cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELEMENT DENSITY AND THE EFFICIENCY OF BINOCULAR MATCHING

Constraints on binocular matching were investigated by comparing the thresholds for interocular correlation in random element displays for human and model observers, with element density manipulated as a parameter. The models consisted of ideal decision rules operating on the entire stimulus, only on the edges in the stimulus, or only on the sparse minority elements in the stimulus. The results indicate that the human visual system selectively attends to the stimulus edges or to the sparse elements under most circumstances. Efficiencies (human or model) were highest at very low element densities (∼20%) and decreased with increasing element density with a log–log slope of -0.5, indicating that dynamic random element stereograms at the traditional 50% element density are vastly undersampled.
Development and application of a hydroclimatological stream temperature model within the Soil and Water Assessment Tool

[1] We develop a stream temperature model within the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) that reflects the combined influence of meteorological (air temperature) and hydrological conditions (streamflow, snowmelt, groundwater, surface runoff, and lateral soil flow) on water temperature within a watershed. SWAT currently uses a linear air-stream temperature relationship to determine stream temperature, without consideration of watershed hydrology. As SWAT uses stream temperature to model various in-stream biological and water quality processes, an improvement of the stream temperature model will result in improved accuracy in modeling these processes. The new stream temperature model is tested on seven coastal and mountainous streams throughout the western United States for which high quality flow and water temperature data were available. The new routine does not require input data beyond that already supplied to the model, can be calibrated with a limited number of calibration parameters, and achieves improved representation of observed daily stream temperature. For the watersheds modeled, the Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) coefficient and mean error (ME) for the new stream temperature model averaged 0.81 and −0.69°C, respectively, for the calibration period and 0.82 and −0.63°C for the validation period. The original SWAT stream temperature model averaged a NS of −0.27 and ME of 3.21°C for the calibration period and a NS of −0.26 and ME of 3.02°C for the validation period. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the new stream temperature model calibration parameters are physically reasonable and the model is better able to capture stream temperature changes resulting from changes in hydroclimatological conditions.
Chimp Research Policy: Think Global

In their Policy Forum “Guiding limited use of chimpanzees in research” (6 January, p. [41][1]), B. M. Altevogt et al. note that breeding existing U.S. chimpanzee captives would likely be too slow to meet the demands of “a public health emergency.” This is true, but echoes the peculiar (although administratively understandable) approach of the Institute of Medicine's report, which considers only chimpanzees currently captive in the United States. There are more than 800 chimpanzees held in sanctuaries in Africa, mostly young victims of the bushmeat trade ([ 1 ][2]). When possible, these orphans are returned to the wild, but between individuals who cannot be reintroduced and the arrival of new orphans, the supply seems likely to remain high indefinitely. Investment in African sanctuaries would ensure the well-being of these chimpanzees, as well as the availability of chimpanzees in case of a genuine global public health emergency. This suggestion is predicated on an agreement as to what constitutes an “emergency”; the litmus test would be an international acceptance of the need to transport and use sanctuary individuals. Such transport is currently excluded by the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance policy, and chimpanzees are regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), so the bar would be very high but presumably not insurmountable. If global chimpanzees are taken into account, there is no need to continue captive breeding for purposes of maintaining a large subject pool. Much research in comparative genomics and behavior can be conducted at African sanctuaries as well as at U.S. research centers. In fact, migration of such projects to Africa would not only help build academic infrastructure there but save money; maintenance costs are less than 1/10th of the $44 per day per individual cited for U.S. facilities ([ 2 ][3]). Neither health nor chimpanzees are exclusively North American issues, and our approach to both should be global, not local. 1. [↵][4]Pan African Sanctuary Alliance ( ). 2. [↵][5]Duke University Evolutionary Anthropology, Why Sanctuaries? ( ). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1217521 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text"
Electrochemical oxidation of guanosine formation of some novel guanine oligonucleosides

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of guanosine has been studied in aqueous phosphate buffer solutions at a pyrolytic graphite electrode. The primary electrooxidation step appears to involve a 1 e−, 1 H+ reaction leading to a free radical with the unpaired electron being located at the C8-position. This primary radical reacts with guanosine and water to yield several other radicals which then undergo a series of chemical and electrochemical reactions yielding some novel guanine di- and tri-nucleosides.
Effect of bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in dialysis patients: Interactions with insulin and albuterol

