cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of exogenous cholesterol on plasma lipids and hepatic enzymes in rabbits fed different carbohydrate diets

Abstract In order to understand the mechanism by which exogenous cholesterol lowers plasma triglycerides in sucrose-fed animals, levels of certain key enzymes in liver, namely glucose: ATP phosphotransferases, pyruvate kinase, glycerokinase, and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activities, were studied along with plasma and hepatic tissue lipids in rabbits fed sucrose and starch diets with and without cholesterol. Four groups of male rabbits (six animals per group) were fed semisynthetic diets containing either high starch or sucrose (69%, w/w) with or without cholesterol for 16 days. Sucrose diet significantly increased the levels of fasting plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids when compared with a starch diet (34 and 48%, respectively, P
Changes in multiple brain regions underlie species differences in a complex, congenital behavior

The evolutionary brain modifications that produce any complex, congenital behavioral difference between two species have never been identified. Evolutionary processes may (i) alter a single, “higher” brain area that generates and/or coordinates the diverse motor components of a complex act; (ii) separately change independent, “lower” brain areas that modulate the fine motor control of the individual components; or (iii) modify both types of areas. This study explores the brain localization of a species difference in one such behavior, the crowing of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Two major subcomponents of the behavioral difference can be independently transferred with interspecies transplantation of separate brain regions, despite the fact that these components, sound and patterned head movement, occur together in a highly integrated fashion. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration that species differences in a complex behavior are built up from separate changes to distinct cell groups in different parts of the brain and that these cell groups have independent effects on individual behavioral components.
A Chemical Survey of the Mississippi Estuary

A “snap shot” survey of the Mississippi estuary was made during a period of low river discharge, when the estuarine mixing zone was within the deltaic channels. Concentrations of H+, Ca2+, inorganic phosphorus and inorganic carbon suggest that the waters of the river and the low salinity ( 5‰). The phytoplankton abundance (measured as chlorophylla) increased as the depth of the mixed layer decreased in a manner consistent with that expected for a light-limited ecosystem. Fluxes of NO3−+NO2− and soluble inorganic phosphorus to the Gulf of Mexico were estimated to be 3.4±0.2×103 g N s−1 and 1.9±0.2 g P s−1 respectively, at the time of this study.
Low uncertainty measurements of bidirectional reflectance factor on the NPOESS/VIIRS solar diffuser

Work performed while at Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing An illuminated Solar Diffuser is the calibration source for the VIS/NIR bands on the NPOESS/VIIRS sensor. We completed a set of BRF measurements to fully characterize the distribution of scattered light from the solar diffuser. NPOESS/VIIRS has an overall VIS/NIR radiometric calibration uncertainty requirement of 2%(1 sigma), of which 1.32% was allocated to the characterization of the BRF. In order to meet this requirement, we modified the existing goniometer and measurement procedure used on MODIS. Modifications include sample yoke redesign, periodic measurements of the lamp polarization coupled with stability measurements, modifications to source optics, and stray light reduction. We measured BRF in 6 spectral wavebands for 9 out-of-plane illumination angles and 2 view angles. We achieved NIST traceable measurements with an uncertainty ranging from 1.09% to 1.32%. Our measurements of a smaller Spectralon sample match NIST measurements of the same sample to better than 0.5%. These requirements are nominally the same as achieved on MODIS. As a result of instrument upgrades, we currently meet this overall uncertainty while having included additional uncertainty terms.
Changes in dopamine receptor responsivity during alcohol detoxification may predict relapse

In the search for clinical and biological variables that may predict relapse of alcohol dependent patients after detoxification, we followed up for 1 year male patients that had undergone successful detoxification. The patients had been tested earlier during their usual alcohol consumption and immediately after detoxification for the responsivity of D2 dopamine receptors (as measured by the increases in prolactin plasma levels caused by intramuscular administration of 5 mg of the dopamine receptor blocker haloperidol). Of the 18 patients, eight had not consumed alcohol for more than 6 months, and ten had relapsed within 6 months. Comparison of the clinical and neuroendocrine data for the two subgroups revealed no significant differences in age, amount of alcohol consumed during alcohol abuse, score in the Beck Depression Inventory, score in the Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, or prolactin responses to haloperidol before detoxification. In patients who relapsed, the duration of alcoholism was marginally shorter (P=0.055). Patients who did not relapse had significantly higher (P=0.003) prolactin responses to haloperidol in the test performed after detoxification as compared with patients who did relapse, and their responses were similar to those of a group of healthy male subjects. The results show that the increase in dopamine receptor responsivity that occurs after detoxification is a favourable factor for non-relapse; it may reflect recovery from down-regulation of the dopaminergic reward system caused by alcohol consumption.
Predictors of onset of facial pain and temporomandibular disorders in early adolescence

