cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of taxation on labour supply: the case of moonlighting

The authors provide a simple test of supply-side economics by estimating the responsiveness of moonlighting labour supply to changes in the marginal tax rate and the wage rate. While standard theory teachers that changes in taxes and wage should have opposite and equal effects on labour supply, taxes affect the entire asset position of the household. In the short run, an adjustment of hours in the second job may be the only option available to an individual in responding to a tax change. Thus, analyses based on after-tax wages may understate supply-side effects. To estimate these effects a tobit procedure is employed. The empirical results suggest a backward-bending supply curve over thet range of moonlighting hours. Data consist of a subsample of male blue-collar workers from the 1978 cross-section of the Panel study of Income Dynamics.
Baryon Number Changing Currents

An attempt is made to generalize the algebra of currents by inclusion of baryon number changing currents which connect baryons and mesons. In this algebra both baryons and mesons are grouped together in a representation, i.e. in a supermultiplet. The currents are constructed from a set of fundamental particles consisting of a spinor SU(3) triplet and a scalar triplet. Most of the important hadrons are included in a supermultiplet but the baryon decimet is not. The hadrons discussed here correspond to bare hadrons without the Yukawa interactions. Mass relations, cross sections and other consequences obtained from this symmetry scheme are discussed.
Vulnerability of desert biological soil crusts to wind erosion: the influences of crust development, soil texture, and disturbance

Abstract Biological soil crusts, consisting of cyanobacteria, green algae, lichens, and mosses, are important in stabilizing soils in semi-arid and arid lands. Integrity of these crusts is compromised by compressional disturbances such as foot, vehicle, or livestock traffic. Using a portable wind tunnel, we found threshold friction velocities (TFVs) of undisturbed crusts well above wind forces experienced at these sites; consequently, these soils are not vulnerable to wind erosion. However, recently disturbed soils or soils with less well-developed crusts frequently experience wind speeds that exceed the stability thresholds of the crusts. Crustal biomass is concentrated in the top 3 mm of soils. Sandblasting by wind can quickly remove this material, thereby reducing N and C inputs from these organisms. This loss can result in reduced site productivity, as well as exposure of unprotected subsurface sediments to wind and water erosion. Actions to reduce impacts to these crusts can include adjustments in type, intensity, and timing of use.
Gain limitation of injection-locked oscillators due to frequency drift

When an injection-locked oscillator is used as an FM amplifier, its locking bandwidth should always exceed the drift range of the free-running frequency. The gain limitation imposed by this requirement may be calculated in terms of temperature variations of the diode and circuit properties.
Growth of native tree species planted in montane reforestation projects in the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes differs among site and species.

The tropical Andes in Ecuador and Colombia are a biodiversity hotspot that has endured centuries of forest clearance and degradation. Forest restoration has been identified as a regional conservation priority; in recent decades, native species reforestation projects have proliferated, but little information exists on growth performance of commonly planted tree species in relation to site and soil nutrient status. This study analyzed growth of seven common native species (Alnus acuminata, Baccharis bogotensis, Cedrela montana, Myrica pubesens, Quercus humboltii, Sambucus nigra, Smallanthus pyramidalis) on 12 montane forest sites across the northern region of the tropical Andes. Andean alder (A. acuminata) was the most commonly planted species, and grows at a mean annual diameter increment (MAI-d) of 1.81 cm y−1 and a mean annual height increment (MAI-h) of 0.95 m y−1. S. pyramidalis, a short lived pioneer of the Asteraceae family, also exhibited fast growth rates of 1.64 cm MAI-d and 1.21 m MAI-h. Andean oak (Q. humboltii) was the second-most commonly planted species, growing with an MAI-d of 0.99 cm and MAI-h of 0.56 m. Soil magnesium and potassium were significant predictors of MAI-d and MAI-h for A. acuminata, while soil nitrogen, phosphorous, sodium, and calcium were negatively associated with growth (p < .001). We speculate that A. acuminata did not grow as well on soils richer in calcium and phosphorus because they were less conducive to nitrogen symbiosis common to this species. Soil magnesium and calcium were significant predictors (p < .05) of diameter growth for Q. humboltii. For both species, we attribute growth responses to soil nutrients as a result of the variable nature of fertility in the complex and variable soils that make up the volcanic and surficial geological landscape of the northern Andes. Results indicate that native species can grow in a variety of soil conditions, and exhibit growth rates comparable to non-native species. However, our results suggest native species are site restricted for best growth and should be planted on particular soils. We make recommendations for reforestation for the species in this study.
Comments on the alpha-particle model of 12C and 16O

