cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking a global terrestrial biogeochemical model and a 2‐dimensional climate model: implications for the global carbon budget

We used the terrestrial ecosystem model (TEM, version 4.0) to estimate global responses of annual net primary production (NPP) and total carbon storage to changes in climate and atmospheric CO 2 , driven by the climate outputs from the 2-dimensional MIT L-O climate model and the 3-dimensional GISS and GFDL-q atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). For contemporary climate with 315 ppmv CO 2 , TEM estimates that global NPP is 47.9 PgC/ yr and global total carbon storage is 1658 PgC: 908 PgC of vegetation carbon and 750 PgC of reactive soil organic carbon. For climate change associated with a doubling of radiative forcing and an atmospheric level of 522 ppmv CO 2 , the responses of global NPP are + 17.8% for the MIT L-O climate, + 18.5% for the GFDL-q climate and + 20.6% for the GISS climate. The responses of global total carbon storage are + 6.9% for the MIT L-O climate, + 8.3% for GFDL-q climate and + 8.7% for the GISS climate. Among the three climate change predictions, the changes in latitudinal distributions of cumulative NPP and total carbon storage along 0.5° latitudinal bands vary slightly, except in high latitudes. There are generally minor differences in cumulative NPP and total carbon storage for most of the 18 biomes, except for the responses of total carbon storage in boreal biomes for the 2-D MIT L-O climate change. The results demonstrate that the linkage between the TEM and the 2-D climate model is useful for impact assessment and uncertainty analysis within an integrated assessment framework at the scales of the globe, economic regions and biomes, given the compromise between computational efficiency in the 2-D climate model and more detailed spatial representation of climate fields in 3-D GCMs. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.49.issue1.2.x
Three-wave nonlinear optical interactions in dispersive media

Three-wave optical interactions in homogeneous nonlinear dispersive media are studied with a complementary use of analytic and numerical methods. The main emphasis of the study is to investigate the effects of dispersion in the generation of picosecond substructure in optical parametric processes. In a three-wave interaction at optical frequencies \omega_{1}, \omega_{2}, \omega_{3} satisfying the resonance condition (i.e., \omega_{3} = \omega_{1} + \omega_{2} ), it is shown that the presence of dispersion in the medium leads to the generation of picosecond multipulsed substructure in the pulse profiles. Both the degenerate ( \omega_{1} = \omega_{2} = \omega_{3}/2 ) as well as the nondegenerate ( \omega_{1} \neq \omega_{2} ) parametric amplification processes are studied. For all the cases, a specific and realistic situation involving a LiNbO 3 crystal illuminated by a pulsed laser of intensity 1014W/m2is considered. The time envelopes of the initial pulses are chosen to be Gaussian with a full width at the half-maximum intensity of 21 ps. The existence of the picosecond substructure in the pulse profiles, predicted by the present study, is in good agreement with the experimental observations of Kryukov et al. Experiments are proposed for the generation and detection of such picosecond substructures.
The Use of the Vibration Signal and Worker Piping to Influence Queen Behavior during Swarming in Honey Bees, Apis mellifera

We investigated worker regulation of queen activity during reproductive swarming by examining the rates at which workers performed vibration signals and piping on queens during the different stages of the swarming process. Worker–queen interactions were first examined inside observation hives during the 2–3 wk that preceded the issue of the swarm (pre-swarming period) and then inside the swarm clusters during the period that preceded liftoff and relocation to a new nest site (post-swarming period). Queen court size did not differ between the pre- and post-swarming periods, but workers fed the queens less inside the swarm clusters. Workers performed vibration signals on the queens at increasing rates throughout the pre-swarming period inside the natal nest, but rarely or never vibrated the queen inside the swarm. Piping was performed on the queens during both the pre- and post-swarming periods and always reached a peak immediately before queen flight. During the final 2–4 h before swarm liftoff, queens were increasingly contacted by waggle dancers for nest sites, some of which piped the queen. The vibration signal may operate in a modulatory manner to gradually prepare the queen for flight from the natal nest, and the cumulative effects of the signal during the pre-swarming period may make further vibrations on the queen unnecessary when inside the swarm cluster. In contrast, worker piping may function in a more immediate manner to trigger queen takeoff during both the pre- and post-swarming periods. Workers that vibrate and pipe the queen tend to be older, foraging-age bees. The regulation of queen activity during colony reproduction may therefore be controlled largely by workers that normally have little contact with queens, but help to formulate colony reproductive and movement decisions.
Ammonium uptake and mineralization in prairie streams: chamber incubation and short‐term nutrient addition experiments

