cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymer, metal, and ceramic matrix composites for advanced aircraft engine applications

Advanced aircraft engine research within NASA Lewis focuses on propulsion systems for subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic aircraft. Each of these flight regimes requires different types of engines, but all require advanced materials to meet their goals of performance, thrust-to-weight ratio, and fuel efficiency. The high strength/weight and stiffness/weight properties of resin, metal, and ceramic matrix composites will play an increasingly key role in meeting these performance requirements. At NASA Lewis, research is ongoing to apply graphite/polyimide composites to engine components and to develop polymer matrices with higher operating temperature capabilities. Metal matrix composites, using magnesium, aluminum, titanium, and superalloy matrices, are being developed for application to static and rotating engine components, as well as for space applications, over a broad temperature range. Ceramic matrix composites are also being examined to increase the toughness and reliability of ceramics for application to high-temperature engine structures and components.
Calix[4]azulene.

Azulene reacts with paraformaldehyde in the presence of florisil to give excellent yields of calix[4]azulene.
Synthesis of Homoallylic Chiral Tertiary Alcohols via Chelation-Controlled Diastereoselective Nucleophilic Addition on α-Alkoxyketones: Application for the Synthesis of the C1−C11 Subunit of 8-epi-Fostriecin

Chiral β-syn-alkoxyhomoallylic alcohols derived from alkoxyallylboration of aldehydes upon oxidation provided the corresponding chiral ketones. Chelation-controlled nucleophilic addition to these ketones occurred in a highly stereoselective manner to afford anti-homoallylic tertiary alcohols. This methodology has been applied for the synthesis of the C1−C11 subunit of C8-epi-fostriecin.
Inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by soy isoflavones, in vitro and in vivo.

Soy-containing foods and dietary supplements are widely consumed for putative health benefits (e.g. cancer chemoprevention, beneficial effects on serum lipids associated with cardiovascular health, reduction of osteoporosis, relief of menopausal symptoms). However, studies of soy isoflavones in experimental animals suggest possible adverse effects as well (e.g. enhancement of reproductive organ cancer, modulation of endocrine function, anti-thyroid effects). This paper reviews the evidence in humans and animals for anti-thyroid effects of soy and its principal isoflavones, genistein and daidzein.
Characterizing type I C*-algebras via entropy

Abstract Let A be a separable unital C * -algebra. It is shown that A is type I if and only if the CNT-entropy of every inner automorphism of A is zero. To cite this article: N.P. Brown, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 339 (2004).
Chiral rings do not suffice: n=(2,2) theories with nonzero fundamental group

Abstract The Kahler moduli space of a particular non-simply-connected Calabi-Yau manifold is mapped out using mirror symmetry. It is found that, for the model considered, the chiral ring may be identical for different associated conformal field theories. This ambiguity is explained in terms of both A-model and B-model language. It also provides an apparent counterexample to the global Torelli problem for Calabi-Yau threefolds.
Improved reagent for electrophilic amination of stabilized carbanions.

Enolate amination using O-di(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphinylhydroxylamine 2 is reported. Reagent 2 reacts efficiently with stabilized sodium or potassium enolates derived from malonates, phenylacetates, and phenylacetonitriles and is sufficiently soluble for use in solution at −78 °C.
Outpatient Geriatric Evaluation

This article provides a comprehensive description of an established geriatric ambulatory consultation service at Monroe Community Hospital in Rochester, New York. The history of the service is presented and clinic staffing and operations are reviewed. Descriptive information for patients evaluated during a 1-year period and the impact of this team-oriented assessment compared to assessment by physicians are provided.
A hydrologic and geomorphic model of estuary breaching and closure

Abstract To better understand how the hydrology of bar-built estuaries affects breaching and closing patterns, a model is developed that incorporates an estuary hydrologic budget with a geomorphic model of the inlet system. Erosion of the inlet is caused by inlet flow, whereas the only morphologic effect of waves is the deposition of sand into the inlet. When calibrated, the model is able to reproduce the initial seasonal breaching, seasonal closure, intermittent closures and breaches, and the low-streamflow (closed state) estuary hydrology of the Carmel Lagoon, located in Central California. Model performance was tested against three separate years of water-level observations. When open during these years, the inlet was visually observed to drain directly across the beach berm, in accordance with model assumptions. The calibrated model predicts the observed 48-h estuary stage amplitude with root mean square errors of 0.45 m, 0.39 m and 0.42 m for the three separate years. For the calibrated model, the probability that the estuary inlet is closed decreases exponentially with increasing inflow (streamflow plus wave overtopping), decreasing 10-fold in probability as mean daily inflow increases from 0.2 to 1.0 m 3 /s. Seasonal patterns of inlet state reflect the seasonal pattern of streamflow, though wave overtopping may become the main hydrologic flux during low streamflow conditions, infrequently causing short-lived breaches. In a series of sensitivity analyses it is seen that the status of the inlet and storage of water are sensitive to factors that control the storage, transmission, and inflow of water. By varying individual components of the berm system and estuary storage, the amount of the time the estuary is open may increase by 57%, or decrease by 44%, compared to the amount of time the estuary is open during calibrated model conditions for the 18.2-year model period. The individual components tested are: berm height, width, length, and hydraulic conductivity; estuary hypsometry (storage to stage relationship); two factors that control wave-swash sedimentation of the inlet; and sea level rise. The elevation of the berm determines the volume of water that must enter the estuary in order to breach, and it modulates the wave-overtopping flux and frequency. By increasing estuary storage capacity, the estuary will breach less frequently (− 27% change in time open for modeled excavation scenario) and store water up to 3 months later into the summer. Altering beach aquifer hydraulic conductivity affects inlet state, and patterns of breaching and water storage. As a result of sea-level rise of 1.67 m by 2100, and a beach berm that remains in its current location and accretes vertically, the amount of time the estuary remains open may decrease by 44%. Such a change is an end-member of likely scenarios given that the berm will translate landwards. Model results indicate that the amount of time the estuary is open is more sensitive to changes in wave run-up than the amount of sand deposited in the inlet per each overtopping wave.
Thin position and planar surfaces for graphs in the 3-sphere

