cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correcting for the Idealizations: The Remaining Inequalities

We recall once more that solution of “the main problem” invoked two idealizations: the center of gravity of the Earth and Moon was to move in a perfect ellipse about the Sun; and the Sun, Earth, and Moon were to be point-masses or, equivalently, spherical bodies with mass-distributions symmetrical about their centers. To correct for these idealizations meant determining the direct and indirect actions of the planets on the Moon (the indirect actions are effects of the planetary perturbations of the Earth’s motion, transmitted from the Earth to the Moon), and the effects of the nonspherical shapes of the Earth and Moon on the Moon’s motions.
Toward a molecular explanation for specific cell adhesion.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the work directed at understanding the nature of chemical and molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of specific associations between embryonic cells. The studies summarized in this chapter provides convincing evidence that specific cellular adhesion in sponge and vertebrate cells is mediated by specific macromolecular constituents at the cell periphery. The preparation of such constituents opens to experimentation their molecular nature, organization at the cell periphery and role in morphogenesis. The aggregation of embryonic vertebrate cells can be separated into two phases: the adhesion of single cells to one another immediately following tryptic dissociation, and the subsequent adhesion of these clusters into tightly packed aggregates with a definite histological structure. The initial adhesion of single embryonic cells freshly dissociated by trypsin is nonspecific and insensitive to inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis. This phase in the sequence of reaggregation most probably reflects the modification or destruction of cell surface components during tissue dissociation by the enzyme. The second phase in the reaggregation of vertebrate cells is sensitive to inhibition of macromolecular synthesis.
3D segment matching using the Hausdorff distance

The problem of matching sets of either points or segments is a well-studied problem with applications to image processing and computer vision and also to areas such as bioinformatics and astronomy. We present an approximate solution to the segment matching problem in 3D that can be used to recognize planar faced objects from range data. Our main contributions in the area of geometric matching are: a new definition of the Hausdorff distance between two sets of segments. This definition appears to be better suited to comparisons between sets of geometric entities. An efficient and practical strategy for approximate matching of sets of segments using this distance definition. Our solution extends results obtained for the simpler case of point-sets with the same time efficiency within the same error bounds.
DrawCraft: a spacecraft design tool for integrated concurrent engineering

DrawCraft is a design productivity tool that quickly enables engineers to render preliminary spacecraft within the Computer Aided Drafting suite SolidWorks. User-friendly and easy to learn, DrawCraft assists the entire design process by using templates of the most commonly used spacecraft components, requiring minimal information from the user. All of the information necessary to fully define a spacecraft of some number (n) parts is kept in a datamatrix of n rows by 21 columns. The n by 21 datamatrix can be exported to a tab-delimited text file called the Shared Mechanical Control Sheet or the Products Attributes Database. DrawCraft can also import data from the PAD or an SMCS and then render the corresponding spacecraft. The importance of the SMCS is that many elements of the datamatrix are either common engineering parameters or are simply related to such parameters. Hence, DrawCraft can import design parameters from other tools such as trades models or design databases.
Diagnosing tree-decomposable circuits

This paper describes a diagnosis algorithm called structure-based abduction (SAB) which was developed in the framework of constraint networks [12]. The algorithm exploits the structure of the constraint network and is most efficient for near-tree problem domains. By analyzing the structure of the problem domain, the performance of such algorithms can be bounded in advance. We present empirical results comparing SAB with two modelbased algorithms, MBD1 and MBD2, for the task of finding one or all minimal-cardinality diagnoses. MBD1 uses the same computing strategy as algorithm GDE [9]. MBD2 adopts a breadth-first search strategy similar to the algorithm DIAGNOSE [24]. The main conclusion is that for nearly acyclic circuits, such as the N-bit adder, the performance of SAB being linear provides definite advantages as the size of the circuit increases.
Refactoring model-view-controller

Model-view-controller (MVC) is an important architectural design pattern that frequently does not receive the attention it deserves. It is generally treated as a prescriptive design pattern, where students are taught to use three different categories of objects to construct GUI programs. There are subtle and important aspects of MVC that anyone developing GUIs should know. We approach these issues in our classes by taking relatively simple GUI programs and refactoring them. Our emphasis is on examining the strengths and tradeoffs involved with the various design decisions. We illustrate our approach in this paper using a simulated stopwatch.
The effects of free government health insurance among small children—evidence from the free care for children under six policy in Vietnam†

