cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivariate General Linear Models (MGLM) on Riemannian Manifolds with Applications to Statistical Analysis of Diffusion Weighted Images

Linear regression is a parametric model which is ubiquitous in scientific analysis. The classical setup where the observations and responses, i.e., (xi, yi) pairs, are Euclidean is well studied. The setting where yi is manifold valued is a topic of much interest, motivated by applications in shape analysis, topic modeling, and medical imaging. Recent work gives strategies for max-margin classifiers, principal components analysis, and dictionary learning on certain types of manifolds. For parametric regression specifically, results within the last year provide mechanisms to regress one real-valued parameter, xi e R, against a manifold-valued variable, yi e M. We seek to substantially extend the operating range of such methods by deriving schemes for multivariate multiple linear regression--a manifold-valued dependent variable against multiple independent variables, i.e., f: Rn → M. Our variational algorithm efficiently solves for multiple geodesic bases on the manifold concurrently via gradient updates. This allows us to answer questions such as: what is the relationship of the measurement at voxel y to disease when conditioned on age and gender. We show applications to statistical analysis of diffusion weighted images, which give rise to regression tasks on the manifold GL(n)/O(n) for diffusion tensor images (DTI) and the Hilbert unit sphere for orientation distribution functions (ODF) from high angular resolution acquisition. The companion open-source code is available on nitrc.org/projects/riem_mglm.
SU(N) gauge theories with C-periodic boundary conditions

Abstract This contribution sketches the topology of twisted C -periodic boundary conditions and its consequences on the Hilbert space of physical states. It also presents preliminary results pertaining to the small-volume expansion of SU(3) gauge theory in a C -periodic box.
Typing and screening of blood from intraosseous access

Study objective: To determine if intramedullary aspirate from intraosseous needle placement can be used as a source for evaluating blood compatibility. Design: A prospective, nonrandomized, crossover study. Setting/participants: Patients admitted to the hematology/oncology service undergoing bone marrow aspiration for medical purposes. Interventions: Patients had simultaneous samples of bone marrow aspiration from the posterior iliac crest and peripheral venous blood drawn and sent for typing and screening. Measurements and main results: The paired samples were evaluated for ABO and Rh typing as well as the presence of human leukocyte activity by evaluating the reaction strength between the marrow and venous samples. Results: No differences were seen in the reaction strength between the paired samples in any subjects for ABO and Rh typing ( P =.90, yielding β = .0523). In addition, human leukocyte activity was detected in both the marrow and venous samples in one patient. Conclusion: Bone marrow aspirates following intraosseous infusion can be used for accurate and reliable typing and screening of blood.
Pressure‐induced superconductivity in (Sn, Eu)yMo6S8

We have measured the resistance R and susceptiblity changes in (SnxEu1−x)yMo6S8, where 0⩽x⩽0.15 and y = 1.0 and 1.2, in the temperature range 1.5<T⩽250 K for varous hydrostatic pressures 0⩽P⩽21 kbar. For x⩽0.1 and P∼0, a resistance anomaly occurs at T∼100 K at which temperature dR/dT becomes negative and persists to the lowest temperatures attainable. The onset of the resistance anomaly, which we associate with a decreasing carrier concentration, shifts to lower temperatures as P is increased. For P∼7 kbar, these samples become superconducting even though the semiconductor‐like resistance (dR/dT<0) remains. For 7⩽P⩽12 kbar, the superconducting transition temperature Tc increases sharply, even though the resistance anomaly persists. The Tc’s represent the highest pressure‐induced superconducting transition temperature in any known low carrier density magnetic material We also discuss the effect of a magnetic field on the superconducting properties.
ACCOUNTABILITy AND CENTRALIZATION AS CONCEPTUAL TOOLS FOR UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITy POWER STRUCTURES

The relationship between centralization of power and decision making in local communities is examined, beginning with Clark’s generalization that the direction of the relationship depends on the ty...
2p-3d charge transfer in transition metal oxides

Abstract Comparison of the absorption spectrum of MgO : Ni with that of NiO indicates that the band gap of NiO is not due to 2p−3d charge transfer processes.
Zinc and copper nutriture of institutionalized mentally retarded adults before and after transfer to a group home

Abstract Zinc and copper nutriture of mentally retarded subjects was evaluated in two different environments. Five severely retarded adults designated as the transfer group (TG) were chosen from the residents of a large institution to move to a small group home; five matching subjects who remained at the institution were selected as controls (CG). Initially all of the institutionalized subjects were found to have significantly lower plasma (p
Pitch angle and energy diffusion coefficients from resonant interactions with ion-cyclotron and whistler waves

General relations for quasi-linear diffusion coefficients in pitch angle and energy are applied to resonant particle interactions with ion–cyclotron and whistler waves. Expressions for the diffusion coefficients, valid for any distribution of wave energy with frequency and wave normal angle, are derived and normalized to be independent of the ambient magnetic field intensity and the electron density. The results illustrate how resonant particle diffusion rates vary with pitch angle and energy, and how the diffusion rates depend upon the distribution of wave energy.
Spermatogenesis in the dog

