cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2-(1-Naphthyloxy)ethylamines with enhanced affinity for human 5-HT1D beta (h5-HT1B) serotonin receptors

Although the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol (1) binds at rodent 5-HT1B serotonin receptors, it displays low affinity (Ki > 10,000 nM) for its species homologue 5-HT1D beta (i.e., h5-HT1B) receptors. The structure of propranolol was systematically modified in an attempt to enhance its affinity for the latter population of receptors. Removal of the alkyl hydroxyl group, shortening of the O-alkyl chain from three to two methylene groups, and variation of the terminal amine substituent resulted in compounds, such as N-monomethyl-2-(1-naphthyloxy)-ethylamine (11; Ki = 26 nM), that display significantly higher h5-HT1B affinity than propranolol. Compound 11 was shown to bind equally well at human 5-HT1D alpha (h5-HT1D) receptors (Ki = 34 nM) and was further demonstrated to possess h5-HT1B agonist character in an adenylate cyclase assay. It would appear that such (aryloxy)alkylamines may represent a novel class of 5-HT1D receptor agonists.
Greenberg's Prose and Poetry about World War I

In her article "Greenberg's Prose and Poetry about World War I" Chanita Goodblatt analyses the literary response of Uri Zvi Greenberg to the war. His volume of poetry Krieg oyf der Erd — largely untranslated to English — can be read as part of a multicultural literary response to World War I, particularly in juxtaposition with the poems of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon. Goodblatt posits that a study of shared esthetic strategies and literary traditions underlines the way in which Greenberg created an "alienated wanderer" who witnesses and stands helpless in the face of the violence and destruction of battle, as well as that inflicted upon the civilian population. Chanita Goodblatt, "Greenberg's Prose and Poetry about World War I" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 16.3 (2014):
Evaluation of the cervical spine in the obtunded patient

Assessment of cervical spine stability in the posttraumatic obtunded patient can be difficult to accomplish with currently available imaging modalities. Dynamic fluoroscopy during passive flexion and extension has been proposed by some authors as a method for the evaluation of cervical spine stability. We present our experience with dynamic fluoroscopy, the general opinions of multiple trauma centers, and alternative methods for evaluating cervical spine stability in the obtunded patient. The potential risks and problems associated with each method are discussed.
Chiroptical properties of 1-carbapenam and orbital mixing in nonplanar amides

Abstract Optical rotatory properties of β-lactam structures are calculated using semiempirical Extended Huckel and CNDO wavefunctions. Possible interpretations of CD and UV absorption data for a recently reported 5-epi-1-carbapenam, (5S)-1-azabicyclo-[3.2.0] heptan-7-one, are proposed. This compound lacks the sulfur of a penicillin nucleus, but still shows a Cotton effect at 231 nm. Analysis is aided by calculations on some monocyclic β-lactams, N-methyl-3-aminoazetidin-2-ones, where the Me carbon is incrementally bent out of the plane of the 4-membered ring. When N is pyramidal, the n and π orbitals of planar amides become mixed into two orbitals which correctly yield opposite signs for the Cotton effects at 231 nm and at just below 200 nm. A correspondence is proposed between the CD bands of 5-epi-1-carbapenam and those observed for another carbocyclic, nonplanar lactam, 4-azatricyclo(4.4.0.0 3,8 ] decan-5-one. The origin of the spectroscopically relevant orbitals of penams, penam sulfoxides, and other β-lactams is shown in a correlation diagram. In the spectral calculations, shortcomings of the semiempirical methods are encountered and discussed.
Urinary side effects and complications after permanent prostate brachytherapy: the MD Anderson Cancer Center experience

Editorial Comment The authors describe herein their results with perineal urethrostomy as a permanent solution for complex stricture disease. In men such as those with hypospadias who have undergone multiple prior failed procedures it avoids the physical and psychological trauma of yet another attempt at repair. In men with long segment dense stricture disease, especially if due to lichen sclerosis, it avoids the morbidity of a 2or 3-stage repair with several grafts. I have also found this procedure to be a good option in elderly men with multiple comorbidities who have moderate strictures and would not be able to tolerate a substitution urethroplasty under general anesthesia. Additionally, if suffer stenosis of their perineal urethrostomy it is far simpler for them to perform serial dilation through this short tract than through the penis. I commend the authors for working to assess patient satisfaction and quality of life. As they state, patient-derived outcomes assessment will become the standard of care in this field as it has in many others.
A dynamic model to predict modulation sidebands of a planetary gear set having manufacturing errors

In this study, a nonlinear time-varying dynamic model is proposed to predict modulation sidebands of planetary gear sets. This discrete dynamic model includes periodically time-varying gear mesh stiffnesses and the nonlinearities associated with tooth separations. The model uses forms of gear mesh interface excitations that are amplitude and frequency modulated due to a class of gear manufacturing errors to predict dynamic forces at all sun-planet and ring-planet gear meshes. The predicted gear mesh force spectra are shown to exhibit well-defined modulation sidebands at frequencies associated with the rotational speeds of gears relative to the planet carrier. This model is further combined with a previously developed model that accounts for amplitude modulations due to rotation of the carrier to predict acceleration spectra at a fixed position in the planetary transmission housing. Individual contributions of each gear error in the form of amplitude and frequency modulations are illustrated through an example analysis. Comparisons are made to measured spectra to demonstrate the capability of the model in predicting the sidebands of a planetary gear set with gear manufacturing errors and a rotating carrier.
Restricted variational principle method for problems of low-density aerodynamics

