cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Counteracting effects of E1a transformation on cAMP growth inhibition.

Abstract Several signaling molecules have been identified which act as inhibitors of epithelial cell growth. The mechanisms for this negative growth regulation are still poorly understood. In the case of TGF-β, inhibition of keratinocyte cell growth can be totally prevented by transformation with an intact early region 1a (E1a) oncogene. We show here that E1a-transformed keratinocytes become also partially resistant to growth inhibition by elevated 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, as induced by treatment with forskolin, dibutyryl-cAMP, 8Br-cAMP, or 8C1-cAMP. Resistance to cAMP is due to interference of E1a with signaling pathways downstream of protein kinase A (PKA) activation, as intracellular cAMP levels and PKA activity were found to be similar in control and E1a-transformed cells. Induction of c-fos expression by 8Br-cAMP occurs at the same time in both cell lines. Interestingly however, this effect is maintained longer in the case of E1a-transformed cells compared to the control. A truncated E1a mutant which is still able to bind to the p105-Rb gene product, p107, and p60/cyclin A, induces cAMP resistance at levels which are only slightly lower than those induced by an intact E1a oncogene. In contrast, an E1a mutant which binds only to a p300 cellular protein and induces a substantial level of TGF-β resistance fails to induce cAMP resistance. Thus, E1a transformation counteracts the growth-inhibitory effects of cAMP as well as TGF-β, but to a different degree and through an only partially overlapping mechanism.
An asymmetric synthesis of (+)-ocoteine

Abstract Using chiral formamidines, the synthesis of the title compound was accomplished in 93% ee. The asymmetric synthesis of l , via chiral formamidines was performed.
Design and synthesis of diazatricyclodecane agonists of the G-protein-coupled receptor 119.

A series of GPR119 agonists based on a 2,6-diazatricyclo[3.3.1.1∼3,7∼]decane ring system is described. Also provided is a detailed account of the development of a multigram scale synthesis of the diazatricyclic ring system, which was achieved using a Hofmann–Loffler–Freytag reaction as the key step. The basis for the use of this complex framework lies in an attempt to constrain one end of the molecule in the “agonist conformation” as was previously described for 3-oxa-7-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. Optimization of carbamate analogues of the diazatricylic compounds led to the identification of 32i as a potent agonist of the GPR119 receptor with low unbound human liver microsomal clearance. The use of an agonist response weighted ligand lipophilic efficiency (LLE) termed AgLLE is discussed along with the issues of applying efficiency measures to agonist programs. Ultimately, solubility limited absorption and poor exposure reduced further interest in these molecules.
Photoelectrochemical evaluation of undoped and C-doped CdIn2O4 thin film electrodes

Abstract Undoped and C-doped cadmium indate (CdIn 2 O 4 ) thin films and powders were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Both undoped and C-doped CdIn 2 O 4 samples have cubic lattices, and the presence of carbonate-type species was confirmed in the C-doped sample by XPS. Doping C into CdIn 2 O 4 leads to a red shift (but no separate peak) in light absorption and band gap narrowing. The photocurrent densities of CdIn 2 O 4 electrodes are at least three-fold greater than either CdO or In 2 O 3 electrodes with equivalent film thickness. Carbon doping further improved the photocurrent densities by 33%. The photoelectrochemical performance of C-doped CdIn 2 O 4 was optimized with respect to several synthetic parameters, including the C:In molar ratio and glucose concentration in the spray precursor solution, the calcination temperature, and the film thickness. The present work shows that CdIn 2 O 4 is a promising photocatalyst and can be suitably doped to improve the electrochemical properties for solar conversion applications.
Discrete Hamilton's equations for arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian dynamics of viscous compressible flow

Abstract A number of different arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulations of continuum fluid and solid dynamics problems have been developed, to address applications where more conventional Lagrangian or Eulerian modeling techniques are difficult to apply. In general these ALE formulations are based on finite difference or weighted residual finite element solutions of the partial differential equations for the system. An alternative, energy based ALE model for fluid dynamics simulations may be obtained, by direct application of Hamilton's canonical equations to a finite element discretization of an open, deforming control volume. Formulated in terms of convected coordinates and incorporating an adaptive mesh scheme, this modeling approach yields a simple but general description of viscous compressible flows. Numerical application of the method demonstrates accurate results in the solution of several shock problems, whether the calculations are performed using a Lagrangian, an Eulerian, or an ALE mesh.
Dentine lead concentration as a predictor of neuropsychological functioning in inner-city children.

