cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Throughput Short Interfering RNA (siRNA) Screening of the Human Kinome Identifies Novel Kinases Controlling the Canonical Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Activation Pathway

Abstract Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an inducible cytoplasmic transcription factor that plays a role as a master regulator of airway mucosal inflammation. The prototypical (“canonical”) NF-κB pathway controls cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation in response to stimulation by the mononuclear cytokine, TNF. Despite intensive investigation, the spectrum of kinases involved in the canonical NF-κB pathway has not yet been systematically determined. Here we have applied a high throughput siRNA-mediated loss-of-function screening assay to identify novel kinases important in TNF-induced NF-κB signaling. Type II A549 epithelial cells stably expressing an IL-8/luciferase reporter gene optimized for high throughput siRNA format (Z′ score of 0.65) and siRNAs for 636 human kinases were reverse-transfected and screened in the assay. 36 candidate genes were identified that inhibited TNF signaling with a Z score deviation of <−1.3 in replicate plates. From this group, 11 kinases were selected for independent validation, of which eight were successfully silenced. Six kinases were validated, including ATM, CDK2, -5, and -7, CALM3, MAPAKP5, and MAP3K/MEKK3. The surprising function of ATM in TNF signaling was confirmed where reduced NF-κB/RelA translocation and Ser-276 phosphorylation were seen in ATM−/− mouse embryo fibroblasts. These data indicate that ATM is a key regulatory kinase that may control global NF-κB activation in the TNF-induced canonical pathway.
Winning ways: constructing values on a girls high school field hockey team.

Using observations and interviews of a girls high school field hockey team, this article investigates the values conveyed through participating in this sport. As the team had a lengthy record of su...
Analysis of automotive neutral grear rattle

Abstract Vibro-impacts induced by backlash between meshing gears lead to excessive vibration and noise in many geared rotating systems. For illustration purposes, a five-speed manual transmission of a front wheel drive automobile is examined, with focus on the neutral gear rattle problem. Several non-linear and linear mathematical models of generic physical systems are developed to understand, quantify and control the problem. A few rattle criteria have been proposed and their application has been demonstrated. Design guidelines for reduced rattle are discussed, and the roles played by the clutch, flywheel and drag torque have been investigated. Results are consistent with those reported in the literature.
An interactive adaptive remeshing algorithm for the two-dimensional Euler equations

An interactive adaptive remeshing algorithm utilizing a frontal grid generator and a variety of time integration schemes for the two-dimensional Euler equations on unstructured meshes is presented. Several device dependent interactive graphics interfaces have been developed along with a device independent DI-3000 interface which can be employed on any computer that has the supporting software including the Cray-2 supercomputers Voyager and Navier. The time integration methods available include: an explicit four stage Runge-Kutta and a fully implicit LU decomposition. A cell-centered finite volume upwind scheme utilizing Roe's approximate Riemann solver is developed. To obtain higher order accurate results a monotone linear reconstruction procedure proposed by Barth is utilized. Results for flow over a transonic circular arc and flow through a supersonic nozzle are examined.
Fabrication and use of a surgical template for placing implants to retain an auricular prosthesis

Abstract A procedure is described for the fabrication of a 3-dimensional surgical template to guide the placement of implants to retain an auricular prosthesis. This procedure requires a diagnostic wax pattern that is checked while on the patient to ensure it is positioned correctly and is also the correct size. The wax pattern is processed into a clear, methyl methacrylate resin, 3-dimensional surgical template. The most effective type of surgical template for planning implant placement is a 3-dimensional acrylic template that closely resembles the final prosthesis. This template will direct the implant placement where the retentive elements are most easily concealed, under the thickest areas of the prosthesis, which are the antihelix and antitragus. This location allows the best esthetic and functional results. An additional advantage of this technique is that it allows the retrieval of the diagnostic wax pattern of the auricle so that it can be used to fabricate the definitive prosthesis. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;81:228-33.)
Comparative pathological aspects of chronic olivine and silica inhalation in mice

A comparative study was done in mice on the effects of silica and olivine inhalation. The exposure periods in the dust chambers were for periods of 150, 300, and 570 days, with the longest time period covering a large portion of the predicted life span of the Balb/c mouse. Detailed necropsies including histology were done at the end of the exposures and at 30 and 150 days following removal of animals from the 150- and 300-day dust exposures. The results indicate that silica causes considerably more tissue damage in lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes, leading to granulomas.
T1A: Opportunities and challenges for secure hardware and verifying trust in integrated circuits

