cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stages of retrieval in verbal learning

Abstract Analysis of storage, retention, and retrieval in standard free recall, extended free recall, and repeated recall after a single presentation indicates that most recall failures are retrieval failures, and that extended recall decreases retrieval failure and increases consistent retrieval. Stages of random and consistent retrieval account for total recall in terms of items consistently retrieved from the beginning, items stored for random retrieval, items actually retrieved at random, and additional items reaching the stage of consistent retrieval. The distinction between stages of random and consistent retrieval is supported by showing that random retrieval does not improve prior to the abrupt onset of consistent retrieval. This also indicates that increasing recall is due to the increasing number of consistently retrieved items.
The effects of some amino acid analogs on mitosis and the cell cycle

1. 1. Studies of the effects of several amino acid analogs on protein synthesis, mitosis and the cell cycle were performed. 2. 2. It was found that all of these analogs at appropriate concentrations could severely affect the duration of mitosis but only the phenylalanine analogs, and especially p-fluorophenylalanine, were shown to greatly prolong the duration of metaphase with little or relatively minor effects on the duration of the rest of the mitotic cycle. 3. 3. Of all the analogs studied, only 2-β-thienylalanine was observed to produce morphologically abnormal spindles. 4. 4. Analyses of the kinetics of the effects of 2-β-thienylalanine and p-chlorophenylalanine indicated that the data are consistent with previous findings on the effects of p-fluorophenylalanine which indicated that some mitosis-related protein is synthesized during a short period prior to mitosis and is conserved and reutilized by daughter cells for their own subsequent divisions.
The cost-effectiveness of biomarkers for predicting the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Summary Background: The recommended surveillance strategy for oesophageal adenocarcinoma may prevent as few as 50% of cancer deaths. Tissue biomarkers have been proposed to identify high-risk patients. Aim: To determine performance characteristics of an ideal biomarker, or panel of biomarkers, that would make its use more cost-effective than the current surveillance strategy. Methods: We created a Markov model using data from published literature, and performed a cost-utility analysis. The population consisted of 50-year-old Caucasian men with gastro-oesophageal reflux, who were monitored until age 80. We examined strategies of observation only, current practice (dysplasia-guided surveillance), surveillance every 3 months for patients with a positive biomarker (biomarker-guided surveillance), and oesophagectomy immediately for a positive biomarker (biomarker-guided oesophagectomy). The primary outcome was the threshold cost and performance characteristics needed for a biomarker to be more cost-effective than current practice. Results: Regardless of the cost, the biomarker needs to be at least 95% specific for biomarker-guided oesophagectomy to be cost-effective. For biomarker-guided surveillance to be cost-effective, a $100 biomarker could be 80% sensitive and specific. Conclusions: Biomarkers predicting the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma would need to be fairly accurate and inexpensive to be cost-effective. These results should guide the development of biomarkers for oesophageal adenocarcinoma.
Activation of dendritic cells by microparticles containing Bacillus anthracis protective antigen.

AbstractWe have carried out an in vitro investigation into the mechanism by which microencapsulation enhances the immunogenicity of recombi-nant protective antigen (rPA) from Bacillus anthracis . Murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DC) were cocultured with soluble andmicroencapsulated rPA and the activation status of the cells monitored using FACS. As compared with soluble rPA, it was found that cocultureof DC with rPA-loaded microparticles stimulated higher levels of MHC II, CD54, CD80 and CD86 expression (p <0.05). To investigate thelongevity of antigen presentation, splenocytes from na¨ive mice were pulsed overnight with 3 H-thymidine following 1, 3 or 6days coculturewith DC transiently exposed to soluble or microencapsulated rPA. Splenocyte proliferation was more pronounced, and continued for a moreprotracted period, if the ‘feeder’ cells were exposed to microencapsulated antigen as compared with soluble antigen or ‘empty’ microspheres.To this end, our ﬁndings indicate that microsphere uptake increases the surface expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules on DC andcan facilitate prolonged presentation of antigen to T-cells, possibly by acting as an intracellular depot.Crown Copyright © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Paying attention to smell: cholinergic signaling in the olfactory bulb

The tractable, layered architecture of the olfactory bulb (OB), and its function as a relay between odor input and higher cortical processing, makes it an attractive model to study how sensory information is processed at a synaptic and circuit level. The OB is also the recipient of strong neuromodulatory inputs, chief among them being the central cholinergic system. Cholinergic axons from the basal forebrain modulate the activity of various cells and synapses within the OB, particularly the numerous dendrodendritic synapses, resulting in highly variable responses of OB neurons to odor input that is dependent upon the behavioral state of the animal. Behavioral, electrophysiological, anatomical, and computational studies examining the function of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors expressed in the OB have provided valuable insights into the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in regulating its function. We here review various studies examining the modulation of OB function by cholinergic fibers and their target receptors, and provide putative models describing the role that cholinergic receptor activation might play in the encoding of odor information.
Blueschist metamorphism and P-T regimes in active subduction zones

