cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Stimulation of the Ear of the Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)

Microphonic potentials were recorded from the ears of the goldfish during acoustic stimulation in a situation where sound pressure and particle displacement could be varied. Microphonic potentials from fishes with the swim bladder intact were proportional to sound pressure. After removal of the swim bladder, sound pressure sensitivity declined by 20-35 dB and the response was generated in proportion to particle displacement. The ear9s sensitivity to direct vibration of the head increases at between -3 and -6 dB/octave between 70 and 1500 Hz and is not affected by the removal of the swim bladder. It is concluded that the peripheral auditory system of the goldfish may function as a pressure detector or as a displacement detector, depending upon the impedance of the applied signal.
Feminism, Disability, and Evolutionary Psychology: What’s Missing?

Although a number of feminist scholars have scrutinized evolutionary psychology (EP) in order to show its gendered assumptions, very few feminist scholars have interrogated the assumptions that the field makes about disability. Nor have disability theorists paid adequate critical attention to EP, despite the fact that the field and the theories that it promotes are central to dominant contemporary conceptions of disability. In this essay, I point out the ways in which feminist criticisms of EP fail to address its implications for our understandings of disability. I argue, furthermore, that insofar as feminist criticisms of EP fail to integrate a critical approach to disability, they do so at their own expense—perhaps even undermining their own theoretical and political goals. Both feminist philosophy and philosophy of disability have much to gain from co-developing a feminist philosophy of disability that takes account of evolutionary approaches. Given the prevalence—both within and outside of the academy—of evolutionary justifications for oppression and discrimination, the need for an integrative model which would succeed where other critiques of evolutionary psychology have failed is vital. Keywords: disability, evolutionary psychology, feminist philosophy, modularity, standpoint theory
Compact, battery powered, 400-kV, 40-joule portable Marx generator

Summary form only given, as follows. The experimental results of a portable, battery powered, 400-kV, 40-Joule compact Marx generator are presented. The Marx Generator, high voltage power supplies, batteries, and remote fiber optic high voltage enable and trigger control circuits are all contained in an aluminum tube measuring 5 inches in diameter and 20 inches in length. The space within the tube is divided into the Marx Generator section and the power supply section. The Marx Generator section is completely modular and can be easily unplugged to facilitate repair or exchange. The use of non-encapsulated, 22 nF, 10 W surface mount chip capacitors, mounted to a printed circuit board together with the charging resistors, resulted in a very compact assembly. The capacitors and charging resistors are potted in a dielectric gel while the spark gaps are independently insulated with SF/sub 6/ and aligned in a line-of-sight configuration for UV coupling. The entire Marx Generator section is packaged in a Lucite tube, approximately 10 inches in length, which can be pressurized to 50 psi. Rep rates of 1 pps and rise times of 20 ns are typical.
Embedding security into visual programming courses

A visual programming course can be set up in a way that draws a general audience from different disciplines in addition to serving majors. Thereby embedding security into a visual programming course can be effective not only in raising future security workforce, but also in promoting security awareness for non-majors. Moreover, an instructor can create a subsequent advanced course where students can reinforce and expand secure coding practices as well as learn security principles. However, most visual programming books that are suitable as textbooks usually do not deal with security issues. Even if they do, minimal discussion is usually included, even being without connection to security principles. Therefore, in order to imbed security into a visual programming course, instructors are required to spend enormous time in preparation. In this paper, we set out to provide a guideline for embedding security into a visual programming course. Specifically, we will discuss basic and advanced secure coding techniques along with related security principles.
Development of the ElarmS methodology for earthquake early warning: Realtime application in California and offline testing in Japan

In July 2009, the California Integrated Seismic Network concluded a three-year study of earthquake early warning systems in California. Three algorithms were expanded and examined during the study. Here we discuss the history, methodology, and performance of one of the algorithms, ElarmS. Earthquake Alarm Systems, or ElarmS, uses peak displacement and maximum predominant frequency of the P-wave to detect earthquakes and quantify their hazard in the seconds after rupture begins. ElarmS was developed for Northern and Southern California, and now processes waveforms in realtime from 603 seismic sensors across the state. We outline the methodology as currently implemented, present several example events from different regions of California, and summarize the performance in terms of false and missed alarms. ElarmS was also tested offline with a dataset of 84 large magnitude earthquakes from Japan. The results from the Japan dataset were used to create a statistical error model for the algorithm. The model can be used to provide realtime uncertainty estimates at any stage in processing. In August 2009 the CISN embarked on a second three-year study of earthquake early warning. As part of this ongoing research, we identify the technological and methodological challenges facing ElarmS. Telemetry latencies and false alarm rates are two key opportunities for improvement.
Texture Evolution of Commercially Pure Copper during Ultra-Thin Strip Rolling