The migration from a vertical to horizontal business model has made it easier to introduce many vulnerabilities to electronic component design and supply chain. In the first part of this tutorial, we discuss the major issues that must be addressed including securing hardware, verifying trustworthiness of integrated circuits, unique key generation, side-channel attacks and more. In the latter two parts of this tutorial, we will place more emphasis on detection and prevention of hardware Trojans and counterfeit electronic parts and discuss how test can help. In this tutorial, we will cover (i) An introduction to hardware security and trust (physically unclonable functions, true random number generation, hardware Trojans, counterfeit ICs, sidechannel attacks, supply chain vulnerabilities, etc.), (ii) Background and motivation for hardware Trojan and counterfeit prevention/detection; (iii) Taxonomies related to both topics; (iv) Existing solutions; (v) Open test challenges; (vi) Design for security and trust, (vii) New and unified solutions to address these challenges.
Relationship of interpersonal behaviors and health-related control appraisals to patient satisfaction and compliance in a university health center.

Objective: The authors' aim was to evaluate patient-provider relationships in a college health center. Participants: Eighty student patients and their health-care providers. Methods: Patients completed a measure of perceived health competence before a consultation and measures of provider participatory behavior and interpersonal behavior before and after the consultation. They evaluated their satisfaction with care and compliance after the consultation and again 2 weeks later. Providers completed measures of their participatory behavior and patients' interpersonal behavior after the consultation. Results: Patients preferred to be well informed and to have their preferences taken into account, and generally felt competent at managing their own health affairs. They indicated they obtained the high level of participation they desired. Patients desired and actually experienced friendly and submissive providers. Degree of match between patients' desired and actual level of involvement in their care was associa...
Fourier Integral Operators on Noncompact Symmetric Spaces of Real Rank One

Let X=G/K be a noncompact symmetric space of real rank one. The purpose of this paper is to investigate Lp boundedness properties of a certain class of radial Fourier integral operators on the space X. We will prove that if uτ is the solution at some fixed time τ of the natural wave equation on X with initial data f and g and 1<p<∞, then ‖uτ‖Lp(X)⩽Cp(τ)(‖f‖Lpbp(X)+(1+τ) ‖g‖Lpbp−1(X)). We will obtain both the precise behavior of the norm Cp(τ) and the sharp regularity assumptions on the functions f and g (i.e., the exponent bp) that make this inequality possible. In the second part of the paper we deal with the analog of E. M. Stein's maximal spherical averages and prove exponential decay estimates (of a highly non-euclidean nature) on the Lp norm of supT⩽τ⩽T+1 |f*dστ(z)|, where dστ is a normalized spherical measure.
Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in children undergoing induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

We present three cases of children with acute neurologic changes while undergoing induction chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These cases fall into the spectrum of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), including abrupt alterations in mental status, headache, seizures, visual changes, hypertension, and characteristic findings on magnetic resonance imaging. Although the underlying mechanism of RPLS is still under investigation, the appropriate treatment and management of the acute event is becoming clearer. Early treatment of hypertension, control of seizure activity, and withdrawal of inciting agents can lead to rapid reversal of symptoms and return to baseline functioning. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:198–203. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The panoramic landscape of human suffering.

T Old Masters were never wrong about suffering, wrote W.H. Auden. They understood how it takes place, “While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along” (1). Auden was referring to the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, which dwelled on suffering, along with labor and merrymaking, the lot of simple folk. He painted them with such dedication it earned him the title “Peasant Bruegel.” He so delighted in the behavior of peasants, he disguised himself as one, and went out into the countryside to mingle with them during their feasts and weddings, “... brought gifts like the other guests, claiming relationship or kinship with the bride or groom.” He observed “how they ate, drank, danced, capered, or made love, all of which he was well able to reproduce cleverly and pleasantly,” wrote chronicler Karel van Mander, “... men and women of the Campine and elsewhere―naturally, as they really were” (2). So well did he represent them and through them all of humanity, that in the words of his friend the famed cartographer Abraham Ortelius, “he painted many things that cannot be painted” (3). He was held in high esteem by scholars of his day, among them poet and engraver Dierick Volckherzoon Coornhert, who once was so impressed by Bruegel’s work, he wrote, “I examined it with pleasure and admiration from top to bottom for the artistry of its drawing and the care of the engraving...methinks I heard moaning, groaning and screaming and the splashing of tears in this portrayal of sorrow” (3). What we know about the artist comes from Karel van Mander’s Painter’s Book, published in 1604, some 35 years after Bruegel’s death. He was likely born in the late 1520s in Breda (modern Netherlands); lived and worked in Antwerp and Brussels; and apprenticed with sculptor, architect, painter, designer of tapestry and stained glass Pieter Coecke van Aelst, whose daughter he later married. The apprenticeship had little infl uence on his style but did introduce him to humanist circles and the work of Maria Verhulst Bessemers, his mother-in-law, a skilled miniaturist and illuminator who experimented with tempera on linen (4). After 1559, he dropped the “h” from his name, though his sons, Jan and Pieter the Younger, retained the original Brueghel spelling. Too young at the time of his death to learn from their father, the sons studied with their grandmother and became important artists in their own right, part of a brilliant legacy of four generations in the 16th and 17th centuries. Like many northern artists, Bruegel traveled to Italy. He visited Naples and Messina and lived in Rome, where he worked with Giulio Clovio, the “prince of miniaturists”
Emissions of lead and zinc from candles with metal-core wicks

