cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a Prototype Airborne Separation Assurance System for Resolving Near-Term Conflicts During Autonomous Aircraft Operations

NASA is currently investigating a new concept of operations for the National Airspace System, designed to improve capacity while maintaining or improving current levels of safety. This concept, known as Distributed Air/Ground Traffic Management (DAGTM), allows appropriately equipped autonomous aircraft to maneuver freely for flight optimization while resolving conflicts with other traffic and staying out of special use airspace and hazardous weather. In order to perform these tasks, pilots use prototype conflict detection, prevention, and resolution tools, collectively known as an Airborne Separation Assurance System (ASAS). While ASAS would normally allow pilots to resolve conflicts before they become hazardous, evaluation of system performance in sudden, near-term conflicts is needed in order to determine concept feasibility. An experiment was conducted in NASA Langley's Air Traffic Operations Lab to evaluate the prototype ASAS for enabling pilots to resolve near-term conflicts and examine possible operational effects associated with the use of lower separation minimums. Sixteen commercial airline pilots flew a total of 32 traffic scenarios that required them to use prototype ASAS tools to resolve close range pop-up conflicts. Required separation standards were set at either 3 or 5 NM lateral spacing, with 1000 ft vertical separation being used for both cases. Reducing the lateral separation from 5 to 3 NM did not appear to increase operational risk, as indicated by the proximity to the intruder aircraft. Pilots performed better when they followed tactical guidance cues provided by ASAS than when they didn't follow the guidance. In an effort to improve compliance rate, ASAS design changes are currently under consideration. Further studies will of evaluate these design changes and consider integration issues between ASAS and existing Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS).
Recent Results for e+e− Annihilation at Spear

In this presentation I shall assume that everyone is familiar with the existence of two narrow resonances coupling to electrons1,2,3 at masses of 3.1 and 3.7 GeV. Properties of these resonances will be described at length. I shall also discuss upper limits which we can place for the production of other such resonances in the range 3.2 to 5.9 GeV.4 Lastly, I shall discuss some tantalizing structure at 4.1 GeV.5 This talk will concentrate upon the experimental facts, various speculations will be left for other speakers. It should be emphasized that most results described are preliminary and are subject to refinement.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPOSITION AND STABILITY OF SAUSAGE‐TYPE EMULSIONS

SUMMARY— A laboratory technique for the preparation of small batches of sausage emulsion was developed for a comparative study of the effectiveness of fresh and frozen beef in achieving emulsion stability. The technique consisted of three basic steps: (1) low speed chopping and blending of ingredients at −2° to +2°C; (2) low speed blending with the gradual addition of soybean oil at 2°−8°C; and (3) high speed chopping to a temperature of 15°-16°C. The preparation and evaluation of emulsions with widely varying compositions revealed that the lean and fat percentages could be varied over wide ranges without significantly affecting emulsion stability, but the range for percentage of water was narrow and critical to stability. The relative stability for fresh and frozen lean was influenced by the amount of added water. For example, at 30% fat level, there was a sharp drop in stability as the added water was reduced below 16% for fresh beef; whereas, an equivalent drop in stability was found as the added water was reduced below 21 % for frozen beef. The theory is proposed that emulsion instability is highly dependent upon the level of added water based on results of this investigation.
Expressing help at appropriate levels

Users of help systems often complain that the documentation is pitched at the wrong level, but the "right" level differs among users. Building on a prior definition of the space of possible expressions of documentation in terms of task, application, and user experience, we explore what it means to express help at different levels. We also survey other dimensions in which help contents may be organized to provide ease of access to the information people need when troubleshooting applications, and conclude by proposing an interface through which users could navigate dynamically, thus finding help expressed at their own "right" level.
Adverse-drug-event data provided by pharmaceutical companies

Purpose. Pharmaceutical company drug information center (PCDIC) responses to queries about adverse drug events (ADEs) were studied to determine whether PCDICs search sources other than the prescribing information on the package insert (PI) and whether the PCDICs’ approach differs according to whether an ADE is listed in the PI (labeled) or not (unlabeled). Methods. Companies were selected from a list of PCDICs in the Physicians’ Desk Reference. One oral or injectable prescription drug from each company was selected. For each drug, a labeled ADE and an unlabeled ADE about which to query the PCDICs were randomly selected from the index of an annual publication on ADEs. The investigators telephoned the PCDICs with an open-ended inquiry about the incidence, timing, and management of the ADE as reported in the literature and the company’s internal data; they clarified that the request did not concern a specific patient. Whether or not information was provided, the source searched was recorded (PI, literature, internal database), and the percentages of PCDICs that used each source for labeled and for unlabeled ADEs were analyzed. Results. Results were obtained from 100 companies to questions about 100 drugs (200 ADEs). For ADEs overall, 80% used the PI, 50% the medical literature, and 38% internal data. For labeled versus unlabeled ADEs, respectively, the PI was used by 84% and 76%; literature, both 50%; and internal data, 35% and 41%. The PCDIC specialists referencing the PI did not always provide accurate or up-to-date information. Some specialists, when asked to query internal databases, said that was not an option. Conclusion. For both labeled and unlabeled ADEs, the PI was the primary source used by PCDICs to answer safety questions about their products, and internal data were the least-used source. Most resources used by PCDICs are readily available to practicing pharmacists.
Consequences of size structure in the prey for predator–prey dynamics: the composite functional response

