cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Compatibility of Tebufenozide with a Laboratory Lepidopteran Host/Hymenopteran Parasitoid Population

Abstract The ecdysone agonist tebufenozide appears to be a lepidopteran-specific insect growth regulator that has no effect on ectoparasitic Hymenoptera and only affects endoparasitic Hymenoptera indirectly through its affect on the host's physiology in laboratory tests. Hyssopus pallidus [Eulophidae] adults readily stung and oviposited on codling moth hosts that had slipped their head capsules forward after being fed an artificial diet containing up to 40 ppm (24 × LC 50 ) tebufenozide, and their ectoparasitic progeny pupated. These eulophids were reared for five generations exclusively on hosts that were fed a high concentration of tebufenozide. Even an endoparasitoid, Ascogaster quadridentata, egressed from hosts fed an artificial diet containing 3× more tebufenozide (0.080 ppm) than the LC 50 for nonparasitized codling moth larvae. Time to adult parasitoid eclosion was not affected by host exposure to sublethal concentrations of tebufenozide. The LC 50 for diet containing tebufenozide fed to codling moth, Cydia pomonella, in their ultimate stadium was 0.025 ppm. Time to eclosion of moths was significantly ( P P LC 50 concentration of the ecdysone agonist oviposited fewer viable eggs.
Model-independent particle accelerator tuning

We present a new model-independent dynamic feedback technique, rotation rate tuning, for automatically and simultaneously tuning coupled components of uncertain, complex systems. The main advantages of the method are: (1) it has the ability to handle unknown, time-varying systems, (2) it gives known bounds on parameter update rates, (3) we give an analytic proof of its convergence and its stability, and (4) it has a simple digital implementation through a control system such as the experimental physics and industrial control system (EPICS). Because this technique is model independent it may be useful as a real-time, in-hardware, feedback-based optimization scheme for uncertain and time-varying systems. In particular, it is robust enough to handle uncertainty due to coupling, thermal cycling, misalignments, and manufacturing imperfections. As a result, it may be used as a fine-tuning supplement for existing accelerator tuning/control schemes. We present multiparticle simulation results demonstrating the scheme's ability to simultaneously adaptively adjust the set points of 22 quadrupole magnets and two rf buncher cavities in the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) Linear Accelerator's transport region, while the beam properties and rf phase shift are continuously varying. The tuning is based only on beam current readings, without knowledge of particle dynamics. We also present an outline of how to implement this general scheme in software for optimization, and in hardware for feedback-based control/tuning, for a wide range of systems.
Spherical near-field antenna measurements, edited by J.E. Hansen

Near-Field Testing (NFT) methods have assumed an increasingly important role in modern antenna metrology (see the June 1988 special issue of the. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation). Although theoretically and practically complex, near-field measurements can provide unexcelled accuracy, and they can be performed in the compact, controlled environment of a standards laboratory.
Factors Related to Variability in Feeding Intensity of Juvenile Coho Salmon and Chinook Salmon

Abstract Variations in the feeding intensity of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and chinook salmon O. tshawytscha collected in coastal waters of Washington and Oregon were examined with respect to year, month, and area of collection and to light intensity, chlorophyll concentration, zooplankton biomass, and salmon abundance measured at the location of capture. Although the absolute amount of food in stomachs increased with increasing predator length, there was not a significant relation between stomach contents (as percent body weight) and predator length for either salmon species. Variations by year and month (but not by area) of collection were significant when examined independently for coho salmon; area (but not year and month) of collection was a significant variable for chinook salmon. Chlorophyll concentration (for coho salmon) and light intensity (for chinook salmon) contributed somewhat to the variability in feeding intensity as determined by a multiple-regression analysis but the abund...
Systemic Protection by Antioxidants Against Uvl-Induced Erythema

An antioxidant supplemented diet provided marked systemic protection against ultraviolet light mediated erythema in hairless mice. Among the individual constituents of the diet, butylated hydroxytoluene was most effective whereas glutathione and vitamins C and E afforded negligible protection. The mixture of antioxidants, and butylated hydroxytoluene individually, demonstrated diminished, but significant, protection when applied topically. The safety of this systemic photoprotectant and its clinical relevance at present is unknown.
Specific regulation of CYP27B1 and VDR in proximal versus distal renal cells.

