cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SALINITY ADAPTATION IN THE SALAMANDER BATRACHOSEPS

(1) Batrachoseps attenuatus and B. major were successfully acclimated to 600 m-osmol NaCl and 400 m-osmol sucrose solutions. (2) Accumulation of sodium and an increased rate of synthesis of urea provide substantial increases in plasma concentrations of these solutes. Sodium concentrations in excess of 230 mM and urea concentrations in excess of 200 mM indicate that these are the two major solutes (plus anions) responsible for elevation of osmotic concentration in Batrachoseps. (3) Batrachoseps exhibits a water balance response upon dehydration (greater than twofold increase in cutaneous uptake, 50% reduction in urine production). Urine production, estimated from bladder contents, was significantly reduced in salamanders acclimated to sucrose solutions compared to animals acclimated to tap water or saline of equivalent osmotic concentration. (4) Plasma urea concentration was equivalent to urine urea concentration when Batrachoseps was kept in tap water and during short term saline acclimation. After long term saline acclimation, urine urea concentration was one-fourth the plasma urea concentration.
Action of Hydrochloric Acid on Aluminum Hydroxide-Magnesium Hydroxide Gels and Magaldrate: Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering Studies

The effects of hydrochloric acid on mixed gels of aluminum and magnesium hydroxide and on magaldrate have been examined using quasi-elastic light scattering. Particles of magaldrate and mixed gels behave differently. The magaldrate particles initially decrease in size in response to increasing amounts of hydrochloric acid up to that sufficient to neutralize all the magnesium hydroxide present, then increase in size to ˜2 μm. The composition of the mixed gels appears to be particularly important in determining the reaction with limited amounts of acid. For these particles, which are thought to consist of a magnesium hydroxide core surrounded by an aluminum hydroxide sheath, slow erosion of the aluminum hydroxide was apparently followed by complete disintegration of the particles. Particles which remain grow in size to ˜3 μm.
The Evolving Context of Special Education Classification in the United States

Researchers, practitioners and theorists have raised concerns about the special education delivery and classification processes in the United States. The President’s Commission on Excellence in Special Education report (PCESE: 2002) examined these concerns and existing special education research, reports and opinions to develop recommendations for the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disability Act. National Association of School Psychologists Position Statements and other publications support the basic findings of the PCESE report. If enacted as recommended, the proposals will fundamentally change special education classification and service delivery. The changes have the potential to alter in fundamental ways the prevailing school psychology practices in the US. This article: (a) outlines some of the concerns and research that lead to calls for radical special education reform; (b) identifies National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) Position Statements and PCESE findings that respond t...
Relational Aggression, Victimization and Self-Concept: Testing Pathways from Middle Childhood to Adolescence.

When studying adolescent development, it is important to consider two key areas that are salient for teens, which are self-concept and peer relations. A secondary analysis of the National Institute of Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development was conducted to examine the prospective bidirectional associations between self-concept and peer relations. To date, how social development broadly and peer relations in particular (e.g., relational aggression and victimization) affect self-concept domains is not fully understood. Using a large sample (N = 1063; 532 girls; M = 11.14 years; SD = .59) with multiple informants, the present study examined whether fifth grade relational aggression and sixth grade relational victimization was associated with adolescent self-concept in three key domains (i.e., academic, sports, physical appearance). A significant direct effect emerged, such that relational aggression in middle childhood was associated with decreases in academic self-concept and increases in sports self-concept in adolescence. Analyses also revealed that having higher levels of domain specific self-concept led to decreases in relational aggression across the transition to adolescence. The findings highlight the importance of examining bidirectional prospective associations between relational aggression, relational victimization, and domain specific self-concept. Implications for future research and clinical intervention are discussed.
Executive Development as an Instrument of Higher Control

The article discusses the use of executive development as an instrument of organizational control. Development in this context refers to the planned influence of individual psychological processes....
Determination of osthol and its metabolites in a phase I reaction system

OBJECTIVE To develope a straightforward and sensitive method for determination of osthol and its metabolites in phase I reaction system.METHODS A phase I metabolic reaction with rat liver microsomes of osthol in vitro were performed.The samples were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC using umbelliferone as internal standard.Osthol was monitored at 320 nm and eluted with a gradient method.Osthol and its metabolites in phase I reaction system were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS.RESULTS The linear response range was 0.47-60 μmol·L-1.The recovery rate was all more than 98.70%.Inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviation was all less than 5%.CONCLUSION The analytical method is simple,accurate and can be used to determine the concentration of osthol in phase I reaction system.When analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS,five metabolites were detected in a phase I reaction system.The major metabolites appeared to be desmethyl-osthol and multiple isomers of dehydro-osthol.
Development of diabetes-induced acidosis in the rat retina.

