cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substrate affinity and diversity dynamics of Paleozoic marine animals

Short-term fluctuations in the diversification rate of Paleozoic marine animal genera are more strongly correlated with extinction-rate variation than with origination-rate variation. Diversity dynamics are strikingly different in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, when variation in origination is more important than extinction. Data on the lithologic context of taxonomic occurrences in the Paleobiology Database are used to assess the substrate affinities of Paleozoic genera. The greater role of extinction-rate variation in the Paleozoic is found to characterize genera with an affinity for carbonate substrates but not those that prefer terrigenous clastic substrates. It is therefore plausible that the Paleozoic to post-Paleozoic shift in diversity dynamics is underlain in part by the secular decline in the relative areal extent of carbonate environments, and the concomitant decline in the relative diversity of carbonate- versus clastic-loving taxa.
M4T: a comparative protein structure modeling server.

Multiple Mapping Method with Multiple Templates (M4T) (http://www.fiserlab.org/servers/m4t) is a fully automated comparative protein structure modeling server. The novelty of M4T resides in two of its major modules, Multiple Templates (MT) and Multiple Mapping Method (MMM). The MT module of M4T selects and optimally combines the sequences of multiple template structures through an iterative clustering approach that takes into account the ‘unique’ contribution of each template, its sequence similarity to other template sequences and to the target sequences, and the quality of its experimental resolution. MMM module is a sequence-to-structure alignment method that is aimed at improving the alignment accuracy, especially at lower sequence identity levels. The current implementation of MMM takes inputs from three profile-to-profile-based alignment methods and iteratively compares and ranks alternatively aligned regions according to their fit in the structural environment of the template structure. The performance of M4T was benchmarked on CASP6 comparative modeling target sequences and on a larger independent test set and showed a favorable performance to current state-of-the-art methods.
The higher learning in Colorado: an historical study, 1860-1940

practice from the beginnings of our nation. Each of the four parts has an invaluable introduction establishing the mood for and setting the stage of the period to follow. This interesting anthology starts with The Colonial Period (16071782), as seen through the eyes of Benjamin Franklin, Cotton Mather, Paul H. Douglas, and Samuel E. Morison. The Early National Period (1783-1864), is depicted through the sympathetic writings of Michel de Crevecoeur and Alexis de Tocqueville in addition to those of Jefferson, Mann, Charles Brooks, and many others. Parts III and IV, Expansion and Reorganization (1865-1918), and Education in an Industrial Democracy (1919), round out this engaging volume which puts American education in perspective as to progress made and problems still unsolved. Although it is, of course, clearly impossible to cover all subjects in a one-volume edition of readings, a selection of current curricular theories contrasted with earlier periods would have added immeasurably for an adequate understanding of the economic, social, and political forces shaping today's U. S. educational policies.
Paraunitary filter banks over finite fields

In real and complex fields, unitary and paraunitary (PU) matrices have found many applications in signal processing. There has been interest in extending these ideas to the case of finite fields. We study the theory of PU filter banks (FBs) in GF(q) with q prime. Various properties of unitary and PU matrices in finite fields are studied. In particular, a number of factorization theorems are given. We show that (i) all unitary matrices in GF(q) are factorizable in terms of Householder-like matrices and permutation matrices, and (ii) the class of first-order PU matrices (the lapped orthogonal transform in finite fields) can always be expressed as a product of degree-one or degree-two building blocks. If q>2, we do not need degree-two building blocks. While many properties of PU matrices in finite fields are similar to those of PU matrices in complex field, there are a number of differences. For example, unlike the conventional PU systems, in finite fields, there are PU systems that are unfactorizable in terms of smaller building blocks. In fact, in the special case of 2/spl times/2 systems, all PU matrices that are factorizable in terms of degree-one building blocks are diagonal matrices. We derive results for both the cases of GF(2) and GF(Q) with q>2. Even though they share some similarities, there are many differences between these two cases.
Comparing clinical and economic characteristics between commercially-insured patients with diabetic neuropathy and demographically-matched diabetic controls.

