cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kempopeptins A and B, Serine Protease Inhibitors with Different Selectivity Profiles from a Marine Cyanobacterium, Lyngbya sp.

Two cyclodepsipeptides named kempopeptins A (1) and B (2) were isolated from a collection of a Floridian marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya sp., that had previously afforded the structurally related potent elastase inhibitors lyngbyastatin 7 and somamide B. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated mainly by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and the absolute configuration was established by chiral HPLC and Marfey’s analysis of the degradation products. Kempopeptin A (1) exhibited an IC50 against elastase of 0.32 μM and against chymotrypsin of 2.6 μM, while kempopeptin B (2) inhibited trypsin with an IC50 of 8.4 μM.
How different are they? A comparison of Generation 1.5 and international L2 learners’ writing ability

Abstract A growing body of literature in second-language writing suggests that the writing ability of international second language (L2) learners, who attend post-secondary education abroad after having completed high school in their home countries, and the so-called Generation 1.5 population, that is, L2 learners who enter post-secondary education after attending high school in the new country, differs. The present study provides much-needed empirical evidence concerning potential differences in the writing ability of these two groups. Many-facet Rasch measurement procedures were used to analyze learners’ writing scores in five components, based on a theoretical model of writing ability: grammatical, cohesive, rhetorical, sociopragmatic, and content control. Results revealed that the international learners performed better overall than the Generation 1.5 learners and that the two groups had opposing strengths and weaknesses in grammatical and sociopragmatic control. Language program administrators and practitioners can use these results when designing curricula addressing the needs of diverse groups of L2 learners.
Manic delirium associated with clomiphene-induced ovulation.

Received October 25, 2005; revised March 19, 2006; accepted March 31, 2006. From the University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Kansas City, KS. e-mail: aparikh@ kumc.edu Copyright 2007 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine Clomiphene citrate is the most commonly used medication for inducing ovulation. It binds to hypothalamic estrogen receptors for weeks and decreases the negative feedback mechanism of endogenous estrogens. Psychiatric complications of clomiphene are rare but include sleeplessness, anxiety, irritability, mood changes, and psychosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of clomiphene-associated manic delirium. Initially described by Bell in 1849, manic delirium is a life-threatening psychiatric condition. Fink described a syndrome of excitement, grandiosity, affect instability, delusions, and insomnia characteristic of mania and confusion, disorientation, and altered consciousness typical of delirium. The current case describes a close temporal relationship between clomiphene use and manic delirium.
Inherited thrombophilia and stillbirth

Thrombophilias are inherited or acquired conditions that predispose individuals to thromboembolism. New inherited thrombophilias are recognized each year. Some, but not all, studies have found an association between inherited thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including fetal loss. The controversy regarding the clinical implications of thrombophilias in pregnancy is clouded by differences in study populations, the number of thrombophilias tested, interactions between thrombophilias, and the retrospective nature of most studies, just to name a few factors. The lack of adequately designed studies also extends to clinical management. Clear evidence to determine when to test, whom to test, which thrombophilias to test for, when to treat, and what to treat with is not available. Further studies to investigate these questions are urgently needed.
Commentary on "Civil political discourse in a democracy."

In this commentary, three questions that have been evoked by the fine article by the Johnsons are discussed briefly: What are the basic conditions that permit constructive controversy? What types of issues pose a strong challenge to civil political discourse? and What are the obstacles to achieving such discourse?
Uniform binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to elongation factor Tu by thermodynamic compensation.

Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) binds all elongator aminoacyl–transfer RNAs (aa-tRNAs) for delivery to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Here, we show that EF-Tu binds misacylated tRNAs over a much wider range of affinities than it binds the corresponding correctly acylated tRNAs, suggesting that the protein exhibits considerable specificity for both the amino acid side chain and the tRNA body. The thermodynamic contributions of the amino acid and the tRNA body to the overall binding affinity are independent of each other and compensate for one another when the tRNAs are correctly acylated. Because certain misacylated tRNAs bind EF-Tu significantly more strongly or weakly than cognate aa-tRNAs, EF-Tu may contribute to translational accuracy.
Egalitarianism As Dramaturgy: Ideology And Social Interaction In MesoAmerica

The anthropological literature generally depicts Mesoamerican Indian communities as egalitarian. This study reveals and examines the dramaturgical nature of egalitarianism among Indians of Teopisca, a biethnic (Ladino-Mayan) town in southern Mexico. It is shown that although much public behavior in this community complies with the moral prescriptions of an egalitarian ideology, such behavior normally serves instrumental rather than moral ends. Following discussion of this ideology and related categories of deviance and defensive interactional tactics, it is proposed that Indian egalitariansim in Teopisca is itself a collective construction of reality designed to assist in the task of self-esteem maintenance in the face of underprivilege and depreciation within the larger Ladino-dominated community. The broader contribution of this study lies in its demonstration of ways in which culture—qua morality—relates to behavior through the medium of actors' everyday practical social interests and concerns.
Some critical remarks regarding Veiel's comment on wilde et al. (1995)

(1997). Some critical remarks regarding Veiel's comment on wilde et al. (1995) Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 149-152.
Prospective evaluation of multilayered epithelium in Barrett's esophagus.

