cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic relaxation and Eddy current damping in thin film superconductors

Abstract We have studied the magnetic relaxation in superconducting lead films using the resistive voltage enhancement and measurements with pick-up coils in an oscillatory magnetic field component. At approximately the same frequency a relaxation peak is observed in both the resistive and the pick-up voltage. A simplified treatment of the relaxation time τ for magnetic flux penetration is given for the case of a demagnetizing factor close to 1.0 using an energy-balance argument due to Faber. Very reasonable agreement is obtained between the experimental and the calculated values of τ.
Correlation of log P with molecular connectivity in hydroxyureas: influence of conformational system on log P.

The correlation of log P (in octanol-water) with the nonempirical, topologically dependent, calculated molecular connectivity index (1χv) delineates substituted hydroxyureas into two families of linearly related groups of compounds. The first group, composed of the 3-substituted ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl analogs, is more hydrophilic than the 1-substituted methyl and ethyl and the 3-substituted isopropyl and tert-butyl analogs. The unsubstituted model compound hydroxyurea appears between the two groups in equal volumes of octanol. In octanol-water ratios of 5:1, log P approaches the range of the more hydrophilic group in high concentrations and becomes more lipophilic (similar to the other group) in lower concentrations. The differences in the relative hydrophilicities-lipophilicities of the two groups are rationalized in terms of the equilibria of internally hydrogen-bonded conformers to those that allow optimal interactions with solvent, water, or other hydroxyurea molecules. The concentration dependency observed with hydroxyurea appears to be due to the ease of interconversion of intermolecularly bonded conformers to those interacting with water, whereas the involvement of internally bonded conformers, which are apparently present to a greater degree in lower concentrations, increases the relative lipophilicity.
The Gentrification of Harlem

The process of gentrification has begun to affect the majority of large and moderately sized urban areas in the advanced capitalist world, and impressionistic reports suggest that Harlem may be undergoing gentrification. After reviewing some of the debates and arguments in the gentrification literature, we identify a number of indicators from 1980 census data and examine other housing and mortgage data through 1984. The results suggest that indeed gentrification has begun but that there are several potential limitations to the process. The number of wealthy black households in Harlem is relatively small, and if gentrification proceeds it will lead eventually to white in-migration and to the displacement of blacks.
The determinants of the survival of realigned exchange rate arrangements in emerging economies

Abstract This paper studies currency instability, focusing on the length of a realigned exchange rate mechanism until the next realignment. The study confirms that the survival of an exchange arrangement is significantly shortened by a high inflation rate, weak growth of income and a decrease in international reserves. The results also indicate that the survival of an exchange rate policy is susceptible to the external economic variables such foreign nominal interest rates or foreign income. The study provides evidence that an exchange rate arrangement where currencies are pegged or fluctuate with a large drift significantly expedites realignments. In addition, the realignments that took place during the so-called international debt crisis were significantly short-lived.
Safety and efficacy of cytology brushings versus standard FNA in evaluating cystic lesions of the pancreas: a pilot study

Background Cystic neoplastic lesions of the pancreas (CNLP) are increasingly detected and are associated with a potential for malignant transformation. Diagnostic assessment of these lesions is often limited by the cystic nature and focality of neoplastic progression of these lesions. EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) of cyst fluid and exfoliated cells is one of the most accurate methods of diagnosis but still has limited sensitivity. A new, through-the-needle cytologic brush system has recently been approved for use during EUS evaluation of cystic lesions of the pancreas. Objective To evaluate the cytologic yield and safety profile of the new cytobrush compared with conventional FNA in evaluating CNLP. Design Ten consecutive patients with CNLP were included. All cysts were sampled by standard EUS-FNA (0.5 of cyst volume) followed by brush cytology, then by aspiration of the remaining fluid. Fluid samples were separately submitted (standard FNA and cytobrushings FNA) but were read by the same pathologist. Complications were assessed during the immediate postprocedure period (2-3 hours) and by a telephone call conducted approximately 30 days after the procedure to inquire about any new symptoms, including abdominal pain, melena, hematochezia, hematemesis, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Setting High-volume EUS referral center. Patients Ten consecutive patients with CNLP that measured at least 20 mm in maximal dimension were included. Main Outcome Measurements Cellularity and presence of diagnostic cells on the FNA. Results In 7 of 10 cases, the EchoBrush specimen was superior to FNA in terms of cellularity and detection of diagnostic cells. Two cases had complications: 1 major and 1 minor intracystic bleed. No infection or pancreatitis was observed. Limitations The interpreting pathologist for the case was not blinded to the results of either of the samples. In addition, this pilot study represents only a single-center experience. Conclusions This study suggests that brush cytology specimens obtained at the time of EUS are superior to conventional FNA because of the higher yield of epithelial cells. It is unclear whether bleeding is more common after EchoBrush sampling; however, caution should be taken in patients who require anticoagulation until further data are available.
Preparative capillary zone electrophoresis of synthetic peptides Conversion of an autosampler into a fraction collector

