cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Early Rehydration on Brain Perfusion and Infarct Core after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats.

Imaging evidence for the effect of rehydration on cerebral perfusion and brain ischemia has never been proposed in the literature. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that early rehydration treatment can improve cerebral perfusion and decrease infarct volume, consequently reducing mortality of dehydrated stroke animals. Methods: Thirty dehydrated experimental rats were randomly assigned to either a rehydration or control group after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast enhancement perfusion imaging were performed at 30 min and 6 h after MCAO using a 9.4T MR imaging scanner to measure the infarct volume and brain perfusion. Results: The survival rates after the first MRI scan were 91.7% for the rehydration group and 58.3% for the control group (p = 0.059). The survival rates after the second MRI scan were 66.7% for the rehydration group, and 8.3% of the control group survived (p = 0.003). The infarct volume of the rehydration group was significantly smaller than control group at 30 min after MCAO (p = 0.007). The delay time and time to maximum were significantly shorter in the rehydration group at 30 min (p = 0.004 and 0.035, respectively). Conclusions: The findings suggest that early rehydration therapy can decrease the infarct volume, shorten the delay time of cerebral perfusion, and increase survival of dehydrated ischemic-stroke rats. This preliminary study provided imaging evidence that more intensive early hydration therapies and reperfusion strategies may be necessary for acute stroke patients with dehydrated status.
Basic Quantitative Research Methods for Urban Planners: Reid Ewing and Keunhyun Park (2020). New York, NY: Routledge Press. 342 pages. $42.95 (paperback) $120.93 (hardcover)

In a world that is getting more numbers driven (think of Big Data), are planners disadvantaged in decision making if they do not think quantitatively? Various textbooks are available to those who u...
ESOPs and Firm Risk

This paper examines the relation between the percentage of firm shares controlled by Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) and firm risk as measured by stock return volatility. We find a negative relation between percentage ownership and firm risk. This relation is statistically and economically much stronger in smaller firms. The negative relation between ESOP ownership and risk in smaller firms holds for both systematic and unsystematic risk as well as total risk. These findings are consistent with the view that risk-averse employees with a substantial portion of their wealth in their ESOP discourage firm risk taking.
Testing Character Evolution Models in Phylogenetic Paleobiology: A case study with Cambrian echinoderms

Macroevolutionary inference has historically been treated as a two-step process, involving the inference of a tree, and then inference of a macroevolutionary model using that tree. Newer models blend the two steps. These methods make more complete use of fossils than the previous generation of Bayesian phylogenetic models. They also involve many more parameters than prior models, including parameters about which empiricists may have little intuition. In this Element, we set forth a framework for fitting complex, hierarchical models. The authors ultimately fit and use a joint tree and diversification model to estimate a dated phylogeny of the Cincta (Echinodermata), a morphologically distinct group of Cambrian echinoderms that lack the fivefold radial symmetrycharacteristic of extant members of the phylum. Although the phylogeny of cinctans remains poorly supported in places, this Element shows how models of character change and diversification contribute to understanding patterns of phylogenetic relatedness and testing macroevolutionary hypotheses.
Linkage between Traditional Architectural Elements in South Asia Representing Regionalism and Achieving Salutogenesis

In the context of the city, cultural inferences are lost, but they can be reestablished through conscious design decisions by the architect and conscious house dwellers.Connections are found by delving into the regionally developed architectural characteristics prevalent in the South Asian climate, which are critical to achieving modern green building. Sustainability is addressed in traditional architecture. Aaron Antonovsky created the term salutogenesis, which focuses on elements that support human health and well-being. This study draws the linkages between traditional architectural practices and achieving salutogenesis. Reinstalling the lost cultural inferences in architecture which have time- tested acceptability for generations, enhances the wellbeing for the dwellers in present times.
Comparison of CBD and Cannabis Use Motives

Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, has increasingly gained popularity as a cure-all product and is now found in products across a variety of industries. Despite the surge in popularity, little remains known about individual motives and patterns of CBD use. The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the similarities and differences between motives for CBD and cannabis use as well as comparing motives for younger and older users. Participants (N = 174) were recruited via Amazon MTurk and were asked to complete an anonymous survey assessing their CBD and cannabis use, effects, and motives for use. The greatest differences between self-reported CBD and cannabis use were for side-effect profiles. While the recreational use motive was more commonly endorsed for cannabis, use for beauty purposes was more common for CBD. No age group differences emerged for motives to use CBD or cannabis. Future research examining age-related differences in a larger, more age-diverse samples is recommended.
Phylogeography of the Rough Greensnake, Opheodrys aestivus (Squamata: Colubridae), Using Multilocus Sanger Sequence and Genomic ddRADseq Data

