cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic Variability in Dall's Porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea

We describe electrophoretic variability at 26 loci in 360 specimens of Dall's porpoise ( Phocoenoides dalli , Cetacea, Phocoenidae) collected from three locations in the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean. Nine of the 11 variable loci were polymorphic at the P = 0.99 level. Average heterozygosity for these specimens was 0.058, an above average value for a mammal. This may reflect a large, stable population size. Although genotypic proportions from each location generally agreed with Hardy-Weinberg expectations, significant heterozygote deficiencies were detected at two loci in a sample from the North Pacific Ocean. The result of subdividing this sample and rechecking the Hardy-Weinberg proportions suggested that a region of mixing is present at 50°N to 52°N. A pooled sample of Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean specimens resulted in larger chi-square values—one-third of the loci were statistically significant—than with the individual treatments of the two samples. We, therefore, rejected the hypothesis that the two samples represent one interbreeding population.
Methods for purification of proteins associated with cellular poly(ADP-ribose) and PARP-specific poly(ADP-ribose)

Poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) is a posttranslational modification that regulates protein function through two major mechanisms: covalent modification of acceptor proteins and noncovalent binding of proteins to pADPr. pADPr is synthesized by a family of enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) that are themselves major targets of pADPr modification. Here, we outline two methods for the purification of pADPr-binding proteins via pADPr purification under native conditions: purification of cellular pADPr and pADPr covalently linked to specific PARPs. Together, these methods provide complementary approaches to the identification of noncovalent pADPr-protein interactions in the cell.
Glial cell regulation of rhythmic behavior.

Brain glial cells, in particular astrocytes and microglia, secrete signaling molecules that regulate glia–glia or glia–neuron communication and synaptic activity. While much is known about roles of glial cells in nervous system development, we are only beginning to understand the physiological functions of such cells in the adult brain. Studies in vertebrate and invertebrate models, in particular mice and Drosophila, have revealed roles of glia–neuron communication in the modulation of complex behavior. This chapter emphasizes recent evidence from studies of rodents and Drosophila that highlight the importance of glial cells and similarities or differences in the neural circuits regulating circadian rhythms and sleep in the two models. The chapter discusses cellular, molecular, and genetic approaches that have been useful in these models for understanding how glia–neuron communication contributes to the regulation of rhythmic behavior.
Disproportionality in School Discipline in Massachusetts

The racial discipline gap—the finding that Black and Latino students are more likely to be disciplined at school than White students, and often more harshly—has implications for students’ academic ...
[Alcoholism and aging. 1. Epidemiology, clinical aspects and treatment].

Demographic trends reveal the elderly to be the fastest growing segment of the population. Physicians can therefore anticipate to be faced with a growing number of older patients with alcohol-related problems. It is now being increasingly recognized that alcoholism does not only concern the young population, but can appear for the first time late in life. One third of older alcoholic people develop a problem with alcohol in later life, while the other two thirds grow older with the medical and psychosocial sequelae of early-onset alcoholism. In addition, as the number of the elderly increases, clinicians are more faced with patients who began drinking earlier in life and who continue to do so late on life. Furthermore, increasing age is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic disease and use of medication that may interact to amplify the effects of alcohol. Alcohol may cause or worsen chronic illnesses or symptoms such as insomnia, depression, and hypertension. On the other hand, older drinkers are therefore more likely to have adverse consequences of drinking at lower levels of alcohol consumption, and these consequences are likely to be more severe. In this paper, we review the prevalence of geriatric alcoholism, the drinking pattern seen in the elderly i.e., early vs. late onset alcoholism, and we expose the danger of alcohol problems underdiagnosis. In addition, we review the comorbidities associated with alcohol use and finally we discuss treatment options.
Multi-Scale Modeling and Inventory Control of Particle Growth Processes

Abstract In this paper, we develop a multi-scale model to describe the particle growth in a fluidized bed reactor. Population balance model is presented to describe the dynamical behavior of particle size distribution. Stability analysis is derived to determine the control configuration for the complex particulate process. Inventory control strategy is applied to control the particle size distribution.
Catching Our Breath: Critical Race STS and the Carceral Imagination

This article draws together science and technology studies and critical race theory to examine the proliferation and intensification of carceral approaches to governing human life. It argues for an expansive understanding of “the carceral” that extends well beyond the domain of policing, to include forms of containment that make innovation possible in the contexts of health and medicine, education and employment, border policies and virtual realities. In interrogating the relationship between innovation and containment, it urges scholars to consider, who and what are fixed in place–– classified, corralled, and/or coerced— to enable technoscientific development ? Finally, it proposes the cultivation of an abolitionist consciousness that fosters human agency and freedom with and against sciences and technologies.
Wisdom, Age, and Well-Being

