cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using deep learning for alcohol consumption recognition

As Convolutional Neural Networks continue to produce state of the art results, more types of data are being used to see the results that would be produced. Using the heart rate data that was collected using sensors from various subjects who consumed alcohol, we converted it from the 1D waveform into a set of spectrograms. The spectrograms were fed into two pretrained CNNs, CaffeNet and AlexNet, to determine whether or not the given spectrogram was an instance of alcohol consumption. Using 80 training images (40 positive, 40 negative) and 20 test images (10 positive, 10 negative), we achieved a test accuracy, after adjusting learning rate, number of iterations, and gradient descent algorithm, as well as the time window and coloration of the spectrograms, of 72% (n=20, 5 trials), which are promising results for non-audio waveforms.
Person-Based Optimization of Signal Timing: Accounting for Flexible Cycle Lengths and Uncertain Transit Vehicle Arrival Times

Recent studies have proposed the use of person-based frameworks for the optimization of traffic signal timing to minimize the total passenger delay experienced by passenger cars and buses at signalized intersections. The efficiency and applicability of existing efforts, however, have been limited by an assumption of fixed cycle lengths and deterministic bus arrival times. An existing algorithm for person-based optimization of signal timing for isolated intersections was extended to accommodate flexible cycle lengths and uncertain bus arrival times. To accommodate flexible cycle lengths, the mathematical program was redefined to minimize total passenger delay within a fixed planning horizon that allowed cycle lengths to vary within a feasible range. Two strategies were proposed to accommodate uncertain bus arrival times: (a) a robust optimization approach that conservatively minimized delays experienced in a worst-case scenario and (b) a blended strategy that combined deterministic optimization and rule-ba...
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of insulin aspart assessed by use of the isoglycemic clamp method in healthy cats.

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of insulin aspart in healthy cats following intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) injection. Eight healthy, purpose-bred cats were used in a randomized, crossover study design. Each cat had 2 isoglycemic clamps performed, one after receiving 0.25 IU/kg of insulin aspart by IM injection and one after receiving the same dose by SC injection. The two isoglycemic clamps were performed on different days, at least 48 h apart. The blood glucose, plasma endogenous insulin, and plasma insulin aspart concentrations were measured and the glucose infusion rate (GIR) was recorded during the clamp. The GIR over time was used to create a time-action curve for each clamp which was used to describe the PD of insulin aspart. Data that are normally distributed are reported as mean ± SD, while data that are not normally distributed are reported as median (25-75 percentile). When compared to the PD data that have been reported for regular insulin in healthy cats, insulin aspart had a more rapid onset (IM: 10 min [10-21.25 min], SC: 12.5 min [10-18.75 min]) and shorter duration of action (IM: 182.5 ± 34.33 min, SC: 159.38 ± 41.87 min). The onset of action (P = 0.795), time to peak action (P = 0.499), duration of action (P = 0.301), and total metabolic effect (P = 0.603) did not differ with route of administration; however, SC administration did result in a higher maximum plasma insulin aspart concentration (IM: 1,265.17 pmol/L [999.69-1,433.89 pmol/L], SC: 3,278.19 pmol/L [2,485.29-4,132.01 pmol/L], P = 0.000) and larger area under the insulin aspart vs time curve (IM: 82,662 ± 30,565 pmol/L, SC: 135,060 ± 39,026 pmol/L, P = 0.010). Insulin aspart has a rapid onset of action and short duration of effect in healthy cats when administered by IM and SC injection. Although it cannot be assumed that the PD and PK of insulin aspart will be the same in cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), our data support further investigation into the use of SC insulin aspart as an alternative to regular insulin for the treatment of DKA in cats.
Enhanced multidimensional field embedding method by potential fields for hyperspectral image classification and visualisation

Multidimensional field embedding methods have been demonstrated to effectively characterise spectral signatures in hyperspectral images. However, high-dimensional data composed of a number of classes presents challenges to the existing embedding methods. This Letter proposes an enhanced multidimensional field embedding algorithm based on the force field formulation. The comparative performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in the classification and visualisation of commonly used hyperspectral images. Experimental results demonstrate its superiority over previously used field embedding techniques.
Biological Perspectives on Sexual Perversion

The increasing concern about biological factors relevant to sexual perversions mirrors the growing recognition of the importance of biological factors to psychiatric disorders. Freud himself always maintained that biological factors would eventually be discovered that would contribute immensely to our understanding of psychological processes, including some physical and endocrinological factors; certainly, a number of biological factors have a bearing on sexual expression; nevertheless, we must always be mindful that, in as complex an organism as the human, sexual expression is influenced by many factors.1 The need for consequent restraint in drawing conclusions based upon any one set of factors has particular relevance in the area of sexual perversion, because of its inherent vulnerability to misconceptions.
Promises and Constraints of Virtual Reality Integration: Perceptions from Pre-Service Teachers and K-12 Students

This pilot study examines the perceptions of pre-service teachers and K-12 students on the promises and constraints of virtual reality integration into curriculum. The pre-service teachers participated in the professional development workshop that was based on the experiential learning model to design, implement, and evaluate VR lesson plans. Utilizing a case study method, the study findings reveal that VR integration can contribute to experiential immersion, student engagement, and authentic learning. The constraints remain mainly in physical adjustments, access to content, technology, funding, and professional development.
Retracing our STEPs: Four decades of progress in intestinal lengthening procedures for short bowel syndrome.

