cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inverse Scattering via Transmission Matrices: Broadband Illumination and Fast Phase Retrieval Algorithms

When a narrowband coherent wavefront passes through or reflects off of a scattering medium, the input and output relationship of the incident field is linear and so can be described by a transmission matrix (TM). If the TM for a given scattering medium is known, one can computationally “invert” the scattering process and image through the medium. In this paper, we investigate the effect of broadband illumination, i.e., what happens when the wavefront is only partially coherent? Can one still measure a TM and “invert” the scattering? To accomplish this task, we measure TMs using the double-phase retrieval technique, a method that uses phase retrieval algorithms to avoid difficult-to-capture interferometric measurements. Generally, using the double-phase retrieval method requires performing massive amounts of computation. We alleviate this burden by developing a fast, GPU-accelerated algorithm, prVAMP, which lets us reconstruct $256^2\times 64^2$ TMs in under five hours. After reconstructing several TMs using this method, we find that, as expected, reducing the coherence of the illumination significantly restricts our ability to invert the scattering process. Moreover, we find that past a certain bandwidth, an incoherent, intensity-based scattering model better describes the scattering process and is easier to invert.
Iterative active learning with diffusion geometry for hyperspectral images

We propose an active learning algorithm for labeling hyperspectral images (HSI). Pixels with ambiguous class affinity are iteratively estimated using geometric and statistical properties of the data. These pixels are then labeled with ground truth data, yielding a small but potent set of labeled pixels, which are consequently used to label the remaining data. The proposed method enjoys quasilinear complexity in the number of sample pixels, as well as competitive empirical performance on real HSI. Substantial improvement in labeling accuracy compared to unsupervised learning and existing active learning methods is observed with just a few well-selected label queries.
Effect of individualized glycemic management on the prognosis of patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage

Objective To evaluate the effect of individualized glycemic management on the prognosis of patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage.Methods Four hundred and fifty-one patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage(GCS score≤8) were randomly divided into two groups,to receive intensive insulin therapy or conventional insulin therapy.The mortality was observed in the 30th day after treatment.Results No significant difference in the mortality was found between the intensive insulin therapy group and conventional insulin therapy group(P 0.05).In 226 patients receiving intensive insulin treatment,a higher mortality was observed in patients with higher GHb(57.14% vs 40.63%,P = 0.01).In 225 patients receiving conventional insulin treatment,a higher mortality was found in patients with normal GHb(49.65% vs 27.38%,P = 0.001).Conclusion GHb should be tested in the patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage at admission,to provide information for adopting individualized glycemic management and setting glycemic control targets.
High-Fidelity Modeling of Multirotor Aerodynamic Interactions for Aircraft Design

Electric aircraft technology has enabled the use of multiple rotors in novel concepts for urban air mobility. However, multirotor configurations introduce strong aerodynamic and aeroacoustic intera...
New and improved

Abstract Are new versions of products necessarily better? We analyze product innovation by a firm that engages in research and development designed to improve an existing product, the outcome of which is uncertain. If the firm adopts the innovation its modified product appears to consumers as “new and improved,” but consumers do not immediately know whether or how much the product is better. We find that new products are on average improved and therefore command a pricing premium. This induces some types to exploit the innovation signal by selling new versions that are only trivially different from their older version or that require inefficiently high upgrade costs. Nevertheless, the incentive to “show off” by introducing a new product may improve total welfare by inducing more innovation adoption and thereby mitigating the standard monopoly underinvestment problem. Firms benefit ex-ante from better consumer information about quality or from committing to not exploit their informational advantage.
Sheet and Film Processes

Sheet and film processes are a wide class of industrially important processes which include coating and laminating applications (e.g., pharmaceutical or food packaging), papermaking, polymer film extrusion, sheet metal rolling, and plate glass manufacture. Sheet and film processes are primary in the photographic, magnetic and optical memory, electronic, pulp and paper, polymer, metals, and adhesive industries. Better control for these processes can mean significant reductions in raw materials consumption, greater production rates for existing equipment, improved product quality, elimination of product defects and/or rejects, and reduced energy consumption [12, 353, 354].
WE‐G‐204‐03: Photon‐Counting Hexagonal Pixel Array CdTe Detector: Optimal Resampling to Square Pixels

