cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of human papillomavirus type 1 replication by the viral E2 protein.

The E1 and E2 proteins encoded by papillomaviruses are required for viral replication. Earlier studies have shown that the viral E2 protein plays an important role in replication by targeting the E1 helicase to the origin of replication (ori). We have previously shown that the E1 protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 1 is sufficient for the in vivo replication of ori plasmids, although the E2 protein stimulates replication. In this study, we have further analyzed the role of the E2 protein in HPV-1 replication. The optimal ori of HPV-1 contains one putative E1 binding site (E1BS) and two putative E2 binding sites, E2BS-3 and E2BS-4. Plasmid pori171, containing the optimal ori, replicates to much higher levels than plasmid pori312, which includes an additional upstream E2 binding site, E2BS-2, located 75 nucleotides upstream of E2BS-3. To study the possible role of E2BS-2 and other upstream sequences in E2-dependent downregulation of replication, transient replication analysis was done in the presence of increasing levels of the E2 protein. Interestingly, inhibition of pori312 replication was more severe at higher levels of E2, suggesting that this protein may also negatively regulate HPV-1 replication. Deletion of sequences from pori312 containing an additional putative E2BS, E2BS-2A, relieved the repression of replication to a significant extent, while replacement of E2BS-2 with a different sequence of the same length had a modest effect. These results suggest that E2BS-2A plays a major and E2BS-2 a minor role in the negative regulation of HPV-1 replication at high E2 levels. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays showed that the purified E2 protein bound with high affinity to E2BS-3 and weakly to the other putative E2BSs located within the viral long control region. EMSA using various ori fragments showed the formation of multiple E2–DNA complexes which likely represent binding of E2 to multiple E2BSs present within the HPV-1 ori. Our data are consistent with the assembly of ori–protein complexes at high E2 levels that are impaired for replication and further suggest that E2 may regulate HPV-1 replication by a mechanism involving interaction between the E2 protein bound to E2BSs at a distance.
Broadband graphene terahertz modulators enabled by intraband transitions

Terahertz technology promises myriad applications including imaging, spectroscopy and communications. However, one major bottleneck at present for advancing this field is the lack of efficient devices to manipulate the terahertz electromagnetic waves. Here we demonstrate that exceptionally efficient broadband modulation of terahertz waves at room temperature can be realized using graphene with extremely low intrinsic signal attenuation. We experimentally achieved more than 2.5 times superior modulation than prior broadband intensity modulators, which is also the first demonstrated graphene-based device enabled solely by intraband transitions. The unique advantages of graphene in comparison to conventional semiconductors are the ease of integration and the extraordinary transport properties of holes, which are as good as those of electrons owing to the symmetric conical band structure of graphene. Given recent progress in graphene-based terahertz emitters and detectors, graphene may offer some interesting solutions for terahertz technologies.
The prevalence of substance use among patients at a dental school clinic in Michigan

ABSTRACT Background Problematic alcohol use and illicit drug use are associated with a number of physical health consequences, including poor oral health. The authors evaluate the prevalence of problematic alcohol use and illicit drug use in adults who visited a dental school clinic. Methods The authors recruited patients from the waiting area of the clinic. During recruitment, 85.9 percent of patients (n = 384) who the authors approached consented to participate in the study. Results Overall, 20.6 percent of the participants reported either recent problematic alcohol use or illicit drug use; 7.4 percent of reported problematic alcohol use and 18.6 percent reported illicit drug use. The most common illicit drugs participants reported that they used were marijuana (16.8 percent), amphetamines (2.6 percent) and cocaine (1.1 percent). Participants who reported recent problematic alcohol use or illicit drug use were more likely to identify as white, were younger and did not have a spouse or partner. Conclusions There was a high prevalence of illicit drug use and problematic alcohol use among the patients seen at dental school clinic. These rates were higher than those in the general population. Clinical Implications The findings suggest that dental clinics are appropriate settings in which to identify and provide interventions for adults at risk of experiencing problems due to alcohol or drug use.
Recurrent brachial artery embolism caused by a crutch-induced axillary artery aneurysm: report of a case

We report a case of axillary artery aneurysm with brachial artery embolism in a 60-year-old man who had walked with the assistance of axillary crutches all of his life since poliomyelitis during infancy had left him with lower limb paralysis. We performed bypass grafting from the axillary to brachial artery with exclusion of the aneurysm. An axillary artery aneurysm is rare, but potentially lethal for the upper extremity; therefore, surgical treatment should be considered.
Role of calcification in the outcomes of treated, unruptured, intracerebral aneurysms

