cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of tigecycline

Introduction: As the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) organisms constitutes a real threat for patients, new antimicrobials are needed. Tigecycline, the first-in-class glycylcycline, possesses an extended spectrum of antimicrobial activity including MDR and XDR organisms, which holds promise as a treatment option beyond currently approved indications and deserves expanded evaluation of its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD). Areas covered: This review highlights the areas where our knowledge on PK/PD of tigecycline has been both strengthened and questioned during the recent years. New information has become available on the PK of tigecycline in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections, complicated intra-abdominal infection, community- and nosocomial-acquired pneumonia. Human PD data from clinical trials linking tigecycline drug exposure to clinical, microbiological and toxicological outcomes are also of great interest. Expert opinion: Tigecyc...
Adult locomotory activity mediates intralocus sexual conflict in a laboratory-adapted population of Drosophila melanogaster

The strongest form of intralocus sexual conflict occurs when two conditions are met: (i) there is a positive intersexual genetic correlation for a trait and (ii) the selection gradients on the trai...
Mixed frequency-/time-domain coherent multidimensional spectroscopy: research tool or potential analytical method?

Coherent multidimensional spectroscopy (CMDS) is now the optical analogue of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Just as NMR heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) methods rely on multiple quantum coherences, achieving widespread application requires that CMDS also excites multiple quantum coherences over a wide range of quantum state energies. This Account focuses on frequency-domain CMDS because these methods tune the excitation frequencies to resonance with the desired quantum states and can form multiple quantum coherences between states with very different energies. CMDS methods use multiple excitation pulses to excite multiple quantum states within their dephasing time, so their quantum mechanical phase is maintained. Coherences formed from pairs of the excited states emit coherent beams of light. The temporal ordering of the excitation pulses defines a sequence of coherences that can result in zero, single, double, or higher order coherences as required for multiple quantum coherence CMDS. D...
Triaxiality and reflection asymmetry in the mass region A ∼ 220

Abstract Theoretical calculations and experimental results are presented that suggest strong γ correlations and/or γ deformations in several nuclides near A = 220.
Rheology of binary colloidal structures assembled via specific biological cross-linking.

The selectivity and range of energies offered by specific biological interactions serve as valuable tools for engineering the assembly of colloidal particles into novel materials. In this investigation, high affinity biological interactions between biotin-coated "A" particles (RA = 0.475 microm) and streptavidin-coated "B" particles (RB = 2.75 microm) drive the self-assembly of a series of binary colloidal structures, from colloidal micelles (a large B particle coated by smaller A particles) to elongated chain microstructures (alternating A and B particles), as the relative number of small (A) to large (B) particles (2 or = 10(-1)) and a low number ratio (NA/NB = 2), the rheological behavior of volume-filling particle networks connected by streptavidin-biotin bonds is characterized. The apparent viscosity (eta) as a function of the shear rate gamma, measured for networks at phiT = 0.1 and 0.2, exhibits shear-rate-dependent flow behavior, and both the apparent viscosity and the extent of shear thinning increase upon an increase of a factor of 2 in the total volume fraction. Micrographs taken before and after shearing show a structural breakdown of the flocculated binary particle network into smaller flocs, and ultimately a fluidlike suspension, with increasing shear rate. Rheological measurements provide further proof that suspension microstructure is governed by specific biomolecular interactions, as control experiments in which the streptavidin molecules on particles were blocked displayed Newtonian flow behavior. This investigation represents the first attempt at measuring the rheology of colloidal suspensions where assembly is driven by biomolecular cross-linking.
Computer dosimetry for flattened and wedged fast-neutron beams.

Beam flattening by the use of polyethylene filters has been developed for the 50‐MeV d→Be fast‐neutron therapy beam at the Texas AM standard decrement line methods do not apply because of off‐axis peaking. The dose distributions for measured flattened beams are transformed into distributions that are physically equivalent to an unflattened distribution. In the transformed space, standard decrement line theory yields a distribution for any field size which, by applying the inverse transformation, generates the flattened dose distribution, including the off‐axis peaking. A semiempirical model has been constructed that allows the calculation of dose distributions for wedged beams from open‐beam data.
More than Ideology: Conservative–Liberal Identity and Receptivity to Political Cues

To many commentators and social scientists, Americans' stances on political issues are to an important extent driven by an underlying conservative- liberal ideological dimension. Self-identification as conservative vs. liberal is regarded as a marker of this dimension. However, past research has not thoroughly distinguished between ideological identity (a self-categorization) and ideology (an integrated value system). This research evaluates the thesis that conservative-liberal identity functions as a readiness to adopt beliefs and attitudes about newly politi- cized issues that one is told are consistent with the socially prescribed meaning of conservatism-liberalism. In Study 1, conservative-liberal identity, measured in 2000, had an independent prospective effect on support for invading Iraq in 2002 and support for the Iraq war in 2004, controlling for substantive ideology, party identity, and demographics. In Study 2, conservative- and liberal-identifiers adopted stances on farm subsidy policy based on randomly varied cues indicating which ideological group supports which stance. This cue-based influence was mediated by adoption of attitude-supportive beliefs. Discussion addresses the joint impact of political discourse and identity-based social influence on the organization of political attitudes.
Fatty acid-binding protein expression in the liver: its regulation and relationship to the zonation of fatty acid metabolism.

Liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) is expressed in a declining gradient between the portal and central zones of the liver acinus. This paper discusses the results of experimental studies which address the questions: (a) What factors regulate L-FABP expression in liver and produce its acinar gradient? (b) What is the relationship between the acinar gradient of L-FABP and acinar gradients in the transport and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids? Both high-fat diets and clofibrate-treatment increase L-FABP proportionally at both extremes of the liver acinus and the small intestine, with preservation of the L-FABP gradient in both tissues. Female rats differ from males, however, in showing a greater hepatic abundance of L-FABP which is expressed almost equally throughout the acinus. Dietary studies show that L-FABP is induced with increased fatty acid flux derived from dietary fat but not from de novo hepatic fatty acid synthesis. Studies of the synthesis and utilization of fatty acids by hepatocytes isolated from the periportal and pericentral zones of the liver acinus suggest that the acinar gradient of L-FABP is not associated with differences in the instrinsic capacity of zone 1 and zone 3 hepatocytes to utilize or synthesize fatty acids. In addition, studies of the acinar uptake pattern of a fluorescent fatty acid derivative by isolated perfused livers indicate that the acinar distribution of L-FABP does not determine the pattern of fatty acid uptake in the intact acinus. Rather, the acinar gradient of L-FABP is most likely to represent a response to physiological conditions existing in the intact acinus which may include gradients in the flux of fatty acids, fatty acid metabolites and hormones.
Density sensitive lines of highly ionized iron

Spectral lines from ions in the nitrogen isoelectronic sequence due to transitions of the type, 2s2p$sup 4$ $sup 2$D$sub 3$/$sub 2$,$sub 5$/$sub 2$- 2p$sup 5$ $sup 2$P$sub 3$/$sub 2$, and 2s2p$sup 4$ $sup 2$D$sub 3$/$sub 2$-2p$sup 5$ $sup 2$P$sub 1$/$sub 2$, are identified in the 100-A region in laser-produced plasma spectra of titanium (Ti xvi) through cobalt (Co xxi), It is proposed that the intensities of these lines relative to the intensities of lines of the same ions due to transitions of the type 2s$sup 2$2p$sup 3$-2s2p$sup 4$ are sensitive to electron density in the range from approx. = 10$sup 18$ to approx. = 10$sup 20$ cm$sup -3$. Calculations are performed for Fe xx, and a similar calculation is performed for a density-sensitive line ratio of Fe xix, i.e., (2s2p$sup 5$ $sup 1$P$sub 1$-2p$sup 6$ $sup 1$S$sub 0$)/ (2s$sup 2$2p$sup 4$ $sup 1$S$sub 0$- 2s2p$sup 5$ $sup 1$P$sub 1$). This line ratio is also sensitive to electron density between about 10$sup 18$ and 10$sup 20$ cm$sup -3$. The 2s2p$sup 5$ $sup 1$P$sub 1$-2p$sup 6$ $sup 1$S$sub 0$ line is newly indentified in Cr xvii, Co xx, and Ni xxi.
Interactions of protein kinase C with receptor- and non-receptor-mediated cyclic AMP generation in swine granulosa cells.

Abstract Interactions between signal transducing systems may be important in the integrated control of cellular processes in basal and hormonally regulated cells. The swine granulosa cell provides a model to study the interactions between the cAMP and calcium-lipid-dependent signaling pathways. To this end, porcine granulosa cells were incubated in monolayer culture for 1–4 days in the presence of FSH (200 ng/ml), forskolin (85 μM), or cholera toxin (3 μg/ml) with or without an activator of protein kinase C, the phorbol ester 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) (30 ng/ml). TPA had little effect on basal cAMP generation (1–4 days) or on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-stimulated cAMP formation during the first 24 h. Phorbol ester did inhibit cAMP formation on day 2 (by ~ 25%), on day 3 (by ~ 70%) and on day 4 (by > 80%). Forskolin-mediated cAMP generation was inhibited (33–56%) on days 1–4, respectively. TPA suppressed dose-dependent FSH (3–300 ng/ml)-stimulated cAMP production on day 2, virtually abolished FSH-provoked cAMP formation on day 4 and inhibited dose-dependent forskolin-stimulated cAMP production on both days. TPA had no effect on the half-maximally effective dose, ED 50 , of FSH-stimulated cAMP production but did decrease the ED 50 of forskolin and the maximal stimulatory effect of FSH and forskolin on days 2 and 4. Similar effects were observed with the synthetic diacylglycerols DOG (1,2-dioctanoylglycerol) and OAG (1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol). The TPA effect was limited to the mammalian adenylate cyclase as it had no effect on bacterially derived adenylate cyclase from Bordetella pertussis . In contrast, although phorbol ester treatment inhibited the dose-dependent (30–1000 ng/ml) stimulation of cAMP accumulation by cholera toxin on day 2, unexpectedly, the action of TPA on day 4 was reversed in the presence of cholera toxin becoming stimulatory instead of inhibitory. Pretreatment of granulosa cells with pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml for 18 h) did not override the inhibitory action of TPA on either receptor- or non-receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation after 2 or 4 days of incubation. We conclude that the protein kinase C effector pathway is effectively coupled in an inhibitory fashion to both receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase in porcine ovarian cells. Moreover, the present observations are consistent with the hypothesis that this inhibitory coupling is enacted at least in part at the level of the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase.
Behavioral and endocrine changes following antisense oligonucleotide-induced reduction in the rat NOP receptor