The Rough Greensnake, Opheodrys aestivus, is a moderately sized, semi-arboreal snake broadly distributed throughout eastern North America. Although numerous taxa with similar distributions have been shown to comprise multiple species, O. aestivus has not been examined in a detailed phylogeographic context. Here, we use Sanger-sequence data (one mitochondrial, three nuclear loci) for samples from throughout the distribution of O. aestivus to elucidate phylogeographic patterns in this species. We combine this with ddRADseq data for a subset of samples to test patterns on a more genomically comprehensive scale. In both data sets, we find strong support for three deeply divergent clades within O. aestivus: peninsular Florida, central Texas, and a Main clade comprising the rest of the distribution. Estimates of divergence time suggest that the central Texas and Main clades diverged ∼1.3 million years ago (mya), while the peninsular Florida clade diverged from other lineages ∼2.9 mya, and these lineages diverged from the sister taxon, O. vernalis, ∼6.4 mya. The divergence of peninsular Florida or central Texas populations is not unique among squamates, nor is low levels of divergence from the Atlantic coast to eastern Texas, but this combination of patterns is unusual and yields important insight into the biogeography of North American biota. Further, our approach helps illustrate how dense geographic sampling with limited genomic sequencing can be used as a guide for the selection of samples to test phylogeographic patterns comprehensively. We conclude that elevating O. a. carinatus to species status may better describe the diversity of this genus.
Infection and pyospermia in male infertility. Is it really a problem

Controversy exists concerning the exact role of genitourinary tract infections in male infertility. This ambiguity is due to the currently conflicting literature coupled with present limitations in obtaining and evaluating the significance of diagnostic tests such as semen cultures and leukocyte counts. In the evaluation of the infertile man for a possible infectious cause, a complete history, physical examination, and urinalysis identify most infectious disorders. In the majority of infertile men who are asymptomatic, evaluation for a subclinical genital tract infection focuses on the accurate determination of seminal leukocytes. The determination of pyospermia may identify those men with a subclinical genital tract infection who require further investigation. Prospective studies using clearly defined criteria, new diagnostic tools, and effective control groups are needed to evaluate better the impact of infection and pyospermia on male infertility.
The DNA of Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, and Centrioles

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the evidence for the following conclusions: (1) the cytoplasmic organelles that contain small amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); (2) each type of organelle contains its own characteristic DNA; (3) the DNA of the organelles is double-stranded and replicates in a semiconservative fashion; (4) the DNA codes for specific ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and the RNAs are translated into proteins. Labeling studies with plastids and mitochondria support the hypothesis that DNA codes for molecular ribonucleic acids (mRNA) that is translated to protein. The proteins are required for the growth and differentiation of the proplastid to chloroplast of the pro mitochondrion to mitochondrion and of the procentriole to centriole. Products from the nucleus affect the multiplication and differentiation of the organelles. Concomitanly, products from the organelles affect the nuclear DNA. The multiplicity of plastids and mitochondria in a cell suggests the hypothesis that there may be a number of clones of these bodies in a cell. Thus, the inheritance of an organism may be constituted not only of a nuclear gene pool, but in addition, of gene pools of clones of cytoplasmic organelles. The significance of cytoplasmic genes is discussed in terms of their phenotypic effects and their relation to hybrid vigor, ecology, and cancer.
Simultaneous Cineradiographic-Manometric Study of the Distal Esophagus: Small Hiatal Hernias and Rings

Summary Manometric features were correlated with roentgen configurations of the esophagogastric region in subjects with hiatal hernias and with rings by simultaneous cineradiographic and manometric study. The supradiaphragmatic pouch in small hiatal hernias was shown to have two functionally distinct components. Its upper portion (vestibule) had sequential contractile motor activity in response to swallowing. The lower portion was inactive and represented the true hernial sac. A weblike ring (Schatzki) or notches were often identified at the junction of these two segments. There was no peristaltic activity at qr below this type of ring. A broad ring with contractile radiological behavior at the upper margin of the vestibule showed resting high pressure which fell on swallowing. This differed from the resting high pressure zone of normals in being shorter in length and showing an abrupt rather than gradual transition to contiguous pressures. Retrograde barium flow from hernial sac into the tubular esophagus was not seen when such a contractile A-ring was evident. Retrograde barium flow into the esophagus from the hernial sac occurred in those subjects not having a resting high pressure zone. Such reflux was delayed as long as the peristaltic wave persisted in the vestibular segment above the hernial sac. A constriction above the hernial sac during retrograde flow presumably represents a residual manifestation of the peristaltic wave, is transient, and is not associated with elevated resting pressure. The pressure inversion point was inconstant in its location in hiatal hernia subjects. It was often located at the site of the upwardly displaced high pressure zone, although a second pressure inversion point could be identified at the hiatal level on deep inspiration.
Explanations: Why Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift Occurs, Why Stock Prices Tend to Rise After a Stock Split, and Some Reasons Why Managements Smooth Earnings