SUMMARY 1. We used two separate approaches to estimate ambient ammonium cycling in the north and south branches of Kings Creek, a prairie stream. Chamber experiments were conducted to determine ammonium uptake and mineralization rates associated with epilithic biofilms and filamentous algae collected from the streams. A series of short-term whole-stream ammonium addition experiments were also conducted to estimate the rate of uptake at ambient stream concentrations, based on the relationship between ammonium concentrations and uptake rates. 2. Chamber experiments were scaled up to whole-stream levels, resulting in ambient gross uptake estimates of 0.08 lg )2 s )1 for the north branch and 0.16 lg )2 s )1 for the south branch. The substrata-specific estimates of mineralization were higher than uptake in both streams. 3. Substrata-specific measurements indicated that ammonium uptake is higher in riffle habitats than in pools habitats. The results of the short-term ammonium addition experiments support these findings. 4. Short-term ammonium addition experiments show that uptake rates saturate with increasing ammonium concentrations. The observed saturation of uptake rates is consistent with a Michaelis–Menten relationship. 5. Scaled estimates of uptake from the chamber experiments were similar to estimates of ambient ammonium uptake based on the whole-stream experiments, and were comparable with previous estimates of ammonium uptake and mineralization made by using stable isotope tracer methods in Kings Creek.
Contributions of UP Elements and the Transcription Factor FIS to Expression from the Seven rrn P1 Promoters in Escherichia coli

The high activity of the rrnB P1 promoter in Escherichia coli results from a cis-acting DNA sequence, the UP element, and a trans-acting transcription factor, FIS. In this study, we examine the effects of FIS and the UP element at the other six rrn P1 promoters. We find that UP elements are present at all of the rrn P1 promoters, but they make different relative contributions to promoter activity. Similarly, FIS binds upstream of, and activates, all seven rrn P1 promoters but to different extents. The total number of FIS binding sites, as well as their positions relative to the transcription start site, differ at each rrn P1 promoter. Surprisingly, the FIS sites upstream of site I play a much larger role in transcription from most rrn P1 promoters compared to rrnB P1. Our studies indicate that the overall activities of the seven rrn P1 promoters are similar, and the same contributors are responsible for these high activities, but these inputs make different relative contributions and may act through slightly different mechanisms at each promoter. These studies have implications for the control of gene expression of unlinked multigene families. The synthesis of ribosomes in bacteria is determined by the rate of synthesis of rRNA and, at high growth rates in Escherichia coli, rRNA promoters account for more than half of the transcription in the cell (10). The large contribution of rRNA transcription to total cellular transcription, the central role played by ribosomes in cell physiology, and the importance of rRNA regulation as a model for the control of global gene expression justify intensive analysis of rRNA promoters. rRNA is transcribed from two promoters, P1 and P2, at each of the seven rrn operons: rrnA, rrnB, rrnC, rrnD, rrnE, rrnG, and rrnH. However, most previous work on the factors that contribute to the unique strength and regulation of the rrn P1 promoters has been limited to rrnB P1. The rrnB P1 core promoter contains near-consensus 35 and 10 hexamers. Interactions between RNA polymerase (RNAP) and the rrnB P1 core promoter (defined here as 41 to 1 with respect to the transcription start site) are regulated by the concentration of the initiating nucleotide (19) and by the concentration of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), a nucleotide that inhibits rRNA synthesis in response to amino acid starvation (5, 12). However, the core promoter accounts for 1% of the activity of the full-length promoter (defined here as containing rrnB P1 sequence upstream to 154) (21, 22, 41). The strength of the full-length promoter is attributable to two features: (i) the UP element, an AT-rich region of DNA located upstream of the 35 hexamer and recognized by the carboxy-terminal domain of the subunit (CTD) of RNAP (44); and (ii) FIS, an 11.2-kDa DNA-binding protein that binds as a dimer upstream of the UP element (46, 54), bends each of its binding sites 40 to 90° (18), and interacts with the CTD of RNAP to activate transcription (8).
Training humanitarian professionals at a distance: testing the feasibility of distance learning with humanitarian professionals

Training is an essential part of the professional development of staff working for international humanitarian organizations. While humanitarian workers are being deployed around the world to provide life‐saving relief assistance in often‐hazardous missions, it is imperative for organizations to ensure that staff members understand the mission and protocol of their organizations and that they develop an appreciation for the impact their work has on beneficiaries. Demand for such training has been expanding exponentially over the last decade with the growing number of humanitarian organizations and personnel. In the United Nations alone, an estimated 37,000 civilian personnel are being employed as part of UN humanitarian operations, an increase of 54% since 1997; 75% of this personnel is composed of national staff of the countries of operation (United Nations, 2008). With the increasing reliance of humanitarian organizations on national staff to manage their field operations, the professional development of...
Interleukin 6 Alters Localization of hMSH3, Leading to DNA Mismatch Repair Defects in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Background & Aims Elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST) is the most common DNA mismatch repair defect in colorectal cancers, observed in approximately 60% of specimens. This acquired genotype correlates with metastasis and poor outcomes for patients, and is associated with intra-epithelial inflammation and heterogeneous nuclear levels of the mismatch repair protein hMSH3. Inflammation and accompanying oxidative stress can cause hMSH3 to change its intracellular location, but little is known about the source of oxidative stress in cancer cells. We investigated whether cytokines mediate this process. Methods We analyzed levels of interleukin 6 (IL6) and its receptor (IL6R) in human colon and lung cancer cell lines by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; proteins were localized by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analyses. IL6 signaling was blocked with antibodies against IL6, soluble glycoprotein 130 Fc fragments, and the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 inhibitor NSC74859; a constitutively active form of STAT3 was expressed in colon and lung cancer cell lines to replicate IL6R signaling. EMAST was detected by DNA fragment analysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine levels of IL6 in 20 colorectal tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues. Results Incubation of colon and lung cancer cell lines with IL6, but not other cytokines, caused hMSH3, but no other mismatch repair proteins, to move from the nucleus to the cytosol after generation of oxidative stress; inhibition of IL6 signaling prevented this shift. Expression of constitutively active STAT3 also caused hMSH3 to translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in cancer cell lines. Incubation of cells with IL6 led to tetranucleotide frameshifts, the signature for EMAST. EMAST-positive colorectal tumors had significantly higher levels of IL6 than EMAST-negative tumors. Conclusions IL6 signaling disrupts the nuclear localization of hMSH3 and DNA repair, leading to EMAST in cancer cell lines. Inflammatory cytokines might therefore promote genetic alterations in human cancer cells.
Tool commonality analysis for yield enhancement

