cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Word recall as a function of sentence generation and sentence context

Subjects were asked to generate long and short sentences using target words, to estimate the effort involved in producing each sentence, and then to recall the target words. Yoked subjects were asked to evaluate target word usage in the sentences generated by the first group and then were assigned the same recall task. Target word recall was significantly greater for subjects generating than for subjects evaluating sentences and for long as opposed to short sentences. Also target word recall was significantly correlated with evaluation ratings but not with effort ratings. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to theoretical accounts of the generation effect and to practical concerns of educators in teaching new vocabulary items.
A kinetic scale for dialkylaminyl radical reactions

A kinetic scale for dialkylaminyl radicals was established by measuring unimolecular rate constants for a series of dialkylaminyl radical clocks that spans eight orders of magnitude and using clock reactions to measure the second order rate constants for reactions of several hydrogen atom donors. N-Hydroxypyridine-2-thione derivatives of carbamic acids (so-called PTOC carbamates) were used as radical precursors in direct, laser-flash kinetic measurements and in indirect, radical chain kinetic studies. The calibrated radical clocks are N-methyl-6,6-diphenyl-5-hexenaminyl, N-methyl-trans-5-phenyl-4-pentenaminyl, N-methyl-5,5-diphenyl-4-pentenaminyl, N-methyl-trans-2-phenylcyclobutanaminyl, and N-methyl-trans-2-phenylcyclopropanaminyl. Calibrated hydrogen atom donors are Bu3SnH, t-BuSH, PhSH, and PhSeH. Whereas the tin hydride reactions with dialkylaminyl radicals are slower than reactions with alkyl radicals, the polarity-matched reactions of the electron-rich dialkylaminyl radicals with the electron-poor h...
On the equivalence of the RTI and SVM approaches to time correlated analysis

Abstract Recently two papers on how to perform passive neutron auto-correlation analysis on time gated histograms formed from pulse train data, generically called time correlation analysis (TCA), have appeared in this journal Dubi et al. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment (673) (2012) 111; Croft et al. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment (691) (2012) 152. For those of us working in international nuclear safeguards these treatments are of particular interest because passive neutron multiplicity counting is a widely deployed technique for the quantification of plutonium. The purpose of this letter is to show that the skewness-variance-mean (SVM) approach developed in Dubi et al. (Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment (673) (2012) 111) is equivalent in terms of assay capability to the random trigger interval (RTI) analysis laid out in Croft et al. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment (691) (2012) 152. Mathematically we could also use other numerical ways to extract the time correlated information from the histogram data including, for example, what we might call the mean, mean square, and mean cube approach. The important feature however, from the perspective of real world applications, is that the correlated information extracted is the same, and subsequently gets interpreted in the same way based on the same underlying physics model.
Distinct Nucleotide Binding/Hydrolysis Properties and Molar Ratio of MutSα and MutSβ Determine Their Differential Mismatch Binding Activities

Abstract MutSα (MSH2/MSH6) and MutSβ (MSH2/MSH3) are eukaryotic mismatch recognition proteins that preferentially process base-base and small insertion/deletion (ID) mispairs, respectively, despite the fact that cells contain a MutSα:MutSβ ratio of 10:1. To explore the mechanism underlying the differential mismatch recognition by these two proteins, purified human MutSα and MutSβ were analyzed individually and competitively for their abilities to interact with a T-G and an ID substrate. We show that MutSα has KD values of 26.5 and 38.2 nm for the G-T and ID substrates, respectively, and that MutSβ has KD values of 76.5 and 23.5 nm for G-T and ID, respectively. Consistent with these results, competitive binding assays revealed the following relative binding affinities: MutSβ-ID > MutSα-T-G > MutSα-ID ≫ MutSβ-T-G. Interestingly, binding of MutSβ to ID heteroduplexes is greatly stimulated when the MutSα:MutSβ ratio is ≥10. Distinct ATP/ADP binding and ATPase activities of MutSα and MutSβ were also observed. In the absence of DNA, ADP binding and ATPase activities of MutSβ are significantly higher than those of MutSα. However, interaction with DNA significantly stimulates the MutSα ATPase activity and reduces the MutSβ ATPase activity, the consequence being that both proteins exhibit the same level of hydrolytic activity. We conclude that the preferential processing of base-base and ID heteroduplexes by MutSα and MutSβ is determined by their significant differences in ATPase activity, ADP binding activity, and high cellular MutSα:MutSβ ratio.
Differences in Nighttime Luminance of Work Zone Drums With and Without Steady-Burn Warning Lights

