cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dramatic thermal quenching of photoluminescence in Zn-doped GaN

We report on the dramatic thermal quenching of the blue luminescence (BL) band in high-resistivity Zn-doped GaN. In conductive n -type GaN samples, the thermal quenching of this band begins at T0 = 200 K, and the activation energy of this thermal quenching is about 0.35 eV, which agrees with the ionization energy of the ZnGa acceptor. However, in high-resistivity Zn-doped GaN, the BL intensity drops by several orders of magnitude at a characteristic temperature T *. Interestingly, T * increases with increasing excitation intensity; i.e., the quenching is tunable. When the temperature of the sample is fixed, the dependence of PL intensity on the excitation intensity exhibits an abrupt, stepwise increase at a certain excitation intensity, and the value of the latter depends on temperature. All of the observed effects can be explained in a model involving three types of defects: a shallow donor, the ZnGa acceptor, and a deep donor. The latter is responsible for the nonradiative recombination. The abrupt and tunable thermal quenching of the Zn-related BL band in high-resistivity GaN samples is caused by a sudden transition of the system from the inverse population of levels at T T * (a p -type, or high-resistivity n -type conductivity). This transition is initiated by the thermal emission of holes from the ZnGa acceptor to the valence band and their subsequent recombination with electrons via deep nonradiative defects. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative reactivity of TpRu(L)(NCMe)Ph (L = CO or PMe3): impact of ancillary ligand l on activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds including catalytic hydroarylation and hydrovinylation/oligomerization of ethylene.

Complexes of the type TpRu(L)(NCMe)R [L = CO or PMe3; R = Ph or Me; Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate] initiate C−H activation of benzene. Kinetic studies, isotopic labeling, and other experimental evidence suggest that the mechanism of benzene C−H activation involves reversible dissociation of acetonitrile, reversible benzene coordination, and rate-determining C−H activation of coordinated benzene. TpRu(PMe3)(NCMe)Ph initiates C−D activation of C6D6 at rates that are approximately 2−3 times more rapid than that for TpRu(CO)(NCMe)Ph (depending on substrate concentration); however, the catalytic hydrophenylation of ethylene using TpRu(PMe3)(NCMe)Ph is substantially less efficient than catalysis with TpRu(CO)(NCMe)Ph. For TpRu(PMe3)(NCMe)Ph, C−H activation of ethylene, to ultimately produce TpRu(PMe3)(η3-C4H7), is found to kinetically compete with catalytic ethylene hydrophenylation. In THF solutions containing ethylene, TpRu(PMe3)(NCMe)Ph and TpRu(CO)(NCMe)Ph separately convert to TpRu(L)(η3-C4H7) (L = PMe...
Analysis method for calculating vibration characteristics of beams with intermediate supports

Abstract Several reactor system components, such as fuel pins, heat exchanger tubes, control rods, and various instrumentation and shroud tubes, are beam-like components with intermediate supports along their length. Basic to any flow induced vibration or seismic analysis of these components is the need to determine their vibrational characteristics including natural frequencies and modes. This paper presents a simple solution method for calculating the natural frequencies and modes of beams with any of the classical boundary conditions and with unlimited intermediate supports. An exact solution is obtained using the method of stationary potential energy in which the modal displacement is expanded in a Fourier series. Lagrange multipliers are utilized to enforce intermediate constraint conditions and geometric boundary conditions that are not identically satisfied by the assumed series. Stokes' transformation is exploited to obtain the correct series expressions for the derivatives of the Fourier series.
Organizational behavior regarding older workers: Prototypical responses

Abstract The author studied the ways in which company policies and practices regarding hiring, firing, promotion, and retraining are interpreted when they are directed at the organization 's older white-collar workers (those 55 and older). Various exogenous and ultra-organizational factors were identified which serve as the basis for defining five different generalized behavioral responses that a company may exhibit when dealing with its older white-collar workers: the “proactive” response, the “at-cross-purposes” response, the “performance-focused” response, the “positive means-negative ends” response, and the “older worker antagonism” response. Possible motivations behind each of these responses are suggested, as well as examples of policies and practices that are outcomes typical of each.
Reversibility of coronary collaterals and alteration in regional coronary flow reserve after successful angioplasty.

