cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive survey of electrostatic discharge protection (review of, "electrostatic discharge protection: advances and applications" [book review]

This book was edited by Dr. Juin J. Liou in collaboration with Krzysztof Iniewski and 20 other editors. It brings together a team of experienced and well-respected researchers and engineers from around the world, representing universities and semiconductor industries, with expertise in electrostatic discharge (ESD). Some of the following topics are addressed: an introduction to ESD; design of component-level-on-chip ESD; ESD and EOS; ESWD, EOS, and latch-up test methods; design of power rail ESD clamp circuits; ESD protection in automotive integrated circuit applications; ESD protection circuits using NMOS parasitic bipolar transistors; ESD development in foundry processes; advanced TCAD methods for ESD design; ESD protection of failsafe and voltage tolerant signal pins; and ESD design and optimization in advanced CMOS technology. This book is an A-to-Z complete guide for the ASIC ESD designer; it includes charts, tables, test procedures, and standards, making it a must-have for every ESD designer.
The Yersinia Virulence Factor YopM Hijacks Host Kinases to Inhibit Type III Effector-Triggered Activation of the Pyrin Inflammasome

Pathogenic Yersinia, including Y. pestis, the agent of plague in humans, and Y. pseudotuberculosis, the related enteric pathogen, deliver virulence effectors into host cells via a prototypical type III secretion system to promote pathogenesis. These effectors, termed Yersinia outer proteins (Yops), modulate multiple host signaling responses. Studies in Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis have shown that YopM suppresses infection-induced inflammasome activation; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Here we show that YopM specifically restricts the pyrin inflammasome, which is triggered by the RhoA-inactivating enzymatic activities of YopE and YopT, in Y. pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages. The attenuation of a yopM mutant is fully reversed in pyrin knockout mice, demonstrating that YopM inhibits pyrin to promote virulence. Mechanistically, YopM recruits and activates the host kinases PRK1 and PRK2 to negatively regulate pyrin by phosphorylation. These results show how a virulence factor can hijack host kinases to inhibit effector-triggered pyrin inflammasome activation.
A Road Well Traveled: The Past, Present, and Future Journey of Strategic Human Resource Management

This article provides an overview of the field of strategic human resource management (SHRM) by tracing its roots, describing its current state, and predicting its future directions. We discuss some past stages in the evolution of the field, including eras of conceptual models, empirical examinations, and empirical critiques. We then discuss the present state regarding theory, the human resources (HR) system–performance relationship, multilevel analyses, fit and flexibility, and international HR research. Finally, we propose that future research needs to be more rigorous, more multilevel, more global, more focused on human capital, more integrated with strategy, and more integrated with practice.
Sustainability: Why the Language and Ethics of Sustainability Matter in the Geoscience Classroom.

ABSTRACT Because challenges to sustainability arise at the intersection of human and biophysical systems they are inescapably embedded in social contexts and involve multiple stakeholders with diverse and often conflicting needs and value systems. Addressing complex and solution-resistant problems such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation thus demands not only a scientific understanding of Earth systems, but consideration of the underlying human values, institutions, and norms that drive unsustainable ways of living. The search for solutions amidst a multiplicity of players and an array of potential outcomes inevitably leads to ethical quandaries. The purpose of this commentary is to synthesize perspectives from the geosciences and philosophy to provide a rationale for including the ethical dimensions of sustainability in geoscience education and to clarify the nature and ethics of sustainability. Drawing on an approach developed in the book Living Well Now and in the Future...
A critical analysis of the Nollywood film Osuofia in London

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes Nigeria’s Nollywood film Osuofia in London [Ogoro, K. (Producer & Director). (2003/2004). Kingsley Ogoro Productions] to understand how the film synthesizes African and Western cultural identities via the prisms of hybridity and postcolonial theory. The paper uses a critical approach within the contexts of three tenets (African, Western, and hybrid) to read the film. The analysis resulted in five themes: African/folk belief systems and Christianity; traditional Igbo attire and English garb; African/folk music and Western music; African and Western food and drinks; and African/traditional medicine and modern medicine. The analysis indicates that unequal power relations and the forces of globalization are inescapable. Even though the protagonist, Osuofia, challenges the Western ideology, he reproduces it as well.
Hegel and the Natural Sciences