Research was performed to explore the differences in the nighttime luminance of drums, with and without steady-burn warning lights, that are used in work zones to channelize traffic. Two evaluations were performed: one in the field, which included luminance measurements of 372 drums in 15 freeway work zones throughout Michigan, and another, controlled evaluation, which included luminance measurements of 24 common drum scenarios in a vacant parking lot. Drums with and without steady-burn lights were considered in both evaluations. All luminance measurements were performed from the passenger seat of a vehicle under low-beam headlamp illumination. The results of the controlled evaluation showed that the addition of a steady-burn warning light increased the average luminance of drums with high-intensity sheeting by 0.165 candelas per square meter (cd/m2) (2.6%). The added light increased the average luminance of drums with microprismatic sheeting by 0.50 cd/m2 (3.9%). Similar results were obtained during the ...
CLINICAL AND PSYCHOMETRIC MERITS OF THE FROSTIG DEVELOPMENTAL TEST OF VISUAL PERCEPTION

Clinicians and measurement experts often debate the merits of psychometric vs. clinical approaches to diagnostic procedures. Both methods are illustrated emphasizing the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP). Insights obtained from observations of the testing situation by teachers, skilled observers, and clinicians are presented. The merits and limitations of each approach are discussed.
Reciprocal regulation of the mouse protamine genes by the orphan nuclear receptor germ cell nuclear factor and CREMτ

Germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which is expressed in the adult predominantly in the male and female germ cells. In the male, GCNF is expressed in spermatogenic cells. GCNF binds as a homodimer to direct repeat response elements of the consensus half-site sequence, AGGTCA, with 0 bp spacing (DR0). Using this information, a search of genomic databases was performed to identify candidate GCNF responsive, spermatogenic-specific, genes that contain DR0 sequences. The mouse protamine genes are the strongest candidates identified to date, as they are post-meiotically expressed in round spermatids and contain DR0 elements in their proximal promoters. Previous work has shown that both recombinant and endogenous GCNF bind to DR0 elements in the mouse protamine 1 and 2 (Prm 1 and Prm 2) promoters with high affinity and specificity. The present work shows that in transient transfection assays in GC-1 and JEG-3 cells, co-transfection of a GCNF-VP16 expression plasmid with reporter plasmids containing either the wild type Prm 1 or Prm 2 promoter established that GCNF-VP16 is able to regulate transcription from both promoters in a DR0-dependent manner. Wild type GCNF, in contrast, acts as a repressor of basal transcription on both the Prm 1 and Prm 2 promoters in a DR0-dependent manner. Furthermore, CREMτ activation of these promoters is also repressed by wild-type GCNF, indicating that GCNF also acts as a repressor of activated transcription. GCNF therefore defines a novel nuclear receptor-signaling pathway that may regulate a subset of genes involved in the terminal differentiation process of spermatogenesis, exemplified by the protamines. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 394–407, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
T -convexity and tame extensions

I solve here some problems left open in “T-convexity and Tame Extensions” [9]. Familiarity with [9] is assumed, and I will freely use its notations. In particular, T will denote a complete o-minimal theory extending RCF, the theory of real closed fields. Let (, V) ⊨ Tconvex, let = V/m(V) be the residue field, with residue class map x ↦ : V ↦ , and let υ: → Γ be the associated valuation. “Definable” will mean “definable with parameters”. The main goal of this article is to determine the structure induced by (, V) on its residue fieldand on its value group Γ. In [9] we expanded the ordered field to a model of T as follows. Take a tame elementary substructure ′ of such that R′ ⊆ V and R′ maps bijectively onto under the residue class map, and make this bijection into an isomorphism ′ ≌ of T-models. (We showed such ′ exists, and that this gives an expansion of to a T-model that is independent of the choice of ′.).
Application of IEC61850-enabled SAS in CBF protection of transformers

Power system protection is a time-critical task that must be accomplished within the specified time limits to maintain the stability, reliability, and safety of the grid. As modern substations embrace integrated communications using the IEC61850 standard, network latency and reliability issues continue to influence decisions regarding moving the critical protection tasks to LAN-based substation automation systems (SAS), thus eliminating the laborious and costly copper hard-wiring in the substations. Backup protection functions, such as circuit breaker failure (CBF) protection, have appeared as good candidates for implementation in SAS to gain operational experience with the new paradigm. CBF protection, a time-delayed protection function, can tolerate variations in network latency when designed properly. Because transformers are the most critical and expensive pieces of substation equipment, evaluating transformer bay CBFs specifically is crucial. This paper categorizes transformer protection functions and explores the application of CBF protection in SAS using GOOSE messaging specifically in transformer bays. A typical transformer bay is investigated as a case study.
The Nitrous Oxide Test An Improved Method for the Detection of Left-to-Right Shunts

The diagnosis of a left-to-right shunt generally depends upon the demonstration of significant differences in oxygen content among the venae cavae, the chambers of the right heart, and the pulmonary artery. The inconclusive or misleading results sometimes obtained with this method have stimulated interest in improved technics. The wide arteriovenous difference that normally exists during the inhalation of nitrous oxide has been studied in the development of a more accurate diagnostic approach. The superiority of the nitrous oxide test over the oxygen method is demonstrated.
Is yoga effective for knee osteoarthritis in older women

s / Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 20 (2012) S54–S296 S280 Therapy Non-Pharmacologic 557 IS YOGA EFFECTIVE FOR KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS IN OLDER WOMEN? C. Cheung , J. Wyman , B. Resnick . 1 St. Catherine Univ., St. Paul, MN, USA; Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore,
Reaction phenomena in a nonthermal equilibrium plasma

Une simple simulation corrobore la notion empirique que la fonction de distribution d'energie des electrons peut jouer un role important dans la cinetique des reactions d'un reacteur assiste par plasma.
Recent results from CLEO on B physics at the ϒ(4S)

Recent results using the CLEO detector are presented from a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 212 pb−1 taken at the ϒ(4S). results are reported on exclusive and inclusive B decays to charm, Bo Bo mixing and the first evidence for the b → u transition in the inclusive lepton spectrum.
Types of corrosion in removable appliances: annotated cases and preventative measures.

