cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Web Sites: Conceptual Cluster Mining

The creation of a complex web site is a thorny problem in. user interface design. In IJCAI '97, we challenged the AI community to address this problem by creating adaptive web sites. In response, we investigate the problem of index page synthesis - the automatic creation of pages that facilitate a visitor's navigation of a Web site. Previous work has employed statistical methods to generate candidate index pages that are of limited value because they do not correspond to concepts or topics that are intuitive to people. In this paper we formalize index page synthesis as a conceptual clustering problem and introduce a novel approach which we call conceptual cluster mining: we search for a small number of cohesive clusters that correspond to concepts in a given concept description language L. Next, we present SGML, an algorithm schema that combines a statistical clustering algorithm with a concept learning algorithm. The clustering algorithm is used to generate seed clusters, and the concept learning algorithm to describe these seed clusters using expressions in L. Finally, we offer preliminary experimental evidence that instantiations of SGML outperform existing algorithms (e.g., COBWEB) in this domain.
Comparative evaluation of two venous sampling techniques for the assessment of pancreatic insulin and zinc release upon glucose challenge

Advances in noninvasive imaging modalities have provided opportunities to study β cell function through imaging zinc release from insulin secreting β cells. Understanding the temporal secretory pattern of insulin and zinc corelease after a glucose challenge is essential for proper timing of administration of zinc sensing probes. Portal venous sampling is an essential part of pharmacological and nutritional studies in animal models. The purpose of this study was to compare two different percutaneous image-guided techniques: transhepatic ultrasound guided portal vein access and transsplenic fluoroscopy guided splenic vein access for ease of access, safety, and evaluation of temporal kinetics of insulin and zinc release into the venous effluent from the pancreas. Both techniques were safe, reproducible, and easy to perform. The mean time required to obtain desired catheter position for venous sampling was 15 minutes shorter using the transsplenic technique. A clear biphasic insulin release profile was observed in both techniques. Statistically higher insulin concentration but similar zinc release after a glucose challenge was observed from splenic vein samples, as compared to the ones from the portal vein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of percutaneous methods to assess zinc release kinetics from the porcine pancreas.
Culture, Gender, and Delinquency:

Comparison of arrest and self-reported delinquency rates for American and Indian males and females (below age 18) suggests that the typically found gender-gap in crime/delinquency rates is not only probably universal, but also culturally variable. Specifically, while highly similar in many ways, American and Indian juveniles exhibit considerable differences in offense rates generally as well as across genders. This is especially the case for serious and public disorder forms of offense behavior; behavior likely to come to the attention of legal authorities. In light of contemporary theory, it is argued that these differences reflect differences in the delinquency inducing/reducing characteristics of American and Indian societies; especially as these affect males and females. Some characteristics of Indian society that may serve to reduce both official as well as actual rates of delinquent behavior are discussed.
Transient expression of the vaccinia virus DNA polymerase is an intrinsic feature of the early phase of infection and is unlinked to DNA replication and late gene expression.

Abstract We have studied the expression pattern of the vaccinia virus DNA polymerase during the viral replicative cycle. To monitor polymerase synthesis, a polyclonal antiserum was raised against a TrpE-DNA polymerase fusion protein. Immunoprecipitation and S1 analyses revealed that polymerase synthesis and mRNA levels peak by 2 to 3.5 h postinfection during wild-type infections and then decline, becoming barely detectable by 5 to 6.5 h postinfection. Blocking viral DNA replication by performing infections with temperature-sensitive DNA- mutants at the nonpermissive temperature or by performing wild-type infections in the presence of cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside had no effect on polymerase expression. These results indicate that the transient expression of the DNA polymerase is regulated independently of intermediate and late viral gene expression. Cycloheximide, which inhibits protein synthesis and prevents secondary uncoating, caused prolonged and elevated levels of polymerase transcription. Early viral proteins and uncoating, rather than exhaustion of the encapsidated transcription machinery, are presumed to mediate the cessation of polymerase transcription. In the presence of aphidicolin, the polymerase transcripts were maintained at maximal levels rather than exhibiting their normal decline. This inhibition of RNA decay was seen even in infections performed with isolates encoding aphidicolin-resistant DNA polymerases, suggesting that aphidicolin may interfere directly with the process of RNA degradation. Under these conditions, polymerase synthesis remained transient and was not prolonged, despite the continuing presence of available mRNA. These observations suggest that early mRNAs may experience a loss in translation efficiency as infection progresses.
Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin

Freshwater crabs are present in almost all freshwater bodies in the Nile River basin ranging from the main river to mountain streams, and from extensive wetlands to rift valley lakes, but these decapod crustaceans are absent from the more arid regions of the Sahara and East Africa. Some 14 species of freshwater crabs (Potamonautidae) and six species of shrimps (Atyidae, Palaeomonidae) are found in the eight African countries that have at least part of their territory in the Nile drainage. The most species rich country in the Nile basin is Uganda (with more than 12 species), while the vast desert countries of The Sudan and Egypt are rela- tively species poor and have no endemic species of freshwater crabs, and Ethiopia (although not species rich) has both widespread and endemic species. There is a clear biogeographic and taxonomic divide between the freshwater crab fauna of the Nile catchment which differs significantly from the species groups found in the neighboring Congo basin (Rwanda, Burundi, and D. R. Congo).
Preventing Malaria among Children in Zambia: The Role of Mother's Knowledge

Malaria remains a devastating disease in Zambia, responsible for about 13% of deaths among children under age 5. Lack of malaria-specific knowledge has been commonly assumed to be an important barrier to engagement in behaviors that prevent malaria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that accounts for the endogeneity of maternal knowledge in household's ownership of insecticide-treated nets (ITN), child's use of ITN, and household's protection against mosquitos (HSP). We account for the endogeneity of maternal knowledge through discrete factor and standard instrumental variable estimators. We find significant causal effects of maternal knowledge on the child's use of ITN and HSP but no significant effect on ownership of ITN. The causal effects of maternal knowledge on the use of ITN and HSP are strikingly larger in magnitude than the effects in the reduced form models.
POxy 2509 and Callimachus' Lavacrum Palladis : α γιόχοιο Διòς κο ρη μεγ λοιο

In his excellent commentary on Callimachus' fifth Hymn, A. W. Bulloch has discussed the many allusions to earlier literature out of which this poem is made. He has, however, missed one: an allusion to Hesiod's Catalogue, which, as I shall show here, not only sheds light on one of the poem's most puzzling scenes – Athena's consolatio to the nymph Chariclo – but also helps to explain the articulation and function of the poem's first, so-called ‘mimetic,’ section.
Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials: An Update

Calcium phosphate (CaP) biomaterials currently in use for bone repair, substitution, augmentation, and regeneration include hydroxyapatite of synthetic or biologic origin, beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), and biphasic calcium phosphate. They are available as granules, porous blocks, CaP/polymer composites, cements, and as coatings on orthopedic and dental implants. Experimental CaP biomaterials include CO3- and F-substituted apatites, Mg- and Zn-substituted β-TCP, and CaP glasses. This paper gives a brief review of the different types of CaP biomaterials available and their properties, such as bioactivity, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity.
The effects of CDA training on the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of head start personnel

Fifty-five Head Start teachers and aides enrolled in Child Development Associate (CDA) training were pre- and posttested on a variety of measures to assess the effects of training. Additionally, their teaching beliefs, dogmatism, and self-concept scores were compared to those of undergraduate student teachers within a traditional teacher training program. The results indicated positive changes in self-assessed job performance, self-confidence, and educational aspirations and an increase in cognitively oriented, child-centered beliefs. The CDA trainees were not found to differ from the undergraduates completing four-year teacher training programs.
Reduced pretreatment severity and enzyme loading enabled through switchgrass pelleting

Abstract This study investigated the effectiveness of low severity alkaline pretreatment conditions and reduced cellulase and hemicellulase loadings on glucose and xylose yields from pelleted switchgrass. Pelleting improved the efficacy of soaking in aqueous ammonia pretreatment enabling milder pretreatment and lower enzyme loadings to obtain high sugar yields. Although 80% glucose yields could be achieved with cellulase alone, hemicellulase addition improved yields from pelleted switchgrass to above 90% at cellulase loadings as low as 10 FPU g −1 glucan. Similar efficacy was found with higher cellulase loadings and reduced hemicellulase loading. Xylose yields greater than 80% were achieved with cellulase loadings greater than 14 FPU and 200 XU g −1 glucan. This study demonstrated that biomass pelleting can enable biorefineries to use less severe pretreatment conditions and reduced enzyme loadings while maintaining high hydrolysis yields. Models were developed to quantify the range of cellulase and hemicellulase loadings to achieve chosen glucose and xylose yields.
Hydroxyl radical oxidation of cytochrome c by aerobic radiolysis.

Abstract The reaction of radiolytically generated OH with cytochrome c was investigated by mass spectrometry. Tryptic digestion and characterization of the oxidized peptides by MALDI-TOF and ESI tandem mass spectrometry identified eight different amino acid residues with oxidized side chains with no cleavage of the protein detected. Solvent-accessible aromatic and methionine residues are the most susceptible to oxidation by OH. These results support the careful use of OH in characterizing protein surfaces. Dose–response studies identified the residues most prone to oxidation to be Phe-36, Phe-46, and Met-80. Hydroxylation of Phe-36 and Phe-46 should serve as indicators of the presence of OH in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Using solutions containing 50 at.% 18 O, our study also provides a novel method of determining the source of oxygen during OH-mediated oxidation of proteins and contributes to identification of the modified residue type, with Phe>Tyr>Met in 18 O incorporation. During aerobic radiolysis, UV–vis spectroscopy indicates that ferrocytochrome c reaches a steady state concomitant with reduction of the heme.
Seasonal dynamics of dissolved Ra isotopes in the semi-arid bays of south Texas

