cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Australia's Better Health Channel

With more emphasis being placed on the patient-doctor partnership in personal health care, consumer health information abounds on the Internet. Entering the phrase “consumer health information” on Google's search engine produces about 425,000 results. By not using the quotations marks, results number in the millions. This proliferation of available sources makes it more difficult to find authoritative and straightforward resources which are easily navigated. However, the Better Health Channel , produced and maintained by Australia's Victorian Government Department of Health and provided to users free of charge, is just such a site. It contains some rather unique features, too.
Group C streptococcal bacteremia: analysis of 88 cases

Eighty-eight cases of group C streptococcal bacteremia were reviewed retrospectively. Most patients had underlying diseases (72.7%), predominantly cardiovascular disease (20.5%) or malignancy (20.5%). The infection originated most often from the upper respiratory tract (20.5%), the gastrointestinal tract (18.2%), or the skin (17.1%). Prior exposure to animals or animal products was reported in 23.9% of cases. The most common clinical manifestations of group C streptococcal bacteremia were endocarditis (27.3%), primary bacteremia (22.7%), and meningitis (10.2%). Of streptococcal isolates, 61.4% were not speciated, 19.3% were Streptococcus equisimilis, 17.1% were Streptococcus zooepidemicus, and two (2.3%) were Streptococcus equi. The isolates were sensitive to most antibiotics, and most patients were treated with beta-lactam agents. Mortality was high (25.0%), especially among older patients and patients with endocarditis, meningitis, and disseminated infection. Group C streptococcal bacteremia does not differ from bloodstream infection caused by other beta-hemolytic streptococci with regard to clinical presentation, treatment, or outcome.
Atomic-scale observations of two-dimensional Re segregation at an internal interface in W(Re).

Equilibrium Re segregation is studied at a grain boundary in a single-phase W--25-at. %-Re alloy employing atom-probe field-ion microscopy. The grain-boundary concentration is measured, without data deconvolution, to be 73.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5.45 at. % Re at an interface plane. This is the first direct proof that segregation at a grain boundary can be purely two dimensional, and that it can occur at a so-called low-energy interface.
Collision induced dissociation studies of alkali metal adducts of tetracyclines and antiviral agents by electrospray ionization, hydrogen/deuterium exchange and multiple stage mass spectrometry.

The collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra were obtained for the X+-adducts (X = Na+ or Li+) of five tetracyclines, four pyrimidine and three purine derivatives and their fully D-exchanged species in which the labile hydrogens were replaced by deuterium by either gas- or liquid-phase exchange. The CID spectra were obtained for [M + Na]+ and [M + Li]+ and the exchanged analogs, [M(D) + Na]+ and [M(D) + Li]+, and compositions of product ions and mechanisms of decomposition were determined by comparison of the MSn spectra of the undeuterated and deuterated species. Metal ions are bound to the base of purine and pyrimidine anti-viral agents and dissociate primarily to give the metal complexes of the base [B + X]+. For vidarabine monophosphate, however, the metal ions are bound to the phosphate group, resulting in unique and characteristic cleavage reactions not observed in the uncomplexed system and dissociate through the loss of phosphate and/or a phosphate metal ion complex. The [B + X]+ of these...
Neural correlates of visual perception in rapid serial visual presentation paradigms

Human brain signals associated with visual perceptual processes have been used for image recognition. This paper presents several insights on the neural correlates of human visual perception by analyzing the neural correlates that result when humans view realistic images using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) image display paradigm. We propose an image information extraction model and examine the relationship between the brain evoked response - using event related potential (ERP) characteristics - and the level of difficulty for humans to detect targets as a function of both visual stimulus complexity and task difficulty. We develop a computational model to quantify subject performance and the difficulty of realistic stimuli. Our results show that: (1) more difficult trials produce less prominent ERP patterns, thus reducing the performance of machine-based ERP detection; (2) on average for the same behavioral performance level, a pair of ERP's extracted from two easy trials are more similar than a pair of ERP's from two hard trials; and (3) both stimulus and task difficulty are correlated with neural activity. Our findings indicate that, for dynamic tasks involved in visual information processing, the brain may allocate additional cognitive resources, such as attention, to a given visual stimulus, as the task and/or stimulus difficulty increases.
Selective complexing of acetylcholinesterase in brain by intravenously administered monoclonal antibody

Rats injected intravenously with monoclonal antibodies reactive with brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) developed a prolonged depression of plasma AChE without changes in butyrylcholinesterase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, or hematocrit. One antibody, ZR1, accumulated in the brain and spinal cord. Within 3 days of injection, ZR1 bound to most of the AChE in cerebral cortex and certain other regions of the CNS. Examination of the molecular forms of cortical 10S AChE, whereas 4S AChE remained free. In vitro, however, ZR1 bound equally to solubilized 4S and 10S forms. These data provide direct evidence for the compartmentalization of different AChE forms in the CNS, 10S being mainly extracellular and 4S apparently intracellular. Development of a striking and persistent bilateral ptosis within hours of injection suggests that AChE in the autonomic nervous system is also accessible to antibodies and, furthermore, is the site of an immunopathological lesion. This novel model of cholinergic autoimmunity may have relevance for human neurological disorders of unknown etiology.
A platinum-enriched γ + γ′ two-phase bond coat on Ni-based superalloys

