cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Management in Integrated Circuits: On-chip and system-level monitoring and cooling

Heat Management in Integrated Circuits focuses on devices and materials that are intimately integrated on-chip (as opposed to in package or on-board) for the purposes of thermal monitoring and thermal management, i.e., cooling. The devices and circuits cover various designs used for the purpose of converting temperature to a digital measurement, heat to electricity, and actively biased circuits that reverse thermal gradients on chips for the purpose of cooling. The book includes fundamental operating principles that touch upon physics of materials that are used to construct sensing, harvesting, and cooling devices, which will be followed by circuit and system design aspects that enable successful functioning of these devices as an on-chip system. Finally, the author discusses the use of these devices and systems for thermal management and the role they play in enabling energy-efficient and sustainable high performance computing systems.
Classification of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar images using fuzzy clustering

Clustering is a well known technique for classification in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR) images. Pixels are represented as complex covariance matrices, which demand dissimilarity measures that can capture the phase relationships between the polar components of the returns. Four dissimilarity measures are compared to judge their efficacy to separate complex covariances within the fuzzy clustering process. When these four measures are used to classify, a POLSAR image, the measures that are based upon the Wishart distribution outperform the standard metrics because they better represent the total information contained in the polarimetric data. The Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm is applied to a mixture of complex Wishart distributions to classify the image. Its performance matches the FCM clustering results yielding a tentative conclusion that the Wishart distribution model is more important than the clustering mechanism itself.
A Bayesian network approach to control of networked Markov decision processes

We consider the problem of finding an optimal feedback controller for a networked Markov decision process. Specifically, we consider a network of interconnected subsystems, where each subsystem evolves as a Markov decision process (MDP). A subsystem is connected to its neighbors via links over which signals are delayed. We consider centralized control of such networked MDPs. The controller receives delayed state information from each of the subsystem, and it chooses control actions for all subsystems. Such networked MDPs can be represented as partially observed Markov decision processes (POMDPs). We model such a POMDP as a Bayesian network and show that an optimal controller requires only a finite history of past states and control actions. The result is based on the idea that given certain past states and actions, the current state of the networked MDP is independent of the earlier states and actions. This dependence on only the finite past states and actions makes the computation of controllers for networked MDPs tractable.
On the unseasonal flooding over the Central United States during December 2015 and January 2016

Abstract The unseasonal winter heavy rainfall and flooding that occurred during December 2015–January 2016 had large socio-economic impacts for the central United States. Here we examine the climatic conditions that led to the observed extreme precipitation, and compare and contrast them with the 1982/1983 and 2011/2012 winters. The large precipitation amounts associated with the 1982/1983 and 2015/2016 winter flooding were linked to the strongly positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), with large moisture transported from the Gulf of Mexico. The anomalous upper-level trough in the 1982- and 2015- Decembers over the western United States was also favorable for strong precipitation by leading the cold front over the central United States. In contrast, the extremely positive NAO in December 2011 did not lead to heavy rainfall and flooding because the Azores High center shifted too far westward (like a blocking high) preventing moisture from moving towards the central and southeastern United States.
Graphitization of Carbon Particles in a Non-thermal Plasma Reactor

The production of nanomaterials using non-thermal plasmas remains the focus of ongoing investigations due to advantageous properties of this class of processes, most notably the intense plasma-induced heating arising from energetic recombination events occurring at the surface of nanoparticles, which allows for the tailored synthesis of crystalline nanoparticles. In this work, the authors discuss an in situ, in-flight Fourier Transform Infrared absorption spectroscopy technique to investigate the temperature variation of carbon nanoparticles during their synthesis in an acetylene–argon–hydrogen non-thermal RF plasma. Based on the FTIR measurements, decreasing hydrogenation levels and the progressive onset of an incandescence signal were observed at increasing RF input power. In the high RF power region, the carbon particle temperature, derived by fitting the corresponding FTIR spectra with a modified Planck’s law, shows values above 2000 K. The corresponding ex situ characterization of the synthesized materials by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy displays the production of highly graphitic particles and loss of bonded hydrogen from the material, hence supporting the substantial nanoparticle heating derived from the FTIR measurements.
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis: Pathogenesis and Host Resistance

Publisher Summary IFN-γ-mediated immune responses play a central role in resistance against T. gondii in the brain. IFN-γ production by multiple types of cells, including T cells, is required for the resistance. Microglia is one type of the IFN-γ-producing cells that probably play an important role in controlling the parasite. Following the acute stage, the parasite forms cysts (latent stage) in various organs, especially the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, establishing chronic infection. Infection in immunocompetent individuals is usually unnoticed or a benign, self-limiting illness, and results in a latent chronic infection. Immunosuppression in chronically infected individuals may result in reactivation of a latent infection, which is initiated by disruption of cysts, followed by proliferation of tachyzoites. Such reactivation of T. gondii infection usually presents as toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). TE has emerged as a major opportunistic infectious disease in the central nervous system in AIDS patients.
Incomplete Markets (Utility over Intermediate Consumption and Terminal Wealth)

