cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What they notice in video: a study of prospective secondary mathematics teachers learning to teach

Most teacher preparation programs have embraced the use of video as an effective methodology for developing teachers’ noticing skills. This study focused on learning about what secondary mathematics prospective teachers (PSTs) were able to notice when viewing video of their own co-teaching, particularly in a microteaching setting that consisted of peers. PSTs documented their observations on an observation tool while re-watching their video and then identified and ranked their top three observations. The ranked noticing statements were analyzed based on a grounded theory approach. Overall, PSTs’ ranked observations were more likely to attend to students and had a strong focus on mathematics and student learning. Ranked observations equally demonstrated both broad and specific understanding of video moments and often made suggestions that something they noticed could be improved in the implementation stage, versus improvements in planning or changes in themselves. Results support PSTs’ use of video for developing noticing skills in teacher education programs.
Variational approach to grid generation

Some mathematical aspects of the variational approach to grid generation are discussed. Existence and regularity results for 2D are presented.
Outcomes in Adult and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Among Various Ethnic Groups

Abstract Background The reported patient and graft survivals among adults post–orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are variable, with an apparent discrepancy between ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ethnicity on patient and graft survivals among adult and pediatric patients. Methods A retrospective analysis from the UNOS/OPTN databank between January 1995 and December 2006 was performed on adult and pediatric liver transplant recipients. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on ethnicity: African Americans, Hispanic, Caucasians, and other. Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis was used to calculate patient and graft survival. Log-rank tests were used to compare survival rates between groups. Results In our study 42,710 OLT patients were included in the analysis, 90% of whom were adults. Of the 38,639 adult recipients, 29,432 (76.1%) were Caucasian, 4369 (11.3%) were Hispanic, 2963 (7.7%) were African American, and the remaining 1875 (4.9%) were of other ethnicities. KM estimates and Cox regression analyses demonstrated that there was a significant ethnic difference in both patient and graft survivals at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years. African Americans showed a lower rate ( P P = .31) and graft ( P = .33) survival at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years after OLT. Conclusion These results showed that adult African American OLT patients have a reduced transplantation rate and a worse survival rate when compared with other ethnicities in the adult but not in the pediatric population. This information suggests that further studies are indicated to identify the causes of racial differences in transplant access and outcomes in the adult patient population.
Recognition and management of significant drug interactions in HIV patients: challenges in using available data to guide therapy.

While most HIV-infected patients in care have benefitted from effective cART and are living longer, many receive additional medications to manage or prevent comorbidities. Drug interactions are common; some can be anticipated and prevented, some cannot be avoided and others cannot be easily recognized or managed appropriately.(2) A recent survey noted that only 36% of clinically significant drug interaction were identified by physicians in an HIV clinic.(29) The first step to avoiding unwanted interaction is prescriber-initiated assessment of drug interaction potential. Prescribers and pharmacists should always review patients’ medication profiles when starting or changing regimens to determine the best therapy with the least interactions and/or toxicities. Patients should be encouraged to disclose all medications they use (including over-the-counter and herbal preparations), especially if they receive care from multiple providers. If possible, providers, especially consultants, should communicate with the primary care team before prescribing new medication(s) for a patient. Although there are some limitations to all available resources, drug interaction tools, including product labels, should be consulted and order entry alert systems should be utilized to identify interacting drugs. Unfortunately, not all drug combinations with similar metabolic pathway and have potential for clinically significant interactions have been formally evaluated, in those case, the clinicians have to use their best judgment and prescribe these drugs with caution. Prescribing of contraindicated drugs should be avoided. When more than two interacting drugs need to be used concurrently, clinicians should be aware of the limitations when using available resources in predicting the true extent of the interactions in these situations. If available, a clinical pharmacologist/pharmacist should be consulted. In selected cases, therapeutic drug monitoring maybe helpful in assessing the adequacy of drug concentrations and the need for dosage adjustment. After prescribing interacting medications, close follow-up is needed to assess therapeutic efficacy and potential toxicities. When unexplained symptoms or responses are seen after initiating or switching therapy, and a drug interaction is the suspected cause, one should consider reporting this to the manufacturer and to the medical community. In doing so, one adds to the drug interaction knowledge base and assists clinicians in safely prescribing antiretroviral drug combinations.
Covert sensitization by induced anxiety in the treatment of an alcoholic

Abstract A variant of covert sensitization as applied to the modification of alcohol abuse is described. In the present case use was made of the anxiety aroused by the image of being the cause of a fatal automobile accident while driving under the influence of alcohol.
Biotin-conjugated reagents as site-specific probes of membrane protein structure: application to the study of the human erythrocyte hexose transporter.

