cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High and low temperatures have unequal reinforcing properties in Drosophila spatial learning

Small insects regulate their body temperature solely through behavior. Thus, sensing environmental temperature and implementing an appropriate behavioral strategy can be critical for survival. The fly Drosophila melanogaster prefers 24°C, avoiding higher and lower temperatures when tested on a temperature gradient. Furthermore, temperatures above 24°C have negative reinforcing properties. In contrast, we found that flies have a preference in operant learning experiments for a low-temperature-associated position rather than the 24°C alternative in the heat-box. Two additional differences between high- and low-temperature reinforcement, i.e., temperatures above and below 24°C, were found. Temperatures equally above and below 24°C did not reinforce equally and only high temperatures supported increased memory performance with reversal conditioning. Finally, low- and high-temperature reinforced memories are similarly sensitive to two genetic mutations. Together these results indicate the qualitative meaning of temperatures below 24°C depends on the dynamics of the temperatures encountered and that the reinforcing effects of these temperatures depend on at least some common genetic components. Conceptualizing these results using the Wolf–Heisenberg model of operant conditioning, we propose the maximum difference in experienced temperatures determines the magnitude of the reinforcement input to a conditioning circuit.
Effect of grain size on work hardening in nickel

Abstract Examination of pure nickel with grain sizes from 0.12 to 130μm showed that only the large grain sizes exhibited stress-strain curves which agreed with a Taylor-corrected [111] single crystal curve. Work hardening was found nearly independent of grain size for sizes below 1 μm. These data were fitted to a polycrystal work hardening model, and the slip lengths for small grain sizes were found to be nearly independent of strain. This observation is consistent with an absence of cell formation in sub-micron grain sizes.
Hepatic arteriobiliary fistula successfully treated with an endobiliary covered stent.

Editor: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is an invasive procedure that carries the risk of several complications such as pain, infection, cholangitis, sepsis, and hemobilia. Hemobilia occurs in approximately 2.6%–9% of patients undergoing PTBD (1). Hepatic arteriobiliary fistula after PTBD is a well-known complication and is usually associated with a pseudoaneurysm. Treatment of a hepatic arteriobiliary fistula with embolization of the catheter track or the bleeding branch of the hepatic artery has already been described (2,3). In recent years, covered stents are increasingly being used for the management of arterial injuries. Herein, we describe the use of an endobiliary covered stent in a patient with advanced carcinoma of the head of the pancreas to treat an iatrogenic hepatic arteriobiliary fistula. A 71-year-old man with a history of pancreatic carcinoma was referred from an outside hospital for the evaluation of persistent bleeding around an internal-external biliary drainage catheter (which manifested as blood-soaked dressings) and possible internalization of the internal-external biliary drainage catheter. An 8-F internal-external biliary drainage catheter (Cook, Bloomington, Indiana) had been placed at an outside hospital. Review of the contrast medium–enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scans of the abdomen showed a pancreatic mass at the head and uncinate process measuring approximately 4.3 3.9 cm with multiple enlarged peripancreatic nodes and hepatic ductal dilatation. The hepatic artery and
Homoclinic orbits around spinning black holes. II. The phase space portrait

In paper I in this series, we found exact expressions for the equatorial homoclinic orbits: the separatrix between bound and plunging, whirling and not whirling motion. As a companion to that physical space study, in this paper we paint a phase space portrait of the homoclinic orbits that includes exact expressions for the actions and fundamental frequencies. Additionally, we develop a reduced Hamiltonian description of Kerr motion that allows us to track groups of trajectories with a single global clock. This facilitates a variational analysis, whose stability exponents and eigenvectors could potentially be useful for future studies of families of black hole orbits and their associated gravitational waveforms.
Pancreatic acinar cells: Use of a Ca++ ionophore to separate enzyme release from the earlier steps in stimulus-secretion coupling

Abstract The Ca ++ ionophore A23187 had no effect on the release of amylase by mouse pancreas fragments in the absence of Ca ++ but when Ca ++ was re-added to the medium amylase release was observed in a pattern which mimicked that produced by normal stimulants. Uptake of 45 Ca ++ by pancreatic fragments was increased by A23187. Tetracaine and dinitrophenol at concentrations which block cholinergic stimulated enzyme release blocked ionophore induced release whereas atropine did not. None of the inhibitors studied affected the ionophore induced Ca ++ uptake.
MCM Loading—An Open-and-Shut Case?

Two recent studies, from Fernandez-Cid et al. (2013) (this issue of Molecular Cell) and Frigola et al. (2013), have elegantly dissected key events and interactions in the loading of the budding yeast replicative helicase MCM(2-7).
Radiographic appearance of the chest following extended field radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease. A consideration of time-dose relationships.

