cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The projections of noradrenergic neurons in the A5 catecholamine cell group to the spinal cord in the rat: anatomical evidence that A5 neurons modulate nociception.

Abstract Brainstem noradrenergic neurons located in the A5, A6, and A7 catecholamine cell groups provide the entire noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord. We have previously demonstrated that noradrenergic neurons in the A6 and A7 cell groups innervate the ventral and dorsal horns, respectively. Since the specific spinal cord terminations of the A5 cell group have not been clearly delineated, the present experiments were designed to trace the projections from this noradrenergic cell group to the spinal cord, using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris -leucoag-glutinin (PHA-L) in combination with dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. The results of these experiments indicate that A5 noradrenergic neurons project ipsilaterally through the dorsolateral funiculus in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments. In cervical segments, these axons terminate primarily in the ipsilateral deep dorsal horn (laminae IV–VI) and the intermediate zone (lamina VII). In thoracic segments, the intermediolateral cell column is heavily innervated by A5 axons. In lumbar segments, the concentration of A5 axons is more diffuse and more widely distributed than that in cervical and thoracic segments. Although there is a higher density of axons in the deep dorsal horn and the intermediate zone, there are also scattered axons in the dorsal and ventral horns. The innervation of these regions of the spinal cord by A5 neurons provides anatomical support for the conclusion that these noradrenergic neurons are involved in modulating cardiovascular reflexes and nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord.
Protein interactions among the vaccinia virus late transcription factors

The viral proteins A1L, A2L, G8R, and H5R positively modulate vaccinia virus late gene expression. Host-encoded proteins hnRNP A2 and RBM3 may also interact with these viral factors to influence late gene expression. In these studies, a yeast two-hybrid screen and in vitro pulldown and crosslinking experiments were used to investigate protein--protein interactions among these factors. These studies confirmed a previous observation that G8R interacts with itself and A1L. However, self-interactions of A1L and H5R, and interactions between A2L and G8R, A2L and H5R, and H5R and G8R were also observed. In addition, the proteins hnRNP A2 and RBM3 both showed some interaction with A2L. Illustration of these interactions is a step toward understanding the architecture of the late gene transcription complex as it occurs in poxviruses.
Decay of 51Cr

Abstract The decay of 51Cr to levels of 51V was investigated using a Ge(Li) detector. The only γ-ray observed was the well-known one at 320 keV. No evidence was found for other γ-rays reported in earlier work. Upper limits on the intensity of these γ-rays were established through singles and coincidence measurements.
The fate of chlorine and chloramines in cooling towers Henry's law constants for flashoff

Abstract Chlorine and chloramines are volatile compounds which are stripped (“flashed off”) from recirculating cooling water systems by the large volumes of air which flow through the water in the cooling tower. The fraction of a volatile gas, such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is removed by stripping is determined by Henry's constant H for that gas: H = XG/XL, where XG is the mole fraction of the gas in the air and XL is the mole fraction of the gas in the water. We have measured H for HOCl, OCl−, NH3, NH2Cl, NHCl2 and NCl3 at 20 and 40°C. We found H = 0.076 for HOCl, compared to 0.71 for NH3, at 20°C. At 40°C, H was about 2.5-fold larger for HOCl. This means that 10–15% of the HOCl is stripped from cooling water on each passage through a typical cooling tower. The measured flashoff of free available chlorine (HOCl + OCl−) was markedly pH-sensitive with a pK of 7.5, exactly as expected if HOCl is volatile but OCl− is not. The data permit a quantitative understanding of the fate of chlorine in cooling systems. The values of H at 40°C for NH2Cl, NHCl2 and NCl3 were 1.28, 3.76 and 1067. This means that all of the chloramines are quickly stripped in a cooling tower.
A new algorithm for simultaneous multiple entries in critical section in a distributed system

Summary form only given. A new algorithm is proposed to allow K simultaneous entries into a critical section in a distributed system. In the worst case the proposed algorithm needs half as many message exchanges as in a recently published algorithm. A simplistic average case analysis of the proposed algorithm is reported. >
Public knowledge about AIDS: A survey of dental school patients: Part II

Responses to a questionnaire on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) returned by patients of the Louisiana State University School of Dentistry were compared with responses to an AIDS questionnaire administered by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Although the questionnaire in this study was not patterned after that used by NCHS, some of the questions were either similar or directly opposite in content. Response patterns were compared and contrasted. In addition, those response patterns in Part I which are significantly different on the basis of demographic characteristics were compared with their counterparts in the NCHS survey.
Information Model of Cosmic Background Radiation

An information based model is used to reanalyze the Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR) measured by the Cosmic Background Explorer, COBE, NASA satellite. The advantages of this mathematical model are that a radiation scattering parameter and the temperature at the detector can be calculated. from the data. Three models, the simple Black Body Radiation (BBR) curve, a model by D. J. Fixsen1 et al. and the Information Based Model (IBM) where compared to the measured data. The best X2 fit was obtained for the IBM. For the monopole radiation one obtains a temperature of 2.72503 oK and a scattering parameter of zero. For the dipole radiation a temperature of 3.285843 oK and a scattering parameter r equal to 2.0705567 is obtained.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression and NMJ plasticity in skeletal muscle following endurance exercise

