cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Illusion in the Comparison of NPV Profiles of Mutually Exclusive Projects

In the comparison of NPV profiles of a pair of mutually exclusive projects, it is customary overlay the two NPV Profiles in a two dimensional graph with NPV on the vertical axis and discount rate horizontal axis. The project NPVs are then compared at each feasible discount rate. By having the horizontal axis represent one discount rate, the two potentially different project discount rates are effectively forced to be equal to each other. This leads to the identification of a crossover discount rate, below which one of the projects dominates, and above which the other project dominates. As a corollary, it is observed that, when the discount rate is below the crossover rate, project ranking in terms of the NPV is inconsistent with ranking in terms of IRR, but consistent with each other when the discount rate is higher than the crossover rate. However, such a characterization hinges crucially on the implicit assumption that the same discount rate is applied to both projects. This characterization falls apart when projects are allowed to have different discount rates. A series of examples is presented which demonstrates that much of the incorrect conjectures about dominance by one project over another can be avoided simply by explicitly incorporating the missing independent variables, a separate discount rate for each project, in the comparative analysis of the two NPV profiles.
Christianity and Families

Christianity has influenced millions of families for over two thousand years and continues to exert some influence on the family life of about two billion adherents. Christianity sanctifies marriage and family relationships, encouraging many to devote significant attention to their spouses and families. Christianity has contributed to family life by raising the status of marriage, promoting trust and loyalty in marriage, promoting marital stability by discouraging divorce, increasing the status of children in society, improving the quality of marital and family processes, countering cultural trends that harm families, helping to resolve relational problems through pastoral counseling, and promoting human life and health. Religion also has had some negative effects on marriage and family life, including justifying corporal punishment, discouraging and disallowing divorce even in situations involving abuse, and sanctifying gender inequity and oppression. Christians manifest great diversity in beliefs and practices regarding marriage and family issues and policies. Keywords: belief; children; Christianity; churches; family; marriage; religion; sociology of religion
Rogers’ „Selbst-Theorie“

Carl Rogers ist ein zeitgenossischer Personlichkeitstheoretiker, dessen Ansatz sich in vielerlei Hinsicht von den bisher besprochenen Ansatzen unterscheidet. Da er ausschlieslich Wert auf subjektive Erfahrung und innere (eher als situationale) Prozesse legt, wird seine Theorie im allgemeinen als eine „phanomenologische“ Theorie oder eine „Selbst­konzept-Theorie“ bezeichnet. In seinen Werken hat sich Rogers hauptsachlich mit der Erklarung der Veranderungen befast, die wahrend einer psychotherapeutischen Behandlung auftreten. Da seine Auffassungen uber Psychotherapie deutlich eine Beeinflussung durch Otto Rank aufweisen, ein weiterer fruher Anhanger der Psychoanalyse, der sich vom Freudschen Kreis absetzte, scheint uns hier ein kurzer Exkurs uber einige von Ranks Ansichten lohnenswert.
Benefits of Catalyzed Radical Termination: High-Yield Synthesis of Polyacrylate Molecular Bottlebrushes without Gelation

Catalyzed radical termination (CRT) in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylates is usually considered as an unfavorable side reaction, as it accelerates termination and decreases chain-end functionality. CRT proceeds via a L/CuII–Pn organometallic intermediate and results in saturated chain-ends. Thus, CRT can help to suppress gelation in the synthesis of densely grafted poly(n-butyl acrylate) molecular bottlebrushes using the “grafting-from” method by decreasing the fraction of chains terminated by conventional bimolecular radical combination. Molecular bottlebrushes by ATRP are typically prepared slowly in low yield and to limited monomer conversion to prevent radical combination, cross-linking, and gelation. Under conditions promoting CRT with highly active ATRP catalysts, a relatively high monomer conversion (>70%) was achieved without macroscopic gelation. CRT was favored using conditions that favored the formation of the L/CuII–Pn intermediate such as lower temperature and higher con...
Revisiting lattice thermal transport in PbTe: The crucial role of quartic anharmonicity

We perform a first-principles study of lattice thermal transport in PbTe by explicitly considering anharmonicity up to 4th order. To determine the temperature-dependent lattice constant of PbTe beyond quasiharmonic approximation, we introduce a simple yet effective scheme to account for anharmonic phonon renormalization at finite temperature. Moreover, we explicitly compute mode-resolved phonon lifetimes by including both three- and four-phonon scatterings. We find that (1) anharmonic phonon renormalization leads to strong vibrational frequency shifts which improve the agreement between simulated and experimental lattice constants; (2) these frequency shifts lead to a significant increase in lattice thermal conductivity (κl) because of reduced phonon scattering phase space; and (3) four-phonon scatterings are responsible for severe reduction in κl on top of three-phonon scatterings, making κl consistent with experiments. Our results suggest that the predicted κl and its temperature dependence without considering thermal expansion, anharmonic phonon renormalization and four-phonon scatterings could accidentally agree with experiments due to error cancellation. Our study not only deepens the understanding of lattice thermal transport in PbTe but also exemplifies a widely applicable approach to investigate lattice dynamics and thermal transport properties from first-principles calculations including high-order anharmonicity.
Richter transformation in the era of novel agents

