cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.

Clinical investigations of adoptive therapy in solid tumors have primarily focused on CD8+ cells. A study by Hunder et al. is the first to demonstrate the significance of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. An in vitro method was used to treat a patient with metastatic melanoma using autologous CD4+ cells against NY-ESO-1 (cancer and/or testis antigen 1). The successful adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD4+ cells to a patient with metastatic melanoma is not only an important technical accomplishment but also provides increased understanding of tumor immunity. This report demonstrates an impressive persistence of adoptively transferred cells together with durability of clinical response. CD4+ T cells that target a particular antigen can augment T-cell responses to other tumor-associated targets. These observations underline the importance of ongoing research for effective, non-toxic immune therapies for cancer.
Dynamic light scattering from macromolecules

A brief summary of the basic principles of the dynamic light scattering-photon correlation spectroscopy technique is given. Experiments on DNA in both dilute and nondilute solutions are used to illustrate both the types of information that may be obtained from DLS-PCS as well as some of its limitations.
Why peg? The role of capital mobility and financial intermediation

Many economists argue that the growth of international capital mobility has made the maintenance of pegged exchange rates more costly, forcing developing states to choose alternative arrangements. But some states do not simply abandon pegged exchange rates as their exposure to capital mobility rises. Some states abandon pegs long before a crisis can erupt, while others maintain pegs until the speculative pressures became unbearable. Why, in an environment of growing capital mobility, do some states maintain pegs longer than others do? One reason is that the more that bank lending dominates investment in a country, the more likely that state is to hold on to a pegged exchange rate. When banks have accumulated significant amounts of foreign debt they lobby for exchange rate stability. In a bank‐dominated financial system, a concentrated banking sector can organize easily and use its crucial role in the economy to exert influence over economic policy. This article presents new evidence from statistical tests...
Further studies of effects of vehicles and elicitation concentration in experimental contact sensitization testing in humans

Further confirmation of the effects of vehicles and elicitation concentration in experimental contact sensitization testing with fragrance ingredients is reported. A dose-response relation was seen when sensitized human subjects were challenged with dihydrocoumarin, alantroot oil and diethylmalleate. Furthermore, alcohol was shown to be a more effective vehicle than petrolatum, when cinnamon bark oil, vetiver acetate and diethylmalleate were used in predictive tests. The relation of these findings to risk-benefit judgments is discussed briefly.
A new method of symptom based processing for machinery condition recognition and forecasting

Abstract This paper considers a new method of construction of the average symptom life curve and symptom reliability for machine condition monitoring, as an alternative to the statistical elaboration of these machine characteristics. It was found that by the sorting up operation of the symptom data and extraction of equal symptom readings, similar recognition and forecasting abilities can be obtained, as in statistical Weibull and Frechet characteristics. It is shown that the new method is also good for self-diagnosis, (i.e. self-recognition of a symptom life curve) based on a small set of symptom readings taken during monitoring of a given object. Such a direct construction method of diagnostic characteristics may be of great value in cases where not enough data for reliable statistics are available. This is usually the case at the start of condition monitoring of some machinery set, or critical object.
demographic constraints on caste: a Fiji Indian example

It is usually assumed that caste, and with it caste-endogamous marriage, is disappearing in overseas Indian communities. This paper reexamines some previously published data on endogamous marriage among Indians in Fiji in an effort to determine whether endogamy is truiy disappearing. Results of this study show that, as caste populations increase, so does the frequency of endogamy. These facts are discussed in terms of the structural theory of caste, particularly with regard to the relation between a structure of ideas and the material conditions of existence which determine the expression of the structure. The data also suggest that the desire for a larger subgroup population to meet ideal marriage rules may be an incentive to population growth, and therefore a matter of interest to those concerned with population dynamics and population control. [marriage, overseas Indians, demography, caste theory, structuralism]
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Infrared Spectroscopic Study of N-Vinyl Compounds

The nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra of five N-vinyl compounds and the corresponding N-ethyl compounds have been observed in order to obtain detailed information about the N-vinyl group. Resultant data indicate that one might prove the presence of N-vinyl by two characteristic infrared maxima in the region of 1390 t o 1300 cm−1. The NMR spectra of the N-vinyl protons conform to the expected ABX pattern. The chemical shifts do not permit differentiation from other vinyl types.
The amino acid composition of the subunit of the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa.