Purpose: Detectors with hexagonal pixels require resampling to square pixels for distortion-free display of acquired images. In this work, the presampling modulation transfer function (MTF) of a hexagonal pixel array photon-counting CdTe detector for region-of-interest fluoroscopy was measured and the optimal square pixel size for resampling was determined. Methods: A 0.65mm thick CdTe Schottky sensor capable of concurrently acquiring up to 3 energy-windowed images was operated in a single energy-window mode to include ≥10 KeV photons. The detector had hexagonal pixels with apothem of 30 microns resulting in pixel spacing of 60 and 51.96 microns along the two orthogonal directions. Images of a tungsten edge test device acquired under IEC RQA5 conditions were double Hough transformed to identify the edge and numerically differentiated. The presampling MTF was determined from the finely sampled line spread function that accounted for the hexagonal sampling. The optimal square pixel size was determined in two ways; the square pixel size for which the aperture function evaluated at the Nyquist frequencies along the two orthogonal directions matched that from the hexagonal pixel aperture functions, and the square pixel size for which the mean absolute difference between the square and hexagonal aperture functions was minimized over all frequencies up to the Nyquist limit. Results: Evaluation of the aperture functions over the entire frequency range resulted in square pixel size of 53 microns with less than 2% difference from the hexagonal pixel. Evaluation of the aperture functions at Nyquist frequencies alone resulted in 54 microns square pixels. For the photon-counting CdTe detector and after resampling to 53 microns square pixels using quadratic interpolation, the presampling MTF at Nyquist frequency of 9.434 cycles/mm along the two directions were 0.501 and 0.507. Conclusion: Hexagonal pixel array photon-counting CdTe detector after resampling to square pixels provides high-resolution imaging suitable for fluoroscopy.
Fever in Full-Term Newborns in the First Four Days of Life

Over a period of 18 months, 100 full-term newborns developed an axillary or a rectal temperature ≥37.8 C during the first four days of postnatal life. These febrile term newborns represented 1% of all full-term newborns in the normal nursery. Of the febrile newborns, 10% had culture-proven bacterial disease (BD). Fever developed in 54%, 27%, 13%, and 6% on the first, second, third, and fourth days, respectively. In 17 newborns fever developed within the first hour of life; 13 of these had mothers with fever and two others were under a radiant warmer in the birth room. Fever occurring on the third day of postnatal life had a significantly higher chance of being associated with BD than fever occurring at any other time in the first four days of postnatal life. Newborns with temperature ≥39 C had a significantly higher incidence of BD than newborns with temperature
Size Matters (and so Does Experience): How Personal Experience with a Fine Influences Behavior

In this paper, we disentangle the effects of new information from the effects of personal experience to describe how personal experience changes behavior. We examine personal experience with one of the most ubiquitous managerial and policy tools: the monetary fine. We demonstrate that experience with a fine, controlling for the effect of learning new information, significantly boosts future compliance. We also show that experience with a large fine boosts compliance more than experience with a small fine, but that the influence of experience with both large and small fines decays sharply over time. We report longitudinal analyses of approximately 10,000 video-rental customers over a period of two years. We show that direct experience with a late fee significantly decreases the likelihood that customers will incur a late fee during their next rental. This is true even for renters who had incurred a late fee for a prior rental and had complete information about the late-fee policy. Our findings have broad implications for understanding how information and experience influence behavior over time.
Reduction in CHT1-mediated choline uptake in primary neurons from presenilin-1 M146V mutant knock-in mice

The memory loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been linked to cholinergic hypoactivity. Mutations in presenilin-1 (PS-1) may regulate cholinergic signaling, although their precise roles in cholinergic neurotransmission in AD are unsettled. Neuronal uptake of choline via the high affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is essential for cholinergic neurotransmission. CHT1 is a Na+-dependent, hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)-sensitive choline transporter. Although cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert are a major source of cholinergic projections for the cerebral cortex, it is unclear whether cortical neurons exhibit intrinsic CHT1 activity that is altered in AD. We now report that primary cortical neurons express intrinsic and biologically active CHT1, and that, in these neurons, CHT1-mediated choline uptake activity is significantly reduced in PS-1 M146V mutant knock-in mice. Further kinetic studies using HC-3 binding and cell surface biotinylation assays showed that the PS-1 mutation inhibits CHT1 mediated choline uptake by reducing the ligand binding affinity of CHT1 without significantly altering levels of CHT1 expression in the plasma membrane. Since human neocortex has recently been shown to possess intrinsic cholinergic innervation, our results indicate that alterations in CHT1-mediated high affinity choline uptake in cortical neurons may contribute to Alzheimer's dementia.
Association between NS3 and NS5 Proteins of Dengue Virus Type 2 in the Putative RNA Replicase Is Linked to Differential Phosphorylation of NS5

Dengue virus type 2, a member of the family Flaviviridae, encodes a single polyprotein precursor consisting of 3391 amino acid residues that is processed to at least 10 mature proteins by host and viral proteases. The NS3 protein contains a domain commonly found in cellular serine proteinases that in cooperation with NS2B is involved in polyprotein processing. In addition, NS3 and NS5 proteins contain conserved motifs found in several RNA helicases and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, respectively. Both enzymatic activities have been suggested to be involved in viral RNA replication. In this report, we demonstrate that the NS3 and NS5 proteins interact in vivo in dengue virus type 2-infected monkey kidney (CV-1) cells and in HeLa cells coinfected with recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding these proteins as shown by coimmunoprecipitations and immunoblotting methods. We also show by immunofluorescence, metabolic labeling, and two-dimensional peptide mapping that NS5 is a nuclear phosphoprotein and that phosphorylation occurs on serine residues at multiple sites. Furthermore, NS5 exists in differentially phosphorylated states in the nuclear and the cytoplasmic fractions, and only the cytoplasmic form of NS5 is found to coimmunoprecipitate with NS3, suggesting that differential phosphorylation may control the interaction between these proteins and its function in the viral RNA replicase.
2:32 Effect of nutrient concentration and osteogenic protein–1 on the metabolism of intervertebral disc

