cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-directed Professional Learning and Educator Self-Efficacy: The Case of Voxer

Self-efficacy beliefs are critical determinants of human behavior and motivation. Self-efficacy, however, was developed as a concept prior to the advent of social media, and it is not yet fully understood how these new media impact self-efficacy beliefs. In the particular case of educator self-efficacy, the potential role social media could play in its development has yet to be examined. In this chapter, we consider how social media might affect educator self-efficacy first by reviewing the relevant literature. We then present the case of our research on a particular social media service, Voxer. Voxer is a multimodal messaging tool that allows for voice, text, image, and video communication. Using an electronic survey, we gathered data from 240 educators regarding their uses of and perceptions regarding Voxer. Results indicated that participants perceived their use of Voxer as having a positive impact on their self-efficacy beliefs. Voxer use appeared to most clearly relate to two of the sources of self-efficacy posited by Bandura (Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986): vicarious experience and verbal persuasion. We discuss the implications of our findings for educator self-efficacy and teaching in an era of ubiquitous social media.
The Political Theory of Universal Basic Income

Universal basic income (UBI) is a radical policy proposal of a monthly cash grant given to all members of a community without means test, regardless of personal desert, with no strings attached, an...
Differences in Suicide Risk Severity Among Suicidal Youth With Anxiety Disorders

Background: Adolescent suicidality is a growing public health concern. Although evidence supports a link between anxiety and suicidality, little is known about risk associated with specific anxiety disorders. Aims: This study examined the prevalence of anxiety disorders in a sample of adolescents with depression and suicidal ideation and the associations between specific anxiety disorders and suicide ideation severity and attempt history. Method: The sample consisted of 115 adolescents (Mage = 14.96 years; 55.8% African American) entering a clinical trial for suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms. Prior to treatment, adolescents completed self-report and interview measures. Results: In all, 48% of the sample met criteria for an anxiety disorder, 22% met criteria for social anxiety disorder (SAD), and 40% met criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). SAD was uniquely associated with more severe suicidal ideation. Limitations: Findings may not generalize to all suicidal adolescents, and non-measured variables may account for the observed relationships. Conclusion: Future research should examine whether targeting social anxiety would improve treatment response for suicidal adolescents.
Material Characterization and Bioanalysis of Hybrid Scaffolds of Carbon Nanomaterial and Polymer Nanofibers

The interconnected porous structures that mimic the extracellular matrix support cell growth in tissue engineering. Nanofibers generated by electrospinning can act as a vehicle for therapeutic cell delivery to a neural lesion. The incorporation of carbon nanomaterials with excellent electrical conductivity in nanofibers is an attractive aspect for design of a nanodevice for neural tissue regeneration. In this study, nanoscaffolds were created by electrospinning poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and three different types of carbon nanomaterials, which are carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerene. The component of carbon nanomaterials in nanofibers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The fiber diameter was determined by scanning electron microscopy, and it was found that the diameter varied depending on the type of nanomaterial in the fibers. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes and graphene in the PCL fibers increased the contact angle significantly, while the incorporation of fullerene re...
Uncertain hog futures: life, death, and arbitrage on the factory farm

Between 2013 and 2014, PED virus (PEDv) swept through American pig farms, killing millions of animals and causing a market panic that drove the prices of both physical pork and lean hog futures to ...
Event review: ‘Archaeology education: Building a research base’

As the push to institutionalize archaeology and heritage education has gained traction over the past few years, archaeologists and educators alike have been stressing the importance of building a r...
Path-Based Background Model Augmentation for Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection

We consider the detection of submerged targets in a hyperspectral image comprising a difficult maritime scene with littoral, open water, and land regions, characterized by the presence of false alarms arising from highly variable depths and sandbars. We employ a baseline detection scheme that uses kernel principal component analysis (kPCA) to learn a background model from a random small sub-sample of the scene. Detection statistics for test pixels are formed from the reconstruction error between their Nystrom projection into the kPCA feature space and their synthesis in the feature space using the learned background principal components. We show that false alarms associated with mixed littoral pixels are reduced by augmenting the background model with spectral samples drawn from either the linear geodesic constructed between sand and water end-members or an alternative nonlinear geodesic constructed using an optimal transport technique. We show that background augmentation using the the optimal transport geodesic yields significant improvements in detection performance.
The trypanosome-specific proteins FPRC and CIF4 regulate cytokinesis initiation by recruiting CIF1 to the cytokinesis initiation site.

