cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspects of the intermoult cycle in natantians

Abstract 1. (1) The stages in the intermoult cycle of the caridean natantians Leander xiphias, Processa acutirostris , and P. edulis edulis have been determined according to the modified criteria of Drach, and the duration of the stages estimated for female L. xiphias in the winter, and for both sexes in the spring, at Villefranche-sur-Mer. 2. (2) The cycle is very much shortened in females in spring, as compared with winter, but the duration of individual stages relative to the whole cycle is not greatly altered. In spring, the cycle of males is much shorter than that of females, and the intermoult period (stage C) is much shorter in males, relative to the entire cycle. No evident difference in cycle length was noted between ovigerous and non-ovigerous females in spring. 3. (3) The duration of the intermoult cycle and the duration of embryonic development are closely related in L. xiphias . Eggs are deposited in late postmoult (B) and hatched during early to late premoult (D 1 to D 3 ). The approximate time of initiation of reproductive activity was noted for all three species. 4. (4) Eyestalk removal does not appear to alter the course of the intermoult cycle in male, female or ovigerous female species of L. xiphias . 5. (5) In all three species, the males are typically smaller than the females, and the ovigerous females are typically larger than the non-ovigerous females. This suggests a consecutive protandrous sexuality. 6. (6) The chromatophore patterns of the three species are described, and a diurnal rhythm of colour change is noted in the monochromatic erythrophores of the Processidae. The rhythm appears to be dependent on the integrity of the eyestalks. A significant variation in the state of dispersion of each of the four pigment types in L. xiphias was observed during premoult and postmoult stages. 7. (7) In general, the total acid-soluble carbohydrate of the three species varies little in amount during the intermoult cycle; the concentration is typically 1–3 mg glucose equivalent per g body weight, with no evident sexual differences. Eyestalk removal, in stage C or D 1 (intermoult or early premoult), is followed by a marked increase in total carbohydrate, to values of 3–10 mg/g. These observations are discussed in relation to current views concerning the hormonal regulation of moulting and metabolism.
Holocene fluvial geomorphology of the Amargosa River through Amargosa Canyon, California

Abstract The 275-km-long, mostly ephemeral, Amargosa River flows through some of the driest terrain in the western U.S. and terminates below sea level at Badwater Basin in Death Valley. An understanding of the geomorphic history and climatic response of an 18-km reach of the Amargosa River through Amargosa Canyon was sought by: (1) the development of a fluvial chronology for Amargosa Canyon; (2) the analysis of the modern hydroclimatology of the Amargosa River; and (3) the comparison of the Amargosa River record with other local and regional paleohydrologic reconstructions. Late Holocene fluvial landforms preserved in the upper 11 km of Amargosa Canyon include a suite of five terraces ranging from the active floodplain level to approximately 12 m above modern stream. Terraces in this reach are both fill and fill-cut, deposits are generally fine-grained, and the stream is an incised, straight channel. Deposits underlying the dominant terrace in upper Amargosa Canyon represent two main aggradational periods, one around A.D. 646 to A.D. 760, and a later period of rapid aggradation around A.D. 1485 to A.D. 1663. These two aggradational periods were separated by an erosional period. Both aggradational periods are associated with wetter conditions. Hydroclimatologic analyses suggest that troughs or cut-off low-pressure systems over the west coast of the U.S. are the dominant synoptic patterns associated with modern flow events in the Amargosa River. The lower 7-km portion of the river through Amargosa Canyon is dramatically different. Here, the stream has a braided channel, and the coarse-grained deposits form a series of abandoned braid bars. Also present in Amargosa Canyon are pediments and truncated alluvial fan sediments interfingering with predominantly coarse-grained axial channel sediments that are topographically higher and older than preserved late Holocene fluvial deposits. The Amargosa River through Amargosa Canyon appears to be quite sensitive to the low-magnitude climatic fluctuations of the latest Holocene, but this record is periodically lost through higher magnitude climatic fluctuations that cause erosion.
Deuterium isotope effects on degradation of hydrocortisone in aqueous solution.

Abstract C-21-Dideuteriohydrocortisone (I) was synthesized and its stability against degradation in aqueous solution under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions was determined and compared with that of hydrocortisone (II). At pH values between 9 and 13, I was significantly more stable than II when oxygen and 0.1% disodium edetate were present but it appeared to degrade more rapidly than II when oxygen was excluded from the system. At pH 7 and 35°, both I and II were stable during 96 days in the presence of air and 0.1% disodium edetate but they did degrade slowly when the disodium edetate was excluded. Under these latter conditions, I was again more stable than II. A possible explanation for the enhanced stability of I over II under oxidative conditions is that the reaction path for these degradations involves a rate-determining enolization in the C-17-dihydroxyacetone side chain.
Calculations of the electron-energy-loss probability in thin uniaxial crystals at oblique incidence

