cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translation and articulation in the organization of coalitions: the Great Whale River case

This article presents a new method of analysis that enables us to study the strengths and weaknesses of the associations created during the organization of coalitions. Based on a case study, this model shows that organizing a coalition consists of making different agendas compatible by establishing a series of translations between them. As illustrated in this article, these translation activities are enacted through narrative forms in which actors (individual or collective) construct points of articulation between their different objectives. It is therefore the narrative embedding of a series of actions that ultimately structure social and physical reality and constitute what we call a coalition. To illustrate this new approach to organizational communication, the analytical model presented is applied to analyze the associations involved in the organization of coalitions during an environmental controversy, the Great Whale River project. In this article, I present a new method of analysis that enables us to study the strengths and weaknesses of the associations created during the organization of coalitions. Using the Great Whale River controversy as an illustration, I present a theoretical framework that gives us the tools for analyzing coalitions in such a way that their stability, the sources of instability, and means of protecting them can be specified. According to the approach proposed, it is not sufficient to assess the relative stability of a coalition based upon the common ground of parties to a coalition, nor would such an analysis reveal specific sources of instability for a coalition or what could be done to defend against them. We lack a method of analysis that enables us to show how different actors can organize a coalition by articulating their different projects with each other. As we will see, the mechanism of this articulation is based on the narrative construction of one or several translations that assure a certain stability in a network of coalitions. This article introduces critically the current research in organizational
Review and limitations of 3D plasma blob modeling with reduced collisional fluid equations

Abstract Recent 3D studies on plasma blobs (coherent structures found in the edge region of magnetic confinement devices) have demonstrated that the drift wave instability can strongly limit the blob’s coherency and cross field convective nature that is predicted by 2D theory. However, the dominant unstable drift wave modes that effect plasma blobs were found to exist in parameter regimes that only marginally satisfied several of the major assumptions considered for the validity of the reduced collisional fluid equations used in the study. Namely, the neglect of electron heat flow, finite electron mean free path effects, and thermal ions. A follow up study demonstrated how the drift wave instability might change if a set of equations that does not suffer from the limitations mentioned above were considered. In the present paper, the results of this later work are used to discuss the limitations on using the collisional fluid equations for 3D studies of plasma blobs.
Psychologists' Judgments of Psychologically Aggressive Actions When Perpetrated by a Husband Versus a Wife

Research literature suggests that clinical judgments of men's versus women's behavior and symptoms typically rate the men as more pathological and dangerous. To determine whether this view would extend to assessments of psychologically aggressive actions, two separate versions of a survey listing potentially psychologically abusive behaviors perpetrated by either a wife toward her husband or the identical actions perpetrated by a husband toward his wife were sent to a nationwide sampling of practicing psychologists. Results indicated that psychologists, irrespective of demographics, rated the husband's behavior as more likely to be psychologically abusive and more severe in nature than the wife's use of the same actions. Psychologists did not differentially rely on any of the three contextual factors (i.e., frequency/duration, intent of the perpetrator, and perception of the recipient) to influence their determination that a behavior was "psychological abuse" dependent upon whether the initiator of the psychological actions was the husband or the wife. Future research could assess more directly the rationale for the psychologists' differing views of male versus female behavior. In addition, more normative information is needed to inform mental health professionals as to the prevalence and severity of psychologically aggressive actions in the general population.
Analysis and Design For No-Spin Tethered Satellite Retrieval

T ETHERED satellites are composed of two or more orbiting bodies connected by light, flexible members known as tethers. The study of tethered satellites began with Tsilokovsky in 1895 and was taken up by Artsutanov in the 1950s [1]. Since that time a number of researchers have studied aspects of the application of tethered satellite systems including the dynamics of tethered satellites and the architecture of tethered satellite missions [1–9]. Tethered satellites are of interest both because of the physical and mathematical problems they present and because of their many practical uses. Tethered satellite systems have been identified as candidates for novel atmospheric probes, interferometers, magnetometers, and gravity gradiometers among other devices [10–14]. Some far term applications of tethered satellites include the tethered artificial gravity (TAG) system and the momentum exchange and electrodynamic reboost (MXER) system. The TAG system is a device capable of imparting an artificial gravitational force to bodies on orbit [15], whereas the MXER system is a momentum exchange device designed to boost payloads into higher orbits without the use of chemical propellants [16]. Numerous other uses for tethered satellites in space are detailed in [17]. During the course of a tethered satellite mission, it may be necessary to shorten the overall length of the tether. The purpose of such a retrieval could be to facilitate the repair or servicing of the tethered satellite assembly, to reduce the profile of the orbital debris created by a satellite at the end of its useful life, or simply to alter the dynamical behavior of the tethered satellite system. We will show that in general, such a length contraction causes the tethered satellite system to enter a spin with respect to the orbital reference frame. In many of the instances described above, the reason for retrieving a tethered satellite system necessitates that the system not spin with respect to the orbital reference frame; such a maneuver could be achieved through the use of a sophisticated angular velocity control system. However, by exploiting the dynamics of a tethered satellite system, it is possible to reduce the length of the system without causing the system to enter a spin. Analysis of the equations of motionwill reveal that under an exponential length control law, there exist initial tethered satellite states for which the tethered satellite system can be retrieved and remain stationary with respect to the orbital reference frame during the course of the retrieval maneuver. These points, which correspond to the equilibria of the system, will be identified and classified. We will describe the motion of a simplified tethered satellite system undergoing retrieval in the neighborhood of these equilibrium points.
Cross-compiling Android applications to the iPhone

