cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alexander Samely. The Rabbinic Interpretation of Scripture in Mishnah . New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 498 pp.

Alexander Samely, Senior Lecturer in Hebrew and Jewish Studies at Manchester University, has written what I would describe as one of the most detailed and precise descriptions of the Mishnah's use of scriptural sources. His book, The Rabbinic Interpretation of Scripture in the Mishnah, a fifteen-chapter work with a glossary of important rabbinic and linguistic terms, two appendices, an excellent bibliography, and thorough indices shows the work of a meticulous scholar and incisive and insightful reader of the Bible and mishnaic corpus.
Entrainment into Mixed Layers. Part I: Sharp-Edged and Smoothed Tops

Abstract A pervasive issue in the analysis of clear and cloud-containing convectively mixed layers is how to predict their growth through entrainment. This paper deals largely with the definition of the interface with the upper environment, and how that definition leads to complexities in entrainment analysis. The interface is usually quite abrupt locally, but horizontally or temporally averaged properties exhibit a more gradual transition, due to fluctuation of the interface height. The data from these transition layers produce unreliable results when applied to a mixed layer model with a flat top and zeroth-order discontinuities. Several authors have developed models with first- or higher-order discontinuities, but these vary in their structure. Presented here is a return to the zeroth-order, or “sharp-edged,” model, but with allowance for a locally variable upper boundary by use of a transformation of the mixed layer equations into a coordinate scheme based on the local mixed layer height. The model is...
A spiral curriculum in design and project management

This paper documents the design and implementation of a four year, five-course sequence in design and project management within a general engineering program at a large public institution. The design of the curriculum was inspired by the “spiral curriculum” concept, and as a result, seeks to build knowledge and skills related to engineering design and project management during each of the four years. Course descriptions and examples of the ways that knowledge is spiraled through each are provided. The first cohort to progress through the entire spiral graduated in Spring 2015; next steps will continue to monitor the effectiveness of the spiral through continued program assessment.
Synaptic Mechanisms Regulating the Activation of a Ca2+-Mediated Plateau Potential in Developing Relay Cells of the LGN

Using intracellular recordings in an isolated (in vitro) rat brain stem preparation, we examined the synaptic responses of developing relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). I...
Interexaminer variation of minutia markup on latent fingerprints

Latent print examiners often differ in the number of minutiae they mark during analysis of a latent, and also during comparison of a latent with an exemplar. Differences in minutia counts understate interexaminer variability: examiners' markups may have similar minutia counts but differ greatly in which specific minutiae were marked. We assessed variability in minutia markup among 170 volunteer latent print examiners. Each provided detailed markup documenting their examinations of 22 latent-exemplar pairs of prints randomly assigned from a pool of 320 pairs. An average of 12 examiners marked each latent. The primary factors associated with minutia reproducibility were clarity, which regions of the prints examiners chose to mark, and agreement on value or comparison determinations. In clear areas (where the examiner was "certain of the location, presence, and absence of all minutiae"), median reproducibility was 82%; in unclear areas, median reproducibility was 46%. Differing interpretations regarding which regions should be marked (e.g., when there is ambiguity in the continuity of a print) contributed to variability in minutia markup: especially in unclear areas, marked minutiae were often far from the nearest minutia marked by a majority of examiners. Low reproducibility was also associated with differences in value or comparison determinations. Lack of standardization in minutia markup and unfamiliarity with test procedures presumably contribute to the variability we observed. We have identified factors accounting for interexaminer variability; implementing standards for detailed markup as part of documentation and focusing future training efforts on these factors may help to facilitate transparency and reduce subjectivity in the examination process.
Depression coexisting with dementia : evaluation and treatment

Depression and dementia are the most common syndromes of geriatric psychiatry. Although emphasis is often placed on distinguishing the two, patients frequently have both disorders. Treating the complications of irreversible dementia, while unaltering the underlying disease process, can result in significant functional improvement in affected patients.
Executive summaries on hypertension II. Choices of initial drug therapy.

Once the need for drug therapy has been determined, the JNC-6 report provides three pathways for the choice of therapy: for uncomplicated patients, a diuretic or beta-blocker; for patients with diabetic nephropathy, isolated systolic hypertension, congestive heart failure or systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction, specific drugs are compellingly indicated; for other conditions, certain drugs that provide favorable effects are recommended. Whatever drug is chosen, long-acting preparations that provide 24-h coverage with one daily dose are recommended.
Abstract 1557: Tumor Galectin-1 mediates lung cancer growth and metastasis through immunoregulation of T-cell apoptosis

