cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin, Muscle Glucose Uptake, and Hexokinase: Revisiting the Road Not Taken.

Research conducted over the last 50 years has provided insight into the mechanisms by which insulin stimulates glucose transport across the skeletal muscle cell membrane. Transport alone, however, does not result in net glucose uptake as freeglucose equilibrates across the cell membrane and is not metabolized. Glucose uptake requires that glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinases. Phosphorylated glucosecannot leave the cell and is the substrate for metabolism. It is indisputable that glucose phosphorylation is essential for glucose uptake. Major advances have been made in defining the regulation of the insulin-stimulated glucose transporter, GLUT4, in skeletalmuscle. By contrast, the insulin-regulated hexokinase, hexokinase II parallels RobertFrost's Road Not Taken. Here the case is made that an understanding of glucosephosphorylation by hexokinase II is necessary to define the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose uptake in health and insulin resistance. Results of studies from different physiological disciplines that have elegantly described how hexokinase II can beregulated are summarized to provide a framework for potential application to skeletal muscle. Mechanisms by which hexokinase II is regulated in skeletal muscle await rigorous examination.
Social Stigma and Sexual Minorities’ Romantic Relationship Functioning: A Meta-Analytic Review

To bolster knowledge of determinants of relationship functioning among sexual minorities, the current meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively review evidence for the association between social stigma and relationship functioning as well as examine potential moderators. Thirty-five studies were identified, including 130 effect sizes (39 independent; N = 10,745). Across studies, evidence was found for a small but significant inverse association between social stigma and relationship functioning. Furthermore, this association was moderated by stigma type (with more deleterious associations for internalized relative to perceived stigma) and dimension of relationship functioning (with more deleterious associations for affective relative to cognitive and negative relative to positive). Evidence for demographic moderators (region, sex, race, age) was generally mixed although important limitations related to unique characteristics of study samples are discussed. We conclude by highlighting the importance of social stigma for relationship functioning and point toward directions for future research and policy action.
Control of Nanomaterials Used in Chemical Mechanical Polishing/Planarization Slurries during On-site Industrial and Municipal Biological Wastewater Treatment

Abstract Nanomaterials (NM) of silica (SiO 2 ), cerium (CeO 2 ), and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) are used in liquid slurries by a number of industrial applications, including chemical mechanical polishing/planarization (CMP) processes used multiple times during production of computer chips. These NM are designed to be dispersed in the CMP slurries, which are used once and subsequently discharged to sewers. The global production of these three NM CMP slurry materials exceeds 5000 ton/year, placing them among the highest nanomaterial production volumes worldwide. Industrial on-site treatment of NM is not part of most discharge permits, but some semiconductor facilities apply on-site treatment for other limits related to metals (e.g., arsenic, copper), turbidity, and/or biochemical oxygen demand. This chapter characterizes commonly used CMP NM, investigates removal efficiency using a representative industrial on-site treatment strategy (chemical softening and precipitation), and off-site treatment at biological wastewater treatment plants. We also demonstrate the use of techniques to characterize NM in liquid solutions, including the ability to separate dissolved from NM forms of silica. Overall, the results provide information on a large production volume NM waste stream that has the potential to enter the environment.
Coordinates in Differential Geodesy

In the preceding nine chapters we have attempted to present a unified approach to the analytical foundations of the Marussi-Hotine formulation of differential geodesy. We believe that our formulation, which is based on the leg calculus and unites the classical Ricci congruence theory with the Cartan calculus of differential forms, permits the Marussi-Hotine theory to be given in an especially transparent form. Indeed, it exhibits their theory in what Marussi would have called an absolute form, in that it makes no use of a particular local coordinate system, (see Zund (1991) for an exposition of Marussi’s ideas). Actually Marussi, since he was so devoted to the methodology of the homographic calculus of Burali-Forti and Marcolongo, may not have recognized that the rudimentary form of the leg calculus which was developed and employed by Hotine in his treatise and various papers was in fact an absolute formalism. Such an oversight would have been quite natural since almost ab initio, Hotine particularized his leg theory to a special coordinate system — usually the (ω, ϕ, N)-system which had been invented by Marussi!
Subtelomeres: Evolution in the Human Genome

Subtelomeres are extremely dynamic regions near the ends of chromosomes, exhibiting increased recombination and variation. Polymorphic duplications within subtelomeres contain genes, making subtelomeres a source of phenotypic diversity and disease. Keywords: subtelomere; evolution; duplication; variation
Connection management for wavelength-routed optical WDM networks