Smartphones such as Android-based devices and Apple's iPhone have become popular platforms for mobile applications. In particular, they allow the development of native applications that can take advantage of special purpose hardware such as accelerometers or GPS. While similar in capabilities, smartphones differ greatly in the way native applications have to be written for them. Google's Android is based on Java with an Android-specific set of widgets, while Objective-C is Apple's first choice for developing iPhone applications. In fact, Apple explicitly prohibits Java virtual machines on the iPhone per license agreement. Objective-C and Java are two radically different programming languages. While Java features strong typing and garbage collection, Objective-C supports dynamic typing but no garbage collection. This paper describes a technique how Java-based Android applications can be cross-compiled to native iPhone applications. Furthermore, it is shown how the Android API can be mapped to the iPhone-specific Cocoa Touch API.
Hydraulic development as a process of response

The relationship between political organization and hydraulic development is discussed, using illustrations from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is suggested that change in political organization toward greater or lesser centralization of control over local water resource use may be part of a social response to environmental degradation (in this case, a receding water table) resulting from the effects of change in resource use (in this case, intensified water extraction). Economic stress due to environmental degradation varies in duration and intensity; such variations must be taken into account in understanding shifts in response patterns. Small-scale hydraulic development which places pressure on the availability of water for irrigation may elicit an initial response of centralization of control over its use to correct for the disturbance, water shortage. However, this response itself tends to exacerbate the disturbance through reducing previously existing homeostatic controls on the extraction of water and hence leads to greater economic stress, up to the point at which new responses must take place. Other kinds of environmental disturbance resulting from initial development attempts appear to have similar feedback effects which contribute to potential systemic instability.
The structure of generalized domains of semistable attraction

Abstract If A n μ k n ∗ δ(a n ) ⇒ ν where ν is full and kn+1/kn → c ⩾ 1, we say that μ belongs to the generalized domain of semistable attraction (GDOSA) of ν. In this paper we describe the structure of GDOSA, and we give concise necessary and sufficient conditions for a probability distribution to belong to some GDOSA.
Focus groups and the nature of qualitative marketing research.

Use of the focus group technique is widespread in qualitative marketing research. The technique is considered here from a philosophy of science perspective which points to a confusion of three dist...
Molecular thermodynamics for chemical reaction design

Various techniques of molecular thermodynamics and solution theory have been applied, through the transition state theory, to problems in chemical kinetics. These include experimental techniques for ascertaining the structure and properties of the transition states for various classes of reactions, plus analytical methods for using this information to predict the effect of solvents or reactant structure on chemical reaction rates. Such methods provide the chemical engineer with an additional parameter to use in the optimal design of reaction systems–that is, the chemistry of the reaction itself.
Electrophysiological techniques for studying visual function in man: A historical overview

A brief description and appraisal are given of the techniques that have been developed for stimulating and recording the visual responses of the human eye and brain.
Cross products of vectors in higher dimensional euclidean spaces

(1983). Cross Products of Vectors in Higher Dimensional Euclidean Spaces. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 90, No. 10, pp. 697-701.
Who Learns More? Achievement Scores following Web-Based versus Classroom Instruction in Psychology Courses

This study examined 145 students' course grades and scores on a standardised achievement test (the Area Concentration Achievement Test [ACAT] in Psychology) following completion of web-based, web-enhanced or classroom courses in basic learning. We found that students in web-based courses had lower course grades than those in either classroom-based or web-enhanced courses. Moreover, students in web-based or web-enhanced courses scored lower on the ACAT Human Learning subtest than did students in classroom-based instruction. Thus we found poorer outcomes associated with web-based rather than classroom-based instruction. Perhaps neither standardised tests nor grades capture the strengths of web-based pedagogy. More research is needed to assess learning outcomes across various modes of instruction in order to identify variables that can maximise success of web-based instruction and perhaps also to better capture the strengths of web-based pedagogy.
Transient torsion during and after saccades

