cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Porosity Development in Oxidized Graphite using Automated Image Analysis Techniques

This document reports on initial activities at ORNL aimed at quantitative characterization of porosity development in oxidized graphite specimens using automated image analysis (AIA) techniques. A series of cylindrical shape specimens were machined from nuclear-grade graphite (type PCEA, from GrafTech International). The specimens were oxidized in air to various levels of weight loss (between 5 and 20 %) and at three oxidation temperatures (between 600 and 750 oC). The procedure used for specimen preparation and oxidation was based on ASTM D-7542-09. Oxidized specimens were sectioned, resin-mounted and polished for optical microscopy examination. Mosaic pictures of rectangular stripes (25 mm x 0.4 mm) along a diameter of sectioned specimens were recorded. A commercial software (ImagePro) was evaluated for automated analysis of images. Because oxidized zones in graphite are less reflective in visible light than the pristine, unoxidized material, the microstructural changes induced by oxidation can easily be identified and analyzed. Oxidation at low temperatures contributes to development of numerous fine pores (< 100 m2) distributed more or less uniformly over a certain depth (5-6 mm) from the surface of graphite specimens, while causing no apparent external damage to the specimens. In contrast, oxidation at high temperatures causes dimensional changes and substantialmore » surface damage within a narrow band (< 1 mm) near the exposed graphite surface, but leaves the interior of specimens with little or no changes in the pore structure. Based on these results it appears that weakening and degradation of mechanical properties of graphite materials produced by uniform oxidation at low temperatures is related to the massive development of fine pores in the oxidized zone. It was demonstrated that optical microscopy enhanced by AIA techniques allows accurate determination of oxidant penetration depth and of distribution of porosity in oxidized graphite materials.« less
Auxotrophic Mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans

Auxotrophic mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans have been obtained by using the methods of mutagenesis and replica-plating.
Performance Analysis of Component-Based Applications

Performance analysis is a software engineering activity that involves analyzing a software application with respect to performance quality attributes such as response and execution times. Performance analysis tools provide the necessary support for the analyst to monitor program execution, record and analyze performance data, and locate and understand areas of poor performance. Performance analysis methods and techniques are highly dependent on the properties of the software system to be analyzed. Product line engineering applications possess some special properties that impose constraints on the selection of the performance analysis techniques to be applied and the tools to be used. The development of a component-based reference architecture is crucial to the success of a true product line. The component-based nature facilitates the integration of components and the replacement of a component with another to meet the requirements of an instance application of the product line. In this paper, we discuss performance analysis of component-based software systems and its automation. We discuss how component-based system properties influence the selection of methods and tools used to obtain and analyze performance measures. We use a case study of the document content remastering product line to illustrate the application of a performance analysis method to component-based applications.
A dual polarization, active, microstrip antenna for an orbital imaging radar system operating at L-band

A highly successful Earth orbiting synthetic antenna aperture radar (SAR) system, known as the SIR-C mission, was carried into orbit in 1994 on a US Shuttle (space transportation system) mission. The radar system was mounted in the cargo bay with no need to fold, or in any other way reduce the size of the antennas for launch. Weight and size were not limited for the L-band, C-band, and X-band radar systems of the SIR-C radar imaging mission; the set of antennas weighed 10500 kg, the L-band antenna having the major share of the weight. This paper treats designing an L-band antenna functionally similar to that used for SIR-C, but at a fraction of the cost and at a weight in the order of 250 kg. Further, the antenna must be folded to fit into the small payload shroud of low cost booster rocket systems. Over 31 square meters of antenna area is required. This low weight, foldable, electronic scanning antenna is for the proposed LightSAR radar system which is to be placed in Earth orbit on a small, dedicated spacecraft the lowest possible cost for an efficient L-band radar imaging system. This LightSAR spacecraft radar is to be continuously available for at least five operational years, and have the ability to map or repeat-map any area on Earth within a few days of any request. A microstrip patch array, with microstrip transmission lines employed in the aperture and in the corporate feed network, was chosen as the low cost approach for this active dual-polarization, 80 MHz (6.4 %) bandwidth antenna design.
Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid in a 12-year old girl

Abstract We report a case of a 12-year old who presented with a large neck mass. She underwent a total thyroidectomy with right modified radical neck dissection. The pathology revealed papillary cancer of the thyroid with a large anaplastic component. She underwent a total thyroidectomy and modified radical neck dissection. Postoperatively, she was treated with a customized regimen of chemotherapy and radiation. She is disease-free three years after diagnosis.
Was Osler Verdeutsched

William Osler, considered one of the preeminent American physicians at the turn of the century, studied in North America and in Europe. His later influence in molding the teaching and the specialty of internal medicine is still felt. One may ask to what extent his ideas were generated or influenced by his extensive German experiences? Most certainly his exposure to pathology in Germany was profound and lasting. While there can be no doubt that Osler was a Germanophile throughout his career, one has to conclude that his academic influences were more English and not exclusively German. He was cosmopolitan and used and promulgated good ideas wherever he found them. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1502-1504
Food intake in baboons: effects of diazepam