Abstract The surgical management of intestinal failure secondary to short bowel syndrome has undergone tremendous evolution in the last several decades. From the landmark description of an intestinal lengthening procedure by Bianchi in 1980 to the multidisciplinary modern care paradigm known as intestinal rehabilitation, innovative new treatments in this field have vastly improved patient outcomes. Initial attempts to treat short bowel syndrome surgically saw the birth of reversed intestinal segments, artificial valves and colonic transposition, all aimed at decreasing transit time and thus increasing absorption. In the long term, a common pitfall of these approaches, and intestinal adaptation itself, is bowel dilation and the associated poor motility, dysfunction and propensity for bacterial overgrowth. The development of techniques to mitigate these unfavorable conditions was a prelude to the birth of modern day operations aimed at increasing bowel length and improving function. This review examines the relevant historical approaches to short bowel syndrome and how they provided the foundation for the development of current intestinal lengthening surgery, followed by an in-depth discussion of surgical techniques and their outcomes.
Aspirin: Therapy or Trouble for LVAD Patients?

Purpose To assess clinical outcomes in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients with aspirin therapy discontinued. Methods We retrospectively analyzed all current LVAD patients at our institution who were at least 2 months post LVAD implant between 2014-2018 and discharged from the hospital (n=32). 14 patients who had their aspirin therapy discontinued either due to gastrointestinal (GI) bleed or epistaxis needing transfusion formed the “No Aspirin” study cohort. All demographic, clinical and blood transfusion data were collected utilizing patient electronic medical records. All patients were continued on warfarin with INR goal individualized by patient averaging between 1.5-2.5. Clinical events analyzed included a) death, b) any cerebrovascular event, c) pump thrombosis requiring LVAD exchange, d) hospital re-admissions for bleeding post- LVAD implantation, e) total number of blood products transfused per patient pre and post aspirin discontinuation and f) other LVAD related complications not neccissating a pump exchange such as outflow graft thrombosis. Results Mean age of the cohort was 71.3 ±12.6 years. 10 out of 14 patients (71%) were implanted as destination therapy. Patients were followed for a total of 3.3 patient years. Mean duration of follow-up post discontinuation of aspirin therapy was 540 ±459 days. No deaths, cerebrovascular events, or pump thrombosis requiring LVAD exchange were observed in the “No Aspirin” study population. 1 out of 14 patients developed an outflow graft thrombus which was attributed to kinking of the outflow graft. Conclusion In this single center study comprising primarily of destination LVAD therapy patients, hospital re-admissions for gastrointestinal bleeding was dramatically reduced post-aspirin therapy discontinuation (29% vs. 71%). This reduction in bleeding and related readmissions was achieved with no increase in major clinical adverse events such as death, stroke or LVAD pump thrombosis.
Booker Circumvention? Adjudication Strategies in the Advisory Sentencing Guidelines Era

This article addresses the question of policy circumvention in federal courts by examining how legal actors have differentially adapted their adjudicatory practices after U.S. v. Booker (2005) rendered the federal sentencing guidelines advisory rather than mandatory. By linking two distinct bodies of scholarship — the courts-as-communities scholarship that assesses and explains locale-based variations in criminal court operations and the socio-legal “law and organizations” scholarship that addresses how organizational actors translate and implement top-down legal policy reforms — this article argues that law-as-practiced is always temporally and spatially contingent. Expanding on prior quantitative research that addresses district-specific adaptations to Booker, this article re-ports on findings from a qualitative study recently conducted by the author of four federal districts. Based on these findings, this article examines within-district changes and between-district variations in: (1) legal actors’ perceptions of whether the Booker policy change impacted local practices and outcomes, and if so, the extent of its impact; (2) how legal strategies and practices have changed at three stages of the criminal process: charging, pre-conviction plea negotiations, and formal sentencing; and (3) interviewees’ perceptions about whether Booker contributed to greater racial or other disparities in case out-comes. Findings indicate that a dynamic, proactive adaptation process is taking place, conditioned by local norms but not fully dictated by those norms. They also make clear that changes in sentencing outcomes in the post-Booker period are not simply the result of liberated judges exercising their discretion, but rather are jointly produced by courtroom workgroup members through both contestation and cooperation. This inquiry is especially timely given both ongoing and proposed changes in federal sentencing policy that aim to maintain severity in punishment, re-impose constraints on legal actors, and threaten to exacerbate racial and ethnic inequalities in the federal criminal system.
“Original Ecology” Style of China’s Minority Performing Arts: Examples from Uyghur Music

