cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chrono-morphologic surface- a parameter to quantify craters' heterogeneity and its applicability on Mars

Abstract On any solid planetary surface, crater populations in any given region show variations in their geomorphology related to their initial formation conditions and to their post-formation modifications. This ubiqutous and random distribution of craters in time and space defines a universal cratering characteristic- the craters heterogeneity, that is present regardless of the existence of an atmosphere and related constraints on craters evolution. On Mars, of which chronology is calibrated upon an airless body- the Moon- evidence shows that craters modifications are related to the environmental constraints over main geologic eras; nonetheless, an overall evaluation of the heterogeneity remains elusive. Here, we develop a new mathematical construct, the “chrono-morphologic surface” that considers the ensemble of craters in a surface unit or region as a whole, including the size of craters, their subsequent modifications, and area upon which craters spread to estimate the heterogeneity of craters in relation to their entropic state. Crater heterogeneity parameter, that is calculated using this construct is checked for consistency and syncronicity at different locations, at different spatial scales, and for a variety of geologic and morphologic units across Mars. Regardless of the initial constraints of craters formation and evolution, we observed a natural logarithmic decrease of heterogeneity values across Mars that is also consistent at all spatial scales and in agreement with the existing chrono-stratigraphies that we analyzed. We suggest that this technique provides a more accurate determination of the evolution stages of Martian craters and, as such, has the potential to provide a new framework upon which interpretations of Mars' past geological and environmental history can be revisited.
Contemporary Surgical Management of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma

Objectives Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNAs) are uncommon tumors with an evolving treatment paradigm. The objective of this study was to compare our prior experience reported in 2005 with our most contemporary series to compare practice improvements and the impact of expanded endonasal procedures. Design Retrospective review comparing a contemporary 22 patients with JNA who underwent surgical management between 2005 and 2019, compared with a historical cohort of 65 patients from the same center. Results The most common presenting symptom was epistaxis (68%). The median maximum tumor diameter was 4.4 cm. All patients underwent preoperative embolization. An endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) was used in 18 patients (82%), compared with 9% in the series prior to 2005. Gross total resection was achieved in all patients. The median estimated blood loss was 175 and 350 mL for EEA and open (transfacial) cases, respectively. Only two patients (9%) required a blood transfusion compared with 52% on the previous series. The median follow-up was 19 months. The overall recurrence rate was 9% in this series and 24% in the previous series. No patient required radiation therapy in follow-up compared with 3% in our historical cohort. Conclusion There have been significant changes regarding the management of patients with JNA compared with the previous Mayo Clinic experience. The EEA has become the preferred route over the transfacial approaches to treat JNA in selected patients who do not have intracranial extension. Preoperative embolization has aided in reducing the postoperative transfusion rates.
Long Noncoding RNA Fos Downstream Transcript Is Developmentally Dispensable but Vital for Shaping the Poststroke Functional Outcome

Background and purpose Stroke induces the expression of several long noncoding RNAs in the brain. However, their functional significance in poststroke outcome is poorly understood. We recently observed that a brain-specific long noncoding RNA called Fos downstream transcript (FosDT) is induced rapidly in the rodent brain following focal ischemia. Using FosDT knockout rats, we presently evaluated the role of FosDT in poststroke brain damage. Methods FosDT knockout rats were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing on a Sprague-Dawley background. Male and female FosDT-/- and FosDT+/+ cohorts were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Postischemic sensorimotor deficits were evaluated between days 1 and 7 and lesion volume on day 7 of reperfusion. The developmental expression profile of FosDT was determined with real-time polymerase chain reaction and mechanistic implications of FosDT in the ischemic brain were conducted with RNA-sequencing analysis and immunostaining of pathological markers. Results FosDT expression is developmentally regulated, with the adult cerebral cortex showing significantly higher FosDT expression than neonates. FosDT-/- rats did not show any anomalies in growth and development, fertility, brain cytoarchitecture, and cerebral vasculature. However, when subjected to transient focal ischemia, FosDT-/- rats of both sexes showed enhanced sensorimotor recovery and reduced brain damage. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that improved poststroke functional outcome in FosDT-/- rats is partially associated with curtailed induction of inflammatory genes, reduced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Conclusions Our study shows that FosDT is developmentally dispensable, mechanistically important, and a functionally promising target to reduce ischemic brain damage and facilitate neurological recovery.
Transforming Aerospace Autonomy Education and Research

There is increasing commercial interest in the deployment of autonomous aircraft for both passenger and cargo transport. Indeed, with the need for more human-free deliveries, the COVID19 crisis has led to a sharp spike in drone deliveries. This increased demand is putting additional stress on supporting infrastructure like air traffic control, which is already struggling with outdated technology. The recent 737 MAX crashes also highlight the complexities surrounding the development of aircraft autonomy as well as testing and certification. In order to more precisely determine whether universities are keeping pace with both research and education needs from external stakeholders in terms of aerospace autonomy, we conducted a survey that targeted aerospace leaders in academia, industry, and government. The results show there is a significant gap between the education and research aims of academia and what is needed in industry and government. To fill this gap and maintain international superiority in aerospace autonomy, the US needs to promote the convergence in the fields of computer science and aerospace engineering, as well as safety, cybersecurity, and testing. Without such transformation, the US will not be able to maintain its technological superiority in aerospace systems.
First finding of the family Rhynchomolgidae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in the Gulf of Mexico, with the description of a new species

