cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Reduced Order Modeling of Transient Flows Using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

Reduced-order modeling (ROM) of transient fluid flows using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was studied. Particular attention was given to incompressible, unsteady flow over a two-dimensional NACA0015 airfoil in the laminar regime. When the airfoil sheds vortices, a transient blowing through a jet placed at the 10% chord location was imposed. POD modes were derived from the numerical solution of the flow obtained using an hp-finite element method. The ROM was obtained by a streamwise-upwind-Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) projection of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations onto the space spanned by the POD modes.The extraction of accurate POD-based reduced order model of this flow was explored using three different POD mode generation methods. The first approach was the split method, which superposes modes derived from simulations of the blowing jet with no flow and simulations of the baseline flow with no jet. The second method combined POD modes derived from simulations having both the jet and flow with modes obtained from simulation of only the flow. These modes were generated after the simulations reached the periodic state. The third and newly proposed approach was to generate a set of modes called “Generalized POD basis functions.” These modes were derived from simulations where the jet’s flow amplitude is varied slowly. For each method, the results were compared with detailed Finite Element solutions and the accuracy and efficiency of different methods were evaluated. The newly proposed “Generalized POD basis functions” approach predicted the transient response of the system most accurately.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
F1-histone modification at metaphase in Chinese hamster cells

Abstract When the histones of metaphase and interphase Chiness hamster, HeLa S 3 and rat nephroma cells are compared by polyacrylamide gel elecrophoresis, a shift to slower mobility of metaphase F1-histone is observed. This change in mobility of the F1-histone results from enhanced phosphorylation since it is not observed after treatment of the extracted proteins with alkaline phosphatase. The phosphorylation is found in mitotic cells collected without use of a metaphase arrest agent. Further, the extent of phosphorylation of F1 is independent of the elapsed time of metaphase arrest with vinblastine. The phosphoryl-rich F1 subcomponents are dephosphorylated upon allowing the metaphase cell to enter the G 1 phase. The observed protein phosphorylation may be related to the unique physical state of metaphase chromatin. It has a pronounced influence on the chemical extraction of lysine-rich histone during isolation of metaphase chromosomes.
Terrorism in modern Armenian political culture

In the past century Armenian political culture has been shaped by the ARF, the largest nationalist party, and both outright terrorism and political violence have been used by the party and its major diasporan opponent, ASALA. These violent acts have had quite different targets, intentions, audiences and meanings, and have occurred intermittently, in widely different locations both in Armenia and in some 34 other countries. The role of these acts in shaping political culture has depended on cultural contexts and interpretations which this article narrates and explores.
Application of a fuzzy object search technique to geophysical data processing

This paper describes the application of a fuzzy search technique to geophysical data processing. Here, we discuss three kinds of image object search problems: velocity layer search in computerized tomography in cross wells, surface search and reconstruction in 3D seismic images, and critical frequency curve search in digital ionograms. These three kinds of images have a common property: there are no crisp boundaries in these objects. For the first tow applications, we want to search the small 2D regions called layers in a given image and apply a fuzzy segmentation technique called (lambda) -connected segmentation. For the third application, we want to examine all of the reasonable curves in an ionogram; therefore, we have developed a dynamic (lambda) -connected search technique which is combined with the use of genetic algorithms. We can conclude that a fuzzy system approach has important advantages for geophysical data processing.
How much can cladistics tell us about early hominid relationships

Although cladistic analysis has been used to compare hypotheses of relationships among early hominids, the outcomes of different studies have depended entirely on the assumptions made by different investigators. Problems include the close genetic relationship of early hominid taxa, small fossil sample sizes, possible correlations among characters, and a lack of understanding about the evolutionary factors affecting characters. This study investigates the interaction of some of these problems affecting early hominid phylogenetics. Monte Carlo simulations of character state evolution in closely related taxa demonstrate that the sample sizes and close genetic relationships of early hominids do not permit cladistic analyses to obtain unequivocal results. Even with unrealistically good assumptions about the evolutionary dynamics affecting characters, the probability of the most parsimonious hypothesis being true is unacceptably small. In the face of these problems, even phylogenetic statements that are supported by a strong consensus of cladistic studies may nevertheless be in error, and such errors are likely to confound the placement of new specimens and taxa. Advancement in our knowledge of hominid phylogeny can depend only on a fuller understanding of the natural history and evolutionary dynamics of traits.
Dispersion of group judgments

To achieve a decision with which the group is satisfied, the group members must accept the judgments, and ultimately the priorities. This requires that (a) the judgments be homogeneous, and (b) the priorities of the individual group members be compatible with the group priorities. There are three levels on which the homogeneity of group preference needs to be considered: (1) for a single paired comparison (monogeneity), (2) for an entire matrix of paired comparisons (multigeneity), and (3) for a hierarchy or network (omnigeneity). In this paper we study monogeneity and the impact it has on group priorities.
Role of oxidative stress in geldanamycin-induced cytotoxicity and disruption of Hsp90 signaling complex

