cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CALCIUM: A CELLULAR MEDIATOR OF LUTEOLYSIS

Regression of the corpus luteum with the consequent loss of ovarian progesterone secretion appears to be an induced response which is necessary for the re-occurrence of ovulation. Conversely, prevention of corpus luteum regression is essential for the continuation of pregnancy. The pivotal role of the corpus luteum in the reproductive cycle with its poorly understood functional regulation and control has generated interest in this organ for many years. Although progress has been made, the nature, origin and mechanism of action of agents which prolong corpus luteum function during early pregnancy have not been resolved. Moreover, the nature, origin and mechanism of action of luteolytic hormones are poorly understood in lower animals, and are completely unknown in the human. It is to these areas that we have directed our attention.
Membranes as modulators of amyloid protein misfolding and target of toxicity.

Abstract Abnormal protein aggregation is a hallmark of various human diseases. α-Synuclein, a protein implicated in Parkinson's disease, is found in aggregated form within Lewy bodies that are characteristically observed in the brains of PD patients. Similarly, deposits of aggregated human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) are found in the pancreatic islets in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Significant number of studies have focused on how monomeric, disaggregated proteins transition into various amyloid structures leading to identification of a vast number of aggregation promoting molecules and processes over the years. Inasmuch as these factors likely enhance the formation of toxic, misfolded species, they might act as risk factors in disease. Cellular membranes, and particularly certain lipids, are considered to be among the major players for aggregation of α-synuclein and IAPP, and membranes might also be the target of toxicity. Past studies have utilized an array of biophysical tools, both in vitro and in vivo, to expound the membrane-mediated aggregation. Here, we focus on membrane interaction of α-synuclein and IAPP, and how various kinds of membranes catalyze or modulate the aggregation of these proteins and how, in turn, these proteins disrupt membrane integrity, both in vitro and in vivo. The membrane interaction and subsequent aggregation has been briefly contrasted to aggregation of α-synuclein and IAPP in solution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Aggregation and Misfolding at the Cell Membrane Interface edited by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy.
Sleep-Related Upper-Airway Obstruction in Children and Adolescents

Childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and upperairway resistance syndrome may cause sleep disruption, leading to a variety of secondary nighttime and daytime symptoms. School-aged children and teenagers may present with one or several secondary symptoms (e.g., frequent nighttime waking, excessive daytime somnolence) with parents often unaware of their relationship to sleep-related upper-airway obstruction. Preschool children with OSAS may exhibit daytime behavior problems, again with parents unaware of the link with nighttime breathing difficulties. A working knowledge of the many manifestations of childhood OSAS can be invaluable in the approach to a variety of sleep and behavioral problems.
Race-Conscious Admissions Plans: An Antidote to Educational Opportunity Hoarding?

In spite of the most recent victory for diversity in higher education handed down by the Supreme Court in Fisher v. Texas, there seems to be no end in sight to the legal assault on race-conscious admissions plans. Rather than attempt to defend race-conscious admissions plans on the disputed legal terms, this article instead asks whether the opposition demand for race-neutral “meritocratic” admissions is itself legitimate. This article suggests that the insistence on “meritocracy” in admissions implicates an historical pattern and practice by certain advantaged racial groups of perpetuating the systemic educational disadvantages experienced by subordinate racial groups while further entrenching their own educational advantages. Recognizing this, the demand for race-neutral “meritocratic” admissions in higher education ought to be rejected as incompatible with the guarantee of equal educational opportunity first recognized in Brown v. Board of Education. At the same time, race-conscious admissions plans can be viewed as an effective antidote to this practice of educational opportunity hoarding and a critical means of disrupting the process of categorical racial inequality that has long marked the history of education in America.
Relationships with Categorical Variables

You have been studying how to explore relationships between two variables, but the variables that you have analyzed have all been measurement variables. This topic asks you to study some basic techniques for exploring relationships among categorical variables. (Remember that a categorical variable is one which records simply that category into which a person or thing falls on the characteristic in question.) These techniques involve the analysis of two-way tables of counts. You will use no more complicated mathematical operations than addition and calculation of proportions, but you will acquire some very powerful analytical tools.
Doing It Better for Less: Incorporating OSA Management Into Alternative Payment Models

As the cost of health care continues to escalate, payers are adapting by moving away from models based on traditional fee-for-service reimbursement to models focused on rewarding care delivery that reduces costs and improves quality. These alternative payment models (APMs) are being introduced by government and commercial payers and will likely become the norm over time. Recent changes in sleep medicine related to advances in technology and approaches by payers for the management of OSA make this an appropriate time to incorporate the delivery of sleep medicine services into APMs. For OSA, the approaches that should lead to success include the appropriate use of home sleep apnea testing and automatic positive airway pressure; lower cost providers to manage less complex patients; evolving technologies including cloud-based positive airway pressure adherence monitoring, telemedicine, and Internet-based coaching to improve adherence with treatments; data analytics to better identify high-risk populations and to more appropriately allocate resources; and appropriate referrals of more complex cases to sleep specialists for management. All of these approaches should improve the value of care for payers, providers, and patients while allowing sleep specialists to more appropriately allocate their efforts to overseeing APM program development and administration and allowing them to focus on the management of more complicated patients.
Improving the molecular weight and synthesis of a renewable biomimetic adhesive polymer