Rationale Compared with the use of classic receptor ligands, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) targeted at specific central nervous system receptors are an effective alternative in experiments designed to examine the behavioral role of such systems.
Sharp bounds on the causal effects in randomized experiments with “truncation-by-death”☆

Abstract Many randomized experiments suffer from the “truncation-by-death” problem where potential outcomes are not defined for some subpopulations. For example, in medical trials, quality-of-life measures are only defined for surviving patients. In this article, I derive the sharp bounds on causal effects under various assumptions. My identification analysis is based on the idea that the “truncation-by-death” problem can be formulated as the contaminated data problem. The proposed analytical techniques can be applied to other settings in causal inference including the estimation of direct and indirect effects and the analysis of three-arm randomized experiments with noncompliance.
Velocity of Heavy Oil Sand

Several sand samples from shallow heavy oil reservoirs in Alberta, Canada were measured. The samples are loose sands held together by heavy oil from depths between 380 and 500 meters. There is no obvious indication of sample damage by drilling. We observed undisturbed thin shale beds (few mm thick) embedded in sands. We measured the porosity, grain and bulk density of samples at room conditions. Measured data suggest that mineral grain density is around 2.65 gm/cc and porosity ranges from 36 to 40%. The samples show slightly different grain sizes from fine to medium with good sorting. A typical SEM images (Figure 1) show that the sands are clean and well sorted with no cementation. Porosity for the sample is estimated at 37% with permeability of ~7 to 10 Darcy, which is typical for this kind of sands.
On federal regulation of methadone treatment.

A RECENT report from the Institute of Medicine (an affiliate of the National Academy of Sciences) provides an authoritative review of the history and consequences of federal regulation of methadone treatment. 1 It examines the assumptions that justified imposition of special restrictions on prescription of methadone and the effects of enforced guidelines on the function of treatment programs. Since the Narcotic Addict Treatment Act (1974) authorized an unprecedented restriction of the right of physicians to prescribe an approved drug, the experience of the past 20 years can be seen as a major experiment in governmental regulation of medical practice. Given the controversial nature of the subject, both the government and the medical profession in general are fortunate to have had the results of this experiment evaluated at the highest scientific level. Quite properly, I was not included in the deliberations for the Institute of Medicine report. My views on the
Amide proton exchange used to monitor the formation of a stable α-helix by residues 3 to 13 during folding of ribonuclease S

Abstract We make use of the known exchange rates of individual amide protons in the S-peptide moiety of ribonuclease S (RNAase S) to determine when during folding the α-helix formed by residues 3 to 13 becomes stable. The method is based on pulse-labeling with [ 3 H]H 2 O during the folding followed by an exchange-out step after folding that removes 3 H from all amide protons of the S-peptide except from residues 7 to 14, after which S-peptide is separated rapidly from S-protein by high performance liquid chromatography. The slow-folding species of unfolded RNAase S are studied. Folding takes place in strongly native conditions (pH 6.0. 10 °C). The seven H-bonded amide protons of the 3–13 helix become stable to exchange at a late stage in folding at the same time as the tertiary structure of RNAase S is formed, as monitored by tyrosine absorbance. At this stage in folding, the isomerization reaction that creates the major slow-folding species has not yet been reversed. Our result for the 3–13 helix is consistent with the finding of Labhardt (1984), who has studied the kinetics of folding of RNAase S at 32 °C by fast circular dichroism. He finds the dichroic change expected for formation of the 3–13 helix occurring when the tertiary structure is formed. Protected amide protons are found in the S-protein moiety earlier in folding. Formation or stabilization of this folding intermediate depends upon S-peptide: the intermediate is not observed when S-protein folds alone, and folding of S-protein is twice as slow in the absence of S-peptide. Although S-peptide combines with S-protein early in folding and is needed to stabilize an S-protein folding intermediate, the S-peptide helix does not itself become stable until the tertiary structure of RNAase S is formed.
Use of the Morris Water Maze and Acoustic Startle Chamber to Evaluate Neurologic Injury after Asphyxial Arrest in Rats

