cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium models of self-gravitating inviscid disks resulting from the collapse of rotating clouds

A method is presented for the construction of velocity and surface density profiles of infinitely thin, self-gravitating disks formed from the collapse of spherical clouds, under the condition that the angular momentum of each material parcel is conserved. Results are presented for initially uniformly rotating clouds with density distributions varying as R exp -n and n = 0, 1, 2. The resulting disk surface density distributions are well represented by power laws in the cylindrical radius over most of their extent. The form of the zeroth-order approximation provides a useful representation of the final surface density function near the center for all three cases, and for n = 2 this result holds throughout the disk. This result is not generally true for the velocity functions, however.
Gingival Enlargement Among Renal Transplant Recipients in the Era of New-Generation Immunosuppressants

Background: Tacrolimus is a new-generation immunosuppressant as successful as cyclosporin in suppressing organ transplant rejection. Although cyclosporin is known to cause gingival enlargement (GE), tacrolimus has not been associated with this condition. We sought to explore the prevalence of GE among renal transplant recipients (RTRs) in relation to cyclosporin and tacrolimus while controlling for the effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and supragingival plaque.Methods: RTRs were recruited from our institution's Kidney Transplant Unit. Participants completed a standardized questionnaire and received a complete oral examination, including a soft tissue examination and a periodontal examination measuring probing depth, recession, bleeding on probing, plaque index (PI), and GE.Results: Among 115 RTRs, 39 (34%) presented with GE, with the highest prevalence among those taking cyclosporin and CCBs (76%) and the lowest among tacrolimus users not on a CCB (15%). Tacrolimus was not found to be associated w...
Monoclonal antibody therapies in leukemias.

Abstract Significant advances in the development of monoclonal antibodies (unconjugated) and monoclonal antibodies conjugated to potent toxins or cytotoxic agents (immunoconjugates) have enabled improved targeting of leukemic cells with acceptable toxicities. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, a calicheamicin-conjugated anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody, has demonstrated substantial efficacy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and has induced remissions in patients with favorable-, intermediate-, and poor-risk cytogenetics. The immunoconjugate BL-22, comprised of an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody fused to a fragment of pseudomonas exotoxin PE38, has produced high response rates in patients with purine analog-resistant hairy cell leukemia. Campath-1H (Wellcome, Beckenham, UK, and Ilex Oncology, San Antonio, TX), an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, has demonstrated significant activity in patients with previously untreated, relapsed, or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), as well as in patients with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab also is effective in treating CLL and is being evaluated in combination with chemotherapeutic agents (cyclophosphamide) and fludarabine. Monoclonal antibodies may sensitize cells to chemotherapy. The optimal role of targeted therapy with monoclonal antibodies and immunoconjugates in acute and chronic leukemias has not yet been determined, but these novel therapies are beginning to fulfill their promise. Semin Hematol 39 (suppl 3):12-19. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Explanation for cessation of breastfeeding in mothers of twins.

This study used content analysis to examine reasons for cessation of breastfeeding of twins by 2 time points: 9.4 weeks and 28.3 weeks of age. From a convenience sample of 123 mothers, 110 initiated breastfeeding for their twins. Thirty women had stopped breastfeeding by time 1, with an additional 37 women stopping by time 2. Three major themes were identified regarding weaning: factors related to breastfeeding process, to mother’s role and health, and to infant behavior and health. Subcategories were identified for each theme, with additional subcategories emerging at time 2. Cited reasons are similar to those given by singleton mothers; however, mothers of twins identified unique issues related to infants’ behaviors, challenges presented by growth and development, and time commitments that interfered with breastfeeding continuation. Implications of the study suggest the need for continued lactation support as the twins grow and develop and new breastfeeding issues arise.
Diffusion of lignin macromolecules within the fibre walls of kraft pulp. Part I: Determination of the diffusion coefficient under alkaline conditions

La vitesse de diffusion intrinseque de la lignine soluble de la paroi des fibres vers le coeur de la liqueur n'a jamais ete determinee anterieurement a cause de difficultes experimentales ; par exemple, la vitesse de diffusion determinee dans une cellule agitee est influencee par l'action mecanique de l'agitation/du brassage. Dans ce travail, nous avons determine la vitesse de diffusion intrinseque des macromolecules de lignine de la paroi des fibres d'une pâte kraft de bois resineux dans des conditions alcalines, au moyen d'une cellule de deplacement qui elimine les resistances externes au transfert de chaleur et de matiere et les perturbations des fibres de pâte. Les effets de ces conditions experimentales, comme la hauteur du lit de pâte et le debit liquide, ont ete etudies. La vitesse de diffusion peut etre decrite par un modele de diffusion pour un cylindre creux dans une tres grande gamme de coefficients de diffusion. La vitesse de diffusion augmente avec le pH. Nos resultats permettent une nouvelle interpretation du processus de diffusion de la lignine dans la paroi des fibres, lequel est influence par la taille des molecules de lignine et des pores et par les interactions electrostatiques entre les parois de pores intrafibres et la lignine.
Copy protection technology is doomed