Abstract Renewable materials are in demand to replace the petroleum-based glues we use on a daily basis. Such substitutions will not take place until bio-based adhesives can meet or exceed the performance of current materials. Work presented here examines several chemical parameters in order to improve the molecular weight and synthetic strategy for a polymer that combines polylactic acid with mussel mimicking catechol, (“catechol-PLA”). Altering the polymerization time as well as the deprotection time and temperature afforded better control over both molecular weights and yields. Dispersity and molecular weight were shown to both be parameters tunable to improve adhesion strength. Cross-linking with iron improved the adhesion of low molecular weight polymers, bringing performance up to that of the longer chain counterparts. Such cross-linking and molecular weight effects were seen to alter the balance of adhesive and cohesive interactions. Such development and understanding of renewable polymer systems may help to hasten future competition with petroleum-based adhesives.
Simulation model for evaluating energy-resolving photon-counting CT detectors based on generalized linear-systems framework

Photon counting detectors are interesting candidates for next-generation clinical computed tomography scanners, promising improved contrast-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution and energy information compared to conventional energy-integrating detectors. Most attention is focused on cadmium telluride (CdTe) (or CZT) detectors, but silicon (Si) has been proposed as an alternative. We present detector simulation models fitted to published spectral response data for CdTe and Si, and use linear-systems theory to evaluate the spatial-frequency dependent DQE for lesion quantification and detection. Our fitted spectral response is consistent with Gaussian charge clouds with σ = 20.5 µm independent of energy for CdTe, and σ = 17 µm at 60 keV with an energy dependence of E0.54 for Si. For a silicon strip detector with 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 pixels separated by a 1D grid of 20 µm tungsten foils, the zero-frequency DQE for iodine detection is 0.43 for 30 mm detector absorption length and 0.46 for 60 mm detector absorption length. For iodine quantification in a water-iodine decomposition, the DQE is 0.26 for 30 mm and 0.27 for 60 mm Si. Compared to this detector, the DQE of a 1.6 mm thick CdTe detector with 0.225 mm pixels and two energy bins is 11-36 % higher for water and iodine detection but 28-51 % lower for material quantification. The predicted performance of Si is competitive with CdTe, suggesting that further consideration is warranted.
Time to antibody detection and associated factors for presence of anti-drug antibodies in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with anti-TNF therapy.

Background Loss of response in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with biologic medications can be due to development of anti-drug antibodies. Natural history of anti-drug antibodies development has not been well described in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. The primary aim of this study was to describe a single-center experience for the temporal onset of anti-drug antibodies detection. Methods We performed a retrospective, single-center chart review of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients at the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition at Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital from 2010 to 2015. Patients were treated with infliximab or adalimumab and had at least two evaluations for anti-drug antibodies with the homogenous mobility shift assay. Demographics, laboratory and medication data, and clinical disease activity were collected. Results A total of 75 subjects are included in the analysis. Eighty-one percent of subjects were treated with infliximab. Eleven subjects developed anti-drug antibodies; average time to anti-drug antibodies detection was 13.2 ± 7.3 months. Longer duration of inflammatory bowel disease, L1 location in Crohn's disease, and not having immunomodulatory therapy before biologic was associated with higher risk of antibody detection. Antibody detection occurred more frequently with infliximab vs. adalimumab. Time-to-antibody detection for infliximab and adalimumab was 14.83 and 23.48 months, respectively. Conclusion Chances of anti-drug antibodies detection in the infliximab group were higher than the adalimumab group. Time-to-antibody detection was 8.65 months longer in patients who received adalimumab when compared to infliximab. These results may have implications for long-term therapy and help guide use of concomitant immunomodulators.
Trial Data for Sarcoma

Approximately 50–60% of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) occur in the extremities. Randomized control trial data have failed to demonstrate improved overall survival with extremity amputation compared to radical resection with radiation in patients with advanced STS, which has generated further increased interest in limb-preserving treatment options for locally advanced disease. Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) and isolated limb infusion (ILI) are methods of delivering regional chemotherapy that have been employed in STS, often with the goal of maintaining limb function. Although large clinical trials are lacking, data from small phase I/II trials and retrospective studies support their selective application. Since its development in the late 1950s, ILP has undergone several transformations and is currently most frequently performed with melphalan and (in Europe) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). ILI was developed in the 1990s as a minimally invasive and less costly alternative to ILP. Most studies have demonstrated overall response rates >60% and limb-sparing rates >75% for both ILP and ILI. Because of variations in patient selection and use of adjuvant therapies across institutions and the heterogeneity of STS histologic subtypes, further studies are needed to identify patient populations most likely to benefit from treatment and to better stratify outcomes by subtype.
Perception of Terrain Slope in Real and Virtual Environments.

