cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful bone marrow transplantation with split lymphoid chimerism in DiGeorge syndrome.

A female infant with DiGeorge syndrome associated with severe T-cell immunodeficiency underwent a successful bone marrow transplantation from her HLA-identical, mixed leukocyte culture-nonreactive brother at 5 months of age. Mature circulating T cells and mitogen-induced proliferative responses were detectable at 10 days posttransplant, and by 8 months posttransplant functional T- and B-cell reconstitution was documented by normal responses to mitogens and normal levels of serum immunoglobulins as well asin vitro andin vivo T-cell reactivity to specific antigens and production of specific antibody to T cell-dependent antigensin vivo. Phytohemagglutinin-induced interleukin-2 production and cell surface interleukin-2 receptor expression improved posttransplant, with normal production values observed by 8 months posttransplant. Histologic examination of appendix and thoracic lymph node obtained 9 and 17 months posttransplant, respectively, revealed near-normal lymphoid architecture, with germinal center formation providing morphologic confirmation of reconstitution. Stable split lymphoid chimerism with T cells of donor origin and B cells remaining recipient in origin was documented by sex chromosome analysis. Two years posttransplant the subject remains free of serious infections. In conclusion, this case indicates that bone marrow transplantation can produce peripheral immunoreconstitution without need for significant thymic influence, most likely by providing a source of postthymic T cells, and that bone marrow transplantation should be considered a therapeutic option in patients with DiGeorge syndrome associated with severe T-cell deficiency.
Constitution of verbenalin

Abstract In agreement with earlier work catalytic reduction of verbenalin gave tetrahydroverbenalin and a hydroxy-δ-lactone, desoxyverbanol. Oxidation of desoxyverbanol furnished a keto lactone which was converted to (+)-iridomyrmecin of known relative and absolute configuration by desulfurization of its ethylenethioketal. The formation of β-methylglutaric acid on ozonation of verbenalin allows placement of the ketone function in the glucoside. Verbenalin was shown to be a methyl ester by hydrolysis to the corresponding acid which could be reconverted to the natural product by esterification with diazomethane. Comparison of the UV spectra of verbenalin and verbenalol with those of tetrahydro-desoxyplumieride and bakankosin derivatives revealed the nature of the chromophore. Configurations are assigned to all asymmetric centers and a possible relationship of verbenalin to loganin is discussed.
Widely expressed Af17 is likely not required for embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and animal survival

As a putative transcription factor, Af17 may play a role in multiple signaling pathways. However, the Af17 expression profile during development and in adult tissues remains largely uncharacterized. The importance of Af17 function in embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and animal survival has never been addressed before. Here we report the generation of the first Af17 mutant mouse model and characterization of the Af17 temporal and spatial expression profile in various embryonic stages and adult tissues by X-gal staining, in situ hybridization, and RT-PCR. Af17 expression is detected in specific cell populations in all stages and in multiple tissues examined. In situ hybridization yielded a consistent Af17 expression pattern by X-gal staining. Homozygous mutant mice are viable, fertile, normal in size, and do not display any gross physical, behavioral, or hematopoietic abnormalities. Thus, our studies describe the generation of the first Af17 mutant mouse model, provide the first developmental profile of Af17 expression, and reveal that Af17 may be dispensable for normal embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and animal survival. genesis 48:693–706, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Step-through simulation☆

This report describes the initial development of the Step-Through variant of Monte Carlo simulation, a new procedure for implementing decision analysis or for training decision makers. Like regular Monte Carlo simulation, it involves sampling possible aftermaths of an initial action, and generating a distribution of outcome values for it. However, the detailed structure and/or assessments of the decision model are elicited as called for in the execution of each trial. It, therefore, permits substantial economy of elicitation if there are few trials. The Step-Through procedure also offers economy of elicitation and calculation over a traditional extensive tree decision-analytic model without requiring simplifications or aggregations in the model's conceptualization. In addition to describing this procedure, this paper presents the results of a preliminary test and evaluation of its viability.
Planarizing surface topography by polymer adhesion to water-soluble templates with replicated null pattern

Water-soluble polymer templates are replicated from flat master surface patterns by spin-casting a poly(vinyl alcohol) film-forming solution that solidifies at standard ambient conditions in less than 1 min. The fabricated water-soluble templates are coupled to substrates with surface topography by polymer adhesion with an intervening reactive or photocurable liquid layer. After curing, the resulting two-layer solid structure is subjected to water thereby dissolving the soluble template to expose the underlying polymer adhesive layer with flat surface topography. The results demonstrate a reduction of surface topography from several micrometers to less than 100 nm. The chemical interactions involved in bonding the soluble template to the polymer adhesive and then dissolving are measured by Raman spectroscopy to demonstrate that the constituents comprising the water-soluble template are absent from the surface of the planarization material.
Control of multiagent systems under persistent disturbances