Rosen's restricted variational principle representation of the Boltzmann equation is applied to the problem of determining the transitional-regime, low-density, hypersonic flow over slender, conical vehicles with diffusely reflecting surfaces. If the trial distribution function is suitably chosen, the Euler-Lagrange equations associated with Rosen's functional result in a semilinear hyperbolic system amenable to solution by classical characteristics methods. Sample calculations are given and compared with the low-density cone flow experiments of Hickman to assess the accuracy of the method presented. It is believed that the present method constitutes the first solution method for boundary value problems in the low-density transitional flow regime.
Atrial natriuretic factor in patients with right ventricular infarction

To determine the possible role of atrial natriuretic factor in right ventricular infarction, serial measurements of this hormone were performed in 21 patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. All patients underwent enzymatic, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and coronary arteriographic studies. Ten patients also had right heart hemodynamic measurements. Eight patients had evidence of an associated right ventricular infarction (Group I) and 13 patients did not (Group II). Enzymatically estimated infarct size, presence of left heart failure and arrhythmias were similar in both groups. Mean arterial pressure in Group I (72.1 +/- 4.4 mm Hg) was significantly lower (p = 0.02) than in Group II (89.5 +/- 4.6 mm Hg). Seven (88%) of the eight patients in Group I had elevated right atrial pressures and a higher incidence than Group II of prolonged hypotension (75%) and right ventricular dysfunction (75%) clinically and by echocardiography. Plasma atrial natriuretic factor levels (mean values +/- SEM in pg/ml) for days 1, 2, 3 and 7 after infarction were, respectively: 152 +/- 30, 165 +/- 48, 199 +/- 27 and 189 +/- 31 for Group I versus 55 +/- 9, 55 +/- 11, 61 +/- 13 and 77 +/- 20 for Group II. The difference between groups was significant for days 1 (p less than 0.05), 3 and 7 (p less than 0.01) and not significant for day 2 (p = 0.07). These findings show that atrial natriuretic factor elevation is part of the neurohumoral response to right ventricular infarction and are consistent with the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic factor may play a pathophysiologic role in the right ventricular infarct syndrome.
MobiCoStream: Real-time collaborative video upstream for Mobile Augmented Reality applications

MobiCoStream, an acronym for Mobile Collaborative upStream, refers to Real-time video upstream of captured video in Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) applications. MAR for tele-assistance deals with providing real-time assistance to the user through the power of Augmented Reality. Real-time applications have strict delay requirements which need to be met in order to satisfy the user Quality of Service (QoS). Mobile communication still being in its third generation, limits the availability of high up-link bandwidth for video transmission. The problem is tackled by means of Bandwidth Aggregation through which the hand-held devices in the vicinity, collaborate with the user to achieve real-time video up-link and maintain the user QoS. In this paper, we present the actual results pertaining to the prototype implementation of the proposed system. Also presented are some simulation results, by viewing the multiple hand-held devices as a virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system and in turn considering the popular Alamouti scheme in this context.
Effect of Intraoral Prostheses on Swallowing Function in Postsurgical Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients

This study investigated the effect of intraoral-prostheses on swallowing function in 13 postsurgical oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients. Three subjects had resections of the soft palate with no...
Efficient integration of high-purity diamond nanostructures into silicon nitride photonic circuits

A high purity diamond nanowire with implanted nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVs) is integrated into a low-loss silicon nitride photonic circuit. NV fluorescence is coupled into and collected from the waveguide system, paving the way for on-chip read out and manipulation of qubits.
A Study of the Solvability of the Position Problem for Multi-Circuit Mechanisms by Way of Example of the Double Butterfly Linkage

It is frequently forgotten that the common methods of position analysis of planar linkages, which are based on dyadic decomposition, are not general. This is true regardless of whether a graphical or analytical approach is used. It is demonstrated in this paper that relatively simple linkages can give rise to problems that cannot be addressed by dyadic decomposition methods, and that solution of these problems can be far more complex.
A review of the déjà vu experience.