Abstract In five normal subjects, we analyzed uncalled for torsion (blips) during and after horizontal and vertical saccades. Torsion was defined as movement out of Listing's plane. During horizontal saccades in downward gaze the abducting eye extorted and the adducting eye intorted. The direction of the blips reversed in upward gaze. Peak torsional amplitudes (up to 1–2 deg) were always reached during saccades; drifts back to Listing's plane outlasted the saccades. Torsion of the extorting eye was larger than that of the intorting eye, producing a transient positive cyclovergence. Torsion and cyclovergence evoked by vertical saccades were also stereotyped in each eye, but showed idiosyncratic differences among subjects. We conclude that Listing's law is violated during saccades. Transient saccade-evoked torsion might reflect properties of the three-dimensional velocity-to-position integrator and/or the ocular plant.
Artificial Feeding and Rearing of the Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on a Completely Defined Synthetic Diet

SINCE the classic study of Hamilton1 in 1935 on the artificial feeding of Myzus persicae (Sulzer), many attempts have been made to feed and maintain various aphid species on gels, or on liquids, sometimes under pressure, accessible to the insects via various natural and artificial membranes2–8. Although limited uptake of some fluid was demonstrated or could be inferred from slight increases in the survival of the aphids in these studies, no instances of prolonged survival, growth or of development have been reported.
Carbon-Induced Corrosion of Metals and Alloys

Many high temperature alloys are based on Fe, Ni and Co with significant levels of chromium added for corrosion resistance. During service in carbon-rich environments, such alloys can degrade by two distinct corrosion processes. One is carburization, which generally occurs at temperatures in the range, 800 - 1100° C, while the other is metal dusting which typically manifests itself in the range, 400 - 800° C. In the present paper the sequential stages of alloy degradation when exposed to mixed carburizing-oxidizing environments having a carbon activity of 1 are discussed. Four distinct stages of microstructure evolution are described. In the final stages, carbon diffusion into the alloy interior followed by the precipitation of stable, brittle carbide phases affect the mechanical integrity of the material. By contrast metal dusting is a process that occurs in carbon- supersaturated environments (carbon activity > 1) and results in the actual conversion of bulk metal to powder or dust. The mechanistic aspects of metal dusting are discussed with particular attention to the behavior of Fe.
Correct resolution rendering of trimmed spline surfaces

Current strategies for real-time rendering of trimmed spline surfaces re-approximate the data, pre-process extensively or introduce visual artifacts. This paper presents a new approach to rendering trimmed spline surfaces that guarantees visual accuracy efficiently, even under interactive adjustment of trim curves and spline surfaces. The technique achieves robustness and speed by discretizing at a near-minimal correct resolution based on a tight, low-cost estimate of adaptive domain griding. The algorithm is highly parallel, with each trim curve writing itself into a slim lookup table. Each surface fragment then makes its trim decision robustly by comparing its parameters against the sorted table entries. Adding the table-and-test to the rendering pass of a modern graphics pipeline achieves anti-aliased sub-pixel accuracy at high render-speed, while using little additional memory and fragment shader effort, even during interactive trim manipulation. Tight estimates relate domain resolution to screen resolution of trimmed surfaces.Based on the estimates, sub-pixel accuracy of a display algorithm is proven.The algorithm has been implemented within the standard graphics pipeline.The implementation enables interactive editing of trimmed surfaces.The implementation has a small memory footprint.
Space-time planning with parameterized locomotion controllers

We present a technique for efficiently synthesizing animations for characters traversing complex dynamic environments. Our method uses parameterized locomotion controllers that correspond to specific motion skills, such as jumping or obstacle avoidance. The controllers are created from motion capture data with reinforcement learning. A space-time planner determines the sequence in which controllers must be executed to reach a goal location, and admits a variety of cost functions to produce paths that exhibit different behaviors. By planning in space and time, the planner can discover paths through dynamically changing environments, even if no path exists in any static snapshot. By using parameterized controllers able to handle navigational tasks, the planner can operate efficiently at a high level, leading to interactive replanning rates.
Piezoelectrically Transduced Temperature-Compensated Flexural-Mode Silicon Resonators