The genus Critomolgus Humes and Stock, 1983 represents a group of 34 species of copepods associated with marine invertebrates. Most of these species have been collected in associations with species of the phyla Cnidaria and Echinodermata in several localities in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans with three species reported in the Mediterranean Sea. This is the first occasion in which a species belonging to the genus Critomolgus and the family Rhynchomolgidae Humes and Stock, 1972 is recorded for the Gulf of Mexico. Here, we describe a new species of marine copepod, Critomolgus walteri Varela, Price, Middlebrooks et Ambrosio, associated with the octocorals Leptogorgia virgulata (Lamarck, 1815) and L. hebes Verrill, 1869 in 3.3 meters of water in Tampa Bay, Florida. This species possesses characters that unite it with other members of the genus; however, it differs from all other species due to the body length and unique leg 5 and maxilla l characters. This new species provides evidence that much diversity remains to be discovered in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and future sampling efforts should target this region.
Cleaner production of flexographic ink by substituting carbon black with biochar

Abstract There is growing interest in making printing inks more sustainable, and lowering the overall carbon footprint of the printing industry. A recent surge of research activity has emerged to develop “green” inks with bio-based solvents and binders, but little attention has been given to replacing the pigments that give inks their distinctive color. In this study, flexographic inks were formulated by replacing carbon black with a more sustainable biochar pigment derived from recycled paper, and fast growth cycle wood pulp. Obtained from fossil fuel sources, carbon black imparts high quality black prints, but at a significant environmental cost. Biochar, derived from recycled and renewable resources, has the potential to replace carbon black in many applications. Canceled United States currency stock was pyrolyzed at 1600 °C to produce a black biochar. Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) was selected for comparison, and converted to biochar at 550 °C and 1600 °C. Each biochar was functionalized and formulated into a simple ink composition optimized for flexographic printing. Prints exhibiting reflective optical densities exceeding 1.0 with excellent tone reproduction were obtained. Comparable print quality was achieved on both coated and uncoated paper substrates. Although further work would be required to fully optimize a biochar ink to match current print industry standards, a viable pathway for sustainable black ink development with good black density derived from recycled resources has been demonstrated. Our results indicate that it is possible to replace fossil fuel-based carbon black with biomass derived biochar, potentially resulting in cleaner production of flexographic printing inks.
An Application of Monte Carlo Markov Chains in Inverse Electromagnetic Scattering Problems

To tackle the nonlinearity in inverse electromagnetic scattering problems, we present a novel application of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to infer permittivity values. Instead of using regularizations to uncover the best fit of permittivity, we estimate the conditional mean of the unknown permittivity given scattered field data. The conditional mean estimates not only incorporate prior knowledge from results obtained by Born Iterative Methods (BIM), but also avoid the nonlinearity by computing the linear forward model. For a homogeneous cylinder with the relative permittivity of 11, numerical results of BIM are improved by MCMC.
Remembering the mission on healthcare’s path to decarbonisation

​​ Clinicians are driven by a common mission: to optimally improve health, prevent harm, and advance equity. This means we cannot be satisfied with just a 5% reduction in the haemoglobin A1c for diabetics or blood pressure for those with hypertension. These small reductions only serve as an intermediate step on a path to fully treating the condition in the patient in front of us. This same mission must be applied to the climate crisis, a health emergency that is inequitably jeopardizing the health of people around the globe. Only a swift reduction in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to net zero, primarily carbon dioxide, will fully treat this condition. This includes the intermediate step of decarbonising the healthcare sector, which currently represents nearly 5% of global emissions and upwards of 8.5% of domestic emissions in the United States.12 Improving health and advancing equity can serve as a guide for not only the necessity and motivation driving healthcare decarbonisation, …
Diet, Exercise, and Behavioral Treatment of Obesity

Approximately 18.2 million Americans had diabetes in 2002 (1). An estimated 70% of type 2 diabetes risk in the United States is attributable to overweight and obesity, with each kilogram of weight gain over 10 yr increasing risk by 4.5% (2). Modest weight loss, often achievable by a combination of reduced caloric intake and increased physical activity, lowers the risk of diabetes and insulin resistance and improves measures of glycemia and dyslipidemia in those with diabetes (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).
Characterizing Protein‐Protein Interactions by Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation

This unit introduces the basic principles and practice of sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation for the study of reversible protein interactions, such as the characterization of self-association, heterogeneous association, multi-protein complexes, binding stoichiometry, and the determination of association constants. The analytical tools described include sedimentation coefficient and molar mass distributions, multi-signal sedimentation coefficient distributions, Gilbert-Jenkins theory, different forms of isotherms, and global Lamm equation modeling. Concepts for the experimental design are discussed, and a detailed step-by-step protocol guiding the reader through the experiment and the data analysis is available as an Internet resource.
Regular networks are determined by their trees

A rooted acyclic digraph N with labelled leaves displays a tree T when there exists a way to select a unique parent of each hybrid vertex resulting in the tree T. Let Tr(N) denote the set of all trees displayed by the network N. In general, there may be many other networks M such that Tr(M) = Tr(N). A network is regular if it is isomorphic with its cover digraph. This paper shows that if N is regular, there is a procedure to reconstruct N given Tr(N). Hence if N and M are regular networks and Tr(N) = Tr(M), it follows that N = M, proving that a regular network is uniquely determined by its displayed trees.
Status and Subscribing: A Response to Schwitzgebel

Schwitzgebel (1999) has proposed an account of theories that can be used in deciding whether children's cognitive development is like theory change in science. In this article we outline an account of conceptual learning in terms of the conceptions that people hold, the status they award to their conceptions, and the conceptual ecology containing the criteria they use in determining status. A comparison of our account with Schwitzgebel's shows an equivalence between Schwitzgebel's subscribing and one component of status (fruitfulness), but no counterpart to another (plausibility). In addition, Schwitzgebel's account predicts that people possess an explanation-seeking curiosity that is associated with patterns of arousal and affect when anomalous phenomena are encountered. We present the results of empirical work that demonstrates that students do exhibit strong affective reactions to awareness of experimental anomalies and their resolution.
The Innocent in the Just War Thinking of Vitoria and Suárez: A Challenge Even for Secular Just War Theorists and International Law

Vitoria and Suarez defend the categorical immunity of the innocent not to be intentionally killed. But they allow for inflicting collective punishment on the innocent and the noninnocent alike during and after a just war. So they allow for deliberately harming them. Inflicting harm on the innocent can often result in their death. Hence, holding both claims seems incoherent. First, the objections against using the term “innocent” are explained. Second, their views on just war are explored. And third, by appealing to Aquinas' double-effect reasoning, it is shown how they try to avoid the above-mentioned incoherence. Still, their appeal might be insufficient to palliate the tension between the above-mentioned claims. If just wars are possible, the deliberate harming of the innocent is reasonably unavoidable for defeating and punishing those who wage them. Hence, defenders of just wars, whether from a religious or a secular perspective, must live with such a tension.
Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Polarimetry of the Disk Around the T Tauri Star RNO 91

We present 3-5 micrometer spectra and a 2.2 micrometer polarimetric image of the T Tauri star RNO 91. We report the detection of three absorption bands centered at 3250 per cm (3.08 micrometer), 2139 per cm (4.68 micrometer), and 2165 per cm (4.62 micrometer) in spectra of RNO 91. These features are due to frozen H2O, CO, and possibly XCN along the line of sight toward RNO 91. Our 2187-2107 per cm spectrum of RNO 90, the only other T Tauri star in the dark cloud L43, does not show the CO or XCN absorption bands. By comparing our observed polarimetric image with modeled images of scattered light from bipolar nebulae or circumstellar disks as well as with known morphology of the RNO 91 bipolar outflow, we demonstrate that the reflection nebulosity seen in the near-infrared is most likely a circumstellar disklike structure with a radius of approximately 1700 AU. The location of both RNO 90 and RNO 91 in front of or near the front of L43 suggests that the intracloud optical depths toward both stars are small and, therefore, that the frozen H2O, CO, and XCN molecules are located on grains in circumstellar material around RNO 91 at distances from the central star of perhaps 10-1700 AU. This frozen material may represent precometary grains orbiting RNO 91.
Four new species of Podapolipoides (Acari: Podapolipidae) ectoparasitic on grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the Western Hemisphere

Abstract Four new species of Podapolipoides are described from the Western Hemisphere: P. eickworti from Schistocerca americana (Drury) from Florida, P. cochisensis from Trimerotropis p. pallidipennis (Burmeister) from Arizona, P. melanocerae from Schistocerca melanocera (Stael) from the Galapagos Islands and P. flechtmanni from an acridid grasshopper from Brazil. All hosts are Acrididae (Orthoptera). Keys to Podapolipoides of the Western Hemisphere are included.
Hypertension associated with traumatic perinephritis.