Cumulative lead exposure in 193 inner-city Black children was evaluated by measuring lead concentrations in the primary dentine and the circumpulpal dentine of their deciduous teeth. The children’s dentine lead levels were comparable to those reported in population studies of low-income children living in inner-city areas. The results of neuropsychological tests administered at age 7 were available for children in the sample; we performed further neuropsychological assessments when their teeth were shed (10–14 yr of age). Higher dentine lead concentrations were associated with deficits in neuropsychological test performance at both testings, with performance abilities more strongly affected than verbal abilities. Moreover, the negative effects of lead on neuropsychological functioning were more evident when lead concentrations in circumpulpal dentine, rather than in primary dentine, was used as the index of lead exposure. Based on this finding, we suggest that circumpulpal dentine and primary dentine should be assayed separately in order to yield a more sensitive estimate of exposure to lead.
Adaptive branch and bound algorithm (ABB) for use on hyperspectral data

We propose a new adaptive branch and bound (ABB) algorithm for selecting the optimal subset of features in hyperspectral applications. The algorithm improves the search speed by avoiding unnecessary criterion function calculations at nodes in the solution tree. Our algorithm includes the following new properties: ( i ) ordering the tree nodes by the significance of features during construction of the tree, ( ii ) obtaining a large "good" initial bound by a floating search method, ( iii ) a new method to select an initial starting search level in the tree, and ( iv ) a new adaptive jump search strategy to select subsequent search levels to avoid redundant criterion function calculations. Our experimental results for two databases demonstrate that our method is significantly faster than other versions of the branch and bound algorithm.
Benefit of Tacrolimus/Myocophenolate To Reduce Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy after Heart Transplantation

Purpose Over the past 2 decades, the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in heart transplant (HTx) patients (pts) has not significantly changed. Randomized clinical trials comparing cyclosporine (CSA) and tacrolimus (TAC)-based regimens have not demonstrated significant differences in CAV development, but followup time has been short (2 years). Mycophenolate (MMF) has been shown in a large randomized trial to decrease first year intimal thickening in HTx pts compared to azathioprine (both groups with CSA). TAC/MMF vs CSA/MMF in the 3-Arm Trial significantly reduced rejection but followup time was insufficient to assess for CAV. To assess for a possible CAV benefit, we reviewed our pts maintained on TAC/MMF vs CSA/MMF for development of CAV over 5 years. Methods and Materials Between 1994-2010, we evaluated 728 HTx pts. CAV was defined as any angiographic stenosis ≥30%. Pts were divided into those maintained on CSA/MMF(n=273) and TAC/MMF(n=455). 5 year actuarial survival, freedom from CAV and freedom from non-fatal major adverse cardiac events (NF-MACE) were assessed. Results Pts treated with TAC/MMF vs CSA/MMF had significantly greater freedom from CAV(81% vs 74%, p=0.044). Survival and NF-MACE were similar ( table ). CAV severity according to the ISHLT CAV nomenclature was similar in CSA/MMF vs TAC/MMF (CAV1: 59% vs 65%, p=0.57; CAV2: 19% vs. 14%, p=0.52; CAV3: 22% vs 21%, p=0.92). Conclusions TAC/MMF compared to CSA/MMF appears to have a beneficial effect in decreasing the incidence of CAV post-HTx. Outcomes CSA/MMF (n=273] TAC/MMF (n=455) p-value 5-Year Actuarial Survival 78% 83% 0.133 5-Year Freedom from CAV 74% 81% 0.044 5-Year Freedom from NF-MACE 84% 84% 0.868 1-Year Freedom from Any-Treated Rejection 88% 85% 0.349
Crystallization of Poly(ethylene oxide) and Melt-Miscible PEO Blends

Spherulitic growth rates for poly(ethylene oxide) and four model, melt-miscible blends were measured over a range of crystallization temperatures. The miscible diluents fall into two classes: those exhibiting relatively weak intermolecular interactions with PEO and those exhibiting strong interactions. Generally, at a given crystallization temperature, growth rates for blends with the strongly interacting polymers are considerably lower than those with weakly interacting polymers with comparable Tgs. To a first approximation, growth rates for PEO and the blends can be “superposed” when normalized by the degree of supercooling and T − Tg. In addition, at higher Tc and diluent concentrations, particularly for blends with strongly interacting diluents, the growth rate slows from G ∝ t0 to G ∝ t-1/2, consistent with a crossover to diffusion-controlled growth. Analysis of PEO growth rates using the LHM model yields σe ∼ 40 ergs/cm2 for crystallization in regime II. For the blends, the mobility as a function o...
Bilingual Students' Ideas and Conceptual Change About Slow Geomorphological Changes Caused by Water

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of an experiment investigating the development of elementary-school dual-language learners' conceptual knowledge about processes of erosion, deposition, and transportation caused by water movement. To elicit students' ideas, researchers asked students to answer four open-ended questions using written answers and/or drawings. Students' responses were analyzed, and misconceptions were organized in a systemic network. A semiquantitative analysis was conducted to investigate changes in students' number of misconceptions as a result of a science and reading instructional sequence. Forty-nine fourth-grade students participated in this investigation. Eleven misconceptions were identified in relation to erosion processes. The science and reading intervention, which focused on the use of cognitive strategies, was effective at reducing the number of misconceptions students held. Changes in the number of misconceptions were significant for four misconceptions explaining slow ...
Economic impacts of the floods in Pakistan

As a result of the Pakistani government's failure to address the situation, severe floods have become a regular occurrence in Pakistan. Consequently, the country finds itself in a vicious cycle of falling international assistance and declining economic growth. However, the country's New Growth Strategy holds out the hope of breaking this cycle, through generating higher rates of economic growth and increased governmental accountability.
Tobacco Smoke–Induced Lung Cancer in Animals—A Challenge to Toxicology (?)