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) supports and maintains the neuromuscular system during development and through adulthood by promoting neuroplasticity. The aim of this study was to determine if different modes of exercise can promote changes in GDNF expression and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology in slow- and fast-twitch muscles. Rats were randomly assigned to a run training (run group), swim training (swim group), or sedentary control group. GDNF protein content was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. GDNF protein content increased significantly in soleus (SOL) following both training protocols (P<0.05). Although not significant, an increase of 60% in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) followed swim-training (NS; P<0.06). NMJ morphology was analyzed by measuring α-bungarotoxin labeled post-synaptic end plates. GDNF content and total end plate area were positively correlated. End plate area decreased in EDL of the run group and increased in SOL of the swim group. The results indicate that GDNF expression and NMJ morphological changes are activity dependent and that different changes may be observed by varying the exercise intensity in slow- and fast-twitch fibers.
A Recruiting and Hiring Role-Play: An Experiential Simulation.

Creating experiential learning opportunities that engage students, meet marketing curricula objectives, and fit the application in a traditional semester course is extremely challenging. This paper describes a role-playing simulation offered concurrently to the professional selling and sales management classes in which the selling students act as prospective employees engaged in a job search for entry-level sales positions, and the sales management students act as the hiring authorities. The simulation requires the students to apply communication and team-building skills in a way that is relevant to their immediate career future, and thus a large majority become fully engaged in the application.
Feynman rules in statistical mechanics

A definition of normal product of Bose fields is given and it is shown that the average value of such a product over the grand canonical ensemble vanishes. The definition is useful when considering a relativistic electron gas in interaction with radiation since it very naturally leads to rules of calculation similar to the ordinary Feynman rules.
DNA secondary structure: A common and causative factor for expansion in human disease

The discovery of unstable transmission has changed the face of genetics because it provides an alternative to the single-gene/single-trait pattern of Mendelian inheritance. More than 10 hereditary diseases are caused by instability at simple trinucleotides. Expansion causes disease when a particular base sequence is repeated beyond the normal range, interfering with the expression or properties of a gene product (1–2). As the length of the repeat grows, so also do the size of the successive expansions and the likelihood of another unstable event. This accounts for clinical anticipation in which the severity increases and the age of onset decreases in successive generations. In Huntington’s disease, for example, instability and pathogenesis are not observed at 28 repeats, occur frequently at 38 repeats, and are almost certain above 60 repeats. Although different genes are affected and different features of pathogenesis are evident, there is a common pattern of unstable transmission among the trinucleotide repeat diseases, suggesting common elements to the mechanism.
SPONTANEOUS CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS IN CAPTIVE WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)

In August 1994, cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in a diarrheic fawn from a captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herd maintained for research purposes at The University of Georgia's Warnell School of Forest Resources in Athens, Georgia (USA). From June through August 1995, 11 captive female white-tailed deer were housed in individual barn stalls where they gave birth to 18 fawns. Feces collected at 2 or 3 day intervals from the 18 neonatal fawns for at least 21 days and from 11 adult females once from 1 to 30 days before fawns were born and on three to 12 occasions after their birth were examined for oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. Feces from all animals appeared normal throughout the period of examination. Oocysts morphologically indistinguishable from those of Cryptosporidium parvum were detected intermittently in the feces of one adult female from 1 to 25 days after parturition and in the feces of her fawn from 11 to 22 days of age. Oocysts also were detected intermittently in feces from twin fawns from 9 to 20 days of age, but not from their mother. Oocysts from deer were infectious for neonatal mice as determined histologically, and for calves as determined by clinical signs and excretion of oocysts.
Comparison of Right Lobe Donor Hepatectomy with Elective Right Hepatectomy for Other Causes in New York

Introduction Right lobe donor hepatectomy (RLDH) is a potential source of liver allografts given the ongoing shortage of deceased donor organs available. Since there is no live donor registry in the United States, a population-based, unsolicited state-wide analysis has yet to be reported.
The Effects of Grade Level, Context, and Family Type on Male and Female Adolescents' Distributive Justice Reasoning.