We hypothesized that the retina of diabetic animals would be unusually acidic due to increased glycolytic metabolism. Acidosis in tumors and isolated retina has been shown to lead to increased VEGF. To test the hypothesis we have measured the transretinal distribution of extracellular H(+) concentration (H(+)-profiles) in retinae of control and diabetic dark-adapted intact Long-Evans rats with ion-selective electrodes. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Intact rat retinae are normally more acidic than blood with a peak of [H(+)]o in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) that averages 30 nM higher than H(+) in the choroid. Profiles in diabetic animals were similar in shape, but diabetic retinae began to be considerably more acidic after 5 weeks of diabetes. In retinae of 1-3 month diabetics the difference between the ONL and choroid was almost twice as great as in controls. At later times, up to 6 months, some diabetics still demonstrated abnormally high levels of [H(+)]o, but others were even less acidic than controls, so that the average level of acidosis was not different. Greater variability in H(+)-profiles (both between animals and between profiles recorded in one animal) distinguished the diabetic retinae from controls. Within animals, this variability was not random, but exhibited regions of higher and lower H(+). We conclude that retinal acidosis begins to develop at an early stage of diabetes (1-3 months) in rats. However, it does not progress, and the acidity of diabetic rat retina was diminished at later stages (3-6 months). Also the diabetes-induced acidosis has a strongly expressed local character. As result, the diabetic retinas show much wider variability in [H(+)] distribution than controls. pH influences metabolic and neural processes, and these results suggest that local acidosis could play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
Renal Autotransplantation for Recurrent Renal Colic

AbstractRenal autotransplantation as an alternative to ileal interposition has been done successfully in patients with repetitive episodes of renal colic. Urinary tract continuity has been re-established by anastomosis of a Boari tube directly to the renal pelvis. This has resulted in easy egress of recurrent calculi without pain. Furthermore, the musculature of the Boari tube seems to be adequate for prevention of vesicorenal reflux. The procedure has been devoid of electrolyte and mucous urinary retention problems associated with ileal interposition and it is advocated as an alternative in the management of such patients when medical therapy fails.
Neuronal RNA localization and the cytoskeleton.

The ability of a neuronal process to grow and be properly directed depends upon the growth cone, whose shape and sensory capabilities are influenced by dynamic cytoskeletal filament systems. Microfilaments, which are composed of actin, can rapidly form bundles that affect filopodial protrusions, growth cone motility and process growth. An important area of basic research is to understand how the neuron targets cytoskeletal precursors over considerable distances to reach the growth cone for their utilization in filopodial protrusion formation and control of process outgrowth. The localization of mRNAs to distinct cellular compartments has been shown to be an important protein sorting mechanism in many cell types, which is used to generate cell polarity. It is likely that neurons also utilize mRNA sorting and localized synthesis as a means to influence cytoskeletal organization, neuronal polarity, and process outgrowth. This chapter will summarize recent advances in our understanding of mRNA targeting mechanisms in neurons with an emphasis on localized synthesis of cytoskeletal proteins in growth cones and neuronal processes. We will also discuss the role of cytoskeletal filament systems in the transport and localization of specific mRNAs in neuronal processes.
Mobilizing Ethnic-Religious Transnationalism Through Humanitarian Assistance: Vietnamese Catholic US–Cambodia Relations

Since 2004, ethnic Vietnamese Catholics in the USA and Cambodia have made concerted efforts to reconnect through humanitarian aid after at least 30 years (1975–2005) of isolation from each other, during which they faced forces of assimilation in their local societies in the forms of American multiculturalism and Khmer nationalism. These Catholic-grounded humanitarian efforts have revived ethnic bonds between Vietnamese in the USA and Cambodia, creating an alternative mode and space of belonging beyond assimilation. It is an imagined, deterritorialized community that is neither completely grounded in their host societies or homeland but a common religion and ethnicity.
Structural variants caused by Alu insertions are associated with risks for many human diseases.

Interspersed repeat sequences comprise much of our DNA, although their functional effects are poorly understood. The most commonly occurring repeat is the Alu short interspersed element. New Alu insertions occur in human populations, and have been responsible for several instances of genetic disease. In this study, we sought to determine if there are instances of polymorphic Alu insertion variants that function in a common variant, common disease paradigm. We cataloged 809 polymorphic Alu elements mapping to 1,159 loci implicated in disease risk by genome-wide association study (GWAS) (P 0.7) with the trait-associated SNP. This figure represents a >20-fold increase in the number of polymorphic Alu elements associated with human phenotypes. This work provides a broader perspective on how structural variants in repetitive DNAs may contribute to human disease.
Using technology to assess and intervene with illicit drug-using persons at risk for HIV.

