cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and evaluation of transfer functions for nucleate, transition and film boiling

Abstract This study is concerned with the dynamic behavior of a heat transfer process which is described in terms of small variations in heating element surface temperature and input power in the vicinity of any operating point on the boiling curve. Responses are very nearly linear during such operation, thus transfer function concepts can be applied. Transfer functions relating small increments of heating element surface temperature and power input are developed analytically for a cylindrical heating element immersed in liquid, and the extension to ribbon type heating elements is described. Transfer function parameters are evaluated and the manner of variation of these parameters as the boiling curve is traversed, is demonstrated.
Modeling the Effects of VOC/NOx Emissions on Ozone Synthesis in the Cascadia Airshed of the Pacific Northwest

ABSTRACT A modeling system consisting of MM5, Calmet, and Calgrid was used to investigate the sensitivity of anthropogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) reductions on ozone formation within the Cascadia airshed of the Pacific Northwest. An ozone episode that occurred on July 11-14, 1996, was evaluated. During this event, high ozone levels were recorded at monitors downwind of Seattle, WA, and Portland, OR, with one monitor exceeding the 1 hr/120 ppb National Ambient Air Quality Standard (at 148 ppb), and six monitors above the proposed 8 hr/80 ppb standard (at 82-130 ppb). For this particular case, significant emissions reductions, between 25 and 75%, would be required to decrease peak ozone concentrations to desired levels. Reductions in VOC emissions alone, or a combination of reduced VOC and NOx emissions, were generally found to be most effective; reducing NOx emissions alone resulted in increased ozone in the Seattle area. When only VOC emissions were curtailed, ozone r...
Chronic administration of haloperidol during development: Behavioral and psychopharmacological effects

Chronic haloperidol treatment during prenatal and postnatal development was found to induce long-term behavioral and psychopharmacological effects. Rats tested shortly after termination of the chronic treatment at weaning or as young adults were hyperactive in the open field and exhibited an attenuated behavioral response to amphetamine and an accentuated cataleptic response to later doses of haloperidol, when compared with control offspring of the same age. Tests at an intermediate interval (adolescence period) showed no significant difference from control offspring on any of these behavioral measures. Adult rats administered haloperidol chronically for the same duration were also hyperactive after termination of treatment. In contrast to the effects of haloperidol during development, these adults exhibited an accentuated behavioral response to amphetamine and an attenuated cataleptic response to a later dose of haloperidol. Compensatory mechanisms in response to chronic haloperidol treatment during development thus appear to be different from those in adulthood.
Configurable editing of XML-based variable-data documents

Variable data documents can be considered as functions of their bindings to values, and this function could be arbitrarily complex to build strongly-customised but high-value documents. We outline an approach for editing such documents from example instances, which is highly configurable in terms of controlling exactly what is editable and how, capable of being used with a wide variety of XML-based document formats and processing pipelines, if certain reasonable properties are supported and can generate appropriate editors automatically, including web-service deployment.
Time and Light

From his earliest pieces of the 1950s Karlheinz Stockhausen's music has been notable for innovative treatment of musical time. His current project, the seven-opera cycle Light, is not only of such audacious length as to call attention to its temporal aspects: it is also about time. An examination of the “superformula” that provides the material and formal structuring for all seven operas, together with detailed analyses of Michael's Journey Around the Earth (Thursday, act 2) and Lucifer's Dream (Saturday, scene 1), reveals a subtle and detailed treatment of musical time which links substance with form, and even fuses with the dramaturgy of the cycle.
A RESEARCH NOTE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPANDED EXTRUDATES CONTAINING NONMEAT INGREDIENTS AND LAMB, PORK, OR BEEF

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical, physical, nutritional, and sensory properties and storage stability of expanded extrudates produced from blends of nonmeat ingredients and lamb, pork or beef. Raw material blends contained 24.2% lean meat, 22% corn starch, 49.75–50.24% defatted soy flour, 0–0.62% separable meat fat, and 3.40–3.58% added water, and processed at 162C. Total fat contents of dried extrudates containing lamb, pork, and beef (their extrudates designated as L, P, and B) were 4.51, 4.29, and 3.83%, respectively. Bulk density and sensory hardness scores were greater for L, the extrudates with more fat. L and P exhibited less lipid oxidation than B. This difference was not associated with product fat content or fatty acid composition; L and P contained more fat than B and the fat in P was more polyunsaturated.
Ab initio studies of the electronic structure of defects in PbTe

