cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(Not) Made in Italy: Can Sustainability and Luxury Co-exist?

In the past, luxury often resonated with a tradition, superior quality, and a pampered buying experience, something that only very privileged few could afford. In recent years, the meaning of luxury has become profoundly different and transitioned into a phenomenon that primarily focuses on selling expensive designer brand names with a mere illusion of exclusiveness and superior quality to the masses. As a result of the mass luxury phenomena, a designer handbag or watch no longer serves the same purpose as before. Today owning a luxury brands does not transmit reliable information about its wearer’s socioeconomic status or background. With such dramatic changes in luxury industry, a large body of consumer research has looked into understanding why individuals seek luxury brands and high-end logo-ed merchandise across the globe. However, until recently, a rather unexplored area remains in the domain of ‘sustainable’ consumption of luxury brands. The overall question arises of the role of consumers with regards to sustainable practices in luxury industry and how these practices influence decisions or intentions to indulge in a behavior. For instance, does it matter to the consumer if a ‘Made in Italy’ handbag was actually made (in-part) off-shore in a factory? Does lack of transparency in manufacturing process and information play any role in forcing consumers to rethink about their perception of luxury brand and, of course, luxury itself? This chapter outlines a conceptual framework that explores factors that influence perception on consumption of sustainable luxury. It is built upon the idea that luxury brands acts as a psychological meaning of self-expression and symbolic association that individuals aspire to create or maintain. The ultimate goal of this chapter is to explore whether consumers are increasingly becoming conscious of the adverse effects of the social, moral, and environmental imbalances created by luxury brands. Based on existing theoretical and empirical insights from Theory of Impression Management and Value-Attitude-Behavior paradigm, it becomes evident that psychological determinants, such as symbolic value perception (i.e., self-directed and others-directed perception of the symbolic association with luxury bands), tendency to conform, moral judgment (i.e., ability to rationally engage one’s knowledge in performing actions that are responsible to the society), and hedonism, as well as individuals’ attitude toward and involvement with sustainable luxury brands can represent antecedents of intentions to purchase sustainable luxury. This exploratory work will be first of its kind and will contribute to the limited literature on consumers’ perception toward sustainable luxury.
Racing to a Renewable Transition

Historical patterns of energy transitions over the past 500 years suggest that systemic leadership transitions have become tied to transitions in the primary source of energy. A relatively inexpensive energy source is critical to literally fueling technological and economic growth that outpaces, for a time, the rest of the world. The Dutch had peat, the British had coal, and the United States had petroleum. As the world transitions away from petroleum due to dwindling supplies, and in an effort to save the planet from a climate crisis, what might be the next big source of energy that will power the world economy? The question is particularly compelling if we are in the early days of a political-economic transition with China possibly surpassing the United States at some point in this century. Which of the two leading economies, and the world’s biggest carbon emitters, are leading the world in replacing petroleum with renewable alternatives? And is their pace to the new age of renewable energy fast enough to reverse climate change? We argue that both states conversion to non-fossil fuel are critical for the welfare of their own economies and the movement to respond to the threats emanating from climate change. However, neither state, albeit for different reasons, is embracing renewable or non-fossil fuel energy to the extent necessary to feel very confident that an energy transition will occur soon enough to do much good.
Effect of GDC-0449, a hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor, on tumor activity and on erlotinib and cisplatin in a xenograft model of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activated Hh pathway.

e21057 Background: We have previously shown that chronic exposure of A549 NSCLC cell line to TGF-β1 can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and can make these cell lines (A549-M) resista...
Sport, Spectacle and Carceral Othering: The Angola Prison Rodeo and the Prison View Golf Course

Since its earliest days, the prison has been a tourist attraction. Visitors, including social critic Charles Dickens, traveled to Philadelphia’s Eastern State Penitentiary in the mid-1800s. Dickens himself critiqued the solitary nature of the prison, referring to it in his American Notes as “immeasurably worse than any torture of the body,” amounting to a type of “secret punishment” (Dickens 1957: 99). Observing the imprisoned other as amusement has evolved into a rather steady stream of entertainment whereby free people gaze upon incarcerated individuals by way of media images, films, television shows and actual visits to prisons1. Scholars Stuart Hall and Michelle Brown have studied this type of spectatorship that hinges upon the othering of particular people (Brown 2009; Hall 1997). In this chapter, I use the Louisiana State Penitentiary as a site to explore the relationship between punishment and leisure, with a particular focus on “carceral othering.” By this I mean the practice where incarceration and other disciplinary measures tied to the prison work to render incarcerated people as “other,” meaning they are objects of the prison. This othering is not always complete, though, as incarcerated people actively resist such objectification by crafting items to sell at the Penitentiary’s hobbycrafts fair, developing friendships and supporting comrades who participate in the rodeo and finding enjoyment in spending time outside despite their conditions of captivity.
Dry weight deposition in polluted Onondaga Lake, New York, U.S.A.

