cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupled In-Rock and In-Drift Hydrothermal Model Study for Yucca Mountain

A thermal-hydrologic-natural-ventilation model is configured for simulating temperature, humidity, and condensate distributions in the coupled domains of the in-drift airspace and the near-field rockmass in the proposed Yucca Mountain repository. The multi-physics problem is solved with MULTIFLUX in which a lumped-parameter computational fluid dynamics model is iterated with TOUGH2. The solution includes natural convection, conduction, and radiation for heat as well as moisture convection and diffusion for moisture transport with half waste package scale details in the drift, and mountain-scale heat and moisture transport in the porous and fractured rock-mass. The method provides fast convergence on a personal computer computational platform. Numerical examples and comparison with a TOUGH2 based, integrated model are presented.
Lateral Hypothalamus GABAergic Neurons Modulate Consummatory Behaviors Regardless of the Caloric Content or Biological Relevance of the Consumed Stimuli

It was recently reported that activation of a subset of lateral hypothalamus (LH) GABAergic neurons induced both appetitive (food-seeking) and consummatory (eating) behaviors in vGat-ires-cre mice, while inhibition or deletion of GABAergic neurons blunted these behaviors. As food and caloric-dense liquid solutions were used, the data reported suggest that these LH GABAergic neurons may modulate behaviors that function to maintain homeostatic caloric balance. Here we report that chemogenetic activation of this GABAergic population in vGat-ires-cre mice increased consummatory behavior directed at any available stimulus, including those entailing calories (food, sucrose, and ethanol), those that do not (saccharin and water), and those lacking biological relevance (wood). Chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons attenuated consummatory behaviors. These data indicate that LH GABAergic neurons modulate consummatory behaviors regardless of the caloric content or biological relevance of the consumed stimuli.
Socially Influencing Technologies for Health Promotion: Translating Social Media Analytics into Consumer-facing Health Solutions

Health-related online communities are increasingly popular platforms on which consumers engage in peer-to-peer communication while seeking and providing health-related information. These platforms provide an empirical account of user communications related to health behaviors. Several advanced analytical approaches have been developed to unearth and characterize social influence mechanisms embedded in these platforms. However, translating these insights into design features of consumer-facing health promotion information systems presents very significant challenges. In this paper, we present a design methodology that utilizes persuasive principles and lessons learned from large-scale analysis of an online community for smoking cessation, to harness social influence and implement as technological features of a behavior support intervention. We transformed observed social diffusion patterns underlying user communication events to user-participatory interactions that can potentially lead to superior user engagement through meaningful network affiliations and thence to sustained healthy behavior change. Preliminary evaluation study and future steps are discussed.
Cis–Trans Isomerizations of Proline Residues Are Key to Bradykinin Conformations

A recent ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) study of the nonapeptide bradykinin (BK, amino acid sequence Arg1-Pro2-Pro3-Gly4-Phe5-Ser6-Pro7-Phe8-Arg9) found evidence for 10 populations of conformations that depend upon the solution composition [J. Am. Chem. Soc.2011, 133, 13810]. Here, the role of the three proline residues (Pro2, Pro3, and Pro7) in establishing these conformations is investigated using a series of seven analogue peptides in which combinations of alanine residues are substituted for prolines. IM-MS distributions of the analogue peptides, when compared to the distribution for BK, indicate the multiple structures are associated with different combinations of cis and trans forms of the three proline residues. These data are used to assign the structures to different peptide populations that are observed under various solution conditions. The assignments also show the connectivity between structures when collisional activation is used to convert one state into another.
Effects of Periodic Illumination and Aqueous/Organic Interfacial Surface Area on Chain Propagation of CCl3F Reduction

Periodic illumination and changes in the interfacial aqueous-CFC surface area reveal interesting features of the propagation process occurring during the photoinitiated chain reduction of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC 11) to CHCl2F and Cl– in TiO2 suspensions containing HCO2– ions. Formate ions serve as hole scavengers on the TiO2 surface and react with •CCl2F radicals to form HCCl2F and •CO2–. Carboxyl radicals are capable of propagating the chain reaction in the solution phase by reducing CCl3F. Chain reduction of CCl3F continues after illumination has ceased, and the postirradiation reactions constitute 10% or more of the total Cl– yield. The dark reduction of CFC 11 provides further support to the proposed mechanism in which •CCl2F and •CO2– ions function as chain carriers. The reaction rate measured during a period of illumination is affected by the length of the preceding dark period. In addition, the rate of CCl3F reduction is significantly enhanced by the presence of excess CFC 11, which forms a sec...
Snow properties on different underlying surfaces during snow-melting period in the Altay Mountains:Observation and analysis

