cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Representations in Computational Thinking Tasks: A Clinical Study of Second-Grade Students.

Computational thinking requires high cognitive load as students work to manage multiple tasks in their problem-solving environment. Through research in K-2 classrooms on computational thinking, we noticed that students lack the representational fluency needed to move from one form to another—such as moving from physical to more abstract representations. Therefore, the following research question was studied: How do second-grade students use and translate among representations to solve computational thinking tasks using the robot mouse game? To address this, we employed a task-based interview approach with three second-grade students who were engaged in four computational thinking tasks using the Code and Go Robot Mouse Coding Activity Set developed by Learning Resources. Through four clinical tasks involving the robot mouse, students solved puzzles set up to force them to make particular representational translations. Each translation involved a level of cognitive complexity the students needed to manage to successfully complete the task. We found that students translated between many different representations using concrete representations to ease translations, language as a scaffold between translations, and embodied movements as representations or to assist with translation. Furthermore, the levels of representational maturity showed by the students varied with the difficulty of the task, and the spatial orientation was particularly difficult for them. These results provide important insights into how learners may develop their ability to engage with abstract representations that will be part of future practices associated with activities in science, mathematics, engineering, and computational thinking.
Plasma-enhanced SO2 remediation in a humidified gas matrix: A potential strategy for the continued burning of high sulfur bunker fuel

Abstract We report a substantial enhancement in the removal of gaseous SO2 by discharging a transient nanosecond pulsed plasma in a water vapor-saturated gas mixture. With the plasma alone (i.e., “dry”), the SO2 remediation is limited to approximately 15% reduction in SO2 (i.e., ΔSO2 = 65 ppm). In presence of water vapor, we observe 84% remediation (ΔSO2 = 500 ppm) during plasma discharge due to the availability of OH radicals. Here, there is a synergistic effect of adding water vapor to the gas mixture in which the plasma excites highly reactive OH radical species that drive a two-step reaction process: SO2 + OH → HSO3 and the subsequent reaction of HSO3 + OH → H2SO4, which precipitates out in the aqueous phase. The efficacy of this approach increases as we increase the temperature of the gas matrix, indicating the relatively low barriers of this reaction, which is consistent with the OH-driven reaction pathway, and it also increases with plasma density, thus demonstrating the scalability of this approach. Plasma emission spectroscopy as well as Raman scattering spectroscopy provide spectroscopic evidence of the OH radical species, further substantiating the OH reaction intermediate mechanism. This approach provides a promising mitigation strategy for the continued use of high sulfur fuels (i.e., bunker fuel).
Benefits of Teacher Diversity: Leading for Transformative Change.

This essay articulates the benefits of teacher diversity by illustrating six themes: a) leading for social justice through local and global civic engagement; b) developing an inclusive school culture; c) culturally relevant pedagogy; d) cultural translators and transformers; e) role models; and (f) benefits accrued by White students. The authors draw from evidence in supporting arguments surrounding the benefits accrued when teacher diversity reflects the demographics of students served and the role educational leaders can play in advancing efforts to recruit and retain a diverse faculty pool. They challenge readers to consider the benefits accrued when deliberate efforts to increase teacher diversity are made in light of advancing student academic success.
Live discharge from hospice care: psychosocial challenges and opportunities

Hospice social workers face many challenges in attempts to replicate or supplement the holistic support and unique services hospice provides for individuals discharged alive. This discontinuity in ...
Medical student wellness in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: As United States (US) medical students suffer higher rates of depression and anxiety than the general population, the wellness of medical students is particularly salient. One definition describes wellness as having eight dimensions: Intellectual, emotional, physical, social, occupational, financial, environmental, and spiritual. As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic poses unique challenges for medical students, we aimed to compare medical student wellness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: An informal survey was created to assess eight wellness dimensions and was distributed via Survey Monkey to US allopathic and osteopathic medical students via email and social media. The survey was administered from March 29, 2020 to June 23, 2020. Univariable and multivariable linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the change in students' overall wellness using an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (least well) to 10 (most well). Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the change in students' responses to the eight dimensions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: On multivariable analysis, students reported a decline in their overall wellness during COVID-19 (Mdiff = -1.08; p < .001). Asian respondents reported little change in overall wellness (M = -0.65) when compared to White respondents (M = -1.16) and Black respondents (M = -1.57). Students felt less supported and comfortable with their social (OR = 0.47) and daily (OR = 0.45) environments and expressed decreased satisfaction with their exercise (OR = 0.85), sense of purpose (OR = 0.33), and financial status (OR = 0.75). Students also expressed lower confidence (OR = 0.15) and satisfaction (OR = 0.11) with their medical education and increased anxiety (OR = 3.37) and depression (OR = 2.05). CONCLUSIONS: Medical students reported declines in overall wellness and individual wellness dimensions. These findings can be used to implement changes to improve medical student wellness.
A Dedicated Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Unit during a Respiratory Pandemic: Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Part II: Clinical Management