OBJECTIVE: We recently identified a distinctive type of multilayered epithelium in two patients with Barrett's esophagus, which shows morphological characteristics of both squamous and columnar epithelium. This study was performed to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of multilayered epithelium in patients with Barrett's esophagus. METHODS: Mucosal biopsies were obtained from the squamocolumnar junction (Z-line) of 58 patients with endoscopic evidence of esophageal columnar epithelium and from the gastroesophageal junction in 21 patients without endoscopic evidence of esophageal columnar epithelium. Specimens were evaluated for the presence of multilayered epithelium and goblet cells. RESULTS: Twenty-four of 58 (41%) of the patients with endoscopic evidence of esophageal columnar epithelium had multilayered epithelium compared with only one of 21 patients (5%) in the control group (p = 0.005). Of the 58 patients in the study group, 43 had goblet cell metaplasia and 15 did not (p < 0.001). Only patients with goblet cell metaplasia had multilayered epithelium. Shorter lengths of columnar epithelium were noted in the 24 patients with goblet cells and multilayered epithelium compared with the 19 patients with goblet cells and no multilayered epithelium (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Multilayered epithelium is strongly associated with goblet cell metaplasia in patients with endoscopic evidence of esophageal columnar epithelium. These data support the hypothesis that multilayered epithelium may represent a transitional stage in the development of Barrett's esophagus.
Self-assembly of amphiphiles, polymers and proteins at interfaces between thermotropic liquid crystals and aqueous phases

Abstract The tools of surface science have enabled a thorough understanding of the ordering of liquid crystalline materials in contact with the surfaces of solids. This report moves beyond these past studies of solid–liquid crystal interfaces by describing the emergence of a set of experimental observations that revolve around the ordering of liquid crystals at interfaces to immiscible aqueous phases. The self-assembly of surfactants, lipids, proteins and synthetic polymers at these interfaces has recently been shown to lead to a rich but poorly understood spectrum of orientational ordering behaviors of liquid crystalline materials. It is also evident that the ordering of the liquid crystals influences the organization of the molecules that assemble at these interfaces. In particular, recent experiments have revealed the influence of the molecular structure and interfacial organization of adsorbed surfactants on the ordering of the liquid crystals. The time-dependent behaviors of liquid crystals, which can reorganize on time scales of tens of milliseconds, have been used to follow dynamic phenomena at these interfaces, including the adsorption, desorption and spatial reorganization of surfactants. At these same aqueous–liquid crystal interfaces, phospholipids have been shown to assemble into monolayers that mimic dynamic properties of biological membranes. Specific protein binding events and enzyme-catalyzed reactions at phospholipid-decorated interfaces of liquid crystals lead to changes in the organization of the phospholipids that are reported as ordering transitions in the liquid crystals. Larger amphiphilic molecules, including polymers and proteins, have also been shown to assemble at aqueous–liquid crystal interfaces and to couple to the ordering of the liquid crystal. For example, functional amphiphilic polymers impart a means to reversibly control the ordering of liquid crystals in response to changes in solution conditions (e.g., pH). These observations, when combined, suggest that interfaces formed between liquid crystals and aqueous phases represent a fundamentally interesting and technologically promising class of interfaces for chemical and biological sensing, active control of interfacial assemblies and realization of stimuli-responsive materials. These interfaces define a rich set of scientific challenges that warrant the attention of the surface science community.
Elektive Stentimplantation im ungeschützten Hauptstamm der linken Koronararterie bei Patienten mit relativer Kontraindikation zur Koronarchirurgie

Wie jungste Bericht an kleinen Patientenzahlen gezeigt haben, ist eine nichtchirurgische Intervention am ungeschutzten Hauptstamm der linken Koronararterie ohne grosere Komplikationen durchfuhrbar.
The Role of Wellbore Remediation on the Evolution of Groundwater Quality from CO2 and Brine Leakage

