cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cross-sectional survey of cadmium biomarkers and cigarette smoking

Cadmium contamination of tobacco may contribute to the health hazards of cigarette smoking. The 2005-2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data provided a unique opportunity to conduct a cross-sectional survey of cadmium biomarkers and cigarette smoking. Among a sample of 6761 participants, we evaluated mean differences and correlations between cadmium biomarkers in the blood and urine and characteristics of never, former and current smokers. We found statistically significant differences in mean cadmium biomarker levels between never and former smokers as well as between never and current smokers. In current smokers, duration in years had a higher correlation coefficient with urinary than blood cadmium levels. In contrast, number of cigarettes smoked per day had a higher correlation coefficient with blood than urinary cadmium levels. These data suggest that blood and urine cadmium biomarker levels differ by duration and dose. These findings should be considered in evaluating any association between cadmium and smoking related diseases, especially cardiovascular disease.
Fishbein's Intentions Model: A Test of External and Pragmatic Validity:

An unobtrusive measure of overt behavior and personal verbal responses is employed to examine the external validity of the Extended or Intentions Model. An application is tested involving the model...
Determination of residues of chloramphenicol in chicken muscle by matrix solid phase dispersion and ultra- performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Objective To develop a quantification method for chloramphenicol( CAP) in chicken muscle by matrix solid phase dispersion( MSPD) and ultra- performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry( UPLC- MS / MS). Methods Coupled with internal standard of d5- chloramphenicol,samples were extracted by matrix solid phase dispersion of C18 materials,and washed by hexane,then eluted with acetonitrile / water( V∶V,50∶50) The analyte in elution was then extracted by acetic ether,and dried by nitrogen extracted. The extraction was finally dissolved in mobile phase solvent. CAP was separated by gradient elution with methanol- water in ACQUITY BEH C18 column. The analyte was quantified by the isotope internal standard under the negative ion mode and multiple reactions monitoring mode. Results The limit of detection for CAP was 0. 01 μg / kg.The sample was spiking with CAP at level of 0. 5 μg / kg,10 μg / kg,and 50 μg / kg. The spiking average recoveries were85. 0% ~ 97. 3%,and the relative standard deviation varied between 5. 4% and 6. 8%. Conclusion The method was selective,sensitive,accurate and suitable for determination of trace CAP analysis in chicken muscle.
Development and localization of reverse-polarity mechanotransducer channels in cochlear hair cells

Cochlear hair cells normally detect positive deflections of their hair bundles, rotating toward their tallest edge, which opens mechanotransducer (MT) channels by increased tension in interciliary tip links. After tip-link destruction, the normal polarity of MT current is replaced by a mechanically sensitive current evoked by negative bundle deflections. The “reverse-polarity” current was investigated in cochlear hair cells after tip-link destruction with BAPTA, in transmembrane channel-like protein isoforms 1/2 (Tmc1:Tmc2) double mutants, and during perinatal development. This current is a natural adjunct of embryonic development, present in all wild-type hair cells but declining after birth with emergence of the normal-polarity current. Evidence indicated the reverse-polarity current seen developmentally was a manifestation of the same ion channel as that evident under abnormal conditions in Tmc mutants or after tip-link destruction. In all cases, sinusoidal fluid-jet stimuli from different orientations suggested the underlying channels were opened not directly by deflections of the hair bundle but by deformation of the apical plasma membrane. Cell-attached patch recording on the hair-cell apical membrane revealed, after BAPTA treatment or during perinatal development, 90-pS stretch-activated cation channels that could be blocked by Ca2+ and by FM1-43. High-speed Ca2+ imaging, using swept-field confocal microscopy, showed the Ca2+ influx through the reverse-polarity channels was not localized to the hair bundle, but distributed across the apical plasma membrane. These reverse-polarity channels, which we propose to be renamed “unconventional” mechanically sensitive channels, have some properties similar to the normal MT channels, but the relationship between the two types is still not well defined.
Cutaneous late phase responses--an allergic inflammatory response.

Cutaneous late phase responses have been demonstrated to occur secondary to either immune or nonimmune mast cell activation. In this article I will review studies from our laboratory that support the concept that inflammatory cells, migrating into the allergic reaction secondary to mast cell activation, are themselves activated. These activated cells release mediators that then can induce edematous, indurated cutaneous responses occurring hours after mast cell activation that have been termed "late phase cutaneous responses."
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Presenting as Impotence