The coronary collateral circulation helps to preserve myocardial perfusion distal to high-grade or totally obstructed coronary arteries. The functional significance of this contribution to myocardial blood flow, however, is controverdia1.r The influence of collateral flow on coronary flow reserve (CFR), myocardial perfusion and ventricular function is demonstrated in the patient reported herein, who underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).
Transcription‐Termination Factor Rho from Bacillus subtilis

A protein has been isolated from Bacillus subtilis which has functions similar to that of transcription termination factor rho (ϱ) from Escherichia coli. The apparent molecular weight of the B. subtilisϱ factor is about 80000–95000 as estimated by a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method. It contains two subunits with a molecular weight of 47000 as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ϱ factor shows poly(C)-dependent β-γ ATPase activity and depresses the activity of RNA synthesis from B. subtilis phage φ29 DNA template with purified B. subtilis RNA polymerase holoenzyme. The specific activity of the poly(C)-dependent ATPase of the B. subtilisϱ factor was significantly less than that of the E. coliϱ factor. In the presence of ϱ factor fewer RNA transcripts were produced overall from the φ29 template and smaller RNA transcripts with discrete sizes were made. These results suggest that the B. subtilisϱ factor can catalyze transcription termination at specific sites on φ29 phage DNA in vitro.
Free-operant discriminated avoidance in the rat

A procedure involving the use of free-operant discriminated avoidance in monkeys was replicated with white rats. Each rat was exposed to a series of avoidance schedules, in which the safestimulus duration was held constant and the warning-stimulus duration was systematically varied. Of the 6 rats in the study, 3 were exposed to the warning-stimulus durations in ascending order (shortest duration first), and 3 in descending order (longest duration first). The rats generally showed higher shock rates and lower response rates than the monkeys.
Aerogel monoliths produced by direct oxidation of aluminum

Abstract High surface area aerogel monoliths were synthesized by direct oxidation of aluminum metal in air. The key to the synthesis is the removal of the passive oxide film on the aluminum by mercury amalgamation of the surface using Hg2+ in 2 M HNO3. The aerogel consists of amorphous aluminum oxide fibers 25 nm in diameter aligned in the direction perpendicular to the original aluminum surface. Direct aluminum oxidation is a new and simplified route for the synthesis of aerogels which does not require sol-gel synthesis and complex drying techniques. The breakdown of the passive oxide film was studied using new Fourier transform-Raman/electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) cells. Breakdown of the passive film is monitored by a sharp drop in surface potential. Surface oxide vibrations observed by Raman spectroscopy disappeared immediately upon exposure to the mercuric nitrate/nitric acid solution. No aluminates or mercuric oxides were observed in the bulk solution or at the surface. Unusually strong Raman scattering by aluminum thin films may be indicative of the surface-enhanced Raman effect.
Raman study of dicobalt octacarbonyl covalently attached to a phosphinated silica

Abstract The reaction of Co2(CO)8 at 25 °C with a phosphinated silica surface PPh2SiO2 (Ph = phenyl) gives rise to the formation of two different surface species, Co(O) and Co(I). The particular species formed is dependent on the amount and character of the anchoring silyl group and on the degree of dehydroxylation of the silica gel. Tentative assignments of Raman bands of these species were made by comparing observed bands with known bands in model compounds. The degree of phosphination resulting from the reaction of phosphine compounds with hydroxyl groups on silica gel was measured by titrating the HCl evolved during the reaction. These results were consistent with the observed intensities of the Raman bands arising from ring-streching vibrations of the phenyl group. The interactions of adsorbed CO, H2, and propylene molecules with the attached cobalt carbonyl species were studied to identify structures which might act as intermediates in hydroformylation reactions. The observed in situ Raman spectra can be explained by the conventional mechanism of the hydroformylation reaction.
Stick‐slip statistical mechanics at the bed of a glacier

The multiple processes which control motion at the bed of glaciers are too heterogeneous to be modeled directly, but a simple stick-slip slider-block model of a glacier bed allows a statistical mechanical treatment of the physics beneath thin and shallow sloped glaciers. The technique may reconcile apparently contradictory field observations of the relationship between glacier sliding and basal water pressure. Simulations also predict hysteresis in the relationship between water pressure and basal velocities.
Theory of unipolar ballistic and quasiballistic transit-time oscillators for a terahertz range

Abstract We are the first to consider DC characteristics and a linear admittance of a very short undoped transit space (T-space) in the case of a ballistic transport of electrons injected into this space from a heavily doped cathode contact. We have considered both a classic case of a unipolar space-charge-limited injection current and a case of a unipolar tunnel injection through a rectangular or triangular heterostructure barrier. In both cases, the effective injection occurs in not very strong electric fields (⩽(1−3)×10 5 V / cm ) . To reach a high-energy ballistic electron transport, we have assumed highly positioned noncentral electron valleys over the bottom of a central Γ-valley and have selected the appropriate semiconductors for the T-space. For all the considered examples, we have obtained frequency windows of a negative conductance in a deep terahertz range. This means that such unipolar devices are perspective as terahertz oscillators. Numerical estimates are completed for the InP-T-space with the length of 70 nm .
Stereotaxic localization of corticosterone to the amygdala enhances hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to behavioral stress.