Publisher Summary Wisdom appears to be a virtue that is valued highly by most, although it is possible that the meaning of wisdom varies from person to person. In fact, since antiquity, philosophers have tried to define this elusive concept. Many of the earlier contemporary empirical wisdom research consisted of studies that attempted to summarize and synthesize laypeople's implicit theories of wisdom. Although a uniform definition of wisdom does not exist, there is a general consensus among wisdom researchers and the general public that wisdom entails cognitive knowledge, understanding, and insight, reflective thought and an integration of one's own perspective and self-interests with that of others, compassionate concern for the welfare of others, and equanimity. It is less clear what the essential elements are to operationalize and measure the multifaceted construct of wisdom, which explains the variety of approaches in the assessment of wisdom. Yet despite the diversity in measurement, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that wisdom characteristics tend to increase in adolescence and early adulthood for individuals in general but then might require a supportive social environment, educational opportunities, or a strong motivation for psychosocial growth to develop further. Average trends, however, are likely to obscure the inter-individual variability in the association between age and wisdom. Future research should therefore investigate under which circumstances wisdom grows, remains stable, or declines with age.
Development of an Acoustic Sensing Based SHM Technique for Wind Turbine Blades

Wind turbine blades are exposed to continuously-varying aerodynamic forces, gravitational loads, lightning strikes, and weather conditions that lead the blade damage such as leading and trailing edge splits, cracks and holes. In this study, actively-controlled acoustic sources were utilized in order to excite the blade’s cavity structure from internal. The blade damage manifests itself in changes to the acoustic cavity frequency response functions and to the blade acoustic transmission loss. Proposed research examines the use of wireless sensing approach for detecting surface damage of the blades, while they are rotating when wind turbine is operational. A subscale wind turbine was built and used for carrying out preliminary experimental studies. Sensing system and strategy was benchmarked both using computational (FEM) model of the blades as well as the experimental results in the lab.
Methodologies of Economics

The central question is whether there will be a reaction from the dominance of mathematics and econometrics. Affluence has meant problems of space and cost for libraries, while demands for more amenities, permissiveness about theft and vandalism, as well as graduate work and empirical research impose new demands. Reaction towards conventional library scholarship may follow from ‘radicalism’ diminishing returns from mathematical and quantitative techniques, declining enrolments and junior staff ratios, and the need for new ideas. One likely line is ethics and welfare economics. Rising publishing costs may reduce library storage problems.
Housing and Community Development

Having discussed why the principal-agent paradigm is useful, having established its profile, and having demonstrated how it relates to the nonprofit as a social capital asset and agent of public policy, this chapter and the next are about perspectives gained in implementing the principal-agent paradigm. This chapter begins with a review of what is known about community development corporations and how they fit into the public policy picture as agents. It then presents a specific case in New York City, shows how the concepts of the previous chapters apply to performance, and then takes some of the same concepts and applies them to public authorities. These authorities lay the foundations for community development by providing the required infrastructure. This is illustrated by the New York-New Jersey Port Authority (a nonprofit organization). The chapter ends with a discussion of faith-based organizations and the applicability of the principal-agent paradigm to them in implementing community development policies.
Child Welfare Involved Parents and Pathways Triple P:Perceptions of Program Acceptability and Appropriateness

Nearly half of children in the child welfare system have clinically significant behavior problems and are at risk of developing disruptive behavioral disorders. Yet, behavioral parent training interventions, which are the most effective way to treat these problems, are rarely provided to child welfare involved families. As a result, little is known about the acceptability and appropriateness of these parent training interventions with these families. This qualitative study explored implementation outcomes of an evidenced-based parenting intervention, Pathways Triple P, with families in the child welfare system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents investigated for child maltreatment (n=47); following participation in the Pathways Triple P. Parents were asked about their perceptions of acceptability (program satisfaction) and appropriateness (program fit). Despite the complicated and often chaotic lives common among this vulnerable population, study findings suggest that most parents found the intervention to be useful and relevant. Pathways Triple P's content, structure and materials for parents were key aspects of acceptability and appropriateness. Barriers to participation were also identified separately for parents who did not receive the full dosage of the intervention. Study findings indicate that Pathways Triple P is a promising strategy to improve behavioral health outcomes for maltreated children and increase positive parenting behaviors for child welfare involved parents.
Regulation of Siglec-8-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species production and eosinophil cell death by Src family kinases.

