cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscarinic Agonists and Antagonists: Effects on Gastrointestinal Function

Muscarinic agonists and antagonists are used to treat a handful of gastrointestinal (GI) conditions associated with impaired salivary secretion or altered motility of GI smooth muscle. With regard to exocrine secretion, the major muscarinic receptor expressed in salivary, gastric, and pancreatic glands is the M3 with a small contribution of the M1 receptor. In GI smooth muscle, the major muscarinic receptors expressed are the M2 and M3 with the M2 outnumbering the M3 by a ratio of at least four to one. The antagonism of both smooth muscle contraction and exocrine secretion is usually consistent with an M3 receptor mechanism despite the major presence of the M2 receptor in smooth muscle. These results are consistent with the conditional role of the M2 receptor in smooth muscle. That is, the contractile role of the M2 receptor depends on that of the M3 so that antagonism of the M3 receptor eliminates the response of the M2. The physiological roles of muscarinic receptors in the GI tract are consistent with their known signaling mechanisms. Some so-called tissue-selective M3 antagonists may owe their selectivity to a highly potent interaction with a nonmuscarinic receptor target.
Oral Cavity Cancer

The oral cavity is the most anterior head and neck site. It is separated from the oropharynx by an imaginary line extending from the anterior tonsillar pillars to the junction of hard and soft palate to the circumvallate papillae.The oral cavity is divided into several subsites including the oral tongue, floor of the mouth, retromolar trigone, alveolar ridge, hard palate, buccal mucosa, gingiva and lips (Fig. 1).
The Formation of Islam: Characteristics of the medieval Islamic world

Despite the importance of the preceding centuries, the medieval period was a creative one for Islam. Political theory and structure provide an instructive example. Most discussions of Islamic political thought begin with and focus on the office of the caliph. It is easy to see why this should be the case, given the struggles over leadership within the early Islamic community. But the result is often to measure later developments against standards of legitimacy based on events and decisions of that early period. And so, for instance, when viewed from this perspective, the extinction of the c Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad by the Mongols in the mid-thirteenth century appears to mark the end of a normative institution and phase of Islamic history. In fact, however, far from marking an end, the Mongol invasions provided an opportunity for solidifying and extending the social, political, and religious developments of the previous two centuries. For all of their differences, the Islamic societies of the Middle Period shared certain common patterns – for example, that of political dominance by alien, mostly Turkish or Mongol military elites, or the social and institutional forms in which religious learning was transmitted from one generation to the next. More-over, those patterns had long-term effects that stretched down to the modern period.
What Is Reading In The Practice Of Law

Law professors offer to teach students something called “thinking like a lawyer.” They suggest thereby that legal thought is in some way unique. If it is, through what means is it acquired? By reading the law. And so reading the law must be a different experience than reading other things, as is implied by the admonition that thinking like a lawyer is somehow different than other thinking. In most law school education, reading is practiced as a means to an end—to produce a description of the substance or procedure of a particular area of the law. Too often, it is only in legal research and writing courses that reading is explicitly addressed. Even there, it is most often analyzed only in its role as a counterpart to the goal of writing; of producing tangible text. But although reading is not studied on its own terms, it makes up most of the practice of learning the law and much of the practice of law. When we read in the utilitarian senses of describing substance or procedure or in order to learn to write, we omit the powerful, tacit learning that occurs with this reading—the learning of the legal worldview. This remains true in the practice of law as well, where reading maintains the acquired worldview. This article explores how that worldview seeps silently into the lives of lawyers while they are busy learning to describe and inscribe the law. While social science has much to tell us about the process of reading, we need to turn to the arts to see the worldview that is learned and perpetuated when one learns to read the law. Table of
Tacking between the global and the local: a reply to DeLaet and Bunting

In these two pieces, DeLaet and Bunting express reservations about the potential for international law to have positive effects on the de facto status of the world’s citizens—but point to activism ...
Comparison of Risk-Standardized Readmission Rates of Surgical Patients at Safety-Net and Non-Safety-Net Hospitals Using Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and American Hospital Association Data.