Summary 1. Current formulations of functional responses assume that the prey is homogeneous and independent of intraspecific processes. Most prey populations consist of different coexisting size classes that often engage in asymmetrical intraspecific interactions, including cannibalism, which can lead to nonlinear interaction effects. This may be important as the size structure with the prey could alter the overall density-dependent predation rates. 2. In a field experiment with damselfly and dragonfly larvae, 16 treatments manipulated the density of a small prey stage, the presence of large conspecific prey and the presence of heterospecific predators. 3. Size structure in the prey (i.e. when both prey stages were present) decreased the impact of the predator on overall prey mortality by 25‐48% at mid and high prey densities, possibly due to densitydependent size-structured cannibalism in the prey. The predation rates on small prey stages were determined by the interaction of large prey and predators. Predation rates increased with prey density in the absence of large prey, but predation rates were constant across densities when large conspecifics were present. 4. The functional response for unstructured prey followed a Holling type III model, but the predation rate for size-structured prey was completely different and followed a complex pattern that could not be explained with any standard functional response. 5. Using additional laboratory experiments, a mortality model was developed and parameterized. It showed that the overall prey mortality of size-structured prey can be adequately predicted with a composite functional response model that modelled the individual functional responses of each prey stage separately and accounted for their cannibalistic interaction. 6. Thus, treating a prey population as a homogeneous entity will lead to erroneous predictions in most real-world food webs. However, if we account for the effects of size structure and the intraspecific interactions on functional responses by treating size classes as different functional groups, it is possible to reliably predict the dynamics of size-structured predator‐prey systems.
P-Version of the Boundary Element Method for Elastostatic Problems

The concept of p-version boundary element modeling of problems of elastostatics of the two-dimensional continua is presented. Areas unique to the p-version boundary element formulation are discussed. These include the development of the equations of nodal collocation for the p-version, selection of higher order hierarchial shape functions, techniques for integrating the product of the kernel functions and these shape functions, strategies for selecting collocation points used in approximating the unknowns associated with the higher order shape functions, and program organization. A numerical example which demonstrates the performance of the p- version formulation is included.
Patterns of Care for the Definitive Management of Prostate Cancer in the U.S.

although a trend toward towards statistical significance was found for increasing GI toxicity in patients with diabetes (HR 2.40, 95% CI, 0.99-5.77, p Z 0.05). Conclusions: This is the first study to compare the GS-EPID and EM-T methods of image guidance for prostate IMRT. Overall, the rates of GU and GI toxicity and BF were low in both groups despite RT dose escalation. There were no differences observed between the GS-EPID and EM-T groups in terms of toxicity or outcome. Longer follow-up is needed to determine the effect of IGRT method on long-term toxicity and BF. Author Disclosure: L. Chang: None. T. Li: None. E. Horwitz: None. D.Y.T. Chen: None. R. Viterbo: None. A. Kutikov: None. R. Greenberg: None. M.K. Buyyounouski: None.
Pharmacotherapy of Movement Disorders in Children and Adolescents

The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM III) (APA, 1980) lists the following groups of movement disorders in children and adolescents: attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity, stereotyped movement disorders, and pervasive developmental disorders. The reasons the three disorders are grouped together here is that the children who suffer from these disorders have movements that are not under conscious control, and all become very self-conscious because of their movement disorders. These disorders are more responsive to pharmacotherapy than most other disorders of children and adolescents.
EMG analysis of shoulder muscle fatigue during resisted isometric shoulder elevation.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a difference existed in the rate of fatigue of select shoulder muscles during isometric shoulder elevation and if the measured rate of fatigue was consistent from day to day. Shoulder muscle fatigue has been associated with alterations in joint mechanics and possibly contributes to shoulder dysfunction. While research exists, there is limited information on an objective and reliable measure of shoulder fatigue. Sixteen asymptomatic subjects were evaluated. The subjects held a weight equivalent to 60% of his/her Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC) while elevating in the scapular plane. Surface electrodes were applied to collect electromyographic activity from the upper trapezius, middle deltoid, serratus anterior, and lower trapezius muscles while the arm was held at 90� elevation. Data collection ceased when the subject was no longer able to maintain 90� of elevation. The subject then rested and a second trial performed. One week later, the two-trial procedure was repeated. A significant interaction of trial · day · muscle was found for the rate of fatigue. Post hoc analysis revealed that the rate of fatigue of the middle deltoid was significantly greater than the other muscles tested. The intraday reliability was good for all muscles but interday reliability was poor except for the middle deltoid. This study suggests that the middle deltoid appears to fatigue faster than the other shoulder muscles tested at the selected level of shoulder elevation. This should be considered in designing a rehabilitation program to develop a sequence that does not overly fatigue the middle deltoid. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Integrity and access control in untrusted content distribution networks

