cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new brachypterous species of Heterospilus Haliday (Braconidae, Doryctinae) from the Neotropical Region

A new species, Heterospilus michaeli Kula, from the Neotropical Region is described and differentiated from all other New World species of Doryctinae with brachypterous or apterous individuals. It is the first species of Heterospilus Haliday in the Neotropical Region known to exhibit brachyptery and the fourth described brachypterous species of Heterospilus worldwide. Errors and omissions in a recently published article on brachypterous and apterous doryctines in the New World are corrected.
350 DIPHTHERIA-PERTUSSIS-TETANUS VACCINE: REACTOGENICITY OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

Widespread use of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine necessitates evaluation of reaction rates. Parents from 4 practices were surveyed to ascertain reactions of children to DPT vaccine in the 48 hours after immunization. Vaccines were administered according to current recommendations. Responses were scored in 3 categories (points in parentheses): Temperature: 100-102°F(1) and > 102°F(3); Behavior: irritability(1), crying (2), and screaming(3); Local Reactions: redness(1), swelling(1), and tenderness(1). Other reactions were given one point. A score was determined for each patient, points being given for the most severe temperature and/or behavioral reaction, and an additive score for each of the local reactions observed for a maximum of 10. 621 (82.3%) patients returned questionnaires. The average score was 3.54 ± 2.04. Over 50% experienced temperatures of at least 100°F and 80% noted behavioral changes. 75.4% had local reactions. No encephalitis, seizures, or hospitalizations were reported. Reactogenicity was similar for the 5 immunizations of the recommended series. These reaction rates underline the need to further evaluate present vaccine products.
Experiences teaching data structures with Java

This paper describes our experiences incorporating Java in a Data Structures course. We describe the features of Java that made for a more interesting course, the difficulties that we encountered, and compare Java to the prior languages used in this course, Ada and C++. All in all, we found Java to be a reasonable, but not overwhelming better, alternative. Our students were particularly happy with the experiment.
Oxidation behavior of niobium aluminide intermetallics protected by aluminide and silicide diffusion coatings

The isothermal and cyclic oxidation behavior of a new class of damage-tolerant niobium aluminide (Nb3Al-xTi-yCr) intermetallics is studied between 650 °C and 850 °C. Protective diffusion coatings were deposited by pack cementation to achieve the siliciding or aluminizing of substrates with or without intervening Mo or Ni layers, respectively. The compositions and microstructures of the resulting coatings and oxidized surfaces were characterized. The isothermal and cyclic oxidation kinetics indicate that uncoated Nb-40Ti-15Al-based intermetallics may be used up to ∼750 °C. Alloying with Cr improves the isothermal oxidation resistance between 650 °C and 850 °C. The most significant improvement in oxidation resistance is achieved by the aluminization of electroplated Ni interlayers. The results suggest that the high-temperature limit of niobium aluminide-based alloys may be increased to 800 °C to 850 °C by aluminide-based diffusion coatings on ductile Ni interlayers. Indentation fracture experiments also indicate that the ductile nickel interlayers are resistant to crack propagation in multilayered aluminide-based coatings.
Chylous ascites in siblings

Summary Chylous ascites of unknown cause occurred in female siblings before the age of one year; both improved after treatment consisting of paracenteses and low-fat diets. This experience gives further support for conservative therapy of this unusual condition, pending future clarification as to etiology and pathogenesis.
Cefotaxime in the treatment of staphylococcal infections: Comparison of in vitro and in vivo studies

Staphylococcus aureus strains are well-established pathogens that may cause mild to serious life-threatening disease. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis, also have a pathogenic role in humans and cause infections primarily associated with prosthetic devices and indwelling catheters, whereas Staphylococcus saprophyticus usually causes urinary tract infections. Cefotaxime is a "third-generation" cephalosporin that is stable to the staphylococcal beta-lactamases. In vitro studies over the last 15 years have shown that this parenteral cephalosporin has remained highly active (MIC90 ranges of < or = 2-8 micrograms/ml) against oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci. Cefotaxime therapy of staphylococcal infections has resulted in clinical cure/improvement rates ranging from 78%-100% and bacteriologic eradication rates ranging from 85%-100% in a wide variety of infections. Contrary to contemporary dogma, this "third-generation" cephalosporin appears to be efficacious against staphylococcal infections from a review of 15 years of clinical experience.
Extentions of probabilistic perceptual maps with implications for competitive positioning and choice

Abstract Perceptual product positioning maps which are derived from probabilistic scaling models possess some distinct advantages over their deterministic counterparts. However, many probabilistic models still labor under a number of restrictive mathematical conditions. This paper describes an anisotropic space extension that alleviates some of these limitations by explicitly modeling the dimensional variances and covariances of each brand in a product positioning map. To clarify the decisions necessary when using probabilistic scaling models and to illustrate some of their attractive properties, two sets of convenience goods data are analyzed. The applications focus on the model's implications for the understanding of brand positioning and choice probabilities.
MO-E-T-6E-02: Dose-Volume Modeling & Clinical Radiotherapy: The Art of Systematic Oversimplification

