cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Orographic Cloud Structure and Composition Derived from Comprehensive Remote Sensing Measurements

Abstract Coordinated polarization lidar, Ku-band radar and dual-channel microwave radiometer observations of a deep orographic cloud system were collected from a mountain-base site in northwestern Colorado as part of the Colorado Orographic Seeding Experiment (COSE) research effort. The remote sensing observations are presented for three distinct storm stages, corresponding to a pre-frontal altostratus cloud layer, a local orographically-induced cloud development, and a peak in storm activity accompanying the passage of a weak cold front. Supercooled liquid water in the form of thin but often dense liquid layers, and expansive, more weakly mixed-phase cloud regions were usually present even to temperatures approaching −40°C. The liquid water amounts present were often below the detection threshold of the vertically-pointing radiometer measurements, but during one brief interval a liquid water content as high as 0.5 g m−3 may have occurred. The lidar depolarization data also show the presence of a persiste...
Nucleolar organizer regions in endometriosis, atypical endometriosis, and clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas

Abstract Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) code for ribosomal RNA and are thought to be an accurate representation of the percentage of cells in S-phase. NORs are associated with nonhistone nucleoproteins, which can be stained with silver (AgNORs). An increased number of AgNORs has been observed in many malignancies. AgNORs were counted in three groups of patients with endometriosis (Group I), atypical endometriosis (Group II), and clear cell or endometrioid carcinomas (Group III) to assess the malignant potential of atypical endometriosis. Each group consisted of 10 patients. Mean AgNOR counts were 5.83 (Group I), 7.68 (Group II), and 15.42 (Group III). The results were analyzed and were significantly different for all groups ( P P P 8.20 and atypical endometriosis developed a malignancy. AgNOR counts provide useful information, represent an inexpensive test which can be obtained from fixed tissue, and may aid in clinical management of patients with atypical endometriosis.
The crystallization of magnesium hydroxide, a constant composition study

Abstract A new method has been developed for studying the kinetics of precipitation of magnesium hydroxide, an important scalant in flash evaporation processes in which the activities of the ionic species in the precipitating medium were maintained constant. The results are in good agreement with those of conventional seeded growth experiments. As the concentration of magnesium hydroxide is increased, the effective kinetic order of the precipitation reaction induced by a number of different seed surfaces, changes from 3–7 at a relative supersaturation of approximately unity. In contrast to numerous other scale formation reactions, the induced precipitation of magnesium hydroxide is unaffected by the presence of a number of potential scale inhibitors.
Optical mapping discerns genome wide DNA methylation profiles

Methylation of CpG dinucleotides is a fundamental mechanism of epigenetic regulation in eukaryotic genomes. Development of methods for rapid genome wide methylation profiling will greatly facilitate both hypothesis and discovery driven research in the field of epigenetics. In this regard, a single molecule approach to methylation profiling offers several unique advantages that include elimination of chemical DNA modification steps and PCR amplification. A single molecule approach is presented for the discernment of methylation profiles, based on optical mapping. We report results from a series of pilot studies demonstrating the capabilities of optical mapping as a platform for methylation profiling of whole genomes. Optical mapping was used to discern the methylation profile from both an engineered and wild type Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the methylation status of selected loci within the genome of human embryonic stem cells was profiled using optical mapping. The optical mapping platform effectively detects DNA methylation patterns. Due to single molecule detection, optical mapping offers significant advantages over other technologies. This advantage stems from obviation of DNA modification steps, such as bisulfite treatment, and the ability of the platform to assay repeat dense regions within mammalian genomes inaccessible to techniques using array-hybridization technologies.
Synthesis of homo and hetero metal-phosphonate frameworks from bi-functional aminomethylphosphonic acid

The reaction between aminomethylphosphonic acid (ampa) and the metal salts of Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, Ag, and Cu afforded seven metal-phosphonate polymers with unique structural features and includes the synthesis of a bimetallic metal-organic framework (Cu/Ag). The characterization of these metal phosphonates is reported by means of infrared spectroscopy, 1 H-NMR, 31 P-NMR, X-ray crystallography, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Individual structural features are compared based on the preferred coordination mode of ampa and the geometrical requirements for each metallic center that manipulates the structural motif.
Thermodynamics of aluminosilicate garnet solid solution: new experimental data, an optimized model, and thermometric applications