(1) Background: COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) has several distinctions from traditional acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, patients with refractory respiratory failure may still benefit from veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) support. We report our challenges caring for CARDS patients on VV-ECMO and alterations to traditional management strategies. (2) Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of our institutional strategies for managing patients with COVID-19 who required VV-ECMO in a dedicated airlock biocontainment unit (BCU), from March to June 2020. The data collected included the time course of admission, VV-ECMO run, ventilator length, hospital length of stay, and major events related to bleeding, such as pneumothorax and tracheostomy. The dispensation of sedation agents and trial therapies were obtained from institutional pharmacy tracking. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. (3) Results: Forty COVID-19 patients on VV-ECMO were managed in the BCU during this period, from which 21 survived to discharge and 19 died. The criteria for ECMO initiation was altered for age, body mass index, and neurologic status/cardiac arrest. All cannulations were performed with a bedside ultrasound-guided percutaneous technique. Ventilator and ECMO management were routed in an ultra-lung protective approach, though varied based on clinical setting and provider experience. There was a high incidence of pneumothorax (n = 19). Thirty patients had bedside percutaneous tracheostomy, with more procedural-related bleeding complications than expected. A higher use of sedation was noted. The timing of decannulation was also altered, given the system constraints. A variety of trial therapies were utilized, and their effectiveness is yet to be determined. (4) Conclusions: Even in a high-volume ECMO center, there are challenges in caring for an expanded capacity of patients during a viral respiratory pandemic. Though institutional resources and expertise may vary, it is paramount to proceed with insightful planning, the recognition of challenges, and the dynamic application of lessons learned when facing a surge of critically ill patients.
Obstacles as Building Blocks: Font Disfluency and Performance on Economics Exams

Although individuals generally do not wish to be expected to do good work with bad tools, there are some activities for which there are advantages to having to face certain types of obstacles. One of these is mental processing, an important facet of cognitive psychology. This study extends the work of cognitive psychologists by introducing font disfluency, or the use of difficult-to-read font or typeface, to the exam-taking phase of economics principles courses. Difference-in-means tests indicate that students completing exams that were formatted in the difficult-to-read font scored as many as 9.6 points higher than their counterparts who completed exams formatted in the traditional font. On the other hand, regression analysis controlling for student demographics and human capital failed to produce a statistically significant result. The authors believe, however, that this result is likely due to the omission of student effort in the regression specification. As such, further research on the impact of font disfluency on exam performance is clearly warranted.
A Side-by-Side Comparison of Clinical versus Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) Microbiology Laboratory Requirements for Sterility Testing of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products

Abstract Over the last few years, there have been numerous discussions on the American Society for Microbiology’s clinical listservs (DivC, and ClinMicroNet) regarding sterility testing of cell and gene therapy products and environmental monitoring and gloved fingertip testing for hospital pharmacies. Clinical microbiology laboratories have often been asked to assist with testing due to the on-site proximity of laboratory equipment and microbiological expertise within the hospital environment. The role of the clinical microbiology laboratory in this setting, however, is questionable due to major differences in test requirements and regulatory oversight. Here, we provide a side-by-side comparison of clinical versus current good manufacturing practices microbiology laboratories to provide guidance to those that are currently assisting with or have been asked to assist with sterility testing of manufactured biopharmaceutical products that have become common frontline treatments in modern medicine.
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Systems

This chapter is devoted to giving an informal introduction to the subject of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics, from the point of view that is relevant in this monograph. In Section 1.1 we give the basic definitions and we briefly review the duality between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems. Even though these topics come from mathematical physics, we make almost no mention of this. We rather emphasize the variational and dynamical systems flavors of these theories. In Section 1.2 we introduce the important class of Tonelli Lagrangians and Tonelli Hamiltonians. The main results about the existence and multiplicity of periodic orbits, that we will give in Chapter 6, are valid for Tonelli systems. Here, we try to motivate the importance of the Tonelli assumptions, as they naturally give broad families of Lagrangians and Hamiltonians for which the above-mentioned duality occurs. In Section 1.3 we introduce the action minimizing curves associated to a Tonelli Lagrangian system, and we give detailed proofs of classical results concerning their existence, uniqueness and regularity.
Paradoxes of Political Ethics: From Dirty Hands to the Invisible Hand

Introduction 1. For the sake of the city 2. Two cities and two loves 3. Renaissance dilemmas 4. Hobbes's choice 5. Dirty hands commercialised 6. How dirty hands become invisible: Adam Smith's solution Conclusion.
Decisions Under Violation of Regression Normality