Experimental investigation on rolling texture evolution in commercially pure copper thinned from 5.8mm to 20μm by symmetrical rolling and asymmetrical rolling without annealing were carried out via orientation distribution functions and orientation line analysis. The results show that the rolling texture for the sample with initial rotate cube texture {100} mainly consist of C and B, most crystallites aggregate along the α and β orientations lines. The texture density growth rate increased significantly in rolling process. That may relate to size effect of ultra-thin strip. The rate of dislocation reduction was more than dislocation multiplication due to disappear at grain size, when the thickness of ultra-thin strip decreased to an extremely value.
The formation constants of the niobium fluoride system

Abstract Using a fluoride selective ion electrode to monitor the equilibrium concentration of the F− ion, potentiometric titrations at 25 °C of solutions (μ = 0.5 M) containing NaClO4, HClO4 and K2NbOF5 with a solution of NaF, K2NbOF5 and HClO4, so adjusted that the total acid (TH) and the total niobium (TM) concentrations were kept constant during a single titration, produced a series of formation curves when n was plotted vs. the −log [F−]. The interpretation of these plots indicated that when the T H T m ⩽ 175 the complex niobium fluoro species was NbOF( 3 − n ) n with 2 ⩽n⩽ 6, but for higher ratios it was NbF ( 5 − n n with 7⩽n⩽ 9. As the T H T M ratio was raised from 90 to 300, increasing the concentration of the F− caused: 1. (1) the stepwise addition of F− to the NbOF2+ culminating in the NbOF63− species with respective formation constants of k3 = 6.0 × 103, k4 = 2.0 × 104, k5 = 3.2 × 104andk6 = 4.7 × 104, 2. (2) the reaction, NbOF63− + 2H+ + F− = NbF72− + H2O, with an equilibrium constant of 2.6 × 1011, 3. (3) the stepwise formation of NbF83− and NbF94− ions from the NbF72− species with k8 = 1.2 × 103andk9 = 1.0 × 104.
Regionalized continuing medical education: Building multi-institutional support

Obtaining institutional support from multiple hospitals requires new approaches to identifying needs, developing educational activities, and designing political strategies for implementation.
Gender, politics, and the theoretical virtues

Traits like simplicity and explanatory power have traditionally been treated as values internal to the sciences, constitutive rather than contextual. As such they are cognitive virtues. This essay contrasts a traditional set of such virtues with a set of alternative virtues drawn from feminist writings about the sciences. In certain theoretical contexts, the only reasons for preferring a traditional or an alternative virtue are socio-political. This undermines the notion that the traditional virtues can be considered purely cognitive.
Decalcified egg shell membrane, a supporting substrate for electron microscopic cross-sections of monolayers of epithelial cell line MDCK

Decalcified chicken egg shell membrane is a suitable physical substrate for the growth of monolayers of an epithelial line of tissue culture cells, MDCK. The shell membranes with their adherent sheets of cells are easily prepared for cross-section study of monolayer growth with electron microscopy.
Integration of Traffic Flow Management Decisions

The goal of traffic flow management in the national airspace system is to maintain efficient flow of air traffic without adversely impacting air traffic controllers' workload. It is shown in this paper that the air traffic service provider achieves this goal through a three-step process. In the first step, traffic flow management actions like Playbook and coded departure routes are used to reroute groups of aircraft flying in the same geographical neighborhood around flow- constrained areas. The rerouting process achieves the purpose of keeping traffic away from the flow- constrained areas but sometimes in the process creates congestion and bottlenecks in other regions of the airspace. To prevent this congestion, an additional layer of control is imposed on this traffic flow in the second step by temporal traffic decisions, such as miles-in-trail restrictions, which control the density of the flows along fixed paths. The aircraft comply with the miles-in-trail restriction by altering their speed, or by introducing a delay via flight path stretching or by airborne holding. In a third step, a few airborne aircraft may be locally rerouted around congested areas, while leaving other aircraft on their filed routes. The three-step hierarchical integration method is illustrated by an example that uses
A tutorial on LISP object‐oriented programming for blackboard computation (solving the radar tracking problem)

This exposition is a tutorial on how object-oriented programming (OOP) in LISP can be used for programming a blackboard. Since we have used Common LISP and the Common LISP Object System (CLOS), the exposition demonstrates how object classes and the primary, before, and after methods associated with the classes can be used for this purpose. the reader should note that the different approaches to object-orient programming share considerable similarity and, therefore, the exposition should be helpful to even those who may not wish to use CLOS. We have used the radar tracking problem as a “medium” for explaining the concepts underlying blackboard programming the blackboard database is constructed solely of classes which act as data structures as well as method-bearing objects. Class instances form the nodes and the levels of the blackboard. the methods associated with these classes constitute a distributed monitor and support the knowledge sources in modifying the blackboard data. A rule-based planner is used to construct knowledge source activation records from the goals residing in the blackboard. These activation records are enqueued in a cyclic queueing system. A scheduler cycles through the queues and selects knowledge sources to fire. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biosynthesis of a d-glucosyl polyisoprenyl diphosphate in particulate preparations of Micrococcus lysodeikticus☆