Purpose This study examined clinical and aneurysm characteristics in patients with unruptured aneurysms, treated with either coiling or clipping at a single institution, with the primary outcome—Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS)—measured at 6 months after treatment. Methods Data was obtained by a retrospective review of a prospective registry of consecutive cases of unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated at a single institution from 2002 to mid 2007. Demographic data, number, location, and size of aneurysms, calcification, mode of treatment, ASA score, presence of a stroke on post-op imaging, and GOS were recorded. Medical 9.4 for PC was utilized for statistical analysis. Results There were 225 procedures performed in 208 patients to treat 252 aneurysms. The mean age was 54.6 years, 74.5% were female, the mean ASA score was 2.45, and 72.2% were smokers. Mean aneurysm size was 8.6 mm. A total of 157 (70%) craniotomies and 68 (30%) coiling procedures were performed. Coiling was utilized more frequently in the posterior circulation [18/ 32 (56%) posterior circulation, 50/193 (29.9%) anterior circulation, p<0.001 Chi-square]. Length of hospital stay averaged 5.3 days [6.2 vs. 3.2 clip/coil, p<0.001, Mann– Whitney]. Overall favorable outcome of GOS 4– 5m easured at 6 months post-procedure was 93.3% [145/157 (92.3%) clip, 66/68 (97%) coil, p=0.3 Chi-square], with a single mortality in the coil group. There was radiographic evidence of a post-procedure stroke on CT in 31 (13.8%) [28/157 (17.8%) clip, 3/68 (4.4%) coil, p<0.001, Chisquare], but only 11(35%) were symptomatic. All longterm morbidity was attributable to stroke except for one case of late hydrocephalus. Utilizing a logistic regression multivariate analysis (forward), none of the examined factors (age, ASA score, sex, surgeon, posterior circulation, number of aneurysms treated at one sitting, size of aneurysm, smoking status, or type of therapy) related to outcome except calcified aneurysm [20/25 (80%) calcified, 191/200 (95.5%) non-calcified, p<0.01 Chi-square] with an OR=7.8 (2.2–28.4, 95% C.I.). Although a univariate analysis of aneurysm size versus outcome achieves statistical significance [p=0.05, logistic regression (forced)], when the calcified cases are removed from consideration, it does not [p=0.55, OR=.95, (.82–1.1), 95% C.I.]. Excluding patients with calcified aneurysms resulted in the following calculation of favorable outcome: 94.2% (130/138) clip and 98.4% (61/62) coil [p=0.33, Chi-square]. Conclusions In this study, the presence of calcification in an aneurysm was the sole marker of adverse outcome. Larger aneurysms tended to be more likely to be calcified. Size by itself did not have an adverse affect on outcome. Clipping or clip reconstruction of calcified aneurysms is a significant source of morbidity in the treatment of unruptured aneurysms (Odds ratio 7.8).
Fresnel diffraction in an optical system containing lenses

A convenient expression describing the location of Fresnel diffraction patterns when a diffracted spherical wave is focused by a lens is given. Experimental results confirm the predicted positions of 26 axial extrema corresponding to integer numbers of Fresnel half-period zones. Experimental radial intensity profiles are presented for some of these positions.
Freeform Optics Enables High-performance Augmented Reality Displays

Freeform optical technology has becoming more affordable both technically and economically. In this paper, I will present a few examples to demonstrate potentials of freeform optics in designing lightweight and high performance augmented reality displays.
Frames from groups: Generalized bounds and dihedral groups

The problem of designing low coherence matrices and low-correlation frames arises in a variety of fields, including compressed sensing, MIMO communications and quantum measurements. The challenge is that one must control the (n over 2) pairwise inner products of the columns of the matrix. In this paper, we follow the group code approach of David Slepian [1], which constructs frames using unitary group representations and which in general reduces the number of distinct inner products to n-1. We examine representations of cyclic groups as well as generalized dihedral groups, and we expand upon previous results which bound the coherence of the resulting frames.
Kinematic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of the Flow over the Western Pacific Warm Pool during TOGA COARE

Abstract Rawinsonde and satellite infrared radiation (IR) data from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) are used to investigate mean and transient behavior and horizontal variability of the atmosphere over the western Pacific warm pool. Infrared data for the 4-mo Intensive Observing Period (IOP) and vertical motion fields indicate that the intensity of convection, height of maximum upward motion, and SST all increased from west (140°E) to east across the COARE domain. IOP-mean IR data show a double ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) structure north and south of the Intensive Flux Array (IFA, centered at 2°S, 156°E), although marked variability in the patterns occurred on a month to month basis. Three prominent westerly wind bursts occurred over the IFA during the 4-mo IOP in association with the intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). Strong upward motion usually occurred 1–3 weeks prior to the peak low-level westerlies. Subsidence dominated when ...
Traffic reduction by telecommuting: A status review and selected bibliography

Abstract Telecommuting is defined as a subset of teleworking. Two main forms of telecommuting (home and regional center) are described. The means by which these forms of telecommuting may alter urban transportation patterns are outlined, followed by a review of the empirical evidence to date on the impacts and usefulness of telecommuting. Factors affecting the diffusion rate of telecommuting are discussed, including the commuting environment, technological sufficiency, technological familiarity, the social aspects of work, other telecommuter motivations, management issues, legal and regulatory barriers and incentives, and labor entitlement issues. A brief reference to other work in progress is followed by a set of forecasts of possible telecommuting futures.
Legitimacy and survival of a professional organization: The association of borderlands scholars