Science has been called “the art of systematic oversimplification” (Popper). Using this as a criterion, dose‐volume modeling is a very scientific discipline! A flurry of more or less mechanistic models has been proposed but despite their conceptual appeal these models are obviously oversimplified representations of what we know about the radiation pathogenesis of side‐effects of radiotherapy. From an empirical point of view, most clinical data sets do not provide sufficient structural resolution to allow validation of — or even discrimination between — any of these. Perhaps it is symptomatic that the most widely used, and in some sense most successful, dose‐volumemodel is the “post‐modern” model proposed by Lyman 20 years ago. Notwithstanding these philosophical concerns, dose‐volume modeling has established itself as an exciting research field and a very useful tool in this age of conformal and intensity‐modulated radiotherapy. Arguably, the use of these oversimplified models has greatly expanded and intensified the systematic collection and analysis of dose‐volume data. It is tempting to draw a parallel to the use of the linear‐quadratic model: originally this was closely linked to the target‐cell hypothesis, a point of view that has all but disappeared now, where most researchers see the model as a pragmatic means of condensing empirical clinical data. Dose‐volumemodels are currently used at two levels: to obtain a figure of merit for rival radiotherapy plans in daily routine planning and in the development of novel radiotherapy protocols to be tested in clinical trials. While current models have some credibility in the former application, they fail miserably in producing reliable, portable estimates of the absolute incidence of complications when applied in independent data sets or when extrapolated to considerably different dose distributions. This is not entirely the fault of the models: reliable estimates of the incidence of normal‐tissue effects after radiotherapy are generally not available even in case of a uniform dose‐distribution delivered to a critical structure. In the presentation, I will discuss dose‐volumemodels from the perspective of evidence based medicine. How can these models be used in clinical trials design? And what are the most promising directions for future research? The possible effect of low‐dose hyper‐radiosensitivity and the challenge of incorporating the effect of cytotoxic drugs into dose‐volumemodels will be discussed. Educational Objectives: 1. To understand the strengths and weaknesses of current dose‐volumemodels from the perspective of evidence based medicine. 2. To identify directions for future research on the clinical application of dose‐volumemodels
Genetic determinants of host-specificity in bipartite geminivirus DNA A components.

Geminiviruses are small, ssDNA-containing plant viruses. Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) and tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) have bipartite genomes, the components of which are designated A and B. Although they are closely related, BGMV and TGMV nevertheless exhibit distinct host-specific phenotypes, with BGMV being well adapted to beans and TGMV being well adapted to Nicotiana benthamiana. A previous study showed that the two open reading frames (ORFs) of DNA B only partially determine the host-adapted phenotypes of BGMV and TGMV. We have now investigated the contributions of A component ORFs to host adaptation. Co-inoculated TGMV DNA A enhances the accumulation of BGMV in N. benthamiana. Using mutant and hybrid TGMV A components, the determinant of this phenotype was mapped to a region encompassing the overlapping AL2 and AL3 ORFs (AL23). BGMV- and TGMV-based hybrid A components containing the heterologous AL23 region each displayed host-specific gain-of-function phenotypes, which indicates that these sequences contribute to host adaptation in both viruses. In N. benthamiana, al2 and al3 mutants of either virus can be complemented in trans by the heterologous A component, so adaptation of the AL23 region to this host is likely mediated through a virus nonspecific, trans-acting factor. In beans, however, co-inoculated BGMV A does not affect the accumulation of TGMV, and TGMV did not complement BGMV al2 or al3 mutants. Thus host-adaptation of the AL23 region may have a different mechanistic basis in beans than it does in N. benthamiana. Although our experiments did not reveal significant host adaptation of the coat protein, which is encoded by the AR1 ORF, a virus-specific effect on viral ssDNA accumulation was observed.
Reflection invariance of the current in the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process with disorder

We show that for the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process on a ring, with arbitrary choice of hopping rates across different bonds of the system, the current is independent of the direction of the jumps.
Simultaneous morphological and biochemical imaging of oral epithelial cancer in a hamster cheek pouch model

We present the results of an animal study aimed at determining the value of collecting both morphological and biochemical images for oral cancer diagnosis using a multimodal optical coherence tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging system.
Computing in algebraic geometry and commutative algebra using Macaulay 2

We present recent research of Eisenbud, Floystad, Schreyer, and others, which was discovered with the help of experimentation with Macaulay 2. In this invited, expository paper, we start by considering the exterior algebra, and the computation of Grobner bases. We then present, in an elementary manner, the explicit form of the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand relationship between graded modules over the polynomial ring and complexes over the exterior algebra, that Eisenbud, Floystad and Schreyer found. We present two applications of these techniques: cohomology of sheaves, and the construction of determinantal formulae for (powers of) Macaulay resultants. We show how to use Macaulay 2 to perform these computations.
The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of four eudesmane sesquiterpenols

