cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knotted periodic orbits in suspensions of Smale's horseshoe: Torus knots and bifurcation sequences

We construct a suspension of Smale's horseshoe diffeomorphism of the two-dimensional disc as a flow in an orientable three manifold. Such a suspension is natural in the sense that it occurs frequently in periodically forced nonlinear oscillators such as the Duffing equation. From this suspension we construct a knot-holder or template—a branched two-manifold with a semiflow—in such a way that the periodic orbits are isotopic to those in the full three-dimensional flow. We discuss some of the families of knotted periodic orbits carried by this template. In particular we obtain theorems of existence, uniqueness and non-existence for families of torus knots. We relate these families to resonant Hamiltonian bifurcations which occur as horseshoes are created in a one-parameter family of area preserving maps, and we also relate them to bifurcations of families of one-dimensional ‘quadratic like’ maps which can be studied by kneading theory. Thus, using knot theory, kneading theory and Hamiltonian bifurcation theory, we are able to connect a countable subsequence of “one-dimensional” bifurcations with a subsequence of “area-preserving” bifurcations in a two parameter family of suspensions in which horseshoes are created as the parameters vary. One implication is that infinitely many bifurcation sequences are reversed as one passes from the one dimensional to the area-preserving family: there are no universal routes to chaos!
Children′s Recall and Recognition Memory for Typical and Atypical Actions in Script-Based Stories

Abstract Preschool and first-grade children′s recall and recognition memory for typical and atypical actions in script-based stories were examined. Atypical actions varied in plausibility, from plausible (e.g., [At the movies] A girl eating pizza was in front of them.) to plausible within the sentence but implausible within the story (e.g., [At the movies] A cat was eating cat food in front of them.) to implausible (e.g., [At the movies] A cat was eating pickles in front of them.). On the recall task children reported more atypical than typical script actions, and the less plausible, atypical actions were better recalled than the more plausible, atypical actions. On the recognition task, however, each type of atypical action was equally well recognized. Children also had difficulty distinguishing between typical script actions present in the stories with script actions not present in the stories but equally typical. These results are discussed in terms of a script-pointer-plus-tag hypothesis of memory.
IN-SITU HIGH-TEMPERATURE SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ISLAND-DECAY KINETICS ON ATOMICALLY SMOOTH TiN(001)

In-situ high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy was used to follow the coarsening (Ostwald ripening) and decay kinetics of single and multiple two-dimensional TiN islands on atomically flat TiN(001) terraces and in single-atom deep vacancy pits at temperatures of 750–950°C. The rate-limiting mechanism for island decay was found to be surface diffusion rather than adatom attachment/detachment at island edges. We have modeled island-decay kinetics based upon the Gibbs–Thomson and steady state diffusion equations to obtain a step-edge energy per unit length of 0.23±0.05 eV/A and an activation energy for adatom formation and diffusion of 3.4±0.3 eV.
Feasibility and Reliability of Four Pain Self-Assessment Scales and Correlation With an Observational Rating Scale in Hospitalized Elderly Demented Patients

BACKGROUND: Acute and chronic pain is common in hospitalized demented elderly people, yet there are limited data about the performance of pain assessment tools in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of four pain self-assessment scales in this population and compare their performance to an observational pain rating scale. METHODS: Our prospective clinical study was conducted in an acute-care and intermediate-care geriatric hospital on 160 consecutive inpatient referrals to the dementia consultation who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria for dementia. Exclusion criteria were delirium, terminal care, and severe sensory impairment. Four unidimensional self-assessment tools--the verbal, horizontal visual, vertical visual, and faces pain scales--were administered in randomized order to mild, moderate, and severely demented patients. An observational pain rating scale was independently completed by the nursing team. RESULTS: Only 12% of the 160 patients (mean age 85 years, 71% women) understood no scale. Respectively, 97%, 90%, and 40% of patients with mild, moderate, and severe dementia understood at least one scale (p <.05). There was a nonsignificant trend toward poorer comprehension of the faces scale. Test-retest reliability was high for all four self-assessment scales, and the correlation between these scales was very strong (Spearman's r(s) = 0.81-0.95; p <.001). Observational rating correlated moderately with self-assessment and tended to underestimate pain intensity (r(s) = 0.31-0.40; p <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Self-assessment pain scales can be used reliably in the vast majority of older hospitalized patients with mild to moderate dementia and in nearly half of those with severe dementia. Observational pain rating scales correlate only moderately with self-assessment and should be reserved for those few patients who have demonstrated that they cannot complete a self-assessment.
Highly stereoselective synthesis of di- and trisubstituted homoallylic alcohols via palladium(O)-catalyzed nucleophilic opening of vinylic oxetanes

