cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustained and Temporary Hypothermia as Variables in Successful Maze Learning

Moderate hypochermia, or a slight reduction of body temperature from a point within the normal limits of the range of body temperature variability, has been given some attention in the clinical literature, This attention has been focused primarily on functional somatic changes or variations induced by the hypothermia. Observations dealing with behavioral functions have come mainly from clinical studies in which the behavioral data were secondary to the application of hypothermia in medical or surgical procedures (Fay, 1940; Allen, et al., 1960). In these observations there have been reports of a behavioral deficit in cognitive functioning. Previous experimental studies (Essman, Sudak, & Blumstein, 1961; Essman 8i Sudak, 1962; Sudak & Essman, 1962?) have suggested impaired maze acquisition when body temperature was lowered (2OC co 5OC), a cemperature-dependent variable related to learning, and no effect of such a moderate degree of temperature reduction upon performance. The precise limits of temperature variability in the mouse (Mus masctdlar) have not been clearly defined. In one instance (Speccor, 1956, p. 343) 35.2'C to 37.9'C has been specified. In another instance (Usinger, 1957) the range is given as 34'C to 39°C for ambient temperatures of 20°C to 35°C. In our own experience we have found that in individual measurements made on SwissWebster mice variation of deep colonic temperature occurs from 36'C to 39OC at an ambient temperature of 25°C & l.O°C. The question arising out of previous work has been what degree of reduction from the upper normochermic range must a temperature be to influence the acquisition of a simple maze response. This implies the hypothesis chat temperature reduction per se rather than a temperarure difference within the norrnochermic range is [he critical variable as far as the acquisition process is concerned. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that moderate sustained hypothermia will interfere with acquisirion while moderate temporary hypothermia will have no effect. This hypothesis is based upon the premise that a sustained reduction of body temperature during acquisition experience does not allow for neural consolidacion~'
The Power of Play and Language on Early Childhood Racial Identity in Three U.S. Schools

This article includes 3 transformative action research case studies conducted in 3 geographically diverse locations—the Northeast, Southwest, and Southeast United States—with children between the ages of 4 and 7. The case studies that are the focus of this article were selected from studies collected between 1997 and 2007. The outcomes of each clearly identify issues signifying a relation among race, play, and language in both student-to-student and teacher-to-student discourse. Discussion includes how critical incident logs and language events transform White teacher identities and support self-reflection. The relations that exist among theory, practice, and academic achievement in the field of racial identity development are discussed, as is the role that play-based curriculum models can have on identity consistency in early childhood classrooms.
Intrafraction verification of gated RapidArc by using beam-level kilovoltage X-ray images.

Purpose To verify the geometric accuracy of gated RapidArc treatment using kV images acquired during dose delivery. Methods and Materials Twenty patients were treated using the gated RapidArc technique with a Varian TrueBeam STx linear accelerator. One to 7 metallic fiducial markers were implanted inside or near the tumor target before treatment simulation. For patient setup and treatment verification purposes, the internal target volume (ITV) was created, corresponding to each implanted marker. The gating signal was generated from the Real-time Position Management (RPM) system. At the beginning of each fraction, individualized respiratory gating amplitude thresholds were set based on fluoroscopic image guidance. During the treatment, we acquired kV images immediately before MV beam-on at every breathing cycle, using the on-board imaging system. After the treatment, all implanted markers were detected, and their 3-dimensional (3D) positions in the patient were estimated using software developed in-house. The distance from the marker to the corresponding ITV was calculated for each patient by averaging over all markers and all fractions. Results The average 3D distance between the markers and their ITVs was 0.8 ± 0.5 mm (range, 0-1.7 mm) and was 2.1 ± 1.2 mm at the 95th percentile (range, 0-3.8 mm). On average, a left-right margin of 0.6 mm, an anterior-posterior margin of 0.8 mm, and a superior-inferior margin of 1.5 mm is required to account for 95% of the intrafraction uncertainty in RPM-based RapidArc gating. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first clinical report of intrafraction verification of respiration-gated RapidArc treatment in stereotactic ablative radiation therapy. For some patients, the markers deviated significantly from the ITV by more than 2 mm at the beginning of the MV beam-on. This emphasizes the need for gating techniques with beam-on/-off controlled directly by the actual position of the tumor target instead of external surrogates such as RPM.
Opening doors with informal science: Exposure and access for our underserved students

