cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RIR-MAPLE deposition of multifunctional films combining biocidal and fouling release properties

Multifunctional films with both antimicrobial activity and fouling-release ability based on a biocidal quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) and thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) were deposited on substrates using resonant infrared, matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE). The surface properties of these films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and water contact angle measurements. The biocidal and release properties of the films were tested against Escherichia coli K12 and Staphylococcus epidermidis. At 37 °C, the deposited film facilitated bacterial attachment and killed a majority of attached bacteria. Decrease of the temperature to 25 °C promoted the hydration and at least partial dissolution of PNIPAAm, leading to bacterial detachment from the film. To enhance the retention of PNIPAAm on the substrate, a small amount of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) was incorporated as a stabilizer, resulting in a ternary film with biocidal activity and bacterial-release ability after several attach-kill-release cycles. The simplicity and universality of RIR-MAPLE to form films on a wide range of substrata make it a promising technique to deposit multifunctional films to actively mitigate bacterial biofouling.
Effect of media, temperature and culture conditions on the species population and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from broiler chickens*

C.R. JACKSON, P.J. FEDORKA-CRAY, M.C. JACKSON-HALL AND L.M. HIOTT. 2005. Aims: The effect of media type, incubation temperature and enrichment period on the species population and antibiotic susceptibility of enterococci from poultry carcass rinsates was determined. Methods and Results: Aliquots of rinsates, incubated in BBL Enterococcosel broth at 37� C, 42� C, or 45� C for 24 and 48 h, were inoculated onto BBL Enterococcosel and M-enterococcus agar. Presumptive positive colonies were identified to species and tested for antibiotic resistance. Significant differences (P £ 0AE05) were observed for media and temperature. More Enterococcus faecalis were isolated from M-enterococcus media and at 37� C while more E. faecium were isolated from Enterococcosel agar and at 45� C. The number of antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium were also affected by media and temperature. Conclusions: Culture conditions for enterococci affect the observed species and antibiotic resistance patterns and therefore should be carefully considered. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study indicates that media and temperature can influence the recovery and selection of enterococcal species and antibiotic susceptibility.
Statistical and Procedural Issues in Psychoeducational Studies

This article provides a discussion of a number of statistical and procedural aspects of psychoeducational studies that can influence the interpretations and conclusions drawn from such research. The topics covered relate to situations that are commonly encountered by researchers and practitioners in the conduct and interpretation of psychoeducational studies. In many cases, guidelines are provided for the practitioner regarding how each of the aspects discussed is most likely to influence the results of a research study. Most of the topics included are not covered in depth but are accompanied by sufficient references for the interested reader to pursue each topic in more depth.
Shape-selective reactions with zeolite catalysts: VII. Alkylation and disproportionation of cumene to produce diisopropylbenzene

Abstract Cumene disproportionates to diisopropylbenzenes (DIPB) and benzene over Mobil ZSM-12 zeolite catalyst. In addition, cumene is alkylated with propylene to give DIPB with high selectivity. With cumene alkylation, para -DIPB is favored (65–80%), with 20–30% meta and 0–5% ortho isomers also being produced. This is in direct contrast to thermodynamic considerations, where meta -DlPB is the favored isomer.
From Bachelor Threat to Fraternal Security: Male Associations and Modular Organization in Human Societies

Humans live in modular societies with a minimum of two levels of organization, the conjugal family and the local community. Yet any human community is likely to contain at least one other social unit whose evolutionary significance has not always been recognized: a same-sex association, such as a men’s “club” or “brotherhood.” The purpose of this article is to explore the role of all-male associations in relation to the conjugal families that are often taken to be the main constituents of human groups. What has been called bachelor threat in other mammalian species is a major problem in human societies, which may include follower males as well as all-male units. Yet tensions between married men and bachelors are often eclipsed by the need for warriors to defend the local community. The ethnographic record includes many cases in which fraternal security takes precedence over conjugal bonds, resulting in the physical segregation of the sexes, including husbands and wives. At the extreme, a husband usually sleeps at a men’s house while making regular visits to his conjugal family. Though this pattern is classically associated with tribal Amazonia and Melanesia, it is seen here as part of a continuum of variation in small-scale societies worldwide. These societies reflect a series of historical compromises, it is argued, between bachelors and elders, on the one hand, and between men’s associations and conjugal families, on the other.
Near‐infrared laser absorption of poly(vinyl chloride) at elevated temperatures