Food intake of four adult male baboons (Papio c. anubis) was monitored during daily experimental sessions lasting 22 h. Food was available under a two-component operant schedule. Following completion of the first “procurement component” response requirement, access to food, i.e., a meal, became available under the second “consumption component” during which each response produced a 1-g food pellet. After a 10-min interval in which no response occurred, the consumption component was terminated. The effects of diazepam (DZP: 0.12–4.0 mg/kg) were determined by having the baboons drink a dose on Tuesdays and Fridays 45–60 min before the daily session. DZP produced dose-dependent increases in food intake in three of the four baboons. DZP increased the size of the first two meals and total duration of eating, but had no effect on eating rate or the number of meals within a session. The effect of DZP on the topography of feeding of baboons differs from previous reports on the effects of benzodiazepines on the topography of feeding in rodents. This suggests that species or procedural differences influence the effects of DZP on food intake.
Purchasing power parity as an approximation to the equilibrium exchange ratio

Abstract Purchasing power parity (PPP) is re-examined in models with trade impediments and intermediate products that are not traded. A distinction is made between ‘local consumption PPP’ and ‘total consumption PPP’. These are tested on several data sets, with largely negative results.
Local poissonification of the markovian arrival process

In a novel approach to quantifying the burstiness of a stationary point process, the points in successive intervals of length a are uniformly and independently redistributed over those intervals. As the window size a is increased, we obtain new point processes which increasingly mimic the local behavior of the Poisson process. For the Markovian arrival process, a number of mathematical descriptors of the resulting processes, such as the dispersion function, the distribution of the interval length and the exponential peakedness function are expressed in computationally implementable matrix formulas.
X-ray Induced Modification of Semifluorinated Organic Thin Films†

The X-ray induced modification/defluorination of semifluorinated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), based on 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol (CF3(CF2)7(CH2)2SH) has been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At short irradiation times X-ray induced defluorination of the semifluorinated SAM exhibits first-order kinetics with respect to the film's fluorine concentration. The evolution of the C(1s) region during modification is consistent with a kinetic model of defluorination involving consecutive C−F bond breaking events (e.g., CF2 → CF). Relative defluorination rate constants obtained for the different fluorine-containing functionalities (e.g., CF2, CF) provide support for a stochastic fluorine loss process, where each individual C−F bond is initially equally labile toward dissociative electron attachment, independent of local chemical environment. Upon atmospheric exposure the modified film's oxygen adsorption characteristics demonstrate that the density of radicals produced within the or...
A Matter of Great Magnitude: The Conflict over Arithmetization in 16th-, 17th-, and 18th-Century English Editions of Euclid's Elements Books I Through VI (1561–1795)

Abstract English editions of Euclid's Elements clashed over the arithmetization of mathematics. The editions of Henry Billingsley, Claude Dechales, and Isaac Barrow from the 16th and 17th centuries paid relatively little attention to mathematical primacy. In the 18th century, however, William Whiston asserted that algebraic representations, demonstrations, and proportions were more convenient than, yet as rigorous as, geometry. John Playfair's algebra adapted the Elements to modern audiences. Edmund Scarburgh, John Keill, Edmund Stone, and Robert Simson, however, attacked editions for alterations. Some editors tried to recover Euclid's original text. Most passages on this issue appeared in the editors' prefaces, Book II, Book V, or their notes. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Des editions anglaises des Elements d'Euclid ne s'accordaient pas sur l'arithmetization de mathematiques. Les editions d'Henry Billingsley, Claude Dechales, et Isaac Barrow des seizieme et dix-septieme siecles n'ont guere fait attention a la primatie mathematique. Cependant, au dix-huitieme siecle, William Whiston a affirme que les representations, demonstrations, et proportions algebriques etaient plus commodes que, pourtant aussi rigoureuses que, la geometrie. L'algebre de John Playfair a ajuste les Elements aux lecteurs modernes. Edmund Scarburgh, John Keill, Edmund Stone, et Robert Simson cependant, ont attaque les editions pour les modifications. Quelques editeurs ont essaye de retrouver le texte originel d'Euclid. La plupart des passages sur cette question se sont presentees dans les prefaces des editeurs, Livre II, Livre V, ou leurs notes. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. MSC 1991 subject classifications: 01A20, 01A40, 01A45, 01A50
A cost-competitive high performance Junction-FET (JFET) in CMOS process for RF & analog applications

in this paper, we present a cost-effective JFET integrated in 0.18µm RFCMOS process. The design is highly compatible with standard CMOS process, therefore can be easily scaled and implemented in advanced technology nodes. The design impact on R on and V off is further discussed, providing the insights and guidelines for JFET optimization. Besides the superior flicker noise (1/f noise) characteristics, this JFET device also demonstrates promising RF characteristics such as maximum frequency, linearity, power handling capability, power-added efficiency, indicating a good candidate for RF designs.
THE DOCTRINE OF UNIVOCITY IS TRUE AND SALUTARY

