parasite. Along with the two natural hosts, the European corn borer and the stalk borer, an unnatural host, the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. was found to be a suitable host. Artificial parasitization was not successful with the armyworm, the imported cabbageworm Pieris rapae L. and the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor L. Lydella larvae were able to penetrate the cuticle of Galleria larvae when they were present together. The biological significance and practical implication of these findings are discussed. Zusammenfassung OKOLOGISCHE UND PHYSIOLOGISCHE ANPASSUNGEN BEIM PARASITISMUS DER INSEKTEN Die okologischen und physiologischen Anpassungen der parasitischen Tachinide Lydella grisescens R.-D. an ihre Wirte wurden experimentell untersucht. Die Faktoren, welche die Wirtsfindung und das Larvenabsetzen der erwachsenen Weibchen betreffen, wurden ermittelt. Der Kot von vier Schmetterlingslarven, namlich zweier naturlicher Wirte: des Maiszunslers Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.) und des Stengelbohrers Papaipema nebris (Guen.), und zweier Nichtwirte; des Heerwurmes Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) und des Katzenschwanz-Bohrers Archanata oblonga Grt. erwies sich als anziehend fur die Lydella-Weibchen und veranlaste sie zum Absetzen von Larven. Das anlockende Material im Kot ist in Alkohol und Wasser loslich und scheint eher ein Stoffwechselprodukt der Raupen als ein Zersetzungsprodukt der Pflanze zu sein. Kunstliche Parasitierung durch Implantation von Lydella-Larven in Wirtsraupen wurde benutzt, um die physiologische Eignung der verschiedenen naturlichen und unnaturlichen Wirte fur den Parasiten zu bestimmen. Neben den zwei naturlichen Wirten, dem Maiszunsler und dem Stengelbohrer, wurde ein unnaturlicher Wirt, die Grose Wachsmotte, Galleria mellonella L., als geeigneter Wirt nachgewiesen. Die kunstliche Parasitierung blieb dagegen beim Heerwurm, dem (eingeschleppten) Kohlweisling Pieris rapae L. und dem Mehlwurm Tenebrio molitor L. erfolglos. Lydella-Larven sind fahig, die Kutikula der Galleria-Larven zu durchdringen. Die biologische und praktische Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird diskutiert.
Conformal nanocomposite spray coatings on micro-patterned surfaces for superhydrophobicity

A novel conformal coating process is presented to transform surfaces with micro-morphology into hierarchical superhydrophobic surfaces using one-step, wet chemical spray casting. The nanocomposite coating consists of zinc oxide nanoparticles and organomodified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as organosilane quaternary nitrogen compound. The coating is applied to a micro-patterned PDMS substrate of cylindrical microposts to create a stable superhydrophobic state for water droplets. An explanation for the non-wetting performance of the conformal nanocomposite coatings compared to previous non-conformal surfaces is also proposed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Application of Higher-Order Compact Finite Difference Schemes to Out of Plane Vorticity Measurements

The accuracy of out-of-plane vorticity from in-plane experimental velocity measurements is investigated with particular application to Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV). Higher-order compact finite difference schemes are proposed as alternatives for the vorticity estimation. Simulations of known flow fields are used to quantify errors associated with the different methods of estimation. The effects of spatial sampling resolution with respect to the range of flow scales on the bias errors of the method accuracies are explored. In addition, estimation of the velocity measurement random error propagation into the vorticity measurement is presented. The higher-order compact schemes deliver improved accuracy compared with previously used methods, even when that domain is spatially undersampled or in the presence of strong velocity gradients. The compact schemes demonstrated less than 0.3% bias error throughout the core of the vortex, resolving flow structures as small as the Nyquist sampling frequency of the system, while the error in the conventional methods increased as the spatial sampling and the range of wave numbers present in the flow field was reduced. The bias error is an irrecoverable loss due to the truncation error of the method, and thus poses significant limitations to the system, whereas the random error propagation can be reduced for the higher-order schemes by applying a simple Gaussian smoothing to the flow field. Thus, the reduction in bias error is of greater importance to the accuracy of the system, particularly as modern global flow measurement technologies achieve higher spatial and temporal resolutions, as well as higher accuracies in velocity measurements. Overall, the compact schemes provide an improved approach for vorticity evaluation compared to conventional algorithms.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Isozyme analysis of rotifer proteins

