cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of an ultralow profile cloak for scattering suppression of a finite-length rod in free space

We present the first experimental realization and verification of a three-dimensional stand-alone mantle cloak designed to suppress the total scattering of a finite-length dielectric rod of moderate cross-section. Mantle cloaking has been proposed to realize ultralow-profile conformal covers that may achieve substantial camouflage, transparency and high-performance non-invasive near-field sensing. Here, we realize and verify a mantle cloak for radio-waves. We report an extensive campaign of far- and near-field free-space measurements demonstrating that conformal cloaks can indeed produce strong scattering suppression in all directions and over a relatively broad bandwidth of operation.
Hematopoietic cells express two forms of lyn kinase differing by 21 amino acids in the amino terminus.

Abstract cDNAs for the murine lyn protein tyrosine kinase gene were cloned from mouse bone marrow-derived monocytic cells. Comparison of the human and murine genes demonstrated a 94% homology in peptide sequence. Comparable to the human gene, murine lyn was found to be expressed in myeloid and B-lymphoid lineage cells. During the cloning, two types of cDNAs were obtained that differed by the presence (lynA) or absence (lynB) of 63 bp within the amino-terminal coding region of the gene. The genomic structure of the murine lyn gene demonstrates that the two types of lyn transcripts are derived from alternative splicing utilizing an internal splice donor site. Transcripts for both forms were found to be expressed in myeloid cells. lyn-specific antisera detected comparable levels of proteins of 56 and 53 kDa in hematopoietic cells. these 56- and 53-kDa proteins comigrated with proteins produced by in vitro translation or in vivo expression of the lynA and lynB cDNAs, respectively. The two forms had comparable in vitro kinase activities in immunoprecipitates and showed similar peptide patterns, with partial V8 digestion of the in vitro-phosphorylated proteins. The potential significance of the two lyn proteins is discussed.
Anti-scl-70.

Objective: To develop an overview focusing on the utility of anti-Scl-70 autoantibody determinations in the rheumatic diseases. Methods: Articles from electronic literature searches were retrieved, critiqued and data were extracted and pooled on anti-Scl-70 (topoisomerase I) in relation to history, optimal tests used for its detection, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, indications, interpretation and pitfalls. Results: Anti-Scl 70 antibodies are very useful in distinguishing systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients from healthy controls, from patients with other connective tissue diseases, and from unaffected family members. Among patients with SSc, anti-Scl-70 positivity is useful in predicting those at higher risk for diffuse cutaneous involvement and interstitial fibrosis/restrictive lung disease, though the latter has not been universally observed. Of the four different techniques notably immunodiffusion, immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent ass...
Community Environmental Policing: Assessing New Strategies of Public Participation in Environmental Regulation

This paper evaluates a new form of public participation in environmental monitoring and regulation advanced through local “bucket brigades,” which allow community members to sample air emissions near industrial facilities. These brigades represent a new form of community environmental policing, in which residents participate in collecting, analyzing, and deploying environmental information, and more importantly, in an array of public policy dialogues. Use of this sampling technology has had marked effects on local residents’ perceptions and participation in emergency response and citizens’ right-to-know. However, when viewed through the lens of the more developed literature on community policing, the bucket brigades are currently limited in their ability to encourage “co-production” of environmental protection between citizens and the state. Means are examined to strengthen the bucket brigades and to more broadly support community participation in environmental regulation. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Building New Models for Peroxisome Biogenesis

Though many people have never heard of peroxisomes, we cannot survive without them. Peroxisomes are single membrane-bound organelles that participate in a wide variety of essential metabolic pathways in nearly all eukaryotes. These multipurpose organelles contain enzymes for many physiological
The life of diatoms in the world's oceans

Marine diatoms rose to prominence about 100 million years ago and today generate most of the organic matter that serves as food for life in the sea. They exist in a dilute world where compounds essential for growth are recycled and shared, and they greatly influence global climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and marine ecosystem function. How these essential organisms will respond to the rapidly changing conditions in today's oceans is critical for the health of the environment and is being uncovered by studies of their genomes.
The Two Mannose 6-Phosphate Binding Sites of the Insulin-like Growth Factor-II/Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor Display Different Ligand Binding Properties