This chapter argues how pre-modern and folk music practices, which started the “original ecology” style, should not only be grasped in an environmentalist frame but also be embedded with national connotation meant to cater to the new exotic tastes of middle-class Han Chinese urbanites.
The grand story of carbon

Although organic chemistry is often described as the sci-ence of carbon, Robert Hazen9s latest book, Sym¬phony in C, makes clear that this vital element cannot be contained by such a disciplinary boundary.
Subjective Ratings of Gender Dysphoria Scales by Transgender Individuals.

The present research explored transgender individuals’ subjective ratings of two clinical measures of gender dysphoria: the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults (GIDYQ-AA) and the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale (UGDS). Participants read each scale and provided a global rating regarding how well they captured their experiences of gender dysphoria. Participants included 622 transgender individuals who identified as transfeminine (n = 221), transmasculine (n = 206), and non-binary/agender (n = 195). Findings indicated clear patterns of responses across gender identity and assigned sex, but not clinical diagnosis. For the GIDYQ-AA, transfeminine and transmasculine individuals rated the scales more positively than did non-binary/agender individuals. In addition, participants who were assigned male rated the scale to be a more accurate measure of their dysphoria than did participants who were assigned female. For the UGDS, transfeminine individuals rated the scale most positively, followed by transmasculine individuals, and then non-binary/agender individuals. All pairwise comparisons were significant. Likewise, participants who were assigned male rated the scale to be a more accurate measure than did those who were assigned female. It is important to note that subjective ratings were relatively low (M = 3.40, SD = 1.09 for GIDYQ-AA; M = 3.43, SD = 1.22 for UGDS on a 5-point scale) where little more than half of the participants (52.5% GIDYQ-AA; 54% UGDS) agreed or strongly agreed that the scales captured their experience. Discussion focused on the implications for using these measures of gender dysphoria in both clinical and research settings.
Insight into the kinematics of blue whale surface foraging through drone observations and prey data.

To understand how predators optimize foraging strategies, extensive knowledge of predator behavior and prey distribution is needed. Blue whales employ an energetically demanding lunge feeding method that requires the whales to selectively feed where energetic gain exceeds energetic loss, while also balancing oxygen consumption, breath holding capacity, and surface recuperation time. Hence, blue whale foraging behavior is primarily driven by krill patch density and depth, but many studies have not fully considered surface feeding as a significant foraging strategy in energetic models. We collected predator and prey data on a blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda) foraging ground in New Zealand in February 2017 to assess the distributional and behavioral response of blue whales to the distribution and density of krill prey aggregations. Krill density across the study region was greater toward the surface (upper 20 m), and blue whales were encountered where prey was relatively shallow and more dense. This relationship was particularly evident where foraging and surface lunge feeding were observed. Furthermore, New Zealand blue whales also had relatively short dive times (2.83 ± 0.27 SE min) as compared to other blue whale populations, which became even shorter at foraging sightings and where surface lunge feeding was observed. Using an unmanned aerial system (UAS; drone) we also captured unique video of a New Zealand blue whale's surface feeding behavior on well-illuminated krill patches. Video analysis illustrates the whale's potential use of vision to target prey, make foraging decisions, and orient body mechanics relative to prey patch characteristics. Kinematic analysis of a surface lunge feeding event revealed biomechanical coordination through speed, acceleration, head inclination, roll, and distance from krill patch to maximize prey engulfment. We compared these lunge kinematics to data previously reported from tagged blue whale lunges at depth to demonstrate strong similarities, and provide rare measurements of gape size, and krill response distance and time. These findings elucidate the predator-prey relationship between blue whales and krill, and provide support for the hypothesis that surface feeding by New Zealand blue whales is an important component to their foraging ecology used to optimize their energetic efficiency. Understanding how blue whales make foraging decisions presents logistical challenges, which may cause incomplete sampling and biased ecological knowledge if portions of their foraging behavior are undocumented. We conclude that surface foraging could be an important strategy for blue whales, and integration of UAS with tag-based studies may expand our understanding of their foraging ecology by examining surface feeding events in conjunction with behaviors at depth.
TASK ALLOCATION PROBLEMS AND DISCRETE EVENT SYSTEMS

The allocation of tasks to humans and machines in complex systems is discussed from three perspectives. Systems engineering as manifested in the design of flexible manufacturing systems, organization design as applied to decision making teams that monitor and control engineering systems, and cognitive ergonomics are the three perspectives used. The limitations of fixed task allocations are articulated; while the case is made for integrated experimental and theoretical investigations that address the dynamic aspects of task allocation.
What Makes Short Selling Risky: Other Short Sellers