Modeling laser transmission welding of thermoplastics requires knowledge of the optical properties of the materials being joined. The optical properties are highly dependent on their unique combinations of base polymer, pigments, and fillers. Because of the complex phase transition that occurs when heating thermoplastics, the optical properties are not a constant, but a function of temperature. During laser transmission welding large changes in the material temperature affect the light absorption, thus changing the characteristics of heating owing to the laser radiation. This paper discusses an experiment measuring diode laser transmission through clear poly(vinyl chloride) samples while increasing the material temperature in an oven. It was found that the absorption coefficient follows repeated peaks and valleys between the glass transition temperature and the melting point. Above the melting point the absorption coefficient increases to a plateau before a further increase that is marked by thermal decomposition. In addition, the decomposition temperature was found to be dependent on the rate of heating. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 12:166–173, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fiber optic sensing using low-coherence interferometry

Abstract Sensing schemes using optical low coherence interferometry can offer advantages over the more conventional long coherence length interferometric techniques. These advantages will be discussed as well as various techniques for single and multiplexedsensing arrangements. Introduction Optical interferometry provides an accurate method for measuring path length changes inoptical fibers. If the parameter to be sensed can be correlated to a change in the opticalpath length, highly accurate sensing can be achieved. Parameters such as temperature,pressure, acoustics and strain are well suited for optical interferometric measurement.Conventional interferometric techniques typically employ long coherence length sources,such as a narrow linewidth Helium Neon laser. In these arrangements, the coherencelength of the source is longer than the path length difference in the sensing arms. Theselong coherence length techniques are best suited for measuring differential length changesin the arms of a sensing interferometer. For cases where the measurement of an absoluteoptical length is required, long coherence techniques are limited since they must keeptrack of a large number of interferometric fringes. If there is a momentary electrical oroptical power interruption, delay times can be in error due to loss of fringe count. Also,
Meeting the challenge of globalization in Costa Rica

As president of Costa Rica from 1994 to 1998, Jose Maria Figueres played a key role in transforming the Costa Rican economy, helping to move the country up the value chain in the global production process. Figueres's success in bringing Intel into Costa Rica led to a major shift in the country's main exports—from bananas and coffee to microprocessors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serial transverse enteroplasty for short bowel syndrome: a case report

The patient is a 2-year-old boy born with gastroschisis and midgut volvulus that left him dependent on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). At 11 months of age, a Bianchi procedure was performed increasing the total length of bowel from 72 cm to 130 cm. Although he appeared to have sufficient bowel length, he continued to have malabsorption and could only tolerate 10% of his caloric requirement enterally. A barium study found significant dilatation of the lengthened small bowel. At 23 months, we performed a novel bowel lengthening procedure that we have reported previously in an animal model. The serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) operation increased the 83 cm of dilated and previously lengthened bowel to 147 cm, making the total small bowel length 200 cm. The patient tolerated the procedure well and began to have semisolid bowel movements. Small intestinal absorptive capacity measured by D-xylose absorption showed a substantial increase from 5 to 12 mg/dL (normal range, >20), implying improved but not completely normal small bowel function. This case shows that the STEP procedure increases intestinal length, can be used after a prior Bianchi, and may result in improved intestinal absorptive capacity. The STEP procedure should be considered a surgical option for children with short bowel syndrome.
The impact of hunting with dogs on wildlife harvests in the Bosawas Reserve, Nicaragua

Although they are used throughout the Neotropics, the impact of dogs on the composition of wildlife harvests has received little systematic attention. In the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve of Nicaragua, indigenous hunters rely heavily on dogs to locate prey. Hunting harvest data over a year-long period in two indigenous Mayangna and Miskito communities indicate that the use of hunting dogs is significantly associated with the harvests of several terrestrial mammalian species. The use of dogs is also a significant predictor of the extent to which the species composition of harvests deviates from Neotropical averages. Although dogs appear to have little effect on the sex profiles of harvested game species, the use of dogs is significantly associated with hunting in agricultural landscapes. From a conservation perspective, the disadvantages of dogs include their indiscriminate pursuit of prey species, including species that hunters would not otherwise pursue. Advantages of dogs include their relative ineffectiveness in pursuits of species that are particularly vulnerable to overhunting, such as primates and white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari). Hunting dogs may be an economical option for many Neotropical societies, and their role in wildlife management plans merits increased attention from conservationists.
Diel phosphorus variation and the stoichiometry of ecosystem metabolism in a large spring-fed river