We have experimentally determined the displacement of the equilibrium Grossular + 2 Kyanite + Quartz ⇆ 3 Anorthite (GASP) as a function of garnet composition in the systems Mg-Ca-Mn, Fe-Mg-Ca and Fe-Mg-Ca-Mn at 1000°C. The results were treated along with selected experimental and observational data available in the literature as well as binary parameters from other workers to obtain a set of mutually compatible binary mixing parameters of the quaternary (Fe,Mg,Ca,Mn)- aluminosilicate garnet solid solution. Attempts to determine equilibrium garnet composition in the GASP equilibrium in the Ca-Mg binary were unsuccessful due to the formation of pyroxene. Calculations of binary and ternary miscibility gaps show that the P,T,X combination required for unmixing of garnet solid solution is not realized by natural samples. The solution model was applied to account for compositional effects on Fe-Mg exchange between garnet and ortho- or clino-pyroxene. Applications of the revised thermometric formulations to selected natural assemblages yield P-T conditions which are much less sensitive to compositional effects compared to the other available formulations, and are consistent with independent constraints.
Suppression of a Morphogenic Mutant in Rous Sarcoma Virus Capsid Protein by a Second-Site Mutation: a Cryoelectron Tomography Study†

Retrovirus assembly is driven by polymerization of the Gag polyprotein as nascent virions bud from host cells. Gag is then processed proteolytically, releasing the capsid protein (CA) to assemble de novo inside maturing virions. CA has N-terminal and C-terminal domains (NTDs and CTDs, respectively) whose folds are conserved, although their sequences are divergent except in the 20-residue major homology region (MHR) in the CTD. The MHR is thought to play an important role in assembly, and some mutations affecting it, including the F167Y substitution, are lethal. A temperature-sensitive second-site suppressor mutation in the NTD, A38V, restores infectivity. We have used cryoelectron tomography to investigate the morphotypes of this double mutant. Virions produced at the nonpermissive temperature do not assemble capsids, although Gag is processed normally; moreover, they are more variable in size than the wild type and have fewer glycoprotein spikes. At the permissive temperature, virions are similar in size and spike content as in the wild type and capsid assembly is restored, albeit with altered polymorphisms. The mutation F167Y-A38V (referred to as FY/AV in this paper) produces fewer tubular capsids than wild type and more irregular polyhedra, which tend to be larger than in the wild type, containing ∼30% more CA subunits. It follows that FY/AV CA assembles more efficiently in situ than in the wild type and has a lower critical concentration, reflecting altered nucleation properties. However, its infectivity is lower than that of the wild type, due to a 4-fold-lower budding efficiency. We conclude that the wild-type CA protein sequence represents an evolutionary compromise between competing requirements for optimization of Gag assembly (of the immature virion) and CA assembly (in the maturing virion).
Multiscale modeling of unsaturated flow in dual-scale fiber preforms of liquid composite molding I: Isothermal flows

Abstract A novel multiscale approach is developed for modeling non-isothermal flows under unsaturated conditions in the dual-scale fabrics of liquid composite molding (LCM). The flow and temperature governing equations at the global or gap or inter-tow (∼m) level and the local or intra-tow (∼mm) levels are based on a previous dual-scale volume averaging method. To solve the coupled equations at two length-scales, a coarse global mesh is used to solve the global flow over the entire domain, and a fine local mesh in form of the unit-cell of periodic fabrics is employed to solve the local tow-impregnation process. (The latter is used to compute sink terms required for solving the former.) A multiscale algorithm based on the hierarchical computational grids is then proposed to solve the dual-scale flow under non-isothermal (but non-reactive) conditions. To test the proposed multiscale model, we first carry out a validation study in which the temperature histories predicted by the multiscale method are compared with experimental data available in a publication for a simple 1-D flow. Despite the lack of information about various model parameters, a reasonably good comparison with the experimental results is achieved. Then, the non-isothermal flow through a simple 1-D flow domain is carried out and the predictions of the multiscale simulation are compared with those of a previously published two-layer model. The multiscale predictions are found to be very similar to the two-layer predictions. A significant difference between the gap and tow temperatures is observed. The ratio of pore volumes in the tow and gap regions, thermal conductivity of the tows, and fiber types are identified as the important parameters for temperature distributions in the gap and tow regions. A further comparison with the single-scale flow simulation highlights significant differences between the conventional single-scale and the proposed dual-scale modeling approaches.
Accidental Exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei in the Laboratory in the Era of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease that can vary in severity from fulminant sepsis to chronic infection with fatality rates of up to 42% ([1][1], [2][2]). As world travel has increased, so have melioidosis rates in travelers to countries where melioidosis is
Attribute pattern-matching equations: a diagnostic technique for intelligent tutoring systems

Abstract The diagnostic process of an intelligent tutoring system is the procedure by which the system determines a student's level of performance based upon his or her problem solving behavior. In order for a system to insure the satisfactory performance of this process, three key issues must be addressed: 1. (1) how to assign credit or blame to individual skills, 2. (2) how to handle the problem of noisy data and 3. (3) how to handle the problem of combinatorial explosion inherent in many AI applications. In this paper we describe an informal reasoning technique, known as attribute pattern matching equations (APMEs), which is used in the diagnostic process of the TAPS tutoring system. This technique addresses all three of the foregoing issues in assessing the performance levels of individual skills in the TAPS system. In addition, it will be demonstrated that APMEs are an effective method for reasoning with uncertainty on three different levels.
On the distribution of fluids in folds: A review of controlling factors and processes