The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the dog was divided into eight stages, using as criteria the shape of the spermatid nucleus, the location of spermatids and spermatozoa in regard to the basement membrane, the presence of meiotic figures and the release of spermatozoa from the lumen of the tubule. Based upon these criteria, a modification of the eight-stage system of classification of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was developed. Cell populations making up each stage are described. The relative frequencies of stages 1 through 8 were 21.9, 12.7, 2.8, 11.5, 8.3, 15.4, 13.3 and 14.0%, respectively. The duration of one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was 13.6 days (SE ± 0.7), as determined from cells labeled by tritiated thymidine. The absolute durations of stages 1 through 8 were 3.0, 1.7, 0.4, 1.6, 1.1, 2.1, 1.8 and 1.9 days, respectively. The life span of primary spermatocytes was 20.9 days, of secondary spermatocytes 0.5 days, spermatids with round nuclei 10.5 days, spermatids with elongated nuclei up to the time they are released into the lumen, 10.6 days. Counts of the different types of spermatogenic cells in tubular cross sections revealed little or no germ cell degeneration during the two maturation divisions.
The fundamental constants of Nature from lattice gauge theory simulations

The fundamental laws of nature as we now know them are governed the fundamental parameters of the Standard Model. Some of these, such as the masses of the quarks, have been hidden from direct observation by the confinement of quarks. They are now being revealed through large scale numerical simulation of lattice gauge theory.
Molecular weight determination of random coil polypeptides from collagen by molecular sieve chromatography

Abstract The chromatographic properties on molecular sieve columns of polypeptides from collagen were investigated under conditions in which the polypeptides are random coils. An acrylamide gel (Bio-Gel P-150) was found suitable for the separation and molecular weight determination of polypeptides with molecular weights of 1,500 to 24,000. An 8% agarose gel (Bio-Gel A-1.5) could be used for the molecular weight range 3,000 to 200,000 and gave as good resolution as the acrylamide gel for peptides chromatographing within the inclusion volume of both gels.
Saguinus nigricollis—physical growth and dental eruption in a small population of captive-barn individuals

A group of 16 captive-born hairy-faced, white-lipped, black-mantled tamarins, Saguinus nigricollis, were observed from birth to maturity. The data for the parameters, body weight, head-body length, right foot length and dental eruption age was recorded at monthly intervals. Linear growth was complete at approximately 12 months of age. Body weight reached the level of the wild-caught parents at 16 to 17 months of age. Deciduous dentition was complete at eight weeks of age and all permanent teeth were present by 41 weeks of age. While this sampling is too small for statistical verification, the data provides guidelines on the parameters recorded.
Preparation and composition of alveolar extracellular matrix and incorporated basement membrane.

A cell-free alveolar extracellular matrix has been prepared from the lungs of several species of young and adult animals by a procedure consisting of extraction of parenchymal fragments with the detergents Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate. The isolated extracellular matrix preparations were ultrastructurally heterogeneous consisting of amorphous basement membranes and associated interstitial collagen and microfibrillar components as shown by histochemical staining and their electron microscopic appearance. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of these preparations had a collagenous nature which resembled in many respects that of some ultrastructurally pure basement membranes. Urea extraction of extracellular matrix from adult animals solubilized a distinctly less collagenous fraction which was particularly rich in the acidic amino acids, aspartic and glutamic acids, and had a chemical similarity to acidic structural glycoproteins. Extraction of adult samples with ureamercaptoethanol and pepsin digestion of the insolubilized residues gave more collagenous fractions. Our ultrastructural and chemical examination of these alveolar extracellular matrix preparations clearly indicate that they cannot properly be designated as pure alveolar basement membranes. These findings and the anatomical characteristics of the alveolar blood-air interface make it probable that preparations isolated by others using sonication procedures, with chemical characteristics similar to those reported here, were not ultrastructurally pure alveolar basement membranes as reported but were actually heterogeneous mixtures of basement membranes, interstitial collagens and microfibrils. It would appear that the alveolar basement membrane cannot be isolated in a form comparable to ultrastructurally pure basement membranes such as that of the renal glomerulus.
Surviving the Ph.D.: Hints for Navigating the Sometimes Stormy Seas of Graduate Education in Political Science

The scene is a familiar one: two graduate students, alike in most respects, but headed down divergent paths. Both students entered the Ph.D. program in political science at the same time with similar credentials and similar goals. While having coffee one day, the two reminisced about their graduate experiences and their respective futures. Graduate Student X was lamenting that after four full years in the Ph.D. program, he still hadn't reached the dissertation stage. Graduate Student Y, on the other hand, was in very good spirits—she had finished the dissertation and secured the job of her choice. What distinguishes these two very similar individuals who achieved very different results?
Polarized spectral emittance from periodic micromachined surfaces. II. Doped silicon: Angular variation