Importance Medical patients discharged from safety-net hospitals (SNHs) experience higher readmission rates compared with those discharged from non-SNHs. However, little is known about whether this association persists for surgical patients. Objectives To examine differences in readmission rates between SNHs and non-SNHs among surgical patients after discharge and determine whether hospital characteristics might account for some of the variation. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational retrospective study linked the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2014, for 4 states (New York, Florida, Iowa, and Washington) with data from the 2014 American Hospital Association annual survey. After identifying surgical discharges, SNHs were defined as those with the top quartile of inpatient stays paid by Medicaid or self-paid. Hospital-level risk-standardized readmission rates (RSRRs) for surgical discharges were calculated. The association between hospital RSRRs and hospital characteristics was evaluated with bivariate analyses. An estimated multivariable hierarchical linear regression model was used to examine variation in hospital RSRRs, adjusting for hospital characteristics, state, year, and SNH status. Data were analyzed from June 1, 2017, through March 1, 2018. Exposures Surgical care at an SNH. Main Outcomes and Measures Readmission after an index surgical admission. Results A total of 1 252 505 patients across all 4 years and states were included in the analysis (51.7% women; mean [SD] age, 52.7 [18.1] years). Bivariate analyses found that SNHs had higher mean (SD) surgical RSRRs compared with non-SNHs; significant differences were found for New York (9.6 [0.1] vs 10.9 [0.1];P Conclusions and Relevance According to results of this study, surgical patients treated at SNHs experienced slightly higher RSRRs compared with those treated at non-SNHs. This association persisted after adjusting for year, state, and hospital factors, including teaching status, hospital bed size, and hospital volume.
Two-photon absorption effect on pseudorandom bit sequence for high speed operation

The effect of two-photon absorption (TPA) on all-optical logic operation in quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD-SOA) has been carried out. The rate equation was modeled with the TPA effect for the logic XOR gate, AND gate, and, for pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) generation. The output Q-factor (quality) has increased due to the implementation of TPA induced pumping. The results show that the quality of the output depends on the input pulse width and the speed of operation. The PRBS system has been shown to operate at 250 Gb/s and 320 Gb/s and the Q-factor decreases with an increase in pulse width.
Dislocation mechanisms in the plastic deformation of monodisperse wet foams within an expansion–contraction microfluidic geometry

Densely packed wet foam was subjected to gradual expansion and contraction in a wide (1400-1800 μm) microfluidic channel to study localized plastic deformation events within the monodisperse bubble matrix. Dislocation glide, reflection, nucleation, and dipole transformations from extensional and compressive stresses were observed across a range of fluid flow rates and bubble packing densities. Disparate, cyclic reflections occur in two independent regions of the flowing foam, and the mechanisms of dislocation reflection under tension are expanded. The use of an asymmetric channel created a dichotomy in the model crystalline system between straighter, aligned bubble rows and curved, misaligned rows due to the corresponding streamlines within the channel. The resulting gradient in crystalline alignment had numerous effects on dislocation mobility and plastic deformation. 7/7 dipoles were found to rearrange to a more stable configuration aligned with the foam flow before dissociating. Dislocations comprising 5/5 dipoles (resembling the inverse-Stone-Wales defect in carbon nanostructures) were discovered to pass through one another via intermediate ring structures, which most commonly consisted of three dislocation pairs around a triangular-shaped central bubble.
Energy-flux control of the steady-state, creep, and dynamic slip modes of faults

Faults exhibit a gamut of slip styles from stable sliding and creep events to earthquakes. These slip styles are affected by the fault properties, e.g., weakening or strengthening, and the properties of the loading system. Here, we investigate the poorly understood effect of energy-flux to the fault that should equal or exceed the energy-dissipation-rate along the slipping fault. We explore the relationship between energy-flux and slip style in shear experiments along granite and diorite laboratory faults, during which the faults were subjected to controlled energy-flux, and responded spontaneously to it. The monitored evolution of slip-velocity, shear stress, and slip-distance revealed three slip styles that depend on the applied energy-flux: (1) steady-state slip; (2) spontaneous creep events of small displacement with negligible weakening; and (3) spontaneous, unstable events with slip-velocities up to 0.8 m/s, slip-distances up to 0.5 m, and stress-drops up to 1 MPa, which are comparable to observed values of moderate earthquakes. These slip styles are similar in character to those observed along natural faults. We further propose that the rate of energy flow from crustal blocks can control the slip velocity during earthquakes.
Understanding the Tabletability Differences between Indomethacin Polymorphs Using Powder Brillouin Light Scattering.

The unconventional tabletability of the indomethacin polymorphs – α and γ – are investigated from a topological and mechanical perspective using powder Brillouin light scattering (p-BLS) to identify the specific structure-performance relationship in these materials. Indomethacin (γ-form) was purchased and used to prepare the α polymorph. Powder X-ray diffraction was used to confirm phase identity, while p-BLS was used to obtain the mechanical properties. Energy frameworks were determined with Crystal Explorer to visualize the interaction topologies. Using a Carver press and a stress-strain analyzer, the tableting performance of each polymorph was determined. Polymorph-specific acoustic frequency distributions were observed with distinct, zero-porosity, aggregate elastic moduli determined. The p-BLS spectra for α-indomethacin display a population of low-velocity shear modes, indicating a direction of facilitated shear. This improves slip-mediated plasticity and tabletability. Our p-BLS spectra experimentally indicates that a low-energy slip system is available to α-indomethacin which supports ours and previous energy framework calculations. Despite a 2d-layered crystal motif favorable for shear deformation, the γ-form displays a higher shear modulus that is supported by our hydrogen-bonding analysis of γ-indomethacin. Our experimental, mechanical data is consistent with the predicted interaction topologies and these two inputs combined permit a comprehensive, molecular understanding of polymorph-specific tabletability.
Classification of Electricity Load Profile Data and The Prediction of Load Demand Variability