This study investigated ninth and twelfth grade students' (N=640) distributive justice reasoning. Participants read stories presenting characters that varied in personal characteristics (popularity, productivity, need, and appearance), family type (biologically related/stepsiblings), and context (work/education). Adolescents allocated rewards to story characters, provided rationales for allocations, and judged the fairness of allocation patterns representing different justice principles. Older adolescents were more likely to favor equity and benevolence principles than younger adolescents on all three measures. Older adolescents, especially female students, also took kinship and contextual factors into account more often than younger adolescents. Male students tended to favor equity across conditions; female students' views of fairness showed greater nuance, varying to a greater degree with relationship and contextual factors. Findings suggest distributive justice reasoning continues to develop through late adolescence, probably due to age-related cognitive and socialization factors and experiences. Further, findings suggest that gender differences in adult justice reasoning arise in adolescence.
Impact of Prior Seasonal H3N2 Influenza Vaccination or Infection on Protection and Transmission of Emerging Variants of Influenza A(H3N2)v Virus in Ferrets

Influenza H3N2 A viruses continue to circulate in swine and occasionally infect humans, resulting in outbreaks of variant influenza H3N2 [A(H3N2)v] virus. It has been previously demonstrated in ferrets that A(H3N2)v viruses transmit as efficiently as seasonal influenza viruses, raising concern over the pandemic potential of these viruses. However, A(H3N2)v viruses have not acquired the ability to transmit efficiently among humans, which may be due in part to existing cross-reactive immunity to A(H3N2)v viruses. Although current seasonal H3N2 and A(H3N2)v viruses are antigenically distinct from one another, historical H3N2 viruses have some antigenic similarity to A(H3N2)v viruses and previous exposure to these viruses may provide a measure of immune protection sufficient to dampen A(H3N2)v virus transmission. Here, we evaluated whether prior seasonal H3N2 influenza virus vaccination or infection affects virus replication and transmission of A(H3N2)v virus in the ferret animal model. We found that the seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine (TIV) or a monovalent vaccine prepared from an antigenically related 1992 seasonal influenza H3N2 (A/Beijing/32/1992) virus failed to substantially reduce A(H3N2)v (A/Indiana/08/2011) virus shedding and subsequent transmission to naive hosts. Conversely, ferrets primed by seasonal H3N2 virus infection displayed reduced A(H3N2)v virus shedding following challenge, which blunted transmission to naive ferrets. A higher level of specific IgG and IgA antibody titers detected among infected versus vaccinated ferrets was associated with the degree of protection offered by seasonal H3N2 virus infection. The data demonstrate in ferrets that the efficiency of A(H3N2)v transmission is disrupted by preexisting immunity induced by seasonal H3N2 virus infection.
Enhanced prediction of misalignment conditions from spectral data using feature selection and filtering

This paper proposes a novel method for the use of genetic algorithm-based feature selection and signal filtering to construct reliable calibration models of shaft misalignment. Determination and selection of the key feature(s) is crucial to the predictive performance of calibration models. Even with proper feature selection, the predictive performance of calibration models can be enhanced by filtering the raw spectral data. This improvement results because a filter removes the unwanted variation of predictor variables that is orthogonal to response variables. This is the first work that attempts to develop a systematic calibration model based on genetic algorithm-based feature selection and orthogonal filtering. A case study shows that the proposed calibration model for shaft misalignment conditions produces better predictive performance than traditional multivariate statistical approaches such as principal component regression and partial least squares.
The separation of antagonist from agonist effects of trisubstituted purines on CaV2.2 (N‐type) channels

Dihydropyridines can affect L-type calcium channels (CaV1) as either agonists or antagonists. Seliciclib or R-roscovitine, a 2,6,9-trisubstituted purine, is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that induces both agonist and antagonist effects on CaV2 channels (N-, P/Q- and R-type). We studied the effects induced by various trisubstituted purines on CaV2.2 (N-type) channels to learn about chemical structure-function relationships. We found that S-roscovitine and R-roscovitine showed similar potency to inhibit, but agonist activity of S-roscovitine required at least a 20-fold higher concentration, suggesting stereospecificity of the agonist-binding site. The testing of other trisubstituted purines showed a correlation between CaV2.2 inhibition and cyclin-dependent kinase affinity that broke down after determining that a chemically unrelated inhibitor, kenpaullone, was a poor CaV2.2 inhibitor, and a kinase inactive analog (dimethylamino-olomoucine; DMAO) was a strong inhibitor, which together support a kinase independent effect. In fact, like dihydropyridine-induced L-channel inhibition, R-roscovitine left-shifted the closed-state inactivation versus voltage relationship, which suggests that inhibition results from CaV2 channels moving into the inactivated state. Trisubstituted purine antagonists could become clinically important drugs to treat diseases, such as heart failure and neuropathic pain that result from elevated CaV2 channel activity.
Modernizing U.S. Antitrust Law: The Role of Technology and Innovation

From time to time, the U.S. Congress has undertaken major reviews of current legislation to adapt antitrust policy to emerging challenges in the economy.
Spatially resolved UV-VIS characterization of radiation-induced color centers in poly(styrene) and poly(vinyltoluene)

