cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permeant ion binding affinity in subconductance states of an L‐type Ca2+ channel expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes

1The relationship between single-channel conductance and ion binding affinity in Ca2+ channels was investigated by measuring differences in the apparent binding affinity (K′D) for Ca2+ among naturally occurring conductance states of an L-type (α1C) Ca2+ channel heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Using cell-attached patch recordings, three or more conductance levels were observed when Ca2+, Ba2+ or Li+ was used as the permeating ion. 2With Li+ as the charge carrier, low concentrations of Ca2+ (0.1-3.0 μM) produced discrete blocking events in all conductance states. Measurements of open and blocked times as a function of Ca2+ concentration were used to calculate rates of block and unblock. 3K′D was calculated for three of the conductance levels. Binding affinity for Ca2+ increased as conductance decreased (K′D: large = 7.5 μM, medium = 4.0 μM, small = 2.7 μM). The lower K′D values of the smaller conductance states arose from a combination of larger on-rates and smaller off-rates. 4These results imply that permeant ions such as Ca2+ have both easier access to, and longer dwell time in, the Ca2+ binding locus in the pore when the channel opens to a subconductance level as compared to the fully open level. 5The difference in K'D between the large and small conductance levels corresponds to a small difference in the free energy of binding, ΔΔG≈ 1kBT, where kB is Boltzmann's constant and T is absolute temperature (kelvin). Nonetheless, an Eyring model of Ca2+ channel permeation incorporating the state-specific on- and off-rate constants for Ca2+ was able to reproduce the large difference in channel conductance, indicating that small differences in binding energy may be able to account for large differences in amplitude between conductance states.
Improved prognosis in children with ovarian cancers following modified VAC (vincristine sulfate, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy.

The combination of vincristine sulfate (VCR), cyclophosphamide (CTX), and dactinomycin (Act-D) was used in the treatment of 21 girls under 16 years of age following surgical removal of a malignant ovarian tumor to determine the effect of this combination on the survival and prognosis of these patients. A second look operation was performed in patients who were clinically free of disease at the end of 2 years of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was stopped in patients who had no histologic evidence of malignancy at the second look operation. Of the 21 cases, there were eight malignant teratomas, six malignant germ cell tumors, six endodermal sinus tumors, and one Sertoli-Leydig tumor. In 14 of 21 patients who had a second look operation, no evidence of malignancy was found. This group included seven patients with Stage I, one with Stage II, five with Stage III, and one with Stage IV disease. One patient with Stage I disease is still on chemotherapy after 18 months. All patients with Stage I and II disease are surviving at 18–80 months, six of seven of Stage III for 25–120 months, and one of five with Stage IV for 47 months. One patient with Stage III and four with Stage IV are dead. Our conclusions are that adjunctive chemotherapy with modified VAC following surgical removal improves the survival and reduces the death rate significantly in children with ovarian cancers, including malignant teratomas, endodermal sinus tumors, mixed germ cell tumors and Sertoli-Leydig tumors, maximal surgical removal of these tumors is essential before chemotherapy with modified VAC, and irradiation is not indicated in the treatment of these tumors, unless radiosensitive elements have been demonstrated within the malignant tissues.
Localization of Extracellular Proteins of the Human Trabecular Meshwork by Indirect Immunofluorescence

We used monospecific antibodies on semi-thin frozen sections to identify and localize the major tissue constituents of the non-glaucomatous human trabecular meshwork. The trabecular beams (sheets and cords) consist of a basement membrane (subendothelial extracellular matrix) surrounding an interstitial central core of connective tissue (substantia propria). The basement membrane contains collagen types III, IV, and V, the glycoproteins laminin and fibronectin, and the basement membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan. The trabecular basement membrane is unlike most subendothelial basement membranes because it contains collagen type III and a relatively disorganized structure. The central core contains collagen types I and III, and elastin. The closely linked juxtacanalicular meshwork contains collagen type III, but no collagen type I or elastin. The connective tissue composition of the trabecular meshwork appears similar to other highly compliant and resilient tissues, such as lung, blood vessels, and conjunctiva.
An analysis of solidification problems by the boundary element method

The problem of interest in this paper is the calculation of the motion of the solid–liquid interface and the time-dependent temperature field during solidification of a pure metal. An iterative implicit algorithm has been developed for this purpose using the boundary element method (BEM) with time-dependent Green's functions and convolution integrals. The BEM approach requires discretization of only the surface of the solidifying body. Thus, the numerical method closely follows the physics of the problems and is intuitively very appealing. The formulation and the numerical scheme presented here are general and can be applied to a broad range of moving boundary problems. Emphasis is given to two-dimensional problems. Comparison with existing semi-analytical solutions and other numerical solutions from the literature reveals that the method is fast, accurate and without major time step limitations.
Smoothing the transition to adulthood: Creating ongoing supportive relationships among foster youth