Abstract Growing macroscale fold structures are one of the most dynamic and complex systems in geology, where during fold growth pore fluid pressure, fluid temperature, and fluid composition (PTX) conditions do not remain static but instead vary continually at all points within the deforming fold such that no two points within the fold will have the same deformation or fluid history. These PTX conditions in turn directly affect fluid storage and mobility as well as rock strength, which has direct feedback on the mechanical development of the fold. In this review, we first outline the research methodologies that have yielded significant insights, and review four examples of well-constrained fold-related fluid systems. We then discuss the fluid-related, fold-related, and mesoscopic deformation processes that are relevant to fold-related fluid systems. Finally, we close by presenting several conceptual models for fold-related fluid system structure, and highlighting key areas for future work.
Abrasive and dry sliding wear resistance of Fe-Mo-Ni-Si and Fe-Mo-Ni-Si-C weld hardfacing alloys☆

Abstract A series of novel hardfacing alloys has been deposited by submerged arc welding and subjected to abrasive and dry sliding wear testing. Wear behavior has been investigated with respect to microstructure and hardness. The alloys studied are from the quaternary system, Fe-Mo-Ni-Si, and the quinary of the same elements plus carbon. The specific composition range selected, 5–28 wt.% molybdenum, 6–25 wt.% nickel, 0–6 wt.% silicon, and 0–1.5 wt.% carbon, resulted in a variety of microstructures in the 33 materials examined. Wear testing was performed on a pin-on-drum abrasive wear testing device with a 100 m garnet abrasive and a pin-on-disk machine using a load of 882 N at sliding speeds of 170 and 930 mm s −1 . Although the overall trend is one of increasing abrasive wear resistance with increasing hardness, there is considerable scatter in the results. In particular, when each of the three quaternary microstructural categories are viewed individually, abrasive wear resistance increases with an increase in the size of the large second phase particles, with decreasing eutectic volume fraction, and, to some extent, with decreasing hardness. While the Fe-Mo-Ni-Si alloys have approximately only a third of the abrasive wear resistance of the more common white irons, the Fe-Mo-Ni-Si-C alloys came close to matching the white iron performance.
First Description of Coronary Artery Ostial Atresia With Fistulous Origin From a Normal Right Ventricle

Anomalous origins of both the left and right coronary arteries are rare but have been well documented when both arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk (Angelini et al., Circulation 105:2449–2454, 2002). An anomalous coronary arterial origin from the pulmonary arteries usually involves the left coronary artery (ALCPA) and less frequently the right coronary artery (ARCPA). At least three cases have been reported in which the right coronary artery arose abnormally from the left ventricle (LV), but none have been reported in which both coronary arteries took their origin from the right ventricle (Ippisch and Kimball, J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23:222.e1–222.e2, 2010; Okuyama et al., Jpn Heart J 36:115–118, 1995; Culbertson et al., Pediatr Cardiol 16:73–75, 1995). Ostial atresia with anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the right ventricle has been described only in pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum and a hypoplastic right ventricle. In this setting, atresia of both coronary ostia with right ventricular origin of both coronary arteries is a rare variant. This report presents a neonate in whom the entire coronary arterial system arose from the right ventricle via a single fistula with no other intracardiac defects. To the authors’ knowledge, this anomaly has not been described previously.
Flood-Warning Decision-Support System for Sacramento, California

An automated flood-warning decision-support system (FW-DSS) increases flood warning lead time for Sacramento County, California, and thus has the potential to save lives and reduce flood damage. The FW-DSS components measure rainfall depths and water levels, transmit these observations in real time to an emergency operations center, and store and display these data. The FW-DSS includes an electronic version of the county's flood emergency operations plan, automating flood threat recognition with the real-time data. It also automates information dissemination, notifying county emergency managers when a threat is detected. The FW-DSS includes forecasting models also, thus permitting recognition of and response to future threats.
The development of the lung in the pig‐tail monkey (Macaca nemestrina,L.)

