cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family and Community

Non-pharmacological interventions can positively impact the aging process. These interventions include community involvement through age-friendly cities, disaster preparedness, as well as addressing the impact aging can have on the caregiver. Caregiving can expose family members to a unique set of stressors that are often not anticipated or addressed appropriately. This chapter discusses these interventions as well as the effects caregiving can have on family members and the benefit of providing resources for family members to better cope and provide care.
Supporting School Librarian Learning: New Opportunities for Instructional Technology Collaboration with School Librarians

Frequently noted in library and information science literature and popular press, libraries are undergoing a rapid public makeover (Martin, 2015; Wernick, 2011). As part of a recent initiative supported by the American Library Association, librarians are striving to raise public awareness of the importance of libraries and library services in communities (American Library Association, 2016). The past image of libraries as places largely for the lending of books has shifted to an acknowledgment of libraries as spaces for engagement of youth through library programming that reflects emerging interests in the development of twenty-first century skills (Young Adult Library Services Association, 2015). This is particularly noticeable when considering school libraries. With the push toward STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics)/STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics) and twenty-first century skills in education, school librarians have begun to look for ways in which to provide such opportunities for students (Bell, 2015). Consequently, school libraries are increasingly embracing maker, digital literacy, science, and technology-geared programming while promoting libraries as learning environments that encourage exploration, tinkering, and play (Bell, 2015; Paul, 2015). In some libraries, these learning environments are taking form as in-house makerspaces and learning labs.
Spinouts and Incumbents' Venture Investments: The Effects of Knowledge Inheritance

This study advances previous research on the competitive tension associated with knowledge diffusion through employee entrepreneurship that has mainly focused on the dyadic relationship between spi...
Faculty perceptions about attributes and barriers impacting the diffusion of online education in two Saudi universities

Recognizing that faculty are an essential part of the success of any distance education program, this study sought to examine faculty perceptions of attributes and barriers impacting diffusion of online education at two Saudi universities: Taif University and Tabuk University. More specifically, the study intended to (a) give an overview of faculty members’ current stage in the innovation-decision process in regards to online education, (b) examine faculty perceptions about attributes (motivating factors) and barriers (inhibiting factors) impacting diffusion of online education, (c) investigate the relationship between faculty members’ selected personal characteristics (including age, years of teaching, DE experience, gender, academic rank, nationality, and level of education) and their perceptions about attributes (motivating factors) and barriers (inhibiting factors) impacting diffusion of online education, (d) investigate the relationship between faculty members’ selected personal characteristics (including age, years of teaching, distance education experience, gender, academic rank, professional area, nationality, and level of education) and their stage in the innovation-decision process, and (e) demonstrate how these factors can be used to increase faculty adoption of online education to respond to the increasing demands for this kind of education. Rogers’ (1995) diffusion of innovation theory was employed to discuss the findings from this study and to reveal which attributes of innovation are perceived to be important in the innovation decision process by faculty members as they decide to adopt or reject online education. Data was collected using a self-administrated and cross-sectional questionnaire. The findings revealed that the most important attribute of WBDE was relative advantage and that the main barriers that prevented faculty members from adopting online education were technical expertise, infrastructure, and planning issues. The inferential analysis showed that distance education experience was a significant predictor for faculty perceptions about relative advantage, compatibility, observability, and complexity. It also showed that age, academic rank, and level of education were significant predictors of faculty perceptions of financial concerns as a barrier to WBDE. Moreover, the relationship between DE experience and faculty’s stage in the innovation-decision process was found to be statistically significant.
Localization of high concentrations of phosphotyrosine-modified proteins in mouse megakaryocytes.

Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of cellular proteins is a rare event and is considered to be related to the regulation of cellular growth, differentiation, and some forms of neoplastic transformation. Using high-affinity antibodies specific to phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr), we have shown the presence at high concentrations of P-Tyr-modified proteins in mouse bone-marrow megakaryocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy of semithin frozen sections revealed that P-Tyr labeling was localized in a punctate pattern in the majority of the cytoplasm. The thin outer rim of the cytoplasm and the cell membrane was devoid of the label. Immunogold electron microscopy of ultrathin frozen sections showed that P-Tyr labeling was concentrated mostly on the membranes of the vesicles in the cytoplasm. The membrane demarcation system characteristic of megakaryocytes was not labeled. The intensity of P- Tyr labeling varied from one megakaryocyte to another. These results suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of specific proteins might be correlated with the developmental stage of megakaryocytes, possibly related to the formation and deposition of the granules.
34.4Mbps 1.56Tbps/W DEFLATE Decompression Accelerator Featuring Block-Adaptive Huffman Decoder in 14nm Tri-Gate CMOS for IoT Platforms

