cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Such sweet sorrow: fructose and the incidence of gout.

Gout is presently the most common inflammatory arthritis in the United States (>3 million reported cases in 2005) [1], and epidemiologic studies indicate that its prevalence has risen as much as fourfold in the past few decades. A better understanding of the reasons for this increase and the identification of modifiable risk factors is important to reduce gout incidence and manage established cases. Recently, data from animal and physiologic studies have suggested that fructose may have a unique capacity to induce hyperuricemia, the necessary predecessor to the onset of gout [2–4]. Specifically, consumption of fructose results in rapid rises in serum urate, and biochemical studies indicate that the metabolism of fructose, in contrast to that of other sugars, results in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate, which provides precursor purines for the urate synthetic pathway. Moreover, per capita fructose consumption, in the form of sweetened soft drinks and foods supplemented with high fructose corn syrup, has risen in parallel with the current wave of gout. Indeed, recent studies indicate that sweetened soft drinks have become the single largest calorie source in the American diet [5]. However, actual clinical data linking fructose intake with gout incidence are sparse. This article discusses a study by Choi and Curhan that employed a large prospective cohort of male health professionals to assess the role of fructose consumption, and more specifically, the consumption of sweetened soft drinks, on the risk of gout.
Indian Labor History

The 1980s and 1990s were decades of great creativity in Indian labor history. The study of labor moved from a long-standing institutional focus on trade unions to a study of workers themselves, as well as from the economism and determinism that had characterized many previous writings. A growing interest in labor led to the first conference devoted to Indian labor history at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam in 1995 and the founding of the Association of Indian Labour Historians the following year. The dynamism and the new intellectual horizons of Indian labor history in that period are captured in the work of three major historians: Dipesh Chakrabarty, Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, and Chitra Joshi. For the purposes of this essay, there is no need to review their contributions in detail (not least because such overviews may be found elsewhere), but it is nevertheless essential to provide a quick sketch of the arguments of each.
Optimal voting strategy against rational attackers

Voting algorithms are often used to improve a system's reliability through fault tolerance. However, when both the reliability of individual voters and the existence of rational attackers are taken into consideration, the number of voters that participate in an actual voting process determines the fault-and-attack tolerance performance of voting algorithms. In this paper, we are to find an optimal voting strategy (i.e., the optimal number of participating voters) against rational attackers whose goal is to defect the system by strategically compromising individual voters across the system. We model the problem of deciding the number of participating voters against rational attackers as a two-person zero-sum game problem and provide solutions based on the results from this well-known game problem. A set of experiments are performed to illustrate the voting strategy's performance in the presences of rational attackers.
Fast, Direct Sensitivity Analysis of Multidimensional Photochemical Models

Sensitivity analysis is a powerful tool for understanding the response of an environmental system (e.g., air quality) or model of that system to both inputs and system parameters. A fast, formal sensitivity analysis method was developed for application to multidimensional, chemically-active environmental models. The technique was then implemented in a three-dimensional air quality model and applied to the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California. Using direct derivatives of the equations governing the evolu tion of species concentrations, the local sensitivities to a variety of model parameters (e.g., rate constants, dry deposition velocities, wind speed) and inputs (e.g., initial concentrations, ground-level emissions, wind speed) are computed simultaneously. Since the equations governing sensitivity coefficients have a structure similar to that of the pollutant concentrations, the implementation using this technique is straightforward and computationally efficient.
SU-C-144-03: Validation of Ceiling Shielding in CT/PET Room with RADEYE

Purpose: The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to measure the magnitude of scattered radiation levels in CT/PET room; and (b) to evaluate the effectiveness of shielding of the ceiling of a PET/CT suite. Methods: Six RadEye detectors were placed in the CT/PET room, four in the ceiling, and two at one meter above floor. A RadEye detector recorded data every 25 seconds throughout the day. The detector was turned on at the beginning of the day and the doses were transferred to a laptop for analysis at the end of the day. The dose to a non-radiation worker above the CT/PET room was estimated based on the ceiling data. The dose build up factor was used in the dose estimate. The magnitude of transmitted CT radiation in the room above was measured separately with RadEye. Results: The CT component of the scattered radiations showed approximately cone beam shape of the iso-dose curve. The CT dose contributed about 80% of the total dose while the PET contributed 20% within the scanning room. The combined dose to a person upstairs sitting in a chair at 0.5 meter high above the PET/CT suite was 4×10−6 mSv per week. In addition, the physical measurement at the interstitial space above the ceiling recorded only 0.12 mR per day, which was the background dose. Conclusion: This study has quantified the CT and PET doses contributions separately in the clinical CT/PET room. An analytical model was developed to calculate the non-occupational personnel dose above the CT/PET room and the calculated results were confirmed by physical measurements. The actual physical dose was 50 times smaller than the NCRP design goals of 0.02 mSv/wk.
Density waves in the solar nebula: planetesimal velocities