This chapter studies the investor’s optimization problem in an incomplete market where the investor has a utility function defined over both terminal wealth and intermediate consumption. The presentation parallels the portfolio optimization problem studied in Chap. 11. This chapter is based on Jarrow.
The Baeyer–Villiger Reaction

The oxidation of ketones with organic peroxy acids, hydrogen peroxide or alkyl hydroperoxides to give esters/lactones or derived alcohols and acids is known as the Baeyer–Villiger reaction. Similar oxidations of aldehydes to the corresponding formate esters or their hydrolysis products also belong to this class of reactions. The Baeyer–Villiger reaction is of considerable synthetic use as a component of methods for shortening carbon chains, hydroxylating aromatic rings, converting carbocycles to heterocycles and opening cyclic arrays to prepare functionalized chains and/or rings.
Eddy Current Response to Three-Dimensional Flaws by the Boundary Element Method

In planning an inspection procedure, or in designing parts with flaw detectability as a design goal, it is essential that the engineer have available some form of model for estimating the probability of flaw detection. In the past this need has been met, with varying degrees of success, by relying on experience in the inspection of similar parts, sometimes supplemented by experimental testing. With the rapid advances in computer technology in recent years, it is now feasible to consider replacing, or at least enhancing, such practices with predictions based on numerical simulation of the flaw detection process [1].
Inducibility of Metabolizing Enzymes

Besides genetic polymorphisms, another important toxicologically relevant feature associated with foreign compound metabolism is the inducibility of metabolizing enzymes. Some foreign compounds exhibit intrinsic toxicity, while some others are metabolically activated to potential toxic metabolic intermediates by activation enzymes. The generated toxic metabolites further undergo detoxification enzyme-catalyzed reactions before they are ready for excretion. Activation and detoxification enzymes have the potential to be inducted or inhibited by some chemical compounds. Induction or inhibition of these metabolizing enzymes, therefore, has a significant impact on the extent of toxicity of xenobiotics.
Democracy and despotism

This book is primarly about absolute rule and hence I have given very little attention so far to democratic governments. In my other books on democratic governments I have normally paid no attention at all to despotic governments. Nevertheless, there are situations which are sort of between democracy and dictatorship and there are other analyzable situations in which a democracy is changing into a dictatorship or a monarchy into a democracy. This chapter will discuss these situations.
Zooplankton feeding ecology: a laboratory study of predation on fish eggs and larvae by the copepods Anomalocera ornata and Centropages typicus

Hjort proposed that fishery year-class fluctuations are due mainly to variable larval mortality, and that most mortality is due to early starvation. Some larvae die because they do not find enough zooplankton to eat, but others may die because zooplankton cat them. We examined predation upon eggs, yolk-sac, and/or first-feeding larvae of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), gulf menhaden (B. patronus) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) by adults of larger (Anomalocera ornata) and smaller (Centropages typicus) copepods. B. tyrannus eggs were too large for either copepod to grasp or ingest. A. ornata could grasp and apparently kill, but not ingest, the smaller L. xanthurus eggs, but C. typicus could not. Both yolk-sac and first-feeding B. tyrannus larvae and first feeding B. patronus larvae were grasped and completely consumed in<4 min by A. ornata. C. typicus ingested yolk-sac larvae of both fish, but not first-feeding larvae of either species. Ingestion rates by A. ornata were significantly related to prey density (ANOVA; p<0.001). Ingestion rates by C. typicus (<2 larvae copepod d-1) were much lower than those of the larger A. ornata (up to 14 larvae copepod d-1) at food concentrations of 10 to 50 larvae l-1. However, expressed as % copepod body carbon ingested copepod d-1, ration by the smaller copepod equalled or exceeded that of the larger. Since copepods and fish larvae can become concentrated together in surface windrows, copepod predation may represent a substantial source of mortality of fish larvae.
Eliciting Prespeech Vocalizations in a Young Child With Profound Hearing Loss

The usefulness of a real-time spectrographic speech display (SSD) in eliciting imitative and spontaneous prespeech vocalizations was explored through a case study. A 3-year, 10-month-old boy who ex...
Long non-coding RNA Gm15441 attenuates hepatic inflammasome activation in response to metabolic stress

Fasting paradigms elicit a wide-range of health benefits including suppressing inflammation. Exploring the molecular mechanisms that prevent inflammation during caloric restriction may yield promising new therapeutic targets. During fasting, activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) promotes the utilization of lipids as an energy source. Herein, we show that ligand activation of PPARA directly upregulates the long non-coding RNA gene Gm15441 through binding sites within its promoter. Gm15441 expression suppresses its antisense transcript, encoding thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP). This, in turn, decreases TXNIP-stimulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation, caspase-1 (CASP1) cleavage, and proinflammatory interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) maturation. Gm15441-null mice were developed and shown to be more susceptible to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and to exhibit elevated CASP1 and IL1B cleavage in response to metabolic and inflammatory stimuli. These findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which PPARA attenuates hepatic inflammasome activation in response to metabolic stress through lncRNA Gm15441 induction.nnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/675785v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (23K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1db1d5dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@64c8b2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b4402borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e0fbba_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG Graphical abstractnnC_FIG
Hall Effects and Berry Phase