This study covers the period from the fortieth day after ovulation to the thirty-eighth day after birth. In addition, lungs of two mature monkeys have been analyzed. Birth occurs about the one hundred sixty-eighth day (24 weeks after ovulation). By the fortieth day the patterns of the bronchopulmonary segments are well established. These are the tools of the investigator. The curve of growth for the first 60 days parallels that of the rhesus monkey but is steeper than the human curve. At 63 days (9 weeks) pairs of rosette-like clusters of epithelial buds (future alveolar ducts) have appeared on peripheral branches of the segmental bronchi and continue to grow in size until the twelfth week. Then they resemble the paired rosettes of human acini of the seventeenth postovulatory week (Boyden, ′74) and probably represent the primitive unit from which the human was derived. In both man and monkey, canalization of the rosettes starts at about the same relative time (the 17th and 12th week, respectively) and spreads centralwards from the rosettes along the bronchioles of each segmental bronchus. In man, canalization forms acini (alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles). In the monkey, due to the monopodial pattern of branching, it produces racemes of alveolar ducts, each raceme ending basally in a pseudorespiratory bronchiole (127th day). By the one hundred fortieth day, enough surfactant has been secreted to support a premature infant. At one hundred fifty days, 11 generations of bronchi, followed by 16 of pseudorespiratory bronchioles, are present in the medial basal segment, followed in turn by 19 generations of prealveolar ducts (the latter provided with delicate spiral muscles) each giving off alternate branches of alveolar ducts. After one hundred fifty days of gestation, generations of bronchi, pseudorespiratory bronchioles, prealveolar ducts and cartilages (15) remain virtually constant for at least 38 days after birth. By the adult stage the number of generations of pseudorespiratory bronchioles has been reduced to three and the prealveolar ducts increased (at the former's expense) to 27. This study is concluded with a comparison of the lungs of the newborn monkey with those of the human/neonate and puppy.
Percutaneous treatment of low flow vascular malformations.

Low flow vascular malformations, especially venous and macrocystic lymphatic malformations, are effectively treated by percutaneous intralesional injection of sclerosant drugs, such as ethanol and detergent sclerosant drugs. Good to excellent results are possible in 75%–90% of patients who undergo serial sclerotherapy. Most adverse effects are manageable, but severe complications can result from the intravascular administration of ethanol. It is generally recommended that the treatment of vascular malformations be performed in a multidisciplinary setting by practitioners with appropriate training and support.
A Note on the Application of Radioactive Isotopes to Studies of Drug Deterioration

A method of electrophoretic separation and identification was developed for the products of the thermal degradation of acetylsalicylic acid. The procedure, however, as used in this work was not quantitative. Experiments were performed to determine the progress of the thermally increased hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid by means of radioisotope tracer techniques. The use of radioisotopic tracers as a method of stability study was shown to have the advantages of being able to detect the most minute amounts of breakdown products, even in complex mixtures. It is also possible to determine the rate of breakdown without identifying the breakdown products or knowing the mechanism of degradation.
Resistive evolution of magnetic fields in plasmas

In resistive evolution a quasistatic plasma is assumed to be in mechanical equilibrium at every instant of time. Equilibria are determined, in part, by magnetic flux constraints. The evolution of these flux constraints depends only on the electric field parallel to the magnetic field, as given by Ohm's law. The use of a new, magnetic-vector-potential formalism for the resistive evolution problem is discussed. This formalism has advantages of generality and simplicity as well as providing greater numerical accuracy in certain cases (such as the evolution of a magnetic island) where artificial singularities occur when using magnetic surface variables. Sample calculations of the evolution of a strongly driven (pinch) discharge with cylindrical symmetry and of the nonlinear growth of a helically symmetric m = 2 magnetic island in the Rutherford regime are given.
MRI Identifies Otherwise Occult Disease in Select Patients with Paget Disease of the Nipple

Introduction For patients with Paget disease (PD) of the nipple, preoperative imaging to detect and evaluate the extent of an underlying malignancy can facilitate appropriate treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of breast MRI in this setting. Study Design Using ICD-9 codes for "breast symptoms," we identified 2,294 patients without a current cancer diagnosis seen at our institution (1995 to 2006). Sixty-nine patients (3%) had nipple changes suspicious for PD as the only physical finding. Skin/nipple biopsy confirmed PD in 39 of 69 (57%) patients. Thirty-four patients were eligible for review. Results Surgical pathology identified cancer in 32 of 34 (94%) patients (7 invasive ductal carcinoma, 25 ductal carcinoma in situ). Nineteen (59%) cancers were confined to the central quadrant of the breast (unifocal). Preoperative imaging (mammography 34 of 34, MRI 13 of 34) detected 15 of 32 (49%) cancers. Mammography detected 11 cancers, accurately demonstrating extent of disease in 9 of 11 patients. MRI detected seven cancers, accurately demonstrating extent of disease in six of seven patients. After positive mammography (n = 11), MRI (n = 5) did not change management. After negative mammography (n = 23), MRI (n = 8) detected otherwise occult disease in 4 of 8 patients, accurately demonstrating extent of disease in 4 of 4 patients and ruling out an underlying cancer in 1 of 1 patient. Conclusions Ninety-four percent of patients with biopsy-proved PD as the only physical finding had an underlying cancer and 59% had unifocal disease. Negative preoperative imaging did not reliably exclude an underlying cancer, but the increased sensitivity of MRI detected otherwise occult disease. In the setting of negative mammography, MRI can facilitate treatment planning for patients with PD.
China's Fifth Generation: Is Diversity a Source of Strength or Weakness?

note u This is an abridged version of a longer research paper that will be included in a forthcoming publication based on NBR’s “Emerging Leaders in East Asia” project. The author is indebted to Yinsheng Li for his research assistance. The author also thanks Sally Carman, Christina Culver, Scott W. Harold, Kenneth B. Pyle, and two anonymous reviewers for suggesting ways in which to clarify the article. China’s Fifth Generation: Is Diversity a Source of Strength or Weakness?
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia decreases single-unit activity of serotonergic medullary raphe neurons in freely moving cats: relationship to sympathetic and motor output.