Abstract Copano Bay, Nueces Bay, and Baffin Bay, Texas exhibit some of the highest dissolved 226Ra activities observed in coastal waters despite being in a semi-arid region where surface water is scarce. To determine the reason for this, dissolved 226Ra and 228Ra activities were measured in these bays at three periods during the course of their seasonal flushing cycles. CH4 and dissolved Cl/Br ratios were also measured during the final sampling period to independently assess the possibility of oil-field brine leakage and its potential influence on bay Ra activities. Independent of the high bay Ra activities, evidence for oil-field brine leakage was not found, though we cannot discount this possible influence on the Ra budget. Our results do show that all three bays exhibit pronounced seasonal swings in Ra activity that culminate in high absolute values. Mixing model results indicated that supply from submarine groundwater discharge can balance the Ra budgets of these bays. However, the Ra cycle in these systems is not controlled by a single dominant process, but rather the seasonal relationship of riverine Ra supply, submarine groundwater discharge, input from benthic sediments, and direct evaporation. Thus these bays are best described by a Ra cycle where activities are controlled by several processes in a dynamic, seasonal equilibrium. This illustrates the importance of seasonal controls on estuarine Ra cycling in general, but seasonality may be especially important for semi-arid regions where the hydrologic cycle is influenced by episodic freshwater inputs.
High water-loss rates and rapid dehydration in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus marginatus

During the summer months, there is a high mortality of burying beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) species in pitfall traps containing dry soil. The present study investigated the possibility that the burying beetle Nicrophorus marginatus is highly susceptible to death from desiccation. In the laboratory, adult beetles lose 1-5% body mass per hour in low humidity conditions (25-30% relative humid- ity), depending on temperature. This rate of water-loss results in a 50% mortality within 7-16 h at temperatures between 16 and 28 � C. Nicrophorus marginatus produces oral and anal defensive secretions when disturbed but these secretions do not significantly contribute to the high rate of water loss. Beetles readily drink and thus beetles with access to water or in high humidity conditions suffer near zero mortality. For comparison, the similarly sized mesic bess beetle (Coleoptera: Passalidae), Odontotaenius disjunctus, and a large nocturnal tiger beetle (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), Amblychila cylindriformis, are exposed to dehydrating conditions. Nicrophorus marginatus have higher rates of water-loss (by 26% and 79%, respectively). It is predicted that the diurnal N. marginatus uses behavioural mechanisms to avoid lethal water loss. In the field, N. marginatus displays a strong bimodal activity pattern, avoiding the hottest hours of the day. The significance of these findings is that N. marginatus defies normal predictions of association between water-loss rates and habitat type, and has extended its range into apparently unfavourable habitats despite high water-loss rates. In addition, the results suggest that researchers should provide moisture when studying bury- ing beetles, including the endangered American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus).
Vacuum Deposition of Parylene Films: Influence of Process Factors and Baffling on Film-Thickness Distribution:

Deposition in vacuum of poly(paraxylylene)-PPX or Parylene-and derivative polymers from dimer that have been ionized and vaporized is a process used for over 35 years to form protective and insulating coatings on electronic and other devices and to generate extremely thin, pinhole-free films. Coating thickness has been asserted to be highly uniform, but with scant data in the literature. We investigated thickness distribution in a series of coating runs in each of which 60 or 80 small aluminum disks were positioned throughout the coating chamber. The processing factors tested were rate of coating, disk location (radius and altitude), flow-distribution devices, and whether the rack holding the disks was stationary or rotated. In the initial sequence of five runs, 320 film thicknesses were determined. Some findings include: (1) film thickness was heaviest at chamber midheight, diminishing symmetrically toward top and bottom by as much as 25%, and, less strongly, inward from wall to axis. (2) Disk orientation-whether vertical, hoizontal, or at 45°-did not affect film thickness. (3) Rotation of the rack eliminated an inlet-to-outlet downslope of thickness. (4) Dividing the chamber with a midplane separator, together with special inlet and takeoff distributors, reduced the total range of thickness from 40% to 25% of the average. A thickness variation of less than ±10% is possible by positioning objects in a limited vertical range and while preventing shadowing.
Asymmetric Framework for Predicting Liquid—Liquid Equilibrium of Ionic Liquid-Mixed-Solvent Systems. 2. Prediction of Ternary Systems