Preparative capillary zone electrophoresis of three synthetic peptides was performed either manually or automatically by simple manipulations of a commercial electropherograph that is equipped only with an autosampler without any built-in fraction collection capability. Manual fraction collection was achieved by replacing the outlet (cathode) beaker with a microcentrifuge tube, and automatic fraction collection was accomplished by converting the electropherograph's autosampler into a fraction collector. The latter was easily achieved mainly by the use of an extension wire, which completed the electrical circuit and facilitated fraction collection either at a specified time or within fixed time intervals.
Sex of the experimenter as a variable in the autokinetic illusion

Twenty·two female undergraduate students were tested for agreement with an experimenter's suggested direction of movement in an autokinetic illusion experiment. Half of the subjects received the. suggestion from a female experimenter and half from a male experimenter. Significantly more subjects responded affirmatively to the female experimenter's suggestion than to the male's (p < .005). In 1799, Von Humboldt, an astronomer, observed that when a stationary point of light is seen in the dark it appears to move, a phenomenon which Aubert, in 1887, named the autokinetic effect (Day, 1969). Since that time, considerable research has been conducted pertaining to this illusion, investigating such variables as target size (Luchins, 1954), suggestion (Dielman & David, 1967; Pollis, Montgomery, & Smith, 1975; Sherif, 1935), sex of subject (Elfner & Page, 1963; Hamm & Hoving, 1969), and degree of dark adaptation (White, 1973). Levy (1972) has summarized much of the research involving the autokinetic illusion. Little atten­ tion, however, has been given to a variable discussed by Kintz, Delprato, Mettee, Persons, and Schappe (1965), namely, the experimenter himself. Fehrman and Hagel (Note 1), while conducting research on the effect of suggestion on direction of movement, found that all of their male subjects reported seeing autokinetic movement in the direction specified by the experimenters (both males), whereas none of the female subjects reported seeing such movement. During the first evening of testing, Beets and Whiting (Note 2) found that significantly more female subjects reported seeing movement in the specified direction when the suggestion was made by the female experimenter than when it was made by the male experimenter. However, no significant difference was found when additional subjects were tested 1 week later. The present study is similar in most respects to the Beets and Whiting study, except that all subjects were tested within a 2-day period and admonished not to communicate with other subjects about the experiment.
Cytogenetic findings in 21 cases of peripheral T‐Cell lymphoma

Although numerous publications have described the chromosome abnormalities in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and their significance, sparse literature exists pertaining to the chromosome abnormalities in T-cell lymphoma. We did cytogenetic analyses in 21 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). Chromosomally abnormal clones were identified in 15 (71%) of the cases, including 7 of the 10 cases in which the histologic distinction between a malignant and benign process was difficult. Abnormalities of chromosome 1 were observed in 10 cases; a breakpoint at 1p36 was demonstrated in 5 of these cases. Chromosome abnormalities previously attributed to B-cell malignancies were infrequent. These results suggest an association between 1p36 breakpoints and PTCL and emphasize the utility of cytogenetic analysis for documenting clonality among the histologically diverse groupings of PTCL.
Sequence analysis of the ryanodine receptor: possible association with a 12K, FK506-binding immunophilin/protein kinase C inhibitor.

Abstract A computer-assisted sequence analysis of the ryanodine receptor pointed to a 15-residue peptide, “KC7”, reported to have been purified from a proteolytic digest of the 565 kDa rabbit skeletal muscle protein. Sequence comparisons, however, showed that this peptide probably originated from a much smaller protein which copurified with the ryanodine receptor. Peptide KC7 (excluding its unknown N-terminal residue) was identical to the N-terminus of a 12 kDa immunophilin (immunosupressant-binding protein), human T-cell FK506- binding protein (FKBP), which has recently been identified as an inhibitor of protein kinase C. There was no other sequence similarity between FKBP and the ryanodine receptor. It is suggested that in vivo interaction of the ryanodine receptor and FKBP may play a role in the modulation of calcium release in muscle.
Polar Lipids from Oat Kernels

ABSTRACT Oat (Avena sativa L.) kernels appear to contain much higher polar lipid concentrations than other plant tissues. We have extracted, identified, and quantified polar lipids from 18 oat genotypes grown in replicated plots in three environments to determine genotypic or environmental variation in these lipids. Validation experiments indicated a solid phase silica gel extraction step elution provided excellent and clean separation of extracted lipids into neutral lipid, glycolipid, and phospholipid fractions. Analysis of phospholipids by HPLC (normal phase, diol column) indicated phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and lyso- forms but very little genotypic or environmental variation. Di, tri and tetragalactosyl-diacylglycerols were quantified in the glycolipids, along with their mono-, di-, and triacyl estolides. Most of these exhibited significant genotypic variation. Molecular species analysis of the glycolipids in the Morton...
The professional self-concept of new graduate nurses

