cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the science enrichment activities (SEA) program: A decision oriented model

Abstract This study examined three questions of interest to decision-makers. Results revealed that subjects made some cognitive gains and chose different types of activities. The most striking finding relates to the third question. Groups who chose different activities made similar gains in learning. Older subjects perform fewer activities but make gains similar to those made by younger subjects. These results suggest that either eighth graders learn in less time or more activities are not proportionately more instructive. A question for future studies is whether subjects who choose more challenging activities make proportionately greater gains in understanding how to control variables. Of particular importance, it was found that subjects who are more sophisticated on the basis of age or ability to control variables choose proportionately more difficult activities (those with larger numbers of variables or with unfamiliar variables). This supports Hunt's (1965) suggestion that the learner is able to select experiences which help him to learn. The decision-makers concluded that open education programs might succeed, in part, because students are able to choose experiences which help them learn. These results do not, however, imply that student selection of educational activities is the most appropriate form of instruction. This study combined with earlier studies (Linn, Chen & Thier, 1977) strongly suggests that the most one can expect students to learn in the SEA program is to criticize experiments. Even for eighth graders who are presumably more likely to learn to control variables, the SEA is not sufficient to teach controlling variables. A different approach is needed to teach this (e.g., Linn, in press). Several research and evaluation studies are consistent with the findings of this evaluation (e.g., Shann et al., 1975; Atkinson, 1976). Many educators interested in “open” education have suggested that interactive learning experiences teach children to be autonomous, curious, and able to plan investigations. These questions were suggested by the evaluators as meriting further study. The decision-making model employed in this evaluation succeeded in influencing decision-makers and also in suggesting some implications for future studies. Rather than focusing on program objectives the evaluation focused on program decisions. Setting priorities in evaluation studies is a multivariate process not fully discussed in this paper. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on the potential benifit of an evaluation plan rather than on a set of program objectives.
Moving toward a more physiological model: application of mucin to refine the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system.

The objective of this study was to determine if a combination of commercially available mucin and an 8 μm microporous membrane insert can be used to replace the 15 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) dialysis membrane used in an established in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system. Although the current model with the 15 kDa membrane correlates well with human studies, use of mucin may improve the system as the mucus layer is suspected to play a physiological role in Fe absorption. Use of mucin may also enable more complete assessment of iron bioavailability from large molecular weight forms of Fe such as heme and ferritin Fe. A range of foods or Fe (i.e., FeCl3 ± ascorbic acid, cooked beef, red bean, white bean, soybean, horse spleen ferritin and plant-type ferritin) were subjected to in vitro digestion. In the presence of mucin, significantly more Fe was taken up from the heme Fe (86%) and ferritin (91%) samples and significantly less Fe was taken up from the white bean samples (∼70%) relative to the...
Mentoring the needs of nontraditional students

Abstract The increasingly diverse student nursing population reflects the cultural composition of the United States and makes it imperative to promote cultural awareness among faculty and students. Nurse educators need to have a commitment to promoting cultural competence. Not only are our patients diverse but also the nurses caring for our patients. According to M.R. Jeffreys (2004), the term nontraditional refers to any student who meets 1 or more of the following criteria: aged 25 years or older, commutes to school, enrolled part time, is male, is a member of a racial or ethnic group, speaks English as a 2nd or additional language, has dependent children, and holds a general equivalency diploma or has required remedial classes (H. Bednarz, S. Schim, and A. Doorenboos, 2010, p. 253). Clearly, many nursing students fit this definition of a nontraditional student.
Calibrating RZWQM2 model for maize responses to deficit irrigation

Parameterizing a system model for field research is a challenge and requires collaboration between modelers and experimentalists. In this study, the Root Zone Water Quality Model-DSSAT (RZWQM2) was used for simulating plant responses to water stresses in eastern Colorado. Experiments were conducted in 2008, 2009, and 2010 in which maize (Zea Mays L.) was irrigated to meet a certain percentage (100%, 85%, 70%, 55%, and 40%) of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) demand during a growing season. The model was calibrated with both laboratory-measured and field-estimated soil water retention curves (SWRC) and evaluated for yield, biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and soil water content under five irrigation treatments in all three years. Simulated results showed that field-estimated SWRC provided better model responses to irrigation than laboratory-measured SWRC. The results also showed that there were multiple sets of plant parameters that achieved acceptable simulations when only one irrigation treatment was used for calibration. Model parameterization can be improved when multiple treatments and multiple years of data are included. The parameterized RZWQM2 model was capable of simulating various irrigation treatments in all years and could be used to schedule irrigation based on ETc requirement.
Neurogenic Stress Cardiomyopathy After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Background Neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy (NSC) is a known complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Detailed analyses of risk factors for its occurrence across large cohorts are relatively sparse. Methods A consecutive group of 300 patients with aneurysmal SAH was reviewed for the presence of markers of myocardial injury, including electrocardiogram changes (long QT, T-wave inversion), elevated plasma troponin levels (≥0.1), and echocardiogram findings (decreased ejection fraction and wall motion abnormalities). NSC was defined as the presence of at least 1 marker of myocardial injury. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the correlation of NSC and individual markers of myocardial injury with age, gender, medical comorbidities, medications, current smoking status, Hunt-Hess grade, and Fisher grade. Medical comorbidities were assessed based on reported medical history or reported use of comorbidity-specific medications at the time of presentation. Results Across the cohort, 27% of patients had a plasma troponin elevation of at least 0.1; 13%, a prolonged QT interval; 16%, new T-wave inversions; 18%, a depressed ejection fraction ( P = 4.52 × 10 −6 ), current smoking status (OR = 2.00, P = 0.030), and older age (OR = 1.03, P = 0.048). Hypertension was protective against NSC (OR = 0.48, P = 0.031). Patient gender, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, coronary artery disease, statin use, beta blocker use, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, aspirin use, and thicker SAH (Fisher grade 3) were not significant risk factors for NSC. Conclusions Higher Hunt-Hess grade, current smoking status, lack of hypertension, and older age were the strongest predictors of NSC.
Pediatric trauma team activation: are we making the right call?