AbstractWe describe a patient who initially presented with impotence followed by progressive lethargy and visual disturbances. Endocrine and radiological evaluation was suggestive of pituitary adenoma but pathological evaluation after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy revealed renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the pituitary. The etiology of this unusual presentation and prior reports of renal cell carcinoma spread to the pituitary are reviewed.
Conjugated linoleic acid improves feed efficiency, decreases subcutaneous fat, and improves certain aspects of meat quality in stress-genotype pigs.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was supplemented to crossbred growing-finishing barrows (n = 60) at 0.75% of the total diet. Pigs were randomly assigned to the CLA or control diets based on stress genotype (negative, carrier, or positive). Gain:feed was higher for CLA diet animals (350 g/kg feed) than for control diet animals (330 g/kg feed) independent of genotype (P < 0.05). No differences were observed for ADG for the diets (P = 0.71) or genotype classes (P = 0.40). Postmortem pH was lower (P < 0.01) by 3 h for CLA-supplemented pigs, with no differences in ultimate pH. No differences (P = 0.16) were observed for ultimate pH between the three genotypes. Conjugated linoleic acid-supplemented pigs exhibited less 10th rib fat depth (2.34 cm vs 2.84 cm) and last rib fat depth (2.46 cm vs 2.72 cm) than control pigs (P < 0.05). Loin muscle area (LMA) was not affected (P = 0.18) by CLA supplementation, but LMA was different (P < 0.02) for genotype; positive genotype carcasses had the largest LMA (45.02 cm 2 ) and negative carcasses had the smallest LMA (36.44 cm 2 ). Carrier carcasses were intermediate for LMA (40.76 cm 2 ). Subjective scores for color were not affected (P = 0.98) by CLA but color was different (P < 0.01), with scores of 1.50, 2.40, and 3.1 for positive, carrier, and negative genotypes, respectively. Subjective marbling scores were increased (P < 0.03) in all genotypes with CLA supplementation. Subjective firmness scores were higher (P < 0.06) for CLA-supplemented pigs and were highly correlated (0.89) to marbling scores. The L * values were higher (P < 0.01) for stress-positive pigs at 24 h postmortem. Also, L * values were higher (P < 0.01) for CLA-fed pigs over 7 d of shelf storage. Sensory characteristics were not different with CLA supplementation for tenderness (P = 0.24), juiciness (P = 0.35), or flavor intensity (P = 0.14). This study showed that LMA was increased with stress-carrier and stress-positive genotypes, but lean color was negatively affected with the presence of the stress gene. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation improves feed efficiency, decreases backfat, and improves pork quality attributes of marbling and firmness of the longissimus muscle. Furthermore, there is seemingly no interaction between the stress-genotype status of pigs and the subsequent effect of CLA on their growth and performance.
Stop experimenting on my baby

Having a small sick baby in a neonatal intensive care unit can be an extremely difficult experience for any family. A minority family brings to this setting the additional burden of a concern that racism may affect the care their child receives. While the technology may be overwhelming, the unique rules and an apparent disparity in the enforcement of these rules can suggest discrimination. In some cases, these parental perceptions lead to a charge of experimentation. An increased understanding by health care providers of the cultural differences and life experiences that families bring to stressful situations can improve communication.
Effects of subject-area degree and classroom experience on new chemistry teachers’ subject matter knowledge

ABSTRACTScience teachers need to understand the subject matter they teach. While subject matter knowledge (SMK) can improve with classroom teaching experience, it is problematic that many secondary science teachers leave the profession before garnering extensive classroom experience. Furthermore, many new science teachers are assigned to teach science subjects for which they do not hold a degree. This study investigates the SMK of new secondary science teachers assigned to teach chemistry in their first three years of teaching. These new teachers do not have the advantage of years of experience to develop their SMK and half hold a degree in biology rather than chemistry. This qualitative study explores the effects of holding a degree in the subject area one teaches as well as classroom teaching experience on teachers’ SMK for two chemistry topics, conservation of mass and chemical equilibrium. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews indicated that the SMK of teachers who had a chemistry degree ...
Atypical ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetes

The clinical stereotype that divides diabetic patients into those who are thin and need insulin and those who are obese and do not need insulin can be misleading. Some patients with type 2 diabetes present with ketoacidosis and require insulin treatment. Many of them can be weaned from insulin, although they may require hypoglycemic therapy.
Production Planning with Inexact Customer Demand

