cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman Spectroscopic Signatures of the Metabolic States of Escherichia Coli Cells and their Dependence on Antibiotics Treatment

The metabolic states of Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells were characterized with laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy and the cellular response to the antibiotics Cefazolin and Penicillin/Streptomycin were correlated to spectroscopic changes.The Raman spectra of E. coli cells were measured at different time points in the bacterial growth curve, which revealed several spectral features applicable for identification of the bacterial cell's growth phase. The time dependent behavior of Raman peak intensities allowed us to identify four groups of Raman peaks with similar intensity time trends, displaying specificity to the same bio-molecule. The intensity of Raman peaks associated with DNA increased over time in contrast to protein specific Raman peaks, which decreased at different rates. In addition, the intensity of the adenine ring-breathing mode increased initially and decreased after approximately 10h. A separation of Raman spectra specific to different metabolic states of E. coli cells was visualized with principal component analysis (PCA).The exposure of bacterial cells to Cefazolin and Penicillin/Streptomycin at the end of the exponential growth phase, resulted in differences in the time dependence of several Raman intensities. In addition, a shift of the spectral position of the adenine ring-breathing mode, associated with normal growth, was not observed for either of the two antibiotic drug exposures. The time dependence of the amide I Raman band intensity changed for Penicillin/Streptomycin exposure compared to normal growth, but not for Cefazolin treatment. This suggests that Raman spectroscopic markers of cellular response may differ between antibiotics or drug classes.
Changes in blood plasma osmolality and states of mania.

Manic patients were studied systematically over a period of months. Fluctuations in their blood plasma osmolality were observed and these correlated significantly and inversely with undulations in their mania, rating scores. Successful treatment of patients with lithium carbonate was correlated with increasing levels of their plasma osmolality and with a significant remission of mania symptomatology. Animal studies have shown that adaptations to altered blood plasma osmolalities are accompanied by profound metabolic changes in tissues of the central nervous system. A similar relationship is likely to exist in man. We suggest, therefore, that an altered plasma osmolality is linked to changes in manic symptomatology, through osmotically regulated metabolic changes in the central nervous system.
Effect of α-methylhistidine on the control of histidine synthesis

Bacterial cells grown in the presence of the histidine analogue, α-methylhistidine, were found to have de-repressed levels of the histidine biosynthetic enzymes. Although the rate of formation of these enzymes is known to increase if the intracellular concentration of histidine is lowered, α-methylhistidine was shown not to interfere with the synthesis of histidine. However, the analogue inhibits the attachment of histidine to soluble RNA in extracts of Escherichia coli . Kinetic studies showed that the analogue affects the rate of attachment of histidine to soluble RNA but is itself not attached. Growth of E. coli was initially inhibited by α-methylhistidine but then resumed at a slightly reduced rate. The inhibition is attributed to the blocking of histidinyl-RNA synthesis; and the recovery to the increase in the histidine biosynthetic enzymes, which produce more histidine to compete with the inhibitor. It is proposed that the increase in the histidine biosynthetic enzymes results from the inhibition of the transfer of histidine to soluble RNA. On this basis it must be the internal concentration of histidinyl-RNA, not of free histidine, that controls the degree of repression of these enzymes in the cell.
Bmp Indicator Mice Reveal Dynamic Regulation of Transcriptional Response

Cellular responses to Bmp ligands are regulated at multiple levels, both extracellularly and intracellularly. Therefore, the presence of these growth factors is not an accurate indicator of Bmp signaling activity. While a common approach to detect Bmp signaling activity is to determine the presence of phosphorylated forms of Smad1, 5 and 8 by immunostaining, this approach is time consuming and not quantitative. In order to provide a simpler readout system to examine the presence of Bmp signaling in developing animals, we developed BRE-gal mouse embryonic stem cells and a transgenic mouse line that specifically respond to Bmp ligand stimulation. Our reporter identifies specific transcriptional responses that are mediated by Smad1 and Smad4 with the Schnurri transcription factor complex binding to a conserved Bmp-Responsive Element (BRE), originally identified among Drosophila, Xenopus and human Bmp targets. Our BRE-gal mES cells specifically respond to Bmp ligands at concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml; and BRE-gal reporter mice, derived from the BRE-gal mES cells, show dynamic activity in many cellular sites, including extraembryonic structures and mammary glands, thereby making this a useful scientific tool.
Sleep Problems in Children with Respiratory Disorders

Sleep problems are common in many pediatric respiratory diseases including chronic lung disease of infancy, asthma, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell lung disease, and respiratory insufficiency due to neuromuscular disease and scoliosis. Given the adverse neurocognitive and physiologic effects associated with a deranged night's sleep, the goal of this article is to enhance the physician's ability to anticipate, recognize, and appropriately manage a variety of sleep-related problems including sleep-disordered breathing, gas exchange abnormalities, insomnias, and circadian rhythm disturbances in order to improve children's function and quality of life.
WATER POLLUTION: IMPROVING THE LEGAL CONTROLS