Short selling is risky. Borrowed shares may be recalled and the short seller may be forced to terminate a position early. The stock price may rise forcing the short seller to post additional collateral. Borrowing fees may be increased before the short position is closed. Utilization is the proportion of shares that are available to lend that are on loan. Each of these three short selling risks increase with high levels of utilization. Both high borrowing fees and high utilization are associated with lower stock returns and lower four-factor alphas over the following year.
Evaluating the Machine Learning Literature: A Primer and User’s Guide for Psychiatrists

“Mr. A,” a 24-year-old man, presents for evaluation of worsening depression. He describes a history of depression since adolescence, although he notes that he suffered a troubled childhood, includi...
Pathways to Critical Literacy Leadership: An Examination of a Cohort Model of Professional Development

As faculty at a land-grant university, we wanted to better understand the complexity of and pathways toward critical literacy leadership among educators. Specifically, we asked: What forms of criti...
Reactivity of chloroacetamides toward sulfide + black carbon: Insights from structural analogues and dynamic NMR spectroscopy.

Chloroacetamides are commonly used in herbicide formulations, and their occurrence has been reported in soils and groundwater. However, how their chemical structures affect transformation kinetics and pathways in the presence of environmental reagents such as hydrogen sulfide species and black carbon has not been investigated. In this work, we assessed the impact of increasing Cl substituents on reaction kinetics and pathways of six chloroacetamides. The contribution of individual pathways (reductive dechlorination vs. nucleophilic substitution) to the overall decay of selected chloroacetamides was differentiated using various experimental setups; both the transformation rates and product distributions were characterized. Our results suggest that the number of Cl substituents affected reaction pathways and kinetics: trichloroacetamides predominantly underwent reductive dechlorination whereas mono- and dichloroacetamides transformed via nucleophilic substitution. Furthermore, we synthesized eight dichloroacetamide analogs (Cl2CHC(=O)NRR') with differing R groups and characterized their transformation kinetics. Dynamic NMR spectroscopy was employed to quantify the rotational energy barriers of dichloroacetamides. Our results suggest that adsorption of dichloroacetamides on black carbon constrained R groups from approaching the dichloromethyl carbon and subsequently favored nucleophilic attack. This study provides new insights to better predict the fate of chloroacetamides in subsurface environments by linking their structural characteristics to transformation kinetics and pathways.
Evolutionary study of maize dwarf mosaic virus using nearly complete genome sequences acquired by next-generation sequencing

Next-generation sequencing is a robust approach to sequence plant virus genomes in a very short amount of time compared to traditional sequencing methods. Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) is one of the most important plant viruses worldwide and a significant threat to maize production. In this study, we sequenced 19 MDMV isolates (10 from Johnsongrass and 9 from maize) collected in Oklahoma and Missouri during 2017-2019 using Illumina sequencing and determined the genetic diversity. Sequence reads were assembled and 19 nearly complete genome sequences of MDMV isolates were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genomes nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed two main clusters and a close evolutionary relationship among 19 MDMV isolates. Statistical analysis of individual genes for site-specific selection revealed that all genes are under negative selection. The fixation index (FST) analysis of the MDMV isolates revealed no gene flow between the two main phylogenetic clusters, which emphasizes the divergence of MDMV isolates from the USA. Among the USA MDMV isolates, the mean genetic distance (d) and nucleotide diversity ((π) were highest in the P1 gene coding region. This is the first detailed study on the evolutionary relationship of MDMV isolates based on the nearly complete genome analysis from maize and Johnsongrass.
Post-Deployment Configuration Management

Configuration management must move beyond its traditional development-time concerns with source files. Future software systems will be delivered in binary form and will be composed from pre-existing systems. The term Post-Deployment Configuration Management is proposed to address the problems introduced in managing these new kinds of versioned configurations.
EFFECT OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH) ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (IS) OF GH DEFICIENT CHILDREN

We measured serum immunoglobulins, B cells, total, suppressor (S) and helper (H) T cells, lymphocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function in 8 GH deficient children before and at 1-3 month intervals for 1 year of HGH treatment (tx). The patients' ages were 1-17 years. HGH was provided by the National Pituitary Agency. The growth rates of all patients increased on tx. Prior to therapy the IS was normal in all. Treatment with HGH resulted in a significant fall in % B cells in 7/8 patients. By 12 months B cell values returned to pre-treatment levels in 4/7 and to higher than lowest values in all. (See Table) Lymphoblast responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) decreased in all 8 patients during the course of tx, in 7/8 by 6 months. At 12 months PHA response was suppressed in all 4 tested. A transient decrease in T H to T S cell ratio was noted in 4/8 patients. The rest of the immune parameters tested remained unchanged. None of the patients had an increase in number of infections during tx. We report here evidence that HGH tx has a profound influence on the immune system, affecting % B cells, PHA response and TH/S ratio.
Mental Multiplication (for Social Scientists) Made Easy