As it has become apparent that there is a need to broaden the emphasis of sci- ence education and ensure that every student achieves a level of science literacy, science edu- cators face the challenge of addressing new audiences that are not always well-served by traditional presentations of scientific material. The challenge of presenting agricultural science to urban African American students typifies a scenario that necessitates devising new ap- proaches to teach people who were previously overlooked or even ignored by the scientific community. The Young Scholars Program at The Ohio State University (OSU) is a 6-year pre- collegiate intervention program designed to prepare academically talented, economically dis- advantaged minority students for college education. This novel outreach program was developed with the primary intention of enhancing the educational background of all of these young people by increasing their agricultural literacy. A secondary goal lay in the hope that some of these students might be enticed to consider the possibility of collegiate study in agri- cultural fields, thus infusing some much needed racial/ethnic diversity into the College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences' student population. To address anticipated disinterest on the part of the students, an informal approach designed to emphasize the rele- vance, breadth, technical sophistication, and aesthetic components of agricultural science was devised. Students were taken on educational field trips to various college departments as part of an academic program during summer visits to the OSU. Efforts were made to use nontradi- tional (all women and men of color) scientists as many of the presenters to break down the stereotypical notion that only white males do science. Deliberate educational strategies were employed to enhance the educative aspects of the visits. A science/writing exercise served the dual purpose of prompting student reflection as well as being the evaluation instrument to as- sess the efficacy of the program. The success of this effort to reshape the traditional presenta- tion of agriculture was demonstrated in much of the testimony of the students as well as the verbal and written observations of the adults involved. The demonstrable success of this project documents the possibility of an initiative addressing the dual challenge of opening the doors of science while simultaneously cultivating the interest of historically underrepresented people in nontraditional subject areas. This research further supports the idea that an informal approach to science education can be a particularly effective intervention strategy for reaching out to underserved students. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 81:663 - 677, 1997.
Artistic Training and Interest in Visual Art: Applying the Appraisal Model of Aesthetic Emotions:

Art experts find art more interesting, particularly when it is abstract or complex. These findings are explored in light of a model of aesthetic emotions rooted in appraisal theories (Silvia, 2005b, 2005d). This model attributes emotional responses to art to cognitive appraisal processes (as opposed to collative motivation, prototypicality, or processing fluency). Two experiments examined whether art experts and novices differed in the appraisals that make art interesting. In Experiment 1, people with art training found complex pictures more interesting, and they appraised them as easier to understand. Using multilevel modeling, Experiment 2 explored whether art training involved a qualitative shift in the appraisals that cause interest. Within-person effects of appraisals on emotions were essentially independent of between-person differences in training. People high and low in training make the same emotional appraisals of art, but they reach different answers to the appraisal questions.
Effects of short-term pulses of atrazine on attached algal communities in a small stream

The impact of short-term atrazine exposures on attached algal community composition and standing crop was investigated during the summer in a small, spring-fed stream in western Nebraska. Replicate trays of clay tiles were anchored to the stream bed, allowed to colonize for two weeks, then enclosedin situ with plexiglass boxes and exposed to a pulse of atrazine at 0, 2, 30, or 100 μg/L for 24 hr. A second 24-hr atrazine pulse was applied two weeks later. Atrazine did not have a significant effect on cell densities of the dominant algae or the ash-free dry weight biomass of the periphyton community. The absence of observed treatment effects was likely due to the low but realstic levels of atrazine used and the transient nature of the application. Sediment deposition had a much greater influence on the attached algal community than short-term pulses of the herbicide.
Streamlining user interaction in tag-based conversational navigation of knowledge resource libraries

This paper presents an approach for helping users more quickly discover relevant information resources in a tag based system, where each resource is associated with a number of descriptive meta-data tags. Our approach builds an adaptive conversational decision-tree structure to minimize the number of interactive cues required to help a user navigate to resources of interest. Initial experiments demonstrate the potential of the approach, with shallower decision trees supporting better overall interaction performance.
Transient control of generator excitation in consideration of measurement and control delays

The control of a nonlinear power system with delayed inputs and measurements is illustrated using the example of transient excitation control of a generator. Through simulated studies, the direct feedback linearization approach is found to yield unsatisfactory results in the presence of large measurement processing delays. An effective way to compensate for the delay using prediction is demonstrated. >
Nonextremity replantation: the management of amputations of the facial parts and testicle

Successful nonextremity replantations, particularly of the facial anatomy and testicles, are rare procedures, and only a handful of cases have been reported. This article reviews the current literature in nonextremity replantations and representative cases performed at the authors' institution. Certain underlying themes and problems are consistently encountered in the surgical management of these cases. These are identified and reviewed. Although the replantation of these body parts remains technically challenging, all efforts should be made, when indicated, to repair these injuries microsurgically, because it currently offers the best reconstructive solution for these patients.
Presynaptic NMDA receptors get into the act

In a new form of synaptic plasticity, depolarization of Purkinje cells increases the frequency of mini GABAergic IPSCs, via glutamate acting as a retrograde messenger on presynaptic NMDA receptors on the terminals of cerebellar interneurons.
Partition function of the Ising model on the periodic 4×4×4 lattice