Abstract In this study, we utilized murine renal proximal (MPCT-G) and distal (DKC-8) tubular epithelial cell lines to compare the gene expressions and promoter activities of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor (VDR) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) in response to 50 nM of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and changes in extracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration. In MPCT-G cells, VDR gene expression was suppressed by PTH, whereas CYP27B1 gene expression was elevated in response to PTH. In DKC-8 cells, treatment of PTH significantly increased the relative gene expression of VDR by 6.5-fold while CYP27B1 gene expression was unchanged. High Ca2+ exposure stimulated VDR gene expression and repressed CYP27B1 gene expression in both dose and time-dependent fashion in MPCT-G but not DKC-8 cells. The analysis of promoter activities and VDR protein levels corresponded with the gene expression data. We conclude that PTH-mediated decrease in VDR and increase in renal CYP27B1 is proximal cell-specific.
Impairment of fixed-interval responding during chronic alcohol drinking in rats

Rats housed either in activity wheels or in standard cages were placed on a restricted feeding schedule and trained in operant chambers to respond on an FI-40 schedule for sugar-water rewards. When body weights and FI responding were stable, half of the subjects in each housing condition received both water and a 10% beer-ethanol solution ad lib for the next 30 days while the remaining subjects continued to receive water as their sole fluid. Subjects offered alcohol, irrespective of housing condition, drank a mean of 9.9 g/kg/day during the 30 days and showed shifts in the distribution of their responses within the fixed intervals. Reliable changes also occurred in measures of body weight, water intake, and activity for subjects that consumed alcohol.
Estrogen Depletion Results in Nanoscale Morphology Changes in Dermal Collagen

Tissue cryo-sectioning combined with atomic force microscopy imaging reveals that the nanoscale morphology of dermal collagen fibrils, quantified using the metric of D-periodic spacing, changes under the condition of estrogen depletion. Specifically, a new subpopulation of fibrils with D-spacings in the region between 56 and 59nm is present 2 years following ovariectomy in ovine dermal samples. In addition, the overall width of the distribution, both values above and below the mean, was found to be increased. The change in width due to an increase in lower values of D-spacings was previously reported for ovine bone; however, this report demonstrates that the effect is also present in non-mineralized collagen fibrils. A nonparametric Kolmogorov–Smirnov test of the cumulative density function indicates a statistical difference in the sham and OVX D-spacing distributions (Po0.01).
Total synthesis of (+)-galbulimima alkaloid 13 and (+)-himgaline.

The stereoselective syntheses of (+)-himgaline (1) and (+)-GB13 (2) are described. Important diastereoselective bond constructions include an intramolecular Diels−Alder reaction, an intramolecular Michael addition, and an intramolecular enamine aldol addition.
An adaptive extrapolation discontinuous Galerkin method for the valuation of Asian options

We consider the approximation of the optimal stopping problem associated with ultradiffusion processes in the context of mathematical finance and the valuation of Asian options. In particular, the value function is characterized as the solution of an ultraparabolic variational inequality. Employing the penalty method and a regularization of the state space, we develop higher-order adaptive approximation schemes which utilize the extrapolation discontinuous Galerkin method in temporal space. Numerical examples are provided in order to demonstrate the approach.
Prospective Confirmation of Low Arrest Rates among Intoxicated Drivers in Motor Vehicle Crashes

OBJECTIVE: Several states have legally sanctioned or mandated physician reporting of drivers who were driving while intoxicated (DWI). Valid prospective evidence demonstrating extremely poor performance of the criminal justice system seems ethically and scientifically essential if overriding public health considerations are to abrogate the fundamental principles of patient-physician confidentiality. No such evidence is available. The authors reasoned that poor performance of the judicial system would be most evident if drivers who were DWI were not arrested under conditions selected to optimize legal intervention. The authors therefore wished to estimate the unbiased proportion of DWI drivers brought to an emergency department (ED) under these optimized conditions who escape detection by law enforcement officials. METHODS: Prospective, consecutive cohort of drivers transported to an urban ED following a motor vehicle crash (MVC). Conditions selected to optimize legal intervention included: police at scene; inebriation of driver clinically evident to out-of-hospital personnel; and confirmatory blood ethanol level > or =100 mg/dL (> or =22 mmol/L). Main outcome measure was arrest for DWI. RESULTS: Of 294 drivers in MVCs, 270 had ethanol levels, of whom 18 met criteria for optimum likelihood of legal intervention. Of these, 22% were arrested for DWI (95% CI = 6% to 48%). Adjustment for missing data, under assumptions designed to maximize arrest frequency for DWI, did not materially alter these findings. No patients were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: These findings prospectively confirm that, even under conditions selected to optimize detection by law enforcement officials, only about one of every five drivers who were DWI and were brought to an ED following an MVC-and almost certainly no more than a minority-comes to the attention of the criminal justice system.
Actin integrity is indispensable for CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells.