Introduction A regionalized trauma system must be tailored to the trauma epidemiology and the trauma care resources of the population it serves. Pediatric trauma system in Singapore differs from others because of its geographic compactness and relatively low incidence of severe trauma. The scarcity of polytrauma highlights the need of a reliable screening system to identify injured children who necessitate urgent transport to emergency department (ED) with pediatric resuscitation capacity as well as activation of trauma team upon their arrival. In this study, the validity of Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS), Glasgow Come Scale (GCS), and respiratory rate (RR) in identifying pediatric patients with major trauma and receipt of resuscitation is evaluated.Patients and Methods After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective analysis was performed using data obtained from our trauma registry between January 2011 and December 2012. Information pertaining to the demographics, causative mechanism, and injury description, resuscitation, admitting disciplines, surgical intervention, and outcome were analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of PTS, GCS, and RR to predict outcomes of interest are calculated.Results A total of 92 patients were recruited. From the 92 patients, 26 sustained major trauma, and 21 patients received ED resuscitation. The mean age was 4 years 9 months. Sensitivity and specificity of PTS ≤ 8, GCS ≤ 10, and abnormal RR for predicting major trauma were 61.5, 77.3; 26.9, 100; and 53.8, 60.6%; respectively. When the reliability to identify patients received ED resuscitation was evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of PTS ≤ 8, GCS ≤ 10, and abnormal RR were 90.5, 83.1; 28.6, 98.6; and 76.2, 66.2%; respectively.Conclusion The parameters of PTS need to be further refined to improve its accuracy and minimize the undertriage rate. If a combined physiologic and anatomic scoring system such as PTS is used, other physiologic parameters such as GCS and RR may become redundant. The evaluation of the validity of PTS, GCS, and RR in predicting pediatric major trauma indicated poor reliability. Language: en
The role of liver in the mechanism of hypoglycemic action of the antidiabetic sulfanilamides

Preparation BZ-55 caused hypoglycemia in normal rabbits, potentiated the hypoglycemic effect of insulin and inactivated insulinase of the liver. Insulinase is not found in rabbits with fatty dystrophy of the liver caused by carbon tetrachloride intoxication. The hypoglycemic effect of insulin is increased. Administration of BZ-55 (Nadizan) does not cause any hypglycemic action and does not potentiate the effect of injected insulin, although the insular pancreatic apparatus is uninjured. These experiments permit to draw a conclusion that the hypoglycemic effect of BZ-55 is connected not only with the stimulation of the β-cells but also with the activation of the peripheral action of insulin. It is mainly caused by the inactivation of hepatic insulinase.
Digital Libraries Applications: CBIR, Education, Social Networks, eScience/Simulation, and GIS

* Content-Based Image Retrieval* Education* Social Networks in Digital Libraries* eScience and Simulation Digital Libraries* Geospatial Information* Bibliography
The heart muscle and the electrocardiogram in coronary disease. III. A new classification of ventricular myocardial damage derived from the clinicopathologic findings in 100 patients (part two).

Methods, designed to study in detail the lesions resulting from coronary disease and to reconstruct accurately the form of all ventricular muscle lesions, have been applied to 100 consecutive electrocardiographed patients who were found to have at least one severe coronary narrowing. Reclassification of lesions into four categories was found necessary to deal with the patterns of damage disclosed. This approach permits conclusions regarding evolution of muscle damage, relationships of arterial obstruction to muscle damage distribution, and the significance of ischemia which would have been impossible otherwise. The value of the new classification for electrocardiography will be discussed in a subsequent section of the report.
Regulation of the mitochondrial ATP synthase/ATPase complex: cDNA cloning, sequence, overexpression, and secondary structural characterization of a functional protein inhibitor.