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Studies have shown that Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a carbohydrate-binding protein whose secretion is enhanced under hypoxia, can promote tumor aggressiveness through its effect on angiogenesis and T-cell apoptosis. However, the importance of tumor versus host Gal-1 in tumor progression is unclear. Using matched Gal-1 wild-type and null mice together with Lewis lung carcinoma cells stably knocked-down of Gal-1 (shGal-1) or scramble control (Scr), we show that tumor Gal-1 is more critical that host Gal-1 in promoting tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis. Scr tumors had higher growth and metastasis rates compared to shGal-1 tumors, regardless of the host genotype. The enhanced growth and metastasis associated with Gal-1 appears to be related to its immunomodulatory function since it was abolished in immune-deficient mice. In contrast, angiogenesis, as assessed by microvessel density count, was similar between shGal-1 and Scr tumors when they were allowed to reach comparable size. These data indicated that tumor Gal-1 is more important than host Gal-1 in mediating tumor progression and that its effect was exerted through intratumoral T-cell modulation. These findings have broad implications in developing novel targeting strategies for Gal-1 in cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1557. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1557
Nanostructure Absorption: A Comparative Study of Nanowire and Colloidal Quantum Dot Absorption Cross Sections

There has recently been much work on using nanowires for various applications. Examples include photodetectors and photovoltaics. One of the main reasons for this stems from the nanowire’s asymmetr...
Real-Time Imaging of Translation on Single mRNA Transcripts in Live Cells

Translation is under tight spatial and temporal controls to ensure protein production in the right time and place in cells. Methods that allow real-time, high-resolution visualization of translation in live cells are essential for understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of translation regulation. Based on multivalent fluorescence amplification of the nascent polypeptide signal, we develop a method to image translation on individual mRNA molecules in real time in live cells, allowing direct visualization of translation events at the translation sites. Using this approach, we monitor transient changes of translation dynamics in responses to environmental stresses, capture distinct mobilities of individual polysomes in different subcellular compartments, and detect 3′ UTR-dependent local translation and active transport of polysomes in dendrites of primary neurons.
Determination of Cr(VI) in drinking water by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Objective: To determine Cr(Ⅵ)in drinking water by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).Methods:Cr(Ⅵ) in drinking water was separated and concentrated by ion exchange and determined by ICP-MS.Results:The linear correlative coefficient of this method was more than 0.9998 in range of 0.0～100.0 ng/ml,the RSD(n=7) was less than 5%,the recoveries were in the range of 96.2%～107.4%,and the detection limit was 0.02 ng/ml.Conclusion:This is a feasible method with low detection limit,wide linear range,less interference,good precision and high accuracy.This method can be used for determination of Cr(Ⅵ) in different matrices.
Glomerulotubular balance in a mathematical model of the proximal nephron

A nonelectrolyte model of proximal tubule epithelium has been extended by the inclusion of a compliant tight junction. Here "compliance" signifies that both the junctional salt and water permeability increase and the salt reflection coefficient decreases in response to small pressure differences from lateral interspace to tubule lumen. In previous models of rat proximal tubule, there has been virtually no sensitivity of isotonic salt transport to changes in peritubular oncotic force. With the inclusion of junctional compliance, decreases in peritubular protein can open the junction and produce a secretory salt flux. Thus the model can represent the "backflux hypothesis," as it was originally put forth (J. E. Lewy and E. E. Windhager, Am. J. Physiol. 214: 943-954, 1968). Additional calculations, simulating a tight junction with negligible water permeability, reveal that the quantitative impact of peritubular protein can be realized whether or not there is substantial junctional water flux. The epithelial model of proximal tubule has also been incorporated into a model of the proximal nephron, complete with glomerulus, peritubular capillary, and interstitium. The interstitial compartment is well mixed and interstitial pressure and osmolality are determined iteratively to achieve balance between tubule reabsorption and capillary uptake. For this model, two domains of operation are identified. When interstitial pressures are low, junctions are closed, and filtration fraction has no effect on proximal reabsorption. When interstitial pressures are relatively elevated, epithelial junctions are open, and proximal salt reabsorption changes in proportion to changes in filtration fraction. In neither domain, however, does the model tubule augment salt flux with isolated increases in luminal flow rate (at constant filtration fraction). The absence of a separate effect of tubule fluid flow on salt transport precludes perfect glomerulotubular balance.
Superior vena caval pressure elevation causes pleural effusion formation in sheep

The effect of superior vena caval pressure (SVCP) elevation on the formation of pleural effusions (PE) was studied in sheep. Through a right thoracotomy, a Silastic cuff was placed around the super...
Culture and Anarchy (1869), Friendship’s Garland (1871)

