cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new 180 kDa. urine protein marker associated with bladder cancer.

AbstractWe surveyed the tumor-related proteins present in the urine specimens of 118 bladder cancer patients to seek a possible marker enabling future diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. We identified a protein of 180kDa. by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in urine samples subjected to prior adsorption by protein-A conjugated to a sepharose bead. This protein appears to be a glycoprotein because it binds to concanavalin A-conjugated sepharose and can be eluted by a-methyl D-mannoside. It does not react immunochemically with antibodies prepared against either carcinoembryonic antigen or epidermal growth factor receptor, both of which have an apparent molecular weight close to 180kDa.We found this protein in the urine of 74.3% of the patients with transitional cell carcinoma. It was not present in age-matched controls, patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia or patients with 10 other cancers. There was 1 false positive result in a patient with prostate cancer. It does not a...
Figure of merit for resonant wireless power transfer

Improvements in performance of resonant coils are important for the range and efficiency of wireless power transfer (WPT); however, these improvements are difficult to measure using the conventional figure-of-merit (FoM), which is the product of quality factor and coupling factor. The conventional FoM does not account for important WPT system performance parameters such as coil size and range of power transfer; furthermore, it requires information which is not commonly reported. In this paper, we propose a new FoM that is the ratio of the loss fraction of a reference system and and the system-under-test. The reference system models two-loops of solid wire that are scaled to the same overall size as the system-under-test. The FoM is an indication of the performance of a WPT coil technology independent of a specific implementation, and can be calculated using commonly reported parameters: coil diameter, transmission range, and coil-to-coil efficiency. We computed the FoM for a few WPT systems in the literature, and found the highest FoM to be 3.4, achieved using a self-resonant structure.
Effects of current scan rate on the polarization curve of vanadium redox flow batteries

Polarization curve is one of the commonly used methods to evaluate the performance of electrochemical devices such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB). For an optimized PEM fuel cell system, the performance of the fuel cell is steady as long as the fuels are supplied. Long duration of measurement points will have minimum effects on the polarization curves. On the other hand, electrolytes used in vanadium redox flow batteries are circulated through the cell and returned to the reservoirs after the electrochemical reactions. The oxidation state of the vanadium ions in the reservoirs will no longer be the same after the oxidized or reduced vanadium ions pass through the cell. For this reason, the duration between each measurement point is critical to the polarization curves, particularly for laboratory scale research where the volume of electrolytes is relatively small. Long duration of measurement points could result in misleading polarization curves due to the contaminated electrolytes. In this work, a single vanadium redox flow battery cell with 50 cm2 active area was fabricated and the electrolytic solution was prepared. The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of current scan rate on the polarization curve of the single VRFB cell.
Translingual Play That Promotes Cultural Connections, Invention, and Regulation: A LatCrit Perspective.

Using Latino critical race theory as a lens, this qualitative study explored ways in which young children’s translanguaging practices informed the design of culturally relevant sociodramatic spaces...
Liver Fibrosis as Assessed by the FIB-4 Index in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)

Data about liver fibrosis in T2DM are scarce. The FIB-4 index is a non-invasive panel to evaluate underlying hepatic fibrosis. FIB-4 values Conclusion: Only 75% of the patients had FIB-4 suggesting absence of advanced liver fibrosis, ∼ 50% of subjects at risk of liver outcomes had ALT/AST within RR. FIB-4 is a simple, inexpensive method that may help identify patients at risk of liver outcomes. Strategies to slow the growth of liver complications and therapeutic options are necessary to mitigate disease burden. Disclosure C.M. Filozof: Employee; Self; Covance Inc.. S. Jones: None. B.J. Goldstein: Employee; Self; Covance Inc..
The seizure active site demonstrated by chronically implanted electrodes.

In the past two decades open or stereotaxic surgery has actively been applied to seizure disorders. In some cases the results of surgery were encouraging but in others they were disappointing. It seemed to us that the primary reason for these widely divergent effects of surgery was the usual approach of selecting only one target structure without considering the nature of the specific seizure type or that multiple foci were present.
Reconciling Group Tendencies and Individual Variation in the Acquisition of L2 and L3