A 9,296µm2 DEFLATE accelerator targeted for firmware decompression in battery-constrained IoT platforms is fabricated in 14nm tri-gate CMOS, and operates over a wide supply range of 210-900m V. Dual-ALU block-adaptive Huffman decoder enables simultaneous evaluation of a pair of code-lengths with opportunistic skipping of non-existent symbols improving throughput by 34% to 1.65Gb/s at 750mV, 25°C, while in-line literal packing and fenced-record generation achieves 63% memory bandwidth reduction for LZ77 reconstruction. Absence of register file and CAM circuits result in a fully-synthesizable implementation enabling ultra-low voltage operation with peak energy-efficiency of 1.56Tbps/W and 34.4Mbps throughput at 22µW total power consumption measured at 310mV.
A network biology approach to unraveling inherited axonopathies

Inherited axonopathies represent a spectrum of disorders unified by the common pathological mechanism of length-dependent axonal degeneration. Progressive axonal degeneration can lead to both Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 (CMT2) and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) depending on the affected neurons: peripheral motor and sensory nerves or central nervous system axons of the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns, respectively. Inherited axonopathies display an extreme degree of genetic heterogeneity of Mendelian high-penetrance genes. High locus heterogeneity is potentially advantageous to deciphering disease etiology by providing avenues to explore biological pathways in an unbiased fashion. Here, we investigate ‘gene modules’ in inherited axonopathies through a network-based analysis of the Human Integrated Protein-Protein Interaction rEference (HIPPIE) database. We demonstrate that CMT2 and HSP disease proteins are significantly more connected than randomly expected. We define these connected disease proteins as ‘proto-modules’ and show the topological relationship of these proto-modules by evaluating their overlap through a shortest-path based measurement. In particular, we observe that the CMT2 and HSP proto-modules significantly overlapped, demonstrating a shared genetic etiology. Comparison of both modules with other diseases revealed an overlapping relationship between HSP and hereditary ataxia and between CMT2 + HSP and hereditary ataxia. We then use the DIseAse Module Detection (DIAMOnD) algorithm to expand the proto-modules into comprehensive disease modules. Analysis of disease modules thus obtained reveals an enrichment of ribosomal proteins and pathways likely central to inherited axonopathy pathogenesis, including protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, spliceosome, and mRNA processing. Furthermore, we determine pathways specific to each axonopathy by analyzing the difference of the axonopathy modules. CMT2-specific pathways include glycolysis and gluconeogenesis-related processes, while HSP-specific pathways include processes involved in viral infection response. Unbiased characterization of inherited axonopathy disease modules will provide novel candidate disease genes, improve interpretation of candidate genes identified through patient data, and guide therapy development.
A study of safari tourism in sub-Saharan Africa: An empirical test of Tourism A-B-C (T-ABC) model

Abstract The competition for safari tourism in sub-Saharan Africa is intense. Aside from inter-country competition, there is also intra-country competition among game viewing lodges and resorts within each country. In this context, it is important to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each country for safari tourism. We empirically test the relationship between tourism performance and multiple tourism dimensions, namely, tourism Attractions (A), Basics (B), and Context (C). We test the Tourism A-B-C model (Manrai, Manrai, & Friedeborn, 2018) using data from Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The study, a first in the region, addresses tourism as an economic development driver and offers important insights, suggesting that tourism dimensions correlate with economic development, with the exception of situations where governments provide leadership in developing tourism, as in Kenya, or where they stress education, as in Zimbabwe. We also discuss research implications and directions for future research.
Ebstein’s Anomaly

Ebstein’s anomaly is characterized by a variable degree of apical displacement of the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve. The leaflets are adherent to the ventricular septum, and the portion of the right ventricle above the adherent leaflets is very thin or “atrialized.” A variable degree of tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and right ventricular dysfunction is typically present. The dysfunction of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle that results from this anomaly causes the right atrial pressure to be elevated and may render the right ventricle incapable of maintaining adequate cardiac output. In the presence of an atrial communication, right-to-left atrial shunting will develop with consequent systemic arterial desaturation. The tricuspid valve function tends to deteriorate over time, resulting in progressive tricuspid regurgitation and right atrial dilation and predisposing the patients to atrial arrhythmias. These physiologic alterations can have profound effects upon exercise physiology. Data from exercise testing can provide important clinical information.
Abstract 601: Radiation Therapy Induces Changes in the Endothelial Methylome Affecting Pro-angiogenic Lncrna Expression

Radiation therapy is a big part of standard of care in oncology. However, in the long- term patients treated with radiation are at higher risk of suffering cardiovascular events. It is well describ...
Quantifying post-disaster business recovery through Bayesian methods

Business recovery after a disaster plays an important role in the socioeconomic recovery of a community. This study focuses on the development of a probabilistic modelling approach for quantifying ...
Factors Considered in Ranking Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Fellowship Applicants: A Survey of Program Directors.

