cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pursuit of Unhappiness

Modern reflection about the good life and the good society has been dominated by a spirit of liberal optimism, according to which people typically know what's good for them and make prudent choices in pursuit of their interests. As a result, people tend to do best, and pretty well at that, when given the greatest possible freedom to live as they wish. This appealing doctrine rests on a bold assumption about human psychology: namely, that people have a high degree of aptitude for securing their well-being given arbitrarily high levels of option freedom. Yet a large body of empirical research suggests that people are systematically prone to make a variety of serious errors in the pursuit of happiness. These errors are probably serious enough to place liberal optimism's psychological assumptions in doubt. If people do tend to fare best in the option-rich environments traditionally favored by liberal moderns, notably classical economists, this may not be mainly through the prudent exercise of choice. Or perhaps human beings actually benefit from certain constraints or burdens on choice.
Phosphorylation modulates the activity of glycine N-methyltransferase, a folate binding protein. In vitro phosphorylation is inhibited by the natural folate ligand.

Abstract Glycine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.20) was recently identified as a major folate binding protein of rat liver cytosol (Wagner, C., and Cook, R. J. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 3631-3634). Activity of the enzyme is inhibited when the natural folate ligand, 5-methyltetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate (5-CH3-H4PteGlu5), is bound. It has been suggested that glycine N-methyltransferase plays a role in regulating the availability of methyl groups in the liver. Purified transferase was phosphorylated in vitro by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. If 5-CH3-H4PteGlu5 was first bound to the transferase, phosphorylation was inhibited. Phosphorylation of glycine N-methyltransferase in vitro increased its activity approximately 2-fold. 5-CH3-H4PteGlu5 inhibited the activity of newly phosphorylated enzyme as well as native enzyme. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes incorporated 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate into this folate binding protein. Chemical analysis of purified enzyme showed about 0.55 mol of phosphate present per mol of glycine N-methyltransferase subunit. These results indicate that phosphorylation of glycine N-methyltransferase may provide a mechanism for modulating the activity of this enzyme and support its role in regulating the availability of methyl groups.
The design of sparse direct solvers using object-oriented techniques

We describe our experience in designing object-oriented software for sparse direct solvers. We discuss Spindle, a library of sparse matrix ordering codes, and OBLIO, a package that implements the factorization and triangular solution steps of a direct solver. We discuss the goals of our design: managing complexity, simplicity of interface, flexibility, extensibility, safety, and efficiency. High performance is obtained by carefully implementing the computationally intensive kernels and by making several tradeoffs to balance the conflicting demands of efficiency and good software design. Some of the missteps that we made in the course of this work are also described.
Density Gradient Centrifugation for the Separation of Sporulating Forms of Bacteria

Urografin has been shown to be suitable as a supporting medium for isopycnic density centrifugation of Bacillus megaterium spores. The complete separation of vegetative cells and spores can be achieved through the use of such gradients. Vegetative cells were found to have an average density of 1.135 g per cm3, while the average spore density was 1.305 g per cm3. Under normal sporulating conditions the spores formed consisted of a heterogeneous population with a wide spectrum of densities. These density differences could be correlated with such properties as resistance to thermal death and ability to be heat-activated. Spores formed in the absence of Ca++ are less dense than those obtained under the usual conditions. The pattern of cell distribution obtained on the Urografin gradient can serve as a gauge of the efficiency of sporulation and degree of synchrony of a sporulating culture.
Experiments using split-root chambers on water uptake from soil macropores by sunflowers

The purpose of this study was to use split-root chambers to determine whether sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), which possess high transpirational demand, can preferentially extract macropore water when they are given the option of using either micropore or macropore water. Sunflower plants were grown in split-root chambers with half of their roots in a macroporous soil and half in a microporous soil of identical mineralogy. The two chambers were irrigated with water of different stable hydrogen isotope compositions (δD) (tap water and melted snow water). By measuring the δD of the sunflower xylem sap, it was possible to determine from which soil type the sunflowers were extracting water. It was found that sunflowers did not preferentially extract macropore water. Since sunflower plants possess very high transpiration rates on a whole-plant basis, and because transpiration remains high even under soil drying, we believe sunflower roots must have a consistently very low water potential compared with the soil water potentials of either the macroporous or microporous soils. If root water potentials are sufficiently low, then root water uptake cannot discriminate between macropores and micropores.
NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. Physical properties and redox behavior in the absence of the fad moiety

NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase contains one molecule each of FMN and FAD. The FAD moiety has been selectively removed, producing the FMN reductase. The FMN reductase is stable and enzymatic activity is reconstituted with either FAD or FMN. FMN remains tightly bound, but can both dissociate from the FMN site and bind to the vacant FAD site. The amount of FMN bound in the FAD site is minimal under specific experimental conditions. There are at least two conformational subpopulations of the FMN reductase; NADP dissociates readily from one but extremely slowly from the other. Rapid dissociation of NADP is regained upon reconstitution with FAD. The one-electron redox state of the FMN reductase is thermodynamically stabilized, though to a lesser degree than in the holoreductase. When two-electron reduced FMN reductase is exposed to oxygen, a stable species with an absorbance peak at 580 nm forms rapidly and quantitatively. This species has been identified by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy as the neutral radical of FMN and is indistinguishable from the air-stable radical of the holoreductase. The redox behavior of the FMN reductase is in agreement with properties proposed previously for the FMN site.
Average American teenager? White working-class high school students navigate race, privilege and opportunity

Using findings from an interview-based ethnographic research study, this article explores the social identity development of white suburban high school students in a working-class area of north-eastern United States. Discussion focuses on the ways that ‘whiteness’ and ‘normality’ become conflated for these white working-class teens as they identify themselves as ‘average,’ ‘regular,’ and ‘normal,’ by enlisting neoliberal discourses of individuality, consumerism, and opportunity. I argue that these discourses of normality work to hide both the white privilege as well as the disadvantages the teens experience as a result of their working-class backgrounds.
5q14.3 Deletion Manifesting as Mitochondrial Disease and Autism: Case Report

Mitochondrial disorders are usually associated with defects of 1 or more of the 5 complexes (I to V) of the electron transport chain, or respiratory chain. Complex I and IV are the 2 most frequent abnormalities of the electron transport chain in humans. The authors report the case of a 12-year-old boy with dysmorphic facies, mental retardation, autism, epilepsy, and leg weakness. Buccal swab electron transport chain analysis revealed severe decrease in complex IV and mild reduction in complex I activity levels. Chromosomal microarray studies, using array-based comparative genomic hybridization, revealed a 1-Mb deletion in the 5q14.3 region. This case illustrates that this deletion can be associated with complex I and IV deficits, hence manifesting as a mitochondrial disease. It could be hypothesized that genes that either encode or regulate the expression and/or assembly of complex IV or I subunits are located within the deleted region of 5q14.3.
CYCOPATH 2D—a two-dimensional forward model of cyclic sedimentation on carbonate platforms

Abstract This paper documents CYCOPATH 2D, a FORTRAN computer code for 2-dimensional modeling of cyclostratigraphic pathways within carbonate platform deposits. The code allows the users options over four suites of variables: subsidence; sediment production; sea level fluctuations; and sediment transport. CYCOPATH 2D presents an animated display of the changes in the sediment surface of a carbonate platform during deposition. At the end of a run, a summary stratigraphic cross-section is drawn on the screen. Data on the sea level history of the run, details of the depositional status of the platform for every time step, and details for plotting individual stratigraphic columns are saved to output files for each run. CYCOPATH 2D incorporates lateral transport of sediment onto shoreline wedges and can produce autocycles and allocycles. Given the same sets of input, CYCOPATH 2D substantially reproduces the synthetic stratigraphies produced by the “Dr. Sediment” code of Dunn. CYCOPATH 2D is the only generally available model of carbonate deposition that can test hypotheses that include the possibility of autocyclic generation of stacked peritidal shallowing upwards successions.
Informing technology policy decisions: the US Human Genome Project’s ethical, legal, and social implications programs as a critical case

Abstract The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) programs of the US Human Genome Project are considered models for guiding science and technology decision making to be adapted by other public institutions. The purpose of these ELSI programs is to anticipate, address, and ameliorate problems associated with human genome research and technology development, and to ensure that public benefits are shared. This article appraises the programs using a policy sciences approach and finds that, as currently structured, the programs are not fulfilling their mandate.
Does involuntary outpatient commitment lead to more intensive treatment

Studies of involuntary outpatient commitment (OPC) among persons with severe mental illness have concluded that OPC is only effective in improving treatment outcomes when it is sustained for 6 months or longer and is combined with frequent outpatient services. This article explores factors that influence the delivery of outpatient services to subjects in a randomized trial of OPC and finds 2 general patterns. Outpatient visits were more frequent among all subjects with apparent clinical need, regardless of study assignment, and among subjects whose OPC was sustained beyond an initial court order. These results suggest that, in practice, sustained OPC represents a consensual agreement between clinicians and the court to more intensively address the complex needs of persons with severe and persistent mental illness.
Irradiation alone for supraglottic larynx carcinoma: can CT findings predict treatment results?

