cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental changes in the sensitivity of Volvox to ultraviolet light.

The response of Volvox to ultraviolet irradiation was analyzed. Young individuals isolated from a synchronous culture were exposed to UV light (120 J/m2) and subjected to variable length periods of dark following irradiation. The major effect of the UV treatment was the inability of the gonidia present in the colonies at the time of irradiation to continue and complete the developmental program. Individuals show a heightened sensitivity to UV for a limited period immediately following inversion and are insensitive at other stages of development. The cytotoxic effect of UV during this interval is completely reversed by the immediate exposure to white light and is increased with longer periods of dark treatment prior to exposure to white light. The temporal profile of the sensitivity defines a smooth curve in which the maximal sensitivity occurs three hours after inversion. The response to higher doses of UV (up to 500 J/m2) is a nonlinear increase in cytotoxicity and is disproportionately greater in those individuals just prior to the period of maximal sensitivity than those later in development. The results suggest that Volvox has at least two pathways for the repair of UV damage and that one of these, the principal dark repair pathway,more » is temporarily deficient in the gonidia of young individuals.« less
Blow-up rates for semi-linear reaction–diffusion systems

Abstract Let Ω ⊂ R n ( n ≥ 1 ) be a bounded smooth domain. Consider the following initial–boundary value problem of reaction–diffusion systems (I) ∂ t u 1 − Δ u 1 − u 1 p 11 u 2 p 12 = 0 , in ( 0 , T ) × Ω , ∂ t u 2 − Δ u 2 − u 1 p 21 u 2 p 22 = 0 , in ( 0 , T ) × Ω , u ( t , x ) = 0 , on ( 0 , T ) × ∂ Ω , u ( 0 , x ) = Φ ( x ) ≥ 0 , in Ω , where u = ( u 1 , u 2 ) ≥ 0 , and Φ ( x ) = ( φ 1 ( x ) , φ 2 ( x ) ) ≥ 0 , and ν is the unit outer normal at ∂Ω and T ∈ ( 0 , ∞ ] is the maximum existence time of u (in L ∞ -norm) and the exponents p i j , i , j = 1 , 2 , are non-negative real numbers. Systems of form (I) naturally arise in studying non-linear phenomena in biology, chemistry, medicine and physics. For instance, (I) has been used to model densities and temperatures in chemical reactions, condensate amplitudes in Bose–Einstein condensates, wave amplitudes (or envelops of multiple interacting optical modes) in optical fibers, and pattern formation in ecological systems. Under suitable conditions on p i j , i , j = 1 , 2 , we established the following exact blow-up rates for blow-up solutions u of (I) C ( T − t ) − θ i ≤ sup x ∈ Ω u i ( t , x ) ≤ C − 1 ( T − t ) − θ i , i = 1 , 2 , where θ 1 and θ 2 > 0 are positive exponents depending only on p i j , generalizing earlier results in this direction.
Acute bronchitis: State of the art diagnosis and therapy

In managing acute bronchitis, pneumonia or an exacerbation of underlying chronic bronchitis should be excluded. Simple bronchitis is best treated symptomatically while an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis can be treated with antibiotics. Broad spectrum antibiotics are appropriate in selected patients.
Auto-ionization of H2 near threshold

The purpose of this paper is to show by a model calculation that the internal conversion theory may be used to obtain auto-ionization rates for $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{if}}=1$ vibrational transitions in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, within the right order of magnitude. Thus, the present calculation remedies the apparent inability of the model to predict desirable rates as calculated by previous authors. The results obtained compare fairly well with the experimental estimates of Chupka and Berkowitz, but are closer to the alternative theoretical calculations of Berry and Nielsen for $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{if}}=1$. It explicitly shows the $\frac{1}{{n}^{3}}$ dependence of rates for increasing principal quantum numbers $n$, and follows the so-called "propensity rule" for vibrational transitions involved. Limitations and possible refinements of the present model are discussed, and the generalization for molecules other than ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is indicated. Within the approximation of the model, it provides a simple formula from which rates may be easily estimated.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Interleukin-8 Are Increased in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Relation to Isolation of Ureaplasma Urealyticum

Background An exaggerated inflammatory response occurs in infants who subsequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) is frequently isolated from cultures of tracheal secretions obtained from very low birth weight infants and is associated with an increased risk of BPD. Methods We examined the relationships between isolation of genital mycoplasmas, tracheal aspirate (TA) interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) concentrations and the development of BPD. Serial TAs were obtained prospectively from 35 very low birth weight infants, and IL-8 and MCP-1 concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. Tracheal cultures for bacteria and genital mycoplasmas were performed on aspirates obtained during the first 2 days of life. Results Infants who developed BPD (n=18) were less mature (25.2±0.2 vs 27.8±0.5 weeks; P P P =0.026) than those who did not develop BPD (n=17). Tracheal concentrations of IL-8 and MCP-1 were significantly increased in infants who developed BPD (IL-8: P =0.0001; MCP-1: P P =0.020) and had TA concentrations of IL-8 and MCP-1 that were significantly increased compared with those of Uu-negative infants. Conclusions Increased TA concentrations of IL-8 and MCP-1 during the first 2 weeks of life are associated with the development of BPD. Recovery of Uu from TAs is associated with a more robust inflammatory reaction and an increased risk of BPD.
Nature of Science, Scientific Inquiry, and Socio-Scientific Issues Arising from Genetics: A Pathway to Developing a Scientifically Literate Citizenry