Virtual reality is an immersive technology with potential uses that extend beyond entertainment and gaming. For example, VR could be leveraged for future use in courtrooms. There, VR could be utilized to transport a jury to the scene at issue in a legal matter (e.g., collision location, trip-and-fall site, occupational settings, etc.). For VR to be admitted in a courtroom as an unbiased demonstrative, it is likely that an expert would need to show that VR images represent a veridical depiction of the actual environment. The current studies examined how visual perception of slope for real-world terrain presented in VR compares to the perception of slope for the same terrain when experienced in-person, and via traditional photographs of the terrain (such as are currently used as courtroom demonstratives). Overall, participants’ perception of slope did not significantly differ across the three mediums, indicating that VR provides a faithful representation of slope magnitude, compared to judgments made at the physical site.
Biomechanical Comparison of Hook Plate vs Headless Compression Screw Fixation of Large Fifth Metatarsal Base Avulsion Fractures

Background:Debate exists on the optimum fixation construct for large avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal base. We compared the biomechanical strength of 2 headless compression screws vs a ho...
Surrogate Modeling of Viscoplasticity in Steels: Application to Thermal, Irradiation Creep and Transient Loading in HT-9 Cladding

The use of structural metals in extreme environments relies both on the characterization of the mechanical response and microstructure changes in service and on modeling predictions. Data scarcity creates a need for predictive constitutive models that can be used in regimes outside calibration domains. While crystal plasticity models can be applied to non-monotonic loads and complex environments, their computational cost typically prohibits use at the level of an engineering structure. As an alternative, the present study introduces a surrogate constitutive model derived from crystal-plasticity predictions of the mechanical response of HT9 subjected to irradiation, stresses and temperatures. The surrogate law is then tested in the cases of uniaxial straining, stress cycling, thermal cycling and thermal ramping. Finally, using this constitutive relationship, finite element simulations of a pressurized tube subjected to a stress and thermal transients are performed and analyzed.
UAV Placement and Aerial–Ground Interference Coordination

This chapter aims to jointly study and optimize unmanned aerial base stations (UABSs) placement and interference coordination in air–ground heterogeneous cellular network (AG–HetNet). It begins by reviewing unmanned aerial vehicles placement and interference coordination techniques in the literature, and then discusses several use cases of UABSs for cellular networks. Next, the chapter introduces the optimal placement problem of UABS in an AG‐HetNet using the genetic algorithm. Then, it describes the UABS‐based AG‐HetNet model, different path‐loss models, and the definition of 5th percentile spectral efficiency (5pSE) as a function of network parameters. The Rayleigh fading channel is considered while presenting AG‐HetNet design guidelines. Finally, the chapter analyzes and compares the 5pSE of the HetNet using extensive computer simulations for various inter‐cell interference coordination techniques.
Dog–human behavioral synchronization: family dogs synchronize their behavior with child family members

Research on dog social cognition has received widespread attention. However, the vast majority of this research has focused on dogs’ relationships and responsiveness towards adult humans. While little research has considered dog–child interactions from a cognitive perspective, how dogs perceive and socially engage with children is critical to fully understand their interspecific social cognition. In several recent studies, dogs have been shown to exhibit behavioral synchrony, often associated with increased affiliation and social responsiveness, with their adult owners. In the current study, we asked if family dogs would also exhibit behavioral synchrony with child family members. Our findings demonstrated that dogs engaged in all three measured components of behavioral synchrony with their child partner—activity synchrony (p < 0.0001), proximity (p < 0.0001), and orientation (p = 0.0026)—at levels greater than would be expected by chance. The finding that family dogs synchronize their behavior with that of child family members may shed light on how dogs perceive familiar children. Aspects of pet dog responsiveness to human actions previously reported in studies with adult humans appear to generalize to cohabitant children in at least some cases. However, some differences between our study outcomes and those reported in the dog–adult human literature were also observed. Given the prevalence of families with both children and dogs, and the growing popularity of child-focused animal-assisted interventions, knowledge about how dogs respond to the behavior of human children may also help inform and improve safe and successful dog–child interactions.
An Empirical Analysis of the Gcf Repo® Service