Abstract Is is noted that the simple α-particle model of 12 C and 16 O, when applied to recent electron scattering data for these nuclei which greatly extend the region of momentum transfer, still provides a partially satisfactory fit. In particular, for elastic scattering by 16 O the model also predicts the recently observed second diffraction minimum which so far could be explained by more detailed theoretical models only.
A 60-year-old Woman With an Incidentally Discovered Right Renal Mass

CASE REPORT 60-year-old woman presented to our clinic for evaluation of a right renal mass, incidentally Adiscovered on a computed tomography (CT) scan obtained during a workup for shortness of breath. Her medical history was significant for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, and asthma. She had undergone several abdominal surgeries, including laparoscopic gastric banding, splenectomy, hysterectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. She denied a history of tobacco, heavy alcohol, or illicit drug use. She had no family history of kidney disease or genitourinary malignancy. On a review of systems, she reported intermittent nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia but denied fevers, night sweats, weight loss, gross hematuria, dysuria, or a change in bowel habits. Her vitals signs were within normal limits, and her body mass index was 32.4 kg/m. Her abdomen was soft, not distended, and without palpable masses, although several surgical scars were present. Routine laboratory tests, including complete blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, coagulation studies, and urinalysis, were performed. The complete blood count with differential demonstrated mild thrombocytosis (473 K/ mL) and leukocytosis (13 K/mL) but was otherwise normal. The results from the remainder of the laboratory studies were also within normal limits. A CT scan with intravenous contrast of the abdomen and pelvis obtained 1 month before her clinic evaluation revealed a 3.4 3.0-cm, enhancing mass located in the posterior mid-pole cortex of the right kidney (Fig. 1). No additional masses were seen in the remainder of the right kidney. The left kidney and both ureters appeared normal. No retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy or other intra-abdominal abnormalities were identified.
Management of cancerisation of the lobules with pre-invasive or invasive breast carcinoma: a case series

Cancerisation of the lobules (CL), the intra-luminal extension of carcinoma from ducts and ductules into the breast lobules, is not often encountered in clinical practice. A retrospective study of eight individuals diagnosed with CL and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or cancer of the breast between 1999 and 2006 was undertaken to determine the management of the disease and patient outcomes. In most cases, breast conservation surgery with postoperative radiotherapy or mastectomy and systemic therapy were the chosen methods of treatment. None of the patients experienced tumour relapse or progression during a mean follow-up period of 40.6 (range 8–90) months. The management philosophy for this particular neoplastic condition should be based on the understanding that CL, when detected with DCIS or invasive breast cancer, may represent more extensive disease. Moreover, the finding of such histopathology underlines the need for meticulous attention to the resection margins and additional treatment as indicated.
Laser-driven Sisyphus cooling in an optical dipole trap

We propose a laser-driven Sisyphus-cooling scheme for atoms confined in a far-off resonance optical dipole trap. Utilizing the differential trap-induced ac Stark shift, two electronic levels of the atom are resonantly coupled by a cooling laser preferentially near the trap bottom. After absorption of a cooling photon, the atom loses energy by climbing the steeper potential, and then spontaneously decays preferentially away from the trap bottom. The proposed method is particularly suited to cooling alkaline-earth-metal-like atoms where two-level systems with narrow electronic transitions are present. Numerical simulations for the cases of ${}^{88}$Sr and ${}^{174}$Yb demonstrate the expected recoil and Doppler temperature limits. The method requires a relatively small number of scattered photons and can potentially lead to phase-space densities approaching quantum degeneracy in subsecond time scales.
Effects of Cyclic Nucleotides on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Hypophysectomized Rat Cartilage: Stimulation of Thymidine Incorporation and Potentiation of the Action of Somatomedin by Analogs of Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate or a Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor*

The actions of cyclic nucleotides on basal and somatomedin-stimulated thymidine incorporation into DNA by costal cartilage from hypophysectomized rats were investigated. Three analogs of cAMP (dibutyryl, 8-bromo, and 8-dimethylamino derivatives, which are alternate activators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and resistant to degradation by cAMP phosphodiesterase but represent a wide difference in potency as phosphodiesterase inhibitors) in a range of concentrations from about 10-5 to 3 × 10-4 M enhanced basal and somatomedinstimulated-thymidine incorporation. Each cAMP analog at optimal concentration produced combined effects with a suboptimal concentration of somatomedin which were additive or greater. cAMP itself, 5′-AMP, adenosine, 8-Br-5′-AMP, 8-Br-ATP, and cGMP at concentrations from 10-7-10-3 M or dibutyryl cGMP at concentrations from 10-10-10-3 M did not reproduce the effects of the cAMP analogs. A phosphodiesterase inhibitor (1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine) at concentrations of 100 or 500 μM also pot...
Cardiac Hypertrophy: A Risk Factor for QT-Prolongation and Cardiac Sudden Death