Abstract The 13 C NMR spectra of geosmin, selina-4(14),7(11)-diene-99-ol and two dihydroeudesmol isomers have been obtained and the individual resonances assigned. Several different empirical correlations developed by others have been combined in simple calculations to predict chemical shift values for sesquiterpenols of the eudesmane group.
Effectiveness of Chlortetracycline in Combination with Potassium Sorbate or Tetrasodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetate for Preservation of Vacuum Packed Rockfish Fillets

Rockfish fillets were dipped in either distilled deionized water (DDW), a solution of 1% Na4EDTA plus 5 ppm chlortetracycline (CTC) or 1% K-sorbate plus 5 ppm CTC. After dipping, fliets were vacuum packed and stored at 2°C. Samples were evaluated after 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days. The sorbate/CTC group differed less from fresh Filets than did the control (fillets dipped in DDW) for all indices measured (plate count, pH, redox potential, and TMA and NH3 concentrations). Fillets treated with EDTA/CTC differed to a greater extent from fresh fillets than the sorbate/CTC group but less than the controls. Results were corroborated by sensory analyses which tested for color, flavor and odor. Fish fillets dipped in a solution of 1% K-sorbate plus 5 ppm CTC retained odor and flavor properties of fresh fillets better than the EDTA/CTC treated fillets after 14 days of storage.
The differential diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory disease by colorectal biopsy

The differential diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease by colorectal biopsy poses a challenge to the endoscopist as well as the pathologist. Distinguishing non-idiopathic colitis from idiopathic colitis is the fundamental first step. No single histopathologic feature distinguishes between non-idiopathic and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease or between the two forms of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease involving the colon). Interaction between the endoscopist and pathologist is essential in optimizing the contribution of colorectal biopsy to management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Structural Disorder of the CD3ζ Transmembrane Domain Studied with 2D IR Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

In a recently reported study [Mukherjee, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103, 3528], we used 2D IR spectroscopy and 1-13C18O isotope labeling to measure the vibrational dynamics of 11 amide I modes in the CD3ζ transmembrane domain. We found that the homogeneous line widths and population relaxation times were all nearly identical, but that the amount of inhomogeneous broadening correlated with the position of the amide group inside the membrane. In this study, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structural and dynamical origins of these experimental observations. We use two models to convert the simulations to frequency trajectories from which the mean frequencies, standard deviations, frequency correlation functions, and 2D IR spectra are calculated. Model 1 correlates the hydrogen-bond length to the amide I frequency, whereas model 2 uses an ab initio-based electrostatic model. We find that the structural distributions of the peptidic groups and their environment are refl...
Right-dislocation in Catalan: Its discourse function and counterparts in English

This paper presents a corpus study of right dislocation (RD) in Catalan and discusses crosslinguistic differences of information packaging between English and Catalan. The Catalan corpus consists of 93 RDs which have been coded according to three parameters: (1) the point where the entity in the right-dislocated constituent had appeared in the discourse, (2) consequences of eliminating the right-dislocated constituent and (3) consequences of restoring the canonical order. I argue that RD in Catalan is a means to structure information in a coherent way by displacing old information from the main clause. Three main types of RDs can be found: (1) RDs which activate an entity which was no longer accessible in the discourse and make it highly salient, while still marking its discourse-old status; (2) RDs which make explicit an implicit, never textually mentioned, referent and places it in a discourse-old information position. (3) RDs referring to entities mentioned in the previous sentence. Such RDs convey an additional meaning, some ‘emotional content’, having to do with the expression of opposition or emphasis. In order to analyse crosslinguistic differences, an English text and its Catalan translation have been used. The Catalan translation contained 42 instances of RD, while the English text contained none, which shows that the two languages use different strategies to encode information packaging. The Catalan translation uses RDs mostly in cases in which the English original repeats the same phrase in two consecutive utterances and in utterances which convey contrast or opposition.
Distribution and responsiveness of rat anti-Müllerian hormone during ovarian development and VCD-induced ovotoxicity