ULSI semiconductor processing today involves hundreds of process steps through various semiconductor processing tools. Any tool excursion could lead to serious and costly yield problems. Tool commonality among bad lots is a proven technique to identify the root cause of the problem. As the complexity of process and the number of process steps increase, it is a very challenging task to pin point which tool is the source of problem and at which process step it occurs. Taking advantage of electronic lot tracking systems, systematic tool commonality analysis is capable of effectively identifying the problem source. The critical elements of successful tool commonality analysis are discussed and summarized in this paper, including sample size selection, raw data classification, statistical analysis, time series and analysis of tools with multiple entry points within the same process flow. Several pitfalls of the analysis are identified and discussed. This analysis is successfully applied on a yield enhancement effort in an advanced volume manufacturing fab.
RNase G of Escherichia coli exhibits only limited functional overlap with its essential homologue, RNase E

Summary RNase G (rng) is an E. coli endoribonuclease that is homologous to the catalytic domain of RNase E (rne), an essential protein that is a major participant in tRNA maturation, mRNA decay, rRNA processing and M1 RNA processing. We demonstrate here that whereas RNase G inefficiently participates in the degradation of mRNAs and the processing of 9S rRNA, it is not involved in either tRNA or M1 RNA processing. This conclusion is supported by the fact that inactivation of RNase G alone does not affect 9S rRNA processing and only leads to minor changes in mRNA half-lives. However, in rng rne double mutants mRNA decay and 9S rRNA processing are more defective than in either single mutant. Conversely, increasing RNase G levels in an rne-1 rng::cat double mutant, proportionally increased the extent of 9S rRNA processing and decreased the half-lives of specific mRNAs. In contrast, variations in the amount of RNase G did not alter tRNA processing under any circumstances. Thus, the failure of RNase G to complement rne mutations, even when overproduced at high levels, apparently results from its inability to substitute for RNase E in the maturation of tRNAs.
Universal soil extractants: their composition and use.

Universal extraction reagents are defined as a single extractant for use on a range of soils for the determination of both major elements and micronutrients. The first universal extractant, so name...
Bovine milk lymphocytes display the phenotype of memory T cells and are predominantly CD8

Abstract The phenotype of bovine milk lymphocytes was investigated and compared to peripheral blood lymphocytes using monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine leukocyte differentiation antigens and flow cytometry. T Lymphocytes traffic selectively into bovine milk while B lymphocytes represent a minor population in milk by comparison to peripheral blood. The vast majority of T cells in milk express αβ T cell receptors and are predominantly CD8 + . T cells in milk express twofold higher levels of CD2 and fivefold lower levels of CD45R, characteristics associated with memory T cells. Grouping of cows by lactational stage and analysis of lymphocyte subpopulation percentages indicated that CD4 + T cells are present in relatively low numbers in milk of cows in the first 50 days of lactation and have a significant tendency to increase in number as lactation progresses.
Prostaglandin E2 promotes survival of naive UCB T cells via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and alters immune reconstitution after UCBT.