Radiation change in the thorax following extended field radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease was reviewed retrospectively. All patients were treated with cobalt-60. Strict criteria were established to exclude patients with previous radiation therapy, chemotherapy, evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease, or inadequate radiogrophic follow-up. Nineteen of 20 patients showed changes; 13 showed evidence of radiation pneumonitis. Nineteen showed evidence of radiation fibrosis or loss of volume. Radiation pneumonitis appeared more frequently at 8-12 weeks following the completion of therapy. Radiation fibrosis was generally established by the ninth to twelth month following the completion of therapy. Two cases of radiation pericarditis were seen. There is a time-dose relationship of the pulmonary parenchymal radiation changes that needs to be further defined.
COMPARISON OF POPULATION PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING METHODS USING SIMULATED DATA: RESULTS FROM THE POPULATION MODELING WORKGROUP

Statistical modeling methods have had increasing use in drug disposition studies, both to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters and to develop regression models that relate these parameter estimates to patient characteristics. These methods are particularly flexible as they allow non-linearity and sparse within-patient information. In the past few years, multiple analysis methods have become available, but there is a lack of systematic comparisons of their estimates on the same data sets. Two simulated data sets were therefore developed by the Population Modeling Workgroup of the Biopharmaceutical Section of the American Statistical Association. We analysed these data sets using seven population modeling programs, some of which contain multiple analysis methods. Although each data set represents a single replicate from a given model and data collection design, the results suggest that the behaviour of some methods differs from that of the others.
CHILDREN'S JUDGMENTS OF PHONETIC SIMILARITIES IN RELATION TO ENGLISH SPELLING1

In an investigation of the assumption that children judge sound similarities in the same manner as adults, we studied the salience of particular vocalic and consonantal features in judgments of phonetic similarities by children in grades K-2 and by adults. The task required a judgment concerning which of two real words “sounds more like” a third, nonce, word. A modified design was used with the younger children. The results indicate that children can make consistent overt judgments of sound similarity, and that their judgments differ from those of adults. Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed.
Adsorption-desorption behaviors of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediments of Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA

Neutral organic contaminants commonly reside on the solid portion of soils and sediments. The extent of desorption from these solids determines the fate, reactivity, and toxicity. Numerous researchers have observed that, after an initial exposure of a few days, desorption takes place in two phases, namely, an initial rapid release followed by a long-term resistant phase. Resistant desorption has been highly unpredictable. In this research, the adsorption and desorption of chlorobenzenes, hexachlorobutadiene, and naphthalene have been studied using historically and freshly contaminated bayou sediments from Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA. After an initial release period, both laboratory-spiked and historically contaminated sediments exhibit similar desorption profiles. The simulations compare favorably with previous in situ measurements. All desorption results, both laboratory and field, could reasonably be interpreted using a single irreversible isotherm. Consequences of these results in terms of sediment quality criteria (SQC) are also discussed. Finally, an index of fractional irreversible adsorption is proposed and tested.
Trilayer Bubble-Forming Optical Recording Media

An investigation was made of the possibilities of optical recording on bubble-forming metal/thermodegradeable-plastic bilayers incorporated in front-surface trilayer devices. Two distinct types of trilayer device were chosen for study. It was found that a device consisting of a 14 nm-thick metal layer, a 200 nm-thick thermodegradeable-plastic dielectric layer and a 100 nm-thick aluminum layer had promising properties. That is, a power of only 6.5 mW focussed into a 0.8 μm spot at 442 nm (the helium-cadmium laser line) was required to write a 5 MHz-pattern with 50% duty cycle. This pattern is observed with high contrast at 633 nm (the helium-near laser line), where the initial reflectivity is 0.9, and it provides signal to noise in a 30 kHz bandwidth of 45 dB. The trilayer device is also calculated to have the same writing sensitivity at 830 nm (the gallium arsenide laser line).© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Risk Factors for Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer disease and vascular cognitive impairment are important causes of cognitive decline in the elderly. It has now been shown that vascular risk factors have measurable negative effects on the brain and are associated with cognitive impairment. We review vascular factors that might be responsible to cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease and vascular cognitive impairment and the corresponding intervenvations that might prevent cognitive impairment as we age.
Imag(in)ing Everyday Geographies: A case study of Andrew Buckles’ Why Wait? Project

This article introduces an interdisciplinary collaboration that brings together sympathetic trends in qualitative geographic visualization (from the perspective of one author who is a geographer) and contemporary generative artistic practices (from the perspective of the other author, who is an artist and theorist)—attempting to represent a diverse array of creative and multi-modal data through generative and participatory digital methods. We present how this convergence expands categories of meaning, allowing us to explore experiential/embodied as well as creative/imaginative engagements with everyday geographies distinct to a digital age. The article mediates on the idea of mapping the imagination and the ways we imagine quotidian spaces, as well as possibilities for new methods for the analysis and representation of spatial and emotional complexity. We particularly explore strategies of integrating multiple technologies and multiple-modes of representation for mapping and re-mapping complexities of social and creative living in order to help provide alternate ways to imagine, represent and engage different forms of embodied and imaginative geographies. This article presents a case study with the artist Andrew Buckles, in Seattle, Washington, correlating representational and participatory digital data including geospatial, temporal, audio, video as well as electroencephalography readings from brainwave sensors.
In situ compositional analysis of electrosynthesized cadmium telluride thin films by electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry

Anodic stripping voltammetry was used in conjunction with electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry to develop a new electroanalytical protocol for the in situ compositional analysis of semiconductor thin films. Electrosynthesized cadmium telluride at a gold support electrode was used as the model system. The thin film composition could be graded from pure tellurium → CdTe + Te + Cd → pure cadmium by varying the deposition potential from − 0.30 V to − 0.80 V (vs. Ag/AgCl reference). Correspondingly, the mass loss associated with the stepwise anodic stripping of the thin film constituents was used for their selective quantitation. Supporting voltammetry and coulometry data are presented along with an investigation of the effect, on the thin film composition, of the Cd2+ concentration in the electrosynthesis medium.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator: Current Progress and Management

With greater technologic advances during the past decade, use of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has increased to more than 200,000 implants worldwide to date. Indications for ICD implant have expanded to include both patients who have survived sudden cardiac death (secondary prevention of cardiac arrest) and those who are at high risk for experiencing lethal arrhythmias (primary prevention of cardiac ar rest). Thus, it is likely that physicians will encounter defibrillators in their clinical practice and must be familiar with their indications for implant, basic opera tion, and long-term management of devices. Several prospective clinical trials have recently shown the long- term efficacy of ICD therapy at aborting sudden death in the high-risk patient population. Although still evolving, general guidelines and indications for ICD implant have been put forth and are discussed in this review. From the first defibrillation in humans during surgery in 1947 to the sophisticated dual-chamber ...
Crow Indian justice: Strategies of informal social control

This study presents ethnographic findings based on fieldwork conducted on the Crow Indian Reservation in Southeast Montana. Special focus is placed on patterns of informal social control which help preserve a condition of communal harmony among reservation Indians. Aspects of kinship obligation, religion, ceremony, and personality are introduced as strategies influencing early socialization and adherence to rules. Off‐reservation problems of assimilation regarding alcohol abuse and adjustment to non‐Indian judicial systems are discussed.
Resilient Authenticated Execution of Critical Applications in Untrusted Environments

Modern computer systems are built on a foundation of software components from a variety of vendors. While critical applications may undergo extensive testing and evaluation procedures, the heterogeneity of software sources threatens the integrity of the execution environment for these trusted programs. For instance, if an attacker can combine an application exploit with a privilege escalation vulnerability, the operating system (OS) can become corrupted. Alternatively, a malicious or faulty device driver running with kernel privileges could threaten the application. While the importance of ensuring application integrity has been studied in prior work, proposed solutions immediately terminate the application once corruption is detected. Although, this approach is sufficient for some cases, it is undesirable for many critical applications. In order to overcome this shortcoming, we have explored techniques for leveraging a trusted virtual machine monitor (VMM) to observe the application and potentially repair damage that occurs. In this paper, we describe our system design, which leverages efficient coding and authentication schemes, and we present the details of our prototype implementation to quantify the overhead of our approach. Our work shows that it is feasible to build a resilient execution environment, even in the presence of a corrupted OS kernel, with a reasonable amount of storage and performance overhead.
Intracranial self-stimulation derived from entorhinal cortex.

An ipsilateral projection from the A10 cell group of the ventral tegmental area provides the source of islands of dopamine innervation found in lateral entorhinal cortex2,3,7,1°. Since dopamine has been linked to intracranial serf-stimulation (ICSS) 4, 13,15, and lateral entorhinal cortex receives fiber connections from ventral midbrain tegmental2,3,14 and frontal cortical areas 16,19 which support self-stimulation, the present study investigated the possibility that lateral entorhinal cortex itself may support ICSS*. Subjects were male albino rats (Holtzman Research, Madison, Wisc.) weighing 250-300 g at the time of surgery. Animals were housed in individual cages on a 12 h light (7 a.m.-7 p.m.), 12 h dark cycle. Our initial investigation of ICSS in entorhinal cortex employed standard bipolar electrodes constructed of nichrome wire 254 # M in diameter. In the second study, electrodes were constructed using finer nichrome wire 78.7 # M in diameter. Electrodes were stereotaxically implanted unilaterally with 4 days allowed for recovery following surgery. Coordinates for implantation were 5.3-5.8 mm posterior to bregma, 3.3 mm lateral to the midline, and 9.8 mm below the skull surface. Electrodes were implanted perpendicular to the skull in the anteriorposterior plane, and at an angle of 16-18 ° laterally in the medial-lateral plane. Following recovery, animals were placed overnight in operant conditioning boxes with access to rewarding stinmlation for a period of 14 h. The animals were allowed to acquire the operant task without shaping or priming by the experimenter. Testing procedures and the test apparatus used have been described previously 14. Following the initial exposure to the test situation, the animals were given access each evening at about 9 p.m. to rewarding stimulation in a 15 min test session. Test sessions were run for a minimum of 10 days. Stimulation consisted of a 0.5 sec 60 Hz train of sine wave current, at an intensity of 25 /~A when using the standard diameter electrodes, and 15 /~A when using the fine wire electrodes. Upon completion of behavioral testing, routine histological procedures were used to enable electrode localization.
Phonon-Polariton Excitation in Ferroelectric Slab Waveguides and Photonic Crystals

