cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Stimulus Specificity on Infidelity Reactions: Seeing is Disturbing

Past research has found that males are more distressed by imagined scenarios of sexual infidelity compared with females, while females are more distressed by imagined scenarios of emotional infidelity. Expanding on the methodology originally employed by Buss et al. (Psychological Science, 3, 251–255, 1992), we examined sex differences in reactions to imagined infidelity by addressing the effects of visual images of potential interlopers. Additionally, this research measured affective responses in a continuous format by examining psychological discomfort. Participants in high-visual imagery and control conditions imagined infidelity (both emotional and sexual) and then reported levels of discomfort. Further, two indices of autonomic nervous system responding were assessed (skin conductance and pulse rate). Ninety-three (53 females, 40 males) college students participated. Visual stimuli produced greater psychological distress than thought-produced stimuli for all participants, especially males. Sex differences in reactions to infidelity consistent with past research were obtained for the categorical and continuous psychological indices. Implications for research in this area are discussed.
Association between local neuroretinal function and control of adolescent type 1 diabetes.

PURPOSE To evaluate associations between neuroretinal function measured with multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and disease variables in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and no retinopathy. METHODS Fundus photographs, blood glucose (BG) concentration, HbA1c, and monocular mfERG were performed on 115 adolescent patients (mean age ± SD; 15.7 ± 1.8 years) and 30 controls (18.0 ± 2.8 years). All subjects had best-corrected visual acuity ≥ 20/20. The 45° mfERG stimulus included 103 hexagons, reversing between dark and bright according to a pseudorandom m-sequence. Amplitudes (AMPs) and implicit times (ITs) were derived from local mfERG response waveforms, and Z-scores were calculated. Retinal maps of abnormality frequencies were generated. Differences between controls and patients were evaluated using t-tests. Associations between mfERG and age, duration, and diabetes control were examined using linear regression analysis. RESULTS Mean mfERG IT was significantly longer in the patients compared with that in the controls (P = 0.019), but AMP was not different (P > 0.05). In all, 26 eyes (23%) of the patients had abnormal IT and 3 eyes (3%) had abnormal AMP. IT abnormalities were essentially distributed randomly across the retina. There were too few AMP abnormalities to examine their retinal distribution. IT was positively correlated with HbA1c (P < 0.0002) but not correlated with diabetes duration, BG, or age. CONCLUSIONS Higher long-term blood glucose concentration is associated with degraded neuroretinal function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and no retinopathy. Over 20% of these patients have abnormal neuroretinal function. It will be important to determine longitudinally whether the relationship between mfERG IT and diabetes control exists within individual adolescent patients.
On direct summands of modules of finite phantom projective dimension

The main result of this paper is the construction of an example of a local ring $R$ of finite characteristic and cyclic $R$-modules $M$ and $N$ such that $M\oplus N$ has a finite phantom projective dimension, however neither $M$ nor $N$ has finite phantom projective resolution.
Genetic and epigenetic changes in sporadic endocrine tumors: Parathyroid tumors

Parathyroid neoplasia is most commonly due to benign parathyroid adenoma but rarely can be caused by malignant parathyroid carcinoma. Evidence suggests that parathyroid carcinomas rarely, if ever, evolve through an identifiable benign intermediate, with the notable exception of carcinomas associated with the familial hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome. Several genes have been directly implicated in the pathogenesis of typical sporadic parathyroid adenoma; somatic mutations in the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene are the most frequent finding, and alterations in the cyclin D1/PRAD1 oncogene are also firmly established molecular drivers of sporadic adenomas. In addition, good evidence supports mutation in the CDKN1B/p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) gene, and in other CDKI genes as contributing to disease pathogenesis in this context. Somatic defects in additional genes, including β-catenin, POT1 and EZH2 may contribute to parathyroid adenoma formation but, for most, their ability to drive parathyroid tumorigenesis remains to be demonstrated experimentally. Further, genetic predisposition to sporadic presentations of parathyroid adenoma appears be conferred by rare, and probably low-penetrance, germline variants in CDKI genes and, perhaps, in other genes such as CASR and AIP. The HRPT2 tumor suppressor gene is commonly mutated in parathyroid carcinoma.
A paleoecological analysis of the petrified trees in the Specimen Creek area of Yellowstone National Park, Montana, U.S.A

Abstract Petrified trees from specific stratigraphic units of the Specimen Creek locality in Yellowstone National Park have previously been identified at the genera level. The identified woods were plotted on modern climatic ranges. Specific units exhibit the following climatic ranges: • Unit 1. Subtropical to boreal, mostly warm-temperate to cool-temperate. • Unit 5. Tropical to boreal, mostly subtropical to cool-temperate. • Unit 9. Warm temperate to boreal, mostly cool-temperate and boreal. Several features have emerged which suggest that this sequence of layers containing petrified trees does not represent natural communities buried in situ. These are: (1) the presence of uncommon mixture of tree types within a level; (2) the absence of correlation in numerous cases between the vertical fossil trees and the associated microfossils; and (3) the change in composition of tree types from one level to the next. The model proposed by Fritz (1980) permitting some transport of wood and plant remains from different habitats appears at present to offer the best explanation for the observed data.
Cerebellar corticonuclear fibers of the paramedian lobule of tree shrew (Tupaia glis) with comments on zones

