cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bronchial Atresia Is Common to Extralobar Sequestration, Intralobar Sequestration, Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation, and Lobar Emphysema

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), intralobar sequestration (ILS), extralobar sequestration (ELS), and lobar emphysema (LE) are well-accepted entities; however, certain findings are common to all, particularly the parenchymal maldevelopment characterizing CCAM. Isolated reports have described bronchial atresia (BA) in some specimens in all 4 entities, but this finding has not been evaluated in a prospective manner. With the aid of a dissecting microscope, we prospectively examined 47 lung specimens resected during the past 4 years and submitted with the clinical impression of ELS (n=11), ILS (n=11), CCAM (n=20), LE (n=4), and airway-esophageal communication (n=1). Most lesions were detected by prenatal ultrasound and were resected during infancy. The clinical impression and pathologic findings were compared. Pathologic examination revealed atresia of a lobar, segmental, or subsegmental bronchus in 100% of ELS, 82% of ILS, 70% of CCAM, and 50% of LE (those clinically recognized to have BA or minor CCAM) cases. Parenchymal maldevelopment that characterizes CCAM was present in 100% of CCAM cases (as expected by definition) as well as in 91% of ELS, 91% of ILS, and 50% of LE (those with BA) cases. Bronchial atresia is present in all ELS, most ILS and CCAM, and some LE cases, and its detection is greatly enhanced with the dissecting microscope. Bronchial atresia and CCAM nearly always coexist. It may be that both have the same etiopathogenesis with anatomic differences accounted for by aberrant genetic programs or other insults, perhaps modified by time of onset or duration.
Effect of Tumor Stage on Surveillance Strategies After Treatment for Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Background: Given that ovarian cancer has a generally poor prognosis and tends to recur with low survival rates, surveillance of these cancers after treatment is vital. However surveillance strategies tend to vary among gynecologic oncologists. Objective: This survey was conducted to evaluate if initial International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage accounts for the variation in surveillance strategies used by gynecologic oncologists after initial curative-intent treatment for ovarian carcinoma. Materials and Methods: We created a survey instrument directed to the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO). The survey was conducted by e-mail and included SGO members and candidate members. The 943 SGO members were asked to report how frequently they recommended 11 surveillance modalities in years 1–5 and 10 after primary treatment. Statistical evaluation included generalized linear models with a Poisson distribution. Results: Two hundred and eighty-three of the survey results were evaluabl...
Performance Analysis of Graph Algorithms on P7IH

IBM Power 775 P7IH is the latest supercomputing system that was designed for high-productivity and high-performance. The key innovation on the hub-chip based network makes it perform superior for traditional HPCC benchmarks. In this paper, we detailed characterize the bared network performance with a thin communication stack. Based on that, we present a systematic-al performance analysis of the data-intensive benchmark, Graph500's Breadth First Search, on P7IH. We then provide insight into the overall interaction between hardware and software and present the lesson learned on the key bottlenecks of both architecture and data-intensive application.
Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Soft Tissue Infection

Objectives To determine the test characteristics of point-of-care ultrasonography for the identification of a drainable abscess and to compare the test characteristics of ultrasonography with physical examination. In addition, we sought to measure the extent to which ultrasonography impacts clinical management of children with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Study design We performed a prospective study of children with SSTIs evaluated in a pediatric emergency department. Treating physicians recorded their initial impression of whether a drainable abscess was present based on physical examination. Another physician, blinded to the treating physician's assessment, performed an ultrasound study and conveyed their interpretation and recommendations to the treating physician. Any management change was recorded. An abscess was defined as a lesion from which purulent fluid was expressed during a drainage procedure in the emergency department or during the 2- to 5-day follow-up period. We defined a change in management as correct when the ultrasound diagnosis was discordant from physical examination and matched the ultimate lesion classification. Results Of 151 SSTIs evaluated among 148 patients, the sensitivity and specificity of point-of-care ultrasonography for the presence of abscess were 96% (95% CI 90%-99%) and 87% (74%-95%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of physical examination for the presence of abscess were 84% (75%-90%) and 60% (44%-73%), respectively. For every 4 ultrasound examinations performed, there was 1 correct change in management. Conclusions Point-of-care ultrasonography demonstrates excellent test characteristics for the identification of skin abscess and has superior test characteristics compared with physical examination alone.
Baseline Troponin T Levels Modulate the Effects of ICD Shocks on All-Cause Mortality.