ABSTRACTObjective: To examine medical conditions associated with diabetic neuropathy (DN) and to identify drivers of healthcare charges and utilization using administrative claims.Methods: The study examined commercially-insured under-age-65 individuals with 24 months continuous enrollment in a large US national health plan. DN patients were identified by having at least one claim with a DN diagnosis between July 2004 and June 2005. A demographically-matched control cohort of patients with diabetes but no DN (10: 1 ratio) was constructed using propensity scoring. Overall illness burden via a comprehensive disease classification, year 2 (July 2005 through June 2006) distribution of charges, and reasons for inpatient admissions and emergency room (ER) visits were compared between DN patients and diabetic controls. Multivariate regressions were used to assess the marginal contribution of DN to healthcare charges and utilization, and the most common reasons for ER and inpatient admissions, controlling for dif...
The mechanism of ultrafast structural switching in superionic copper (I) sulphide nanocrystals

Superionic materials are multi-component solids with simultaneous characteristics of both a solid and a liquid. Above a critical temperature associated with a structural phase transition, they exhibit liquid-like ionic conductivities and dynamic disorder within a rigid crystalline structure. Broad applications as electrochemical storage materials and resistive switching devices follow from this abrupt change in ionic mobility, but the microscopic pathways and speed limits associated with this switching process are largely unknown. Here we use ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy and scattering techniques to obtain an atomic-level, real-time view of the transition state in copper sulphide nanocrystals. We observe the transformation to occur on a twenty picosecond timescale and show that this is determined by the ionic hopping time.
Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area create a priority map by the combination of disparate signals

Primates search for objects in the visual field with eye movements. We recorded the activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in animals performing a visual search task in which they were free to move their eyes, and reported the results of the search with a hand movement. We distinguished three independent signals: (1) a visual signal describing the abrupt onset of a visual stimulus in the receptive field; (2) a saccadic signal predicting the monkey’s saccadic reaction time independently of the nature of the stimulus; (3) a cognitive signal distinguishing between the search target and a distractor independently of the direction of the impending saccade. The cognitive signal became significant on average 27 ms after the saccadic signal but before the saccade was made. The three signals summed in a manner discernable at the level of the single neuron.
On the gravitational potential and field anomalies due to thin mass layers.

Summary. The gravitational potential and field anomalies for thin mass layers are derived using the technique of matched asymptotic expansions. An inner solution is obtained using an expansion in powers of the thickness and it is shown that the outer solution is given by a surface distribution of mass sources and dipoles. Coefficients are evaluated by matching the inner expansion of the outer solution with the outer expansion of the inner solution. The leading term in the inner expansion for the normal gravitational field gives the Bouguer formula. The leading term in the expansion for the gravitational potential gives an expression for the perturbation to the geoid. The predictions given by this term are compared with measurements by satellite altimetry. The second-order terms in the expansion for the gravitational field are required to predict the gravity anomaly at a continental margin. The results are compared with observations.
Implementation of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System in Periodontal Practice

The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA-PS) classification is a preoperative rating given to each patient by an anesthesia provider with the sole purpose of assessing the physical state of the patient before anesthesia is administered. It was designed originally as a standardized way for dentists and physicians to convey information about the patient's overall health status and allow outcomes to be stratified by a global assessment of their severity of illness. However, in practice, the ASA-PS classification is often misused as a measure of operative risk, which is the basis of much criticism. Modification of periodontal treatment may be necessary in certain medically complex patients. The ASA-PS classification serves an integral part of risk assessment in determining how a patient should be managed by the periodontist. It should be incorporated into all periodontal practices. Medical assessment of patients has become an essential part of dentistry, as even the most common medical problems may require modifications to routine periodontal care. Periodontists must assess and manage patients for underlying medical conditions and are required to provide dental care to a diversity of medically complex patients. Today many patients in a periodontal practice have multiple medical conditions and are taking many medications. It is more difficult to manage these types of patients, and proper assessment of their physical status is an important part of clinical practice. The ASA-PS classification system is a valuable assessment tool that subjectively categorizes patients into subgroups by preoperative physical fitness prior to administering anesthesia.
Painlevé analysis of nonlinear evolution equations—an algorithmic method

Abstract This paper refines existing techniques into an algorithmic method for deriving the generalization of a Lax Pair directly from a general integrable nonlinear evolution equation via the use of truncated Painleve expansions. The resulting algorithm is also applicable to multicomponent integrable systems, and is thus expected to be of great value for complicated variants of such systems in various applications areas. Although a related method has existed for simple scalar integrable evolution equations for many years now, nevertheless no systematic procedure has been given that would work in general for scalar as well as for multicomponent systems. The method presented here largely systematizes the necessary operations in applying the Painleve method to a general integrable evolution equation or system of equations. We demonstrate that by following the concept of enforcing integrability at each step (referred to here as the Principle of Integrability), one is led to an appropriate generalization of a Lax Pair, although perhaps in nonlinear form, called a “Lax Complex”. One new feature of this procedure is that it utilizes, as needed, a technique from the well-known Estabrook–Wahlquist method for determining necessary integrating factors. The end result of this procedure is to obtain a Lax Complex, whose integrability condition will contain the original evolution equation as a necessary condition. This in itself is sufficient to ensure that the Lax Complex may be used to construct Backlund solutions of the evolution equation, to obtain Darboux Transformations, and also to obtain Hirota’s tau functions, in a manner analogous to the procedure for single component systems. The additional problem of finding a general procedure for the linearization of any Lax Complex is not treated in this paper. However, we do demonstrate that a particular technique, which can be derived self-consistently from the Painleve–Backlund equations, has proven to be sufficient so far. The Nonlinear Schrodinger equation is used to illustrate the method, and then the method is applied to obtain, for the first time via the Painleve method, a Lax Complex for the vector Manakov system. Limitations in the algorithm remain, especially for cases with more than one principal branch, and these are briefly mentioned as directions for future work.
Mitochondrial function/dysfunction in white adipose tissue