Considerable research on the acquisition of English in Finland has found strong and consistent inter-group differences in the success of native speakers of Finnish and native speakers of Swedish, with speakers of the former language often experiencing much more difficulty with English articles and prepositions. The current study corroborates such findings on group differences but also looks closely at individual variation in regard to how the study of a second language may or may not facilitate the acquisition of a third. Inter-group differences between speakers of L1 Finnish and L1 Swedish were indeed prominent in the omission of English articles, yet there was also a wide range of individual variation among L1 Finnish speakers. Furthermore, the range of variation among Finnish speakers who had studied L2 Swedish for 6 years was similar to that found in a group of Finns who had never studied Swedish—that is, despite 6 years of L2 Swedish, some individuals showed omission rates comparable to those of learners who had had no L2 Swedish. In contrast, there was much less variation involving English prepositions among the learners with 6 years of Swedish; although there were individuals in this group who omitted articles in all obligatory environments, there were none who frequently omitted prepositions, a fact which argues for an especially strong and helpful influence of the Swedish prepositional system. Yet despite this positive transfer involving L2 Swedish, L1 Finnish did remain in competition with the L2 prepositional system for such influence, at least among some individuals.
Great Expectations or Wishful Thinking? Ethnicity in a Reverse Dictator Game in Bosnia

This study considers prospects for the revitalization of social norms after ethnic conflict in the case of post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina. Between September 2003 and January 2004, a total of 681 subjects took part in a survey and a series of behavioral decision-making experiments across Bosnia. Using variations on the classic dictator game, the study shows how perceptions of a norm of fairness are impacted by ethnic treatments. Contrary to assumptions of ethnic polarization and hatred, the study reveals the persistence of a norm of fairness across ethnicity in Bosnia and points to the utility of experimental methods in the study of ethnic conflict.
Discrete Phase-Space Model for Quantum Mechanics

A quantum dynamical system is modeled by associating a complete set of orthogonal eigenfunctions labeled by position q (“pixels”), defined only at lattice points, plus other labelling indices (“colors”), and a complete set of orthogonal eigenfunctions labelled by momentum p, defined only inside the Brillouin zone, plus other corresponding labelling indices. Measurement of position q and momentum p are represented by operators \(\hat Q\) and \(\hat P\) multiplying the position (q) and momentum (p) eigenfunctions, respectively. The uncertainty relations for \(\hat Q\) and \(\hat P\) hold. We demonstrate that this model enable us to formulate quantum mechanics in a lattice, representing a reduced number of degrees of freedom.
Learning from different disciplines

If you knocked on Heaven9s door, and God greeted you, what question would you ask? What is the nature of human consciousness, and how can it be expanded? Where does the Universe begin and end? What is time, and why isn9t it constant? The Most Unknown , a documentary film in the Simons Foundation Science Sandbox series, takes the viewer on a fantastical journey of nine scientists as they intrepidly knock on Heaven9s door. Each asks a profound question in a different way. But all are making a difference in how science explains the Universe, the world we live in, and the worlds within us.
Retrospective analysis of a single‐center clinical experience toward development of curative treatment of 123 pemphigus patients with a long‐term follow‐up: efficacy and safety of the multidrug protocol combining intravenous immunoglobulin with the cytotoxic immunosuppressor and mitochondrion‐protecting drugs

Background Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-long IgG autoantibody-mediated blistering disease affecting the mucosal surfaces lined by the stratified epithelium (oral, nasal, genital) and sometimes also the skin. While corticosteroid treatment is life saving, the high dose and prolonged courses required for disease control are associated with significant adverse effects, including death. Although introduction of rituximab (RTX) provided for a favorable outcome, the high relapse rate, that is, up to 80%, precludes successful use of RTX as a monotherapy. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is being increasingly utilized as off-label therapy for a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including PV and pemphigus foliaceus (PF). Aims The goal of pemphigus research is to develop an effective treatment modality that would allow patients to achieve and maintain a stable clinical remission without the need for additional treatments, or cure. Materials and methods This article summarizes clinical outcome of 123 pemphigus patients treated with a combination of IVIg, an immunosuppressive cytotoxic drug (ICD) and mitochondrion-protecting drugs in the Blistering Disease Clinic at the University of California, Irvine from 2007 to 2017. Results The mean time to disease control was 0.2 months and time to complete remission - 1.7 months. Duration of complete remission on drugs until relapse or end of treatment was 19.3 months. The mean duration of complete remission off drugs until relapse was 15.8 months. That until end of follow up was 48.4 months, with a minimum of 14 and a maximum of 91 months. The overall complete remission rate off all drugs was 100%, with 12% overall relapse rate. Most relapses, 8.1 vs. 3.3%, occurred during the time of treatment, compared to posttreatment. No patients had more than a single relapse. The duration of the posttreatment follow-up ranged from 9 to 97 months with a mean of 64.8 months, or 5.4 years. The total number of IVIg cycles ranged from 26 in patients without a relapse to 37 in patients with a relapse. The clinical outcome in patients that received IVIg with RTX or another ICD were found to be very similar. Discussion Thus, the multidrug IVIg regimen allowed to achieve three principal treatment objectives: (i) rapid control of pemphigus symptoms; (ii) stable disease remission; and (iii) overall safety of treatment. Conclusions While the individualized therapeutic approaches to eradicate the autoreactive B cell clones causing disease in each particular PV or PF patient are being developed, all pemphigus patients can benefit from the treatment protocol described in this study.
Varicella Zoster aseptic meningitis: Report of an atypical case in an immunocompetent patient treated with oral valacyclovir.