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) reduce arrhythmic sudden death in patients with systolic heart failure [(1)][1]. Interestingly, ICD therapies [(2,3)][2] are associated with an increased risk of death. The reasons for this increased mortality risk remain poorly understood. We studied
Literature as Societal Therapy: Appresentation, Epoché, and Beloved

Enriching Wolfgang Iser’s theory of aesthetic response with Alfred Schutz’s idea that one undergoes a certain epoche in entering the sphere of literary reality, this paper shows how the reality of the novel involves different levels of appresentation with regard to levels of transcendencies, such as the spatio-temporally distant event or place, the experience of others (characters), or a reality transcending the reality of the novel, which the novel itself appresents. These levels of transcendencies invite the reader to press forward in reading the novel. The other reality the novel appresents, for instance, the unspeakable but often forgotten or repressed cruelty of the world of slavery appresented in Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved, can play a role in effecting societal therapy.
FICA Taxation of Deferred Compensation

The Social Security Amendments of 1983 enacted a special timing rule regarding the FICA taxation of nonqualified deferred compensation, but it was only recently that the IRS issued proposed regulations explaining how the rule should be applied. With the Service intending to finalize these regulations before this year is out, a full understanding of their function and effects is critical.
Animal Behaviour: Friendship Enhances Trust in Chimpanzees

Individuals that participate in exchanges with delayed rewards can be exploited if their partners don't reciprocate. In humans, friendships are built on trust, and trust enhances cooperation. New evidence suggests that close social bonds also enhance trust in chimpanzees.
Transformation through art: exploring Jung's view of art and the relevance of Charlotte Salomon's Life? or Theater?

ABSTRACTThis paper explores Jung's concepts regarding art, the significant role of creativity in his notion of individuation, and art's relationship to transformation. As an illustration, it introduces Charlotte Salomon – a German Jewish artist who was murdered in the gas chambers at Auschwitz in 1943 – and her unique surviving opus, Life? or Theater? – a fictionalized autobiographical play-like work of art combining painted images, written words, and music. Applying Jung's theories as a lens, it broadly analyzes Salomon's work and considers it in light of Jung's distinction between psychological and visionary creative modes. In the process I reveal a potential material connection between Salomon and Jung, and argue that Life? or Theater? is not only artistically but also historically relevant to Jungian theory. By exploring Life? or Theater? in this way, my paper proposes that Jungian theory is a potent critical lens which can reveal a work of art's transformative nature and cultural significance.
Oxidative Stress and the Inorganic Carcinogens

The metallic elements and their compounds include some very notable human carcinogens. The various inorganics that are considered clearly carcinogenic in humans include arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, and nickel, and their related compounds, as well as chromium(VI) compounds. For various other metals and metals compounds, there is clear evidence in rodents of carcinogenic potential but only limited or inadequate evidence of carcinogenesis in humans. These categories would include various compounds of lead, indium, cobalt, vanadium and iron. Most metallic elements that are associated with a carcinogenic response have a capacity to induce oxidative stress at levels relevant to carcinogenic mechanisms. The induction of oxidative stress by carcinogenic metals can be direct (e.g. Fenton-like chemistry) or indirect (e.g. glutathione consumption, inhibition of oxidative stress response enzymes). Oxidative stress may be a primary or secondary mechanism of carcinogenesis for an individual metal and could lead to direct DNA damage, or damage to DNA repair systems as a basis of genotoxicity. However, every metal shows distinct biological behaviors and requires investigation on a metal-by-metal basis. Metal-induced oxidative stress can also be associated with a variety of other disease states.
Treatment of primary breast tumors in de novo metastatic breast cancer.

Background: De novo metastatic breast cancer accounts for about 3% to 6% of the more than 200,000 new breast cancer cases annually in the United States. The treatment of the primary breast tumor in these cases is a widely debated topic. Some feel that surgical resection of the breast tumor is appropriate for selected patients, whereas others recommend surgical resection only to treat or prevent uncontrolled chest wall disease. Methods: We review the published data on treatment of the primary tumor in de novo metastatic breast cancer, including retrospective population-based and single-institution studies. We then report on the first 2 random- ized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect on survival of surgical resection of the primary breast tumor. Results: Results of the published retrospective analyses are varied, but in general they associate resection with improved outcome. Early results from the first RCTs point to no survival advantage with resection of the primary tumor in this population, but important limitations of the RCTs are noted. Conclusions: The early data from RCTs do not show survival benefit from surgical resection of the primary tumor in de novo metastatic breast cancer, but these studies have some impor- tant limitations and also suggest that certain subsets may benefit. The question therefore remains unanswered, which should provide greater impetus for the completion of ongoing RCTs.
Abstract A19: Label-free analysis of tissue polarity in live three-dimensional culture of breast epithelium by Raman imaging of lipid phase