The complete differential electron-energy-loss probability is calculated for scattering of a fast electron by a thin uniaxial crystal foil at oblique incidence. Retardation effects are considered in the present calculation. In the long-wavelength limit the local dielectric tensor lim/sub q/..-->..o epsilon-arrow-right (q,..omega..) is expected to give a good description of the response of the electron gas in solids to the fields of the incident electron. Using this dielectric approach, the scattering cross section of both volume and surface excitations are obtained. Plasmon anisotropy and the excitation of both extraordinary and ordinary Cerenkov radiation are discussed. The dispersion relations for both extraordinary and ordinary surface waves are also obtained and studied in detail. As an example, we have calculated the scattering probability distribution function for a 500-A-thick graphite foil under normal incidence of 75-keV electrons.
A successive fuzzification technique and its application to pavement evaluation

Abstract A successive fuzzification procedure has been developed by extending the 'fuzzifier' concept introduced by Zadeh. This technique provides an efficient fuzzification procedure for cases where an entity is influenced by human and system uncertainty originating from different sources. In such cases, each source of uncertainty is given an individual fuzzifier, and a composite fuzzifier is created for the entity from the individual ones. A specific application is cited in the area of transportation engineering where the technique has been used to improve pavement distress surveys. The distress condition of a pavement is conventionally expressed by the Pavement Condition Rating (PCR) derived from subjective ratings for different types of pavement distress. The human based uncertainty involved in the rating of distress severity and extent can be incorporated in the PCR by expressing it as a fuzzy number. The usefulness of the new fuzzification technique in forming the 'fuzzy PCR' is illustrated.
Effects of session and intrasession repetition on individual power law exponents

Number of presentations of the stimulus series was manipulated to choose between response bias and transitory memory theories of individual differences in power function exponents. Four groups of 15 subjects gave magnitude estimations of circle areas in two sessions separated by 1 week. The number of first session presentations for a group was one, two, four, or eight; all received three second session repetitions. Interrepetition correlations of exponents for individuals for adjacent repetitions, within and across sessions, were significant, indicating reliable subject differences. Correlations remained stable over presentations and were similar across groups, suggesting little effect due to repetition. Correlations between sessions did decrease, as the memory hypothesis would predict, but not significantly. Results were interpreted as favorable to the response bias hypothesis but a rapid learning explanation could not be ruled out.
Revisiting HgCl2: A solution- and solid-state 199Hg NMR and ZORA–DFT computational study

The 199Hg chemical-shift tensor of solid HgCl2 was determined from spectra of polycrystalline materials, using static and magic-angle spinning (MAS) techniques at multiple spinning frequencies and field strengths. The chemical-shift tensor of solid HgCl2 is axially symmetric (η = 0) within experimental error. The 199Hg chemical-shift anisotropy (CSA) of HgCl2 in a frozen solution in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is significantly smaller than that of the solid, implying that the local electronic structure in the solid is different from that of the material in solution. The experimental chemical-shift results (solution and solid-state) are compared with those predicted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA) to account for relativistic effects. 199Hg spin-lattice relaxation of HgCl2 dissolved in DMSO is dominated by a CSA mechanism, but a second contribution to relaxation arises from ligand exchange. Relaxation in the solid state is independent of temperature, suggesting relaxation by paramagnetic impurities or defects.
Cycling of RNA-directed DNA polymerase on natural and synthetic RNA templates

RNA-DIRECTED DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) catalyses in vivo the synthesis of DNA complementary to the RNA of tumour viruses. The DNA is integrated into the host genome and is therefore implicated in the subsequent tumorigenesis1. The mechanism by which reverse transcriptase replicates the viral RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) and its resultant integration, as well as the interaction of the viral components in the host, remain unclear2. Reverse transcriptase has been used in vitro to synthesise cDNA to mRNA; this cDNA can be used to identify and characterise the cellular processes dependent on nucleic acids. The conditions of the reactions have been optimised3,4; however problems remain with both the quality and quantity of the cDNA5,6,15. We report here in vitro conditions such that each RNA-directed DNA polymerase molecule synthesises several to more than 100 transcripts, depending on whether natural or synthetic templates are used. As noted previously3,4, the fidelity of the cDNA transcript, the amount, and the time course of polymerisation depend strongly on the reaction conditions.
Evaluation and Improvement of Geopositioning Accuracy of IKONOS Stereo Imagery

IKONOS imagery has been used in many commercial, government, and research applications ranging from environment monitoring, to coastal change detection, and to national security. The high costs of IKONOS high end products (Pro and Precision products) make it extremely attractive to find practical methods that use lower-cost IKONOS Geo products to produce highly accurate mapping products. This paper presents four different models defined in both object space and image space to refine the rational function derived ground coordinates. The models are the translation, scale and translation, affine, and second-order polynomial models. Different configurations of ground control points (GCPs) are carefully examined to evaluate the impact on accuracy improvement. The models are tested based on two IKONOS stereo pairs acquired in the Lake Erie coastal area. It is demonstrated that if an appropriate model and GCPs are used, ground point errors can be reduced from 5-6 to 1.5 m in horizontal and from 7 to 2 m in vertical directions.
A Two-Channel Electrical Counter