Following a series of lesions in dorsal (DPML) and ventral (VPML) divisions of tree shrew (Tupaia) paramedian lobule (PML), the distribution of degenerated axons within the deep cerebellar nuclei was determined using the Fink and Heimer ('67) method. Damage to PML produced axonal degeneration in lateral (NL), anterior interposed (NIA), and posterior interposed (NIP) cerebellar nuclei. No degenerated fibers could be traced to either the medial cerebellar nucleus or vestibular complex, via juxtarestiform body, from lesions in PML. Corticonuclear fibers to NL, NIA, and NIP from PML cortex are topographically organized. Subsequent to lesions of lateral DPML, axonal debris is found in rostral and medial NL, while the lateral edge of VPML projects primarily into medial NL. According to the terminology of Voogd ('69) these lateral regions of PML represent the D zone. The NIP receives corticonuclear input from a relatively wide middle area of both portions of PML, interpreted as the C2 zone. There is some evidence which suggests that medial portions of the C2 area of DPML project into more lateral areas of NIP, while lateral regions of this zone in DPML are related to more medial NIP. This projection pattern is invited for the C2 area of VPML; medial C2 to medial NIP, lateral C2 to lateral NIP. Corticonuclear fibers of PML which enter NIA appear to arise from a narrow, irregular, partially discontinuous strip of cortex located at the interface of the D and C2 areas in lateral PML and from a wider, more regular region in the most medial areas of this lobule. These represent, respectively, the C3 and C1 zones. Although an overall pattern of zones is present, there is evidence to suggest that their spatial organization differs from DPML to VPML. The zonal patterns appears to be more obvious in VPML, while this pattern for DPML is less distinct. This is interpreted as indicating that either (1) zones C1--C3 overlap to a greater degree in DPML than in VPML, or (2) zones C1 and C3 may converge in rostral DPML, partially obliterating the intervening zone C2. The different ways in which zonal terminology is applied to both corticonuclear and certain of the afferent cerebellar systems are discussed.
Experimental insights into the formation of high-Mg basaltic andesites in the trans-Mexican volcanic belt

High-Mg basaltic andesites and andesites occur in the central trans-Mexican volcanic belt, and their primitive geochemical characteristics suggest equilibration with mantle peridotite. These lavas may represent slab melts that reequilibrated with overlying peridotite or hydrous partial melts of a peridotite source. Here, we experimentally map the liquidus mineralogy for a high-Mg basaltic andesite (9.6 wt% MgO, 54.4 wt% SiO2, Mg# = 75.3) as a function of temperature and H2O content over a range of mantle wedge pressures. Our results permit equilibration of this composition with a harzburgite residue at relatively high water contents (>7 wt%) and low temperatures (1,080–1,150°C) at 11–14 kbar. However, in contrast to the high Ni contents characteristic of olivine phenocrysts in many such samples from central Mexico, those of olivine phenocrysts in our sample are more typical of mantle melts that have fractionated a small amount of olivine. To account for this and the possibility that the refractory mantle source may have had olivine more Fo-rich than Fo90, we numerically evaluated alternative equilibration conditions, using our starting bulk composition adjusted to be in equilibrium with Fo92 olivine. This shifts equilibration conditions to higher temperatures (1,180–1,250°C) at mantle wedge pressures (11–15 kbar) for H2O contents (>3 wt%) comparable to those analyzed in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from this region. Comparison with geodynamic models shows that final equilibration occurred shallower than the peak temperature of the mantle wedge, suggesting that basaltic melts from the hottest part of the wedge reequilibrated with shallower mantle as they approached the Moho.
Functional analysis of the human tissue factor promoter and induction by serum.

Abstract Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of the coagulation protease cascades. This cell surface glycoprotein is the receptor and essential cofactor for the serine protease factor VIIa. TF is constitutively expressed in some extravascular cell types and is transiently induced in monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Inducible expression is implicated in cellular immune responses, inflammation, and intravascular coagulation. Transcriptional regulation of the TF promoter was analyzed in COS-7 cells under conditions of (i) high-level expression and (ii) serum induction. The region comprising nucleotides -209 to +121 (relative to the transcription start site) supports high-level transcriptional activity and can be divided into two distinct regions: a region (-111 to +121) that exhibited low promoter activity and a region (-209 to -112) that enhanced transcriptional activity to a high level. The role of further upstream sequences is still to be established, although two consensus binding sites for the transcriptional activator protein AP-1 did enhance low-level promoter activity. In serum-starved COS-7 cells TF expression was transiently increased 20-fold by serum. All transcriptionally active constructs were responsive to serum, indicating the presence of at least one serum response element, whose function was retained in the immediate 5' aspect of the gene, at -111 to +14. Based on this functional map, we propose that the elaborate pattern of TF expression by cells results from a relatively complex promoter.
Differentiated leader–member exchanges: The buffering role of justice climate.