Abstract Background Variables considered by hip and knee arthroplasty fellowship program directors (PDs) to select fellowship candidates are not well known. Methods A web-based questionnaire containing 5 questions was developed and sent to all 92 adult reconstruction fellowship PDs via email. Three questions collected program information including the number of positions available, the number of candidates interviewed, and ranked annually. PDs were then given a list of 12 factors and asked to rank them in the order of importance. A weighted score for each factor was calculated using the following scale: 5 points each time a factor was ranked 1st, 4 points each time a factor was ranked 2nd, 3 points for each 3rd place rank, 2 points for each 4th place rank, and 1 point for each 5th place rank. PDs were also allowed to write in other factors they considered important when ranking fellowship candidates. Results The overall response rate was 34.8% (32/92). Seventy-five percent of responding programs indicated that they interview between 21 and 40 applicants per year for their fellowship position(s). The interview was ranked as the most important variable in selecting applicants by 53.1% of responding PDs, followed by letters of recommendation (ranked first by 25% of PDs) and personal connections to the applicant and/or letter writer(s) (ranked first by 9% of PDs). A positive correlation was identified between the program size and an applicant’s geographical ties to the city/town of the fellowship program (rs = 0.472; P = .006). Conclusions According to hip and knee arthroplasty fellowship PDs, the interview, letters of recommendation, and personal connections to the applicant and/or letter writers are the most important factors considered in selecting arthroplasty fellowship candidates.
Star Spin Related Future Detector Upgrades

The STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has a rich spin physics program aimed at exploring the spin structure of the proton with polarized proton beams. In addition to the currently accessible channels, heavy flavor, charged vector boson production and forward mesons are integral parts of the long-term program. Such measurements require upgrades of the STAR tracking system and calorimetry. We are presenting an overview of the planned upgrades and the physics objectives driving them.
Minimum Wages and Enforcement Effects on Employment in Developing Countries

I provide an analysis of the effects of minimum wages in developing countries using the enforcement of the law as a plausible explanation of the heterogeneous effects on employment across these countries. I construct a reliable indicator for the degree of enforcement by reading and organizing the labor codes of 82 developing countries and quantifying penalties and degree of enforcement. I interact minimum wage changes with the degree of enforcement (grouped in none, weak, and strong enforcement) and estimate minimum wage effects in different enforcement settings. My main results are that minimum wage has adverse effects on total employment (elasticity -0.0166) in countries with strong enforcement (i.e., with costly penalties), especially on female workers (elasticity -0.0172). The negative effect is significantly different between countries with no enforcement and countries with strong enforcement. These results are sharper when I interact with a measurement of the quality of the enforcement.
A Qualitative Exploration of Sleep Habits and Intervention Needs Among Youth with Cystic Fibrosis.

Evidence suggests that individuals with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) experience difficulties with sleep architecture and hygiene, although research is limited. There are currently no behavioral sleep interventions for youth with CF. The current study used qualitative methods to understand sleep needs and concerns among youth with CF, as well as to obtain feedback about potentially useful behavioral sleep intervention strategies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with youth with CF between the ages of 11–17 and their parents. Themes were extracted from the data and will be used to inform the development of a brief behavioral sleep intervention for youth with CF. Youth and their parents described several CF-specific sleep concerns, often related to respiratory symptoms, and a number of strategies used to manage these concerns. They also described concerns that apply to the general population, including pervasive use of technology around bedtime. Many evidence-based behavioral sleep intervention strategies are acceptable to youth with CF, although modifications are appropriate to reduce time burden and address CF-specific needs. Youth with CF experience a number of disease-specific and more generalized sleep concerns which are likely amenable to behavioral intervention. Results from this study will be used to inform the development of a brief behavioral sleep intervention for youth with CF.
Node Coverage Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Mobile Agents

This paper proposes fault tolerant algorithms for routing mobile agents in a single channel wireless sensor network which cover every node in the network. These algorithms use local knowledge (assume no knowledge of global deployment or topology, etc). We propose the algorithms and show mathematical analysis to support our claims. The paper ends with simulation studies and discussion of results.
Naturally Resilient to Natural Hazards? Urban–Rural Disparities in Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Assistance

The American public generally sees its rural communities as autonomous and self-sufficient—inherently resilient. Accordingly, research on federally funded hazard mitigation has disproportionately f...
The Vietnam War on Trial: The My Lai Massacre and the Court-Martial of Lieutenant Calley

The military trial of William Calley for his role in the slaughter of 500 or more Vietnamese civilians at My Lai shocked a nation already sharply divided over a controversial war. This work is a retelling of the My Lai story through the prism of the law. One of the most highly publicized trials of its day, the Calley case emerged at a time when protests against the war were growing larger. Well aware of this, the Nixon administration sought to downplay the My Lai incident, which military officers in Vietnam had tried to cover up in order to protect their own careers and reputations. The investigations of Ron Ridenhour and Seymour Hersh revealed the full extent of the My Lai tragedy, further inflamed the anti-war movement, and brought to trial Lieutenant William Calley. Unfolding the Calley, this work shows how the system of military justice actually works. It shows how a court-martial conducted within the public eye transformed a purely legal proceeding into a political debate about the conduct of the war. The text portrays Calley as both criminal and victim - guilty of the crimes of which he stood accused, but also an unintended scapegoat of the American military machine.
Outliving the Self: How We Live on in Future Generations