Abstract Polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyltoluene (PVT) are in common use as base materials for plastic scintillators. Uv-vis spectroscopy was performed on irradiated disks of PS and PVT and the damage and recovery of these disks were monitored over time. By mounting the disks between quartz glass slides air diffusion was limited to two dimensions, and when the slides were mounted on a micrometer stage assembly, a one dimensional diffusion profile was measured. It was discovered that the absorbances of PS and PVT at certain wavelengths increases for several hours after the irradiation has ended when high dose rates of 6 Mrad/hour are used. It was also found that the visibly sharp annealing boundary that penetrates into the irradiated polymers consistently measured 0.03 inches wide for PS for all wavelengths between 375 and 470 nm and that therefore the oxygen induced bleaching of color centers proceeds at the same rate for all color centers in this wavelength range. A simple self-diffusion model was fit to the boundary velocity data. The self-diffusion coefficients (D 0 ) were calculated for PS and PVT: D 0 ( PS ) = 1.3 × 10 −8 cm 2 / sec and D 0 ( PVT ) = 1.7 × 10 −7 cm 2 / sec .
Use of a spreadsheet program in an antenna design application

A method of using a spreadsheet program in antenna design is presented. The method is applied to the design of a vertical array of two radiating elements where each element is a circular arrangement of four half-wave dipoles, each of which is tilted with respect to the horizontal. Results are presented.
Diagnosis and assessment of leg ulcers.

Abstract Ulcers of the lower extremities are a common problem in ambulatory care. Patients with lower extremity ulcers tend to be treated by physicians in a variety of specialties which often opens their care to a multitude of interventions. It has been estimated that between 400,000 and 500,000 people have had leg ulcers in the United States. 1 The prevalence of disease requires accurate assessment and management strategies in light of managed care constraints on health care dollars. The purpose of this article is to review the differential diagnosis of lower extremity ulceration and the approach to its assessment.
On the organization of cerebellar efferent pathways in the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum)

The organization of the efferent fiber systems of the nurse shark cerebellum was studied with the Nauta and Fink-Heimer techniques. Lesions of the cerebellar cortex produce a pattern of terminal degeneration restricted to select regions of the cortex, as well as ipsi- and contralateral cerebellar nuclei. We found no evidence of cortical axons projecting beyond the nuclei, to the medulla and spinal cord as has often been reported. Lesions involving the cerebellar nucleus reveal three efferent pathways. The ipsilateral descending cerebello-bulbar (IDC) pathway extends as far caudal as the first spinal segment and issues fibers to the lateral parts of the reticular formation. The brachium conjunctivum splits into a larger ascending limb (BCA) and a smaller descending one (BCD). The latter descends to the caudal medulla terminating along its course in the medial reticular formation. The ascending limb provides an input to (1) a nucleus we have tentatively labelled the “red nucleus,” (2) the trochlear nucleus, (3) the oculomotor nuclei, (4) the midbrain central gray, and (5) a poorly differentiated nucleus in the dorsal thalamus.
An Intramolecular Disproportionation Reaction Leading to the Formation of the Quadruply Bonded Complex Cl4ReReCl2(dppf) (dppf = 1,1‘-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene). An Example of the Missing 1,3-Re2Cl6(PR3)2 Isomer

The first 1,3-Re2Cl6(PR3)2 type isomer has been obtained by the reaction of (n-Bu4N)2Re2Cl8 with the bidentate phosphine Fe(C5H4PPh2)2 (dppf). The complex Cl4ReReCl2(dppf) (1), which undergoes a reversible one-electron reduction with cobaltocene to afford [(η5-C5H5)2Co][Re2Cl6(dppf)], has a structure with a linear ReRe···Fe unit and an eclipsed rotational geometry.
Approximating queue size and waiting time distributions in general polling systems

Polling system models are extensively used to model a large variety of computer and communication networks as well as production and service systems in which multiple customer classes or a number of distinct items compete for the capacity of a common server or production facility. In this paper we describe an efficient approximation method for the steady state distributions of the queue sizes and waiting times. This method is highly accurate as demonstrated by an extensive numerical study. In addition, it is highly adaptable to a variety of arrival patterns and switching protocols, including exhaustive and gated regimes, simple cyclical systems as well as general polling tables. For a system withN stations, one finds the firstK probability density function values of the steady state queue size in any given station inO(max(N, K 2) time only. When executed on an IBM system RS/6000, we have observed an average CPU time of less than 1 second for systems with as many as 50 stations over a large variety of parameter settings.
The effect of friction stir processing on 5083-H321/5356 Al arc welds: Microstructural and mechanical analysis

Friction stir processing (FSP) is used locally to modify the microstructure and thus mechanical properties of 5083-H321/5356 aluminum gas metal arc welds (GMAWs). Four specimen approaches were examined: as-arc welded, weld toe FSP (with arc weld on either the advancing or the retreating side of tool), and weld crown FSP. Microstructures within the fine-grained FSP region contained smaller constituent particles. Mg2Si and Al6(Fe,Mn), than those particles found in the arc weld nugget, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base-metal (BM) locations. The FSP improved the monotonic tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 5083-H321/5356 Al arc welds by 6 to 9 pct, 7 to 13 pct, and 46 to 80 pct, respectively. The addition of FSP produced a 30 pct increase in the load necessary to reach 107 cycles during four-point bending fatigue. An analysis of strengthening mechanisms determined that solid-solution, grain-size, and precipitation strengthening made contributions to the calculated yield strength of the BM, are weld nugget, and FSP regions. In addition, the strength mechanism analysis demonstrated that FSP increased the amount of grain-size strengthening and precipitate strengthening by nearly 110 MPa, when compared to the arc weld nugget.
Effects of nuclear radiation and cryogenic temperatures on nonmetallic engineering materials

Changes in physical and mechanical properties of engineering materials exposed to nuclear radiation and cryogenic temperatures
Reactions to the Implicit Association Test as an Educational Tool: A Mixed Methods Study.