The role of mitochondria in white adipocytes has long been neglected due in part to their lower abundance in these cells. However, accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondria are vital for maintaining metabolic homeostasis in white adipocytes because of their involvement in adipogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and esterification, branched-chain amino acid catabolism and lipolysis. It is therefore not surprising that white adipose tissue function can be perturbed by altering mitochondrial components or oxidative capacity. Moreover, studies in humans and animals with significantly altered fat mass, such as in obesity or lipoatrophy, indicate that impaired mitochondrial function in adipocytes may be linked directly to the development of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and insulin resistance. However, recent studies that specifically targeted mitochondrial function in adipocytes indicated dissociation between impaired mitochondrial oxidative capacity and systemic insulin sensitivity.
Influence of call structure on the jamming avoidance response of echolocating bats

Bats rely heavily on echolocation for orientation and prey detection, hence acoustic signals that interfere with echo reception are problematic. When flying in the presence of other bats, some species adjust their echolocation to avoid frequency overlap with the calls of nearby conspecifics, known as a jamming avoidance response (JAR). One aspect of JAR that has not been thoroughly examined is how the spectral structure of the jamming signal impacts the jamming response. Our objective was to examine how the structural characteristics of an echolocation broadcast impact JAR in free-flying Brazilian free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis . We created 4 echolocation playbacks that differed only in call shape and frequency modulation. We examined the response of bats when flying in the presence of an unchanging broadcast (static stimulus) and when the playback signal was abruptly switched as the bat approached the speaker (dynamic stimulus). Results revealed that the bandwidth of the interfering signal impacted the strength of the observed JAR, while the presence and/or length of a terminal quasi-constant frequency section in the interfering signal did not. Our results agree with laboratory studies documenting JAR in the presence of white noise, as well as field studies demonstrating extensive variability in the echolocation calls of Brazilian free-tailed bats. We relate these results to previous findings on JAR, including a recent study documenting no JAR in a bat species and suggest further experiments to tease apart the physiological limitations of JAR. Overall, this study provides additional insight into the signal processing capabilities of bats and improves our understanding of how bats are able to orient using sound in a noisy world.
Cellular engineering and therapy in combination with cord blood allografting in pediatric recipients

Cord blood (CB) transplantation is an alternate source of human hematopoietic progenitor cells for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children and adolescents with both malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Current limitations included delay in hematopoietic reconstitution, increased incidence of primary graft failure and slow cellular immunoreconstitution. These limitations lead to a significant increase in primary graft failure, infectious complications and increased transplant-related mortality. There is a number of experimental approaches currently under investigation including cellular engineering to circumvent these limitations. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of utilizing ex vivo CB expansion with Notch1 ligand Delta 1, mesenchymal progenitor cells, the use of human placenta-derived stem cells and CB-derived natural killer cells. Early and preliminary results suggest some of these experimental cellular strategies may in part ameliorate the incidence of primary graft failure, delays in hematopoietic reconstitution and/or slowness in cellular immune reconstitution following unrelated CB transplantation.
Side-Necked Turtle Lower Jaws (Podocnemididae, Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of Madagascar

Two lower jaws from the upper part (early Maastrichtian) of the late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation in the Mahajanga Basin, northwestern Madagascar, are identified as belonging to side-necked turtles (Pleurodira). A nearly complete lower jaw is identified as cf. Erymnochelys because of its close resemblance to the living Malagasy Erymnochelys madagascariensis. Both uniquely possess the combination of a posteriorly directed processus retroarticularis and a nearly identical triturating surface that is narrow anteriorly with a horizontal labial ridge and a dorsally rising lingual ridge. A second specimen, consisting of an incomplete symphyseal region, is questionably identified as Bothremydidae on the basis of a thick wedge-shaped symphysis with partial or complete pits on the rami. The cf. Erymnochelys specimen is the oldest record of Erymnochelysor a taxon very similar to it, and it indicates the persistence of a Mesozoic element in the extant Malagasy turtle fauna. The possible bothremydid jaw suggests a more cosmopolitan element now extinct.
Spin-Exchange Cross Sections for Rb 87 - Rb 87 and Rb 87 - Cs 133 Collisions