Abstract Blueschist-type metamorphism involves the progressive development of some of the following minerals: at low grades, zeolites, pumpellyite, lawsonite + quartz, aragonite, jadeitic pyroxene + quartz; then at higher grades, zoisite-epidote, kyanite, omphacite, garnet and blue-green hornblende. Comparisons of natural assemblages with experimentally determined phase equilibria and oxygen isotopic analyses yield apparent physical conditions in the range 150–500° C at fluid (≈ lithostatic) pressures on the order of 3–8 + kbar. The unusually low metamorphic geothermal gradient indicated is on the order of 10–15°C/km. Blueschist belts seem to be confined to oceanic trench-type environments where they are hypothesized to represent subducted material which has buoyantly returned to the surface since recrystallization. Calculated downward deflections of the isotherms in the subducted lithospheric slabs yield similar or even lower geothermal gradients than deduced from the mineral parageneses. The disposition of relatively high-pressure isogradic surfaces in the upper portions of a model subduction zone demonstrates that the observed sequence of metamorphic facies reflects the direction of lithospheric plate descent. The approximate magnitude of inferred underflow can be gauged by the presence or absence of a contemporaneous high-temperature volcanic + plutonic + metamorphic complex in the non-subducted lithospheric plate. Greater amounts of underflow evidently are required to build up larger, relatively high-temperature, low-pressure terranes. Blueschist belts tend to be associated in time and space, indicating that since Late Paleozoic time, many convergent plate junctions have remained in approximately the same positions relative to the stable lithospheric slabs. The fact that, where preserved, older blueschistic belts, hence plate sutures, are located farther inland suggests that in some cases the subduction zones have stepped seaward with time, allowing, for the episodic return towards the surface of old trench melanges, hence growth of the non-subducted plates.
Synapsis of loxP Sites by Cre Recombinase

Cre recombinase catalyzes site-specific recombination between 34-bp loxP sites in a variety of topological and cellular contexts. An obligatory step in the recombination reaction is the association, or synapsis, of Cre-bound loxP sites to form a tetrameric protein assembly that is competent for strand exchange. Using analytical ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis approaches, we have studied the energetics of Cre-mediated synapsis of loxP sites. We found that synapsis occurs with a high affinity (Kd = 10 nM) and is pH-dependent but does not require divalent cations. Surprisingly, the catalytically inactive Cre K201A mutant is fully competent for synapsis of loxP sites, yet the inactive Y324F and R173K mutants are defective for synapsis. These findings have allowed us to determine the first crystal structures of a pre-cleavage Cre-loxP synaptic complex in a configuration representing the starting point in the recombination pathway. When combined with a quantitative analysis of synapsis using loxP mutants, the structures explain how the central 8 bp of the loxP site are able to dictate the order of strand exchange in the Cre system.
Solid phase heterocyclic synthesis via ring closing metathesis: Traceless linking and cyclative cleavage through a carbon-carbon double bond☆

Abstract Ring closing metathesis was utilized to affect cyclative cleavage of resin-bound α,ω dienes in the solid phase synthesis of dihydropyarans, pipecolinic acid derivatives and Freidinger lactams.
FLUX OF FATTY ACIDS DURING EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION

Fetal rat skin prior to cornification (18 days of gestation) was prelabeled with [14C] linoleic acid in vitro and subsequently allowed to differentiate and cornify in organ culture. During 48 hr in culture total epidermal 14C fatty acids and 14C dienes decreased in phospholipids and increased in triglycerides and sterol esters as granular layers and stratum corneum formed. During the second 24-hr period, there was no net loss in 14C fatty acids from the epidermis, suggesting that the changes in phospholipid and neutral esters represented translocations of fatty acids within the cornifying cells. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that fatty acids liberated by hydrolysis of phospholipids are salvaged by reesterfication as neutral lipid esters during epidermal cornification.
Exploring the formation of patient satisfaction in rural community telepharmacies