The evolutionarily early divergent human parasite Trypanosoma brucei proliferates through binary cell fission in both its tsetse fly vector and mammalian host. The parasite divides unidirectionally along the longitudinal cell axis from the anterior cell tip toward the posterior cell tip through a mechanism distinct from that in the cells of its human host. Initiation of cytokinesis in T. brucei is regulated by two evolutionarily conserved protein kinases, the Polo-like kinase TbPLK and the Aurora B kinase TbAUK1, and a cohort of trypanosome-specific proteins, including the three cytokinesis initiation factors CIF1, CIF2, and CIF3. Here, using RNAi, in situ epitope tagging of proteins, GST pulldown, and coimmunoprecipitation assays, and immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses, we report the identification and functional characterization of two trypanosome-specific proteins, flagellum attachment zone tip–localizing protein required for cytokinesis (FPRC) and CIF4. We found that the two proteins colocalize to the distal tips of the new and the old flagellum attachment zones and are required for cytokinesis initiation. Knockdown of FPRC or CIF4 disrupted the localization of CIF1, suggesting that they function upstream of CIF1. Moreover, depletion of CIF4 abolished FPRC localization, indicating that CIF4 acts upstream of FPRC. Together, these results identify two new cytokinesis regulators in T. brucei and integrate them into the CIF1-mediated cytokinesis regulatory pathway. These findings highlight the existence of a cytokinesis pathway in T. brucei that is different from that of its mammalian host and therefore suggest that cytokinesis in T. brucei could potentially be exploited as a new drug target.
Percutaneous thrombectomy of mural aortic thrombus using intravascular ultrasound guidance

Abstract Mural aortic thrombus is a challenging clinical problem with significant potential complications. Particularly precarious are situations with involvement of the visceral segment of the aorta. We describe a technique for percutaneous thrombectomy of mural aortic thrombus using intravascular ultrasound to guide an angled mechanical thrombectomy catheter in conjunction with a continuous aspiration system (Indigo mechanical thrombectomy system; Penumbra, Alameda, Calif). Use of this technique in three patients with challenging cases of mural aortic thrombus is discussed. All patients were treated successfully and without complication using this technique.
HEERFORDT SYNDROME MANIFESTING AS CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS

Sarcoidosis is a systematic disorder with granulomatous deposition in various tissues resulting in a spectrum of clinical manifestations 49 yo AA male with recent onset fevers and dry eyes/mouth presented with syncope. Examination revealed CN VII palsy, bilateral parotitis, cervical adenopathy, and
Neuropathology of Cerebellar Cortical Atrophy

Cerebellar cortical atrophy (CCA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of Purkinje cells, frequently associated with atrophy of the inferior olivary nucleus. The diagnosis of CCA requires a pathologic assessment; however, this term has also been used in clinical practice as a diagnosis of exclusion for sporadic, adult-onset, and progressive ataxia. For the clinical diagnosis of CCA, diagnostic criteria for idiopathic cerebellar ataxia (IDCA) have been proposed. We herein describe two patients with a pathologic diagnosis of CCA. The first patient was clinically suspected to have Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease due to rapid progressive dementia and ataxia. The second patient was clinically diagnosed with progressive supranuclear palsy based on imbalance, frequent falls, and vertical gaze palsy. The se cases suggest that the clinical presentation of CCA is heterogeneous, and CCA does not always meet the criteria for IDCA. Therefore, the term CCA should be used solely for a pathologic diagnosis.
201 Carboplatin, paclitaxel and pembrolizumab for the first line treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background A recent phase III study (Keynote-048) demonstrated survival benefit of platinum, 5-FU and pembrolizumab in 1st line treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (RM-HNSCC).1 However, administration of 5-FU has been a challenge for logistics and toxicities. As platinum, paclitaxel and pembrolizumab has been shown to be an effective and safe treatment for non-small cell lung cancer,2 we hypothesized that carboplatin, paclitaxel and pembrolizumab would be safe and effective for 1st line treatment of RM-HNSCC. Methods We performed a retrospective study of RM-HNSCC patients who received carboplatin, paclitaxel and pembrolizumab for first line systemic therapy, treated between December 2015 and January 2020 at the University of California, San Francisco. Patients who received at least 1 cycle of treatment with pre-treatment and post-treatment images were included in the analyses. Response to the treatment was assessed using RECIST criteria version 1.1. We also estimated overall survival and progression free survival using Kaplan-Meier method. Results Nine patients who received carboplatin, paclitaxel and pembrolizumab as first line systemic therapy for RM-HNSCC were identified. Two patients had HPV positive oropharyngeal SCC, the other patients unknown primary SCC in head and neck (2), oral cavity SCC (2), laryngeal SCC (1), hypopharyngeal SCC (1) and SCC of orbit (1). There were 1 complete response (CR, 11%), 6 partial responses (PR, 55%), 1 stable disease (SD, 11%) and 1 progressive disease (PD, 11%). Overall response rate (ORR) was 78%, and median progression free survival and median overall survival have not reached with median follow-ups of 6 months and 8 months, respectively. Two patients discontinued chemotherapy after 1 cycle for grade 4 acute kidney injury and grade 4 anaphylaxis, yet achieved CR and PR, respectively. Conclusions The retrospective analysis suggests that first line carboplatin, paclitaxel and pembrolizumab for RM-HNSCC is an active regimen and can be considered in place of platinum, 5-FU and pembrolizumab, which merits further investigation. Ethics Approval The study was approved by UCSF’s Institutional Review Board, approval number 19-29365. References Burtness B, Harrington K, Greil R, et al. Pembrolizumab alone or with chemotherapy versus cetuximab with chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (KEYNOTE-048): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet 2019;394:1915–1928. Paz-Ares L, Luft A, Vincente D, et al. Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy for Squamous Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. New Engl J Med 2018; 379:2040–2051.
Mental health service navigation: a scoping review of programmatic features and research evidence