SUMMARY Over the last few years, there have been an increasing number of impact evaluations of health insurance and other demand-side financing programs in developing countries. Yet the literature on insurance impact among small children is limited. This paper evaluates the effects of a Vietnamese government's policy in 2005, which granted free access to health services in public facilities to all children younger than 6 years. In particular, we focus on children among households who are not eligible for a program for the poor, which has been administered concurrently in the country. Using two waves of the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys conducted right before and after the policy started and a difference-in-differences method, we found a major increase in both inpatient and outpatient care in the secondary public hospitals. At the same time, there is evidence indicating a reduction in the use of tertiary hospitals. Compared with the policy's non-beneficiaries, beneficiaries in the age group 4–5 years also experienced fewer sick days, incurred less out-of-pocket spending on healthcare, and were less likely to encounter catastrophic expenditure. Evidence thus suggests that insurance provided by the policy has served the function as a safety net and helped improving efficiency of the health system by reducing the use of costly tertiary care. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the effects between ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids on liver function and structure and on bile acid composition in the rhesus monkey

Abstract The hepatotoxic potential of the cholelitholytic bile acids, chenodeoxycholic (chenic), and ursodeoxycholic acids, was compared in the rhesus monkey. A placebo-controlled treatment trial with 40 and 120 mg/kg/day doses of chenic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, respectively, was conducted in 20 animals. Both chenic and ursodeoxycholic acids induced comparable abnormalities of liver function and structure. Liver biopsies, performed before and after 6 mo of treatment, showed the development of distinct light microscopic changes, including inflammation, fibrosis, and ductular proliferation in the portal fields as well as lobular rearrangement with formation of septa and regenerative nodules. Electron microscopy confirmed light microscopy, but showed no specific changes of cell organelles. Light microscopic examination of the kidneys, lungs, heart, intestine, and brain in 10 monkeys, which were sacrificed after 6 mo of controlled bile acid treatment, showed no abnormalities. Biliary lithocholic acid, all of which was unsulfated, increased several-fold to comparable levels in the bile acid-treated groups. Follow-up studies 6 mo after termination of bile acid treatment showed normalization of liver function tests and of bile acid composition as well as a considerable improvement of the histologic abnormalities. However, the restitution of normal liver structure was incomplete, with fibrosis and mild inflammation persisting in the portal fields. Our studies show that, in this primate species, chenic and ursodeoxycholic acids have comparable hepatotoxic effects, which are associated with similar increases of unsulfated lithocholic acid in bile.
Investigation of Quantitative Relationships in Dry-matter Distribution Between Tops and Storage Roots in Sugarbeet

Experiences en milieu controle et in situ afin de confirmer la validite du modele de Barnes: determination des relations quantitatives precises entre croissance des tiges et des racines et etablissement d'un schema qui permet l'etude des facteurs controlant le partage des produits de la photosynthese
Multiclass learning, boosting, and error-correcting codes

We focus on methods to solve multiclass learning problems by using only simple and efficient binary learners. We investigate the approach of Dietterich and Bakiri [2] based on error-correcting codes (which we call ECC). We distill error correlation as one of the key parameters influencing the performance of the ECC approach, and prove upper and lower bounds on the training error of the final hypothesis in terms of the error-correlation between the various binary hypotheses. Boosting is a powerful and well-studied learning technique that appears to annul error correlation disadvantages by cleverly weighting training examples and hypotheses. An interesting algorithm called ADABOOST.OC [12] combines boosting with the ECC approach and gives an algorithm that has the performance advantages of boosting and at the same time relies only on simple binary weak learners. We propose a variant of this algorithm, which we call ADABOOST.ECC, that, by using a different weighting of the votes of the weak hypotheses, is able to improve on the performance of ADABOOST.OC, both theoretically and experimentally, and in addition is arguably a more direct reduction of multiclass learning to binary learning problems than previous multiclass boosting algorithms.
Moral Education in an Age of Globalization

Care theory is used to describe an approach to global ethics and moral education. After a brief introduction to care ethics, the theory is applied to global ethics. The paper concludes with a discussion of moral education for personal, political, and global domains.
Design, synthesis, and dopamine receptor modulating activity of diketopiperazine peptidomimetics of L-prolyl-L-leucylglycinamide.

The diketopiperazine “C5” conformational mimic has been incorporated into the l-prolyl-l-leucylglycinamide (PLG, 1) structure and into the bicyclic lactam PLG peptidomimetic structure 3 to give compounds 5 and 6, respectively. These analogues were designed to explore the idea that the N-terminal “C5” conformation, which was found in the crystal structure of 2 and which was mimicked in 4 by the diketopiperazine function, was a factor in the high potency of these two agents. Through the use of the [3H]spiroperidol/N-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) D2 receptor competitive binding assay, both 5 and 6 were found to increase the affinity of the dopamine receptor for agonists and both were found to increase the percentage of D2 receptors which existed in the high-affinity state. These effects were observed when Gpp(NH)p was either absent or present, and they were analogous to the effects observed previously for PLG and the PLG peptidomimetics 2 and 4. However, the potency seen with 5 and 6 was less than that seen for...
Academic I.D. in jeopardy: the erosion of time, professional values, and physician satisfaction