This article examines how dealers use the GCF Repo service. It begins by explaining the strategies that dealers employ when trading GCF Repo and then uses empirical analysis to quantify the predominance of these strategies. Looking across all dealers and all days, the study finds that on an average day, at least 23 percent of dealers focus on strategies to raise cash and at least 20 percent focus on managing their inventory of securities. This activity involves using GCF Repo to both exclusively source collateral and perform collateral swaps.
Intratympanic gentamicin injections

Office-based intratympanic gentamicin injections are an important treatment modality for the management of refractory vestibular symptoms in patients suffering from Meniere's disease. Taking advantage of gentamicin's preferential vestibulotoxicity, chemical labyrinthectomy can be performed. Preprocedural counseling is necessary to ensure that patients have failed symptom control with maximal, non-ablative treatment options, including diet/lifestyle modification, diuretics and intratympanic steroid injections. Additionally, they should be familiar with the risk of hearing loss, and the likely continuation of non-vestibular aural symptoms. With appropriate dosing and monitoring, relief from vestibular symptoms may be achieved in up to 90% of patients while limiting risk to hearing.
Neural Correlates of Infant Face Processing and Later Emerging Autism Symptoms in Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading known genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with 60-74% of males with FXS meeting diagnostic criteria for ASD. Infants with FXS have demonstrated atypical neural responses during face processing that are unique from both typically developing, low-risk infants and infants at high familial risk for ASD (i.e., infants siblings of children with ASD). In the current study, event-related potential (ERP) responses during face processing measured at 12 months of age were examined in relation to ASD symptoms measured at approximately 48 months of age in participants with FXS, as well as siblings of children with ASD and low-risk control participants. Results revealed that greater amplitude N290 responses in infancy were associated with more severe ASD symptoms in childhood in FXS and in siblings of children with ASD. This pattern of results was not observed for low-risk control participants. Reduced Nc amplitude was associated with more severe ASD symptoms in participants with FXS but was not observed in the other groups. This is the first study to examine ASD symptoms in childhood in relation to infant ERP responses in FXS. Results indicate that infant ERP responses may be predictive of later symptoms of ASD in FXS and the presence of both common and unique pathways to ASD in etiologically-distinct high-risk groups is supported (i.e., syndromic risk versus familial risk).
Conceptual Similarity or Conditional Probability

The asymmetry (the tendency to produce different results when the order of presentation of attributes is reversed) of two commonly used measures of conceptual similarity is explored empirically. The observed asymmetry is shown to follow patterns somewhat consistent with conditional probability theory. Implications for theory and measurement development are discussed.
Second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) contrast imaging in biomaterial analysis

Collagen hydrogels are natural biomaterials that comprise 3D networks of high water content and have viscoelastic properties and biocompatibility similar to native tissues. Consequently, these materials play an important role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for quite some time. Second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) contrasts transpire as valuable label-free spectroscopic probes for analysis of these biomaterials and this presentation will report the structural, mechanical and physicochemical parameters leading to the observed optical SHG and TPF effects in synthesized 3D collagen hydrogels. We will present results regarding understanding the dependency of collagen fiber formation on ion types, new results regarding strengthening of these biomaterials with a nontoxic chemical cross-linker genipin and polarization selection of collagen fibers’ orientations.
Purification and kinetics of tyrosine-sensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate synthetase from Salmonella.

Abstract Tyrosine-sensitive 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate synthetase was prepared by a relatively simple procedure from an operator constitutive (tyrOc) strain of Salmonella typhimurium in highly purified, nearly homogeneous form. It had a molecular weight of approximately 100,000 and was independent of Co2+ for activity. In the reaction of d-erythrose 4-phosphate with enolpyruvate phosphate labeled with 18O in the C—O—P linkage, 18O was recovered almost entirely in orthophosphate released, indicating a C—O cleavage mechanism. The kinetic properties of the enzyme were studied by measuring release of 32Pi from [32P]enolpyruvate phosphate. With sufficiently low levels of substrates a sequential mechanism was indicated, rather than a ping-pong mechanism as previously reported from other laboratories. Rate equations were derived for bireactant mechanisms in which conversion of the ternary complex of enzyme and substrates to that of enzyme and products is irreversible. Expected inhibition patterns were deduced and used to analyze inhibition data. Product inhibition patterns by orthophosphate and 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate indicated an ordered reaction in which enolpyruvate phosphate was the first substrate to bind to enzyme and orthophosphate the first product to be released. A mechanism for the reaction is suggested which is in accord with these kinetic results, as well as orthophosphate release with C—O cleavage and stereospecific addition of erythrose 4-phosphate to enolpyruvate phosphate. The kinetics of inhibition of enzyme by d-erythritol 4-phosphate indicated that it was an apparent analog of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate rather than of erythrose 4-phosphate.
Effect of nesiritide in isolated right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension.