We show that given a trivalent graph in S 3 , either the graph complement contains an essential almost meridional planar surface or, after edge slides, thin position for the graph is also bridge position. This can be viewed as an extension of a theorem of Thompson to graphs. It follows that any graph complement always contains a useful planar surface.
Ultrafast Deformation in Femtosecond Laser Heating

The hot-electron blasting model is extended in this work to describe the ultrafast deformation in thin metal films during the sub-picosecond to picosecond domain. The driving force exerting on the cold metal lattices is induced by the highly heated electrons, dictated by both the temperature and temperature gradient established in the hot electron during the picosecond transient. Since the metal lattices remain almost thermally undisturbed in this highly non-equilibrium regime, the resulting ultrafast deformation patterns cannot be described by the classical dynamical theory of thermoelasticity. The phonon-electron interaction model is used to describe the electron temperature and hence the driving force. The dominating parameters characterizing the nonlinearly coupled ultrafast heating and deformation are identified. Method of lines is used to solve the coupled field equations describing ultrafast deformation in the picosecond domain
Accelerated procedure for the design of equiripple nonrecursive digital filters

An accelerated procedure for the design of equiripple nonrecursive digital filters is described. The new procedure entails two techniques. The first technique is a selective search for the maxima of the error function, and it replaces the exhaustive search proposed by Rabiner, McClellan and Parks. It leads to a large saving in the number of function evaluations. The second technique is a more effective approach for the rejection of superfluous maxima of the error function. It can lead to a significant reduction in the number of iterations. The two techniques together lead to an overall saving in the amount of computation in the range 55 to 83%, depending on the filter specifications.
MHV vertices and tree amplitudes in gauge theory

As an alternative to the usual Feynman graphs, tree amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory can be constructed from tree graphs in which the vertices are tree level MHV scattering amplitudes, continued off shell in a particular fashion. The formalism leads to new and relatively simple formulas for many amplitudes, and can be heuristically derived from twistor space.
Duocarmycin SA Shortened, Simplified, and Extended Agents: A Systematic Examination of the Role of the DNA Binding Subunit

The examination of shortened, simplified, and extended analogs of duocarmycin SA is described and constitutes a detailed study of the role of linked DNA binding subunit. In addition to enhancing the DNA binding affinity and selectivity through minor groove noncovalent contacts, the studies in conjunction with those of the accompanying article illustrate that an extended rigid N2 amide substituent is required for catalysis of the DNA alkylation reaction. This activation for DNA alkylation is independent of pH, and we propose it results from a binding-induced conformational change in the agents which increases their inherent reactivity. The ground state destabilization of the substrate results from a twist in the linking amide that disrupts the vinylogous amide stabilization of the alkylation subunit and activates the agent for nucleophilic addition. This leads to preferential activation of the agents for DNA alkylation within the narrower, deeper AT-rich minor groove sites where the inherent twist in the l...
Matter-ghost mixing and the exact 2D black hole metric

Abstract We study a revised version of Witten's 2D black hole, in which the matter and ( b , c ) ghosts are mixed. The level of the coset model is still 9 4 . We show that this model is equivalent to that of Mukhi and Vafa, in which the level of the coset model is taken as 3, and the stress tensor is improved. We argue that the exact metric in such a model is just the semi-classical one, quite different from the exact metric in Witten's black hole, being studied by Dijkgraaf, Verlinde and Verlinde. In addition, there appear ghost-related terms as a part of the background in the world sheet action.
Does Campaign Spending Work?: Field Experiments Provide Evidence and Suggest New Theory

