cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ambidextrous patterns for managing technological and marketing innovation

Abstract Built upon organizational ambidexterity theory, this study provides a new perspective in managing technological and marketing innovation. It distinguishes between simultaneous and sequential patterns of innovation within a firm and takes a longitudinal approach in examining the differential effects of these two ambidextrous patterns of innovation on firm performance. Further, this study investigates the contingent roles of internal product scope and external market dynamism on the above relationships. Using panel data from 158 U.S. firms over 26 years, we find that both simultaneous and sequential patterns are positively associated with firm performance. Further, our findings indicate that a broader product scope strengthens the effect of the simultaneous pattern on firm performance, while weakening that of the sequential pattern on firm performance. When market dynamism increases, the effect of the simultaneous pattern on firm performance is strengthened, while that of the sequential pattern is weakened. Our findings offer managers guidance on the choice of innovation patterns under certain contingencies and how to better manage technological and marketing innovation over time.
Structure of Shocks in Burgers Turbulence with Lévy Noise Initial Data

We study the structure of the shocks for the inviscid Burgers equation in dimension 1 when the initial velocity is given by Levy noise, or equivalently when the initial potential is a two-sided Levy process ψ0. When ψ0 is abrupt in the sense of Vigon or has bounded variation with lim sup|h|↓0h−2ψ0(h)=∞, we prove that the set of points with zero velocity is regenerative, and that in the latter case this set is equal to the set of Lagrangian regular points, which is non-empty. When ψ0 is abrupt we show that the shock structure is discrete. When ψ0 is eroded we show that there are no rarefaction intervals.
Insulin increases central aortic stiffness in response to hyperglycemia in healthy humans: A randomized four-arm study.

Introduction:Increasing arterial stiffness is a feature of vascular aging that is accelerated by conditions that enhance cardiovascular risk, including diabetes mellitus. Multiple studies demonstra...
Do Subsidies Matter for Indigenous Innovation and Firm Productivity

This paper examines the effects of public subsidies across several dimensions of innovation and the implications for productivity. As an identiﬁcation strategy, panel data is used to estimate a structural innovation model that controls for unobserved heterogeneity combined with matching techniques that help ensure comparability between subsidized and non-subsidized ﬁrms. The ﬁndings reveal that public subsidies reduce ﬁrms’ economic performance in lower and higher technology industries despite promoting indigenous innovation in the higher technology industries. Policymakers may tolerate lower average efﬁciency if they expect that some of the state-backed ﬁrms will go on to become innovators that go on to generate signiﬁcantly large social welfare payoffs. Although the ﬁnd-ings do not support such an expectation, thus bringing into question whether the social payoff from China’s so-called picking ‘winners’ strategy justiﬁes the cost.
Differential effects of excess calcium applied to whole plants vs. excised fruit tissue on blossom-end rot in tomato

Abstract Blossom-end rot can cause serious yield and quality losses to processing tomato producers, fresh market growers, and home gardeners alike. Blossom-end rot is often associated with calcium deficiency, though salt stress and even high concentrations of calcium salts can also cause blossom-end rot. The goal of this study was to characterize the negative effects of excess calcium compared to inadequate calcium at the whole plant and cellular level. Four calcium chloride levels (0 ppm, 10 ppm, 100 ppm, and 500 ppm) were applied daily to highly blossom-end rot susceptible processing tomato plants, starting at first flowering. Fruit were harvested 21–22 days after pollination. Blossom-end rot incidence and severity were lowest in the 10 ppm treatment. Blossom-end rot incidence was highest in the 0 ppm treatment and blossom-end rot severity was significantly increased in 500 ppm and 0 ppm treatments compared to 10 ppm CaCl2. No significant difference was found in the calcium content of tomato fruit harvested from plants treated with various levels of calcium. The soil drainage solution from the 500 ppm treatment had the highest conductivity, which was nearly 10 times higher than that of the 0 ppm and 10 ppm treatments. Daily plant water use was reduced in the 500 ppm treatment. Application of moderate calcium to tomato plants effectively reduced blossom-end rot incidence and severity, but excess levels of calcium did not reduce incidence and further increased blossom-end rot severity compared to moderate calcium application. Calcium applied to immature tomato fruit pericarp discs also inhibited blossom-end rot symptom development; however, excess calcium did not induce blossom-end rot symptoms. These results indicate that excess calcium induces blossom-end rot development due to effects at the whole plant level, but not due to excess calcium in the fruit tissue.
Ecoregions and Climate Change