Тhe Internet is growing at a tremendous rate today. New services, such a,s telephony and multimedia, are being added to the pure data-delivery frame-work of yesterday. Such high demands on capacity (bandwidth) could lead to a “bandwidth-crunch” at the core wide-area network resulting in degradation of service-quality. Fortunately, technological innovations have emerged which can provide some relief to the end-user struggling with the Internet’s well-known delay and bandwidth limitations. At the physical layer, a complete overhaul of existing networks is envisaged from electronic media (such as twisted-pair and cable) to optical fibers [1]. Optical fibers employing the promising technique of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) can support around 1000 times the capacity of their electronic counterparts. WDM allows the simultaneous transmission of several channels on the same fiber each on a different wavelength (frequency) [2, 3, 4]. WDM is already being deployed in commercial point-to-point fiber links including undersea installations. WDM-based optical networks are currently being tested in the U.S. (e.g., MОNЕТ, NТONC projects) [5] and Europe (RACE, ACТS projects) [6].
Strain Differences in Sexual Behavior of the Male Rat1)

The sexual behavior of four strains of inbred rats was studied. These strains are characterized by differences in problem solving ability and in the levels of brain acetylcholine and cholinesterase. I. The S 1 , and S 3 strains appeared similar motivationally. The S 3 animals had more difficulty in achieving intromission, and ejaculated after fewer intromissions (14.6 vs. 7.1). The S 3 males resumed mating sooner after ejaculation than did the S 1 males (410 sec. vs. 293 sec.). 2. The RDH and RDL strains were homogeneous on all measures of sexual performance. These strains were similar to the S 1 strain in latency measures, but were like the S 3 strain in the number of intromissions needed for ejaculation. 3. The data were interpreted to mean that intromission frequency is particularly likely to be under genetic control, and that the ejaculation process may be related to the absolute levels and relative balance of acetylcholine and cholinesterase within the central nervous system.
Early Enhancement of Calcium Currents by H-ras Oncoproteins Injected into Hermissenda Neurons

Influx of calcium through membrane channels is an important initial step in signal transduction of growth signals. Therefore, the effects of Ras protein injection on calcium currents across the soma membrane of an identified neuron of the snail Hermissenda were examined. With the use of these post-mitotic cells, a voltage-sensitive, inward calcium current was increased 10 to 20 minutes after Harvey-ras oncoproteins were injected. The effects of oncogenic Harvey ras p21 protein (v-Ras) occurred quickly and were sustained, whereas the effects of proto-oncogenic ras protein (c-Ras) were transient. This relative potency is consistent with the activities of these oncoproteins in stimulating cell proliferation. Thus, this calcium channel may be a target for Ras action.
UV LEDs: Electron-beam excitation

Researchers in Japan have used electron-beam excitation in an AlGaN/AlGaN quantum-well structure to demonstrate the emission of ultraviolet light at record-breaking efficiency, giving hope for the realization of high-power efficient semiconductor sources of deep-ultraviolet light.
X-ray and neutron diffraction study of ordering on crystallographic sites in rare-earth-base alloys containing aluminium and transition metals

Abstract Ordering tendencies on crystallographic sites are studied by X-ray and neutron diffraction on compounds with a rare-earth basis with transition metals (Fe and Co) and Al. Materials studied in detail include Al substituted phases ErCo 2 , DyFe 2 , Tb 2 Fe 17 , and PrCo 5 , as well as ternary phases ErCoAl and DyFeAl. In all cases studied, the rare earths solely occupy one set of crystallographic sites. In rare-earth binaries with a transition metal basis, Al substitution takes place at random on transition metal sites. Ordering tendencies are observed in the homogeneous regions of ternaries, the most pronounced one being ErCoAl and LuCoAl which, at compositions corresponding to R 2 CoAl 3 , crystallize with a superstructure of the MgZn 2 type. A different type of ordering tendency is observed in the Fe analog ternaries.
Public Confession and the Moral Universe of the East African Revival

When the East African Revival emerged as a distinct movement in Rwanda and Uganda in the early 1930s, one of its most noticeable and controversial characteristics was the prevalence of public confession of personal sin. The revival made public many of these sins that African converts had kept hidden. Many confessed to stealing objects or money from mission stations or other employers, others admitted to sexual indiscretions, others even brought ‘witchcraft’ objects to revival fellowship meetings in order to be burned. Revivalists learned to be morally perspicacious. They sought to locate any hint of sin from their own lives and often took the next step of publicly identifying others' sins. This paper analyses the content of what African revivalists named as ‘sinful’ as it was recorded by European missionaries and bishops, African Balokole and British District Commissioners. It argues that revivalists developed a common moral discourse through their public confessions and testimonies, which in turn formed ...
Nursing research at Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital: the framework

Abstract The Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, Rome (Italy), is a Research Institute whose main objectives are to ensure the health care for children and to pursue research projects in the biomedical field as well as in health services management and organisation. In December 2007, the hospital inaugurated a new service, namely the Unit for Nursing and Allied Health Personnel Professional Development, Continuing Education and Nursing Research with the objective of improving nursing research. The aim of this paper is to describe the framework of nursing research of children and the steps to improve nursing research in the hospital. Nursing research in paediatric nursing is oriented towards ‘family-centred care': this means that the research questions must arise from the relative nursing care, and that the results of nursing research must return to paediatric nursing practice. The first step of the research programme has been the creation of a research group within the hospital. The research group is, for all of us, an important opportunity offered by the hospital, an occasion for learning and for expanding scientific and methodological expertise. The research group is multidisciplinary and allows comparison and sharing between peers of elements concerning paediatric nursing research; it is a research laboratory, stimulating research and reaching all the nursing staff throughout the hospital. Members of the research group have taken part in a study on nursing participation in research during recent years, as well as on research priorities for the future.
T cell recognition of endogenous IgG2a expressed in B lymphoma cells.