The amino acid composition of the subunit of NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa was determined. The molecular weight of the subunit determined from the amino acid content offers confirmation that the active enzyme is a homopolymer of eight monomers. A comparison of the amino acid compositions indicates that, although similar, there are significant differences between the Neurospora enzyme subunit and the bovine-liver enzyme subunit.
Relation of surgeon and hospital volume to processes and outcomes of colorectal cancer surgery.

Multiple studies have shown an association between hospital volume and surgical outcomes for cancer care.1,2 High-volume hospitals have lower operative mortality compared with low-volume hospitals, especially for high-risk cancer operations. In one recent study using a national cohort of Medicare beneficiaries in 1998 and 1999, Birkmeyer et al found that surgeon volume was inversely related to operative mortality for several high-risk cardiovascular and cancer procedures.3 Most of these operations are performed by surgeons with additional training or require complex perioperative care, and much of the effect of hospital volume was attributable to surgeon volume. In contrast, surgery for colorectal cancer does not typically require additional training or highly specialized hospital resources for perioperative care. Prior studies have examined the association of hospital or surgeon volume with outcomes of colorectal cancer surgery,4–17 and have been summarized in systematic reviews.18,19 Few studies have examined the relative contributions of surgeon and hospital volume to survival beyond the initial 30 days and their impact on important processes of care such as sphincter-sparing surgery and adjuvant therapy. Harmon et al,20 Hannan et al,21 and Ko et al22 found that higher surgeon volume and hospital volume were associated with lower in-hospital mortality. Using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data for the elderly, Schrag et al found that higher surgeon and hospital volume independently predicted lower 30-day and 2-year mortality.23 In a broader population-based study, including patients of all ages from the California Cancer Registry, Hodgson et al found that rectal cancer patients who received care in high-volume hospitals had lower colostomy rates and better survival.24 To assess the relative contributions of surgeon and hospital volume to colorectal cancer outcomes, including both postoperative and overall mortality, we analyzed these outcomes using data from the California Cancer Registry. We also analyzed colostomy rates for patients with stage I to III rectal cancer and use of adjuvant radiation therapy for patients with stage II or III rectal cancer by surgeon and hospital volume. Our objective was to inform the ongoing debate regarding selective referral of colorectal cancer patients to high-volume hospitals or high-volume surgeons to improve outcomes.25
Human haptoglobin adsorption by a total internal reflection fluroscence method

Abstract Haptoglobin (Hp) is one of the major protein constituents of plasma. Three different forms are found in the population. The 1-1 and 2-2 forms adsorb similarly onto Hydrophobie silica [treated with dimethyl dichlorosilane (DDS)] and onto clean silica, although the affinities on the silica surface are lower at 60 minutes contact time. The two forms desorb differently from silica, but desorb similarly from DDS-silica. Adsorption is less reversible on the Hydrophobie surface. Due to its adsorbtion tendencies and its high concentration in plasma, the adsorption of Hp may be important in blood interaction at solidliquid interfaces.
Guided Wave Beamsteering using MFC Phased Arrays for Structural Health Monitoring: Analysis and Experiment:

Phased array beamsteering is an effective tool for damage detection and assessment method in a guided wave structural health monitoring system. Monolithic piezoceramic (PZT) actuators have been widely utilized for beamsteering by assuming omnidirectional point sources for each actuator. However, this assumption can lead to erroneous results for a phased array of actuators with anisotropic actuation, such as macro-fiber composites (MFC). The MFC actuators are investigated in this research for beamsteering considering the main lobe width, main lobe magnitude, and side lobe levels and compared to equivalently sized PZT actuators. Analytical models of the MFC and PZT actuators attached to an isotropic plate structure are presented and the genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal timing sequences of the phased array elements for beamforming enhancement. The analysis results show that the MFC phased arrays have reduced the main lobe width and side lobe levels compared to the PZT phased arrays for a ra...
SwRI/LASP sounding rocket intercalibration with the EIT instrument on board SoHO