Abstract This paper assesses the utility and effectiveness of a foster care model designed to improve youth transitions to adulthood. The model engages the youth's social network, helps youth to develop supportive, ongoing relationships with adults, and is heavily focused on youth empowerment. A three-year evaluation of 88 foster youth revealed that youth exposed to the model felt they had more power over their lives, had a wider variety of supportive adults in their lives, and could better regulate their emotions than those in a comparison group.
Polarization modulation techniques for intensity modulated links

The use of a polarization modulator for intensity modulation is detailed. Issues encountered are discussed such as the state of polarization drift over time for various fiber lengths and the nonlinear effects of polarization dependent loss on link fidelity.
Electronic heat capacity of the strongly exchange-enhanced metal USn 3

An analysis of the phonon heat capacity of USn/sub 3/ is presented. This analysis is used to obtain the temperature dependence of the electronic heat-capacity coefficient, ..gamma..(T) = C/sub e//T. It is found that ..gamma..(T) decays smoothly from ..gamma../sub 0/ = 171 mJ/mol K/sup 2/ in the low-temperature limit to 24 mJ/mol K/sup 2/ at T = 30 K and asymptotically approaches approx.20 mJ/mol K/sup 2/. Band-structure calculations indicate a virtually temperature independent ..gamma../sub BS/ of about 22 mJ/mol K/sup 2/. Thus the experimental ..gamma..(T) approaches ..gamma../sub BS/ by about 30 K. The departure of the experimental curve below approx.30 K is most likely due to the onset of spin fluctuations. These fluctuations are local in nature since the area between the band and experimental ..gamma.. curves up to 30 K is equal to 0.36R ln2. An analysis of new heat-capacity data below 10 K can be made consistent with the existence of a T/sup 3/lnT term, but subtraction of a realistic phonon heat-capacity contribution removes this term. The implication that this observation has on other spin fluctuators and heavy-fermion compounds is discussed.
The perception of a face can be greater than the sum of its parts

Holistic processing is often used as a construct to characterize face recognition. An important recent study by Gold, Mundy, and Tjan (2012) quantified holistic processing by computing a facial-feature integration index derived from an ideal observer model. This index was mathematically defined as the ratio of the psychophysical contrast sensitivities squared for recognizing a whole face versus the sum of contrast sensitivities squared for individual face parts (left eye, right eye, nose, and mouth). They observed that this index was not significantly different from 1, leading to the provocative conclusion that the perception of a face is no more than the sum of its parts. What may not be obvious to all readers of this work is that these conclusions were based on a collection of faces that shared essentially the same configuration of face parts. We tested whether the facial-feature integration index would also equal 1 when faces have a range of configurations mirroring the range of variability in real-world faces, using the same experimental procedure and calculating the same integration index as Gold et al. When tested on faces with the same configuration, we also observed an integration index similar to what Gold et al. reported. But when tested on faces with variable configurations, we observed an integration index significantly greater than 1. Combing our results with those of Gold et al. further clarifies the theoretical construct of holistic processing in face recognition and what it means for the whole to be greater than the sum of its parts.
The Psychosocial Effect of Thoughts of Personal Mortality on Cardiac Risk Assessment

Background. Prejudice by medical providers has been found to contribute to differential cardiac risk estimates. As such, empirical examinations of psychological factors associated with such biases are warranted. Considerable psychological research implicates concerns with personal mortality in motivating prejudicial biases. The authors sought to examine whether provoking thoughts of mortality among medical students would engender more cautious cardiac risk assessments for a hypothetical Christian than for a Muslim patient. Methods. During the spring of 2007, university medical students (N = 47) were randomly assigned to conditions in a 2 (mortality salience) ×2 (patient religion) full factorial experimental design. In an online survey, participants answered questions about their mortality or about future uncertainty, inspected emergency room admittance forms for a Muslim or Christian patient complaining of chest pain, and subsequently estimated risk for coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and the combined risk of either of the two. A composite risk index was formed based on the responses (on a scale of 0–100) to each of the 3 cardiac risk questions. Results. Reminders of mortality interacted with patient religion to influence risk assessments, F1,41 = 11:57, P = 0:002, Z 2 = :22. After being reminded of mortality, participants rendered more serious cardiac risk estimates for a Christian patient (F1,41 = 8:66, P = 0:01 )a nd less serious estimates for a Muslim patient (F1,41 = 4:08, P = 0:05). Conclusion. Reminders of personal mortality can lead to biased patient risk assessment as medical providers use their cultural identification to psychologically manage their awareness of death. Key words: terror management; mortality salience; medical bias; triage decisions; cardiac risk assessments. (Med Decis Making 2009;29:175–181)
How foraging tactics determine host-plant use by a polyphagous caterpillar