We examined reactions to the Race Implicit Association Test (IAT), which has been widely used but rarely examined as an educational tool to raise awareness about racial bias. College students $$(N=172)$$ were assigned to read that the IAT reflected either personal beliefs or both personal and extrapersonal factors (single vs. multiple explanation conditions). They then completed the IAT and quantitative measures of affect, attitudes, and belief in bias. A subset of participants $$(n=32)$$ also wrote reaction papers, which were used to develop qualitative themes to more fully describe reactions to the IAT. Quantitative results revealed that participants with a stronger implicit preference for European Americans more strongly believed in implicit bias in the multiple (vs. single) explanation condition. Mixed methods analyses using data transformation and typology development indicated that participants whose qualitative IAT responses were more negative were subsequently more likely to help an African American.
Synaptotagmin–Ca2+ triggers two sequential steps in regulated exocytosis in rat PC12 cells: fusion pore opening and fusion pore dilation

Synaptotagmin I (Syt I), the putative Ca2+ sensor in regulated exocytosis, has two Ca2+-binding modules, the C2A and C2B domains, and a number of putative effectors to which Syt I binds in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. The role of Ca2+ binding to these domains remains unclear, as efforts to address questions about Ca2+-triggered effector interactions have led to conflicting results. We have studied the effects of Ca2+ on fusion pores using amperometry to follow the exocytosis of single vesicles in real time and analyse the kinetics of fusion pore transitions. Elevating [Ca2+] in permeabilized cells reduced the fusion pore lifetime, indicating an action of Ca2+ during the actual fusion process. Analysing the Ca2+ dependence of the fusion pore lifetime, together with the frequency of pore openings and the proportion of openings that close without dilating (kiss-and-run events) enabled us to resolve exocytosis into a sequence of kinetic steps representing functional transitions in the fusion pore. Fusion pore opening and dilation were both accelerated by Ca2+, indicating separate Ca2+ control over each of these steps. Ca2+ ligand mutations in either the C2A or C2B domains of Syt I reduced fusion pore opening, but had opposite actions on the rate of fusion pore closure. These studies resolve two separate and distinct Ca2+-triggered steps during regulated exocytosis. The C2A and C2B domains of Syt I have different actions during these steps, and these actions may be linked to their distinctive effector interactions.
Performance Evaluation of Automatic Feature Discovery Focused within Error Clusters

We report performance evaluation of our automatic feature discovery method on the publicly available Gisette dataset: a set of 29 features discovered by our method ranks 129 among all 411 current entries on the validation set. Our approach is a greedy forward selection algorithm guided by error clusters. The algorithm finds error clusters in the current feature space, then projects one tight cluster into the null space of the feature mapping, where a new feature that helps to classify these errors can be discovered. This method assumes a ``data-rich'' problem domain and works well when large amount of labeled data is available. The result on the Gisette dataset shows that our method is competitive to many of the current feature selection algorithms. We also provide analytical results showing that our method is guaranteed to lower the error rate on Gaussian distributions and that our approach may outperform the standard Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method in some cases.
METABOLISM IN VIVO OF BRAIN GALACTOLIPIDS: THE JIMPY MUTANT

— The incorporation in vivo of [U-14C]glucose into the galactolipids of the brain of control and Jimpy mutant mice was examined. Over a 24-h period of incorporation there was no indication of an increased rate of turnover of brain galactolipids in the mutant. The Jimpy mutant was identified at ages prior to and at the inception of myelination (7–10 days post partum) with a coat marker (Tabby). There was similar total radioactivity in galactolipids of the Jimpy at these ages but a reduction to 13 per Cent of control at 13 days and to 6 per cent at 16 days of postnatal age. This devetopmental pattern of galactolipid synthesis in Jimpy brain is not in accord with a primary defect in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides and sulphatides.
Triangular shaped defects limiting reverse blocking performance of 4H Silicon Carbide high power junction barrier Schottky devices

In this study, we examined triangular defects (TD) present in 4H-SiC junction barrier Schottky devices (JBS) by means of I-V measurements, infrared (IR) microscopy, electron beam induced current (EBIC), and electroluminescence (EL). The structure of TD's was analyzed by Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy (NDIC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). IR-microscopy images provide direct evidence that TD could cause a high localized leakage current under reverse bias. Structural analysis of a benign TD revealed that it contained a thin inclusion layer with a thickness in single nanometer range. This further strengthens the hypothesis that the breakdown is a consequence of the formation of a 3C and 4H interface.
Synchronization scheme for brick-based rotary oscillator arrays