Abstract Rationale Siglec-8 is a surface receptor predominantly expressed on human eosinophils where its ligation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cell death. Since Siglec-8 has intracellular tyrosine-based motifs, we hypothesized that Src family kinases (SFKs) are involved in ROS formation and cell death induced by Siglec-8 engagement. Methods Human peripheral blood eosinophils were purified and incubated with anti-Siglec-8 monoclonal antibodies (mAb, agonist), IL-5, and SFK pharmacological inhibitors. We focused on Siglec-8-induced cell death in short-term IL-5-activated cells leading to a regulated necrosis-type cell death. ROS production was determined by dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123 labeling and flow cytometry, or by chemiluminescence using Amplex red. Activation of SFK was determined using phospholuminex and Western blotting. Results In order to determine cellular localization of ROS production, we measured intra and extracellular ROS. While an ETosis stimulus (calcium ionophore A23187) led to extracellular ROS (ecROS) production, Siglec-8-engagement in short-term IL-5 activated cells led to intracellular ROS (icROS) accumulation. Consistently, inhibition of extracellular ROS by catalase inhibited ETosis, but not IL-5-primed Siglec-8-induced cell death. In order to determine signaling events for Siglec-8, we performed Western blotting and found SFK phosphorylation in lysates from eosinophils stimulated with anti-Siglec-8 mAb ± IL-5. In order to identify which SFKs were involved, we used the phospholuminex assay and found increased levels of phosphorylated Fgr in the cytoplasmic fraction of cells co-stimulated with anti-Siglec-8 and IL-5 for 3 hours compared with cells stimulated with IL-5 alone. To test the involvement of SFKs in ROS production and cell death, we used SFK inhibitors PP2 and dasatinib, both of which completely inhibited eosinophil ROS production and cell death induced by anti-Siglec-8 and IL-5 co-stimulation. Conclusion Siglec-8 engagement in short-term IL-5-activated eosinophils causes icROS production and SKF phosphorylation, and both are essential in mediating Siglec-8-induced cell death.
Lassa virus reverse genetics

The Old World (OW) arenavirus Lassa (LASV ) is estimated to infect several hundred thousand people yearly in West Africa, resulting in high numbers of Lassa fever (LF), a viral hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. To date, no licensed vaccines are available to LASV infections, and anti-LASV drug therapy is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin (Rib) that is only partially effective. The development of reverse genetics has provided investigators with a novel and powerful approach for the investigation of the molecular, cell biology, and pathogenesis of LASV. The use of cell-based LASV minigenome (MG) systems has allowed examining the cis- and trans-acting factors involved in genome replication and gene transcription and the identification of novel drugable LASV targets. Likewise, it is now feasible to rescue infectious recombinant (r)LASV entirely from cloned cDNAs containing predetermined mutations in their genomes to investigate virus-host interactions and mechanisms of pathogenesis, as well as to facilitate screens to identify antiviral drugs against LASV and the implementation of novel strategies to develop live-attenuated vaccines (LAV). In this chapter we will summarize the state-of-the-art experimental procedures for implementation of LASV reverse genetics. In addition, we will briefly discuss some significant translational research developments that have been made possible upon the development of LASV reverse genetics.
The Critical Events Scale: Behavioral Profiles of Students with Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Disorders.

An instrument to identify elementary-aged students who may be at risk for developing behavioral disorders, the Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD) procedure, has recently been normed...
Real-time feasible multi-objective optimization based nonlinear model predictive control of particle size and shape in a batch crystallization process

Abstract This paper presents nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) and nonlinear moving horizon estimation (MHE) formulations for controlling the crystal size and shape distribution in a batch crystallization process. MHE is used to estimate unknown states and parameters prior to solving the NMPC problem. Combining these two formulations for a batch process, we obtain an expanding horizon estimation problem and a shrinking horizon model predictive control problem. The batch process has been modeled as a system of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) derived using the population balance model (PBM) and the method of moments. Therefore, the MHE and NMPC formulations lead to DAE-constrained optimization problems that are solved by discretizing the system using Radau collocation on finite elements and optimizing the resulting algebraic nonlinear problem using Ipopt . The performance of the NMPC–MHE approach is analyzed in terms of setpoint change, system noise, and model/plant mismatch, and it is shown to provide better setpoint tracking than an open-loop optimal control strategy. Furthermore, the combined solution time for the MHE and the NMPC formulations is well within the sampling interval, allowing for real world application of the control strategy.
Oxybutynin 3% gel for the treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis in adolescents and young adults.