In Western society, our institutions of higher learning are a fragmented array of intellectual specialties known as academic disciplines. Academicians are professionals (as distinguished from other occupations) and are thus evaluated and legitimized by fellow professionals whose training and credentials define their competency to do so. Over time, groups of professionals are recognized and accepted as a discipline which gives them a degree of credibility in the larger society as well as mutual acceptance among themselves. Academicians who display a mainstream loyalty to an accepted and institutionalized academic discipline are afforded protection and support; those who do not find themselves somewhat vulnerable inasmuch as publications in mainstream journals and colleague acceptance within the discipline are major factors affecting faculty retention decisions. Professional associations are similarly affected. When any group of professionals ventures outside these traditional alignments and categories of truth (as defined by disciplinary boundaries), it discovers that institutionalized support available to disciplinary-based associations is lacking. In order to survive, it must find alternative means to preserve its identity while at the same time trying to acquire a measure of legitimacy. For a newly defined field of inquiry such as borderlands studies to achieve the legitimacy of a profession and ensure its survival as a professional entity, it must manifest the following five characteristics outlined by Greenwood (1962:207-218): 1. a systematic body of theory and extensive specialty training, 2. professional authority and a monopoly of judgment, 3. a positive sanction from society for its implementation, 4. a code of ethics for peer review and control and 5. a professional culture and acceptable lay stereotypes.
Information content of IRIS spectra

Spectra from the satellite instrument IRIS (infra red interferometer spectrometer) were examined to find the number of independent variables needed to describe these broadband high spectral resolution data. The radiated power in the atmospheric window from 771 to 981/cm was the first parameter chosen for fitting observed spectra. At succeeding levels of analysis the residual variability (observed spectrum - best fit spectrum) in an ensemble of observations was partioned into spectral eigenvectors. The eigenvector describing the largest fraction of this variability was examined for a strong spectral signature; the power in the corresponding spectral band was then used as the next fitting parameter. The measured power in nine spectral intervals, when inserted in the spectral fitting functions, was adequate to describe most spectra to within the noise level of IRIS. Considerations of relative signal strength and scales of atmospheric variability suggest a combination sounder (multichannel-broad field of view) scanner (window channel-small field of view) as an efficient observing instrument.
An Investigation of Transonic Resonance in a Mach 2.2 Round Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

Hot-wire and acoustic measurements were taken for a round convergent nozzle and a round convergent-divergent (C-D) nozzle at a jet Mach number of 0.61. The C-D nozzle had a design Mach number of 2.2. Compared to the convergent nozzle jet flow, the Mach 2.2 nozzle jet flow produced excess broadband noise (EBBN). It also produced a transonic resonance tone at 1200 Herz. Computational simulations were performed for both nozzle flows. A steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulation was performed for the convergent nozzle jet flow. For the Mach 2.2 nozzle flow, a steady RANS simulation, an unsteady RANS (URANS) simulation, and an unsteady Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) were performed. The RANS simulation of the convergent nozzle showed good agreement with the hot-wire velocity and turbulence measurements, though the decay of the potential core was over-predicted. The RANS simulation of the Mach 2.2 nozzle showed poor agreement with the experimental data, and more closely resembled an ideally-expanded jet. The URANS simulation also showed qualitative agreement with the hot-wire data, but predicted a transonic resonance at 1145 Herz. The DES showed good agreement with the hot-wire velocity and turbulence data. The DES also produced a transonic tone at 1135 Herz. The DES solution showed that the destabilization of the shock-induced separation region inside the nozzle produced increased levels of turbulence intensity. This is likely the source of the EBBN.
Measurement and analysis of light transmission through optical fibers with lossy cladding for sensor applications

An experiment to study the characteristics of the cladding-length-dependent sensor has been performed using an optical fiber with silica core and lossy liquid cladding (mercury). The results show that the output light power is linear and sensitive to the change of lossy cladding length and acceptance angle.
Neurons and astroglia express distinct subsets of Na,K-ATPase α and β subunits

We have analyzed the expression pattern of Na,K-ATPase alpha and beta subunit isoforms within the rodent and primate central nervous system. Membrane fractions prepared from rat cerebral cortical type-1 astrocytes and rat cerebellar granule and hippocampal neurons were characterized by immunoblot analyses using a panel of alpha and beta subunit isoform-specific antisera. Each cell type was found to express the alpha 1 isoform but showed differences in the expression of other subunits. Cortical astrocytes displayed alpha 2 and beta 2 subunits, whereas cerebellar granule neurons showed expression of alpha 3 and beta 1 subunits. All three alpha subunit isotypes were detected in hippocampal neurons. A survey of the immunofluorescent staining pattern of the alpha 3 subunit in rat and monkey brain confirmed that expression of this Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit isoform was restricted exclusively to neurons. These results suggest that both neurons and astrocytes express multiple, yet distinct, Na,K-ATPase isoenzymes. The identification of cell types expressing limited combinations of alpha and beta subunits should provide a framework for understanding the physiological significance of Na,K-ATPase isoenzyme diversity and may provide useful tools for the analysis of cell lineage in the mammalian central nervous system.
Economic and Environmental Impacts of Community-Based Residential Building Energy Efficiency Investment