Abstract Varicella Zoster when described has the typical presentation of a dermatomal distribution of a rash and can further lead to CNS complications. This can be treated accordingly with the proper protocol, but if the presentation is atypical and the protocol is challenged or changed per specific patient outcomes, new developments can occur. Here we present a case of a 29-year-old Caucasian female that presented to the emergency department with headache, photophobia, and chills for 5 days. She was previously healthy and immunocompetent; CSF PCR analysis revealed a VZV infection causing acute aseptic meningitis with no shingles rash eruption on physical examination. The patient was not willing to stay hospitalized for the duration of the treatment. This gave us an opportunity to treat her with an oral, rather than IV, antiviral. The patient was successfully treated with oral valacyclovir 2 g Q6H after only receiving two days of IV acyclovir. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient with VZV-associated meningitis successfully treated with oral valacyclovir.
Micropropagation of ‘Chester thornless’ Blackberry Cultivar using Axillary Bud Explants

Sexual propagation is not suitable for production of true to type plants for commercial cultivation of selected cultivars due to the having heterozygous characteristics. Rubus species are highly heterozygous and therefore when they are propagated by seeds the high plant variability is obtained. Micropropagation methods became very important and have many advantages compared to the classical propagation methods. In Turkey, blackberries are commonly propagated by hard and soft wood cuttings, by layering and bush division. Propagation by layers requires rather large area for a layered, and weed control among the layers is a problem. However, propagation by cuttings is connected with important problem in inadequate rooting, especially in ‘Chester Thornless’ cultivar, which is one of the most commercially grown cultivar. In addition, limited number of plants can be propagated using classical propagation method and thus demand of growers for the plants can not be satisfied. Optimized and highly efficient regeneration protocols are also important for genetic transformation for improving of new cultivars. In this study we focused on optimization of protocol for in vitro propagation of ‘Chester Thornless’ blackberry cultivar using nodal segments. For this purpose, explants were cultured on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with combination of plant growth regulators BAP (1.5, 2, 3 mg/l) with NAA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/l) to detect the best multiplication medium. According to the obtained results, the highest proliferation rate was obtained for cultivar ‘Chester Thornless’ that produced 9.66 shoots on a medium containing 2 mg/I BAP+0.2 mg/I IBA combination. GA 3 effects on multiplication rates were also studied and generally the highest rates obtained by while GA 3 were not used. For the rooting, different concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/I) were compared. A concentration of 0.4 mg/l NAA gave the greatest number of roots and maximum root length.
BATCH MICROWAVE PLASMA CLEANING FOR ROBUSTNESS ENHANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE DEVICES: AN ALTERNATIVE TO STRIP-TYPE RADIOFREQUENCY PLASMA

Abstract This study attempts to explore Batch-type Microwave (B-MW) plasma cleaning as a potential alternative to the conventional Strip-type Radiofrequency (S-RF) plasma; for application prior mol...
Oligodendroglioma confers higher risk of radiation necrosis.

Radiation therapy (RT) remains a mainstay for the treatment of lower grade gliomas. Radiation neurotoxicity is a serious complication, carrying high morbidity in the absence of tumor progression. The incidence remains poorly categorized and known risk factors identified are related to the radiation modality. We hypothesized that patients with oligodendroglioma have a higher risk of radiation necrosis (RN) as compared to patients with astrocytoma. We conducted a retrospective review of adults with lower grade diffuse gliomas over a 10-year span. The primary outcome was RN, either pathologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed. Cases without pathological confirmation must have been symptomatic, requiring administration of bevacizumab or high-dose steroids. Cox proportional hazard ratios were used for multivariate analyses. In 319 patients, we identified RN in 41 patients (12.9%): 28 patients (21.3%) with oligodendroglioma and 13 (6.9%) with astrocytoma (HR 3.42, p 54 Gy had a higher incidence (31.2%) than those receiving ≤ 54 Gy (14.3%, HR 6.9, p = 0.002). There was no similar correlation among patients with astrocytoma. There was no difference in incidence based on use of concomitant temozolomide. Radiation necrosis appeared within 24 months from radiation in 80.5% of patients. Our study suggests that patients with oligodendroglioma are at higher risk of developing RN. The incidence increases with increasing radiation dose in patients with oligodendroglioma but not with astrocytoma. RN usually appears within 24 months from RT. Patients with oligodendroglioma receiving > 54 Gy are at highest risk.
Game theory for privacy-preserving sharing of genomic data

