cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The trade-off between growth rate and yield in microbial communities and the consequences for under-snow soil respiration in a high elevation coniferous forest

Soil microbial respiration is a critical component of the global carbon cycle, but it is uncertain how properties of microbes affect this process. Previous studies have noted a thermodynamic trade-off between the rate and efficiency of growth in heterotrophic organisms. Growth rate and yield deter- mine the biomass-specific respiration rate of growing microbial populations, but these traits have not previously been used to scale from microbial commu- nities to ecosystems. Here we report seasonal variation in microbial growth kinetics and temperature responses (Q10) in a coniferous forest soil, relate these properties to cultured and uncultured soil microbes, and model the effects of shifting growth kinetics on soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh). Soil microbial communities from under-snow had higher growth rates and lower growth yields than the summer and fall communities from exposed soils, causing higher biomass-specific respiration rates. Growth rate and yield were strongly negatively correlated. Based on experiments using specific growth inhibitors, bacteria had higher growth rates and lower yields than fungi, overall, suggesting a more important role for bacteria in determining Rh. The dominant bacteria from laboratory-incubated soil differed seasonally: faster- growing, cold-adapted Janthinobacterium species dominated in winter and slower-growing, mesophilic Burkholderia and Variovorax species dominated in summer. Modeled Rh was sensitive to microbial kinetics and Q10: a sixfold lower annual Rh resulted from using kinetic parameters from summer versus winter communities. Under the most realistic scenario using seasonally changing communities, the model estimated Rh at 22.67 mol m -2 year -1 , or 47.0% of
Commentary on the difficult child.

Dr William Carey has earned a well-deserved reputation as an important figure in the field of behavioral pediatrics. His studies and writings have enhanced our understanding of a number of behavioral issues that concern both pediatricians and mental health professionals. His major contributions have been in the field of temperament studies. Here, he has been a clinician-researcher who has made valuable theoretical, clinical, and methodologic contributions to the conceptualization of temperament, its systematic measurement, and its practical applications by the practicing clinician. His present review of "The Difficult Child" gives us an authoritative and scholarly survey of one of the complex theoretical and practical issues of temperamental individuality in children. On the one hand, the review summarizes the pertinent research literature briefly but cogently. At the same time, Dr Carey9s judgments and advice are not based on any academic approach but, on the contrary, reflect his own rich clinical and research experience in the field of temperament. My own comments will focus mainly on expanding Dr Carey9s discussion of the basis for the concept of the temperamentally difficult child and his comments on practical management. Our definition of difficult temperament grew out of two separate lines of investigation. First and foremost was the vivid impressions gained by Dr Alexander Thomas and myself as we interviewed the parents in our New York Longitudinal Study(NYLS), which we initiatead in 1956.
Water and ion fluxes of abscisic acid-treated root systems of pear, Pyrus communis

Water and ion fluxes of intact root systems of Pyrus communis L. cv. Old Home × Farmingdale 97 immersed in a nutrient solution were determined at various pressures and temperatures. Water flux (Jv was normalized on the basis of initial flow rates of a root system after 30 min at 0.50 MPa and 25°C, expressed as the ratio Qv. Qv responded linearly to pressures between 0.20 and 0.62 MPa, implying a constant root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) within this range. Similarly Qv was linearly related to temperatures between 7 and 35°C; however, large, rapid temperature changes resulted in a break of the Arrhenius plot of Qv versus the reciprocal of temperature, Abscisic acid (ABA) from 2 × 10−6 to 10−4M, applied to intact root systems, increased Qv within 10–20 min, with the effect leveling off after 1.5 h. At a pressure of 0.50 MPa, ABA at 10-4M enhanced Qv by 28%. The stimulation of Qv was not due to the ethanol solvent since 0.13 or 1.33% ethanol decreased Qv-, The osmotic potential of the xylem fluid was determined and was used to calculate total normalized solute flux. The results suggest that ABA-induced or ethano1-induced changes in Qv were mainly due to changes in Lp and not to changes in ion transport to the xylem.
Can Mobile Technology Improve Treatment of Chronic Pain

Dear Editor, In the United States, there are 143.3 million people who own a smartphone mobile technology as of July 2013, accounting for 60% of the mobile phone market [1]. Concurrently, approximately 100 million people in the United States are suffering from chronic pain [2]. While the intersection of these two populations is unknown, the portion of the people who do have access to a mobile technology and suffer from chronic pain is likely significant to warrant exploration of the benefits of mobile technology applications on the management of chronic pain. In light of the changes in health care with the Affordable Care Act, physicians are asked to adapt and provide a high level of care more efficiently thus driving the growth of mobile technology usage. Modern-day patients now have the opportunity to quickly access health information on the Internet via ubiquitous smartphones or tablets. Within seconds, they can research treatment options, study disease prognosis, and view videos of surgical procedures online. Although physicians remain the most trusted source of medical information, studies have shown that patients also seek this information online. In 2005, a Health Information National Trends survey reported 63.7% of the 6,369 patients studied searched health-related information prior to visiting their physician. The rise in both mobile technology use and the growing number of available pain management mobile applications has led clinicians to questions what applications are available …
The comparative morphology of the vertebrate spinal column. Its form as related to function