Abstract An analysis of isozyme variation of five enzymes among 17 strains of the brackish-water rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis , using thin-layer polyacrylamide electrophoresis, showed that it was possible to resolve genetic differences. It is suggested that isozyme characters will be useful in distinguishing sub-species of the group.
Community College Student Success The Role of Motivation and Self-Empowerment

Nationwide, low percentages of community college students graduate. Although community colleges’ higher percentages of low income, academically underprepared, non-traditional, and minority students are often cited as the reason for low graduation rates, this study sought to examine common characteristics of community college students who do graduate. The qualitative study included interviews of community college graduates from a large, public community college in the Southeastern United States, as well as interviews of faculty and staff members at the institution. The students in this study were found to have the following characteristics in common: clear goals, strong motivation and a drive to succeed, ability to manage external demands, and self-empowerment.
Democracy and Diversion: Government Arrangements, the Economy, and Dispute Initiation

Do legislative constraints constrain or compel democratic executives’ conflict behavior during periods of economic decline? Although institutional constraints are thought to reduce democratic executives’ propensity to engage in interstate conflict, other research suggests that such constraints may provide incentives to engage in diversionary uses of force. Incorporating work from the comparative study of economic voting and cross-national research on the diversionary use of force, this article contends that government arrangements — coalition, minority, weak party cohesion — influence democratic conflict behavior by (1) shaping the extent to which the executive is held accountable for the economy and (2) determining the executive’s capacity to address the economy with legislation. Specifically, the argument presented here suggests that governing parties in coalition governments share the blame for a poor economy, reducing the likelihood that the executive initiates disputes in response to the economy. Com...
The Preoccupation with Problems of Understanding in Communication Research

This essay appraises investigations into social interaction that display a preoccupation with problems of understanding. This critique is rendered from a conversation analytic perspective. Inquiries into interactants' methods for “doing” understanding demonstrate the stable and recurrent character of intersubjective understandings and thus indicate that bypassing these findings and giving priority to problems of understanding are problematic. This preoccupation with understanding problems is viewed as grounded in prematurely theorized idealizations and privileged perspectives that deepen skepticism concerning the extent to which interactants understand each other. Although this skepticism treats understanding problems as worthy of attention to the extent they produce dysfunctional effects on interactions, relationships, and institutions, work on doing understanding argues that a central problem for analysis is how interactants repair troubles of understanding in a way that minimizes their consequentiality for subsequent interaction. Proposals for explicitness, as in active listening techniques, and vigilance in employing existing interpretive and actional resources are critiqued as superfluous and violative of a moral-interactional order in which the presumed intelligibility of contributions to talk-in-interaction is enacted, renewed, and maintained. The essay underscores the primacy of interactants' methods for doing understanding and their implications for communication research and instruction.
Comment on “dielectric study of the ferroelectric transition of KH2PO4”

Abstract We reanalyze a.c. dielectric data taken by Eberhard and Horn for KH2PO4 near Tc, and obtain a much lower value of the critical bias field, near 300 V/cm in accord with results found by other workers.
Application of Optimized Filters to Two-Dimensional Sidelobe Mitigation in Meteorological Radar Sensing

Two-dimensional reiterative minimum mean-square error and 2-D least-square solutions that mitigate the sidelobe effects of both pulse compression processing and antenna radiation patterns are derived and compared with traditional matched filtering. The methods are applied to observations of distributed weather targets. The results of simulations based on realistic weather model outputs and scattering models are presented, and sidelobe mitigation performance, based on average mean-square-error, is discussed.
Direct detection lightwave systems: why pay more?