The purposes of this study were to: (1) describe the level of professional self-concept among new graduate nurses working in critical care and general medical surgical unit six months after completing a nursing program, (2) examine the professional self-concept in relation to age, marital status, and educational level of new graduate nurses, and (3) examine graduate nurses’ perceptions of their nursing educational preparation for their clinical area. One hundred thirty two (n = 132) new graduate nurses completed the professional self-concept nurses instrument (PSCNI) and answered two open ended questions focused on their educational preparation. Scores on the PSCNI ranged 58–106 with an overall mean of 83. There was a positive correlation between age and level of professional self-concept. Single factor ANOVA showed no statistical differences between levels of professional self-concept, marital status (p = 0.43), and educational level (p = 0.09). New graduate nurses identified themes as they assessed their educational preparation for their work experiences.
Health trends in a geriatric and special needs clinic patient population

Purpose To quantify differences and recent changes in health status among patients attending the Geriatric and Special Needs Dentistry (GSND) and Family Dentistry (FAMD) clinics at the University of Iowa College of Dentistry. Methods A total of 388 randomly selected records from patients attending the GSND or FAMD clinics from 1996–2000 or from 2006–2010 were reviewed. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted, followed by multivariable logistic regression analyses to compare characteristics of patients across clinics. Results Between the two GSND cohorts, the mean number of medications reported increased from 4.0 to 6.5 (p < 0.001). Within both cohorts, mental health conditions were significantly more prevalent among patients attending the GSND than FAMD clinic (p < 0.001). Conclusions Within cohorts, patients seen in the GSND clinic tended to have more medical problems than patients attending the FAMD clinic, particularly mental health conditions; and medication use was more common in the recent cohort in both GSND and FAMD clinics.
Efficient sensor coverage for acoustic localization

In this paper we consider a network of mobile agents carrying a simple sensor, able to measure the time an impulsive signal propagating isotropically from an unknown point source is detected, with a probability depending on the distance between the signal source and the sensor. Given an a priori probability distribution for the location of the source, we address the problem of controlling the motion of the agents, in such a way that the quality of the localization of the signal source is maximized, assuming an ideal estimation process. The performance criterion is the expected value of the determinant of the Fisher Information Matrix, as computed from the location of the sensors that detect the signal. We develop a gradient control law, ensuring convergence of the agents to a critical point with respect to the stated performance. An application to acoustic detection and localization of sniper Are is discussed and simulation results are presented.
Action Potential Characteristics and Arrhythmogenic Properties of the Cardiac Conduction System of the Murine Heart

Studies have characterized conduction velocity in the right and left bundle branches (RBB, LBB) of normal and genetically engineered mice. However, no information is available on the action potential characteristics of the specialized conduction system (SCS). We have used microelectrode techniques to characterize action potential properties of the murine SCS, as well as epicardial and endocardial muscle preparations for comparison. In the RBB, action potential duration at 50%, 70%, and 90% repolarization (APD50,70,90) was 660.7, 3566, and 9067 ms, respectively. Maximum upstroke velocity (dV/dtmax) was 153614 V/s, and conduction velocity averaged 0.8560.2 m/s. APD90 was longer in the Purkinje network of fibers (web) than in the RBB (P,0.01). Web APD50 was longer in the left than in the right ventricle (P,0.05). Yet, web APD90 was longer in the right than in the left ventricle ( P,0.001). APD50,70 was significantly longer in the endocardial than in the epicardial ( P,0.001; P,0.003). APD90 in the epicardial and endocardial was shorter than in the RBB ('36 ms versus '100 ms). Spontaneous electrical oscillations in phase 2 of the SCS occasionally resulted in early afterdepolarizations. These results demonstrate that APDs in the murine SCS are significantly ('2-fold) longer than in the myocardium and implicate the role of the murine SCS in arrhythmias. The differences should have important implications in the use of the mouse heart to study excitation, propagation, and arrhythmias. (Circ Res. 2001;89:329-335.)
Advocacy and Rationing Are Compatible

In his paper, Peter Ubel attempts to make the case for "bedside rationing" by clinicians in order to help control healthcare costs. This commentary addresses a number of conceptual, logical and linguistic problems with Dr. Ubel's paper, challenges his apparently "heretical" view of advocacy, but provides additional support for his central claim that physicians should do bedside rationing.
Parallel VLSI architectures for real-time kinematics of redundant robots