Those determined to bypass copy-protection technologies have always found ways to do so - and always will. A copyright holder's best protection lies in creating an attractive business model. The only way to prevent teenage girls from freely sharing boy-band MP3s will be to provide a reasonably priced service that's irresistibly better than free file sharing. Some vendors are beginning to offer flat-rate subscription services that appear to be a step in the right direction. Any other technology, business model or legal framework is simply doomed.
Welcome to the New Editorial Team at Organization Science

Professor Linda Argote of Carnegie Mellon University has been named the Editor-in-Chief of Organization Science , effective January 1, 2004. Until further notice, all new submissions should be sent to Professor Argote at CMU. See the below website at CMU for submission instructions: http://web.gsia.cmu.edu/orgsci/submission.htm
Anabolic effects of insulin-like growth factor in combination with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in severely burned adults.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the anabolic effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-1) complexed with its principal binding protein IGF-I binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in severely burned adults. Methods: Ten burned adults were studied consecutively after receiving saline (pretreatment), then rhIGF-1/IGFBP-3 (treatment) for 5 days. Doses were 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg per day. Glucose, electrolytes, hormones, and leg muscle protein metabolism were determined. Nine other studies were performed on similarly injured adults at comparable times to the treatment studies to control for time effects. Results: Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels increased with all doses, but no incremental increases were found. Leg protein balance improved with rhIGF-1/IGFBP-3, which was associated with an increase in muscle protein fractional synthetic rate. These effects were independent of time. All patients were euglycemic without electrolyte imbalances. Conclusion: Net protein synthesis in the isolated leg of severely burned adults improved with rhIGF-1/IGFBP-3 without development of glucose abnormalities.
Construction and expression of a chimeric gene encoding human terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase and DNA polymerase beta.

Abstract A domain substitution experiment was carried out between the structurally related DNA-polymerizing enzymes Polβ and TdT to investigate the region of Polβ required for template utilization. Site-directed mutagenesis and recombinant DNA procedures were used for construction of a gene encoding a chimeric form of the two enzymes and termed TDT::POLB, in which the DNA region encoding amino acids (aa) 154–212 of TdT was replaced by the corresponding region encoding aa 1–60 of Polβ. The construction was confirmed by restriction analysis and DNA sequencing. Since this region of Polβ represents most of the N-terminal domain of the enzyme possessing single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding activity, it was hypothesized that the chimeric protein, unlike TdT, might possess template-dependent DNA polymerase activity. The chimeric gene product was produced in Escherichia coli, purified and subjected to preliminary enzymological characterization. The finding that the chimeric TdT::Polβ protein possessed significant template-dependent polymerase activity suggests that aa 1–60 of Polβ are involved in template utilization during the polymerization reaction, as suggested by the previous finding that the 8-kDa N-terminal domain of Polβ possesses ssDNA-binding activity [Kumar ., J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990a) 2124-2131; Kumar ., Biochemistry 29 (1990b) 7156-7159; Prasad ., J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 22746-22755].
Decompressive craniectomy, interhemispheric hygroma and hydrocephalus: A timeline of events?

Abstract Background Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a known risk factor for the development of post-traumatic hydrocephalus. The occurrence of subdural hygroma (SH) was also reported in 23–56% of patients after DC and it seemed to precede hydrocephalus in more than 80% of cases. We analyzed the relationship among DC, SH and hydrocephalus. Methods From 2007 to 2011, 64 patients underwent DC after head trauma. Variables we analyzed were: intaventricular hemorrhage, age, GCS, distance of craniectomy from the midline, evacuation of a hemorrhagic contusion (HC) and infection. Logistic regression was used to assess the independent contribution of the predictive factors to the development of hydrocephalus. Results Nineteen patients (29.7%) developed hydrocephalus. Interhemispheric SH was present in 8/19 patients with hydrocephalus and temporally preceded the occurrence of ventricular enlargement. Moreover, most patients who developed a interhemispheric SH had been undergone DC whose superior margin was close to the midline. Logistic regression analysis showed that craniectomy closer than 25 mm to the midline was the only factor independently associated with the development of hydrocephalus. Conclusion Craniectomy close to the midline can predispose patients to the development of hydrocephalus. SH could be generated with the same mechanism, and these three events could be correlated on a timeline.
Increased temperature and precipitation had limited effects on soil extracellular enzyme activities in a post-harvest forest