Service navigation is a care coordination approach that is designed to resolve barriers and facilitate access to needed services. Originating within primary and specialty health care sectors, navig...
Pragmatic Disease-Focused Checklist for Use During Rounding on Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19.

The sudden surge in cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented unprecedented challenges in the care of critically ill patients with the disease. A disease-focused checklist was developed to supplement and streamline the existing structure of rounds during a time of significant resource constraint. A total of 51 critical care consultants across multiple specialties at a tertiary academic medical center were surveyed regarding their preference for a structured checklist. Among the respondents, 82% were in favor of a disease-focused checklist. Mechanical ventilation parameters, rescue ventilation strategies, sedation regimens, inflammatory markers specific to COVID-19, and family communication were the elements most commonly identified as being important for inclusion in such a checklist.
Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration Status in a Medical Licensing Educational Resource: a Systematic, Mixed-Methods Analysis.

Medical students preparing for the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) Exam frequently use the UWorld Step 2 CK Question Bank (QBank). Over 90% of medical students use UWorld QBanks to prepare for at least one USMLE. Although several questions in the QBank mention race, ethnicity, or immigration status, their contributions to the QBank remain underexamined. We conducted a systematic, mixed-methods content analysis to assess whether and how disease conditions might be racialized throughout this popular medical education resource. We screened 3537 questions in the QBank between May 28 and August 11, 2020, for mentions of race, ethnicity, or immigration status. We performed multinomial logistic regression to assess the likelihood of each racial/ethnic category occurring in either the question stem, answer explanation, or both. We used an inductive technique for codebook development and determined code frequencies. We reviewed the frequency and distribution of race or ethnicity in question stems, answer choices, and answer explanations; assessed associations between disease conditions and racial and ethnic categories; and identified whether and how these associations correspond to race-, ethnicity-, or migration-based care. References to Black race occurred most frequently, followed by Asian, White, and Latinx groups. Mentions of race/ethnicity varied significantly by location in the question: Asian race had 6.40 times greater odds of occurring in the answer explanation only (95% CI 1.19–34.49; p < 0.031) and White race had 9.88 times greater odds of occurring only in the question stem (95% CI 2.56–38.08; p < 0.001). Qualitative analyses suggest frequent associations between disease conditions and racial, ethnic, and immigration categories, which often carry implicit or explicit biological and genetic explanations. Our analysis reveals patterns of race-based disease associations that have potential for systematic harm, including promoting incorrect race-based associations and upholding cultural conventions of White bodies as normative.
Error analyses of a Multi-Input-Multi-Output cantilever beam test:

Multi-Input-Multi-Output vibration testing typically requires the determination of inputs to achieve desired response at multiple locations. First, the responses due to each input are quantified in...
Cubesort: An Optimal Sorting Algorithm for Feasible Parallel Computers

This paper studies the problem of sorting N items on a P processor parallel machine, where N≥P. The central result of the paper is a new algorithm, called cubesort, that sorts N=P1+1/k items in O(k P1/k log P) time using a P processor shuffle-exchange. Thus for any positive constant k, cubesort provides an asymptotically optimal speed-up over sequential sorting. Cubesort also sorts N = P log P items using a P processor shuffle-exchange in O(log3 P/loglog P) time. Both of these results are faster than any previously published algorithms for the given problems. Cubesort also provides asymptotically optimal sorting algorithms for a wide range of parallel computers, including the cube-connected cycles and the hypercube. An important extension of the central result is an algorithm that simulates a single step of a Priority-CRCW PRAM with N processors and N words of memory on a P processor shuffle-exchange machine in O(k P1/k log P) time, where N=P1+1/k.
CILT2000: Community Tools

Community tools are technologies designed to foster social processes of learning through active inquiry, project-based learning, and related collaborative pedagogical approaches. Current research and development in this field are moving from generic tool design towards the development of sociotechnical systems that address learning in relation to specific domains of knowledge or activity and social issues such as equitable access to learning opportunities.
THE PECULIAR IMMOBILITY: Regional affinity and the Postbellum Black Migrant

Why did newly freed slaves and their descendants wait a half a century before migrating in large numbers to the superior economic opportunities in the North? Census lifetime migration data on both movers and stayers are examined intertemporally for both whites and blacks. Regression analysis reveals that before 1920 Southern blacks had a very strong affinity for the "Southern way of life."
Appendix C: SSPACK_PC: An Interactive ModelBased Processing Software Package