Abstract A case of hypertension secondary to the unilateral renal disease is presented. The disease in this instance was perinephritis secondary to trauma from external violence. The secondary capsular contraction reduced the natural distensibility of the kidney and resulted in the formation of an angiotensin-producing hypertension. The juxtaglomerular cell count in the nephrectomized kidney was increased. This is thought to be the source of increased production of renin and therefore the precursor of angiotensin hypertension.
Relation of time of planting potatoes to tuber flea beetle attack in Nebraska and Wyoming

It is obvious that late planting is a good means of protecting the potato crop from flea beetle attack. The later the crop can be planted with assurance of sufficient time to bring it to maturity, the less likelihood of serious beetle injury. Infestations on late plantings may be further reduced by applying insecticides on the early crop. The elimination of potato sprouts growing in cull piles, the destruction of weed hosts, and the omission of the early crop in areas, where practical, will also reduce spring populations, which would be a menace to late potatoes.
Urban forest inventory using open access web mapping services and photogrammetric solution

Community -based data collection is a new trend that can empower and diversify our data collection methods and increase our understanding of the environment. As citizens are becoming more interested and involved in ecological matters utilizing their manpower and knowledge can be a new valuable resource for researchers and urban managers. Utilizing web mapping services to assist in collecting spatially related data can provide data that previously required dedicated personnel. National or regional programs for urban forest inventories that utilize trained crews, such as the UFORE program, were previously used exclusively. Much of the information collected by crews can be collected by interested community volunteers if combined with proper education and other resources such as high resolution aerial images and ground images. Our research tested the idea of utilizing a web application built around Google Maps ™ web-based service that allows users to actually select and input information about their backyard vegetation. We extended this idea by extracting metric information such as crown diameter, tree heights and diameters by solving close-range photogrammetric models for images captured using consumer-grade digital cameras and uploaded by participating citizens. The images were processed using one of the commercial photogrammetric software. Ground survey measurements made using survey equipment were collected and analyzed to test the accuracy of the photogrammetric model. We compared the results of the photogrammetric solutions with the higher-accuracy survey-quality measurements. The preliminarily results of this research demonstrated the potential for photogrammetry to provide valuable data for urban forest inventory programs.
Electrophysiologic basis of ventricular late potentials

T HE DIRECT recording of delayed depolarization potentials on the body surface, usually referred to as late potentials, is a noninvasive technique useful in identifying patients with the anatomic-electrophysiologic substrate for ventricular tachyarrhythmias based on a reentrant mechanism. The origin of late potentials is believed to be myocardial zones with slow and inhomogeneous activation patterns that may provide the substrate for reentrant excitation.’ Delayed activation potentials were initially described from ischemic regions of the canine postinfarction heart.‘-’ The relationship between delayed ventricular activation in ischemit myocardial zones and ventricular arrhythmias based on a circus movement of excitation in the postinfarction heart has been extensively investigated.s-l5 Late potentials appear to correspond with delayed and fragmented activation, which has been observed in epicardial electrograms recorded from dogs with acuter or subacute myocardial infarction.” Several investigators have studied the relationship between late potentials in the body surface signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) and the inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a number of postinfarction canine models.18-‘1 Understanding the electrophysiologic correlates of late potentials in the SAECG helps to define the value and Iimitations of the technique as a marker of electrical instability.
Coming to know within ‘healthy uncertainty’: an autoethnography of engagement and transformation in undergraduate education

This article is an autoenthnographic account of the yearlong journey of two undergraduates and their instructor when the traditional classroom structures associated with the banking concept of education were altered in an upper division class and follow-on research experiences. These changes focused on foregrounding students' experiences of the uncertainties inherent in the process of coming to know. Scaffolding this process within a context of ‘healthy uncertainty’ is described. Within this context, student engagement deepened allowing for generalization of knowledge and transformative personal experiences as the links between school and everyday life became more transparent.
Neutrino damping of nonradial pulsations in gravitational collapse

Using simple classical neutron-gas models, it is shown that neutrino radiation may in some cases be more efficient than gravitational radiation for damping out nonradial pulsations during gravitational collapse. This implies that previous estimates of gravitational radiation from neutron-star or black-hole formation following supernovae may have been overly optimistic. Final conclusions for any particular model await detailed hydrodynamic calculations. However, this paper shows that neutrino damping is potentially important in such calculations and must be taken into account.
Inhibition of HHV-8/KSHV infected primary effusion lymphomas in NOD/SCID mice by azidothymidine and interferon-α

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus type-8 (KSHV/HHV-8) is associated with primary effusion lymphomas (PEL), a rare form of B-cell lymphoma. PEL cell lines infected with HHV-8, but negative for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), were analyzed for their tumorigenic potential in a small animal model system. Inoculation of PEL cell lines into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice results in efficient engraftment and tumorigenesis in vivo. PEL-engrafted NOD/SCID (PEL/SCID) mice displayed malignant ascites development with notable abdominal distension, consistent with the clinical manifestations of PEL in humans. Azidothymidine (AZT, zidovudine) and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) induce apoptosis in HHV-8+/EBV- PEL cells in culture, by induction of a tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) mediated suicide program and has been proposed as a therapy for herpesvirus-associated lymphomas. Daily injection of AZT and IFN-alpha significantly increased mean survival time (MST) of PEL/SCID mice suggesting that induction of apoptosis in PEL cells in vivo may be exploited as an effective relatively non-toxic therapy targeting HHV-8 infected PEL. These data demonstrate that the PEL/SCID mouse is an important preclinical model to characterize efficacy and anti-tumor mechanisms of new therapeutic targets in vivo and will be useful in the design and testing of agents in viral lymphoproliferative diseases.
Economic effects of grades on course evaluations

In this article, we develop econometric models to test the hypothesis that students rate their professors primarily based upon their midterm grades. Our findings reveal that students' midterm grades are positively and significantly related to professors' overall evaluations, indicating that the hypothesis is accepted.
Continuous uroflow cystometry in the urethane-anesthetized mouse.