The formation of the basoapical polarity axis in epithelia is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of differentiated tissues. Factors that influence cancer development notoriously affect tissue organization. Apical polarity appears as a specific tissue feature that, once disrupted, would facilitate the onset of mammary tumors. Thus, developing means to rapidly measure apical polarity alterations would greatly favor screening for factors that endanger or protect the breast epithelium. A Raman scattering based platform was used for label-free determination of apical polarity in live breast epithelial structures (acini) produced in three-dimensional cell culture. The coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering signal permitted the visualization of the apical and basal surfaces in the equatorial plane of an acinus. Raman microspectroscopy subsequently revealed that in polarized acini lipids were more ordered at the apical membranes compared to basal membranes, and that an inverse situation occurred in acini that lost apical polarity upon treatment with Ca2+-chelator EGTA. This method overcame variation between different cultures by tracking the status of apical polarity longitudinally for the same acini. Therefore the disruption of apical polarity by dietary breast cancer risk factor, 6 fatty acid, could be observed significantly with this method, even when the effect was too moderate to permit a conclusive assessment by visually scoring the acinus population for apical location of tight junction marker ZO-1. Analysis of apical polarity markers and cytoskeleton by fluorescence microcopy revealed that the change of lipid ordering upon apical polarity loss corresponded to actual disruption of the apical polarity complex. Our label-free platform will enable rapid identification of environmental factors that either initiate or prevent the very early stage of breast neoplasia. Identifying risk and protective factors will facilitate the design of primary prevention strategies to reduce breast cancer incidence. Furthermore, the use of the membrane lipid phase as readout to assess tissue polarity should be applicable to other types of epithelia where over 90% of cancers originate. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A19.
Response of the Southern Pine Bark Beetle Guild (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to Host Disturbance

Role of host disturbance in initiation and growth of infestations of the southern pine bark beetle guild [ Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, D. terebrans (Olivier), Ips calligraphus (Germar), I. grandicollis (Eichhoff), and I. avulses (Eichhoff)] was investigated. Host loblolly were disturbed at four intervals throughout the year and response of the bark beetle guild was monitored. Effects of the disturbance were evaluated by assessing tree mortality resulting from colonization by the bark beetle guild. Numerical responses of beetles to treatment and control trees were measured and the structure of the populations was defined in terms of proportions of the different species responding to the disturbance. All disturbed hosts were discovered and colonized by the bark beetle guild. Multiple-tree infestations developed from 10 of 20 treatment centers. Trees disturbed during the winter persisted as foci for beetle colonization for 133–150 days. The disturbance event did not have to coincide with seasonal development of the bark beetle guild for the hosts to be utilized for colonization. Trees in spring, summer, and fall treatments were colonized immediately after the disturbance. All species of the bark beetle guild were involved in the colonization process. However, structure of the populations (species composition and numbers) was different during the four seasonal treatments. Results of the experiment are interpreted in the context of the hypothesis that lightning, acting as a disturbance, is an integral component of the natural history of the bark beetle guild. The study provides experimental evidence to support the major tenets of the hypothesis.
Explantation of intraocular lenses

Cataract surgery has evolved recently along with the development of intraocular lenses. With this evolution of intraocular lenses from anterior chamber and iris-fixated lenses to more modern foldable posterior intraocular lenses has come an evolution in the complications that necessitate removal of
Flow Field Characterization in a Premixed, Swirling Annular Flow

This paper presents measurements and large eddy simulations of the flowfield in an annular, swirling, reacting flowfield. Depending upon operating conditions, the flame can exhibit four different configurations, depending upon whether it is stabilized in the vortex breakdown bubble, inner shear layer, and/or outer shear layer. Flow field characteristics such as vortex breakdown bubble length, vortex breakdown zone topology, annular jet spreading angle, and outer recirculation zone topology vary substantially between these different configurations. For the most case, the LES captures these different topological flow features and flow bifurcations, although some quantitative differences exist for the reacting cases, principally in strength of the recirculation zone and jet spreading angle.
Gas-Phase Coordination Complexes of Dipositive Plutonyl, PuO22+: Chemical Diversity Across the Actinyl Series

We report the first transmission of solvent-coordinated dipositive plutonyl ion, PuVIO22+, from solution to the gas phase by electrospray ionization (ESI) of plutonyl solutions in water/acetone and water/acetonitrile. ESI of plutonyl and uranyl solutions produced the isolable gas-phase complexes, [AnVIO2(CH3COCH3)4,5,6]2+, [AnVIO2(CH3COCH3)3(H2O)]2+, and [AnVIO2(CH3CN)4]2+; additional complex compositions were observed for uranyl. In accord with relative actinyl stabilities, UVIO22+ > PuVIO22+ > NpVIO22+, the yields of plutonyl complexes were about an order of magnitude less than those of uranyl, and dipositive neptunyl complexes were not observed. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the dipositive coordination complexes in a quadrupole ion trap produced doubly- and singly-charged fragment ions; the fragmentation products reveal differences in underlying chemistries of plutonyl and uranyl, including the lower stability of Pu(VI) as compared with U(VI). Particularly notable was the distinctive CID frag...
Social networks and personal loss among young adults with mental illness and their parents: a family perspective.