Short and long-term trends in dry weight deposition rates are documented for polluted Onondaga Lake, NY, based on analyses of sediment trap collections made below the epilimnion at a single deep-water location in ten years over the 1980–1992 period using cylindrical traps. Additionally, comparisons of dry weight rates obtained with two different diameter (4.0 and 7.6 cm) traps of the same aspect ratio (6), at four different depths below the epilimnion, and from the lake's two basins, in 1993, are presented to establish the representativeness of the long-term data. The near equivalence of fluxes determined with the different size traps and cumulative deposition rates measured over the range of deployment depths, and the minor differences in flux observed for the two basins, supports the representativeness of long-term data in quantifying deposition rates for the pelagic zone of the lake. Short-term variations in downward flux have been common in the lake over the period of monitoring. The summer-average dry weight deposition rate decreased systematically (by about 45%) following the closure (in 1986) of a soda ash facility that caused enhanced rates of calcium carbonate deposition; from an average of 23.2 to 12.8 g m-2 d-1. These dry weight deposition rates are high compared to values reported in the literature for other lakes, and are responsible for the lake's high rate of net sedimentation.
Teacher Effectiveness as a Function of Communicator Style

This report provides strong evidence that perceived teacher effectiveness is related to perceived communicator style—that is, the way one is perceived to communicate. A communicator style construct...
A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Cutaneous Lumbosacral and Coccygeal Physical Examination Findings in a Healthy Newborn Population.

Objective. The purpose of this study is to describe the range and frequency of cutaneous lumbosacral and coccygeal findings encountered during the newborn examination in a population of apparently ...
The Will to Forget: Nation and Forgetting in Ulysses

This chapter begins with a discussion of Ernest Renan’s influential 1882 lecture “What Is a Nation?” and its argument for the importance of national forgetting to the peace and unity of a nation-state, and then focuses on one particular literary case study, Joyce’s treatments of these issues in Ulysses. The second half of this chapter continues pursuing the complex realities of national “memory” and the nation-state—by considering the role of “place” and “space” in Irish memory and the Irish national imaginary through a series of controversies about the nature of “Irishness” and the Irish nation, from the eighteenth century to the 1998 Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland.
Mechanism-Based Disease Progression Model Describing Host-Pathogen Interactions During the Pathogenesis of Acinetobacter baumannii Pneumonia

The emergence of highly resistant bacteria is a serious threat to global public health. The host immune response is vital for clearing bacteria from the infected host; however, the current drug development paradigm does not take host-pathogen interactions into consideration. Here, we used a systems-based approach to develop a quantitative, mechanism-based disease progression model to describe bacterial dynamics, host immune response, and lung injury in an immunocompetent rat pneumonia model. Previously, Long-Evans rats were infected with Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) strain 307-0294 at five different inocula and total lung bacteria, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1), neutrophil counts, and albumin were quantified. Model development was conducted in ADAPT5 version 5.0.54 using a pooled approach with maximum likelihood estimation; all data were co-modeled. The final model characterized host-pathogen interactions during the natural time course of bacterial pneumonia. Parameters were estimated with good precision. Our expandable model will integrate drug effects to aid in the design of optimized antibiotic regimens.
Biologic rhythms and sympathetic neural control of pineal metabolism.

It is paradoxical that although we witness the manifestations of biologic aging daily in our lives and our surroundings, we still have such limited understanding of the basic mechanisms and causes of this universal process. Perhaps one of the greatest difficulties that face the science of gerontology is arriving at a concrete definition of aging that would then be the basis of and departure point for the investigation of the physiologic bases and etiology of this process. Even at an intuitive level, aging is seen to be a universal process or collection of processes which progressively and inexorably cause deleterious changes in the organism. Thus, after reaching maturity, the organism suffers a variety of involutional and degenerative changes which impair the organism’s adaptability to its external and internal environment, increase its susceptibility to the challenges of disease, and in the end result in the death of the organism.
Agricultural Labor: Gender Issues

Women are an increasing proportion of the paid agricultural labor force. They tend to be a part of flexible labor force that falls outside of normal labor protection and worker benefits. They are further vulnerable due to their gender and gender-related specific legal status-. Organization and legislation and its enforcement can contribute to gender equity.
How to Improve Written Case Analysis and Reduce Grading Time: The One-Page, Two-Case Method:

Teaching with cases, especially at universities where cases are not a regular part of the curriculum, poses challenges for both faculty and students. The results in this research present an effecti...
Modes of coral disease transmission: how do diseases spread between individuals and among populations?