The use of multiple host-plant species by populations of insect herbivores can result from a variety of possible ecological and behavioral mechanisms. An understanding of the foraging mechanisms determining polyphagy in relation to local ecological conditions is therefore essential to understanding the evolutionary ecology of polyphagy. Here, we evaluate patterns of host-plant use by the polyphagous caterpillar Grammia geneura (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in relation to host-plant availability and foraging tactics of individuals. Field surveys of caterpillar feeding and plant abundance carried out across several sites, seasons, and years showed that: (1) G. geneura consistently preferred forbs to grasses and woody plants, (2) forb-feeding was opportunistic, supporting the idea that caterpillars sample locally available host-plants, and (3) there were consistent patterns of host-plant use that were not explained by host-plant availability (electivity). An independent set of 7-h observations of 11 caterpillars showed that electivity for a subset of caterpillar-host associations could be explained by variation in the probability of initiating feeding and the average duration of feeding bouts on different hosts but not by variation in the probability of encountering different hosts, thus providing a behavioral basis for the observed variation in host-plant use. The use of detailed foraging tactics by larvae to explain host-plant use at the population level is a novel contribution of this study.
Signals for shock-free periods during chronic exposure to delayed-escapable and inescapable shocks: Effects on later escape acquisition

Abstract Two experiments investigated the acquisition of shock-escape responses in an illuminated shuttlebox following chronic exposure to shock that was escapable after a 2-s delay (ES) and to yoked inescapable shock (IS) under conditions in which 5-s house-light presentations signaled shock-free periods (CS−) of variable duration. Experiment 1 found that IS rats, as well as a number of ES rats, exposed to this treatment showed impaired shuttlebox escape performance, while a control procedure involving an equal percentage of paired and explicitly unpaired signals and shocks yielded performance that was nearly comparable to that of shock-naive rats. Experiment 2 retained the CS− signal condition while studying the contribution of the escape-delay requirement to the impaired shuttlebox escape performance of ES rats in the preceding experiment. Here it was found that escape deficits again occurred for ES rats trained previously with the 2-s escape delay, but not for ES rats permitted immediate escape from shock during training. The respective yoked IS groups displayed comparable impairment in the shuttlebox. Thus, in opposition to the ameliorative effect of a shock-termination feedback stimulus, explicitly unpaired presentations of signals and shocks maintained the disruptive effects of inescapable shock over multiple sessions and increased the impact on ES rats of brief periods of uncontrollability embedded in escape-delayed shocks.
Evaluating look-to-talk: a gaze-aware interface in a collaborative environment

We present "look-to-talk", a gaze-aware interface for directing a spoken utterance to a software agent in a multi-user collaborative environment. Through a prototype and a Wizard-of-Oz (Woz) experiment, we show that "look-to-talk" is indeed a natural alternative to speech and other paradigms.
Smart growth: More than a ghost of urban policy past, less than a bold new horizon

Abstract Proponents of smart growth tout its more compact, less automobile‐dependent development as a superior alternative to the prevailing pattern of sprawl. Admittedly, smart growth is characterized by the ghost of urban policy past, ranging from inner‐area revitalization to growth management. Yet smart growth incorporates leading‐edge, contemporary components (e.g., encouraging multimodal transportation, strategically locating public employment), and its timing is propitious—as aging baby boomers, rising immigration, and other forces support core‐area revitalization and other smart growth themes. The future of smart growth is promising, but its success is far from assured. Multiple factors, such as the lack of adoption across governments, market support for sprawl, the automobile's clinging dominance, and a paucity of techniques, could impair broad implementation. However, smart growth is sensible, broadly recognized, and fortuitously timed, and its proponents have learned from the miscues of its hist...
Control of anther cell differentiation: a teamwork of receptor-like kinases

Successful sexual reproduction depends on normal cell differentiation during early anther development in flowering plants. The anther typically has four lobes, each of which contains highly specialized reproductive (microsporocyte) and somatic cells (epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum). To date, six leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLK) have been identified to have roles in regulation of anther cell patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. EXCESS MICROSPOROCYTES1 (EMS1)/EXTRA SPOROGENOUS CELLS (EXS) and SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES1/2 (SERK1/2) signal the differentiation of the tapetum. BARELY ANY MERISTEM1/2 (BAM1/2) defines anther somatic cell layers, including the endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. Moreover, RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE2 (RPK2) is required for the differentiation of middle layer cells. In addition to process of anther cell differentiation, conserved regulation of anther cell differentiation in different plant species, this review mainly discusses how these receptor-like kinases and other regulators work together to control anther cell fate determination in Arabidopsis.
Videos to influence: a systematic review of effectiveness of video-based education in modifying health behaviors.

This systematic review examines the effectiveness of videos in modifying health behaviors. We searched PubMed (1975–2012), PsycINFO (1975–2012), EMBASE (1975–2012), and CINAHL (1983–2012) for controlled clinical trials that examined the effectiveness of video interventions in changing health behaviors. Twenty-eight studies comprised of 12,703 subjects were included in the systematic review. Video interventions were variably effective for modifying health behaviors depending on the target behaviors to be influenced. Video interventions appear to be effective in breast self-examination, prostate cancer screening, sunscreen adherence, self-care in patients with heart failure, HIV testing, treatment adherence, and female condom use. However, videos have not shown to be effective in influencing addiction behaviors when they are not tailored. Compared to loss-framing, gain-framed messages may be more effective in promoting certain types of health behavior change. Also, video modeling may facilitate learning of new behaviors and can be an important consideration in future video interventions.
Traffic flow at a T-junction: A sufficient condition for a left-turn lane