The vast majority of research in production planning takes demand as given and attempts to find an optimal production schedule by balancing inventory and manufacturing costs with system constraints (e.g. see [M11, V4]). Efforts to account for uncertainty in demand have primarily focused on the relationship between consumer behavior and advertising [A10, N4]. In most organizations, marketing is responsible for collecting and analyzing the relevant data. Advertising strategies are then devised and implemented through a series of allocation decisions aimed at maximizing total sales. The planning department is usually at the receiving end of these decisions and must respond with a master production schedule designed to meet customer demand at minimum cost. Experience shows that this can be a difficult and frustrating task due to the physical and operational constraints of the system. Even with such techniques as capacity requirements planning, lengthy trial and error procedures may still be needed to find good feasible solutions.
Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histopathological entity that identifies a group of glomerular kidney disorders, which manifest by a certain pattern of sclerosis that involves parts of some glomeruli (focal segmental) on light microscopy. In most cases of FSGS, in particular the primary or idiopathic FSGS, the first site of the damage is the podocyte, which marks the beginning of this disease. However, FSGS can be a secondary process to another injury in the glomeruli, giving the definition of secondary FSGS. A large number of pathogenic factors have been identified, which lead to podocyte injury and, thereafter, to FSGS. Several genetic predispositions and mutations have been confirmed, especially in young patients, causing an early onset of primary FSGS. Acquired causes of FSGS constitute a large list of factors that may directly or indirectly injure the podocyte cells. Identifying these factors in the cases of primary or idiopathic FSGS has been the focus of extensive research investigations. For many decades, researchers speculated the presence of circulating factors to be the pathogenic causes of primary FSGS. These factors are thought to be the cause of FSGS recurrence post-kidney transplantation as well. However, not until recently, these factors are being identified. In 2011, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) was suggested to be a circulating factor leading to primary FSGS and post-transplantation FSGS recurrence.
Hospital Nurses’ Work Environment Characteristics and Patient Safety Outcomes: A Literature Review

This integrative literature review assesses the relationship between hospital nurses' work environment characteristics and patient safety outcomes and recommends directions for future research based on examination of the literature. Using an electronic search of five databases, 18 studies published in English between 1999 and 2016 were identified for review. All but one study used a cross-sectional design, and only four used a conceptual/theoretical framework to guide the research. No definition of work environment was provided in most studies. Differing variables and instruments were used to measure patient outcomes, and findings regarding the effects of work environment on patient outcomes were inconsistent. To clarify the relationship between nurses' work environment characteristics and patient safety outcomes, researchers should consider using a longitudinal study design, using a theoretical foundation, and providing clear operational definitions of concepts. Moreover, given the inconsistent findings of previous studies, they should choose their measurement methodologies with care.
Near-ideal behavior of some compressed sensing algorithms

A well-known result of Candes and Tao [1] states the following: Suppose x ∈ ℝ n and has at most k nonzero components, but the location of the nonzero components is not known. Suppose A is an m × n matrix that satisfies the so-called Restricted Isometry Property (RIP) of order 2k with a coefficient δ 2k 1 subject to Az = y = Ax. A later paper by Candes [2] - see also [3] - studies the case of noisy measurements with y = Az + η where ∥η∥ 2 ≤ e, and shows that minimizing ∥z∥ 1 subject to ∥y - Az∥ 2 ≤ e leads to an estimate x whose error ∥x - x∥ 2 is bounded by a universal constant times the error achieved by an “oracle” that knows the location of the nonzero components of x. This is called “near ideal behavior” in [4], where a closely related problem is studied. The minimization of the l 1 -norm is closely related to the LASSO algorithm, which in turn is a special case of the Sparse Group LASSO (SGL) algorithm. In this paper, it is shown that both SGL, and an important special case of SGL introduced here called Modified Elastic Net (MEN), exhibit near ideal behavior.
How to Create Human Humus Instead of Human Hubris

“How to Create Human Humus Instead of Human Hubris” serves as the introduction to this book and provides a brief overview of the books’ main topics, discourses, and themes, as well as a description of the research questions that drive and sustain these lines of inquiry. Introducing the varied theoretical approaches, foci, and philosophical commitments of the feminist social scientists engaged with throughout this book, this chapter sets the foundation for the methodological research practices developed in later chapters. This chapter also provides a brief overview of each chapter—an initial sketch or map—not with the goal of identifying a fixed location or fixed position, but to allow for the exploration of the multiple complex locations and overlapping territories of teaching, learning, and research.
The mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation: A meta-analysis of resource orchestration and cultural contingencies

Abstract Building on the resource orchestration literature, we use meta-analytic structural equation modeling to test a model where entrepreneurial orientation (EO) mobilizes resources to influence firm performance. Our results indicate that (1) EO mediates (partially) the human and social capital - firm performance relationships; (2) social capital is positively associated with human capital; (3) the relationship between social capital and firm performance is mediated in two steps, first, by human capital, and then, by EO; and (4) the human capital – EO relationship is stronger in high in-group collectivistic, low future oriented, and high uncertainty avoidance cultures.
WPKT: Work Process Knowledge Template for Codification of Organizational Process Knowledge

The knowledge embedded in organizational processes has been difficult to codify and make available to other members who need access to this knowledge either because they perform complementary processes or may need to take over the processes in question. Previous approaches to the codification of such knowledge have recognized the difficulties of capturing the context within which the knowledge is utilized. In this design-science based work, the authors propose a work process knowledge template WPKT which follows a systems' approach to capturing work processes that balances complexity of the template with capturing relevant context. The template was pilot tested during development, and empirically evaluated for usability, ease of use and learnability in multiple real world settings.
Challenging Colorblindness and Future Directions