Abstract A Pt-enriched γ + γ′ two-phase coating was applied to directionally-solidified Ni-based superalloy Rene 142 substrates with three different Hf levels (0.02, 0.76, and 1.37 wt.%). The coating was prepared by electroplating a thin layer of Pt on the superalloy followed by a diffusion treatment. The as-deposited coating exhibited a γ + γ′ two-phase microstructure with a major composition of Ni–16Al–18Pt–7Cr–9Co (in at.%) along with some incorporation of refractory elements from the substrates. Cyclic oxidation testing at 1100 °C in air indicated improved oxidation resistance of the Rene 142 alloys with the Pt-enriched γ + γ′ coatings. In addition, the oxidation resistance of both uncoated and coated alloys was proportional to the Hf content in the substrate. Compared with the single-phase β-(Ni,Pt)Al coating, slightly higher mass gains and localized spallation were observed on the γ + γ′ two-phase coating, which might be due to the segregation of refractory elements and high sulfur levels in these superalloy substrates.
Calculation of photoemission from atoms subject to intense laser fields

We use a nonperturbative method to solve the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for an electronic state of an atom subject to a very intense (g${10}^{13}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) laser. The oscillating, time-dependent dipole induced by the laser serves as a source for the photoemission. Calculations of single-atom photospectra reveal peaks at the odd harmonics of the incident laser field superimposed on a broad continuous background. We discuss a series of calculations for the hydrogen atom and a short-range Yukawa potential containing a variable number of bound states. At intensities up to a few times ${10}^{13}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 1064 nm, we achieve stable, converged spectra that agree very well with previously published results. As the intensity increases to ${10}^{14}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, the ionization rate increases to about 1% of the laser frequency, and converged results become extremely difficult to obtain, even for impractically large integration volumes. These difficulties are caused by a rising background due to electron density far from the nucleus and the increasing importance of the interaction of the wave function with the edges of the grid. We discuss the implications of our findings for calculations at high intensity and suggest alternative ways to calculate harmonic emission rates in the strong-ionization regime.
Adaptation of the Sensititre broth microdilution technique to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

A broth microdilution technique is described for determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, using commercially prepared Sensititre plates. Twenty-five field isolates and two reference strains (J & 232), were tested against seven antimicrobials. Field isolates were tested in duplicate and reference strains, four times to estimate reproducibility. Ninety-seven percent of the duplicate MIC results for the field isolates were in agreement, or within one log2 dilution. Similar results were obtained with the reference strains. The isolates were susceptible to lincomycin-spectinomycin, tylosin and oxytetracycline or resistant to amoxycillin, apramycin and erythromycin. Susceptibility to furaltadone varied. This method retains the accuracy and reproducibility of broth MIC determinations, while avoiding the lengthy preparation of antimicrobial dilutions normally associated with more traditional methods.
Time Travelers and Queer Heterotopias: Narratives from the Muslim Underground

This article suggests the existence of a spatio-temporal regime of knowledge production in Germany that configures racialized populations as a contradiction in terms, both spatially and temporally displaced within a heteronormative discourse of nation, gender, sexuality, and religion that assigns communities of color a position both outside Europe and outside modernity. This regime is currently most evident in discourses around the nation's Muslim communities as living in ostensibly archaic, anti-modern “parallel societies.” Using the trope of travel narratives and their employment of gender and sexuality, I trace the epistemological placement of “German” and “Muslim” as mutually exclusive opposites and end by proposing that this (dis)placement is not only a source of exclusion but also potentially the means by which alternative spatio-temporal models emerge that defy this opposition and the social logic behind it.
AASHTO-LRFD Live Load Distribution for Beam-and-Slab Bridges: Limitations and Applicability

This paper presents a comparison between the live load distribution factors of simple span slab-on-girders concrete bridges based on the current AASHTO-LRFD and finite-element analysis. In this comparison, the range of applicability limits specified by the current AASHTO-LRFD is fully covered and investigated in terms of span length, slab thickness, girder spacing and longitudinal stiffness. All the AASHTO-PCI concrete girders (Types I–VI) are considered to cover the complete range of longitudinal stiffness specified in the AASHTO-LRFD. Several finite-elements linear elastic models were investigated to obtain the most accurate method to represent the bridge superstructure. The bridge deck was modeled as four-node quadrilateral shell elements, whereas the girders were modeled using two-node space frame elements. The live load used in the analysis is the vehicular load plus the standard lane load as specified by AASHTO-LRFD. The live load is positioned at the longitudinal location that produced the extreme ...
ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system