The polarized directional spectral (3 \ensuremath{\mu}m\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\le}14 \ensuremath{\mu}m) emittances (PDSE's) of highly doped, micromachined, periodic structures on silicon were measured. These structures have dimensions that are comparable to the wavelengths of the measured radiation. Significant anisotropies and maxima were found for the s and p PDSE's measured in emittance planes parallel and perpendicular to the grating-repeat vector. Wood's singularities were clearly visible in the p PDSE on shallow gratings (depth \ensuremath{\le}1.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m). Periodic maxima were observed in both the s and p PDSE in the emittance plane perpendicular to the grating vector due to standing-wave modes in the slots of the grating. It is concluded that the PDSE provides detailed information on the characteristics of the electromagnetic modes associated with surface microstructures.
Spacing, Formation, and Choral Sound: Preferences and Perceptions of Auditors and Choristers

The purpose of this study was to assess preferences of auditors (N = 160) and choristers (N = 46) relative to choral sound of an SATB high school choir in two choral formations (block sectional and...
Lymphoid cell-glioma cell interaction enhances cell coat production by human gliomas: novel suppressor mechanism

Certain human glioma lines produce mucopolysaccharide coats that impair the generation of cytolytic lymphocytes in response to these lines in vitro. Coat production is substantially enhanced by the interaction of glioma cells with a macromolecular factor released by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in culture. This interaction thus constitutes an unusual mechanism by which inflammatory cells may nonspecifically suppress the cellular immune response to at least one class of solid tumors in humans.
NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed-Microwave (NAST-M): instrument description and initial flight results

The National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Aircraft Sounder Testbed (NAST) has been developed and deployed on the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft. The testbed consists of two co-located cross-track scanning instruments: a Fourier transform interferometer spectrometer (NAST-I) with spectral coverage of 3.7-15.5 /spl mu/m and a passive microwave spectrometer (NAST-M) with 17 channels near the oxygen absorption lines at 50-57 GHz and 118.75 GHz. The testbed provides the first coregistered imagery from high-resolution microwave and infrared sounders and will provide new data that will help (1) validate meteorological satellite environmental data record feasibility, (2) define future satellite instrument specifications, and (3) demonstrate operational issues in ground validation, data calibration, and retrievals of meteorological parameters. To help validate the performance and potential of NAST-M, imagery was collected from more than 20 overpasses of hurricanes Bonnie and Earl during the Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3), Florida, boreal summer 1998. The warm core and convection morphology of Hurricane Bonnie (August, 1998) is clearly revealed both by aircraft-based microwave brightness temperature imagery and temperature retrievals within the eye. Radiance comparisons with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit on the NOAA-15 satellite and radiosonde observations yield root mean-squared agreements of approximately 1 K or less.
Finite element stress analysis of left ventricular mechanics in the beating dog heart

A three-dimensional finite element model was used to explore whether or not transmural distributions of end-diastolic and end-systolic fiber stress are uniform from the apex to the base of the canine left ventricular wall. An elastance model for active fiber stress was incorporated in an axisymmetric model that accurately represented the geometry and fiber angle distribution of the anterior free wall. The nonlinear constitutive equation for the resting myocardium was transversely isotropic with respect to the local fiber axis. Transmural distributions of end-diastolic fiber stress became increasingly nonuniform from midventricle toward the apex or the base. At a typical diastolic left ventricular pressure (1 kPa), the differences between largest and smallest fiber stresses were only 0.5 kPa near midventricle, compared with 4.6 kPa at the apex, and 3.3 kPa at the base. Transmural fiber stress differences at end-systole (14 kPa) were relatively small in regions from the base to the midventricle (13-22 kPa), but were larger between midventricle and the apex (30-43 kPa). All six three-dimensional end-diastolic strain components were within or very close to one standard deviation of published measurements through the midanterior left ventricular free wall of the passive canine heart [Omens et al., Am. J. Physiol. 261, H918-H928 (1991)]. End-systolic in-plane normal and shear strains also agreed closely with published experimental measurements in the beating dog heart [Waldman et al., Circ. Res. 63, 550-562 (1988)]. The results indicate that, unlike in the midventricle region that has been studied most fully, there may be significant regional nonhomogeneity of fiber stress in the normal left ventricle associated with regional variations in shape and fiber angle.
Vasovagal Syncope and Blood Donor Return: Examination of the Role of Experience and Affective Expectancies.