This paper focuses on the consensus and formation problems of multiagent systems under unknown, persistent disturbances. Specifically, we propose a method that combines an existing consensus (or formation) algorithm with a new controller. The new controller has an integral action that produces a control input based on an error signal locally projected onto the column space of the graph Laplacian. This action allows agents to achieve a consensus or a predetermined formation objective under constant or time-varying disturbances.
New whale from old bones

Recognition of a new species of living cetacean is a rare event. But following the DNA analysis of specimens held in museum collections,Mesoplodon perrini, a type of beaked whale, has made its debut.
ACL2 in DrScheme

Teaching undergraduates to develop software in a formal framework such as ACL2 poses two immediate challenges. First, students typically do not know applicative programming and are often unfamiliar with ACL2's syntax. Second, for motivational reasons, students prefer to work on projects that involve designing interactive, graphical applications.In this paper, we present DRACULA, a pedagogic programming environment that partially solves these problems. The environment adds a subset of Applicative Common Lisp to DRSCHEME, an integrated programming environment for Scheme. DRACULA thus inherits DRSCHEME's pedagogic capabilities, especially its treatment of syntax and run-time errors. Further, DRACULA also comes with a library for programming interactive, graphical games. The library interface forces students to think of a graphical user interface in terms of state-transition functions, enabling them later to prove theorems about their games in ACL2. DRACULA provides a graphical front-end to the ACL2 theorem prover for this purpose. In short, DRACULA allows the formulation of student projects that represent an important intermediate point between data structure exercises in theorem proving and industrial applications.
Truffaut and Renoir

Francois Truffaut. Les Films de ma vie. Paris: Belfond, 1974. Jean Renoir. Ecrits, 1926‐1971. Paris: Flammarion, 1975.
Modification of the Spacer Device: Use in the Patient with Arthritis or an Artificial Airway

The spacer device minimizes oropharyngeal deposition of metered dose inhaler (MDI) medication and helps ensure consistent delivery of the medications to the bronchial tree. Patients with hand limitations and artificial airways may be unable to use an MDI. We describe several modifications to two currently available spacer devices for use in these populations.
Solid–mush interface conditions for mushy layers

A subtle issue in the study of mushy zones which form during the solidification of binary alloys is that there are two distinct types of solid–mush interfaces which may occur. One of these is a eutectic front and the other is a front which separates the mushy layer and, assuming complete solute rejection, a layer of pure solid. For semi-infinite-domain configurations that admit similarity solutions, such as those at a uniform initial temperature and concentration with an imposed cold temperature at the lower boundary, only one of the two types appears, and the type of front is determined by the various parameters of the system. In a finite domain, it is possible for each type of front to appear at different times. Specifically, the advance of the eutectic front is restricted by the isotherm associated with the eutectic temperature, and the other front type will appear over a longer time scale. Leading up to the time when the front changes type, the concentration being frozen into the solid decreases. This process writes a history of the system into the solid.
Utility of Double Balloon Enteroscopy for the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with an unpredictable clinical course and a high incidence of disease recurrence. It can involve any portion of the gastrointestinal tract, but most commonly is found in the distal small bowel and proximal colon. In 30% of patients, the disease is localized only to the small bowel in which case it may be difficult to diagnose. Double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) now enables direct visualization of most, if not the entire small bowel mucosa, and may facilitate the diagnosis of CD. It also allows for biopsies, which can help differentiate CD from other disorders of the small bowel and may be useful in the dilation of strictures. In this chapter, we discuss the use of DBE for the diagnosis and management of CD.
Dental anxiety: the patient’s point of view

A discussion of dental anxiety from the patient's perspective is presented to help practitioners increase their under­standing of and ability to deal with this phenomenon. Dental anxiety arising from the remembrance of things past can be remedied by the positive experiences of contemporary dentistry.
BOUNDARIES IN THE MIND: HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CURRENT RESEARCH USING THE BOUNDARY QUESTIONNAIRE

Boundaries lie on a continuum from “thick” to “thin.” On the thin end of the spectrum, boundaries signify permeability and fluidity. For example, a person with very thin boundaries may have difficulty separating his or her sense of self from the environment and consequently be very emotional. Others with thin boundaries may have difficulty in distinguishing dreaming from reality. Thick boundaries, on the other hand, imply a degree of separateness. Examples may include a person who seems detached or unaffected by his or her environment, a person who is removed from close relationships, or a person who experiences minimal congress between waking experience and dreaming. The concept of boundaries is a useful way to describe differences among people. Many researchers have investigated the relationship between boundaries and other aspects of personality functioning, such as neuroticism and attachment patterns (Zborowski, Hartmann, Newsom, & Banar, 2003). Additionally, the association between boundaries and dreaming proved to be a particularly fruitful area of study when findings revealed that boundary structure is one of the
A Comparative Study between Frequency-Modulated Continous Wave LADAR and Linear LiDAR