After publishing Essays in Criticism in 1865, Arnold not only curtailed his composition of poetry, he even abandoned literary criticism per se for an entire decade. Most of his contemporary critics encouraged him to publish more essays on poets and poetry, but the introductory ‘Function of Criticism’ in Essays clearly signalled the direction of his development. Arnold’s expansive concept of criticism in that essay anticipates that of culture in Culture and Anarchy, and the thematic continuity is acknowledged in modern criticism of Arnold, which refers to these titles more often than to any of his other works. There is also an obviously close connection between these two texts in the history of Arnold’s polemics. In the mid-1860s, he did not waste his creative energy in worrying about the poetic vocation that was slipping away from him. Soon after reading Stephen’s attack on ‘Function’ in December 1864, Arnold wrote to his mother that: [the critic’s] complaint that I do not argue reminds me of dear old [brother] Edward, who always says when any of his family do not go his way, that they do not reason. However my sinuous, easy unpolemical mode of proceeding has been adopted by me first, because I really think it the best way of proceeding if one wants to get at, and keep with, truth; secondly because I am convinced only by a literary form of this kind being given to them can ideas such as mine ever gain any access in a country such as ours. So from anything like a direct answer, or direct controversy I shall religiously abstain; but here and there I shall take an opportunity of putting back this and that matter into its true light, if I think he has pulled them out of it; and I have the idea of a paper for the Cornhill, about March, to be called ‘My Countrymen’ and in which I may be able to say a number of things I want to say, about the course of this Middle Class Education matter amongst others. (SL 166–7)
Immunophenotypes of Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML) Subtypes by Flow Cytometry: A Comparison of CMML-1 vs CMML-2, Myeloproliferative vs Dysplastic, De Novo vs Therapy-Related, and CMML-Specific Cytogenetic Risk Subtypes.

Objectives: We sought to immunophenotype blasts, monocytes, and granulocytes in chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (CMMLs) and compare CMML subtypes, to identify if significant antigen expression differences existed. Methods: Bone marrow blasts, monocytes, and granulocytes from CMML subgroups (n = 30; World Health Organization types 1/2, proliferative/dysplastic, therapy related/de novo, and low/intermediate/high cytogenetic risk) were immunophenotypically compared by flow cytometry with 10 nonneoplastic control marrows. Results: Aberrancies were present in blasts of 26 (87%) of 30 CMMLs (26 diagnostic; four follow-up) and six (60%) of 10 controls ( P = .089), monocytes of 28 (93%) of 30 CMMLs and six (60%) of 10 controls ( P = .026), and granulocytes of eight (28%) of 29 CMMLs and zero of 10 controls ( P = .166). Underexpression of CD14 and CD15 on monocytes was more common in CMMLs compared with controls ( P = .008 and P = .043). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in antigen expression between the CMML subgroups on blasts or monocytes; granulocytes demonstrated more common HLA-DR expression in CMML-2 vs CMML-1. Conclusions: These findings confirm heterogeneity within CMML subgroups and find no specific qualitative or quantitative findings characteristic of a subgroup.
Extraction and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection of 3-Monochloropropanediol Esters and Glycidyl Esters in Infant Formula

A method was developed for the extraction of fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and glycidol from infant formula, followed by quantitative analysis of the extracts using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These process-induced chemical contaminants are found in refined vegetable oils, and studies have shown that they are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic, making their presence in edible oils (and processed foods containing these oils) a potential health risk. The extraction procedure involves a liquid–liquid extraction, where powdered infant formula is dissolved in water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Following shaking, centrifugation, and drying of the organic phase, the resulting fat extract is cleaned-up using solid-phase extraction and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Method performance was confirmed by verifying the percent recovery of each 3-MCPD and glycidyl ester in a homemade powdered infant formula reference material. Average ester recoveries in the re...
Dynamic Optimisation of Ship’s Safe Trajectory in Collision Situations

Abstract This paper presents an application of a method of dynamic programming for the determination of the ship’s safe trajectory during passing the encountered objects. A dynamic model of the process with kinematic constraints of state determined by a three-layer artificial neural network has been used for the synthesis of control. Nonlinear activation functions in the first and second layers may be characterised by a tangent curve while the output layer is of a sigmoidal nature. Neural Network Toolbox from the MATLAB package has been used to model the network. The learning process used an algorithm of a backward propagation of the error with adaptively selected learning step. The considerations have been illustrated with example of computer simulation the PROGNEURAL programme of determination the safe ship’s trajectory in situation of passing a big number of the objects encountered, recorded on the ship’s screen radar in real navigational situation at sea.
Effect of Kinetics on Sedimentation Velocity Profiles and the Role of Intermediates

