cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-App Poisoning in Software-Defined Networking

Software-defined networking (SDN) continues to grow in popularity because of its programmable and extensible control plane realized through network applications (apps). However, apps introduce significant security challenges that can systemically disrupt network operations, since apps must access or modify data in a shared control plane state. If our understanding of how such data propagate within the control plane is inadequate, apps can co-opt other apps, causing them to poison the control plane's integrity. We present a class of SDN control plane integrity attacks that we call cross-app poisoning (CAP), in which an unprivileged app manipulates the shared control plane state to trick a privileged app into taking actions on its behalf. We demonstrate how role-based access control (RBAC) schemes are insufficient for preventing such attacks because they neither track information flow nor enforce information flow control (IFC). We also present a defense, ProvSDN, that uses data provenance to track information flow and serves as an online reference monitor to prevent CAP attacks. We implement ProvSDN on the ONOS SDN controller and demonstrate that information flow can be tracked with low-latency overheads.
Almost Citizens: Puerto Rico, the U.S. Constitution, and Empire

Almost Citizens lays out the tragic story of how the United States denied Puerto Ricans full citizenship following annexation of the island in 1898. As America became an overseas empire, a handful of remarkable Puerto Ricans debated with US legislators, presidents, judges, and others over who was a citizen and what citizenship meant. This struggle caused a fundamental shift in constitution law: away from the post-Civil War regime of citizenship, rights, and statehood, and toward doctrines that accommodated racist imperial governance. Erman's gripping account shows how, in the wake of the Spanish-American War, administrators, lawmakers, and presidents together with judges deployed creativity and ambiguity to transform constitutional meaning for a quarter of a century. The result is a history in which the United States and Latin America, Reconstruction and empire, and law and bureaucracy intertwine.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms, but nonmotor symptoms also significantly impair daily functioning and reduce quality of life. Anxiety is prevalent and debilitating in PD, but remains understudied and undertreated. Much affective research in PD focuses on depression rather than anxiety, and as such, there are no evidence-based treatments for anxiety in this population. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has shown promise for treating depression in PD and may be efficacious for anxiety. This exploratory study implemented a multiple-baseline single-case experimental design to evaluate the utility and feasibility of CBT for individuals with PD who also met criteria for a DSM-5 anxiety disorder (n = 9). Participants were randomized to a 2-, 4-, or 6-week baseline phase, followed by 12 CBT sessions, and two post treatment assessments (immediately post treatment and 6-week follow-up). Multiple outcome measures of anxiety and depression were administered weekly during baseline and intervention. Weekly CBT sessions were conducted in-person (n = 5) or via secure videoconferencing (n = 4). At post treatment, seven of the nine participants showed significant reductions in anxiety and/or depression, with changes functionally related to treatment and most improvements maintained at 6-week follow-up. Effects of CBT on secondary outcomes varied across participants, with preliminary evidence for reduction in fear of falling. Adherence and retention were high, as were treatment satisfaction and acceptability. The findings of this pilot study provide preliminary evidence for the utility of CBT as a feasible treatment for anxiety and comorbid depressive symptoms in PD and highlight the potential of telehealth interventions for mood in this population.
Improved oxidative biostability of porous shape memory polymers by substituting triethanolamine for glycerol

While many aromatic polyurethane systems suffer from poor hydrolytic stability, more recently proposed aliphatic systems are oxidatively-labile. The use of the renewable monomer glycerol as a more oxidatively-resistant moiety for inclusion in shape memory polymers (SMPs) is demonstrated here. Glycerol-containing SMPs and the amino alcohol control compositions are compared, with accelerated degradation testing displaying increased stability (time to complete mass loss) as a result of the inclusion of glycerol without sacrificing the shape memory, thermal transitions, or the ultralow density achieved with the control compositions. Gravimetric analysis in accelerated oxidative solution indicates that the control will undergo complete mass loss by approximately 18 days, while lower concentrations of glycerol will degrade fully by 30 days and higher concentrations will possess approximately 40% mass at the same time. In real time degradation analysis, high concentrations of glycerol SMPs have 96% mass remaining at 8 months with 88% gel fraction remaining that that time, compared to less than 50% mass for the control samples with 5% gelation. Mechanically, low glycerol-containing SMPs were not robust enough for testing at three months, while high glycerol concentrations displayed increased elastic moduli (133% of virgin materials) and 18% decreased strain to failure. The role of the secondary alcohol, as well as isocyanates, is presented as being a crucial component in controlling degradation; a free secondary alcohol can more rapidly undergo oxidation or dehydration to ultimately yield carboxylic acids, aldehydes, carbon dioxide, and alkenes. Understanding these pathways will improve the utility of medical devices through more precise control of property loss and patient risk management through reduced degradation.
Primary care provider perceptions and experiences of implementing hepatitis C virus birth cohort testing: a qualitative formative evaluation.