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a chaperone protein regulating PC-12 cell survival by binding and stabilizing Akt, Raf-1, and Cdc37. Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) cytotoxicity has been attributed to the disruption of Hsp90 binding, and the contribution of oxidative stress generated by its quinone group has not been studied in this context. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell survival were assessed in PC-12 cells exposed to GA or menadione (MEN), and Akt, Raf-1, and Cdc37 expression and binding to Hsp90 were determined. GA disrupted Hsp90 binding and increased ROS production starting at 1 h, and cell death occurred at 6 h, inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) without preventing dissociation of proteins. At 24 h, NAC prevented cytotoxicity and Hsp90 complex disruption. However, MnTBAP antioxidant treatment failed to inhibit GA cytotoxicity, suggesting that NAC acts by restoring glutathione. In contrast, 24 h MEN treatment induced cytotoxicity without disrupting Hsp90 binding. GA and MEN decreased Hsp90-binding protein expression, and proteasomal inhibition prevented MEN-, but not GA-induced degradation. In conclusion, whereas MEN cytotoxicity is mediated by ROS and proteasomal degradation, GA-induced cytotoxicity requires ROS but induces Hsp90 complex dissociation and proteasome-independent protein degradation. These differences between MEN- and GA-induced cytotoxicity may allow more specific targeting of cancer cells.
Gender differences in labetalol kinetics: importance of determining stereoisomer kinetics for racemic drugs.

Study Objective. To evaluate the impact of gender on labetalol kinetics. Design. Part of a randomized, crossover study. Setting. Academic medical center. Patients. Nineteen hypertensive patients (14 men, 5 women; 6 blacks, 13 whites). Interventions. Participants had labetalol dosages titrated to a specific antihypertensive response, then underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and a pharmacokinetic study. Labetalol plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and labetalol stereoisomer ratios were determined in a single plasma sample by chiral HPLC, both with fluorescence detection. Measurements and Main Results. Labetalol concentrations were 80% higher in women (area under the concentration-time curve [AUC]/dose•1000: 6.79 ± 2.11 in women vs 3.82 ± 1.37 hr/L in men, p<0.05), yet both genders had a similar antihypertensive response by 24-hour ABPM. Dose-corrected AUC (AUC/dose•1000) for labetalol's stereoisomers in women and men, respectively, were S,R-labetalol 7.55 ± 1.47 and 4.83 ± 1.54 hr/L (p<0.05), S,S-labetalol 8.23 ± 2.93 and 4.65 ± 1.78 hr/L (p<0.05), R,S-labetalol 6.99 ± 3.30 and 4.25 ± 2.35 hr/L (p= 0.11), and R,R-labetalol 3.91 ± 2.57 and 3.55 ± 3.08 hr/L (NS). Conclusion. The higher labetalol concentration in women than in men was explained largely by differences in inactive and α1-blocking stereoisomers. However, concentrations were similar between genders for the (β-blocking stereoisomer (R,R-labetalol), possibly explaining the similarity in antihypertensive response to the drug. This study highlights the importance of determining stereoisomer kinetics for agents administered as racemates, particularly when relating concentrations to pharmacologic response.
A modern aerospace modeling approach for evaluation of aircraft fuselage crashworthiness

A 9 [m/s], (30-ft/s) vertical drop test of a fuselage section of a Boeing 737 aircraft was conducted at the FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic City, NJ. Test was performed to evaluate the structural integrity of a conformable auxiliary fuel tank mounted beneath the floor and to determine its effect on the impact response of the airframe structure. The objective of the test was to determine the interaction between a typical transport aircraft fuselage, particularly its floor structure, and a conformable auxiliary fuel tank under severe, but survivable, impact conditions. The fuel tank used in this test is representative of tanks being installed in narrow-body transport aircrafts. The 3 [m], (10-foot) airframe section from a Boeing 737-200 aircraft was dropped from a height of 4.27 [m], (14-feet) generating a vertical impact velocity of 9 [m/s], (30-ft/s). The airframe test section weight of 3,982.5 [kg], (8780-lb) simulated the load density at the maximum takeoff weight condition. The weight included cabin seats, dummy occupants, and simulated fuel in the 1,892.71 liters, (500-gallon) fuel tank. Structural response data were obtained during the impact from instrumentation installed on the fuselage structure, floor structure, and the fuel tank. The fuselage test section sustained severe damage after the test. Portions of the cabin floor were damaged due to the impact with the auxiliary fuel tank located in the cargo compartment. Portions of the fuselage bottom were crushed by approximately 66 [cm], (26-in). The bottom of the fuel tank was punctured in numerous locations causing fuel to leak out. The strength and rigidity of the fuel tank limited the inherent ability of the fuselage structure to absorb energy crushing during the impact. The test data were used to compare with a finite element simulation of the fuselage structure and to gain a better understanding of the impact physics through analytical/experimental correlation. To perform this simulation, a full-scale 3-dimensional finite element model of the fuselage section was developed using the explicit, nonlinear 3-D Finite Element code, LS-DYNA. The emphasis of the simulation was to determine the structural deformation and floor-level acceleration responses obtained from the drop test of the B737 fuselage section with the auxiliary fuel tank.
The effect of bilateral sectioning of the chorda tympani and the greater superficial petrosal nerves on the sweet taste in the rat