Many studies require that the magnitude of 2 variables be determined simultaneously. Usually this is done by an operator using 2 hand-operated mechanical reciprocating counters. The operator records one variable on one counter and the second on the other. Our specific problem was to determine pollinator densities in field plots. The operators counted a fixed number of flowers and recorded the number of pollinators on these flowers. A number of problems arise from the use of these devices. The reciprocating counters are hard to use, resulting in manual fatigue, and are infamous for missing counts, particularly when they become worn. The operator must have both hands full all the time he is making the count. If the operator must do something else with his hands, he must store the counters where they will not become lost or interchanged.
Effects of Digital Vibrotactile Speech Feedback on Overt Stuttering Frequency

Fluency-enhancing speech feedback, originating from internally or externally generated sources via auditory or visual sensory modalities is not restricted to a specific sensory modality or signal origination. Research suggests that externally generated digital vibrotactile speech feedback serves as an effective fluency enhancer. The present purpose was to test the fluency-enhancing effects of self-generated digital vibrotactile speech feedback on stuttering frequency. Adults who stutter read passages aloud over the telephone, both with and without digital vibrotactile speech feedback. Digital vibrotactile speech feedback was operationally defined as feeling the vibrations of the thyroid cartilage with the thumb and index finger while speaking. Analysis indicated that self-generated digital vibrotactile speech feedback reduced overt stuttering frequency by an average of 72%. As the specific neural mechanisms associated with stuttering and fluency enhancement from tactile speech feedback remain unknown, theoretical implications and clinical applications were discussed.
Science in the Courtroom: Vital to Best Interests and Reasonable Efforts

This essay was adapted from a speech presented by the author on February 12, 2008 at a Colloquium entitled “What’s Best for Children? How Judges Use Neuroscience to Break the Cycle of Child Maltreatment.” The colloquium was sponsored by the Harvard Center on the Developing Child and held at Harvard Law School. It focuses on the wealth of knowledge that has been discovered about infant and child development and the importance of incorporating that knowledge into judicial decision making in child maltreatment cases. jfcj_1039 63..68
Contribution of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis to thermogenic capacity for the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus).

Abstract Small mammals that are active all year must develop ways to survive the cold winters. Endotherms that experience prolonged cold exposure often increase their thermogenic capacity. Thermogenic capacity incorporates basal metabolic rate (BMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), and shivering thermogenesis (ST). Increasing the capacity of any of these components will result in increased thermogenic capacity. It is often thought that NST should be the most plastic component of thermogenic capacity and as such is the most likely to increase with cold acclimation. We used deer mice to test this hypothesis by acclimating 27 animals to one of two temperatures (5° or 22°C) for 8 wk. We then measured and compared values for thermogenic capacity—BMR, ST, and NST—between the two groups. Thermogenic capacity and NST increased by 21% and 42%, respectively, after cold acclimation. Neither BMR nor ST showed any change after acclimation. Therefore, it appears that deer mice raise their thermogenic capacity in resp...
Experimental Human Exposures to Fluorocardon 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane)

The acute toxicity of fluorocarbon 12 was studied as it relates to establishing safe hygienic standards for single, brief exposures. Two human volunteers were exposed to concentrations of 1000 and 10,000 ppm of fluorocarbon 12 for 2.5 hours. They were exposed twice to both concentrations, and on six occasions they were exposed to air. Clinical observations, laboratory tests, subjective impressions, continuous electrocardiogram monitoring, and tests of psychomotor performance did not reveal any adverse effects resulting from exposure to 1000 ppm of fluorocarbon 12. Exposures to 10,000 ppm resulted only in a 7% reduction in the standardized psychomotor test score. These findings suggest that exposure to 10,000 ppm of fluorocarbon 12 for 2.5 hours will not pose a serious threat to an individual's health. Measurement of the subjects’ end-tidal air for fluorocarbon 12 made immediately postexposure and periodically thereafter showed that the compound is rapidly eliminated from the lungs.
A momentum-based constraint on optical flow tracking of the endocardial surface

Echocardiography is the standard of care for the evaluation of cardiac function in a variety of clinical scenarios. Despite the increasing availability of RT3D imaging, its utility remains limited due to a lack of tools available to analyze 3D+t datasets. In previous work, we have proposed and validated optical flow as an effective correlation-based technique to track myocardial motion and deformation in RT3D datasets. However, OF's ability to track small regions of tissue (e.g. the endocardial surface) is diminished in less optimal acquisitions. Our goal, therefore, is to develop additional constraints on OF-estimated motion in order to increase the robustness of endocardial surface tracking. We present several modifications to OF-based tracking including motion field smoothing and momentum correction that results in improved OF tracking.
An Integrated Damage, Visual, and Radar Analysis of the 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, EF5 Tornado