For more than a century, the deja vu experience has been examined through retrospective surveys, prospective surveys, and case studies. About 60% of the population has experienced deja vu, and its frequency decreases with age. Deja vu appears to be associated with stress and fatigue, and it shows a positive relationship with socioeconomic level and education. Scientific explanations of deja vu fall into 4 categories: dual processing (2 cognitive processes momentarily out of synchrony), neurological (seizure, disruption in neuronal transmission), memory (implicit familiarity of unrecognized stimuli),and attentional (unattended perception followed by attended perception). Systematic research is needed on the prevalence and etiology of this culturally familiar cognitive experience, and several laboratory models may help clarify this illusion of recognition.
An Unusual Echocardiographic Finding in a Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

A patient with a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (RSVA) demonstrated an unusual two-dimensional echocardiographic manifestation of this entity. A discrete mass of echoes, appearing attached to a posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve, moved to and fro into the right ventricle during diastole and into the right atrium in systole. This echocardiographic appearance mimics a vegetation of the tricuspid valve, a flail tricuspid leaflet, a right atrial myxoma or a pedunculated right atrial thrombus. Therefore, the differential diagnosis of this echocardiographic finding should include RSVA in addition to the above mentioned disorders.
275 HCG-PERGONAL INDUCED TESTICULAR FUNCTIONS IN A HYPOPI TUITARY MAN FOLLOWING A DECADE OF TESTOSTERONE Rx

Testicular functions are compromised in hypopituitarism (H); and during testosterone (T) Rx of the normal male. We've attempted to induce T secretion and sperm (S) formation in a 30 year old with idiopathic H, Rx'd for 10 years with T. Patient recalls being extremely short and sexually infantile until age 20 when T was begun. Subsequently he grew to 160 cm; developed scant secondary sexual characteristics, normal libido and potency but no sperm. His wife wished to conceive. In Jan. ′76 FSH, LH and GH were low; TSH, ACTH and ADH function, normal. Response to Rx is shown. Conclusion: Prompt testosterone secretion and spermatogenesis can be induced with gonadotropins in a hypopituitary male, even after a decade of testosterone treatment. Our teenage hypopituitary patients need to know that they may become fertile
Through a feminist lens

Grassroots NGOs by Women for Women: The Driving Force of Development in India, by Femida Handy, Meenaz Kassam, Suzanne Feeney, and Bhagyashree Ranade. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2006. 244 pp., $29.95 paper.
pH-Responsive mechanised nanoparticles gated by semirotaxanes

A [2]pseudorotaxane-based mechanised nanoparticle system, which operates within an aqueous acidic environment, has been prepared and characterised; this integrated system affords both water-soluble stalk and ring components in an effort to improve the biocompatibility of these promising new drug delivery vehicles.
Surface Structure and Reaction Studies by Ion-Solid Collisions

Bombardment of targets by energetic particle beams has become an important tool for the characterization and modification of solids and surfaces. With this approach, the kinetic energy of the primary particle, typically a few eV to a few thousand eV, exceeds the binding interactions normally present in chemical bonds. Because of this energy difference, a novel and intriguing chain of events is rapidly set in motion subsequent to the impact event. Atoms may be significantly displaced from their equilibrium positions. Original chemical bonds may be broken with new ones formed. Energetic collisions may give rise to electronic excitation, ionization, and desorption of atomic or molecular components of the bombarded solid.
Lennard‐Jones force constants from viscosity data: Their relationship to critical properties

Lennard-Jones force constants calculared from viscosity values at normal pressures for nearly forty nonpolar organic and inorganic substances have been used to develop relationships for the estimation of these constants from the critical temperature and volume of the substance. The product of the critical temperature and volume TcVc was found to correlate linearly with the force constant modulus . When the collision diameter ρ was plotted against the cube root of the critical volume on log-log coordinates, a straight line of slope 5/4 resulted. The corresponding relationship was found to predict ρ values with an average deviation of 3.1% when compared with values calculated from viscosity measurements. The temperature force constant ϵ/κ was found to vary as the 5/6 power of the critical temperature, and the resulting relationship produced an average deviation of 10%.
Multiple Myeloma: An Old Disease with New Hope for the Future

Multiple myeloma is a currently incurable malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells. It typically occurs in older patients (median age 71 years). Clinical manifestations result from monoclonal protein (immunoglobulin) production and its accumulation in the serum and/or urine, anemia, lytic bone disease, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and immune deficiency. Myeloma cells have low proliferative activity--most myeloma experts opine that the initial oncogenic event occurs 10-15 years before clinical disease manifestation. In addition, myeloma cells develop multiple chromosomal abnormalities, which may explain the native resistance of myeloma patients to conventional therapy and our inability to completely eradicate the disease. Indeed, with conventional therapy, only 5% of patients achieve complete response. Minimal improvement has been observed with conventional therapies over the past 20-30 years; the median duration of initial response remains approximately 18 months with median survival in the 36-month range. However, recent clinical trials have established high-dose therapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant as superior to conventional therapy: complete remission rates of 25-30% can be affected with median survival exceeding 5 years. Newer approaches to improve treatment outcomes are in active clinical trials including: more potent induction regimens utilizing thalidomide, alone or in combination with dexamethasone; tandem transplants to improve complete remission rates; newer approaches to maintenance therapy using thalidomide with corticosteroids; non-myeloablative therapy with allogeneic transplant; and post-transplant vaccinations.
The impact of self-referral on radiology residency training programs.