Abstract. Topographic Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has advanced greatly in the past decade. Pulse repetition rates of terrestrial and airborne systems havemultiplied thus vastly increasing data acquisition rates. Geiger-mode and FLASH LiDAR have also become far more mature technologies. However, a new and relatively unknown technology is maturing rapidly: Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Laser Detection and Ranging (FMCW-LADAR). Possessing attributes more akin to modern radar systems, FMCWLADAR has the ability to more finely resolve objects separated by very small ranges. For tactical military applications (as described here), this can be a real advantage over single frequency, direct-detect systems. In fact, FMCW-LADAR can range resolve objects at 10−7 to 10−6 meter scales. FMCW-LADAR can also detect objects at greater range with less power. In this study, a FMCWLADAR instrument and traditional LiDAR instrument are compared. The co-located terrestrial scanning instruments were set up to perform simultaneous 3-D measurements of the given scene. Several targets were placed in the scene to expose the difference in the range resolution capabilities of the two instruments. The scans were performed at or nearly the same horizontal and vertical angular resolutions. It is demonstrated that the FMCW-LADAR surpasses the perfomance of the linear mode LiDAR scanner in terms of range resolution. Some results showing the maximum range acquisition are discussed but this was not studied in detail as the scanners’ laser powers differed by a small amount. Applications and implications of this technology are also discussed.
Mitochondrial Calcium Transients in Adult Rabbit Cardiac Myocytes: Inhibition by Ruthenium Red and Artifacts Caused by Lysosomal Loading of Ca2+-Indicating Fluorophores

A cold/warm loading protocol was used to ester-load Rhod 2 into mitochondria and other organelles and Fluo 3 into the cytosol of adult rabbit cardiac myocytes for confocal fluorescence imaging. Transient increases in both cytosolic Fluo 3 and mitochondrial Rhod 2 fluorescence occurred after electrical stimulation. Ruthenium red, a blocker of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter, inhibited mitochondrial Rhod 2 fluorescence transients but not cytosolic Fluo 3 transients. Thus the ruthenium red-sensitive mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter catalyzes Ca(2+) uptake during beat-to-beat transients of mitochondrial free Ca(2+), which in turn may help match mitochondrial ATP production to myocardial ATP demand. After ester loading, substantial amounts of Ca(2+)-indicating fluorophores localized into an acidic lysosomal/endosomal compartment. This lysosomal fluorescence did not respond to electrical stimulation. Because fluorescence arose predominantly from lysosomes after the cold loading/warm incubation procedure, total cellular fluorescence failed to track beat-to-beat changes of mitochondrial fluorescence. Only three-dimensionally resolved confocal imaging distinguished the relatively weak mitochondrial signal from the bright lysosomal fluorescence.
Ventriculoatrial shunting via the azygos vein.

The treatment of hydrocephalus has evolved through many stages but the “cure” is still elusive. It is not unusual for the neurosurgeon to find that the commonly used routes for catheter placement or sites for drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cannot be employed. The azygos vein was used to gain access to the right atrium when the CSF could not be drained into the peritoneal cavity, nor could the neck veins be used to place the catheter into the right atrium. The azygos vein is a convenient and safe route to reach the right atrium in selected patients.
Laminaranase activity in the crystalline style of the surf clam (Spissula solidissima).

Isolierung und Charakterisierung eines Enzyms ausSpissula solidissima, welches die Fahigkeit besitzt, gewisse Polysaccharide spezifisch zu spalten.
Forage Preservation Method Influences on Tannin Concentration, Intake, and Digestibility of Sericea Lespedeza by Sheep

Cet article presente des experimentations avec des moutons pour determiner les effets de la methode de conservation (sechage au champ et congelation) sur le contenu en tanins de la plante et sur la quantite ingeree. On a aussi etudie les interactions entre tanins, proteines et fibres dans les plantes sechees au champ ou congelees a l'etat frais, en relation avec la digestibilite du fourrage et le bilan de l'azote dans l'animal
Employment and Social Integration Among the Skid Row Population

Employment among skid row residents had no significant independent association with measures of social integration: number of friends, frequency of visiting, basic conceptions of friendship, helping friends, or to any reference group measure, but retained significance with the percentage of friends in skid row, and intimacy to close friends. The lack of association with reference group measures indicates that working patterns and group identification have become independent phenomena, constituting a partial shift from the former economic functions of skid row. The theory of the disaffiliating effects of skid row living was upheld only for loss of friends outside the area, and acceptance of skid row as one's place of permanent residence. There was no association of residence in skid row and change in the qualitative components of friendship.
A System for Multiplexed Direct Electrical Detection of DNA Synthesis.