The outcome of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) is compromised by low hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) doses leading to prolonged time to engraftment, delayed immunological reconstitution and late memory T-cell skewing. Exposure of UCB to dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) increases HSC in vivo. We determined that exposure of UCB T lymphocytes to dmPGE2 modified Wnt signaling resulting in T cell factor (TCF)-mediated transcription. Wnt signaling upregulated interleukin (IL)-7R and IL-2Rβ, resulting in enhanced survival mediated by the homeostatic cytokines IL-7 and IL-15. dmPGE2 also induced components of the Wnt pathway and Wnt receptors, thereby priming UCB T cells to receive signals via Wnt ligands in vivo. We observed that the Wnt transcription factor TCF7 and its target EOMES were elevated in the T cells of patients who received PGE2-treated UCBs. Consistent with the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling to induce and maintain naive, memory precursors and long-lived central memory CD8+ cells, these patients also had increased fractions of CD8+CD45RO-CD62L+ plus CD8+CD45RO+CD62L+ subsets encompassing these T-cell populations. These effects of the PGE2/Wnt/β-catenin axis may have significant implications for harnessing immunity in the context of UCBT, where impaired immune reconstitution is associated with late memory T-cell skewing.
Supervised cluster analysis for microarray data based on multivariate Gaussian mixture

Motivation: Grouping genes having similar expression patterns is called gene clustering, which has been proved to be a useful tool for extracting underlying biological information of gene expression data. Many clustering procedures have shown success in microarray gene clustering; most of them belong to the family of heuristic clustering algorithms. Model-based algorithms are alternative clustering algorithms, which are based on the assumption that the whole set of microarray data is a finite mixture of a certain type of distributions with different parameters. Application of the model-based algorithms to unsupervised clustering has been reported. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated the use of the model-based algorithm in supervised clustering of microarray data. Results: We applied the proposed methods to real gene expression data and simulated data. We showed that the supervised model-based algorithm is superior over the unsupervised method and the support vector machines (SVM) method. Availability: The program written in the SAS language implementing methods I--III in this report is available upon request. The software of SVMs is available in the website http://svm.sdsc.edu/cgi-bin/nph-SVMsubmit.cgi
Career Assistance for Returning Peace Corps Volunteers

By the end of 1964, over 3,800 Volunteers will have returned from Peace Corps service. As Volunteers usually serve only two years in the Peace Corps and are far removed from guidance assistance, they have a special need for career counseling. A Peace Corps Volunteer Career Information Service has been established to help returning Volunteers with educational and career planning, to help insure maximum use of this valuable manpower resource, and to provide a means through which interested organizations can contact returning Volunteers. Among special programs attracting returning Volunteers are the Eleanor Roosevelt Memorial Foundation Internship program in human rights, the Washington Action for Youth teaching project at Cardozo High School (Washington, D. C.), and the Ford Foundation Study Development Fellowship program. Among the first Volunteers to return, 49 per cent are continuing their education, 12 per cent are working for the Peace Corps and other Federal agencies, 15 per cent are employed in private industry, 13 per cent are serving as teachers, and the remaining 11 per cent have not returned to this country or are non-employed housewives.
Development of a microprocessor controlled cryosurgical system

This paper presents the development of a microprocessor controlled cryosurgical system optimized for dermatologic cryosurgery. The cryosurgical system was developed to provide the user with the accurate control of the three critical parameters of cryosurgery; rate of freeze, duration of ice ball formation, and rate of tissue thaw. The design, based on the Joule-Thompson principle, provides accurate control of the high-pressure nitrous oxide gas, and demonstrates two distinct advantages not currently available with the traditional liquid nitrogen systems. The first is a user defined temperature selection, which allows the clinical practitioner to select the optimal probe temperature for specific cases, and the second is the inclusion of predefined tissue thaw cycles that will provide increased tissue destruction over the currently used spontaneous thaw practice. Design for this instrument was based on physiologic properties obtained from clinical and tissue modeling studies. Cryo-system theory and resources provided by MIRA, Inc. (Uxbridge, Massachusetts) also provided the basis for the development of this system.
Endocytosis: Receptor-Mediated

Specific receptors on the surface of mammalian cells actively internalize cell-impermeable ligands by the mechanism of receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). This process is critical for the acquisition of nutrients, signal transduction, development, neurotransmission, and cellular homeostasis. Binding of ligands to internalizing receptors on the plasma membrane results in clustering of the complex in clathrin-coated pits or other dynamic membrane regions. Invagination of these regions yields intracellular vesicles that fuse to form membrane-sealed endosomes. Receptors typically dissociate from ligands in these acidic compartments, which allows the free receptor to cycle back to the cell surface, whereas ligands are often degraded on delivery to lysosomes, which liberates amino acids and other nutrients. By mimicking endogenous ligands, certain protein toxins, viruses, and other pathogens exploit RME to enter the cytoplasm or reach other intracellular destinations. Similarly, artificial delivery systems that mimic ligands or receptors can enhance efficiently the cellular uptake of impermeable molecules, including drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids. Advances in small-molecule probes, structural biology, and genetic methods are beginning to illuminate the complex mechanisms of this process at the molecular level.
Two Novel HPLC Methods which Rapidly Detect the Substrates and Cleavage Products of γ-Glutamyl Hydrolase

γ-Glutamyl hydrolase (EC 3.4.22.12) is widely distributed throughout the phylogenetic spectrum and is thought to play an important role in the cellular homeostasis and nutritional absorption of folates and antifolates1,2. The enzyme catalyzes the endo-or exopeptidyl hydrolysis of the γ-glutamyl side chains of naturally occurring polyglutamylated folates and synthetic antifolates2.
The effect of use limits on backcountry visitation trends in Yosemite National Park