Background/objectives There are no reliably effective, well-tolerated topical agents for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of oxybutynin 3% gel in adolescents and young adults with primary focal hyperhidrosis. Methods Patients with severe axillary hyperhidrosis were treated with topical oxybutynin 3% gel for 4 weeks. Response to treatment was assessed by calculating change in Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Score from baseline to weeks 1 and 4. Change in health-related quality of life was assessed using the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index or the Dermatology Life Quality Index. Adverse effects were evaluated using patient diaries, investigator global review, and physical examination. Results Of 10 patients aged 13-24 enrolled, seven completed the study. Of those who completed the study, four (57.1%) reported reduction in axillary Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Score at week 1 and all seven (100%) at week 4. Six patients (85.7%) reported reduction in Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index or Dermatology Life Quality Index score. Anticholinergic adverse effects were infrequent. The majority of treatment-related adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. One patient experienced a severe adverse event. Conclusion Oxybutynin 3% gel reduced hyperhidrosis severity and improved health-related quality of life in this small pilot study. Safety and efficacy should be further evaluated in a large, prospective, placebo-controlled study.
Self-Regenerating Co–Fe Nanoparticles on Perovskite Oxides as a Hydrocarbon Fuel Oxidation Catalyst in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Metal nanoparticles exsolved from perovskite oxides have created great interest as anode materials in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) due to their high catalytic activity and regenerative capability. However, the self-regeneration process generally occurs at relatively high temperatures (>800 °C), which might limit their practical application. Here, we present a perovskite anode material, La0.3Sr0.7Cr0.3Fe0.6Co0.1O3−δ, which allows Co–Fe nanoparticles exsolved on the oxide surface at intermediate operation temperatures (700 °C). The phase stability of the perovskite oxide and the reversibility of the exsolved alloy were carefully examined by the phase characterization and the nanoparticle morphology observation during the redox process. The electrochemical performance was evaluated by an electrolyte-supported single cell with hydrogen and propane fuels. The Co–Fe nanocatalysts enhance the maximum power density of the La0.3Sr0.7Cr0.3Fe0.6Co0.1O3−δ–Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (GDC) composite anode more than 75% in compari...
Comparison of cost of protection against differential power analysis of selected authenticated ciphers

Authenticated ciphers are vulnerable to side-channel attacks, including differential power analysis (DPA). Test Vector Leakage Assessment (TVLA) using Welch's t-test has been used to verify improved resistance of block ciphers to DPA after application of countermeasures. However, extension of this methodology to authenticated ciphers is non-trivial, since this requires additional input and output conditions, complex interfaces, and long test vectors interlaced with protocol necessary to describe authenticated cipher operations. In this research we augment an existing side-channel analysis architecture (FOBOS) with TVLA for authenticated ciphers. We use this capability to show that implementations in the Spartan-6 FPGA of the CAESAR Round 3 candidates ACORN, ASCON, CLOC (AES and TWINE), SILC (AES, PRESENT, and LED), JAMBU (AES and SIMON), and Ketje Jr., as well as AES-GCM, are potentially vulnerable to 1st order DPA. We then implement versions of the above ciphers, protected against 1st order DPA, using threshold implementations. TVLA is used to verify improved resistance to 1st order DPA of the protected cipher implementations. Finally, we benchmark unprotected and protected cipher implementations in the Spartan-6 FPGA, and compare the costs of 1st order DPA protection in terms of area, frequency, throughput, throughput-to-area (TP/A) ratio, power, and energy per bit. Our results show that ACORN is the most energy efficient, has the lowest area (in LUTs), and has the highest TP/A ratio of DPA-resistant implementations. However, Ketje Jr. has the highest throughput.
Effects of Oversampling Versus Cost-Sensitive Learning for Bayesian and SVM Classifiers

In this chapter, we examine the relationship between cost-sensitive learning and resampling. We first introduce these concepts, including a new resampling method called “generative oversampling,” which creates new data points by learning parameters for an assumed probability distribution. We then examine theoretically and empirically the effects of different forms of resampling and their relationship to cost-sensitive learning on different classifiers and different data characteristics. For example, we show that generative oversampling used with linear SVMs provides the best results for a variety of text data sets. In contrast, no significant performance difference is observed for low-dimensional data sets when using Gaussians to model distributions in a naive Bayes classifier. Our theoretical and empirical results in these and other cases support the conclusion that the relative performance of costsensitive learning and resampling is dependent on both the classifier and the data characteristics.
Primary Somatosensory Processing

Upon entering the CNS, sensory signals are distributed over several parallel pathways in each of which information is serially processed through multiple synaptic stations. Several chapters in this book are devoted to the processing of information in specific sensory modalities. In the present chapter, we will identify the locations of the nuclei in the spinal cord and brain stem that receive the first synapses of peripheral sensory axons, and analyze in greater detail the intrinsic structural and functional organization of those nuclei that receive sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal (together, the somatosensory) systems. This information should be correlated with details given in the next chapter on the output of these secondary sensory nuclei and further somatosensory processing.
Internal parasite levels and response to anthelmintic treatment by beef cows and calves.