An electronic system for the multiplexed detection of DNA polymerization is designed and characterized. DNA polymerization is detected by the measurement of small transient currents arising from ion diffusion during polymerization. A transimpedance amplifier is used to detect these small currents; we implemented a 24 channel recording system on a single printed circuit board. Various contributions to the input-referred current noise are analyzed and characterized, as it limits the minimum detectable current and thus the biological limit of detection. We obtained 8.5 pA RMS mean noise current (averaged over all 24 channels) over the recording bandwidth (DC to 2 kHz). With digital filtering, the input-referred current noise of the acquisition system is reduced to 2.4 pA, which is much lower than the biological noise. Electrical crosstalk between channels is measured, and a model for the crosstalk is presented. Minimizing the crosstalk is critical because it can lead to erroneous microarray data. With proper precautions, crosstalk is reduced to a negligible value (less than 1.4%). Using a micro-fabricated array of 24 gold electrodes, we demonstrated system functionality by detecting the presence of a target DNA oligonucleotide which hybridized onto its corresponding target.
Prepulse inhibition as a screening test for potential antipsychotics

Startle response amplitude is greatly reduced by a low intensity pulse presented 100 msec prior to the startle stimulus. The magnitude of this prepulse inhibition (PPI) is reduced in schizophrenic patients. In rats, apomorphine disrupts PPI; haloperidol antagonizes apomorphine's effects. We tested the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine, and risperidone, and the non-antipsychotic psychopharmacological agents diazepam, buspirone, and imipramine for their ability to antagonize apomorphine's effects on PPI of the acoustic startle reflex. Haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and risperidone antagonized apomorphine's blockade of PPI. Clozapine antagonized apomorphine's effect only at a dose that decreased startle amplitude by 82%. Imipramine and diazepam did not antagonize apomorphine's effect at behaviorally relevant doses. Buspirone weakly antagonized apomorphine blockade of PPI, but, like apomorphine, disrupted PPI when given alone. These results suggest that this PPI test may provide a useful screening procedure for compounds wtih antipsychotic activity. However, the lack of a robust clozapine effect needs to be investigated.
Mass Transfer Comparison Between Mechanically Agitated Slurry Reactor and Liquid Entrained Reactor in the Methanol Synthesis Process

ABSTRACT The commercial reactor proposed for the liquid phase methanol synthesis process (LPMeCHTM) is a liquid entrained reactor (LER), since it possesses several operational advantages over a mechanically agitated slurry reactor (MASR). This paper discusses in detail the develocment of a correlation for the prediction of the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (KLiaB) in a LER. The overall mass transfer coefficient experimentally determined for the LER, is compared with the corresponding value obtained for the MASR under nominally identical operating conditions. It was observed that the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient and hence the overall rate of methanol production per unit mass of catalyst, is significantly higher in the LER compared to the MASR at identical operating conditions. In the LER mode, the limitation posed on the system by chemical equilibrium, is alleviated by selective renewal of products thus making the process ideal for the once-through methanol (CIM) This justifi...
Time elements in Keplerian orbital elements

Time elements are introduced in terms of Keplerian (classical) orbital elements for use with time transformations of the Sundman type. Three different time elements are introduced. One time element is associated with the eccentric anomaly, a second time element is associated with the true anomaly, and a third time element is associated with the intermediate anomaly. Numerical results are presented that show accuracy improvements of from one to two orders of magnitude when time elements are employed along with Sundman time transformations, compared with using time transformations alone.
Mass of protein in the asymmetric unit of hexon crystals--a new method.

Abstract An accurate determination of the protein content of the asymmetric unit can be made conveniently by cross-linking protein crystals with glutaraldehyde then replacing the mother-liquor with pure water. This technique when applied to crystals of adenovirus hexons suggests that the molecular weight assignments of Cornick et al. (1971) were too small and those of Franklin et al. (1971 a,b ) too large. Density analysis of native hexon crystals by the method of Colman & Matthews (1971) gives results which are in excellent agreement with those obtained by the method introduced here.
Illuminating the Landscape of Religious Narrative: Morality, Dramatization, and Verticality

Abstract A major dilemma confronting religious educators in the utilization of short stories, film, and other emerging forms of narratives is the question of how to evaluate their “religiousness.” This can present dilemmas in the selection, analysis, and comparison of narratives for the purposes of teaching Religious Education. This article forwards useful characteristics for doing so by: (1) constructing a cross-disciplinarian conceptual framework for the comparison and analysis of religious stories, (2) extrapolating three characteristics from this conceptual framework (morality, dramatization, and verticality), and (3) using these characteristics in examining and comparing the religious elements of two short stories: Andre Dubus' “A Father's Story,” and Flannery O'Connor's “A Good Man is Hard to Find.”
Role of interferon regulatory factor 7 in serum-transfer arthritis: regulation of interferon-β production.