Abstract Objectives To apply a previously validated patient satisfaction questionnaire within rural community telepharmacies in an effort to identify the underlying factors determining satisfaction with those services and to assess whether the latent structure(s) of patient satisfaction varies depending on delivery mode or community-specific factors. Design Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. Setting Eight rural community telepharmacy sites (seven in North Dakota and one in Minnesota) in fall 2005. Patients 400 potential participants in rural communities (response rate 24% [n = 96]) whose primary community pharmacy is a telepharmacy site. Intervention Patients visiting a pharmacy to have at least one prescription filled were asked to complete a survey and mail responses to the investigators. The survey contained 37 questions, the first 20 of which were adapted from a well-established, validated survey instrument. Main outcome measure Patient satisfaction with rural community telepharmacy services; patient responses to 20 questions in the survey were used as main outcome variables. Results Applying factor analysis to the data yielded a single dimension of patient satisfaction. Conclusion A previous application of this instrument in a traditional community pharmacy setting yielded two interrelated latent constructs ("friendly explanation" and "managing therapy"). Our analysis suggests that the formation of patient satisfaction in rural community telepharmacies is much simpler in that patients form a single construct exhibiting high mean and median values. Anecdotal evidence from the literature suggests that the formation of a single construct reflects patients' desire to retain a point of access to health care in their communities.
A conceptual and historical basis for spatial analysis

Abstract Basic geographic information systems and spatial analysis techniques are frequently used in order to gain environmental understanding as a basis for landscape planning. While technical descriptions of such techniques are common, little has been written regarding their historical or conceptual bases. Four fundamental concepts that underlie these techniques are proposed and discussed: environmental complexity; determinism; stewardship; and spatial patterns. An account of the historical evolution of spatial thinking based on the development of geographic thought is also presented, with key phases identified that led to the development and integration of spatial analysis techniques into landscape planning as a standard method of gaining environmental understanding. Limitations in the use of “overlays” are evaluated in light of the historical account and conceptual basis, and promising directions for further development identified. Greater awareness of the roots underlying the spatial analysis techniques so routinely used today can facilitate their proper use, and encourage further innovation.
Supporting architectural concerns in component-interoperability standards

There has been considerable work in industry on the development of component-interoperability models, such as COM, CORBA and JavaBeans. These models are intended to reduce the complexity of software development and to facilitate reuse of off-the-shelf components. The focus of these models is syntactic interface specification, component packaging, intercomponent communication, and bindings to a runtime environment. What these models lack is a consideration of architectural concerns—specifying systems of communicating components, explicitly representing loci of component interaction, and exploiting architectural styles that provide well understood global design solutions. The work described involves introducing support for architectural concerns in component models, particularly studying techniques to support notions of architectural style and explicit connectors. The JavaBeans component model has been enhanced to support component composition according to the C2 architectural style. The approach enables the design and development of applications in the C2 style using off-the-shelf Java components or `beans' that are available to the designer. The techniques underlying the approach are described, along with a composition environment called `ARABICA' that embodies these techniques. A number of important issues that must be addressed when extending component standards to support architectural concerns are identified.
Automatic fault detection and recovery in real time switched Ethernet networks

EtheReal is a real-time fast Ethernet switch architecture that provides bandwidth guarantees to distributed multimedia applications without OS or hardware modifications on the host machines. It implements true link-layer multicast, and offers a natural match to support network-layer QoS protocols such as RSVP. Because real-time performance guarantees fundamentally require state to be installed inside the network, link/switch failures could lead to significant disruption to the QoS promised to the user applications. This paper describes the fault detection and recovery mechanism supported by the EtheReal architecture, and reports on the performance measurements of the initial prototype implementation. The heart of EtheReal's fault detection and recovery mechanism is a fast spanning tree reconfiguration algorithm to reduce the total fault recovery time, and a delayed link inactivation scheme that allows real-time connections which are not affected by the failed links/switches to continue to exist, even though some of the links are marked as "blocked" in the new spanning tree topology. Measurements on the prototype show that the fault detection and recovery time on a network whose diameter is 10 hops are 220 ms and 31 ms, respectively. This combined delay corresponds to a minor jitter in real-time audio/video communication, and is a significant improvement over the standard IEEE 802.1d implementation, which takes on the order of 30 sec.
TECHNIQUE OF CHILD ANALYSIS: Problems of the Opening Phase

In a recent paper on parameters in child analysis (Weiss, 1964), one of us proposed the necessity for setting up a basic model technique. When we tried to define such a model of treatment, the first problem seemed to be posed by the following question: what are the factors that are encountered in the beginning of a child’s analysis and how can they be dealt with so that an analytic situation will be promoted and enhanced? By analytic situation we mean the development of a transference neurosis within a situation that permits its interpretation, its working through and the ultimate resolution of the repressed and structural conflict that underlies it. The concept of the transference neurosis in child analysis has been controversial in the past. For example, in 1926 Anna Freud spoke out against it. She maintained that only transference reactions were possible in children because the original objects were still real and available for libidinal and aggressive discharge. She also felt that a dependent, affectionate attachment to the analyst was a prerequisite for analytic work. Negative transference was seen as an interference. During this same period, Melanie Klein (1927) took an
A study of unbalancing and balancing for systems of pooled machines of unequal sizes