The effects of bilateral deafferentation of the greater superficial petrosal (GSP) and the chorda tympani (CT) nerves on the ingestion of sucrose solutions were studied in rats. The rats received five daily sequential 30 second exposures for each sucrose concentration, and the average number of licks per exposure was calculated. Sucrose concentrations of 0.01, 0.03, 0.10, 0.32, and 1.00 M were presented in ascending order across days, both before and after bilateral sectioning of both the CT and the GSP nerves, the CT alone, the GSP alone, or a sham surgery. Prior to surgery, mean lick rate increased with increasing concentrations of sucrose. Following surgery, the rats with combined GSP and CT nerve sections showed a significant decrease in mean rate of licking to the sucrose solutions. The rats with GSP sections showed a similar decrease in mean lick rate to the sucrose solutions. Animals with sections of the CT nerve and sham-operated animals showed no significant reduction in mean lick rate to the sucrose solutions. These results indicate that the GSP nerve is important to the rat in reinforcing high lick rates to sucrose.
SOMATOMEDIN C IN PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

Plasma somatomedin C (SmC) increases gradually throughout childhood and sharply at puberty. To assess the possible contribution of SmC to the accelerated growth of children with true precocious puberty (TPP), we have compared SmC levels in 41 1-7 year old children with TPP (33 girls, 8 boys), 87 age-matched controls, and 110 normal pubertal children. SmC levels were significantly greater in the TPP patients than in age-matched controls (p<.01). SmC levels correlated with Tanner stage in both normal and precocious puberty (Figure).
Crossover of formic acid through Nafion® membranes

Abstract Formic acid has been proposed as a possible fuel for miniature fuel cells, because formic acid is expected to show low crossover and easy water management. In this paper, the permeation of formic acid through Nafion® membranes is investigated at room temperature. It is found that the permeation of formic acid through Nafion® 112 and 117 is much lower than that of methanol. For example, at a 1 M concentration, the steady state flux of formic acid through Nafion® 117 is only 2.03±0.07×10−8 mol/cm2 s. By comparison, previous workers have observed a methanol flux of 3 to 6×10−6 mol/cm2 s through Nafion® 117 under similar conditions. The flux through Nafion® 117 increases with increasing formic acid concentration, reaching a maximum of 1.86±0.11×10−7 mol/cm2 s at a formic acid concentration of 10 M. The flux of formic acid is about a factor of two higher through Nafion® 112 than through Nafion® 117 but still low. These results show that the permeation of formic acid through Nafion® is much slower than the permeation of methanol through the same membrane. Consequently, formic acid is an attractive alternative fuel for small polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells.
MONOPLASTIDIC CELL DIVISION IN LOWER LAND PLANTS.

In many bryophytes and vascular cryptogams mitosis and/or meiosis takes place in cells containing a single plastid. In monoplastidic cell division plastid polarity assures that nuclear and plastid division are infallibly coordinated. The two major components of plastid polarity are morphogenetic plastid migration and microtubule organization at the plastids. Before nuclear division the plastid migrates to a position intersecting the future division plane. This morphogenetic migration is a reliable marker of division polarity in cells with and without a preprophase band of microtubules (PPB). The PPB, which predicts the future division plane before mitosis, is a characteristic feature of land plants and its insertion into the cytokinetic apparatus marks the evolution of a cortical microtubule system and a commitment to meristematic growth. Microtubule systems associated with plastid division, the axial microtubule system (AMS) in mitosis and the quadripolar microtubule system (QMS) in meiosis, contribute to predictive positioning of plastids and participate directly in spindle ontogeny. Division polarity in monoplastidic sporocytes is remarkable in that division sites are selected prior to the two successive nuclear divisions of meiosis. Plastid arrangement prior to meiosis determines the future spore domains in monoplastidic sporocytes, whereas in polyplastidic sporocytes the spore nuclei play a major role in claiming cytoplasmic domains. It is hypothesized that predivision microtubule systems associated with monoplastidic cell division are early forming components of the mitotic apparatus that serve to orient the spindle and insure equal apportionment of nucleus and plastids. "Can it be supposed that cytoplasm would be intrusted with so important a task as the preparation of a chloroplast for each of the four nuclei that are later to preside over the spores before there is any indication that such nuclear division is to take place?" Bradley Moore Davis, 1899.
Effect of ergotamine on plasma metabolite and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in cows.