This study addresses the issue of post-earnings-announcement drift. According to the present theory of how capital markets behave, the drift cannot occur if either the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) or the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is valid. The drift is a drift away from the CAPM price, which means that CAPM cannot be how the market mechanically determines prices. The drift has been known since at least 1968, which means that an allegedly efficient market knows of the drift, yet does not take the drift into account in setting prices and thereby drive the drift out of existence. The existence of the drift means that the market cannot be completely efficient even within a time frame of three months. This article uses economic modeling to analyze the drift and the results of a field study to explain why it occurs. This article also explains (1) why the size of the drift varies by size of the company, (2) that the market is not efficient, (3) why stock prices tend to rise after a stock split, and (4) some of the incentives for managements to smooth earnings.
A management system for adult cardiac surgery

A new system for the computerized management of the surgical path was developed by Tuscany “Gabriele Monasterio” Foundation at the Heart Hospital of "G. Pasquinucci" Massa. The system has been in operating since 2009 and manages the paths of more than 2500 surgical patients / year in cardiology. The system was developed from the need to make more efficient and flexible operating room activities, which are related / linked to the waiting lists and the availability of medical resources (beds, staff, implantable devices, etc.). The surgical path is characterized by many professionals and clinical settings that make it difficult to maintain a timely and efficient global unity. In addition to this, to assess the quality of the hospital and take action for improvement, it is also necessary to extend the surgical path to the postoperative period.
PERCEPTIONS OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION

The media's view of the legal profession is illustrated by several incidents. In a recent episode of a popular network television series, one medical resident told another, "I need to find a decent lawyer." The reply was, "That's a contradiction in terms." The next week, my fourteen-year-old daughter and I were doing a newspaper "Jumble," a .quiz in which the reader must unscramble words and figure out how to fit circled letters into new words in response to a clue. The clue was: "What a lawyer sometimes helps you get." We unscrambled the words, and figured out that the answer was: "What's coming to him." These are telltale signs that lawyers, and our ethics, are fair game as the butt of cynical and unflattering jokes and remarks. What's new about that? After all, Shakespeare and Dickens re­ viled lawyers in some of their great works. Is the perception of the profession different today than it was for the last several generations of graduating lawyers? I think so. The National Law Journal conducted a poll and re­ ported the results in its August 18, 1986 issue. When asked, "For which of the following professionals do you have the most respect?" the highest number of respondents, thirty percent, said clergy, tweilty­ eight percent said doctors, and nineteen percent most respected teach­ ers. Only five percent responded that lawyers were the professionals for whom they had the most respect. When asked, "Which of the following professions would you recommend to a son or daughter?" only twelve percent, or about one in ten respondents, said the law. This was one-third as many as would recommend business, and one­ half of the number who would recommend medicine. Amazingly, when asked, "Which of the following groups has played the largest
The Relationship Between Person–Environment Fit, Control, and Strain: The Role of Ergonomic Work Design and Training

Ergonomics is an important workplace practice. Experienced stress in the workplace manifests itself in poor physical and mental health, and is associated with numerous negative personal and organizational outcomes. This study examines ergonomics and ergonomic training and their potential to reduce dysfunctional personal and work outcomes; specifically, job induced-tension and job dissatisfaction directly and through perceptions of person–environment fit and perceptions of control. Quantitative and qualitative findings indicate positive relationships between ergonomic design and ergonomic training with perceptions of person–environment fit and control. Person–environment fit and control fully mediated the relationship between training satisfaction (component of ergonomic training) and job dissatisfaction, while partially mediating the relationship between work-area design (a component of ergonomic design) and job-induced tension.
Rat liver glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Regulation by carbohydrate diet and insulin.

Abstract Rates of rat liver glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis and degradation in vivo have been measured by following the time course for the induction of the enzyme by carbohydrate diets and insulin. If rats previously adapted to a commercial pellet diet are fed a 60% carbohydrate diet, the rate of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase synthesis increases up to 80-fold, and the first order rate constant for the degradation in vivo of the enzyme is increased 4.6-fold. The rate of synthesis of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase in these rats increases in proportion to the caloric consumption of carbohydrate, whether or not that carbohydrate is able to stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas. Although large doses of insulin are able to induce the synthesis of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, this induction can be attributed to the ability of insulin to stimulate the appetite. It is concluded that insulin has no direct effect on the regulation of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase levels under our experimental conditions.
Treatment of ascariasis in children with a single dose of piperazine citrate.