Understanding the detailed electronic structure of deep defect states in narrow band-gap semiconductors has been a challenging problem. Recently, self-consistent ab initio calculations within density functional theory using supercell models have been successful in tackling this problem. In this paper, we carry out such calculations in PbTe, a well-known narrow band-gap semiconductor, for a large class of defects: cationic and anionic substitutional impurities of different valence, and cationic and anionic vacancies. For the cationic defects, we study the chemical trends in the position of defect levels by looking at series of compounds $R{\mathrm{Pb}}_{2n\ensuremath{-}1}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2n}$, where $R$ is vacancy or monovalent, divalent, or trivalent atom. Similarly, for anionic defects, we study compounds $M{\mathrm{Pb}}_{2n}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2n\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $M$ is vacancy, S, Se or I. We find that the density of states near the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band get significantly modified for most of these defects. This suggests that the transport properties of PbTe in the presence of impurities may not always be interpreted by simple carrier doping (from bound impurity states in the gap) concepts, confirming such ideas developed from qualitative and semiquantitative arguments.
Grindelane diterpenoids from Isocoma tenuisecta

Abstract Grindelic acid and eight of its derivatives including the new 6β-hydroxy-18-acetoxy- and 17-acetoxy-19-hydroxygrindelic acids were isolated as methyl esters from Isocoma tenuisecta and identified spectroscopically.
Laser Desorption Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry Exchange Studies of Air-Oxidized Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold

Exchange of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of dodecanethiol (C12H25SH) on gold with decanethiol (C10H21SH) was detected with laser-desorption Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LD-FTMS) in the negative ion mode. The amount of adsorption of C10H21SH is dependent on the extent of air oxidation of the C12H25SH SAM. In this study, a partially air oxidized C12H25SH SAM with a 2.2:1.5:1 ratio of dodecanethiolate (C12H25S-, m/z 201) to the presumed dodecanesulfinate (C12H25SO2-, m/z 233) to dodecanesulfonate (C12H25SO3-, m/z 249) on the surface is examined. After the sample is soaked in an ethanol solution of C10H21SH for 30 min, the LD-FTMS spectrum shows that both the C12H25SO2- and the C21H25SO3- are gone, but a decanethiolate peak appears (C10H21S-, m/z 173) in the same ratio to C12H25S- (1.19) as the ratio of the combined oxidation products (1.16) prior to soaking. Subsequent air exposure (9 h) of this SAM composed of mixed thiolates gives a similar ratio (1.06) of the fully oxidized sulfonates of both ...
Rat antisera directed against alloimmune murine cytotoxic t lymphocytes inhibit cytotoxic t-lymphocyte and natural killer activity: strain specificity of inhibition.

Abstract Xenogeneic antisera directed against alloimmune murine peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (IPEL) inhibit, in the absence of complement, in vitro T-cell-mediated cytolysis by IPEL and, to a comparable degree, cytolysis by in vitro-sensitized splenic cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Since inhibition by rat antiserum directed against C57B1/6J (B6) IPEL was obtained with alloimmune cytotoxic T lympocytes (CTL) from several different inbred strains of divergent major histocompatibility complex (MHC) specificity, the inhibitory antibodies are not directed against idiotypic portions of the T-cell receptor. Moreover, antibodies directed against constant or variable Lyt 2,3 determinants appear not to be involved, since xenoantiserum-mediated inhibition of CTL is independent of effector cell Lyt 2,3 phenotype, and since absorption of the xenoantiserum with Lyt 2,3-positive cells failed to reduce either titer or strength of the inhibitory activity. In other studies we obtained strong inhibition, by the rat antiserum directed against IPEL, of natural killer (NK) cells. Our results support the presence on alloimmune CTL (derived by either in vivo or in vitro immunization) and NK effectors of lytic molecules or membrane components, independent of Lyt 2,3 entities.
Boundary encroachment and task delegation: clinical pharmacists on the medical team

The sociological literature on pharmacy is sparse, relative to that on physicians and nurses, especially in light of recent changes in the nature of health care and pharmacy's expanded ‘clinical’ role. Moreover, some of this literature presents contradictory perceptions of the clinical pharmacy role; some are perceiving it as encroaching on physicians' role boundaries, while others perceive its few new tasks to be delegated. This article is based on extended participant observation of clinical pharmacists in two northeastern teaching hospitals in the U.S. Data are presented on the clinical tasks the pharmacists performed, the potential boundary conflicts they posed for other members of the medical team, the resolutions of these conflicts, and the role boundaries perceived by relevant participants. From this analysis it is argued that the literature on pharmacy's boundary encroachment is not so much contradictory as incomplete. Implications for pharmacy and the analysis of role boundaries is discussed in conclusion.
PLANAR MAPS OF SUB-EXPONENTIAL DISTORTION