Abstract The two mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) binding sites of the insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor (IGF-II/MPR) have been localized to domains 1–3 and 7–9, and studies have shown that Arg435 in domain 3 and Arg1334 in domain 9 are essential for Man-6-P binding. To determine whether the IGF-II/MPR containing a single Man-6-P binding site is functional, clonal mouse L cell lines stably transfected with either mutant bovine IGF-II/MPR cDNA, containing substitutions at position 435 and/or 1334, or the wild type receptor cDNA were assayed for their ability to sort lysosomal enzymes to the lysosome. Mutant receptors containing a single Man-6-P binding site were ∼50% less efficient than the wild type receptor in the overall targeting of lysosomal enzymes to the lysosome. Mutant receptors containing a substitution at Arg1334 (Dom9Ala), in contrast to those containing a substitution at Arg435(Dom3Ala), were unable to target cathepsin D and β-hexosaminidase to the lysosome. Equilibrium binding assays using125I-labeled β-glucuronidase demonstrated that Dom3Ala and Dom9Ala had aK d of 2.0 and 4.3 nm, respectively. In addition, Dom3Ala, unlike Dom9Ala, was unable to completely dissociate from ligand under acidic pH conditions. These data indicate that the two Man-6-P binding sites of the IGF-II/MPR are not functionally equivalent.
Airborne remote sensing instrumentation for NEON: Status and development

Airborne remote sensing plays a crucial role in the scaling strategy underpinning the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) design.12 Airborne spectroscopy will quantify plant species type and function, and waveform LiDAR will quantify vegetation structure and heterogeneity at the scale of individual shrubs and larger plants over hundreds of square kilometers. Digital imagery at better than 30 cm resolution will retrieve fine-scale information regarding land use, impervious surfaces, and built structures. NEON will operate three airborne systems to allow for routine coverage of NEON sites (60 sites nationally) and provide the capacity to respond to investigator requests for specific projects. The NEON system design achieves a balance between performance and development cost and risk, taking full advantage of existing commercial airborne LiDAR and camera components. Requirements for the imaging spectrometer require significant technology advancement. A pushbroom imaging spectrometer is under development to simultaneously achieve high spatial and spectral uniformity in response as well as high signal-to-noise ratio across a broad spectral range and over a wide field of view. To reduce risk during NEON construction, a spectrometer design verification unit is under development by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to demonstrate that the design meets performance and operational requirements. Additional activities including algorithm development, computing hardware prototyping and early airborne test flights with similar technologies to reduce science data product development risk. Here we present an overview of system design, key requirements and development status of the NEON airborne instrumentation.
Alternate pathways of secretion of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins.

Abstract A biotinylation assay was used to detect the envelope glycoprotein of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope glycoprotein expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus on the surface of HeLa T4 cells. The relationship between the detection of the envelope glycoprotein on the cell surface and its secretion from the cell was examined. It was found that much more gp120 was released into the culture medium than could be accounted for by shedding of the biotinylated SIV envelope protein from the cell surface. Treatment with the ionophore monensin showed that this drug did not block the secretion of gp120 into the culture medium even though the expression of gp120 on the cell surface was strongly downregulated. Similar results were observed for the secretion of gp120 in HUT78 cells infected with SIVmac251 virus. Brefeldin A, on the other hand, inhibited both the detection of gp120 on the cell surface and its secretion into the culture medium. On the basis of these results, we propose that gp120 can be secreted into the culture medium via at least two pathways. One pathway involves the dissociation of gp120 from membrane-associated gp41-gp120 complexes on the cell surface. However, the major pathway involves the secretion of gp120 without its transitory appearance on the cell surface as part of a gp41-gp120 complex.
Photochemistry of molecules adsorbed on silver-island films: effects of the spatially inhomogeneous environment

Abstract We have examined how the photochemical reaction rate of molecules absorbed at rough silver surfaces is affected by the same strong electrodynamic interactions which lead to surface-enhanced Raman scattering. We probe the effects of the spatial variation of the electrodynamic interactions across the island film.
Molecular landscape of prostate cancer: Implications for current clinical trials

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a lethal disease, and improvement with androgen-deprivation therapy has plateaued. Next-generation sequencing studies have led to significant advances in our understanding of genomic alterations in prostate cancer. The most common genomic aberrations in this malignancy are the transcription factor fusion of TMPRSS2-ETS, and mutations in TP53, AR, RB1 and PTEN/PIK3CA. Some of these alterations are actionable by drugs available in the clinic. In addition, it was recently shown that aberrations in DNA repair genes, such as BRCA2 and ATM, are present in both somatic and germline form in a significant minority of prostate cancer; these abnormalities can be targeted by drugs such as platinums and PARP inhibitors. In the era of tumour profiling, targeting molecular alterations may provide an opportunity for new therapeutic approaches. Although there are promising new agents to attack a variety of genomic signal abnormalities, biomarker-matched therapy (other than for androgens) have been utilised in only 2.0% of clinical trials (September 2011 through September 2014; https://clinicaltrials.gov) for prostate cancer. Enhanced efforts to define subsets of patients with prostate cancer based on their molecular anomalies, and match them with cognate therapies, warrant investigation.
A new approach to the physical optics of polarized light beams in gravitational fields