OBJECTIVE Study examined perceptions of personal loss due to mental illness and social network characteristics among young adults with a psychiatric disability and their parents. Research directly compared young adults' and parents' reports of personal loss, social network structure and support, and interpersonal loneliness. Relationships between perceived networks, personal loss, and loneliness for adults and parents were examined. METHOD Sixty young adults diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their parents from 30 families completed individual, semistructured interviews that assessed social networks, loneliness, and personal loss due to mental illness. RESULTS Differences between young adults and parents were found in types of personal loss due to mental illness and the structure of their perceived networks. Parents reported larger networks with more family members than did adults, but no significant differences were found in perceptions of social support. Adults and their parents reported similar feelings of loneliness, but a differential pattern of relationships was found between perceived personal loss, network characteristics, and loneliness among adults and their parents. CONCLUSIONS Study highlights importance of including both adults with psychiatric disability and their parents in family research. Comparing experiences of adults and parents can help to describe disruptions due to mental illness and perceived availability of social resources in the context of family life.
Computer Program for Analysis , Design and Optimization of Trajectories for Atmospheric Entries to Earth, Mars, and Titan

One of the most important phases of many space missions is atmospheric entry. Future manned missions to Mars and Titan which possess atmosphere require that a thorough study be performed about this phase to ensure the safety of the crew during entry to these celestial bodies and re-entry to the atmosphere of the Earth. In order to fulfill this goal, an inclusive computer program is designed in MATLAB to simulate the trajectory of the atmospheric entry to the planets, “Earth and Mars” and the moon “Titan” for both manned and unmanned missions. This computer program presents an analysis of the related trajectory based on the mission concept and the given data. In addition, numerous plots are drawn to let the user study the kinematics of the spacecraft during the entire entry phase. Several disciplines such as “astrodynamics, aerodynamics, thermodynamics, structure, gas dynamics, fluid mechanics, and flight dynamics” have been involved in writing this program. Because of the sensitivity and the high risk of atmospheric entries, a trade-off between accuracy, entry flight-path angle and entry velocity has to be applied to meet the mission requirements. The optimization section designs an optimal trajectory and corridor that meets these mission requirements. These requirements can be obligated by physiological concerns if the flight is manned or structural considerations in case it is unmanned. This program is meant to be used for research, educational as well as actual mission design purposes.
Analysis on Physical Examination Results of Employees in Catering Trade and Public Places in Baoji City

[Objective]To understand the status and trends of infectious diseases of employees in catering trade and public places in Baoji city,so as to think and explore the current situation of physical examination among employees in China. [Methods][Results]During 2004-2009,a total of 34 937 employees in catering trade and public places received physical examination,and 34 496 employees were qualified with the qualified rate of 98.74%.Five kinds of diseases were detected in 441 people,and the total positive rate was 1.26%.Among five diseases,there were 428 cases of hepatitis B virus carriers,10 cases of dysentery and 3 cases of tuberculosis,which the positive rate was 1.23%,0.03% and 0.01% respectively.The typhoid and skin diseases were not detected in 6 years.[Conclusion]It is necessary to investigate the current physical examination system of employees,evaluate its feasibility,practicability and necessity,so as to provide a basis for government decision-making.
Arguments and Validity

The notion of an argument is used in such a variety of contexts that it cannot by itself provide a suitable basis for an abstraction to a logical test of cogency. People are sometimes said to be having an argument when they are simply shouting at one another. Again, a certain kind of movie may be said to be an argument against war. In order to have a firm basis for abstracting logical problems, logicians have found through experience that it is helpful to define an argument as a certain kind of sequence of sentences. The sentences of an argument must all be such that if certain facts obtain, they are true, and if these facts do not obtain, they are false. Since the relevant facts may not be known when an argument is advanced, it may not be known whether or not the sentences in an argument are true or false. Nevertheless, each sentence in an argument must be of the kind which would be true or false if we came to know certain related facts. A particular sentence used on some occasion to make a claim that would be true or false if certain facts were known will, for the time being, be called an assertion. An assertion is not just a sentence, but a sentence used in some context to make a factual claim. For ex?ample, if you find a sentence written on a piece of paper left lying around by someone, that sentence is just a sequence of English words (let us say) until it is discovered what the author was doing when he wrote the sentence down. An actual argument will clearly be a sequence of assertions, but we let the sentences used to make these assertions constitute the basis for abstraction to a logical form. In doing this, we will switch back and forth between talk about sentences and talk about the assertions which they would be used to make in some context.
Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: A Problem-Based Learning Case.

Abstract Introduction To address the lack of medical education on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ), and difference in sex development–affected (DSD-affected) individuals, the Univ...
Ape-1/ref-1 Mediated Redox Regulation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Transcription Function in Myeloid Leukemia Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis.