The chapter gives basic information about the Berry phase and parameters that differentiate TI from conventional dielectrics. The integer quantum Hall and intrinsic anomalous Hall effects are discussed in relation to the topology of Hilbert space in crystals.
A Measurement Technique for Thermal Conductivity Characterization of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Yarns Using High-Resolution Infrared Microscopy

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) fibers exhibit significantly higher elastic modulus and axial thermal conductivity (more than two orders of magnitude) than conventional bulk polymers. Such fibers are currently used in various applications owing to their high strength, but their promise for use as a flexible/wearable heat spreading materials in thermal management applications has not been extensively explored. While the thermal properties of individual fibers have been measured in the literature, it is crucial to characterize the thermal conductivity of fiber bundles (yarns) from which wearable fabrics and other materials would be constructed. This work presents a steady state infrared thermography-based method for thermal conductivity measurement of yarns. Current flowing through a calibrated heater wire generates heat that conducts through the yarn sample, which is placed perpendicularly to the heater wire. Steady state temperature maps are obtained with and without the yarn sample in contact with the heater wire to extract the effective thermal conductivity of the yarn using an associated one-dimensional heat transfer model. The technique does not require estimation or knowledge of the thermal contact resistance between the heating wire and yarn sample. The method is validated by measuring the thermal conductivity of a known reference material. The effective thermal conductivity of an UHMW-PE yarn is measured to be approximately 16 Wm−1K−1, slightly lower than that of individual fibers due to the non-continuous nature of the fibers within the yarn. The developed measurement technique is broadly useful for thermal characterization of microscale strands or other rod-like structures.
Tris{2-[(2,6-dimethyl-phen-yl)amino]-eth-yl}amine.

The title compound, C30H42N4, is an aryl­ated tris­(amino­eth­yl)amine derivative which was obtained by reducing the corresponding tris-amide with AlH3. The asymmetric unit consists of one third of a C 3v-symmetric mol­ecule with the tertiary N atom lying on a crystallographic threefold axis.
Self-Similar Magneto-Electric Nanocircuit Technology for Probabilistic Inference Engines

Probabilistic graphical models are powerful mathematical formalisms for machine learning and reasoning under uncertainty that are widely used for cognitive computing. However, they cannot be employed efficiently for large problems (with variables in the order of 100K or larger) on conventional systems, due to inefficiencies resulting from layers of abstraction and separation of logic and memory in CMOS implementations. In this paper, we present a magnetoelectric probabilistic technology framework for implementing probabilistic reasoning functions. The technology leverages straintronic magneto-tunneling junction (S-MTJ) devices in a novel mixed-signal circuit framework for direct computations on probabilities while enabling in-memory computations with persistence. Initial evaluations of the Bayesian likelihood estimation operation occurring during Bayesian Network inference indicate up to 127× lower area, 214× lower active power, and 70× lower latency compared to an equivalent 45-nm CMOS Boolean implementation.
Advanced metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma identified within the placenta: a case report with literature review

We present an extremely rare case of a multiparous women age 32 in her 35th week of gestation who was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of back pain and was incidentally found to have metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma, diagnosed from a routine placental specimen. The coexistence of gastric carcinoma with pregnancy is a rare event, accounting for 0.026% to 0.1% of all pregnancies. To the best of our knowledge, the world literature contains only eight known cases of metastatic gastric cancer to the placenta-the present case is the ninth. An uncommon finding, in this case, was the extensive spread of cancer to bone marrow and leptomeninges.
Exact bounds on the zeros of solutions of second–order differential inequalities

Exact upper bounds on the zeros of solutions of a certain class of second-order differential inequalities are obtained.
What Is Recovery

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and is associated with enormous public health costs. Although AUD and other addictive behaviors have been described as chronic relapsing conditions, most individuals who develop AUD will eventually recover. This narrative review provides an overview of definitions of recovery, with a focus on recovery from AUD. The definitions reviewed include those developed by key stakeholder groups, as well as definitions derived from recent quantitative and qualitative studies of individuals who meet criteria for AUD and attempt to resolve their problems with or without treatment or who self-identify as pursuing or achieving recovery. The literature reviewed supports a definition of recovery as an ongoing dynamic process of behavior change characterized by relatively stable improvements in biopsychosocial functioning and purpose in life. The review concludes that definitions of recovery that rely solely on abstinence from alcohol and the absence of AUD symptoms fail to capture the multidimensional and heterogeneous pathways to recovery that are evident among individuals in general population and clinical samples.
Synergistic and additive effects of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism on attitudes toward socially stigmatized groups

