cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Unbearable Lightness of Deconstruction

Philosophical works are sometimes launched with a narrative 'hook', a short, snappy opening line. 'All men, by nature, desire to know.' 'Man was born free and is everywhere in chains.' Such openings signal that a potentially important inquiry is under way, a search after truth, or perhaps (in Jurgen Habermas's useful phrase) a beckoning towards 'mutual understanding'. In recent years, however, writers variously described as post-structuralist, postmodernist, or deconstructionist, have repudiated any such nobler mission for philosophy. They contend that philosophy, especially when understood as the search for universal validity claims, serves rather to mask a will to power and domination. Of course, such writers are not above deploying their own narrative hooks, often variations on the sentiment that, once upon a time, there was a discipline called philosophy. In overtly deconstructionist works, however, the rhetorical effect of such pithy openings is to camouflage the oxymoronic blend of prolixity, turgidity, and lightness in the ensuing writing. For one of the oddities of deconstruction is the apostolic zeal with which the gospel of the essential opacity of language is not only preached, but practised. It is as though deconstructors have sworn on a stack of Nietzsche, Heidegger and Derrida paperbacks that they will always abide by the doctrine of the 'opacity of the signifier'. The appropriation of the theories of Jacques Derrida, especially but not only by influential sectors of the literary establishment, has spawned much of this end-of-philosophy Kulturkritik. Although most deconstructionist writing exhibits an uncouth density, it may also convey, as if in apology for its own turgidity, an unctuous lightness or coyness. This takes the form of a hyperconscious awareness of its own status as mere writing. It is most evident in the practice of purportedly writing 'sous rature' (under erasure), a tactic borrowed by Derrida from Heidegger, set forth in Of Grammatology, and pronounced de rigueur by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in her influential translator's preface to that work.1 Habermas, borrowing the term from Karl-Otto
Supporting organizational e-learning

A learning organization is one that continuously monitors key performance metrics and collaboratively identifies interventions that can lead to measurable performance improvement. This paper will report upon the experience of developing software architecture for facilitating the continuous monitoring and improvement of individual and organizational performance. In collaboration with a number of analysts from the US military, software prototypes have been developed that demonstrate different models of performance improvement support. Together the prototypes and the common underlying architecture illustrate a configurable computing approach, and a means of improving performance, problem solving, knowledge reuse and sharing
Ecophysiological variation in two provenances of Pinus flexilis seedlings across an elevation gradient from forest to alpine

Climate change is predicted to cause upward shifts in forest tree distributions, which will require seedling recruitment beyond current forest boundaries. However, predicting the likelihood of successful plant establishment beyond current species' ranges under changing climate is complicated by the interaction of genetic and environmental controls on seedling establishment. To determine how genetics and climate may interact to affect seedling establishment, we transplanted recently germinated seedlings from high- and low-elevation provenances (HI and LO, respectively) of Pinus flexilis in common gardens arrayed along an elevation and canopy gradient from subalpine forest into the alpine zone and examined differences in physiology and morphology between provenances and among sites. Plant dry mass, projected leaf area and shoot:root ratios were 12-40% greater in LO compared with HI seedlings at each elevation. There were no significant changes in these variables among sites except for decreased dry mass of LO seedlings in the alpine site. Photosynthesis, carbon balance (photosynthesis/respiration) and conductance increased >2× with elevation for both provenances, and were 35-77% greater in LO seedlings compared with HI seedlings. There were no differences in dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) among sites or between provenances. Our results suggest that for P. flexilis seedlings, provenances selected for above-ground growth may outperform those selected for stress resistance in the absence of harsh climatic conditions, even well above the species' range limits in the alpine zone. This indicates that forest genetics may be important to understanding and managing species' range adjustments due to climate change.
The role of the lymphatic circulation in the natural history and expression of cardiovascular disease

The lymphatic vasculature is essential to fluid, protein and cellular transport, and to immune responsiveness. The last decade has witnessed a virtual renaissance of investigation into the function of the lymphatic microvasculature, prompting re-consideration of its role in the genesis and progression of cardiovascular pathology. The lymphatic microvasculature of the heart and vascular wall likely participate in atherogenesis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and cardiac transplantation. Intensive exploration of lymphatic mechanisms of cardiovascular disease is likely to lead to enhanced insights and novel therapeutic approaches.
Radio-frequency-induced optical gain in Pr 3+ :Y 2 SiO 5

We report an observation of radio-frequency (RF) -induced transparency in an optically dense medium of Pr3+-doped Y2SiO5. We observed that the optical probe field had a gain when the RF pulse area was 2π. We also calculated the RF Rabi frequency in the medium by measuring the period of RF-induced transparency.
Increased mitochondrial superoxide production in rat liver mitochondria, rat hepatocytes, and HepG2 cells following ethinyl estradiol treatment.