Abstract Purpose of study: Poor vascularity to the intervertebral discs (IVD) and sclerosis of the end plate may result in the decrease of nutrient diffusion and subsequent disc deterioration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nutrition on disc metabolism using our recently developed in vitro organ culture model with end plate, and to see if osteogenic protein (OP)-1 can protect discs from a low-nutrient environment. Methods used: Twenty-four lumbar IVDs were obtained from adult New Zealand rabbits weighing 3 kg. Specimens were cultured over 21 days in DMEM/F12 with different concentrations of FBS (5%, 10% and 20%). Four of the specimens cultured in 5% FBS were injected with 0.2 mg OP-1 at 7 days. At 21 days, discs were dissected from end plate and annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) were separated. After measuring dry weight, the AF and NP tissue were analyzed for DNA content and proteoglycan content (PG) by Hoechst dye method and DMB, respectively. The results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance with a Fisher's PLSD test as a post hoc test. of findings: The DNA content of the NP decreased as the concentration of FBS decreased (5%=1.28 ug/mg, 10%=2.67 ug/mg, 20%=3.92 ug/mg; p=.03). The PG content in NP showed a positive correlation with the concentration of FBS (5%=25.4 ug/mg, 10%=95.5 ug/mg, 20%=152.7 ug/mg; p=.02). The concentration of FBS did not, however, have an effect on the DNA or PG content in the AF. Discs cultured in 5% FBS plus OP-1 demonstrated increased DNA content in NP (1.52 ug/mg, p=.04) and PG content in NP (36.1 ug/mg, p=.05) when compared with discs cultured in 5% FBS without OP-1. The DNA content and PG content in the AF were not affected. Relationship between findings and existing knowledge: Numerous studies have demonstrated that decreased vascularity to the IVD is linked to disc degeneration. This is presumably because of decreased nutrition to the disc cells. However, no studies have been done on the direct relationship between nutrient supply and disc growth in an in vitro organ culture. Moreover, no studies are available on the effect of OP-1 on the IVD in the nutrient-poor environment. Overall significance of findings: In the in vitro organ culture system with end plate, the NP is very sensitive to nutrient supply. AF tissue was not dependent on the nutrition. These results suggest that the diminished vascularity and/or sclerotic end plate changes may contribute to the progress of disc degeneration. Administration of OP-1 appears to protect NP tissue from undergoing degeneration from poor disc nutrition. Disclosures: Device or drug: OP-1. Status: investigational. Conflict of interest: No conflicts.
Heel Pain—Plantar Fasciitis

The Heel Pain-Plantar Fasciitis Guidelines link the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) body structures (Ligaments and fascia of ankle and foot, and Neural structures of lower leg) and the ICF body functions (Pain in lower limb, and Radiating pain in a segment or region) with the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) health condition (Plantar fascia fibromatosis/Plantar fasciitis). The purpose of these practice guidelines is to describe evidence-based orthopaedic physical therapy clinical practice and provide recommendations for (1) examination and diagnostic classification based on body functions and body structures, activity limitations, and participation restrictions, (2) prognosis, (3) interventions provided by physical therapists, and (4) assessment of outcome for common musculoskeletal disorders. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2008;38(4):A1–A18. doi:10.2519/jospt.2008.0302 The original artic...
Intention to use a personal health record: a theoretical analysis using the technology acceptance model

Physicians who have an electronic health record in their office may have the option to provide their patients with a personal health record. Research was undertaken to determine if a patient population would indeed use a personal health record if the physician(s) made it available in the future. The technology acceptance model was used to evaluate both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (technology barriers). Although the perceived usefulness of a personal health record was a significant determining factor related to intention to adopt, technology barriers were indirectly related to intention to adopt as well. Technology barriers can be addressed by providing office staff for hands-on training as well as assistance with interpretation of medical information. Longitudinal research is needed to determine if the technology barriers decline over time and usefulness of the information promotes increased demand.
Photoconductivity of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

Abstract In poly(p-phenylene vinylene) the photoconductivity threshold at 2.5 eV (506 nm), coincides with the absorption, edge and the experimental results indicate the involvement of excitons during photogeneration of charge carries. Measurements of the transient photocurrent indicate dispersive type of transport. The current is predominantly carried by holes with mobilities in the range of 10 −3 –10 −4 cm 2 /Vs.
A measure of verbal aggression.