There are few prospective studies assessing risk factors for onset of temporomandibular (TMD) pain disorders in any age group. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to identify risk factors for onset of clinically significant TMD pain (i.e., pain meeting research diagnostic criteria for myofascial pain and/or arthralgia) during early adolescence. Subjects were 1,996 boys and girls, initially 11 years old, randomly selected from a large nonprofit health care system. Subjects completed a baseline telephone interview and were followed up with mailed questionnaires every 3 months for 3 years. At baseline and all follow ups, subjects were asked to report the presence of facial pain in the past 3 months. Subjects reporting a first onset of facial pain received a standardized clinical examination. In multivariate analyses, baseline predictors of clinically significant pain included female gender [Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.0, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.2–3.3] and negative somatic and psychological symptoms including somatization (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.1–2.8), number of other pain complaints (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.7–6.1) and life dissatisfaction (OR = 4.1, CI = 1.9–9.0). Many of the risk factors for onset of clinically significant TMD pain in adolescents are similar to risk factors for onset of TMD and other pain problems in adults, as well as risk factors for onset of other pain conditions in adolescents. These findings suggest that the development of TMD pain in adolescence may reflect an underlying vulnerability to musculoskeletal pain that is not unique to the orofacial region.
Carcinomas of the nasal cavity

Between 1969 and 1985, 45 patients with carcinomas of the nasal cavity proper received curative treatment. Thirty patients had squamous cell carcinoma, one had undifferentiated carcinoma, 9 had adenocarcinoma, and 5 had adenoid cystic carcinoma. Eighteen patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy (interstitial brachytherapy in 5 and external beam therapy in 13 patients), and 27 received surgery and radiotherapy. The median length of follow-up was 11 years (range: 2.8-16.8 years). Thirty-six patients had no evidence of disease at the last follow-up visit. All 14 patients with carcinoma of the nasal septum had the disease controlled. Nine of 31 patients with lesions of the lateral wall and floor died of the disease, 5 of uncontrolled local disease, 2 of distant metastases, and 2 of both. The disease-specific survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 83 and 80%, respectively, and the corresponding overall survival rates were 75 and 60%, respectively. Blindness occurred in 4 patients, 2 due to orbital exenteration and 2 to radiation injury to the cornea and optic pathway. Other infrequent side effects were bone necrosis, dental decay, nasal stenosis, and septal perforation. This study indicated that the prognosis of patients with nasal cavity carcinoma was better than that of patients with maxillary sinus cancer treated during the same era. In addition, the study showed that carcinomas of the nasal septum were smaller than those of lateral wall and floor at diagnosis, so that excellent control could be achieved by definitive radiotherapy; when accessible, interstitial brachytherapy might be the treatment of choice in such patients.
Coordination of Fictive Motor Activity in the Larval Zebrafish Is Generated by Non-Segmental Mechanisms

The cellular and network basis for most vertebrate locomotor central pattern generators (CPGs) is incompletely characterized, but organizational models based on known CPG architectures have been proposed. Segmental models propose that each spinal segment contains a circuit that controls local coordination and sends longer projections to coordinate activity between segments. Unsegmented/continuous models propose that patterned motor output is driven by gradients of neurons and synapses that do not have segmental boundaries. We tested these ideas in the larval zebrafish, an animal that swims in discrete episodes, each of which is composed of coordinated motor bursts that progress rostrocaudally and alternate from side to side. We perturbed the spinal cord using spinal transections or strychnine application and measured the effect on fictive motor output. Spinal transections eliminated episode structure, and reduced both rostrocaudal and side-to-side coordination. Preparations with fewer intact segments were more severely affected, and preparations consisting of midbody and caudal segments were more severely affected than those consisting of rostral segments. In reduced preparations with the same number of intact spinal segments, side-to-side coordination was more severely disrupted than rostrocaudal coordination. Reducing glycine receptor signaling with strychnine reversibly disrupted both rostrocaudal and side-to-side coordination in spinalized larvae without disrupting episodic structure. Both spinal transection and strychnine decreased the stability of the motor rhythm, but this effect was not causal in reducing coordination. These results are inconsistent with a segmented model of the spinal cord and are better explained by a continuous model in which motor neuron coordination is controlled by segment-spanning microcircuits.
Central nervous system effects of corticotropin releasing factor in the dog.