Ethinyl estradiol (EE) is a strong promoter of hepatocarcinogenesis. Treatment of rats with EE and other hepatic promoters induces a mitosuppressed state characterized by decreased hepatocyte turnover and reduced growth responsiveness. Previously, we identified several nuclear and mitochondrial genome-encoded mitochondrial genes whose transcripts were increased during EEinduced hepatic mitosuppression in rats and in EE-treated HepG2 cells (Chen et al. Carcinogenesis, 17, 2783‐2786, 1996 and Carcinogenesis, 19, 101‐107, 1998). In both cultured rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells, EE increased respiratory chain activity (reflected by increased mitochondrial superoxide production detected as increased lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence (LDCL). In this paper, we provide additional characterizations of these effects. Increased LDCL was detected in mitochondria isolated from EEtreated rats, documenting that these estrogen effects on mitochondrial function are not confined to cells in culture. EE and estradiol (E2) increased LDCL in cultured rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells in a dose- (beginning at 0.25 mM levels) and time-dependent response. Inhibition of P450-mediated estrogen metabolism inhibited, while direct exposure to E2 catechol metabolites enhanced LDCL. Co-treatment with glutathione ester or with the specific antiestrogen, ICI 182708 inhibited LDCL. In contrast, estrogeninduced LDCL was enhanced by glutathione depletion, and by inhibition of catechol-o-methyltransferase. These results support a
A Further Examination of the “Occupational Linkage Hypothesis”

In response to Lueptow, McClendon, and McKeon's (1979) recent criticisms of the “occupational linkage hypothesis,” we estimate a modified linkage model, using data obtained from a panel of male col...
GCM Systematic Error Correction and Specification of the Seasonal Mean Pacific–North America Region Atmosphere from Global SSTs

Abstract Specifications of 1- and 3-month mean Pacific–North America region 700-hPa heights and U.S. surface temperatures and precipitation, from global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the ensemble average output of multiple runs of a general circulation model with the same SSTs prescribed, were explored with canonical correlation analysis. In addition to considerable specification skill, the authors found that 1) systematic errors in SST-forced model variability had substantial linear parts, 2) use of both predictor fields usually enhanced specification performance for the U.S. fields over that for just one of the predictor fields, and 3) skillful specification and model correction of the heights and temperatures were also possible for nonactive or transitional El Nino–Southern Oscillation situations.
Purine and its analogues and radiation damage in Bacillus megaterium spores.

SummaryAs an extension of results obtained from radiation studies on caffeine both in other laboratories and more recently in this laboratory using the bacterial spore as the test system, six compounds with chemical structures closely resembling that of caffeine were tested as radiation modifiers. Of these compounds, purine, adenine and hypoxanthine resembled caffeine in sensitizing spores to radiation, while theobromine, xanthine and theophylline did not. These responses are discussed in relation to the electron sequestration hypothesis of cellular sensitization to high-energy radiation.
Thermo-Elastic-Plastic Analysis at Finite Strain

For high pressure loading situations, classical plasticity theory may not be satisfactory since the usual assumption of the total strain being the sum of elastic and plastic components may not apply for non-infinitesimal strain, and thermo-mechanical coupling influences become important. Kinematics to deal with the finite deformation case are introduced and also a two component thermodynamic model to represent elastic-plastic deformation. One component is reversible thermo-elasticity, and the other plastic flow which absorbs some of the plastic work in the generation of crystal imperfections and the rest is dissipated into heat.
Radical Behaviorism and Selected Theses Concerning Theory Appraisal

Seven theses concerning theory appraisal, drawn from the work of philosophers and historians of science, are tested against the course of development of radical behaviorism. One of the theses is not supported. Of the remaining six theses, two receive unqualified support and four receive qualified support.
Calming the excitement in ALS.

The concept of excitotoxicity, first established by the pioneering work of John Olney,1 traditionally has been applied to lesions of the CNS, focusing mostly on glutamate as a neurotoxic excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter. Indeed, glutamate excitotoxicity remains one of the best-supported theories for motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),2 and was the pharmacologic inspiration for riluzole, which remains the only drug proven to slow the course of ALS.3 The excitotoxic model of disease can be appropriately extended to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where overactivity of peripheral axons leads to symptoms of fasciculations and cramping. However, the increased firing of peripheral axons could also result in antidromic stimulation of parent motor and sensory neurons, resulting in increased excitatory activity and possibly excitotoxic injury. In this model, therapeutic interventions are directed at reducing axonal firing, which can be accomplished by blocking sodium channels.
Racemic−Meso Interconversion for ansa-Scandocene and ansa-Yttrocene Derivatives. Molecular Structures of rac-{Me2Si[η5-C5H2-2,4-(CHMe2)2]2}ScCl·LiCl(THF)2, [meso-{Me2Si[η5-C5H2-2,4-(CHMe2)2]2}Y(μ2-Cl)]2, and meso-{Me2Si[η5-C5H2-2,4-(CHMe2)2]2}Zr(NMe2)2