Two water resources engineering questions are considered to study the statistical effect and associated loss of incorrectly assuming normality in linear regression analysis. Monte Carlo simulation is used to investigate the small sample behavior of the estimated regression coefficients, estimated variances, and predicted values of the dependent variable when the errors are not normally distributed. The distributions simulated are lognormal, Pearson and LogPearson with varying degress of skew. The estimated values of the regression coefficients are not appreciably affected by skew of the error distribution. Decisions based on both the mean and variance are less robust to nonnormality than decisions based only on the mean. Many hydrologic decisions are based on confidence intervals or percentiles, which involve estimated standard deviations and, thus, may be quite sensitive to violation of the normality assumption.
La asociación estadística entre inflación e independencia del Banco Central

Este articulo revisa la evidencia empirica sobre la asociacion estadistica entre medidas formales de independencia del Banco Central y la inflacion. Demuestra que el desempeno inflacionarios del Banco del Japon y de la Reserva Federal contradice la existencia de esa asociacion y concluye que en las discusiones sobre la reestruturacion de los bancos centrales para estabilizar los precios no deberia dar tanta importancia a dicha asociacion estadistica, pues los resultados no son estadisticamente robustos.
Problem Solving, Abstraction, and Design Using C++

From the Publisher: While emphasizing problem solving and programming skills, the authors introduce object-oriented concepts early in the text. The system-defined string and stream classes and a user-defined money class are used to reinforce the importance of data modeling in programming. This second edition contains all of the classic learning features readers have come to know and trust in authors Frank Friedman and Elliot Koffman. These features include case studies, program style sections, syntax display boxes, end-of-section exercises, common-error sections, chapter reviews, quick-check exercises, and programming projects.
Functional interaction between transcriptional elements in the long terminal repeat of reticuloendotheliosis virus: cooperative DNA binding of promoter- and enhancer-specific factors.

Abstract Transcription from reticuloenodotheliosis virus strain T (REV-T), an avian retrovirus unrelated to avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses, is modulated by sequences in at least five functional domains. A promoter containing a TATA and multiple CCAAT motifs in U3 of the long terminal repeat was absolutely required for transcription. Transcriptional efficiency was greatly augmented by an enhancer immediately upstream, which contained a 22-base-pair repeated sequence. Transcription was further influenced by a negative-acting domain in the 5' region of U3 and two downstream domains in the transcribed non-protein-coding region. One of these latter domains contained a consensus enhancer core sequence and positively affected transcription in both mammalian and avian cells; the other acted negatively in a dog cell line. Transcription from REV-T in vivo required cellular factors which could be competed for specifically by the promoter or enhancer domain. The downstream domains competed with reporter genes containing these domains, but not directly with the U3 sequences. The promoter, enhancer, and the positive-acting downstream domains formed multiple complexes with distinct classes of cellular factors in both avian and mammalian cell extracts. Binding of factors to the promoter and enhancer domains was cooperative when these domains were joined in cis.
A Confident Measure of Teamwork: The Efficacy of Confidence Assessment and Feedback Enhancement for Collective Training:

The perceptions that team members have of each other's capabilities and the accuracy of those perceptions are very important in determining how well a team will perform. This paper describes a method for assessing, and the consequences of, team members' confidence in the capabilities of their peers. The mutual judgments of confidence are derived from knowledge each team member has of the capabilities of others to perform their respective tasks and to coordinate their actions with those of other team members. Implications of the accuracy of this knowledge and its impact on collective team training and performance are discussed.
Felicitous Space: The Imaginative Structures of Edith Wharton and Willa Cather

Judith Fryer's study of novelists Edith Wharton and Willa Cather is a rich examination of the actual and imagined spaces women inhabit, perceive, and create. Turning to the period of ""America's coming of age,"" Fryer offers a woman-centered inquiry into an era whose traditional landmarks are the frontier, the rise of the city, and World War I. Fryer draws her analysis from history, philosophy, environmental psychology, anthropology, sociology, and geography as well as from literature, architechure, and painting. The book's conceptual bonds are women's structures of the period: the Woman's Building at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 and the 1915 feminist utopian community, Herland, imagined by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Focusing on the experience of women, Fryer presents a series of meditations that are concerned with the structures of fantasy -- a plan for a house, a room, a set of furnishings, a landscape, a story. Offering new readings of the fictions of Edith Wharton and Willa Cather that depart from existing biographical or psychological analyses, Fryer provides an original view of the meaning of space for such educated women. Wharton and Cather departed from the customary ""American"" expressions of the dominant culture, Fryer argues, to explore and inscribe their own experiences. She focuses on their imaginative structures, from Wharton's meticulously conceived interiors, which include all that the eye can encompass, to Cather's unfurnished rooms and landscapes, which are her physical and spiritual correlatives. In demonstrating the relationship between the spaces women inhabit and the language of their imaginative creations, Fryer brings new meaning to the ongoing investigations of creativity versus environment. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Development and viability of offspring of male mice treated with chlorinated phenoxy acids and 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin

Male C57BL/6 mice were given feed containing various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) such that their diets contained daily doses of approximately 40 mg/kg 2,4,-D, 40 mg/kg 2,4,5-T, and 2.4 micrograms/kg TCDD (group II); 40 mg/kg 2,4-D, 40 mg/kg 2,4,5-T, and 0.16 microgram/kg TCDD (group III); or 20 mg/kg 2,4-D, 20 mg/kg 2,4,5-T, and 1.2 micrograms/kg TCDD (group IV). Controls (group I) were given a diet with only the corn oil vehicle added to the feed. At the conclusion of an 8-wk dosing period, treated males cohabited with untreated virgin C57BL/6 female mice. Females were randomly assigned either to undergo teratological examination at 18 d of gestation, when the fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations, or to be segregated and allowed to deliver their pups. Live and dead offspring and birth weight were recorded and viability was monitored until postnatal d 21. In both cases, development and survival of offspring in the test groups, whose sire had been treated with the mixture of phenoxy acids and TCDD, were not significantly different from those in the control group, whose sire had received untreated feed.
The effect of ionization on heat transfer to wires immersed in a highly thermallyionized plasma

Results obtained with a previously developed technique for measuring local heat transfer to bare and ceramic coated metal wires from a dense, highly thermallyionized plasma are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. A free-burning arc in argon at atmospheric pressure provides a plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium. Wire probes are swept through this plasma in planes parallel to the anode. The wires do not draw a net current from the plasma. Experimental evidence indicates that the layer between the undisturbed plasma and the probe surface is not in chemical equilibrium. The data show that heat transfer to the wire in this situation is dominated by the energy transport associated with electron and ion partial currents to the probe surface as determined by the potential of the probe with respect to the plasma. The data obtained using this technique provide an experimentally verified model for the heat transfer to wires immersed in a plasma over a wide range of plasma conditions including a 100 percent variation in the degree of ionization.
Internal regulatory interactions determine DNA binding specificity by a Hox transcription factor.

Abstract In developing bilaterans, the Hox transcription factor family regulates batteries of downstream genes to diversify serially repeated units. Given Hox homeodomains bind a wider array of DNA binding sites in vitro than are regulated by the full-length protein in vivo , regions outside the homeodomain must aid DNA site selection. Indeed, we find affinity for disparate DNA sequences varies less than 3-fold for the homeodomain isolated from the Drosophila Hox protein Ultrabithorax Ia (UbxHD), whereas for the full-length protein (UbxIa) affinity differs by more than 10-fold. The rank order of preferred DNA sequences also differs, further demonstrating distinct DNA binding preferences. The increased specificity of UbxIa can be partially attributed to the I1 region, which lies adjacent to the homeodomain and directly impacts binding energetics. Each of three segments within I1—the Extradenticle-binding YPWM motif, the six amino acids immediately N-terminal to this motif, and the eight amino acids abutting the YPWM C-terminus—uniquely contribute to DNA specificity. Combination of these regions synergistically modifies DNA binding to further enhance specificity. Intriguingly, the presence of the YPWM motif in UbxIa inhibits DNA binding only to Ubx–Extradenticle heterodimer binding sites, potentially functioning in vivo to prevent Ubx monomers from binding and misregulating heterodimer target genes. However, removal of the surrounding region allows the YPWM motif to also inhibit binding to Hox-only recognition sequences. Despite a modular domain design for Hox proteins, these results suggest that multiple Hox protein regions form a network of regulatory interactions that coordinate context- and gene-specific responses. Since most nonhomeodomain regions are not conserved between Hox family members, these regulatory interactions have the potential to diversify binding by the highly homologous Hox homeodomains.
Solitary pulmonary nodules: clinical prediction model versus physicians.

Objective To determine whether a clinical prediction model developed to identify malignant lung nodules based on clinical data and radiologic lung nodule characteristics could predict a malignant lung nodule diagnosis with higher accuracy than physicians. Material and Methods One hundred cases were obtained by using a stratified random sample from a retrospective cohort of 629 patients with newly discovered 4- to 30-mm radiologically indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) on chest radiography. A chest radiologist, pulmonologist, thoracic surgeon, and general internist made predictions of a malignant lesion and recommendations for management (thoracotomy, transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy, or observation) on the basis of radiologic and clinical data used to develop the clinical prediction rule. The predictions of a malignant lung nodule were compared with the probability of malignant involvement from a previously validated clinical prediction model to identify malignant nodules on the basis of three clinical characteristics (age, smoking status, and history of cancer greater than or equal to 5 years previously) and three radiologic characteristics (nodule diameter, spiculation, and upper lobe location). Results Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed no significant difference between the logistic model and the physicians' predictions. Calibration curves revealed that physicians overestimated the probability of a malignant lesion in patients with low risk of malignant disease by the prediction rule; this finding suggests a potential for the decision rule to improve the management of patients with SPNs that are likely to be benign. Conclusion The prediction model was not better than physicians' predictions of malignant SPNs. The prediction rule may have potential to improve the management of patients with SPNs that are likely to be benign.
Galactosyltransferase Defects in Reeler Mouse Brains