Despite regrettable delays in the implementation of Part 11 of the Control of Pollution Act 1974, it is now in force and provides the legal basis for water pollution control in Great Britain. As part of the Government's forthcoming legislation to bring about the privatization of the water industry it is planned to revise and re-enact the provisions of Part 11 of the 1974 Act as a component of a new Water Act. This is an opportunity to make a number of improvements in the law to rectify shortcomings which have become apparent during the period in which the provisions of the 1974 Act have been operative. Specifically, explicit provision needs to be made to clarify the position with respect to the discharge of new pollutants under an existing discharge consent. The status of the Code of Good Agricultural Practice as a defence to water pollution needs to be reconsidered in the light of increasing pollution from agricultural sources. The exemption of new discharges from publicity is in need of clarification, and provision for public availability of information about the aquatic environment is capable of improvement to permit publication of such information, rather than merely the inspection of registers containing the information. The provision of compensation for water authority operations to protect the aquatic environment should be made more generally available. In each case it is suggested that significant improvements in the law can be achieved by relatively minor changes in the form of the present legislation.
The impact of the "Americans with Disabilities Act" on engineering education

In 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law affecting an estimated 45 million Americans who, for different reasons and conditions, may fall under the category of persons with disabilities. The law has produced a major impact regarding the way that our society views and provides services to this segment of the population. While religious institutions, including those involved in higher education through universities, colleges, and programs are exempted from the ADA, almost all other public and private institutions must comply with the law that prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities and requires that special accommodations be made to integrate these individuals into the work place. Among other things, the law requires "modification of examinations, training materials, or policies, the provision of qualified readers or interpreters and other similar accommodations for qualified individuals with disabilities". The impact on engineering education is enormous with ramifications to admissions policies, curricular structure, testing, accommodations of students and faculty, and many other matters of importance. This paper presents an overview of the ADA, its impact on engineering education, some guidelines for compliance, as well as some actual cases that illustrate some of the typical instances of "reasonable accommodations" that engineering programs need to consider.
The role of exit costs in the theory of cooperative teams

Abstract We study the scope for internal enforcement of efficient production in cooperative firms when individual effort levels are unobservable and workers are able to exit the production relationship. Our analysis, based on Abreu's ( Econometrica 56 , 2:383–396, Mar. 1988) notion of optimal penal codes, suggests that the scope for effective enforcement is directly related to the cost of exit. Applications to the seemingly contradictory accounts of MacLeod (In Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory and Labor-Managed Firms , Vol. 3, pp. 5–23. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1988) and Lin ( J. Polit. Econom. 98 , 6:1228–1252, Dec. 1990 ) are discussed, as are various extensions of the basic model.
Unitarity constraints on deeply virtual Compton scattering

At moderately low momentum transfer ($\ensuremath{-}t$ up to 1 GeV${}^{2}$) the coupling to the vector meson production channels gives the dominant contribution to real Compton and deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS). Starting from a Regge pole approach that successfully describes vector meson production, the singular part of the corresponding box diagrams (where the intermediate vector meson-baryon pair propagates on-shell) is evaluated without any further assumptions (unitarity). Such a treatment explains not only the unexpectedly large DVCS unpolarized cross section that has been recently measured at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab), but also all the beam spin and charge asymmetries that have been measured at JLab and Hermes, without explicit need of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPD). The issue of the relationship between the two approaches is addressed.
Chromosome location, DNA markers and rust resistance of the sunflower gene R 5

Sunflower rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia helianthi Schwein., was not a serious problem for many decades because of successful deployment of effective resistance genes in commercial sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids in North America. In the 1980s and early 1990s, however, a shift in virulence of the rust race population in North America rendered most of the commercial hybrids susceptible to new virulent races. A germplasm line, HA-R2, carrying the rust resistance gene R5 was released as a multi-race rust-resistant line in 1985 but has not been widely used in commercial hybrid production. R5 remains effective against the prevalent rust races of sunflower in North America. This gene was previously reported to be associated with two simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, ORS316 and ORS630, which were mapped to linkage group (LG) 13 of sunflower. However, out of the 63 markers of LG13 screened in the present study, only 18, including ORS316 and ORS630, were polymorphic. These markers, which covered all of LG 13, were assayed in 94 individual F2 progenies derived from the cross of HA 89 with HA-R2. All failed to detect any locus in LG13 associated with the gene R5. Subsequently, a bulked segregant analysis was employed with an additional 510 SSR markers selected from the remaining 16 LGs of the sunflower genome. This analysis demonstrated that the LG2 markers showed association with rust resistance. Genotyping of the 94 F2 individuals with 23 polymorphic SSR markers from LG2 confirmed the R5 location on LG2, flanked by two SSR markers, ORS1197-2 and ORS653a, at 3.3 and 1.8 cM of genetic distance, respectively. The markers for R5 developed in this study will provide a useful tool for speeding up deployment of the R5 gene in commercial sunflower hybrid production.
Psychological Stress is Associated with Altered Levels of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor cells in Breast Cancer Patients