In 2014, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) adopted a screening test policy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in all “Baby Boomers” - those born between 1945 and 1965. About 1 in 12 Veterans were estimated to be infected with HCV yet approximately 34% of the birth cohort remained untested. Early HCV diagnosis and successful antiviral treatment decrease the risk of onward transmission, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplant, and death. Implementing evidence-based HCV screening in primary care has great potential to reduce morbidity and mortality. To inform design and implementation of a quality improvement intervention, we studied primary care provider (PCP) perceptions of and experiences with HCV birth cohort testing. We conducted a formative evaluation using qualitative semi-structured interviews guided by the integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework. Twenty-two PCPs in six states across a large integrated US healthcare system were interviewed. Content analysis with a priori and emergent codes was performed on verbatim interview transcripts. We identified three themes related to primary care provider HCV testing and linkage practices, as mapped to i-PARIHS constructs: 1) evaluating cues to HCV testing (innovation/evidence), 2) framing HCV testing decisions (recipients), and 3) HCV testing and linkage to care in the new treatment era (context). The most frequently reported HCV testing cue was an electronic clinical reminder alert, followed by clinical markers and the presence of behavioral risk factors. Most PCPs saw testing as routine, but less urgent, leading to some reluctance. Providers largely saw themselves as performing guideline-concordant testing, yet no performance data were available to assess performance. Given the recent availability of new HCV medications, many PCPs were highly motivated to test and link patients to specialty care for treatment. Our results suggest a multi-component intervention around awareness and education, feedback of performance data, clinical reminder updates, and leadership support, would address both a significant need, and be deemed acceptable and feasible to primary care providers.
In situ high energy X-ray diffraction measurement of strain and dislocation density ahead of crack tips grown in hydrogen

Abstract The deformation fields near fatigue crack tips grown in hydrogen and in air were measured using high-energy x-ray diffraction. A larger magnitude of elastic strain was observed in the hydrogen case compared to the air case. The magnitude of elastic strain was quantified through an effective crack tip stress intensity factor. The dislocation profile ahead of the crack was probed via x-ray line broadening and electron back-scatter diffraction was used to assess the crack path (intergranular vs. transgranular). Ahead of the crack tip grown in hydrogen, an order of magnitude lower dislocation density, compared to a baseline density far from the crack, was observed. This decrease in dislocation density was not observed in the air case. These differences are discussed in terms of two leading hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms, Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP) and Hydrogen Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE). We have observed a decrease in transgranular cohesion (transgranular HEDE), as well as an increase in intergranular fracture. The measurements of dislocation activity support a model of a decrease in intergranular cohesion (intergranular HEDE) which is likely facilitated by the HELP mechanism. This suggests that the increase in fatigue crack growth rate is due to a sum of the two effects of hydrogen, in which the crack grows faster in the transgranular fracture mode and faster due to an increase in a new mode of intergranular fracture.
Barriers to Weight Loss and Physical Activity, and Coach Approaches to Addressing Barriers, in a Real-World Adaptation of the DPP Lifestyle Intervention: A Process Analysis.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify barriers to weight loss and physical activity, as well as approaches used by coaches, in a real-world, community sample of adults with metabolic synd...
Boosted Oxygen Evolution Reactivity by Igniting Double Exchange Interaction in Spinel Oxides.

A double-exchange interaction (DEI) was demonstrated to boost the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in spinel oxides. DEI was ignited by synergistic actions of constructing nanoheterojunctions and cr...
Perceptual training: learning versus attentional shift.

Prior research has demonstrated that perceptual training can improve the ability of healthcare trainees in identifying abnormalities on medical images, but it is unclear if the improved performance is due to learning or attentional shift-the diversion of perceptional resources away from other activities to a specified task. Our objective is to determine if research subject performance in perceiving the central venous catheter position on radiographs is improved after perceptional training and if improved performance is due to learning or an attentional shift. Forty-one physician assistant students were educated on the appropriate radiographic position of central venous catheters and then asked to evaluate the catheter position in two sets of radiographic cases. The experimental group was provided perceptional training between case sets one and two. The control group was not. Participants were asked to characterize central venous catheters for appropriate positioning (task of interest) and to assess radiographs for cardiomegaly (our marker for attentional shift). Our results demonstrated increased confidence in localization in the experimental group ( p -value 0.001 ) but not in the control group ( p - value = 0.882 ). The ability of subjects to locate the catheter tip significantly improved in both control and experimental groups. Both the experimental ( p - value = 0.007 ) and control groups ( p - value = 0.001 ) demonstrated equivalent decreased performance in assessing cardiomegaly; the difference between groups was not significant ( p - value = 0.234 ). This suggests the performance improvement was secondary to learning not due to an attentional shift.
Analisis Putusan PTUN NO. 7/G/LH/2019/PTUN.BNA Antara Walhi Melawan Gubernur Aceh Atas Penerbitan Izin Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan untuk Pembangunan PLTA Tampur