Serotonergic single-unit activity during glucoregulatory challenges was studied in the nuclei raphe obscurus (NRO) and raphe pallidus (NRP) of freely moving cats. Systemic insulin administration (2-4 IU/kg, i.v.) suppressed neuronal activity by ≈ 40% in direct relationship to blood glucose levels and in inverse relationship to plasma catecholamine levels. NRO and NRP serotonergic neurons displayed a temporary recovery in unit activity in response to i.v. glucose administration (500 mg/kg), which temporarily reversed insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The neuronal responses to insulin and subsequent glucose administration were also directly related to changes in integrated nuchal electromyographic activity. Serotonergic unit activity remained unchanged after glucose loading (500 mg/kg, i.v.), which produced a four-fold increase in blood glucose. Thus, medullary serotonergic neurons appear to be sensitive to reductions, but not increases, in blood glucose. The observed inverse relationship between unit activity and plasma catecholamines does not support a postulated sympathoexcitatory role for these neurons. Instead, the parallel changes in single-unit activity and integrated muscle activity support the hypothesis that the activity of medullary serotonergic neurons is linked to motor output. These neurons may modulate autonomic outflow, but only in relationship to their primary role in motor control. Finally, medullary serotonergic neurons may play a protective role in maintaining glucose homeostasis by disfacilitating the output of the somatomotor system, and hence diminishing muscle energy demands, when peripheral glucose availability is low.
Evaluation of in vivo and in vitro Quality of Apheresis-Collected RBC Stored for 42 Days

Background and Objectives: New technological developments make it possible to collect red blood cells (RBCs) by apheresis, which allows for better product consistency and has the po
Dual functionalized telechelic block copolymers with reproducible block sizes prepared by microwave assisted RAFT polymerization

Abstract This work demonstrates the preparation of amphiphilic block copolymers with remarkable reproducibility of each block and the dual functionalization of the chain ends with a targeting unit and a fluorescent moiety. The size of the resulting micelles can be controlled between 17 and 55 nm by tuning the size of the hydrophobic block. The polymerization of the diblock was carried out by microwave assisted reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and results in a very high degree of reproducibility of the number of repeat units of each block. The hydrophilic block of the polymer comprised of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (pHEA) while the hydrophobic block was made of poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) (pEHA). Folic acid, a folate receptor targeting moiety, was tethered to the α end of the polymer while anthracene was covalently linked to the ω end. The ω end covalent attachment is via a redox cleavable disulfide bond, which is optimal for controlled drug delivery systems. High efficiencies of α- and ω-conjugations were obtained as determined by UV and NMR measurements.
Synthesis of New Acrylate-Based Nonionic Surfmers and Their Use in Heterophase Polymerization

New acrylate-based nonionic reactive surfactants have been successfully designed, synthesized, and polymerized. Their homo- and copolymerization properties were studied, and while a low degree of homopolymerization was achieved, good copolymerization behavior with methyl methacrylate was observed. High solids content acrylic latexes were prepared using these new amphiphilic reactive molecules and were shown to have these reactive surfactants covalently incorporated. Well-defined latex particles with narrow particle size distributions were produced. Both scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were used to confirm the size and size distribution of the particles formed. AFM measurements conducted on the films formed from these latexes demonstrated their low degree of water sensitivity. This seems to indicate a low level of surfactant migration during the film formation and that the surfmers have been successfully incorporated into the final copolymers produced via heteropha...
Cross‐sibling relationships and the dowry in Sri Lanka

Studies of Dravidian kinship have neglected the importance of the cross‐sibling relationship. A comparative analysis of data gathered in a Sri Lankan Muslim community shows: (1) normative depictions of cross‐sibling relationships do not reflect or explain actual behavior patterns; and (2) variation in post‐marital cross‐sibling relationships is largely accounted for by the presence or absence and use of the dowry. The overarching purpose is to show that any comprehensive analysis of the Dravidian kinship system must include an analysis of cross‐sibling relationships and dowry practices.
The Dental Management of Patients with Vascular Grafts Placed in the Treatment of Arterial Occlusive Disease

Patients who have arterial occlusive disease often need vascular grafts. The purpose of these grafts and their implications for dental management are described.
An Introduction to Social Psychological Perspectives on Grassroots Organizing

The primary goals of this issue of the journal are to advance our understanding of the mobilization and empowerment of people who organize locally for social change and to identify strategies for initiating and sustaining such grassroots activism. A secondary aim is to encourage the use of action research in this domain. The author defines grassroots organizing and explains its suitability for social psychological analysis at the individual, interpersonal, collective, and cultural levels. Action research as a strategy for studying grassroots participation is considered. To situate the present volume in its intellectual context, the author outlines prior related perspectives on collective action. The article concludes with summaries of the remaining articles in the present volume.
American Attempts to Prevent a War Over “Vietnam”: The Experience of John Russell Young, 1882–85

(1976). American Attempts to Prevent a War Over “Vietnam”: The Experience of John Russell Young, 1882‐85. The Historian: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 253-267.
An Inexpensive and Simple Method to Demonstrate Soil Water and Nutrient Flow.