We measured the amount of lead released from 14 different brands of candles with metal-core wicks sold in Michigan. The emissions of lead were found to range from 0.5 to 66 μg/h, and the rates for zinc were from 1.2 to 124 μg/h. It is estimated that burning four of the candles bought in Michigan for 2 h can result in airborne lead concentrations that can pose a threat to human health. In addition to inhalation of lead in the air, children get exposed to lead in candle fumes deposited on the floor, furniture and walls through their hand-to-mouth activity. Burning candles with leaded-core wick may be an important exposure route for lead that has generally been ignored.
The influence of streams on nearshore water chemistry, Lake Ontario

Abstract Large lakes have characteristics, such as a spring thermal bar; nearshore offshore gradients of nutrients, sediment, and biota; and the development of a nearshore zone often chemically, biologically, and physically different from the offshore region, that are not commonly observed in smaller lakes. The research presented here focuses on the role of rivers affecting the cross margin transport of terrigenous materials delivered during the summer on nearshore waters of Lake Ontario. On the south shore of Lake Ontario, levels of chlorophyll, total phosphorus (TP), and total coliform were higher in the Oak Orchard Creek river plume than out of it. Similarly at the Genesee River polygon, turbidity, specific conductance, temperature, TP, and chlorophyll were substantially higher in the plumes than outside of the plumes. Graphic depictions and the strong correlations (r > = 0.70) between specific conductance and TP, soluble reactive phosphorus , temperature, chlorophyll, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and turbidity indicate the plumes of water are from the Genesee River and Oak Orchard Creek. The load from all creeks on the New York shore of Lake Ontario ranged from ~ 18 to 25% of the annual phosphorus load of the Niagara River. The cumulative impact of these small streams entering the nearshore and embayments of Lake Ontario is potentially great, as the mixing of plume and lake water appears to be limited to the nearshore areas. Terrigenous inputs likely provide the nutrient, phosphorus, which contributes to the periodic development of benthic algae blooms observed along the south shore of Lake Ontario. The conclusion that river plumes impact and sustain the nearshore of large lakes is suggested by the data.
A data-driven bias correction method based lithium-ion battery modeling approach for electric vehicles application

Due to the inconsistency and varied characteristics of lithium-ion battery cells, the battery pack modeling remains a challenging problem. To model the operation behaviors of each cell in the battery pack, considerable work effort and computation time is needed. This paper proposes a data-driven bias correction based lithium-ion battery modeling method, which can significantly reduce the computation work and remain good model accuracy.
Spuiter Deposition of Lithium Silicate-Lithium Phosphate Amorphous Electrolytes

Thin films of an amorphous lithium-conducting electrolyte were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering of ceramic targets containing Li4SiO4 and Li3PO4. The lithium content of the films was found to depend more strongly on the nature and composition of the targets than on many other sputtering parameters. For targets containing Li4SiO4, most of the lithium was found to segregate away from the sputtered area of the target. Codeposition using two sputter sources achieves a high lithium content in a controlled and reproducible film growth.
The Severe Implications of the Economic Downturn on Working Families

The Clinton economic boom witnessed a robust expansion of female employment, especially among single heads of households, and of wage increases, especially for low-wage workers. However, the employment difficulties of African-American men persisted, official poverty was reduced but not economic deprivation, and the vulnerability of children of single heads increased. Compared to the previous downturn, the current downturn is more severe when measured by employment losses and has hit women harder as a result of September 11.
Coexistence of two similar copepod species, Eudiaptomus gracilis and E. graciloides: the role of differential predator avoidance