The available meteorological and snow data and the snow property data,such as snow density,water content and snow cover temperature on three underlying surfaces(grassland,river ice and cement concrete) from March 8 to 25 in the Irtysh River sources of the Altay Mountains observed by instruments,Snow Fork and portable thermometer(TP3001) were analyzed.It is found that there was almost no effect of underlying surface on the temperature,water content and snow density of the surface snow within 0 to 5 cm;the difference caused by underlying surface appeared at the bottom of the snow cover only.The diurnal variation of temperature at the bottom of snow cover showed "unimodal style"on the grassland and river ice surfaces,but"bimodal style"on the surface of cement concrete;the diurnal variation of water content at the bottom of snow cover was minimum,following by grassland,and the diurnal variation amplitude of water content was maximum on the cement concrete surface;the snow density at the bottom of snow cover gradually increased on grassland and cement concrete surfaces,but decreased on river ice surface.In terms of vertical variations of snow properties,it was revealed that maximum temperatures of the whole snow cover presented at the middle on grassland and cement concrete surfaces,but at the bottom of snow cover on river ice surface.The minimum water content was found at the middle.And the snow density decreased with depth on all three underlying surface.The liquid water was negligible when the snow temperature was below-3 ℃.The liquid water content was below 1% when the snow temperature varied from-3 ℃ to-1 ℃.The liquid water content and its amplitude were great,ranging from 0 to6.2%,when the snow temperature was above-1 ℃.
LGBT–Heterosexual Differences in Perceptions of Fair Treatment in the Federal Service:

Although we still lack objective data on treatment of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgenders (LGBTs) in the federal service, a huge recent survey of federal employees allows us to compare LGBT and heterosexual employees’ perceptions of the treatment they receive. LGBTs have several reasons for more negative perceptions of their treatment: 70 years of federal policies that explicitly discriminated against LGBTs in large and small ways; sizable minorities who still condemn homosexuality even as public attitudes are increasingly accepting; and continuing pay gaps between comparably educated and experienced gay, bisexual, and transgender (GBT) and heterosexual men in the general economy. We examine differences in satisfaction with pay, performance appraisals, promotions, raises, prohibited personnel practices, commitment to diversity, agency leadership, and relationships with supervisors and co-workers. LGBTs are less satisfied with their treatment across the board.
Impact of BNP level and peak VO2 on future heart failure events: comparison between sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation.

This study aimed to examine the discrete impacts of peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels on future heart failure (HF) events in sinus rhythm (SR) and atrial fibrillation (AF). A total of 1447 patients who underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing and whose BNP values were determined simultaneously were analysed (SR, N = 1151 and AF, N = 296). HF events were defined as HF hospitalization or HF death. Over a mean follow-up period of 1472 days, 140 HF events were observed. A high BNP value (dichotomized by median value) was independently associated with HF events in SR (HR 8.08; 95 % CI 4.02-16.26; p < 0.0001), but not in AF patients (HR 1.97; 95 % CI 0.91-4.28; p = 0.087) with a significant interaction between the rhythms. By contrast, low-peak VO2 was independently associated with HF events in both rhythms (AF; HR 5.81; 95 % CI 1.75-19.30; p = 0.004, SR; HR 2.04; 95 % CI 1.19-3.49; p = 0.009), with a marginal interaction between them. In bivariate Cox models, low-peak VO2 had much stronger predictive power for HF events than high-BNP in AF, whereas high-BNP was more powerful than low-peak VO2 in SR. The prognostic value of BNP and peak VO2 for future HF events seemed to be different between SR and AF.
Escherichia coli RadD Protein Functionally Interacts with the Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein

The bacterial single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) acts as an organizer of DNA repair complexes. The radD gene was recently identified as having an unspecified role in repair of radiation damage and, more specifically, DNA double-strand breaks. Purified RadD protein displays a DNA-independent ATPase activity. However, ATP hydrolytic rates are stimulated by SSB through its C terminus. The RadD and SSB proteins also directly interact in vivo in a yeast two-hybrid assay and in vitro through ammonium sulfate co-precipitation. Therefore, it is likely that the repair function of RadD is mediated through interaction with SSB at the site of damage.
Problematic Integration Theory

Problematic integration (PI) theory is concerned with situations in which forming and integrating (or synthesizing) knowledge and values is troublesome: those involving uncertainty, ambivalence, and clashing expectations and desires. In these contexts, probabilistic and evaluative orientations are formed in, sustained by, and transformed through communication processes. In other words, PI is at once an individual psychological process, but it is also inherently a communicative phenomenon. Communication fosters reappraisal of probability and value, or more holistic reframing which recasts trouble into more comfortable understanding (e.g., reinterpreting painful impossibility as a test of faith or character; embracing uncertainty as the fundamental truth of existence). In these struggles, individuals and groups draw on, reinforce, challenge, and at times transform sociocultural resources. Such resources are themselves the residue of the ongoing, shared search for often elusive, troubling, or otherwise problematic meaning. Keywords: ambivalence; communication theory; health communication; knowledge; risk; social constructionism; uncertainty
Cancer Families and Susceptibility to Cancer