Abstract The ATPase inhibitor protein of the rat liver mitochondrial ATP synthase/ATPase complex has been cloned from a rat liver cDNA library, and its nucleotide sequence determined. The sequence is highly homologous to both the bovine heart (70%) and the yeast inhibitor proteins (40%). The deduced protein sequence is 107 amino acids in length, and based on homology to the bovine heart protein, the first 25 N-terminal amino acids encode a putative mitochondrial targeting sequence. The "mature" protein (without the targeting sequence) fused to the maltose binding protein has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The maltose binding protein was used as a handle for the development of a rapid one-step purification of the fusion protein by affinity chromatography on an amylose resin. The purified fusion protein was cleaved with Factor Xa protease at the fusion junction, and the resulting ATPase inhibitor protein was purified to >90% purity. The purified, overexpressed inhibitor protein displays normal inhibitor activity. The protein inhibits ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by the ATP synthase/ATPase complex in submitochondrial particles in a manner kinetically indistinguishable from the same protein purified from rat liver mitochondria, and exhibits a specific activity of approximately 10,000 units/mg. The secondary structure of the inhibitor protein was determined by circular dichroism spectropolarimetry. The experimentally determined structure shows a high content of α-helix and is in good agreement with sequence-based structural predictions. As the function of the inhibitor protein is known to exhibit a high dependence on pH, a study of the pH dependence of inhibitor secondary structure was performed. It is shown that as pH is lowered, conditions which activate inhibitory capacity, the protein loses significant α-helical structure. This is the first report of the overexpression in E. coli of a functional ATPase inhibitor protein. Secondary structural analysis of this protein indicates that conversion from its active to its inactive form involves a significant conformational change.
The Influence of Ion Implantation on The Near-Surface Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

Ion implantation of ceramics such as Al 2 O 3 and SiC may produce a highly damaged but crystalline surface layer or an amorphous surface. The specific structure depends upon the implantation parameters. Studies using microindentation techniques show that a crystalline implanted surface has a higher hardness (by 10 to 50%) than the corresponding unimplanted crystal but the elastic modulus is essentially unchanged. The hardness and elastic modulus of amorphous implanted surfaces are less than those of the crystalline material. Estimates of the residual stress have been obtained from microindentation tests.
Ab initio vibrational spectra of hydrogen-bonded N-methylacetamide

Abstract Ab initio calculations were performed on a model complex of N-methylacetamide (NMA) hydrogen bonded at the NH and CO groups to two formamide molecules. The 3-21G basis set was used and full geometry optimization was performed on the complex. Dipole moment derivatives and force constants were computed and, after scaling the force constants, the vibrational frequencies and IR intensities of the complex were obtained. Basis set superposition effects on the geometry, force constants and dipole derivatives were examined, using the counterpoise method; these effects were found to be negligible except for the CO stretch force constant and dipole derivative. The calculated intensities of the amide modes in NMA agree very well with experiment. The dipole derivatives for NMA were transferred to poly (glycine I) and the intensity predictions were also found to be good. Thus, it should now be possible to calculate reliable IR intensities of polypeptides to help in conformational analysis.
Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and inhibition of cellular proliferation in vitro. I. caffeine

Cytogenetic assay systems based on the detection of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) are widely advocated as a sensitive screening method for assessing genotoxic potential. While many agents have been examined for their ability to induce SCE's, complete dose-response information has often been lacking. We have reexamined the ability of one such compound — caffeine — to induce SCEs and also to inhibit cellular proliferation in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro. An acute exposure to caffeine prior to the DNA synthetic period did not affect either SCE frequency or the rate of cellular proliferation. Chronic exposure to caffeine throughout the culture period lead to both a dose-dependent increase in SCEs (SCEd or doubling dose = 2.4 mM; SCE10 or the dose capable of inducing 10 SCE = 1.4 mM) and a dose-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation (IC50 or the 50% inhibition concentration = 2.6 mM). The relative proportion of first generation metaphase cells, an assessment of proliferative inhibition, increased linearly with increasing caffeine concentrations. However, SCE frequency increased nonlinearly over the same range of caffeine concentrations. Examination of the ratio of nonsymmetrical to symmetrical SCEs in third generation metaphase cells indicated that caffeine induced SCEs in equal frequency in each of three successive generations. The dependency of SCE induction and cellular proliferative inhibition on caffeine's presence during the DNA synthetic period suggests that caffeine may act as an antimetabolite in normal human cells. The significance of these results in regard to both caffeine's genotoxic potential and to the reliability of the SCE assay system are discussed.
True and Apparent Metabolizable Energy Value of Fat for Laying Hens: Influence of Level of Use