A previous model of a T-junction on a narrow, two-lane, major road yields a formula for the proportion of traffic configurations in which cars travelling past the junction along the major road are brought to a halt by cars turning left into the minor road. The proportion is expressed in terms of four parameters, namely, the two mean traffic flows on the major road, the probability of a left turn into the minor road, and the minimum time gap in the oncoming flow which that maneuver requires. If this proportion is higher than is deemed acceptable, then a left-turn lane is needed. The proportion was calculated in a previous article, but recently found errors invalidate that calculation (though not the model). Here the errors are corrected to yield a new sufficient condition for a left-turn lane at a T-junction.
Capacity planning in wood products industry using simulation

The authors present an analysis of an office furniture manufacturing facility for its capacity and in-process storage-related problems. SLAM II simulation language is used in this study. Several scenarios were also developed to determine alternative solutions to the stated problems. Simulation results are also discussed for each of these scenarios. Seven simulation experiments were conducted to determine possible outcomes of specific options. Once the simulation model with base case was developed, further enhancement to evaluate performance with defined modified condition was quick. The model was used at each stage of analysis for the stated capacity and in-process storage problems. >
Particle Size Reduction by a Hammer Mill I: Effect of Output Screen Size, Feed Particle Size, and Mill Speed

A hammer mill is an impact mill commonly used in pharmaceutical manufacturing for reducing particle size for a variety of drugs. Commercial grade ammonium sulfate was milled as a model powder. This salt was sieved to obtain particle size fractions with average diameters of 1.3, 0.9, and 0.72 mm which were used as feed particles. The milled material was analyzed for particle size distribution (PSD) using standard sieves. At a moderate speed (approximately 2500 rpm), the feed size did not result in a significantly changed arithmetic mean diameter, dx of milled particles. A new particle size reduction constant, k, is proposed as a result of a linear relationship between dx and output screen size, dss. As dss decreases, the PSD range of milled particles narrows; as mill speed increases (approximately 5000 rpm), dx decreases. The decrease is of a greater magnitude for larger dss (2 mm) than for a smaller dss (1 mm). At low speeds (approximately 1000 rpm), the PSD is wider compared to medium and high speeds.
THE ZEEMAN EFFECT IN OXYGEN

This paper describes the calculation of the energy of magnetic sub-levels belonging to the $^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$-state of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ in an external magnetic field. A general secular determinant is derived, the roots of which yield the desired energies. The results are particularly useful in the investigation of levels associated with a low value of the rotational quantum number. The perturbation representing the external magnetic field is introduced together with the perturbations leading to the rotational triplets; thus the distortion of the rotational triplets is considered from the beginning of the calculation. The work is performed in two stages to avoid the mathematical difficulties of treating a ninth-order secular determinant. Comparison between theory and experiment is satisfactory.
The First Organogallium Four-Membered Ring Compound With Arsenic, Halogen Mixed Bridging: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of

Abstract (1) has been isolated from the products of the room temperature reaction of Ph2GaCl with (Me3Si)3As (reactants mixed in both a 2:1 and a 3:1 mole ratio). A mixture of 1 and [Ph2GaAs (SiMe3)2]2 (2) was isolated after heating a 1:1 mole ratio combination of the same reactants. Reaction of pure 2 [prepared from Ph2GaCl and LiAs(SiMe3)2] with Ph2GaCl resulted in the formation of (1). Prolonged heating of 1 produced a mixture of 2, Me3SiCl and unidentified products. Compound 1 was structurally characterized by a single-crystal X-ray analysis and shown to be the first organogallium four-membered ring compound with both an arsenic and a halogen bridge. The ring of 1 is clearly non-planar as evidenced by the fact that the Cl atom is displaced from the Ga-As-Ga' plane to yield a dihedral angle of 8.8° between the Ga-As-Ga' and Ga-Cl-Ga' planes. Various other features of the structure of 1 are discussed.
Characterizing phosphoproteins and phosphoproteomes using mass spectrometry

The reversible phosphorylation of proteins plays a major role in many vital cellular processes by modulating protein function and transmitting signals within cellular pathways and networks. Because phosphorylation is dynamic and the sites of modification cannot be predicted by an organism's genome, proteomic measurements are required to identify sites of and changes in the phosphorylation state of proteins. The low stoichiometry of phosphorylation sites that accompany the multifarious nature of protein phosphorylation in biological systems continues to challenge the dynamic range of present mass spectrometry (MS) technologies and proteomic measurements, despite the preponderance of research and analytical methods devoted to this area. This review addresses some of the strategies and limitations involving the use of MS to map and quantify changes in protein phosphorylation sites for samples that range from a single protein to an entire proteome, and presents several compelling reasons as to why comprehensive phosphorylation site analysis has proven to be so elusive without a hypothesis-driven experimental approach to elicit more meaningful and confident results.
The Impact of Reward Interdependency on the Synergogy Model of Cooperative Performance Designing an Effective Team Environment