Cardiac hypertrophy was viewed as a compensatory response to hemodynamic stress. However, cumulative evidence obtained from studies using more advanced technologies in human patients and animal models suggests that cardiac hypertrophy is a maladaptive process of the heart in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Although hypertrophy can normalize wall tension, it is a risk factor for QT-prolongation and cardiac sudden death. Studies using molecular biology techniques such as transgenic and knockout mice have revealed many important molecules that are involved in the development of heart hypertrophy and have demonstrated signaling pathways leading to the pathogenesis. With the same approach, the consequence of heart hypertrophy has been examined. The significance of hypertrophy in the development of overt heart failure has been demonstrated and several critical molecular pathways involved in the process were revealed. A comprehensive understanding of the threats of heart hypertrophy to patients has helped to develop novel treatment strategies. The recognition of hypertrophy as a major risk factor for QT-prolongation and cardiac sudden death is an important advance in cardiac medicine. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of this risk aspect are currently under extensively exploring. These studies would lead to more comprehensive approaches to prevention of potential life threatening arrhythmia and cardiac sudden death. The adaptation of new approaches such as functional genomics and proteomics will further advance our knowledge of heart hypertrophy.
Biomechanics of male erectile function

Two major branches of engineering mechanics are fluid mechanics and structural mechanics, with many practical problems involving the effect of the first on the second. An example is the design of an aircraft's wings to bend within reasonable limits without breaking under the action of lift forces exerted by the air flowing over them; another is the maintenance of the structural integrity of a dam designed to hold back a water reservoir which would exert very large forces on it. Similarly, fluid and structural mechanics are involved in the engineering analysis of erectile function: it is the hydraulic action of increased blood flow into the corpora cavernosa that creates the structural rigidity necessary to prevent collapse of the penile column.
Characterization of the Pleiotropic Effects of the Genotype G-Specific 36-nucleotide Insertion in the Context of Other Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes

The pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serves as the messenger for both core and P proteins, with the downstream P gene translated by ribosomal leaky scanning. HBV replication begins with packaging of the pgRNA and P protein into core protein particles, followed by conversion of RNA into DNA. Genotype G has a low replication capacity due to a low pgRNA level. It has a 36-nucleotide (nt) insertion in the 5' end of the core gene, adding 12 residues to the core protein. The insertion is needed to maintain efficient core protein expression and genome replication but causes inefficient virion secretion yet high maturity of virion DNA. In the present study, we confirmed that the 36-nt insertion had similar effects on core protein expression and virion secretion when it was introduced into genotype A and D clones but no impact on virion genome maturity. Surprisingly, the insertion impaired genome replication in both genotypes. Transcomplementation assays suggest that increased efficiency of core protein translation diminishes ribosomal scanning toward the downstream P gene. Indeed, mutating the core gene Kozak sequence restored core protein to lower levels but increased replication of the insertion mutant. Similar mutations impaired replication in genotype G. On the other hand, replacement of the core promoter sequence of genotype G with genotype A sequence increased pgRNA transcription and genome replication, implicating this region in the low replication capacity of genotype G. Why the 36-nt insertion is present in genotype G but absent in other genotypes is discussed.
SPATIAL BOOTSTRAP WITH INCREASING OBSERVATIONS IN A FIXED DOMAIN

Various methods, such as the moving block bootstrap, have been devel- oped to resample dependent data. These contain features that attempt to retain the dependence structure in the data. Asymptotic results for these methods have been based on increasing the number of observations as the observation region in- creases, combined with restrictions on the range of dependence of the data. In this work, we consider resampling a one-dimensional Gaussian random field observed on a regular lattice, with increasing number of observations within a fixed obser- vation region. We show a consistency result for resampling the variogram when the underlying process has a variogram of the form (t) = �t + S(t),|S(t)| � Dt 2 . For a class of smoother processes, specifically, for a process with variogram of the form (t) = �t 2 + �t 3 + R(t),|R(t)| � Dt 4 , we provide a similar result when re- sampling the second-order variogram. We performed a simulation study in one and two dimensions. We used the Matern model for the covariance function with varying values of the smoothness parameter �. We find that the empirical coverage of confidence intervals of the variogram approaches the nominal 95% level as the number of observations increases for models with small �, but asis increased the empirical coverage decreases, with the coverage becoming significantly lower than the nominal level when � � 1. When we consider the second-order variogram, we find that the empirical coverage approaches the nominal level for larger values of � than for the first-order variogram, with the empirical coverage noticeably lower than the nominal level only whenis about 2.
The Multifactorial Approach to PTSD in the Active Duty Military Population