Tobacco smoke is a known human carcinogen that primarily produces malignant lesions in the respiratory tract, although it also affects multiple other sites. A reliable and practical animal model of...
Differential and site specific impact of B cells in the protective immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse.

Cell-mediated immune responses are known to be critical for control of mycobacterial infections whereas the role of B cells and humoral immunity is unclear. B cells can modulate immune responses by secretion of immunoglobulin, production of cytokines and antigen-presentation. To define the impact of B cells in the absence of secreted immunoglobulin, we analyzed the progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in mice that have B cells but which lack secretory immunoglobulin (AID−/−µS−/−mice). AID−/−µS−/− mice accumulated a population of activated B cells in the lungs when infected and were more susceptible to aerosol Mtb when compared to wild type (C57BL/6) mice or indeed mice that totally lack B cells. The enhanced susceptibility of AID−/−µS−/− mice was not associated with defective T cell activation or expression of a type 1 immune response. While delivery of normal serum to AID−/−µS−/− mice did not reverse susceptibility, susceptibility in the spleen was dependent upon the presence of B cells and susceptibility in the lungs of AID−/−µS−/−mice was associated with elevated expression of the cytokines IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-10 and molecules made by alternatively activated macrophages. Blocking of IL-10 signaling resulted in reversal of susceptibility in the spleens and lungs of AID−/−µS−/− mice. These data support the hypothesis that B cells can modulate immunity to Mtb in an organ specific manner via the modulation of cytokine production and macrophage activation.
Sprayer type and water volume influence pesticide deposition and control of insect pests and diseases in juice grapes

Abstract In a mature Vitis labrusca L. “Niagara” vineyard, we compared an airblast sprayer and an air-assisted rotary atomizer (AARA) low-volume sprayer for coverage of grape clusters and control of grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana. In addition, the effect of spray volume on control of fungal diseases was evaluated using the fungicides ziram and azoxystrobin applied with an airblast sprayer. For evaluation of coverage, sprayers applied kaolin clay at 28 kg/ha to grapevines while operating at low, medium and high water volumes. Kaolin residues on grape clusters were analyzed to compare the total amount of spray material deposited, percent of fruit surface covered, number of deposits, size of deposits and distance between deposits. There were no significant differences between sprayers or water volumes in the total amount of kaolin deposited on clusters, but the percent surface coverage was much greater on outside-facing berry surfaces (facing the sprayer) than inside-facing surfaces (facing the rachis). On the outside-facing berry surfaces, the airblast sprayer at 468 L/ha of water (medium volume) provided the highest percent coverage, the greatest density of deposits, the largest deposit diameter, and the smallest distance between deposits. On the inside-facing berry surfaces, the same sprayer–volume combination provided the highest percent coverage and greatest deposit diameter, but deposits from the airblast sprayer operating at 935 L/ha (high volume) had the smallest distance between deposits. No significant differences between sprayers or among water volumes were detected in the deposit density on the inside-facing berry surfaces. Bioassays of grape clusters sprayed with fenpropathrin or methoxyfenozide using the airblast or AARA sprayers at two water volumes revealed the greatest fruit protection from P. viteana at the higher volume for the airblast sprayer, but at the lower volume for the AARA sprayer. Spray volume of the airblast sprayer also affected disease control by the protectant fungicide ziram more than by the systemic fungicide azoxystrobin, with 468 L/ha providing better control than 187 L/ha. However, for most diseases, fungicide type was more influential than spray volume in determining the disease control outcome. The results of this study emphasize the need for appropriate water volumes relative to the sprayer and pesticide being used to optimize pest and disease control in juice grape vineyards.
In Search of Human Variation

There is widespread interest in documenting the amount and geographic distribution of genetic variation in the human species. This information is desired by the biomedical community, who want a densely packed map of SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) sites to be used to identify genes associated with disease by linkage disequilibrium between sets of adjacent markers and the occurence of disease in populations, and to characterize disease-related variation among populations. Anthropologists use genetic variation to reconstruct our species' history, and to understand the role of culture and geography in the global distribution of human variation. The requirements for these two perspectives seem to be converging on a need for an accessible, representative DNA bank and statistical database of human variation. However, both fields have been using conceptual models that are oversimplified, and this may lead to unrealistic expectations of the questions that can be answered from genetic data.
Integrated microarray and multiplex cytokine analyses of Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus viral FLICE Inhibitory Protein K13 affected genes and cytokines in human blood vascular endothelial cells

