cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life cycle resilience quantification and enhancement of power distribution systems: A risk-based approach

Abstract Distribution systems in the US are commonly supported by wood utility poles. Since wood poles may experience substantial decay rates, current standards specify a strength-based maintenance program for pole replacement regardless of the poles’ vulnerability and importance in the system. While state-of-the-art methods have developed risk-based metrics to guide system hardening decisions, such metrics are analyzed for the current conditions of the system. In this context, the potential of a stochastic series of hazards over extended horizons and the subsequent effects on the resilience of systems have been largely neglected. To address these limitations, a risk-based methodology is proposed for quantifying the life cycle resilience of power distribution systems. To project pole vulnerability, a recursive approach is developed that captures the stochasticity of precedent failures and subsequent corrective actions over extended horizons. Furthermore, a risk-based replacement index called Expected Outage Reduction (EOR) is introduced that estimates the expected power outage reduction if an existing pole is replaced by a new pole. The application of the proposed method for life cycle resilience analysis and management of a realistic distribution system subjected to stochastic hurricanes indicates that EOR can improve the cumulative life cycle resilience by up to 22.3% over 70 years.
A Novel Use of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Erector Spinae Plane Block for Pediatric Congenital Cardiac Surgery

We describe the use of liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel) in erector spinae plane blocks for two patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and one undergoing division of the compressive vascular ring. The perioperative course of all patients was remarkable for low pain and sedation scores, especially after chest tube removal. Erector spinae plane blocks are an expanding pain-control technique in both adult and pediatric cardiac surgery for postoperative analgesia. Liposomal bupivacaine offers prolonged analgesia and may be an attractive option for this indication.
Perceptions of Intercultural Religious Music and Intercultural Competence in a Southern U.S. Public Middle School Eighth Grade Women's Choir: A Case Study.

The purpose of this case study was to examine the researcher’s perceptions of student participants’ intercultural competence during rehearsals, focus groups, and interviews and the perceived benefi...
Animal Models of Human Disease

This chapter discusses the potential of laboratory animals, and especially mice, as models of diseases and various pathophysiologic processes. The use of laboratory animals in medical research is a hotly debated topic with important ramifications in various domains of clinical investigation, from pathophysiology to genetics and ethics. Molecular biology is an integral part of the medical curriculum, and animal experimentation is the ultimate offshoot of our ability to genetically manipulate living organisms. The ability to direct recombination between DNA sequences in vitro constitutes the basis of modern molecular genetics. Using this approach, investigators have succeeded at introducing specific mutations in the mouse genome to study genes of previously unknown function, or to restore the function of inactive genes. It has become an extremely sophisticated tool in the field of genetic research. The chapter also describes a few methods and techniques to generate a genetically engineered mouse..
Abstract T P222: Docosahexaenoic Acid as a Promising Neuroprotectant in Brain Ischemia: New Experimental Evidence

Introduction: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) is an omega-3 essential fatty acid family member and the precursor of neuroprotectin D1, a lipid mediator which downregulates apoptosis and promotes cell survival. Recently, we have shown that DHA improved behavior in animals allowed to survive for 7 d after stroke. This study was conducted to establish whether the behavioral improvement induced by DHA persists with chronic survival. In addition, we examined the effect of DHA on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity using Evans Blue (EB) and FITC-dextran markers. METHODS: Physiologically-controlled SD rats received 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). DHA (5 mg/kg; n=10) or vehicle (saline; n=9) was administered i.v. at 3 h after onset of MCAo. In behavioral studies, the composite 12-point neuroscore, rota-rod, Y-maze and beam walking test were conducted 1, 2 and 3 weeks after MCAo. Ex vivo imaging of the brains and histopathology were carried out on day 21. In BBB studies, fluorometric quantitation of Evans Blue (EB) was performed in six brain regions at 6, 24 or 72 h after stroke. FITC dextran leakage was analyzed on day 3 after MCAo. RESULTS: Physiological variables were stable and showed no significant differences between groups. DHA treatment significantly improved the 12-point neuroscore compared to vehicle on day 1 (by 16%), day 2 (by 19%), day 3 (by 22%), week 1 (by 20%), week 2 (by 22%) and week 3 (by 33%) respectively. Treatment with DHA prolonged latency time in the rota-rod test on weeks 1-3 (by 44-68%), enhanced the score in the balance beam (by 29%) and improved Y-maze performance by 19% compared to the saline group. DHA decreased EB extravasation in the posterior ischemic hemisphere at 6 h (by 34%), 24 h (by 42%) and 72 h (by 38%). EB extravasation was decreased by DHA in the cortex and total hemisphere as well. FITC dextran leakage was reduced by DHA treatment on day 3 by 68% compared to the saline group. CONCLUSION: DHA therapy accelerates long-lasting behavioral recovery and diminishes BBB damage in a model of experimental stroke. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that DHA may have potential use in treating focal ischemic stroke in the clinical setting.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora. II. Selective chemical reactivity of amino and sulfhydryl groups.