Between January 1982 and December 1986, 54 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx were treated for cure with radiation therapy alone; all had a minimum 2-year follow-up. For 31 patients, high-quality pretreatment CT scans were available for review. Scans were retrospectively evaluated by a single radiologist for the percentage of preepiglottic space involvement by tumor, the percentage of paralaryngeal space involvement, and the total tumor volume in cubic centimeters (cc). Volume was measured using a computer digitizer for each CT slice showing tumor. Results showed a significant difference in local control for tumors less than 6 cc versus tumors greater than or equal to 6 cc (15/18 or 83% vs 6/13 or 46%; p = .038). This difference was independent of both T stage and primary site. For T3 lesions, there was a trend toward decreased local control with increasing percentage of preepiglottic space involvement (0-25% = 85% local control; greater than 25% = 60% local control; p = .384); in most cases, however, the amount of preepiglottic space involvement reflected tumor volume (0-25%, 8/12 or 67% of tumors were less than 6 cc; greater than 25%, 7/10 or 70% of tumors were greater than or equal to 6 cc). There was no clear association between degree of paraglottic space involvement and local control. Tumor volume did not correlate with complications of treatment. Because of the limited number of patients in the current study, conclusions should be considered preliminary. However, the data do suggest that pretreatment CT findings, particularly tumor volume, can predict the likelihood of local control with radiation therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx.
Integrative and Goal-Relevant Essay Questions for History and Systems Courses.

This article presents a number of integrative and goal-relevant essay questions designed for history and systems of psychology courses. A goal and item analysis of eight popular history of psychology texts showed that the majority of essay item are too mow in scope to measure the most commonly stated course goals. In order to rectify this apparent shortcoming, some broad, integrative, and goal-relevant essay questions are presented. The procedures described can be applied in courses other than history and systems.
Spin caloritronics and the thermomagnetoelectric system

Abstract The methods of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are applied to study the transport of charge, heat and nonequilibrium spin magnetization in a discrete system comprised of a ferromagnetic metal making interfacial contact with a nonmagnetic metal. A thermomagnetic effect relating spin accumulation to an interfacial difference of temperature is described. Temperature gradients related to spin relaxation are discussed. Some recent experimental results are reviewed using the framework provided by the thermomagnetoelectric system.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A during ligand-induced down-regulation of luteinizing hormone receptor in the ovary.

Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is one of the most important regulators of ovarian angiogenesis. In this study, we examined the temporal relationship between VEGF-A and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) mRNA expression during ligand-induced down-regulation of LHR. Immature female rats were treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin followed by 25 IU hCG 56 h later (day 0). On day 5, treatment with hCG (50 IU) to down-regulate LHR showed a temporal decrease in VEGF-A mRNA and protein levels in parallel with decreasing LHR mRNA. This effect was specific since the expression of CYP11A1 mRNA showed no decline. Examination of VEGF-A mRNA expression, using in situ hybridization histochemistry with 35S-labeled antisense VEGF-A mRNA probe, showed intense signal in the corpora lutea on day 5. Treatment with 50 IU hCG to down-regulate LHR mRNA showed a decline in the intensity of VEGF-A mRNA in the corpora lutea. VEGF-A mRNA expression returned to control level 53 h later when the expression of LHR mRNA also recovered. These results show that the transient down-regulation of VEGF-A mRNA and protein closely parallels the ligand-induced down-regulation of LHR mRNA. The present study establishes a close association between VEGF-A and LHR mRNA expression, suggesting the possibility that VEGF-A-induced vascularization of the ovary is dictated by the expression of LHR and this might play a regulatory role in ovarian physiology.
1,4-DIARYLSULFONYL-1,3-BUTADIENES FROM 1,4-DIARYLSULFONYL-2-BUTYNES

Abstract Isomerization of 1,4-diarylsulfonyl-2-butynes under aprotic conditions and ambient temperatures with mild base catalysis leads to the title compounds.
Influence of Diabetes on the Exacerbation of an Inflammatory Response in Cardiovascular Tissue

Coronary artery disease results from an inflammatory process in blood vessels of afflicted individuals. This process is accelerated with diabetes for reasons that are largely unknown. Recent evidence indicates that infection at sites remote from the heart leads to bacteremia and endotoxemia, thereby stimulating systemic inflammation, which represents an important risk factor for atherosclerosis. We examined the inflammatory response of the heart/aorta of diabetic db/db mice that develop type II diabetes. Subcutaneous inoculation of lipopolysaccharide was used to mimic a local infection. This stimulated an up-regulation of adhesion molecules, cytokines, and chemokines via an endotoxemia that was significantly more rapid and more pronounced in the diabetic compared with normal mice. The 13- to 30-fold induction of key proinflammatory molecules in the heart/aorta of diabetic mice even exceeded that at the site of inoculation. Given that infection, bacteremia, and endotoxemia are relatively frequent events in humans, these results identify a putative mechanism for increased cardiovascular heart disease in diabetes.
Abstract 897: Thymidine kinase 1, a novel biomarker specific to the plasma membrane of cancerous cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1), an important nucleotide salvage pathway enzyme, has been shown to be upregulated in most malignant cancers. Recent studies have shown that TK1 not only has diagnostic and prognostic potential, but could also be used as a molecular target for therapeutic treatments. Previous research from our lab has shown the expression of TK1 on the plasma membrane of lymphoma. This study provides further insight on the role of TK1 as a diagnostic target for several different tumor cell lines. This study analyzed the localization of TK1 in ten different cancer cell lines using flow cytometry (FCM). The lines studied were A375, a malignant melanoma, CAL27, a squamous cell carcinoma derived from tongue, MDA-MB-231, a breast adenocarcinoma, MDA-MB-435S, previously described as a ductal carcinoma, HT29, a colorectal adenocarcinoma, SW620, a colorectal adenocarcinoma, A549, a lung carcinoma, NCI-H460, a large cell lung carcinoma, DU 145, a prostrate carcinoma, and PC3, a prostate adenocarcinoma. FCM was carried out using a polyclonal antibody against human TK1 as the primary antibody and a FITC conjugated secondary antibody. A sample stained with only secondary antibody was used as a negative control for the experiment. Five replicates were analyzed for each cell line. TK1 was found to bind between 48% and 96%, depending on the cell line. Non-cancerous tonsil tissue and normal lymphocytes were used as controls, where TK1 surface binding was less than 20%. These data indicate the feasibility of TK1 as a possible molecular target for immunotherapy in many types of cancer. Further research is ongoing to determine specific immunotherapy treatment options, and to verify the expression of TK1 in other cancer cell lines. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 897. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-897
Single-Molcule Studies on DNA Transportation Motors with Common Revolution Mechanism without Rotation