Summary.-To provide a set of noxious verbal stimuli for use in studies of aggressive behavior, 71 criticisms of a male were scaled for degree of hostility. Undergraduate males each selected and delivered 10 criticisms to an insulting or a neuual peer. Ss reported significantly greater liking for the neutral than for the insulting peer, but actual and self-perceived verbal aggression did not differ between ueatment groups. However, the measure's validity was partly supported by significant (9 < .001) correlations with reported dislike of the partner (T = .54) and with perceived strength of criticisms sent (T = .47). Also, self-perceived aggression was related to dislike of partner (s = .31, p < .05). Lack of an insult-aggression effect was interpreted in terms of individual differences in Ss' perceptions of "insulting" and "neutral" messages they received. Further tests of the sensitivity of this aggression measure are needed. Social and legal prohibitions against violence limit the channels through which an individual may express hostility toward another person. During the process of socialization, a child learns that physical aggression is acceptable in certain situations but will elicit negative sanctions in other situations. However, while the child develops an inhibition against physical violence in some incerpersonal settings, he may learn that it is socially acceptable to express hostility verbally in such circ~lrnstances. Differential socialization of boys and girls may account for evidence that females are less physically aggressive but equally or more verbally aggressive than males (Bandura & Walters, 1963). Since verbal aggression is the acceptable mode of hostile expression in many social situations, it is surprising to find considerably less literature devoted to the study of verbal aggression than to investigations of physical aggression. The purpose of the present research was to develop an experimental paradigm for assessing verbal aggression. Laboratory studies of overt aggressive behavior have assessed Ss' tendencies to deliver noxious physical stimuli to another person. For example, in Buss' (1761) "aggression machine" paradigm, S is led to believe that he can deliver various intensities of electric shock, ranging from barely above touch threshold to painful levels, to an experimental confederate. In this procedure, S's aggression score is operationally defined as the mean shock level he delivers over a series of trials. Aggression assessed in this manner has been related to experimentally manipulated situational variables (e.g., Buss, 1963; Geen, 1768) and personality variables ( e.g., Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972 ) . In laboratory studies of verbal aggression, Ss are often asked to give written evaluations of a person who has insulted them or given them electric shocks. Berkowitz and Geen ( 1967) found that Ss who had received elecuic shocks from an experimental confederate expressed significantly less desire (in terms of their
Studies on the Mechanism of the Abnormal Sodium Excretion in Arterial Hypertension

Individuals with uncomplicated essential hypertension exhibit an abnormally high excretion of sodium and an associated impairment of urinary diluting and concentrating ability. Various possibilities have been considered to explain these related excretory changes including a solute diuresis resulting from diminished proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium, a reduction in sodium reabsorption from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and an increase in medullary blood flow. Evidence has been presented that does not support a defect in the sodium transport mechanism. On the other hand, the observed excretory abnormalities, when considered in terms of the reported pressure-dependent nature of the medullary circulation, could result from an increase in blood flow through the vasa recta secondary to the arterial hypertension.
A new VLSI architecture for 3D-DCT video compression system

The three-dimensional discrete cosine transform (3D-DCT) has been researched as an alternative to existing dominant video standards based on motion estimation and compensation. However, so far no definitive research has been done on its efficient architecture and implementation. Previous research results have presented simple architectures prototyped directly from theory, which have critical deficiencies in terms of timing and size. This paper proposes a novel and practical VLSI architecture for 4×4×4 3D DCT/IDCT to overcome those deficiencies. To meet latency and throughput requirements for pipelining, we apply a specific architecture well-fitted for each stage. Proposed architecture is designed to take 75 percent of frame memory compared with all other video systems such as MPEG-2/4, H.263(+), and other 3D-DCT systems. As a simulation result, performance degradation compared with theoretical analysis is about PSNR 0.02 dB small enough to ignore. To lower size and power, arithmetic modules are simplified while meeting its target performance.
A Phase I trial of fixed dose rate gemcitabine and capecitabine in metastatic renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has modest response rates to chemotherapy with gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Fixed dose rate gemcitabine infusion leads to enhanced intracellular accumulation of drug and possible augmented clinical effect. To determine the toxicity of this combination therapy in metastatic RCC, a Phase I trial was conducted. METHODS Patients with metastatic RCC were enrolled in a Phase I dose escalation trial. Patients received fixed dose rate gemcitabine on Days 1, 8, and 15 in combination with capecitabine, an oral 5-FU analog, given on Days 1–21 of a 28-day cycle. RESULTS Nine patients were enrolled at one of two dose levels. The initial dose level produced dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), including prominent palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (hand-foot syndrome). A modified second dose level also resulted in DLT, precluding further study. No central nervous system (CNS) toxicity was observed in three patients with CNS metastases. Two patients demonstrated an objective partial response. CONCLUSIONS Fixed dose rate gemcitabine in combination with capecitabine produced unacceptable toxicity in patients with advanced RCC. Further development of this schedule in RCC cannot be recommended. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Multigrid solution of the Navier-Stokes equations at low speeds with large temperature variations