Elemental cycles are coupled directly and indirectly to ecosystem metabolism at multiple time scales. Understanding coupling in lotic ecosystems has recently advanced through simultaneous high-frequency measurements of multiple solutes. Using hourly in situ measurements of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), specific conductance (SpC), and dissolved oxygen (DO), we estimated phosphorus (P) retention pathways and dynamics in a large (discharge, Q ≈ 7.5 m3/s) spring-fed river (Ichetucknee River, Florida, USA). Across eight multi-day deployments, highly regular diel SRP variation of 3–9 μg P/L (mean ∼50 μg P/L) was strongly correlated with DO variation, suggesting photosynthetic control directly via assimilation, and/or indirectly via geochemical reactions. Consistent afternoon SRP maxima and midnight minima suggest peak removal lags gross primary production (GPP) by ∼8 hours. Two overlapping processes were evident, one dominant with maximum removal near midnight, the other smaller with maximum removal near m...
Shiga toxin Stx2 is heat-stable and not inactivated by pasteurization.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli have been associated with food-borne illnesses. Pasteurization is used to inhibit microbial growth in milk, and an open question is whether milk pasteurization inactivates Shiga toxins. To answer this question we measured Shiga toxin's inhibition effect on Vero cell dehydrogenase activity and protein synthesis. Our data demonstrate that Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) is heat-stable and that pasteurization of milk, at the various suggested temperatures and times by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, (63 °C for 30 min, or 72 °C for 15 s or 89 °C for 1 s), did not reduce the biological activity of Stx2. However, treatment at 100 °C for 5 min inactivated the toxin. These data demonstrate that Stx2 is not inactivated by conventional pasteurization.
Kinetic Parameters of the Intramolecular Condensation of Diphenylamine-2-carboxylic Acid under Microwave Radiation

The cyclization of diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid under microwave radiation was investigated. The kinetic parameters of the processes were measured. The use of microwave radiation was found to reduce the reaction duration and to increase the target product yield. The optimal conditions for processes were determined.
Locus of control, academic self-concept, and academic dishonesty among high ability college students

The purposes of the current study were to evaluate a measure of academic dishonesty and examine high ability college students' loci of control and its effect on behaviors of academic dishonesty, as moderated by academic self-concept. A total of 357 high ability college students enrolled at two universities in the southwestern United States took part in this study. Variables and the moderation of academic self-concept were examined for the aggregate group (n = 357) and for the disaggregate honors and non-honors groups. Students completed the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966), the Self-Description Questionnaire III (Marsh, 1989), and a scale to measure academic dishonesty based on the work of Geddes (2011). A 17-item measure of academic dishonesty was developed. Results indicate locus of control does not significantly predict academic dishonesty for the non-honors group, but several relationships were found among variables for the aggregate group and for the honors and non-honors groups.
New observations of martian southern mid-latitude recurring slope lineae (RSL) imply formation by freshwater subsurface flows

Abstract Southern mid-latitude (SML) recurring slope lineae (RSL) are narrow (0.5–5 m) dark albedo features that emanate from bedrock and incrementally lengthen down steep slopes that preferentially face the equator. We observe that SML RSL begin lengthening prior to southern summer at a solar longitude (Ls) of 245° ± 11° when Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES)-derived near-maximum surface temperatures are 296 ± 5 K and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) – and Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS)-derived mid-afternoon surface temperatures are >273 K. SML RSL continue to lengthen for 104 ± 38 sols with an average near-maximum surface temperature of 298 ± 5 K. The SML RSL then stop lengthening at Ls = 314° ± 12° when mid-afternoon surface temperatures drop below 273 K. They remain dark for another 116 ± 41 sols (until Ls = 16° ± 14°) as surface temperatures continue to fall. Although the RSL recharge mechanism remains unknown, our observation that the vast majority of RSL lengthen only when mid-afternoon surface temperatures are >273 K supports the hypothesis that they are formed by shallow subsurface liquid water flows without significant freezing-point depression. The number and length of RSL at multiple sites increased dramatically following the Mars Year 28 globe-encircling dust storm. We interpret this increase to be due to warmer subsurface temperatures created by a dust-laden greenhouse effect that may be unique to the southern mid-latitudes near Ls = 270°. Therefore SML RSL flow is quite sensitive to ground temperature and may only occur under favorable orbital parameters when mean insolation during the RSL lengthening season is above that of the current southern mid-latitude mean insolation value. This value is currently at a peak that has not been attained for the last ∼100 ka. Meanwhile, the RSL-poor northern mid-latitude mean insolation is near a minimum and has a value 27% lower than the southern value. If SML RSL are indeed formed by shallow subsurface freshwater flows, then they may be some of the best locations on Mars to explore for extant life.
INTERPERSONAL TRUST FORMATION DURING THE SUPPLIER SELECTION PROCESS: THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