In Chapter 10, research and perspectives relating to challenging the colorblind ideology are explored. Education regarding the extent of ongoing racial inequality is crucial, but may backfire if not framed by discussions of underlying factors such as the lingering effect of historical racial oppression, and modern forms of racism such as implicit bias and structural bias. Various non-rhetorical techniques are proposed, and related-research is summarized. The chapter suggests a series of future topics for researchers to consider.
Stochastic Process Model and Its Applications to Analysis of Longitudinal Data

Longitudinal studies are widely used in medicine, biology, population health and other areas related to bioinformatics. A broad spectrum of methods for joint analysis of longitudinal and time-to-event (survival) data has been proposed the in last few decades. The Stochastic process model (SPM) represents one possible framework for modelling joint evolution of repeatedly measured variables and time-to-event outcome typically observed in longitudinal studies. SPM is applicable for analyses of longitudinal data in many research areas such as demography and medicine and allows researchers to utilize the full potential of longitudinal data by evaluating dynamic mechanisms of changing physiological variables with time (age), allowing the study of differences, for example, in genotype-specific hazards. SPM allows incorporation of available knowledge about regularities of aging-related changes in the human body for addressing fundamental problems of changes in resilience and physiological norms. It permits evaluating mechanisms that indirectly affect longitudinal trajectories of physiological variables using data on mortality or onset of diseases. In this tutorial we explain the basic concepts of SPM, its current state and possible applications, corresponding software tools and show practical examples of analysis of joint analysis of longitudinal and time-to-event data with this methodology.
Inhibition of CX 3 CR1 reduces cell motility and viability in pancreatic adenocarcinoma epithelial cells

Increased expression of the chemokine CX3CL1 and its sole receptor, CX3CR1 have been correlated with poor pancreatic cancer patient survival and time to recurrence, as well as with pancreatic perineural invasion. We have previously shown that metastasis of prostate and breast cancer is in part driven by CX3CL1, and have developed small molecule inhibitors against the CX3CR1 receptor that diminish metastatic burden. Here we ask if inhibition of this chemokine receptor affects the phenotype of PDAC tumor cells. Our findings demonstrate that motility, invasion, and contact-independent growth of PDAC cells all increase following CX3CL1 exposure, and that antagonism of CX3CR1 by the inhibitor JMS-17-2 reduces each of these phenotypes and correlates with a downregulation of AKT phosphorylation. These data suggest that PDAC tumor cell migration and growth, elements critical in metastatic progression, may susceptible to pharmacologic intervention.
Publicly Reported Readmission Measures and the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program: A False Equivalence?

The editorialists discuss Butala and colleagues' findings on whether a hospital's performance on the 3 Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program conditions reflects readmission rates for other condit...
Laboratory testing in BCR-ABL1-like (Philadelphia-like) B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma

BCR-ABL1-like B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (BCR-ABL1-like B-ALL), also known as Philadelphia-like (Ph-like) ALL, is a neoplasm of B-lineage lymphoblasts characterized by a pattern of gene expression similar to that of B-ALL with the BCR-ABL1 translocation but lacking the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. The diagnosis of BCR-ABL1-like B-ALL is associated with a high rate of relapse and poor clinical outcomes. In recognition of the difficulty in screening these leukemias for diagnostic workup, the 2016 update/revision to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2008 edition included BCR-ABL1-like B-ALL as a provisional entity. This review addresses the various clinical considerations and methodologies currently used in the pathologic diagnosis, subclassification, and molecular characterization of cases of BCR-ABL1-like B-ALL, with particular attention paid to emerging methods useful in identification of molecular lesions potentially amenable to targeted therapy.
Converged Calculations of Rotational Excitation and V-V Energy Transfer in the Collision of two Molecules

We present the results of large-scale quantum mechanical calculations of state-to-state transition probabilities for the collision of two hydrogen fluoride molecules. We use a potential energy surface obtained by adding a vibrational dependence to the interaction potential of Alexander and DePristo, and we consider zero total angular momentum. We have calculated converged transition probabilities for rotational energy transfer in the rigid rotator approximation and for vibration-to-vibration energy transfer in calculations including full vibration-rotation coupling. The V-V calculations include up to 948 coupled channels. Final production runs were carried out with a highly vectorized code on the University of Minnesota Cyber 205 and Cray-1 computers; earlier test runs were carried out as well on a Cray Research X-MP/48 machine.
Accommodation of mispair aligned N3T-ethyl-N3T DNA interstrand cross link.