After clearing up some misunderstandings of Scotus’s doctrine of univocity, I argue that the doctrine of univocity is true. All predications about God must be reducible to univocity if they are to be intelligible at all. So even if the doctrine has unwelcome consequences, we ought to affirm it anyway; it is not the job of the theologian or philosopher to shrink from uncomfortable truths. I then argue that the doctrine of univocity in fact has no unwelcome consequences. Moreover, it has at least two salutary logical consequences of the highest importance. I conclude that the polemic against univocity, and against Scotus as its defender, is misplaced.
Dynamical Simulation of the Flow of Suspensions: Wall-Bounded and Pressure-Driven Channel Flow

A boundary-element method is implemented to simulate the motion of two-dimensional particles with arbitrary shapes suspended in a viscous fluid under conditions of Stokes flow. Numerical discretization of an integral equation of the first kind for the particle surface traction results in a system of linear algebraic equations for the components of the traction over boundary elements distributed along the particle contours, as well as for the velocity of translation and the angular velocity of rotation of the particles about designated centers. The linear system is solved by the method of successive substitutions based on a physically motivated iterative method that involves the decomposition of the influence matrix into diagonal blocks consisting of physical particle clusters and then carrying out updates by matrix−vector multiplication using the inverses of the diagonal blocks. The iterations are found to converge as long as the minimum gap between the particles is larger than a threshold that depends on...
The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer Satisfaction for Firms

This research investigates the antecedents and consequences of customer satisfaction. We develop a model to link explicitly the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction in a utility-oriented framework. We estimate and test the model against alternative hypotheses from the satisfaction literature. In the process, a unique database is analyzed: a nationally representative survey of 22,300 customers of a variety of major products and services in Sweden in 1989-1990. Several well-known experimental findings of satisfaction research are tested in a field setting of national scope. For example, we find that satisfaction is best specified as a function of perceived quality and "disconfirmation"-the extent to which perceived quality fails to match prepurchase expectations. Surprisingly, expectations do not directly affect satisfaction, as is often suggested in the satisfaction literature. In addition, we find quality which falls short of expectations has a greater impact on satisfaction and repurchase intentions than quality which exceeds expectations. Moreover, we find that disconfirmation is more likely to occur when quality is easy to evaluate. Finally, in terms of systematic variation across firms, we find the elasticity of repurchase intentions with respect to satisfaction to be lower for firms that provide high satisfaction. This implies a long-run reputation effect insulating firms which consistently provide high satisfaction.
Antigenic identity of Shigella alkalescens type I and Kauffmann's Escherichia O group 1.

SummaryAgglutination and agglutinin absorption tests performed with fifteen E. coli strains of Kauffmann's O group 1 and nine strains of Sh. alkalescens demonstrated that their O antigens were indistinguishable.
Protein regulation by phosphatidylinositol lipids

Phosphatidylinositol lipids are best known as a source of the second messengers inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Some phosphatidylinositol lipids may directly regulate cytoskeletal events, however. To understand the role of lipids in signaling, help from both synthetic chemists and physical chemists is needed.
Undecidability and intuitionistic incompleteness

Let S be a deductive system such that S-derivability (⊢s) is arithmetic and sound with respect to structures of class K. From simple conditions on K and ⊢s, it follows constructively that the K-completeness of ⊢s implies MP(S), a form of Markov's Principle. If ⊢s is undecidable then MP(S) is independent of first-order Heyting arithmetic. Also, if ⊢s is undecidable and the S proof relation is decidable, then MP(S) is independent of second-order Heyting arithmetic, HAS. Lastly, when ⊢s is many-one complete, MP(S) implies the usual Markov's Principle MP.
The role of CD18 in the production and release of neutrophils from the bone marrow

Neutrophil numbers must be tightly controlled to maintain host protection and prevent neutrophil-mediated tissue injury. CD18 deficiency leads to neutrophilia and myeloid hyperplasia in the bone marrow (BM). These studies examined the function of CD18 in regulating neutrophil production and determined whether the defects in neutrophil production that are observed in CD18 deficiency persist in the presence of wild-type (WT) leukocytes that confer host protection. Neutrophil production was evaluated in CD18(-/-) mice and lethally irradiated WT mice reconstituted with mixtures of CD18(-/-) and WT stem cells. Neutrophil kinetic studies suggest that CD18 may facilitate the release of the most mature neutrophils into the circulation. The proportion of CD18(-/-) neutrophils in chimeric animals was greater than the proportion of CD18(-/-) donor cells used to reconstitute the mice, and the percentage of CD18(-/-) leukocytes that were neutrophils was greater than for WT leukocytes, indicating that CD18 may regulate the lineage distribution of hematopoietic cells in the blood and BM. The proportion of Annexin V+ Gr-1+ cells in both the BM of chimeric animals and in vitro cultures of WT and CD18(-/-) hematopoietic stem cells was lower in CD18(-/-) than in WT cells, suggesting that CD18 modulates apoptosis. These data suggest that CD18 directly regulates neutrophil production, in part by limiting the survival of neutrophils and their precursors. Thus, the granulocytosis observed in CD18(-/-) mice and CD18-deficient patients is due to both defects in host defense and BM-intrinsic functions of CD18 in regulating neutrophil production.
Vitamin C as an Antioxidant: Evaluation of Its Role in Disease Prevention