Abstract Long-term storage of CO 2 in underground reservoirs requires a careful assessment to evaluate risk to groundwater sources. The focus of this study is to assess timeframes required to restore water quality to pre-injection levels based on output from complex reactive transport simulations that exhibit plume retraction within a 200-year simulation period. We examined the relationship between plume volume, cumulative injected CO 2 mass, and permeability. The role of mitigation was assessed by projecting falloffs in plume volumes from their maximum peak levels with a Gaussian function to estimate plume recovery times to reach post-injection groundwater compositions. The results show a strong correlation between cumulative injected CO 2 mass and maximum plume pH volumes and a positive correlation between CO 2 flux, cumulative injected CO 2 , and plume recovery times, with secondary dependence on permeability. Our analysis suggests that natural recharge has the potential to remediate changes to groundwater chemistry, but it may take several decades.
Fighting the Flu with Inflammasome Signaling

A wide variety of stimuli induce the inflammasome, but little is known about its role in immune protection against viruses. In this issue of Immunity, Allen et al. (2009) and Thomas et al. (2009) describe a critical role for NLRP3 induction of the inflammasome and protection against influenza virus infection.
Granulite formation is driven by magmatic processes in the deep crust

Abstract Known examples of granulite facies metamorphism span at least 3.5 b.y. of Earth history. Mineralogic geobarometry indicates that such metamorphism has occurred in the deep crust, typically at 20–30 km (6–9 kbar). Geothermometry indicates that peak T = 700–900°C and therefore that T was elevated by at least 200°C over an “anorogenic” geotherm of 15–20°C km −1 . Commonly invoked sources of heat include rising magmas, radioactive decay insulated by continent/continent collision, mantle volatiles, or crustal thinning. Present day crustal thicknesses are normal beneath exposed granulite terranes and the common absence of evidence for post-metamorphic underplating suggests synmetamorphic thicknesses of 60–80 km. Thus, granulites form in tectonically active regions of thickened crust and elevated geotherm. Xenolith suites suggest that granulite facies mineralogy persists in the deepest crust after tectonism in spite of declining temperature to greenshist/amphibolite facies conditions.
Performance of delta networks using multiple channels and output buffers

Delta networks constructed with crossbars having multiple channels per port and multiple links connecting stages of crossbars are analysed. Performance figures are presented for such networks employing output buffers. It is seen that throughput exceeding 90% can be achieved with finite size buffers.
Parental Strain, Mental Health Problems, and Parenting Practices: A Longitudinal Study.

Abstract Although poor parenting practices place youth living in under resourced communities at heightened risk for adjustment difficulties, less is known about what influences parenting practices in those communities. The present study examines prospective linkages between three latent constructs: parental strain, mental health problems and parenting practices. Parental victimization by community violence and life stressors were indicative of parental strain; depressive, anxious, and hostile symptoms were indicators of parental mental health; and parental knowledge of their child’s activities and child disclosure were indicators of parenting practices. Interviews were conducted annually for 3 waves with 316 female caregivers (92% African American) parenting youth in low-income inner-city communities. Structural equation modeling revealed that parental strain, assessed at Wave 1, predicted changes in mental health problems 1 year later, which in turn predicted parenting practices at Wave 3. These results suggest that parental strain can compromise a caregiver’s ability to parent effectively by impacting their mental health. Opportunities for intervention include helping caregivers process trauma and mental health problems associated with parental strain.
Relationship between intended sites of RF ablation and post-procedural scar in AF patients, using late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

Background Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the left atrium (LA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is guided by electroanatomic mapping systems. The cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) technique can detect scar after ablation. Direct comparisons between the locations of intended RF ablation sites and locations of scar formation in the LA have not been performed. Objective This study sought to develop and use a method for comparing the sites of RF application with the sites of post-procedural scar formation in the LA. Methods A method for rigid registration of CMR LGE images with electroanatomic mapping data (Carto data), visualization of the registered data sets, and quantification of the correlations was developed and used in 19 studies of patients with AF. The distance between the Carto points and the CMR LA surface was measured as the mean integration error. The distance between each Carto ablation and the nearest scar was measured. The gaps in sites of LGE and in Carto ablation were also assessed qualitatively, in 6 sectors of each PV. Results The custom registration method provided a mean integration error between Carto and CMR of 2.7 ± 0.7 mm. The average distance between Carto and LGE scar was 3.6 ± 1.3 mm. Qualitatively, 20% of sectors with sites of Carto ablation showed no evidence of LGE. Conclusion There was a visual and quantitative correspondence between Carto ablation sites and LGE scar, but for 20% of Carto ablation sites there was no visible corresponding LGE.
Economic anthropology in regional perspective

Long, Norman, and Bryan Roberts. Miners, Peasants and Entrepreneurs: Regional Development in the Central Highlands of Peru. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. ix + 288 pp. including maps, bibliography, and index. $49.50 cloth. Figueroa, Adolfo. Capitalist Development and the Peasant Economy in Peru. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. xii + 140 pp. including maps, bibliography, appendices, and index. $29.95 cloth.
A milestone in the odyssey of higher-order chromatin structure.