Treatment of right ventricular failure (RVF) can be challenging due to the correlation between RVF and worsening renal function with diuretic therapy. Nesiritide has been studied in patients with left ventricular failure but has not been evaluated in isolated RVF. The authors retrospectively analyzed 140 patients admitted with RVF, pulmonary hypertension (PH), and preserved left ventricular systolic function. Seventy patients were treated with nesiritide while the remaining patients received only furosemide (no nesiritide group). Serum creatinine and GFR at baseline, 72 hours, discharge, and 1 month post-treatment, as well as hemodynamic data were compared between the groups. In the nesiritide group, there was a significant decrease in mean GFR (42.7725.33, P 25% decrease in GFR anytime through day 30 (47.14% vs 25.71%, P=.036) between the two groups. On multivariate analysis, nesiritide remained an important predictor of renal function at discharge and at 1 month (P 25% decrease in GFR anytime through day 30 (P=.007). Thus, nesiritide is associated with worsening kidney function in patients with RVF in the setting of PH. Congest Heart Fail. 2012;18:18‐24. � 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
QoS provisioning for wireless ad hoc data networks

Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning for wireless ad hoc networks is a difficult problem due to the self organizing nature of such networks, and due to strict energy constraints which greatly restrict the signaling overhead. This paper discusses distributed resource management techniques for QoS guarantees in ad hoc code-division multiple-access (CDMA) networks. In CDMA networks, resource management represents a key element in providing QoS for data services. In particular, power control has been shown to be crucial for maintaining good performance in cellular CDMA. With tight node energy constraints in wireless ad hoc networks, power control can greatly improve the network performance. On the other hand, the network performance will depend on the current network topology which is influenced by routing. In this paper, joint power control and routing is proposed to maximize the QoS perceived by a data session, where the measure of data QoS is taken to be the energy required for the transmission of one bit of information.
A low power receiver architecture for Near Field Communication readers

In this paper, a low power and direct-to-digital receiver architecture for Near-Field Communications (NFC) is proposed. There are several blocks used in a typical receiver part of the NFC reader; such as a mixer, an envelope detector (or a low pass filter), a Low Pass Analog-to-Digital Converter (LP-ADC), and finally a Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL). These four blocks, especially PLL and ADC, are power hungry because of over-sampling required to obtain reasonable Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) for a NFC device. The proposed receiver architecture uses a Band-Pass (BP) Delta-Sigma ADC and trimmed crystal oscillator in order to obtain direct conversion of the received NFC signal with its carrier.
QUENCHING OF FLAT GLASS BY IMPINGING AIR JETS

Quenching of hot glass by impinging round air jets is analyzed. Understanding of the temperature distribution in glass is required for thermal tempering operations. In the analysis the spectral dependence of the absorption coefficient on wavelength is appropriately accounted for by solving the radiative transfer equation for the axisymmetric cylindrical geometry. Specularly reflecting boundaries are considered, and Fresnel's equations are used to predict the spectral directional reflection and transmission characteristics of the interfaces. The finite volume method is used to solve numerically the thermal energy equation. The numerical calculations have been carried out for combined forced convection and radiation cooling from the surfaces. Transient temperature distributions for parametric calculations are presented and discussed. Determination of the resulting stresses under given impingement and thermal conditions is also discussed.
THE HOME AS WORKSHOP: Women as Amateur Nurses and Medical Care Providers

The high-tech health service work done by amateur family caregivers in U.S. homes challenges the conventional division of the social world into public and private. Under new federal reimbursement systems, the diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), patients are being discharged sicker than before from hospitals and nursing homes, or after treatments in outpatient clinics. Health care facilities depend on a work transfer, shifting their earlier responsibilities for the sick to the family. There, women family members do for free the work once done by paid health service workers in health care facilities, caring for family members who need their nursing and housekeeping services. Women's unpaid work knits together “public” and “private,” demonstrating how capitalism reorganizes the labor process to make use of free service labor.
Maternal influence on feeding site avoidance behaviour of lambs