Abstract Vinylic oxetanes react in an SN2′ manner with a variety of potential nucleophiles in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh3)4 to afford the corresponding highly functionalized, di- and trisubstituted homoallylic alcohols with high stereoselectivity.
Compressive mechanical properties of the intraluminal thrombus in abdominal aortic aneurysms and fibrin-based thrombus mimics

An intraluminal thrombus (ILT) forms in the majority of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). While the ILT has traditionally been perceived as a byproduct of aneurysmal disease, the mechanical environment within the ILT may contribute to the degeneration of the aortic wall by affecting biological events of cells embedded within the ILT. In this study, the drained secant modulus (E(5) approximately modulus at 5% strain) of ILT specimens (luminal, medial, and abluminal) procured from elective open repair was measured and compared using unconfined compression. Five groups of fibrin-based thrombus mimics were also synthesized by mixing various combinations of fibrinogen, thrombin, and calcium. Drained secant moduli were compared to determine the effect of the components' concentrations on mimic stiffness. The stiffness of mimics was also compared to the native ILT. Preliminary data on the water content of the ILT layers and mimics was measured. It was found that the abluminal layer (E(5)=19.3kPa) is stiffer than the medial (2.49kPa) and luminal (1.54kPa) layers, both of which are statistically similar. E(5) of the mimics (0.63, 0.22, 0.23, 0.87, and 2.54kPa) is dependent on the concentration of all three components: E(5) decreases with a decrease in fibrinogen (60-20 and 20-15mg/ml) and a decrease in thrombin (3-0.3 units/ml), and E(5) increases with a decrease in calcium (0.1-0.01M). E(5) from two of the mimics were not statistically different than the medial and luminal layers of ILT. A thrombus mimic with similar biochemical components, structure, and mechanical properties as native ILT would provide an appropriate test medium for AAA mechanobiology studies.
Children's Environmental Concerns: Expressing Ecophobia

While numerous quantitative studies across disciplines have investigated children's knowledge and attitudes about environmental problems, few studies examine children's feelings about environmental problems—and even fewer have focused on the child's point of view. Through 50 in-depth interviews with urban children (ages 10–12) this research aimed to fill the scholarly gap in our understanding of children's environmental concerns by voicing children's feelings about environmental problems. Findings revealed 82% of children expressed fear, sadness, and anger when discussing their feelings about environmental problems. A majority of children also shared apocalyptic and pessimistic feelings about the future state of the planet. These results suggest that many children are “ecophobic” (i.e., fearful of environmental problems), which scholars argue may have serious implications for children's participation in environmental stewardship and conservation efforts more broadly. Understanding children's perspectives ...
Non-parametric estimation of decision makers’ risk aversion

Abstract A new non-parametric method to estimate a decision maker’s coefficient of absolute risk aversion from observed economic behaviour is explained. The method uses the expected value–variance ( E – V ) framework and quadratic programming. An empirical illustration is given using Norwegian farm-level data.
Simple Approximation for Infrared Emissivity of Water Clouds

Abstract We have derived a simple approximation for the emissivity and flux emissivity of water clouds inside the atmospheric window between 8 and 14 m. In our approximation the emissivity in the 8–11.5 m band is a function only of the cloud's liquid water content and cloud thickness. When compared with the exact radiative transfer calculations the broad-band flux emissivities (in the 8–11.5 m region) differ by less than 10%. At wavelengths > 11.5 m the emissivity is a function of the droplet size distribution as well. By considering a typical droplet size distribution for stratus, altostratus and cumulus clouds, we have shown that the effect of the size distribution on the broad-band flux emissivity in the 8–14 m band is about 35%. Our approximation should be useful for treatment of cloud infrared properties in climate models.
Template strand scrunching during DNA gap repair synthesis by human polymerase λ

X family DNA polymerases can fill short DNA gaps by binding both the 5′ and 3′ ends of the gap. What happens to the template strand is now revealed in the crystal structure of human polymerase λ bound to a 2-nucleotide gap substrate. The template strand is scrunched, with the additional base in an extrahelical position going into an enzyme pocket.
Malaria eradication in India: a failure?