Here we answer in the armative a conjecture of Iwaniec and Martin from (11) on solutions to the Beltrami equation whose distortion function is sub-exponentially integrable. Namely, we find the sharp Sobolev classes which these maps belong to, as well their area distortion estimates. These methods imply all further integrability results in this logarithmic scale. loc (›), › a domain of R n which has uniformly bounded linear distortion: jDf(x)j nKJf(x) for almost every x 2 ›; where jDfj is the operator norm of the dierential matrix, Jf the Jacobian determi- nant, and K 2 (1;1) a constant. In the past 20 years an extensive program (begun essentially by (5), and collected in (10) for n dimensional maps and (3) which focuses only in the plane) has extended the theory of these maps to include an unbounded function K(x) which bounds the linear distortion in place of the uniform bound K. These maps have come to be called maps of finite distortion. One is led to consider possible controls for the function K(x) which will still allow the development of a rich theory, for example, one robust enough to include existence theorems. Definition 1. A map f : › ! R n , › a domain in R n , is a map of finite distortion if
Demonstration of simultaneous anion-exchange and reversed-phase behavior on a strong anion-exchange column

We demonstrate in this report that a conventional silica-based strong anion-exchange column can exhibit reversed-phase chromatographic behavior simultaneously with ion-exchange in a methanol-aqueous phthalate mobile phase. Reversed-phase behavior is shown for PAHs in relatively high methanol-content mobile phases, while polar organics exhibit reversed-phase behavior in 0-10% (v/v) methanol-water eluents. At low concentrations (0-10% v/v) methanol has little or no effect on anion retention, while the anions exhibit only slight increases in retention in 60-80% (v/v) methanol at near-neutral pH values. Likewise, pH changes used to manipulate anion retention have essentially no effect on PAH retention, and cause only small decreases in retention for most of the polar organics studied. Little or no pH-effect was seen on a phenyl column (no exchange group) or with acetate mobile phase. It is shown that manipulation of pH and methanol content allows the grouping of neutral organic analytes early in a chromatogram, followed by the anions, with no class overlap. Several example chromatograms are given, including that of a red wine sample. Column efficiency was good for anions but only modest for organics.
Preparation of Tri- and Difluoromethylated Amines from Aldimines Using (Trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane

Addition of a trifluoromethyl group into aldimines was accomplished using (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane with tetraalkylammonium fluorides as initiators, and the resulting adducts were converted to difluoromethylated imines in the presence of excess fluoride. The imines were reduced to difluoromethylated amines using sodium borohydride.
Micro Air Vehicle’s Attitude Control Using Real-Time Pressure and Shear Information

It has been observed and experimentally validated that birds and bats can obtain airflow information with mechanoreceptors on their wing and body surfaces to achieve ultrastable, highly maneuverable, and energy efficient flights. Inspired by this observation, an attitude control method using the real-time flow (pressure and shear) information is studied. Previous research has demonstrated the effectiveness of using pressure information only for a micro air vehicle’s pitching control in both simulation and wind tunnel tests. In this paper, the new concept is extended to three-axis attitude controls. A new three-axis attitude motion model is developed, relating the pressure and shear information to attitude states. A nonlinear controller, which is robust with respect to bounded uncertainties, is implemented to track the attitude commands. A delta wing configuration with 20 sensor couples on the wing surface and one sensor couple on the rudder surface is proposed, designed, and tested in a simulated environm...
Effect of darbepoetin alfa administered once monthly on maintaining hemoglobin levels in older patients with chronic kidney disease

Background: The anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased hospitalizations, increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and diminished quality of life in the elderly. Darbepoetin alfa is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent that has been shown to be effective in treating anemia in patients with CKD (but not on dialysis) when administered using extended-dosing regimens. Objective: The purpose of this post hoc analysis was to examine the efficacy and safety profile of once-monthly (QM) darbepoetin alfa in study patients stratified according to age (ie, <65, 65–74, and ≥75 years). Methods: Patients with CKD but not on dialysis, receiving darbepoetin alfa every other week (Q2W), and with stable hemoglobin (Hb) levels between 11 and 13 g/dL, inclusive, were enrolled in this 33-week, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study. The study was carried out at 36 US centers and consisted of a 24-week QM darbepoetin alfa dose-titration period followed by an 8-week evaluation period. Hb levels were measured Q2W. Study results were stratified according to patient age (<65, 65–74, and ≥75 years). Results: A total of 152 patients (79 women, 73 men) were enrolled; 55 patients (36%) were <65 years of age, 46 (30%) were 65 to 74 years of age, and 51 (34%) were ≥75 years of age. In patients who received ≥1 dose of darbepoetin alfa, Hb levels ≥11 g/dL were maintained in 76%, 80%, and 71% of patients aged <65, 65 to 74, and ≥75 years, respectively. For patients who completed the study, the proportions who maintained Hb levels ≥11 g/dL were 83%, 88%, and 85%, respectively, for the 3 age groups. The safety profile of QM darbepoetin alfa in this study was consistent with that expected in patients with CKD not receiving dialysis. Conclusions: Darbepoetin alfa administered QM maintained Hb levels ≥11 g/dL in patients with CKD (not on dialysis) aged <65, 65 to 74, and ≥75 years. This treatment regimen may help optimize anemia management for older community-dwelling and long-term care patients.
Optogenetic Control of Cell Function Using Engineered Photoreceptors