Purpose In vivo animal cystometry represents an accepted methodology for the study of lower urinary tract physiology. A particular advantage of the mouse model is the availability of genetically modified strains, offering the possibility of linking individual genes to relevant physiological events. However, small voided volumes complicate the ability to obtain reliable pressure-flow data by gravimetric methods, due to non-continuous drop formation and release during voiding. We investigated the feasibility of a simple non-gravimetric continuous urine collection system during cystometry under urethane anesthesia, and compared urethane-anesthetized with awake cystometry. Methods Cystometry was performed in awake and urethane-anesthetized female mice using a suprapubic tube. A simple, novel non-gravimetric method of urine collection was used in urethane-anesthetized animals to assess voided volume and permit flow rate calculations. Pressure and time-related variables were compared between groups. Results Voided urine collection appears to be complete and continuous in this model. Mean voided volume was 0.09 ± 0.020 ml, with an average flow rate of 0.029 ± 0.007 ml/sec. Urethane anesthesia delayed cystometric pressure/volume responses. However, micturition reflexes were intact and otherwise comparable between groups. Female mice void with pulsatile pressurization previously described in rats. Conclusion Suprapubic voiding cystometry using a simple and reliable urine collection method under urethane anesthesia is feasible in mice, permitting the integration of voided volumes with pressure and time data. The inclusion of volume and flow data enhances the usefulness of the mouse model for in vivo assessment of detrusor and potentially sphincteric performance. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1344–1349, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The 2MASS Color-Magnitude Diagram of the Globular Cluster Lyngå 7*

We have extracted JHKS photometry from the All-Sky Point Source Catalog of the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) in the vicinity of the globular cluster Lynga 7. The cluster color-magnitude diagram (CMD) extends from the tip of the red giant branch to approximately 1 mag below the core helium burning red clump stars. The reddening-independent red giant branch slope in the 2MASS photometric system is measured to be Δ(J - KS)/ΔKS = -0.104 ± 0.004, which implies a metal abundance of [Fe/H] = -0.76 ± 0.06 on the Carretta & Gratton scale. Adopting a reddening of E(B - V) = 0.73 ± 0.12 as the average of previously published values, we use the inferred absolute K-band magnitude of the red clump [MK(RC) = -1.28 ± 0.07] to calculate a distance of (m - M)0 = 14.33 ± 0.10 (7.3 ± 0.3 kpc). Finally, we have reanalyzed the previously published optical CMD of Lynga 7 from Ortolani and coworkers along with the 2MASS near-IR photometry and conclude that Lynga 7 is close in age to 47 Tucanae, if not slightly (~2 Gyr) younger.
A bifurcation theorem for critical points of variational problems

On considere le probleme min x∈E F(x,λ) ou E est un espace de Hilbert reel, λ∈R et F:E×R→R est une fonctionnelle C 2
The psychobiology of hostility: possible endogenous opioid mechanisms.

This study examined the role of endogenous opioids in the relation between hostility and cardiovascular stress responsiveness. Forty-six mencompleted the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale, and experienced a laboratory pain stressor once under opioid blockade and once under placebo. Hostility scores were significantly related to the magnitude of change in cardiovascular reactivity/recovery resulting from opioid blockade. Low scorers on the Cynicism subscalc displayed increases in heart rate (HR) reactivity under blockade relative to placebo, with reactivity decreases noted in high scorers. Low Hostile Affect scores were similarly associated with impaired diastolic blood pressure recovery under opioid blockade. HR recovery results were somewhat different, with high scorers on Aggressive Responding and the total Cook-Medley displaying improved HR recovery under opioid blockade, with no change noted in low scorers. These data provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that low hostile individuals rely on endogenous opioids for buffering cardiovascular stress responsiveness. but high hostiles do not.
Organization of thalamostriatal terminals from the ventral motor nuclei in the macaque.

