cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resource availability, maternal effects, and longevity

Abstract Experiments with a clone of the cladoceran Daphnia pulex indicate that the nutritional conditions of the maternal environment play a major role in determining the progeny's phenotype. Apparently, by influencing the physiology and/or morphology of individuals during early development, maternal investment not only enhances juvenile survival but has long-lasting, favorable effects on the progeny's ability to convert resources into growth and reproduction as well as negative repercussions for adult survival of the progeny. Life-span may also be radically altered by modifying food schedules within an individual's life. Neither reproductive effort nor rate of living hypothesescan explain longevity variation within Daphnia clones; rather the onset of senescence appears to be associated with a general breakdown in the ability to incorporate energy into biomass. Analysis of our results as well as earlier data with a “rate of aging-threshold vitality” model suggests that increasing the availability of food to an individual increases the rate of aging while decreasing the threshold vitality necessary for survival and that increasing maternal investment increases both the vitality at birth and the rate of aging of the progeny.
Brain Modeling with Brytes

Brytes are small brains used as subunits to model the cognitive processes of larger, smarter brains. A previously developed model of scratching behaviour that uses brytes to generate the coordinated movements of two arms, one with the itch site the other with the scratching hand is described. Then new strategies are described for using large sets of brytes with virtual locations all over the body to make decisions about whether scratching is safe in the current context and, if so, which appendage to use. Finally, the biological plausibility of brytes is examined in the contest of brain evolution and brain functional architecture.
On the identification of differentially expressed genes: Improving the generalized F-statistics for Affymetrix microarray gene expression data

It has been shown that the generalized F-statistics can give satisfactory performances in identifying differentially expressed genes with microarray data. However, for some complex diseases, it is still possible to identify a high proportion of false positives because of the modest differential expressions of disease related genes and the systematic noises of microarrays. The main purpose of this study is to develop statistical methods for Affymetrix microarray gene expression data so that the impact on false positives from non-expressed genes can be reduced. I proposed two novel generalized F-statistics for identifying differentially expressed genes and a novel approach for estimating adjusting factors. The proposed statistical methods systematically combine filtering of non-expressed genes and identification of differentially expressed genes. For comparison, the discussed statistical methods were applied to an experimental data set for a type 2 diabetes study. In both two- and three-sample analyses, the proposed statistics showed improvement on the control of false positives.
Intraglandular tumor extent and prognosis in prostatic carcinoma: application of a grid method to prostatectomy specimens.

Abstract The extent of tumor in prostatectomy specimens was determined by a grid method in 117 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. A plastic strip or ruler with squares of 3.0 mm was used, and the ratio of squares overlying carcinoma to the total number of squares overlying prostate tissue was calculated. This grid ratio, which represents an estimate of the percentage of the prostate involved by tumor, was a significant prognosticator closely tied to the likelihood of tumor progression and to survival time, as assessed by logistic regression analysis and a proportional hazard model. The grid ratio was better than histologic grade in predicting tumor progression and patient survival; also, the ratio was more objective than histologic grade as judged by interobserver agreement values. Only slight improvement in prognostication was obtained with concurrent use of both extent and grade. The grid ratio method was slightly better in predicting tumor progression and patient survival than a second method of assessing the percentage of prostatic tissue involved by tumor, the pathologist's percentage estimate. These results indicate that it is important to quantitate tumor extent within prostatectomy specimens; such quantitation need not require step-sectioning of the entire prostate and an expensive and time-consuming method such as computerized morphometrics but rather may be performed by a simple estimate of the percentage of the prostate involved by tumor. Reporting of histologic grade and tumor extent in the prostate gland is recommended as both appear to be important in identifying those patients at risk for a poor outcome after prostatectomy for prostatic cacinoma.
Dual degree tracks for computer science majors (abstract only)

Many institutions offer either a Bachelor of Science or a Bachelor of Arts degree program to computer science majors, often depending on what type of college or department houses the major. However, an increasing number of institutions have created dual degree tracks wherein students may choose to pursue either a BS or a BA, with a different set of requirements for each and possibly different credentialing as well. This BOF provides a forum for educators and administrators who currently offer dual degree options to share their experiences with those who are considering adding a second track. Issues of interest such as requirements within and outside the major, enrollment, accreditation, student outcomes, and possibly different career options may be discussed.
A Statistical Approach to Mitigating Persistent Clutter in Radar Reflectivity Data