White Leghorn hens in egg production were fed rations that contained 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15% yellow grease. True metabolizable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of the rations were determined, and these data were used to estimate the TME and AMEn of yellow grease. An inverse relationship was observed between the level of yellow grease supplementation and the TME and AMEn values of this fat source. The TME and AMEn of yellow grease were 11,567 and 9,367 kcal/kg, respectively, when the supplemental level was 3%. Corresponding values when yellow grease constituted 15% of the ration were 8,907 and 8,653 kcal/kg, respectively. Variation in fatty acid composition of total dietary fat and associated changes in the TME and AMEn of yellow grease are discussed.
Formation of the O I resonance triplet and intercombination doublet in the solar chromosphere

Spectrum synthesis calculations are presented for the O I resonance triplet at 1304 A and the intercombination doublet at 1358 A for the solar atmosphere and several variants, allowing for triplet fluorescence by the Ly-beta emission of H I. Profiles, synthesized from a seven-level plus continuum O I atom are compared to observations taken with the high-resolution spectrometer on OSO 8. It is found that the O I triplet emission is dominated by the Ly-beta fluorescence and that the agreement between observations and profiles computed with current chromospheric models is much improved over earlier studies.
Expertise Effects in Face-Selective Areas are Robust to Clutter and Diverted Attention, but not to Competition

Expertise effects for nonface objects in face-selective brain areas may reflect stable aspects of neuronal selectivity that determine how observers perceive objects. However, bottom-up (e.g., clutter from irrelevant objects) and top-down manipulations (e.g., attentional selection) can influence activity, affecting the link between category selectivity and individual performance. We test the prediction that individual differences expressed as neural expertise effects for cars in face-selective areas are sufficiently stable to survive clutter and manipulations of attention. Additionally, behavioral work and work using event related potentials suggest that expertise effects may not survive competition; we investigate this using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects varying in expertise with cars made 1-back decisions about cars, faces, and objects in displays containing one or 2 objects, with only one category attended. Univariate analyses suggest car expertise effects are robust to clutter, dampened by reducing attention to cars, but nonetheless more robust to manipulations of attention than competition. While univariate expertise effects are severely abolished by competition between cars and faces, multivariate analyses reveal new information related to car expertise. These results demonstrate that signals in face-selective areas predict expertise effects for nonface objects in a variety of conditions, although individual differences may be expressed in different dependent measures depending on task and instructions.
Effect of heparin-binding growth factors on monovalent cation transport in Balb/C 3T3 cells.

The changes in monovalent cation fluxes induced by class 1 and class 2 heparin-binding growth factors purified from bovine brain were studied in confluent quiescent Balb/C 3T3 cells. Both classes of HBGF's rapidly stimulate the activity of the Na + -K pump in a concentration-dependent manner that parallels their mitogenic activity. This effect requires the presence of external Na + and is abolished by 1 mM amiloride. As with other growth factors, HBGF's increase the activity of the Na + -K + pump by increasing Na + influx into the cells via the amiloride-sensitive Na + -H + exchange. These results indicate that rapid activation of cation transport is an early cellular response that follows binding of HBGF's to specific receptors on the surface of target cells.
Characterization of wafer geometry and overlay error on silicon wafers with nonuniform stress

Process-induced overlay errors are a growing problem in meeting the ever-tightening overlay requirements for integrated circuit production. Although uniform process-induced stress is easily corrected, nonuniform stress across the wafer is much more problematic, often resulting in noncorrectable overlay errors. Measurements of the wafer geometry of free, unchucked wafers give a powerful method for characterization of such nonuniform stress-induced wafer distortions. Wafer geometry data can be related to in-plane distortion of the wafer pulled flat by an exposure tool vacuum chuck, which in turn relates to overlay error. This paper will explore the relationship between wafer geometry and overlay error by the use of silicon test wafers with deliberate stress variations, i.e., engineered stress monitor (ESM) wafers. A process will be described that allows the creation of ESM wafers with nonuniform stress and includes many thousands of overlay targets for a detailed characterization of each wafer. Because the spatial character of the stress variation is easily changed, ESM wafers constitute a versatile platform for exploring nonuniform stress. We have fabricated ESM wafers of several different types, e.g., wafers where the center area has much higher stress than the outside area. Wafer geometry is measured with an optical metrology tool. After fabrication of the ESM wafers including alignment marks and first level overlay targets etched into the wafer, we expose a second level resist pattern designed to overlay with the etched targets. After resist patterning, relative overlay error is measured using standard optical methods. An innovative metric from the wafer geometry measurements is able to predict the process-induced overlay error. We conclude that appropriate wafer geometry measurements of in-process wafers have strong potential to characterize and reduce process-induced overlay errors.
Simulation of charge exchange plasma propagation near an ion thruster propelled spacecraft

A model describing the charge exchange plasma and its propagation is discussed, along with a computer code based on the model. The geometry of an idealized spacecraft having an ion thruster is outlined, with attention given to the assumptions used in modeling the ion beam. Also presented is the distribution function describing charge exchange production. The barometric equation is used in relating the variation in plasma potential to the variation in plasma density. The numerical methods and approximations employed in the calculations are discussed, and comparisons are made between the computer simulation and experimental data. An analytical solution of a simple configuration is also used in verifying the model.
Endocrine profiles of patients with testicular tumors treated with radiotherapy

