cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wavelet‐space correlation imaging for high‐speed MRI without motion monitoring or data segmentation

Purpose This study aims to (i) develop a new high-speed MRI approach by implementing correlation imaging in wavelet-space, and (ii) demonstrate the ability of wavelet-space correlation imaging to image human anatomy with involuntary or physiological motion. Methods Correlation imaging is a high-speed MRI framework in which image reconstruction relies on quantification of data correlation. The presented work integrates correlation imaging with a wavelet transform technique developed originally in the field of signal and image processing. This provides a new high-speed MRI approach to motion-free data collection without motion monitoring or data segmentation. The new approach, called “wavelet-space correlation imaging”, is investigated in brain imaging with involuntary motion and chest imaging with free-breathing. Results Wavelet-space correlation imaging can exceed the speed limit of conventional parallel imaging methods. Using this approach with high acceleration factors (6 for brain MRI, 16 for cardiac MRI, and 8 for lung MRI), motion-free images can be generated in static brain MRI with involuntary motion and nonsegmented dynamic cardiac/lung MRI with free-breathing. Conclusion Wavelet-space correlation imaging enables high-speed MRI in the presence of involuntary motion or physiological dynamics without motion monitoring or data segmentation. Magn Reson Med, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study of the 77, 79, 81, 83Se level structure with the reaction

Abstract Differential cross-section and vector-analyzing-power data were obtained for an incident deuteron energy of 12.5 MeV for the 76,78,80,82 Se(d, p) 77,79,81,83 Se reactions. The results are compared with the predictions of the DWBA theory to determine l -values, spins, parities and spectroscopic factors of the resolved states. Magnetic spectrograph measurements were made to determine the excitation energies of the states studied as well as for a number of additional levels in each isotope. A precise determination of the 82 Se(d, p) 83 Se Q -value was also made, yielding a value of 3.5934±0.0030 MeV. Spin and parity assignments have been made to 16 states in 77 Se, 22 states in 79 Se, 17 states in 81 Se, and 15 states in 83 Se. In addition, tentative spin assignments were made to one state in 79 Se and to three states in 83 Se. A sum-rule analysis was carried out and comparisons made to previous work and to the predictions of the simple pairing theory. The results are in general agreement with the Coriolis-coupling model calculations of Heller and Friedman.
Spontaneous activity and food deprivation in human subjects.

Central to the theoretical conceprualization of drive has been its assumed properties to function as an energizer to an organism (Brown, 1953; Hall, 1961; Hull, 1943). However, empirical results concerning the relationship berween drive states and spontaneous activity are inconclusive. For example, srudies by Finger (1951 ) and Hall ( 1956) employing the activity wheel as a dependent measure have obtained results indicating that activity increases with degree of deprivation. Research employing various other measuring devices and degrees of deprivation (De Vito & Smith, 1959; Hall, Hanford, 6: Low, 1960; Strong, 1957) has failed to demonstrate the hypothesized relationships between drive and activity. Both Hall ( 1961 ) and Reed (1947) have suggested that conflicting results have been primarily determined by the narure of the measuring device. An additional limitation in research has been the difficulty of obtaining humans as Ss. An exception is the research by Irwin (1932) who employed stabilimecer measures on infants to investigate changes in activity as a function of elapsed time between feedings. H e found that motor activity of infants increased as a funcrion of the hours of food deprivation. The purpose of rhis study was to investigate the relationship between food deprivation and spontaneous activiry using adult males as Ss. The study was part of a larger investigation concerned with che consequents of food deprivation.
How contagious is vaccinia

Smallpox vaccination carries with it well-known risks of adverse events, but problems may also arise from the risk of secondary transmission of the live virus. This review article examines what is known about the potential for nosocomial infection and for spread within families. The author also assesses the implications for vaccination policy.
Collective field in Hamiltonian and Lagrangian (path-integral) approach: An application to O(N) Heisenberg spin operator

Collective field approach to O(N) Heisenberg spin system is discussed. Hamiltonian formulation is reviewed and connection with largeN limit is shown. Collective field is then introduced in the Lagrangian path-integral formulation and 1/N corrections to various quantities like mass-gap, beta-function are computed.
Ventricular arrhythmias following thermal damage of epicardial tissue: possible causes and clinical implications.

Epicardial heating may be used for ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation and transmyocardiai revascularization. However, the potential risks of thermal epicardial injury, including arrhythmia, have not been fully explored. This study relates the pathologic and arrhythmic se-quellae of epicardial heating when applied with a diode laser at varying doses. Acute pathology and dosimetry were determined in a group of normal dogs using 2–3 W over 30–90 seconds. Another group received a similar dose range before undergoing 24-hour monitoring, and electrophysiological testing was done at 4 weeks. In this group, four dogs each received 12 lesions (90–180 J) according to a randomized block design. Another dog received nine lower dose lesions (30–120 J). Acute lesions measured 2.5–8.0-mm wide by 4–8.5-mm deep. Charring and vaporization were common when 3 W were applied over 45 seconds. Within 24 hours. VT with features of abnormal automaticity occurred in all dogs receiving this dose. The dog in whom lower doses induced coagulation only had no VT. Four weeks later, electrophysiological study induced no VT. At this time fibrosis and granulation tissue were organizing the contraction band necrosis seen acutely, and some lesion borders were becoming calcified. No major vessels had been damaged. Abnormal automaticity and VT may occur if thermal damage of the epicardium exceeds coagulation. This could be related to tissue injury caused by sudden water vaporization, and may have clinical relevance given the growing indications for myocardial heating.
Symptomatic giant Müllerian duct cyst in an infant: radiographic and CT findings.