The generally covariant «Dirac-spinor form» of Maxwell's equations is considered in the presence of external gravitational fields. In the presence of the weak gravitational fields, arising from neutral matter currents, we exhibit solutions which contain a gravitational effect which rotates the plane of polarization and changes the phase of plane and circularly polarized light beams, respectively. This new, calculational approach to the gravitational «Faraday-rotation effect» offers new insight into the physical processes involved in the interaction of light beams with gravitational fields.
Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)

Substantial capital investments are required for manufacturing almost all goods of economic significance. The productivity of these investments enable companies and nations to compete. The maintenance of capital investments involves significant recurring expenses. For example, in 1991, DuPont s expenditure on company-wide maintenance was roughly equal to its net income. Maintenance expenses vary depending on the type of industry; however, they are typically 15–40% of production costs. Companies attempt to control maintenance costs by keeping them at a specified budget level, a level often based on the previous year’s expenses.
From Rome to Gorongosa: The Peace Agreement between Frelimo and Renamo

Following independence in 1975, Mozambique became involved in armed conflict when the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) challenged the nations ruling party, the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO). RENAMO demanded participatory democracy and accused FRELIMO of reintroducing the totalitarian system Mozambicans had successfully fought against and officially rejected with the advent of independence, June 25, 1975. FRELIMO accused RENAMO of being an agent of South Africas apartheid regime, and thus an instrument of South African aggression. FRELIMO correspondingly rejected any notion of civil war in Mozambique, claiming that it was a victim of such external aggression. The war became extremely vicious. International journalists and various world reporters described atrocities that included the butchering of pregnant women, the killing of elderly people, the strangulation of toddlers, the throwing of babies into wells, etc. In addition to the human calamities, the war virtually destroyed every means of physical infrastructure in the country -- roads, hospitals, health clinics and schools were frequent targets. The destruction was such that Mozambican citizens desperately advocated for the end of the war. The countrys religious groups, particularly the Catholic Church led by D. Jaime Pedro Goncalves, urged the belligerents to reconcile and to bring the war to an end. Goncalves, with the help of the international community and particularly the Catholic lay group in Rome, the Sant Egidio, succeeded in bringing FRELIMO and RENAMO to a negotiating table in Rome. After months of talks, FRELIMO and RENAMO signed a peace agreement on October 4, 1992.During the ensuing two decades of peace, RENAMO had abandoned its old bush headquarters in Gorongosa. Recently, however, RENAMO rebel leader Afonso Dhlakama has returned to Gorongosa and is threatening to resume the war if a new peace agreement is not reached. FRELIMO sent a delegation to Gorongosa; however, Dhlakama claimed that the delegation failed to bargain in good faith. According to Dhlakama, FRELIMO failed to reintroduce participatory democracy certified by the Rome agreement.From the above descriptions, it becomes clear that the Rome negotiations focused primarily on ending the war rather than addressing the root cause of the conflict.
LN-Annote: An Alternative Approach to Information Extraction from Emails using Locally-Customized Named-Entity Recognition

Personal mobile devices offer a growing variety of personalized services that enrich considerably the user experience. This is made possible by increased access to personal information, which to a large extent is extracted from user email messages and archives. There are, however, two main issues. First, currently these services can be offered only by large web-service companies that can also deploy email services. Second, keeping a large amount of structured personal information on the cloud raises privacy concerns. To address these problems, we propose LN-Annote, a new method to extract personal information from the email that is locally available on mobile devices (without remote access to the cloud). LN-Annote enables third-party service providers to build a question-answering system on top of the local personal information without having to own the user data. In addition, LN-Annote mitigates the privacy concerns by keeping the structured personal information directly on the personal device. Our method is based on a named-entity recognizer trained in two separate steps: first using a common dataset on the cloud and then using a personal dataset in the mobile device at hand. Our contributions include also the optimization of the implementation of LN-Annote: in particular, we implemented an OpenCL version of the custom-training algorithm to leverage the Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) available on the mobile device. We present an extensive set of experiment results: beside proving the feasibility of our approach, they demonstrate its efficiency in terms of the named-entity extraction performance as well as the execution speed and the energy consumption spent in mobile devices.
Classical conditioning reduces amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent afterhyperpolarization in rabbit hippocampal pyramidal cells