This study seeks to determine how the synergogy model of group cooperative performance can be most effectively used in the classroom/training environment with respect to task assignments and reward interdependency. Using two principle designs from Mouton and Blake's synergogy model, the findings indicate that when team members are assigned specialized tasks, the most effective reward system is either the group product or groupaveraged (dependent and interdependent, respectively) design. When the tasks among team members are not specialized, the most effective reward system is the group product or a dependent reward designL
Organizing and the Process of Sensemaking

Sensemaking involves turning circumstances into a situation that is comprehended explicitly in words and that serves as a springboard into action. In this paper we take the position that the concept of sensemaking fills important gaps in organizational theory. The seemingly transient nature of sensemaking belies its central role in the determination of human behavior, whether people are acting in formal organizations or elsewhere. Sensemaking is central because it is the primary site where meanings materialize that inform and constrain identity and action. The purpose of this paper is to take stock of the concept of sensemaking. We do so by pinpointing central features of sensemaking, some of which have been explicated but neglected, some of which have been assumed but not made explicit, some of which have changed in significance over time, and some of which have been missing all along or have gone awry. We sense joint enthusiasm to restate sensemaking in ways that make it more future oriented, more action oriented, more macro, more closely tied to organizing, meshed more boldly with identity, more visible, more behaviorally defined, less sedentary and backward looking, more infused with emotion and with issues of sensegiving and persuasion. These key enhancements provide a foundation upon which to build future studies that can strengthen the sensemaking perspective.
Estimating a Cognitive Diagnostic Model for Multiple Strategies via the EM Algorithm

The single-strategy deterministic, inputs, noisy “and” gate (SS-DINA) model has previously been extended to a model called the multiple-strategy deterministic, inputs, noisy “and” gate (MS-DINA) model to address more complex situations where examinees can use multiple problem-solving strategies during the test. The main purpose of this article is to adapt an efficient estimation algorithm, the Expectation–Maximization algorithm, that can be used to fit the MS-DINA model when the joint attribute distribution is most general (i.e., saturated). The article also examines through a simulation study the impact of sample size and test length on the fit of the SS-DINA and MS-DINA models, and the implications of misfit on item parameter recovery and attribute classification accuracy. In addition, an analysis of fraction subtraction data is presented to illustrate the use of the algorithm with real data. Finally, the article concludes by discussing several important issues associated with multiple-strategies models...
Explaining Politics, Not Polls Reexamining Macropartisanship with Recalibrated NES Data

Like all surveys, the American National Election Studies (NES) imperfectly reflects population characteristics. There are well- known differences between actual and NES-reported turnout rates and between actual and NES-reported presidential vote divisions. This re- search seeks to determine whether the aggregate misrepresentation of turnout and vote choice affects the aggregate measurement of party identification: macropartisanship. After NES data are reweighted to cor- rect for turnout and vote choice errors, macropartisanship is found to be more stable, to be less sensitive to short-term political conditions, and to have shifted more in the Republican direction in the early 1980s. The strength of partisanship also declined a bit more in the 1970s and re- bounded a bit less in recent years than the uncorrected NES data indicate. According to the American National Election Studies (NES), 77.6 percent of eligible Americans turned out to vote in the 2008 presidential election. Barack Obama received 54.8 percent to John McCain's 45.2 percent of the two-party popular vote. This is what the NES data indicate, but this is not what hap- pened. By our best counts, turnout was 61.7 percent of the voting-eligible population, Obama received 53.7 percent, and McCain received 46.3 percent of the two-party popular vote. Despite inaccuracies of this sort, the NES remains the "gold standard" of survey data to scholars of American elections. NES data are routinely reported
The missed lessons of Sir Austin Bradford Hill

Austin Bradford Hill's landmark 1965 paper contains several important lessons for the current conduct of epidemiology. Unfortunately, it is almost exclusively cited as the source of the "Bradford-Hill criteria" for inferring causation when association is observed, despite Hill's explicit statement that cause-effect decisions cannot be based on a set of rules. Overlooked are Hill's important lessons about how to make decisions based on epidemiologic evidence. He advised epidemiologists to avoid over-emphasizing statistical significance testing, given the observation that systematic error is often greater than random error. His compelling and intuitive examples point out the need to consider costs and benefits when making decisions about health-promoting interventions. These lessons, which offer ways to dramatically increase the contribution of health science to decision making, are as needed today as they were when Hill presented them.
Three New “Biological” Species of Tetrahymena (T. hegewischi n. sp., T. sonneborni n. sp., T. nipissingi n. sp.) and Temperature Tolerance of Members of the “pyriformis” Complex1