The primary focus of this article is to illustrate how teachers can use contemporary socio-scientific issues to teach students about nature of scientific knowledge as well as address the science subject matter embedded in the issues. The article provides an initial discussion about the various aspects of nature of scientific knowledge that are addressed. It is important to remember that the aspects of nature of scientific knowledge are not considered to be a comprehensive list, but rather a set of important ideas for adolescent students to learn about scientific knowledge. These ideas have been advocated as important for secondary students by numerous reform documents internationally. Then, several examples are used to illustrate how genetically based socio-scientific issues can be used by teachers to improve students’ understandings of the discussed aspects of nature of scientific knowledge.
Exchange-rate volatility and commodity trade between the USA and Indonesia

Since the introduction of the current system of floating exchange-rate regimes, the empirical literature on its implications has grown, with various studies exploring the effects of exchange-rate volatility using different data selection and modeling techniques. Most of these results have been mixed, finding that risk can have positive, negative, or insignificant effects on export and import flows. This study extends the empirical literature by focusing on the role of exchange-rate volatility on trade between the USA and Indonesia. We use disaggregated trade data by commodity and investigate 108 US export industries to Indonesia and 32 US import industries. Our results show that more than half of export and import industries are affected by real exchange-rate volatility in the short run. However, only a third of the export and import industries register long-run effects. We find that, for large industries, exports and imports behave similarly, but that far more small Indonesian exporters see their trade r...
Strength of iron at core pressures and evidence for a weak Earth’s inner core

The observed seismic anisotropy in the Earth’s inner core has been explained by the preferential alignment of grains by plastic deformation. Measurements of the strength of iron at core pressures suggest that the inner core is weaker than previously thought and deforms by dislocation creep.
Priorities in men

It is widely recognized that a “system of priorities” is necessary to assure proper control and ready availability of the enormous variety of raw materials and complicated military equipment essential to adequate national defense in these dangerous times. However, the parallel and equally vital need for assuring adequate supply and most effective use of the nation's limited supply of specially trained technical manpower seems to be not so widely recognized. Hence, Doctor Davis' strong and thoughtful plea for a system of “priorities in men.”
Do cancer proteins really interact strongly in the human protein-protein interaction network?

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? Compared topological properties of four categories of proteins in four interactomes. ? Cancer proteins interact more strongly than other proteins in four organisms. ? Strong interaction of cancer proteins is not introduced by data bias. ? Implication for cancer proteins' biological function in cellular system. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis has been widely applied in the investigation of the mechanisms of diseases, especially cancer. Recent studies revealed that cancer proteins tend to interact more strongly than other categories of proteins, even essential proteins, in the human interactome. However, it remains unclear whether this observation was introduced by the bias towards more cancer studies in humans. Here, we examined this important issue by uniquely comparing network characteristics of cancer proteins with three other sets of proteins in four organisms, three of which (fly, worm, and yeast) whose interactomes are essentially not biased towards cancer or other diseases. We confirmed that cancer proteins had stronger connectivity, shorter distance, and larger betweenness centrality than non-cancer disease proteins, essential proteins, and control proteins. Our statistical evaluation indicated that such observations were overall unlikely attributed to random events. Considering the large size and high quality of the PPI data in the four organisms, the conclusion that cancer proteins interact strongly in the PPI networks is reliable and robust. This conclusion suggests that perturbation of cancer proteins might cause major changes of cellular systems and result in abnormal cell function leading to cancer.
Veterans Health Administration mental health treatment settings of patients who report military sexual trauma.

The comprehensive Veterans Health Administration (VHA) policies on military sexual trauma (MST) include provider education and training at each VHA facility. No published data exist that indicate the settings in which VHA mental health patients with MST are treated. Such information could help set priorities for targeted MST-related education and training. The major aim of this article was to describe the VHA mental health outpatient settings in which patients with MST are most likely to be treated. National data from 79,903 female and 889,998 male veteran patients with at least one face-to-face outpatient mental health encounter at any VHA facility in fiscal year 2008 were analyzed. Among all veterans in VHA outpatient mental health care, 35.8% of women and 2.4% of men reported MST. The proportion of MST-positive patients ranged from 25.9% to 81.0% of women and from 1.5% to 56.1% of men across 9 major clinic setting categories. Proportions of women with MST were substantial across specialty MST clinics, ...
Linezolid for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children