The form of the vertebral column is definitely related to its function as a supporting rod, a base for attachment of body and limb muscles, and a protection of the spinal cord and nerves. Primitively composed of a series of simple undifferentiated blocks, it progressively becomes complicated through development of articular processes giving added strength and greater mobility. Simultaneously, the centrum and the neural arch become adapted to withstand tension and compression stresses which vary with the movements possible in different regions of the column. These movements are partially determined by the plane of the zygapophyses and the nature of the intercentral articulation, together with the action of the axial muscles and ligaments. In fish and primitive tetrapods the axial musculature serves as the chief locomotor organ and consists of a series of myomeres extending with little interruption from the head to the tail. In tetrapods the locomotor function is taken over by the limbs and the axial muscles become progressively differentiated into long flexors and extensors of the column and gradually lose their external segmentation.
Iron and the role of Coxiella burnetii in heart disease

Chronic infection of iron-loaded coronary arteries by Chlamydia pneumoniae has been proposed as a heart disease risk factor. Another bacterial pathogen associated with increased risk for development of atherosclerosis is Coxiella burnetii. Like Chl. pneumoniae, C. burnetii is inhaled, multiplies in alveolar macrophages, subsequently becomes associated with arterial disease, and is enhanced by iron loading. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:409–410, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recombinant C345C and Factor I Modules of Complement Components C5 and C7 Inhibit C7 Incorporation into the Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Complement component C5 binds to components C6 and C7 in reversible reactions that are distinct from the essentially nonreversible associations that form during assembly of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC). We previously reported that the approximately 150-aa residue C345C domain (also known as NTR) of C5 mediates these reversible reactions, and that the corresponding recombinant module (rC5-C345C) binds directly to the tandem pair of approximately 75-residue factor I modules from C7 (C7-FIMs). We suggested from these and other observations that binding of the C345C module of C5 to the FIMs of C7, but not C6, is also essential for MAC assembly itself. The present report describes a novel method for assembling a complex that appears to closely resemble the MAC on the sensor chip of a surface plasmon resonance instrument using the complement-reactive lysis mechanism. This method provides the ability to monitor individually the incorporation of C7, C8, and C9 into the complex. Using this method, we found that C7 binds to surface-bound C5b,6 with a K(d) of approximately 3 pM, and that micromolar concentrations of either rC5-C345C or rC7-FIMs inhibit this early step in MAC formation. We also found that similar concentrations of either module inhibited complement-mediated erythrocyte lysis by both the reactive lysis and classical pathway mechanisms. These results demonstrate that the interaction between the C345C domain of C5 and the FIMs of C7, which mediates reversible binding of C5 to C7 in solution, also plays an essential role in MAC formation and complement lytic activity.
The Applicability of Approximate and Exact Transient Heat Transfer Analyses to Heating Process Used to Solder Multilayer Circuit Boards

The thermal response of multilayer circuit boards is calculated for hot air heating, wave soldering and polyethylene glycol immersion heating. The analysis involves the modification of the simple exponential law of transient heating or cooling to include bodies transferring heat by n different modes on a corresponding number of distinct surface sections. A Blot number is associated with each surface section. The model allows for different heat transfer coefficients and ambient temperatures on each surface section. The analysis reveals an expression for the fi'nal equilibrium temperature of the body, and a thin plate geometry subject to a variety of heating and/or cooling processes is studied in detail, This configuration is also studied using a finite element transient conduction analysis. Conditions. under which the model is valid are determined by comparing the results of the two analyses. The processes considered correspond to various methods of soldering multilayer circuit boards Of various thickness and thermal conductivity. ConsiStency with actual soldering times is found for the cases for which data are available. It is shown that the model is appropriate for a rather wide range of physical condition,,; associated with the soldering of multilayer circuit boards, and the thermal characteristics of the various soldering processes are discussed.
Measurement of Poisson's ratio of bovine aorta using Digital Image Correlation

Digital image correlation (DIC) was adopted to examine the mechanical behavior of arterial tissue from the bovine aorta. Rectangular sections comprised of the intimal and medial layers were excised from the descending aorta and loaded in displacement control uniaxial tension up to 40% elongation. Specimens of silicon rubber sheet were also prepared and served as a benchmark material in the application of DIC for the evaluation of large strains; the elastomer was loaded to 50% elongation. The arterial specimens exhibited a non-linear hyperelastic stress-strain response and the stiffness increased with percent elongation. Poisson's ratio is observed to increase when specimens are subjected to uniaxial stress in the axial direction, while Poission's ratio is observed to decrease when specimens are subjected to uniaxial stress in the circumferential direction.
RPS4-Mediated Disease Resistance Requires the Combined Presence of RPS4 Transcripts with Full-Length and Truncated Open Reading Frames