Abstract A systematic framework for evaluating the local economic and environmental impacts of investment in building energy efficiency is developed. Historical residential building energy data, community-wide economic input–output data, and emission intensity data are utilized. The aim of this study is to show the comprehensive insights and connection among achieving variable target reductions for a residential building energy use, economic and environmental impacts. Central to this approach for the building energy reduction goal is the creation of individual energy models for each building based upon historical energy data and available building data. From these models, savings estimates and cost implications can be estimated for various conservation measures. A ‘worst to first’ (WF) energy efficient investment strategy is adopted to optimize the level of various direct, indirect, and induced economic impacts on the local community. This evaluation helps to illumine opportunities to establish specific energy reduction targets having greatest economic impact in the community. From an environmental perspective, short term economy-wide CO 2 emissions increase because of the increased community-wide economic activities spurred by the production and installation of energy efficiency measures, however the resulting energy savings provide continuous CO 2 reduction for various target savings.
Effect of temperature preconditioning on responses of Fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings to SO2

Abstract Nine-week-old Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. seedlings were grown for 4 weeks at 15 or 25°C and then exposed to 0, 0·5, 1·0 or 1·5 μl litre−1 SO2 for 30 h. The seedlings were subsequently grown in the glasshouse and harvested 4 and 8 weeks later. Sulphur uptake per plant and per unit of leaf dry weight of leaf area was higher in plants preconditioned at 25°C than at 15°C. Leaf injury, which varied with SO2 dosage, was also higher in the 25°C preconditioned seedlings. In both unpolluted and polluted plants leaf initiation and expansion, dry weight increment of leaves, stems and roots, and leaf abscission were higher in plants preconditioned at 25°C than at 15°C. However, during the last 4 weeks, the seedlings whose growth had been suppressed by the 15°C preconditioning temperature regime exhibited a surge of compensatory growth. Such accelerated growth in plants previously exposed to 15°C, as well as extensive leaf abscission in the plants exposed to 25°C, resulted in higher relative growth rates of the former group. Overall, the effects of the preconditioning temperature on various plant responses were much greater than the effects of SO2. The data stress the importance of preconditioning environmental regimes on plant responses to SO2. They also emphasise the complexity of interactions between environmental factors and air pollutants on plant growth.
Geometric notes on optimization with equality constraints

Abstract For minimization problems with nonlinear equality constraints, various numerical tools are shown to become available when the constraint set has a manifold structure. In appropriate local coordinate systems these tools permit the computation, e.g., of the gradient and Hessian of the transformed (unconstrained) objective function. This opens up a new view on the computational solution of the minimization problem which—while leading to algorithms similar in concept and performance to the well-known “reduced Hessian” methods—provides a different theoretical basis for these methods.
Seasonal and diurnal variations in body temperatures of Hereford and Brahman cross cattle in a cool temperate environment

Kendall (1948) suggested that the ability of cattle to thrive in tropical regions could be better indicated by the diurnal variation in body temperature rather than actual body temperature. However, Bligh & Lampkin (1965) found little difference in the nychthemeral variation in deep-body temperature of East African Zebus and Herefords grazing under conditions where the atmospheric shade temperature varied from 71 to 40 °F.
Iterative numerical and graphical procedures for determining kinetic parameters using four TG data pairs

Abstract Using four (α, T) data pairs, an equation has been obtained from which E/R is eliminated. One side of the equation is a function of α1, α2, T1, T2, and n, and the other is a function of α3, α4, T3, T4, and n. The two functions have a singular point at the correct value of n. An iterative numerical method with step refinement has been developed for determining n using a programmable calculator. A graphical method has been developed that employs a segment expansion procedure. In this procedure, implemented using a pocket computer, the region near the correct n is successively expanded until the point of intersection is determined to the desired accuracy.
Monotonicity of the core and value in dynamic cooperative games

We examine behavior of the core and value of certain classes of cooperative games in which a dynamic aspect is introduced. New players are added to the games while the underlying structure is held constant. This is done by considering games that satisfy properties like convexity, or games that are derived from optimization problems in which a player's addition can be defined naturally. For such games we give conditions regarding monotonicity of the core and value.
Differential adipogenic and inflammatory properties of small adipocytes in Zucker Obese and Lean rats