We report an unusual case of Mullerian duct cyst in an 8-month-old infant who presented with frequent vomiting and recurrent urinary tract infections. Computed tomography showed a midline giant cyst in the pelvic floor. Delayed enhanced computed tomography demonstrated contrast filling of the cyst, indicating a communication with the urotract. Subsequent cystourethrogram and surgery confirmed a giant Mullerian duct cyst.
Laser angioplasty in peripheral vascular disease: Symptomatic versus hemodynamic results

Most early reports on the efficacy of laser angioplasty have used subjective symptoms rather than objective hemodynamic parameters to evaluate clinical results. We reviewed our experience with hot tip laser-assisted balloon angioplasty in 99 occluded or stenotic arterial segments during 80 procedures in 71 patients, ranging from the aortic bifurcation to the tibial-peroneal trunk. Initial failure to successfully recanalize occluded or stenotic segments occurred in 13 instances (16%). Forty-one procedure-related complications occurred in 31 patients (39%). Functional results were evaluated by use of life-table methods on the basis of symptomatic versus hemodynamic improvement. Cumulative patency rates for symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement were 91% and 64% at 1 month, 71% and 48% at 6 months, and 57% and 34% at 1 year, respectively. These data suggest that symptomatic improvement alone gives a misleadingly high estimate of the efficacy of laser angioplasty when compared with more objective hemodynamic criteria (p less than 0.005). Hemodynamic success was more likely in aortoiliac lesions than femoropopliteal lesions (58% vs 18% at 1 year, p less than 0.01). Hemodynamic parameters should be used to evaluate the success of laser angioplasty, which in its present form, is associated with frequent complications and poor long-term success.
Some Novel Ideas of Spacecraft Charging Mitigation

The level of spacecraft surface charging is determined by current balance. At geosynchronous altitude, photoelectron currents from spacecraft surfaces exceed the ambient electron currents. Lacking photoemission, however, the dark side of a spacecraft can charge to high negative voltages, which, in turn, affect the sunlit side. This paper explores the feasibility of using the following: 1) mirrors and 2) artificial photon sources, such as xenon excimer lamps or vacuum ultraviolet LEDs, to generate sufficient photoemission from the dark side to prevent high-level negative voltage charging.
Seroreactivity to HPV-16 proteins in women with early cervical neoplasia.

Although serological reactivity to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) proteins has been demonstrated in patients with invasive cervical carcinoma, the degree of seroreactivity to these proteins in women with preinvasive disease and its relationship to the HPV type associated with the disease are unclear. We obtained sera from 27 women undergoing cone biopsy for cervical precursor lesions and 22 controls and analyzed seroreactivity by Western blot to fusion proteins containing portions of the HPV-16 E4, L1 and L2 open-reading frames (ORFs). Positives were analyzed by scanning densitometry and intensity values for each case plotted relative to controls. Cervical biopsy specimens from patients were analyzed for HPV-16 nucleic acids by DNA · DNA in situ hybridization. Mean intensity values for seroreactivity to the pATH-E4 protein approached significance (P = 0.058) and a significantly higher proportion of cases vs controls registered values over 4.0 for pATH-E4 (26% vs 4.5%;P = 0.04) and pATH-L2 (48% vs 18%;P = 0.03) proteins. A significantly higher mean intensity value for E4 was observed for cases containing HPV-16 DNA vs HPV-16 negative cases or controls. Thus, seroreactivity to HPV-16-derived proteins may be more common in women with preinvasive cervical disease, and for some protein targets (E4) may indicate a relatively type-specific response.
Parameters Affecting the Efficiency of Affinity‐Based Reversed Micellar Extraction and Separation (ARMES) in Glycoprotein Purification

Affinity-based reversed micellar extraction and separation (ARMES) is an effective method for purifying both low and high molecular weight glycoproteins via liquid-liquid extraction. A range of extraction conditions were examined to gain insight into the mechanism of ARMES. Concanavalin A (Con A) was used as the model affinity ligand to bind soybean peroxidase (SBP) and β-galactosidase as model glycoproteins. Factorial design was used to investigate the effect of various system variables on the extraction of SBP via ARMES. A quadratic model described the system well, resulting in a standard deviation of 7% between calculated and experimental extraction efficiencies. Sensitivity analysis suggested that the key criteria in ARMES were the NaCl concentration and pH of the aqueous feed phase. Extraction of both glycoproteins decreased above pH 7 but fell to zero only at pH values significantly above the pI of the model glycoproteins and the Con A affinity ligand. It is proposed that the complex of the affinity lectin with the glycoprotein results in a sufficiently hydrophobic species that can be extracted into a reversed micellar organic phase even at pH's far above the pI's of the individual proteins that comprise the complex. This finding has practical considerations for the use of ARMES in the resolution and purification of protein glycoforms.
Researching teachers working with young adolescents: implications for ethnographic research