The architecture and learning procedure underlying ANFIS (adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system) is presented, which is a fuzzy inference system implemented in the framework of adaptive networks. By using a hybrid learning procedure, the proposed ANFIS can construct an input-output mapping based on both human knowledge (in the form of fuzzy if-then rules) and stipulated input-output data pairs. In the simulation, the ANFIS architecture is employed to model nonlinear functions, identify nonlinear components on-line in a control system, and predict a chaotic time series, all yielding remarkable results. Comparisons with artificial neural networks and earlier work on fuzzy modeling are listed and discussed. Other extensions of the proposed ANFIS and promising applications to automatic control and signal processing are also suggested. >
Managed Morality: The Rise of Professional Codes of Conduct in the U.S. Nonprofit Sector

Calls for accountability in the nonprofit sector have never been stronger, and the rise of various forms of self-regulation represents a profound shift for nonprofits. Existing studies tend to focu...
Payment for Anesthesia Care of Cardiac Surgical Patients

Federal reimbursement systems are very complex. Congress requires reimbursements to be budget neutral. This article describes some of the problems encountered when seeking federal reimbursement for cardiac surgical procedures and defines what can be done to improve payments for anesthesia care.
Transport Properties and Transport Phenomena in Casting Nickel Superalloys

Nickel superalloys that are used in the high-temperature regions of gas-turbine engines are cast by directional solidification (DS). In the DS processes, the castings are cooled from below, and three zones exist during solidification: (1) an all-solid zone at the bottom, (2) a “mushy zone” that is comprised of solid and liquid material, and (3) an overlying all-liquid zone. Computer simulations can be useful in predicting the complex transport phenomena that occur during solidification, but realistic simulations require accurate values of the transport properties. In addition to transport properties, the thermodynamic equilibria between the solid and liquid during solidification must also be known with reasonable accuracy. The importance of using reasonably accurate estimations of the transport properties is illustrated by two-dimensional simulations of the convection during solidification and the coincidental macrosegregation in the DS castings of multicomponent Ni-base alloys. In these simulations, we examine the sensitivity of the calculated results to measured partition ratios, thermal expansion coefficients, and viscosities that are estimated by regression analyses and correlations of existing property data.
Rayleigh-Brillouin spectra of the solid electrolyte Rb Ag 4 I 5

The low-frequency Raman spectra and the Rayleigh-Brillouin spectra of the crystalline electrolyte, rubidium silver iodide have been measured. At 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the longitudinal-acoustical phonon was observed by Brillouin scattering with a triply-passed Fabry-Perot interferometer to have a frequency consistent with known and measured physical properties of the crystal. The absolute intensity was compared with that of fused silica, yielding a value for the Rayleigh ratio of 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and for the Pockels' coefficient of 0.15. The Brillouin linewidth was instrumental and less than 0.3 GHz. The Rayleigh-Brillouin spectra were dominated by an intense Rayleigh peak of width less than 10 MHz and Rayleigh ratio of 0.14 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Removal of this feature with an iodine filter revealed a dynamic central peak wider than the 350-MHz half-width of the filter. Analysis and comparison between data from an interferometer and a double monochromator lead to the conclusion that the central peak may be described as a sum of two Lorentzians. The narrower peak has a half-width of roughly 9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 GHz and a Rayleigh ratio of 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Its width is consistent with a relaxation rate estimated from the diffusivity. The broader peak has a half-width of 40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 GHz and a Rayleigh ratio of about 9 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Its origin is less certain, but it may be a measure of the time of flight of mobile silver ions.
Transluminal balloon dilatation for discrete subaortic stenosis

Ten children, 10 weeks to 18 years old, with discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) underwent transluminal balloon dilatation of the subaortic obstruction. The DSS was visualized by 2-dimensional echocardiography and cineangiography. Six patients had a thin discrete "membrane" immediately below the aortic valve (group I) and 4 patients had a thicker fibromuscular ring about 1 cm below the aortic valve (group II). In group I, the mean gradient decreased from 82 +/- 49 mm Hg (range 35 to 164) to 22 +/- 15 mm Hg (range 5 to 40); in group II, it decreased from 155 +/- 18 mm Hg (range 132 to 177) to 85 +/- 44 mm Hg (range 60 to 150). Three patients had follow-up cardiac catheterization 1 year later. Their mean gradient soon after the procedure was 37 +/- 23 mm Hg. On follow-up, it was still 37 +/- 19 mm Hg, indicating persistence of relief of the obstruction. Because of the high residual gradient in group II, 3 patients had surgical relief of the obstruction. The degree of aortic regurgitation present before the dilatation in all 10 patients did not change after the procedure. The mechanism of relief of the obstruction was by tearing of the subaortic membrane. Our data suggest that relief of subaortic obstruction is more favorable in the thin, membranous DSS.
Efficient free fatty acid production in Escherichia coli using plant acyl-ACP thioesterases