Abstract Bovine plasma was assayed to determine if ergotamine affected plasma metabolite and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations. In Experiment 1, four cows received a single bolus intravenous injection of ergotamine tartrate (19 μg/kg body wt.) or saline vehicle in a crossover design 2 days after prostaglandin-induced luteolysis. Treatment×time affected plasma glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and IGF-1 concentrations. Glucose and cholesterol were increased after ergotamine. Triglycerides were elevated within 1 h after ergotamine, but were decreased 3 h after ergotamine treatment. Plasma IGF-1 decreased in response to ergotamine. Blood constituents were unchanged after treatment with saline. In Experiment 2, six cows received a single bolus intravenous injection of ergotamine (20 μg/kg body wt.) or saline vehicle in a crossover design 10 days after receiving norgestomet (6 mg) via subcutaneous ear implant. Treatment×time affected glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and IGF-1 concentrations. Glucose and cholesterol were increased after ergotamine. Triglycerides were elevated 1 h after ergotamine and decreased 3–7 h after ergotamine. Plasma IGF-1 decreased after ergotamine treatment. Blood constituents were unresponsive to the saline vehicle. Results indicated ergotamine altered plasma metabolite and IGF-1 concentrations in cows.
Role of Thyroid Hormone in De Novo Synthesis of Cholinephosphotransferase in Guinea Pig Lung Mitochondria and Microsomes

It is known that thyroid hormone enhances the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in the lung. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of thyroid hormone on the activity of cholinephosphotransferase, the terminal enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway, in guinea pig lung mitochondria and microsomes. Intramuscular injection of triiodothyronine (T3, 0.25-4 mg/kg body wt) stimulated the activities of both mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. However, the stimulation was much more pronounced in the microsomes than in the mitochondria. The stimulatory effect of T3 was blocked by the intraperitoneal injection of both actinomycin D and cycloheximide in the microsomes, whereas in the mitochondria, the hormonal effect was blocked only by cycloheximide. Thus, it is suggested that T3 stimulates not only the nucleocytoplasmic system for the de novo synthesis of the enzyme, but possibly also the regulation of the transport of the synthesized protein into the mitochondria. Furthermore, administration of T3 produced an increase in the uptake and incorporation of [14C]choline into phospholipids of lung slices in vitro. However, this effect was blocked by intraperitoneal injection of both actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Thus, the change in CPT activity by T3 in mitochondria is not reflected by enhanced incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine.
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the ovine fetus in utero.

The effect of exogenous insulin injections on blood glucose was studied in 9 unstressed, unanesthetized sheep fetuses in utero (gestational age 122–146 days). Porcine insulin (0.6 U) was injected in the fetal femoral vein; blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the umbilical vein, umbilical artery and maternalfemoral artery. Insulin concentration in the umbilical artery rose from a mean of 13 µU/ml to an extrapolated mean peak of 992 µU/ml and then decreased exponentially for 105 min, with a mean half-life of 23 min. In the control periods, there was a 3.0 ± 0.3 mg/100 ml (mean ± SEM) venous-arterial difference of glucose concentration across the umbilical circulation and a linear relationship between umbilical artery and maternal artery glucose concentrations. After exogenous insulin the mean venousarterial difference increased to 4.3 ± 0.5 mg/100 ml (mean ± SEM). The absolute glucoseconcentration in the umbilical artery decreased byan average of 7.3 ±0.7 mg/100 ml (mean ± SEM). In conclusion, t...
Cell formation with operation times of jobs for even distribution of workloads

Unlike the traditional cell formation problem with machine-part incidence matrix, this paper deals with the formation of cells for jobs with operation times on different machines. The cell formation procedure in this paper consists of two distinct phases. The first phase analyses the relationship between the number of cells and the maximum number of operations that can be performed without duplicating the machines and develops a closed form expression for the optimal number of cells that minimizes the total associated cost. The second phase proposes a methodology for clustering the machines and the parts into a prespecified optimal number of cells given an upper limit on the total processing time of the jobs in a cell. Finally an attempt has been made to balance the system with an objective of reducing the degree of workload deviation in the cells.
The “Subprime” Market and International Higher Education

It may be illuminating to compare the current subprime mortgage and housing-sector crisis in the United States and developments in international higher education. First, buyers and the housing and financial industries wanted to participate in a growing and lucrative housing market, just as many groups in the higher education industry now want to be players in international higher education.
Widespread Consumption-dependent Systematic Error in Fish Bioenergetics Models and its Implications