Abstract The amygdala is involved in behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses to stressful stimuli. The goal of the current study was to determine the effect of directly elevating glucocorticoids in the amygdala on hypothalamo-pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) responses to the elevated plus maze, a behavioral stressor known to activate the amygdala. Micropellets (30 μg) of crystalline corticosterone or cholesterol (control) were implanted bilaterally at the dorsal margin of the CeA in male Wistar rats; vascular catheters were also placed at this time. Five days post-surgery, blood samples were drawn at 07:00 and 19:00 h to assess diurnal rhythm of plasma corticosterone. At 7 days post-implantation, rats were subjected to behavioral stress using an elevated plus maze and blood was collected 15 min prior to stress, and at 15, 45, and 90 min after the initiation of the stressor. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNA levels were analyzed by in situ hybridization in the medial parvocellular division of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (mpPVN) in corticosterone- and cholesterol-implanted rats either not exposed to the elevated plus maze (control) or 4 h post-behavioral stress. Localization of corticosterone to the amygdala had no effect on diurnal rhythm of corticosterone secretion. Behavioral stress significantly increased peak plasma corticosterone levels in both groups to a similar level. However, in the corticosterone implanted rats, plasma corticosterone concentrations at 45 and 90 min post-stress were significantly greater compared to control rats indicating a prolonged corticosterone response to behavioral stress. In non-stressed rats, corticosterone delivery to the amygdala elevated basal CRF mRNA in the mpPVN to levels similar to those observed post-stress in control animals; no further increase was observed in CRF mRNA following stress. Behavioral stress resulted in a significant elevation in CRF mRNA in cholesterol controls. Basal AVP mRNA levels were unaffected by corticosterone implants. AVP mRNA did not increase in cholesterol implanted rats in response to behavioral stress. However, AVP mRNA levels were higher in corticosterone implanted rats post stress compared to cholesterol treated controls. In conclusion, direct administration of corticosterone to the amygdala increases plasma corticosterone in response to a behavioral stressor without altering the diurnal rhythm in plasma corticosterone. Elevated basal levels of mpPVN CRF mRNA, and the induction of a mpPVN AVP mRNA response to the behavioral stressor implicate enhanced ACTH secretagogue expression in the increased HPA response to corticosterone modulation of amygdala function.
Red Sensitive Photoelectric Cells

WE have found that it is possible to make photoelectric cells of the Elster-Geitel type sensitive to the extreme red, and having a colour sensitivity approaching that of the eye much more nearly than those used at present. The new cells have a limit above 700μμ and a very useful sensitivity at 650μμ; their sensitivity extends also to the violet limit of the visible spectrum, and their total sensitivity to white light is of the same order as that of existing cells.
Magnetization curves of superconductive tin alloys

We have supplemented a previous investigation of flux trapping by obtaining the magnetization curves of very fine impure tin wires in a transverse external field. For annealed specimens (containing In, Bi, or Cd) in which the impurity is completely dissolved and homogeneously distributed, we find that some flux is frozen-in in decreasing magnetic field when the external field equals half the critical value. However, this flux leaks out monotonically as the field is further reduced, and none remains in zero field. In pure specimens virtually no flux trapping occurs. However, in a specimen containing more Cd than was completely soluble, considerable flux remains frozen-in even in zero field. These results confirm our previous inference that suitably prepared and annealed homogeneous alloy specimens are incapable of freezing-in appreciable amounts of magnetic flux. We further conclude that this is due to the fact that the flux which is initially trapped when the specimens begin to become superconducting readily leaks or migrates out, probably because of the tendency of lines of force to contract as suggested by Faber and Pippard.
LOW-VOLUME ROAD BRIDGE ALTERNATIVE

Recent reports indicate that a significant number of the nation's bridges are either structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. A large number of these bridges are on the secondary road system and fall under the jurisdiction of county engineers with limited budgets and engineering staff. In response to this problem, a bridge replacement system was developed for simple span bridges with minimal to no skew that county engineers can design and build with limited resources. The bridge system involves fabrication of precast units consisting of two steel beams connected with a thin reinforced concrete deck. The precast deck thickness is limited to reduce the weight of the units so that they can be fabricated at one site and then easily transported to the bridge site. Multiple units are then connected on site to give the desired width of bridge, after which a reinforced cast-in-place concrete deck is placed over the entire bridge. Development of the design methodology for the steel beam precast unit bridge consisted of four phases. During the initial phase, small-scale bridge components and a full-scale model bridge were constructed and tested in the Iowa State University Structural Engineering Laboratory. These specimens were tested under a variety of loading configurations under service and ultimate loads. After completion of the laboratory testing, finite-element models of the laboratory bridge were developed and validated with data collected during the first phase. The validated finite-element model was then used to extrapolate analyses of common bridge configurations. The results of the analytical investigation were then combined with classic bridge engineering principles into a design methodology that is easy to use and understand. Although it is not discussed in detail, a demonstration project in which this concept was used has recently been completed and tested.
A modified direct technique for the fabrication of fixed interim restorations.