The solution structure of the undecamer d(CGAAAT*TTTCG)2, where T* represents a N3Tethyl-N3T interstrand cross link, was elucidated using molecular dynamics calculations restrained by NOEand dihedral data obtained from NMR spectroscopy. The ethyl moiety is particularly well-accommodatedbetween the minor and major grooves. This is an exceptional example of the plasticity along the axisdefined by the stem and a unique finding of an interstrand cross link occupying the area associatingminor and major grooves. The mismatch-aligned tethered bases preserve good intrastrand stacking withflanking bases. Base-pair steps adjacent to the lesion site are overwound. Accommodation of the lesionalso results in an increase in mispair staggering alignment modulated by flexibility because of the tetrahedralgeometry of the exocyclic ethyl carbon atoms. This is mechanically coupled with a small measure ofconcomitant propeller twisting without an increase in intrastrand base-step distance. Both x displacementand sugar puckering are indicative of canonical B DNA throughout the stem. We have thus establishedthat the lesion defined by mismatch-aligned minor groove N3T-ethyl-N3T cross-linked thymine basesproduces very localized distortions in a DNA stem that may be difficult to recognize by repair mechanismsthat are not transcription- or replication-coupled. Thus, this synthetic DNA is a valuable structural probeto study mechanisms of repair.
Life After Loss: Psychodynamic Perspectives on a Continuing Bonds Approach with “Pet Companion”

As evident in the chapters that make up this anthology, there has been an evolving perspective in the field of mental health regarding pet loss as a significant clinical matter. Attachment and loss issues related to a pet companion seem to have gained greater awareness, if not acceptance, in some parts of society, based on the recent volume of journal articles, book chapters, and books written for a professional audience. In order to provide the best therapeutic care, various clinical and research approaches may be reexamined in light of those working with pet-related issues.
Corruption, economic development, and auto loan delinquency: Evidence from China

Abstract We study the predictors of loan delinquency using a unique dataset on auto loans in China. In addition to confirming that demographic characteristics have predictive power for delinquency, we find a strong effect of corruption norms: individuals from provinces with a higher level of corruption accumulate significantly more overdue payments. Our evidence also indicates that better economic development significantly reduces the number of loan delinquencies. We mainly focus on late payments made during the grace period (within 10 days past due), which do not incur a penalty, so borrowers have no financial incentive for a timely payment and their actions should reflect cultural norms. It implies that economic development is positively related to cultural norms. We also observe convergence to the outcome predicted by the grace period: learning the absence of punishment for overdue payment in the first 10 days, borrowers become more delinquency-prone when the loan contracts have been in effect for a longer time.
New Techniques to Study Intracellular Receptors in Living Cells: Insights Into RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling.

This review discusses new developments in Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy and its application to cellular receptors. The method is based on the kinetic theory of FRET, which can be used to predict FRET not only in dimers, but also higher order oligomers of donor and acceptor fluorophores. Models based on such FRET predictions can be fit to observed FRET efficiency histograms (also called FRET spectrograms) and used to estimate intracellular binding constants, free energy values, and stoichiometries. These “FRET spectrometry” methods have been used to analyze oligomers formed by various receptors in cell signaling pathways, but until recently such studies were limited to receptors residing on the cell surface. To study complexes residing inside the cell, a technique called Quantitative Micro-Spectroscopic Imaging (Q-MSI) was developed. Q-MSI combines determination of quaternary structure from pixel-level apparent FRET spectrograms with the determination of both donor and acceptor concentrations at the organelle level. This is done by resolving and analyzing the spectrum of a third fluorescent marker, which does not participate in FRET. Q-MSI was first used to study the interaction of a class of cytoplasmic receptors that bind viral RNA and signal an antiviral response via complexes formed mainly on mitochondrial membranes. Q-MSI revealed previously unknown RNA mitochondrial receptor orientations, and the interaction between the viral RNA receptor called LGP2 with the RNA helicase encoded by the hepatitis virus. The biological importance of these new observations is discussed.
Non-Hermiticity and exceptional points in coherently coupled vertical cavity laser diode arrays

Coherently coupled laser arrays can be described by the temporal coupled mode theory in which the array modal behavior can be classified according to the coupling matrix, M¯¯. Accounting for a nonuniform gain/loss distribution in a laser array makes M¯¯ a non-Hermitian matrix, and experimentally we find phase-front tuning (beam steering) of the coherent supermode as a result of the non-Hermiticity. We report the experimental characterization of the supermodes in coherently coupled vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode arrays and demonstrate control of non-Hermiticity by spatially varying injection currents. Exceptional points are identified in these electrically injected microcavity diode arrays.
A Conversation Between Michael Phelps and Jason Lewis.

