cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model-based I/O interface synthesis framework for the cross-platform software modeling

In model-based development, executable software (e.g., C or Java code) can be generated from a high-level model using a code generator. However, the execution of the generated software on a target platform remains a challenge due to a mismatch in communication semantics assumed by the model and the platform-dependent software (e.g., sampling/actuation routines). This paper proposes an input/output (I/O) interface module that bridges this semantic gap by means of buffers and interface policies, which explicitly capture the information required to adapt the model's communication semantics to that of the platform. We present a framework that can be used to systematically synthesize — directly from the model — the I/O interfaces and accompanying APIs that the generated software and the platform-dependent software need to communicate with one another. Our interface policies can also encode relaxations of a model semantics that may not be implementable, thus making derivations of the implemented systems from the model traceable. We illustrate the applicability and the benefits of our framework with a case study of an infusion pump.
Covariance analysis and associated spectra for classes of nonstationary processes

In 1951, Cramer introduced a class of nonstationary processes. This broad class of processes contains the important harmonizable and stationary classes of processes. The Cramer class can have additional structure imposed upon it through Cesaro summability considerations. These refined Cramer classes, termed (c,p)-summable Cramer, have recently been considered by Swift (in: M.M. Rao (Ed.), Real and Stochastic Analysis: Recent Advances, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997, p. 303). In this paper, the relationship between the (c,p)-summable Cramer classes and the (KF,p) classes of processes introduced by Rao in 1985 is considered. The (KF,p) classes of processes are a generalization of the class of processes considered by Kampe de Feriet and Frenkiel. A continuity theorem for the (KF,p) classes is obtained. This result yields a spectral representation for the (KF,p) classes. Some (KF,p) class processes are shown to arise as the solution to a difference equation obtained from a linear model of a noisy communication channel.
Ligand exchange reactions of bis(trifluoromethly)mercury; The preparation of (CF3)4Ge and (CF3)2SnBr2 from (CF3)2Hg.

Abstract In sealed tube reactions bis(trifluoromethyl)mercury has been shown to exchange ligands with halogenated compounds such as GeBr 4 and SnBr 4 to produce a series of trifluoromethyl containing germanium and tin compounds including Ge(CF 3 ) 4 and Sn(CF 3 ) 2 Br 2 . These exchange reactions are shown to be synthically useful provided the desired products are stable at the required reaction temperatures.
Food, culture, and human health in Alaska: an integrative health approach to food security.

Abstract Multiple climatic and socioeconomic drivers have come in recent years to interfere with the ability of Alaska's ‘bush’ communities to achieve food security with locally available food resources. Livelihoods traditionally centered on the harvest of wild, country foods, are transitioning to a cash economy, with increasing reliance on industrially produced, store-bought foods. While commercially available foods provide one measure of food security, availability and quality of these foods is subject to the vagaries and vulnerabilities of a global food system: access is dependent on one's ability to pay; most importantly, perhaps these foods often do not fulfill many of the roles that country foods have played in these communities and cultures. This transition is having severe consequences for the health of people and viability of rural communities, yet in ways not always tracked by conventional food security methodologies and frameworks. This paper expands the discussion of food security, premised on an integrative model of health that links sociocultural, ecological, psychological, and biomedical aspects of individual and community health. We use the Alaska case to illustrate that if food security is to be understood as a matter of human health, then our definitions of and designs for food security must recognize food's multifaceted and often regionally nuanced role in creating positive health outcomes.
Adult perception of infant appearance: A review

Recent research is reviewed which deals with adult perception of variations in specific features of infant appearance. While there is relative consensus as to the general features which compose the "babyishness" ideal type, there is less work examining the representative variation of these specific features as a function of gestational age or infant population. An important distinction is made between behavioral expressivity and morphological appearance. Research on infant behavioral assessment and social expressiveness is assessed with regard to how well different studies account for the distinct influence of behavioral expressivity and morphological appearance. Several ways of accounting for the functional significance of infant appearance are presented and speculation is given as to the effect of infant appearance on the developing adult-infant relationship.
Bureaucratic factors in the adoption of gis by public organizations: Preliminary evidence from public administrators and planners☆

Abstract Among the goals of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis is the development of programs to transfer knowledge about GIS to public organizations. Achievement of this goal depends on a number of factors, among them technical, financial, and political conditions, as well as bureaucratic structures that influence the adoption of new innovations generally, and GIS specifically. In this paper, I argue that because of organizational reliance on “standard operating procedures” on the one hand, and professional training and socialization on the other, public organizations tend to favor the status quo, while public administrators screen out the geographical components of professional tasks and rely on nongeographic information systems. This argument is based on a theoretical understanding of bureaucracy, organizational decision-making, and the search for information used by organizations in the decision-making process. I provide support for this argument based on a study of the use of geographic information by public administrators and planners, as evidenced by the presence of maps, within the professional publications of the American Society for Public Administration and the American Institute of Certified Planners/American Planning Association.
1058 INTRARENAL BLOOD FLOW (RBF) AFTER ENDOtOXIC SHOCK (ES)