Selective chemical modification of sensitive amino and sulfhydryl groups was performed on purified NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa (V eronese , F. M., N yc , J. F., D egani , Y., B rown , D. M., and S mith , E.L. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7922–7928). Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate inhibited the enzyme rapidly and reversibly, resulting in the formation of 4 to 4.5 residues of e-N-(5′-phosphopyridoxyl)lysine per subunit, as determined after NaBH4 reduction. The enzyme was inactivated irreversibly by cyanate, to form a product containing 8 residues of homocitrulline per subunit. Sulfhydryl-directed reagents including p-mercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), o-iodosobenzoate, and 2-nitro-5′-thiocyanobenzoate, inactivated the enzyme to a varying degree depending on the structure of the S substituent. The stoichiometry was one thiol modified per subunit by methods of activity titration, radioactive label incorporation, and spectrophotometric analysis. Tetrathionate produced an intermolecular disulfide, retaining almost full enzymic activity. No reaction was detected with either iodoacetate or iodoacetamide. Monoalkylation with N-ethylmaleimide did not alter the Vmax of the enzyme, but increased the value of Km toward both substrate and coenzyme. Consecutive modification of the sensitive amino and sulfhydryl groups indicated mutual independence of their reactivities. The chemical characteristics of the enzyme are compared with those of other glutamate dehydrogenases, including the NADP-specific enzyme from the same organism.
Representing a stable environment by egocentric updating and invariant representations

To represent a stable environment despite the experience of changes during self movements, one can either develop an invariant allocentric representation, or update the egocentric representations as one moves. Using a disorientation paradigm, three sets of studies investigated these mechanisms in human navigation and scene recognition. Accuracy in the configuration of multiple object localization is impaired by disorientation, an effect not due to artifacts such as memory deterioration over time, intervening physical activities, uncertainty in self position and orientation, etc., suggesting one can locate objects primarily by updating their egocentric positions as she or he moves. Disorientation also impaired the judgment of changes to a scene after viewer movements, suggesting a similar egocentric updating process. On the contrary, representation of the shape of the surroundings is invariant and persists through disorientation. The coexistence of multiple mechanisms may increase the flexibility and robustness of the system.
Quantum Self-Correction in the 3D Cubic Code Model

A big open question in the quantum information theory concerns the feasibility of a self-correcting quantum memory. A quantum state recorded in such memory can be stored reliably for a macroscopic time without need for active error correction, if the memory is in contact with a cold enough thermal bath. Here we report analytic and numerical evidence for self-correcting behavior in the quantum spin lattice model known as the 3D cubic code. We prove that its memory time is at least L^(cβ), where L is the lattice size, β is the inverse temperature of the bath, and c>0 is a constant coefficient. However, this bound applies only if the lattice size L does not exceed a critical value which grows exponentially with β. In that sense, the model can be called a partially self-correcting memory. We also report a Monte Carlo simulation indicating that our analytic bounds on the memory time are tight up to constant coefficients. To model the readout step we introduce a new decoding algorithm, which can be implemented efficiently for any topological stabilizer code. A longer version of this work can be found in Bravyi and Haah, arXiv:1112.3252.
Management of gastric varices

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Loss of ATRX Suppresses Resolution of Telomere Cohesion to Control Recombination in ALT Cancer Cells

The chromatin-remodeler ATRX is frequently lost in cancer cells that use ALT (alternative lengthening of telomeres) for telomere maintenance, but its function in telomere recombination is unknown. Here we show that loss of ATRX suppresses the timely resolution of sister telomere cohesion that normally occurs prior to mitosis. In the absence of ATRX, the histone variant macroH2A1.1 binds to the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase tankyrase 1, preventing it from localizing to telomeres and resolving cohesion. The resulting persistent telomere cohesion promotes recombination between sister telomeres, while it suppresses inappropriate recombination between non-sisters. Forced resolution of sister telomere cohesion induces excessive recombination between non-homologs, genomic instability, and impaired cell growth, indicating the ATRX-macroH2A1.1-tankyrase axis as a potential therapeutic target in ALT tumors.
High-order, sliding-mode-based precise control of direct-drive systems under heavy uncertainties:

AbstractThe high-performance control of direct-drive (DD) systems requires the full system dynamic effects to be taken into account owing to the eliminated gear mechanism. The actuator dynamics and structural flexibilities become of increased importance, particularly when high-speed, high-accuracy operation of lightweight structures is aimed for; however, in most related literature, these effects are neglected to avoid increased computational complexity at the expense of compromising the tracking accuracy of the system in the transient and steady state. As a solution to the problem, in this study, high-order, sliding-mode (HOSM) controllers (HOSMCs) are developed, which exploit the robustness properties of sliding-mode controllers (SMCs) while also increasing accuracy by reducing chattering effects. Different from standard HOSMCs, which are derived by artificially increasing the system order, the third-order HOSM (3-HOSM) control laws in this study are derived by including the actuator dynamics and struct...
Evaluation of Renal Transplant Donors with 16-Section Multidetector CT Angiography: Comparison of Contrast Media with Low and High Iodine Concentrations

Purpose To compare the degree of contrast enhancement, image quality, and accuracy of renal computed tomographic (CT) angiography performed with a 16–detector row CT unit and equal iodine doses of low- and high-iodine-concentration contrast medium in the evaluation of renal transplant donors. Materials and Methods Eighty donors scheduled to undergo renal CT angiography with 16–detector row CT were administered nonionic contrast media with two iodine concentrations. The first group (group A, n = 40) received a contrast medium with 300 mg of iodine per milliliter, and the second group (group B, n = 40) received a contrast medium with 370 mg of iodine per milliliter. An equal iodine dose of 550 mg per kilogram body weight was given to both groups. Contrast enhancement was quantified by measuring attenuation in the abdominal aorta and in both renal arteries. Subjective assessment of contrast enhancement, quality of reformatted images, and visualization of branch order of renal arteries were rated with a 5-point scale. The number of renal arteries and veins seen at CT was correlated with the results at surgery. Results The mean enhancement values in group B were significantly greater ( P P Conclusion Renal donor CT angiography with a contrast medium of 370 mg of iodine per milliliter provides greater enhancement and image quality compared with a contrast medium of 300 mg of iodine per milliliter. The diagnostic accuracies were similar.
Complexity results for the basic residency scheduling problem

Upon graduation from medical school, medical students join residency programs to complete their clinical training and fulfill specialty board certification requirements. During residency, they are assigned several years of clinical rotations, where they work under the supervision of physician faculty in a variety of different settings, to ensure that they gain the requisite training prior to beginning independent practice. These rotations typically last a short period of time, and the problem of determining a schedule for all the residents in a program can be quite tedious. In this paper, a basic residency scheduling problem that produces a 1-year schedule is defined, and a proof of NP-completeness is presented. Furthermore, a specific model of the residency scheduling program for the internal medicine residency program at the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign is studied. Finally, a method for determining alternate optima is presented.
Molecular constants of the ground state of I2

Abstract The molecular constants of the ground state of the I 2 molecule have been determined making use of the interferometric measurements of Rank and Baldwin for the green line resonance series combined with the ultraviolet resonance data obtained by Verma. In order to fit the data, values of D e , γ e , and β e are calculated from theory since in the opinion of the authors the data are not sufficiently good to yield realistic values for these constants. It is shown that the molecular constants obtained here are consistent with both the green line series and ultraviolet series measurements within the precision of both sets of measurements. Calculations are made using Sandeman's relations derived from Dunham's potential function to estimate certain molecular constants not accurately derivable directly from the spectroscopic data.
Education in maxillofacial prosthetics

I n response to a challenge by the President of the Academy of Maxillofacial Prosthetics, I. Kenneth Adisman, in 1962, a survey was begun to determine the educational status of maxillofacial prosthetics. In September 1966, the report of the Educational Survey Committee of the American Academy of Maxillofacial Prosthetics was published.’ The report proposed that such a survey would be worthwhile because (1) it could reveal the current trends of postdoctoral teaching and curricula, (2) it could suggest aspects of current postdoctoral teaching that need to be strengthened, and (3) the data collected could be a source of information for those seeking further educational opportunities in maxillofacial prosthetics. A summary of survey findings suggested that although progress had been made in developing clinical techniques and materials, significant deficiencies were evident in existing maxillofacial teaching programs. Among the relevant shortcomings were inadequate physical facilities, too few qualified teaching staff personnel, and lack of time in the curricula. The conclusion was that if the quality of teaching staffs and maxillofacial prosthetic education was to advance, those in charge of existing programs must strive for improvement, recognition, and accreditation of the programs. It is appropriate that a decade later the current state of advanced maxillofacial prosthetic education be considered and present trends and means for further advancement be identified.
SOME EXPERIMENTAL SUPPORT OF PSYCHOPATHIC THEORY: A CRITIQUE.