Soil quality, soil health, and soil sustainability are concepts that are being widely used but are difficult to define and illustrate, especially to a non-technical audience. The objectives of this manuscript were to develop simple and inexpensive methodologies to both qualitatively and quantitatively estimate water infiltration rates (IR), water-holding capacity at saturation (WHC s ), and potential nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) loss and to test the accuracy and precision of these methods. Complete details for how to assemble the appropriate supplies and conduct the measurements are provided, but for demonstrative purposes these methods do not need to be followed in detail, particularly using the various equations to get quantitative values. In the field and classroom, these demonstrations have been well received by non-technical and technical audiences and have been performed by request as well as incorporated into agronomy classes for high school and college students and training for agriculture educators. In the laboratory, these methods were tested on 10 benchmark soils and values were compared with each other and soil aggregation as measured by dry soil aggregate distribution and water stability. In these benchmark soils, IR and WHC s increased with a reduction in soil disturbance and more continu- ous plant cover due to diverse crop rotation and perennials while NO 3 -N loss was highest in soils with synthetic fertilizer inputs, little plant cover, and more soil disturbance. These results indicate the methodologies outlined here may be used to demonstrate agroecosystem management's impact on soil health.
Zooplankton distribution in the western Arctic during summer 2002: Hydrographic habitats and implications for food chain dynamics

Abstract Global warming is presently a widely accepted phenomenon with a broad range of anticipated impacts on marine ecosystems. Alterations in temperature, circulation and ice cover in Arctic seas may result in changes in food chain dynamics, beginning with planktonic processes. As part of the Shelf–Basin Interactions (SBI) program, we conducted zooplankton surveys during summer 2002 to assess the biomass, distribution and abundance of copepods and other pelagic zooplankton over the Chukchi and Beaufort shelves, slope regions and the adjacent Canada Basin. The motivation for our fieldwork was the question, “Will global change, particularly warming, result in more large-sized zooplankton which support a pelagic food web of fish, birds, and certain mammals over the Chukchi and Beaufort shelves or in more smaller-sized zooplankton which will diminish the fish, birds and mammals and favor sedentary benthic organisms?” The objectives of the present study were 1) to census the regional zooplankton community and establish a baseline for comparisons with historical and future studies and 2) to determine whether large-bodied copepods associated with deep waters of the Bering Sea or the Canada Basin were transported to the shelves in sufficient numbers to modify the food web in a region where smaller copepods often dominate the zooplankton numerically. Spatial distributions of zooplankton communities were clearly associated with hydrographic habitats determined by the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the upper water layer. Smaller taxa dominated the shelf communities while offshore zooplankton assemblages were characterized by large-bodied copepods. The mesozooplankton community was numerically dominated by copepod nauplii and small-bodied juveniles, including Pseudocalanus spp. and Oithona similis. We observed very few large-bodied copepods from the Bering Sea. However, much of the shelf region surveyed included relatively numerous Calanus glacialis juveniles and adults, suggesting that these copepods were advected onto the shelf and possibly reproducing there. Juvenile stages of the large-bodied copepod Calanus hyperboreus were found in relative abundance on the Chukchi shelf in the vicinity of Hanna Canyon. These observations suggest that large-bodied, deep-water species from the basin are advected onto the Chukchi Shelf where they may impact the fate of shelf-derived primary production and alter the food webs of the shelves. Regional comparisons of abundances of selected taxa enumerated in the present study with sample data from the early 1950s suggested that some taxa were more abundant in the SBI region in 2002 than ca. 50 years ago. Long-term changes in planktonic populations are expected to have significant implications for shelf–basin exchange of biogenic material in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas and the adjacent Arctic Basin.
Eating Disorders in Adolescent Athletes

Adolescent athletes are especially vulnerable to developing disordered eating behaviors. Risk factors include participation in sports where weight and lean body type are important, high-intensity training, pressure from coaches, and training and dieting beginning at an early age. Medical complications associated with these unhealthy dietary and weight-control practices and eating disorders can be potentially dangerous. Prevention strategies include minimizing the importance of weight, increased sensitivity on the part of those working with athletes for issues around weight and dieting, and appropriate education on proper weight-control methods and nutrition. The long-term prognosis is not known.
Kinetic model for noncatalytic supercritical water gasification of cellulose and lignin