This study investigates business-to-business interpersonal trust formation (trust that develops between boundary spanning individuals from different organizations) during the price determination stage of the supplier selection process. We first investigate whether trust can form at this stage. Then we examine two factors that may affect trust formation: the communication channel employed by the buyer and the amount of complexity involved in the purchase. Hypotheses are tested with a behavioral experiment (N=117) comparing three communication media (face-to-face, email, and Internet reverse auctions) and two levels of procurement complexity. Results show that trust formation does occur at the price determination stage; however, the degree to which trust grows depends on the communication channel employed and on the level of procurement complexity. Our study enhances managerial understanding of the possibility of developing (or eroding) trust early in the buyer-seller relationship, and it sheds light on the appropriateness of various supplier selection tools under various conditions. In addition, this research contributes to the supply chain management field by complementing the existing trust literature which typically focuses on interorganizational trust that is formed or eroded later in the supply relationship.
SNP selection and multidimensional scaling to quantify population structure.

In the new era of large-scale collaborative Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS), population stratification has become a critical issue that must be addressed. In order to build upon the methods developed to control the confounding effect of a structured population, it is extremely important to visualize and quantify that effect. In this work, we develop methodology for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) selection and subsequent population stratification visualization based on deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in conjunction with non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS); a distance-based multivariate technique. Through simulation, it is shown that SNP selection based on Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (HWD) is robust against confounding linkage disequilibrium patterns that have been problematic in past studies and methods as well as producing a differentiated SNP set. Non-metric MDS is shown to be a multivariate visualization tool preferable to principal components in conjunction with HWD SNP selection through theoretical and empirical study from HapMap samples. The proposed selection tool offers a simple and effective way to select appropriate substructure-informative markers for use in exploring the effect that population stratification may have in association studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 33:488–496, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Heroin and cocaine intravenous self-administration in rats: Mediation by separate neural systems

The hypothesis that separate neural systems mediate the reinforcing properties of opiate and psychomotor stimulant drugs was tested in rats trained to lever-press for IV injections of either cocaine or heroin during daily 3-h sessions. Pretreatment with the opiate receptor antagonist drug naltrexone produced dose-dependent increases in heroin self-administration, but had no effect on the rate or pattern of cocaine self-administration. Similarly, pretreatment with low doses of the dopamine antagonist drug alpha-flupenthixol produced dose-dependent increases in cocaine but not heroin self-administration. High doses of alpha-flupenthixol eliminated all responding for cocaine and slightly reduced heroin self-administration. The specificity with which the two antagonist drugs exerted their behavioral effects strongly suggests that independent neural substrates are responsible for the reinforcing actions of heroind and cocaine.
Design and identification of high performance steel alloys for structures subjected to underwater impulsive loading

Abstract Martensitic and austenitic steel alloys were designed to optimize the performance of structures subjected to impulsive loads. The deformation and fracture characteristics of the designed steel alloys were investigated experimentally and computationally. The experiments were based on an instrumented fluid–structure interaction apparatus, in which deflection profiles are recorded using a shadow Moire technique combined with high speed imaging. Fractographic analysis and post-mortem thickness reduction measurements were also conducted in order to identify deformation and fracture modes. The computational study was based on a modified Gurson damage model able to accurately describe ductile failure under various loading paths. The model was calibrated for two high performance martensitic steels (HSLA-100 and BA-160) and an austenitic steel (TRIP-120). The martensitic steel (BA-160) was designed to maximize strength and fracture toughness while the austenitic steel (TRIP-120) was designed to maximize uniform ductility, in other words, to delay necking instability. The combined experimental–computational approach provided insight into the relationships between material properties (strength, uniform ductility, and post-necking ductility) and blast resistance of structures. In particular, the approach allowed identification of material/structure performances by identifying impulse-center deflection behavior and the impulse leading to panel fracture.
PERCEPTION-BASED ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTS IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY

Comparing frequency distributions of experimental data is a routine engineering task in the semiconductor industry. The existing statistical approaches to the problem suffer from several limitations, which can be partially overcome via the time-consuming visual examination of frequency histograms by an experienced process engineer. This paper presents a novel, fuzzy-based method for automating the cognitive process of comparing frequency histograms. We use the evolving approach of type-2 fuzzy logic to utilize the domain knowledge of human experts. The proposed method is evaluated on the actual results of an engineering experiment, where it is shown to represent the experts' perception of the visualized data more accurately than a wide range of statistical tests. We also outline the potential directions for integrating the perception-based approach with other methods of data visualization and data mining.
In vitro expression of erythroid differentiation induced by Friend polycythaemia virus.