Abstract A novel labeling procedure using biotin-conjugated protein-modifying reagents has been employed to study the structure and function of the human erythrocyte hexose transporter. The carbohydrate moiety of the isolated, reconstituted transporter was labeled by using galactose oxidase/biotin hydrazide. Cysteine residues, which are essential for transporter function, were tagged with a biotin-conjugated maleimide. Labeling with this reagent inhibited the binding of cytochalasin B to the transporter. Following sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, labeling of the transporter and its proteolytic fragments was detected by Western blotting and probing with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated avidin. After tryptic cleavage of the transporter into two membrane domains, preparations reacted with galactose oxidase/biotin hydrazide were labeled on the 25-kDa glycosylated fragment, but not on the carbohydrate-free 19-kDa peptide. Biotinmaleimide-labeled cysteine residues on both peptides. Transporter polypeptide was fragmented more extensively using Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. Limited digestion produced a broad band of 30–50 kDa and sharper bands of 23 and 21 kDa. More extensive digestion resulted in the disappearance of the 23-kDa peptide and the appearance of sharp bands of 20, 19, 17, 13, 11, 8, and 7 kDa. Biotin label introduced with galactose oxidase/biotin hydrazide was found on the broad 30-kDa band, confirming its identity as a glycopeptide. All of the peptides weighing more than 11 kDa contained cysteine residues labeled with biotin maleimide, while the 8- and 7-kDa peptides were unlabeled. These results demonstrate the potential usefulness of biotin-conjugated reagents as site-specific probes of membrane protein structure.
Fresnel Transforms And Optical Computing

The Fresnel transform provides a means to implement circuit switching networks by using optical techniques. Since photons can cross paths without interaction, non-blocking configurations are easy to achieve. Furthermore, any arbitrary interconnections between two N-port systems can be configured; the network can be rapidly reconfigured as needed due to the dynamic nature of acousto-optic cells.
Ultrasound study of the superconducting phases of UPt3 under uniaxial stress

Abstract We have studied for the first time experimentally the phase-diagram of UPt 3 under a simultaneous application of both uniaxial stress and magnetic field parallel to the c -axis. We find that while the splitting between the two transition temperatures observed in zero field decreases with increasing pressure the splitting in a field observed at low temperatures increases with applied stress. This new result appears to contradict the predictions of several widely discussed theoretical models proposed to explain the phase diagram of UPt 3 .
A software cost model with warranty cost, error removal times and risk costs

In this paper, a software cost model with a warranty period and cost, a cost to remove each error detected in the software and a risk cost due to software failure is developed. A software reliability model based on the nonhomogeneous Poisson process is used. The optimal release policies which minimize the expected total software costs are presented. A software tool is also developed using Excel and Visual Basic that facilitates the task of determining the optimal software release time. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the results.
Serological relatedness of strains of maize dwarf mosaic and sugarcane mosaic viruses as determined by microprecipitin and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

SUMMARY Antisera to maize dwarf mosaic virus strain A, B, and Kansas 1 (MDMV-A, -B, -KS1) and sugarcane mosaic virus strains A, B, D, and H (SCMV-A, -B, -D, -H) were prepared and their reactions with these and other SCMV strains (SCMV-I, -J, -M) compared by microprecipitin tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In microprecipitin tests, antibody titres in heterologous tests were unchanged or up to five two-fold dilution steps lower than those in corresponding homologous reactions. Microprecipitin tests and ELISA distinguished the same four serogroups among the 10 viruses tested. Strains MDMV-A and SCMV-J comprised one serogroup; MDMV-KS1, a second; MDMV-B and SCMV-A, -B and -D, a third; and SCMV-H, -I and -M, a fourth.
Large Riemannian manifolds which are flexible

For each k ∈ Z, we construct a uniformly contractible metric on Euclidean space which is not mod k hypereuclidean. We also construct a pair of uniformly contractible Riemannian metrics on R n , n > 11, so that the resulting manifolds Z and Z' are bounded homotopy equivalent by a homotopy equivalence which is not boundedly close to a homeomorphism. We show that for these spaces the C*-algebra assembly map K lf *(Z) → K * (C*(Z)) from locally finite K-homology to the K-theory of the bounded propagation algebra is not a monomorphism. This shows that an integral version of the coarse Novikov conjecture fails for real operator algebras. If we allow a single cone-like singularity, a similar construction yields a counterexample for complex C*-algebras.
Segmental stiffness achieved by three types of fixation for unstable lumbar spondylolytic motion segments.