Pada 19 Agustus 2019, Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara (PTUN) Banda Aceh mengabulkan gugatan yang diajukan oleh Yayasan Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Walhi) melawan Gubernur Aceh atas penerbitan Keputusan Gubernur Aceh No. 522.51/DPMPTSP/1499/IPPKH/2017 tanggal 9 Juni 2017 tentang Pemberian Izin Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan Dalam Rangka Pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air Tampur-I (443 MW) Seluas ±4.407 ha atas nama PT Kamirzu di Kabupaten Gayo Lues, Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang, dan Kabupaten Aceh Timur Provinsi Aceh (selanjutnya disebut Objek Sengketa). Setelah melalui masa persidangan selama 5 (lima) bulan sejak gugatan diajukan tanggal 11 Maret 2019, Majelis Hakim PTUN Banda Aceh memutuskan bahwa Objek Sengketa tidak sah, dan mewajibkan Tergugat untuk mencabut Objek Sengketa. Perhatian pegiat lingkungan hidup atas Desa Lesten-Pining, Kabupaten Gayo Lues yang diatur dalam Objek Sengketa rupanya telah muncul sejak tahun 2016 hingga 2017. Pada September 2016, Pemerintah Aceh mulai membangun jalan akses dari Kecamatan Pining ke wilayah Desa Lesten yang selama ini terisolasi. [1] Karena khawatir perambah semakin mudah masuk dan merusak Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser yang menjadi lokasi Desa Lesten-Pining, pegiat lingkungan hidup menyarankan agar masyarakat Desa Lesten direlokasi dan tidak perlu dilakukan pembangunan jalan pada kawasan tersebut. [2] Namun setelah pembangunan jalan tetap dilaksanakan dan selesai dilakukan, Pemerintah Aceh justru menyetujui pembangunan PLTA Tampur, sehingga masyarakat Desa Lesten harus direlokasi karena Desa Lesten akan ditenggelamkan. [3] Patut dicurigai bahwa alasan pembangunan jalan untuk membebaskan masyarakat Desa Lesten dari isolasi hanyalah kedok bagi Pemerintah Aceh untuk menyediakan akses bagi masuknya pembangunan PLTA di Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser. [1] “Lesten Tidak Lagi Terisolir”, Serambinews.com , 4 September 2016, https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2016/09/04/lesten-tidak-lagi-terisolir , diakses 25 Oktober 2019. [2] Junaidi Hanafiah, “Desa Lesten Akan Ditenggelamkan Demi Alasan PLTA Tampur”, Mongabay , 21 Agustus 2019, https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/08/21/desa-lesten-akan-ditenggelamkan-demi-alasan-plta-tampur/ , diakses 25 Oktober 2019. [3] “Dampak Pembangunan PLTA, Seluruh Warga Lesten Direlokasi”, Teropong Aceh, 7 Oktober 2016, http://teropongaceh.com/dampak-pembangunan-plta-seluruh-warga-lesten-direlokasi/ , diakses 25 Oktober 2019.
Use of Crushed Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir in Hepatitis C Positive Donor Heart Transplant Recipients

Purpose Hepatitis C (HCV) positive donors have expanded the donor pool, though timing of initiation of direct acting anti-viral medications is highly variable across centers. A concern with using glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) de novo post transplant is administration in patients unable to swallow pills. We describe our experience with immediate post-transplant use of GLE/PIB in relation to sustained virologic response (SVR) based on route of administration. Methods We analyzed all heart transplants from HCV donors to compare achievement of 12 week SVR in patients who swallowed GLE/PIB tablets to patients who had crushed GLE/PIB at any portion of their therapy. GLE/PIB started in recipients who received HCV NAT positive donor on call to the OR and continued for a total of 8 weeks. If patient was unable to swallow GLE/PIB was crushed and given via enteral tube. Results Of 76 heart or heart/kidney transplants were performed from 11/2017-5/2019, 26 received a HCV NAT positive donor and treated with GLE/PIB. One patient was excluded who died from sepsis 1 month post transplant despite 2 day HCV clearance and did not complete the course of GLE/PIB, leaving 25 for analysis. Eight patients (32%) received crushed GLE/PIB. Median duration of crushed GLE/PIB was 6 days. No difference was found in SVR or rapidity of clearance in patients who received crushed GLE/PIB. Conclusion Initiation of GLE/PIB on call to the OR with administration via the oral or ng route post-operatively led to no difference in rapidity of HCV clearance and 100% SVR. Larger studies focusing on the details of drug absorption and kinetics are necessary to confirm these findings.
Internal Amputation in Charcot Neuroarthropathy Complicated by Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis

Studies have demonstrated the importance of preserving plantar surface area, lever arm length, and plantar soft tissues in affording patients a plantigrade, stable, and functional limb. We describe a case of a patient who underwent internal pedal amputation that was amenable to functional bracing. The purpose of this case study is to present internal pedal amputation as a viable option to eradicate infection and produce a plantigrade, stable foot that is amenable to custom bracing.
Computational Mesoscope for Single-Shot 3D Fluorescence Imaging

We report a Computational Miniature Mesoscope for single-shot 3D fluorescence imaging across a wide field-of-view and extended depth-of-field.
Effectual selling in service ecosystems

This research draws on effectuation theory and service dominant logic to develop the concept of effectual selling. Effectual selling is focused on resource integration, stakeholder interaction, and...
WASP: Wide-area Adaptive Stream Processing

Adaptability is critical for stream processing systems to ensure stable, low-latency, and high-throughput processing of long-running queries. Such adaptability is particularly challenging for wide-area stream processing due to the highly dynamic nature of the wide-area environment, which includes unpredictable workload patterns, variable network bandwidth, occurrence of stragglers, and failures. Unfortunately, existing adaptation techniques typically achieve these performance goals by compromising the quality/accuracy of the results, and they are often application-dependent. In this work, we rethink the adaptability property of wide-area stream processing systems and propose a resource-aware adaptation framework, called WASP. WASP adapts queries through a combination of multiple techniques: task re-assignment, operator scaling, and query re-planning, and applies them in a WAN-aware manner. It is able to automatically determine which adaptation action to take depending on the type of queries, dynamics, and optimization goals. We have implemented a WASP prototype on Apache Flink. Experimental evaluation with the YSB benchmark and a real Twitter trace shows that WASP can handle various dynamics without compromising the quality of the results.
Requirements Computation: Analyzing Requirements Cognition in Multiple Development Paradigms

The identification and management of users’ requirements have been a persistent challenge confronting software development projects for decades. Complicating this challenge, research on requirements engineering processes has failed to keep pace with significant changes in the lived practice of software development. In this paper, we consider requirements-oriented processes as a socio-technical computational task in which diverse individuals and artifacts collaboratively “compute” the requirements for an envisioned software resource. Through the perspective of distributed cognition, we analyze the distributed requirements activities of three information systems development projects, each representing a distinct development methodology – structured development, agile development, and open source software development. We construct models of the computational structures of these projects to support a novel analytical basis for comparison and contrast of requirements-oriented efforts in these development methodologies.
A review of state-of-the-art processing operations in coal preparation

Abstract Coal preparation is an integral part of the coal commodity supply chain. This stage of post-mining, pre-utilization beneficiation uses low-cost separation technologies to remove unwanted mineral matter and moisture which hinder the value of the coal product. Coal preparation plants typically employ several parallel circuits of cleaning and dewatering operations, with each circuit designed to optimally treat a specific size range of coal. Recent innovations in coal preparation have increased the efficiency and capacity of individual unit operations while reinforcing the standard parallel cleaning approach. This article, which describes the historical influences and state-of-the-art design for the various coal preparation unit operations, is organized to distinguish between coarse/intermediate coal cleaning and fine/ultrafine coal cleaning. Size reduction, screening, classification, cleaning, dewatering, waste disposal unit operations are particularly highlighted, with a special focus on the U.S. design philosophy. Notable differences between the U.S. and international operations are described as appropriate.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of ZrP2S6and ZrP2S7

Two new compounds have been synthesized and characterized: ZrP{sub 2}S{sub 6} and ZrP{sub 2}S{sub 7}. Both were prepared from direct combination of the elements at high temperature using a chemical transporting agent. Single crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis (ICP-AE) were performed on the materials. ZrP{sub 2}S{sub 6} crystallized in a tetragonal space group (P-4, a = 6.6758(4) {angstrom}, c = 9.491(1) {angstrom}) whereas the ZrP{sub 2}S{sub 7} crystallized in a monoclinic space group (C2/c, a = 8.614(1) {angstrom}, b = 29.684(4) {angstrom}, c = 8.583(1) {angstrom}, {beta} = 120.126{degree}). The ZrP{sub 2}S{sub 6} displayed a weak second harmonic generation at 1064 nm.
The use of influence diagrams for evaluating severe accident management strategies

In this paper, the influence diagram, a new analytical tool for developing and evaluating severe accident management strategies, is presented. Influence diagrams are much simpler than decision trees because they do not lead to the large number of branches that are generated when decision trees are used in realistic problems; furthermore, they show explicitly the dependencies between the variables of the problem. One of the accident management strategies proposed for light water reactors, flooding the reactor cavity as a means of preventing vessel breach during a short-term station blackout sequence, is presented. The influence diagram associated with this strategy is constructed. Finally, the advantages of using influence diagrams in accident management are explored.
A Turbulent Adolescence Ahead: The ICC’s Insistence on Disclosure in the Lubanga Trial