Using dramatic personal narratives, Kotre expands upon Erik Erikson's concept of "generativity". This concept means the variety of ways people find to be "fertile" in their lives, from the biological task of leaving a genetic legacy, to the emotional work of nurturing and guiding children, to teaching practical skills, transmitting values, and attempting to enrich their culture.
The role of Drosophila CID in kinetochore formation, cell-cycle progression and heterochromatin interactions

Centromere function requires the coordination of many processes including kinetochore assembly, sister chromatid cohesion, spindle attachment and chromosome movement. Here we show that CID, the Drosophila homologue of the CENP-A centromere-specific H3-like proteins, colocalizes with molecular-genetically defined functional centromeres in minichromosomes. Injection of CID antibodies into early embryos, as well as RNA interference in tissue-culture cells, showed that CID is required for several mitotic processes. Deconvolution fluorescence microscopy showed that CID chromatin is physically separate from proteins involved in sister cohesion (MEI-S332), centric condensation (PROD), kinetochore function (ROD, ZW10 and BUB1) and heterochromatin structure (HP1). CID localization is unaffected by mutations in mei-S332, Su(var)2-5 (HP1), prod or polo. Furthermore, the localization of POLO, CENP-meta, ROD, BUB1 and MEI-S332, but not PROD or HP1, depends on the presence of functional CID. We conclude that the centromere and flanking heterochromatin are physically and functionally separable protein domains that are required for different inheritance functions, and that CID is required for normal kinetochore formation and function, as well as cell-cycle progression.
Association of prostate‐specific antigen doubling time and cancer in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy

Objectives: To analyze the association between prostate-specific antigen doubling time with prostate cancer risk and grade among men with prostate-specific antigen levels ≥4.0 ng/mL undergoing repeat prostate biopsy. Methods: A total of 286 patients with prostate-specific antigen ≥4 ng/mL and available prostate-specific antigen doubling time data, who underwent repeat prostate biopsy from 1996–2009, were included in this analysis. Prostate-specific antigen doubling time was divided into three groups: >9 years, 3–9 years and <3 years. Multivariate analyses of prostate-specific antigen doubling time with cancer risk and grade (≤3 + 4 vs≥4 + 3) were carried out using logistic regression adjusting for prebiopsy prostate-specific antigen, race, age, digital rectal examination, year of biopsy and number of prior negative biopsies. Results: The median prostate-specific antigen doubling time before biopsy was 4.5 years (interquartile range = 2.5–10). Shorter prostate-specific antigen doubling time was associated with higher prostate-specific antigen (P 9, 3–9, <3 years) was 17%, 37% and 40%, respectively. Shorter prostate-specific antigen doubling time groups were associated with higher cancer risk (P = 0.001). Stratified by grade, short prostate-specific antigen doubling time as a continuous variable significantly predicted both low- (P = 0.010) and high-grade disease (P = 0.049). The inclusion of prostate-specific antigen doubling time groups in a multivariate model to predict biopsy positivity increased its accuracy from 0.69 to 0.74. Conclusion: Prostate-specific antigen doubling time seems to provide further cancer risk assessment in men undergoing repeat biopsy for prostate-specific antigen ≥4.0 ng/mL. If validated in future studies, the present findings support the use of prostate-specific antigen doubling time in the risk stratification of this patient population.
A Milestone Reached and a Secret Revealed

In this special issue of the i>Journal of Automated Reasoning, this article sets the stage for the succeeding articles, all of which focus on finding proofs of theorems of formal logic and on the various methodologies that were employed. The proofs that are offered mark an important milestone for automated reasoning and for logic, for each of them is indeed new. One key question this article answers is why an automated reasoning program was able to find proofs that had eluded some of the finest mathematicians and logicians for many, many decades.
Apomorphine-Induced Nausea in Humans: Release of Vaso ressin and Pancreatic Polypeptide

Based on studies in animals and humans, it has been suggested that nausea activates the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system with resultant increases in circulating concentrations of oxytocin or vasopressin. The purpose of these studies was to determine in humans whether nausea is associated with increases in circulating concentrations of neurohypophyseal hormones or various enteropancreatic peptides (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, or pancreatic polypeptide). Nausea, induced by intravenous infusion of apomorphine, was associated with fivefold to 75-fold increases in plasma vasopressin concentrations in 7 subjects (mean increase, 41-fold), with no change in plasma oxytocin levels. Furthermore, nausea was associated with sevenfold to 16-fold increases in plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentrations (mean increase, ninefold), with no change in plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or substance P. In 1 subject refractory to nausea, there was no increase in plasma vasopressin or pancreatic polypeptide concentrations with apomorphine. These studies indicate that nausea in humans is associated with vasopressin and pancreatic polypeptide release.
A Tool to Execute ASSIST Applications on Globus-Based Grids

This article describes ASSISTCONF, a graphical user interface designed to execute ASSIST applications on Globus-based Grids.
Bst71I: an isoschizomer of the type-IIS restriction enzyme, BbvI, recognizing the GCAGC(8/12) site.