Abstract Backcountry use in Yosemite National Park increased drastically during the decade starting in the mid 1960s. In 1975, use reached a maximum of nearly 79,000 visitors and 219,000 visitor nights. Since then use has leveled off to about 89 percent of the peak figures for visitors and 84 percent for visitor nights. This leveling off is attributed primarily to a general trend of decreased popularity of backpacking in California and not to the imposition of use limits. These limits have been effective in shifting use from peak summer months as well as from heavily used trail heads and travel zones.
Disruption of pubertal onset by exogenous testosterone and estrogen in two species of rodents

The administration of adult physiological levels of testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) to male Siberian hamsters was previously shown to delay the onset of puberty. To examine whether this is ...
Grain boundaries, planar defects and superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7

Polycrystalline samples of tetragonal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.25 were transformed into the superconducting orthorhombic phase by annealing in an oxygen atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 400–850°C and then slowly cooled to room temperature (15°C/h). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of these samples and samples prepared in the usual way show layers of amorphous or highly disordered material, several 100 nm thick, at a large fraction of the grain boundaries. Also all samples contain 10–100 nm thick sheets of disordered material which lie in the a-b planes and tend to run through the entire crystal grain. In the a-b planes we also observe dislocation loops, particularly in the as-quenched tetragonal samples and stacking faults in the heat-treated samples. We also frequently observe set of twins with orthogonal habit planes within a crystal grain. We attribute the low critical current density in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 to these planar faults and the disordered grain boundary regions, and discuss the TEM observations with reference to resistivity and inductive measurements.
Diabetes alters LDL receptor and PCSK9 expression in rat liver

Since the hepatic LDL receptor is regarded as a major determinant of plasma LDL levels, the effect of diabetes on the expression of this receptor was examined in rat liver. Inducing diabetes with streptozotocin caused a significant reduction in hepatic LDL receptor mRNA levels in concert with an increase in serum cholesterol levels. However, LDL receptor protein levels were unaffected by the diabetic state. Further investigation revealed that protein levels of PCSK9, which has been shown to enhance the degradation of the LDL receptor protein, were significantly decreased in the diabetic rats explaining the lack of reduction in LDL receptor protein levels. These observations indicate that the rate of LDL receptor cycling (function) in diabetic rats is decreased resulting in higher serum LDL levels.
A signed analog of the Birkhoff transform

We construct a family of posets, called signed Birkhoff posets, that may be viewed as signed analogs of distributive lattices. Our posets are generally not lattices, but they are shown to posses many combinatorial properties corresponding to well-known properties of distributive lattices. They have the additional virtue of being face posets of regular cell decompositions of spheres. We relate the zeta polynomial of a signed Birkhoff poset to Stembridge's enriched order polynomial and give a combinatorial description the cd-index of a signed Birkhoff poset in terms of peak sets of linear extensions of an associated labeled poset. Our description is closely related to a result of Billera, Ehrenborg, and Readdy's expressing the cd-index of an oriented matroid in terms of the flag f-vector of the underlying geometric lattice.
Severe Failure to Thrive in Infant

Failure to thrive in an infant has multiple etiologies and at times, is only manifestation of underlying serious disease. Bartter syndrome is a rare disease that manifests as failure to thrive. It can be diagnosed by a careful history, physical examination, and abnormal electrolyte pattern. It can be alleviated by appropriate management, whereas failure to recognize early can be life threatening. A case of severe failure to thrive in an infant due to neonatal form of Bartter syndrome, its manifestations, management, and outcome is presented in this article.
Assessing Family Involvement in Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation: The Development of a New Instrument

Abstract A measure for assessing family involvement in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation (TBI) was developed. The Family Involvement Assessment Scale (FIAS) is theoretically based on Barrer's (1988) model of family involvement in TBI rehabilitation, which highlights two dimensions, “support” and “involvement.” An initial pool of 337 items believed to be related to the constructs of “support” and “involvement” was generated. Forty-nine items were systematically selected from the initial pool and included in a preliminary assessment form in which 172 professionals rated the items on the dimensions of support and involvement. Eleven items were subsequently eliminated from the original pool based on these ratings. The remaining 38 items were used by 181 of the professionals to evaluate the involvement of actual family members of patients receiving TBI rehabilitation services in their programs. A factor analysis was performed on a remaining pool of 38 items. Three factors with an eigenvalue greater than 2.0 accounted for 48.8% of the total variance. One item that did not significantly load on any of the factors was eliminated. The FIAS includes a final set of 37 items, comprised of three subscales based on the factor analysis. Two of the scales, the Involvement-Rehabilitation (IR) scale and the Support (S) scale correspond, respectively, to Barrer's (1988) dimensions of “involvement” and “support.” The third scale, Involvement-Patient (IP), is a unique construct that measures the degree to which a family member is involved in the rehabilitation process with respect to their involvement and relationship with the patient. The three scales yielded adequate internal reliabilities. Correlation coefficients between the scales indicated that the IR and S scale are not statistically related, but the IP scale is significantly related to both the IR and S scales. Interrater and test-retest reliability, and concurrent and predictive validity for the FIAS are still to be determined. © 1997 National Academy of Neuropsychology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
Optimal outsourcing for intellectual property protection and production cost minimization