Three different types of electrochemical corrosion cells are discussed – composition, concentration, and stress cells. Annotated cases are presented for each type of corrosion cell in removable appliances using conventional photography, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray elemental analyses. The complexity that corrosion can attain is illustrated via the case of a palatal expansion device. Specific examples of galvanic cells, which are possible in orthodontic practice, are summarized in terms of the anodic and cathodic half-cells. These include material differences, oxygen gradients, presence of debris, changes in pH, induced stress levels, changes in stress states, and variations in as-received history. A galvanic series is constructed from the orthodontist's perspective that includes titanium, nickel–titanium, cobalt–chromium, and stainless steel alloys, as well as glass-fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Preventative measures are presented from the perspectives of the raw material manufacturers, the dental laboratories, the chair-side practitioner, and the patient. A list of materials is provided, which are known to promote corrosion in the event that stainless steels are sensitized as a consequence of improper handling. In the final analysis, however, retainers and removable appliances are reliable if corrosion cells are conscientiously averted and preventative measures are routinely employed.
NMR study of cadmium(II)–triflate coordination

Abstract The coordination of cadmium(II) in triflic acid media is evaluated from the NMR chemical shift variation with concentration of Cd(tf) 2 in aqueous media. The cadmium triflate salt concentration dependence is explainable by the formation of a bis-triflate coordination compound having an overall formation constant of (4±0.5)×10 −3 . The chemical shift for Cd(tf) 2 is found to be −180 ppm from that of the aqueous Cd(II) ion. The data analysis is consistent with either no mono complex formation or a chemical shift for the mono complex that is equal to that of the aqueous ion. Divergence of the experimental chemical shift from the predicted behavior for a simple bis complex equilibrium upon addition of a large excess of triflic acid to a dilute cadmium solution, indicates either the formation of higher complexes or increases in the formation constant for the bis species caused by decreases in the solvent dielectric constant.
The effects of gap wind induced vorticity, monsoon trough and ITCZ on tropical cyclogenesis

Vorticity produced by the gap winds through the Central American Mountains over the Gulfs of Papagayo and Tehuantepec is observed to contribute to tropical cyclogenesis in the Eastern Pacific Basin. Interactions between the gap wind induced vorticity, ITCZ, and monsoon trough is also investigated. It is found that the majority of the Tropical Cyclones investigated in this study occur while the monsoon trough is present. Contributions from the gap winds are also observed to occur more frequently while the monsoon trough is present.
Using building energy simulation and geospatial modeling techniques to determine high resolution building sector energy consumption profiles

Abstract A technique is presented for estimating hourly and seasonal energy consumption profiles in the building sector at spatial scales down to the individual taxlot or parcel. The method combines annual building energy simulations for city-specific prototypical buildings and commonly available geospatial data in a Geographical Information System (GIS) framework. Hourly results can be extracted for any day and exported as a raster output at spatial scales as fine as an individual parcel (
Remarks on sets related to trigonometric series

We show that several classes of sets, like N0-sets, Arbault sets, N-sets and pseudo-Dirichlet sets are closed under adding sets of small size.
Key emerging themes for assessing the cost-effectiveness of reporting incidental findings.

Author(s): Phillips, Kathryn A; Ladabaum, Uri; Pletcher, Mark J; Marshall, Deborah A; Douglas, Michael P
Assessment of teen pregnancy prevention interventions among middle school youth.

The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes for students enrolled in two teen pregnancy prevention programs: the Youth Asset Development Program (YADP); and the Postponing Sexual Involvement Program (PSIP) and identify possible areas for program refinement. The study design consisted of two sets of comparisons: (a) sixth-grade students who completed the PSIP versus the control school; and (b) the YMCA Success Centers where the YADP was introduced versus the control school. Two hundred thirty-seven students were selected to participate in the study. Students who participated in the prevention programs had significantly (p < .05) higher academic achievement, participation in school related activities, and enjoyed school much more than students from the control school. However, no statistically significant differences were found between program participants and the control group when they were compared on personal orientation and judgments about teenage parenthood. Implications for program modification and program effectiveness are discussed.
Primary Cell Wall Structure in the Evolution of Land Plants