WITHIN a few days after infection of susceptible mice with the Friend polycythaemia virus (FVP), a large increase in red cell production occurs leading to polycythaemia1–3. The mechanism by which FVP induces this effect is not known although it has been shown that this induction does not result from the presence of erythropoietin (Ep) in the inoculum and is not dependent on the endogenous production of Ep (refs 1 and 3). As yet, no system for both infection in vitro and subsequent expression of erythroid differentiation in vitro has been described. We have developed a method whereby infection of spleen cells can be accomplished in vivo and the late events of erythroid differentiation can be studied in vitro. We report that spleen cells cultured soon after infection in vivo, before increases in haemoglobin synthesis are detectable, will later increase their rate of haem, or haemoglobin, synthesis in vitro. The effect of Ep on the FVP-induced erythroid differentiation was also tested.
Genotypic selection of mitochondrial and oncogenic mutations in human tissue suggests mechanisms of age-related pathophysiology

Abstract The invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has facilitated the development of a new class of assays to quantify human somatic mutations in vivo, based on genotypic selection of mutants at the DNA level rather than phenotypic selection of mutants at the cell level. Use of these assays has provided new perspectives on the timing, location and distribution of somatic mutagenesis in mitochondrial genes and in oncogenes of the aging human body. This descriptive information has led to the inference and development of new models for age-related pathophysiology and oncogenesis. Mutations of mitochondrial genes rise rapidly with age to frequencies a thousand fold higher than those of nuclear genes. Genotypic selection analysis has revealed that mitochondrial mutations accumulate predominantly in non-mitotic cells whose age-dependent loss is associated with pathology. Random mitochondrial mutation is most likely to inactive Complex I, a deficiency of which induces mitochondrial superoxide formation and cell death. Genotypic selection of oncogenic mutations at the BCL2 and p53 loci has revealed that the cell specificity of oncogenic mutations in persons without cancer correlates well with sites of tumor origin, indicating that cells bearing such mutations are the likely precursors of future tumors. Quantitative variation in human BCL2 mutation frequency is extensive, and BCL2 mutation frequency rises with age. concordant with increased risk for lymphoma. The clonality and persistence of BCL2 mutations suggests two specific testable mechanisms of lymphomagenesis. BCL2 mutation frequency rises in persons exposed to cigarette smoke, and more p53 mutations occur in skin exposed to sunlight than in unexposed skin. Thus, in addition to their likely relevance to future cancer risk, the dose-response relationship between exposure and oncogenic mutations indicates promise for their future use as in vivo biodosimetcrs of human exposure to carcinogens.
A New Level-Set Model for the Representation of Non-Smooth Geometries

In Starinshak et al. (J Comput Phys 262(1):1---16, 2014), we proposed a new level-set model for representing multimaterial flows in multiple space dimensions. Rather than associating each level-set function with the boundary of a material, the new model associates each level-set function with a pair of materials and the interface that separates them. In this paper, we extend the model to represent geometries with non-smooth boundaries. The model uses multiple level-set functions to describe the shape boundary, typically with one level-set function per smooth boundary segment. Sign information is collected from all level-set functions and a voting algorithm is used to determine the interior/exterior of the geometric shape. The model is well suited for representing boundaries with singularities; it offers significant improvement over standard level-set approaches, both in shape preservation and area conservation; and it eliminates the need for costly redistancing of the level-set function. Numerical examples illustrate the superior performance of the proposed model.
3.1: Distinguished Student Paper: Polarization Independent Adaptive Microlens Using a Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystal

In this paper, we propose a fast-response and polarization-independent adapptive microlens array using a polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal. Using a curved top electrode and planar bottom electrode, gradient electric fields are generated and lens-like phase profile obtained. By optimization, an ideal parabolic phase profile for minimizing image aberrations is obtained.
The TRC8 hereditary kidney cancer gene suppresses growth and functions with VHL in a common pathway

VHL is part of an SCF related E3-ubiquitin ligase complex with 'gatekeeper' function in renal carcinoma. However, no mutations have been identified in VHL interacting proteins in wild type VHL tumors. We previously reported that the TRC8 gene was interrupted by a t(3;8) translocation in a family with hereditary renal and non-medullary thyroid cancer. TRC8 encodes a multi-membrane spanning protein containing a RING-H2 finger with in vitro ubiquitin ligase activity. We isolated the Drosophila homologue, DTrc8, and studied its function by genetic manipulations and a yeast 2-hybrid screen. Human and Drosophila TRC8 proteins localize to the endoplasmic reticulum. Loss of either DTrc8 or DVhl resulted in an identical ventral midline defect. Direct interaction between DTrc8 and DVhl was confirmed by GST-pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. CSN-5/JAB1 is a component of the COP9 signalosome, recently shown to regulate SCF function. We found that DTrc8 physically interacts with CSN-5 and that human JAB1 localization is dependent on VHL mutant status. Lastly, overexpression of DTrc8 inhibited growth consistent with its presumed role as a tumor suppressor gene. Thus, VHL, TRC8, and JAB1 appear to be linked both physically and functionally and all three may participate in the development of kidney cancer.
The stresses of rheumatoid arthritis: Appraisals of perceived impact and coping efficacy