Nucleic acid translocation is ubiquitous in living systems. The motion required for these events is accomplished by biomotors that hydrolyze ATP. Biomotors were once classified into two categories: linear and rotation motors. Recently, a third class of motor employing a revolution mechanism without rotation was reported. While rotation involves spinning of an object around its own axis, revolution is the circular movement of an object around a secondary center-object. By analogy, rotation resembles the Earth's motion about its axis once every 24 hours, whereas revolution resembles the Earth ‘circling’ around the Sun once every 365 days.The rotation and revolution mechanisms can be distinguished by the size of channel and the chirality of the channel wall. The channels of rotation motors are equal to or smaller than 2 nm, that is the size of dsDNA, whereas channels of revolution motors are larger than 3 nm. Rotation motors use parallel threads to operate with a right-handed channel, while revolution motors use a left-handed channel to drive the right-handed DNA in an anti-chiral arrangement. This revolving biomotor was found to be widespread among many biological systems, including dsDNA viruses, dsDNA bacteriophages, bacteria, and archaea.We here present biophysical studies using single-molecule fluorescence and magnetic tweezers, as well as biochemical analysis and structural comparison to illustrate the main features of this newly discovered revolution mechanism on example of the Phi29 bacteriphage DNA packaging motor.References:Zhao Z et. al. Mechanism of One-Way Traffic of Hexameric Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor with Four Electropositive Relaying Layers Facilitating Antiparallel Revolution. ACS Nano 2013, 7(5):4082-92.Schwartz C et. al. Revolution rather than rotation of AAA + hexameric phi29 nanomotor for viral dsDNA packaging without coiling. Virology 2013, 443:28-39.
An inviscid three-dimensional analysis of the Space Shuttle main engine hot-gas manifold

A numerical study using an inviscid three-dimensional Lagrangian fluid dynamics code has been conducted as a part of an overall effort to understand the flow behavior in the SSME fuel side hot-gas manifold. The model simulates flow from the high-pressure fuel turbine exit through the transfer ducts, including the effects of swirl, inlet flow symmetry, and presence of straightening vanes and struts; a separate, more-detailed effort is in progress that includes viscosity and turbulence effects. The simplified model presented is divided into two parts, the first includes the 180-degree turnaround duct downstream of the turbine exit and the spherical fuel bowl section, while the second models the three transfer ducts. The two parts of the model are coupled together with the interface conditions being updated through iteration. Results indicate that a transverse pressure differential of 165 psi would be imposed on the turbine exit and that unstable flow separation occurs around the vanes, struts, and within the transfer ducts. The three transfer ducts show a mass flux split of approximately 41, 21, and 38 percent. Results to date are encouraging that certain flow characteristics can be usefuly represented using a relatively coarse grid inviscid code.
Use of Urinary Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer Surveillance: Patient Perspectives

Purpose: Interest has emerged in urinary biomarkers to replace or alternate with followup cystoscopies for routine bladder cancer surveillance. We assessed whether patients would accept a urine biomarker assay over flexible cystoscopy for monitoring bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: We enrolled 200 consecutive patients previously diagnosed with superficial bladder tumors who were undergoing outpatient flexible cystoscopy as followup. Immediately after cystoscopy each patient completed a pain intensity numerical rating and was interviewed. The standard gamble method was applied to determine the minimal accepted diagnostic accuracy at which a urine test would be favored over cystoscopy for bladder surveillance. Clinical and demographic data with potential to affect patient preferences were analyzed.Results: Of the 200 patients 75% would accept the results of a urine test as a replacement for cystoscopy only if it was capable of detecting more than 95% of recurrent bladder tumors and an additional 21% wo...
Impairment of filgrastim-induced stem cell mobilization after prior lenalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma.