Galactosyltransferase activities were examined in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and brain stem of reeler and wild-type mice. Galactosyltransferase assays were optimal for all required substrates, linear with incubation time, and proportional to protein concentration. In brain areas affected by the reeler mutation (i.e., cerebral cortex and cerebellum), galactosylation of both endogenous and exogenous glycoprotein acceptors was greatly reduced in reeler relative to controls. On the other hand, glycosylation of endogenous glycolipids was low, and equal between reeler and wild-type. Galactosyltransferase activities were similar, though not identical, in reeler and wild-type brain stems, which are phenotypically normal in reeler mice. Glucosyltransferase, beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase specific activities were all unaffected in reeler cerebella, while galactosyltransferase activity was 52% of control. Inhibition of either UDPgalactose hydrolysis or beta-galactosidase had no effect on galactosyltransferase activity. The spectrum or galactosyltransferase deficiencies in reeler suggests that this enzyme is associated with the development of young granule cells.
Coteaching, peer tutoring and curriculum writing: lasting effects of involving students in talking about science

This article presents the findings of a 3-year case study that examines the lasting effects of having participated in cogenerative dialogues during a 9th grade science experience. Theo, a high school student researcher of more than three years, affords insights into the expansion of human agency, attributing it to his consistent participation in and the ripple effects of cogenerative dialogues. Three vignettes that underscore the value created by (a) coteaching with a high school science teacher, (b) being a peer tutor and (c) creating an inter-grade school wide curriculum project are examined as Theo moves through 10th and 11th grades. This study provides insights into how students who have traditionally participated in science peripherally can access structures that enable them to contribute to their own learning and the learning of others centrally and in substantive ways. Educators can learn and take away from this study feasible means by which students and teachers can work together to transform stud...
Management of Anorexia in the Cat

One of the most frequent motivations for seeking veterinary attention for a cat is when the owner recognises a loss of normal appetite in his pet. The medical term for a lack of appetite for food is 'anorexia', and it may be partial or complete. While anorexia is a common manifestation of disease, the mechanisms underlying decreased food intake are complex and not completely understood. The regulation of appetite involves interaction of external stimuli with signals from the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. Aberrations in any of the internal control systems for hunger and satiety, or changes in external factors such as diet or feeding environment, can result in partial or total anorexia. The challenge for the practitioner is not only to diagnose and treat the underlying condition, but to recognise at what point inadequate food intake has or will impinge on the patient's nutritional status to the extent that it might deleteriously affect clinical outcome. It is also important to bear in mind the significance that the patient's appetite and food intake has for the cat owner in his overall perception of his pet's condition and quality of life.
Effect of hypoxia on gluconeogenesis in the albino rat and thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus)

Abstract 1. 1. The rate of gluconeogenesis from l -lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, α-ketoglutarate, l -glutamate, l -aspartate and oxaloacetate was measured in kidney cortex slices prepared from control and hypxic albino rats and thirteen-lined ground squirrels. 2. 2. After hypoxic exposure ( X p O 2 in chamber = 76 mm Hg) for 3 hr, gluconeogenesis in groud squireel renal tissue was increased significantly from all substrates except l -lactate; whereas the gluconeogenic capacity in rat tissue was slightly decreased. In general, the activities of selected hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzymes were increased in hypoxic ground squirrels but decreased in hypoxic rats. 3. 3. In both species, significant glycogenolysis occured during hypoxia; however, blood glucose levels remained unchanges. Blood lactate increased significantly in the hypoxic ground squirrel. A possible feedback control of gluconeogenesis is discussed within the context of the above results. 4. 4. Hypoxic resistance in hibernating mammals may be partially attibuted to an increased capacity for renal and hepatic gluconeogenesis.
DIFFERENTIAL ORIENTATION OF A GnRH AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST IN THE PITUITARY GnRH RECEPTOR

In the present study we have used a high affinity photoaffinity label (PAL) agonist (pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-125I-iodoTyr-D-Lys(para-N3-Benzoyl)-Leu-Arg-P roNHEt) and a PAL antagonist (NAcD2Nal-D4ClPhe-D3Pal-Ser-125I-iodo-NMeTyr-D-L ys(para-N3-Benzoyl)Leu-Lys(Isp) - Pro-D-Ala-NH2) to covalently label the GnRH receptor. Rat pituitary membranes were incubated 3 h with either the radioiodinated agonist or antagonist in the dark, exposed to UV light, then electrophoresed in SDS. The PAL agonist and antagonist labeled broad bands (estimated molecular weight [M(r)] 46K-60K). Labeling by either PAL agonist or antagonist was displaced by unlabeled agonist or antagonist, indicating that the agonist and antagonist bind to the same molecule. The broad band, believed to reflect differential glycosylation, was divided into six sections corresponding M(r) to 60K, 56K, 52K, 48K, 46K and 44K for the agonist and 62K, 58K, 54K, 52K, 48K and 45K for the antagonist; these were electroeluted with recovery > 80% based on radioactivit...
Occupational Styrene Exposure for Twelve Product Categories in the Reinforced-Plastics Industry