This research explores the appropriateness of unbalancing workloads in flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) configured as pooled machines of unequal sizes. Studies are conducted to examine the applicability of following an objective to unbalance workloads when solving the FMS planning problems of selecting part types to be machined together and determining their production ratios. Simulation is used to compare unbalancing and balancing on realistic, detailed models of flexible flow systems (FFSs). The experiments are constructed to evaluate the impact of such factors as blocking, transportation, buffer utilizations, fixture requirements of various types, and different workload distributions among the machine types. The results indicate that the aggregate and theoretically optimal unbalanced workloads provided by Stecke and Solberg [1981, 1985] using a closed queueing network model are appropriate in a realistic FMS. It is demonstrated that the production rate and system and machine utilizations are all higher when unbalancing workloads in systems of pooled machines of unequal sizes. It is also observed that unbalanced part mix ratios conversely lead to balanced machine utilizations among unequally pooled machine types. However, overall system utilization seems to be more sensitive to the number of pallets in the system when unbalancing than when balancing. Further research needs are also noted.
Detection of the start of frequency excursions in wide-area measurements

This paper addresses the on-line estimation of the start of frequency perturbation in power systems using dynamic data measured across distribution networks. These measurements are provided by Internet based real-time, GPS synchronized, wide-area frequency monitoring network (FNET) and PMU data in WECC. In this paper the collected data are evaluated with current statistical model and adaptive tracking algorithm to detect the frequency perturbation of the power system. The goal is to automatically extract from frequency measurement parameters such as the exact time that indicates the start of the downward or upward trend caused by a power imbalance event in the power grid. Typical frequency patterns of system disturbance events are analyzed for actual power system.
Developing Message Interpersonality Measures in Computer-Mediated Communication.

Numerous studies address the ability of the computer-mediated communication (CMC) medium to carry social cues, e.g., social presence. This paper proposes to expand the study of social cues to include interpersonality measures directed toward messages within the CMC medium. Interpersonality is conceptualized as the joint measure of anticipated feedback and message coherence, factors that distinguish interpersonal messages from broadcast (mass) messages. Results from an online exercise indicate that anticipated feedback and message coherence are distinct constructs from social presence and that these measures jointly predict behavioral intention to comply with a message request.
Increased Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 During Induced Regression of Bovine Corpora Lutea

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to examine gene expression during induced luteal regression in the cow; the initial purpose was the identification of potential embryotoxins. In experiment 1, changes in gene expression in the corpus luteum (CL) were identified by differential display reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (DD-PCR) during the first 72 h of luteal regression in cows treated with prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on Days 4–7 after estrus. Expression of insulin-like growth factor–binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) was up-regulated, with greatest expression at 24 h (P < 0.05) after treatment with PGF2α began. In experiment. 2, IGFBP-1 and its mRNA were quantified in CL collected 24 or 48 h after treatment with PGF2α on Day 4 or 10 after estrus. Because local mechanisms for exchange of hormones between the ovary and uterus are known in ruminants, uterine flushings were assayed for IGFBP-1 to seek evidence of local transfer of luteal IGFBP-1 to the uterus. IGFBP-1 mRNA was increased (P < 0.05...
Tunable Subwavelength Metal Gratings in the Mid-IR Band

We demonstrate a tunable infrared (IR) filter based on a patterned subwavelength grating in a metal film. The optical properties of the filter, including center wavelength and pass bandwidth, are dependent on the lithographically defined pattern of the grating. Additionally, the transmission intensity is controlled by using electrostatic actuation to bring the metal film into and out of contact with an underlying dielectric film. A maximum transmission of 72% is achieved, with a 4-to-1 rejection ratio at an actuation voltage of 46 V. The device holds promise for application to gas sensors and other IR sensor systems. The operating principle of this device can be extended to other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the mid-IR
Design technology for extended logic manufacturing cell based on similarity theory and clustering analysis

In order to build extended logic manufacturing cell (ELMC) supporting rapid extended manufacturing (REM), the technology for ELMC based on similarity theory and clustering analysis was proposed. The question of ELMC was expounded, and computation of process similarity factor was introduced. The construction algorithm of ELMC was detailed discussed. Firstly, similarity matrix of processing task was constructed according to similarity theory. Then, on basis of similarity matrix and resource constraints, processing tasks were divided into groups. Finally, equipments was allotted to relevant ELMC in accordance with priority of processing task and capacity of resources.
Coordination of local adaptive traffic signal controllers

We consider that freeway traffic flows out onto surface streets and surface street traffic flows into freeways and thus the combined performance of both freeway and surface street portions of a network are interrelated. We analyze a control architecture to improve surface street flow using adaptive signal controllers and introduce an important component towards coordinating control of surface street networks with freeway control. The contribution of this paper relates to the use of a particular adaptive signal control scheme at each intersection called ALLONS-D and a description of how to impart directives from a higher level controller to these local controllers such that traffic performance on the whole is maximized. Our result is a multi-layer approach for controlling the infrastructure in an urban street network. Simulations on an arterial network and a grid network are performed to test the coordination procedure that is presented.
Clinical evaluation of a new polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens.