Abstract A new type-IIS restriction enzyme, Bst71I, with the specificity was isolated from Bacillus stearothermophilus (Promega No. 71). This enzyme is an isoschizomer of Bbv I with somewhat improved characteristics for use by molecular biologists.
Gamma Oscillations in the Entorhinal Cortex of the Freely Behaving Rat

Gamma frequency field oscillations (40-100 Hz) are nested within theta oscillations in the dentate-hilar and CA1-CA3 regions of the hippocampus during exploratory behaviors. These oscillations reflect synchronized synaptic potentials that entrain the discharge of neuronal populations within the approximately 10-25 msec range. Using multisite recordings in freely behaving rats, we examined gamma oscillations within the superficial layers (I-III) of the entorhinal cortex. These oscillations increased in amplitude and regularity in association with entorhinal theta waves. Gamma waves showed an amplitude minimum and reversed in phase near the perisomatic region of layer II, indicating that they represent synchronized synaptic potentials impinging on layer II-III neurons. Theta and gamma oscillations in the entorhinal cortex were coupled with theta and gamma oscillations in the dentate hilar region. The majority of layer II-III neurons discharged irregularly but were phase-related to the negative peak of the local (layer II-III) gamma field oscillation. These findings demonstrate that layer II-III neurons discharge in temporally defined gamma windows (approximately 10-25 msec) coupled to the theta cycle. This transient temporal framework, which emerges in both the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, may allow spatially distributed subpopulations to form temporally defined ensembles. We speculate that the theta-gamma pattern in the discharge of these neurons is essential for effective neuronal communication and synaptic plasticity in the perforant pathway.
Tourism in Protected Areas: Frameworks for Working Through the Challenges in an Era of Change, Complexity and Uncertainty

Recreation planning and management is confronted with a growing series of challenges emanating from fundamental shifts in social values and preferences, large scale demographic changes, development of new technologies, economic restructuring and new perspectives on protected area governance and decision-making. These driving forces have led to increased complexity and uncertainty for protected area visitor and tourism management situations that can only be described as contentious and uncertain, with growing public scrutiny and demands for greater accountability. Combined with growing and diversifying demand for tourism, the stakes involved in protected area management have increased dramatically. This chapter argues that these forces have led to a situation where the intellectual capital needed for visitor management decisions has risen, the requirement for frameworks to help managers “work through” complicated decisions has escalated, and the need for understanding the consequences of decisions to recreation opportunities has grown. Against a backdrop of contentious decision-making and changing definitions of sustainable tourism, what frameworks are available for working through decisions and how suitable are they?
Efficacy of seed treatments on viability of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4 in infected cotton seed

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) race 4 is a seedborne pathogen of cotton. A series of seed treatments using hot water at various temperatures (55–90 °C) for various lengths of time (105 s–20 min) was tested on seed of both Pima (Gossypium barbadense) and Upland (G. hirsutum) cultivars to determine the optimum combination to eliminate the pathogen from seed without reducing seed germination or vigor. In 2012, the incidence of FOV race 4 in an Upland seed lot was reduced by ∼56% without reducing seed germination and vigor when FOV race 4-infected cotton seed was immersed in a hot water bath for 20 min at 60 °C. In 2013, infected Upland seed was pretreated at 23 °C and agitated on a shaker at 100 rpm for 1 h in sterile deionized water or sterile 30% potato dextrose broth (PDB). The seed was then immersed for 20 min at 60 °C in one of the following: water, 10% solution of household bleach (0.8% NaOCl, w/v), 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate, azoxystrobin (0.24 g a.i.), fludioxonil (0.50 g a.i.), thiabendazole (0.42 g a.i.), thiophanate-methyl (0.70 g a.i.), or a fungicide bath containing all four fungicides. A pretreatment immersion in PDB or water followed by a 20 min immersion in a 60 °C fungicide slurry containing all four fungicides or thiophanate-methyl alone were the most effective pretreatment–treatment combinations in reducing FOV (by ∼85%) in seed and avoiding loss of seed germination and vigor based on recovery of the fungus on petri plates and greenhouse grow-out assays. FOV was completely eliminated from infected seed when the seed was immersed in water at 23 °C for 1 h at 100 rpm followed by a 20 min immersion in a solution of thiophanate-methyl heated to 70 °C, but seed germination was reduced by 36% and vigor was reduced by 38%.
Too much too soon?-The saga of Industrial Enterprises, Ltd. [change management]