Habitat choice in relation to environmental factors of two coexisting calanoid copepod species, Eudiaptomus gracilis and E. graciloides, was studied in a mesotrophic lake and in large indoor mesocosms. Both species and sexes showed pronounced diel vertical migration (DVM) in the field. In 12 m deep mesocosms with free ranging fish DVM was observed and species increased day depth over time. No changes were observed in copepod day depth over time in experiments with fish kairomone. It is hypothesized that fish kairomone acts as an early warning system to copepods which respond by moving deeper, but only as far as the thermocline. For full DVM, a nearby mechanical stimulus is necessary. Thus, as fish go deeper to feed, copepods retreat. The response of copepods to fish predation, in the presence of low and high numbers of Daphnia, shows that copepods effectively use Daphnia as living shields to avoid predation. The two species adopt different vertical migration strategies depending on whether there are high or low numbers of Daphnia present. A dominant feature of mesocosm experiments was the night time aggregating (lekking) of E. gracilis males at the surface. When the spring and autumn percentages of risk takers in the epilimnion were compared, E. gracilis, particularly males, suffered the greatest cost.
Exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls between sediment and water in the Hudson River estuary

Sediment-bound polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) measured at several sites in the lower Hudson River Estuary are above equilibrium with the overlying water, providing a thermodynamic driving force for exchange from sediment to water. The fluxes of PCB congeners are estimated for a number potential processes: diffusive release of dissolved and colloidal PCBs from the bed, resuspension and subsequent desorption from resuspended particles, and sediment accumulation and burial. All processes are potentially significant, at least for some congeners. The sediment exchange fluxes of PCB solutes for five sites between Governors Island and Haverstraw Bay are estimated to be 20–860 μm m−2 d−1, which is between 2 and 100 times more than the flux of dissolved PCBs coming down the river at Haverstraw Bay. Much of the exchange from sediment to water may be balanced by burial of sorbed PCBs by sediment accumulation. Advection down the river and sediment exchange dominate other potential sources of PCBs to the lower estuary under current loading conditions. The magnitude of the calculated fluxes is consistent with the nonconservative behavior of PCBs in the same region but is higher than earlier modeling estimates that employed different assumptions.
Stereoselective allyl-and crotylboration of alpha-hydroxyketones via neighboring group control

Abstract Allylboronates and crotylboronates react with alpha-hydroxyketones to yield tertiary homoallylic alcohols in a highly stereocontrolled manner. The reaction presumably proceeds via a rigid bicyclic transition state. The alpha-hydroxy substituent exerts a remarkable and predictable effect on the diastereoselectivity of the reaction. Homoallylic alcohols are formed with diastereoselectivities approaching 100%.
Frequency-Variant Signal Waveform Processing Using 2-D Optical Processors

A general optical system for processing temporal signal waveforms is described. In this system, a frequency-variant spectrum analyzer system is used in conjunction with an interferometric optical hetero-dyne processor. The capability of the frequency-variant analyzer to control the position and resolution of signal components allows for the general mixing of a signal and a local oscillator. This mixing results in a frequency dependent redistribution of the signal components useful for bandwidth compression and expansion or for more general spread-spectrum signaling.
INJECTION LOCKING SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS WITH PHASE CONJUGATE FEEDBACK

Abstract Phase conjugate injection locking is shown to couple coherently two semiconductor lasers through a double phase conjugate mirror geometry. The mutual coherence and stability of the lock band are characterized from the visibility and relative intensity noise measurements for various levels of phase conjugate coupling and frequency detunings. Side mode phase conjugate injection locking is demonstrated by high mutual coherence with visibility ∼0.93 and detunings up to nine longitudinal mode spacings at injection levels of −22 dB. Central mode phase conjugate injection locking with high mutual coherence is also possible for feedback levels of −36 dB and exhibiting an asymmetric stable locking region of 350 MHz bandwidth within the locking band. The phase locking is unstable though, the reasons for which are discussed. Increased phase conjugate feedback extends the lock band to greater detunings and asymmetry as in direct injection locking with only a small region showing high mutual coherence. Intensity noise measurements are also discussed.
Challenges Associated with the Study of Resilience to Trauma in Holocaust Survivors

To date, the majority of research on the Holocaust has focused on the pathological sequelae associated with exposure to severe trauma. While this line of research is extremely important in understanding trauma-related psychopathology, it ignores the experience of those who managed to resume adaptive life despite the horrendous effects of the Holocaust. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on resilience to trauma in light of the numerous challenges associated with launching this type of research with survivors of the Holocaust. A more balanced approach that identifies the pathological as well as the resilient aspects in the life of Holocaust survivors is likely to provide important clinical and theoretical information about survival following exposure to severe trauma.
Empirical evaluation of OpenCCM for Java-based distributed, real-time, and embedded systems