The recent crystal structure of tetra nucleosomes supports zigzag-based models of chromatin fiber structure. The next challenge is to understand the modulation of chromatin structure in the nucleus, characterized by variability in DNA, histones and non-histone components.
Observation of the phase lag in the asymmetric photoelectron angular distributions of atomic barium.

We have observed and measured the phase lag in the phase-dependent variation of the asymmetric photoelectron angular distribution of atomic barium. For these measurements, we photoionize the 6s6p{sup 1}P{sub 1} intermediate state of barium with concurrent one-photon and two-photon ({omega}-2{omega}) interactions. The laser interactions ionize the atoms in the vicinity of the series of autoionizing states converging upon the 5d{sup 2}D{sub 5/2} threshold. We study the variation of the phase lag as a function of the laser frequency. The variation shows strong correlation to the location of the autoionizing resonances, with full range exceeding 2{pi}, confirming the critical role of these resonances.
Showoffs or Providers? The Parenting Effort of Hadza Men

Abstract Paternal care plays an important role in many scenarios of human evolution. Lately, however, this "Man the Provisioner" view has been challenged. The showoff hypothesis, for example, proposes that men hunt not to provision children but to gain extra mating opportunities, and some have suggested that male care among mammals is always a form of mating, rather than parenting, effort. This study, based on observation in a hunting and gathering society, the Hadza of Tanzania, tests whether men provide care as parenting effort. If male care were mating effort only, stepchildren should receive no less care than biological children. My data, however, reveal that stepchildren do receive less care. This suggests that care is provided, at least in part, as parenting effort. Although lower direct care implies stepfathers are less motivated to care for stepchildren, resource acquisition data raise the question of whether stepfathers are less motivated, or simply less skilled.
Investigation of the microstructure of poly(diallyldimethyl‐ammonium chloride) by nitrogen‐14(15) NMR spectroscopy

CPMAS 13C and 15N solid-state NMR spectroscopy, as well as solution state 14N NMR spectroscopy, was used to investigate the microstructure of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride). The results of these studies, supported by 14N NMR studies of model compounds, were in agreement with the earlier conclusion of other workers (via solution state 13C NMR spectroscopy) that the polymer consists of a chain of five-membered pyrrolidinium rings, A. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Magnetostrictive and Piezoelectric Readout of Spark Chambers in Magnetic Fields

Some methods by which the applicability of the magnetostrictive delay line readout for wire spark chambers can be extended for use in magnetic field regions are described. For fields up to 20 kG iron-cobalt alloy wires with either a coil or a piezoelectric receive transducer can be used. A different method involving the generation of acoustic pulses in non ferromagnetic wires is described. With a piezoelectric receive transducer this delay line is essentially unaffected by magnetic fields.
Interpolatory projection methods for structure-preserving model reduction

Abstract We present a framework for interpolatory model reduction that treats systems having a generalized coprime factorization C ( s ) ( s ) − 1 B ( s ) + D . This includes rational Krylov-based interpolation methods as a special case. The broader framework allows retention of special structure in reduced models such as symmetry, second- and higher order structure, state constraints, internal delays, and infinite dimensional subsystems. Two numerical examples are provided for systems associated with viscoelastic dynamics and with an internal state delay that demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the approach.
Advancing schedules and constant light produce faster resynchronization of circadian rhythms.

House sparrows, Passer domesticus, were subjected to rotated light-dark (LD) cycles that consisted of repeated 8-hr advances or delays of 5 days of LD 8:16, with intervening 40–80 hr of constant dark or light. Sparrows reset the fastest (by the second cycle) when they were advanced with intervening constant light (LL). They reset the slowest (taking six cycles) when they were delayed with intervening constant dark (DD).
Thermal acclimation in the crayfish, Orconectes rusticus and O. virilis

1. 1. Both Orconectes rusticus and O. virilis show a pronounced thermal acclimation response. Their heat resistance is in the upper portion of the range of literature values for crayfish and other crustaceans. 2. 2. The thermal acclimation time courses for the two species are somewhat similar. The smaller magnitude of the response for the Northern species (O. virilis) stems from an increased heat resistance for cold acclimated animals rather than from a lowered heat resistance for 25°C acclimated crayfish. 3. 3. Two methods (CTM and LT50) of measuring heat resistance in O. rusticus yield similar acclimation rates and time course patterns, but markedly different rates for reverse acclimation. 4. 4. Quantitative methods for acclimation time course analysis are described and applied both to the crayfish data and to derived literature values.
Novel Process and Temperature-Stable, IDD Sensor for the BIST Design of Embedded Digital, Analog, and Mixed-Signal Circuits