Abstract Ape1/ref-1is a multifunctional base excision DNA repair protein that is involved in the repair of abasic sites in DNA. However, it also has a distinct role in the redox regulation of a variety of cellular proteins, such as Fos, Jun, p53, NFkB, PAX, HIF-1a, HLF, and others. Ape-1/ref-1 maintains these proteins in a reduced state thereby facilitating their DNA binding and transcriptional activation capability. HL-60 cells are known to respond to retinoic acid (RA) with terminal granulocytic differentiation and apoptosis, which is mediated through the RA receptors. Previous experiments suggested that Ape1/ref-1 expression is related to apoptosis. To further define this relationship, we used retroviral gene transduction to over-express HA-tagged Ape1/ref-1 in HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells. We observed that the RA-induced growth inhibition, apoptosis, and differentiation of HL-60 cells over-expressing Ape1/ref-1 was significantly enhanced compared to wild type HL-60 cells. To further understand the mechanism of this effect we performed gel shift experiments in vitro with Ape1/ref-1, retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-α), and a retinoic acid response element (RARE) under varying redox conditions and co-transfection experiments in CV-1 cells with Ape1/ref-1 and RAR-α using an RARE linked to a luciferase reporter. Results: gel shift experiments demonstrate a redox dependent binding of RXR-α and RAR-α to their RARE which is mediated by Ape1/ref-1; western blot analysis of transfected CV-1 cells revealed proper expression of each transfected construct including RAR-α, RXR-α and Ape1/ref-1; and examination of RA-treated CV-1 cells for RARE-linked luciferase expression demonstrated Ape1/ref-1 enhancement of RAR activated transcription of the luciferase reporter. In conclusion, our data supports the contention that Ape1/ref-1 expression may be important for enhancing RA-induced myeloid differentiation and programmed cell death through a redox based mechanism in transcription of target genes.
Fueling the boom or smothering it? Examining oil and gas policy differences across the states

Abstract Public concern about the health and environmental risks from oil and gas operations has grown in recent years. However, scholarly attention is just beginning to unpack the differences in how states are regulating oil and gas development. For some states, a laissez faire approach is preferable because of the substantial economic benefits that accompany natural resource development. Others prefer a more activist state government that is more willing to use its oversight and regulatory powers to balance environmental protection with oil and gas development. Using data drawn from a variety of political, economic, regulatory, and energy sources, we find that litigation, state level liberalism, and the number of wells are most helpful in accounting for why some states have stricter regulatory standards as compared to others.
Surface amplitude ratios near a critical end point.

We provide the first experimental test of the universality of a surface amplitude ratio near a critical end point by measuring the modified critical adsorption amplitude ratio, ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{A}}$, for the liquid mixtures aniline+cyclohexane and isobutyric acid+water. Our results thus far support the universality hypothesis with ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{A}}$=1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1. The universality of ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{A}}$ would imply that the surface tension amplitude ratio Q is universal in agreement with the predictions of Fisher and Upton; however, a precise connection relating ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{A}}$ to Q is not currently available.
CRT-100.43 Effect Of Gender Differences On Instantaneous Wave-free Ratio And Fractional Flow Reserve In Intermediate Coronary Lesions: Results From A Single-center Registry

Instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) is a newly developed coronary artery pressure index measured in the wave-free period of diastole in absence of hyperemia. An iFR-guided revascularization strategy was shown to be noninferior to fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided revascularization strategy in
Optimized Lennard-Jones Parameters for Druglike Small Molecules

Meaningful efforts in computer-aided drug design (CADD) require accurate molecular mechanical force fields to quantitatively characterize protein–ligand interactions, ligand hydration free energies, and other ligand physical properties. Atomic models of new compounds are commonly generated by analogy from the predefined tabulated parameters of a given force field. Two widely used approaches following this strategy are the General Amber Force Field (GAFF) and the CHARMM General Force Field (CGenFF). An important limitation of using pretabulated parameter values is that they may be inadequate in the context of a specific molecule. To resolve this issue, we previously introduced the General Automated Atomic Model Parameterization (GAAMP) for automatically generating the parameters of atomic models of small molecules, using the results from ab initio quantum mechanical (QM) calculations as target data. The GAAMP protocol uses QM data to optimize the bond, valence angle, and dihedral angle internal parameters,...
Understanding the Near-Earth Object Population: the 2004 Perspective

Over the last several decades, evidence has steadily mounted that asteroids and comets have impacted the Earth over solar system history. This population is commonly referred to as “near-Earth objects” (NEOs). By convention, NEOs have perihelion distances q ≤ 1.3AU and aphelion distances Q ≥ 0.983AU (e.g. Rabinowitz et al. 1994). Subcategories of the NEO population include the Apollos (a ≥ 1.0AU; q ≤ 1.0167AU) and Atens (a < 1.0AU; Q ≥ 0.983AU), which are on Earth-crossing orbits, and the Amors (1.0167AU < q ≤ 1.3AU) that are on nearly-Earth-crossing orbits and can become Earthcrossers over relatively short timescales. Another group of related objects that have not yet been considered part of the “formal” NEO population are the IEOs, or those objects located inside Earth’s orbit (Q < 0.983AU). To avoid confusion with standard conventions, I treat the IEOs here as a population distinct from the NEOs. The combined NEO and IEO populations are comprised of bodies ranging in size from dustsized fragments to objects tens of kilometers in diameter (Shoemaker 1983).
The effect of insurance-driven medication changes on patient care.