We have recently provided data suggesting a potential role for mitochondria and Bcl-2-family molecules in apoptosis sensitivity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we report on the role of filamentous (F) actin in this process. Disruption of actin by cytochalasin D (cytD) or lantrunculin A remarkably reduced CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells while their spontaneous apoptosis was unaffected. This inhibition cannot be attributed to changes of CD95/Fas distribution or levels in these cells. Furthermore, cytD treatment reduced CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T cells from HIV+ patients independently of their differentiation status. CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of both CD38+ and CD38− HIV-specific CD8+ T cells was inhibited by cytD treatment indicating that actin mediates this apoptotic process independently of the activation level of these cells. CytD was found to reduce the activation of caspase-8 induced by short treatment of purified CD8+ T cells from HIV+ patients with anti-CD95/Fas. Our data reveal actin as a critical mediator of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell apoptosis; further analysis of the molecular mechanisms governing this process may potentially contribute to design new therapies targeting the enhancement of the immune system in HIV infection.
Phase alignment based on crystal orientation in Mn-Sb and Al-Ni alloys induced by high magnetic fields

Those materials with an one dimensional phase-aligned structure have a large amount of potentiality as engineering materials because of their exceptional optical, electrical and anisotropically mechanical properties. Many researchers are now working determinedly to explore the methods for fabricating this kind of material. Recently, high magnetic fields have been used to fabricate non-magnetic materials with textured structure where anisotropic magnetic energy should be strong enough to induce preferred crystal orientation. Based on this mechanism, we developed an in situ process for fabricating phase-aligned composites using high magnetic fields. In this work, hypoeutectic Mn-Sb and hypereutectic Al-Ni alloys were solidified in various magnetic fields. The primary MnSb dendrites in the solidified Mn-Sb alloys were found to be macrostructurally aligned along the field direction, while the primary Al3Ni phases in the Al-Ni alloys were found to be macrostructurally aligned perpendicular to the field direction. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement results suggested that these two phases were also oriented by the magnetic field. It was believed that the above-mentioned alignment is based on the crystal orientation and relevant to the heat flux direction, the preferred growth direction and the concentration field around crystallized crystals.
SNA Function Management

The path control network of Systems Network Architecture (SNA) supports communication between pairs of network addressable units called logical units, usually referred to as LU's. When communicating, information flows between LU's over a logical connection called a session. SNA defines three categories of messages which flow on LU-to-LU sessions-- session control, data flow control, and function management data. Thispaper discusses the structui'e and semantics of messages and protocols used by one LU to manage functions performed by a remote LU. The relatio.nship between distribution of function, the nature of the information, the technology, and the architecture of the data stream will be discussed. The data Streams used by SNA printers and 3270 displays will be used as examples. The paper concludes with a discussion of the possible impact of advancing electronic technology on data stream architecture.
The dynamics of calcium distribution in the synergid cells of wheat after pollination

Sister synergids of wheat were examined for post-pollination calcium distribution using freeze-substitution fixation, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. At 15–30 min postpollination (before pollen-tube penetration and discharge), the sister synergids were similar in size and in elemental concentrations. Both synergids measured about the same as the egg and contained relatively high concentrations of calcium, potassium, and magnesium. The sister synergids remained identical even in an aberrant case where a pollen tube had penetrated, but not discharged into a synergid. After 30 min post-pollination (after pollen-tube discharge), typically one of the sister synergids was reduced in size and devoid of high concentrations of elements. The other synergid initially remained unaltered and only later underwent slight size reduction; however, it retained high concentrations of elements. The results indicate that high concentrations of calcium, potassium, and magnesium are rapidly lost from a synergid following pollen-tube discharge. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the regulation of entry by only a single pollen tube into an embryo sac.
A convenient synthesis of isocyclam and [16]aneN4 and the photophysics of their dicyanochromium(III) complexes

Abstract The syntheses of the tetraazamacrocyclic ligands 1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (isocyclam) and 1,5,9,13-tetraazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN 4 ) in two steps starting from the corresponding tetraamine and diethylmalonate is reported. The trans -dicyanochromium(III) complexes, trans -[Cr(isocyclam)(CN) 2 ]PF 6 and trans -[Cr([16]aneN 4 )(CN) 2 ]PF 6 have also been prepared. Both are 2 E g emitters with 0–0 band emission wavelengths at 721.2 and 704.8 nm, respectively. The isocyclam complex has a room temperature excited state lifetime of 147 μs in aqueous solution which increases to 215 μs upon macrocyclic N–H deuteration, whereas the corresponding lifetime of the [16]aneN 4 complex is 25 μs and is unaffected by macrocyclic N–H deuteration. The implications of the temperature dependence of the excited state lifetimes are also presented.
Investigation of temperature parallel simulated annealing for optimizing continuous functions with application to hyperspectral tomography

Abstract The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is a well-established optimization technique which has found applications in many research areas. However, the SA algorithm is limited in its application due to the high computational cost and the difficulties in determining the annealing schedule. This paper demonstrates that the temperature parallel simulated annealing (TPSA) algorithm, a parallel implementation of the SA algorithm, shows great promise to overcome these limitations when applied to continuous functions. The TPSA algorithm greatly reduces the computational time due to its parallel nature, and avoids the determination of the annealing schedule by fixing the temperatures during the annealing process. The main contributions of this paper are threefold. First, this paper explains a simple and effective way to determine the temperatures by applying the concept of critical temperature ( T C ). Second, this paper presents systematic tests of the TPSA algorithm on various continuous functions, demonstrating comparable performance as well-established sequential SA algorithms. Third, this paper demonstrates the application of the TPSA algorithm on a difficult practical inverse problem, namely the hyperspectral tomography problem. The results and conclusions presented in this work provide are expected to be useful for the further development and expanded applications of the TPSA algorithm.
Effect of an oral beta2-adrenergic agonist on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in normals and in patients with achalasia