Two recent experiments, which claim to support Cleckley's semantic dementia concept, were reviewed. It was found that both of these experiments had many methodological difficulties, and their support for psychopaths' lack of amenability to conditioning was seriously questioned.
Filamental quenching of the current‐driven ion‐cyclotron instability

Experimental evidence is presented on the effect of the finite width of the current channel for the excitation of the current‐driven ion‐cyclotron instability. The results are in agreement with the nonlocal theory of Bakshi, Ganguli, and Palmadesso.
Science Teaching: How to Spend $5 Million

I second the opinion of Stan Metzenberg (Letters, 9 Aug., [9 Aug., p. 721][1]), regarding the absurdity of the National Science Foundation spending $5 million to encourage faculty at research universities to teach well. Metzenberg's critique, however, which aims at increased support for the “second-tier universities” where “faculty actually teach their own courses,” leaves out the fact that it is this nation's liberal arts and sciences colleges which have historically produced a disproportionately large number of students who have gone on to earn doctorates in the sciences and which continue to provide leadership in the design and implementation of the most effective undergraduate teaching methods. If $5 million spent to support science teaching at second-tier universities would have a significant impact, imagine how powerful would be the results of those same dollars spent at liberal arts and sciences colleges to support and reaffirm the outstanding job they are already doing. Just one small portion of those dollars provided to increase support for student-faculty collaborative research—typical at our colleges, but rare except at the graduate level in the first- and second-tier universities—would have an impact far beyond its “drop-in-the-bucket” significance for the big research universities. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.273.5276.721
The Humanitarian FOSS Project: Goals, Activities, and Outcomes

Begun in 2006, the Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software Project (HFOSS Project) is an educational initiative whose goal is to engage undergraduates in computer science by building free and open source software that benefits humanity, both locally and globally. During its short lifetime, the Project has inspired increasing numbers of students and instructors to make significant contributions to several humanitarian open source software development projects. In the last four years, the HFOSS Project has received material support from several partners, including the National Science Foundation, Accenture, Google, and Mozilla. This support has enabled the Project to expand its reach to add new college and university partners and to add more humanitarian software projects. Contributions to the HFOSS Project come from professionals in academia, IT organizations, and non-profit organizations that engage undergraduate students in courses, research projects, and summer internship experiences. Its curriculum is accessible to a wide range of undergraduates, since it includes courses for non- majors as well as computer science and engineering majors. This paper describes all these activities and their impact on undergraduate computing education, local non-profit organizations, and global FOSS communities. It concludes by identifying the progress that the HFOSS Project has made toward developing a sustainable infrastructure.
Numerical methods for nonlinear hillslope transport laws

[1] The numerical methods used to solve nonlinear sediment transport equations often set very restrictive limits on the stability and accuracy of landscape evolution models. This is especially true for hillslope transport laws in which sediment flux increases nonlinearly as the surface slope approaches a limiting value. Explicit-time finite difference methods applied to such laws are subject to fundamental limits on numerical stability that require time steps much shorter than the timescales over which landscapes evolve, creating a heavy computational burden. I present an implicit method for nonlinear hillslope transport that builds on a previously proposed approach to modeling alluvial sediment transport and improves stability and accuracy by avoiding the direct calculation of sediment flux. This method can be adapted to any transport law in which the expression for sediment flux is differentiable. Comparisons of numerical solutions with analytic solutions in one and two dimensions show that the implicit method retains the accuracy of a standard explicit method while permitting time steps several orders of magnitude longer than the maximum stable time step for the explicit method. The ability to take long time steps affords a substantial savings in overall computation time, despite the implicit method's higher per-iteration computational cost. Implicit models for hillslope evolution also offer a distinct advantage when modeling the response of hillslopes to incising channels.
IMPERIAL ECONOMICS: HARRIET MARTINEAU'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE NARRATION OF EMPIRE

IN THE PREFACE TO HER twenty-five volume series of novellas, Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–33), Harriet Martineau advertises her attempt to popularize the emergent science of political economy. However, at the same time that she justifies her plan to illustrate various principles of political economy through her use of narrative form, Martineau goes further, arguing for the global scope and significance of this contested and often misunderstood new science. Toward the close of her preface, she writes:
How suburban sprawl shapes human well-being

It is not often that one has an opportunity to consider the politics of urban development and its relationship to human well-being. Many discussions of this kind are limited to political issues—or how groups use power to acquire terrain, set land use rights, and promote building policies. Other analyses point to the effects of urban development on land use—or how building policies change the placement of jobs, transportation, and commerce. Most socially oriented studies deal with how urban development affects income, class, or race. Economists tackling the issue are most interested in job creation, revenue generation, fiscal questions, and the like. These are not unimportant questions. Indeed, they touch our daily lives. After all, politics shape the rewards obtained by different groups, social relations determine where we live, and economics bear directly on the creation of wealth. Apart from these perspectives, human well-being has unique attributes and presents special opportunities. As I use the term well-being, it encompasses two components: (1) the evolving condition of our natural environment, and (2) the changing profile of our general health. Reversing the order somewhat, the World Health Organization employs the notion of health to include a variety of factors, defining it as not just the absence of disease but as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well being.” This approach points up the essential qualities and fundamental aspects of our existence. What can be more crucial than the surroundings in which we spend our waking lives, the relations we have with others, and our own physical vigor? Ultimately, we have to ask ourselves, to what purposes should we apply our energies? Why is it that we struggle over rewards to be obtained from designing the built environment? The answer lies in the improvement of our well-being. While we can all agree on the general goal of improved well-being, achieving it is more easily said than done. The issue of well-being is confounded by the larger problem of how we change. Beyond this are corollary questions that require us to understand why certain situations cannot be changed, why some things might be changed, and how some situations can be changed. Addressing these questions requires backing up a bit—first by reviewing those forces that propel urban develop-
An Analytical Approach to the Study of Jesus