This outline provides a basic introduction to techniques used to perform mental multiplication, including squares, quickly and accurately. It is intended for social scientists and other non-S.T.E.M. professionals obligated to deal with numbers on a daily basis (e.g., tax attorneys, accountants, etc.). After reviewing this brief paper and practicing the techniques, readers should be able to perform complex multiplication calculations in a matter of seconds.
Toward an HIV vaccine: A scientific journey

In the face of a global pandemic, the search for an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains an urgent priority. From the first HIV vaccine trials in the 1980s to the present, a tension has existed between the desire to move quickly to clinical trials to stem the spread of the epidemic and the view that research into HIV pathogenesis and host immunity were necessary predicates to and informative of vaccine design. Those advocating the first strategy—an empirical (or inductive) approach—argued that in vitro and animal studies were poorly predictive of the human response to HIV infection and that the only way to gauge vaccine efficacy was to test candidates in humans. Those advocating the second strategy—a theoretical (or deductive) approach—hoped to establish an understanding of the immune response to natural infection and to find ways to recapitulate and enhance that response through vaccination. Today, these approaches are coalescing into concomitant paths toward a safe and effective HIV vaccine.
Xanthine oxidase does not contribute to impaired peripheral conduit artery endothelium-dependent dilatation with ageing

Vascular oxidative stress is the key mechanism involved in the age-related decline in endothelium-dependent dilatation (EDD). We tested the hypothesis that xanthine oxidase (XO), a major vascular source of reactive oxygen species, contributes to the impairment in EDD with ageing. At baseline, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was 55% lower in older (n = 9, 64 +/- 2 years, 8M/1F, mean +/- S.E.M.) versus young (n = 9, 26 +/- 1 years, 8M/1F) healthy adults (3.41 +/- 0.44 versus 7.53 +/- 0.67%, P < 0.001), whereas endothelium-independent dilatation (EID; sublingual nitroglycerin) did not differ between groups. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxi-LDL), a measure of systemic oxidative stress, was greater at baseline in the older subjects (58.3 +/- 5.9 versus 46.8 +/- 2.4 U l(-1), P < 0.05) and inversely correlated with baseline FMD (r = - 0.54; P < 0.05). Acute administration of allopurinol, a competitive inhibitor of XO, reduced plasma uric acid concentrations similarly in both groups (P < 0.001), but did not affect FMD, EID, or oxi-LDL in either group. Vascular endothelial protein expression of XO (immunofluorescence) was not different in antecubital venous cells from the young and older subjects (0.56 +/- 0.12 versus 0.68 +/- 0.19 XO intensity/human umbilical vein endothelial cell intensity, P = 0.49). We conclude that XO does not contribute to oxidative stress-associated reductions in peripheral conduit artery EDD with ageing in humans, possibly due to an absence of age-associated up-regulation of endothelial XO.
Significance of the solid component in predicting malignancy in ovarian cystic teratomas: diagnostic considerations.

Objective. To determine whether gray scale characteristics of the solid components of cystic ovarian teratomas exist that could differentiate more common benign forms from malignant variants. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the sonographic images of 188 ovarian teratomas that contain at least a 25% cystic component and correlated the images with the final diagnosis. Features of the solid component assessed included its echo texture, overall appearance, shape, size, and internal homogeneity. Results. One-hundred seventy-seven teratomas were benign, and 11 were malignant; among the malignant masses, 7 were high grade. Of the benign forms, 155 solid components (88%) were hyperechoic, 168 (95%) were focal in appearance, 105 (59%) were nodular in shape, and 123 (69%) were uniformly solid. Of the malignant types, 9 solid components (82%) were isoechoic, 6 (55%) had branching, 6 (55%) were irregular in shape, and 8 (73%) were uniformly solid. Five malignant teratomas (45% overall and 71% of high-grade subtypes) had branching isoechoic components. Only 2 benign teratomas (1 %) had isoechoic components that branched. Conclusions. The presence of a branching isoechoic component in a cystic ovarian teratoma may suggest malignancy.
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)‐3,3‐dimethyltitanacyclobutane