Recent approvals of several oral targeted agents have revolutionized chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) therapy. However, CLL patients continue to progress; particularly, 4% to 20% of previously treated CLL patients undergo transformation into high-grade lymphoma. Richter transformation is defined as a transformation of CLL into aggressive lymphoma, most commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. These patients typically have poor response to traditional chemotherapy used to treat de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and similar or shorter overall survival (median 3-11 months) in the era of novel agents. Here, I review the contemporary literature on Richter transformation, particularly in the context of novel agents used in CLL, and discuss the management approach for these patients.
Preventing Sepsis By Reimagining Systems And Engaging Patients

A new early warning system at Texas Children's Hospital is giving teams of providers additional tools to save lives.
Swallowing Disorders in the Older Population

Swallowing problems, or dysphagia, are common as people age, and are associated with significant negative outcomes, including weight loss, pneumonia, dehydration, shortened life expectancy, reduced quality of life, and increased caregiver burden. In this article, we will discuss the complex process of swallowing in normal circumstances and with healthy aging, then review etiologies that contribute to dysphagia. We will discuss approaches to evaluating and treating dysphagia, providing relevant data where they are available. We highlight the desperate need for high-quality research to guide best practices in treating dysphagia in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2643-2649, 2019.
Toxicity and response after CD19-specific CAR T-cell therapy in pediatric/young adult relapsed/refractory B-ALL

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated clinical benefit in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We undertook a multicenter clinical trial to determine toxicity, feasibility, and response for this therapy. A total of 25 pediatric/young adult patients (age, 1-22.5 years) with R/R B-ALL were treated with 19-28z CAR T cells. Conditioning chemotherapy included high-dose (3 g/m2) cyclophosphamide (HD-Cy) for 17 patients and low-dose (≤1.5 g/m2) cyclophosphamide (LD-Cy) for 8 patients. Fifteen patients had pretreatment minimal residual disease (MRD; <5% blasts in bone marrow), and 10 patients had pretreatment morphologic evidence of disease (≥5% blasts in bone marrow). All toxicities were reversible, including severe cytokine release syndrome in 16% (4 of 25) and severe neurotoxicity in 28% (7 of 25) of patients. Treated patients were assessed for response, and, among the evaluable patients (n = 24), response and peak CAR T-cell expansion were superior in the HD-Cy/MRD cohorts, as compared with the LD-Cy/morphologic cohorts without an increase in toxicity. Our data support the safety of CD19-specific CAR T-cell therapy for R/R B-ALL. Our data also suggest that dose intensity of conditioning chemotherapy and minimal pretreatment disease burden have a positive impact on response without a negative effect on toxicity. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01860937.
2020 special issue: Twenty years of breast reconstruction: Past, present, and future

Breast reconstruction has evolved in the last 25 years to provide women with better autologous and implant-based options. The general trends of breast reconstruction have shifted to skin and nipple-areolar complex preservation, resulting in improved aesthetics and patient satisfaction. Autologous reconstruction has made a dramatic movement toward microsurgical reconstruction by free tissue transfer and has addressed lymphedema and breast sensation. Using the patient's own tissues, several aesthetic refinements have led to optimizing the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed breast. Implant-based reconstruction has improved with the invention of form-stable silicone implants, acellular dermal matrix, and fat grafting. These positive trends will continue into the future. We hope that all women with a diagnosis of breast cancer will have the option of a consultation with a reconstructive plastic surgeon, ideally prior to undergoing resective surgery, to ensure they are aware of all reconstructive options to maximize their reconstructive result.
Extraction and Interpretation of Deep Autoencoder-based Temporal Features from Wearables for Forecasting Personalized Mood, Health, and Stress

Continuous wearable sensor data in high resolution contain physiological and behavioral information that can be utilized to predict human health and wellbeing, establishing the foundation for developing early warning systems to eventually improve human health and wellbeing. We propose a deep neural network framework, the Locally Connected Long Short-Term Memory Denoising AutoEncoder (LC-LSTM-DAE), to automatically extract features from passively collected raw sensor data and perform personalized prediction of self-reported mood, health, and stress scores with high precision. We enabled personalized learning of features by finetuning the general representation model with participant-specific data. The framework was evaluated using wearable sensor data and wellbeing labels collected from college students (total 6391 days from N=239). Sensor data include skin temperature, skin conductance, and acceleration; wellbeing labels include self-reported mood, health and stress scored 0 - 100. Compared to the prediction performance based on hand-crafted features, the proposed framework achieved higher precision with a smaller number of features. We also provide statistical interpretation and visual explanation to the automatically learned features and the prediction models. Our results show the possibility of predicting self-reported mood, health, and stress accurately using an interpretable deep learning framework, ultimately for developing real-time health and wellbeing monitoring and intervention systems that can benefit various populations.
Amine-Catalyzed Chain Polymerization of Ethyl Glyoxylate from Alcohol and Thiol Initiators