The dilithium bis(cyclopentadienide) species Li2{Me2Si[C5H2-2,4-(CHMe2)2]2} (Li2Ip) reacts with ScCl3(THF)3 to afford rac-IpScCl·LiCl(THF)2 (1) and [meso-IpSc(μ2-Cl)]2 (2) and with YCl3(THF)3.5 to ...
Growth Inhibition of Human Melanoma Cells by C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Activated Lymphocytes

SummaryWhen human melanoma cells were grown in tissue culture with allogeneic lymphocytes at a ratio of 50 lymphocytes to one melanoma cell, the growth curve was altered so that doubling time of melanoma cell count increased by 14% over controls. CRP alone did not alter the growth curve; but when CRP (20 μg/ml) was added to lymphocytes and melanoma cells (50:1), no increase in melanoma cell numbers occurred. Rather, there was a decrease in melanoma cells and loss of viability so that, at 72 hr, 75% of the original inoculum was dead. It was concluded that CRP stimulated normal lymphocytes to destroy melanoma cells. The suggestion is made that lymphocyte activation is the normal physiological function of CRP.The author wishes to acknowledge the technical assistance of Mr. E. Benes.
A Symplectic Method for Approximating All the Eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian Matrix

A fast method for computing all the eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian matrix M is given. The method relies on orthogonal symplectic similarity transformations which preserve structure and have desirable numerical properties. The algorithm is about four times faster than the standard Q-R algorithm. The computed eigenvalues are shown to be the exact eigenvalues of a matrix M+E where $\Vert E \Vert$ depends on the square root of the machine precision. The accuracy of a computed eigenvalue depends on its condition and its magnitude, larger eigenvalues typically being more accurate.
TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY, SCIENCE, AND THE SUPERNATURAL

This article critically discusses the scientific status of transpersonal psychology and its relation to so-called supernatural claims. In particular, analysis focuses on Friedman's (2002, 2013a) proposed division of labor between a ''scientific'' transpersonal psychology and ''nonscientific'' transpersonal studies. This paper demonstrates that despite Friedman's aim to detach transpersonal psychology from any particular metaphysical worldview, turning the field into a modern scientific discipline effectively binds transpersonal psychology to a naturalistic metaphysical worldview that is hostile to most spiritual knowledge claims. After identifying several problems with Friedman's account of science and neo-Kantian skepticism about ''supernatural'' factors in spiritual events, this paper introduces the perspective of a participatory metaphysical pluralism and considers the challenge of shared spiritual visions for scientific naturalism. Finally, a participatory research program is outlined that bridges the naturalistic/ supernaturalistic split by embracing a more liberal or open naturalism—one that is receptive to both the ontological integrity of spiritual referents and the plausibility of subtle dimensions of reality.
Fine-Grained Access Control for HTML5-Based Mobile Applications in Android

HTML5-based mobile applications are becoming more and more popular because they can run on different platforms. Several newly introduced mobile OS natively support HTML5-based applications. For those that do not provide native support, such as Android, iOS, and Windows Phone, developers can develop HTML5-based applications using middlewares, such as PhoneGap. In these platforms, programs are loaded into a web component, called WebView, which can render HTML5 pages and execute JavaScript code. In order for the program to access the system resources, which are isolated from the content inside WebView due to its sandbox, bridges need to be built between JavaScript and the native code e.g. Java code in Android. Unfortunately, such bridges break the existing protection that was originally built into WebView. In this paper, we study the potential risks of HTML5-based applications, and investigate how the existing mobile systems' access control supports these applications. We focus on Android and the PhoneGap middleware. However, our ideas can be applied to other platforms. Our studies indicate that Android does not provide an adequate access control for this kind of applications. We propose a fine-grained access control mechanism for the bridge in Android system. We have implemented our scheme in Android and have evaluated its effectiveness and performance.
Regulation of colonic ion transport by GRP. II. GRP modulates the epithelial response to PGE2

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential modulatory effects of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) on prostaglandin (PG) E2-stimulated electrolyte transport across the distal colon epithelium. In an earlier study, PGE2 was shown to reduce net Cl absorption without altering the serosal-to-mucosal unidirectional Cl flux in porcine distal colon (19). In the present study, tissues were pretreated with serosal or mucosal GRP and subsequently stimulated with PGE2. The resulting increase in short-circuit current (ISC) was 152% (serosal GRP) and 49% (mucosal GRP) greater than control PGE2 responses alone. Serosal, but not mucosal, GRP also enhanced the ISC response to vasoactive intestinal peptide. On the basis of flux measurements, the combined effects of serosal GRP and PGE2 resulted in the activation of a transcellular pathway for Cl secretion, which was not activated by either mediator alone. The time course of the PGE2 response was also affected by GRP. Serosal GRP shortened the time to maximum ISC by 35%, whereas mucosal peptide lengthened the time to maximum ISC by 68% These results suggest that GRP acts as a modulator of PG action on electrolyte transport in the distal colon.
Genitourinary malignancy and pseudohyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Genitourinary tumors account for half of all documented cases of pseudohyperparathyroidism. The treatment of hypercalcemia is directed toward immediate correction of the electrolyte imbalance and long-term control. These goals are accomplished with volume repletion, calcium normalization and removal of the tumor. Effective therapy includes saline infusion and furosem-ide. Additional control is obtained with phosphates and/or indomethacin. In refractory cases actinomycin-D or mithramycin is helpful. The first reported case of urethral cancer and second reported case of testicular seminoma producing this syndrome are added to the literature.
The Quantum Hall Effects