Unique THz phonon-polariton properties in LiNbO3 planar waveguides and photonic crystals are examined experimentally and compared to theoretical expectations.
The substance of the 1980 Carter‐Reagan debate

The 1980 Carter‐Reagan debate has been criticized by commentators who believe that Reagan's style defeated Carter's substance in the debate. This essay tests that claim by evaluating the debate as an extended argument. Surprisingly, such an analysis indicates that Reagan, not Carter, won the debate on the issues. This analysis also delineates several ways that format influences the content of presidential debates.
Effects of Single and Combined Infection of Arrowleaf Clover with Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus and a Phytophthora sp. on Reproduction and Colonization by Pea Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Reproduction and colonizing behavior of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were studied on reproductive arrowleaf clover, Trifolium vesiculosum Savi, using four treatments: healthy, infected with bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), infected with a Phytophthora sp. that caused root rot, or infected with both BYMV and the Phytophthora sp. Reproduction of aphids in no-choice experiments was significantly lower on plants in the two treatments with the root rot disease than on healthy or BYMV-infected plants. The highest level of reproduction was observed on healthy plants. Aphid colonization also was lower on fungus-infected plants whether BYMV was present or not. Results of these studies suggest that a complex relationship exists between aphid vectors, virus disease, and fungal root disease in arrow leaf clover. Presence of fungal root rot disease may influence reproduction and movement of alate aphids and epidemiology of aphid-transmitted viruses during both fall and spring periods of alate aphid activity, when plants are in vegetative or reproductive stages, respectively.
Non-pyridine nucleotide dependent l-(+)-glutamate oxidoreductase in Azotobacter vinelandii

Abstract l -(+)-Glutamate oxidation that is non-pyridine nucleotide dependent is readily carried out by a membrane-bound enzyme in Azotobacter vinelandii strain O. Enzyme activity concentrates in a membranous fraction that is associated with the Azotobacter electron transport system. This l -glutamate oxidation is not dependent on externally added NAD + , NADP + , FAD, or FMN for activity. O 2 , phenazine methosulfate and ferricyanide all served as relatively good electron acceptors for this reaction; while cytochrome c and nitrotetrazolium blue function poorly in this capacity. Paper chromatographic analyses revealed that the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivative formed from the enzymatic oxidation of l -glutamate was α-ketoglutarate, while microdiffusion studies indicated that ammonia was also a key end product. These findings suggest that the overall reaction is an oxidative deamination. Ammonia formation was found to be stoichiometric with the amount of oxygen consumed (2 : 1 respectively, on a molar basis). The oxidation of glutamate was limited to the l -(+)-enantiomer indicating that this reaction is not the generalized type carried out by the l -amino acid oxidase. This oxidoreductase is functionally related to the Azotobacter electron transport system: (a) the activity concentrates almost exclusively in the electron transport fraction; (b) the l -glutamate oxidase activity is markedly sensitive to electron transport inhibitors, i.e. 2- n -heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline- N -oxide, cyanide, and 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione; and (c) spectral studies on the Azotobacter R 3 fraction revealed that a substantial amount of the flavoprotein (non-heme iron) and cytochrome ( a 2 , a 1 , b 1 , c 4 and c 5 ) are reduced by the addition of l -glutamate.
Stochastic modeling of transient residence-time distributions during start-up

Abstract The theory of residence-time distribution, RTD theory in short, is a cornerstone of chemical engineering science and practice, in general, and that of chemical reactor analysis and design, in particular. The creation of the modern, systematic RTD theory has been attributed to Danckwerts. As evident from his liberal adoption of terminologies of probability and statistics, he was apparently well aware of the stochastic nature of the process that gives rise to a residence-time distribution. While Danckwerts steered the development of the RTD theory essentially along the path of deterministic physics, obviously, the description of RTD is better couched in the statistical or stochastic parlance. Stochastic modeling visualizes the fluid in a flow system as being composed of discrete entities. This visualization reveals a greater insight into the underlying mechanism than deterministic modeling, thereby facilitating our understanding of the flow and mixing characteristic of the system. In the present work, an attempt has been made to derive a unified mathematical model of the RTD during process start-up by rigorously resorting to the theories and methodologies of stochastic processes. Specifically, the expressions for RTDs of molecules, fluid particles or any flowing entities passing through continuous flow systems have been derived from the stochastic population balance of these molecules, particles or entities. The resultant expressions are applicable to both unsteady-state and steady-state flow conditions.
Convenient biological preparation of pure high specific activity 14C‐labelled methane

Radioactive methane of high specific activity was easily prepared using growing cultures or resuspended frozen cells of Methanobacteriumthermoautotrophicum. This method gave a greater than 90% conversion of the substrate “14CO2”1 into 14CH4 using H2 as a reductant, and is also applicable to the production of 13CH4.
N-(3-Iodophenyl)trozamicol (IPHT) and related inhibitors of vesicular acetylcholine transport: synthesis and preliminary biological characterization.

