cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving Target Defense for Hardening the Security of the Power System State Estimation

State estimation plays a critically important role in ensuring the secure and reliable operation of the electric grid. Recent works have shown that the state estimation process is vulnerable to stealthy attacks where an adversary can alter certain measurements to corrupt the solution of the process, but evade the existing bad data detection algorithms and remain invisible to the system operator. Since the state estimation result is used to compute optimal power flow and perform contingency analysis, incorrect estimation can undermine economic and secure system operation. However, an adversary needs sufficient resources as well as necessary knowledge to achieve a desired attack outcome. The knowledge that is required to launch an attack mainly includes the measurements considered in state estimation, the connectivity among the buses, and the power line admittances. Uncertainty in information limits the potential attack space for an attacker. This advantage of uncertainty enables us to apply moving target defense (MTD) strategies for developing a proactive defense mechanism for state estimation.In this paper, we propose an MTD mechanism for securing state estimation, which has several characteristics: (i) increase the knowledge uncertainty for attackers, (ii) reduce the window of attack opportunity, and (iii) increase the attack cost. In this mechanism, we apply controlled randomization on the power grid system properties, mainly on the set of measurements that are considered in state estimation, and the topology, especially the line admittances. We thoroughly analyze the performance of the proposed mechanism on the standard IEEE 14- and 30-bus test systems.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION IN DISEASED TISSUES : I. FIXATION OF GUINEA PIG COMPLEMENT IN SECTIONS OF KIDNEY FROM HUMANS WITH MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND RATS INJECTED WITH ANTI-RAT KIDNEY SERUM.

An immunohistologic complement fixation test has been used in an effort to detect immune complexes in sections of kidney from rats injected with rabbit anti-rat kidney serum and in sections of biopsied kidneys from four humans with membranous glomerulonephritis. Sections of the rat and human kidneys were treated with fluorescein-conjugated anti-rabbit globulin or antihuman globulin respectively. Adjacent sections in each case were incubated first with fresh guinea pig serum and then in a second step were treated with fluorescein-conjugated antibodies against fixed guinea pig complement to detect sites of fixation of the complement. It was demonstrated that the sites of rabbit globulin in glomerular capillary walls of the rat kidneys and the sites of localized human globulin in thickened glomerular capillary walls and swollen glomerular endothelial cells of the human kidneys were the same sites in which guinea pig complement was fixed in vitro. It was concluded from these studies that rabbit nephrotoxic antibodies localize in rat glomeruli in complement-fixing antigen-antibody complexes. Furthermore, it was concluded that the deposits of human globulin in the glomeruli of the human kidneys behaved like antibody globulin in complement-fixing antigen-antibody complexes. The significance of demonstrating complement-fixing immune complexes in certain diseased tissues is discussed in regard to determination of the causative role of allergic reactions in disease.
K − interactions with free protons in nuclear emulsion

A total of 19 (K-, p) elastic scattering events and 14 K−+p → →±+π∓ events in flight have been found, including the results reported previously. Averaging over the energy region (0 ÷ 82) MeV, the cross sections are respectively, σe = (37-9+9) mb and σa= (27-6+8) mb. The best estimate of the Σ+/Σ- ratio at production is 1.2-0.6+1.0.
Topological charge effects on azimuthal modulation instabilities for cylindrical polarization in nonlinear media

Inhomogeneously polarized optical waves form a novel class of nonlinear vector wave propagation effects. In this talk we report the effects of topological charge on the azimuthal modulation instability.
The Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen by the Silent Electric Discharge Process-I

THE very great increase in the demand for nitrates during the war for the manufacture of explosives and fertilizers, together with the shortage of imported Chile saltpeter, which was the principal source of nitrates before the war, has been emphasized sufficiently in previous papers. This condition of increased demand and curtailed supply led not only to the establishment of many manufacturing plants for the production of nitrates by well-known methods, but also to laboratory research and commercial development in connection with promising new processes.
English and Japanese Interlanguage Comprehension Strategies: An Analysis Based on the Competition Model.

In an experiment based on the competition model, 12 native Japanese speakers (J1 group) and 12 native English speakers studying Japanese (JFL group) were requested to report sentence subjects after listening to Japanese word strings which consisted of one verb and two nouns each. Similarly, 12 native English speakers (E1 group) and 12 native Japanese speakers studying English (EFL group) reported the sentence subjects of English word strings. In each word string, syntactic (word order) cues and lexical-semantic (animacy/inanimacy) cues converged or diverged as to the assignment of the sentence subjects. The results show that JFL-Ss (experimental subjects) closely approximated the response patterns of J1-Ss, while EFL-Ss showed evidence of transfer from their first language, Japanese. The results are consistent with the developmental precedence of a meaning-based comprehension strategy over a grammar-based one.
How much diagnostic safety can we afford, and how should we decide? A health economics perspective