Abstract The coalescence of efficient genome sequencing technologies, low-cost computing, and academic and commercial incentives has led to the establishment of genomic data repositories on millions of individuals across the world. Making data available from such repositories may enable important discoveries, but high-profile demonstrations have illustrated that the privacy of individuals could be infringed upon if appropriate safeguards are not set in place. A wide array of deterrents have been designed to protect genomic data privacy, some of which are technical (e.g., obfuscating data), while others are more social (e.g., legal contracts). However, it has not been obvious which protections need to be adopted. Game-theoretic approaches, which model rational interactions among the parties involved, have the ability to optimally balance utility and risks in genomic data-sharing scenarios. In this chapter, we review recent advancements in genomic data privacy that rely on game-theoretic approaches, while characterizing their core contributions, as well as their limitations.
MRI biomarkers of disease progression and conversion to secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis.

Introduction Conventional imaging measures remain a key clinical tool for the diagnosis multiple sclerosis (MS) and monitoring of patients. However, most measures used in the clinic show unsatisfactory performance in predicting disease progression and conversion to secondary progressive MS. Areas covered Sophisticated imaging techniques have facilitated the identification of imaging biomarkers associated with disease progression, such as global and regional brain volume measures, and with conversion to secondary progressive MS, such as leptomeningeal contrast enhancement and chronic inflammation. The relevance of emerging imaging approaches partially overcoming intrinsic limitations of traditional techniques is also discussed. Expert opinion Imaging biomarkers capable of detecting tissue damage early on in the disease, with the potential to be applied in multicenter trials and at an individual level in clinical settings, are strongly needed. Several measures have been proposed, which exploit advanced imaging acquisitions and/or incorporate sophisticated post-processing, can quantify irreversible tissue damage. The progressively wider use of high-strength field MRI and the development of more advanced imaging techniques will help capture the missing pieces of the MS puzzle. The ability to more reliably identify those at risk for disability progression will allow for earlier intervention with the aim to favorably alter the disease course.
Identifying New Business Opportunities

OVERVIEW:In times of rapid market, business and technological change, large science-based companies must create their own futures by developing profitable new growth as soon as a market appears viable. Visualization of these new business possibilities, however, depends on foresight. This requires the company to develop processes for continually applying market and technical knowledge in a constant search for opportunities that intersect with its capabilities. DuPont's recent experiences in developing new business ventures have made extensive use of this approach. The key ingredient has been the use of multidisciplined, multi-experience-based new business venture teams.
Mri-Based Characterization of Left Ventricle Dyssynchrony with Correlation to Crt Outcomes

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can improve cardiac functions of some patients with heart failure (HF) and dyssynchrony. However, as many as half of patients selected for CRT by conventional criteria (HF and ECG QRS broadening greater than 150 ms, preferably with left bundle branch block) do not benefit from it. LBBB leads to characteristic motion changes seen with echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Attempts to use echocardiography to quantitatively characterize dyssynchrony have failed to improve prediction of response to CRT. In this paper, we introduce a novel hybrid approach using deformable model and deep learning to characterize regional 3D cardiac motion in dyssynchrony from MRI. First, 3D left ventricle (LV) models of the moving heart are constructed from multiple planes of cine MRI. Using the conventional 17-segment model (AHA), we capture the regional 3D motion of each segment of the LV wall. Then, abnormalities of cardiovascular regional motions can be further detected and categorized via analyzing the regional motions. Using over 100 patient data, we show that different types of dyssynchrony can be accurately demonstrated in 3D + $t$ space and their correlation to CRT response.
Electrophysiological Maneuvers in Arrhythmia Analysis

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to key concepts in arrhythmia analysis during invasive electrophysiology studies. We will provide a survey of pacing maneuvers and observations to be made in the electrophysiology laboratory which aid in differentiating arrhythmia mechanisms for both narrow and wide complex tachyarrhythmias.
Comparing Update Assessment Results in EMRs Between Inside and Outside the Patient Room in an Intensive Care Unit

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the different patterns of electronic medical record (EMR) documentation corresponding to updating assessment results and how these patterns would be different inside and outside the patient room in a medical intensive care unit in terms of average process time. In this study, the real-time measurement system data was used to analyze ICU nurses’ workflow related to the EMR documentation. After that, multiple hierarchical task analysis charts were developed to find different EMR documentation patterns for assessment results. The results revealed that the patterns of EMR documentation were significantly different in terms of average process time. The findings from this study might identify the areas of EMR where improvements can be made by preventing disruptions, incompleteness, and optimizing the EMR process efficiency in a medical ICU.
Equestrian (Dressage, Eventing, Jumping)