In the 7 December 2007 issue, L. Roberts and M. Enserink discuss malaria eradication in the [News Focus story][1] “Did they really say … eradication?” In the mid-1950s, I optimistically promoted malaria eradication by promising the Minister of Finance of India that there would be no need to spend money on malaria control in 10 years' time if India matched the USAID grant for malaria eradication. Subsequently, I felt guilty because total eradication had not been achieved. However, comparison of the statements on malaria in the first and 10th 5-year economic plans of India shows the value of investments in malaria eradication. The first 5-year plan states, “Malaria is the most important public health problem in India and its control should therefore be assigned topmost priority in any national planning. It has been estimated that about a million deaths are caused in India every year by malaria among the 100 million people who suffer from this disease. The economic loss is estimated at several hundred crores (a crore equals 10 million) of rupees every year. Vast fertile areas remain fallow and natural resources remain unexploited, largely due to the ravages of malaria. Aggregation of labor in irrigation, hydroelectric and industrial projects is attended with severe outbreaks of malaria if special steps are not taken for its control. The use of DDT as a residual insecticide has brought about far-reaching changes in the technique of the control of malaria…” ([1][2]). Fifty years later, the 10th 5-year plan reports less than a thousand deaths in a population double the size of that in 1950 ([2][3]). The drop from a million to a thousand deaths underscores the value of the malaria program. The fact that malaria has been eliminated in the United States and Western Europe and largely controlled in India does not ensure success of eradication programs in Africa. However, there is cause for some optimism, given that the most effective mosquito vector in Africa, Anopheles gambiae , has been eradicated in northeast Brazil. Information from India's 5-year economic plans shows that even if complete eradication cannot be secured, economic gains and reduced suffering may be worth the effort. 1. 1.[↵][4] First 5-Year Plan (Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, 1951), chap. 32, paragraphs 32–33 ( ). 2. 2.[↵][5] Tenth 5-Year Plan (Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, 2002), chap. 2.8, p. 104 ( ). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5856/1544 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text"
Maturation of neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses formed in culture by rat retinal neurons: Regulation by cyclic AMP

The objective of this study was to investigate how the maturation of neurotransmission is regulated. We used a retina-muscle cell culture system to explore the effects of cyclic AMP analogues on the developmental step in which a presynaptic neuron acquires the ability to transmit excitatory information across a synapse. Cholinergic neurons dissociated from the perinatal rat retina form synapses in culture with rat striated muscle cells. Early in the functional maturation of these retina-muscle synapses, there is a period in which the release of acetylcholine occurs spontaneously, but cannot be evoked. This stage is followed by the emergence of transmitter release that is stimulus-evoked. We report here that exposure of cultured embryonic neurons of the rat retina to 8-bromo-cyclic AMP precociously induced in these neurons the ability to release acetylcholine at synapses in response to excitatory stimulation. This effect on synaptic development could be mimicked by an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, isobutylmethylxanthine. The results of a variety of experiments lead us to propose that 8-bromo-cyclic AMP may accelerate the development of neurotransmission by influencing presynaptic events linking neuronal depolarization with acetylcholine release. Our data support the hypothesis that cyclic AMP may be an intracellular mediator for developmental signals which regulate the emergence of effective neurotransmission across nascent synapses.
Intersensory facilitation of reaction time

Human reaction times (RTs) to a photic stimulus were found to be shortened by an after-coming, auditory stimulus. The effect was linearly related to interstimulus interval; the observed range was 20–120 ms. Faster RTs were found for shorter intervals.
Giant monopole resonance and nuclear incompressibility within the Fermi-liquid drop model

We study the important effects of Fermi surface distortion on the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR), within a Fermi-liquid drop model, by considering consistently the effects on nuclear incompressibility coefficients and the boundary conditions needed to determine the energy of the ISGMR. There is a significant difference between the static nuclear incompressibility K, derived as a stiffness coefficient with respect to an adiabatic change in the bulk density, and the dynamic one ${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ associated with the zero sound velocity. We show that the enhancement in the energy of the ISGMR, the lowest breathing mode, which is due to the renormalization of K into ${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is strongly suppressed by the effects of the Fermi surface distortion on the boundary condition. This is not the case for higher breathing modes such as the overtone. We also discuss, in particular, the effects of the Fermi surface distortion on energy weighted sums for the monopole mode and on the constrained and the scaling incompressibility coefficients and their relation to the liquid drop one.
COMPARISON OF MUON--PROTON AND ELECTRON--PROTON DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING.

As a test of muon-electron universality we have compared muon-proton and electron-proton inelastic scattering cross sections for |q2| (square of the four-momentum transferred from the lepton) values up to 4.0 (GeVc)2 and for lepton energy losses up to 9 GeV. There is no experimentally significant deviation from muon-electron universality. If the muon is assigned the form factor (1.0+ |q2| /λd2)−1 relative to the electron, then with 9.7% confidence λd > 4.1 GeVc.
Investigation of steel corrosion in cracked concrete: Evaluation of macrocell and microcell rates using Tafel polarization response

Inhomogeneous corrosion in reinforced concrete is investigated using a beam with a flexural crack intersecting the reinforcement. An Evans diagram representation of the macrocell corrosion system is developed. The relationship between the current density and the potentials relative to the crack obtained from the Tafel polarization responses of active and passive steel in concrete compares favorably with the experimental values. When both microcell and macrocell mechanisms contribute to metal loss at the crack, the Evans diagram representation indicates that an increase in the macrocell current density results in a decreasing contribution from the local microcell at the macrocell anode.
Credibility and Quality of Breastfeeding Information from YouTube Videos: A Content Analysis