![Figure][1] Michael E. Phelps, PhD Jason S. Lewis, PhD, Emily Tow Jackson Chair in Oncology at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY), spoke with Norton Simon Professor and Chair of the University of California at Los Angeles Department of Molecular and Medical
SoK: The Challenges, Pitfalls, and Perils of Using Hardware Performance Counters for Security

Hardware Performance Counters (HPCs) have been available in processors for more than a decade. These counters can be used to monitor and measure events that occur at the CPU level. Modern processors provide hundreds of hardware events that can be monitored, and with each new processor architecture more are added. Yet, there has been little in the way of systematic studies on how performance counters can best be utilized to accurately monitor events in real-world settings. Especially when it comes to the use of HPCs for security applications, measurement imprecisions or incorrect assumptions regarding the measured values can undermine the offered protection. To shed light on this issue, we embarked on a year-long effort to (i) study the best practices for obtaining accurate measurement of events using performance counters, (ii) understand the challenges and pitfalls of using HPCs in various settings, and (iii) explore ways to obtain consistent and accurate measurements across different settings and architectures. Additionally, we then empirically evaluated the way HPCs have been used throughout a wide variety of papers. Not wanting to stop there, we explored whether these widely used techniques are in fact obtaining performance counter data correctly. As part of that assessment, we (iv) extended the seminal work of Weaver and McKee from almost 10 years ago on non-determinism in HPCs, and applied our findings to 56 papers across various application domains. In that follow-up study, we found the acceptance of HPCs in security applications is in stark contrast to other application areas — especially in the last five years. Given that, we studied an additional representative set of 41 works from the security literature that rely on HPCs, to better elucidate how the intricacies we discovered can impact the soundness and correctness of their approaches and conclusions. Toward that goal, we (i) empirically evaluated how failure to accommodate for various subtleties in the use of HPCs can undermine the effectiveness of security applications, specifically in the case of exploit prevention and malware detection. Lastly, we showed how (ii) an adversary can manipulate HPCs to bypass certain security defenses.
A Plea for Demystifying Constitutional Theory Categories

There is a set of everlasting questions in constitutional theory, specifically regarding constitutional change, that have recently attracted increased attention within the field of comparative constitutional law. Who are “the People”? How does the popular will manifest? What are its limits, if any? Who should enforce those limits? What role should courts play? The democratic backsliding we have witnessed around the world in recent years (such as in Hungary, Poland, and Venezuela) demonstrates the utmost importance of these questions. Constitutional change, in any of its forms, has an inevitable impact on the creation, development, consolidation, success, and failure of constitutional democracies. Therefore, the...
Bond-order potentials for the Ti 3 AlC 2 and Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phases

Bond-order potentials have been developed for the ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{3}{\mathrm{AlC}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{3}{\mathrm{SiC}}_{2}$ MAX phases within the Tersoff formalism. Parameters were determined by independently considering each interatomic interaction present in the system and fitting them to the relevant structural, elastic, and defect properties for a number of unary, binary, and ternary structures. A number of material properties, including those not used in the fitting procedure, are reproduced with a high degree of accuracy when compared to experiment and ab initio calculations. Additionally, well-documented MAX phase behaviors such as plastic anisotropy and kinking nonlinear elasticity are demonstrated to be captured by the potentials. As a first highly accurate atomistic model for MAX phases, these potentials provide the opportunity to study some of the fundamental mechanisms behind unique MAX phase properties. Additionally, the fitting procedure employed is highly transferable and should be applicable to numerous other MAX phases.
Analyzing Spin in Abstracts of Orthopaedic Randomized Controlled Trials with Statistically Insignificant Primary Endpoints.

Purpose To evaluate the prevalence of spin among abstracts in orthopaedic randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with nonsignificant primary endpoints. Methods This study was conducted in accordance with a previously written protocol publicly available via the Open Science Framework. PubMed (which includes Medline) was searched for RCTs in orthopaedic surgery. The articles that were identified were then uploaded to Rayyan, and the abstracts were screened for inclusion. To be included, a trial had to have randomized the patients for intervention, statistically compare multiple groups, and have a primary endpoint that was not significant. Odds ratios and summary statistics (frequencies and proportions) were then calculated for spin in the abstracts. Results Of the 780 articles retrieved from our search string, 250 articles met the inclusion criteria. Analysis resulted in 112/250 (44.80%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 38.64-50.96) RCTs that containing spin within the abstract. Of the 112 RCTs, 52 (46.43%; 95% CI, 37.19-55.66) had spin in the results, and 89 (79.46%; 95% CI, 71.98-86.95) had spin in the conclusion of the abstract. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery was found to have the highest prevalence of spin (21/37, 56.76%; 95% CI, 40.79%-72.72%) whereas Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery had the lowest prevalence of spin (5/15, 33.33%; 95% CI, 9.48%-57.19%). No correlation was found between industry funding and increased odds of spin in the abstract (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.45-2.63). Discrepancies for our primary endpoint, prevalence of spin among abstracts, were analyzed with Gwet’s AC1 inter-rater statistic and found to be 81% (95% CI, 0.75-0.87). Conclusions Spin was found in 44.8% of the abstracts within our sample of orthopaedic RCTs. Nonsignificant primary data were often represented to seem significant, many orthopaedic RCTs did not indicate primary endpoints, and orthopaedic RCTs infrequently reported trial registration. Clinical Relevance Because spin can alter a physician’s opinion of study findings, spin has direct clinical implications as it may potentially create false impressions about the true validity of an intervention.
Defensive Coordinator and Head Coach Effects on Team Defensive Performance in the National Football League