Ecoregions are large, region-scale ecosystems—ecoregions such as the Sonoran Desert. These regions are primarily defined by climatic conditions and on the prevailing plant formations determined by those conditions. Climate, as a source of energy and water, acts as the primary control for ecosystem distribution, including ecoregions. As climate changes, so do ecosystems, as do ancient shore lines of lakes in a desert attest (Fig. 10.1). Recognizing that climate is a principal controlling factor for ecosystems subsequently identifies the need to study the potential climatic change in terms of its ramifications to the Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems. Knowing where ecological shifts will most likely occur and consequences associated with such shifts are prerequisite to productively evaluating these changes and how they affect decisions regarding resource development and management.
Lattice Boltzmann Methods for Multiscale Fluid Problems

Complex interdisciplinary phenomena, such as drug design, crackpropagation, heterogeneous catalysis, turbulent combustion and many others, raise a growing demand of simulational methods capable of handling the simultaneous interaction of multiple space and time scales. Computational schemes aimed at such type of complex applications often involve multiple levels of physical and mathematical description, and are consequently referred to as to multiphysics methods [1, 2, 3]. The opportunity for multiphysics methods arises whenever single-level methods, say molecular dynamics and partial differential equations of continuum mechanics, expand their range of scales to the point where overlap becomes possible. In order to realize this multiphysics potential specific efforts must be directed towards the development of robust and efficient interfaces dealing with “hand-shaking” regions where the exchange of information between the different schemes takes place. Two-level schemes combing atomistic and continuum methods for crack propagation in solids or strong shock fronts in rarefied gases have made their appearance in the early 90s. More recently, threelevel schemes for crack dynamics, combining finite-element treatment of continuum mechanics far away from the crack with molecular dynamics treatment of atomic motion in the near-crack region and a quantum mechanical description of bond-snapping in the crack tip have been demonstrated.
Hot Plasma Dynamics within Geostationary Altitudes

We present observations and results pertaining to hot plasma dynamics as observed in the earth’s magnetosphere. Owing to the fact that the earth’s magnetosphere-ionosphere system is the only naturally occurring plasma available to cost effective in-situ study, these and similar results are not only valuable in their own right, but can be used in possible direct tests of theories and hypothesis concerned with the behavior of other remote naturally occurring plasmas such as the solar corona, planetary magnetospheres and ionospheres, pulsars, and the interstellar and intergalactic media.
Does Analyst Disclosure Matter? A Real-Time Analysis

We examine in real-time the recommendations made by analysts on the CNBC segment Making Money Now. The recommendations are followed by mandatory disclosures following Title V of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and NYSE and NASD rules. We measure reaction to both the recommendation event and the disclosure event. There is an immediate response in price, volume and order flow following the recommendation event and no response following the disclosure event. We find no evidence in our regressions that investors respond to the information contained in the ownership disclosures. We speculate that investors might not respond to the disclosures because it is not clear how they should respond to the information.
Purification and characterization of rhodopsin kinase.

Rhodopsin kinase was purified to near homogeneity by affinity binding to light-exposed rod cell outer segment membranes, followed by DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography. This resulted in a 1055-fold purification of highly active rhodopsin kinase with an overall recovery of 19%. Rhodopsin kinase is a single polypeptide chain with Mr = 67,000-70,000 as determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme for freshly bleached rhodopsin are Km = 4 microM and Vmax = 700 nmol/min/mg whereas for ATP Km = 2 microM (which is a low value for kinases generally, and about 20 times lower than comparable measurements for a kinase of a similar type, the beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase (Benovic, J.L., Mayor, F. Jr., Staniszewski, C., Lefkowitz, R.J., and Caron, M.G. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9026-9032). GTP, on the other hand, is a very poor substrate (Km = 1 mM, Vmax = 10 nmol/min/mg). Rhodopsin kinase is competitively inhibited by adenosine and its mono- and diphosphate derivatives, but not by most other adenosine derivatives. Based upon measurements with 28 nucleotide derivatives, the ATP-binding site of rhodopsin kinase appears to have more specific requirements than that for other kinases. Compounds such as cGMP, inositol trisphosphate, and others that change concentration during exposure of rod cells to light have only minor inhibitory effects on the kinase activity, with the exception of inositol monophosphate, which can activate the kinase about 20% at 50-100 microM. Rhodopsin kinase has been difficult to store with retention of activity, but can be successfully stored frozen at -20 degrees C in 20% adonitol.
Bifurcation and chaos of DC-DC converter as applied to micro-inverter with multi control parameters

In general, DC-DC converter is a highly nonlinear system. More than one decade ago, many researchers have approved that DC-DC converters are experiencing bifurcation and chaotic oscillations. In this paper, both DC-DC Buck and Boost converters are been studied and analyzed. The study showed that such DC-DC converters are experiencing a nonlinear behavior (chaotic behavior) under certain operation conditions. In this paper, we studied the bifurcation and chaos in the DC-DC buck converter with changing different control parameters. In addition, the bifurcation theory will be applied to DC-DC Boost converter. Bifurcation diagrams and state-space diagrams have been shown for changing some control parameters.
Reliability-Based Robust Design Optimization Using the Performance Moment Integration Method and Case Study of Engine Gasket-Sealing Problem