Stocks of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex have been collected in North America and their mating reactivity has been studied. In addition to stocks mating with Tetrahymena americanis, T. borealis, T. pigmentosa, T. hyperangularis, and T. australis, stocks belonging to old syngen 5 and three new mating groups, numbers 13, 14, and 15, were discovered. Syngen 5 and groups 13 and 14 are distinct “biological” species, based on their reproductive isolation from other groups and on the ability of withingroup crosses to produce immature progeny. These species have been named T. hegewischi n. sp., T. sonneborni n. sp., and T. nipissingi n. sp., respectively. The cross between the two group 15 stocks did not produce immature progeny, and there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that this pair of stocks represents a separate species. Temperature tolerance measurements have been made on stocks representing all known micronucleate members of “pyriformis” complex. Within each species, the range of temperature tolerances is narrow; the average within-species standard deviation is 0.63°C. The species averages range from 32.7 to 40.7°C. Using syngen numbers, the order from lowest to highest temperature tolerance is 9, 8, 10, 7, 6, 4, 13, 14, 12, 11, 5, 3, 2, 1. The large differences among species make temperature tolerance a useful aid in identification, but the origins of the differences among species are unknown.
Relationship Between 17-Hydroxyprogesterone Responses to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Markers of Ovarian Follicle Morphology in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Context: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) responses to gonadotropin stimulation although individual variability is substantial, as reflected by exaggerated as well as normal responses. The relationship between 17-OHP responses to gonadotropin stimulation and markers of ovarian function has not been assessed. Objective: To determine whether 17-OHP responses are associated with antral follicle count (AFC), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), or inhibin B (Inh B) levels in PCOS and normal women. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Research center at an academic medical center. Participants: Women with PCOS (n = 18) and normal controls (n = 18). Interventions: Blood samples were obtained before and 24 hours after administration of 25 μg recombinant-human chorionic gonadotropin. Ovarian imaging was conducted with three-dimensional pelvic ultrasound. Main Outcome Measures: Basal and stimulated levels of 17-OHP, androgens, estrogen, AMH, Inh B, and AFC. Results...
Introducing Evidence-Based Management into the Hospitality Curriculum: A Case Study

Evidence-based methods are standard ways to evaluate and use information in the healthcare field, are adapted for business as “evidence-based management” (EBM), but not commonly implemented in hospitality. This article describes a project introducing EBM in hospitality education. Background information on EBM, results of a survey of educators, students, and industry professionals to determine their views on skills and information needed for hospitality careers and familiarity with EBM, and the experience developing EBM-related curriculum materials are described. Results indicate that stakeholders’ views vary, little attention has been devoted to EBM in hospitality, and further exploration of EBM may be useful.
Extracellular HCO3/- dependence of electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporters cloned from salamander and rat kidney

We studied the extracellular [HCOabstract 3 −] dependence of two renal clones of the electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporter (NBC) heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We used microelectrodes to measure the change in membrane potential (ΔVm) elicited by the NBC cloned from the kidney of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum (akNBC) and by the NBC cloned from the kidney of rat (rkNBC). We used a two-electrode voltage clamp to measure the change in current (ΔI) elicited by rkNBC. Briefly exposing an NBC-expressing oocyte to HCOabstract 3 −/CO2 (0.33–99 mM HCOabstract 3−, pHo 7.5) elicited an immediate, DIDS (4,4-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid)-sensitive and Na+-dependent hyperpolarization (or outward current). In ΔVm experiments, the apparent Km for HCOabstract 3− of akNBC (10.6 mM) and rkNBC (10.8 mM) were similar. However, under voltage-clamp conditions, the apparent Km for HCOabstract 3− of rkNBC was less (6.5 mM). Because it has been reported that SOabstract 3=/HSO abstract 3− stimulates Na/HCO3 cotransport in renal membrane vesicles (a result that supports the existence of a COabstract 3= binding site with which SOabstract 3= interacts), we examined the effect of SOabstract 3=/HSO abstract 3− on rkNBC. In voltage-clamp studies, we found that neither 33 mM SOabstract 4= nor 33 mM SOabstract 3 =/HSOabstract 3− substantially affects the apparent Km for HCO abstract 3−. We also used microelectrodes to monitor intracellular pH (pHi) while exposing rkNBC-expressing oocytes to 3.3 mM HCOabstract 3 −/0.5% CO2. We found that SO abstract 3=/HSOabstract 3 − did not significantly affect the DIDS-sensitive component of the pHi recovery from the initial CO2 -induced acidification. We also monitored the rkNBC current while simultaneously varying [CO2]o, pHo, and [COabstract 3=]o at a fixed [HCOabstract 3−]o of 33 mM. A Michaelis-Menten equation poorly fitted the data expressed as current versus [COabstract 3=]o . However, a pH titration curve nicely fitted the data expressed as current versus pHo. Thus, rkNBC expressed in Xenopus oocytes does not appear to interact with SOabstract 3 =, HSOabstract 3−, or COabstract 3=.
Comparison of helical and conventional chest CT in the uncooperative pediatric patient