The completion of the first trial at the International Criminal Court (ICC) against Thomas Lubanga Dyilo was a great milestone for international criminal justice. Despite this obvious accomplishment, this article argues that the Trial Chamber’s solutions to two evidentiary problems will restrict the ICC’s potential to effectively hear future cases. First, this article presents the details behind the two evidentiary problems of disclosure: that of exculpatory confidential information and that of the identities of the prosecutor’s intermediaries. This analysis is exhaustive in order to highlight the challenges that the Prosecutor faced and the manner in which the ICC Chambers responded. The article then demonstrates how the Chamber’s focus on the fairness of the Lubanga trial has undermined the ICC’s greater goal of ending impunity and achieving accountability for international criminal acts. This article seeks to highlight two areas of concern for the ICC’s future as an international court which, if left unaddressed, may harm international justice disproportionately more than the benefits conferred upon it by the Lubanga case. ∗ Christodoulos Kaoutzanis. Ph.D. Candidate Columbia University, Department of Political Science; J.D. Columbia Law School; LLM in International Criminal Justice, University of Amsterdam; B.S., Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. I would like to thank Professors Larry Johnson, Michael Doyle, and Matthew Waxman for a series of helpful comments. I also thank Jocelyn Courtney, whose help and encouragement exceed the boundaries of this paper. Washington University Open Scholarship 264 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GLOBAL STUDIES LAW REVIEW [VOL. 12:263
E-government in rural communities: issues and trends

We have been investigating the efficiency and effectiveness of e-government in rural communities with respect to critical attributes such as Internet access technology. In this paper, we present two such investigations: the multi-criterion decision making for broadband infrastructure and the survey results on current practices and future trends of rural e-government services.
Genetics and Discrimination

How Nurses Can Help Women Make Smart Choices Try talking to most women-including most nurses-about genetics and watch their eyes glaze over. Most people want to throw up their hands in frustration and fear regarding the imposing tasks of understanding genetic tests. Additionally, counseling patients about such tests in the face of rapidly changing availability and technology in the world of genetic screening, testing, and perhaps, eventually, gene therapy is perceived as difficult and daunting.
Laminar flow in a porous tube with uniform mass injection

Fully developed laminar flow of air at Re = 1068 and 2017 enters a porous tube with circular cross-section. The air is injected uniformly through the tube wall at two ratios of mass velocity to the average mass velocity at the inlet of the porous tube. Measurements of velocity profiles and static pressure drops were made at various downstream locations in the flow direction. Pitot tubes were used to measure velocities in terms of dynamic pressures. A new micromanometer, sensitive to a pressure differential of 0.1 micron of water, was developed and used to measure the very low pressure differentials encountered in laminar flows. The experimental data show an excellent agreement with the numerical solutions previously investigated by the authors in Part I of this publication.
Link between land-ocean warming contrast and surface relative humidities in simulations with coupled climate models

[1] Simulations of warming climates with coupled climate models exhibit strong land-ocean contrasts in changes in surface temperature and relative humidity, but little land-ocean contrast in changes in equivalent potential temperature. A theory that assumes equal changes in equivalent potential temperature over land and ocean captures the simulated land-ocean warming contrast in the tropics if changes in relative humidity and ocean temperature are taken as given. According to the theory, land relative humidity changes and the land-ocean contrast in the control climate contribute equally to the tropical warming contrast, while ocean relative humidity changes make a smaller (but also positive) contribution. Intermodel scatter in the tropical warming contrast is primarily linked to land relative humidity changes. These results emphasize the need to better constrain land relative humidity changes in model simulations, and they are also relevant for changes in heat stress over land.
Ventilatory work and oxygen consumption during exercise and hyperventilation

The work of breathing (WB), and thus the energy requirement of the respiratory muscles, is increased any time minute ventilation (VE) is elevated, by either exercise or voluntary hyperventilation. Respiratory muscle O2 consumption (VRMO2) in humans has generally been estimated by having subjects breathe at a level comparable to that during exercise while the change in O2 consumption (VO2) is measured. The difference between VO2 at rest and during hyperventilation is attributed to the respiratory muscles and is assumed to be similar to VRMO2 during exercise at the same VE. However, it has been suggested that WB differs between exercise and hyperventilation and that WB during exercise is lower than during hyperventilation at the same VE. In this study we measured WB during exercise and hyperventilation and from these measurements estimated VRMO2. WB, VE, and VO2 were measured in five male subjects during rest and during exercise or hyperventilation at levels of VE ranging from 30 to 130 l/min. VE/WB relationship was determined for both hyperventilation and exercise. Multiple regression analysis showed that the shape of the two curves was different (P < 0.0001), with WB at high levels of VE being < or = 25% higher in hyperventilation than in exercise. In a second study in which frequency, tidal volume, and duty cycle were controlled as well as VE, there was no difference in WB between exercise and hyperventilation. VO2 was significantly correlated with WB, and the estimated VRMO2 did not increase as a fraction of total VO2 as exercise intensity rose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The interpretation of genetical data.