Acute treatment of hyperkalemia in patients with end-stage renal disease requires temporizing measures to shift potassium rapidly from the extracellular to the intracellular fluid compartments until hemodialysis can be initiated. Whereas insulin and albuterol are effective in lowering plasma potassium acutely, bicarbonate by itself is not. Bicarbonate administration may, however, potentiate the effects of insulin and albuterol on plasma potassium. Using a prospective cross-over design, we investigated the acute effects of (1) isotonic bicarbonate, (2) isotonic saline, (3) insulin + bicarbonate, (4) insulin + saline, (5) albuterol + bicarbonate, and (6) albuterol + saline on plasma potassium as well as blood bicarbonate and pH in nondiabetic hemodialysis patients. After obtaining a baseline blood sample, the subjects received one of the six treatment protocols, with plasma potassium measured every 15 minutes over 1 hour. Neither isotonic bicarbonate nor isotonic saline decreased plasma potassium significantly (-0.03 +/- 0.06 mmol/L v -0.01 +/- 0.10 mmol/L at 60 minutes; P = 0.60). Intravenous insulin decreased plasma potassium by a similar degree when given in conjunction with bicarbonate or saline (-0.81 +/- 0.05 mmol/L v -0.85 +/- 0.06 mmol/L at 60 minutes; P = 0.65). Likewise, nebulized albuterol decreased plasma potassium by a similar degree when given with bicarbonate or saline (-0.71 +/- 0.16 mmol/L v -0.53 +/- 0.15 mmol/L at 60 minutes; P = 0.18). The three protocols that included bicarbonate administration resulted in significant increases in blood bicarbonate (P < 0.005) and pH (P < 0.01), whereas the three protocols that included saline did not affect blood bicarbonate or pH. These observations suggest that bicarbonate administration does not potentiate the potassium-lowering effects of insulin or albuterol in hemodialysis patients.
A Parameterization of the Probability of Snow–Rain Transition

AbstractWhen estimating precipitation using remotely sensed observations, it is important to correctly classify the phase of precipitation. A misclassification can result in order-of-magnitude errors in the estimated precipitation rate. Using global ground-based observations over multiple years, the influence of different geophysical parameters on precipitation phase is investigated, with the goal of obtaining an improved method for determining precipitation phase. The parameters studied are near-surface air temperature, atmospheric moisture, low-level vertical temperature lapse rate, surface skin temperature, surface pressure, and land cover type. To combine the effects of temperature and moisture, wet-bulb temperature, instead of air temperature, is used as a key parameter for separating solid and liquid precipitation. Results show that in addition to wet-bulb temperature, vertical temperature lapse rate affects the precipitation phase. For example, at a near-surface wet-bulb temperature of 0°C, a lapse...
KnockAround: Location Based Service via Social Knowledge

With the proliferation of location awareness in smartphones, location-based services (LBSs), such as finding nearby Sushi restaurants, have become popular. In traditional LBS applications, the user's location is sent from her smartphone to an LBS server over the Internet and the LBS server then serves the information from its database. We observe that people who share space-time context may have overlapping needs for location-based information. Based on this observation, in this paper, we propose a pure P2P-based, pull-type LBS application for smartphones, which exploits the location information already uncovered by the surrounding people (including strangers) during their day-to-day visits, to serve the need for location information of a user. Our application is free from a single point of failure. The database of location information in our system is distributed over people's smartphones and the users themselves update the database dynamically without the need of centralized maintenance. Also our application can serve location information that is volatile and highly idiosyncratic to a particular locality, and thus a central location server is unlikely to contain it. We present the detailed architecture, algorithms, implementation, and survey-based evaluation of our LBS application along with a discussion on the potential caveats and their possible solutions in using our system. We also propose an incentive mechanism to fight against free-riders and evaluate the mechanism using real-life data and simulation. Index Terms -- bloom filter;
Patients' perceptions of fatigue in response to biochemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: a preliminary study.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To explore patients' perceptions of fatigue in response to biochemotherapy treatment for metastatic melanoma. DESIGN A descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional study. SETTING A cancer center in the midwestern United States. SAMPLE 12 adult patients between the ages of 28-70 who received at least one cycle of biochemotherapy treatment for metastatic melanoma (stages III and IV) from the inpatient or outpatient services of a midwestern cancer center. METHODS A demographic data sheet and the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale (PFS) were used to collect data at a single point in time after patients received at least one cycle of biochemotherapy. FINDINGS The majority of patients who received biochemotherapy reported severe or moderate fatigue. Female patients' total fatigue scores were higher than those of male patients. Fatigue duration varied from hours to months, with a maximum duration of 12 months after biochemotherapy treatment. All of the patients reported that the most direct causes of their fatigue were metastatic melanoma and biochemotherapy treatment. CONCLUSIONS Patients who received biochemotherapy treatment for metastatic melanoma reported moderate to severe fatigue. Female patients experienced more intense fatigue than male patients. The findings also supported the multidimensionality of fatigue construct identified in prior fatigue studies. The four dimensions/subscales of fatigue assessed by the Revised PFS were highly correlated to total fatigue scores. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Biochemotherapy is a newer treatment modality for metastatic melanoma. Fatigue, one of the severe toxicities from biochemotherapy treatment, necessitates attention from nurses. The findings will assist nurses in teaching patients about fatigue that may be expected during or after biochemotherapy and about self-care strategies to manage fatigue.
Dynamic characterization of layered metal-fiber-composites including transverse shear deformation