Abstract The influence of density waves in the solar nebula on the dynamics of a planetesimal disc is discussed. Disc tides are compared to other mechanisms traditionally included in accretion modeling, i.e., gravitational scattering, collisions, and aerodynamic drag. It is argued that density waves become the dominant damping mechanism of dispersion velocities in a disc composed of runaway planetesimals and control its equilibrium state. Resulting dispersion velocities tend to scale with the sound speed instead of the planetesimal escape velocity. Some implications for the mode and time scale of end-stage accretion are also mentioned.
Analyzing Unexpected Density Dependence Effects on Organizational Births in New York's Life Insurance Industry, 1842-1904

Organizational ecologists argue that numbers of firms density dependence significantly affect industrial development. Rising numbers of firms are thought to legitimize a young industry, leading persons to launch new firms in the industry; but in a more crowded, older industry, increasing numbers of companies are expected to intensify competition, producing a decline in organizational births. Since this argument dominates ecological theory, results that challenge it must be explained. I identify six reasons for such results. Only a few of these explanations have been evaluated empirically and the ideas rarely have been assessed with respect to organizational births. Therefore, I address these explanations in order to resolve unexpected density dependence effects on foundings in New York's life insurance industry from 1842 to 1904. Measuring numbers of life insurance operators at both the state New York and national U.S. levels of analysis resolves the unexpected density dynamics in this study and produces a coherent pattern of density findings. Further, numbers of mutual savings banks and numbers of small life insurers in New York created competitive pressures in the life insurance business, leading persons to abandon carrier entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship also suffered when the life insurance industry was dominated by a few large sellers. More generally, the evidence shows that New York was divided into two insurance submarkets and that carrier organizers reacted to legitimation and competition trends in the submarket occupied by domestic insurers. I conclude that once we consider the reasons for unexpected density dynamics, the core model of density dependence offers a cogent explanation for industrial evolution.
Interferon-β treatment alters peripheral blood monocytes chemokine production in MS patients

Chemokines direct the recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites and may also participate in the regulation of cytokine production by naive T helper cells. Chemokine production by blood monocytes was investigated by intracytoplasmic staining in interferon-beta (IFN-beta)-treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, untreated MS patients, and healthy controls. Under unstimulated conditions, no differences in the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), IFN-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monokine induced by interferon-gamma (Mig), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3) were seen between untreated MS patients and controls. Chemokine production by monocytes following T cell activation was decreased in MS patients taking IFN-beta compared to controls and untreated MS patients. Unlike other chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) production by monocytes was significantly decreased in untreated MS patients compared to controls, and IFN-beta treatment increased MIP-1alpha expression to the level seen in controls. In vitro addition of IFN-beta1b to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultures tended to decrease the production of IL-8, IP-10, Mig, MCP-1, and MCP-3, but not of MIP-1alpha. These findings suggest that IFN-beta treatment may have a differential affect on chemokine production by monocytes. Longitudinal studies must be done to confirm these observations.
A Metal-Containing Nucleoside that Possesses both Therapeutic and Diagnostic Activity against Cancer

Background: Nucleoside transport is an important therapeutic target against cancer. Results: Cell-based studies show that a metal-containing nucleoside displays anti-cancer effects and diagnostic properties against adherent cancers. Conclusion: A metal-containing nucleoside functions as a biophotonic substrate for a nucleoside transporter. Significance: A novel nucleoside with combined therapeutic and diagnostic activities provides a tool to treat cancer. Nucleoside transport is an essential process that helps maintain the hyperproliferative state of most cancer cells. As such, it represents an important target for developing diagnostic and therapeutic agents that can effectively detect and treat cancer, respectively. This report describes the development of a metal-containing nucleoside designated Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside that displays both therapeutic and diagnostic properties against the human epidermal carcinoma cell line KB3-1. The cytotoxic effects of Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside are both time- and dose-dependent. Flow cytometry analyses validate that the nucleoside analog causes apoptosis by blocking cell cycle progression at G2/M. Fluorescent microscopy studies show rapid accumulation in the cytoplasm within 4 h. However, more significant accumulation is observed in the nucleus and mitochondria after 24 h. This localization is consistent with the ability of the metal-containing nucleoside to influence cell cycle progression at G2/M. Mitochondrial depletion is also observed after longer incubations (Δt ∼48 h), and this effect may produce additional cytotoxic effects. siRNA knockdown experiments demonstrate that the nucleoside transporter, hENT1, plays a key role in the cellular entry of Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside. Collectively, these data provide evidence for the development of a metal-containing nucleoside that functions as a combined therapeutic and diagnostic agent against cancer.
Effects of ultraviolet microbeam irradiation on morphogenesis in Euplotes.