Fur die Interpretation genetischer Ergebnisse wird den Autoren vorgeschlagen, Grundannahmen jeweils ausfuhrlich zu formulieren.
Mixed monolayers. I. Adsorbed films at air-water surfaces

Abstract Measurements have been made of the surface tensions of solutions containing octyl alcohol and sodium dodecyl sulfate. By the application of the Gibbs adsorption theorem for 3-component systems, values have been determined for the surface concentration of alcohol and detergent. Even in solutions in which the alcohol concentration is low relative to that of the sodium dodecyl sulfate, the alcohol remains the main constituent in the mixed film. By analogy, reasons are adduced to explain “type III” surface tension curves for detergents of this kind. The properties of the mixed films are intermediate between those of the pure components, and there is no evidence for interaction in the mixed film. There is apparently mere competition for the available surface in the monolayer.
Long-range electron transfer across Peptide bridges: the transition from electron superexchange to hopping.

Long-range electron transfer rate constants for complexes of the type [(bpy)2RuIIL−Pron−apyRuIII)(NH3)5]5++ proline residues (n) varying from 0 to 9 were determined by complementary electron pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis techniques from the picosecond to the millisecond time scales. The activationless kmax values from both techniques coalesce into one data set. The distance dependence of the reactions is consistent with a smooth transition from a superexchange mechanism with attenuation constant β = 1.4 A-1 to a hopping mechanism with attenuation constant β = 0.17 A-1. The transition occurs between n = 3 and 4 prolines, and the virtual hopping rate constant at the shortest distance is about 1 x 106 times slower than that observed for the superexchange value.
RGS9 Knockout Causes a Short Delay in Light Responses of ON-Bipolar Cells

RGS9 and R9AP are components of the photoreceptor-specific GTPase activating complex responsible for rapid inactivation of the G protein, transducin, in the course of photoresponse recovery from excitation. The amount of this complex in photoreceptors is strictly dependent on the expression level of R9AP; consequently, the knockouts of either RGS9 or R9AP cause comparable delays in photoresponse recovery. While RGS9 is believed to be present only in rods and cones, R9AP is also expressed in dendritic tips of ON-bipolar cells, which receive synaptic inputs from photoreceptors. Recent studies demonstrated that knockouts of R9AP and its binding partner in ON-bipolar cells, RGS11, cause a small delay in ON-bipolar cell light responses manifested as a delayed onset of electroretinography b-waves. This led the authors to suggest that R9AP and RGS11 participate in regulating the kinetics of light responses in these cells. Here we report the surprising finding that a nearly identical b-wave delay is observed in RGS9 knockout mice. Given the exclusive localization of RGS9 in photoreceptors, this result argues for a presynaptic origin of the b-wave delay in this case and perhaps in the case of the R9AP knockout as well, since R9AP is expressed in both photoreceptors and ON-bipolar cells. We also conducted a detailed analysis of the b-wave rising phase kinetics in both knockout animal types and found that, despite a delayed b-wave onset, the slope of the light response is unaffected or increased, dependent on the light stimulus intensity. This result is inconsistent with a slowdown of response propagation in ON-bipolar cells caused by the R9AP knockout, further arguing against the postsynaptic nature of the delayed b-wave phenotype in RGS9 and R9AP knockout mice.
Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable.

Three experiments compared different memory tests for words that were studied under either semantic or nonsemantic processing conditions. When the tests required the completion of the initial letters (e.g., DEF—) of recently presented words with the first word that came to mind, semantic and nonsemantic processing conditions produced similar results. In contrast, free recall, cued recall, and word recognition showed substantially better performance under semantic processing conditions. The rate of decrement in performance over time was the same for the completion and recognition tests. The findings are discussed in terms of two processes: (a) activation of a mental representation, which also strengthens the relations among its components and increases its accessibility, and (b) elaboration, which establishes relations among different mental contents and increases retrievability. Implications for different memory tests and for understanding the amnesic syndrome are developed.
A Test of Interventions to Increase Adherence to Hypertensive Medical Regimens

Low rates of adherence to hypertensive therapy limit patients' securing the full benefits of treatment. While some factors related to adherence have been identified research on the effectiveness of interventions to increase adherence levels is sparse. The present study was designed to assess the impact of a series of different interventions on a group of some 400 patients, all under the care of private physicians in a small community. A factorial design was employed to deliver four, sequential educational interventions, about four months apart, to randomly selected sub-groups. Interviews before and after each intervention provided information concerning self-reported adherence, health status, health beliefs, and personal characteristics. Pertinent medical records and pharmacy data were also obtained. The first intervention - printed material - did not significantly affect adherence. The second and fourth interventions - nurse telephone calls and social support - each increased medication taking and the third intervention - self-monitoring - led to better weight control. There was no cumulative impact of the interventions and different aspects of regimens were not significantly related to one another.
New Paradigms in the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Heart Failure Treatment