Multigrid methods for the Navier-Stokes equations at low speeds and large temperature variations are investigated. The compressible equations with time-derivative preconditioning and preconditioned flux-difference splitting of the inviscid terms are used. Three implicit smoothers have been incorporated into a common multigrid procedure. Both full coarsening and semi-coarsening with directional fine-grid defect correction have been studied. The resulting methods have been tested on four 2D laminar problems over a range of Reynolds numbers on both uniform and highly stretched grids. Two of the three methods show efficient and robust performance over the entire range of conditions. In addition, none of the methods has any difficulty with the large temperature variations.
Molecular Mechanisms of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Function and Regulation

It is now clear that the beta2-adrenergic receptor continuously oscillates between various conformations in the basal state, and that agonists act to stabilize one or more conformations. It is conceivable that synthetic agonists might be engineered to preferentially confine the receptor to certain conformations deemed clinically important while having a less stabilizing effect on unwanted conformations. In addition, studies of genetically engineered mice have revealed previously unrecognized cross-talk between the beta2-receptor and phospholipase C, such that removal of the primary dilating pathway results in downregulation of constrictive pathways and overactivity of the dilating pathway increases the contractile response. These results indicate a dynamic interaction between beta2-receptor activity and Gq-coupled receptors that constrict the airway. Potentially, then, during chronic beta-agonist therapy, expression of phospholipase C is increased, the functions of Gq-coupled constrictive receptors are enhanced, and there may be an increased tendency for clinical decompensation due to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease triggers. Antagonists to these receptors might be able to act synergistically with chronic beta-agonists to block the effect of phospholipase C. Alternatively, perhaps novel phospholipase C antagonists would provide the most efficacious approach to blocking the physiologic sequelae of cross-talk between the beta2-receptor and phospholipase C.
Minimizing power dissipation in optical interconnects at low voltage using optimal modulator design

A strong motivation for insertion of optical interconnects in short-distance applications such as chip-to-chip or back-plane communication, apart from high bit rates, is their potential to achieve these bit rates at low power compared to the currently prevalent copper based interconnects. Thus, it is imperative to construct design methodologies which minimize the total optical link power dissipation. We present one such methodology, where we optimize the quantum-well modulators to minimize the power dissipation in modulator-based optical interconnects. In the first part of the paper, the focus is on obtaining the optimal modulator metrics [contrast ration (CR) and insertion loss], which yield the lowest total power (receiver and the modulator). The trends are studied as a function of the input laser power and bit rate. Having obtained the desirable modulator metrics and the corresponding power dissipation, in the second part, the focus is on the feasibility of these metrics in the light of voltage swing constraints. The biggest concern with the modulator based optical link is the low CR, especially at low voltage swing. While studying these concerns, we also provide insight into the physical design of the modulator including, its intrinsic region thickness, pre-bias voltage, and the size and the number of quantum-wells. Specifically, we outline the method to obtain the design parameters, which allows minimum power dissipation with the least laser power. This ultimately yields higher aggregate I/O bandwidth for chip to chip communication in power limited chips.
Effects of morphine on fixed interval-induced escape from food reinforcement

Abstract Pigeons were trained to respond on a fixed-interval 3-min (FI 3 min) schedule of food reinforcement. During each 1-hr session responses on a second response key produce a timeout from the FI schedule. mThe food reinforcement schedule maintained characteristic FI responding. The escape-timeout responses occurred during the period of low response rates following reinforcement. Morphine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) produced dose-related rate-dependent decreases in mean fixed-interval response rates. As morphine dose increased, there was an increased tendency for the rates within the interval to converge from a variety of predrug rates to a common, low rate of responding. The effect of morphine on the schedule-induced escape responses was to increase the mean number of escapes at doses of 0.25–0.5 mg/kg and to decrease the escapes at the highest dose of 1.0 mg/kg. The mean duration of the escape-timeouts was increased by the 3 doses of the drug, with the longest durations occurring at the 0.5 mg/kg dose. There was a great deal of variability between subjects on these measures and the dose effects did not reach statistical significance. The present study extends the analysis of drug effects on schedule-induced escape to fixed-interval-induced escape responding and includes the drug morphine.
Physiologic and Acoustic Patterns of Essential Vocal Tremor