Large volume of electricity load profile data collected from smart meter reveal information about customer’s electricity consumption. The precise knowledge of customer’s load profile classification help the load service entities for the efficient management of demand response program, predicting load demand variability, estimating load demand, and energy efficiency improvement. In this paper, a recently developed classification approach called extended nearest neighbour (ENN) is adopted to classify customer’s electricity load profile data. This classification approach predicts the load demand variability of customer and then estimate the load demand of a customer. Instead of focusing on the shape of load curves, this classification approach identifies customer class from the maximum gain of intra-class coherence. By exploiting intra-class coherence from generalized class-wise statistic of all available training samples, the ENN algorithm learns from global distribution to improve classification accuracy. The load variability of a customer is predicted based on the generalized class-wise statistics. Finally the future load demand of a particular customer is estimated from customer previous load profile history. The proposed method is validated on 21600 smart metered customers electricity load profile data collected from United States of America. Numerical results from case study verifies that, ENN algorithm provides higher classification accuracy than other comparative algorithms. The performance of load demand estimation is evaluated based on mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The MAPE value for the case study is found to be 4:98%, which indicates higher estimation accuracy.
Nosocomial Transmission of Emerging Viruses via Aerosol-Generating Medical Procedures.

Recent nosocomial transmission events of emerging and re-emerging viruses, including Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Nipah virus, and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus, have highlighted the risk of nosocomial transmission of emerging viruses in health-care settings. In particular, concerns and precautions have increased regarding the use of aerosol-generating medical procedures when treating patients with such viral infections. In spite of increasing associations between aerosol-generating medical procedures and the nosocomial transmission of viruses, we still have a poor understanding of the risks of specific procedures and viruses. In order to identify which aerosol-generating medical procedures and emerging viruses pose a high risk to health-care workers, we explore the mechanisms of aerosol-generating medical procedures, as well as the transmission pathways and characteristics of highly pathogenic viruses associated with nosocomial transmission. We then propose how research, both in clinical and experimental settings, could advance current infection control guidelines.
Control-Oriented Learning on the Fly

This article focuses on developing a strategy for control of systems, whose dynamics are almost entirely unknown. This situation arises naturally in a scenario, where a system undergoes a critical failure. In that case, it is imperative to retain the ability to satisfy basic control objectives in order to avert an imminent catastrophe. To deal with limitations on the knowledge of system dynamics, we develop a theory of myopic control. At any given time, myopic control optimizes the current direction of the system trajectory, given solely the knowledge about system dynamics obtained from data until that time. We propose an algorithm that uses small perturbations in the control effort to learn system dynamics around the current system state, while ensuring that the system moves in a nearly optimal direction, and provide bounds for its suboptimality.
Use of the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (Tidier) Checklist in Social Work Research

Social work has a longstanding commitment to sound research and the development and dissemination of evidence-based practice. To that end, multiple professional groups have developed or refined gui...
Neither Here nor There! A Hermeneutics of Shuttling: Reflections of an Indian Postcolonial Feminist Biblical Critic

This chapter explores the concept of “shuttling” as a hermeneutical tool to interpret New Testament texts. As the world moves toward regressive nationalism, persons embodying hybrid identities threaten an exclusive view of the nation from within its boundaries. In the Indian context, the term “Indo-Western” is used to describe persons shuttling between Indian and Western cultural values. The Indian Christian community, and in particular Indian Christian women, have found themselves oscillating between traditionalism and modernism, and shuttling between the East and the West in an attempt to define their Indian-ness while living in postcolonial India. This shuttling between cultures has rendered Indian Christian women perpetual outsiders both inside and outside of the nation. Thus, reading biblical texts through the lens of “shuttling,” while acknowledging their place as belonging “neither here nor there,” enables Indian Christian women to interpret texts as outsiders that never fully belong to either context.
Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among contacts of individuals with COVID-19 in Hangzhou, China.

Abstract Objectives This study determined the rate of secondary infection among contacts of individuals with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hangzhou according to the type of contacts, the intensity of contacts, and their relationship with the index patient. Study design This is a retrospective cohort study. Methods The analysis used the data of 2994 contacts of 144 individuals with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The contacts were categorized according to the information source, type of contact, location, intensity of contact, and relationship with the index patient. Results The incidence of infection differed significantly according to contact type. Of the contacts, 186 (6.2%) developed symptoms, and 71 (2.4%) had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The main symptoms were cough and fever. Compared with those who had brief contact with the index case, those who had dined with the index case had 2.6 times higher risk of acquiring infection; those who had shared transport with, had visited, or had contact with the index case in a medical institution had 3.6 times higher risk of acquiring infection; and household contacts had 41.7 times higher risk of acquiring infection. Family members had 31.6 times higher risk of acquiring infection than healthcare providers or other patients exposed to an index case. Conclusions The form and frequency of contact are the main factors affecting the risk of infection among contacts of individuals with COVID-19. Centralized isolation and observation of close contacts of individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, in addition to population-based control measures, can reduce the risk of secondary infections and curb the spread of the infection.
Deindustrialization and Casinos: A Winning Hand?