Approximately 1500 occupational styrene exposure values from 28 reinforced-plastic manufacturers were collected retrospectively from companies and state and federal agencies. This report describes the major types of manufacturing processes within the reinforced-plastics industry and reports on the availability, collection and analysis of historical exposure information. Average exposure to styrene in most open-mold companies (24–82 ppm) was generally 2–3 times the exposure in press-mold companies (11–26 ppm). Manufacturers of smaller boats had mean styrene exposures of 82 ppm as compared to 37 ppm for yacht companies. There was considerable overlap in styrene exposure among job titles classified as directly exposed within open- and press-mold processing.
From the Social Gospel to the Psychology of Social Issues: A Reminiscence

The prosopography by James Capshew (1986) I find very interesting, well conceived and carried out, and genuinely thought provoking. My comments are more like free associations than a formal essay, but they represent my reflections on the past presidents of SPSSI.
On the eventual periodicity of xn+1=max{1xn,Anxn-1} with a period-five parameter

In this paper, we will study the max difference equation, x"n"+"1=max{1x"n,A"nx"n"-"1}, when {A"n} is a period-five sequence of real numbers greater than one. We will prove that every solution is eventually periodic with period twenty.
The effects of therapeutic radiation on colonic mucosa.

Low to moderate doses of therapeutic irradiation are capable of producing bizarre cytologic changes in the mucosal cells of colorectal crypts. This may be associated with eosinophilia of the lamina propria and with eosinophilic crypt abscesses. The bizarre cells generally line intact crypts and do not exhibit invasive behavior. The change subsides within 1 to 2 months at the dose levels studied (approximately 2000 rads). (auth)
On the Varieties of National Attachment: Blind Versus Constructive Patriotism

Two studies explored a theoretical distinction between “blind” and “constructive” patriotism. Blind patriotism is defined as an attachment to country characterized by unquestioning positive evaluation, staunch allegiance, and intolerance of criticism. Constructive patriotism is defined as an attachment to country characterized by support for questioning and criticism of current group practices that are intended to result in positive change. Items designed to investigate these dimensions of national attachment were administered to two groups of undergraduates in separate surveys. Measures of the two constructs derived from factor analysis of the responses proved to be reliable and valid. Blind patriotism was positively associated with political disengagement, nationalism, perceptions of foreign threat, perceived importance of symbolic behaviors, and selective exposure to pro-U.S. information. In contrast, constructive patriotism was positively associated with multiple indicators of political involvement, including political efficacy, interest, knowledge, and behavior. The implications of this distinction for theory and research on patriotism are discussed.
Endothelin and vein bypass grafts in experimental atherosclerosis

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is apotent vasoconstrictor whose serum concentration increases with the development of atherosclerosis. Coronary artery-vein bypass grafts are susceptible to vasospasm and to the development of accelerated atherosclerosis. Although ET-1 is thought to play a role in coronary vasospasm, the effect of ET-1 in atherosclerotic vein grafts is unknown. The responses of veins, arteries, and vein bypass grafts from normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic animals to ET-1 were therefore investigated. Vein bypass grafts were placed in the carotid position of 12 New Zealand White rabbits. Seven were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 4 weeks before surgery and thereafter until harvest (hyperlipidemia), and five were fed a normal diet (normolipidemia)
Remembering Nutrient Quality of Sugar in Drosophila

Taste is an early stage in food and drink selection for most animals [1, 2]. Detecting sweetness indicates the presence of sugar and possible caloric content. However, sweet taste can be an unreliable predictor of nutrient value because some sugars cannot be metabolized. In addition, discrete sugars are detected by the same sensory neurons in the mammalian [3] and insect [4, 5] gustatory systems, making it difficult for animals to readily distinguish the identity of different sugars using taste alone [6-8]. Here we used an appetitive memory assay in Drosophila [9-11] to investigate the contribution of palatability and relative nutritional value of sugars to memory formation. We show that palatability and nutrient value both contribute to reinforcement of appetitive memory. Nonnutritious sugars formed less robust memory that could be augmented by supplementing with a tasteless but nutritious substance. Nutrient information is conveyed to the brain within minutes of training, when it can be used to guide expression of a sugar-preference memory. Therefore, flies can rapidly learn to discriminate between sugars using a postingestive reward evaluation system, and they preferentially remember nutritious sugars.
The Third Folio