A clinical evaluation of the Amplicor polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical swabs (Roche Molecular Systems, Branchburg, N.J.) is described. This new clinical system used one-step sample preparation, amplification with biotinylated cryptic plasmid primer pairs (CP24-CP27), uracil-N-glycosylase (AmpErase), and a microtiter format for amplicon capture and detection. Culture with McCoy cells in duplicate 1-dram (3.697-ml) vials with fluorescent immunostaining was the reference system. Endocervical swab samples from 945 women provided 74 culture-positive specimens, of which PCR detected 71. The initial PCR result was positive for 12 additional specimens. Arbitration of the PCR-positive, culture-negative samples by PCR with major outer membrane protein primers, duplicate culture, elementary body direct fluorescent-antibody staining, and DNA extraction PCR showed that all 12 samples were positive for chlamydia, raising the number of truly positive samples from 74 to 86. After arbitration the true sensitivities of PCR and culture were 96.5 and 86%, respectively (P = 0.02). Specificities for both were 100%. For PCR, the positive and negative predictive values were 100 and 99.7%, respectively. Total test efficiency was 99.7%. A high-test-volume (121 samples) timing study with all items included in the College of American Pathologists work load method indicated that this PCR format took approximately 3 min per sample. Because of the high sensitivity, specificity, and improved ease of handling, we found PCR to be a good alternative to culture for detection of C. trachomatis.
Epic Fail: An Institutional Analysis of Financial Distress

This paper presents an institutional analysis of financial distress. “Institutional analysis” assesses the comparative effectiveness of large-scale social processes, such as markets, courts, and governments, at solving social problems. Although financial distress is one of our most acute problems, there has been virtually no effort to analyze it from an institutional perspective. This paper fills that gap. Institutional analysis shows that, contrary to conventional wisdom, financial distress is not a problem that courts, such as bankruptcy courts, usually solve by themselves. Instead, it is increasingly a problem that political organs (whether elected or regulatory) both create and purport to resolve. Government creates financial distress when it subsidizes private debt, through guarantees and regulatory exemptions for certain debt-like transactions, among other things. Government increasingly seeks to resolve it through laws such as Dodd-Frank, which tend to vest decision-making authority in government, not the stakeholders (e.g., creditors and debtors) involved. Institutional analysis is, in important part, about the nature and effect of stakeholder participation. On this metric, the trend is worrisome. Government tends to rob stakeholders of the participatory capacity to resolve financial distress inter se. Markets and courts, by contrast, generally create more participatory mechanisms, most commonly through the renegotiation (“work out”) of debt. To be sure, government has an important role in resolving financial distress. It is likely the best institution to prevent bank panics. But this is precisely because of the participatory failures that characterize a panic. Failing to recognize the institutional dimensions of financial distress has important implications. In the short term, laws such as Dodd-Frank codify institutional mistakes that contributed to the financial crisis. In the long term, government cannot subsidize debt as it has in recent years without creating significant problems of intergenerational equity. The paper concludes by exposing weaknesses in recent proposals to prevent future crises. I also offer an example of an institutionally-attuned solution: the strict liability claw-back for compensation received on account of government-subsidized debt.
The oneness of opposites: Applied communication and theory

(1991). The oneness of opposites: Applied communication and theory. Journal of Applied Communication Research: Vol. 19, The Agenda for Applied Communication Research, pp. 116-122.
The VEGF Pathway in Cancer and Disease: Responses, Resistance, and the Path Forward

Antiangiogenesis was proposed as a novel target for the treatment of cancer 40 years ago. Since the original hypothesis put forward by Judah Folkman in 1971, factors that mediate angiogenesis, their cellular targets, many of the pathways they signal, and inhibitors of the cytokines and receptors have been identified. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most prominent among the angiogenic cytokines and is believed to play a central role in the process of neovascularization, both in cancer as well as other inflammatory diseases. This article reviews the biology of VEGF and its receptors, the use of anti-VEGF approaches in clinical disease, the toxicity of these therapies, and the resistance mechanisms that have limited the activity of these agents when used as monotherapy.
Reliability of the radial and ulnar nerve biased upper extremity neural tissue provocation tests