Purpose Insurance plans periodically change their formularies to enhance medical efficacy and cost savings. Patients face challenges when formulary changes affect their treatment. This study assessed the impact of insurance-driven medication changes on primary care patients and examined implications for patient care. Methods We mailed questionnaires to a cross-sectional random sample of 1200 adult patients who had visited one of 3 family medicine practices within the past 6 months, asking them to describe problems they had encountered in filling medication prescriptions. We performed descriptive analyses of the frequency and distribution of demographic variables and conditions being treated. Using logistic regression analysis, we identified demographic and health-related variables independently associated with patient-reported problems caused by formulary changes. Results Three variables-a greater number of prescription medications taken, younger patient age, and reliance on government insurance-were independently associated with an increased likelihood of encountering a problem filling a medication. Patients who reported an insurance-related issue filling a new or existing prescription over the past year (23%) encountered an average of 3 distinct problems. Patients experienced adverse medical outcomes (41%), decreased satisfaction with the health care system (68%), and problems that burdened the physician practice (83%). Formulary changes involving cardiac/hypertension/lipid and neurologic/psychiatric medications caused the most problems. Conclusions Insurance-driven medication changes adversely affect patient care and access to treatment, particularly for patients with government insurance. A better understanding of the negative impact of formulary changes on patient care and indirect health care expenditures should inform formulary change practices in order to minimize cost-shifting and maximize continuity of care.
Regulation of CAT: Cationic amino acid transporter gene expression.

The majority of mammalian cationic amino acid transport is mediated by the transport system y+ which facilitates Na+ independent cationic amino acid (arginine, lysine, & ornithine) transport and Na+ dependent zwitterionic amino acid (glutamine & homoserine) transport. Other transport systems y+L, b0,+ and B0,+ also mediate cationic amino acid transport. Their broad substrate specificities and overlapping expression patterns confound biochemical analysis. The isolation of cDNA clones has permitted an analysis of their regulation and opens the opportunity to define the role of each protein in specific cell types. Two genes,Cat1 andCat2 encode transporters with properties similar to the y+ transport system. Thecat2 gene from the mouse encodes two distinct proteins. mCAT2, and mCAT2A via alternate splicing; each protein has distinctly different transport properties. The regulation of mCAT1, mCAT2 and mCAT2A proteins are reviewed here. The implications of this gene specific regulation on cationic amino acid transport is discussed.
New Pitchforks and Furtive Nature

“New ideas and innovations” are constituted in relation to the status quo: what had been new becomes old when something yet newer appears. This truism draws attention to the necessity of thinking about the new in relation to what came before. In reproductive ethics, this means, in part, that mitochondrial donation, for example, must be understood in reference to “old” IVF. It also means that we must understand this and every other technique for manipulating, facilitating, or preventing conception in relation to the natural way or ways in which human beings come to be. The temporal and conceptual priority of nature to our technical, moral, and political innovations is inescapable, and yet we do not seem to have a clear understanding of what we presuppose nature to be when, for example, we approve of three-parent babies and disapprove of reproductive cloning. The prospects of a child arising from a single “parent” or from three parents shed fresh light on what it means for human beings to arise naturally from two. Thesis: Even if human sexuality is an evolutionary accident and provides no standard to which we should defer, it remains the reference point for thinking about all “new ideas and innovations” by which we strive to bring nature under our control and eliminate chance.
Transient Stability Comparison between Five-phase and Three-phase Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor

This paper presents a comparative study of the transient stability between a five-phase and three-phase permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM). In automotive industries, the reliability of the motor drive system has become a critical concern to ensure optimal safety. Five-phase PMa-SynRMs are suggested in the critical applications for their fault-tolerant capability. However, their transient performance over the conventional three-phase system has not been discussed in detail. Additionally, PMa-SynRMs show higher cross-coupling effects which cause strong dynamic outcomes. This paper presents the stability comparison between an optimally designed three-phase and five-phase PMa-SynRM. Detail theoretical analysis is carried out through the MATLAB and finite element analysis (FEA).
Implementation of an automatic alarms system for early detection of patients with severe sepsis