Purpose The self-referral by nonradiologist physicians of diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures has affected radiology residency training programs. The Association of Program Directors in Radiology surveyed its members to assess the impact on specific areas of training. Methods The authors surveyed 186 residency program directors. Results Forty-three percent of those contacted responded. Fifty-two of 80 respondents (65%) said that in their opinion, self-referral had had an impact on residency training. Of the 52 program directors who said that their programs had been affected, 47 (90%) reported that in their opinion, self-referral had a negative impact on their training programs. The areas most affected were vascular interventional radiology, obstetric ultrasound, and nuclear cardiology. Conclusions Self-referral endangers the quality of radiology residencies. The authors discuss strategies to protect radiology residency programs.
Therapy of Insulin-Independent Diabetes Mellitus: General Considerations

Rational approaches to the therapy of patients with insulin-independent diabetes should be based on correcting the underlying defects. The major metabolic abnormalities present in patients with insulin-independent diabetes are: (1) impaired insulin action, (2) defective glucose-mediated insulin secretion, and (3) hyperglucagonemia. All of these defects could be due to a generalized plasma membrane abnormality that affects insulin and glucose receptors or to a generalized disturbance in postreceptor insulin action. Insulin action may be increased by sulfonylureas, possibly by alterations in intracellular cyclic AMP content, or by weight-reducing diets. Insulin secretion may be increased by gastrointestinal hormones, sulfonylureas, serotonin antagonists, or weight-reducing diets. Individual patients with insulin-independent diabetes have varying degrees of insulin resistance or impaired glucose-mediated insulin secretion. The use of therapeutic agents to correct the predominant defect should provide the most effective means of controlling the hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance of the individual patient.
Neurofibromatosis 1 and osseous fibrous dysplasia in a family.

We report on the cosegregation of neurofibromatosis 1 (NF 1) and osseous fibrous dysplasia in a family. The father and 3 children by 2 women are affected. A fourth child had neither NF 1 nor osseous fibrous dysplasia. All 4 affected individuals had NF 1, i.e., cafe-au-lait spots in 4, neurofibromata in 4, Lisch nodules in 3, macrocrania in 3, scoliosis in 2, and curvature of the long bones in 2. Each demonstrated various fibroosseous lesions of the skeleton including non-ossifying fibromas in 3 and both non-ossifying fibromas and fibrous dysplasia in one. This pattern suggests that the fibrous bony lesions are a component of NF 1 in this family. Alternatively, a mutant gene resulting in the fibrous changes in bone could be linked to the gene for NF 1. Another possibility is the coincidence of the 2 non-linked traits segregating in the same family.
COMPARATIVE TESTING OF AN FTIR REMOTE OPTICAL SENSOR WITH AREA SAMPLERS IN A CONTROLLED VENTILATION CHAMBER

A portable Fourier transform infrared remote optical sensing spectrometer was deployed and tested in a constant ventilation test chamber by using a tracer gas source. Continuous beam path measurements were collected and compared to air samples obtained from a computer-controlled, multiple-point sampling array connected to a flame ionization detector. Measurements were gathered at two different room ventilation rates and at two different dispersion conditions. A homogeneous dispersion condition had a uniform tracer concentration over the beam path and an inhomogeneous dispersion condition had a nonuniform tracer concentration distribution over the length of the beam path. Overall, the beam measurements and the point sample readings showed good agreement regardless of the room ventilation rate. Comparative data obtained from the inhomogeneous dispersion conditions did have higher variability, probably as a result of the different spatial and temporal resolution of the two sampling techniques. The tests demo...
Distributed Heuristics and the TSP

In this paper we demonstrate that it is possible to apply a Hopfield network to TSP problems and get results that compete with the standard heuristics (e.g.: 2-Opt and Nearest City). We construct a hybrid Hopfield network and use a unique projection operator to keep the activations in the feasible space. It is difficult however, to pick the parameter settings (step size, initial activations, maximum iterations) in a reliable way. We presents results for randomly generated Euclidean TSP's up to 50 cities. Furthermore, we show that the neural approach, due to its distributed representation, is more immune to noise than the standard heuristics. To show this we simulate problems for which the algorithms are fed noisy city coordinates and compare the results.
Histology of adverse cutaneous drug reactions.

Abstract Many drugs have been implicated as causative factors of adverse cutaneous reactions. The histologic picture of these eruptions, most often, is nonspecific—bullous eczema, erythema nodosum, perivasculitis, vasculitis, for example. Some reactions, however, result in more specific histologic patterns, as in lichenoid eruptions, erythema multiforme, bullous pemphigoid, and arsenical keratoses. Clinicians, therefore, may or may not receive significant diagnostic help from biopsy procedures. Nonetheless, in difficult diagnostic situations, histopathologic examination of the skin lesions should be carried out. In this chapter, a description is given of cutaneous reaction patterns commonly encountered in adverse drug reactions.
BubR1 N Terminus Acts as a Soluble Inhibitor of Cyclin B Degradation by APC/CCdC20 in Interphase