Albendazole (methyl 5-propylthio-1 H-benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate) was used as an anthelmintic in a 3-yr study involving 578 beef cows and 438 nursing calves. Infection levels for nematodes, coccidia, and tapeworm were relatively low throughout the 3-yr period. Eggs per gram of feces in cows and calves were lower (P less than .01) 2 wk posttreatment but were not different 5 mo later, when calves were weaned. Cow weight gain, rate and time of conception, and adjusted calf weaning weights were not affected significantly by deworming of either cows or calves. Level of nematode infection measured as eggs per gram of feces was higher (P less than .01) in younger cows than in mature cows. Although deworming with Albendazole lowered (P less than .01) nematode infection levels, no responses were observed in cow or calf performance.
Relationship between classroom attendance and examination performance in a second-year medical pathophysiology class.

Studies completed with undergraduate populations have shown that attendance positively correlates with academic performance. A marked decline in classroom attendance within medical school has recen...
Modeling Relationship between Post-Release Faults and Usage in Mobile Software

Background: The way post-release usage of a software affects the number of faults experienced by users is scarcely explored due to the proprietary nature of such data. The commonly used quality measure of post-release faults may, therefore, reflect usage instead of the quality of the software development process. Aim: To determine how software faults and software use are related in a post-deployment scenario and, based on that, derive post-deployment quality measure that reflects developers' performance more accurately. Method: We analyze Google Analytics data counting daily new users, visits, time-on-site, visits per user, and release start date and duration for 169 releases of a complex communication application for Android OS. We utilize Linear Regression, Bayesian Network, and Random Forest models to explain the interrelationships and to derive release quality measure that is relatively stable with respect to variations in software usage. Results: We found the number of new users and release start date to be the determining factors for the number of exceptions, and found no direct link between the intensity and frequency of software usage and software faults. Furthermore, the relative increase in the number of crashes was found to be stably associated with a power of 1.3 relative increase in the number of new users. Based on the findings we propose a release quality measure: number of crashes per user for a release of the software, which was seen to be independent of any other usage variables, providing us with a usage independent measure of software quality. Conclusions: We expect our result and our proposed quality measure will help gauge release quality of a software more accurately and inspire further research in this area.
Dipoles in quantum field theory

In quantum field theory, a fundamental spin- 1 2 particle can have intrinsic magnetic and electric dipole moments. Herein, we examine the way in which a charged fermion or photon is scattered by a massive neutral fermion via its dipole moment. In the low-energy limit, the field theoretic scattering amplitude can be related to a semi-classical electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian. We find, in this limit, that the dipole field of the fundamental particle is that of a classical pure dipole, including the correct contact field. Additionally, we examine the optical properties of a medium consisting of magnetic dipoles. By computing the Compton scattering amplitude for a magnetic dipole, we find that a medium of polarized dipoles is circularly birefringent; that is, the index of refraction depends upon the polarization of the light. Our presentation is geared toward advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate students.
Protein fold prediction using simulated DEER distance distributions and decay traces

Abstract Despite advances in sampling and scoring strategies, Monte Carlo modeling methods still struggle to accurately predict de novo the structures of large proteins, membrane proteins, or proteins of complex topologies. Previous approaches have addressed these shortcomings by leveraging sparse distance data gathered using site-directed spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (SDSL-EPR) to improve protein structure prediction and refinement outcomes. However, existing computational implementations must choose between coarse-grained models of the spin label that lower the resolution and explicit models that lead to resource-intense simulations. Existing methods are further limited by their reliance on distance distributions, which are calculated from a primary refocused echo decay signal and may contain artifacts introduced during this processing step. Here, we addressed these challenges by developing RosettaDEER, a scoring method within the Rosetta software suite capable of simulating distance distributions and echo decay traces between spin labels fast enough to fold proteins de novo. We demonstrate that the accuracy of resulting distance distributions match or exceed those generated by more computationally intensive methods. Moreover, decay traces generated from these distributions recapitulate intermolecular background coupling parameters, allowing RosettaDEER to discriminate between poorly-folded and native-like models even when the time window of EPR data collection is truncated, rendering them unsuitable for accurate transformation into distance distributions. Finally, we demonstrate that one decay trace per nine residues is sufficient to predict the folds of Bax and the C-terminus of ExoU, two soluble proteins with surface-exposed amphipathic structural features that prevent the Rosetta energy function from correctly identifying native-like models in the absence of experimental data. These benchmarking results confirm that RosettaDEER can effectively leverage sparse experimental data for a wide array of modeling applications built into the Rosetta software suite.
Summary: General Applications of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Monitoring