Coral disease is considered an important factor in the recent decline of coral reefs worldwide; yet transmission, a critical factor for understanding disease ecology, identifying at-risk individuals and populations, and developing management options, is understudied in coral disease research. Here, we review techniques for investigating coral disease transmission using laboratory and field experiments, and modeling analyzes, and highlight how these approaches can improve our understanding of disease ecology. We summarize current knowledge about three hypothesized modes of coral disease transmission: direct contact, water borne, and vector-borne transmission. We also discuss the key challenge in studying disease transmission, which is unknown or complex etiology. Finally, we suggest potential management strategies that may result from a better understanding of coral disease transmission.
What do participants think of today’s MOOCs: an updated look at the benefits and challenges of MOOCs designed for working professionals

Literature on MOOCs has shown that understanding learners’ perspectives in taking MOOCs is critical if a MOOC needs to be successful. Now that MOOCs have been in wide use, in this study we took an updated look at learners’ perspective of taking MOOCs designed for working professionals and course aspects that these MOOC participants found beneficial. General interest in the topic, personal growth and enrichment, relevance to job, and career change were the top reasons for working professionals to enroll in MOOCs. First-time MOOC takers were more likely to seek a certificate, while MOOC veterans may complete most assignments but did not seek for a certificate. Quality materials from a reputable provider remains an important reason for working professionals to enroll in a MOOC. Offering meaningful ways for MOOC participants to interact with instructors and with each other calls for innovative designs than the current discussion forums in a learning management system can offer. This remains to be a big challenge for MOOC designers.
Multiscale porous elastomer substrates for multifunctional on-skin electronics with passive-cooling capabilities

In addition to mechanical compliance, achieving the full potential of on-skin electronics needs the introduction of other features. For example, substantial progress has been achieved in creating biodegradable, self-healing, or breathable, on-skin electronics. However, the research of making on-skin electronics with passive-cooling capabilities, which can reduce energy consumption and improve user comfort, is still rare. Herein, we report the development of multifunctional on-skin electronics, which can passively cool human bodies without needing any energy consumption. This property is inherited from multiscale porous polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS) supporting substrates. The multiscale pores of SEBS substrates, with characteristic sizes ranging from around 0.2 to 7 µm, can effectively backscatter sunlight to minimize heat absorption but are too small to reflect human-body midinfrared radiation to retain heat dissipation, thereby delivering around 6 °C cooling effects under a solar intensity of 840 W⋅m-2 Other desired properties, rooted in multiscale porous SEBS substrates, include high breathability and outstanding waterproofing. The proof-of-concept bioelectronic devices include electrophysiological sensors, temperature sensors, hydration sensors, pressure sensors, and electrical stimulators, which are made via spray printing of silver nanowires on multiscale porous SEBS substrates. The devices show comparable electrical performances with conventional, rigid, nonporous ones. Also, their applications in cuffless blood pressure measurement, interactive virtual reality, and human-machine interface are demonstrated. Notably, the enabled on-skin devices are dissolvable in several organic solvents and can be recycled to reduce electronic waste and manufacturing cost. Such on-skin electronics can serve as the basis for future multifunctional smart textiles with passive-cooling functionalities.
Subduing the Mormons in Utah Territory: Foundation for the Insular Cases

The conflict between the US government and the Mormons in Utah Territory during the second half of the nineteenth century reflected shifts in the American territorial system. Through a repudiation of religious practices and dismantling of the Latter-Day Saints’ Church as an institution, the federal government demonstrated a willingness and ability to interfere with and regulate traditional local issues such as marriage and religion. This provided a foundation for the changes to the territorial system outlined by the Supreme Court in the Insular Cases. Scholars have overlooked the continuities between earlier territorial policy and the post-Insular Cases colonial system. Linking the struggle over authority in Utah Territory with the outcome of the Insular Cases as a component of territorial policy history fills this gap and helps to illuminate the policy connections between continental expansion and overseas expansion.
Progress-based Container Scheduling for Short-lived Applications in a Kubernetes Cluster