Polyacetals have significant potential as degradable polymers, but aldehyde polymerizations are generally difficult to control. Here we show that polymerization of ethyl glyoxylate can be initiated...
Postpartum Hemorrhage in Patients with Type 1 von Willebrand Disease: A Systematic Review

Type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common subtype of VWD, comprising 75% of VWD patients. We provide a systematic review of type 1 VWD in pregnancy. Our objective was to evaluate the rate of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in patients with known type 1 VWD. The primary outcome was rate of PPH. Primary PPH was defined as a cumulative blood loss ≥1,000 mL, or blood loss accompanied by signs and symptoms of hypovolemia within 24 hours postpartum or requiring blood products. Secondary PPH was defined as significant bleeding 24 hours to 12 weeks postpartum. Relevant articles published in English pertaining to VWD and pregnancy were identified without any time or study limitations. Seven articles (n = 144 pregnancies) met inclusion criteria. The rate of primary PPH was 4/144 (2.8%). The secondary PPH rate was reported in four studies, and occurred in 7/48 pregnancies (14.6%), ranging from 2 to 19 days postpartum. In conclusion, according to this systematic review, the frequency of primary PPH in pregnancies with known type 1 VWD is 2.8%. This is similar to the overall PPH rates of 3% reported in the literature. Although the sample size was small, secondary PPH occurred in almost 15% of pregnancies, while in the overall obstetrical population this occurs in approximately 1% of cases. Patients with known type 1 VWD may not be at increased risk of primary PPH, though they appear to bear increased risk of secondary PPH.
SU-C-201-05: Imaging 212Pb-TCMC-Trastuzumab for Alpha Radioimmunotherapy for Ovarian Cancer

Purpose: To support the phase I trial for toxicity, biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of intra-peritoneal (IP) 212Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab in patients with HER-2 expressing malignancy. A whole body gamma camera imaging method was developed for estimating amount of 212Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab left in the peritoneal cavity. Methods: {sup 212}Pb decays to {sup 212}Bi via beta emission. {sup 212}Bi emits an alpha particle at an average of 6.1 MeV. The 238.6 keV gamma ray with a 43.6% yield can be exploited for imaging. Initial phantom was made of saline bags with 212Pb. Images were collected for 238.6 keV with a medium energy general purpose collimator. There are other high energy gamma emissions (e.g. 511keV, 8%; 583 keV, 31%) that penetrate the septae of the collimator and contribute scatter into 238.6 keV. An upper scatter window was used for scatter correction for these high energy gammas. Results: A small source containing 212Pb can be easily visualized. Scatter correction on images of a small 212Pb source resulted in a ∼50% reduction in the full width at tenth maximum (FWTM), while change in full width at half maximum (FWHM) was 5 cm outside; scatter correction improved imagemore » contrast by removing this scatter around the sources. Patient imaging, in the 1st cohort (n=3) showed little redistribution of 212Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab out of the peritoneal cavity. Compared to the early post-treatment images, the 18-hour post-injection images illustrated the shift to more uniform anterior/posterior abdominal distribution and the loss of intensity due to radioactive decay. Conclusion: Use of medium energy collimator, 15% width of 238.6 keV photopeak, and a 7.5% upper scatter window is adequate for quantification of 212Pb radioactivity inside peritoneal cavity for alpha radioimmunotherapy of ovarian cancer. Research Support: AREVA Med, NIH 1UL1RR025777-01.« less
Teaching Race and Crime: Perspectives from the Classroom

Abstract This paper examines the experiences of a select group of faculty (N = 37) from across the country who teach courses related to race and crime. Using survey methodology, the researchers solicited the faculty members' views on the course as well as their experience in teaching the course. The research was also designed to determine the receptivity of students to the course, as well as the nature of the evaluation scores of instructors who teach these courses. Most instructors reported having had a good teaching experience and felt the course should be required. Respondents also indicated that their teaching evaluation scores for race and crime courses were generally in line with their scores for other courses. The research found very minimal differences between the teaching evaluation scores of white and nonwhite race and crime instructors. Students were perceived to be generally enthusiastic about taking this course.
Knowledge, Agency, and Design Information Systems

This paper addresses CAAD from an organizational point of view. We employ recent developments in organizational economics to model the organizational processes in building design. Based on an analysis of(i) the cost of transferring knowledge, and (ii) agency cost in existing design organizations, we propose a framework for redesigning organizational processes and for developing appropriate design information systems. The paper describes work on a larger on-going research project at the Harvard Design School on intra- and interorganizational design information systems.
Sexuality and Law - Volume III: Sexual Freedom Preface and Introduction