This study examines the organization of thalamostriatal projections from ventral tier nuclei that relay basal ganglia output to the frontal cortex. Although previous thalamostriatal studies emphasize projections from the intralaminar nuclei, studies in primates show a substantial projection from the ventral anterior (VA) and ventral lateral (VL) nuclei. These nuclei make up the main efferent projection from the basal ganglia to frontal cortical areas, including primary motor, supplementary, premotor, and cingulate motor areas. Functionally related motor areas of the frontal cortex and VA/VL have convergent projections to specific regions of the dorsal striatum. The distribution of VA/VL terminals within the striatum is crucial to understanding their relationship to motor cortical afferents. We placed anterograde tracer injections into discrete VA/VL thalamic areas. VA/VL thalamostriatal projections terminate in broad, rostrocaudal regions of the dorsal striatum, corresponding to regions innervated by functionally related cortical motor areas. The pars oralis division of VL projects primarily to the dorsolateral, postcommissural putamen, whereas the parvicellular VA targets more medial and rostral putamen regions, and the magnocellular division of VA targets the dorsal head of the caudate nucleus. Whereas these results demonstrate a general functional topography, specific VA/VL projections overlap extensively, suggesting that functionally distinct VA/VL projections may also converge in dorsal striatal areas. Within striatal territories, VA/VL projections terminate in a patchy, nonhomogeneous manner, indicating another level of complexity. Moreover, terminal fields contain both terminal clusters and scattered, long, unbranched fibers with many varicosities. These fiber morphologies resemble those from the cortex and raise the possibility that VA/VL thalamostriatal projections neurons have divergent connectional features. J. Comp. Neurol. 429:321–336, 2001. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fertilization: Monogamy by Mutually Assured Destruction

The fusion of Chlamydomonas gamete membranes leads to rapid degradation of FUS1 and HAP2, proteins required for gamete fusion. This provides a mechanism to prevent any subsequent fusion events, thereby preventing polygamy.
Vocal shimmer in sustained phonation.

Vocal shimmer during the sustained phonation of/a/, /i/, /u/ was investigated for thirty-one adult male speakers using an automatic analysis program. The results showed an overall average shimmer o...
Akt-Dependent Metabolic Reprogramming Regulates Tumor Cell Histone Acetylation

Summary Histone acetylation plays important roles in gene regulation, DNA replication, and the response to DNA damage, and it is frequently deregulated in tumors. We postulated that tumor cell histone acetylation levels are determined in part by changes in acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) availability mediated by oncogenic metabolic reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate that acetyl-CoA is dynamically regulated by glucose availability in cancer cells and that the ratio of acetyl-CoA:coenzyme A within the nucleus modulates global histone acetylation levels. In vivo, expression of oncogenic Kras or Akt stimulates histone acetylation changes that precede tumor development. Furthermore, we show that Akt's effects on histone acetylation are mediated through the metabolic enzyme ATP-citrate lyase and that pAkt(Ser473) levels correlate significantly with histone acetylation marks in human gliomas and prostate tumors. The data implicate acetyl-CoA metabolism as a key determinant of histone acetylation levels in cancer cells.
Shoulder Motion and Laxity in the Professional Baseball Player

We studied 148 professional baseball players with no history of shoulder problems to assess range of motion and laxity of their dominant and nondominant shoulders. There were 72 pitchers and 76 position players. Average external rotation with the arm in 90 degrees of abduction was statistically greater and average internal rotation was statistically less in the dominant shoulders than in the nondominant shoulders, both in pitchers and position players. There was no statistical difference in forward elevation of external rotation with the arm at the side of the body in either group. Both dominant and nondominant shoulders of pitchers had greater average range of motion in forward elevation and external rotation (both at the side and at 90 degrees of abduction) and less average internal rotation than those of position players. Regarding laxity testing, 61% of dominant shoulders in pitchers had a sulcus sign, as compared with 47% in position players. Also, this degree of inferior laxity was significantly greater in pitchers than in position players. Differences in range of motion and laxity exist in the throwing shoulder of athletes involved in overhead throwing motions and should be considered in rehabilitation protocols and surgical repair.
An experimental study of the energetics of fragmentation of H3

Abstract Spatial beam profile measurements indicate that transient H 3 molecules, formed in electron capture collisions of 3–4 keV H + 3 ions with Mg atoms, fragment to H atoms and H 2 molecules with up to five vibrational quanta. The experimental H 3 fragmentation energy (−2.2 ± 0.1 eV) is in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Optomechanical design of the grating laser beam combiner (GLBC) laser diode header

A laser diode header has been fabricated for a grating laser beam combiner (GLBC). The laser diode header provides the thermal control, the drive electronics, and the optical system necessary for proper operation of the beam combiner. The diode header is required to provide diffraction limited optical performance while providing correction for worst case defocus aberration, 0.6 mrad excess divergence, and worst case decenter aberration, 1.0 mrad pointing error. The design of the header considered the mechanical design and the optical design together resulting in a small, self-contained header with 0.7 mrad range for focus correction and +/- 2.5 mrad of beam steering. The complete diode header is currently undergoing optical and mechanical performance testing.
Ageing: Generations of longevity