Developmental mechanisms in Euplotes plumipes were analyzed in terms of theresponse to damage produced by a UV microbeam. Individual animals, representing all stages of the morphogenetic cycle, were irradiated at a variety of cortical sites, including bases of mature cirri and membranelles, primordial structures, and non-ciliated regions; they were then observed and fixed for silver-staining. Immediate damage is restricted to cortical and ciliary structures directly irradiated. Irradiated cirri and membranelles, including their associated basal structures (infraciliature), are effectively destroyed after about two minutes exposure to the UV microbeam. Contrary to what might be expected from the reports of earlier workers using microsurgical techniques, no regeneration response ensues following such damage in these animals. Damage to cirri perists until these organelles are replaced during normal pre-division morphogenesis; damage to adoral membranelles, which are not normally replaced at division, persists indefinitely through succeeding generations of proters. It is concluded that destruction of infraciliary structures does not, in itself, provide a sufficient stimulus to regeneration in Euplotes. Irradiation of either mature or primordial cortical organelles can be effective, however, in causing the temporary arrest of normal pre-division morphogenesis, including resorption of all primordial stuctures, and the arrest or disappearance of macronuclear replication bands. The probability that resorption will occur depends, in part, on the developmental stage of the structures irradiated: irradiation of primordial structures during early stages induces this response more frequently than does irradiation of late stage primordia or mature organelles. These results are discussed in terms of the functional relationship between infraciliary structures and the mechanisms controlling development.
Serum Amyloid A and Clusterin as Potential Predictive Biomarkers for Severe Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease by 2D-DIGE Proteomics Analysis

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) affects more than one million children, is responsible for several hundred child deaths every year in China and is the cause of widespread concerns in society. Only a small fraction of HFMD cases will develop further into severe HFMD with neurologic complications. A timely and accurate diagnosis of severe HFMD is essential for assessing the risk of progression and planning the appropriate treatment. Human serum can reflect the physiological or pathological states, which is expected to be an excellent source of disease-specific biomarkers. In the present study, a comparative serological proteome analysis between severe HFMD patients and healthy controls was performed via a two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) strategy. Fifteen proteins were identified as differentially expressed in the sera of the severe HFMD patients compared with the controls. The identified proteins were classified into different groups according to their molecular functions, biological processes, protein classes and physiological pathways by bioinformatics analysis. The up-regulations of two identified proteins, serum amyloid A (SAA) and clusterin (CLU), were confirmed in the sera of the HFMD patients by ELISA assay. This study not only increases our background knowledge about and scientific insight into the mechanisms of HFMD, but also reveals novel potential biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis of severe HFMD.
pH and Driving Force Dependence of Intramolecular Oxyferryl Heme Reduction in Myoglobin

The kinetics of oxyferryl (FeIVO) heme reduction in horse heart myoglobin (Mb) by a4LRuII (a = NH3; L = NH3, pyridine, isonicotinamide) bound at the surface His48 were investigated with pulse radiolysis. The observed first-order rate constants (kobs1) decreased with increasing pH and reduction potential for the a4LRu centers (E°/RuIII/II = 77, 330, and 400 mV for L = NH3, Pyr, and Isn). Rate−pD data obtained in D2O for the a5Ru derivative revealed the presence of an equilibrium isotope effect, and a pKa of 5.7 (6.2 in D2O) was obtained for the acid−base group, which is assigned to the distal His64. A mechanism where protonation precedes ET provides a good fit of the kinetic data for the three a4LRu derivatives. Marcus theory analysis of the kET (0.74, 1.8, and 3.6 s-1 for L = Isn, Pyr, and NH3) extracted from the kobs1 values yielded a reorganization energy (λ) of 1.8 for RuII → FeIVO ET in the a4LRu derivatives but a λ of 2.1 eV for the a5Ru derivative. From the latter, it is concluded that ET is strongl...
Extradyadic romantic involvement: Moderating effects of sociosexuality and gender

In two separate experiments, the role of both sociosexuality (Simpson & Gangestad, 1991) and gender in moderating individuals' tendencies to pursue extradyadic relationships was examined. Unmarried subjects, predominantly Anglo and Hispanic, reportedly in “exclusive” dating relationships were presented with opportunities to become involved in a romantic relationship across a variety of situations. Their willingness to disregard both their own involved relationship status as well as their potential partner's current relationship status was assessed. Across experiments, individuals with an unrestricted sociosexual orientation indicated a greater willingness to pursue extradyadic involvement as evidenced by both self-report (Experiments 1 and 2) and behavioral (Experiment 2) measures. Further, on self-report measures, men indicated a greater willingness than did women to pursue extradyadic involvement. Gender differences disappeared on the behavioral measure. Finally, across experiments, subjects were less likely to pursue potential partners who were described as currently involved (versus uninvolved). This latter factor failed to interact with either sociosexuality or gender. Results are discussed from both evolutionary and cultural-contingency perspectives. Implications for practitioners are also presented.
Sequences adjacent to the 5' splice site control U1A binding upstream of the IgM heavy chain secretory poly(A) site.