The quantum Hall effect [1] occurs in two-dimensional electronic systems (2 DES) [2] in strong perpendicular magnetic fields. It differs from many of the phenomena which are being discussed at this ASI in that it does not depend directly on quantum coherence for its occurrence. Quantum coherence plays an important supporting role rather that a starring role in this drama. At low temperatures and strong magnetic fields the magnetoresistance of two-dimensional (2D) metals becomes extremely small and the Hall resistance nearly constant over certain ranges of carrier density and magnetic field strength. Although this effect seemed quite mysterious at the time of its discovery, the principle elements of the physics which is responsible are now understood. In these notes I hope to explain these elements and to point out some aspects of our current theoretical picture of the phenomenon which seem to be incomplete.
Ligand density quantification on colloidal inorganic nanoparticles

Colloidal inorganic nanoparticles are being used in an increasingly large number of applications ranging from biological imaging to television displays. In all cases, nanoparticle surface chemistry can significantly impact particle physical properties, processing, and performance. The first step in leveraging this tunability is to develop analytical approaches to describe surface chemical features. Some of the most basic descriptors of particle surface chemistry include the quantity, identity, and arrangement of ligands appended to the particle core. Here, we review approaches to quantify molecular ligand densities on nanoparticle surfaces and consider fundamental barriers to the accuracy of this analysis including parameters such as dispersity in colloidal nanoparticle samples, particle–ligand interactions, and currently available analytical techniques. Techniques reviewed include widely studied methods such as optical, atomic, vibrational, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies as well as emerging or niche approaches including electrospray-differential mobility analysis, pH-based methods, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Collectively, these studies elucidate surface chemistry architectures that accelerate both fundamental understanding of nanoscale physical phenomena and the implementation of these materials in a wide range of technologies.
The impact of web-based HOT (Healthy Outcomes for Teens) Project on risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background: The HOT (Healthy Outcome for Teens) Project is an innovative online educational intervention for middle school children for prevention of diabetes and obesity by balancing food intake with physical activity. The objective was to improve knowledge, outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and self-reported food intake and skills and to compare a passive online learning (POL) control group with an active online learning (AOL) treatment group by implementing a social cognitive theory (SCT)-grounded online intervention. Subjects and Methods: In total, 214 participants were recruited from three middle schools. Full data were secured for 181 students. Six valid, reliable questionnaires were administered online, pre/post, to both the AOL and POL groups to assess knowledge gain, self-reported intake, and meal planning skills, as well as change in SCT constructs. Results: Subjects in the AOL group improved significantly for all five categories of planning a meal questionnaire (P=0.001) and also fo...
NONLINEAR REALIZATIONS OF CHIRAL SYMMETRY.

We explore possible realizations of chiral symmetry, based on isotopic multiplets of fields whose transformation rules involve only isotopic-spin matrices and the pion field. The transformation rules are unique, up to possible redefinitions of the pion field. Chiral-invariant Lagrangians can be constructed by forming isotopic-spin-conserving functions of a covariant pion derivative, plus other fields and their covariant derivatives. The resulting models are essentially equivalent to those that have been derived by treating chirality as an ordinary linear symmetry broken by the vacuum, except that we do not have to commit ourselves as to the grouping of hadrons into chiral multiplets; as a result, the unrenormalized value of $\frac{{g}_{A}}{{g}_{V}}$ need not be unity. We classify the possible choices of the chiral-symmetry-breaking term in the Lagrangian according to their chiral transformation properties, and give the values of the pion-pion scattering lengths for each choice. If the symmetry-breaking term has the simplest possible transformation properties, then the scattering lengths are those previously derived from current algebra. An alternative method of constructing chiral-invariant Lagrangians, using $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mesons to form covariant derivatives, is also presented. In this formalism, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ dominance is automatic, and the current-algebra result from the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-meson coupling constant arises from the independent assumption that $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mesons couple universally to pions and other particles. Including $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mesons in the Lagrangian has no effect on the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering lengths, because chiral invariance requires that we also include direct pion self-couplings which cancel the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-exchange diagrams for pion energies near threshold.
Late Quaternary glacial dynamics and sedimentation variability in the Bering Trough, Gulf of Alaska