This paper proposes a new IDD sensor for built-in self-test (BIST) applications for digital, analog, and mixed-signal circuits. This novel, wide-band, nonintrusive, process and temperature-stable IDD sensor operates up to 230 MHz, which is 2.3X faster than previously proposed designs, and occupies 78.3% less area than another competing design. A BIST utilizing this novel IDD sensor is created and tested on numerous digital circuits, as well as on an op-amp and a mixer, achieving up to 90% fault coverage, while maintaining the performance of the circuit-under-test. The experiments were implemented in 0.18-m TSMC CMOS mixed-signal technology.
The Double Bind of the Protestant Reformation: The Birth of Fundamentalism and the Necessity of Pluralism

When Martin Luther used the printing press to help realize his vision of individual access to the biblical texts, he did so at the expense of the unity of belief made possible by the Catholic Church. Luther relocated truth from the authority of a specialized priest class to the individual minds of every human. For Luther, the church had no authority. Instead, only God did. And that authority was accessible to anyone who could read or hear the text of the Bible. This essay argues that the movement of authority from the sacred Latin on the tongues of priests to the printed pages in the European vernaculars simultaneously generated the fundamentalist impulse and the necessity of the pluralism that this impulse seeks to constrain. This double bind is the result of "a radical shift." With the Reformation, the Western conception of truth moved away from Ciceronian controversia1 and toward the necessity of a direct experience of the divine through His word. Luther liberalized divine authority by offering it to each individual. He had a deep faith that God spoke through the Bible with a clarity that, with the aid of the Holy Spirit, individuals could access and understand for themselves. In this basic sense, by both making the unerring texts accessible to individuals and by claiming that there was only one truth that was communicated, Luther
Hydrolysis and biodegradation of sulfonylurea herbicides in aqueous buffers and anaerobic water-sediment systems: Assessing fate pathways using molecular descriptors

The degradation of 12 sulfonylurea herbicides in buffers at different pH levels and in anaerobic sediments was investigated in laboratory studies. Reaction products, which are not commercially available, were synthesized in order to follow degradation kinetics. Different hydrolysis processes were shown to occur under acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions. At 40°C, pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants between pH 4 and 10 covered two orders of magnitude. Activation energies of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis were about 100 kJ/mol. Reaction rate-pH profiles were different for all compounds. In native sediments at neutral pH, microbial degradation was prevalent. At lower pH, chemical hydrolysis became more important. Pseudo-first-order dissipation rate constants between 12.50 × 10−2 d−1 and 0.19 × 10−2 d−1 were determined. Quantum-chemical molecular descriptors were calculated with MOPAC, and steric, electronic, and geometrical descriptors with Molecular Modeling Pro. Quantitative structure-reactivity relationships were found between bond orders, atomic charges, lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, and pKa values on one hand and rate constants on the other. Disappearance rates in native sediments could be assessed with a multiple correlation considering calculated octanol water partition coefficients, parachors, and the atomic charges at the main reactive site of the molecules.
A HEURISTIC FOR THE DYNAMIC FACILITY LAYOUT PROBLEM

This paper presents a heuristic for the dynamic facility layout problem. All existing methods for solving this problem require the use of a dynamic programming model, the optimal solution of the quadratic assignment problem, or both. The proposed heuristic is based on the steepest-descent pairwise-interchange procedure to develop layouts utilizing material handling cost data from varying lengths of forecast windows as well as the explicit consideration of the corresponding rearrangement costs. Numeric results indicate that it typically performs as well as any existing methodology and only slightly worse than optimal.
Customers' Relationship with the Service Firm and Its Sales Personnel: Does Gender Matter?

Because customers' postpurchase evaluations influence future purchasing decisions, service providers and organizations strive to understand the process that leads to repatronage intentions. The current paper examines a postpurchase behavior model containing word of mouth (WOM), perceived value, and repurchase intention (RPI) in a service context. In addition, the role that gender plays in the postpurchase evaluation is addressed. Findings indicate that perceived value and WOM are antecedents of RPI. The moderating effect of gender was found to be significant in relation to WOM and RPI. Compared to males, females tend to engage in more WOM communications that affect their repatronage intentions.
Unintended effects of poverty programmes on childbearing in less developed countries: Experimental evidence from Latin America

Because conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes (which make payments to poor households, conditional on their behaviour) potentially affect both household resource levels and parental preferences for quality vs. quantity of children, they may have unintended consequences for fertility. We use panel data from experimental CCT programmes in three Latin American countries to assess the unintended impact of these programmes on childbearing. Our findings, based on difference-in-difference models, show that the programme in Honduras, which inadvertently created large incentives for childbearing, may have raised fertility by between 2 and 4 percentage points. The CCT programmes in the two other countries, Mexico and Nicaragua, did not have the same unintended incentives for childbearing, and in these countries we found no net impact on fertility. Subsequent analysis examined several potential mechanisms by which fertility in Honduras may have been raised but was not able to identify a primary mechanism with the available data.
The Coffee Planter of Saint Domingo: A Technical Manual for the Caribbean Slave Owner