In this chapter, we discuss pharmacological and administrative approaches to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the military population, including treatment of comorbid substance use disorders and acting as a liaison with command. Current evidence and clinical practice guidelines support the use of SSRIs, specifically sertraline, as first-line treatment for PTSD, as well as prazosin for PTSD-associated sleep disturbances and nightmares. Benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics should be avoided as they have been shown to cause harm. Administrative policies unique to the military can also pose a challenge to appropriate care and are outlined below.
Tungsten-Mediated Selective Ring Opening of Vinylcyclopropanes

The complexes TpW(NO)(PMe3)(L), where L = 2H-phenol, 2H-p-cresol, 2H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthol, 2H-N,N-dimethylanilinium were cyclopropanated using Simmons–Smith conditions. Cyclopropanated derivatives of 2H-N,N-dimethylanilinium were selectively ring-opened with HOTf/MeCN to form allylic species, which could be coupled with various nucleophiles. The nucleophilic addition occurs anti to the metal fragment, as determined by X-ray crystallography. Moreover, the cyclopropane ring opening occurs regioselectively, owing to the stabilization of the allylic cation by the metal fragment. The resulting ligands can, in some cases, be removed from the metal by oxidative decomplexation using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN).
Cloning and characterization of the peptidoglycan recognition protein genes in the mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

ABSTRACT Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a group of proteins that are responsible for the recognition and, in some cases, binding of peptidoglycan (PGN), a unique cell wall component of bacteria, and initiation of immune responses to various types of pathogens. In the current study, full-length cDNA sequences of multiple PGRPs, identified via a database search, were cloned in the mosquito Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett). During cloning, a novel transcript variant (isoform) of AsPGRP-LC (As: Ar. subalbatus) was also identified that shares a large 5′ end fragment with AsPGRP-LC All four AsPGRP genes (six transcripts) contain a conserved PGRP domain, an ortholog of the amidase-2 domain. Based on predicted functional domain, the six Ar. subalbatus PGRPs resemble both short (AsPGRP-S1) and long (AsPGRP-LBa, AsPGRP-LBb, AsPGRP-LCa, AsPGRPLCb, and AsPGRP-LE) forms of PGRPs as in other insects. Sequence alignments showed that PGRPs are conserved across Dipterans. Phylogenetic analysis indicated t...
John H. Laragh, MD: clinician-scientist.

John Laragh is an outstanding clinician-scientist who discovered that renin, a mostly forgotten kidney hormone, causes essential hypertension1,2 and its complications.3 This discovery led to two new classes of drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, which revolutionized the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and kidney disease and improved innumerable lives.
A Drosophila model of improving the fitness of translocations for genetic control : 1. Autosomal translocations with euchromatic breakpoints.

Translocations with euchromatic breakpoints were generated in lethal-free autosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Pairs of initially homozygous-lethal translocations, matched for one breakpoint, were allowed to recombine for ten generations. At the end of the experiment, 10/47=21% of crosses (representing 8/26=31% of the intial translocations) had at least one line with at least one homokaryotypic third-instar larva, detected among a small sample of salivary gland preparations from each cross. Among these ten crosses, chromosome extractions were performed; 5/10 of the crosses (probably representing 4/8 of the translocations) had at least one chromosome set with relative viability greater than 15%–25%. To a first (and conservative) approximation, 5/47=11% of crosses showed improvement of viability of 1 of the translocations in the cross during the controlled recombination regime; overall, 4 of the 26 translocations (15%) showed improvement of viability. Partly because of the conservative criterion of viability used, this figure is less than the 20% of translocations that theoretically should be improvable. Pseudohomokaryotypes (pairs of translocations with both breakpoints nearly matching) did not behave as very fit homokaryotypes. However, some of them generated viable hyperploid assortment products that might be of practical interest to mask deleterious effects at breakpoints of translocations. The improvement of fitness of at least a proportion of low fitness translocation stocks by the use of a controlled recombination procedure should be feasible for many pest species.
A Study of the Root Resorption of Anterior Teeth in Orthodonctic Treatment Applying Microscrew Implant Anchorage or Orthognathia Surgery

Objective:To determine the relationship between the rate of anterior teeth root resorption and orthodonc-tic treatment applying microscrew implant anchorage or orthognathia surgery.Methods: Patients with fixed orthodonctic treatment by Edgewise appliance were divided into two groups according to applying of microscrew implant anchorage or orthognathia surgery.Measuring the root length in X-ray before and after different treat-ment , analyzing the rate of root resorption of the different anterior teeth of pulling and non-pulling group in two treatment group. At the same time, recording the treatment time.Results: There's no statistically signifi-cant difference between the rate of root resorption of two methods, but there's statistically significant differ-ence between the treatment time. Conclusion: The rate of root resorption of two methods are consistent,there's no relationship between the root resorption of the teeth transportation distance or treatment time.
Is 'No News' Really 'Good News'? Country Visibility and the Location Choice in Foreign Direct Investment