Abstract Blood samples for hormone analysis were obtained 5 to 20 years post-therapy from 12 men with testicular tumors who were originally treated by unilateral orchiectomy followed by abdominal and/or pelvic irradiation. In nine patients (75%) the levels of FSH and LH, and in one patient (8%) the testosterone values, were outside the ranges found in age- and sex-matcbed controls. From this retrospective study we conclude that, even when the remaining testis is kept outside the field of radiation, significant radiation damage occurs, mainly through scatter. This damage is more likely to occur if the henniscrotum is irradiated. Methods of shielding are available to reduce the dose received by the contralateral testis.
Moving beyond the language barrier: the communication strategies used by international medical graduates in intercultural medical encounters.

Abstract Objective To understand the communication strategies international medical graduates use in medical interactions to overcome language and cultural barriers. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 international physicians completing their residency training in internal medicine in a large hospital in Midwestern Ohio. The interview explored (a) barriers participants encountered while communicating with their patients regarding language, affect, and culture, and (b) communication convergence strategies used to make the interaction meaningful. Results International physicians use multiple convergence strategies when interacting with their patients to account for the intercultural and intergroup differences, including repeating information, changing speaking styles, and using non-verbal communication. Practice implications Understanding barriers to communication faced by international physicians and recognizing accommodation strategies they employ in the interaction could help in training of future international doctors who come to the U.S. to practice medicine. Early intervention could reduce the time international physicians spend navigating through the system and trying to learn by experimenting with different strategies which will allow these physicians to devote more time to patient care. We recommend developing a training manual that is instructive of the socio-cultural practices of the region where international physician will start practicing medicine.
In-cloud scavenging and deposition of sulfates and nitrates: Case studies and parameterization

Scavenging of sulfates and nitrates—two most common ions leading the cloudwater acidity—was investigated during field studies atop a site in Mt. Mitchell (35°44′05″N, 82°17′15″W) State Park where the highest peak (2038 m MSL) of the eastern U.S. is located. Experiments were conducted during the growing seasons (15 May–30 September) of 1986 and 1987 using an instrumented meteorological tower (16.5 m tall) and a passive cloudwater collector. A cloud episode that occurred on 12 October 1987, was also comprehensively investigated. Clouds were frequently observed in which the Fraser fir and red spruce stands stayed immersed 28% and 41% of the time during the 1986 and 1987 seasons, respectively. Rate of cloudwater deposition on the forest canopy was determined using an inferential cloud deposition model. It was found by analysing nine short duration (lasting 8 h or less) and 16 long duration cloud events that the ionic concentration (SO42− and NO3−) is inversely proportional to the rate (Ic) of cloudwater deposition (in mm h−1) and can be expressed by the following relationship: [SO42−] = aIc−b or [NO3−] = aIc−b. Theoretical arguments leading to these relationships are presented. The b values for predicting NO32− concentration are found in the range of 0.14–1.24 (mean = 0.48) for short duration and 0.062–0.63 (mean = 0.27) for long duration cloud events, respectively. The corresponding b values for predicting NO3− concentrations are 0.19–1.16 (mean = 0.49) and 0.072–0.59 (mean = 0.27), respectively. When the b parameter was between 0.2 and 0.6, the correlation coefficients between measured and predicted ionic concentrations were found to exceed 0.7. The parameter a is shown to represent the maximum ionic flux for a given cloud event. The ratio of the a parameter for SO42− to NO3− varied between 1.75 and 6.95, indicating that the SO42− contributes to the total ionic concentration substantially more than the NO3− leading to the conclusion that the cloudwater acidity is primarily due to the presence of sulfuric acid which has been demonstrated to cause foliar injury and growth retardation in red spruce trees. The above parameterization is similar to the one that is frequently used to relate ionic concentration in precipitation to the rainfall rate. In order to understand physico-chemical processes leading to the proposed parameterization schemes, meteorological and chemical variables are comprehensively analysed for one short duration and two long duration cloud events. The concentrations of principal ions (SO42−, NO3−, H+ and NH4+) during the short duration cloud events were found to be much higher than those during the long duration ones, especially at colder temperatures. Such short cloud events have a potential of causing foliar narcosis in red spruce stands because of unusually acidic cloudwater to which these stands stay exposed intermittently during each growing season.
Aircraft Engine Technology for Green Aviation to Reduce Fuel Burn

The NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program Subsonic Fixed Wing Project and Integrated Systems Research Program Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project in the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate are conducting research on advanced aircraft technology to address the environmental goals of reducing fuel burn, noise and NOx emissions for aircraft in 2020 and beyond. Both Projects, in collaborative partnerships with U.S. Industry, Academia, and other Government Agencies, have made significant progress toward reaching the N+2 (2020) and N+3 (beyond 2025) installed fuel burn goals by fundamental aircraft engine technology development, subscale component experimental investigations, full scale integrated systems validation testing, and development validation of state of the art computation design and analysis codes. Specific areas of propulsion technology research are discussed and progress to date.
Can’t We All Just be Compatibilists?: A Critical Study of John Martin Fischer’s My Way

My aim in this study is not to praise Fischer's fine theory of moral responsibility, but to (try to) bury the “semi” in “semicompatibilism”. I think Fischer gives the Consequence Argument (CA) too much credit, and gives himself too little credit. In his book, The Metaphysics of Free Will, Fischer gave the CA as good a statement as it will ever get, and put his finger on what is wrong with it. Then he declared stalemate rather than victory. In my view, Fischer’s view amounts to sophisticated compatibilism. It would be nice to be able to call it by its right name. In The Metaphysics of Free Will, Fischer develops his own version of Consequence Argument, which turns on two principles, one of which is the fixity of the past. FP: For any action Y, agent S and time t, if it is true that is S were to do Y at t, some fact about that past relative to t would not have been a fact, then S cannot at t do Y at t. I argue that the equipment needed to reject FP (and thereby defend the most plausible version of compatibilism) is needed to deal with the problem of fatalism. In addition, I argue that the rejection of FP is compatible with Fischer’s approach to Frankfurt cases and with his account of transfer principles.
Rapid mortality of Populus tremuloides in southwestern Colorado, USA

Abstract Concentrated patches of recent trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) mortality covered 56,091 ha of Colorado forests in 2006. Mortality has progressed rapidly. Area affected increased 58% between 2005 and 2006 on the Mancos-Dolores Ranger District, San Juan National Forest, where it equaled nearly 10% of the aspen cover type. In four stands that were measured twice, incidence of mortality increased from 7–9% in 2002/2003 to 31–60% in 2006. Mortality generally decreased with increasing elevation over the primary elevation range of aspen and occurred on less steep slopes than healthy aspen. Slope-weighted mean aspects of aspen cover type were northern at low elevations and generally southern at high elevations. Relative frequency of mortality was generally highest on southern to western aspects. In 31 stands measured in detail, mortality ranged from 0 to 100% (mean 32%) and was negatively correlated with stand density (P = 0.033). Size of trees affected was strongly correlated with amount of current mortality (P Agents that typically kill mature trees in aspen stands were unimportant in this mortality. Instead, a group of interchangeable, usually secondary agents was most commonly associated with mortality, including Cytospora canker (usually caused by Valsa sordida), aspen bark beetles (Trypophloeus populi and Procryphalus mucronatus), poplar borer (Saperda calcarata), and bronze poplar borer (Agrilus liragus). The rapidity of mortality, mortality agents involved, and probably other causal factors distinguish this phenomenon from the long-term loss of aspen cover usually attributed to successional processes operating in an altered disturbance regime (and often exacerbated by ungulate browsing). Our data are consistent with a hypothesis that (a) predisposing factors include stand maturation, low density, southern aspects and low elevations; (b) a major inciting factor was the recent, acute drought accompanied by high temperatures, and; (c) contributing factors and proximate agents of mortality are the common biotic agents observed. On sites with poor regeneration and weak root systems, clones may die, resulting in the long-term loss of aspen forest cover.
Promoting positive change: Advancing the food well-being paradigm☆

article i nfo Food well-being (FWB) is defined as "a positive psychological, physical, emotional, and social relationship with food at both the individual and societal levels" (Block et al., 2011, p. 6). This article seeks to advance our understanding of FWB along two dimensions. First, we discuss how awareness of consumer goals, as well as motivation and readiness to change, may help us to understand consumer preparedness to advance FWB. Second, we deconstruct the automatic and deliberative influences on food decision making into cogni- tive and emotional information that guide food choices and can be used by consumers to advance their own FWB. We close with a discussion of how measurement and strategies to influence FWB may allow researchers, policymakers, and industry to help consumers advance FWB.
Advances in hybrid organic/inorganic optoelectronic integration

We report on advances in the hybrid organic/inorganic integration of passive and active optical functions. The integration approaches include chip-to-chip attach, flip-chip mounting, and insertion of films in slots formed in planar lightwave circuits. The materials integrated include polymer, silica, silicon, silicon oxynitride, lithium niobate, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, yttrium iron garnet, and neodymium iron boron. The functions enabled by the hybrid integration approaches span the range of building blocks needed in optical circuitry, while using the highest-performance material system for each function. We demonstrate high-functionality optoelectronic integrated circuits, including fully reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers and tunable optical transmitters.
Incidence of Phoma terrestris, Causal Agent of Red Root Rot, in Corn Roots and Soil in Delaware and on the Eastern Shore of Maryland.