Abstract Microbial biosynthesis of fatty acid-like chemicals from renewable carbon sources has attracted significant attention in recent years. Free fatty acids can be used as precursors for the production of fuels or chemicals. Free fatty acids can be produced by introducing an acyl–acyl carrier protein thioesterase gene into Escherichia coli. The presence of the acyl-ACP thioesterase will break the fatty acid elongation cycle and release free fatty acid. Depending on their sequence similarity and substrate specificity, class FatA thioesterase is active on unsaturated acyl-ACPs and class FatB prefers saturated acyl group. Different acyl-ACP thioesterases have different degrees of chain length specificity. Although some of these enzymes have been characterized from a number of sources, information on their ability to produce free fatty acid in microbial cells has not been extensively examined until recently. In this study, we examined the effect of the overexpression of acyl-ACP thioesterase genes from Diploknema butyracea, Gossypium hirsutum, Ricinus communis and Jatropha curcas on free fatty acid production. In particular, we are interested in studying the effect of different acyl-ACP thioesterase on the quantities and compositions of free fatty acid produced by an E. coli strain ML103 carrying these constructs. It is shown that the accumulation of free fatty acid depends on the acyl-ACP thioesterase used. The strain carrying the acyl-ACP thioesterase gene from D. butyracea produced approximately 0.2 g/L of free fatty acid while the strains carrying the acyl-ACP thioesterase genes from R. communis and J. curcas produced the most free fatty acid at a high level of more than 2.0 g/L at 48 h. These two strains accumulated three major straight chain free fatty acids, C14, C16:1 and C16 at levels about 40%, 35% and 20%, respectively.
RBM3, a novel human gene in Xp11.23 with a putative RNA-binding domain

Using cDNA selection with a YAC from the Xp11.2 region, we have identified a novel gene (RBM3) that encodes a polypeptide with high sequence similarity to a group of proteins that bind to RNA. On a YAC contig map, RBM3 is located between OATL1 and GATA1/TFE3 in sub-band Xp11.23, and gives rise to alternatively spliced transcripts in a variety of human tissues. The longest open reading frame encodes a 157 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 17 kDa. Its putative RNA-binding domain most closely resembles that of two previously characterized human RNA-binding proteins, YRRM, the gene for which has been implicated in azoospermia, and hnRNP G, a glycoprotein, also identified as an auto-antigen. The homology of RMB3 in both sequence and size to an RNA binding protein from maize, AAIP , suggests that it functions in a fundamental pathway conserved from plants to mammals.
Myocardial contrast echocardiography with power Doppler imaging.

Power Doppler (PD) is an ultrasound technique that has been used for the evaluation of liver and kidney vascularity and may be useful for the evaluation of myocardial perfusion during the infusion of second-generation echocardiographic contrast agents. PD computes the phase shift of received waves and displays the intensity of the pulses that have been shifted beyond a user-defined threshold. This technique may be particularly well suited for myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) for several reasons. (1) Stationary or slowly moving targets that cause minimal phase shift are filtered out and not displayed. (2) Microbubbles create phase shifts through nonlinear scattering related to bubble oscillation and destruction, which enhances their detection by PD imaging. We evaluated myocardial perfusion using PD in conjunction with intermittent harmonic imaging during continuous intravenous infusion of an echocardiographic contrast agent. Specifically, we sought to compare the ability of PD MCE to detect and subjectively quantify resting myocardial perfusion defects with nuclear perfusion techniques.
Factors affecting the salinity tolerance of the freshwater cryptomonad Chilomonas paramecium

. The capacity of the freshwater cryptomonad Chilomonas paramecium to develop a tolerance for seawater in the growth medium was investigated as part of a research program exploring potential microbial food sources for estuarine bivalve mollusks. By gradually increasing the percentage of estuarine seawater included in a freshwater culture medium over the course of 10 years, strains were obtained that tolerate from 16 to 32% seawater (highest salinity 10.5 ppt), achieving equivalent final densities with similar gross biochemical composition. However, after subculture in seawater-containing media for over 20 years, growth rates in more-saline media remained appreciably slower than in low-salinity media. Reduction of C. paramecium growth rate by seawater was found to be exacerbated in media with an initial pH of 3.5 as compared with pH 4.0–5.0, suggesting either a specific H+ effect upon metabolism of the medium carbon source (lactic acid) or a general cation effect upon nutrient uptake or cell metabolism. By contrast, depression of growth rates at high salinity was ameliorated by eliminating sodium-phosphate enrichments in growth media. This suggests that cations in the phosphate salt were contributing to cation-mediated growth inhibition. Results indicate a potential for C. paramecium, cultured in moderately saline media with no phosphate enrichments, to be used as a carbohydrate supplement for laboratory and hatchery feeding of estuarine bivalve mollusks.
Magnetoacoustic imaging of human liver tumor with magnetic induction

Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) is an imaging technique under development to achieve imaging of electrical impedance contrast in biological tissues with spatial resolution close to ultrasound imaging. However, previously reported MAT-MI experimental results are obtained either from low salinity gel phantoms, or from normal animal tissue samples. In this study, we report the experimental study on the performance of the MAT-MI imaging method for imaging in vitro human liver tumor tissue. The present promising experimental results suggest the feasibility of MAT-MI to image electrical impedance contrast between the cancerous tissue and its surrounding normal tissues.
The shape and appearance of craters formed by oblique impact on the Moon and Venus

We surveyed the impact crater populations of Venus and the Moon, dry targets with and without an atmosphere, to characterize how the 3-dimensional shape of a crater and the appearance of the ejecta blanket varies with impact angle. An empirical estimate of the impact angle below which particular phenomena occur was inferred from the cumulative percentage of impact craters exhibiting different traits. The results of the surveys were mostly consistent with predictions from experimental work. Assuming a sin2 dependence for the cumulative fraction of craters forming below angle , on the Moon, the following transitions occur: <~45 degrees, the ejecta blanket becomes asymmetric; <~25 degrees, a forbidden zone develops in the uprange portion of the ejecta blanket, and the crater rim is depressed in that direction; <~15 degrees, the rim becomes saddle-shaped; <~10 degrees, the rim becomes elongated in the direction of impact and the ejecta forms a "butterfly" pattern. On Venus, the atmosphere causes asymmetries in the ejecta blanket to occur at higher impact angles. The transitions on Venus are: <~55 degrees, the ejecta becomes heavily concentrated downrange; <~40 degrees, a notch in the ejecta that extends to the rim appears, and as impact angle decreases, the notch develops into a larger forbidden zone; <~10 degrees, a fly-wing pattern develops, where material is ejected in the crossrange direction but gets swept downrange. No relationship between location or shape of the central structure and impact angle was observed on either planet. No uprange steepening and no variation in internal slope or crater depth could be associated with impact angle on the Moon. For both planets, as the impact angle decreases from vertical, first the uprange and then the downrange rim decreases in elevation, while the remainder of the rim stays at a constant elevation. For craters on Venus <~15 km in diameter, a variety of crater shapes are observed because meteoroid fragment dispersal is a significant fraction of crater diameter. The longer path length for oblique impacts causes a correlation of clustered impact effects with oblique impact effects. One consequence of this correlation is a shallowing of the crater with decreasing impact angle for small craters.
Alcator DCT: Heat removal and impurity control in a proposed long pulse tokamak

Abstract The most crucial requirement for any heat removal and impurity control system is its performance under steady state reactor level loading. The proposed Alcator DCT device at MIT will provide a near term test of long pulse and steady state issues integral to the tokamak program. The objectives of the proposed machine are the development of plasma edge, impurity, shape and profile control techniques appropriate to steady state high power operation; the optimization of RF current drive and heating techniques; and the demonstration of an integrated fully superconducting PF and TF magnet system. This paper gives a description of the physical machine and a review of achievable parameters. Three impurity control designs that are contemplated are described and compared.
Intrinsic Mobility Limiting Mechanisms in Lanthanum-Doped Strontium Titanate

The temperature dependent Hall mobility data from La-doped ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ thin films are analyzed and modeled considering various electron scattering mechanisms. We find that a $\ensuremath{\sim}6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{meV}$ transverse optical phonon deformation potential scattering mechanism is necessary to explain the dependence of transport on temperature between 10--200 K. Also, we find that the low temperature electron mobility in intrinsic (nominally undoped) ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ is limited by acoustic phonon scattering. Adding the above two scattering mechanisms to longitudinal optical phonon and ionized impurity scattering mechanisms, excellent quantitative agreement between mobility measurement and model is achieved in the whole temperature range (2--300 K) and carrier concentrations ranging over a few orders of magnitude ($8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}\text{ }\text{ }--2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$).
Improved signal-to-noise ratio in spectral-domain compared with time-domain optical coherence tomography

A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis is presented for optical coherence tomography (OCT) signals in which time-domain performance is compared with that of the spectral domain. A significant SNR gain of several hundredfold is found for acquisition in the spectral domain. The SNR benefit is demonstrated experimentally in a hybrid time-domain-spectral-domain OCT system.
Quantaloids, enriched categories and automata theory