A content distribution network (CDN) makes a publisher's content highly available to readers through replication on remote computers. Content stored on untrusted servers is susceptible to attack, but a reader should have confidence that content originated from the publisher and that the content is unmodified. This thesis presents the SFS read-only file system (SFSRO) and key regression in the Chefs file system for secure, efficient content distribution using untrusted servers for public and private content respectively. SFSRO ensures integrity, authenticity, and freshness of single-writer, many-reader content. A publisher creates a digitally-signed database representing the contents of a source file system. Untrusted servers replicate the database for high availability. Chefs extends SFSRO with key regression to support decentralized access control of private content protected by encryption. Key regression allows a client to derive past versions of a key, reducing the number of keys a client must fetch from the publisher. Thus, key regression reduces the bandwidth requirements of publisher to make keys available to many clients. Contributions of this thesis include the design and implementation of SFSRO and Chefs; a concrete definition of security, provably-secure constructions, and an implementation of key regression; and a performance evaluation of SFSRO and Chefs confirming that latency for individual clients remains low, and a single server can support many simultaneous clients. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Risk, Market Sensitivity, and Diversification

Much can be learned about the risk character of a portfolio by measuring its market sensitivity and diversification. The author explains the meaning of these two key measures and shows how to calculate their values, using corresponding measures for the individual securities in the portfolio.
An empirical comparison of high definition video and regular video in optical flow computation

This paper presents a comparative study of high definition videos and regular videos in the context of optical flow estimation. The hypothesis is that, because of its higher resolution, a high definition video can yield more accurate optical flow data, which is critical for many motion-based researches. The experiments were carried out using videos that captured a wide variety of motions in both natural and indoor settings, which ensures a statistically sound comparison. Analysis through visual examinations and quantitative violation measures indicates that, in general, high definition videos are superior to regular videos, but the presence of fast moving objects could complicate a specific application.
Bridging boundaries: scientists, creative writers, and the long view of the forest

The Long-Term Ecological Reflections program brings together ecologists, creative writers, and philosophers at sites of long-term ecological research to advance understanding of ecological change and of our evolving relationship with the natural world. Developed as an analog to the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the Reflections program attempts to bridge the sciences and humanities in places like the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest LTER site (Oregon) and Mount St Helens (Washington State), where participants reflect, share ideas, and write. Records of these reflections are posted as primary, raw data (eg journal entries and video interviews) on a webpage, and completed works are published in widely circulated journals. This growing body of material demonstrates the importance of taking the long view in building ecological knowledge. The writings display the value of metaphor and story in communicating such knowledge to the public.
Inversion Formulas for the Lemniscate and Allied Functions

On pages 283, 285, and 286 in his second notebook [22], Ramanujan states ten inversion formulas for series. As an example, we quote (in a somewhat more compact notation) the entry at the top of page 285.
The Role of Exercise in Cardiac Aging: From Physiology to Molecular Mechanisms

Aging induces structural and functional changes in the heart that are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and impaired functional capacity in the elderly. Exercise is a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, with the potential to provide insights into clinical diagnosis and prognosis, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which aging influences cardiac physiology and function. In this review, we first provide an overview of how aging impacts the cardiac response to exercise, and the implications this has for functional capacity in older adults. We then review the underlying molecular mechanisms by which cardiac aging contributes to exercise intolerance, and conversely how exercise training can potentially modulate aging phenotypes in the heart. Finally, we highlight the potential use of these exercise models to complement models of disease in efforts to uncover new therapeutic targets to prevent or treat heart disease in the aging population.
A Bayesian Estimate of Vehicle Safety Performance

This paper describes the development of a Bayesian estimate of vehicle safety performance. The vehicle crash testing is conducted often using a very small sample size. With these limited tests, one often has to face the following question, "what is the confidence to meet the design target or government compliance in a subsequent test?" The prediction methods will be discussed to determine the confidence in meeting overall the design requirements based on successful test results with multiple responses and design targets.
Beyond the Affordable Care Act: Alternate Futures for Family Medicine and Primary Care.