Objective Innate immune responses activate synoviocytes and recruit inflammatory cells into the rheumatoid joint. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a role in autoimmunity, and IFN gene transcription is activated by IFN-regulatory factors (IRFs) in response to innate sensor recognition. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of genetic deficiency of IRF-7 in a passive K/BxN serum–transfer model of arthritis. Methods Passive-transfer arthritis was induced in IRF-7−/− mice, and additional groups were treated with IFNβ or poly(I-C). Clinical arthritis scoring, histologic assessment, micro–computed tomography, and synovial tissue quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis were performed. Mouse serum was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results In the passive K/BxN serum–transfer model, arthritis severity was significantly increased in IRF-7−/− mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, expression of IFNβ in synovium and serum was decreased, potentially contributing to increased arthritis. IRF-7−/− mice injected with replacement IFNβ had a decrease in arthritis. Poly(I-C) treatment diminished arthritis in IRF-7−/− mice, restored synovial IFNβ gene expression, and increased serum levels of IFNβ. In vitro studies demonstrated that poly(I-C) stimulation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from IRF-7−/− mice resulted in increased induction of proinflammatory gene expression as compared with FLS from WT mice; however, IFNβ expression was not significantly different. In contrast, peritoneal macrophages from IRF-7−/− mice showed significantly less induction of IFNβ in response to poly(I-C) stimulation. Conclusion IRF-7 deficiency exacerbates arthritis and replacement treatment with IFNβ or poly(I-C) decreases arthritis severity. Both macrophage- and synoviocyte-specific roles of IRF-7 likely contribute to the increased arthritis. IRF-7 might play an antiinflammatory role in passive-transfer arthritis through regulation of macrophage IFNβ production.
Master equation techniques for exciton motion, relaxation, capture, and annihilation

Techniques developed recently for the study of exciton dynamics in molecular solids are discussed. They include master equation methods for the analysis of prerelaxation energy transfer, the generalized master equation approach to coherence in exciton motion, and the defect technique as applied to exciton trapping and annihilation.
Query optimization by simulated annealing

Query optimizers of future database management systems are likely to face large access plan spaces in their task. Exhaustively searching such access plan spaces is unacceptable. We propose a query optimization algorithm based on simulated annealing, which is a probabilistic hill climbing algorithm. We show the specific formulation of the algorithm for the case of optimizing complex non-recursive queries that arise in the study of linear recursion. The query answer is explicitly represented and manipulated within the closed semiring of linear relational operators. The optimization algorithm is applied to a state space that is constructed from the equivalent algebraic forms of the query answer. A prototype of the simulated annealing algorithm has been built and few experiments have been performed for a limited class of relational operators. Our initial experience is that, in general, the algorithm converges to processing strategies that are very close to the optimal. Moreover, the traditional processing strategies (e.g., the semi-naive evaluation) have been found to be, in general, suboptimal.
Different AIDS incubation periods and their impacts on reconstructing human immunodeficiency virus epidemics and projecting AIDS incidence.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate heterogeneity in incubation distributions in different cohorts and to assess the sensitivity of back-calculated infection rates to different assumptions about incubation times from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to AIDS diagnosis. Incubation distributions were estimated by using data from three different cohort studies. These and one other published incubation model were used as inputs for a back-calculation procedure that reconstructed smooth HIV-infection rates from AIDS incidence among adults in the United States, allowing for changes over time in incubation. Incubation estimates from the different cohorts differed substantially. The cumulative HIV incidence estimates that result from using the different incubations are very different, but the back-calculated models all produce good fits to the observed diagnosis counts. We conclude that systematic differences in incubation times of different groups add substantially to the uncertainty inherent in using the back-calculation method to reconstruct HIV epidemics and project future numbers of AIDS cases.
Typhoid Fever in the United States, 1985-1994 Changing Risks of International Travel and Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance

Background Typhoid fever is a potentially fatal illness common in the less industrialized world. In the United States, the majority of cases occur in travelers to other countries. Methods We reviewed surveillance forms submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, for patients with culture-confirmed typhoid fever between 1985 and 1994. Results The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received report forms for 2445 cases of typhoid fever. Median age of patients was 24 years (range, 0-89 years). Ten (0.4%) died. Seventy-two percent reported international travel within the 30 days before onset of illness. Six countries accounted for 80% of cases: Mexico (28%), India (25%), the Philippines (10%), Pakistan (8%), El Salvador (5%), and Haiti (4%). The percentage of cases associated with visiting Mexico decreased from 46% in 1985 to 23% in 1994, while the percentage of cases associated with visiting the Indian subcontinent increased from 25% in 1985 to 37% in 1994. The incidence of typhoid fever in US citizens traveling to the Indian subcontinent was at least 18 times higher than for any other geographic region. Complete data on antimicrobial susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were reported for 330 (13%)SalmonellaTyphi isolates. Isolates from 1990 to 1994 were more likely than isolates from 1985 to 1989 to be resistant to any of these antimicrobial agents (30% vs 12%;P Conclusions American travelers to less industrialized countries, especially those traveling to the Indian subcontinent, continue to be at risk for typhoid fever. Antimicrobial resistance has increased, and a quinolone or third-generation cephalosporin may be the best choice for empirical treatment of typhoid fever.
There are lots of things about implantable cardioverter-defibrillators that should be eliminated: Shocks are a good start