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Supervisor Preprocessor Postprocessor Algorithms Availability References
1/f noise modeling using discrete-time self-similar systems

Flicker noise, popularly known as 1/f noise is a commonly observed phenomenon in semiconductor devices. To incorporate 1/f noise in circuit simulations, models are required to synthesize such noise in discrete-time. This paper proposes a model based on the fact that 1/f processes belong to the class of statistically self-similar random processes. The model generates 1/f noise in the time domain with a simple white noise input and is parameterized by a quantity whose value can be adjusted to reflect the desired 1/f parameter, that is, the slope of the 1/f spectrum. It thus differs from most of the earlier modeling approaches which were confined to the spectral domain. To verify the fit between the model and actual 1/f noise measurements, experiments were conducted with a PIN photodiode at various bias conditions and sampling frequencies. The noise synthesized by the model was found to match the measurements quite well. These models can be easily incorporated with circuit simulation tools to generate 1/f noise.
“Time for dabs”: Analyzing Twitter data on marijuana concentrates across the U.S.

Aims Media reports suggest increasing popularity of marijuana concentrates (“dabs”; “earwax”; “budder”; “shatter; “butane hash oil”) that are typically vaporized and inhaled via a bong, vaporizer or electronic cigarette. However, data on the epidemiology of marijuana concentrate use remain limited. This study aims to explore Twitter data on marijuana concentrate use in the U.S. and identify differences across regions of the country with varying cannabis legalization policies.
Assembly language programming for the 68000 family

Covering routines for the most popular machines - ATT computer, the Atari 68000, the Commodore Amiga and the Macintosh - this book takes readers through all aspects of assembly language programming in a step-by-step fashion. It provides a complete, graduated approach to the entire line of 68000's, giving examples and exercises for each step so that readers can acquire all of the necessary skills. Topics include the 68000 programmer's model, explanations of number systems, subroutines and advanced assembler concepts, such as external references, linking, debugging and macros.
A phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase binds to platelet-derived growth factor receptors through a specific receptor sequence containing phosphotyrosine.

Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates autophosphorylation of the PDGF receptor and association of the receptor with several cytoplasmic molecules, including phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3 kinase). In this study we examined the association of PI3 kinase with immunoprecipitated autophosphorylated PDGF receptor in vitro. The PI3 kinase from cell lysates bound to the wild-type receptor but not to a mutant receptor that had a deletion of the kinase insert region. A protein of an apparent size of 85 kDa bound to the receptor, consistent with previous observations that a protein of this size is associated with PI3 kinase activity. In addition, 110- and 74-kDa proteins bound to the phosphorylated receptor. Dephosphorylated receptors lost the ability to bind PI3 kinase activity as well as the 85-kDa protein. A 20-amino-acid peptide composed of a sequence in the kinase insert region that included one of the autophosphorylation sites of the receptor (tyrosine 719) as well as a nearby tyrosine (Y708) blocked the binding of PI3 kinase to the receptor, but only when the peptide was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. A scrambled version of the peptide did not block PI3 kinase binding to the receptor even when it was phosphorylated on tyrosine. These tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides did not block binding of phospholipase C-gamma or GTPase-activating protein to the receptor. In separate experiments (receptor blots), soluble radiolabeled receptor bound specifically to an 85-kDa protein present in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-fractionated 3T3 cell lysates that were transferred to nitrocellulose paper. The binding was blocked by the same tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides that prevented binding of PI3 kinase activity to immobilized receptors. These findings show that the PDGF receptor binds directly to an 85-kDa protein and to a PI3 kinase activity through specific sequences in the kinase insert region. The association of a 110-kDa protein with the receptor also involve these sequences, suggesting that this protein may be a subunit of the PI3 kinase. Phosphotyrosine is an essential structure required for the interactions of these proteins with the PDGF receptor.
Dual Effect of Phosphate Transport on Mitochondrial Ca2+ Dynamics

The large inner membrane electrochemical driving force and restricted volume of the matrix confer unique constraints on mitochondrial ion transport. Cation uptake along with anion and water movement induces swelling if not compensated by other processes. For mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake, these include activation of countertransporters (Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger) coupled to the proton gradient, ultimately maintained by the proton pumps of the respiratory chain, and Ca(2+) binding to matrix buffers. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is known to affect both the Ca(2+) uptake rate and the buffering reaction, but the role of anion transport in determining mitochondrial Ca(2+) dynamics is poorly understood. Here we simultaneously monitor extra- and intra-mitochondrial Ca(2+) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) to examine the effects of anion transport on mitochondrial Ca(2+) flux and buffering in Pi-depleted guinea pig cardiac mitochondria. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake proceeded slowly in the absence of Pi but matrix free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]mito) still rose to ~50 μm. Pi (0.001-1 mm) accelerated Ca(2+) uptake but decreased [Ca(2+)]mito by almost 50% while restoring ΔΨm. Pi-dependent effects on Ca(2+) were blocked by inhibiting the phosphate carrier. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake rate was also increased by vanadate (Vi), acetate, ATP, or a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog (AMP-PNP), with differential effects on matrix Ca(2+) buffering and ΔΨm recovery. Interestingly, ATP or AMP-PNP prevented the effects of Pi on Ca(2+) uptake. The results show that anion transport imposes an upper limit on mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and modifies the [Ca(2+)]mito response in a complex manner.
Error correction up to the information-theoretic limit