An integrated damage, visual, and radar analysis of the EF5 Moore, Oklahoma, tornado that occurred on 20 May 2013 is presented. Characteristics of the damage path are discussed based on detailed ground and aerial surveys. Tree fall reveals highly convergent surface flow over the majority of the damage path. At times, the convergent flow is observed at radii less than that of the condensation funnel. A photogrammetric analysis of still photos and video shows that the damaging winds extend well beyond the condensation funnel location. The condensation funnel often coincides with the EF1, EF2, and EF3 isopleths. Observations of the tornado debris signature (TDS) by the Twin Lakes (KTLX)–Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) are presented. The TDS is not a good indicator of tornado intensity just after tornadogenesis. The spatial relationship between the TDS, condensation funnel, and damage path is highlighted. An analysis of the area encompassed by the respective EF-scale isopleths is presented t...
The development of a university sports complex: a project management application

Abstract The development of a university sports complex requires an integrated planning, scheduling and management approach, a requirement which is underscored by the desired to overlap design and construction activities in order to complete the facility on an accelerated schedule. The analysis of the project utilizes project management techniques: development of network models, identification of critical paths, and scheduling, cost control and resource allocation considerations. The use of computerized project planning and control tools provides flexibility and enables easy modification of the plans.
Comparison of Mates of Sires Used Artificially and Naturally in Michigan DHIA Holstein Herds

Summary Michigan DHIA Holstein records from 1944 to 1956 were analyzed to compare production levels of mates of sires used artificially (AB) and naturally (non-AB). Purebred and grade mates were analyzed separately, since the former had higher levels of production and a higher average number of records than the latter. Purebred mates of AB sires did not produce significantly more milk or fat but did have significantly more records than non-AB purebred mates (12,794 lb. milk, 452 lb. fat, and 2.79 records for AB mates, and 12,711 lb. milk, 449 lb. fat, and 2.60 records for non-AB mates). Grade mates of AB sires did not produce significantly less milk or fat or have significantly more records than non-AB grade mates (11,537 lb. milk, 421 lb. fat, and 2.43 records for AB mates, and 11,659 lb. milk, 422 lb. fat, and 2.34 records for non-AB mates). Since AB and non-AB sires were mated to equally productive mates, and other workers have found no difference between AB and non-AB daughters, this study supports the conclusion that significant differences in transmitting ability have not been present between groups of AB and non-AB sires studied.
Relationship of Work Pace to Worker Physiological Cost in a Human-Machine Production Task

The increased work pace of the operators in a human-machine production task resulting from the provision of an assigned hard-task production standard in conjunction with production quantity and quality feedback, did not have a significant adverse effect on worker physiological cost. The operators who were provided with this experimental condition had an average first recovery heart/pulse rate of 81 beats per minute (bpm), which was within the normal range of 60 and 100 bpm for light work load and certainly within the safe limit of 110 bpm. Some of the operators pulse rate did not change, while for some other operators it even went down after the task performance. The pulse rate of some of the operators showed no recovery while some other operators pulse rate showed reverse or negative recovery.
MEMBER-BANK BORROWING: A REJOINDER

MANY DIFFERENCES involve a failure of communication between the disputants, and this disagreement between Professor Hodgman and myself is no exception. I must obviously take some blame for failing to elaborate my position less ambiguously in the original article.' Consequently, I am grateful to Hodgman not only for his careful and valuable analysis of my hypothesis and tests but also for providing me with an opportunity to restate more precisely-and therefore more clearly, I hope-my views on this question of member-bank borrowing. Specifically, I seem to have misled Professor Hodgman and, possibly, others who read the article by not making absolutely clear what appears to me to be a crucial distinction between the reason or reasons why member banks may resort to the discount window and the extent to which they actually do (p. 3, n. 6). The former, representing what Hodgman terms the "underlying motivation" for borrowing at the Fed, concerns the ancient controversy as to whether such borrowing is a function of need and/or profit, while the latter, which, for lack of a better term I call the "integration thesis," concerns itself solely with the choice of method by which the banks raise loanable funds to lend to their customers, given the basic motivation that prompts them to demand such funds in the first place. Regardless of the ultimate reasons why banks initially wish to borrow (i.e., need or profit), the extent to which they avail themselves of the discount window rather than the open market in satisfying their needs for loanable funds depends on the least-cost spread, i.e., the cost differential between borrowing at the discount rate or selling Treasury bills, thus foregoing their yield. Adjustment of bank reserves becomes a function of the relative profitability of the two alternatives, the banks preferring the least costly method.2 Furthermore, subjective estimations can be imputed to the choice of using the discount win-
A chimeric human-mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome.