Abstract Four isomeric N -(halophenyl)trozamicol analogues (6a–d) were synthesized and evaluated as potential vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) ligands. Of the four compounds, N -(3-bromophenyl)trozamicol (6b) and N -(3-iodophenyl)trozamicol (6d) displayed the highest affinity for the VAChT in vitro , whereas the para -substituted compound 6c showed the lowest affinity for this transporter. Tissue distribution studies of N -(3-[ 125 I]iodophenyl)trozamicol ([ 125 I]6d, [ 125 I]IPHT) suggest that the central distribution of the latter is consistent with cholinergic innervation. However, only moderate target-to-background ratios were obtained, suggesting little improvement over the N -(halobenzyl)trozamicols described previously.
Encountering and countering the instant experts

The relationship between industry and government is being increasingly threatened by untrained individuals who offer unfounded opinions on controversial public issues. Legitimate scientists and engineers meanwhile have maintained their traditionally aloof roles, leaving the public without real expert information to answer its concerns. To reestablish their credibility, the legitimate experts should heed these recommendations: (1) Take the initiative on public technological issues rather than waiting to react to government action or public demand; (2) support harsh penalties for managers of technology who knowingly conceal worker or consumer dangers; (3) step into the political arena to work for regulatory reform and encourage result-oriented laws; and (4) seek opportunities to communicate accurate technical information and to be accessible to the public.
A Nonparametric Approach for Active Contours

Active contours are commonly used in many image segmentation applications. There are different active contour definitions, but all active contour definitions in the literature use parametric forms to determine the shape priors or adjust the weighting of internal and external forces acting on the active contour. However, the evaluation or estimation of the optimal values of these parameters is impossible in a general sense, and the algorithms are run with different parameters until a satisfactory result is obtained. To get rid of this exhaustive parameter search, we approach the same problem in a nonparametric way to translate the problem of seeking good values of these unknown parameters into seeking for a good density estimate. We tested the proposed method and compared with earlier approaches and obtained better results.
The net of mixed beads. Suburban office development in six metropolitan regions.

Abstract In the past few decades we have witnessed an explosion of suburban office development, but we are only beginning to understand the pattern of development that is emerging. In this article six longitudinal case studies are used to test the validity of four descriptive theories of office suburbanization. Urban villages, office corridors, and other popular theories prove to be too simple to capture the actual complexity in the case studies. A more complex pattern is evolving in which the majority of office space is located outside the regional CBD, with some scattered away from freeways, but most located in a large number of small and moderate-sized, low intensity clusters along freeway corridors. It will be important to evaluate the impacts of this emerging pattern on various planning issues and to better understand its underlying causes, if city planners wish to alter current trends. A new metropolis is upon us, and we need to understand what will be a critical element of the twenty-first century ...
Pediatric Lung Transplantation and "Lessons From Green Surgery"

During the past decade, lung transplantation has emerged as the definitive treatment for children with end-stage lung disease. Pediatric transplantation presents unique challenges with respect to diagnostic indications, donor-recipient size disparities, perioperative management, and growth. Lessons from the early development of cardiac surgery at the University of Minnesota (Green Surgical Service) provide a useful model for novel surgical challenges. Since 1990, 25 lung transplantations have been performed at our institution, including 4 heart-lung, 3 single-lung, 17 bilateral-lung, and 1 living-related lobar allograft. Age at transplantation ranged from 7 months to 27 years. The most common indication was cystic fibrosis. Given the limited donor pool, size disparities between donor and recipient were frequent. Excessive donor size was addressed by parenchymal reduction. Accommodation of small donor allografts was facilitated by elective cardiopulmonary bypass and pulmonary vasodilation using inhaled nitric oxide. Epidural anesthesia was routinely used for postoperative pain management and to enhance good pulmonary hygiene. Immunosuppression is presently achieved using cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids. Monitoring for rejection is accomplished with spirometry and transbronchial biopsies. Bronchial complications in 2 patients required placement of Palmaz stents. The living-related allograft was performed in a previous bone marrow transplant recipient obviating the need for long-term immunosuppression. The potential for growth of mature lung parenchyma postoperatively was studied and verified in a sheep model. Our experience parallels that of other frontiers such as early cardiac surgery in which medical and technologic innovations can be applied in a supportive environment to permit surgical progress.
Metabolism and disposition of isomers of dinitro- and mononitroglycerol in the rat