The purpose of this study was to determine distribution of IRBF in infant puppies in response to ES. Studies were performed in 18 mongrel puppies age 10-20 days. Cardiac output (CO), total renal blood flow (RBF) and IRBF was determined by dye dilution and the injection of 25 μ radiolabeled microspheres into the left ventricle. ES was produced by IV injection of 10 mgm/kg of E coli 0111 B4. These data demonstrate that RBF falls significantly 5 min. after ES and begins to increase by 20 min. OC and IC flow is initially unchanged; in late ES, IC flow is maintained as a result of a significant fall in OC flow. This response of IRBF may play a role in renal functional response to ES.
Methyl-d3 isotope effects and the origin of α-methyl substituent effects

Abstract The kinetic isotope effects on the solvolysis of a series of 1-methyl-d 3 compounds was determined. A linear correspondence between α-methylsubstituent effects and methyl-d 3 isotope effects is presented and discussed.
Synergistic effect of heme and IL-1 on hematopoietic stromal regeneration after radiation.

Results from this study show that a combination of heme and interleukin-1 (IL-1) treatment resulted in the most improved recovery of hematopoietic-stromal regeneration after sublethal irradiation. Less pronounced effects were obtained when heme or IL-1 were given singly. Sublethal irradiation of mice produced an initial (as early as day 1) intense depression of the hematopoietic system as evidenced by leukopenia. In vivo treatment of animals with heme in combination with IL-1, accelerated hematopoietic and stromal regeneration as determined by hematopoietic spleen colony forming unit assay (CFU-S), erythroid (BFU-E), myeloid (CFU-GM) clonal cultures, long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC), and the ability to regenerate hematopoiesis by ectopic (renal) stromal hemopoietic transplantation. Sixteen days after irradiation, leukocyte levels in heme and IL-1 treatment groups were higher than non-treated animals and were near normal values by 27 days. One day after irradiation, the capacity of stromal progenitors to form new bone and hematopoietic cells (ectopic foci) was severaly impaired, but recovered after 2–4 weeks. This recovery process was accelerated in heme and IL-1-treated animals. BFU-E, CFU-GM, and CFU-S capacity was also severely impaired in all animals 1–27 days after irradiation. CFU-S was only 0.15% of control by day 1 and 5% of control by day 16. Treatment with heme or IL-1 improved recovery by as much as 70% after 27 days of irradiation. A similar but enhanced recovery was seen for BFU-E and CFU-GM, with erythroid recovery the best. Total cellularity, adherent cell layer (ACL) formation, and donogenic capacity by LTBMCs (10 weeks) derived from irradiated animals was severely reduced, whereas the hematopoietic capacity by LTBMCs derived from heme- and IL-1-treated animals had recovery values similar to non-irradiated controls. These results suggest therapeutic use of heme and IL-1 after chemotherapy or bone marrow depression may be beneficial. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Treatment of cycling female rats with fluoxetine induces desensitization of hypothalamic 5-HT1A receptors with no change in 5-HT2A receptors

Abstract Although women constitute the majority of patients who receive treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, most animal studies of SSRIs are conducted on males. The present study investigated whether long-term treatment of cycling female rats with fluoxetine alters their estrous cycle and the sensitivity of hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor systems. Adult female rats received daily injections of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) for three consecutive estrous cycles ( 15.2±0.2 days) with the first injection beginning on metestrus (when circulating estrogen levels are low and stable). Fluoxetine did not alter basal plasma estradiol levels at metestrus, nor did it alter the pattern of estrous cyclicity. Rats treated with fluoxetine showed a loss in body weight. On the morning of metestrus of the fourth cycle (18 h after the last fluoxetine injection), the rats were injected with a sub-maximal dose of the 5-HT1A agonist (±)-8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 50 μg/kg, s.c.) or a maximal dose of the 5-HT2A agonist [(±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane HCl] (DOI). Plasma levels of oxytocin, ACTH and corticosterone were measured as peripheral indicators of hypothalamic 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor sensitivity. Injecting 8-OH-DPAT to saline pretreated rats produced a significant increase in plasma oxytocin (299%), ACTH (1456%) and corticosterone (170%) levels but not in plasma prolactin or renin concentrations. Greater increases in plasma levels of these hormones were observed after injecting DOI. Fluoxetine treatment completely blocked the oxytocin, ACTH and corticosterone responses to 8-OH-DPAT, but did not inhibit the effect of DOI on any hormone, thus confirming that fluoxetine treatment did not produce a deficit in the functioning of corticotropin releasing hormone or oxytocin containing neurons. These results indicate that in cycling female rats, fluoxetine treatment desensitizes hypothalamic post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor signaling. Understanding the pharmacological effects of fluoxetine in females may lead to more effective treatment of women with mood disorders.
Circadian Rhythm of Gastric Acid Secretion in Man