Objective To determine the safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of linezolid, a new oxazolidinone antibiotic in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Design A Phase II, open label multicenter study of intravenous linezolid followed by oral linezolid suspension, both at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 12 h. Efficacy was assessed at 7 to 14 days after the last dose of linezolid. Patients Children 12 months to 17 years old with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the hospital of 14 participating centers. Results From July 21, 1998, through May 14, 1999, 79 children were enrolled and 78 received linezolid. Sixty-six children completed treatment and follow-up and were evaluable for clinical outcome. The median age of the evaluable patients was 3 years (range, 1 to 12 years); 47 were 2 to 6 years old. Pathogens were isolated from blood or pleural fluid cultures in 8 children: Streptococcus pneumoniae, 6 (2 penicillin-resistant); Group A Streptococcus, 1; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 1. Chest tubes were placed in 9 patients. The mean total duration of intravenous and oral administration was 12.2 +/- 6.2 days (range, 6 to 41 days). The mean peak and trough plasma concentrations of linezolid were 9.5 +/- 4.8 and 0.8 +/- 1.2 microg/ml, respectively. At the follow-up visit 7 to 14 days after the last dose of linezolid, 61 patients (92.4%) were considered cured including all the patients with proven pneumococcal pneumonia, one failed (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and 4 were considered indeterminate. The most common adverse effects in the intent to treat group were diarrhea (10.3%), neutropenia (6.4%) and elevation in alanine aminotransferase (6.4%). Conclusions Linezolid was well-tolerated and could be considered an alternative to vancomycin for treating serious infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive cocci in children pending results of additional studies.
Rangelands and Ecosystem Services: Economic Wealth From Land Health?

Rangelands and Ecosystem Services: Economic Wealth From Land Health? DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v33i5_knight
Evidence of Band Conduction and Critical Scattering in Dilute Eu-Chalcogenide Alloys

Resistivity and Hall-effect measurements in ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{0.95}$${\mathrm{Gd}}_{0.05}$S give evidence for the onset of a well defined conduction band with critical scattering coexisting with magnetic impurity states.
Maternal death following cardiopulmonary collapse after delivery: amniotic fluid embolism or septic shock due to intrauterine infection?

Problem The amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) syndrome is a catastrophic complication of pregnancy frequently associated with maternal death. The causes and mechanisms of disease responsible for this syndrome remain elusive.
Effect of chronic administration of mestranol, tamoxifen, and toremifene on hepatic ploidy in rats

The nonsteroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen increases the incidence of rat liver cancer through a variety of mechanisms. To compare the effects of tamoxifen (TAM) and a structurally similar analog toremifene (TOR) on rat liver, we determined the ploidy distribution for hepatocytes isolated from rats treated for 18 months with these antiestrogens or the estrogenic compound mestranol (MS). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy and administered the solvent, trioctanoin, or diethylnitrosamine (10 mg DEN/kg). After a 2-week recovery from the surgery, the rats were administered a basal diet or one containing TAM (250 or 500 ppm), TOR (250, 500, or 750 ppm), or MS (0.2 ppm) for 18 months. Pathologic changes in the liver were examined in the 15-22 rats per treatment group at the 18-month time point. An increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) was detected in the 500 ppm TAM group, but not with the other treatments that did not include DEN. Both TOR and TAM promoted formation of DEN-initiated HCCs. At sacrifice, four to five rats per group were perfused and the hepatocytes isolated and cultured. Karyotypic analysis was performed on colcemid-blocked cells after 2 days in culture. The hepatic ploidy distribution was characterized in Giemsa-stained metaphase spreads. These studies indicated that chronic treatment with TAM alone resulted in a shift from tetraploid to diploid, as was also observed for rats treated once with DEN. TOR and MS alone did not cause this change in hepatic ploidy at the doses examined. A shift toward an increased content of diploid hepatocytes occurred in all rats treated once with DEN followed by TAM, TOR, or MS. These results indicate that tamoxifen administration results in a shift toward growth of diploid hepatocytes, thus contributing to its carcinogenic action in the rat liver.
Nonenzymatic formation of energy-rich lactoyl and glyceroyl thioesters from glyceraldehyde and a thiol

The energy rich thioester, N-acetyl-S-lactoylcysteine, is formed under anaerobic conditions from glyceraldehyde and N-acetylcysteine at ambient temperature in aqueous solutions of sodium phosphate (pH 7.0). The conversion occurs at a rate of about 0.4% per day in reactions with 10 millimoles (mM) glyceraldehyde, 10 mM thiol, and 500 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.0). Thioester formation proceeds at an estimated efficiency of 76%. The formation of lactoyl thioester most likely occurs by the phosphate catalyzed dehydration of glyceraldehyde to give pyruvaldehyde, which combines with thiol to form a hemithioacetal that rearranges to the thioester. A second energy rich thioester, N-acetyl-S-glyceroylcysteine, is also produced from glyceraldehyde when these reactions are carried out in the presence of oxygen and to a limited extent in the absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen the formation of glyceroyl thioester continues until the thiol disappears completely by oxidation. The significance of these reactions to the energetics of the origin of life is discussed.
Fast food restaurant use among women in the Pound of Prevention study: dietary, behavioral and demographic correlates