BACKGROUND Changes in the landscape of medical practice in recent years, accelerated since the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, have led to further fragmentation of primary care and disruption of the doctor-patient relationship for many millions of Americans. Patients face escalating costs of care and restricted choice of physician and hospital in a largely corporatized health care system. The goals of family medicine are compromised by these system trends. The ACA is unsustainable for a number of reasons, including lack of price controls and cost containment, unaffordable costs for patients and taxpayers, widespread underinsurance, and massive administrative waste. Financing reform through single-payer national health insurance will bring a fairer system of universal coverage for comprehensive care of higher quality at less cost, while enabling a renaissance of family medicine and primary care as an expanding base of our health care system.
Chronic Prostatitis Induces Bladder Hypersensitivity and Sensitizes Bladder Afferents in the Mouse.

Purpose: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome causes symptoms that include the frequent and urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination and pain radiating to the back, abdomen and/or colorectum. These bladder symptoms suggest that chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is associated with sensitization of adjacent organs, termed cross-organ sensitization. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of 1) changes in immunomodulatory mediators in the prostate and bladder after inflammation of the prostate and 2) bladder function and bladder afferent sensitization.Materials and Methods: Prostate and bladder histology, immunohistochemistry and expression of immunomodulatory targets were examined weekly after zymosan or vehicle was injected in the dorsal lobe of the mouse prostate. Cystometry, bladder and bladder afferent sensitivity were also assessed weekly.Results: Prostate inflammation induced significant up-regulation in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory c...
Carbon and the Kinetics of Oxygen Precipitation in Silicon

Oxygen precipitation in Czochralski silicon has been studied as a function of anneal time, oxygen concentration and carbon concentration using FTIR. It was found that the oxygen supersaturation controls the precipitation kinetics in high oxygen content samples, whereas the carbon concentration is of prime importance in low oxygen content samples. The decrease in sustitutional carbon concentration after nucleation and its subsequent increase with extended growth anneals supports the view that carbon affects precipitate nucleation, but not precipitate growth. The measured oxygen solubility at 1000°C was found to depend on both the initial oxygen concentration and the initial carbon concentration.
Challenging Projects in Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Senior Capstone Design Experience

A significant way to attract engineering students’ interests in engineering and promote their design skills is to implement several exciting NASA programs into the senior-year capstone design experience. In 2002 Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering Department offered two new projects, named “Microgravity” and “Lunar Rover Vehicle”, as senior capstone design projects. Both required participation, on a competitive basis, in two corresponding NASA programs: “The Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program” and “The Great Moonbuggy Race”. The experience demonstrated that these programs are very suitable in offering senior students unique opportunities to improve their analytical abilities, develop their design skills, and familiarize them with the process of solving real engineering and scientific problems.
Correlations Between Conditions of Synthesis, Phase Composition and Luminescent Properties of Eu - Polytantalate

Correlations between synthesis conditions, phase composition, and spectral properties of the sintered ceramic, thin films and single crystals of EuTa7O19 phosphors have been studied using x-ray diffractometry and temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at temperatures between 18 K and 650 K. From the PL spectra of Eu3+, one can obtain information about the area of homogeneity of phases, their temperature transformations, and changes in the bonding character in the neighborhood of the luminescent ion. As a result, this information helps to optimize the synthesis parameters for luminescent materials.
COGNITIVE STYLES AND DRAMATIC ACTING ABILITY

There has been a strong emphasis in social psychology on role taking and role playing, with fairly frequent allusions to the similarity of this phenomenon and the behavior that goes on in the theater as dramatic performances. This study applied some of the research in social psychology relevant to roles to actual role playing as done by actors. One of the many useful diagnostic devices enacted by George Kelly (1955) was the Role Construct Repertory Test. His concept of cognitive complexity refers to the relative differentiating of the person's construct system, especially in terms of his perceptions of others. Much of the early research done on cognitive complexity concerned the predictive accusacy of other people's behavior (Bieri, 1955; Leventhal, 1957). It was found that cognitively complex individuals are more accurate in predicting the behavior of others. This finding, plus the fact that people high on cognitive complexity are low on projection of their own responses to others, means they can readily put themselves in the other's place (rather than put the others in their own place). Other measures of the degree of differentiation in the perception of persons has been shown to be related to measures of empathy (Koenig & Capps, 1970; Koenig, 1971). If one concurs with the emphasis that George Herbert Mead and the Symbolic Interactionisc school make on putting oneself in the other's place, correctly anticipating his behavior, etc., it is not siuprising that people who scored high on cognitive complexity also scored high on measures of social intelligence (Sechrest & Jackson, 1961). Given this evidence of accuracy of perception, empathy, or role taking, it was felt that cognitive complexity would be manifest in ability to perceive and act out a role adequately. A pilot study was run in a group dynamics course in which four outside volunteers were chosen on the basis of their scores on measures of cognitive complexity and of dominance. (The four Ss represented the possible combinations of the two traits.) Ss were given a paragraph describing an hypothetical person and the situation he was to act out (i.e., a boss telling an employee that he would probably have to be fired). The class of 10 students acted as judges and they too were given the same paragraph to read. They were then asked to score this chatacter on a series of polar traits. The next step was for Ss to act out the role in an im
Preparation of Gonadotropic Substance by Tungstic Acid Precipitation