Congestive heart failure is a very real public health issue not only in the United States, but worldwide. Mortality in patients with congestive heart failure is typically either sudden cardiac death or pump failure. Paradoxically, patients with less severe heart failure are at higher relative risk of sudden cardiac death. Defining which patients are best treated with implantable defibrillators and resynchronization is the purpose of this review.
Distributed data communication networks for real-time process control

The paper deals with the performance analysis of network access protocols for distributed data communication and control systems (DDCCS) in chemical and processing plants. The selection of an appropriate data highway protocol is an important step in the DDCCS network design for large-scale processes because the real-time feedback control loops are subject to time-varying delays resulting from data latencies and possible mis-synchronism between system components. SAE token ring, SAE linear token bus, and MIL-STD-1553B protocols have been analyzed in view of the DDCCS network design requirements. The results of closed loop control system simulations are presented to demonstrate how data latency generated by the network access protocols could degrade the dynamic performance of the controlled process.
Direct phase determination for polymer fibre X-ray data—the structure of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane)

The X-ray crystal structure of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane) has been re-determined from fibre diffraction data by direct methods (Sayre equation via a multisolution approach). Despite the somewhat low resolution of the observed data set, this approach is sufficient for distinguishing the correct space group as well as producing an electron density envelope that fits the outlines of the monomer repeat. The resultant structural solution is virtually identical to the one found earlier by a model refinement procedure.
A Primer for University-Level Solid Rocket Motor Research and Development

The recent addition of multiple intercollegiate rocket competitions has prompted the increased use of custom rocket propulsion systems by numerous universities. Collegiate rocket and research teams starting the development of solid propellant rocket motors often encounter problems throughout the entirety of design and testing phases. Specifically, there exists a discrepancy between standardized university textbooks on the subject and current hobbyist literature. Daedalus Astronautics at Arizona State University began research on solid rocket motors in 2006 and has since developed numerous successful motors. These motors have progressed from simple propellant formulations into high regression rate propellants utilizing multiple burn rate catalysts. The evolution of Daedalus’ motor mixing methodology and other key information pertinent to solid rocket motor design and manufacture is included in this paper. A number of significant steps are outlined including safety and regulatory concerns, basic formula compositions, propellant characterization methodology, manufacturing processes and motor testing. The intended use of this paper is to act as a primer for the quick start-up and development of reliable solid rocket motor designs suitable for use in high powered sounding rockets.
Locus of the central emetic action of cardiac glycosides.

SummaryExperiments on dogs have revealed the existence of a chemoreceptor trigger zone for emesis which is quite distinct from the vomiting center. This zone is a bilateral structure situated at the surface of the medulla oblongata in the dorsal region of the ala cinerea. Destruction of the emetic chemoreceptor zone results in animals which are permanently refractory to apomorphine given by vein, but it does not impair the vomiting response to orally administered copper sulfate. Eight out of 9 such dogs failed to vomit when tested intravenously with known emetic doses of the cardiac glycosides, lanatoside C, scillaren A and ouabain. Only one vomiting response was elicited; in this case, the latent period was greatly prolonged, a fact which suggests the existence of another site of emetic action of digitalis glycosides. The significance of a central chemoreceptor trigger zone for the emetic action of digitalis is discussed.
Electrodiagnostics and Clinical Correlates in Acquired Polyneuropathies

Abstract Peripheral neuropathies result from a variety of inherited and acquired pathologies. They display an assortment of clinical signs and symptoms and present with a broad range of severity. Electrodiagnosis can play a key role in the evaluation of a suspected peripheral neuropathy. A peripheral nerve disorder is first suspected on the basis of history and physical examination findings. Electrodiagnosis is then used to confirm the diagnosis and to characterize the peripheral neuropathy, providing information about its distribution, pathophysiologic process (demyelinating vs axonal), and chronicity.
Selenium Supplementation Decreases Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice After Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride Administration

Oxidative stress stimulates fibrogenesis, and selenium (Se) has antioxidant properties. This study determined whether Se supplementation affects CCl4-induced liver injury and fibrosis. Mice were administered CCl4 over 4 weeks, while controls received olive oil. Se was provided as sodium selenite in the drinking water. Se increased liver Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased liver malondialdehyde after CCl4. Se decreased liver inflammation but not necrosis caused by CCl4. Se increased hepatocyte apoptosis after CCl4 and the pro-apoptotic BAX and Bcl Xs/l proteins. Stellate cell apoptosis occurred only after CCl4 in Se-supplemented mice. Se decreased stellate cell number and fibrosis after CCl4. Liver matrix metalloproteinase-9 increased after CCl4 with Se supplementation. In conclusion, Se supplementation decreased hepatic fibrosis after CCl4 in the setting of decreased inflammation but increased apoptosis. The principal mechanisms for the decreased fibrosis are a lower number of collagen-producing stellate cells and increased collagen degradation.
Gender Differences in the Intentional Use of Information in Competitive Negotiations