WE report here a circadian rhythm in human gastric acid secretion. The rate of secretion is usually greater in the evening than in the morning.
"You Are Light of the World": a Missiological Focus for the Sermon On the Mount in Matthew

Although the words of Jesus, "You are the light of the world," are much used in missiological contexts, there has been surprisingly little attention given to their significance in the gospel of Matthew. This article argues that their position, at the beginning of the Sermon on the Mount, intentionally placed between the beatitudes and Jesus' words about "righteousness," provides a missiological focus for the Sermon, and for the whole teaching of Jesus.
Spectroscopy of Hydrothermal Reactions 23: The Effect of OH Substitution on the Rates and Mechanisms of Decarboxylation of Benzoic Acid

The decarboxylation rates of aqueous benzoic acid and 12 mono-, di-, and trihydroxy derivatives of benzoic acid were compared by using spectra from a flow reactor FTIR spectroscopy cell operating at 275 bar in the temperature range of 120−330 °C. Each compound was investigated at its natural pH and as the neutral acid (pH = 1.3−1.5). The decarboxylation reactions followed the first-order (or pseudo-first-order) rate law enabling the rate constants and corresponding Arrhenius parameters of the undissociated acids to be obtained. Based on the half-lives of the reactions at 200 °C, the thermal stability of the OH substituted benzoic acids follow the order: 2,4,6 > 2,4 > 2,3,4 > 2,6 > 2,5 > 2,3 > 3,4,5 > 2 > 3,4 > 4. Solutions of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic and 3-hydroxybenzoic acids and unsubstituted benzoic acid had the highest thermal stability, whereas no decarboxylation was observed up to 330 °C at a residence time of about 45s. In general, the rate order is multiple ortho, para-OH substitution > ortho substit...
Traumatic tricuspid insufficiency

A case of traumatic rupture of chordae tendineae to the tricuspid valve is presented, and 26 previously reported cases are reviewed. A history of trauma, often occurring many years before symptoms are noted, differentiates this lesion from other causes of isolated tricuspid insufficiency. Common features of traumatic tricuspid insufficiency are a relatively long history, typical signs of tricuspid insufficiency, enlarged right atrium and almost invariably, right ventricular conduction disturbance in the absence of left heart signs and symptoms. Cardiac catheterization and tricuspid valve replacement are often required, and surgical results have been good.
A calmodulin endoproteinase from mitochondrial membranes.

A proteinase specific for calmodulin has been identified in a crude rat kidney Triton-extracted or sonicated mitochondrial fraction and solubilized by EGTA extraction of these membranes. Mitochondrial fractions from other tissues had less activity, with relative activities: kidney = spleen > tests > liver, and no detectable activity in either brain or skeletal muscle. This enzyme is active in the presence of EGTA, but not in the presence of calcium, and cleaves calmodulin into three major peptide fragments with Mr-formula> 6000, 9000 and 10 000. N-methylated-formula> and non-methylated calmodulins were both cleaved by calmodulin proteinase and while troponin was a poor substrate, it was cleaved in the presence of either calcium or EGTA. No other EF hand calcium-binding proteins or other major mitochondrial proteins were cleaved by this enzyme. The peptides resulting from calmodulin proteinase action were isolated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that calmodulin proteinase cleaves calmodulin at Lys-75. The effects of proteinase inhibitors indicate that calmodulin proteinase is a trypsin-like enzyme belonging to the serine endopeptidase family of enzymes.
Thermal-fluid control via finite-dimensional approximation

We formulate a thermal-fluid control problem wherein the physics are described by a system of partial differential equations, and the control enters through a thermal boundary condition. A finite-element approximation is used to transcribe this to a finite-dimensional Quadratic Programming problem. The finite-dimensional problem displays an expected sparcity pattern in the Jacobian of the constraints and the Hessian of the cost function. Three versions of the QP problem are considered; these differ in their treatment of certain control bounds. Numerical studies show that variants which faithfully reflect the structure of control bounds in the infinite-dimensional problem lead to well-behaved QP solutions, while variants that do not are troublesome for the QP algorithm. It is somewhat surprising that this behavior is apparent even when the finite-element grid is relatively coarse. (Author)
Differential responses of the cultivated and wild species of soybean to dehydration stress