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of a software tool integrated into the medical electronic history at the time of emergency triage. The aim was the early detection of patients with severe sepsis, and the potential impact of this software tool on reducing the mortality rate in patients treated. METHOD The study consisted of two comparative samples. Patient selection was performed retrospectively into two groups using ICD-9 codes from the hospital and emergency department discharge reports. The codes were 038.9, 995.9 and 995.92 for sepsis, and 785.52 for severe sepsis and septic shock. The sample called «alarms» consisted of patients studied after implementing the sepsis alarm system in the Emergency Department computer system. There were two types of alarms, a serious one and an alert one depending on the on vital signs defined. The historical sample called «no alarms» consisted of patients seen in the Emergency Department during the year before the introduction of the alarm system. RESULTS The compliance rate of the sepsis treatment package was higher in the «alarms» sample, compared to the sample without alarms, with blood cultures, 96.3% versus 80.9% (P<.001), antibiotic treatment in less than one hour, 62.9% vs. 39.3% (P<.001), determination of lactic acid, 91.4% vs. 77.9% (P<.001), and applying appropriate volume, 57.7% vs 54.3% (P=.052), respectively. The hospital mortality was reduced in absolute terms from 25% in the sample without alarms to 13.6% in the sample with alarms. Survival at 30 days was higher in the sample with alarms (Log Rank=.004). CONCLUSIONS There were no studies that evaluated the effectiveness of an alarm system in our literature search. An electronic identification system for patients with sepsis allows acting earlier, better compliance with basic measures, and a reduction in hospital stay and mortality.
Biosimulation: Simulation of Living Systems

This practical guide to biosimulation provides the hands-on experience needed to devise, design and analyze simulations of biophysical processes for applications in biological and biomedical sciences. Through real-world case studies and worked examples, students will develop and apply basic operations through to advanced concepts, covering a wide range of biophysical topics including chemical kinetics and thermodynamics, transport phenomena, and cellular electrophysiology. Each chapter is built around case studies in a given application area, with simulations of real biological systems developed to analyze and interpret data. Open-ended project-based exercises are provided at the end of each chapter, and with all data and computer codes available online (www.cambridge.org/biosim) students can quickly and easily run, manipulate, explore and expand on the examples inside. This hands-on guide is ideal for use on senior undergraduate/graduate courses and also as a self-study guide for anyone who needs to develop computational models of biological systems.
Forecasting failure locations in 2-dimensional disordered lattices

Forecasting fracture locations in a progressively failing disordered structure is of paramount importance when considering structural materials. We explore this issue for gradual deterioration via beam breakage of 2-dimensional (2D) disordered lattices, which we represent as networks, for various values of mean degree. We study experimental samples with geometric structures that we construct based on observed contact networks in 2D granular media. We calculate geodesic edge betweenness centrality, which helps quantify which edges are on many shortest paths in a network, to forecast the failure locations. We demonstrate for the tested samples that, for a variety of failure behaviors, failures occur predominantly at locations that have larger geodesic edge betweenness values than the mean one in the structure. Because only a small fraction of edges have values above the mean, this is a relevant diagnostic to assess failure locations. Our results demonstrate that one can consider only specific parts of a system as likely failure locations and that, with reasonable success, one can assess possible failure locations of a structure without needing to study its detailed energetic states.
Patterns of metastasis and survival in patients with PI3K pathway-driven stage IV squamous cell lung cancers (SQCLC).

8022 Background: The majority of actionable drivers in SQCLCs occur in the PI3K (30%) and FGFR1 (20%) pathways. The biologic behaviors and natural histories of these oncogenic subtypes are not well...
A CASE OF LIFE-THREATENING BRADYCARDIA CAUSED BY SALT SUBSTITUTE

Salt substitutes are increasingly being utilized with improved public awareness of dietary sodium restriction. However, salt substitutes confer a non-trivial risk that is sometimes underappreciated. A 91 year old male with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation and stable CKD Stage 2 presented to the
Spatial clusters of cancer incidence: analyzing 1940 census data linked to 1966-2017 cancer records.