Controlling the costs of healthcare, which now exceed US$2.7 trillion, is an economic imperative.1–3 Costs of diagnostic testing probably account for more than 10% of all healthcare costs, and that fraction is rising rapidly over time,4 with advanced diagnostic imaging leading the way and diagnostic laboratory testing a close second.5 Molecular diagnostic testing for ‘personalised medicine’ may fuel disproportionate rises.6 ,7 Some diagnostic tests are misused or overused, with waste from diagnostic imaging alone estimated at more than US$25 billion.8 At the same time, diagnostic errors are frequent and often result in death or disability,9 with recent estimates suggesting more than a million a year harmed by diagnostic error in the USA.10 For those harmed, direct costs accrue from failure to treat the true condition, inappropriate testing and treatments for the incorrectly diagnosed one, and any medicolegal costs or payments.11 Indirect costs also arise from defensive medicine, increased medical liability premiums, and downstream effects.11 The annual costs of ‘defensive medicine’ alone—mostly unnecessary diagnostic tests obtained to guard against malpractice law suits—are at least US$45–60 billion12 ,13 and perhaps hundreds of billions.14–16 Given these facts, public awareness campaigns (eg, ‘Choosing Wisely’) have sought to foster dialogue between doctors and patients about potential ways to improve the safety and efficiency of diagnosis.17 Nevertheless, it remains challenging to determine whether diagnostic tests are being overused or underused and when ‘more’ diagnosis is not ‘better’ diagnosis. In this article, we leverage a case study example (box 1) to explore complex inter-relationships between diagnostic test characteristics, appropriate use, actual use, diagnostic safety and cost effectiveness. We frame our discussion around the question, ‘How much diagnostic safety can we afford?’ to assess the role of economic analysis and suggest areas …
Availability and locality measurements of peer-to-peer file systems

Although peer-to-peer networking applications continue to increase in popularity, there have been few measurement studies of their performance. We present the first study of the locality of files stored and transferred among peers in Napster and Gnutella over month-long periods. Our analysis indicates that the locality of files is skewed in all four cases and fits well to a log-quadratic distribution. This predicts that caches of the most popular songs would increase performance of the system. We also took baseline measurements of file types and sizes for comparison over time with future studies. Not surprisingly, audio files are most popular, however a significant fraction of stored data is occupied by videos. Finally, we measured the distribution of time peers in Gnutella were available for downloading. We found that node availability is strongly influenced by time-of-day effects, and that most user's tend to be available for only very short contiguous lengths of time.
High performance single supply power amplifiers for GSM and DCS applications using true enhancement mode FET technology

Two high performance single supply power amplifier IC products have been developed for GSM and DCS applications using true enhancement mode FET technology. At VD=3.2V, under CW conditions, the GSM IC supplies +35.5 dBm output power at 58% PAE and the DCS IC supplies +33.5 dBm at 46% PAE. These ICs have low leakage currents similar to HBT and LDMOS and do not require the use of a drain switch. In addition, due to a high threshold voltage (Vth =+0.6V), they exhibit excellent RF isolation at Vref=0.1V and Pin=+5 dBm and do not require on-chip attenuators.
A liquidic matrix-addressed display

Experiments with fluid logic circuits operated in an air-dyed water mode have demonstrated the basic validity of a large area, flat panel, matrix-addressed liquidic display. Such a display is conceptually attractive, since the switching, storage, and display functions are performed by the same medium. The measurements made have demonstrated that a reflective or emissive liquidic display, matrix addressed "a line at a time," has the following advantages: a flat panel geometry, a wide viewing angle, TV or better resolution, high contrast and brightness, a gray scale and color capability, speed (for TV resolution) from dc up to 3 frames/s, a range of sizes from small up to blackboard or larger, permanent memory, and high thermal, radiation, and shock resistance. The power requirements are less than (0.015/τ) W/cm2of display area, where τ is the frame time in seconds. Most importantly, the liquidic display can be constructed in a cheap integrated form. An elemental integrated liquidic display has been built with laminated layers of photoformed ceramic and has been successfully operated. Measurements made on the deflection of a fine stream of water (a polar liquid) by a nonuniform electric field have shown that this dielectrophoretic effect forms an elegant low-voltage transducer for the liquidic display. Such a transducer can be used on the periphery of a fluidically addressed matrix. Alternatively, because of its simplicity, it is feasible to have a threshold transducer at each element and electrically matrix address the transducers.
Toward an understanding of ethical climate: Its relationship to ethical behavior and supervisory influence

In recent years, theoretical and empirical developments in the area of organizational climate has provided the impetus for research concerning ethical climate. According to this latter research, ethical climate is a multi-dimensional construct which is manifested in organizations. Studies, however, have not focused on the relationship between ethical climate and ethical behavior. Furthermore, an enhanced understanding of the multi-dimensionality of ethical climate will likely advance what we know about organizational climate and culture in general. We propose further examination of ethical climate by: (1) showing the conceptual relationship between ethical climate and ethical (or unethical) behavior in organizations; and (2) examining supervision as one of the principle influences on ethical climate and concomitant subordinate behavior. Finally, we explore the implications for future research on ethical climate.
Spatial and temporal feedback control of traveling wave solutions of the two-dimensional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation.