Investigation of the primary cell walls of lower plants improves our understanding of the cell biology of these organisms but also has the potential to improve our understanding of cell wall structure and function in angiosperms that evolved from lower plants. Cell walls were prepared from eight species, ranging from a moss to advanced gymnosperms, and subjected to sequential chemical extraction to separate the main polysaccharide fractions. The glycosyl compositions of these fractions were then determined by gas chromatography. The results were compared among the eight plants and among data from related studies reported in the existing published reports to identify structural features that have been either highly conserved or clearly modified during evolution. Among the highly conserved features are the presence of a cellulose framework, the presence of certain hemicelluloses such as xyloglucan, and the presence of rhamnogalacturonan II, a domain in pectic polysaccharides. Among the modified features are the abundance of mannosyl-containing hemicelluloses and the presence of methylated sugars.
Characterization of a highly flexible self-assembling protein system designed to form nanocages.

The design of proteins that self-assemble into well-defined, higher order structures is an important goal that has potential applications in synthetic biology, materials science, and medicine. We previously designed a two-component protein system, designated A-(+) and A-(−), in which self-assembly is mediated by complementary electrostatic interactions between two coiled-coil sequences appended to the C-terminus of a homotrimeric enzyme with C3 symmetry. The coiled-coil sequences are attached through a short, flexible spacer sequence providing the system with a high degree of conformational flexibility. Thus, the primary constraint guiding which structures the system may assemble into is the symmetry of the protein building block. We have now characterized the properties of the self-assembling system as a whole using native gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and the properties of individual assemblies using cryo-electron microscopy (EM). We show that upon mixing, A-(+) and A-(−) form only six different complexes in significant concentrations. The three predominant complexes have hydrodynamic properties consistent with the formation of heterodimeric, tetrahedral, and octahedral protein cages. Cryo-EM of size-fractionated material shows that A-(+) and A-(−) form spherical particles with diameters appropriate for tetrahedral or octahedral protein cages. The particles varied in diameter in an almost continuous manner suggesting that their structures are extremely flexible.
Positive Relationship of the Avian Leukosis-J Strain Virus to the Detection of Campylobacter in the Digestive Tract and Semen of Broiler Breeder Roosters

SUMMARY At 45 wk of age, 99 roosters housed in individual cages were tested for avian leukosis-J strain virus (ALV-J); 32 tested positive and 67 tested negative. These roosters were fed a restricted diet to maintain weight to primary breeder specifications. Individual semen and ceca samples were analyzed for presence and level of Campylobacter. Population levels of Campylobacter in semen and ceca of ALV-J individuals were 3.5 times higher than negative birds. Controlling viruses such as ALV-J may be an important part of limiting colonization of broiler breeders by organisms such as Campylobacter.
DNA virus‐transformed hamster cell – host effector cell interactions: Level of resistance to cytolysis correlated with tumorigenicity

Spontaneously cytolytic hamster spleen cells and BCG-activated hamster macrophages were used to examine susceptibilities to nonspecific effector cell-induced lysis among 13 DNA virus-transformed hamster cell lines exhibiting four different tumorigenic phenotypes. Hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 (an oncogenic adenovirus serotype) or simian virus 40 (an oncogenic papovavirus) readily induced tumors in immunocompetent syngeneic hamsters and were relatively resistant to spleen-cell-induced lysis compared to cells transformed by adenovirus type 2 (a non-oncogenic adenovirus serotype) which induced tumors only in immunoincompetent hosts. Simian virus 40-transformed cells, which possess the unusual property of efficient tumor induction in allogeneic hosts, were uniquely resistant to lysis by activated macrophages. These differential patterns of susceptibility to cytolysis suggest an association between the level of transformed cell resistance to lysis by nonspecific host effector cells and the oncogenicity of the transforming virus. Furthermore, these data suggest that tumor-cell properties, other than those commonly associated with neoplastic transformation, determine the level of susceptibility or resistance to host effector cell mechanisms.
Novel Planer Microwave Circuit Applications and Characterization of Ni Nanowires

Arrays of Ni nanorods were electrodeposited into alumina oxide templates with various lengths (11-50 micro meter) and fixed pore diameter (150 nm). The magnetization behavior of these rods were investigated with ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) techniques; fixed frequency (conventional FMR) and swept frequency (Network Analyzer FMR). Both resonance spectra indicate the presence of strong dipolar interaction between the nanorods. The fundamental magnetic parameters like spontaneous magnetization, gyromagnetic ratio, and magnetic anisotropies of the nanorods were derived from the angular variation of resonance field data. Further, the use of nanorods as a tunable stop-band notch-filter in a coplanar waveguide geometry has been assessed. The stop-band frequency (fr) is observed to be tunable up to 24 GHz with an applied field (H) of up to 6 kOe. The theoretical fitting of fr(H)data to resonance relation yield values of effective field (Heff) and gyromagnetic ratio, which are a little higher than the conventional FMR results.
On the use of operators versus warpings versus axiomatic definitions of new time-frequency (operator) representations

The paper gives an overview of three techniques for deriving new time-frequency-scale representations, emphasizing their relative advantages and disadvantages. The three techniques considered are Cohen's (1989) generalized characteristic function method, the axiomatic approach, and unitary transformation methods. >
Bugs on a budget: Distributed sensing with cost for reporting and nonreporting

We consider a simple model of sequential decisions made by a fusion agent that receives binary-passive reports from distributed sensors. The main result is an explicit formula for the probability of making a decision before a fixed budget is exhausted. These results depend on the relationship between a special ruin problem for a “lazy random walk” and a traditional biased walk.
Autopsy findings following gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity.