Ozcelik and Yilmaz Ozcelik and Yilmaz Interim restorations are fabricated to protect the prepared tooth structure during the period between tooth preparation and the definitive restoration and are essential to prosthodontic therapy.1 Interim restorations should protect dentin and pulpal tissues against invasive microorganisms, saliva, and food, which may penetrate the dentinal tubules and result in sensitivity as well as prevent thermal conduction necessary for increased patient comfort.2 Several laboratory and clinical techniques for the fabrication of interim restorations have been described, including the indirect technique,3 direct technique,4 and indirect-direct techniques5 for both singleand multiple-unit fixed restorations.1 The indirect technique is widely used in clinical practice. However, this approach requires additional time and laboraA modified direct technique for the fabrication of fixed interim restorations
Solution continuity in variational conditions

We present some results about Lipschitzian behavior of solutions to variational conditions when the sets over which the conditions are posed, as well as the functions appearing in them, may vary. These results rely on calmness and inner semicontinuity, and we describe some conditions under which those conditions hold, especially when the sets involved in the variational conditions are convex and polyhedral. We then apply the results to find error bounds for solutions of a strongly monotone variational inequality in which both the constraining polyhedral multifunction and the monotone operator are perturbed.
Nutrient uptake by wheat seedlings that differ in response to mixed nitrogen nutrition1

Abstract In hydroponics, cereal crop growth is usually enhanced when the nutrient media contains both nitrate and ammonium compared to either form separately. Identification of genotypic variation between two spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum cv. Len, and Triticum durum cv. Inbar) in their magnitude of growth response to mixed N permits a comparative evaluation of metabolic processes underlying enhanced growth from utilization of N mixtures. The objective of this study was to determine if the additional mixed N‐induced growth, and the difference in response between cultivars, is associated with the uptake or partitioning of N, P, or K during the seedling stage of development. Plants of Len and Inbar were grown hydroponicaily for 21 days in nutrient solutions containing N either as all nitrate or as a 50/50 mixture of nitrate and ammonium. The mean of three experiments showed that whole plant dry weight increased 19% for Len and 41 % for Inbar when the plants were supplied with the N mixture compar...
Coexpression characteristics of trehalose‐6‐phosphate phosphatase subfamily genes reveal different functions in a network context

Arabidopsis thaliana databases are available that highlight the behavior of the transcriptome under literally hundreds of experimental manipulations, making attempts possible that integrate this information into gene networks. We present and discuss the functioning of a gene network model generated using deposited microarray experiments. Based on a graphical Gaussian model, the network describes conditional coregulation of genes under a variety of external factors and abiotic, biotic and chemical treatments. In this study, we show an aspect of this network that pertains to functions of genes in families where all members appear to carry out the same biochemical reaction. Chosen in this study were 10 genes in the Arabidopsis genome encoding trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases (TPPs). Nine of these genes were highlighted by the network. Generally, each TPP formed a network associated with genes that identify different functional categories. Thus, network structures were obtained that identified connections to carbon distribution, drought, cold, pathogen responses, calcium and reactive oxygen species/redox signatures, including transcriptional control genes that separated network graphs seeded with different TPP genes. The structure of the transcript coexpression networks, by associating diverse members of gene families into separate clusters, facilitates hypothesis building and in-depth studies of functions of individual genes in families.
The Intra‐cellular Localization of the Herbicide Diphenamid in Corn Root .Tip

The intra-cellalar localization of the herbicide N,N-dimethyl–2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) was examined in 10 mm root tips of corn seedlings (Zea mays L. cv. Shawnee). Experiments are described which culminate in the observation that a significant, measurable effect on root growth occurs within 12 hours after treatment with diphenamid. Corn seedlings were then treated with 14-C-diphenamid for 12 hours and the 10 mm root tips excised and homogenized. By use of differential centrifugation and gel filtration, the root homogenate was separated into fractions; as follows; cell wall, mitochondria, microsomal, protein and eluate. The highest concentration of the herbicide was found in the root tips. Furthermore, most of the radioactivity was found in the eluate. Results are discussed as to localization of diphenamid in the microsomal and protein fraction and possible mode of action.
Video stabilization to a global 3D frame of reference by fusing orientation sensor and image alignment data