Methods: Subjects (n1⁄4102; 47% vegetarian, 45% vegan, 6.3% semi-vegetarian; 76% female; age 31.0 13.3 years) were recruited by targeted and snowball sampling via vegetarianrelated social media sites to complete a validated survey online. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation for pairwise relationships, ANOVA for differences among subjective norm categories, and ordinal logistic regression for the relationship of predictor variables to intentions.
Abstract 1111: Hypoxia inducible factor regulation of galectin3 expression in neuroblastoma cells:Implications in controlling malignant phenotype of neuroblastoma cells

Neuroblastoma (NB) is an extra cranial tumor arising from neural crest progenitor cells. Effective angiogenesis, or new blood vessel formation, is critical for NB tumor growth and progression. Elevated levels of galectin-3 (Gal-3), an angiogenic cytokine is extensively correlated with the malignant behavior and poor prognosis of many cancers. Our studies have shown that Gal-3 expression is significantly up-regulated in aggressive NB cells, and Gal-3 promotes angiogenesis and migration of microglial cells. We have also previously reported that Gal-3 expression is up regulated under low oxygen/hypoxic conditions. The specific mechanisms of Gal-3 induction in NB are not understood. Hypoxic microenvironment drives malignant phenotypes of cancer cells through the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1). Because NB cells reside in a low oxygen environment, we determined if the hypoxic status modulates Gal-3 expression. In this study, we utilized RT-PCR, western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, RNA interference and biochemical approaches. The hypoxia-mimetic, cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-treated neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells showed enhanced levels of HIF 1 protein. In correlation with the increased HIF1 levels, Gal-3 expression was increased at both RNA and protein levels. Silencing of HIF1 expression by small hairpin interfering RNA in Neuro-2a cells blocked hypoxia induced Gal-3 expression indicating that HIF1 regulates Gal-3 expression in NB cells. Down regulation of Gal-3 resulted in decreased levels of the angiogenic factors IL-6 and urokinase plasminogen activator in association with decreased proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Thus our data suggest that HIF1alpha plays a role in the regulation of Gal-3 expression and malignant phenotype of NB cells. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Umadevi V. Wesley, Esat Resad, Robert J. Dempsey. Hypoxia inducible factor regulation of galectin3 expression in neuroblastoma cells:Implications in controlling malignant phenotype of neuroblastoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1111. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1111
Some realizations of (M,R)-systems and their interpretation.

Some years ago (Rosen 1958a, b; 1959) we described a class of metaphorical, relational paradigms for cellular activity which we termed (M, R)-systems. A sizable amount of subsequent work, to be itemized below, has been devoted to an exploration of some of the properties of these systems. The main purpose of the present paper is to put this class of paradigms into a general system-theoretic perspective, with a particular view to appraising the relation between the type of system description embodied in the (M, R)-system and other kinds of physical and mathematical descriptions of cellular systems. Thus, the principal aim is to establish the relationships and connections between the global relational formalism embodied in the (M, R)-systems and the empirical descriptions which still represent the bulk of our biological knowledge.
High-Affinity No-Carrier-Added 99mTc-Labeled Chemotactic Peptides for Studies of Inflammation in Vivo

Nα-for-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys, a chemotactic peptide that binds with high affinity to the chemoattractant receptor on granulocytes and monocytes, was labeled with 99mTc using the diaminedithiol (DADT) chelating system to coordinate the Tc. 99mTc labeling of the DADT-coupled peptide was accomplished in 84% overall yield (room temperature for 10 min) using [99mTc]glucoheptonate as the donor of prereduced Tc. HPLC analysis showed two major 99mTc-labeled peptide peaks, 99mTc−DADT−Pep-I and 99mTc−DADT−Pep-II, were obtained in a ratio of 1:0.85. Using an iodoacetamide-derivatized gel to remove unlabeled peptide from the 99mTc labeling mixtures, essentially no-carrier-added (nca) high-specific activity 99mTc-labeled chemotactic peptides were obtained. The 99Tc analogues of the peptides were synthesized (72% yield) in a similar fashion and correlated with 99mTc complexes I and II by HPLC. In vitro competitive receptor binding assays of the isolated 99Tc analogues were performed against the tritiated chemotactic ...
Mapping sediment acoustic impedance using remote sensing acoustic techniques in a shallow-water carbonate environment