We have previously presented a tutorial on direct boundary fitting of sedimentation velocity data for kinetically mediated monomer-dimer systems [Correia and Stafford, 2009]. We emphasized the ability of Sedanal to fit for the k(off) values and measure their uncertainty at the 95% confidence interval. We concluded for a monomer-dimer system the range of well-determined k(off) values is limited to 0.005-10(-5) s(-1) corresponding to relaxation times of approximately 70 to approximately 33,000 s. More complicated reaction schemes introduce the potential complexity of low concentrations of an intermediate that may also influence the kinetic behavior during sedimentation. This can be seen in a cooperative ABCD system (A+B --> C; B+C --> D) where C, the 1:1 complex, is sparsely populated (K(1)=10(4) M(-1), K(2)=10(8) M(-1)). Under these conditions a k(1,off)<0.01 s(-1) produces slow kinetic features. The low concentration of species C contributes to this effect while still allowing the accurate estimation of k(1,off) (although k(2,off) can readily compensate and contribute to the kinetics). More complex reactions involving concerted assembly or cooperative ring formation with low concentrations of intermediate species also display kinetic effects due to a slow flux of material through the sparsely populated intermediate states. This produces a kinetically limited reaction boundary that produces partial resolution of individual species during sedimentation. Cooperativity of ring formation drives the reaction and thus separation of these two effects, kinetics and energetics, can be challenging. This situation is experimentally exhibited by systems that form large oligomers or rings and may especially contribute to formation of micelles and various protein aggregation diseases including formation of beta-amyloid and tau aggregates. Simulations, quantitative parameter estimation by direct boundary fitting and diagnostic features for these systems are presented with an emphasis on the features available in Sedanal to simulate and analyze kinetically mediated systems.
On an attenuation obeying a frequency power law

An attenuation obeying a frequency power law scales as |ω|^β, where ω is angular frequency and β is a real constant. According to the strain-hardening shear-wave equation in the grain-shearing theory, the attenuation of the shear wave supported by a marine sediment follows a frequency power law. The associated dispersion formula, which is a causal transform, predicts that the phase speed is also a power law and that the product of the phase speed and the attenuation divided by ω is a constant, independent of frequency. From the dispersion formula, along with the conditions that the phase speed and attenuation must both be positive and the propagation factor must exhibit conjugate symmetry, it follows that the exponent β can take only certain values that fall in well-defined intervals extending indefinitely with no upper or lower limit. However, to satisfy the requirement that Green’s function be causal, β is further constrained to lie in the interval [0.5 1), under which condition the Green’s function is maximally flat at the time the source is activated. With other values of β the Green’s function is non-causal, exhibiting non-zero values at times preceding the onset of the source. [Research supported by ONR.]An attenuation obeying a frequency power law scales as |ω|^β, where ω is angular frequency and β is a real constant. According to the strain-hardening shear-wave equation in the grain-shearing theory, the attenuation of the shear wave supported by a marine sediment follows a frequency power law. The associated dispersion formula, which is a causal transform, predicts that the phase speed is also a power law and that the product of the phase speed and the attenuation divided by ω is a constant, independent of frequency. From the dispersion formula, along with the conditions that the phase speed and attenuation must both be positive and the propagation factor must exhibit conjugate symmetry, it follows that the exponent β can take only certain values that fall in well-defined intervals extending indefinitely with no upper or lower limit. However, to satisfy the requirement that Green’s function be causal, β is further constrained to lie in the interval [0.5 1), under which condition the Green’s function is ...
Skill Transmittance in Science Education. Studying the Skills of Scientific Expertise

It is widely argued that the skills of scientific expertise are tacit, meaning that they are difficult to study. In this essay, I draw on work from the philosophy of action about the nature of skills to show that there is another access point for the study of skills—namely, skill transmission in science education. I will begin by outlining Small’s Aristotelian account of skills, including a brief exposition of its advantages over alternative accounts of skills. He argues that skills exist in a sort of life cycle between learning, practicing, and transmitting, which provides reasons to think that we should pay close attention to the way skills are transmitted in teaching and learning. To demonstrate how a study of skill transmittance can be revealing about the nature of skills in expertise, I explore an example—what I identify as the skill of tension-balancing in model-building. After describing the skill, I briefly examine two case studies from the science education literature that reveal insights about the skill of tension-balancing as it functions in the practice of model-building.
Traditional Laboratory Markers Hold Low Diagnostic Utility for Immunosuppressed Patients With Periprosthetic Joint Infections.