Although there are several effective signal processing methods for identifying and removing radar echoes due to ground clutter, the need to mitigate persistent clutter in radar moment data still exists if such techniques were not applied during data collection and the time series data are not available. A statistical approach to creating a clutter map from “found data”, i.e., data not specifically collected in clear air is described in this paper. Different methods of mitigating ground clutter are then compared using an information theory statistical approach and the best mitigation approach chosen. The technique described in this paper allows for the mitigation of persistent ground clutter returns in archived data where signal processing techniques have not been applied or have been conservatively applied. It is also helpful for correcting mobile radar data where the creation of a clear-air clutter map is impractical. Accordingly, the technique is demonstrated in each of the above situations.
Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic matter from streams in the western Lake Superior watershed

The input and fate of dissolved organic matter (DOM) can have important consequences for coastal zone productivity in large lakes and oceans. Chromophoric DOM (CDOM) is often delivered to coastal zones from rivers and streams and affects light penetration in a water column. CDOM can protect biota from damaging ultraviolet (UV) light by acting as sunscreen, resulting in increased ecosystem productivity. Alternatively, CDOM can decrease ecosystem productivity by absorbing light needed for photosynthesis and forming photoreaction products that are harmful to coastal zone biota. Increased urbanization of watersheds and seasonal differences in weather patterns change the delivery pathways, reactivity, input, and energy flow of DOM (and its CDOM component) into aquatic systems. This study investigated the effects of watershed and season on the concentrations and potential photodegradation of stream-derived DOM in Lake Superior tributaries, chosen to be geographically and geologically similar but differing in land use. Organic carbon analysis, UV–Visible spectrophotometry, and terrestrial (land use) analysis were used to investigate differences among samples and sample treatments. The major differences in DOM concentration and photochemical response appeared seasonal rather than site specific, with snow-melt samples showing stronger and more consistent changes in UV–Visible parameters while base-flow samples showed stronger and more consistent losses in DOC.
Pain medicine: palliative care section: a call for more research.

With improved treatments for cardiovascular and infectious diseases, life expectancy is increasing. For this reason and environmental factors, the incidence and prevalence of cancer is rising worldwide [1]. Pain and overall symptom burden remain problematic for cancer patients. Unrelieved pain leads to increased morbidity through multiple mechanisms: decrease in functional status with increased sedentary related complications such as deep venous thrombosis and pneumonia; depression, anxiety, and an associated lack of compliance with recommended treatments, including in some cases the inability to complete treatment protocols, and other adverse sequela. Studies show around 30% of ambulatory cancer patients suffering moderate to …
Narrow line cooling and momentum-space crystals

Narrow line laser cooling is advancing the frontier for experiments ranging from studies of fundamental atomic physics to high precision optical frequency standards. In this paper, we present an extensive description of the systems and techniques necessary to realize $689\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ $^{1}S_{0}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}P_{1}$ narrow line cooling of atomic $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$. Narrow line cooling and trapping dynamics are also studied in detail. By controlling the relative size of the power broadened transition linewidth and the single-photon recoil frequency shift, we show that it is possible to smoothly bridge the gap between semiclassical and quantum mechanical cooling. Novel semiclassical cooling processes, some of which explicitly depend on the relative size of gravity and the radiative force, are also explored. Moreover, for laser frequencies tuned above the atomic resonance, we demonstrate momentum-space crystals containing up to 26 well defined lattice points. Gravitationally assisted cooling is also achieved with blue-detuned light. Theoretically, we find the blue detuned dynamics are universal to Doppler limited systems. This paper offers the most comprehensive study of narrow line laser cooling to date.
Extremal Problems for Affine Cubes of Integers

A collection H of integers is called an affine d-cube if there exist d+1 positive integers x0,x1,…, xd so that***** Insert equation here *****We address both density and Ramsey-type questions for affine d-cubes. Regarding density results, upper bounds are found for the size of the largest subset of {1,2,…,n} not containing an affine d-cube. In 1892 Hilbert published the first Ramsey-type result for affine d-cubes by showing that, for any positive integers r and d, there exists a least number n=h(d,r) so that, for any r-colouring of {1,2,…,n}, there is a monochromatic affine d-cube. Improvements for upper and lower bounds on h(d,r) are given for d>2.
University students' perceptions of tobacco, cocaine, and homicide fatalities

A questionnaire was given to 350 students in introductory-level and 46 students in senior-level university courses to determine how accurately students are able to estimate the annual number of deaths in the United States from tobacco use, cocaine use, and homicide. Results show that students dramatically overestimate the number of cocaine-related deaths and homicides, but dramatically underestimate the number of tobacco-related deaths. The data indicate that students generally have a poor grasp in both absolute and relative terms of the dangers inherent in tobacco use. Results are attributed to the mixed message young people receive about tobacco, with tobacco ads countering the effects of government health warnings, in contrast to the media's consistent emphasis on the dangers of illegal drugs and crime.
Studies on the Toxicity of Rhodium Trichloride in Rats and Rabbits