We recently characterized a panel of C57BL/6J T cell clones specific for IgG2a of the a allotype in association with I-Ab. Several of the clones gave surprisingly strong responses in the presence of normal spleen cells from several H-2b strains, including C3H.SW, A.BY, D1.LP and BALB.B, without the addition of exogenous antigen. Experiments using Igh-congenic mouse strains demonstrated that this response was directed towards shared allotypic determinants expressed on endogenously synthesized IgG2a molecules in various strains. Here we present evidence that the cell(s) responsible for this stimulation are conventional low density splenic accessory cells. Presentation of endogenously synthesized IgG2a by this population of dendritic cells, macrophages, and/or activated B cells was chloroquine sensitive. Thus, we conclude that this response is probably directed towards secreted IgG2a molecules that are internalized, processed and re-expressed at the cell surface in association with class II molecules. We also tested the ability of T cell clone B61-34 to respond in the presence of the B lymphoma cell line M12.C3.A2. A strong response was again observed in the absence of exogenous antigen. Northern gel analysis of M12.C3.A2 messenger RNA provided evidence that these cells synthesize IgG2a in both a secreted and a membrane form. The response directed towards endogenous IgG2a expressed in M12.C3.A2 lymphoma cells is chloroquine resistant and considerably more efficient than that stimulated by IgG2a added as exogenous soluble antigen. These results demonstrate for the first time that B cells have the capacity to present antigenic determinants expressed on endogenously synthesized immunoglobulins to class II-restricted T cells. The implications of these findings with respect to network models of immune regulation are discussed.
Comparative histochemical investigation of the organ of Corti in the kangaroo rat, gerbil, and guinea pig.

The distribution of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids was studied in the cochleae of kangaroo rat, gerbil, and guinea pig using both fixed paraffin sections and fresh-frozen cryostat sections. Enzyme distribution in the cochleae of the three speices was studied with both EDTA-decalcified and undecalcified fresh-frozen cryostat sections. Although the cochleae of the three species are morphologically different, their distributions of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are similar. The zona pectinata of the basilar membrane—which is hypertrophied in the kangaroo rat and gerbil but normal in the guinea pig—stains the same in all three species. The unique, flaskshaped Hensen cells of the kangaroo rat contain more protein than do the normal Hensen cells of the gerbil and guinea pig. At least some of the protein in the kangaroo rat Hensen cells is in the form of carboxylic esterases which are not affected by 10−4 M eserine, but are inhibited by 10−2 M eserine and 10−6 M E600. More than one population of carboxylic esterases is indicated by this reaction to inhibitors and by the results of enzyme distribution tests which used different substrates. A high concentration of malate dehydrogenase in the kangaroo rat Hensen cells may be related to the synthesis of carboxylic esterases. The possible role of these esterases in cochlear functioning is discussed.
Head‐Up Tilt Testing With and Without Isoproterenol Infusion in Healthy Subjects of Different Ages

Passive head-up tilt testing with or without infusion of isoproterenol is used in the investigation and management of patients with syncope. Twenty-five healthy asymptomatic volunteers prospectively grouped according to age (young [28 ± 1.7 years]: n = 9; middle [51 ± 3.3 years]: n = 11; elderly [81 ± 2.4 years]; n = 5; mean ± SE) were studied during: (1) supine carotid sinus massage: (2) 60° head-up tilt aione; and (3) infusion of isoproterenoJ to raise the heart rate 20% above supine baseline, prior to a 10-minute repeat tilt. Symptoms occurred in three subjects (12%) and only occurred with passive tilting alone. Two young subjects had syncope with sinus pauses greater than 10 seconds, One elderly subject developed atrial flutter. No subject had symptoms or hypotension during tilt plus isoproterenol or a pause greater than 3 seconds with carotid sinus massage. With passive tilt, mean heart rate increased by 16 ± 6 beats/min and 18 ± 7.8 beats/min in the young and middle aged subjects (P < 0.05), but only by 6 ± 5 beats/min in the elderly (P = NS, supine vs 60° in each group). With head-up tilt plus isoproterenol infusion, the mean heart rate elevation in response to tilt was 17 ± 9 beats/ min, 8 ± 3 beats/min, and 12 ± 4 beats/min for the young, middle, and elderly subjects, respectively (P < 0.05, supine vs 60° in each group). Supine serum norepinephrine concentration values were 229 ± 33 pg/mL, 374 ± 107 pg/mL, and 409 ± 41 pg/mL (mean ± SE) in the young, middle aged, and elderly groups, respectively (P = 0.05, young vs elderly). With head-up tilt, these significantly rose in the three groups. With tilt, serum epinephrine tended to rise (P < 0.10) only in the young and middle aged groups. Serum dopamine did not significantly increase in response to tilt in any of the groups. These studies suggest that tilt testing protocols need to be assessed against age and protocol matched controls.
The Markov Spectra for Triangle Groups