Abstract Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), while CRF given intravenously decreases MAP and increases HR. CRF given i.c.v. elevates plasma concentrations of vasopressin and catecholamines. Ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine prevents CRF-induced increases in MAP; the vasopressin antagonist, [1-deaminopenicillamine,2-(O-methyl)tyrosine]-vasopressin does not alter CRF-induced increases in MAP. In contrast to CRF, angiotensin II (A-II) given i.c.v. increases MAP but decreases HR. In conclusion: (1) CRF elevation of MAP and HR in dogs is dependent on an intact sympathetic nervous system, and (2) CRF and A-II have different CNS effects on cardiovascular function.
Comparative genomics of bacterial and plant folate synthesis and salvage: predictions and validations

Folate synthesis and salvage pathways are relatively well known from classical biochemistry and genetics but they have not been subjected to comparative genomic analysis. The availability of genome sequences from hundreds of diverse bacteria, and from Arabidopsis thaliana, enabled such an analysis using the SEED database and its tools. This study reports the results of the analysis and integrates them with new and existing experimental data. Based on sequence similarity and the clustering, fusion, and phylogenetic distribution of genes, several functional predictions emerged from this analysis. For bacteria, these included the existence of novel GTP cyclohydrolase I and folylpolyglutamate synthase gene families, and of a trifunctional p-aminobenzoate synthesis gene. For plants and bacteria, the predictions comprised the identities of a 'missing' folate synthesis gene (folQ) and of a folate transporter, and the absence from plants of a folate salvage enzyme. Genetic and biochemical tests bore out these predictions. For bacteria, these results demonstrate that much can be learnt from comparative genomics, even for well-explored primary metabolic pathways. For plants, the findings particularly illustrate the potential for rapid functional assignment of unknown genes that have prokaryotic homologs, by analyzing which genes are associated with the latter. More generally, our data indicate how combined genomic analysis of both plants and prokaryotes can be more powerful than isolated examination of either group alone.
MRI with late gadolinium enhancement as a predictor of ventricular arrhythmias

Despite considerable progress in reducing sudden cardiac death (SCD), mortality remains high and risk stratification algorithms are limited. Many approaches to identifying at-risk patients target the electrophysiologic triggers or modulators of ventricular arrhythmias. Other than global left ventricular function, there has been minimal emphasis on evaluating the anatomic substrate that supports arrhythmia circuits, namely myocardial scarring. Myocardial scarring and fibrosis occurs in both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies and is detected noninvasively by cardiac MRI with late gadolinium enhancement (CMR-LGE). There is growing literature relating CMR-LGE to arrhythmic surrogates and clinical outcomes in vulnerable cohorts. Additionally, knowledge of the presence and extent of CMR-LGE is potentially valuable for guiding catheter ablative therapies. The incremental value of CMR-LGE in predicting SCD, above current risk factors, remains unknown, but its unique ability to provide anatomic and tissue characterization contributes to its appeal as a promising noninvasive tool for identifying susceptible patients.
Efficacy of essential oils and biopesticides on Phytophthora infestans suppression in laboratory and growth chamber studies

Abstract Control of late blight by alternative products is important for reduction of fungicide inputs and potato production costs. The efficacy of essential oils and biopesticides for inhibition of growth of Phytophthora infestans on media and suppression of late blight on potato plants in growth chambers was examined. Growth of pathogen isolates of diverse genotypes was evaluated on Rye B media amended with essential oils (lavender, thyme, thyme borneal, and oregano) and the biopesticide Serenade (Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713). Over 90% inhibition of pathogen growth was achieved with oregano and Serenade amendments. The protective foliar application of Serenade, an aerated compost tea (ACT), Effective Microorganism mix (EM), and oregano, resulted in disease suppression of 5–40% relative to the untreated control. ACT had no significant suppressive effects (0–15% reduction), EM resulted in mild suppression (15–30% reduction), and oregano and Serenade consistently resulted in moderate disease reduction...
Paxillin Binding to a Conserved Sequence Motif in the α4 Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain

alpha(4)beta(1) integrin-mediated cell adhesion results in increased cell migration, reduced cell spreading, and focal adhesion formation relative to other beta(1) integrins. Paxillin, a signaling adapter protein, binds tightly to the alpha(4) cytoplasmic domain and is implicated in alpha(4) integrin signaling. We now report the mapping of a paxillin-binding site in the alpha(4) cytoplasmic domain and an assessment of its role in the alpha(4) tail-specific integrin functions. By using truncation mutants and a peptide competition assay, we found that a region of 9 amino acid residues (Glu(983)-Tyr(991)) within the alpha(4) cytoplasmic domain contains a minimal sequence sufficient for paxillin binding. Alanine scanning of this region implicated Tyr(991) and Glu(983) as critical residues. The role of these residues was confirmed by introducing these Ala substitutions into the full-length alpha(4) tail sequence. Y991A or E983A substitution disrupted the interaction of alpha(4) integrins with paxillin. These same two point mutations reversed the effects of the alpha(4) tail on cell spreading. The key features of the identified paxillin-binding sequence are present in all alpha(4) integrins sequenced to date, including that from Xenopus laevis. The maintenance of this sequence motif suggests that paxillin binding is an evolutionarily conserved function of alpha(4) integrins.
Individualized Patient Programming: An Experiment in the Use of Evaluation and Feedback for Hospital Psychiatry