Abstract Background.—Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, currently the most frequently performed surgical procedure for morbid obesity, has a low but significant mortality rate. There are limited data documenting the findings at necropsy in patients who have died following this procedure. Objective.—To determine cause of death and pathologic processes present in obese subjects dying after gastric bypass surgery. Patients.—We studied 10 patients who underwent autopsy following gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity between the years 1994 and 2000. Results.—There were 6 men and 4 women. The mean age of the patients was 48 years (range, 28–62 years). The mean preoperative weight was 162 kg (range, 112–245 kg), and the mean body mass index was 54 kg/m2 (range, 39–76 kg/m2), similar to all patients undergoing gastric bypass at our institution during the same period. Five deaths were directly attributable to technical complications. Five deaths were attributed to underlying comorbid conditions. One patient died of cir...
HSV, axonal transport and Alzheimer’s disease: in vitro and in vivo evidence for causal relationships

HSV, a neurotropic virus, travels within neuronal processes by fast axonal transport. During neuronal infection HSV travels retrograde from the sensory nerve terminus to the neuronal cell body, where it replicates or enters latency. During replication HSV travels anterograde from the cell body to the nerve terminus. Postmortem studies find a high frequency of HSV DNA in the trigeminal ganglia as well as the brain. Studies correlating HSV with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been controversial. Here we review clinical evidence supporting such a link. Furthermore, the author describes experimental data showing physical interactions between nascent HSV particles and host transport machinery implicated in AD. The author concludes that the complexity of this relationship has been insufficiently explored, although the relative ease and nontoxicity of a potential anti-HSV treatment for AD demands further study.
Microtubules provide directional information for core PCP function

Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling controls the polarization of cells within the plane of an epithelium. Two molecular modules composed of Fat(Ft)/Dachsous(Ds)/Four-jointed(Fj) and a 'PCP-core' including Frizzled(Fz) and Dishevelled(Dsh) contribute to polarization of individual cells. How polarity is globally coordinated with tissue axes is unresolved. Consistent with previous results, we find that the Ft/Ds/Fj-module has an effect on a MT-cytoskeleton. Here, we provide evidence for the model that the Ft/Ds/Fj-module provides directional information to the core-module through this MT organizing function. We show Ft/Ds/Fj-dependent initial polarization of the apical MT-cytoskeleton prior to global alignment of the core-module, reveal that the anchoring of apical non-centrosomal MTs at apical junctions is polarized, observe that directional trafficking of vesicles containing Dsh depends on Ft, and demonstrate the feasibility of this model by mathematical simulation. Together, these results support the hypothesis that Ft/Ds/Fj provides a signal to orient core PCP function via MT polarization.
Steam reforming of chlorocarbons: chlorinated aromatics

Abstract Effective dechlorination of chloroaromatics, such as C 6 H 5 Cl, 1,2-C 6 H 4 Cl 2 , 1,3-C 6 H 4 Cl 2 and 1,2,4-C 6 H 3 Cl 3 , using catalytic steam reforming has been confirmed with laboratory experiments on nickel and platinum catalysts. Using a feed comprising a mixture of steam and chlorocarbon with a H 2 O/C ratio of 10, complete conversions (>0.99999) were obtained with GHSVs of less than 4–5×10 5 h −1 for a 23 wt.% Ni/CaAl 2 O 4 catalyst and 1–2×10 5 h −1 for a 0.5 wt.% Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst in the temperature range 500–700°C. The reactions followed pseudo-first-order kinetics for these catalysts and chloroaromatics, and kinetic parameters obeyed a compensation effect that was statistically sound, with isokinetic temperatures of 596 and 650°C for Ni and Pt, respectively. Product distributions indicated two parallel catalytic reactions: steam reforming, leading to complete destruction of the aromatic ring and production of H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and HCl; and hydrogenolysis, giving less chlorinated aromatic intermediates, C 6 H 6 and HCl. The aromatic intermediates further react by steam reforming. Platinum was found more selective towards C 6 H 6 formation than Ni, with selectivity increasing at lower temperatures. Comparisons between C 6 H 11 Cl and C 6 H 5 Cl revealed that saturation of the ring increases the rate of overall dechlorination. Above 596°C for Ni and 650°C for Pt, reactivities increase for higher chlorine levels of the aromatic ring.
Fissures in late-nineteenth-century English nonconformity : A case study in one congregation