Our group has shown in a randomized clinical trial that psychological intervention to reduce stress in patients with stage II and III breast cancer led to enhanced immune function, fewer recurrences and improved overall survival. We hypothesized that patients with high levels of stress would have alterations in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) compared to patients with lower stress. PBMC from 16 patients with high stress (n = 8) or with low stress (n = 8) after surgery as measured by the Impact of Event Scale (IES) questionnaire were evaluated for the presence of MDSC. Patients with higher IES scores had significantly elevated salivary cortisol levels (P = 0.013; 13 µg/dl vs. 9.74 µg/dl). Levels of IL-1Rα were also significantly elevated in the higher IES group (45.09 pg/mL vs. 97.16 pg/mL; P = 0.010). IP 10, G-CSF, and IL-6 were all higher in the high stress group although not to a significant degree. Flow cytometric analysis for CD33+/HLA-DR-neg/CD15+/CD11b+ MDSC revealed increased MDSC in patients with lower IES scores (P = 0.009). CD11b+/CD15+ cells constituted 9.4% of the CD33+/HLA DR-neg cell population in patients with high IES, versus 27.3% in patients with low IES scores. Additional analyses of the number of stressful events that affected the patients in addition to their cancer diagnosis revealed that this type of stress measure correlated with elevated levels of MDSC (P = .064). These data indicate the existence of a complex relationship between stress and immune function in breast cancer patients.
Statins for people at low risk of cardiovascular disease

1814 www.thelancet.com Vol 380 November 24, 2012 myocardial infarction. When the rate of avoiding one-time non-fatal coronary events is similar to the rate of statininduced diabetes, with its sweeping long-term health implications, clinical decisions must be shared with patients and be sensitive to their preferences. We believe that a rigorous standard for starting drug therapy in healthy, asymptomatic patients is required. This new analysis of old data does not support a modifi cation of current guidelines for statin use in low-risk primary prevention.
Characterization and testing of refractories for glass tank melters

Current and future research goals in our laboratories include the study of the attack of glass-contact refractories and of crown refractories in glass tank melters, under either air-gas or oxyfuel conditions. There is an emphasis on evaluation and characterization of critical parameters of commercial refractories such as microstructure, porosity and mechanical properties. A second focus is the evaluation of the performance of refractory alternatives to traditional crown and superstructure refractories including their physical aspects, crown design, and joint quality.
Analogs of the Ikoma–Schwartz lemma and Liouville theorem for mappings with unbounded characteristic

We obtain results on the local behavior of open discrete mappings $ f:D \to {\mathbb{R}^n} $ , n ≥ 2, that satisfy certain conditions related to the distortion of capacities of condensers. It is shown that, in an infinitesimal neighborhood of zero, the indicated mapping cannot grow faster than an integral of a special type that corresponds to the distortion of the capacity under this mapping, which is an analog of the well-known Ikoma growth estimate proved for quasiconformal mappings of the unit ball into itself and of the classic Schwartz lemma for analytic functions. For mappings of the indicated type, we also obtain an analog of the well-known Liouville theorem for analytic functions.
Reduction of inoculated Salmonella cocktail in ground turkey and turkey breasts using Lactobacillus-based intervention

Abstract Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been shown to be inhibitory toward various pathogenic bacteria during refrigerated storage of ground beef samples and in subprimals. In this study, the effectiveness of a combination of 4 strains of Lactobacillus at reducing Salmonella in turkey products was evaluated to improve the final safety of the product. Turkey breasts (hot and chilled) were inoculated with a 3-strain Salmonella cocktail (Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Enteritidis PT 13 NVSL 96–18535, and Heidelberg 3347-1 Sheldon) and then treated with 1 × 106 cfu/cm2 of a Lactobacillus-based intervention comprising NP51, NP35, NP3, and NP7 (Lactiguard, Nutrition Physiology Corp., Kansas City, MO). The turkey breasts were stored at either 5°C to simulate refrigerated storage and sampled on d 0, 1, 2, and 3 or at 37°C to simulate hot carcass applications and sampled at h 0, 2, and 4. Additionally, ground turkey was inoculated with a 3-strain Salmonella cocktail, treated with 1 × 106 cfu/g of the LAB intervention, and stored at 5°C with sampling on d 0, 1, 2, and 3. The reduction of Salmonella in the turkey breasts stored at 5°C treated with Lactobacillus was 2 log (P
The effect of post-annealing on laser-deposited superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thin films

Superconducting Bi--Sr--Ca--Cu--O thin films were obtained from post-annealing partially crystallized and amorphous films grown on MgO (100) by pulsed laser deposition. The substrate temperature investigated was in the range of 350--750 [degree]C, over a range of pressure 0.1 to 100 mTorr. The as-deposited films were annealed in 7.5 vol% O[sub 2]/Ar or in air at 800--865 [degree]C from several minutes to a few hours. Unlike the pure Bi[sub 2]Sr[sub 2]CaCu[sub 2]O[sub 8+[delta]] (2212) phase ([ital T][sub [ital c]]=80 K) which is easily formed after a long continuous period of post-annealing at temperature below 830 [degree]C, the formation of (Bi,Pb)[sub 2]Sr[sub 2]Ca[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 10+[delta]] (2223) phase from the as-deposited amorphous films requires repetitive annealing cycles of short duration in air at 850 [degree]C to simultaneously achieve good crystal quality, small surface roughness, and sharp diamagnetic transition ([ital T][sub [ital c]]=110 K). After annealing, the temperature is lowered down to [similar to]650 [degree]C by quenching in air and then a slow-cooling step is employed. This procedure was found to enhance the volume fraction of the 2223 phase as compared with a direct slow-cooling process. The trade-off between annealing temperature and time was observed to affect the phase formation and the smoothnessmore » of the annealed films. To optimize the post-annealing conditions, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were systematically used to examine the composition, structure, and morphology of the films, respectively.« less
Is it too late to put the user back into HTML