Reliability-based robust design optimization deals with two objectives of structural design methodologies subject to various uncertainties: reliability-based design and robust design. A reliability-based design optimization deals with the probability of failure, while a robust design optimization minimizes the product quality loss. In general, the product quality loss is described by using the first two statistical moments: mean and standard deviation. In this paper, a performance moment integration (PMI) method is proposed by using numerical integration scheme for output response to estimate the product quality loss. For the reliability part of the reliability-based robust design optimization, the performance measure approach (PMA) and its numerical method, hybrid-mean value (HMV) method, are used. New formulations of reliability-based robust design optimization are presented for three different types of robust objectives, such as smaller-the-better, larger-the-better, and nominal-the-better types. Examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of reliability-based robust design optimization using the proposed PMI method for different types of robust objective.
Writing New York’s Twentieth Century Jewish History: A Five Borough Journey

The most significant works that follow the journey of New York’s Jews through the five boroughs of Gotham in the 20th century have focused on the lives Jews lived, the nature of group identification and their relationships with other immigrant, ethnic and racial groups with whom they shared the city’s streets. When, some 60 years ago, professional work began on the Lower East Side, the first stop in this Jewish journey, the emphasis of studies on that iconic community was on downtown’s socialist tradition and labor activities. Subsequently, historical writing shifted largely to exploring religious and other aspects of communal existence. An important recent work has called upon scholars to reconsider the importance of the radical tone that permeated the immigrant quarter. Another new and important contribution has refocused attention on Jewish relations with other immigrants and Christians within and without the enclave. When, scholars, in the mid-1970s, began following Jewish peregrinations out of downtown into Upper Manhattan, and eventually to the outer boroughs, much of the emphasis was on analyzing the textures of ethnic identification among Jews- particularly the children of immigrants- who settled in new neighborhoods. A concomitant major theme was their relationships with fellow New Yorkers, primarily the Germans, Italians and Irish around them. During the early post-war period, New York Jews decided whether or not to depart older enclaves for suburbia or to cities far away from Gotham. Writers have engaged their decision-making process. More importantly, studies of those who stayed continued to examine the question of ethnic persistence while delving into their relationships, not only with other White ethnic groups, but with African Americans with whom now Jews often struggled. Finally, the literature on the last decades of 20th century Gotham examines the position of Jews within different neighborhoods of the city and their sense of belonging in a metropolis that experienced periods of dramatic economic and social decline, and revival.
Dispersion in pulsed systems—III: Comparison between theory and experiments for packed beds

Abstract The theoretical development put forth in Part II of this paper is applied to several two-dimensional, spatially periodic porous media in order to determine components of the dispersion tensor for Peclet numbers ranging from 1 to 104. The calculated longitudinal dispersion coefficients show reasonable agreement with experimental data for a packed bed of spheres in a cubic array. This provides support for the theory developed in Part II; however, for randomly packed beds the experimental values of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient are smaller than those predicted using the spatially periodic model. In addition, the functional dependence on the Peclet number for the experimental data differs considerably from that predicted by the theory. The dependence of the dispersion coefficient on distance is discussed from the point of view of the results presented in Part I, and some recent experimental observations and calculated results for the effect of particle size distribution are given. In addition, our calculated values for the lateral dispersion coefficient are compared with experimental values and are found to be too small by about three orders of magnitude at a Peclet number of 103.
Primary Care of the Solid Organ Transplant Recipient

Solid organ transplantation (SOT) is one of the major advances in medicine. Care of the SOT recipient is complex and continued partnership with the transplant specialist is essential to manage and treat complications and maintain health. The increased longevity of SOT recipients will lead to their being an evolving part of primary care practice, with ever more opportunities for care, education, and research of this rewarding patient population. This review discusses the overall primary care management of adult SOT recipients.
Financing Small and Medium-Size Enterprises with Factoring: Global Growth and Its Potential in Eastern Europe

Factoring is a form of asset-based finance where the credit is extended based on the value of the borrower's accounts receivable. In recent years factoring has experienced phenomenal growth and has become an important source of financing - especially short-term working capital - for small and medium-size enterprises and corporations, reaching a worldwide volume of 760 billion euro in 2003. Although the importance of factoring varies considerably around the world, it occurs in most countries and is growing especially quickly in many developing countries. Bakker, Klapper, and Udell explore the advantages of factoring over other types of lending for firms in developing economies, and discuss the informational, legal, tax, and regulatory barriers to its growth. They also examine the role of factoring in the eight Eastern European countries that became EU members on May 1, 2004 - the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia, referred to as the EU 8. The authors conclude that factoring offers key advantages over other lending products and is likely to become more important in these countries, and suggest policies to accelerate its development. This paper - a joint product of the Finance Team, Development Research Group and the Private and Financial Sector Development Department - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to study access to financing.
Status of the 'BRICs': An Analysis of Growth Factors