Data from laboratory evaluations of seven fish bioenergetics models (BEMs) were used to investigate possible associations between BEM prediction error in relative growth rate (RGRerror) and levels of model input variables: mean daily food-consumption rate and fish body weight. Correlation between RGRerror and fish body weight was found in three BEMs applied under submaintenance feeding conditions. A strong correlation between RGRerror and mean daily consumption level was observed in all models over full consumption ranges; consumption level explained 70%96% of variation in RGRerror. All BEMs underestimated (by 2- to 5-fold) growth at lower consumption levels and overestimated (by 2- to 3-fold) growth at higher consumption levels. RGRerror values associated with higher consumption levels were greater (up to 22 cal·g1·day1) than those at lower consumption levels (up to 10 cal·g1·day1). Correlation between consumption rate and RGRerror in all seven models indicates widespread systematic error among BEMs...
Copper deposition onto silicon by galvanic displacement : Effect of Cu complex formation in NH4F solutions

Copper was deposited onto rotating Si substrates by galvanic displacement in 6.0 M NH4F to determine the effects of Cu complex formation on deposition rates. Deposition rates decreased with increasing rotation speed, indicating that Cu(I) intermediates, stabilized by NH3, diffuse away from the Cu surface before they reduce to Cu(0). UV–visible spectra of contacting solutions and direct measurements of mass changes resulting from Cu deposition and Si removal confirmed this proposal. These findings contrast those reported previously for deposition from HF solutions, in which Cu(I) species are unstable and reduce rapidly to Cu(0). These data and mixed-potential theory were used to develop a reaction-transport model that accurately describes the effects of mass transfer and electrochemical reaction rates on Cu deposition dynamics and open-circuit potential (OCP) values. The effects of ascorbic acid and tartrate additives on film properties and formation rates were also examined. Cu reduction kinetics decreased significantly when ascorbic acid (0.01 M) was present. Adhesion of Cu films was improved when ascorbic acid was used, but internal stresses caused films to distort when their thicknesses exceeded 100 nm. Adding potassium sodium tartrate to solutions containing ascorbic acid decreased film stresses and led to robust films with excellent adhesion.
Green tea extract attenuates hepatic steatosis by decreasing adipose lipogenesis and enhancing hepatic antioxidant defenses in ob/ob mice

Excess hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, we hypothesized that the hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of green tea extract (GTE) would attenuate events leading to NAFLD. Obese mice (ob/ob; 5 weeks old, n=38) and their lean littermates (n=12) were fed 0%, 0.5% or 1% GTE for 6 weeks. Then, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were measured. Obese mice, compared to lean controls, had greater hepatic lipids and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). GTE at 1% lowered (P<.05) hepatic lipids and ALT in obese mice. The GTE-mediated attenuation in hepatic steatosis was accompanied by decreased mRNA expression of adipose sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl CoA desaturase-1, and hormone-sensitive lipase and decreased serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Immunohistochemical data indicated that steatotic livers from obese mice had extensive accumulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), whereas GTE at 1% decreased hepatic TNF-α protein and inhibited adipose TNF-α mRNA expression. Hepatic total glutathione, malondialdehyde and Mn- and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activities in obese mice fed GTE were normalized to the levels of lean littermates. Also, GTE increased hepatic catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and these activities were inversely correlated with ALT and liver lipids. Collectively, GTE mitigated NAFLD and hepatic injury in ob/ob mice by decreasing the release of fatty acids from adipose and inhibiting hepatic lipid peroxidation as well as restoring antioxidant defenses and decreasing inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that GTE may be used as an effective dietary strategy to mitigate obesity-triggered NAFLD.
Education and Economic Decline in Britain, 1870 to the 1990s . By Michael Sanderson. (New Studies in Economic and Social History Series.) New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. viii, 124. $39.95, cloth; $11.95, paper.

Michael Sanderson, author of several influential books on British education and industry, is the general editor of the series in which this volume appears. It admirably fulfills the aim of the seriesâ€”to survey the current state of scholarship for students and their teachersâ€”by reviewing an extensive literature on British schooling and its relation to the economy in seven tightly organized, substantive chapters. If a succinct overview of this work is what you need, this is the book to get.
Computerized hand grip myometry reliably measures myotonia and muscle strength in myotonic dystrophy (DM1)

The aim of this study was to develop a reliable, sensitive, quantitative measure of grip myotonia and strength and to determine whether CTG repeat length is correlated with grip myotonia and with muscle strength in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). Three maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) of the finger flexors (i.e., handgrip) were recorded on 2 successive days using a computerized handgrip myometer in 29 genetically confirmed DM1 patients and 17 normals. An automated computer program calculated MVIC peak force (PF) and relaxation times (RTs) along the declining (relaxation) phase of the force recordings at 90%, 75%, 50%, 10%, and 5% of PF. Patients also underwent quantitative strength testing (QST) manual muscle testing (MMT). The patients had longer grip RTs and lower PFs than normals. RT (90% to 5%) was above the normal mean +2.5 SD in 25 (86%) patients. In DM1, prolongation of RT was mainly in the terminal (50% to 5%), rather than the initial (90% to 50%) phase of relaxation. PFs and RTs for each patient were reproducible on consecutive days. RTs were positively correlated with leukocyte CTG repeat length, whereas measures of muscle strength, such as PF, QST, and MMT, were negatively correlated with repeat length. We conclude that computerized handgrip myometry provides a sensitive, reliable measure of myotonia and strength in DM1 and offers a method to assess natural history and response to treatment.
Predictions for diffraction at the LHC compared to experimental results