Abstract Background Although predictive laboratory markers and cutoffs for immunocompetent patients are well-studied, similar reference ranges and decision thresholds for immunosuppressed patients are less understood. We investigated the utility of typical laboratory markers in immunosuppressed patients undergoing aspiration of a prosthetic hip or knee joint. Methods A retrospective review of adult patients with an immunosuppressed state that underwent primary and revision total joint arthroplasty with a subsequent infection at our tertiary, academic institution was conducted. Infection was defined by Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria. A multivariable analysis was used to identify independent factors associated with acute ( 90 days) infection. Area under the receiver-operator curve (AUC) was used to determine the best supported laboratory cut points for identifying infection. Results We identified 90 patients with immunosuppression states totaling 172 aspirations. Mean follow-up from aspiration was 33 months. In a multivariate analysis, only synovial fluid cell count and synovial percent neutrophils were found to be independently correlated with both acute and chronic infection. A synovial fluid cell count cutoff value of 5679 nucleated cells/mm3 maximized the AUC (0.839) for predicting acute infection, while a synovial fluid cell count cutoff value of 1293 nucleated cells/mm3 maximized the AUC (0.931) for predicting chronic infection. Conclusion Physicians should be aware of lower levels of synovial nucleated cell count and percentage of neutrophils in prosthetic joint infections of the hip or knee in patients with immunosuppression. Further investigation is necessary to identify the best means of diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection in this patient population.
Longitudinal relationship between social media activity and article citations in the journal Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Background and Aims Social media activity in the area of scientific journal publications has increased significantly over the last decade. Several studies have suggested that journal article citations can be positively impacted by an increase in social media activity. Preliminary data have also suggested that published articles in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology that were discussed on Twitter were independently associated with higher citation rates compared with those that were not. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (GIE) is the most widely cited endoscopy-focused journal in the world. We aimed to assess the association of social media exposure of published articles in GIE and its impact on article citations. Methods Data regarding journal article publication status, number of citations per article, and social media exposure per article using Altmetric data were collected from the publisher. All original articles published in GIE from 2000 to 2016 were reviewed. Editorials, case reports, and other nonresearch correspondence were excluded. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess for independent Altmetric predictors of higher citation rates over time. Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of an article mention on various social media platforms and whether it was cited during the study period. Results A total of 2361 original research articles were evaluated; 2050 articles (86.8%) were cited at least once during the follow-up period. Mean number of citations per article was 16.8 ± 23. The average Altmetric Attention score was 2.0 ± 13. The most profound independent predictor of article citation was whether an article was tweeted (odds ratio [OR], 14.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.93-22.45). Other predictors were Facebook posts (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.51) and number of Mendeley readers (OR, 1.359; 95% CI, 1.28-1.45). On multivariable linear regression, number of tweeters (β = 2.3, P = .022), F1000 reviews (β = 5.87, P Conclusions For original articles published in GIE, there was a strong association between social media exposure on Twitter and rates of journal article citations. To a lesser degree, Facebook posts and Mendeley readers also were associated with a higher rate of article citations. This could represent both cause and effect and may be representative of higher quality articles being more commonly mentioned on social media by third-party users. A randomized controlled study evaluating different degrees of social media exposure on individual articles could be considered to further assess for causality.
Kant and Belief in God

The purpose of this chapter is to survey the principal Kantian themes and arguments that relate hope and theism. More precisely — since earlier treatment of Kant developed his understandings of hope — the present section attends to his position and arguments bearing on what hope’s intelligibility requires in the matter of God. This chapter initiates a dialogue between Kant’s approach and that of this essay concerning hope’s implications for theism.
Network-driven differences in mobility and optimal transitions among automatable jobs.

The potential for widespread job automation has become an important topic of discussion in recent years, and it is thought that many American workers may need to learn new skills or transition to new jobs to maintain stable positions in the workforce. Because workers’ existing skills may make such transitions more or less difficult, the likelihood of a given job being automated only tells part of the story. As such, this study uses network science and statistics to investigate the links between jobs that arise from their necessary skills, knowledge and abilities. The resulting network structure is found to enhance the burden of automation within some sectors while lessening the burden in others. Additionally, a model is proposed for quantifying the expected benefit of specific job transitions. Its optimization reveals that the consideration of shared skills yields better transition recommendations than automatability and job growth alone. Finally, the potential benefit of increasing individual skills is q...
Musculoskeletal Neoplasms: An Introduction

Our understanding of the biology of tumors, approach to their diagnosis, and management strategies has dramatically evolved over the decades and basic science research as well as clinical outcomes studies continue to add to the existing knowledge. This chapter outlines the current approach to musculoskeletal tumors including their diagnosis, staging, biopsy, and management strategies as well as zone-specific approach to limb tumors including discussion on pathologic fractures.
Theory of spin detection on the surface of diffusive topological insulators by means of ferromagnets: Establishing Onsager reciprocity and the importance of tunnel contact