Ethnography has the capacity to interrogate and unravel what Geertz called ‘webs of significance’ in respect of difficult and perplexing cultural issues. One arena that is especially troubling at the moment lies in the need to pose questions and explore more robust explanations as to how it is that some teachers of young adolescents seem to be able to reinvent themselves in ways that make a difference for this group of students. These are teachers who are working against the tide. What this paper does is provide some background urgency to the issue, asks questions about the efficacy of ethnography, and suggests some worthy next ethnographic steps in understanding an important and intractable imponderable. … man [sic] is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun. (Geertz, 1973, p. 5)
Military veterans marching towards entrepreneurship: An exploratory mixed methods study

Abstract This study evaluates the effects of a community-based entrepreneurship training program on the entrepreneurial passion (EP) and networking frequency of military veterans. Pre-test and post-test surveys were completed by military veterans who received scholarships to attend a 10-week structured course. These veterans also participated in business mentoring sessions with local business entrepreneurs for an additional nine months. The results demonstrate that the program significantly improved the veterans' entrepreneurial passion scores, as well as raised the level of networking behavior. These findings provide additional validation for the EP survey instrument and contribute to the understanding of integrating military veterans into a civilian-based entrepreneurship ecosystem that provides access to business resources and in turn increases entrepreneurial passion.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION AND TRANSMISSION OF TAR SARCOMAS IN CHICKENS

Two spindle cell sarcomas have developed as the result, of injection of coal tar into induced embryomas in chickens. One of these, transplanted to other chickens for eleven generations, is highly invasive in character, and metastasizes freely. Attempts to transmit this neoplasm by a filtrate or desiccate of the tumor have failed of success.
The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some aminoazobenzene dyes and their reductive-cleavage products

15 aminoazobenzene dyes and 7 of their reductive-cleavage products were examined in the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538. Dyes tested included 5 derivatives of 4-aminoazobenzene with different alkoxy substituents (-OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -OCH2CH2 CH3, -OCH2CH2CH2CH3 or -OCH2CH2OH) in the 8-position as well as the corresponding derivatives of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)azo]-N,N-diethylaniline and 4-[(4-aminophenyl)azo]-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline. In general, as the size of the substituent ortho to the primary amino group of the dyes was increased, the mutagenicity decreased. A similar trend was observed for the reductive-cleavage products. The results from the latter aspect of this study suggest that the mutagenicity of aminoazobenzene dyes can not be accounted for solely from the properties of their reductive-cleavage products.
Unrestricted Diffusion of Exogenous and Endogenous PIP2 in Baby Hamster Kidney and Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Plasmalemma

We used two approaches to characterize the lateral mobility of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in the plasmalemma of baby hamster kidney and Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts. First, nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled C6-phosphatidylcholine and C16-PIP2 were incorporated into plasma membrane “lawns” (∼20 × 30 μm) from these cells and into the outer monolayer of intact cells. Diffusion coefficients determined by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching were similar for the two lipids and were higher in lawns, ∼0.3 μm2/s, than on the cell surface, ∼0.1 μm2/s. For membrane lawns, the fractional recoveries (75–90%) were close to those expected from the fraction of total membrane bleached, and labeling by the probes was several times greater than for intact cells. Second, we analyzed cells expressing M1 muscarinic receptors and green fluorescent protein fused with PIP2-binding pleckstrin-homology domains, Tubby domains or diacylglycerol (DAG)-binding C1 domains. On-cell gigaseal patches were formed with pipette tips >5 μm in diameter. When the agonist carbachol (0.3 mm) was applied either within or outside of the pipette, lipid signals crossed the pipette barrier rapidly in both directions and membrane blebbing occurred on both membrane sides. Accurate simulations of lipid gradients required diffusion coefficients >1 μm2/s. Exogenous DAG also crossed the pipette barrier rapidly. In summary, we found no evidence for restricted diffusion of signaling lipids in these cells. The lower mobility and incorporation of phospholipid at the extracellular leaflet may reflect a more ordered and condensed extracellular monolayer, as expected from previous studies.
Midline Cleft: Treatment of the Bifid Nose