Layered composites have attracted attention for their high specific stiffness, high specific strength, and application specific tailoring of their properties. It is also recognized that layered composites are prone to delamination failure in addition to other failure modes. Consideration of transverse shear on the deformation behavior of the composites is an important aspect in the study of delamination mode failure of such plates. In this paper, we consider the effects of including the transverse shear deformation on the vibration characteristics of layered composites. The formulation is based on the Raleigh-Ritz method using the beam characteristic functions. In addition to including the transverse shear, the formulation is developed for metal-fiber-layered composite plates. This type of laminate construction offers the advantage of both the metallic and fiber properties. Various commonly occuring boundary conditions are discussed. Results are provided showing the effects of the shear deformation on the metal-fiber laminates. The effects of laminate thickness, fiber orientation, and the plate aspect ratios on the free vibration characteristics of the metlal-fiber laminates are given to demonstrate the methodology described.
Subclinical Rhythmic Electrographic Discharges of Adults in a Patient with Migraine

Subclinical rhythmic electrographic discharges of adults (SREDA) is a distinctive electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern seen in adults and is thought to have little clinical significance. These patterns are generally considered nonspecific. We evaluated a 45-year-old female patient with migraine in whom SREDA seemed to have a temporal relation to the migraine symptoms of the patient.
A Monte Carlo study of adsorbed solutions on solid surfaces

We present results of an investigation of the properties of adsorbed solutions formed by gases on solid surfaces, via Monte Carlo computer simulations. The adsorbed solutions are treated as two dimensional fluid mixtures in the presence of an external field which models the structure of the (111) face of an f.c.c. crystal. The same solutions have also been studied in the absence of the external field in order to show the role of the surface structure upon the adsorption equilibrium. The adsorption isotherms were calculated using the potential distribution method and the structure of the adsorbed solutions has been studied through calculations of the singlet and pair distribution functions. Three different mixtures have been considered and the results have been used to describe how differences in molecular size and strength of attractive interactions determine the distribution of components in the mixture between the bulk and adsorbed phases.
Dynamic behavior analysis of mechanical monoleaflet heart valve prostheses in the opening phase

In this paper, fluttering behavior of a mechanical monoleaflet tilting disk heart valve prostheses during the opening phase was analyzed. The impact between the occluder and the guiding strut at the fully open position was included in the analysis with a Bjork-Shiley monoleaflet aortic valve. The motion of the valve occluder was modeled as a rotating system, and equations were derived by employing the moment equilibrium principle. Forces due to lift, drag, gravity, and buoyancy were considered as external forces acting on the occluder. The 4th-order Runge-Kutta method was used to solve the governing equations. The results demonstrated that the occluder reaches the steady equilibrium position only after damped vibration. Fluttering frequency varies as a function of time after opening and is in the range of 8-84 Hz. Valve opening appears to be affected by the orientation of the valve relative to gravitational force. The opening velocities are in the range of 0.56-1.37 m/sec and the dynamic loads by impact of the occluder and the strut are in the range of 60-190 N.
Measurements of harmonic profiles of a bounded ultrasonic beam in a liquid medium

Abstract The acoustic field of a bounded finite-amplitude beam is governed by competing mechanisms such as medium non-linearity, interference, and attenuation. An analytic determination of the distribution of sonic energy in the individual harmonic components is often not reliable; consequently an experimental mapping of those harmonic components may be more appropriate. An experimental method is presented here which involves a miniature hydrophone probe which has been frequency calibrated for each harmonic component using a light diffraction technique. Measurements (made across the sound field) of the acoustic amplitude of the first three harmonic components are presented.
Americans Unprepared for Natural Disasters

Americans are very worried about the threat of natural disasters—but don't seem to be prepared for one. This conclusion comes from Chapman University's recent Survey on American Fears, released on 21 October. The survey asked 1500 Americans to rank how worried they were about several types of natural disasters and then how prepared they were for each.
Marination performance of pale broiler breast meat.