Purpose of reviewThis review describes recent literature on novel ways technology is used for assessment of illicit drug use and HIV risk behaviours, suggestions for optimizing intervention acceptability, and recently completed and ongoing technology-based interventions for drug-using persons at ris
A Tool for Predicting the Dark Side of Enzymes

Early studies considered enzymes as specific catalysts following the classical rule, "one enzyme, one activity". Evidence, however, suggests that some enzymes have a promiscuous (dark) side and act on substrates other than the preferred substrate [1]. The ability to predict products due to enzyme promiscuity can yield beneficial results across many areas in biotechnology, including discovering novel pathways to synthesize target molecules, and identifying derivatives in of ingested foreign chemicals. In our group, we have recently used enzyme promiscuity to annotate measurements collected via untargeted metabolomics from a biological sample. We were able to experimentally validate our finding, thus providing the first demonstration of predicting and verifying in vivo enzyme promiscuity [2]. To this end, it would be advantageous to have a reliable tool for predicting metabolic derivatives due to promiscuous enzymes. In this work, we create a tool, PROXIMAL II, that generalizes the methodology in PROXIMAL [3]. PROXIMAL II allows the end user to specify a query molecules and a set of reactions and then predict potential derivative products. We construct biotransformation operators lookup table using Reaction Center, Difference Region, and Matched Region (RDM) patterns [4] and molecular substructures. The RDM patterns specify local regions of similarities/differences for reactant-product pairs based on chemical structure [5]. For each potential R pattern matched for the query molecule, a set of transformations are looked up in the table and applied to the query molecule, thus generating a set of possible transformed molecules. PROXIMAL II will provide a variety of predicting capabilities, based on EC number, KEGG reaction number, or organism.
Estimated Global Disease Burden From US Health Care Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

Objectives. To quantify the increased disease burden caused by US health care sector life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 614 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2013.Methods. We screened for health damage factors that linked GHG emissions to disease burdens. We selected 5 factors, based on appropriate temporal modeling scales, which reflect a range of possible GHG emissions scenarios. We applied these factors to health care sector emissions.Results. We projected that annual GHG emissions associated with health care in the United States would cause 123 000 to 381 000 disability-adjusted life-years in future health damages, with malnutrition being the largest damage category.Conclusions. Through their contribution to global climate change, GHG emissions will negatively affect public health because of an increased prevalence of extreme weather, flooding, vector-borne disease, and other effects. As the stewards of global health, it is important for health care professionals to recogn...
Multicountry and Multifirm Colocation: A Network Approach

Unlike the focus of the extant studies that have primarily taken a focal firm’s atomistic perspective, global expansion and subsequent choices of location are, by nature, strategic and relational, in consideration of competitive dynamics of other firms. More specifically, in the process of internationalization, firms can encounter their competitors in host countries (i.e., colocation). Some of them can repeatedly colocate with a small number of competitors in multiple countries (i.e., multicountry colocation), while others colocate with diverse competitors with less repetition (i.e., multifirm colocation). As these multi-colocations can create and represent competitive dynamics, firm performance should be influenced not only by the extent of firm internationalization but also by the nature of multi-colocations. In the current study, we investigate the performance implications of the aforementioned two types of multi-colocations: multicountry and multifirm. Drawing on the literature of industrial organizat...
Hydrocarbons for the next generation of jet fuel surrogates

Abstract Fuel surrogates are a critical component for the detailed combustion modeling of real transportation fuels. Indeed, the numerical study of engine combustion requires the coupling of computational fluid dynamics and chemical kinetic models, and therefore a limited number of chemical species and reactions can be employed due to current numerical capabilities. As a consequence, surrogates are adopted to simulate the behavior of real fuels. In this study, we evaluate various hydrocarbon molecules that can be employed as next generation surrogate components for conventional and alternative jet fuels. Species considered in this study have smaller number of kinetic data as compared to molecules that are currently used in jet fuel surrogates, but they possess greater physical relevance and the potential to achieve closer emulation of properties when used as jet fuel surrogate components. Using a surrogate optimizer model, we analyze various mixtures that can emulate a petroleum-derived jet fuel (Jet-A POSF-4658) and a coal-derived jet fuel (IPK POSF-5642). The results show that n-tetradecane and n-dodecane are suitable normal alkane representatives for jet fuels. Also, the use of three C9 alkylbenzenes (n-propyl-, 1,2,4-trimethyl-, 1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene) leads to surrogate mixtures with an aromatic content and a distillation curve that matches the experimental values of Jet-A much better than mixtures that contain toluene or C10 alkylbenzenes. In addition, the optimization results with three new branched alkanes for the target IPK show that 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane is a promising surrogate component for representing low ignition quality highly-branched alkanes in jet fuels. This study highlights the need for experimental studies and further kinetic model development for these molecules, which will benefit the surrogate development for the wide variety of jet fuels in the future.
From Truth Telling to Truth in the Making: A Paradigm Shift in Communication with Cancer Patients