Abstract Forest harvesting often increases soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization, and we hypothesized that these increases would be enhanced by predicted climate change. While there are many metrics of soil C and N cycling, here we tested our hypothesis using extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) that reflect microbial resource allocation toward C and N acquisition. We monitored soil extracellular enzyme activities for 2.5 years in a whole-tree harvested forest in Pennsylvania with climate manipulations of warming (+2 °C) and wetting (+20% precipitation) implemented in a factorial design. Climate treatments had little effect on soil water-extractable carbon and inorganic N concentrations. Only β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) showed climate treatment effects; evidence suggests warming decreased BG ( p = 0.025) and NAG ( p = 0.007) relative non-warmed treatments by an average of 19% and 21% respectively. Increased precipitation had no effect on the six soil EEAs. Two commonly used exoenzyme ratios did not vary among treatments. However, the ratio of activity of nitrogen acquiring enzymes (leucine aminopeptidase + NAG) to key C acquiring enzymes (BG + cellobiohydrolase + polyphenol oxydase) was highest in the single-factor warmed ( p = 0.023) and wetted ( p = 0.025) treatments. Overall, changes in soil EEA ratios were poorly correlated with changes in soil C and N pools, indicating either a strong influence of abiotic controls on EEA or that the particular enzymes we analyzed were not good indicators of microbial supply and demand for C and N.
Assessment of the therapeutic alliance of youth and parents with team members in youth residential psychiatry

Although therapeutic alliance is widely acknowledged as a key component for therapeutic change, its role is almost unknown in youth residential psychiatry. A likely reason for the lack of research ...
Modelling and analysis of tower fermentation processes. I. Steady-state performance

A mathematical model that can be used to describe cell growth in a tower fermentation system with backflow and cell sedimentation is presented. Two computation procedures to determine steady state performance are described and some results are obtained for two-, four- and eight-stage tower systems. The effects of feed geometry, backflow rate and cell sedimentation on steady-state behaviour are investigated. The results show that control of backflow, and cell sedimentation within the tower together with control of feed flow rate and feed geometry will allow a wide range of operating conditions to be realised in a tower system.
Drinking Game Participation Among Undergraduate Students Attending National Alcohol Screening Day

Abstract Objectives, Participants, Methods: Drinking game participation has increased in popularity among college students and is associated with increased alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. The current study investigated drinking game participation among 133 undergraduates attending National Alcohol Screening Day (NASD) in April of 2007. Results: A large percentage of the sample reported lifetime (77%) and recent (52%) drinking game participation. Males were more likely to report recent participation and reported higher levels of consumption while playing drinking games. Drinking game participants were more likely to experience a range of alcohol-related problems, and the relationship between drinking game participation and alcohol-related problems was mediated by weekly alcohol consumption. Conclusions: These results suggest that drinking game participation is a risk factor for elevated levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Programs should be developed to educate stu...
Microheterogeneity of human placental lactogen showing different patterns in individuals

Abstract Samples of human placental lactogen, obtained either as a standard pooled preparation or prepared from individual placentas, were shown to migrate as a single band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. When subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, the pooled sample was resolved into bands at pI values 5.0, 5.5, 5.8, 6.0, 6.1 and 6.2. Different batches of the standard pooled sample gave different proportions of each isoprotein species. Isolation and refocusing of individual bands did not alter the pI of each. Treatment with urea or with p -chloromercuribenzoate did not eliminate microheterogeneity seen on isofocusing, indicating that the observed heterogencity is probably not due to conformational differences or to restriction of molecular shape by disulfide bonds. It was shown by immunodiffusion that all the isofocusing bands reacted similarly against a common antibody to human placental lactogen. When placental lactogen was extracted from individual full term human placentas, the same isoprotein bands were observed but their proportions varied markedly from one placenta to another, and not all bands were present. Thus human placental lactogen displays considerable microheterogeneity which varies with individual placentas.
New applications of the calculus of variations in the large to nonlinear elasticity

Global methods of the calculus of variations and the infinite dimensional critical point theories of Morse and Ljusternik are applied to investigate the structure of the equilibrium states of thin flexible elastic plates under general body forces. The arguments used are equally applicable to broad classes of physical systems governed by nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations.
CHANGE IN CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY PATTERN DURING INDUCED HYPOTENSION: A NON-INVASIVE INDICATOR OF INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE?

A neurologically intact patient underwent spinal instrumentation under hypotensive anaesthesia 10 days after a mild closed head injury. Transcranial Doppler monitoring of the right middle cerebral artery revealed an abnormal flow pattern, suggesting increased intracranial pressure, impaired autoregulation, or both. Patients with a mild head injury may have altered intracranial haemodynamics and the time course of recovery from these changes is unknown.
Fuzzy logic PID based control design and performance for a pectoral fin propelled unmanned underwater vehicle

This paper describes the modeling, simulation, and control of a UUV in six degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) motion using two NRL actively controlled-curvature fins. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis and experimental results are used in modeling the fin as part of the 6-DOF vehicle model. A fuzzy logic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based control system has been developed to smoothly transition between preprogrammed sets of fin kinematics in order to create a stable and highly maneuverable UUV. Two different approaches to a fuzzy logic PID controller are analyzed: weighted gait combination (WGC), and modification of mean bulk angle bias (MBAB). Advantages and disadvantages of both methods at the vehicle level are discussed. Simulation results show desirable system performance over a wide range of maneuvers.
Fluoride deposition through precipitation and leaf litter in a boreal forest in the vicinity of a phosphorus plant