Research has consistently linked social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) to numerous forms of prejudice, but little research has examined how these personality and ideological variables interact in their associations with various attitudinal outcomes. The present study explored the interactions of SDO and RWA in predicting a wide range of social attitudes (i.e., modern racism, modern sexism, traditional gender role beliefs) and feeling thermometers toward racial/ethnic minorities, women, and other socially stigmatized groups in a cross-sectional survey of 1244 U.S. college students (Mage = 21.54; SD = 5.17). Moderation analyses found significant independent associations of SDO, RWA, or both with all attitudinal or ideological outcome variables. We found a hypothesized synergistic interaction of SDO x RWA in predicting attitudes toward women scores, but the results did not support other hypothesized SDO x RWA interactions. Findings provide further support of the Dual Process Model and suggest that SDO and RWA may employ largely independent pathways in predicting attitudes toward marginalized groups.
Five Degree-of-Freedom Property Interpolation of Arbitrary Grain Boundaries via Voronoi Fundamental Zone Octonion Framework

Abstract We introduce the Voronoi fundamental zone (VFZ) framework which is useful for grain boundary (GB) structure–property models and gaining insights about the nature of a five degree-of-freedom (5DOF) fundamental zone (FZ) for both cubic and non-cubic symmetries and potentially alloys. We cover the methods associated with the VFZ framework. The VFZ framework offers an advantage over other 5DOF based property interpolation methods because directly computed Euclidean distances approximate the original grain boundary octonion (GBO) distance with significantly reduced runtime (~7 CPU min vs. 153 CPU days for a 50 , 000 × 50 , 000 pairwise-distance matrix). We perform boundary energy (GBE) interpolation for a non-smooth validation function on sets of up to 50,000 GBs using four interpolation methods: barycentric interpolation, Gaussian process regression (GPR) or Kriging, inverse-distance weighting (IDW), and nearest neighbor (NN) interpolation. The best performance was achieved with GPR which results in a reduction of the root mean square error (RMSE) by 83% relative to RMSE of a constant, average model. This error is comparable to the minimum expected uncertainty associated with reconstruction of noise-free experimental polycrystalline data. We then use GPR to interpolate simulated bi-crystal datasets for Fe and Ni and demonstrate better than (34.4% vs. 21.2% improvement) and similar (57.6% vs. 56.4% improvement) performance to prior work, respectively. The noise and non-uniform sampling in the Fe dataset make it difficult to resolve low GBE (i.e. cusps) and to validate the model. We resolve the Ni dataset cusps with high accuracy, but uncertainty may be high in regions far from the input data. The trade-offs between noise, dataset size, sampling scheme, and repeat measurements must be carefully managed. We provide a vectorized, parallelized, MATLAB interpolation function ( interp5DOF.m ) and related routines ( github.com/sgbaird-5dof/interp ) which can be applied to future datasets for a variety of GB properties and to better understand 5DOF FZs. For example, we estimate the maximum dimension of an O h VFZ to be ~66.5° in the GBO sense.
Females develop features of an addiction-like phenotype sooner during withdrawal than males.

Women meet criteria for substance use disorder after fewer years of drug use than men; this accelerated time course, or telescoping effect, has been observed for multiple drugs, including cocaine. Preclinical findings similarly indicate an enhanced vulnerability in females to developing an addiction-like phenotype; however, it is not yet known if this phenotype develops faster in females versus males. The goal of this study was to determine using a rat model whether two key features of addiction in humans, an enhanced motivation for cocaine and compulsive use, emerge sooner during withdrawal from extended access cocaine self-administration in females versus males. Motivation for cocaine, as assessed under a progressive-ratio reinforcement schedule, was determined prior to and following extended access cocaine self-administration (24 h/day, 96 infusions/day, 10 days) and after 7, 14, or 60 days of withdrawal. Compulsive use, or use despite punishment, was evaluated once progressive-ratio responding stabilized by adding histamine, an aversive stimulus, to the cocaine solutions. Motivation for cocaine increased from baseline sooner during withdrawal in females than males (at 7 versus 14 days); motivation was also highest in the 60-day group. Histamine decreased progressive-ratio responding for cocaine in both sexes, although effects were greatest in males in the 7-day withdrawal group; males reached the female-level of resistance to histamine punishment by 14 days of withdrawal. Female rats developed addition-like features sooner during withdrawal than male rats indicating that the telescoping effect observed in humans is biologically based. Additionally, like drug-seeking/craving, motivation for cocaine and measures of compulsive use incubate over withdrawal.
Prevalence of depression and anxiety in atypical Parkinsonian patients. (S15.006)