This article is intended to be an survey article outlining how the theory of quantaloids and categories enriched in them provides an effective means of analyzing both automata and tree automata. The emphasis is on the unification of concepts and how categorical methods provide insight into various calculations and theorems, both illuminating the original presentation as well as yielding conceptually simpler proofs. Proofs will be omitted and the emphasis is on providing the reader (even a relatively inexperienced one) with an understanding of the basic constructions and results.
Charge redistribution and polarization effects on the solvation energy of ions

Abstract A model based on a theory of floating molecular orbitals (FMOs) was built up in order to describe the relationship between charge delocalization and po
INVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES AND TRACE ELEMENT BIOACCUMULATION ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

Invertebrate assemblages were studied in eight monoculture wetland mesocosms constructed for wastewater treatment. Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) were measured in bulrush mesocosms while higher concentrations of D.O. were measured in open water mesocosms containing submerged pondweeds. Invertebrate taxa richness was positively related to D.O. concentrations that were, in turn, related to vegetation communities. Reference wetland sites contained a variety of plant species along with extensive open water areas. Invertebrate taxa richness was greater at reference sites than in any wastewater mesocosm. Invertebrate samples from the wastewater mesocosms and reference sites were analyzed for five trace elements. While the concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, mercury, and silver were below values harmful to wildlife, the concentrations of selenium reached levels of moderate concern on one occasion. Data from this study suggest that selenium bioaccumulation by invertebrates may be related to the type of vegetation community or detrital habitat type. Wetlands designed for invertebrate production for waterfowl should take into account the potential for low D.O. concentrations and trace element bioaccumulation associated with vegetation community types.
Unimolecular thermal decomposition of dimethoxybenzenes

The unimolecular thermal decomposition mechanisms of o-, m-, and p-dimethoxybenzene (CH3O-C6H4-OCH3) have been studied using a high temperature, microtubular (μtubular) SiC reactor with a residence time of 100 μs. Product detection was carried out using single photon ionization (SPI, 10.487 eV) and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry and matrix infrared absorption spectroscopy from 400 K to 1600 K. The initial pyrolytic step for each isomer is methoxy bond homolysis to eliminate methyl radical. Subsequent thermolysis is unique for each isomer. In the case of o-CH3O-C6H4-OCH3, intramolecular H-transfer dominates leading to the formation of o-hydroxybenzaldehyde (o-HO-C6H4-CHO) and phenol (C6H5OH). Para-CH3O-C6H4-OCH3 immediately breaks the second methoxy bond to form p-benzoquinone, which decomposes further to cyclopentadienone (C5H4=O). Finally, the m-CH3O-C6H4-OCH3 isomer will predominantly follow a ring-reduction/CO-elimination mechanism to form C5H4=O. Electronic structure calculations and transition state theory are used to confirm mechanisms and comment on kinetics. Implications for lignin pyrolysis are discussed.
Mutation Pressure and the Evolution of Organelle Genomic Architecture

The nuclear genomes of multicellular animals and plants contain large amounts of noncoding DNA, the disadvantages of which can be too weak to be effectively countered by selection in lineages with reduced effective population sizes. In contrast, the organelle genomes of these two lineages evolved to opposite ends of the spectrum of genomic complexity, despite similar effective population sizes. This pattern and other puzzling aspects of organelle evolution appear to be consequences of differences in organelle mutation rates. These observations provide support for the hypothesis that the fundamental features of genome evolution are largely defined by the relative power of two nonadaptive forces: random genetic drift and mutation pressure.
Shedding B cell identity.

In this issue of Immunity, Delogu et al. (2006) and Nera et al. (2006) find that the downregulation of Pax-5 during antigen-dependent-terminal differentiation results in a substantial loss of B cell identity and the transition to a plasma cell state.
Space applications for HgCdTe at FIR wavelengths between 50 and 150μ m

The development of HgCdTe-alloy and -superlattice array detectors for astronomical applications in the x = 50-150 m band is discussed in light of NASA mission requirements over the next decade. High background observations on the SOFIA aircraft and planetary probes are identified for initial applications.
Autocorrelation analysis: a new and improved method for measuring branch predictability

Branch taken rate and transition rate have been proposed as metrics to characterize the branch predictability. However, these two metrics may misclassify branches with regular history patterns as hard-to-predict branches, causing an inaccurate and ambiguous view of branch predictability. This study uses autocorrelation to analyze the branch history patterns and presents a new metric Degree of Pattern Irregularity (DPI) for branch classification. The proposed metric is evaluated with different branch predictors, and the results show that DPI significantly improves the quality and the accuracy of branch classification over traditional taken rate and transition rate.
Antigenic Characteristics of Isolates Associated with a New Epizootic of Raccoon Rabies in the United States

A panel of 23 monoclonal antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of rabies virus was used to study the antigenic character of isolates of rabies virus from raccoons in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Comparison of the reaction pattern of these isolates with that of isolates of rabies virus collected from areas of major rabies outbreaks (skunk rabies in the midwestern United States, fox rabies in the northeastern United States, and raccoon rabies in the southeastern United States) suggests that this new epizootic originated with the transportation of rabid raccoons from the southeastern United States.
Detectors for liquid chromatography