BubR1 is an essential mitotic checkpoint protein with multiple functional domains. It has been implicated in mitotic checkpoint control, as an active kinase at unattached kinetochores, and as a cytosolic inhibitor of APC/C(Cdc20) activity, as well as in mitotic timing and stable chromosome-spindle attachment. Using BubR1-conditional knockout cells and BubR1 domain mutants, we demonstrate that the N-terminal Cdc20 binding domain of BubR1 is essential for all of these functions, whereas its C-terminal Cdc20-binding domain, Bub3-binding domain, and kinase domain are not. We find that the BubR1 N terminus binds to Cdc20 in a KEN box-dependent manner to inhibit APC/C activity in interphase, thereby allowing accumulation of cyclin B in G(2) phase prior to mitosis onset. Together, our results suggest that kinetochore-bound BubR1 is nonessential and that soluble BubR1 functions as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor of APC/C(Cdc20) during interphase to prevent unscheduled degradation of specific APC/C substrates.
A 1-Norbornene Adduct of a Transition Metal and an Electrochemical Study of the Bridgehead Olefin Complex

Treatment of a slurry of (PCy3)2NiCl2 in pentane with 1-norbornyllithium did not lead to the expected bis(1-norbornyl) nickel complex but instead led to formation of a 1-norbornene adduct, which has been structurally characterized. The X-ray data and the electrochemistry of the 1-norbornene complex suggest a metallacyclopropane extreme of olefin binding, stemming from the highly reactive nature of the bridgehead double bond.
A practical heuristic for the group technology economic lot scheduling problem

SUMMARY In some flexible manufacturing systems, group technology principles divide parts naturally into groups so that substantial set-ups occur only when switching production between groups. We discuss the scheduling of one such real-life manufacturing process. We develop a practical heuristic for the economic lot scheduling problem in this group technology environment. The heuristic is relatively simple, yet performs well. An example is solved in detail. A computational study verifies the heuristic's capabilities and suggests extensions for improvement.
Prevalence of the erm(T) Gene in Clinical Isolates of Erythromycin-Resistant Group D Streptococcus and Enterococcus

Among 48 erythromycin-resistant group D streptococci (GDS), 36 had the erm(T) resistance gene. erm(T) was also found in 4 of 31 erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates. This is the first report of the erm(T) gene in U.S. GDS isolates and the first report of the erm(T) gene in enterococci.
Use of a tungsten filter to improve beam uniformity.

A general method for calculating the dose distribution in an irradiated volume is to evaluate the primary and scatter components separately according to the method described by Clarkson and Cunningham. It was found, however, that for a 6 MV Siemens accelerator the calculated dose overestimated the peripheral dose at depths beyond 10 cm by 3%--6%. The difference was attributed to the varying beam quality across the field. This beam quality variation was decreased by hardening the beam with a permanently installed 1/8 in. tungsten filter inserted between the beam flattening filter and the mirror base assembly. The tungsten filter had a more pronounced beam hardening effect at the beam edge than along the central ray. For example, the dose rate in air at the beam edge for a 30 x 30 cm/sup 2/ field was 13% higher than along the central ray without the tungsten filter. The addition of the 1/8 in. filter decreased this horn to 6%. The beam quality along the central ray also increased. The tissue--air ratio for zero field size along the central ray increased by 2% with the addition of the tungsten filter. The scatter--air ratio, however, did not change with the added filter. Agreementmore » within 1%--2% was achieved between the calculated and measured beam profiles at all depths in a phantom when the tungsten filter was added.« less
Symbolic Interactionism, Poststructuralism, and the Racial Subject

© 2001 by the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction. All rights reserved. Send requests for permission to reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223. Direct all correspondence to Norman K. Denzin, Institute of Communications Research, University of Illinois, 239 Gregory Hall, 810 South Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801; e-mail: n-denzin@uiuc.edu. THEORETICAL NOTE
FGF2 and FGFR1 signaling regulate functional recovery following cuprizone demyelination

In demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, remyelination offers the potential to recover function of viable denuded axons by restoring saltatory conduction and/or protecting from further damage. Mice with genetic reduction of fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2) or Fgf receptor 1 (Fgfr1) exhibit dramatically improved remyelination following experimental demyelination with cuprizone. The current studies are the first to test neurobehavioral outcomes with these gene deletions that improved remyelination. The cuprizone protocols used did not produce overt abnormalities but did reduce bilateral sensorimotor coordination (complex wheel task) and increase sociability (two chamber apparatus with novel mouse). A significant effect of genotype was observed on the complex wheel task but not in the sociability apparatus. Specifically, complex wheel velocities for Fgf2 nulls improved significantly after removal of cuprizone from the diet. This improvement in Fgf2 null mice occurred following either acute (6 weeks) or chronic (12 weeks) demyelination. Plp/CreERT:Fgfr1(fl/fl) mice administered tamoxifen at 10 weeks of cuprizone treatment to induce Fgfr1 knockdown also showed improved recovery of running velocities on the complex wheels. Therefore, constitutive deletion of Fgf2 or Fgfr1 knockdown in oligodendrocyte lineage cells is sufficient to overcome impairment of sensorimotor coordination after cuprizone demyelination.
Scaling laws for femtosecond laser-plasma interactions