Lenalidomide is an agent that has shown great activity in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, studies have suggested that this drug negatively affects subsequent stem cell collection. To investigate whether lenalidomide impairs stem cell mobilization and collection, we reviewed data for patients with MM who underwent mobilization with filgrastim. Predictors of mobilization failure were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. In 26 (9%) of 302 myeloma patients, stem cell mobilization failed. Mobilization failed in 25% of patients who had previously received lenalidomide, compared with 4% of patients who had not received lenalidomide (P
3-D position sensitive CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometers

Abstract Two 3-D position-sensitive room temperature semiconductor γ-ray spectrometers have been built using 1 cm 3 cubic CdZnTe crystals. The lateral coordinates of γ-ray interaction are obtained from the location of the 11( x )×11( y ) pixellated anodes and the depth ( z ) is obtained from the ratio of the signals coming from the cathode and the anode. Energy spectra from 662 keV incident γ-rays have been collected from each of the 11 (x)×11 (y)×20 (z) voxels in both of the CdZnTe devices. After corrections for electron trapping, the difference of weighting potentials in 3-D, and for the gain variation of the readout circuitry, energy resolutions of 1.70% (11.3 keV) FWHM and 1.84% (12.2 keV) FWHM were obtained at 662 keV γ-ray energy on the first and second detectors, respectively, from the whole bulk for single-pixel events. Possible improvements in the detector performance are discussed.
Electromagnetic wave propagation in a field-aligned-striated cold magnetoplasma with application to the ionosphere

Abstract The problem of wave propagation in a cold magneto-ionic medium with plane or circular cylinder small scale random density fluctuations is considered. By including second or terms in the perturbation it is possible to derive a refractive index for a “mean” wave in the medium. It is shown that the striations cause new cutoffs and resonances to occur. The validity of the theory for a warm plasma will depend on the plasma temperature and on the spatial spectrum of fluctuations. Possible applications are considered.
Electrode reaction characteristics with slight pressure change in a molten carbonate fuel cell

Abstract The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of slight pressure in the range of several tenths of a mm H 2 O on the electrode reaction characteristics in a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). Two pressurization methods, an inert gas step addition (ISA) and a water head (WH) were employed in this work. ISA increases pressure by adding an inert gas to the electrode, whereas the WH raises pressure by dipping the gas outlet of the electrode into water. ISA also enhances the reactant flow rate at the moment of pressurization, while the WH reduces the flow rate. The two methods revealed that the overpotential depended on the flow rate rather than pressure, indicating that the gas-phase mass transfer controls the electrode reactions. Independence of the overpotential to the slight pressure implies that the pressure does not affect the electrolyte distribution in the cell. This is based on the assumption that the cell is sealed by the impregnation of liquid electrolyte in the matrices between the anode and cathode, and a pressure difference between the electrodes may move the electrolyte to the lower pressure side, affecting the reaction areas and overpotentials.
Brevetoxin B is a clastogen in rats, but lacks mutagenic potential in the SP-98/100 Ames test.

Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in manatees and irritation in humans. Brevetoxin has been previously reported to cause DNA breakage and chromosomal aberrations in in vitro cell assays. The toxin is subject to epoxidation reaction and the formation of nucleic acid adducts in cultured lung fibroblasts and in lung tissue after intratracheal administration to rats. We have exposed rats intratracheally to brevetoxin B (45 μg/kg) and analyzed liver cells for DNA fragmentation using a comet assay. Brevetoxin B (PbTx2) treated rats showed a two to three-fold increase in the amount of DNA in the comet tails, indicating that brevetoxin has in vivo clastogenic activity. We next tested brevetoxin B for mutagenic activity using the Ames 98/100 mutagenesis assay. Brevetoxin B at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 μg/mL failed to cause histidine revertants. Oxidative metabolism of brevetoxin B resulting from Aroclor 1259-induced rat liver microsomes also failed to cause histidine revertants. Finally, direct application of the brevetoxin B epoxide (PbTx6) in the Ames 98/100 assay at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 μg/mL failed to induce histidine revertants. These studies indicate that brevetoxin B retains clastogenic activity after intratracheal administration to the rat. Although brevetoxin B has been shown to form nucleic acid adducts in the lung, neither brevetoxin B nor its epoxide metabolite has mutagenic potential as assessed by the Ames 98/100 test.
Simultaneous evaluation of the harms and benefits of treatments in randomized clinical trials: demonstration of a new approach

Background One aim of personalized medicine is to determine which treatment is to be preferred for an individual patient, given all patient information available. Particularly in mental health, however, there is a lack of a single objective, reliable measure of outcome that is sensitive to crucial individual differences among patients.
Upgrading of bitumen-derived heavy oils over a commercial HDN catalyst