Background Midline facial clefts are rare deformities with a wide range of clinical findings from a simple midline vermillion notch to major skeletal malformations, including orbital hypertelorism. The bifid nose is a relatively uncommon malformation that is frequently associated with hypertelorbitism and midline clefts of the lip. The presentation of a bifid nose ranges from a minimally noticeable midline nasal tip central groove to a complete clefting of the osteocartilaginous framework, resulting in 2 complete half noses. We describe our experience with 2 patients with midface clefts who presented with bifid noses and a variety of other congenital abnormalities. The anatomy, extensive treatment, and complications of the bifid nose are discussed. Design Retrospective case review and literature review. Results Successful creation of an aesthetic nasal contour and normal nasal function was achieved without complication via extensive skin, bony, and cartilaginous resection. Conclusions The bifid nose challenges the rhinoplasty surgeon. A successful outcome is dependent on a thorough understanding of the bifid nasal anatomy, proper patient evaluation, careful preoperative planning, and meticulous surgical technique.
Oxidative stress in the eye in diabetes

Purpose The characterize manifestations of oxidative stress in lens and retina in diabetes, and to evaluate the roles for aldose reductase (AR), Na+-H+-exchanger-1 (NHE-1), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in oxidative stress in both tissues, cataract formation, and retinal apoptosis. Methods The experiments were performed in streptozotocin-diabetic rats and high glucose-exposed cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) and bovine retinal pericytes and endothelial cells (BRP and BREC). Cataract formation was evaluated by indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit lamp examination, oxidative stress by combination of biochemical and immunohistochemical methods, and retinal apoptosis by TUNEL assay in flat-mounted retinae. Results Diabetes-induced oxidative-nitrosative stress manifested by accumulation of free lipid peroxidation products, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals, as well as 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts, and nitrated and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated proteins, is present in both diabetic lens and retina as well as in high glucose-exposed HLEC and BRP and BREC. Depletion of GSH and ascorbate and changes in the glutathione and ascorbate redox states are present in thre lens only. Activation of AR, NHE-1 and PARP-1 promotes oxidative damage. Inhibition of AR, NHE-1, and PARP-1 prevents diabetes-induced oxidative stress, and prevents or delays cataractogenesis and retinal apoptosis. Conclusion Ozidative stress is present in lens and retina in diabetes and plays an important role in diabetic ocular comp-lications. Commercial interest
Using the Web in classroom

Providing additional channels for intraclass communication, offering a much easier and convenient way in which to access information and materials traditionally available in academic libraries, and allowing students to engage in primary (not necessarily quantitative) research or active learning are the three major interrelated yet distinct ways in which to use the Web in the undergraduate classroom. The first two ways are relevant for any course on any topic; employing the Web as a tool for gathering mostly textual information is particularly promising for many courses in the social sciences. For all three uses of the Web, specific advice for instructors as to available sources and modes of use is given. Didactic and technical challenges are discussed in the context of the college at large and of support and resources provided by computer services and the library. Special consideration is given to the situation at large public urban institutions of higher learning.
Neurotransmitter-related immunocytochemistry of the organ of Corti.

Abstract The principles of immunocytochemistry were outlined in 1942 by Coons et al. and in the 1970's immunocytochemistry emerged as a powerful method for identifying structures and tracing pathways in the nervous system. It now plays a fundamental role in the neuroanatomical and histochemical analysis of the central nervous system. The first immunocytochemical studies of the mammalian cochlea were reported in 1980, from three different laboratories. Since then many studies on cochlear immunocytochemistry have been carried out, concerned with questions about neurotransmitter candidates or about structural proteins. This review describes immunoreactivity of enkephalin, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate aminotransferase (AATase) and glutaminase (GLNase) in the organ of Corti. ChAT is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh). GAD is the terminal enzyme in the biosynthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. AATase and GLNase are two enzymes involved in the metabolism of the excitatory neurotransmitter candidates aspartate and glutamate. We have much relied on surface preparations of the organ of Corti. We have also used cryostat sectioning of the cochlea, particularly when there was a need to apply a number of different antisera to comparable preparations from one and the same cochlea. We have used immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase procedures. Immunoperoxidase procedures have given us better signal noise ratio for specific immunoreactivity (in surface preparations) than has immunofluorescence. Occasionally, to achieve maximal resolution of surface preparations in light microscopy studies, we have used enhanced contrast video display. We have found immunoreactivity in efferent fibers in the organ of Corti following the application of antisera to enkephalin, ChAT, GAD, GABA, AATase and GLNase. Most of these different antisera give different distributions of immunoreactivity and other antisera have evoked no immunoreactivity in the organ of Corti. To the best of our knowledge, the cells of origin of efferent axons and terminals in the organ of Corti are located in the brainstem. Originally described as crossed and uncrossed olivocochlear neurons, these efferents have recently been classified into a medial and a lateral system predominantly innervating, respectively, the outer hair cell region and the inner hair cell region. However, our findings on the distribution of GAD- and GABA-like immunoreactivity indicate that there may be more than two different systems of efferents in the organ of Corti, as previously suggested by Schwartz and Ryan (1983).
Lysis of Escherichia coli by marine micro-organisms.