This paperpresents a detailed evaluation of an experimental hospital psychiatryprogram: Individualized Patient Programming. Using concepts common to systems theory, the program emphasized the use of evaluation and feedback for increased program effectiveness. In order to make evaluation and feedback possible, and also to provide greater assurance of patients' receiving the best possible treatment, patients were assigned individually to case coordinators who were responsible for evaluation of the treatment program. Informationflow was facilitated through development ofa computerized clinical record and evaluation of patients' community adjustment and satisfaction with services. Results indicated partial success for the program with greater community adjustment compared with a no-treatment control program, and lowerrehospitalization ratesfor male patients. The successes realized through adoption of the experimental program were considered the result of increased individualization and evaluation of patients'...
Viscosity of liquid albite, a network material

During the past half century, many studies have been published about theviscous flow behavior of glass-forming liquids. In nearly all cases, the logviscosity (1)) versus 1 IT relations for such liquids exhibit pronounced curva-ture. For the familiar oxide glass formers, the slope of this relation (apparentactivation energy) at low temperatures is typically larger than the slope at hightemperatures by a factor of two or three. In contrast, for organic glass formers,the slope at low temperatures (approaching the glass transition) exceeds that inthe high temperature fluid range by a factor of 10 to 20.It has been shown (e.g. ref. 1) that the free volume model (e.g. ref. 2)provides a close description of flow in the high temperature, fluid region. Both
Target control of neuronal development during formation of the spinal reflex arc: an operant model.

The effects of target tissues on the neural centers of the developing spinal reflex arc of frog tadpoles have been integrated to form a model explaining the spatial and temporal interactions of neuron and target. Spinal cord responds to appropriate targets earlier than does sensory ganglion in tissue culture. Neuronal growth and survival responses to target tissues in vitro may explain the regulation of development in situ.
The nominal shift in semantic-syntactic development

Abstract Transcripts of 24 spontaneous speech samples from 2-year-old children classified by early Speech Type (Referential or Expressive) and MLU level (above or below 2.5) were analyzed in terms of noun and pronoun use in sentences. At higher MLU levels both more sentences and more pronouns were produced than at lower MLU levels. E children used a balance of nouns and pronouns at both levels. There was a decrease in the use of nouns for R children and an increase for E children. Overall, 47% of all nominals as well as 72% of all nominals used in sentences, were pronouns. There were no major changes with development in either the abstract semantic relations expressed or in the discourse function served. The data were interpreted in terms of two contrasting courses of development, one beginning with a lexical emphasis and the other with a syntactic emphasis, which tend to converge between 2 and 3 years of age.
IS PROTEIN FOLDING HIERARCHIC? II. FOLDING INTERMEDIATES AND TRANSITION STATES

The folding reactions of some small proteins show clear evidence of a hierarchic process, whereas others, lacking detectable intermediates, do not. Evidence from folding intermediates and transition states suggests that folding begins locally, and that the formation of native secondary structure precedes the formation of tertiary interactions, not the reverse. Some notable examples in the literature have been interpreted to the contrary. For these examples, we have simulated the local structures that form when folding begins by using the LINUS program with nonlocal interactions turned off. Our results support a hierarchic model of protein folding.
Measurements of quantized conductance in gallium as a function of temperature

Using a scanning tunneling microscope in a large number of approach and retraction experiments, quantized conductance is observed for the first time in gallium. We compare the conductance quantization at temperatures between 300 and 4.2 K, just slightly below and far below the bulk melting point of gallium. We find that the conductance is significantly dependent on temperature and find a moderate conductance peak at 1Go (2e 2 /h) that increases in intensity with decreasing temperature. At 4.2 K, a second conductance peak at 2Go is observed. We attribute our observations to gallium’s unique orthorhombic crystal structure and a significant increase in atomic disorder at temperatures near the melting point. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Morphology and development of Termitaria snyderi.

SUMMARYTermitaria snyderi is an external parasite of many species of termites. It forms variously shaped lesions on the exoskeleton and sends haustoria into the integument but does not appear to be...
Modeling the 6300‐Å low‐latitude nightglow

Observations of the 6,300-{angstrom} nightglow form the Visible Airglow Experiment (VAE) instrument on AE-E are presented for spring equinox, solar cycle maximum conditions. The data comprise altitude profiles and integrated column brightness maps from {approximately}1,800 to 0400 LT and within {plus minus}30{degrees} of the dip equator. The data clearly show near-midnight enhancements of the 6,300-{angstrom} emission. Attempts to model the column brightness maps indicated that these enhancements are due to tidal effects: the enhancements were only reproduced in the theoretical calculations which included upward propagating tidal components in the neutral winds. Further, low equatorial intensities were observed by the VCAE which could only be simulated by assuming that the phase of the E {times} B drift by shifted 1 hour LT; i.e., upward drift persists until 2,000 LT instead of 1,900 LT. The VAE observations could be reasonably simulated with the phase shift in the E {times} B drift and with the dip and geographic equators offset. The major discrepancy is in the magnitude of the nightglow maxima: the calculated intensities are a maximum of 2 times too large. Possible sources are uncertainties in the neutral densities, chemistry, and rate coefficients and in the neutral winds.
Anomalous behaviour of the witten index-exactly soluble models