In a hyperfine-optical-pumping experiment we employed the Franzen transient method to determine the total spin-exchange cross sections for ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$-${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ and ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$-${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$ collisions at 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Values determined in this way were: $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87})=(1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Cs}}^{133})=(2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. A large difference between the ground-state hyperfine populations was established by pumping with light absorbable by atoms in only one hyperfine level. In the presence of a second unpumped species, the resulting polarization relaxed with a characteristic rate of $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\tau}}=\frac{1}{T}+\frac{1}{{T}_{S1}}+\frac{1}{{T}_{E1}}$, where $T$ is the non-spin-exchange relaxation time and ${T}_{S1}$ and ${T}_{E1}$ are the self- and cross-exchange times. Then $\ensuremath{\tau}$ was obtained by fitting the signal to a single exponential and applying a small correction ($\ensuremath{\approx}10%$) to account for the fact that the signal is only approximately proportional to the polarization (and hence to a single exponential). The relaxation measurement utilized rapid data accumulation with a Kerr-cell shutter and pulse-height analyzer. The cross section can be easily deduced from the relaxation times if the corresponding densities are known. Each density was measured by determining the integral over all frequencies of the absorption coefficient by means of a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. We describe how to remove the effect of the Fabry-Perot on the true emission and absorption profiles.
Association between Fellowship Training, Surgical Volume, and Laparoscopic Suturing Techniques among Members of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists

Study Objective. To compare surgical volume and techniques including laparoscopic suturing among members of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL) according to fellowship training status. Design. A web-based survey was designed using Qualtrics and sent to AAGL members. Results. Minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (FMIGS) trained surgeons were more likely to perform more than 8 major conventional laparoscopic cases per month (63% versus 38%, P < 0.001, OR [95% CI] = 2.78 [1.54-5.06]) and were more likely to perform laparoscopic suturing during these cases (32% versus 16%, P < 0.004, OR [95% CI] = 2.44 [1.25-4.71]). The non-fellowship trained (NFT) surgeons in private practice were less likely to perform over 8 conventional laparoscopic cases (34% versus 51%, P = 0.03, OR [95% CI] = 0.50 [0.25-0.99]) and laparoscopic suturing during these cases (13% versus 27%, P = 0.01, OR [95% CI] = 0.39 [0.17-0.92]) compared to NFT surgeons in academic practice. Conclusion. The surgical volume and utilization of laparoscopic suturing of FMIGS trained surgeons are significantly increased compared to NFT surgeons. Academic practice setting had a positive impact on surgical volume of NFT surgeons but not on FMIGS trained surgeons.
Human cerebrospinal fluid microRNA: temporal changes following subarachnoid hemorrhage

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating form of hemorrhagic stroke with 30-day mortality between 33 and 45%. Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is the chief cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who survive the initial aSAH. DCI accounts for almost 50% of deaths in patients surviving to treatment of the ruptured aneurysm. The mechanisms for brain injury after aSAH and the brain's response to this injury are not fully understood in humans. MicroRNAs (miRs) are 22- to 25-nucleotide single-stranded RNA molecules that inhibit the expression of specific messenger RNA targets. In this work, miR profiling of human cerebrospinal fluid from eight patients after aSAH was performed daily for 10 days with the goal of identifying changes in miR abundance. Using the nanoString nCounter Expression Assay, we identified two specific clusters of miR that were differentially regulated over time. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on select miRs from each cluster. The first cluster contained miRs known to be present in blood and decreased in abundance over time. miRs in this group include miR-92a and let-7b. The second cluster contained several poorly characterized miRs that increased in abundance over time. miRs in this group included miR-491. This second cluster of miRs may be released into the CSF by the brain itself as a result of the initial SAH. Temporal changes in the abundance of specific miRs in human CSF after aSAH may provide novel insight into the role of miRs in brain injury and the brain's response.
Doubling FPGA Throughput via a Soft SerDes Architecture for Full-Bandwidth Serial Pipelining (Abstract Only)

Serial arithmetic has been shown to offer attractive advantages in area, clock frequency, and functional density for FPGA datapaths but suffers from a significant reduction in throughput compared to traditional bit-parallel designs that is prohibitive for many applications. In this work, we present a full-bandwidth SerDes architecture specialized for Xilinx FPGAs that enables serial pipelines to accept inputs and generate outputs at the same rate as bit-parallel pipelines. When combined with the clock improvements from serial pipelines, we show that this approach offers more than 2.1x average increase in throughput compared to bit-parallel pipelines. Although previous work has shown that serial pipelines can achieve similar results for some limited situations, the key contribution of this work is the ability to replace potentially any existing FPGA pipeline with a higher throughput serialized alternative. We also present a serialized sliding-window architecture that improves throughput up to 4x.
Exciton dissociation within quantum dot-organic complexes: Mechanisms, use as a probe of interfacial structure, and applications