Architectures for the efficient computation of redundant manipulator kinematics (direct and inverse) are described. By doing the core calculations in hardware, full use can be made of the redundancy by implementing more complex self-motion algorithms. A key component of the architecture is the calculation in VLSI hardware of the singular value decomposition of the manipulator Jacobian. CORDIC arithmetic is used in the design of the special-purpose VLSI array, which is used in computation of the direct kinematics solution (DKS), the manipulator Jacobian, and the Jacobian pseudoinverse. Application-specific (subtask-dependent) portions of the inverse kinematics are handled in parallel by a DSP processor that interfaces with the custom hardware and the host machine. The architecture and algorithm development are valid for general redundant manipulators and a wide range of processors currently available and under development commercially. >
Using an interactive schedule simulation platform to assess and improve contingency management strategies

Abstract An understanding of the dynamic interactions between resources and the management decisions that control them is critical to effectively manage contingencies during the execution phase of a project. Hence, the objective of this paper is to study each resource decision within the context of sequences of decisions. This allows the consideration of dynamic interactions between resources, and designs control responses that account for uncertain outcomes and that minimize contingencies. It is hypothesized that the success of achieving project objectives and priorities is dependent on understanding ways of developing coherent management decision sequences. For given project priorities and outcomes, such decision sequences are defined as strategies. This paper proposes and implements a simulation based method to assess and improve alternative decision strategies. The theoretical contribution of this research is that it develops foundational simulation based methods that support the study of construction decision-making as a dynamic control problem.
The role of methionine deficiency in poliovirus replication in tissue cultures.

The role of methionine in poliovirus infection in HeLa and monkey kidney cells was investigated by using the methionine analogue l -ethionine. In the presence of 2.0 x 10–3 and 4.0 x 10–3 moles ethionine, the growth of HeLa and monkey kidney cells was significantly inhibited. Under the same experimental conditions, ethionine had no significant effect on the biosynthesis of two strains of poliovirus (Mahoney and Lansing) in HeLa cells, whereas in primary monkey kidney cells, it markedly inhibited the biosynthesis of the Lansing strain of poliovirus. HeLa cells partly depleted of their intracellular amino acids did not change the rate of viral biosynthesis. The inhibitory effect of ethionine on cell growth and viral biosynthesis was reversed by addition of an excess of l -methionine.
Integrated Guidance and Fault Tolerant Adaptive Control for Mars Entry Vehicle

of space exploration vehicles. Major challenges in these missions are posed by uncertainties in atmospheric properties like density and winds. A guidance algorithm based on optimal control theory and integrated with a nonlinear Structured Adaptive Model Inversion controller is developed, implemented and evaluated in this paper. The guidance algorithm uses B-spline parametrization of states to generate dynamically feasible optimal trajectories which steer the vehicle from entry interface conditions to a Final Approach Corridor, while simultaneously satisfying terminal conditions. Guidance trajectory acts as a reference trajectory for nonlinear adaptive controller which further generates the commanded moments based on reference input. Reaction control jet selection is accomplished using discrete control allocation. Discrete control allocation method can also handle various types of control failures. Performance is evaluated with a Mars Ellipsled vehicle non real-time simulation for a complete Mars entry trajectory tracking scenario. Simulation results presented in the paper demonstrate that the guidance algorithm generates the optimal trajectory under various terminal constraints while the fault tolerant control algorithm satisfactorily track this optimal trajectory in the presence of plant and environment uncertainties, in addition to control failures.
Assessment of ultrasound histotripsy-induced damage to ex vivo porcine muscle.

Objectives Cavitation-based histotripsy uses high-intensity focused ultrasound pulses at a low duty cycle to generate energetic bubble clouds inside tissue to fractionate cells and is a potential noninvasive tumor treatment modality. Aiming at determining therapy efficiency, we experimentally investigated the effects of pulse repetition frequency and lateral scan step size on the degree of damage of histotripsy-induced lesions in porcine muscle tissue. Methods A single-element spherically focused source (1.1 MHz, 6.34-cm focal length, f/1) was excited to reach the peak compressional and rarefactional pressures of approximately 102 and 17 MPa, respectively. A targeted square of 9 mm wide (lateral to focal plane) was scanned in a raster pattern with the step sizes of 375, 750, 1500, 2250, and 4500 μm. Pulses at each treatment location consisted of 5000 20-cycle sine wave tone bursts with a pulse repetition frequency of 167, 333, or 1000 Hz. Histopathologic examination and image processing were performed to evaluate the tissue damage for each experimental condition. Results Skeletal myofiber damage was successfully created with our 7 exposure conditions. Three scales for muscle damage were identified through performing quad-tree decomposition to photomicrograph images and then relating decomposition with lesion homogeneity. Conclusions Using a finer scan step size promoted the lesion homogeneity. Selection of the optimal condition does not depend solely on the comparison of tissue damage. Given the uncertainty on which of the 3 scales for tissue damage allows muscle repair, 2 conditions were identified as optimal: the 1500 μm-333 Hz condition for scale 3 (related to mild damage) and the 750 μm-333 Hz condition for scale 1 (related to severe damage).
Experimental evidence that both parties benefit in a facultative plant-spider mutualism