Abstract We investigate the behaviour of the regulated Witten index, Δ=Tr(−1)F e−βH, in a class of exactly soluble models. We demonstrate that when the spectrum of the theory contains discrete states as well as a continuum, the index is, in general, β-dependent. If the spectrum is a purely continuous one extending to zero, the index is ill-defined and may have fractional values. The subtleties involved are discussed in detail and a possible remedy is suggested.
Procedural Memory Consolidation in the Performance of Brief Keyboard Sequences

Using two sequential key press sequences, we tested the extent to which subjects' performance on a digital piano keyboard changed between the end of training and retest on subsequent days. We found consistent, significant improvements attributable to sleep-based consolidation effects, indicating that learning continued after the cessation of practice during both the first and second nights of sleep following training. When subjects briefly recalled a learned sequence 1 day after training and then immediately learned a second, similar sequence, there were no observable improvements in subjects' performance of the first sequence after the second night of sleep. We discuss our results in relation to similar findings in neuroscience and cognition.
Macrocyclic β-Sheet Peptides That Inhibit the Aggregation of a Tau-Protein-Derived Hexapeptide

This paper describes studies of a series of macrocyclic β-sheet peptides 1 that inhibit the aggregation of a tau-protein-derived peptide. The macrocyclic β-sheet peptides comprise a pentapeptide “upper” strand, two δ-linked ornithine turn units, and a “lower” strand comprising two additional residues and the β-sheet peptidomimetic template “Hao”. The tau-derived peptide Ac-VQIVYK-NH2 (AcPHF6) aggregates in solution through β-sheet interactions to form straight and twisted filaments similar to those formed by tau protein in Alzheimer’s neurofibrillary tangles. Macrocycles 1 containing the pentapeptide VQIVY in the “upper” strand delay and suppress the onset of aggregation of the AcPHF6 peptide. Inhibition is particularly pronounced in macrocycles 1a, 1d, and 1f, in which the two residues in the “lower” strand provide a pattern of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity that matches that of the pentapeptide “upper” strand. Inhibition varies strongly with the concentration of these macrocycles, suggesting that it ...
Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Part 1

In the patient who presents with ARF of unclear etiology the initial radiologic evaluation should be by means of renal ultrasonography. This will provide information regarding kidney size and most importantly, obstruction. If obstruction is present this can be relieved by percutaneous nephrostomy and further evaluated by antegrade pyelography. More detailed information regarding etiology of an obstruction can be obtained by CT scan. In the uncommon situation when vascular occlusion is suspected this can be evaluated with a radionucleotide scan and/or arteriography. Arteriography can also be employed for cases of renal trauma or if polyarteritis nodosa is suspected. There is virtually no role for IVU in the evaluation of ARF, except when renal trauma is suspected, and a limited role for retrograde pyelography.
The Pathology of Information

The tremendous abundance of information being put forth in our communications-oriented society today has become a drug on the market, making Americans addicts to their communication machines, according to this leading spokesman and pioneer of the fledgling information industry. We must do more than simply make our machines turn out more information faster, he warns. We must develop a population that can handle information adeptly and discriminatingly, and we must develop information systems that do not overload people's capacities to absorb and use it.
Perception of NOTES among health care workers and medical students.

UNLABELLED Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an experimental surgical approach. Several intra-abdominal procedures have been successfully performed in animals and humans although the long-term safety is still unknown. Potential advantages are reduction of wound-related complications, reduced postoperative pain, improved cosmesis, and short recovery time. This study aimed to measure the overall perception among health care workers and medical students. MATERIALS A brief 9-item survey was created to measure the perception among health care workers and medical students. A total of 120 surveys were completed. RESULTS Overall, 15% had a favorable perception, 29% had an unfavorable perception, and 55% were undecided. A total of 40% considered the possibility of avoiding wound-related complications the most appealing advantage, whereas 54% cited unknown safety as the most concerning possible disadvantage. Current occupation, previous knowledge, and affiliation to the surgical department influenced the overall perception. CONCLUSION Most health care workers and medical students in our sample were undecided in their perception of NOTES.
Direct assessment of the role of NK cells in autoimmune diabetes