Equestrian sports represent a uniquely popular group of sporting events with a wide variety of participants and injury patterns. Two key factors place equestrian athletes at unique risk of injury when compared to other sports; interacting with a large animal and participating at height, both of which increases the potential of higher energy and more severe injuries. Specific risk patterns vary by the demands unique to the specific equestrian category: dressage, eventing, jumping, polo, rodeo, and horse racing. The most common injuries including head injuries, cervical spine injuries, and fractures are related to falls from the horse. Due to the need to maintain weight and fitness of the rider to overloading the horse, equestrian athletes, especially horseracing jockeys, appear to be at greater risk of relative energy deficit syndrome compared to athletes in other sports.
Revisiting the Use of Structural Similarity Index in Hi-C

Abstract Identification of dynamic changes in chromatin conformation is a fundamental task in genetics. In 2020, Galan et al.1 presented CHESS (Comparison of Hi-C Experiments using Structural Similarity), a novel computational algorithm designed for systematic identification of structural differences in chromatin-contact maps. Using CHESS, the same group recently reported that chromatin organization is largely maintained across tissues during dorsoventral patterning of fruit fly embryos despite tissue-specific chromatin states and gene expression2. However, here we show that the primary outputs of CHESS–namely, the structural similarity index (SSIM) profiles–are nearly identical regardless of the input matrices, even when query and reference reads were shuffled to destroy any significant differences. This issue stems from the dominance of the regional counting noise arising from stochastic sampling in chromatin-contact maps, reflecting a fundamentally incorrect assumption of the CHESS algorithm. Therefore, biological interpretation of SSIM profiles generated by CHESS requires considerable caution.
E-Verify: An Exceptionalist System Embedded in the Immigration Reform Battle Between Federal and State Governments

The immigration debate has proven to be fertile ground for promoting exceptionalist practices, where certain groups of people are isolated from the rest of the population and regarded as a subclass. The federal electronic employment verification system, E-Verify, is a prime example of such a practice. Passed under the Procurement Act, the goal of E-Verify was to promote efficiency and economy in government procurement. Unfortunately, the system falls far short of these goals because of problems inherent in the electronic database and increased state involvement over immigration reform. E-Verify is often criticized as unreliable because it relies on inaccurate databases, imposes an undue financial burden on employers, and leaves immigrant workers vulnerable to subjective determinations about their legal status. While Congress works on resolving these issues, the legal landscape is nevertheless changing as states enact and enforce their own immigration laws, including those that mandate the use of E-Verify. State entry into the immigration arena not only expands the reach of the system’s problems, but it also threatens to legitimize the exclusion of immigrants, documented or undocumented. This Comment describes how the implementation of E-Verify has frustrated the goals of efficiency and economy, and argues that Congress should establish definitive boundaries between state and federal immigration reform to restore the political imbalance.
Chapter 2 Biomimetic Design of Dynamic Self-Assembling Systems

Abstract Biological systems at all scales self-assemble and maintain themselves in dynamic states away from thermodynamic equilibrium. Examination of various biological examples of dynamic self-assembly (DySA) enables one to extract general principles that govern it. These principles, in turn, can be applied to the rational design of artificial DySA systems by combining biological inspiration with the tools of chemistry, physics, and engineering. Such artificial DySA ensembles can be studied in quantitative detail and will ultimately lead to novel applications in biomimetic “smart” structures and materials.
The atlas high-energy density physics project

Atlas is a pulsed-power facility under development at Los Alamos National Laboratory to drive high-energy density experiments. Atlas will be operational in the summer of 2000 and is optimized for the study of dynamic material properties, hydrodynamics, and dense plasmas under extreme conditions. Atlas is designed to implode heavy-liner loads in a z-pinch configuration. The peak current of 30 MA is delivered in 4 µs. A typical Atlas liner is a 47-gram-aluminum cylinder with ∼ 4-cm radius and 4-cm length. Three to five MJ of kinetic energy will be delivered to the load. Using composite layers and a variety of interior target designs, a wide variety of experiments in ∼ cm3 volumes will be performed. Atlas applications, machine design, and the status of the project are reviewed.
When Do Input Prices Matter For Make-Or-Buy Decisions?

We investigate input pricing regimes that induce efficient make-or-buy decisions by entrants when there is constant returns in the production of the input(s) and simultaneous noncooperative price competition in downstream retail markets. A necessary and sufficient condition for efficient make-or-buy decisions is derived. This condition shows that input prices are relevant for make-or-buy decisions except under restrictive and often unverifiable assumptions on the demand structure, and that the least informationally-demanding way to ensure efficient make-or-buy decisions is to price inputs at marginal cost. The extent to which input prices can depart from marginal cost while still inducing efficient make-or-buy decisions depends on the relative efficiency of the incumbent and the demand displacement ratio, with significant departures possible even for modest efficiency differences when products are nearly homogeneous.
The Effects of Recessions on Contracting Moderated by Institutional Arrangements of Government: Evidence From California Cities, 1993–2009