Ice dynamics, tectonic setting, and sediment supply are the key parameters controlling the architecture of high-latitude margins and the formation of trough mouth fans (TMFs). Current understanding of these archives of paleo–ice streams is based on studies of ice sheets adjacent to stable, passive margins, while the behavior of active, convergent glacier-influenced margins remains relatively unconstrained. We integrate high-resolution seismic data and chronology from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 341 cores in southeast Alaska across the actively converging Yakutat terrane margin to examine the late Quaternary evolution of the Bering Glacier, the largest outlet glacier of the poorly understood Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS). We interpret at least eight glacial advances to the shelf break since the end of the mid-Pleistocene transition, showing a more dynamic CIS than hitherto realized. During the past ∼130 k.y., the temperate, meltwater-charged Bering Glacier delivered ∼925 km 3 of sediment to the shelf and slope, providing one of the highest rates of sustained sediment accumulation (5–10 m/k.y.) ever reported globally. Rapid formation of a TMF, reaching ∼600 m thick in ∼130 k.y., emphasizes the extreme sediment flux that can be produced by wet-based glacial systems, and its critical role in the development of high-latitude margin stratigraphy. TMF formation despite initially steep, tectonically controlled slopes in this active setting reflects an autogenic shift in the evolution of the Bering Trough, suggesting that major transitions between sedimentary regimes need not reflect some externally driven change in climate variability.
"Giving, Taking, and Founding: Entrepreneurial Motivation and Startup Survival"

The entrepreneurial motivations to give or to take refer, respectively, to a founding team’s desire to start a new venture in order to benefit others or to benefit themselves. We argue that these m...
The National Academy Report on the Elimination of Viral Hepatitis: An Infectious Disease Physician’s Perspective

Hepatitis B and C viruses are leading causes of liver disease. The United States should engage in a coordinated effort to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health problem, which requires special attention to populations often seen by infectious disease clinicians.
An Effective Lithium Sulfide Encapsulation Strategy for Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

With a high theoretical capacity of 1162 mA h g−1, Li2S is a promising cathode that can couple with silicon, tin, or graphite anodes for next-generation energy storage devices. Unfortunately, Li2S is highly insulating, exhibits large charge overpotential, and suffers from active-material loss as soluble polysulfides during battery cycling. To date, low-cost, scalable synthesis of an electrochemically active Li2S cathode remains a challenge. This work demonstrates that the low conductivity and material loss issues associated with Li2S cathodes can be overcome by forming a stable, conductive encapsulation layer at the surface of the Li2S bulk particles through in situ surface reactions between Li2S and electrolyte additives containing transition-metal salts. It is identified that the electronic band structure in the valence band region of the thus-generated encapsulation layers, consisting largely of transition-metal sulfides, determines the initial charging resistance of Li2S. Furthermore, among the transition metals tested, the encapsulation layer formed with an addition of 10 wt% manganese (II) acetylacetonate salt proved to be robust within the cycling window, which is attributed to the chemically generated MnS surface species. This work provides an effective strategy to use micrometer-sized Li2S directly as a cathode material and opens up new prospects to tune the surface properties of electrode materials for energy-storage applications.
Restructuring hospitalist work schedules to improve care timeliness and efficiency

Background In 2014, we recognised that the pace of admissions frequently exceeded our ability to assign a hospitalist. Long patient wait times occurred at admission, especially for patients arriving in the late afternoon when hospitalist day shifts were ending. Our purpose was to redesign hospitalist schedules, duties and method of distributing admissions to match demand. Design We used administrative data to tabulate Hospital Medicine admission requests by time of day and identified mismatch between volume and capacity with the current staffing model. We determined that we needed to accommodate 29 admits per day with peak admission volume in the late afternoon and early evening. The current staffing model failed after 22 admits. To realign staffing around patient admissions, we organised a series of Lean quality improvements, starting with a 2-day event in July 2014, and followed by a series of Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles. The improvement team included hospitalists, residents and administrators, and each PDSA cycle involved collection of feedback from all affected providers. Strategy At baseline, our hospitalist group had six daytime and two nighttime services, including teaching services and attending-only services. Four of eight services were available for admissions, while four were rounding-only. Admitting capacity (patients per day) was 22. Through three PDSA cycles, we successively adapted our staffing and admitting model until the final staffing model aligned with patient admissions. The final model included different shift start times, use of all 10 shifts for admissions and addition of an Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner (ARNP) service. Results Admitting capacity increased to 30. We confirmed success with follow-up data on patient wait times. Emergency department mean patient wait times for admission decreased 36% from 66 to 43 min (p Conclusion Quantifying admission demand by time of day, then designing work schedules and duties around meeting this demand was an effective approach to reduce patient wait times.
Exposure-Lag-Response in Longitudinal Studies: Application of Distributed-Lag Nonlinear Models in an Occupational Cohort