Refractive Index Detector Absorption Detectors for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography FTIR Detection Indirect Absorbance Detectors Fluorometric Detection Polarimetric Detectors Detection Based on Electrical and Electrochemical Measurements Mass Spectrometry as an On-Line Detector for HPLC Miscellaneous Methods Index.
Formal verification of FIRE: a case study

We present our experiences with the formal verification of an automotivechip used to control the safety features in a car. We useda BDD based model checker in our work. We describe our verificationmethodology for verifying a very complicated property on arelatively large design. We also describe the bugs that were foundand present our views on how to make model checking an effectiveintegrated part of the design flow for complex hardware systems.
Associated Primes of (Non-Standard) Multigraded Modules

The aim of this article is to study the asymptotic stability of the associated primes of the graded pieces of a non-standard multigraded module. In the most general case, we can assure stability for degrees in every sub-net of a cone in ℕr. As a consequence we prove the stability of the depth of these components in every sub-net of a cone in ℕr.
Raman Spectroscopy Detects Biochemical Changes Due to Proliferation in Mammalian Cell Cultures

Raman spectra of cells and nuclei from cultures in the plateau (nonproliferating) and exponential (proliferating) phases of growth were measured and show that Raman spectroscopy can monitor changes due to cell proliferation. A simple fitting routine was developed using a basis set (lipid, protein, DNA, RNA) to estimate the relative amounts of biochemical components in cells and nuclei. Using relative amounts and ratios of biochemical components, reproducible differences can be detected and quantified that are not readily apparent by visual analysis of vibrational bands in the spectra. These differences, due to cell proliferation, can be assigned to specific biochemical changes. They include a decrease in the relative lipid and increases in the relative protein and RNA for both nontumorigenic exponential cells and nuclei, and an increase in the relative RNA for tumorigenic exponential cells. The lipid/RNA ratio decreases for nontumorigenic exponential cells and nuclei and tumorigenic exponential cells. The protein/lipid ratio increases for both tumorigenic and nontumorigenic exponential cells and nuclei. Finally, the lipid/DNA ratio decreases for tumorigenic exponential nuclei. This knowledge will be important for Raman detection of rapidly dividing populations of cancer cells in vivo.
Newly proliferated cells in the adult male amygdala are affected by gonadal steroid hormones

Gonadal steroid hormones play an important role in the proliferation, survival, and activation of neurons. The present study was performed to examine the effects of testosterone and its metabolites on newly proliferated cells in the amygdala of adult male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Treatment with testosterone propionate (TP) in castrated males resulted in plasma testosterone levels similar to males following mating. TP-treated males displayed a significant increase in the density of cells labeled with a cell proliferation marker (BrdU) in the amygdala. Treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) exerted a similar effect as TP on the density of BrdU-labeled cells, whereas 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was ineffective. A larger proportion (approximately 44%) of the BrdU-labeled cells in the amygdala displayed a neuronal phenotype, and a lesser percentage (approximately 35%) displayed a glial progenitor phenotype; however, treatment effects were not found in either population of cells. Hormonal effects appeared to be site-specific as no group differences were found in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus or ventromedial hypothalamus. Finally, a time course study indicated that BrdU-labeled cells in the amygdala are present as early as 30 min following an acute injection of BrdU. Together, these data suggest that gonadal steroid hormones influence the number of newly proliferated cells in the amygdala, most likely by acting through an estrogenic mechanism, and these effects may be exerted on locally proliferating progenitors within the amygdala.
Asymptotic Stress Field in a Degenerate Orthotropic Material Containing a Cohesive Zone ahead of a Crack Tip

Complex variable and eigenfunction expansion methods are used to derive elastic stress fields near the cohesive zone of a crack aligned with principal axes of a degenerate orthotropic material. Asymptotic field terms are obtained using coordinate rescaling and transformation techniques. The stress fields do not have stress singularity. Variations of stress components associated with the first-order or dominant stress terms are discussed in detail.
Charge transport and electron localization in polyaniline derivatives.