We presented data on the quantitative precipitation of small quantities of prolan with tungstic acid.1 Extending our work to pregnancy urine we found that tungstic acid would produce a precipitate which contained most of the gonadotropic substance and a considerable quantity of both protein and tungstic acid. Since our interest lay in the purification of the gonadotropic material, several processes for the removal of the impurities wrere studied. The barium precipitation used in our earlier work and which was also used for the decomposition of the phosphotungstate precipitate (Wiesner and Marshall,2 Zondek, Scheibler and Krabbe3 proved to be less satisfactory than the treatment with certain inexpensive alkaloids.To one liter of urine add 20 cc. of sodium tungstate (10%). Acidify this mixture to congo red paper with sulfuric acid. Centrifuge and wash the precipitate once with acetone. A little distilled water and some solid brucine are added, the mixture thoroughly stirred and then centrifuged. The clear s...
Investigating the impact of professional development on teachers’ instructional time and English learners’ language development: a multilevel cross-classified approach

We examined the direct impact of an ongoing, intensive, and structured professional development (PD) within an English-as-second-language (ESL) instructional intervention on (a) teachers’ time allocation in cognitive–academic language proficiency (CALP) and (b) Spanish-speaking English language learners’ (ELLs) CALP development from the second to third grade within a multilevel cross-classified framework. Second, we explored the mediation effect of teachers’ time allocation. We observed that treatment teachers spent more time in CALP than control teachers as a result of the instructional intervention with PD. In addition, the treatment effect was evident in ELLs’ outcomes, including expressive vocabulary, oral reading fluency, and retell fluency. Finally, the treatment effect was completely mediated through teachers’ time allocation in CALP in the second grade on retell fluency.
66 The contribution of adverse childhood experiences to post-injury psychological outcomes in urban black men in the US

Statement of purpose To examine whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to severity of PTSD and depression symptoms after recent serious injury in Black men. Methods/approach Injured Black adult men were consecutively enrolled during hospitalisation for an acute, serious injury. Baseline data, including demographics and injury-related characteristics, were collected during interviews conducted in hospital. A questionnaire assessed whether seven Adverse Childhood Experiences had been experienced prior to the age of 18 years. Primary outcomes were collected at 3 months post-discharge during an in-person interview using the PTSD Checklist (PCL-C) for PTSD symptom severity and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Self Report (QID-SR) for depression symptom severity. Results 231 men (mean age = 37 years, SD = 15.8) were included in this analysis. Injury was classified as unintentional (52%) or intentional (48%, i.e. the result of interpersonal violence). Mean number of ACEs was 2.51; 83% reported at least 1 ACE and 37.7% reported >4. No association was found between number of ACEs and whether the index injury was intentional versus unintentional. Intentional injuries were associated with higher mean PCL-C scores (42.8 vs. 33.6, p Conclusions This sample of urban Black men reported substantial histories of childhood trauma and adversity. There is a dose response relationship with higher numbers of ACEs contributing to more severe symptoms of PTSD and depression after serious traumatic injury. Significance and contributions To improve outcomes after serious injury in urban Black men, previous trauma histories should be obtained and drive care practices that are trauma-informed. Funder: NINR R01NR013503
Analysis on the Adverse Events Following Immunization Surveillance of Infants Death

Objective To evaluate the safety of vaccine by analyzing the infant death cases after vaccination.Methods Collecting the reporting data and dead cases information after immunization from Adverse Events Following Immunization(AEFI)surveillance system of Guangdong from 2009 to 2011 to describe case characters, seasonal distribution and clinical diagnosis and to compare vaccine safety data with mortality rate of AEFI.Results The reported 28 death infant s following immunization received 38 doses vaccination totally. 42.86%of the cases were dead within 12 hours. One case was rare adverse reaction caused by allergic reaction to the vaccine. And 24 cases were coincidental events. The death reasons for 3 cases were unknown. Death Reporting Rate had no significant correlations with AEFI Reporting Rate and rare adverse reaction Reporting Rate.Conclusion Coincidental event is common reason of infant death after vaccination. There was no relation between vaccination and infant death. Investigation of death cases and autopsy are the key measures to find out the true causes.
Service Innovations: What the Managers Believe and What the Customers Say