Component technology can overcome many limitations of conventional Object Request Brokers (ORBs) in developing distributed, real-time, and embedded (DRE) applications. Component technology has particular advantages for building large-scale DRE systems. The CORBA Component Model (CCM) enables the composition and reuse of software components and the configuration of key non-functional aspects of DRE systems such as timing, fault-tolerance, and security. However, the CCM can introduce additional overhead to the runtime performance and code size of middleware. Hence, the overhead for using the CCM needs to be evaluated to determine if the CCM can be effectively employed in the design of high-reliability DRE applications. In this paper, we empirically evaluated the performance of OpenCCM, a Java-based implementation of the CCM standard, when configured with two Java ORBs: with ZEN, a real-time Java ORB, and with OpenORB, a desktop Java ORB. We measured throughput, latency, and jitter of method invocations for both ORBs configured with and without OpenCCM. We also measured the additional memory requirement introduced by the CCM implementation. We concluded that OpenCCM adds some overhead to both Java ORBs, affecting OpenORB's performance more than ZEN's. More development of the CCM may be necessary to bring its advantages to high-performance DRE systems.
Gentamicin in the Treatment of Meningitis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate gentamicin as a therapy for neonatal meningitis. Neonatal patients received intramuscular gentamicin plus intravenous ampicillin as treatment. Also, according to a prospective study protocol, alternate patients received intracisternal gentamicin daily for three days. Six of eighteen patients died, a lower percentage than with previous therapeutic study groups. Bacterial isolates from spinal fluid generally had a lower minimal bactericidal concentration for gentamicin than for other antibiotics tested. The data is encouraging, but the number of patients is too small to allow firm conclusions. Further evaluation with larger numbers of neonatal patients is indicated.
Endovascular Intervention for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Light of Recent Trials

Three recently published trials, MR RESCUE, IMS III, and SYNTHESIS Expansion, evaluating the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke have generated concerns about the future of endovascular approach. However, the tremendous evolution that imaging and endovascular treatment modalities have undergone over the past several years has raised doubts about the validity of these trials. In this paper, we review the role of endovascular treatment strategies in acute ischemic stroke and discuss the limitations and shortcomings that prevent generalization of the findings of recent trials. We also provide our experience in endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Feasibility of zero residential energy growth

Abstract This paper examines the effects of government regulatory, incentive and research programs on residential energy use and household economics during the 1977–2000 period. The basis for these evaluations is a detailed engineering-economic model of residential energy use developed at ORNL. Results of these analyses suggest that future trends in residential energy use are subject to considerable control. Estimates of energy use in the year 2000 vary by 50%. A judicious combination of government regulations (appliance efficiency standards, thermal standards for construction of new residences), incentives for weatherization of existing homes and research and development to produce new technologies can yield a future in which residential energy use in the year 2000 is at roughly the present level. Such a combined program can also provide large economic benefits to households: the reduction in the present worth (at a real interest rate of 8%) of fuel bills between now and 2000 could exceed the extra costs of more efficient equipment and structures by $60 billion.
Activin and Its Receptors during Gastrulation and the Later Phases of Mesoderm Development in the Chick Embryo

We have cloned chick homologues of the type-II activin receptor, which we have designated cActR-IIA and -IIB. Binding assays show that the two receptors are indistinguishable in their ability to bind activin-A, with comparable kds. Injection of mRNAs encoding these receptors into Xenopus embryos causes axial duplications. Expression of both receptors can first be detected in the primitive streak by in situ hybridization. This suggests that these genes may be activated in response to mesoderm induction. In agreement with this, we find that treatment of preprimitive streak chick embryos with activin-A leads to rapid induction of the expression of cActR-IIB. At later stages, cActR-IIA transcripts become localized mainly in the notochord and myotome and cActR-IIB in the dorsal neural tube, proximal-anterior part of the limb bud, sensory placodes, and specific regions of the fore- and midbrain. To test the response of early chick embryonic tissues to activin, we designed a new in vitro assay for differentiation. We find that explants of area opaca epiblast or posterior primitive streak from various stages can respond to activin treatment by differentiating into a variety of mesodermal cell types in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the importance of activin-related signaling pathways is not confined to pregastrulation stages and that these receptors may be involved in mediating the effects of inducing signals during later stages of development of the mesoderm, limbs, and nervous system.
Differential expression of β tubulin isotypes in the adult gerbil cochlea