Abstract Results of short term monitoring of fluoride (F) deposition in soil humus through precipitation and leaf litter in a boreal forest in the vicinity of a phosphorus plant, are described in this paper. Regressional relationships of F-deposition by the two pathways to the distance from the emission source are also presented. The concentrations of fluoride in leaf litter of several species and precipitation and P, Ca, Mg, K and Na in precipitation only, are summarized. The average F-concentrations ranged from 930 to 17 ppm in severely and lightly damaged areas respectively. Corresponding F-concentrations in precipitation were 0.36 to Estimates of total and available amounts of fluoride in the upper 4 cm of soil humus were 57.0 to 1.20 kg/ha and 1.20 to 0.24 kg/ha in areas of severe and light damage respectively. The excessive concentrations of fluoride in soil humus did not appear to contribute towards the F-accumulation in foliage.
Progression of Therapy Research and Clinical Application of Treatment Require Better Understanding of the Change Process

The stage model of therapy research focuses on the development of treatment from pilot work, through randomized controlled clinical trials, to tests in clinic settings. A goal of the model is to develop effective treatments that can be used clinically. The present comments begin with a similar goal but emphasize the importance of a broader agenda designed to understand therapy. A central thesis is that developing effective treatments depends heavily on investigations that address critical scientific questions; particularly, what are the mechanisms through which therapy operates and under what conditions is therapy likely to be effective and why? The comments argue for a portfolio of research that addresses a broader range of questions and encompasses more diverse methods of evaluating treatment. Breadth and diversity are not ends in themselves but will be essential to obtain the requisite knowledge to effect optimal changes in clinical applications of treatment.
The critical angle dependence of CR-39 nuclear track detectors for 3–10 MeV protons and 7–15 MeV alpha particles

Abstract With the advent of routine clinical usage of fast neutrons as a radiation therapy modality, interest in the solid state nuclear track detector CR-39 as a possible in vivo neutron dosimeter has increased. One facet of the problems associated with this application is the calibration relationship of the linear energy transfer (LET) of a charged particle and the normal incidencediameter of ther etch pits found in CR-39 after exposure and subsequent etching. This study, performed on a tandem electrostatic accelerator at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, provides such a calibration for both critical angle and normal incidence diameter versus linear energy transfer for several incident energies of proton and alpha particles. Plots of detection efficiency versus angle of incidence for 3, 6, and 10 MeV protons, and 7, 10, and 15 MeV alpha particles are used to determine the critical angle of each particle and energy. The bulk etch and track etch rates were determined by a chi -squared minimization calculation based upon published relationships and the measured major and minor axis dimensions obtained at each angle of incidence, particle and energy. Results of normal incidence diameter versus LET measurements show a smooth monotonically increasing curve with LET. A bulk etch rate of 1.32 μm/h for a 16 h etch in 6.25 N NaOH was measured.
Building confederated web-based services with Priv.io

With the increasing popularity of Web-based services, users today have access to a broad range of free sites, including social networking, microblogging, and content sharing sites. In order to offer a service for free, service providers typically monetize user content, selling results to third parties such as advertisers. As a result, users have little control over their data or privacy. A number of alternative approaches to architecting today's Web-based services have been proposed, but they suffer from limitations such as relying the creation and installation of additional client-side software, providing insufficient reliability, or imposing an excessive monetary cost on users.In this paper, we present Priv.io, a new approach to building Web-based services that offers users greater control and privacy over their data. We leverage the fact that today, users can purchase storage, bandwidth, and messaging from cloud providers at fine granularity: In Priv.io, each user provides the resources necessary to support their use of the service using cloud providers such as Amazon Web Services. Users still access the service using a Web browser, all computation is done within users' browsers, and Priv.io provides rich and secure support for third-party applications. An implementation demonstrates that Priv.io works today with unmodified versions of common Web browsers on both desktop and mobile devices, is both practical and feasible, and is cheap enough for the vast majority users.
A Procedure for Estimating Sample Size in Clinical Trials of Dental Caries Preventives

A procedure developed by Feldt and Mahmoud for estimating sample size was applied to clinical trials of dental caries preventives. The procedure was modified to account for features common to most clinical trials of cariostatic agents.
Applications of penetrating radiation for small animal imaging