As governments increasingly legalize and expand the availability of casinos, hoping to offset the impacts of manufacturing decline through the advancement of gambling commerce, this book examines what casinos do—and do not do—for host communities in terms of economic growth. Examining the case generally made by those seeking to establish casino developments—that they offer benefits for the "public good"—the author draws on a case study of Canada’s automotive capital (Windsor, Ontario), which was a pilot site for potential further casino development in the region. The author asks whether casinos do, in fact, offer good jobs, revenue generation, and economic diversification. A study of the benefits of casino developments that considers the question of whether they constitute a ready answer to the problems of industrial and economic decline, this volume will appeal to scholars of sociology and urban studies, with interests in the gambling industry, economic sociology, the sociology of work, and urban regeneration.
Vanishing white matter disease expression of truncated EIF2B5 activates induced stress response

Vanishing white matter disease (VWM) is a severe leukodystrophy of the central nervous system caused by mutations in subunits of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex (eIF2B). Current models only partially recapitulate key disease features, and pathophysiology is poorly understood. Through development and validation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) models of VWM, we demonstrate that zebrafish eif2b mutants phenocopy VWM, including impaired somatic growth, early lethality, effects on myelination, loss of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, increased apoptosis in the CNS, and impaired motor swimming behavior. Expression of human EIF2B2 in the zebrafish eif2b2 mutant rescues lethality and CNS apoptosis, demonstrating conservation of function between zebrafish and human. In the mutants, intron 12 retention leads to expression of a truncated eif2b5 transcript. Expression of the truncated eif2b5 in wild-type larva impairs motor behavior and activates the ISR, suggesting that a feed-forward mechanism in VWM is a significant component of disease pathophysiology.
ELVO in Urban Areas: Evolution of Stroke Systems of Care

Challenges to delivery of efficient endovascular stroke therapy in urban environments are addressed, discussing strategies employed and rationale for deployment in stroke systems worldwide and in New York City in particular. Triage strategies, including drip and ship, mobile interventional stroke teams, mobile stroke CT units, as well as prehospital scoring, are detailed.
Stromal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Suppress Proliferation of Bone Metastatic Cancer Cells Mediated by ERK2.

Bone is a common site of cancer metastasis, including cancers such as breast, prostate, and multiple myeloma. Disseminated tumor cells (DTC) shed from a primary tumor may travel to bone and can survive undetected for years before proliferating to form overt metastatic lesions. This period of time can be defined as metastatic latency. Once in the metastatic microenvironment, DTCs engage in intercellular communication with surrounding stromal cells, which can influence cancer cell survival, proliferation, and ultimately disease progression. The role of the surrounding tumor microenvironment in regulating DTC fate is becoming increasingly recognized. We have previously shown that in the bone microenvironment, osteoblasts are “educated” by interactions with breast cancer cells, and these “educated” osteoblasts (EO) produce soluble factors that regulate cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we provide evidence indicating that EOs produce small extracellular vesicles (sEV) that suppress breast cancer proliferation, in part through regulation of ERK1/2 signaling. In addition, using EdU-incorporation assays and propidium iodide staining we demonstrate that exposure to EO-derived sEVs decreases breast cancer cell entry to S-phase of cell cycle. We also have evidence that particular microRNAs, including miR-148a-3p, are enriched in EO-derived sEVs, and that miR-148a-3p is capable of regulating breast cancer proliferation. Implications: These findings underscore the importance of sEV-mediated communication in the earlier stages of cancer progression, and suggest that EO-derived sEVs may be one mechanism by which the bone microenvironment suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation.
Local Therapies in Oligometastatic and Oligoprogressive Prostate Cancer

Oligometastatic disease was originally defined by Hellman and Weichselbaum as an intermediate-state existing between locally confined and widely disseminated malignancy, whose natural history could be positively impacted with systemic and importantly local therapies such as radiation. Currently oligometastatic prostate cancer (OPCa) is defined clinically by lesion enumeration and several subgroups exist: de novo (synchronous) oligometastatic disease present at initial diagnosis, oligorecurrent (metachronous) disease arising after definitive therapy to the prostate, and oligoprogressive disease where isolated lesions progress in a background of otherwise stable disease. In this review we highlight current knowledge and the potential future of local therapies, such as radiation to the primary prostate and metastasis-directed therapy (MDT), in the disease management of OPCa for all 3 subgroups. In addition, we examine more recent studies classifying the patterns of failure and natural history of OPCa following treatment with local therapies. Finally, while current clinical definitions of OPCa dominate, we introduce studies attempting to elucidate a more biological definition of OPCa to allow for improved selection of patients to treat with local therapies and to better inform precision combination approaches with systemic therapy.
Energy flow and group velocity for longitudinal propagation