1. The afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that follows action potentials was studied in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells from classically conditioned and control rabbits. Measurements of the AHP were obtained with intracellular recordings from CA1 cells within hippocampal slices. 2. The AHP of rabbit CA1 pyramidal cells was found to be accompanied by a conductance increase. The AHP was reduced by bath applications of the calcium channel blockers, cadmium and cobalt, by bath application of the cholinergic agonist, carbamylcholine chloride, and intracellular injection of the calcium chelator, ethylene glycol-bis(B-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). 3. The AHP was markedly reduced in cells from rabbits that were well-trained with the nictitating membrane conditioning procedure, as compared with cells from pseudoconditioned or naive control animals. The difference in AHP amplitudes between conditioned and control groups increased as the number of spikes elicited by the stimulation pulse increased from one to four. Both the duration (measured as the time constant of AHP decay) and amplitude of the AHP were reduced in cells from conditioned animals. 4. The reduced AHP in cells from conditioned animals remained reduced in a medium that contained 0.5 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX) and 5.0 mM tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA); the AHP following calcium spikes was measured under these conditions. Since this medium eliminated synaptic transmission elicited by Schaeffer collateral stimulation, the AHP reduction in pyramidal cells from conditioned animals was not due to a modification in synaptic properties. There were no significant differences in the mean voltage thresholds, amplitudes, or durations of calcium spikes between cells from animals in the three groups. Thus the AHP reduction appears to be due to a modification of a Ca2+ -dependent K+ conductance and was not due to a secondary effect of reductions in calcium conductances underlying the spike. 5. In medium containing TTX and TEA, the amount of injected current required to elicit a calcium spike (current threshold) was significantly greater in cells from conditioned animals than in cells from control animals. This increase in current threshold persisted in 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-containing medium and so cannot be attributed entirely to conditioning-specific increases in the A-current. 6. The conditioning-specific AHP reduction resulted in increased excitability in cells from conditioned animals versus pseudoconditioned control animals. Cells from conditioned animals fired more spikes to trains of 100-ms depolarizing current pulses than did cells from controls.
What's Trust Got to Do With It? Trust and the Importance of the Research–Care Distinction

In a learning health care system, knowledge is an intended by-product of the patient–physician encounter. The integration of research and care within such systems holds the potential to advance soc...
Phagocytic activation of human neutrophils by the detergent component of fluosol.

Abstract Fluosol (Alpha Therapeutic Corporation, Los Angeles, CA) an emulsion of perfluorocarbons with a high oxygen-carrying capacity, was approved as an adjunct to alleviate myocardial ischemia during coronary angioplasty. This drug also significantly enhances myocardial salvage presumably related to an action on the neutrophil. The mechanism by which fluosol and its individual components, including the detergent Pluronic F-68, affected neutrophil function was examined. During the incubation of neutrophils with fluosol, a rapid stimulation of superoxide anion production and degranulation which progressively increased over a 30-minute period was detected. Neutrophils incubated with only Pluronic F-68 produced similar amounts of superoxide anion. Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of phagocytosis, significantly inhibited this superoxide anion generation. As shown previously, neutrophils incubated with fluosol for 30 minutes and then subsequently stimulated manifested a reduction in lysozyme release as compared with untreated cells. Results of an electron microscopic examination confirmed the cellular uptake of the fluosol within phagocytic vacuoles. Neutrophil viability determined by trypan blue was unaffected after fluosol treatment. These observations show that the fluosol emulsion, primarily through micelles formed by the detergent Pluronic F-68, activates human neutrophils by serving as a phagocytic stimulus, which produces a cell refractory to subsequent stimulation.
RESONANT MAGNETIZATION TUNNELING IN THE TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL MNIVMNIII3 COMPLEX MN4O3CL(O2CCH3)3(DBM)3

The trigonal pyramidal complex [Mn4O3Cl(O2CCH3)3(dbm)3], where dbm- is the monoanion of dibenzoylmethane, functions as a single-molecule magnet. High-field EPR data are presented for an oriented microcrystalline sample to characterize the electronic structure of the MnIVMnIII3 complex. These data show that the complex has a S = 9/2 ground state, experiencing axial zero-field splitting (DŜz2) with D = −0.53 cm-1 and a quartic zero-field splitting (B40O40)with B40 = −7.3 × 10-5 cm-1. Magnetization versus external magnetic field data were collected for an oriented single crystal in the 0.426−2.21 K range. At temperatures below 0.90 K hysteresis is seen. Steps are seen on each hysteresis loop. This is clear evidence that each MnIVMnIII3 complex functions as a single-molecule magnet that is magnetizable. Furthermore, the steps on the hysteresis loops are due to resonant magnetization quantum mechanical tunneling. In response to an external field each molecule reverses its direction of magnetization not only by...
Bridging the Gaps: Augmenting Design Learning Through Computer-Aided Exploration

In helping students learn engineering design, it is very important that they explore complex scenarios that are realistic, and fall outside the domain of standard and over-simplified textbook problems that typically have an answer. A majority of the current educational methods and computer-based tools do not bridge this gap and lack affordances for design exploration. Although computational methods such as Finite Element Analysis have this potential, they are hard to use requiring the users to spend a significant effort. Also, several instructors have identified significant knowledge gaps in concepts related to structural design and strength of materials when the students reach their senior year. To this end, we have developed a problem-based framework to allow for rapid design exploration within engineering design curricula using an easy-to-use, simplified and constrained version of finite elements for stress analysis and exploration. Our framework makes it possible for users to rapidly explore various design options by incorporating a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) backend for design exploration. Our approach uses a constrained design problem for weight minimization that incorporates elements of structural topology optimization but does not automate it. Instead we provide the user the control on decision making for changing the shape through material removal. Using this framework, we explore the decision making of users, and their methodology in the course of the activities that provide a context of control, challenge and reflection. Using video and verbal protocol analysis we integrate assessment in ways that are important and interesting for learning. Our framework demonstrates that the ability of computational tools that are transformed for learning purposes can scaffold and augment learning processes in new ways.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Combined assay of surface immunoglobulin intensity and mouse rosettes. A practical parameter in the differential diagnosis of small lymphocytic and follicular center cell lymphomas.