Ever since the birth of coding theory almost 60 years ago, researchers have been pursuing the elusive goal of constructing the "best codes," whose encoding introduces the minimum possible redundancy for the level of noise they can correct. In this article, we survey recent progress in list decoding that has led to efficient error-correction schemes with an optimal amount of redundancy, even against worst-case errors caused by a potentially malicious channel. To correct a proportion ρ(say 20%) of worst-case errors, these codes only need close to a proportion ρ of redundant symbols. The redundancy cannot possibly be any lower information theoretically. This new method holds the promise of correcting a factor of two more errors compared to the conventional algorithms currently in use in diverse everyday applications.
Radiation-produced chromosome aberrations: colourful clues

Ionizing radiation produces many chromosome aberrations. A rich variety of aberration types can now be seen with the technique of chromosome painting. Apart from being important in medicine and public health, radiation-produced aberrations act as colourful molecular clues to damage-processing mechanisms and, because juxtaposition of different parts of the genome is involved, to interphase nuclear organization. Recent studies using chromosome painting have helped to identify DNA double-strand-break repair and misrepair pathways, to determine the extent of chromosome territories and motions, and to characterize different aberration patterns left behind by different kinds of radiation.
Contribution of biologically derived nanoparticles to disease

DR CHARLES H. MAYO stated in 1922, ‘‘It is unfortunate that so few appreciate from what small causes diseases come.’’ Today, with advances in technology, the burgeoning field of nanotechnology brings new meaning to Dr Mayo’s words. Manufactured and natural materials of nanometer scale (Fig 1) provide the medical community with new products for diagnostics, drug delivery, and biomaterials for restorative and reconstructive surgery. A key requirement for these new products is that the nanoparticle (NP) itself does not initiate detrimental or pathogenic processes in healthy tissue. This prerequisite is an important consideration in the field of nanotechnology, because nanomaterials can have unique effects on biologic systems, depending on many factors such as the materials’ original composition and size. Indeed, materials on a nanolevel often have different characteristics and effects than the same materials at a macrolevel. Nanosized lipid-protein and protein-mineral complexes are present in the blood and come from diverse sources. For instance, activated mammalian cells and bacteria release biologically active vesicles that are in the same size range as manufactured NPs. These and other biologically derived NPs require further investigation as potential participants in disease processes. This brief review will focus on the contribution of biologically derived NPs to soft tissue calcification.
The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to the mitotic spindle at metaphase and is required for cytokinesis.

Results: Using conditional alleles, we established that AIR-2 is required at metaphase or early anaphase for normal segregation of chromosomes, localization of ZEN-4, and cytokinesis. ZEN-4 is first required late in cytokinesis, and also functions to maintain cell separation through much of the subsequent interphase. DNA segregation defects alone were not sufficient to disrupt cytokinesis in other mutants, suggesting that AIR-2 acts specifically during cytokinesis through ZEN-4. AIR-2 and ZEN-4 shared similar genetic interactions with the formin homology (FH) protein CYK-1, suggesting that AIR-2 and ZEN-4 function in a single pathway, in parallel to a contractile ring pathway that includes CYK-1. Using in vitro co-immunoprecipitation experiments, we found that AIR-2 and ZEN-4 interact directly.
History and Variation on the Theme of the Frobenius Reciprocity Theorem

The German mathematician Georg Ferdinand Frobenius (1849-1917) was born in Berlin on 26 October 1849, the son of Christian Ferdinand Frobenius. After at tending the Joachimthal Gymnasium, Frobenius began his mathematical studies at Gottingen in 1867. Under the direction of the inimitable Karl Weierstrass he earned a doctorate three years later in Berlin. In ensuing years, Frobenius made fundamental discoveries in such diverse areas as matrix theory mod p and 0-functions in several variables. His particularly productive work during the 1870-75 period is chronicled in Crelle's Journal. The major achievements of Frobenius are undoubtedly in the theory of group representat ions--a theory he initiated in 1896 at the age of 47. Along with its three historic roots--Galois theory, Lie theory, and number theory-i t stands as a cornerstone of modern mathematics. group, so we begin with the latter notion. It appears, implicitly, as early as 1801 in the work of Gauss--viz . , in his Dzsquisitiones Arithmetzcae--and m later years, beginning in 1878, Richard Dedekind also considered the notion (again implicitly). An extensive correspondence be tween Dedekind and Frobenius, spanning periods from 1882-83 and from 1895-98, provides valuable insight into the development of Frobenius's creation. A fascinating and learned account of this cor-
Long-term effects of maternal punishment on the behavior of monkeys