The effect of the beta2-adrenergic agonist, carbuterol, was studied on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in normals and in patients with achalasia. In normals, the mean LES pressure decreased from 23.1 +/- 6.2 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) to 16.0 +/- 5.0 mm Hg at a 4.0-mg dose of carbuterol (P less than 0.05). In patients with achalasia, the mean LES pressure decreased from 50.1 +/- 5.1 mm Hg to 22.7 +/- 2.4 mm Hg after a 4.0-mg dose of carbuterol (P less than 0.01). The duration of action following oral administration exceeded 90 min. These studies indicate that the LES in man has beta2-adrenergic receptors that mediate a reduction in pressure. The magnitude of LES pressure reduction in patients with achalasia suggests that this drug may be of therapeutic benefit.
Extended leaf phenology, allelopathy, and inter-population variation influence invasion success of an understory forest herb

Extended leaf phenology (ELP) may commonly drive invasion in Eastern deciduous forests of North America. ELP may confer an advantage in competition, and may interact with other invasion factors. For example, ELP may interact with allelopathy (release of toxins) if exposure to seasonal light influences allelochemical production. Here, we examine ELP and its interaction with glucosinolate (allelochemical) production in invasive garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). To test ELP’s role in invasion, garlic mustard was grown in monoculture or polyculture with native species under natural and extended shade regimes. Consistent with an ELP invasion mechanism, garlic mustard survival was higher in natural shade than extended shade, although invader biomass and native responses did not differ between light treatments. While garlic mustard leaf glucosinolate concentration was higher in natural than extended shade during September of its first year, this pattern did not hold at three other time points. Stronger support for the role of ELP in driving garlic mustard invasion emerged from direct manipulation of germination phenology, with higher garlic mustard survival and biomass resulting when germination occurred earlier in the season. Analysis of allelochemical production across eight populations of garlic mustard revealed significant inter-population variation in glucosinolate responses to light availability. Overall, results of these three experiments indicate that ELP may facilitate garlic mustard’s survival in invaded communities. We did not find strong evidence for a synergistic relationship between ELP and allelopathic potential, possibly due to high levels of inter-population variation in the relationship between allelopathy and light.
Anomalies observed in the shallow acceptor states in GaAs.

Bound-exciton transitions have been observed from the shallow acceptors zinc and carbon in good-quality epitaxial layers of GaAs. The exciton transitions of interest are those that leave the acceptor in an excited terminal state. Three excited states were observed for carbon and six excited states for zinc. The energy positions of the higher excited states in zinc are compared with the theoretical predictions from the hydrogenic model. The carbon and germanium shallow acceptors reflect central-cell effects in the energies of their 2P states. These results are contrary to the theoretical predictions that the energy levels of the P states should be independent of impurity type.
Inorganic Pi increases neuronal survival in the acute early phase following excitotoxic/oxidative insults

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a vital role in intracellular energy metabolism. Its many effects include stimulation of glucose use, enhancement of high-energy phosphate concentrations, and modulation of cytosolic free [Ca2+]. Cultured fetal rat cortical neurons constitutively import Pi, and cytosolic levels positively correlate with [ATP], [NADPH], and energy charge. In the present study, we demonstrate that the concentration of intracellular Pi is an important determinant of acute neuronal survival after an excitotoxic or oxidative insult to cultured fetal rat cortical neurons. Extracellular Pi dose-dependently enhanced survival of cortical neurons after exposure to NMDA at early (< or = 6 h) time points after termination of the insult. Pi similarly increased neuronal survival after exposure to kainic acid or H2O2. Pi-exposed neurons had higher basal intracellular [Pi], [ATP], and [GSH], and slightly lower cytosolic free [Ca2+], compared with Pi-deprived neurons. Pi-exposed neurons maintained increased [ATP] after exposure to NMDA and displayed reduced formation of reactive oxygen species after exposure to kainic acid or H2O2, compared with Pi-deprived neurons. These findings demonstrate that changes in extracellular and intracellular Pi can affect neuronal survival after excitotoxic or oxidative insults.
Rapid vascular cell responses to estrogen and membrane receptors