Estimating the 3D orientation of the camera in a video sequence within a global frame of reference is useful for video stabilization when displaying the video in a virtual 3D environment, as well as for accurate navigation and other applications. This task requires the input of orientation sensors attached to the camera to provide absolute 3D orientation in a geographical frame of reference. However, high-frequency noise in the sensor readings makes it impossible to achieve accurate orientation estimates required for visually stable presentation of video sequences that were acquired with a camera subject to jitter, such as a handheld camera or a vehicle mounted camera. On the other hand, image alignment has proven successful for image stabilization, providing accurate frame-to-frame orientation estimates but drifting over time due to error and bias accumulation and lacking absolute orientation. In this paper we propose a practical method for generating high accuracy estimates of the 3D orientation of the camera within a global frame of reference by fusing orientation estimates from an efficient image-based alignment method, and the estimates from an orientation sensor, overcoming the limitations of the component methods.
Simultaneous five-wavelength interferometry for head/tape spacing measurement

An improved five-wavelength interferometer with high-speed shutters in the light path was designed and implemented. The interferometer allows switching between two sets of three wavelengths, keeping one wavelength in each measurement in common. The set-up allows nearly simultaneous acquisition of fringe intensities and can be used to measure the head/tape spacing in a moving linear tape drive. The precision of the new five-wavelength interferometer was investigated and was found to be superior to the precision obtained with a three-wavelength interferometer.
Analysis of effective-medium approximation for a tight-binding model of a liquid metal

The perturbation expansion for the electronic structure of a tight-binding model of a liquid metal is studied by means of a diagram analysis. The previously developed effective-medium approximation is shown to correspond to the summation of the same terms as occur in Soven's coherent-potential approximation for alloys, within the validity of a generalized Kirkwood superposition approximation for ionic distribution functions. The terms omitted are shown to be of higher order in $\frac{1}{\overline{\mathbf{z}}}$, with $\overline{\mathbf{z}}$ an effective neighbor number. The results are extended to cover liquid alloys and solid alloys with short-range order and off-diagonal disorder, the latter results agreeing with work of Blackman et al. The conclusions apply also to a general model of a liquid metal.
Study of structure formation during electroless plating of thin metal-composite membranes

For a fundamental understanding of the electroless plating technique for preparing metal-composite membranes by the appropriate use of osmotic pressure, as well as for optimization of the deposited films, it is necessary to develop a mechanistic model of electroless plating that describes evolution of microstructure during film growth. In the present work, based on data obtained mainly by using an atomic force microscope, the kinetics of different microstructural parameters describing the formation of thin palladium films on porous Vycor glass by the electroless plating technique are presented. Detailed comparisons of these kinetics for cases with and without osmosis are made. A physical model that describes the role of osmosis during the electroless plating process is also developed.
Thermoelastic effects in an elastohydrodynamically lubricated contact

Abstract The contact of lubricated interfaces is usually assumed to be determined by the initial geometry of the surfaces and their resulting elastic deflection. Under certain conditions, however, the thermal distortion of these surfaces may play an important role in the contact geometry. A typical bearing-type contact produces an elliptical pressure distribution and the bulk of the heating should occur in the axial center of the contact. Such heating may significantly change the effective crown radius of the disks and lead to a higher peak pressure and concomitant higher heating in the center of the contact. Scuffing failures may be caused in part by this phenomenon. An experimental effort to determine whether the thermal distortion plays a significant role in the pressure distribution and contact geometry in an elastohydrodynamic conjunction is described in this paper. Axial film thickness profiles between a pair of disks were measured with an X-ray system for different rolling and sliding conditions. For the range of conditions studied, however, no significant thermal distortion was observed. Future experiments are planned to study such contacts further.
Combining data in phylogenetic analysis

Systematists have access to multiple sources of character information in phylogenetic analysis. For example, it is not unusual to have nucleotide sequences from several different genes, or to have molecular and morphological data. How should diverse data be analyzed in phylogenetic analysis? Several methods have been proposed for the treatment of partitioned data: the total evidence, separate analysis, and conditional combination approaches. Here, we review some of the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches, with special concentration on which methods help us to discern the evolutionary process and provide the most accurate estimates of phylogeny.
Designing a multi-core hard real-time test bed for energy measurement experiments

This paper presents a systematic methodology to implement and validate schemes for energy-efficient task allocation and scheduling in multi-core hard real-time embedded systems. A real-life test bed comprising dual-core Intel T2500 processor with dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) capability and running Linux Fedora 8 based hard real-time scheduling has been developed to accurately benchmark the energy-savings of various proposed scheduling schemes and the experience from implementation is summarized to serve as potential guidelines for other researchers and practitioners.
P40 Development of new H2S donors