The exact partition function of the Ising model on a periodic 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 simple cubic lattice is presented. The methods used in deriving this quantity, based on low-temperature series, are discussed. The zero-field partition function is analyzed to locate its zeros in the complex plane, and these results are discussed.
The prognostic analogue of the propensity score

SUMMARY The propensity score collapses the covariates of an observational study into a single measure summarizing their joint association with treatment conditions; prognostic scores summarize covariates' association with potential responses. As with propensity scores, stratification on prognostic scores brings to uncontrolled studies a concrete and desirable form of balance, a balance that is more familiar as an objective of experimental control. Like propensity scores, prognostic scores can reduce the dimension of the covariate, yet causal inferences conditional on them are as valid as are inferences conditional only on the unreduced covariate. As a method of adjustment unto itself, prognostic scoring has limitations not shared with propensity scoring, but it holds promise as a complement to the propensity score, particularly in certain designs for which unassisted propensity adjustment is difficult or infeasible.
Acceptability of Frankfurters Made from Chicken, Rabbit, Beef, and Pork

Abstract Traditionally frankfurters are made from beef, pork and veal. Other meat animals, however, such as chicken and rabbit are excellent sources of protein and should make acceptable products. But in order to evaluate their acceptability in relation to those made from red meats, as much as possible of the psychological bias against frankfurters made from other meats should be removed. This project was undertaken to evaluate frankfurters made from chicken, rabbit, beef and pork when the panelists did not know the meat source and when red lighting was used to lessen color differences. Frankfurters were formulated from each of the four kinds of mean and from 50/50 combinations of each with chicken. They were evaluated by 13–14 trained judges, who rated them for tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability. Shear press values and heating loss were also determined. Taste panel scores showed that, under the processing conditions used in this study, chicken alone and in combination with rabbit, produced frankfurters that were less firm, more juicy, better flavored and more preferred than beef alone. Heating loss and shear values were lower for chicken frankfurters.
Electromagnetic chirality and its applications

Chirality is a geometric notion which refers to the handedness of an object. A chiral object is, by definition, a body that cannot be brought into congruence with its mirror image by translation and rotation. In other words, such a body lacks bilateral symmetry, and cannot be superposed on its mirror image. An object of this sort has the property of handedness and is said to be either right-handed or left-handed. An object that is not chiral is achiral. Some chiral objects occur in two versions relatedto each other as a chiral object and its mirror image. Objects so related are said to be enanriomorphs of each other. If a chiral object is found to be lefthanded, its enantiomorph is right-handed, and vice versa. Two examples of chiral objects, the Mbbius strip and the irregular tetrahedron, and their enantiomorphs are shown in Fig. 1. Note that these objects and their mirror images are incongruent
Fibronectin peptides mediate HMEC adhesion to porcine-derived extracellular matrix.

Abstract Extracellular matrices (ECM) derived from porcine tissues have been shown to support the successful repair and remodeling of injured tissues when evaluated in animal models. Cell–matrix interactions, including ligand–integrin associations that facilitate endothelial cell adhesion, are clearly important in the tissue remodeling process. The goal of the present study was to identify the peptide sequences within the ubiquitous protein fibronectin (FN) that may be important in the initial interactions between the host endothelial cells and the ECM scaffold. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) were seeded upon porcine ECM after having been subjected to pretreatment with peptide ligands derived from tissue FN and were allowed to attach for 20 min. Non-adherent cells were removed and the remaining, tritium-labeled cells attached to the ECM were counted. Results showed that cyclo-RGD and REDV, but not LDV or PHSRN, play a role in mediating the attachment of HMEC to porcine ECM.
Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics

On the occasion of its opening in 2002, the Palais de Tokyo immediately struck the visitor as different from other contemporary art venues that had recently opened in Europe. Although a budget of 4.75 million euros was spent on converting the former Japanese pavilion for the 1937 World’s Fair into a “site for contemporary creation,” most of this money had been used to reinforce (rather than renovate) the existing structure.1 Instead of clean white walls, discreetly installed lighting, and wooden floors, the interior was left bare and unfinished. This decision was important, as it reflected a key aspect of the venue’s curatorial ethos under its codirectorship by Jerome Sans, an art critic and curator, and Nicolas Bourriaud, former curator at CAPC Bordeaux and editor of the journal Documents sur l’art. The Palais de Tokyo’s improvised relationship to its surroundings has subsequently become paradigmatic of a visible tendency among European art venues to reconceptualize the “white cube” model of displaying contemporary art as a studio or experimental “laboratory.”2 It is therefore in the tradition of what
Clinical effectiveness and sensitivity with overnight use of 22% carbamide peroxide gel