We have recently shown that the stability of the alternatively expressed immunoglobulin M heavy chain secretory mRNA is developmentally regulated by U1A. U1A binds novel non-consensus sites upstream of the secretory poly(A) site and inhibits poly(A) tail addition in undifferentiated cells. U1A's dependence for binding and function upon a stem-loop structure has been extensively characterized for the consensus sites. We therefore probed the structure surrounding the novel U1A binding sites. We show that two of the three novel binding sites represent the major single-stranded regions upstream of the secretory poly(A) site, consistent with a major role at this site. The strength of binding and ability of U1A to inhibit poly(A) polymerase correlate with the accessibility of the novel sites. However, long range interactions are responsible for maintaining them in an open configuration. Mutation of an RNase V1-sensitive site 102 nucleotides upstream, directly adjacent to the competing 5′ splice site, changes the structure of one the U1A binding sites and thus abolishes the binding of the second U1A molecule and the ability of U1A ability to inhibit poly(A) polymerase activity at this site. These sites bind U1A via its N-terminal domain but with a 10-fold lower affinity than U1 small nuclear RNA. This lower binding affinity is more conducive to U1A's regulation of poly(A) tail addition to heterologous mRNA.
Magnetic and Transport Properties of Ferromagnetic-PEEK Polymer Nanocomposite Prepared via Ion-Implantation

Thin films of magnetic-nanocomposite are prepared using a novel two step ion-implantation technique. Structural assessment via TEM of the ion bombarded iron-polymer composite shows development of fine magnetic nanoparticles (20–50 A) in a carbonaceous matrix. The experimental temperature dependence of conductivity of the composite, in the temperature range 10–300 K, follows the exponential law σ = σo exp [(-T o/T)γ], where T o and γ are constants. The observed higher values of γ > 1 imply the presence of more than one conducting channel in the composite. The secondary conducting channels, beside hopping conductivity, may arise from the conducting graphitic matrix around Fe nanoparticles. The room temperature magneto-transport measurement indicates a 0.5% change in magnetoresistance at 0.5T field. The observed anomalous Hall voltage confirms the presence of magnetic nature of nanoparticles.
ON THE ESTIMATION OF HIERARCHICAL LATENT LINEAR MODELS FOR LARGE SCALE ASSESSMENTS

A hierarchical latent regression model is suggested to estimate nested and nonnested relationships in complex samples such as found in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The proposed model aims at improving both parameters and variance estimates via a two-level hierarchical linear model. This model falls naturally within the set of models used in most large scale surveys, in that all of them are special cases of the hierarchical latent regression model. The model parameter estimates are obtained via the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. An example with NAEP data is presented and results of parameter estimation and standard errors are compared with results from operational procedures of NAEP.
Regulation of scleraxis function by interaction with the bHLH protein E47.

Scleraxis is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein whose function has been postulated to be preconfigurative of sclerotomal mesenchymal patterning during early embryonic development by regulating expression of differentiation-specific genes, particularly those involved in chondrogenesis. To gain understanding of the molecular action of scleraxis we test the hypothesis that it heterodimerizes with another bHLH protein to activate gene expression. Transient coexpression of scleraxis and E47, a candidate bHLH protein, showed that scleraxis dimerizes with E47 in vivo and that this complex binds to a classic E-box DNA sequence better than either factor alone. Further, when expressed together, scleraxis and E47 synergistically enhanced transcription from a promoter containing multiple E-box binding sites.
Current knowledge on groundwater microbial pathogens and their control

Those who drink groundwater that has not been disinfected are at increased risk of infection and disease from pathogenic microorganisms. Recent stud- ies have shown that up to half of all US drinking- water wells tested had evidence of fecal contamination. A significant fraction of all waterborne disease outbreaks is associated with groundwater. An estimated 750,000 to 5.9 million illnesses per year result from contaminated groundwaters in the US. Mortality from these illnesses may be 1400-9400 deaths per year. Control of these pathogens starts with source-water protection activities to prevent fecal contamination of aquifers and wells. These include assessment of wellhead vulnerability to fecal contami- nation and correction of identified deficiencies. Cor- rection may include control of sources or rehabilitation of the well itself. Disinfection can serve as a useful barrier and is recommended as a prudent public-health policy for all groundwater systems.
Mass spectra of some 5- and 6-substituted-2-pyridinecarboxylic acids. Nature of fragmentation step for loss of CO2

The fragmentation patterns were obtained by electron-impact on 6-acetamido-, 6-amino-, 6-bromo-, 6-chloro-, 6-methoxy-, 6-methyl-, 6-nitro-, 5-carboxy-, 5-iodo-, 5-methoxy- and 5-nitro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acids, as well as 2- and 3-pyridinecarboxylic acids. Most of these acids lost CO2 [M – 44] as their first major fragmentation. This is in direct contrast to the substituted benzoic acids which show loss of OH [M – 17] or CO2H [M – 45] in their first major fragmentation. Our work suggests that the ring nitrogen may determine which pathway predominates. Figures are presented to illustrate the patterns and metastable ions are indicated when found for the transitions discussed.
The Effect of Aging on Deformations of the Superficial Femoral Artery Resulting from Hip and Knee Flexion: Potential Clinical Implications