Preface and Introduction to Volume III in the Library of Essays in Sexuality and Law: Sexual Freedom. Theorizing sexual freedom is a difficult task; as a legal goal, it is neither universal nor absolute. Sexual freedom encompasses notions of liberty, dignity and autonomy. It also incorporates equality for sexual and gender minorities. This volume's treatment of sexual freedom includes issues of politics and power, as well as imperialism, national and other identities and the goals of scholarship and advocacy. The volume opens the difficult conversation of sexual freedom by discussing foundational theorists whose work has influenced conceptualizations of the relationships between sexuality and law. It considers hierarchies of sex in legal frameworks and hierarchies of nationalism in sexual-legal frameworks. The persistent issue of sexual identity is analyzed through the lens of asylum and gender identity. The notion of inevitable 'progress' toward sexual freedom is addressed and challenged. The volume concludes by examining legal education, judges and their discourse and professionals within the legal system.
Medical pluralism in the andes.

This is a rich and provocative collection of studies of illness and healing in the Andes, compiled to honour the memory of Libbet Crandon‐Malamud. The reiterated references to themes she worked on ...
Voltage-Dependent Block of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors by the Novel Anticonvulsant Dibenzylamine, a Bioactive Constituent of l-(+)-β-Hydroxybutyrate

Summary: Purpose: Previously we demonstrated that l-(+)-β-hydroxybutyrate (L-BHB), acetoacetate (ACA), acetone, and dibenzylamine (DBA) were anticonvulsant in an audiogenic seizure–susceptible model, and that DBA was a bioactive contaminant identified in commercial lots of L-BHB. In the present study, we asked whether these effects could be mediated by ionotropic glutamate or γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors. Methods: We studied the effects of both stereoisomers of BHB (as well as the racemate), ACA, and DBA on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5methyl-4-isoxazole-proprionic acid (AMPA), and GABAA receptors in cultured rodent neocortical neurons by using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording techniques. Results: Only L-BHB and DBA exerted a concentration- and voltage-dependent block of NMDA-evoked currents, whereas none of the tested substrates affected AMPA- or GABA-activated currents. The kinetics of whole-cell block by L-BHB and DBA were similar, providing additional evidence that DBA is responsible for the anticonvulsant activity of L-BHB. Conclusions: BHB and ACA do not exert direct actions on GABAA or ionotropic glutamate receptors in cultured neocortical neurons. In addition, we provide additional evidence that DBA is responsible for the anticonvulsant activity of L-BHB, and that this action may be mediated in part by voltage-dependent blockade of NMDA receptors.
One-Dimensionality and Whiteness.

This article is a theoretical discussion that links Marcuse's concept of one- dimensional society and the Great Refusal with critical race theory in order to achieve a more robust interrogation of whiteness. The author argues that in the context of the United States, the one-dimensionality that Marcuse condemns in One-Dimensional Man is best illuminated by the concept of whiteness, which posits that whiteness in the context of white supremacy is an ideological manifestation of capitalism in the United States. The author furthers that the values Marcuse wants to break with or refuse in An Essay on Liberation can be more concretely captured if it is made clear that the ideology of whiteness represents a key part of the normative order of advanced industrial society that must be 'Refused'. The reproduction of whiteness in educational structures serves to oppress raced, gendered, and classed individuals and communities who deviate from the norms established by the ideology of whiteness. Thus, in the context of education, the author proposes that the crucial theoretical tools we have to challenge one-dimensional education and refuse whiteness are critical race theory and critical multicultural education.
A2E and Lipofuscin

Lipofuscin is highly fluorescent material, formed in several tissues but best studied in the eye. The accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a hallmark of aging in the eye and has been implicated in various retinal degenerations, including age-related macular degeneration. The bis-retinoid N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E), formed from retinal, has been identified as a byproduct of the visual cycle, and numerous in vitro studies have found toxicity associated with this compound. The compound is known to accumulate in the RPE with age and was the first identified compound extracted from lipofuscin. Our studies have correlated the distribution of lipofuscin and A2E across the human and mouse RPE. Lipofuscin fluorescence was imaged in the RPE from human donors of various ages and from assorted mouse models. The spatial distribution of A2E was determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization imaging mass spectrometry on both flat-mounted and transversally sectioned RPE tissue. Our data support the clinical observations in humans of strong RPE fluorescence, increasing with age, in the central area of the RPE. However, there was no correlation between the distribution of A2E and lipofuscin, as the levels of A2E were highest in the far periphery and decreased toward the central region. Interestingly, in all the mouse models, A2E distribution and lipofuscin fluorescence correlate well. These data demonstrate that the accumulation of A2E is not responsible for the increase in lipofuscin fluorescence observed in the central RPE with aging in humans.
Studies of Laryngotracheitis Virus in Avian Tissue Cultures: III. Enhancement of Infectivity by Diethylaminoethyl-Dextran

Diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D) enhanced the infectivity of laryngotracheitis virus (LTV) for chicken kidney (CK) cells when cultures were treated before inoculation with virus and when DEAE-D was present in the inoculum. Infectivity was not increased when cultures were treated after virus had adsorbed to cells; since infection was not synchronized, most of the virus had probably already penetrated the plasma membrane by the time DEAE-D was added. Maximal enhancement occurred when DEAE-D was present in the inoculum. Enhancement of a lesser degree occurred when virus and DEAE-D were mixed, diluted, and inoculated onto cultures. Adsorption of LTV at 37 C as compared to that at 5 C usually yields about a threefold greater number of plaques after a 2-hr adsorption period. However, when DEAE-D was incorporated in the inoculum, greater enhancement occurred at 5 C than at 37 C, and the number of plaques produced at both adsorption temperatures was about equal. Results are compatible with the hypothesis that increased adsorption is a factor in enhancement of infectivity of LTV by DEAE-D.
Nicotine Inhibits FcεRI-Induced Cysteinyl Leukotrienes and Cytokine Production without Affecting Mast Cell Degranulation Through α7/α9/α10-Nicotinic Receptors

Smokers are less likely to develop some inflammatory and allergic diseases. In Brown-Norway rats, nicotine inhibits several parameters of allergic asthma, including the production of Th2 cytokines and the cysteinyl leukotriene LTC4. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are primarily produced by mast cells, and these cells play a central role in allergic asthma. Mast cells express a high-affinity receptor for IgE (FceRI). Following its cross-linking, cells degranulate and release preformed inflammatory mediators (early phase) and synthesize and secrete cytokines/chemokines and leukotrienes (late phase). The mechanism by which nicotine modulates mast cell activation is unclear. Using α-bungarotoxin binding and quantitative PCR and PCR product sequencing, we showed that the rat mast/basophil cell line RBL-2H3 expresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) α7, α9, and α10; exposure to exceedingly low concentrations of nicotine (nanomolar), but not the biologically inactive metabolite cotinine, for ≥8 h suppressed the late phase (leukotriene/cytokine production) but not degranulation (histamine and hexosaminidase release). These effects were unrelated to those of nicotine on intracellular free calcium concentration but were causally associated with the inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity and the PI3K/ERK/NF-κB pathway, including phosphorylation of Akt and ERK and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The suppressive effect of nicotine on the late-phase response was blocked by the α7/α9-nAChR antagonists methyllycaconitine and α-bungarotoxin, as well as by small interfering RNA knockdown of α7-, α9-, or α10-nAChRs, suggesting a functional interaction between α7-, α9-, and α10-nAChRs that might explain the response of RBL cells to nanomolar concentrations of nicotine. This “hybrid” receptor might serve as a target for novel antiallergic/antiasthmatic therapies.
Crystallization and fibril formation in polymers

Solutions of crystallizable polymers subjected to orientation crystallize in a fibrillar morphology if the polymer is solidified rapidly. The central core of the polymer fibers consists of thin, extended chain crystallites interspersed with disordered regions. The extended chain crystals are small fibrils having diameters generally less than a few hundred angstroms, while the lengths are usually not more than 5000 A. These dimensions are limited by an unknown mechanism, because even in a saturated solution, the fibril crystal size is limited. Hoffman's theory of flow-induced crystallization predicts that cumulative strain limits the growth of the central core fibril such that the diameter and length of the fibril are an inverse function of undercooling. This study was undertaken to obtain data to test the theory. The dependence of the fibril dimensions on undercooling at the time of orientation has been studied. Polyethylene fibrils were made by shearing a dilute solution between two slides under isothermal conditions at an elevated temperature, and the dimensions of the resulting fibrils were measured with transmission electron microscopy. The fibril diameter appeared to be a function of undercooling, while the fibril length was constant and not a function of undercooling.
The effects of mainstreaming on success expectancy and imitation in mildly retarded children

In the field of mental retardation there exists a major controversy centered about the concept of normalization (Edgerton, Eyman, & Silverstein, 1975; Kugel & Wolfensberger, 1969; Rivera, 1972; Wolfensberger, 1971). A key social policy derivation of normalization is the mainstreaming of retarded public school children out of special classes and into classes with agemates of average intelligence. Although not referred to explicitly, the practice of mainstreaming is implied in the clause in Public Law 94-142 (Education for All Handicapped Children Act) that calls for the "least restrictive placement alternative." The wisdom of P.L. 94-142 has been vigorously debated (Corman & Gottlieb, 1978; Cruickshank, 1977; Martin, 1976; Meyers, MacMillan, & Yoshida, 1975; Reynolds, 1978; Sarason & Doris, 1978,1979; Zigler & Muenchow, 1979), with experts about equally divided in their opinions as to whether the law will prove to be beneficial or detrimental to retarded children. Noting that such controversy is inevitable when social policy is formulated in the relative absence of sound research, Zigler (1977) concluded that the concepts of normalization and mainstreaming are "little more than slogans that are badly in need of an empirical data base" (p. 52). He argued that while humane and enlightened care of retarded persons is a worthwhile end in itself, the ultimate criterion upon which social policies
Regulation of p63 function by Mdm2 and MdmX.