A single dose of syrup containing piperazine citrate was almost always completely effective in eliminating light, moderate and heavy infections with Ascaris lumbricoides with the dosage employed. There was no evidence of intolerance to the drug. The worms were still living and intact when eliminated. The preparation of the drug used is a pleasant tasting syrup, facilitating the treatment of small children. This effective single dose therapy, without local or systemic hazards and requiring no fasting or purgation, should be suitable for mass treatment of patients with ascariasis.
MultiS-Net: a high-capacity, packet-switched, multichannel, single-hop architecture and protocol for a local lightwave network

A variety of multichannel single-hop network architectures and protocols have recently been proposed to exploit the vast capacity of fiber-optics which can well exceed the maximum electronic speed limit. Our MultiS-Net proposal is a new multichannel, single-hop architecture and protocol for a local network which provides packet-switched services to a large number of users connected to a multichannel broadcast medium. A separate channel, called control channel, is established to coordinate data packet transmissions on the other channels (called data channels). To allow low network interfacing costs, each node.in MultiS-Net is only equipped with a single tunable transmitter and a single tunable receiver, both of which are responsible for data channel access as well as control channel access. Without a separate transmitter and a separate receiver dedicated to the control channel, a node cannot have global knowledge of the network status all the time. Hence, global reservation is infeasible here, and all previously proposed schemes with the same low-cost network interface as in MultiS-Net fail to achieve a system throughput as high as those achieved by global-reservation schemes. MultiS-Net successfully incorporates a simple medium access mechanism, which can also achieve high system throughput. In addition, MultiS-Net can accommodate a variable number of nodes as well as time-varying load; typically, however, the number of nodes may be much larger than the number of available data channels. We analyze the performance of MultiS-Net by first constructing a multidimensional Markov chain. Then, the equilibrium point analysis (EPA) technique is adopted to obtain the average data packet delay and system throughput, which are verified by simulation. Numerical results from both the analytical model and simulations are presented, and the impact of various parameters on the system performance is discussed. Nearly-full utilization of total data channel bandwidth can be achieved under proper configurations of system parameters.
An algorithm to play the game of mastermind

The game of Mastermind (INVICTA) is played by two persons. It is quite popular and claimed to be quite complex. Recently, we were interested in computerizing this game. This paper summarized the method we discovered and implemented. Our method uses a simple list data structure to represent the knowledge gained. The algorithm was programmed in Pascal on a Burrough B-6800 machine. Some experimental results are presented at the end of the paper.
Getting it right: designing microarray (and not ‘microawry’) comparative genomic hybridization studies for cancer research

The development of high-resolution microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), using cDNA, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and oligonucleotide probes, is providing tremendous opportunities for translational research by facilitating detailed analysis of entire cancer genomes in a single experiment. However, this technology will only fulfil its promise if studies incorporating aCGH are designed with a full understanding of its current limitations and the strategies available to circumvent them. While there have been several excellent reviews on the current status of this technology, there is currently very little guidance available regarding the appropriate design of experiments incorporating aCGH (including the strengths and weaknesses of each platform), and how best to combine the results obtained from aCGH with other 'omic' technologies, including gene expression. In this review, we present the key design issues that need to be considered in order to optimize aCGH studies, including sample selection, the definition of appropriate experimental objectives, arguments for and against the various microarray platforms that are currently available, and methods for data validation and integration. It is envisaged that future well-designed aCGH studies will enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of cancer, and lead to the identification of novel predictive and prognostic cancer biomarkers, as well as molecular therapeutic targets in cancer.
Solvent and Baking Effect on Polymer Morphology and PLED Device Performance

We report on the polymer chain morphology in polymer LED structures fabricated using different kinds of solvents (aromatic and non-aromatic), the effect of baking, and their consequences on charge transport property and device performance.
Charge quantization in S–I–N Coulomb blockade structures

Abstract We study the crossover between the Coulomb blockade and proximity-induced superconductivity in a small normal island connected by a tunnel junction to a superconducting lead. Unlike the N–I–N case, the steps of the Coulomb staircase remain sharp even if the conductance of the tunneling barrier exceeds e 2 / h . The crossover occurs only at a larger conductance, G * ∼(e 2 /ℏ) Δ /δ , where Δ and δ are the superconducting gap and average level spacing in the lead and island respectively.
Capillary basement membrane thickness: a comparison of two morphometric methods for its estimation.