ABSTRACT Researchers long have relied on research involving small animals to unravel scientific mysteries in the biologi-cal sciences, and to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in the medical and health sciences. Within thepast 2 decades, new techniques have been developed to manipulate the genome of the mouse, allowing the developmentof transgenic and knockout models of mammalian and human disease, development, and physiology. Traditionally,much biological research involving small animals has relied on the use of invasive methods such as organ harvesting,tissue sampling, and autoradiography during which the animal was sacrificed to perform a single measurement. Morerecently, imaging techniques have been developed that assess anatomy and physiology in the intact animal, in a way thatallows the investigator to follow the progression of disease, or to monitor the response to therapeutic interventions. Im-aging techniques that use penetrating radiation at millimeter or submillimeter levels to image small animals include x-ray computed tomography (microCT), single-photon emission computed tomography (microSPECT), and imaging posi-tron emission computed tomography (microPET). MicroCT generates cross-sectional slices which reveal the structureof the object with spatial resolution in the range of 50 to 100 microns. MicroSPECT and microPET are radionuclideimaging techniques in which a radiopharmaceutical is injected into the animal that is accumulated to metabolism, bloodflow, bone remodeling, tumor growth, or other biological processes. Both microSPECT and microPET offer spatialresolutions in the range of 1-2 millimeters. However, microPET records annihilation photons produced by a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical using electronic coincidence, and has a sensitivity approximately two orders of magnitudebetter than microSPECT, while microSPECT is compatible with gamma-ray emitting radiopharmaceuticals that are lessexpensive and more readily available than those used with microPET. High-resolution dual-modality imaging systemsnow are being developed that combine microPET or microSPECT with microCT in a way that facilitates more directcorrelation of anatomy and physiology in the same animal. Small animal imaging allows researchers to perform experi-ments that are not possible with conventional invasive techniques, and thereby are becoming increasingly importanttools for discovery of fundamental biological information, and development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tech-niques in the biomedical sciences.Keywords: Keywords: Small animal imaging, computed tomography, single photon emission computed tomography,positron emission tomography, dual-modality imaging
Measuring the Meaning of Black Media Stereotypes and Their Relationship to the Racial Identity, Black History Knowledge, and Racial Socialization of African American Youth:

While consensus has grown about the prevalence of negative Black media images, measuring the influence of these images and youth rejection or endorsement of these images on Black youth well-being and identity is a new and understudied phenomenon. This study was designed to create a measure of Black media stereotypes for use with adolescents. Focus groups with Black youth ages 14 to 21 were conducted and the data were used to design the Black Media Messages Questionnaire (BMMQ). One hundred thirteen Black youth completed the BMMQ along with measures of racial socialization, racial identity, Black history knowledge, body image, and self-esteem. Confirmatory factor analysis of the BMMQ resulted in three scales with six factors. The factors were entered into correlation and ANOVA analyses. Age, gender, and TV viewing consistently correlated with BMMQ factors. ANOVA results demonstrated that few variables were significant for the positive stereotype BMMQ factors, but endorsement of negative Black stereotype me...
Temperature dependence of Raman spectra for individual silicon nanowires

The temperature dependence of the Stokes first-order optical phonon frequency has been measured for individual silicon nanowires with diameters between 33 to 180 nm in the temperature range of 20 to $300\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$. The nanowires were synthesized via both the vapor-liquid-solid method and electrochemical etching of bulk silicon. Significant laser-induced local heating was avoided by using a laser power of 0.5 mW or less, corresponding to fluxes of $\ensuremath{\le}0.7\text{ }\text{mW}/\ensuremath{\mu}{\text{m}}^{2}$. For both types of nanowires the slope of Raman frequency vs temperature closely matches the value of bulk Si, $(\frac{d\ensuremath{\omega}}{dT})=\ensuremath{-}0.022\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}.001\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}{\text{C}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, across the entire diameter range, indicating no change in lattice anharmonicity. These results have important implications for understanding nanowire lattice thermal conductivity and extending the domain for Raman thermometry of silicon nanostructures.
On the dynamics of a population subject to slowly changing vital rates

Abstract Approximate closed-form expressions are given for the birth and death rates, the age-specific growth rates, and the age distribution of a population subject to slowly changing vital rates. The slower these rates have changed in the recent past, the better the approximations will be. These results, which are reminiscent of stable population theory, are tested by projecting the female population of the United States subject to realistically changing levels of fertility. The closed-form expressions yield quite accurate results and show that the dynamics of a population subject to slowly changing vital rates are to a large extent independent of the particular patterns of fertility. As in stable population theory, the asymptotic behavior of such a population is essentially determined by current survival rates and recent values of the intrinsic growth rate.
Development of the Acoustically Evoked Behavioral Response in Larval Plainfin Midshipman Fish, Porichthys notatus