In 1798, Laborie published a manual with detailed instructions for building a coffee plantation, for example, how to purchase and care for slaves, design plantation buildings, and maintain authority. Laborie's language is that behind the institution of slavery: Slaves are property and thus relate to economic success. Through this review, we investigate historical technical documents to see how our past informs our present and how our attention to technical communication today can inform the future.
The Transnational Politics of Energy

Creating effective energy policy is hard, in part because it often requires effective international coordination. For most salient energy-related issues-such as control of the emissions that cause global climate change or the building of stockpiles to make oil supplies more secure-international coordination is inherently dif½cult. Solutions lie in making these problems more manageable by working in small groups of relevant countries; successful cooperation also hinges on ½nding incentive-compatible commit- ments that align, to the extent feasible, with national interests and are focused on areas where coopera- tion will yield tangible joint gains. The outcomes of such cooperation efforts are likely to be decentralized complexes of networked institutions rather than integrated, hierarchical treaties that govern a coherently de½ned issue-area.
Long-term Clinical Outcomes Following Elective Stent Implantation for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

Background/Purpose Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been increasingly adopted for unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of long-term clinical outcomes in patients after elective stent implantation for unprotected LMCA disease. Methods A total of 122 patients with medically refractory angina who received coronary stenting for unprotected LMCA disease between August 1997 and December 2008 were included. Results During the follow-up period of 45 ± 35 months (range: 1–137 months), the incidence of repeated PCI and/or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and cardiovascular and total mortality were 28% (34 patients), 20% (24 patients), and 25% (31 patients), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that young age [ p = 0.02; hazard ratio (HR): 2.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–4.30] and bare-metal stent (BMS) use ( p = 0.02; HR: 5.35, 95% CI: 1.27–22.57) were the independent predictors of repeated PCI and/or CABG. Only lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) could predict both cardiovascular mortality ( p = 0.003; HR: 4.25, 95% CI: 1.63–11.08) and total mortality ( p = 0.002; HR: 3.95, 95% CI: 1.65–9.45). Lower LVEF ( p = 0.001; HR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16–0.61) and small stent size ( p = 0.01; HR: 5.95, 95% CI: 1.43–24.80) could predict the composite endpoint, including target vessel revascularization and total mortality. Conclusion We showed that young age and BMS implantation could predict repeated PCI and/or CABG after stent implantation for unprotected LMCA disease. Only lower LVEF could predict both cardiovascular and total mortality. Lower LVEF and small stent size but not BMS implantation could predict composite target vessel revascularization/total mortality.
The European Commission’s Report on Company Income Taxation: What the EU Can Learn from the Experience of the US States

The European Union Commission has proposed using consolidated base taxation and formulary apportionment to tax the EU-source income of multinational companies. This paper examines US state experience with a similar approach. Despite some positive lessons, especially the need to consolidate income of affiliated companies, lessons are mostly negative, especially regarding the choice of apportionment formula, the use of economic criteria to define the group whose income is to be consolidated, and complexity caused by lack of uniformity. US experience says nothing about using value added to apportion income—an approach that is conceptually attractive, but subject to transfer pricing problems.
Al-Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb

This paper is organized into four chapters that focus on the terrorist group Al Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). The four chapters examine different facets of the collective environment that have allowed AQIM to succeed and even thrive at times. The first chapter begins with Algeria’s war of independence with the French. The second chapter focuses on the nomadic Tuareg people. It seeks to show how the Tuaregs were deprived by French occupiers and how European colonization cost the Tuaregs access to vital trade routes used for centuries. The third chapter will very briefly examine Algeria’s civil war and the emergence of modern terrorist groups. The fourth chapter will discuss the post-9/11 world in terms of “shaping operations” for the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT ) and how this caused an evolution in terrorism as a reaction to actual or perceived American hegemonic ambitions.This paper is not a compendium of every event or in any way a complete history of the region. It is intended to reinforce the author’s notion of outlying antecedents that normally coalesce around a central issue and how the addition of a political agenda can lead these antecedents toward a fusion point. When the fusion point is met, ethno-nationalist ambitions are catapulted down the road of terrorism and the fundamental message is lost in the debris of another attack. Such is the story of AQIM... This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol2/iss2/2 53 Al-Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb
ON BARYON NUMBER NONCONSERVATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL O(2N+1) QCD

We construct a classical dynamical system whose phase space is a certain infinite-dimensional Grassmannian manifold, and propose that it is equivalent to the large N limit of two-dimensional QCD with an O(2N+1) gauge group. In this theory, we find that baryon number is a topological quantity that is conserved only modulo 2. We also relate this theory to the master field approach to matrix models.
Atomic and molecular hydrogen in the circumstellar envelopes of late-type stars