Abstract Retinal capillary basement membrane thickness, BMT, was measured in four different groups of animals, two of which were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin injections and had an additional stress factor on their diet and two nondiabetic control groups, one having the additional stress factor on its diet. Two morphometric methods were used to carry out the measurements of BMT. The first method used was that of Siperstein et al. (1968) , in which sites for measuring BMT are chosen at random; in this study 16 sites per capillary were chosen. The second method used was that of Williamson et al. (1969) , in which two carefully chosen minimal measurements per capillary are made. A statistical comparison of the two methods was carried out using the nested variance analysis and an extension of this test, the allocation of resources. It was concluded that the more simplified and less time-consuming method of Williamson et al. is the more precise method of the two for the estimation of mean BMT.
Cannulated screw fixation of Jones fractures: a clinical and biomechanical study.

BackgroundTraditional nonsurgical treatment of Jones fractures has high rates of delayed union, nonunion, and refracture. Internal fixation has become the treatment of choice in athletes and active patients.PurposeThe purpose of this study was (1) to review the short- and long-term clinical results of cannulated screw fixation of Jones fractures and (2) to perform a biomechanical evaluation of fatigue failure characteristics of several types of screws used in the fixation of Jones fractures.Study DesignRetrospective case series and in vitro biomechanical study.MethodsTen male and 5 female patients with Jones fractures fixed with cannulated screws ranging from 4 mm to 6.5 mm in diameter were evaluated by chart review, review of radiographs, and telephone interview. Mean follow-up from surgery to phone survey was 34 months. Screws ranging in size from 2.7 mm to 7.3 mm, both cannulated and noncannulated, stainless steel and titanium, were tested in the laboratory by cyclic loading to 250 N up to a maximum of...
Sexual differences in sensitivity to methamphetamine toxicity

Male and female mice were treated with methamphetamine (10.0 mg/kg/injection for four injections) and sacrificed two weeks later. It was observed that the methamphetamine treatment caused depletions in striatal dopamine which were significantly greater in males (74%) than in females (56%). These results indicate that estrogen may have a protective effect against methamphetamine-induced dopamine depletions and may relate to the fact that males are more likely to incur Parkinson's disease than females.
Autologistic models for binary data on a lattice

The autologistic model is a Markov random field model for spatial binary data. Because it can account for both statistical dependence among the data and for the effects of potential covariates, the autologistic model is particularly suitable for problems in many fields, including ecology, where binary responses, indicating the presence or absence of a certain plant or animal species, are observed over a two-dimensional lattice. We consider inference and computation for two models: the original autologistic model due to Besag, and the centered autologistic model proposed recently by Caragea and Kaiser. Parameter estimation and inference for these models is a notoriously difficult problem due to the complex form of the likelihood function. We study pseudolikelihood (PL), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian approaches to inference and describe ways to optimize the efficiency of these algorithms and the perfect sampling algorithms upon which they depend, taking advantage of parallel computing when possible. We conduct a simulation study to investigate the effects of spatial dependence and lattice size on parameter inference, and find that inference for regression parameters in the centered model is reliable only for reasonably large lattices (n > 900) and no more than moderate spatial dependence. When the lattice is large enough, and the dependence small enough, to permit reliable inference, the three approaches perform comparably, and so we recommend the PL approach for its easier implementation and much faster execution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health Information Technology and Quality of Health Care: Strategies for Reducing Disparities in Underresourced Settings

Health information technology (health IT) has potential for facilitating quality improvement and reducing quality disparities found in underresourced settings (URSs). With this systematic literature review, complemented by key informant interviews, the authors sought to identify evidence regarding health IT and quality outcomes in URSs. The review included 105 peer-reviewed studies (2004-2009) in all settings. Only 15 studies included URSs, and 8 focused on URSs. Based on literature across settings, most evidence was available for quality impact of order entry, clinical decision support systems, and computerized reminders. Study designs were predominantly quasi-experimental (37%) or descriptive (35%); 90% of the studies focused on the microsystem level of quality improvement, indicating a need for expanding research into patient experience and organizational and environmental levels. Key informants highlighted organizational partnerships and health IT champions and emphasized that for health IT to have an impact on quality, there must be an organizational culture of quality improvement.
Comparison of diastolic function parameter estimates from planar and SPECT blood pool imaging