Clues to the etiology of diseases can be gleaned from studies of their patterns of occurrence in populationsl. High risk groups are identified that can suggest etiological hypotheses to be tested in more formal epidemiological investigations and laboratory studies. However, risk factors are often difficult to identify for complex multifactorial diseases such as cancer.2 After much study, risk factors for cancers of the prostate, pancreas, kidney, breast and other sites remain uncertain.
Ages and Stages Questionnaire: a global screening scale

With standardized screening tools, research studies have shown that developmental disabilities can be detected reliably and with validity in children as young as 4 months of age by using the instruments such as the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. In this review, we will focus on one tool, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, to illustrate the usefulness of developmental screening across the globe.
Capturing, Reporting, and Learning from Adverse Events

Research studies have validated an epidemic of grossly underreported, preventable injuries due to medical management. Recent policy aims have placed high priority on improving incident reporting as the first step in addressing patient injuries and have called for translation of lessons from other industries. Complex nonmedical industries have evolved incident reporting systems that focus on near misses, provide incentives for voluntary reporting, ensure confidentiality while bolstering accountability, and emphasize a systems approach to data collection, analysis, and improvement. Reporting of near misses over adverse events offers numerous benefits, greater frequency allowing quantitative analysis, fewer barriers to data collection, limited liability, and recovery patterns that can be captured, studied, and used for improvement. Education and engagement of all healthcare stakeholders, including patients and caregivers, and negotiation of their conflicting goals will be necessary to change the balance of barrier incentives in favor of implementing effective surgical reporting systems.
Challenges in Conducting Clinical Trials for Pharmacotherapies in Fragile X Syndrome: Lessons Learned

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and most common single gene cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Even in the context of a single gene disorder like FXS, characteristic cognitive and behavioral heterogeneity creates challenges in conducting targeted pharmacotherapy trials. Neuroscientific advances have elucidated aspects of the underlying neurobiology in FXS and have guided targeted treatment development in the last decade. However, despite significant preclinical progress, recent clinical trials have failed to consistently demonstrate therapeutic efficacy based on behavioral outcome measures in patients with FXS. One potential explanation for these failures is that many behavioral measures are not capable of quantitively capturing clinically significant change in such short-term trials. Further, the use of parent and clinician report instruments as primary outcome measures creates additional challenges in clinical trials. Future trials may employ more quantitative measures of evaluating the pathophysiology of FXS to avoid placebo-response resulting from rater bias. Quantitative measures of language, eye gaze, molecular dysregulation, and brain function may be used to identify which individuals may best respond to a particular treatment and to capture potential treatment-associated change. Here, we present a thorough review and reconsideration of the challenges encountered in conducting clinical trials in FXS to allow for lessons learned to drive future success in this field.
A sampling theorem for symmetric polygons

We present a simple construction of a set of uniqueness for the Paley-Wiener space of functions bandlimited to a symmetric 2N-sided polygonal region in the plane which consists of a union of at most N − 1 shifted lattices in the plane. The idea of the proof involves an application of a technique set forth in [2] that is based on decomposing such a bandlimited function into a combination of functions bandlimited to smaller sets. We also give a sufficient condition under which the set in question is a set of sampling and interpolation for the Paley-Wiener space and hence corresponds to a Riesz basis. This result differs from previous work on this topic, notably in [7], in that the technique is quite different and fewer shifted lattices are required.
Synthesis of Molecular Nanohoops Bearing a Tetrahydro[6]cycloparaphenylene Fused to a Hydrogenated or a Bithiophene-Inserted Cycloparaphenylene

A synthetic pathway to a molecule bearing two molecular nanohoops, including a tetrahydro[6]cycloparaphenylene (4H[6]CPP) fused through two 1,4-dimethoxybenzene units to a 4H[10]CPP, was developed. Similarly, a molecule containing a 4H[6]CPP fused through two 1,4-dimethoxybenzene units to a molecular nanohoop bearing a [6]CPP inserted with two 2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-diyl groups was synthesized. The Diels–Alder reactions of two (E,E)-1,4-diaryl-1,3-butadienes with 1,4-benzoquinone and the Ni-mediated homocoupling reactions are the key steps for the construction of macrocyclic ring structures. Oxidative aromatization with DDQ converted a hydrogenated system to a fully aromatized nanohoop with 10 aromatic units, including a [6]CPP inserted with two 2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-diyl groups. The UV–vis and fluorescence spectra of the fused two-hoop systems were investigated.
Accounting for optical errors in microtensiometry.