p63, a p53-related protein, has been shown to activate p53-responsive genes and induce apoptosis in certain cell types. In this study, we examined the effects of Mdm2 and MdmX proteins on p63 transactivation, apoptosis, and protein levels. The isoforms of p63 most structurally similar to p53, p63γ (p51A) and p63α (p51B), were chosen for study. Our results confirm earlier reports demonstrating that although both p63 isoforms can transactivate p53-responsive promoters and induce apoptosis, p63γ has a stronger transactivation potential and is a more potent inducer of apoptosis than is p63α. In addition, both Mdm2 and MdmX were able to inhibit the transactivation induced by p63γ and p63α. However, only Mdm2 overexpression led to a detectable decrease in p63-induced apoptosis. Although Mdm2 binding to p53 triggers ubiquitin-mediated proteosome degradation, p63 protein levels were unaltered by association with either Mdm2 or MdmX. Finally, immunofluorescence experiments showed that both p63 isoforms were locali...
Remarks on muonic atoms of nuclear isomers

Abstract Internal Compton scattering in a muonic atom with an excited nucleus is discussed as an alternative method for the nucleus to make a 0 → 0 transition. This process is extremely slow for 72Ge, whereas in a muonic atom of excited16O, internal conversion of the muon is the fastest decay process.
School-Based Predictors of Early Adolescent Depression

Childhood and adolescent depression is associated with negative outcomes in the school environment. Research demonstrates that childhood and adolescent depression often results in poor schoolwork, reduced academic achievement, impairments on cognitive tasks, and acting out behavior patterns. This longitudinal study sought to determine the extent to which affective, social, and academic variables collected in 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades could predict depressive symptoms in 6th grade (early adolescence). A primary objective was to define conceptual sets of school-based predictor variables that would reliably predict depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Results from cross-validated discriminant function analyses indicated the best group of predictors of depression in early adolescence included teacher rated academic competence, social skills, critical events, self-reported loneliness, self-image, and self-concept. The results suggest that early school-based identifiers of depressive symptoms are found prior to early adolescence.
Random Vibrational Response and Stability Study of Long-Span Bridges

A random vibrational response study of a dynamical system is presented. In particular, suspension bridge stability analysis in the presence of turbulence is addressed.
FINITE GROUPS WITH A MINIMAL FRATTINI SUBGROUP PROPERTY

Finite groups in which the Frattini subgroup of each proper normal subgroup is trivial, while the group itself has a nontrivial Frattini subgroup, are investigated. A direct result of this study leads to a classification of finite groups in which the Frattini subgroup of each proper subgroup is trivial, while the group itself has a nontrivial Frattini subgroup.
Kinetic Analysis of Late Steps of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation

Little is known about the molecular mechanics of the late events of translation initiation in eukaryotes. We present a kinetic dissection of the transition from a preinitiation complex after start codon recognition to the final 80S initiation complex. The resulting framework reveals that eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)5B actually accelerates the rate of ribosomal subunit joining, and this acceleration is influenced by the conformation of the GTPase active site of the factor mediated by the bound nucleotide. eIF1A accelerates joining through its C-terminal interaction with eIF5B, and eIF1A release from the initiating ribosome, which occurs only after subunit joining, is accelerated by GTP hydrolysis by eIF5B. Following subunit joining, GTP hydrolysis by eIF5B alters the conformation of the final initiation complex and clears a path to promote rapid release of eIF1A. Our data, coupled with previous work, indicate that eIF1A is present on the ribosome throughout the entire initiation process and plays key roles at every stage.
DECAY RATES OF NEUTRAL MESONS

We re-examine the model of Gell-Mann, Sharp, and Wagner for relating the $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decay rate to the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ lifetime. It is shown that, if present experimental results, finding large structure effects in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decay form factor, are confirmed by more precise data, then Gell-Mann et al. have considerably under-estimated the $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay rate. The branching ratio, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\gamma})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\pi})}$ is also greatly enhanced, becoming a percent or more.
Clinical Supervision in Public Rehabilitation Counseling Settings

The present study examined clinical supervision in posteducational rehabilitation counseling settings. The purpose of the study was twofold: to assess the current practice of clinical supervision in the public sector and to empirically validate a model of supervision within the context of a posteducational setting. Current clinical supervisory models and practices, as well as factors that affected the quality of the supervisory working alliance, are discussed.
Propagation of elastic waves in a cylindrical bore containing a fluid

The paper deals with the propagation of unattenuated elastic waves in a cylindrical bore through an elastic material of infinite extent filled with a fluid. The phase and group velocity dispersion curves are plotted for axial symmetric waves in the coupled fluid‐solid system.
Trace Fossils and Bathymetry of the Upper Cretaceous Point Loma Formation, San Diego, California