Requirements on detection technology are examined from the system and economic perspectives. The two possible detection approaches, direct and coherent, are described, and their theoretical detectability limits are considered. Examples of both types of networks that have been demonstrated are presented. Direct detection networks are then considered, and examples of demonstrated networks are presented. The same is then done for coherent networks. The relative advantages and disadvantages of direct and coherent networks are discussed, and it is concluded that for some time to come, direct detection will be the solution of preference, particularly for networks. >
RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN MITOTIC HELA CELLS

HeLa cells arrested in mitosis were obtained in large numbers, with only very slight interphase cell contamination, by employing the agitation method of Terasima and Tolmach, and Robbins and Marcus. Protein synthesis and RNA synthesis were almost completely suppressed in mitotic cells. Active polyribosomes were nearly absent in mitotic cells as compared with interphase cells treated in the same way. Cell-free protein synthesis and RNA polymerase activity were also greatly depressed in extracts of metaphase cells. The deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) of condensed chromosomes from mitotic cells was less efficient as a template for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase than was DNP from interphase cells, although isolated DNA from both sources was equally active as a primer. Despite very poor endogenous amino acid incorporation by extracts of metaphase cells, polyuridylate stimulated phenylalanine incorporation by a larger factor in mitotic cell extracts than it did in interphase cell extracts. These results suggest that RNA synthesis is suppressed in mitotic cells because the condensed chromosomes cannot act as a template, and that protein synthesis is depressed at least in part because messenger RNA becomes unavailable to ribosomes. This conclusion was supported by the demonstration that cells arrested in metaphase supported multiplication of normal yields of poliovirus, thereby showing that the mitotic cell is capable of considerable synthesis of RNA and protein.
Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemias Arising From Philadelphia Chromosome Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Strategies

The classic Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms including primary myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia are associated with a variable propensity for transformation into acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemic transformation in these disorders, so called MPN-blast phase, is uniformly associated with a poor prognosis. In recent years, there has been an increasing understanding of the molecular complexity underlying Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph- MPNs), and this has spurred efforts to investigate the molecular risk factors associated with clinical outcome in these disorders, including the risk of leukemic transformation. At the same time, there is an ongoing and significant need for new approaches which have the potential to change the natural history of these disorders. This review will focus on the risk factors associated with the development of MPN in blast phase (MPN-BP) including clinical and molecular risk factors, current treatment strategies, and emerging investigational approaches.
Antioxidant Status and Oxidant Stress in Very Low Birthweight Infants during the First Month of Life

Antioxidant Status and Oxidant Stress in Very Low Birthweight Infants during the First Month of Life
A modeling framework for facility location of medical services for large-scale emergencies

Research on facility location is abundant. However, this research does not typically address the particular conditions that arise when locating facilities to service large-scale emergencies, such as earthquakes, terrorist attacks, etc. In this work we first survey general facility location problems and identify models used to address common emergency situations, such as house fires and regular health care needs. We then analyze the characteristics of large-scale emergencies and propose a general facility location model that is suited for large-scale emergencies. This general facility location model can be cast as a covering model, a P-median model or a P-center model, each suited for different needs in a large-scale emergency. Illustrative examples are given to show how the proposed model can be used to optimize the locations of facilities for medical supplies to address large-scale emergencies in the Los Angeles area. Furthermore, comparison of the solutions obtained by respectively using the proposed mo...
NMR linebroadening studies of transition metal complexes in acetonitrile solution