Hegel is often represented as scornful and contemptuous of the natural sciences. He seems often to ridicule their methods and their achievements and to subordinate them, as forms of knowledge to the speculative “sciences” which, for him, constitute the body of philosophy. This is, at the very best, a half-truth, and is scarcely even true by half; for what Hegel certainly does very frequently ridicule is what he regards as pseudo-science and charlatanry rather than the genuine article, and his taunts are, more often than not, aimed at philosophers with whom he disagrees, and philosophical doctrines about nature which he considers superficial and trivial, than at the practising scientists and their recognized disciplines. Certainly, he did believe and teach, that the empirical sciences belonged to a lower phase of self-conscious reason than philosophy, but such a view is inescapable for any thinker who sees philosophy as the reflective study of human experience, including empirical science; and any philosopher who seeks to deny that his subject includes this reflective task is apt to renounce his own birthright as philosopher. To affirm the reflective (second-degree, or “meta-”) character of philosophy, on the other hand, is not to belittle or to despise the natural sciences; for it is only by paying them due respect that any philosophy of science, whether of its method and the concepts it uses (logic) or of its subject-matter (philosophy of nature), is able to attain its goal.
Green’s Function Monte Carlo Calculations of Effective PI-Electron Hamiltonians

Effective electronic Hamiltonians have long been popular in both physical and chemical studies of systems with delocalized outer valence electrons. We will report here on a Green’s Function Monte Carlo (GFMC) method which we have employed to calculate the ground state energy and polarizability of a class of organic molecules with extended pi-electron systems. We have used the most popular and accurate effective pi-electron Hamiltonian for these conjugated molecules, the Pariser-Parr-Pople1 Hamiltonian. This Hamiltonian includes long range coulomb interactions between electrons in addition to the usual Huckel hopping term.
Local PO2 and unit activity measured with an oxygen microelectrode from the gerbil cerebral cortex during seizure and EEG suppression.

In a series of past experiments where we measured the rate of oxygen disappearance with ischemic onset during seizure induced by penthylentetrazole (PTZ), we noted occasions where during major discharges in the EEG the tissue PO2 was driven to zero and remained there for more than thirty seconds. This was intriguing, and we wondered about those neurons at the locus of PO2 measurement, and how they would respond to the hypoxia together with the metabolic demand of the seizure state. Recently, we have acquired the capability to simultaneously measure PO2 and unit activity from the same PO2 microelectrode, and thus the opportunity was presented to perform experiments to address this question.
Russia and the International System

This chapter looks at the global power of the Russian mafia, tracing its roots and its success in the post-Cold War system. Corruption became endemic in the 1980s, when organized criminal groups anticipated the end of the Soviet Union. The institutional weakness of the new state of Russia and the power of Russian oligarchs created the perfect storm for the mafia as well as extra-judicial practice. This chapter also discusses the Putin regime and its use of corruption as a lever of power.
Umbilical Cord Tumours

The umbilical cord is rarely affected by neoplastic growths. Cord haemangiomas are benign vascular lesions that may be extensively myxoid, in which case they are referred to as angiomyxomas. Cord teratomas are extremely rare cord tumours similar to teratomas arising in other sites.
Perinatal high-fat diet alters development of GABAA receptor subunits in dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

Vagal neurocircuits involved in the control of gastric functions, satiation, and food intake are subject to significant developmental regulation postnatally, with immature GABAA receptors expressin...
Pre-Maya Lithic Technology in the Wetlands of Belize: The Chipped Stone from Crawford Bank

ABSTRACTExcavations at Crawford Bank in Crooked Tree, Belize, exposed a lithic deposit with no associated ceramics. The deposit primarily consists of chipped chert and chalcedony tools and debitage...
Diphtheria Toxin A-Resistant Cell Lines Enable Robust Production and Evaluation of DTA-Encoding Lentiviruses

Suicide genes have been widely investigated for their utility as therapeutic agents and as tools for in vitro negative selection strategies. Several methods for delivery of suicide genes have been explored. Two important considerations for delivery are the quantity of delivered cargo and the ability to target the cargo to specific cells. Delivery using a lentiviral vector is particularly attractive due to the ability to encode the gene within the viral genome, as well as the ability to limit off-target effects by using cell type-specific glycoproteins. Here, we present the design and validation of a diphtheria toxin A (DTA)-encoding lentiviral vector expressing DTA under the control of a constituitive promoter to allow for expression of DTA in a variety of cell types, with specificity provided via selection of glycoproteins for pseudotyping of the lentiviral particles. DTA exerts its toxic activity through inhibition of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2) via adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation of a modified histidine residue, diphthamide, at His715, which blocks protein translation and leads to cell death. Thus, we also detail development of DTA-resistant cell lines, engineered through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the diphthamide 1 (DPH1) gene, which enable both robust virus production by transfection and evaluation of DTA-expressing virus infectivity.
If a picture is worth a thousand words, a patient is worth ten thousand.