Previous work has shown that Benjamin‐Feir unstable traveling waves of the complex Ginzburg‐Landau equation (CGLE) in two spatial dimensions cannot be stabilized using a particular time-delayed feedback control mechanism known as ‘time-delay autosynchronization’. In this paper, we show that the addition of similar spatial feedback terms can be used to stabilize such waves. This type of feedback is a generalization of the time-delay method of Pyragas [K. Pyragas, Continuous control of chaos by self-controlling feedback, Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 421‐428] and has been previously used to stabilize waves in the one-dimensional CGLE by Montgomery and Silber [K. Montgomery, M. Silber, Feedback control of traveling wave solutions of the complex Ginzburg Landau equation, Nonlinearity 17 (6) (2004) 2225‐2248]. We consider two cases in which the feedback contains either one or two spatial terms. We focus on how the spatial terms may be chosen to select the direction of travel of the plane waves. Numerical linear stability calculations demonstrate the results of our analysis. c 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Evolution teacher survey

More than 30% of teachers responding to an informal survey indicated that they feel pressured to include creationism, intelligent design, or other nonscientific alternatives to evolution in their science classrooms. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), which conducted the survey of 1,050 teachers, announced the results recently. According to the survey, 22% of teachers indicated that most of the pressure to include these nonscientific alternatives comes from students, while 20% indicated that parents provide the pressure. Thirty percent of teachers noted that they feel pushed to de-emphasize or omit evolution or evolution-related topics from their curriculum. However, 74% of teachers indicated that they disagree about de-emphasizing or omitting from their lessons the term “evolution” so that attention is not drawn to it.
Reduced order model for single and double cage induction motors during start-up

The transient behavior of a detailed model of the induction motor during the initial part of a full voltage start-up is analyzed by separating forced and transient components of flux linkage, torque and current response. Based on this analysis, a single-order electrical model is developed to duplicate the start-up transients of detailed fourth and sixth-order electrical single and double-cage conventional models. The start-up model reduction uses the separation of fast and slow variables as well as the separation of forced and transient response. The reduced model is validated by comparison with the detailed model and other reduced order models. >
Effects of Frozen Soil on Snowmelt Runoff and Soil Water Storage at a Continental Scale

The presence of ice in soil dramatically alters soil hydrologic and thermal properties. Despite this important role, many recent studies show that explicitly including the hydrologic effects of soil ice in land surface models degrades the simulation of runoff in cold regions. This paper addresses this dilemma by employing the Community Land Model version 2.0 (CLM2.0) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and a simple TOPMODEL-based runoff scheme (SIMTOP). CLM2.0/ SIMTOP explicitly computes soil ice content and its modifications to soil hydrologic and thermal properties. However, the frozen soil scheme has a tendency to produce a completely frozen soil (100% ice content) whenever the soil temperature is below 0°C. The frozen ground prevents infiltration of snowmelt or rainfall, thereby resulting in earlier- and higher-than-observed springtime runoff. This paper presents modifications to the above-mentioned frozen soil scheme that produce more accurate magnitude and seasonality of runoff and soil water storage. These modifications include 1) allowing liquid water to coexist with ice in the soil over a wide range of temperatures below 0°C by using the freezing-point depression equation, 2) computing the vertical water fluxes by introducing the concept of a fractional permeable area, which partitions the model grid into an impermeable part (no vertical water flow) and a permeable part, and 3) using the total soil moisture (liquid water and ice) to calculate the soil matric potential and hydraulic conductivity. The performance of CLM2.0/SIMTOP with these changes has been tested using observed data in cold-region river basins of various spatial scales. Compared to the CLM2.0/SIMTOP frozen soil scheme, the modified scheme produces monthly runoff that compares more favorably with that estimated by the University of New Hampshire–Global Runoff Data Center and a terrestrial water storage change that is in closer agreement with that measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites.
Democracies are Less Warlike Than Other Regimes

The clear consensus in the literature is that democracies are no less or more warlike than other types of regimes. But when the core studies upon which this consensus is based are looked at closely, they imply in fact that democracies are less warlike. Regardless of this, these studies, as well as most others on this question, are based on a frequency count of wars, which gives the same count of one for a nation that lost a few dozen killed and for another that lost several million. It is argued that a better theoretical interpretation of a regime's warlikeness is in terms of the severity of war, and that in these terms the degree to which a regime is democratic is inversely correlated with the severity of its wars, 1900-87. A survey of the published research further substantiates that democracies tend to fight less severe wars than other regimes.
Theory of coupled folded antennas

Formulas for the mutual and self-impedance of two identical nonstaggered parallel-folded dipoles are developed. A generalization of the theory permits determination of these impedances for any identical dual configuration of wires, no matter how complicated, provided the structures are symmetrical with respect to the driving points. If the impedance of any single-conductor solid-wire element in a symmetrical circular array of linear radiators is known, the impedance of each element in a similar array consisting of folded-wire structures is readily obtained. Two obvious practical uses of the theory are: 1) the determination of the performance of a two-element folded antenna array, when one antenna is a tuned parasite, functioning as a director or reflector; and 2) determination of the driving-point impedance of a folded antenna parallel to a highly-conducting plane.
EFFECT OF LOW‐MOLECULAR ADDITIVES ON PRECIPITATION OF POTATO FRUIT JUICE PROTEINS UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE REGIMES