There is a growing interest in the effects of estrogen on the vascular wall, due to the marked gender difference in the incidence of clinically apparent coronary heart disease, when comparing premenopausal women with age-matched males. Estrogen has numerous effects on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, both of which express estrogen receptors (ERs). Although ERs are classically defined as ligand-activated transcription factors, it has become increasingly clear that estrogen-stimulated, ER-dependent cellular responses can be rapid consequences of signal transduction cascades. The cellular localization and molecular form of the ER(s) which mediates rapid signaling are poorly defined. In this review, we describe the mounting evidence for membrane-localized ERs that vary in structure from classical forms. We also discuss ER-catalyzed molecular complex formations and a variety of estrogen-triggered signal transduction cascades, including those involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, MAP kinase and G-protein-coupled receptors, all of which may induce "protective" profiles in vascular cells.
Security in Mobile IPv6: A survey

Secure mobile communication is essential for the pervasive accessibility of critical information infrastructure. Connecting control systems with the business enterprise, wireless telemetry and mobile user interaction with critical infrastructure systems are examples of services that motivate the need for secure mobile communication. Mobile IPv6 is being touted to provide communication support for such services. The security of Mobile IPv6 poses key challenges impeding its wide-scale adoption. Several security mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. This paper surveys security vulnerabilities of Mobile IPv6, provides a taxonomy for the main existing and proposed solutions, and then extends to outline some open issues.
Single‐cell protein production from spent sulfite liquor utilizing cell‐recycle and computer monitoring

To reduce the BOD of spent sulfite liquor before disposal, torula yeast (Candida utilis) is produced by a continuous culture process, the productivity of which is limited by sugar concentration and cell growth rate. To increase productivity, a recycle system has been designed and tested. Cells were sedimented continuously with a flocculating agent (bentonite) before being recycled to the fermentor. A bentonite concentration of 0.02 g/g cell was required. A computer monitoring system based on material balancing techniques was developed to monitor and control the recycle system. With this computer system, productivity was raised to 6.1 g/L-h, with cell concentrations of less than or equal to 65 g/L in the recycle stream and 24 g/L in the fermentor. This represents a productivity increase of 150% over continuous culture with no recycle.
Melting of a Free Solid in a Spherical Enclosure: Effects of Subcooling

The melting process within a spherical enclosure with the solid phase uniformly subcooled initially has been studied. The preliminary analysis of the problem is similar to a previous study where the degree of subcooling was zero. However, the heat transfer equation has been modified to include the effects of a temperature gradient in the solid core. As a result, a closed-form solution cannot be obtained. At every time step, the unsteady conduction equation has been solved numerically using a toroidal coordinate system, which has been suitably transformed to immobilize the moving boundary and to transform the infinite domain into a finite one. The temperature gradient at the surface is now used to solve the film equation numerically. The melt time, Nusselt number, and melt flux distributions have been obtained over a range of the parameters normally encountered in solar thermal systems.
Fluorescence yield in rare-earth-doped sol–gel silicate glasses

Abstract We have used trivalent terbium to investigate the mechanism behind fluorescence enhancement by Al 3+ co-doping. Our results indicate that rare-earth (RE) ions cluster together in aluminum-rich regions of the glass, and behave as if they were dispersed uniformly throughout these regions when the ratio of Al to RE is ∼10 or greater. We also studied the effects of adding chemical drying agents to the precursor solution for the synthesis of sol–gel-derived silicate glasses. Such glasses can be treated at significantly higher annealing temperatures without degradation of optical quality, and have the density of melt glass. Fluorescence yield from doped RE ions improves markedly with the addition of the drying agents, and the denser glasses are not subject to rehydration.
Virginity, Singleness and Celibacy: Late Fourth-Century and Recent Evangelical Visions of Unmarried Christians

AbstractWithin the Evangelical world of family values, a small but intriguing group of recent books have been developing a vision of Christian celibacy that challenges assumptions about singleness and marriage. Many of these books are partly inspired by the writings of the Early Church. By comparing these books with similarly themed late fourth-century virginity treatises, this study explores how each develops an understanding of committed abstinent singleness as an holistic and positive way of life that goes beyond mere abstinence.The categories of calling, commitment and sexuality are used to contrast Patristic virginity treatises by Gregory of Nyssa, Ambrose of Milan and John Chrysostom with contemporary books on Christian singleness or celibacy by Laura A. Smit, Annemarie S. Kidder, Barry Danylak and Christine A. Colon and Bonnie E. Field. This study focuses on the details of why people would choose such a life, what exactly they are committing to, and how they would handle sexual desire. Each source ...
Direct Observation of the Time Evolution of a Biomolecular Transition

Fundamental to our current understanding of biomolecular transitions is the notion of diffusion on a free energy landscape, which serves as a model for processes ranging from protein and RNA folding to the stepping of molecular motors. Distilling the complex interactions of biomolecules into a single transition coordinate across a free energy landscape has led to many accurate predictions. However, such motions have never been observed directly until now. Here, we present an analysis of thousands of nucleosome state transitions, observed at different forces and ionic concentrations, using an optical trap and associated data acquisition with microsecond time resolution. These measurements permit us to directly observe the time evolution across the transition path and the distribution of transition path times. We furthermore show how these properties are affected by force and ionic concentration.
Forage Growth and Performance of Grazing Dairy Cows Supplemented with Concentrate and Chopped or Long Hay