In a homogeneous collisionless magnetoplasma let us examine the storage and flow of energy that occurs when a circularly polarized characteristic wave of angular frequency co propagates along the imposed magnetic field. The propagation constant k is given in terms of the refractive index n by (Equation 2.50) k = nω/c
Capsule Commentary on Perez, Doig-Acuna, and Starrels, "Not Unless It's a Life or Death Thing": A Qualitative Study of the Health Care Experiences of Adults Who Stutter.

Stuttering is a widespread disorder, affecting 70 million people worldwide, approximately 1% of the population; 75 to 80% of adult stutters are male.1 The qualitative study by Perez, Doig-Acuna, and Starrels found that stuttering affected the ability of patients to interact in health care settings, including discomfort in speaking with the health care team, avoidance of health care interactions, and reliance on a third party to assist with health care navigation. Furthermore, the ability to discuss stuttering with their physicians required trust and rapport, along with self-acceptance, in order for them to speak assertively.2
Human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma, leukoplakia, lichen planus, and clinically normal epithelium of the oral cavity.

In this study, the prevalence of HPV in specified oral lesions was investigated to determine whether the presence of HPV identifies lesions at increased risk of developing into squamous cell carcinoma
A CMOS bandgap reference with correction for device-to-device variation

A circuit technique for compensating the device-to-device variation in bandgap voltage references is presented. The circuit senses the variation of V/sub be/ of the transistor with process and pumps into the emitter a PTAT current in direction opposite to the variation to bring it back to the right value. It also exploits the temperature coeff. of MOS V/sub t/ to compensate for higher order temperature variations. Silicon results show a variation of 60 mV across different lots and less than 50 PPM across temperature (-40/spl deg/ to 130/spl deg/C). The prototype was built in a 0.18u CMOS digital process with low /spl beta/ PNP transistors.
Games, Randomness and Algorithms

The object of this 50 % survey and 50 % “theorem-proof” paper is to demonstrate recent developments of some of the ideas initiated by Erdős [17, 18], Erdős and Selfridge [201], Erdős and Lovasz [19] and Erdős and Chvatal [15].
Potential mechanisms mediating postprandial renal hyperemia and hyperfiltration.

Although the existence of postprandial renal hyperemia and hyperfiltration has been established, the precise mechanism governing protein-mediated increases in renal hemodynamics is not, as yet, clearly defined. Investigative effort over the past decade has provided at least two plausible mechanisms playing an important role in renal hyperemia and hyperfiltration associated with ingestion of a protein-rich meal: 1) blood-borne vasoactive agents (e.g., pancreatic glucagon and/or hepatic glomerulopressin); and 2) intrarenal mechanisms (e.g., the tubuloglomerular feedback system). Data supporting each of these two candidate mechanisms are reviewed as are data supporting the importance of other factors such as renal prostanoids, the renin-angiotensin system, and renal cyclic nucleotides. It is anticipated that future investigative effort will be stimulated by our present knowledge of postprandial renal hemodynamics so that one day we not only will know the precise mechanisms governing postprandial renal hypere...
The disease complex of the gypsy moth. I. Major components.

A study was undertaken to elucidate the impact of the various components of disease on natural populations of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar. Diseased larvae from both sparse and dense populations were examined and categorized on the basis of etiologic and nonetiologic mortality factors. Results indicated a significantly higher incidence of parasitoid involvement—but virtual nonexistence of polyhedral viroses—in the relatively stable sparse populations. Nuclear polyhedrosis probably represented the primary mortality factor in the dense populations. Many insects examined from both population types revealed no infectious agent or overt cause of disease, a fact that may indicate a major regulatory role of noninfectious disease in natural populations. Variation in the disease complex within the populations that have been studied indicates that minor causes of disease in one may well predominate in others. Thus, to fully understand this complex, it must be studied across a number of years within a series of populations from different geographical areas.
Efficient route update protocol for wireless sensor networks