I thought I had written my last word on the subject of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks and mortality because I was certain I had done as much as I could with the available material and it was getting a bit old. But my great-grandmother from Donegal, Ulster, told me “You’d do anything to help your friends like you would to kick your enemies,” so when new material turned up and the request came for more, I agreed. Judged by declining implant volumes and ICD manufacturer’s sales revenues, ICD therapy is dying. There are plenty of qualifying patients but fewer and fewer takers. There is an overabundance of blame all around, but the harsh truth is that the patients, and the caregivers who possess them, are increasingly skeptical consumers who are voting with their feet. They are no longer buying the scare tactics, not everyone who is “indicated” is going to drop dead; in addition, the equipment has acquired the taint of unreliability, the patients suffer, and much time is spent by wellmeaning implanters apologizing to patients for things that went wrong with the best of intentions. It is a bad story in bad times: mega-rich medical device companies, faulty equipment, and skittish patients who are afraid of dying and afraid of lifesaving therapy. “Why would I want one of those? I feel fine and I heard they have a lot of recalls.” It is hard to argue with that reasoning. There is no easy fix. It starts with self-inspection and awareness of the very high morbidity risk overhead borne by the primary prevention patient, leveraged against a very low annualized need for truly lifesaving therapy. Since the singularity of purpose of the ICD defines the standard by which any other behaviors are judged, the solution is to minimize ICD therapy, not implants. There are many things about ICDs that are unnecessary, unhelpful, costly, and morbid. These can be reduced to 2 excesses: (1) hardware
The Definability of the set of natural numbers in the 1925 Principia Mathematica

In his new introduction to the 1925 second edition of Principia Mathematica, Russell maintained that by adopting Wittgenstein's idea that a logically perfect language should be extensional mathematical induction could be rectified for finite cardinals without the axiom of reducibility. In an Appendix B, Russell set forth a proof. Godel caught a defect in the proof at *89.16, so that the matter of rectification remained open. Myhill later arrived at a negative result: Principia with extensionality principles and without reducibility cannot recover mathematical induction. The finite cardinals are indefinable in it. This paper shows that while Godel and Myhill are correct, Russell was not wrong. The 1925 system employs a different grammar than the original Principia. A new proof for *89.16 is given and induction is recovered.
Purified human brain calmodulin does not alter the bicarbonate permeability of the ANO1/TMEM16A channel.

[Jung and Lee][1] have responded in this issue to our recent paper ([Yu et al., 2014b][2]) in which we concluded that calmodulin (CaM) does not alter anion permeability of the mouse ANO1/TMEM16A Ca2+-activated Cl− channel. In our paper, we suspected that the Ca2+-CaM (abbreviated as CaM) effect
Progress in separation of structure and style: HTML, XHTML, XML and cascading style sheets

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications of cascading style sheets (CSS) have the intention of providing a mechanism for separating styling information from the structure of an HTML document. Such a separation simplifies web page design and maintenance. By surveying prominent websites, this paper will determine to what extent and by what means this forward step in web page design has been achieved. These results will serve the interests of web page design professionals and instructors in web page design courses by showing what techniques are successful in separating style from structure. Successful techniques cannot necessarily be inferred by reference to W3C documents; indeed, the findings of this survey are contrary to some of these recommendations.
2D reflectometer modelling for optimizing the ITER low-field side X-mode reflectometer system

The response of a low-field side X-mode reflectometer system for ITER is simulated with a 2D reflectometer code using a realistic plasma equilibrium. Relativistic corrections to the plasma permitivity due to the high electron temperature were included. It is found that the reflected beam will often miss its launch point by as much as 40 cm and that a vertical array of receiving antennas is essential in order to observe a reflection on the low-field side of ITER. Relativistic absorption effects were studied with a 1D full wave code and found to be insignificant for reflections from the low-field side up to the plasma centre.
Room-temperature gas sensor using carbon nanotube with cobalt oxides

Abstract Hydrogen gas (H 2 ) sensors are fabricated using a carbon-nanotube (CNT) sheet decorated with cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles. The proposed hybrid sensor is fabricated by electrodepositing Co 3 O 4 on CNT sheets. With an annealing treatment, the CNTs/Co 3 O 4 composite sensors exhibit a much higher response to H 2 gas at room temperature than sensors that have not undergone the annealing treatment. The functional groups and oxygen defects that are formed during annealing serve as chemisorption sites for H 2 at room temperature. Moreover, the annealing treatment results in strong interaction between Co 3 O 4 and the CNTs, which allows carriers to easily diffuse from the Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles to the CNTs.
Transformation of the Plasmodium cynomolgi oocyst.