In 2001, Goldman Sachs coined the term BRICs (Wilson, Kelston, & Ahmed, 2010) to describe the four large developing countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China that Goldman Sachs predict will overtake the G6 (US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, and Italy) in terms of GDP (in US$) by 2050 (Wilson & Purushothaman, 2003). The report established a set of four core factors that would create the conditions the BRIC countries would need for the predicted growth. This paper explores recent reports on those factors and others to compare the BRIC and G6 countries in terms of readiness for (or sustainability of) growth. An analysis of what these factors might indicate, potential difficulties with economic development in the BRIC countries, and the role of the Goldman Sachs report are also considered.
Agricultural Policy, Agricultural Sciences, and Rural Development

(...) This paper traces some of the historical changes that have occurred in the socioeconomic and demographic structure of agriculture and of rural areas as agricultural production technologies have been adopted. Future socioeconomic, demographic, and technological changes, and their impact on the agricultural sciences, agriculturally dependent rural areas, and U.S. society are also examined. (...)
Algebraic specification of modules and their basic interconnections

Abstract An algebraic specification concept for modules in software engineering is introduced which includes, in addition to a parameter and body part, explicit import and export interfaces. This concept integrates the main ideas of parameterized specifications for abstract data types and the information-hiding concept required for modules in software engineering. The concept is carefully motivated and defined with formal syntax and semantics within the framework of algebraic specifications. The basic constructions for combining modules are composition, actualization, extension, and union of modules with shared submodules. In this paper, composition and union are studied in detail. Both constructions are shown to be compositional. This means that the semantics of a combined module can be expressed in terms of the semantics of the components. To show the practical significance, specifications for the modules of an airport-schedule system and corresponding Ada packages are presented as an example.
Dynamics and mechanisms of permethrin resistance in a field population of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans

A study was conducted at the Pressler ranch, near Kerrville, Texas, USA between 2002 and 2006 to determine the dynamics and mechanisms of resistance to permethrin in a field population of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.). Changes of resistance to pyrethroid insecticide associated with use of a pour-on formulation of cyfluthrin in 2002 and use of diazinon ear tags in subsequent years were studied using a filter paper bioassay technique and a polymerase chain reaction assay that detects two sodium channel mutations, kdr and super-kdr resistance alleles. A maximum of 294-fold resistance to permethrin was observed in the summer of 2002. A significant decrease in the resistance level was observed in spring 2003, and resistance continued to decline after animals were treated with diazinon ear tags. In response to pyrethroid treatments, the allelic kdr and super-kdr frequency increased from 56.3% to 93.8% and from 7.5% to 43.8%, respectively in 2002, and decreased significantly in 2003 when the pyrethroid insecticide was no longer used to treat animals. Females were found to have a higher allelic super-kdr frequency than males in 2002, while no difference was detected between males and females in the allelic kdr frequency. There was a significant positive correlation between frequencies of the sodium channel mutations and levels of permethrin resistance, suggesting that the sodium channel mutations, kdr and super-kdr, are the major mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroids in this horn fly population. Results of synergist bioassays also indicated possible contributions of two metabolic detoxification mechanisms, the mixed function oxidases (MFO) and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Compared to a horn fly infestation of an untreated herd, treatments with the pyrethroid pour-on formulation failed to control horn flies at the Pressler ranch in 2002. Sustained control of horn flies was achieved with the use of diazinon ear tags in 2003 and subsequent years.
High-purity germanium-observations on the nature of acceptors

A critical examination of observations on high-purity germanium exhibiting acceptor concentrations in the 1010/cm3 range, indicates that the acceptors are probably due to lattice defects such as vacancy clusters. The paper presents evidence to support this contention.
Robust vibration suppression of an adaptive circular composite plate for satellite thrust vector control

In this paper, a novel application of adaptive composite structures, a University of Hawaii at Manoa (UHM) smart composite platform, is developed for the Thrust Vector Control (TVC) of satellites. The device top plate of the UHM platform is an adaptive circular composite plate (ACCP) that utilizes integrated sensors/actuators and controllers to suppress low frequency vibrations during the thruster firing as well as to potentially isolate dynamic responses from the satellite structure bus. Since the disturbance due to the satellite thruster firing can be estimated, a combined strategy of an adaptive disturbance observer (DOB) and feed-forward control is proposed for vibration suppression of the ACCP with multi-sensors and multi-actuators. Meanwhile, the effects of the DOB cut-off frequency and the relative degree of the low-pass filter on the DOB performance are investigated. Simulations and experimental results show that higher relative degree of the low-pass filter with the required cut-off frequency will enhance the DOB performance for a high-order system control. Further, although the increase of the filter cut-off frequency can guarantee a sufficient stability margin, it may cause an undesirable increase of the control bandwidth. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive DOB with feed-forward control strategy is verified through simulations and experiments using the ACCP system.
Protease inhibitor therapy and fetal growth potential in HIV-positive women.