Real-time trackline plots of surficial sediment acoustic impedance delineate several sedimentary facies off Garden Key in the Dry Tortugas. The sea floor within a 6×6 km surveyed area consists of carbonate muds (silts), sands and shell, rock, and live corals. The 4-kHz acoustic data supports this finding by providing a pictographic representation of the distribution and structure of several sediment facies types. Plotting the gridded acoustic data with commercial mapping software (Surfer) provides a three-dimensional (3D) perspective of the bottom topography with a color contour map of surficial sediment impedance (upper 0.4 m) draped over the 3D surface.
Suppression of GATA-3 Nuclear Import and Phosphorylation: A Novel Mechanism of Corticosteroid Action in Allergic Disease

Background GATA-3 plays a critical role in regulating the expression of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 from T helper-2 (Th2) cells and therefore is a key mediator of allergic diseases. Corticosteroids are highly effective in suppressing allergic inflammation, but their effects on GATA-3 are unknown. We investigated the effect of the corticosteroid fluticasone propionate on GATA-3 regulation in human T-lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Findings In a T lymphocyte cell line (HuT-78) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in vitro we demonstrated that fluticasone inhibits nuclear translocation of GATA-3 and expression of Th2 cytokines via a mechanism independent of nuclear factor-κB and is due, in part, to competition between GATA-3 and the ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptor for nuclear transport through the nuclear importer importin-α. In addition, fluticasone induces the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), the endogenous inhibitor of p38 MAPK, which is necessary for GATA-3 nuclear translocation. These inhibitory effects of fluticasone are rapid, potent, and prolonged. We also demonstrated that inhaled fluticasone inhibits GATA-3 nuclear translocation in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with asthma in vivo. Conclusions Corticosteroids have a potent inhibitory effect on GATA-3 via two interacting mechanisms that potently suppress Th2 cytokine expression. This novel mechanism of action of corticosteroids may account for the striking clinical efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic diseases. Please see later in the article for Editors' Summary
Influence of stasis in fibrinogen values

Plasma fibrinogen is one of the main cardiovascular risk factors and its concentration is influenced by several physiological and pathological situations. In this paper the authors measured the fibrinogen levels in 30 subjects (10 healthy subjects and 20 patients affected by primary varicose syndrome of the lower limbs) under baseline conditions and after 1-hour orthostatism. The results of our study demonstrate that the varicose group shows higher fibrinogen values than the control group in all the examined districts (the upper and lower limbs). In the varicose group, fibrinogenemia increases significantly after orthostatism in both the varicose vein and the arm compared with the baseline values. In the control group, fibrinogenemia increases significantly after orthostatism in both the varicose vein and the arm compared with the baseline values, but this increase is not as significant as in the varicose group. Our results, on the one hand, confirm previous observations showing that fibrinogenemia increases in the vascular districts affected by postural stasis; on the other hand, they prove that the level of fibrinogen can also be influenced in districts other than those directly affected by stasis.
Generative grammar and historical linguistics

It has been observed that some of the rules in a generative grammar of a language reflect changes that have occurred in the language and furthermore that the order of applying some rules reflects the chronology of the historical changes. 1 The synchronic grammar may reflect changes of various time depths and does not mirror the whole history or a certain period of the history completely. Some rules may reflect known historical changes, others may clearly not have any historical basis. As for some rules, for instance the basic phrase structure rules, we cannot tell whether they reflect early historical processes or not.
Towards trusted intelligence information sharing

While millions of dollars have been invested in information technologies to improve intelligence information sharing among law enforcement agencies at the Federal, Tribal, State and Local levels, there remains a hesitation to share information between agencies. This lack of coordination hinders the ability to prevent and respond to crime and terrorism. Work to date has not produced solutions nor widely accepted paradigms for understanding the problem. Therefore, to enhance the current intelligence information sharing services between government entities, in this interdisciplinary research, we have identified three major areas of influence; Technical, Social, and Legal. Furthermore, we have developed a preliminary model and theory of intelligence information sharing through a literature review, experience and interviews with practitioners in the field. This model and theory should serve as a basic conceptual framework for further academic work and lead to further investigation and clarification of the identified factors and the degree of impact they exert on the system so that actionable solutions can be identified and implemented.
COMMUNICATION AND MAINSTREAMING: TRANSLATING THE BEHAVIORAL CONSULTATION RESEARCH INTO EFFECTIVE PRACTICES

Central to effective mainstreaming are communication and collaborative consultation, whereby professionals work together to assist students with disabilities in the regular classroom. Attempting to bridge the gap between theory and practice, we summarize relevant communication studies and offer specific, research‐based recommendations to enhance communication and the effectiveness of consultation.
A comparison of trail following between callow and adult workers of the army ant [Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Formicidae: Dorylinae)]