Today’s most prominent medical journals have a “clinical images” section. High-quality, readily accessible digital photography can transport a patient to the journal’s pages, as demonstrated by Grandjean and Huber’s “Thinker sign” images in this issue of the Journal .[1][1] Images
Selection-Bias-Corrected Visualization via Dynamic Reweighting

The collection and visual analysis of large-scale data from complex systems, such as electronic health records or clickstream data, has become increasingly common across a wide range of industries. This type of retrospective visual analysis, however, is prone to a variety of selection bias effects, especially for high-dimensional data where only a subset of dimensions is visualized at any given time. The risk of selection bias is even higher when analysts dynamically apply filters or perform grouping operations during ad hoc analyses. These bias effects threaten the validity and generalizability of insights discovered during visual analysis as the basis for decision making. Past work has focused on bias transparency, helping users understand when selection bias may have occurred. However, countering the effects of selection bias via bias mitigation is typically left for the user to accomplish as a separate process. Dynamic reweighting (DR) is a novel computational approach to selection bias mitigation that helps users craft bias-corrected visualizations. This paper describes the DR workflow, introduces key DR visualization designs, and presents statistical methods that support the DR process. Use cases from the medical domain, as well as findings from domain expert user interviews, are also reported.
Thermodynamic Barrier to Nucleation for Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by High-Temperature Gas-to-Particle Conversion

A complementary experimental and modeling study is reported here for nucleation of manganese oxide nanoparticles in premixed stagnation flames. The current synthesis occurs at relatively high flame...
All Roads Lead to Rejection: Persistent Bias and Incapacity in South African Refugee Status Determination

Despite recent attempts by the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) to improve service provision, the refugee and asylum system remains rife with problems. As part of a series of reports examining DHA policies, practices, and adherence to the law in the asylum system, this report examines the quality of status determination decisions in accordance with the requirements of international and domestic refugee law, as well as legislation relating to the constitutional right to fair administrative action. The report reveals a Department that is failing to fulfill its core mandate with respect to the asylum system — identifying individuals in need of protection under refugee law. As a result, many asylum seekers face the risk of refoulement: being returned to an area where they face persecution or a threat to life or liberty. The report also highlights a government department that is largely failing to adhere to the standards of administrative justice and to act in accordance with its legal obligations. Beyond compromising the rights of refugees and asylum seekers, the existence of a government department that flouts the legislation which it is obligated to implement has serious implications for the rule of law, good governance, and service delivery.
Fate or Folly: The Mind of God and Other Known Unknowns

In spite of its scientific veneer, fate is a patently unscientific superstition. Determinists admit that in order to predict future events with 100% certainty, an observer would need to be endowed with some form of superhuman omniscience.
Fallacies and Dangers of Practicing Race-Based Medicine.

Race does not have a biologic definition, but rather a political and social one that is fluid and independent of science. Nevertheless, the medical community uses race as a scientific variable in several prominent clinical situations, including calculation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and glomerular filtration rate, decisions on pharmacotherapy for hypertension, and interpretation of pulmonary function testing. These diagnostic and clinical prediction tools do not recognize the social and environmental factors that influence racial differences in health outcomes. Furthermore, they do not highlight the potentially harmful effects of using race as a factor in making medical decisions.
Human pluripotent nontumorigenic multilineage differentiating stress enduring (Muse) cells isolated from adipose tissue: A new paradigm in regenerative medicine and cell therapy

Abstract Over the last two decades, regenerative medicine has been a growing trend in the scientific research arena. The central focus of regenerative medicine to restore damaged tissues and organs lies upon the use of cells exhibiting pluripotency, the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into any cell type present in the body. By this theory, pluripotent stem cells potentially have the ability to repair and replace any diseased and damaged tissues, prompting research groups worldwide to investigate the use of such cells in regenerative medicine and cell therapy to treat many diseases prevalent in the population. Embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells currently remain as the gold standard of pluripotent stem cells; however, both cell types exhibit tumorigenesis in vivo, limiting their potential for clinical treatment. On the other hand, a novel population of nontumorigenic pluripotent stem cells, named multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring cells isolated from human adipose tissue (Muse-AT cells), has been discovered in 2013, with very promising qualities for use in tissue regeneration. This chapter outlines (i) the discovery of Muse cells in bone marrow (BM) and later in adipose tissue (Muse-AT cells), (ii) components of adipose tissue, (iii) multipotent adipose stem cells (ASCs), (iv) differences between Muse-AT cells and ASCs, and (v) unique properties of Muse-AT cells and their clinical relevance.
Using Case Synthesis to Identify Implicit Reasoning

Students often struggle with synthesizing various authorities and understanding how the law develops over a period of time. This article discusses a closed universe assignment involving three New York cases relating to petitions for a name change to a single name, and a New Jersey case that analyzes and critiques the New York cases. The exercise works well in the first semester of law school because it helps students understand how they should be extracting the rules and the reasoning from a line of cases in order to understand how the law develops over time and across jurisdictions.
An association between Ptecticus nigrifrons (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and Nordus fungicola (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).