This article reports the results of several field experiments designed to measure campaign effects in partisan contests. The findings suggest incumbent campaigns failed to increase incumbent vote share, whereas the challenger campaign was effective. To understand these and other results, the incumbent’s optimal spending strategy was analyzed theoretically. The analysis reveals that if incumbents maximize their probability of victory rather than vote share, campaigns by typical incumbents are expected to produce only minimal improvement in incumbent vote share. The analysis also explains how returns to campaign spending vary with the competitiveness of the election, how incumbent spending can improve the incumbent’s probability of victory yet have only minimal effect on incumbent vote share, and why rational spending plans might decrease the sponsor’s expected vote. This article demonstrates the wide scope of application for field experiments and provides an example of how experimental findings can serve a...
Critical phenomena in 3.99 dimensions

Abstract Landau's mean-field theory of critical phenomena is corrected to take fluctuations into account. It is shown that fluctuations of intermediate wavelengths are the crucial effect producing non-classical exponent (intermediate wavelengths are much larger than the range of forces, much smaller than the correlation length). A simple-minded analysis of these fluctuations produces improved exponents for spatial dimension d less than 4. The exponents have an expansion in e = d -4. The Landau theory is 0th-order term; the terms of order e give better agreement with experiment than the Landau theory. Terms of order e 2 have been calculated using a more sophisticated theory.
Nested lattice codes for arbitrary continuous sources and channels

In this paper, we show that nested lattice codes achieve the capacity of arbitrary continuous channels with or without non-causal state information at the transmitter. We also show that nested lattice codes are optimal for source coding with or without non-causal side information at the receiver for arbitrary continuous sources. We show the optimality of lattice codes for the Gelfand-Pinsker and Wyner-Ziv problems in their most general settings.
Quantum dots-in-a-well infrared photodetectors

Novel InAs/InGaAs quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) infrared photodetectors are reviewed. These detectors, in which the active region consists of InAs quantum dots (QDs) embedded in an InGaAs quantum well, represent a hybrid between a conventional quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) and a QD infrared photodetector (QDIP). Like QDIPs, DWELL detectors display normal incidence operation without gratings or optocouplers while demonstrating reproducible 'dial-in recipes' for control over the operating wavelength, like QWIPs. Using femtosecond spectroscopy, long carrier lifetimes have been observed in DWELL heterostructures, suggesting their potential for high temperature operation. Moreover, DWELL detectors have also demonstrated bias-tunability and multicolour operation in the mid-wave infrared (3–5 µm), long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8–12 µm) and very long-wave infrared (>14 µm) regimes. We have recently developed LWIR 320 × 256 focal plane arrays operating at liquid nitrogen temperatures. One of the potential problems with these detectors is the low quantum efficiency, which translates into low responsivity and detectivity. Some solutions for mitigating these problems are suggested at the end of this paper.
The response of exchange rates to permanent and transitory shocks under floating exchange rates

Abstract Using the joint behavior of inflation and real exchange rates, we develop an empirical model to uncover the sources of the fluctuations in the real dollar exchange rates of four major industrial countries under the current float. This model allows us to construct two time series for each country pair, one representing the permanent component of each real exchange rate, and the other the purely transitory component. Over the period as a whole, transitory shocks played a relatively small but statistically significant role. Real dollar exchange rates therefore did not simply evolve in response to permanent shocks. Instead, there are instances in which temporary shocks made a substantial contribution. We conclude that the random walk model, though an approximate statistical description of real-exchange-rate behavior, is a poor guide to model structure. (JEL F31).
Remote sensing of sound speed in the ocean via Brillouin scattering

A Brillouin LIDAR approach to range-resolved, remote measurements of sound speed (and temperature) in the ocean is described. Two greatly simplified versions can also provide (1) for very accurate measurements of the particulate scattering function βp(θ) at θ =180°, and (2) for detection and identification of submerged objects. For sound speed (temperature), realistic objectives are an accuracy of 0.2 m/s (0.1°C) over a range of the order of 100 m in clear ocean with a range resolution of approximately 1 m. Our approach provides high-resolution spectroscopic capabilities even in very severe vibration environments; it is based on the use of edge filters to provide a high-resolution determination of the Brillouin frequency shifts. The simplest edge filters are molecular iodine absorption lines; they have been used for the laboratory data to be presented. But, even more promising are excited-state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filters that are nearing fruition. Our transmitter is a commercial, injection seeded, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser that we have modified in two ways. First, we changed its operating temperature to obtain lasing at a frequency consistent with our choice of iodine absorption lines. Second, we implemented the Ramp and Fire technique we had developed so that the laser operates in a single longitudinal mode even when there are severe environmental disturbances. Test results clearly demonstrate the efficacy of this new concept.
Observational Tests and Predictive Stellar Evolution