N the wake of the naturalistic world-view emerging from advances in the physical sciences-and popularized by the Deists in the eighteenth century-there developed a new spirit and new methods of inquiry in historical investigation. In time these new approaches were applied to the study of Jesus, and by the mid-nineteenth century scholars generally were regarding the New Testament as a purely human document, literary sources were being rigorously scrutinized, the miracle stories had been thoroughly rationalized or treated as myths, and even the historical existence of Jesus himself had been questioned. In the latter half of the century many "lives" of Jesus appeared in which the scholarly findings were taken into account in one way or another.
The analogue of eberhard’s theorem for 4-valent graphs on the torus

It is shown that every sequence {p k | 3≦k ≠ 4} (with one exception) that satisfies the right equation is realizable by a 4-valent graph on the torus.
A molecular basis for classic blond hair color in Europeans

Hair color differences are among the most obvious examples of phenotypic variation in humans. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated multiple loci in human pigment variation, the causative base-pair changes are still largely unknown. Here we dissect a regulatory region of the KITLG gene (encoding KIT ligand) that is significantly associated with common blond hair color in northern Europeans. Functional tests demonstrate that the region contains a regulatory enhancer that drives expression in developing hair follicles. This enhancer contains a common SNP (rs12821256) that alters a binding site for the lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) transcription factor, reducing LEF1 responsiveness and enhancer activity in cultured human keratinocytes. Mice carrying ancestral or derived variants of the human KITLG enhancer exhibit significant differences in hair pigmentation, confirming that altered regulation of an essential growth factor contributes to the classic blond hair phenotype found in northern Europeans.
Crystal structure of glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leishmania mexicana: implications for structure-based drug design and a new position for the inorganic phosphate binding site

The structure of glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania mexicana has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The protein crystallizes in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell parameters a = 99.0 A, b = 126.5 A, and c = 138.9 A. There is one 156,000 Da protein tetramer per asymmetric unit. The model of the protein with bound NAD+s and phosphates has been refined against 86% complete data from 10.0 to 2.8 A to a crystallographic Rfactor of 0.198. Density modification by noncrystallographic symmetry averaging was used during model building. The final model of the L. mexicana GAPDH tetramer shows small deviations of less than 0.5 degrees from ideal 222 molecular symmetry. The structure of L. mexicana GAPDH is very similar to that of glycosomal GAPDH from the related trypanosomatid Trypanosoma brucei. A significant structural difference between L. mexicana GAPDH and most previously determined GAPDH structures occurs in a loop region located at the active site. This unusual loop conformation in L. mexicana GAPDH occludes the inorganic phosphate binding site which has been seen in previous GAPDH structures. A new inorganic phosphate position is observed in the L. mexicana GAPDH structure. Model building studies indicate that this new anion binding site is well situated for nucleophilic attack of the inorganic phosphate on the thioester intermediate in the GAPDH-catalyzed reaction. Since crystals of L. mexicana GAPDH can be grown reproducibly and diffract much better than those of T. brucei GAPDH, L. mexicana GAPDH will be used as a basis for structure-based drug design targeted against trypanosomatid GAPDHs.
A primer on hardy spaces, and some remarks on a theorem of evans and müller

(1994). A primer on hardy spaces, and some remarks on a theorem of evans and muller. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 19, No. 1-2, pp. 277-319.
Surface view patterns of intrinsic and extrinsic cortical connections of area 17 in a prosimian primate

Abstract Patterns of cortical connections were studied in brain sections cut parallel to the surface of mechanically flattened cortex after single, double, or multiple injections of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in area 17 of galagos ( Galago crassicaudatus ). Intrinsic connections of area 17 included a systematic pattern of patches of labeled cells and terminations associated with blobs of high cytochrome oxidase activity. The patches of connections extended with decreasing density for a distance of 2 mm or more from the margins of injection sites. Injections also revealed dense interconnections with area 18 (V-II) and the middle temporal visual area (MT). Single injections in area 17 produced several foci of label in both area 18 and MT, suggesting that a given location in area 17 is interconnected with subsets of processing modules in both of these fields. Injections including dorsolateral area 17 also labeled cortex between area 18 and MT. Finally, most injections in area 17 produced small foci of sparse label just lateral to MT in the temporal lobe.
Carbon Dioxide Reduction at a Metal Phthalocyanine Catalyzed Carbon Electrode