In choosing where to invest, firms seek out information on a set of possible locations. Information asymmetries may be more extreme internationally than domestically, making country visibility particularly important in decisions to locate investment abroad. We develop a country visibility index based on international news stories in "The Economist", and show that broad country visibility is at least as important in attracting foreign direct investment as other specific investment promotion activities or proxies for information frictions. Controlling for standard gravity model determinants of foreign direct investment, we find that greater visibility of developing countries, in particular lower-middle and low income countries, increases the investments that they receive from U.S. multinational corporations.
Obesity and Liver Disease: The Epidemic of the Twenty-First Century

Obesity is a rapidly growing health problem that is associated with more than 65 comorbidities and results in substantially increased all-cause mortality. The increase of obesity has played an important role in the increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common cause of liver disease in the United States. Understanding the prevalence, comorbidities, and pathogenesis of obesity provides an essential foundation for clinicians who care for individuals with NAFLD.
Evaluation of a Cultural Competence Assessment for Preservice Teachers.

Globally, public schools enroll culturally and linguistically diverse student populations and teacher preparation programs must assess the cultural competence of preservice teachers. Yet, few adequately tested measures of teacher cultural competence are available. In this research study, a sample of 396 preservice teachers were surveyed to evaluate psychometric properties of one cultural competence measure designed by Liang and Zhang (2009) and to determine how well the instrument's factors reflected the construct of cultural competence. Data were collected over a 2-year period from preservice teachers enrolled in their last semester of student teaching in public school settings. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted along with a Schmid-Leiman solution due to strong interfactor correlations. Results revealed residualized first-order factors accounting for 47% of the variance and a second-order factor, Cultural Competence, which accounted for 53% of the variance explained. Implication...
On Estimating a De Facto Population and Its Components

Review of Economics & Finance Submitted on 30/June/2011 Article ID: 1923-7529-2011-05-17-15 David A. Swanson and Jeff Tayman On Estimating a De Facto Population and Its Components Dr. David A. Swanson (Correspondence author) Department of Sociology and Center for Sustainable Suburban Development University of California Riverside Riverside, California 92521, U.S.A. Tel: +1-951-827-4373 E-mail: David.swanson@ucr.edu Dr. Jeff Tayman Department of Economics, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive #0508, La Jolla, California 92093-0508, U.S.A. Tel: +1-858-534-7040 Email: jtayman@san.rr.com Abstract: This paper deals with estimating a population that is largely defined by the fact that its size, composition, and distribution are not readily accessible from census data in the U.S. and the other countries that use the De Jure concept of population. The population in question is based on the De Facto concept, which involves the estimation of people where they are found rather than where they usually reside. In a country where the national statistical office uses the De Jure concept, estimating the De Facto population as well as its components is an important, but not easy task. It is important because of the many uses for estimates of the De Facto population; it is difficult because the data that can be used to estimate a De Facto population are skimpy. In an effort to develop this field of population estimation more fully we provide an equation to define the De Facto population as well as an example of its use. We describe and discuss each of the components of this equation and also provide examples of estimates of its direct components and an implied component – the daytime population. Although we view a population impacted by a disaster as distinct from a De Facto population, we include a discussion of it here since many of the methods used to estimate a De Facto population are applicable. JEL Classifications: J10, J11, R23 Keywords: Visitor population, Daytime population, Seasonal population, Homeless 1. Introduction De Facto populations permeate the U.S. and other countries that use the De Jure concept of population for censuses and related “counts,” such as those derived from population registers in countries like Finland. For purposes of discussing estimation methods, it is convenient to look at the concept of a De Facto population from the perspective that it composed of six population categories: (1) visitor population; (2) homeless population; (3) seasonal population, which we subdivide into (3a) the amenity seeking population and (3b) migrant workers and their families; (4), the portion of the Daytime population that consists of residents from elsewhere; and (5) the De Jure population that is “present.” One reason for using these six categories is that they correspond to the kinds of estimates (and projections) that are desired for De Facto populations (Akkerman, 2000; Happel and Hogan, 1987; 2002; Kavanaugh and Lamphere, 1989; Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority, 2011a; Schmitt, 1956; 1968; Smith, 1989). Another reason these six categories
Liver transplantation after share 35: Impact on pretransplant and posttransplant costs and mortality