Recent study of English Nonconformity in the nineteenth century has focused upon issues in the integration of a small culture of Dissent into the larger Anglican-dominated culture, issues such as politics, education, and advancement in the general society. Little attention, by contrast, has been given to theological questions or developments. As a result, the impact of some major shifts in theological thinking within denominational traditions has not been carefully pursued; more seriously, such changes have been frequently characterized as illustrations of theological decline. Greater perspective, however, would be gained by locating instances of theological contention and setting them in the larger framework of cultural and religious change. The following exploration of a theological dispute in one Nonconformist congregation is such an attempt.
Performance of successive cancellation techniques for time of arrival estimation

Two successive cancellation methods for estimation of time or angle of arrival were presented by Krasny and Koorapaty (1986) and their performance was investigated for multipath channels with uncorrelated paths components. In this paper, the performance of the methods is investigated over channel models that have been designed to simulate real-world environments and have been extensively used for evaluating cellular positioning methods in standardization bodies. The first method performs successive cancellation with a correlation approach used for each iteration. The second method uses the multiple signal identification and classification (MUSIC) approach for each iteration. It is shown that the method based on the correlation approach outperforms MUSIC and Capon's (1969) minimum variance approach for many cases of interest. The performance for the methods are investigated in the context of time of arrival estimation.
Differences in fluorescence profiles from breast cancer tissues due to changes in relative tryptophan content via energy transfer: tryptophan content correlates with histologic grade and tumor size but not with lymph node metastases.

The correlation between histologic grade, an increasingly important measure of prognosis for patients with breast cancer, and tryptophan levels from tissues of 15 breast carcinoma patients was investigated. Changes in the relative content of key native organic biomolecule tryptophan were seen from the fluorescence spectra of cancerous and paired normal tissues with excitation wavelengths of 280 and 300 nm. Due to a large spectral overlap and matching excitation-emission spectra, fluorescence resonance energy transfer from tryp- tophan-donor to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides-acceptor was noted. We used the ratios of fluo- rescence intensities at their spectral emission peaks, or spectral fingerprint peaks, at 340, 440, and 460 nm. Higher ratios correlated strongly with high histologic grade, while lower-grade tumors had low ratios. Large tumor size also correlated with high ratios, while the number of lymph node metastases, a major factor in staging, was not correlated with tryptophan levels. High histologic grade correlates strongly with increased content of trypto- phan in breast cancer tissues and suggests that measurement of tryptophan content may be useful as a part of the evaluation of these patients. © 2014 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) (DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.19.12.125002)
Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in combination with motor practice on dexterous grasping and manipulation in healthy older adults

Transcranial anodal stimulation (tDCS) over primary motor cortex (M1) improves dexterous manipulation in healthy older adults. However, the beneficial effects of anodal tDCS in combination with motor practice on natural and clinically relevant functional manual tasks, and the associated changes in the digit contact forces are not known. To this end, we studied the effects of 20 min of tDCS applied over M1 for the dominant hand combined with motor practice (MP) in a sham-controlled crossover study. We monitored the forces applied to an object that healthy elderly individuals grasped and manipulated, and their performances on the Grooved Pegboard Test and the Key-slot task. Practice improved performance on the Pegboard test, and anodal tDCS + MP improved retention of this performance gain when tested 35 min later, whereas similar performance gains degraded in the sham group after 35 min. Interestingly, grip force variability on an isometric precision grip task performed with visual feedback of precision force increased following anodal tDCS + MP, but not sham tDCS + MP. This finding suggests that anodal tDCS over M1 might alter the descending drive to spinal motor neurons involved in the performance of isometric precision grip task under visual feedback leading to increased fluctuations in the grip force exerted on the object. Our results demonstrate that anodal stimulation in combination with motor practice helps older adults to retain their improved performance on a functionally relevant manual task in healthy older adults.
Orientation and Velocity Dependence of the Nonequilibrium Partition Coefficient

Monte Carlo simulations based on a Spin-1 Ising Model for binary alloys have been used to investigate the non-equilibrium partition coefficient (k(sub neq)) as a function of solid-liquid interface velocity and orientation. In simulations of Si with a second component k(sub neq) is greater in the [111] direction than the [100] direction in agreement with experimental results reported by Azlz et al. The simulated partition coefficient scales with the square of the step velocity divided by the diffusion coefficient of the secondary component in the liquid.
Synaptic Regulation of Proopiomelanocortin Neurons Can Occur Distal to the Arcuate Nucleus

Energy homeostasis is controlled to a large extent by various signals that are integrated in the hypothalamus. It is generally considered that neurons in each of the hypothalamic nuclei are regulat...
Inductive learning for expert systems in manufacturing

The authors evaluate several inductive learning techniques using semiconductor wafer failure data gathered during its manufacturing process and where there is currently an expert system in use with rules derived from experts. The learning systems include symbolic (ID3, GID3, CN2), connectionist (Quickprop) and a hybrid model (SC-net). A year's worth of data and expert system diagnoses were available for training these systems. The learning systems were evaluated according to three criteria: the accuracy of the induced rules, the quality of the induced rules as judged by two domain experts and by direct comparison with the existing expert system rules, and the flexibility of the systems in learning to diagnose multiple failures on a wafer. Based on these evaluations, the use of machine learning tools for automatic knowledge acquisition in a real manufacturing domain is discussed. >
Characterization of material properties of low temperature curing polymer dielectrics