Abstract Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat is a growing problem in the poultry industry and is characterized by rapid postmortem pH decline. The low pH condition while the body temperature has not yet chilled leads to protein denaturation, causing pale color and reduced water-holding properties. The water loss and the protein damage from the PSE condition may impact the ability of the muscle to uptake or retain marinade solution. This study was conducted to determine if a marination with salt and alkaline phosphates could rectify the protein functionality losses imparted by the PSE condition and to determine if marinade pH affects pale and normal fillets in the same manner. Pale (n = 175) and normal-colored (n = 160) fillets were collected from deboning lines at two commercial processing plants based on subjective color evaluation alone. The fillets were then characterized by L* value, pH, and expressible moisture. They were then tumbled with a solution containing salt and sodium tripolyphosphate at 4 C for 30 min. Marinade uptake, drip loss, and cook loss were all measured. As expected, the pale fillets had higher L* values and lower pH values than the normal fillets. For the pH 9 marinade, uptake and drip losses were similar in pale and normal fillets, but cook loss from pale fillets was greater than that of the normal fillets. Marinade solution at pH 11 showed no difference in pH or cook loss between pale and normal fillets. These results indicate that the PSE condition cannot be reversed by the marination treatments used in this study.
Rectal packing as initial management of grade 3 rectal tears.

Summary Grade 3 rectal tears were created in 14 horses. Epidural anaesthesia was maintained in all horses for 8 h post injury. In seven horses with cotton filled stockinette packing the rectum, neither gross faecal contamination nor progression of the rectal tear occurred. Seven horses without rectal packing developed faecal contamination of the rectal tear with formation of a faeces filled serosal or mesorectal diverticulum.
Conductance Changes Produced by the Controlled Addition of Foreign Atoms to the Barrier of Al-Insulator-Metal Tunnel Junctions

The conditions necessary for the occurrence of the two types of zero-bias conductance anomalies observed in certain tunnel junctions, (i) the large conductance dip ("giant resistance anomaly") and (ii) the small narrow conductance peak, were studied by introducing controlled amounts of impurities between the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ barrier and the top electrode $M$ of $\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{O}_{3}\ensuremath{-}M$ tunnel junctions. The elements Ti, Cr, Co, Cu, and their oxides, as well as CaO and Ge, were used in layer thicknesses up to 30 \AA{}. The effect of the dopant layer is dependent on the choice of Al or Ag for the metal $M$. This result is attributed to the different chemical reactivities of these metals. The small conductance peak treated by the theory of Appel-baum was found to occur only when unoxidized magnetic impurity was adjacent to the top electrode. Oxidized magnetic impurities, as well as CaO and Ge, produce a large conductance reduction. However, it was found that the reduction is very sharp for Ge and for partially reduced layers of the transition-metal oxides, but quite broad for CaO and well-oxidized transition metals. Although the conductance peak is associated with magnetic scattering, Appelbaum's theory does not account for the observed saturation of the peak at $T\ensuremath{\sim}1$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K as $T$ is lowered. Reduction of the conductance peak by magnetic fields up to 150 kG yielded gyromagnetic ratios $g=1.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15$ for Cr and $g=1.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13$ for Ti. These values imply very strong exchange coupling of the magnetic dopants to the conduction electrons, in disagreement with the values predicted from the size and the saturation temperature of the conductance peak. The sharp conductance dip may be due to the fact that the partially reduced dopant layer forms an amorphous semiconductor and that tunneling occurs to a distribution of states which rapidly increases in density away from the Fermi level. The broad conductance reduction produced by well-oxidized dopants is attributed to the addition of a potential barrier g 0.5 eV high to the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ barrier.
A statistical model for Condorcet efficiency based on simulation under spatial model assumptions

This essay evaluates six single-winner, multicandidate electoral systems with respect to their tendency to choose Condorcet candidates. To this end I calibrate a logistic multiple regression model from Monte Carlo simulations, based on a multivariate normal spatial model, in which I vary the number of candidates, number of dimensions, correlation structure, and relative dispersion of candidates and voters. I investigate additional spatial-model variations by comparing further simulation results with predictions of the basic statistical model. The results suggest that for many electoral systems, Condorcet efficiency would increase with perceptual uncertainty of candidates' positions and would be low in a polarized society. Of the voting systems studied, approval voting and the Coombs systems appear least sensitive to variations in assumptions.
The case for software evolution

Many software systems exceed our human ability to comprehend and manage, and they continue to contain unacceptable errors. This is an unintended consequence of Moore's Law, which has led to increases in system size, complexity, and interconnectedness. Yet, software is still primarily created, modified, and maintained by humans. The interactions among heterogeneous programs, machines and human operators has reached a level of complexity rivaling that of some biological ecosystems. By viewing software as an evolving complex system, researchers could incorporate biologically inspired mechanisms and employ the quantitative analysis methods of evolutionary biology. This approach could improve our understanding and analysis of software; it could lead to robust methods for automatically writing, debugging and improving code; and it could improve predictions about functional and structural transitions as scale increases. In the short term, an evolutionary perspective challenges several research assumptions, enabling advances in error detection, correction, and prevention.
The Contributions of Parenting and Postnatal Depression on Emergent Language of Children in Low-Income Families.

Children’s emergent language develops in a rich context of varied influences afforded by their familial and social environments. Using data collected during a longitudinal prospective service project, this study examined the direct and indirect contributions of parenting knowledge and practices and maternal postnatal depression on emergent language competencies of 198 very young children in high-risk Latino and African/American families in an urban area. The study used the Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory, a constructed measure of risky parenting practices for child well-health, home-safety, and corporal discipline, a constructed measure for children’s involvement in literacy oriented activities, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories to build and test a structural equation model with AMOS/SPSS 16. The results provide support for a mediated path model. Parenting knowledge and maternal postnatal depressive symptoms interacted directly and indirectly in influencing risky parental practices and children’s exposure in literacy oriented stimulation activities and emergent language. Children’s involvement in stimulation activities mediated the effects of parenting and maternal mental health and directly predicted a robust amount children’s emergent vocabulary. The model produced similar results for boys and girls, although boys had poorer outcomes. These findings provide empirical evidence that clinical practice and policy efforts are needed for reducing maternal postnatal depression in strengthening parenting efforts and in affording meaningful parent–child interactions and for assuring that children receive adequate exposure to activities that promote language development. Methodological limitations and recommendations for future research are addressed.
Synthesis of 2‐methylcarbamazepine, a new internal standard for chromatographic assays of carbamazepine (tegretol®)

The synthesis of 2-methyl-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide (2-methylcarbamazepine, 2-MCBZ, 8), a promising internal standard for chromatographic assays of the antiepileptic agent carbamazepine (CBZ, 1), is described. N-(p-Tolyl)anthranilic acid (2) was utilized as a starting material for the synthesis of a key compound, 2,9-dimethylacridine (4), which was converted in two steps to 2-methyl-9-hydroxymethylacridan (6). The acridan 6, in the presence of poly-phosphoric acid, was ring-expanded to form 2-methyl-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (7), this latter compound being converted by conventional reactions to its 5-carbamyl derivative, 2-MCBZ (8).
Modeling of Multiphase Transport during Drying of Honeycomb Ceramic Substrates

Multiphase transport model to simulate drying of honeycomb ceramic substrates in a conventional (hot air) drier is developed. Heat and moisture transport in the honeycomb walls as well as channels is modeled. The model predictions are validated against experiments done for drying of cylinder-shaped substrates by comparing histories and axial profiles of moisture loss and point temperature histories at various locations. Drying experiments are performed at two different values of air temperature, 103°C and 137°C, at a relative humidity value of 5%. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the drying process is controlled by heat and water vapor transport. External heat transfer is the dominant resistance mechanism for energy transport, whereas internal convection and binary diffusion dominate the resistance to vapor transport.
The inositol phosphatase SHIP-2 down-regulates FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in murine macrophages independently of SHIP-1

FcγR-mediated phagocytosis of IgG-coated particles is a complex process involving the activation of multiple signaling enzymes and is regulated by the inositol phosphatases PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) and SHIP-1 (Src homology [SH2] domain-containing inositol phosphatase). In a recent study we have demonstrated that SHIP-2, an inositol phosphatase with high-level homology to SHIP-1, is involved in FcγR signaling. However, it is not known whether SHIP-2 plays a role in modulating phagocytosis. In this study we have analyzed the role of SHIP-2 in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis using independent cell models that allow for manipulation of SHIP-2 function without influencing the highly homologous SHIP-1. We present evidence that SHIP-2 translocates to the site of phagocytosis and down-regulates FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. Our data indicate that SHIP-2 must contain both the N-terminal SH2 domain and the C-terminal proline-rich domain to mediate its inhibitory effect. The effect of SHIP-2 is independent of SHIP-1, as overexpression of dominant-negative SHIP-2 in SHIP-1-deficient primary macrophages resulted in enhanced phagocytic efficiency. Likewise, specific knockdown of SHIP-2 expression using siRNA resulted in enhanced phagocytosis. Finally, analysis of the molecular mechanism of SHIP-2 down-regulation of phagocytosis revealed that SHIP-2 down-regulates upstream activation of Rac. Thus, we conclude that SHIP-2 is a novel negative regulator of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis independent of SHIP-1. (Blood. 2006;107:813-820)
Contribution of vasopressin in dexamethasone-induced hypertension in rats.