Share 35 was implemented in 2013 to direct livers to the most urgent candidates by prioritizing Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) ≥ 35 patients. We aim to evaluate this policy's impact on costs and mortality. Our study includes 834 wait-listed patients and 338 patients who received deceased donor, solitary liver transplants at Mayo Clinic between January 2010 and December 2014. Of these patients, 101 (30%) underwent transplantation after Share 35. After Share 35, 29 (28.7%) MELD ≥ 35 patients received transplants, as opposed to 46 (19.4%) in the pre-Share 35 era (P = 0.06). No significant difference in 90-day wait-list mortality (P = 0.29) nor 365-day posttransplant mortality (P = 0.68) was found between patients transplanted before or after Share 35. Mean costs were $3,049 (P = 0.30), $5226 (P = 0.18), and $10,826 (P = 0.03) lower post-Share 35 for the 30-, 90-, and 365-day pretransplant periods, and mean costs were $5010 (P = 0.41) and $5859 (P = 0.57) higher, and $9145 (P = 0.54) lower post-Share 35 for the 30-, 90-, and 365-day posttransplant periods. In conclusion, the added cost of transplanting more MELD ≥ 35 patients may be offset by pretransplant care cost reduction. Despite shifting organs to critically ill patients, Share 35 has not impacted mortality significantly. Liver Transplantation 23:11-18 2017 AASLD.
A Model to Estimate Hydrological Processes and Water Budget in an Irrigation Farm Pond

With increased interest to conserve groundwater resources without reducing crop yield potential, more on-farm water storage ponds have been constructed in recent years in USA and around the world. However, the hydrological processes, water budget, and environmental benefits and consequences of these ponds have not yet been fully quantified. This study developed a computer model to estimate farm pond hydrological processes and water budgets using the STELLA (Structural Thinking and Experiential Learning Laboratory with Animation) software. The model was applied, as demonstrations, to estimate the diurnal and seasonal pond hydrological processes and water budget at Metcalf Farm (33o 39′ 48″ N, 90o 39′ 12″W) in Porter Bayou Watershed located in Mississippi Delta, USA. Two simulation scenarios were chosen in this study, one without and the other with pumping pond water for soybeans irrigation. Simulations showed that the evaporative loss of water from the pond was minimal, while the runoff water from rainfall was a major source of water entering into the pond. Therefore, factors that would affect surface water runoff should be considered in locating and sizing a farm pond in Mississippi. The seasonal rainwater and runoff water collected by the pond was: winter > spring > summer > fall, which corresponded well to the seasonal rainfall events; whereas seasonal order of pond evaporation was: summer > spring > fall > winter, which corresponded well to the seasonal solar radiation and air temperature. The STELLA model developed proved to be a useful tool for estimating pond water budget and consequently irrigation practices for crops.
On the uniqueness of vanishing viscosity solutions for Riemann problems for polymer flooding

We consider the vanishing viscosity solutions of Riemann problems for polymer flooding models. The models reduce to triangular systems of conservation laws in a suitable Lagrangian coordinate, which connects to scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux. These systems are parabolic degenerate along certain curves in the domain. A vanishing viscosity solution based on a partially viscous model is given in a parallell paper (Guerra and Shen in Partial Differ Equ Math Phys Stoch Anal: 2017). In this paper the fully viscous model is treated. Through several counter examples we show that, as the ratio of the viscosity parameters varies, infinitely many vanishing viscosity limit solutions can be constructed. Under some further monotonicity assumptions, the uniqueness of vanishing viscosity solutions for Riemann problems can be proved.
The Role of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in the Pathogenesis of Central Nervous System Disease

Astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC) is a potent oncogene that regulates key cellular processes underlying disease of the central nervous system (CNS). From its involvement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection to its role in neurodegenerative disease and malignant brain tumors, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC facilitates cellular survival and proliferation through the control of a multitude of molecular signaling cascades. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC induction by HIV-1 and TNF highlights its importance in viral infection, and its incorporation into viral vesicles supports its potential role in active viral replication. Overexpression of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in the brains of Huntington’s disease patients suggests its function in neurodegenerative disease, and its association with genetic polymorphisms in large genome-wide association studies of migraine patients suggests a possible role in the pathogenesis of migraine headaches. In the field of cancer, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC promotes angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and enhanced tumor metabolism through key oncogenic signaling cascades. In response to external stress cues and cellular mechanisms to inhibit further growth, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC activates pathways that bypass cell checkpoints and potentiates signals to enhance survival and tumorigenesis. As an oncogene that promotes aberrant cellular processes within the CNS, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC represents an important therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disease.
Globalization, Gender, and Development: Toward a Theoretical Understanding of Public Gender-Based Violence against Women and Girls

Research and policy analysis on gender, development, and globalization have focused extensively on the changing roles and social status of women as one of the keys to reaching global development goals and improving social well-being. Yet at the same time as scholars and advocates highlight the importance of women9s autonomy as a key to economic development, the international media are filled with tales and reports of public gang rapes, acid burnings, honor killings, and gang kidnapping and enslavement. We combine observations about growing class inequality among men, theories of male overcompensation, insights on the global crisis of patriarchy, and transaction-cost analyses of asset specificity and sunk costs to explain this gender-based violence. The data required to assess the causes, prevalence, and effects of public gender-based violence are sparse, and this affects our ability to come to definitive conclusions and policy recommendations. In addition to recommending better and more vigorous data collection on public gender-based violence directed at women and girls, we briefly discuss two possible scenarios that could frustrate attempts to improve the status of women in rapidly developing societies or lead to long-term, sustainable gains.
A botanical mystery solved by phylogenetic analysis of botanical garden collections: the rediscovery of the presumed-extinct Dracaena umbraculifera