The Dehydration Responsive Element-Binding protein/C-repeat Binding Factor (DREB/CBF) plays important roles in regulating physiological processes and downstream gene expression for drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, and wheat. 'Essex' soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was identified as tolerant and a wild soybean PI 407155 (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) as more tolerant to dehydration stress in a greenhouse screen. In this study, we cloned and characterized the Glycine DREB1 (GlyDREB1) from the dehydration-induced PI 407155 and Essex using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR, rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and northern blot. We also investigated the physiological characteristics including biomass accumulation, moisture content, and electrolyte leakage for both soybean genotypes under dehydration stress. Analysis of homologous GlyDREB1 genes from PI 407155 and Essex indicated differences in both the timing and strength of expression under dehydration stress. The GlyDREB1 in PI 407155 was rapidly induced in 1 h of dehydration shock and the transcription level was much higher than that in Essex. The root system of PI 407155 maintained higher moisture content and biomass accumulation than that of Essex on the 15 d without irrigation. The percentage electrolyte leakage in Essex was almost twice that in PI 407155 under 5 d no irrigation treatment. Both molecular and physiological studies indicated that PI 407155 had higher level of tolerance to dehydration stress than Essex, therefore providing a new potential soybean genome for developing dehydration stress cultivars.
Speciated hydrocarbon emissions and the associated local ozone production from an automotive gasoline engine

AbstractConcentrations of total and individual exhaust gas hydrocarbon species were measured from a contemporary automotive gasoline engine to gain insight into how an engine's operating conditions...
Dependence of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase regulation on RNA and protein synthesis.

Abstract The conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in vivo in rats is blocked by the prior (2–5 hr) administration of actinomycin D regardless of the calcium level in the diet and the degree of vitamin D depletion. This inhibition (84%) is also observed in rachitic chicks given actinomycin D 8 hr before [3H]25 hydroxycholecalciferol. Kidney homogenates from severely rachitic chicks carry out the 1-hydroxylation which is not inhibited by actinomycin D added in vitro. Furthermore, no lag in 1-hydroxylation in vivo is observed in severely vitamin D-deficient rats. These results establish that vitamin D and its metabolites do not induce the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase. Actinomycin D or cycloheximide given in vivo markedly reduce the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase ultimately to negligible levels as measured in vitro. These results suggest that the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase and its messenger are turned over rapidly (in hours) and its sustained activity requires transcription of DNA and protein synthesis.
Rewarding and incentive motivational effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists into the median raphe and adjacent regions of the rat.

Rationale The motivational process that regulates approach behavior toward salient distal stimuli (i.e., incentive motivation) plays a key role in voluntary behavior and motivational disorders such as addiction. This process may be mediated by many neurotransmitter systems and a network of many brain structures, including the median and dorsal raphe regions (MR and DR, respectively).
Isolation from nurse shark serum of immune 7S antibodies with two different molecular weight H-chains

Abstract We have isolated 7S antibodies from the sera of nurse sharks hyperimmunized with bovine gamma globulin (BGG). The procedures employed in the purification were affinity column chromatography. BGG linked to Sepharose-4B and DE 52 column chromatography. The antibodies isolated by these procedures were reactive with BGG and pure by the criteria of Ouchterlony. immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Reductive cleavage of the 7S anti-BGG antibodies with dithiothreitol (DTT) produced predominantly 50,000 mol. wt H-chains and to a lesser degree. 72.000 mol. wt H-chains on SDS-PAGE. The L-chains were of 23.000 mol. wt. Natural 19S and 7S immunoglobulins were purified from non-immune shark sera by low ionic strength precipitation (Jensen, 1969). polyethylene glycol precipitation, DE 52 column chromatography and Concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity column chromatography. Reductive cleavage of the natural 19S and 7S immunoglobulins with DTT and analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed only 72,000 mol. wt H-chains and 23.000 mol. wt L-chains. Experimental evidence indicated that two types of 7S anti-BGG antibodies were engendered after immunization, one with H-chains of 50,000 mol. wt 7S(IgH 50 ) and another with H-chains of 72.000 mol. wt 7S (IgM). The IgH 50 is present in non-immune sera at low concentrations. A sensitive and specific procedure was developed to detect the IgH 5 immunoglobulins in non-immune sera. It involved: fluorescent labeling of the shark's immunoglobulins: specific precipitation of the labeled immunoglobulins, and separation and detection of the fluorescent labeled H-chains.
The obesity-hypoventilation syndrome and respiratory failure in the acute trauma patient.