Abstract Particulate fractions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus incubated with UDP- d -[14C]glucose incorporated radioactivity into a chloroform-methanol-soluble, low-mol. wt. compound, and into a polymer. The low-mol. wt. compound consisted of a glucolipid that was extremely labile to mild acid hydrolysis with the formation of d -[14C]glucose, and to mild alkali, yielding 14C-labeled α- d -glucopyranose 1,2-phosphate and d -glucose 2-phosphate. The labeled glucolipid was eluted from a DEAE-cellulose column at a salt concentration higher than that required by synthetic ficaprenyl ( d -glucopyranosyl phosphate), and it migrated more slowly than the latter compound in t.l.c. Formation of the glucolipid was stimulated by exogenous ficaprenyl phosphate, but not by C55-dolichyl phosphate. These results suggest that the [14C]glucolipid has the characteristic properties of a polyisoprenyl glucosyl diphosphate.
Heteronuclear 13C, 15N and 17O NMRcross-correlations of 4-substituted benzamide derivatives: importance ofthe average excitation energy term ωE in NMRsubstituent effects

Heteronuclear 13C, 15N and 17O NMR cross-correlations of 4-substituted benzamide derivatives were carried out and an excellent 15N–17O cross-correlation was found (slope = 2.45, r = 0.996, n = 7). Very poor 13C–15N and 13C–17O correlations were observed. The substituent interaction mechanism of the carbonyl carbon differs with respect to that experienced by the carbonyl oxygen and amidic nitrogen. Previous studies have reported that the benzamide 15N and 17O chemical shifts obey the Hammett equation but 13C shifts do not. It is concluded that 13C chemical shifts do not correlate with the substituent constant σx because the ΔE term of the Karplus–Pople equation does not obey the Hammett equation. It is proposed that, in the localized excited state, the mechanism of interaction of substituents on the aromatic ring with the carbonyl carbon differs from that of the carbonyl oxygen and the amide nitrogen in their respective localized excited states. Whenever a non-linear Hammett plot is obtained, in an NMR substituent study, the possibility that substituents interact differently with the ground and excited states should be considered.
Simulated Membrane Junctions and Additional Feedback Characteristics for an Artificial Neuron

Several additions to the existing artificial neuron circuitry and the resultant input-output relationships are presented. The value of these models does not lie in any detailed similarity between the mechanisms by which the simulation and the simulated generate their behaviors. Rather, the worth lies in the ability to quickly assemble groups of these models, each with known characteristics, in order to test conceptual models based upon live studies.
An equation of consistency relating the harmonic mean relaxation time to sedimentation data.

Abstract 1. 1. A shape-dependent function that is independent of hydrodynamic volume has been derived and tested with data from studies of well-characterized proteins. 2. 2. The function, termed Ψ, is relatively insensitive to shape except for molecules resembling prolate ellipsoids of revolution of axial ratio > 4. 3. 3. Proposed applications of Ψ are (a) the indirect calculation of the harmonic mean relaxation time from sedimentation data for molecules of axial ratios 4, (c) testing the consistency of data from fluorescence depolarization and sedimentation data.
Positron Study of Carbon Black Parameters: Structure and Surface Area

Carbon black (CB) is essentially carbon in the form of extremely fine particle aggregates (100-200nm) having an amorphous molecular structure. Oil absorption or compressed dibutyl phthalate (CDBP) and iodine adsorption or nitrogen surface area (N2SA) are parameters commonly used to describe CB morphology or structure and the surface area of CB available for reaction with rubber. We have used both positron lifetime and Doppler broadening spectroscopy to study these two parameters for a variety of rubber CB composite samples. The o-Ps pickoff lifetime depends only on the type of rubber and is independent of CDBP and N2SA. However, the o-Ps lifetime intensity, I3, and the S parameter decrease with both CDBP and N2SA.
Genetic Instability in Drosophila melanogaster: Tandem Duplications as Monitors of Intrastrand Exchange*

Two tandem duplications of the X chromosome associated with the white eye color locus are described. In heterozygous females both revert to a nonduplicated chromosome without detectable meiotic recombination. Clustering of revertants suggests the reversion event occurs in the germ line prior to meiosis. Similarly in males one duplication also reverts with clustering implying a premeiotic event. Revertant X chromosomes derived from males are either nonduplicated or deleted. Intrastrand exchange can account for some but not all revertants recovered.
The Xenon separation VMM: Secure virtualization infrastructure for military clouds