Abstract Holstein and Brown Swiss cows were in three groups of eight in a 3×3 Latin square design with 4-wk periods. Cows averaged 88 d in lactation at start of trial. All cows simultaneously grazed grass and clover pastures on a rotational basis. Supplement treatments were concentrate (A), concentrate with 10% added chopped hay (B), and concentrate plus 1kg long hay/cow daily (C). Concentrate was offered at 1 kg/3kg 4% fat-corrected milk to cows on A and C, and 1 kg/2.7kg to those on B. Forage growth, amounts available for grazing, and average dry matter intake were measured by clipping subsamples prior to and after each grazing and by use of cages placed in the field. Milk yields and milk fat percentages were 27.1, 3.34; 27.9, 3.32; and 28.3, 3.20 for treatments A, B, and C, respectively. Differences between A and C were significant. Milk fat percentage decreased moderately when cows first went to pasture. There were no treatment differences in fat yield, milk protein percentage, yield of fat-corrected milk, rumen fluid composition, or body weight gain. Available forage per cow exceeded 22kg dry matter/cow daily except during one 10-d period toward the end of the trial when it amounted to 16.6kg. Intake of dry matter from pasturage, measured by the sward cutting technique, averaged 14.5kg./cow daily over the 12 wk.
Conifer somatic embryogenesis: improvements by supplementation of medium with oxidation–reduction agents

A major barrier to the commercialization of somatic embryogenesis technology in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is recalcitrance of some high-value crosses to initiate embryogenic tissue (ET) and continue early-stage somatic embryo growth. Developing initiation and multiplication media that resemble the seed environment has been shown to decrease this recalcitrance. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate analyses were performed weekly throughout the sequence of seed development for female gametophyte and zygotic embryo tissues to determine physiological concentrations. Major differences in stage-specific oxidation-reduction (redox) agents were observed. A simple bioassay was used to evaluate potential growth-promotion of natural and inorganic redox agents added to early-stage somatic embryo growth medium. Compounds showing statistically significant increases in early-stage embryo growth were then tested for the ability to increase initiation of loblolly pine. Low-cost reducing agents sodium dithionite and sodium thiosulfate increased ET initiation for loblolly pine and Douglas fir (Mirb) Franco. Germination medium supplementation with GSSG increased somatic embryo germination. Early-stage somatic embryos grown on medium with or without sodium thiosulfate did not differ in GSH or GSSG content, suggesting that sodium thiosulfate-mediated growth stimulation does not involve GSH or GSSG. We have developed information demonstrating that alteration of the redox environment in vitro can improve ET initiation, early-stage embryo development and somatic embryo germination in loblolly pine.
Determining Fair Share Regional Targets for Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation and Land Use: California’s Experience Under Senate Bill 375

California passed landmark planning legislation, Senate Bill (S.B.) 375, in 2008, calling on the state's urban regions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through more efficient transportation and land use. During 2010, the California Air Resources Board worked with the state's 18 metropolitan planning organizations to define and adopt performance targets for emissions reductions in each region according to S.B. 375. This target-setting process represents the first systematic effort by a U.S. state to assess the impacts of existing regional transportation and land use plans on greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt specific, realizable alternative scenarios in furtherance of state climate policy goals. This paper considers the technical and political challenges of defining the performance targets across regions and agencies with different conditions and capabilities. The paper depicts the S.B. 375 target-setting process as inherently political and collaborative. The paper also presents analysis from the tar...
Cup-Feeding for Preterm Infants: Mechanics and Safety

Cup-feeding is recommended for breastfed preterm infants to avoid artificial nipples. However, the oral mechanisms used in cup-feeding, or its safety and efficacy, have not been described. The authors measured sipping, breathing, SaO2, and volume of intake during 15 cup-feeding sessions for 8 infants (mean gestational age at birth was 30.6 weeks). Mean duration of sipping bursts and pauses was 3.6 seconds and 28.1 seconds, respectively. Mean breathing rate during bursts and pauses was similar (46.2 +/- 24.3 vs 45.7 +/- 17.7, respectively), with SaO2 > or = 90% during all bursts. Mean duration of cup-feedings was 15.2 +/- 3.9 minutes (range, 11.0-23.3), whereas mean volume of intake was only 4.6 +/- 2.2 mL (range, 1.5-8). For the 15 sessions, 38.5% of milk taken from the cup was recovered on the bib. Although infants remain physiologically stable, cup-feeding has questionable efficacy and efficiency. Differentiating between actual intake versus spillage of milk merits attention.
Can we optimize biomonitoring