Diffractive proton-proton cross sections at the lhc, as well as the total and total-inelastic proton-proton cross sections, are predicted in a simple model obeying all unitarity constraints. The model has been implemented in the pythia8-mbr event genera- tor for single diffraction, double diffraction, and central diffraction processes. Predictions of the model are compared to recent LHC results. The pythia8-mbr option includes a full simulation of the hadronization of the implemented diffrac- tion dissociation processes: single, double, and central diffraction. In the original mbr simulation used in cdf, the hadronization of the final state(s) was based on a data-driven phenomenological model of multiplicities and pt distributions calibrated using S ¯ ppS and Fermilab fixed-target results. Later, the model was successfully tested against Tevatron mb and diffraction data. However, only π ± and π 0 particles were produced in the final state, with multiplicities obeying a statistical model of a modified Gamma distribution function that provided good fits to experimental data (8). This model could not be used to predict specific-particle final states. In the pythia8-mbr implementation, hadronization is performed by PYTHIA8 tuned to reproduce final-state distributions in agreement with mbr's, with hadronization done in the pythia8 framework. Thus, all final-state particles are now automatically produced, greatly enhancing the horizon of applicability of tpythia8-mbr.
THE EFFECTS OF EXERGAMING ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN A THIRD-GRADE PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASS

We compared the effects of exergaming and traditional physical education on physical activity among 4 active children who were not overweight and who had experience with the exergaming activities prior to the study. Results showed that exergaming produced substantially higher percentages of physical activity and opportunity to engage in physical activity. In addition, an evaluation of the exergaming equipment showed that exergaming stations were associated with differential levels of physical activity across participants.
Going Cyber: Using Routine Activities Theory to Predict Cyberbullying Experiences

Using data from a national sample of 935 teenagers, we examine the ability of routine activities theory to predict cyberbullying. The data used in this analysis were collected as part of the Pew Internet and American Life Project Web site. Among the different elements of routine activities theory, suitability and availability were found to have the strongest correlations to experienced cyberbullying. Using logistic regression, our findings show that routine activities theory is a viable explanation for cyberbullying risk among teenagers.
Disjunctive Image Computation for Embedded Software Verification

Finite state models generated from software programs have unique characteristics that are not exploited by existing model checking algorithms. In this paper, we propose a novel disjunctive image computation algorithm and other simplifications based on these characteristics. Our algorithm divides an image computation into a disjunctive set of easier ones that can be performed in isolation. Hypergraph partitioning is used to minimize the number of live variables in each disjunctive component. We use the live variables to simplify transition relations and reachable state subsets. Our experiments on a set of real-world C programs show that the new algorithm achieves orders-of-magnitude performance improvement over the best known conjunctive image computation algorithm
Production planning for a prone to failures manufacturing facility with stochastic demand

The production planning of a manufacturing facility with uncertain capacity and stochastic demand is discussed. The plan is based on the hedging point policy as derived by S.B. Gershwin et al. (1985). The same policy is applied for a system that has stochastic demand and is prone to failures. The same policy can also be used to determine the size of the buffer for a system with two machines. Simulation is used to evaluate the method, since there is no analytic proof of optimality. >
Effects of the Andes on eastern Pacific climate: A regional atmospheric model study

Abstract A regional atmospheric model is used to study the effects of the narrow and steep Andes on the eastern Pacific climate. In the Southern Hemisphere cold season (i.e., August–October 1999), the model reproduces key climatic features, including the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) north of the equator and an extensive low-level cloud deck capped by a temperature inversion to the south. Blocking the warm easterly winds from South America, the Andes help maintain the divergence and temperature inversion and, hence, the stratocumulus cloud deck over the southeast Pacific off South America. In an experiment where the Andean mountains are removed, the warm advection from the South American continent lowers the inversion height and reduces the low-level divergence offshore, leading to a significant reduction in cloud amount and an increase in solar radiation that reaches the sea surface. In March and early April 1999, the model simulates a double ITCZ in response to the seasonal warming on and south ...
Microvasculature of the cruciate ligaments and its response to injury. An experimental study in dogs.