Considerable indirect evidence implicates participation of natural killer cells (NK) in the pathogenesis of diabetes in BB rats. The most convincing evidence derives from studies showing that anti-CD8 antibody effectively prevents both primary disease onset and autoimmune damage to transplanted islets. However, anti-CD8 treatment depletes both NK and cytotoxic T cells (CTL) since both cell types express the CD8 marker. To study directly the role of NK in diabetic BB rats we used MCA 3.2.3, a monoclonal antibody which selectively depletes normal Lewis rats of NK cells but not CTL. A regimen of ip injected antibody achieved rapid reduction of NK cells in diabetic and nondiabetic BB rats by FACS analysis. NK cell activity remained low in rats treated weekly as evidenced by YAC tumor cell killing. We next studied the effect of NK depletion on disease incidence in diabetes-prone BB rats of which about one half are expected to develop diabetes. Onset and incidence of diabetes in 3.2.3-treated and control antibody-treated aged matched litter mates were equal. These studies suggest that NK cells are not necessary for autoimmune islet destruction in spontaneously diabetic BB rats and support a role for CTL in pathogenesis of the disease.
The effect of perspective displays on altitude and stability control in simulated rotary wing flight

The effect of perspective displays on flight performance is investigated using two simulation experiments. In the first, a perspective grid display was superimposed on computer-generated terrain and subjects attempted to maintain their initial attitude in a simulated hover using terrain and/or one of four grid patterns. Horizontal lines produced the best attitude control performance. In the second experiment, a square grid was studied in combination with various visual display configurations and grid attachment conditions. It was found that performance with the panel-mounted display was significantly worse than with the out-the-window or helmet-mounted displays. The results suggested that the partial grid attachment condition improved hovering performance with the panel-mounted display.
Urolithiasis risk factors in the bariatric population undergoing gastric bypass surgery

Abstract Background Previous studies have suggested an increased risk of forming symptomatic urolithiasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) attributed to the development of hyperoxaluria. The objective of our investigation was to evaluate changes in the urine milieu after RYGB that might explain the increased risk of urolithiasis. Methods Patients underwent serum and urine chemistry tests 1 week before and 6 months after RYGB at a university hospital. The postoperative urolithiasis risk factors were compared with the preoperative values. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t tests. Significant changes were identified as P ≤ .05. Results A total of 38 patients (7 men and 31 women) submitted samples both before and after RYGB. The mean patient weight had decreased from 131 kg to 92 kg. The mean serum creatinine decreased from .83 to .72 mg/dL ( P = .0004). Urinary changes known to increase the risk of urolithiasis include a decrease in volume (2–1.5 L/d, P = .03), an increase in calcium (139–182 mg/d, P = .04), and an increase in oxalate (38–48 mg/d, P P Conclusion Our results confirm that patients undergoing RYGB develop changes in the urinary milieu predisposing them to forming urinary stones. Urolithiasis risk is multifactorial and is related to more than just hyperoxaluria. A patient's long-term risk of developing stones and the effect on renal function is unknown. Preoperative counseling of patients regarding their risk of forming stones and dietary counseling to minimize their risk of developing stones postoperatively is warranted.
Experiments for Educational Evaluation and Improvement

To help develop and improve programs and practices in U.S. schools and classrooms, current national policies strongly encourage more widespread application of rigorous research methods for evaluating what works. Although randomized experiments have been accepted and applied as the gold standard for testing and developing innovations in other fields, most notably medicine, their application to questions in education has been infrequent. This article articulates the logic of these experiments, discusses reasons for their infrequent use in education, and presents several ways that evaluators may apply experiments to the special circumstances surrounding education. If randomization is to be more widely accepted and implemented in education, the ethical and political dilemmas of withholding services must be addressed, experiments must be adapted to fit the messy and complex world of schools and classrooms, and an even stronger federal role is needed to foster and sustain experimentation and improvement of educ...
MRI of multilocular cystic nephroma

We report the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 2 patients with multilocular cystic nephromas. Both underwent MRI immediately prior to resection. The images accurately reflected the morphology of the tumors: in each, the capsule was hypointense on all pulse sequences. Varied intensities of signal from the fluid in the visualized locules presumably represented differing concentrations of old hemorrhage and protein. In one case soft tissue elements became hyperintense on T2-weighted images. We speculate that MRI of multilocular cystic nephromas will produce imaging features that are highly suggestive, but not always pathognomonic, of the disease.
Hemodynamic Modeling of Surgically Repaired Coarctation of the Aorta