Abstract Background: The Emergency Department experience, for many patients, involves procedures and therapies that can compromise ventilation. In the acute trauma patient, these include spinal immobilization, supine positioning, and the administration of sedative and analgesic medications. Patients with the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome have a syndrome distinct from mere obesity, and are more sensitive to these insults. Objective: To describe a case of respiratory failure in a patient with the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome resulting from injuries and therapies that in any other patient would not be expected to cause respiratory failure. Case Report: A 59-year-old woman suffered a mechanical fall, fractured her T6 vertebral body and right proximal humerus, and, after spinal immobilization and the administration of routine doses of opioid analgesics, suffered significant hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. Reversal agents were ineffective, but non-invasive mechanical ventilation restored adequate respiration. Conclusion: Although obesity-hypoventilation syndrome occurs in only a minority of morbidly obese patients, it is important because the consequences of respiratory failure can be severe if not recognized and anticipated. Such patients will not be able to adequately increase ventilation in response to mounting hypercapnia. The condition is easily addressed through non-invasive ventilation.
Sonoluminescence tomography of turbid media

A novel optical imaging technique was developed for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging of tissue-like turbid media. By use of a sonoluminescence signal generated internally in the media by continuous-wave ultrasound, two-dimensional images were produced for objects embedded in turbid media by raster scanning the media. Multiple objects of different shapes were resolved using this imaging technique. The images showed a high contrast and good spatial resolution. The spatial resolution was limited by the focal size of the ultrasonic focus.
Networked. The new social operating system

Social scientists have grown accustomed to talk about the revolutionary consequences of digital technologies. The revolution is everywhere: in how we think, how we work, how we create, how we organ...
Nitrate uptake dynamics of surface transient storage in stream channels and fluvial wetlands

River systems are important regulators of anthropogenic nitrogen flux between land and ocean. Nitrogen dynamics in small headwater streams have been extensively measured, whereas less is known about contributions of other components of stream networks to nitrogen removal, including larger streams or fluvial wetlands. Here, we quantified nitrate reaction rates in higher-order stream channels and in surface transient storage (STS) zones (sub-systems with greater water residence time than the main channel) of the Ipswich River watershed, a temperate basin characterized by suburban development. We characterized uptake in STS both within higher-order stream channels and in fluvial wetlands that remain connected to advective fluxes but not constrained within channels. We compare reaction rates in these systems to those previously measured in headwater streams in the same basin. We found that (1) nitrate reaction rates (as uptake velocity, υf) in higher-order streams (n = 2) differed from each other but were consistent with previous estimates from headwater streams, (2) nitrate reaction rates in STS zones within higher-order stream channels (n = 2) were higher than rates estimated at the whole-stream scale, (3) ambient nitrate reaction rates in fluvial wetland STS (n = 7) were high but comparable to headwater streams with low nitrate concentration, (4) nitrate reaction rates were higher in fluvial wetland STS compared to headwater stream channels at elevated nitrate concentration, and (5) efficiency loss (EL) similar to that found in headwater streams was also apparent in fluvial wetlands. These results indicate that STS are potential hotspots of biogeochemical activity and should be explicitly integrated into network scale biogeochemical models. Further, experimental evidence of EL in fluvial wetlands suggests that the effectiveness of STS to retain N may decline if N loading increases.
A Florentine chansonnier of the early sixteenth century: Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, MS Magliabechi xix 117*

The legacy of Pierre Attaingnant, Royal Printer of Music, has done much to clarify our knowledge of the French polyphonic chanson during the first half of the sixteenth century. The great Parisian printer's invention and introduction of music printing with movable type in 1528 contributed to an increasing coalescence in the style of the chansons composed in France between 1530 and 1550. By midcentury, composers at the French royal court and throughout the provinces, too, routinely composed what came to be known as Parisian chansons, the genre most clearly exemplified in the works of Claudin de Sermisy.
Acid rain: Threshold of leaf damage in eight plant species from a Southern Appalachian forest succession

Eight plant species were subjected to artifical acid rains of pH 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 in order to determine the threshold for and symptoms of damage. The plants were Erechtites, Robinia, Pinus, Quercus, Carya, Liriodendron, Acer and Corpus from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory near Franklin, North Carolina Droplets of pH 2.0 produced brown necrotic spots on all species except Pinus while droplets of pH 1.0 produced necroses on leaves of all species examined. The size of necrotic spots increased with increasing acidity. Comparison of these results with the literature suggests that developing leaves are more easily damaged than are the mature leaves used in this study. The volume weighted average rainfall pH for Coweeta is 4.6 with observations ranging from 3.2 to 5.9. Results of this study suggest that a 10-fold increase in acidity from pH 3.2 to 2.2 in a single spring or summer storm could bring damage or death to mature leaves of dominant flowering plants in the Southern Appalachians.
A rare cause of gastric malignancy: Burkitt's lymphoma.