Vitamin C in humans must be ingested for survival. Vitamin C is an electron donor, and this property accounts for all its known functions. As an electron donor, vitamin C is a potent water-soluble antioxidant in humans. Antioxidant effects of vitamin C have been demonstrated in many experiments in vitro. Human diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer might occur in part from oxidant damage to tissues. Oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA results in specific oxidation products that can be measured in the laboratory. While these biomarkers of oxidation have been measured in humans, such assays have not yet been validated or standardized, and the relationship of oxidant markers to human disease conditions is not clear. Epidemiological studies show that diets high in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and cancer, and with increased longevity. Whether these protective effects are directly attributable to vitamin C is not known. Intervention studies with vitamin C have shown no change in markers of oxidation or clinical benefit. Dose concentration studies of vitamin C in healthy people showed a sigmoidal relationship between oral dose and plasma and tissue vitamin C concentrations. Hence, optimal dosing is critical to intervention studies using vitamin C. Ideally, future studies of antioxidant actions of vitamin C should target selected patient groups. These groups should be known to have increased oxidative damage as assessed by a reliable biomarker or should have high morbidity and mortality due to diseases thought to be caused or exacerbated by oxidant damage.
Electron dynamics in quantum dots on helium surface

We study single-electron quantum dots on a helium surface created by electrodes submerged into the helium. The parameters of the dots are electrostatically controlled. We find the electron energy spectrum and identify relaxation mechanisms. The in-plane confinement significantly slows down electron relaxation. The energy relaxation is due primarily to coupling to phonons in helium. The dephasing is determined by thermally excited ripplons and by the noise from underlying electrodes. The decay rate can be further suppressed by a magnetic field normal to the helium surface. Slow relaxation in combination with control over the energy spectrum make localized electrons appealing as potential qubits of a quantum computer.
Advanced fluorescence and label-free live cell microscopy

I will review recent developments in live cell microscopy based on fluorescence microscopy, label-free nonlinear optical microscopy, and the use of novel optical labels with unique spectroscopic properties.
The TAC method of tryptic enzyme activity determination.

A new, practical, and quantitative method for the determination of tryptic enzyme activity is reported. The method is based on measurements of the U.V. absorption of the complex formed between cupric ion and Nα-p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine, the latter being the product of the reaction between the tryptic enzymes (thrombin, trypsin, plasmin) and the corresponding methyl ester. Comparisons with the null point titration procedure demonstrate the new method's superiority when dealing with enzyme–substrate reactions in concentrated buffer solutions. Under certain conditions, it could also be superior in dilute buffer situations. The effects of pH and cupric ion concentration on complex formation are discussed along with other characteristics of the U.V. absorption curves of the complex.
Deep sequencing of voodoo lily (Amorphophallus konjac): an approach to identify relevant genes involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose glucomannan

A Roche 454 cDNA deep sequencing experiment was performed on a developing corm of Amorphophallus konjac—also known as voodoo lily. The dominant storage polymer in the corm of this plant is the polysaccharide glucomannan, a hemicellulose known to exist in the cell walls of higher plants and a major component of plant biomass derived from softwoods. A total of 246 mega base pairs of sequence data was obtained from which 4,513 distinct contigs were assembled. Within this voodoo lily expressed sequence tag collection genes representing the carbohydrate related pathway of glucomannan biosynthesis were identified, including sucrose metabolism, nucleotide sugar conversion pathways for the formation of activated precursors as well as a putative glucomannan synthase. In vivo expression of the putative glucomannan synthase and subsequent in vitro activity assays unambiguously demonstrate that the enzyme has indeed glucomannan mannosyl- and glucosyl transferase activities. Based on the expressed sequence tag analysis hitherto unknown pathways for the synthesis of GDP-glucose, a necessary precursor for glucomannan biosynthesis, could be proposed. Moreover, the results highlight transcriptional bottlenecks for the synthesis of this hemicellulose.
Treatment of comminuted mandibular fractures by closed reduction