Objective. This study examined appraisals of the impact of 7 stressors associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the perceived ability to cope With those stressors. Methods. Subjects were 446 participants in a panel study of persons with RA. Data were derived from the 1994 annual interview. Results. There were significant differences among mean ratings of the stressors. Taking care of RA, fatigue, pain, and functional impairment were rated as having the greatest impact; perceived coping efficacy was highest for medication side effects and taking care of RA. Appraisals of impact and coping efficacy were negatively correlated. Clinical factors were the strongest predictors of both appraisals. Depressive symptoms and instrumental support were also independently associated with both appraisals for most stressors. Conclusions. All of the stressors were problematic to some degree, suggesting that coping research should include stressors other than pain and function. Most subjects rated the effects of these stressors as moderate, however. Future examination of the coping responses of these individuals may shed light on adaptation to RA.
The peripatetic cultural psychiatrist: Reflections on a forty-five year longitudinal study of a South India village

This article presents one woman's odyssey, which began with a career in linguistics and later incorporated cultural psychiatry. While engaged in fieldwork as a linguist, studying the syntactic structure of Havyaka Kannada and dialectal accommodation among the castes in a South India village, I developed language skills and rapport with the village residents. Then I transferred my community-wide rapport to research on depression as a cultural psychiatrist. The articles I wrote on depression and its relationship to socialized passivity and endorsed assertiveness in progressive generations of South Indian women, illustrate the impact of change on mental health. The cultural background from my community-based longitudinal study of more than forty-five years has contributed to my understanding disorders in Indian patients living in a globalized world.
Relativistic electron events in interplanetary space

Review of relativistic electron events observed in interplanetary space. The different types of event are identified and illustrated. The relationships between solar X-ray and radio emissions and relativistic electrons are examined, and the relevance of the observations to solar flare acceleration models is discussed. A statistical analysis of electron spectra, the electron/proton ratio and propagation from the flare site to the earth is presented. A model is outlined which can account for the release of electrons from the sun in a manner consistent with observations of energetic solar particles and electromagnetic solar radiation.
Tricyclic isoxazoles are novel inhibitors of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP1)

Abstract Tricyclic isoxazoles were identified from a screen as a novel class of selective multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) inhibitors. From a screen lead, SAR efforts resulted in the preparation of LY 402913 ( 9h ), which inhibits MRP1 and reverses drug resistance to MRP1 substrates, such as doxorubicin, in HeLa-T5 cells (EC 50 =0.90 μM), while showing no inherent cytotoxicity. Additionally, LY 402913 inhibits ATP-dependent, MRP1-mediated LTC 4 uptake into membrane vesicles prepared from the MRP1-overexpressing HeLa-T5 cells (EC 50 =1.8 μM). LY 402913 also shows selectivity (∼22-fold) against the related transporter, P-glycoprotein, in HL60/Adr and HL60/Vinc cells. Finally, when dosed in combination with the oncolytic MRP1 substrate vincristine, LY 402913 delays the growth of MRP1-overexpressing tumors in vivo.
A New Source for the Large-scale Electric Fields in the Magnetosphere

ALFVEN1 has pointed out that no real understanding of the properties of the magnetosphere is possible without a knowledge of the electric field. Large scale electric fields in the magnetosphere so far discussed in the literature have been confined mainly to the following three categories2: first, the electric field due to the polarization of the ambient plasma in the vicinity of the magnetopause through the frictional interaction with the solar wind; second, the electric field due to the polarization of energetic particles caused by differential drift motions of these charged particles in the Earth's magnetic field; and third, the penetration of the interplanetary electric field into the magnetosphere. But electric fields induced by variations of the magnetic field have not been reported until very recently. In 1971 Ferraro3,4 reported that inductive electric fields are unimportant during the growth of the ring current and Wang and Kim5 pointed out that the electric fields induced by a decaying ring current during the recovery phase of a magnetic storm are quite substantial and should not be ignored. Here we show, using model calculations, that a decaying ring current is capable of producing the large scale electric fields in the magnetosphere.
Movements rising in the west