Over the past decades, there has been growing recognition that light can provide a powerful stimulus for biological interrogation. Light-actuated tools allow manipulation of molecular events with ultra-fine spatial and fast temporal resolution, as light can be rapidly delivered and focused with sub-micrometre precision within cells. While light-actuated chemicals such as photolabile 'caged' compounds have been in existence for decades, the use of genetically encoded natural photoreceptors for optical control of biological processes has recently emerged as a powerful new approach with several advantages over traditional methods. Here, we review recent advances using light to control basic cellular functions and discuss the engineering challenges that lie ahead for improving and expanding the ever-growing optogenetic toolkit.
On the syntactic transformation semigroup of a language generated by a finite biprefix code

Abstract Let P be a finite biprefix code and let X =( Q , S ) be the syntactic transformation semigroup (ts) of P + . We show that if e ϵ S is an idempotent, then the ts X e = ( Qe , eqe ) consists of partial one to one maps. We also show that any ts of partial one to one maps divides a ts of partial one to one maps which is the syntactic ts of a finite biprefix code.
618 HEMATOLOGIC FINDINGS IN ISOVALERIC ACIDEMIA

Hematologic abnormalities have been associated with some inborn errors of metabolism, including maple syrup urine disease and methylmalonic acidemia. We have evaluated two neonates with isovaleric acidemia. Both patients had pancytopenia during the first week of life when serum isovaleric acid levels were in excess of 50 mg/dl. Hemoglobin, granulocyte and platelet counts decreased further, reaching nadirs by the 2nd week of life of 7.8 and 8.0 g/dl, 26 and 150 cells/mm3, and 8,000 and 50,000 platelets/mm3, respectively, even as serum isovaleric acid levels were decreasing in response to therapy. Recovery was gradual, requiring 2 weeks for restoration of normal values. The granulocytes were the last to return to normal. A striking monocytosis (40% and 60%) was noted during the recovery phase in both infants. One infant also had an eosinophilia of 19%. Bone marrow examination in one patient revealed large numbers of immature mononuclear cells, with small numbers of early erythroid and myeloid precursors. Bone marrow culture showed an increased number of granulocytic colony forming units. Survival of random donor platelets was normal. These findings suggest that the hematologic abnormalities of isovaleric acidemia probably are referable to an inhibition of normal cell maturation rather than a depletion of marrow precursors or increased destruction of mature cells.
Implications of the behavior of advanced composite materials

Abstract The paper discusses the behavior of advanced composite materials and the implications of this behavior on the analysis and design of composite structures. In particular, the deterministic versus probabilistic apsects of the behavior are considered, as well as the implications of the limited ductility exhibited by these materials under certain loadings. The sensitivity of the material to stress concentrators and its fatigue and viscoelastic behavior are considered. The extent of investigations on the fracture mechanics of advanced composite materials is discussed.
Preferential sexual transmission of pseudorabies virus in feral swine populations may not account for observed seroprevalence in the USA.

This paper compares the behavior of two competing models for the transmission of pseudorabies virus in feral swine in the USA. In first model, horizontal (non-sexual) density dependent transmission is the only transmission modality. In the second model, the only transmission modality is sexual transmission between mature males and females. The comparison of model behavior was carried out to test the hypothesis that preferential sexual transmission of PRV in feral swine can account for the seroprevalence observed in the field. The observed range of seroprevalence of PRV in mature feral swine in the USA is consistent with a preferential sexual transmission only if the feral swine mating system is a random mating system or a polygynous system in which there is a relatively large rate of acquisition of new mates. The observed range of seroprevalence of PRV in mature feral swine in the USA is not consistent with a preferential sexual transmission if there is mate guarding. This is important because the National Pseudorabies Surveillance Plan deems monitoring the risk of PRV introduction from feral swine to be a “minor objective” both in terms of the scope of the plan and with respect to the resources allocated. The rationale for this statement was derived from experimental studies, which suggested that the PRV indigenous to feral swine in the USA is preferentially sexually transmitted.
Improved modeling of pulverized coal combustion in a furnace

Application d'un modele stochastique ameliore de dispersion turbulente de particules et d'un modele de rupture tourbillonnaire pour des gaz de combustion. Bon accord entre les predictions et les resultats experimentaux
Using Cyclic Genetic Algorithms to learn gaits for an actual quadruped robot

It is a difficult task to generate optimal walking gaits for mobile legged robots. Generating and coordinating an optimal gait involves continually repeating a series of actions in order to create a sustained movement. In this work, we present the use of a Cyclic Genetic Algorithm (CGA) to learn near optimal gaits for an actual quadruped servo-robot with three degrees of movement per leg. This robot was used to create a simulation model of the movement and states of the robot which included the robot's unique features and capabilities. The CGA used this model to learn gaits that were optimized for this particular robot. Tests done in simulation show the success of the CGA in evolving gait control programs and tests on robot show that these control programs produce reasonable gaits.
Dislocation dynamics simulations of the Bauschinger effect in metallic thin films