Despite recent advances in the understanding of Sjogren's Syndrome (SjS), the pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive and an ideal model for early drug discovery is not yet available. To establish a humanized mouse model of SjS, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy volunteers or patients with SjS were transferred into immunodeficient NOD-scid IL-2rγ(null) mouse recipients to produce chimeric mice. While no difference was observed in the distribution of cells, chimeric mice transferred with PBMCs from SjS patients produced enhanced cytokine levels, most significantly IFN-γ and IL-10. Histological examination revealed enhanced inflammatory responses in the lacrimal and salivary glands of SjS chimeras, as measured by digital image analysis and blinded histopathological scoring. Infiltrates were primarily CD4+, with minimal detection of CD8+ T-cells and B-cells. These results demonstrate a novel chimeric mouse model of human SjS that provides a unique in vivo environment to test experimental therapeutics and investigate T-cell disease pathology.
An Analysis on Investment into Research and Development and Its Influe nce on Profit ability in the Medical Device Sector of the Economy

The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether or not investing more funds into research and development will lead to higher profitability, and the analysis will be done by examining the musculoskeletal division of the medical device industry. My research will tie in with production function theory as well as Schumpeter’s theory of creative destruction. This paper will also use past research to show what has been done to evaluate the positive relationship between research and development and risk and how this could alter profitability. Through theory and past research an appropriate testable hypothesis will be developed. In order to test the hypothesis, data will be drawn and used in regression analysis as well as descriptive statistics to verify a significant relationship. In order to perform regression analysis an empirical model will be made which will show the dependent variable and how it will be tested against an independent variable as well as control variables. A discussion of the results will then occur as well as mention of future research. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol19/iss1/12
Juvenile gametophyte development in the Blasiales. 3. Sporeling ontogeny of Cavicularia densa

Sporeling development in Cavicularia densa was determined using controlled culture and light microscopy techniques. Ontogeny is typified by endosporic germination followed by early protonematal development via the production of a terminal quadrant of four cells which ruptures the spore wall distally. Sporeling production is triggered by the delimitation of a cuneate apical cell in one of the quadrants. Regular apical cell segmentation produces derivatives and adult merophytes that ultimately result in a juvenile Cavicularia gametophyte. The fundamental sporeling pattern exhibited by Cavicularia is shared only with that of its sister genus Blasia. Moreover, the patterns of sporeling and gemma/gemmaling ontogeny in Cavicularia and Blasia share quadrant systems of precise uniformity, thus reinforcing the close relationship between the blasialean genera.
Productivity of "Collisions Generate Heat" for Reconciling an Energy Model with Mechanistic Reasoning: A Case Study.

The right instructional context can turn students' incorrect physics ideas from obstacles to learning into productive starting points for developing correct ideas.
Improved mapping of protein binding sites.

Summary Computational mapping methods place molecular probes – small molecules or functional groups – on a protein surface in order to identify the most favorable binding positions by calculating an interaction potential. Mapping is an important step in a number of flexible docking and drug design algorithms. We have developed improved algorithms for mapping protein surfaces using small organic molecules as molecular probes. The calculations reproduce the binding of eight organic solvents to lysozyme as observed by NMR, as well as the binding of four solvents to thermolysin, in good agreement with x-ray data. Application to protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B shows that the information provided by the mapping can be very useful for drug design. We also studied why the organic solvents bind in the active site of proteins, in spite of the availability of alternative pockets that can very tightly accommodate some of the probes. A possible explanation is that the binding in the relatively large active site retains a number of rotational states, and hence leads to smaller entropy loss than the binding elsewhere else. Indeed, the mapping reveals that the clusters of the ligand molecules in the protein’s active site contain different rotational-translational conformers, which represent different local minima of the free energy surface. In order to study the transitions between different conformers, reaction path and molecular dynamics calculations were performed. Results show that most of the rotational states are separated by low free energy barriers at the experimental temperature, and hence the entropy of binding in the active site is expected to be high.
Impact of coverage-dependent marginal costs on optimal HPV vaccination strategies

a b s t r a c t The effectiveness of vaccinating males against the human papillomavirus (HPV) remains a controversial subject. Many existing studies conclude that increasing female coverage is more effective than diverting resources into male vaccination. Recently, several empirical studies on HPV immunization have been published, providing evidence of the fact that marginal vaccination costs increase with coverage. In this study, we use a stochastic agent-based modeling framework to revisit the male vaccination debate in light of these new findings. Within this framework, we assess the impact of coverage-dependent marginal costs of vaccine distribution on optimal immunization strategies against HPV. Focusing on the two scenarios of ongoing and new vaccination programs, we analyze different resource allocation policies and their effects on overall disease burden. Our results suggest that if the costs associated with vaccinating males are relatively close to those associated with vaccinating females, then coverage-dependent, increasing marginal costs may favor vaccination strategies that entail immunization of both genders. In particular, this study emphasizes the necessity for further empirical research on the nature of coverage-dependent vaccination costs. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatic Tumors: Increased Tumor Destruction with Adjuvant Liposomal Doxorubicin Therapy