INVESTIGATIONS of the lethal effect of seawater on Escherichia coli, the common indicator organism for pollution by intestinal pathogens, have suggested a variety of possible mechanisms1–3. The negative effect of heat sterilization of seawater on its specific bactericidal action indicates a biological interaction which has been neither confirmed nor disproved. We attempt to define here the role of the native microflora in the disappearance of E. coli from seawater.
A double abdominal aorta with a double inferior vena cava: a human congenital vascular patterning defect.

BACKGROUND Developmental abnormalities of the abdominal aorta are exceedingly rare, and the molecular mechanisms underlying these defects are unknown. CASE We present computed angiographic findings of a 64-year-old female with long-standing hypertension having an abdominal double aorta accompanied by a double inferior vena cava. The abdominal aorta bifurcated into two lumens just caudal to the diaphragm at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra. The dorsal abdominal aortic trunk supplied several lumbar arteries, the inferior mesenteric artery, and both iliac arteries. The ventral abdominal aortic trunk supplied the celiac artery, both renal arteries, and the superior mesenteric artery. CONCLUSION We propose that a defect in the development of the aortic vascular smooth muscle is a possible mechanism for this rare anomaly based on our current understanding of the formation of the aorta during early embryonic development. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Groundwater Mounding at a Storm-Water Infiltration BMP

This research presents an initial study of the impacts of storm-water infiltration on a shallow unconfined aquifer at a bioinfiltration best management practice (BMP) on the campus of Villanova University. The study site is a vegetated infiltration basin with a 0.52 ha drainage area consisting of parking areas and recreational fields and features approximately 35% directly connected impervious area. The research utilized continuous monitoring of precipitation, groundwater elevation, and groundwater temperature in conjunction with surface water hydrologic modeling to assess the duration, magnitude, and extent of groundwater mounding at a storm-water infiltration BMP. Results indicate that precipitation greater than 1.80 cm causes increased mounding at wells adjacent to the site. In addition, it was found that precipitation less than approximately 1.80 cm leads to larger increases in groundwater elevation at an upgradient control well located near the edge of a large grass field. The extent of groundwater m...
Myocardial ischemia correlates with reduced fibrinolytic activity following peripheral vascular surgery.

Abstract Study Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between perioperative ischemia and serial concentrations of D-dimer, which is a sensitive and specific marker of fibrinolytic activity. Myocardial ischemia and infarction are well-recognized complications of peripheral vascular surgery. We hypothesized that patients at increased risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia might be identified preoperatively by abnormal hemostatic indices. Design: Prospective clinical outcomes study. Setting: A 1,124-bed tertiary care medical center. Patients: 42 ASA physical status II, III, and IV patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. Interventions: Serial D-dimer concentrations were measured preoperatively, and at 24 and 72 hours postoperatively. Continuous 12-lead ST-segment monitoring (Mortara Instrument, Inc., Milwaukee, WI) was performed with the acquisition of a 12-lead ECG every 20 seconds for 72 hours. Measurements and Main Results: D-dimer measurements were performed in duplicate using the Dimer Gold assay (American Diagnostica, Greenwich CT). Ischemic episodes, as defined by continuous 12-lead ST-segment monitoring, occurred in 49% of patients. There were no demographic differences between ischemic and nonischemic groups. Although baseline D-dimer concentrations were not statistically significantly different between groups, patients experiencing perioperative myocardial ischemia generated significantly less D-dimer during the perioperative period ( p = 0.014). Conclusions: Patients with an impaired fibrinolytic response, as defined by reduced generation of D-dimer, experienced an increased incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia.
Heavy metals in bottom sediments of great slave lake (Canada): A reconnaissance

Near the shores of Great Slave Lake, natural sources of heavy metals include gold and base metal deposits, mineralized greenstone belts and sedimentary bedrock, and uraniferous granites. Potential anthropogenic sources of heavy metals (As, Zn, Pb) include large gold and base metal extraction -processing facilities on the shores of the lake. Six sediment cores were collected on a traverse of the lake. Heavy metal concentrations and distributions are related to the regional bedrock geochemistry in the drainage basin. Higher uranium concentrations in the northernmost core are attributed to extensive uraniferous areas north of the lake. More subtle variations of concentration are related to sedimentologic characteristics and processes in the lake. The west basin is a natural sink for most of the heavy metals determined. Two centrally located west basin cores had mean zinc concentrations of 145 ppm, whereas cores closer to the north and south shores had mean concentrations of 80–110 ppm. Mn, Ni, and Pb were enriched in some of the cores from the area of shallower water near the MacKenzie River outlet, rather than in the central west basin. The enrichment is related to Mn-, Ni-, and Pb-rich amorphous coatings on quartz grains. Elevated zinc or lead levels from anthropogenic activities were not detected but elevated levels are suspected for arsenic. In the two cores from the center of the west basin, surface sediment contains up to 12 ppm arsenic, not high in comparison with noncontaminated freshwater lakes elsewhere in Canada but considerably elevated relative to concentrations of 1 ppm found deeper in the same cores.
Combining Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations to Model Chemical Vapor Deposition: Application to Diamond