Our previous finding that dexamethasone-induced hypertension in rats is associated with enhanced reactivity of mesenteric arteries to arginine vasopressin but not to angiotensin II (Ang II) or norepinephrine has led us to postulate that vasopressin contributes to the development or maintenance of glucocorticoid-induced hypertension. To test this view, we investigated the effects of vasopressin, Ang II, norepinephrine, and the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP on mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate with and without ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium and angiotensin I (Ang I) converting enzyme inhibition with MK 421 in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats made hypertensive by treatment with dexamethasone (1.8 mg/kg/wk for 14 days). Administration of vasopressin, Ang II, or norepinephrine (0.003-3 microgram i.v.) produced a dose-related increase in arterial blood pressure. The pressor response to vasopressin, but not to Ang II or norepinephrine, was greater in dexamethasone-treated than in vehicle-treated animals, and this difference became more pronounced in rats that received hexamethonium and MK 421. Administration of the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP significantly reduced arterial pressure in dexamethasone-treated but not in vehicle-treated animals. Hexamethonium and MK 421 reduced arterial blood pressure in dexamethasone-treated as well as in vehicle-treated rats; however, arterial blood pressure remained higher in the former. Administration of the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist produced a greater reduction in arterial blood pressure in dexamethasone-treated than in vehicle-treated rats. These data suggest that vasopressin contributes to glucocorticoid-induced hypertension, which is probably due to enhanced vascular reactivity to the peptide.
Glycolate turnover in the water column of the New York Bight apex

Heterotrophic bacterial uptake and turnover of glycolate were measured in the water column of the New York Bight apex during four seasonal cruises over almost a one-year period between May 1977 and March 1978. Glycolate turnover was most rapid in May and July, when primary productivity and estuarine runoff were high. Extremely rapid glycolate turnover times (<1 h) were detected at some stations during these months. Increased bacterial glycolate tunover did not accompany increased primary productivity in March, when water temperatures were lowest. Glycolate flux calculations indicate that the measured rates of glycolate consumption by bacteria always exceeded estimated glycolate production by phytoplankton, except in March. This excess may reflect an underestimation of phytoplankton production or the input of glycolate from other sources, such as estuarine runoff. Glycolate utilization appears to be seasonally important to bacteria in the New York Bight apex, coinciding with fluctuations in phytoplankton primary productivity.
Vernacular futures Colonial philology and the idea of history in nineteenth-century south India

The article explores how a new concept of historical time entered discourses on language in nineteenth-century south India. Particularly, I look at the work of C.P. Brown, a prominent scholar of Te...
Taxonomy and biology of Fusarium moniliforme.

Fusarium moniliforme is one of the most prevalent fungi associated with basic human and animal dietary samples such as corn. This fungus has been suspected of being involved in human and animal diseases since its original description. Fusarium moniliforme is in the section Liseola along with F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. anthophilum. Cultural mutation often occurs when F. moniliforme is grown on a medium rich in carbohydrates. Mutants may be either the mycelial or pionnotal type and often lose virulence and the ability to produce toxins. Toxins produced by F. moniliforme are fusaric acid, fusarins, gibberellins, moniliformin, and fumonisins. The fumonisins are produced most often when F. moniliforme grows on corn. Fusarium moniliforme causes ear rot and stalk rot of corn and infection of corn kernels by this fungus is widespread. Infection of developing corn kernels may occur through the silks, through holes and fissures in the pericarp or at points where the pericarp is torn by the emerging seedling, and as a result of systemic infection of the corn plant by F. moniliforme. These modes of infection as well as infestation of the kernel surface are important factors when considering the production of fumonisins in corn
Fields generated by a rod adsorbed on an oppositely charged surface: The effect of surface ion mobility and dimensionality on screening

Motivated by recent interest in the formation of DNA-surface complexes we study the effects of surface and counter-ion charges on the electrostatic fields of charged rod-like macromolecules adsorbed on oppositely charged surfaces. We find that the screening of the rod's fields, due to counter-ions and mobile surface charges, can be either exponential (leading to a finite-range interaction) in the case of weak charging or just algebraic in the case of strong surface charging. We test our analytical results with Monte Carlo simulations.
Maternal mental health and children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors: Beyond maternal substance use disorders.

Maternal substance abuse and mental disorders can have adverse impacts on child development. We investigated the impact of maternal mental health on child behaviors based on a long-term follow-up study of mothers and their children approximately 10 years after mothers’ admission to drug abuse treatment. Mothers (n = 396) were assessed at admission to drug treatment during 2000–2002, and at follow-up in 2010–2011. At follow-up, each mother was asked to assess one target child using the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6–18. Mothers’ mental disorder diagnoses were obtained from records maintained by the California Department of Mental Health in 2009. About 46 % of mothers had comorbid mental disorders; 27 % had depressive disorder, 15 % bipolar disorder, 15 % adjustment disorder, 13 % anxiety disorder, and 6 % psychotic disorder. Of these mothers, more than half had two or more mental disorder diagnoses. The average age of the target child was approximately 10 years old (range 6–17). Relative to children of mothers without comorbid mental disorders, children were more likely to demonstrate internalizing behaviors if their mothers had comorbid depression/anxiety disorders (OR = 2.0, 95 % CI 1.0–4.0) or severe mental disorders (psychoses, bipolar) (OR = 3.4, 95 % CI 1.5–7.6). For externalizing behaviors, family problems was the only significant predictor (OR = 3.2, 95 % CI 1.7–6.0 for children of mothers with depression/anxiety disorders, OR = 3.9, 95 % CI 1.9–7.8 for severe mental disorders). Addressing maternal mental disorders (particularly severe mental disorders) and family problems are important for child well-being as these factors were significantly related to emotional and problem behaviors of children.
Thyroid hormones on embryo development and appearance of myosin heavy chain isoforms in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