Spiders are known to influence plant fitness, and vice versa. Yet, it has not been appreciated that these facultative relationships can be mutualistic. I examined the interaction between Phryganoporus candidus , a subsocial Australian spider, and the ex- trafloral nectary-bearing shrub Acacia ligulata to explore variability in mutualistic inter- actions over a three-year period. Spiders enhanced seed production by reducing seed pre- dation by heteropterans, wasps, and weevils. Because spider colonies occupy only a fraction of a plant's volume, average benefits ranged from 0.4 to 6% increases in whole-plant seed production. These benefits were strongest in years of low seed production, suggesting that spiders may buffer plants against female reproductive failure. To evaluate benefits for spiders, I established experimental spider colonies on three common hosts. Spider perfor- mance (persistence and prey capture rates) on live A. ligulata and live hopbush Dodonaea viscosa exceeded that on dead acacia, suggesting that live hosts are more beneficial than dead hosts. Stable-isotope analyses demonstrated that colonies living on the three hosts differed substantially in diet, providing a possible mechanism for the observed differential suitability of hosts. However, the analyses were unable to establish conclusively that A. ligulata extrafloral nectar was an important reward for spiders. Variability in the A. ligulata- P. candidus system suggests that plant-spider associations, like other facultative protection relationships, likely vary along a continuum from antagonism to mutualism.
Low temperature, non-stoichiometric oxygen-isotope exchange coupled to Fe(II)–goethite interactions

Abstract The oxygen isotope composition of natural iron oxide minerals has been widely used as a paleoclimate proxy. Interpretation of their stable isotope compositions, however, requires accurate knowledge of isotopic fractionation factors and an understanding of their isotopic exchange kinetics, the latter of which informs us how diagenetic processes may alter their isotopic compositions. Prior work has demonstrated that crystalline iron oxides do not significantly exchange oxygen isotopes with pure water at low temperature, which has restricted studies of isotopic fractionation factors to precipitation experiments or theoretical calculations. Using a double three-isotope method (18O–17O–16O and 57Fe–56Fe–54Fe) we compare oxygen and iron isotope exchange kinetics, and demonstrate, for the first time, that oxygen-isotope exchange between structural oxygen in crystalline goethite and water occurs in the presence of aqueous Fe(II) (Fe(II)aq) at ambient temperature (i.e., 22–50 °C). The three-isotope method was used to extrapolate partial exchange results to infer the equilibrium, mass-dependent isotope fractionations between goethite and water. In addition, this was combined with a reversal approach to equilibrium by reacting goethite in two unique waters that vary in composition by about 16‰ in 18O/16O ratios. Our results show that interactions between Fe(II)aq and goethite catalyzes oxygen-isotope exchange between the mineral and bulk fluid; no exchange (within error) is observed when goethite is suspended in 17O-enriched water in the absence of Fe(II)aq. In contrast, Fe(II)-catalyzed oxygen-isotope exchange is accompanied by significant changes in 18O/16O ratios. Despite significant oxygen exchange, however, we observed disproportionate amounts of iron versus oxygen exchange, where iron-isotope exchange in goethite was roughly three times that of oxygen. This disparity provides novel insight into the reactivity of oxide minerals in aqueous solutions, but presents a challenge for utilizing such an approach to determine equilibrium isotope fractionation factors. Despite the uncertainty from extrapolation, there is consistency in goethite–water fractionation factors for our reversal approach to equilibrium, with final weighted average fractionation factors of Δ18OGth-water = 3.0 (±2.5‰) and 0.2 (±0.9‰) at 22 °C and 1.9 (±1.5‰) and −1.6 (±0.8‰) at 50 °C for nano-particulate and micron-sized goethite, respectively (errors at 2σ level). This variability of Δ18OGth-water with particle size may reflect differences in the grain boundaries of goethite and ratios of surface area to volume. Reaction of ferrihydrite with Fe(II)aq in two distinct waters resulted in a quantitative conversion to goethite and complete oxygen-isotope exchange in each case, and similar fractionation factors were observed for experiments using the two waters. Comparison of our results with previous studies of oxygen isotope fractionation between goethite and water suggests that particle size may be a contributing factor to the disparity among experimental studies.
The Epidemiology of Microscopic Colitis: A Population-Based Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Objective: Although the epidemiology of microscopic colitis has been described in Europe, no such data exist from North America. We studied the incidence, prevalence and temporal trends of microscopic colitis in a geographically defined U.S. population. Design and Setting: In this population-based cohort study, residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota with a new diagnosis of microscopic colitis, and all who had colon biopsies for evaluation of diarrhea, between 1/1/1985 and 12/31/2001 were identified. Biopsies were reviewed for confirmation (cases) and to identify missed cases (diarrhea biopsies). Main Outcome Measures: Incidence rates, age- and sex-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. white population. Poisson regression assessed the association of calendar period, age, and sex with incidence. Results: We identified 130 incident cases, for an overall rate of 8.6 cases per 100,000 person-years. There was a significant secular trend, with incidence increasing from 1.1 per 100,000 early in the study to 19.6 per 100,000 by the end (p Conclusions: The incidence of microscopic colitis has increased significantly over time, and by the end of the study, the incidence and prevalence were significantly higher than reported previously. Microscopic colitis is associated with older age, and collagenous colitis is associated with female sex.
Flight management system back-up navigation for the A330/A340 aircraft