Few topics concerning the management of mandibular fractures are as controversial as the treatment of comminuted mandibular fractures. A comminuted fracture represents a bone that has been splintered or crushed,’ pulverized,’ or broken into several pieces,” giving rise to many small fragments.“ Thus, for purposes of this discussion, comminution is defined as the presence of multiple fracture lines resulting in many small pieces within the same area of the mandible (ie, angle, body, ramus, symphysis). Analysis of reports involving the number of fractures per mandible demonstrate remarkable consistency, with a range of 1.3 to 1.8 fractures per patient.5 These are obviously not comminuted. Although there has been a rebirth of interest in traumatology as indicated by the plethora of articles in the past 15 years, the incidence of mandibular comminution is still difficult to ascertain. Recent reports on large numbers of mandibular fracture patients (approximately 4,000) have failed to mention either explicitly or implicitly the number or incidence of comminuted mandibular fractures.6-x Other reports imply the presence of comminution, but careful review of the data is equivocal with respect to mandibular comminution, other than use of the term.9,‘0 The spectrum from relatively simple fractures9 to avulsion” seems to be categorized as comminution. However, many large epidemiologic studies”-17 of mandibular fracture patients (approximately 10,800) either do not include or do not mention a category of mandibular comminution. The incidence of mandibular comminution can be carefully and tediously extracted from large series of
Random Effects Models in a Meta-Analysis of the Accuracy of Two Diagnostic Tests Without a Gold Standard

In studies of the accuracy of diagnostic tests, it is common that both the diagnostic test itself and the reference test are imperfect. This is the case for the microsatellite instability test, which is routinely used as a prescreening procedure to identify individuals with Lynch syndrome, the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. The microsatellite instability test is known to have imperfect sensitivity and specificity. Meanwhile, the reference test, mutation analysis, is also imperfect. We evaluate this test via a random effects meta-analysis of 17 studies. Study-specific random effects account for between-study heterogeneity in mutation prevalence, test sensitivities and specificities under a nonlinear mixed effects model and a Bayesian hierarchical model. Using model selection techniques, we explore a range of random effects models to identify a best-fitting model. We also evaluate sensitivity to the conditional independence assumption between the microsatellite instability test and the m...
Sound scattering from atmospheric turbulence

Sound propagation through a turbulent flow field with nonvanishing mean-flow velocity has been studied. The effects of compressibility on sound scattering are discussed. Using an analysis describing moving sources in a fixed frame, particular results are obtained for the far-field scattered sound intensity due to uniformly moving scattering turbulence. A formula is obtained showing the factor by which the scattered sound intensity is amplified due to the motion of the turbulence. In addition, this analysis was extended to include wave propagating through mean flow with constant gradient.
Developmental genome processing and protein evolution in the ciliate Chilodonella uncinata

Ciliates are microbial eukaryotes with dual genomes, one present in the transcriptionally inactive germline micronucleus (MIC) and the other in the somatic macronucleus (MAC). In the development of the MAC from the MIC, ciliates process their genomes by chromosomal fragmentation, excision of internal excised sequences (IESs), and amplification of chromosomes. Chilodonella uncinata is in a class of ciliates, Phyllopharyngea, that undergo extensive processing to generate MACs containing thousands of gene-sized chromosomes. Previous analyses suggest that sequences involved in this processing are highly variable among ciliate lineages. In this study, we examine cis-acting signals involved in the elimination of IESs in C. uncinata in order to understand the phylogenetic level at which processing signals are conserved. In addition, we are testing the hypothesis that the differential selection on dual genomes in ciliates allows unusually rapid divergence among paralogs of protein coding genes.
Toward the analysis of close relationships

Abstract Two central questions are addressed: (1) How does one distinguish among relationships differing in closeness at any single point in time? (2) How do relationships change over either a short or a long time span? The first question suggests looking inside the Person-Other “intersection.” Findings from several empirical studies are described. The second question leads to discussions of short-term and long-term temporal processes. Regarding long-term pair processes, it is proposed that research can be stimulated by recognizing a five-phase sequence which extends from (a) initial attraction, to (b) building a relationship, (c) continuation, (d) deterioration, and (e) ending; transitions between adjacent phases are considered. The importance of theoretical models is emphasized throughout.
Covert reinforcement: The contribution of the reinforcing stimulus to treatment outcome*

The reinforcing stimulus in Covert Reinforcement was investigated in 40 subjects by comparing the procedure to Covert Noncontiguity, which eliminated contiguity between the response and reinforcing image by changing the order to those scenes, and Covert Exposure, in which neutral scenes were substituted for reinforcing scenes. An Attention-Placebo Control procedure was also employed. A Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT) and two self-report measures of fear served as screening devices and as pre- and post-treatment measures of snake phobia. Covert Reinforcement, Covert Noncontiguity and Covert Exposure were all effective in reducing fear and avoidance of snakes, while the Attention-Placebo Control procedure produced no significant reduction in target behaviors. The results are inconsistent with a reinforcement explanation for Covert Reinforcement, and an alternate explanation is suggested.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Pathology and Genetics