Abstract Effects of thyroid hormones on embryo development and the appearance of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms were determined by injecting daily thyroxine (T4) and methimazole (MMI) to turkey embryos and poults from E18 through D8. When injected with T4 at 0.5 μ g 100 g body weight, the morality was increased, but body weights remained comparable to the euthyroid control. When injected with MMI, the hatching was delayed and body weights were reduced. At doses of 1.0 mg 100 g body weight, no eggs hatched in 32 days of incubation. In Pectoralis muscle, embryonic, neonatal and adult MyHC isoforms appeared in a sequence. The neonatal isoform began to replace the embryonic isoform by D2 and the adult isoform began to appear at D8. When injected with either T4 or MMI at the dose of 0.5 μg or 0.25 mg 100 g body weight, respectively, the appearance of the neonatal isoform at D2 was blocked. However, the appearance of the neonatal isoform to replace the embryonic isoform was accomplished by D8 despite continued T4 and MMI treatments. It was concluded that thyroid hormones were involved, but not absolutely required for the timely expression of isoforms of myosin heavy chain.
Relative energies of substituted benzene valence isomers

Abstract Ab initio calculations employing the STO-3G basis set are used to obtain the relative energies of the benzene valence isomers and some selected monosubstituted derivatives. We find that 3,3'-bicyclopropenyl, the least stable of the five (CH) 6 examined, is slightly more stable in the anti conformation than the gauche (Φ = 45°) conformation in agreement with experiment. Substituents are calculated to produce significant changes in the relative energies of the benzene valence isomers. The ground-state isomerization of 1-Dewar benzeneearbinyl cation to benzyl cation is more exothermic than the aromatization of Dewar benzene, but is, in contrast to the latter, symmetry-allowed.
Flash photolysis resonance fluorescence investigation of the reaction of Cl/2P/ atoms with ClONO2

The rate constant for the reaction of O (P-3) atoms with ClONO2 at 10 torr total pressure is assessed over the temperature range 225-273 K by the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique. The data, taken together with results given by Molina et al. (1977), have been used to formulate an Arrhenius expression suitable for stratospheric modeling applications. Comparison of the rate of ClONO2 destruction via the oxygen atom reaction with the solar photolysis rate shows that chemical reaction accounts for less than 15% of the CLONO2 removal at altitudes between 20 and 30 km.
A Hirshfeld interpretation of the charge, spin distribution and polarity of the dipole moment of the open shell \left( {^{3} \Sigma^{ - } } \right) phosphorus halides: PF and PCl

The charge, spin distribution and dipole moments of the open shell molecules PF and PCl have been analyzed using two variants of the Hirshfeld partitioning of the electronic density. In the HI or iterative Hirshfeld approach, one keeps the number of electrons on a given atom in the molecule and proto molecule equal and does not constrain the spin distribution in any way. In the spin-adapted approach, one constrains both the charges and spins on the in situ and proatoms to be equal. We find that while allowing for both spin and charge equalization results in a spin distribution that is different from that of the conventional HI method, the behavior of the atomic spin populations as a function of internuclear separation is similar. Both methods predict that as the bond is formed, the halogen gains α and looses β electrons with the converse for P. These electron shifts are further broken down into their σ and π components and we find that while the α electrons gained by the halogen are essentially all in the σ system, they come from both the σ and π system of P. The β electrons gained by P occupy both σ and π densities, but come essentially from the π system on the halogen. The dipole moment curves are partitioned into their α and β components and showing that the dipole due to the σ spin density has the polarity P + X − while that due to the β spin density has the polarity P − X +, while the net dipole polarity at equilibrium is P + X −, consistent with the spin-dependent charge shifts described above.
Cerebral blood flow response in adenosine 2a receptor knockout mice during transient hypoxic hypoxia.