Distinctive biogenic sedimentary structures (trace fossils) in sedimentary rocks reflect the burrowing behavior of the animals that made them. Because the distribution of these animals is influenced by environmental factors such as water depth and substrate type, trace fossils have been used widely as paleoenvironmental guides. The massive, ungraded sandstones in the Point Loma Formation have sharp upper and lower contacts, thick lenses of mudstone clasts, and common load-deformation structures, suggesting deposition largely by grain-flow processes. Foraminifers and most of the trace fossils suggest deposition in a deep, probably bathyal environment. However, two abundant trace fossils, Qphiomorpha and Thalassinoides , are widely held to represent very shallow-water to intertidal paleoenvironments, and they usually occur in such facies. Two morphologic forms of a third trace fossil, Zoophycos , have been thought to reflect different environmental conditions, but they occur here in the same strata. These occurrences emphasize the point that paleoenvironmental interpretations should not be based on individual trace-fossil taxa, but that such traces should be considered only in conjunction with other available evidence.
An assessment of the impact of transient eddies on the zonal flow during a blocking episode using localized Eliassen-Palm flux diagnostics

Abstract The Eliassen-Palm (E-P) flux, applied to zonal men flows, is an indicator of both the flux of eddy activity and the eddy forcing of the zonal mean flow. For time mean flows, a localized E-P flux is derived and used diagnostically to assess the impact of transient eddies on a major blocking episode that occurred over the South Pacific during the Southern Hemisphere winter of 1979. In contrast to previous studies that have focused on the mean quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation, the focus here is on the mean momentum equations. Eddy transports and the associated induced meridional circulation and other internal adjustments necessary to maintain the thermal wind balance, are gathered together allowing the residual circulation and the effects of the eddies to be determined. The time-mean equations of motion are thus transformed to consist of mean terms, the residual circulation and the divergence of a localized E-P flux vector. The latter is a measure of the eddy forcing of the mean flow, ...
Challenges of UMTS signaling monitoring

Robust signaling monitoring is critical to the successful deployment, maintenance and optimization of all networks. However, the complexity of 3G UMTS networks means that the demands on signal monitoring increase significantly. To develop a test methodology for UMTS requires the use of 3G test equipment that can meet the challenges that arise. Signaling monitoring solution, such as the J7830A Signaling Analyzer and acceSS7 UTRAN from Agilent Technologies, are critical tools to help operators and NEMs solve interoperability problems between the equipment from different vendors, troubleshoot network problems to reduce down time, accurately assess performance and quality.
Necessary Conditions for a Given Mode of Oscillations in Delta Modulated Control Systems

A discrete model of a delta modulated control system is developed. By using this model, all modes of oscillation of the delta modulated control system, at sampling instants, can be found. Necessary conditions for such modes of oscillation are established.
Companion Animals and Their Companions: Sharing a Strategy for Survival

It is well documented that people denied good human contact and interaction do not thrive well. One way people can be protected from the ravages of loneliness is animal companionship. Early laboratory observations of people with animals encouraged a period of research to identify, document, and assess the beneficial health implications of our relationship with companion animals. All indications are that companion animals play the role of a family member, often a member with the most desired attributes. Ordinary interactions with animals can reduce blood pressure and alter survival after a heart attack. Pets, for some, afford increased opportunities to meet people, whereas for others, pets permit them to be alone without being lonely. The relationship between people and companion animals explains why people prefer alternatives to animal use for medical research.
Energy-efficient monitoring of extreme values in sensor networks

Monitoring extreme values (MAX or MIN) is a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks (and in general, complex dynamic systems). This problem presents very different algorithmic challenges from aggregate and selection queries, in the sense that an individual node cannot by itself determine its inclusion in the query result. We present novel query processing algorithms for this problem, with the goal of minimizing message traffic in the network. These algorithms employ a hierarchy of local constraints, or thresholds, to leverage network topology such that message-passing is localized. We evaluate all algorithms using simulated and real-world data to study various trade-offs.
Effects of the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, CPP, on the development and expression of conditioned hyperactivity and sensitization induced by cocaine.