A 33-year-old man presented with a 1-week history of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distension. Initial laboratory tests were significant for white blood cell count (12×109/L), creatinine (1.4mg/dL), and lactic acid dehydrogenase (2014U/L). Computed tomography scan showed severe thickening of the gastric body, ascites, and peritoneal induration (●" Fig.1a). Based on these findings the patient underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy,which revealed diffusely ulceratedmucosa involving the majority of the gastric body (●" Fig.1b). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) demonstrated gastric wall thickening of up to 50mm (●" Fig.1c). Mucosal biopsies and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the gastric wall were performed. Epstein–Barr virus and HIV serology werenegative,whereasHelicobacter pylori serologywas positive. Flowcytometryandcytologicexamination of the FNA specimendemonstratedmonotonous atypical CD10-positive B-cellswith immunohistochemical stains positive for BCL-6 and C-MYC (●" Fig.1d– f) consistent with a diagnosis of Burkitt’s lymphoma. Chemotherapy was initiated with the R-CHOP regimen as well as H. pylori eradication therapy. Burkitt’s lymphoma is a rare cause of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with an aggressive clinical course. Its sporadic variant frequently presents as extranodal disease with the gastrointestinal tract being the leading site. The terminal ileum has been reported as the most common site of gastrointestinal involvement [1]. Patients with gastrointestinal Burkitt’s lymphoma may present with abdominal pain and distension, bleeding or intestinal obstruction. Endoscopy and EUS with FNA are the most important modalities to confirm the diagnosis. In comparison with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, there are only isolated reports showing Burkitt’s lymphoma remission after H. pylori eradication [2]. Patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma localized to the stomach have better survival than those with non-gastric involvement [3]. Burkitt’s lymphoma of the stomach is rare and can be difficult to diagnose. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis when gastric wall thickening is found on imaging. EUS has an increasingly recognized role in the timely diagnosis of this condition.
From civilization to globalization: the ‘West’ as a shifting signifier in Indian modernity

This article tracks the shifting cultural meanings that the East/West distinction has produced in the history of nationalism in colonial and post-colonial India. It does so by focusing on the word “civilization” and the role it played in promoting a rich sense of inter-cultural dialogue in the writings of nationalist leaders such as Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, and Jawaharlal Nehru. The article documents how the word figures with much reduced significance in contemporary cultural debates about globalization in India and concludes by asking if the rise of China and India to global prominence holds the potential today to initiate a conversation across cultures similar to the one that accompanied the rise of the West in the age of modern imperial rule.
MPEP, a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist, attenuates conditioned taste aversion in rats.

Abstract Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been implicated in several types of cognitive and associative learning. Although recent evidence indicates an influence of mGluRs in conditioned taste aversion (CTA), the subtype-specific involvement of mGluRs in this learning paradigm remained to be determined. The aim of this study was to examine the role of Group I mGluR subtypes in CTA using a selective mGluR5 antagonist (2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine, MPEP) and a selective mGluR1 antagonist (1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, AIDA). Male, water-deprived, Sprague–Dawley rats were injected i.p. with 6 or 12 mg/kg MPEP or saline. Twenty-five minutes later, all rats received 15-min access to a 0.1% saccharin solution (Sac) immediately followed by an injection of 0.15 M LiCl at 1.33% body weight. The animals were tested with 15-min access to Sac on each of four test days. MPEP-treated animals consumed more Sac on the test trials than saline-treated rats. In another experiment, controlled access to Sac was used by infusing the solution on the conditioning trial. Consistent with the above results, MPEP attenuated the degree of CTA. Similar experiments using the mGluR1 antagonist AIDA, have found no effect on CTA learning. These results suggest that the two subtypes of Group I mGluRs are differentially involved in taste aversion learning.
On the slow uptake of hydrogen by platinized carbon

Abstract The net slow uptake of hydrogen by platinized carbon is decreased drastically or suppressed altogether when the carbon contaminant on the platinum surface is burned off prior to the adsorption measurements. Contamination of the metal by carbon seems to provide bridges permitting surface diffusion of hydrogen atoms from platinum to the carbon support. A convenient manostat is described for use in adsorption and kinetic studies at constant pressure.
Epidural compression from metastatic tumor with resultant paralysis.

To determine the value of the usually given ‘urgent ’ palliative radiotherapy in paraplegic patients with epidural compression from metastatic tumor, 20 consecutive cases treated between 1981 and 1986 were retrospectively analyzed. Bronchogenic and prostatic carcinoma were the more common extraspinal sources of metastasis. Epidural metastasis involved the thoracic spine in most cases. The onset of neurological symptomatology was frequently within two weeks prior to hospitalization. The majority of the subjects received at least 3000 cGy given in 10 to 15 fractions. Symptomatic (pain relief) response rate was 78 (7/9) percent. The observed period of survival averaged 2.5 months after treatment. This study reaffirmed the little chance for recovery of lost limb(s) motor function. None of the patients (most of whom were paraplegic from two to 90 days pre-irradiation) became ambulatory including the two in whom irradiation was administered within 24 hours from the onset of paraplegia.
Gender, appraisal, and coping : a longitudinal analysis