A charge current on the surface of a topological insulator (TI) produces a surface spin polarization that can be measured experimentally using a ferromagnetic (FM) tunnel contact either in a three-terminal or a four-terminal potentiometric measurement. The potential measured on the FM contact depends on the direction and the magnitude of the surface charge current, as well as the FM magnetization direction relative to the spin polarization on the surface of the TI. In such a measurement, the resistance always obeys Onsager reciprocity, i.e., ${R}_{ab,cd}(+\stackrel{P\vec}{M})={R}_{cd,ab}(\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{P\vec}{M})$, where ${R}_{ab,cd}$ is the resistance measured with current injected between contacts $a$ and $b$, voltage measured between contacts $c$ and $d$, and the FM having magnetization $\stackrel{P\vec}{M}$. In a two-terminal measurement in which the current and the voltage contacts are the same, Onsager reciprocity dictates that the resistance remains the same even after the magnetization of the FM is reversed, i.e., ${R}_{ab,ab}(+\stackrel{P\vec}{M})={R}_{ab,ab}(\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{P\vec}{M})$. However, previous theories [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 066802 (2010), Europhys. Lett. 93, 67004 (2011)] claimed that change of resistance in such two-terminal measurement on the surface of a diffusive TI is possible upon reversing the FM magnetization direction. Here, we resolve this conflicting issue by showing that the Onsager reciprocity relation remains valid even in a two-terminal measurement on the surface of a diffusive TI. We consider the modifications in both the continuity equation of the charge density and the charge current density on the surface of the TI due to the effect of tunneling of electrons from the FM tunnel contact. We derive the transport equations on the surface of the TI from full quantum mechanical kinetic equation based on Keldysh Green's function, and obtain the resistance measured in a two-terminal or a multiterminal measurement after solving the transport equations analytically. We establish the validity of the Onsager reciprocity relation in both the two-terminal and the multiterminal measurements and also show the crucial importance of the tunnel contact in such spin detection experiments.
Eye-Head Coordination

When an object of interest appears in our visual world, we usually turn our eyes in its direction to have a look. In all mammals, each eye is controlled by three pairs of extraocular muscles that provide eye motility with three degrees of freedom within the head. In turn, the head is mounted on a very versatile neck that provides head movements about a naso-occipital axis (roll), an interaural axis (pitch), and a vertical axis (yaw). Finally, the head movements are superimposed upon the movements of a trunk, which also has three degrees of freedom. Therefore, a shift of gaze, especially to a distant eccentric target, can be considered as the sum of three components: (1) the eye movement that would be elicited by the visual stimulus alone; (2) the eye movement elicited by the head movement alone; and (3) the eye movement elicited by rotation of the body alone.
Comparison of signaling profiles in the low dose range following low and high LET radiation.

Abstract During space travel astronauts will be exposed to a very low, mixed field of radiation containing different high LET particles of varying energies, over an extended period. Thus, defining how human cells respond to these complex low dose exposures is important in ascertaining risk. In the current study, we have chosen to investigate how low doses of three different ion's at various energies uniquely change the kinetics of three different phospho-proteins. A normal hTERT immortalized fibroblast cell line, 82–6, was exposed to a range of lower doses (0.05–0.5 Gy) of radiation of different qualities and energies (Si 1000 MeV/u, Si 300 MeV/u, Si 173 MeV/u, Si 93 MeV/u, Fe 1000 MeV/u, Fe 600 MeV/u, Fe 300 MeV/u, Ti 300 MeV/u, Ti 326 MeV/u, Ti 386 MeV/u), covering a wide span of LET's. Exposed samples were analyzed for the average intensity of signal as a fold over the geometric mean level of the sham controls. Three phospho-proteins known to localize to DNA DSBs following radiation (γH2AX, pATF2, pSMC1) were studied. The kinetics of their response was quantified by flow cytometery at 2 and 24 h post exposure. These studies reveal unique kinetic patterns based on the ion, energy, fluence and time following exposure. In addition, γH2AX phosphorylation patterns are uniquely different from phospho-proteins known to be primarily phosphorylated by ATM. This latter finding suggests that the activating kinase(s), or the phosphatases deactivating these proteins, exhibit differences in their response to various radiation qualities and/ or doses of exposure. Further studies will be needed to better define what the differing kinetics for the kinases activated by the unique radiation qualities plays in the biological effectiveness of the particle.
Simple Indexes to Identify Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Concrete

Using indexes based on engineering properties is among the ways to evaluate the quality of an asphalt concrete mix in terms of its resistance to fatigue cracking. These indexes typically are developed based on measuring asphalt concrete or asphalt binder properties in a laboratory test. Among such tests, the semicircular bend (SCB) test has shown potential as a promising test to determine fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures. In the work presented, this test was explored extensively to determine proper fatigue performance identifiers from the test. Numerous tests were conducted to determine the effect of asphalt mix composition on the SCB fatigue test results. A major index considered from this test for evaluation is the flexibility index (FI), which is defined as the ratio of fracture energy and the post peak slope at inflection point derived from a typical load-deformation or stress–strain monotonic test. This index has been proposed based on extensive research at the University of Illinois. In the work presented in this study, tests were conducted on both short- and long-term aged asphalt mixes to evaluate FI and its reliability as a fatigue resistance indicator. The mix components considered as test variables included binder content, air void, and binder stiffness. The results showed a significant reduction in FI fatigue resistance after long term aging. Reduced FI is believed to associate with reduced fatigue life. The sensitivity of FI and other engineering properties to mix parameters were investigated in this research. It was found that FI could not be used alone and as a sole indicator of fatigue performance. It was determined that two indexes are needed for this purpose—the first presents the mix toughness and ductility, and the second is a strength- or stiffness-based index.
Algebraic Composition Laws and Systems