McGinn speaks of the Library's purchased a fine copy of the Third Folio (1664) of William Shakespeare's plays. This volume takes its place between two copies of the Second Folio and one copy of the Fourth arleady owned by the Library.
A simulation-based fault injection experiment to evaluate self-test diagnostics for a fault-tolerant computer

The design and results of a fault injection experiment conducted in the Airlab facility at NASA-Langley using a logic network simulator are described. An attempt was made to determine the effectiveness of the diagnostic self-test sequences used to detect failures in the communicator/interstage (C/I) of a fault-tolerant processor (FTP). Identification of the undetected faults in the C/I Status Register logic resulted in changes in the diagnostic test sequences implemented for the FTP.
Agricultural nitrogen model: A tool for regional environmental management

A detailed nitrogen budget was devised for agricultural activities in the Florida peninsula, based on routine data published by state agricultural agencies. The model demonstrates that important unmonitored fluxes of nitrogen can often be calculated by mass balance on individual model compartments, and that the reasonability of poorly quantified fluxes can be assessed. The results of such models can be very useful in designing and assessing the results of field experiments and in prioritizing environmental monitoring programs.
High-power high-efficiency operation of read-type IMPATT-diode oscillators

C.W. operation of GaAs Schottky-barrier Read-type IMPATT-diode oscillators is reported. These devices exhibited efficiences from 20 to 24% with output powers of 2 ~ 3 W c.w. in the Ku-band. The best efficiency was 24%, with an output power of 1.8 W c.w., while the maximum output power was 3.2 W c.w., with an efficiency of 20.7% at frequencies near 14 GHz.
Identification of novel staphylococcal virulence genes by in vivo expression technology

We have applied in vivo expression technology (IVET) to the study of staphylococcal virulence. Using a promoter trap that relies on genetic recombination as a reporter of gene expression, we identified 45 staphylococcal genes that are induced during infection in a murine renal abscess model. Of these, only six were known previously; 11 others have homology to known non-staphylococcal genes. The known staphylococcal genes include agrA, part of a key locus regulating numerous virulence products, and a glycerol ester hydrolase, which may enhance staphylococcal survival in abscesses. We constructed 11 strains containing mutations in previously unknown ivi genes. Of these strains, seven were significantly attenuated in virulence compared with the wild-type parent. The mutagenized ivi genes may encode novel staphylococcal virulence factors.
New analytical calculation of displacement damage

Abstract A new approach to the calculation of displacement damage using analytical transport theory is presented. This approach is a modification of the standard Lindhard, Nielsen, Scharff and Thompsen (LNST) method; the principal difference is that we do not neglect the displacement energy and its effect on energy partitioning. In addition, we use a slightly different method of calculating the number of displacements than is usually used and we adopt a useful approximation for treating the transfer of energies less than the displacement energy. The damage energy and number of displacements produced by an ioo of given energy are separately evaluated. After outlining the derivation of the new approach, comparisons are made with the standard (LNST) results. Various interatomic potentials are then used to explore the sensitivity of the radiation damage estimates to the form of the interaction.
585 ENTERIC ADENOVIRUS 40 & 41(EAds) IN GASTROENTERITIS S8S OF INFANTS & YOUNG CHILDREN

From 9/81 thru 9/83, adenoviruses (ad) were detected by electron microscopy and/or tissue culture in the stools (st) of 3.8% (46 of 1121)children with acute diarrhea. 35 viruses (76%) were EAds; 33 of these were the sole enteric pathogen. The EAds were confirmed by neutralization in 293 cells (25); by restriction endonuclease analysis (13) [two (15%) type 40, 11 (85%) type 41]; and/or by hybridization probes (22). The latter two tests were done directly on st. (26% of the EAd infections were nosdcomial.) Mean age for 35 EAd patients (pts) was 8.3 mos (range 1-34). 77% were younger than 1 year; 43% were 6 mos or younger. 83% of EAd infections were seen from Sept thru March with a peak in December when 9.8% of 61 enteritis pts had EAd in their st. 54% with EAd had vomiting, 63% of these for >4 days. All had diarrhea (>4 days in 74%) and fever (>4 days in 38%). 26% had mild dehydration. Upper respiratory (URI) symptoms were noted in 20%, râles and wheezing in 9%. St had PMNs in 18% of 22. 11 pts with non-EAd fecal ad in st were young (mean 6.8 mos range 2-11 mos). Non-EAd cases exhibited no seasonality and had vomiting for ≥4 days in 28%. 36% of 11 non-EAd pts vs 74% of 35 EAd ⊕pts had diarrhea for >4 days (p=.034). Non-EAd pts had more URI (40%) than non-nosocomial EAd pts, 8% (p=.033). In young infants and children, EAds are associated with enteritis, resulting in hospitalization and nosocomial enteritis.
Decision-making in the public sector- a logical model