Gas-surface reactions of the type that contribute to growth during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond films are generally completed in picoseconds, well within timescales accessible by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. For low-pressure deposition, however, the time between collisions for a surface site can be microseconds, which makes direct modeling of CVD crystal growth impossible using standard MD methods. To effectively bridge this discrepancy in timescales, the gas-surface reactions can be modeled using MD trajectories, and then this data can be used to define probabilities in a Monte Carlo algorithm where each step represents a gas-surface collision. We illustrate this approach using the reaction of atomic hydrogen with a diamond (111) surface as an example, where we use abstraction and sticking probabilities generated using classical trajectories in a simple Monte Carlo algorithm to determine the number of open sites as a function of temperature. We also include models for the thermal desorption of hydrogen that predict that growth temperatures are not restricted by the thermal loss of chemisorbed hydrogen.
Duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy of breast cancer: how much is enough?

Purpose of review To describe the current status regarding the duration of adjuvant tamoxifen and/or aromatase inhibitors in women with early-stage hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Recent findings Women with early-stage breast cancers that express estrogen and/or progesterone receptors benefit from adjuvant hormonal therapy with antiestrogen drugs. Five years of tamoxifen is the standard to which other approaches have been compared. In premenopausal women, a total of 5 years of adjuvant hormonal therapy using tamoxifen is the preferred approach. In postmenopausal women, aromatase inhibitors alone or in sequence after tamoxifen for 5 years has become the standard of care. The use of antiestrogen therapy for longer than 5 years has been studied in several trials. There is a suggestion that there may be improved disease-free survival in some subgroups, but the clinical significance and magnitude of this benefit remains an open question. Some particularly high-risk subgroups may be candidates for extended adjuvant therapy. In addition to the efficacy of adjuvant hormonal therapy, careful attention must be paid to compliance with the prescribed medication, management of side effects, and evaluation of costs. Summary There are many approaches to the adjuvant hormonal therapy of breast cancer supported by large trials. No one approach is uniquely superior to others. Longer follow-up may lead to more specific recommendations. Adjuvant hormonal therapy for women with hormone receptor positive breast cancer plays a critical role in the management of early stage hormone receptor positive breast cancer.
Metaphors for Thinking about Corporate and Technical Strategies

ABSTRACTThis article posits that (1) vocabulary and language play a crucial role in aligning corporate strategy with technical strategy, and (2) top managers' awareness of vocabulary's crucial role will help them to lead their organizations in devising more creative and competitive strategies. A social constructionist approach to strategy formulation is presented, examining how communication, action, cognition, and knowledge interact as an organization expresses either a deliberate or an emergent strategy. The metaphor underlying the communication framework can have an important impact on the emergent strategy.
Impact of Hyperglycemia in the Outcome of Patients with Primary Neuromuscular Respiratory Failure.

Background Hyperglycemia has been found to be associated with higher risk of ICU-acquired weakness. However, the impact of hyperglycemia on the outcome of patients with respiratory failure from a primary neuromuscular condition is not known.
SEGrapher: Visualization-based SELinux policy analysis

Performing SELinux policy analyses can be difficult due to the complexity of the policy language and the sheer number of policy rules and attributes involved. For example, the default policy on most SELinux-enabled systems has over 1; 500; 000 flat rules, involving over 1; 780 types. Simple analyses between types can result in a large amount of data, which is poorly presented to administrators in existing analysis tools. We propose and implement a policy analysis tool “SEGrapher” that addresses the above challenges. SEGrapher visually presents analysis results as a simplified directed graph, where nodes are types, and edges are corresponding policy rules between types. Graphs are generated via a proposed clustering algorithm that clusters types based on their accesses. Clusters provide an abstraction layer that removes undesired data, and focuses on analysis attributes specified by the administrator.
Current philosophical issues in the scientific evaluation of behavior therapy theory and outcome

Recent philosophic debates about scientific realism, it is argued, are germane to issues concerning behavior therapy theories and outcome hypotheses. In this article, I try, first, to clarify a kind of realism that is relevant in particular to behavior therapy. Second, I try to provide some support for this sort of realism.
Template-directed design of a DNA-DNA cross-linker based upon a bis-tomaymycin-duplex adduct.