A new asymmetric framework for modeling liquid−liquid equilibrium (LLE) in electrolyte/mixed-solvent systems is demonstrated, with focus on systems involving a dilute aqueous solution of an ionic liquid (IL). The extent to which this approach is able to predict ternary LLE, using parameters obtained from binary and pure-component data only, is evaluated. For this purpose, ternary IL/solvent/water systems are used as examples. Comparisons of predicted LLE are made to experimental data representing various types of ternary LLE behavior, as well as to predictions obtained from standard symmetric models. Results indicate that an asymmetric NRTL/eNRTL model provides better predictions of ternary LLE for systems containing ILs and water than standard symmetric models.
Detection Of Tiny Scratches And Cracks On Crystal Under Microscope With Pc-Based Image Processing System

Detection of scratches and cracks is a key problem in the quality assurance in crystal production. difficulties in these inspections are due to the fact that such defects are so thin and short that they are almost indiscernible from the textural background of the crystal unless a special illumination and torsional viewing mechanism are provided. The purpose of this paper is to propose an effective method to automatically segment a microscopic image into separate textural structures, and eventually delineate on the quartz blanks their boundaries which show the locations of the cracks and also the scratches.
Immobilized enzymes: A prototype apparatus for oxidase enzymes in chemical analysis utilizing covalently bound glucose oxidase

Abstract A prototype analytical device incorporating an immobilized oxidase enzyme reactor is described. The monitor assembly involves the continuous measurement of dissolved oxygen in the sample stream and uses a commercially available Clark electrode mounted into a miniature vortex mixer. Utilizing glucose oxidase covalently coupled to porous glass particles a reagentless analytical procedure is presented for glucose in both simple and complex biological fluids. Operational limitations are described and characterized for both kinetic and endopoint methods of analysis.
Chromosome studies in certain subgenera of Spermophilus.

SummaryMitotic chromosomes of 3 species of Spermophilus have been analyzed. The diploid chromosome number was 30 in S. beldingi beldingi, 34 in S. tridecemlineatus tridecemlineatus and 36 in S. tereticaudus neglectus. Karyograms of 5. tridecemlineatus and S. beldingi were compared with karyograms of S. mexicanus and S. richardsonii. Differences in karyotype were demonstrated and discussed in relation to the classification of the genus Spermophilus. Karyograms of S. tereticaudus were different from other species of Spermophilus which supported its subgeneric status. The minute metacentric Y chromosome observed in S. beldingi differs from the larger acrocentric Y of other species of Spermophilus. The utilization of chromosome analysis in comparative taxonomy of the genus Spermophilus was demonstrated.The author wishes to thank Dr. F. del Greco for help and advice in preparing the manuscript.
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: A review for pharmacists

Abstract Objective To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, focusing on patient counseling and adverse effects, to serve as a resource for pharmacists in multiple patient care settings. Data sources Published articles identified through Medline using search terms such as hepatitis C virus, hepacivirus, ribavirin, interferon alfa-2a, or interferon alfa-2b. Therapeutic guidelines retrieved from www.guidelines.gov and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Additional resources identified from personal bibliographies collected by the author and bibliographies from gathered articles. Study selection By the author. Data extraction By the author. Data synthesis HCV is a blood-borne pathogen affecting an estimated 4 million Americans and 170 million people worldwide. An estimated two-thirds to three-fourths of those infected with HCV have not been diagnosed, and in the next 10 to 20 years, the number of patients diagnosed with HCV is likely to increase. Thus, the health care community, including pharmacists, needs to be educated about the disease, how it is spread, and the details related to treatment of HCV. The standard therapy for HCV is combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. This therapy has a varied rate of response that improves with medication adherence. Adherence is often reduced as a result of adverse effects of therapy. In this article, a basic review of HCV is provided, as well as a thorough discussion of strategies to reduce the incidence and severity of adverse effects related to therapy. Conclusion Pharmacists have an important role in educating other health care practitioners and the community about HCV, providing injection training and medication and adverse effect counseling for patients initiating therapy, and engaging in follow-up and monitoring of patients to encourage therapeutic success by improving medication adherence and patient tolerance of adverse effects.
Image understanding environment

We describe the Image Understanding Environment (IUE) designed by the IUE committee consisting of members from General Electric, Stanford University, Columbia University, University of Massachusetts, Amerinex AI Inc, Georgia Tech, SRI International, Advanced Decision Systems, University of Southern California and University of Washington. The primary purpose of the IUE is to facilitate exchange of research results within the Image Understanding community. The IUE will serve as a conceptual standard for IU data models and algorithms and will facilitate code sharing and performance evaluation of new techniques. It will also help in tracking progress in algorithm improvements. Object-oriented principles are used in our approach to the design of the IUE. The overall specification of IUE objects consists of the specifications of classes and class hierarchies for various IU concepts such as: images, image features, geometric features, curves, surfaces, 3D objects, sensors, etc. This paper discusses the design details of IUE curve objects, the motivation behind the object choices, and the class hierarchies.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The relationship between near-axis hydrothermal cooling and the spreading rate of mid-ocean ridges