This paper presents a methodology for optimal outsourcing of products. Outsourcing of products can have the advantage of reducing the production cost, but often causes a risk that important technology may leak and get used by competitors. To help reduce the risk of intellectual property (IP) leakage, a model proposed in this paper assumes that it is possible to separate some of the important geometrical features on some of the product parts that are outsourced, and then manufacture them in-house. The model estimates the fraction of IP-value that is subject to risk of leakage based on patent claims and how they relate to the outsourced parts and/or features. Production cost is modelled by assuming a base cost for manufacturing parts in-house, and then a discount rate is applied if the decision to outsource is made. Separation of geometrical features from manufactured parts introduces additional cost, which is modelled as an overhead if the decision to separate features is made. The outsourcing management process is then viewed as a two-objective problem, with the objectives being the minimization of both the fraction of IP-value at risk of leakage, as well as the production cost. A case study of an auto-slide-hinge mechanism is presented, in which the two-objective optimization problem is transformed into a single-objective constrained problem. Genetic algorithm is then applied iteratively on the problem in order generate the Pareto-plot that visualizes the trade-offs between the two objectives.
Anatomical limits on interaural time differences: an ecological perspective

Human listeners, and other animals too, use interaural time differences (ITD)to localize sounds. If the sounds are pure tones, a simple frequency factorrelates the ITD to the interaural phase difference (IPD), for which there areknown iso-IPD boundaries, 90$^\circ$, 180$^\circ$~\ldots defining regions ofspatial perception. In this article, iso-IPD boundaries for humans aretranslated into azimuths using a spherical head model, and the calculationsare checked by free-field measurements. The translated boundaries providequantitative tests of an ecological interpretation for the dramatic onset ofITD insensitivity at high frequencies. According to this interpretation, theinsensitivity serves as a defense against misinformation and can be attributedto limits on binaural processing in the brainstem. Calculations show that theecological explanation passes the tests only if the binaural brainstemproperties evolved or developed consistent with heads that are 50\% smallerthan current adult heads. Measurements on more realistic head shapes relaxthat requirement only slightly. The problem posed by the discrepancy betweenthe current head size and a smaller, ideal head size was apparently solved bythe evolution or development of central processes that discount large IPDs infavor of interaural level differences. The latter become more important withincreasing head size.
A self-acting gas thrust bearing for high-speed microrotors

Micromachines rotating at high speeds require low drag bearings with adequate load capacity and stability. Such bearings must be compatible with the capabilities of microfabrication technology. A self-acting (hydrodynamic) gas thrust bearing was designed, fabricated and tested on a silicon microturbine. Conventional thrust bearing design techniques were adapted from macroscale literature. Microbearing design charts are presented that relate bearing performance to geometry. Such bearings exhibit a design tradeoff between load bearing capability and maximum operating speed (as limited by instabilities). The specific geometry described herein was intended to replace externally pressurized, hydrostatic thrust bearings in an existing device (a 4-mm-diameter silicon microturbine), thus the hydrodynamic bearing design was constrained to be compatible in geometry and fabrication process. The final design consisted of 2.2-/spl mu/m deep by 40-/spl mu/ wide spiral grooves around the 700-/spl mu/m diameter bearing. The bearings were fabricated in silicon with standard RIE and DRIE techniques. Test devices demonstrated lift-off and operation up to 450,000 rpm with a load capacity of 0.03 N. Measurements of load capacity and stiffness were consistent with the analysis.
FIRST MOTHERS ROOMING-IN WITH THEIR NEWBORNS: ITS IMPACT UPON THE MOTHER

A study of first mothers Rooming-in with their newborns in a Swedish hospital was completed by comparing fifty Rooming-in mothers with fifty Non-Rooming-in mothers. There was complete randomization in the selection procedure. Rooming-in mothers judged themselves to be more confident and competent in baby care, thought they would need less help in caring for their infants at home, and could attribute more to their babies' cries than the Non-Rooming-in mothers.
The use of exercises in the treatment of scoliosis: an evidence-based critical review of the literature

The loss of flexibility in a spinal curvature defines it as a structural spinal deformity; a curvature sufficiently mobile to resolve with a change in posture is a non-structural or 'functional' scoliosis which is within the normal limits of movement for a human spine. It, therefore, seems logical that exercise-based therapies designed to improve and/or maintain flexibility and range of motion of the spine and thorax would be useful in the treatment of scoliosis. Recognition of the importance of maintaining flexibility of the thoracic spinal column to avoid scoliosis-associated pulmonary dysfunction made the use of exercise-based therapies a topic of clinical interest in ancient Greece. In recent years, successful prevention of polio epidemics has resulted in a stable change in patient populations such that most individuals diagnosed with scoliosis do not suffer from irreversible central nervous system compromise. As a result, realistic opportunities to examine the role of exercise in treatment of scoliosis are available for the first time in history. A growing body of evidence from independent sources is consistent with the hypothesis that exercise-based approaches can be used effectively to reverse the signs and symptoms of spinal deformity and to prevent progression in children and adults.
Numerical model predictions of autogenic fluvial terraces and comparison to climate change expectations