Abstract Objective To evaluate clinical effectiveness, color rebound and sensitivity of 22% carbamide peroxide (CP) with 3% potassium nitrate. Methods Twenty-one participants were enrolled and treated overnight for 2 weeks with 22% CP (Venus White, Heraeus Kulzer). Visual color measurement was performed and expressed in shade guide units (SGU) of Vita Classical (VC) and Vita Bleachedguide 3D Master (BG) shade guides. Instrumental color measurements were performed using an intraoral spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Compact, EC). Color measurements were taken on a canine and central incisor at baseline, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Participants documented sensitivity and data were analysed with Wilcoxon and Bonferroni correction at the 0.05 level of significance. Results Mean BG SGU difference immediately, 1 and 2 weeks postbleaching compared to baseline was 4.9 (2.1), 4.5 (2.2) and 4.6 (2.0), respectively. Corresponding VC values were 7.0 (3.5), 6.4 (3.3) and 6.5 (3.4), while corresponding Δ E * values were 8.3 (4.1), 8.1 (4.0) and 7.9 (3.5). For visual shade evaluation there was a significant decrease in SGU from baseline and each subsequent week, p Conclusions Visual and instrumental evaluation showed rebound occurred 1 week postbleaching with 22% carbamide peroxide and 3% potassium nitrate. In general, color was stable at 2 weeks postbleaching. Participants reported low sensitivity levels with a mean value of below 2 on a 0–10 scale. Clinical significance This study demonstrates efficacy with overnight usage of 22% carbamide peroxide with 3% potassium nitrate and demonstrates postbleaching color is stable at two weeks with low tooth sensitivity.
The population biology and evolutionary significance of Ty elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The basic structure and properties of Ty elements are considered with special reference to their role as agents of evolutionary change. Ty elements may generate genetic variation for fitness by their action as mutagens, as well as by providing regions of portable homology for recombination. The mutational spectra generated by Ty l transposition events may, due to their target specificity and gene regulatory capabilities, possess a higher frequency of adaptively favorable mutations than spectra resulting from other types of mutational processes. Laboratory strains contain between 25–35 elements, and in both these and industrial strains the insertions appear quite stable. In contrast, a wide variation in Ty number is seen in wild isolates, with a lower average number/genome. Factors which may determine Ty copy number in populations include transposition rates (dependent on Ty copy number and mating type), and stabilization of Ty elements in the genome as well as selection for and against Ty insertions in the genome. Although the average effect of Ty transpositions are deleterious, populations initiated with a single clone containing a single Ty element steadily accumulated Ty elements over 1,000 generations. Direct evidence that Ty transposition events can be selectively favored is provided by experiments in which populations containing large amounts of variability for Ty l copy number were maintained for ∼ 100 generations in a homogeneous environment. At their termination, the frequency of clones containing 0 Ty elements had decreased to ∼ 0.0, and the populations had became dominated by a small number of clones containing >0 Ty elements. No such reduction in variability was observed in populations maintained in a structured environment, though changes in Ty number were observed. The implications of genetic (mating type and ploidy) changes and environmental fluctuations for the long-term persistence of Ty elements within the S. cerevisiae species group are discussed.
Genome-wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes for Male Fertility Traits in Humans

Despite the fact that hundreds of genes are known to affect fertility in animal models, relatively little is known about genes that influence natural fertility in humans. To broadly survey genes contributing to variation in male fertility, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of two fertility traits (family size and birth rate) in 269 married men who are members of a founder population of European descent that proscribes contraception and has large family sizes. Associations between ∼250,000 autosomal SNPs and the fertility traits were examined. A total of 41 SNPs with p ≤ 1 × 10 −4 for either trait were taken forward to a validation study of 123 ethnically diverse men from Chicago who had previously undergone semen analyses. Nine (22%) of the SNPs associated with reduced fertility in the GWAS were also associated with one or more of the ten measures of reduced sperm quantity and/or function, yielding 27 associations with p values −4 , respectively. Among the nine associated loci, outstanding candidates for male fertility genes include USP8 , an essential deubiquitinating enzyme that has a role in acrosome assembly; UBD and EPSTI1 , which have potential roles in innate immunity; and LRRC32 , which encodes a latent transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor on regulatory T cells. We suggest that mutations in these genes that are more severe may account for some of the unexplained infertility (or subfertility) in the general population.
A high aspect ratio microelectrode array for mapping neural activity in vitro