Prolonged exposures can have complex relationships with health outcomes, as timing, duration, and intensity of exposure are all potentially relevant. Summary measures such as cumulative exposure or average intensity of exposure may not fully capture these relationships. We applied penalized and unpenalized distributed-lag nonlinear models (DLNMs) with flexible exposure-response and lag-response functions in order to examine the association between crystalline silica exposure and mortality from lung cancer and nonmalignant respiratory disease in a cohort study of 2,342 California diatomaceous earth workers followed during 1942-2011. We also assessed associations using simple measures of cumulative exposure assuming linear exposure-response and constant lag-response. Measures of association from DLNMs were generally higher than those from simpler models. Rate ratios from penalized DLNMs corresponding to average daily exposures of 0.4 mg/m3 during lag years 31-50 prior to the age of observed cases were 1.47 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92, 2.35) for lung cancer mortality and 1.80 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.85) for nonmalignant respiratory disease mortality. Rate ratios from the simpler models for the same exposure scenario were 1.15 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.48) and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.46), respectively. Longitudinal cohort studies of prolonged exposures and chronic health outcomes should explore methods allowing for flexibility and nonlinearities in the exposure-lag-response.
Single-Cell Chromatin Modification Profiling Reveals Increased Epigenetic Variations with Aging

Post-translational modifications of histone proteins and exchanges of histone variants of chromatin are central to the regulation of nearly all DNA-templated biological processes. However, the degree and variability of chromatin modifications in specific human immune cells remain largely unknown. Here, we employ a highly multiplexed mass cytometry analysis to profile the global levels of a broad array of chromatin modifications in primary human immune cells at the single-cell level. Our data reveal markedly different cell-type- and hematopoietic-lineage-specific chromatin modification patterns. Differential analysis between younger and older adults shows that aging is associated with increased heterogeneity between individuals and elevated cell-to-cell variability in chromatin modifications. Analysis of a twin cohort unveils heritability of chromatin modifications and demonstrates that aging-related chromatin alterations are predominantly driven by non-heritable influences. Together, we present a powerful platform for chromatin and immunology research. Our discoveries highlight the profound impacts of aging on chromatin modifications.
Management of Complex Distal Lower Extremity Wounds Using a Porcine Urinary Bladder Matrix (UBM-ECM)

Wounds of the distal third of the leg, ankle, and foot are difficult reconstructive problems due to the involvement of the adjacent bone and tendons within the wound and the frequent absence of suitable local available tissue to close the wound. The orthopedic management of distal leg fractures has evolved greatly over the last 35 years, while the standard wound closure techniques have remained relatively static. With the orthopedist’s greater respect for the overall biology of the distal leg tissues, we felt that advances in topical wound care might now have a greater application in treating these wounds. This report highlights the use of a UBM-ECM (urinary bladder matrix-extracellular matrix) wound device in treating complex distal foot, ankle, and leg wounds that previously would have only had a complex flap or free flap reconstruction options.
Dynamical Analysis of Therapist-Client Interactions

Dynamic nonlinear mathematical equations allow investigators to deeply understand complex systems that are apt to change. They can be used to determine the stable steady states or points of homeostasis within the system (i.e., the relationship). These steady states function as an anchor that brings the system back to homeostasis if the system is perturbed or if it has been moved away from homeostasis by a force. Liebovitch and his associates (Liebovitch et al., 2008) modified Gottman’s dynamic nonlinear equations to study the dynamics of conflicts between two parties (which could be individuals or groups). They determined how the dynamics of such conflicts and their emergent properties depended on the actions of each person. Our modeling of the therapeutic relationship constitutes a concrete extension of these results to a different social interaction. In this chapter, we will outline an ongoing research project (described in some detail in the previous chapter) that employs mathematical modeling to discover what underlies a successful therapeutic relationship. We will then discuss, through the use of case studies, the issues related to the parameters generated, the graphical displays of the derived models, and the indices of model fit. Specifically, we present three therapy sessions from two separate case studies to illustrate the mathematical modeling, the difference in the model parameters, and a graphical representation of each.
Successful use of subcutaneous ivermectin for the treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in the setting of small bowel obstruction and paralytic ileus in the immunocompromised population

Severe Strongyloides stercoralis, such as hyperinfection syndrome, carries a high mortality risk. Even with appropriate treatment, patients may experience infectious complications and failure of therapy. Currently, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved parenteral therapies available for treatment in patients who develop gastrointestinal complications from hyperinfection, including small bowel obstruction. A veterinary form of ivermectin is available as a subcutaneous injection, although current literature in humans is limited. We report on the successful treatment of two surviving immunocompromised patients with S. stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome after prompt recognition and initiation of veterinary subcutaneous ivermectin therapy.
On Some Split Binding Paradigms

This paper examines the chameleon-like coreference properties of one use of the French nominal element ce and shows that this element is subject to different noncoreference constraints depending on the quantificational status of its antecedent. Based on previous observations made by Aoun (1986) regarding the binding properties of overt pronouns in a dialect of Mandarin Chinese, it is argued that elements which obey a “split binding condition,” such as French ce, are not restricted to one language. An analysis of these facts is proposed in terms of interpretive strategies at LF stemming from the use languages make of typing particles in C0. This analysis has the advantage of providing adequate empirical coverage while preserving the cross-linguistic/cross-dialectal universality of Binding Theory. It also raises new prospects for Chomsky's (1995) Minimalist approach to grammatical theory.
Shear wave sonoelastography of supraspinatus muscle in patients with rotator cuff tear