Approximately 59 to 82% of an oral dose of 14C-labeled dinitro- (DNG) or mononitroglycerol (MNG) was absorbed by the rat. The absorption was similar for 1,2-DNG, 1,3-DNG, and 1-MNG, but less for 2-MNG. Most of the absorbed radioactivity was excreted in the expired air and in the urine. The 14C recovered in the expired air was similar for the DNGs and 1-MNG averaging 20 to 30% of the dose in 24 hr, whereas only 7% was present in the air after administration of 2-MNG. Radioactivity excreted in the urine accounted for about 50% of the 1,2-DNG and 2-MNG doses in 24 hr, but only 25 to 30% of the 1,3-DNG and 1-MNG doses. The liver contained 2 to 9% of the administered DNGs and MNGs at 4 hr and these values remained essentially unchanged at 24 hr. Only small amounts of radioactivity were recovered in various other tissues. Urine from DNG-treated rats contained mainly free MNGs, glucuronide conjugates of DNGs and MNGs, glycerol and other polar metabolites, and only small amounts of DNG. After administration of MNGs, considerable amounts of unchanged MNGs were excreted in the urine along with glycerol and other polar components. Unlike the DNGs, no MNG-glucuronides were present in the urine.
Scattering of electrons by atoms

Abstract The theoretical procedures of current interest in the calculation of electron atom scattering are discussed with emphasis on the intermediate energy range. The essential features of the mathematical methods are described. Some specific results are compared with experiment to illustrate the accomplishments and the limitations of the theory.
Spermatogenesis in the vasectomized monkey: Quantitative analysis

The seminiferous epithelium in mature vasectomized Macaca fascicularis was examined quantitatively to assess spermatogenesis. Monkeys were bilaterally vasectomized and controls were bilaterally sham operated. At postoperative periods of 10 and 18 months, groups of monkeys were castrated and their testes prepared for morphologic analysis. Diameters were measured in 100 cross sections of seminiferous tubules from each animal. Numbers of spermatogonia (Ad and Ap), preleptotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, and step 7 spermatids, relative 10 Sertoli cell nucleoli, were counted in stage VII tubules. Tubule diameter and germ cell numbers per Sertoli cell nucleoli were not altered by vasectomy. Our study demonstrates quantitatively that spermatogenesis in the monkey is not inhibited up to 18 months following vasectomy.
Encapsulation of Levitated Microparticles

Abstract Multi-layered polymer microspheres with diameters of order 10 μm were produced by polymerizing monomer droplets levitated in an electrodynamic balance. The polymer spheres were subsequently coated with additional monomer by combining the levitated particle with a charged droplet of opposite polarity, and the monomer coating was photochemically polymerized to form a solid shell. The thickness of the shell was determined by comparing the angular light scattering with Mie theory. A polymer coating was also applied to levitated NaNO3particles, and Raman spectroscopy was used to explore the effect of the polymer shell on the Raman signal associated with the salt core. The coating significantly reduced the Raman signal from the salt core, and these results are shown to be consistent with a decrease in the internal electromagnetic field in the salt core computed using Mie theory.
Growth hormone treatment in children.

GH therapy increases final height in GH-deficient children. Short-term growth acceleration is also seen in children with many other causes of shortness. This review covers the diagnosis of GH-deficiency (GHD) and the details of GH treatment and its long-term results in GH-deficient patients and in those with other conditions, including "idiopathic short stature" and Turner syndrome. The efficacy of GH in enhancing adult stature in children with diagnoses other than GHD and Turner syndrome has not been established, and the only other indication for which it is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is chronic renal insufficiency. Broadening of the indications for GH use in childhood can only occur if supported by the results of carefully performed clinical trials. (Trends Endocrinol Metab 1997;8:92-97). (c) 1997, Elsevier Science Inc.
Content-aware caching and traffic management in content distribution networks

The rapid increase of content delivery over the Internet has led to the proliferation of content distribution networks (CDNs). Management of CDNs requires algorithms for request routing, content placement, and eviction in such a way that user delays are small. We abstract the system of frontend source nodes and backend caches of the CDN in the likeness of the input and output nodes of a switch. In this model, queues of requests for different pieces of content build up at the source nodes, which route these requests to a cache that contains the requested content. For each request that is routed to a cache, a corresponding data file is transmitted back to the requesting source across links of finite capacity. Caches are of finite size, and the content of the caches can be refreshed periodically. Our objective is to design policies for request routing, content placement and content eviction with the goal of small user delays. Stable policies ensure the finiteness of the request queues, while good polices also lead to short queue lengths. We first design a throughput-optimal algorithm that solves the routing-placement-eviction problem. The design yields insight into the impact of different cache refresh policies on queue length, and we construct throughput optimal algorithms that engender short queue lengths. We illustrate the potential of our approach through simulations on different CDN topologies.
Fluticasone versus Salmeterol/Low-Dose Fluticasone for Long-Term Asthma Control