A template-directed approach to the design of a DNA-DNA interstrand cross-linker based upon the structure of a bis-tomaymycin-duplex adduct has been carried out. Tomaymycin is a member of the pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines antitumor antibiotics. In a previous study (F.L. Boyd et al., Biochemistry 1990, 29, 2387-2403), we have shown that two tomaymycin molecules can be covalently bound to a 12-mer duplex molecule, where the drug molecules are on opposite strands six base-pairs apart, and the stereochemistry at the drug bonding site, and orientation in the minor groove, was defined by high-field NMR. This bis-tomaymycin 12-mer duplex adduct maintains the self-complementarity of the duplex and a B-type structure. In the present study we have shown using high-field NMR that this same 12-mer sequence can be truncated by two base pairs so that the two tomaymycin-modified guanines are now only four base-pairs apart, the two species of tomaymycin molecules are still bound with the same stereochemistry and orientation, and the 10-mer duplex adduct maintains its self-complementarity. In a second 10-mer duplex we have shown that changing the bonding sequence from 5'CGA to 5'AGC does not significantly affect the structure of the bis-tomaymycin-duplex adduct. However, when the sequence is rearranged so that the drugs point in a tail-to-tail orientation rather than in the previous head-to-head configuration, there are more than one species of tomaymycin bound to DNA, and, as a consequence, the bis-tomaymycin 10-mer duplex adduct loses its self-complementarity. Last, we have used the 10-mer duplex containing the 5'CGA sequence, in which the tomaymycin molecules are oriented head to head, to design an interstrand cross-linking species in which the two drug molecules are linked together with a flexible linker molecule.
Quantum-resolved angular distributions of neutral products in electron-stimulated processes: desorption of CO ∗ from Pt(111)

Abstract The first quantum-resolved angular distribution measurements of electronically-excited neutral molecules which have undergone electron stimulated desorption (ESD) are presented. Two-dimensional imaging of laser resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is used to obtain angular distributions of CO ∗ in the v =0 vibrational level of the metastable a 3 Π r state desorbed from CO/Pt(111) by 350 eV electrons. For saturation CO coverages at 90 K, sharp Gaussian distributions peaked about the surface normal (6° ± 0.5° half-width at half maximum) are observed, consistent with previously reported data acquired by ESDIAD (ESD ion angular distributions). The (1 + 1) photon REMPI scheme for state-specific CO ∗ detection involves the b 3 Σ( v = 0) ← a 3 Π( v = 0) transition at 283 nm, followed by photoionization at the same wavelength. In this paper, the overall experimental technique for REMPI imaging of products from electron stimulated processes is discussed. Thus specific CO ∗ data as a function of coverage and temperature is presented for comparison with the ESDIAD results.
Durability of lamivudine-induced HBeAg seroconversion for chronic hepatitis B patients with acute exacerbation

Abstract Background/Aims : Lamivudine-induced hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B was reported to be durable by several studies but controversy still exists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the durability of the responses of lamivudine treatment. Methods : Among 53 chronic hepatitis B patients who had acute exacerbation and had finished lamivudine therapy after at least 6 months of treatment, 31 patients achieved full HBeAg seroconversion twice at least 1 month apart, and subsequently stopped lamivudine therapy. Post-treatment monitoring was continued for up to 87 weeks. Alanine transaminase (ALT), HBeAg and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA were used as indicators for relapse. Results : The cumulative relapse rates at 48 and 72 weeks post-treatment were 45.4% and 56.3%, respectively. During follow up, normal ALT levels precluded relapse while ALT levels over two times the upper limit of normal indicated relapse, which correlated well with HBeAg or HBV DNA reappearance. Patients older than 25 years were more likely to experience post-treatment relapse. Conclusions : Lamivudine-induced full HBeAg seroconversion was not durable in the Taiwanese population. ALT levels were useful for relapse detection. Age was the only independent predictive factor for relapse.
Ductility in rapidly solidified NiAl

An attempt is made to refine the grain structure of equiatomic NiAl by means of rapid solidification processing, and to examine the effect of small grain size on room temperature ductility. Free melt spinning was used to produce the rapidly solidified material. Room temperature bend testing of both as-spun and heat-treated NiAl ribbon was conducted by free bending the ribbon around a mandrel of successively smaller diameter until failure occurred. Room-temperature plastic deformation was exhibited both before and after a 1-h heat treatment at 1000 C. Heat treatment increased the observed ductility.
Chemical Extraction of Lithium from Layered LiCoO2

Abstract Chemical extraction of lithium from LiCoO2has been investigated with various oxidizing agents—Cl2, Br2, and I2—and with dilute sulfuric acid. A considerable amount of lithium could be extracted with both chlorine and acid to give a final lithium content (1 −x) ≈ 0.3 in Li1−xCoO2. The stronger oxidizing power of Cl2and the relative instability associated with the Li-extracted samples lead to the dissolution of a considerable amount of the sample during chlorine oxidation. A deeper lithium extraction with chlorine also leads to the occurrence of oxygen vacancies in Li1−xCoO2−δ. Lithium extraction with acid proceeds predominantly by a disproportionation of Co3+to Co2+and Co4+analogous to that in the spinel LiMn2O4with a small degree of ion exchange of Li+by H+. However, the results of both chlorine oxidation and acid treatment are strongly influenced by the nature of the initial material. An Li/Co ratio
NEW BASIC CHROMOSOME NUMBERS FOR GENERA OF NEOTROPICAL FERNS