Abstract Applying the Klein modelD2 of the hyperbolic plain and identifying the geodesics inD2 with their poles in the projective plane, the author has developed a method for determining infinite binary trees in the Markov spectrum for a Fuchsian group. In the present paper this method is applied to the groups generated by reflections in the sides of a rectangular triangle in the hyperbolic plane. The complete description of the discrete part of the Markov spectrum for any Hecke group is given.
The government of Muhammad Moussa Shafiq: The last chapter of Afghan Liberalism

(1982). The government of Muhammad Moussa Shafiq: The last chapter of Afghan Liberalism. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 53-64.
Searching the medlars citation file on-line using Elhill 2 and Stairs: A comparison

Abstract This article is a comparison of ELHILL 2 and STAIRS programs with respect to on-line searching of the MEDLARS citation file. Areas under consideration are database characteristics, basic terminal interactions, commands, search statements, and printing citations resulting from on-line or off-line processing.
A preference elicitation strategy for multicriteria decision aiding

The management science literature provides many techniques and models for multicriteria decision making (MCDM) that can be incorporated into a decision support system (DSS). The hypothesis of this research is that a non-numeric representation of preference can be used by a DSS to direct the questioning of a decision maker in solving an MCDM problem.
Relationship of ethanol blood level to REM and non-REM sleep time and distribution in the rat.

Abstract Direct electroencephalographic (EEG) and integrated electromyographic (EMG) recordings were analyzed for possible changes in the REM and non-REM sleep time in chronically implanted rats given 0, 1, 2, and 4 g/kg ethanol. REM and non-REM sleep were found, respectively, to be lessened and elevated in a dose-related manner. The degree of disruption of normal sleep-awake patterns was also found to correspond with blood-ethanol concentrations for the different doses of ethanol. These findings are discussed in relation to the influence of ethanol on the sleep of the human subject and the suggestion that the rat with chronic EEG and EMG electrodes may serve as a model for studying the degree of disruption of sleep upon chronic exposure to ethanol.
Quality of End-of-Life Care of Long-Term Nursing Home Residents with and without Dementia

Objectives: To describe the longitudinal patterns and the within- and between-facility differences in hospice use and in-hospital deaths between long-term nursing home (NH) residents with and without dementia. Design: Retrospective analyses of secondary data sets from 2003 to 2007. Setting: NHs in the United States. Participants: A total of 1,261,726 decedents in 16,347 NHs were included in 2003 to 2007 trend analysis and 236,619 decedents in 15,098 NHs in 2007 were included in the within- and between-facility analyses. Measurements: Hospice use in the last 100 days of life and in-hospital deaths were outcome measures. Dementia was defined as having a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or other dementia based on Minimum Data Set (MDS) health assessments. Results: Overall hospice use increased from 25.6% in 2003 to 35.7% in 2007. During this time, hospice use for decedents with dementia increased from 25.1% to 36.5%, compared with an increase from 26.5% to 34.4% for decedents without dementia. The rate of in-hospital deaths remained virtually unchanged. Within the same facility, decedents with dementia were significantly more likely to use hospice (odds ratio (OR) = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04�1.11) and less likely to die in a hospital (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.74�0.78). Decedents in NHs with higher dementia prevalence, regardless of individual dementia status, were more likely to use hospice (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.22�2.27). Conclusion: NHs appear to provide less-aggressive end-of-life care to decedents with dementia than to those without. Although significantly more residents with dementia now receive hospice care at the end of life, the quality evaluation and monitoring of hospice programs have not been systematically conducted, and additional research in this area is warranted.
Algorithms and Bounds for Dynamic Causal Modeling of Brain Connectivity

Recent advances in neurophysiology have led to the development of complex dynamical models that describe the connections and causal interactions between different regions of the brain. These models are able to accurately mimic the event-related potentials observed by EEG/MEG measurement systems, and are considered to be key components for understanding brain functionality. In this paper, we focus on a class of nonlinear dynamic causal models (DCM) that are described by a set of connectivity parameters. In practice, the DCM parameters are inferred using data obtained by an EEG or MEG sensor array in response to a certain event or stimulus, and then used to analyze the strength and direction of the causal interactions between different brain regions. The usefulness of these parameters in this process will depend on how accurately they can be estimated, which in turn will depend on noise, the sampling rate, number of data samples collected, the accuracy of the source localization and reconstruction steps, etc. The goals of this paper are to present several algorithms for DCM parameter estimation, derive Cramer-Rao performance bounds for the estimates, and compare the accuracy of the algorithms against the theoretical performance limits under a variety of circumstances. The influence of noise and sampling rate will be explicitly investigated.
Active capping technology—New approaches for in situ remediation of contaminated sediments