Questions as to what, if anything, is new about contemporary Western transnational social movements (TSMs) have puzzled theorists for more than a decade. These questions are of more than academic interest because the more we know about these movements the better we can participate in them and aid them in achieving their objectives. My purpose here is to critically review three principal arguments regarding the novelty of TSMs: first, that they act in new arenas of conflict; second, that they display new forms of identity and consciousness; and third, that they employ new types of organization and action. Alberto Melucci and other students of contemporary Western transnational social movements argue that TSMs operate in what might be termed new arenas of conflict. Whereas nineteenth‐century movements were embroiled in struggles over the production and distribution of material goods and resources, some sectors of contemporary social movements challenge the administrative logic of complex social and politica...
Unpedigreed populations and worst‐case scenarios

A population in which parentage information is not recorded is considered a pedigree “black hole” in terms of genetic management. Integration of animals from such an unpedigreed population into a genetically managed population is often accomplished by assuming a worst-case scenario and recording all animals as highly interrelated (e.g., full siblings). The assumption that a worst-case scenario is appropriate under a wide variety of circumstances is evaluated. It was determined that the genetic costs of overestimating relationships among animals from an unpedigreed population are always greater than the genetic costs of underestimating relationships by the same amount. This demonstrates that worst-case scenarios, which are by definition intentional overestimates, are not generally appropriate. A method of obtaining an estimate that will yield the lowest overall genetic cost using the possible maximum and minimum levels of relatedness among animals from the unpedigreed population is presented along with two methods for implementation. Finally, for cases in which the estimated average relatedness among animals from an unpedigreed population is low, it is recommended that different analytical studbook datasets be used for calculation of inbreeding coefficients and mean kinship coefficients. This strategy would allow close estimation of average relatedness without risking inadvertent pairing of highly related animals from the unpedigreed population. Zoo Biol 20:305–314, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Specific anti-antibody in transplantation

Durch ein immunologisches Dreieck-System (Hund-Kaninchen-Hund) wurde ein Anti-Antikorper bei Hunden erzeugt und seine Wirkung in vitro und in vivo demonstriert. Die Anti-Antikorper-Methode bietet neue Moglichkeiten, dem Problem der Transplantat-Abstossung und der Therapie der Krankheiten immunologischen Ursprungs naherzukommen.
The Polar Plasma Wave Instrument

The Plasma Wave Instrument on the Polar spacecraft is designed to provide measurements of plasma waves in the Earth's polar regions over the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 800 kHz. Three orthogonal electric dipole antennas are used to detect electric fields, two in the spin plane and one aligned along the spacecraft spin axis. A magnetic loop antenna and a triaxial magnetic search coil antenna are used to detect magnetic fields. Signals from these antennas are processed by five receiver systems: a wideband receiver, a high-frequency waveform receiver, a low-frequency waveform receiver, two multichannel analyzers; and a pair of sweep frequency receivers. Compared to previous plasma wave instruments, the Polar plasma wave instrument has several new capabilities. These include (1) an expanded frequency range to improve coverage of both low- and high-frequency wave phenomena, (2) the ability to simultaneously capture signals from six orthogonal electric and magnetic field sensors, and (3) a digital wideband receiver with up to 8-bit resolution and sample rates as high as 249k samples s(exp -1).
Optical scattering by metallic and carbon aerosols of high aspect ratio

The iterative extended boundary condition method (IEBCM) is utilized to calculate scattering and absorption by metallic colloids and carbon aerosols in the 0.4-μm < λ < 10-μm optical wavelength range. The colloids and aerosols were modeled by dielectric spheroids of high aspect ratio. The new IEBCM method is found to be suitable for making calculations for particles with aspect ratios as high as 12. Results are presented for silver and aluminum metallic aerosols as well as for atmospheric aerosols such as soot and iron oxides (magnetite). The various parameters used to examine the convergence of the IEBCM solution, such as the number of subdomain expansions and the size of the incremental change in intermediate object sizes used in the iterative process, are discussed. Using the internal field distribution to test the convergence of the results is also found to be more accurate than the traditional procedure which utilizes extinction and scattering cross-section data.
Mesenchymal Chemotaxis Requires Selective Inactivation of Myosin II at the Leading Edge via a Noncanonical PLCγ/PKCα Pathway