Terraces eroded into sediment (alluvial) and bedrock (strath) preserve an important history of river activity. River terraces are thought to form when a river switches from a period of slow vertical incision and valley widening to fast vertical incision and terrace abandonment. Consequently, terraces are often interpreted to reflect changing external drivers including tectonics, sea level, and climate. In contrast, the intrinsic unsteadiness of lateral migration in rivers may generate terraces even under constant rates of vertical incision without external forcing. To explore this mechanism, we simulate landscape evolution by a vertically incising, meandering river and isolate the age and geometry of autogenic river terraces. Modeled autogenic terraces form for a wide range of lateral and vertical incision rates and are often paired and longitudinally extensive for intermediate ratios of vertical-to-lateral erosion rate. Autogenic terraces have a characteristic reoccurrence time that scales with the time for relief generation. There is a preservation bias against older terraces due to reworking of previously visited parts of the valley. Evolving, spatial differences in bank strength between bedrock and sediment reduce terrace formation frequency and length, favor pairing, and can explain sublinear terrace margins at valley boundaries. Age differences and geometries for modeled autogenic terraces are consistent, in cases, with natural terraces and overlap with metrics commonly attributed to terrace formation due to climate change. We suggest a new phase space of terrace properties that may allow differentiation of autogenic terraces from terraces formed by external drivers.
Kinetics of Adsorption on Carbon from Solution

Laboratory investigations show that rates of adsorption of persistent organic compounds on granular carbon are quite low. Intraparticle diffusion of solute appears to control the rate of uptake, thus the rate is partially a function of the pore size distribution of the adsorbent, of the molecular size and configuration of the solute, and of the relative electrokinetic properties of adsorbate and adsorbent. Systemic factors such as temperature and pH will influence the rates of adsorption; rates increase with increasing temperature and decrease with increasing pH. The effect of initial concentration of solute is of considerable significance, the rate of uptake being a linear function of the square-root of concentration within the range of experimentation. Relative reaction rates also vary reciprocally with the square of the diameter of individual carbon particle for a given weight of carbon. Based on the findings of the research, fluidized-bed operation is suggested as an efficient means of using adsorption for treatment of waters and waste waters.
TYLOPILUS GRISEOCARNEUS, A NEW SPECIES FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTAL PLAIN

Tylopilus griseocarneus is described as new, based on specimens collected from the Coastal Plain of southern New Jersey and southern Louisiana. It is compared to taxa with similar surface colors, context colors, and tissue staining reactions.
Observation of Molecular Diffusion in Polyelectrolyte-Wrapped SERS Nanoprobes

The popularity of nanotechnology-based sensing technologies has rapidly expanded within the past decade. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is one such technique capable of chemically specific and highly sensitive measurements. The careful preparation of SERS-active nanoprobes is immensely vital for biological applications where nanoprobes are exposed to harsh ionic and protein rich microenvironments. Encapsulation of optical reporter molecules via layer-by-layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte wrapping is an emerging technique that also permits facile modification of surface chemistry and charge. LbL wrapping can be performed within a few hours and does not require the use of organic solvents or hazardous silanes. Nonetheless, the stability of its products requires further characterization and analysis. In this study, Raman-active methylene blue molecules were electrostatically encapsulated within alternating layers of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes surrounding gold nanospheres. We observed molecular diffusion of methylene blue through polyelectrolyte layers by monitoring the change in SERS intensity over a period of more than 5 weeks. To minimize diffusion and improve the long-term storage stability of our nanoprobes, two additional nanoprobe preparation techniques were performed: thiol coating and cross-linking of the outer polyelectrolyte layer. In both cases, molecular diffusion is significantly diminished.
Correction of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cell Counts for the Presence of Fat Particles

Although the use of bone marrow transplantation has increased greatly in recent years, the quality control procedures used in bone marrow processing laboratories remain less than ideal. Accurate marrow total nucleated cell (TNC) counts are essential for effective monitoring of bone marrow collection and processing. Aspirated marrow is variably contaminated by fat particles, resulting in overestimation of marrow TNC by automated analyzers. A recently-marketed hematological analyzer (Cobas-Helios; Roche Diagnostic Systems, Branchburg, NJ) offers the potential to correct marrow TNC counts for fat particles using available software. The authors investigated the accuracy of corrected TNC counts on 21 marrow samples, using a visual chamber count as the reference method. The correction methods studied were software correction, using the Cobas-Helios differential system, and replacement of the sample plasma with saline. Uncorrected automated marrow TNC counts (mean, 28.4 x 10(9)/L) were significantly higher than the visual reference counts (mean, 23.1 x 10(9)/L). Neither the mean corrected automated count (24.3 x 10(9)/L) nor the mean saline replaced count (24.6 x 10(9)/L) differed significantly from the mean visual reference count. For both the corrected automated and saline replaced counts, 20 of the 21 data points (95%) fell within a 95% confidence interval computed for the reference method. The authors conclude that both the corrected automated method, using the Cobas-Helios, and the saline replacement method are acceptable alternatives to the visual chamber count.
The Ace in qThe Queen of Spadesq