The leader-member exchange (LMX) literature has established that leaders differentiate among their followers. Yet little is known about the effects of LMX differentiation (within-group variation in LMX quality). In this study, we contend that the effects of LMX differentiation on the employee outcomes of work attitudes, coworker relations, and employee withdrawal behaviors will be contingent upon the level of procedural and distributive justice climate. Data from 276 employees working in 25 stores of a retail chain in Turkey supported our hypotheses such that LMX differentiation was related to more negative work attitudes and coworker relations, and higher levels of withdrawal behaviors only when justice climate was low.
A Soluble Secretory Reporter System in Trypanosoma brucei STUDIES ON ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM TARGETING

A homolog of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hsp70 protein, binding protein (BiP), from the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei (Bangs, J. D., Uyetake, L., Brickman, M. J., Balber, A. E., and Boothroyd, J. C.(1993) J. Cell Sci. 105, 1101-1113) is further characterized. In co-precipitation experiments, BiP transiently associates with newly synthesized secretory proteins, including variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), confirming its role as a molecular chaperone. To study the molecular signals targeting BiP to the ER, we have developed soluble secretory reporters for expression in transformed procyclic trypanosomes. Deletion of the BiP C-terminal tetrapeptide (MDDL) and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor addition sequence of VSG converts these proteins to secreted forms. Attachment of MDDL to VSG results in intracellular retention confirming that MDDL is a trypanosomal ER localization signal. Secretion of both reporters is inefficient, but further truncation of the BiP C-terminal peptide-binding domain allows quantitative export ( t1/2 approximately 1 h) of the N-terminal ATPase domain (BiPN), consistent with the conserved domain structure of hsp70 proteins. This is the first demonstration of soluble protein secretion in African trypanosomes. Using the BiPN reporter, the sequence specificity of C-terminal tetrapeptide retention signals in trypanosomes is analyzed and found to be similar to higher eukaryotes. These results indicate that the basic signals mediating protein targeting to the ER lumen are conserved throughout the wide range of eukaryotic evolution.
An adaptive write buffer management scheme for flash-based SSDs

Solid State Drives (SSD's) have shown promise to be a candidate to replace traditional hard disk drives. The benefits of SSD's over HDD's include better durability, higher performance, and lower power consumption, but due to certain physical characteristics of NAND flash, which comprise SSD's, there are some challenging areas of improvement and further research. We focus on the layout and management of the small amount of RAM that serves as a cache between the SSD and the system that uses it. Of the techniques that have previously been proposed to manage this cache, we identify several sources of inefficient cache space management due to the way pages are clustered in blocks and the limited replacement policy. We find that in many traces hot pages reside in otherwise cold blocks, and that the spatial locality of most clusters can be fully exploited in a limited time period, so we develop a hybrid page/block architecture along with an advanced replacement policy, called BPAC, or Block-Page Adaptive Cache, to exploit both temporal and spatial locality. Our technique involves adaptively partitioning the SSD on-disk cache to separately hold pages with high temporal locality in a page list and clusters of pages with low temporal but high spatial locality in a block list. In addition, we have developed a novel mechanism for flash-based SSD's to characterize the spatial locality of the disk I/O workload and an approach to dynamically identify the set of low spatial locality clusters. We run trace-driven simulations to verify our design and find that it outperforms other popular flash-aware cache schemes under different workloads. For instance, compared to a popular flash aware cache algorithm BPLRU, BPAC reduces the number of cache evictions by up to 79.6p and 34p on average.
Comparison of carbon and boron nitride in a hypothetical all-sp2-bonded tetragonal phase.

We have examined BN in an all-${\mathit{sp}}^{2}$ phase similar to that previously suggested for carbon. Although calculations predict that carbon in this structure, called bct-4, will be metallic, the band overlap in bct-4 BN is predicted to be very small or zero. Hence it is suggested that the BN structure is more likely to be stable than carbon. The antisymmetric potential in the BN structure also causes a gap in the density of states between the second and third occupied bands. As in the carbon case, the lattice match between bct-4 and the zinc-blende (100) surface for BN is nearly perfect. Thus, epitaxial growth of the bct-4 BN phase may be possible.
Rocket Thrust Perturbation from Discharge of an Inert Body

Measured thrust-time histories of solid rocket motors frequently have perturbations or excursions about some nominal value. One cause of these perturbations and the subject of this paper is the expulsion of an inert mass, e.g., an igniter that has come loose. The objective of this work was to numerically generate accurate, high timeresolution thrust curves for various idealized cases of mass discharge to improve the understanding of this phenomenon. Although the thrust perturbation is usually negative when the ejected body blocks the nozzle throat, the total impulse associated with mass ejection is always positive. Also, the positive thrust perturbation associated with the ejection may be present long after the body has exited the nozzle.
Psychiatric consultation to the child with acute physical trauma.