Purpose Vessel deformations have been implicated in endoluminal device fractures, and therefore better understanding of these deformations could be valuable for device regulation, evaluation, and design. The purpose of this study is to describe geometric changes of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) resulting from hip and knee flexion in older subjects. Materials and Methods The SFAs of seven healthy subjects aged 50–70 years were imaged with magnetic resonance angiography with the legs straight and with hip and knee flexion. From geometric models constructed from these images, axial, twisting, and bending deformations were quantified. Results There was greater shortening in the bottom third of the SFA than in the top two thirds (top, 5.9% ± 3.0%; middle, 6.7% ± 2.1%; bottom, 8.1% ± 2.0% [mean ± SD]; P −1 ± 0.06; middle, 0.09 cm −1 ± 0.07; bottom, 0.41 cm −1 ± 0.22; P Conclusions The SFA tends to deform more in the bottom third than in the other sections, likely because of less musculoskeletal constraint distal to the adductor canal and vicinity of knee flexion. The SFAs of these older subjects curve off axis with normal joint flexion, probably resulting from known loss of arterial elasticity with age. This slackening of the vessel enables a method for noninvasive quantification of in vivo SFA strain, which may be valuable for treatment planning and device design. In addition, the spatially resolved arterial deformations quantified in this study may be useful for commercial and regulatory device evaluation.
Morphological origin of toughness in polyethylene-nylon-6 blends

Abstract The effect of compatibilizing polyethylene and nylon-6 on the morphology and mechanical properties of their blends is investigated. A maleic anhydride functionalized styrene-(ethylene- co -butylene)-styrene block copolymer (MA/SEBS) is added to the blends as the compatibilizer. The compatibilizer is found to play a dual interfacial function. On the one hand, it reduces the interfacial tension of the system, resulting in reduction of the particle size of the dispersed polyethylene phase. On the other hand, it enhances the interfacial adhesion through the formation of micro-bridges. The fine polyethylene phase thus coupled to the matrix in compatibilized blends can carry load and deform co-continuously along with the matrix. This causes extensive yielding of the blend prior to its failure and high ultimate elongations. Unexpectedly, at MA/SEBS contents higher than 10%, the ductility of the blends drops sharply. This is attributed to flow-induced discontinuities within a large core in the tensile specimens. The lines of instabilities act as large notches within the specimen, causing brittle failure of the otherwise ductile blend.
Adherence to sedation withdrawal protocols and guidelines in ventilated patients.

Purpose/objectives The purpose of this article is to delineate what we know about adherence with sedation withdrawal protocols and guidelines. Reasons for lack of adherence and associated outcomes are explored in addition to potential solutions. Background/rationale Research has demonstrated the positive outcomes associated with sedation withdrawal in ventilated patients, such as decreased ventilator duration, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and mortality. Subsequently, protocols and guidelines used in the trials have been introduced into clinical practice to ensure that practice is evidence based and that clinical outcomes improve. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that adherence to these protocols and guidelines is poor. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT/INNOVATION: A literature review was performed for years 1998-2011 using PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Searches included the key terms sedation management, sedation interruption, sedation withdrawal, mechanical ventilation, protocol adherence, guideline adherence, sedation management adherence, sedation interruption adherence, and mechanical ventilation weaning. Outcomes Twelve articles that focused on adherence to sedation withdrawal protocols or guidelines were reviewed to determine adherence rates and reasons for lack of adherence. An additional 5 research articles testing the efficacy of sedation withdrawal protocols or guidelines in practice were reviewed to determine clinical outcomes associated with their use. Interpretation/conclusions Despite the current emphasis on the importance of sedation withdrawal in mechanically ventilated patients, protocols and guidelines that are designed to ensure adherence do not appear to be working. Multiple reasons for the lack of adherence are suggested in the literature, including caregiver perceptions, complexity, and processes of care. In addition, clinician education, unit culture, and philosophy may all play a part. Implications The findings described in this article suggest that adherence to sedation withdrawal protocols and guidelines is not good despite perceptions to the contrary. The article delineates potential solutions as suggested by the authors of the reviewed articles and those of the author of this article.
Lire Sade avec Rousseau

In Sade criticism, relations between Sade and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are a polarizing subject. The two authors are either considered to be sharply opposed to, or essentially compatible with, each other. This article argues that the analysis of their relationship, instead of being based on explicit references to Rousseau or his texts, should take into consideration the specificities of Sadean intertextuality. While being outrageously original, Sade still belongs to a rhetorical culture that recycles texts and discourses. His creative processes include imitation, copying, plagiarizing, and the recombining of elements from other texts, including Rousseau’s. The Sadean intertext highlights dystopic aspects of Rousseau’s ideas and imagery. While underscoring the importance of the modernity of Rousseau’s ideas at successive stages of the French Revolution, this article pays special attention to the Sadean use and recasting of Rousseau’s criticism of the theatre, of his two Discours, and of Du Contrat social.
THE BASAL METABOLISM OF RATS FOLLOWING THE INJECTION OF RADIOACTIVE IODIDE

DURING the course of the investigation of the metabolic action of compounds related to thyroxine, it was decided to study the effects of the injection of large doses of radioactive iodide on the basal metabolism of rats and to compare these changes with those produced by surgical removal of the thyroid glands. The method of using radioactive iodide in order to destroy thyroid tissue in rats has been described by Findlay and Leblond (1), Goldberg and Chaikoff (2) and Goldberg, Chaikoff, Lindsay and Feller (3). These studies have been histologic for the most part. No detailed study has appeared on the effects of radiological removal of the thyroid gland on basal metabolism in rats.
Handedness in Fiddler Crabs (Genus Uca) 1)