ABSTRACT The effects of two mineral and two organic acids, four organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, 2-propano and acetone) and three inorganic metal salts in combination with temperature regimes 0 and 22C on the yield and resolubility of potato tuber proteins were studied. Using acids, the yield of precipitated protein ranged from 22.3% (citric acid, 0C) to 54.5% (acetic acid, 22C) of total protein; however, the resolubility was generally very low. The precipitation with organic solvents resulted in significantly higher yield as well as resolubility (P < 0.05) when precipitated at low temperatures. The yield ranged from 23.4% (ethanol, 22C) to 64.5% (2-propanol, 0C) of total protein. The use of the salts resulted in precipitates with high resolubility regardless of the temperature regimes. The yield of precipitated protein ranged from 25.8% (ZnCl2, 0C) to 86.4% (FeCl3, 0C) of total protein. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The work studied the possibility of isolation of native potato proteins from potato fruit juice (PFJ) resulting from starch manufacturing process. Ethanol and FeCl3 were evaluated as the most promising precipitators for the recovery of potato tuber proteins from PFJ. However, ethanol usage for industrial isolation of potato proteins is strongly limited by the temperature regime in contrast to FeCl3, which could be used in a much wider range of temperature regimes without significant difference in protein yield and resolubility.
SEED: efficient clustering of next-generation sequences.

Motivation: Similarity clustering of next-generation sequences (NGS) is an important computational problem to study the population sizes of DNA/RNA molecules and to reduce the redundancies in NGS data. Currently, most sequence clustering algorithms are limited by their speed and scalability, and thus cannot handle data with tens of millions of reads. Results: Here, we introduce SEED—an efficient algorithm for clustering very large NGS sets. It joins sequences into clusters that can differ by up to three mismatches and three overhanging residues from their virtual center. It is based on a modified spaced seed method, called block spaced seeds. Its clustering component operates on the hash tables by first identifying virtual center sequences and then finding all their neighboring sequences that meet the similarity parameters. SEED can cluster 100 million short read sequences in <4 h with a linear time and memory performance. When using SEED as a preprocessing tool on genome/transcriptome assembly data, it was able to reduce the time and memory requirements of the Velvet/Oasis assembler for the datasets used in this study by 60–85% and 21–41%, respectively. In addition, the assemblies contained longer contigs than non-preprocessed data as indicated by 12–27% larger N50 values. Compared with other clustering tools, SEED showed the best performance in generating clusters of NGS data similar to true cluster results with a 2- to 10-fold better time performance. While most of SEED's utilities fall into the preprocessing area of NGS data, our tests also demonstrate its efficiency as stand-alone tool for discovering clusters of small RNA sequences in NGS data from unsequenced organisms. Availability: The SEED software can be downloaded for free from this site: http://manuals.bioinformatics.ucr.edu/home/seed. Contact: ude.rcu@ekrig.samoht Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online
Status Hierarchies and the Organization of Collective Action

Most work on collective action assumes that group members are undifferentiated by status, or standing, in the group. Yet such undifferentiated groups are rare, if they exist at all. Here we extend an existing sociological research program to address how extant status hierarchies help organize collective actions by coordinating how much and when group members should contribute to group efforts. We outline three theoretically derived predictions of how status hierarchies organize patterns of behavior to produce larger public goods. We review existing evidence relevant to two of the three hypotheses and present results from a preliminary experimental test of the third. Findings are consistent with the model. The tendency of these dynamics to lead status-differentiated groups to produce larger public goods may help explain the ubiquity of hierarchy in groups, despite the often negative effects of status inequalities for many group members.
Post-disaster assessment of northeastern coastal region for the 2011 Sendai Earthquake and tsunami

The 2011 Sendai Earthquake has hit the north-east of Japan triggering a destructive tsunami that has caused extensive damage. A fast and effective post-disaster assessment is highly imperative for the recovery of this region. This study modeled the tsunami-affected areas of coastal Fukushima Prefecture using Landsat-7 ETM+ data and terrain analysis. The result shows that most of the coastal areas were significantly affected by the tsunami. The low-lying plains along the coast are particularly vulnerable to the tsunami.
Modeling and dynamic characterization of the czochralski crystal growth process

A lumped parameter model of the Czochralski crystal growth process is proposed that captures the dominant nonlinear dynamics, internal coupling, and disturbance structure. Conventional and advanced actuators are modeled. The dynamic characteristics of the interface shape and input/outputs that limit the achievable controller performance are identified
Focusing and impedance properties of conformable phased array antennas for microwave hyperthermia

Phased array applicators for microwave hyperthermia are usually developed using planar, layered tissue models, and then evaluated using numerical techniques. The present investigation considers the use of a cylindrical, layered tissue model to replace the first step of the design procedure. This model facilitates an evaluation of the impact of curvature, polarization, and bolus materials on the antenna performance.
The Nature of Women's Rape Fantasies: An Analysis of Prevalence, Frequency, and Contents