Vasovagal sensations (e.g., dizziness, nausea, and fainting) are one of the main reasons people find blood donation unpleasant. A better understanding of predictors of vasovagal sensations during blood donation could inform interventions designed to increase donor return rates. The present investigation examined the extent to which experience with blood donation and vasovagal sensations during blood donation uniquely predict the likelihood of donor return, even when controlling for affective expectancies. Participants presenting at community blood drives indicated how many times they have given blood and provided ratings of expected anxiety, pain, disgust, as well as fear of fainting before giving blood. After donating, participants completed a measure of vasovagal sensations experienced during blood donation. They also rated the pleasantness of the experience and willingness to donate blood in the future. The findings showed that experience with blood donation and vasovagal sensations during blood donation uniquely predicted willingness to donate blood in the future even when controlling for age and negative affective expectancies about giving blood. This finding suggests that vasovagal sensations and experience with blood donation have unique (and perhaps additive) effects on willingness to donate blood in the future, suggesting that behavior modification interventions that directly target these variables could potentially increase donor retention.
Configuration and conformation of a cyclopropane peptide

The absolute configuration of the cyclopropane phenylalanine moiety in N-benzyloxycarbonyl-(+)-E-cyclopropane-phenylalanyl-l-leucine methyl ester (Z-(+)-▿EPhe-Leu-OMe) has been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods. The conformation of the cyclopropane amino acid and its effect on the peptide is also discussed. The peptide crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2, and the structure was solved using MULTAN and refined by block diagonal least-squares to a present R value of 11 %. The absolute configuration of the (+)-▿EPhe residue is seen to be 2R, 3S.
5-Lipoxygenase contains a functional Src homology 3-binding motif that interacts with the Src homology 3 domain of Grb2 and cytoskeletal proteins.

Abstract A short, proline-rich region spanning residues 566-577 in human 5-lipoxygenase is a binding site for the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), an "adaptor" protein for tyrosine kinase-mediated cell signaling. Purified 5-lipoxygenase bound to glutathione S-transferase fusion products of Grb2 and a truncated version of Grb2 containing its SH3 domain. A peptide corresponding to the proline-rich, SH3-binding motif inhibited formation of the 5-lipoxygenase.Grb2 complex in vitro. The peptide also inhibited the redistribution of 5-lipoxygenase from the cytosol to the membrane in intact or permeabilized neutrophils activated by calcium ionophore A23187. 5-Lipoxygenase did not bind to the SH3 domains of other signaling proteins, such as GTPase-activating protein and phospholipase C gamma; however, it bound to certain cytoskeletal proteins including alpha-actinin and actin. 5-Lipoxygenase contains a consensus guanine nucleotide-binding site at residues 296-299, and guanine nucleotides inhibit 5-lipoxygenase activity in vitro. Our results suggest that 5-lipoxygenase may have a previously unrecognized role in tyrosine kinase signaling, distinct from its catalysis of lipid mediator formation. Our results also clarify the molecular basis for compartmentalization and translocation of 5-lipoxygenase in myeloid cells, implying that it binds to proteins other than its activating protein.
Investigating Postadoption Utilization: An Examination Into the Role of Interorganizational and Technology Trust

Grounded in the technology acceptance model (TAM), this study examines the influence of technology trust and interorganizational trust on post adoption utilization. This study extends the innovation diffusion literature by drawing upon past diffusion research and considering trust-based determinants in facilitating technology usage. Field interviews were conducted to develop an understanding of the user population and the unique challenges the individuals experienced while working with the new system. The results of the interviews enabled the author to identify which variables to investigate further through the use of a survey data collection protocol. In the present study, 273 first-tier supply chain members of the second-largest U.S. automotive service-parts logistics operation, who were recently introduced to a new supply chain management technology, were surveyed. Using a structural equation model, nine hypotheses were tested. As hypothesized, an individual's technology trust and interorganizational trust have an effect on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, which further influence post adoption technology utilization behavior. The results suggest that even in supply chains where usage is mandated, the presence of technology and interorganizational trust can increase individual utilization of new technologies. Implications of this study along with suggestions for future research are provided.
Insulin-induced normoglycemia improves ischemic outcome in hyperglycemic rats

Hyperglycemia is known to aggravate ischemic brain damage. This study sought to determine if preischemic insulin-induced normoglycemia would improve outcome in hyperglycemic rats. Normal rats and rats with 5-7 days of streptozotocin-induced diabetes were studied. Normal rats served as either fasted normoglycemic controls or dextrose-infused (hyperglycemic) controls. In the acutely diabetic rats either no insulin was given or insulin was given at 30 or 90 minutes before ischemia so as to induce preischemic normoglycemia. All rats underwent 10 minutes of forebrain ischemia. After 5 days of recovery, motor function and histological outcome were assessed. Untreated diabetic rats and dextrose-infused control rats had greater hippocampal CA1 damage than normoglycemic control rats. In contrast, insulin-treated diabetic rats had less hippocampal CA1 damage than either untreated diabetic rats or dextrose-infused control rats. Injury in the two insulin-treated groups was not significantly different from that in the normoglycemic control group (all three groups had plasma glucose values of 120-150 mg/dl immediately prior to ischemia). Despite similar plasma glucose values (300-400 mg/dl), fewer postischemic seizures (0% versus 67%) were observed in the untreated diabetic group than in the dextrose-infused control group (p < 0.001). Hyperglycemia caused by either dextrose infusion or streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in exacerbated ischemic brain damage. Insulin therapy to rapidly induce preischemic normoglycemia improved outcome from forebrain ischemia in the acutely diabetic rats. Glucose-infused hyperglycemic rats frequently exhibited postischemic generalized seizures while acutely diabetic rats did not. The latter results implicate some adaptive/protective mechanism associated with acute streptozotocin-induced diabetes that results in a decreased sensitivity to hyperglycemia-augmented ischemic brain damage.
“Knowledge is Power”: Reading, Writing, and Promoting Self-Determination among Adolescents with Multiple Disabilities