Our objective was to test if protease inhibitors (PIs) increase the incidence of fetal growth restriction (FGR). Human immunodeficiency (HIV)-seropositive women were studied. At birth the neonatal weight percentile was assigned by predicted growth potential (GP), accounting for race, parity, weight, height, gestational age, birthweight, and gender (Gardosi, 1992). FGR was defined as GP < 10% percentile. Maternal age, CD4 count, viral load, weight gain, prenatal care, tobacco, alcohol, substance abuse, and PI use were related to FGR using chi-square and multiple regression analysis. Ninety-three of 191 women received PI. In these, FGR occurred in 27 (29%) compared with 15 (15.3%) in the non-PI group ( P = 0.02). Maternal CD4 count ( P < 0.0001) was the primary determinant, and smoking ( P = 0.037) was an independent cofactor for FGR (Nagelkerke r 2 = 0.24). Twenty-six of 82 (31.7%) smokers had FGR, versus 16 of 109 (14.7%) of nonsmokers (odds ratio, 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.33 to 5.46; P = 0.005). After exclusion of the CD4 count, PI became a cofactor for FGR ( P = 0.021 and Nagelkerke r 2 = 0.104). We concluded that maternal HIV status and smoking determine the risk for FGR. Although PIs increase the risk for FGR, this effect appears to depend on maternal disease severity.
Chaotic advection in the restricted four-vortex problem on a sphere

The chaotic advection of tracer particles in the field of a perturbed latitudinal ring of point vortices on a sphere is considered. We consider a restricted four-vortex problem where three vortices have equal strength, while the fourth has strength zero. The equal-strength vortices are initially spaced evenly on a ring of fixed latitude in the northern hemisphere. The equilateral triangle formed by the vortices is known to be a nonlinearly stable relative equilibrium configuration. When perturbed, the vortex motion induces chaotic particle advection analyzed by means of stroboscopic Poincare maps as a function of the dimensionless energy of the system, which can be related to the size of the perturbation from equilibrium. A critical energy is identified which separates the vortex motion into two distinct dynamical regimes. For energies below critical, the vortices undergo periodic partner exchange while retaining their relative orientation. For values above critical, the relative orientation of the vortices changes throughout the periodic cycle. We consider how the streamline topologies bifurcate both as a function of the energy and during the course of their evolution, as well as the role that the evolution of instantaneous streamline structures plays in the mixing and transport of particles. The geometric extent of the mixing region on the full sphere is considered (measured as a percentage of the surface area of the sphere) and dynamical properties in the region, such as mixing and stretching rates as well as computational evidence of ergodicity, are obtained. Global mixing on the sphere does not seem to increase monotonically with energy, but appears to be maximized for values near critical.
Controversy and Consensus on Pediatric Donation After Cardiac Death: Ethical Issues and Institutional Process

Donation after cardiac death (DCD) remains controversial in some pediatric institutions. An evidence-based, consensus-building approach to setting institutional policy about DCD can address the controversy openly and identify common ground. To resolve an extended internal debate regarding DCD policy at Children's Hospital Boston, a multidisciplinary task force was commissioned to engage in fact finding and deliberations about clinical and ethical issues in pediatric DCD, and attempt to reach consensus regarding the development of a protocol for pediatric DCD. Issues examined included values and attitudes of staff, families, and the public; number of possible candidates for DCD at the hospital; risks and benefits for child donors and their families; and research needs. Consensus was reached on a set of foundational ethical principles for pediatric DCD. With assistance from the local organ procurement organization (OPO), the task force developed a protocol for pediatric kidney DCD which most members believed could meet all the requirements of the foundational ethical principles. Complete consensus on the use of the protocol was not reached; however, almost all members supported initiation of kidney DCD for older pediatric patients who had wished to be organ donors. The hospital has implemented the protocol on this limited basis and established a process for considering proposals to expand the eligible donor population and include other organs.
EFFECTS OF INDUCERS AND INHIBITORS ON THE MICROSOMAL METABOLISM OF STYRENE TO STYRENE OXIDE IN MICE