Mechanical properties are typically used as a first-order comparison of different thin film microelectronic polymers. Tensile testing is commonly used to determine such mechanical properties (i.e. Young's modulus, % elongation, tensile strength). Having accurate values generated under known, standardized test conditions is therefore an important consideration. We have found that the method of sample preparation and fixturing during test, gage length (length of the sample under test), testing system, and test methodology can have a significant impact on the mechanical property measurements that are derived from tensile testing. This study focuses on low curing temperature (∼ 200°C) polymers and the determination of their mechanical properties using a uniform testing approach to eliminate sample preparation and testing variations. We find the values for Young's modulus and % elongation when done by different manufacturers, using different test systems and methodologies, can vary significantly from those reported herein.
Jet characteristics of a plunging airfoil

Water-tunnel tests of a NACA 0012 airfoil that was oscillated sinusoidally in plunge are described. The flowered downstream of the airfoil was explored by dye flow visualization and single-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements for a range of freestream speeds, frequencies, and amplitudes of oscillation. The dye visualizations show that the vortex patterns generated by the plunging airfoil change from drag-producing wake flows to thrust-producing jet flows as soon as the ratio of maximum plunge velocity to freestream speed, i.e., the nondimensional plunge velocity, exceeds approximately 0.4. The LDV measurements show that the nondimensional plunge velocity is the appropriate parameter to collapse the maximum streamwise velocity data covering a nondimensional plunge velocity range from 0.18 to 9.3
Random Forcing and Forecasting Using Principal Oscillation Pattern Analysis

Abstract The effects of random forcing and deterministic feedback are combined in a measured multivariate time series. It is shown here how the characteristics of the driving noise can be found after the deterministic effects have been identified by the principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis. In addition, the POP analysis is extended to enable the prediction of the most probable meteorological pattern at some future time when the present pattern is known, and the conditional probability of finding the process at any location within a range of values given the value of the process at another location at an earlier time. Estimates of how well these predictions can be trusted are also given. The basic assumption of POP analysis is that the system can be optimally modeled by a linear Markov process.
Factors Influencing Refuge Occupation by Stone Crab Menippe Adina Juveniles in Mississippi Sound

A greater understanding of population dynamics is essential in the management of any species. The Western Gulf stone crab, Menippe adina, is taken as incidental by-catch in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, fishery in Mississippi. However, there is a lack of information on the ecology of M. adina in estuaries of the northern Gulf of Mexico. We know that M. adina is associated with hard-bottom habitats such as rock-rubble jetties and oyster reefs and that this habitat is sparse in Mississippi Sound, which mainly consists of soft-bottom habitat. Many studies have demonstrated that habitat complexity is important to several benthic crustaceans because it provides a matrix of different sized refuges that organisms can use to escape from predation. The importance and availability of refugia varies throughout the life history of organisms because of the increase in size of an organism as it grows. Refuge limitation acting on a specific size class may create a demographic bottleneck thereby limiting the production of a population through mortality, migration, or stunting of the affected size class. We tested this refuge limitation bottleneck hypothesis in juvenile stone crabs by supplementing an existing oyster reef with four different sizes of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. We found that lack of refuge affected both population size structure and density of large juvenile stone crabs on the reef. We also found that competition for available refuges may occur among M. adina and two other xanthid crab species, Eurypanopeus depressus and Panopeus simpsoni. We examined the diet of oyster toadfish, Opsanus beta, in Mississippi Sound and found that the three xanthid crabs comprised a significantly large portion of oyster toadfish diet. Predation by O. beta emphasized the importance of the availability of suitable refugia for the xanthids.
The Synthesis and Reactivity of New μ 2- and μ 3-Aminophosphinidene Cobalt Complexes

The reaction of K[Co(CO)4] and PCl2(TMP) at −5°C leads to the unstable and reactive μ-phosphinidene complex [Co2(CO)6{μ-P(TMP)}] (1), while the same reaction carried out at 35°C gives the chlorophosphido and phosphinidene bridged cluster [Co3(CO)7{μ-P(Cl)TMP}{μ 3-P(TMP)}] (2) (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl). Compound 1 reacts with dppm (dppm=bis(diphenyl- phosphino)methane) and [Co2(CO)8] to form the more stable substitution product [Co2(CO)4{μ-P(TMP)}(μ-dppm)] (3) and [Co4(CO)7(μ-CO)3{μ 3-P(TMP)}] (4) respectively. The first example of a cationic μ 3-phosphinidene cluster compound [Co3(CO)9{μ 3-P(TMP)}][AlCl4] (5) is obtained from reaction of 3 with AlCl3. The X-ray structures of clusters 2 and 5 are discussed.
Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells and fibrochondrocytes in three-dimensional co-culture: analysis of cell shape, matrix production, and mechanical performance