Chemotaxis, migration toward soluble chemical cues, is critical for processes such as wound healing and immune surveillance and is exhibited by various cell types, from rapidly migrating leukocytes to slow-moving mesenchymal cells. To study mesenchymal chemotaxis, we observed cell migration in microfluidic chambers that generate stable gradients of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Surprisingly, we found that pathways implicated in amoeboid chemotaxis, such as PI3K and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, are dispensable for PDGF chemotaxis. Instead, we find that local inactivation of Myosin IIA, through a noncanonical Ser1/2 phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain, is essential. This site is phosphorylated by PKCα, which is activated by an intracellular gradient of diacylglycerol generated by PLCγ. Using a combination of live imaging and gradients of activators/inhibitors in the microfluidic chambers, we demonstrate that this signaling pathway and subsequent inhibition of Myosin II activity at the leading edge are required for mesenchymal chemotaxis.
The Economics of Upgrading Seventy-one Branch Rail Lines in Iowa

Proposed abandonment of branch lines in rural areas has stimulated concern over the impact on shippers, receivers and rural communities. This paper presents estimates of the benefits and the costs of upgrading 71 branch lines. The benefit-cost analysis is used to compare the net benefits with net costs of upgrading the lines. Separate models are utilized to estimate the benefits to grain shippers, fertilizer shippers, and the shippers and receivers of all other products, from the upgrading. Benefit-cost ratios are presented for six alternative solutions.
Design of Reliable Long-Distance Air-to-Ground Communication Systems Intended for Operation under Severe Multipath Propagation Disturbances

A survey of the principal methods of improving the reliability of long-range digital communication systems introduces the subject. Special modulation techniques as well as redundant transmission of pulses, redundant in time and in carrier frequency, are described as methods to counteract the effects of multipath distortion in connection with the proper special demodulation and diversity reception techniques. It is shown that for an air-to-ground communication system, in which Doppler shift has to be considered in addition to the multipath distortion, high reliability can be obtained if quantized frequency modulation (QFM) and time redundancy are properly applied. To make the protection against multipath distortion most effective, the transmitted signal must have a wide frequency band. The optimum time diversity requires interleaving the redundant pulses and, therefore, requires complex logic circuitry for its instrumentation. The design characteristics of an ?optimum? air-to-ground long-range digital communication system are described. In the concluding section, it is indicated how one can apply the design principles for an ?optimum? long-range communication system (as described) to the design of narrow bandwidth system with relatively simple instrumentation.
The Drosophila gene fs(2)cup interacts with otu to define a cytoplasmic pathway required for the structure and function of germ-line chromosomes

The Drosophila ovarian tumor gene (otu) encodes cytoplasmic proteins that are required in germ-line cells for cyst formation, nurse cell chromosome structure and egg maturation. We have analyzed a gene, fs(2)cup, that participates in many of the same processes and interacts with otu genetically. Both nurse cell and oocyte chromosomes require cup to attain a normal morphology. In addition, the gene is needed for the oocyte to grow normally by taking up materials transported from the nurse cells. The gene encodes a 1132-amino-acid protein containing a putative membrane-spanning domain. Cup protein (but not cup RNA) is transported selectively into the oocyte in germarial cysts, like the p104 Otu protein. It is strongly associated with large structures in the cytoplasm and perinuclear region of nurse cells and, like Otu, moves to the periphery of these cells in stages 9–10. Moreover, cup mutations dominantly disrupt meiotic chromosome segregation. We propose that cup, otu and another interacting gene, fs(2)B, take part in a common cytoplasmic pathway with multiple functions during oogenesis.
Regulation of the SNARE-interacting protein Munc18c tyrosine phosphorylation in adipocytes by protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B.

Background Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a physiological regulator of insulin signaling and adiposity and is a drug target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. The molecular mechanisms underlying PTP1B metabolic actions require additional investigation.
Lifting the burden of schistosomiasis--defining elements of infection-associated disease and the benefits of antiparasite treatment.

Over the past 50 years the challenge of schistosomiasis control has persisted as a complex dilemma for health policymakers- there has even been a debate about whether schistosomiasis has any "significance" to public health and whether it has priority for control. The major schistosome parasites of humans Schistosoma haematobium S. mansoni and S. japonicum are prevalent in many parts of Africa the Middle East South America China Southeast Asia and the Philippines and there are 1200 million people who are infected worldwide. The article by Koukounari et al. in this issue of the Journal is part of a modern multigroup research effort that aims to better define the impact of schistosomiasis on childrens health and to refine the understanding of the specific benefits of mass treatment in schistosomiasis-endemic settings. One of the particular strengths of the study is its large size and the broad distribution of its study subjects across the country of Burkina Faso. The study children were treated there as part of the ongoing Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI). (excerpt)