In the past decade, we have envisioned enormous growth in the data generated by different sources, ranging from weather sensors and customer purchasing records to Internet of Things devices. Emerging data-driven technologies have been reforming our daily life for years, such as Amazon Personalize [1], which creates real-time individualized recommendations for customers according to multidimensional data analytics. It is, however, a challenging task to fully utilize and harness the potential of data, especially big data, due to Volume, Velocity, Variety, Variability and Value (5Vs) [2]. Most businesses thus choose to migrate their hardware demands to cloud providers, such as Amazon Web Service [3], which is powered by hundreds of thousands of servers. A cluster that builds up by a number of cloud servers is a basic management unit to provide shared computing resources. The typical structure of a cluster consists of managers and workers. When a job arrives at the cluster, as the first step, managers have to select a worker to host the incoming job. Traditionally, the selection process is based on the state of the workers, e.g., resource availability and specifications of jobs, e.g., labels, zones and regions. With respect to currently running jobs, we propose a progress based container placement scheme, named ProCon. When scheduling incoming containers, ProCon not only considers instant resource utilization on the workers but also takes into account the estimation of future resource usage. Through monitoring the progress of running jobs, ProCon balances the resource contentions across the cluster and reduces the completion time as well as the makespan. Specifically, extensive experiments prove that ProCon reduces completion time by up to 53.3% for a particular job and improves overall performance by 23.0%. Additionally, ProCon records an improvement of makespan for up to 37.4% when compared to the default scheduler available in Kubernetes.
Abstract TS1-1: Advanced enabling technologies for cancer proteomics

Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a promising technology in characterization of human proteome at a genome scale, facilitating proteogenomic characterization of cancer specimens. Recent advances in mass spectrometry instrumentation, sample handling platforms, and proteomic analysis strategies allow for not only large-scale, comprehensive proteome profiling, but also focused systems biology studies, biomarker verification, as well as analysis of protein expression and phosphorylation in very small populations of cells. This will lead to significantly improved understanding of aberrant regulatory and signal transduction networks underlying cancer for translational applications. Citation Format: T Liu. Advanced enabling technologies for cancer proteomics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr TS1-1.
Response to Comment on Miller and Orchard: Understanding Metabolic Memory: A Tale of Two Studies. Diabetes 2020;69:291-299.

We agree with Lachin et al. (1) that intensive therapy should be started as early as possible after type 1 diabetes onset. The concept of cumulative glycemic exposure in no way alters that clinical message. The intention of our article (2) was to raise the argument that “metabolic memory” has been accepted without a full exploration of a simpler alternative explanation for the observed persistence of benefit in the intensive therapy arm after Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) closeout. Importantly, we do not “purportedly disprove metabolic memory” (1) but merely suggest “There is no need [our emphasis] to invoke a ‘metabolic memory’ phenomenon to explain the persistence of a lower incidence of complications …
Rural school access and the agricultural transformation

Improving children's access to primary and secondary education is a strategic goal for many global development agencies and government policymakers. Nevertheless, there is relatively little research examining how changes in rural school supply affect future labor markets. We leverage variation in the timing and location of secondary school construction in Southern Mexico to identify the effects of school supply on labor outcomes. We find that school construction increases expected education for school‐aged children by about 4 years and raises the share of years working in the nonagricultural sector between the ages of 18–22 by 29.8 percentage points. The magnitude of the effects on share of years doing nonagricultural work is smaller for individuals from homes where an indigenous language is spoken. Our findings indicate that rural school construction in less‐developed countries can accelerate the transformation from agricultural to nonagricultural economies, but there may be heterogeneous effects across socioeconomic groups and ethnicities.
Patient-centered medical home activities associated with low Medicare spending and utilization

PURPOSE To identify components of the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) model of care that are associated with lower spending and utilization among Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS Regression analyses of changes in outcomes for Medicare beneficiaries in practices that engaged in particular PCMH activities compared with beneficiaries in practices that did not. We analyzed claims for 302,719 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries linked to PCMH surveys completed by 394 practices in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ 8-state Multi-Payer Advanced Primary Care Practice demonstration. RESULTS Six activities were associated with lower spending or utilization. Use of a registry to identify and remind patients due for preventive services was associated with all 4 of our outcome measures: total spending was $69.77 less per beneficiary per month (PBPM) (P = 0.00); acute-care hospital spending was $36.62 less PBPM (P = 0.00); there were 6.78 fewer hospital admissions per 1,000 beneficiaries per quarter (P1KBPQ) (P = 0.003); and 11.05 fewer emergency department (ED) visits P1KBPQ (P = 0.05). Using a patient registry for pre-visit planning and clinician reminders was associated with $29.31 lower total spending PBPM (P = 0.05). Engaging patients with chronic conditions in goal setting and action planning was associated with 4.62 fewer hospital admissions P1KBPQ (P = 0.01) and 11.53 fewer ED visits P1KBPQ (P = 0.00). Monitoring patients during hospital stays was associated with $22.06 lower hospital spending PBPM (P = 0.03). Developing referral protocols with commonly referred-to clinicians was associated with 11.62 fewer ED visits P1KBPQ (P = 0.00). Using quality improvement approaches was associated with 13.47 fewer ED visits P1KBPQ (P =0.00). CONCLUSIONS Practices seeking to deliver more efficient care may benefit from implementing these 6 activities.
Attitudinal and social predictors of adherence to oral endocrine therapy: A psychometrically-informed model.