We compare 18 binary systems with precisely determined radii and masses from 23 to 1.1 M☉ and stellar evolution models produced with our newly revised code TYCHO. "Overshooting" and rotational mixing were suppressed in order to establish a baseline for isolating these and other hydrodynamic effects. Acceptable coeval fits are found for 16 pairs without optimizing for heavy-element or helium abundance. The precision of these tests is limited by the accuracies of the observed effective temperatures. High-dispersion spectra and detailed atmospheric modeling should give more accurate effective temperatures and heavy-element abundances. PV Cas, a peculiar early A system, EK Cep B, a known post-T Tauri star, and RS Cha, a member of a young OB association, are matched by pre-main-sequence models. Predicted mass loss agrees with upper limits from IUE for CW Cep A and B. Relatively poor fits are obtained for binaries having at least one component in the mass range 1.7 < M/M☉ < 2.6, whose evolution is sensitive to mixing. These discrepancies are robust and consistent with additional mixing in real stars. The predicted apsidal motion implies that massive star models are systematically less centrally condensed than the real stars. If these effects are due to overshooting, then the overshooting parameter αOV increases with stellar mass. The apsidal motion constants are controlled by radiative opacity under conditions close to those directly measured in laser experiments, making this test more stringent than possible before.
Intramolecular diels-alder cycloadditions of substituted furfuryl E-2-(phenylsulfonyl)acrylates

Abstract Several substituted furfuryl E-2-(phenylsulfonyl)acrylates have been prepared by direct routes and cyclized in good yield under very mild conditions to give highly oxidized systems of potential use in natural products synthesis.
1,2-Asymmetric induction in radical reactions. Deuteration and allylation reactions of β-oxy-α-bromo esters

Abstract Chiral radicals were generated by halogen abstraction reactions of β-oxy-α-bromo esters and their asymmetric deuteration and allylation reactions were studied.
Non-existence of recursive equilibria on compact state spaces when markets are incomplete

Abstract This paper analyzes one-good exchange economies with two infinitely lived agents and incomplete markets. It is shown that there are no recursive (Markov) equilibria for which borrowing (debt) constraints never bind if the state space of exogenous and endogenous variables is a compact subset of R n . Moreover, for large enough (but finite) borrowing limits, no recursive equilibrium with compact state space exists. These non-existence results hold for any economy satisfying the following standard assumptions: preferences are additively separable across time and states; the one-period utility function is time- and state-independent and unbounded from below; endowments are bounded and follow a Markov chain with stationary transition matrix; there is some idiosyncratic risk and no aggregate risk.
Fuel Property Effects on Life Characteristics of Aircraft Turbine Engine Combustors

Results of a program to determine the effects of fuel properties on the life characteristics of two USAF/General Electric aircraft turbine engine combustors are presented. Thirteen test fuels were evaluated in an older technology cannular combustion system (J79) and in an advanced-technology, virtually smokeless, compact, annular combustion system (F101) over wide ranges of simulated engine operating conditions. Fuel variables were hydrogen content, aromatic structure, volatility, and distillation end point. Significant increases in combustor liner temperatures were observed as fuel hydrogen content was decreased. With fuel hydrogen contents of 14.5,14.0,13.0, and 12.0, the resulting relative combustor liner cyclic life predictions are 1.00, 0.78, 0.52, and 0.35 for the J79 combustor and 1.00, 0.72, 0.52, and 0.47 for the F101 combustor, respectively. Based upon these findings, it is concluded that improved liner cooling design features will be needed in most currenttechnology combustors to accommodate the projected lower hydrogen contents of future fuels.
Distributed security policy conformance

Security policy conformance is a crucial issue in large-scale critical cyber-infrastructure. The complexity of these systems, insider attacks, and the possible speed of an attack on a system necessitate an automated approach to assure a basic level of protection. This paper presents Odessa, a resilient system for monitoring and validating compliance of networked systems to complex policies. To manage the scale of infrastructure systems and to avoid single points of failure or attack, Odessa distributes policy validation across many network nodes. Partial delegation enables the validation of component policies and of liveness at the edge nodes of the network using redundancy to increase security. Redundant distributed servers aggregate data to validate more complex policies. Our practical implementation of Odessa resists Byzantine failure of monitoring using an architecture that significantly increases scalability and attack resistance.
The global precipitation of magnetospheric electrons into Titan’s upper atmosphere