Abstract Rhodium trichloride was found to be a substance of low toxicity when administered to rats and rabbits. The LD50 for rhodium trichloride administered by a single iv injection to the adult male Sprague-Dawley rat was 198 mg/kg (184–212) and to the adult male New Zealand white rabbit was 215 mg/kg (138–336). Histopathological studies involving the major organs of rats and rabbits revealed no pathological changes.
The optimal control variational principle and finite elements analysis for viscoplastic dynamics

This paper presents the optimal control variational principle for Perzyna model which is one of the main constitutive relation of viscoplasticity in dynamics. And it could also be transformed to solve the parametric quadratic programming problem. The FEM form of this problem and its implementation have also been discussed in the paper.
Phase shifting interferometric imaging ellipsometer

An imaging ellipsometer has been developed which employs phase shifting interferometry to characterize the ellipsometric parameters. Polarized light from a laser or incoherent source is collimated and reflected off of the surface under test. A modified Michelson interferometer is used in conjunction with a Wollaston prism to generate two interferograms with orthogonal polarization states. Subtraction of the phases in the two interferograms yields the ellipsometric parameter (Delta) . The fringe modulation of the two interferograms is used to calculate the ellipsometric parameter (Psi) . The instrument uses imaging optics to image the surface under test to a CCd, yielding a truly two dimensional ellipsometric measurement. The deign of the instrument and result of measurement will be presented.
SU‐GG‐T‐33: Accurate Localization of the Needle Position During the Real Time Seed Implant Procedure in OR

Purpose: Accurately localize the needle tip position to improve the dosimetry accuracy of real time prostate seed implant in the OR. Method and Materials: Variseed seed implant software version 7.2 was utilized to study the needle identification process. To accurately determine the needle position under the artifact reflection of ultrasoundimages in the real time planning mode is challenging. We have developed a simplified method to study the true location of the implemented needles during the real time based seed implant procedure. A zero mark pseudo contour was introduced to identify the needle end dwell position with the axial view of the prostate base. It was identified to correlate the true needle position before dropping the seeds. Bladder wall interface on the sagittal view also justified for the needle identification in finding actual seed location. Rotating the ultrasound probe along with the zero mark slice correlation helps to clarify the trajectory of the needles. Results: With the implant views needle correlation; we have performed the variation study from the optimized plan versus the plan after finishing the seeds dropping. Less than 1% variation of PTV coverage (criteria V100 > 90%, D90 < 115% prescription for prostate, V125 < 0 cc for both urethra and rectum) is achieved with great accuracy. Optimization criteria have not been disturbed by our method, and the post implant CTdosimetry shows great coverage for prostate day 1 and day 30 studies. Conclusion: Real time prostate implant procedure provides invaluable dosimetry benefit compared to the pre‐planned implant method. However, needle tip position correlation during the implant process presents challenging uncertainty for both pre‐plan and real time plan process. We developed a simple method to improve the confidence level of the real time implant dosimetry, with implant needle accurately projected during the seed loading process.
Vascular factors predict rate of progression in Alzheimer disease

Background: While there is considerable epidemiologic evidence that cardiovascular risk factors increase risk of incident Alzheimer disease (AD), few studies have examined their effect on progression after an established AD diagnosis. Objective: To examine the effect of vascular factors, and potential age modification, on rate of progression in a longitudinal study of incident dementia. Methods: A total of 135 individuals with incident AD, identified in a population-based sample of elderly persons in Cache County, UT, were followed with in-home visits for a mean of 3.0 years (range: 0.8 to 9.5) and 2.1 follow-up visits (range: 1 to 5). The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were administered at each visit. Baseline vascular factors were determined by interview and physical examination. Generalized least-squares random-effects regression was performed with CDR Sum of Boxes (CDR-Sum) or MMSE as the outcome, and vascular index or individual vascular factors as independent variables. Results: Atrial fibrillation, systolic hypertension, and angina were associated with more rapid decline on both the CDR-Sum and MMSE, while history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery, diabetes, and antihypertensive medications were associated with a slower rate of decline. There was an age interaction such that systolic hypertension, angina, and myocardial infarction were associated with greater decline with increasing baseline age. Conclusion: Atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and angina were associated with a greater rate of decline and may represent modifiable risk factors for secondary prevention in Alzheimer disease. The attenuated decline for diabetes and coronary artery bypass graft surgery may be due to selective survival. Some of these effects appear to vary with age. GLOSSARY: 3MS = revised Modified Mini-Mental State Examination for epidemiologic studies; AF = atrial fibrillation; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CCHS = Copenhagen City Heart Study; CCSMHA = Cache County Study on Memory, Health, and Aging; CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; DPS = Dementia Progression Study; MI = myocardial infarction; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; SBP = systolic blood pressure.
Platelet retention in columns packed with glass beads