A life course perspective to cancer incidence is important for understanding effects of the environment during early life on later cancer risk. We assessed spatial clusters of cancer incidence based on early life location defined as 1940 US Census Enumeration District (ED). A cohort of 260,585 individuals aged 0–40 years in 1940 was selected. Individuals were followed from 1940 to cancer diagnosis, death, or last residence in Utah. We geocoded ED centroids in Utah for the 1940 Census. Spatial scan statistics with purely spatial elliptic scanning window were used to identify spatial clusters of EDs with excess cancer rates across 26 cancer types, assuming a discrete Poisson model. Cancer was diagnosed in 66,904 (25.67%) individuals during follow-up across 892 EDs. Average follow-up was 50.9 years. We detected 15 clusters of excess risk for bladder, breast, cervix, colon, lung, melanoma, oral, ovary, prostate, and soft tissue cancers. An urban area had dense overlap of multiple cancer types, including two EDs at increased risk for five cancer types each. Early environments may contribute to cancer risk later in life. Life course perspectives applied to the study of cancer incidence can provide insights for increasing understanding of cancer etiology.
Restoring Color Perception to the Blind: An Electrical Stimulation Strategy of Retina in Patients with End-stage Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Purpose Bioelectronic retinal prostheses that stimulate the remaining inner retinal neurons, bypassing degenerated photoreceptors, have been demonstrated to restore some vision in patients blinded by retinitis pigmentosa (RP). These implants encode luminance of the visual scene into electrical stimulation, however, leaving out chromatic information. Yet color plays an important role in visual processing when it comes to recognizing objects and orienting to the environment, especially at low spatial resolution as generated by current retinal prostheses. In this study, we tested the feasibility of partially restoring color perception in blind RP patients, with the aim to provide chromatic information as an extra visual cue. Design Case series. Participants Seven subjects blinded by advanced RP and monocularly fitted with an epiretinal prosthesis. Methods Frequency-modulated electrical stimulation of retina was tested. Phosphene brightness was controlled by amplitude tuning, and color perception was acquired using the Red, Yellow, Green, and Blue (RYGB) hue and saturation scaling model. Main Outcome Measures Brightness and color of the electrically elicited visual perception reported by the subjects. Results Within the tested parameter space, 5 of 7 subjects perceived chromatic colors along or nearby the blue-yellow axis in color space. Aggregate data obtained from 20 electrodes of the 5 subjects show that an increase of the stimulation frequency from 6 to 120 Hz shifted color perception toward blue/purple despite a significant inter-subject variation in the transition frequency. The correlation between frequency and blue-yellow perception exhibited a good level of consistency over time and spatially matched multi-color perception was possible with simultaneous stimulation of paired electrodes. No obvious correlation was found between blue sensations and array placement or status of visual impairment. Conclusions These findings present a strategy for the generation and control of color perception along the blue-yellow axis in blind patients with RP by electrically stimulating the retina. It could transform the current prosthetic vision landscape by leading in a new direction beyond the efforts to improve the visual acuity. This study also offers new insights into the response of our visual system to electrical stimuli in the photoreceptor-less retina that warrant further mechanistic investigation.
Effect of fine powder particles on quality of binder jetting parts

Abstract Despite their desired effects on quality metrics of powder metallurgy parts, fine powder materials are rarely used in powder-based additive manufacturing as powder feedstock materials due to their poor flowability and inefficient layer recoating. As such, process-structure-property relationships of powder-based AM processes have been explored primarily for coarse powder particle sizes (i.e., 25 μm–150 μm in diameter). With the new developments in powder recoating systems in modern binder jetting additive manufacturing (BJ-AM) printers, it seems now feasible to process fine powder materials that have average particle size of ∼10 μm (or smaller). In the current research, the use of fine copper powders (average particle size of 5 μm) in BJ process and its effects on green and final part properties are experimentally investigated. Specially, the authors studied the effects of different powder recoating settings on the density of printed green parts. The density of the sintered parts was also explored for various sintering parameters (i.e., heating rate and peak sintering temperature). Linear/volumetric shrinkage, microstructure and mechanical characteristics of sintered specimens were explored, and the results were compared to those of copper specimens made via coarse powder materials. The results indicated that fine copper powder resulted in parts with properties (UTS of 179.4 MPa and elongation of 42.2 %) greater than bimodal powder parts, which in turn eliminates extra time and work needed for powder mixing ratio optimization and blending process.
The promise of direct-to-consumer COVID-19 testing: ethical and regulatory issues

Widespread diagnostic and serological (antibody) testing is one key to mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. While at first, the majority of COVID-19 diagnostic testing in the USA took place in healthcare settings, quickly a direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing market also emerged. In these DTC provision models, the test is initiated by a consumer and the sample collection occurs at home or in a commercial laboratory. Although the provision of DTC tests has potential benefits-such as expanding access to testing and reducing the risk of exposure for consumers and medical personnel-it also raises significant ethical and regulatory concerns. This article reviews these challenges and shows how they parallel and also diverge from prior concerns raised in the DTC health testing arena. The first part of this paper provides an overview of the landscape of diagnostic and serological tests for COVID-19, anticipating how provision models are likely to evolve in the future. The second part discusses five primary issues for DTC COVID-19 tests: test accuracy; potential misinterpretation of results; misleading claims and other misinformation; privacy concerns; and fair allocation of scarce resources. We conclude with recommendations for regulators and companies that aim to ensure ethically marketed DTC COVID-19 tests.
Current Concepts Regarding Patellofemoral Trochlear Dysplasia

Optimal treatment of patients with patellofemoral trochlear dysplasia and recurrent patellar instability requires in-depth understanding of this complex structural anomaly. An extensive review of t...