The study was peformed to assess the utility of the Morris water maze (MWM) and acoustic startle reflex (ASR) for evaluating neurologic outcome in a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. Rats were anesthetized, intubated, and chemically paralyzed. Control animals were decannulated and, after awakening, were extubated and returned to their housing. Experimental animals were asphyxiated by disconnecting the ventilator. Approximately 3.5 min after the disconnection, there was no measurable pulse. After 7 min of asphyxia, they were then resuscitated with resumed ventilation, chest compressions, epinephrine, and sodium bicarbonate. All animals were assigned to either MWM or ASR testing. The MWM is a 6-ft diameter tank filled with opaque water. In a fixed location of the tank, a 4-inch diameter escape platform is submerged just below the surface. MWM animals were tested on post-injury d 16-21 by recording the path and time taken to escape from three randomly assigned locations per d. ASR animals had s.c. leads placed over the right triceps and tibialis anterior muscles. The latency and rectified amplitude of the ASR was measured by recording the electromyographic impulse generated when the animal was startled by an acoustic stimulus. Animals were tested on post-injury d 6 and 7. After the last test session for each group, the animals' brains were removed for histopathologic examination. Asphyxiated MWM animals took longer to find the platform, and their paths were less direct than control animals(analysis of variance p < 0.05). The ASR of asphyxiated ASR animals had greater amplitude and shorter latency compared with controls(analysis of variance p < 0.05). Histologic examination revealed no abnormalities in control animals, but 80% of asphyxiated brains showed hippocampal neuronal injury and/or reactive gliosis in the CA1 segment. Abnormalities were more commonly detected in animals killed 7 d post-injury(ASR protocol) compared with animals killed 21 d post-injury (MWM protocol). We conclude that the MWM and ASR are useful for detecting neuronal injury in asphyxiated rats.
Pneumatic processes in the temporal bone of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and gorilla (Gorilla gorilla).

The ontogeny of human temporal bone pneumatization has been well studied from both comparative and clinical perspectives. While a difference in the extent of air cell distribution has been noted in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, the processes responsible have been relatively unexplored. To examine these processes, a large, age-graded series of hominoid skulls was radiographed and the progress of pneumatization recorded. Additionally, a subsample of 30 chimpanzees and 12 gorillas was subjected to high-resolution CT scanning. Neonatal specimens show a well-developed mastoid antrum, as well as a capacious hypotympanum extending into the petrous apex. In African apes, as in humans, the mastoid antrum serves as the focus for air cell expansion into the mastoid and immediately adjacent areas. In chimpanzees and gorillas, however, a pronounced lateral structure, described as the squamous antrum, serves as the focus of pneumatization for anterior structures such as the squamous and zygomatic. The diminution of this structure in Homo sapiens explains the difference in air cell distribution in these regions.
Altered lipid catabolism in the vitamin A deficient liver

The transcriptome pattern of metabolic genes in vitamin A deficient (VAD) liver has been compared to the vitamin A-sufficient (VAS) state using the Mouse 32k oligonucleotide (70mer) array. In VAD liver there was a decrease in expression of genes encoding enzymes of mitochondrial fatty acid (FA) oxidation; these genes included fatty acyl CoA ligase, carnitine o-palmitoyl transferase 1, medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase, and citrate synthase. Particularly affected was peroxisome metabolism, as genes encoding enzymes of peroxisomal FA oxidation and transport proteins were differentially expressed. These genes included those encoding acyl-CoA oxidase 1, the peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme, peroxisomal thiolase, and carnitine o-octanoyl transferase, the enzyme involved in shuttling FAs from the peroxisome to the mitochondrion. Most genes that were differentially expressed with chronic vitamin A depletion were responsive to treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Consistent with the decreased expression of genes involved in FA oxidation, we found an increase in hepatic macrocytic lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels. The relevant nuclear receptor gene that was differentially expressed in the VAD liver was that encoding the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, the mRNA levels for which were decreased in VAD liver and increased with all-trans RA treatment. Down regulation of the PPAR alpha gene is the likely cause of the altered expression pattern of the above metabolic genes in VAD liver.
A CONVENIENT ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF 2-METHYL-2-BENZYLTHIOPROPANAL

(1990). A CONVENIENT ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF 2-METHYL-2-BENZYLTHIOPROPANAL. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 112-113.
Reconceiving the Chronology of Inca Imperial Expansion