We recently reported that a preponderance of small adipose cells, decreased expression of cell differentiation markers, and enhanced inflammatory activity in human subcutaneous whole adipose tissue were associated with insulin resistance. To test the hypothesis that small adipocytes exhibited these differential properties, we characterised small adipocytes from epididymal adipose tissue of Zucker Obese (ZO) and Lean (ZL) rats. Rat epididymal fat pads were removed and adipocytes isolated by collagenase digestion. Small adipocytes were separated by sequential filtration through nylon meshes. Adipocytes were fixed in osmium tetroxide for cell size distribution analysis via Beckman Coulter Multisizer. Quantitative real-time PCR for cell differentiation and inflammatory genes was performed. Small adipocytes represented a markedly greater percentage of the total adipocyte population in ZO than ZL rats (58±4% vs. 12±3%, p<0.001). In ZO rats, small as compared with total adipocytes had 4-fold decreased adiponecti...
Metabolic reprogramming and metabolic dependency in T cells

Upon activation, quiescent naive T cells undergo a growth phase followed by massive clonal expansion and differentiation that are essential for appropriate immune defense and regulation. Accumulation of cell biomass during the initial growth and rapid proliferation during the expansion phase is associated with dramatically increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands. This not only requires a metabolic rewiring during the transition between resting and activation but also 'addicts' active T cells to certain metabolic pathways in ways that naive and memory T cells are not. We consider such addiction in terms of the biological effects of deprivation of metabolic substrates or inhibition of specific pathways in T cells. In this review, we illustrate the relevant metabolic pathways revealed by recent metabolic flux analysis and discuss the consequences of metabolic intervention on specific metabolic pathways in T lymphocytes.
Multi-channel shopping: Channel use among rural consumers

Purpose – The research purpose was to identify whether changes occurred between 2000 and 2003 in the retail channel use of rural consumers for searching product information and for purchasing food and fiber products and to investigate whether differences existed between channel use groups (i.e. store only shoppers, store and catalog shoppers, and multi‐channel shoppers) concerning perceived time property, satisfaction with local offerings, community attachment, shopping criteria, and financial security.Design/methodology/approach – Survey methodology was used. Questionnaires were mailed to participants living in non‐metropolitan statistical areas of the USA with populations less than 12,500. In 2000, 2,198 participants returned the questionnaire. Follow‐up questionnaires were mailed to the same participants during 2003 and returned by 847 participants. The analysis is based on the responses of the 847 participants.Findings – To search for information on apparel, food, or home furnishing products, internet...
Petrology and evolution of transitional alkaline — sub alkaline lavas from Patmos, Dodecanesos, Greece: evidence for fractional crystallization, magma mixing and assimilation

Petrographic, mineral chemical and whole-rock major oxide data are presented for the lavas of the Main Volcanic Series of Patmos, Dodecanesos, Greece. These lavas were erupted about 7 m.y. ago and range in composition from ne-trachybasalts through hy-trachybasalts and trachyandesites to Q-trachytes. To some extent, the ne-trachybasalts are intermediate in composition to the alkaline lavas found on oceanic islands and the calc-alkaline lavas of destructive plate margins. Major oxide variation is largely explicable in terms of fractional crystallization involving removal of the observed phenocryst and microphenocryst phases viz. olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene and Ti-magnetite in the mafic lavas, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, mica and Ti-magnetite in the evolved lavas. Apatite, which occurs as an inclusion in other phenocrysts or as microphenocrysts must also have been removed. However, mass balance calculations indicate that the chemistry of the hy-trachybasalts is inconsistent with an origin via fractional crystallization alone and the complex zoning patterns and resorbtion phenomena shown by phenocrysts in these lavas show that they are hybrids formed by the mixing of 80-77% ne-trachybasalt with 20–23% trachyandesite. It is estimated that the mixing event preceded eruption by a period of 12 h-2 weeks suggesting that mixing triggered eruption. Combined fractionation and mixing cannot explain the relatively low MgO contents of the hy-trachybasalts and it is concluded that assimilation also occurred. Assimilation, and especially addition of volatiles to the magmas, may be responsible for the evolutionary trend from ne-normative to hy-normative magmas and was probably facilitated by intensified convection resulting from mixing. A model is presented whereby primitive magma undergoes fractionation in an intracrustal magma chamber to yield more evolved liquids. Influx of hot primitive magma into the base of the chamber facilitates assimilation, but eventually mixing yields the hy-trachybasalts and finally the ne-trachybasalts are erupted.
On the yield anomaly in stoichiometric CoTi

Abstract Compression tests performed on stoichiometric CoTi polycrystals over a range of temperatures and strain rates from 5×10 −6 to 1 s −1 show a positive temperature dependence of the yield stress before a decline at elevated temperature. This yield strength peak shifts to higher temperatures with increasing strain rate. At temperatures close to that of the peak yield stress, serrated yielding and a negative strain-rate sensitivity of the yield stress occur. Static strain-aging is also observed. These observations are consistent with strong solute–dislocation interactions and suggests that the anomalous yield behavior of CoTi is a manifestation of dynamic strain-aging.
Analysis of intra-flow interference in Opportunistic Large Array transmission for strip networks