In conventional military computing, security separation is provided by cryptography, for data in motion and data at rest. Security separation for data under computation is provided by separate hardware. Cloud computing shares hardware for all data under computation, so a new approach to security separation is needed for military clouds. Cryptographic separation of data under computation is not practical with current technology, so the separation must be accomplished by software, i.e. the virtualization infrastructure. The strongest known means of software separation is the separation kernel. Separation kernels are special virtual machine monitors (VMMs) that are small enough and simple enough to be mathematically verified. Unfortunately, strict separation kernels cannot virtualize the complex modern commodity hardware and guest virtual machine (VM) operating systems that are essential to cloud computing. The best alternative to a strict separation kernel is a a separation VMM. A separation VMM relaxes the strict size and simplicity goals of a separation kernel just far enough to be able to support commodity hardware and guest operating systems. Because they address all of the features of commodity hardware, separation VMMs are too large for formal mathematical verification. However, separation VMMs are small enough and simple enough to be completely specified by semiformal means, i.e. they are smaller and simpler than conventional VMMs. A separation VMM has a complete systematic assurance argument that it isolates guest VMs from each other and strongly protects itself from tampering. A separation VMM provides the strongest separation of cloud VMs that is consistent with virtualizing complex commodity operating systems, on shared complex commodity hardware.
Ab initio calculation of distortion and bonding energy components of the cis-trans conversion energy for formic, thiolformic and thionformic acids

Abstract The energy change in the formation of the intramolecular hydrogen-bonded ring conformers of formic, thiolformic and thionformic acids from the chain conformers has been divided up into distortion and bonding energy components, following the treatment of Smit, Derissen, and van Duijneveldt for the formation of the formic acid dimer.
Reliability of editors' subjective quality ratings of peer reviews of manuscripts

Context.—Quality of reviewers is crucial to journal quality, but there are usually too many for editors to know them all personally. A reliable method of rating them (for education and monitoring) is needed.Objective.—Whether editors' quality ratings of peer reviewers are reliable and how they compare with other performance measures.Design.—A 3.5-year prospective observational study.Setting.—Peer-reviewed journal.Participants.—All editors and peer reviewers who reviewed at least 3 manuscripts.Main Outcome Measures.—Reviewer quality ratings, individual reviewer rate of recommendation for acceptance, congruence between reviewer recommendation and editorial decision (decision congruence), and accuracy in reporting flaws in a masked test manuscript.Interventions.—Editors rated the quality of each review on a subjective 1 to 5 scale.Results.—A total of 4161 reviews of 973 manuscripts by 395 reviewers were studied. The within-reviewer intraclass correlation was 0.44 (P<.001), indicating that 20% of the variance seen in the review ratings was attributable to the reviewer. Intraclass correlations for editor and manuscript were only 0.24 and 0.12, respectively. Reviewer average quality ratings correlated poorly with the rate of recommendation for acceptance (R=−0.34) and congruence with editorial decision (R=0.26). Among 124 reviewers of the fictitious manuscript, the mean quality rating for each reviewer was modestly correlated with the number of flaws they reported (R=0.53). Highly rated reviewers reported twice as many flaws as poorly rated reviewers.Conclusions.—Subjective editor ratings of individual reviewers were moderately reliable and correlated with reviewer ability to report manuscript flaws. Individual reviewer rate of recommendation for acceptance and decision congruence might be thought to be markers of a discriminating (ie, high-quality) reviewer, but these variables were poorly correlated with editors' ratings of review quality or the reviewer's ability to detect flaws in a fictitious manuscript. Therefore, they cannot be substituted for actual quality ratings by editors.
Battery hysteresis modeling for state of charge estimation based on Extended Kalman Filter

This paper presents our research in battery SOC estimation for intelligent battery management. We developed a SOC estimation algorithm based on Extended Kalman Filter to model battery hysteresis effects. The proposed method has been evaluated using data acquired from two different batteries, a lithium-ion battery U1–12XP and a NiMH battery with 1.2V and 3.4 Ah. Our experiments show that our method, which models battery hysteresis based on separated charge and discharge OCV curves gave the top performances in estimating SOC in both batteries when compared with other advanced methods.
CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF A CHAIN REVERSAL IN α‐CHYMOTRYPSIN

A complete conformational analysis of the fold (Asp-Lys-Thr-Gly) (residues 35-38), and additional adjacent residues of alpha-chymotrypsin has been performed. A comparison of these findings with those of Lewis et al. (1) is made, and a discussion of the implications of protein-fold models is discussed. This particular residue sequence prefers to bend over maintaining a helical conformation. However, the bend conformation of the tetramer is different from that of the native bend. The native bend conformation is nearly realized when an additional residue of the native primary structure is added to each side of the tetramer. Early and late folding-sequence studies suggests that while the native fold is of low energy, there are fold-points along the primary structure which are more stable. The structural implications of this finding are discussed.
Solution structure of the quaternary MutT-M2+-AMPCPP-M2+ complex and mechanism of its pyrophosphohydrolase action.