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is produced by granulosa cells in primary to small antral follicles of the adult ovary and helps maintain primordial follicles in a dormant state. The industrial chemical, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) causes specific ovotoxicity in primordial and small primary follicles of mice and rats. Previous studies suggest that this ovotoxicity involves acceleration of primordial to primary follicle recruitment via interactions with the Kit/Kit ligand signaling pathway. Because of its accepted role in inhibiting primordial follicle recruitment, the present study was designed to investigate a possible interaction between AMH and VCD-induced ovotoxicity. Protein distribution of AMH was compared in neonatal and adult F344 rat ovaries. AMH protein was visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy in large primary and secondary follicles of the adult ovary, but in small primary follicles in neonatal rat ovaries. In cultured postnatal day (PND) 4 F344 rat ovaries, VCD exposure (30 μM, 2-8 days) decreased (P<0.05) AMH mRNA (d4-8) and protein (d6-8). Recombinant AMH (100-400 mg/ml) in PND4 ovaries cultured 8 days±VCD (30 μM) caused an increase (P<0.05) in primordial, and a decrease (P<0.05) in small primary follicles, supporting that AMH retarded primordial follicle recruitment. However, no concentration of AMH had an effect on VCD-induced ovotoxicity. Whereas, VCD caused a reduction in expression of AMH (d4-d8), it followed previously reported initial disruptions in Kit signaling induced by VCD (d2). Thus, collectively, these results do not support a mechanism whereby VCD causes ovotoxicity via generalized activation of primordial follicle recruitment, but instead provide further support for the specificity of other intracellular mechanisms involved in VCD-induced ovotoxicity.
Epidemiologic study of the C-3 epimer of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in a population-based sample

Summary Background & aims Vitamin D is associated with many health outcomes and the blood concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is commonly measured in clinical practice. A C-3 epimer of this compound, 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 , has recently been detected in blood samples. Few clinical assays currently detect this epimer and its physiological function is unknown, as are the demographic, behavioral, and physiologic factors that may be correlated with it. We sought to determine the correlation between these factors and 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 . Methods We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study of 303 non-Hispanic white participants in the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin. Serum 25(OH)D 2 , 25(OH)D 3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We measured vitamin D intake from foods and supplements via a food frequency questionnaire, sun exposure by spectrophotometry, waist circumference during a physical exam, and additional demographic and behavioral factors by questionnaire. We calculated the percent of 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 out of the total 25(OH)D 3 . Results Summer season ( P = 0.009), higher alcohol intake ( P = 0.007), and higher vitamin D intake from supplements ( P = 0.0004), but not food ( P = 0.20), were significantly associated with a higher percent of 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 relative to the total 25(OH)D 3 , although these associations appear to be partially driven by individuals with low 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 . Moreover, the percent of 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 was significantly correlated with the total 25(OH)D 3 ( r = 0.37, P Conclusions We report findings from an epidemiologic study of 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 and show that individuals with lower total 25(OH)D 3 tend to have a lower percent of 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 relative to the total. While this is the largest reported sample of adults with measured 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 , the sample size of 303 is relatively small and replication of our findings is necessary.
The use of osteochondral allografts in the management of cartilage defects

Large symptomatic osteochondral defects in a young active population represent a therapeutic challenge for orthopedic surgeons, since standard interventions such as debridement, microfracture and autologous osteochondral transfer are not suitable for the treatment of these larger lesions. Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation provides a surgical option for these challenging defects, both as a primary procedure and for salvage of prior failed treatment attempts. This article reviews the basic science, indications, technique, and evidence for osteochondral allograft transplantation in the knee.
THE ORIGIN OF ATMOSPHERIC XENON

Abstract Part of the differences in isotopic composition of atmospheric and meteoritic xenon can be attributed to irradiation of solar xenon by neutrons during the deuterium-burning phase of solar contraction, followed by accretion of the irradiated xenon into the atmosphere. This problem is examined here more carefully following a new measurement of the reaction rate for capture of protons by deuterium by Griffiths, Lal, and Scorfe. It is concluded that the majority of atmospheric xenon, apart from that produced by the decay of extinct radioactivities, was once in the sun during the deutrium-burning phase.
Economic Welfare Evaluations for Producers under Uncertainty

The validity of producer and consumer surplus measures of firm welfare under risk is examined. Under constant absolute risk aversion and output price uncertainty only, these measures are an exact measure of firm welfare as defined by compensating variation, equivalent variation or the change in the certainty equivalent. Under decreasing absolute risk aversion, qualitative comparisons of various measures are discussed. For example, producer's surplus as measured by the area above the uncompensated risk averse supply curve overstates the compensating variation of a change in expected price of output. Procedures for calculating firm welfare under production uncertainty and a variety of economic environments are proposed. Generally, these procedures are applicable only when absolute risk aversion is constant.
Evaluation of Octafluorocyclobutane as a Chamber Clean Gas in a Plasma-Enhanced Silicon Dioxide Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor

The evaluation of octafluorocyclobutane, (c-C 4 F 8 ) as a new chemistry for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) tool chamber cleaning is reported. Using a statistical design of experiments, the cleaning time and perfluorocompound emissions were measured in a Novellus Concept One 200, a widely used commercial PECVD tool. By mass spectrometry of the process exhaust, the effect of c-C 4 F 8 flow rate. C 4 F 8 /O 2 feed-gas ratio, and pressure effects on cleaning time and perfluorocompound (PFC) emissions were determined. Experimental results and neural network analysis indicate that high oxygen levels (75-90 vol %) and pressure (4.0 Torr) achieve reductions in process clean times of 20%. reduce gas requirements and PFC emissions greater than 80% relative to the standard C 2 F 6 -based cleans These process advantages, combined with the similar physical and discharge properties of c-C 4 F 8 and C 2 F 6 , suggest good potential for this new chemistry as a drop-in gas replacement for current chamber cleaning applications.
The impact of global trends on ILDS