There is a need for a psychometrically-informed model identifying attitudinal and social factors explaining adherence to oral endocrine therapy (OET) for women with hormone receptor positive breast...
Couple Simulation: A Novel Approach for Evaluating Models of Human Mate Choice:

Choosing a mate is perhaps the most important decision a sexually reproducing organism makes in its lifetime. And yet, psychologists lack a precise description of human mate choice, despite sustained attention from several theoretical perspectives. Here, I argue this limited progress owes to the complexity of mate choice and describe a new modeling approach, called "couple simulation," designed to compare models of mate choice by challenging them to reproduce real couples within simulated mating markets. I present proof-of-concept simulations that demonstrate couple simulation can identify a population's true model of mate choice. Furthermore, I apply couple simulation to two samples of real couples and find that the method (a) successfully reconstructs real-world couples, (b) discriminates between models of mate choice, and (c) predicts a wide range of dimensions of relationship quality. Collectively, these results provide evidence that couple simulation offers a framework useful for evaluating theories of human mate choice.
Review of Joel Richard Paul, Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times

This Article reviews Joel Richard Paul's book, Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times. The Author found this scholarly work to be very readable. Paul relies on ample and deep primary sources, yet manages to present John Marshall in a very human and accessible way. This narrative would be an excellent selection for any academic or public library, especially those that collect in the American history area, and it is highly recommended.
Early chemoprophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis does not increase the risk of hematoma expansion in patients presenting with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Background Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, is correlated with negative outcomes following ICH. Due to the risk of hematoma expansion associated with the use of VTE chemoprophylaxis, there remains significant debate about the optimal timing for its initiation following ICH. We analyzed the risk of early chemoprophylaxis on hematoma expansion following ICH. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients presenting with spontaneous ICH at single institution between 2011 and 2018. The rate of hematoma expansion was compared between patients that received early chemoprophylaxis (on admission) and those that received conventional chemoprophylaxis (>24 h). Results Data for 235 patients were available for analysis. Eleven patients (7.5%) in the early prophylaxis cohort and seven patients (8.0%) in the conventional prophylaxis cohort developed VTE (P = 0.9). Hematoma expansion also did not differ significantly (early 19%, conventional 23%, P = 0.5). Conclusion The use of early chemoprophylaxis against venous thromboembolic events following ICH appears safe in our patient population without increasing the risk of hematoma expansion. Given the increased risk of poor outcome in the setting of VTE, early VTE chemoprophylaxis should be considered in patients who present with ICH. Larger, prospective, and randomized studies are necessary to better elucidate the risk of early chemoprophylaxis and potential reduction in venous thromboembolic events.
'What Did Margaret Thatcher Do?': A Survey of the Thatcher Prime Ministership's Economic and Social Policies

"'What Did Margaret Thatcher Do'?: A Survey of the Thatcher Prime Ministership's Economic and Social Policies" endeavors to offer a systematic, grounded and properly contextualized, but still concise, summation of the British Prime Minister's conduct in the area of domestic economic and social life. In particular it focuses on the principles and program laid out in the Conservative Party's 1979 General Election Manifesto, and then details the Conservative government's policies when in office, concentrating on the areas of monetary and fiscal policy (including central banking and revision of the tax structure); the privatization of state assets and services (extending to the outsourcing of welfare functions, and the mandating of privatization at local government level); organized labor; the welfare state; and action regarding the manufacturing and financial sectors. The paper also considers some of the larger implications of this line of policy, not least the changes in the structure of the British economy (from the positions of manufacturing and finance, to the distribution of incokme), and the ways in which Thatcher's successors modified but also significantly forwarded this legacy.
Suppression of MHD modes with active phase-control of probe-injected currents

Active phase-control of probe-injected current is shown to both suppress and amplify long-wavelength rotating magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in the HBT-EP tokamak. Four probes are connected in quadrature and energized to drive non-axisymmetric currents through the edge of the tokamak, creating magnetic perturbations comparable to previously-studied saturated kink modes or resonant magnetic perturbations that are generated by an external control coil array. Measurements of the magnetic perturbations from the probe-injected currents determine a set of current-carrying helical filaments used to model active feedback control of resistive wall modes (RWM). These experiments suggest current-injection feedback may be an effective alternative to external control coils for control of RWMs and other long-wavelength kink-like modes at the edge of tokamaks.
US-India Ties During the Trump Years and Beyond: Continuity and Convergences