The Opportunistic Large Array (OLA), a simple form of concurrent cooperative transmission that extends range, is known to provide fast and reliable broadcasting of a single packet on both disk- and strip-shaped networks. This paper studies multi-packet OLA transmission within a single flow along a strip-shaped network, which also models an OLA-based cooperative route in a large multi-hop network. One packet makes interference on many other packets in the same flow, which generally retards OLA sizes for all packets, and can cause some packets to die off. However, by using the continuum and deterministic channel assumptions, which correspond to high node density, the authors show that multi-packet transmission can be made reliable and throughput can be optimized, by selecting the correct inter-packet spacing.
Dress reform and the feminine ideal: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the “coming girl”

Although largely overlooked by scholars, “Our Girls” (1872) was Elizabeth Cady Stanton ‘s most popular lyceum lecture and one of her most radical public speeches. Simultaneously appropriating and subverting both prevailing conceptions of femininity and the rhetorical conventions of the lyceum, Stanton disguised a radical critique of traditional gender roles as an entertaining primer on child‐rearing. In “Our Girls,” Stanton assumed a motherly persona, yet she addressed the most fundamental causes of women's oppression: artificial standards of fashion and feminine beauty. In the process, she supplied an alternative to traditional notions of femininity: an emancipatory vision of the “coming girl,” whose intelligence, strength, and independence would define her beauty.
Mental Healthcare Need and Service Utilization in Older Adults Living in Public Housing

Objectives Anxiety and depression in socioeconomically disadvantaged older adults frequently go unrecognized and untreated. This study aims to characterize mental illness and its treatment in older adult public housing residents who have many risk factors for anxiety and depression. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Public housing high-rises in Rochester, New York. Participants One hundred ninety residents aged 60 years and older. Measurements Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, GAD-7, and Patient Health Questionnaire. We obtained information on mental healthcare from medication review and self-report. Results Participants had a median age of 66 years, 58% were women, 80% were black, and 92% lived alone. Many participants (31%) were in need of mental healthcare: 21% had syndromal and 11% had subsyndromal anxiety or depression. Mental healthcare need was associated with younger age; intact cognitive functioning; impairments in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL); more medical illness; decreased mobility; smaller social network size; more severe life events; and increased utilization of medical, human, and informal services. Of those with mental healthcare need, most were not receiving it. Compared with residents receiving mental healthcare, residents with untreated need were more likely to be men and have less IADL impairment, medical illness, severe life events, onsite social worker use, and human services utilization. Conclusions Mental illness was common and largely untreated in public housing residents. Increasing collaboration between medical, mental, and human services is needed to improve identification, treatment, and ultimately prevention of late-life mental illness in this community setting.
Entanglement entropy in d+1 SU(N) gauge theory

We consider the entanglement entropy for a subsystem in d+1 dimensional SU(N) lattice gauge theory. The 1+1 gauge theory is treated exactly and shows trivial behavior. Gauge theories in higher dimensions are treated within Migdal-Kadanoff approximation. We consider the gauge theory in the confinement phase. We demonstrate the existence of a nonanalytical change from the short distance to long distance form in the entanglement entropy in such systems (d>2) reminiscent of phase transition. The transition is manifested in nontrivial change in the renormalization group flow of character expansion coefficients defining the partition function.
The role of phonology in a letter detection task.

In two experiments, we investigated whether onsets and rimes have a role in the processing of written English. In both experiments, participants detected letter targets (e.g.,t) in nonwords likevult faster than in nonwords likevust. This finding is consistent with Selkirk’s (1982) view that sonorants (e.g., the /l/ ofvult) cohere with preceding short vowels and are part of the vowel nucleus. In contrast, the /t/ ofvust is part of the syllable’s codast and so is harder to isolate. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the time required for one to detect single-member codas following vowel digraphs (e.g., thet inveet) was similar to the time to detect the same target letter following a postvocalic sonorant (e.g., thet invult). No evidence was found for onsets. The results provide support for a phonological organization among letters of printed rimes.
Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal stratification in Iran: relationship between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula

Modern day Iran is strategically located in the tri-continental corridor uniting Africa, Europe and Asia. Several ethnic groups belonging to distinct religions, speaking different languages and claiming divergent ancestries inhabit the region, generating a potentially diverse genetic reservoir. In addition, past pre-historical and historical events such as the out-of-Africa migrations, the Neolithic expansion from the Fertile Crescent, the Indo–Aryan treks from the Central Asian steppes, the westward Mongol expansions and the Muslim invasions may have chiseled their genetic fingerprints within the genealogical substrata of the Persians. On the other hand, the Iranian perimeter is bounded by the Zagros and Albrez mountain ranges, and the Dasht-e Kavir and Dash-e Lut deserts, which may have restricted gene flow from neighboring regions. By utilizing high-resolution mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers and reanalyzing our previously published Y-chromosomal data, we have found a previously unexplored, genetic connection between Iranian populations and the Arabian Peninsula, likely the result of both ancient and recent gene flow. Furthermore, the regional distribution of mtDNA haplogroups J, I, U2 and U7 also provides evidence of barriers to gene flow posed by the two major Iranian deserts and the Zagros mountain range.
Signal Theory Applied to the Analysis of Electroencephalograms

Considered as a special problem in signal analysis, the representation of electroencephalograms (EEG's) involves the problem of determining a unique number for each degree of freedom. A method of representation is usually chosen because of the convenience of making the empirical measurements. One particular method of representation is discussed with emphasis on the problem of making the desired measurements using electronic equipment. The statistical characteristics of EEG signals do not necessarily include all the significant information. This suggests that the goal of EEG signal analysis should be to represent as uniquely as possible the intervals of interest so that the significant information is not discarded in an averaging process.
Sulfur derivatives of o-thymotic acid.