Ewes can play a critical role in moulding habitat preferences of their daughters. Little is known, however, about how feeding site preferences of lambs can be modified by manipulating the behaviour of their dams. We conducted an experiment with sheep to investigate the influence of shock-trained mothers and early-life aversive experiences on the feeding site choices of lambs. Twelve ewes with their 6-week-old lambs were exposed to an experimental arena with artificial safe and unsafe feeding sites (SFS, UFS) each of which consisted of a group of 12 bowls containing either high or moderate quality food. The bowls in UFS were surrounded by visual cues (traffic cones) and contained rolled corn grain (high quality food). Bowls in SFS were not surrounded by visual cues and contained a mixture of Bermuda grass and alfalfa hay (moderate quality food). Four ewe/lamb pairs were randomly assigned to each of the following treatments: (a) no aversion training to neither ewe nor lamb (control); (b) shock stimulation to train the ewe but not the lamb (ES) to avoid UFS; or (c) shock stimulation to train the lamb but not the ewe (LS) to avoid UFS. Lambs remained with their mothers throughout training, testing, and initial extinction trials. Mothers were then removed, and additional extinction trials were conducted with weaned lambs alone. Ewes and lambs that were trained with shock learned to avoid UFS. ES ewes avoided UFS throughout the study and their lambs tended to spend less time in UFS even after their mothers were removed compared to LS and control lambs. LS lambs avoided UFS until shock was removed; after that they tended to enter UFS more often than ES and control lambs. ES pairs and lambs (after ewes were removed) consumed less food in UFS and spent less time feeding versus standing compared to ewes and lambs on the other treatments. Naive ewes appeared to induce shock-trained lambs to re-enter the unsafe feeding site; shock-trained ewes, on the other hand, appeared to induce naive lambs to avoid feeding in a high quality feeding site that they would have possibly otherwise preferred. Maternal influence persisted after lambs were weaned.
Reply to the comment of Cohen and Peres.

We describe what sort of physical information many-time experiments produce, and how that information can be verified by further such experiments.
Incidence of Adverse Events Requiring Intervention After Initiation of Oral Beta-Blocker in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Patients

Only limited clinical data are available to establish the risk factors for adverse events and their frequency among children who have received oral beta-blockers in a critical care unit setting. The authors aimed to analyze the frequency of adverse events experienced by children treated with oral beta-blockers in a cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU) and sought out independent risk factors for these adverse events in a tertiary care hospital. The primary end point in this retrospective descriptive study was the incidence of adverse events associated with enteral beta-blocker administration, and the secondary end point was the incidence of readmission to the CVICU after transfer of patients to an acute care floor. At least one clinical adverse event occurred for 38 % of the patients. Specifically, the profile of the clinical adverse events included bradycardia in 27 patients (11 %), hypoglycemia in 46 patients (19 %), and the initiation or escalation of inotropes in 36 patients (15 %) after oral beta-blocker administration. Additionally, 41 patients (17 %) were readmitted to the CVICU after transfer during the same hospital admission. The patients receiving propranolol were predisposed to have at least one adverse event (p = 0.045). No other patient-specific characteristics significantly predisposed patients to adverse events. The patients admitted after a cardiac procedure had fewer readmissions to the intensive care unit (ICU) during the same hospital admission (p = 0.002). The results demonstrated that adverse events are relatively common among patients receiving oral beta-blockers in a CVICU population. Because these children have less physiologic reserve, more must be done to ensure that the correct beta-blocker is prescribed to avoid clinically significant adverse events that may hamper the recovery of these patients and lead to increased ICU time.
Efficient address remapping in distributed shared-memory systems

As processor performance continues to improve at a rate much higher than DRAM and network performance, we are approaching a time when large-scale distributed shared memory systems will have remote memory latencies measured in tens of thousands of processor cycles. The Impulse memory system architecture adds an optional level of address indirection at the memory controller. Applications can use this level of indirection to control how data is accessed and cached and thereby improve cache and bus utilization and reduce the number of memory accesses required. Previous Impulse work focuses on uniprocessor systems and relies on software to flush processor caches when necessary to ensure data coherence. In this paper, we investigate an extension of Impulse to multiprocessor systems that extends the coherence protocol to maintain data coherence without requiring software-directed cache flushing. Specifically, the multiprocessor Impulse controller can gather/scatter data across the network while its coherence protocol guarantees that each gather request gets coherent data and each scatter request updates every coherent replica in the system. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system can significantly outperform conventional systems, achieving an average speedup of 9X on four memory-bound benchmarks on a 32-processor system.
Aging and respond-withhold tasks: effects on sustained potentials, P3 responses and late activity.

Abstract Differences in late event-related potentials (ERPs) during active respond-withhold tasks were tested with 16 young, 16 middle-aged, and 16 elderly subjects (mean ages were 30, 50 and 69 years, respectively). All subjects were selected for good health. While monopolar electroencephalograms were recorded from Fz, Cz, and Pz, subjects performed a signaled respond-withhold task to allow measurement of sustained potentials (SPs) and a non-signaled respond-withhold task for measurement of P3 responses and late activity (LA) which follows the P3. Respond and withhold trials were presented randomly with a probability of 0.5 in both tasks. Compared with younger subjects, the elderly group produced significantly larger negative mean SP amplitude during respond trials at Cz, significantly larger negative mean LA during respond trials at Cz, and significantly larger positive LA during withhold trials at all electrode locations. The elderly group also produced significantly larger P3 amplitude at Fz. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that inhibition may be weaker in elderly subjects. Two further possible interpretations of the larger ERPs in elderly subjects are suggested: (1) the elderly group may have been more challenged by the tasks and their larger ERPs may reflect greater neural effort; and/or (2) the health selection procedures may have produced a group of elderly ‘survivors’ whose large ERPs may be characteristic of robust individuals or may reflect adaptations to aging-related changes in neural function.
Intrinsic optical signal imaging of glucose-stimulated physiological responses in the insulin secreting INS-1 β-cell line

Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging has been established for noninvasive monitoring of stimulus-evoked physiological responses in the retina and other neural tissues. Recently, we extended the IOS imaging technology for functional evaluation of insulin secreting INS-1 cells. INS-1 cells provide a popular model for investigating β-cell dysfunction and diabetes. Our experiments indicate that IOS imaging allows simultaneous monitoring of glucose-stimulated physiological responses in multiple cells with high spatial (sub-cellular) and temporal (sub-second) resolution. Rapid image sequences reveal transient optical responses that have time courses comparable to glucose-evoked β-cell electrical activities.
Current-driven microwave dynamics in magnetic point contacts as a function of applied field angle

We have measured microwave frequency, current-driven magnetization dynamics in point contacts made to spin valves as a function of applied field strength and angle relative to the film plane. As the field direction is varied from parallel to nearly perpendicular, the device power output increases by roughly two orders of magnitude while the frequencies of the excitations decrease. For intermediate angles the excited frequency does not monotonically vary with applied current and also exhibits abrupt, current-dependent jumps. For certain ranges of current, and applied field strength and direction, the excitation linewidths decrease to a few megahertz, leading to quality factors over .
Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of mylonites from the Lake Char mylonite zone, southeastern New England

Abstract Magnetic anisotropy data are presented for 72 samples of mylonite and its parent gneiss from the Lake Char mylonite zone in southeastern New England. The magnetic fabric of the mylonites is parallel to their mesoscopic fabric and for this reason is believed to be a strain-related feature. The shapes of susceptibility ellipsoids of nearly every mylonite sample are moderately so severely oblate in agreement with previous suggestions of flattening in mylonites. Many data plots show, apparent strain paths connecting shapes produced by plane strain with shapes produced by uniaxial flattening. Detailed sampling across the margin of a small, well exposed mylonite zone shows a lack of parallelism of magnetic fabric with mesoscopic fabric. This has been interpreted as being due to super-position of fabrics. After separation of a pre-mylonitic component, the data are nearly parallel to the expected orientation and have a shape which could be produced by plane-strain. A model is proposed in which mylonites originate and propagate outwards as a result of simple shear and become flattened through progressive deformation.
Signal transduction via the histidyl‐aspartyl phosphorelay

The histidyl-aspartyl phosphorelay, formerly described as the two-component system, is the predominant mode of signal transduction in bacteria. Adaptation to environmental changes occurs through a sensor histidine protein kinase and a response regulator. The histidine protein kinase is usually a transmembrane receptor and the response regulator is a cytoplasmic protein. Together the histidyl-aspartyl phosphorelay proteins mediate reversible phosphorylation events that control downstream effectors. Following autophosphorylation at a conserved histidine residue, the histidine kinase serves as a phospho-donor for the response regulator. Once phosphorylated, the response regulator mediates changes in gene expression or cellular locomotion. The EnvZ-OmpR phosphorelay system in Escherichia coli, which monitors external osmolarity and responds by differentially modulating the expression of the OmpF and OmpC major outer membrane porins, will be described as a model system. While histidine kinases were thought to be present only in prokaryotes, they have recently been identified in eukaryotic systems. Here, we review the unique and conserved features of this growing family of signal transducers.
On the behavior of solutions of predator-prey equations with hereditary terms

Abstract Some global properties of solutions of the classical integrodifferential systems, introduced by Volterra in his study of two species predator-prey populations, are studied. It is shown for large logistic loads that the predator goes to extinction and the prey tends to its carrying capacity. By use of a nonlinear approximation it is shown that for smaller logistic loads a “critical point” is asymptotically stable, while for sufficiently small logistic loads this point is unstable. These cases are demonstrated numerically for the original integrodifferential system using parameters which were computed on the basis of experimental data of S. Utida for bean-weevil vs. braconid-wasp interactions. Moreover, numerical solutions suggest further varied behavior of solutions of this system.
Chains of Command: Responsibility Attribution in Hierarchies1