Abstract Three-dimensional dislocation dynamics simulations were used to examine the role of surface passivation on the plasticity of thin films. A simple line-tension model was used to model the dislocation transmission cross grain boundaries. We find that passivated thin films have a higher hardening rate and strength than freestanding films and that the hardening rate increases with decreasing film thickness. Under unloading, passivated films exhibit a significant Bauschinger effect in which reverse plastic flow occurs during unloading. The Bauschinger effect is enhanced by an increasing pre-strain or by decreasing the aspect ratio of the film. The reverse motion of dislocation pile-ups and the collapse of misfit dislocations were found to be responsible for the observed Bauschinger effect in passivated films. The predicted deformation behavior is in excellent agreement with that seen experimentally.
Convective cloud heights as a diagnostic for methane environment on Titan

Abstract The appearance of convective clouds in Titan’s troposphere has been documented from ground-based observation for more than a decade. Cloud tops have been reported between 14 and 25 km. Higher resolution Cassini data have shown smaller portions of the cloud system can reach up to 42 km. We use the Titan Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (TRAMS) to explore environments which allow convective clouds to reach the tropopause. In general, cloud tops remain below 30 km, but for environments where the surface humidity of methane is greater than 50%, a small portion at the center of the cloud rises briefly to higher altitudes; for ⩾65% humidity, the cloud top reaches nearly to the tropopause (∼40 km). A number of other parameters also have noticeable affects on cloud top such as nucleation critical saturation, haze abundance, and collisional growth of cloud particles.
Three-dimensionally packed nanohelical phase in chiral block copolymers

Chirality-driven microphase-separated morphology, poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) left-handed nanohelices hexagonally packed in PS matrix, was obtained from chiral diblock copolymers, poly(styrene)-b-poly(l-lactide). This is perhaps for the first time; the helical superstructures of chiral block copolymers were generated in the bulk and self-assembled to a two-dimensionally (2D) packed lattice. Now, the analyses of block copolymer thermodynamics should be complicated by the chiral entities of constituted components. Orderly packed nanohelical channels can be obtained after hydrolysis, and this provides new opportunities for block copolymer applications in the fields of nanosciences.
Ideal thermal efficiency for geothermal binary plants

Abstract The Carnot cycle is reviewed as to its appropriateness to serve as the ideal model for geothermal binary power plants. It is shown that the Carnot cycle sets an unrealistically high upper limit on the thermal efficiency of these plants. A more useful model is the triangular (or trilateral) cycle because binary plants operating on geothermal hot water use a non-isothermal heat source. The triangular cycle imposes a lower upper bound on the thermal efficiency and serves as a more meaningful ideal cycle against which to measure the performance of real binary cycles. Carnot and triangular cycle efficiencies are contrasted and the thermal efficiencies of several actual binary cycles are weighed against those of the ideal triangular cycle to determine their relative efficiencies. It is found that actual binary plants can achieve relative efficiencies as high as 85%. The paper briefly discusses cycles using two-phase expanders that in principle come close to the ideal triangular cycle.
Relationship between circulating levels of RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted) and carotid plaque characteristics: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Carotid MRI Study

Aims To assess the relationship between regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and carotid atherosclerotic plaque burden and plaque characteristics. Methods and results Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the carotid artery was performed in 1901 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Wall thickness and volume, lipid-core volume, and fibrous cap thickness (by MRI) and plasma RANTES levels (by ELISA) were measured. Regression analysis was performed to study the associations between MRI variables and RANTES. Among 1769 inclusive participants, multivariable regression analysis revealed that total wall volume [beta-coefficient ( β ) = 0.09, P = 0.008], maximum wall thickness ( β = 0.08, P = 0.01), vessel wall area ( β = 0.07, P = 0.02), mean minimum fibrous cap thickness ( β = 0.11, P = 0.03), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( β = 0.09, P = 0.01) were positively associated with RANTES. Total lipid-core volume showed positive association in unadjusted models ( β = 0.18, P = 0.02), but not in fully adjusted models ( β = 0.13, P = 0.09). RANTES levels were highest in Caucasian females followed by Caucasian males, African-American females, and African-American males ( P < 0.0001). Statin use attenuated the relationship between RANTES and measures of plaque burden. Conclusion Positive associations between RANTES and carotid wall thickness and lipid-core volume (in univariate analysis) suggest that higher RANTES levels may be associated with extent of carotid atherosclerosis and high-risk plaques. Associations between fibrous cap thickness and RANTES likely reflect the lower reliability estimate for fibrous cap measurements compared with wall volume or lipid-core volume measurements. Statin use may modify the association between RANTES and carotid atherosclerosis. Furthermore, RANTES levels vary by race.
The Strength of Weak Identities: Social Structural Sources of Self, Situation and Emotional Experience.