The effect of gender on the intentional use of information during competitive negotiations was investigated. In this laboratory study, 267 participants in 3-person, single-gender groups engaged in ...
Ciliocytophthoria in nasal secretion and its relation to infection and atopic disease

Abstract A variety of laboratory investigations was carried out in an attempt to distinguish symptoms of infection of the respiratory tract from those of allergy. The investigations consisted of: (1) cultures and serology for the identification of bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal infections; and (2) exfoliative cytology of nasal secretions for the presence of ciliocytophthoria (CCP). The cultural and serologic studies did not help to make the distinction. However, there was a high correlation between the presence of CCP in nasal secretions and the clinical impression that symptoms were due to viral infection. This observation suggests that examination for CCP. a characteristic degenerative change in ciliated respiratory columnar epithelial cells, is a useful diagnostic procedure for the recognition of viral infection in allergic patients.
α-Tocopherol depletion eliminates the regional differences in adrenal mitochondrial lipid peroxidation

Abstract Prior studies demonstrated far greater amounts of lipid peroxidation (LP) in mitochondria from the zona reticularis (inner zone) of the guinea pig adrenal cortex than in mitochondria from the outer zone (zona fasciculata + zona glomerulosa) of the gland. α-Tocopherol concentrations, by contrast, were greater in the outer zone. To determine if the differences in α-tocopherol content were responsible for the regional differences in LP, the effects of α-tocopherol deficiency on mitochondrial LP were investigated. Tocopherol deficiency had relatively little effect on ferrous ion- or ascorbic acid-induced LP in inner zone mitochondria. However, depletion of adrenal tocopherol substantially increased outer zone LP, eliminating the differences between the two zones. Fatty acid analyses revealed that mitochondria from tocopherol-deficient animals contained significantly less linoleic acid (C18 : 2) and arachidonic acid (C20:4) than those from controls, suggesting peroxidative losses in vivo. In mitochondria from control animals, subphysiological concentrations of ascorbic acid stimulated LP, but physiological levels did not. However, in tocopherolepleted mitochondria, even physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid stimulated LP. The results indicate that the intra-adrenal distribution of α-tocopherol is responsible for the regional differences in mitochondrial LP and that α-tocopherol is a major determinant of ascorbic acid actions on adrenal LP. The data also provide evidence of adrenal LP in vivo in tocopherol-deficient animals.
Atom Monopole−Dipole Interaction Model with Limited Delocalization Length for Polarizabilities of Polyenes

The atom monopole−dipole interaction (AMDI) model allows charge transfer along a conjugated chain and has been used to predict the polarizabilities of aromatic hydrocarbons. But as this model does not predict the polarizabilities of very long polyenes, we introduce the concept of “delocalization length” that restricts charge transfer such that the maximum length that the electron traverses is a certain number of atoms and not the entire chain. We test this approach for a series of polyenes for two delocalization lengths of 11 atoms and 13 atoms. We find that the polarizabilities computed using this method agree well with the existing quantum mechanical calculations.
Rescue of injury-induced neurofilaments loss by BDNF gene transfection in primary septo-hippocampal cell cultures

Abstract We employed primary septo-hippocampal cell cultures to determine the ability of liposome-mediated BDNF gene transfection to facilitate recovery of neurofilament loss caused by depolarization injury. After BDNF gene transfection in uninjured cultures, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining confirmed increases in BDNF mRNA and protein in transfected cells. Three days after depolarization injury, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses detected significant loss of neurofilament proteins in non-transfected cultures, while BDNF transfection produced marked increases in neurofilament proteins following either pre-injury transfection or transfection 24 h following injury. Immunohistochemical studies also detected enhanced immunolabelling of BDNF and total neurofilament protein (phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated)in injured neurons following BDNF transfection or administration of exogenous BDNF protein, compared to untransfected, injured controls.
HIV tat and neurotoxicity

HIV tat is the transactivator of HIV-1, supporting efficient viral replication by stabilizing the transcription of viral genes. Tat can be released from HIV-infected cells and alter several functions in uninfected cells. In the brain, tat induces neuronal dysfunction/toxicity, even though neurons cannot be directly infected with HIV, resulting in CNS pathology, such as the dementia and encephalitis associated with NeuroAIDS. This review discusses the most recent data addressing tat-induced neurotoxicity and integrates these new findings in the context of NeuroAIDS.