Background Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of KS, a neoplasm characterized by proliferating spindle cells, extensive neoangiogenesis and a prominent inflammatory infiltrate. Infection of blood vascular endothelial cells with KSHV in vitro results in their spindle cell transformation, which is accompanied by increased expression of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and acquisition of lymphatic endothelial markers. Mimicking the effect of viral infection, ectopic expression of KSHV-encoded latent protein vFLIP K13 is sufficient to induce spindle transformation of vascular endothelial cells. However, the effect of K13 expression on global gene expression and induction of lymphatic endothelial markers in vascular endothelial cells has not been studied.
Thinking Globally, Integrating Locally: Gender, Entrepreneurship and Urban Citizenship in Germany

Germany's refusal to pursue active integration policies for three decades has unleashed surprising do-it-yourself-integration processes among migrant communities, as demonstrated by dramatic changes in the Turkish ethnic economy since 1990. This study embeds these developments in an analytical framework linking economic enclaves and urban citizenship. Initially motivated by structural unemployment and social exclusion, guestworkers and their offspring are turning to self-employment, not only adding new jobs to an otherwise moribund national economy but also promoting urban revitalization in cities like Berlin, Frankfurt and Cologne. The study outlines generational differences within the Turkish-German community, ascertaining that third-generation ethnics are more likely to start businesses outside the food sector and more willing to embrace FRG citizenship. It describes the size and scope of ethnic enterprises across Germany, followed by a treatment of women entrepreneurs in Berlin. Ethnic associations in...
Simulation of the Strongly Swirling Aerodynamic Field in a Vortex Combustor

This paper presents the simulation of the strongly swirling aerodynamic field in a coal-fired vortex combustor (VC) recently developed for commercial heating applications. A new version of algebraic Reynolds stress model was employed for the closure of non-isotropic turbulence. The calculated results of the 25 cm I.D. benchscale and the 61 cm I.D. full-scale VC cold test models showed the pertinent aerodynamic features of the VC in terms of strongly swirling, developing, recirculating, and non-isotropic turbulent flow
Visualizing Very Large-Scale Earthquake Simulations

This paper presents a parallel adaptive rendering algorithm and its performance for visualizing time-varying unstructured volume data generated from large-scale earthquake simulations. The objective is to visualize 3D seismic wave propagation generated from a 0.5 Hz simulation of the Northridge earthquake, which is the highest resolution volume visualization of an earthquake simulation performed to date. This scalable high-fidelity visualization solution we provide to the scientists allows them to explore in the temporal, spatial, and visualization domain of their data at high resolution. This new high resolution explorability, likely not presently available to most computational science groups, will help lead to many new insights. The performance study we have conducted on a massively parallel computer operated at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center helps direct our design of a simulation-time visualization strategy for the higher-resolution, 1Hz and 2 Hz, simulations.
Recovery modeling of tangential flow systems

The demand for increased formulation concentrations for protein therapeutics puts a significant strain on already existing tangential flow filtration (TFF) systems that were constructed with lower protein concentration targets as part of their design criteria. TFF is commonly used to buffer exchange and concentrate the product to the appropriate drug substance concentration. Analyzing the ability of an existing TFF system to process under conditions outside its original design specifications can be challenging. In this analysis, we present a systematic approach to assess the operational limits of a TFF process with consideration of system performance parameters for changing process targets. In two new engineering diagrams, the recovery efficiency diagram and the operating space plot, all relevant operational constraints and parameters are related to allow rapid process fit evaluation. The engineering assessment of TFF systems presented in this article allows a rational review of system limitations during process fit evaluations of existing TFF systems. It also provides a rational basis for targeted system upgrades and setting system design specifications for the design of new systems if existing systems are found inadequate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3084–3092. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Influence of Anisotropic Grain Boundary Energy on Triple Junction Morphology and Grain Growth

We consider some examples of triple junction equilibration in the presence of grain boundary energy anisotropy. It is shown that the presence of one or two cusp-trapped grain boundaries can reduce the restrictions upon the dihedral angles formed with the remaining (isotropic) boundaries This allows for a reduction in the average grain boundary curvature, and thus in the driving force for grain boundary migration.
Evaluation of angioarchitecture of pulmonary sequestration in pediatric patients using 3D MDCT angiography.