Styrene is both hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic in mice, with non-Swiss albino (NSA) mice being more sensitive than Swiss (CD-1) mice. The toxicity of styrene is potentiated by treatment with phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, or pyridine. Since the toxicity of styrene is generally associated with its metabolism to styrene oxide (SO), the formation of SO by hepatic and pulmonary microsomes of NSA and CD-1 mice was measured to examine correlations with toxicity. Both enantiomers of SO were quantified since the R-SO enantiomer is more toxic than the S-SO enantiomer. No strain differences in rates of styrene metabolism or enantiomeric ratio were observed in control mice or mice treated with inducers. Pyridine, an inducer of CYP2E1, increased S-SO but not R-SO formation in liver. Phenobarbital, an inducer of CYP2B, increased the production of both enantiomers. beta-Naphthoflavone, an inducer of CYP1A, had no effect. None of the inducers had any effect in lung. Addition of the CYP2E1 inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate decreased the formation of both enantiomers in both tissues from control mice, whereas 5-phenyl-1-pentyne (an inhibitor of CYP2F2) inhibited metabolism primarily in lung. In both control and phenobarbital-treated mice, SKF525A inhibited both R-SO and S-SO in liver but only S-SO in lung. Thus there are tissue differences in metabolism and susceptibility to induction and inhibition but no strain differences in metabolism to explain differences in susceptibility to styrene-induced toxicity.
Issues in marine resource management education

Multidisciplinary studies in marine resource management and marine affairs are relatively new graduate level programs in the United States. The Oregon State University program (started in 1974) was developed and is administered by the College of Oceanography. Special features of this program are discussed. There are several important issues confronting faculty and administrators of these programs which were considered at the "Marine Affairs/Marine Resource Management Faculty Workshop" held at Oregon State University (12-13 June 1984). These issues and related topics are discussed in this paper.
Adverse events among patients in a behavioral treatment trial for heroin and cocaine dependence: effects of age, race, and gender.

Abstract Safety monitoring is a critical element of clinical trials evaluating treatment for substance dependence, but is complicated by participants’ high levels of medical and psychiatric comorbidity. This paper describes AEs reported in a large ( N = 286), 29-week outpatient study of behavioral interventions for heroin and cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained outpatients. A total of 884 AEs were reported (3.1 per patient, 0.12 per patient-week), the most common being infections (26.8%), gastrointestinal (20.5%), musculoskeletal (12.3%), and general (10%) disorders. Serious AEs were uncommon (1.6% of total). Female participants reported significantly higher rates of AEs (incidence density ratio, IDR = 1.38, p p p = 0.0095). AE incidence was not associated with the study intervention or with psychiatric comorbidity. Further work is needed to adapt AE coding systems for behavioral trials for substance dependence; the standard Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities, International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (MedDRA) coding system used in this report did not contain a separate category for one of the most common types of AE, dental problems. Nonetheless, the data reported here should help provide a context in which investigators and IRBs can interpret the patterns of AEs they encounter.
Embryo toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to the wood duck (Aix sponsa)

We examined the sensitivity of the wood duck (Aix sponsa) embryo to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) by injecting the toxicant into their eggs. Six groups of wood duck eggs (n = 35 to 211 per trial) were injected with 0 to 4600 pg TCDD/g egg between 2003 and 2005. Injections were made into yolk prior to incubation, and eggs were subsequently incubated and assessed weekly for mortality. Significant TCDD-induced mortality was not observed through day 25 (90% of incubation). Liver, heart, eye, and brain histology were generally unremarkable. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, a biomarker of dioxin-like compound exposure, was induced by 12-fold in the 4600 pg/g treatment relative to controls. The median lethal dose for chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs we dosed identically to wood duck eggs was about 100 pg/g, similar to other assessments of chickens. Among dioxin-like compound embryo lethality data for 15 avian genera, the wood duck 4600 pg/g no-observed-effect level ranks near the middle. Because no higher doses were tested, wood ducks may be like other waterfowl (order Anseriformes), which are comparatively tolerant to embryo mortality from polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans when exposed by egg injection.
Advertising Impact Generalizations In a Marketing Mix Context

ABSTRACT What has academic research revealed about the quantifiable impact of advertising on business performance? This article summarizes the advertising-related findings in a recent Marketing Science Institute book on empirical generalizations about marketing impact.
Thermodynamics of the superalloys

Using the parameters of Kaufman and Nesor, we have calculated the activities of Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, and W in 17 superalloys. These components behave in three distinctly different ways: Al and Ti have very.small activity coefficients; Fe, Co, and Ni have activity coefficients close to unity; and Cr, Mo, and W have activity coefficients of approximately 10. The calculated free energy of formation of the gamma prime in these alloys gives values similar to that for pure Ni3Al. The calculations of the free energy change for the formation of a Cr-Co sigma phase gives a lower estimate of the potential for sigma formation. These results show that the presently available thermodynamic representations and parameters are capable of providing useful information on very complex systems.
Bone tissue ultrastructural defects in a mouse model for osteogenesis imperfecta: a Raman spectroscopy study