Modern societies are highly differentiated, with relatively uncorrelated socially salient dimensions and a preponderance of weak, unidimensional (as opposed to strong, multiplex) ties. What are the implications of a society with fewer strong ties and more weak ties for the self? What do these changes mean for our emotional experience in everyday life? I outline a structural view of self, situated identity, and emotion. It is an ecological theory in which interpersonal encounters are the link between the macro-level community structure and the micro-level experience of self-conception, identity performance, and emotion. In this ecology of encounters, multiple-identity enactments (especially of salient self-identities) are quite rare. But where they occur, they are important indicators of potential social change.
Present Work and Present Wages

I. Professor Taussig's doctrine of a limitation of wages. Tho present consumption must come mainly out of past product, the full reward of labor is not limited by past product, 515. — Present efficiency in part affects wages, 518. — II. Services a factor in social income, 521. — Modern methods of bargaining make possible immediate gains in wages, 521. — Savings admitted by Professor Taussig to bring about elasticity, but the admission minimized by him, 523. — Savings of wage-earners often withdrawn, then replaced; not the annual interest alone is to be considered, 525. — III. Statistical evidence as to the extent of workingmen's savings, 528. — Conclusion, 534.
Invariant Hermitian finite elements for thin Kirchhoff rods. II: The linear three-dimensional case

Abstract This paper considers the formulation of finite elements for thin Kirchhoff rods in the three-dimensional case, extending our work on plane rods presented in [5] . The new issue to be addressed, besides the basic consideration of the three-dimensional geometry, is the approximation of the rod’s torsion, still in the geometrically linear setting of infinitesimal strains. In particular, it is the goal of this paper to identify approximations that preserve the basic invariance properties of the underlying structural theory, in the sense that the fundamental rigid-body modes of translations and infinitesimal rotations are represented exactly without straining, accounting fully for the rod’s curvature and associated Kirchhoff’s kinematics in contrast to common straight (framework) element approximations based on the simplified Euler–Bernoulli beam kinematics. To this purpose, different basic and new interpolations of the angle of twist rotation as well as interpolations of directors increments in the setting provided by a Cosserat treatment of the rod’s kinematics are explored and studied in detail, including rigorous analytical characterizations of the aforementioned rigid-body modes. These different interpolations are combined with the new C1-continuous Hermitian interpolation developed in that reference for the axis displacements, extended to general three-dimensionally curved rods, as well as with an assumed strain mixed treatment to improve the overall performance of the finite elements. Several representative numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the properties and the numerical performance of the different new finite elements.
The Economic Well-Being of Elderly People and Children in a Changing Society

As the United States meets its obligation to provide social security benefits for a growing population of elderly people and as the U.S. economy increasingly is exposed to global competition, social policy for the elderly population cannot--and should not--be developed or assessed in isolation: It should be assessed in the context of changing society. This article discusses the growing imbalance in the economic conditions of elderly people and children. It argues that this growing imbalance should be considered a threat for the social and economic development of the United States. It encourages the leaders of the elderly population to get involved in the drive to channel more resources to children.
ON THE MODIFICATION OF TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS.

The temperature characteristics for frequency of pulsation in isolated cloacal ends of Holothuria tubulosa are µ = 20,400 from 10 to 20°, 8,000 from 20 to 30°. The critical temperatures 10°, 20°, 30° are related to thermal conditions in the environment. In sea water with doubled NaCl content µ = 8,000 from 10 to 30°. This is consistent with the specific nature of the temperature characteristics. The primary effect of increased NaCl is to alter the temperature characteristic curve. At low temperatures the frequency is increased, at higher temperatures diminished. The effect upon frequency is thus of less significance. It is pointed out that such relationships must be taken into account in analyzing the action of reagents upon organisms.
Undermining the Baldwin expediting effect: does phenotypic plasticity accelerate evolution?

The claim that phenotypic plasticity speeds up evolution towards a target phenotype is a recent incarnation of the Baldwin effect. To differentiate this theory from earlier interpretations of Baldwin’s ideas, we name it the Baldwin expediting effect. Models that demonstrate this effect assume an extreme fitness scenario which bestows high fitness upon a single optimal phenotype and treats all other phenotypes as equal. In two modeling frameworks, we demonstrate that the effects of plasticity on the rate of evolution are highly dependent on the fitness function and population starting conditions. We argue that phenotypic plasticity does not universally facilitate evolution. Furthermore, in cases where the Baldwin expediting effect occurs, it is not necessarily correlated with increased fitness and therefore is not sufficient to explain the evolutionary success of plasticity. ] 2000 Academic Press
Sacrificial bonds in polymer brushes from rat tail tendon functioning as nanoscale velcro.