ABSTRACT For 21 consecutive days, 186 male and female college students recalled the most stressful event of the day, recorded how the event was appraised, and indicated the coping methods they employed as well as their perceived effectiveness and the sequence in which they were used. Gender differences in seven coping strategies were examined in terms of frequency of use, extent of use, relative use, and the frequency with which each method was used first in the coping sequence. The gender differences that emerged were consistent with a socialization hypothesis that predicts more problem-focused coping in men and more use of support seeking and emotion-focused coping in women. Both men and women rated problem-focused coping responses as more generally effective than seeking social support, and the latter as more effective than emotion-focused coping responses. Additionally, we explored the roles of stressor type and of threat, challenge, and control appraisals in the observed gender differences.
Acculturation and Glycemic Control of Asian Indian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is disproportionately high among Asian Indians (AI), one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the United States (US). Poorly controlled diabetes associated with inadequate self-management increases complications and thus medical costs. Acculturation may be an important determinant of diabetes self-management and hence control. This study examined the association between the degree of acculturation and glycemic control as measured by Hemoglobin A1c in AI adults with type 2 diabetes. A mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) study was conducted among 30 AI adults with type 2 diabetes. Acculturation assessment using the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-identity Instrument was followed by socio-demographic questions, self-reported anthropometric measures, and open ended diabetes self-care questions. A two-step multiple regression analysis and content analysis of verbatim interview transcriptions were conducted. Interactions of acculturation with body mass index (interaction b = 1.11; p = 0.01), annual household income (interaction b = 7.19; p = .01), and diabetes duration (interaction b = .30; p = .02) significantly predicted higher HbA1c levels (R(2) change = .368; F change = 4.21; p = .02). From the qualitative interviews, the following were regarded as US specific facilitators for glycemic control: excellent health care system and facilities, availability of healthy food choices and self-monitoring devices, medical insurance benefits, good quality medications, and improved health awareness. Cultural orientation might be important for patient tailored interventions targeting AI with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, interventions targeted at Asian Indians with diabetes should include culture specific adaptations to nutrition education and support.
ON THE TOPOLOGY OF THE GENETIC FINE STRUCTURE.

From the classical researches of Morgan and his school [1], the chromosome is known as a linear arrangement of hereditary elements, the "genes." These elements must have an internal structure of their own. At this finer level, within the "gene" the question arises again: what is the arrangement of the sub-elements? Specifically, are they linked together in a linear order analogous to the higher level of integration of the genes in the chromosome? Until recently, the sensitivity of genetic analysis has been insufficient to answer this question. Mapping of a genetic structure is done by observing the recombination of its parts, and recombination involving parts of the structure that are very close together is a rare event. Observation of such rare events requires very many offspring and a selective trick for detecting the few individuals in which the event is recorded. It is for this reason that microorganism are the material of choice for studies of genetic fine structure, and have made it feasible to extend the fineness of genetic mapping by orders of magnitude. In favorable systems, the attainable resolution reaches the level of the molecular subunits of the hereditary material. and experimental testing of the linear arrangement of the finest structural details is therefore possible. A number of cases have been investigated on this level [2]. As a rule, closely linked mutations affecting the same characteristic can be seriated in an unambiguous way, suggesting a linear model. However, the "distances" (i.e., recombination frequencies) between mutations are not always strictly additive, and certain complexities ("negative interference" effects [3,4]) make quantitative analysis difficult. As pointed out by Muller [5] in regard to similar difficulties encountered in mapping on the chromosomal level, strict additivity of "distances" should not be taken as the criterion for the linear character of an array. A crucial examination of the question should be made from the point of view of topology, since it is a matter of how the parts of the structure are connected to each other, rather than of the distances between them. Experiments to explore the topology should ask qualitative questions (e.g., do two parts of the structure touch each other or not?) rather than quantitative ones (how far apart are they?). In what follows, such an investigation is attempted for a small portion of the genetic structure of a virus, the "rII" region of phage T4. Using only qualitative tests, an examination is made of the topology of this structure at the molecular level.
Saturn's rings - Infrared brightness variation with solar elevation

The main subject of the discussed investigation is the infrared brightness variation of the A, B, and C rings, as a function of solar elevation. Existing models for the B ring are not entirely satisfactory. A description is presented of a model applicable to all three rings. This model and other existing models are compared with the available data. Particular attention is given to the 20-micrometer observations of Saturn's rings. It is found that the brightness variation of the A and B rings with solar elevation angle can be well modeled by an optically thick monolayer of particles, or equivalently, a flat sheet, emitting on one side only. This points to a temperature contrast between the two sides of the ring plane. The infrared brightness of the C ring increases as the solar elevation angle with respect to the ring plane decreases.
Therapeutic ERCP in the management of pancreatitis in children