Jesse Roberts This study evaluated pilot-scale active caps composed of apatite, organoclay, biopolymers, and sand for the remediation of metal-contaminated sediments. The active caps were constructed in Steel Creek, at the Savannah River Site near Aiken, South Carolina. Monitoring was conducted for 12 months. Effectiveness of the caps was based on an evaluation of contaminant bioavailability, resistance to erosion, and impacts on benthic organisms. Active caps lowered metal bioavailability in the sediment during the one-year test period. Biopolymers reduced sediment suspension during cap construction, increased the pool of carbon, and lowered the release of metals. This field validation showed that active caps can effectively treat contaminants by changing their speciation, and that caps can be constructed to include more than one type of amendment to achieve multiple goals. O c 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specific Incorporation of Chalcogenide Bridge Atoms in Molybdenum/Tungsten-Iron-Sulfur Single Cubane Clusters

An extensive series of heterometal-iron-sulfur single cubane-type clusters with core oxidation levels [MFe(3)S(3)Q](3+,2+) (M = Mo, W; Q = S, Se) has been prepared by means of a new method of cluster self-assembly. The procedure utilizes the assembly system [((t)Bu(3)tach)M(VI)S(3)]/FeCl(2)/Na(2)Q/NaSR in acetonitrile/THF and affords product clusters in 30-50% yield. The trisulfido precursor acts as a template, binding Fe(II) under reducing conditions and supplying the MS(3) unit of the product. The system leads to specific incorporation of a μ(3)-chalcogenide from an external source (Na(2)Q) and affords the products [((t)Bu(3)tach)MFe(3)S(3)QL(3)](0/1-) (L = Cl(-), RS(-)), among which are the first MFe(3)S(3)Se clusters prepared. Some 16 clusters have been prepared, 13 of which have been characterized by X-ray structure determinations including the incomplete cubane [((t)Bu(3)tach)MoFe(2)S(3)Cl(2)(μ(2)-SPh)], a possible trapped intermediate in the assembly process. Comparisons of structural and electronic features of clusters differing only in atom Q at one cubane vertex are provided. In comparative pairs of complexes differing only in Q, placement of one selenide atom in the core increases core volumes by about 2% over the Q = S case, sets the order Q = Se > S in Fe-Q bond lengths and Q = S > Se in Fe-Q-Fe bond angles, causes small positive shifts in redox potentials, and has an essentially nil effect on (57)Fe isomer shifts. Iron mean oxidation states and charge distributions are assigned to most clusters from isomer shifts. ((t)Bu(3)tach = 1,3,5-tert-butyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane).
Through-pitch correction of scattering effects in 193-nm alternating phase-shift masks

A methodology to study the bias and phase correction of strong phase-shifting masks is introduced. Isolated apertures are simulated to investigate the influence of aperture size, undercut etch, and quartz sidewall angle on aperture transmission. The simulations match well with experimental results that are measured with an ArF microlithography simulation microscope. For alternating apertures, electromagnetic calculations are done to solve for the diffracted fields. An analytical method is derived to deduce aperture bias and phase error from the diffracted orders. This method can be used as an easy way to optimize the cross section of the phase shifting mask. The method is demonstrated for the example of a single trench alternating phase shifting mask. A constant bias that minimizes the asymmetry and phase error without the need for an undercut etch is found. Such bias works for both the case of equal lines and spaces through pitch and constant linewidth through pitch. Because this bias is easy to design into a mask, the design and manufacturing of alternating phase shifting can be simplified.
Determination of Sulfadimethoxine Residues in Skunk Serum by HPLC

Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) was extracted from skunk serum and isolated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. SDM was detected by ultra-violet absorbance at 270 nm and quantified by comparison to an external cali- bration standard. Recovery data were determined by analyzing SDM fortified control serum. The overall mean recovery with relative standard deviations of SDM in fortified skunk serum samples was 99 + 7%. The recovery for 0.38, 5.2, and 14.2 mg/mL SDM was 96.0+ 7.5%, 102 + 6.1%, and 97.3+ 5.1%, respectively. The method limit of detection for SDM in skunk serum ranged from 0.032 to 0.057 mg/mL SDM with a mean value of 0.040 mg/mL SDM. The method reported is much simpler and equally efficient as previous methods developed for the determi- nation of SDM residues in serum.
Surgical experiences of complete denture patients

Abstract This report enumerates the more common pathogens, pathoses, and anatomic anomalies which required surgical treatment in complete denture patients. Approximately one out of four patients was diagnosed for oral surgery prior to impression-making. Soft tissue surgery was more common in patients who had previous complete denture experience. Surgical correction of the denture-bearing foundation was more common in patients receiving their first complete denture.
On surface creation during phase transformations