In larger-scale sensor networks, sink or target mobility brings new challenges in route maintenance and update. Conventional routing approaches suggest reconstructing a new route using flooding based protocols or simply repairing the old route locally. The flooding based scheme introduces lots of unnecessary control traffic, thus wasting sensor power and channel bandwidth. The local route repair leads to an excessively long route when the sink or the target keeps on moving. In this paper an efficient route update protocol (ERUP) is proposed to localize the flooding of route update messages within the neighborhood of the old route. By using this new scheme, route-wide renovation is assured to maintain the freshness and short length of the new route, and at the same time, greatly reduces the route update traffic with the help of the old route. Our simulations show that ERUP can always build a shorter and fresher route with very low control traffic compared with conventional approaches, which is beneficial to the energy conserving and balancing of the whole network.
High-Resolution Hα Observations of Proper Motion in NOAA 8668: Evidence for Filament Mass Injection by Chromospheric Reconnection

There have been two different kinds of explanations for the source of cool material in prominences or filaments: coronal condensations from above and cool plasma injections from below. In this paper, we present observational results which support filament mass injection by chromospheric reconnection. The observations of an active filament in the active region NOAA 8668 were performed on 17 August 1999 at a wavelength of Hα−0.6 A using the 65 cm vacuum reflector, a Zeiss Hα birefringent filter, and a 12-bit SMD digital camera of Big Bear Solar Observatory. The best image was selected every 12 s for an hour based on a frame selection algorithm. All the images were then co-aligned and corrected for local distortion due to the seeing. The time-lapse movie of the data shows that the filament was undergoing ceaseless motion. The Hα flow field has been determined as a function of time using local correlation tracking. Time-averaged flow patterns usually trace local magnetic field lines, as inferred from Hα fibrils and line-of-sight magnetograms. An interesting finding is a transient flow field in a system of small Hα loops, some of which merge into the filament. The flow is associated with a cancelling magnetic feature which is located at one end of the loop system. Initially a diverging flow with speeds below 10 km s−1 is visible at the flux cancellation site. The flow is soon directed along the loops and accelerated up to 40 km s−1 in a few minutes. Some part of the plasma flow then merges into and moves along the filament. This kind of transient flow takes place several times during the observations. Our results clearly demonstrate that reconnection in the photosphere and chromosphere is a likely way to supply cool material to a filament, as well as re-organizing the magnetic field configuration, and, hence, is important in the formation of filaments.
Creating Relevant Value Through Demand and Supply Integration

Firms that pursue cost leadership strategies tend to focus on operational efficiency but sometimes fail to fully hear the “voice of the customer.” Alternatively, firms pursuing differentiation strategies tend to focus on the customer, but sometimes to the detriment of operational excellence. To help address such imbalances, an emerging stream of supply chain research has introduced the concept of demand and supply integration (DSI). DSI involves coordinating the activities and processes reflective of a firm’s customer focus, with the operational, supply-side activities that make demand fulfillment possible. This article contributes to this research stream by providing researchable propositions intended to foster support of a new dominant logic in supply chain management thought, describing how firms can best achieve “relevant” customer value by coordinating supply- and demand-focused activities within and across their functional units.
Precision Tests of Electroweak Physics

We review the current status of precision electroweak measurements andthe constraints they impose on new physics. We perform a model inde-pendent analysis using the STU–formalism of Ref. 1, and then discusshow the Z–pole data from LEP and SLD can be used to constrain modelsthat are not covered within that framework.
T cell depletion using anti-CD2 coated magnetic beads simplifies the detection of peripheral blood plasma cells.

Abstract The detection of peripheral blood plasma cells is clinically important, but difficult to perform by use of routine smears. To simplify the detection process, the peripheral blood T cells from ten patients with known active multiple myeloma were depleted using anti-CD2 coated magnetic beads. In all cases, there was enrichment of the immunoglobulin (Ig) positive cells after T cell depletion (mean enrichment factor, 3.4; median, 3.2; range, 1.2–5.1) with a mean pre-bead %Ig + cells of 7.3 compared to 20.4 for the post-bead sample ( p = 0.005). The monoclonal plasma cells were similarly enriched and more easily enumerated on the microscope slides prepared from the T cell depleted sample.
Diseño y Construccion para una Construccion Industrial Sustentable

ResumenEste articulo resume los resultados de un proyecto de investigacion financiado por el Instituto de la Industria de la Construccion (CII) que abarco el diseno y construccion para una construccion industrial sustentable. El proyecto de investigacion incluyo una revision global de literatura relacionada con la construccion industrial sustentable, y una encuesta de investigacion en empresas constructoras industriales, la que fue utilizada para determinar la viabilidad del empleo de practicas sustentables en el sector de la construccion industrial. Los integrantes del sector de la construccion industrial entregaron informacion sobre la utilizacion de practicas sustentables en sus empresas y numerosos ejemplos de los tipos de practicas sustentables que ya habian sido implementadas en sus companias. El proyecto de investigacion tambien desarrollo diversas fuentes de implementacion que son discutidas, tales como una guia de inicio rapido para implementar practicas sustentables, dos modelos de madurez que p...
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with both CD5 and cyclin D1 expression—a case report and review of the literature