Direct observation shows how traditional narrow biomedical conceptions of truth in medicine, coupled with increasing technological sophistication and the consequent fragmentation of care practiced under major economic constraints, run parallel to a loss of humanism and of satisfaction for both partners in the patient–doctor relationship. A new conceptualization of truth in medicine, and of communication about it, is needed to restore the integrity of clinical practice, medical education, training, and health care policy. Multiple truths are at stake in clinical medicine, different and yet interrelated. These truths are shared by both partners within the patient–doctor relationship, rather than being simply discovered or imposed by health professionals. A nuanced understanding of the truths at stake in clinical medicine as essentially relational, dynamic, provisional, and situated gives raise to a paradigm shift from truth telling to truth making. This can not only improve communication between patients and their oncologists, but also affect perceptions, attitudes, and practices of education and training, as well as public perceptions of emerging aspects of cancer care and policy making with regard to minority cancer patients and survivors, elderly cancer patients, or mutation carriers.
Fluidized bed riser as a dry particle separation system

An exploratory study was undertaken to demonstrate the potential for using a fluidized bed riser system for the dry separation of fine particles. The experimental system consisted of a constant-diameter riser, two different operational heights, optional internal rings and one specific test mixture. Good separation efficiencies were obtained with a modest mass flux through the system. Further research is required to optimize the separation process and bring the concept to commercial viability.
The reference string indexing method

The motivation for the reference string indexing method may be derived from the intention to retrieve any piece of information by specifying arbitrary parts of it. Common restrictions such as the usage only of a certain set of descriptors or (complete) keywords in document retrieval systems or the specification of only certain (inverted) attributed values for queries in formatted files should be removed without loosing performance necessary for interactive usage.
Vertical Retaining Wall Structures

Vertical wall type structures function as barriers whose purpose is to prevent a material from entering a certain space. Typical applications are embankment walls, bridge abutments, and as underground basement walls. Structural Engineers are responsible for the design of these structures. The loading acting on a retaining wall is generally due to the soil that is confined behind the wall. Various theories have been proposed in the literature, and it appears that all the theories predict similar loading results. In this chapter, we describe the Rankine theory that is fairly simple to apply. We present the governing equations for various design scenarios, and illustrate their application to typical retaining structures. The most critical concerns for retaining walls are ensuring stability with respect to sliding and overturning, and identifying the regions of positive and negative moment in the wall segments. Some of the material developed in Chap. 7 is also applicable for retaining wall structures.
Chinese as an Isolating Language

Whether Chinese is to be considered an isolating language depends on the definition of the term. If isolating is taken to mean achieving the ideal of having a single morpheme per word, then Chinese is not a highly isolating language because most Chinese words have two or more morphemes. If isolating is taken to mean that the morphemes of the language are easy to identify and individuate, then Chinese may be considered a highly isolating language.
Explicit integration of goals in heuristic algorithm design

We describe a transformational derivation system that semi-automatically derives a simplified version of Mycin's therapy selection algorithm. It uses general transformation rules to explicitly integrate the multiple, sometimes conflicting goals that govern the design of heuristic algorithms. The generality of its transformations is demonstrated by using them to derive a variation based on formulating and integrating the same design goals differently.
Activity Theory as a Framework for Integrating Uas Into the Nas: A Field Study of Crew Member Activity During Uas Operations Near a Non-Towered Airport:

An Activity Theory framework was applied in investigating the pressing issue of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) integration into the National Airspace System. As stated in the FAA’s UAS Operational ...
Gap Junction Intercellular Communication Positively Regulates Cisplatin Toxicity by Inducing DNA Damage through Bystander Signaling.

The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) can increase cellular toxicity in a gap junction dependent manner in unirradiated bystander cells. Recent reports have suggested that cisplatin toxicity can also be mediated by functional gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). In this study using lung and ovarian cancer cell lines, we showed that cisplatin cytotoxicity is mediated by cellular density. This effect is ablated when GJA1 or Connexin 43 (Cx43) is targeted, a gap junction gene and protein, respectively, leading to cisplatin resistance but only at high or gap junction forming density. We also observed that the cisplatin-mediated bystander effect was elicited as DNA Double Strand Breaks (DSBs) with positive H2AX Ser139 phosphorylation (γH2AX) formation, an indicator of DNA DSBs. These DSBs are not observed when gap junction formation is prevented. We next showed that cisplatin is not the “death” signal traversing the gap junctions by utilizing the cisplatin-GG intrastrand adduct specific antibody. Finally, we also showed that cells deficient in the structure-specific DNA endonuclease ERCC1-ERCC4 (ERCC1-XPF), an important mediator of cisplatin resistance, further sensitized when treated with cisplatin in the presence of gap junction forming density. Taken together, these results demonstrate the positive effect of GJIC on increasing cisplatin cytotoxicity.
Treatment fidelity in Model of Human Occupation research