Introduction/Background To investigate the elastic properties of the supraspinatus (SSP) muscle in patients with rotator cuff tear (RCT) by using shear wave sonoelastography (SWS) and comparing the stiffness of SSP muscle according to severity of RCT. Material and method Seventy-six patients (43 males, 33 females; mean age 64.4 ± 9.2 year) with one hundred and fifty two shoulders (85 symptomatic, 67 asymptomatic) were recruited. Severity of RCT, fatty infiltration and echogenicity of SSP muscle, and SSP muscle atrophy were assessed on B-mode ultrasound (US). Shear wave velocity (SWV) was measured twice in proximal and distal upper trapezius and SSP muscles at suprascapular fossa on longitudinal SWS using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. Results In the 85 symptomatic/67 asymptomatic shoulders, US revealed 1/37 shoulders with normal supraspinatus tendon (group 1), 16/16 shoulders with tendinopathy (group 2), 41/2 shoulders with partial-thickness tear (group 3), and 27/12 shoulders with full thickness tear [4/4 small and 8/2 medium (group 4), 4/3 large and 11/3 massive (group 5)]. The SWV of SSP muscle in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 2.88 ± 0.25 m/s, 2.79 ± 0.27 m/s, 2.64 ± 0.21 m/s, 2.34 ± 0.14 m/s, and 2.12 ± 0.17 m/s, respectively. SWV in SSP muscle was negatively correlated with the severity of RCT (r = −0.809), fatty infiltration grade of SSP muscle (r = −0.677), echogenicity grade of SSP muscle (r = −0.637), Warner grade (r = −0.671), and Goutallier stage (r = −0.672, P Conclusion The SWS demonstrated a difference of elastic properties of SSP muscle according to the severity of RCT and was correlated with fatty infiltration, echogenicity, and atrophy of SSP muscle, and the severity of RCT. Therefore, SWS can be used as an imaging method to provide insight into the biomechanics and pathophysiology of supraspinatus muscles in patients with RCT.
SeFAct: selective feature activation and early classification for CNNs

This work presents a dynamic energy reduction approach for hardware accelerators for convolutional neural networks (CNN). Two methods are used: (1) an adaptive data-dependent scheme to selectively activate a subset of all neurons, by narrowing down the possible activated classes (2) static bitwidth reduction. The former is applied in late layers of the CNN, while the latter is more effective in early layers. Even accounting for the implementation overheads, the results show 20%--25% energy savings with 5--10% accuracy loss.
LGBT friendly healthcare providers’ tobacco treatment practices and recommendations

PURPOSE This study aimed to describe lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) friendly providers' (1) smoking cessation recommendations to LGBT patients and (2) tobacco treatment practices for transgender patients. DESIGN AND METHODS In-depth, semistructured phone interviews were conducted with 13 healthcare providers. FINDINGS Four overarching themes emerged: (1) providing tobacco treatment services for LGBT patients; (2) barriers to LGBT smoking cessation; (3) prescribing practices for transgender individuals taking estrogen hormone therapy; (4) provider community outreach to promote LGBT smoking cessation. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Holistic tobacco treatment services are needed to address LGBT-specific barriers to tobacco cessation, such as stress, identity-related factors, and inadequate healthcare access.
The tensile root strength of Spartina patens varies with soil texture and atrazine concentration.

The widely used agricultural herbicide atrazine enters wetlands and may potentially affect wetland plants that provide critical reinforcement of soil strength and contribute to ecosystem stability in ways that may vary among soil types. We conducted greenhouse experiments using four levels of atrazine doses and three different soil textures to test for differences between control and experimental treatments and interactive effects of soil texture and atrazine exposure by using the tensile root strength of the coastal wetland emergent macrophyte Spartina patens as the response variable. The tensile root strength of S. patens was not affected after 50 days of atrazine exposure in an organic soil, but was 29–55% lower vs. controls in a 204-day experiment in sand-, clay-, and organic-dominated soil textures after atrazine exposure with the greatest decline in the sand-atrazine treatment. But there was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of the tensile root strength data of the main effects from individual treatments compared with the soil texture and atrazine combination treatments or any difference in the magnitude of the tensile root strength means. These results indicate that there were no synergistic interactive effects of soil texture and atrazine exposure on S. patens tensile root strength. However, the biogeochemical characteristics of soil texture may play an important role in the plant absorption of xenobiotics.
Functional Approaches to Grammar

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by W. Croft, volume 9, pp. 6323–6330, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
A bacteriological study of septicemia in Hilla city