This chapter discusses algebraic composition laws and systems. If A is a set with elements a , b , and c , then an algebraic composition law on A is a rule that assigns to any ordered pair ( a , b ) an element c of A . Trivial examples of composition laws are addition or multiplication on the set of reals. There is no real difference between internal and external composition laws, except for practical considerations. An algebraic structure is an ordered pair consisting of a set A and a composition law. Morphisms are classified according to the mapping properties of the function f , which provides the morphism. Morphism is called a monomorphism if f is injective. Isomorphism is an equivalence relation in the collection of all algebraic systems. Isomorphic algebraic systems are equivalent, both in their set-theoretic and in their algebraic properties.
Investigating The Reproducibility of NPM Packages

Node.js has been popularly used for web application development, partially because of its large software ecosystem known as NPM (Node Package Manager) packages. When using open-source NPM packages, most developers download prebuilt packages on npmjs.com instead of building those packages from available source, and implicitly trust the downloaded packages. However, it is unknown whether the blindly trusted prebuilt NPM packages are reproducible (i.e., whether there is always a verifiable path from source code to any published NPM package). Therefore, for this paper, we conducted an empirical study to examine the reproducibility of NPM packages, and to understand why some packages are not reproducible.Specifically, we downloaded versions/releases of 226 most popularly used NPM packages and then built each version with the available source on GitHub. Next, we applied a differencing tool to compare the versions we built against versions downloaded from NPM, and further inspected any reported difference. Among the 3,390 versions of the 226 packages, only 2,087 versions are reproducible. Based on our manual analysis, multiple factors contribute to the non-reproducibility issues, such as flexible versioning information in package.json file and the divergent behaviors between distinct versions of tools used in the build process. Our investigation reveals challenges of verifying NPM reproducibility with existing tools, and provides insights for future verifiable build procedures.
Age-Based Trends of Gastric Adenocarcinoma in the United States:

BackgroundRecent studies have shown an increase in the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) among young adults in Asia and Latin America. However, it is unknown if a similar trend is happening in the U...
Inhibition of GSK-3β restores delayed gastric emptying in obesity-induced diabetic female mice

Diabetic gastroparesis (DG) is a clinical syndrome characterized by delayed gastric emptying (DGE). Loss of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is associated with reduced neuronal nitric oxide synthase-α (nNOSα)-mediated gastric motility and DGE. Previous studies have shown that nuclear exclusion and inactivation of Nrf2 is partly regulated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β). In the current study, the molecular signaling of GSK-3β-mediated Nrf2 activation and its mechanistic role on DG were investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese/Type 2 diabetes (T2D) female mice. Adult female C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD or normal diet (ND) with or without GSK-3β inhibitor (SB 216763, 10 mg/kg body wt ip) start from the 14th wk and continued feeding mice for an additional 3-wk time period. Our results show that treatment with GSK-3β inhibitor SB attenuated DGE in obese/T2D mice. Treatment with SB restored impaired gastric 1) Nrf2 and phase II antioxidant enzymes through PI3K/ERK/AKT-mediated pathway, 2) tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, cofactor of nNOS) biosynthesis enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, and 3) nNOSα dimerization in obese/T2 diabetic female mice. SB treatment normalized caspase 3 activity and downstream GSK-3β signaling in the gastric tissues of the obese/T2 diabetic female mice. In addition, GSK-3β inhibitor restored impaired nitrergic relaxation in hyperglycemic conditions. Finally, SB treatment reduced GSK3 marker, pTau in adult primary enteric neuronal cells. These findings emphasize the importance of GSK-3β on regulating gastric Nrf2 and nitrergic mediated gastric emptying in obese/diabetic rodents.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) with SB 216763 attenuates delayed gastric emptying through gastric nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-phase II enzymes in high-fat diet-fed female mice. SB 216763 restored impaired gastric PI3K/AKT/ β-catenin/caspase 3 expression. Inhibition of GSK-3β normalized gastric dihydrofolate reductase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase-α expression, dimerization and nitrergic relaxation. SB 216763 normalized both serum estrogen and nitrate levels in female obese/Type 2 diabetes mice. SB 216763 reduced downstream signaling of GSK-3β in enteric neuronal cells in vitro.
Comparative development of the four tallest conifer species