Platelet retention in columns packed with glass beads has been theoretically analyzed in a manner similar to that commonly used to describe the behavior of fixed-bed adsorbers. Combining the results of this analysis with experimental observations has confirmed that the process of platelet deposition from whole blood onto glass bead surfaces is entirely adsorption controlled. In contrast to this finding, a theory often used to predict the performance of a wide range of filtration processes has been utilized to show that platelet deposition from PRP is dominated not by the adsorption step, but by resistances to platelet transport which are confined to the plasma phase. Furthermore, a direct relationship between platelet retention in glass bead columns and hematocrit has been observed using whole blood and ghost cell suspensions. These results, which are in accord with observations made by Zuckeret al. (1972), strongly suggest that ADP released from red cells cannot account for the increased retention with increased hematocrit. This behavior can be explained, however, by recognizing that the efective platelet diffusivity is considerably enhanced by increasing the hematocrit of red cell or ghost cell suspensions and consequently the frequency of cell-cell interactions. As confirmed experimentally, these physical interactions, as opposed to biochemical factors, are primarily responsible for determining the observed changes in platelet retention when the suspending medium is gradually changed from PRP (0% hct) to normal hematocrit values. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental techniques are described which permit, for the first time, a quantitative measure of platelet retention in columns packed with glass beads which is independent of both hemodynamic factors and column geometry. This new measure of platelet retention is shown to relate directly to the affinity of platelets for one another and for solid surfacesin vitro, thereby offering the possibility of using glass bead columns as highly sensitive diagnostic tools for the detection of hemorrhagic disorders.
SPHACELARIA LACUSTRIS SP. NOV., A FRESHWATER BROWN ALGA FROM LAKE MICHIGAN1

The growth, reproduction and ultrastructure of a new freshwater phaeophyte, Sphacelaria lacustris sp. nov., are described. The plant occurs as a minute calcified thallus at 5–15 m depth along the western shoreline of Lake Michigan. Both freshly collected and laboratory grown plants show apical growth of erect and basal filaments, intermittent longitudinal divisions in filament segments, vegetative reproduction by propagules, numerous parietal chloroplasts and an absence of pyrenoids, characteristics of Sphacelaria. This material is separated from the only other freshwater species in the genus (S. fluviatilis Jao) at least by differences in longitudinal septation, in branching, in its propagules and in general aspect. Between this plant and marine brown algae there are essential similarities of ultrastructure of cell wall and pores, chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus and the production/excretion of physodes.
How Robot Verbal Feedback Can Improve Team Performance in Human-Robot Task Collaborations

We detail an approach to planning effective verbal feedback during pairwise human-robot task collaboration. The approach is motivated by social science literature as well as existing work in robotics and is applicable to a variety of task scenarios. It consists of a dynamic, synthetic task implemented in an augmented reality environment. The result is combined robot task control and speech production, allowing the robot to actively participate and communicate with its teammate. A user study was conducted to experimentally validate the efficacy of the approach on a task in which a single user collaborates with an autonomous robot. The results demonstrate that the approach is capable of improving both objective measures of team performance and the user’s subjective evaluation of both the task and the robot as a teammate. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.1.2 [Models and Principles]: User/Machine Systems—human factors, software psychology; H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces—evaluation/methodology, natural language; I.2.9 [Artificial Intelligence]: Robotics—operator interfaces
Compressibility effects on large structures in free shear flows

Space-time correlations were used to study compressibility effects on large structures in mixing layers. Two high-Reynolds number mixing layers with M(c) = 0.51 (case 1) and 0.86 (case 2) were studied. The results indicate that the structures in case 1 are similar to those in the incompressible case, but less organized. The structures in case 2 are highly three-dimensional, with a good spatial but a poor temporal orgnization. The streamwise correlations showed a decay rate four to five times greater for case 2 relative to case 1. While the spanwise correlations for case 1 showed trends similar to incompressible mixing layers, the behavior of case 2 was very different. The pressure fluctuations in the fully developed region of case 2 displayed significant rms variation in the spanwise direction with a well-defined pattern. Based on these measurements, the structures in case 2 seem to be of a horseshoe type, transversely spanning the mixing layer with the head in the low-speed side and the legs inclined in both the x-y and the x-z planes.
Activity of some glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway enzymes during the development of adventitious roots

Activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK, EC 2.7.1.11), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (NAD) dehydrogenase [G-3-PD(NAD), EC 1.2.1.12], glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD, EC 1.1.1.49), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD, EC 1.1.1.44) were determined in bean cuttings (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Top Crop) over 4 days, encompassing adventitious root primordium initiation and development. Effects of applied auxin and “endogenous root-forming stimulus”(ERS) on enzyme activities, concentrations of reducing sugars, and primordium development were also determined during the first 4 days of propagation. Effects of auxin were determined through use of applied indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. Effects of ERS were evaluated by means of decapitation of cuttings. Increased basipetal transport and increased metabolism of reducing sugars occurred in leafy cuttings in response to applied IAA and to ERS. Primordium development and activities of the four enzymes increased in leafy cuttings under conditions that simultaneously increased basipetal transport and metabolism of reducing sugars. Three types of enzyme activity response were found: (i) activity increased over time by ERS and by applied IAA [G-3-PD(NAD)], (ii) activity increased over time by ERS but not by applied IAA (PFK, G-6-PD), (iii) activity increased over time but not by ERS or applied IAA (6-PGD). Increases in G-3-PD(NAD), G-6-PD, and PFK activity in leafy cuttings were positively related to primordium development. 6-PGD activity increased in leafy cuttings during primordium development and may have supported it. However, equal increases occurred in decapitated cuttings, in which the long-term development of primordia was supressed. Results for G-3-PD(NAD) that were obtained in an experiment with jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedling cuttings were similar to results for the same enzyme in bean cuttings. G-3-PD(NAD) activity in naphthaleneacetic acid-treated jack pine cuttings increased with time, in comparison with untreated cuttings, before root emergence.
Finite Element Modeling of Acoustics Using Higher Order Elements. Part I: Nonuniform Duct Propagation

Cubic serendipity elements have been implemented into a nonuniform duct model of acoustic propagation in a moving medium. This model uses a convective potential formulation derived from the inviscid linearized mass and momentum equations. The model requires post-processing to calculate acoustic pressure. These elements outperform the quadratic serendipity elements in terms of computational efficiency based on visual observations and error norm analysis of acoustic pressure. CPU time reduction of up to 40% has been observed without sacrificing accuracy. Any penalty in numerical accuracy incurred by using serendipity elements rather than Lagrangian elements is far outweighed by the gains in dimensionality. The computational gains for calculation of acoustic potential are considerably less. Analytical expressions for the modal and convective effects on the propagating wavelength have been formulated and compared to numerical results. Preliminary assessment of alternative finite element approaches to model the convective potential formulation has been conducted. Stabilization and wave approximation methods have been implemented to solve simple one-dimensional problems.
Davao-kuo: The Political Economy of a Japanese Settler Zone in Philippine Colonial Society

Scholars studying the movement of people in colonial Southeast Asia have principally focused on the Chinese impact in shaping export based economies in the region. Until recently, lesser notice was given to two other migratory labor forces in the colonial period: the Indians moving eastward and establishing their presence in areas like British Malaya, and the Japanese who—until the first decades of the twenti eth century—competed with the Chinese for work in the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, and Singapore. This essay examines the experi ence of the Japanese labor diaspora in the province of Davao, one of the more successful migrant enclaves that the Japanese set up in South east Asia.3 Until recently, this successful community that became popu larly known as "Davao-kuo" has received little attention, in part because the consequences of World War II: victors (Filipinos and Ameri cans) get to tell their stories and claim these be the only true version, losers (the Japanese) do not. This marginalization has been reinforced by an academic perspective that views Philippine political develop ment from the lens of the capital (Manila), and assigns the periphery and frontier minor roles in the configuration of the national narrative. This essay is therefore partly a corrective to these elisions, and partly
Plasmid injection and application of electric pulses alter endogenous mRNA and protein expression in B16.F10 mouse melanomas.

Plasmid injection and application of electric pulses alter endogenous mRNA and protein expression in B16.F10 mouse melanomas
Description and Interpretation of Planetary Flow Structure of the Winter 1976 DST Data

Abstract Conventional explanations of the strong jet streams and active storm tracks off the east coasts of Asia and North America invoke the ambient winter baroclinicity that is generated by land-sea contrasts and the tendency of the continental relief to generate long-wave troughs over these regions (Charney and Eliassen, 1949; Smagorinsky, 1953; Bates, 1977; and many others). These arguments do not extend in an obvious manner into the rest of the globe. In particular, they do not seem to account for the significant global-scale variability that exists in the tropics and in most of the Southern Hemisphere. Here, the planetary-scale flow apparently responds less to topography, and the land-sea contrasts are very much smaller than those found around 40°N, but significant large-scale variability persists. The present analysis of a preliminary DST data set suggests that much of this variability is due to the presence of large-scale monsoons. Some model studies suggest that strong transient disturbances of t...
Effects of seasonal grazing on plant species diversity and vegetation structure in a semi-arid ecosystem