OBJECTIVE: To examine demographic, behavioral and dietary correlates of frequency of fast food restaurant use in a community-based sample of 891 adult women. DESIGN: A survey was administered at baseline and 3 y later as part of a randomized, prospective intervention trial on weight gain prevention. SUBJECTS: Women (n=891) aged 20–45 y who enrolled in the Pound of Prevention study. MEASUREMENTS: Frequency of fast food restaurant use, dietary intake, demographic and behavioral measures were self-reported. Dietary intake was measured using the 60-item Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. Body weight and height were directly measured. RESULTS: Twenty-one percent of the sample reported eating ≥3 fast food meals per week. Frequency of fast food restaurant use was associated with higher total energy intake, higher percentage fat energy, more frequent consumption of hamburgers, French fries and soft drinks, and less frequent consumption of fiber and fruit. Frequency of fast food restaurant use was higher among younger women, those with lower income, non-White ethnicity, greater body weight, lower dietary restraint, fewer low-fat eating behaviors, and greater television viewing. Over 3 y, increases in frequency of fast food restaurant use were associated with increases in body weight, total energy intake, percentage fat intake, intake of hamburgers, French fries and soft drinks, and with decreases in physical activity, dietary restraint and low-fat eating behaviors. Intake of several other foods, including fruits and vegetables, did not differ by frequency of fast food restaurant use. CONCLUSION: Frequency of fast food restaurant use is associated with higher energy and fat intake and greater body weight, and could be an important risk factor for excess weight gain in the population.
AN EXAMINATION OF EXPLANATION TYPOLOGY ON PERCEIVED INFORMATIONAL FAIRNESS IN THE CONTEXT OF AIR TRAVEL

Given humans' need to understand why things go wrong, “offering an explanation” is a type of service recovery effort that can be essential in the recovery process. Despite the importance of service failure explanations to academics and practitioners, research on this topic is scant. To bridge that gap, this study investigates the impact of various types of failure explanations on customer perceptions of informational fairness in the context of air travel. The results show that the type of explanation and the severity of the failure both result in different levels of perceived informational fairness. Moreover, different levels of perceived informational fairness can influence customer satisfaction through reduced attribution of responsibility for the failure to the service provider.
The uses of gamma globulins in the prophylaxis of infection.

Abstract The gamma globulin fraction of pooled normal human sera has a wide range of usefulness in the prophylaxis of many infectious diseases. Hyperimmune human globulin preparations are effective against certain other illnesses in which globulins pooled from normal sera contain insufficient antibody. In general, gamma globulins are most effective in diseases with a relatively long period of incubation. If immune globulins are administered early in the incubation period, there will be sufficiently high levels of circulating antibody to neutralize virus during the viremic phase, and dissemination of virus to distant organs will be limited, resulting in prevention or modification of the disease. Both dose and time of administration are important in determining the effect of passive immunization. In most circumstances, the optimal dose of gamma globulin is one which will modify, rather than completely prevent, the disease and will allow the concurrent development of active immunity. Active immunization with available viral vaccines provides a far more satisfactory basis for preventing infection.
Using the Diary Method to Deal with Social Loafers on the Group Project: Its Effects on Peer Evaluations, Group Behavior, and Attitudes.

This article reports on the use of group and individual diaries to control social loafing on the group project. Although both forms of the diary were designed to prevent social loafing, neither app...
Collapse of the metric hierachy for bipartite graphs

We show that among connected bipartite graphs the following classes are identical: graphs isometrically embeddable in a hypercube, graphs isometrically embeddable in l 1 , hypermetric graphs, graphs of negative type, and graphs whose distance matrices have just one positive eigenvalue. Here we regard any connected graph as a metric space, the distance between two vertices being the number of edges in a shortest path between them.
Migrant stock vs. lagged migrant flow as a determinant of migrant settlement. A comment on Anjomani and Hariri.

In a recent contribution to this Journal Anjomani and Hariri present an interesting study of United States interstate migration which explicitly incorporates so-called “flow diversion” and “flow creation” effects. Their discussion and evaluation of the model, however, are marred by several factors. This paper contrasts the roles of migrant stock and lagged migration in migration analysis and then addresses (a) the problems encountered when the “family-friends” effect is proxied with measures of lagged migrant flows, (b) the problem of using a two-period lagged value of earlier migrant flow as an explanatory variable, and (c) this paper suggests an alternative method of correcting the Anjomani-Hariri model's problems with multicollinearity.
Point-and-shoot data

We explore the use of visible light as a wireless communication medium for mobile devices. We discuss the advantages of a human perceptible communication medium in regards to user experience and create tools for direct manipulation of the communication channel.
Topographical imaging as a means of monitoring biodegradation of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) films

Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) are a class of bacterially-derived polymers that are naturally biodegradable through the action of extracellular depolymerase enzymes secreted by a number of different bacteria and fungi. In this paper we describe the development of topographical imaging protocols (by both scanning electron microscopy; SEM, and confocal microscopy; CM) as a means of monitoring the biodegradation of solution cast films of poly(3-hydroxybutanoate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (P3HB/3HHx) and medium-chain-length (mcl-) PHA. Pseudomonas lemoignei and Comamonas P37C were used as sources for PHA depolymerase enzymes as these bacteria are known to degrade at least one of the polymers in question. SEM revealed the bacterial colonization of the film surfaces while CM permitted the comparative assessment of the roughness of the film surfaces upon exposure to the two bacterial strains. By dividing the total surface area of the film (A′) by the total area of the scan (A) it was possible to monitor biodegradation by observing differences in the topography of the film surface. Prior to inoculation, P3HB/3HHx films had an A′/A ratio of 1.06. A 24-h incubation with P. lemoignei increased the A′/A ratio to 1.47 while a 48- and 120-h incubation with Comamonas resulted in A′/A ratios of 1.16 and 1.33, respectively. These increases in the A′/A ratios over time demonstrated an increase in the irregularity of the film surface, indicative of PHA polymer breakdown.
Aspects of supercritical wing theory

Concepts and techniques that have proved successful in the computational theory of shockless airfoils are examined. Shockless airfoils have been used in the design of supercritical wings for fuel-efficient aircraft. In transonic aerodynamics, it is has been found that test data agree well with the best results obtained from CFD. This is particularly true for two-dimensional flow, where accurate experiments are difficult to perform and numerical calculations are relatively easy. However, it is important to choose reasonable models in setting up the computations. Particular attention is given to the formulation of the relevant differential equations in ways that have been found to be satisfactory in practice.
Nucleotide sequence changes in the polymerase basic protein 2 gene of temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus

Influenza A viruses bearing temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations are restricted in replication in the respiratory tract of animals and humans and are therefore attenuated. Nucleotide sequences were determined for the RNA segment coding for the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) from a panel of 12 influenza A/Udorn/307/72 (H3N2) is viruses, previously characterized to have a is mutation in the PB2 gene. Each of the viruses with a is mutation in the PB2 gene had a single amino acid change located at position 65, 100, 112, 174, 298, 310, 386, 391, 556, or 658 of the PB2 protein. The sites of the single mutations were scattered throughout the length of the protein and occurred in regions that are highly conserved among the influenza A virus PB2 predicted amino acid sequences. Interestingly, the substitution of aspartic acid for asparagine at position 556 was found to lie within a region that has homology with cap-binding motifs of human and yeast proteins. Taken together, the findings of lesion sites in the A/Udorn/307/72 PB2 gene and the three reported amino acid changes at positions 265, 417, and 512 for A/AA/6/60, A/WSN/33, and A/FPV/Ros/34 is PB2 genes, respectively, indicate that the PB2 gene can sustain a viable is mutation at different sites. This information will allow us to construct cloned cDNA copies of the A/Udorn/307172 PB2 gene mutagenized at specific sites. Different configurations of two or more is mutations may be incorporated into the cDNA PB2 gene constructs. We have a host-range reassortant virus that should permit rescue of in vitro-produced transcripts of the PB2 gene into infectious virus. The rescue of these mutated PB2 RNA segments into an infectious influenza A virus may lead to the development of live attenuated reassortant virus vaccines that are satisfactorily attenuated, genetically stable, and immunogenic in humans.
Spirituality in the Curricula of Accredited Athletic Training Education Programs

Objective: The objectives of this study were to examine if topics related to spirituality were being addressed in the curricula of athletic training education programs (ATEPs) and to investigate whether program directors (PDs) believed this to be a topic worthy of inclusion in ATEP experiences. Design and Setting: A descriptive mixed method study using a web-based survey. Subjects: The sample consisted of 291 PDs from accredited undergraduate ATEPs in the United States. Measurements: The items measured included participants' institutional affiliation, years of experience and educational background, perceptions on the propriety of including spiritual topics in ATEP curricula, and general awareness of the literature surrounding spirituality and health. Results: One hundred ten (79.7%) colleges/universities offered a course in spirituality outside the ATEP curriculum, but only 5 (3.6%) colleges/universities currently offered a course in the ATEP curriculum in which spirituality was the main focus. W e found ...
Fission yeast RNA triphosphatase reads an Spt5 CTD code

mRNA capping enzymes are directed to nascent RNA polymerase II (Pol2) transcripts via interactions with the carboxy-terminal domains (CTDs) of Pol2 and transcription elongation factor Spt5. Fission yeast RNA triphosphatase binds to the Spt5 CTD, comprising a tandem repeat of nonapeptide motif TPAWNSGSK. Here we report the crystal structure of a Pct1·Spt5-CTD complex, which revealed two CTD docking sites on the Pct1 homodimer that engage TPAWN segments of the motif. Each Spt5 CTD interface, composed of elements from both subunits of the homodimer, is dominated by van der Waals contacts from Pct1 to the tryptophan of the CTD. The bound CTD adopts a distinctive conformation in which the peptide backbone makes a tight U-turn so that the proline stacks over the tryptophan. We show that Pct1 binding to Spt5 CTD is antagonized by threonine phosphorylation. Our results fortify an emerging concept of an “Spt5 CTD code” in which (i) the Spt5 CTD is structurally plastic and can adopt different conformations that are templated by particular cellular Spt5 CTD receptor proteins; and (ii) threonine phosphorylation of the Spt5 CTD repeat inscribes a binary on–off switch that is read by diverse CTD receptors, each in its own distinctive manner.
Naltrexone for probationers and parolees