Abstract 1H variable temperature NMR linebroadening studies of several first row transition metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ and Cr3+) in acetonitrile solution were made and the results were analyzed using the Swift-Connick formalism. The kinetic results of these studies were compared to previous results on the same system using 14N NMR. The study also reexamined previously reported 1H NMR work on metal ion-acetonitrile solutions where disagreement has been noted in the literature.
Relationship between Social Factors and Pituitary-Adrenocortical Activity in Female Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Psychosocial stress in humans has been related to the occurrence or progression of certain diseases and a positive social environment has been shown, in some cases, to ameliorate this effect. In many experimental studies changes in serum cortisol levels have been used as an endocrine-defined stress response, however, the variation in this measure under unchanging conditions in socially housed animals is not well documented. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between specific social behaviors and concentrations of serum cortisol in female rhesus monkeys. Subjects were members of one of two social groups. One was an established long-term (8 years) group with members which had from one to many kin, while the second was a group formed 5 months prior to the onset of the present study composed of initially unfamiliar animals. Blood samples were collected weekly and a total of 16 hr of behavioral data was collected on each subject. For purposes of analyses, the year-long study was organized according to calendar quarters (3 months) with cortisol concentrations averaged and behavioral categories cumulated. When regression techniques were applied, it is of note that neither group nor dominance rank was a predictor of cortisol levels. However, when a correlation analysis was applied to each group separately to assess the effect of dominance rank, rank significantly correlated with cortisol levels in the established but not in the recently formed group. In each quarter, analyses revealed behavioral categories which combined to account for a significant proportion of the variance in cortisol levels, but these behaviors were not identical over the four quarters. For three of the four quarters analyzed, and for the year as a whole, an affiliative behavioral category was predictive of cortisol levels in addition to agonistic behavioral categories. These data suggest that cortisol levels are influenced by not only negative interactions, such as receiving bites, but also by positive interactions such as receiving grooms. Results also showed that reconciliatory behaviors occurred significantly more frequently following dyadic agonistic episodes in the recently formed versus the long-term group. The higher rate of reconciliatory behaviors exhibited by the recently formed group may account for the lack of a dominance rank/cortisol relationship.
CMU-AT: Semantic Distance and Background Knowledge for Identifying Semantic Relations

This system uses a background knowledge base to identify semantic relations between base noun phrases in English text, as evaluated in SemEval 2007, Task 4. Training data for each relation is converted to statements in the Scone Knowledge Representation Language. At testing time a new Scone statement is created for the sentence under scrutiny, and presence or absence of a relation is calculated by comparing the total semantic distance between the new statement and all positive examples to the total distance between the new statement and all negative examples.
The stereochemistry of the cleavage of organometallic complexes with copper(II)

Abstract The rather unusual loss of stereochemistry resulting from the facile cleavage of 3,3-dimethylbutyl-l,2- d 2 and tricyclo[2.2.1.0 2,6 ]heptyl groups from Pd, Zr and Hg derivatives by copper (II) bromide rules out concerted mechanisms and favors alkyl radicals as intermediates.
Moderators and non-specific predictors of treatment outcome for anxiety disorders: A comparison of cognitive behavioral therapy to acceptance and commitment therapy.

Objective Understanding for whom, and under what conditions, treatments exert their greatest effects is essential for developing personalized medicine. Research investigating moderators of outcome among evidence-based treatments for anxiety disorders is lacking. The current study examined several theory-driven and atheoretical putative moderators of outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Method Eighty-seven patients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) anxiety disorder completed 12 sessions of ACT or CBT and were assessed with a self-report measure of anxiety at baseline, post-treatment, and 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments. Results CBT outperformed ACT among those at moderate levels of baseline anxiety sensitivity, and among those with no comorbid mood disorder. ACT outperformed CBT among those with comorbid mood disorders. Higher baseline neuroticism was associated with poorer outcome across treatment conditions. Neither moderation nor general prediction was observed for baseline anxiety disorder comorbidity, race/ethnicity, gender, age, or baseline severity of the principal anxiety disorder. When including all randomized participants who completed the pre-treatment assessment (N = 121), a similar pattern was observed. Conclusions Prescriptive recommendations for clinical practice and directions for future research are discussed.