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is an atypical Parkinsonian disorder associated with progressive axial rigidity, vertical gaze palsy, dysarthria and dysphagia. Neuropathologically, the subthalamic nucleus and brainstem, especially the midbrain tectum and the superior cerebellar peduncle, show atrophy. The substantia nigra shows loss of pigment corresponding to nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. Microscopic findings include neuronal loss, gliosis and neurofibrillary tangles in basal ganglia, diencephalon and brainstem. Characteristic tau pathology is also found in glia. The major genetic risk factor for sporadic PSP is a common variant in the gene encoding microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and recent studies have suggested that this may result in the altered expression of specific tau protein isoforms. Imaging studies suggest that there may be sensitive and specific means to differentiate PSP from other parkinsonian disorders, but identification of a diagnostic biomarker is still elusive.
On a new boundary-value problem for the Navier-Stokes system with discontinuity in the type of boundary conditions depending on time

An initial boundary-value problem for the nonlinear system of Navier-Stokes equations with timedependent discontinuity in the type of boundary conditions is proposed to describe the dynamics of a hurricane over solid ground. The tools for the solution of the stated problem are displayed in the case of both smooth and nonsmooth evolution of a hurricane.
CD4 Regulates Susceptibility to Fas ligand– and Tumor Necrosis Factor–mediated Apoptosis

The current knowledge of CD4 function is limited to its role as a necessary coreceptor in TCR-initiated signaling. We have investigated whether CD4 regulates additional T cell functions. Using human primary resting CD4+ T cells, we demonstrate that CD4 activation is sufficient to induce lymphocyte death. Immediately after CD4 cross-linking, CD4+ T cells are rendered susceptible to apoptosis mediated by TNF or FasL. This, together with the concomitant induction of FasL within the same population, results in significant CD4+ T cell death in vitro. The CD4-dependent induction of susceptibility to apoptosis that is mediated by TNF or FasL is protein synthesis independent but phosphorylation dependent. After CD4 activation, PKC regulates susceptibility to apoptosis mediated by FasL but not the induction of susceptibility to TNF-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, significant differences between CD3 and CD4 activation were observed with regards to the kinetics of induction of CD4+ T cell susceptibility to FasL- and TNF-mediated apoptosis. Altogether, these results provide a model with which to study the molecular mechanisms regulating lymphocyte survival after CD4 activation, and highlight the potential role of CD4 in controlling lymphocyte apoptosis under physiological conditions or in disease states such as HIV infection.
Quantification of Aluminum Outward Diffusion During Oxidation of FeCrAl Alloys

The outward flux of aluminum during the oxidation of four similar alumina-forming alloys is determined using two types of experiments. One is measurement of the total thickness of the oxide and the ratio of the thickness of the characteristic equiaxed layer to the total oxide thickness. The second is measurement of the new oxide formed along the grain boundaries of the oxide upon re-oxidation. The former provides information about the ratio of outward diffusion of aluminum to inward diffusion of oxygen during oxidation. The latter experiment directly quantifies the outward flux of aluminum as a function of oxide thickness. Both the outward aluminum flux and the ratio of inward to outward diffusional fluxes are found to vary with the minor concentrations of “reactive element” alloying additions. Specifically, Y in solution in the alloy is found to limit outward aluminum diffusion more than Zr in solution, with Y2O3 limiting aluminum diffusion more than Zr, Y, and ZrO2.
Chylomicra in the serum of postprandial steelhead trout (Salmo gairdnerii)

1. 1. Postprandial effects on serum lipoprotein distribution were determined in juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdnerii). 2. 2. As many as eight lipoproteins were detected, including proteins of α, α2, and β mobility, as well as up to three discrete proteins with albumin-like mobility. 3. 3. Two and 4 hr after feeding, large electrophoretically-immobile lipoproteins, corresponding to chylomicra, were detected. 4. 4. Isolated d = 0.96 lipoproteins were 80% triacylglycerol; thus confirming the chylomicra-nature of these particles. 5. 5. The presence of triacylglycerol-rich chylomicra in the serum of trout suggests that exogenous lipid is, in part, transported to the body tissues of these animals in a manner similar to mammals.
Dedicated Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Single-Center Experience in 179 Patients With Varied Dose Prescriptions and Treatment Plans

Purpose Dedicated linear accelerator radiosurgery (D-LINAC) has become an important treatment for trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Although the use of gamma knife continues to be established, few large series exist using D-LINAC. The authors describe their results, comparing the effects of varied target and dose regimens. Methods and Materials Between August 1995 and January 2008, 179 patients were treated with D-LINAC radiosurgery. Ten patients (5.58%) had no clinical follow-up. The median age was 74.0 years (range, 32–90 years). A total of 39 patients had secondary or atypical pain, and 130 had idiopathic TN. Initially, 28 patients received doses between 70 and 85 Gy, with the 30% isodose line (IDL) touching the brainstem. Then, using 90 Gy, 82 consecutive patients were treated with a 30% IDL and 59 patients with a 50% IDL tangential to the pons. Results Of 169 patients, 134 (79.3%) experienced significant relief at a mean of 28.8 months (range, 5–142 months). Average time to relief was 1.92 months (range, immediate to 6 months). A total of 31 patients (19.0%) had recurrent pain at 13.5 months. Of 87 patients with idiopathic TN without prior procedures, 79 (90.8%) had initial relief. Among 28 patients treated with 70 Gy and 30% IDL, 18 patients (64.3%) had significant relief, and 10 (35.7%) had numbness. Of the patients with 90 Gy and 30% IDL at the brainstem, 59 (79.0%) had significant relief and 48.9% had numbness. Among 59 consecutive patients with similar dose but the 50% isodoseline at the brainstem, 49 patients (88.0%) had excellent/good relief. Numbness, averaging 2.49 on a subjective scale of 1 to 5, was experienced by 49.7% of the patients, Conclusions Increased radiation dose and volume of brainstem irradiation may improve clinical outcomes with the trade-off of trigeminal dysfunction. Further study of the implications of dose and target are needed to optimize outcomes and to minimize complications.
Acute management of preterm labor