ABSTRACT We present scaling laws for the interaction of femtosecond high power lasers with solid targets. We solvefor scale lengths and temperatures of the hot dense plasma in both the classical and flux limited electronthermal conduction regimes, and apply those results to the prediction of radiation output from these targets.The radiative yield and duration are given as functions of both laser and target conditions. Our resultscompare quite favorably with sophisticated numerical simulations. 1 . INTRODUCTIONAND MOTWATIONNew fields of technology are emerging with the advent of high power femtosecond lasers. Among themany proposed applications of this technology is the production of ultra short pulse x-ray sources. Thesesources can probe surfaces in the study of fast reactions or probe laser plasmas with unprecedented temporalresolution. One of the most exciting possible applications involve x-ray lasers. Photoionizing inner shellelectrons of cold, nearly neutral elements create instantaneous population inversions. However, Augerprocesses are very fast and efficient in destroying those inversions by filling in the inner shell vacancies viaradiationless processes. The way to defeat this population inversion destroying process is make the incidentphotoionizing x-ray pulse be of extremely short duration, namely in the femtosecond regime. Thus,understanding the scaling laws for the production of x-rays from femtosecond laser-plasma interactions couldpoint the way to those combinations oflaser and target parameters that are optional for the production of ashort pulse photoionizing source that one day may drive cheap table top systems into population inversionsand practical sized x-ray laser systems.In this paper we make an attempt to devise such scaling laws, and compare those analytic predictions withthe results of complex numerical simulations. In Section 2 we set up a well defined test case involvingclassical electron thermal conduction, neglecting the flux limited regime and hydrodynamic motion. InSection 3 we expand our results to include those more realistic regimes. In Section 4 we expand our resultsto higher Z targets, and in Section 5 toexploding foil targets. We summarize our results in Section 6.2. CLASSICAL CONDUCTION REGIMEOur baseline problem is motivated by a recent experiment1 in which a 5
ZSM-11 membranes: Characterization and pervaporation performance

High-quality boron and aluminium-substituted ZSM-11 membranes were prepared on porous tubular supports to separate alcohols from water by pervaporation. The C1–C3 alcohols were preferentially separated from aqueous solutions through the B-ZSM-11 membrane, and the maximum flux was 1.7 kg/m2·h for a 5 wt.% methanol/water mixture. The alcohol fluxes decreased as the carbon number increased. The methanol/water separation selectivity decreased with pervaporation temperature, but other alcohol/water selectivities increased. All selectivities increased with decreasing alcohol feed concentration. In a range of 1 to 50 wt. % alcohol, the separation selectivities at 333 K for the C1–C3 linear alcohols were higher than vapor/liquid equilibrium selectivities. The highest selectivities observed for methanol/water, ethanol/water, 1-propanol/water, and 2-propanol/water were 28, 97, 34, and 26, respectively, at 1 wt. % alcohol feed concentrations. The separation selectivities were based on both preferential adsorption of alcohols and differences in diffusion rates.
Abundance patterns of filter-feeding Caddisflies (Trichoptera : Hydropsychidae) and seston in a Montana (U.S.A.) lake outlet

The abundance patterns of four species of net-spinning caddisflies (Trichoptera : Hydropsychidae) were studied in a Montana (U.S.A.) lake outlet stream. Total Hydropsychidae reached very high densities (X > 1400 / 0.2 m2) near the lake outfall but declined precipitously downstream. Abundance patterns generally agree with a published model of filter-feeder / seston interactions in lake outlets. Larval densities were greater on moss-covered substrates and one species occupied habitats of lower water velocity compared to other species. Seston concentrations increased downstream contrary to expectation. Nutrient quality of seston may be important in predicting abundance of stream filter-feeders.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEVER TEMPERATURES : II. THE EFFECT OF REPEATED SHORT WAVE (30 METER) FEVERS ON GROWTH AND FERTILITY OF RABBITS

1. The repeated elevation of body temperatures of male and female rabbits to 41 degrees and 42 degrees C. from 2 to 5 times per week by short radio waves (30 m.), beginning from 29 to 171 days of age and extending through their first period of gestation, failed to injure their growth or to interfere with mating, fertilization, or the development of young in utero. Litter mates were kept for controls. 2. The rabbits exposed to the short wave fevers showed, in the majority of cases, a greater percentage gain in weight than did the control litter mates. 3. The kindling age of the treated group was, on an average, 2 weeks older than the non-treated group. 4. The fever-treated females averaged five and one-half young per litter with an average weight of 41 gm., while the untreated females averaged seven per litter with an average weight of 36.5 gm. 5. The repeated elevation of body temperature by short radio waves is a safe procedure when temperatures greater than those within physiological limits are not employed.
Surgical Myectomy for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the 21st Century, the Evolution of the “RPR” Repair: Resection, Plication, and Release

Since its first description in the 1950s, the pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has been clarified by advanced echocardiographic technologies. Improved pharmacotherapy now successfully treats most afflicted individuals. Along with these advances, surgical management has also evolved, as the role of the mitral valve and the subvalvular structures in causing obstruction has been identified. Over the last 2 decades, a variety of options to surgically manage the complex patient with obstruction have been described. Successful surgical management is dependent on the complete evaluation of the causes of obstruction in the specific individual, as the heterogeneity of the anatomy may confound the direction of therapy. Mitral valve replacement may no longer be necessary in individuals who have a relatively thin septum and instead obstruct from an elongated mitral anterior leaflet or the presence of accessory papillary muscles and chords. Techniques for mitral valve plication have been successfully used with mid- to long-term success. A systematic strategy for the evaluation of obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the various surgical options are summarized in a procedure termed RPR for resection (extended myectomy), plication (mitral valve shortening), and release (papillary muscle manipulation).
A comparison of two assay methods for assessing fungistasis in soils