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis This article describes a case study of physiologic and acoustic patterns of essential vocal tremor (EVT). Simulations of vocal tremor were used to test hypotheses regarding measured acoustic patterns and expected physiologic sources. Study Design This is a case study of EVT using an analysis by synthesis approach. Methods Oscillations of vocal tract and laryngeal structures were identified using rigid videostroboscopic examination. Acoustical analyses of sustained phonation were completed using the methods previously described in the literature and custom-written MATLAB functions. Simulations of the client's vocal tremor were created using a computational model. Results The client exhibited vocal fold length changes and oscillation within the laryngeal vestibule during sustained phonation at a comfortable pitch and loudness. Despite the involvement of vocal fold length changes, a low average extent of fundamental frequency ( F 0 ) modulation (ie, 5.3%) and high average extent of intensity modulation (ie, 23.0%) were measured. Simulations of vocal tremor involving modulation of F 0 demonstrated that this source of tremor contributes to frequency-induced intensity modulation, although there was a greater extent of F 0 modulation than intensity modulation. Conclusions The greater extent of intensity than F 0 modulation in one client with EVT exhibiting predominant vocal fold length changes contrasted with the lower extent of intensity than F 0 modulation in simulated vocal tremor involving F 0 modulation. These findings demonstrate that other potential sources of intensity modulation outside the larynx should be determined during the evaluation of clients with vocal tremor.
Meningococcal tetravalent conjugate vaccine.

Background: Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of meningitis and sepsis worldwide. Since 1981, a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine has been available in the US but it has been limited to high-risk patients and outbreak settings. In 2005, a tetravalent polysaccharide meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) was licensed for routine use in the US. Objective: To assess the immunogenicity and safety of MCV4, and to extrapolate the anticipated clinical effectiveness of MCV4 using data from other polysaccharide conjugate vaccination programs. Methods: All published controlled studies of MCV4 immunogenicity, safety and cost-effectiveness are analyzed. Publicly-available clinical trial data and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices guidelines were also reviewed. Conclusion: MCV4 is as safe and immunogenic as the previously available polysaccharide vaccine, and seems to provide longer lasting protection against meningococcal disease. Long-term studies are continuing and will shed fur...
Aerosol plume observations by the ground-based lidar, sunphotometer, and satellite: cases analysis

Smoke and dust aerosol plumes are observed by the ground-based multi-wavelength elastic-Raman lidar, sunphotometer and space-borne lidar CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization). Lidar-derived multi-wavelength aerosol extinction profiles and column lidar ratios are constrained by the independently measured optical depths. The aloft smoke plume layers from Idaho/Montana forest fires were measured at 2~8 km altitude by the ground lidar on Aug. 14~15, 2007. High aerosol optical depths (AOD) are shown with the value of 0.6~0.8 at wavelength 500 nm and Angstrom exponent of 1.8. The CALIOP observations generally show consistent plume height distribution with the ground lidar, but partly misclassify these smoke plumes as clouds. The forest fire sources and intra-continental smoke transport are clearly illustrated by CALIOP and MODIS satellite imageries. For the moderate dust-like plumes on April 18, 2008, they were observed at the altitude of 2~6 km. Aerosol optical depths vary from 0.2 to 0.4 at wavelength 500 nm with Angstrom exponent <1.0 in the plume-layer. Ground-lidar and CALIOP retrievals show the good agreement in dust-like layer heights, extinction profiles and aerosol species classification.
Modal Variation and the Form of the Beinn an Dubhaich Granite, Skye

"Regional variations in modal analyses of the Chandos Lake pluton (Ontario) and the Beinn an Dubhaich granite are compared. Trend surface analysis maps for the latter area show a southwest 9grain9 parallel to the axis about which King (1960) suggested the sheet of granite is folded. The modal data thus appear to confirm King9s hypothesis, and to indicate a more mafic base and increase in quartz content upwards through the sheet. The value to petrogenesis of quantitative variation studies of rock masses is briefly discussed."
Physics Nobel Prize

There is one shortcoming in the otherwise beautifully composed article by Philip W. Anderson (19 Nov., p. 763) on the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physics. Anderson writes: "Experimental observations of singular behavior at critical points (such as deviations of critical fluctuations or 'critical opalescence' from the naive Ornstein-Zernicke [sic] form predicted in the 1930' s) multiplied as the years went on."
Demographic and contraceptive patterns among women in northern Mindanao, the Philippines

Abstract Desired family size and contraceptive behavior of 986 ever‐married women aged 15–54 from Northern Mindanao, the Philippines, are described. Using the Dow and Werner typology of demographic and contraceptive patterns, it was found that a majority of the women were traditional in their demographic attitude and contraceptive behavior. A substantial proportion of the women desired medium to large families. Inconsistency in attitude and behavior was also manifested by women who desired small families but have never used efficient family planning methods. Sociodemographic characteristics of these women are described. A majority of the women who have never used efficient contraception also never practiced family planning. Rhythm was the primary method of birth control among demographic innovators and traditionals who have ever used inefficient methods; the pill was popular among contraceptive innovators and the moderns. A considerable proportion of the demographic innovators and the traditionals were no...
Fibroblast growth factor and the control of vertebrate regeneration and repair