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the relative stability in lumbar spondylolysis (SP) of a rigid anterior plate (with a novel compression slot) versus traditional posterior pedicle screw (PS) fixation. Summary of Background Data Arthrodesis has been a mainstay of treatment for symptomatic isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. Posterior PS fixation has become a commonly used adjunct. Some have advocated anterior lumbar interbody fixation (ALIF) plate as an alternative. The relative stability afforded by ALIF in SP has not been well characterized, nor has the contribution afforded by a compression screw slot in an ALIF plate. Methods Calf spine segments were characterized in the normal state, after sectioning the pars (SP model), then after reconstruction with an interbody spacer and either PS/rods, or an ALIF plate, or both. Results ALIF plate conferred stability on the spondylolytic segment only comparable to that of the normal functional spinal unit (FSU). Posterior fixation was more stable than anterior fixation in all testing modes. Addition of an ALIF plate conferred a significant additional stability in those that already had posterior fixation. The utilization of an anterior compression screw conferred additional stability in extension testing only. Conclusions ALIF plate reconstruction in the setting of SP may not confer enough segmental stability to predictably encourage fusion beyond that of the uninstrumented intact FSU. The utilization of an integral compression screw in an ALIF plate may not confer clinically significant additional construct stability in SP.
Stages of merogony in multinucleate merozoites of Eimeria magna Pérard, 1925.

SYNOPSIS. Stages of merogony of Eimeria magna were observed with the electron microscope in schizonts in ultrathin intestinal sections from white rabbits killed 4 days after inoculation. Some of the mature schizonts observed had uninucleate merozoites, whereas others had multinucleate ones. In each of the latter were rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, micronemes, refractile bodies, and occasionally, lipid droplets; some nuclei had a nucleolus. In the interior of some multinucleate merozoites, anlagen of daughter merozoites were observed. Each anlage was associated closely with a nucleus. In some of these nuclei, a cone-shaped pole of a spindle was directed toward the anlage. Each early anlage consisted of an inner membrane complex with a rhoptry anlage. A Golgi complex frequently was seen at the base of the anlage. One multinucleate merozoite, still attached to the residual body, had a merozoite anlage. In later stages of merogony, the anlagen were longer and each had a conoid. In one such merozoite, 2 merozoite anlagen were observed in close association with an eccentric intranuclear spindle, and 1 anlage had a Golgi adjunct. Another merozoite had an eccentric spindle and associated centrioles, but no visible anlagen. The finding of stages of merogony in multinucleate merozoites of E. magna indicates that these might represent a further schizogonic generation occurring in the original parasitophorous vacuole.
Report of the committee on sedimentation and marine deposits

The members of this Committee are H. F. Moore, C. E. Van Orstrand, H. S. Washington, and T. Wayland Vaughan, Chairman. During the year two meetings were held, one at the residence of the Chairman on November 17, 1922, in conjunction with the members of the Committee on Sedimentation of the Division of Geology and Geography, N. R. C, resident in Washington, and one at Ann Arbor, Mich., on December 27, 1922, in conjunction with a general meeting of the Committee on Sedimentation above mentioned. During the past year the following investigations on marine sediments have been conducted or begun in the United States.
Comparative Field Measurements of Tire Pavement Noise of Selected Texas Pavements

The effects of traffic noise are a serious concern in the United States and in the rest of the world. One significant component of traffic noise is tire-pavement interaction. If tire-pavement noise can be reduced at the source instead of through the use of traffic noise barriers set up to protect individual receivers, then potential savings can accrue. This research effort conducted field testing on 15 different pavement types found in Texas, and on six pavement types found in South Africa. A test procedure was developed with roadside microphones and microphones mounted on a test trailer to record and analyze the differences in tire-pavement noise. The test procedure was designed to develop comparisons of pavements while other variables were kept constant. The results, measured on the standard A-weighted scale, indicated for the 15 test pavements in Texas a difference of roadside noise levels of up to 7 dBA. Additionally, a roadside noise level of one pavement measured in South Africa was more than 2 dBA quieter than any Texas pavement.
Calculation of the Scaling Function for the Heisenberg Model

We present a method for calculating the "Griffiths" scaling function $h(\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{{M}^{\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\beta}}}})$ directly from high-temperature series expansions. The scaling function is calculated for the first time for the $S=\frac{1}{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\infty}$ Heisenberg models, and comparison with experimental data on Cr${\mathrm{Br}}_{3}$, EuO, Ni, and disordered ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$Fe is favorable. We observe an apparent lattice independence of the scaling functions calculated, consistent with the "university hypothesis."
Summing Up Our Differences: A Reply to Siegel