Cell suspensions from the lymph nodes of small lymphocytic lymphoma (n=94) and nodular and diffuse follicular center cell lymphomas (n=330) were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic significance of the surface immunoglobulin (Sig) intensity and mouse rosette assay (MR). In small lymphocytic lymphoma, SIg was monoclonal in 65 cases (69.15%), with weak fluorescence in 59 (90.77%). It was not detected in 29 cases (30.85%). The MR findings were positive in 68 cases (72.34%) and negative in 26 (27.66%)
Commentary on Tripp's “Comparative perspectives on concepts of gender, ethnicity, and race”

Aili Tripp’s research utilizes a comparative historical framework to analyze why strategies promoting women’s rights, political power, and peace have worked in some contexts but not in others. Much depends on whether a given culture views gender relations in terms of “equality” or “difference.” Those societies which value equality within gender relations tend to emphasize diversity and the importance of identity, particularly in terms of racial and ethnic difference among women, while those which focus upon difference—the idea that women are inherently different from men—emphasize similarities among women as a group. Although this typology is valuable, it does not work well in all historical contexts. In this essay, I focus on Africa and some of the limitations of using “difference” to understand African women’s empowerment.
Doing Good and Ridding Evil in Ming China: The Political Career of Wang Yangming

This is a most welcome addition to the bookshelf of Chinese history.1 With the possible exception of Yu Qian (1398–1457), who all but singlehandedly rescued the Ming regime from the Tumu crisis of ...
Dynamic Simulations of Primary Frequency Regulation for Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power Generation Units

Along with rapid development of nuclear power in China, installed capacity of nuclear power units is increased unceasingly. Due to various reasons at present the nuclear power units in China are operated in basic-load running mode and do not participate in power grid frequency regulation, and it greatly affects the control of grid frequency. In allusion to this phenomenon, taking the Daya Bay nuclear power plant as research object, the feasibility of nuclear power units participating primary frequency regulation(PFR) of power grid is researched. A nonlinear time-varying dynamic model of overall nuclear power plant composed of pressurized water reactor(PWR) nuclear power units is established, and using FORTRAN language a dynamic calculation software is programmed. Then the dynamic calculation program is compiled as dynamic link library(DLL) files and embedded into Matlab/Simulink simulation platform in the form of S-function, and then in Matlab/Simulink environment a PFR simulation platform of PWR nuclear power units is built, and dynamic simulation of PFR is performed. Simulation results show that under current design of PWR nuclear power units it is feasible for PWR nuclear power units to participate PFR in the viewpoint of economy and security.
Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, and What It Should Be.

What Artificial Intelligence (AI) is at the current time is not what it should be. The mainstream works in the field are on domain-specific problems and solutions. Instead, AI should focus on general-purpose systems that are adaptive to its environment, and can work with insufficient knowledge and resources. AI in this sense is unified with Cognitive Science at a general level, with the latter focuses on the theoretical aspect of the intelligence-cognition-thinking process in various types of systems (human, machine, etc.).
Social Advertising: How Advertising that Explicitly Promotes Social Influence Can Backfire

In social advertising, ads are targeted based on underlying social networks and highlight when a friend has 'liked' a product or organization. This paper explores the effectiveness of social advertising using data from field tests of different ads on Facebook by a nonprofit. We find evidence that social advertising is somewhat effective, but that social advertising is less effective if the advertiser explicitly states they are trying to promote social influence in the text of their ad. Indeed, automated endorsements appear to backfire in general unless the advertiser refrains completely from promoting social influence in their ad content. We exploit variation in the appearance of endorsements due to differences in privacy settings, and find that the effectiveness of social advertising is due to the ability of targeting based on social networks to uncover similarly responsive consumers, especially for consumers in non-traditional target markets. Our results suggests that advertisers must avoid being overt in their attempts to use automated social endorsements in their advertising.
Autohemagglutinins and hemolysins with hemoglobinuria and acute hemolytic anemia, in an illness resembling infectious mononucleosis.