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown positive therapeutic effects for meniscus regeneration and repair. Preliminary in vitro work has indicated positive results for MSC applications for meniscus tissue engineering; however, more information is needed on how to direct MSC behavior. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of MSC co-culture with primary meniscal fibrochondrocytes (FCCs) in a three-dimensional collagen scaffold in fibrochondrogenic media. Co-culture of MSCs and FCCs was hypothesized to facilitate the transition of MSCs to a FCC cell phenotype as measured by matrix secretion and morphology. MSCs and FCCs were isolated from bovine bone marrow and meniscus, respectively. Cells were seeded in a 20 mg/mL high-density type I collagen gel at MSC:FCC ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0. Constructs were cultured for up to 2 weeks and then analyzed for cell morphology, glycosaminoglycan content, collagen content, and production of collagen type I, II, and X. Cells were homogeneously mixed throughout the scaffold and cells had limited direct cell–cell contact. After 2 weeks in culture, MSCs transitioned from a spindle-like morphology toward a rounded phenotype, while FCCs remained rounded throughout culture. Although MSC shape changed with culture, the overall size was significantly larger than FCCs throughout culture. While 75:25 and 100:0 (MSC mono-culture) culture groups produced significantly more glycosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA than FCCs in mono-culture, GAG retention was highest in 50:50 co-cultures. Similarly, the aggregate modulus was highest in 100:0 and 50:50 co-cultures. All samples contained both collagen types I and II after 2 weeks, and collagen type X expression was evident only in MSC mono-culture gels. MSCs shift to a FCC morphology in both mono- and co-culture. Co-culture reduced hypertrophy by MSCs, indicated by collagen type X. This study shows that MSC phenotype can be influenced by indirect homogeneous cell culture in a three-dimensional gel, demonstrating the applicability of MSCs in meniscus tissue engineering applications.
Bacteriology of the Uterus with Special Reference to Estrogenic Hormones and the Problem of Pyometra.

Mice and rabbits receiving large doses of estrogens develop pyometra.123456 Estrogenic hormones may induce physiological changes favoring a leucocytic invasion of genital tissues.234 It has been suggested that this inflammatory condition may be related to the leucocytic infiltration occurring during normal post-estrus. We have tried to determine whether bacteria are present in the uteri of normal mice and whether estrogenic hormones induce changes resulting in bacterial invasion of the uterus.Mice from several strains and of varying ages were used. All that were treated with estrogens (hydroxyestrin benzoate) were young, sexually mature, virgin females. The estrogen, in oily solution, was injected subcutaneously, usually in a single dose of 500 I.U. (1/20 cc). The mice were killed after intervals of 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 15 days following the initial injection (Table II). Bacteriological studies were made on the uteri of immature, mature virgin, multiparous and castrated females; of mice receiving injectio...
Nanoparticle–Film Plasmon Ruler Interrogated with Transmission Visible Spectroscopy

The widespread use of plasmonic nanorulers (PNRs) in sensing platforms has been plagued by technical challenges associated with the development of methods to fabricate precisely controlled nanostructures with high yield and characterize them with high throughput. We have previously shown that creating PNRs in a nanoparticle–film (NP–film) format enables the fabrication of an extremely large population of uniform PNRs with 100% yield using a self-assembly approach, which facilitates high-throughput PNR characterization using ensemble spectroscopic measurements and eliminates the need for expensive microscopy systems required by many other PNR platforms. We expand upon this prior work herein, showing that the NP–film PNR can be made compatible with aqueous sensing studies by adapting it for use in a transmission localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy format, where the coupled NP–film resonance responsible for the PNR signal is directly probed using an extinction measurement from a standard spectro...
A Structural Aspect of Architectural Design through the Pedagogical Heuristics of Framing Systems for Buildings

(1974). A Structural Aspect of Architectural Design through the Pedagogical Heuristics of Framing Systems for Buildings. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 28, Pedagogical Catalog 2, pp. 9-10.
Of ‘near pollution’ and non-linear cultural effects: Reflections on Masahiro Mori and the Uncanny Valley

Existing theories of cultural pollution take two forms. It is seen either as the product of a binary disambiguating activity that codes the problematic Other as symbolically distant, or conversely the result of ambiguity, confusion and hybridity that locates the Other as in-between. The article introduces a third option of ‘near pollution’. On the basis of the work of the roboticist Masahiro Mori this indicates the significance of classificatory proximity and similarity, extreme sensitivity to signals and non-linear cultural effects. Examples are given ranging from computer-generated images to body modification, mental incapacity, material culture, artistic and political performance, and political purges. These capture the uncanny effects originally identified by Mori but also map out a far wider range of empirical and theoretical opportunities for cultural sociology.
The Use of Percutaneous Nephrostomy in 42 Patients

AbstractPercutaneous nephrostomy has been used for the diagnosis and treatment of 42 patients with obstructive uropathy. Bilateral puncture was done in 6 cases and this was the sole means of establishing permanent urinary diversion in 8.