A child or adolescent suffering physical trauma is simultaneously plunged into acute emotional and social crisis. Patient and family go through several predictable phases—shock, denial and panic, protest and regression, oppositionalism, mourning, and readjustment. This paper outlines principles for the effective medical, surgical, and ward team management of the traumatized pediatric patient and family, and offers clinical illustrations of their application.
REACTIONS OF GASES WITH IRRADIATED ORGANIC SOLIDS. IV. REACTIONS OF PROPIONAMIDE, n-BUTYRAMIDE, ISOBUTYRAMIDE, VALERAMIDE, AND STEARAMIDE WITH ETHYLENE.

Abstract The reactions of gamma irradiated propionamide, isobutyramide, valeramide and steaiamide with ethylene were studied by ESR spectroscopy, gas absorption, and X-ray diffraction. Some degree of polymerization of the ethylene apparently occurs in these systems. The results are discussed.
AP1-Related Factors Interact with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Long Terminal Repeats.

The SF1 element (nucleotide −135 to −131) in the U3 region of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) 5′ to the NF-κB binding site plays a role in basal expression of SIV [Winandy et al., J Virol 66:5216–5223, 1992]. Using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we have characterized a specific SF1 binding factor (sf1) in the nuclear fractions of transformed T cells as well as monocytic and macrophage leukemic cells. A strong SF1 binding activity was demonstrated in all cell types. The SF1 binding activity was unaffected by treatment with PMA, PHA, or Ca2+ ionophore. The HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) 5′ to the NF-κB site contained a homologous element which showed a specific binding complex of different mobility. The sf1 interacting with SIV LTR was composed of multiple proteins judged from UV crosslinking, some of which might be related to Jun/Fos proteins.
Amyloid of the facial nerve

Although facial nerve paralysis has been reported in association with amyloidosis, histologic confirmation of facial nerve involvement with amyloid has not been previously demonstrated. A case of localized primary amyloidosis of the facial nerve is presented, and a new magnetic resonance technique for imaging the facial nerve is described.
Physics of gravity fingering of immiscible fluids within porous media: An overview of current understanding and selected complicating factors

Abstract While gravity fingering of water in unsaturated sands has been demonstrated and studied under constrained laboratory conditions, its significance under field conditions in the vadose zone is still under debate. We review current understanding of the gravity fingering process as developed through linear stability analysis and laboratory experiments. With respect to many complicating factors inherent in the field, this understanding is deficient in determining the field conditions where gravity fingering can be expected and the behavior of the field-scale fingering process when it occurs. This deficiency is exemplified in the results we present of a field experiment conducted in a sandy alluvial deposit. While simple extrapolation of current understanding of the process predicted instability, fingers did not occur. To begin to understand the influence of complicating factors inherent in the field, we conducted several laboratory experiments that address three important complicating factors: uniform and non-uniform initial moisture content, media heterogeneity, and the presence of macropores and fractures. These factors can fundamentally alter the gravity fingering process, its scale of expression and, under many field conditions, suppress its occurrence entirely. While the significance of gravity fingering of water in a wettable vadose zone is still inconclusive, gravity fingering will likely play a significant role in water/NAPL (non-aqueous-phase liquid) or water/NAPL/air systems, as occur within the saturated and vadose zones, respectively, at many contaminated industrial sites. To demonstrate this role, the results of a simple experiment are presented.
Several determinants of successful coopetition in small business

The present study draws upon several perspectives within the literature in strategy and organizational behavior to inform our predictive model of successful coopetition at the individual, firm, dyadic and triadic relationship levels in small businesses. We propose that several socially complex, relational, and resource-based determinants predict successful coopetition (trust, commitment, mutual benefit). We further present the policies, procedures and feed-forward control systems developed by a consultant who facilitated a successful coopetitive relationship among several competitors in the fragmented casual furniture industry. Understanding determinants of successful coopetition is useful to those seeking a sustainable competitive advantage and the enhancement of firm performance.
Biological and immunological properties of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase expressed from cloned cDNAs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