IntroductionTreatment fidelity is an important consideration in occupational therapy efficacy research. It involves methodological strategies that enhance quantitative rigor and improves confidence...
Characterization of core bacterial species in theDaphnia magnamicrobiota using shotgun metagenomics

Background: The keystone zooplankton Daphnia magna has recently been used as a model system for understanding host-microbiota interactions. However, the bacterial species present and functions associated with their genomes are not well understood. In order to understand potential functions of these species, we combined 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenomics to characterize the whole-organism microbiota of Daphnia magna. Results: Five metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were assembled from the Daphnia magna microbiota. Phylogenetic placement of these MAGs indicated that two belong to the Limnohabitans genus, one to Polaromonas, one to Pedobacter, and one unclassifiable below the Burkholderiaceae family. Average nucleotide identity of these MAGs to their closest sequenced relative was <95%, suggesting these may be new species in known genera. 16S rRNA community profiling shows that the Daphnia magna microbiota is distinct from its culture environment. Genes involved in host colonization and immune system evasion were detected across the MAGs. Some metabolic pathways were specific to some MAGs, including sulfur oxidation, nitrate reduction, and flagellar assembly. Threonine and arginine exporters were encoded by the Limnohabitans and Burkholderiaceae MAGs, and pathways for key vitamin biosynthesis and export were identified across MAGs. Conclusions: In this study, we characterize five metagenome-assembled bacterial genomes within the Daphnia magna microbiota. Our examination of functions associated with these genomes shows a diversity of nutrient acquisition and metabolism pathways present that may benefit the host, as well as genomic signatures of host association and immune system evasion.
New Electromigration Model and Its Potential Application on Degradation Simulation for FinFET SRAM

In this paper, a new EM model is proposed to describe the interconnect resistance change. This model consists of a time-dependent hydrostatic stress distribution and resistance shift calculations. Hydrostatic stress is obtained from the solution of material transport equations and suitable boundary conditions. The resistance shift is calculated from the stress distribution, atomic divergence, and a special resistance evaluation methodology. Then the calibrated EM model is applied to simulation for a FinFET SRAM array while considering process parameter variations. EM effects on SRAM performance degradation are analyzed.
Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Latency During Tuberculosis Infections

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) uses a wide range of mechanisms to survive the host immune system. Mtb can persist in host tissues for months to decades without replicating, however, non-replicating (or dormant) Mtb has the ability to resume growth at any time. Persons with latent TB infection do not have typical TB symptoms, and dormant forms of Mtb are not considered transmissible. Several factors (e.g. HIV infection, cancers, and immunosuppressive drug therapy) alter the course of latent TB and are thought to have the potential to cause reactivation, leading to active TB. Treatment regimens for latent TB infection require long durations in order to prevent relapse. It is difficult to eradicate latent forms of the relatively drug resistant Mtb in short periods of time with the currently available TB therapies. Thus, it is very important to develop new drugs for the treatment of latent or persistent forms of Mtb that reduce treatment time required for TB patients. Mycobacterial cell walls consist of complex mixtures of polysaccharides and mycolic acids, and they play an important role in escaping from the host immune systems and in surviving within granulomas that form in response to the bacteria. This chapter reviews the potential drug targets that exist in cell wall biosynthesis for non-replicating (or dormant) Mtb based on bioinformatics, genomic and proteomic analyses and in vitro data with replicating and non-replicating bacilli.
Exploring the gap between employers’ needs and undergraduate business curricula: A survey of alumni regarding core business curricula:

This study examines alumni perceptions of the core curricula at the University of North Georgia’s College of Business to assess the gap between the skills employers need in new graduates and what t...
Root Narrative Theory and Conflict Resolution: Power, Justice and Values

This book introduces Root Narrative Theory, a new approach for narrative analysis, decoding moral politics, and for building respect and understanding in conditions of radical disagreement. This theory of moral politics bridges emotion and reason, and, rather than relying on what people say, it helps both the analyst and the practitioner to focus on what people mean in a language that parties to the conflict understand. Based on a simple idea—the legacy effects of abuses of power—the book argues that conflicts only endure and escalate where there is a clash of interpretations about the history of institutional power. Providing theoretically complex but easy-to-use tools, this book offers a completely new way to think about storytelling, the effects of abusive power on interpretation, the relationship between power and conceptions of justice, and the origins and substance of ultimate values. By locating the source of radical disagreement in story structures and political history rather than in biological or cognitive systems, Root Narrative Theory bridges the divides between reason and emotion, realism and idealism, without losing sight of the inescapable human element at work in the world’s most devastating conflicts. This book will be of much interest to students of conflict resolution, peace studies and International Relations, as well as to practitioners of conflict resolution.
AutoSynGrid: A MATLAB-based toolkit for automatic generation of synthetic power grids