Two successful sounding rocket flights were launched on May 15, 1997 and November 2, 1998 with an objective of providing inter-calibration with several of the instruments on board SoHO and TRACE. We will discuss here the results of the inter-calibration between the SwRI/LASP rocket imaging instruments and the Extreme-UV Imaging Telescope (EIT) on SoHO. The MXUVI sounding rocket instrument is a multi-layer mirror telescope equipped with a special internal occulter and light trap to provide full disk imags of Fe IX/X 17.1 nm and off-limb observations of He II 30.4 nm. The SoHO/EIT instrument is also a full disk multi-layer imager with four channels, Fe IX/X 17.1 nm, FE XII 19.5 nm, Fe XV 28.4 nm and He II 30.4 nm. By comparison with the EIT observations taken at the same time we can quantify the sensitivity degradation of the EIT detector, as well as measure the off-limb stray- light characteristics of the two instruments.
Race, culture, and practice: segregation and local food in Birmingham, Alabama

In this study, we use a combination of geographic information systems and Bourdieuan social theory to analyze the development of a food policy council in Birmingham, Alabama. The questions we investigate are: What is the relationship between race and culture? How is this relationship manifest in practice within the alternative food and agriculture movement? In our work, we show how the racially segregated conditions of metropolitan Birmingham forge divergent habitus among Blacks and Whites in the region. Consequently, Whites have difficulty producing practices and interpretations of those practices that Blacks can recognize as legitimate, and vice versa. As a result, the food policy council emerges from and remains trapped within a space of Whiteness, and few Blacks serve on the council or participate in its production.
Analytical modeling of orthotropic diffusivities in a fiber reinforced composite with discontinuities using homogenization

Abstract Thermo-oxidative aging in polymer matrix composites (PMC) is usually simulated using diffusion–reaction models in which temperature, oxygen concentration and weight loss effects are considered at the “smeared” macro-scale. Consequently, homogenization techniques are necessary to determine the effective diffusivity of the composite lamina based on diffusivities of the fiber and the polymer matrix phases. This paper describes a simple analytical methodology based on one-dimensional steady-state flow continuity consideration to determine the homogenized diffusivity in the direction transverse and longitudinal to the fibers, including physical discontinuities such as fiber/matrix debonding due to oxidative shrinkage. Computations of effective homogenized diffusivities as a function of fiber volume fraction are presented, and the effect of discontinuities on homogenized diffusivities is quantified. Comparisons with FEA results are also presented.
Organization of the neurons of origin of the descending pathways from the ferret superior colliculus

The superior colliculus (SC), through its descending projections to the brainstem and spinal cord, is involved in initiating sensory-driven orienting behaviors. Ferrets are carnivores that hunt both above and below ground using visual (and auditory) cues in the daylight but non-visual cues in darkness and in subterranean environments. The present investigation sought to determine whether the ferret SC shows organizational features similar to those found in other visually dominant animals (e.g. cats), or whether characteristics of colliculi from non-visually dominant animals (e.g. rodents) prevail. Injection of retrograde tracer into the identified targets of the colliculus (cervical spinal cord, the contralateral pontomedullary reticular formation, or the ipsilateral pontine reticular formation) labeled tectospinal, crossed tectoreticular, and ipsilateral tectoreticular neurons, respectively, within the adult ferret SC. Labeled tectospinal and crossed tectoreticular neurons were far outnumbered by neurons with ipsilateral reticular projections. Like those of their visually dominant relatives, ferret tectospinal neurons were well represented throughout the anterior-posterior extent of the SC and crossed tectoreticular neurons tended to be distributed more broadly across the intermediate gray layer than those of rodents. Thus, even though ferrets perform well as subterranean predators where non-visual cues initiate orienting behaviors, these anatomical characteristics indicate that their colliculi are organized similar to that of their visually dominant, carnivorous relatives.
Software project risks and their effect on outcomes

How to identify the risks that interact to pose the most significant threats to successful project outcomes.
Annular Slot Loaded High-Impedance Ground Plane

High-impedance surfaces like electromagnetic band gap (EBG) ground planes have been used to realize low profile antennas. In this paper, an alternative ground plane design is presented for antennas with circular current distributions, which consists of an annular slot backed by a thin grounded substrate. The slot ring generates a high-impedance condition at a resonant frequency in the vicinity of the slot. This annular slot loaded ground plane results in efficient radiation of the low profile antenna in the broadside direction. Since the slot loaded ground plane consists of a single slot ring rather than periodic structures, it is much simpler to construct than the standard EBG ground plane. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements are shown to validate the design concept and are compared with a mushroom-type EBG ground plane. A parametric analysis was also conducted by varying the slot ring's dimensions and tuning varactors are shown to vary the ground plane's resonant frequency.
Measurement of in-plane residual stresses varying with depth by the Interferometric Strain/Slope Rosette and incremental hole-drilling