This study evaluated the rape fantasies of female undergraduates (N = 355) using a fantasy checklist that reflected the legal definition of rape and a sexual fantasy log that included systematic prompts and self-ratings. Results indicated that 62% of women have had a rape fantasy, which is somewhat higher than previous estimates. For women who have had rape fantasies, the median frequency of these fantasies was about 4 times per year, with 14% of participants reporting that they had rape fantasies at least once a week. In contrast to previous research, which suggested that rape fantasies were either entirely aversive or entirely erotic, rape fantasies were found to exist on an erotic-aversive continuum, with 9% completely aversive, 45% completely erotic, and 46% both erotic and aversive.
Abstract 2203: Characterization of raloxifene glucuronidation and the role of UGT genotypes on raloxifene metabolite profilesin vivo.

Raloxifene is a 2nd-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and the prevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is extensively metabolized by glucuronidation to form raloxifene-6-glucuronide (ral-6-Gluc) and raloxifene-4’-glucuronide (ral-4’-Gluc). The goal of the present study was to determine whether functional polymorphisms in active UGTs could play a role in altered raloxifene glucuronidation in vivo. Using homogenates from HEK293 UGT-overexpressing cell lines, raloxifene was shown to be glucuronidated primarily by the hepatic UGTs 1A1 and 1A9 and the extra-hepatic UGTs 1A8 and 1A10; no detectable raloxifene glucuronidation activity was found for UGT2B enzymes. Functional UGT1A1 transcriptional promoter genotypes were significantly (ptrend=0.005) associated with ral-6-Gluc formation in human liver microsomes, and, consistent with the decreased raloxifene glucuronidation activities observed in vitro with cell line over-expressing UGT1A8 variants, the UGT1A8*2 variant was significantly (p=0.023) correlated with total raloxifene glucuronide formation in human jejunum homogenates. While ral-4’-Gluc exhibited 1/100th the anti-estrogenic activity of raloxifene itself as measured by binding to the estrogen receptor, raloxifene glucuronides comprised ∼99% of the circulating raloxifene dose in raloxifene-treated subjects, with ral-4’-Gluc comprising ∼70% of raloxifene glucuronides. Plasma ral-6-Gluc (ptrend=0.0025), ral-4’-Gluc (ptrend=0.001), and total raloxifene glucuronides (ptrend=0.001) were increased in raloxifene-treated subjects who were predicted slow metabolizers [UGT1A8 (*1/*3)] vs intermediate metabolizers [UGT1A8 (*1/*1) or UGT1A8 (*1/*2)] vs fast metabolizers [UGT1A8 (*2/*2). These data suggest that raloxifene metabolism may be dependent on UGT1A8 genotype and that UGT1A8 genotype may play an important role in overall response to raloxifene. Citation Format: Dongxiao Sun, Nathan R. Jones, Manni Andrea, Philip Lazarus. Characterization of raloxifene glucuronidation and the role of UGT genotypes on raloxifene metabolite profiles in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2203. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2203
Inquiry-Based Early Childhood Teacher Preparation: The Personal Learning Plan Method.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a Personal Learning Plan method used in undergraduate early childhood education courses as a specific case of learner-centered, inquiry-based instruction. A rationale for this approach to instruction, the instructional context in which the specific method was developed and used, the method framework (i.e., preliminary and final plans, activities, products, and reflections), and the evaluation process will be discussed. Finally, a discussion of the perceived benefits and challenges of the method as it has been implemented will be presented.
Resource constrained algebraic transformation for loop pipelining

Loop pipelining can be applied to a cyclic data-flow graph to reduce the iteration bound, which is the maximum computation-time-to-delay ratio among all the cycles in the data flow graph. Algebraic transformations can reduce the iteration bound substantially. However, resource constrained algebraic transformations for loop pipelining remains a hard problem because of the inherent nature of loop pipelining. In this paper, we propose a new method based on distribution graphs to solve this problem. A novel algorithm for algebraic transformation with resource constraints is provided, which works for non-pipelined schedules as well. Experimental results show that our algorithm is promising.
F-region Pedersen conductivity deduced using the TIMED/GUVI limb retrievals

Abstract. As a proxy of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth rate for equatorial plasma bubbles, we investigate the flux-tube integrated F-region Pedersen conductivity (ΣPF) using the electron density profiles (EDPs) provided by the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere and Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. The investigation is conducted using the EDPs obtained in the Atlantic sector at 19:00-22:00 LT during 4–17 August and 6-16 December 2002. The seasonal difference of the strength and location of the equatorial ionization anomalies (EIAs) induces a significant difference in the deduced ΣPF. Much stronger EIAs are created at higher altitudes and latitudes in December rather than in August. At 19:00–20:00 LT, the peak value of the ΣPF has 23 mhos at 1100 km apex height during 14–16 December and 18mhos at 600 km during 15–17 August. The ΣPF decreases as local time progresses. Therefore, ΣPF provides a preferred condition for the growth of bubbles to higher altitudes at 19:00-20:00 LT than at later hours, in December rather than in August in the Atlantic sector.
Low cost delivery of proteins bioencapsulated in plant cells to human non-immune or immune modulatory cells