Purpose – The purpose of this article surveys two recent library trend reports to identify key developments likely to impact how librarians, and particularly interlending and document supply (ILDS)/interlibrary loan (ILL) professionals, will facilitate the discovery and delivery of information in the future. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on the New Media Consortium’s “Horizon Report: Library Edition” (2014) and the recent discussion draft of the American Library Association Policy Revolution! Initiative’s “Trends Report: Snapshots of a Turbulent World” (2014), this review essay illuminates major trends that will shape the future of information and library resource sharing. Findings – Global trends in technology, demographics, the economy, the environment and more will also effect the ability of librarians to facilitate the discovery and delivery of information. In some cases, these will lead to decreased need for traditional ILL. However, in others cases there will be an increased need as well as ...
Use of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Mouse Cytomegalovirus as Vaccines

Three temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) were compared with parent virus for their ability to produce acute infection, to stimulate protection against a lethal challenge with salivary gland MCMV, and to become latent and then be reactivated. During the acute phase of infection, ts mutant virus demonstrated very limited replication. During the later phase of infection (seven to 14 days after challenge), titers of virus in the pancreas and salivary glands in mice infected with parent virus continued to rise, whereas no virus could be detected in mice infected with the ts mutants. Prior infection with parent virus or the ts mutants protected susceptible mice from a lethal dose of salivary gland MCMV. One year after infection, treatment of mice with an immunosuppressive regimen resulted in reactivation of parent and ts mutant virus. Reactivated virus recovered from mice infected with ts mutant virus remained temperature sensitive.
Classification of ultrasonic B-mode images of breast masses using Nakagami distribution

The Nakagami distribution was proposed recently for modeling the echo from tissue. In vivo breast data collected from patients with lesions were studied using this Nakagami model. Chi-square tests showed that the Nakagami distribution is a better fit to the envelope than the Rayleigh distribution. Two parameters, m (effective number) and /spl alpha/ (effective cross section), associated with the Nakagami distribution were used for the classification of breast masses. Data from 52 patients with breast masses/lesions were used in the studies. Receiver operating characteristics were calculated for the classification methods based on these two parameters. The results indicate that these parameters of the Nakagami distribution may be useful in classification of the breast abnormalities. The Nakagami distribution may be a reasonable means to characterize the backscattered echo from breast tissues toward a goal of an automated scheme for separating benign and malignant breast masses.
Chemical-Mechanical Planarization of Copper: The Effect of Inhibitor and Complexing Agent

The present investigation was focused on understanding of the oxidation, dissolution and modification of Cu surface in slurries at various pH using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer, glycine as complexing agent and 3-amino-triazol (ATA) as inhibitor during Cu-CMP. The electrochemical process involved in the oxidative dissolution of copper was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization studies. Surface modification of copper was investigated using Xray photoelectron spectroscopy to understand the interaction of Cu-H2O2-glycine-ATA during CMP. In the absence of glycine and ATA, the copper removal rate is found to be high in a slurry with 5% H2O2 at pH 2, then it decreases with increasing pH and reaches the minimum at pH 6, it continuously increases at alkaline condition. In the presence of 0.01M glycine, the removal rate of copper decreases in acidic slurries while increases significantly in alkaline slurries. With the further addition of ATA, the copper removal rate was reduced. However, better surface planarity was obtained. The present investigation enhanced understanding of the mechanism of Cu CMP in the presence of oxidizer, complexing agent and inhibitor for formulation of a highly effective CMP-slurry.
There’s Going to Be an Evolution: The Subject Librarian Initiative in Review

The authors examine the effect the renovation and rebranding of a traditional reference department into a more modern Knowledge Commons has had on public services at a university. The authors also discuss how this physical transformation led to a philosophical shift in the service model and how that model continues to evolve. This article discusses the adoption of the Subject Librarian Initiative as a means toward creating a more proactive form of outreach that is more conducive to the environment of the Knowledge Commons. This case study examines the first year of a 5-year implementation plan and discusses how the remaining years of the plan will be implemented.
ESTIMATION OF HEMLOCK SAWFLY (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) FECUNDITY

Mean fecundity of hemlock sawfly females emerging from cocoons collected on heavily defoliated western hemlock trees was significantly less than fecundity of females collected from lightly defoliated trees. Fecundity was highly correlated with female cocoon diameter and female forewing length, but was most highly correlated with both variables combined. Time-saving double sampling techniques are discussed for determining mean fecundities of new samples when mean cocoon diameter and forewing length are known.
Removing Motion Blur With Space–Time Processing