This research examines the impact of defensive coordinators and head coaches on team defensive performance in the National Football League (NFL). We find that elite and very poor defensive coordina...
3PC-003 Terlipressin pH stability for continuous infusion

Background and importance Terlipressin is a synthetic vasoconstrictor peptide similar to desmopressin, used to treat bleeding oesophageal varices and hepatorenal syndrome. Recent publications have shown greater efficacy via continuous infusion (CI) compared with intermittent bolus injection. This could be explained by its pharmacodynamic effect ( Aim and objectives The objective of the study was to determine the pH variation after dilution of terlipressin in different diluents commonly used in clinical practice for administration as a CI. Material and methods The diluents used were 0.9% NaCl (NS), 5% dextrose (D5W) and 3.3% dextrose–0.3% saline (DS). The initial pH measurement was performed with the commercial ampoule (8.5 mL) after reaching room temperature, as well as with the diluents separately. Subsequently it was diluted to 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 250 and 500 mL. Triplicate pH measurements were made. The whole process was carried out at 23°C with a precision pH meter WTW inoLab pH level 1. Results Initial pH values were: 3.94±0.04 terlipressin, 5.62±0.10 NS, 6.14±0.04 D5W and 4.64±0.04 DS. In NS, up to 10 and 20 mL, a slight decrease in pH was observed up to 3.92±0.03. Subsequently, the value increased exponentially, reaching a pH of 4.11±0.06 in 500 mL of NS. This initial behaviour was only observed with NS, while with D5W and DS the pH increase was exponential with the increase in volume, until reaching pH values of 4.15±0.01 and 4.13±0.02, respectively, at 500 mL. In all three cases, a tendency to reach pH values >4 was observed, values in which the stability of the molecule would be compromised. Conclusion and relevance The results show that pH values are within the terlipressin stability range. This makes it possible to dilute terlipressin with NS, D5W and DS in volumes between 50 and 500 mL (not higher), allowing administration in 24 hours by CI, reducing the dose and number of administrations. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.
Secondary city invention: internal resources versus agglomeration allures

Empirical investigations of the geography of invention, especially regional knowledge production functions, attempt to pinpoint determinants of patenting intensity. They depict organizations reflex...
Disaster Preparedness Among Women With a Recent Live Birth in Hawaii - Results From the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2016.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine emergency preparedness behaviors among women with a recent live birth in Hawaii. METHODS Using the 2016 Hawaii Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, we estimated weighted prevalence of 8 preparedness behaviors. RESULTS Among 1010 respondents (weighted response rate, 56.3%), 79.3% reported at least 1 preparedness behavior, and 11.2% performed all 8 behaviors. The prevalence of women with a recent live birth in Hawaii reporting preparedness behaviors includes: 63.0% (95% CI: 58.7-67.1%) having enough supplies at home for at least 7 days, 41.3% (95% CI: 37.1-45.6%) having an evacuation plan for their child(ren), 38.7% (95% CI: 34.5-43.0%) having methods to keep in touch, 37.8% (95% CI: 33.7-42.1%) having an emergency meeting place, 36.6% (95% CI: 32.6-40.9%) having an evacuation plan to leave home, 34.9% (95% CI: 30.9-39.2%) having emergency supplies to take with them if they have to leave quickly, 31.8% (95% CI: 27.9-36.0%) having copies of important documents, and 31.6% (95% CI: 27.7-35.8%) having practiced what to do during a disaster. CONCLUSIONS One in 10 women practiced all 8 behaviors, indicating more awareness efforts are needed among this population in Hawaii. The impact of preparedness interventions implemented in Hawaii can be tracked with this question over time.
Exploring Thermomechanical Functionality of CuAlMn as an Extreme Low Temperature Shape Memory Alloy

Abstract Solid state actuation characteristics of CuAlMn shape memory alloys (SMAs) are reported at extreme low temperatures (
Valuation of expectations: A hedonic study of shale gas development and New York’s moratorium ☆

Abstract This paper examines the local impacts of shale gas development (SGD). We use a hedonic framework and exploit a discrete change in expectations about SGD caused by the New York State moratorium on hydraulic fracturing. Our research design combines difference-in-differences and border discontinuity, as well as underlying shale geology, on properties in Pennsylvania and New York. Results suggest that New York properties that were most likely to experience both the financial benefits and environmental consequences of SGD dropped in value 23% as a result of the moratorium, which under certain assumptions indicates a large and positive net valuation of SGD.
Duadic Codes and Generalizations

Since their definition in 1984 [7] there has been much work on duadic codes with generalizations in various directions. We survey this for its own interest and as it might shed light on cyclic codes in general. Duadic codes are generalizations of quadratic residue codes. This tells us for which lengths n they exist and also gives us an easy way to construct their generating idempotents over fields of characteristic 2. As cyclic codes whose extensions are self-dual must be duadic, we also learn at which lengths such codes can exist. On the one hand duadic codes are generalized to triadic and polyadic codes, and on the other hand to codes generated by difference sets in abelian groups.
Assessment and planning in the Americans with Disabilities Act era: Strategies for consumer self-advocacy and employer collaboration