Biomonitoring is an element of environmental management that must become more sophisticated to meet the demands of legislation and public concern for environmental safety. Data collection and analysis techniques must improve if environmental scientists are to take full advantage of the information content of field and laboratory biomonitoring efforts. Issues associated with biomonitoring, which we address, include test system selection and the data characteristics of various biomonitoring techniques. We identify optimization as a possible approach to resolving conflicts between legal defensibility, scientific accuracy, and the requirements of environmental managers.
Optimal trajectory generation for robotic manipulators using dynamic programming

The problem of optimal control of robotic manipulators is dealt with in two stages: (1) optimal trajectory planning, which is performed off-line and results in the prescription of the position and velocity of each link as a function of time along a “given” path and (2) on-line trajectory tracking, during which the manipulator is guided along the planned trajectory using a feedback control algorithm. In order to obtain a general trajectory planning algorithm which could account for various constraints and performance indices, the technique of dynamic programming is adopted. It is shown that for a given path, this problem is reduced to a search over the velocity of one moving manipulator link. The design of the algorithm for optimal trajectory planning and the relevant computational issues are discussed. Simulations are performed to test the effectiveness of this method. The use of this algorithm in conjunction with an on-line controller is also presented.
TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY IN A REGULATION-DRIVEN MARKET: LESSONS FROM THE US SUPERFUND PROGRAM

Estimates by the US Office of Technology Assessment of the costs to clean up the 1246 EPA National Priority List sites stand at more than $500 billion over the next 50 years. This cost estimate is based on existing technologies which are neither as technically advanced nor economically efficient as is necessary to realistically complete the job. However, despite the potential profits for remediation technology vendors, new and innovative technologies are not entering the market as rapidly as is needed. This is the result of major flaws in the US regulatory program, the Superfund, for dealing with the issue. Using neoclassical economic theories of technological change, the two primary obstacles to remediation technology research are identified: appropriability and market uncertainty. The conclusions reached offer valuable lessons for US policy-makers in revamping the present system. These lessons can also be applied to policy-makers in other countries as an example of how government intervention in the market can be not only inefficient, but also a hindrance for technological development.
Early detection of autism spectrum disorders: Screening between 12 and 24 months of age

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present nurse practitioners (NPs) with information on screening for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children between 12 and 24 months of age. Recommendations are also provided for appropriate referrals and initiation of early intervention (EI). Data sources: Review of published literature about ASD. Conclusions: Children with ASD exhibit impaired social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication deficits, and repetitive, restricted, and stereotyped patterns of behavior or interests. Studies show that these children benefit from beginning intensive EI as soon as possible. Implications for practice: Early detection enables children with suspected ASD to be evaluated by specialists and entered into treatment programs at the earliest possible opportunity. Because of the importance of early diagnosis of ASD, it is critical that NPs use established screening instruments to maximize time and increase the reliability of the assessment.
Optimal grouping algorithm for a group decision feedback detector in synchronous CDMA communications

The group decision feedback (GDF) detector is studied in this letter. Given the maximum group size, a grouping algorithm is proposed. It is shown that the proposed grouping algorithm maximizes the symmetric energy of the multiuser detection system. Furthermore, based on a set of lower bounds on asymptotic group effective energy (AGEE) of the GDF detector, it is shown that the proposed grouping algorithm, in fact, maximizes the AGEE lower bound for every group of users. The theoretical analysis of the grouping algorithm enables the offline estimation of the computational cost and the performance of a GDF detector. The computational complexity of a GDF detector is exponential in the largest size of the groups. Simulation results are presented to verify the theoretical conclusions. The results from this letter can be applied to the decision feedback detector by setting the maximum group size to one.
Fundamental Frequency and Discourse Structure

The height of clause-peak fundamental frequency (normalized across speakers) was taken as the physical correlate of an observer's global impression of the relative pitch height of utterances embedd...
ROMANCE NARRATIVE IN HARDY’S A PAIR OF BLUE EYES

Thomas Hardy came to the writer’s life with prodigious endowments and little self-confidence. His struggle with this unlikely predicament shows up repeatedly in his career, but nowhere so often as in its early stages. The “Studies and Specimens” Notebook, completed in the mid-1860s, bears touching witness to the labor of a greatly gifted writer teaching himself the very rudiments of literary form. The editors of the notebook speak accurately of the “diligence and doggedness” of his striving (Dalziel and Millgate xv). At the time his striving was dedicated to mastering poetry, the first and always most favored of his muses. But in 1867 “under the stress of necessity” he shifted his focus to “a kind of literature in which he had hitherto taken but little interest – prose fiction” (Life and Work of Thomas Hardy 58). With varying results he turned to writing novels, still testing his vocation until 1873 when he published A Pair of Blue Eyes, which, together with his impending marriage, fixed his literary course for decades to come.
Infections in Children and Adolescents With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated With Tumor Necrosis Factor–α Inhibitors: Systematic Review of the Literature