This article reports the first kinetics model for Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) that describes the formation and interconversion of individual gaseous species. The model comprises 11 reactions, and it uses a lumping scheme to handle the large number of intermediate compounds. We determined numerical values for the rate constants in the model by fitting it to experimental data previously reported for SCWG of cellulose and lignin. We validated the model by showing that it accurately predicts gas yields at biomass loadings and water densities not used in the parameter estimation. Sensitivity analysis and reaction rate analysis indicate that steam-reforming and water―gas shift are the main sources of H 2 in SCWG, and intermediate species are the main sources of CO, CO 2 , and CN 4 .
Frameworks for component-based client/server computing

This article introduces the basics of client/server computing and component technologies and then proposes two frameworks for client/server computing using distributed objects. I discuss topics affecting client/server frameworks, with a focus on the delegation of responsibilities between clients and servers and the stratification of client/server systems into levels. The component technologies I discuss are CORBA, the Object Management Group’s proposal for a distributed object framework, and DCOM, Microsoft’s system for creating and using objects on remote machines while maintaining the common paradigm for interaction among libraries, applications, and system software provided by COM [Chappell 1996]. ActiveXs, components built from COMbased technologies, are treated as important examples of DCOM parts in client/server systems. It should be noted that JavaBeans is not discussed, since it is a language-specific technology and not suitable for use in an environment when the participating components are not necessarily all written in Java. The Java programming language is discussed in terms of its contributions to an effective framework for client/server computing using the distributed object services of CORBA. Java applications, which are suitable for downloading to a local machine from the World Wide Web, are discussed as Java component units providing total integration frameworks for client/server computing while using distributed objects.
Satellite microwave observations of the Utah Great Salt Lake Desert

Microwave data acquired over the Great Salt Lake Desert by sensors aboard Skylab and Nimbus 5 indicate that microwave emission and backscatter were strongly influenced by contributions from subsurface layers of sediment saturated with brine. This phenomenon was observed by Skylab's S-194 radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz, S-193 RADSCAT (Radiometer-Scatterometer) operating at 13.9 GHz and the Nimbus 5 ESMR (Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer) operating at 19.35 GHz. The availability of ESMR data over an 18 month period allowed an investigation of temporal variations. Aircraft 1.4 GHz radiometer data acquired two days after one of the Skylab passes confirm the satellites observations. Data from the ESMR revealed similar responses over the Bolivian deserts, which have geologic features similar to those of the Utah desert.
Blunt multi-system trauma.

Dr. Nathan Mick: Today’s case is that of a 46-year-old man who was struck by a car traveling at approximately 35 mph. According to witnesses, the patient was facing the car when he was hit and thrown 20 feet. When first responders arrived, the patient was found to have a Glascow Coma Scale (GSC) score of 6 and obvious bilateral lower extremity deformities. Pre-hospital personnel at the scene called for helicopter evacuation to a trauma center. The helicopter transport team found the patient supine on a long board with his cervical spine immobilized. The GCS was 6 with sonorous respirations. Vitals signs were as follows: heart rate (HR) 120 beats per minute, systolic blood pressure (BP) 120 mm Hg, and respiratory rate (RR) 10 breaths per minute. Two large bore antecubital intravenous (i.v.) lines were placed. He was pre-oxygenated and then intubated using rapid sequence induction with etomidate 20 mg i.v. and succinylcholine 100 mg i.v. Endotracheal tube placement was confirmed with a colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detector; the patient received midazolam 2 mg i.v. and vecuronium 8 mg i.v. En route to the hospital, the patient received 2000 cc of crystalloid i.v. and was noted to be persistently tachycardic. Dr. Eric Nadel: Are there any questions regarding the pre-hospital course? Dr. Barbara Masser: Why did the on-scene personnel elect to call the helicopter rather than transport the patient via ground ambulance? Dr. Stephen Thomas: Due to the extent of the patient’s injuries and the fact that rush hour traffic would delay transport to the nearest level I trauma center, I think that their choice was a prudent one. The question of when and how to best utilize aeromedical transport vehicles in the urban trauma setting has been long debated. It is generally accepted that the combination of timedistance factors and injury severity reliably predicts who might benefit from air transport to a Level I trauma center (1). Dr. Nathan Mick: The patient arrived in the Emergency Department (ED) at 1900 hours, approximately 45 minutes after being struck. The primary survey revealed that he was sedated, chemically paralyzed, and orally intubated; endotracheal tube placement was confirmed by auscultation of bilateral breath sounds and capnography. Femoral and carotid pulses were 2 and equal. The vital signs were BP 80/56 mm Hg, HR 115 beats/minute, mechanically ventilated RR 12 breaths/minute, oxygen saturation 100%. Secondary survey revealed a GCS of 3. There was a 2-cm laceration over the right eye with pupils that were 3 mm, symmetric and non-reactive. There was soft tissue swelling over the left parietal scalp without palpable deformity. The neck was immobilized; the trachea was midline. Examination of the chest revealed bilateral breath sounds with no crepitance or flail segments. The abdomen was non-distended without palpable masses.
Modular Adaptive Control of Uncertain Euler–Lagrange Systems With Additive Disturbances