As the last chapter of the book, we summarize it by answering the question, “Why autonomic (P&S) assessment?” Included in the answer are discussions on proactive patient management, individualized therapy titration, documenting outcomes, evidence-based medicine, value-based medicine, comparative effectiveness benefit, PQRI documentation, and improved patient care, and we finish with a look at P&S monitoring in different specialties.
Change and Continuity in Low-Income Working Mothers’ Food Practices for Young Children in Response to Life Events

To understand how changes in low-income mothers’ work, home, and childcare environments impact their food practices for young children. The grounded theory, theory-guided, design included two in-depth qualitative interviews (6 to 8 months apart) with each of 19 low income, working/student mothers of Head Start children, living in a rural county in Upstate New York. Interviews covered mothers’ experiences of employment, school, family, household, and childcare events over one school year and whether and how events changed child food practices. Emergent themes related to mothers’ experiences of life events, with attention to influences on child food practices, were open-coded using a constant comparative approach. A life course approach and a transactional model of the stress process informed interpretation. Within the study period, most mothers reported at least one life event, with many experiencing one or more changes in employers, job schedules, residence, household members, or childcare situation. Emergent patterns of adjustment in child food practices linked with life events were shaped by mothers’ appraisals of life events, the availability of coping resources, and their adaptations to events, based on temporal, financial, and social resources. The findings support a view of child feeding informed by the transactional model of stress. Instability in work, family, household, and childcare highlight changing contexts for child food practices in daily life. Research and practice should acknowledge the changing nature of the child feeding context and the need for children’s caregivers to make adjustments in response to changing resources.
Oxidative stress-induced downregulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in fetal membranes promotes cellular senescence†.

Objective Oxidative stress (OS)-induced stress signaler p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) activation and fetal membrane senescence are associated with parturition. This study determined changes in glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and its regulation by p38MAPK in effecting senescence to further delineate the molecular mechanism involved in senescence. Methods Primary human amnion epithelial cells and amnion mesenchymal cells were treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE, OS inducer). Expression of total and phosphorylated GSK3β and p38MAPK, and that of GSK3β's downstream targets: beta-catenin (β-Cat) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) (western blot analysis), cell cycle regulation and senescence (flow cytometry) were determined. The specificity of GSK3β and p38MAPK's mechanistic role was tested by co-treating cells with their respective inhibitors, CHIR99021 and SB203580. Exosomal secretion of β-Cat from OS-induced cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and western blot. Results OS induced by CSE resulted in phosphorylation of GSK3β (inactivation) and p38MAPK (activation) that was associated with cell cycle arrest and senescence. Inhibitors to GSK3β and p38MAPK verified their roles. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inactivation was associated with nuclear translocation of antioxidant Nrf2 and exosomal secretion of β-Cat. Conclusions OS-induced P-p38MAPK activation is associated with functional downregulation of GSK3β and arrest of cell cycle progression and senescence of amnion cells. Lack of nuclear translocation of β-Cat and its excretion via exosomes further supports the postulation that GSK3β down-regulation by p38MAPK may stop cell proliferation preceding cell senescence. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms of senescence will help develop therapeutic strategies to prevent preterm birth.
Evidence for hybridization between Northern Parula (Setophaga americana) and Cerulean Warbler (S. cerulea)

Hybridization between Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) and Northern Parula (Setophaga americana) has been suggested from field observations at several sites in eastern North America, but without quantitative data to confirm this pairing. Here we present the first mensural and molecular evidence to confirm hybridization of these closely related species. Two suspected hybrids were detected based on atypical songs during the 2014 and 2015 breeding season in Summit County, Ohio, USA. Analysis of tissue samples, morphometric and plumage data showed a combination of Cerulean Warbler and Northern Parula plumage characteristics; the overall appearance resembled a Cerulean Warbler male but with white eye arcs, a weak yellow wash on the breast, and some yellow mantle feathers suggesting Northern Parula parentage. A mitochondrial and 2 nuclear genes were sequenced. Both individuals' mitochondrial sequences were identical to Cerulean Warbler sequences, indicating that both had a Cerulean Warbler dam. Sequences from nuclear genes had a total of 10 heterozygous loci, confirming that they were sired by Northern Parulas. These hybrids, and other reports, come from areas where Northern Parulas are expanding their breeding range into Cerulean Warbler range, suggesting that this hybrid combination may become more common.
The politics of Chinese media: Consensus and contestation