The basic chronology of Inca imperial expansion in Andean South America derives from historical accounts from the Spanish Colonial era, but several issues with this traditional chronology have arisen in recent decades. Advances in radiocarbon dating and calibration now give us some ability to refine or rebuild the chronology, and guidelines for obtaining the most useful dates are discussed. Dates recently obtained from the site of Chamical in the southern highlands of Ecuador are evaluated according to those guidelines, and they suggest Inca expansion to the north began 1 to 2 decades earlier than allowed in the traditional chronology. The chronology of Inca expansion presented in the Spanish chronicles is called into question by these and other dates, and by a reconsideration of the nature of sources of Inca history utilized by Spanish writers. Evidence suggests a primary Inca form of recording provincial conquests resulted in lists that were ordered geographically. However, those records were interpreted by colonial writers as being chronologically ordered, which led to written histories of Inca expansion that are not consistent with the actual historical sequence of events. As a result, the preferred approach to building a chronology of Inca expansion should be based on 14 C dates, with historical sources used to supplement rather than structure the timeline. DOI: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.v54i2.16014
Rationalization and prediction of in vivo metabolite exposures: the role of metabolite kinetics, clearance predictions and in vitro parameters.

Importance of the field: Due to growing concerns over toxic or active metabolites, significant efforts have been focused on qualitative identification of potential in vivo metabolites from in vitro data. However, limited tools are available to quantitatively predict their human exposures.Areas covered in this review: Theory of clearance predictions and metabolite kinetics is reviewed together with supporting experimental data. In vitro and in vivo data of known circulating metabolites and their parent drugs were collected and the predictions of in vivo exposures of the metabolites were evaluated.What the reader will gain: The theory and data reviewed will be useful in early identification of human metabolites that will circulate at significant levels in vivo and help in designing in vivo studies that focus on characterization of metabolites. It will also assist in rationalization of metabolite-to-parent ratios used as markers of specific enzyme activity.Take home message: The relative importance of a meta...
Radar reflectivity as a proxy for convective mass transport

[1] More observations of vertical mass transport in deep convection are needed to improve dynamical understanding of detrainment processes and for verification of transport models. A methodology for using radar reflectivity as a direct observation of vertical transport of mass from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is investigated, and the "level of maximum detrainment" (LMD) is proposed. The case investigated is the 26 January 1999 squall line from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere field campaign. Echo top heights and dual-Doppler derived divergence profiles are used to define the mass detrainment range. Over 10% of anvil echo tops occurred above the sounding-derived level of neutral buoyancy of 15.4 km during the mature stage of the storm, and convective tops reached above 18 km. Anvil ice water content, with a simple correction for ice fall speed, is found to be a good proxy for both the LMD, which for the storm analyzed is 11.25 km, and for the detrainment range of 6 to 17 km. More cases need to be analyzed to confirm the strength of this methodology, but the case study presented shows a strong correlation between anvil properties determined from radar reflectivity and the mass detrainment profile. Thus, radar reflectivity can be used as an indicator of the LMD to test model convective and transport parameterizations.
Principles of antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in the outpatient setting

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common illness with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Nearly 80% of the treatment for this condition is provided in the outpatient setting. Among the etiologic agents associated with bacterial CAP, the predominant pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae . Treatment of CAP for the most part is empirical; therefore, any antibiotic treatment should cover both typical and atypical pathogens. The β-lactams have historically been considered standard therapy for the treatment of CAP. However, the impact of rising resistance rates is now a primary concern facing physicians. For patients with comorbidities or recent antibiotic therapy, current guidelines recommend either combination therapy with a β-lactam and a macrolide or an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone alone. Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that exhibit high levels of penetration into the lungs and low levels of resistance. Evidence from clinical trials indicates clinical success rates of >90% for moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and levofloxacin in the treatment of CAP due to S pneumoniae . Data from comparative clinical trials suggest fluoroquinolone monotherapy is as efficacious as β-lactam-macrolide combination therapy in the treatment of CAP patients. The respiratory fluoroquinolone levofloxacin has also been shown to be effective in CAP patients for the treatment of macrolide-resistant S pneumoniae . The use of azithromycin, telithromycin, and fluoroquinolones in short-course regimens has been shown to be efficacious, safe, and tolerable in patients with CAP. Based on clinical evidence, high-dose, short-course therapies may represent a significant advance in the management of CAP.
Laser-induced profiles in solution

In this communication, we show that nonuniform density distributions of absorbing dyes in solution may be achieved using optically induced transport effects. Expressions are given which relate the intensity pattern of the light to the steady-state density profile. Using this method, permanent periodic concentrations could be produced for a variety of applications, including flash-pumped solid-matrix dye lasers.
A markov analysis of transfer in paired-associate learning with high intralist similarity

Transfer in the A-B, A-Br and A-B, C-B paradigms was studied varying intralist formal stimulus similarity and stimulus meaningfulness. High similarity facilitated transfer to A-Br with the result that percent transfer was significantly negative relative to C-B only with high meaningful-low similarity stimuli. The results were discussed as favoring Battig's intratask interference hypothesis over Martin's encoding variability hypothesis. A two-stage Markov analysis of the data indicated that the main difference between A-Br and C-B occurs in the second stage of learning regardless of stimulus materials. Changes in stimulus materials were found to affect transfer by adding a facilitory or inhibitory effect which is effective only on the first study trial.
Expectancies for Sexually Abused Children: Evidence of Perceiver Bias