The MutT enzyme (129 residues) catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) by substitution at the rarely attacked β-P, to yield NMP and pyrophosphate. It requires two divalent cations, forming an active E−M2+−NTP−M2+ complex. The solution structure of the free enzyme consists of a five-stranded mixed β-sheet connected by loop I−α-helix I−loop II, by two tight turns, and by loop III and terminated by loop IV−α-helix II [Abeygunawardana, C., et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 14997−15005]. Assignments of backbone 15N and NH resonances and side chain 15N and NH2 resonances of the quaternary complex were made by 1H−15N HSQC titrations of the free enzyme with MgCl2 followed by equimolar AMPCPP/MgCl2. Hα assignments were made by 1H−15N 3D TOCSY HSQC, and 1H−13C CT-HSQC spectra and backbone and side chain 1H and 13C assignments were made by 3D HCCH TOCSY experiments. Ligands donated by the protein to the enzyme-bound divalent cation, identified by paramagnetic effects of Co2+ and Mn2+ on CO(C)H spectr...
Stabilized and destabilized carbocations in the 1,6-methano[10]annulene series.

2-Chloromethyl and 3-chloromethyl-1,6-methano[10]annulene systems solvolyze in methanol to give simple substitution products. Solvent effect studies and the special salt effect support the involvem...
The political temptations of rationing by insiders

Long waits for goods, services, and jobs to become available still exist in and to the east of Europe. This paper explores the political economy of what has made pervasive rationing an attractive way to cope with shocks in the past. The explanation advanced lies not in the creation of shortage rents for the personal profit of corrupt insiders controlling the production and distribution process. Instead, rationing with queuing is viewed as a “populist” scheme that allows a majority to keep its wages above levels that would clear the labor market while hiding the cost of such a policy, increased unemployment.
Pentachlorophenol interactions with soil

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) adsorption and desorption equilibrium was studied with two Menfro silt loam soils — upper horizon and lower horizon. For the adsorption studies the variables were: temperature (10 and 30 °C) and the amount of organic matter. The variables for the desorption studies were: temperature (10 and 30 °C), pH and the presence of an anionic and a cationic surfactant. The results from these studies confirmed the importance of soil organic matter for adsorption of PCP on the soils. The adsorption data at different temperatures indicated the physical nature of the adsorption process. The desorption data produced non-singularity and some PCP was irreversibly adsorbed onto the soil despite repeated washings. Increased pH increased the desorption of PCP from the soil. The anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDS) was able to desorb significant amounts of PCP from the soil at doses equal to critical micelle concentration (CMC). But, the nonionic surfactant, surfactant, Triton X-405 required a much higher dose (twice the CMC) to cause a significant desorption of PCP from the soil.
Investigating the Impact of Soil Moisture and Atmospheric Stability on Cloud Development and Distribution Using a Coupled Large-Eddy Simulation and Land Surface Model

AbstractThe influence of soil moisture and atmospheric thermal stability on surface fluxes, boundary layer characteristics, and cloud development are investigated using a coupled large-eddy simulation (LES)–land surface model (LSM) framework. The study day from the Cabauw site in the central part of the Netherlands has been studied to examine the soil moisture–cloud feedback using a parameterized single-column model (SCM) in previous work. Good agreement is seen in the comparison between coupled model results and observations collected at the Cabauw eddy-covariance tower. Simulation results confirm the hypothesis that both surface fluxes and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) states are strongly affected by soil moisture and atmospheric stability, which was proposed by a previous study using an SCM with simple parameterization. While the ABL-top cloud development is a nonmonotonic function of surface water content under different thermal stability conditions, coupled model simulations find that weak thermal...
Planar‐surface matching approach for estimating target location using laser range imagery

A laser radar sensor provides 3D information about a scene by using range measurements. A Hough transform approach is used to extract geometric information from these range values in order to identify planar building walls. Features of the extracted walls, such as their size, orientation, and distance relative to other walls, can be used to match against a reference list of walls with this spatial information. Target location can then be estimated by solving simultaneous equations using matched planar surfaces. Experimental results of computed target locations are shown to be satisfactory.
Asymmetry in the U.S. Output-Inflation Nexus: Issues and Evidence

This paper presents empirical evidence supporting the proposition that there is a significant asymmetry in the U.S. output-inflation process, which implies that excess demand conditions are much more inflationary than excess supply conditions are disinflationary. The important policy implication of this asymmetry is that it can be very costly if the economy overheats because this will necessitate a severe tightening in monetary conditions in order to reestablish inflation control. The small model of the U.S. output-inflation process developed in the paper shows that the seeds of large recessions, such as that in 1981-82, are planted by allowing the economy to overheat. This type of asymmetry implies that the measure of excess demand which is appropriate in estimating the Phillips curve cannot have a zero mean; instead, this mean must be negative if inflation is to be stationary. The paper also shows that a failure to account for this important implication of asymmetry can explain why some other researchers may have been misled into falsely accepting the linear model. The empirical results presented in the paper show that the conclusions regarding asymmetry are robust to a number of tests for sensitivity to changes in the method used to estimate potential output and in the specification of the Phillips curve.
Equivalence of reduced, Polyakov, Faddeev-Popov, and Faddeev path-integral quantization of gauge theories.