Abstract Hypothesis Drop shape analysis (DSA) techniques measure interfacial tension subject to error in image analysis and the optical system. While considerable efforts have been made to minimize image analysis errors, very little work has treated optical errors. There are two main sources of error when considering the optical system: the angle of misalignment and the choice of focal plane. Due to the convoluted nature of these sources, small angles of misalignment can lead to large errors in measured curvature. We demonstrate using microtensiometry the contributions of these sources to measured errors in radius, and, more importantly, deconvolute the effects of misalignment and focal plane. Our findings are expected to have broad implications on all optical techniques measuring interfacial curvature. Experiments A geometric model is developed to analytically determine the contributions of misalignment angle and choice of focal plane on measurement error for spherical cap interfaces. This work utilizes a microtensiometer to validate the geometric model and to quantify the effect of both sources of error. For the case of a microtensiometer, an empirical calibration is demonstrated that corrects for optical errors and drastically simplifies implementation. Findings The combination of geometric modeling and experimental results reveal a convoluted relationship between the true and measured interfacial radius as a function of the misalignment angle and choice of focal plane. The validated geometric model produces a full operating window that is strongly dependent on the capillary radius and spherical cap height. In all cases, the contribution of optical errors is minimized when the height of the spherical cap is equivalent to the capillary radius, i.e. a hemispherical interface. The understanding of these errors allow for correct measure of interfacial curvature and interfacial tension regardless of experimental setup. For the case of microtensiometry, this greatly decreases the time for experimental setup and increases experiential accuracy. In a broad sense, this work outlines the importance of optical errors in all DSA techniques. More specifically, these results have important implications for all microscale and microfluidic measurements of interface curvature.
Upregulation of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 in Microglia by Cinnamic Acid.

Background Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is an anti-inflammatory molecule that suppresses cytokine signaling and inflammatory gene expression in different cells including microglia. Objective The pathways through which SOCS3 could be upregulated are poorly described. Cinnamic acid is a metabolite of cinnamon, a natural compound that is being widely used all over the world as a spice or flavoring agent. Here, we examined if cinnamic acid could upregulate SOCS3 in microglia. Method Microglia and astroglia isolated from mouse brain as well as BV-2 microglial cells were treated with cinnamic acid followed by monitoring the level of SOCS3 and different proinflammatory molecules by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. To nail down the mechanism, we also performed ChIP analysis to monitore the recruitment of cAMP response element binding (CREB) to the socs3 gene promoter and carried out siRNA knockdown of CREB. Results Cinnamic acid upregulated the expression of SOCS3 mRNA and protein in mouse BV-2 microglial cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. Accordingly, cinnamic acid also increased the level of SOCS3 and suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6) in LPSstimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Similar to BV-2 microglial cells, cinnamic acid also increased the expression of SOCS3 in primary mouse microglia and astrocytes. We have seen that cAMP response element is present in the promoter of socs3 gene, that cinnamic acid induces the activation of CREB, that siRNA knockdown of CREB abrogates cinnamic acid-mediated upregulation of SOCS3, and that cinnamic acid treatment leads to the recruitment of CREB to the socs3 gene. Conclusions These studies suggest that cinnamic acid upregulates the expression of SOCS3 in glial cells via CREB pathway, which may be of importance in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
THE KNOWLEDGE CUBE: SCAFFOLDING FOR A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

This paper answers calls for a body of knowledge (BoK) for the IS field. Its new approach for thinking about a BoK provides a path for addressing a longstanding problem in the IS discipline. The paper proposes organizing knowledge as a three dimensional "knowledge cube" that goes beyond compilations of categories of knowledge, sets of generalizations, and sets of documents. The structure of the knowledge cube is based on recognition that "work system in general" is a general case whose subordinate cases include information system in general and project in general. In turn, the special cases have their own special cases. The knowledge cube starts with a 10 X 10 layer for compiling concepts, principles and generalizations, and empirical findings related to the nine elements of the work system framework and "work system as a whole." Those properties are tentatively inherited by special cases, with the caveat that BoK developers may remove properties that are not relevant to special cases and that special cases may have additional properties that are not relevant to more general cases. The paper presents examples that illustrate these points. It also discusses next steps and important issues revealed by the knowledge cube's structure.
Modified Plans of Reorganization and the Basic Chapter 13 Bargain

A very large number of chapter 13 plans are confirmed each year. Unlike chapter 11 plans (for non-individuals), these plans may be revised after confirmation. The modification provisions of the Bankruptcy Code, however, give very little guidance as to what constitutes a permissible modification. In contrast, confirmation of the original plan is very carefully governed. This article theorizes that modification must honor the basic chapter 13 bargain. According to this bargain, the debtor is entitled to the bankruptcy estate and the creditors are entitled to net surplus income. The article assesses whether the diffuse and disorganized caselaw of modification adheres to this normative structure. It explains how some of the precedents permit creditors to raid the bankruptcy estate in violation of a debtor's rights. In particular, it argues that, in a modification, a court should not perform again the "best interest of the creditors" test of Bankruptcy Code 1325(a)(4), nor should bifurcation of secured claims be revisited.
A Genetic Approach to the Study of Iron Metabolism in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Iron biomineralization occurs in a variety of forms in many different organisms. These processes, ranging from magnetite formation in magnetotactic bacteria to the formation of the ferritin iron core in mammalian liver, all require certain fundamental mechanisms of cellular iron metabolism. These include the transport of exogenous iron into the cell, storage and detoxification of intracellular iron, and intracellular transport and compartmentalization of the metal. Exogenous iron transport systems have been well characterized in many organisms1. In vertebrates, iron is transported in serum bound to the transferrin protein. This complex binds to cell surface receptors and the iron is passed across the plasma membrane into the cell. Many microbes produce compounds called siderophores that serve a role similar to transferrin, binding iron with high affinity and interacting with cell surface receptors to bring iron to the cell. The path of the metal inside the cell is not well understood. It is clear that in higher eukaryotes, the iron-binding protein ferritin stores iron in specialized tissues such as the liver. It is not known, however, what role ferritin plays in iron storage or detoxification in other cells.
Disorders of white blood cells