Introduction Few studies have examined the prevalence of depression and anxiety in atypical parkinsonian disorders. Emotional well-being is widely recognized as having an important impact on quality of life and is especially important in this patient population since many symptoms often fail to respond to standard dopaminergic therapy. A better understanding of prevalence of mood disorders in atypical parkinsonisms is crucial for optimizing treatment and improving quality of life. Methods An IRB approved retrospective chart review of the UF-INFORM database was performed. Patients with atypical Parkinsonian disorders, including PSP, MSA, CBD, and DLB were included in the analysis. Variables analyzed included demographic data and rating scales including UPDRS, PSP Rating Scale, UMSARS, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results A total of 337 patients were included in the analysis. Depressive symptoms defined as BDI>13 were present in 57[percnt] of patients, (64.7[percnt] of PSP, 58.9[percnt] of MSA, 51.8[percnt] of CBD, and 50[percnt] of DLB patients), 27[percnt] of them in the moderate-severe range (BDI>20). Anxiety defined as STAI>54, was present in 21[percnt] of the atypical parkinsonian patients, with a mean State STAI of 59±5 points. The severity scales (UPDRS, PSP rating scale, or UMSARS) scores did not correlate with either BDI or STAI scores. Discussion and Conclusions Although preliminary our findings suggest that about over half of the patients with atypical parkinsonism suffer from depressive symptoms, and near a third in the moderate-severe range. Twenty one percent of the patients suffered from symptoms of anxiety. Interestingly, there was no correlation between motor scores and symptoms of depression or anxiety, suggesting that mood disturbance affects atypical PD patients regardless of degree of motor disability. These findings stress the need to better characterize and to treat mood disorders in atypical Parkinsonian disorders. Disclosure: Dr. Brito De Almeida has nothing to disclose. Dr. Okun has received royalty payments from Demos, Humana, Amazon, Smashwords, Books4Patients, and Cambridge. Dr. Okun has received research support from the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the National Parkinson Foundation, the Parkinson Alliance, the Smallwo Dr. McFarland has nothing to disclose.
Chapter 27. Peptide Synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the progress made in methods of peptide synthesis and the synthesis of certain specific peptides and proteins. Preparation and use of enamine protecting groups and a new protecting group based on 2-nitrophenol have been described. Procedures for removal of Boc groups with mercaptoethanesulfonic acid, which should be useful for protection of tryptophan, as well as for removal of rifluoroacetyl (TFA) and trichloroacetyl groups by reduction with NaBH 4 have appeared. Attachment of the peptide to the resin through the ɛ-amino group of lysine was used in a novel synthesis of vasopressin. The use of a quaternary base in the usual esterification procedure for attachment of the first amino acid to the resin is proposed. This eliminates the formation of quaternary ammonium groups on the resin, which may complicate synthesis as well as monitoring during the synthesis. Several tryptohan-containing peptides have been synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis. Mercaptoethanol and 1,2-dimercaptoethane both appear to be satisfactory for protection of tryptophan in acidic reagents. Hydrolysis of peptides by p -toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of indole allows direct analysis of tryptophan.
Leader-follower control with odometry error analysis

In this paper we present a mobile robot tracking controller, which when applied to leader-following, enables the follower to move along a trajectory “parallel” to its leader, maintaining a specific relative position with respect to it. The dynamic model for the mobile robot is first developed, and then the tracking controller is constructed based on backstepping. We show that this controller asymptotically stabilizes the tracking error to the origin. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller, and highlight its potential use on formation control. Pure tracking is discussed as a special case, and it is noted that the proposed approach can be applied even to cases where reference trajectories are kinematically infeasible. Motivated by experimental observations, we analyze the effect of cumulative odometry errors on the performance of the tracking controller, and we show that tracking errors remain bounded if absolute position measurements are available infinitely often.
Bar Charts in Popular Media: Conveying Their Message to Visually Impaired Users via Speech

Information graphics such as bar charts, line graphs, and pie charts play a vital role in many documents found on the Web. In contrast to graphics generated for the purposes of data visualization, which are intended to allow the viewer to visually explore the data, we posit that the majority of information graphics that appear in popular media are designed to convey a clear message to the viewer [5]. These visual constructs serve as a communication medium between the graphic designer and the viewer, since they enable the viewer to quickly and easily perform complex tasks such as comparing entities or identifying trends [26, 8, 2] in order to infer the message being conveyed by the graphic designer.
Optical engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology: ABET accreditation with EC2000

Rose-Hulman has a history of meeting the need for optical engineers via the Applied Optics Programs since 1983. We have changed our degree program to Optical Engineering and will seek ABET accreditation. The present paper will deal with the step taken to accomplish this and define the mission of the degree program.
Template activity of nuclear RNA fractions of the Walker tumor.

Abstract 1. The template activity of various nuclear RNA fractions derived from the Walker tumor was investigated. 2. RNA extracted from the Tris-0.15 M NaCl fraction (‘nuclear sap’ fraction) had the highest template activity of the fractions studied. RNA of the deoxyribonucleoprotein fractions extracted with 2 M NaCl and RNA obtained from the residual fraction had much lower orders of template activity. 3. The bulk of the template activity of the “nuclear sap” fraction was associated with the 18-S RNA. 4. Addition of RNA's from the deoxyribonucleoprotein fraction markedly suppressed the stimulation of incorporation of [14C]arginine into protein by the RNA of the Tris-saline extract. However, the RNA of the residue fraction had essentially no suppressive effect.
Flares associated with EFR's (emerging flux regions).