The distribution of atomic and molecular hydrogen in the expanding circumstellar envelopes of cool evolved stars is discussed. The main concern is to evaluate the effects of photodestruction of H2 by galactic UV radiation, including shielding of the radiation by H2 itself and by dust in the envelope. One of the most important parameters is the H/H2 ratio which is frozen out in the upper atmosphere of the star. For stars with photospheric temperatures greater than about 2500 K, atmospheric models suggest that the outflowing hydrogen is mainly atomic, whereas cooler stars should be substantially molecular. In the latter case, photodissociation of H2 and heavy molecules contribute to the atomic hydrogen content of the outer envelope. The presented estimates indicate that atomic hydrogen is almost at the limit of detection in the C-rich star IRC + 10216, and may be detectable in warmer stars. Failure to detect it would have important implications for the general understanding of circumstellar envelopes.
An Experimental Study of Transition to Turbulence in Vertical Mixed Convection Flows

Results are reported from an experimental study of a mixed convection flow, that is combined forced and natural convection, undergoing transition to turbulence, adjacent to a vertical, uniform-heat-flux surface. Small and aiding forced convection effects were studied. The measurements, in air, were made at pressure levels ranging from 4.4 bars to 8 bars, at flux levels q in the range 14-1,300 W/m{sup 3}. The imposed free-stream velocities U{sub {infinity}} were around 5 cm/s. One objective was to determine any quantitative parameters that would predict the bounds of the transition region. Another was to measure disturbance growth characteristics during transition. Results show that, at a given U{sub {infinity}} the beginning of transition is not correlated by the local Grashof number Gr{sub x}* alone. An additional dependence on both the downstream location and pressure level was found. Thermal and velocity transitions were found to begin when the mixed convection parameter {epsilon}{sub M} reached a value of 0.18. Transition was found to be complete when the nondimensional convected energy in the boundary region {beta}q x/5k, reached a value of 7.10. These experimental results confirm the prediction of linear stability analysis, that aiding mixed convection stabilizes the flow, compared to pure natural convection flow.more » The data also support a physical explanation of these mechanisms.« less
A Fragmenting Hybrid Approach for Targeted Delivery of Multiple Therapeutic Agents to the Malaria Parasite

Artemisinin combination therapies (ACT) represent the current standard of care in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. The widespread adoption of ACT has been motivated by a desire to minimize the emergence of drug resistance and to address the problem of recrudescence associated with artemisinin monotherapy.1–4 We set out to explore a single-molecule ‘fragmenting hybrid’ strategy in which an artemisinin-like peroxide is employed to deliver a partner drug, only upon activation by ferrous iron in the parasite. In principle, iron(II)-dependent drug delivery from a fragmenting hybrid could alleviate unwanted off-target bioactivities of the partner drug, which would be inactive in its hybrid form.
Individually distinct transplantation antigens of chemically induced mouse tumors

Abstract Tumor-specific antigens have been the philosopher's stone of tumor immunology. The best candidates for these elusive molecules are the tumor rejection antigens of chemically induced sarcomas of mice. Although much studied, these antigens have defied molecular definition. As Pramod Srivastava and Lloyd Old review here, a recently discovered family of 96 kDa cell surface glycoproteins may hold the answer to this unresolved problem.
In situ histochemical analysis of region-specific gene expression in the adult rat epididymis.

The epididymal tubule is a dynamic structure, in which spermatozoa undergo distinct physiological and morphological changes. The epithelial cells lining the ductuli vary dramatically in their histochemical and cytological properties according to the region of the tubule in which they are located. Additionally, regional variation is observed regarding the biosynthetic, secretory, and absorptive properties of the epithelial cells. Using in situ histochemical analysis, we document here the region-specific expression of a variety of genes that are transcriptionally active in the adult rat epididymis. Radiolabeled antisense riboprobes were used to localize, within the efferent duct/caput epididymis, transcripts encoding protein B/C, protein D/E (acidic epididymal glycoprotein), sulphated glycoprotein 1, sulphated glycoprotein 2, cellular retinol-binding protein, and the neuroendocrine peptide precursor proenkephalin. Each species of mRNA exhibits a unique pattern of hybridization, revealing that gene transcription within the efferent duct/caput epididymis is also highly region specific. This observation may partially elucidate the molecular basis underlying the phenomenon of regional alternations in the composition of protein factors within the tubule lumen.
Enhancing motivational interviewing training in a family medicine clerkship.