This study aims to uncover the different effects of economic recessions on city contracting, which vary with institutional characteristics. Drawing on the literatures of public finance and management, it is hypothesized that recessions have a positive relationship with contracting and this relationship will be stronger in governments with the council–manager form or the charter status than in those with the mayor–council form or the general-law status, respectively. The hypotheses are tested on all available California cities over 17 years, from 1993 to 2009. Interestingly, the results indicate that recessions actually decrease contracting in governments with both the mayor–council form and the general-law status, but the extent of the decrease is moderated if they adopt either the council–manager form or the charter status. For cities with these two institutional characteristics, finally, it turns out that recessions increase contracting. These uneven effects of recessions imply that governments experience environmental shock very differently one from another because they differ in institutional characteristics.
Markov chain models of genetic algorithms

Nix and Vose [Nix and Vose, 1992] modeled the simple genetic algorithm as a Markov chain, where the Markov chain states are populations. Vose has extended this model to a "Random Heuristic Search" model of genetic (and other) algorithms where each individual of the next generation is selected from a probability distribution over individuals in the search space. Many genetic algorithms do not fit this framework. The first part of this paper shows how to use Markov chains to model to a wider class of genetic algorithms, including steady state algorithms and algorithms that use a (µ + λ) selection strategy. Hill-climbing and strict hill-climbing evolutionary algorithms are defined, and an asymptotic convergence rate is shown for a class of strict hill-climbing algorithms. A strict hill-climbing no-mutation genetic algorithm is given that is guaranteed to converge to the optimum individual for separable fitness functions, and an expected time to convergence is proved.
Transport processes in concentrated suspensions: the role of particle fluctuations

Transport of momentum in slow flows of concentrated suspensions may be strongly dependent upon the fluctuations of particles about their mean motion. The intensity of the velocity fluctuations is an internal field that is the analog of temperature in classical kinetic theories. This viscous temperature is governed by a balance law that includes flux, production, and dissipation terms. We provide heuristic arguments to motivate the forms of the viscosity, conductivity, dissipation, and pressure in a theory that includes the viscous temperature. The approach parallels previous developments for dry, granular materials. Phenomena observed in flows of concentrated suspensions, including apparent normal stresses and shear-induced diffusion, are contained within the structure of this theory.
When should a child be in the hospital

With the advent of more active and widespread utilization review activities, spurred federally by Professional Standards Review Organization1 (PSRO) legislation and locally by various types of quality assurance programs, physicians who care for children are increasingly concerned with setting norms, criteria, and standards for judging the necessity for admission to hospital and the duration of hospital care.2 Most of the current approaches to devising utilization standards attempt to identify for each common diagnostic category a standard for length of stay based either on statistical analyses of current hospitalization practices3,4 or upon normative values based on a consensus of expert opinion.3 Criteria for admission may also be derived for each diagnosis.2,5-7 Committees of the American Academy of Pediatrics and of state and local medical and pediatric societies are currently devoting a great deal of effort to formulating admission and length of stay standards for a variety of diagnoses which are associated with hospitalization of children. The approach to formulating utilization standards using separate diagnostic categories may prove not to be well suited to children. As is shown in Tables I and II, a large number of diagnostic categories must be dealt with, and many of the diagnostic categories are so broad that admission and length of stay standards would be impossible to derive except for much smaller subsets. Table I shows the 25 most common diagnoses of children admitted to approximately 1,200 hospitals which reported data to the Professional Activities Survey (PAS) in 1970.2 The diagnostic categories used in this analysis group several separate ICDA diagnostic codes together.
Exposure to a chloride-deficient formula during infancy: outcome at ages 9 and 10 years.

A school-based survey of the 1978 to 1979 birth cohort of two metropolitan Washington, DC, counties was conducted to find children who had been exposed to the chloride-deficient formulas Neo-Mull-Soy and Cho-Free during infancy. Children who had ingested other soy formulas that had an adequate chloride content were also found and matched to the exposed children by sex, race, birth weight, the age of the child, the mixed feeding status of the child, and maternal education. One hundred seventy-one of the exposed children and 261 soy control children were given a battery of psychologic tests in their homes to determine whether there had been any effect on intellectual development as a result of exposure to the chloride-deficient formulas. There were no differences in scores between the groups on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, the Boston Naming Test, the Rey-Osterrieth Test, or the FAS Verbal Fluency Test. There was no correlation between duration of exclusive exposure to the chloride-deficient formulas and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Full-Scale IQ Score (Pearson product-moment r = -.0825, P = .28). These results cannot be extrapolated to exposed children with documented hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. It is concluded that in children without documented evidence of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, exposure to the chloride-deficient formulas Neo-Mull-Soy or Cho-Free during infancy has not resulted in any long-term adverse effects on cognitive development.
Nonclassical Carbocations as C−H Hydrogen Bond Donors