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the administration of liposomal doxorubicin before radiofrequency ablation increases coagulation more than radiofrequency alone in focal hepatic tumors.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Fourteen focal hepatic tumors (diameter: mean ± SD, 4.0±1.8 cm) in 10 patients (colorectal cancer, n = 3 patients; hepatocellular carcinoma, n = 4; neuroendocrine tumor, n = 2; breast cancer, n = 1) were treated with internally cooled radiofrequency ablation. In addition to undergoing radiofrequency, five patients (n = 7 lesions) were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg of IV doxorubicin in a long-circulating stealth liposome carrier (Doxil) 24 hr before ablation. Contrast-enhanced helical CT was performed immediately (within 30 min) after radiofrequency ablation (baseline) and 2-4 weeks after ablation. The volume of induced coagulation was measured by three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, and the measurements were compared.RESULTS. For tumors treated with radiofreque...
On Saint-Venant’s Problem for an Inhomogeneous, Anisotropic Cylinder—Part I: Methodology for Saint-Venant Solutions

In this paper, the first in a series of three, a procedure based on semi-analytical finite elements is presented for constructing Saint-Venant solutions for extension, bending, torsion, and flexure of a prismatic cylinder with inhomogeneous, anisotropic cross-sectional properties. Extension-bending-torsion involve stress fields independent of the axial coordinate and their displacements may be decomposed into two distinct parts which are called the primal field and the cross-sectional warpages herein. The primal field embodies the essence of the kinematic hypotheses of elementary bar and beam theories and that for unrestrained torsion. The cross-sectional warpages are independent of the axial coordinate and they are determined by testing the variationally derived finite element displacement equations of equilibrium with the primal field. For flexure, a restricted three-dimensional stress field is in effect where the stress can vary at most linearly along the axis. Integrating the displacement field based for extension-bending-torsion gives that for the flexure problem. The cross-sectional warpages for flexure are determined by testing the displacement equations of equilibrium with this displacement field. In the next paper, the cross-sectional properties such as the weighted-average centroid, center of twist and shear center are defined based on the Saint-Venant solutions established in the present paper and numerical examples are given. In the third paper, end effects or the quantification of Saint-Venant's principle for the inhomogeneous, anisotropic cylinder is considered.
Management of End-Stage Heart Failure

The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is increasing and morbidity and mortality remain high. There is a clear need for palliative care for the growing population of chronically ill patients with HF. Because HF-specific therapy modifies disease and palliates symptoms, recommended treatments for chronic and acute decompensated HF are reviewed. This article discusses symptom burden in advanced HF and specific considerations for patients with HF regarding advance care planning and symptom-directed therapy. Options for care at the end of life, including hospice, chronic inotropic support, and deactivation of an internal cardiac defibrillator, are also discussed.
Implementing a Cognitive Behavior Management Program

Cognitive behavior modification (CBM) is a broad term that describes a number of specific techniques that teach self-control through increased awareness of cognitive processes and knowledge of how behavior affects academic and behavioral outcomes. In contrast to other forms of behavior management, CBM interventions emphasize student rather than teacher evaluation of performance, making this set of strategies highly desirable for busy educators. This article briefly describes three CBM procedures: (a) observational learning, (b) self-instruction, and (c) self-monitoring. It also provides specific guidelines for implementing self-instruction and self-monitoring training in the classroom.
Synthesis, Photophysics, Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of PEG-Modified BODIPY dyes in Organic and Aqueous Solutions.

A set polyethylene glycol (PEG)-appended BODIPY architectures (BOPEG1–BOPEG3) have been prepared and studied in CH2Cl2, H2O:CH3CN (1:1) and aqueous solutions. BOPEG1 and BOPEG2 both contain a short PEG chain and differ in substitution about the BODIPY framework. BOPEG3 is comprised of a fully substituted BODIPY moiety linked to a PEG polymer that is roughly 13 units in length. The photophysics and electrochemical properties of these compounds have been thoroughly characterized in CH2Cl2 and aqueous CH3CN solutions. The behavior of BOPEG1–BOPEG3 correlates with established rules of BODIPY stability based on substitution about the BODIPY moiety. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) for each of these compounds was also monitored. BOPEG1, which is unsubstituted at the 2- and 6-positions dimerized upon electrochemical oxidation while BOPEG2, which contains ethyl groups at the 2- and 6-positions, was much more robust and served as an excellent ECL luminophore. BOPEG3 is highly soluble in water due to the lo...
Analysis of Algorithms: programming to problem solving