[80122-07-2] C15H20Ti (MW 248.20) InChI = 1S/2C5H5.C5H10.Ti/c2*1-2-4-5-3-1;1-5(2,3)4;/h2*1-5H;1-2H2,3-4H3; InChIKey = ACAURFWCNLAKCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (methylenating agent for alkenation of carbonyl compounds, particularly esters, ketones, and aldehydes;1a,c of low basicity and functions without epimerization at α-chiral centers; catalyst precursor in living ring-opening metathesis polymerization1b) Solubility: very sol dichloromethane, diethyl ether, and toluene; moderately sol pentane.2 Form Supplied in: red crystalline solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: by 1H NMR (toluene-d8, −10 °C)3 or by bromination in ether at −20 °C followed by quantitation of the 1,3-dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane product by GC.4 Preparative Methods: most often prepared from the Tebbe reagent 1 by reaction with isobutene and 4-dimethylaminopyridine in dichloromethane.3 Alternatively, may be formed in 89% yield from Cp2TiCl2 and a 1,3-di-Grignard reagent, which is in turn obtained from 1,3-dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane in 18% yield.4, 5 Purification: may be recrystallized by slow cooling of a toluene solution from 0 °C to −78 °C under an inert atmosphere. Recrystallization from diethyl ether is also effective. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the title reagent (2a) may be stored indefinitely under nitrogen atmosphere, preferably in the dark. Although this titanacycle is moderately air- and water-sensitive, it may be handled in air for brief periods. In solution this complex is labile and will decompose to give the purple dimer [Cp2Ti(μ-CH2)]2,6 as well as isobutene and other uncharacterized products. Solutions should be prepared at 0 °C and used immediately.2
Wave number estimation based method on in situ pavement ground truth with near source-receiver sensing

SASW (Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves) is practical and relatively effective in characterizing subsurface ground truth. According to the surface wave in the interesting range of frequency, some criteria for source-receiver configuration are employed and limit the applications. Challenges emerge when SASW is applied to study the surface wave involving multiple modes effect and when the source is near the receiver. In such cases, multiple modes effects and evanescent wave fields are present in array sensing and might weaken the inversion accuracy of pavement subsurface profile. In this work, these issues were investigated and a complex wave number estimation based method was proposed. The complex wave number was estimated by iterative linear exponential fitting from wave field model to response measurements. Evanescent wave for near field and multiple modes effects were focused in the proposed method. Finally, simulated signals from FEA model were processed to demonstrate the algorithm and the results were discussed.
Delayed emission of cold positronium from mesoporous materials

It is well known that ortho-positronium (ortho-Ps) atoms are emitted with high efficiency from various porous materials following the implantation of positrons. Since the ortho-Ps lifetime in a mesoporous material may be a substantial fraction of the ortho-Ps vacuum lifetime ($142$ ns), the time dependence of Ps emission may have to be considered when conducting certain types of experiments, such as time of flight measurements or pulsed ortho-Ps-laser interactions, when using this kind of target as a positronium source. By taking into account the positron implantation profile and subsequent Ps diffusion and decay in a mesoporous film we calculate the time dependent ortho-Ps emission rate $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$($t$), which in turn allows us to establish the total annihilation rate, arising from the decay of ortho-Ps both inside and outside the sample. Using time-delayed laser spectroscopy and single-shot lifetime measurements we have directly probed the rate at which Ps is emitted into vacuum from a target with $~$3-nm diameter pores and have observed delayed ortho-Ps emission that is consistent with our model. From the ortho-Ps decay spectrum we find that, whereas a simple two-component lifetime fit gives a short lifetime of $25.3$$\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$$0.3$ ns, an analysis that properly takes into account the emission rate yields an ortho-Ps lifetime inside the porous material of $32.3$$\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$$1.2$ ns, demonstrating that the ortho-Ps escape rate into vacuum can significantly modify the apparent lifetime of ortho-Ps inside a mesoporous material. Our measurements yield a Ps diffusion coefficient $D$ $=$ $0.07$ $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ $0.01$ cm${}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is consistent with a tunneling limited diffusion process.
The relation of hostility to lipids and lipoproteins in women: Evidence for the role of antagonistic hostility.

We examined the relation of antagonistic, neurotic, and cynical hostility to lipids and lipoproteins in 77 healthy women (aged 18–26) selected for having high (>17) or low (<12) scores on the Cook-Medley Hostility (Ho) scale. Fasting lipids were determined during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle for oral contraceptive (OC) non-users (N=41), and during pills 15–21 for OC users (N=36). Factor scores for antagonistic and neurotic hostility were derived from a principal component of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Spielberger's Anger Expression, and the NEO-Personality Inventory. High Ho scores were significantly associated with higher cholesterol. Antagonistic hostility significantly predicted cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and the ratio of cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol, with higher antagonistic hostility scores associated with higher levels. Neurotic hostility did not predict lipids. Results suggest a potential pathophysiological mechanism that may contribute to the association between hostility and coronary heart disease. Moreover, a measure of antagonistic hostility, relative to cynical and neurotic hostility, was the best predictor of lipid levels.
Neandertal taxonomy reconsidered...again: a response to Harvati et al. (2004)