Presents the architecture and functional operation of the multi-purpose control display unit (MCDU) back-up navigation used on the A330/A340 MCDU aircraft. Its purpose and capability in playing a key role on the A330/A340 for providing navigational back-up and equipment redundancy are explored. The A330/A340 flight management system is embedded in two flight management and guidance and envelope computers (FMGECs) and the triple redundant MCDU. At any one time two of the MCDUs are used to interface with the two FMGECs. The third MCDU can be switched into either position in case of an MCDU failure. In addition, two of the MCDUs have the capability to provide back-up navigation in case of loss of the FM function from the FMGECs. >
Effect of Attention Therapy on Reading Comprehension

This study quantified the influence of visual attention therapy on the reading comprehension of Grade 6 children with moderate reading disabilities (RD) in the absence of specific reading remediation. Thirty students with below-average reading scores were identified using standardized reading comprehension tests. Fifteen children were placed randomly in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. The Attention Battery of the Cognitive Assessment System was administered to all participants. The experimental group received 12 one-hour sessions of individually monitored, computer-based attention therapy programs; the control group received no therapy during their 12-week period. Each group was retested on attention and reading comprehension measures. In order to stimulate selective and sustained visual attention, the vision therapy stressed various aspects of arousal, activation, and vigilance. At the completion of attention therapy, the mean standard attention and reading comprehension scores of the experimental group had improved significantly. The control group, however, showed no significant improvement in reading comprehension scores after 12 weeks. Although uncertainties still exist, this investigation supports the notion that visual attention is malleable and that attention therapy has a significant effect on reading comprehension in this often neglected population.
Input robustification for motion control of systems without rigid-body mode

Robust proximate-time-optimal inputs can be obtained by carrying out the optimization scheme on an augmented system where the vibrational modes are purposely repeated. This method has been successfully implemented on systems with rigid-body mode in many researchers' work. However, the input robustification for systems without rigid-body mode poses a unique problem because of the time-unboundedness of the input. In this paper, a robustification scheme based on the command shaping technique of constrained least-square optimization is proposed to address this problem and an example is used to illustrate the process. To smooth out in-maneuver oscillation due to the fast maneuver, an energy optimization formulation is presented. The incorporation of the ET (extended insensitivity) technique is also explored to extend the robustness while maintaining a reasonable response speed.
Numeracy and Legal Decision Making

Health and financial decision-making literatures have chronicled how people’s numerical abilities affect their decisions. Until now, however, there has been no empirical study of whether numeracy — or people’s ability to understand and use numbers — also interacts with legal decision making. This Article presents the first such study, and describes three original findings related to the role of numeracy in legal decision making. First, the study shows a surprisingly high level of math skill among law students, especially given the common folk wisdom that lawyers are bad at math. Second, although prior research in non-legal contexts has shown that people with low numeracy are particularly susceptible to cognitive bias, we detect no significant relationship between law students’ math skills and their susceptibility to bias or framing effects. Finally, and most worryingly, our findings show that the substance of legal analysis varies with math skill for at least some subset of cases.
A Review of: “International Reform Efforts and Challenges in Community Colleges By Edward J. Valeau and Rosalind Latiner Raby (Eds.)”

International Reform Efforts and Challenges in Community Colleges is a respectable approach to a very important topic of concern for postsecondary education. At a time of increased global interacti...
Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis: A practical approach

Encephalitis results in considerable morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Neurologists are often consulted or directly care for patients with encephalitis admitted to the hospital and must be able to discriminate between encephalitis and the many conditions that mimic it. Moreover, neurologists must be familiar with the myriad causes of encephalitis in order to develop a practical approach to diagnostic testing and treatment. An understanding of recent advances in management, particularly with respect to autoimmune etiologies and critical care approaches, is equally important. Here, we summarize a general approach to the care of adult patients with encephalitis.
Yield Stress of Czochralski Silicon–The Effect Of Impurities and Oxygen Precipitate Morphology