The total white blood cell count is valuable guide in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of various childhood illnesses. This chapter discusses the various disorders of white blood cells. Some of the major disorders of white blood cells caused by leukocytes are leukopenia, neutropenia, monocytosis and monocytopenia, basophilia, and neutrophilia. The causes, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatments are also discussed. Two major disorders of leukocyte function are leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I and leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II. Normal mean eosinophil count in the circulating blood is 400/mm3. The clonal and nonclonal causes of eosinophils are allergic disorders, immunologic disorders, skin disorders, parasitic infestation, hematologic disorders, irradiation, and gastrointestinal disorders. Familial eosinophilia is an autosomal dominant disorder. Chronic infectious mononucleosis is used for patients who have chronic and relapsing illness and fatigue, myalgia, adenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, mild pharyngitis, and intermittent fever, and absence of known predisposing cause or chronic illness. The antiviral drugs, intravenous immunoglobulin, chemotherapy, and anti CD20 are commonly used for the treatment.
Plenary Speaker 1

Silicon integration of millimeter wave (mmWave) circuits began with early investments from DARPA almost 20 years ago, with the DARPA TEAM (Technology for Efficient Agile Microelectronics) program. By convincing skeptics that mmWave circuits, traditionally implemented using discrete III-V blocks, could function reliably when fully integrated into silicon-based SiGe and CMOS processes, this technology has broadly evolved across today's highly integrated systems. The development of comprehensive CMOS and SiGe PDK (Process Development Kit) and the supporting modeling and design infrastructure provided a viable path for circuit designers to adopt this technology.
A 3D interface-enriched generalized FEM for EM analysis of composite materials

An interface-enriched generalized finite-element method (IGFEM) is introduced for efficient 3D electromagnetic analysis of composite materials. The proposed method assigns generalized degrees of freedom at material interfaces to achieve the same level of solution accuracy as the standard finite-element method (FEM) so that the need for meshes that conform to the geometries is eliminated. Two numerical results are presented to demonstrate its accuracy and capability in simulating materials with complex internal structures.
Effect of Video Embedded with Hotspots with Dynamic Text on Single-Word Recognition by Children with Multiple Disabilities

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of an intervention on single-word recognition. The intervention used an AAC app programmed with video visual scene displays (VSDs) embedded with hotspots with the Transition to Literacy (T2L) feature. Three school-aged children with multiple disabilities who had limited speech and limited literacy skills participated in a multiple baseline across participants design. Four names of characters in favorite movies and shows served as target words for each participant. All three children demonstrated an increase in accurate identification of target words from baseline to intervention. Tau-U effect sizes for the three participants were 0.69, 0.76, and 0.84, all of which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Professionals can consider including the intervention evaluated in the current study as one component of literacy intervention for school-aged children with multiple disabilities. Future research should further evaluate video VSDs and the T2L feature for use with individuals with multiple disabilities.
Spin transition in the ν=8/3 fractional quantum Hall effect.

We present here the results from a density dependent study of the activation energy gaps of the fractional quantum Hall effect states at Landau level fillings $\ensuremath{\nu}=8/3$ and $7/3$ in a series of high quality quantum wells. In the density range from $0.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$ to $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, the $7/3$ energy gap increases monotonically with increasing density, supporting its ground state being spin polarized. For the $8/3$ state, however, its energy gap first decreases with increasing density, almost vanishes at $n\ensuremath{\sim}0.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, and then turns around and increases with increasing density, clearly demonstrating a spin transition.
Static adsorption of a switchable diamine surfactant on natural and synthetic minerals for high-salinity carbonate reservoirs