Emergent readers and writers with multiple disabilities, who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), require many opportunities throughout the day to engage in literacy. The quality of these literacy opportunities is important; to ensure that reading and writing are consistently motivating and students generalize skills, literacy should always serve an authentic communicative purpose. As students enter adolescence and prepare to exit high school, high-priority literacy skills should be targeted and literacy activities must be age-appropriate. This article provides an overview of emergent literacy for early communicators with multiple disabilities and explores ways that educational teams can identify authentic literacy activities for adolescents with multiple disabilities in a variety of inclusive environments.
Configurable LDPC Decoder Architectures for Regular and Irregular Codes

Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are one of the best error correcting codes that enable the future generations of wireless devices to achieve higher data rates with excellent quality of service. This paper presents two novel flexible decoder architectures. The first one supports (3,6) regular codes of rate 1/2 that can be used for different block lengths. The second decoder is more general and supports both regular and irregular LDPC codes with twelve combinations of code lengths ??648,1296,1944-bits and code rates-1/2,2/3,3/4,5/6- based on the IEEE 802.11n standard. All codes correspond to a block-structured parity check matrix, in which the sub-blocks are either a shifted identity matrix or a zero matrix. Prototype architectures for both LDPC decoders have been implemented and tested on a Xilinx field programmable gate array.
Sensor System Optimization for Bayesian Fusion of Distributed Stochastic Signals Under Resource Constraints

Recently there has been a significant interest in distributed detection and data fusion with analog-relay amplifier local processing under a global power constraint. In particular, it was shown in S.K. Jayaweera (2005) that the optimal fusion performance for a distributed stochastic signal detection is achieved by a finite number of sensors. In this paper, we propose a sensor system optimization method based on the Bhattachrya error exponent. In addition to the global power constraint we also consider the case in which the total available bandwidth may also be limited. Assuming an equi-correlated signalling model we derive the error exponents to the Bayesian fusion performance for asymptotically large systems. Again we optimize the sensor system size based on the Bhattacharya error exponent and provide simple rules that are valid for either the low or high observation SNR regimes
Eyetracking in cognitive state detection for HCI

1. Past research in a number of fields confirms the existence of a link between cognition and eye movement control, beyond simply a pointing relationship. This being the case, it should be possible to use eye movement recording as a basis for detecting users' cognitive states in real time. Several examples of such cognitive state detectors have been reported in the literature.2. A multi-disciplinary project is described in which the goal is to provide the computer with as much real-time information about the human state (cognitive, affective and motivational state) as possible, and to base computer actions on this information. The application area in which this is being implemented is science education, learning about gears through exploration. Two studies are reported in which participants solve simple problems of pictured gear trains while their eye movements are recorded. The first study indicates that most eye movement sequences are compatible with predictions of a simple sequential cognitive model, and it is suggested that those sequences that do not fit the model may be of particular interest in the HCI context as indicating problems or alternative mental strategies. The mental rotation of gears sometimes produces sequences of short eye movements in the direction of motion; thus, such sequences may be useful as cognitive state detecto.3. The second study tested the hypothesis that participants are thinking about the object to which their eyes are directed. In this study, the display was turned off partway through the process of solving a problem, and the participants reported what they were thinking about at that time. While in most cases the participants reported cognitive activities involving the fixated object, this was not the case on a sizeable number of trials.
Surgical Technique of Cadaver Donor Nephrectomy

Renal transplantation is a highly successful therapeutic option for patients with end-stage renal disease. The current level of success has been the result of improvements in surgical technique, immunosuppression, organ preservation, and patient management. The number of patients needing transplantation continues to outgrow the supply of donor organs. The techniques described in this chapter highlight the surgical aspects of organ procurement and preservation. Although these techniques have led to improvement in transplantation, their application is inherently linked to the generous gift of organ donation.
A microfluidic system with optical laser tweezers to study mechanotransduction and focal adhesion recruitment