Abstract Objectives: Assessments of cardiac function in patients with systolic and diastolic dysfunction include the peak rates of ventricular empting and filling and the timing of these events. Although gated SPECT is widely used for the assessments of ejection fraction and regional wall function, little has been done with the assessments of empting and filling parameters using SPECT. In this study we compared the estimated diastolic parameters from planar and gated blood pool SPECT (GBPS). Methods: Forty-one consecutive patients (13F, 28M, age=56 ± 13 yo) were studied. An average dose of 1.3GBq Tc-99m RBCs was administered for gated bloodpool imaging. Gated planar LAO data was acquired for 5M counts for 16 framing intervals on the multihead SPECT system. Sixteen frame gated SPECT data sets were acquired after the LAO images. The diastolic parameters peak filling rate (PFR), time to PFR, peak emptying rate (PER) and the time to PER were estimated. For the planar studies, commercial Odyssey multigated software was employed. For GBPS studies the 4D-MSPECT software was employed using a 4th order harmonic analysis to the LV volume curve. Two blinded observers processed the planar and GBPS data in batch mode in separate sessions. The planar and GBPS results were correlated for both observers and between the observers for the GBPS estimates. Results: For PER, the planar and GBPS correlation was y=1.15x–0.90, r=0.80. The inter-observer reproducibility for GBPS was y=1.02x–0.01, r=0.94. For PFR, the planar and GBPS correlation was y=0.98x–0.56, r=0.82. The inter-observer reproducibility for GBPS was y=1.01x–0.10, r=0.89. The correlations for the time to peak for both PEF and PFR were fair. Since the LV volume curve is dependent on basal motion, it is believed that even small adjustments to basal plane location at end-diastole and end-systole can have a significant effect on the time to peak values and the interobserver variability in PER and PFR. Conclusions: The diastolic parameters PER and PFR, correlated well between planar and SPECT blood pool imaging and expand the clinical utility of GBPS for the assessment of patients with heart failure.
Effect of Prepartum Thyroprotein Feeding Upon the Next Lactation

Summary Twenty-eight pairs of cows were carefully selected from two herds on the basis of previous lactation, age, and time of expected parturition. One of each pair was fed 10 g of thyroprotein daily from 30 days before expected calving until the day after calving, for the purpose of stimulating initial lactation levels. Other treatment and feeding were alike within pairs from 30 days prepartum to 15 wk of lactation. The treated cows averaged 5,101 lb FCM in 15 wk compared to 5,033 lb for the controls, a nonsignificant difference. Thyroprotein feeding reduced the rate of gain significantly in the prepartum period, but did not appear to affect any post-partum responses or the general health of the cows.
Leadership: spanning the technical and institutional dimensions of organizations

This article brings together the issues of leadership and organization. We begin by discussing the concept of leadership, emphasizing the importance of the context in which leadership occurs. Because the type of leadership addressed in this paper occurs in the context of formal organizations, we revisit the concept of “loose‐coupling”, which reveals the rational and institutional dimensions of organization, explaining how each dimension provides a different form of determinacy on and through which leadership can act. We end by drawing on a study in which we are currently engaged to examine the forms that leadership may take in the rational and institutional dimensions of organizations.
Experimental Study of Horizontal Barrier Formation by Colloidal Silica

Migration of non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) such as trichloroethylene or gasoline can be controlled by barrier systems. The research presented in this paper aims to form a horizontal layer by injecting gelling liquids and to test the ability of horizontal barriers to isolate the downward migration of NAPLs in subsurface environments. We developed a methodology in the laboratory to form a contiguous horizontal barrier by injecting gelling liquids through horizontal and vertical wells. A series of batch, column, and 2D sandbox experiments were conducted to investigate the gel development and horizontal barrier formation. Prior to 2D barrier formation experiments, two different methods were employed to measure pre- and postinjection hydraulic conductivity in 1D columns to quantify hydraulic conductivity reductions. After an impervious grout formed, the durability of the grouted porous media in the presence of two NAPL contaminants was investigated. The hydraulic conductivity of filter sand treated with co...
Methods for calculating geometries of transition states in solution

Abstract Several methods are proposed for determining the differences in structure and free energy for homologous transition states in a condensed phase. The first of these methods is based upon the well-known simplex optimization scheme. The second is a variant of the simplex method. The third method uses first and second derivatives of the free energy with respect to the molecular composition and the reaction coordinate. Free energy difference calculations are used on a simple model reaction in a Lennard-Jones liquid to display the problem of finding condensed phase transition states and to test the proposed algorithms.
A refutation of mind-body identity