Abstract The static adsorption of Duomeen TTM (DTTM, C16-18N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2), a switchable surfactant, is investigated as a function of mineral type, pH, salinity, temperature, and concentration. At approximately neutral pH, DTTM is protonated, becoming positively charged, and exhibits low adsorption on pure calcite. However, relatively high adsorption of DTTM is observed on natural carbonate, silica, and kaolin due to the presence of negatively charged siliceous minerals, indicating that the mineral type is a predominant factor in DTTM adsorption. Lower DTTM adsorption is detected due to increased NaCl salinity or the presence of multivalent ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Cr3+). We also discuss how adjusting the solution pH affects a novel competitive adsorption mechanism between the DTTM protonation degree and surface charge change. Increases in temperature lead to a decrease in DTTM adsorption on silica and dolomite. Interestingly, DTTM tends to have higher adsorption at elevated temperatures. Additionally, DTTM can associate into higher-order assemblies at high concentrations, which in turn increases its adsorption due to the crosslinked structure.
Unsupervised Ontology- and Sentiment-Aware Review Summarization

In this Web 2.0 era, there is an ever increasing number of customer reviews, which must be summarized to help consumers effortlessly make informed decisions. Previous work on reviews summarization has simplified the problem by assuming that aspects (e.g., “display”) are independent of each other and that the opinion for each aspect in a review is Boolean: positive or negative. However, in reality aspects may be interrelated – e.g., “display” and “display color” – and the sentiment takes values in a continuous range – e.g., somewhat vs very positive. We present a novel, unsupervised review summarization framework that advances the state-of-the-art by leveraging a domain hierarchy of concepts to handle the semantic overlap among the aspects, and by accounting for different sentiment levels. We show that the problem is NP-hard and present bounded approximate algorithms to compute the most representative set of sentences or reviews, based on a principled opinion coverage framework. We experimentally evaluate the proposed algorithms on real datasets in terms of their efficiency and effectiveness compared to the optimal algorithms. We also show that our methods generate summaries of superior quality than several baselines in short execution times.
Recasting Scottish Fisherwomen in Song: Baroness Nairne’s “Caller Herrin’”

During the Victorian period, Carolina Oliphant (Baroness Nairne) was instrumental in revising negative stereotypes of Scottish fisherwomen circulating in contemporary literary works, such as Walter...
Evaluation of patient attitudes towards the technical experience of synchronous teledermatology in the era of COVID-19.

Teledermatology has become critical for maintaining patient access to dermatologic services since the eruption of the COVID-19 pandemic. This survey of first-time synchronous teledermatology patients (n = 100) seen by providers of the University of Mississippi Medical Center during Spring 2020 was designed to learn more about patient experiences associated with the technical challenges of synchronous teledermatology. Our patient population had considerable experience with various social media including Facebook (82%) and hardware platforms, such as Apple devices (66%). We found that the majority of patients were satisfied (88.9%) with their synchronous teledermatology encounter and 81.8% of patients did not experience a technical difficulty with their consult. About 15% of patients lost connection with their provider during their consultation. Furthermore, about 30% of patients rated "showing their skin" to their provider as "hardest" on a ten scale. However, about 34% of patients sent "store-and-forward"-type images to supplement their encounter. Despite overwhelming satisfaction with synchronous teledermatology, a majority prefer an in-person consultation for their next visit (68.7%). Synchronous teledermatology offers a critical service to patients to expand access to specialty consultation. It is well-received by patients despite technical barriers, especially during a global health crisis.
Achromatic anamorphic anastigmatic laser focusing

This paper presents a simple method to focus multi-wavelength circular laser beams to elliptical spots (anamorphic) at a common waist location (achromatic) on both major and minor axes of the ellipse (anastigmatic), provided that each wavelength can be pre-shaped to appropriate waist sizes and locations. All lenses in the system are low-cost dispersive singlets and can be made out of the same material. The characteristics of Gaussian beam transformation through lenses are used to analyze how it works.
Regional Perspective of Safety Performance Functions and Their Application to Florida Intersections in Suburban Residential and Urban General Context Classification Categories

Safety performance functions (SPFs) are essential tools to help agencies predict crashes and understand influential factors. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has implemented a context cl...
Renewable linear alpha-olefins by base-catalyzed dehydration of biologically-derived fatty alcohols

Base catalysts were studied for the dehydration of fatty alcohols to linear alpha olefins (LAOs). For the gas phase dehydration of 1-octanol to 1-octene, 15% Cs/SiO2 catalyst was 56% selective at 10% conversion. Diluting a feed of C8, C10, and C14 fatty alcohols to 50% in undecane increased the selectivity to alpha olefins to 77–99%. 15% Cs/SiO2 was further investigated for the gas phase dehydration of a 4.2 g L−1 mixed C8–C14 fatty alcohol in tridecane feed and showed linear alpha olefin selectivities of 78–100% at initial conversions of 51–91% with the conversion lowering to 32–77% over 30 h. Catalytic activity was totally regenerated through calcination. A feed of biologically derived alcohols was produced with E. coli strain CM24 transformed with three plasmids (pBTRCk–pVHb–maACR, pACYC–pVHb–seFadBA, pTRC99A–pVHb–tdTER–fdh) which yielded a 5.5 g L−1 of C8–C14 fatty alcohol in tridecane. This biologically-derived feed was successfully dehydrated to linear alpha olefins over 15% Cs/SiO2 at selectivities of 60–100% with initial conversions of 35–75% which decreased to 22–55% over 30 h. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) of the integrated process for fatty alcohol production and subsequent dehydration to alpha olefins was conducted across the potential fermentation TRY (titer, rate, yield) landscape. Baseline fermentation performance resulted in a minimum product selling price (MPSP) double the market price for LAOs due to low titers and high costs associated with managing water and tridecane solvent flows through the system. However, targeted improvements in fermentation performance (e.g., achieving 40 g L−1 titer, 0.5 g L−1 h−1 productivity, 80% theoretical yield) can enable financially viable production of biologically derived LAOs.
Programmable Metal Nanoclusters with Atomic Precision.