Arabidopsis RPS4 belongs to the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)–nucleotide binding site (NBS)–Leu-rich repeat (LRR) class of disease resistance (R) genes. Like other family members in different plant species, RPS4 produces alternative transcripts with truncated open reading frames. The dominant alternative RPS4 transcripts are generated by retention of intron 3 or introns 2 and 3, which contain in-frame stop codons and lie downstream of the NBS-encoding exon. We analyzed the biological significance of these alternative transcripts in disease resistance by removing introns 2 and 3, either individually or in combination, from a functional RPS4-Ler (Landsberg erecta) transgene. Removal of one or both introns abolished the function of the RPS4 transgene, whereas expression was not affected. In addition, a truncated RPS4-Ler transgene encoding the putative TIR and NBS domains was not sufficient to confer resistance, suggesting that the combined presence of regular and alternative RPS4 transcripts is necessary for function. Interestingly, we observed partial resistance in transgenic lines expressing both intron-deficient and truncated transgenes. This finding confirms the requirement for regular and alternative RPS4 transcripts and indicates that alternative transcripts function at the protein level rather than as regulatory RNAs. Together with published results on the tobacco N gene, our data suggest that the generation of alternative TIR-NBS-LRR R gene transcripts is of general biological significance across plant species.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology for the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: To perform a thorough review and meta-analysis of studies that have shown non–image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) to be highly sensitive and specific for assessing questionable metastatic melanoma to lymph nodes. Methods: MEDLINE and Scopus were searched for potentially relevant articles with a search string including the words “melanoma” and “fine needle.” All relevant articles were screened by two authors (B.J.H. and R.L.S.). Full articles were screened for extractable data, and the data was pooled for analysis. Results: Of 978 unique studies found, 10 (5,518 cases) met our inclusion criteria. In a pooled analysis of palpation and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirations, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.00). The summary estimates for the sensitivity and specificity were 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95–0.98) and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.98–1.00), respectively. Conclusions: With a sensitivity and specificity of 0.97 and 0.99, the overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for metastatic melanoma is quite high, and with a positive and negative likelihood ratio of 58 and 0.03, FNAC for metastatic melanoma should be the first-line option in a patient with a clinically suspected mass and a history of melanoma.
Design of fiber optic communication systems for IVHS applications: problems and recommendations

The objective of this paper is to highlight recommendations made by fifteen experts from industry and State Departments of Transportation (DOT) regarding the design, implementation, operations, and maintenance of fiber optic communication links presently being used in their transportation management systems. This paper also brings forth the problems faced during the deployment of these systems. The procedure followed for this research was to review the specifications and design guidelines for various Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) projects which have implemented, or are in the process of implementing, fiber optic communication links for their traffic management systems. DOT officials and industry design consultants who were directly involved in the implementation of the FHWA projects were then interviewed on issues concerning system design, operations and management, bidding, and other institutional aspects. The result of these interviews is a set of recommendations ranging from increased use of the latest standards to suggestions for more efficient planning of the traffic management center. These problems and recommendations are presented in this paper. This paper thus offers valuable guidelines for the design and implementation of fiber optic communication systems for future IVHS and transportation management applications.
My Body, Your Crime: The Anatomy of a Medical Note

Dear N, I thought about you the other day. I was in class, learning how to write a proper medical note for a patient encounter. My thoughts wandered, and I began composing sections of a medical note that I assume make up the contents of my own medical record from the emergency department visit I had made years ago after we first met. Like all records, my note will open with key identifiers: the medical record number, date of visit, my name, date of birth, age, and sex. The chief concern, or main reason for my visit, will begin the official “subjective” portion of my medical record. It probably reads in one sharp and straightforward sentence: “Vaginal bleeding and pain status post sexual assault.”
Engineering, global health, and inclusive innovation: focus on partnership, system strengthening, and local impact for SDGs

The recent drafting of the Sustainable Development Goals challenges the research community to rethink the traditional approach to global health and provides the opportunity for science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) disciplines, particularly engineering, to demonstrate their benefit to the field. Higher education offers a platform for engineering to intersect with global health research through interdisciplinary partnerships among international universities that provide excellence in education, attract nontraditional STEM students, and foster a sense of innovation. However, a traditional lack of engineering-global health collaborations, as well as limited faculty and inadequate STEM research funding in low-income countries, has stifled progress. Still, the impact of higher education on development efforts holds great potential. This value will be realized in low-income countries through strengthening local capacity, supporting innovation through educational initiatives, and encouraging the inclusion of women and minorities in STEM programs. Current international university-level partnerships are working towards integrating engineering into global health research and strengthening STEM innovation among universities in low-income countries, but more can be done. Global health research informs sustainable development, and through integrating engineering into research efforts through university partnerships, we can accelerate progress and work towards a healthier future for all.
Augmentation of anterior lumbar interbody fusion with anterior pedicle screw fixation: demonstration of novel constructs and evaluation of biomechanical stability in cadaveric specimens.