Metal phthalocyanines deposited on carbon electrodes have been found to catalyze the electroreduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid in acid solutions . The overpotential for reduction on cobalt phthalocyanine is approximately 200 mV lower than on the best metal cathodes at currents up to 10 mA/cm2. The main reaction product in long‐term electrolysis is the formate ion at . Methanol is also produced at lower pH values. The phthalocyanine becomes inactive in the less acid solutions once a fairly negative potential is imposed, probably due to an irreversible reduction of the catalyst.
Recapturing store image in customer-based store equity: a construct conceptualization

This paper enhances previous conceptualizations of store image by introducing a new concept referred to as store equity, defined as the differential effect of store knowledge on customer response to the marketing activities of the store. As such, the goals of this paper are (1) to argue that store image, as it has been previously developed by marketing academics, is a necessary but insufficient construct to understand store performance and consumer behavior and (2) to discuss the enhanced conceptual and operational benefits of store equity as compared with store image. To accomplish these goals, the paper discusses the conceptualization and operationalization of customer-based store equity by explicitly comparing the concept to store image and discusses the implications for marketing practitioners by identifying the considerations for building and managing customer-based store equity.
Algorithms for generating attribute values for the classification of tactical situations

In this paper we describe a series of algorithms that generate real-valued attributes used to classify tactical situations using an unsupervised machine learning system. Attributes for the classification of tactical situations include anchored and unanchored flanks, choke points, restricted avenues of attack and retreat, and interior line of support.
Isotopically sensitive regioselectivity in the oxidative deamination of a homologous series of diamines catalyzed by diamine oxidase

Abstract The equivalence of aminomethylene groups in selected diamine substrates of diamine oxidase was exploited for the determination of intramolecular isotope effects. In the series of substrates, [1,1- 2 H 2 ]-1,3-diaminopropane, [1,1- 2 H 2 ]-1,5-diaminopentane, [1,1- 2 H 2 ]-1,6-diaminohexane, [1,1- 2 H 2 ]-1,7-diaminoheptane and [α,α- 2 H 2 ]-4-(aminomethyl)benzylamine, the preference of the enzyme for reaction at the unlabeled methylene was found to vary from 1.45 to 10.5-fold. The observed partitioning ratios go through a minimum value with 1,5-diaminopentane, the best substrate of diamine oxidase of the compounds tested. The results suggest that fast substrates have less opportunity to reorient into alternate binding conformations while bound to the active site of the enzyme. On the other hand, diamine substrates tested that cannot exist in energetically favorable conformations with internitrogen distances of about 7–8 A showed larger intramolecular isotope effects.
Using PPT to Analyze Suboptimal Human–Automation Performance

ABSTRACT Diagnostic automation aids are designed to improve human performance by increasing accuracy in event detection tasks. However, human–automation performance has frequently fallen short of expectations, particularly when the aid is highly reliable. In those cases, human–automation performance is often suboptimal, in that a human being augmented with a diagnostic aid does more poorly than the automation itself. Previously, there have been only ambiguous explanations for why this occurs, with few suggestions on how to effectively eliminate suboptimal performance. Fortunately, with the advent of a new general theory of task performance, termed Potential Performance Theory (PPT) by D. Trafimow and S. Rice (2008; 2009), one can now determine exactly why suboptimal performance occurs. Results from the present study reveal that inconsistency is the culprit, rather than just poor strategy selection. Furthermore, PPT allows one to determine exactly how much of the performance decrement is because of inconsi...
Supervising the Teaching of Reading in Multi‐Section Courses

The assignment of a lengthy reading selection in a multi-section, elementary college foreign-language course presents problems in varying teaching techniques and standardized testing. Providing lesson plans is too rigid an approach unless the teachers involved in the course write them and provide an ample selection of ideas to allow for selection and modification. The recommended format for group planning includes activities in four areas. First, teachers check students' comprehension of the text they prepared. Second, classes work with the units of language (vocabulary, morphology) and how they fit together (syntax) so that students may read more efficiently. Third, teachers drill the oral skills of listening comprehension and pronunciation. Fourth, teachers personalize the reading assignment to develop the productive skills. Cooperating teachers plan twelve activities in all. With each teacher completing one part of the total syllabus, sharing finished plans gives all participants a complete set. The number of activities permits selectivity yet assures that all classes are working toward the same goal.
A Model of an Agricultural Labor Union