India and the United States are the two largest democracies in the world. Since the end of the Cold War and especially since the start of this century, their bilateral ties have gone beyond the “estranged democracies” description coined by a senior scholar and diplomat. Washington and New Delhi have forged closer ties with economic cooperation, a civilian nuclear agreement, closer defense ties, including big ticket military purchases, and counterterrorism cooperation. From the international relations theory perspective, it would seem that realism’s balance of power, and alliance objectives drive Indo-US ties, especially in the context of the Indo-Pacific region. The Trump administration’s foreign policies have focused primarily on areas such as the Middle East, Northeast Asia, and China. But given that previous US administrations bestowed increasing importance on ties with India, it would be important to consider the state of their bilateral relations during the Trump administration and what that has signified for the two countries. This chapter asks key questions such as: What are the main issues that formed India-US foreign policy interactions during the Trump term? Do we see continuity from the previous administrations? What is the nature of the strategic partnership between the two countries and what initiatives and projects demonstrate this endeavor? The partnership between the two countries is complex. On trade matters, for instance, US-India ties have not made as much progress as was expected, with tariffs imposed and the removal of India from preferential trade designations. But the commercial and strategic defense relationship has remained strong despite the stalemate over the lucrative contract to supply 126 fighter aircraft for the Indian Air Force, and India’s purchase of the Russian S-400 anti-aircraft system. From the historical perspective, there is evidence that the United States no longer views India in a “hyphenated” relationship with Pakistan, while nonalignment has declined as a guiding principle of Indian foreign policy. There is resilience in the overall relationship between them. This chapter thus examines the contours of US-India relations during the Trump years to assess continuities and disruptions in the relationship. It looks especially at aspects like defense and nuclear cooperation, economic and trade ties, counterterrorism cooperation, and alliance dynamics in the Indo-Pacific to assess the state of the relationship.
Higher Education Law: Policy and Perspectives

This fully revised and updated textbook weaves law into its historical, political, and sociological context, while providing clear explanation of the law as it applies to American colleges and universities. This text draws exclusively on federal and state cases emerging from campuses and includes helpful pedagogical elements--such as chapter outlines, questions for discussion, side bars, text boxes, research aids, and summation of law--to equip readers with the tools and knowledge to effectively respond in an environment of increasing litigation. Addressing a gap in the literature, this new edition provides a comprehensive and accessible understanding of the latest laws relevant to higher education and student affairs administrators. New In This Edition: Explanation and streamlining of old case law. New cases throughout covering recent developments in: student loan debt, student safety, Internet speech, affirmative action, discrimination, Greek life, issues relating to new technology, non-faculty employees, campus police, and athletics. Revised explanation on student and college costs. Expanded examination of the idea of academic freedom
Evaluating ordering heuristics for dynamic partial-order reduction techniques

Actor programs consist of a number of concurrent objects called actors, which communicate by exchanging messages. Nondeterminism in actors results from the different possible orders in which available messages are processed. Systematic testing of actor programs explores various feasible message processing schedules. Dynamic partial-order reduction (DPOR) techniques speed up systematic testing by pruning parts of the exploration space. Based on the exploration of a schedule, a DPOR algorithm may find that it need not explore some other schedules. However, the potential pruning that can be achieved using DPOR is highly dependent on the order in which messages are considered for processing. This paper evaluates a number of heuristics for choosing the order in which messages are explored for actor programs, and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages.
Hispanics in the United States: Population Growth and Dispersion, 1980–2005

Between 1980 and 2005 the Hispanic-origin population of the United States grew at a faster rate than any of the other nation's racial or ethnic components. Latinos also increased as a percentage of the total population and surpassed African Americans as the country's largest minority group. From a population of slightly more than 14.8 million in 1980, Hispanics nearly tripled to more than 43.1 million in 2005. Latinos accounted for 6.5% of the U.S. population in 1980 and for 14.5% in 2005 (see Table 3.1). Between 1980 and 2005 the overall population of the United States grew by over 69 million people. About 41% of the total, some 28 million people, was comprised of Hispanics. The role of Hispanics in U.S. population expansion intensified after 2000. From 2000 to 2005 the total population of the United States increased by approximately 15 million persons. About half of this population expansion, or nearly 7.8 million people, was of Hispanic origin. The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated that, if these trends continue, Hispanics will account for about 21% of the overall population of the United States in 2025 and 30% in 2050.
Effect of Puberty on Reaction and Movement Times

Abstract Reaction times, movement times, and static strengths of the four limbs were measured and pubertal status was assessed in males and females at ages 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 yr primarily to separate the effects of sexual maturation from the associated sex and age trends. Mean reaction times decreased markedly with age and females tended to be consistently faster than males although females tended to level off from 15 to 17 yr while males continued to improve. Movement times also decreased markedly with age and males were consistently faster. Limb abduction strengths increased with age and males tended to be consistently stronger. Strength gains accelerated during pubescence in both sexes so sexual maturation apparently increased strength. Strength gains continued at a rapid rate during postpubescence in males but females leveled off at age 15 yr. The age and sexual maturation trends in movement time closely paralleled those in strength. Holding strength constant over ages made the previously significa...
Adaptive multi-channel on-line modeling algorithm for 3-D active noise control systems