Adolescent monkeys having punitive mothers for the first three months of life display more aggression and less social exploration than adolescent monkeys having non-punitive mothers.
A General Circulation Experiment with a Coupled Atmosphere, Ocean and Sea Ice Model

Abstract This paper describes the construction and results of a comprehensive, three-dimensional general circulation model (GCM) of the earth's climate. The model, developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), links separate existing models of the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice. The atmospheric model is a version of the third-generation NCAR GCM which has a relatively complete treatment of physical processes. It uses a generalized vertical coordinate with eight layers (∼3 km thick) and 5° horizontal grid spacing over the entire globe. The ocean model, using the primitive equations and the hydrostatic and Boussinesq approximations, was changed to the world domain from an earlier model developed by Bryan (1969) and reprogrammed by Semtner (1974). The model has four unequally spaced vertical layers and 5° horizontal grid structure. The sea ice model is a simple thermodynamic model using a simplified calculation of heat flux through sea ice (Semtner, 1976). The method of coupling the atmosp...
Developmental Changes in Event Memory

Do developmental differences exist in children's organization of event memories? We explored this question by examining children's recall of standard features of a repeated event versus features that deviated from that event. 4- and 7-year-old children experienced an initially unfamiliar laboratory event (standard event) 1 or 3 times. Following the last visit, deviations from the standard event were introduced (deviation event). Children's recall was assessed 1 week later under free recall and contextual recall conditions. Younger children had more difficulty than older children distinguishing between the standard and deviation visits. That is, 4-year-olds were more confused regarding which event features occurred in the different event visits. 7-year-olds, in contrast, did a better job of correctly remembering the features of the standard and deviation visits. Implications for developmental changes in the organization of general and specific event memory are discussed.
Test format and corrective feedback modify the effect of testing on long-term retention

We investigated the effects of format of an initial test and whether or not students received corrective feedback on that test on a final test of retention 3 days later. In Experiment 1, subjects studied four short journal papers. Immediately after reading each paper, they received either a multiple choice (MC) test, a short answer (SA) test, a list of statements to read, or a filler task. The MC test, SA test, and list of statements tapped identical facts from the studied material. No feedback was provided during the initial tests. On a final test 3 days later (consisting of MC and SA questions), having had an intervening MC test led to better performance than an intervening SA test, but the intervening MC condition did not differ significantly from the read statements condition. To better equate exposure to test-relevant information, corrective feedback during the initial tests was introduced in Experiment 2. With feedback provided, having had an intervening SA test led to the best performance on the fi...
On Pitman Nearness and variance of estimators

In this article, some conditions on variances are presented under which the (Generalized) Pitman Nearness Criterion Would Prefer one estimator over another. Results for univariate as well as multivariate cases are derived. An exact expression for a result of Rao, Keating and Mason (1985) is provided.
Synthesis and evaluation of benzoxazinones as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Analogs of Efavirenz (SUSTIVATM)

Two series of benzoxazinones differing in the aromatic substitution pattern were prepared and evaluated as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The 5-fluoro (5a-d) and 6-nitro (5e-h) substituted compounds displayed activity comparable or better than Efavirenz, the lead structure of the series.
Lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate stannate antiferroelectric thin films from acetic acid-based sol–gel method

Abstract Lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate stannate antiferroelectric thin films with `square' hysteresis loops and zero remanent polarization were prepared, for the first time, from acetic acid-based sol–gel processing. The method has the advantages of simple procedure in solution preparation, less sensitivity to moisture and the potential to make thick films. The thin films obtained have very distinctive phase transition field, and the saturated polarization value of 37 μ C/cm 2 , which are suitable for high-energy-storage or decoupling capacitor applications in advanced multichip modules, as well as microactuation applications.
Computational study of thermoacoustic imaging for breast cancer detection using a realistic breast model

The effectiveness of thermoacoustic imaging (TAI) for breast cancer detection is demonstrated by a computational study using a realistic breast model. Carbon nanotubes are applied as contrast agents to enhance the detectability of breast tumors. Differential imaging is performed to visualize the tumor. The position, dimension and morphology of the tumor are all reliably reconstructed in the differential image. This work provides a sub-stantial evidence of the advantages of TAI as a potential breast cancer detection modality.
Involutions fixing RPj∪Fn

Abstract This paper establishes bounds on the dimension of a manifold with involution having fixed set the union of the projective space R P j and an n-dimensional submanifold.
Interactive rendering of suggestive contours with temporal coherence

Line drawings can convey shape using remarkably minimal visual content. Suggestive contours, which are lines drawn at certain types of view-dependent surface inflections, were proposed recently as a way of improving the effectiveness of computer-generated line drawings. This paper extends previous work on static suggestive contours to dynamic and real-time settings. We analyze movement of suggestive contours with respect to changes in viewpoint, and offer techniques for improving the quality of strokes rendered for a moving camera. We describe practical algorithms for rendering drawings with contours and suggestive contours at interactive rates. Finally, we discuss techniques for improving the visual appearance of suggestive contours, in both the static and dynamic cases.
Model membrane/substrate interactions: ethanol and procaine interactions.