Objective Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) has proven effective for indications including discogenic back pain, nonunion, and instability. Current practice involves posterior pedicle screw augmentation of the ALIF procedure (ALIF-PPS). This approach requires intraoperative repositioning of the patient for percutaneous posterior pedicle screw placement. We have developed a novel technique in which the ALIF procedure is augmented with anterior pedicle screws (APS; ALIF-APS). In this study, we introduce this new technique and compare the biomechanical stability of the novel ALIF-APS with the current standard ALIF-PPS. Methods The technique was demonstrated in a cadaveric L4-S1 specimen using neuronavigation and fluoroscopy. Plain radiographs and computed tomographic scans of the construct were obtained. Twelve cadaveric spines (7 men and 5 women) from donors with an average age of 81 years (range, 64-93 yr) were then harvested from L4-S1. Six specimens were dedicated to ALIF-APS constructs, and the remaining six were dedicated to ALIF-PPS constructs. The specimens were then studied at L5-S1 in the following steps: 1) intact form, 2) after anterior discectomy, 3) after implantation of titanium cages (ALIF), and 4) after APS or PPS fixation in conjunction with the ALIF. Measurements were obtained in axial rotation and left and right lateral bending flexion-extension. Data were normalized by calculating the ratio of the stiffness of the instrumented to the intact spine. Statistical analyses were then performed on the data. Results Radiographs and computed tomographic scans of the construct showed accurate placement of the APS at L5 and S1. The normalized data showed that ALIF-APS and ALIF-PPS had approximately equal stability in axial rotation (1.17 +/- 0.43 versus 0.85 +/- 0.14), lateral bending (0.93 +/- 0.22 versus 0.95 +/- 0.16), and flexion- extension (0.77 +/- 0.13 versus 0.84 +/- 0.2). Paired t test analysis did not show a significant difference between the biomechanical stiffness of ALIF-APS and ALIF-PPS in axial rotation, lateral bending, and flexion-extension. Conclusion We demonstrate a new technique in a cadaveric specimen whereby the ALIF procedure is augmented with APS fixation using neuronavigation and fluoroscopy. Biomechanical evaluation of the constructs suggests that the ALIF-APS has comparable stability with ALIF-PPS. APS augmentation of ALIF has potential advantages over the current standard ALIF-PPS because it can 1) eliminate the patient repositioning step, 2) minimize the total number of incisions and the total operative time, and 3) protect against dislocation of the ALIF interbody graft or cage. Work is in progress to develop a low-profile system for the novel APS constructs described here.
Determination of Two Juvenile Hormone-Active Compounds and Their Stability in Stable Fly Medium

In an analytical method for determining 2 juvenile hormone-active Compounds, 4-[6, 7-epoxy-3-ethyl-7-methyl-2-nonenyl)oxy]-1, 2-(methylenedioxy) benzene (ENT-70119) and 6,7-epoxy-l-( p -ethylphenoxy)-3, 7-dimethyl-2-octene (ENT-70221), in a rearing medium for Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), extraction with benzene-methanol (9:1) was followed by column chromatographic cleanup. Quantification of ENT-70221 was by gas chromatography, using flame ionization detection, whereas ENT-70119 was determined by spectrophotofluorometry. Recoveries of compounds added to the medium at 20–1000 ppm ranged from 86 to 99%. The approximate limit of detection was 6 ppm for ENT-702119 and 1 ppm for ENT-70221. On a dry basis, ENT-70119 sprayed as a 0.25% solution on the surface of the medium declined from 1470 ppm after 1 day to 172 ppm 21 days after applieation. Similarly, ENT-70221 sprayed as a 0.5% solution declined from 1620 ppm after 1 day to 288 ppm 22 days after application.
BRAIN STIMULATION AND CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR

Current longitudinal studies on rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs suggest that intracranial stimulation can be used to train animals to discriminate, fight, and vocalize. Because of the unique reinforcing properties of ICS, organisms not readily reinforced by conventional methods can be trained.
Preparing students for college admissions tests

Attaining successful outcomes on the SAT can have profound educational and financial consequences for college-bound students. Using archival data from a private tutoring centre, we investigated var...
The discussion of teaching strategy and model in order to prevent and cure schistosomiasis for the floating population in school age

Objective Explore the teaching strategy and model in order to prevent and cure schistosomiasis for the floating population in school age.Methods Teach those students how to prevent and cure schistosomiases,who are more than grade 5,randomly taken from three schools for the children of labors from the country.Statistically analyze the students' knowledge of schistosomiasis,the related behaviors and the teaching necessity and so on,and estimate the effect of intervention.Results The 83.68 percent of the floating population of school age in Fengxian comes from the area with schistosomiasis.After teaching,the students' knowlage have increased by 99.64%,63.68%,11.99% and 16.78%.Conclusion The teaching of preventing and curing schistosomiasis can improve the preventing and curing ability of the floating population in school age and sharing level.What's more,the systemic and standardization teaching is adapted to the floating population in school age.And make the propagandizing effect of school-family-society to prevent and cure schistosomiasis more effective.
Schima superba stem CO_2 efflux and its relations to xylem sap flux density a nd xylem CO_2 concentration.