In this paper, we explore the piezoelectric transduction of in-plane flexural-mode silicon resonators with a center frequency in the range of 1.3-1.6 MHz. A novel technique utilizing oxide-refilled trenches is implemented to achieve efficient temperature compensation. These trenches are encapsulated within the silicon resonator body so as to protect them during the device release process. By using this method, we demonstrate a high-Q (> 19 000) resonator having a low temperature coefficient of frequency of <; 2 ppm/°C and a turnover temperature of around 90 °C, ideally suited for use in an ovenized platform. Using electrostatic tuning, the temperature sensitivity of the resonator is compensated across a temperature range of +50 °C to +85 °C, demonstrating a frequency instability of less than 1 ppm. Using proportional feedback control on the applied electrostatic potential, the resonator frequency drift is reduced to less than 110 ppb during 1 h of continuous operation, indicating the ultimate stability that can be achieved for the resonator as a timing reference. The resonators show no visible distortion up to -1 dBm of input power, indicating their power handling capability.
The effect of high doses of retinoic acid on prenatal craniofacial development in Macaca nemestrina

Eight pregnant Macaca nemestrina were administered from 7.5 to 10 mg/kg retinoic acid by mouth from day 20 to 44 of gestation. All fetuses exhibited craniofacial abnormalities. The craniofacial complex was studied in detail utilizing gross photography, silver nitrate impregnation, radiography, alizarin staining, and histologic processing. Nearly all the bones of the craniofacial complex were affected; the zygomatic bone and the mandible were most severely altered. Premature fusion of the coronal suture occurred in all the specimens, and there was a clockwise rotation of the craniofacial complex on right lateral view. In general, the bones of the affected fetus were smaller and less well developed than in the control specimen. The abnormal specimens in the present investigation resembled the Treacher-Collins syndrome in humans, and may be the result of defective neural crest cell migration in the first and second branchial arches.
THE FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY OF TRANSPLANTED ADRENAL CORTICAL TISSUE

Ever since Jaffe and Plavska (1,2) showed that the adrenal cortex may be transplanted successfully in rats and guinea pigs, the results of certain experiments have led to the tacit assumption that autoplastic cortical transplants in adrenalectomized rats fully replace the function of the excised glands. The results reported here together with those recently published by Ingle (3) show that this assumption is not correct. Adrenalectomized rats having autoplastic cortical transplants in the abdominal muscles have been shown to be like normal rats with respect to general health, reproduction, resistance to diphtheria toxin (4), blood sugar (5), blood non-protein and urea nitrogen (6), blood volume (7), reaction to cold (8, 9), and growth rate (10). Adrenalectomized rats with intra-ovarial transplants have been reported to be normal with respect to withstanding anesthesia and the administration of distilled water, work performance (11), and activity level (12). It was found, however, that adrenalectomized rat...
A Society in Transition: Presidential Remarks at the 65th Annual SSO Cancer Symposium

I would like to express to the membership of the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) how deeply honored I have been to serve as your 65th president. This was an undeserved and unexpected privilege. Our specialty is at an inflection point in history occasioned by the unanimous approval of subspecialty board certification by the American Board of Surgery. The 21st century is an exciting time to be a surgical oncologist, with our deeper understanding of cancer biology and a continuous pipeline of molecules that target oncogenes and signaling pathways, and enhance antitumor immunity.
The economic impacts of a ban on subtherapeutic antibiotics in swine production

The impacts of antibiotic use in swine production on production costs and human health are described. Pork supply and demand functions are specified and estimated, and elasticity estimates are then utilized to calculate consumer and producer surpluses for the retail pork market. The impacts of a ban on subtherapeutic antibiotics on both consumers and producers are calculated. Given supply and demand elasticity estimates and assumptions regarding the market impacts of such a ban, producer surplus would increase by $6.97 million and consumer surplus would increase by $6.19 million. These changes are small on a per capita basis.
A propositional semantics for substitutional quantification

The standard truth-conditional semantics for substitutional quantification, due to Saul Kripke, does not specify what proposition is expressed by sentences containing the particular substitutional quantifier. In this paper, I propose an alternative semantics for substitutional quantification that does. The key to this semantics is identifying an appropriate propositional function to serve as the content of a bound occurrence of a formula containing a free substitutional variable. I apply this semantics to traditional philosophical reasons for interest in substitutional quantification, namely, theories of truth and ontological commitment.
Rice Aroma and Flavor: A Literature Review

ABSTRACT Descriptive sensory analysis has identified over a dozen different aromas and flavors in rice. Instrumental analyses have found over 200 volatile compounds present in rice. However, after over 30 years of research, little is known about the relationships between the numerous volatile compounds and aroma/flavor. A number of oxidation products have been tagged as likely causing stale flavor. However, the amounts of oxidation products, singly or collectively, that need to be present for rice to have stale or rancid flavor have not been established. Only one compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP; popcorn aroma) has been confirmed to contribute a characteristic aroma. Furthermore, 2-AP is the only volatile compound in which the relationship between its concentration in rice and sensory intensity has been established. This article discusses the challenges of measuring aroma and flavor instrumentally and by human sensory panels and reviews research examining the effects of genetic, preharvest, and postha...
A breast density index for digital mammograms based on radiologists’ randing