OBJECTIVE. The goal of this study was to show the ability of 3D MDCT angiography to display the arterial and venous vascular anatomy of pulmonary sequestration in children.CONCLUSION. MDCT angiography with 3D rendering shows the anomalous feeding artery and the draining veins that allow a diagnosis of pulmonary sequestration. These features may prove useful in distinguishing intra- and extralobar sequestration and in surgical planning.
Who's Really Sentenced to Life Without Parole?: Searching for 'Ugly Disproportionalities' in the American Criminal Justice System

Critics argue that the American criminal justice system is rife with “ugly disproportionalities” and “brutal penalties on the undeserving.” One particularly brutal punishment is the sentence of life without the possibility of parole (LWOP). The punishment, conceived decades ago as a substitute for the death penalty, scarcely exists in the rest of the world. Today, while capital punishment wanes in the United States, steadily increasing numbers of defendants are sentenced to LWOP. Furthermore, according to a recent ACLU Report, over 3,000 of the 50,000 inmates serving LWOP were convicted of nonviolent offenses. There is no uglier disproportionality than a defendant, guilty of a minor crime, banished to prison for the remainder of his life.This Article questions this narrative and therewith the contemporary wisdom as to the brutality of American criminal justice, at least in its imposition of LWOP sentences. The author conducted a detailed study of every inmate sentenced to LWOP in eight states. In a few states, it is impossible to find a single inmate sentenced to LWOP for any crime other than murder or the most serious violent crimes. Even in jurisdictions that impose LWOP for crimes labeled “nonviolent,” the inmates are few in number and often present aggravating factors, such as extensive criminal histories or previous violent crimes. Inevitably, criminals sentenced to LWOP will vary in culpability, and some will appear not to merit this punishment. Drawing attention to their plight can spur executive clemency in individual cases. But accusations that the American legal system is rife with “ugly disproportionalities,” at least insofar as this claim is applied to LWOP sentences in the states, appear to have little merit.
An Application of Computer‐Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) Using the Signature Molecular Descriptor—Part 1. Identification of Surface Tension Reducing Agents and the Search for Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures

The development of new admixtures for concrete is normally an experimental endeavor in that the molecular scaffolds of existing admixtures are modified and tested. This approach is time consuming, incremental and typically expensive. Alternatively, a computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) approach is proposed that uses the Signature molecular descriptor. CAMD is the application of computer-implemented algorithms that are utilized to design molecules with optimally predicted properties such that they can be tested and evaluated for efficacy. The property of interest here is the surface tension of compounds in aqueous solutions as this property is related to shrinkage in concrete. In particular, we have chosen two classes of compounds, amines and glycol ethers, as they present opportunities for use as shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRAs). By evaluating the initial surface tension reduction in these compounds in solution with water, a number of structure–property conjectures associated with the effect of these compounds were developed. From these conjectures, 14 compounds were identified and utilized as a training set for the CAMD of new compounds. After creating and refining a quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) model for surface tension reduction, a structure enumeration algorithm was employed to generate structures outside of the original training set that have optimally predicted properties. In work, the CAMD approach is introduced as well as the identification of new compounds with the greatest predicted impact on the surface tension reduction in water. Furthermore, the surface tension reduction for the newly identified compounds was experimentally evaluated.
Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload

Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) remains a leading cause of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality, accounting for 21 % of the transfusion-related fatalities reported to the United States Federal Drug Administration in 2012. While its constellation of symptoms has been recognized for over half a century, effective preventative and/or therapeutic interventions for patients with or at risk for TACO remain limited. Presently, we are primarily left with supportive cares such as oxygen supplementation and ventilator support when needed. The intensive care unit (ICU) remains one of the highest utilizers of blood products in the hospital, with one out of every two patients receiving at least one allogeneic blood component during their ICU admission. As such, critical care physicians are in a privileged position whereby accurate identification of TACO cases may not only improve patient outcomes, but may also contribute meaningfully to our understanding of TACO’s epidemiology, pathophysiology, and true attributable burden. Improved case recognition will ultimately depend upon the development and acceptance of a consensus definition for TACO. In the absence of any proven therapeutic measures for TACO, perhaps the most appropriate preventative strategy is the avoidance of unnecessary transfusions through the use of conservative, evidence-based transfusion practices.
Self-Induced Attentional Blink A Cause of Errors in Multiple-Target Search

Satisfaction of search (which we refer to as subsequent search misses)-a decrease in accuracy at detecting a second target after a first target has been found in a visual search-underlies real-world search errors (e.g., tumors may be missed in an X-ray if another tumor already has been found), but little is known about this phenomenon's cognitive underpinnings. In the present study, we examined subsequent search misses in terms of another, more extensively studied phenomenon: the attentional blink, a decrease in accuracy when a second target appears 200 to 500 ms after a first target is detected in a temporal stream. Participants searched for T-shaped targets among L-shaped distractors in a spatial visual search, and despite large methodological differences between self-paced spatial visual searches and attentional blink tasks, an attentional-blink-like effect accounted for subsequent-search-miss errors. This finding provides evidence that accuracy is negatively affected shortly after a first target is fixated in a self-paced, self-guided visual search.
Fault-tolerant attitude computation for unmanned aerial vehicles