Quantitative measurements of the mechanical properties of Czochralski silicon were made. Samples were strained in tension to determine the yield characteristics (at 800°C) of silicon crystals which had been subjected to various heat treatments and which contained various concentrations of oxygen and carbon. The heat treatments included single step, two step (nucleation and growth) and three step (dissolution, nucleation and growth) annealing. Carbon concentration was found to affect both the rate of oxygen precipitation and the resulting precipitate morphology but did not have a direct effect on the yield stress of unprecipitated samples. There was a clear correlation between the amount of precipitated oxygen and the magnitude of the upper yield stress in samples with the same initial oxygen concentration. Precipitation caused a reduction in the upper yield stress for all precipitate morphologies, but the reduction was less severe (for a given amount of precipitation) where the precipitates were fine grains (<200A) than where they were larger polyhedra or plates.
Calcium Flux in Isolated Frog Skin; the Effect of Parathyroid Substances∗:

SummaryNet inward calcium flux occurs across isolated short-circuited frog skin in the absence of a calcium concentration gradient. Calcium influx and calcium outflux are inversely related to the intermittent open-circuit skin PD but are not a function of short-circuit current. The changes in calcium flux in the hour after PTE administration suggest that PTE increases influx and decreases outflux. PTE and PTH do not alter short-circuit current or skin PD.
Global Unsteady Pressure Fields Over Turrets In-Flight

Point pressure measurements were performed on a hemisphere-on-cylinder turret in-flight and in the wind tunnel at the University of Notre Dame. Measurements were performed at a total of 36 different locations on the turret. The pressure coefficients (cp) was analyzed versus viewing angle for each Mach number and were compared with previous experiments and theoretical values based on the potential flow. At transonic Mach numbers, the dominant frequencies of the motion of the local shock over the turret were investigated. The turret wake was also investigated and it was shown that the “smiles” cut-outs and the local shock can have a “regularizing” effect of decreasing higher frequency fluctuations while increasing low frequency fluctuations. Unsteady forces acting on the turret were computed from the pressure fields and their dependence on the Mach number and turret geometry was discussed.
Iron in cytosolic ferritin can be recycled through lysosomal degradation in human fibroblasts

Examination of the mechanism of intracellular iron recovery from lysosomally-degraded ferritin in vivo has been complicated by the continuous flux of cellular iron through ferritin molecules. Here we incubated human fibroblasts with cationic ferritin, a derivative of horse spleen ferritin, as a technique for delivering immunologically distinct ferritin molecules directly to lysosomes. Using this method, we found increased endogenous ferritin levels after the cellular degradation of cationic ferritin, demonstrating that cells can utilize lysosomal ferritin to produce increased cytosolic ferritin levels. Further, using an in vitro assay, we showed that isolated lysosomes degrade endogenous ferritin in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. These results are consistent with a model in which cytosolic ferritin is taken into the lysosomes and degraded. The solubilized iron from the ferric core could then be transported across the lysosomal membrane back into the cytosol.
Experimental production of elevated serum folate in dogs with intestinal blind loops: relationship of serum levels to location of the blind loop.

The serum folate level in dogs with intestinal blind loops was studied. Twenty dogs were divided into five equal groups. In group I, a self-filling blind loop was constructed at the ligament of Treitz. In group II, a similar blind loop was made at the ileocecal valve. Group III dogs had a self-filling blind loop constructed at the ligament of Treitz by transposing a segment of ileum. In group IV, jejunum was transposed to the ileocecal valve. Group V dogs had both high and low self-emptying blind loops and served as control animals. Each blind loop was 18 inches long. In those dogs with high blind loops (groups I and III) serum folate, as measured by Lactobacillus casei, rose to a mean height of 45 ng per ml in 3 to 9 weeks. Dogs with a low blind loop of transposed jejunum (group IV) showed an intermediate rise in serum folate to a mean of 16 ng per ml, while those with a low ileal blind loop (group II) showed no rise at all. In dogs with a self- emptying blind loop (group V) serum folate remained within the normal range—4 to 8 ng per ml. Elevated serum folate occurred with L. casei as the assay organism but not when Streptococcus faecalis was used. This suggests that the elevated serum folate is 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. The failure of L. casei active serum folate to rise in dogs with a low ileal blind loop despite an extremely high folate content of loop fluid suggests that the ileum in dogs is unable to absorb folates.
Protein synthesis at 0°C in Escherichia coli

Leucine-starved cells of an Escherichia coli auxotroph will incorporate radioactive leucine into protein at 0°C. The incorporation is linear for the first 10 to 15 min. It appears that all the essential steps in protein synthesis go on at 0°C, and a wide variety of proteins is synthesized. The rate of synthesis is about 350 times slower than at 37°C. In this system the polarity of assembly of polypeptide chains, from N-terminal to C-terminal, can be demonstrated by treating the proteins with carboxy-peptidase. A quantitative analysis of the release of incorporated leucine by carboxypeptidase permits estimation of the average time required to add a single amino acid residue to a nascent protein chain at 0°C, whence the number of nascent chains can be derived. This number has also been estimated by direct measurement of nascent protein in sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. A cell contains about 5000 chains of nascent protein, and 18,000 70 s ribo-somes. The assembly time of a protein of 400 residues is 5 sec at 37°C.
Crystal structure of a methimazole-based ionic liquid

The structure of 1-methyl-2-(prop-2-en-1-ylsulfan­yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide, C7H11N2S+·Br−, has monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry. In the crystal, the components are linked by N—H⋯Br and C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure of the title compound undeniably proves that methimazole reacts through the thione tautomer, rather than the thiol tautomer in this system.
Accounting for Slipping and Other False Negatives in Logistic Models of Student Learning.