We investigated perceiver bias in relation to children labeled as sexually abused. Building on recent research indicating that adults perceive children with such a label as having more behavioral problems and lower achievement, we replicated and expanded upon an earlier study. We tested undergraduate students (N = 699), who judged a six-year old child's aggressive behavior in vignettes that varied on severity of the aggressive behavior, child gender, and family history (sexually abused, mother dying of cancer, normal). Perceiver bias was related to family history label for internalizing behavior problems and competence issues and child gender for internalizing behavior problems and externalizing behavior problems. Implications for educators and practitioners are discussed as well as routes for future research.
Current management of acute pancreatitis

abstract Acute pancreatitis is a common clinical entity that presents itself a wide variety of clinical settings. The most common clinical scenario is abdominal pain with or without nausea and vomiting. The symptoms can exist alone or can complicate other disease processes. The diagnosis can be suspected by history and physical exam but is confirmed by laboratory confirmation of an elevated serum amylase concentration. The etiology of pancreatitis is usually attributable to alcohol use or gallstone disease. Other etiologies exist and can include drug reactions, trauma, metabolic derangements or infection. In approximately ten percent of cases the exact etiology is unable to be determined. Initial evaluation mandates delineation of the cause so that intervention will prevent further recurrences. The treatment of pancreatitis remains mainly supportive. Bowel rest and intravenous hydration are the cornerstones of treatment. The use of prophylactic antibiotics are controversial and surgical intervention is necessary only in severe cases of hemorrhagic pancreatitis or to manage the complications such as abscess or pseudocyst formation. The outcome following gallstone pancreatitis is generally favorable with most patients having prompt relief of symptoms and no sequelae. When there is recurrent alcohol abuse or other persistent metabolic disease recurrent acute pancreatitis can develop with a much higher risk of complications or it can progress into chronic pancreatitis. However, with appropriate treatment and intervention the majority of patients with acute pancreatitis do well.
ELECTRONIC NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION

Electronic Networking Technologies (ENT) have already made inroads into the construction industry as communication and information retrieval tools. Even though considered as the laggard in adopting ENT services in construction project activities, many construction companies have entered the ENT age. This paper presents the state-of-the-art of services provided by ENT and the adoption of ENT by the construction industry. The variety of options available to construction companies entering the ENT era, research in academia on exploring the use of ENT for construction activities, and related commercial products are also discussed. However, to implement ENT services in construction project activities successfully, ENT services should be acceptable in the construction environment and the utility assessment of such services is needed. An assessment model to measure the utility of ENT services in construction project activities is then presented. The assessment will determine whether ENT services in construction industry can perform as intended and provide an optimal configuration of ENT services for supporting construction project activities.
The Persistence of Flexible Organizational Routines: The Role of Agency and Organizational Context

Once regarded as stable and inflexible, organizational routines are increasingly seen as capable of being adapted to the situation at hand and a potentially important source of endogenous change in organizations. This paper considers why routines that are performed flexibly may nonetheless persist over time. Drawing on data from participant observation of a high-tech manufacturing company, I identify factors that contribute to both the flexibility and persistence of a routine. First, individuals and groups approach routines with different intentions and orientations, suggesting that agency shapes particular routine performances. Second, routine performances are embedded in an organizational context that, while it may not restrict the flexible use of a routine, may constrain its ongoing adaptation. Finally, accounting for the relative power of individuals sheds light on the interaction between agency and context in routine performance and explains why the actions of some individuals, but not others, can change routines. This paper draws on recent work that conceptualizes routines as ongoing accomplishments, and it extends it by identifying how actors and contexts shape both individual performances of routines and contribute to their persistence or change over time.
Effect of heating and aging on microstructure of polyester‐polyamide copolymer

Polyester-polyamide (PET/PA) copolymers offer a wide range of possible applications where both dimensional stability and good impact resistance can be achieved from their synergism. In order to ensure these properties for long-term use, however, problems of phase separation, volume change, and chemical reequilibration on heating or aging must be identified and overcome. Wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), and thermal analysis were employed to follow the microstructure of a 70:30 PET/PA copolymer with several different processing histories as a function of heat history and both short-term and long-term aging. Heating the copolymer, as received, above the melting temperature of PET caused phase mixing. The effect of heating on crystallinity depended on starting crystallinity. Holding the copolymer at 50°C, just below the glass transition temperature of PET, caused phase separation in samples which had been annealed for 30 min at 150°C. On long-term aging samples gave evidence of phase mixing. The results indicate highly nonequilibrium structure in the material, regardless of the original processing.
HERPES ZOSTER AND VARICELLA IN CHILDREN WITH HODGKIN'S DISEASE