The ontogeny of hearing in fishes has become a major interest among bioacoustics researchers studying fish behavior and sensory ecology. Most fish begin to detect acoustic stimuli during the larval stage which can be important for navigation, predator avoidance and settlement, however relatively little is known about the hearing capabilities of larval fishes. We characterized the acoustically evoked behavioral response (AEBR) in the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, and used this innate startle-like response to characterize this species’ auditory capability during larval development. Age and size of larval midshipman were highly correlated (r 2 =0.92). The AEBR was first observed in larvae at 1.4 cm TL. At a size $1.8 cm TL, all larvae responded to a broadband stimulus of 154 dB re1 mPa or 215.2 dB re 1 g (z-axis). Lowest AEBR thresholds were 140–150 dB re 1 mPa or 233 to 223 dB re 1 g for frequencies below 225 Hz. Larval fish with size ranges of 1.9–2.4 cm TL had significantly lower best evoked frequencies than the other tested size groups. We also investigated the development of the lateral line organ and its function in mediating the AEBR. The lateral line organ is likely involved in mediating the AEBR but not necessary to evoke the startle-like response. The midshipman auditory and lateral line systems are functional during early development when the larvae are in the nest and the auditory system appears to have similar tuning characteristics throughout all life history stages.
Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Long Bone Fractures in Foals

Long bone fractures in foals are common and in many cases are amenable to current fixation techniques. The goals of management are first and foremost, appropriate first aid in the field to protect the bone and soft tissues from further trauma. An envelope of intact skin overlying the fracture is a major contributor to a successful outcome. Case selection for open reduction and internal fixation should be based on an understanding of the mechanical characteristics and biologic environment of the fracture zone. With few exceptions, double plate fixation is the treatment of choice to ensure a fixation with the requisite stability and strength to allow unrestricted weight bearing on the repaired fracture immediately after surgery. Major complications include problems of the fracture construct, most commonly infection or instability, and axial limb deformities secondary to reduced weight bearing on the injured limb or direct injury to the growth plate following a physeal fracture.
Observations of structural defects in web-grown silicon ribbon

The dislocation configuration in web-grown silicon ribbon was investigated using chemical etching techniques. The presence of dislocation loops on twin planes is observed and accounted for by self-interstitial condensation. The interstitials were either quenched in, due to the rapid cooling of the ribbon from the solidification temperature, or produced by oxide precipitation on the twin plane. Very large faulted loops of mm size were also observed.
The biopsychosocial model of stress in adolescence: self-awareness of performance versus stress reactivity

Extensive research among adults supports the biopsychosocial (BPS) model of challenge and threat, which describes relationships among stress appraisals, physiological stress reactivity, and performance; however, no previous studies have examined these relationships in adolescents. Perceptions of stressors as well as physiological reactivity to stress increase during adolescence, highlighting the importance of understanding the relationships among stress appraisals, physiological reactivity, and performance during this developmental period. In this study, 79 adolescent participants reported on stress appraisals before and after a Trier Social Stress Test in which they performed a speech task. Physiological stress reactivity was defined by changes in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance from a baseline rest period to the speech task, and performance on the speech was coded using an objective rating system. We observed in adolescents only two relationships found in past adult research on the BPS model variables: (1) pre-task stress appraisal predicted post-task stress appraisal and (2) performance predicted post-task stress appraisal. Physiological reactivity during the speech was unrelated to pre- and post-task stress appraisals and to performance. We conclude that the lack of association between post-task stress appraisal and physiological stress reactivity suggests that adolescents might have low self-awareness of physiological emotional arousal. Our findings further suggest that adolescent stress appraisals are based largely on their performance during stressful situations. Developmental implications of this potential lack of awareness of one's physiological and emotional state during adolescence are discussed.
Revascularization Options for Terminal Distal Ischemia

Direct arterial bypass remains the best option in patients with terminal ischemia of the hand, if there is an adequate distal target vessel. In situ bypass is the procedure of choice in patients who are candidates for arterial bypass. Venous arterialization offers an option in patients in whom there is not adequate arterial runoff in the hand. Venous arterialization should be avoided in patients with significant wounds and/or active infection. In selected patients, microvascular omental transfer can offer an option for revascularization of the ischemic hand.
Tissue-characteristic forms of adenosine deaminase

Abstract The starch gel electrophoresis of human tissue preparations results in multiple adenosine deaminase bands. The in vitro interconversion of the different bands or the formation of new ones, and the effects of the starch gel in the medium, suggest that the different bands represent different forms of the same enzyme, rather than different primary structures. The patterns obtained vary among different tissues, but the same type of tissue always exhibits the same characteristic pattern. This indicates that the different patterns are due to different chemical environments of the tissues, rather than artifacts introduced during the run. The results suggest the possibility of enzyme control by conformational changes.
Calculation of meteoroid impacts on moon and earth