In this paper, a brick-based rotary oscillator array (ROA) synchronization scheme is proposed, which directs all the rotary traveling wave oscillators (RTWOs) in the ROA to rotate in a pre-determined direction. This synchronization scheme increases the speed of the ROA synchronization process by eliminating the repetitive start-up trials due to start-ups from incorrect points on the oscillatory array. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the ROA synchronization scheme. Furthermore, the synchronization scheme is applied to an ROA-based clock generation and distribution network designed for an ISPD 10 clock benchmark in order to demonstrate its application at a larger scale.
Electrical conductivity and fracture behavior of epoxy/polyamide‐12/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites

Untreated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated into a brittle epoxy matrix at 1 wt% by solvent evaporation and showed significant gains in tensile strength, strain at break, and electrical conductivity. However, only fractional improvement in fracture toughness was observed. To improve fracture toughness, 10 μm polyamide-12 (PA) preformed particles were added at 20 wt% loading. The PA particles were observed to aid in the dispersion of MWCNTs, reducing most of the large MWCNT clusters to submicron sizes. The epoxy/PA/MWCNT ternary composite exhibits an increased electrical percolation threshold, but nearly identical electrical scaling behavior as the epoxy/MWCNT composite. The similarity in percolation parameters suggest conduction occurs by efficient electron transport through MWCNT clusters, rather than pathways composed of individual tubes. The ternary composite also shows significant improvements in strain at break and fracture toughness due to synergistic interaction between filler phases. The usefulness of this ternary composite approach in vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding for advanced composite applications is discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Potentially beneficial uses of inland saline waters in the Southwestern USA

Large quantities of saline waters are available in the Southwestern USA from both saline aquifers, agricultural drainage systems and oil fields. Published literature, pilot projects and practical experience were reviewed for assessing status, problems and prospect for potentially beneficial uses. The review identified three broad uses: irrigated production of salt-tolerant conventional crops, irrigated production of halophytes, and saline aquaculture. The economically acceptable levels of salinity in irrigation water for production of salt-tolerant conventional crops such as cotton rarely exceed 5 or 6ppt. Beyond this level of salinity, several halophytes offer good potential for fodder and oil seed production. However, irrigated production of halophytes with highly saline water requires a considerable amount of research on trace element uptake and irrigation management. Highly concentrated saline solutions, especially those high in trace elements can be disposed of using agroforestry with halophyte trees, but soil permeability reductions caused by precipitated salts present a realistic concern in water high in Ca, HCO, and/or SO,. Saline aquaculture, especially shrimp and some fish species offers an alternative to halophytes, and is adaptable up to salinity of seawater (35 ppt). The problem is one of economics, and some uncertainty with trace element toxicity as culture water is concentrated by evaporation. Algae culture is also adaptable to seawater salinity or higher, and could provide specialty chemicals, oil substitute, and biosorption of heavy metals from concentrated saline solutions. The economics of using saline waters can be improved through the development of an integrated system of different and complemented uses. However, a consideration should be given to bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements under repeated uses of saline water resources.
Gender Differences and Factor Structure of Wisc-Iii Scores for Students With Mild Mental Retardation

WISC-III scores from the special education folders of 233 students with mental retardation were examined. Boys had higher Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance IQs than did girls. Boys also had higher scores on 6 of 10 subtests. Existence of "g" was supported, but Vocabulary and Object Assembly did not contribute to "g" for boys. Perceptual Organization, Verbal Comprehension, and Freedom from Distractibility were supported for girls, but only Perceptual Organization was supported for boys. Performance subtests were better predictors of Full Scale IQs than were Verbal subtests. Coding was the strongest predictor and Vocabulary was the weakest predictor for both boys and girls. Object Assembly was the second strongest predictor for boys but was ninth strongest for girls.
An experimental and modeling study of iso-octane ignition delay times under homogeneous charge compression ignition conditions

Abstract Autoignition of iso-octane was examined using a rapid compression facility (RCF) with iso-octane, oxygen, nitrogen, and argon mixtures. The effects of typical homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) conditions on the iso-octane ignition characteristics were studied. Experimental results for ignition delay times, τign, were obtained from pressure time-histories. The experiments were conducted over a range of equivalence ratios ( ϕ = 0.25 – 1.0 ), pressures ( P = 5.12 – 23 atm ) , temperatures ( T = 943 – 1027 K ), and oxygen mole fractions ( χ O 2 = 9 – 21 % ), and with the addition of trace amounts of combustion product gases (CO2 and H2O). It was found that the ignition delay times were well represented by the expression τ ign = 1.3 × 10 −4 P −1.05 ϕ −0.77 χ O 2 −1.41 exp ( 33 , 700 / R ( cal / mol / K ) T ) , where P is pressure (atm), T is temperature (K), ϕ is the equivalence ratio (based on iso-octane to O2 molar ratios), χ O 2 is the oxygen mole percent (%), and τ ign is the ignition delay time (ms). Carbon dioxide was found to have no chemical effect on τign. Water was found to systematically decrease τign by a small amount (less than 14% for the range of conditions studied). The maximum uncertainty in the measured τign is ±12% with an average uncertainty of ±6%. The performance of several proposed chemical reaction mechanisms (including detailed, reduced, and skeletal mechanisms) was evaluated in the context of the current experimental results.
An adaptive covariance relaxation method for ensemble data assimilation