With the recent establishment of atomically precise nanochemistry, capabilities toward programmable control over the nanoparticle size and structure are being developed. Advances in the synthesis of atomically precise nanoclusters (NCs, 1-3 nm) have been made in recent years, and more importantly, their total structures (core plus ligands) have been mapped out by X-ray crystallography. These ultrasmall Au nanoparticles exhibit strong quantum-confinement effect, manifested in their optical absorption properties. With the advantage of atomic precision, gold-thiolate nanoclusters (Aun (SR)m ) are revealed to contain an inner kernel, Au-S interface (motifs), and surface ligand (-R) shell. Programming the atomic packing into various crystallographic structures of the metal kernel can be achieved, which plays a significant role in determining the optical properties and the energy gap (Eg ) of NCs. When the size increases, a general trend is observed for NCs with fcc or decahedral kernels, whereas those NCs with icosahedral kernels deviate from the general trend by showing comparably smaller Eg . Comparisons are also made to further demonstrate the more decisive role of the kernel structure over surface motifs based on isomeric Au NCs and NC series with evolving kernel or motif structures. Finally, future perspectives are discussed.
Impact of an end-of-fourth-year emergency medicine bootcamp.

The final months of the fourth-year of medical school are variable in educational and clinical experience, and the effect on clinical knowledge and preparedness for residency is unclear. Specialty-specific “bootcamps” are a growing trend in medical education aimed at increasing clinical knowledge, procedural skills, and confidence prior to the start of residency. We developed a 4-week Emergency Medicine (EM) bootcamp offered during the final month of medical school. At the conclusion of the course, participants evaluated its impact. EM residency-matched participants and non-participants were asked to self-evaluate their clinical knowledge, procedural skills and confidence 1 month into the start of residency. Program directors were surveyed to assess participants and non-participants across the same domains. A Fisher’s exact test was performed to test whether responses between participants and non-participants were statistically different. From 2015 to 2018, 22 students participated in the bootcamp. The majority reported improved confidence, competence, and procedural skills upon completion of the course. Self-assessed confidence was significantly higher in EM-matched participants 1 month into residency compared to EM-matched non-participants (p = 0.009). Self-assessed clinical knowledge and procedural skill competency was higher in participants than non-participants but did not reach statistical significance. Program directors rated EM-matched participants higher in all domains but this difference was also not statistically significant. Participation in an EM bootcamp increases self-confidence at the start of residency among EM-matched residents. EM bootcamps and other specialty-specific courses at the end of medical school may ease the transition from student to clinician and may improve clinical knowledge and procedural skills.
Review of Probability

The reader is assumed to be familiar with basic probability, and here we provide the definitions and theorems, without proofs, for easy reference. We restrict our attention to discrete random variables but not necessarily to discrete sample spaces. A number of examples are worked out in detail, and problems are provided for those who need additional review.
General Stream Adjudications, the McCarran Amendment, and Reserved Water Rights

This paper critiques the use of general stream adjudications, the requirements of the McCarran Amendment, and the use of state courts to determine federal reserved rights.
Estimated age and gender profile of individuals missed by a home-based HIV testing and counselling campaign in a Botswana community