Tubulin, the principal component of microtubules, exists as two polypeptides, termed alpha and beta. Seven isotypes of beta tubulin are known to exist in mammals. The distributions of four beta tubulin isotypes, beta(I), beta(II), beta(III), and beta(IV), have been examined in the adult cochlea by indirect immunofluorescence using isotype-specific antibodies. In the organ of Corti, outer hair cells contained only beta(I) and beta(IV), while inner hair cells contained only beta(I) and beta(II). Inner and outer pillar cells contained beta(II) and beta(IV), but Deiters cells contained those isotypes plus beta(I). Fine fibers in the inner spiral bundle, tunnel crossing fibers, and outer spiral fibers, probably efferent in character, contained beta(I), beta(II), and beta(III), but not beta(IV). In the spiral ganglion, the somas and axons of neurons contained all four isotypes, and the myelination of ganglion cells also contained beta(I). Fibers of the intraganglionic spiral bundle contained beta(I), beta(II), and beta(III). No antibody labeled the dendritic processes of spiral ganglion neurons. The differences in isotype distribution in organ of Corti and neurons described here are consistent with and support the multi-tubulin hypothesis, which states that tubulin isotypes are expressed specifically in different cell types and may therefore have different functions.
A retrospective review of ampicillin-sulbactam and amoxicillin + clavulanate vs cefazolin/cephalexin and erythromycin in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes: maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and outcomes of 2 different antibiotic regimens that are used to prolong latency in preterm premature rupture of membranes. The primary objective was to determine whether the use of ampicillin-sulbactam/amoxicillin + clavulanate was associated with an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Study Design A retrospective review of pregnancies that were complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes from 1999-2006 at 2 institutions was performed. Outcomes were compared between subjects who received parenteral ampicillin-sulbactam followed by oral amoxicillin + clavulanate (protocol A) and subjects who received parenteral cefazolin and erythromycin followed by oral cephalexin and erythromycin (protocol B). Results There were 147 women who were evaluated; 88 women received protocol A, and 59 women received protocol B. There were no differences in latency period, gestational age at delivery, or route of delivery. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis was 8.0% and 10.2% for protocol A and protocol B, respectively ( P = .64). Conclusion Ampicillin-sulbactam/amoxicillin + clavulanate was not associated with an increase in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Erythromycin in combination with cefazolin and cephalexin is an effective latency antibiotic regimen.
Giant-Cell Lesion in a Sesamoid Bone of the Thumb

We treated a 72-year-old woman by excision of the right thumb sesamoid which contained a giant-cell lesion. Nine years later she had normal function and no evidence of other lesions, recurrence or metastasis. We recommend that the diagnosis of giant-cell reparative granuloma and giant-cell tumour be considered when a bony mass in a sesamoid bone is discovered. Surgical excision at least in our one case was definitive treatment.
High temperature Ohmic contacts to p-type GaN for use in light emitting applications

Achieving low resistance contacts to p-type Gallium Nitride is a critical requirement for the fabrication of reliable AlGaN/InGaN laser diodes and nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Three separate groups of materials are examined. The first is a family of borides, including W2B, W2B5, CrB2, TiB2, and ZrB2; the second is a group of nitrides, TaN, TiN, and ZrN; and the third is the refractory metal Ir. Using these materials both directly on the surface of p-GaN as well as a diffusion barrier for Ni/Au-based Ohmic contacts, specific contact resistances as low as ∼1x10–4 Ω.cm2 have been achieved. In addition, the boride and iridium based contacts display superior aging characteristics with minimal degradation of the contact resistance and of the turn on voltage of light emitting diodes after extended periods at 350 °C. The reasons for the discrepancies in performance of different materials is examined through the use of IV curves as well as Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) depth profiles. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Zwinglians and Adiaphorism1

Of all the evils of the late medieval church, none was complained about quite so frequently by contemporary theologians as that which Pierre D'Ailly termed the “evil of superfluity.” Jan Hus compared the prelates of his own day to the scribes and pharisees of old, who imposed many fasts, many prayers and other hard things upon the people while they themselves did none of them. A man of Adam's ststure had but one command fulfill and failed, Jean Gerson wrote at the start of the fifteenth century; how then is the Christian to escape, placed as he is among innumerable commands? If Augustine could complain about the Judaic condition of the church of his time, what, Gerson containud, would he have to say now! According to wessel Gansfort, the “forest if decrees and decretals” had become so dense that the Christian could scarcely find his way any longer to a study and knowledge of sacred Scripture.Even Gabriel Biel was forced to admit that the burden of Christian obedience had become heavier than the old Judaic yoke, if one took into accont the plethora of ecclesiastical laws and ceremonics.
Making longevity in an aging society: linking ethical sensibility and Medicare spending.