Abstract The hydrotreatment of PR Spring bitumen-derived heavy oils was achieved in a fixed-bed reactor over presulfided commercial NiMo/alumina hydrodenitrogenation catalysts. The extents of heteroatom and metal removal and of Conradson carbon residue (CCR) and residuum (> 811 K) conversion were determined as a function of process operating variables: temperature (625–685 K) and liquid hourly space velocity (0.14–0.80 h −1 ). Pressure and hydrogen/oil ratio were fixed at 13.7 MPa and 890 m 3 m −3 in all experiments. Differences between heteroatom removal and residuum conversion and between CCR conversion and metal removal were investigated and product distributions and yields were studied. The degree of Ni, N and S removal and of CCR and residuum conversion increased significantly as reciprocal LHSV and temperature increased. The residuum fraction (> 811 K) became significantly converted with increasing residence time and the yields of gas oil (617–811 K), distillate (477–617 K), naphtha (i.b.p.-477 K) and C 1 -C 4 gases increased continuously. Residuum was significantly converted to volatiles at higher temperatures. The yields of distillate, naphtha and gas increased rapidly at higher temperatures.
Molecular Defects in Collagen

Excerpt Several recent reports have described alterations in collagen metabolism in certain heritable diseases in man. These studies reflect the rapid increase in our understanding of the structure...
Nucleon-antinucleon resonances near threshold: A possible explanation of the S(1930) meson

Abstract We suggest a dynamical mechanism (dominance of isoscalar meson exchange) which leads to an interpretation of the S(1930) meson in terms of a doublet of N N resonances with J πC ( I G )=2 −+ (0 + , 1 − ). The presence of a doublet implies constructive interference in the p p → p p elastic channel and destructive interference in the p p → n n channel, in agreement with recent experimental evidence. Possible spin and isospin assignments are suggested for other structures seen in N N cross sections near threshold.
The impact of the 2005 hurricane season on the Louisiana Artificial Reef Program

Abstract The 2005 hurricane season in the Gulf of Mexico was the worst in the history of offshore production, with Hurricanes Katrina and Rita destroying 110 oil and gas structures and eight mobile offshore drilling units. Infrastructure destroyed by accident or natural catastrophe are decommissioned according to the same federal regulations that guide normal decommissioning operations, but depending on the nature of the destruction and the market conditions in the months following the event, special conditions and delays may occur. Historically, offshore infrastructure destroyed by hurricanes or other unusual circumstances have been considered for inclusion in the Louisiana Artificial Reef Program (LARP) under the Special Artificial Reef Site (SARS) category. The purpose of this paper is to review the impact of the 2005 hurricane season on the LARP and the current status of the SARS program. We examine the criteria employed in project evaluation and approval as well as aggregate program statistics. The characteristics and risks associated with decommissioning destroyed infrastructure are also described. At the end of 2006, 10 projects representing 35 platforms destroyed in the 2005 hurricane season have been approved as SARS in the Gulf of Mexico, effectively doubling the number of sites and structures classified as SARS.
Tacit Knowledge: A Refinement and Empirical Test of the Academic Tacit Knowledge Scale

Researchers have linked tacit knowledge to improved organizational performance, but research on how to measure tacit knowledge is scarce. In the present study, the authors proposed and empirically tested a model of tacit knowledge and an accompanying measurement scale of academic tacit knowledge. They present 6 hypotheses that support the proposed tacit knowledge model regarding the role of cognitive (self-motivation, self-organization); technical (individual task, institutional task); and social (task-related, general) skills. The authors tested these hypotheses with 542 responses to the Academic Tacit Knowledge Scale, which included the respondents' grade point average—the performance variable. All 6 hypotheses were supported.
Proposed mechanisms of action for prostate cancer vaccines.

In this Review, Geary and colleagues discuss the potential mechanisms of action for all prostate cancer vaccines that trigger cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-mediated responses and have reached clinical trials. They consider ways in which key immune events are likely to affect the efficacy of each vaccine and consider how information regarding these potential mechanisms can be exploited for future combinatorial treatments.
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Using GIS to Inform a Debate: Land Ownership Patterns and Prioritizing Wildfire Management Options in the Backcountry or near Communities

To prevent wildfires from damaging communities in the American West, many federal wildfire hazard reduction projects in the United States target fuel reduction on federal lands. Current federal policies stress efforts in the 77 million hectares of federally owned land considered to be in need of fuel reduction treatment. There is considerable debate, however, about whether this is more effective than fuel reduction efforts focused directly on the wildland-urban interface around communities. The project reported here uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to help provide spatial context and illustrate the approximate relative scales of the options involved. GIS was used to determine ownership patterns of lands in 500 meter buffers around all areas designated by the US Census as populated places in the 11 western states and to determine the amount of federal land most in need of treatment within these buffers. Within these 500 meter buffers, 68% of the lands are privately owned. Only 17.7% of the lands within the buffers are federal lands, while only 15%, or 310,771 hectares, of the buffers are both federally owned and considered to be most in need of treatment. A conclusion is drawn that targeting federal lands for fuel reduction may not sufficiently protect certain communities from wildland fire. Environmental Practice 9:112–118 (2007)
An Effect of the Y-Chromosome on the Sex-Ratio of Interracial Hybrids of Drosophila Pseudoobscura.