Abstract In evolutionary time frames, grazing by domesticated livestock on the short grass plains of East Africa is a new occurrence resulting in increased animal densities year around and modification to annual timing of grazing. We addressed the following questions: (1) do plant species diversity and vegetation structural differences exist between an area that is grazed only during the wet season and an adjacent area that is grazed year around; and, (2) does plant species diversity and structure correlate temporally with density of grazers? A spatially explicit ecosystem model was used to determine grazer densities. The two areas were similar with respect to grazer density during the wet season but not in the dry season. Dry season grazer densities were solely due to the presence of domesticated livestock. No significant differences in plant species diversity (H’), evenness, or richness were found between the two areas. However, the relative abundance of forbs, shrubs, percent cover of shrubs and bare ground was positively correlated with grazer densities during the dry season.
Phosphate absorption and alkaline phosphatase activity in the small intestine of the adult mouse and of the chick embryo and hatched chick

Abstract 1. 1. When rings of mouse intestine are incubated with β-glycerophosphate, the amount of phosphate absorbed into the tissue is proportional to the alkaline phosphatase activity. More phosphate is taken up by duodenal rings, which have high phosphatase activity, than by jejunal rings, which have lower activity. Phosphate uptake is inhibited when enzyme activity is inhibited by beryllium or l -phenylalanine. 2. 2. In intestinal fragments from chick embryos and young chicks from 2 days before hatching until 2 days after, the amount of phosphate absorbed from β-glycerophosphate rises in proportion to the increase in phosphatase activity. 3. 3. When chick or mouse intestine is incubated with NaH 2 PO 4 , the amount of phosphate absorbed also varies in parallel with alkaline phosphatase activity.
Determination of sulindac and its metabolites in human serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using on-line post-column ultraviolet irradiation and fluorescence detection.

Abstract On irradiation with ultraviolet light, the antiinflammatory agent sulindac and its two metabolites sulindac sulfone and sulindac sulfide form highly fluorescent derivatives. This reaction was exploited for the sensitive and selective detection of these compounds in serum using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a Ultrasphere octylsilane column (150 × 4.6 mm I.D.) at ambient temperature with a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min. The analytes of interest were isolated from serum using a Bond-Elut C 2 column with satisfactory recovery and selectivity. The detection limits were 10 ng/ml for each of the three analytes using 1 ml of serum and the limit of quantitation was 50 ng/ml. Linear calibration curves from 50 to 1000 ng/ml for all three analytes show coefficients of determination of 0.9999. The post-column ultraviolet irradiation was optimized and the effect of irradiation time on the fluorescence response was determined for all three analytes. Precision and accuracy of the method were 0.4–5.6 and 1.6–4.5% for sulindac, 2.3–5.6 and 1.4–5.3% for sulindac sulfone and 2.5–4.3 and 0.8–2.8% for sulindac sulfide, respectively.
Results of an Advanced Fan Stage Over a Wide Operating Range of Speed and Bypass Ratio: Part II—Comparison of CFD and Experimental Results

NASA and GE teamed to design and build a 57% engine scaled fan stage for a Mach 4 variable cycle turbofan/ramjet engine for access to space with multipoint operations. This fan stage was tested in NASA’s transonic compressor facility. The objectives of this test were to assess the aerodynamic and aero mechanic performance and operability characteristics of the fan stage over the entire range of engine operation including: 1) sea level static take-off; 2) transition over large swings in fan bypass ratio; 3) transition from turbofan to ramjet; and 4) fan wind-milling operation at high Mach flight conditions. This paper will focus on an assessment of APNASA, a multistage turbomachinery analysis code developed by NASA, to predict the fan stage performance and operability over a wide range of speeds (37% to 100%) and bypass ratios.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Absolute cross-section measurements for ionization of He Rydberg atoms in collisions with K

Absolute cross sections for ionization of 1.5--10.0 keV/amu Rydberg helium atoms in principal quantum states 12\ensuremath{\le}n\ensuremath{\le}15 due to collisions with potassium have been measured. The data are compared with the free-electron cross section at equal velocity. Our results for the collisional ionization cross sections (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{i}}$) agree both in shape and absolute magnitude with the data available for the total electron-scattering cross sections (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{e}}$) and support recent theoretical models for ionization of Rydberg atoms with neutral perturbers.
From compensation to integration: Effects of the pro-tactile movement on the sublexical structure of Tactile American Sign Language

Abstract This article examines a divergence in the sublexical structure of Visual American Sign Language (VASL) and Tactile American Sign Language (TASL). My central claim is that TASL is a language, not just a relay for VASL. In order to make that case, I show how changes in the structure of interaction, driven by the aims of the “pro-tactile” social movement, contributed to a redistribution of complexity across grammatical sub-systems. I argue that these changes constitute a departure from the structure of VASL and the emergence of a new, tactile language. In doing so, I apprehend language emergence not as a “liberation” from context, but as a process of contextual integration.
Effect of diet on obesity of yellow mice in inbred lines.