Abstract The relative sensitivities of Cochliobolus sativus, C. victoriae and Fusarium graminearum to fungistasis on three soils were compared using two assay methods. One method involved the addition to soil of a series of glucose-peptone concentrations, and the other the dilution of soil with different concentrations of sand. The order of sensitivity to fungistasis of the three fungi was the same for two of the soils: C. sativus > C. Victoriae > F. graminearum : in the third soil C. sativus was least sensitive. Though the order of sensitivity of the fungi differed between the soils, the two assay methods gave comparable results, with corresponding orders of sensitivity on each of the three soils.
French capitalism under stress: How Nicolas Sarkozy rescued the banks 1

ABSTRACT France's plan de soutien bancaire was in many ways similar to other national rescue plans that were adopted in the context of the global financial crisis. Yet, the French plan stands out for its remarkably collective and conflict-free nature. In order to account for this distinctiveness, we highlight the role of an informal consortium among public and private actors in the French financial establishment. We argue that the bank support plan should be viewed as a gift that members of the same elite group extended to each other in exchange for future, albeit still indeterminate, counter-gifts. Thus, the presidential rhetoric of ‘rupture’, a hallmark of Nicolas Sarkozy's mandate (2007–2012), should not be taken at face value. Behind the scenes, a closed decision-making process brought together and strengthened a small group of high-powered public officials and bankers. The role of this consortium in shaping the bank rescue plan underscores its importance in France's evolving model of capitalism.
The Evolution of Erastianism: Hugo Grotius’s Engagement with Thomas Erastus

This article tracts the development of Erastianism from the Heidelberg disciplinary controversy of 1568 to the works of Hugo Grotius (1583-1645). Thomas Erastus (1524-1583), a Swiss-Reformed Physician and lay theologian working in the Electoral Palatinate, developed a theory of church-state relations which privileged the magistrate and denied independent disciplinary power to the church consistory. His program served as a counter-ideology to the prevailing disciplining urges of International Calvinism. Such Erastian ideas, whether from Erastus or other Swiss theorists such as Rudolf Gwalther, resonated with Dutch Libertines and Arminians before Grotius wrote his strongly Erastian Ordinum Pietas in 1613. While the Ordinum Pietas reveals only limited dependence on Erastus, other works of Grotius such as De Imperio display significant engagement or parallel themes with Erastus’s thought. “Grotian Erastianism,” with a healthy measure of Hebraism, is an apt descriptor for the seventeenth-century theories of church-state relations which favored the magistrate.
Glutathione peroxidase inhibitory assay for electrophilic pollutants in diesel exhaust and tobacco smoke

We developed a rapid kinetic bioassay demonstrating the inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1) by organic electrophilic pollutants, such as acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and p-benzoquinone, that are frequently found as components of tobacco smoke, diesel exhaust, and other combustion sources. In a complementary approach, we applied a high-resolution proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer to monitor in real-time the generation of electrophilic volatile carbonyls in cigarette smoke. The new bioassay uses the important antioxidant selenoenzyme GPx-1, immobilized to 96-well microtiter plates, as a probe. The selenocysteine bearing subunits of the enzyme’s catalytic site are viewed as cysteine analogues and are vulnerable to electrophilic attack by compounds with conjugated carbonyl systems. The immobilization of GPx-1 to microtiter plate wells enabled facile removal of excess reactive inhibitory compounds after incubation with electrophilic chemicals or aqueous extracts of air samples derived from different sources. The inhibitory response of cigarette smoke and diesel exhaust particle extracts were compared with chemical standards of a group of electrophilic carbonyls and the arylating p-benzoquinone. GPx-1 activity was directly inactivated by millimolar concentrations of highly reactive electrophilic chemicals (including acrolein, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and p-benzoquinone) and extracts of diesel and cigarette smoke. We conclude that the potential of air pollutant components to generate oxidative stress may be, in part, a result of electrophile-derived covalent modifications of enzymes involved in the cytosolic antioxidant defense.
In Vitro Model of Mammary Estrogen Metabolism: Structural and Kinetic Differences between Catechol Estrogens 2- and 4-Hydroxyestradiol