Computed [B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) and MP2/6-31+G(d,p)] structures and binding energies for complexes of nonclassical cations (carbonium ions) with ammonia, in the gas phase and several solvents, are described. Overall, nonclassical cations are found to be competent C−H hydrogen bond donors. The potential relevance of the C−H···N interactions holding the carbocation·amine complexes together for enzyme-catalyzed terpenoid synthesis is discussed.
Monotypic Nest Site Selection by Swainson's Warbler in the Mountains of South Carolina

Abstract Surveys for nesting Limnothlypis swainsonii (Swainson's Warblers) were conducted in the Appalachian mountains of northwestern South Carolina (Pickens County) during the breeding seasons from 1999 to 2003. A total of 74 nests were located, of which 60 (81%) were found in young (small) Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock). This nest-site selection tendency in montane populations has not been described. Habitat data collected in 1999 revealed trends of nests placed low, supported by multiple stems, close to the main tree stem, well concealed from above with leaf litter, poorly concealed from below and relatively close to streams. We suggest that conservation of areas in the Southern Appalachians where eastern hemlock is a component of the forest may play an important role in Swainson's Warbler conservation.
Invariant imbedding and nonpredictive operators

Abstract Using R. Bellman's invariant imbedding techniques, we are able to solve certain time-dependent scattering matrix equations. In the process we develop the concept of nonpredictive operators and use the properties of groups generated by unbounded operators. Our main result is that a dissipative system has no critical point and thus a unique global scattering solution exists.
Controlling Dust from Concrete Saw Cutting

Cutting concrete with gas-powered saws is ubiquitous in the construction industry and a source of exposure to respirable crystalline silica. Volunteers from the New England Laborers Training Center were recruited to participate in a field experiment examining dust reductions through the use of water, from a hose and from a sprayer, as a dust control. In four series of tests, reinforced concrete pipe was cut under both "dry" and "wet" control conditions. Overall, the geometric mean respirable dust concentration for "dry" cutting (14.396 mg/m³) exceeded both types of water-based controls by more than tenfold. Wet cutting reduced the respirable dust concentration by 85% compared with dry cutting when comparing tests paired by person and saw blade (n = 79 pairs). Using a respirable cyclone, a total of 178 samples were taken. Due to the high variability in dust exposure found in this and other studies of saw cutting, the data were examined for potential exposure determinants that contribute to that variability. Using mixed models, three fixed effects were statistically significant: control condition, worker experience, and location. A random effect for subject was included in the model to account for repeated measures. When each of the significant fixed effects was included with the random effect, it was apparent that inclusion of worker experience or location reduced the between-worker component of exposure variability, while inclusion of control condition (wet vs. dry) explained a large portion of the within-subject variability. Overall, the fixed effect variable for control condition explained the largest fraction of the total exposure variability.
Adult Children of Alcoholics and Psychological Distress

In this study, the author investigated the relationship between parental alcoholism and psychological distress and the mediating effects of social support and hardiness. The sample (N = 228 college students) consisted of n = 62 adult children of alcoholics (ACAs) and n = 166 non-ACAs. Data analysis indicated that parental alcoholism was positively related to psychological distress. Consistent with expectations, higher levels of social support and hardiness were associated with lower levels of psychological distress. No mediating effects of social support and hardiness, however, were found. Implications for current theories and therapeutic approaches that regard ACAs as being at increased risk for psychological distress are discussed.
Online Calculator Training in Mathematics and Technology

This is the case of three institutions attempting to identify and address a need for professional development training for high school algebra teachers. Teachers across the state were facing two problems: (1) a need for training on how to successfully integrate the graphing calculator into the math curriculum and (2) training was not available that would fit into a teacherâ€™s schedule. Teachers rarely had time to attend the instruction necessary to integrate new technology into the curricula being offered at remote sites. With Web-based training, teachers should be able to complete the training at their own pace and convenience. Online Calculator Training in Mathematics and Technology would demonstrate the effective use of online training to teach the basics of graphing calculators and the integration of graphing calculators into the math curriculum.
Was the item recalled and if so by whom

Abstract In a single-trial free recall paradigm using 10 categorized or 10 random word lists, two individuals (Self and Other) alternatively recalled the items of each list. Subsequently they judged (a) which items were recalled and (b) which person (Self or Other) recalled the items judged as having been recalled. A standard, single-subject free recall paradigm was also employed. The results indicated that Self correctly judged an item as having beer recalled with a higher probability than judging items that Other recalled, supporting the generation effect ( Slamecka & Graf, 1978 ). Judgment of item recall was thus presumed due to response-produced cues related to item recall by Other and by Self as well as to cues generated by Self in the process of recalling the item. In addition, source identification (Self or Other) for items judged as recalled yielded 75–80% accuracy, and although identification of which person recalled the item was not significantly different for Self-recalled and Other-recalled items, additional results supported Self's use of a strategy in which Self first sought cues related to his/her own recall of an item and responded “self” if the cues were found and “other” if they were not found. The results are discussed in relation to the generation effect and to the concept of reality monitoring.
Trisomy 9q-. a variant of the 9p trisomy syndrome.