By using a Li-820 infra-red CO_2 gas analyzer, an in situ measurement of Sc hima superba stem CO_2 efflux was conducted for three consecutive days from 1 7 to 19 October 2008. In the meantime, the stem temperature, xylem sap efflux dens it y, and xylem CO_2 concentration were measured. The stem CO_2 efflux had a diur na l variation of "S" pattern, and differed significantly with stem diameter. The re was a significant exponential relationship between stem CO_2 efflux and stem t emperature (0.24R20.78). The temperature coefficient (b) and regre ssion coefficient (R2) were higher at nighttime than at daytime, and the Q10 value ranged from 2.01 to 2.79. The stem CO_2 efflux correlated significantly with the xylem CO_2 concentration, and the best regression curve was cubic (R2=0.48). Excluding the effects of stem temperature, the stem CO_2 efflux showed a significant negative correlation with xylem sap flux dens ity (r=-0.462). Therefore, only using simple temperature function to es timate stem CO_2 efflux would yield a significant error, and xylem sap flux should be taken into c onsideration in the stem CO_2 efflux estimation.
A history of Southeast Asia: critical crossroads

The pioneering general histories of Southeast Asia were first published in the 1950s and 1960s. Reflecting colonial era scholarship and the Cold War, they tended to emphasise Indian influences befo...
Review of Christopher F. Baum's An Introduction to Stata Programming, Second Edition

In this article, I review An Introduction to Stata Programming, Second Edition, by Christopher F. Baum (2016 [Stata Press]).
The Effects of Acoustic Streaming on Nerve Conduction

Under certain experimental conditions, acoustic streaming from a resonant bubble in an ultrasonic field has been shown to have highly destructive effects on biological systems. In order to assess the effect of streaming on the physiological activity of nerve tissue, and to investigate the possibility of using streaming as a method of selectively blocking nerve function, frog sciatic nerves were exposed to streaming from single, captured resonant bubbles in 83, 49.4 and 39 kilohertz sound fields, for varying time intervals. Identical control experiments were run with no bubble in the field. The nerves were electrically stimulated before and after exposure, and changes in the spike heights of the five component elevations of the action potential were monitored, as was the temperature of the nerve surface at the point of exposure. The results obtained will be presented and discussed.
The effect of pH and buffer concentration on anode biofilms of Thermincola ferriacetica.

Abstract We assessed the effects of pH and buffer concentration on current production and growth of biofilms of Thermincola ferriacetica – a thermophilic, Gram-positive, anode-respiring bacterium (ARB) – grown on anodes poised at a potential of − 0.06 V vs. SHE in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) at 60 °C. T. ferriacetica generated current in the pH range of 5.2 to 8.3 with acetate as the electron donor and 50 mM bicarbonate buffer. Maximum current density was reduced by ~ 80% at pH 5.2 and ~ 14% at 7.0 compared to pH 8.3. Increasing bicarbonate buffer concentrations from 10 mM to 100 mM resulted in an increase in the current density by 40 ± 6%, from 6.8 ± 1.1 to 11.2 ± 2.7 A m− 2, supporting that more buffer alleviated pH depression within T. ferriacetica biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images indicated that higher bicarbonate buffer concentrations resulted in larger live biofilm thicknesses: from 68 ± 20 μm at 10 mM bicarbonate to > 150 μm at 100 mM, supporting that buffer availability was a strong influence on biofilm thickness. In comparison to mesophilic Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms, the faster transport rates at higher temperature and the ability to grow at relatively lower pH allowed T. ferriacetica to produce higher current densities with lower buffer concentrations.
Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: A metalloporphyrin comparison.

Abstract Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance coupled with the lack of novel antibiotics threatens proper clinical treatment and jeopardizes their use in prevention. A photodynamic approach appears to be an innovative treatment option, even for multi-drug resistant strains of bacteria. Three components are utilized in photodynamic inactivation: a photosensitizer, light source, and oxygen. Variations in photosensitizers strongly influence microbial binding and bactericidal activity. In this study, four different cationic metalloporphyrins (Cu2 +, Fe2 +, Pd2 +, Zn2 +) were compared to the free-base ligand 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin regarding their electronic properties and generation of reactive oxygen species upon subsequent 405 nm violet-blue irradiation. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used as representatives of Gram-positive and -negative, respectively, to assess bactericidal effects by the photodynamic process. Bacterial cultures were pre-incubated with porphyrins and exposed to varying doses of 405 nm irradiation (0–30 J/cm2). Metalloporphyrins containing Cu2 + and Fe2 + demonstrated minimal effects on viability. Pronounced bactericidal activity was evident with free-base ligand, Zn2 +, and Pd2 +; though significantly stronger effects were apparent with Pd2 +. Photodynamic killing was directly proportional to reactive oxygen species production post-illumination. These data provide new insight into the influence of metal chelation on photosensitizer activity on bactericidal singlet oxygen production. The strong anti-microbial photodynamic action through the use of a portable light-emitting diode over short time intervals (seconds) provides support for its potential use in self-treatment.
The Social Determinants of Chronic Disease.