Study design: Within subjects test-retest design. Background: Neural tissue provocation tests (NTPTs) are used clinically to examine neural tissue mechanosensitivity in patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Previous studies suggest the median and radial nerve biased tests can be applied reliably using external fixation devices. Transfering these reliability data to a clinical setting where external fixation devices are not used may not be appropriate. Although median nerve biased NTPT can be applied reliably without external fixation devices, no data exist for the radial and ulnar nerve biased tests. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine intrarater reliability of the NTPTs biased toward the radial and ulnar nerves without external fixation devices. Methods and measures: The NTPTs biased towards the radial and ulnar nerves were examined on 45 asymptomatic participants. The examiner's perception of firm resistance defined the end position of each NTPT. Elbow range of motion was measured a...
Testing for Balance Sheet Effects in Emerging Markets: A Non-Crisis Setting*

The literature has established that emerging market economies are better insulated from large external shocks during a financial crisis when they adopt a flexible exchange rate regime. Looking at the strength of firms' balance sheets, this paper shows that the opposite holds true in non-crisis periods. The reason is that balance sheets and thus spending decisions are less affected by external shocks under fixed regimes. This result is obtained through several theoretical and empirical methodologies that are useful for identifying balance sheet effects in a non-crisis setting. Simulations reveal a larger (smaller) output response under flexible regimes when these effects are included (excluded). Although the transmission of foreign interest rate shocks to domestic interest rates is stronger under fixed regimes, it appears the limited effects on balance sheets generate a more muted output response.
Highly multiplexed antibody-antigen detection using nanoscale optofluidic resonators

We demonstrate a highly multiplexable optofluidic biosensor consisting of arrays of evanescently coupled photonic crystal resonators. We show the ability to monitor binding kinetics of Anti-Streptavidin in real-time and investigate the limit-of-detection (LOD) of the sensor.
Enzymatic and electrochemical polymerization of fibrinogen.

Anodic electrolysis of fibrinogen at platinum electrodes causes the formation of fibrin-type structure at potentials below .08 V S.C.E.; at higher potentials denaturation occurs. Coated electron microscope grids were used as electrodes in fibrinogen solutions. When removed and dried these grids contain a protein film which acts as a sampler-substrate for entities which are either in solution or are formed at the electrodes.
Review of neural networks for speech recognition

The performance of current speech recognition systems is far below that of humans. Neural nets offer the potential of providing massive parallelism, adaptation, and new algorithmic approaches to problems in speech recognition. Initial studies have demonstrated that multilayer networks with time delays can provide excellent discrimination between small sets of pre-segmented difficult-to-discriminate words, consonants, and vowels. Performance for these small vocabularies has often exceeded that of more conventional approaches. Physiological front ends have provided improved recognition accuracy in noise and a cochlea filter-bank that could be used in these front ends has been implemented using micro-power analog VLSI techniques. Techniques have been developed to scale networks up in size to handle larger vocabularies, to reduce training time, and to train nets with recurrent connections. Multilayer perceptron classifiers are being integrated into conventional continuous-speech recognizers. Neural net architectures have been developed to perform the computations required by vector quantizers, static pattern classifiers, and the Viterbi decoding algorithm. Further work is necessary for large-vocabulary continuous-speech problems, to develop training algorithms that progressively build internal word models, and to develop compact VLSI neural net hardware.
Important Lessons Derived from Animal Models of Celiac Disease

Several animal models have been recently developed to recapitulate various components of the complex process that is celiac disease. In addition to the increasing diversity of murine models there are now monkey models of celiac disease. Mouse strains and protocols have been developed that are now just beginning to address the complex interactions among the innate and adaptive immune responses to gluten, as well as gluten-dependent autoimmunity in celiac disease. The most important conclusion that these models have provided us with so far is that while all three components (innate gluten sensitivity, adaptive gluten sensitivity, and autoimmunity) are independent phenomena, all are necessary for celiac disease to develop.
Parallel graph reduction on a supercomputer: a status report

We describe an ongoing effort to develop a parallel graph reduction run-time system hosted on a multiprocessor supercomputer. This run-time system is presently augmented by the functional language compiler of the ALFALFA system. Admittedly, parallel graph reduction is hardly a novel idea. The interesting notion is the provision of a parallel execution environment sufficiently powerful to support development of large prototypical scientific and symbolic codes in a functional language. This will allow the investigation of the functional programming paradigm within these application domains in an empirical fashion. In this paper, we discuss the motivation for the effort, describe the basic elements of the implementation, and provide some preliminary insight distilled from our experience with an initial version of the run-time system.
Design of an Air Dynamometer for Direct Connection to the SunShot SCO2 Turbine Expander Shaft