Abstract Although newly emerged (callow) army ants emigrate along with their colony on the first nomadic night, they remain in the nest and do not participate in raiding until they are several days old. In tests comparing trail following of callow and adult workers of Neivamyrmex nigrescens on an artificial trail, the callows performed as well as or better than the adults. Because we can no longer attribute the absence of callows from raiding columns to their inability to follow the trail, we hypothesize that the callows remain in the nest because they are extremely sensitive to the chemical (and tactual) stimuli that are most intense inside the nest.
Economic Evaluation of Milk Advertising

Abstract Increasing investments in advertising and promotion programs for fluid milk are being made each year by United States dairy farmers. Concomitantly, demands are increasing on industry officials to account for the efficacy of these programs. Thus, the need for an evaluation of the economic effectiveness of these promotional programs is accentuated. Alternative evaluative methodologies are reviewed followed by an empirical investigation of the economic effectiveness of milk advertising in New York State. In particular, this study examines the economic effectiveness of generic fluid milk advertising in three New York State markets. The response of fluid milk sales to media advertising expenditures in each market shows a positive effect of advertising on sales. Optimal advertising investments are determined, and prescribed spatial allocations of the media advertising budget are suggested.
Variation in class size, the class size paradox, and some consequences for students

Even where a total allocation of resources is fixed, it is often possible to vary the distribution of the given resources. This distribution can have important, if sometimes hidden, consequences. In the case of universities, considering the mean class size as given, three nonobvious consequences of the amount of variation in class size are examined. (1) The average class size experienced by students is directly related to the amount of variation in class size. (2) Overall student attendance is inversely related to the amount of variation in class size. (3) Overall student participation time is directly related to the amount of variation in class size. The logic of these relationships is explored, and data on 49 departments and interdisciplinary programs at one university are used to illustrate the nature and extent of the class size paradox at one university.
Aerodynamic modification of flow over bluff objects by plasma actuation

Particle image velocimetry and smoke visualization are used to study the alteration of the flow field in the wake of a bluff body by use of an alternating current (AC) surface dielectric barrier discharge. Staggered, surface, and buried electrodes were positioned on the downstream side of circular cylinders at conditions of Re D = 1 × 104−4 × 104 configured to impose a force due to the ion drift that is either along or counter to the free-stream flow direction. Smoke visualization and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) in the wake of the flow confirms that the configuration of the surface electrodes and operation of the discharge significantly alters the location of the flow separation point and the time-averaged velocity profiles in the near and distant wake. Measurements of the vibrational and the rotational temperature using optical emission spectroscopy on the N2 second positive system (C3Πu–B3Πg) indicates that the resulting plasma is highly non-equilibrium and discounts the possibility of a thermal effect on the flow separation process. The mechanism responsible for reduction or enhancement of flow separation is attributed to the streamwise force generated by the asymmetric ion wind—the direction of which is established by the electrode geometry and the local surface charge accumulated on AC cycles.
NLRs and the dangers of pollution and aging

Inflammatory interleukin 1β production after silica and alum crystal or β-amyloid uptake occurs via a process involving lysosomal destabilization and release of cathepsin B that activates the NALP3 inflammasome.
Brugia pahangi: in vivo tissue migration of early L3 alters gene expression.

Events occurring during early filarial nematode migrations are central to parasite establishment but rarely studied. Brugia pahangi larvae injected intradermal (ID) into the hind limb of the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) can be recovered from the popliteal lymph node (POP) at 3 days post-infection (DPI). They have been designated migrating larvae (IDL3). Alternatively, L3 recovered at 3 DPI from the peritoneal cavity (IPL3) do not migrate. Subtracted cDNA libraries using IDL3 and IPL3 revealed distinct gene profiles between IDL3 and IPL3. Troponin-c was significantly upregulated in IDL3, while Cathepsin L was significantly increased in IPL3. Differences in mRNA levels were also observed with these and other genes between IDL3, IPL3 and L3 isolated from mosquitoes (VL3). These data suggest that migratory activity, exposure to potentially different host environments and/or host location may be important external factors in influencing larval gene expression.
A fast algorithm for copying list structures

An algorithm is presented for copying an arbitrarily linked list structure into a block of contiguous storage locations without destroying the original list. Apart from a fixed number of program variables, no auxillary storage, such as a stack, is used. The algorithm needs no mark bits and operates in linear time. It is shown to be significantly faster than Fisher's algorithm, the fastest previous linear-time algorithm for the same problem. Its speed comes mainly from its efficient list-traversal technique, which folds the processing stack into the structure being built, and from its classification of list cells into nine types, which enables processing operations to be optimized for each type.
CAD Education in Interior Design: Computers and the Creative Process

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) has become important in interior design education, yet there are varied opinions on whether the computer inhibits the creative process. This article examines the relevant theoretical and empirical research on creativity and learning styles and applies it to CAD technology. Ways in which the computer can enhance creativity and problem solving are also explored.
Effect of the density-gradient term in the free energy expression on critical exponents