A case is reported of a young man with acute hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria who presented: an initial blood picture consistent with infectious mononucleosis, associated with a heterophile agglutination test positive in high dilution; auto-hemagglutinins, active in the cold, at room temperature and at 37 Centigrade; a hemolysin active at 37 C. after chilling, requiring the presence of a thermolabile component of serum for hemolysis; a positive Donath-Landsteiner test but no evidence of syphilis. In addition there was clubbing of the digits with certain other roentgenologic changes in the bones; absence of any other etiologic factors known to be concerned with such anemia; uneventful improvement under massive transfusion therapy, with apparent recovery from his hematologic disorder when studied two years later. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Our thanks are due to Dr. Maxwell Finland and Dr. Philip F. Wagley for suggestions in preparing this report. We are especially indebted to Dr. T. Hale Ham for his patient and critical advice and encouragement.
Ontogeny and phylogeny in primitive calceocrinid crinoids

The evolution of primitive calceocrinids with four arm-bearing rays, here termed cremacrinids, has been examined for 13 species of Cremacrinus, Paracremacrinus, and Anulocrinus using numerical cladistics. The lineage was reconstructed from a Wagner tree of a Manhattan distance matrix. The characters were polarized by outgroup comparison. The Calceocrinidae originated from the Homocrinidae by development of the hinge, recumbent stem, loss of the BC interray basal and the C ray arm, and reorganization of the dorsal cup plates. The main evolutionary trends within cremacrinids consist of differentiation of the B and E ray arms from those of the lateral rays, increase or decrease in the number of branches and size of all arms, reduction of the B ray arm relative to those of the A and D rays, acquistion of additional main axils in the lateral rays, fusion of the infer- and superradials in the B and C rays, development of elongate brachials, and changes in adult body size.Relatively complete growth sequences are known for six species of cremacrinids and these are analyzed with allometric equations for the dorsal cup, hinge, and arms. The relationships between ontogeny and phylogeny for the links in the evolutionary sequence and the number of examples of each are listed in order of decreasing frequency and importance: 1) unclassified divergences (for example, changes in the number of branches in the E ray and the formation of elongate brachials), 12 examples; 2) 10 cases of paedomorphosis; 3) no significant differences between ancestors and descendants, seven instances; 4) five links where the dorsal cup plates are rearranged; and 5) a single change by recapitulation. Some phyletic links are characterized by several patterns whereas others only exhibit one or two kinds of transitions.
Abstract 1097: The miR-17-92 microRNA cluster plays a crucial role in osteosarcoma progression

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy that affects adolescents. Around 30% of patients with localized osteosarcoma and 70% of patients with metastasis will experience treatment failure within 5 years of diagnosis. The complex biology of osteosarcoma and astounding genetic heterogeneity has made it challenging to identify effective new gene targets and therapeutic agents. Our studies found an overall overexpression of a microRNA cluster, miR-17-92 microRNAs in human primary osteosarcoma compared to normal bone. We learned that upregulation of this miR-17-92 cluster simultaneously silences a suite of key tumor suppressors. Using data from a novel spontaneous osteosarcoma mouse model and genetic screen, we discovered miR-17-92 targets, such as PTEN, PTRPD and SRGAP2, which are potential tumor suppressor genes. Specifically blocking miR-17-92 function in osteosarcoma cells reduced their migration and ability to grow larger tumors in immunodeficient mice compared to the controls. Also, knockdown of miR-17-92 cluster microRNAs led to increase in the levels of PTPRD and SRGAP2 in cells as well as tumors; further suggesting that miR-17-92 is targeting these genes. We also performed gain-of-function of miR-17-92 studies in a poorly aggressive osteosarcoma cell line and found that overexpression of miR-17-92 leads to ability to grow in an anchorage independent manner and form tumors in immunodeficient mice, both features that are lacking in the parental line. Ongoing RNA sequencing studies on miR-17-92 target transcripts in osteosarcoma cells, and functional analyses of miR-17-92 deletion mutants, will be presented. In an attempt to target miR-17-92 miRNA expression, we have tested small molecules. Our data suggests that triptolide, a diterpenoid epoxide, inhibits MYC expression and downregulates miR-17-92 miRNAs resulting in upregulation of several tumor suppressor driver proteins including PTEN, PTPRD, and SRGAP2. Together, our data suggests that upregulation of miR-17-92 miRNAs contributes to osteosarcoma progression and triptolide inhibits miR-17-92 expression. These data have implications for how sarcomas develop in general and suggest a new way to treat cancer by targeting microRNAs using small molecules. Citation Format: Jyotika Varshney, Nicholas J. Slipek, John Osborne, Adrian Chang, Anne E. Sarver, Ingrid Cornax, Gerry M. O’ Sullivan, Subbaya Subramanian, David A. Largaespada. The miR-17-92 microRNA cluster plays a crucial role in osteosarcoma progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1097.
Silence in Dispute