Abstract We couple a two-stream electron transport model to a three-dimensional model of Titan’s plasma interaction to calculate the global precipitation of magnetospheric electrons into Titan’s atmosphere. We describe energy deposition rates from eleven simulations that vary the following parameters: relative orientation of the solar and magnetospheric ram directions, initial electron distribution, electron bounce times in Saturn’s magnetosphere, and whether we account for magnetic mirroring. Most of the energy from auroral electrons is deposited on the magnetospheric wake-side of Titan’s thermosphere, with peak rates between 25 and 35 eV cm−3 s−1, and the least amount of energy is deposited on the magnetospheric ram-side. We calculate globally averaged peak energy deposition rates of ∼13 eV cm−3 s−1 near 1200 km altitude, ∼1 eV cm−3 s−1 near 1200 km altitude, and ∼10 eV cm−3 s−1 near 1350 km altitude for electron distributions characteristic of Saturn’s plasma sheet, lobe, and magnetosheath, respectively. Globally averaged energy deposition rates are decreased by ∼70% when we assume that the electron bounce times are a factor of 10 shorter because the thermalization of magnetospheric electrons in Titan’s atmosphere erodes Saturn’s flux tubes over time scales comparable to the time it takes for electrons to bounce in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Magnetic mirroring further reduces the globally averaged energy deposition rates by ∼30% to 70%. The total power deposited in Titan’s thermosphere by magnetospheric electrons varies between 0.13 and 1.5 × 10 8 W for the eleven simulations analyzed, which is about an order of magnitude smaller than the power deposited by solar EUV (∼ 10 9 W for λ 800 A ) during the 2007 to 2009 solar minimum.
GESE: a small UV space telescope to conduct a large spectroscopic survey of z ∼1 Galaxies

One of the key goals of NASA’s astrophysics program is to answer the question: How did galaxies evolve into the spirals and elliptical galaxies that we see today? We describe a space mission concept called Galaxy Evolution Spectroscopic Explorer (GESE) to address this question by making a large spectroscopic survey of galaxies at a redshift, z∼1 (look-back time of ∼8 billion years). GESE is a 1.5-m space telescope with an ultraviolet (UV) multi-object slit spectrograph that can obtain spectra of hundreds of galaxies per exposure. The spectrograph covers the spectral range, 0.2–0.4 μm at a spectral resolving power, R∼500. This observed spectral range corresponds to 0.1–0.2 μm as emitted by a galaxy at a redshift, z=1. The mission concept takes advantage of two new technological advances: (1) light-weighted, wide-field telescope mirrors, and (2) the Next-Generation MicroShutter Array (NG-MSA) to be used as a slit generator in the multi-object slit spectrograph.
A resource management framework for interactive Grids

Traditional use of Grid computing systems has been for batch jobs in the scientific and academic computing. We envision the next generation Grid computing systems to support graphical interactive sessions. In this paper, we propose a resource management framework for supporting graphical interactive sessions in a Grid computing system. We describe the high-level architectural resource management framework distributed among the submission node, central scheduler node, and the execution node. We then describe in detail the resource management framework on the execution node. The description of the resource management framework on the scheduler node is kept at a high level in this paper. The framework on execution nodes consists of Resource Management Agents, an Admission Control system and Application Predictor system. The agents on the execution node are Startup Agents, Sensor Agents, Monitoring Agents, Aggregator Agents, Enforcement Agents and Registration Agents. The Session Admission Control system is responsible for determining if a new application session can be admitted to the execution node. An Application Predictor system is responsible for predicting the resource utilization behavior of applications based on data obtained from the Resource Management Agents. The proposed framework allows for implementation of a scalable and extensible middleware for interactive Grid resource management. It supports fine-grained performance guarantees specified in service level agreements and brings forth some important and novel contributions to enable graphical interactive sessions on Grids. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hardness of Graph Pricing Through Generalized Max-Dicut

The Graph Pricing problem is among the fundamental problems whose approximability is not well-understood. While there is a simple combinatorial 1/4-approximation algorithm, the best hardness result remains at 1/2 assuming the Unique Games Conjecture (UGC). We show that it is NP-hard to approximate within a factor better than 1/4 under the UGC, so that the simple combinatorial algorithm might be the best possible. We also prove that for any e > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that the integrality gap of nδ-rounds of the Sherali-Adams hierarchy of linear programming for Graph Pricing is at most 1/4 + e. This work is based on the effort to view the Graph Pricing problem as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) simpler than the standard and complicated formulation. We propose the problem called Generalized Max-Dicut(T), which has a domain size T + 1 for every T ≥ 1. Generalized Max-Dicut(1) is well-known Max-Dicut. There is an approximation preserving reduction from Generalized Max-Dicut on directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to Graph Pricing, and both our results are achieved through this reduction. Besides its connection to Graph Pricing, the hardness of Generalized Max-Dicut is interesting in its own right since in most arity two CSPs studied in the literature, SDP-based algorithms perform better than LP-based or combinatorial algorithms --- for this arity two CSP, a simple combinatorial algorithm does the best.
Informing Decisions with a Climate Synthesis Product: Implications for Regional Climate Services

AbstractThe demand for regional climate information is increasing and spurring efforts to provide a broad slate of climate services that inform policy and resource management and elevate general knowledge. Routine syntheses of existing climate-related information may be an effective strategy for connecting climate information to decision making, but few studies have formally assessed their contribution to informing decisions. During the 2010–11 winter, drought conditions expanded and intensified in Arizona and New Mexico, creating an opportunity to develop and evaluate a monthly regional climate communication product—La Nina Drought Tracker—that synthesized and interpreted drought and climate information. Six issues were published and subsequently evaluated through an online survey. On average, 417 people consulted the publication each month. Many of the survey respondents indicated that they made at least one drought-related decision, and the product at least moderately influenced the majority of those d...
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS OF METALS TO 40 GPa IN THE DIAMOND CELL