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive MATLAB-based toolkit to automatically generate any number of synthetic power grids featuring the same statistical properties of realistic power grids. The AutoSynGrid toolkit takes into account electric topology, bus type, generation capacities, load settings, generation cost models, and transmission line capacities to generate synthetic cases, providing all necessary data for verity of analysis such as power flow and optimal power flow studies. The toolkit is highly parametrized, providing the flexibility for the user to choose different input options, such as reference system, loading level, generation cost model, and bus type entropy to generate synthetic power grid cases with given network size. In addition, we provide a validation framework for the AutoSynGrid toolkit based on topology metrics, electric parameters, state variables, interdependencies, and scaling properties. It examines the generated synthetic cases by using multiple validation metrics that are observed from realistic power grids to assure that they mitigate the predefined criteria. In addition, to measure the realism of generated synthetic cases the closeness factor is defined. The generated synthetic grids are also examined based on the proposed closeness factor using a number of generated random grids.
Research on Topology Design of User Side Energy Interconnection Network in Typical Environment

The construction of smart green city promotes the development of efficient energy use. The development and utilization of user-side demand response resources has become one of the key and difficult problems to be solved urgently in urban sustainable development. This paper first analyzes the multi-dimensional decision-making of multi-objects such as energy demand, distributed renewable power, energy storage device, etc., and then analyzes the "incentive guidance-output correction" between the demand response implementer and the responder. The continuous and interactive process, and then proposes a two-layer topology model that uses the upper layer to guide the lower layer and the lower layer to feedback the upper layer to characterize the user side demand response. Consider the overall goal of maximizing social welfare based on cost considerations, and establish a two-layer topology model designed by user-side demand response incentive mechanism. The validity of the two-layer topology model proposed in this paper is verified by a numerical example. The benefits of the demand response and the influencing factors of the incentive mechanism are discussed. Based on this model, the topology design of the energy interconnection network is proposed. Principles and two new types of energy Internet topologies— the star topology of primary energy plus auxiliary energy and the ring topology with multiple distributed energy systems. Finally, a typical application scenario is selected for analysis and description of the user-side energy interconnection network topology in a typical scenario, and a feasible optimal configuration scheme and network topology are provided.
Quality Improvement Initiative to Enhance Multidisciplinary Management of Malignant Extradural Spinal Cord Compression

PURPOSE:To determine if a quality improvement (QI) initiative could enhance multidisciplinary management of acute malignant extradural spinal cord compression (ESCC) at our institution.METHODS:The ...
Association of Circadian Abnormalities in Older Adults With an Increased Risk of Developing Parkinson Disease.

Importance Disruption in circadian activity rhythms is very common in older adults, particularly among those with neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease (PD). However, whether circadian disruption could be a prodrome for PD is unclear. Objective To determine the association between rest-activity rhythm (RAR) and risk of incident PD and to explore whether this association is independent of nighttime sleep disturbances. Design, Setting, and Participants The ancillary sleep study of the longitudinal cohort Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) was conducted from December 1, 2003, to March 31, 2005. Of the 3135 community-dwelling men enrolled in the MrOS sleep study, 3049 had technically adequate RAR data; of these, 119 were excluded for having prevalent PD or missing incident data, leaving 2930 men without PD at baseline. Data were analyzed from February 1 through August 31, 2019. Exposures Twenty four–hour RAR parameters (amplitude, mesor, robustness, and acrophase) generated by wrist actigraphy–extended cosinor analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident PD based on physician diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between quartiles of RAR parameters and risk of incident PD. Results Among the 2930 men included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 76.3 [5.5] years), 78 (2.7%) developed PD during 11 years of follow-up. After accounting for all covariates, the risk of PD increased with decreasing circadian amplitude (strength of the rhythm) (odds ratio [OR] per 1-SD decrease, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.30-2.41), mesor (mean level of activity) (OR per 1-SD decrease, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.22-2.21), or robustness (how closely activity follows a cosine 24-hour pattern) (OR per 1-SD decrease, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.14-2.07) (P Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, reduced circadian rhythmicity was associated with an increased risk of incident PD, suggesting it may represent an important prodromal feature for PD. Future studies are needed to determine whether circadian disruption could also be a risk factor for PD and whether strategies to improve circadian function affect the risk of PD.
A Forensic Disassembly of the BIS Monitor