Targeted oral delivery of GFP fused with a GM1 receptor binding protein (CTB) or human cell penetrating peptide (PTD) or dendritic cell peptide (DCpep) was investigated. Presence of GFP(+) intact plant cells between villi of ileum confirm their protection in the digestive system from acids/enzymes. Efficient delivery of GFP to gut-epithelial cells by PTD or CTB and to M cells by all these fusion tags confirm uptake of GFP in the small intestine. PTD fusion delivered GFP more efficiently to most tissues or organs than the other two tags. GFP was efficiently delivered to the liver by all fusion tags, likely through the gut-liver axis. In confocal imaging studies of human cell lines using purified GFP fused with different tags, GFP signal of DCpep-GFP was only detected within dendritic cells. PTD-GFP was only detected within kidney or pancreatic cells but not in immune modulatory cells (macrophages, dendritic, T, B, or mast cells). In contrast, CTB-GFP was detected in all tested cell types, confirming ubiquitous presence of GM1 receptors. Such low-cost oral delivery of protein drugs to sera, immune system or non-immune cells should dramatically lower their cost by elimination of prohibitively expensive fermentation, protein purification cold storage/transportation and increase patient compliance.
Cranial Anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a Reinterpretation of the Holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops

We describe the skull of the holotype of Citipati osmolskae, one of the best preserved oviraptorid skulls known. The skull preserves stapes and epipterygoids, and the mandible preserves a slender coronoid bone, none of which has been reported before in oviraptorids. The braincase is similar to that of other basal coelurosaurs but possesses extensive recesses presumably occupied by pneumatic diverticulae; the circumnarial region is highly pneumatized, and a large recess continues posteriorly from the narial region to invade the frontals and parietals dorsal to the braincase. Circum-otic pneumatic recesses include two dorsal recesses above the otic recess, a posterior recess on the anterior surface of the paroccipital process, and extensive cavities in the basisphenoid beneath the braincase. The more dorsal of the two dorsal tympanic recesses is very deep, and CT scans suggest that it connected medially across the midline dorsal to the otic region and anteriorly with the frontoparietal space. The otic recess is unusually shallow. Comparison of the new skull with the poorly preserved skull of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops demonstrates that the braincase and palate of the latter are similar to those of other oviraptorids. Its rostrum and dentary are more elongate than in other oviraptorids, however, a more plesiomorphic condition suggesting it may be the most basal oviraptorid. A well-preserved skeleton previously referred to O. philoceratops, IGM 100/42, does not belong to this genus or species, and its narial region is very similar to that of Citipati osmolskae.
Civil War and Social Capital: Behavioral-Game Evidence from Nepal

Using original behavioral games and survey data from Nepal we find that members of communities with greater exposure to violence during Nepal’s ten-year civil war exhibit significantly greater levels of social capital, measured by subjects’ willingness to invest in trust-based transactions and contribute to a collective good. Our identification strategy exploits communities’ exogenous isolation from the unpredictable path of war. We also offer new causal mechanisms. Previous work has suggested a mechanism at the level of individuals’ preferences. We by contrast hypothesize two community-level causal mechanisms for this relationship. First according to our institutional hypothesis communities that suffered war-related violence were forced to adopt new norms that fostered pro-social behavior. Second, our purging hypothesis conjectures that violence may have caused less pro-social individuals to flee at a higher rate than more pro-social persons, leaving a disproportionately pro-social population in violence- plagued communities. We find strong evidence for a community-level effect and no evidence for the purging hypothesis, suggesting the institutional mechanism is at work. We also find evidence for the individual-preference-based mechanism.
Structure and Stability of Telocentric Chromosomes in Wheat

In most eukaryotes, centromeres assemble at a single location per chromosome. Naturally occurring telocentric chromosomes (telosomes) with a terminal centromere are rare but do exist. Telosomes arise through misdivision of centromeres in normal chromosomes, and their cytological stability depends on the structure of their kinetochores. The instability of telosomes may be attributed to the relative centromere size and the degree of completeness of their kinetochore. Here we test this hypothesis by analyzing the cytogenetic structure of wheat telosomes. We used a population of 80 telosomes arising from the misdivision of the 21 chromosomes of wheat that have shown stable inheritance over many generations. We analyzed centromere size by probing with the centromere-specific histone H3 variant, CENH3. Comparing the signal intensity for CENH3 between the intact chromosome and derived telosomes showed that the telosomes had approximately half the signal intensity compared to that of normal chromosomes. Immunofluorescence of CENH3 in a wheat stock with 28 telosomes revealed that none of the telosomes received a complete CENH3 domain. Some of the telosomes lacked centromere specific retrotransposons of wheat in the CENH3 domain, indicating that the stability of telosomes depends on the presence of CENH3 chromatin and not on the presence of CRW repeats. In addition to providing evidence for centromere shift, we also observed chromosomal aberrations including inversions and deletions in the short arm telosomes of double ditelosomic 1D and 6D stocks. The role of centromere-flanking, pericentromeric heterochromatin in mitosis is discussed with respect to genome/chromosome integrity.
A Hybrid Technique for Laser Flare Reduction