Bingchun Meng is a media and communications scholar at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Her research is at the intersection of communication governance and media production, pa...
‘We Have No Harlem in Sudan’: Sudan’s Deflective Diplomacy

This chapter investigates the means through which Sudanese governments outmanoeuvred rebels internationally throughout the 1960s and protected the country's reputation in Pan-Africanist and anti-imperialist circles. It argues that Sudan employed a strategy of deflective diplomacy that drew international attention away from the “Southern Problem” while addressing the pertinent areas of reputational damage. This deflection paradoxically placed Sudan in the international limelight as a paragon of Pan-Africanism, while concealing the “Problem” in plain sight. The chapter explores Sudan’s relations with African networks and organisations after the fall of the Abboud regime, specifically in the tenures of the most significant prime minister of the 1960s, Mohamed Mahgoub. It demonstrates that through personal networks, conference diplomacy and solidarity efforts, the government proved a formidable diplomatic opponent to the secessionist Southern rebels.
Metasurface-based ultra-lightweight high-gain off-axis flat parabolic reflectarray for microwave beam collimation/focusing.

Ultra-lightweight deployable antennas with high-gain are pivotal communication components for small satellites, which are intrinsically constrained in size, weight, and power. In this work, we design and demonstrate metasurface-based ultra-lightweight flat off-axis reflectarrays for microwave beam collimation and focusing, similar to a parabolic dish-antenna. Our ultra-thin reflectarrays employ resonators of variable sizes to cover the full 2π phase range, and are arranged on the metasurface to realize a two-dimensional parabolic focusing phase distribution. We demonstrate a 30° off-axis focusing reflector that exhibits a measured gain of 27.5 dB at the central operating frequency of 11.8 GHz and a 3 dB directionality <$$\pm $$1.6°. Furthermore, we carry out full-wave simulations of the reflectarray, showing high gain of the beam focusing/collimation functionality, in good agreement with measurements. The demonstrated reflectarrays will enable low-cost, lightweight, and high-gain deployable transceivers for small-satellite platforms.
Introduction to Bitcoins, Blockchains and Smart Contracts

This workshop introduces participants to bitcoins, blockchains and programming smart contracts using Ethereum Blockchains and the Solidity programming language. Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoins use Blockchains and Smart Contracts to enforce transactions. Given the popularity of Bitcoins and related technologies in the press, this module provides a module for CS educators to introduce the underlying technology into their classrooms. Participants receive handouts describing sample programming techniques and worksheets for creating basic smart contracts. The workshop proceeds in three sessions in which we: present the underlying technology of Ethereum; practice the creation of smart contracts using the Solidity programming language; and discuss the implementation of this module in our classrooms in small groups. Further information, sample code and workshop handouts are at: http://maui.hawaii.edu/cybersecurity
A Path Analysis of Physical Activity Intensity and Waist Circumference on the Lipid Profile: A Cross-sectional Study of NHANES Data

Background: Physical activity is widely known to positively affect serum lipids. Yet, no study has utilized a path analysis methodology, which is more efficacious at analyzing complex relationships...
Globalization under and after socialism: the evolution of transnational capital in central and eastern Europe: by Besnik Pula, Redwood City, Stanford University Press, 2018, 272 pp., $65.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9781503605138

Dependence on multinational corporations (MNCs) characterizes the economies of Central and Eastern Europe. There is an extensive political economy literature that tries to make sense of the differe...
Comparative Outcomes Between Osteosarcoma and Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcomas Of Bone: A National Cancer Database Analysis

Introduction Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone in children. The rarity of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas has complicated large-scale analyses. Herein we describe characteristics of pediatric patients with osteosarcoma or other primary bone sarcomas and treatment outcomes from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Methods The NCDB was queried from 2004-2014 for patients aged 0-17 years with primary malignant sarcomas of bone. Exclusion criteria included tumors involving the bones of the skull or mandible, surface or periosteal lesions, Ewing’s sarcoma, desmoplastic round cell sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, small cell sarcoma, …
Conditional cash transfers and embedded extension: A mechanism to restore and promote adoption of improved goat shelters in emergency recovery