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) has been recognized as an important cellular signaling molecule since 2000. Literature published in past few years increasingly suggests that H 2 S is a mediator of many physiological and/or pathological processes. However, hydrogen sulfide’s exact mechanisms of action are still unclear. A problem in current H 2 S research is the lack of controllable H 2 S releasing agents which can selectively deliver H 2 S to certain locations. Research in our laboratory has been focused on the development of novel H 2 S donors. We have designed and synthesized several series of donors based on different structural templates. We have proved that H 2 S releases from these compounds are controllable. Some compounds have showed interesting activities in certain biological systems. In this presentation, our progress in this field will be reported.
Influence of availability of TAO data on NCEP ocean data assimilation systems along the equatorial Pacific

It is reasonable to assume that the quality of an ocean reanalysis will depend not only on the ocean data assimilation system but also on the availability of observational data. Among the data assimilated in the tropical Pacific, observations from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) moored array are an important contributor. Due to various reasons, in the last couple of years, TAO had a very low data delivery rate at some of the mooring sites. In this work, we examined the influence of the availability of in situ TAO data from all 10 equatorial mooring sites in 1999–2014 by comparing ocean temperature from two data assimilation systems at National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP): the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS) and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). Our working hypothesis is that missing of in situ observational data should lead to less observational constraint, and consequently, larger divergence between ocean reanalyses. Compared with periods of no in situ TAO observations, the disagreements of ocean temperature between CFSR and GODAS are indeed smaller when in situ TAO observations are available. The disagreements are largest along the thermocline due to its being the region of strongest variability. Thus, it is suggested that without the constraint of in situ TAO observations, the inconsistency between the ocean reanalyses from two NCEP data assimilation systems is larger, highlighting the contribution of TAO observations. Moreover, it is also suggested that the disagreement of ocean temperature between GODAS and CFSR is mainly caused by the difference of the models used in the assimilation systems and the impact of in situ TAO availability plays a secondary, but important role. To improve the quality of the assimilation products, it is necessary both to reduce model bias and to assimilate more high-quality data.
Major civil war plays, 1882–1899

(1954). Major civil war plays, 1882–1899. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 224-231.
Design of intelligent fuzzy logic controllers using genetic algorithms

The paper presents a methodology for combining genetic algorithms and fuzzy algorithms for learning the optimal rules for a FAM. With the aid of genetic algorithms, optimal rules of fuzzy logic controllers can be designed without human operators' experience and/or control engineers' knowledge. The approach presented here maintains the shape of membership functions and searches the optimal control rules based on a fitness value which is defined in terms of a performance criterion. Applications of the method to a fuzzy logic controller using genetic algorithm (FLC-GA) and a model reference adaptive fuzzy-GA controller (MRAFC-GA) are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the design procedure. >
A Unified Model for Ferritin Iron Loading by the Catalytic Center: Implications for Controlling “Free Iron” during Oxidative Stress

IRONING OUT THE DIFFERENCES: A unified model shows that the catalytic centers of human H ferritin and archaeal P. furiosus ferritin load iron according to the same mechanism. This model could help our understanding of the processes of controlling the various subcellular concentrations of iron during inflammation.
Observe, listen, wonder, and respond: A preliminary exploration of reflective function skills in early care providers

Parents' behaviors demonstrating reflective capacity towards their children, parental reflective functioning, have been identified as central to both the formation of a secure attachment and therapeutic efforts to remediate attachment problems (Fonagy & Target, 2005; Sadler, Slade, & Mayes, 2006). We hypothesize that reflective skills in providers may be key elements in effecting change through the parent― professional relationship. As a first step, the present study examined early care and intervention providers' self-report of the importance of reflective practice skills in their work with families of young children. We further examined whether provider characteristics such as professional affiliation and experience related to importance ratings. Lastly, we examined, in a preliminary fashion, whether provider valuing of reflective functioning skills is associated with reported practice using hypothetical vignettes drawn from common home-visiting scenarios.
Reactions of the UVRABC excision nuclease with DNA damaged by diamminedichloroplatinum(II)

Mutants of Escherichia coli, which are blocked in excision repair (uvrA6, uvrB5, or uvrC34) are exceptionally sensitive to the antitumor drug cis-Pt(II)(NH3)2Cl2 (cis-DDP) but not the trans isomer. Plasmid DNA, damaged by either the cis or trans compound and treated with the UVRABC excision nuclease was cut as shown by conversion of supercoiled DNA to relaxed forms. All three protein products of the uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC genes were required for incision. End-labeled fragments damaged with cis-DDP and reacted with the UVRABC nuclease were cut at the 8th phosphodiester bond 5' and at the 4th phosphodiester bond 3' to adjacent GG's. DNA treated with trans-DDP was not cut appreciably at adjacent GG's by the repair enzyme as subsequent analysis of reaction products after enzyme digestion gave a pattern similar to those obtained with control untreated fragments. The results indicate that the UVRABC nuclease may promote cell survival by the removal of adjacent GG's which are crosslinked by cis-Pt(II)(NH3)2Cl2.
Context aware wireless sensor networks for smart home monitoring