In conjunction with the SunShot program to develop a supercritical CO2 turbine expander, an air dynamometer was developed to absorb the power of the SCO2 turbine during development testing. The dynamometer is unique in that it is directly mounted to the shaft of the turbine expander replacing the associated compressor coupling during the test campaign. It is able to replicate both the load of the compressor as well as the rotordynamic qualities of the compressor coupling all without the need for additional bearings, casing, or larger skid. The dynamometer consists of a single-stage centrifugal air compressor ingesting ambient air. To maximize turn-down and minimize weight, the impeller diameter and flow coefficient were optimized along with the design of the loop throttle valves. The detailed aerodynamic, rotordynamic, and mechanical design for the dynamometer is presented. The aerodynamic methodology to minimize unsteady forces transmitted to the turbine will also be reviewed.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Hospital Readmissions in Patients With Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

BACKGROUND Various transmission routes contribute to spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in hospitalized patients. Patients with readmissions during which CRKP is again isolated (“CRKP readmission”) potentially contribute to transmission of CRKP. OBJECTIVE To evaluate CRKP readmissions in the Consortium on Resistance against Carbapenems in K. pneumoniae (CRaCKLe). DESIGN Cohort study from December 24, 2011, through July 1, 2013. SETTING Multicenter consortium of acute care hospitals in the Great Lakes region. PATIENTS All patients who were discharged alive during the study period were included. Each patient was included only once at the time of the first CRKP-positive culture. METHODS All readmissions within 90 days of discharge from the index hospitalization during which CRKP was again found were analyzed. Risk factors for CRKP readmission were evaluated in multivariable models. RESULTS Fifty-six (20%) of 287 patients who were discharged alive had a CRKP readmission. History of malignancy was associated with CRKP readmission (adjusted odds ratio [adjusted OR], 3.00 [95% CI, 1.32–6.65], P P=. 02). Receipt of tigecycline-based therapy (adjusted OR, 5.13 [95% CI, 1.72–17.44], using aminoglycoside-based therapy as a reference in those treated with anti-CRKP antibiotics) was associated with CRKP readmission. CONCLUSION Hospitalized patients with CRKP—specifically those with a history of malignancy—are at high risk of readmission with recurrent CRKP infection or colonization. Treatment during the index hospitalization with a tigecycline-based regimen increases this risk. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(3):281–288
Conceptual Issues in Comparing Results from the NIMH DIS with Classification Systems used Internationally

Probably the most difficult question in psychiatric epidemiology has been: What is a Case? (1) Dealing with that problem almost invariably creates a second one: How does that method of case-identification compare to those used in other studies conducted around the world?
Independent Agencies and the Unitary Executive Debate: An Empirical Critique

The unitary executive theory - that the Constitution gives the President complete control over the executive branch - questions the constitutionality of independent agencies. The debate surrounding this theory involves competing policy arguments. Unitarians tend to see independent agencies as partisan tools of congressional aggrandizement which sap executive energy and diminish democratic accountability. Non-unitarians see independence as enabling professionalized bureaucratic decision-making or furthering deliberative democratic goals. We test these claims using the results from a unique, comprehensive database of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voting. We find neither lock-step partisanship or vise-like Chair (or proxy presidential) control. Decision making at the FCC occurs largely by consensus with unanimous orders constituting over 91% of the 8252 in our database. When predicting the likelihood to dissent, however, commissioner's individual tendency to dissent (as measured by examining conditional probabilities derived from logistic regressions) has a greater effect than party affiliation. We interpret this finding as showing that commissioners pursue individual agendas, not the President's or Congress's as an institution. The unitarians, therefore, underestimate the extent to which independent agencies frustrate democratic accountability. Most significant, micro-institutional features determine agency outcomes and mediate any congressional or executive influence. In particular, the way commissioners are chosen and the organizational structures in which they operate strongly affect partisanship, i.e., party-line voting. The FCC produced more partisan outcomes when, in the late 1990s, the commissioner nomination and confirmation process became more partisan. When the FCC changed in 1982 from a seven to five-commissioner body, there was a decrease in commissioners' tendency to dissent
A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the See, Tilt, Align, and Rotate (STAR) Maneuver on Skill Acquisition for Simulated Ultrasound‐Guided Interventional Procedures