This article reviews the structural and electronic features of colloidal quantum dot (QD)–organic complexes that influence the rate of photoinduced charge separation (PCS) across the interface between the inorganic core of the QD and its organic surface ligands. While Marcus theory can be used to describe the rate of PCS in QD–organic complexes, uncertainties in the exact atomic configuration of the inorganic–organic interface and heterogeneities in this interfacial structure within an ensemble of QDs complicate the determination of the most fundamental Marcus parameters—electronic coupling, reorganization energy, and driving force. This article discusses strategies for accounting for uncertainties and heterogeneities when using Marcus theory to interpret rates of PCS in QD–organic complexes and highlights how measurement of PCS rates can provide information about the interfacial structure of the QD surface. Recent progress in the application of mechanistic knowledge of PCS to harvest multiple charge carr...
Last Word on Point:Counterpoint: Muscle lactate and H+ production do/do not have a 1:1 association

to the editor: Our “Point” presents 1 ) evidence that lactate and protons have a 1:1 association during transient resting anoxia in skeletal muscle; 2 ) a computational modeling framework that was essential in analyzing experimental data on PCr, Pi, pH, and lactate in muscle to reach the stated
An epidemiology and etiology study on hand-foot-mouth disease in Jiaxing city from 2008 to 2012

Objective To investigate the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD)from 2008to 2012in Jiaxing City and to provide the scientific evidence for prevention and control of HFMD. Methods Surveillance and report was carried out according to national disease supervision information management system of HFMD.Results The annual report morbidity of Jiaxing City was increasing from 2008to 2010,but declined in 2011,in 2012began to rise sharply.The main age at onset was 1-4years old and clustered cases used to occur at nurseries and kindergartens,with obvious peak season in summer(May-July)and autumn(October-December).The incidence differed between male and female.There were 1266laboratory diagnosed cases during 2008-2012.The positive rate of EV71was 37.36%(473/1266),the positive rate of CoxA16was 31.28%(396/1266)and other enteric virus was 31.36%(397/1266).There were 19severe cases from 2008to 2012with one death case.The positive rate of EV71 was 68.42%.ConclusionsHFMD presents an obvious seasonal character and characteristic of population distribution. The epidemiology and the etiology research of HFMD will be helpful to further target-oriented prevention and control.
Current status and perspectives in atomic force microscopy-based identification of cellular transformation

Understanding the complex interplay between cells and their biomechanics and how the interplay is influenced by the extracellular microenvironment, as well as how the transforming potential of a tissue from a benign to a cancerous one is related to the dynamics of both the cell and its surroundings, holds promise for the development of targeted translational therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of atomic force microscopy-based technology and its applications for identification of cellular progression to a cancerous phenotype. The review also offers insights into the advancements that are required for the next user-controlled tool to allow for the identification of early cell transformation and thus potentially lead to improved therapeutic outcomes.
Physiological attributes of endogenous bioactive luteinizing hormone secretory bursts in man

The exact nature of glandular secretory events is difficult to discern in vivo, since underlying patterns of hormone release are confounded by metabolic clearance. Moreover, conventional immunoassay does not always agree with bioassay. Here, we have used the rat interstitial cell testosterone in vitro bioassay of luteinizing hormone (LH) to measure serial LH concentrations in the normal adult human male. The resultant bioactive LH time series were analyzed by a deconvolution model in which circulating hormone concentrations are controlled by the operation of four finite, nonzero, and determinable parameters: 1) the location(s); 2) the amplitude(s), and 3) the half-duration(s) of underlying secretory bursts, acted on by 4) endogenous exponential clearance kinetics. A macroscopic secretory burst was modeled in the algebraic form of a Gaussian distribution of instantaneous molecular secretory rates. The physiological implications of this model were examined by analyzing bioactive LH pulsatility in eight men sampled every 10 min for 6 h. Multiple-parameter deconvolution disclosed endogenous bioactive LH half-lives of 53 +/- 5.4 min (range 38-76 min), in agreement with earlier independent estimates of 65 +/- 4.9 (42-87) min in four LH-deficient men given a 35 micrograms iv bolus of human LH. Calculated endogenous production rates of bioactive LH (0.48 +/- 0.06 mIU.min-1.ml-1) were also in accord with values estimated previously from steady-state infusions of LH. Deconvolution further indicated that underlying bioactive LH secretory bursts had half-durations of only 12.2 +/- 1.5 min, occurred at intervals of 56 +/- 1.3 min, and achieved amplitudes of 2.1 +/- 0.26 mIU.min-1.ml-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fine needle aspiration of parapharyngeal space adult rhabdomyoma: A case report