Heroin addiction is a chronic disorder that is usually associated with crimes aimed to obtain funds for the purchase of this illegal drug. When these addicted individuals are apprehended and incarcerated, they temporarily obtain drug-free status, but relapse quickly upon release. There is a medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration (naltrexone) that could prevent relapse and thus break this revolving door cycle. In combination with counseling, former inmates could devote energies to legal jobs or job training instead of drug seeking. The major reasons for the nonuse of this medication appear to be lack of knowledge about the medication and fear that the use of a medication that blocks opiate receptors is somehow unethical. This special issue presents data, discussions, and suggestions regarding the ethical use of naltrexone in incarcerated populations or in those under supervision for parole or probation.
Observations and Experiments on the So-Called Thyroid Carcinoma of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis): And Its Relation to Ordinary Goitre...

Is this thyroid hyperplasia true carcinoma? In view of the facts that young fish are more affected than old fish, that iodin stops the hyperplasia and causes it to return to the colloid state, that removal of the fish from the ponds to the open brook also affects a cure, that the clinical incidence of tumors is directly related to the water supply, and that the severity of the disease as determined by histological examination is likewise directly related to the water supply, we cannot accept the prevailing opinion that the disease is true cancer. On the other hand, we believe that the disease as studied by us is an extreme illustration of endemic goitre, the end stage of which is cretinism. The opinion that it is cancer is based purely on anatomical studies-the essential fact being that the growing thyroid invades bone, muscle, etc. Such findings in mammalian tissues are strong evidence of malignancy, but this standard cannot be applied to fish thyroids for the reason that any growth of a widely and loosely distributed nonencapsulated gland would give the histological appearance of invasion of the surrounding tissues. The general views as to the cause of the disease may be divided into two groups: (I) infectious and (2) metabolic. Taking up the infectious theory, there are abundant grounds for such a view when one considers the flora of the tank. The very careful histological examinations by Hofer, Bonnet and Pick have yielded uniformly negative results. Direct infection cannot be excluded, but the fact that fish placed in the tail-race recover spontaneously, although living in the theoretically most polluted water, is not in harmony with our present conception of water-borne infection. Taking up the metabolic theory, the three factors of overfeeding, overcrowding and limited proportional water supply together with the many possibilities into which they are divisible seem to us to be in some way, still obscure, directly concerned with the development of the disease. It is not probable that a single substance, whether the result of food decomposition or of excretory products, excites the thyroid to its activity but rather that the thyroid reaction is the result of the activity of a great variety of these products.
The impact of asian values and victim−perpetrator closeness on the disclosure of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse.

Prior research indicates that survivors of abuse characterized by very close victimperpetrator relationships (VC traumas) are significantly more likely to delay disclosure for 1 or more years, or never to disclose, than survivors of abuse characterized by not very close victimperpetrator relationships (NVC traumas) (M. M. Foynes, J. J. Freyd, & A. P. Deprince, 2009, Child abuse, betrayal and disclosure, Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 209–217). Nondisclosure of abuse may serve a protective function in that it allows for the maintenance of a necessary, albeit abusive, relationship. This dynamic may be particularly relevant for people who adhere strongly to Asian cultural values of interdependence and may be differentially applicable to disclosure of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. An online study was conducted with Asian Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs; N 266) to test the hypothesis that Asian values, rather than ethnic group membership, would be associated with decreased disclosure of VC abuse, but not affect disclosure of NVC abuse. The impact of Asian values was expected to be the strongest for disclosure of VC sexual abuse. A series of backward stepwise logistic regressions revealed that Asian values, but not ethnicity, were significantly associated with nondisclosure of VC sexual and emotional abuse, but not VC physical abuse. Neither ethnicity nor Asian values was associated with disclosure of any type of NVC abuse. Female gender increased the odds of VC abuse disclosure only. By examining the impact of cultural values on disclosure of particular abuse types and uncovering the limitations of attending to ethnicity alone, we hope to inform efforts toward facilitating recovery from trauma and creating more supportive environments for survivors.
Blood and Lymphatic Vessel Formation