Although spatial deblurring is relatively well understood by assuming that the blur kernel is shift invariant, motion blur is not so when we attempt to deconvolve on a frame-by-frame basis: this is because, in general, videos include complex, multilayer transitions. Indeed, we face an exceedingly difficult problem in motion deblurring of a single frame when the scene contains motion occlusions. Instead of deblurring video frames individually, a fully 3-D deblurring method is proposed in this paper to reduce motion blur from a single motion-blurred video to produce a high-resolution video in both space and time. Unlike other existing approaches, the proposed deblurring kernel is free from knowledge of the local motions. Most importantly, due to its inherent locally adaptive nature, the 3-D deblurring is capable of automatically deblurring the portions of the sequence, which are motion blurred, without segmentation and without adversely affecting the rest of the spatiotemporal domain, where such blur is not present. Our method is a two-step approach; first we upscale the input video in space and time without explicit estimates of local motions, and then perform 3-D deblurring to obtain the restored sequence.
Further sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus maximiliani

Abstract By using HPLC, a new melampolide, a known heliangolide and three known germacrolides were isolated as minor constituents from a north central Texas population of Helianthus maximiliani . In an earlier report, we identified the germacrolide desacetyleupaserrin as the principal sesquiterpene lactone from this population.
Gastric vs small-bowel feeding in critically ill children receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomized controlled trial.

Study objectives: To determine the effect of feeding tube position (gastric vs small bowel) on adequacy of nutrient delivery and feeding complications, including microaspiration, in critically ill children. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Pediatric ICU in a university teaching hospital. Patients: Seventy-four critically ill patients Interventions: All feeding tubes were inserted at the bedside. Color, pH, and bilirubin concentration of the feeding tube aspirates were used to guide placement. Final tube position was confirmed radiographically. Continuous feedings were advanced to achieve a caloric goal based on age and body weight. Tracheal secretions were collected daily and tested for gastric pepsin by immunoassay. Measurements and results: Thirty-two patients were randomized to the gastric group, and 42 patients were randomized to the small-bowel group. Twelve patients exited the study because a small-bowel tube could not be placed at the bedside, leaving 30 patients in the small-bowel group. Gastric and small-bowel groups were similar at baseline in age, sex, percentage of ideal body weight, serum prealbumin concentration, and pediatric risk of mortality score. The percentage of daily caloric goal achieved was less in the gastric group compared to the small-bowel group (30 ± 23% vs 47 ± 22%, p Conclusions: Small-bowel feeds allow a greater amount of nutrition to be successfully delivered to critically ill children. Small-bowel feeds do not prevent aspiration of gastric contents.
Comparative adaptations of Aphanizomenon and Anabaena for nitrogen fixation under weak irradiance

Summary 1. In situ measurements of nitrogen fixation rates for Aphanizomenon in fertile Colorado lakes with low inorganic nitrogen concentrations demonstrated high efficiency of nitrogen fixation at low irradiance. 2. For study populations, rates of N2 fixation in darkness and with alternating exposure to light and darkness were a higher percentage of light-saturated rates for Aphanizomenon than for Anabaena, suggesting storage of reduced metabolites at high irradiance that are used subsequently by Aphanizomenon when cells are forced by mixing into zones of low irradiance. Also, saturation of N2 fixation occurred over a lower range of irradiance for Aphanizomenon than for Anabaena. 3. High efficiency of N2 fixation in Aphanizomenon at low or fluctuating irradiance is complementary to its previously demonstrated high efficiency of photosynthesis at low irradiance. Nitrogen fixation rate was also strongly related to DIN concentration; fixation was highest at low DIN (maximum < 5 μg L−1) but was also most vulnerable to photoinhibition under such conditions. 4. The fixation capabilities of Aphanizomenon under weak or varying irradiance could explain its commonly observed domination over Anabaena when transparency is low and available nitrogen is scarce.
Effective Downregulation of HLA-A*2 and HLA-B*57 by Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates Cultured from Elite Suppressors

Elite controllers or suppressors (ES) are human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients who control viral replication to <50 copies/ml without antiretroviral therapy. Downregulation of HLA class I molecules is an important mechanism used by HIV-1 to evade the immune system. In this study, we showed that primary isolates from ES are as effective as isolates obtained from patients with progressive HIV-1 disease at downregulating HLA-A*2 and HLA-B*57 molecules on primary CD4(+) T cells. Thus, a diminished ability of viral isolates from ES to evade HIV-specific immune responses probably does not contribute to the control of viral replication in these patients.
The jurisdictional scope of Soviet criminal law: Ideological and policy determinants