Consideration of internal influences leads us into organization theory. The first section of this paper discusses determinants of the amount of support an organization will receive from its members in striving for given objectives. The amount of support an organization receives from its members, and its interaction with external forces, are affected by its objectives. The second section of this paper summarizes some ideas from a recent book on labor union goals. The third section presents my model of an agricultural labor union. The fourth section treats the
Hybrid Time-Domain Performance Analysis of Multi-Antenna Systems on Vehicular Platforms

The use of multi-antenna systems on vehicular platforms, for the implementation of ad-hoc wireless network architectures, is typically hampered by the problem of cosite interference between transceivers loading neighboring radiating elements. This paper presents a rigorous, full-wave analysis of effects pertinent to vehicular multi-antenna system performance, based on a hybrid time-domain analysis that combines electromagnetic modeling methods (such as FDTD and MRTD) with advanced SPICE-type circuit solvers. For the fast solution of such problems, MPI-based parallelization strategies are developed. Applications where the combined circuit and electromagnetic simulation of multi-antenna systems sheds light to the serious impact of mutual transceiver interference on wireless network operation are provided. In addition, the way in which a combination of the Method of Moments with the Finite Difference Time Domain can lead to the simulation of cosite interference within a forest environment is presented.
Management Briefs: Altitude as the Determinant of Distribution of Largemouth Bass and Smallmouth Bass in Wyoming

Abstract Altitude, which indirectly determines the length of the agricultural growing season, can be used to predict the establishment of populations of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass Micropierus dolomieui in Wyoming. These species can be expected to become established at altitudes of less than 1,900 m above mean sea level where an agricultural growing season of at least 100 d occurs. This prediction is confirmed by the distribution of known populations of the species in Wyoming. Latitude was not a good predictor of the potential for Micropterus naturalization in Wyoming.
Reconciling causality with superluminal travel

A tachyon or a superluminal wave group appears as a spacelike structure through a region in the reference frame in which it is at rest. Such a structure can arise from residue left (a) by a particle or wave group traveling at fundamental speed c or less, or (b) in the creation or separation of particles. Thus, Maund's argument does not prove that tachyons cannot exist. Creation may include lepton-quark production as well as particle-antiparticle production.
Microlens array laser sintered on glass sheets

A new technique based on the laser vitrification of cordierite ceramic powders is used to fabricate microlenses arrays on a glass substrate. Crack free quasi-spherical lenses with good optical and surface quality are demonstrated.
Grade Inflation and Course Choice

A conflict exists between the incentives offered to students and the institutional goal of increased science and math education. Students make their course choices in response to a powerful set of incentives: grades. These incentives have been systematically distorted by the grade inflation of the past 25 years. As a consequence of inflation, many universities have split into high- and low-grading departments. Economics, along with Chemistry and Math, tends to be low-grading. Art, English, Philosophy, Psychology, and Political Science tend to be high-grading. This paper presents evidence from nine colleges and universities that grade inflation has led to a divergence among departments in grading policies. We then discuss the results of an econometric study we conducted at Williams College of the influence of grading policies on course choice. The impact that differences in grading policies across departments have on the distribution of enrollments was also estimated, and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Die Gestaltung städtischer Abschließung im 21. Jahrhundert

Abstract. This paper draws on my books Urban Outcasts and Punishing the Poor, on the transformation of the forms and policy management of marginality in advanced society, to probe the use of space as a medium for social closure and control in the city. This first part sketches a framework for the (comparative) analysis of sociospatial seclusion, the process whereby particular social categories and activities are corralled and isolated in a reserved and restricted quadrant of physical and social space. The second part applies this schema to present a compressed analysis of the divergent trajectories of the black American ghetto and the French working-class borough in the post-Fordist age anchored by the three spatially inflected concepts of ghetto, hyperghetto and anti-ghetto. It concludes by stressing the role of the state in directing processes of seclusion at the top and at the bottom of the urban order, along a gradient from constraint to choice.
Human horns: a historical review and clinical correlation.

OBJECTIVE Accounts of bony human horns originating from the cranium are found peppered throughout the early medical literature. This study reviews the extant literature regarding these entities to elucidate their authenticity. METHODS We reviewed both historical and current literature as well as osteological material from our anatomy laboratories for accounts or observations of bony outgrowths of the calvaria in humans. RESULTS Human horns seem to be mentioned more frequently in the historical literature and are documented primarily with drawings. Moreover, from early accounts, it is often difficult to distinguish true large bony outgrowths from scalp excrescences. Only two cadaveric specimens from our laboratory were noted to have small anomalous bony protuberances, one on the occiput and one on the frontal bone. CONCLUSION With the lack of either photographic or extreme dry specimen evidence of such human horns, we would propose that benign calvarial tumors, such as osteomas, may have initiated speculation that such entities, i.e., horns, exist in humans but that scalp lesions, exaggeration, legend, and religious beliefs have historically propagated these entities to a mythical status. In addition, early surgical intervention and changes in nomenclature may have also decreased the frequency of such sightings. Finally, many early descriptions have not been repeated in recent history, even in third-world countries lacking advanced medical care.
Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians Among Heterosexual Male and Female Student-Athletes