Abstract Concise derivations are given for the expected flux of meteoroids to the surfaces of the earth and the moon. Contrary to other published results, we find an accretion rate which is lower for the near side of the moon than for the far side and which is lower for the moon than for the earth, for all earth-moon distances.
Rearrangement of the (6S,8R,11S) and (6R,8S,11R) Exocyclic 1,N2-Deoxyguanosine Adducts of trans-4-Hydroxynonenal to N2-Deoxyguanosine Cyclic Hemiacetal Adducts When Placed Complementary to Cytosine in Duplex DNA

trans-4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a peroxidation product of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Michael addition of deoxyguanosine to HNE yields four diastereomeric exocyclic 1,N2-dG adducts. The corresponding acrolein- and crotonaldehyde-derived exocyclic 1,N2-dG adducts undergo ring-opening to N2-dG aldehydes, placing the aldehyde functionalities into the minor groove of DNA. The acrolein- and the 6R-crotonaldehyde-derived exocyclic 1,N2-dG adducts form interstrand N2-dG:N2-dG cross-links in the 5′-CpG-3′ sequence context. Only the HNE-derived exocyclic 1,N2-dG adduct of (6S,8R,11S) stereochemistry forms interstrand N2-dG:N2-dG cross-links in the 5′-CpG-3′ sequence context. Moreover, as compared to the exocyclic 1,N2-dG adducts of acrolein and crotonaldehyde, the cross-linking reaction is slow (Wang, H.; Kozekov, I. D.; Harris, T. M.; Rizzo, C. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 5687−5700). Accordingly, the chemistry of the HNE-derived exocyclic 1,N2-dG adduct of (6S,8R,11S) stereochemistry has been compare...
New results on FIR system identification using higher-order statistics

The problem of estimating the parameters of a moving average model from the cumulant statistics of the noisy observations of the system output is considered. The system is driven by an i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) non-Gaussian sequence that is not observed. The noise is additive and may be colored and non-Gaussian. Re-parametrization of an existing linear method, and a modification to it, are discussed. Simulation results show a distinct improvement in the numerical conditioning of both, the reparametrized algorithm and its modification, for the noisefree case. For the case of i.i.d. noise, the reparametrized algorithm shows a marked degradation in performance whereas its modification degrades far more gracefully. >
Characterizing optimum (input, output) processes for finite-state channels with feedback

We treat a finite-state channel whose state is the most recent channel output. Markovian characterizations of mutual-information-rate-maximizing constrained (input, output) processes are derived. The study was motivated by a mathematical model of brain function which is briefly discussed.
Effect of neutron irradiation on vanadium

The effect of neutron irradiation on vanadium containing 50 to 800 weight ppm oxygen was studied using electrical resistivity; internal friction, and mechanical property measurements. The resistivity and internal frictionspecimens were irradiated to 3 x 10 1 8 neutrons/cm 2 (E> 1 MeV) at-190 C(-310 F) and the tension test specimens were irradiated to 1.2 x 10 1 9 neutrons/cm 2 (E> 1 MeV) at 106 C (223 F). Postirradiation annealing treatments were performed up to 220 C (428 F) for the resistivity and internal friction specimens and up to 520 C (968 F) for the tension test specimens. Isochronal resistivity annealing measurements exhibited annealing stages at 170 C (338 F), 30 C (86 F), and-105 C(-157 F). The highest temperature stage (near 0.2 T m , where T m is the melting temperature) is attributed to the motion of interstitial oxygen to radiation-produced defect clusters and loops, where the oxygen is effectively removed from solid solution. This conclusion is based on the observations that: (a) the annealing activation energy is 1.1 ′ 0.1 eV, close to the oxygen migration energy of 1.23 eV; (b) the magnitude of the annealing stage increased with increasing oxygen concentration; and (c) the decreases in oxygen concentration in solid solution upon annealing deduced from the decrease in resistivity and the decrease in the oxygen internal friction peak are in substantial agreement. The origins of the two lower temperature peaks are unknown, although it is speculated that hydrogen may be involved in the peak at -105 C (-157 F). The yield stress measurements indicate that radiation exposure at 106 C (223 F) results in greater radiation hardening for specimens with larger oxygen concentration. Also, the further increase in strength upon postirradiation annealing (radiation-anneal hardening) is enhanced by increasing interstitial impurity concentrations.
Oviposition behavior of Coccidoxenoides peregrinus, a parasitoid of Planococcus ficus

The encyrtid parasitoid, Coccidoxenoides peregrinus has been used as a biological control agent against the mealybugs Planococcus citri and Planococcus ficus. This study examined the behavior and host selection of C. peregrinus attacking P. ficus. Adult parasitoids were fed a 0.1% solution of acridine orange, a DNA binding dye used to label C. peregrinus eggs. In a choice test, adult parasitoids were offered equal numbers of first through fourth instars of P. ficus and behavior of C. peregrinus was filmed and analyzed. Acridine orange labeled ova of the parasitoids found within mealybug hosts fluoresced green under fluorescence microscopy and presence of fluorescing eggs in hosts was used to determine oviposition events. A time budget prepared for C. peregrinus indicated that this parasitoid spent the majority of its time searching (71.64%) and grooming (15.06%). The average probing duration over all instars which led to oviposition from single visits was 4.93±0.62 s. A total of 35.51% of probes from all attacks led to ovipositions, whereas 33.72% of single visits to hosts resulted in ovipositions. Detection of fluorescing acridine orange labeled eggs showed all instars of P. ficus were acceptable for oviposition by C. peregrinus. There was a significant preference to probe second, third, and fourth instars rather than first instars of P. ficus. Host feeding was not observed for this parasitoid.
Mechanisms, polymerization rate scaling, and oxygen inhibition with an ultra-rapid monovinyl urethane acrylate