I examined a moderately active sunspot group, McMath 9735, and found that 15 of 16 flares observed in 1968, October 20–21 occurred near, and were preceded by, at least one of several EFR's (Emerging Flux Regions) in the area. Flares were larger and more numerous when: (1) the EFR appeared close to already existing spots, (2) a large amount of filament reorientation was occurring, and when (3) the EFR was most active, i.e., it was increasing in area and brightness and was accompanied by violent surging and great brightness fluctuations at the feet of the dark fibrils. Only two flares occurred at an ‘inverted’ EFR, i.e., a leading spot with f polarity, however the largest event (2B) of the 15 quickly spread to this region after starting in a different EFR. A sunspot appeared in the inverted emerging flux region less than three hours after the flares. However this is thought to be merely an indication of the growing EFR and, therefore, a secondary effect.
Chlorinated high density polyethylene. I. Chain characterization

High density polyethylene has been chlorinated by three different methods: in suspension and in solutions of two different solvents. Carbon-13 NMR and infrared analysis show that chlorination in chlorobenzene solution leads to statistically random distribution while chlorination in suspension gives highly blocky substitution. An intermediate distribution was obtained by chlorination in tetrachloroethane solution.
Cross-Coupled Control of Biaxial Feed Drive Servomechanisms

On presente un systeme de commande a couplage croise, concu pour ameliorer la precision de contour a grande vitesse independamment de la precision de poursuite dans les servomecanismes d'entrainement de machines-outils biaxiales. Une analyse approximative de la stabilite du systeme de commande est presentee et sa performance est evaluee. On montre experimentalement que le systeme de commande propose reduit l'erreur de contour mais laisse l'erreur de poursuite pratiquement inchangee
Regulation of microRNAs by natural agents: an emerging field in chemoprevention and chemotherapy research.

In recent years, microRNAs have received greater attention in cancer research. These small, non-coding RNAs could inhibit target gene expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated region of target mRNA, resulting in either mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation. miRNAs play important roles in many normal biological processes; however, studies have also shown that aberrant miRNA expression is correlated with the development and progression of cancers. The miRNAs could have oncogenic or tumor suppressor activities. Moreover, some miRNAs could regulate formation of cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype of cancer cells which are typically drug resistant. Furthermore, miRNAs could be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, and thus miRNAs are becoming emerging targets for cancer therapy. Recent studies have shown that natural agents including curcumin, isoflavone, indole-3-carbinol, 3,3′-diindolylmethane, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, etc. could alter miRNA expression profiles, leading to the inhibition of cancer cell growth, induction of apoptosis, reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, or enhancement of efficacy of conventional cancer therapeutics. These emerging results clearly suggest that specific targeting of miRNAs by natural agents could open newer avenues for complete eradication of tumors by killing the drug-resistant cells to improve survival outcome in patients diagnosed with malignancies.
Evoked cortical responses to checkerboard patterns: effect of check-size as a function of retinal eccentricity.

Abstract Visually evoked cortical responses were obtained from 3 Ss as they viewed checkerboard patterned light flashes (checks subtended from 0–180′ of arc) presented to different areas of the retina in respect to the fovea (0–27.5° eccentricity). An inverted “U” —shaped function was obtained between response amplitude and check-size. The check-size which elicited the greatest amplitude responses depended on eccentricity of retinal stimulation: when the foveal area was stimulated, relatively small checks (subtending 15–30′ of arc) evoked the greatest amplitude responses; when progressively more peripheral areas of the retina were stimulated (up to 7.5° eccentricity), progressively larger check-sizes evoked the greatest amplitude responses (subtending up to 60′ of arc). Check-size had little effect on evoked responses when the retina was stimulated 12.5–27.5° from the fovea. The results were discussed in relationship to the assumed size of retinal receptive field centers at different eccentricities in animals and humans.
Direct utilization of carbon dioxide in chemical synthesis: Vinyl acetate via methane carboxylation

Abstract The use of CO 2 as a reactant for chemical synthesis generally is limited by the unfavorable equilibrium that results from the large, negative free energy of formation of CO 2 . Here, we report the direct catalytic synthesis of vinyl acetate from an equimolar gaseous mixture of CO 2 + CH 4 + C 2 H 2 at 1 atm and temperatures between 200 and 400 °C. We are not aware of any previous reports of this reaction, which appears to proceed in two steps: (1) acetic acid is formed by the reaction of CO 2 and CH 4 ; (2) acetic acid then reacts with acetylene to form vinyl acetate. The formation of acetic acid from CO 2 and CH 4 is very unfavorable thermodynamically. However, the reaction of acetic acid with acetylene shifts the overall equilibrium to the right. Although 5% Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalyzes the formation of vinyl acetate from the mixture of CO 2 + CH 4 + C 2 H 2 , the most effective catalyst system is an admixture of 5% Pt/Al 2 O 3 , which has been shown to catalyze the direct formation of acetic acid from CH 4 + CO 2 , and Zn acetate/carbon, which is known to catalyze the formation of vinyl acetate from acetic acid and acetylene.
Effects of vacuum environment on the sub-structure of evaporated F.C.C. Metal films