Summary form only given, as follows. This short case describes issues, both managerial and technological, that impacted a company's operations when it underwent three major "adjustments"-becoming a publicly held company, utilizing e-commerce processes for sales activities, and, therefore, entering foreign markets. It examines the bases on which these decisions were made, and the results of those decisions.
The Pattern of Price Linkages Among Commodities: Commodity Price Linkages

We investigate the linkages between commodity futures prices to determine whether the price patterns have changed during time periods with major changes in the markets. Examining data from 1990 through 2011 we search for changing patterns in correlation coefficients, (non)stationarity, and cointegration among a set of commodities with widely traded futures markets. We find that simple correlation coefficients between futures prices and the probability of nonstationarity of the series have increased over time. However, our cointegration test results show no evidence for an increase in cointegration. This mixed evidence suggests that futures markets have become more efficient over time, but that previously unrelated commodities have not seen equilibrium relationships established. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:1062–1076, 2014
Baroreflex sensitivity in the canine model of obesity-induced hypertension.

Studies have demonstrated abnormalities in baroreflex function in various models of hypertension. The purpose of this study was to examine baroreflex sensitivity in the canine model of obesity-induced hypertension. Baroreflex sensitivity was determined by the relative changes in heart rate (HR) in response to changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) induced by sodium nitroprusside (Nitro) and phenylephrine (Pe). Studies were performed in conscious lean dogs (n = 10) and obese dogs fed a high-fat diet for 6 wk (n = 8). Body weight averaged 18.1 +/- 0.3 kg in the lean dogs and 26.5 +/- 0.5 kg in the obese dogs. Associated with the 46% increase in body weight in the obese dog group were significant increases in MAP (120.7 +/- 3.0 vs. 102.8 +/- 1.5 mmHg) and HR (132.7 +/- 8.5 vs. 96.4 +/- 3.3 beats/min). Administration of Nitro (0.5, 1.0, 5.0 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) resulted in comparable reductions in MAP in the lean and obese dogs. The reflex increases in HR were significantly greater in the obese animals only with a dose of 5.0 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 of Nitro (55.5 +/- 7.7 vs. 32.0 +/- 7.5 beats/min). Administration of Pe (0.5, 1.0, 5.0 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) resulted in significantly greater increases in MAP in the obese dogs (17.8 +/- 4.6 vs. 4.9 +/- 2.6, 37.1 +/- 4.4 vs. 19.6 +/- 2.7, and 72.7 +/- 7.5 vs. 51.5 +/- 7.1 mmHg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anterior Transplantation of the Posterior Tibial Tendon for Persistent Palsy of the Common Peroneal Nerve

The results of anterior transfer of the posterior tibial tendon for peroneal palsy secondary to trauma in ten patients treated at the Mayo Clinic have been reviewed and analyzed. In all patients the tendon was transferred in a long spiral manner around the medial surface of the tibia to the dorsum of the foot and triple arthrodesis was performed. The results of this study re-emphasize that transfer of the posterior tibial tendon to the dorsum of the foot satisfactorily restores the ability to dorsiflex the foot when persistent palsy of the common peroneal nerve is present. Transfer of the posterior tibial tendon around the medial side of the tibia, rather than through the interosseous membrane, gives satisfactory results if the original technique described by Ober is adhered to. Transfer of the posterior tibial tendon should be accompanied by stabilization of the foot, except, perhaps, in the young child. Persistent palsy of the common peroneal nerve is comparatively frequent. The annoying equinovarus gait or the use of a drop-foot brace can be eliminated in most instances by anterior transplantation of the posterior tibial tendon combined with triple arthrodesis.
A Stochastic Model for Nucleation in the Boundary Layer during Solvent Freeze-Concentration

Nucleation kinetics, induction times, and metastable zone widths are often modeled in quiescent, quasi-steady, and/or spatially uniform concentration fields. However, freezing an aqueous solution can concentrate the solute and effectively increase the supersaturation. During the freezing process, a boundary layer of giant supersaturation develops ahead of the moving ice front. We develop stochastic models of nucleation in the boundary layer when the growing ice perfectly excludes the solute for a one-dimensional system. The models make three simplifying assumptions: quasi-stationary nucleation kinetics, nuclei that are small compared to the boundary layer thickness, and a constant solvent crystallization growth velocity. Whether heterogeneous on the ice surface, or homogeneous in the boundary layer, the models suggest that nucleation is dramatically accelerated by the growing ice. For methane hydrates, which form at conditions similar to that of ice, induction times for hydrate nucleation can be reduced b...
Back to deuterium: Utility of 2H-labeled peptides for targeted quantitative proteomics