Certain monovinyl (meth)acrylate monomers with secondary functionalities such as urethanes have been shown to exhibit extremely rapid curing rates. In this work, the polymerization mechanism, polymerization rate scaling, and relative oxygen inhibition are evaluated for an ultra-rapid butyl urethane acrylate and an analogous aliphatic urethane diacrylate. The aliphatic urethane diacrylate was found to have increased polymerization rates at higher initiation rates relative to the butyl urethane acrylate, primarily due to different termination mechanisms. Additionally, due to higher viscosity and crosslinking density, the aliphatic urethane diacrylate was found to exhibit a greater resistance to oxygen inhibition. The flux of oxygen into the aliphatic urethane diacrylate was 1/3 that of butyl urethane acrylate. Suppressed termination likely contributes to the rapid polymerization kinetics of butyl urethane acrylate.
Electron beam Irradiation for Microbial Reduction on Spacecraft Components

The highest degree of Planetary Protection (PP) applies to landed planetary missions and sample return missions. To date, Dry Heat Microbial Reduction (DHMR) treatment is the only NASA approved PP technique for meeting the stringent sterility requirements for life detection missions and to prevent forward contamination. However, spacecraft (s/c) and payloads are made up of a diverse set of man-made materials and components, some of which are incompatible with DHMR. NASA has therefore begun investigating several complementary sterilization techniques to DHMR. Here, we report on our progress in the investigation of the effectiveness of electron beam (e-beam) irradiation technique funded by a NASA Mars Exploration Program (MEP'03) award. E-beam irradiation using deep penetrating (several centimeters) high-energy (10 MeV) electrons is a well-developed method used for sterilization of food products in bulk quantities using linear accelerators. In contrast, low-energy (100 keV) electrons deposit their energy into about 50 micrometers, comparable to the scale of bacterial spores (typically several micrometers). The match between the depth of the penetration and spore size makes the "low-energy" electron irradiation extremely efficient for surface sterilization. E-beam irradiation is non-contact, leaves no residues, and as our preliminary results indicate is compatible with many s/c materials. Secondary contamination is often unavoidable since pre-sterilized s/c parts are used again for functional testing and re-assembly, necessitating reapplication of sterilization treatment. The 100 keV electron source is sufficiently small so that it could be made portable, which would make it suited for treatment localized, previously sterilized parts and subsystems.
Making Waves in Consciousness Research

A new strategy for quantifying consciousness in human brains may have broad applications in the clinic and in neurobiology research labs (Casali et al., this issue).
The Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS)-1 Pleckstrin Homology Domain Functions in Downstream Signaling*

The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) plays a role in directing this molecule to the insulin receptor, thereby regulating its tyrosine phosphorylation. In this work, the role of the PH domain in subsequent signaling was studied by constructing constitutively active forms of IRS-1 in which the inter-SH2 domain of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was fused to portions of the IRS-1 molecule. Chimeric molecules containing the PH domain were found to activate the downstream response of stimulating the Ser/Thr kinase Akt. A chimera containing point mutations in the PH domain that abolished the ability of this domain to bind phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate prevented these molecules from activating Akt. These mutations also decreased by about 70% the amount of the constructs present in a particulate fraction of the cells. These results indicate that the PH domain of IRS-1, in addition to directing this protein to the receptor for tyrosine phosphorylation, functions in the ability of this molecule to stimulate subsequent responses. Thus, compromising the function of the PH domain, e.g. in insulin-resistant states, could decrease both the ability of IRS-1 to be tyrosine phosphorylated by the insulin receptor and to link to subsequent downstream targets.
Hypocalcemia and Azotemia Associated with Zoledronic Acid and Interferon Alfa

OBJECTIVETo describe severe hypocalcemia and acute renal failure associated with zoledronic acid and interferon alfa in a patient with metastatic carcinoid tumors.CASE SUMMARYA 39-year-old white man with metastatic carcinoid tumor tolerated treatment with subcutaneous long-acting octreotide monthly and interferon alfa 6 million units 3 times weekly for 6 months. Due to multiple bony metastases, zoledronic acid was prescribed as a monthly 4-mg intravenous infusion over 30 minutes to prevent skeletal-related events. Although the first infusion went well, the patient developed severe hypocalcemia and acute renal failure after the second zoledronic infusion.DISCUSSIONBisphosphonates may infrequently cause symptomatic hypocalcemia, especially among patients who have vitamin D deficiency or hypoparathyroidism or receive treatment with an aminoglycoside. Our literature review suggests that zoledronic acid and interferon alfa may exert additive effects on the inhibition of osteoclasts, thus potentially precipitat...