Recent seismic observations and new crustal thermal models suggest that near-axis (± 1 km from the spreading axis) hydrothermal cooling increases linearly with increasing spreading rate. We present here the first corroborating evidence from near-axis hydrothermal plume observations. Comprehensive surveys of plume distributions have now been conducted on multi-segment portions of ridge crest with full-spreading rates from 20 to 150 km/Myr. These surveys find thatph, the fraction of ridge crest length overlain by hydrothermal plumes, and full-spreading rate,us, are related byph = αus, where α = 0.004 Myr/km. We recast this large-scale spatial variability into long-term temporal variability by postulating that any vent field site is hydrothermally active for anαus fraction of geologic time. We then use this relationship and the mean of eight studies that have determined instantaneous heat flux,Ha, at vent field scales, 75 ± 45 MW/km, to estimate the time-averaged heat flux,Ha, asHaαus. Applying these scaled values ofHa to the distribution of mid-ocean ridge spreading rates yields a global near-axis heat flux,∑Ha, of 8.8 × 1011 W. This value is ∼ 10% of the total oceanic hydrothermal heat flux, and agrees with a crustal cooling model-derived value of∑Ha of 9 × 1011 W. Our estimate of∑Ha implies a mean global3He/heat ratio of 2.4–8.3 × 10−13 cm3/J (STP), and high-temperature hydrothermal fluid flow of 1.8 × 1013 kg/yr.
High titer multiple dose therapy with HBIG in newborn infants of HBsAg positive mothers

These data are consistent with the hypothesis that most children with seizures can be safely and effectively treated with once daily doses of phenobarbital. Although therapeutic efficiency was only indirectly assessed, in no case did the change in dosing frequency significantly alter steady-state serum or saliva phenobarbital concentrations. This result is predictable in view of the studies on phenobarbital kinetics in children.:! .~ It also appears that although a wide range of doses is necessary to achieve therapeutic levels, most children achieve therapeutic levels on less than 5 mg/kg/day. The data also suggest that salivary levels can be used to determine an approximate value for simultaneous serum levels, Salivary levels can be used to predict simultaneous serum levels more reliably in a given patient if saliva to serum ratios are measured previously, since the intraindividual variation was much smaller than the intersubject
Reply to “A Comment on Hydrogen-Boron Interaction and Its Effect on the Ductility and Fracture of Ni3Al”

This is a reply to Schulson`s comment on the authors` recently published paper. Schulson makes three points in his paper: (a) grain boundaries in Ni-rich Ni{sub 3}Al are enriched in Ni, whereas those in stoichiometric Ni{sub 3}Al are not; (b) boron increases this Ni-enrichment, in some cases leading to a detectable disordered grain-boundary solid-solution; and (c) the embrittlement reported by the authors may be related more to an attack by hydrogen on Ni-enriched grain boundaries, made richer by the addition of B, than to an attack on Ni{sub 3}Al per se. The authors examine all three points again.
Peer review of statistics in medical research: the other problem

Peer review has long been criticised for failing to identify flaws in research. Here Peter Bacchetti argues that it is also guilty of the opposite: finding flaws that are not there The process of peer review before publication has long been criticised for failing to prevent the publication of statistics that are wrong, unclear, or suboptimal. 1 2 My concern here, however, is not with failing to find flaws, but with the complementary problem of finding flaws that are not really there. My impression as a collaborating and consulting statistician is that spurious criticism of sound statistics is increasingly common, mainly from subject matter reviewers with limited statistical knowledge. Of the subject matter manuscript reviews I see that raise statistical issues, perhaps half include a mistaken criticism. In grant reviews unhelpful statistical comments seem to be a near certainty, mainly due to unrealistic expectations concerning sample size planning. While funding or publication of bad research is clearly undesirable, so is preventing the funding or publication of good research. Responding to misguided comments requires considerable time and effort, and poor reviews are demoralising—a subtler but possibly more serious cost. This paper discusses the problem, its causes, and what might improve the situation. Although the main focus is on statistics, many of the causes and potential improvements apply to peer review generally. #### Summary points Peer reviewers often make unfounded statistical criticisms, particularly in difficult areas such as sample size and multiple comparisons These spurious statistical comments waste time and sap morale Reasons include overvaluation of criticism for its own sake, inappropriate statistical dogmatism, time pressure, and lack of rewards for good peer reviewing Changes in the culture of peer review could improve things, particularly honouring good performance Mistaken criticism is a general problem, but may be especially acute for statistics. The examples below illustrate …
Asymptotic distribution theory for the kalman filter state estimator