This is a brief rejoinder to Harvey Siegel’s ‘Dangerous Dualisms or Murky Monism? A Reply to Jim Garrison’ (35·4), which was itself a critical response to my own recent paper in this journal (33·2). This is an attempt to sum up the key points of the Deweyan pragmatism that I argue for, and hence those that Siegel opposes. It is not an attempt to settle the debate, but rather to clarify our differences.
Dynamic test input generation for database applications

We describe an algorithm for automatic test input generation for database applications. Given a program in an imperative language that interacts with a database through API calls, our algorithm generates both input data for the program as well as suitable database records to systematically explore all paths of the program, including those paths whose execution depend on data returned by database queries. Our algorithm is based on concolic execution, where the program is run with concrete inputs and simultaneously also with symbolic inputs for both program variables as well as the database state. The symbolic constraints generated along a path enable us to derive new input values and new database records that can cause execution to hit uncovered paths. Simultaneously, the concrete execution helps to retain precision in the symbolic computations by allowing dynamic values to be used in the symbolic executor. This allows our algorithm, for example, to identify concrete SQL queries made by the program, even if these queries are built dynamically.The contributions of this paper are the following. We develop an algorithm that can track symbolic constraints across language boundaries and use those constraints in conjunction with a novel constraint solver to generate both program inputs and database state. We propose a constraint solver that can solve symbolic constraints consisting of both linear arithmetic constraints over variables as well as string constraints (string equality, disequality, as well as membership in regular languages). Finally, we provide an evaluation of the algorithm on a Java implementation of MediaWiki, a popular wiki package that interacts with a database back-end.
Oral Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Scoring Using The NIH Consensus Criteria

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Oral chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease (cGVHD) Activity Assessment Instrument is intended to be simple to use and to provide a reproducible objective measure of disease activity over time. The objective of this study was to assess inter- and intraobserver variability in the component and composite scores in patients evaluated with oral cGVHD. Twenty-four clinicians (bone marrow transplant [BMT] oncologists: BMTE, n=16; BMT midlevel providers: BMT MLP; n=4; and oral medicine experts [OME], n=4), from 6 major transplant centers scored high-quality intraoral photographs of 12 patients. The same photographs were evaluated 1 week later by the same evaluators. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to calculate intrarater reliability and interrater agreement was analyzed using a weighted κ statistic: 0 ≤ κ ≤ 0.20 = poor, 0.21 ≤ κ ≤ 0.40 = fair, 0.41 ≤ κ ≤ 0.60 = moderate, 0.61 ≤ κ ≤ 0.80 = good, 0.81 ≤ κ ≤ 1.00 = very good. Data on participant experiences and demographics were also collected. Mean interrater reliability for each element was poor to moderate (range: 0.15-0.46). Overall mean kappa scores were highest for ulcers (0.46), followed by erythema (0.23), and lowest for lichenoid (0.15) and mucoceles (0.14). Kappa scores were higher in OME compared with BMTE and BMT MLP in ulcers and erythema (eg, 0.85, 0.44, 0.33 for ulcers, respectively), but similar in lichenoid and mucoceles. Overall intrarater reliability in all groups was very good (≥0.90) and highest for ulcers (0.97, 0.85, 0.94). Although 75% of OME were comfortable with their abilities to score the cases, approximately 50% of BMTE and BMT MLP were uncomfortable. The majority felt that their evaluations were accurate; however, 84% agreed that formal training is required. Interrater variability of the oral cGVHD instrument is unacceptable for the purposes of clinical trials. Greater concordance among OME, high intrarater reliability, and participant feedback suggests that formal training may significantly decrease variability. Parallel investigations must be completed using the other organ specific instruments prior to any revision and widespread prospective utilization of these tools as research endpoints.
MgO–TiO2 mixed oxide nanoparticles: Comparison of flame synthesis versus aerogel method; characterization, and photocatalytic activities

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and mixed oxides, i.e., mixtures of magnesium oxide and titanium dioxide (MgO–TiO2) with different ratios were synthesized by two methods—flame synthesis and aerogel, for comparison of their properties. The samples were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (pXRD), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method of surface area measurements, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and transition electron microscopic analysis. The pXRD patterns of different mixed oxides with different mole ratios revealed that there were formations of different compositions and phases. These mixed oxides were also used as photocatalysts in the UV-vis light to oxidize acetaldehyde, and carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured as a product. The mixed oxides with low content of MgO (∼1–2 mol%) were found to be more UV-active photocatalysts for the degradation of acetaldehyde than the degradation by Degussa P25 and as-synthesized TiO2, the highest by the MgO–TiO2 mixed oxides of 1:50 ratio when comparisons were carried out among the samples prepared by the same method. Furthermore, the mixed oxides prepared by the aerogel method were found to be superior photocatalysts compared with the mixed oxides of equal ratio prepared by flame synthesis. This effect of insulator, MgO, on the photocatalytic activity of semiconductor, TiO2, was found to be interesting and can be applied for other applications as environmentally friendly materials.
Effects of Alpha Adrenergic Blockade on Autoregulation and Chemical Vasomotor Control of CBF in Stroke