The ability of ethanol to lower the surface tension of water plays a major role in its ability to affect membrane lipids. Typical lipids will show little expansion on exposure to ethanol substrates and may even show condensations. At the same time, the overall stability of the lipid phase is significantly reduced. Previously, we reported experimental and theoretical studies of the stearic acid (SA)/procaine (PR) system. PR substrate concentrations were examined in the 10−4–10−2 M range as Gibbs monolayers, in order to establish the surface activity of both charged and uncharged species, and to estimate the orientation of the PR species at the air/water interface. SA interactions with PR substrates were studied by compressing films of the former and recording the surface pressure/area per molecule isotherms at both pH 2 and 8, so that the SA was in an uncharged and charged state, respectively. More recently, we have carried out similar studies with l-α-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), maintaining the substrate pH at between 5 and 6, at PR concentrations of 10−6–10−2M. We also carried out studies of the DPPC/PR system using fluorescence microscopy in order to examine the effects of PR on the biphasic liquid expanded/liquid condensed (LE/LC) transition region. In the absence of any lipid film, PR species appear to be horizontally oriented at the air/water interface, while the surface activity of PR species increases in the order PRH2+<PRH+<PR, with the neutral species being the most surface active. “Penetration” of a lipid film appears to be predominately due to the insertion of the lipophilic portion of the PR species, though some deeper penetration may occur. Penetration also appears to be greater when the film is charged, thus, SA films show greater expansion at pH 8 than they do at pH 2. For both SA and DPPC the penetration of PR species may be reversed by increasing surface pressure and the penetration goes through a maximum value which is dependent on both the substrate PR concentration and the nature of the lipid film. This phenomenon may be related to that of pressure anesthesia reversal. For DPPC, the maximum penetration occurs where the film is undergoing a LE/LC transition and it appears that PRH+ penetrates DPPC more easily than SA. Fluorescence microscopy indicates that the presence of PR species creates much smaller LC domains, while maintaining the total amount of that phase. This is interpreted in terms of a reduction of the line tension between the LE and LC phases due to a line activity of the PR species. Thus, PR will preferentially locate at interfaces within the membrane and this observation should also apply to the lipid–protein interface.
Rapid arterial anastomosis with titanium clips.

Abstract Background: The obvious advantages of rapid arterial anastomoses have prompted the continuing search for more rapid anastomotic techniques to complement the standard sutured anastomosis. Nonpenetrating, arcuate-legged titanium vascular closure staple (VCS) clips were initially developed for microvascular anastomoses. The purpose of this study was to compare VCS clips with sutured arterial end-to-end anastomosis in larger vessels. Methods: In 6 pigs, transacted iliac arteries were reanastomosed with VCS clips on one side and continuous 6-0 polypropylene suture on the other. Results: The reconstruction time was 8.4 ± 5.2 minutes for clip closure and 12.0 ± 6.6 minutes for suture closure ( P = 0.033). All vessels were patent half an hour after completing the anastomoses with no signs of early thrombosis. Conclusions: Arterial end-to-end anastomosis can be performed more rapidly with VCS clips than continuous sutures, and are potentially useful in situations where the clamp time of the vessel is critical.
Phase-sensitive partially coupled correlation sequence for long-range J measurement

Abstract The standard Freeman-Morris sequence without the refocusing delay and BB decoupling during acquisition (also called partially coupled correlation experiment) can be used in a phase-sensitive mode to measure long-range CH coupling constants. The phase-sensitive partially coupled correlation sequence provides the same information as the phase-sensitive fully coupled correlation experiment, but with better sensitivity due to heteronuclear decoupling during t 1 . As an example, long-range CH coupling constants, measured with the phase-sensitive partially coupled correlation experiment, are shown to distinguish stereoisomers in cyclic systems.
Generation of fine-scale population layers using multi-resolution satellite imagery and geospatial data