A four-probe technique has been developed for measuring electrical resistances of metals to 40.0 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell. Several gasketing techniques are presented which provide the necessary support for the diamonds and the electrical leads at the diamond edges. Electrical resistance data are presented for iron and bismuth. A comparison is made between electrical resistance measurements made on bismuth under hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic conditions.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ruthenium and Iron−Ruthenium Prussian Blue Analogues

The electronic spectra, electrical conductivity, magnetism, and gas adsorption properties of the newly prepared Prussian blue analogues Fe4[Ru(CN)6]3·18H2O (2) and K1.2Ru3.6[Ru(CN)6]3·16H2O (3) are compared with those of Prussian blue itself (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3·14H2O, 1). The increase in the degree of electronic localization for the unsymmetrical iron−ruthenium analogue 2 is reflected in a shift of the intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) band to higher energies and an increase in the electrical resistivity. In contrast, the all-ruthenium analogue 3 exhibits a lower-energy IVCT band, as well as the highest electrical conductivity, due to the combined effects of electronic delocalization and the presence of potassium ions. Unlike Prussian blue, the ruthenium and iron−ruthenium analogues show no magnetic ordering transition above 1.8 K. Nitrogen adsorption measurements at 77 K show the dehydrated forms of 2 and 3 to be microporous with BET surface areas of 670 and 325 m2/g, respectively.
Δ-List vertex coloring in linear time

We give a new proof of a theorem of Erdos, Rubin, and Taylor. Our proof yields the first linear time algorithm to Δ-list-color any graph containing no (Δ + 1)-clique, and containing no odd cycle if Δ = 2. Without change, our algorithm can also be used to Δ-color such graphs. It has the same resource bound as, but is simpler than, the current known algorithm of Lovaisz for Δ-coloring such graphs.
In-situ formation of CaO insulator coatings on vanadium alloys.

Abstract A key issue for the self-cooled lithium blanket concept with a vanadium alloy structure is the development of an electrically insulating coating on the coolant channel walls to mitigate the magneto-hydrodynamic pressure drop in a high magnetic field. A systematic investigation of the thermodynamics and kinetics of oxygen and calcium interactions in the vanadium alloy/lithium system is being conducted to define the system parameters required for in situ formation of a CaO coating on vanadium alloys. This paper presents results of theory and modeling as well as experimental results on the formation of CaO coatings on vanadium alloys after exposure at temperatures of 600–700 °C to lithium with a small fraction of Ca added. Coatings of 10–30 μm with high electrical resistivity (>108 Ω cm) have been formed on V-alloys.
A Nucleotide Dimer Synthesis Without Protecting Groups Using Montmorillonite as Catalyst

A synthesis has been developed providing nucleotide dimers comprising natural or unnatural nucleoside residues. A ribonucleoside 5′-phosphorimidazolide is added to a nucleoside adsorbed on montmorillonite at neutral pH with the absence of protecting groups. Approximately 30% of the imidazolide is converted into each 2′-5′ dimer and 3′-5′ dimer with the rest hydrolyzed to the 5′-monophosphate. Experiments with many combinations have suggested the limits to which this method may be applied, including heterochiral and chimeric syntheses. This greener chemistry has enabled the synthesis of dimers from activated nucleotides themselves, activated nucleotides with nucleosides, and activated nucleotides with nucleotide 5′-monophosphates. [Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids to view the free supplemental files.]
Cross-correlation analysis for temperature measurement

The current work demonstrates an optical technique that utilizes micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (µ-PIV) for temperature measurement. The technique is based on the premise that Brownian motion will cause width-wise broadening of the cross-correlation peak. A correlation-based PIV algorithm detects the magnitude of Brownian particle motion and can be used to determine the temperature of the fluid. Results were obtained using fluorescing (rhodamine 542/612) spherical 700 nm diameter polystyrene-latex particles in water. Temperature changes up to 25 °C were determined with an experimental accuracy of ±3 °C.
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon

A precise measurement of the anomalous g value, a = (g - 2)/2, for the positive muon has been made at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. The result aμ+ = 11 659 202(14)(6) × 10-10 (1.3 ppm) is in good agreement with previous measurements and has an error one third that of the combined previous data. The measurement tests standard theory and has the potential to discover new physics. The analysis of data collected in 2000 and 2001 is well underway and, when combined with data from a requested and final run in the fall of 2002 and winter of 2003, are expected to reduce the experimental uncertainty on aμ to 0.4 ppm.
Palladium-catalyzed aminobenzannulation during Sonogashira couplings using o-bromoacetophenone

Abstract The palladium-catalyzed coupling of alkynes with o -bromoacetophenone has been investigated. If this reaction is conducted in an amine solvent and is allowed to proceed for a lengthy reaction time, a benzannulation process, resulting in an aminonaphthalene derivative, follows the expected Sonogashira coupling. The scope and limit of this reaction has been briefly investigated.
Modular compactifications of the space of marked trigonal curves