The normal vascular anatomy of the cruciate ligaments was investigated in eight dogs by microangiography, histology, and tissue-clearing (Spalteholz) techniques. The vessels were found to originate predominantly from the soft tissues (infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane) of the joint. The vascular response to partial surgical transection of the anteromedial mid-portion of the anterior cruciate ligament was evaluated in twelve dogs. This response, which was vigorous and extensive, appeared to arise from the soft tissues. Resection of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane at the time of injury tended to decrease this response. Spontaneous healing of the defect had not occurred in either group by eight weeks. Clinical Relevance: The predominant soft-tissue, as opposed to osseous, origin of the blood supply to the cruciate ligaments may be an important consideration in the repair of these structures. The preservation and utilization of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial envelope may optimize the vascular response and healing of the ligament.
Challenges of future silicon IC technology

The silicon IC technology continues to scale following Moore's law for over fifty years. Now, we are approaching a critical crossroad as we are about at the limit of conventional optical lithography — the enabler of our business. Besides lithography, new materials, device structures, and interconnect schemes must also be developed in order to keep us on the scaling curve. In addition, we not only have to follow the laws of physics but also those of economics: device manufacturing cost can not increase out of proportion from one generation to the next.
Technical aspects of adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy has been described as a potential successful tool in the management of a variety of malignancies that occur primarily in a local regional manner [1]. The benefits of this technique may be used in ovarian carcinoma, gastrointestinal malignancies [2], and mesothelioma [1, 3]. A new approach to the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis has been recently deve­loped [4]. The protocol of treatment includes cytoreductive surgery, early pos­toperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy and adjuvant intraperitoneal and syste­mic chemotherapy (Fig. 1). The objective of this manuscript is to report the author’s experience with adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy by repeated paracentesis.
Fat loads and flightlessness in Wilson's Phalaropes

Fat loads of about 45% of total body mass are maximal for most shorebird migrants. In preparing to fly nonstop from staging areas in North America to South America, some late-staging adult Wilson's Phalaropes (Phalaropus tricolor) amass greater loads (to 54%) and for a brief period become too heavy to fly. This condition is associated with rapid mass gain, but may involve other factors. Despite ostensibly ideal conditions at staging areas, the phalaropes' greatest rate of fat deposition (3.4-3.6% lean body mass-day -1 ) is only 60-70% of the theoretical maximum.
Further Notes on Symphyla with Descriptions of Three New Species from California

Although I have been interested in Symphyla for a number of years, only for the past few years has there been a serious attempt made to collect them. Up to the present time they have been found in almost every environment examined. They are found in areas having markedly different kinds of climate and can be collected in desert regions as well as areas receiving heavy precipitation. They have been collected in all types of soil, as stated by the writer in a recent paper (2).
Chromosome numbers in some North American species of the genus Cirsium. III. Western United States, Mexico, and Guatemala

New data are presented on chromosome numbers for 36 species, two varieties, and two hybrids ofCirsium (Compositae). These include first reports forC. rhothophilum (2n = 34),C. andrewsii (2n = 32),C. crassicaule (2n = 32),C. quercetorum (2n= 32, 112),C. pascuarense (2n= 32),C. douglasii var.canescens (2n = 30, 34),C. hydrophilum (2n = 32),C. neomexicanum (2n = 30),C. cymosum (2n = 30, 34),C. acantholepis (2n= 34),C. radians (2n = 34), C.grahami (2n = 32),C. nigriceps (2n = 36),C. andersonii (2n= 32, 64),C. anartiolepis (2n = 34), andC. subcoriaceum (2n= 34). The published data on chromosome numbers of Eurasian and AmericanCirsium are summarized. In Eurasia, speciation has taken place primarily at the diploid level but is occasionally reinforced by polyploidy. The ancestral base number of 17 has been preserved in almost all species, and there is little evidence that reduction in chromosome number has played a significant role in speciation. In America speciation has proceeded exclusively at the diploid level, but the ancestral genome of 17 chromosomes has been retained in only about half of the species examined. In the remaining species, restructuring of the genome has occurred resulting in a reduction in number from 17 to 9 in extreme cases. Polyploidy, when seen, is of no significance. It is suggested that all species with greatly reduced numbers may represent products of a single reduction series.
Additions to the Phycomycete Flora of the Douglas Lake Region. I. New Taxa and Records

(1955). Additions to the Phycomycete Flora of the Douglas Lake Region. I. New Taxa and Records. Mycologia: Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 546-556.
An Exploratory Comparative Analysis of Asian Markets: China versus India

This study investigates the differences in the business environments of the two most populous Asian countries-- China and India--which are also two of the most important economies in the world in terms of size and influence. Although China started its economic reform and development earlier than India did, India is quickly catching up and these two countries have become a battleground for attracting direct foreign investments. An understanding of what is happening in these two countries has become an urgent, important topic in global business. For this study, an exploratory descriptive analysis is performed to cross-examine various economic, demographic, and cultural data of these two giants to uncover both their differences and commonalities.
A parallel Large Eddy Simulation in a finite element projection method for all flow regimes