In the Introduction to Analysis of Algorithms, students traditionally apply a combination of computer science theory and mathematics to paper-based problem solving, analysis of pre-developed algorithms and proofs of algorithmic run-times. In this paper, we suggest that a major factor that determines the success in the Analysis is the discrepancy between the programming styles of CS1 and CS2, with immediate feedback of student solutions, a dynamic working environment and non-sequential implementation, and the learning requirements of a theory-based course, with delayed feedback of student solutions, a static working environment and sequential problem solving. Since they are not (as yet) supported by empirical evidence, these discussions do not lead to definitive claims about the analysis and student performance; on the other hand, they do generate theories for research that could enhance the undergraduate experience in theory based courses
Response‐to‐intervention in high‐risk preschools: Critical issues for implementation

This article summarizes the current knowledge of response-to-intervention (RTI) models in preschool settings, with an emphasis on evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of our current research base. Particular attention is given to the unique challenges of high-risk preschool settings. Presently, sufficient empirical support exists to begin establishing tiered intervention systems and building teacher capacity. Lacking, however, are valid and reliable assessment tools and insufficiently trained personnel to support a data-based decision-model within high-risk preschools. We conclude that organizational development should focus on building teacher capacity, establishing high-quality classroom instruction, and planning for sustainable programs, with adoption of a full RTI service delivery model serving as a long-range aspirational goal. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
VisANT 4.0: Integrative network platform to connect genes, drugs, diseases and therapies

With the rapid accumulation of our knowledge on diseases, disease-related genes and drug targets, network-based analysis plays an increasingly important role in systems biology, systems pharmacology and translational science. The new release of VisANT aims to provide new functions to facilitate the convenient network analysis of diseases, therapies, genes and drugs. With improved understanding of the mechanisms of complex diseases and drug actions through network analysis, novel drug methods (e.g., drug repositioning, multi-target drug and combination therapy) can be designed. More specifically, the new update includes (i) integrated search and navigation of disease and drug hierarchies; (ii) integrated disease–gene, therapy–drug and drug–target association to aid the network construction and filtering; (iii) annotation of genes/drugs using disease/therapy information; (iv) prediction of associated diseases/therapies for a given set of genes/drugs using enrichment analysis; (v) network transformation to support construction of versatile network of drugs, genes, diseases and therapies; (vi) enhanced user interface using docking windows to allow easy customization of node and edge properties with build-in legend node to distinguish different node type. VisANT is freely available at: http://visant.bu.edu.
Monocyte Caspase-1 Is Released in a Stable, Active High Molecular Weight Complex Distinct from the Unstable Cell Lysate-Activated Caspase-1

Mononuclear phagocytes utilize caspase-1 activation as a means to respond to danger signals. Although caspase-1 was discovered using highly concentrated cell extracts that spontaneously activate caspase-1, it is now clear that in live cell models caspase-1 activation occurs in the process of its cellular release and is not an intracellular event. Therefore, we compared the characteristics of caspase-1 activation in the cell lysate model to that of caspase-1 that is released in response to exogenous inflammasome activation. Whereas both models generated active caspase-1, the cell-lysate induced caspase-1 required highly concentrated cell lysates and had a short half-life (~15 min) whereas, the activation induced released caspase-1 required 2-3 log fold fewer cells and was stable for greater than 12 h. Both forms were able to cleave proIL-1beta but unexpectedly, the released activity was unable to be immunodepleted by caspase-1 antibodies. Size exclusion chromatography identified two antigenic forms of p20 caspase-1 in the activation induced released caspase-1: one at the predicted size of tetrameric, p20/p10 caspase-1 and the other at >200 kDa. However, only the high molecular weight form had stable functional activity. These results suggest that released caspase-1 exists in a unique complex that is functionally stable and protected from immunodepletion whereas cell-extract generated active caspase-1 is rapidly inhibited in the cytosolic milieu.
Uncovering hidden structure through parallel problem decomposition for the set basis problem: application to materials discovery

Exploiting parallelism is a key strategy for speeding up computation. However, on hard combinatorial problems, such a strategy has been surprisingly challenging due to the intricate variable interactions. We introduce a novel way in which parallelism can be used to exploit hidden structure of hard combinatorial problems. Our approach complements divide-and-conquer and portfolio approaches. We evaluate our approach on the minimum set basis problem: a core combinatorial problem with a range of applications in optimization, machine learning, and system security. We also highlight a novel sustainability related application, concerning the discovery of new materials for renewable energy sources such as improved fuel cell catalysts. In our approach, a large number of smaller sub-problems are identified and solved concurrently. We then aggregate the information from those solutions, and use this information to initialize the search of a global, complete solver. We show that this strategy leads to a substantial speed-up over a sequential approach, since the aggregated sub-problem solution information often provides key structural insights to the complete solver. Our approach also greatly outperforms state-of-the-art incomplete solvers in terms of solution quality. Our work opens up a novel angle for using parallelism to solve hard combinatorial problems.
Assessment of Rarity of the Blackmouth Shiner Notropis melanostomus (Cyprinidae) Based on Museum and Recent Survey Data