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a computerized method of calculating a breast density index (BDI) from digitized mammograms that was designed specifically to model radiologists’ perception of breast density. A set of 153 pairs of digitized mammograms (cranio-caudal, CC, and mediolateral oblique, MLO, views) were acquired and preprocessed to reduce detector biases. The sets of mammograms were ordered on an ordinal scale (a scale based only on relative rank-ordering) by two radiologists, and a cardinal (an absolute numerical score) BDI value was calculated from the oridinal ranks. The images were also assigned cardinal BDI values by the radiologists in a subsequent session. Six. mathematical features (including fractal dimension and others) were calculated from the digital mammograms, and were used in conjunction with single value decomposition and multiple linear regression to calculate a computerized BDI. The linear correlation coefficient between different ordinal ranking sessions were as follows: intraradiologist intraprojection (CC/CC):r=0.978; intraradiologist interprojection (CC/MLO):r=0.960; and interradiologist intraprojection (CC/CC):r=0.968. A separate breast density index was derived from three separate ordinal rankings by one radiologist (two with CC views, one with the MLO view). The computer derivedBDI had a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.907 with the radiologists’ ordinalBDI. A comparison between radiologists using a cardinal scoring system (which is closest to how radiologists actually evaluate breast density) showedr=0.914. A breast density index calculated by a computer but modeled after radiologist perception of breast density may be valuable in objectively measuring breast density. Such a metric may prove valuable in numerous areas, including breast cancer risk assessment and in evaluating screening techniques specifically designed to improve imaging of the dense breast.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of solid particles suspended in fluid

The lattice Boltzmann method, an alternative approach to solving a fluid flow system, is used to analyze the dynamics of particles suspended in fluid. The interaction rule between the fluid and the suspended particles is developed for real suspensions where the particle boundaries are treated as no-slip impermeable surfaces. This method correctly and accurately determines the dynamics of single particles and multi-particles suspended in the fluid. With this method, computational time scales linearly with the number of suspensions,N, a significant advantage over other computational techniques which solve the continuum mechanics equations, where the computational time scales asN 3. Also, this method solves the full momentum equations, including the inertia terms, and therefore is not limited to low particle Reynolds number.
Frequency and magnetic-field dependence of the dielectric constant and conductivity of La 2 CuO 4 + y

Detailed measurements are reported of the conductivity and dielectric constant at frequencies up to 20 MHz for single crystals of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\mathit{y}}$, with y varied in the range 0.001--0.01. The hole concentration is determined for each y by Hall measurements. The conductivity shows a power-law dependence on frequency (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{\mathit{s}}$), which is typical of thermally assisted tunneling between localized states. The exponent s1 decreases with increasing temperature and increasing oxygen content. The dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency at low frequency with the power law ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{\mathit{s}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, showing that it is dominated by the same hopping mechanism. At high frequency the dielectric constant saturates and, for the electric field parallel to the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ layers, the saturation value increases with oxygen content. From the polarizability at low acceptor concentration the radius of the bound hole is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}8 \AA{}, a value that is consistent with a simple hydrogenic model of the impurity state. The small binding energy of the hole to the impurity, 35 meV as determined from Hall measurements, together with this radius of 8 \AA{}, requires that the mass of the hole be fairly small, \ensuremath{\sim}2${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{e}}$. The growth of the localization length with hole density is almost purely two dimensional, implying that there is no true insulator-to-metal transition, but rather a crossover from strong to weak localization. From studies of the magnetic-field dependence of the frequency-dependent conductivity and dielectric constant one finds new evidence for the strong coupling of the excess holes to the antiferromagnetically ordered Cu spins.
All-fiber gyroscope with inertial-navigation short-term sensitivity.

We report new experimental data for an all-fiber gyroscope with a noise density of 0.004(deg/h)2/Hz. This is compatible with the requirements for inertial navigation. Noise contributions from the coherent Rayleigh backscatter when a phase-modulation bias scheme is used and also from acoustic vibrations are discussed.
Seed physiological maturity in Cuphea