Abstract A gridded population dataset was produced for Pakistan by developing an algorithm that distributed population either on the basis of per-pixel built-up area fraction or the per-pixel value of a weighted population likelihood layer. Per-pixel built-up area fraction was calculated using a classification and regression trees (CART) methodology integrating high- and medium-resolution satellite imagery. The likelihood layer was produced by weighting different geospatial layers according to their effect on the likelihood of population being found in the particular pixel. The geospatial layers integrated into the likelihood layer were: 1) proximity to remotely sensed built-up pixels, 2) density of settlement points in a fixed kernel, 3) slope, 4) elevation, and 5) heterogeneity of landcover types found within a search radius. The method for weighting these layers varied according to settlement patterns found in the provinces of Pakistan. Differences in zonal population estimates generated from the 100-meter gridded population layer resulting from this study, Oak Ridge National Laboratory's LandScan (2002) , and CIESIN's Gridded Population of the World and Global Rural Urban Mapping Project (GPW and GRUMP) are examined. Population estimates for small areas produced using this paper's method were found to differ from census counts to a lesser degree than those produced using LandScan, GPW, or GRUMP. The root mean square error (RMSE) for small area population estimates for this method, LandScan, GPW, and GRUMP were 31,089, 48,001, 100,260, and 72,071, respectively.
Evidence for peripheral cholinergic components in thirst-induced water consumption

Abstract The volume of water consumed in a 60 min period by rats deprived of water for 23 hr was significantly reduced by administration of tertiary amine cholinergic blocking agents such as atropine, homatropine or scopolamine, or by administration of their quaternary N-methyl derivatives. Dose-response curves for the tertiary amines were mutually parallel and showed a potency order of scopolamine>atropine>homatropine . Dose-response curves for the quaternary compounds were not parallel. The effect of methylatropine on thirst-induced water consumption showed a significant carryover effect on the post-drug day. Reduction of thirst-induced drinking could also be achieved by administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as physostigmine and neostigmine. The results presented infer the presence of a peripheral cholinergic component in thirst-induced water consumption.
4n π Electrons but Stable: N,N-Dihydrodiazapentacenes

Despite having 4n π electrons, dihydrodiazapentacenes are more viable than their 4n+2 π azapentacene counterparts. Ab inito valence bond block-localized wave funtion (BLW) computations reveal that ...
Frequency of interleukin 28B rs12979860 C>T variants in Filipino patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most prevalent viral infections worldwide. Nearly 400 million individuals are chronic carriers of HBV. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of human interleukin 28B (IL28B) variants among treatment naive Filipino patients clinically diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and to compare the IL28B frequency distribution with various ethnic populations. Fifty-seven CHB patients and 43 normal controls were enrolled in this study. Real-time PCR was performed using the TaqMan genotyping assay for IL28B rs12979860. The allelic frequencies among normal controls were 0.94 and 0.06 for the IL28B rs12979860 C and T alleles, respectively. Eighty-eight percent were identified as homozygous for the IL28B C/C genotype and 12 % were identified as heterozygous for the IL28B C/T genotype. Among CHB patients, the allelic frequencies were 0.90 for the IL28B C allele and 0.10 for the IL28B T allele. No IL28B T/T genotype was observed between the two groups. No significant difference in the distribution of IL28B genotypes was observed between normal controls and CHB patients. Allelic frequencies of IL28B among Filipinos were similar with other Asian populations but significantly different from Caucasians. The frequency of rs12979860 C>T variants among Filipino CHB patients has not yet been reported. These data provided new insight into the geographical frequency distribution of IL28B variants. Further studies are needed to determine the possible association between IL28B variants and response to pegylated-interferon-α plus ribavirin combination therapy among Filipino patients chronically infected with HBV.
Autosuture repair of a jejunoileal inguinal herniation in a horse

Summary An American Saddlebred stallion presented for an acute abdomen which was non-responsive to medical therapy. Physical and laboratory evaluation suggested a tentative diagnosis of small intestine incarceration within the inguinal ring. The use of the TA-90 and GIA-50 autosuture devices in performing a jejunocecostomy in the horse is described. These stapling devices greatly reduced the operative time required in performing intestinal resection and anastamosis compared to hand suture techniques.
Hydrogen bonding in epoxy resin/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends

Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) of ca. 20,000 molecular weight is shown to be partially miscible with three aromatic-amine-cured epoxy resins. This conclusion is based on the depression of the epoxy Tg, the effect on physical and mechanical properties, and the observation that a large proportion (40-55%) of the PCL ester groups are involved in hydrogen bonding. This miscibility behavior is compared to PCL blends with anhydride-cured epoxy resins, which appear to have a two-phase morphology. The different miscibilities are rationalized on the basis of the existence of functional groups (e. g., hydroxyl) in amine-cured epoxies which are capable of hydrogen bonding to the PCL ester groups. Anhydride-cured epoxy resins contain fewer potential hydrogen bonding sites.
Laparoendoscopic single-site (less) nephrectomy through a pfannenstiel incision: Porcine model

Abstract Purpose and Objective: Laparoscopic nephrectomy has become a standard of care for localized renal tumors. Several groups have demonstrated single-incision laparoscopic nephrectomy performe...