tion between prescription and action is made logically tight by stipulative definition, then to say that moral judgments are prescriptive is just to say that moral judgments require action, the distinction between the two questions I separated breaks down, and the problem of akrasia is again directly relevant to prescriptivism. My answer to this objection is simply that no actual prescriptivist, even Hare, is really guilty of basing the tight logical connection between prescription and action simply on a stipulative definition. Even for Hare, it seems to me, this definition of "prescriptive" is not really stipulation but (alleged) discovery, not really premise but conclusion; for the concept of prescription Hare seems to start from is simply that a prescriptive expression is that sort of expression of which paradigm cases are simple imperatives, a concept which is admittedly vague but which leaves the question of the precise logical relation between prescription and action sufficiently open. But even if this objection has only a straw man as its target it does emphasize the importance of the problem with which my argument of course leaves us, the problem of giving a correct analysis and explanation of the concept of prescription. Even if Hare is right that moral judgments are prescriptive, he may well be mistaken about the connection between prescription and action (and also, correlatively, about the solution to the problem of akrasia). The problem of analyzing the concept of prescription, it seems to me, is but one of a number of problems to which insufficient attention has been paid because of an undue emphasis on moral judgments and the concept of morality. I hope this paper helps in a small way to change this emphasis.
The Scientist, the Governor, and the Planter: The Political Economy of Agricultural Knowledge in Indochina During the Creation of a "Science of Rubber," 1900-1940

From the turn of the twentieth century until shortly before the Second World War, private business collaborated with the colonial government in Indochina in the formative development of colonial agricultural science. This article focuses on that development with a particular eye to how research was conducted and influenced by the changing politics of French colonization, what was chosen as worthy of research, and how agricultural science projects were defined, structured, and funded.
Asymptotic expansion of two-electron integrals and its application to Coulomb and exchange lattice sums in metallic, semimetallic, and nonmetallic crystals.

A simple, easily implemented, accurate, and efficient approximation of long-range electron-electron-repulsion and electron-nucleus-attraction integrals is proposed. It replaces each product of two atomic-orbital (AO) basis functions of an electron by a point charge centered at the midpoint of the two AO's. The magnitude of the point charge is equal to the overlap integral of the two AO's. Each integral is then rapidly evaluated in the direct algorithm as a Coulomb interaction between two point charges. This scheme is implemented in ab initio Hartree–Fock crystalline orbital theory and tested for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solids of metallic, semimetallic, and nonmetallic electronic structures, in which the lattice sums of the direct Coulomb and/or exchange interactions are expected to be slowly convergent. It is shown that this approximation reduces operation and/or memory costs by up to an order of magnitude to achieve converged lattice sums, although the scaling (size dependence) of operation cost is unchanged. An improved criterion for truncating the exchange lattice sum is also proposed.
Telecom reforms in developing countries and the outlook for electronic commerce

This article looks at the elements that are necessary for the introduction of electronic commerce in developing countries. Two elements determine the successful adoption of e-commerce in developing countries: access to cheap information technology equipment for consumers and the supply of telecommunications services to computer and internet users at low rates. In the World Trade Organization (WTO), negotiations have been conducted and agreements concluded that contribute to lowering prices of both telecommunications services and computer hardware and software. The relevant agreements are the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and the 4th Protocol of GATS relating to basic telecommunications. The degree to which developing country members have implemented both agreements varies considerably. With respect to the ITA, general trends concerning tariff cuts are established for different products most relevant for e-commerce. To determine the liberalization of telecommunications services under the GATS, different parameters showing the possibility of competition among service providers are established. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
The modeling of molecular motions in crystalline polymers

Regions in which the mechanical and dielectric properties of polymers change rapidly with temperature (transitions or relaxations) are supposed to be due to the onset of certain types of molecular motions. A precise description of these various molecular motions would be invaluable in the areas, of structure vs property relationships and the tailoring of polymers to end-uses. However, our knowledge concerning these motions is quite limited and qualitative at best. The biggest stumbling block has been an inability to test the consequences of proposed mechanisms in terms of experimentally observed quantities. The problem in many cases has not been a lack of adequate theory but rather an insufficiency of knowledge, appropriate for input into the theory, concerning the energetics of chain motions. However, in the past few years there has been considerable progress in studying chain energetics by means of conformational energy calculations (molecular mechanics). In the present paper, this work on crystalline polymers will be reviewed and some recent calculations which illustrate the present state of the art are discussed.
Is the Cell a Gel-and Why Does It Matter?

That the cell is a gel is broadly acknowledged. Textbooks begin with this assertion-and then proceed with great abandon to derive mechanisms based on free diffusion, as though the gel concept were groundless and cell was an aqueous solution. This disconnect emerges in part because the behavior of gels is not well understood, particularly among most biologists. Recently, great strides have been made in the understanding of gel behavior. It has become clear, for example, that a central mechanism in gel function is the phase-transition-a qualitative structural change prompted by a subtle change of environment, not unlike the transition from ice to water. Phase-transitions are capable of doing work. If the cell is a gel, then a logical approach to understanding cell function is to understand gel function-especially whether some role may be played by the phase-transition. Here we pursue this approach. We first consider the dichotomy of the cell as a gel and the cell as an aqueous solution. We then set up a gel-based foundation for cell behavior, in which the gels' physical chemical features are used to explore how the cell achieves its everyday tasks. If there is a common underlying mechanism of cell function, it appears that the polymer gel phase-transition could well be a candidate.
Phosphorylation of p22phox on threonine 147 enhances NADPH oxidase activity by promoting p47phox binding.