Summary and conclusions1. The observation has been confirmed that yellow mice on continued inbreeding no longer become obese if maintained under the usual laboratory conditions. 2. Feeding a diet of the “synthetic” type made it possible to induce obesity in the yellow mice but not in their non—yellow litter—mates. 3. The obese yellow mice were observed to have fatty livers. Two of these animals were found to have liver tumors.
CHANGES IN PLASMA ENDOTHELIN-1 (ET-1) LEVELS DURING AND POST MORPHINE SULPHATE (MS) INFUSION IN CONCIOUS NEWBORN PIGLETS ♦ 330

MS injection into concious immature pigs have been previously shown to produce an excitatory state associated with systemic and pulmonary artery hypertension. ET-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by the vascular endothelium. The hypothesis that basal systemic and cerebrovascular plasma ET-1 levels are altered during MS infusion was tested in concious newborn piglets (1-3 days old). The study animals (n=6) received a bolus of 100 μg/kg of MS over 5 minutes, followed by a continuous i.v. infusion (100μg/kg/hr) for 4 hrs. The control animals (n=6) received an equivalent volume bolus and infusion of 5% dextrose. Blood samples from the carotid artery and sagittal sinus vein were collected before, during (0.5, 1, 2, 3& 4 hrs) and post (1 & 2 hrs) infusion for the determination of plasma ET-1 levels by enzyme immunoassay. In the MS group systemic ET-1 plasma levels increased by 40% (14.9±3.9 pg/ml, p<0.05) at 1 hr and by 52% (15.3±4.1 pg/ml, p<0.01) at 3 hrs compared to baseline(9.0±1.0 pg/ml). Compared to the control group, systemic ET-1 plasma levels remained significantly elevated following the bolus dose (34%, p<0.05), during (39% to 53%, p<0.01) and 2 hrs post (41%, p<0.01) MS infusion. Similarly, sagittal sinus vein plasma ET-1 levels were consistently greater after the bolus injection (13.7±3.4 pg/ml, p<0.05) and remained elevated during the MS infusion (37% to 40%, p<0.05), and at 1(43%, p<0.05) and 2 (47%, p<0.01) hrs post infusion, when compared to baseline and control. These data indicate that continuous therapeutic dosages of MS infusion in newborn piglets results in high levels of ET-1 in the systemic and cerebrovascular circulation. The systemic and pulmonary vascular responses to MS infusion in newborn piglets may be mediated in part, by increased systemic and cerebrovascular ET-1 production.
Cost analyses of granulocyte colony stimulating factor: a focus on older patients with cancer

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) can reduce the duration of neutropenia following intensive chemotherapy in a variety of settings. The majority of these studies have focused on small cell lung cancer. We review herein published information on costs and cost-effectiveness of G-CSF from clinical studies with patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Medline and Healthstar databases were searched for original research articles that contain cost or cost-effectiveness analyses on the subject. The cost of adjunct treatment with G-CSF was evaluated from four studies of SCLC patients. Benefits included decreased rates of febrile neutropenic events, while cost savings were not identified in three of four studies. These data may be useful to physicians faced with concerns over clinical and economic factors associated with G-CSF use as adjunct therapy for SCLC.
Mindfulness and the College Transition: The Efficacy of an Adapted Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Intervention in Fostering Adjustment among First-Year Students

Recent years have witnessed a marked proliferation in the interest in and relevant literature pertaining to the practice of mindfulness. In light of this trend and the pervasive stress common among college populations, the present study examined the efficacy of an adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention in fostering adjustment among first-year students. Sixty-two (N = 62) nonvolunteer participants were assigned to either an 8-week adapted MBSR intervention (n = 30) or a control condition (n = 32). Stress and adjustment indices were gathered using diurnal salivary cortisol samples and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ). Intervention participants further completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) pre- and post-intervention. Analyses indicate that mindfulness, as part of an adapted MBSR intervention, can (1) contribute to enhanced first-year adjustment across multiple domains, (2) reduce physiological stress levels, and (3) be cultivated to some degree in student populations through relatively ephemeral instruction. Moreover, male participants demonstrated significantly better adjustment in several areas relative to females. These findings underscore the need for more serious consideration of mindfulness-based practices in college environments in an effort to foster well-being in this vulnerable population. Limitations of the current study and future research considerations are discussed.
Bayesian Belief Polarization