Introduction : It would be useful to understand which populations are not reached by home-based HIV-1 testing and counselling (HTC) to improve strategies aimed at linking these individuals to care and reducing rates of onward HIV transmission. Methods : We present the results of a baseline home-based HTC (HBHTC) campaign aimed at counselling and testing residents aged 16 to 64 for HIV in the north-eastern sector of Mochudi, a community in Botswana with about 44,000 inhabitants. Collected data were compared with population references for Botswana, the United Nations (UN) estimates based on the National Census data and the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey IV (BAIS-IV). Analyzed data and references were stratified by age and gender. Results : A total of 6238 age-eligible residents were tested for HIV-1; 1247 (20.0%; 95% CI 19.0 to 21.0%) were found to be HIV positive (23.7% of women vs. 13.4% of men). HIV-1 prevalence peaked at 44% in 35- to 39-year-old women and 32% in 40- to 44-year-old men. A lower HIV prevalence rate, 10.9% (95% CI 9.5 to 12.5%), was found among individuals tested for the first time. A significant gender gap was evident in all analyzed subsets. The existing HIV transmission network was analyzed by combining phylogenetic mapping and household structure. Between 62.4 and 71.8% of all HIV-positive individuals had detectable virus. When compared with the UN and BAIS-IV estimates, the proportion of men missed by the testing campaign (48.5%; 95% CI 47.0 to 50.0%) was significantly higher than the proportion of missed women (14.2%; 95% CI 13.2 to 15.3%; p <0.0001). The estimated proportion of missed men peaked at about 60% in the age group 30 to 39 years old. The proportions of missed women were substantially smaller, at approximately 28% within the age groups 30 to 34 and 45 to 49 years old. Conclusions : The HBHTC campaign seems to be an efficient tool for reaching individuals who have never been tested previously in southern African communities. However, about half of men from 16 to 64 years old were not reached by the HBHTC, including about 60% of men between 30 and 40 years old. Alternative HTC strategies should be developed to bring these men to care, which will contribute to reduction of HIV incidence in communities. Keywords: HIV-1; home-based HTC; Botswana; gender; age; missing individuals; individuals tested for the first time. To access the supplementary material to this article please see Supplementary Files in the column to the right (under Article Tools). (Published: 29 May 2015) Citation: Novitsky V et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2015, 18 :19918 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19918 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.19918
Linkage Disequilibrium and Recombination

Linkage disequilibrium is a measure of the association of alleles on gametes or chromosomes. A population is said to be at linkage equilibrium at a set of loci if the alleles are independently distributed on chromosomes. This chapter describes statistical tests of linkage equilibrium. In addition, the levels of linkage disequilibrium expected under simple neutral models are described. Keywords: linkage disequilibrium; multilocus tests; recombination; tests of association
Diverticulitis of the colon.

Summary 1.In 14,695 examinations of the colon by roentgen studies, diverticula were demonstrated in approximately one of every eight patients. 2.Surgical treatment was employed in only 53 cases of colonic diverticulitis during a fifteen year period. The chief indications were the complications of the disease, e.g., perforation with peritonitis, localized abscess, fistula or obstruction. 3.In certain cases accurate differentiation between diverticulitis of the left colon and neoplasm was impossible and hence resection was imperative. 4.In 7 cases proven by resection carcinoma and diverticulitis were found to co-exist. 5.Rectal hemorrhage occurred in 9 of 53 patients with diverticulitis only, an incidence of 17 per cent. The bleeding was massive in character in only one instance. On the contrary in the group of cases in which both diverticulitis and cancer were present, hemorrhage was a common complaint and often was the major or sole symptom. Hence, when bleeding is a prominent symptom in cases of roentgenologically demonstrated diverticulitis, surgical treatment should not be delayed. 6.There were only two cases of diverticulitis of the proximal colon which required definitive surgical treatment. One of these was a case of solitary diverticulum of the cecum, and the other was one of diverticulitis of the transverse colon. 7.Simple or emergency surgical procedures were employed in 14 cases of diverticulitis of the distal colon, with the following results a.Following simple incision and drainage of abscesses, there was one postoperative death, two long-term survivals without recurrence, and one death from a subsequent perforation eight years later. b.Of the 6 patients treated by colostomy, there was one satisfactory result following subsequent closure. Three patients died 3 months to 5 and one-half years later, the colostomies never having been closed. One patient is living at 12 years free of symptoms, but with a colostomy and, in one case, resection is contemplated prior to closure of the colostomy. c.Cecostomy resulted in 2 operative deaths while one patient is living and free of symptoms 2 and one-half years following operation. 8.In 37 cases of distal colon lesions, resections were performed. The surgical procedures employed in these cases were a.Three-stage operation—17 b.Resection with primary anastomsis—14 c.Obstructive resection—three; d.Abdominoperineal resection—two; and e.Subtotal colostomy—one. 9.In this group of 37 resections there was 1 operative death while 5 other patients have been followed for less than 1 year. The 31 cases suitable for evaluation of late results are classified as follows: Excellent—12; satisfactory—15; unsatisfactory—2. Two patients were lost to follow-up. 10.In view of the low mortality rate for resection, this procedure should be advised more frequently than it has been in the past for patients with diverticulitis with recurrent or persistent symptoms in order to prevent the development of serious complications. In such cases a one-stage surgical procedure is ordinarily feasible.
Analysis of the Probability Curriculum

Recently there has been movement around the world to introduce probability into elementary and secondary curricula, for a variety of reasons: it is required for reading newspapers, being an informed citizen, it helps one to understand and evaluate information in the world around us, and it is prerequisite to entering many other fields of study (Rade, 1985). In the present school systems of the world, students may encounter probability topics, by themselves or in connection with descriptive statistics, as early as age six, as late as upper secondary school, or not at all.