ABSTRACTA new Finite Element Method (FEM) system has been developed for engine and combustion modeling, KIVA-hpFE. This new FEM uses a projection method for the solution of the momentum equations and runs on parallel computer systems using the Message Passing Interface (MPI). The modeled fluid is multispecies and employs either Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) (k-ϖ) or a dynamic Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model for the solution of turbulent reactive flow. This FEM-based code provides an excellent platform for developing better in-cylinder fuel and species evolution. A dynamic LES method applicable through transitional to fully turbulent flow is described in this paper. LES uses a fine grid resolution to provide the accurate subgrid-scale (SGS) modeling of turbulence and to capture the majority of the turbulent energy in the resolved regions (the grid scale). To this end, a parallel method is required, particularly for engineering solutions of 3D domains, and is described along with the linear algeb...
Surgical treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome can be associated with disabling and life-threatening dysrhythmias that are resistant to medical treatment yet are amenable to surgical treatment. This report relates our experience with 10 Type A and 10 Type B patients who have been treated by surgery. The operation has evolved from one procedure, applicable to only a few patients, to a new procedure which allows the chance for cure for nearly all patients. By the old method, the Kent bundle was sectioned from the ventricular side; now it is divided from the atrial side, an approach which allows access to the septal tracts. There have been twelve cures, four partially successful operations, and four failures. In one failure, correction of a Type B lesion in the septal area was attempted via the old operation. In a second failure, WPW was associated with Ebstein's anomaly. In the other two failures, the Kent bundle entered the left side of the ventricular septum from the atrial septum at a point adjacent to the atrioventricular (AV) node and His bundle. This group, atrial septal Type A, may require His bundle division as well as Kent bundle division. All other patients with WPW can be cured by properly planned and performed operations.
Comet—A Sea of Dust and Ice

In this chapter I explain the contemporary understanding of comets and describe a few important historical comet appearances. Finally, I consider the philosophy of unification of humanity and nature in early China, which grounds the dominant early Chinese view of astronomical events.
Deepened Ecological Model: A Fresh Perspective on the Experience of Disability

Therapeutic recreation (TR) exists to serve people who experience disability. Delivering quality, appropriate services is predicated upon a profound understanding of the phenomenon. This article, after briefly analyzing the models of disability commonly cited in TR literature, presents a fresh perspective of the phenomenon. The perspective, portraying disability as malleable, possessing the potential to be positive and contributing to human flourishing, is derived from a deepened version of the ecological model. The deepened model is well suited for capturing the complex interplay of elements giving rise to the experience of disability so therapeutic recreation specialists (TRS) are strongly urged to adopt the fresh perspective and framework as guides for developing and delivering quality services.
Phase I/II study of the combination of inotuzumab ozogamicin (CMC-544) with low-intensity chemotherapy in patients (pts) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

7092 Background: Older pts with ALL have a significantly worse outcome. This is primarily due to poor tolerance of intensive chemotherapy which results in ineffective delivery of induction-consolidation-maintenance chemotherapy. Addition of targeted non-myelosuppressive therapy to effective low-intensity chemotherapy might improve outcome. CD22 expression occurs in >90% of pts with ALL. Inotuzumab ozogamicin (IO) is a CD22 monoclonal antibody bound to a toxin, calecheamicin, and has shown single-agent activity in relapsed/refractory ALL (Kantarjian, Lancet Oncology 2012). Methods: Pts ≥60 years (yrs) with newly-diagnosed B-cell ALL were eligible. The chemotherapy was low-intensity hyper-CVAD (cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone at 50% dose reduction, no anthracycline, methotrexate at 75% dose reduction, ara-C at 0.5 g/m2 x 4 doses). Rituximab and intrathecal chemotherapy were given for first 4 courses. IO was given on day 3 of each of the first 4 courses. First 6 pts received 1.3 mg/m2 for cycle 1 followed...
Local Government Capacity to Respond to Environmental Change: Insights from Towns in New York State.

Local governments attempting to respond to environmental change face an array of challenges. To better understand policy responses and factors influencing local government capacity to respond to environmental change, we studied three environmental issues affecting rural or peri-urban towns in different regions of New York State: climate change in the Adirondacks (n = 63 towns), loss of open space due to residential/commercial development in the Hudson Valley (n = 50), and natural gas development in the Southern Tier (n = 62). Our analysis focused on towns’ progression through three key stages of the environmental policy process (issue awareness and salience, common goals and agenda setting, policy development and implementation) and the factors that affect this progression and overall capacity for environmental governance. We found that—when compared to towns addressing open space development and natural gas development—towns confronted with climate change were at a much earlier stage in the policy process and were generally less likely to display the essential resources, social support, and political legitimacy needed for an effective policy response. Social capital cultivated through collaboration and networking was strongly associated with towns’ policy response across all regions and could help municipalities overcome omnipresent resource constraints. By comparing and contrasting municipal responses to each issue, this study highlights the processes and factors influencing local government capacity to address a range of environmental changes across diverse management contexts.