Polymers play an important role in many biological systems, so a fundamental understanding of their cross-links is crucial not only for the development of medicines but also for the development of biomimetic materials. The biomechanical movements of all mammals are aided by tendon fibrils. The self-organization and biomechanical functions of tendon fibrils are determined by the properties of the cross-links between their individual molecules and the interactions among the cross-links. The cross-links of collagen and proteoglycan molecules are particularly important in tendons and, perhaps, bone. To probe cross-links between tendon molecules, we used the cantilever tip of an atomic force microscope in a pulling setup. Applying higher forces to rat tail tendon molecules with the tip led to a local disruption of the highly organized shell of tendon fibrils and to the formation or an increase of a polymer brush of molecules sticking out of the surface. The cross-linking between these molecules was influenced by divalent Ca 21 ions. Furthermore, the molecules of the polymer brush seemed to bind back to the fibrils in several minutes. We propose that sacrificial bonds significantly influence the tendon fibrils' self-organization and self- healing and therefore contribute to toughness and strength.
Conserved Oligopeptide Permeases Modulate Sporulation Initiation in Clostridium difficile

The anaerobic gastrointestinal pathogen Clostridium difficile must form a metabolically dormant spore to survive in oxygenic environments and be transmitted from host to host. The regulatory factors by which C. difficile initiates and controls the early stages of sporulation in C. difficile are not highly conserved in other Clostridium or Bacillus species. Here, we investigated the role of two conserved oligopeptide permeases, Opp and App, in the regulation of sporulation in C. difficile. These permeases are known to positively affect sporulation in Bacillus species through the import of sporulation-specific quorum-sensing peptides. In contrast to other spore-forming bacteria, we discovered that inactivating these permeases in C. difficile resulted in the earlier expression of early sporulation genes and increased sporulation in vitro. Furthermore, disruption of opp and app resulted in greater virulence and increased the amounts of spores recovered from feces in the hamster model of C. difficile infection. Our data suggest that Opp and App indirectly inhibit sporulation, likely through the activities of the transcriptional regulator SinR and its inhibitor, SinI. Taken together, these results indicate that the Opp and App transporters serve a different function in controlling sporulation and virulence in C. difficile than in Bacillus subtilis and suggest that nutrient availability plays a significant role in pathogenesis and sporulation in vivo. This study suggests a link between the nutritional status of the environment and sporulation initiation in C. difficile.
Exploiting regularity for inductive fault analysis

Inductive fault analysis is the process of determining which defects are likely to occur in an integrated circuit for a given manufacturing process. Although IFA provides a more accurate defect list for test than standard fault models, it typically retires a significant amount of computation time. We propose, a methodology that exploits the physical regularity of a design to reduce the computation time, required for IFA. This methodology was applied to several designs implemented in a via-programmable gate array (an example of a regular circuit fabric) and shown to provide an average speedup of 46/spl times/.
The Effect of Node Density and Propagation Model on Throughput Scaling of Wireless Networks

This paper derives a lower bound of the form ngamma-1 to the per-node throughput achievable by a wireless network when n source-destination pairs are randomly distributed throughout a disk of radius ngamma, 0 2
Linear stability of the flow past a spheroidal bubble

The linear stability of the axisymmetric flow past a fixed-shape spheroid with free-slip boundary conditions is studied numerically to gain some insight into the path instability of bubbles rising in liquids. Qualitatively, the results are similar to those for a solid sphere. The m = 1 mode gives rise to a double-threaded wake and proves to be the most unstable mode, with a first regular bifurcation followed by a Hopf bifurcation. The importance of the base-flow vorticity is highlighted by a stability analysis of the axisymmetric base flow ‘frozen’ before reaching steady state. Setting viscosity to zero in the perturbation equations results in a faster growth of the primary instability, which indicates its root in inertial effects.
A practical approach to the use of retinoids in aging skin

From the Department of Dermatology, New York University Medical Center. Reprint requests: Ellen C. Gendler, Clinical Associate Professor of Dermatology, New York University Medical Center, 40 East 72nd St., New York, NY 10021-4228. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:S114-7.) Copyright © 1998 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. 0190-9622/98/$5.00 + 0 16/0/91353 Although the benefits of topical retinoids in the management of various skin conditions are well known to dermatologists, the mechanics of getting patients started on an appropriate regimen are often quite difficult. Patients tend to glean snippets of information from magazines, news reports, and their friends but lack a real understanding of the way a retinoid program will affect them on a daily basis. Patients often have preconceived notions and unrealistic expectations regarding topical retinoids, which can impact their desire and ability to follow a routine. It behooves the prescribing physician to review in detail the actions of the topical retinoid, to establish realistic goals, and to prepare a routine that can be easily followed.
Microtubule polarity and distribution in teleost photoreceptors