Abstract The use of the Herring equation to account for the excess free energy of an atom on a curved segment of surface during a phase transformation is seriously questioned. By a more complete computation, using a continuum model, it is shown that the surface energy change per unit volume of transformation is given by the sum of three terms, 1. (a) the conventional curvature term of Herring, 2. (b) a term which depends upon the variation of the transformation velocity along the surface for isotropic γ and 3. (c) a term depending on the first derivative of γ with respect to surface orientation for anisotropic γ. For some shape distortions the magnitude of (b) is comparable to that of (a) whereas, even for small anisotropies, (c) is generally much larger than (a). Using a layer flow model, the concept of curvature, in a macroscopic sense, is shown to be without relevance so that term (a) is missing unless one includes the creation of new layer edges in the layer-source regions of the surface. The consequences of these new excess free energy contributions to perturbation theory and crystal morphology analysis are discussed.
The effect of ferroelectric polarization on the interaction of water and methanol with the surface of LiNbO3(0001)

Abstract Water and methanol temperature programmed desorption (TPD) measurements were performed on the positive (c+) and negative (c−) surfaces of poled ferroelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO3) single crystals. The results indicate that the molecule–surface interactions are both coverage and polarization-dependent. From a comparison of the TPD spectra for the positive and negative surfaces, it is shown that the desorption temperatures of water and methanol are consistently lower on the negative surface by 15 K and 20 K, respectively. The TPD spectra were simulated using the Polanyi–Wigner equation with a coverage-dependent energy term. These calculations show that the polarization dependence of the desorption temperature is due to a difference in the zero-coverage desorption energies on the two surfaces equal to a few kJ per mole. The mechanism for the polarization effect is explored with in situ pyroelectric voltage measurements, which indicate that a surface voltage of ±2 mV develops in the LiNbO3(0 0 0 1) samples during TPD measurements. The magnitude of the pyroelectric-induced surface charge is heating rate dependent.
Induction Capacity of Enzyme Synthesis during the Cell Cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The activities of the enzymes ornithine transaminase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and β-galactosidase in Saccharomyces lactis increase periodically once per cell cycle. This step synthesis of the enzymes is observed under either basal or induced conditions; however, when the cells are growing under non-induced conditions, addition of the inducer at any stage of the cell cycle results in an enhancement of the enzyme activity for both enzymes. The amount of enzyme activity induced is constant for much of the cell cycle but doubles over a portion of the cycle, probably as a result of replication of the structural gene of these enzymes during the S phase. These results suggest that whereas there is periodic expression of structural genes during the cell cycle of yeasts grown in a constant environment, these genes can, upon induction, be expressed at any time during the cell cycle.
Application of non-programming focused treisman-style workshops in introductory computer science

In the 1960s and 70s, Uri Treisman developed a specific style of workshops to encourage the retention of underrepresented minority students in Calculus courses at the University of California, Berkley. Since that time, workshops based on the Treisman model have been successfully implemented across the United States and have resulted in more underrepresented minority students successfully completing Calculus. Some attempts have been made to translate the Treisman model to Introductory Computer Science, but all previous attempts have been focused on programming skills. However, one of the student assumptions that deter women and underrepresented minorities from attempting a major or minor in Computer Science is that a computer scientist is purely a solitary programmer [11]. In this paper, we discuss a specific two year pilot program of non-programming focused Treisman-style workshops in conjunction with a Introductory Computer Science course.
Design of Nanophotonic MOS Solar-Blind Avalanche UV Detectors

We design a novel nanophotonic metal-oxide-semiconductor structure coupled with avalanche gain in Si for solar-blind UV detectors. The efficiency can reach >500%, and the solar-blind behavior is achieved without using wide-bandgap semiconductors.
Stress Rupture Test Rig Design for Evaluating Ceramic Material Specimens

A simple flexural stress rupture test rig has been designed, constructed and operated successfully in evaluating high-temperature (≥1200°C) time-dependent strength of ceramic materials. The test rig is capable of applying stresses up to ∼700 MPa and at temperatures as high as 1400°C in air.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
The Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Cancer: A Review of Mathematical Models of Necrosis and Tumor Cell Diversity

Recent evidence elucidating the relationship between parenchyma cells and otherwise ''healthy'' cells in malignant neoplasms is forcing cancer biologists to expand beyond the genome-centered, ''one-renegade-cell'' theory of cancer. As it becomes more and more clear that malignant transformation is context dependent, the usefulness of an evolutionary ecology-based theory of malignant neoplasia becomes increasingly clear. This review attempts to synthesize various theoretical structures built by mathematical oncologists into potential explanations of necrosis and cellular diversity, including both total cell diversity within a tumor and cellular pleomorphism within the parenchyma. The role of natural selection in necrosis and pleomorphism is also examined. The major hypotheses suggested as explanations of these phenomena are outlined in the conclusions section of this review. In every case, mathematical oncologists have built potentially valuable models that yield insight into the causes of necrosis, cell diversity and nearly every other aspect of malignancy; most make predictions ultimately testable in the lab or clinic. Unfortunately, these advances have gone largely unexploited by the empirical community. Possible reasons why are considered.
Diagnostic utility of mucin profile in fine-needle aspiration specimens of the pancreas: an immunohistochemical study with surgical pathology correlation.