Problem: Despite the prevalence of unhealthy behaviors among patients in the healthcare system, traditional medical training involves little or no exposure to effective behavior change techniques such as Motivational Interviewing. Intervention: An online learning community for enhanced training in Motivational Interviewing was developed for 3rd-year medical students. The website included educational materials about Motivational Interviewing as well as problematic health behaviors, a repository of exemplar videos and student videos with feedback, and a discussion board. Student participants were given the opportunity to record an encounter with a patient and to receive feedback on their use of Motivational Interviewing from a faculty member. Context: Student volunteers in the Family Medicine Clerkship at Georgetown University School of Medicine were randomized to enhanced training, which included the online learning community, or training as usual. All student volunteers completed a questionnaire assessing...
Structural and defect analysis of V-alloyed C15 NbCr2 from high resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction

Abstract The structural and defect characteristics of V-alloyed C15 Laves phase based on NbCr2 have been studied using a combination of high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld structure refinement. The results show that V atoms substitute on the Cr site in the C15 structure, in spite of the fact that the atomic radii of the three elements indicate that r Cr < r v < r Nb. It is also found that the lattice parameter increases linearly with increasing V content, suggesting a random occupancy of V on the Cr site. The alloying behaviour and the defect structures are qualitatively explained in terms of the electronic structure of C15 NbCr2 obtained by first-principles total energy and electronic structure calculations.
Novel Sulfated Polysaccharides Disrupt Cathelicidins, Inhibit RAGE and Reduce Cutaneous Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Rosacea

Background Rosacea is a common disfiguring skin disease of primarily Caucasians characterized by central erythema of the face, with telangiectatic blood vessels, papules and pustules, and can produce skin thickening, especially on the nose of men, creating rhinophyma. Rosacea can also produce dry, itchy eyes with irritation of the lids, keratitis and corneal scarring. The cause of rosacea has been proposed as over-production of the cationic cathelicidin peptide LL-37.
Growth of InSb on GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract High quality InSb epitaxial layers were grown on GaAs substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using a two-temperature growth procedure. Trimethylindium and triethyl- or trimethylantimony were used for the growth of InSb on GaAs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the existence of a large number of misfit dislocations at the substrate-epitaxial layer interface and, in some samples, misoriented grains. The quality of the layers improved with thickness as indicated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray rocking curve widths and Hall mobilities. The mobilities were correlated with surface roughness, X-ray rocking curve width and the Sb/In ratio. Hall mobilities up to 60,900 and 27,900 cm2/V·s were obtained at 300 and 77 K, respectively, on a 2.9 μm thick InSb layer.
Results from a randomized controlled trial of a peer-mentoring intervention to reduce HIV transmission and increase access to care and adherence to HIV medications among HIV-seropositive injection drug users.

Background There is a lack of effective behavioral interventions for HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs). We sought to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention to reduce sexual and injection transmission risk behaviors and to increase utilization of medical care and adherence to HIV medications among this population. Methods HIV-positive IDUs (n=966) recruited in 4 US cities were randomly assigned to a 10-session peer mentoring intervention or to an 8-session video discussion intervention (control condition). Participants completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews and had their blood drawn to measure CD4 cell count and viral load at baseline and at 3-month (no blood), 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups. Results Overall retention rates for randomized participants were 87%, 83%, and 85% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Participants in both conditions reported significant reductions from baseline in injection and sexual transmission risk behaviors, but there were no significant differences between conditions. Participants in both conditions reported no change in medical care and adherence, and there were no significant differences between conditions. Conclusions Both interventions led to decreases in risk behaviors but no changes in medical outcomes. The characteristics of the trial that may have contributed to these results are examined, and directions for future research are identified.
Mechanisms of cell death after pancreatic duct obstruction in the opossum and the rat

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mechanisms of cell death in human and experimental pancreatitis remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms of cell death, apoptosis vs. necrosis, in models of pancreatitis induced by pancreatic duct ligation in the opossum and rat. METHODS: Morphological changes were shown by light and electron microscopy, chromatin condensation and DNA breaks were assessed using Hoechst 33258 staining and DNA nickend labeling, and DNA fragmentation was characterized b gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Cells with morphology of both necrosis and apoptosis were found in pancreata from duct-ligated animals; however, the apoptosis-necrosis ratio was different for the opossum and the rat. Both apoptotic and necrotic cells stained for breaks in DNA, suggesting that both apoptosis and necrosis are associated with DNA fragmentation and that DNA end labeling cannot specifically detect apoptotic cells. No significant oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation was found in pancreas from duct- ligated animals, although the endonuclease responsible for oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation was present in pancreatic nuclei. CONCLUSIONS: Duct ligation resulted predominantly in apoptosis in the rat and necrosis in the opossum. The differences in types of cell death in the two models may result from differences in inflammatory cell infiltration. (Gastroenterology 1996 Mar;110(3):875-84)