To study the biological and immunological properties of influenza virus surface glycoproteins, cDNA copies of the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA) genes of A/WSN/33 influenza virus were cloned and expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In Escherichia coli, maximum expression of HA is obtained only as a fusion protein in which the NH2-terminal portion is provided by a bacterial protein (i.e. beta gal or trpLE'). The HA expressed in bacteria (bacterial HA) is recognized by polyclonal anti-WSN antibodies but not by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies made against the bacterial HA bind to the detergent-treated viral HA, intact virus and live influenza infected cells, but fail to show either haemagglutination inhibition (HI) or virus neutralization. These results suggest that the three-dimensional structure as well as the antigenic epitopes of the bacterial HA are different from that of native viral HA. HA, expressed from cDNA in cultured animal cells, is shown to possess the structural features of the native viral HA. It is glycosylated, transported to the apical domain of the plasma membrane of polarized cells, causes haemadsorption and can induce cell to cell fusion at low pH after proteolytic cleavage. An attempt was made to define the structural features of HA required for sorting and directional transport by making chimeras with vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV G) proteins either by switching the amino terminus or the carboxy terminus of HA with that of VSV G. These chimeric proteins were translocated across the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) but were blocked in transport between the RER and cell membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Iatrogenic endometriosis caused by uterine morcellation during a supracervical hysterectomy.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic endometriosis is a rare complication associated with laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy. CASE: A parous woman in her 30s underwent a laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy for a leiomyomatous uterus. The uterus was amputated and removed from the abdominal cavity with an electric morcellator. She presented 6 months later complaining of cyclic pelvic pain. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed endometrial implants in the pelvis. A laparoscopic trachelectomy, left salpingo-oophorectomy, and excision of endometrial implants was performed. She has since remained without symptoms. CONCLUSION: Spillage and implantation of viable endometrial tissue might occur during uterine morcellation during laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy. This case emphasizes the importance of minimizing spillage and vigorous irrigation of the abdomen and pelvis before closing the incisions.
The Sinc method in multiple space dimensions: Model problems

The Sinc-Galerkin method is applied to the canonical forms of second order partial differential equations in multiple space dimensions. For time dependent problems the scheme is fully Galerkin; i.e., the domain of the basis elements includes time. Hence the approximate solution for each equation is specified by solving the associated linear system. Notation is developed which facilitates description of both the linear systems and the algorithms used to solve them. Alternative algorithms are offered dependent on a scalar versus vector computing environment. Numerical results for the test problems presented sustain the exponential convergence rate of the method even in the presence of singularities.
Development of anisotropic structure in the Earth's lower mantle by solid-state convection

Seismological observations reveal highly anisotropic patches at the bottom of the Earth's lower mantle, whereas the bulk of the mantle has been observed to be largely isotropic. These patches have been interpreted to correspond to areas where subduction has taken place in the past or to areas where mantle plumes are upwelling, but the underlying cause for the anisotropy is unknown-both shape-preferred orientation of elastically heterogeneous materials and lattice-preferred orientation of a homogeneous material have been proposed. Both of these mechanisms imply that large-strain deformation occurs within the anisotropic regions, but the geodynamic implications of the mechanisms differ. Shape-preferred orientation would imply the presence of large elastic (and hence chemical) heterogeneity whereas lattice-preferred orientation requires deformation at high stresses. Here we show, on the basis of numerical modelling incorporating mineral physics of elasticity and development of lattice-preferred orientation, that slab deformation in the deep lower mantle can account for the presence of strong anisotropy in the circum-Pacific region. In this model-where development of the mineral fabric (the alignment of mineral grains) is caused solely by solid-state deformation of chemically homogeneous mantle material-anisotropy is caused by large-strain deformation at high stresses, due to the collision of subducted slabs with the core-mantle boundary.
HepARIN — Examination of its antibacterial adsorption properties

One of the primary antibacterial defense mechanisms of the bladder is the action of the luminal mucopolysaccharide layer against adsorption of inoculated bacteria. Previous studies have shown that local instillation of the mucopolysaccharide heparin can prevent bacterial adsorption on the bladder mucosa denuded of this "antiadherence factor". To determine whether this action was due to the mucopolysaccharide composition of heparin, or rather to its anticoagulant property, protamine sulfate (a basic protein with anticoagulant properties) was tested for antiadsorptive efficacy. Protamine offered no protection against bacterial adherence in the rabbit model. It appears that heparin's protective effect is unrelated to its action as an anticoagulant.
The Ontogeny of Human Kidney Development: Influence on Neonatal Diuretic Therapy