BACKGROUND Rhabdomyomas are rare benign tumors of striated muscle and include cardiac and extracardiac types. Extracardiac rhabdomyomas are divided in three subtypes (adult, fetal, genital). The adult type is usually found in the head and neck regions of elderly persons. Misinterpretations in initial diagnosis of adult rhabdomyomas on fine needle aspiration have been reported. CASE A 64-year-old man presented with gurgling and difficulty swallowing for approximately 3 months. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a 5.8-cm solid mass located in the right parapharyngeal space. Fine needle aspiration smears were cellular, showing cohesive clusters of cells with scattered individual cells. Cells had abundant eosinophilic glassy cytoplasm, peripherally placed round nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. Many traversing vessels were noted, but cross-striations were not seen. The cell block demonstrated clusters of cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, some with clear and/or vacuolated cytoplasm, and possible cross-striations. Tumor cells were positive for desmin. The lesion closely resembled normal muscle tissue. Electron microscopy showed many cells containing actin and myosin filaments with Z-band material. CONCLUSION Correct diagnosis can be achieved with a combination of awareness of the lesion, familiarity with the characteristic cytologic features, and application of appropriate immunohistochemistry markers. Classic electron microscopic findings can support the diagnosis.
Overtreatment of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in the Surgical ICU.

Objective:Recent studies reveal a high occurrence of overdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in surgical patients with critical illness. The optimal criteria for diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia remain unclear, contributing to unnecessary treatment. We reviewed patients who we
Elderly Cancer Survivors Reflect on Coping Strategies During the Cancer Journey.

Purpose: This paper focuses on perspectives of elderly cancer survivors on their experiences of coping with cancer during various phases of their illness journey, ranging from diagnosis phase to treatment and finally considering post treatment survivorship. Anchored in the stress paradigm, the purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of living with cancer and older adults’ orientations to coping with stressors encountered during their cancer journey as reflected in narratives of elderly cancer survivors. Methods: A nonclinical sample of 174 older adults who reported a cancer diagnosis were selected from a panel study of successful aging. In-depth interviews with respondents focused on perceived stressors and coping strategies at different phases of their cancer experience. Themes were derived from narratives based on consensus by two raters. Results: Most of the elderly patients accepted their diagnosis without dismay. Resolve and determination during the diagnosis phase was followed by assuming a more passive role during the treatment phase, relying on expert medical care. During the longer term survivorship phase older adults looked back at the adaptations they found most useful. The majority reported valuing active coping styles. These include seeking social support and instrumental orientations to dealing with the illness followed by religious or spiritual approaches. Conclusions: The “on time” interpretation of having a cancer diagnosis in old age may diminish the stressfulness of the diagnosis and may enhance the patients’ ability to proactively deal with the reality of their illness.
An Ergodic Process of Zero Divergence-Distance from the Class of All Stationary Processes

An ergodic process Q is constructed such that the divergence-rate D(P ‖ Q) is zero for all stationary processes P. The process Q is constructed using the cutting and stacking method.
A comparison study on the effect of false positive reduction in deep learning based detection for juxtapleural lung nodules: CNN vs DNN

Accurate detection of juxtapleural lung cancer, which are nodules on the chest wall, has great importance in the early detection of lung cancer. To acquire a good performance of Computer Aided Detection (CAD), both positive (nodule) detection and false positive reduction methods are needed. In this paper, we propose a two-phase deep learning based famework combining both nodule detection and false positive reduction. We applied Convolutional Neural Network to filter out negatives in the first phase. In the second phase, we applied two types of deep learning networks, Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), respectively, to reduce the false positive rates for the detected nodules. We used 70 patients from our dataset for training purpose and used another 15 patients for testing. Our CNN based classifier gives the sensitivity of 0.82 for lung juxtapleural detection. For false positive reduction, both CNN and DNN are competent in processing large amount of data with DNN reducing false positive rate from 0.45 to 0.329 and CNN reducing from 0.45 to 0.331.
Parsing the neural correlates of anxious apprehension and anxious arousal in the grey-matter of healthy youth