The objective of this study was to compare the quality of conventional and helical computed tomography (CT) images in children unable to breath-hold. Sixteen patients (age range 1.1–7.5 years) underwent both conventional and helical chest CT on a General Electric HiSpeed Advantage scanner at a mean study interval of 3.8 months. Conventional 0.6-s scans were reconstructed with standard algorithm while 1.0-s helical studies were reconstructed with standard and bone algorithms. Three blinded observers retrospectively evaluated the images. There was no significant difference in motion, image sharpness and anatomic resolution for helical and concentional scans reconstructed with standard algorithm. Furthermore, image sharpness (P<0.001) and visibility of bronchi (P<0.001) were improved when helical images were reconstructed with bone algorithm. We conclude that motion artifact severity, image sharpness and anatomic resolution for helical and conventional 0.6-s chest CT are similar when the images are reconstructed with an identical algorithm. Helical CT may be preferable because of the faster examination times and the ability to reconstruct overlapping images as an adjunct for problem solving. Also, with the scanner used, bone algorithm reconstruction can be employed to improve image sharpness and anatomic resolution.
Coupled Elastic-Thermal Dynamics of Deployable Mesh Reflectors

Thermal loads can cause significant surface errors of deployable mesh reflectors. In this work, a nonlinear dynamic model describing elastic-thermal dynamic properties of this type of space structures is developed. Based on this model, a linearized model for free vibration analysis and feedback control is obtained. Also, a quasi-static strategy for dynamic analysis of a mesh reflector in space mission is devised. The proposed dynamic models and the quasi-static strategy are illustrated on two examples in numerical simulation.
Spatial and temporal variations of soil gas 220Rn and 222Rn at two sites in New Jersey

Abstract Soil gas 220 Rn and 222 Rn concentrations were measured at sites in Chester and Aberdeen, New Jersey (NJ). Two years of 222 Rn and 220 Rn data were obtained from a depth of 0.85 m, followed by two years from depths of 0.28, 0.56, 0.85, and 1.28 m. Variations of 220 Rn and 222 Rn, before the first winter that sample tubes were installed, were larger than later, indicating that the soil structure, disturbed during installation of the tubes, may have significantly redistributed after the first winter, thus ensuring that the sample was drawn from near the bottom of the tube. At the Chester site, autumn 222 Rn concentrations were found to be up to 10 times higher than winter values, variations larger than predicted assuming diffusion-only transport. Spatial variations up to an order of magnitude were observed over distances of a few meters. The 220 Rn concentrations were typically ∼2 to 3 times higher during summer than during winter. At the Aberdeen site, 220 Rn and 222 Rn concentrations were about an order of magnitude less than the lowest Chester site values with no statistically significant temporal or spatial variations. Permeability, thought to be an indicator of parameters controlling soil gas Rn variations, showed poor correlations with 220 Rn or 222 Rn at both sites.
Cropping system influences on soil physical properties in the Great Plains

Agricultural systems produce both detrimental and beneficial effects on soil quality (SQ). We compared soil physical properties of long-term conventional (CON) and alternative (ALT) cropping systems near Akron, Colorado (CO); Brookings, South Dakota (SD); Bushland, Texas (TX); Fargo, North Dakota (ND); Mandan (ND); Mead, Nebraska (NE); Sidney, Montana (MT); and Swift Current, Saskatchewan (SK), Canada. Objectives were to quantify the changes in soil physical attributes in cropping systems and assess the potential of individual soil attributes as sensitive indicators of change in SQ. Soil samples were collected three times per year from each treatment at each site for one rotation cycle (4 years at Brookings and Mead). Water infiltration rates were measured. Soil bulk density (BD) and gravimetric water were measured at 0–7.5, 7.5–15, and 15–30 cm depth increments and water-filled pore space ratio (WFPS) was calculated. At six locations, a rotary sieve was used to separate soil (top 5 cm) into six aggregate size groups and calculate mean weight diameter (MWD) of dry aggregates. Under the CON system at Brookings, dry aggregates (>19 mm) abraded into the smallest size class (<0.4 mm) on sieving. In contrast, the large aggregates from the ALT system abraded into size classes between 2 and 6 mm. Dry aggregate size distribution (DASD) shows promise as an indicator of SQ related to susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. Aggregates from CON were least stable in water. Soil C was greater under ALT than CON for both Brookings and Mead. At other locations, MWD of aggregates under continuous crop or no tillage (ALT systems) was greater than MWD under CON. There was no crop system effect on water infiltration rates for locations having the same tillage within cropping system. Tillage resulted in increased, decreased, or unchanged near-surface BD. Because there was significant temporal variation in water infiltration, MWD, and BD, conclusions based on a single point-in-time observation should be avoided. Elevated WFPS at Fargo, Brookings, and Mead may have resulted in anaerobic soil conditions during a portion of the year. Repeated measurements of WFPS or DASD revealed important temporal characteristics of SQ that could be used to judge soil condition as affected by management.
Political Ideology and Reactions to Crime Victims: Preferences for Restorative and Punitive Responses

We investigate the hypothesis that there are ideological differences in views about how crime victims can be restored. Across two studies, we found that liberal responses to victimization (Study 1) and crime (Study 2) are more reflective of a reparative mindset that directly addresses the needs and concerns of victims, whereas conservative responses are at least equally reflective of a punitive mindset that addresses victim harm through offender punishment. Furthermore, the salience of victim concerns, and whether people could carefully evaluate their judgments, affected the expression of these differing justice mindsets on people's satisfaction with the use of restoration and punishment in response to serious wrongdoing. When participants' cognitive resources were depleted, liberal satisfaction remained constant, whereas conservative satisfaction with the use of restoration decreased when victim concerns were salient. These results indicate that there are ideological differences in the adoption of both punitive and reparative justice mindsets, which can facilitate differing responses to victim concerns.
Jackson v. Shakespeare Foundation, Inc.: Can Florida Courts Circumvent Precedent Set by the Supreme Courts of the United States and Florida Regarding the Enforcement of Arbitration Provisions?