Autoregulation and chemical vasomotor control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) were quantitatively tested in 19 patients with various types and sites of cerebral ischemia and infarction. The effect of alpha adrenergic blockade of cerebral vessels by phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) also was evaluated in more than half of the patients. No correlation was found between the degree of cerebral dysautoregulation and impairment of chemical vasomotor control of CBF. Patients with brainstem ischemia and infarction showed normal vasomotor reactivity of CBF to changes in PaCO2, despite the impairment of cerebral autoregulation during both induced hypotension and hyper ension. Following intracarotid injection of 10 mg PBZ, the degree of cerebral dysautoregulation lessened during induced hypotension but increased during induced hypertension. Chemical vasomotor control of CBF in response to changes in PCO2, was not significantly altered by the PBZ injection. Changes in autoregulation index (a quantitative measure of cerebral autore...
The Acoustic Response of a Propeller Subjected to Gusts Incident from Various Inflow Angles

The acoustic effect of perturbing the inflow field of a propeller was studied. The perturbation was caused by a jet of air blowing into the propeller disc from various angles, creating spanwise and chordwise flow disturbances along the blades. The effects of the gust angle, speed and turbulence, and propeller rpm and thrust are shown with narrowband spectra and directivity plots of the acoustic field. A prediction method for the peaks of the harmonics of the blade passing frequency for various gust and propeller conditions is presented.
Coordinate Expression of Cytokeratins 7 and 20 in Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma

We studied the expression of cytokeratin (CK)-7 and CK-20 in prostate adenocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma and evaluated their usefulness for distinguishing high-grade forms of these tumors. We examined prostate adenocarcinoma in 59 radical prostatectomy specimens and in 10 autopsy specimens showing metastatic disease, and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder in 28 cystectomy specimens. Immunohistochemical staining for CK-7, CK-20, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was performed on paraffin sections. For prostate adenocarcinoma, 5 cases had only CK-7 positivity, 5 had only CK-20 focal positivity, 1 stained for both markers, and 48 were negative for both. PSA was positive in all but 1 poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma. In the autopsy cases, PSA was expressed in the prostate and the metastatic tumors in most cases; few cases were focally positive for CK-7 or CK-20, but none was positive for both markers. For the urothelial tumors, CK-7 was the sole positive marker in 6 cases, and CK-20 in 1 case; 17 cases were positive for both, and 4 were negative for both. All urothelial carcinomas were PSA negative. Although PSA is useful for differentiating prostatic from urothelial carcinoma, CK-7 and CK-20 are helpful when both are positive, supporting the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. However, if only 1 marker is positive or both are negative, these markers have limited usefulness for distinguishing these carcinomas.
Mid-ocean observations of atmospheric radiation

Mid-ocean (35°N 155°W) observations of the various components of radiative flux were made from the R/P FLIP during the period 2 through 13 February 1974. Cloud cover ranged from clear skies to overcast, and water vapour pressure varied between 9 and 18 mb, with sea surface temperature near 15.0°C. The net longwave radiative fluxes reported here were obtained: (1) by taking the difference between simultaneous measurements of net all-wave and net solar fluxes; and (2) by direct measurements with a net longwave radiometer designed by G. W. Paltridge. When observations during rain and fog are excluded, the difference between night-time 15-minute averages by the two methods is generally less than lmWcm−2. During day-time, indirect measurements are often larger than direct by about 5mWcm−2; from internal evidence we prefer the direct values. The albedo of the sea surface was calculated from simultaneous measurements of downward and upward solar fluxes. The observations were analysed to represent albedo as a function of solar altitude and atmospheric transmittance, following the work of R. E. Payne; our results suggest that Payne's smoothed representation is suitable for use over the open ocean. Albedo was observed to decrease with increasing wind speed for clear skies with solar altitude between 15 and 30 degrees but no variation was discernible at higher solar altitudes. Empirical formulae for calculating both shortwave and net longwave components of the radiative flux were compared with measurements. A formula due to F. E. Lumb for determining the incident solar flux given solar altitude, cloud amount and cloud type, consistently yields good agreement with the measurements, within about lmWcm−2. Daily averages of net longwave flux calculated from several empirical formulae using a linear correction for clouds are within 2mWcm−2 of the observations reported in this paper. Since daily radiation balance values were measured as only 5mWcm−2, the limitations of the best current empirical formulae are evident.
Contigent Price Contracts and the Efficiency of Housing Markets

Frequently, the response of housing markets to a large negative demand shock is a period during which the liquidity of housing declines, but the price at which transactions take place changes little. In this paper we show that a decline in liquidity can result from the inabilities of sellers and buyers to insure against post-shock price uncertainty. We conclude, that the introduction of a risk-sharing contingent price contract may increase the post-shock liquidity of housing by providing insurance against post-shock price uncertainty. Finally, we show that a mutually agreeable contingent price contract will always exist, even when sellers are excessively optimistic.
Response properties and location of neurons selective for sinusoidal frequency modulations in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat.