Thirty-nine episodes of herpes zoster and varicella in 94 children with Hodgkin's disease were studied to determine the incidence and complications of these infections and their effect on the prognosis of Hodgkin's disease in children under multimodal treatment. Twenty-nine children (31%) developed herpes zoster and seven (7%) had varicella. Three children had herpes zoster on two occasions. All children with varicella had uncomplicated infections. One patient died and three had visceral complications secondary to herpes zoster infections. Disseminated herpes zoster in nine children (10%) was more often associated with recurrent or active Hodgkin's disease and led to more complications than localized herpes zoster. Although varicella-zoster infection does not impair the prognosis of Hodgkin's disease, it is a potentially fatal infection and an affected child deserves vigorous treatment and support.
1H NMR Studies of the 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2′-Deoxyuridine Containing TF1 Binding Site

The pyrimidine base 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (HmU) is a common nucleotide in SPO1 phage DNA. Numerous transcriptional proteins bind HmU-containing DNA preferentially implicating a regulatory function of HmU. We have investigated the conformation and dynamics of d-(5'-CHmUCHmUACACGHmUGHmUAGAG-OH-3')2 (HmU-DNA). This oligonucleotide mimics the consensus sequence of Transcription Factor 1 (TF1). The HmU-DNA was compared to the thymine-containing oligonucleotide. NOESY and DQF COSY spectroscopy provided resonance assignments of nonexchangeable and exchangeable protons, intranucleotide, internucleotide and intrastrand proton-proton distances, and dihedral angle constraints. Methylene protons of the hydroxymethyl group are nonequivalent protons and the hydroxymethyl group is not freely rotating. The hydroxymethyl group adopts a specific orientation with the OH group oriented on the 3' side of the plane of the base. Analysis of imino proton resonances and NOEs indicates additional end base pair fraying and a temperature-induced transition to a conformation in which the internal HmU-A base pairs are disrupted or have reduced lifetimes. Orientation of the hydroxymethyl group indicates the presence of internucleotide intrastrand hydrogen bonding between the HmU12C5 hydroxyl group and A13. All sugars in both DNAs show a C2'endo conformation (typical of B-DNA).
Impaired hypoxic coronary vasodilation and ATP-sensitive potassium channel function: a manifestation of diabetic microangiopathy in humans?

Hypoxic coronary vasodilation contributes to the maintenance of oxygen supply to the working heart during increased metabolic demand. Mechanisms of hypoxic coronary dilation have been studied extensively and differ considerably depending upon the species and experimental model. In isolated coronary vessels, several mechanisms have been implicated either alone or in combination, including release of vasodilatory factors (ie, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and adenosine), activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels and Ca2+-activated K+ channels, and inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.1–5 To date, however, relatively few studies have been conducted in human blood vessels. Furthermore, whereas most prior studies have examined hypoxic dilation in conduit coronary arteries, coronary microvessels (<150 μm in diameter) are considered to be the principal regulators of coronary blood flow in response to metabolic stress.6 Thus, despite extensive studies conducted over the past several decades, surprisingly little is known about mechanisms of hypoxic coronary microvascular dilation in humans, and how it might be altered in disease states. In this issue of Circulation Research , Miura and colleagues7 provide evidence that hypoxic dilation of human coronary microvessels is mediated primarily by activation of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), independent of the endothelium. Moreover, they report that both hypoxic dilation and vasodilation induced by the KATP opener aprikalim are attenuated in microvessels from patients with diabetes mellitus, suggesting impaired KATP function. These findings provide new insight into mechanisms of coronary vasoregulation in humans, and they suggest that impaired microvascular KATPchannel function might contribute to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. KATP channels are distributed in a variety of tissues, including cardiomyocytes, SMCs, skeletal muscle, and pancreatic β-cells.8 These octameric channels are composed of four inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunits (Kir) …
The Utility of Body Mass Index as a Measure of Body Fatness in Children and Adolescents: Differences by Race and Gender

Objective: To evaluate whether body mass index (BMI) is a representative equivalent measure of body fatness independent of age, race, gender, sexual maturation, and distribution of fat in children and adolescents. Study design: Cross-sectional study of 192 healthy subjects (100 boys and 92 girls, 103 white and 89 black) age 7 to 17 years. Methods. Height and weight were measured in the standard fashion, and BMI (kg/m) was calculated from these values. Fat mass and percent body fat were determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Sexual maturation was evaluated by physical assessment. Distribution of fat was determined by the waist:hip ratio. Results: There were no significant differences by gender and ethnic group for any of the demographic or anthropometric variables, except waist:hip ratio, which was higher in white compared with black boys. BMI was significantly and positively correlated with age, stage of maturation, and all of the anthropometric variables in each race-sex group. The correlation of maturation stage with BMI was stronger than the correlation between age and BMI. A multiple regression analysis showed that BMI, gender, race, sexual maturation, and distribution of fat were all significant independent correlates of the percent body fat (multiple R = .77). The percent body fat-BMI relationship was dependent on the stage of sexual maturation, gender (for an equivalent BMI, girls have greater amounts of body fat than boys), race (for equivalent BMI, whites have higher body fat than blacks), and waist:hip ratio (for equivalent BMI, those with central obesity have greater body fatness than those with peripheral obesity). Conclusion: BMI is not an equivalent measure of the percent body fat for each race-sex group. When BMI is used as a measure of body fatness in a research or clinical setting, particularly when comparisons are made across race and gender, it may be important to consider the maturation stage, race, gender, and distribution of body fat in the interpretation of the results.
Language Sample Analysis With Children Who Speak Non-Mainstream Dialects of English