Certain amphibian species have a well-developed capacity to regenerate lost appenda es. The dependence of limb regeneration on nerves was reported as early as 1823, and studies by Singer have clarified and extended the concept of neurotrophic control in this process (see references 2 and 3 for reviews). Denervation of an adult newt limb at the time of amputation or prior to the formation of the regeneration blastema effectively blocks the regeneration process. If denervation is delayed, however, until after a blastema has formed, differentiation of the blastemal cells and morphogenesis of new limb parts will occur despite the lack of nerves.4' ' This implies that the neurotrophic effect is needed for the c e U proliferation involved in blastema formation, but not for the later events of regeneration, which include differentation of blastemal cells into muscle, cartilage, and other tissues of the new limb. The molecular basis of neurotrophic phenomena is poorly understood, but the evidence available suggests that such control is mediated by means of neurosecretion product+) not related to nerve impulses or neurotransmitters (reviewed in reference 6). Reasoning that such an agent ought to be present in newt nerves or limb regenerates, Deck79* infused extracts of blastemas or nervous tissue into denervated limb stumps, but had no success in inducing regeneration in the continuous absence of nerves. Singer has taken advantage of the observation that protein synthesis in the early blastema is partially dependent on nerves'. lo and has demonstrated that nerve homogenates" or crude extracts of newt bra id2 are active in stimulating incorporation of ['*C]leucine within 6 hours of their infusion into denervated blastemas. This activity is lost if the extracts are heated or digested with proteolytic enzymes, suggesting that the active factor is a protein.'? Purification of the neurotrophic factor@) from extracts of amphibian tissue has, however, been hampered by the small amounts of material available and by the lack of an easy, sensitive in vim assay. Several growth-regulating substances have been purified through the use of cell culture or other in uitro methods to assay activity (reviewed in references 13 and 8
One predominant 5′-undecanucleotide in adenovirus 2 late messenger RNAs

Abstract Oligonucleotides containing the 5′ termini of adenovirus 2 mRNA are selectively retained on columns of dihydroxyboryl cellulose. When total late adenovirus 2 mRNA was treated with RNAase T1, a single 5′ terminal oligonucleotide was isolated, although in several states of methylation. This oligonucleotide has the general structure m 7 GS 5′ ppp 5′ A★mCmU(C 4 ,U 3 )G. Since at least twelve individual species of mRNA must be present late after infection, this finding was unexpected and its significance is discussed.
Superconformal Electrodeposition of Silver in Submicrometer Features

The generality of the curvature-enhanced accelerator coverage (CEAC) model of superconformal electrodeposition is demonstrated through application to superconformal filling of fine trenches during silver deposition from a selenium-catalyzed silver cyanide electrolyte. The CEAC mechanism involves (i) increase of local metal deposition rate with increasing coverage of a catalytic species adsorbed on the metal/electrolyte interface and (ii) significant change of local coverage of catalyst (and thus local deposition rate) in submicrometer features through the changing area of the metal/electrolyte interface. Electrochemical and X-ray photoelectron experiments with planar electrodes (substrates) are used to identify the catalyst and obtain all kinetic parameters required for the simulations of trench filling. In accord with the model, the electrolyte yields optically shiny, dense films, hysteretic current-voltage curves, and rising current-time transients. Experimental silver deposition in trenches from 350 down to 200 nm wide are presented and compared with simulations based on the CEAC mechanism. All kinetics for the modeling of trench filling come from the studies on planar substrates. The results support the CEAC mechanism as a quantitative formalism for exploring morphological evolution during film growth. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Geometric comparison of five interchangeable implant prosthetic retaining screws

Eight geometric parameters of five interchangeable prosthetic retaining screws (#1-3 i Implant Innovation-gold, #2-Impla-Med-gold, #3-Nobelpharma-gold, #4-3 i Implant Innovatiion-titanium, and #5-Implant Support Systems-titanium) were recorded with an Amray 1000-B scanning electron microscope at ×20 to ×200 magnification. Five screws of each type were measured and eight parameters were evaluated: (A) diameter of head, (B) screw length, (C) thread pitch, (D) major diameter, (E) neck diameter (F) length of neck, (G) crest width, and (H) root width. The Nobelpharma-gold prosthetic retaining screws served as controls. The results revealed significant differences between the control and test screws in all parameters except parameters C and G (ANOVA, p
Leukocyte-Aprotinin Atrial Fibrillation Study (LAFFS): Impact of Aprotinin and Leukofiltration on Atrial Fibrillation, Renal Insufficiency and Encephalopathy Post-Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