An aging society, a growing array of life-extending medical interventions, Medicare policy, and an ethic of individual decision making together contribute to the deepening societal tension in the United States between controlling health care costs and enabling health consumer use of life-sustaining technologies. The activities that constitute longevity making, like so many other sociomedical practices, comprise a site for the governing of life and the emergence of new forms of ethical comportment and social participation. Those activities—including the necessity of treating risk, the difficulty of saying “no” to evidence-based interventions, and the responsibility of choosing among clinical options—also lie at the heart of debates about health care rationing and reform. Cardiac procedures, organ transplantation, and cancer treatments are three examples of medicine's success in extending life and are emblematic of the existential and societal quandaries that result. A perspective from medical anthropology ...
Sexual differentiation, gonad development, and spawning seasonality of the Hawaiian butter fly fish, Chaetodon multicinctus

The reproductive biology of the coral reef butterflyfish, Chaetodon multicinctus, was investigated by histological examination of gonads sampled over an 18 month period from a shallow inshore population on Oahu, Hawaii. Most gonads developed directly from previously undifferentiated tissue. Ovarian development (the structural formation of lamellae and primary oocytes) was observed in fish ≥44mm and testicular development (the formation of spermatogenic crypts) in fish ≥62mm standard length (SL). In addition, testis formation was identified within the ovarian lamellae of several differentiated but immature fish. It is hypothesized that prematurational sex change may facilitate monogamy within the highly competitive social structure of this site attached species. Oocyte development in mature females was marked by distinct phases of primary growth, the formation of yolk vesicles, and vitellogenesis. Spawning activity was histologically identified by the maturation and hydration of fully yolked oocytes, and presence of post-ovulatory follicles. Recently spawned females from field collections and experimental gonadotropin-treatments exhibited postovulatory follicles that were estimated to persist at least 24 h after ovulation. Atresia of yolked oocytes was classified into four stages of cell degeneration and resorption. Monthly analyses of oocyte development and atresia within the sample population show that C. multicinctus has a protracted annual spawning season with a major peak during the early spring and evidence of spawning activity among some individuals in the fall. Histological analyses of spawning activity provide more accurate and unambiguous information than do traditional gonadosomatic assays in this and probably other coral reef fishes.
Continuum modeling of crowd turbulence

With the growth in world population, the density of crowds in public places has been increasing steadily, leading to a higher incidence of crowd disasters at high densities. Recent research suggests that emergent chaotic behavior at high densities-known collectively as crowd turbulence-is to blame. Thus, a deeper understanding of crowd turbulence is needed to facilitate efforts to prevent and plan for chaotic conditions in high-density crowds. However, it has been noted that existing algorithms modeling collision avoidance cannot faithfully simulate crowd turbulence. We hypothesize that simulation of crowd turbulence requires modeling of both collision avoidance and frictional forces arising from pedestrian interactions. Accordingly, we propose a model for turbulent crowd simulation, which incorporates a model for interpersonal stress and acceleration constraints similar to real-world pedestrians. Our simulated results demonstrate a close correspondence with observed metrics for crowd turbulence as measured in known crowd disasters. Language: en
THE SIMULATION MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

This paper extends previous research efforts related to the simulation performance modelling and analysis of satellite communication networks. Specifically, the use of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks for personal communications is examined. Six different satellite constellation configurations are investigated in a packet-switched operating environment. Performance metrics examined are the end-to-end packet delay and the utilization of satellite channels in the dynamic environment. Realistic and accurate models of the physical satellite network and its terrestrial transmitters require that numerous operating characteristics and assumptions be specified. These are based on proposed design requirements of commercial systems, such as Iridium. Via the use of simulation, we show the relative delay and utilization performance of differing satellite network architectures. From these simulation models, mathematical metamodels are derived for the system delays. These innovative models are used to predict the delay performance of different network architectures not previously simulated. Comparison of these metamodels with simulation results show that metamodels provide an accurate means for performance prediction. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction among sporophytic S loci in self-incompatible garden chrysanthemums

Certain parent-progeny crosses were studied to determine whether several S loci acted independently or epistatically to produce incompatibility in garden chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. The ratios of compatible: incompatible crosses with the original parent, as the pollen parent, were nearly 1:3, 1:1, and 1:1 for the I1, backcross (BC), and BCF2 generations, respectively. In particular, crosses between each progeny and the original parent showed that the number of compatible crosses was much higher than expected if each S locus acted independently. Therefore, interaction must have existed among pollen S alleles from different S loci. This information was used to demonstrate a method by which garden chrysanthemums could be inbred by sib mating in successive generations.
Imparting Business and Management Skills to Engineering Technologists through the Development of a Cross Disciplinary Program