An asymptotic distribution theory for the state estimate from a Kalman filter in the absence of the usual Gaussian assumption is presented. It is found that the stability properties of the state transition matrix playa key role in the distribution theory. Specifically, when the state equation is neutrally stable (i.e., borderline stable-unstable) the state estimate is asymptotically normal when the random terms in the model have arbitrary distributions. This case includes the popular random walk state equation. However, when the state equation is either stable or unstable, at least some of the random terms in the model must be normally distributed beyond some finite time before the state estimate is asymptotically normal.
Feminism's Quest for Common Desires

One attraction of “choice” feminism has been its refusal to judge the diverse desires of women. Yet for feminism to retain its political vision as a quest for social justice, we must continue difficult conversations concerning how acting on our individual desires impacts the lives of others. In this essay, I argue that feminists can acknowledge women's diverse desires while forging a meaningful feminist community. I make this argument by considering feminism's relationship to time, and particularly how women's diverse desires are read in each moment in time. If we abandon the generational model, wherein each new generation of feminists improves upon the last, for a genealogical perspective where women recognize our feminist origins and empathize with the diverse struggles of other women, we might reaffirm social justice for the community as central to feminist politics. To articulate this possibility, I turn to the work of Simone de Beauvoir to explain her discovery of how her embodiment as a woman and her relationship to femininity becomes a way of grounding a feminist politics. Recognizing the “demands of femininity” in other women's lives allows us to affirm feminist community while retaining the capacity to make judgments that realize social justice as a feminist goal.
Shear deformation potentials in metals

Abstract The differential approach, based on the Green's function method and the muffin-tin approximation for the crystal potential, which was proposed recently as a convenient method of obtaining accurate deformation potentials in metals is discussed briefly here with particular emphasis on the relation of the method to stress-modulation experiments. Specific results are presented for the deformation potentials under tetragonal and trigonal shears of some of the states of Cu, Ag, and Au at symmetry points in the Brillouin zone, and comparison is made with available experimental data.
Software complexity assessment: annotated bibliography

Software complexity is an area of software engineering concerned with the identification, classification and measurement of features of software that effect the cost of developing and sustaining computer programs. As a human endeavor, programming is subject to behavioral and psychological factors that eventually lead to the study of the human thought processes. The introduction and annotated bibliography presented are intended to relate a diversity of literature from computer science, cognitive psychology, and software engineering that are contributing to the current state of investigation in software complexity.
Beyond the Comfort Zone: Lessons of Intercultural Service

This article describes an international servicelearning project in Bolivia undertaken by faculty and students from Widener University. The authors examine characteristics of the student group, trip preparation, and lessons learned from the experience. The article discusses the American cultural biases that emphasize personal comfort and individual self-fulfillment over acceptance of foreign ways of life, and it highlights the unique learning experience afforded by political turmoil and finding oneself in the role of the "other." The authors conclude that domestic service experience and team building should be less important to preparation than intercultural communication training, language proficiency, and exercises in deep reflection.
Mycobacterial genomes for all tastes: from BCG to biodegradation of naphtalene and pyrene.

The list of microbial genomes released in December 2006and January 2007 (Table 1) features genomes of twoeukaryotes (both still in a draft form), three crenarchaeaand a number of bacteria, some of which have amazingcapabilities to degrade organic compounds and areimportant for bioremediation of such common pollutantsas atrazine, 2-nitrotolulene, pentachlorophenol, methyltertiary butyl ether (MTBE), vinyl chloride and variouspolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including ben-zo[
Nanoparticle coalescence and sintering: molecular dynamics simulation

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to better understand coalescence and sintering processes of gold nanoparticles. During coalescence in the liquid phase, the initial neck growth can be well described by the viscous flow model. With initial temperature right below the single particle melting temperature, the initial neck growth is controlled by viscous flow at first and then, by grain boundary diffusion. At initial temperatures well below melting, the sintering process occurs very rapidly, which may be attributed to a formation of liquid-like neck regions. The sintering of two free Au nanoparticles irradiated by a femtosecond laser pulse is also simulated by combining the two-temperature and MD models. It is shown that by increasing laser input energy, nanoparticles can be melted forming a single larger nanoparticle. The effects of multinanoparticle melting, solidification and sintering are also investigated.
Low levels of genetic variation inPhenakospermum guyannense (Strelitziaceae), a widespread bat-pollinated Amazonian herb

Phenakospermum guyannense is a monotypic, arborescent, long-lived monocot that is widespread in Amazonian South America. This outcrossing species is pollinated primarily by phyllostomid bats. Given these life-history characteristics,P. guyannense is expected to exhibit high levels of genetic variation and gene flow. We used isozyme electrophoresis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to characterize genetic variation in populations ofP. guyannense from French Guiana. Both measures detected a surprisingly low level of genetic variation, with only five out of twenty (25%) allozyme loci polymorphic (P), 1.35 alleles per locus (A), and an expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.090 at the species level. Isozymic genetic variation was even lower within populations (P = 17.5, A = 1.24, He = 0.074), and was corroborated by a RAPD assay that used 26 arbitrary primers (P = 3.61, A = 1.04, He = 0.014). Although overall levels of variation were low, the detectable variation was distributed as would be expected for an outcrossing species with extensive gene flow (mean GST = 0.230). We suspect thatP. guyannense is depauperate in genetic variation because of a series of bottlenecks that affected the species over this portion of its range.
New method for in vivo recording of myometrial activity in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus

Videolaparoscopy was used to visualize the reproductive tract contractility of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus. This technique gives information on the nature, direction of propagation, duration, and frequency of contractions. At the times of ovulation, and embryo entry to the uterus, contractile activity was observed in both the uterus and oviduct, with the latter being more frequent. The dominant direction of propagation was towards the utero-tubal junction, and simultaneous contractions were frequently observed in both uterus and oviduct. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Velocity selection problem for moving patterns in optically bi-stable semiconductors. Definition and solution

Abstract Equations describing the so-called high absorption wave in optically bi-stable semiconductors have common features with those for needle-like dendrites or laser-assisted melting or burning [1]. It is well-known that sometimes the solutions of those equations for moving nonlinear patterns in 2D or 3D geometries belong to degenerate families. It means that only one relation may be derived for the shape and the velocity of a pattern. Earlier we have shown that: (i) the theory of anisotropic selection was shown to be unsatisfactory at least in our case [1]; and here we show that (ii) in contrast to the systems with velocity-dependent heat release at the front, the high absorption wave is stable in its steady-state motion in any allowed shape [2], (iii) by introducing of a finite absorption length the steady-state motion is broken. At first, the head of the wave loses contact with the tail. Then it travels alone slowly increasing its size due to special generation of sidewaves which look like Karman's road.
Experimental investigation of double-diffusive groundwater fingers

Using a sand-tank model and the salt-sugar system, double-diffusive fingers formed in a saturated porous medium. In contrast to the quasi-steady fingering typically observed in a viscous fluid, the fingering here was quite unsteady. The fingers’ structure was observed, and measurements of the sugar flux indicate that double-diffusive groundwater fingers can transport solutes at rates as much as two orders of magnitude larger than those associated with molecular diffusion in motionless groundwater. The buoyancy-flux ratio, r = αFT/βFS, increased from r = 0.65 ± 0.02 (at Rρ = 1.02) to r = 0.81 ± 0.06 (at Rρ = 1.50), where Rρ is the density-anomaly ratio. (Using the salt-sugar system in a viscous fluid, r was previously shown to decrease with increasing Rρ.) The buoyancy flux due to sugar varied approximately as R−5.6ρ, which is almost identical with the variation found for salt-sugar fingers in a viscous fluid. The model of Green (1984) was applied to the experiments and predicted buoyancy-flux ratios and finger widths that were in fairly good agreement with the measured values, although the predicted buoyancy fluxes due to sugar were significantly larger than the measured fluxes.
Has there been Conceptual Progress in The Science of Emotion

Izard’s claim that the term emotion works well as an adjective is closer to B. F. Skinner’s position than is acknowledged. Based on Izard’s survey of scientists, I argue that the lack of consensus on emotion as a unitary construct could be considered to represent the dissolution of emotions. Given that something similar has happened in biology with the dissolution of the unitary gene construct, this development in psychology may not be as problematic as it initially sounds.
X-Inactivation, Imprinting, and Long Noncoding RNAs in Health and Disease

X chromosome inactivation and genomic imprinting are classic epigenetic processes that cause disease when not appropriately regulated in mammals. Whereas X chromosome inactivation evolved to solve the problem of gene dosage, the purpose of genomic imprinting remains controversial. Nevertheless, the two phenomena are united by allelic control of large gene clusters, such that only one copy of a gene is expressed in every cell. Allelic regulation poses significant challenges because it requires coordinated long-range control in cis and stable propagation over time. Long noncoding RNAs have emerged as a common theme, and their contributions to diseases of imprinting and the X chromosome have become apparent. Here, we review recent advances in basic biology, the connections to disease, and preview potential therapeutic strategies for future development.
Robust guidance for electro-optical missiles

A robust guidance law is presented which renders zero miss distance (ZMD) against deterministically or randomly maneuvering targets for all missile parametric uncertainties. Since the resulting guidance controller is a phase-lead network, it is mainly suitable for systems characterized by moderate glint levels such as electro-optical missiles. The structured uncertainties in missile dynamics are modeled by interval transfer functions. It is first shown that for the nominal case, when the total missile transfer function is positive real, ZMD can be obtained. When uncertainties are considered, the problem becomes design of a guidance controller which renders a family of transfer functions positive real. A new algorithm for the design of such controllers is proposed. An example illustrating a typical design procedure for a nonlinear real-life missile model is given, showing the simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed robust guidance. The main conclusion of this work is that the newly developed guidance law performs well against highly maneuvering targets and may be a suitable alternative to optimal guidance laws in low-glint systems.
Ten Books and Articles Every Literacy Teacher Should Know.