The lifespan of some organisms can be extended by mutations that alter how DNA is packaged in their cells. A study reveals that this effect can last for generations, even in descendants that are genetically normal. See Article p.365 It is known that simple traits — flower characteristics in plants and eye colour in Drosophila, for instance — can be inherited in a transgenerational manner. This Article demonstrates the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of a complex trait: acquired longevity in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. The manipulation of H3K4me3 chromatin modifiers of the ASH-2 complex in the parental generation extends the lifespan of the descendents for three subsequent generations. These findings imply that chromatin changes in parents might not be entirely reset between generations, and provide the first evidence for epigenetic inheritance of lifespan. The H3K4me3 regulatory complex is conserved in mammals, but more work is needed to determine whether manipulations of the complex have a heritable effect on longevity in mammals.
Bureaucracy in the postmodern world: problems and solutions

This paper considers the problems presented by modern bureaucratic organizations within the framework of postmodern philosophy. Bureaucracy represents the logical outcome of the rational tradition in western philosophy. Because of their efficiency properties, individuals are both the beneficiaries and victims of bureaucratic behavior. We suggest that a solution to these problems will not be found by using existing philosophical frameworks. The French philosopher Jean-Francois Lyotard presents a model of postmodern relationships based on language games. We explore the concept of language games within bureaucratic settings.
The Mayo Vascular Center Experience

American medicine is trending toward an increasing number of specialty care centers. Cancer centers, transplant centers, and sports medicine centers are only a few common examples. Vascular centers are relatively new entities that are forming for obvious reasons. As the general population ages, peripheral vascular disease has become more prevalent. Several types of medical, surgical, and radiological specialists are involved in the diagnosis and treatment of such patients. Creating multispecialty vascular centers is one method to focus expert care on the patient, to alleviate some of the turf battles between specialties, and to contain burgeoning Medicare costs.
Liver masses in pregnancy

Liver masses in pregnancy are rare but when encountered pose a difficult clinical scenario with many diagnostic and management uncertainties. They can be classified as nonneoplastic and neoplastic and further subdivided into benign and malignant. Fortunately, benign hepatic adenomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hemangiomas appear to be the more common sources of liver masses identified in this generally young and healthy patient population, but the actual incidence of each type is unknown during pregnancy. In some areas of the world infectious causes are more prevalent. Malignant causes of hepatic masses carry a grave prognosis, similar to that for the nonpregnant population. The clinical presentation of a liver mass during pregnancy is similar in presentation to a nonpregnant patient, although symptoms may initially be attributed to pregnancy, and diagnosis is therefore delayed. Management varies depending on the etiology and size of the mass and on gestational age.
Factors Affecting Growth and Interaction of Rough and Smooth Variants of Bacillus stearothermophilus. 1. Oxygen Tension and Temperature

SUMMARY— The influence of oxygen tension and temperature upon the growth and interaction of rough and smooth variants of Bacillus stearothermophilus NCA 1518 in pure and mixed populations was determined. The exclusion of oxygen did not prevent the growth of this organism but did influence the generation time of the two variants. At 55°C the pure rough population had a lower generation time when grown under anaerobic conditions while the generation time of the smooth variant was increased by low oxygen tension. Oxygen tension also affected the amounts of acid produced by the variants. The smooth variant produced more acid than the rough variant but the amount of acid was independent of oxygen availability. The rough variant, however, showed more acid accumulation as the oxygen tension was lowered. Temperature also affected differently the generation time of the variants. The smooth variant was more sensitive to a low temperature (45°C) and its generation time in pure population decreased more than three-fold when the temperature was raised to 55°C. A further temperature increase to 65°C resulted in less than a two-fold decrease in the generation time of the smooth variant. The rough variant showed approximately a two-fold decrease in generation time for each increase of 10°C. The mixed populations became predominately smooth within 6-8 hr of incubation.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Land Markets and Property Rights for the Construction of the Just City

This essay reflects on alternative urban markets and property right systems in some Latin American countries. What becomes clear is that one size does not fit all: land markets and property rights are multifaceted and their conception and implementation should be context-sensitive. In recent experiments and proposals in Brazil, El Salvador and Venezuela, among other countries, they are being used as instruments for the expansion of rights to the city and the construction of the just city
Calmodulin Mediates Differential Sensitivity of CaMKII and Calcineurin to Local Ca2+ in Cardiac Myocytes

Calmodulin (CaM) mediates Ca-dependent regulation of numerous pathways in the heart, including CaM-dependent kinase (CaMKII) and calcineurin (CaN), yet the local Ca2+ signals responsible for their selective activation are unclear. To assess when and where CaM, CaMKII, and CaN may be activated in the cardiac myocyte, we integrated new mechanistic computational models of CaM, CaMKII, and CaN with the Shannon-Bers model of excitation-contraction coupling in the rabbit ventricular myocyte. These models are validated with independent in vitro data. In the intact myocyte, model simulations predict that CaM is highly activated in the dyadic cleft during each beat, but not appreciably in the cytosol. CaMKII-δC was almost insensitive to cytosolic Ca due to relatively low CaM affinity. Dyadic cleft CaMKII exhibits dynamic frequency-dependent responses to Ca, yet autophosphorylates only when local phosphatases are suppressed. In contrast, dyadic cleft CaN in beating myocytes is predicted to be constitutively active, whereas the extremely high affinity of CaN for CaM allows gradual integration of small cytosolic CaM signals. Reversing CaM affinities for CaMKII and CaN also reverses their characteristic local responses. Deactivation of both CaMKII and CaN seems dominated by Ca dissociation from the complex (versus Ca-CaM dissociation from the target). In summary, the different affinities of CaM for CaMKII and CaN determine their sensitivity to local Ca signals in cardiac myocytes.
Diterpenoid constituents from Rabdosia coetsa