Additive Factors Model (AFM) and Performance Factors Analysis (PFA) are two popular models of student learning that employ logistic regression to estimate parameters and predict performance. This is in contrast to Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) which uses a Hidden Markov Model formalism. While all three models tend to make similar predictions, they differ in their parameterization of student learning. One key difference is that BKT has parameters for the slipping rates of learned skills, whereas the logistic models do not. Thus, the logistic models assume that as students get more practice their probability of correctly answering monotonically converges to 100%, whereas BKT allows monotonic convergence to lower probabilities. In this paper, we present a novel modification of logistic regression that allows it to account for situations resulting in false negative student actions (e.g., slipping on known skills). We apply this new regression approach to create two new methods AFM+Slip and PFA+Slip and compare the performance of these new models to traditional AFM, PFA, and BKT. We find that across five datasets the new slipping models have the highest accuracy on 10-fold cross validation. We also find evidence that the slip parameters better enable the logistic models to fit steep learning rates, rather than better fitting the tail of learning curves as we expected. Lastly, we explore the use of high slip values as an indicator of skills that might benefit from skill label refinement. We find that after refining the skill model for one dataset using this approach the traditional model fit improved to be on par with the slip model.
SU-C-BRB-01: Automated Dose Deformation for Re-Irradiation

Purpose: An objective of retreatment planning is to minimize dose to previously irradiated tissues. Conventional retreatment planning is based largely on best-guess superposition of the previous treatment’s isodose lines. In this study, we report a rigorous, automated retreatment planning process to minimize dose to previously irradiated organs at risk (OAR). Methods: Data for representative patients previously treated using helical tomotherapy and later retreated in the vicinity of the original disease site were retrospectively analyzed in an automated fashion using a prototype treatment planning system equipped with a retreatment planning module (Accuray, Inc.). The initial plan’s CT, structures, and planned dose were input along with the retreatment CT and structure set. Using a deformable registration algorithm implemented in the module, the initially planned dose and structures were warped onto the retreatment CT. An integrated third-party sourced software (MIM, Inc.) was used to evaluate registration quality and to contour overlapping regions between isodose lines and OARs, providing additional constraints during retreatment planning. The resulting plan and the conventionally generated retreatment plan were compared. Results: Jacobian maps showed good quality registration between the initial plan and retreatment CTs. For a right orbit case, the dose deformation facilitated delineating the regions of the eyes and optic chiasm originally receiving 13 to 42 Gy. Using these regions as dose constraints, the new retreatment plan resulted in V50 reduction of 28% for the right eye and 8% for the optic chiasm, relative to the conventional plan. Meanwhile, differences in the PTV dose coverage were clinically insignificant. Conclusion: Automated retreatment planning with dose deformation and definition of previously-irradiated regions allowed for additional planning constraints to be defined to minimize re-irradiation of OARs. For serial organs that do not recover from radiation damage, this method provides a more precise and quantitative means to limit cumulative dose. This research is partially supported by Accuray, Inc
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin testing for primary care: analytical assay considerations required before widespread implementation.

For over 20 years, cardiac troponins T and I have been used as a biomarker for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and risk stratification for future adverse cardiac events (1,2). Results of cardiac troponin testing produces higher clinical sensitivity and specificity than testing for the creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme, and today, is recognized as the preferred marker for use in patients suspected of acute myocardial infarction (3). As with other clinical lab tests, the ones for cardiac troponin have undergone improvements over the years, especially with regards to analytical sensitivity and precision. This is reflected by the fact that using the first generation assay, it was not possible to reliably detect cardiac troponin in healthy subjects.
A model for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite challenge and very early therapy of parasitaemia for efficacy studies of sporozoite vaccines

Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemias were induced in four non-immune volunteers by the bites of mosquitoes infected from cultured gametocytes. Radical cure was accomplished before three of the four volunteers developed clinical malaria. Despite very low peak levels of parasitaemia, the plasmodium was recultured from the blood of all volunteers. This volunteer model of early detection of parasitaemia and prompt treatment will contribute to the safe and practical efficacy testing of sporozoite vaccines, thus facilitating the selection of candidate vaccines for large scale definitive field trials.