A hybrid approach to near-wall measurements with laser-based velocimetry techniques utilizing light transmission and fluorescence is presented. This method aims to minimize the effect of contamination by laser flare light, and has application to facilities where optimal configurations are not achievable. The basis of the approach is to replace the solid surface near which measurements are desired with a transparent solid material treated with a fluorescent surface coating. Further discussion is provided on the optimal placement of cameras. Measurements are made of the flow field around the trailing edge of a model DU96-W-180 wind turbine blade in a 0.7 m square cross-section Open Jet Wind Tunnel using Particle Image Velocimetry in a configuration optimized for minimum flare. For the wind turbine blade model, measurements were obtained 0.4 mm from the surface using the comprehensive approach. Benchtop measurements representative of a non-optimal configuration are made to demonstrate a more practical application of the transparent material / fluorescent treatment technique.
Reactions of (η5-C5Me5)Ir(2,5-dimethylthiophene) with S8, O2, SO2 and CS2

Abstract Both isomers, 1 and 2, of Cp∗Ir(2,5-Me2T), where 2,5-dimethylthiophene is either η4- or C,S-coordinated to the iridium, react to give the same products. With S8, they give (Cp∗Ir)2S8 (3) whose X-ray-determined structure shows the two Cp∗Ir units to be linked by two S4 ligands. 3·CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 14.224(5), b = 12.795(2), c = 17.094(7) A , β = 103.77(2)°, V = 3022(2) A 3 and Z = 4. The reactions of 1 and 2 with O2 give an acylthiolate product Cp ∗ Ir (η 4 - SC 3 H 2 MeC ( O ) Me ) (4) in which a CS bond of the 2,5-Me2T ligand is cleaved and an oxygen atom is incorporated at an α-carbon. Both 1 and 2 form the same adduct Cp∗Ir(C,S-2,5-Me2T)(SO2) (5) with SO2; spectroscopic data suggest that the SO2 is coordinated to Ir. With CS2, 1 and 2 give a product Cp ∗ Ir (η 4 -2,5- Me 2 T )( CS 2 ) (6) in which CS2 acts as a Lewis acid by coordinating to the sulfur of the η4-2,5-Me2T ligand. These reactions illustrate the versatile reactivity of Cp∗Ir(2,5-Me2T), which acts as a reducing agent with S8 and O2, as a Lewis acid with SO2 and as a base with CS2.
Abstract C21: Hypoxia‐induced down‐regulation of BRCA1 nuclear protein in human breast cancer tissues

Background: Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have demonstrated significant anti‐tumor activity not only in tumors with BRCA1 or 2 gene mutations due to synthetic lethality, but also in triple‐negative breast cancers (TNBC). The triple negative group of tumors may be more sensitive to PARP inhibitors due to loss of BRCA pathway activity, although this has not been proven. Several mechanisms may affect BRCA1 protein level such as epigenetic modification, negative transcriptional regulators, as well as hypoxia. Yale investigators have demonstrated that tumor hypoxia leads to loss of critical DNA repair activities, including BRCA1, RAD‐51 and γ‐H2AX (Bindra RS, et al. Cancer Res 2005;65(24):11597‐604). We propose BRCA1 nuclear protein is the determinant of response to PARP inhibitors in sporadic breast cancer, a phenotype we will term ‘BRCA‐like’. This study was designed to explore the relationship of BRCA1 loss and hypoxia in human breast tumors. Methods: Yale archival materials consisting of 660 human breast cancer specimens were used to establish a tissue microarray (TMA). Automated QUantitative Analysis (AQUA) was used to detect the intensity of BRCA1 and CAIXwithin a specific subcellular compartment. Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA‐IX), a downstream target of hypoxia‐induced factor 1a (HIF‐1a), is an accepted surrogate biomarker for tumor hypoxia. CA‐IX antibody M75 was provided by the J Zavada lab (1:10000), BRCA1 monoclonal antibody M110 (Ab‐1) was purchased from Calbiochem (1:1000). Results: In the cohort of 660 specimens, 22 were found to have high CA‐IX expression score (above cut‐off value of 10). Cut‐off was based on known positive cell lines and corresponding AQUA scores, as well as visual confirmation of positivity. A negative correlation (Rho=−0.6, p=0.0165) of BRCA1 nuclear protein with CA‐IX level was found in hypoxic tumors. Of note, 14 out of 22 hypoxic breast tumors were from triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) (p=0.0034). Total number of TNBC in this cohort is 112 out of 660. BRCA1 nuclear expression alone did not correlate with overall survival (p=0.76). Conclusions: In human breast tumors BRCA1 nuclear expression is negatively correlated with tumor hypoxia, measured by CAIX. Ongoing clinical trial will determine if tumors with high CA‐IX or low BRCA1 benefit from PARP inhibitor therapy. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C21.
Effects of an Antecedent Intervention on Repetitive Behaviors of a Child With Autism