Attitude information is essential in the control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). One way of defining attitude is through Euler angles. These angles can be determined based on the measurements of the projections of the gravity and earth magnetic fields on the three body axes of the vehicle. Twenty-five methods have been developed to compute the Euler angles and each of these methods employ a subset of the six measurements. The capability of computing the Euler angles in multiple ways provides a diversified redundancy required for fault tolerance. The proposed approach can identify the sensor failures and even separate the reference fields from the disturbances. A bank-to-turn manoeuvre of the NASA GTM UAV is used to show how to determine the correct Euler angles despite interferences by inertial acceleration.
Spirituality, religion and health: evidence and research directions

Levels of spirituality and religious beliefs and behaviour are relatively high in Australia, although lower than those in the United States. There is mounting scientific evidence of a positive association between religious involvement and multiple indicators of health. The strongest evidence exists for the association between religious attendance and mortality, with higher levels of attendance predictive of a strong, consistent and often graded reduction in mortality risk. Negative effects of religion on health have also been documented for some aspects of religious beliefs and behaviour and under certain conditions. Health practices and social ties are important pathways by which religion can affect health. Other potential pathways include the provision of systems of meaning and feelings of strength to cope with stress and adversity.
A thomas—fermi‐like analytic independent particle model for atoms and ions

The applicability of an independent particle model which was initiated with a particular two-parameter analytic fit to the Thomas--Fermi screening function is further extended. Using the ab initio procedure of Bass, Green, and Wood, the two parameters d and K of the model are determined for all atoms and ions with Z less than or equal to 36, thus extending the determination of Szydlik and Green. The calculated total energies are in excellent agreement with Hartree- -Fock results. To a good accuracy K and 1/d may be represented as linear functions of Z - N where N is the total number of electrons and Z the nuclear charge. The slopes and intercepts of the K lines vary fairly smoothly with N, while those of the 1/d lines vary with N in a manner which reflects atomic shell structure. (auth)
Lung Elastic Recoil Does Not Correlate With Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Severe Emphysema

Background It has been postulated that right ventricular (RV) function may improve after lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) for severe emphysema due to improvement in lung elastic recoil. Improved lung elastic recoil after LVRS is hypothesized to “tether” open extraalveolar vessels, thereby leading to a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and improved RV function. Whether a relationship exists between static elastic lung recoil and pulmonary hemodynamics in severe emphysema, however, is unknown. Methods We prospectively studied 67 patients with severe emphysema (32 women; mean age, 65.3 ± 6.6 years [SD]; mean FEV 1 , 0.79 ± 0.25 L) who had hyperinflation (total lung capacity [TLC], 122.5 ± 12.3% of predicted) and gas trapping (residual volume, 209.1 ± 41.1% of predicted), and were referred to the National Emphysema Treatment Trial. Lung elastic recoil was measured both at TLC (coefficient of retraction [CR]) and at functional reserve capacity (CR at functional residual capacity [CR frc ]) in each patient. Results CR and CR frc values were 1.3 ± 0.6 cm H 2 O/L and 0.61 ± 0.5 cm H 2 O/L, respectively. Hemodynamic measurements revealed a pulmonary artery (PA) systolic pressure of 35.9 ± 8.9 mm Hg, mean PA pressure of 24.8 ± 5.6 mm Hg, and PVR of 174 ± 102 dyne * s * cm −5 . No significant correlations were found between CR and PVR ( R = − 0.046, p = 0.71), PA systolic pressure ( R = 0.005, p = 0.97), or mean PA pressure ( R = − 0.028, p = 0.82). Additionally, no significant correlations were found between CR frc and PVR ( R = − 0.002, p = 0.99), PA systolic pressure ( R = − 0.062, p = 0.62), or mean PA pressure ( R = − 0.041, p = 0.74). Conclusions We conclude there is no correlation between lung elastic recoil and pulmonary hemodynamics in severe emphysema, suggesting that elastic lung recoil is not an important determinant of secondary pulmonary hypertension in this group. Registered with www. clinicaltrials.gov, #NCT00000606.
Does an education seminar intervention improve the parents' knowledge on vaccination? Evidence from Yiwu, East China.

Background: caregivers’ knowledge on vaccination is an important impact factor for their children’s vaccination status. The aims of this study were to evaluate the caregivers’ knowledge of vaccination, and to assess effectiveness of a health education seminar for improving caregivers’ knowledge on immunization. Methods: pre- and post-assessment design was adopted for a single group to evaluate the effectiveness of the health education seminar on vaccination. The seminar consisted of a lecture using simple understandable language. Improvements in total knowledge score before and after the seminar were assessed using a validated questionnaire that included ten questions. Description analysis and non-parametric tests were applied to evaluate and compare the vaccination knowledge level before and after the seminar. Results: 378 caregivers participated in this study. The majority were mothers. Of the ten questions, the correct response rates had significantly increased for nine questions after the education seminar. The mean total score of the assessment before the seminar was 5.2 ± 1.2 while that was 8.4 ± 0.9 for the assessment after the seminar, with a significant increase of 3.18 points. Conclusion: a short education seminar designed for caregivers had a remarkable effect on their vaccination knowledge. Health education on vaccination targeting migrant caregivers, caregivers with lower education level or household income, and employed caregivers are needed in future.
Exam Scams and Classroom Flimflams: Urban Legends as an Alternative Lens for Viewing the College Classroom Experience