Die Entwicklung der Hande wurde an im Laboratorium gezuchteten Uca studiert. Bei jungen Mannchen, die sich entweder in der symmetrischen oder in der asymmetrischen Entwicklungsphase befanden, wurden die Chelipedien entfernt. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse sprechen fur die Annahme einer genetischen Basis der ,,Handigkeit" mannlicher Uca.
Synthesis and reactivity of the α-β-unsaturated carbene tungsten complex (CO)5W[C(OCH)3)CHCH2]

Abstract Treatment of W(CO) 6 with vinyllithium followed by Me 3 OBF 4 in the presence of H 2 O produced (CO) 5 W[C(OCH 3 )CHCH 2 ] ( 1 ) (25–30%) and (CO) 5 W[C(OCH 3 )-(η-CHCH 2 )]W(CO) 5 ( 2 ) (20–30%). Complex 1 reacted with (CO) 5 W · THF to give W 2 (CO) 9 [μ-μ 1 ,η 3 -C(OCH 3 )CHCH 2 ] ( 3 ) (61%). Heating 2 to 45°C in toluene produced 3 (65%) which could be converted back to 2 upon treatment with CO. Complex 1 reacte with D 2 O in benzene- d 6 to afford 2 and methyl propionate-2,3- d 2 ( 4 ). A new route to 1 was developed from C(CO) 6 in an overall yield of 40% using (CO) 5 W[C(O)CHCH 2 ]NME 4 ( 8 ) as an intermediate.
Is Slower Myosin Cross-Bridge Kinetics in Tg-D166V Preparations Due to Decreased Myosin RLC Phosphorylation?

In this report we have investigated a particularly malignant phenotype of Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (FHC) associated with the 166 Aspartic Acid to Valine (D166V) mutation in the ventricular myosin regulatory light chain (RLC). We show that the rates of myosin cross-bridge attachment and dissociation are significantly different in isometrically contracting cardiac myofibrils from transgenic (Tg)-D166V compared to Tg-WT mice. A single molecule approach was taken where the fluorescence anisotropy of rhodamine phalloidin labeled actin protomers was measured in cardiac myofibrils undergoing isometric contraction. Orientation of an actin molecule oscillated between two states, corresponding to the actin-bound and actin-free states of the myosin cross-bridge. The rates of cross-bridge attachment as well as cross-bridge dissociation were significantly decreased in isometrically contracting Tg-D166V myofibrils (binding, 1.4 s−1; detachment, 1.2 s−1) compared to Tg-WT myofibrils (binding, 3 s−1; detachment, 1.3 s−1). The duty ratio of the cross-bridge cycle, equal to the fraction of the total cycle time that cross-bridge remains attached to actin, was 47% inTg-D166V myofibrils and 30% in Tg-WT. Immunoblotting of cardiac myofibrils used for kinetics studies demonstrated a large reduction in RLC phosphorylation in Tg-D166V vs. Tg-WT myofibrils. These data are in accord with our previous findings in skinned and intact papillary muscles showing slower fiber kinetics and prolonged force transients in Tg-D166V fibers compared to Tg-WT preparations (Kerrick et al., FASEB J. 23: 855, 2009). Similarly, the level of RLC phosphorylation in muscle extracts from Tg-D166V ventricles was decreased. Our cellular and single molecule data suggest that a mutation-dependent decrease in RLC phosphorylationcould initiate the slower kinetics of the D166V cross-bridgesand ultimately lead to abnormal cardiac muscle contraction. Supported by NIH-HL071778 (DSC), NIH-AR048622 (JB) and NIH-HL090786 (to JB and DSC).
Effect of concentration and denaturation on adsorption and surface tension of bovine serum albumin

Abstract Adsorbed layers of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were probed by tensiometry, ellipsometry, and infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). Tensiometry of the native protein shows a steady-state surface tension of ca. 50 mN/m, which is essentially independent of concentration. Adsorption is slower than predicted by diffusion-controlled models. Ellipsometry at three wavelengths and two incident angles shows that the surface density increases with increasing concentration. This behavior may indicate a change in orientation of the molecule at the interface, which causes an increase in the surface density with little effect on the surface tension. This hypothesis is further supported by calculations, which show an increase in d 1 with concentration, although the formation of a loose second layer at higher concentrations cannot be discounted. Peak intensities from IRRAS increase with concentration as expected from the ellipsometry-determined surface densities. Although the addition of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) has a small effect on the surface tension, ellipsometry shows that the surface layers have larger d 1 values, but smaller n 1 and Γ values, for pH 7 compared to 5. This is probably due to the higher surface charge. Deliberate thermal denaturation produced a significantly lower surface tension, 40 mN/m, and a slightly different IRRAS spectrum than those of the native protein solutions. Thus, although partial denaturation at the air/water interface may occur, major denaturation at 25 °C is not likely to occur in timescales of the order of hours or days.
Party animals or responsible men: social class, race, and masculinity on campus