At a card table at the beginning of "Pikovaia dama" (The queen of spades), Tomskii recounts a tale about his flamboyant grandmother, an avid Faro player. In her youth the Countess once lost a large sum to the Duke of Orleans aujeu de la Reine at Versailles. When her husband refused to pay off her debt, the Countess turned to the adventurer and wonderman Count Saint-Germain for help. Instead of lending her money, the old eccentric revealed to her three secret cards with which she won back everything she had lost. Tomskii's bizarre tale provokes three responses among the Petersburg gamblers:
Microencapsulation of Silicotungstic Acid To Retain Catalytic Activity

Microencapsulation is used as a means to retain the activity of silicotungstic acid (STA), an industrially important catalyst, during repeated use in ethyl acetate synthesis reaction. Standard sol–gel microencapsulation procedures were modified to microencapsulate STA inside a silica shell. The microcapsules were characterized to determine their morphology, the presence and amount of the active material, and the pore structure. The activity of the catalyst was tested in an esterification reaction between acetic acid and ethanol. The catalyst was used multiple times after being washed and dried after each run. Results indicate no leaching of the active material and no significant loss in catalyst activity after repeated runs.
Uroradiologic emergencies in infants and children

Selected topics are discussed that represent common reasons for performing emergency uroradiologic examinations in infants and children, including urinary tract infection, hematuria, urinary retention, intermittent ureteropelvic junction obstruction, spontaneous perforation of the augmented urinary bladder, and urethral trauma. Common complications of voiding cystourethrography in children are also discussed.
Towards an Ethical Wealth of Nations: An Institutional Perspective on the Relation between Ethical Values and National Economic Prosperity

In this paper we examine how ethical values contribute to national economic prosperity. We extend the concept of an ethical wealth of nations first introduced by Donaldson in which he proposed four categories of ethical values—fairer distribution of goods, better government, ingrained social cooperation, and inculcation of economic duties—that can drive economic performance, but only if citizens ascribe “intrinsic value” to them independent of their economic interests. Our analysis draws on institutional economics and sociology research to show that if ethical values are to drive economic performance, they must also be supported by the institutional fabric of the nation. We embed an expanded set of ethical values in a set of democratic, free market and civil society institutions spanning three sectors of society—political, economic and cultural respectively. We conclude by discussing the implications of our institutional framework for moral education.
Plasminogen activator production by trophoblast cells in vitro: Effect of steroid hormones and protein synthesis inhibitors

Variations in the production of plasminogen activator (PA), a proteolytic enzyme that has been associated with trophoblast invasiveness, may be critical to the success or failure of placentation. To understand better the mechanisms regulating PA production we have cultured human trophoblast cells and measured the effect of steroid hormones and protein synthesis inhibitors upon their capacity to lyse 125 l-fibrinogen. Progesterone (P) and 17 β -estradiol (E 2 ) at concentrations of 10 −8 M, 10 −7 M, and 10 −5 M did not cause significant changes in PA or chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) production by the trophoblast cells. In contrast, dexamethasone (10 −8 M and 10 −5 M) caused a significant, dose-dependent decrease in PA production. There was no significant difference in PA and hCG production between trophoblast cultures treated with cytosine arabinoside (1mg/ml) and untreated cultures. When actinomycin D (0.5 μ g/ml) was added to cultures at time zero, the production of PA and hCG during the first 24hours of incubation was not significantly different from that of untreated cultures. After 24hours, however, PA and hCG disappeared from the actinomycin-treated cultures while both substances continued to be released in the untreated controls. These experiments indicate that trophobiastic PA and hCG production in vitro are independent of DNA replication and not under P or E 2 control. They also show that PA and hCG are stored within the trophoblast cells and released into the medium during the first 24hours of incubation; after this period the presence of PA and hCG in the medium represents de novo synthesis. The data also suggest that, similar to hCG, PA is produced continuously in vitro as long as the trophoblast cell is functionally active.
Valsartan/Sacubitril Reduces Mortality More Than Enalapril 10 mg Twice Daily in Patients With Heart Failure

The combination of an angiotensin receptor blocker (valsartan) and neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril) reduces cardiovascular mortality more than an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (enalapril [Vasotec]) alone, with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. The choice of dosage is concerning, however, because the study compared a fairly high dose of valsartan with a moderate dose of enalapril.