A geometrical treatment of the path integral for gauge theories with first-class constraints linear in the momenta is performed. The equivalence of reduced, Polyakov, Faddeev-Popov, and Faddeev path-integral quantization of gauge theories is established. In the process of carrying this out we find a modified version of the original Faddeev-Popov formula which is derived under much more general conditions than the usual one. Throughout this paper we emphasize the fact that we only make use of the information contained in the action for the system, and of the natural geometrical structures derived from it.
A suggested taxonomy for marketing thought: The case of lacking applied development and research in marketing

An examination of marketing literature reveals a surpricing deficiency of articles discussing theoretical applications in marketing. These deficiencies are largely in the area of specific, practical, everyday applied marketing. This article casts the literature into an overall taxonomy of marketing thought and development, highlighting the deficiency. Then the article discusses the deficiency positing reasons for its continued existence. It is thought that such a taxonomy might better help marketers identify critical need areas that might well result in unusually productive findings and advances important to all marketers.
Frontiers of heavy element nuclear and radiochemistry

The production and half-lives of the heaviest chemical elements, now known through Z = 112, are reviewed. Recent experimental evidence for the stabilization of heavy element isotopes due to proximity to deformed nuclear shells at Z = 108 and N = 162 is compared with the theoretical predictions. The possible existence of isotopes of elements 107--110 with half-lives of seconds or longer, and production reactions and experimental techniques for increasing the overall yields of such isotopes in order to study both their nuclear and chemical properties are discussed. The present status of studies of the chemical properties of Rf, Ha, and Sg is briefly summarized and prospects for extending chemical studies beyond Sg are considered.
Ionic regulation and the energetics of osmoregulation in Mugil cephalus Lin.

Abstract The regulation of Na+, K+ and Cl− were evaluated in Mugil cephalus Lin. over a range of ambient concentrations from 20 to 1570 mOs/l. 1. 1. Na+ and Cl− concentrations decrease only slightly with decreased ambient concentration below 600 mOs/l. 2. 2. K+ showed no significant alteration over the experimental range. The energetic cost of the osmotic regulatory process was evaluated. 1. 1. The cost of osmotic regulation is high when the environment is distinctly hyperosmotic with respect to the blood. 2. 2. The cost is negligible when the environmental concentration is less than that of the blood. 3. 3. Problems of homeostatic maintenance in this form are discussed.
Uptake and UV-Photooxidation of Gas-Phase PAHs on the Surface of Atmospheric Water Films. 1. Naphthalene

The adsorption and photochemical reaction of naphthalene vapor at the air−water interface of water films (22 μm and 450 μm) were studied in a horizontal flow reactor. Experiments were conducted in the regime where gas-phase mass transfer resistance did not limit the uptake. The equilibrium uptake was dependent on water film thickness only below 1 μm. Bulk water−air and air-to-interface partition constants were estimated from the experiments. The equilibrium partition constant between the water film and air decreased with increasing temperature. Photochemical reaction products were isolated in the water film after exposure to UV light. Four main oxygenated products were identified (1,3-indandione, 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (phthalide), 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (coumarin), and 1-naphthol). The initial rates of product formation were 46 to 154% larger for the thin film (22 μm) compared to both a thick film (450 μm) and bulk aqueous phase photooxidation. The atmospheric implications of reactions in water films are ...
Fast relaxation of a hexagonal Poiseuille shear-induced near-surface phase in a threadlike micellar solution.

The dynamics of near-surface conformations in complex fluids under flow should dramatically affect their rheological properties. We have made the first measurements resolving the decay kinetics of a hexagonal phase induced in a threadlike polyionic micellar system under Poiseuille shear near a quartz surface. Upon cessation of shearing flow, this minimum interference crystalline phase formed within {approximately}20 {mu}m of the surface {open_quotes}melts{close_quotes} to a metastable two-dimensional liquid of aligned micelles in {approximately}0.7 s. This is some three orders of magnitude shorter than the time required for bulk (Couette) shear-aligned micelles in this system to reach a fully entangled state. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Reliability of a Leadership Inventory Used with Gifted Students