A novel adaptive nonlinear control design is developed which achieves modularity between the controller and the adaptive update law. Modularity between the controller/update law design provides flexibility in the selection of different update laws that could potentially be easier to implement or used to obtain faster parameter convergence and/or better tracking performance. For a general class of linear-in-the-parameters (LP) uncertain Euler-Lagrange systems subject to additive bounded non-LP disturbances, the developed controller uses a model-based feedforward adaptive term in conjunction with the recently developed robust integral of the sign of the error (RISE) feedback term. Modularity in the adaptive feedforward term is made possible by considering a generic form of the adaptive update law and its corresponding parameter estimate. This generic form of the update law is used to develop a new closed-loop error system and stability analysis that does not depend on nonlinear damping to yield the modular adaptive control result.
Standard of Care for Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Retention in Care from the Perspective of Care Providers Attending the 5th International Conference on HIV Treatment Adherence.

Objective: To characterize standard clinical care for antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and retention in HIV-care support strategies among care providers attending the 2010 5th International Conference on HIV Treatment Adherence. Methods: A brief survey was included in conference packets, covering adherence monitoring and support strategies and retention in care strategies used in standard clinical care. Results: A total of 51 attendees returned surveys, representing clinical care provided to over 25 000 patients. Common adherence support strategies used included individual/group counseling, case management/systems navigation, and pillbox organizers. Common retention strategies were transportation assistance, reminder calls, and system navigation support. Conclusions: This small sample, likely representative of higher end quality adherence and retention care, suggests that strategies for monitoring/promoting these behaviors are well-recognized as important and diversely addressed. With most responden...
Cognitive network management with reinforcement learning for wireless mesh networks

We present a framework of cognitive network management by means of an autonomic reconfiguration scheme. We propose a network architecture that enables intelligent services to meet QoS requirements, by adding autonomous intelligence, based on reinforcement learning, to the network management agents. The management system is shown to be better able to reconfigure its policy strategy around areas of interest and adapt to changes. We present preliminary simulation results showing our autonomous reconfiguration approach successfully improves the performance of the original AODV protocol in a heterogeneous network environment.
Optimization Based Load Management for the NEPTUNE Power System

The objective of the North-East Pacific Time-Series Undersea Networked Experiment (NEPTUNE) program is to construct an underwater cabled observatory on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. While the goal is to provide as much power as possible to users of the system, the system conditions need to be monitored on line in order to determine whether or not any corrective action is needed. Due to the unique nature of the underwater observatory system and load characteristics, an analytical tool is needed to calculate the optimal operating condition that serves the maximum number of loads while satisfying all the constraints. In this paper, an optimization based load management algorithm is presented. The method takes into account all system constraints as well as priorities of the loads.
Genotype-Proteotype Linkage in the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a platelet/immunodeficiency disease arising from mutations of WAS protein (WASP), a hemopoietic cytoskeletal protein. Clinical symptoms vary widely from mild (X-linked thrombocytopenia) to life threatening. In this study, we examined the molecular effects of individual mutations by quantifying WASP in peripheral lymphocytes of 44 patients and identifying the molecular variant (collectively called proteotype). Nonpredicted proteotypes were found for 14 genotypes. These include WASP-negative lymphocytes found for five missense genotypes and WASP-positive lymphocytes for two nonsense, five frameshift, and two splice site genotypes. Missense mutations in the Ena/VASP homology 1 (EVH1) domain lead to decreased/absent WASP but normal mRNA levels, indicating that proteolysis causes the protein deficit. Because several of the EVH1 missense mutations alter WIP binding sites, the findings suggest that abrogation of WIP binding induces proteolysis. Whereas platelets of most patients were previously shown to lack WASP, WASP-positive platelets were found for two atypical patients, both of whom have mutations outside the EVH1 domain. WASP variants with alternative splicing and intact C-terminal domains were characterized for eight nonsense and frameshift genotypes. One of these, a nonsense genotype in a mild patient, supports expression of WASP lacking half of the proline-rich region. With one notable exception, genotype and proteotype were linked, indicating that a genotype-proteotype registry could be assembled to aid in predicting disease course and planning therapy for newly diagnosed infants. Knowledge of the molecular effect of mutations would aid also in identifying disease-modifying genes.
Management of APL public libraries

Ten years of APL public-library acquisitions were sorted through, reduced in quantity, and reorganized. Policies intended to assure high quality in new acquisitions were developed, and programs were created both to support these policies and to provide ease of access to all public-library materials.
Search and discovery by repeatedly successful entrepreneurs

This article examines the use of a model of search by entrepreneurs; for decades they have been advised to remain alert but now, new approaches are more open to effectuation and creation. However, ...