A new experimental method utilizing the Interferometric Strain/Slope Rosette (ISSR) and incremental hole-drilling is applied to measure in-plane residual stresses which vary with depth. For each depth increment, the ISSR measures three relieved strain components and two relieved slopes at point near the hole edge. Adapting the classical Integral Method to the ISSR, and incorporating a Tikhonov regularization scheme, stabilized residual stress solutions are back-calculated from the measured deformations. This paper describes the measurement principle of the ISSR, the derivation and numerical calculation of the ISSR hole-drilling coefficients, and the methodology used to back-calculate and regularize the residual stress solution, A verification test on a thin-plate with a through-hole, and residual stress measurements performed on a shot-peened Titanium-alloy block, are presented and discussed.
FibA and PilA act cooperatively during fruiting body formation of Myxococcus xanthus

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of Myxococcus xanthus is essential for social (S-) motility and fruiting body formation. An ECM-bound protein, FibA, is homologous to M4 zinc metalloproteases and is important for stimulation by a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) chemoattractant and for formation of discrete aggregation foci. In this work, we demonstrate that a correlation exists between a reduced ability to respond to PE and the observed defects in fruiting body morphogenesis. Furthermore, the fibA aggregation defect is accentuated by the absence of either PilA, the structural subunit of type IV pili, or DifD, a chemosensory response regulator. The inability to form fruiting bodies is not due to a loss of S-motility, but rather the loss of PilA and pili as pilT fibA mutants form fruiting bodies. The FibA active site residue E342 is important for fruiting body morphogenesis in the absence of PilA. Mutants exhibiting defects in fruiting body morphogenesis also produce fewer viable spores. It is proposed that FibA and PilA act as extracellular sensors for developmental signals.
A luminescence study of EuVO4, at high pressure

Abstract The pressure dependence of the luminescence from the 7 F 1,2 ← 5 D 0 transitions of Eu 3+ ion in EuVO 4 has been investigated to 5.6 GPA using a diamond anvil cell. At ambient pressure two of the 7 F 1 ← 5 D 0 transitions are degenerate in the zircon-type phase of EuVO 4 ; however this degeneracy is removed with the application of pressure (⩾0.8 GPA). Abrupt changes in the luminescence spectrum from the Eu 3+ ion were observed at 4.5 GPA, which remained even after removal of pressure, indicating that a pressure-induced, irreversible phase transition had occurred. The Eu 3+ ion luminescence spectrum from the high-pressure, scheelite-type phase of EuVO 4 exhibited the characteristics of a distorted D 2 d symmetry instead of the S 4 site symmetry determined from the results of X-ray diffraction analysis. The effect of pressure on the energy levels of the Eu 3+ ion in EuVO 4 is discussed.
Prioritising production and engineering lots in wafer fabrication facilities: a simulation study

Due to the high cost of equipment, most semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities process both regular production lots which are shipped to customers and engineering lots that support product and process development efforts. The different objectives of the engineering and production organisations render the problem of allocating equipment capacity between these different types of lots a difficult and often contentious problem. In this paper we explore the impacts of several different policies for allocating resources to production and engineering work on the shop floor using a scaled-down simulation model of a wafer fabrication facility. Our results indicate that the availability and flexibility of engineering resources can affect the performance of scheduling policies in quite different ways. We conclude that this problem needs to be viewed in a broader context than that of a shop floor scheduling issue, including the level of available engineering resources, their degree of cross-training and the manne...
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE INGESTION OF COLOSTRUM OR BLOOD SERUM AND THE APPEARANCE OF GLOBULIN AND ALBUMIN IN THE BLOOD AND URINE OF THE NEW-BORN CALF

The coincidence of the appearance of euglobulin and pseudo-globulin I in the blood and urine of the new-born calf following the ingestion of colostrum and the absence of these proteins when milk is fed support the inference that the proteinuria of the new-born calf is due to the ingestion of colostrum. In this passage the proteins are in part unaltered. The absorption and excretion of the proteins of blood serum have been observed. The high protein content of the feces of young calves-during the first few days-is to be ascribed, in part at least, to ingested colostrum.
Aromatic polyimide and polybenzoxazole membranes for the fractionation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbons by pervaporation