Abstract The following article provides an overview of the benefits of using Language Sample Analysis (LSA) for assessing language performance in non-mainstream dialect speakers, addresses the impo...
Alterations in the extracellular matrix organization associated with the reexpression of tumorigenicity in human cell hybrids

The expression of fibronectin on the cell surface was evaluated on a series of intraspecific human cell hybrids formed between HeLa and normal fibroblast strains. Although these hybrids continued to express many of the in vitro transformation properties of their corresponding tumorigenic HeLa parent, they were now unable to form tumors when inoculated into athymic nude mice. From these suppressed hybrid populations, rare tumorigenic segregant subpopulations arose which had regained their tumorigenic capacity. A comparison of the expression of fibronectin on the cell surface was made between these tumorigenic segregant cell lines and their corresponding non-tumorigenic HeLa/fibroblast hybrid. Following specific immunofluorescent staining for fibronectin, a striking alteration in the cell surface organization was observed to correspond with the reexpression of tumorigenicity in these hybrids. Tumorigenic HeLa/fibroblast hybrids were also significantly altered in both their cellular and colonial morphology. Double immunofluorescent staining to simultaneously visualize both surface fibronectin and collagen revealed that these two extracellular matrix proteins displayed an extensive degree of codistribution and expressed a coordinate shift in organization which correlated with the appearance of tumorigenic segregant hybrid populations. These observations are in agreement with the apparently close structural association between fibronectin and collagen and suggest that the organization of these two components in the extracellular matrix may be an important determinant for in vivo growth potential.
Hydrodynamic passive separation under continuous flow in a microfluidic chip

Table 1 lists the results of separation experiments with different ratios of sample inlet diameter relative to the inlet reservoir diameter. The ratio with the larger inlet diameter (2∶1) delivered the most efficient separation distribution. 10 not for 1.1 µm spheres. This indicates a lower limit ofm spheres preferentially separated to Outlet 1, 5.5 µm spheres preferentially to Outlet 2 and 3.0 µm spheres preferentially to Outlet 3. For only the 2∶1 ratio, we conducted a One way ANOVA pairwise comparison using Tukey's Method for each particle's outlet distribution. This yielded significant results for 10 µm, 5.5 µm, 3.0 µm spheres, however not for 1.1 µm spheres. This indicates a lower limit of separation with particle size for this specific design. By adjusting the location of the sample inlet position on the y-axis relative to the diameter of the inlet reservoir we were able to define a Characteristic Inlet Position, fig 4 and inset. Where r is the Inlet Diameter, R is the Inlet Reservoir, and L is the distance from top the reservoir to the middle of r. As the inlet was placed progressively closer to the bottom of the reservoir, the efficiency of separation decreased for all particles. Only the 3.0 not for 1.1 µm spheres. This indicates a lower limit of m separated more efficiently when the inlet was near the bottom of the reservoir. We conclude that for our model, placing the sample inlet hole at the top of the reservoir is essential for an efficient separation of a mix of particles.
Persistent carry‐over effects of planktonic exposure to ocean acidification in the Olympia oyster

Predicting impacts of global environmental change is challenging due to the complex life cycles that characterize many terrestrial and aquatic taxa. Different life stages often interact with the physical environment in distinct ways, and a growing body of work suggests that stresses experienced during one life stage can “carry over” to influence subsequent stages. Assessments of population responses to environmental perturbation must therefore consider how effects might propagate across life-history transitions. We investigated consequences of ocean acidification (decreased pH and carbonate saturation) for early life stages of the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), a foundation species in estuaries along the Pacific coast of North America. We reared oysters at three levels of seawater pH, including a control (8.0) and two additional levels (7.9 and 7.8). Oysters were cultured through their planktonic larval period to metamorphosis and into early juvenile life. Larvae reared under pH 7.8 exhibited a 15% decre...
iTEM: a chip-level electromigration reliability diagnosis tool using electrothermal timing simulation

In this paper, we present a new electromigration reliability diagnosis tool (iTEM) for CMOS VLSI circuits. Unlike previous electromigration reliability tools, iTEM can estimate the interconnect temperature rise due to joule heating and heat conduction from the substrate using a newly developed lumped thermal model. Including the temperature effect, iTEM provides more accurate electromigration reliability diagnosis. Moreover, it is very fast and can analyze circuit layouts containing tens of thousands of transistors on a desktop workstation.