A novel high-aspect-ratio penetrating microelectrode array was designed and fabricated for the purpose of recording neural activity. The array allows two dimensional recording of 64 sites in vitro with high aspect ratio penetrating electrodes. Traditional surface electrode arrays, although easy to fabricate, do not penetrate to the viable tissue such as central hippocampus slices and thus have a lower signal/noise ratio and lower selectivity than a penetrating array. In the unfolded hippocampus preparation, the CA1-CA3 pyramidal cell layer in the whole unfolded rodent hippocampus preparation is encased by the alveus on one side and the Schaffer tract on the other and requires penetrating electrodes for high signal to noise ratio recording. An array of 64 electrode spikes, each with a target height of 200μm and diameter of 20μm, was fabricated in silicon on a transparent glass substrate. The impedance of the individual electrodes was measured to be approximately 1.5MΩ±497kΩ. The signal to noise ratio was measured and found to be 19.4±3dB compared to 3.9±0.8dB S/N for signals obtained with voltage sensitive dye RH414. A mouse unfolded hippocampus preparation was bathed in solution containing 50 micro-molar 4-amino pyridine and a complex two dimensional wave of activity was recorded using the array. These results indicate that this novel penetrating electrode array is able to obtain data superior to that of voltage sensitive dye techniques for broad field two-dimensional neuronal activity recording. When used with the unfolded hippocampus preparation, the combination forms a uniquely capable tool for imaging hippocampal network activity in the entire hippocampus.
A Galerkin solution to geometrically nonlinear laminated shallow shell equations

Abstract A laminated shallow shell approach for circular cylindrical panels that includes von Karman geometric nonlinearity and parabolic transverse shear deformation is posed in differential operator form. Trigonometric series are assumed for each of the five shell displacement degrees of freedom for the subsequent nonlinear Galerkin solution resulting in 5 n 2 simultaneous algebraic equations where n is the number of displacement terms assumed in the series. The responses of several laminate geometries subjected to transverse loadings are found. Thicker plates and shells generally exhibit more flexible nondimensional response compared to thinner geometries in both linear and nonlinear analyses. The nondimensional shell response is examined by using the Batdorf-Stein shell parameter for laminated constructions. Quasi-isotropic shallow shells undergo significant transverse shear flexibility in the thicker geometries as given by the nondimensional shell crown deflection. However, the nondimensional crown deflection in the deeper shell response is not much influenced by shell thickness. For flat plates, geometric nonlinearity lessens the influence of transverse shear flexibility when compared to linear solutions due to membrane stretching resistance.
Role of reverse micelles on lipid oxidation in bulk oils: impact of phospholipids on antioxidant activity of α-tocopherol and Trolox

Phospholipids self-assemble in bulk oils to form structures such as reverse micelles that can alter the microenvironment where chemical degradation reactions occur, such as lipid oxidation. In this study, we examined the influence of phospholipid reverse micelles on the activity of non-polar (α-tocopherol) and polar (Trolox) antioxidants in stripped soybean oil (SSO). Reverse micelles were formed by adding 1000 μM 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) to SSO. The addition of DOPC reverse micelles had a prooxidant effect, shortening the lag phase of SSO at 55 °C. DOPC improved the activity of low α-tocopherol or Trolox concentrations (10 μM) but decreased the activity of high concentrations (100 μM). Hydrophilic Trolox had better antioxidant activity than hydrophobic α-tocopherol. Fluorescence steady state and lifetime decay studies suggests that differences in the antioxidant activity of Trolox and α-tocopherol could be due to differences in their physical location in DOPC reverse micelles. These results will improve our understanding and control of lipid oxidation in bulk oils.
Cerebral energy metabolism in rats studied by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance using surface coils

Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance with surface coils was used to investigate the regional metabolism of the rat brain in vivo under conditions of normoxia, severe hypoxemia, partial necrosis, and partial ischemia. The results show an increase in sugar phosphate and/or inorganic phosphate with injury in accordance with in vivo assays. The technique provides a powerful means of monitoring the metabolism of stroke and its response to therapy in vivo.
A theory of contraction for striated muscle.

Abstract A theory of contraction for striated muscle is proposed which is consistent with sliding filament morphology and which does not require elaborate interacting mechanisms between actin and myosin. The theory states that muscle functions essentially through the interplay of three components: the Z discs, the sarcolemma and the thick and thin filaments. The structural material of the Z discs is held to undergo a configurational change of expansion with activation of muscle, exerting a force or tension perpendicular to the sarcolemmal surface. Because of the intermolecular cohesive forces of the sarcoplasm, the tension directed outward against the sarcolemma results in an inward tension at the ends of the fiber parallel to the long axis with, if permitted, shortening and widening of the fiber. The sarcolemma plays no role in the transmission of active tension to the ends of the muscle, but serves rather as a container for a constant volume of sarcoplasm, and acts as a barrier to the exchange of fluid across the fiber surface. The resting tension and rest length of muscle are considered to be set (a) by a weak bonding between the thick and thin filaments with the bonding being broken during activation, and (b) by the elasticity of the sarcolemma. The theory offers solutions to many currently unresolved problems in muscle physiology.
Spatial correlations in adaptive arrays