AbstractService innovation has become a critical organizational capability. It is crucial to understand not only what service innovations service managers introduce, but also what service innovations help improve customers’ experiences. This study examines the initiatives managers undertake to introduce new services and whether service innovations improve service experiences for the members. In this study, 300 critical incidents were reported by private club general managers/chief operating officers, and 956 were reported by their members in private clubs across the United States. The findings have both theoretical and practical implications.
Breed and environmental effects on postweaning growth of rabbits

Growth records of 4,270 weanling rabbits born between March 1985 and December 1989 were studied to evaluate the effects of breed and month of birth on postweaning growth performance of four medium-sized breeds. Californian (CAL), New Zealand White (NZW), Palomino (PAL), and White Satin (WS). Traits examined were 28-d weaning weight (WW), postweaning gain (GAIN), attainment of 1,600-g market weight by 76 d of age (MKT), and approximate age at 1,600 g (AGE). Least squares models included breed, month of birth, sex, and year of birth as fixed effects and litter within breed by month and by year and the residual as random variables. The NZW had significantly higher GAIN and MKT and lower AGE than the other three breeds. White Satin had the highest WW, followed by CAL, NZW, and PAL. White Satin had higher GAIN and lower AGE than PAL or CAL but did not differ for MKT. Poorer performance was seen during the summer, but the NZW tended to be less affected by the environmental extremes than the other breeds. The effects on GAIN of mean monthly temperature and daylength and the interrelationships of these with estimated milk production and litter size at weaning were evaluated by regression methods for the 2,100 NZW fryers. Temperature and daylength had significant effects on GAIN, with lowest GAIN in the summer, but the individual contributions to the variance were small because of some redundancy when month, temperature, and (or) light were included in the same model. Curvilinear trends were observed that favored GAIN as estimated milk production increased but decreased GAIN as litter size at weaning increased. In the hot, humid climate of southern Louisiana important breed differences were noted. There were also indications that daylength may be an important factor in postweaning fryer performance.
Cell Wall Remodeling by a Synthetic Analog Reveals Metabolic Adaptation in Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci.

Drug-resistant bacterial infections threaten to overburden our healthcare system and disrupt modern medicine. A large class of potent antibiotics, including vancomycin, operate by interfering with bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) evade the blockage of cell wall biosynthesis by altering cell wall precursors, rendering them drug insensitive. Herein, we reveal the phenotypic plasticity and cell wall remodeling of VRE in response to vancomycin in live bacterial cells via a metabolic probe. A synthetic cell wall analog was designed and constructed to monitor cell wall structural alterations. Our results demonstrate that the biosynthetic pathway for vancomycin-resistant precursors can be hijacked by synthetic analogs to track the kinetics of phenotype induction. In addition, we leveraged this probe to interrogate the response of VRE cells to vancomycin analogs and a series of cell wall-targeted antibiotics. Finally, we describe a proof-of-principle strategy to visually in...
Associations between physical and sedentary activity regularity and sleep in preschoolers and kindergartners

Short sleep duration in childhood has been associated with increased risk for overweight and obesity. Research suggests that physical activity might mediate this association. However, studies examining associations between physical activity and sleep in young children have reported equivocal findings. A possible explanation for these inconsistencies is that past studies have looked at total physical activity rather than examining physical activity regularity. We aimed to explore the associations between physical and sedentary activity regularity (ie, consistent vs intermittent behavior) and sleep in preschoolers and kindergartners. One hundred and thirty-one children (ages 4-6) wore waist-worn accelerometers for 3 days and 3 nights. Associations between physical and sedentary activity regularity and attaining adequate sleep duration were assessed using logistic regression. There was no association between the number of days that children engaged in ≥60 minutes of total physical activity and sufficient sleep. Furthermore, there was no association between the number of days that children engaged in ≥20 minutes of vigorous activity and sufficient sleep. Children who engaged in minimal sedentary activity had greater odds of obtaining sufficient sleep as compared with children who engaged in more sedentary activity.
Fertility in Nerve-Sparing RPLND

Nerve-sparing RPLND reliably preserves emission and ejaculation in patients with clinical stage I nonseminoma. The fertility of a group of patients subjected to nerve-sparing RPLND was assessed by three different methods: standard semen analysis, analysis of chromatin content by DNA histogram, and assessment of ultimate fertility status by a questionnaire. Approximately seventy five percent of these patients have semen analyses generally considered to be in the normal range. Virtually all patients who underwent DNA histogram analysis had histograms similar to controls. Seventy six percent of patients who responded to a post treatment fertility survey and who attempted pregnancy post nerve-sparing RPLND have been successful. Approximately seventy five percent of patients presenting with clinical stage I non-seminoma are potentially fertile. Nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is capable of preserving this potential in allowing these patients to father children.
[20] Stressor-induced immune alterations in rodents