Abstract The tallest conifers—Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum—are widely distributed in western North America, forming forests > 90 m tall with aboveground biomass ≥ 2000 Mg ha−1. Here we combine intensive measurements of 169 trees with dendrochronology and allometry to examine tree and stand development. The species investing least in bark protection and heartwood defense—P. sitchensis—has more leaves, denser wood, larger appendages, and produces more aboveground biomass during its relatively brief lifespan than other conifers at equivalent ages. The species investing most in bark protection and heartwood defense—S. giganteum—has the least dense wood, largest appendages, and greatest longevity. Evidence for senescence diminishes with longevity; only P. sitchensis exhibits a post-maturity decline in tree productivity after accounting for leaf mass. Growth efficiency declines with age in all species, falling most rapidly in P. sitchensis followed by P. menziesii, S. sempervirens, and S. giganteum in the same sequence as longevity. Centuries-long time series of age, size, and growth increments identify years when trees first reach a given height as well as biomass and growth rates at that height, providing snapshots of performance useful for simulating development. Stands dominated by P. sitchensis and P. menziesii gain height at similar rates, but P. sitchensis accumulates biomass more rapidly until senescence curtails tree productivity, which takes centuries longer in P. menziesii. Whereas S. sempervirens in primary forest grows more slowly than P. sitchensis and P. menziesii until ~70 m tall, S. sempervirens in secondary forest outpaces other conifers with biomass increments approaching global maxima within a few centuries. Beyond ~70 m, S. giganteum gains height more slowly than other conifers, but it sustains relatively high biomass increments for millennia. Both within and beyond their native ranges, the four tallest conifers have unrealized potential to provide ecosystem services.
Photovoice research with disabled girls of color: exposing how schools (re)produce inequities through school geographies and learning tools

Across the globe, disabled girls of color have unique school experiences and perspectives. However, they are often left out of educational research. In addition, their experiences are not included ...
Femoral Stem Cementation in Hip Arthroplasty: The Know-How of a “Lost” Art

To describe the (1) indications, (2) preoperative precautions, and (3) stepwise technical details of modern femoral stem cemented fixation. Femoral stem cementation provides excellent implant longevity with a low periprosthetic fracture rate among patients with compromised bone quality or aberrant anatomy. Unfamiliarity with the details of modern cementation techniques among trainees who may lack frequent exposure to cementing femoral stems may preclude them from offering this viable option to suitable patients in later stages of their careers. As such, maximizing benefit from cemented femoral stem fixation among suitable candidates is contingent upon the meticulous use of modern cementation techniques. In addition to proper patient selection, modern cementation techniques emphasize the use of (1) pulsatile lavage of the femoral canal, (2) utilization of epinephrine-soaked swabs, (3) vacuum cement mixing, (4) retrograde cement introduction, (5) cement pressurization, and (6) the use of stem centralizers. Furthermore, identifying and optimizing the preoperative status of at-risk patients with pre-existing cardiopulmonary compromise, in addition to intraoperative vigilance, are essential for mitigating the risk of developing bone cement implantation syndrome. Further research is required to assess the utility of cemented femoral stem fixation among younger patients.
Durchblutung und intraluminale Faktoren als Regulatoren der Darmfunktion

Die Dunndarmschleimhaut ist ein hochdifferenziertes und ungewohnlich schnell prolife-rierendes Gewebe, dessen groser Sauerstoffbedarf durch eine gleichmasig hohe Blutzu-fuhr gewahrleistet werden mus.
On the stability and extension of reduced-order Galerkin models in incompressible flows

Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) has been used to develop a reduced-order model of the hydrodynamic forces acting on a circular cylinder. Direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations have been performed using a parallel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to simulate the flow past a circular cylinder. Snapshots of the velocity and pressure fields are used to calculate the divergence-free velocity and pressure modes, respectively. We use the dominant of these velocity POD modes (a small number of eigenfunctions or modes) in a Galerkin procedure to project the Navier–Stokes equations onto a low-dimensional space, thereby reducing the distributed-parameter problem into a finite-dimensional nonlinear dynamical system in time. The solution of the reduced dynamical system is a limit cycle corresponding to vortex shedding. We investigate the stability of the limit cycle by using long-time integration and propose to use a shooting technique to home on the system limit cycle. We obtain the pressure-Poisson equation by taking the divergence of the Navier–Stokes equation and then projecting it onto the pressure POD modes. The pressure is then decomposed into lift and drag components and compared with the CFD results.
Overview of inertial fusion program

The inertial fusion program conducted by the US Department of Energy is discussed. The program contributes to the US nuclear weapons program by providing increased understanding of phenomena that occur during a nuclear explosion and has potential benefits for electric power generation. Progress on the part of the national laboratories and support contractors, particularly in target physics and driver development, is reviewed. Early stages of planning for a new, large facility, the laboratory Microfusion Facility, which could have significant military and civilian energy application benefits, are described. It is noted that facility cost, benefits, and technological risk will have to be clearly understood before a decision to proceed can be made. >