Abstract The decision making process consists of three basic elements. These factors are goals and standards, personality, and environment. Given these three concepts, the decision maker in the public sector follows identifiable processes. Some of these processes are more valuable and yield better results than others. This work is an attempt to discuss this process after an overview of the subject and to identify a model which will facilitate the decision making procedure.
Parasitoids of Hemileuca oliviae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Chihuahua, Mexico

A search for parasitoids of Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell was initiated during summer 1983 in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Parasitoids that emerged from egg clusters collected near E1 Sueco were Anastatus semiflavidus Gahan, Microdontomerus sp., and Tetrastichus sp. Mean number of eggs per cluster ± SE was 126.12 ± 37.36, 83.33% of the clusters were parasitized, and 19.71% of all eggs were parasitized. Eggs of pentatomids and possibly mantids are alternate hosts for A. semiflavidus. Tachinid flies Leschenaultia sp. and Chetogena sp. parasitized 54 and 2%, respectively, of the late-instar caterpillars in one site, and the ichneumonid wasp, Enicospilus sp., parasitized 12% of these caterpillars. The chalcids, Brachymeria ovata (Say) and Spilochalcis mariae (Riley), parasitized 4.94 and 2.47% of the pupae, respectively, in one site, but were absent from three other sites. Six of the eight parasitoids (including two possible hyperparasites) found in H. oliviae are new records.
Feminism and Sex Trafficking: Rethinking Some Aspects of Autonomy and Paternalism

This paper argues that potential cases of oppression, such as sex trafficking, can sometimes comprise autonomous choices by the trafficked individuals. This issue still divides radical from liberal feminists, with the former wanting to ‘rescue’ the ‘victims’ and the latter insisting that there might be good reasons for ‘hiding from the rescuers.’ This article presents new arguments for the liberal approach and raises two demands: first, help organizations should be run by affected women and be open-minded about whether or not the trafficked individuals should remain in the sex industry. Second, the career choices of trafficked individuals should be expanded by the introduction of an opportunity-extending right to asylum.
Intramedullary spinal cord and leptomeningeal metastases from intracranial low-grade oligodendroglioma

We present an unusual case of a patient with an intracranial low-grade oligodendroglioma who developed recurrence with an intramedullary spinal cord metastasis and multiple spinal leptomeningeal metastases. The intramedullary spinal cord metastasis showed mild enhancement similar to the original intracranial primary, while the multiple spinal leptomeningeal metastases revealed no enhancement. This is the seventh reported case of symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from a low-grade oligodendroglioma.
Expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens in the brains of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by JC virus (JCV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in immunosuppressed patients. The immunopathogenesis of this chronic encephalitis is unknown. Because major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and class II antigens are important in modulating the immune response and viral clearance, we examined the tissue expression of MHC molecules in relation to CNS damage and presence of virus. By immunocytochemical staining, both MHC class I and class II antigens were expressed at high levels within PML lesions. Beta-2 microglobulin (beta-2m) was present on endothelial cells and JCV-infected oligodendroglia within the lesions. Also, many astrocytes with bizarre morphology expressed MHC class I antigens. In histologically normal regions of PML brains expression of beta-2m was noted only on endothelial cells. Expression of MHC class II also was focused within demyelinating lesions and was restricted to macrophages/microglia and occasional endothelial cells. When compared to other viral encephalitides (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus) these findings suggest that intra-CNS immune response to JCV is appropriate for antigenic presentation; however, the absence of responsive systemic T-cells may lead to chronic viral infection with progressive neuropathology.
Effect of intramuscular chlorpromazine on serum prolactin levels in schizophrenic patients and normal controls.

Abstract Serum prolactin levels were monitored for 2 hours after injection of chlorpromazine (CPZ) 50 mg intramuscularly (i.m.) in 6 male normal controls and 14 newly admitted male chronic schizophrenics. The increase in serum prolactin levels in the male normal controls was not significantly different from that in patients. Serum prolactin levels were compared in 18 male and 22 female psychotic patients of various psychiatric diagnoses who received 50 mg of CPZ i.m., and 7 male and 6 female patients who received 25 mg CPZ i.m. No significant sex or dose differences were seen in the magnitude of the prolactin response after i.m. CPZ. These results suggest that doses of CPZ 25 or 50 mg i.m. may result in maximal prolactin secretion in most subjects and that lower doses are needed to test the hypothesis that dopamine receptors are supersensitive in schizophrenia or the affective psychoses. In six patients with mixed diagnoses, serum levels of CPZ and other active metabolites were determined by radioreceptor binding assay; peak serum drug levels were highly correlated with peak serum prolactin levels ( r =0.92) during the first 2 hours following CPZ 50 mg i.m.