For ensemble filters, accounting for unrepresented errors by inflating the ensemble perturbationscanhelpimprovefilterperformance.However,tuningtheinflationfactorcan becostly,thusdemandingadaptivecovarianceinflation(ACI)algorithmsthatgiveanonline estimate of a temporally varying inflation factor. Additionally, a spatially varying inflation factor should be used to account for an irregular observation network. Anderson’s adaptive inflation method offers a spatially and temporally varying inflation factor estimated from innovation statistics using a hierarchical Bayesian approach. In this study, we propose an alternative adaptive covariance relaxation (ACR) method that estimates a relaxation parameter online. Instead of treating inflation parameters as spatially varying random variables as in Anderson’s method, the relaxation-to-prior-spread method provides an ensemble spread reduction term that serves as a spatial mask to account for an irregular observation network. We demonstrate with a set of experiments using the 40-variable Lorenz model that the ACR method is able to improve filter performance with the presence ofsampling/model errors overarangeofseverity. Itsreliability andeaseofimplementation suggest potential for future applications with atmospheric models.
Alkali Metal Ion Binding to Glutamine and Glutamine Derivatives Investigated by Infrared Action Spectroscopy and Theory

The gas-phase structures of alkali-metal cationized glutamine are investigated by using both infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy, utilizing light generated by a free electron laser, and theory. The IRMPD spectra contain many similarities that are most consistent with glutamine adopting nonzwitterionic forms in all ions, but differences in the spectra indicate that the specific nonzwitterionic forms adopted depend on metal-ion identity. For ions containing small alkali metals, the metal ion is solvated predominantly by the amino group, the carbonyl oxygen of the carboxylic acid group, and the carbonyl oxygen of the amide group. With increasing alkali-metal-ion size, additional structures are present in which the carboxylic acid group donates a hydrogen bond to the amino group and the metal ion is solvated only by the amide and carboxylic acid groups. The effects of alkylation of the amino and amide groups on the proton affinity of isolated glutamine and the relative zwitterion stability of sodiated glutamine were examined computationally. Methylation of the amino group increases the proton affinity of isolated glutamine and preferentially stabilizes the zwitterionic form of sodiated glutamine by roughly 20 kJ/mol. Ethylation and isopropylation of the amide group each increase the proton affinity of isolated glutamine by roughly 13 kJ/mol but preferentially stabilize the zwitterionic form of sodiated glutamine by less than 3 kJ/mol. These results indicate that effects of proton affinity on relative zwitterion stability compete with effects of metal-ion solvation.
Stochastic differential equation-based exploration algorithm for autonomous indoor 3D exploration with a micro-aerial vehicle

In this paper, we propose a stochastic differential equation-based exploration algorithm to enable exploration in three-dimensional indoor environments with a payload-constrained micro-aerial vehicle (MAV). We are able to address computation, memory, and sensor limitations by using a map representation which is dense for the known occupied space but sparse for the free space. We determine regions for further exploration based on the evolution of a stochastic differential equation that simulates the expansion of a system of particles with Newtonian dynamics. The regions of most significant particle expansion correlate to unexplored space. After identifying and processing these regions, the autonomous MAV navigates to these locations to enable fully autonomous exploration. The performance of the approach is demonstrated through numerical simulations and experimental results in single- and multi-floor indoor experiments.
Feasibility of Metallic Structural Heat Pipes as Sharp Leading Edges for Hypersonic Vehicles

Hypersonic flight with hydrocarbon-fueled airbreathing propulsion requires sharp leading edges. This generates high temperatures at the leading edge surface, which cannot be sustained by most materials. By integrating a planar heat pipe into the structure of the leading edge, the heat can be conducted to large flat surfaces from which it can be radiated out to the environment, significantly reducing the temperatures at the leading edge and making metals feasible materials. This paper describes a method by which the leading edge thermal boundary conditions can be ascertained from standard hypersonic correlations, and then uses these boundary conditions along with a set of analytical approximations to predict the behavior of a planar leading edge heat pipe. The analytical predictions of the thermostructural performance are verified by finite element calculations. Given the results of the analysis, possible heat pipe fluid systems are assessed, and their applicability to the relevant conditions determined. The results indicate that the niobium alloy Cb-752, with lithium as the working fluid, is a feasible combination for Mach 6-8 flight with a 3 mm leading edge radius.
Functionally distinct regions for spatial processing and sensory motor integration in the planum temporale.