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the relative clinical superiority of increasing the dose of fluticasone propionate versus the addition of salmeterol to low-dose fluticasone propionate for long-term asthma control.DATA SOURCES:Literature was identified by a MEDLINE search (1966–October 2002). Key search terms included asthma, inhalation, corticosteroid, β-adrenergic agonist, and combination drug therapy.DATA SYNTHESIS:Current guidelines for long-term control of asthma include treatment with either inhaled corticosteroids (medium dose) or inhaled corticosteroids (low to medium dose) in combination with a long-acting bronchodilator. Previous studies evaluating salmeterol or formoterol combination therapy with beclomethasone or budesonide have generally produced superior results compared with increasing the dose of the inhaled corticosteroid. Four recent controlled clinical trials have compared the clinical utility of fluticasone propionate monotherapy versus salmeterol/low-dose fluticasone propionate for long-term ast...
Meinü Jingji/China's beauty economy: Buying looks, shifting value, and changing place

Abstract Along with the new products, modes of behavior, and economic relations that followed China's 2001 accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) came the introduction of new words to everyday language. The term meinu jingji, “beauty economy,” is increasingly ubiquitous, describing everything from beauty pageants, modeling competitions, advertisement, cosmetics, and cosmetic surgery to tourism, TV, and cinema, and even extending to China's success in the Athens Olympics. One of the unexpected by-products of this new cultural focus on beauty as a significant source of individual economic success is the full bloom of beauty pageants endorsed by the state. This article focuses on these pageants: their history in China, their promotion of Anglo-European beauty norms, and their relationship with Chinese national identity and economic reform. The paper argues that the beauty pageants are a prerequisite of China's neoliberal policies as they promote consumerism, reinforce and symbolize commodification, ...
Transcriptional Regulation and Characterization of the Promoter Region of the Human ABCC6 Gene

ABCC6 , a member of the adenosine 5′-triphosphate-binding cassette family of genes, encodes multidrug resistance-associated protein 6, a putative transmembrane transporter expressed primarily in the liver and to a significantly lower extent in other tissues. Mutations in ABCC6 result in pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a multi-system heritable connective tissue disorder with variable phenotypic expression. To examine the transcriptional regulation and tissue-specific expression of this gene, we cloned 2.6kb of human ABCC6 promoter and developed a series of 5′-deletion constructs linked to luciferase reporter gene. Transient transfections in a number of cultured cell lines of diverse origin identified a specific NF- κ B-like sequence (−235/−226), which conferred high level of expression in HepG2 hepatoma cells, inferring liver specificity. The functionality of the promoter fragments was confirmed in vivo by tail vein injection followed by luciferase reporter assay. Testing of selected cytokines revealed that transforming growth factor (TGF)- β upregulated, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α and interferon (IFN)- γ downregulated the promoter activity in HepG2 cells. The responsiveness to TGF- β was shown to reside primarily within an Sp1/Sp3 cognate-binding site at −58 to −49. The expression of the ABCC6 promoter was also shown to be markedly enhanced by Sp1 protein, as demonstrated by cotransfection of ABCC6 promoter–luciferase constructs and an Sp1 expression vector in Drosophila SL2 cells, which are devoid of endogenous Sp1. Furthermore, four additional transcription factors, with their cognate-binding sequences present in DNA, were shown to bind the 2.6-kb promoter fragment by protein/DNA array. Collectively, the results indicate that human ABCC6 displays tissue-specific gene expression, which can be modulated by proinflammatory cytokines. These findings may have implications for phenotypic expression of heritable and acquired diseases involving abnormality in the ABCC6 gene.
Modeling piezoelectric and piezomagnetic devices and structures via equivalent networks

A history of equivalent circuit modeling of acoustic structures is presented. This is followed by a tutorial development of their use to represent piezoelectric (PE) and piezomagnetic (PM) plate transducers and bimorph cantilever beams for the purpose of facilitating transition of modern micro/nanotechnology creations to practical sensor, actuator, and transducer applications. Circuit approximations of various types are derived from the more general networks.
Pressure-Volume Considerations in Infantile Hydrocephalus

SUMMARY Intraventricular pressure in infants with progressive hydrocephalus was found to be within the normal range while the infants were resting, but wide fluctuations in pressure occurred during periods of activity such as sucking, crying or straining. Thus, evidence of normal ventricular pressure does not exclude the possibility of progressive hydrocephalus, and increased pressure is likely to occur for quite long periods while the hydrocephalic infant is engaged in normal infantile activities. A pressure-volume index is discussed, by which it is hoped to quantify rates of CSF formation and absorption in a less complex manner than is possible by the perfusion technique. RESUME Considerations sur le rapport pression-volume dans l'hydrocephalic infantile La pression intraventriculaire chez le nourrisson avec hydrocephalic progressive a ete trouvee dans les limites du normal lorsque les nourrissons etaient au repos, mais de larges fluctuations de pression ont ete relevees durant les periodes d'activite comme la succion, les pleurs ou les efforts. Ainsi, l'existence d'une pression ventriculaire normale ne doit pas faire exclure la possibilite d'une hydrocephalic progressive et une pression augmentee doit etre considered comme probable durant de longues periodes, lorsque l'enfant hydrocephale est au cours d'activites infantiles normales. Un index pression-volume est discute, par lequel les auteurs esperent quantifier les taux de formation et d'absorption du LCR d'une maniere plus simple qu'il n'est possible avec les techniques de perfusion. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Druck-Volumen-Betrachtungen beim kindlichen Hydrocephalus Bei Kindern mit progressivem Hydrocephalus fanden sich in Ruhe intraventrikulare Druckverhaltnisse im Normbereich, wahrend in Zeiten der Aktivitat, wie Trinken, Schreien oder Strampeln, grose Druckschwankungen auftraten. Somit schliest ein normaler Ventrikeldruck die Moglichkeit eines progressiven Hydrocephalus nicht aus und ein erhohter Druck ist fur recht lange Perioden zu erwarten, wenn das Kind mit Hydrocephalus die normale Aktivitat des Sauglings entfaltet. Es wird ein Druck-Volumen-Index diskutiert, mit dessen Hilfe man hoffentlich die CSF Bildung und -Absorption in einer weniger umfassenden Weise als mit der Perfusionstechnik quantitativ erfassen kann.
Perceived Risk of Sunless Tanning Product Use and Its Relationship to Body Satisfaction