Blood and lymphatic vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove waste and CO2, and regulate interstitial pressure in tissues and organs. These vessels begin life early in embryogenesis using transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate differentiation, morphogenesis, and proliferation. Here we describe how these vessels develop in the mouse embryo, and the signals that are important to their development.
Egg contamination by Salmonella serovar enteritidis following vaccination with Δ-aroA Salmonella serovar typhimurium

The efficacy of an aroA Salmonella serovar typhimurium modified live vaccine to decrease internal egg contamination after oral challenge of hens with egg-contaminating Salmonella serovar enteritidis was assessed. Challenge was with a mixed phenotype of S. enteritidis that had virulence characteristics previously associated with enhanced oral invasiveness and egg contamination in chickens. Immunized birds had fewer positive ovary/oviduct pools and lower cfu g−1 cecal contents than did non-immunized birds, but the differences were not significant. The number of positive intestinal (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and organ (spleen, kidney, liver) pools following challenge from each treatment group were equivalent. Most importantly, immunization did not decrease egg contamination. These results suggest that the ability of modified live vaccines to reduce internal egg contamination by S. serovar enteritidis can be assessed using characterized strains for challenge.
Enhanced correction methods for hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometric studies of amyloid fibrils.

We describe methods for minimization of and correction for artifactual forward and backward exchange occurring during hydrogen exchange–mass spectrometric (HX–MS) studies of amyloid fibrils of the Aβ(1–40) peptide. The quality of the corrected data obtained using published and new correction algorithms is evaluated quantitatively. Using the new correction methods, we have determined that 20.1 ± 1.4 of the 39 backbone amide hydrogens in Aβ(1–40) exchange with deuteriums in 100 h when amyloid fibrils of this peptide are suspended in D2O. These data reinforce our previous conclusions based on uncorrected data that amyloid fibrils contain a rigid protective core structure that involves only about half of the Aβ backbone amides. The methods developed here should be of general value for HX–MS studies of amyloid fibrils and other protein aggregates.
Restricted Feeding and Reproductive Performance of Individually Caged Broiler Breeder Males

Abstract Two experiments were conducted, one in the summer and another in the fall, involving 95 Hubbard broiler breeder males per experiment. Breeder males were randomly placed in individual cages at 26 (Trial 2) or 30 (Trial 1) weeks of age and provided with five levels of feed intake. The Hubbard White Mountain male Management Guide recommendation (154 g/bird/day) was designated as the control level (100%). Other levels were 115, 85, 70, and 55% of the control level. The effects of feed intake on body weight, semen volume, percent semen-packed cell volume, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testes weight were determined. Body weights were significantly decreased as feed intake was decreased. Dietary restriction levels of 115, 100, 85, and 70% had no significant effects on semen volume or semen-packed cell volume. Dietary restriction of 55% resulted in reduced semen volume, semen-packed cell volume (except in Trial 1), and testes weight. Dietary restriction had no significant effect on LH. A calculated metabolizable energy (ME) value of 346 kcal of ME/bird/day, which lies between the 85 and 70%-fed groups, should be adequate for normal body weight maintenance with the Hubbard broiler breeder male grown in individual cages.
Saturation spectroscopy for optically thick atomic samples

Doppler-free saturation spectroscopy in the regime of strong pumping intensities and optically thick atomic samples is investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that a very high signal-to-background ratio can be obtained and, at the same time, subnatural linewidths can be reached. Further contrast and linewidth improvements can be attained by supplementing the primary depleted pumping beam with a second pumping beam. By using the signal beam from a first setup as the pumping beam for a second identical arrangement, extreme values for contrast and linewidth should be attainable.
Biological invasions drive size increases in marine and estuarine invertebrates

Ecologists have long been fascinated by the morphological changes that species frequently undergo when introduced into new regions. In this study an unusual pattern of size change associated with the invasion of 19 species of marine and estuarine invertebrates is reported. The results show that the majority of species are significantly larger in the introduced range compared with the native range with little evidence for any decrease in size following invasion. This invasion-driven increase in body size sharply contrasts with the pattern observed in many other taxa including plants, mammals and lizards, where invaders frequently exhibit post-invasion decreases and increases in size. These size changes were not influenced by differences in latitude, sample size or length of time since invasion. Although several mechanisms, may explain the results, none have been demonstrated.
Differentiable Structures on Fractal Like Sets, Determined by Intrinsic Scaling Functions on Dual Cantor Sets

There is an easy notion of differentiate structure on a topological space. In the case of an embedded Cantor set in the line the differentiate structure records the fine scale geometrical structure. We will discuss two examples from the theory of one dimensional smooth dynamical systems, namely Cantor sets dynamically defined by i) folding maps on the boundary of chaos,and by ii) smooth expanding maps.
Probing models with near degeneracy of the chargino and lightest supersymmetric particle at a linear e + e - collider