The purpose of this study was to explore attitudes toward lesbians and gay men among 371 heterosexual male and female collegiate student-athletes in the USA. Attitudes were assessed in relationship to the student-athletes’ gender, sport and contact. Participants completed a demographic form and the Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG-S) Scale (Herek in Journal of Homosexuality 10:39–51, 1984, Journal of Sex Research 25:451–477, 1988). Male student-athletes were significantly more negative in their attitudes toward gay men and lesbians than females. With the exception of field hockey, there were no significant differences in the attitudes toward gay men and lesbians for student-athletes competing on different sport teams. Lastly, student-athletes that indicated having contact with gay men and/or lesbians had significantly more positive attitudes toward gay men and lesbians.
Model of urethra under uniform circumferential tension

The urethra as seen on X-ray films may show alternate regions of constriction and distension. That these regions do not necessarily correspond to high and low tensions in the circumferential muscle sheath is shown by calculated stable configurations under uniform tension.
Characterization of the “hepatic” asialoglycoprotein receptor in rat late-stage spermatids and epididymal sperm

Northern blot analysis of rat testicular (Te) poly(A)+RNA reveals that a transcript homologous to the major form of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), designated RHL-1, is expressed as early as one week postnatally and that steady-state levels are approx. 8-times higher in the Te of an 8-week-old rat (sexually mature) as compared to an 84-week-old rat (aged). Partial cDNAs encoding RHL-1 and the minor form of the ASGP-R, designated RHL-2/3, have been cloned from two rat Te/epididymal (Ep) cDNA libraries and rat Te poly(A)+RNA. Sequence analysis of the Te/Ep RHL-1 cDNA and the Te/Ep RHL-2/3 cDNA indicates that these cDNAs are identical to the forms expressed in rat liver. Western blot analysis demonstrates the presence of a 49-kDa Te/Ep RHL-1-related protein band and a 54-kDa Te/Ep RHL-2/3-related protein band in both rat Te membrane fractions (MF) and rat Ep sperm MF. The RHL-1-related protein has been localized to late-stage Te spermatids at the time of release from the seminiferous tubules and to Ep sperm in the region of the sperm tail, referred to as the middle piece. Taken collectively, these data indicate that the authentic RHL-1 and RHL-2/3 genes of the ASGP-R are expressed in late-stage spermatids; however, the Te/Ep RHL-1-related protein differs in size from the hepatic RHL-1 polypeptide, possibly indicating a specific function of the RHL-1-related protein in spermatogenesis.
Repeated Measures Experimentation in Hospitality Research: A Brief Overview

High internal validity and longitudinality of research projects are very important to ensure confidence in the results obtained. Experimental designs are highly recommended to ensure internal validity; repeated measures can aid in designing longitudinal studies. This article illustrates the use of repeated measures experimental design in hospitality research. Methodological implications are discussed.
Angiotensin Mediates Forearm Glucose Uptake by Hemodynamic Rather Than Direct Effects

Abstract Insulin sensitivity may be improved with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, suggesting that inhibition of angiotensin II (Ang II) improves insulin resistance. However, the administration of systemic Ang II has also been associated with an improvement in rather than worsening of glucose utilization. Since both stimulating and antagonizing the renin-angiotensin system improve glucose uptake and both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and intravenous Ang II elicit skeletal muscle vasodilation, it is conceivable that hemodynamic factors rather than a direct effect of either Ang II or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on skeletal muscle metabolism modulate the increase in glucose utilization. The direct effects of Ang II on glucose extraction in intact human skeletal muscle have not been previously described. We investigated the effects of local infusion of Ang II on glucose uptake in the forearm of 20 healthy subjects. With the use of the isolated insulin-perfused forearm model, local plasma insulin values were raised to 100 mU/mL over fasting values and maintained there for a 90-minute infusion period. After the first 60 minutes of insulin alone, Ang II was infused into the brachial artery for the last 30 minutes. Intra-arterial Ang II infusion caused a 38% decrease in forearm blood flow ( P P P =NS). Thus, local Ang II infusion does not impair insulin-stimulated glucose utilization. Furthermore, glucose extraction increases to compensate for the decrease in forearm blood flow (as the Fick principle would predict for freely diffusible substances). We conclude that the described increase in glucose utilization from systemic infusion of Ang II and during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment is mediated by hemodynamic factors rather than a direct effect of Ang II on skeletal muscle metabolism.