We present a new method to locally apply mechanical tensile and compressive force on single cells based on integration of a microfluidic device with an optical laser tweezers. This system can locate a single cell within customized wells exposing a square-like membrane segment to a functionalized bead. Beads are coated with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins of interest (e.g. fibronectin) to activate specific membrane receptors (e.g. integrins). The functionalized beads are trapped and manipulated by optical tweezers to apply mechanical load on the ECM-integrin-cytoskeleton linkage. Activation of the receptor is visualized by accumulation of expressed fluorescent proteins. This platform facilitates isolation of single cells and excitation by tensile/compressive forces applied directly to the focal adhesion via specific membrane receptors. Protein assembly or recruitment in a focal adhesion can then be monitored and identified using fluorescent imaging. This platform is used to study the recruitment of vinculin upon the application of external tensile force to single endothelial cells. Vinculin appears to be recruited above the forced bead as an elliptical cloud, centered 2.1 ± 0.5 μm from the 2 μm bead center. The mechanical stiffness of the membrane patch inferred from this measurement is 42.9 ± 6.4 pN μm(-1) for a 5 μm × 5 μm membrane segment. This method provides a foundation for further studies of mechanotransduction and tensile stiffness of single cells.
Draft Genome Sequences of Nine Streptococcus suis Strains Isolated in the United States.

ABSTRACT Streptococcus suis is a swine pathogen responsible for economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Additionally, it is a zoonotic agent that can cause severe infections in those in close contact with infected pigs and/or who consume uncooked or undercooked pork products. Here, we report nine draft genome sequences of S. suis.
Warrantless Searches and Smart Phones: Privacy in the Palm of Your Hand?

While the United States Supreme Court has not yet had occasion to address the warrantless search of a cell phone or smartphone incident to arrest, the vast majority of courts, both state and federal, to have considered the issue have allowed warrantless searches of cell phones pursuant to this exception, reasoning that cell phones are containers like any other found on an arrestee. The few courts to consider a warrantless search of a smartphone in similar circumstances have also allowed these searches. I do not disagree with concerns that warrantless searches of these devices incident to arrest could expose potentially large amounts of personal information to the police without the prior approval of a neutral and detached magistrate. However, I question whether the advancement of technology in this area requires an expansion or reformation of the search incident to arrest exception to the warrant requirement. The Supreme Court has determined that the Fourth Amendment, at its core, imposes a reasonableness standard, and that standard has been applied in a variety of warrantless settings. Regarding the search incident to arrest doctrine specifically, the Court has held that “in the case of a lawful custodial arrest a full search of the person is not only an exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment, but is also a ‘reasonable’ search under that Amendment.” As discussed in the article, most of the lower courts to consider the issue have found that the storage capacity of a cell phone or smartphone does not change the Fourth Amendment analysis. Moreover, the Supreme Court has rejected any distinction between “worthy and unworthy containers” and instead “has defined the term ‘container’ much more expansively.” Perhaps then, the question is not as complicated as it appears: Existing Fourth Amendment doctrine arguably reaches the proper balance between privacy rights and law enforcement needs in this area.
Labor's Share of the Business Cycle: Do Biased Technology Shocks Cause Business Cycles?

A recent paper by Young (2004) demonstrated that biased technical changes, in the form of shocks to labor's share/elasticity, can drive economically large fluctuations in a real business cycle (RBC) model. We examine the cyclical properties of 4 quarterly measures of US labor's share from 1959 through 2000. VARs employing M1 growth, inflation, changes in T-bill rates and government spending growth as non-technical/demand-driven instruments attribute between 60 and 88 percent of labor's share change volatility to exogenous shocks. Variance decompositions attribute only between 10 and 34 percent of US GDP volatility to these labor's share shocks. Alternatively, based on growth accounting theory, changes in the real wage rate, the real return to capital and the capital to labor ratio, can account for between 71 and 85 percent of labor's share changes. Variance decompositions controlling for these variables attribute an economically negligible portion of GDP volatility to biased technical changes. Both methodologies estimate a statistically significant negative response of GDP growth to biased technical changes.
Combining Problem-Solving Instruction and Programming Instruction to Increase the Problem-Solving Ability of High School Students

AbstractResearchers have identified a number of reasons why many programming students have difficulty acquiring a knowledge of programming, writing programs, and transferring programming knowledge to other problem-solving domains. These reasons include a lack instruction in basic problem-solving skills and poor programming skills. In the study described here, students were introduced to a generalized problem-solving strategy, and were given instruction in BASIC programming in an attempt to determine whether this combination enhanced student problem-solving ability.
Introduction to KSD-VP-1/1: The Earliest Adult Partial Skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis

Early hominin partial skeletons are extremely rare in the fossil record, particularly for the time predating 3 Ma (million years ago). As a result, most of our understanding of Pliocene hominin paleobiology and phylogenetic relationships is based on isolated and fragmentary specimens. The Middle Pliocene species Australopithecus afarensis is one of the best-known early hominin species, and yet only three adult partial skeletons of the species have been recovered thus far, including the one described in this volume. The best known of these is the 3.2 Ma partial skeleton of a small female (A.L. 288-1 ) from Hadar, Ethiopia, and much of our understanding of the paleobiology of this species has been influenced by this specimen. The newly recovered 3.6 Ma partial skeleton from the Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia (KSD-VP-1/1, aka Kadanuumuu ) represents a much larger male individual and may provide us with fresh insights into the paleobiology of Au. afarensis . This specimen not only preserves elements of the forelimb and hindlimb, but also includes complete elements, such as the scapula and clavicle, which were previously known only from fragmentary specimens. This edited volume provides the taphonomy and paleoecology of the partial skeleton, as well as detailed comparative descriptions of the preserved elements of KSD-VP-1/1 and their implications for our understanding of early hominin paleobiology. This chapter will present a basic introduction to the discovery of KSD-VP-1/1 and provide a guide to the contents of the volume.
Evaluation of Cancer Metabolomics Using ex vivo High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)

According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, cancer is responsible for more deaths than all coronary heart disease or stroke worldwide, serving as a major public health threat around the world. High resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has demonstrated its usefulness in the identification of cancer metabolic markers with the potential to improve diagnosis and prognosis for the oncology clinic, due partially to its ability to preserve tissue architecture for subsequent histological and molecular pathology analysis. Capable of the quantification of individual metabolites, ratios of metabolites, and entire metabolomic profiles, HRMAS MRS is one of the major techniques now used in cancer metabolomic research. This article reviews and discusses literature reports of HRMAS MRS studies of cancer metabolomics published between 2010 and 2015 according to anatomical origins, including brain, breast, prostate, lung, gastrointestinal, and neuroendocrine cancers. These studies focused on improving diagnosis and understanding patient prognostication, monitoring treatment effects, as well as correlating with the use of in vivo MRS in cancer clinics.
Spontaneous Ignition of Decomposing Cellulose Nitrate Film

Cellulose nitrate motion picture film in the advanced stages of decomposition is liable to ignite spontaneously. The danger of such ignition is reduced by inspecting stored film stocks and removing and destroying all decomposing film.
Prepupal wandering behavior of larvae of the sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

In a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod regimen, the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst), exhibited a well-defined prepupal wandering rhythm. Wandering occurred during the day; the timing depended somewhat on day length and temperature. Phase shifting mostly followed onset of darkness. Wandering starts were temperature compensated, but at lower temperatures larvae started to wander throughout the photophase. In constant darkness the wandering rhythm persisted with fairly normal timing for the first 2 days, but the number of larvae wandering dropped on the second day and, thereafter, wandering was essentially random in relation to time. Timing of gut purging and initiation of wandering were closely correlated. Larvae starting to wander were positively phototrophic. When larvae were ligated shortly after they started to wander, significantly more individuals pupated if they had been maintained in continuous darkness than if they had been kept in a light-dark regimen. Wandering during the middle portion of the day may have originated as a defense against predation.
Concentration-independent modulation of local micromechanics in a fibrin clot

Optical tweezers active microrheology (AMR) probes microdomain mechanical properties in 3D engineered tissues. The application of a nonuniform strain field setups up distributed stiffness, measured by AMR, which yields differential cell phenotypes.
Effect of Irradiation on Tumor Microenvironment and Bone Marrow Cell Migration in a Preclinical Tumor Model

Purpose To characterize the tumor microenvironment after standard radiation therapy (SRT) and pulsed radiation therapy (PRT) in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) allografts. Methods and Materials Subcutaneous LLC tumors were established in C57BL/6 mice. Standard RT or PRT was given at 2 Gy/d for a total dose of 20 Gy using a 5 days on, 2 days off schedule to mimic clinical delivery. Radiation-induced tumor microenvironment changes were examined after treatment using flow cytometry and antibody-specific histopathology. Normal tissue effects were measured using noninvasive 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography after naive animals were given whole-lung irradiation to 40 Gy in 4 weeks using the same 2-Gy/d regimens. Results Over the 2 weeks of therapy, PRT was more effective than SRT at reducing tumor growth rate (0.31 ± 0.02 mm 3 /d and 0.55 ± 0.04 mm 3 /d, respectively; P + bone marrow–derived cell (BMDC) migration (7.8% ± 2.2%) after PRT. The addition of AMD3100 also decreased CD45 + BMDC migration in treated tumors (0.6% ± 0.1%). Higher vessel density was observed in treated tumors. No differences were observed in normal lung tissue after PRT or SRT. Conclusions Pulsed RT–treated tumors exhibited slower growth and reduced hypoxia. Pulsed RT eliminated initiation of supportive mechanisms utilized by tumors in low oxygen microenvironments, including angiogenesis and recruitment of BMDCs.
ACCOMMODATION AND TREATMENT OF ANXIOUS YOUTH.