Most animal vocalizations, including echolocation signals used by bats, contain frequency-modulated (FM) components. Previous studies have described a class of neurons in the inferior colliculus (I...
HIV Risk Reduction in a Nurse Case-managed TB and HIV Intervention among Homeless Adults

This study evaluated a six-month nurse case-managed intervention against a standard care control program among 295 sheltered homeless adults from Los Angeles, USA. The primary aim of the intervention was encouraging latent tuberculosis infection treatment completion. The secondary aim was reducing HIV risk, the focus of this report. A longitudinal path model revealed that the intervention impacted cognitive factors of AIDS Knowledge, Perceived AIDS Risk and Self-efficacy for Condom Use, but did not impact substance use and risky sexual behaviors. The dual intervention program for HIV and TB provided promising synergistic effects by targeting risk factors common to both infections.
The tropospheric‐stratospheric polar vortex breakdown of January 1977

An extraordinary warming of the stratosphere in December-January 1976-77 was followed by tropospheric warming in the polar region and cooling in middle latitudes. During January 10-20, the associated polar anticyclone extended from the surface to 10 mb. Antecedents of the polar vortex breakdown are reviewed with the aid of results of zonal-harmonic analyses of planetary waves, for heights of the pressure surfaces (700-10 mb), temperature, and mean stratospheric temperature (the latter determined from satellite radiation measurements). Wave 1 in height and temperature played a dominant role in the stratosphere, attaining amplitudes of 1600 gpm and 25 C, respectively, at 10 mb. On the other hand, superposition of retrogressing wave 1 and quasi-stationary wave 2 in the height of the 300-mb surface, with individual amplitudes exceeding 300 gpm, is judged to have been an important factor in the overall development.
Why is the remanent magnetic intensity of Cretaceous MORB so much higher than that of mid to late Cenozoic MORB

The fact that the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensity of mid-oceanicridge basalt (MORB) samples shows systematic variations as a function of age has long been recognized: maximum as well as average intensities are generally high for very young samples, falling off rather rapidly to less than half the recent values in samples between 10 and 30 Ma, whereupon they slowly rise in the early Tertiary and Cretaceous to values that approach those of the very young samples. NRM intensities measured in this study follow the same trends as those observed in previous publications. In this study, we take a statistical approach and examine whether this pattern can be explained by variations in one or more of all previously proposed mechanisms: chemical composition of the magnetic minerals, abundance of these magnetization carriers, vectorial superposition of parallel or antiparallel components of magnetization, magnetic grain or domain size patterns, low-temperature oxidation to titanomaghemite, or geomagnetic field behavior. We find that the samples do not show any compositional, petrological, rockmagnetic, or paleomagnetic patterns that can explain the trends. Geomagnetic field intensity is the only effect that cannot be directly tested on the same samples, but it shows a similar pattern as our measured NRM intensities. We therefore conclude that the geomagnetic field strength was, onaverage, significantly greater during the Cretaceous than during the Oligocene and Miocene.
The Impact of Sleep Disturbance on the Association Between Stressful Life Events and Depressive Symptoms

OBJECTIVES Sleep problems are common across the adult life span and may exacerbate depressive symptoms and the effect of common risk factors for depressive symptoms such as life stress. We examine sleep disturbance as a moderator of the association between stressful life events and depressive symptoms across five waves (25 years) of the nationally representative, longitudinal American Changing Lives Study. METHOD The sample includes 3,597 adults aged 25 years or older who were surveyed up to five times over 25 years. Multilevel models were run to examine between- and within-person variability in sleep disturbance and life event stress as predictors of depressive symptoms, and an interaction to test sleep disturbance as a moderator is included in a second step. RESULTS Life events and sleep disturbance were associated with elevated depressive symptoms at the between- and within-person levels. A significant sleep disturbance by interaction of life events was found, indicating that when individuals experienced an above average number of life events and slept more restlessly than usual, they had a higher risk for depressive symptoms than individuals who experienced above average stress but slept well. DISCUSSION Sleeping restfully may allow individuals the rejuvenation needed to manage stress adaptively and reduce depressive symptom burden.
An Investigation of a Relational Database Approach to a Multidisciplinary Conceptual Design for the HSCT