We evaluated cerebral blood flow by laser Doppler during 30 secs of hypoxia (0.10 FiO2) in anesthetized, ventilated adenosine 2a receptor knockout (A2aR KO) and wild-type (WT) mice to test the hypothesis that cerebral hypoxic hyperemia in KO mice would be attenuated. We also studied the effects of selective and nonselective A2aR antagonists. During 30 secs of hypoxia, PaO2 decreased significantly (P<0.05) and to a similar degree in both types of mice, whereas PaCO2 remained relatively stable. However, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) decreased to a greater extent (P<0.05) during hypoxia in KO mice (58.6±1.5 mm Hg) than in WT animals (76.1±3.2 mm Hg). Consequently, in a separate group of mice, we stabilized and matched MABP during hypoxia. Hypoxic hyperemia was attenuated by 38% (P<0.05) in KO animals whose MABP was uncontrolled, and by 81% (P<0.05) in KO animals whose MABP changes were matched to the MABP in the hypoxic WT mice. In animals treated with adenosine antagonists, hypoxic hyperemia was decreased by 44% to 48% (P<0.05) in WT mice, but was without effect in KO mice. We conclude that adenosine via A2aR is responsible for a significant proportion of the hyperemia during hypoxia.
Experimental test of an alternative hypothesis for isotope-position scrambling in the photochemical wolff rearrangement of zibenzil

Abstract Photolysis of azibenzil1 13 CO in methanol gives partially scrambled methyl diphenulacetate and unscrambled recovered azibenzil.
Optical Processing For The Space Station

The aim of this special issue of Optical Engineering on Optical Processing for the Space Station is to provide a forum for the presentation and future discussion of the full range of research and development activities in optics that have the potential for increasing the space-oriented mission automation capabilities during the Space Station era. Each paper is devoted to a specific technology and/or technique that is essential to the development and evolution of highly efficient spaceborne optical processors. A discussion is given on the potential use of artificial intelligence technologies such as expert systems to greatly enhance the overall system performance and capability of optical processors.
Learning about the nuclear equation of state using flow

We present results for transverse flow, the balance energy, and elliptic flow for Ar+Sc, 58Fe+58Fe, 58Ni+58Ni, Kr+Nb, and Au+Au. We find that a soft equation of state is required to explain these results. We find that a momentum dependent formulation of the nuclear mean field is required. A 30% density dependent reduction of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections in BUU is required to reproduce the observed balance energies for light systems.
Operations with tritium neutral beams on the tokamak fusion test reactor

Abstract In November of 1993 the tokamak fusion test reactor began operating with a deuterium-tritium fuel mixture instead of the pure deuterium which it had used heretofore. The major portion of this tritium has been supplied as energetic neutral particles injected by the neutral beams. After an initial run in which some ion sources used a mixture of 2% T and 98% D to test tokamak systems, full tritium beam operations commenced, with some of the ion sources run on pure tritium and some on deuterium to optimize the fuel mixture in the core plasma. Hundreds of tritium source shots have now occurred, with reliability which is better than that typical of deuterium operation. The maximum power injected with deuterium and tritium beams was 39.6 MW. D-T fusion power levels of up to 10.7 MW have been produced. Energy confinement in D-T plasmas of the “supershot” variety appears to be better than in similar deuterium plasmas.
Gassmann Equivalent Dessins

This article studies pairs of dessins d'enfants that arise from Gassmann triples of groups (G, H, H′) together with pairs (g 0, g 1) of elements in G. We show that the two dessins have isomorphic monodromy groups, have the same branching data and the same number of components. Moreover, the sums of the genera of the components of the two dessins are the same. We give an example where the individual genera of the components of the first dessin differ from the genera of the components of the second dessin.
Are there racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality? A critique of Lynn's (2002) racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality

Abstract Lynn's claim that certain races or ethnic groups have a higher incidence of psychopathic personality is not substantiated by large scale community studies in America that show no differences between these groups in the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. No consistent racial differences are found in traits closely associated with psychopathy, sensation seeking and psychoticism, and, Lynn to the contrary, the Psychopathic Deviate scale of the MMPI. Antisocial behavior in Blacks is less related to personality than in Whites. The results on criminality are not compatible with Rushton's r/K theory of evolutionary selection, as claimed by Lynn, because Native Americans and Hispanic groups are of Siberian Mongoloid origin in the case of the former and mixed Central-American Indian and Spanish Caucasoid in the case of the latter. The differences between African-American, Native-American, Hispanic, and European-American groups in antisocial behavior seems to be more a function of social class, historical circumstance, and their position in Western society rather than racial genetics. Following Rushton, 1988 , Lynn, 2002 has presented a pastiche of population statistics on delinquency, criminal and sexual behavior, truancy, parenting, aggression, and disorders like Conduct Disorder (CD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to support the hypotheses that: (1) the races and ethnic groups differ in the incidence of “psychopathic personality”; (2) these population differences are based in strong part to genetic differences between the populations; (3) the differences have their distal origins in the different evolutionary histories of the races (Rushton's r–K theory of race differences). Lynn claims that Rushton's theory “…has now become widely accepted by scholars”, citing only those who support the theory and ignoring those who have criticized it ( Lynn, 1989 , Weizmann et al., 1990 , Zuckerman, 1990 , Zuckerman and Brody, 1988 ). Consequently, some of those criticisms as well as those based on more recent data are addressed to the specific arguments in Lynn's article.