Campus-based urban legends have the potential to convey and construct student culture in higher education. Basic qualitative and humanistic research methods were used to collect, analyze, and interpret legends related to the academic experience of collegiate life.
Genetic and Bioinformatic Analysis of 41C and the 2R Heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster: A Window on the Heterochromatin-Euchromatin Junction

Genomic sequences provide powerful new tools in genetic analysis, making it possible to combine classical genetics with genomics to characterize the genes in a particular chromosome region. These approaches have been applied successfully to the euchromatin, but analysis of the heterochromatin has lagged somewhat behind. We describe a combined genetic and bioinformatics approach to the base of the right arm of the Drosophila melanogaster second chromosome, at the boundary between pericentric heterochromatin and euchromatin. We used resources provided by the genome project to derive a physical map of the region, examine gene density, and estimate the number of potential genes. We also carried out a large-scale genetic screen for lethal mutations in the region. We identified new alleles of the known essential genes and also identified mutations in 21 novel loci. Fourteen complementation groups map proximal to the assembled sequence. We used PCR to map the endpoints of several deficiencies and used the same set of deficiencies to order the essential genes, correlating the genetic and physical map. This allowed us to assign two of the complementation groups to particular "computed/curated genes" (CGs), one of which is Nipped-A, which our evidence suggests encodes Drosophila Tra1/TRRAP.
Image acquisition technology

This survey includes a description of all types of two-dimensional image sensors in current use in television. Television is loosely defined as the acquisition, transmission, and display of moving pictures by electronic means. The technology of image acquisition is greatly complicated by the requirement in many parts of the industry that the images be in natural color. Some imagers include the color analysis means as an inherent part of their makeup. However, many color cameras use two or more monochrome sensors and a substantial peripheral system of optical, control, and signal-processing functions. Both of these major classes of color imagining systems are described. An outline is included of major categories of camera users, their equipment, and numbers. Finally, a tabulation is presented, giving the physical and electrooptic properties of a variety of cameras.
THE MEANINGS OF DWELLING ATTRIBUTES FOR TEMPORARY RESIDENTS FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES: THE CASE OF KOREAN TEMPORARY RESIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES

The cross-cultural temporary resident population is one of the fastest growing cultural groups in the United States. However, their housing experiences in the new environment have not been extensively studied. Thus, the current study sought to examine meanings of dwelling attributes for cross-cultural temporary residents in the host country. In order to obtain insights into not only functional meanings but also underlying values, a conceptual framework was developed based primarily on Gutman’s (1982) means-end theory and Rapoport’s (1988) three levels of meaning. A case study was conducted using indepth laddering interviews with ten Korean temporary residents in the Lansing, Michigan, area. Seven dwelling attributes emerged from interviews: two satisfactory attributes (i.e., surrounding natural environment and architecture) and five unsatisfactory attributes (i.e., carpeted floor, interior lighting, acoustics, bathroom, and entryway). Data were analyzed utilizing the measurement of means-end chain (Gutman, 1982), identifying the lower-level, everyday meanings as well as middle-level, latent meanings of dwelling attributes. A hierarchical value map was used to illustrate the interrelationships among the attributes, consequences, and values. Results revealed that dwelling attributes in participants’ current housing did not effectively satisfy their fundamental needs. In particular, carpeted floor was linked to the greatest number of negative meanings. Moreover, the cultural aspects of Korean housing affected the meanings of dwelling attributes in participants’ current homes. Findings suggest design professionals, facility managers, and policymakers must understand how people from other cultures attach different meanings to the dwelling attributes in their homes and provide more culturally responsive residential environments.
Basic Human Worth: Secular and Religious Perspectives

In western liberal democracies (and perhaps more broadly), it’s a truism that each human being has a very special and desirable moral status - roughly, that each has a worth, dignity or sacredness that equals that of any other human being. But, if we assume, as I do, that this special moral status is not just a surd, inexplicable fact about human beings, we’ll want to articulate some plausible account of what it is about each and every human being by virtue of which each has that status. After clarifying the claim at issue, I articulate reason to reject the most plausible secular account of what makes it the case that each human being has basic worth and then articulate a theistic alternative.
Defoliation and Desiccation: Harvest-Aid Practices