For some choices of soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters, the lighest supersymmetric particle is a stable neutralino ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{1}^{0}$ that is almost degenerate in mass with the lightest chargino ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{1}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ $(\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}}\ensuremath{\equiv}{m}_{{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{1}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}\ensuremath{-}{m}_{{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{1}^{0}}\ensuremath{\sim}{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{few}\mathrm{}\mathrm{GeV}),$ and all other sparticles are relatively heavy. We discuss the potential of a $\sqrt{s}\ensuremath{\sim}600\mathrm{GeV}$ ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider for studying such models.
Long bone fragmentation and interpretation of faunal assemblages: Approaches to comparative analysis

Abstract Fragmentation of archaeological faunal assemblages has served as the basis for inferring a wide range of human behaviours. However, relationships between long bone breakage and past behaviours have often been expressed in terms of a direct equivalence between bone breakage and intensity of processing—that is, the greater the fragmentation, the more intense the processing. More refined interpretations based on bone breakage require a development of techniques to examine variability within the archaeological record. Data from western North American archaeological sites and several recent Alaskan collections are used as the basis for documentation of assemblage variability in terms of (1) frequencies of complete bones; (2) percentage difference values of proximal and distal articular ends; (3) length of shaft attached to articular ends; and (4) use of ratios of articular ends to shaft splinters and long bone shaft fragments in the development of minimum number of elements counts.
A rare continual flowering strategy and its influence on offspring quality in a gynodioecious plant

The majority of angiosperms have a single annual bout of reproduction; species that flower continually throughout the year are rare. Ochradenus baccatus is a gynodioecious, desert shrub whose principal flowering period is associated with the winter rains, although large individuals also remain in flower during the hot, dry summer. The goal of this study was to examine the reproductive consequences of continual flowering in a large population of O. baccatus in Israel. Over the two years of this study, 60% of individuals flowered continuously. The number of fruit and seeds per fruit were greater in winter. Winter seeds were ;12% heavier than summer seeds and had significantly higher germination rates (80 vs. 60%, respectively). Although summer seeds were smaller and less likely to germinate, we propose that the benefit derived from their production lies in their ability to capitalize on the first winter rains. These early rain events provide a head start on establishment and growth in the hostile desert environment. Plants that delay reproduction until the onset of rains risk having their offspring face the dry conditions of spring and summer.
Changes in a North Carolina Reef Fish Community after 15 Years of Intense Fishing—Global Warming Implications

Abstract A North Carolina reef fish community was resurveyed with scuba gear to determine if changes occurred in community structure after 15 years of intense fishing. Generally, fishes important in the recreational and commercial fisheries were smaller, and large changes occurred in relative abundance and species composition. Indicative of a warming trend, total species composition of fishes had become more tropical, and a tropical sponge previously unrecorded at this latitude off the North Carolina coast became common. Two new (to the area) families and 29 new species of tropical fishes were recorded. Observations of 28 species of tropical reef fishes increased significantly. No new temperate species were observed, and the most abundant temperate species decreased by a factor of 22. Mean monthly bottom water temperatures in winter were 1–6°C warmer during the recent study. An increase in fish-cleaning symbiosis was especially noticeable.
C-reactive protein is more strongly related to post-glucose load glucose than to fasting glucose in non-diabetic subjects; the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

Aims It has been suggested that cardiovascular disease may be more strongly related to post-challenge glycaemia than to fasting glucose concentrations. We hypothesized that subclinical inflammation, as indicated by elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), may partially explain the association of cardiovascular disease with post-challenge glycaemia. Methods We studied the relationship of CRP (measured with a highly sensitive immunoassay) with fasting glucose and 2-h glucose concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test in non-diabetic subjects from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Results Spearman correlation analyses and multiple linear regression analyses showed a significant association of both fasting glucose and 2-h glucose concentrations with CRP levels, after adjusting for demographic covariates (age, sex, ethnicity, clinical centre; Spearman correlation coefficients: r = 0.18 for fasting glucose, r = 0.27 for 2-h glucose, both P < 0.0001). However, after additional adjustment for body mass index and waist–hip ratio only 2-h glucose (and not fasting glucose) was significantly related to CRP (r = 0.03 for fasting glucose, P = NS; r = 0.14 for 2-h glucose, P < 0.0001). Adding insulin sensitivity to the multivariate models further weakened the relationship of CRP to 2-h glucose (r = 0.07, P < 0.05). CRP mean values increased by 2-h glucose category (normal vs. impaired glucose tolerance vs. isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia). Conclusions Chronic, subclinical inflammation, as indicated by elevated circulating CRP levels, is more strongly associated with post-challenge glycaemia than with fasting glucose levels in non-diabetic subjects. This association is partially independent of body fat and insulin resistance. Diabet. Med. 19, 939–943 (2002)
Hierarchical reporting, aggregation, and information cascades

Aggregation is commonly associated with loss of information. In contrast, this paper shows that aggregation can actually enhance information down-the-road by deterring information cascades. In particular, when hierarchical tiers forward only aggregate recommendations rather than nitty-gritty details, it increases the uncertainty faced by subsequent tiers. This makes individuals at higher levels more willing to rely on and convey their own views rather than simply rubber stamping suggestions from lower levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.