This article describes ten of what the author considers to be the most important references in the field of literacy education based on their influence on teaching practices and educational theory.
Addressing urban poverty: increasing incomes, reducing costs, and securing representation

The paper considers the effectiveness of different strategies used in urban areas by development agencies to reduce poverty, including the relative merits of income generation and housing and neighbourhood improvement. Drawing on the findings of recent case studies, it suggests that the advantages of housing and neighbourhood improvements may have been underestimated, and that too little attention has been given to integrating housing and neighbourhood improvement with income generation.
Neutron time-of-flight facility at rice university☆

Abstract A neutron time-of-flight facility in the T.W. Bonner Nuclear Laboratories at Rice University, developed in connection with the EN tandem Van de Graaff accelerator, is presented. The details of the pulse shape discrimination and neutron detection as well as the beam pulsing and bunching are described. Characteristic neutron detector efficiency data and neutron T-o-F spectra are shown.
The generic information extraction system

An information extraction system is a cascade of transducers or modules that at each step add structure and often lose information, hopefully irrelevant, by applying rules that are acquired manually and/or automatically.
Engineered zinc-binding sites confirm proximity and orientation of transmembrane helices I and III in the human serotonin transporter.

The human serotonin transporter (hSERT) regulates neurotransmission by removing released serotonin (5-HT) from the synapse. Previous studies identified residues in SERT transmembrane helices (TMHs) I and III as interaction sites for substrates and antagonists. Despite an abundance of data supporting a 12-TMH topology, the arrangement of the TMHs in SERT and other biogenic amine transporters remains undetermined. A high-resolution structure of a bacterial leucine transporter that demonstrates homology with SERT has been reported, thus providing the basis for the development of a SERT model. Zn2+-binding sites have been utilized in transporters and receptors to define experimentally TMH proximity. Focusing on residues near the extracellular ends of hSERT TMHs I and III, we engineered potential Zn2+-binding sites between V102 or W103 (TMH I) and I179–L184 (TMH III). Residues were mutated to either histidine or cysteine. TMH I/III double mutants were constructed from functional TMH I mutants, and Zn2+ sensitivity was assessed. Dose-response assays suggest an approximately twofold increase in sensitivity to Zn2+ inhibition at the hSERT V102C/M180C and approximately fourfold at the V102C/I179C mutant compared to the hSERT V102C single mutant. We propose that the increased sensitivity to Zn2+ confirms the proximity and the orientation of TMHs I and III in the membrane. Homology modeling of the proposed Zn2+-binding sites using the coordinates of the Aquifex aeolicus leucine transporter structure provided a structural basis for interpreting the results and developing conclusions.
Epilepsy of the borderlands: seizure disorders in u.s. Latinos.

The U.S. Latino population has exploded, soon to become our largest minority and projected to become the majority in southern California by the early 21st century. Los Angeles has more inhabitants of Mexican descent than any Mexican city other than Mexico City itself. Latino communities are diverse ethnically and culturally, and Latinos with epilepsy have varied medical, psychological, and socioeconomic needs which have not been adequately studied. The Epilepsy Foundation of San Diego, with the support of the Alliance Healthcare Foundation, recently surveyed epilepsy needs in the Mexican-American communities of southern San Diego (EFSD). While preliminary, this survey breaks important ground, demonstrating extensive economic and cultural barriers to adequate quality of life for Latinos with epilepsy. Within Mexico and many Latin American countries, cysticercosis, a parasitic brain disease, is the leading identifiable cause of epilepsy. Overall, Latin America has a higher incidence of epilepsy than developed countries, due to cysticercosis as well as to high incidences of other conditions that cause seizures, such as birth trauma, civilian and military head trauma, and stroke. Latinos immigrating to the United States show a “healthy immigrant effect,” with lower frequency and severity of cysticercosis infections than their home populations, but cysticercosis nevertheless has become a common cause of epilepsy among first-generation Mexican-Americans, and may occur among second or third generations who have household contact with recent immigrants or who visit extensively in central Mexico. In the early 1980s, our University of California, San Diego, cysticercosis experience of some 17 patients was the largest U.S. series up to that time (1). With increasing influx of immigrants from Mexico and Latin America, cysticercosis now reportedly constitutes some 10% of total neurosurgical and neurological admissions at L.A. County Medical Center. In the United States, stroke is the leading cause of epilepsy among older Americans; in the Mexican-American and some other Latino communities, stroke may occur earlier in life and with greater overall frequency. This results from increased incidence of stroke risk factors such as diabetes, tobacco use, and