Abstract Multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry coupled with stable isotope dilution has become the method of choice for quantifying target proteins in complex biological samples. It quantifies signature peptides based on the sequential detection of peptide precursor ions and their fragments generated upon gas-phase collision. Heavy-isotope (13C and/or 15N) labeled peptides or proteomes are commonly used as internal reference standards for quantitation. However, use of these standards is becoming expensive when large numbers/amounts of reference peptides are needed. The search for low-cost, labeled references for proteomic quantitation such as those with 2H-labels is an object of constant pursuit. In order to take the cost advantage of 2H-labels, this work examines whether or not the known chromatographic separation of 2H-based peptides from the native counterparts affects the peptide quantitation using multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Experimental results from model peptides and proteome digests indicate that targeted mass spectrometry quantitation of the 2H- and 13C/15N-based peptides are comparable.
AN EXTENSION OF THE "MALKUS HYPOTHESIS" TO THE TURBULENT BASE FLOW OF BLUNT SECTIONS

On utilise un modele a ligne de courant fermee pour lier la pression de culot a la ligne de courant de decollement. La relation additionnelle entre pression de culot et longueur de la ligne de courant necessaire a la fermeture est une extension de l'hypothese de dissipation maximum de Malkus
Antiphospholipid syndrome in children.

Purpose of reviewAntiphospholipid syndrome is considered as the most common acquired hypercoagulation state of autoimmune disorder in children. Besides vascular occlusion, antiphospholipid antibodies have been associated with various nonthrombotic clinical manifestations. This review highlights rece
Irreversible binding of [3H]β-funaltremaxine to brain slices of morphine-tolerant and -dependent mice

Abstract The specific, irreversible binding of [ 3 H]β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) to μ opioid receptors in slices from the corpus striatum and midbrain region containing the ventral tegmentum area (VTA) was accomplished by incubation with [ 3 H]β-FNA followed by a washing procedure with 1 μM unlabeled naltrexone in the washing medium. Regional distribution studies of the specific, irreversible binding of [ 3 H]β-FNA revealed that slices of striatum and midbrain were richest in μ opioid receptors. Slices of cerebral cortex and medulla-pons had much lower amounts and the cerebellum had virtually no μ opioid receptors. Examination of the kinetics of the specific, irreversible binding of [ 3 H]β-FNA revealed that although the maximum binding of β-FNA to striatal and midbrain slices of control and morphine tolerant/dependent mice did not differ, the rate at which β-FNA associated with the receptor was increased in the slices from morphine tolerant/dependent animals. The increase in association probably occurred at the initial recognition step before alkylation takes place and is attributable to an increase in affinity of μ opioid receptors for β-FNA in both the striatal and midbrain regions of morphine tolerant/dependent mice. This finding supports and expands earlier conclusions that the affinity of μ opioid receptors for opioid antagonists is increased during the development of opiate tolerance and dependence in mice.
Stimulation of CO2 incorporation and glutamine synthesis by 2,4-D in photosynthesizing leaf-free mesophyll cells

Abstract Addition of 2,4-D to mesophyll cells isolated from leaves of Papaver somniferum resulted in a significant increase in photosynthetic CO 2 incorporation as well as a stimulation of glutamine synthesis. Evidence is presented that the rise in glutamine is due to increased reduction of nitrate to ammonia.
Interferon-β Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the leading nontraumatic cause of neurologic disability in young adults. Interferon-β, approved for use in 1993, was the first treatment to modify the course and prognosis of the disease and remains a mainstay of MS treatment. Numerous large-scale clinical trials in early, active patient populations have established the clinical efficacy of interferon-β in reducing relapses and delaying disability progression. Although its mechanism of action remains incompletely understood, a reduction in active lesions seen on magnetic resonance imaging implies primary anti-inflammatory properties, a mechanism supported by basic immunologic research. Variation in individual patient responsiveness to interferon-β may be due to disease variability or differential induction of interferon-stimulated genes. The magnitude of the therapeutic effect appears to be similar among products, but the optimal dose, route, and frequency of administration of the drug remain uncertain.
Rotaviral gastroenteritis--some recent developments.

Rotaviruses are a major cause of diarrhea-related infant deaths and are more likely to produce dehydration. 3 recent developments suggest the possibility that rotaviruses may eventually be controllable through immunoprophylactic measures: 1) human rotaviruses have been shown to be adaptable to tissue-culture propagation 2) typing methods may soon allow the specific characterization of human strains by biochemical or antigenic analyses and 3) attenuated rotaviruses have been discovered or derived and are being evaluated as vaccine candidates. Approaches to rotavirus characterizatio include biochemical characterization with PAGE analyses of rotavirus RNA and detrmination of specificity by plaque-reduction neutralization testing and serological classification of human and animal rotaviruses. A unified subtype classification will be required to enable study of geographic differences and to better define the epidemiology of rotaviruses. Research further indicates that rotavirus may not be causing the illness in nonclassical cases of diarrhea even when rotavirus is identified in stool.
Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention.