The identification of leadership characteristics of elementary and secondary gifted students is needed ( 1, 2 ) . Although several standardized instruments which primarily measure personality and values have been suggested ( 2 ) . no recommendations have been made for a valid and reliable screening measure. A checklist by which students could indicate their own leadership characteristics might provide an initial step in the identification process. In perusing the literacure on leadership, the Leadership Inventory ( 3 ) appeared to have face and content validity. The inventory has 19 characteristics a leader would possess. Each item is followed by a Likert-type scale with the choices being "almost always," "on many occasions," "once in a while," or "almost never." To determine the internal consistency of the instrument, it was administered to the 122 students in Grades 4 through 7 who attended a program for gifted children. Giftedness had been determined through the administration of an individual intelligence test. An intelligence quotient of 120 or above qualified the student for this program. Administration of the instrument yielded a total mean score of 3.20 on a Likert-type scale with a range of 1.0 to 4.0 and a standard deviation of .77. The items were reduced from 19 to 18 by deleting the last item to utilize the Spearman-Brown formula. Using this method a reliability coefficient of .687 was obtained. To investigate further the reliability the Gunman split-half formula was applied to the data; this yielded a reliability coefficient of .683. The moderate reliability of the Leadership Inventory suggests it might be used cautiously as a screening instrument for potential leadership with gifted fourth through seventh graders. Further investigations with this inventory should be conducted with gifted students at the secondary level and with normal students at the upper elementary and secondary levels.
Symmetry relations revealed in Mueller matrix hemispherical maps

Abstract The hemispherical Mueller matrix map for light reflected from a plane-parallel planetary atmosphere is shown to obey several symmetry properties that provide a straightforward method to check their physical realizability. The mirror scattering relation and the reciprocity relation are employed to support the symmetry rules for hemispherical Mueller matrix maps. Additionally, two classes of experiments are identified in which the symmetry rules can be applied, namely, when the incident beam is at zenith and off-zenith angles and the scattering particles are spheres and randomly oriented hexagonal particles.
Effects of persistent inward currents, accommodation, and adaptation on motor unit behavior: a simulation study

Motor neurons are often assumed to generate spikes in proportion to the excitatory synaptic input received. There are, however, many intrinsic properties of motor neurons that might affect this relationship, such as persistent inward currents (PICs), spike-threshold accommodation, or spike-frequency adaptation. These nonlinear properties have been investigated in reduced animal preparation but have not been well studied during natural motor behaviors because of the difficulty in characterizing synaptic input in intact animals. Therefore, we studied the influence of each of these intrinsic properties on spiking responses and muscle force using a population model of motor units that simulates voluntary contractions in human subjects. In particular, we focused on the difference in firing rate of low-threshold motor units when higher threshold motor units were recruited and subsequently derecruited, referred to as ΔF. Others have used ΔF to evaluate the extent of PIC activation during voluntary behavior. Our results showed that positive ΔF values could arise when any one of these nonlinear properties was included in the simulations. Therefore, a positive ΔF should not be considered as exclusive evidence for PIC activation. Furthermore, by systematically varying contraction duration and speed in our simulations, we identified a means that might be used experimentally to distinguish among PICs, accommodation, and adaptation as contributors to ΔF.
Spectroscopic detection and characterization of the FS2 free radical

An extensive vibronic band system of the FS2 radical in the 700–485 nm region has been observed for the first time by laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) probing of the products of the reaction of F2 with various sulfur‐containing compounds. Jet‐cooled spectra were obtained by reacting fluorine with COS, H2S, or CS2 in the body of a continuous supersonic jet, just prior to expansion. Vibrational analysis of the jet spectra gives ν1’ = 768, ν2’ = 217, ν3’ = 495, ν1‘ = 705, ν2‘ = 293, ν3‘ = 684, and T00=14 922 cm−1, all in good agreement with ab initio predictions for the FS2 free radical. A rotational analysis of the high‐resolution spectrum of the 350 band shows that the transition is polarized out‐of‐plane, with spin splittings characteristic of a molecule with a single unpaired electron. The rotational constants and spin–rotation interaction constants were determined with good precision for the ground and excited states. By combining the rotational constants with our ab initio estimates of the S–F bond len...
Stuffing a virus with DNA: Dissecting viral genome packaging

It is rare that a fully functional biological system presents a simple biophysical problem. The problem of viral DNA packaging comes tantalizingly close: What forces are required to stuff double-stranded DNA of fixed length into a container of fixed volume? Now that biophysicists have developed the capability to measure such forces, theoretical solutions to this problem can be directly tested, as shown in the article by Fuller et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS. Because the theories describing these experiments involve relatively simple thermodynamics, the experiments present an excellent model system to test our understanding of DNA biophysics. Surprisingly, the authors find that recent models to describe DNA packaging in bacteriophages do not quantitatively predict the results of experiments in which solution conditions are changed.
On a finite element method for dynamic contact/impact problems

This paper addresses the formulation and discrete approximation of dynamic contact/impact initial-value problems. The continuous problem is presented in the context of non-linear kinematics. Standard semi-discrete time integrators are introduced and are shown to be unsuccessful in modelling the kinematic constraints imposed on the interacting bodies during persistent contact. A procedure that bypasses the aforementioned difficulty is proposed by means of a novel variational formulation. Numerical simulations are conducted and the results are reported and discussed.
THE SOLUBILITY OF NITROGEN AND OXYGEN IN LITHIUM AND METHODS OF LITHIUM PURIFICATION