This note places the Florida Supreme Court’s Jackson v. Shakespeare Foundation, Inc. decision in the context of federal and state law and makes an attempt to explain why the court was compelled to issue a ruling that, at least on the surface, would appear to many to be “unfair.” This note then discusses and analyzes whether there lies within current law a way for lawyers to argue for, or judges to frame an opinion in, a legitimate manner that avoids this seemingly unjust result requiring parties to arbitrate disputes pursuant to agreements that were induced by fraud.14 Part II of this note provides a background discussion on the Federal Arbitration Act15 (“FAA”) and some of the Supreme Court of the United States’ jurisprudence on the FAA, for the purpose of later discussion on the role that federal law may have played in Jackson. Part III provides a discussion of the Florida cases that lead up to the Jackson ruling. Part IV is an analysis of how the case law discussed in Parts II & III shaped the Jackson decision. Part V explores arguments that lawyers and judges might make using current law in order to avoid enforcing arbitration clauses in cases where the arbitration provision lies within a contract that was entered into through illicit means. Part VI concludes by determining that the Florida Supreme Court purposefully aligned Florida arbitration law with federal arbitration law, but argues that Florida’s lower courts may not necessarily be compelled to reach the same result in future cases with fact patterns similar to that in Jackson v. Shakespeare Foundation, Inc.
Panel Discussion with Professor Marvel

As part of the informal festivities of the presentation, a panel consisting of William J. Bailey, Chairman, Burton C. Anderson, John K. Stille and William E. Gibbs, after several planning sessions over a bottle of bourbon, helped Speed reminisce about his career as an organic chemist, a polymer chemist, an industrial consultant, and a government consultant. The interview which was recorded by Robert Greenley proceeded as follows:
Juan Esteban De Ubilla and The Flota of 1715

For Spain the Succession War (1702-1713) capped a century of stagnation and decline with a decade of civil war, invasion, and anarchy. Together with many other issues at stake in the conflict, commercial ambitions—particularly those relating to the Indies—lurked behind the facades of Habsburg and Bourbon dynastic claims. Both before and during the war foreign penetration, especially by the English and the Dutch, challenged Spain’s claims to exclusive trading rights in the New World, a challenge which neither the Spanish Navy nor Spanish imperial strategy was able to thwart.
Systemic Insecticides for Control of Oriental Rat Fleas: Bait Tests with Hooded White Rats

Four systemic insecticides incorporated into the diet of hooded white rats killed all of the oriental rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild), with which the rats were infested; the fleas died without producing progeny. The lowest effective dose of each insecticide, expressed in mg insecticide eaten per kg body weight per day, was: diazinon 14.4, fenthion 4.1, mirex 6.1, and trichlorfon 38. Four other insecticides, butonate, dimethoate, menazon, and Thiocron® ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with 2-mercapto- N -(2-methoxyethyl) acetamide), were ineffective.
Electrochemical Stability of Low-Density Carboxylic Acid Terminated Monolayers

Using cyclic voltammetry, we studied the reductive desorption of a series of low-density self-assembled monolayers (LD-SAMs) made from mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA). Desorption experiments indicate that LD-SAMs are significantly less stable than a full MHA monolayer. All three LD-SAMs investigated presented a broad desorption peak in the region between −1.0 and −0.8 V vs SCE, which is in contrast to the single peak with a narrow distribution at −1.11 V observed for the full MHA monolayer. Upon backfilling the LD-SAM with a shorter-chain thiol (mercaptohexanol), the desorption of the mixed monolayer displayed a single peak, indicative of a well-mixed monolayer. Our results show that LD-SAMs are promising candidates for mixed monolayers and suggest that the broad desorption peak observed for LD-SAMs might arise due to adsorption at different binding sites.
Urban Form and Residential Energy Use A Review of Design Principles and Research Findings

The effect of urban form on residential energy use has attracted much research, but it may be difficult to grasp the conclusions of that research because of inconsistencies in scope and methods employed. This article reviews the literature on how urban form affects residential energy use, particularly energy for space-conditioning (heating and cooling). Climate-responsive design principles are examined first and linked to research on how several factors affect residential energy use: housing type, density (physical compactness and dwelling unit density), community layout (street orientation and building configuration), and planting and other surface coverage. The research on each of these factors is summarized under three categories: experiments, simulation modeling, and statistical analysis of empirical data. Finally, implications for future research are discussed and suggestions for planning are made.