The debate concerning the fate of the Neandertals has been ongoing since shortly after the discovery of the Feldhofer 1 skeleton in 1856. Were the Neandertals an extinct side-branch in human evolution or were they ancestral to modern humans? If they were an extinct side-branch, reproductively isolated from modern humans, then they should be classified as a distinct species, Homo neanderthalensis. On the other hand, if Neandertals were not reproductively isolated from modern humans, they represented a temporospatial population of Homo sapiens. Harvati et al. (2004) have made a welcome contribution to the literature regarding the taxonomy of the Neandertals. They used patterns of three-dimensional morphometric variation within
Evidence for the heritability of resistance to brown root rot of alfalfa, caused by Phoma sclerotioides

Brown root rot (BRR) of alfalfa, caused by Phoma sclerotioides, a low-temperature pathogen, is associated with winterkill in the contiguous United States. Identified in Canada during the 1920s, BRR has been identified from legume roots in four western Canadian provinces. Some Canadian cultivars exhibit BRR resistance, although only one was consciously selected for the trait. Heritability of BRR resistance was evaluated in this study in which containergrown alfalfa plants were inoculated with P. sclerotioides. Plants that were evaluated are progeny (cycle 1) of one generation of selection and intermating of healthy plants drawn from six diverse North American alfalfa populations (five commercial cultivars, one experimental population) that survived exposure to P. sclerotioides soil infestation for several winters. These were evaluated together with plants grown from seed of the original unselected populations (cycle 0), and putative check cultivars ‘Multi-plier’ (BRR susceptible) and ‘Peace’ (BRR resistant...
A compatible and conservative spectral element method on unstructured grids

We derive a formulation of the spectral element method which is compatible on very general unstructured three-dimensional grids. Here compatible means that the method retains discrete analogs of several key properties of the divergence, gradient and curl operators: the divergence and gradient are anti-adjoints (the negative transpose) of each other, the curl is self-adjoint and annihilates the gradient operator, and the divergence annihilates the curl. The adjoint relations hold globally, and at the element level with the inclusion of a natural discrete element boundary flux term. We then discretize the shallow-water equations on the sphere using the cubed-sphere grid and show that compatibility allows us to locally conserve mass, energy and potential vorticity. Conservation is obtained without requiring the equations to be in conservation form. The conservation is exact assuming exact time integration.
Metric space-based test-base adequacy criteria

Presentation d'un modele theorique pour la notion d'adequation d'un programme de test. Le critere adopte peut faire la distinction entre un programme donne et une classe de programmes existante. En particulier, la notion de «distance» entre programmes est introduite et utilisee
Sociality made simple

The honey bee has long fascinated both scientists and the general public. Expressions such as “make a bee-line” and “don’t be a mindless drone” exemplify the impact of bees on our everyday lives. For scientists, honey bees have been both an experimental workhorse and a source of biological wonder. Research into honey bee social behavior, in particular, has a long history and explores many related themes. At the phenotypic level, there are the rich systems of division of labor along with the intricate communication systems that allow for group level coordination of action.
Allele-specific suppression of temperature-sensitive mutations of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD52 gene.

We screened forrad52 suppressors against temperature-sensitive (ts), missense, nonsense, and deletionrad52 mutations. Except for the deletion strain all mutants yielded suppressor candidates, indicating that suppressors completely bypassing the need forRAD52 are rare. Characterization of seven, recessive extragenic suppressors from our screen and two previously identified suppressors revealed that nearly all exhibit allele specificity. The allele specificity is positional in that suppressors that suppress a is mutation in the C-terminal third of the coding region do not suppress three is mutations in the N-terminal third. Conversly, suppressors against one of the three N-terminal mutations suppress more than one of these mutations but not the C-terminal mutation.
Vaginal breech delivery of selected infants weighing more than 2000 grams

This retrospective study analyzes 580 term and near-term singleton pregnancies complicated by breech presentation from 1976 through 1982. Vaginal delivery was achieved in 174 patients (30%), 135 of which were selectively allowed a trial of labor. Six infant deaths occurred (1 %); all were neonatal deaths directly related to lethal congenital anomalies, for a corrected neonatal mortality rate of 0%. No significant difference was found in the incidence of low Apgar scores, traumatic birth injury, or requirement for neonatal resuscitation between those infants delivered by cesarean section and those delivered vaginally. Although no maternal deaths occurred, cesarean section was associated with a 38-fold increase in significant maternal morbidity. These data suggest that with careful patient selection and fetal monitoring, vaginal delivery of the term or near-term breech infant remains a real alternative to routine cesarean delivery of all breech infants. A selection and management protocol is proposed.
Supporting Distributed Application Workflows in Heterogeneous Computing Environments

Next-generation computation-intensive applications in various fields of science and engineering feature large-scale computing workflows with complex structures that are often modeled as directed acyclic graphs. Supporting such task graphs and optimizing their end-to-end network performances in heterogeneous computing environments are critical to the success of these distributed applications that require fast response. We construct analytical models for computing modules, network nodes, and communication links to estimate data processing and transport overhead, and formulate the task graph mapping with node reuse and resource sharing for minimum end-to-end delay as an NP-complete optimization problem. We propose a heuristic approach to this problem that recursively computes and maps the critical path to the network using a dynamic programming-based procedure. The performance superiority of the proposed approach is justified by an extensive set of experiments on simulated data sets in comparison with existing methods.
A time expanded matroid algorithm for finding optimal dynamic matroid intersections

The problems of finding a maximal cardinality or a maximal weight matroid intersection problem are well solved. We introduce dynamic versions of these problems and present a simple algorithm to solve them. The main idea of the solution procedure is to replace the dynamic problems by corresponding (static!) matroid intersection problems in larger matroids — the time expanded matroids. As an example we solve a dynamic spanning forest problem.
Sequential use of instruments at operative vaginal delivery: Is it safe?