Neuroscientific and psychological research posits that there are two transdiagnostic facets of anxiety: anxious arousal and anxious apprehension. Though these two facets of anxiety are distinct, they are often subsumed into one domain (e.g., trait anxiety). The primary goal of the current study was to delineate the relationship between anxious arousal and cortical thickness versus the relationship between anxious apprehension and cortical thickness in a sample of typically functioning youth. The secondary aim was to determine where in the brain cortical thickness significantly correlated with both components of anxiety. Results indicated that the right anterior insula has a stronger relationship to anxious arousal, whereas the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left anterior insula were found to correlate with both anxious arousal and apprehension. We also observed volumetric differences in the amygdala and hippocampus between anxious arousal and anxious apprehension. Whereas anxious arousal, but not apprehension, predicted left amygdala volume, anxious apprehension, but not arousal, predicted right hippocampal volume. These findings demonstrated that there are both differences and similarities in the neural regions that contribute to independent facets of anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of previous findings from the affective and developmental cognitive neurosciences.
Advancing the science of discharges against medical advice: taking a deeper dive

Against medical advice (AMA) discharges continue to confound. These discharges, when patients leave the hospital prior to a clinically specified and physician-recommended endpoint, are associated with worse health and health services outcomes. Although their prevalence has remained between 1% and 2%, the rate is markedly higher in vulnerable populations with mental health and substance use disorders, HIV and the uninsured.1 2 Compared with patients discharged conventionally, 30-day mortality is higher, and 30-day readmissions are more likely after AMA discharges.3 Contemporary research on AMA discharges has primarily been directed towards elucidating the patient-related factors that are associated with its adverse outcomes. Identifying the demographic variables and patient comorbidities that are more likely with AMA discharges is intended to uncover what drives this phenomenon and to point towards what interventions can mitigate their impact. Also, because readmissions are more common after AMA discharges, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a targeted condition for Medicare’s Readmission Reduction Program, reducing readmissions after AMI is an important goal for improving healthcare quality and resource utilisation. Although AMA discharges are excluded from Medicare’s readmission penalty calculation for patients admitted with AMI, attempts to reduce AMA discharges are welcomed. The report by Kwok and coauthors in their Heart paper,4 focuses on the high-risk cohort of patients admitted with AMI. The investigators drew on 2010–2014 hospital data from the Nationwide Readmission Database and included adults hospitalised with an admission diagnosis of AMI who were either discharged home or AMA. The authors examined independent demographic, comorbidity, procedural and hospital variables associated with AMA …
(Ph)ighting Phages: How Bacteria Resist Their Parasites

Bacteria are under constant attack from bacteriophages (phages), bacterial parasites that are the most abundant biological entity on earth. To resist phage infection, bacteria have evolved an impressive arsenal of anti-phage systems. Recent advances have significantly broadened and deepened our understanding of how bacteria battle phages, spearheaded by new systems like CRISPR-Cas. This review aims to summarize bacterial anti-phage mechanisms, with an emphasis on the most recent developments in the field.
Ocean Circulation in Three Dimensions

Notable advances of the last quarter-century have deepened our appreciation of the three-dimensional nature of the ocean's large-scale circulation. This circulation has important implications for ocean chemistry and biology, atmospheric science, and climate. Ocean Circulation in Three Dimensions surveys both observations and theories of the time-mean circulation, enabling readers to see the relevance and limitations of leading theories, as well as the patterns linking the behavior of different oceans. The book covers “classical” topics of horizontal circulation, and expands them to include shallow wind-driven overturning, the deep global “conveyer belt”, high latitudes, the role of eddies, and the ocean's role in heat transport. Solutions to exercises are available online for instructor use. This textbook is ideal for students of physical oceanography, chemical oceanography and climate. It is also suitable for readers from related fields as it includes a summary of introductory topics.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases

The utilization of stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with brain metastases has grown significantly in the past few decades, predominately owing to its demonstrated improvements in local tumor control and reduction in neurocognitive deficits when compared to whole brain radiation therapy. This has been shown in the primary as well as postoperative setting. Future developments in systemic therapies and radiosurgical technique will continue to advance the efficacy and utilization of this technique.
Confronting Functional Complexity Failures: The Case of a Runway Excursion in Munich:

Complex systems often produce unanticipated emergent behavior as a result of the interactions between behaviorally complex sub-systems or agents. The sub-systems may be human or artificial. They ma...
Permutation-based Identification of Important Biomarkers for Complex Diseases via Black-box Models