Abstract The effect of the vapour pressure environment upon the sub-structure of evaporated thin films of silver, gold, nickel and aluminium has been studied by electron transmission and selected area diffraction microscopy. Special attention has been paid to the grain size and crystal perfection of the metal films as a function of substrate temperature, film thickness, rate of deposition and nominal vapour pressure in the range 10−2 to 10−9 torr. In the case of aluminium, the combined influence of substrate temperature and pressure has yielded pertinent information concerning the influence of impurities on the nucleation and growth of thin films.
Glutamate and picrotoxin injections into the preoptic basal forebrain initiate locomotion in the anesthetized rat.

This study determined the locomotor effects of glutamate and picrotoxin injections and electrical stimulation in the preoptic basal forebrain. Male rats, anesthetized with Nembutal, were held in a stereotaxic apparatus such that stepping rotated a wheel. Cathodal stimulation (0.5-ms pulses, 50-Hz frequency, 10-strain, <100 μA) was applied through a 30-gauge stainless-steel, insulated cannula to find locomotor sites. Glutamate (20 mM or 2 M) or picrotoxin (100 or 200 ng) were injected in volumes of 0.2 or 1.0 μl of saline at a rate of 1 μl/5 min. Electrical stimulation elicited locomotion (principally hindlimbs) in 32 sites which included the lateral and medial preoptic areas and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). Stimulation in 23 sites, most in the BST and septal area, failed to produce locomotion. Stepping was elicited by glutamate and electrical stimulation in 15 sites. Glutamate was ineffective at 21 sites, at 6 of these sites electrical stimulation was effective. Longer bouts of locomotion were produced by 2 M than by 20 nM glutamate. Picrotoxin produced more intense and prolonged locomotion than glutamate. It was effective in 15 sites, at 12 of which electrical stimulation was also effective. At some ventral sites, picrotoxin-elicited stepping was continuous, at others it appeared in bursts of 5–20 s duration. At dorsal sites, the locomotor bursts were punctuated by episodes of pelvic flexion. Picrotoxin was ineffective at 12 sites, 7 of which were effective with electrical stimulation. These results indicate that activity of neurons in the preoptic basal forebrain can initiate locomotion.
Microstructural characterization of Co/Cu multilayers

Abstract A series of dc magnetron-sputtered Co/Cu superlattices, with Co magnetic layers of ≈ 10 A thickness and Cu spacer layer thicknesses in the range 10–400 A, has been characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy. The multilayer structure was found to be polycrystalline with individual columnar grains spanning several bilayers. The grain size increased for Cu spacer layers of greater thickness, with a grain size of at least 3–4 bilayer periods being typical for multilayers with the thickest Cu layers (100–400 A). In terms of the giant magnetoresistance (GMRC) exhibited by these metallic superlattices, these observations mean that conduction electron scattering at grain boundaries can, to a first approximation, be ignored in models for GMR dependence on Cu layer thickness.
Atomic Force Microscopy based nanorobotic operations for biomedical investigations

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) based nanorobotics has been applied for building nano devices for almost a decade. It also offers the prospect for analyzing, handling and manipulating biological objects at nanometer scale. AFM itself is a high resolution imaging tool with unique advantages over others to work in liquid where physiological conditions can be maintained for biological samples. Visualization of cytoskeleton structures of live cells was done through controlling the interaction force of the AFM tip with the live cell membrane at nN or sub-nN range. More importantly, by considering the AFM cantilever as a robotic arm with capabilities of mechanical pulling, pushing and cutting, the nanoscale handling and manipulation can be achieved. Utilizing its localization ability, mechanical property characterization can be performed on a great number of cells. Stiffness change is observed by statistically analyzing the Young's modulus values of individual B lymphoma cells before and after antibody treatment. With precise motion planning and control, nano-dissection can be realized on individual or bundles of cytoskeleton elements at sub-100 nm cuts. This was demonstrated by the dissection of intermediate filaments connecting neighboring human keratinocytes. These biomedical investigations with the aid of AFM based nanorobotics can facilitate the search for biomarkers in disease diagnosis and treatment and the understanding of dynamic signaling events of cell biology.
The Structure of Mithramycin Reinvestigated

A reinvestigation of the structure of mithramycin, the principal product of Streptomyces argillaceus ATCC 12956, is reported. The structure elucidation was carried out with mithramycin decaacetate (4) using 2D NMR methods, including TOCSY, HMBC, and HSQC experiments. The work resulted in structure 3 being confirmed for mithramycin.
Polycation inhibition of exocytosis from sea urchin egg cortex