Studies of collegiate party and hookup culture tend to overlook variation along social class and racial/ethnic lines. Drawing on interview data at a “party school” in the Midwest, I examine the meanings and practices of drinking and casual sex for a group of class and race-diverse fraternity men. While more privileged men draw on ideas of age and gender to construct college as a time to let loose, indulge, and explore, men from disadvantaged backgrounds express greater ambivalence toward partying. For these men, partying presents both opportunities and dilemmas and taps into tensions inherent in being upwardly mobile college men. For some, symbolic abstention from extreme party behavior addresses some of these tensions and validates their place on campus. Men’s talk of collegiate partying reveals the dynamic and relational construction of intersectional identities on campus.
Microstructural characterization of calcium flouride single crystals deformed in steady state

Calcium fluoride single crystals have been deformed in compression to conditions of steady-state deformation in the temperature range 590 to 907° C (0.53 to 0.72T/Tm). The deformation microstructures have been characterized using cold-stage transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure of deformed samples is seen to consist of dislocation tangles, networks and subgrain boundaries. Dislocation structures in the subgrain boundaries have been characterized and the effect of the temperature of deformation on the subgrain boundary structure has been established. The flow stress,σ, during steady-state deformation, has been found to be proportional tod−1.14, whered is the subgrain size. The steady-state deformation behaviour is believed to be controlled by the mechanisms of obstacle-limited glide of dislocations and power-law creep. During characterization of the deformation microstructures, regions of non-uniform cell or subgrain boundary structure have been observed. It has been suggested that such regions arise from either non-uniform deformation or recovery and recrystallization. Despite the presence of such regions, subgrain strengthening appears to be a viable means of improving the flow stress of calcium fluoride single crystals.
Purification and characterization of an NADH-linked aldehyde reductase from bovine brain.

— The presence of a nonspecific NADH-linked aldehyde reductase was demonstrated in various regions of bovine brain in vitro. With m-nitrobenzaldehyde as substrate, the rate of NADH oxidation was approximately 4 nmol.min-1.(mg of protein)-1 in the cerebellum, pons and medulla; but somewhat lower rates [2–3 nmol.min-1.(mg of protein)-l] were obtained in the other areas of the brain examined. The enzyme was localized primarily in the soluble, supernatant fraction of rat brain homogenates. The enzyme from the supernatant fluid fraction of bovine brain was purified approximately 350-fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on calcium phosphate-gel, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G200 columns. The partially purified enzyme catalysed the reduction of a number of aldehydes, including substituted benzaldehydes and aliphatic aldehydes of intermediate chain lengths. Short chain aliphatic aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, were not reduced by the enzyme and butyraldehyde was a poor substrate. With m-nitrobenzaldehyde as substrate, NADH was oxidized at an approximately 10-fold faster rate than NADPH. The pH optimum for the enzyme was 6.75 for aldehyde reduction, whereas the rate of oxidation of m-nitrobenzylalcohol was optimal at pH 10.0 with NAD as the co-substrate. Km and K3 values ranged from 10 μM to 10 mM for various aldehydes and from 10 to 30 μM for the cofactors. Oxidation of NADH by the partially purified enzyme was not inhibited by 10m pyrazole or by 1 mM phenobarbital. However, the enzyme activity was inhibited by approximately 60 percent by 1 mM chlorpromazine or by 5 mM 1,10-orthophenanthroline. Our data demonstrate that the enzyme is not only separable from the NADPH-linked aldehyde reductase described previously by TABAKOFF and ERWIN, but also is quite different in substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity from the ‘classical’, pyrazole-sensitive, NAD- linked alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1).
A graded algebra with a non-rational Hilbert series

Abstract Let R be an associative (but not necessarily commutative) graded algebra over a field K . Thus R = R 0 + R 1 + ··· where R 0 = K and R i R j ⊂ R i + j . If each homogeneous component R n is a finite-dimensional vector space over K then the Hilbert series of R is the formal power series F ( R , λ ) = Σ n = 0 ∞ (dim n R n ) λ n . V. E. Govorov has conjected that if R is finitely-generated and finitely-presented then F ( R , λ )is a rational function. Here we give a counterexample to this conjecture.
Micromechanical Elastoplastic Damage Modeling of Progressive Interfacial Arc Debonding for Fiber Reinforced Composites

This study presents a new micromechanical elastoplastic progressive damage model to predict the effective transverse mechanical behavior and interfacial arc microcrack evolution of fiber-reinforced...
The plasma pharmacokinetics of high dose (1 g) imipenem coadministered with 1 g cilastatin in six normal volunteers