A low-birth-weight near-term male infant was found to have a non-familial 47,XY chromosome complement with an extra medium-sized metacentric chromosome slightly larger than a number 16. By Giemsa-trypsin (G-banding) this extra chromosome was determined to be a bumber 9 with deletion of approximately half of the long arm at region q22. Chromosome studies on the clinically normal 38-year-old mother showed a balanced translocation with the deleted portion attached onto the distal end of a number 8 short arm, i.e. 46,XX,t(8;9)(p23;q22). Nondisjunction during meiosis of this woman's normal and deleted number 9 chromosomes is the basis of the child's abnormalities. One half-sibling of the child has a balanced translocation similar to that in the mother. Chromosome analyses on 4 others of the child's maternal half-siblings and on the maternal grandmother all showed normal patterns.
Male chimpanzees exchange political support for mating opportunities.

Summary Male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes , differ from males in most other mammalian taxa because they remain in their natal communities throughout their lives, form close bonds with one another, and cooperate in a range of activities [1]. However, males also compete fiercely for status within their groups [2,3], and high rank enhances male reproductive success [4,5]. Males rely partly on coalitions to achieve and maintain status [2,3,6–9], and shifts in male alliances can have dramatic political effects [2,3,6]. It is not known what benefits are obtained by low-ranking coalition partners. Here we report that the highest-ranking (alpha) male in one well-studied community of chimpanzees rewarded his allies by allowing them preferential access to mates.
Gamma-ray de-excitation of compound-nucleus-reaction products

Abstract The data currently available on the gamma-ray de-excitation of compound-nucleus-reaction products are summarized. They are shown to be consistent with the de-excitation process outlined by Grover and co-workers, when this is extended to include admixed collective bands. It appears that the presence or absence of an energy gap at a given angular momentum may play a crucial role in the gamma-ray cascade, thereby providing a source of information on nuclear pairing in states with large angular momentum.
Correlates of myocardial oxygen demand measured by positron emission tomography in the hypertrophied left ventricle.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to identify the best correlate of myocardial oxygen demand (MVO 2 ) in patients with hypertension induced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and to examine whether relationships between these surrogates and MVO 2 differed between patients with LVH and control subjects. Methods We measured MVO 2 by positron emission tomography using carbon-11 acetate in 20 patients and 10 normotensive control subjects, and compared the relationships between commonly used surrogates and MVO 2 . Results With the exception of diastolic blood pressure, the same variables correlated with resting MVO 2 in the patients and control subjects. Conclusion The best correlate of resting MVO 2 in the patients with hypertension induced LVH was the stress–mass–heart rate product.
Multiple ionization of a Hartree atom by intense laser pulses.

Interpretation de resultats experimentaux recents de photoionisation multiples a l'aide du modele des couches electroniques independantes de l'atome suivant Hartree
Photochemical energy conversion in chlorophyll-containing lipid bilayer vesicles.

Abstract Lipid bilayer vesicles (liposomes) containing incorporated chlorophyll molecules are being extensively studied as potential biomimetic solar energy conversion systems based upon green plant photosynthesis. The present paper reviews some of the properties of such pigmented vesicles. Considerable information is now available concerning the structure and excited state dynamics of these systems. Electron-transfer reactions involving the chlorophyll triplet state and donor and acceptor species have been investigated by both steady-state and transient techniques, and understanding of detailed mechanisms is beginning to emerge. Under appropriate conditions it has been possible to achieve high degrees of conversion of excited states into energy-rich products (∼60 per cent), and energy-wasting recombinations have been considerably retarded. Most recently, mechanistic studies of vectorial electron transfer across a lipid bilayer from donor to acceptor via the chlorophyll triplet state have begun, which promise to provide a new level of insight into the factors which control energy storage efficiency in these systems.
Qualitative Analysis of Clinical Notes Do Counselors Ignore Work and Academic Concerns

Intake summaries and progress notes written by counseling trainees were examined to determine the extent to which work or academically related problems are discussed in counseling sessions when clients present with distress attributed to work or academic problems and personal concerns. Content analysis revealed that work or academically related problems were rarely discussed. The notes were also examined to explore factors or processes that distract counselors from addressing work or academically related problems in counseling sessions when clients indicated problems in work or academic area. Relational problems were found to be the most common topic that was likely to have distracted counselors from addressing work or academic problems. Finally, the data also revealed failure to integrate work and academic areas with discussions of personal concerns.