A receiving array antenna can steer its main beam toward any direction by adjusting the complex weight in each element. However it cannot always steer one beam and one null toward two prespecified directions simultaneously with a single set of weights. The ability for an array to steer one beam and one or more nulls simultaneously is determined by five factors: 1) element positions, 2) orientations of elements, 3) antenna patterns of elements, 4) polarizations of signals, and 5) directions of the beams and/or nulls. A coefficient is defined, called spatial correlation, which includes these factors and completely characterizes array beam pointing and nulling. Its application to adaptive arrays is demonstrated. The adaptive array performance is dominated by this coefficient and can be improved by properly choosing the first three factors. Several examples on the selection of element placement in adaptive arrays are presented.
In Situ Removal of 2-Chlorophenol from Unsaturated Soils by Ozonation

A mathematical model considering mass transfer process at the gas-liquid interface in soil ozonation was developed and validated with laboratory column experiments. Experimental data, specifically, concentration profiles of the organic contaminant and the ozone breakthrough curves, were obtained. In this model, the mass flux of ozone transferred from the gas phase into the liquid phase was described by the two-film theory incorporated with an enhancement factor approach as to account for chemical reactions. With the enhancement factor, the ozone gas transport in the experimental column can be described by an advection-dispersion-reaction equation with pseudo-second-order kinetics in the liquid film. This greatly simplifies the governing equations of the system. Results show that parameters such as degradation yield factor, diffusion coefficients, thickness of liquid film, ozone gas concentration, and gas-liquid interfacial area play an important role on the soil ozonation process. Using the scaled model, important universal dimensionless variables were obtained. The Stanton number (St) is the most important parameter in controlling the performance of system. When St approaches zero, the process is reaction-controlled. Conversely, when St is large, it is convection-controlled. Only when the system is convection-controlled (i.e., large St values) can an increase of ozone flow rate enhance the removal of soil contaminants such as 2-chlorophenol.
Lactation stage-dependent changes in levels of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin in milk.

Problem Determination of lactation stage-dependent changes in levels of tumor neurosis factor (TNF) in milk. Method Bioassay and immunoblocking assay were used to identify and assay tumor necrosis factor (TNF; mostly TNF alpha) in bovine milk at different stages of lactation. Results TNF alpha levels in milk started to increase steadily after the onset of drying-off (weaning/involution), peaked at 4 to 6 wk prior to parturition and precipitously decreased to undetectable levels at parturition (colostrum). Thereafter, TNF alpha reappeared and maintained midlevel concentration in the mature (normal) milk throughout the rest of the lactation cycle. Analysis of cells in mammary secretions by flow cytometry revealed that elevated TNF alpha levels coincided with an increase in macrophages in the secretion from the dry period. Conclusions These lactation stage-dependent changes in TNF alpha levels reflect differential effects that TNF alpha have on involution and prepartum remodeling of the mammary gland of the dam and on gastrointestinal development and immunoregulatory function of the suckling.
More than just being there: balancing the participation equation.

The research and evaluation evidence is mounting: out-of-school-time (OST) programs can keep young people safe, support working families, and improve academic achievement and social development. Over 6 million children are enrolled in after-school programs nationwide, but an estimated 14.3 million children still care for themselves in the nonschool hours. Because of this discrepancy, OST stakeholders need information about how to maximize participation in OST programs. The Harvard Family Research Project (HRFP) has developed a conceptual model, based on scholarly theory, empirical research, and knowledge gained from providers, that describes the characteristics that predict participation in OST programs as well as the potential benefits of that participation. In the center of the model, participation is conceived as a three-part construct of enrollment, attendance, and engagement. This equation serves as the basis for framing this issue of New Directions for Youth Development. The chapter provides an overview of why participation in OST programs matters for young people, describes some of the barriers and challenges to youth participation, teases out more precise definitions of participation, and presents HFRP's conceptual model of participation. It focuses on the participation equation and concludes by highlighting some overarching themes that recur throughout the issue and that have an impact on future directions for research and evaluation. Language: en
Properties of single crystal piezoelectric Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 and YCa4O(BO3)3 resonators at high-temperature and vacuum conditions