The goal of this study is to explore consumer risk-perceptions and body satisfaction in relation to sunless tanning product consumption. Sunless tanning products provide the public with an alternative means of obtaining a tan. However, few studies have explored issues related to fake tanning lotions from the consumer perspective. Previous studies have not yet provided any clear answers about the risk-perceptions of using sunless tanning products, nor have they examined the impact on their body satisfaction. As sunless tanning has gained in popularity, this phenomenon warrants further inquiry. The data were collected from 267 (59 male; 208 female) college students with an average age of 19.92. 77.60% were Caucasian, followed by Hispanic/Latino (6.80), Asian-American (4.60%), and others (4.20%). A self-administered online survey was developed and a structural analysis was conducted. Based on the six risk-perceptions tested as predictors of sunless tanning product consumption, functional, social and financial risk significantly influenced product consumption, whereas psychological, physical and time risk were not significant. In general, sunless tanning product consumption directly influenced body satisfaction. The findings suggest that the quality of a tan perceived by an individual, others’ evaluations of a tanned appearance, and the cost of producing a tan are important variables for marketers—as well as health professionals—to consider.
Cohort Profile: The Panel Study of Income Dynamics' Child Development Supplement and Transition into Adulthood Study

The Child Development Supplement (CDS) was started in 1997 to collect information on children and caregivers in families in the USA that participated in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), an ongoing national longitudinal household survey that began in 1968. CDS was launched with the goal of creating a comprehensive, nationally representative, prospective database of young children and their families for studying the dynamic process of children’s health and development. The same children and their caregivers were interviewed in up to three waves approximately every 5 years (1997, 2002–03, and 2007–08), with a child-based response rate of 90% in the most recent wave. Upon reaching age 18 years and finishing or leaving high school, the children in the CDS cohort shifted to a six-wave follow-up study launched in 2005 called the PSID Transition into Adulthood (TA) study. The TA data have been collected biennially through 2013, with a final wave planned for 2015. Once these young adults form their own economically independent households, they join the PSID. The main categories of data emphasize the major developmental tasks of childhood and young adulthood, including influences on successful development in the domains of family, schools and neighbourhoods. The majority of data and documentation are freely and publicly available through the PSID Online Data Center.
Analysis of space-time coding in correlated fading channels

Antenna spacing and the properties of a scattering environment can create correlation between channel coefficients. Temporal correlation between fading coefficients may also be present, because one may be unable or unwilling to fully interleave the channel symbols. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of multiple-input multiple-output systems under correlated fading. We calculate pairwise-error-probability (PEP) expressions under quasi-static fading, fast fading, block fading, as well as arbitrarily temporally correlated fading, under Rayleigh and Rician conditions. We use the PEP expressions to calculate union bounds on the performance of trellis space-time codes, super orthogonal space-time codes, linear-dispersion codes, and diagonal algebraic space-time codes.
Very-low-energy diet for type 2 diabetes: an underutilized therapy?

Abstract Background Current approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes focus on the early initiation of novel pharmacologic therapies and bariatric surgery. Objective The purpose of this study was to revisit the use of intensive, outpatient, behavioral weight management programs for the management of type 2 diabetes. Design Prospective observational study of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes and BMI ≥32kg/m 2 who enrolled in a program designed to produce 15% weight reduction over 12weeks using total meal replacement and low- to moderate-intensity physical activity. Results Patients were 53±7years of age (mean±SD) and 53% were men. After 12weeks, BMI fell from 40.1±6.6 to 35.1±6.5kg/m 2 . HbA1c fell from 7.4%±1.3% to 6.5%±1.2% (57.4±12.3 to 47.7±12.9mmol/mol) in patients with established diabetes: 76% of patients with established diabetes and 100% of patients with newly diagnosed diabetes achieved HbA1c Conclusions An intensive, outpatient, behavioral weight management program significantly improved HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes over 12weeks. The use of such programs should be encouraged among obese patients with type 2 diabetes.