Empirical studies have documented cases of belief polarization, where two people with opposing prior beliefs both strengthen their beliefs after observing the same evidence. Belief polarization is frequently offered as evidence of human irrationality, but we demonstrate that this phenomenon is consistent with a fully Bayesian approach to belief revision. Simulation results indicate that belief polarization is not only possible but relatively common within the set of Bayesian models that we consider.
Towards Automated Privacy Compliance in the Information Life Cycle

Management of data is an increasingly challenging task for enterprises because of the increasingly diverse and complex requirements that come to bear from various fronts. One issue is the protection of the privacy of the information held, while ensuring compliance with various rules and regulations relating to data management.One issue is the protection of the privacy of the information held, while ensuring compliance with various rules and regulations relating to data management. Privacy may be defined as the claim of individuals, groups and institutions to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others. In its broadest scope this is a problem that has challenged civil rights advocates the world over, at different times.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in a female associated with multiple bladder stones.

Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy in the urinary tract. Urothelial carcinoma is the most common histologic type of bladder cancer in the United States, accounting for approximately 90%. Squamous cell carcinoma is less common, making up 3-5% of bladder cancers. We present a case of squamous cell carcinoma in a female associated with multiple bladder stones. A 76-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the emergency department with gross hematuria and dysuria for one month. Urinalysis showed many RBCs and WBCs with positive nitrite. She was admitted with an initial impression of urinary tract infection and intravenous ceftriaxone was started. Urine culture grew greater than 100,000 cfu/ml of Enterococcus species. Computed tomographic imaging of the abdomen/pelvis with oral contrast revealed a markedly distended bladder with hemorrhage, multiple calculi, and diffuse bladder wall thickening. Cystoscopy was performed for diffuse bladder wall thickening and demonstrated numerous bladder stones, a bladder mass, and organized blood clots. Biopsy of the mass was consistent with high-grade carcinoma with squamous differentiation. The bladder cancer was not surgically resectable and radical cystectomy was not recommended due to old age and poor functional status. The patient refused chemotherapy and she died in 6 months. The association between foreign bodies in the bladder and sqaumous cell carcinoma is well established. Long-standing bladder stones have been implicated as a cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Our female patient’s unusual presentation with multiple bladder stones and sqaumous cell carcinoma of the bladder highlights the association between these two conditions.
Two-alternative learning situations with partial reinforcement

The comparative effects of reward and nonreward on learning are considered in connection with a two-alternative learning situation. Conditions are more general in nature than those discussed in an earlier article. In the statistical model proposed, the question of whether reward and nonreward are equivalent in their effects on learning reduces to testing a composite hypothesis on a multivariate probability distribution. An asymptotic test of this hypothesis is described, and its use is illustrated with data from psychological experiments.
Convergence, accuracy and stability of finite element approximations of a class of non‐linear hyperbolic equations

(SUMMARY Numerical stability criteria and rates of convergence are derived for finite element approximations of the nonlinear wave equation Un - F(ur) = [(x, t), where F(llr) possesses properties generally encountered in non-linear elasticity. Piecewise linear finite element approximations in x and central difference approximations in t are studied.
Inhibition of TGF-β Enhances the In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy of EGF Receptor–Targeted Therapy

EGF receptor (EGFR)-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb), such as cetuximab, execute their antitumor effect in vivo via blockade of receptor-ligand interactions and engagement of Fcγ receptors on immune effector cells that trigger antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We show that tumors counteract the in vivo antitumor activity of anti-EGFR mAbs by increasing tumor cell-autonomous expression of TGF-β. We show that TGF-β suppresses the expression of key molecular effectors of immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity, including Apo2L/TRAIL, CD95L/FasL, granzyme B, and IFN-γ. In addition to exerting an extrinsic inhibition of the cytotoxic function of immune effectors, TGF-β-mediated activation of AKT provides an intrinsic EGFR-independent survival signal that protects tumor cells from immune cell-mediated apoptosis. Treatment of mice-bearing xenografts of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with cetuximab resulted in emergence of resistant tumor cells that expressed relatively higher levels of TGF-β compared with untreated tumor-bearing mice. Although treatment with cetuximab alone forced the natural selection of TGF-β-overexpressing tumor cells in nonregressing tumors, combinatorial treatment with cetuximab and a TGF-β-blocking antibody prevented the emergence of such resistant tumor cells and induced complete tumor regression. Therefore, elevated levels of TGF-β in the tumor microenvironment enable tumor cells to evade ADCC and resist the antitumor activity of cetuximab in vivo. Our results show that TGF-β is a key molecular determinant of the de novo and acquired resistance of cancers to EGFR-targeted mAbs, and provide a rationale for combinatorial targeting of TGF-β to improve anti-EGFR-specific antibody therapy of EGFR-expressing cancers.