The Ca2+-stimulated release of vesicle contents from cortical fragments prepared from sea urchin eggs is an in vitro model for exocytosis. Cortical fragments have been isolated either in suspension (cell surface complex, CSC preparation), or attached to polycation-coated surfaces (cortical lawn, CL preparation). CL, but not CSC, have been reported to undergo a rapid “aging” process whereby they fail to respond to micromolar free Ca2+. Since, in principle, the only difference between the two preparations is the use of polycations in the CL preparation, polycations were suspected of being inhibitory. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating the effects of polycation-containing buffers on the Ca2+ threshold, rate, and extent of exocytosis in CL prepared from the eggs ofStrongylocentrotus purpuratus. A sensitive microphotometric assay, based on light scattering by the individual cortical vesicles in the CL, was used to quantitate the exocytotic response. Buffers containing polylysine were found to be potent inhibitors of cortical exocytosis. The Ca2+ threshold of CL that had been treated for 15 min at room temperature with 50 μg/ml of polylysine was more than three orders of magnitude greater than that of freshly prepared CL. The other polycations tested (protamine, spermine and neomycin) were also found to be inhibitory, but to a lesser degree than polylysine. Two lines of evidence suggested that the polycations used in the preparation of CL are responsible for the rapid “aging” phenomenon: (i) CSC fragments that had been affixed to polylysine-coated coverslips were shown to aquire “aging” characteristics similar to the CL preparations; control CSC that had been maintained in suspension did not. (ii) Radiolabeled poly-l-lysine was shown to dissociate from coated coverslips and redistribute onto CL.
Positive affect and decision frame in negotiation

This study examined decision frame (“gain” vs. “loss”) and negotiator affect (positive vs. control) in a simulated bilateral negotiation where negotiators dealt with a programmed opponent and made offers and counteroffers on three issues that differed in value. Direct comparisons between the gain and loss frame conditions, in the control-affect condition, revealed a replication of the standard frame effect: a loss frame produced fewer concessions than a gain frame. However, an interaction effect indicated that the frame effect reversed in the positive affect condition: under positive affect, a loss frame produced greater concessions than a gain frame. In addition, the data indicated a replication of earlier work showing that positive affect can lead to more integrative agreements in negotiation. The results suggest that positive affect can influence location of a reference point in evaluating prospective outcomes; one implication is that prospect theory can be useful for understanding the effects of affect in bilateral negotiation.
Nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanohelixes prepared in CVD process

Synthesis of carbon nanostructures at low temperature range of 600°C by a filament assisted chemical vapor deposition method was investigated. This system could be used to synthesis carbon nano-tubes, nano-fibers, and nano-helixes by changing the catalyst materials. The results indicated that the synthesis of these carbon structures with diameter from 20- 500 nm range is possible with the current method. It has been reported that random deposition of carbon helix structured in CVD of carbon nanotubes. This paper presents details of these experimental procedures.
The 'art' and 'science' of handcrafting cheese in the United States.

Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in the United States, this article demonstrates how American cheesemakers articulate the work of handcrafting cheese as a balance of ‘art’ and ‘science’, where art refers to aesthetic creativity and an intuitive ability to interpret observable conditions as a guide for contingent practice, while science refers to the accurate measuring of those conditions as well as meticulous record-keeping and hygiene. Artisanship thus entails a blend of subjective and objective practice and accounting, characterized here as the application of synaesthetic reason. Mutually defining, art and science in the crafting of cheese are far from mutually exclusive. And both are embedded in larger cultural contexts. Artisanship must also acknowledge market-based tastes and cultural understandings of acceptable form.
Contrast sensitivity at low spatial frequencies in the hooded rat

Abstract Behavioural methods were used to measure spatial contrast sensitivity, to vertical sine-wave luminance profile gratings, in hooded rats. Low frequency attenuation of sensitivity was observed at spatial frequencies below 0.lc/deg. This attenuation exceeded that produced by varying the number of periods in the grating, indicating that it was a function of spatial frequency as well as number of periods.
Personality correlates of pedophilia: Are they reliable indicators?

This article critically reviews the literature related to personality correlates of pedophilia. It is noted that the “slippage” of legal and moral constructs into operational criteria and research methodology in this field have created impediments to sound professional consensus and the accumulation of a coherent data base. When the construct “pedophile” was separated from the construct “sex offender against a minor,” there were no reliable findings regarding “pedophiles.” “Sex offenders against minors” were noted fairly consistently to have experienced early disturbances in mother relationships and were found for the most part to be non‐violent and not aroused by sexually aggressive stimuli involving children (although a smaller portion were violent and/or were aroused by such stimuli). A subgroup of these offenders displayed the passive, lonely and shy profile frequently thought to be associated with the pedophile, although such tendencies were not clinically significant and were similar to profiles fou...