How WIDELY OR NARROWLY a regime chooses to stretch the limits of its criminal law mandate says much about its outlook on the international environment and what deference it elects to afford the claim here staked out by other members of the world community. A status quo minded leadership will tend to play the game conservatively in the sense of asking for itself the same array of rights and immunities that it is prepared to grant the rest of the company. By contrast, a radical entrant is apt to behave confrontationally and strive to indulge his own preferences at the expense of the treatment to which his fellow states think they are equally entitled. The Soviet record in this matter attracts attention for three reasons. First, the performance offers a classic example of how the ebb and flow of revolutionary fervour found reflection in the successive modes of drawing the boundaries of the nation's criminal law beat. Second, the Soviet Union and its self-appointed heirs have in recent years evinced a growing interest in entering into cooperative ventures with other states for the purposes of mutual procurement of legal assistance. In the field of criminal law, these projects entail, inter alia, traffic in criminal offenders with the object of furthering the effective administration of justice by the parties. The format of rendition services sought and supplied between states is expected to match the compass of the jurisdictional writ fixed by the respective domestic legal canon. A state does not ordinarily bother to bid for the extradition of an individual if, once in possession of the de cuius, the workings of its own law estop the latter's prosecution. Nothing would be accomplished by the exercise, except, of course, waste of time, energy and money. By the same token, the decision to surrender an alleged malefactor to another state is substantively affected by whether or not the person can be tried by the host state and that opportunity, too, hinges on the designated contours of the local legal system's theatre of operations. Third, the constitutional crisis which brought the USSR to an end has set the stage for an overhaul of the old pattern of relations between the constituent republics and the topic of how they will divide the estate and each then propose to run its share of the business among themselves and in the global marketplace ranks high on their current agenda.
Photon Stimulated Desorption of Fluorine from Silicon Etched by XeF2

We have measured soft x-ray photoemission and photon stimulated desorption (PSD) from silicon surfaces which were etched by XeF2. These surfaces are covered with a layer approximately 20A thick composed of a mixture of silicon fluoride reaction intermediates. The relative intensities of both photoemission and PSD spectral features arising from each of the various SiFx species depends strongly on the structure of the overlayer. Since photoemission measurements probe the entire reaction layer and PSD is sensitive to only the very outermost atomic layer, a comparison of these data can reveal structural details. The relative proportion of fluorides measured with photoemission varied slightly from run to run, but always showed a mixture of SiF, SiF2 and SiF3, along with a small amount of trapped SiF4. The species observed with PSD, however, varied considerably more than the corresponding photoemission spectra. Some surfaces showed only SiF3 spectral features while others showed features indicative of all three of the subfluorides. The implications of these results on the structure of the reaction layer are discussed.
Specific Heat and Transitions of Ethylene Copolymers with Low Co-Unit Content

Although the transitions found in linear polyethylene have been extensively studied there is still wide-spread disagreement as to their assignment and molecular origin.(1) (2) This problem is particularly acute with respect to the glass temperature which has been assigned values ranging from about −125°C to −20°C depending on the investigation.(3) (4) (5) These difficulties are undoubtedly caused by complications that are introduced by crystallinity and the associated morphology. The glass temperature of a highly crystalline homopolymer is not easily susceptible to direct measurements. A standard way of determining the glass temperature in this case is to extrapolate to the pure polymer, the glass temperatures determined for a series of copolymers of varying co-unit content.(6) (7) However, adopting this procedure to copolymers of linear polyethylene involves some major problems. Completely amorphous ethylene copolymers (at the glass temperature) have been limited to ethylene contents less than about 50 mole percent.(8) The extrapolation to pure polyethylene is thus very long, and very highly inaccurate. Consequently, this procedure for determining Tg for the homopolymer is virtually meaningless with the data presently available for ethylene copolymers, (3) (8) arguments to the contrary notwithstanding.
Low-Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy of Mammalian Fertilization In Vitro: Preparation of Oocytes

Abstract: To optimize specimen-processing protocols for investigations of fertilization in mammals, with high-resolution, low-voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM), bovine oocytes matured in vitro were prepared by either aldehyde fixation, conductive staining, or high-pressure cryoimmobilization with freeze-substitution. Samples prepared by these different preparative techniques were coated with either platinum or gold and imaged with an LVSEM operating at 1.5 keV. Additionally, aldehyde-fixed oocytes, sputter-coated with gold, were imaged with a conventional scanning electron microscope (cSEM). The results show that bovine oocytes prepared by aldehyde fixation or cryoimmobilized by high-pressure freezing produced superior images of the zona pellucida (ZP) compared with those from the conductive stained samples. A comparison of LVSEM and cSEM images suggests that the gold-coating employed in cSEM preparation obscures the ZP detail seen with the LVSEM, but not with the cSEM. Application of these procedures provide not only a new view of the ZP but may be useful in elucidating the molecular mechanism of gamete interactions during the fertilization process.
Assessing the Risk of Hemorrhagic Complication following Transjugular Liver Biopsy in Bone Marrow Transplantation Recipients