Abstract Piezoelectric single crystals Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (CTGS) and YCa4O(BO3)3 (YCOB)were grown by the Czochralski pulling method and specially cut into three types of resonator samples with different vibration modes (CTGS lateral mode, YCOB thickness shear mode and planar mode). The dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric properties of the resonators have been investigated as functions of temperature (up to 800 °C) and vacuum pressure (down to 10−10 Bar). It was found that all the crystal resonators have excellent stability in the test range of vacuum pressure level; and their fundamental resonant frequencies exhibit temperature dependent characteristics, some of which were linear. It is also found that for CTGS lateral mode, YCOB thickness shear mode and YCOB planar mode resonators, the relative dielectric permittivity e 11 T / e 0 , e 22 T / e 0 , ɛT/ɛ0 are 17.0–18.2 (17.6 ± 0.6), 13.5–24.4 (19.0 ± 5.5), 14.0–16.9 (15.4 ± 1.5); the elastic coefficients S 11 E , S 66 E , SE are 8.8–9.3 (9.1 ± 0.3), 16.3–17.3 (16.8 ± 0.5), 8.3–9.2 (8.8 ± 0.5) (pm2/N); and the piezoelectric coefficients d11, d26, d are 3.7–3.9 (3.8 ± 0.1), 8.8–10.9 (9.9 ± 1.0), 3.3–3.9 (3.6 ± 0.3)(pC/N), respectively. Mechanical quality factor Q was found to be 4500–7000 and 6000–11,000 for CTGS and YCOB, respectively. The excellent property stability of these CTGS and YCOB piezoelectric resonators, especially the thickness shear mode, make them very promising candidates for sensing applications at high-temperature and high-vacuum conditions.
Designing Conversation: Book Discussions in a Primary Inclusion Classroom:

This study examined the nature of student talk and the teacher's role during book discussions. The participants were 17 first- and second-graders with and without disabilities in an inner-city incl...
ATP during charging: A failure of therapy?

Case summary A 68-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease, severe left ventricular dysfunction, congestive heart failure, and ventricular tachycardia (VT) was admitted for the management of VT storm. The patient had received multiple shocks for VT over the last few days. His implantable cardioveter-defibrillator (Medtronic Consulta CRT-D) was investigated. Device parameters are listed below:
Resonant Brillouin scattering via free and bound excitons in CdSe

Abstract We report resonant Brillouin scattering results in CdSe. Enhancements in Brillouin scattering have been observed at both the I 2 bound exciton and the free exciton. As a result of the spatial dispersion of the exciton-polariton, the Brillouin frequencies vary with the polariton energy. From this variation of the Brillouin frequencies, we deduced the following parameters in CdSe: transverse exciton frequency =14713 cm −1 , splitting between longitudinal and transverse exciton frequencies = 4cm −1 and exciton effective mass (perpendicular to the c-axis) =0.40 times free electron mass. The Brillouin linewidths were found to vary with polariton energies in qualitative agreement with the theory of Brenig, Zeyher and Birman.
Genetic Susceptibility and Survival: Application to Breast Cancer

Abstract Inherited mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are known to confer an elevated risk of both breast and ovarian cancers. The effect of carrying such a mutation on survival after developing breast or ovarian cancer is less well understood. We investigate the relationship between BRCA1 and BRCA2 carrier status and survival after breast cancer. We obtained data from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a large population-based study including more than 4,000 breast cancer cases. Patient data include extensive information about breast and ovarian cancer in relatives. We obtained follow-up information about patients via record linkage with the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry, with maximum follow-up of 15 years. In the absence of genetic testing for each individual, presence or absence of mutation at a breast cancer susceptibility gene is captured by a pair of binary latent variables whose marginal probability depends on the patient's family history of breast and ovarian cancer. ...
Beyond dichotomies: confronting the complexity of how and why individuals come or do not come to mental health care

With up to 50% of individuals in the “developed” world and up to 85% in the “developing” world assessed to have mental health problems but receiving no treatment (1), inevitable questions arise about the reasons for the gap. There are standard explanations – issues of access, cost and manpower; issues of mental health literacy or lack thereof; and of course, the large set of issues of prejudice and discrimination that we call stigma. But the now extensive list of research correlates that have been documented across hundreds of studies have yet to unravel the subtleties that underlie the dilemma of unmet need.
American Indian Sainthood and the Catholic Church

Recent decades have witnessed Indian participation diminish within Christian churches. This trend underscores the importance of Kateri Tekakwitha's canonization on October 21, 2012. It was a long overdue acknowledgement of the sanctity that is just as evident within Native North American populations as it is among others. With Indian America now having a woman saint, a male counterpart ought to be close behind her. Nicholas Black Elk is the pre-eminent candidate for this honor. Probably better known than Kateri, Black Elk's popular "life story" was published in 1932, and reprinted many times in at least eleven languages. It was not known until the end of the twentieth century, however, that most of the man's life had gone unreported. Unknown to readers was that Black Elk had been a devout Catholic catechist for close to fifty years. It was this role for which his people held him in high esteem (400 of them baptized because of his missionary labors). In the event Black Elk is canonized, the church can be indicted for doing too little too late. Had it acted more quickly, the church might have provided balance to an Indian cultural resurgence that included heavy doses of anti-Christian rhetoric that encouraged many to forsake affiliation with faith communities.
Magnetic and electric fields in the magnetosheath

Steady state magnetic and electric fields in magnetosheath by linear superposition of field vectors, using axisymmetric velocity function from gas dynamics
Deoxycytidine excretion by mouse peritoneal macrophages: Its implication in modulation of immunological functions