Abstract Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata f. silenoides W.T. Aiton, line PSR23) is a new crop being developed in the North Central United States, as an industrial oilseed crop. Cuphea PSR23 seed oil is rich in medium-chain-length fatty acids such as capric acid used to manufacture soaps and detergents. The objective of this research was to determine the time when physiological maturity of cuphea seed is reached and how seed development affects seed moisture, weight, oil content, fatty acid content, germination, and seedling vigor. To evaluate seed development, 2000 cuphea flowers were tagged at anthesis in the field at Prosper, North Dakota in 2004 and 2005. Each flower was tagged when open and the position on the main stem or branch was recorded. Two hundred capsules from the tagged flowers were harvested at 3- to 4-d intervals from 5- to 48-d post anthesis (DPA). Seed weight increased as a function of growing degree days (GDD) and the days from anthesis. Physiological maturity occurred when maximum dry seed weight was attained. Seed weight increases followed the Gompertz function with a R2 = 0.90 (2004) and R2 = 0.95 (2005). All capsules, regardless of their position on the stem, followed the same growth function for seed weight. The maximum dry seed weight estimated by the Gompertz function was 3.61 for 2004 and 3.58 mg seed−1 for 2005. Physiological maturity estimated with a quadratic function occurred at 38 DPA or 270 GDD in 2004. In 2005, physiological maturity occurred at 26 DPA or 265 GDD. As a visual indicator when the capsules split-open seeds inside that capsule are physiologically mature. Seed moisture decreased from 900 g kg−1 at 37 GDD post anthesis to 450 g kg−1 at 319 GDD post anthesis in 2004; however, in 2005 seed moisture decreased from 850 to 81 g kg−1 at 293 GDD post anthesis. Seed germination increased as seed developed and it was 83% when harvested 234 GDD post anthesis. Oil content increased from 98 g kg−1 at 37 GDD post anthesis to 279 g kg−1 319 GDD post anthesis. Fatty acid composition varied throughout seed development. Seed development for 111 GDD and greater had more than 66% of capric acid (10:0). Cuphea should be harvested after 265 GDD post anthesis when most capsules on the main stem are split-open, have attained maximum seed weight, germination, seedling vigor, and oil content.
High temperature telescoped tungsten-antimony mineralization, Guatemala

In the course of a geologic mapping project in northwestern Guatemala an area of unusual stibnite and scheelite mineralization was encountered near Ixtahuacan. The ore is localized along two intersecting faults in the upper part of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Tactic shale and is apparently a telescoped xenothermal deposit. The source of the hydrothermal tungsten-antimony-bearing solutions is uncertain, but field evidence suggests that the fluids could have been associated with a volcanic center less than 4 km to the south. On the basis of the estimated temperature of deposition and experimentally-determined factors controlling scheelite and stibnite solubility, it is suggested that this deposit formed at 400 to 500°C by an extremely rapid reaction between an alkaline hydrothermal solution and Chochal limestone or calcareous layers in the upper Tactic shale. This result contrasts with those for similar deposits which contain minerals thought to form at lower temperatures by a rapid decrease in temperature. Strontium isotopic evidence on Guatemalan volcanic rocks related to those thought to have been the source of the Ixtahuacan metallization suggests that the metals had their source in the upper mantle or basaltic lower crust.
Mutilated Hand Injuries

The authors provide a review of treatment of the mutilated hand, discussing the effect of injury on soft tissue loss, intrinsic and extrinsic musculature, paravascular structures, tendons, and the bony skeleton. The authors review functional loss and restoration. Language: en
Limited complexity of the RNA in micromeres of sixteen-cell sea urchin embryos.

The sequence complexity of sea urchin embryo micromere RNA is about 75% of that of total 16-cell embryo cytoplasmic RNA, as reported earlier by Rodgers and Gross [Rodgers, W. H., and Gross, P. R. (1978) Cell, 14, 279–288]. In contrast to the rest of the embryo, there are few, if any, complex maternal RNA species in the micromere cytoplasm which are not represented in the polysomes. The micromeres do not contain detectable quantities of high-complexity nuclear RNA, though such RNA exists in other cells of the fourth-cleavage embryo.
An imaging neutron spectrometer

We have developed, fabricated and tested a prototype imaging neutron spectrometer designed for real-time neutron source location and identification. Real-time detection and identification is important for locating materials. These materials, specifically uranium and transuranics, emit neutrons via spontaneous or induced fission. Unlike other forms of radiation (e.g. gamma rays), penetrating neutron emission is very uncommon. The instrument detects these neutrons, constructs images of the emission pattern, and reports the neutron spectrum. The device will be useful for security and proliferation deterrence, as well as for nuclear waste characterization and monitoring. The instrument is optimized for imaging and spectroscopy in the 1–20 MeV range. The detection principle is based upon multiple elastic neutron-proton scatters in organic scintillator. Two detector panel layers are utilized. By measuring the recoil proton and scattered neutron locations and energies, the direction and energy spectrum of the incident neutrons can be determined and discrete and extended sources identified. Event reconstruction yields an image of the source and its location. The hardware is low power, low mass, and rugged. Its modular design allows the user to combine multiple units for increased sensitivity. We will report the results of laboratory testing of the instrument, including exposure to a calibrated Cf-252 source. Instrument parameters include energy and angular resolution, gamma rejection, minimum source identification distances and times, and projected effective area for a fully populated instrument.
Time course and mechanisms of decreased plasma volume during acute psychological stress and postural change in humans.