Abstract Purpose To determine if recipients of bone marrow transplants (BMTs) are at increased risk of hemorrhagic complications following transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB). Materials and Methods TJLBs in BMT and non-BMT patients between January 2007 and July 2014 were reviewed. Patient demographic and pre- and postprocedural laboratory data were reviewed. Mean platelet count and International Normalized Ratio were 174,300 × 10 3 /µL ± 107.3 (standard deviation) and 1.2 ± 0.4, respectively, for BMT recipients, compared with 88,100 × 10 3 /µL ± 70.9 and 1.2 ± 0.5, respectively, for non-BMT. Patients in whom hemoglobin level decreased by > 1 g/dL and/or required transfusion within 15 days of TJLB were reviewed to determine the presence of a biopsy-related hemorrhagic complication. Results A total of 1,600 TJLBs in 1,120 patients were analyzed. Of these, 183 TJLBs in 159 BMT recipients and 1,417 TJLBs in 961 patients non-BMT patients were performed. Thirteen TJLBs were complicated by hemorrhage: five in BMT (2.9%) and eight in the non-BMT cohorts (0.6%; P 3 /µL) in all but one patient (8 × 10 3 /µL). BMT recipients had an odds ratio of 4.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.25–17.3) for post-TJLB bleeding/hemorrhage compared with those without BMTs ( P Conclusions TJLB continues to be a safe procedure in the vast majority of patients. However, hemorrhagic complications occurred at a rate of 2.9% in BMT recipients, compared with 0.6% in patients without BMTs, and therefore caution should be exercised when performing TJLB in this group.
Supplement, Not Supplant? The Political Economy of Federal Education Grants

How does the transfer of federal revenue to subnational governments affect revenue-raising behavior at the subnational level? This paper uses education finance data to examine the relationship between fiscal federalism, ethnic diversity, and the behavior of local governments in public goods provision. I expand a model by Alesina, Baqir, and Easterly (1999) to allow for two different public goods, one provided by the federal government and one provided by the local government, taking into account that citizens in a federal system pay comparatively more directly for services provided by the local government than for services provided by the federal government. It finds that although there is an inverse relationship between a local school district's level of ethnic fractionalization and its locally-raised revenue, the federal government partially compensates for this phenomenon: a district's demographic change from 90 percent white, 5 percent black, and 5 percent Hispanic to 80 percent white, 15 percent black, and 5 percent Hispanic is associated with a $23,428 (6 percent) increase in federal revenue and a $81,187 (2.5 percent) decrease in local revenue, meaning the federal government compensates for about one-third of the loss in local revenue in the event of such a demographic change. Given my finding of federal compensation for lower spending, I consider whether local school districts behave strategically more broadly in order to qualify for additional federal grants, and find some evidence that they do.
Avian scale development. VII. Relationships between morphogenetic and biosynthetic differentiation.

Epidermal-dermal tissue interactions during development control not only the morphogenesis of skin derivatives, but also the synthesis of the α- and β-keratins, which are the products of distinct structural genes. The electrophoretic patterns of the s-carboxymethyl (SCM) derivatives of the keratins produced by either embryonic or hatched chick epidermis from normal overlapping scales (scutate and scutellate scales), the radially symmetrical scales (reticulate scales), and the general body integument have been compared with the patterns from corresponding regions of birds homozygous for the gene, scaleless (scsc). We find six polypeptides in the molecular weight range of α-keratin, three β-keratins, and one major polypeptide of an intermediate molecular weight; any of which may or may not be present in a given tissue. Our comparisons show (1) that for some regions of the integument there are inconsistencies between the data obtained from our electrophoretic studies and those obtained from fine structural and X-ray diffraction studies (i.e., some regions which are fine structurally distinct give identical SDS-PAGE patterns); (2) that the biosynthetic differentiation of the overlapping scales is dependent upon specific morphogenetic events, while the biosynthetic differentiation of the reticulate scales is not; and (3) that there is region-specific gene expression for the epidermal keratins of all scaled regions when compared with the keratins of all nonscaled regions of the integument.
A Genetically Encoded Alkyne Directs Palladium-Mediated Protein Labeling on Live Mammalian Cell Surface

The merging of site-specific incorporation of small bioorthogonal functional groups into proteins via amber codon suppression with bioorthogonal chemistry has created exciting opportunities to extend the power of organic reactions to living systems. Here we show that a new alkyne amino acid can be site-selectively incorporated into mammalian proteins via a known orthogonal pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNACUA pair and directs an unprecedented, palladium-mediated cross-coupling reaction-driven protein labeling on live mammalian cell surface. A comparison study with the alkyne-encoded proteins in vitro indicated that this terminal alkyne is better suited for the palladium-mediated cross-coupling reaction than the copper-catalyzed click chemistry.
Optical Modulation Spectroscopy of a-Si:H Based Multilayer Structures

Steady state optical modulation spectrum of a-Si:H/a-SiN x :H multilayer structure, its temperature dependence and time decay have been studied. For multilayers with very thin sublayers the onset of the spectrum is more gradual and occurs at higher energy than the spectrum for unlayered a-Si:H, indicating a broadening of the band tail. For larger layer thicknesses the optical modulation spectrum is compared to that for P-doped a-Si:H and interpreted as due to charged dangling bonds at the interfaces.