Abstract Three new diterpenoids having an ent-kaurene skeleton, rabdocoetsins A-C, have been isolated from a Chinese medicinal plant, Rabdosia coetsa. Their chemical structures have been established as ent-1β,7α,11α-trihydroxy-7β,20-epoxykaur-16-en-15-one, ent-1β-acetoxy-7α,14α-dihydroxy-7β,20-epoxykaur-16-en-15-one and ent-1β,7α,11α,15α-tetrahydroxy-7β,20-epoxykaur-16-en-1β,11α-acetonide, respectively, on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.
The Advanced Photon Source—where we are and where we are going

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory enters its fifteenth year of user operations as a highly productive facility. In order to sustain this nation's position at the technology frontier, DOE-BES has proposed to upgrade the APS.
Evaluation of the combined toxic effects of cocaine and ethanol on primary myocardial cell cultures.

Abstract Since 1978, the most prevalent drug used in conjunction with cocaine in cocaine-associated myocardial deaths is ethanol. Primary myocardial cell cultures were used to evaluate the acute additive cardiotoxic effects of cocaine and ethanol. The cultures were exposed to 1 × 10 −3 m or 1 × 10 −5 m -cocaine or combinations of both concentrations of cocaine with 600 mg ethanol/100 ml. Alterations in beating activity, morphology, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were evaluated after 1, 4 and 24 hr of treatment. Although cells exposed to 1 × 10 −5 m -cocaine or to 1 × 10 −5 m -cocaine and ethanol were able to retain some beating activity, no beating activity occurred in cells exposed to 1 × 10 −3 m -cocaine with or without ethanol. Morphologically, pseudopodia and disruption of the monolayer were more extensive in cells treated for 4 or 24 hr with the combinations of cocaine and ethanol in comparison with those treated with cocaine alone. After 24 hr, LDH release in cells exposed to 1 × 10 −3 m -cocaine or 1 × 10 −3 m -cocaine with ethanol was elevated over the level in untreated controls. These data suggest that ethanol enhances cocaine-induced beating abnormalities and morphological alterations in primary myocardial cell cultures.
Plasticity of muscle architecture after supraspinatus tears.

Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Objectives To measure the architectural properties of rat supraspinatus muscle after a complete detachment of its distal tendon. Methods Supraspinatus muscles were released from the left humerus of 29 Sprague-Dawley rats (mass, 400–450 g), and the animals were returned to cage activity for 2 weeks (n = 12), 4 weeks (n = 9), or 9 weeks (n = 8), before euthanasia. Measurements of muscle mass, pennation angle, fiber bundle length (sarcomere number), and sarcomere length permitted calculation of normalized fiber length, serial sarcomere number, and physiological cross-sectional area. Results Coronal oblique sections of the supraspinatus confirmed surgical transection of the supraspinatus muscle at 2 weeks, with reattachment by 4 weeks. Muscle mass and length were significantly lower in released muscles at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 9 weeks. Sarcomere lengths in released muscles were significantly shorter at 2 weeks but not different by 4 weeks. Sarcomere number was signifi...
Asymptotic theory for certain regression models with long memory errors

The asymptotic distribution of a weighted linear combination of a linear long memory series is shown to be normal for certain weights. This result can be used to derive the limiting distribution of the least squares estimators for polynomial trends and of the periodogram at fixed Fourier frequencies. A closed form expression for the asymptotic relative bias of the tapered periodogram at fixed Fourier frequencies is also obtained. A weighted least squares estimator, which is asymptotically efficient for polynomial trend regressors, is shown to be asymptotically normal.
Hospital Treatment of Alcoholism: A Profile of Middle Income Americans

3,411 first admissions for alcoholism treatment to nine proprietary hospitals were studied with standardized questionnaire and diagnostic instruments. Despite the patients' relative economic and social stability, severe patterns of addictive alcohol use had developed and persisted for many years with a high incidence of alcohol-related and intercurrent medical disorders which required prompt medical intervention. Although most patients had a personal physician, less than 9% of referrals for hospital treatment for alcoholism were made by physicians; most patients responded to television outreach programs, recommendations by former patients or were self or family referred. This survey shows that persons who are neither socially disadvantaged nor economically deprived may have severe alcohol-related problems. Such patients constitute a significant challenge to the medical profession to develop strategies for early intervention and more efficacious treatment.