It was shown by Lancefield (1929) that D. pseudoobscura A-B hybrid females, when back-crossed either to A or to B males, give sex-ratios among their offspring that may deviate widely (in either direction) from 1:1. My own experience confirms this result; I have, however, never found a significant excess of male offspring unless the father was descended from certain of the older mutant stocks. Back-crossing to males from wild stocks or to males whose ancestry could be traced wholly to recently collected wild stocks has never resulted in significantly more than 50 per cent male offspring. It appears that a given combination of stocks usually gives approximately the same proportion of males in separate cultures, whether these are reared simultaneously or not. Some stocks appear to be heterogeneous, but the observations establish that the major causes of the variable sex ratio are genetic. The analysis of the genetic basis involved is incomplete, but certain of its elements can now be stated. (1) The source of the A parent of the F1 female tested is very influential, that of the B parent less so-possibly of no significance. (2) The source of the male to which the F1 female is mated strongly influences the result; part but not all of this influence is due to the Y-chromosome carried by such a male. Since the last-mentioned point involves a new type of effect of the Y-chromosome, it seems desirable to record it, even though the analysis is still unfinished.
Increasing the applicability of DFT I: Non-variational correlation corrections from Hartree–Fock DFT for predicting transition states

Abstract Hartree–Fock DFT (HF-DFT) uses the self-interaction error free HF density and DFT functional. Using HF-DFT for molecular structure determination requires a non-variational analytical gradient scheme. This has been developed and applied for the calculation of transition state geometries and barrier heights for chemical reactions. The barrier heights obtained show average absolute errors (AAE) of 2–3 kcal/mol while Λ CCSD(T) show an AAE of 1.1–1.4 kcal/mol. Standard variational DFT with the same functional has AAE’s of 6.3–8.3 kcal/mol while the HF errors are about 12 kcal/mol.
“since I am a woman, I will chastise my relatives”: gender, reported speech, and the (re)production of social relations in Warao ritual wailing

Ritual wailing performed by Warao women at funerals in eastern Venezuela provides a paradigmatic case of the inversion of established relationships between gender and discourse. In their laments, women, excluded from principal positions in nearly all other public speech events, appropriate and rework words initially used in settings where only men are accorded a voice. I argue that in so doing, they question the dominant means of social (re)production and, in effect, act to constrain the authority of male shamans and political leaders. Research on language and gender, discourse and affect, and the poetics of gender suggests a framework for exploring the social and political significance of wailing. [gender, discourse, poetics, reported speech, affect, lowland South America]
Microsurgical cannulation of the thoracic duct in cats. Technical note

Abstract The authors describe a new technique for the microsurgical cannulation of the thoracic duct. A small silastic tube is utilized which can be joined to a subcutaneously implanted one-way flow, CSF, Ommaya-type ∗∗ reservoir. External drainage is avoided. No deletion or alteration of major venous channels occurs. Lymph collection is accomplished by tapping the subcutaneous reservoir with a small-bore needle.
When Public Policy Replaces Private Ethics

nearby fast-food restaurant where he will sit alone at a table for hours. One resident, Mr. Kelly, recently slipped out the front door and did not stop walking for three days. The police picked him up forty miles away, dazed from lack of sleep and still clutching his cardboard suitcase, and brought him back. Mr. Richards, age eighty-four, sleeps more than twenty hours a day, waking only for meals and cigarette breaks. He hates Miller House. "I don't like fish
Small-scale sediment transport patterns and bedform morphodynamics: new insights from high-resolution multibeam bathymetry

New multibeam echosounder and processing technologies yield sub-meter-scale bathymetric resolution, revealing striking details of bedform morphology that are shaped by complex boundary-layer flow dynamics at a range of spatial and temporal scales. An inertially aided post processed kinematic (IAPPK) technique generates a smoothed best estimate trajectory (SBET) solution to tie the vessel motion-related effects of each sounding directly to the ellipsoid, significantly reducing artifacts commonly found in multibeam data, increasing point density, and sharpening seafloor features. The new technique was applied to a large bedform field in 20–30 m water depths in central San Francisco Bay, California (USA), revealing bedforms that suggest boundary-layer flow deflection by the crests where 12-m-wavelength, 0.2-m-amplitude bedforms are superimposed on 60-m-wavelength, 1-m-amplitude bedforms, with crests that often were strongly oblique (approaching 90°) to the larger features on the lee side, and near-parallel on the stoss side. During one survey in April 2008, superimposed bedform crests were continuous between the crests of the larger features, indicating that flow detachment in the lee of the larger bedforms is not always a dominant process. Assessment of bedform crest peakedness, asymmetry, and small-scale bedform evolution between surveys indicates the impact of different flow regimes on the entire bedform field. This paper presents unique fine-scale imagery of compound and superimposed bedforms, which is used to (1) assess the physical forcing and evolution of a bedform field in San Francisco Bay, and (2) in conjunction with numerical modeling, gain a better fundamental understanding of boundary-layer flow dynamics that result in the observed superimposed bedform orientation.
Use of intracardiac echocardiography for early detection of phrenic nerve injury during cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation.