Accurate knowledge of an organism's distribution is necessary for conserving species with small or isolated populations. A perceived rarity may only reflect inadequate sampling effort and suggest the need for more research. We used a recently developed method to evaluate the distribution of a rare fish species, the blackmouth shiner Notropis melanostomus Bortone 1989 (Cyprin- idae), which occurs in disjunct populations in Mississippi and Florida. Until 1995, N. melanostomus had been collected from only three localities in Missis- sippi, but in 1995, eight new localities were discovered. We analyzed museum records of fish collections from Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama to compare sampling effort before and after 1995. Results supported our predictions that 1) pre-1995 data would indicate inadequate sampling effort in Mississippi, 2) addi- tional post-1995 sampling improved confidence in the currently known Missis- sippi distribution, and 3) there has not been enough sampling to accurately repre- sent the actual distribution of N. melanostomus in Florida and across its entire known range. This last prediction was confirmed with the recent (2003) discovery of the first N. melanostomus in Alabama.
Free bits, PCPs and non-approximability-towards tight results

The first part of this paper presents new proof systems and improved non-approximability results. In particular we present a proof system for NP using logarithmic randomness and two amortized free bits, so that Max clique is hard within N/sup 1/3/ and chromatic number within N/sup 1/5/. We also show hardness of 38/37 for Max-3-SAT, 27/26 for vertex cover, 82/81 for Max-cut, and 94/93 for Max-2-SAT. The second part of this paper presents a "reverse" of the FGLSS connection by showing that an NP-hardness result for the approximation of Max clique to within a factor of N/sup 1/(g+1/) would imply a probabilistic verifier for NP with logarithmic randomness and amortized free-bit complexity g. We also show that "existing techniques" won't yield proof systems of less than two bits in amortized free bit complexity. Finally, we initiate a comprehensive study of PCP and FPCP parameters, proving several triviality results and providing several useful transformations.
Inhibition of Daughterless by Extramacrochaetae mediates Notch-induced cell proliferation

During development, the rate of cell proliferation must be constantly monitored so that an individual tissue achieves its correct size. Mutations in genes that normally promote tissue growth often result in undersized, disorganized and non-functional organs. However, mutations in genes that encode growth inhibitors can trigger the onset of tumorigenesis and cancer. The developing eye of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , has become a premier model system for studies that are focused on identifying the molecular mechanisms that underpin growth control. Here, we examine the mechanism by which the Notch pathway, a major contributor to growth, promotes cell proliferation in the developing eye. Current models propose that the Notch pathway directly influences cell proliferation by regulating growth-promoting genes such as four-jointed , cyclin D1 and E2f1 . Here, we show that, in addition to these mechanisms, some Notch signaling is devoted to blocking the growth-suppressing activity of the bHLH DNA-binding protein Daughterless (Da). We demonstrate that Notch signaling activates the expression of extramacrochaetae ( emc ), which encodes a helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factor. Emc, in turn, then forms a biochemical complex with Da. As Emc lacks a basic DNA-binding domain, the Emc-Da heterodimer cannot bind to and regulate genomic targets. One effect of Da sequestration is to relieve the repression on growth. Here, we present data supporting our model that Notch-induced cell proliferation in the developing eye is mediated in part by the activity of Emc.
A Nation at Prayer, a Nation in Hate: Apartheid in South Africa

The year 1948 marks the birth of the repressive apartheid regime in South Africa. Apartheid, or "separate development," divided people solely on the basis of skin color. Those officially classified as black had few right. Ironically, while this policy was developed by devout Christians and legitimized through some official Christian bodies, Christianity has also been instrumental in the opposition to apartheid and its recent demise. This note will discuss the role of religion in the rise and fall of apartheid in South Africa. It begins with a look at how the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) helped legitimize apartheid. It then describes the DRC's use of theology in the development and perpetuation of apartheid. Finally, it details various religious critiques of apartheid and the DRC's responses to these critiques.
Water Markets and Storage — Substitutes or Complements for Drought Risk Mitigation?

Are water storage and water markets complements or substitutes? This paper examines the conditions under which water storage for drought risk mitigation augments or attenuates water market gains from trade, and conversely, the conditions under which water markets augment or attenuate the value of additional water storage. The analysis is performed in the context of the Prior Appropriations doctrine in a fully appropriated basin. Two stylized examples based on water use at the intensive and extensive margin are provided, along with simulation results for proposed water storage projects and market development in the Yakima Basin in South-central Washington State.