Publisher Summary Animal research has shown that stressful stimulation can have pronounced effects on immune status and the pathogenesis of disease. This area of research has used a plethora of stressor paradigms such as electric shock, loud noise, crowded and isolated housing conditions, handling, forced swimming, extreme temperatures, social conflict, rotation, forced exercise, and restraint. However, surprisingly little attention has been given to the qualitative and quantitative differences among these stressor procedures or to the relevance of these procedures to the human stress situation. The chapter identifies some important parametric and procedural issues relating to the presentation of stimulation in the investigation of stressor-induced immune alterations.
Minimal difference in survival between radical prostatectomy and observation in men with modest life expectancy.

Commentary on : Wilt TJ, Jones KM, Barry MJ, et al . Follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2017;377:132–42. Screening, diagnosis and management of localised prostate cancer remains controversial. Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) was a randomised controlled trial that accrued 731 men with prostate cancer (PCa) between 1994 and 2002 from Veterans Affairs hospitals. Patients were randomised to radical prostatectomy (n=364) or observation (n=367). Inclusion criteria was clinical stage T1–T2 (organ confined), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 10 years. Primary and secondary outcomes were all-cause and prostate-cancer mortality. Median age was 67 years, median PSA 7.8 ng/mL and 45% of patients were clinical stage T2 (palpable on exam). After 19.5 years follow-up (median 12.7 years), cumulative all-cause mortality was similar between surgery and observation (61.3% vs 66.8%; HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.70 …
Modeling of Full‐scale Converter Wind Turbine Generator

This chapter describes the operating characteristics of the full‐scale converter‐wind turbine generator (FSC‐WTG) and a FSC‐WTG model including the shaft model, generator model, and the FSC model. It analyses the stability of grid‐connected wind farms based on FSC‐WTGs against a test wind farm based on direct‐drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)‐based wind turbines. The operating characteristics of wind farms depend on the WTGs, and directly affect grid operations. The control strategies of the grid‐side converters of the FSC‐WTGs involve DC bus voltage/reactive power and DC bus voltage/AC‐side voltage of the converter. The chapter also describes the FSC control system and explores the control principle of an FSC and the model of its control system. The voltage stability of a wind farm based on FSC‐WTGs has been significantly improved by use of additional grid‐side converter control and DC‐link coupling control.
Hybrid Learning in Higher Education: The Potential of Teaching and Learning With Robot-Mediated Communication

Blended learning, which combines online and face-to-face pedagogy, is a fast-growing mode of instruction as universities strive for equitable and alternative pathways to course enrollment, retention, and educational attainment. However, challenges to successfully implementing blended instruction are that social presence , or students’ ability to project their personal characteristics into the learning space, is reduced with potential negative effects on student engagement, persistence, and academic achievement. Instructors are experimenting with robot-mediated communication (RMC) to address these challenges. Results from a study of RMC at a large public university suggest that it offers advantages over traditionally used video- conferencing, including affordances for fostering students’ embodiment in the classroom, their feelings of belonging and trust, and their ability to contribute ideas in authentic ways.
Review of Internet of Things (IoT) in Electric Power and Energy Systems

A transformation is underway in electric power and energy systems (EPESs) to provide clean distributed energy for sustainable global economic growth. Internet of Things (IoT) is at the forefront of this transformation imparting capabilities, such as real-time monitoring, situational awareness and intelligence, control, and cyber security to transform the existing EPES into intelligent cyber-enabled EPES, which is more efficient, secure, reliable, resilient, and sustainable. Additionally, digitizing the electric power ecosystem using IoT improves asset visibility, optimal management of distributed generation, eliminates energy wastage, and create savings. IoT has a significant impact on EPESs and offers several opportunities for growth and development. There are several challenges with the deployment of IoT for EPESs. Viable solutions need to be developed to overcome these challenges to ensure continued growth of IoT for EPESs. The advancements in computational intelligence capabilities can evolve an intelligent IoT system by emulating biological nervous systems with cognitive computation, streaming and distributed analytics including at the edge and device levels. This review paper provides an assessment of the role, impact and challenges of IoT in transforming EPESs.
Lower Postsurgical Mortality for Individuals with Dementia with Better-Educated Hospital Workforce