With the introduction of legislation that protects the employment rights of people with disabilities but also requires them to assume responsibility for communicating their needs to employers, it is critical that rehabilitation consumers develop the skills to self-advocate and to collaborate with employers to implement reasonable accommodations. The purpose of this article is to review assessment and planning strategies that (a) increase the consumer’s awareness of the protections afforded by legislative mandates such as Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), (b) identify worksite accommodation needs, (c) promote collaborative communication with employers to implement and evaluate reasonable accommodations, and (d) teach the consumer how to negotiate with employers and resolve conflicts that may arise in the accommodation planning process.
Handcuffing the Cops? A Thirty Year Perspective on Miranda’s Effects on Law Enforcement

Critics charged that the Supreme Court’s 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona would “handcuff the cops.” Were critics’ concerns justified? This Article, using FBI data, finds that national crime clearance rates fell precipitously in the two years immediately after Miranda and have remained at lower levels in the decades since. Multiple regression analysis further reveals that rising crime rates and the aging baby-boom generation do not account for much of this decline in clearance rates. Rather, as this Article concludes, Miranda has in fact “handcuffed” the police, and society should begin to explore ways of loosening these shackles.
Laser cooling of atoms and molecules with ultrafast pulses

We propose a laser cooling method for atomic species whose level structure makes traditional laser cooling difficult. For instance, laser cooling of hydrogen requires single-frequency vacuum-ultraviolet light, while multielectron atoms need single-frequency light at many widely separated frequencies. These restrictions can be eased by laser cooling on two-photon transitions with ultrafast pulse trains. Laser cooling of hydrogen, antihydrogen, and many other species appears feasible, and extension of the technique to molecules may be possible.
Some Thoughts on Astronomical Data Files

Several astronomers were relaxing after a hard day at the I.A.U. when the talk got around to their research activities. One said, “There is a red star found in the Lowell proper-motion survey that seems rather interesting — it is G232–75, which has a proper motion of almost a second of arc per year. Since Giclas’ catalogue doesn’t give any spectral type I’m planning to go to Kitt Peak to observe it. The trip only costs about 300 dollars, and besides it’s fun to visit Arizona.”
Electrically tunable transport in the antiferromagnetic Mott insulator Sr 2 IrO 4

Electronic transport properties of the antiferromagnetic Mott insulator $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}\mathrm{Ir}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ have been investigated under extremely high electric biases. Using nanoscale contacts, we apply electric fields up to a few MV/m to a single crystal of $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}\mathrm{Ir}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and observe a continuous reduction in the material's resistivity with increasing bias, characterized by a reduction in the transport activation energy by as much as $16%$. Temperature-dependent resistivity measurements provide a means to unambiguously retrieve the bias dependence of the activation energy from the Arrhenius plots at different biases. We further demonstrate the feasibility of reversible resistive switching induced by the electric bias, which is of interest for the emerging field of antiferromagnetic spintronics. Our findings demonstrate the potential of electrical means for tuning electronic properties in $5d$ transition-metal oxides and suggest a promising path towards development of next-generation functional devices.
How Academic Institutions Can Advance Health Care Innovations

The basic premise for an informal, October 16th 2013 roundtable discussion organized by the Silicon Flatirons Center for Law, Technology, and Entrepreneurship was that there is a role for universities to envision, test, and evaluate different strategies for transforming our health care system. To begin, Colorado Law Dean Phil Weiser, who moderated the discussion, asked a diverse group of physicians, lawyers, academics, and entrepreneurs,1 "if the University of Colorado received $100 million to support the cause of facilitating health care transformation, what should we do to advance that goal?" In response, participants offered both concrete ideas and general concepts to promote collaboration across different silos, engagement with our communities, investments in technology, and a mindset around empowering consumers.
Thermal transport across carbon nanotube-graphene covalent and van der Waals junctions

Carbon nanotubes and graphene are promising materials for thermal management applications due to their high thermal conductivities. However, their thermal properties are anisotropic, and the radial or cross-plane direction thermal conductivity is low. A 3D Carbon nanotube (CNT)-graphene structure has previously been proposed to address this limitation, and direct molecular dynamics simulations have been used to predict the associated thermal conductivity. In this work, by recognizing that thermal resistance primarily comes from CNT-graphene junctions, a simple network model of thermal transport in pillared graphene structure is developed. Using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics, the resistance across an individual CNT-graphene junction with sp2 covalent bonds is found to be around 6×10−11 m2K/W, which is significantly lower than typical values reported for planar interfaces between dissimilar materials. In contrast, the resistance across a van der Waals junction is about 4×10−8 m2K/W. Interestingly, when...