NADPH oxidase comprises both cytosolic and membrane-bound subunits, which, when assembled and activated, initiate the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen to form superoxide. This activity, known as the respiratory burst, is extremely important in the innate immune response as indicated by the disorder chronic granulomatous disease. The regulation of this enzyme complex involves protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions as well as phosphorylation events. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that the small membrane subunit of the oxidase complex, p22phox, is phosphorylated in neutrophils and that its phosphorylation correlates with NADPH oxidase activity. In this study, we utilized site-directed mutagenesis in a Chinese hamster ovarian cell system to determine the phosphorylation sites within p22phox. We also explored the mechanism by which p22phox phosphorylation affects NADPH oxidase activity. We found that mutation of threonine 147 to alanine inhibited superoxide production in vivo by more than 70%. This mutation also blocked phosphorylation of p22phox in vitro by both protein kinase C-α and -δ. Moreover, this mutation blocked the p22phox-p47phox interaction in intact cells. When phosphorylation was mimicked in vivo through mutation of Thr-147 to an aspartyl residue, NADPH oxidase activity was recovered, and the p22phox-p47phox interaction in the membrane was restored. Maturation of gp91phox was not affected by the alanine mutation, and phosphorylation of the cytosolic component p47phox still occurred. This study directly implicates threonine 147 of p22phox as a critical residue for efficient NADPH oxidase complex formation and resultant enzyme activity.
Abstract 4903: Identification of damage products derived from C3′-deoxy-3′-thymidinyl radical, a proposed intermediate from DNA-LEEs interactions

Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation (IR) to target deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) among other biological molecules for cancer treatment. As a result genotoxic, mutagenic and recombinogenic lesions can be formed. Oxidative damage to DNA through IR is partially produced by the secondary particles created along the ionization track. Secondary low-energy electrons (LEEs, 1-20 eV) are the most abundant secondary species produced by primary IR. Although it has been established that LEEs can produce substantial yields of DNA single and double strand breaks, the mechanism of their formation has not been established. Elucidation of the mechanism of damage by LEEs is essential for the development of global models of cellular radiolysis and more efficient methods of cancer radiotherapy. It was proposed that LEE can add to DNA constituents resulting in the formation of transient molecular anion intermediates that eventually lead to bond dissociation. It is believed that carbon-centered radicals on the sugar moiety are a major reactive intermediate formed in this process. One of these is the C3′-deoxy-3′-thymidinyl radical. The synthesis of C3′-deoxy-3′-(selenophenyl)thymidine as a precursor of this radical has been completed. Initial photolysis experiments for photochemical generation of the radical of interest were performed and the formation of the radical intermediate of interest has been established. Identification of damage products derived from this intermediate in nucleosides is currently in progress. The modified nucleoside was incorporated into oligonucleotides using reverse DNA synthesis. Photochemical generation of the C3′-deoxy-3′-thymidinyl radical within DNA was achieved using ultraviolet light (≥ 320nm). Identification of the damage products obtained from the generation of the C3’ radical is currently in progress. Oligonucleotides sequences with different base context were synthesized in order to investigate the effect of sequence on the distribution of damage products. The effect of the concentration of GSH on the damage product distribution is also under investigation. Through these efforts a link will be established between the products of LEEs and the deleterious effects of radiation in cancer radiotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4903. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4903
Anisotropy of the hot plastic deformation of Ti–6Al–4V single-colony samples

Abstract The critical resolved shear stresses (CRSSs) and flow curves for the seven possible slip systems in Ti–6Al–4V with a lamellar microstructure were determined via high-temperature uniaxial compression testing. For this purpose, samples with a rectangular cross section were cut from single colonies grown using a float-zone technique and then tested at 815 °C. Each sample was oriented for single slip along one of seven different slip systems in the alpha phase; i.e., one of the three 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 0 〉 { 1 0 1 ¯ 0 } (prism 〈a〉), the three 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 0 〉 { 0 0 0 1 } (basal 〈a〉), or the 〈c + a〉 (pyramidal) systems was activated by orienting specific samples to have the highest Schmid factor on that particular system. Measurements of the CRSS at yielding and the subsequent flow behavior revealed a strong dependence of mechanical behavior on colony orientation/activated slip system. The anisotropy in the CRSS and the tendency for flow softening at large strains was rationalized on the basis of the Burgers orientation relationship between the alpha (hcp) lamellae and the beta (bcc) matrix and hence the orientation of alpha slip directions relative to those in the beta phase.