This paper introduces a temperature control framework for smart homes using wireless sensor networks WSN. A key issue with temperature monitoring and control is standard sampling techniques which take few temperature samples into consideration to make heating and cooling decisions in large areas of space. This results in poor controllability of temperature in unmonitored locations with potentially significant temperature variations in comparison with monitored locations. To solve this problem, spatial analysis techniques, namely geostatistical analysis, can be utilised to predict temperature in unmonitored locations to aid in making more informed decisions on how to heat and cool certain parts of a dwelling. Results show independent temperature control in defined areas using the proposed temperature control framework.
A filter bank for the directional decomposition of images: theory and design

The authors introduce a directionally oriented 2-D filter bank with the property that the individual channels may be critically sampled without loss of information. The passband regions of the component filters are wedge-shaped and thus provide directional information. It is shown that these filter bank outputs may be maximally decimated to achieve a minimum sample representation in a way that permits the original signal to be exactly reconstructed. The authors discuss the theory for directional decomposition and reconstruction. In addition, implementation issues are addressed where realizations based on both recursive and nonrecursive filters are considered. >
Effects of Barbiturates on Pulmonary and Systemic Haemodynamics

Pulmonary and systemic haemodynamic effects of intravenously administered thiamylal and pentobarbital were investigated in intact, unsedated, instrumented dogs. The predominant changes produced by pentobarbital were tachycardia, decreased stroke volume, and late increases in systemic pressure and vascular resistance. The predominant effect of thiamylal was an increase in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance.
Considering the Role of Social Determinants of Health in Black–White Breast Cancer Disparities

Although White women are more likely to develop breast cancer, Black women are more likely to die from the disease. A number of social factors have been implicated as social determinants of this disparity in breast cancer mortality, including race/ethnicity, social class, gender, and neighborhood. This chapter illustrates how knowledge of the determinants of racial and ethnic breast cancer disparities that occur at multiple levels of influence, ranging from the microbiological to the societal, might be used to develop interventions to eliminate those disparities. Further, this chapter presents a model to identify social determinants of breast cancer in Black women, examining each link in the chain of causation in a downward, iterative manner. Finally, the chapter examines specific areas of intervention, including the need to address social isolation, improving early detection efforts, the inclusion of social factors in addition to clinical information, and the development of community partners that can help achieve these goals.
Clinically Relevant Mechanisms of Lipid Synthesis, Transport, and Storage

Lipids not only are fundamental nutrients but also serve as basic structural components of cells and as multifunctional signaling molecules. Lipid metabolism pathways underlie basic processes in health and disease and are the targets of novel therapeutics. In this review, we explore the molecular control of lipid synthesis, trafficking, and storage, with a focus on clinically relevant pathways. To illustrate the clinical relevance of molecular lipid regulation, we highlight how these biochemical processes contribute to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a component of the metabolic syndrome and a paradigmatic example of lipid dysregulation.
Control of a solution copolymerization reactor using piecewise linear models

Presents an implementation of a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm using piecewise linear models on an industrial case study: solution copolymerization of methylmethacrylate and vinyl acetate. The control algorithm is a receding horizon scheme with a quasi-infinite horizon objective function which has finite and infinite horizon cost components. The finite horizon cost consists of free input variables that direct the system towards a terminal region which contains the desired operating point. The infinite horizon cost has an upper bound and takes the system to the final operating point. The nonlinear system is represented with multiple linear models obtained by Jacobian linearization at points that are chosen along a transient trajectory between two operating points. The control approach was successfully implemented during a transition from one operating point to another. Significant improvement was observed in reducing the transition period, hence the amount of off specification product produced during the transition period, as the number of linear models was increased to represent the nonlinear system. Furthermore, the proposed approach is extended to incorporate output feedback.
Knowledge of diagnosis, treatment history, and risk of late effects among childhood cancer survivors and parents: The impact of a survivorship clinic