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Explain the changes in renal blood flow after birth. 2. Describe the changes in plasma creatinine concentration relative to infant age. 3. List the factors that can affect the altered pharmacokinetic characteristics of furosemide in preterm infants. Diuretics are administered routinely to sick neonates for the treatment of multiple clinical disorders, including edema, hypertension, congestive heart failure/cardiovascular disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and renal dysfunction. Unfortunately, much of the available research data about diuretic use in pediatrics and, in particular, neonates are derived from studies conducted in adults. The well-documented age-related changes in drug distribution, metabolism, and clearance across the age spectrum in pediatrics (1)(2) can alter diuretic pharmacokinetics substantially and, thus, their pharmacodynamics, limiting the direct applicability of such data. (3)(4) Because diuretic effectiveness ultimately is guided by the functional capacity of the kidney, it is important to appreciate the ontogeny of renal function across a wide range of postconceptional ages. The establishment and maturation of renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal tubular secretory capacity all affect the delivery of diuretics to their sites of action and, thus, the infant’s response. Consequently, it is essential to understand the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of diuretic drugs integrated with the effects that gestational age, birthweight, and other factors impart on therapeutic efficacy. In this article, we provide a succinct overview of the ontogenic characteristics of human kidney development. In an accompanying article in this issue (Pharmacology Reviews), we discuss the various diuretics of clinical value in infant therapeutics, focusing on their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics as related to their clinical utility. Human kidney development appears to be under the control of a complex association of growth factors, regulatory genes, and renal innervation. (5)(6)(7)(8). Renal …
Mucosal glutamine utilization after small-bowel transplantation: An electrophysiologic study

Abstract A short course of FK 506 after small bowel transplantation averts rejection in the rat and achieves indefinite survival of the recipient whose nutritional status is dependent on the function of the intestinal graft. Ex vivo electrophysiologic studies using the Ussing Cell were conducted to delineate functional competence of the graft by evaluating mucosal ion transport and glutamine utilization. Orthotopic small-bowel transplantation was performed in Lewis (LEW) rats as recipients of either Brown-Norway (BN) allografts or LEW syngeneic grafts. Allograft recipients received FK 506 either as a short course (2 mg/kg on Day 0–4 after transplantation) or continuously (2 mg/kg Day 0–4, then 0.5 mg/kg weekly). Ileal mucosa was harvested from small bowel grafts 9 and 60 days after transplantation and mounted in the Ussing Cell containing Hanks' balanced salt solution with/without l -glutamine (20 m M ). Transmembrane potential difference (PD), which represents mucosal active ion transport, and mucosal resistance, an index of membrane integrity, were recorded. Nine days after transplantation, mucosal PD was the same in the ileum from syngeneic grafts, allografts treated with FK 506 and normal LEW and BN rats, and the addition of glutamine increased PD equally in all groups. In comparison, PD was markedly decreased in allografts undergoing rejection, and the glutamine response was blunted. Sixty days after transplantation, mucosal PD was reduced in allografts treated with a short course of FK 506, but normal in allografts receiving continuous immunosuppression with FK 506 and in syngeneic grafts. A decrease of mucosal resistance was not a feature of rejection nor a sequel of limited FK 506 therapy. Our data indicate that allograft rejection results in a significant decrease in mucosal PD and a poor response to glutamine. Control of rejection by FK 506 preserves normal electrophysiologic responses of the allograft mucosa.
Liquid Crystal Polymer-Based Planar Lumped Component Dual-Band Filters For Dual-Band WLAN Systems

This paper presents the design and implementation of dual-band filters using lumped components that are completely embedded in a multi-layer organic process technology, which incorporates multiple liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) substrates. The paper presents the design methodology and measurement results of the small form factor fully-integrated filters that are directly applicable to WLAN systems. The fully-functional embodiments of single-input single-output filters were designed to have passbands with independently controllable bandwidths around the center frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz. The filters present low insertion loss (-1.1 dB) and return loss better than 15 dB at both the frequencies. The fully-packaged filters were designed in an area of 5.1 times 5.3 mm2, providing a 5X reduction in area as compared to any previously reported works on dual-band filters
Regulation of the K channels by cytoplasmic domains.

Regulation of intracellular potassium levels is one of the basic functions of all cells, controlling cellular osmolarity and transmitting information. In higher organisms, elaborate control of transmembrane potassium flux has evolved to endow nervous systems with the remarkable ability to transmit electrical signals between cells. Multiple genes, gene splicing, mRNA editing, and selective tetrameric assembly of K channel genes provide the basis for creating distinct electrophysiological properties at varying developmental and cellular stages. This assembly mechanism, primarily governed by the T1 domain, is under the control of intracellular signals. Atomic structures of the isolated T1 domains of Shaker and Shaw subfamilies provided us with valuable structural insights into understanding both channel assembly and functional regulation of the entire channel molecule through conformational changes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 294–299, 2002
Optimum effectiveness factors for porous catalysts

In the manufacture of catalyst pellets from particles of powder, for example alumina, one of the parameters is pellet density. The opposing effects of density on surface available for reaction and on pore diffusion result in a specific pellet density for maximum reaction rate per unit volume of reactor. The method for predicting the optimum density and rate is presented for a first-order reaction. The data required are pore volumes and pore-size distributions as a function of density, as well as kinetic measurements. Such data are available for the ortho-para hydrogen reaction using a nickel oxide-on-alumina catalyst. Using this system as an illustration, it can be seen that the optimum effectiveness factors are less than unity and range from about 0.68 for 1/8-in. diam. spherical catalyst pellets to 0.29 for 1-in. pellets. Corresponding optimum densities are from about 1.3 to 0.6 g./cc The results demonstrate the possibility of a tailor-made pelleted catalyst for optimum reaction rate.
Behavior of Si Photoelectrodes under High Level Injection Conditions. 2. Experimental Measurements and Digital Simulations of the Behavior of Quasi-Fermi Levels under Illumination and Applied Bias