Obedience to authority involves a chain of causation whereby one party causes another to act. Theoretical problems of responsibility in chains of command were addressed and responsibility within interpersonal causal chains was investigated among a quota sample of the Boston SMSA (N= 391). Findings replicated prior investigations of attitudes about the My Lai massacre and Calley trial. Most respondents approached the incident in terms of the assertion versus denial of responsibility—assertion on the basis of personal causation, versus denial the basis of superior orders. Judgments of responsibility for other bureaucratic crimes of obedience (Watergate burglary and cover-up) or for wrongdoing in professional settings differed sharply, but tendencies to assign or reject assignment of responsibility to subordinates were consistently observable across incidents. Demographic cleavages supported earlier conclusions: More educated respondents and religious “others” (Jewish, other groups, and none) were more likely to assert individual responsibility, but education's effects were stronger for non-Catholics. The paper concludes by raising the possibility of training individuals to assert individual responsibility in the face of illegal or immoral commands from authority.
Home humidifier thermophilic actinomycete isolates

Abstract Twenty-seven thermophilic actinomycete isolates obtained from humidification systems or living-bedroom areas of individuals with suspected but unproved home environment-related respiratory disease were characterized morphologically and biochemically. All isolates were demonstrated to be members of the Thermoactinomyces genus. Two preriously misidentified isolates were reclassified as a Thermoactinomyces sp. Thus, all of our thermophilic actinomycete humidifier isolates studied to date have been identified as either Thermoactinomyces vulgaris or Thermoactinomyces sp. Large numbers of unidentified thermotolerant bacteria have also been isolated from virtually all residual humidifier water samples and their possible role in production of "humidifier-associated" respiratory disease is unknown.
Monitoring a large-volume injection at Cranfield, Mississippi—Project design and recommendations

Abstract Injection and storage of 4 million metric tons of CO2 have been monitored to observe multiphase fluid flow, to test technologies, to document permanence of storage, and to advance techniques for capacity estimation. The injection interval is the 3000-m-deep fluvial Tuscaloosa Formation at a structural closure that defines the Cranfield oilfield. Tests were conducted in the oil-producing area as well as in the downdip brine aquifer. These tests assessed the feasibility, operation, and sensitivity of monitoring using a selection of tools in the vadose zone, in the shallow groundwater, above the injection zone, and within the injection zone. Although each monitoring approach merits a separate, detailed analysis, this paper assesses the success of the overall strategy for monitoring and presents an overview of conclusions from multiple data sets. Comparisons of modeled to observed reservoir response highlight the difficulties encountered in uniquely explaining measured pressure and fluid saturation measurements at interwell and field scales. Results of this study provide a cautionary note to regulatory and accreditation end users about the feasibility of obtaining unique and quantitative matches between fluid flow models and field measurements.
Changes in posterior condylar offset after total knee arthroplasty cannot be determined by radiographic measurements alone.

Abstract Restoration of femoral posterior condylar offset (PCO) may contribute to maximum flexion after total knee arthroplasty. Accurate radiographic measurement of postoperative PCO is possible, as the prosthesis margins can be easily identified; however, preoperative measurement of PCO may be inaccurate, as the remaining cartilage thickness of the posterior condyles is not included. This error may contribute to the controversy surrounding the importance of PCO. In this institutional review board–approved study, the cartilage thickness of posterior condylar specimens resected during total knee arthroplasty was measured. Mean cartilage thicknesses of the posterior condyles were 1.7 mm (range, 0-4 mm) medially and 2.0 mm (range, 0-5 mm) laterally. As the cartilage thickness is variable, future studies of PCO must adjust the preoperative radiographic measurements by the cartilage thickness measured intraoperatively.
Reuse of software assets for the NASA Earth science decadal survey missions

Software assets from existing Earth science missions can be reused for the new decadal survey missions that are being planned by NASA in response to the 2007 Earth Science National Research Council (NRC) Study. The new missions will require the development of software to curate, process, and disseminate the data to science users of interest and to the broader NASA mission community. In this paper, we discuss new tools and a blossoming community that are being developed by the Earth Science Data System (ESDS) Software Reuse Working Group (SRWG) to improve capabilities for reusing NASA software assets.
Determination of language dominance by [15O]-water PET in children and adolescents: A comparison with the wada test

Abstract In adults, functional mapping by means of hemodynamic imaging has been shown to lateralize language functions in good overall concordance with the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP). The present study investigates whether [ 15 O]-water positron emission tomography (PET) can lateralize language in children and adolescents. Eighteen epilepsy surgery patients, aged 4–17 years, were studied. Significant correlation of regional PET data with IAP results was found in the inferior frontal lobe (for listening to and repetition of sentences) and in Wernicke's area (for repetition). However, concordance was not complete. This can be attributed to (1) the mostly very simple and restricted language tasks chosen in order to ensure cooperation by low-functioning patients, (2) the greater spatial sensitivity of [ 15 O]-water PET as compared to the IAP, and (3) occasional unreliability of IAP or PET. Overall, the results suggest that hemodynamic imaging may be developed into an alternative to the IAP in young and low-functioning children, but should at this point be used as an additional presurgical tool for the identification of eloquent cortex.