Prior to each visually presented target letter string in a speeded word-nonword classification task, either BIRD, BODY, BUILDING, or xxx appeared as a priming event. When the target was a word, it was (a) a name of a type of bird on most BiRD-prime trials; (b) a name of part of a building on most BODY-prime trials; (c) a name of a part of the body on most BUiLDiNG-prime trials; (d) a name of a type of bird, part of a building, or part of the body equally often on xxx-prime trials. Thus, on BiRD-prime trials the subject expected the word target to be chosen from the same category as the category represented by the word prime itself (Nonshift), whereas on BODY-prime and BuiLDiNG-prime trials the subject's attention was to be shifted because he or she expected the word target to be chosen from a category other than the category represented by the word prime itself (Shift). The word target was an exemplar of either the category the subject expected (Expected) or a category the subject did not expect (Unexpected) and was either semantically related (Related) or semantically unrelated (Unrelated) to the word prime. Thus, there were five different types of word-prime-word-target trials: (a) BiRD-robin (Condition Nonshift-Expected-Related) ; (b) BiRD-arm (Condition Nonshift-Unexpected-Unrelated) ; (c) BODY-door (Condition Shift-Expected-Unrelated) ; (d) BODY-sparrow (Condition Shift-Unexpected-Unrelated); (e) BODYheart (Condition Shift-Unexpected-Related). The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the prime and the target letter string varied between 250 and 2,000 msec. At the 2,000-msec SOA, reaction times (RTs) on BiRD-robin type trials were faster than RTs on xxx-prime trials (a facilitation effect), whereas RTs on BIRDarm type trials were slower than RTs on xxx-prime trials (an inhibition effect). As SOA decreased, the facilitation effect on BiRD-robin trials remained constant, but the inhibition effect on BiRu-arm trials decreased until, at the 250-msec SOA, there was no inhibition. For the Shift conditions at the 2,000-msec SOA, facilitation was obtained on BODY-door type trials and inhibition was obtained on BODY-sparrow type trials. These two effects decreased in magnitude as the SOA decreased until, at the 250-msec SOA, there was no facilitation or inhibition. On BODY-heart type trials, there was an inhibition effect at the 2,000 msec SOA, which decreased as the SOA decreased until, at the 250-msec SOA, it became a facilitation effect. For the nonword targets, the facilitatory effects of the word primes decreased as SOA decreased. These results were regarded as supporting the theory of Posner and Snyder that postulates two distinct components of attention: a fast automatic inhibitionless spreading-activation process and a slow limited-capacity consciousattention mechanism.
Improving the modeling of disease data from the government surveillance system: a case study on malaria in the Brazilian Amazon.

The study of the effect of large-scale drivers (e.g., climate) of human diseases typically relies on aggregate disease data collected by the government surveillance network. The usual approach to analyze these data, however, often ignores a) changes in the total number of individuals examined, b) the bias towards symptomatic individuals in routine government surveillance, and; c) the influence that observations can have on disease dynamics. Here, we highlight the consequences of ignoring the problems listed above and develop a novel modeling framework to circumvent them, which is illustrated using simulations and real malaria data. Our simulations reveal that trends in the number of disease cases do not necessarily imply similar trends in infection prevalence or incidence, due to the strong influence of concurrent changes in sampling effort. We also show that ignoring decreases in the pool of infected individuals due to the treatment of part of these individuals can hamper reliable inference on infection incidence. We propose a model that avoids these problems, being a compromise between phenomenological statistical models and mechanistic disease dynamics models; in particular, a cross-validation exercise reveals that it has better out-of-sample predictive performance than both of these alternative models. Our case study in the Brazilian Amazon reveals that infection prevalence was high in 2004–2008 (prevalence of 4% with 95% CI of 3–5%), with outbreaks (prevalence up to 18%) occurring during the dry season of the year. After this period, infection prevalence decreased substantially (0.9% with 95% CI of 0.8–1.1%), which is due to a large reduction in infection incidence (i.e., incidence in 2008–2010 was approximately one fifth of the incidence in 2004–2008).We believe that our approach to modeling government surveillance disease data will be useful to advance current understanding of large-scale drivers of several diseases.
Sulfanilamide in the treatment of gonorrheal ophthalmia in children

Summary The most satisfying observation in the use of sulfanilamide in the treatment of gonococcic ophthalmia was the rapid decrease in the swelling and discharge. Patients with red, chemotic, bulbar conjunctivae, with swollen retrotarsal folds and tumefied lids showed a uniformly prompt subsidence. Since this type of case is more apt to have implication of the cornea, if untreated, the rapid arrest noted with sulfanilamide is responsible, we believe, for a much better prognosis. In conclusion, we have observed a reduction of hospitalization of from 28.5 days for a control series of thirty-two patients with gonorrheal ophthalmia to 5.8 days for a series of fifteen patients treated with sulfanilamide. We believe the use of sulfanilamide is warranted in the treatment of gonorrheal ophthalmia for the following reasons: (1) economic importance, sharply reducing the length of hospitalization; (2) the ease of administration; (3) the apparent lack of complications; (4) the rapid improvement found; and (5) the general increase in the comfort of the patient.