BACKGROUND The cytologic differentiation between neoplastic and reactive/reparative processes in the endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirations (EUS-FNA) of the pancreas can be difficult. Malignant transformation of the pancreatic ductal epithelium changes the expression of apomucins. The goal of the current study was to determine an optimal immunohistochemical panel of mucin (MUC) antibodies that would allow the cytomorphologic distinction of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its differentiation from reactive/reparative processes and inadvertently sampled gastric and duodenal mucosa. METHODS Pancreatic EUS-FNA specimens performed on 351 patients were reviewed. Expression profiles of MUC1, 2, 5AC, and 6 were examined on 56 cell block sections and 26 follow-up pancreatectomy specimens. RESULTS MUC1 and 6 expression was found in nonneoplastic pancreatic samples, whereas there was an absence of expression of MUC2 and 5AC. MUC2 was detected in mucosal goblets cells of the duodenum, MUC6 in Brunner glands, and MUC5AC in gastric foveolar cells. MUC5AC expression in differentiating ductal adenocarcinomas from benign conditions demonstrated better operating characteristics than either MUC1 or MUC6. The apomucin expression pattern both in cytology and follow-up surgical pathology specimens was similar. In surgical pathology specimens, the panel of 3 antibodies, MUC1+/MUC2−/MUC5AC+, was noted in 15 of 17 ductal carcinomas (88.2%). In nonneoplastic pancreatic tissue, the expression panel MUC1+/MUC2−/MUC5AC− was observed in 14 of 17 (82.4%) cases. In cytology specimens, the combination of MUC1+/MUC2−/MUC5AC+ was noted in 21 of 30 ductal carcinoma cases (70.0%), 3 of 6 atypical cases (50%), and 1 of 1 suspicious for malignancy cases (100%). The combination MUC1+/MUC2−/MUC5AC+ was not observed in any of the negative for malignancy or reactive cases (0 of 6). CONCLUSIONS The most optimal panel for the diagnosis of ductal adenocarcinoma in both the EUS-FNA specimens is a panel including MUC1/MUC2/MUC5AC, whereas a panel of all 4 antibodies (MUC1, 2, 5AC, and 6) will in addition aid in differentiating inadvertently sampled normal/reactive duodenal and gastric epithelium from neoplastic pancreatic tissue. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Transport behavior in isomeric alcohols. I. The conductance of tetraalkylammonium salts in isobutyl and isopentyl alcohols at 25°C

Conductance measurements at 25°C have been carried out on Pr4NBr, Bu4NBr,n-Pe4NPr, Pr4NI, Bu4NI,n-Pe4NI, Bu4NClO4, Bu4NBF4, and Bu4PClO4 in isobutyl alcohol and on Bu4NBr and Bu4NClO4 in isopentyl alcohol. The main purpose of the measurements was to investigate the effect of increased branching in the alkyl portion of the alcohol on both ionic mobilities and ionic association. Comparison is made with the two isodielectric solvents butanone andn-butyl alcohol. Branching appears to produce little change in ionic mobilities and approximately a 10% increase in association.
Skin color and body size as risk factors for osteoporosis

We compared skin color, body size and bone mineral density (BMD) among three groups of postmenopausal women: 104 healthy black women, 45 healthy white women, and 52 osteoporotic white women with vertebral fractures. Skin color was measured by reflectometry, stature with a Harpenden stadiometer, weight with digital scales, and radial BMD by single photon absorptiometry. There were no significant differences in mean skin color (age-adjusted) between the healthy and osteoporotic white women, although both white groups differed from the black group. There was no significant correlation between skin color and BMD (age- and weight/height-adjusted) in any of the groups. All three groups differed significantly in age-adjusted BMD, although there was less difference between the healthy blacks and whites when covariates (body size, age) were taken into account. We further investigated body size differences by estimating stature at age 55 in all three groups based on our observations that osteoporotic women with vertebral fractures lose height at a rate that is 2.6 times faster than that of healthy aging women. Our analyses indicate that the osteoporotics were not shorter than the normals before the onset of their disease (based on estimated height), and do not have a significantly smaller body mass (weight/height and weight/height 2) than the normal white women. Additionally, the osteoporotics are above the ideal body mass index recommended by the National Institutes of Health. We conclude that fair skin is not a risk factor for osteoporosis and that large body size is not protective against the development of osteoporosis, although it may have a salutary effect on BMD in both blacks and whites.
Dynamics of controlled release from bioerodible matrices