Study of human disease remains challenging due to convoluted disease etiologies and complex molecular mechanisms at genetic, genomic, and proteomic levels. Many machine learning-based methods, including deep learning and random forest, have been developed and widely used to alleviate some analytic challenges in complex human disease studies. While enjoying the modeling flexibility and robustness, these model frameworks suffer from non-transparency and difficulty in interpreting the role of each individual feature due to their intrinsic black-box natures. However, identifying important biomarkers associated with complex human diseases is a critical pursuit towards assisting researchers to establish novel hypotheses regarding prevention, diagnosis and treatment of complex human diseases. Herein, we propose a Permutation-based Feature Importance Test (PermFIT) for estimating and testing the feature importance, and for assisting interpretation of individual feature in various black-box frameworks, including deep neural networks, random forests, and support vector machines. PermFIT (available at https://github.com/SkadiEye/deepTL) is implemented in a computationally efficient manner, without model refitting for each permuted data. We conduct extensive numerical studies under various scenarios, and show that PermFIT not only yields valid statistical inference, but also helps to improve the prediction accuracy of black-box models with top selected features. With the application to the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) kidney tumor data and the HITChip atlas BMI data, PermFIT clearly demonstrates its practical usage in identifying important biomarkers and boosting performance of black-box predictive models.
3 – PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the theories of serial order. Historically, the serial-order problem has been a focus of research for two main groups: (1) psychologists working outside the field of motor control and (2) researchers working on motor control not identified primarily as psychologists. This dual approach makes serial order an ideal starting point for the discussion. The chapter explores the theories of skill learning. This topic has been pursued by investigators both inside and outside the field of motor control. Diverse approaches have been taken to the skill-learning problem, and theorists have themselves become more and more adroit at explaining the facts of skill acquisition. The chapter discusses the information-processing approach to performance.
Synthesis and characterization of low-nuclearity lantern-type porous coordination cages

Permanent porosity in lantern-type M4L4 paddlewheel-based cages is rare and has only been reported for naphthalene, naphthyridine, and diethynylbenzene-based linkers. This work presents the design, synthesis, and characterization of small lanterns that exhibit CO2 accessible BET surface areas in excess of 200 m2 g-1. The crystal packing and porosity of these cages can be tuned by either ligand functionalization or the choice of M2+ source used in their synthesis. Given their low nuclearity, these cages with internal M-M distances of less than 5 A represent the lower size limit for permanently microporous coordination cages.
Rapid prediction of alongshore run-up distribution from near-field tsunamis

Rapid prediction of the spatial distribution of the run-up from near-field tsunamis is critically important for tsunami hazard characterization. Even though significant advances have been made over the last decade, physics-based numerical models are still computationally intensive. Here, we present a response surface methodology (RSM)-based model called the tsunami run-up response function (TRRF). Derived from a discrete set of tsunami simulations, TRRF can produce a rapid prediction of a near-field tsunami run-up distribution that takes into account the influence of variable local topographic and bathymetric characteristics in a given region. This new method reduces the number of simulations required to build an RSM model by separately modeling the leading order contribution and the residual part of the tsunami run-up distribution. Using the northern region of Puerto Rico as a case study, we investigated the performance (accuracy, computational time) of the TRRF. The results reveal that the TRRF achieves reliable prediction while reducing the prediction time by six orders of magnitude (computational time: $$< 1$$ s per earthquake).
A comparison of two extremum seeking control strategies based on simulation and laboratory tests for heat pump air conditioning

Extremum seeking control (ESC) strategies are a class of model-free real-time optimization techniques. Because conventional ESC (CON-ESC) based on dither demodulation has relatively slow convergenc...
The influence of land use regulation on the probability that low-income neighbourhoods will gentrify:

The divergence in housing price growth in the US in coastal cities relative to inland cities has been thought to occur, in large part, due to severe housing regulations and restrictions on developm...
“Knowing” your population: who are we caring for at Tulane University School of Medicine’s student-run free clinics?

The purpose of this study is to provide a deeper analysis characterizing the current health status of Tulane University School of Medicine’s student-run free clinic patients. Only one prior study by Rebholz et al. (South Med J 106(3):217–223, https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318287fe9a , 2013) has explored the demographics in this population. Ultimately, this study will allow for easy interpretation of the demographics of the student clinic system as a whole and for the individual clinics participating in this study. This information will allow clinics to better customize care for their respective populations and ultimately improve health outcomes. Patient demographic data was collected from five preceptor-based clinics from December 2016 to May 2019 and submitted via a REDCap survey. Survey fields included patient age, sex, gender, race, ethnicity, insurance status, chief complaints, past medical history, social history, and medications. Gross data was analyzed in Excel and subsequently stratified by clinic for inter-clinic comparison. A total of 772 patient responses were collected from five different student-run clinics; 56% were male and 44% were female. The three most common reasons for a clinic visit were complaint-free wellness visits (26%), musculoskeletal complaints (16%), and respiratory complaints (11%). The three most common comorbidities included smoking and/or tobacco abuse (28%), psychiatric conditions (19%), and illicit drug abuse (15%). Future applications derived from this study may include redistribution of resources for patient education, social services, medical inventory, and preventative health services based on patient clinical needs.