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is genetic defect in which the genes that code for the α1(I) or α2(I) chains of type I collagen are defective. The defects often result in substitution of a bulky amino acid for glycine, causing formation of collagen that can not form the normal triple helix. Depending on the details of the defects, the outcomes range from controllable to lethal. This study focuses on OI type IV, a more common and moderately severe form of the disease. People with the disease have a substantial increase in the risk and rate of fracture. We examine the spectroscopic consequences of these defects, using a mouse model (BRTL) that mimics OI type IV. We compare Raman images from tibial cortical tissue of wild-type mice and BRTL mice with single copy of mutation and show that both mineral to matrix ratios and collagen inter-fibril cross-links are different in wild-type and mutant mice.
Bacterial contaminants of collected and frozen human milk used in an intensive care nursery

Abstract Background: Use of human milk for preterm and high-risk neonates conveys many potential benefits but also poses practical difficulties. This prospective study examined the prevalence and degree of bacterial contamination of human milk used in the intensive care nursery. Methods: One hundred eight milk samples collected from 40 mothers were tested for contamination. Samples from mothers whose milk showed a high degree of contamination were retested after counseling on collection methods. Results: Only 12.5% of the samples showed no bacterial growth. Of the contaminated samples, 38% contained > 30,000 colony-forming units/ml. The most common contaminants were Staphylococcus epidermidis (82%) and Acinetobacter (9%), but other contaminants were also encountered. Conclusions: There were not statistically identifiable common characteristics of mothers whose milk showed abundant bacterial contamination. Only 30% of these mothers showed improvement in the degree of contamination after counseling regarding techniques of milk collection.
Effects of Surface Roughness on Film Cooling

A flat plate test section was used to study how surface roughness representative of an in-service turbine affects the film cooling adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient for a round hole geometry. The injection was from a single row of round film cooling holes with injection angle of 30°. The density ratio of the injectant to the mainstream was 2.0 for the adiabatic effectiveness tests, and 1.0 for the heat transfer coefficient tests. A range of momentum flux ratios was examined to characterize the adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer performance. Streamwise distributions of adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients were obtained along the hole center line, and lateral distributions extending to halfway between hole centerlines were obtained at selected streamwise locations to 90 hole diameters downstream. Two rough surfaces with a factor of two difference in roughness levels were compared to an aerodynamically smooth surface.Both rough surfaces degraded the film cooling effectiveness with increasing degradation farther downstream. Degradation of film cooling effectiveness was greater at low momentum flux ratios. At momentum flux ratios high enough so that the cooling jets completely detached from the surface, the rough surfaces slightly increased adiabatic effectiveness in some cases. There was little difference in the effectiveness results between the two rough surfaces. Film cooling injection had little effect on heat transfer rates for any of the surfaces.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog expression is associated with recurrence and poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor in the AKT/mTOR pathway. Animal model studies have shown that loss of PTEN function is involved in the progression of pancreatic cancer. However, the prognostic significance of loss of PTEN expression in pancreatic cancer is unclear. PTEN expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays consisting of multiple cores of 133 resected stage II pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. A PTEN expression score was calculated as the product of the percentage of positive tumor cells and the intensity of PTEN staining. We categorized PTEN expression for each tumor as retained (PTEN score >5) or lost (PTEN score ≤5). Thirty-four (25.6%) patients had tumors with loss of PTEN expression, and 99 (74.4%) had tumors with retained PTEN expression. Recurrence/Metastasis was observed in 88.2% (30/34) of patients whose tumors showed loss of PTEN compared with 68.7% (68/99) of patients whose tumors showed retained PTEN (P = .03). Patients whose tumors showed loss of PTEN had a shorter overall survival (median, 19.9 ± 3.6 months) than did patients whose tumors had retained PTEN (32.7 ± 5.0 months, P = .03). In a multivariate analysis, loss of PTEN expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival in patients with stage II pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. No significant correlations between loss of PTEN expression and other clinicopathologic parameters were observed (P > .05). Assessment of PTEN expression may be used as a prognostic marker for patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
The impact of protease inhibitors on maternal serum screening analyte levels in pregnant women who are HIV positive.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estriol levels in women who take protease inhibitors and those women who do not. Study design This retrospective review from August 2000 to May 2003 was performed for maternal serum screen results, medication use, pregnancy, and perinatal outcomes. Results Thirty-nine women met study criteria. Sixteen women were treated with protease inhibitors, and 23 women were not treated with protease inhibitors. There was no difference in initial viral load or initial CD4 count between the groups. No difference was found for human chorionic gonadotropin and estriol levels; significantly lower alpha-fetoprotein multiples of the median were found for the women who were treated with protease inhibitors compared with the women who were not (0.97 ± 0.32 [SD] MoM vs 1.2 ± 0.4 MoM, respectively; P = .04). Six of 39 women (15%) had positive maternal serum screens. All the babies were normal at birth, and there were no cases of perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Conclusion Protease inhibitors are associated with lower alpha-fetoprotein levels in women who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
Mechanism of Heparin Protection Against a Histamine Releasor (48/80).