A novel adaptive multi-channel online error-path modeling algorithm for 3-D active noise control systems is developed. This automatic identification technique has L parallel channels corresponding to L canceling speakers and each channel has (M+1) parallel adaptive filters, where M is the number of error microphones. For each channel, M filters are used to identify the corresponding error paths, and one filter is used to eliminate the highly correlated disturbance from the uncontrollable source. A switching scheme and delay element are used to guarantee a unique solution for these filters. The performance of the algorithm has been verified on a 3-D experimental setup. >
The Homomorphism Poset of K_{2,n}

A geometric graph is a simple graph G together with a straight line drawing of G in the plane with the vertices in general position. Two geometric realizations of a simple graph are geo-isomorphic if there is a vertex bijection between them that preserves vertex adjacencies and non-adjacencies, as well as edge crossings and non-crossings. A natural extension of graph homomorphisms, geo-homomorphisms, can be used to define a partial order on the set of geo-isomorphism classes of realizations of a given simple graph. In this paper, the homomorphism poset of the complete bipartite graph K_{2,n} is determined by establishing a correspondence between realizations of K_{2,n} and permutations of S_n, in which crossing edges correspond to inversions. Through this correspondence, geo-isomorphism defines an equivalence relation on S_n, which we call geo-equivalence. The number of geo-isomorphism classes is provided for all n <= 9. The modular decomposition tree of permutation graphs is used to prove some results on the size of geo-equivalence classes. A complete list of geo-equivalence classes and a Hasse diagrams of the poset structure are given for n <= 5.
High specificity of human secretory class II phospholipase A2 for phosphatidic acid

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent lipid second messenger which stimulates platelet aggregation, cell proliferation and smooth-muscle contraction. The phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-catalysed hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid (PA) is thought to be a primary synthetic route for LPA. Of the multiple forms of PLA2 present in human tissues, human secretory class-II PLA2 (hs-PLA2) has been implicated in the production of LPA from platelets and whole blood cells challenged with inflammatory stimuli. To explore further the possibility that hs-PLA2 is involved in the production of LPA, we rigorously measured the phospholipid head group specificity of hs-PLA2 by a novel PLA2 kinetic system using polymerized mixed liposomes. Kinetic analysis of recombinant hs-PLA2 demonstrates that hs-PLA2 strongly prefers PA as substrate over other phospholipids found in the mammalian plasma membrane including phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The order of preference is PA >> PE approximately PS > PC. To identify amino acid residues of hs-PLA2 that are involved in its unique substrate specificity, we mutated two residues, Glu-56 and Lys-69, which were shown to interact with the phospholipid head group in the X-ray-crystallographic structure of the hs-PLA2-transition-state-analogue complex. The K69Y mutant showed selective inactivation toward PA whereas the E56K mutant displayed a most pronounced inactivation to PE. Thus it appears that Lys-69 is at least partially involved in the PA specificity of hs-PLA2 and Glu-56 in the distinction between PE and PC. In conjunction with a recent cell study [Fourcade, Simon, Viode, Rugani, Leballe, Ragab, Fournie, Sarda and Chap (1995) Cell 80, 919-927], these studies suggest that hs-PLA2 can rapidly hydrolyse PA molecules exposed to the outer layer of cell-derived microvesicles and thereby produce LPA.
Embodied Performance of Folklore in Japanese American Origami

Brett Esaki pens the first extensive academic consideration of Japanese American origami practices, providing both an overview of contemporary origami cultures and an in-depth discussion of the work of origami designer Linda Mihari. In the essay, Esaki explores how origami is a living, organic folk form, which connects the artist to the community, forcing us to rethink how origami might be thought of as a traditional Japanese artistic practice. In his account of Linda Mihara's origami, Esaki suggests that the art form embodies and articulates a history of struggle for Japanese Americans.
Impact of a structured surgical curriculum on ophthalmic resident cataract surgery complication rates.