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors are increasingly administered to children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (pIBD). Adult studies indicate that TNF-α inhibitors lead to an increased risk of serious infections compared to other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. We report herein a systematic literature review detailing the epidemiology and types of infections reported in children with JIA and pIBD treated with TNF-α inhibitors. The most frequently reported infections were mild and characterized as viral in etiology. Severe bacterial and fungal infections also occurred, but were less common and possibly associated with intrinsic risk factors and concurrent immunosuppressive therapy. Few pediatric patients developed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, likely due to effective screening. There were 8 infectious fatalities in children treated with TNF-α inhibitors. Overall, although rare, serious infections occur in immunocompromised children and adolescents with JIA and pIBD receiving TNF-α inhibitors.
Maximum margin linear kernel optimization for speaker verification

This paper describes a novel approach for discriminative modeling and its application to automatic text-independent speaker verification. This approach maximizes the margin between the model scores for pairs of utterances belonging to the same speaker and for pairs of utterances belonging to different speakers. A low-dimensional linear kernel is estimated which maximizes this margin. This approach emphasizes features which have a better ability to discriminate between scores belonging to pairs of utterances of the same target speakers and those of different speakers. In this paper, we apply this approach to the NIST 2005 speaker verification task. Compared to the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) baseline system, a 17.7% relative improvement in the minimum detection cost function (DCF) and a 11.7% relative improvement in equal error rate (EER) are obtained. We achieve also a 5.7% relative improvement in EER and 2.3% relative improvement in DCF by using our approach on top of a nuisance attribute projection (NAP) compensated GMMbased kernel baseline system.
Observations on development, morphology and biology in Phaeocollybia

Investigation of Phaeocollybia in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California has led to a better understanding of the characters and biology of the genus as a whole. Generically significant characters – pseudorhizas, pellicular veil, tibiiform diverticula, and sarcodimitic tissues – are examined in depth with four variations of branched and unbranched pseudorhizal patterns outlined. Basidiome development is traced from subterranean initiation to fully mature emergent basidiomes. Hypotheses on the ontogeny of Phaeocollybia basidiomes and biological associations are developed based on extensive observations of primordia and numerous field excavations. Comparisons between rhizomorphs and the thread-like pseudorhizal extensions of certain species are made and the term ‘rhizomorphic pseudorhiza’ is introduced. Possible biological strategies are explored and evidence for consideration of Phaeocollybia as a mycorrhizal genus is presented.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation by Epidermal Growth Factor Mediates Oxidant-Induced Goblet Cell Metaplasia in Human Airway Epithelium

Mucus overproduction in inflammatory and obstructive airway diseases is associated with goblet cell (GC) metaplasia in airways. Although the mechanisms involved in GC metaplasia and mucus hypersecretion are not completely understood, association with oxidative stress and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has been reported. To explore the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress–induced GC metaplasia, cultures of differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells grown at the air–liquid interface were exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase. EGFR activation and signaling was assessed by measuring EGF and transforming growth factor-α release and EGFR and 44/42MAPK phosphorylation. The GC population was evaluated by confocal microscopy. ROS-induced EGFR activation resulted in GC proliferation and increased MUC5AC gene and protein expression. Signaling was due to pro-EGF processing by tissue kallikrein (TK), which was activated by ROS-induced hyaluron...
RFID Technologym - Are You Ready for It?

In this paper, the technical considerations and broad business implications of RFID are focused. The basic RFID hardware elements are tags and readers. The data exchanged between these two elements may be encrypted or processed as needed. From a technical point of view, the challenges in designing an RFID tag are many. Silicon technology can deliver the required circuit performance at low cost and high volume and efforts are made to design a system on chip (SOC) at RF frequency.
Application of the extinction theorem to some antenna problems

The Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem is applied to some antenna problems. In particular, the theorem is extended to the concept of surface impedance and this form is developed into a method for analysing the performance of an antenna in the presence of a finite ground screen. The approach first simulates the antenna over an infinite perfectly conducting plane and then further processes the resulting antenna currents to yield the gain pattern over a finite screen.
A tabular macromodeling approach to fast timing simulation including parasitics

The approach accounts for RC parasitic loading, overlapping inputs, and incomplete charging or discharging of output nodes. The macromodeling splits the subcircuits data into transistor-gate information and loading information. In a given design many subcircuits have identical gate configurations, but each instance of a gate has a unique RC loading condition. During simulation the gate and loading information is combined and used to calculate output-node voltage changes. All necessary information needed for voltage calculations are precomputed and stored in tables. The proposed macromodeling and the delay method greatly reduce simulation time. The approach has been implemented in a simulator called IDSIM2, and a number of large examples have been simulated. Speedups of up to three orders of magnitude have been obtained compared to standard circuit simulation, with loss of accuracy of less than 10%. >