Abstract o-Thymotic acid was converted into three sulfur-containing acids, from each of which metallic and organic derivatives were prepared. Chlorosulfonation of o- thymotic acid yielded 6- (chlorosulfonyl)-3-hydroxycymene-2-carboxylic acid which was reduced to the mercaptan, 3-hydroxy-6-mercaptocymene-2-carboxylic acid. The mercaptan was oxidized to 6,6'-dithiobis(3-bydroxycymene-2-carboxylic acid) and also converted to the thio ether, 3-hydroxy-6-methylmercaptocymene-2-carbox- ylic acid. Neutralization equivalents for the acids and for most of the derivatives were determined potentiometrically.
Responses of children and adolescents to a fire in their homes

House fires are a common occurrence in the United States, often happening as isolated, personal disasters. This qualitative study examines the responses of 12 children, ages 6 to 17, who were survivors of 12 separate home fires in a Mid-Atlantic city. Two thirds of the families involved were single-parent families receiving public welfare. Children were interviewed between three and four months after the fire. Nine categories concerning the fire experience and its aftermath were identified: exposure, loss, displacement, attribution, stress responses, changes in relationships, self-report of changes in behavior, child's perception of parent's stress and child's view of adulthood and the future. Psychosocial themes that emerged included a sense of fear and blame, sleep disturbances, and a sense of vulnerability. Parents rated their children on a quantitative measure of behavior and social competence. The behavior rating scale revealed that half of the parents rated their child's adjustment after the fire as “not normal”. Children's reactions to larger-scale disasters are indicated. Implications of these findings for social work practice are discussed.
FTIR Studies of H2O and D2O Decomposition on Porous Silicon Surfaces

Abstract The decomposition of H2O and D2O on silicon surfaces was studied using transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These FTIR studies were performed in situ in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber using high surface area porous silicon samples. The FTIR spectra revealed that H2O (D2O) initially dissociates upon adsorption at 300 K to form SiH (SiD) and SiOH (SiOD) surface species, i.e., H2O → SiH + SiOH. The decomposition of these surface species was then monitored using the SiH (SiD) stretch at 2090 cm−1 (1513 cm−1), SiOH (SiOD) stretch at 3680 cm−1 (2707 cm−1) and the SiOSi stretch at 900–1100 cm−1. As the silicon surface was annealed to 650 K, the FTIR spectra revealed that the SiOH surface species progressively decomposed to SiOSi species and additional SiH species, i.e., SiOH → SiH + SiOSi. Above 650 K, the SiH surface species decreased concurrently with the desorption of H−1 from the porous silicon surface. New blue-shifted infrared features in the SiH stretching region were observed at 2119, 2176 and 2268 cm−1 after annealing above 600 K. Additional infrared studies of partially hydrogen-covered porous silicon surfaces exposed to O2 suggested that these blue-shifted SiH stretching vibrations were associated with silicon surface atoms backbonded to one, two or three oxygen atoms, respectively.
Nucleation and pore geometry effects in capillary desorption processes in porous media

A percolation model previously developed by the authors for adsorption-desorption phenomena in porous solids (M. Parlar and Y. C. Yortsos, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 124, 162 (1988)) is extended to include nucleation effects during desorption, and general size distributions of pore bodies and pore throats. Conditions under which nucleation is likely to be important are delineated. For such cases, desorption is treated as a growth problem with continuous generation of source sites. Accessibility functions are derived for Bethe lattice representations of the porous medium. Similar calculations are presented for the case when pore bodies and pore throats take arbitrary size distributions. The latter also find applications to other related processes in porous media. In view of the theory presented, the interpretation of experimental sorption isotherms is further discussed.
Computer science students' concepts of proof by induction

Critical aspects, obtained from from phenomenographic analysis, provide us clues how to help students advance from one conceptualization to a more comprehensive and nuanced one. We present results of applying Marton's phenomenographic research perspective to computer science students' understanding of proof by induction and how it relates to their use of recursive algorithms. We obtain categories of students' conceptions of proof by induction, and of the applicability of recursive algorithms. From the categories we infer critical aspects of this material, which may be taught over three courses, for example, discrete systems, introductory programming and data structures. These critical aspects suggest how to help students, efficiently, to transfer concepts from these three courses to a unified understanding.
Theory of quantum dynamics in fermionic environment: An influence functional approach