Chromosome numbers for eight genera of Costa Rican ferns are reported here for the first time. These are: Neurocallis, n = 58; Marginariopsis, n = 35; Dicranoglossum, n = 36; Glyphotaenium, n = 37; Cochlidium, n = 33; Ormoloma, n = 42; Peltapteris, n = 40; and Loxsomopsis, n = 46. Chromosome observations involving several other genera are included: Solanopteris, n = 37; Xiphopteris, n = 32; Hemidictyum, n = 31; Pleuroderris, 2n = 80; Dictyoxiphium, 2n = 80; and Polystichum, n = 41. These numbers are compared to those of genera of presumed taxonomic affinity.
Exchangeable potassium in diabetics

Abstract Exchangeable potassium was determined in a nondiabetic group and in 2 groups of diabetics—uncontrolled and glycosuric and controlled or uncontrolled but aglycosuric—in order to see whether sustained glycosuria had any effect upon exchangeable potassium. The measured exchangeable potassium was compared with the predicted exchangeable potassium as determined by (a) age and sex, (b) age, sex and weight, and (c) age, sex and corrected weight. The results were expressed as per cent of the predicted values. There was no significant difference in the results between (1) the uncontrolled and glycosuric group, and (2) the controlled or uncontrolled but aglycosuric group. There was a surprising and highly significant difference between the exchangeable potassium values of the nondiabetic group and the diabetic patients, both controlled and uncontrolled. Whereas results for the nondiabetic group averaged 95 per cent of the predicted values, those for both groups of diabetic were only 73 per cent. Several possible reasons for this lowered exchangeable potassium are discussed.
N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(carboxymethyl)-2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)dianilinium dichloride dihydrate

In the title compound, C22H26N2O102+·2Cl−·2H2O, the asymmetric unit contains one-half cation, one chloride ion and one water mol­ecule. The cation is located on a center of inversion. The system containing both benzene rings and the linker between them is almost planar, while the acid side-chains are oriented nearly perpendicular to that plane. The crystal structure is stabilized by several hydrogen bonds and also by ionic inter­actions.
IT professional identity: needs, perceptions, and belonging

A theoretical model of professional identification is developed and empirically examined as a means to understanding information technology (IT) workers’ attachment to the IT profession. Professional identification represents oneness with or belonging to a profession and provides a unique means of investigating and evaluating the IT profession. Results from a survey of 305 IT workers indicate that professional identification is directly impacted by three factors: (1) the individual's need for professional identification; (2) the individual's perceived similarity to others in the IT profession; and (3) the individual's perceptions of the IT profession, signifying the importance of internalization to identification. Professional identification is also indirectly impacted by the public's perception of the IT profession.
PbTe/CdTe superlattices on ITO and a solar cell made from CdTe/CdS

Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition (ECALD) has been used to deposit CdTe, PbTe and superlattice structure of CdTe/PbTe thin films on ITO coated glass. These are intended to be used as the absorber layer of a solar cell. In our experiments, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and current monitoring helped us obtain appropriate deposition potentials. The chemical composition of the films was determined by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). We were able to successfully deposit 79.3nm thick stoichiometric film of CdTe. The crystallinity was investigated by x-ray diffraction measurements. Optical absorption measurements were made in order to determine the band gap energy of the deposited films. CdTe/PbTe superlattices were also successfully grown on ITO-coated glass substrates. Recently, we built a CdTe/CdS on ITO solar cell. The stoichiometric composition of CdTe film was deposited using ECALD approach on pre-coated CdS film on ITO substrate. The terminal voltage of our CdTe/CdS solar cell was 0.35V.
The distribution of reduced numbers in an ideal of a real cubic number field

Abstract Let K be a real but not totally real field of degree three over Q , and let A be an ideal in K . It is proved that the reduced numbers in A (i.e., numbers α with α > 1 and −1 α ( j ) α ( j ) ≠ α ) are dense in a set of intervals of constant length, and no reduced numbers in A occur in the gaps between these intervals. In fact, the intervals are determined explicitly, and criteria are given for when the reduced numbers in A actually are dense in the whole of [1, ∞).
EFFECT OF WATER ON THE M-DINITROBENZENE REACTION IN THE DETERMINATION OF CRYSTALLINE ANDROGENS BY THE EVELYN PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETER1,2

THE TOTAL AMOUNT of a mixture of androgenic and non-androgenic ketonic substances isdetermined in the routine colorimetric assay of a urinary extract for JX- its ketosteroid content. In these circumstances, which were discussed in a previous communication (i), the results of such an assay are best expressed in milligram equivalents of a fixed standard. The composition of such a standard must depend upon the chemical identity of the urinary androgens, on the relative proportions in which the individual androgens occur and on the reactions of each and of a mixture of allof them with m-dinitrobenzene in an alkaline alcoholic solution. The choice of the most suitable tandard has been sub judice, since the only ketosteroids which have been isolated from and identified in normal male and female urine are androsterone, dehydroisoandrosterone and aetiocholane-3(α)-ol-17-one, and of these only the first two have been available for colorimetric study.
Obesity bias and body image: How do fashion and retail students compare to other personal service majors?

Fashion and health-related industries communicate and endorse a thin body ideal contributing to obesity bias and affecting services to clients. Obesity bias was examined among 200 undergraduate stu...