Purpose: Atrial fibrillation remains the leading postoperative complication following cardiopulmonary bypass. A randomized trial was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of leukocyte filtration and aprotinin, applied separately and in combination, on the incidence of post-operative atrial fibrillation. A secondary component of the study was the impact of these adjunct interventions on post-surgical renal and neurological dysfunction. Methods: A total of 1,220 patients undergoing primary isolated coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. The control group (305 patients) received standard cardiopulmonary bypass with moderately hypothermic (34oC) cardioplegic arrest. In the filtration group (310 patients) leukocyte reducing filters were incorporated into the bypass circuit and deployed strategically. The aprotinin group (285 patients) received full Hammersmith dose aprotinin. The combination therapy group (320 patients) received both aprotinin and leukocyte filtration. Results: The incidences of atrial fibrillation were 25% in the control group, 16% in the filtration group, 19% in the aprotinin group and 10% in the combination therapy group (P < 0.001). Renal dysfunction was detected in 3% of the control group, 2% of the filtration group, 8% of the aprotinin group, and 5% of the combination group (P < 0.005). Neurological dysfunction occurred in 2% of the control group, 2% of the filtration group, 1% of the aprotinin group, and 2% of the combination group (P = n.s.). Conclusions: Combination therapy with aprotinin and leukocyte filtration markedly reduced atrial fibrillation post-cardiopulmonary bypass, and was more effective than the individual treatments. Aprotinin treatment increased the incidence of renal dysfunction, and the addition of leukocyte filtration partially mitigated this detrimental effect of aprotinin. Thus, strategic leukocyte filtration augments aprotinin's anti-arrhythmic effects while suppressing its nephrotoxic sequelae.
The chemistry of the dinuclear carbonyls anions VI. Anionic metal carbonyl carboxylates

Abstract Anionic metal carbonyl carboxylates [RCO 2 M(CO) 5 ] − (M = Cr, R = CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , and C 6 F 5 ; M = Mo, R = C 6 F 5 ; M = W, R = H, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 6 H 5 , CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , and C 6 F 5 ) may be obtained as their bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium (Ppm) salts by reactions of the appropriate [Ppm] 2 [M 2 (CO) 10 ] salt with the corresponding silver(I) or mercury(II) carboxylate in dichloromethane at room temperature. The tungsten carbonyl trifluoroacetate [CF 3 CO 2 W(CO) 5 ] − may also be obtained as its tetraethylammonium salt by the thermal reaction of W(CO) 6 with tetraethylammonium trifluoroacetate in diglyme solution at 120°. The infrared spectra of these new compounds are discussed. Ultraviolet irradiation of [Ppn][CF 3 CO 2 W(CO) 5 ] with triphenylphosphine in tetrahydrofuran solution results in the replacement of one carbonyl group by a triphenylphosphine ligand to give [Ppn][CF 3 CO 2 W(CO) 4 P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ].
Measurement of thermal radiation using regular glass optics and short-wave infrared detectors

The measurement of thermal radiation from ambient-temperature objects using short-wave infrared detectors and regular glass optics is described. The detectors are chosen to operate in the 2.0 µm to 2.5 µm atmospheric window. Selection of detectors with high shunt resistance along with the 4-stage thermo-electric cooling of the detectors to -85 °C results in detectivity, D*, of 4×1013 cm Hz1/2/W which is near the background limited performance at 295 K. Furthermore, the use of regular-glass commercial optics to collect the thermal radiation results in diffraction-limited imaging. The use of a radiation thermometer constructed with these elements for the measurement of a blackbody from 20 °C to 50 °C results in noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of <3 mK at 50 °C. The operation at shorter wavelengths than traditional thermal sensors also leads to lower sensitivity to the emissivity of the object in determining the temperature of the object. These elements are used to construct a calibrator for an infrared collimator, and such a system demonstrates noise-equivalent irradiances of <5 fW/cm2. These results indicate that radiometers using short-wave infrared sensors could be constructed utilizing commercial glass optics with possible better performance and lower NETD than existing radiometers using cryogenically-cooled mid-infrared or thermal infrared detectors.
The Cowin–Mehrabadi theorem for an axis of symmetry

Abstract The well-known Cowin–Mehrabadi Theorem deals with necessary and sufficient conditions for a normal n to a symmetry plane. Necessary conditions require that n be a common eigenvector of C ijkk , C ikjk and C ijkl n j n l . It is shown that a vector parallel to an axis of symmetry must also satisfy these conditions. An axis of rotational symmetry is also a normal to a plane of symmetry except in the case of a trigonal material. Being a common eigenvector of C ijkk and C ikjk belonging to a nondegenerate eigenvalue guarantees it to be an axis of symmetry.
Diazopolysiloxanes: unique imageable barrier layers

Abstract This paper describes new types of organosilicon photoresists, sensitive throughout the ultraviolet region from 2000 to 45A. The synthesis is based upon a simple condensation reaction of 3-aminopropyl-substituted polysiloxanes with photosensitive naphthoquinone diazosulfonyl chlorides. These polymers when used in bilayer systems are very sensitive, high contrast negative photoresists with sensitivities of about 10 mJ/cm 2 at 4047A and (γ) of 1.4. Because of the inorganic polysiloxane backbone, they are resistant to oxygen plasmas, with an etch rate ratio of 50:1 (photoresist/diazosiloxane), and they are thermally stable up to 400°C. The synthetic procedure, mechanisms of crosslinking and processing characteristics of these materials are discussed along with data concerning their resolution capabilities and lithographic applications.