Abstract Reconstruction of damaged goat shelters was a key need for communities in the Gorkha district, which was the epicenter of the earthquake in 2015, as lack of shelters led to distress sale of goats and reduction in herd size. Additionally, existing shelters caused diseases in goats due to poor ventilation and hygiene features. Drawing on its global experience and expertise in livelihoods, cash, and markets especially in emergency situations, CRS supported conditional cash transfers, provided in two tranches (upon beneficiary choice and construction completion), along with extension (group orientations, mentoring) focused on shelter design principles, to help poor households critically depending on income from goats reconstruct hygienic goat shelters. CRS promoted two simple, cost-effective design principles while facilitating the reconstruction of goat shelters, i.e., a raised platform and provision for ventilation. A study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of conditional cash transfers combined with a targeted extension on the adoption of improved goat shelter principles by earthquake-affected households, through 100% visual verifications, household surveys, focus group discussions (FGD) with beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, and key informant interviews with stakeholders. The study reported that 99% of beneficiaries adopted the hygienic shelter principles promoted by the project based on the conditionality. Beneficiaries co-invested on an average of $80–100 in addition to the $100 received from the project. A 20–30% increase in herd size among most beneficiaries was reported after the reconstruction of goat shelters due to the availability of safe space. The study showed strong ownership by the beneficiaries which was evident from the maintenance and up-keeping of the goat shelters. Households, who had not received cash from the project, have also started adopting the design principles mainly due to the low-cost and simple nature of the design principles. Which project has provided them with flexibility in using the material of their choice based on the local context.
Sacred Place-Making: The Presence and Quality of Archetypal Design Principles in Sacred Place

The World Health Organization and a growing number of health-care professionals, and the public equate good health not merely to the absence of disease, but also to the presence of positive well-being. The traditional biomedical model of health has given way to the biopsychosocial mode, which advocates a greater holistic approach towards health, considering not only our biological, but also our social, psychological, physiological and spiritual health. The places we inhabit have the potential of contributing significantly to our health and well-being. Desacralization of place has made it increasingly difficult for modern societies to rediscover existential dimensions of the sacred that were once readily accessible to humans of archaic societies in everyday place. How can phenomenological differences between sacred and secular place be understood? What are the contributing factors? Can they be objectified? Through time, the importance of archetypal principles in sacred place have been underappreciated and misunderstood. These principles not only express timeless design values, but also higher intensions. When embodied and uplifted they contribute significantly to making place memorable and extraordinary. Our purpose is to explore phenomenological differences in the presence and quality of specific archetypal principles that recur in sacred place. Using qualitative and quantitative data, differences in the presence and quality of design principles between sacred and secular place are explored. A “Place-making Design Principle Matrix” is conceptualized. The chapter contributes to the development of the theory of place-making and fosters a renewed interest in the phenomenology of sacred place.
Demonstrating continuous variable Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering in spite of finite experimental capabilities using Fano steering bounds

We show how one can demonstrate continuous-variable Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering without needing to characterize entire measurement probability distributions. To do this, we develop a modified Fano inequality useful for discrete measurements of continuous variables and use it to bound the conditional uncertainties in continuous-variable entropic EPR-steering inequalities. With these bounds, we show how one can hedge against experimental limitations including a finite detector size, dead space between pixels, and any such factors that impose an incomplete sampling of the true measurement probability distribution. Furthermore, we use experimental data from the position and momentum statistics of entangled photon pairs in parametric downconversion to show that this method is sufficiently sensitive for practical use.
The Two Meanings of Social Capital1

The popularity of the concept of social capital has been accompanied by increasing controversy about its actual meaning and effects. I consider here the alternative applications of the concept as an attribute of individuals vs. collectivities and discuss the extent to which causal propositions formulated at each level are logically sound. I present some empirical evidence illustrating the possibility that, despite the current popularity of the concept, much of its alleged benefits may be spurious after controlling for other factors. Implications of this analysis and results for theory and policy are discussed.
The current status of calcium penicillin in beeswax and peanut oil; data from a study of 600 cases and clinical observation of 4,000 patients given 60,000 injections.

Abstract 1.1. Study of 600 cases plus clinical observations of 4,000 cases given 60,000 intramuscular injections of calcium penicillin in beeswax and peanut oil at twenty-four or twelve-hour intervals, gave results as satisfactory as those obtained by the multiple injections of penicillin in aqueous solution. 2.2. The incidence of allergic reactions after intramuscular injection of calcium penicillin in beeswax and peanut oil is approximately 5 per cent. 3.3. Calcium penicillin in beeswax and peanut oil has shown no loss of potency at 10 °c. and 25 °c. (room temperature) for at least one year. At 37 °c. potency has been maintained for about nine months.