This review article addresses the concept of the social determinants of health (SDH), selected theories, and its application in studies of chronic disease. Once ignored or regarded only as distant or secondary influences on health and disease, social determinants have been increasingly acknowledged as fundamental causes of health afflictions. For the purposes of this discussion, SDH refers to SDH variables directly relevant to chronic diseases and, in some circumstances, obesity, in the research agenda of the Mid-South Transdisciplinary Collaborative Center for Health Disparities Research. The health effects of SDH are initially discussed with respect to smoking and the social gradient in mortality. Next, four leading SDH theories—life course, fundamental cause, social capital, and health lifestyle theory—are reviewed with supporting studies. The article concludes with an examination of neighborhood disadvantage, social networks, and perceived discrimination in SDH research.
Behavioral and Neural Foundations of Multisensory Face-Voice Perception in Infancy.

In this article, we describe behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for infants’ multimodal face-voice perception. We argue that the behavioral development of face-voice perception, like multim...
Effect of end plates on heat transfer of plate heat exchanger

Abstract Steady-state heat transfer data for single-phase (water) in both frame-and-plate (FPHE) and brazed plate heat exchangers (BPHE) are presented with various number of chevron plates in U-type flow arrangement. Analysis of the experimental results indicates that the end plates, instead of being adiabatic, function as fins due to the contact between adjacent plates. The experimental data is used to validate a thermal conduction model in ANSYS, which indicates that the end plates fin efficiency is a function of fluid convective heat transfer coefficient and conductive thermal resistance. In the FPHE, the pressing force of the frame may affect the contact thermal resistance, thus change the fin efficiency. In BPHE, the fin efficiency is much higher due to the larger contact area and higher conductivity of the brazing material. Although the effect of end plates is quickly diluted by the increased number of plates in real applications, it could be significant when plate number is small, as is often the case in laboratory settings for the development of heat transfer correlations.
Low fat diet and oxidative damage.

B13 Background: Obesity is increasing in the general U.S. population, especially among African American women. Obesity and fatty diet induce oxidative stress, which in turn may be associated with breast carcinogenesis. Interventions that reduce oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in susceptible women may therefore translate into successful cancer prevention strategies. We utilized a dietary intervention randomized study to test the hypothesis that a low-fat diet and weight loss can modulate levels of 8-OH-dG (measure of oxidative damage). Methods: Fifty-seven healthy premenopausal African American women were randomized to a one-year high fiber/low fat diet (HF/LF group, n=31); or regular diet (control group, n=26). Data was available on percent body fat, body mass index (BMI) and blood specimens for measuring 8-OH-dG, at study enrollment and at 6 months. Results: The mean age of participants was 39 years. The HF/LF group had a significant decrease in percent calories from fat (mean change= -5.0, p-value
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with clinical debut as neurological involvement: a rare phenomenon and the need for better predictive markers

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in Western countries. The frequency of symptomatic central nervous system (CNS) involvement is unknown but thought to be a rare phenomenon. Currently there are no known risk factors for CNS involvement. We describe a clinically staged low-risk CLL case that presented with symptomatic CNS involvement and progressed rapidly to death. Evaluation of the surface adhesion molecules identified a markedly altered expression pattern of the integrin, CD49d, and the tetraspanin, CD82, in the index case when compared to similar low-risk CLL cases. We found that the early Rai clinical stage CLL patients showed linear correlation for the co-expression of CD82 and CD49d. In contrast, this unique index case with CNS involvement, which has the same Rai clinical stage, had a significantly lower expression of CD82 and higher expression of CD49d. These data suggest that the expression profile of CD49d and CD82 may represent potential biomarkers for patients with increased propensity of CNS involvement. Moreover, this study illustrates the critical need for a better mechanistic understanding of how specific adhesion proteins regulate the interactions between CLL cells and various tissue sites.
Recognizing the Homoerotic: The Uses of Intersubjectivity in John Addington Symonds's 1887 Essays on Art

Much of the attention paid to John Addington Symonds in recent decades has focused on his life and memoirs, but his essays on art theory from 1887 reveal a crucial component of his multi-faceted attempt to articulate a homoeroticist identity. In them, he outlined a preliminary methodology for the historian of homoeroticism. He argued that artworks are unavoidably infused with the artist’s subjectivity and, consequently, that sympathetic and like-minded viewers can register it. In this light, his historical work on figures such as Michelangelo and Cellini can be more adequately understood as his attempt to establish a necessary fiction of seeing them as reflecting his own desire for a homoeroticist subject position. Despite the illusory prospects of this false intersubjectivity, Symonds nevertheless covertly demanded that the historian of the homoerotic was justified in looking for, and potentially seeing, same-sex desire even if there was no overt visual evidence. That is, he attempted to establish a site of resistance to heteronormative bias, arguing that the historian of the homoerotic can and should look beyond the representation of sexual objects in search of other subjects.
Compassion in Philosophy and Education