Summary1. Mice pretreated with various amounts of heparin exhibit resistance, relative to heparin dose, to the toxic effects of subsequent injections of otherwise lethal doses of 48/80. There is a straight-line relationship between the 50% protective heparin pretreatment doses and the various 48/80 challenge doses. 2. Fibroblasts exposed to the heparin-48/80 complex rapidly sequester and deposit this material as metachromatic granules in their cytoplasm. 3. The possible significance of these results is discussed.
Calculation of water equivalent thickness of materials of arbitrary density, elemental composition and thickness in proton beam irradiation

In proton therapy, the radiological thickness of a material is commonly expressed in terms of water equivalent thickness (WET) or water equivalent ratio (WER). However, the WET calculations required either iterative numerical methods or approximate methods of unknown accuracy. The objective of this study was to develop a simple deterministic formula to calculate WET values with an accuracy of 1 mm for materials commonly used in proton radiation therapy. Several alternative formulas were derived in which the energy loss was calculated based on the Bragg-Kleeman rule (BK), the Bethe-Bloch equation (BB) or an empirical version of the Bethe-Bloch equation (EBB). Alternative approaches were developed for targets that were 'radiologically thin' or 'thick'. The accuracy of these methods was assessed by comparison to values from an iterative numerical method that utilized evaluated stopping power tables. In addition, we also tested the approximate formula given in the International Atomic Energy Agency's dosimetry code of practice (Technical Report Series No 398, 2000, IAEA, Vienna) and stopping power ratio approximation. The results of these comparisons revealed that most methods were accurate for cases involving thin or low-Z targets. However, only the thick-target formulas provided accurate WET values for targets that were radiologically thick and contained high-Z material.
Hollywood on the Danube: Hungarian Filmmakers in a Transnational Context

Exile, emigration and displacement have marked the trajectories of Hungarian filmmakers over the past century. Michael Curtiz, the Korda brothers—Alexander, Vincent and Zoltan—Andre de Toth, Emeric Pressburger, Vilmos Zsigmond, Miklos Rozsa, Peter Lorre, Geza von Radvany and other talented artists have crossed borders, cultures and languages, creating such classics as Casablanca, Somewhere in Europe, The Red Shoes and The Lost One. The legendary sign posted in Hollywood studios read: "It is not enough to be Hungarian, you have to have talent, too!" Accompanied by film extracts, rare footage, personal interviews, archive photographs, and documentary materials, my presentation explores the transnational odysseys of these Hungarian directors, producers, cinematographers, composers, actors and screenwriters whose artistic contributions became an indispensable part of international cinema, suggesting that the challenges of emigration may also offer opportunities for critique, self-examination and artistic creativity.
COOPERATIVE STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF DISPERSANTS AND DISPERSED OIL TO MARINE ORGANISMS: A 3-YEAR FLORIDA STUDY

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to assess the toxicity of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and the chemically enhanced WAF (CE-WAF) of selected crude oils for both weathered and fresh oil. Test organisms included two standard test species, Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina, and a commercially important Florida marine fish, Sciaenops ocellatus. Tests ascertaining LC50 values were conducted under continuous exposure and spiked (declining exposure using flow-through toxicity chambers) conditions using Venezuelan Crude Oil (VCO), Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO), and COREXIT® 9500 dispersant on the above species. Data suggest that the dispersant is less toxic than the WAF and CE-WAF of the tested crude oils. The toxicity of the CE-WAF of fresh VCO is similar to that of other oils under continuous exposure conditions, but may be slightly more toxic to some species under spiked exposure conditions. The CE-WAF of fresh VCO appears to be less toxic than the corresponding WAF for M. bahia, M. beryll...
Phase-locking technique for stabilizing birefringent Sagnac interferometer-based current sensors

Phase fading, intensity noise and zero sensitivity at small-signal are the three limitations of a Sagnac interferometer-based fiber optic current sensor. In this paper, a birefringent Sagnac interferometer is designed to maximize the small signal sensitivity, balance the intensity noise, and compensate the polarization coupling-induced sensitivity degradation in a birefringent Sagnac interferometer. By locking the birefringence of the sensing fiber to certain values, the spun fiber-based intrinsic fiber optic current sensor can achieve almost the same performance as an ideal sensor with zero birefringence.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.