Objectives To investigate whether care in a hospital with more nurses holding at least a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree is associated with lower mortality for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) undergoing surgery ADRD. Design Cross‐sectional data from 2006–07 Medicare claims were linked with the Multi‐State Nursing Care and Patient Safety Survey of nurses in 4 states. Setting Adult, nonfederal, acute care hospitals in California, Florida, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (N=531). Participants Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older with and without ADRD undergoing general, orthopedic, or vascular surgery (N=353,333; ADRD, n=46,163; no ADRD, n=307,170). Measurements Thirty‐day mortality and failure to rescue (death after a complication). Results Controlling for hospital, procedure, and individual characteristics, each 10% increase in the proportion of BSN nurses was associated with 4% lower odds of death (odds ratio (OR)=0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.93–0.98) for individuals without ADRD, but 10% lower odds of death (OR=0.90, 95% CI=0.87–0.94) for those with ADRD. Each 10% increase in the proportion of nurses holding a BSN degree or higher was associated with 5% lower odds of failure to rescue (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.92–0.98) for individuals without ADRD but 10% lower odds of failure to rescue (OR=0.90, 95% CI=0.87–0.94) for those with ADRD. Conclusion Individuals undergoing surgery who have coexisting ADRD are more likely to die within 30 days of admission and die after a complication than those without ADRD. Having more BSN nurses in the hospital improves the odds of good outcomes for all individuals and has a much greater effect in individuals with ADRD.
APOEε4 and slow wave sleep in older adults.

Slow wave (or stage N3) sleep has been linked to a variety of cognitive processes. However, the role of stage N3 in the elderly is debated. The link between stage N3 and episodic memory may be weakened or changed in the older adult population, possibly due to several altered mechanisms impacting the cellular structure of the brain. The bases for the age-related dissociation between stage N3 and cognition are not understood. Since APOEe4 status is the strongest genetic risk factor for cognitive decline, we assessed whether the e4 allele is associated with stage N3 sleep. Participants were from the population-based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) cohort with polysomnography and APOEe4 genotype data (n = 2,302, 100% male, mean age 76.6 years). Sleep stages were objectively measured using overnight in-home polysomnography and central electroencephalogram data were used to score stage N3 sleep. Cognitive function was assessed using the Modified Mini Mental State Exam (3MS). The APOE rs429358 single nucleotide polymorphism, which defines the APOEe4 allele, was genotyped using a custom genotyping array. Total time in stage N3 sleep was significantly higher (p<0.0001) among the 40 MrOS participants carrying two copies of the e4 allele (62±5.2 minutes) compared with 43±1.5 minutes for carriers of one e4 allele (n = 515) and 40±0.8 minutes for e4 non-carriers (n = 1747). All results were independent of sleep efficiency, number of sleep cycles, and apnea hypopnea index. These findings support an association between APOEe4 genotype and sleep stage N3 in the elderly. Increased total stage N3 duration among e4/e4 carriers does not appear to reflect compensation for prior cognitive decline and may reflect overactive downscaling of synapses during sleep. If confirmed, these results might in part explain the high risk of age-related cognitive decline and AD among APOE e4/e4 carriers.
Laparoscopic Heminephrectomy of Chronically Obstructed Horseshoe Kidney Moiety with Staghorn Calculus, Massive Pyonephrosis, and Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis.

Abstract Laparoscopic heminephrectomy was performed in a 64-year-old woman with a chronically obstructed horseshoe kidney moiety. More than 3000 cc of pyonephrosis was drained through two percutane...
The Everyday Engineering of Organizational and Engineering Innovation

This paper discusses how the routine study of the theory and design of genetic algorithms (GAs) has led to a number of unexpected results. Specifically, the paper considers how GA theory and design has led to (1) the design of genetic algorithms that solve hard problems quickly, reliably, and accurately, (2) a system for collaborative innovation, (3) methods for designing organizations more effectively, (4) GAs based on effective clustering in organizations, and (5) an extensible family of facetwise organizational models.
CONVERGENCE OF POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS OF p-ADIC NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses convergence of power series solutions of p-adic nonlinear differential equation. It considers Qp, the field of rational p-adic numbers, and Ω, a complete algebraically closed extension of Qp. The Ord denotes the p-adic (additive) valuation in Ω that is normalized by the condition ord p = 1. In this chapter “convergence” means “convergence in the p-adic sense.” The chapter presents the theorem that states that if every root α of the indicial polynomial μq0(m) satisfies the condition ord(m + α) = 0(log m) as m → +∞ in Z, then, for any convergent power series f(z), every formal power series solution of the differential equation L(y) = f(z) is also convergent. An element α of Ω is called a p-adically non-Liouville number if the condition discussed is satisfied. The main purpose of this chapter is to generalize this theorem to a nonlinear differential equation. It also proves two lemmas on which the method of successive approximations is based.