Abstract A mathematical model for the analysis of the basic physicochemical determinants that yields experimentally verifiable predictions of controlled release of bioactive agents from eroding polymeric matrices is presented. This model is applied to the erosion characteristics of acid catalyzed erosion of poly (ortho ester)s since there is considerable information in the literature on the detailed physical and chemical performance of this system. The analysis shows that the dynamic changes in polymer matrix properties (namely, simultaneous reaction-diffusion-transport of matrix constituents, moving diffusion and water fronts, water-polymer partition coefficients, solubility of water and diffusivity of matrix components as a function of the extent of acid catalyzed matrix hydrolysis) play a significant role in regulating the release kinetics of bioactive agents. The analysis of poly (ortho ester) erosion as a test system predicts experimentally verifiable measurable quantities: release characteristics of the incorporated bioactive agent, water penetration into the matrix, catalysis by the anhydride and catalytic degradation of the polymer matrix. Further, an estimate of the concentration of unbroken polymer backbone linkages and hence the molecular weight of the polymer disc with time is obtained using random scission kinetics. The Thiele modulus is a good indicator of surface versus bulk erosion and has been successfully applied to characterize the erosion characteristics of the poly (ortho ester) system. Finally, an analysis for the basic design, interpretation, and prediction of overall release modes (bulk versus surface erosion) from devices that rely on simultaneous reaction and diffusion controlled erosion phenomenon is presented.
Expression of Osteopontin in Rat Kidneys: Induction During Ethylene Glycol Induced Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis

ABSTRACTPurpose: Osteopontin is a well-known component of stone matrix and a strong inhibitor of the nucleation, growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro. To understand its involvement in vivo in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis we investigated the renal expression and urinary excretion of osteopontin in normal rats, and rats with hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate crystal deposits in the kidneys.Materials and Methods: Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis was induced by administering ethylene glycol. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were done to localize osteopontin and osteopontin messenger RNA in the kidneys, while sensitive reverse transcriptase quantitative competitive template polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect and quantify osteopontin messenger RNA expression. Urinary excretion was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, and then quantified by densitometry of the Western blots.Results: Osteopontin exp...
Symbiont infection affects whitefly dynamics in the field

Inherited intracellular insect endosymbionts may manipulate host reproduction or provide fitness benefits to their hosts in ways that result in their rapid spread throughout a host population. Fitness benefits in particular can result in the increased pest potential of agriculturally important insects. While benefits due to endosymbiont infection have been well studied in laboratory assays, very little is known about how these benefits translate to insect performance in the field. Laboratory experiments have shown that the maternally inherited bacterial endosymbiont, Rickettsia, increases the fitness of its whitefly host, Bemisia tabaci, through improved fecundity, faster development times and female-biased sex ratios. We conducted field population cage studies to determine whether the benefits conferred by Rickettsia to whiteflies in the laboratory were evident on one of its major hosts, cotton, under field conditions in Arizona, USA. In cages with either Rickettsia-infected or uninfected whiteflies, we observed up to ten-fold higher whitefly egg and nymph densities when whiteflies were Rickettsia-infected compared with uninfected whiteflies throughout the season. We also observed a steep initial increase in Rickettsia frequency in population cages started with either 25% or 50% Rickettsia-infected whiteflies, with the 50% cages approaching fixation within three generations. Using growth rates obtained in the density cages, we calculated and compared an expected trajectory of the frequencies of Rickettsia infection with the observed frequencies. Results showed similar observed and expected frequencies of Rickettsia in the first two generations, followed by a significantly lower than expected frequency in three of four treatment/sample combinations at the end of the season. Taken together, these results confirm the patterns of fecundity and population growth observed in laboratory assays, under field conditions, as well as provides preliminary empirical support for a Rickettsia equilibrium frequency of less than 100%.
Optical properties of dental enamel at 9 to 11 um derived from time-resolved radiometry

Accurate determination of the optical properties of dental enamel is important for modeling the energy redistribution of laser radiation incident on the tissue. The high absorption coefficients of dental enamel in the mid-IR preclude the use of conventional transmission methods for the determination of optical properties, therefore non- conventional methods must be used. Enamel was irradiated with 9.3 micrometers , 9.6 micrometers , 10.3 micrometers , and 10.6 micrometers light from a CO2 laser with a pulse duration of approximately 100 microsecond(s) . Samples were irradiated with fluences up to 2 J/cm2. These fluences produce temperature excursions below the melting point for the tissue. Surface temperatures were monitored using time resolved radiometric measurements with 1 microsecond(s) temporal resolution. A 1D heat conduction model was used to estimate the temperature increase in enamel. By varying the absorption coefficient, the model temperature versus time profile was fitted to the experimental profile. The absorption coefficients of enamel were found to fall well below values in the literature determined using angular-resolved reflectance measurements at the same wavelengths. The new absorption coefficients were used in our heat conduction model to determine temperature excursions below the surface of the tooth. This study is a vital step in determining the optimum laser parameters for caries preventive treatments.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.