Originally, HTML was intended to be a simple, rather limited language for describing primitive information layouts in World Wide Web pages. The first version of the HTML specification emphasized simplicity. The browser, not the HTML coder, controlled the actual page appearance, determining the appearance of headers, paragraphs, and other primitive layout elements. In recent years, however, complex features have been added to HTML, including frames, dynamic HTML, and cascading styles. These extensions have served designers well, giving them more control over the appearance of their pages. And today designers have pixel level control over the layout of every element. Unfortunately, these enhancements have ignored the Web user. None of the recent additions to HTML help the user to traverse the Web or to find suitable information quickly. The article describes methods which make the Internet easier to use, including: adding value to links; line thickness control; color usage; icons and pop-ups; and preselection.
Lateral Lamella of the Cribriform Plate : Software-Enabled Computed Tomographic Analysis and Its Clinical Relevance in Skull Base Surgery

Objective To describe a quantitative analysis of the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate (LLCP) height in computed tomographic (CT) images. The LLCP is the thinnest anatomic structure in the skull base. Design Software-enabled CT scan measurements. Setting Academic center. Results The CT scans from 50 patients were analyzed. The median height of the LLCP in 100 sides was 2.4 mm. The LLCP height was 0 to 3.9 mm in 83 sides, 4.0 to 7.0 mm in 15 sides, and greater than 7.0 mm in 2 sides. When analyzing differences among sides, the LLCP height was greater on the right side in 28 patients and greater on the left side in 22. The differences between sides was 0 to 1.9 mm in 39 patients, 2.0 to 3.9 mm in 9 patients, and greater than 4.0 mm in 2 patients. Conclusions Computer-aided CT scan analysis allows for a quantitative analysis of the paranasal sinus skull base anatomy. Knowledge of these dimensions is invaluable during surgical planning and navigation. Asymmetry of the relative ethmoid roof position is common. Thus, the rhinologic surgeon must exercise caution to prevent unintentional skull base injury and cerebrospinal fluid leak.
Supplemental Complement Component C9 (C9) Potentiates the Protective Effect of IVIG in Neonatal Rats Infected with E. coli † 1316

C9 is required for rapid complement-mediated killing of E. coli. Previous studies revealed that 1) a diminished C9 concentration restricts the capacity of neonatal serum to kill E. coli and 2) pooled immunoglobulin G (IVIG) enhanced the capacity of human neonatal serum to deposit supplemental C9 onto E. coli and to kill the bacteria. Whether the administration of C9 potentiates the bactericidal and protective effect of IVIG in neonates infected with E. coli is not known. Therefore, in vitro and in vivo animal experiments were designed. Undegraded and hemolytically active human C9 was purified from Cohn Fraction III. IVIG was dialyzed against PBS without bacteriostatic agents. By rocket immunoelectrophoresis, the concentration of intrinsic C9 in serum pooled from two-day-old rats (NeoRS) was only 19% of adult controls. First, the survival of E. coli 07:K1:NM (5×104 cfu/ml) was quantitated in vitro during 60 min of incubation with 50% NeoRS. The bacteria proliferated in NeoRS (bacteria survival [±SEM]=170±14% of the original inoculum), and in NeoRS supplemented with 500 μg IVIG/ml(bacteria survival=122±13%). In NeoRS supplemented with C9 (100μg/ml), 79±14% of the bacteria survived. In contrast, only 30±10% of the bacteria survived in NeoRS supplemented with both IVIG and C9 (P<.04). Next, the survival of two-day-old rats was quantitated one wk after transthoracic injections of E. coli (5×103/g body wt [bw]). The bacteria were injected into each neonate 1 h after the intraperitoneal (ip) administration of IVIG (115 μg/g bw) or an equal volume of placebo (PBS). Each animal also received ip C9 (75 μg/g bw) or PBS 4 h prior to the bacterial injections. Of the 37 animals which received only placebo, none survived. 20 of 40 IVIG recipients and 20 of 38 C9 recipients survived. In contrast, 33 of the 40 neonates which received both IVIG and C9 survived (P<.01). Conclusion: Supplemental C9 potentiated 1) the bactericidal activity of IVIG in NeoRS and 2) the protective effect of IVIG in neonatal rats infected with an otherwise lethal dose of E. coli. These data may contribute to new strategies to reduce the morbidity and mortality of neonatal E. coli sepsis.Funded by the Alliant Community Trust Fund
A permanent change in protein mechanical responses can be produced by thermally-induced microdomain mixing.