Nordus fungicola (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is known from Panama and Costa Rica and is abundant on Barro Colorado Island. Adults feed on small adult drosophilid flies and larvae of flies that are found rotting palm fruits, mushrooms, and fruits of Gustavia superba Berg (Lecythidaceae), which were rotting on the forest floor. Ptecticus nigrifrons Enderlein (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), like other species in this genus (James, 1973; Cordero-Jenkins et al., 1990), is a saprophytic species, as sociated with rotting fruits of G. superba; its larvae and pupae are present in or under these fruits. Adults of these two insects are similarly colored; the beetle has a brilliant golden-red head, prono tum, and elytra; a shining black abdomen with patches of whitish pubescence; and a bright yellow tip, while the fly has a black head and deep yellow scutum, scutellum, and abdomen. The two species are also about the same size (about 12 mm in length). Because of these characteristics, their similar habi tat, and their continuous flying activity, an inexperienced field observer cannot easily distinguish be tween them. In this paper, I present an interesting interaction between them and hypothesize possible explanations for their behaviors. Materials and Methods
OPEN AND CLOSED LOW LATITUDE BOUNDARY LAYER

We review and summarize the evidence that a closed LLBL exists, at least away from noon. We also emphasize the observation that just equatorward of the LLBL, overlapping magnetosheath and magnetospheric electrons exist on sunward convecting field lines which have no low-energy ion cutoff (i.e., closed field lines). Therefore it is inescapable to conclude that sheath plasma is introduced onto closed field lines. The dropoff of the high-energy electrons is identified not necessarily with the open/closed boundary but rather with the convection reversal boundary, since these electrons originate on the nightside and convect towards the dayside (hence they cannot exist on anti-sunward convecting field lines, even if the latter are closed). A model is discussed wherein diffusion introduces sheath plasma onto closed field lines, but merging removes these same field lines from the dayside. The competition between these two effects explains why the LLBL is thinnest at noon, where open LLBL signatures dominate (perhaps exclusively), and why the LLBL is thicker for northward IMF.
The robust dynamical contribution to precipitation extremes in idealized warming simulations across model resolutions

The impact of the circulation shift under climate warming on the distribution of precipitation extremes and the associated sensitivity to model resolution are investigated using Community Atmosphere Model Version 3.0 in an aquaplanet configuration. The response of the probability density function of the precipitation to a uniform sea surface temperature warming can be interpreted as superimposition of a dynamically induced poleward shift and a thermodynamically induced upward shift toward higher intensities, which give rise to manyfold increase in the frequency of the most extreme categories of the precipitation events at the poleward side of the midlatitude storm track. Coarser resolutions underestimate not only the intensity of the precipitation extremes but also the dynamical contribution to the increase of precipitation extremes. Meanwhile, the thermodynamic contribution to the intensification of the precipitation extremes is substantially less than expected from the Clausius-Clapeyron relation, implicative of significant change in the vertical structure of the precipitation processes.
The heat of formation of C2F4

Abstract The CCSD(T) atomization energies are extrapolated to the complete basis set limit, and are corrected for zero-point energy, spin–orbit, core-valence, and scalar relativistic effects. Our best heats of formation at 298 K for CF 4 and C 2 F 4 are −223.1±1.1 and −160.5±1.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The CF 4 value is in excellent agreement with experiment (−223.04±0.18 kcal/mol), while the C 2 F 4 result suggests that the experimental value (−157.6±0.6 kcal/mol) has a larger error than believed. Our value for C 2 F 4 also shows that the G3 value has the expected error of ±2 kcal/mol.
Phylogeny and Stratigraphy Comparison

Phylogenetic relationships among taxa can be estimated in a number of ways. Given known fossil records, phylogenetic estimates implicitly hypothesise the latest possible origination times of taxa. One can use these inferences as models to evaluate the quality of the fossil record. Originally, it was hoped that these metrics would obviate the need for probabilistic models. However, subsequent research shows that all these metrics are affected by the same factors affecting probabilistic models while also being highly sensitive to the accuracy of the model phylogeny. Alternatively, one can treat these inferences as hypotheses to be tested by stratigraphic distribution data. Given the sensitivity of phylogenetic inference to ideas about character evolution and levels of convergence, this offers a promising avenue for reducing untested assumptions yielding initial phylogenetic estimates. Key Concepts: Particular ideas about phylogenetic relationships have implications about both macroevolutionary models and preservation models. There are several ways to describe gaps implied by inferred phylogenies, but all reflect factors other than simple preservation rate, especially the accuracy of the phylogeny. Using stratigraphic data to test phylogenetic inferences as hypotheses might help assess the assumptions underlying phylogenetic inference. Keywords: palaeontology; phylogeny; stratigraphy
Molecular Sieve Films From Zeolite-Silica Microcomposites