Use of Intracardiac Echocardiography for Early Detection of Phrenic Nerve Injury. Cryoballoon catheter ablation has recently emerged as an effective tool to achieve pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Right-sided PVI with cryoballoon ablation has been associated with a significant incidence of phrenic nerve palsy. Multiple modalities are currently utilized to monitor phrenic nerve function during ablation. We describe a novel approach toward monitoring and diagnosing phrenic nerve palsy using intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) during cryoballoon ablation of the right pulmonary veins. This technique of monitoring has the advantage of continuous direct diaphragmatic visualization without the use of fluoroscopy, hence significantly minimizing radiation to both the patient and the operator. In addition, this technique does not require extra personnel to monitor the diaphragm using manual palpation. Further prospective studies of our and other methods for prevention of phrenic nerve palsy are required. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 874-876, August 2012)
Investigation of a block matching algorithm for determining spatial constraints in morphometric analysis

This work outlines a procedure for identifying brain structures not affected by prevailing global brain deformations. Such information may provide useful constraints for morphometric analysis methods used to measure neurodegenerative disease. The method proposed combines a global rigid registration and a localized block matching approach to analyze serial deformed images. Deformations from neurodegenerative morphological changes in tissue were simulated using a two dimensional finite element model based on porous-medial physics. Success of the registration/block-matching algorithm was determined if undeformed regions could be identified uniquely. Results indicated an ability to identify undeformed areas in five generated test cases. However, there were significant false-positive areas within the results which need further research to overcome.
UA1 experience with 3081/E systems

Abstract A Harvard/MIT collaboration has built, with support from CERN, a 3081/E farm of two processors in Cambridge, MA. The farm was completed in the beginning of 1986. It has since been used for UA1 data analysis and two full production runs have been completed so far. The system will be upgraded in the near future: the number of 3081/E's will be increased to five, and a new IBM-VME interface developed at CERN will be installed. Similar farms have either already been built (CERN, 5 emulators) or have received approval (ROME, 2 emulators). They will also be used for production and analysis of UA1 data. An overview of the status, performance and future of these systems will be given.
Medium Scale Disturbances In Total Ozone During Southern Hemisphere Summer

Distinct medium scale disturbances in Southern Hemisphere total ozone were observed by the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer during the 1979 FGGE observing period. These disturbances are shown to be a result of advection by the zonal harmonic wave five which is centered near the tropopause (Salby, 1982). The contribution to the total ozone field by vertical advection due to this wave is shown to be nearly equal to that due to horizontal advection.
A Further Assessment of Blanchard’s Typology of Homosexual Versus Non-Homosexual or Autogynephilic Gender Dysphoria

In a series of important but now highly controversial articles, Blanchard examined associations of sexual orientation and transvestic fetishism among male-to-female (MTF) transgender persons in Toronto, Canada. Transvestic fetishism was rare among the homosexuals but prevalent among the non-homosexuals. Subtypes of non-homosexual MTFs (heterosexual, bisexual, and asexual) were consistently high with regard to transvestic fetishism. Non-linear associations of a continuous measurement of sexual attraction to women (gynephilia) and transvestic fetishism were interpreted in terms of an etiological hypothesis in which transvestic fetishism interferes with the early development of heterosexuality. Blanchard concluded that homosexual versus non-homosexual sexual orientation is a dominant and etiologically significant axis for evaluating and understanding this population. We further assessed these findings among 571 MTFs from the New York City metropolitan area. Using the Life Chart Interview, multiple measurements of transvestic fetishism were obtained and classified as lifetime, lifecourse persistent, adolescent limited, and adult onset. Large (but not deterministic) differences in lifetime, lifecourse persistent, and adolescent limited transvestic fetishism were found between the homosexuals and non-homosexuals. Contrary to Blanchard, differences in transvestic fetishism were observed across subtypes of the non-homosexuals, and linear (not curvilinear) associations were found along a continuous measurement of gynephilia and transvestic fetishism. Age and ethnicity, in addition to sexual orientation, were found to be statistically significant predictors of transvestic fetishism. The clinical, etiological, and sociopolitical implications of these findings are discussed.
Fields near a rapidly propagating crack-tip in an elastic perfectly-plastic material

Abstract D ynamic effects are investigated for the steady-state fields of stress and deformation in the immediate vicinity of a rapidly propagating crack-tip in an elastic perfectly-plastic material. Both the cases of antiplane strain and in-plane strain have been considered. The governing equations in the plastic regions are hyperbolic in nature. Simple wave solutions together with uniform fields provide explicit asymptotic expressions for the stresses and the strains in the near-tip regions. The dynamic solutions describe a region of plastic loading which completely surrounds the propagating crack-tip.