Late morbidity of surgically repaired coarctation of the aorta includes early cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, shortened life expectancy, abnormal vasomodulator response, hypertension and exercise-induced hypertension in the absence of recurrent coarctation. Observational studies have linked patterns of arch remodeling (Gothic, Crenel, and Romanesque) to late morbidity, with Gothic arches having the highest incidence. We evaluated flow in native and surgically repaired aortic arches to correlate respective hemodynamic indices with incidence of late morbidity. Three dimensional reconstructions of each remodeled arch were created from an anatomic stack of magnetic resonance (MR) images. A structured mesh core with a boundary layer was generated. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was performed assuming peak flow conditions with a uniform velocity profile and unsteady turbulent flow. Wall shear stress (WSS), pressure and velocity data were extracted. The region of maximum WSS was located in the mid-transverse arch for the Crenel, Romanesque and Native arches. Peak WSS was located in the isthmus of the Gothic model. Variations in descending aorta flow patterns were also observed among the models. The location of peak WSS is a primary difference among the models tested, and may have clinical relevance. Specifically, the Gothic arch had a unique location of peak WSS with flow disorganization in the descending aorta. Our results suggest that varied patterns and locations of WSS resulting from abnormal arch remodeling may exhibit a primary effect on clinical vascular dysfunction.
Aquifer Characterization in the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province Using Resistivity Profiling and Borehole Geophysics: Geologic Analysis

Existing hydrogeological models used to describe the recharge and movement of groundwater in the Blue Ridge Province in the eastern United States generally rely on a simplified two-layer system consisting of regolith overlying a fractured bedrock aquifer. The regolith in these models is assumed to be relatively homogeneous and contains a water table aquifer that supplies water to the underlying variably fractured homogeneous crystalline bedrock. The interconnected fractures in the bedrock serve as conduits for predominantly downward vertical and limited horizontal flow. Recent acquisition of two-dimensional surface resistivity profiles and borehole geophysical logs has revealed new insights into this geologically complex province. The shallow regolith contains large unsaturated areas and also localized sand and clay prone facies with water table and confined aquifer conditions residing locally. Within the crystalline bedrock are anomalous lower resistivity intervals that are associated with ancient fault ...
Preserved Function of Regulatory T Cells in Chronic HIV-1 Infection Despite Decreased Numbers in Blood and Tissue

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immune modulators, but their role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis remains poorly understood. We performed a detailed analysis of the frequency and function of Tregs in a large cohort of HIV-1–infected individuals and HIV-1 negative controls. While HIV “elite controllers” and uninfected individuals had similar Treg numbers and frequencies, the absolute numbers of Tregs declined in blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissue in patients with chronic progressive HIV-1 infection. Despite quantitative changes in Tregs, HIV-1 infection was not associated with an impairment of ex vivo suppressive function of flow-sorted Tregs in both HIV controllers and untreated chronic progressors.
Solving difficult SAT instances in the presence of symmetry

Research in algorithms for Boolean satisfiability and their implementations [23, 6] has recently outpaced benchmarking efforts. Most of the classic DIMACS benchmarks [10] can be solved in seconds on commodity PCs. More recent benchmarks take longer to solve because of their large size, but are still solved in minutes [25]. Yet, small and difficult SAT instances must exist because Boolean satisfiability is NP-complete.We propose an improved construction of symmetry-breaking clauses [9] and apply it to achieve significant speed-ups over current state-of-the-art in Boolean satisfiability. Our techniques are formulated as pre-processing and can be applied to any SAT solver without changing its source code. We also show that considerations of symmetry may lead to more efficient reductions to SAT in the routing domain.Our work articulates SAT instances that are unusually difficult for their size, including satisfiable instances derived from routing problems. Using an efficient implementation to solve the graph automorphism problem [18, 20, 22], we show that in structured SAT instances difficulty may be associated with large numbers of symmetries.
The angle-resolved photoemission spectra of uranium based ferromagnets

Abstract We investigate the spin–split and magnetization dependence of the 5f angle-resolved photoemission spectra. For large values of the spontaneous magnetization, the model supports magnetic polaron excitations. We compare the results of our calculations with recent experimental results of Durakiewicz, Joyce and co-workers on related 5f compounds.
The Static Deformation of an Earth with a Fluid Core: A Physical Approach

Summary There has been a considerable amount of confusion in the literature concerning the formulation of the problem of the static deformation of an Earth model with a fluid core. Dahlen has recently discussed this problem using an Eulerian description of motion in the core. This paper outlines a physical approach to the problem, using Lagrangian variables throughout, where deformation in the mantle is described in terms of particle dispiacements and deformation in the core is described in terms of bulk fluid properties (density, pressure and gravitational potential). This approach clarifies Longman’s paradox and the nature of the boundary conditions at the core-mantle boundary.
Nonlinear/Adaptive Image Processing With A Scanning Optical System

The operation of an analog image processing technique based on a laser scanner system is described and illustrated with a number of experimental results. Point nonlinear and locally adaptive filtering are performed on-line. These operations use the deflection of a light spot on a mask with a transmit-tance mapping the desired nonlinear input/output relationship.
Membership and system diagnosis