Compassion isn’t always highly regarded, and sometimes it is denigrated in Western philosophy and in everyday life. It is also unclear how we can focus on compassion in the traditional classroom, given the emphasis on collective learning outcomes, and the assessment of objective goals. This paper focuses on the philosophical discussion of compassion by such thinkers as Seneca, Rousseau, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and the Dalai Lama. I show how Western philosophers have often viewed compassion with suspicion or disdain. I evaluate the main arguments offered by the critics of compassion, and I consider some non-Western perspectives which affirm the positive value of a compassionate life. Finally, I consider the general issue of compassion in education, and I argue for the recovery of compassion. I believe we must return to the intimacy of the student–teacher relationship which focuses on the uniqueness of the student, her background, her strengths and her needs. And this means that we must learn to cultivate compassion as the basis of our responsiveness and caring for others.
War on Viruses: LC3 Recruits GTPases.

Interferon effector functions and autophagy are evolutionarily conserved arms of cell-autonomous immunity that restrict replication of intracellular pathogens. In this issue of Cell Host and Microbe, Biering et al., (2017) demonstrate how host cells co-opt sequential action of autophagy proteins and IFN-inducible GTPases to inhibit replication of positive-sense RNA viruses.
The Increasing Complexity of Hot Corrosion

It has been conjectured that if sulfur in fuel is removed, engine materials will cease to experience attack from hot corrosion, since this sulfur has been viewed as the primary cause of hot corrosion and sulfidation. Historically, hot corrosion has been defined as an accelerated degradation process that generally involves deposition of corrosive species (e.g., sulfates) from the surrounding environment (e.g., combustion gas) onto the surface of hot components, resulting in destruction of the protective oxide scale. Most papers in the literature, since the 1970s, consider sodium sulfate salt as the single specie contributing to hot corrosion.Recent Navy standards for Navy F-76 and similar fuels have dropped the sulfur content down to 15 parts per million (ppm). Most observers believe that the removal of sulfur will end hot corrosion events in the Fleet. However, the deposit chemistry influencing hot corrosion is known to be much more complex consisting of multiple sulfates and silicates. Sulfur species may still enter the combustion chamber via ship’s air intake, which may include seawater entrained in the air. In addition to sodium sulfate, seawater contains magnesium, calcium and potassium salts, and atmospheric contaminants that may contribute to hot corrosion. This paper will cover some of the revised understanding of hot corrosion and consider other possible contaminants that could further complicate a full understanding of hot corrosion.
Optimal stretching in the reacting wake of a bluff body

We experimentally study spreading of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction behind a bluff body in a laminar flow. Locations of reacted regions (i.e., regions with high product concentration) correlate with a moderate range of Lagrangian stretching and that range is close to the range of optimal stretching previously observed in topologically different flows [T. D. Nevins and D. H. Kelley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 164502 (2016)]. The previous work found optimal stretching in a closed, vortex dominated flow, but this article uses an open flow and only a small area of appreciable vorticity. We hypothesize that optimal stretching is common in advection-reaction-diffusion systems with an excitation threshold, including excitable and bistable systems, and that the optimal range depends on reaction chemistry and not on flow shape or characteristic speed. Our results may also give insight into plankton blooms behind islands in ocean currents.
Biologging Physiological and Ecological Responses to Climatic Variation: New Tools for the Climate Change Era

In this mini-review, we discuss how biologging technology can be used to detect, understand, and forecast species’ responses to climate change. We review studies of phenology, thermal biology, and microhabitat selection as examples to illustrate the utility of a biologging approach in terrestrial and aquatic species. These examples show that biologgers can be used to identify and predict behavioral and physiological responses to climatic variation and directional climate change, as well as to extreme weather events. While there is still considerable debate as to whether phenotypic plasticity is sufficient to facilitate species’ responses to climate change or whether responses to short-term climate variability are predictive of climate change response, understanding the scope and nature of plasticity is an important step towards answering these questions. One advantage of the biologging approach is that it can facilitate the measurement of traits at the level of the individual, permitting research that investigates the degree to which physiology and behavior are plastic. As such, combining biologging with metrics of fitness can provide insight into how plasticity might confer population and species resilience to climate change. Increased use of biologgers in experimental manipulations will also yield important insight into how phenotypic flexibility allows some animals to mitigate the negative consequences of climate change. Although biologging studies to date have mostly functioned in measuring phenotypic responses to short-term climate variability, we argue that integrating biologging technology into long-term monitoring programs will be instrumental in documenting and understanding ecological responses to climate change.
Interpretation of Upper Extremity Arteriography: Vascular Anatomy and Pathology