Background The bispectral index (BIS) monitor has been available for clinical use for >20 years and has had an immense impact on academic activity in Anesthesiology, with >3000 articles referencing the bispectral index. Despite attempts to infer its algorithms by external observation, its operation has nevertheless remained undescribed, in contrast to the algorithms of other less commercially successful monitors of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity under anesthesia. With the expiration of certain key patents, the time is therefore ripe to examine the operation of the monitor on its own terms through careful dismantling, followed by extraction and examination of its internal software. Methods An A-2000 BIS Monitor (gunmetal blue case, amber monochrome display) was purchased on the secondary market. After identifying the major data processing and storage components, a set of free or inexpensive tools was used to retrieve and disassemble the monitor's onboard software. The software executes primarily on an ARMv7 microprocessor (Sharp/NXP LH77790B) and a digital signal processor (Texas Instruments TMS320C32). The device software can be retrieved directly from the monitor's hardware by using debugging interfaces that have remained in place from its original development. Results Critical numerical parameters such as the spectral edge frequency (SEF), total power, and BIS values were retraced from external delivery at the device's serial port back to the point of their calculation in the extracted software. In doing so, the locations of the critical algorithms were determined. To demonstrate the validity of the technique, the algorithms for SEF and total power were disassembled, comprehensively annotated and compared to their theoretically ideal behaviors. A bug was identified in the device's implementation of the SEF algorithm, which can be provoked by a perfectly isoelectric EEG. Conclusions This article demonstrates that the electronic design of the A-2000 BIS Monitor does not pose any insuperable obstacles to retrieving its device software in hexadecimal machine code form directly from the motherboard. This software can be reverse engineered through disassembly and decompilation to reveal the methods by which the BIS monitor implements its algorithms, which ultimately must form the definitive statement of its function. Without further revealing any algorithms that might be considered trade secrets, the manufacturer of the BIS monitor should be encouraged to release the device software in its original format to place BIS-related academic literature on a firm theoretical foundation and to promote further academic development of EEG monitoring algorithms.
Open Access to Publications to Expand Participation in Archaeology

The Norwegian Archaeological Review has published several exciting articles recently that advance our understanding of openness in archaeological theory and practice. There is a gap between the ide...
Existing in Discrete States: On the Techno-Aesthetics of Algorithmic Being-in-Time:

Against a remarkable hardware oblivion in discussions of algorithmic intelligence, this article insists that algorithmic thought, or abstract computation, cannot be separated from its technological...
The tactile Eriksen flanker effect: A time course analysis

In the present paper, we explore the temporal dynamics of the flanker effect in the tactile modality and compare it with findings in the visual modality. We created a tactile version of the flanker task in which we presented groups of dots oriented either vertically or horizontally to a participant's fingertips. The target stimulus was presented to the middle finger, while the flanker stimuli were presented to the index and the ring fingers. Distributional analyses of the latency data show a tactile flanker effect: an overall facilitation for congruent target-flanker trials relative to incongruent trials, and a higher effect size for slower correct responses (higher quantiles) than for faster correct responses (lower quantiles). While this congruency effect may resemble the one typically reported in the visual modality, there are differences between these two modalities as well, mainly related to the relative speed of error and correct responses. These differences suggest that some of the mechanisms responsible for the flanker effect differ across sensory modalities.
Healthy lifestyles, genetic modifiers, and colorectal cancer risk: a prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.

Background Both genetic and lifestyle factors play an etiologic role in colorectal cancer (CRC). Objectives We evaluated potential gene-environment interactions in CRC risk. Methods We used data from 346,297 participants in the UK Biobank cohort. Healthy lifestyle scores (HLSs) were constructed using 8 lifestyle factors, primarily according to the American Cancer Society guidelines, and were categorized into unhealthy, intermediate, and healthy groups. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was created using 95 genetic risk variants identified by genome-wide association studies of CRC and was categorized by tertile. Cox models were used to estimate the HRs and 95% CIs of CRC risk associated with the HLS and PRS. Results During a median follow-up of 5.8 y, 2066 incident cases of CRC were identified. Healthier HLSs were associated with reduced risk of CRC in a dose-response manner. The risk reduction was more apparent among those with high PRS (HRhealthy vs. unhealthy HLS1: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.79 for men and 0.71; 0.58, 0.85 for men and women combined) than those with low PRS. Although no multiplicative interactions were identified, the HLS1 and PRS showed a significant additive interaction (P = 0.02 for all participants combined, 0.04 for men). In analyses including all participants, the adjusted CRC cumulative risk from age 40 to 75 y was 6.40% for those with high PRS/unhealthy HLS1, with a relative excess risk due to interaction of 0.58 (95% CI: 0.06, 1.10), compared with 2.09% among those with low PRS/healthy HLS1. This pattern was more apparent among those who reported not having received any bowel screening before baseline. Conclusions Although the observational nature of the study precludes proof of causality, our findings suggest that individuals with a high genetic susceptibility could benefit more substantially than those with a low genetic risk from lifestyle modification in reducing CRC risk.
Facilitators to referrals to CDC's National Diabetes Prevention Program in primary care practices and pharmacies: DocStyles 2016-2017.