Abstract A series of aromatic polyimides and polybenzoxazoles was synthesized and tested as membrane materials for separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures by pervaporation. Homo- and random copolyimides were synthesized by a two-step polycondensation of a total of 6 diamines and 4 dianhydrides. Polybenzoxazoles and poly(benzoxazole- co -imide)s were prepared by the thermal rearrangement of ortho -functionalized polyimide films. Pervaporation experiments were conducted at 80 °C with either toluene/ n -heptane or benzene/ n -heptane mixtures as feed streams. All polymers were selective towards the aromatic hydrocarbon, whose permeability could be changed by approximately 4 orders of magnitude depending on the chemical structure of the diamine. Pure-liquid sorption experiments at 25 °C revealed that these large changes in hydrocarbon permeability were mainly caused by changes in the diffusion coefficient. The performance of the polymers was compared with previous results reported for other polymers, as well as with the performance of a commercial polyimide (Matrimid ® ).
Consumers of mental health services.

The most generally accepted model of suicide risk is the risk factor model. Risk factors may be distal or proximal. Distal risk factors affect the threshold for suicide and indirectly increase an individual’s risk when they experience a proximal risk factor. Proximal or trigger factors are most closely related to the suicidalbehavior and often act as precipitants. Distal or threshold risk factors include developmental, psychological, personality, biologic, genetic, and social variables. Proximal risk factors may include life events, stress, acute episodes of mental illness, and acute alcohol or substance abuse. Suicidal individuals are different from nonsuicidal individuals in distal or threshold risk variables; for example, they may be impulsive, have specific genetic factors, and they may be moved toward suicidal behaviors by triggering risk factors (reviewed in Moscicki, 1995; Mann, Waternaux, Haas, & Malone, 1999).
Dissection of the molecular basis of mycophenolate resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is required for the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. While most invertebrates have one IMPDH gene and humans and mice have two, Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains four, IMD1–IMD4. Although Imd2 is 92% identical to Imd3, it is the only S. cerevisiae IMPDH that is resistant to mycophenolic acid in vitro and is the only one of the four that supports drug-resistant growth. Thus, S. cerevisiae is unique in possessing two classes of IMPDH enzymes with very different drug susceptibilities. The mycophenolate-sensitive growth phenotype has become an important genetic tool in yeast, particularly as an indicator for mutations in the transcription elongation machinery. Here we exploit the distinct drug sensitivity of these two closely related IMPDH genes to identify the naturally occurring determinants of drug-resistant growth. Using chimeric IMD2–IMD3 genes in a strain null for IMD genes, we show that one of the 39 amino acid differences between these enzymes is responsible for much of its drug resistance. The IMP dehydrogenase activity of purified chimeric Imd3 containing the Imd2 residue at position 253 was eight-fold more resistant than native Imd3. The reciprocal change in Imd2 resulted in a 23-fold loss of resistance. Hence, acquisition of a hydroxyl side-chain at 523 is sufficient to confer a drug-resistant phenotype upon this organism. We identified the major determinant of the functional distinction between IMD genes in this yeast and suggest that selective pressure on this species forced divergence of one member of this gene family toward drug resistance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difference approximations of boundary value problems for functional differential equations

Abstract The midpoint difference method applied to boundary value problems for functional differential equations is studied. Convergence is shown to be to the order of the truncation error, the same result that holds in the ordinary differential equation case.
Evaluation of a Multidrug Chemotherapy Protocol (ACOPA II) in Dogs With Lymphoma

A chemotherapeutic protocol using cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, doxorubicin, and L-asparaginase (ACOPA II) was evaluated in dogs with lymphoma. The response rate for 68 dogs treated with ACOPA II (complete remission [CR] 65%, partial remission [PR] 10%) was lower than that for 41 dogs treated with a related protocol previously evaluated (ACOPA I; CR 76%, PR 12%). Initial treatment with doxorubicin and prednisone did not decrease the prevalence or severity of toxicity during induction. The mortality during induction was 22%. The median duration of CR for dogs treated with ACOPA II was 9 months, with 40% still in remission at 1 year and 21% at 2 years. The rate of CR was lower for dogs with signs of illness at presentation (substage b) and for dogs weighing less than 15 kg. Age was negatively correlated with survival time and duration of remission. Dogs with immunoblastic lymphoma had a more favorable prognosis than did those with lymphoblastic lymphoma. Survival times were also longer for dogs in substage a at presentation. Seven dogs in which treatment was discontinued while in remission had comparable remission duration to that achieved by dogs receiving long-term maintenance chemotherapy.
Alliances, Arms Buildups and Recurrent Conflict: Testing a Steps-to-War Model