Repetitive self-injurious eye poking and stereotypic hand clapping were assessed in a child with autism and hearing impairment. A functional behavioral assessment conducted to identify the variables maintaining eye-poking behaviors indicated automatic reinforcement. Choice and environmental enrichment strategies were implemented to decrease the motivating operations associated with eye poking. Providing a choice of toys to hold in his hand led to the greatest reductions in both repetitive eye poking and hand clapping. Three follow-up observations were conducted 9 months after the intervention, which indicated that eye poking was eliminated and hand clapping was greatly reduced. This antecedent intervention was simple and effective, two hallmarks of sustainable behavior interventions.
Haemolytic anaemia after ingestion of Neem (Azadirachta indica) tea

The authors report a clinically relevant and possible cause of haemolytic anaemia from ingestion of a Mexican tea from the Neem tree, also known as Azadirachta indica, in a 35-year-old Hispanic man who was found to have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Informed Consent: Pediatric Patients, Adolescents, and Emancipated Minors

Permission to perform medical procedures on children poses special ethical and legal considerations. Decision makers must focus on the child’s interests and attend to cognitive and emotional factors affecting developing children. As children grow, adults must increasingly include them in decisions about their health care. Decisions made by clinicians with parents or guardians on behalf of children require a higher, more rational basis, than decisions one may make for one’s self as an autonomous adult.
Cation transport in erythrocytes of normal and porphyric cows: transmembrane fluxes of sodium and potassium.

Congenital erythropoieticporphyria in cattle is characterized by a haemolytic anaemia of varying severity and shortened red cell median survival times. The shortened survival of the porphyric erythrocytes is thought to be due to an intracorpuscular defect. Unidirectional fluxes of sodium and potassium ions across the membranes of erythrocytes from normal and porphyric cows were measured utilizing the radioisotopes 42K and 24Na to determine if marked differences in cation pumping rates or passive leaks existed. Total potassium influxes and potassium pump influxes of the porphyric cells were found to be significantly elevated (P Therefore, with regard to cation permeability, the porphyric cells were essentially normal and the increased potassium pump fluxes were considered to be due to the presence of a young cell population. Thus, any changes in cation metabolism would seem to be the result rather than the cause of the haemolysis.
The ideal urinary strainer

AbstractThe attributes of an ideal urinary strainer and a simple, easy to use device are described.
The multiple stressor ecological risk assessment for the mercury‐contaminated South River and upper Shenandoah River using the Bayesian network‐relative risk model

We have conducted a regional scale risk assessment using the Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model (BN-RRM) to calculate the ecological risks to the South River and upper Shenandoah River study area. Four biological endpoints (smallmouth bass, white sucker, Belted Kingfisher, and Carolina Wren) and 4 abiotic endpoints (Fishing River Use, Swimming River Use, Boating River Use, and Water Quality Standards) were included in this risk assessment, based on stakeholder input. Although mercury (Hg) contamination was the original impetus for the site being remediated, other chemical and physical stressors were evaluated. There were 3 primary conclusions from the BN-RRM results. First, risk varies according to location, type and quality of habitat, and exposure to stressors within the landscape. The patterns of risk can be evaluated with reasonable certitude. Second, overall risk to abiotic endpoints was greater than overall risk to biotic endpoints. By including both biotic and abiotic endpoints, we are able to compare risk to endpoints that represent a wide range of stakeholder values. Third, whereas Hg reduction is the regulatory priority for the South River, Hg is not the only stressor driving risk to the endpoints. Ecological and habitat stressors contribute risk to the endpoints and should be considered when managing this site. This research provides the foundation for evaluating the risks of multiple stressors of the South River to a variety of endpoints. From this foundation, tools for the evaluation of management options and an adaptive management tools have been forged. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:85-99. © 2016 SETAC.
Transaortic Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become an alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with high or prohibitive surgical risk. Transaortic TAVR has several advantages compared to the transfemoral, transapical, and transaxillary routes. It can be performed via a J mini-sternotomy, an approach that is familiar to cardiac surgeons, it avoids the passage of large rigid sheaths within the iliofemoral vessels, it does not require access of the apex of the heart, it avoids a left thoracotomy, and it facilitates a short stable platform for precise valve positioning during implantation. Early results indicate that the transaortic route is safe and has comparable outcomes to the other access routes. For these reasons, transaortic TAVR has become the second choice to the transfemoral route in some centers.
Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

The circulatory system is among the earliest organ systems to develop during embryogenesis. It is comprised of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. We discuss early events in blood vessel formation in the developing embryo and the placenta. The establishment of the great vessels, namely, dorsal aorta and cardinal vein, and smaller intersomitic vessels and capillaries, blood/lymphatic vessel specification, and artery/vein specification are discussed during embryonic development and in the context of vascular anomalies. Processes unique to placental vascularization are elaborated. The goal of this chapter is to provide a working knowledge of vasculogenic and angiogenic processes involved in the establishment of circulatory systems during embryonic and placental development and to discuss aberrant mechanisms associated with vascular anomalies.