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to examine maternal and neonatal outcomes in a cohort of women who underwent delivery with the sequential use of instruments. Study Design: This retrospective case-control study included deliveries from May 1996 through March 1998. Charts of women who underwent delivery with the sequential use of instruments (vacuum first, then forceps, or vice versa) were identified. Two control groups (1 forceps group, 1 vacuum group) were randomly selected and matched for each case. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were abstracted and compared. Results: There were 34 patients in each group. There were no significant demographic differences. The vacuum group had lower rates of episiotomy ( P = .01) and deep perineal lacerations ( P = .014), whereas these outcomes were similar in the sequential and forceps groups. All other maternal outcomes were equivalent. There were no differences in any neonatal parameter except for superficial scalp trauma, which was more common in the vacuum group ( P = .002). Conclusion: We conclude that the prudent use of sequential instruments at operative vaginal delivery did not engender higher rates of maternal or neonatal morbidity. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1446-9.)
Executive power and policy‐making patterns in France: Gauging the impact of fifth republic institutions

This article attempts to gauge the impact that the institutions of the Fifth Republic have had on governmental behaviour and patterns of policy‐making in France. It is argued that the institutional changes introduced in 1958 have produced profound effects largely in line with the founders' intentions. The enhancement of executive power has produced strong governments capable of dominating the legislative process even in face of the most adverse political contingencies. However, the extraordinary powers of the executive have also generated some consequences unintended by the founders. The strong government system, designed to cure the malaise of the Fourth Republic, has combined with the nature of the party system to produce a distinctive Fifth Republic malaise that has proven most difficult to cure.
Testing separability of production using flexible functional form profit functions

Abstract We show that the dual implications of separability depend crucially on whether profit is transformed non-linearly in modern flexible form production systems. In any case where profit is non-linearly transformed (as in the translog), homothetic separability is maintained.
Speaking Truth to Power: Women's Rights as Human Rights

The author considers the treatment of women's rights as human rights in the social studies curriculum. She discusses the role of the United Nations in promoting women's rights since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. She also reviews the treatment of women's rights within social studies curriculum today through a review of the curriculum guidelines of each U.S. state. The author calls for greater attention to placing the study of the world's women into a human rights framework within social studies curricula across the United States.
Classification of trabecular structure in magnetic resonance images based on morphological granulometries

A new method of detecting structured changes in trabecular bone, such as those associated with osteoporosis, was evaluated on magnetic resonance images of the wrist. The method was based on gray-scale morphological granulometries which classify image texture by iteratively filtering an image and measuring the rate of change of structural diminution in a filtered-image sequence. A classification scheme capable of distinguishing structural changes in trabecular bone starting from normal trabeculae through sclerotic, cystic, and grossly porotic bone is presented. Results of the application of this technique to the evaluation of high resolution magnetic resonance images of the wrist are presented.
Egypt Education System: A Monocultural Education in a Multicultural Society

Egyptian minority students are stereotyped by Egyptian majority students, teachers, and administrators based on an assumed range of activities, characteristics, or behaviors. They are discriminated against and treated less favorably on the grounds of their religious background. This article explores the difficult positions that teachers and administrators may encounter in ethnically, culturally, and religiously diverse settings. It investigates how stereotyping Egyptian Christians as a religious minority in Egypt causes them to face discrimination on a daily basis. It also discusses how the discriminatory educational practices and policies, curriculum and textbook, and school environment in Egypt have resulted in a monoculture education system in a multicultural society.
Functional interaction between the CSE2 gene product and centromeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The cse2-1 allele was identified through a genetic screen for mutations affecting chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This mutation confers cold and temperature sensitivity and causes increases in mitotic chromosome non-disjunction and loss. The CSE2 gene encodes a 17 kDa protein with a basic region-leucine zipper motif. Disruption of CSE2 is not lethal but results in the accumulation of large-budded cells. Here, we report that disruption of CSE2 results in a significant increase in chromosome missegregation, slower growth and defective meiosis. The combination of the CSE2 disruption and a mutant centromere results in a synergistic effect on both cell growth and cell viability. These data suggest a functional interaction between the CSE2 protein and the yeast centromere.