Estrogens and their oxidative metabolites, the catechol estrogens, have been implicated in the development of breast cancer; yet, relatively little is known about estrogen metabolism in the breast. To determine how the parent hormone, 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)), is metabolized, we used recombinant, purified phase I enzymes, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1, with the phase II enzymes catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), all of which are expressed in breast tissue. We employed both gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to measure E(2), the catechol estrogens 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE(2)) and 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE(2)), as well as methoxyestrogens and estrogen-GSH conjugates. The oxidation of E(2) to 2-OHE(2) and 4-OHE(2) was exclusively regulated by CYP1A1 and 1B1, regardless of the presence or concentration of COMT and GSTP1. COMT generated two products, 2-methoxyestradiol and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxyestradiol, from 2-OHE(2) but only one product, 4-methoxyestradiol, from 4-OHE(2). Similarly, GSTP1 yielded two conjugates, 2-OHE(2)-1-SG and 2-OHE(2)-4-SG, from the corresponding quinone 2-hydroxyestradiol-quinone and one conjugate, 4-OHE(2)-2-SG, from 4-hydroxyestradiol-quinone. Using the experimental data, we developed a multicompartment kinetic model for the oxidative metabolism of the parent hormone E(2), which revealed significant differences in rate constants for its C-2 and C-4 metabolites. The results demonstrated a tightly regulated interaction of phase I and phase II enzymes, in which the latter decreased the concentration of catechol estrogens and estrogen quinones, thereby reducing the potential of these oxidative estrogen metabolites to induce DNA damage.
Introduction of Ranavirus to Isolated Wood Frog Populations Could Cause Local Extinction

Amphibian declines and extinction have been attributed to many causes, including disease such as chytridiomycosis. Other pathogens may also contribute to declines, with ranavirus as the most likely candidate given reoccurring die-offs observed in the wild. We were interested in whether it is possible for ranavirus to cause extinction of a local, closed population of amphibians. We used susceptibility data from experimental challenges on different life stages combined with estimates of demographic parameters from a natural population to predict the likelihood of extinction using a stage-structured population model for wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus). Extinction was most likely when the larval or metamorph stage was exposed under frequent intervals in smaller populations. Extinction never occurred when only the egg stage was exposed to ranavirus. Under the worst-case scenario, extinction could occur in as quickly as 5 years with exposure every year and 25–44 years with exposure every 2 years. In natural wood frog populations, die-offs typically occur in the larval stage and can reoccur in subsequent years, indicating that our simulations represent possible scenarios. Additionally, wood frog populations are particularly sensitive to changes in survival during the pre-metamorphic stages when ranavirus tends to be most pathogenic. Our results suggest that ranavirus could contribute to amphibian species declines, especially for species that are very susceptible to ranavirus with closed populations. We recommend that ranavirus be considered in risk analyses for amphibian species.
Pallid bands in feathers and associated stable isotope signatures reveal effects of severe weather stressors on fledgling sparrows

In August 2013, we observed a high incidence (44%) of synchronous bands of reduced melanin (a type of fault bar we have termed “pallid bands”) across the rectrices of juvenile Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodrammus savannarum) captured near El Reno, Oklahoma. Earlier that year, on May 31, the site was struck by a severe storm which rained hailstones exceeding 5.5 cm diameter and spawned an historic 4.2 km-wide tornado <8 km to the south of the site. We hypothesized that this stressor had induced the pallid bands. An assessment of Grasshopper Sparrow nesting phenology indicated that a large number of nestlings were likely growing tail feathers when the storm hit. The pallid bands were restricted to the distal half of feathers and their widths significantly increased as a function of distance from the tip (i.e., age at formation). We predicted that if stress had caused these pallid bands, then a spike in circulating δ15N originating from tissue catabolism during the stress response would have been incorporated into the developing feather. From 18 juveniles captured at the site in August we measured δ15N and δ13C stable isotope ratios within four to five 0.25–0.40 mg feather sections taken from the distal end of a tail feather; the pallid band, if present, was contained within only one section. After accounting for individual and across-section variation, we found support for our prediction that feather sections containing or located immediately proximal to pallid bands (i.e., the pallid band region) would show significantly higher δ15N than sections outside this region. In contrast, the feathers of juveniles with pallid bands compared to normal appearing juveniles showed significantly lower δ15N. A likely explanation is that the latter individuals hatched after the May 31 storm and had consumed a trophically-shifted diet relative to juveniles with pallid bands. Considering this, the juveniles of normal appearance were significantly less abundant within our sample relative to expectations from past cohorts (z = − 2.03; p = 0.042) and, in as much, suggested widespread nest losses during the storm. Severe weather events may represent major stressors to ground-nesting birds, especially for recent fledglings. We call for others to exploit opportunities to study the effects of severe weather when these rare but devastating stressors impact established field research sites.
Examining the Relationship Between Black Carbon and Soot in Flames and Engine Exhaust

This article investigates the black carbon (BC) content of soot formed in premixed and diffusion flames and emitted by light duty gasoline and diesel vehicles. BC is measured photoacoustically and compared with particulate mass collected by filter and calculated from particle size distributions. The BC fraction of soot from rich premixed ethylene flames increases with height above the burner, but can remain well below unity in modestly sooting flames. The BC fraction produced by a propane diffusion flame soot generator (combustion aerosol standard, CAST) falls as the fuel is diluted with nitrogen, the principal means used to adjust the desired particle size. Thermally treating the soot to remove possible condensed semivolatile species does little to change these trends. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that despite low BC content, these particles display the characteristic fractal-like agglomerate morphology of soot. Particle mass spectra reveal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and ...