Abstract Despite evidence of the effectiveness of behavioral change interventions for type 2 diabetes prevention, health care provider referrals to organizations offering the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) lifestyle change program (LCP) remain suboptimal. This study examined facilitators of LCP referrals among primary care providers and pharmacists (providers). We analyzed data on 1956 providers from 2016 to 2017 DocStyles web-based surveys. Pearson chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used for bivariate associations between facilitators, provider characteristics, and their self-reported referral and bi-directional referral (where they received patient status updates back from the LCPs) to an LCP. Multiple logistic regressions were used to estimate the effects of facilitators to referral practices, controlling for providers' characteristics. Geocoding was done at the street level for in-person, public LCP class locations and at the zip code level for survey respondents to create a density measure for LCP availability within 10 miles. Overall, 21% of providers referred their patients with prediabetes to LCPs, and 6.4% engaged in bi-directional referral. Provider practices that established clinical-community linkages (CCLs) with LCPs (AOR = 4.88), used electronic health records (EHRs) to manage patients (AOR = 2.94), or practiced within 10 miles of an in-person, public LCP class location (AOR = 1.49) were more likely to refer. Establishing CCLs with LCPs (AOR = 8.59) and using EHRs (AOR = 1.86) were also facilitators of bi-directional referral. This study highlights the importance of establishing CCLs between provider settings and organizations offering the National DPP LCP, increasing use of EHRs to manage patients, and increasing availability of in-person LCP class locations near provider practices.
The Host Cellular Immune Response to Infection by Campylobacter Spp. and Its Role in Disease.

Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of bacterium-derived gastroenteritis worldwide, impacting 96 million individuals annually. Unlike other bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract, Campylobacter spp. lack many of the classical virulence factors that are often associated with the ability to induce disease in humans, including an array of canonical secretion systems and toxins. Consequently, the clinical manifestations of human campylobacteriosis and its resulting gastrointestinal pathology are believed to be primarily due to the host immune response toward the bacterium. Further, while gastrointestinal infection is usually self-limiting, numerous postinfectious disorders can occur, including the development of Guillain-Barre syndrome, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Because gastrointestinal disease likely results from the host immune response, the development of these postinfectious disorders may be due to dysregulation or misdirection of the same inflammatory response. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important to the Campylobacter field, and human health, that the cellular immune responses toward Campylobacter be better understood, including which immunological events are critical to the development of disease and the postinfectious disorders mentioned above. In this review, we collectively cover the cellular immune responses across susceptible hosts to Campylobacter jejuni infection, along with the tissue pathology and postinfectious disorders which may develop.
Influence of Magnetic Fields on Electrochemical Reactions of Redox Cofactor Solutions

Redox cofactors mediate many enzymatic processes and are increasingly employed in biomedical and energy applications. Exploring the influence of external magnetic fields on redox cofactor chemistry can enhance our understanding of magnetic-field-sensitive biological processes and allow the application of magnetic fields to modulate redox reactions involving cofactors. Through a combination of experiments and modeling, we investigate the influence of magnetic fields on electrochemical reactions in redox cofactor solutions. By employing flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor as a model system, we characterize magnetically induced changes in Faradaic currents. We find that radical pair intermediates have negligible influence on current increases in FMN solution upon application of a magnetic field. The dominant mechanism underlying the observed current increases is the magneto-hydrodynamic effect. We extend our analyses to other diffusion-limited electrochemical reactions of redox cofactor solutions and arrive at similar conclusions, highlighting the opportunity to use this framework in redox cofactor chemistry.
Economic Crises in Southeast Asia

This paper explores episodes of financial crises and recessions experienced by the economies in Southeast Asia: the global debt crisis and the commodity price collapse in the 1980s, the Asian financial crisis in the 1990s, and the burst of the dot-com bubble and the global financial crisis in the 2000s. These crises highlight one common feature of the economies in Southeast Asia: due to its outward-oriented development strategy, these economies have become highly integrated and more exposed to the world economy, making them very vulnerable to events happening in the global economy. The severity of the crises however depended on how domestic governments responded to such external shocks.
Rapid, Concurrent Formation of Organic Sulfur and Iron Sulfides During Experimental Sulfurization of Sinking Marine Particles

Organic matter (OM) sulfurization can enhance the preservation and sequestration of carbon in anoxic sediments, and it has been observed in sinking marine particles from marine O2-deficient zones. ...