Understanding the utility and interpretation of upper extremity angiography is critical for the hand surgeon treating vaso-occlusive diseases of the hand. Although invasive and requiring the use of contrast dye, it remains the gold standard for imaging of the vascular system of the upper extremity. Angiography may detect numerous variants of the upper limb arterial system which may contribute to surgical pathology. Extensive vascular collateralization helps to maintain perfusion to the hand and facilitates reconstruction of the upper extremity. It is paramount to remember that angiography is a dynamic study and should represent a "flexible roadmap" for surgical reconstruction.
Welten in Bewegung

Wenn wir in einer klaren Nacht zu den gewohnten Sternbildern wie den Plejaden, dem Grosen Baren, Orion oder Kassiopeia aufblicken, nehmen wir an einem uralten Schauspiel teil. Wir sind darin die Akteure, die auf der „Buhne Erde“ vor dem Hintergrund der Sterne und Planeten ihre Geschichte spielen.
Cellular Handling of Antigen Following Injection Into Neonatal Rabbits

Newborn rabbits were injected intraperitoneally with a tolerance-inducing dose of labeled radioactive bovine serum albumin. At varying times, 12 hr to 6 wk after injection, tissues were obtained for radioautography. Cellular uptake of antigen appeared confined to the liver, occurring as follows: (1) It became attached initially to erythrocytes in the intravascular system of the liver. (2) Within 1-2 days after injection, it adhered to the cells in extravascular sites where erythropoiesis persisted. (3) Still later. it was associated with hepatocytes. Erythrocytes with adherent antigen were also found in the peripheral blood throughout the period of investigation. The latter finding led to studies of the peripheral erythrocytes of the neonate; membrane properties of these were found unique compared with the adult. It is inferred that erythropoiesis in the liver represents a distinct stage in cellular development. Studies of nonforeign protein, i.e., rabbit serum albumin in neonates, strongly suggested that the erythrocyte-antigen-hepatocyte interaction in the neonate involved a pattern of cellular recognition of foreign protein. Both hematopoiesis and maturation of the liver are discussed as principal factors modulating antigen handling, antibody production, and/or its detection in the neonatal environment that led to the condition commonly defined as "tolerance."
Open Biopsy of Sarcomas

While all aspects of the clinical management of patients with musculoskeletal neoplasms are important to obtain the most favorable outcome, establishing the correct pathological diagnosis by a biopsy procedure is of paramount importance. One must acknowledge, however, that evaluation of such patients includes other important considerations, with biopsy ideally following an orderly plan of clinical and diagnostic examinations.
Facilities Design and Impacts

The design of transportation facilities directly affects the levels of benefits and impacts that may be expected as a result of specific service policy variables. Therefore, design and the resulting impacts are considered together in this chapter and would normally follow the demand estimation processes described in Chapter 2. Again, the methods selected are presented in a form that is suitable for performing the estimations manually or by means of computer spreadsheets. The major elements are as follows:
Abstract 10861: Administration of Non-Absorbable Antibiotics Attenuate High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet Induced Atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- Mice

Consumption of diets enriched in fat and cholesterol not only leads to obesity but is associated with chronic low grade inflammation. Diet induced changes in intestinal barrier function leading to bacterial translocation and/or release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to plasma contributes to increased inflammation. We hypothesized that administration of non-absorbable antibiotics such as Neomycin and Polymyxin-B should selectively decontaminate the gut, decrease high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFHC) induced chronic inflammation and attenuate atherosclerosis, an inflammation linked disease. LDLR-/- mice at 8-weeks of age were fed HFHC diet with or without supplementation with Neomycin (100 mg/ml) and Polymyxin-B (10 mg/ml) in drinking water. After 16 weeks, mice were sacrificed. Plasma LPS levels were determined as a measure of diet-induced change in intestinal barrier function as well as inflammation. Antibiotic treatment significantly decreased plasma LPS concentration (2.18±0.89 vs 3.61±0.90 units/ml, P=0.013). Consistently, there was attenuation in the circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Development of diet-induced atherosclerosis was assessed by en face analyses. Consistent with this model, there was significant lesion development in the aortic arch compared to thoracic and abdominal aorta (see Figure) which was dramatically reduced with antibiotic supplementation. Treatment with antibiotics significantly attenuated diet-induced atherosclerosis with a 43.9% decrease (3.00±1.16 vs 6.82±1.72, P=3.01E-06) in total lesion area and 45.6% decrease (11.34±4.38 vs 24.82±4.81, P=5.95E-07) in area occupied by lesions in the aortic arch. These data demonstrate that selective decontamination of the gut can significantly reduce the release of LPS into the plasma and systemic inflammation leading to attenuation of HFHC diet-induced atherosclerosis, thus establishing gut decontamination as a novel anti-atherogenic target.