New aerospace designs will incorporate new concepts as a result of advances made in the scientific and engineering technologies. These new concepts will afford the aircraft designer with an interesting and somewhat envious dilemma. The aircraft designer will have unprecedented flexibility in design concepts. However, this new flexibility will often be paralleled in ever increasing design complexity. Aircraft such as the High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) will provide a design environment which will require the efficient use of new technologies in an arena which has historically proven to have stringent performance and cost goals which must be met in order to result in a successful design. The complexity of the HSCT design will dictate a close multidisciplinary effort requiring large amounts of data exchange. Moreover, with the enormous development costs associated with such a design, corporate teaming is essential. It is critical to the success of the HSCT and future aircraft design that a new approach be taken toward the management and exchange of information. A topdown data management design structure should be developed and implemented in the early stages in order to optimize the design process. A small scale multidisciplinary relational database management design has been developed for the HSCT in order to gain a better understanding of how efficient data management can optimize the aircraft design process. NOMENCLATURE
Robotic sleeve lobectomy: technical details and early results.

Sleeve lobectomy as described in other parts of this journal’s special edition avoids the morbidity of the resection of another lobe of the lung. More importantly, it often avoids the vastly increased morbidity of pneumonectomy. There are few reports of sleeve lobectomy performed via minimally invasive techniques. Zhou and colleagues in 2015 reported on 10 patients (1) and showed that sleeve lobectomy can be performed safely with similar early and late outcomes compared to a sleeve lobectomy performed via thoracotomy. We are aware of no published reports of robotic sleeve lobectomy except for a few case reports, yet we know several surgeons who have performed a handful safely. This chapter we will focus on the specific technical aspects of robotic sleeve resections of the airway and also briefly outline our early results in 8 patients which maybe the largest series of robotic sleeves.
Effects of Holding Time and Pressure of Hot-pressing on Sintering and Graphitization of Coke with B2O3 Addition

Effects of holding time and pressure of hot-pressing were investigated on some properties of the coke compacts made by hot-pressing at 2000°C and 2200°C from a calcined pitch coke powder mixed with 10 wt% B2O3. The holding time was changed from 0 to 4 hr and the pressure from 70 to 400kg/cm2.Bulk density and mechanical strength of the compacts increased and also their graphitization measured from the interlayer spacing d (002) and the appearance of 112 diffraction proceeded with the increase of holding time up to 1 hr.Above 1 hr, however, they showed almost constant values. The hot-pressing pressure gave a remarkable effect on densification and strength of the compacts, but almost no effect on graphitization.The compact with the bulk density of 2.13 g/cm3, the bending strength of 490 kg/cm2 and the d (002) spacing of 3.360A was obtained under the condition of the pressure of 400 kg/cm2 at 2200°C. The hot-pressing temperature and pressure were known to be very important factors to prepare the dense and strong compact from the coke with B2O3 addition.
Economic Impacts of Military Primacy: Why Alleged Economic Benefits are a Bad Argument for Activist Grand Strategy

Policy experts routinely assert that U.S. "leadership" in international affairs provides essential protection to the global economy; scholars uphold the same argument as part of the proposed grand strategy of "deep engagement." Specifically, they argue that the strongest power in the world needs to police the global commons and to tamp down global violence to enable trade and investment to flow. However, careful reasoning and a review of key historical evidence undermines the claim that military primacy provides vital support to commerce. While most merchants and investors prefer peace to war, they do not stop their pursuit of wealth when war breaks out. Instead, they adapt. So while belligerents suffer terrible economic consequences from war's direct destruction of productive capacity, from the negative incentive effects of higher government taxes and borrowing to pay for the war, and from the diversion of effort into making products for fighting rather than for consumption and investment, wars merely reshuffle trade and investment patterns in the rest of the world. They also yield some stimulus as belligerents pay high prices to import from neutrals. Commerce flows through the commons and even into war zones, despite political-military instability. Consequently, powerful countries should not attribute economic benefits to activist military policies; they will enjoy trade and investment whether they assert their power or not.
Body fluid volumes in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

1. Plasma volume, packed cell volume (PCV), blood volume, extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and Evans blue disappearance rate were measured in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats and in weight-matched Wistar normotensive rats. 2. Over the weight range studied (250-350 g), plasma and blood volumes were significantly lower in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Extracellular fluid volumes were similar in the two groups. PCV arid Evans blue disappearance rates were significantly higher in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. 3. Negative correlations were obtained between plasma volume and mean arterial pressure and between the plasma/interstitial fluid volume ratio and mean arterial pressure. 4. the normal extracellular fluid volume and the lack of correlation with mean arterial pressure excludes volume expansion as a pressor mechanism during the established phase of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
The Three Fundamental Principles