The American public entrusts academic medicine with a varied portfolio of critical responsibilities: the thoughtful mentoring of future generations of doctors, the engagement of cutting edge discoveries, and the empathic treatment of patients with complicated illnesses. The erosion of time to perform these duties has led to an estrangement of our key professional values and thus a loss of public trust, the inability to recognize new diseases, reduced communication in our ranks, and physician dissatisfaction. Much of this is driven by an unbalanced focus on the business model of medicine, highlighting rapid patient transactions linked to professional income with financial incentives for high-volume care. Reversing the current trends requires a new type of leadership committed to long-held professional values and a recognition of what drives professional excellence. As internists and infectious diseases specialists without procedures in our practice, we are especially vulnerable to these trends.
The Closer Project: Inviting Touch with Fashionable Technology

ABSTRACTThe interactive wearable garments from the The Closer Project are revisited and reviewed to see if electronically infused textiles that require touch can promote kindness, fun, and play.
REDEFINING CULTURE THROUGH THE MEMORIAS OF ELDERLY LATINAS

The reminiscences of elderly Latinas can be a valuable source for understanding how migrants define cultural accommodation and capitalize on aspects of their own culture to make necessary adjustments to a new one. This article is based on an oral history project carried out with elderly Latinas in the Midwest in which the women share their life stories, including their reminiscences on the adjustments they made to living in the mainland United States. The reminiscences were avenues for rediscovering and reconceptualizing culture. The article addresses several methodological issues in narrative research: the roles and status of the researcher, the meaning of reciprocity, and the nature and meaning of the group sharing of stories.
Donor factors affecting outcome after pancreas transplantation

In this study, we demonstrated that Px grafts from donors older than 45 years are associated with an increased risk of developing poor glycemic control and premature loss of Px function. Previous studies corroborate our finding that age of the donor is the principal donor characteristic impacting postoperative Px survival. Whereas prior studies also implicated hyperamylasemia as a factor which contributes adversely to outcome, we were unable to demonstrate a significant influence of donor hyperamylasemia on long-term graft survival, although it did correlate with the degree of immediate postoperative pancreatitis and with the need for oral hypoglycemic agents. Similarly, elevated blood glucoses in the donor, which can be a result of many other factors unrelated to the quality of the graft, did not predict a poor outcome in the recipient. NHB donor pancreata did as well as HB pancreata with regards to all postoperative functional parameters. A marginally increased risk of developing major complications was associated with older donors. Despite the frequent use of non-ideal donors, including older and NHB donors, excellent overall Px graft survival can be achieved. Although the quality of the pancreas graft was not directly addressed in this study, we believe irrespective of hyperglycemia or hyperamylasemia, subjective assessment of organ quality by an experienced transplant surgeon is the most important determinant of suitability.
Molecular discrimination of phytoseiids associated with the red palm mite Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from Mauritius and South Florida

Phytoseiid populations imported from Mauritius for evaluation for a classical biological control program in Florida, USA, were morphologically identified as Amblyseius largoensis Muma, a species associated with the red palm mite in south Florida and the Caribbean. Bayesian analysis and sequence divergences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA and nuclear Elongation factor—I alpha (EF-Iα) genes and Neighbor-Joining analysis of High-fidelity-RAPD-PCR markers were used to discriminate between the south Florida and Mauritius populations. High-fidelity-RAPD-PCR markers in addition to Bayesian and sequence divergence analyses of the 12S rRNA sequences suggest that the Mauritius and south Florida populations are genetically different but whether these are species or population differences is unknown. The degenerate EF-Iα primers used to survey the phytoseiids amplified two different elongation factor sequences with distinct amino acid translations, the putative EF-Iα and an unknown elongation factor. Variability within the 12S gene was used to develop population-specific primers for identifying the Mauritius phytoseiids in the event they are released in south Florida.
Very extreme seasonal precipitation in the NARCCAP ensemble: model performance and projections

Seasonal extreme daily precipitation is analyzed in the ensemble of NARCAPP regional climate models. Significant variation in these models’ abilities to reproduce observed precipitation extremes over the contiguous United States is found. Model performance metrics are introduced to characterize overall biases, seasonality, spatial extent and the shape of the precipitation distribution. Comparison of the models to gridded observations that include an elevation correction is found to be better than to gridded observations without this correction. A complicated model weighting scheme based on model performance in simulating observations is found to cause significant improvements in ensemble mean skill only if some of the models are poorly performing outliers. The effect of lateral boundary conditions are explored by comparing the integrations driven by reanalysis to those driven by global climate models. Projected mid-century future changes in seasonal precipitation means and extremes are presented and discussions of the sources of uncertainty and the mechanisms causing these changes are presented.
Randomized Heuristics for Exploiting Jacobian Scarcity

In this paper, we describe a code transformation technique that, given a code for a vector function F, produces a code suitable for computing collections of Jacobian-vector products F′(x)x˙ or Jacobian-transpose-vector products F′(x)T y¯. Exploitation of scarcity – a measure of the degrees of freedom in the Jacobian matrix – requires solving a combinatorial optimization problem that is believed to be hard. Our heuristics transform the computational graph for F, producing, in the form of a transformed graph G′, a representation of the Jacobian F′(x) that is both concise and suitable for evaluating large collections of the Jacobian-vector products or the Jacobian-transpose-vector products. Our heuristics are randomized and compare favourably in all cases with the best known heuristics.
Mechanisms of HP1-mediated gene silencing in Drosophila

Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) is a structural component of silent chromatin at telomeres and centromeres. Euchromatic genes repositioned near heterochromatin by chromosomal rearrangements are typically silenced in an HP1-dependent manner. Silencing is thought to involve the spreading of heterochromatin proteins over the rearranged genes. HP1 associates with centric heterochromatin through an interaction with methylated lysine 9 of histone H3, a modification generated by SU(VAR)3-9. The current model for spreading of silent chromatin involves HP1-dependent recruitment of SU(VAR)3-9, resulting in the methylation of adjacent nucleosomes and association of HP1 along the chromatin fiber. To address mechanisms of silent chromatin formation and spreading, HP1 was fused to the DNA-binding domain of the E. coli lacI repressor and expressed in Drosophila melanogaster stocks carrying heat shock reporter genes positioned 1.9 and 3.7 kb downstream of lac operator repeats. Association of lacI -HP1 with the repeats resulted in silencing of both reporter genes and correlated with a closed chromatin structure consisting of regularly spaced nucleosomes, similar to that observed in centric heterochromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that HP1 spread bi-directionally from the tethering site and associated with the silenced reporter transgenes. To examine mechanisms of spreading, the effects of a mutation in Su(var)3-9 were investigated. Silencing was minimally affected at 1.9 kb, but eliminated at 3.7 kb, suggesting that HP1-mediated silencing can operate in a SU(VAR)3-9-independent and -dependent manner.
Crushing of an Elastic-Plastic Ring Between Rigid Plates With and Without Unloading

Load-deflection curves are computed for an elastic-plastic ring that is slowly crushed between frictionless, rigid plates (platens). The ring is assumed to be inextensional with plane sections remaining plane and to obey a bi-linear stress-strain law with isotropic hardening. These assumptions lead to a local nonlinear moment-curvature relation identical to that developed by Liu et al. When inserted into the exact equation for moment equilibrium, this constitutive relation yields a second-order, nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the angle a between the deformed centerline of the ring and the horizontal. The numerical solution of this equation, which uses a combined penalty-continuation method, along with an auxiliary equation relating the vertical deflection to a, leads to overall load-deflection curves that depend on two dimensionless parameters, λ and μ. The first is the ratio of the plastic modulus to the elastic modulus; the second measures the ratio of plastic to elastic effects. As μ-0, the overall load-deflection curve of Frish-Fay for the elastica is recovered; as μ→∞, that of DeRuntz and Hodge for a rigid-perfectly plastic ring is recovered. Three scenarios are considered: I 0 , in which an initially straight, stress-free beam is bent elastically into a ring and then crushed; H 0 , in which an initially stress-free ring is crushed; and III 0 , in which an initially straight beam is bent first elastically and then elastically-plastically into a ring and then crushed. Results for scenario II 0 are shown to agree well with experiments of Reddy and Reid if λ=0.01 and μ = 10 and 20 and with experiments of Avalle and Goglio if λ=0.02 and μ = 11. In scenarios I 0 and II 0 , the effects of unloading prove to be small, reinforcing a similar conclusion of Liu et al., who considered the large-deflection of an elastic-plastic cantilever under a tip load. If no unloading is assumed, a more analytical treatment is possible, as shown in the second part of the present paper. The model predicts that the ring always remains in full contact with the platens, in agreement with recent experiments by Avalle and Goglio on annealed aluminum tubes. Pull-away from the platens also observed in experiments is ascribed to end effects which cannot be modeled by a one-dimensional beam theory. However, it is argued that, even if there is pull-away, the effect on the overall force-deflection relation must he small because in both cases the forces exerted by the platens are concentrated at the ends of the contact region. Moving pictures of successive stages of deformation of the ring showing the formation of plastic loading and unloading zones in all three scenarios may be found on the web site www.people.virginia.edu/∼jgs/ring.html.
Varus-valgus alignment in the progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis.

Objective To test the hypotheses that lateral patellofemoral (PF) osteoarthritis (OA) progression is more common than medial PF OA progression, that varus alignment increases the likelihood of medial PF OA progression, and that valgus alignment increases the likelihood of lateral PF OA progression. Methods Patients with knee OA were recruited from the community. Inclusion criteria were definite osteophyte presence (i.e., Kellgren/Lawrence radiographic grade ≥2) in 1 or both knees and at least some difficulty with knee-requiring activity. Varus–valgus alignment (the angle formed by the intersection of the mechanical axes of the femur and tibia) was measured on a full-limb radiograph at baseline. To assess PF OA progression, weight-bearing skyline views of the PF compartment were obtained at baseline and at 18-month followup. Knees with the highest grade of PF narrowing at baseline were excluded from analysis. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were used; odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. Results Lateral PF OA progression, which occurred in 120 (30%) of 397 knees, was more common than was medial PF OA progression, which occurred in 60 knees (15%). Varus (versus nonvarus) alignment increased the odds of PF OA progression isolated to the medial PF compartment (adjusted OR 1.85, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.00–3.44). Valgus alignment increased the odds of PF OA progression isolated to the lateral compartment (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.01–2.66). Conclusion Lateral PF OA progression was more common than medial progression, and varus–valgus alignment influenced the likelihood of PF OA progression in a compartment-specific manner. Interventions that address the stress imposed by alignment on the PF compartments may delay PF OA progression and should be developed.
North American Jurassic APW: The current dilemma

Geologists are in a quandary over the correct interpretation of paleomagnetic data for Jurassic rocks of the North American plate. Conflicting reference paleopoles and alternate methods of constructing apparent polar wander (APW) paths have led to a controversy regarding the configuration of Jurassic APW for cratonic North America. These differences have been recently disputed at meetings (see Eos, Spring Meeting Supplement, April 7, 1992, p. 94) and in an exchange of letters in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth [Butler et al., 1992; Van Fossen and Kent, 1992a]. At stake is important information concerning the Jurassic paleogeography of North America and the whole of Pangea, as well as the nature and driving mechanism of plate movements. In addition, cratonic paleopoles provide a reference frame for measuring relative displacements of tectonostratigraphic terranes.
The effect of correlation on the nuclear magnetic shielding constants in atomic systems

Abstract It is shown that accurate estimates of the true nuclear magnetic shielding constants in atoms can be obtained with considerable ease from approximate Hartree-Fock values. Extension of this estimation procedure to moleclar systems is discussed.
The flexible application of a manualized treatment for PTSD symptoms and functional impairment related to the 9/11 World Trade Center attack

The purpose of this treatment effectiveness study was to evaluate the flexible application of a manualized cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for PTSD and related symptoms in survivors of the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. Treatment delivery ranged from 12 to 25 sessions; therapist experience ranged from no prior training to extensive training in CBT; and training and supervision of clinicians in the treatment manual was considerably less than that required in a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Paired t-tests demonstrated significant pre-post reductions in symptoms of PTSD and depression for the flexible application of the treatment. A benchmarking analysis revealed that the moderate-to-large effect sizes found for these variables were similar to those obtained in an RCT of the same treatment. Furthermore, effect sizes on measures of outcomes particularly relevant to this population of mass violence survivors such as functional impairment, use of alcohol and drugs to cope, and use of social support to cope, were also medium to large.
Cardiac troponin T and C-reactive protein as markers of acute cardiac allograft rejection

Due to myocyte damage and an associated inflammatory response, it is possible that cardiac troponin T and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations may correlate with the histologic grade of rejection in endomyocardial biopsy samples obtained from patients who have received a heart transplant. In this study, 704 blood samples were obtained from 145 different heart transplant recipients just prior to endomyocardial biopsy. Plasma specimens were assayed for troponin T and CRP concentration and the results compared with the assigned International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) histologic grade. Rejection was defined as an ISHLT grade of 3A or higher. The negative predictive values were near 80% in all cases, and a statistically significant increase in median troponin T concentration was observed across ISHLT grades. After the first month posttransplantation, the specificity of the troponin T test (cutoff 0.1 ng/ml) was 95% and increased to 98% when false positives seen in renal disease patients were excluded. Both tests demonstrated poor sensitivity and positive predictive value for rejection. Neither CRP nor troponin T had sufficient sensitivity to serve as an alternative to endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of acute cardiac allograft rejection. However, the troponin T test had a high specificity, especially when patients with renal insufficiency were excluded, and could serve as an adjunct test in this setting. When combined with a normal serum creatinine, a troponin T > or =0.1 ng/ml prior to endomyocardial biopsy correlated with graft rejection in almost all cases, making biopsy unnecessary.
Response to high-intensity eccentric muscle contractions in persons with myopathic disease.

Although the response to intense eccentric muscle contractions is well described in normal subjects, concern exists about possible untoward effects in persons with myopathic diseases. We investigated 14 subjects with slowly progressive muscular dystrophies including myotonic muscular dystrophy (n = 9), facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (n = 2), limb-girdle syndrome (n = 2), and Becker muscular dystrophy (n = 1). Control subjects consisted of 18 able-bodied persons. Subjects performed two sets of eight maximal-effort eccentric repetitions of the elbow flexors, with measurement of maximal concentric strength, serum creatine kinase, resting and flexed arm angle, arm circumference, and soreness at days 0, 3, and 7. Although the myopathic group had less initial strength, both groups demonstrated a similar response to the protocol over 7 days. Both groups had a significant rise in serum creatine kinase, which was still elevated at 7 days (P < 0.05). The control group demonstrated a slightly greater injury response in terms of soreness, resting and flexed arm angles, and arm swelling. Both groups of subjects appeared to respond similarly to an acute bout of eccentric contractions. However, the potential long-term effects of this type of exercise in persons with myopathic diseases remains unknown.
Why myocardial stunning is clinically important.

Stunning has been described in every species studied so far, and there is no reason to suspect that humans are the exception. The exact prevalence and severity of stunning in humans remain unknown because of our inability to diagnose this condition. In most cases, stunning probably does little harm. However, it seems plausible that in a minority of cases, stunning can be quite detrimental and even life-threatening by causing hemodynamic instability that requires intensive monitoring, pharmacological and/or mechanical circulatory support, and prolonged hospitalization with its attendant costs (Table 1). Recognition of stunning in these cases may pay handsome dividends, since this form of contractile dysfunction can be completely corrected with inotropic therapy. Furthermore, the notion that contractility can be reversibly depressed for prolonged periods of time is critical in order to properly manage patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and/or cardiogenic shock after acute infarction or cardiac surgery, in whom the decision as to whether to implement and maintain vigorous pharmacological and/or mechanical circulatory support for extended periods of time obviously depends upon whether or not the ventricular dysfunction is reversible (Table 1). Quick and reliable diagnostic techniques for detecting stunning in these cases are clearly essential. In addition, the lack of immediate improvement in regional myocardial function after therapeutic revascularization (e.g., thrombolysis in acute infarction) would be difficult to interpret without recognition of the phenomenon of stunning (Table 1). Diagnosis of stunning in these cases is important to decide whether to perform PTCA on the infarct-related vessel. Regardless of all of the above, stunning is likely to be a factor contributing to the progressive decrease in regional function and/or cardiac dedifferentiation observed in patients with chronic, reversible wall motion abnormalities (Table 1). This may turn out to be the major clinical importance of myocardial stunning.
Preventing Childhood Obesity through State Policy: Qualitative Assessment of Enablers and Barriers

As the prevalence of obesity rapidly climbs among youth in the United States, public health practitioners and policymakers seek effective means of slowing and reversing these trends. Recently, many state laws and regulations addressing childhood obesity have been introduced and enacted. Understanding determinants of such legislation may inform the development and passage of future policies. For this study, key-informant interviews were conducted with 16 legislators and staffers from 11 states in 2005–2006 to examine qualitative factors that enable and impede state-level childhood obesity prevention legislation. Commonly cited factors positively influencing the passage of childhood obesity prevention legislation included national media exposure, introduction of the policy by senior legislators, and gaining the support of key players including parents, physicians, and schools. Noteworthy barriers included powerful lobbyists of companies that produce unhealthy foods and misconceptions about legislating foods at schools. Although the total number of informants was modest, their valuable insights provide policymakers and practitioners with a set of enablers and barriers to be considered when pursuing state-level policy.
Photojournalists' and Photo Editors' Attitudes and Perceptions: The Visual Coverage of 9/11 and the Afghan War

A survey of photojournalists and photo editors (N = 516) revealed that the vast majority of the respondents believe the U.S. press differed from foreign press in the visual depiction of human suffering, patriotism, political climate, and global reactions. Findings also indicated the majority of the respondents support the use of graphic imagery and perceive the context of news influences the selection of graphic photographs under certain circumstances. Respondents reported political sensitivity ranked higher for selecting graphic images of the Afghan War than for selecting graphic images of 9/11. Results also suggest significant but not meaningful differences on the influences of readers' criticisms, taste, self-censorship, and personal ethics in the visual gatekeeping process. The limited consideration for organizations' codes of ethics and the lack of necessary access to photograph the Afghan War also were noted.
Communication, Culture, and the Essentialized Islam

This article argues that it is important for scholars in our field to address religion. It argues that a major pitfall in this endeavor is the problem of essentializing religion, particularly Islam. On the one hand, there has been a tendency to embrace Islam as an overriding explanatory framework. On the other, there has emerged a tendency to vilify religion and to attribute to it a range of issues that are not supported by empirical evidence. In either case, the logic that structures this discourse insists on cultural and religious distinctions in order to bestow on Islam the status of an ontological category. Using Iran as a case study, this article examines essentialization of Islam at work.
Enzymes of coccidid: Purification and properties of l-lactate dehydrogenase from Eimeria stiedae ☆

Abstract The initial extensive purification and characterization of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) from sporozoa was accomplished. Fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate, followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex ® yielded a 500–1000-fold purification of the enzyme from unsporulated Eimeria stiedae oocysts. One isoenzyme was demonstrated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The subunits of this isoenzyme were dissociated and recombined to form another active isoenzyme. The rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate by this enzyme was strongly influenced by specific anions. In Γ/2 0.1 glycine-sodium glycinate buffer at 40 C, the K m for lactate was 3.03 × 10 −2 M and the K m for NAD was 3.34 × 10 −4 M . The enzyme accepted NAD and certain of its analogs as coenzymes. The 3-acetylpyridine analog of NADP served as coenzyme, whereas NADP did not. The enzyme was peculiar because it accepted α-NAD as coenzyme. A pyruvate-NAD complex apparently did not compete with NADH for the same binding site on the enzyme molecule. The rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate was maximal at 40 C. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the rate of interconversion of pyruvate and lactate varied according to the buffer system in which the reaction occurred.
A note on the influence of age at time of diethylstilbestrol implantation on the weight gain of young lambs

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) implants have consistently increased the weight gains and feed efficiency of 5 to 7 month old fattening lambs. The effects of DES on young sucking lambs is less well delineated. Twelve mg DES implants used by Perry, Andrews and Beeson (1951) and Clegg, Albaugh, Lucas and Weir (1955) and 3 mg DES implants used by Lewis, Hines and Mansfield (1966) resulted in significant increases in weight gains of 6-to 14-week-old lambs. Conversely Jordan and Dinusson (1950), Jordan (1953) and England (1959) using 3 mg implants reported no significant increase in weight gains of 2- to 4-month-old grazing sucking Iambs. Wilkinson, Carter and Copenhaver (1955) implanted 6 to 8 week old grazing, sucking lambs with 10 mg of oestradiol and 250 mg progesterone. No increase in weight gains resulted and 5 of 28 lambs treated were lost from prolapse of the rectum.
The Mechanics of Breathing and Stabilization of Ventilation in Patients With Unilateral Cerebral Infarction

The mechanics of breathing and responses of the respiratory system to CO2 during resistance breathing were studied in 12 patients with clinical evidence of unilateral cerebral infarction and compared with the findings in normal subjects. The respiratory abnormalities in patients with cerebrovascular disease consisted of noncompliant lungs and high levels of elastic and nonelastic work while rebreathing CO2. There were no differences in responses of minute ventilation to CO2 in the two groups. Unlike normal subjects, the patients did not increase their level of respiratory work to compensate for the addition of a modest external resistance to airflow, and the ventilatory response to CO2, consequently, became less than in the normal subjects. This failure to maintain tidal volumes and minute ventilation while breathing through an external resistance may account for some instances of respiratory deterioration among patients with cerebrovascular disease.
Developing a Research Agenda for Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace Manufacturing

The promise of significant advancement in manufacturing science obtained from the application of artificial intelligence (Al) technology has provided the impetus for an Air Force program for AI development in manufacturing. This program seeks to pursue long-range goals in a realistic and pragmatic manner, cultivate a steady progression of incremental gains, and focus AI science on the special problems in the aerospace batch manufacturing environment. The recent efforts to formulate a Research and Development (RD presenting an overview of the methodology used to generate and assess potential research projects; and, providing examples of the results obtained from the implementation of this methodology.
Unlocking Human Potential through Technical Innovation

Future innovations in computing technologies are just as likely to be driven by the outside demands for these technologies than by improvements driven from within the computer science community. In this regard, I define "computing" as the union of concerns including traditional computer science (such as systems, architecture, networking), human-computer interaction (HCI), graphics and animation, robotics, and theoretical foundations across the board. Alongside the formation of the College of Computing at Georgia Tech 15 years ago, the GVU Center for research was created to study, predict, and design future innovations in computing based on then unseen uses of computing technologies by enterprises not associated with computer science. Many research pundits at the time predicted that innovation would arise only from a technical agenda driven by rapid technology advances while people, evolutionarily speaking, would remain relatively unchanged. On the contrary, GVU's research agenda has evolved rapidly as people's capacity and desire for innovation has been almost without limits. In this article, I reflect on the evolving mission of this interdisciplinary research center, describing GVU's agenda going forward and how this agenda mirrors changes in the computing industry.
TIME DELAY IN QUANTUM SCATTERING.