Abstract We construct a sequence of modular compactifications of the space of marked trigonal curves by allowing the branch points to coincide to a given extent. Beginning with the standard admissible cover compactification, the sequence first proceeds through contractions of the boundary divisors and then through flips of the so-called Maroni strata, culminating in a Fano model for even genera and a Fano fibration for odd genera. While the sequence of divisorial contractions arises from a more general construction, the sequence of flips uses the particular geometry of triple covers. We explicitly describe the Mori chamber decomposition given by this sequence of flips.
Membrane-interaction quantitative structure--activity relationship (MI-QSAR) analyses of skin penetration enhancers.

Membrane-interaction quantitative structure−activity relationship (MI-QSAR) models for two skin penetration enhancer data sets of 61 and 42 compounds were constructed and compared to QSAR models constructed for the same two data sets using only classic intramolecular QSAR descriptors. These two data sets involve skin penetration enhancement of hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone acetate, and the enhancers are generally similar in structure to lipids and surfactants. A new MI-QSAR descriptor, the difference in the integrated cylindrical distribution functions over the phospholipid monolayer model, in and out of the presence of the skin penetration enhancer, Δ∑ h(r), was developed. This descriptor is dominant in the optimized MI-QSAR models of both training sets studied and greatly reduces the size and complexity of the MI-QSAR models as compared to those QSAR models developed using the classic intramolecular descriptors. The MI-QSAR models indicate that good penetration enhancers make bigger “holes” in the m...
ON THE MOTION OF A 24-HOUR SATELLITE

Perturbations of the motion of a 24-hr satellite which are caused by earths ellipticity at the equator, calculated, using bohlin resonance theory
Biologically inspired target recognition in radar sensor networks

One of the great mysteries of the brain is cognitive control. How can the interactions between millions of neurons result in behavior that is coordinated and appears willful and voluntary? There is consensus that it depends on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Many PFC areas receive converging inputs from at least two sensory modalities. Inspired by human's innate ability to process and integrate information from disparate, network-based sources, we apply human-inspired information integration mechanisms to target detection in cognitive radar sensor network. Humans' information integration mechanisms have been modelled using maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) or soft-max approaches. In this paper, we apply these two algorithms to cognitive radar sensor networks target detection. Discrete-cosine-transform (DCT) is used to process the integrated data from MLE or soft-max. We apply fuzzy logic system (FLS) to automatic target detection based on the AC power values from DCT. Simulation results show that our MLE-DCT-FLS and soft-max-DCT-FLS approaches perform very well in the radar sensor network target detection, whereas the existing 2D construction algorithm does not work in this study.
A sampling algebra for aggregate estimation

As of 2005, sampling has been incorporated in all major database systems. While efficient sampling techniques are realizable, determining the accuracy of an estimate obtained from the sample is still an unresolved problem. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework that allows an elegant treatment of the problem. We base our work on generalized uniform sampling (GUS), a class of sampling methods that subsumes a wide variety of sampling techniques. We introduce a key notion of equivalence that allows GUS sampling operators to commute with selection and join, and derivation of confidence intervals. We illustrate the theory through extensive examples and give indications on how to use it to provide meaningful estimates in database systems.
On the effects of feedback in dynamic network protocols

Abstract This paper introduces a new framework which provides a unified way for proving correctness as well as analyzing the performance of an important class of communication protocols, called (asynchronous) Reset protocols. Those are algorithmic transformers, converting protocols working in a static asynchronous network into protocols working in a dynamic asynchronous network. Design of Reset protocols is a classical problem in communication networking and is renowned for its complexity. This paper develops a new paradigm, which gives new insight into this complicated problem. This additional insight enables the development of new Reset protocols, whose complexities are bounded by the communication complexity of the original protocol .
Characterization of hepatic enzyme activity in older adults with dementia: potential impact on personalizing pharmacotherapy

Objective To determine the frequency of pharmacogenomic variants and concurrent medications that may alter the efficacy and tolerability of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs).
Determining the Applicability of Agile Practices to Mission and Life-Critical Systems

Adopting agile practices brings about many benefits and improvements to the system being developed. However, in mission and life-critical systems, adopting an inappropriate agile practice has detrimental impacts on the system in various phases of its lifecycle as well as precludes desired qualities from being actualized. This paper presents a three-stage process that provides guidance to organizations on how to identify the agile practices they can benefit from without causing any impact to the mission and life critical system being developed.
Tamoxifen: From breast cancer therapy to the design of a postmenopausal prevention maintenance therapy