Purpose To determine whether institution of a structured surgical curriculum for ophthalmology residents decreased the rate of sentinel surgical complications. Setting Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Des Moines, Iowa, USA. Methods A retrospective review was performed of third-year ophthalmic resident quality-assurance surgical outcomes data at a single residency-training site from 1998 to 2008. The primary outcome measure was defined as a sentinel event; that is, a posterior capsule tear (with or without vitreous loss) or vitreous loss (from any cause) occurring during a resident-performed case. The study population was divided into 2 groups. Group 1 comprised surgical cases of residents trained before the surgical curriculum change (academic years 1998 to 2003) and Group 2, surgical cases of residents trained with the enhanced curriculum (academic years 2004 to 2008). Data from 1 year (academic year 2003 to 2004) were excluded because the transition to the enhanced curriculum occurred during that period. The data were analyzed and adjusted for surgical experience. Results In Group 1 (before institution of surgical curriculum), there were 823 cases with 59 sentinel complications. In Group 2 (after institution of surgical curriculum), there were 1009 cases with 38 sentinel complications. There was a statistically significant reduction in the sentinel complication rate, from 7.17% before the curriculum changes to 3.77% with the enhanced curriculum ( P = .001, unpaired 2-tailed t test). Conclusion Implementation of a structured surgical curriculum resulted in a statistically significant reduction in sentinel event complications, even after adjusting for surgical experience.
The Impact of Compensation on the Turnover Intentions of Outback Steakhouse Managers

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to examine the perceived notion that the compensation plan of Outback Steakhouse reduces the intention to turnover of its unit level managing partners. Specifically, the research focused on a survey of general managers' attitudes in regards to their intentions to seek new employment and the effect of the compensation plan on their intention to turnover. The findings showed that the managing partners are most influenced by the non-traditional attributes of the plan (deferred compensation, stock option and ownership stake) as opposed to the more traditional attributes of the compensation plans (base pay, insurance and retirement plans). The study also indicates that quality of life and quality of family life were the most influential factors in the managing partner's decision to leave.
Bacterial resistance and detoxification of heavy metals

Abstract Microbial cells have resistances to essentially all of the toxic heavy metals of the Periodic Table. In bacterial cells, the genetic determinants of these resistances are frequently found on small extrachromosomal plasmids and transposons. Sometimes the resistances are associated with detoxifying enzymes. This is true for the Hg2+ → Hg0 reductase, the As3+ → As5+ oxidase and the Cr6+ → Cr3+ reductase. In other cases, such as As5+, Ag+ and Cd2+, no change in redox state occurs but, rather, uptake and transport differences accompany resistance determinants. This article summarizes what is known of bacterial metal resistances for which enzymatic detoxification is known to be the mechanism of resistance. The characteristics and functions of the enzymes are described, as well as a summary of the newer DNA sequence analysis (basic science) and bench-scale efforts (applied science) for the mercuric resistance system.
Dramatic influence of interface chemical potentials on the oxidation of silicon and carbon based compounds

Abstract At ultrahigh temperatures silicon and carbon based ceramics can either decompose vociferously by reacting with oxygen, or grow a passivation scale of silica, that prevents it. We show that this transition in silicon oxycarbonitride ceramics when heated to 1500 °C in variable oxygen pressure is tied to the interfacial chemical potential, or the virtual partial pressure of carbon-monoxide at the interface, which can be sustained only when the silica layer is growing.
Natural History of Hepatitis C

Fifteen years after the discovery of the hepatitis C virus, a substantial amount of information has been learned about the natural history of infection. Testing for viral nucleic acid made it possible to accurately diagnose chronic infection and provided a more precise estimate of the overall frequency of viral persistence. Although cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma can arise in persons with chronic hepatitis C, these outcomes do not always occur. The cirrhosis risk is greater in those who are infected at older ages, those who drink >50 g of alcohol each day, and persons coinfected with HIV. However, much of the person-to-person variability in progression of chronic hepatitis C remains unexplained. The ability to detect persons at highest risk of progression remains incomplete and represents an important future challenge in the understanding of the natural history of hepatitis C.
Images in clinical medicine. Extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease.

Figure 1. Extraintestinal Manifestations of Crohn's Disease. Multiple oral and perianal ulcerations were found at presentation in a 48-year-old man with Crohn's disease. The patient had had no diarrhea before the diagnosis but reported having oral and perianal pain for three months and swelling and pain in his right ankle for three days. Examination of his ankle showed acute erythema and edema. Panel A shows aphthous ulcers (arrows) of the palate and uvula (U). The tongue (T) was also involved. SP denotes soft palate. Panel B shows perianal ulcerations (open arrow) and fistulas (solid arrows). Colonoscopy revealed multiple shallow ulcers . . .
The effect of variable progeny size and social selection on the population dynamics of rare lethal genes

Abstract When a family has a member affected by a rare lethal genetic disease, the normal members of the family have a reduced chance of marrying or of reaching the fertility level of the general population. This paper shows that gene frequency change is divided approximately into two parts: the change due to individual selection and that due to social pressure. It is also shown that a large progeny size in a family generally decreases the equilibrium of lethal genes because of social pressure.