SYNOPSIS. The transformation of the P. cynomolgi oocyst into definitive sporozoite forms occurs 8–10 days after an infective blood meal by Anopheles, stephensi mosquitoes. Vacuolization divides the oocyst cytoplasm into sporoblast sub-units from which sporozoites bud. The role of sporoblast nuclear and cytoplasmic components in the complex differentiative process is discussed.
The GM-CPHD Tracker Applied to Real and Realistic Multistatic Sonar Data Sets

The Gaussian mixture-cardinalized probability hypothesis density (GM-CPHD) tracker was applied to three real and simulated multistatic sonar data sets. The goal was to test the versatility of the tracker on data of increasing difficulty. The first two data sets presented minor challenges for the tracker and in our opinion demonstrate that it is, indeed, a tracking paradigm that is ready for “prime time.” The last data set was considerably more challenging. Without some means to use data from multiple sensors success would be in doubt. However, since a practicable multisensor form of the probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter is still unclear, predetection fusion (contact sifting) was considered a necessary first step before tracking. On all the data sets investigated, the GM-CPHD proved to be easily adaptable (e.g., to low probability of detection, large number of sensors), discovered all the targets and generated satisfactory tracks for them. Plots of the tracks obtained and the associated metrics of performance are provided.
THE ROLE OF BEHAVIORAL SURVEY METHODOLOGISTS IN NATIONAL STATISTICAL AGENCIES

Summary The expertise of behavioral survey methodologists is needed in national statistical agencies because of the necessity of using theory and research from the social sciences to reduce survey error. In this paper various social science based explanations for measurement error and nonresponse error are described in order to illustrate the conceptual foundations of such error reduction efforts. Three roles for behavioral survey methodologists in national statistical agencies are then discussed. They include: 1) bring an error reduction perspective to bear in an influential way for all aspects of designing and implementing agency surveys; 2) bring theoretical efficiency and effectiveness to experimental tests of alternative questionnaire designs and implementation procedures through the use of theories, concepts and pretests and findings of past behavioral science research; and 3) contribute to the expanding science of survey methodology.
Social amplification of wildfire risk: The role of social interactions and information sources

Wildfire is a persistent and growing threat across much of the western United States. Understanding how people living in fire-prone areas perceive this threat is essential to the design of effective risk management policies. Drawing on the social amplification of risk framework, we develop a conceptual model of wildfire risk perceptions that incorporates the social processes that likely shape how individuals in fire-prone areas come to understand this risk, highlighting the role of information sources and social interactions. We classify information sources as expert or nonexpert, and group social interactions according to two dimensions: formal versus informal, and generic versus fire-specific. Using survey data from two Colorado counties, we empirically examine how information sources and social interactions relate to the perceived probability and perceived consequences of a wildfire. Our results suggest that social amplification processes play a role in shaping how individuals in this area perceive wildfire risk. A key finding is that both "vertical" (i.e., expert information sources and formal social interactions) and "horizontal" (i.e., nonexpert information and informal interactions) interactions are associated with perceived risk of experiencing a wildfire. We also find evidence of perceived "risk interdependency"--that is, homeowners' perceptions of risk are higher when vegetation on neighboring properties is perceived to be dense. Incorporating social amplification processes into community-based wildfire education programs and evaluating these programs' effectiveness constitutes an area for future inquiry.
Contrast discrimination in peripheral vision.

Contrast discrimination provides a psychophysical method for studying contrast coding in vision. Our purpose was to compare properties of contrast discrimination in central and peripheral vision. We used forced-choice procedures to measure contrast-increment thresholds as a function of pedestal contrast. Our stimuli were 2-cycle/deg Gaussian-windowed sine-wave grating patches. They were centered at retinal loci ranging from 10° nasal to 20° temporal on the horizontal meridian. At each eccentricity, curves relating increment threshold to pedestal contrast had the same shape. When increment thresholds and pedestal contrasts were both normalized by the contrast thresholds at the retinal eccentricity in question, the curves became superimposed and fell along the same dipper-shaped contrast-discrimination function. We conclude that, after scaling by the local contrast sensitivity, properties of contrast discrimination are qualitatively and quantitatively similar from 0° to 20° on the retina. These indings suggest that mechanisms of contrast coding are similar in central and peripheral vision.
The influence of a CYP1A2 polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine

Background Although caffeine supplementation improves performance, the ergogenic effect is variable. The cause(s) of this variability are unknown. A (C/A) single nucleotide polymorphism at intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2) gene influences caffeine metabolism and clinical outcomes from caffeine ingestion. The purpose of this study was to determine if this polymorphism influences the ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation.
ENERGY RELEASE RATES OF DEGRADING COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

Energy release rates during progressive damage and fracture of laminated composite structures subjected to loading are evaluated via computational simulation. A computer model is utilized for the assessment of structural response, progressive fracture, and defect/damage tolerance characteristics. Constituent material properties, stress and strain limits are scaled up from the fiber and matrix subregions to the structure level to evaluate the overall damage and fracture propagation for composites. Damage initiation, growth, accumulation, and propagation to fracture are included in simulations. Results show the damage progression sequence and the changes in the structural response characteristics during different degradation stages. The fundamental premise of computational simulation is that the complete evaluation of laminated composite fracture requires an assessment of ply and subply level damage/fracture processes. Local computation and quantification of damage energies are used to monitor the composite damage mechanisms in the requisite detail. The relationship between local damage and associated energy releases are established within the computational simulation procedure.
Trends in the Presentation and Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinomas

Analysis of 1,620 basal cell carcinomas treated at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation from 1981 to 1983 confirms that the majority of basal cell carcinomas occur on the face and that the relative risk for recurrent tumor is high in certain locations, especially the nose. Alternately, tumors found on the neck/scalp, trunk, and arms have a low relative risk of recurrence when compared to all other anatomic locations. More primary and fewer recurrent tumors now presenting to our unit have been referred for Mohs surgery as primary therapy. This results in higher cure rates for treatment of all basal cell carcinoma.
Epidemiologic and Molecular Characterization of an Outbreak of Candida parapsilosis Bloodstream Infections in a Community Hospital

Candida parapsilosis is an important cause of bloodstream infections in the health care setting. We investigated a large C. parapsilosis outbreak occurring in a community hospital and conducted a case-control study to determine the risk factors for infection. We identified 22 cases of bloodstream infection with C. parapsilosis: 15 confirmed and 7 possible. The factors associated with an increased risk of infection included hospitalization in the intensive care unit (adjusted odds ratio, 16.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 148.1) and receipt of total parenteral nutrition (adjusted odds ratio, 9.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 98.1). Samples for surveillance cultures were obtained from health care worker hands, central venous catheter insertion sites, and medical devices. Twenty-six percent of the health care workers surveyed demonstrated hand colonization with C. parapsilosis, and one hand isolate was highly related to all case-patient isolates by tests with the DNA probe Cp3-13. Outbreak strain isolates also demonstrated reduced susceptibilities to fluconazole and voriconazole. This largest known reported outbreak of C. parapsilosis bloodstream infections in adults resulted from an interplay of host, environment, and pathogen factors. Recommendations for control measures focused on improving hand hygiene compliance.
Thymidine kinase activity and DNA synthesis in cells infected with the parvovirus, H-1.

SummaryInfection of SV40-transformed newborn human kidney (NB) cell cultures with H-1 virus resulted in a marked drop in the rate of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA relatively late in infection. Autoradiographic measurements revealed that the inhibition of total DNA synthesis was due to a decrease in the capacity of an infected cell to synthesize DNA. Thymidine kinase activity increased 1.5- to 2.6-fold during a period of virus maturation (20–48 hr), but, later in infection, it decreased to 11–43% of the control cell activity. A similar decline in enzyme activity was also observed in “Salk monkey heart” (SMH) cells late after H-1 infection. Extracts prepared from NB cells infected for different times had no effect on the enzyme activity from uninfected cells. The decrease in thymidine kinase activity found after H-1 infection relative to control cell activity was apparently dependent on de novo protein and DNA-dependent RNA synthesis.
Be Appropriate and Funny: Automatic Entity Morph Encoding

Internet users are keen on creating different kinds of morphs to avoid censorship, express strong sentiment or humor. For example, in Chinese social media, users often use the entity morph “¹ ? b (Instant Noodles)” to refer to “h 8 · (Zhou Yongkang)” because it shares one character “· (Kang)” with the well-known brand of instant noodles “·� (Master Kang)”. We developed a wide variety of novel approaches to automatically encode proper and interesting morphs, which can effectively pass decoding tests 1 .
Application of high pressure spectroscopy to the study of interactions of small gaseous molecules with transition metal complexes and organometallic compounds II. Interaction of vanadium(II) and molybdenum(II) phosphine complexes with CO

Abstract The usefulness of high pressure infrared spectroscopic studies as a preliminary step in inorganic syntheses is illustrated. The reactivity of the transition metal complexes [VCl2(PEt3)2]2 and Mo2Cl4(PEt3)4 with CO, N2, and H2 was screened. The reversible reaction of [VCl2(PEt3)2]2, and the irreversible reaction of Mo2Cl4(PEt3)4 with CO under pressure are described.