Abstract Background: The use of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is increasing in the management of pancreatobiliary diseases in children. Methods: Over a 32-month period, we performed 34 ERCP procedures for the treatment of pancreatitis in 22 children at two university hospitals. Demographics and clinical data and ERCP findings were documented. Clinical status was assessed 6 months before the first ERCP and 6 months after the last ERCP, according to general condition, severity and frequency of pain, and health care encounters (emergency department visits, clinic visits, and hospital admissions related to the pancreatitis). Results: Mean age of the patients was 10.7 years (range 1.5 to 17 years). Abdominal pain was the main presenting symptoms with hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia. Clinical diagnoses included acute pancreatitis (6), recurrent pancreatitis (5), and chronic pancreatitis (11). The mean follow-up was 16.4 months. Nine patients had sphincter manometry, with abnormal results leading to biliary sphincterotomy in 4. Fifteen patients underwent a total of 23 therapeutic ERCP procedures unrelated to sphincter dysfunction. There were 2 complications of 34 procedures (6%), both being mild pancreatitis after sphincter manometry. There were no deaths. There was a significant reduction in frequency ( p p p p p Conclusions: Therapeutic ERCP is safe in pediatric patients with pancreatitis. Significant clinical improvement is achieved in patients with biliary or pancreatic stone disease. Prospective studies with long-term follow-up are needed to determine the impact of endoscopic therapy in patients with chronic pancreatitis and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:396-400.)
Possible influence of hydrogen concentration on microbial methane stable hydrogen isotopic composition

Factors affecting the stable hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of important sources of microbial methane to the atmosphere include oxidation, methanogenic precursor (e.g., acetate vs. CO2H2), and the δD of the environmental water. Variations in hydrogen gas concentrations or rates of interspecies hydrogen transfer resulting from variations in organic matter degradation rates may also affect δD-CH4. Methane produced via CO2 reduction by laboratory cultures (Balabane et al., 1987) was about 150‰ more D-depleted than methane produced in shallow marine sediments from CO2H2. The dissolved hydrogen gas concentration in that laboratory culture was about 1 mM; whereas, hydrogen concentrations in methane-zone sediments typically range between 10 and 100 nM (e.g., Conrad, 1989). The relatively greater hydrogen isotope fractionation in the culture appears to result from the incorporation into methane of protons that are produced intracellularly from the hydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of hydrogen gas. As rumen basal hydrogen concentrations are typically greater than 1 μM (Smolenski and Robinson, 1988), this mechanism may explain why ruminant methane is more D-depleted (Wahlen et al., 1990) than methane produced via CO2 reduction in natural sedimentary environments. This process may also contribute to the wide variation in sedimentary δD-CH4 observed in natural wetlands.
Improvements to the structural condition index (SCI) for pavement structural evaluation at network level

Structural evaluation provides valuable information about the expected behaviour and response of pavements and can be used at the network level of pavement management to prioritise projects. The falling weight deflectometer (FWD) can be used to identify the beginning and end of management sections and group pavement sections with similar structural capacities. The structural condition index (SCI) was developed as a screening tool for the pavement network-level evaluation, and the FWD data are used to determine the SCI. For the successful implementation of the SCI concept at the network level, one of the critical issues is the accuracy of the index. This article evaluates the accuracy of the SCI and also discusses a concept and procedure how to improve the SCI and its algorithm for low-volume flexible pavements. A case study (Texas) illustrates that the original SCI algorithm underestimates the existing structural condition, resulting in overestimated treatments in the pavement maintenance and rehabilitation.
Distinct epitopes on the T8 molecule are differentially involved in cytotoxic T cell function

Abstract The present report attempts to determine if there are distinct epitopes on the T8 molecule that are involved in class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function. A panel of 9 monoclonal antibodies (OKT8A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I, and OKT5) was produced and all antibodies were shown to bind to the T8 molecule. This panel of antibodies was employed to characterize the distribution of distinct epitopes on the T8 molecule and to block the activity of class I-specific influenza virus-immune and allo-immune CTL effector function. Significant differences in the ability of the anti-T8 antibodies to block CTL function were observed: OKT8C and T8F blocked best (49 and 55% respectively); OKT8A,E,G,H,I, and OKT5 blocked less well (24–31%); and OKT8B blocked marginally (11%). There was no correlation between the capacity of the antibodies to block CTL function and their heavy chain isotype. Competitive binding of the different OKT8 antibodies to the cell surface and differential trypsin sensitivity of the epitopes recognized by the antibodies indicated that OKT8C and T8F were located on topographically distinct regions of the T8 molecule. These results indicate that specific epitopes on the T8 molecule are involved in CTL function, and that there could be more than one functional site on the molecule.