Pyrimidine excretion by macrophages was studied in order to identify the potential immunoregulatory effector molecules. Deoxycytidine was found in the culture medium of thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages, along with thymidine, which was shown by others to be a possible immunoregulatory substance. The identification of deoxycytidine was based on: (1) cochromatography with the authentic compound in four different solvents, (2) UV absorption spectral analysis, and (3) the enzymatic peak shift method. Phagocytosis of nucleated chicken erythrocytes, but not enucleated sheep erythrocytes, increased deoxycytidine excretion. The macrophages lacked both deoxycytidine kinase and deoxycytidine deaminase, which is consistent with their excretory pattern. Since it has been known that deoxycytidine can protect cells against cytotoxic effects of thymidine, we propose that deoxycytidine has a role in preventing immunosuppression by thimidine. In patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency, however, immunosuppression caused by combined toxicity of thymidine and deoxyadenosine may not be adequately prevented by deoxycytidine.
Mineral and vitamin D adequacy ininfants fed human milk or formula between 6 and 12 months of age

During the latter half of an infant's first year, adequate mineral and vitamin D intakes may be important not only for the prevention of rickets but also for the attainment of optimal adult peak bone mass. Ingestion of 400 IU vitamin D per day, either as a supplement or contained in formula or table milk, will result in normal serum concentrations of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D. Human milk from a vitamin D-sufficient mother provides a marginal amount, less than 100 IU/L/day of total vitamin D activity from the vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Infants exclusively fed human milk of vitamin D-deficient mothers, who do not receive additional vitamin D or adequate exposure to sunlight, are at significant risk for vitamin D-deficiency rickets. The low concentration of phosphorus in human milk is adequate for most term infants but probably compounds any vitamin D deficiency. Intake of phosphorus from formula or table milk is more than adequate, and the addition of baby foods increases this mineral's intake to generous levels. Calcium is well absorbed and adequate in human milk if vitamin D is sufficient, but concern exists about calcium intake from infant formulas for this older group. My colleagues and I have conducted studies of bone mineral content and mineral homeostasis in term infants fed human milk (300 mg/L calcium), standard cow milk formula (440/mg/L calcium), or a soybean formula (600 mg/L calcium); our findings suggest that all three types of feedings provided comparable bone mineralization and normal indicators of mineral homeostasis. Mean calcium retentions at 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months in all three groups were between 138 and 205 mg/day, substantially more than the 130 mg/day estimated to be needed from body composition data. Estimates for phosphorus were similarly generous. The questions of whether higher calcium intakes will result in further increases in bone mineral content and of the effect of beikost on calcium absorption from different milks require further study.
An introduction to structural equation modelling for language assessment research

This article provides an introduction to structural equation modelling (SEM) for language assessment research in five sections. In Section I, the general objectives of SEM applications relevant to language assessment are presented. In Section II, a brief overview of SEM that considers the methodology and the statistical assumptions about data that have to be met. In Section III, the commonly used steps and concepts in SEM are presented. In Section IV, SEM application matters with example models are discussed. In Section V, recent critical discussions and some directions for future SEM applications in language assessment research are addressed.
The calibration of a DAC using differential linearity measurements

The differential linearity adjustment procedure offers an accurate method of digital-to-analog converter (DAC) adjustment with only modest accuracy in the instrumentation. The author shows that the worst case error in linearity due to a differential linearity error (DLE) of e in the upper N bits is bounded by Ne/3. Self-heating effects and output drive asymmetry can cause superposition errors which also degrade the linearity of the DAC. The effect of the resolution of the instrumentation on the final gain adjustment is shown to increase exponentially with the number of bits corrected.
Hemoperitoneum score helps determine need for therapeutic laparotomy.

Purpose: Sonography provides a fast, portable, and noninvasive method for patient assessment. However, the benefit of providing real-time ultrasound (US) imaging and fluid quantification shortly after patient arrival has not been explored. The objective of this study was to prospectively validate a US hemoperitoneum scoring system developed at our institution and determine whether sonography can predict a therapeutic operation. Methods: For 12 months, prospective data on all patients undergoing a trauma sonogram were recorded. All sonograms positive for free fluid were given a hemoperitoneum score. The US score was compared with initial systolic blood pressure and base deficit to assess the ability of sonography to predict a therapeutic laparotomy. Results: Forty of 46 patients (87%) with a US score ≥ 3 required a therapeutic laparotomy. Forty-six of 54 patients with a US score < 3 (85%) did not need operative intervention. The sensitivity of sonography was 83% compared with 28% and 49% for systolic blood pressure and base deficit, respectively, in determining the need for therapeutic operation. Conclusion: We conclude that the majority of patients with a score ≥ 3 will need surgery. The US hemoperitoneum scoring system was a better predictor of a therapeutic laparotomy than initial blood pressure and/or base deficit.