Background Parental accommodation refers to the ways in which a parent modifies their behavior to avoid or reduce the distress their child experiences. Parents of youth with anxiety disorders have been found to accommodate their child's anxiety in a variety of ways that contribute to the maintenance of the disorder. The current study evaluated the relationship between parental accommodation and the outcome of treatment for youth with anxiety. Methods Sixty-two youth (age 6–17) and their parents were evaluated for youth anxiety and parental accommodation before and after treatment. All youth received individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Results Parental accommodation was significantly reduced from before to after treatment. Reduction in parent-rated accommodation was significantly associated with the severity of youth's posttreatment anxiety, even when controlling for pretreatment youth anxiety. Level of pretreatment accommodation was significantly associated with treatment response. Conclusions Findings indicate that parental accommodation is significantly reduced after individual youth CBT, and suggest that accommodation may be an important treatment focus. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
Inflamed skin predisposes to sensitization to less potent allergens

Background Irritant dermatitis, caused by genetic barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis or wet work in hand dermatitis, induces innate immune response that might predispose to allergic contact sensitization to less potent sensitizers. Objectives We sought to determine if positive patch test results to less potent allergens are more prevalent in patients with a history of childhood flexural dermatitis or current wet work. Methods We examined our database of patients presenting to a contact dermatitis clinic tested to potential contact allergens as indicated by their history. Allergens from our most recent standard were studied if they could be classified as weak, moderate, or strong sensitizers based on published data from the local lymph node assay. Patients were stratified by a history of childhood-onset flexural dermatitis as a proxy for atopic dermatitis and by occupation. Results History of childhood-onset dermatitis predisposed to contact allergy to weak sensitizers and wet work to medium-potency sensitizers. Neither predisposed to contact allergy from strong sensitizers. Limitations Association cannot prove causation. Conclusions We conclude that strong sensitizers do not require wet work or atopy to cause sensitization. Barrier defects associated with childhood eczema and wet work may promote sensitization to weak antigens.
Effect of High Dietary Iron and Ascorbic Acid on Copper and Iron Utilization during Copper Deficiency

The interactions of iron, ascorbic acid and copper may be of concern to humans. Supplements of iron and ascorbic acid are consumed by nearly 30% and 60% of adults, respectively (1), while copper intakes may be marginal (2). Consumption of 1500 mg ascorbic acid daily for 60 days depressed serum ceruloplasmin and copper in adult men (3). The severity of anemia in copper-deficient rats was increased by 1% ascorbic acid in the diet (4). Ascorbic acid may increase the turnover or decrease the absorption of copper (5). We observed that ascorbic acid also decreases iron absorption in copper-deficient rats (4). It has been reported that supplements of iron lessen the severity of copper deficiency anemia in rats (6). However, high doses of iron do not reverse the anemia of copper deficiency in humans (7,8) and we reported that anemia was more severe in copper-deficient rats fed 226 rather than 54 μg Fe/g diet (9).
The Arts and Sciences of Reading: Humanities in The Laboratory

This article examines two recent scientific studies about reading fiction in order to argue for more thoroughly interdisciplinary work that crosses the too-often-upheld boundary between the humanities and sciences. Taking one of these in particular as a case study, I explore how including a humanist in the experimental process could have impacted many stages of inquiry: from developing more interesting and better contextualized research questions and methods, to providing rhetorical expertise that could reduce the role of “neurohype” as research moves from the lab to the press, to providing an important counterweight to the urge to make hasty recommendations about the translatability of basic science. I argue that the sciences and humanities are important partners in demystifying press coverage of neuroscience and cognitive science developments, and suggest that incorporating humanities approaches could improve the practice of science as it approaches topics typically in the purview of the humanities or s...
Investigating Usability, User Preferences, Ergonomics, and Player Performance in StarCraft II

The present study investigated several factors hypothesized to affect player performance in a real-time strategy computer game, StarCraft II (SC2). User preferences for certain game settings (e.g., custom hotkey shortcuts) and peripheral equipment (e.g., gaming keyboards, laser mice) were surveyed along with usability perceptions and individual differences. In addition to these self-reports, participants uploaded replays of their perceived strongest SC2 games, offering a snapshot of players’ in-game behavioral data. Results indicated that perceived usability problems and higher neuroticism were linked to poorer performance, but multitasking tendencies and custom hotkeys were predictive of greater performance. Gaming keyboards were related to performance, although a performance benefit is inconclusive. Implications for individual differences, ergonomics, and usability are discussed.
High resolution optical spark chamber

Abstract An optical spark chamber was constructed with 3 mm gaps capable of operation at high pressures. With twenty atmospheres of a neon helium mixture, a resolution of about 70 μm was achieved, a considerable improvement over conventional chambers.
The Perceived Impact of Moving to United States on Eating Habits among College Students from Countries Gulf Cooperation Council

ObjectiveTo evaluate the social-culture factors affect the changes in eating habits among college students from the Cooperation Council Gulf Cooperation Council of the Arab states at Gulf (GCC), wh...