OBJECTIVES Achieving the best view of the needle and target anatomy when performing ultrasound-guided interventional procedures requires technical skill, which novices may find difficult to learn. We hypothesized that teaching novice performers to use 4 sequential steps (see, tilt, align, and rotate [STAR] method) to identify the needle under ultrasound guidance is more efficient than training with the commonly described probe movements of align, rotate, and tilt (ART). METHODS This study compared 2 instructional methods for transducer manipulation including alignment of a probe and needle by novices during a simulated ultrasound-guided nerve block. Right-handed volunteers between the ages of 18 and 55 years who had no previous ultrasound experience were recruited and randomized to 1 of 2 groups; one group was trained to troubleshoot misalignment with the ART method, and the other was trained with the new STAR maneuver. Participants performed the task, consisting of directing a needle in plane to 3 targets in a standardized gelatin phantom 3 times. The performance assessor and data analyst were blinded to group assignment. RESULTS Thirty-five participants were recruited. The STAR group was able to complete the task more quickly (P < .001) and visualized the needle in a greater proportion of the procedure time (P = .004) compared to the ART group. All STAR participants were able to complete the task, whereas 41% of ART participants abandoned the task (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS Novices are able to complete a simulated ultrasound-guided nerve block more quickly and efficiently when trained with the 4-step STAR maneuver compared to the ART method.
Determinants of Behavioral Alertness in Adults with Heart Failure.

Study Objectives:The primary objective of this study was to describe characteristics of sleep across the three domains of sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and behavioral alertness in community-dw...
Exercise cardiorespiratory function in adolescents with pectus excavatum. Observations before and after operation.

We studied 12 children with pectus excavatum (mean age, 13.8 years) using pulmonary function and exercise testing. Eight patients had surgical repair and were studied before and after repair. Four patients did not have repair and were tested twice. The degree of chest wall deformity in the two groups was similar. All patients reached 86% or more of their maximal predicted heart rate with exercise. Total lung capacity decreased 8% (p
Does GVHD make amateurs out of professional APCs

In this issue of Blood, Wikstrom and colleagues highlight antigen-presenting cell (APC) dysfunction as a potential cause of impaired antiviral immunity in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
Monocytes and macrophages in tissue repair: Implications for immunoregenerative biomaterial design:

Monocytes and macrophages play a critical role in tissue development, homeostasis, and injury repair. These innate immune cells participate in guiding vascular remodeling, stimulation of local stem and progenitor cells, and structural repair of tissues such as muscle and bone. Therefore, there is a great interest in harnessing this powerful endogenous cell source for therapeutic regeneration through immunoregenerative biomaterial engineering. These materials seek to harness specific subpopulations of monocytes/macrophages to promote repair by influencing their recruitment, positioning, differentiation, and function within a damaged tissue. Monocyte and macrophage phenotypes span a continuum of inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory or pro-regenerative cells (M2), and their heterogeneous functions are highly dependent on microenvironmental cues within the injury niche. Increasing evidence suggests that division of labor among subpopulations of monocytes and macrophages could allow for harnessing regenerative functions over inflammatory functions of myeloid cells; however, the complex balance between necessary functions of inflammatory versus regenerative myeloid cells remains to be fully elucidated. Historically, biomaterial-based therapies for promoting tissue regeneration were designed to minimize the host inflammatory response; although, recent appreciation for the roles that innate immune cells play in tissue repair and material integration has shifted this paradigm. A number of opportunities exist to exploit known signaling systems of specific populations of monocytes/macrophages to promote repair and to better understand the biological and pathological roles of myeloid cells. This review seeks to outline the characteristics of distinct populations of monocytes and macrophages, identify the role of these cells within diverse tissue injury niches, and offer design criteria for immunoregenerative biomaterials given the intrinsic inflammatory response to their implantation.
Medical Ethics Made Easy.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES Case managers (CMs) today are involved in many different care scenarios. They collaborate with many professionals in the multidisciplinary care team. CMs work to facilitate improved patient outcomes and help patients, family members, and providers establish and work toward similar goals. Often these involve end-of-life and critical care, which can call ethics consultations or utilization of other resources to help facilitate communication toward these goals. The objective of this article was to help increase CMs comfort level with starting to apply the 4 basic ethical principles to practice in basic concept. PRIMARY PRACTICE SETTING(S) Inpatient acute care as well as outpatient settings, such as physician offices, and home health care settings. FINDINGS/CONCLUSIONS Knowledge and a comfort level in applying the 4 ethical principles can help establish the CM role in facilitating communication among care providers, as they work toward a common goal in the treatment plan. Understanding the principles and applying them in basic concept can help CMs participate in conflict resolution or appropriate referrals to ethics committees. IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE Complex medical situations and care issues can lead to conflicts. Knowledge of basic ethical principles and core concepts may be a useful tool for CMs as they collaborate and communicate with patients, family members, and health care providers. Facilitating communication about the treatment plan, and acting as patient advocate, can optimize outcomes and potentially reduce length of stay.