Quantum dynamics of a particle coupled to a fermionic environment is considered, with particular emphasis on the formulation of macroscopic quantum phenomena. The framework is based on a path integral formalism for the real-time density matrix. After integrating out of the fermion variables of the environment, we embed the whole environmental effects on the particle into the so-called influence functional in analogy to Feynman and Vernon's initial work. We then show that to the second order of the coupling constant, the exponent of the influence functional is in exact agreement with that due to a linear dissipative environment (boson bath). Having obtained this, we turn to a specific model in which the influence functional can be exactly evaluated in a long-time limit (long compared to the inverse of the cutoff frequency of the environmental spectrum). In this circumstance, we mainly address our attention to the quantum mechanical representation of the system-plus-environment from the known classical properties of the particle. It is shown that, in particular, the equivalence between the fermion bath and the boson bath is generally correct for a singlechannel coupling provided we make a simple mapping between the nonlinear interaction functions of the baths. Finally, generalizations of the model to more complicated situations are discussed and significant applications and connections to certain practically interesting problems are mentioned.
Vitamin D status of early preterm infants and the effects of vitamin D intake during hospital stay

Objectives To evaluate vitamin D (vitD) status in early preterm infants (EPTIs) at birth and during birth hospitalisation on current vitD intake. Design/methods Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] concentrations, vitD intake and risk factors for low vitD status were assessed in 120 infants born at ≤32 weeks gestation. Results Mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D at birth was 46.2 (14.0) nmol/L with lower concentrations in infants born Conclusions Serum 25(OH)D
“STANDING APART IN THE SHELTER OF THE CITY WALL”: THE CONTEMPLATIVE IDEAL VS. THE POLITICALLY ENGAGED PHILOSOPHER IN PLATO'S POLITICAL THEORY

Natural philosophers seem to have good reasons to prefer that the kallipolis, the maximally just community of the Republic, is never realized. If such a community is realized, philosophers are under the obligation of a just demand that they govern. However, a life that contains governance as a significant part is not the happiest life a philosopher can live. The happiest life for a philosopher is one consisting entirely or largely in philosophical contemplation. I confront this puzzle by arguing that natural philosophers gain benefits in the kallipolis that are not available to them in other communities, primarily opportunities for correction and punishment. While other communities may offer philosophers more opportunities for philosophical contemplation, these communities do not provide a reliable mechanism for counteracting potentially dangerous moral blindness. In contrast to other communities, the kallipolis institutionalizes and reliably replicates the structures necessary for counteracting moral blindness.
Role of Anticonvulsant and Antiepileptogenic Neurosteroids in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Epilepsy

This review highlights the role of major endogenous neurosteroids in seizure disorders and the promise of neurosteroid replacement therapy in epilepsy. Neurosteroids are endogenous modulators of seizure susceptibility. Neurosteroids such as allopregnanolone (3a-hydroxy-5a-pregnane-20-one) and allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3a,21-dihydroxy-5a-pregnan-20-one) are positive modulators of GABA-A receptors. Aside from peripheral tissues, neurosteroids are synthesized within the brain, mostly in principal neurons. Neurosteroids potentiate synaptic GABA-A receptor function and also activate delta-subunit-containing extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors that mediate tonic currents and thus may play an important role in neuronal network excitability and seizure susceptibility. Our studies over the past decade have shown that neurosteroids are broad-spectrum anticonvulsants and confer seizure protection in various animal models. They protect against seizures induced by GABA-A receptor antagonists, 6-Hz model, pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures and seizures in kindled animals. Unlike benzodiazepines, tolerance does not occur to their actions during chronic administration. Our recent studies provide compelling evidence that neurosteroids may have antiepileptogenic properties. There is emerging evidence that endogenous neurosteroids may play a key role in the pathophysiology of catamenial epilepsy, stress-sensitive seizure conditions, temporal lobe epilepsy, and alcohol-withdrawal seizures. It is suggested that neurosteroid replacement with natural or synthetic neurosteroids may be useful in the treatment of epilepsy. Synthetic analogs of neurosteroids that are devoid of hormonal side effects show promise in the treatment of diverse seizure disorders. Agents that stimulate endogenous production of neurosteroids may also be useful for treatment of epilepsy.
Linear programming analysis of loopy belief propagation for weighted matching

Loopy belief propagation has been employed in a wide variety of applications with great empirical success, but it comes with few theoretical guarantees. In this paper we investigate the use of the max-product form of belief propagation for weighted matching problems on general graphs. We show that max-product converges to the correct answer if the linear programming (LP) relaxation of the weighted matching problem is tight and does not converge if the LP relaxation is loose. This provides an exact characterization of max-product performance and reveals connections to the widely used optimization technique of LP relaxation. In addition, we demonstrate that max-product is effective in solving practical weighted matching problems in a distributed fashion by applying it to the problem of self-organization in sensor networks.