Septicemia is a serious bloodstream infection; it can quickly become life-threatening. The current study aimed to isolate and identify the causative agents of septicemia cases with reference to the antibiogram test. 52 blood samples were collected from a number of incomings and those who lie in Hilla general hospital. After incubation and culturing on suitable media, 30 samples gave growth of one or two species of bacteria. A total of 33 bacterial isolates were obtained, most of them (16 isolates) were belong to coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., followed by E. coli (6 isolates), Pseudomonas sp. (5 isolates), Streptococcus sp. (2 isolates), and one isolate for each of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Acinetobacter sp., and Listeria monocytogenes. When antibiotics sensitivity test was accomplished, most Staphylococcus spp. were sensitive for daptomycin and had high resistance to both of vancomycin and clindamycin, whereas Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive for most the used antibiotics. Half of E. coli isolates were sensitive, while the second half were resistant to the used antibiotics. Imipenem inhibited the growth of all Pseudomonas isolates, whereas 80% of them were resistant to amikacin. The epidemiology of bacteremia is altering with the aging of the population, shifts in healthcare, and progress in medicine, such as increased use of immunosuppressive treatment, intravascular devices, and invasive procedures.
The Importance of Using Real-World Examples and Data to Teach Correlation

In the age of analytics and big data, it is becoming easier to dredge the data and find significant correlations. It is important for educators to enhance their lectures dealing with correlation. The authors feel that the best way to accomplish this is by using actual, real-world correlations uncovered by researchers. This paper provides examples of correlations from many diverse disciplines including management, education, psychology, and health.
Physiological Monitoring for Procedural Sedation

Physiological monitoring of vital signs is essential for the safe practice of procedural sedation and analgesia. Oxygenation, ventilation, hemodynamics, and aspects of cortical activity can all be monitored noninvasively in spontaneously breathing patients. This chapter discusses the current guidelines and standards for patient monitoring, the essential monitoring modalities for procedural sedation and analgesia in children, and future directions in the field of monitoring.
Mathematical Explanation in Practice

The connection between understanding and explanation has recently been of interest to philosophers. Inglis and Mejia-Ramos (Synthese, 2019. https://doi-org.proxy.library.nd.edu/10.1007/s11229-019-02234-5 ) propose that within mathematics, we should accept a functional account of explanation that characterizes explanations as those things that produce understanding. In this paper, I start with the assumption that this view of mathematical explanation is correct and consider what we can consequently learn about mathematical explanation. I argue that this view of explanation suggests that we should shift the question of explanation away from why-questions and towards a “what’s going on here” question. Additionally, I argue that when we recognize the connection between understanding and explanation we naturally see how more than just proof can be explanatory. I expand this point by detailing how definitions and diagrams can be explanatory. In all, we see that when we take seriously the connection between understanding and explanation, we get a better sense of how explanation arises within mathematics.
2. AutoLion™: A Thermally Coupled Simulation Tool for Automotive Li-Ion Batteries (2013-01-1522)

In this paper, we demonstrate the AutoLion™ suite: a collection of battery simulation tools for electric drive vehicle (EDV) Li-ion cell and pack development. At the heart of each simulation tool is a thermally coupled battery (TCB) model that simultaneously computes electrochemical and thermal effects of large format cell and pack operation. As we will demonstrate through illustrative examples, TCB modeling is critically important for properly simulating EDV Li-ion cells and packs under conditions of interest to the automotive industry (cold-start, rapid charge, safety simulations, etc.). Furthermore, we highlight a one-of-a-kind degradation model that simultaneously predicts cell performance and degradation over the life cycle of the battery.
Implicit Bias Recognition and Management: Tailored Instruction for Faculty.

Abstract Background Implicit bias instruction is becoming more prevalent across the continuum of medical education. Little guidance exists for faculty on recognizing and debriefing about implicit bias during routine clinical encounters. Objective To assess the impact and feasibility of single seminars on implicit bias and the approach to its management in clinical settings. Methods Between September 2016 and November 2017, the authors delivered five departmental/divisional grand rounds across three different academic medical centers in New York, USA. Instruction provided background information on implicit bias, highlighted its relevance to clinical care, and discussed proposed interventions. To evaluate the impact of instruction participants completed a twelve-item retrospective pre-intervention/post-intervention survey. Questions related to comfort and confidence in recognizing and managing implicit bias, debriefing with learners, and role-modeling behaviors. Participants identified strategies for recognizing and managing potentially biased events through free text prompts. Authors qualitatively analyzed participants’ identified strategies. Results We received 116 completed surveys from 203 participants (57% response rate). Participants self-reported confidence and comfort increased for all questions. Qualitative analysis resulted in three themes: looking inward, looking outward, and taking action at individual and institutional levels. Conclusion After a single session, respondents reported increased confidence and comfort with the topic. They identified strategies relevant to their professional contexts which can inform future skills-based interventions. For healthcare organizations responding to calls for implicit bias training, this approach has great promise. It is feasible and can reach a wide audience through usual grand rounds programming, serving as an effective early step in such training.