In this study, we examined the effects of psychological stress on calculated plasma volume, the relationship of these changes to changes in hematologic and hemodynamic factors, and the time course of plasma volume changes. Plasma volume changes were assessed using mass densitometry techniques, which measured changes in blood and plasma density. Hematologic and hemodynamic variables were assessed in 40 healthy men and women during a mental arithmetic (math) or benign reading task and during postural change (standing). Results indicated that math and posture change produced a significant decrease in plasma volume (ps < .001) and increases in blood pressure (ps < .001), blood and plasma density (ps < .001), and total plasma protein (p < .001). Correlations were observed between plasma volume changes and changes in systolic (r = .55, p < .0001), diastolic (r = .61, p < .0001), and mean (r = .65, p < .0001) arterial pressure during math; plasma volume and blood pressure returned to baseline within 12 min following the math task. These results suggest that an important mechanism for stress-induced decreases in plasma volume is increased blood pressure leading to increased fluid shifts from the vasculature into the interstitial spaces.
Bacteria are small but not stupid: cognition, natural genetic engineering and socio-bacteriology.

Forty years’ experience as a bacterial geneticist has taught me that bacteria possess many cognitive, computational and evolutionary capabilities unimaginable in the first six decades of the twentieth century. Analysis of cellular processes such as metabolism, regulation of protein synthesis, and DNA repair established that bacteria continually monitor their external and internal environments and compute functional outputs based on information provided by their sensory apparatus. Studies of genetic recombination, lysogeny, antibiotic resistance and my own work on transposable elements revealed multiple widespread bacterial systems for mobilizing and engineering DNA molecules. Examination of colony development and organization led me to appreciate how extensive multicellular collaboration is among the majority of bacterial species. Contemporary research in many laboratories on cell–cell signaling, symbiosis and pathogenesis show that bacteria utilise sophisticated mechanisms for intercellular communication and even have the ability to commandeer the basic cell biology of ‘higher’ plants and animals to meet their own needs. This remarkable series of observations requires us to revise basic ideas about biological information processing and recognise that even the smallest cells are sentient beings. � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A new algorithm for automatic beamforming

A novel blind beamforming scheme for a uniform antenna array is presented to automatically capture a narrowband signal with nonzero kurtoses. It simplifies conventional methods that generally estimate the direction of signal arrival first and then design the beampattern accordingly to retrieve the signal of interest. By maximizing the average kurtosis of the output signal, the blind transformer directly extracts the signal of interest from Gaussian noise and maximizes the resulting signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, minimizing the average kurtosis of the output signal also makes it possible to identify angles of signal arrival. >
HASTY: a gene that regulates the timing of shoot maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana

In Arabidopsis thaliana, leaves produced at different stages of shoot development can be distinguished by the distribution of trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces. Leaves produced early in the development of the rosette (juvenile leaves) have trichomes on their adaxial, but not their abaxial surface, whereas leaves produced later in rosette development (adult leaves) have trichomes on both surfaces. In order to identify genes that regulate the transition between these developmental phases we screened for mutations that accelerate the production of leaves with abaxial trichomes. 9 alleles of the HASTY gene were recovered in this screen. In addition to accelerating the appearance of adult leaves these mutations also accelerate the loss of adaxial trichomes (a trait typical of bracts), reduce the total number of leaves produced by the shoot, and have a number of other effects on shoot morphology. The basis for this phenotype was examined by testing the interaction between hasty and genes that affect flowering time (35S::LEAFY, 35S::APETALA1, terminal flower1), gibberellin production (ga1-3) or perception (gai), and floral morphogenesis (leafy, apetala1, agamous). We found that hasty increased the reproductive competence of the shoot, and that its does not require gibberellin or a gibberellin response for its effect on vegetative or reproductive development. The phenotype of hasty is not suppressed by leafy, apetala1 and agamous, demonstrating that this phenotype does not result from the inappropriate expression of these genes. We suggest that HASTY promotes a juvenile pattern of vegetative development and inhibits flowering by reducing the competence of the shoot to respond to LEAFY and APETALA1.
Reduced Toxicity and Enhanced Antitumor Effects in Mice of the Ionophoric Drug Valinomycin When Incorporated in Liposomes