Abstract The density gradient term in the free-energy expression for a fluid can, as previously shown, be corrected so that the effect of this term on the correlation length parallels the effect of the other terms. It is shown that this same correction improves the values of the critical exponents when applied to Wilson's simplified version of the renormalization theory.
Effect of brachytherapy technique and patient characteristics on cervical cancer implant dosimetry

Our purpose was to evaluate the relationship between brachytherapy technique and patient characteristics on dose to organs-at-risk (OARs) in patients undergoing high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy for cervical cancer. From 1998 to 2008, 31 patients with cervical cancer with full dosimetric data were identified who received definitive external-beam radiation and HDR brachytherapy with tandem and ovoid applicators. Doses were recorded at point A, the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU)-38 rectal point, the ICRU-38 bladder point, the vaginal surface, and the pelvic sidewall. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine the significance of changes in OAR to point A dose ratios with differences in brachytherapy technique or patient characteristics. Patients underwent a median of 5 brachytherapy procedures (range, 3 to 5), with a total of 179 procedures for 31 patients. For all brachytherapy treatments, the average ratios between the doses for the rectal, bladder, vaginal surface, and pelvic sidewall reference points to those at point A were 0.49, 0.59, 1.15, and 0.17, respectively. In general, decreased OAR dose was associated with a lower stage, younger age, increased ovoid size, increased tandem length, and earlier implant number. Increased tandem curvature significantly increased bladder dose and decreased rectal dose. Intravenous anesthesia usage was not correlated with improved dosimetry. This study allowed identification of patient and procedure characteristics influencing OAR dosing. Although the advent of 3-dimensional (3D) image-guided brachytherapy will bring new advances in treatment optimization, the actual technique involved at the time of the brachytherapy implant procedure will remain important.
Clinical considerations of age-related changes in serotonin and norepinephrine metabolism on reproductive function

Abstract Specific evidence for the mechanisms which control neuroendocrine cyclicity and reproduction in aged female rodents has been presented. However, several clinical conditions remain unexplained for human females.
Patterned media for future magnetic data storage

One strategy to delay the onset of superparamagnetism and achieve magnetic storage densities approaching 1 Tb/in.2 is the use of lithographically patterned magnetic media. While one of the main advantages enjoyed by magnetic recording is low cost due to use of featureless media, there are several advantages that may be realized by patterning the medium in a hard disk drive. The commercial success of patterned media will of course depend on the relative costs and gains. In particular, there are three main types of disk patterning proposed, each requiring a different length scale of patterned feature. Patterning of servo marks for maintaining the head position on-track, the fabrication of discrete tracks, and the fabrication of discrete bits have all been proposed and will be discussed. For discrete bit recording single domain magnetic islands are required, and one approach to fabricating these, by depositing magnetic films onto prepatterned substrates, is described. The switching characteristics of the islands as compared to those of the full film, along with initial recording results are presented.
Careless Responding to Reverse-Worded Items: Implications for Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Many self-report measures include some items worded in the direction opposite to that of other items. These so-called reverse-worded (RW) items can reduce the reliability and validity of a scale, and frequently form a separate method factor that does not appear to be substantively meaningful. One possible explanation for factors defined by RW items is respondent carelessness. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether relatively few careless responders to RW items can influence confirmatory-factor-analysis model fit enough that researchers would likely reject a one-factor model for a unidimensional scale. Results based on simulations indicated that if at least about 10% of participants respond to RW items carelessly, researchers are likely to reject a one-factor model for a unidimensional scale.
Reference points, anchors, norms, and mixed feelings.

Abstract The article reviews theoretical analyses and some recent evidence on the role of reference points and anchors in individual choice, and considers possible implications of these analyses for a treatment of negotiation. Reference points are characterized by the abrupt changes in the valuation of gains and losses and of acceptable or reprehensible behavior. Norm theory is applied to the treatment of mixed feelings about outcomes to which multiple reference points are relevant. Anchoring effects in judgment are analyzed in terms of a memory process that assigns normality to possible values.
Passivation of a Co–Ru/γ-Al2O3 Fischer–Tropsch catalyst

Abstract Passivation of highly dispersed metal catalysts after reduction is necessary prior to exposure to air due to the exothermicity of metal oxidation. This exothermicity can result in a significant increase in temperature of the catalyst resulting in catalyst degradation and a potential fire hazard. This paper reports the results of a study of passivation of Ru-promoted Co/alumina. Passivations using CO and CO+H2 mixtures were compared to the standard method of passivation using small concentrations of O2. Passivation by CO+H2 resulted in a lower temperature rise upon exposure to air than oxygen passivation. Passivation using CO/H2=10 resulted in a catalyst whose catalytic activity for CO hydrogenation was able to be recovered after exposure to air by re-reduction similar to after oxygen passivation. CO passivation yielded a catalyst that was not able to be as well recovered upon re-reduction, probably due to the formation of graphitic carbon. Exposure of the CO/H2 passivated catalyst to air for at least 90 min actually made it easier to recover the original activity upon re-reduction. This is probably related to the oxidation of the carbidic passivation layer during air exposure.
Clinical criteria and biochemical markers for the detection of systolic dysfunction.