Experiments were conducted to determine the solubility of N and O in Li at 250 to 450 ction prod- C and to determine which of several possible purification methods is most effective in reducing the N and O content of Li. The solubility of N in Li increased from 0.04 wt.% at 250 ction prod- C to 1.31 wt.% at 450 ction prod- C. The solubility of O was found to be 0.010 wt.% at 250 ction prod- C and increased to 0.066 wt.% at 400 ction prod- C. Vacuum distillation, lowtemperature filtration. cold-trapping, and gettering with active metals were investigated as possible purification methods to reduce the N and O content of Li. Of the techniques studied, gettering with active metals was found to be the most effective method of reducing the N concentration, while cold-trapping and low-temperature filtration were most effective in reducing the O concentration. (auth)
Numerical simulations of LNG vapor dispersion from a fenced storage area

Abstract The FEM3A model, with minor modifications, has been applied to simulate the vapor dispersion of four large-scale LNG vapor barrier field experiments and a comparison was made with relevant field data. The model was able to reproduce the major results of the experiments within a factor of two under most circumstances. For Falcon-1, with additional heat flux over the source area to model the superheating effects, results consistent with field observations were obtained. In particular, a vapor cloud overfilling the fenced enclosure was reproduced, in contrast with a vapor cloud essentially contained within the fence at all times observed in a pre-spill wind tunnel simulation. The simple approach currently taken to model turbulence and heat transfer in the source area has performed reasonably well; however, more sophisticated modeling of the source may be necessary for more accurate predictions at all locations. Results from simulations of the Falcon-4 experiment indicate that an LNG vapor fence can significantly reduce the downwind distance and hazardous area of the flammable vapor clouds. However, a vapor fence could also prolong the cloud persistence time in the source area, thus increasing the potential for ignition and combustion within the vapor fence and the area nearby.
Principles in positioning cross-projecting lasers.

With the increased sophistication of lasers used for patient positioning in radiotherapy comes increased possibilities for mistakes in installing the lasers, which can result in serious patient positioning errors. Two principles must be followed when mounting cross‐projecting lasers: (1) the horizontal line must be on the same level as the treatment unit isocenter, and the vertical line must be coplanar with the gantry rotation, and (2) If one of the lines of the cross rotates, it must be the line which is perpendicular to the line joining the two holes from which the laser beams exit the laser casing.
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in algae : synthesis, enzymology and evolution

Studies demonstrating differences in chloroplast structure and biochemistry have been used to formulate hypotheses concerning the origin of algal plastids. Genetic and biochemical experiments indicate that significant variation occurs in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) when supertaxa of eukaryotic algae are compared. These differences include variations in the organelle location of the genes and their arrangement, mechanism of Rubisco synthesis, polypeptide immunological reactivity and sequence, as well as efficacy of substrate (ribulose bisphosphate and CO2) binding and inhibitor (6-phosphogluconate) action. The structure-function relationships observed among chromophytic, rhodophytic, chlorophytic and prokaryotic Rubisco demonstrate that: (a) similarities among chromophytic and rhodophytic Rubisco exist in substrate/inhibitor binding and polypeptide sequence, (b) characteristic differences in enzyme kinetics and subunit polypeptide structure occur among chlorophytes, prokaryotes and chromophytes/rhodophytes, and (c) there is structural variability among chlorophytic plant small subunit polypeptides, in contrast to the conservation of this polypeptide in chromophytes and rhodophytes. Taxa-specific differences among algal Rubisco enzymes most likely reflect the evolutionary history of the plastid, the functional requirements of each polypeptide, and the consequences of encoding the large and small subunit genes in the same or different organelles.
Do we need more generalists

The author identifies the confluent forces that have structured U.S. medicine in favor of specialism since World War II. He concludes that any effort to increase the number and proportion of generalists in medicine is problematic in the absence of antecedent and concurrent transformations in the structure and functioning of academic health centers and in the financing of medical care, and of major, long-lasting changes in the delivery of health care. Only after these larger considerations have been addressed can the benefits of a generalist-oriented system be anticipated. Even then, the gains expected to accrue from a greater number of generalists might prove illusory.
Automated tactile graphics translation: in the field

We address the practical problem of automating the process of translating figures from mathematics, science, and engineering textbooks to a tactile form suitable for blind students. The Tactile Graphics Assistant (TGA) and accompanying workflow is described. Components of the TGA that identify text and replace it with Braille use machine learning, computational geometry, and optimization algorithms. We followed through with the ideas in our 2005 paper by creating a more detailed workflow, translating actual images, and analyzing the translation time. Our experience in translating more than 2,300 figures from 4 textbooks demonstrates that figures can be translated in ten minutes or less of human time on average. We describe our experience with training tactile graphics specialists to use the new TGA technology.