Red root rot of corn (Zea mays L.) has caused sporadic disease losses in Delmarva during the past 6 years. A survey was made between 21 August and 14 September 1995 in 11 counties in Delaware and o...
The Contemporary Role of Extra-anatomical Surgical Renal Revascularization in Patients with Atherosclerotic Renal Aretery Disease

We delineate the current role of extra-anatomical revascularization techniques in the treatment of patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. There are 2 components to this study. In part 1 all abdominal aortograms performed between 1989 and 1993 were reviewed to document the presence of significant abdominal aortic and visceral arterial atherosclerosis in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. A total of 254 patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis was identified. Among 44 patients with severe unilateral disease the incidence of significant abdominal aortic atherosclerosis was 75%. The incidence of significant (greater than 50%) stenosis of the celiac, right common iliac and left common iliac arteries was 52%, 32% and 27%, respectively. In 129 patients with severe atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis bilaterally or in a solitary kidney the incidence of significant abdominal aortic atherosclerosis was 81%, and the incidence of significant (greater than 50%) stenosis of the celiac, right common iliac and left common iliac arteries was 59%, 57% and 59%, respectively. These data indicate that hepatorenal, splenorenal and iliorenal bypass cannot be performed in many patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis due to significant disease involving the donor vessels for these operations. In part 2, all patients undergoing surgical renal revascularization with an extra-anatomical bypass operation between 1980 and 1992 were reviewed. A total of 175 operations was done in 171 patients, including hepatorenal bypass in 59, splenorenal bypass in 54, iliorenal bypass in 37, thoracic aortorenal bypass in 23, renal autotransplantation in 1 and superior mesentero-renal bypass in 1. There were 5 operative deaths (2.9%) and 7 cases of postoperative graft thrombosis (4%). All patients with poorly controlled hypertension were cured or improved postoperatively. Among patients with ischemic nephropathy, postoperative renal function improved in 35%, remained stable in 47% and deteriorated in 18%. Extra-anatomical techniques remain an important component of the surgical armamentarium for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Thoracic aortorenal bypass is a useful new approach in patients with significant celiac and iliac occlusive disease.
Targeted deletion of mNth1 reveals a novel DNA repair enzyme activity.

Escherichia coli endonuclease III and its eukaryotic homologs initiate the process of DNA base excision repair (BER) of C-5, C-6 ring saturated pyrimidines (31). The endonuclease III-like enzymes are bifunctional enzymes which first effect release of the damaged base from the DNA backbone and then effect strand cleavage at the resulting abasic (apurinic/apyrimidinic [AP]) site via β-elimination (19, 20, 32). Among the modified bases recognized by endonuclease III-like enzymes are 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine (thymine glycol [Tg]), cytosine glycol, and cytosine hydrate. Tg is an oxidative product formed in DNA in vitro by reaction with chemical oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 and OsO4 as well as via the indirect action of ionizing radiation under aerobic conditions. In cellular DNA, Tg is formed as a product of exposure to aerobic ionizing radiation and other oxidative stresses such as H2O2 in the presence of added Fe2+. Ionizing irradiation under anaerobic conditions yields the reduced derivative 5,6-dihydrothymine (4, 9, 28). Exposure of cytosine to oxidative stress yields cytosine glycol, which is in equilibrium with its dehydrated form, 5-hydroxycytosine (5ohCyt). 5ohCyt is prone to deamination yielding 5ohUra. In addition to inducing formation of dimeric photoproducts in DNA, UV irradiation also induces hydration of the 5,6 double bond of pyrimidines, primarily forming 5,6 dihydro-6-hydroxy cytosine (cytosine hydrate) (2, 3). Like 5ohCyt, cytosine hydrate is prone to deamination, which yields uracil hydrate (26). Our laboratory first documented the existence of a family of endonuclease III homologs in several species (11) and isolated the cDNA of the human homolog of endonuclease III (hNth1) (12). In this study, we produced targeted deletion of the murine Nth1 to determine its role in preventing sequelae of unrepaired oxidative or reductive stress as well as UV-induced damage to the pyrimidine bases of genomic DNA. mNth1−/− mice were observed for fertility, viability, development, longevity, and spontaneous tumor formation. After 15 months, we saw no phenotypic differences. Therefore, we began to search for back-up enzyme activity(s) which might mitigate the sequelae of the loss of mNth1. We demonstrate such an enzyme activity and offer a hypothesis as to its nature and function.
Flame spread Analysis using a Variable B-Number