We are continually reminded that the preterm birth rate has failed to improve; in fact, it has increased over the last 20 years. Much of this increase is related to the tremendous strides made by neonatologists and the resulting increased willingness of obstetricians to deliver preterm babies from hostile intrauterine environments. However, there is still much to learn concerning the pathogenesis, accurate early detection, treatment, and prevention of spontaneous preterm labor. This article concentrates on the clinical diagnosis and acute management of this enigmatic clinical problem.
Intrastriatal administration of an oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to the D2 dopamine receptor mRNA inhibits D2 dopamine receptor-mediated behavior and D2 dopamine receptors in normal mice and in mice lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine

Previous studies have shown that the intracerebroventricular injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted to the mRNAs encoding the different subtypes of dopamine receptors inhibited behaviors mediated by these receptors. The present studies were designed to determine whether such antisense oligodeoxynucleotides could produce similar effects when injected into a discrete brain area. A D2 dopamine receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (D2 antisense) was repeatedly injected into one corpus striatum of either normal mice or mice with unilateral lesions of the striatum induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. In the latter, intrastriatal injection of D2 antisense blocked the contralateral rotational behavior induced by the parenteral administration of the D2 dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole. The inhibitory effect of D2 antisense was dose- and time-related and was reversed upon cessation of D2 antisense treatment. This inhibitory effect was also selective in that D2 antisense treatment inhibited the rotational behavior induced by quinpirole but not that induced by the D1 dopamine receptor agonist SKF 38393 or by the muscarinic cholinergic agonist oxotremorine. Following repeated intrastriatal injections of D2 antisense into normal mice, parenteral administration of quinpirole caused rotational behavior ipsilateral to the side in which the D2 antisense was injected. No such rotational behavior was seen when similarly treated mice were challenged with SKF 38393 or oxotremorine. The quinpirole-induced rotational behavior in mice given intrastriatal injections of D2 antisense disappeared upon cessation of D2 antisense treatment. Repeated intrastriatal administration of D2 antisense also caused a significant reduction in the levels of D2, but not D1, dopamine receptors in striatum, as determined by receptor autoradiography. The levels of D2 dopamine receptors returned to normal upon cessation of D2 antisense treatment. Intrastriatal administration of an oligodeoxynucleotide with randomly placed nucleotides failed to alter the rotational response to quinpirole in either 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned or normal mice and failed to alter the levels of D2 dopamine receptors in striatum. These results show that selective inhibition of behavioral responses mediated by D2 dopamine receptors can be achieved by the direct injection of a D2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide into a discrete brain area.
Extensible control structures

A considerable amount of programming language research has been directed towards the development of extensible languages. Typically, these languages allow data type extensions, in which new data types are constructed in terms of built-in or previously defined ones, and syntax extensions, which allow the programmer to express himself in a more convenient notation than that of the base language. For the past few years the author has been experimenting with a third axis of extensibility, namely, control extensions - the introduction of non-standard control structures into programming languages.By non-standard control structures we refer to any one of a set of facilities which have appeared as specialized extensions to existing languages. These include non-deterministic algorithms, backtracking, parallel processing, co-routines, simulation primitives, synchronization operations, and the like. Numerous papers describe how one or more of the above can he added to some language (usually ALGOL-60). However, there have been relatively few studies of either the effects of the extensions on the language as a whole or the possibility of obtaining all of these extensions in a unified way from a common base.
Biorhythms: an empirical examination

This article examines the theory of biorhythms and indicates that it is possible that the success of the theory depends upon selective use of confirming data. The theory is examined by using three separate data sets: 727 deaths, 319 marriages, and data from students who kept track of their feelings and abilities for a period of time, one group having a biorhythm to follow and the other not knowing about the theory. None of the data sets provided confirmation of the theory. The theory appears to support the self-fulfilling prophecy, and not the notion of biorhythm.
TEACHING CONFLICT ASSESSMENT AND FRAME ANALYSIS THROUGH INTERACTIVE WEB‐BASED SIMULATIONS