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), representing approximately 25–30% of newly diagnosed adult NHL in Western countries. CD5-positive DLBCL has been reported in 10% of cases in some series. DLBCL with cyclin D1 expression has also been reported in the literature. These cases may sometimes be confused with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), especially blastoid variant MCL, morphologically and immunophenotypically. Herein, we present an unusual case of a 41-year-old female without significant medical history who presented with a right facial/parotid mass. Morphologically, the tumor showed a diffuse growth pattern of large lymphoid cells with vesicular nuclei, consistent with a DLBCL. Immunostains, however, showed that the tumor cells were positive for both CD5 and cyclin D1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies showed a rearrangement of the Bcl-6 gene (3q27) in 29.5% of cells but no evidence of IgH/Bcl-1 [t(11;14)] or IgH/Bcl-2 [t(14;18)] rearrangement. Immunostain for SOX11 was also performed and is negative. The clinicopathologic features of this CD5- and cyclin D1-positive DLBCL are described, and the differential diagnosis between DLBCL and MCL is discussed.
Depletion of central BDNF in mice impedes terminal differentiation of new granule neurons in the adult hippocampus.

Granule neurons generated in the adult mammalian hippocampus synaptically integrate to facilitate cognitive function and antidepressant efficacy. Here, we investigated the role of BDNF in facilitating their maturation in vivo. We found that depletion of central BDNF in mice elicited an increase in hippocampal cell proliferation without affecting cell survival or fate specification. However, new mutant neurons failed to fully mature as indicated by their lack of calbindin, reduced dendritic differentiation and an accumulation of calretinin+ immature neurons in the BDNF mutant dentate gyrus. Furthermore, the facilitating effects of GABAA receptor stimulation on neurogenesis were absent in the mutants, suggesting that defects might be due to alterations in GABA signaling. Transcriptional analysis of the mutant hippocampal neurogenic region revealed increases in markers for immature neurons and decreases in neuronal differentiation facilitators. These findings demonstrate that BDNF is required for the terminal differentiation of new neurons in the adult hippocampus.
Posttranslational Modification and Plasma Membrane Localization of the Drosophila melanogaster Presenilin

Mutations in two genes, presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2, are linked to early onset cases of familial Alzheimer's disease. The presenilins are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by directly or indirectly affecting the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein. They have also been implicated in the proteolytic processing of Notch. In PS1-deficient mammalian cells, the proteolytic release of the Notch intracellular domain is reduced. Likewise, loss-of-function mutations in Drosophila presenilin (Psn) prevent the production of the intracellular Notch signaling fragment and lead to phenotypes resembling Notch mutants. Here we characterize the Drosophila Psn protein and demonstrate that it undergoes a proteolytic cleavage. We describe Psn expression at different developmental stages of the fly and show Psn localization near both apical and basal plasma membranes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that portions of the Psn protein span the plasma membrane in S2 cells.
The valuation effects of the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act and its enforcement

Abstract We examine the wealth effects of the passage of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977 for commercial banks and savings and loan associations. we find significantly negative average excess returns for small NYSE/AMEX banks and SL in contrast, there is no evidence that large NYSE/AMEX institutions or NASDAQ institutions experience wealth losses. We also study the effects of individual CRA protests against institutions and find they produce significantly negative excess returns which are not reversed when the protests are resolved. Our results have implications for proposed changes to CRA and for the future consolidation of the financial services industry. The results also demonstrate the difficulties associated with studying returns from the early years of the NASDAQ market.
CD28 down-regulation on circulating CD4 T-cells is associated with poor prognoses of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background: Although the etiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains perplexing, adaptive immune activation is evident among many afflicted patients. Repeated cycles of antigen-induced proliferation cause T-cells to lose surface expression of CD28, and we hypothesized this process might also occur in IPF. Methodology/Principal Findings: Peripheral blood CD4 T-cells from 89 IPF patients were analyzed by flow cytometry and cytokine multiplex assays, and correlated with clinical events. In comparison to autologous CD4 +CD28+cells, the unusual CD4+CD28 null lymphocytes seen in many IPF patients had discordant expressions of activation markers, more frequently produced cytotoxic mediators perforin (2.4±0.8% vs. 60.0±7.4%, p<0.0001) and granzyme B (4.5±2.8% vs.74.9±6.5%, p<0.0001), produced greater amounts of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, and less frequently expressed the regulatory T-cell marker FoxP3 (12.9±1.1% vs. 3.3±0.6% p<0.0001). Infiltration of CD4+CD28null T-cells in IPF lungs was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Interval changes of CD28 expression among subjects who had replicate studies were correlated with conterminous changes of their forced vital capacities (rs = 0.49, p = 0.012). Most importantly, one-year freedom from major adverse clinical events (either death or lung transplantation) was 56±6% among 78 IPF patients with CD4 +CD28+/CD4total≥82%, compared to 9±9% among those with more extensive CD28 down-regulation (CD4+CD28 +/CD4total<82%) (p = 0.0004). The odds ratio for major adverse events among those with the most extensive CD28 down-regulation was 13.0, with 95% confidence intervals 1.6-111.1. Conclusions/Significance: Marked down-regulation of CD28 on circulating CD4 T-cells, a result of repeated antigen-driven proliferations, is associated with poor outcomes in IPF patients. The CD4+CD28null cells of these patients have potentially enhanced pathogenic characteristics, including increased productions of cytotoxic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings show proliferative T-cell responses to antigen(s) resulting in CD28 down-regulation are associated with progression and manifestations of IPF, and suggest assays of circulating CD4 T-cells may identify patients at greatest risk for clinical deterioration. © 2010 Gilani et al.
Chemistry of Parathyroid Hormone