We have characterized the polarity orientation of microtubules in teleost retinal photoreceptors. The highly polarized rods and cones contain large numbers of paraxially aligned microtubules and exhibit dramatic cell shape changes. The myoid portion of the inner segments of both rods and cones undergoes contraction and elongation in response to light or circadian signals. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that in cones but not rods myoid elongation is microtubule- dependent. To determine polarity orientation, we decorated microtubules in photoreceptors of the green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus, with hooks formed from either exogenous or endogenous tubulin subunits. The direction of curvature of the attached hooks in cross section indicates microtubule polarity orientation by allowing one to determine the relative positions within the cell of the plus (fast-growing) and minus (slow-growing) ends of the microtubules. We found that virtually all cytoplasmic microtubules in photoreceptors are oriented with plus ends directed toward the synapse and minus ends toward the basal body at the base of the outer segment. Axonemal microtubules in photoreceptor outer segments are oriented with minus ends toward the basal body as in cilia and flagella. We have suggested previously that cone myoid elongation is mediated by mechanochemical sliding between microtubules. The polarity observations reported here indicate that if microtubules do slide in cones, sliding would necessarily occur between microtubules of parallel orientation as is observed in cilia and flagella.
Teaching Bourdieu on and in the Study of Religion(s)

This essay summarizes some salient points of the experience of a few years teaching a biennial graduate-level course on the uses of Pierre Bourdieu for the social-scientific study of religion. The original teaching context is that of a graduate division of religion in a theological school, within an area of Religion & Society and in a concentration on the sociology of religions. Albeit the course is designed firstly with PhD candidates in the latter concentration in mind, participants come from many other concentrations and areas of the division as well. The article synthesizes some key aspects of the process, method, resources, and hurdles of this attempt to propose to doctoral candidates in religious studies a reading, reflection and discussion of works by/on/using Bourdieu which illumines and benefits their scholarly research efforts to understand specific socio-religious dynamics – while simultaneously helps them overcome some of the main challenges and blunders typical of reading Bourdieu.
Selective recruitment of T-cell subsets to the udder during staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis: analysis of lymphocyte subsets and adhesion molecule expression.

During bacterial infection of the bovine mammary gland, large numbers of leukocytes migrate into the udder, resulting in the establishment of a host response against the pathogen. Currently, the specific leukocyte populations mediating this immune response are not well defined. In the studies described here, we analyzed blood and milk from healthy cows and cows with naturally occurring mastitis to determine if distinct αβ and γδ T-lymphocyte subsets were involved in the response of the udder to a mastitis pathogen and if the type of mastitis pathogen influenced the subset composition of these responding leukocytes. Although blood samples from cows with confirmed staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis were characterized by increased numbers of γδ T cells, the most dramatic changes in leukocyte distributions occurred in milk samples from these cows, with a 75% increase in αβ T-cell levels and a 100% increase in γδ T-cell levels relative to the levels in milk samples from healthy animals. Interestingly, the increase in αβ T-cell numbers observed in milk from cows with staphylococcal mastitis was primarily due to increased numbers of CD4+ T cells, while the increase in αβ T-cell numbers observed in cows with streptococcal mastitis was due to a parallel increase in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers. The increased numbers of γδ T cells in milk from cows with staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis were due to a selective recruitment of a distinct γδ T-cell subset (GD3.1+), while no change in the numbers of GD197+ γδ T cells was observed. We also analyzed adhesion protein expression on blood and milk leukocytes and found that, in comparison to the situation for healthy cows, L-selectin was down-regulated and CD18 was up-regulated on leukocytes from cows with mastitis. Thus, shedding of L-selectin and up-regulation of CD18 by neutrophils may provide a sensitive indicator of early inflammatory responses during bovine mastitis. Overall, these studies suggest that distinct αβ and γδ T-cell subsets are involved in the host defense of the udder against mastitis infection and that selective recruitment of these T-cell subsets depends on the infectious agent involved.
Large-scale test automation in the cloud (invited industrial talk)

Software development at Google is big and fast. The code base receives 20+ code changes per minute and 50% of the files change every month! Each product is developed and released from head relying on automated tests verifying the product behavior. Release frequency varies from multiple times per day to once every few weeks, depending on the product team. With such a huge, fast-moving codebase, it is possible for teams to get stuck spending a lot of time just keeping their build green. A continuous integration system should help by providing the exact change at which a test started failing, instead of a range of suspect changes or doing a lengthy binary-search for the offending change. We have built a system that uses dependency analysis to determine all the tests a change transitively affects and then runs only those tests for every change. The system is built on top of Google's cloud computing infrastructure enabling many builds to be executed concurrently, allowing the system to run affected tests as soon as a change is submitted. The use of smart tools and cloud computing infrastructure in the continuous integration system enables quick, effective feedback to development teams.
Bonding in zerovalent Ni compounds: NiN2 and Ni(N2)4 compared with NiCO and Ni(CO)4

Calculations are carried out on NiN2, which may be considered a prototypical metal surface-ligand system. A large Gaussian basis set and an MCPF treatment of electron correlation are used. Consideration is also given to the 2Sigma(+) states of NiN2(-), NiCO(-), and NiN2(+), the low-lying 2Delta and 2Pi states of NiN2(+), and the 1A1 states of Ni(CO)4 and Ni(N2)4.