Background: This study was designed to assess the use of clinical criteria and biochemical testing to detect systolic dysfunction. Our goal is to develop strategies that may enhance the detection and treatment of patients with early ventricular dysfunction while reducing the use of echocardiography. Methods and Results: We compared the predictive characteristics of the plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration with that of a 5-point clinical score derived from elements of the history, electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph in outpatients (n 5 466) referred for echocardiography because of symptoms of heart failure or risk factors for systolic dysfunction. Systolic dysfunction was defined as an ejection fraction (EF) less than 45% and was present in 10.9% of patients. By receiver operating characteristic analysis, BNP was sensitive and specific for the detection of systolic dysfunction, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the detection of EF less than 45% of 0.79. The BNP assay was abnormal in 41% of patients and identified a group with a high prevalence of systolic dysfunction (21% with an EF less than 45%), whereas a normal BNP value identified a group with a low prevalence of systolic dysfunction (4% with an EF less than 45%). The clinical score was positive in 43% of the population and identified a group with a high prevalence of systolic dysfunction (24% with an EF less than 45%). A normal score identified a group with a low prevalence of systolic dysfunction (1% with an EF less than 45%). Conclusion: This study supports previous studies, which showed that BNP assay predicts systolic dysfunction with acceptable sensitivity and specificity, and it underscores the effectiveness of additional readily available clinical criteria. Both of these strategies should be considered in screening for left ventricular dysfunction in populations at risk while limiting expensive cardiac imaging modalities.
Oxidation of Metal-Bound Thiolato Sulfur Centers in Fe(III) and Co(III) Complexes with Carboxamido Nitrogens and Thiolato Sulfurs as Donors: Relevance to the Active Sites of Nitrile Hydratases

H2O2 oxidation of [MIII(PyPepS)2]- (M = Fe, Co) complexes with carboxamido nitrogens and thiolato sulfurs as donors affords the corresponding sulfinato [MIII(PyPepSO2)2]- species. The spectral properties of [FeIII(PyPepSO2)2]- resemble those of the iron site of nitrile hydratase.
Residual serum monoclonal protein predicts progression-free survival in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma

Traditionally, efficacy of antineoplastic therapies has been measured in terms of changes in physical dimensions for the majority of solid tumors and for hematologic malignancies, assessments have been based on change in tumor cell counts or tumor-secreted markers. In the context of myeloma, availability of an easily measurable tumor marker in the form of serum or urine monoclonal protein has allowed easy estimates of the tumor burden in the majority of patients.1,2 Currently used treatment response criteria have been developed based on serum or urine monoclonal protein measurements using protein gel electrophoresis and immunofixation studies. The advent of the serum free light chain assay in recent times has allowed for assessment based on changes in the serum free light chain for patients lacking an intact immunoglobulin in the serum.3 Long-term implications of the degree of response obtained by any specific therapy have been evaluated in multiple clinical trials using different treatment regimens. In the setting of myeloma, attainment of a very good partial response (PR) or complete response (CR) has always translated into improved progression-free survival (PFS), but the effect on overall survival has been less consistent.4–7 This is likely a refection of the underlying disease biology as well as the specific therapies used. One of the drawbacks of the traditional response criteria is that they are solely determined by the baseline and the best level of reduction in the tumor estimate obtained with a specific therapy, with little emphasis given to the trend in reduction of the tumor marker. Some of the published data suggest that a rapid response to therapy predicts rapid progression and a poor overall outcome, particularly in the context of changes in free light chain levels.8 Unlike high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation, in which most of the tumor reductions occur relatively rapidly after the transplant, continuous cyclical treatment regimens are associated with an incremental decrease over time. This is particularly true for the newer immunomodulatory agents, in which gradual restoration or enhancement of the antitumor immunity might lead to a steady and consistent decrease in tumor burden over the duration of therapy. 9,10 The currently used European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplant Response Criteria and the International Uniform Response Criteria are based on best percentage reduction in monoclonal protein (M-protein). These need to be examined to determine whether incorporation of measures that assess the serial trend of response will allow further improvements and better prediction of longer-term outcome.1,2 We undertook this investigation in the context of 2 clinical trials that used newer treatment agents, namely thalidomide and lenalidomide, in combination with dexamethasone.