Advances in newer techniques for high sensitivity sequence analysis of polypeptides coupled with improvements in solid phase synthesis procedures have led to systematic analyses of structure-activity relations in parathyroid hormone. Twenty-five amino acids at the amino terminus of the 84 amino acid peptide suffice for biological expression of hormonal actions on kidney and bone in vivo and in vitro.
Does Size Matter in Firm Performance? Evidence from US Public Firms

Abstract This paper reexamines the determinants of firm performance and, in particular, the role that firm size plays in profitability. A fixed‐effects dynamic panel data model for over 7,000 US publicly‐held firms during the period 1987–2006 provides evidence that profit rates are positively correlated with firm size in a non‐linear manner, holding an array of firm‐ and industry‐specific characteristics constant. In addition, industry‐specific fixed effects play a negligible role in the presence of firm‐specific fixed effects.
Anterior Endoderm Is Sufficient to Rescue Foregut Apoptosis and Heart Tube Morphogenesis in an Embryo Lacking Retinoic Acid

The vitamin A deficient (VAD) quail embryo lacks active retinoids, fails to express normally GATA-4, and develops a nonlooping heart tube morphogenetic defect that is a model for congenital cardiomyopathy. VAD quail embryos, or chick embryos depleted specifically for GATA factors, show in addition abnormal foregut development, characterized by apoptosis of the endoderm cells associated with presumptive myocardium during the process of heart tube formation. Exogenous retinoic acid or transplantation of normal chick embryo anterior endoderm is sufficient to rescue apoptosis as well as GATA-4 expression and results in normal development and heart tube morphogenesis. Normal posterior endoderm also contains retinoids but is unable to rescue the VAD defect. Our results indicate that a retinoid-dependent transcriptional program, mediated at least in part by GATA factors, is critical in presumptive foregut endoderm for normal heart tube morphogenesis.
Plasma corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in the baboon during pregnancy.

We have studied the secretion of placental CRF during pregnancy in the baboon, an animal model with many similarities to human pregnancy. Plasma CRF was measured in two groups of animals. In group 1, studies were performed in six anesthetized animals beginning 8 days postconception. In group 2, studies were performed in five unanesthetized chronically catheterized maternal and five fetal animals in the latter third of pregnancy. In the first study beginning early in pregnancy, CRF was undetectable in all animals on days 8 and 15 postconception. Plasma CRF became detectable in two animals on day 24 and in the remaining four on day 30. Plasma CRF rose significantly to a mean of 810 +/- 160 pg/ml at 37 days gestation (F = 4.20; P < 0.001). Mean maternal plasma CRF was 2452 +/- 1120 pg/ml on day 44 and remained elevated, with a great deal of variability between subjects, until the end of the study period (128 days of gestation). Samples in this group were obtained after ketamine sedation. The effect of ketami...
Analysis of rhesus rhadinovirus microRNAs expressed in virus-induced tumors from infected rhesus macaques

Rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), a primate gamma-herpesvirus related to human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), causes a similar pattern of pathogenesis. Previously, RRV was shown to express 7 pre-microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) in latently infected cells. Using deep sequencing, we analyzed the pattern of small RNA expression in vivo using latently RRV-infected B-cell lymphoma and retroperitoneal fibromatosis tissues. We identified 15 virally encoded pre-miRNAs in both tumors, including all previously reported RRV pre-miRNAs. Although all 15 RRV pre-miRNAs, like all 12 KSHV pre-miRNAs, are located 3' to the conserved viral ORF71 gene and in the same transcriptional orientation, only one RRV miRNA is homologous to a KSHV miRNA. One previously identified RRV miRNA, miR-rR1-3, is actually a miRNA offset RNA (moRNA) derived from sequences located adjacent to pre-miR-rR1-3. Several other RRV-derived moRNAs were obtained, including one recovered >600 times. Together, this research provides a comprehensive list of the miRNAs and moRNAs encoded by RRV.