Electrospinning was employed to fabricate 3-D fiber networks from a recombinant amphiphilic elastin-mimetic tri-block protein polymer and the effects of moderate thermal conditioning (60°C, 4 h) on network mechanical responses investigated. Significantly, while cryo-high resolution scanning electron microscopy (cryo-HRSEM) revealed that the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the network structure was unchanged, solid-state 1H-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated enhanced interphase mixing of hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks. Significantly, thermal annealing triggered permanent changes in network swelling behavior (28.75 ± 2.80 non-annealed vs. 13.55 ± 1.39 annealed; P < 0.05) and uniaxial mechanical responses, including Young's modulus (0.170 ± 0.010 MPa non-annealed vs. 0.366 ± 0.05 MPa annealed; P < 0.05) and ultimate tensile strength (0.079 ± 0.008 MPa vs. 0.119 ± 0.015 MPa; P < 0.05). To our knowledge, these investigations are the first to note that mechanical responses of protein polymers can be pe...
Materials engineering for TFCX

Four point designs for TFCX resulted from a US national effort that was completed in July 1984. The goal of these devices is to achieve D-T ignition and long pulse operation. They differ primarily in the assumptions for the toroidal field coils. Two use copper coils, the other two Nb3Sn superconducting coils. Differences in each pair derive from the assumed coil performance parameters, including stress levels, current density, and coil cooling. The bigger single materials question is the radiation limits on the coil insulation, but a large number of materials questions were identified by the study. The TFCX is reactor relevant in terms of neutron, particle and heat flux values: its limited design lifetime makes fluence levels far short of levels projected for power reactors. These and other materials issues raised by this project are discussed.
Theory and simulation of an 85 GHz quasioptical gyroklystron experiment

The linear theory used to design a two-resonator 85 GHz quasioptical gyroklystron with a nonuniform magnetic field is presented. It is shown that a tapered magnetic field in the prebunching resonator has a relatively small effect on the electron bunching parameter. The effect of velocity spread of the electron beam can be minimized by adjusting the magnetic field strength in the two resonators. Measured amplifier performance is in good agreement with calculations from the nonlinear multimode simulation code. Gyrophase bunching of the electrons is preserved over the long drift region (30 radiation wavelengths) even though no attempt has been made to minimize the velocity spread of the beam.
The near-infrared spectrophotometric determination of the heteropoly blue of molybdosilicic acid after extraction with 1,2-propanediol carbonate

Abstract A near-infrared spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of silicon is proposed. The method is based on the measurement of the absorbance at 775 nm of the reduction product of molybdosilicic acid which has been extracted with chloroform with the aid of propylene carbonate. The effect of solution variables and diverse ions has been investigated. Several advantages of the proposed method are enumerated.
Replicating syllable frequency effects in Spanish in German: One more challenge to computational models of visual word recognition

Two experiments tested the role of syllable frequency in word recognition, recently suggested in Spanish, in another shallow orthography, German. Like in Spanish, word recognition performance was inhibited in a lexical decision and a perceptual identification task when the first syllable of a word was of high frequency. Given this replication of the inhibitory effect of syllable frequency in a second language, we discuss the issue whether and how computational models of word recognition would have to represent a word’s syllabic structure in order to accurately describe processing of polysyllabic words.
Unraveling the hemolytic subphenotype of sickle cell disease

Comment on Nolan et al, page [3264][1] Hemolytic anemia, while silent from a vaso-occlusive pain crisis standpoint, leads to sustained nitric oxide depletion, oxidant stress, vasoconstriction and proliferative vasculopathy in a number of organ systems, ultimately contributing to the development of
Pressure-thermodynamic study of grain boundaries: Bi segregation in ZnO

Abstract A pressure-thermodynamic study of solid interfaces (grain boundaries) has been conducted. The influence of a high quasi-hydrostatic pressure (∼ 1 GPa) on interfacial segregation of Bi in ZnO has been characterized. At ambient pressure (1 atm) and sub-eutectic temperatures, grain boundaries in Bi-saturated ZnO exhibit near-monolayer levels of Bi segregation characterized by a segregation enthalpy of ∼ 0.67 eV/atom. Under ∼ 1 GPa pressure, however, the segregation is nearly completely suppressed. The segregation and pressure-induced de-segregation are highly reversible, with the source/sink for Bi being a Bi-rich secondary phase located at multiple grain junctions. The secondary phase serves as a reference of known molar volume, from which it is determined that the partial molar volume of Bi2O3 as a grain boundary segregant is approximately one third greater than its value in pure α-Bi2O3. The greater specific volume due to Bi segregation may be associated with charge-compensating point defects important in creating interface electronic states, and may facilitate rapid grain boundary oxidation in ZnO varistors.
A Note on Leiter's Study Highlighting Two Models of Burnout

This note compares the model of burnout proposed by Leiter with the eight-phase model of Golembiewski and Munzenrider. Both models cannot be correct, and scientific advance typically will involve the complex processes of contrast and comparison illustrated here. Several conceptual issues get attention, including the capacity of the two models to accommodate chronic and acute onset. Moreover, Leiter's model cannot accommodate about 50% of the cases classifiable by the phase model, judging from a collection of nearly 13,000 respondents to the Maslach Burnout Inventory.
Trends in Coronary Artery Surgery

To the Editor.— We recently obtained publicly available data in a survey of volumes of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) in three well-known, national referral hospitals in Wisconsin, Ohio, and Texas. The total volume of CABS in these three centers decreased from 8,017 to 6,378 between 1983 and 1984. Despite this, there has been growth in the volume of CABS in the United States for 1983 and 1984 (National Center for Health Statistics, oral communication, October 1985) (Table). The growth during the past two years is similar to the uniform growth in CABS volume in the United States from 1970 through 1982. 1 During the 1983-1984 period, the number of arteriographic procedures increased 26%. This growth may be due to the increased use of angioplasty, which grew 77% in this two-year period. The apparent decrease in CABS volume at major referral centers witha concomitant overall increase in CABS in
GMFAC: How a simply successful approach to organizational improvement worked at a large city hospital

Rather than making major training investments in sophisticated methodologies, some organizations may find that the five basic concepts embodied in the GMFAC framework are all they need to lay the foundation for continuous, sustainable improvement. For members of a New York City hospital, learning the GMFAC principles in the context of solving an actual operational problem led to visible, measurable improvements in quality and the confidence to tackle even bigger problems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of enhanced oxygen release from hemoglobin by RSR13 in an acute renal failure model

Effects of enhanced oxygen release from hemoglobin by RSR13 Ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) often occurs in in an acute renal failure model. hospitalized patients whose renal function has already Background. Acute renal failure is believed to be caused, been diminished, for example, by disease or by aging. in some circumstances, by impaired oxygen delivery to the In addition, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory outer medulla. This study examined the effect of RSR13, a drugs (NSAIDs) as well as decreased circulating blood synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin oxygen-binding af- volume (vomiting, diarrhea, blood loss, poor nutrition finity, on renal function in a setting of acute renal failure in rats. (especially in the elderly), etc.) is often an associated if Methods. An in vivo model of acute renal failure in the not a contributing factor to renal dysfunction. In the rat produced by reduced renal mass, salt restriction, volume presence of these conditions, the use of radiocontrast depletion, prostaglandin inhibition, and radiocontrast adminis- (RC) agents will often precipitate clinical ARF (1). tration was used. A computer-based simulation of oxygen ten- An animal model emulating this type of human ARF sions along the nephron was utilized to interpret the findings. was developed that includes uninephrectomy, salt re-
Substrate-based galvanic replacement reactions carried out on heteroepitaxially formed silver templates

Galvanic replacement reactions have been widely used to transform solution dispersed silver template structures into intricate nanoshell geometries. Here, we report on the use of these same reactions to form hollow substrate-supported Au-Ag nanoshells from silver templates having a heteroepitaxial relationship with the underlying single crystal substrate. The structures obtained exhibit a nanohut geometry, show highly tunable plasmonic properties and are formed as periodic arrays using a lithography-free technique. When removed from the substrate the inverted nanohuts appear as nanobowls with a notch in the rim. The study lays the groundwork for wafer-based devices utilizing nanoshells located at site-specific locations. Open image in new window
On the consistency of second derivative perturbation analysis estimators for the M/G/1 Queue

Abstract For the M/G/1 queue, we show by direct analytical calculation that the perturbation analysis estimator of the second derivative of mean steady-state response time is strongly consistent for location and scale parameters of the service time distribution.
Further characterization of CSAP, an antigen associated with gastrointestinal and ovarian tumors

Colon-specific antigen-p, or CSAp, was originally extracted from GW-39 tumors, which are human colonic carcinomas serially transplanted in golden hamsters, and antibodies to CSAp have been produced in the same animal hosts. By means of immunodiffusion and a hemagglutination-inhibition assay, CSAp has been found to be restricted to adult and fetal small intestine, neoplastic gastric and colonic tissues, inflamed colon, and cystic mucinous tumors of the ovary. CSAp was shown to be distinct from blood group antigens, including Lea and Leb blood group substances, liver ferritin, AFP, CEA, CSA, CMA, ZGM, and BOFA, and to have the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha2-globulin. Gel filtration studies indicated that CSAp in GW-39 tumor, primary human colonic carcinoma, and ovarian cancer mucinous cyst fluid had a peak molecular size range of 70,000--110,000. Quantitation of CSAp in 214 tissue specimens by the hemagglutination-inhibition assay revealed a progressive increase in fetal, inflamed, and neoplastic intestine, such that CSAp in colonic tumors was increased over normal colon tissue. Thus, CSAp appears to be an organ-specific antigen showing increased levels in some gastrointestinal and ovarian neoplasms, as well as in specimens with colitis.
RDA and the Description of Zines: Metadata Needs for Alternative Publications

Comparison of zine user needs, known problems in zine description, and established best practices to Resource Description and Access (RDA) reveals RDA's applicability for describing alternative publications in library and nonlibrary contexts. Findings are that RDA is appropriate for describing alternative publications, though expansion and improvement is warranted in documenting makers, addressing intellectual property, approaching privacy concerns, facilitating subject and genre analysis, undertaking object cataloging, applying companion standards and external vocabularies, and using RDA where boundaries between work, expression, and manifestation are blurred. Experiments in the MARC and ZineCore formats suggest that a Linked Data model would aid RDA implementation.
Evaluation of the humoral immune response of children with low level lead exposure

Twelve lead-exposed children, with evidence of metabolic impairment, and seven non-lead exposed children were examined for evidence of impairment of their immunological response. There were no differences between the control group and the lead exposed group with reference to complement levels, immunoglobulins, or anamnestic response to the tetanus toxoid antigen. It remains to be demonstrated whether or not there is deficient response to primary immunization, whether other antigens are more affected by lead, or whether impairment of humoral immune response requires a more serious degree of lead intoxication.
Chromatin Assembly at Kinetochores Is Uncoupled from DNA Replication

The specification of metazoan centromeres does not depend strictly on centromeric DNA sequences, but also requires epigenetic factors. The mechanistic basis for establishing a centromeric “state” on the DNA remains unclear. In this work, we have directly examined replication timing of the prekinetochore domain of human chromosomes. Kinetochores were labeled by expression of epitope-tagged CENP-A, which stably marks prekinetochore domains in human cells. By immunoprecipitating CENP-A mononucleosomes from synchronized cells pulsed with [3H]thymidine we demonstrate that CENP-A–associated DNA is replicated in mid-to-late S phase. Cytological analysis of DNA replication further demonstrated that centromeres replicate asynchronously in parallel with numerous other genomic regions. In contrast, quantitative Western blot analysis demonstrates that CENP-A protein synthesis occurs later, in G2. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy and transient transfection in the presence of aphidicolin, an inhibitor of DNA replication, show that CENP-A can assemble into centromeres in the absence of DNA replication. Thus, unlike most genomic chromatin, histone synthesis and assembly are uncoupled from DNA replication at the kinetochore. Uncoupling DNA replication from CENP-A synthesis suggests that regulated chromatin assembly or remodeling could play a role in epigenetic centromere propagation.
NMR Evidence for the Unprecedented Binding of a Naphthalene Group to Copper(I) in Solution

Variable-temperature one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments with [LCu](PF6) (L = N-(2-(1-naphthyl)ethyl)-1-aza-4,8-dithiacyclodecane) reveal solution binding of the pendant naphthalene group, consistent with the η2 binding found in the solid-state structure. The free energy for the barrier to the process that involves coordination/decoordination of the naphthalene group was estimated to be 12−13 kcal/mol.
Charge Transport Through A Single Molecule of Dibenzo[a,j]coronene on Si(001)-2 × 1: Possible Coulomb Blockade

Charge transport through single dibenzo[a,j]coronene (C32H16) molecules (DBC) chemisorbed on the Si(001)-2 × 1 surface was investigated by current-voltage (I-V) measurement with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at 25°C. The I-V curves taken from two different adsorption structures of the DBC are found to be significantly different. The major DBC species shows periodic steps in the {I-V} curve, as expected from a possible Coulomb blockade, while the minor DBC species shows a similar I-V curve to the Si substrate. This indicates that the adsorption structure of the chemisorbed DBC molecule to the Si surface governs its conductivity behavior. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2006.588]
Sphenoid sinus brown tumor, hypercalcemia, and blindness: An unusual presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism†

This is a first report of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) masquerading as a destructive fibrous sphenoid sinus “Brown tumor” associated with progressive blindness and hypercalcemia. Diagnosis of a Brown tumor was delayed despite serial computerized tomography of the head and repeated transnasal and transethmoid sphenoid biopsies demonstrating diffuse fibrosis. Only detection and medical evaluation of hypercalcemia, demonstrating elevation of both serum calcium and C-terminal parathyroid hormone with an elevated chloride/phosphate ratio, prompted neck exploration, thus confirming a solitary left superior parathyroid adenoma. Postoperative normocalcemia occurred synchronously with the return of light perception and the arrest of sphenoid sinus and parasellar erosion. Although maxillary Brown tumors of secondary HPT have been reported, this is the first report of osteitis fibrosa of the sphenoid sinus. Differential diagnosis of an erosive sphenoid lesion with cranial nerve dysfunction, exclusive of inflammatory or vascular disease, should include sarcoidosis, primary and metastatic sphenoid carcinoma, fibrous dysplasia, giant cell reparative granuloma, midline lethal granuloma, chordoma, and chondrosarcoma. Furthermore, the bony destructive lesions with concomitant hypercalcemia of sarcoidosis and HPT are distinguishable by radiographic and laboratory analyses and by the Dent corticosteroid suppression test. Hypercalcemia of primary HPT is associated with elevated serum C-terminal parathormone, osteitis fibrosa, a negative Dent test, and a chloride/phosphate ratio greater than 33 in 94% of primary HPT patients. Hypercalcemia of sarcoidosis is associated with a normal or decreased C-terminal parathormone assay and a positive Dent test, as well as elevated serum immunoglobulins and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a positive angiotensin-converting enzyme assay. Although in primary HPT the incidence of hypercalcemia approaches 100% with the incidence of osteitis fibrosa less than 7%, the mortality of undiagnosed hypercalcemia approaches 60%. A delay in diagnosis and in curative parathyroidectomy can result in unnecessary complications as demonstrated by this report of progressive blindness associated with a destructive sphenoid Brown tumor.
The Ultraviolet View of the Magellanic Clouds from GALEX: A First Look at the LMC Source Catalog

The Galaxy Evolution Exporer (GALEX) has performed unprecedented imaging surveys of the Magellanic Clouds (MC) and their surrounding areas including the Magellanic Bridge (MB) in near-UV (NUV, 1771-2831 A) and far-UV (FUV, 1344-1786 A) bands at 5″ resolution. Substantially more area was covered in the NUV than FUV, particularly in the bright central regions, because of the GALEX FUV detector failure. The 5σ depth of the NUV imaging varies between 20.8 and 22.7 (ABmag). Such imaging provides the first sensitive view of the entire content of hot stars in the Magellanic System, revealing the presence of young populations even in sites with extremely low star-formation rate surface density like the MB, owing to high sensitivity of the UV data to hot stars and the dark sky at these wavelengths. The density of UV sources is quite high in many areas of the LMC and SMC. Crowding limits the quality of source detection and photometry from the standard mission pipeline processing. We performed custom-photometry of the GALEX data in the MC survey region (<15° from the LMC, <10° from the SMC). After merging multiple detections of sources in overlapping images, the resulting catalog we have produced for the LMC contains nearly six million unique NUV point sources within 15° and is briefly presented herein. This paper provides a first look at the GALEX MC survey and highlights some of the science investigations that the entire catalog and imaging dataset will make possible.
The Elliptic Genus and Hidden Symmetry

We study the elliptic genus (a partition function) in certain interacting, twist quantum field theories. Without twists, these theories have N=2 supersymmetry. The twists provide a regularization, and also partially break the supersymmetry. In spite of the regularization, one can establish a homotopy of the elliptic genus in a coupling parameter. Our construction relies on a priori estimates and other methods from constructive quantum field theory; this mathematical underpinning allows us to justify evaluating the elliptic genus at one endpoint of the homotopy. We obtain a version of Witten's proposed formula for the elliptic genus in terms of classical theta functions. As a consequence, the elliptic genus has a hidden SL(2, ℤ) symmetry characteristic of conformal theory, even though the underlying theory is not conformal.
Accommodation during static retinal imaging with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope.

Purpose Accommodation of the eye can adversely affect optical tomography of the retina using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO). This study measured the dynamic accommodative response of young adult eyes while acquiring static retinal images with a cSLO without cycloplegia and also examined whether a scanned fixation target improves stability of accommodation. Design Experimental study. Participants Four eyes of 4 controls whose ages ranged from 24 to 35 years. Methods Dynamic accommodation was measured by an infrared autorefractor during static cSLO imaging with a fixation target, without a target, while in darkness, and while viewing a Snellen chart at 20-feet distance. Main Outcome Measures Mean accommodation across viewing conditions and rate of change of accommodation (velocity). Results Accommodation significantly increased in amplitude and in variability during imaging with the cSLO. Average peak velocity of accommodation was 1.37 diopters (D)/second, with a maximum of 2.27 D/second. Presenting a fixation target in the cSLO did not decrease accommodation but increased accommodation velocity in 3 of 4 subjects. Conclusion Accommodation dynamically changes during acquisition of retinal images with a cSLO. Concurrent scanning of a visible target did not improve stability of accommodation reliably. Potential factors affecting accommodation include depth of focus (DOF), use of monochromatic stimuli, and nearby cues. Using the model eye, the error induced by accommodation is about 491 μm/second, with a maximum of 813 μm/second. In terms of the time to acquire individual optical sections, these estimates are consistent with previous reports of increased variability of topographic measurements in nondilated eyes.
On Fore Kinship and Kuru Sorcery

In his review of my book (AA 82:692-694, 1980) Kuru Sorcery, Lyle Steadman finds the line of argument at times to be "not simple" but "complex and sometimes confusing." I believe the reviewer's perplexity stems from two causes: a resistance to ideas about kinship and the ideology of sorcery presented in the book that do not fit with his preconceived notions of these matters, and a curious reluctance to accept the idea that the Fore continue to believe that kuru
The Dialectics of Chauvinism: Minority Nationalities and Territorial Sovereignty in Mao Zedong’s New Democracy

This article examines Mao Zedong’s theory of new democracy in order to explicate the relationship between minority nationalities and sovereignty within the state system of the People’s Republic of ...
Dye distribution in the dyeing of mixed denier polyester fabrics

Microfibre polyester is sometimes blended with higher denier fibres to achieve good aesthetic effects at lower cost. Two polyester yarns of 1.4 and 0.7 denier were dyed singly and together with a range of depths of CI Disperse Blue 79, and the dye distribution over the course of the dyeings was examined. The uptake is initially greater on the microfibre, but as dyeing is continued the distribution becomes more even, and eventually the same concentration of dye is present on both fibres. Based on the common observation that a given concentration of dye produces a lighter shade on a microfibre, the redistribution of dye during the process causes a continuing shade change even though the bath exhaustion is constant. A mixture of three dyes produced a stable hue on a fabric of 1.0 denier polyester after 20 min at a fixed dyeing temperature, but when dyed on a fabric of 1.0 and 0.5 denier yarns, a change in hue continued for more than 60 min.