Use of thin, nearly intrinsically doped Si electrodes having implanted, interdigitated n+ and p+ back contact points has allowed electrical control over the potential of either electrons or holes in the solid. During potential control at the n+ point contacts, the open-circuit potential of holes could be monitored, while during potential control of the p+ point contacts, the open-circuit potential of electrons was measured. In combination with current density−voltage measurements of either electrons or holes passing through the back contact points, these data allowed a comparison of the behavior of a given carrier type when generated by an applied bias (i.e., as majority carriers) relative to their behavior when generated with band gap illumination of the solid (as minority carriers). Data have been collected for Si/CH3OH junctions having 1,1‘-dimethylferrocene+/0, decamethylferrocene+/0, methyl viologen2+/+, and cobaltocene+/0 as redox couples. These data have been used to validate certain key prediction...
Measurements of DNA-loop formation via Cre-mediated recombination

The Cre-recombination system has become an important tool for genetic manipulation of higher organisms and a model for site-specific DNA-recombination mechanisms employed by the λ-Int superfamily of recombinases. We report a novel quantitative approach for characterizing the probability of DNA-loop formation in solution using time-dependent ensemble Forster resonance energy transfer measurements of intra- and inter-molecular Cre-recombination kinetics. Our method uses an innovative technique for incorporating multiple covalent modifications at specific sites in covalently closed DNA. Because the mechanism of Cre recombinase does not conform to a simple kinetic scheme, we employ numerical methods to extract rate constants for fundamental steps that pertain to Cre-mediated loop closure. Cre recombination does not require accessory proteins, DNA supercoiling or particular metal-ion cofactors and is thus a highly flexible system for quantitatively analyzing DNA-loop formation in vitro and in vivo.
Systematic search for suitable two-phase solvent systems for high-speed counter-current chromatography.

We have introduced two series of two-phase solvent systems which facilitate the systematic search for the solvent systems suitable for high-speed counter-current chromatography. The n-hexane—ethyl acetate—n-butanol—methanol—water systems provide a broad range of hydrophobicity, while the chloroform—methanol—water systems are extremely useful for separations of various natural products with moderate hydrophobicity. The practical use of these solvent series was demonstrated with several test samples which include dinitrophenyl amino acids, S-triazine herbicides, indole auxin, and non-ionic organic solvents.
Late Cenozoic Alkalic Basaltic Magmas in the Western Colorado Plateaus and the Basin and Range Transition Zone, U.S.A., and Their Bearing on Mantle Dynamics

Late Cenozoic volcanism along the eastern margin of the Basin and Range province in northern Arizona and Utah has created a suite of essentially alkalic basaltic lavas similar to those occurring in other regions of recent uplift, extensional tectonism, and high heat flow. The lavas were derived from a series of partial melts of the mantle, modified to varying degrees by polybaric fractionation of olivine and possibly plagioclase and clinopyroxene during ascent to the surface. Basanite and alkali olivine basalt melts originated at depths of at least 65 km and possibly as much as 95 km (20 to 30 kb) by variable but generally small degrees of partial melting. More voluminous hawaiite magmas originated at shallower depths by a somewhat greater degree of partial melting and were more substantially modified by crystal fractionation prior to extrusion. Magmas parental to the lava extrusions became increasingly divergent in composition with time, reflecting a broadening depth interval of partial melting in the mantle. Concurrent eruptive activity and block faulting generally shifted eastward with time at a rate of approximately 1 cm/yr. These time-space-composition variations, in combination with the observed essentially marginal localization of basaltic volcanism for the whole Basin and Range province, are explained in terms of upper mantle dynamics. We envisage upwelling mantle or plume activity beginning sometime in the middle to late Cenozoic in the core area of the Basin and Range province and causing progressive thinning or “erosion” of the lithosphere. Erosion ultimately produced a steep, keellike asthenosphere-lithosphere boundary beneath the Colorado Plateaus and the Basin and Range transition zone. Eastward-flowing mantle peridotite from the core of the plume was throttled against this keel, causing localized shear heating. This heat enhanced partial melting so that sufficient liquid was created to separate from the refractory residuum and to rise to the surface. Diapiric uprise of magma, or partially melted mantle in the uppermost mantle, or injection of a swarm of dikes into the lower crust, might have weakened and attenuated the overlying brittle crust, causing concurrent faulting. Eastward erosion of the keel and site of partial melting as time progressed allowed eruptive and fault activity to also migrate.
How To Get The Most Out Of Scientific Literature A technique of minimal involvement

scribing techniques whereby untrained abilities can be converted into specialized talents. Characterized by titles beginning with the demonstrative "How to-", these articles constitute an encyclopedic series. Curiously, scientific topics are not represented in this cycle possibly because of the resistance of scientists to encumbrance by technical details. Nevertheless, the need for instructive material for biological scientists becomes increasingly evident. In the area of information gathering alone, the scientific community is facing total bewilderment. The current volume of scientific publications is in such a surge of growth that it is a formidable probl m only to scan it. The reader's resources are so drained by the effort of recognizing and discriminating informative matter from that which is useless
Lithium as an immunologic adjuvant