A membership service is a service in a distributed system that maintains and provides information about which sites are functioning and which have failed at any given time. System diagnosis, on the other hand, is a method for detecting faulty processing elements and distributing this information to non-faulty elements. In spite of the apparent similarity of goals, these two fields have been considered separately from their beginnings. In this paper, we attempt to compare these fields and show the fundamental differences and the similarities. We demonstrate that the problems are closely related with the major differences being the assumptions made about the failure model, the testing methods, and the type of service guarantees provided to the application. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the fields are closely enough related that some algorithms utilized in one field can easily be transformed into algorithms in the other. As examples, we derive new membership algorithms from a distributed system diagnosis algorithm and new system diagnosis algorithms from membership algorithms.
Sintering Kinetics of Inkjet-Printed Conductive Silver Lines on Insulating Plastic Substrate

This paper focuses on sintering kinetics of inkjet-printed lines containing silver nanoparticles deposited on a plastic substrate. Upon heat treatment, the change of resistance in the printed lines was measured as a function of time and sintering temperatures from 423 K to 473 K (150 °C to 200 °C). A new phenomenon was observed that a critical temperature existed for the sintering process, beyond which there was no further reduction in resistance. Experimental evidence and analysis show the critical temperature is associated with the boiling point of the solvent. New sintering mechanisms have been proposed to explain the observed phenomenon, including accelerated diffusion facilitated by the existence of liquid solution based on the theory of liquid phase sintering, and particle collision and coalescence caused by the induced liquid flows in the solution. The proposed theory suggest new means can be devised to improve the sintering results for inkjet-printed lines and other applications.
A hierarchical approach to transistor-level power estimation of arithmetic units

This paper presents an algorithm for power estimation in digital circuits using a hierarchical approach. The salient feature of this approach is that it can be used to estimate the power of large digital circuits in a reasonably short time. Moreover, it takes into account both the spatial correlations introduced in the circuit due to reconvergent fanout, and the delays associated with the various computation units. The circuit is partitioned into sub-circuits which are modeled using state transition diagrams (STDs), and the energy, and therefore power, associated with the circuit is then computed from its constituent STDs by treating them as irreducible Markov chains. Experimental results show that the estimated power is in close agreement with the actual power obtained from exhaustive SPICE simulations. However, the computation time required by the proposed approach is orders of magnitude less than that required by SPICE.
Accessibility to the PhD and Professoriate for First- Generation College Graduates: Review and Implications for Students, Faculty, and Campus Policies

Parental education levels demonstrate a robust influence for educational achievement that cascades throughout the educational pipeline. This paper reviews and synthesizes research from multiple disciplines concerning educational pathways that appear to be influenced by parental education levels. Among other findings, the paper reports that first-generation college graduates -- among the professoriate -- tend to be under-represented at research universities and disproportionately represented at teaching-focused comprehensive universities. The paper also reviews evidence that business programs -- in contrast with other fields -- tend to attract proportional representation of students with respect to their parental education levels.
The Biphasic mRNA Expression Pattern of Bovine Interleukin-8 in Pasteurella haemolytica Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Alveolar Macrophages Is Primarily due to Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 is the bacterial agent responsible for the pathophysiological events associated with bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Our previous studies support a role for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from P. haemolytica in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. One of the pathological hallmarks of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis is an influx of neutrophils into the alveolar spaces. This pronounced influx suggests the local production of a chemotactic factor(s) such as interleukin-8 (IL-8). In the context of the lung, the alveolar macrophage appears to be the major producer of IL-8, a proinflammatory cytokine with potent neutrophil chemotactic activity. By using Northern blot analysis, we have examined the kinetics of IL-8 mRNA expression in P. haemolytica LPS-stimulated bovine alveolar macrophages and found that 1 ng of LPS per ml induces maximal expression of IL-8 mRNA. The results also indicate a biphasic time course expression pattern in which IL-8 mRNA levels peak between 1 and 2 h in the first phase and between 16 and 24 h in the second phase (P < 0.01). In addition, monospecific polyclonal antibodies were used to demonstrate the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the second phase of IL-8 mRNA expression. Our findings support a role for P. haemolytica LPS and TNF-alpha in the induction of IL-8 from bovine alveolar macrophages.
Protein 4.1N Binding to Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus Protein in PC12 Cells Mediates the Antiproliferative Actions of Nerve Growth Factor

Protein 4.1N is a neuronal selective isoform of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton protein 4.1R. In the present study, we demonstrate an interaction between 4.1N and nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA), a nuclear protein required for mitosis. The binding involves the C-terminal domain of 4.1N. In PC12 cells treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF) elicits translocation of 4.1N to the nucleus and promotes its association with NuMA. Specific targeting of 4.1N to the nucleus arrests PC12 cells at the G1 phase and produces an aberrant nuclear morphology. Inhibition of 4.1N nuclear translocation prevents the NGF-mediated arrest of cell division, which can be reversed by overexpression of 4.1N. Thus, nuclear 4.1N appears to mediate the antiproliferative actions of NGF by antagonizing the role of NuMA in mitosis.