There are now exciting opportunities for developing a new prevention maintenance therapy for postmeno-pausal women. These strategies hold the promise of retarding the development of osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, and breast and endometrial cancer. An understanding of the molecular events involved in the target-site-specific effects of estrogen through a novel ERβ system or the selective activation of genes by antiestrogen through novel response elements provides a basis for new drug discovery in the future. However, for the present, the well-documented clinical effects of estrogen coupled with the expanding data base with tamoxifen have laid the foundation for the current clinical trials with raloxifene. Clinical studies with a large population of postmenopausal women will soon establish the efficacy of the drug to treat and prevent osteoporosis, and ancillary studies will confirm its actions in preventing breast cancer and coronary heart disease. Raloxifene is the first of a series of new agents that holds the potential to revolutionize the approach to disease prevention in the majority of postmenopausal women.
Recent advances in multinuclear metal nitrosyl complexes

The coordination chemistry of metal nitrosyls has expanded rapidly in the past decades due to major advances of nitric oxide and its metal compounds in biology. This review article highlights advances made in the area of multinuclear metal nitrosyl complexes, including Roussin's salts and their ester derivatives from 2003 to present. The review article focuses on isolated multinuclear metal nitrosyl complexes and is organized into different sections by the number of metal centers and bridging ligands.
Prediction of Surface Roughness and Incidence Effects on Turbine Performance

The use of a Navier-Stokes analysis to predict the change in turbine efficiency resulting from changes in blade surface roughness or incidence flow angles is discussed. The results of a midspan Navier-Stokes analysis are combined with those from a quasi-three-dimensional flow analysis code to predict turbine performance. A quasi-three-dimensional flow analysis code was used to determine turbine performance over a range of incidence flow angles. This analysis was done for a number of incidence loss models. The change in Ioss due to changes in incidence flow computed from the Navier-Stokes analysis is compared with the results obtained using the empirical loss models. The Navier-Stokes analysis was also used to determine the effects of surface roughness using a mixing length turbulence model, which incorporated the roughness height
Vibration localization in band-wheel systems: Theory and experiment

Abstract An investigation of the localization phenomenon in band-wheel systems is presented. The effects of tension disorder, inter-span coupling and translation speed on the confinement of the natural modes of free vibration are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Two models of the band-wheel system dynamics are discussed; a simple model proposed by the authors [1] and a more complete model originally proposed by Wang and Mote[9]. The results obtained using the simple inter-span coupling model reveal phenomena (i.e., eigenvalue crossings and veerings and associated mode localization) that are qualitatively similar to those featured by the more complex model of inter-span coupling, thereby confirming the usefulness of the simple coupling model. The analytical predictions of the two models are validated by an experiment. A very good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical ones for the simple model is observed. While both the experimental observations and the theoretical predictions show that a beating phenomenon takes place for ordered stationary and axially moving beams, beating is destroyed (indicating the occurrence of localization) when any small tension disorder is introduced, especially for small inter-span coupling (i.e., when localization is strongest).
Indomethacin for the treatment of symptomatic leiomyoma uteri during pregnancy

Pain secondary to carneous degeneration is the most common complication of leiomyoma uteri during pregnancy. Conventional therapy utilizing bed rest and parenteral narcotic analgesics may often be ineffective. We retrospectively reviewed seven cases of degenerating fibroids complicating pregnancy where the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin (25 mg orally every 6 hours), was used to treat symptoms of pain. In all cases, relief of symptoms was achieved within 48 hours of initiation of therapy. Two patients required a second course of therapy, and one patient required a third course. Mean duration of therapy was 12 days. One fetus developed transient constriction of the ductus arteriosus and transient oligohydramnios. Two pregnancies aborted, one at 22.9 and one at 22.3 weeks; however, no perinatal complications were directly attributable to indomethacin. The five term deliveries were of healthy normal infants. These retrospective data suggest that indomethacin may be effective in the treatment of pain associated with degenerating uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy.
The Periapical Space — A Dynamic Interface*

The ultimate aim of endodontic treatment is to encourage the healing of apical periodontitis, or to prevent it from occurring if it was not present prior to treatment. Apical periodontitis is a general term used to describe an inflammatory response to irritation caused by the contents of a root canal system and it has several distinct forms. The most common is a granuloma but this can develop into other disease entities such as an abscess, a periapical pocket cyst or a true cyst, all of which present as radiolucencies. However, periapical radiolucencies may also be caused by extra-radicular infections, foreign body reactions and periapical scars, or they may be due to other tumours and cysts that have not originated from pulp disease. Practitioners must recognise and understand the different pathological entities and the dynamic interactions that occur in the periapical tissues in order to correctly diagnose and treat these conditions.
Is soft physics entropy driven

The soft physics, pT<2 GeV/c, observables at both RHIC and the SPS have now been mapped out in quite specific detail. From these results there is mounting evidence that this regime is primarily driven by the multiplicity per unit rapidity, dNch/dη. This suggests that the entropy of the system alone is the underlying driving force for many of the global observables measured in heavy-ion collisions. That this is the case and there is an apparent independence on collision energy is surprising. I present the evidence for this multiplicity scaling and use it to make some extremely naive predictions for the soft sector results at the LHC.