This paper describes an effort that seeks to impart business as well as management skills to engineering technology students. Face-to face and online is the chosen method of instruction. It is well recognized that engineering technologists generally have a very strong background in technical skills at the time of graduation. However, they are imparted little education related to organizational management, entrepreneurship, finance, project management, product quality and development etc. These skills form the crux of entrepreneurship and are highly sought after in any workplace. Demonstrably, the absence of aforementioned skills in a technology curriculum is a great disservice to students. This paper describes how this crucial need was addressed through the development of a master's program in engineering management that includes several dual numbered courses that can be taken by graduate as well as undergraduate students. The curriculum for said program is multi-disciplinary. It builds on faculty expertise in diverse disciplines such as safety, product development, Quality and Engineering Economy. Communication skills are enhanced in every course through writing a project report and presenting findings. Issues such as technology transfer are also woven into the fabric of this program. Program overview, effectiveness as well as salient features are presented.
Distrust and Democracy: Political Distrust in Britain and America

List of tables and figures Preface 1. Alienation and distrust 2. Two views of political distrust 3. Grass roots politics in Kansas 4. Rank and file Liberalism 5. Distrust and democracy Notes Works cited Index.
Endoscopic Thermal Fasciotomy for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is an activity-induced condition that occurs when intracompartmental pressures within an osteofascial envelope increase during exercise, leading to reversible ischemic symptoms such as pain, cramping, numbness, or weakness. Nonoperative treatment options for this condition have shown limited success and are often undesirable for the patient given the requirement for activity modification. Traditional surgical treatment options involving open or subcutaneous fasciotomies have more favorable results, but these techniques are associated with significant morbidity. Endoscopically assisted fasciotomy techniques afford the advantages of being minimally invasive, providing excellent visualization, and allowing accelerated rehabilitation. The purpose of this article is to describe a technique for performing endoscopically assisted fasciotomies for chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg using an entirely endoscopic thermal ablating device. The endoscopic thermal fasciotomy technique is associated with minimal morbidity, ensures excellent hemostasis, and affords an early return to sports.
Patterns of cells and extracellular material of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata; Echinoidea) embryo, from hatched blastula to late gastrula.

Scanning electron microscopy of six stages of Lytechinus variegatus embryos from hatching through gastrulation reveals changes in the shapes of the ectodermal cells and morphological changes in the extracellular material (ECM) in relation to the locations and migratory activities of mesenchyme cells. The classical optical patterns in the blastular wall (Okazaki patterns) are due to differential orientations of the cells, which bend and extend sheet-like lamellipodia over adjoining cells toward the eventual location of the primary mesenchymal ring. The blastocoelic surfaces of the blastomeres become covered with a thin basal lamina (BL) composed of fibers and nonfibrous material. During primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) ingression, a web-like ECM is located in the blastocoel overlying the amassed PMCs. This ECM becomes sparse in migratory mesenchyme blastulae, and is confined to the animal hemisphere. Localized regions of intertwining basal cell processes in the blastular wall are also present during PMC migration. While a distinct BL is present during early and midgastrulation, blastocoelic ECM is absent. Late gastrulae, on the other hand, have an abundance of blastocoelic ECM concentrated near secondary mesenchyme cell protrusive activity. ECM appearing at both the early mesenchyme and late gastrula stages are probably remnants of degraded BL and intercellular matrix preserved by fixation for SEM. Thus, early mesenchyme ECM is formed of BL material whose degradation is necessary for entry of PMCs into the blastocoel. Late gastrula ECM is apparently a degradation product of BL and intercellular material whose destruction is required for fusion of the gut with oral ectoderm in formation of the mouth.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in implantation failures

PROBLEM: The amino phospholipids (PL), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are distributed asymmetrically in the plasma membranes of eucaryotic cells. This arrangement involves active transport of PS and PE from the outer to inner membrane leaflet by an aminophospholipid translocase (flipase). Cell activation, injury and programmed cell death (apoptosis) cause collapse of the PS/PE asymmetry by activation of another enzyme system, scramblase. Unlike other cells, the developing trophoblast exteriorizes PS during its differentiation. METHODS OF STUDY: An analysis of published and unpublished data. RESULTS: The trophoblast is targeted by antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), especially to PS (aPS). Cardiolipin is not present in the trophoblast plasma membrane, nonetheless, anticardiolipin (aCL) has been implicated in trophoblast pathology. The aPS and aCL are often crossreactive. Both animal and in vitro experimental models have shown monoclonal and polyclonal aPS and aCL to specifically destroy trophoblast, inhibit syncytium formation, halt human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG) production, and limit trophoblast invasion. Antibodies to PE (aPE) have not been well characterized, however, recent reports from several independent laboratories document that aPE are associated significantly with very early (embryonic) recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Umeda and coworkers have shown that during cytokinesis (late telophase) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, formation of PE rafts in cleavage furrows is required for completion of cell division and formation of daughter cells. This raises the question whether aPE might interfere with implantation and cell division during embryogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: A role for aPL in implantation failure and occult pregnancy loss constitutes the basis of this overview.