Over the past several decades, scholars in communication and other fields working from various paradigmatic and cultural perspectives have found themselves increasingly in opposition over the nature of silence—its meanings, the values that it holds for the people who perform and perceive it, and the ways in which it is used. This chapter reviews recent and germinal literature on silence organized according to dialectical thinking, which allows the inclusion of contradictory definitions of silence, negative and positive perceptions of silence, and performances of silence fulfilling various functions that signify both power and lack of power. The chapter demonstrates that, for a thorough understanding of the nature of silence, a “both/and” approach seems more effective than an “either/or” approach and that studies of silence must be evaluated from within the paradigm in which they were conducted.
Shear Diaphragms of Light Gage Steel

Results of tests of light gage steel roof and floor diaphragms; diaphragms with proper welding resist large horizontal loads, to extent that need for horizontal bracing systems in building is largely eliminated; deflection of light gage steel panel shear diaphragms must be considered to avoid damage to walls; however, in tests of many types of building panels, actual deflection was small fraction of that allowed under present specifications.
Methylmercury-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans

M is a persistent environmental contaminant that exerts its toxic effects on the nervous system through molecular mechanisms that remain unknown. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the slow progression and irreversible loss of the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. Epidemiological studies have pointed to the contribution of methylmercury (MeHg) to DAergic vulnerability and predisposition to PD. We examined the impact of early-life exposure to MeHg on DAergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. SKN-1, orthologue of mammalian Nrf2, is a major stressactivated cytoprotective transcription factor. We hypothesized that MeHg’s toxicity is dependent on an intact SKN-1 response and skn-1 knockout (KO) worms would show heightened toxicity compared to wildtype (N2). We also tested the effect of MeHg in a pdr-1KO worm, ortholog to the human parkin gene (mutated form found in juvenile PD), under the premise that these worms would show heightened sensitivity to MeHg. We identified the impact of early-life MeHg exposure on MeHg content, stress reactivity and measures of DAergic neurodegeneration in N2, skn-1KO and pdr-1KO worms. Our data suggests that skn-1KO and pdr-1KO worms are more sensitive to MeHg than N2 controls. MeHg uptake was higher in the pdr-1KO strain compared to the N2 strain. DAergic morphology revealed presence of puncta in skn-1KOs and loss of cell body fluorescence in pdr-1KO. Dopamine (DA)-dependent behavioral analysis revealed alterations in DA following MeHg exposure, corroborated by decreased DA levels. Taken together this data suggests that exposure to MeHg early in the lifespan can have detrimental effects on DAergic neurons.
Exercise training effects on memory and hippocampal viscoelasticity in multiple sclerosis: a novel application of magnetic resonance elastography

Cognitive impairment is common and debilitating among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and might be managed with exercise training. However, the effects of exercise training on viscoelastic brain properties in this population are unknown. The present pilot study adopted a single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) design and is the first to examine the effect of an aerobic exercise training intervention on learning and memory and hippocampal viscoelasticity using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in persons with MS. Eight fully ambulatory females with MS were randomly assigned into exercise training intervention or waitlist control conditions. The intervention condition involved 12 weeks of supervised, progressive treadmill walking exercise training. All participants underwent measures of learning and memory (i.e., California Verbal Learning Test-II; CVLT-II) and further underwent MRE scans for measurement of shear stiffness (μ) and damping ratio (ξ) of the hippocampus before and after the 12-week period. Overall, there were small-to-moderate intervention effects on CVLT-II performance (d = 0.34) and large intervention effects on hippocampal μ (d = 0.94) and hippocampal ξ (d = −1.20). Change in CVLT-II scores was strongly associated with change in μ (r = 0.93, p < 0.01) and ξ (r = −.96, p < 0.01) of the hippocampus. This small pilot RCT provides exciting proof-of-concept data supporting progressive treadmill walking exercise training for potentially improving learning and memory and underlying hippocampal viscoelastic properties in persons with MS. This is important given the high prevalence and burden of MS-related memory impairment.
Assessing surgical residents' imaging interpretation skills

Abstract Purpose During general surgery (GS) training, residents are expected to accurately interpret radiologic images. Objective evidence evaluating residents' ability to provide accurate interpretation of imaging studies is currently lacking. Methods A 30-item web-based test was developed using images from different radiologic modalities. Residents from 6 ACGME accredited GS programs participated. Residents from 1 radiology program served as a control group. Results 74 GS residents (GSR) enrolled in the online test. The mean score for GSR was 75% (±9) and 83% (±6) for RR (p = 0.006). Residents correctly answered 63% x-rays, 74%, CT(head), 84% CT(body), 69% ultrasound, and 88% tube/line localization questions. Senior residents were more proficient than junior residents at interpreting CT (body) and ultrasound images. Conclusion GS residents were able to accurately interpret 75% of basic radiology images. In an effort to improve patient care, programs should consider integrating radiological education during surgical training.
Physical Properties of Polyacrylamide Grafted Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber Paper

Graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) onto polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers was carried out by the ceric ion method, and the properties of these fibers and the papers made from grafted PVA fibers were examined.The following results were obtained.The water retention value of grafted PVA fibers increased with the increase of grafting degree, while the tensile strength and the freeness decreased. The sheet strength was affected by the degree of grafting and the content of PVA fibers. When basis weight kept constant, the breaking length, the burst factor and the tear factor of heat-treated showed maximum value at the degree of grafting 5060 %. When the numbers of PVA fibers were constant, the breaking length and elongation showed constant value above 70 % of degree of grafting.
Interannual Changes of the Stratospheric Circulation: Relationship to Ozone and Tropospheric Structure

Abstract Interannual changes of stratospheric dynamical structure and ozone are explored in observed variations over the Northern Hemisphere during the 1980s and 1990s. Changes of dynamical structure are consistent with a strengthening and weakening of the residual mean circulation of the stratosphere. It varies with the Eliassen–Palm (E–P) flux transmitted upward from the troposphere and, to a lesser degree, with the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). These two influences alone account for almost all of the interannual variance of wintertime temperature over the two decades, even during unusually cold winters. Stratospheric changes operating coherently with anomalous forcing of the residual circulation are coupled to changes of tropospheric wave structure. Those changes of dynamical structure share major features with the Arctic Oscillation. Both involve an amplification of the ridge over the North Pacific and an expansion of the North Atlantic storm track. Changes of tropospheric wave structure lead to a...
Distributed optimal in-network resource allocation algorithm design via a control theoretic approach

Abstract In this paper, we consider an in-network optimal resource allocation problem with multiple demand equations. We propose a novel distributed continuous-time algorithm that solves the problem over strongly connected and weight-balanced digraph network topologies when the local cost functions are strongly convex. We also discuss the extension of our convergence guarantees to dynamically changing topologies. Finally, we show that if the network is an undirected connected graph, we can guarantee stability and convergence of our algorithm for problems involving local convex functions. This convergence guarantee is to a point in the set of minimizers of our optimal resource allocation problem. The design and analysis of our algorithm are carried out using a control theoretic approach. We demonstrate our results through a numerical example.
Repair of Lateral Wall Insufficiency

ImportanceLateral wall insufficiency (LWI) is classified by the zone in which it occurs. Multiple techniques for treating LWI are described in the literature and are used, but no treatment approach...
Wetting, adsorption and surface critical phenomena

Abstract Our understanding of interfacial phenomena at the surfaces of critical systems, and in particular at the surfaces of critical binary liquid mixtures, has improved significantly in the past decade. There is now substantial agreement between theory and experiment. In this paper we review recent experimental progress, provide a conceptual framework within which the majority of these experiments can now be understood, and discuss critically any remaining unresolved discrepancies between experiments or with theory.
Cerium(III) Carbonate Formation from {CeCp*2H}2 and Carbon Dioxide: Structure and Mechanistic Insights

The reaction between {CeCp*2H}2 with CO2 in thf resulted in a new cerium(III) carbonate species, {Ce(Cp*)2(thf)}2(μ-η2:η1-CO3). Investigations into the mechanism suggest the intermediacy of a bridging oxo-complex, {CeCp*2(thf)x}2(μ-O), which could either be formed from the ring opening and oxygen abstraction from an oxygenated solvent such as thf or via insertion of CO2 and elimination of formaldehyde from the resulting methylenediolate intermediate.
Equipment for the Çhlorination of Small Water Supplies.

Most of the literature upon the chlorination of water is very general or deals with relatively large supplies where the practice has been quite highly standardized. Unfortunately, however, the problems of chlorinating small supplies are frequently the most difficult of solution. Because of this situation a study has been made of these problems. There are 652 public water supplies in New York State with separate sources, 297 of which serve communities with populations less than 1,000. Although many of the smaller supplies are secured from wells or springs where frequently treatment is not needed, about 150, or one-half, of the small supplies are secured from impounding reservoirs where chlorination is provided or is desirable. Small pumped supplies may be readily chlorinated through the use of manually controlled equipment, because of the uniform capacity of most pumps. Gravity supplies, however, present some unique problems due to the wide fluctuations in flow, the necessity of frequently selecting isolated locations for chlorination equipment to secure an adequate period of contact before the treated water reaches the consumers, or to secure a location where the water pressure is low enough to permit the direct application of chlorine gas or solution to the water supply. Such isolated locations complicate periodic super-
Geological Estimates of Methane Availability

The product that we know as natural gas is not pure methane. A few percent of molecules with two and more carbon atoms are usually present. The molecules with 3, 4, and 5 carbon atoms are variously referred to as natural gas liquids, gas condensate, or casinghead gas. Because these molecules with more than one carbon atom are likely to be in demand as petrochemical feedstocks and as liquified natural gas, we can presume that they will normally be removed from natural gas streams and marketed separately at higher prices.