Electrical conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and electron-spin-resonance studies are reported in polyaniline and its derivatives poly(o-toluidine), poly(o-ethylaniline), and poly(o-propylaniline). It is shown that substituents on the ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$ rings of the polymer backbone lead to decreased conductivity, decreased Pauli susceptibility, and an increased number of Curie spins. Also reflecting these features are electron-spin-resonance line shapes, which transform from Lorentzian for polyaniline toward Gaussian for poly(o-propylaniline). These results are interpreted in terms of increased electron localization caused by increased interchain disorder. Furthermore, evidence of electron-electron correlations is presented for poly(o-propylaniline).
New governance institutions in the entrepreneurial urban region

The ability of the entrepreneurial urban region to function and thrive in the contemporary economy depends on the acquisition and maintenance of new political and economic capacities and new institutions and practices, which will enable that urban region to be structurally competitive in the global economy. This urban dynamic competitiveness is socially produced by the joint entrepreneurial activities of economic, political and social actors, while each sector, having different motivations, resources, networks and activities, exploits their complementarities to create a competitive urban milieu. The central argument of this article is that this joint creation of urban competitiveness is made possible by new governance models, which build workable consensus or obtain consent in a context where many interests are in play and strategic change is critical. These ideas are illustrated from the recent experiences of American cities.
Cofactor binding triggers a molecular switch to allosterically activate human UDP-α-D-glucose 6-dehydrogenase.

Human UDP-α-d-glucose dehydrogenase (hUGDH) catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of UDP-α-d-glucose (UDG) to produce UDP-α-d-glucuronic acid. The oligomeric structure of hUGDH is dynamic and can form two distinct hexameric complexes in solution. The active form of hUGDH consists of dimers that undergo a concentration-dependent association to form a hexamer with 32 symmetry. In the presence of the allosteric feedback inhibitor UDP-α-d-xylose (UDX), hUGDH changes shape to form an inactive, horseshoe-shaped complex. Previous studies have identified the UDX-induced allosteric mechanism that changes the hexameric structure to inhibit the enzyme. Here, we investigate the role of the 32 symmetry hexamer in the catalytic cycle. We engineered a stable hUGDH dimer by introducing a charge-switch substitution (K94E) in the hexamer-building interface (hUGDHK94E). The kcat of hUGDHK94E is ∼160-fold lower than that of the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that the hexamer is the catalytically relevant state. We also show t...
Explicit coordination to prevent congestion in data center networks

Large cluster-based cloud computing platforms increasingly use commodity Ethernet technologies, such as Gigabit Ethernet, 10GigE, and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), for intra-cluster communication. Traffic congestion can become a performance concern in the Ethernet due to consolidation of data, storage, and control traffic over a common layer-2 fabric, as well as consolidation of multiple virtual machines (VMs) over less physical hardware. Even as networking vendors race to develop switch-level hardware support for congestion management, we make the case that virtualization has opened up a complementary set of opportunities to reduce or even eliminate network congestion in cloud computing clusters. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a system called XCo, that performs explicit coordination of network transmissions over a shared Ethernet fabric to proactively prevent network congestion. XCo is a software-only distributed solution executing only in the end-nodes. A central controller uses explicit permissions to temporally separate (at millisecond granularity) the transmissions from competing senders through congested links. XCo is fully transparent to applications, presently deployable, and independent of any switch-level hardware support. We present a detailed evaluation of our XCo prototype across a number of network congestion scenarios, and demonstrate that XCo significantly improves network performance during periods of congestion. We also evaluate the behavior of XCo for large topologies using NS3 simulations.
Putting iPads in the hands of faculty

The Apple iPad has the potential to change how faculty teach using technology. With the small size and touch screen, iPads can be more flexible in a classroom setting than a laptop. With the plethora of apps (short for applications) being created for the iPad, there is tremendous potential for how this new technology can be used to enhance the teaching and learning process. At Lewis & Clark College, IT and the Library were funded to explore this potential by putting iPads in the hands of faculty across all three campuses (Law, Graduate, and Undergraduate) and then partnering with those faculty to explore innovative ways they can incorporate the iPads into their teaching and learning process.One semester into the program, this paper will discuss the logistics of the program How about: as well as ways our faculty have found for using their iPads for teaching, learning, and research.
MEMS high-Q tunable capacitor for reconfigurable microwave circuits

Future microwave networks require miniature high-performance tunable elements such as switches, inductors, and capacitors. We report a micro-machined high-performance tunable capacitor suitable for reconfigurable monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). The capacitor is fabricated on a GaAs substrate using low-temperature processing, making it suitable for post-process integration with MMICs, radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and other miniaturized circuits. Additionally, the insulating substrate and high-conductivity metal provide low-loss operation at frequencies over 20 GHz. The device demonstrates a capacitance of 150 fF at 0 V bias, pull-in at about 15 V to 18 V, and further linear tuning from 290 fF to 350 fF over a voltage range of 7 V to 30 V. Also, the device demonstrates self-resonance frequencies over 50 GHz, and Q’s over 100 at 10 GHz. To enable integration into circuits, a simple equivalent circuit model of the device has been developed, demonstrating a good match to the measured data through 25 GHz. Initial testing to 1 billion cycles indicates that metal fatigue is the primary limitation to reliability and reproducibility, and that dielectric charging does not have a significant impact on the device. This device is promising for high-performance tunable filters, phase shifters, and other reconfigurable networks at frequencies through K-band.