Inorganic thin films with molecular sieving properties have been formed by embedding microcrystals of zeolite Y and chabazite in a glassy silica matrix. The silica matrix was derived from sols prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate hydrolyzed under either acidic or basic conditions in alcoholic solution. Dip-coating, deposition of suspensions, or coating of zeolite dispersions with the glassy silica matrix were used to create the zeolite-silica films. The access of different probe molecules into the zeolitic part of the thin film was examined with in situ FTIR techniques and temperature-programmed-desorption studies. With all combinations of deposition techniques and silica matrices, the resulting films showed the molecular sieving properties of the parent zeolite.
La participación de la población en el inventario de tierras, como base para el ordenamiento del territorio de las comunidades de la Amazonía peruana : experiencias del proyecto CASPI en selva baja

Los problemas ambientales que afectan a la amazonia peruana, debido a las actividades de tipo extractivo mercantil obligan a buscar nuevas estrategias de desarrollo que sea sustentable. Una de estas es la aplicada por CARE-PERU en el proyecto "Comunidades Amazonicas y la Sustenibilidad de su Produccion (CASPI), que comprende a unas 400 familias agrupadas en 12 comunidades entre los rios Amazonas, Tamshiyacu, y Tahuayo. En esta investigacion solo se reportan los resultados del inventario de suelos, vegetacion y uso actual de las tierras, basandose fuertemente en el conocimiento de la poblacion nativa sobre estos asuntos. Estos resultados han sido obtenidos en el marco del proyecto CASPI cuyo objetivo es disenar una nueva metodologia para realizar inventarios de recursos naturales en la Amazonia basandose en la participacion comunal. The environmental problems that affect the Peruvian Amazonia due to extractive commercial activities are of such magnitude that make necessary to look for new sustainable development strategies. One of these is the one applied by CARE-PERU in her project "Comunidades Amazonicas y la Sostenibilidad de su Produccion" (CASPI); which involves sorne 400 families in 12 comunities living between the Amazon, the Tamshiyacu and Tahuayo rivers. In this research I only report the results of a soil, vegetation, and land use inventory made within the CASPI project. These results are heavily based on the Knowledge that the native population has of these issues. The objective was to design a new methodology to make inventories of the natural resources in the Amazon forest, based on communal participation.
A methotrexate-resistant human breast cancer cell line with multiple defects, including diminished formation of methotrexate polyglutamates.

Abstract Methotrexate (MTX)-resistant human breast cancer cells (MTXR ZR-75) were obtained following serial passage of the wild-type ZR-75-1 cells (wild-type ZR-75) in MTX. The resistant cell line contains neither quantitative nor qualitative changes in dihydrofolate reductase compared to the parental line. Resistance is associated with a 3-fold decrease in MTX transport into MTXR ZR-75 cells as well as a 3-fold decrease in the activity of thymidylate synthetase in the resistant subline. Moreover, marked differences were observed between the wild-type and MTXR ZR-75 cells in their ability to convert MTX to its polyglutamate derivatives. Wild-type ZR-75 cells accumulate significant intracellular levels of antifolates during prolonged (24 h) exposure to 2 microM MTX, due to the formation of MTX polyglutamates. In contrast, essentially no polyglutamates are formed in the MTXR cells even during conditions which result in a vast excess of free intracellular drug in these cells. This defect is not associated with any apparent change in the activity of the enzyme folylpolyglutamyl synthetase, nor is there any alteration in the apparent Km of this enzyme for MTX in the resistant cells. Further studies demonstrate that the MTXR ZR-75 cells are cross-resistant to antifolate analogues which can be converted to polyglutamate derivatives (aminopterin and dichloromethotrexate), yet they are relatively sensitive to antifolate analogues such as 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine, triazinate, and trimetrexate, which cannot be converted to polyglutamate forms. These studies identify a new mechanism (diminished accumulation of MTX polyglutamates) associated with resistance to MTX and lend additional support to the hypothesis that the formation of these derivatives is an important determinant of MTX cytotoxicity.
Diagnostic Challenges in Children and Adolescents With Psychotic Disorders

The diagnosis of psychotic disorders in children and adolescents is often complex and challenging. The symptomatic overlap between different psychotic conditions and other emotional, behavioral, and developmental disorders has led to high rates of misdiagnosis, especially at time of onset. The clinical expression and progression of diagnosable disorders are affected by maturational processes. Thus, psychotic illnesses in pediatric patients may vary from adult presentations because of developmental factors. Establishing a specific diagnosis is difficult when the differential diagnosis comprises disorders that share common symptoms and are frequently comorbid. The clinical assessment depends as much on input from parents and teachers as from the patients themselves, and there may be conflict between these different perceptions. This article reviews recent research and current concepts relating to diagnostic challenges in pediatric psychiatry.
Decoupling of divergent gene regulation by sequence-specific DNA binding factors

Divergent gene pairs (DGPs) are abundant in eukaryotic genomes. Since two genes in a DGP potentially share the same regulatory sequence, one might expect that they should be co-regulated. However, an inspection of yeast DGPs containing cell-cycle or stress response genes revealed that most DGPs are differentially-regulated. The mechanism underlying DGP differential regulation is not understood. Here, we showed that co- versus differential regulation cannot be explained by genetic features including promoter length, binding site orientation, TATA elements, nucleosome distribution, or presence of non-coding RNAs. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, we carried out an in-depth study of a differentially regulated DGP, PFK26-MOB1. We found that their differential regulation is mainly achieved through two DNA-binding factors, Tbf1 and Mcm1. Similar to ‘enhancer-blocking insulators’ in higher eukaryotes, these factors shield the proximal promoter from the action of more distant transcription regulators. We confirmed the blockage function of Tbf1 using synthetic promoters. We further presented evidence that the blockage mechanism is widely used among genome-wide DGPs. Besides elucidating the DGP regulatory mechanism, our work revealed a novel class of insulators in yeast.
The Microstructure of Gold Films Written by Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition

Focused ion beam induced deposition of gold microfeatures is accomplished by 40 keV Ga+ bombardment of a substrate on which dimethyl gold hexafluoro acetylacetonate is continuously adsorbed. Under optimum conditions, deposition rates exceeding 11 A/s have been achieved as well as high aspect ratio features, linewidths of approximately 0.1.μm, and resistivities of 500—1500 μΩcm. The microstructure, composition, and yield of the deposits have been examined as a function of various process parameters. Improved film growth and purity are observed in deposits made with lower organometallic pressures or higher current densities.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Matrix Isolated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 3. Fluoranthene and the Benzofluoranthenes

Matrix isolation techniques have been used to measure the 4000−500 cm-1 infrared spectra of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fluoranthene, benzo[a]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[ghi]fluoranthene. For the PAHs where previous matrix isolation and gas-phase laboratory studies are available, agreements between the data sets are generally very good. While the fluoranthenes as a class produce infrared spectra that share many of the same characteristics of the spectra of PAHs containing only benzenoid moieties, for comparably sized molecules, the fluoranthenes tend to produce more absorption bands overall and considerably more and stronger bands in the 1550−1350 cm-1 range. These differences are largely due to the presence of the five-membered cyclopentadienyl ring characteristic of the family.
A RESPONSE TO DASGUPTA

The present note will be concerned only with Sir Partha Dasgupta's recent article in this journal (Dasgupta 2005). What is more, it will concentrate on those parts of the article which contain a serious misreading of Hilary Putnam's position on the entanglement of facts, theories and values. These philosophical matters can perhaps be clarified for economist readers (they should require no clarification for philosophers) by considering, to begin with, Dasgupta's interpretation of the Bergson–Samuelson position. What (Bergson) Burk (1938) and Samuelson (1947) were doing, according to Dasgupta, was to establish ‘the ethical foundations of the subject. . .over five decades ago’ (Dasgupta 2005: 221–2).2 Thus a major theme of the article is heard at once: economics is supposedly based on sound ethical foundations, and these can be traced (it is supposed) to specific work written long ago, and hence needing no augmentation. These ethical foundations, it is claimed, ‘are now regarded to be a settled matter’ (2005: 222).
Testing the Equality of Dependent Variances

The likelihood ratio test for testing equality of vgE;2 correlated variables is developed. In general, evaluation of the test statistic involves the iterative optimization of a likelihood function with 1 + v(v – 1)/2 parameters. The explicit form of the test statistic is derived in the bivariate case, and an iterative algorithm for determining the maximum likelihood estimates is suggested. A limited Monte Carlo study determines the behavior of the proposed procedure under the null hypothesis and variety of parameter values.
Specificity of a neuronotrophic factor from rabbit corneal epithelial cultures

Previous studies have demonstrated that of the three major cell types of rabbit cornea, only epithelial cells released a neuronotrophic factor that is active in both promoting survival and inducing neurite outgrowth of dissociated trigeminal neurons. In this study, the specificity of neuronotrophic factor production by selected epithelial cell types and the responsiveness of neurons from several different tissues to this trophic factor were determined. Cell cultures of various epithelia and dissociated neurons from several ganglia of neonatal and adult rabbits were utilized. In comparison with adult corneal epithelium, adult bulbar conjunctiva released a similar amount of trophic factor. Neonatal corneal epithelium released five times more, but adult retinal pigment epithelium and neonatal skin epithelium yielded less than a third and one-sixth respectively, and three cell lines (adult skin, kidney and neonatal lens epithelia) released only negligible amounts. Compared with its effect on neonatal trigeminal neurons, the trophic factor from adult corneal epithelium was similarly active on neonatal dorsal root neurons, but only half as effective on adult trigeminal neurons and less than one-tenth as effective on neonatal superior cervical neurons. The effect of nerve growth factor (from mouse submaxillary gland) on these neurons was tested for comparison. The results indicated that of the tissues studied, neuronotrophic factor was released in abundance only from corneal and conjunctival epithelia, and was active predominantly on trigeminal and dorsal root neurons (sensory neurons). This is consistent with the concept that the developmentally regulated release of trophic factor by target cells may be an underlying mechanism for neurogenesis and nerve regeneration.
Development and Biological Associations of Cerebral Dominance: Review and Possible Mechanisms

The study of cerebral dominance began as an esoteric field of inquiry to a few workers interested in behavior and has increasingly involved the thinking of investigators in many branches of science, including psychiatry, psychology, neurology and the neurosciences, education, and sociology. Recent advances have shown that cerebral dominance is deeply embedded in a biological process that affects not only behavior, but the constitution of the body as a whole. Furthermore, cerebral dominance is not uniquely human and pertains to the biology of non-human species, including other mammals, through amphibians and fishes. The purposes of this article are to review the anatomic basis and biological associations of cerebral dominance and to consider several working hypotheses related to the development of cerebral asymmetry and its manifestations.
Lunar Microwave Brightness Temperature Observations Reevaluated in the Light of Apollo Program Findings

Abstract Remote observations of the lunar radiowave emission are reexamined in the light of physical property data accumulated through the Apollo program. It is found that thermal and electrical properties determined for a number of different landing sites yield theoretical results in good agreement with remote observations for millimeter and short centimeter wavelengths. Theoretical models incorporating reflecting layers of rock and physical property data from the Apollo program are compared to the longer wavelength (5–500 cm) observational data to estimate a disk average steady state heat flow and a mean depth of the lunar regolith. It is found that a high heat flow, comparable to the heat flows measured at the Apollo 15 and 17 sites, is required to fit the available 5–20 cm wavelength remote data, and that a lunar surface layer relatively free of large boulders within the upper 10–30 m best fits the observations of a decreasing brightness temperature with wavelength for wavelengths greater than ∼ 50 cm.
An Integrated Approach to Combine Computer-Based Training (CBT) and Immersive Training (ImT) for Mechanical Assembly

There is currently a vital need to improve effectiveness and efficiency of training technologies used in industry — especially in the areas of assembly, disassembly, maintenance, installation, and troubleshooting. Current training techniques vary from paper-based (books, manuals) to computer-based (presentations, web pages, on-line help, etc.) to immersive (VR-based) systems. This paper presents an integrated approach to combine Computer-Based Training (CBT) and Immersive Training (ImT). We coin this approach iTrain, integrated Training. iTrain consists of CBT, ImT, and a learning management tool. The goal is to enable transformational change of training through the creation of a new generation training ensemble. In this paper, the methodology, approaches, and algorithms for such integrated training systems are presented. A CBT application that allows interactive training using traditional computer tools (keyboard and mouse) and an ImT application have been integrated using this methodology. These applications are integrated with the Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) so that the training can be managed, tracked, and evaluated in an effective and efficient. A unified approach has been designed to manage common data such as model name, and model ID. A database has been designed and implemented for access from CBT, ImT, and LMS. This prototype integrated training system is presented and discussed in this paper.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Drawing the eczema aesthetic: the psychological effects of chronic skin disease as depicted in the works of John Updike, Elizabeth Bishop, and Zelda Fitzgerald.

How might the psycho-social effects of chronic skin disease, its treatments (and discontents) be figuratively expressed in writing and painting? Does the art reveal common denominators in experience and representation? If so, how do we understand the cryptic language of these expressions? By examining the works of artists with chronic skin diseases—John Updike, Elizabeth Bishop, and Zelda Fitzgerald—some common features can be noted. Chronically broken skin can fracture the ego or self-perception, resulting in a disturbed body image, which leads to personality disorders and co-morbid affective disorders such as anxiety and depression. The vertiginous feeling that results can be noted in the paradoxical characters, figures, and psyches portrayed in the works of these artists. This essay will examine the more specific ways in which artists disclose and/or conceal their experiences and the particular ways in which these manifest in their works. While certain nuances exist, the common denominators give us a starting point for developing an eczema aesthetic, a code for interpreting the ways in which artists’ experiences with skin disease manifest in their works.
Middle molecule clearance does not influence protein intake in hemodialysis patients.

Abstract Nutritional status in hemodialysis patients is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality. To isolate the impact of dialyzer flux on nutrition in hemodialysis patients, we compared the nutritional effect of high-flux dialysis with that low-flux dialysis, using a biocompatible membrane for both. Sixty-five patients were monitored for 8 months after changing to high-flux dialysis with a F80 polysulfone dialyzer following a 6-month baseline period of low-flux dialysis with a F8 polysulfone dialyzer. The Kt/V and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) were the same on both the F8 and F80 dialyzers. The regression of nPCR versus Kt/V was also nearly identical. Despite the unchanged protein intake, the serum albumin (3.86 to 4.04 g/dL; P
Specific fluorescence determination of lithium ion based on 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole

A fluorimetric method for the determination of lithium ion is described in this paper, based on the coordination reaction between 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HPBO) and lithium ion under basic conditions in acetonitrile. The fluorescence intensity is drastically enhanced compared with that of free HPBO upon the addition of lithium ion in the range of 1.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−4 M, but not for other alkali-metal and alkaline earth metal cations such as Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+
Intrinsic ligand binding properties of the human and bovine α,-interferon receptors

The Type I interferon receptor (IFN-αR) interacts with all IFN-αs, IFN-β and IFN-ω, and seems to be a multisubunit receptor. To investigate the role of a cloned receptor subunit (IFN-αR1), we have examined the intrinsic ligand binding properties of the bovine and human IFN-αR1 polypeptides expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Albeit with different efficiencies, Xenopus oocytes expressing either the human or bovine IFN-αR1 polypeptide exhibit significant binding and formation of crosslinked complexes with human IFN-αA and IFN-αB. Thus, the IFN-αR1 polypeptide most likely plays a direct role in ligand binding.
Gene expression monitoring in soils by mRNA analysis and gene lux fusions

Two methods recently developed to monitor the gene expression of microbial communities in soil are the extraction and detection of messenger RNA from soil microorganisms and the construction and use of lux-based bioreporter strains. The goal of these approaches is to assess microbial activity in natural and impacted soil environments.
Ultrathin films of body-centered-cubic Co on TiAl(010)

Slow deposition in ultrahigh vacuum of cobalt onto a clean (010) surface of the ordered alloy TiAl (the bulk structure is tetragonal of the CuAu I type) produces ultrathin films of Co that contain large numbers of steps and defects, but also large regions that are both epitaxial and pseudomorphic. In these regions, the unit mesh of the Co films in the plane of the film is a rhombus with sides equal to 2.855 \AA{} and an angle between the sides of 89.068\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. A quantitative low-energy electron-diffraction intensity analysis shows that the bulk interlayer spacing is 1.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 \AA{} and that the first interlayer spacing is contracted by 8.6%. Strain analysis finds that the equilibrium (i.e., the unstrained) phase of the films is the metastable body-centered-cubic (bcc) modification of Co (lattice parameter 2.83 \AA{}). Thus, the square unit mesh of bcc Co under a tensile strain of 0.9% becomes a rhombus with a consequent contraction of the bulk interlayer spacing by about 0.86%. The close match of the unit meshes in side and angle stabilizes the metastable bcc Co structure for about 15--20 layers. This case is a rarely encountered example of pseudomorphic epitaxy in which the unit mesh of the equilibrium phase of the film differs from the unit mesh of the substrate either by the ratio of the lengths of the sides or by the magnitude of the angle between the sides or both.
Carbon monoxide-mediated brain lipid peroxidation in the rat

Clinical and animal data suggest that the pathogenesis of CO poisoning extends beyond the inhibition of hemoglobin function, but no mechanism has been identified. Evidence of neurological compromis...
Statistical Analysis and Deblurring of Class Averages in Single-Particle Electron Microscopy

In single-particle electron microscopy, the electron dose is limited to avoid damaging the specimen. This results in images with low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Class averaging techniques are used to enhance the low-SNR electron micrograph images. A class is defined as a collection of projection images taken along nominally identical projection directions. The images in each class are aligned and averaged in order to cancel or reduce the background noise. The class-averaged images with high-SNR can be used for more accurate three-dimensional reconstruction in single-particle electron microscopy. However, errors in the alignment process are inevitable due to noise in electron micrographs. This error results in blurry averaged images. Using the mean and variance of the background noise that is assumed to be Gaussian, we derive equations for the mean and variance of translational and rotational misalignments in the class averaging process. Furthermore, the blurring function representing the distribution of the misalignments is estimated using a Gaussian with the computed mean and variance of the misalignments. The blurring process in class averaging is formulated as convolution of an underlying clear image with the blurring function. We propose a deconvolution method to estimate the underlying image using the Fourier analysis in the appropriate domain. This deconvolution method is applied to artificial and experimental electron micrographs. The deburred class averages are assessed quantitatively and qualitatively.This work was supported by NIH Grant R01GM075310 “Group-Theoretic Methods in Protein Structure Determination.”