Frames play a central role in how parties to a conflict make sense of their situation and how they interact. How they interact in turn affects possible outcomes. This article addresses a set of challenges to teaching about frames, framing, and their link to conflict assessment, and offers a web‐based solution that addresses some of these challenges. The training material incorporates aspects of simulation exercises and case stud‐ies to create a realistic environment in which students conduct assessments of conflict dynamics and frames. This free, publicly‐available product can be integrated into in‐class training modules, assigned as an out‐of‐class project, or explored through individual study. The materials allow for self‐pacing, backtracking, review, and repeated tries, made possible by the web medium.
Common variable immunodeficiency presenting as herpes simplex virus encephalitis

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a disorder in which patients are unusually susceptible to infections with encapsulated bacteria. Here we describe three adults with CVID in whom the correct diagnosis was not reached until they had Herpes simplex encephalitis. Failure to identify the underlying immune deficiency likely contributed to these debilitating infections.
Uniform stabilization of a shallow shell model with nonlinear boundary feedbacks

Abstract We consider a dynamic linear shallow shell model, subject to nonlinear dissipation active on a portion of its boundary in physical boundary conditions. Our main result is a uniform stabilization theorem which states a uniform decay rate of the resulting solutions. Mathematically, the motion of a shell is described by a system of two coupled partial differential equations, both of hyperbolic type: (i) an elastic wave in the 2-d in-plane displacement, and (ii) a Kirchhoff plate in the scalar normal displacement. These PDEs are defined on a 2-d Riemann manifold. Solution of the uniform stabilization problem for the shell model combines a Riemann geometric approach with microlocal analysis techniques. The former provides an intrinsic, coordinate-free model, as well as a preliminary observability-type inequality. The latter yield sharp trace estimates for the elastic wave—critical for the very solution of the stabilization problem—as well as sharp trace estimates for the Kirchhoff plate—which permit the elimination of geometrical conditions on the controlled portion of the boundary.
Single inclusive spectra, Hanburg-Brown Twiss and elliptic flow: A consistent picture at relativistic heavy-ion collider?

In these proceedings we will present the preliminary identified single inclusive particle spectra, the identified particle elliptic flow and the HBT vs. the reaction plane measured with the STAR detector at RHIC. So far none of the theoretical space-time models have been able to describe the combination of these measurements consistently. In order to see if our measurements can be understood in the context of a simple hydro-motivated blast wave model we extract the relevant parameters for this model, and show that it leads to a consistent description of these observables.
Neuroendocrine System of the Skin

Evidence is accumulating that the skin can serve as a peripheral neuroendocrine organ. The skin neuroendocrine activities are predominantly independent of regulation from the central level (which controls classical hormone secretion) but are rather regulated by local cutaneous factors. These endocrine factors would represent an exquisite regulatory layer addressed at restricting maximally the effect of noxious agents in the skin to preserve local and consequently global homeostasis.
Infections following clenched-fist injury: A new perspective*

Fifteen cases of clenched-fist injury were studied by aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% C02 cultures. Anaerobic bacteria and Eikenella corrodens were prominent pathogens, being recovered in 60% and 20% of cases, respectively. These organisms are more susceptible to penicillin than to penicillinase-resistant penicillins or cephalosporins. All clenched-fist injuries should be cultured in aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% CO 2 atmospheres. We recommend the use of both penicillin and a penicillinase-resistant penicillin as initial empiric therapy.
Effects of weekend admission and hospital teaching status on in-hospital mortality

Abstract Purpose The effect of reduced hospital staffing during weekends on in-hospital mortality is not known. We compared mortality rates between patients admitted on weekends and weekdays and whether weekend-weekday variation in rates differed between patients admitted to teaching and nonteaching hospitals in California. Methods The sample comprised patients admitted to hospitals from the emergency department with any of 50 common diagnoses (N = 641,860). Mortality between patients admitted on weekends and those admitted on weekdays (the "weekend effect") was compared. The magnitude of the weekend effect was also compared among patients admitted to major teaching, minor teaching, and nonteaching hospitals. Results The adjusted odds of death for patients admitted on weekends when compared with weekdays was 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 1.06; P = 0.0050). Three diagnoses (cancer of the ovary/uterus, duodenal ulcer, and cardiovascular symptoms) were associated with a statistically significant weekend effect. None of the 50 diagnoses demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in mortality for weekend admissions as compared with weekday admissions. Mortality was similar among patients admitted to major (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.19) and minor (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.09) teaching hospitals, compared with nonteaching hospitals. However, the weekend effect was larger in major teaching hospitals compared with nonteaching hospitals (OR =1.13 vs. 1.03, P = 0.03) and minor teaching hospitals (OR = 1.05, P = 0.11). Conclusion Patients admitted to hospitals on weekends experienced slightly higher risk-adjusted mortality than did patients admitted on weekdays. While overall mortality was similar for patients admitted to all hospital categories, the weekend effect was larger in major teaching hospitals and is cause for concern.