Extinction is the complete loss of a species, but the accuracy of that status depends on the overall information about the species. Dracaena umbraculifera was described in 1797 from a cultivated plant attributed to Mauritius, but repeated surveys failed to relocate it and it was categorized as Extinct on the IUCN Red List. However, several individuals labelled as D. umbraculifera grow in botanical gardens, suggesting that the species’ IUCN status may be inaccurate. The goal of this study was to understand (1) where D. umbraculifera originated, (2) which species are its close relatives, (3) whether it is extinct, and (4) the identity of the botanical garden accessions and whether they have conservation value. We sequenced a cpDNA region of Dracaena from Mauritius, botanical garden accessions labelled as D. umbraculifera, and individuals confirmed to be D. umbraculifera based on morphology, one of which is a living plant in a private garden. We included GenBank accessions of Dracaena from Madagascar and other locations and reconstructed the phylogeny using Bayesian and parsimony approaches. Phylogenies indicated that D. umbraculifera is more closely related to Dracaena reflexa from Madagascar than to Mauritian Dracaena. As anecdotal information indicated that the living D. umbraculifera originated from Madagascar, we conducted field expeditions there and located five wild populations; the species’ IUCN status should therefore be Critically Endangered because < 50 wild individuals remain. Although the identity of many botanical garden samples remains unresolved, this study highlights the importance of living collections for facilitating new discoveries and the importance of documenting and conserving the flora of Madagascar.
Systematic Gene-to-Phenotype Arrays: A High-Throughput Technique for Molecular Phenotyping

We have developed a highly parallel strategy, systematic gene-to-phenotype arrays (SGPAs), to comprehensively map the genetic landscape driving molecular phenotypes of interest. By this approach, a complete yeast genetic mutant array is crossed with fluorescent reporters and imaged on membranes at high density and contrast. Importantly, SGPA enables quantification of phenotypes that are not readily detectable in ordinary genetic analysis of cell fitness. We benchmark SGPA by examining two fundamental biological phenotypes: first, we explore glucose repression, in which SGPA identifies a requirement for the Mediator complex and a role for the CDK8/kinase module in regulating transcription. Second, we examine selective protein quality control, in which SGPA identifies most known quality control factors along with U34 tRNA modification, which acts independently of proteasomal degradation to limit misfolded protein production. Integration of SGPA with other fluorescent readouts will enable genetic dissection of a wide range of biological pathways and conditions.
Strange-particle production in pi- p interactions from 1.5 to 4.2 BeV/c. 1. Three-and-more-body final states

We have investigated ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions from $1.5 \mathrm{to} 4.2 \frac{\mathrm{BeV}}{c}$ in the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory's 72-in. hydrogen bubble chamber. This report describes the procedures for identifying and analyzing the reactions involving strange-particle production, and the results obtained on three- and more-body final states. The analysis is based on 890 000 photographs, on which 50 000 strange-particle events were found. Cross sections for the constrained final states are presented as a function of the beam momentum. The peripheral production of low-lying resonances is found to be the outstanding feature of the reactions. Dalitz plots and their projections are shown for the three-body final states. Production of $Y_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{*}(1405)$, $Y_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{*}(1520)$, $Y_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{*}(1815)$, $Y_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{*}(1385)$, ${K}^{*}(890)$, and ${K}^{*}(1440)$ is observed, as well as the $K\overline{K}$ decays of the ${A}_{2}$ and the $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ meson. Cross sections and angular distributions for production and decay of these resonances are presented. The results concerning the ${K}^{*}(890)$ are compared with absorption-model predictions. Effective-mass distributions for particle pairs and triplets are given for the four-body final states. In these states the $D$ and the $E$ meson and simultaneous ${Y}^{*}{K}^{*}$ production are also seen. Evidence concerning the quantum numbers of the ${A}_{2}$, the $D$, the $E$, and the ${K}^{*}(1440)$ is discussed. The behavior of the $K\overline{K}$ system near threshold is examined. A small amount of $\ensuremath{\Xi}$ production is observed, and the ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{*}(1530)$ is also seen.
Code4Brownies: an active learning solution for teaching programming and problem solving in the classroom

Code4Brownies is a software solution designed to foster active learning, coding, and problem solving in the classroom. Through this active learning style and platform, teachers can instantly provide guided instruction that gradually assists and leads students through various steps of solving a problem before reaching a correct solution. Teachers can even provide individualized instruction that addresses different needs of students with different levels of preparation. Two different delivery modes of guided instruction (teacher controlled and on-demand at student request) support various classroom scenarios and teaching pedagogies. Our experience of using Code4Brownies over a period of several semesters suggests that this tool helped students become more engaged, perform better, and ultimately be more successful.
Causal Quantum Theory

The standard view of quantum mechanics, almost universally accepted by practicing physicists and most often by philosophers of science concerned with such issues, is what may be (somewhat elusively) termed the “Copenhagen” interpretation. This interpretation requires complementarity (e.g., wave-particle duality), inherent indeterminism at the most fundamental level of quantum phenomena, and the impossibility of an event-by-event causal representation in a continuous space-time background. However, it is important to stress that quantum mechanics as a theory has two conceptually distinct but practically related components (as does any modern theory in physics): a formalism and an interpretation. Very loosely, the formalism refers to the equations and calculational rules that prove empirically adequate (i.e., “getting the numbers right”) and the interpretation refers to the accompanying representation the theory gives us about the physical universe (i.e., the picture story that goes with the equations or what our theory “really” tells us about the world). Since a (successful) formalism does not uniquely determine its interpretation, there may be two radically different interpretations (and ontologies) corresponding equally well to one empirically adequate formalism. This can be taken as an instantiation of the Duhem-Quine thesis of underdetermination of theory by an empirical base. Even if one wants to restrict (and, arguably, that would be a mistake) the Duhem-Quine thesis to different formalisms each handling equally well a given body of empirical information, there nevertheless remains the interesting and important point of opposing ontologies equally well supported by a common empirical base.
DIVINE PRAISES IN ERNESTO CARDENAL

Ernesto Cardenal writes poems of praise throughout his poetic career, from Salmos (1969) to Cantico cosmico (1989). This essay examines some of the constant features of invention and style in a brief sampling. Particular attention is given to "Como en la rueda de un alfarero," where the expansions, compressions, omissions and additons to the source psalm give a key to the revolutionary Marxism of the poet as well as some sense of his distinctive voice.
Neurogenic control of blood-brain barrier permeability.

It is generally accepted that the blood brain barrier (BBB) is very important in the regulation of the internal environment of the brain. Because of its very large surface area relative to the choroid plexus ( 5000:1) and its intimate contact with the neuropil it must be viewed as a major component in such a regulatory process. Despite the potential importance of the BBB in the regulation of brain fluid and electrolyte balance as well as substrate delivery, its role has been viewed as largely static (24) in contrast to the choroid plexus, where dynamic regulation of fluid and electrolyte exchange is well recognized although incompletely characterized. Thus, the BBB is often viewed as a membrane system that once developed, very effectively excludes a wide variety of substances from the central nervous system (e.g., various ions, proteins), while through the mechanism of facilitated diffusion, admits and discharges a limited number of essential compounds (e.g., glucose, specific amino acids).
Single-particle cryo-EM—How did it get here and where will it go

Cryo–electron microscopy, or simply cryo-EM, refers mainly to three very different yet closely related techniques: electron crystallography, single-particle cryo-EM, and electron cryotomography. In the past few years, single-particle cryo-EM in particular has triggered a revolution in structural biology and has become a newly dominant discipline. This Review examines the fascinating story of its start and evolution over the past 40-plus years, delves into how and why the recent technological advances have been so groundbreaking, and briefly considers where the technique may be headed in the future.
Evolution of bidirectional costly mutualism from byproduct consumption.

Mutualisms are essential for life, yet it is unclear how they arise. A two-stage process has been proposed for the evolution of mutualisms that involve exchanges of two costly resources. First, costly provisioning by one species may be selected for if that species gains a benefit from costless byproducts generated by a second species, and cooperators get disproportionate access to byproducts. Selection could then drive the second species to provide costly resources in return. Previously, a synthetic consortium evolved the first stage of this scenario: Salmonella enterica evolved costly production of methionine in exchange for costless carbon byproducts generated by an auxotrophic Escherichia coli. Growth on agar plates localized the benefits of cooperation around methionine-secreting S. enterica. Here, we report that further evolution of these partners on plates led to hypercooperative E. coli that secrete the sugar galactose. Sugar secretion arose repeatedly across replicate communities and is costly to E. coli producers, but enhances the growth of S. enterica. The tradeoff between individual costs and group benefits led to maintenance of both cooperative and efficient E. coli genotypes in this spatially structured environment. This study provides an experimental example of de novo, bidirectional costly mutualism evolving from byproduct consumption. The results validate the plausibility of costly cooperation emerging from initially costless exchange, a scenario widely used to explain the origin of the mutualistic species interactions that are central to life on Earth.