These three fundamental principles are called ‘real ethical axioms — intuitive propositions of real clearness and certainty’ (ME Bk. 3 Ch. 13 p. 373), ‘self-evident moral principles of real significance’ (ME p. 379), or ‘absolute practical principles’ (ibid.). They are principles which are apprehended by philosophical intuition, and which will provide guidance for actions that ought to be done.
Motion control of series-elastic actuators

Direct, physical interaction between a human and a robot has potential to provide assistance or rehabilitation which can extend the human user's physical capabilities. To be successful, the robot must be able to realize the system-level objectives without compromising the subject's safety. For applications which involve a powered robot, compliant actuators may help guarantee safety. However, the more complex dynamics of compliant actuators requires proper model selection and controller design to give satisfactory performance. Here, a series-elastic actuator integrated to an upper-limb exoskeleton is considered. To consider the effects of the elastic element, a model for the series elastic actuator with load-side dynamics is introduced, validated, then used for controller design. The performance and safety of several control architectures are analyzed, then compared experimentally.
Availability and Readability of Online Patient Education Materials Regarding Regional Anesthesia Techniques for Perioperative Pain Management.

Objective. Patient education materials (PEM) should be written at a sixth-grade reading level or lower. We evaluated the availability and readability of online PEM related to regional anesthesia and compared the readability and content of online PEM produced by fellowship and nonfellowship institutions. Methods. With IRB exemption, we constructed a cohort of online regional anesthesia PEM by searching Websites from North American academic medical centers supporting a regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine fellowships and used a standardized Internet search engine protocol to identify additional nonfellowship Websites with regional anesthesia PEM based on relevant keywords. Readability metrics were calculated from PEM using the TextStat 0.1.4 textual analysis package for Python 2.7 and compared between institutions with and without a fellowship program. The presence of specific descriptive PEM elements related to regional anesthesia was also compared between groups. Results. PEM from 17 fellowship and 15 nonfellowship institutions were included in analyses. The mean (SD) Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level for PEM from the fellowship group was 13.8 (2.9) vs 10.8 (2.0) for the nonfellowship group ( p = 0.002). We observed no other differences in readability metrics between fellowship and nonfellowship institutions. Fellowship-based PEM less commonly included descriptions of the following risks: local anesthetic systemic toxicity ( p = 0.033) and injury due to an insensate extremity ( p = 0.003). Conclusions. Available online PEM related to regional anesthesia are well above the recommended reading level. Further, fellowship-based PEM posted are at a higher reading level than PEM posted by nonfellowship institutions and are more likely to omit certain risk descriptions.
Public-Private Divide in Parker State-Action Immunity

The U.S. Supreme Court’s jurisprudence on Parker state-action immunity from federal antitrust laws has remained largely muddled since its inception. The Court recently attempted to bring clarity to the doctrine in North Carolina Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC, holding that state occupational licensing boards with a controlling number of active market participants are subject to the same active supervision requirement as private actors performing state governmental functions. Given that most state licensing boards are comprised of active market participants in the industry they are charged with regulating, state licensing boards can no longer assume they are immune from antitrust suits.In response, states have been scrambling to reassess the composition and oversight of their regulatory bodies in order to reduce antitrust liability for board members. In addition, litigants are bringing more claims against these boards for alleged antitrust violations. Lower courts are left with the task of determining whether these boards are closer to private actors or to prototypical state agencies. For those boards classified as private, lower courts are left with the task of determining whether the regulatory regimes overseeing the boards’ anticompetitive conduct satisfy the active supervision requirement.In light of these rapid developments, however, doctrinal confusion about Parker immunity persists. This confusion largely stems from the Court’s failure to formally adopt a rule of decision incorporating the two bedrock principles that have explained Parker immunity doctrine since its inception: financial disinterest and political accountability. In pursuit of bringing much-needed clarity to the doctrine, this Comment makes a descriptive case, inspired by Professor Einer Elhauge’s seminal article on Parker immunity, that Parker immunity jurisprudence has been shaped by inquiring into the functional purposes the public-private distinction serves in the context of delegating state power to municipalities, prototypical state agencies, and private entities. This Comment will argue that the U.S. Supreme Court should formally adopt a rule of decision inspired by the principles of financial disinterest and political accountability to govern Parker immunity doctrine. The Comment will lastly incorporate this rule of decision and square it directly with the Court’s recent opinion in North Carolina Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC.