cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral desaturation events during shoulder arthroscopy in the beach chair position: patient risk factors and neurocognitive effects

Background Patients undergoing shoulder surgery in the beach chair position may be at increased risk for serious neurocognitive complications due to cerebral ischemia. We sought to define the incidence, patient risk factors, and clinical sequelae of intraoperative cerebral desaturation events. Methods Regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2) was monitored intra-operatively using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on 50 consecutive patients. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was administered to each patient pre- and postoperatively. Intra-operative decreases in rSO2 of 20% or greater were defined as cerebral desaturation events (CDE). The association between intraoperative CDE and postoperative cognitive decline was assessed. Results The incidence of intraoperative CDE in our series was 18% (9/50). Increased body mass index (BMI) was found to have a statistically significant association with intraoperative CDE (mean BMI 37.32 vs 28.59, P < .0001). There was no statistical significance in pre- vs postoperative RBANS either in composite scores or any of the sub-indices in either group. Conclusion The degree and duration of cerebral ischemia required to produce neurocognitive dysfunction in this patient population remains undefined; however, cerebral oximetry with NIRS allows prompt identification and treatment of decreased cerebral perfusion decreasing the risk of this event. Increased BMI was found to be a statistically significant patient risk factor for the development of intra-operative CDE. The transient intra-operative CDEs were not associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction in our patient series. We believe protocols aimed at detecting and reversing CDE minimize the risk of neurocognitive dysfunction and improve patient safety.
Evaluation of Triazole-Chelated Lanthanides as Chemically Stabile Bioimaging Agents

ABSTRACT Europium (Eu), dysprosium (Dy), samarium (Sm), and terbium (Tb) complexes were prepared using the neutral tridentate chelator 2,6-bis(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine and one equivalent of each lanthanide salt. The physicochemical, aerodynamic, and in vitro cellular properties of each lanthanide metal complex were studied to determine their viability as cell surface fluorescent probes. Each compound was characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetic analysis (TGA). Upon excitation at 320 nm each complex displayed characteristic lanthanide-based fluorescence emission in the visible wavelength range with stokes shifts greater than 200 nm. Each complex was found to be chemically stable when exposed to pH range of 1–11 for 72 h and resistant to photobleaching. To simulate pulmonary administration of these fluorophores, the aerodynamic properties of the Eu and Tb complexes were determined using a next generation impactor (NGI). This measurement confirmed that the complexes retain their fluorescence emission properties after nebulization. Cellular cytotoxicity was determined on A-549 lung cancer cell line using methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) cytotoxicity assay at 24, 48, and 72 h postexposure to the complexes. The complexes showed a dose and time-dependent effect on the percent viability of the cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:2589-2598, 2013
Decision support systems applications research: A bibliography (1971–1988)

Abstract This paper provides a survey of the literature on the application of decision support systems (DSS) from 1971 through April 1988. A total of 203 DSS applications articles are compiled and classified according to 16 different application areas. This survey also identified the top 15 American and European journals that have published DSS application articles as well as annual count of those articles over the last 18 years.
An evaluation of intrafraction motion of the prostate in the prone and supine positions using electromagnetic tracking

Abstract Purpose To evaluate differences in target motion during prostate irradiation in the prone versus supine position using electromagnetic tracking to measure prostate mobility. Materials/methods Twenty patients received prostate radiotherapy in the supine position utilizing the Calypso Localization System® for prostate positioning and monitoring. For each patient, 10 treatment fractions were followed by a session in which the patient was repositioned prone, and prostate mobility was tracked. The fraction of time that the prostate was displaced by >3, 5, 7, and 10mm was calculated for each patient, for both positions (400 tracking sessions). Results Clear patterns of respiratory motion were seen in the prone tracks due to the influence of increased abdominal motion. Averaged over all patients, the prostate was displaced >3 and 5mm for 37.8% and 10.1% of the total tracking time in the prone position, respectively. In the supine position, the prostate was displaced >3 and 5mm for 12.6% and 2.9%, respectively. With both patient setups, inferior and posterior drifts of the prostate position were observed. Averaged over all prone tracking sessions, the prostate was displaced >3mm in the posterior and inferior directions for 11.7% and 9.5% of the total time, respectively. Conclusions With real-time tracking of the prostate, it is possible to study the effects of different setup positions on the prostate mobility. The percentage of time the prostate moved >3 and 5mm was increased by a factor of three in the prone versus supine position. For larger displacements (>7mm) no difference in prostate mobility was observed between prone and supine positions. To reduce rectal toxicity, radiotherapy in the prone position may be a suitable alternative provided respiratory motion is accounted for during treatment. Acute and late toxicity results remain to be evaluated for both patient positions.
Equilibrium analysis of capacity allocation with demand competition

This article examines the capacity allocation decisions in a supply chain in which a supplier sells a common product to two retailers at a fixed wholesale price. The retailers order the supplier's product subject to an allocation mechanism preannounced by the supplier, and compete for the customer demand. We perform an equilibrium analysis of the retailers' ordering decisions under uniform and individually responsive allocations. Uniform allocation guarantees equilibrium orders, but is not necessarily truth inducing in the presence of demand competition. Further, we find that (1) neither the supplier nor either one of the retailers sees its profits necessarily increasing with the supplier's capacity, and the supplier may sell more with a lower capacity level, and (2) capacity allocation may not only affect the supply chain members' profits but also change the supply chain structure by driving a retailer out of the market. This article provides managerial insights on the capacity and ordering decisions for the supplier, the Capacity allocation frequently occurs in supply chains when multiple retailers order a product from a common sup- plier. Capacity is subject to allocation when the supplier's capacity is unable to meet retailer demand. Further, the retail- ers may compete for customer demand for the product. This work is specifically motivated by a capacity allocation prob- lem in the automobile industry. Automobile manufacturers often sell the same model vehicles to multiple dealers in the same geographic region at a fixed wholesale price. The deal- ers are allowed to determine their own retail prices, which are typically lower than the manufacturer's suggested retail price. In this case, the dealers compete for both the manufac- turer's vehicle allocation and their customer demand. Similar capacity allocation also occurs in the sales of office and home supplies, electronics products, textile and apparel products, and so forth. This article examines the capacity allocation decisions in a supply chain, in which a supplier sells a common product to two retailers. The supplier charges a fixed wholesale price and allocates his capacity based on the order sizes of the two retailers, using a preannounced capacity allocation mecha- nism. The retailers order from the supplier and compete for
Memory Systems Do Not Divide on Consciousness: Reinterpreting Memory in Terms of Activation and Binding

There is a popular hypothesis that performance on implicit and explicit memory tasks reflects 2 distinct memory systems. Explicit memory is said to store those experiences that can be consciously recollected, and implicit memory is said to store experiences and affect subsequent behavior but to be unavailable to conscious awareness. Although this division based on awareness is a useful taxonomy for memory tasks, the authors review the evidence that the unconscious character of implicit memory does not necessitate that it be treated as a separate system of human memory. They also argue that some implicit and explicit memory tasks share the same memory representations and that the important distinction is whether the task (implicit or explicit) requires the formation of a new association. The authors review and critique dissociations from the behavioral, amnesia, and neuroimaging literatures that have been advanced in support of separate explicit and implicit memory systems by highlighting contradictory evidence and by illustrating how the data can be accounted for using a simple computational memory model that assumes the same memory representation for those disparate tasks.
Robust model-based coding technique for ultrasound video

This paper introduces a new approach to coding ultrasound video, the intended application being very low bit rate coding for transmission over low cost phone lines. The method exploits both the characteristic noise and the quasi-periodic nature of the signal. Data compression ratios between 250:1 and 1000:1 are shown to be possible, which is sufficient for transmission over ISDN and conventional phone lines. Preliminary results show this approach to be promising for remote ultrasound examinations.
Visualization of high-resolution image collections on large tiled display walls

This paper introduces an approach to interactively visualize a large collection of high-resolution images in large-scale tiled display environments. Our approach fully utilizes the distributed computing and rendering capabilities of visualization clusters that are driving tiled display walls. A seamless and unified workspace spanning across the entire wall is provided, while view dependent resource management strategies support smooth and fully interactive data analysis of a collection of images. Interactive image filtering and graphing techniques are presented, allowing features in individual images and patterns in image sets to be visualized on the fly. The provided case studies show that the presented approach can scale well beyond terapixel-scale visualization while providing highly responsive interactive environments.
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: RECENT TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in frequency in the United States. The age-adjusted incidence rates have doubled over the past 2 decades. Similar increases have affected the mortality and hospitalization rates. Although there has been a small recent improvement in survival, it remains generally dismal (median, 8 months). It is estimated that 8500 to 11,500 new cases of HCC occur annually in the United States. There are striking differences in the incidence of HCC related to age, gender, race, and geographic region. Although it remains an affliction of the elderly (mean age, 65 years) population, there has been a shift toward relatively younger age cases. Men are affected 3 times more frequently than women, Asians are affected 2 times more than blacks, and Hispanics are affected 2 times more often than whites. However, the recent increase has disproportionately affected white (and Hispanic) men between ages 45 and 65 years. The temporal changes of risk factors among HCC cases in the United States remain unclear. However, available studies indicate that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection acquired 2–4 decades ago explains at least half of the observed increase in HCC; HCV-related HCC is likely to continue to increase for the next decade. A variable but significant proportion of cases (15% to 50%) do not have evidence of the risk factors of viral hepatitis or heavy alcohol consumption. The insulin resistance syndrome, manifesting as obesity and diabetes, is emerging as a risk factor for HCC in the United States; however, its impact on the current trend in HCC remains unclear.
How fish power swimming

It is thought that fish generate the power needed for steady swimming with their anterior musculature, whereas the posterior musculature only transmits forces to the tail and does negative work. Isolated red muscle bundles driven through the length changes and stimulation pattern that muscles normally undergo during steady swimming showed the opposite pattern. Most of the power for swimming came from muscle in the posterior region of the fish, and relatively little came from the anterior musculature. In addition, the contractile properties of the muscle along the length of the fish are significantly adapted to enhance power generation.
Prevalence of Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults Using the 2012 Beers Criteria

Objectives To use the most recently available population-based data to estimate potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) prevalence under the 2012 update of the Beers list of PIMs and to provide a benchmark from which to measure future changes. Design Retrospective cohort study using nationally representative data. Setting 2006–2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Participants Community-dwelling sample of U.S. older adults (N = 18,475). Measurements The updated Beers criteria were operationalized, generating a “broad” PIM definition that incorporated form, route, or dose restrictions where clearly specified and a “qualified” definition that applied specific exceptions where mentioned in the rationale associated with each drug category. Bivariate analyses described PIM prevalence, comparing the two operational definitions, and examined time trends. Results Of older adults with prescription medications, 42.6% had at least one medication fill that met the broad definition, with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) having the highest prevalence (10.9%). The rate declined from 45.5% in 2006–2007 to 40.8% in 2009–2010. The categories with the largest absolute decline were NSAIDs, selected sulfonylureas, and estrogens. PIM prevalence was 30.9% using the qualified definition. Conclusion Despite the overall high use of PIMs, there has been a decline observed in recent years. Future studies should test the effect of educational and clinical interventions on changes in PIM use and outcomes. The current study results can aid in targeting these interventions.
A Gene Expression Atlas of Early Craniofacial Development

We present a gene expression atlas of early mouse craniofacial development. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to isolate cells from the principal critical microregions, whose development, differentiation and signaling interactions are responsible for the construction of the mammalian face. At E8.5, as migrating neural crest cells begin to exit the neural fold/epidermal ectoderm boundary, we examined the cranial mesenchyme, composed of mixed neural crest and paraxial mesoderm cells, as well as cells from adjacent neuroepithelium. At E9.5 cells from the cranial mesenchyme, overlying olfactory placode/epidermal ectoderm, and underlying neuroepithelium, as well as the emerging mandibular and maxillary arches were sampled. At E10.5, as the facial prominences form, cells from the medial and lateral prominences, the olfactory pit, multiple discrete regions of underlying neuroepithelium, the mandibular and maxillary arches, including both their mesenchymal and ectodermal components, as well as Rathke's pouch, were similarly sampled and profiled using both microarray and RNA-seq technologies. Further, we performed single cell studies to better define the gene expression states of the early E8.5 pioneer neural crest cells and paraxial mesoderm. Taken together, and analyzable by a variety of biological network approaches, these data provide a complementing and cross validating resource capable of fueling discovery of novel compartment specific markers and signatures whose combinatorial interactions of transcription factors and growth factors/receptors are responsible for providing the master genetic blueprint for craniofacial development.
Behavioral depression: thyroid interactions with norepinephrine-depleting drugs.

Abstract Temporary suppression of rats' bar pressing, activity, and feeding by the dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-63 was synergistically potentiated by triiodothyronine (T3) treatment. The increased severity and duration of behavioral depression from the combination of mildly-depressing doses of FLA-63 (10 mg/kg, SC) and T3 (200 μg/kg, SC,4X) was most marked 36–72 hr after FLA-63 and closely resembled the depressive syndrome produced by higher (30–90 mg/kg) doses of FLA-63 alone in timing and specific behavioral features; these depressions were more likely due to toxicity than to depletion of brain norepinephrine. T3 did not potentiate behavioral depression induced by diethyldithio carbamate (25 mg/kg, SC). This pattern of findings suggested an interpretation of the T3-FLA-63 synergism in terms of increased FLA-63 toxicity in hyperthyroidism.
Adaptive fingerprint enhancement and identification using linear parametric models

Historically, due to its uniqueness and immutability, fingerprints have been used as evidence in criminal cases and in security identification as well as authorization verification applications. In this research, adaptive linear DWT models are developed to describe the fingerprint features (DWT coefficients) to be identified. The proposed model can be used to enhance the fingerprint characteristics identified from fingerprint images to improve recognition. This adaptive model identification technique is then applied to degraded or incomplete fingerprint images to demonstrate the efficacy of the technique under non-ideal conditions. The performance of the method is then compared to previously published research by the authors on identification of degraded fingerprints using PCA-and ICA-based features.
Sumoylation of Voltage-Gated Alpha1a Calcium Channels

The trinucleotide repeat disorder Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) results form alterations in the CACNA1A gene coding for the α1A subunit of the neuronal voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel (CaV2.1). We have previously reported that the α1A subunit is susceptible to proteasomal and lysosomal-mediated degradation, and that ubiquitin-mediated degradation is abnormal in SCA6 α1A, consistent with a glutaminopathy component in SCA6. The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO) is only distantly related to ubiquitin (18% homology), but shares many similarities with it, including a similar protein size, tri-dimensional structure, a C-terminal glycine-glycine motif for substrate conjugation and many PEST motif-containing substrate targets. SUMO's primary functions involve nuclear events and also include cytosolic functions such as modulation of protein levels and activity, stability and subcellular distribution.Here we show that α1A is also a target for SUMOylation. Co-expression of α1A with SUMO-1 (stoichiometry of 1:5) in HEK 293 cells led to decreased in current density of 56-59% compared to control in two different WT α1A isoforms (Δ47 and +47 CAG11) without further changes in other biophysical properties; whereas co-expression of the SUMO-1 ΔC6 mutant did not alter current density, demonstrating that covalent-binding of SUMO-1 is necessary for its action. In contrast, the SCA6 mutants CAG23 and CAG72 were not affected by SUMO-1 suggesting this alteration could play a role in disease. Alteration of the C-terminal PEST motif in WT α1A (Ax4 and ΔPEST) produced channels resistant to SUMO's effect, similarly to the SCA6 mutants, highlighting this region's role in the process. Immunoprecipitation experiments from mouse brains show that a fraction of endogenous α1A is sumoylated in vivo.
Haemoglobin New York.

A haemoglobin variant has been found in which a glutamic acid amino-acid residue is substituted at position 113 in the β chain for the usual neutral valine. This haemoglobin is called after the city in which it was found and is Hb-β1 13 Glu.
Taxonomic classification of bacterial 16S rRNA genes using short sequencing reads: evaluation of effective study designs.

Massively parallel high throughput sequencing technologies allow us to interrogate the microbial composition of biological samples at unprecedented resolution. The typical approach is to perform high-throughout sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, which are then taxonomically classified based on similarity to known sequences in existing databases. Current technologies cause a predicament though, because although they enable deep coverage of samples, they are limited in the length of sequence they can produce. As a result, high-throughout studies of microbial communities often do not sequence the entire 16S rRNA gene. The challenge is to obtain reliable representation of bacterial communities through taxonomic classification of short 16S rRNA gene sequences. In this study we explored properties of different study designs and developed specific recommendations for effective use of short-read sequencing technologies for the purpose of interrogating bacterial communities, with a focus on classification using naive Bayesian classifiers. To assess precision and coverage of each design, we used a collection of ∼8,500 manually curated 16S rRNA gene sequences from cultured bacteria and a set of over one million bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from environmental samples, respectively. We also tested different configurations of taxonomic classification approaches using short read sequencing data, and provide recommendations for optimal choice of the relevant parameters. We conclude that with a judicious selection of the sequenced region and the corresponding choice of a suitable training set for taxonomic classification, it is possible to explore bacterial communities at great depth using current technologies, with only a minimal loss of taxonomic resolution.
Factory scheduling: implementing a simulation-based scheduling system for a two-plant operation

Scheduling any complicated job shop becomes increasingly more difficult when the cycle time is reduced. This paper will discuss the implementation of a simulation-based scheduling system that properly schedules parts in a two-plant operation. The system has allowed the company to reduce the cycle time by at least a week from two/three weeks to one/two weeks. As part of the project, the generation of the input data needed to drive the simulation is also discussed since this data did not exist in the correct form. The model generation, simulation development, and experimentation will be discussed. The system that is described is currently being used to generate the schedules.
An Etiquette for the Nonsupervisory Observation of L2 Classrooms

Earlier discussions of an etiquette for classroom observation imply that a supervisor who observes a second language (L2) classroom in an official capacity poses more serious concerns for a classroom teacher than a person who visits for some other reason. Several writers suggest that a supervisory relationship between a classroom teacher and a visitor/ observer can be more unsettling for the teacher than one that is nonsupervisory. There is evidence, however, that visitors who are non-supervisors sometimes provoke anxiety in the lives of L2 teachers and their students. While not always recognizing this concern, programs of L2 teacher preparation encourage pre-service and in-service teachers to visit and observe classes being taught by their peers. Under such circumstances, visitors who are not supervisors sometimes lack necessary skills for observing in an unobtrusive manner. For this and other reasons, the problems that nonsupervisory observers pose in classroom settings need to be examined directly. The present discussion addresses visitors to L2 classrooms who are the colleagues and peers of both pre-service and in-service classroom teachers. The article's premise is that a non-supervisor's visit can be just as problematic for a classroom teacher as a supervisor's. Following discussions of the complexities of these relationships and possible solutions, illustrative guidelines for classroom visitation/observation etiquette are presented.
Dispersion Engineering of Three-Dimensional Silicon Photonic Crystals: Fabrication and Applications

In this paper, we propose the design and fabrication of buried silicon optical interconnect technology, the sub-surface silicon optical bus (S3B). The proposed approach relies on engineering the dispersion properties of embedded silicon three-dimensional photonic crystals to create sub-micron routing channels and control light propagation. Further, we present a method for the fabrication of buried three-dimensional (3D) photonic-crystal structures using conventional planar silicon micromachining. The method utilizes a single planar etch mask coupled with time-multiplexed, sidewall-passivating, deep anisotropic reactive-ion etching, to create an array of spherical voids with three-dimensional symmetry. Preliminary results are presented that demonstrate the feasibility of realizing chip-scale optical interconnects using our proposed approach.
Feasibility of algal systems for sustainable wastewater treatment

This paper proposes algal systems as a sustainable approach for removing nutrients from urban wastewaters and generating energy. This proposal is based on theoretical comparisons of energy that can be harvested from urban wastewaters by traditional technologies versus algal systems. Preliminary experimental results are presented to demonstrate that a thermo-tolerant and acidophilic strain evaluated in this study—Galdieria sulphuraria, can grow well in primary settled urban wastewaters and can reduce nutrient levels to regulatory discharge levels.
Social Enterprise Models: Creating the Fortune at the Base of the Pyramid

This article develops on the legacy of C.K. Prahalad’s seminal work on the base of the pyramid (BoP) by focusing on the aspect of income generation at the BoP. After reviewing the literature on creating sustainable livelihoods and employment at the BoP, we develop a set of archetypal social enterprise models that underlie the creation of business ecosystems and successful businesses at the BoP. Also provided are examples of sustainable models in microfinance, value chains, health and education provision, goods and services and infrastructure development. This flows from the health, opportunity, peace, education, infrastructure, and microfinance (HOPEIM) focus of integrated ecosystem development work conducted by us with BoP livelihood creation projects in India, Philippines, Rwanda, Thailand and Uganda. The paper offers several major findings in terms of how successful BoP ecosystem development can be initiated and sustained.
A Geochemical Classification for Feldspathic Igneous Rocks

In this paper we classify the range of feldspathic igneous rocks using five geochemical variables: the FeO/(FeO þMgO) ratio or Fe-index, the modified alkali^lime index, the aluminum-saturation index, the alkalinity index, and the feldspathoid silica-saturation index.The Fe-index distinguishes between melts that have undergone extensive iron enrichment during differentiation from those that have not. The transition from tholeiite to ferrobasalt allows us to extend this boundary to silica values as low as 48 wt %. We introduce the feldspathoid silica-saturation index, which, coupled with the alkalinity index, allows us to extend the geochemical classification to alkaline rocks. We show that most alkaline rocks are ferroan and that this probably reflects extensive fractional crystallization of olivine and pyroxene with minimal participation of Fe^Ti oxides. The expanded classification allows us to illustrate the geochemical and petrogenetic relationship of the plutonic rocks from ferroan granites to nepheline syenites that commonly occur in intracratonic environments. It also allows us to distinguish four families of feldspathic rocks: (1) magnesian rocks, which are exemplified by Caledonian and Cordilleran batholiths and are characterized by differentiation under oxidizing and relatively hydrous conditions; (2) ferroan rocks, which include fayalite granites, alkali granites, and nepheline syenites and are characterized by differentiation under reducing and relatively dry conditions; (3) leucogranites, which commonly form by crustal melting; (4) potassic and ultrapotassic rocks, which originate from mantle that has been enriched in K2O.
Fluorescence based measurement of temperature profiles during polymer processing

We describe a novel noninvasive method to measure temperature profiles during processing. A key feature is the use of a temperature-sensitive fluorescent dye that is incorporated into the polymer resin at dopant levels. By monitoring spectral features of this dye, we can effectively measure its temperature. A focusing technique that we call “confocal fluorescent optics” then allows us to measure the temperature as a function of position into the resin. We present results of critical tests of the device. Namely we test the spatial resolution and its ability to measure a linear temperature profile in a quiescent polymer. Finally, we present the first on-line temperature profile measurements, carried out in a circular die at the exit of a twin screw extruder. Temperature gradients on the order of 5°C/mm in a polyethylene resin are observed between the outer wall and the center of the die.
KINETICS OF AVAILABLE LYSINE LOSS DURING THERMAL PROCESSING OF A SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE: REVERSION OF NO‐LOSS TO RAPID‐LOSS PHASE

Available lysine loss in soy protein isolates may change from a first-order loss to a no-loss phase depending upon processing conditions. The change in reaction kinetics occurs during thermal processing in the absence of shear and pressure. Soy isolate systems do not always exhibit the no-loss phase during extrusion. Thermal processing, a mixture of soy protein isolate and cellulose does not induce the no-loss phase. Once a protein, cellulose and glucose model food system has entered the no-loss phase, pressure in excess of 500 psi (3450 kPa) and shear rates greater than 1000 sec-1 will not revert the no-loss phase to the rapid-loss phase.
Biorthogonal potential-density sets for flat discs

We show how Lynden-Bell's generalization of Mestel's method of flattened spheroids can be adapted and simplified to find biorthogonal potential-density sets for non-axisymmetric flat discs. The simplified formulae turn out to be equivalent to formulae derived by Kalnajs using a quite different method. We then use the simplified formulae to obtain two new biorthogonal potential-density sets. One is related to Gaussian discs and the other to general Toomre models, and both should be useful for stability analyses of these discs. We also give, in an appendix, a large new family of potential-density pairs described by Meijer's G-function. An interesting member of this family has density components that are infinite at the centre, yet decay exponentially at large distance
Morphological approach to metropolitan highway systems analysis, planning, and policy design

Morphology is the subject matter of study in physical and biological sciences. A few attempts have been made to apply the biologists’ and paleontologists’ morphological study model known as allometry to social sciences fields and urbanization dynamics. However in social and sociocultural situations all forms are changeable by volition and policy, as opposed to being the result of fixed information which is stored in the genes. In studying metropolitan areas it is advantageous to regard the allometric relations as merely morphological relations indicating norms by which the components of the system change in relation to the change of the whole system. The morphological analysis approach for a metropolitan highway system has been formulated by utilizing relations defined in the Tri‐State metropolitan area (Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York). The study demonstrates that this approach is suitable for highway network planning and comprehensive policy design.
A switched-capacitor power amplifier for EER/polar transmitters

Wireless high-speed communication standards such as WiFi, WiMax and LTE use spectrally-efficient OFDM modulation that encodes signal information in both amplitude and phase. Use of this non-constant envelope modulation requires a linear PA, operating at a less-than-peak signal level to realize higher linearity and inherently reduced efficiency. Because the PA is the dominant power consumer in most RF transceivers, operation with reduced efficiency leads to short battery lifetime and reduced mobility. Consequently, many efforts to utilize more efficient switching amplifiers with linearization circuitry have been made, notably through pulse-width modulation [1], outphasing [2] and envelope elimination and restoration (EER) [3,4]. Of the three, EER offers the best performance tradeoff between linearity, output power and efficiency; however, most previous implementations have come at the cost of large, power-hungry analog supply modulators. Additionally, conventional EER techniques are subject to nonlinearity induced by delay mismatch between the amplitude- and phase-modulated signal components. An alternative solution modulated the output power by selecting multiple PA unit cells [5], but this exhibits low efficiency at low output power levels because the power control is achieved by changing the total PA transconductance through switching of inefficient cells.
Elimination of Echolalic Responding to Questions through the Training of a Generalized Verbal Response.

Echolalia, the parroting of the speech of others, is a severe communication disorder frequently associated with childhood schizophrenia and mental retardation. Two echolalic children, one schizophrenic and one retarded, were treated in a multiple-baseline design across subjects. Each child was taught to make an appropriate, non-echolalic verbal response (i.e., "I don't know") to a small set of previously echoed questions. After such training, this response generalized across a broad set of untrained questions that had formerly been echoed. The results obtained were the same irrespective of the specific experimenter who presented the questions. Further, each child discriminated appropriately between those questions that had previously been echoed and those that had not. Followup probes showed that treatment gains were maintained one month later. The procedure is economical, in that it produces a rapid and widespread cessation of echolalic responding.
Biblical Biology: American Protestant Social Reformers and the Early Eugenics Movement

In most historical accounts, eugenic doctrines and Christian beliefs are assumed to be adversaries. Such a perspective is too narrow, however, for while many prominent eugenicists were indeed religious skeptics, others sought to reconcile eugenics with Christianity. Various American Protestant social reformers tried to synthesize new biological theories with older biblical ideas about the meaning of a good inheritance. Such syntheses played an important role in disseminating eugenic doctrines into America's deeply Protestant heartland.
Succinylacetone as primary marker to detect tyrosinemia type I in newborns and its measurement by newborn screening programs

Tyrosinemia type I (TYR I) is caused by autosomal recessive fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficiency and is characterized by development of severe liver disease in infancy and neurologic crises. If left untreated, most patients die of liver failure in the first years of life. Intervention with medication is effective when initiated during the first month of life. This improvement in the treatment of TYR I patients influenced the decision to include TYR I in the US Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Recommended Uniform Screening Panel. However, while tyrosine is routinely measured in newborn screening (NBS) by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), elevated tyrosine levels are not specific to TYR I. To improve the specificity of NBS for TYR I, several assays were developed to measure succinylacetone (SUAC) in dried blood spots (DBS). SUAC is a pathognomonic marker of TYR I, and its detection by NBS MS/MS is possible. This review of the current status of NBS for TYR I in the US is the result of discussions at the HHS Secretary's (Discretionary) Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children about the inconsistent implementation of effective NBS for TYR I in the US. We sought to understand the different TYR I screening practices in US NBS programs. Results indicate that 50 out of 51 NBS programs in the US screen for TYR I, and a successful SUAC performance evaluation scheme is available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Programmatic and methodological barriers were identified that prevent widespread adoption of SUAC measurements in NBS laboratories. However, since SUAC detection is currently the best approach to NBS for TYR I, a further delay of the addition of SUAC measurement into NBS procedures is discouraged. SUAC measurement should improve both the false positive and false negative rate in NBS for TYR I thereby yielding the desired benefits for affected patients at no expense to the overall population served.
On the Elementary Theory of Restricted Elementary Functions

As a contribution to definability theory in the spirit of Tarski's classical work on (R, <, 0, 1, +, ·) we extend here part of his results to the structureHere exp ∣[0, 1] and sin ∣[0, π] are the restrictions of the exponential and sine function to the closed intervals indicated; formally we identify these restricted functions with their graphs and regard these as binary relations on R. The superscript “RE” stands for “restricted elementary” since, given any elementary function, one can in general only define certain restrictions of it in RRE.Let (RRE, constants) be the expansion of RRE obtained by adding a name for each real number to the language. We can now formulate our main result as follows.Theorem. (RRE, constants) is strongly model-complete.This means that every formula ϕ(X1, …, Xm) in the natural language of (RRE, constants) is equivalent to an existential formulawith the extra property that for each x ∈ Rm such that ϕ(x) is true in RRE there is exactly one y ∈ Rn such that ψ(x, y) is true in RRE. (Here ψ is quantifier free.)
Young watermelon plant growth responses to end-of-day red and far-red light are affected by direction of exposure and plant part exposed☆

Differences in the growth regulating ability of end-of-day (EOD) red (R) and far-red light (FR) as affected by direction of exposure (predominantly downwardly versus upwardly directed) and plant part exposed (adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf 1, and junction and opposite the junction of the attachment of the petiole to the stem) were determined on young watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum and Naki cv. Sugar Baby) seedlings in a controlled environment. Whole-plant exposure to downwardly or upwardly directed EOD FR stimulated elongation of internode 1 and the petiole of leaf 1 (as measured from the cotyledons) as compared to control seedlings (no EOD light). Upwardly directed EOD FR also induced elongation of internode 2, stem length, and leaf petioles 2 and 3 as compared to controls. This EOD FR induced elongation was reversed by following the FR with a red light treatment (FR + R) implicating phytochrome regulation. Upwardly directed EOD FR increased the leaf angle of leaf 1 as compared to controls. Upwardly directed EOD R and EOD FR + R increased the petiole angle of leaf 1. Irradiation of the adaxial surface of leaf 1 with fibre-optic transmitted EOD FR (tissue area exposed approximately equal to 20cm*) enhanced elongation of internode 1 by 88% as compared to controls. Irradiation of the abaxial surface of leaf 1 and the junction and side opposite the junction of the point of attachment of petiole 1 to the stem with EOD light had no effect on elongation of internodes 1 and 2 or stem length. In conclusion, the growth regulating ability of photomorphogenic light (as provided by EOD R and FR) was affected by predominant direction of exposure
THE UNDECIDABILITY OF THE TURING MACHINE IMMORTALITY PROBLEM

A Turing Machine (TM) is an abstract, synchronous, deterministic computer with a finite number of internal states. It operates on the set of infinite words, or tapes, over some finite alphabet, scanning exactly one symbol of the tape at a time. (Only a 2-symbol alphabet, consisting of “0” and “|”, will be considered here, and the scanned symbol of a tape will be distinguished by an underscore.) depending upon its internal state and the symbol under scan, it can perform one or more of the following operations: replace the scanned symbol with a new symbol, focus its attention on an adjacent square, and transfer control to a new state.
First Report of Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Pachyrhizus erosus in the United States

Soybean rust, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, was detected on jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban) for the first time in the United States in November 2009. The pathogen was observed on leaves of a single, potted jicama plant grown outdoors in a residential area and on leaves of all plants in a 12-m2 demonstration plot located at the Auburn University Teaching Garden in Auburn, AL. Symptoms on the upper leaf surfaces were isolated chlorotic areas near the leaf edges in the lower part of the canopy. The abaxial surface was first observed to exhibit brown lesions and subsequently produced volcano-shaped uredinia. These symptoms are consistent with a rust previously described on jicama in Mexico (1). Representative symptomatic plant tissue was sent to the USDA National Identification Services (Mycology) Laboratory in Beltsville, MD for diagnostic confirmation at both the Urbana, IL lab and the USDA National Plant Germplasm and Biotechnology Laboratory for DNA testing. From an infected leaf, samples of approximately 5 mm2 were excised from a microscopically observed rust lesion and an apparently noninfected area. Total DNA was purified with the FastDNA Spin Kit (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH) followed by the E.Z.N.A. MicroElute DNA Clean-Up Kit (Omega Bio-tek, Inc, Doraville, GA) per manufacturer's instructions. Detection of P. pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae DNA was achieved by quantitative PCR using the method of Frederick et al. (2) and a DNA standard of previously prepared P. pachyrhizi spores. The observed rust pustule was found to contain P. pachyrhizi DNA in excess of 28,000 genomes, while no P. pachyrhizi DNA was observed from the asymptomatic sample. Both samples were negative for P. meibomiae. The fungal structures present were confirmed to be Phakopsora spp. DNA was extracted from sori aseptically removed from leaves with a Qiagen (Valencia, CA) DNeasy Plant Mini Kit and amplified with primers Ppa1 and NL4. The resulting partial ITS2 and 28S ribosomal RNA sequences were 100% identical to GenBank entry DQ354537 P. pachyrhizi internal transcribed spacer 2 and 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. Sequences from jicama from Alabama were deposited in GenBank. Voucher specimens were deposited in the USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Fungus Collection (BPI). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease on jicama in the United States. References: (1) A. Carcamo Rodriguez et al. Plant Dis. 90:1260, 2006. (2) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002.
Shape and reflectance from an image sequence generated using extended sources

The authors present a method for determining the shapes of surfaces whose reflectance properties may vary from Lambertian to specular, without prior knowledge of the relative strengths of the Lambertian and specular components of reflection. The object surface is illuminated using extended light sources and is viewed from a single direction. Surface illumination using extended sources makes it possible to ensure the detection of both Lambertian and specular reflections. Multiple source directions are used to obtain an image sequence of the object. An extraction algorithm uses the set of image intensity values measured at each surface point to compute orientation as well as relative strengths of the Lambertian and specular reflection components. The proposed method is called photometric sampling, as it uses samples of photometric function that relates image intensity to surface orientation, reflectance, and light source characteristics. Experiments were conducted on Lambertian surfaces, specular surfaces, and hybrid surfaces, whose reflectance models are composed of both Lambertian and specular components. The results show high accuracy in measured orientations and estimated reflectance parameters. >
Outcomes of anterior chamber intraocular lenses placed by surgeons in training.

Purpose To evaluate risk factors and outcomes of unplanned, primary anterior chamber intraocular lenses (AC IOLs) placed by surgeons in training. Setting Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Cataract surgeries performed primarily by a resident surgeon that resulted in an unplanned AC IOL were included. Cases that had concomitant retinal surgery were excluded. Preoperative data gathered included corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular comorbid conditions. Operative times and complications requiring an AC IOL were assessed. Postoperative CDVA, IOP, corneal edema, persistent intraocular inflammation, macular edema, and need for additional surgery were analyzed for the first postoperative year. Results Twenty-two eyes were included. The mean preoperative CDVA was 1.24 logMAR ± 0.92 SD and the mean preoperative IOP was 17.55 ± 3.88 mm Hg. The mean operative time was 103 ± 30 minutes. The most common operative complications necessitating an AC IOL were 7 (32%) capsule tears with vitreous prolapse requiring anterior vitrectomy and 7 (32%) capsule tears, zonular dehiscence, and vitreous prolapse requiring anterior vitrectomy. By the first postoperative year, the mean visual acuity was 0.40 ± 0.58 logMAR and the IOP was 15.05 ± 6.01 mm Hg. The most common complications 1 year postoperatively included persistent macular edema (23%) and need for additional surgery (18%). Conclusion This group of patients who received unplanned primary AC IOLs by surgeons in training had improved visual acuity and well-controlled IOP 1 year postoperatively. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.