Abstract This study used novel behavioral measures to examine the effects of the competitive N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, CPP, on the development and expression of conditioned hyperactivity and sensitization produced with cocaine. The first experiment confirmed that horizontal locomotor activity measured in the central zone of an activity enclosure could be increased by 10.0 mg/kg cocaine. This increased activity showed sensitization after repeated cocaine injections, and it could be conditioned to the test environment. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that CPP (0.2 and 0.4 nmol, icv) could block the development, but not the expression, of conditioned hyperactivity and sensitization in the central zone. These findings confirm that NMDA receptors are critically involved in the development of conditioned hyperactivity and sensitization, but indicate that such receptors may not be necessary for the expression of these neurobehavioral adaptations.
Ethnic identity and attitudes toward the police among African American juvenile offenders

Although there is a knowledge base regarding theoretical and empirical research on attitudes toward the police, this line of research has not fully examined the sources of such attitudes, and in particular the extent to which attitudes toward the police are influenced by ethnic identity. The present study examined the role of ethnic identity in African American adolescent offenders' perceptions of general police discrimination, direct police contact, procedural justice, and police legitimacy. Analyses showed that youth with a stronger sense of ethnic identity perceived more police discrimination but reported more positive beliefs about police legitimacy. The findings underscore the importance of considering processes that may make legal socialization experiences more salient for adolescents, and demonstrate the complex role that ethnic identity plays in relation to discrimination.
Suppressor effects and age differences in the expression of anxious emotion

Abstract This study examined the role of suppressor effects on age differences in anxious emotion. Children and adolescents (n = 1099) ages 7–18 years were assessed for separation anxiety, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. Results of zero-order correlations indicated a significant negative association between age and separation anxiety but no association for social anxiety and generalized anxiety. However, semi-partial correlations indicated the presence of a cooperative suppressor effect such that the associations between age and social anxiety as well as age and generalized anxiety symptoms became significant and positive and the association with separation anxiety became larger in a simultaneous regression analysis of each facet with age. Similar effects occurred when controlling for hyperarousal in an ANCOVA across grade levels. Results suggest that attempts to understand developmental differences in anxious emotion in childhood and adolescence will be facilitated by parsing facets of anxious emotion and attention to potential suppressor effects.
Following an Experienced Shepherd: How a Leader’s Tenure Affects the Outcome of International Crises

Previous research has shown that a leader’s preconflict tenure affects the likelihood of conflict occurrence, while conflict outcomes affect a leader’s postconflict tenure. I argue that a leader’s preconflict tenure should affect not only conflict occurrence but conflict outcomes as well, specifically by increasing a leader’s professional competence and increasing the likelihood that the state will emerge victorious from international crises. This effect should weaken as the constraints upon leaders’ behaviors increase and their competence becomes less important for policy outcomes. Using a bivariate probit model with selection and a dyadic data set on international crises experienced by 195 countries between 1950 and 2000, I find moderate-to-strong support for the hypotheses.
Opportunities for Small, Low Cost, SHF Satellite Communications Terminals

After over 20 years of military satellite system acquisition, there remain thousands of unsatisified requirements for airborne and ground based satellite communications terminals. This shortfall is primarily due to cost. Cost is related to frequency band, size of the terminal and waveform complexity, to first order. Military terminals have lagged behind commercial developments in moving toward very small aperture terminals (VSATs). Significant cost reductions through waveform simplification and special systems contexts, such as operation in star (or hub-and-spoke) networks and addition of a processing repeater, are described which allow use of very small terminals in the SHF Defense Satellite Communications System. A review of parts costs suggests that very small military SHF (7,8 GHz) terminals are feasible and could exploit advances made for commercial C-band (4,6 GHz) and K u -band (14,12 GHz) terminals. A small SHF terminal concept is described, which could be configured either as a manpack, a small transportable or a hardened, fixed terminal. Component performance and cost data are used to indicate areas where technology can be applied to reduce size or cost. Data is presented to justify feasibility of low cost and to estimate total terminal cost.
Combining ability for femaleness and yield in single and 3-way crosses of pickling cucumbers intended for once-over harvest.

Single and 3-way cross hybrids derived from 13 parental lines of pickling cucumber were used to estimate general and specific combining ability for femaleness and yield. Parental lines ‘551F’, ‘368G’, ‘581H’, and ‘5802A’ exhibited the highest general combining ability effects in both single and 3-way crosses for total yield and marketable yield. Additive effects of genes were found to be relatively more important than nonadditive effects for both femaleness and yield. Cucumber breeders might develop high yielding cultivars based on high general combining ability for yield in parental arrays; moreover, the general performance of the parental lines in single crosses could be used to predict high yielding 3-way hybrid crosses.
Controlled Synthesis of Semiconducting Metal Sulfide Nanowires

We describe the preparation and characterization of (a) discrete, individual motifs and (b) arrays of crystalline and pure semiconducting transition metal sulfide (CuS, PbS, and CdS) nanowires, synthesized via an inexpensive, generalizable, simplistic, and ambient modified template-directed technique. We have demonstrated control over the diameters and lengths of our one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures through corresponding variations in the template membrane’s pore size and thickness. We have not only successfully generated cubic-phase 1-D CdS nanowires but also produced, at slightly elevated temperatures, unusual CdS cactus-like, hierarchical nanostructures, consisting of tiny nanoneedles projecting out from the outer surfaces of parent CdS nanotube motifs. Opto-vibrational properties of all of these metal sulfide nanomaterials have been extensively studied. In addition, our results indicate that our as-prepared hexagonal-phase CdS cactus-like nanotubes evinced a higher photocatalytic degradation activ...