Valinomycin (NSC 122023) is a cyclic depsipeptide antibiotic with potassium selective ionophoric activity. This drug has been reported to display antitumor effects but its utilization has been limited by its extreme toxicity. Here we report that the incorporation of valinomycin into multilamellar liposomes composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline:cholesterol:phosphatidyl serine (10:4:1 M ratio) results in a profound reduction in toxicity with maintainence of antitumor efficacy. Thus the median lethal dose (LD50) for i.p. administered valinomycin (VM) in C57BL/6 X DBA/2 mice is 1.7 mg/kg whereas the LD50 for liposome incorporated valinomycin (MVL-VM) is in excess of 50 mg/kg. In like manner, the LD50 for i.v. administered VM is 0.18 mg/kg where the LD50 for MLV-VM preparations passed through a 0.6-micron filter is greater than 10 mg/kg. The antitumor efficacies of i.p. administered VM or MLV-VM against i.p. P388 mouse leukemia were similar in multiple dose formats using doses below the maximal tolerated dose for VM. However, since MLV-VM was substantially less toxic than VM, the liposomal drug also produced significant (170% median survival time of treated mice/median survival time of untreated control) antitumor effects when administered as a single dose at levels above the maximal tolerated dose for free VM; single doses of free VM at the maximal tolerated dose were ineffective in this context. In experiments with i.v. inoculated P388 leukemia, MLV-VM but not free VM, displayed antitumor activity (144% median survival time of treated mice/median survival time of untreated control) when administered i.v. at equitoxic doses. Thus the use of a lipid vesicle drug carrier system permits a reduction in the toxicity of valinomycin with maintainence or enhancement of antitumor activity against i.p. or i.v. P388 leukemia.
Morphological Effects of Subchronic Oral Sulfamethazine Administration on Fischer 344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice

One hundred and forty-four Fischer 344 rats and 144 B6C3F1 mice (72/sex/ species) were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 300, 600, 1200, 2400 or 3600 ppm sulfamethazine for 90 days. They were then necropsied and tissue specimens were evaluated for pathological changes by light and transmission electron microscopy. No gross or light microscopic lesions related to sulfamethazine administration were evident in the mice. Thyroid gland enlargement was evident at necropsy in one half of the rats (12 of 24) which received the 3600 ppm level of sulfamethazine and in 1 of 24 rats fed the 2400 ppm level. By light microscopy, thyroid gland hyperplasia was evident-in rats which received all 5 dose levels of the compound, but this change was more pronounced and more frequent in those animals administered the higher concentrations. This thyroid hyperplasia was observed in rats of both sexes, but with greater incidence in males than in females, among the groups receiving the lower concentrations of compound. Ultrastructural changes included markedly dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, altered microvilli, and diminished colloid droplets involving the thyroid follicular cells and compartmentalization of colloid within the follicular lumina.
Non-destructive descriptions of carotenoids in feathers using Raman spectroscopy

Chemical analyses of pigments in skin, scales, feathers and fur have provided deep insight into the colouration and visual communication strategies of animals. Carotenoid pigments in particular can be important colour signals in birds and other animals. Chromatographic analyses of plumage carotenoids require the destruction of one or more feathers, which has made pigment research on threatened species or museum specimens challenging. Here we show that Raman spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate statistics, can be used to identify the most abundant carotenoid within a single feather barb without sample destruction. Raman spectra from the feathers of 36 avian species were compared to data on pigment presence from high-performance liquid chromatography. Feathers rich with α-doradexanthin, astaxanthin, canary xanthophylls, canthaxanthin, cotingin or lutein were discriminated by subtle shifts in Raman spectral band positions, and by novel bands associated with particular carotenoids. As an example application of this method, we predicted the most abundant carotenoid in the plumage of selected Australian and New Zealand songbirds. α-Doradexanthin is predicted in the plumage of Petroica robins from Australia, whereas Petroica immigrants to New Zealand display a yellow carotenoid that is likely lutein. Raman spectroscopy is useful for non-destructive studies of carotenoids and is well-suited for analysing large ornithological museum collections.
Perceptual organization and visual immediate memory in children with specific language impairment.

Children with specific language impairment (LI) have deficits on some nonverbal tasks but it is not clear if these are related to specific visuospatial deficits or to more general deficits in processing strategies. Children with LI were given two visuospatial tasks that we have shown to be sensitive to strategy use as well as specific processing deficits. In Study 1, children with LI (N=29, ages 6 to 12 years) performed significantly worse than typically developing children (N=26) on the Hierarchical Forms Memory task. In Study 2, children with LI (N=15; ages 9 to 12 years) performed significantly worse than typically developing children (N=40) on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure task. Children with LI were less accurate and tended to use a fairly piecemeal (immature) strategy when copying the figure and were less likely to draw the core rectangle in a more integrated fashion during the immediate memory condition. These results suggest children with LI have subtle deficits on visuospatial tasks that may be more indicative of limitations associated with processing load and planning than of specific visuospatial processing deficits.