The plasma pharmacokinetics of imipenem, a beta-lactam antibiotic of the new class of carbapenems, was evaluated by administering 1 g imipenem plus 1 g of the dehydropeptidase inhibitor cilastatin to six healthy male volunteers over 30 min. Subsequently intensive plasma sampling was done for 5.5 h. The volume of distribution of the central compartment was 0.16±0.04 1/kg; the volume of distribution (area) was 0.28±0.07 1/kg; the volume of distribution (steady state) was 0.23±0.03 1/kg. The mean plasma clearance was 10.1±1.0 l/h/1.73 m2. Model-independent analysis showed excellent agreement with these values. The terminal excretion half-life was short (1.3±0.4 h). For approximately 6 h after administration, the observed plasma levels were above those required to inhibit most nosocomial pathogens in vitro.
Spousal coping during the surgical wait

The purpose of this study was to identify the coping strategies used by apatient's spouse and the perceived effectiveness of these coping strategies while waiting during a loved one's surgery. Forty spouses, male and female (age 25 to 65 years), waiting during a patient's surgery completed a demographic questionnaire and the Jalowiec Coping Scale. Mean scores of the styles and individual strategies were calculated and ranked in descending order. The optimistic coping strategy of "tried to think positively" was used most often by the subjects. The supportant coping strategy of "prayed or put trust in God" was ranked as the most effective strategy. The nurse who instructs the patient regarding their surgery should also prepare the spouse for the surgical wait. Recommending coping strategies to spouses may be a component of stress inoculation.
Structural analysis of the xyloglucan from Phaseolus coccineus cell-walls using cellulase-derived oligosaccharides

Abstract Oligosaccharides, obtained by digestion of a xyloglucan from the cell walls of Phaseolus coccineus with cellulase, have been isolated by gel filtration. Oligosaccharides containing 2–6 residues accounted for ∼57% of the hydrolysate, with larger oligosaccharides (d.p. ∼10) and partially degraded xyloglucan accounting for ∼32% of the polymer. The major glycosidic linkages were determined by methylation analysis. Methylated penta- and hexa-saccharide alditols were isolated by reverse-phase h.p.l.c. and characterised by e.i.-m.s. and f.a.b.-m.s. Methylated derivatives of the di-, tri-, and tetra-saccharide alditols were examined by g.l.c.-m.s. in the e.i. and c.i. modes. A structure based on these results is proposed.
998-120 Left Ventricular Systolic Performance Changes in Mild Hypertensive Subjects Treated with Antihypertensive Monotherapy or Placebo: The Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS)

Few large scale studies have evaluated long term effects of antihypertensive monotherapy (MT) versus placebo (P) on left ventricular (LV) systolic performance. Over a period of 4 years, 844 subjects with mild hypertension (mean BP: 140/91) without cardiac disease were treated with one of 5 MTs or P, all receiving nutritional-hygienic intervention. 2-D directed M-mode echocardiograms evaluated LV function at baseline, 3 months and annually through 4 years. Average changes over 4 years were compared between combined MT groups and P. Average decrease in BP was 15.9/12.3 mmHg in the MT group and 9.1/8.6 mmHg in the P group. for global systolic performance, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening (FS) increased with MT but decreased in P (p l 0.01 (MT vs P). Average change from baseline in stroke volume was –3.0% with P and +1.7% with MT. Cardiac output, stroke work index and minute work index decreased similarly in both MT and P. Peak-and end-systolic stress (ESS) increased significantly more in P than MT (p l 0.01). Total peripheral resistance decreased more in the MT group (p l 0.001). For indexes of contractility, ESS/ES volume index increased more in the P group, FS/ESS increased in MT and decreased in P, and SBP/ES dimension decreased more in the MT group (p l 0.02 for each). These findings suggest that even in mild hypertensives without underlying LV dysfunction, the addition of MT to nutritional-hygienic therapy can produce small, though significant changes in LV performance characteristics.
REDUCED RISK OF PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE WITH INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVES

As part of a study on acute febrile pelvic inflammatory disease and IUDs reported elsewhere a significantly lower risk of PID was observed in women using injectable contraceptives. The World Health Organization coordinated the multinational case-control study in 1979-79. Diagnostic criteria were fever suprapubic tenderness with guarding cervical or adnexal tenderness or a pelvic mass. 319 cases and 639 matched controls were matched for age parity marital status and hospital status. Data were taken from questionnaires. 10 cases (3.1%) currently used injectable contraceptives mainly Depo-Provera compared to 38 controls (6.0%). Thus the risk of getting PID was half as great among injectable users similar in magnitude to risks reported for women using oral contraceptives barrier methods and sterilization in developing countries.
Public Attitudes on Environment, Energy and the Economy--Implications for Policy.

Summary During the last ten years environmental quality and energy have emerged as important national issues right along with the economy. The central proposition appears to be that environmental concerns are inversely related to concern about energy and the economy. The common assumptions about public perception of the trade-offs between environmental quality, economic growth, and energy production are shown to be invalid. In any event it is unlikely that public policy makers will find themselves strongly pulled by a highly polarized public.
Integrating Ethical Awareness into the Curriculum

Abstract The importance of teachingand integrating ethics into the business curriculum has increased in recent years. A general methodology for integrating ethics and raising ethical awareness is presented. The methodology focuses on the different levels of analysis that can be used to understandethical behavior in organizations. A framework is developed that suggests simultaneous levels of analysis should be considered when thinking about ethical behaviors that occur in organizations.