Publisher Summary Defoliation is accelerated leaf fall and requires the functioning of living tissues at the leaf base. It is affected by many factors, internal and external. The principal internal factor is the hormone, auxin, the gradient of which across the leaf base regulates leaf fall. The principal external factors are temperature and moisture; defoliation is favoured by relatively high temperature and moderate leaf moisture. Defoliants appear to act through a mild general injury to both blade and petiole; they have no specific biochemical action. Defoliation of cotton is an established practice in many regions and under some conditions but is not necessary in other regions or under other conditions. Successful cotton defoliation requires careful attention in growing the crop and in applying the defoliant. Chemical defoliation and desiccation have been recently discovered to be valuable aids in the harvest of crops. In 1955, approximately 2,968,973 acres of cotton were treated with defoliants and desiccants. This chapter discusses such harvest-aid practices and the basic factors, which underlie these practices.
Mobile Surface Traps in CdSe Nanocrystals with Carboxylic Acid Ligands

We have performed ab initio calculations of electronic properties of the realistic Cd-rich CdSe nanocrystals with covalently bound carboxylic acid (X-type) ligands. Configurations both with and without surface traps can be prepared depending on the amount and geometry of the adsorbed ligands. We find that Cd and Se dangling bonds do not necessarily create surface traps, whereas traps originating from ligands can form near the top of the valence band. Some of the ligands are found to be mobile on the surface and this mobility is accompanied by a spectral diffusion of the associated trap energy levels. This provides the first atomistic example of the processes required to explain the emission wavelength and lifetime variations, and blinking of the nanocrystals.
Surface-Enhanced Hyper-Raman Scattering from Single Molecules

We report on the ability of surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering (SEHRS) to detect single molecules. Evidence for this conclusion is provided by measuring a large number of individual spectra from a mixture containing isotopically labeled dye molecules.
The frugality phenomenon

A ‘counter-economy’ more interested in psychic than material income seems to be taking root within the mainstream of the industrialized nations
The Influence of Host Plants on Parasitism of Eggs of the Tobacco Hornworm

Eggs of Manduca sexta (Johannson) were parasitized by Tetenomus sphingis (Ashmead), Trichogramma minutum Riley, and Anastatus sp. on solanaceous hosts other than tobacco in North Carolina. Although low and variable during midsummer, parasitism rose to 48% of naturally occurring eggs in September on Jimson-weed, Datura stramonium L. At this time 75% of the parasitized eggs yielded Telenomus sphingis and 25% Trichogramma minutum . Comparable samples of eggs from tobacco were not parasitized. In the laboratory, T. minutum failed to parasitize eggs on fresh tobacco foliage but readily attacked eggs on other substrates. The tiny parasites became stuck to the tobacco leaf in the gummy exudate of the trichomes. Telenomus sphingis , being larger than Trichogramma minutum , was able to cope with the sticky substrate to some extent, but Its movements on tobacco were inhibited and it parasitized significantly fewer eggs on tobacco than on any other substrate.
The course of major depressive disorder from childhood to young adulthood: Recovery and recurrence in a longitudinal observational study.

Background The episodic nature of major depressive disorder (MDD) in clinically referred adults has been well-characterized, particularly by the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study. Previous work has established that MDD also is episodic prior to adulthood, but no study has yet provided comprehensive information on the actual course of MDD in clinically referred juveniles. Thus, the present investigation sought to characterize recovery, recurrence, and their predictors across multiple episodes of MDD in initially 8- to 13-year-old outpatients (N=102), and to estimate freedom from morbidity (“well-time”) across the years.
Design of a multilayer five‐input majority gate and adder/subtractor circuits in NML computing

Implementation of a five-input majority gate, full adder, and full subtractor using multiple layers in nanomagnetic logic is proposed. Correct functionality of the designs was verified through the use of a special purpose Verilog library.
Delayed Intervention of Small Renal Masses on Active Surveillance

Although surgical excision is the standard of therapy for small renal masses (SRMs), there is a growing recognition of active surveillance as an option in select patients who are poor surgical candidates or who have shorter life expectancy. A number of patients on expectant management, however, subsequently advance to definitive therapy. In this study, we systematically reviewed the literature and performed a pooled analysis of active surveillance series to evaluate the rate and indications for definitive treatment after initiating a period of active surveillance. Fourteen clinical series (1245 patients; 1364 lesions) met our selection criteria. Mean lesion size at presentation was 2.30 ± 0.40 cm with a mean follow-up of 33.6 ± 16.9 months. Collectively, 34.0% of patients underwent delayed intervention, which ranged in individual series from 3.6% to 70.3%. Of patients undergoing delayed intervention, the average time on active surveillance prior to definitive treatment was 27.8 ± 10.6 months. A pooled analysis revealed that 41.0% of patients underwent therapy secondary to tumor growth rate and 51.9% secondary to patient or physician preference in the absence of clinical progression. Overall, 1.1% of all patients progressed to metastatic disease during the average follow-up period. Thus, active surveillance may be an appropriate option for carefully selected patients with SRMs. However, delayed treatment is pursued in a significant percentage of patients within 3 years. Prospective registries and clinical trials with standardized indications for delayed intervention are needed to establish true rates of disease progressions and recommendations for delayed intervention.