There has been much debate recently over the functional role played by the planum temporale (PT) within the context of the dorsal auditory processing stream. Some studies indicate that regions in the PT support spatial hearing and other auditory functions, whereas others demonstrate sensory-motor response properties. This multifunctionality has led to the claim that the PT is performing a common computational pattern matching operation, then routing the signals (spatial, object, sensory-motor) into an appropriate processing stream. An alternative possibility is that the PT is functionally subdivided with separate regions supporting various functions. We assess this possibility using a within subject fMRI block design. DTI data were also collected to examine connectivity. There were four auditory conditions: stationary noise, moving noise, listening to pseudowords, and shadowing pseudowords (covert repeti- tion). Contrasting the shadow and listen conditions should activate regions specific to sensory-motor proc- esses, while contrasting the stationary and moving noise conditions should activate regions involved in spatial hearing. Subjects (N ¼ 16) showed greater activation for shadowing in left posterior PT, area Spt, when the shadow and listen conditions were contrasted. The motion vs. stationary noise contrast revealed greater activation in a more medial and anterior portion of left PT. Seeds from these two contrasts were then used to guide the DTI analysis in an examination of connectivity via streamline tractography, which revealed different patterns of connectivity. Findings support a heterogeneous model of the PT, with func- tionally distinct regions for sensory-motor integration and processes involved in auditory spatial percep- tion. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2453-2463, 2012. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Printed Circuit Board Technology to FT-ICR MS Analyzer Cell Construction and Prototyping

Although Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) remains the mass spectrometry platform that provides the highest levels of performance for mass accuracy and resolving power, there is room for improvement in analyzer cell design as the ideal quadrupolar trapping potential has yet to be generated for a broadband MS experiment. To this end, analyzer cell designs have improved since the field’s inception, yet few research groups participate in this area because of the high cost of instrumentation efforts. As a step towards reducing this barrier to participation and allowing for more designs to be physically tested, we introduce a method of FT-ICR analyzer cell prototyping utilizing printed circuit boards at modest vacuum conditions. This method allows for inexpensive devices to be readily fabricated and tested over short intervals and should open the field to laboratories lacking or unable to access high performance machine shop facilities because of the required financial investment.
An Investigation of Turbine Wheelspace Cooling Flow Interactions With a Transonic Hot Gas Path—Part 1: Experimental Measurements

The desire for higher power output combined with lower fuel consumption has focused recent design and research attention on the interaction of required secondary systems cooling flows with the turbine hot gas path. The flow physics associated with the rotor-stator wheelspaces, and in particular the trench and buffer cavity areas just inboard of the hot gas path, demand an increased level of design sophistication to account for the unsteady fluid and thermal effects associated with periodic vane wakes, circumferential pressure gradients, purge flows, and blade lead edge blockages. Part 1 of this study utilizes a wheelspace sector cascade rig for the purpose of gathering fundamental data on flow and thermal effects in a nonrotating environment. This experimental rig is a simplified screening tool for the investigation of basic geometry and flow effects that maintains the bulk of the correct flow physics in the absence of rotation. The test rig is also a validation data generation device for the unsteady CFD modeling efforts described in Part 2. The present cascade is composed of a five passage annular sector of a transonic turbine inlet guide vane, a complete sector of the upper wheelspace, buffer and trench cavities, and equivalent flow blockages for a blade row represented as leading edge cylinders. The geometry is three-dimensional including all sealing features of the wheelspace. The vane and blade rows can be clocked to any relative position. Secondary cooling flows are adjustable for the wheelspace purge flow and the leakage flow across the vane support. Detailed measurements in the form of static pressures throughout the interaction region, surface temperature distributions, and buffer cavity air temperatures are presented for various clocked positions. The circumferential pressure distribution peak-to-peak variations just aft of the vane are here as much as 18%. These variations are key to the resulting forcing of hot gas inboard of the rim seal. The blade leading edge bow wave is found to have an equal or even greater influence in generating this peak-to-peak variation than the vane trailing edge wake. Buffer cavity cooling effectiveness levels vary with the clocked positions and decrease as cylinder size is increased. Significantly, the effect of the leading edge blockage can reduce buffer cavity cooling effectiveness by a factor of 0.1.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A highly conserved 3-methylhistidine modification is absent in yeast actin.

To identify a protein histidine methyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we examined purified actin for the presence of the highly conserved 3-methylhistidine residue at position 73 by amino acid analysis of the whole protein and by amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry of the corresponding tryptic fragment. Surprisingly, we found that His-73 is not modified. A similar lack of modification was also found in actin from the yeast Candida albicans, while rabbit muscle actin revealed the expected 3-methylhistidine residue. Phylogenetic analysis of actin sequences suggests that this modification was introduced in evolution after the divergence of yeast from higher eukaryotic organisms, including unicellular eukaryotes such as Acanthamoeba, Dictyostelium, and Physarum, whose actins contain 3-methylhistidine. Our methodology for the analytical determination of 3-methylhistidine in actin offers an improved approach for investigating histidine methylation in proteins.