A new definition of the time delay in the scattering of a quantum-mechanical wave packet is proposed. It has a broader domain of applicability than previous definitions. The average time delay for the scattering of a plane-wave train is evaluated. Applications of the result to the quantum theory of the second virial coefficient are given.
A test of Ferri's hypothesis about suicide and homicide rates

From 1940 to 1989 in the USA, suicide and homicide rates were positively associated, as were the year-to-year changes in these rates, in contradiction to an hypothesis made by Enrico Ferri.
Change in societal technology and development, 1950-1990

Abstract This paper measures and analyzes the dynamics of societal technology from 1950 to 1990. We first review prior efforts to define and measure technology; then we improve and extend an existing index of societal technology (Frisbie & Clarke 1979). Next we examine global patterns of technological change. Previous observations are extended in terms of time, from 1950 to 1990 for 53 nations; and in terms of sample size, for 98 countries from 1970 to 1990. During the 1970s and 1980s, the greatest technological gains were in Asia, while Sub-Saharan Africa had practically no change in societal technology; North Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America experienced moderate levels of change; and technology levels in Europe and North America seemed to be both increasing and converging at a decreasing rate. Finally, we apply the index in a cross-national analysis of life expectancy at birth. Societal technology is found to be a better predictor of population survival than either GNP per capita or energy consumption per capita, heretofore the most common proxy of technology.
A NEW MICROCHOERINE OMOMYID (PRIMATES, MAMMALIA) FROM THE ENGLISH EARLY EOCENE AND ITS PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHICAL IMPLICATIONS

Abstract: A new genus and species of omomyid primate, Melaneremia bryanti, is described from the Early Eocene Blackheath Beds of Abbey Wood, London, UK. It shares unique derived characters with the European subfamily Microchoerinae and is its most primitive member. It is nevertheless more derived than the primitive omomyid Teilhardina belgica from the beginning of the European Eocene. Cladistic analysis shows that the Microchoerinae are sister group to a clade comprising subfamilies Omomyinae and Anaptomorphinae, but excluding Teilhardina belgica and T. asiatica, which are stem omomyids. The Mammalian Dispersal Event (MDE), which marks the beginning of the Eocene (55·8 Ma), saw the dispersal of primates, perissodactyls and artiodactyls into the Northern Hemisphere. At this time similar species of Teilhardina lived in Europe, Asia and North America. The Abbey Wood microchoerine lived about 1 million years later. It co-occurs with non-primate species identical or very similar to those that lived in North America. The latter were ground-dwellers, whereas the microchoerine and others that show distinct differences from North American relatives were tree-dwellers. Land-bridges connected North America and Europe via Greenland at the beginning of the Eocene, but 2 million years later these had been severed by submarine rifting. North American species at Abbey Wood indicate that a land connection still remained at c. 55 Ma. However, the forest belt that must have been continuous during the MDE to allow tree-dwellers to disperse between the continents is likely by this time to have been disrupted, perhaps by volcanic eruption.
Influence of relative surface age on hydraulic properties and infiltration on soils associated with desert pavements

Abstract Av horizons found in desert pavement environments are known to evolve pedogenically over geologic time. This study was conducted to determine whether increased pedogenic development of the Av (vesicular) horizon over relative time impacts the hydraulic properties of individual soil peds and the mechanism of infiltration as inferred by dye patterns. We examined peds from the Av horizons associated with desert pavements that mantled three different alluvial deposits with different relative surface ages (Qf5 (∼ 10 ka), Qf3 (∼ 50–100 ka), and Qf2 (∼ 10–50 ka)) and included an additional surface (Qf6 (∼ 4 ka)) for the dye studies. We hypothesized that increases in the development of the Av over time would lead to a more structured soil surface with greater potential flow between soil peds and lower hydraulic conductivity of the soil peds themselves. Results showed that average K s and α of the Qf5 peds were significantly greater than estimated for the Qf2 and Qf3 peds. Although K s was greater for the Qf5 peds, the steady-state infiltration rate was equal for the Qf3, Qf2, and Qf5 surfaces, perhaps indicating a reduction in matrix flow through soil peds and an increase in interped flow between soil peds. Studies were also conducted using dyed water and a tension disc infiltrometer, set to saturation. Following the tests the soil was excavated in 2-cm increments and photographed. The dye patterns for the Qf6 indicated that the water moved rapidly through the soil matrix into deeper soil, and without any preferential flow around peds. The Qf5 exhibited more dye-stained soil at depth than seen in the Qf2 and Qf3, perhaps due to higher ped conductivity. Qualitative observations on the Qf2 and Qf3 suggest that water flowed primarily along the ped faces and then toward the ped interiors. The results suggest that infiltration through Av horizons evolves from a matrix-dominated process on the younger soils to a preferential flow-dominated process on older surfaces.