Abstract Lithium, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, stimulates a variety of in vitro indices of immune function, including proliferation of lymphocytes in response to mitogens, rosette formation by T-cells and phagocytosis by macrophages. Lithium enhances these immunologic responses at concentrations comparable to those achieved in patients receiving lithium for treatment of manic-depressive disorders. Lithium may prove to have important therapeutic applications as an immune adjuvant, particularly in immune deficiency states associated with excessive C-AMP production.
Chlorophyll biomass in the global oceans: airborne lidar retrieval using fluorescence of both chlorophyll and chromophoric dissolved organic matter

For three decades airborne laser-induced fluorescence has demonstrated value for chlorophyll biomass retrieval in wide-area oceanic field experiments, satellite validation, and algorithm development. A new chlorophyll biomass retrieval theory is developed using laser-induced and water Raman normalized fluorescence of both (a) chlorophyll and (b) chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). This airborne lidar retrieval theory is then independently confirmed by chlorophyll biomass obtained from concurrent (1) ship-cruise retrievals, (2) satellite inherent optical property (IOP) biomass retrievals, and (3) satellite standard band-ratio chlorophyll biomass retrievals. The new airborne lidar chlorophyll and CDOM fluorescence-based chlorophyll biomass retrieval is found to be more robust than prior lidar methods that used chlorophyll fluorescence only. Future research is recommended to further explain the underlying influence of CDOM on chlorophyll production.
A new classification of isotherms for Gibbs adsorption of gases on solids

A systematic analysis of adsorption behavior has been performed. The results are presented here as a new classification of isotherms for fluid/solid equilibria.
Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color imagery: the black pixel assumption

The assumption that values of water-leaving radiance in the near-infrared (NIR) are negligible enable aerosol radiative properties to be easily determined in the correction of satellite ocean color imagery. This is referred to as the black pixel assumption. We examine the implications of the black pixel assumption using a simple bio-optical model for the NIR water-leaving reflectance [rho(w)(lambda(NIR))](N). In productive waters [chlorophyll (Chl) concentration >2 mg m(-3)], estimates of [rho(w)(lambda(NIR))](N) are several orders of magnitude larger than those expected for pure seawater. These large values of [rho(w)(lambda(NIR))](N) result in an overcorrection of atmospheric effects for retrievals of water-leaving reflectance that are most pronounced in the violet and blue spectral region. The overcorrection increases dramatically with Chl, reducing the true water-leaving radiance by roughly 75% when Chl is equal to 5 mg m(-3). Relaxing the black pixel assumption in the correction of Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) satellite ocean color imagery provides significant improvements in Chl and water-leaving reflectance retrievals when Chl values are greater than 2 mg m(-3). Improvements in the present modeling of [rho(w)(lambda(NIR))](N) are considered, particularly for turbid coastal waters. However, this research shows that the effects of nonzero NIR reflectance must be included in the correction of satellite ocean color imagery.
Antibiotic fate and transport in three effluent-dominated Ozark streams

Abstract Antibiotic transport downstream from a wastewater treatment plant effluent discharge was evaluated along stream reaches on Mud Creek, Spring Creek, and Decatur Branch in northwestern Arkansas, USA. Water and streambed samples were collected during August and September 2006 and analyzed for multiple antibiotics representing five classes (beta-lactams, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines). Antibiotics within the classes macrolides, quinolones, and sulfonamides were detected in the water column at all three stream reaches. Several of these same antibiotics, as well as antibiotics from the class tetracycline, were measured in streambed material at quantities significantly greater than those observed in the water column. Pseudo-partitioning coefficients ranged from 4 to >8000 L kg−1. Most of the antibiotics studied were significantly retained in the reaches at Mud Creek and Spring Creek and traveled kilometer-scale distances (Snet, 3.3–20.2 km) with low uptake velocities ( v f-net , 2.9–16.1 × 10−6 m s−1) and rates (Unet 0.01–37.9 × 10−6 μg m−2 s−1). Some antibiotics increased in concentration downstream from the effluent discharge at Decatur Branch, suggesting possible release from within the fluvial channel or additional sources along the stream reach. In general, antibiotics traveled kilometer-scale distances before significant dilution occurred through in-stream processes (e.g., advection, dispersion, sorption, uptake and/or degradation) within the fluvial channel of these effluent-dominated streams.