Flame spread over solid materials is commonly described in the literature by a two-dimensional reactive boundary layer solution first formulated by Emmons (1956). In the recent past, experimental measurements associated with material flammability testing (e.g. NASA-STD-6001) are compared with the Emmons solution, as modified by Pagni and Shih, and found in disagreement. In the classical solution the B-number (Spalding mass transfer number) appears as one of the boundary conditions, and has been traditionally assumed a constant for mathematical simplicity. However, experimental results show that the B- number is not a constant, but varies with time and space. A simple modification to the standard measurement procedure is described, which allows calculation of the B- number from the flame stand-off distance. Measurements of flame spread on solid fuels are performed to determine the flame and pyrolysis front spread rates, as a function of time, and the flame stand-off distance as a function of space and time. The classical combustion problem is revisited to model flame spread over a combustible surface, including three-dimensional effects. An experimentally- obtained B-number, variable in time and space, is used to model flame propagation, showing good agreement with current and previous experimental data obtained from the literature
Light-scattering by dislocation networks in single crystals of potassium chloride☆

Abstract The theory of light-scattering by systems of linelike scattering units is presented in a form suitable for studying light-scattering by dislocation networks in transparent solids. The theory is applied to light scattering by single crystals of Harshaw potassium chloride which was measured for different wave-lengths and scattering angles and for different orientations of the crystal with respect to the direction of the incident light beam. It was found that the scattering system has fourfold axes of rotation parallel to the 〈100〉 directions of the crystal, and a partial Fourier analysis of the scattering power indicates that the scattering is mainly produced by networks of dislocations in the {100} planes, the individual lines being mostly directed along the 〈100〉 directions of the crystal. The rods have a width of about 1000 A and are, most probably, not perfectly straight; the latter feature prevents an estimate of their length.
Record high gain from InAs avalanche photodiodes at room temperature

Avalanche photodiodes (APD) are important components in short-wave and mid-wave infrared detection systems (imaging, laser radar, communications, etc.) because their internal gain can improve receiver sensitivity and enables the detection of weak photon fluxes. The statistical nature of impact ionization in APDs contributes to excess shot noise, however. The excess noise factor, F(M), is related to the ratio of the electron and hole ionization coefficients, k, and multiplication, M, by F(M) = 2 >/ 2 = k + (1-k)(2-1/ ). In the mid-infrared, HgCdTe APDs represent the current state-of-the-art; at liquid nitrogen temperatures, advanced devices offer excellent low noise characteristics with F(M) ~ 1, gains of >1000, and excellent dark currents. Unfortunately, devices that operate at shorter wavelengths exhibit degraded noise characteristics and significantly lower maximum gains <;30. This, when combined with the growth and fabrication challenges associated with II-VI compounds has motivated the search for alternative APD materials. InAs APDs, which offer a shorter wavelength cutoff wavelength of ~3 μm, have recently been found to exhibit F(M) ~ 1, with moderately low dark current at room temperature. Increasing the multiplication region thickness increases the gains achievable at low bias, which is beneficial for integration with Read Out-Integrated Circuits (ROICs). Therefore, to design a high-gain InAs APD, a thick multiplication region is required. This, in turn, necessitates extremely low background doping (<;10 15 cm -3 ), or appropriate counter doping, in order to realize complete depletion and a uniform electric field profile. In this paper, we report record high-gain InAs APDs employing 6 μm-thick and 10 μm-thick intrinsic regions with low background doping of ~4×10 14 cm -3 , as determined by C-V profiling. An AlAsSb blocking layer was used in both structures to suppress electron diffusion current, the dominant dark current mechanism at room temperature. Significant reduction in dark current were critical to characterize these thicker multiplication regions at high gain, resulting in record high room temperature multiplication gain of ~300 at 15 V bias. This is ~6× the previous record for InAs of 50 at 15 V, as well as significantly higher than the maximum gain of 126 reported at higher biases, and represents a significant step forward in InAs APD performance.
A proposal for the mechanism of conduction in polyaniline

Abstract Polyaniline is known to become a respectable conductor of electricity (σ ∼ 10 S/cm) upon treatment with simple Bronsted acids such as HCl. A mechanism is proposed which aims to explain the conductivity increase upon acid exposure in terms of well-established criteria for conduction in ‘organic metals’, namely intermolecular π-overlap and fractional oxidation (mixed-valence). It is suggested that the principal mode of conduction involves the intermediacy of a semiquinone radical cation. The credibility of this mechanism with respect to observations in the literature is discussed.
Interview — the life and times of Abdallah Laroui, a Moroccan intellectual

ABDALLAH LAROUI (b. 1933) is a Moroccan historian and political theorist who has written widely on Arab affairs. He studied in the Colleges musulmans, or Muslim schools, in Marrakesh, Rabat, and Casablanca, attended university in Rabat, and did graduate work in Paris at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques and at the Sorbonne. He entered the Moroccan diplomatic service and served as cultural attache in Cairo and Paris. He entered academic life and taught at the University of Rabat. He has also taught at the University of California, Los Angeles and has lectured widely throughout North Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and North America. He is currently affiliated with the Centre Universitaire de Recherche Scientifique, a government‐sponsored research institute in Rabat where he lives with his wife, Latifa Benjelloun‐Laroui. His books include The Crisis of the Arab Intellectual: Traditionalism or Historicism (1974), L'algerie et le Sahara marocain (1976), Les origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme mor...