Background Childhood cancer survivors are at risk for treatment-related adverse health outcomes, known as late effects. Through matched and longitudinal cohorts, we assessed the impact of survivorship care on patient and parent knowledge of treatment history and associated health risks. Procedure Childhood cancer survivors were recruited from a single-institution survivorship clinic and matched with survivors receiving routine follow-up care (controls) on diagnosis, age, and time off therapy. One hundred seventy-four participants completed telephone interviews assessing knowledge of diagnosis, treatment history, and risk of late effects. Additionally, 48 new survivorship patients were followed longitudinally with serial interviews for 18 months. Results In the case-control study, survivorship participants were more likely than controls to correctly report their diagnosis (98% vs. 90%, P = 0.039) and indicate a previous discussion of risk of late effects (99% vs. 62%, P < 0.0001). Compared to controls, survivorship participants were 13% more sensitive reporting chemotherapeutics (95%CI 2.8–23.7%, P = 0.013) and 12% more sensitive reporting late effect risk (95%CI 7.3–16.6%, P < 0.0001). In the longitudinal cohort, participants were 7% more sensitive reporting chemotherapeutics (95%CI 5.4–10.8%, P < 0.001) and 9% more sensitive reporting late effect risk (95%CI 5.6–23.8%, P < 0.001) at 3 months compared to baseline. In regression analysis, baseline knowledge correlated with subsequent interview performance, and time since survivorship visit correlated with decreased knowledge of late effects, but not diagnosis or treatment history. Conclusions Survivorship care was associated with increased knowledge of diagnosis, treatment history, and risk of late effects in both cohorts. Knowledge of late effects decreases with time, suggesting the need for additional educational strategies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1444–1451. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effective Sequencing Rules for Closed Manufacturing Networks

This paper develops a method for determining sequencing policies to effectively control a multistation closed queueing network. We assume that several job classes, with different service time distributions, share each server and should be sequenced to maximize the long-run throughput rate of the system. A Brownian control problem that approximates the original queueing network is formulated and used to develop a dynamic sequencing policy that seeks to prevent idleness, unless the system is at a face of theworkload imbalance polytope that arises in the Brownian formulation. Several examples are used to demonstrate the benefit of this policy over the static prioritization proposed by Chevalier and Wein (1993), which has previously been shown to dominate traditional scheduling policies in a closed network setting.
Enhancing the Farm Bill's Conservation Potential Through Land Prioritization

The Farm Bill conservation programs serve as the primary tools for the creation and improvement of wildlife habitat on working lands. Wildlife conservation would benefit from a working land-prioritization system that integrates these programs. We developed a Geographic Information System (GIS)–based system to prioritize land for inclusion in Farm Bill conservation programs. We designed the system to be applicable throughout the United States, to minimize potential conflicts of interest, and to facilitate simple implementation. We designated high conservation value (HCV) lands using habitats of greatest conservation need. We placed priority zones around HCV lands to determine high- and low-priority working lands. Nationwide implementation of this system would require gathering and manipulating data from multiple sources, as well as creation of a GIS layer denoting locations of working lands currently in conservation programs. This system would allow funding to be maximized through the ability to select participation based on property location and size, and to target landowners for participation. The wide-ranging potential benefits of this system make it well-suited for serving as the backbone to conservation on working lands.
Macroeconomic News and the DM/$ Exchange Rate

Empirical confirmation that the effect of macroeconomic fundamentals on exchange rates is economically important has been scarce. This paper employs a general GARCH specification with asymmetric responses to investigate the effect of 35 U.S. and German macroeconomic news announcements on the daily DM/$ exchange rate over the 1980-1998 period. We conclude that FX rates are strongly connected to real and nominal sector developments in both countries, and that real sector announcements influence the exchange rate more strongly than money or inflation announcements. We find that surprisingly high real growth appreciates the exchange rate and raises yields.
Accuracy of the Five-Factor Model in Predicting Perceptions of Daily Social Interactions:

The present study examined whether individuals' personality ratings on dimensions of the five-factor model (i.e., extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness) predicted their immediate perceptions of themselves and others during daily social interactions. Participants completed personality measures at an initial session and recorded and evaluated their interactions over a 1-week period. Participants' immediate perceptions were predicted strongly by their extraversion scores, moderately by their agreeableness and neuroticism scores, and only weakly by their openness to experience score. These findings suggest that at least three of the five factors accurately represent individuals' thoughts and feelings during their daily lives.
Characterization, test, and logic synthesis of and-or-inverter (AOI) gate design for QCA implementation

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) offers a new computing paradigm for nanotechnology. The basic logic elements of this technology are the majority voter (MV) and the inverter (INV). However, an experimental evaluation has shown that MV is not efficiently used during technology mapping by existing logic-synthesis tools. In this paper, we propose the design and characterization of a novel complex, yet very small, QCA logic gate: the and-or-inverter (AOI) gate. The paper presents a detailed simulation-based analysis of the AOI gate, as well as the study of QCA defects and their effects at the logic level. The AOI implements a universal logic gate; all elementary gates can be implemented by the AOI gate. Moreover, many two-level logic functions can be directly implemented by a single AOI gate. The AOI gate performs quite favorably, in terms of digital logic synthesis. Unlike MV, this gate is efficiently used by existing logic-synthesis tools. Our experimental data on synthesis of complex designs show that using the AOI gate instead of MV, results in up to 23.9% logic area savings, while improving the overall delay.