Alliances and arms races have received considerable attention in the causes-of-war literature. While a large amount of empirical research has pursued these topics separately, multivariate conditional combinations of these processes have been relatively scarce to date. An argument for doing so is provided by Vasquez's steps-to-war theory which organizes international relations into an interactive complex of factors, including territorial disputes, interstate rivalry, recurrent crises, alliances, military buildups, and war onset. A model linking indicators of these processes is developed and tested for the 1919–95 era. Substantial empirical support for their interactions emerges. Territorial disputes in the context of rivalry and recurrent crises, aggravated by military buildups and asymmetrical external alliance situations, combine to make escalations to war more probable. Hopefully, an improved understanding of interstate escalatory dynamics can serve as a foundation and stimulus for more interactive atte...
Phosphate marination of pork loins at high and low injection pressures.

Whole, boneless pork loins, divided into anterior and posterior sections, were injected with deionized water or sodium tripolyphosphate/NaCl solution at an injection pressure of 200 or 345 kPa with a constant injection level of 13%. A vacuum tumbling process subsequent to injection at 345 kPa was also evaluated. Increasing injection pressure of STPP/NaCl marinades improved cook loss, overall yield, but increased Warner-Bratzler shear values of water-only injected controls. Overall yield ranged between 84.6–98.1% for phosphate treated loins compared with yields of that ranged between 61.0–67.7% for no treatment and water injected controls. Posterior loin sections exhibited greater weight loss after 4 days storage than anterior sections. A significant marinade/position interaction was observed for total moisture. Tumbling of pork loins after needle injection increased overall yield.
Normal inter-limb differences during the straight leg raise neurodynamic test: a cross sectional study

The straight leg raise (SLR) neurodynamic test is commonly used to examine the sensitivity of the lower quarter nervous system to movement. Range of motion during the SLR varies considerably, due to factors such as age, sex and activity level. Knowing intra-individual, inter-limb differences may provide a normative measure that is not influenced by such demographic characteristics. This study aimed to determine normal asymmetries between limbs in healthy, asymptomatic individuals during SLR testing and the relationship of various demographic characteristics.
Central nervous system effects of lactate infusion in primates

Abstract The concentration of total lactate in cisternal fluid increased threefold, from 12.3 ± 2.1 to 37.6 ± 8.9 mg/dl, during a 20-min intravenous infusion of 1 M racemic sodium lactate (10 mEq/kg) in 3 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated baboons. Rises in cisternal lactate lagged behind arterial lactate increases, but occurred during the time interval in which susceptible humans typically panic in response to lactate infusion. Subsequent to cisternal lactate increases, cisternal pH and HCO 3- concentration progressively increased during a 105-min interval following lactate infusion. No consistent changes in cisternal pCO 2 occurred during or subsequent to lactate infusion. These preliminary findings fail to support the hypothesis that lactate-induced panic is mediated by increasing central nervous system pCO 2 . Instead, these data demonstrate that lactate can rapidly increase in the central nervous system during lactate infusion, suggesting new lines of investigation for studying the mechanisms responsible for lactate-induced panic.
Solvent recovery and partial deacidification of vegetable oils by membrane technology

A process is described using nanofiltration membranes for the partial de-solventizing and de-acidification of hexane-extracted vegetable oils. The model miscella (containing 20% soybean oil with 2% free fatty acids) was concentrated to 45% oil at an average flux of 91/m2h at 2.76 MPa and 24°C. The permeate from this stage was re-concentrated 9-fold at an average flux of 201/m2h. The net recovery of oil was more than 99%, with a simultaneous 40% reduction of FFA and over 50% reduction in the energy required for evaporation of hexane. Losungsmittel-Wiedergewinnung und Teilentsauerung von Pflanzenolen mit Hilfe der Membrantechnik. Es wird ein Verfahren zur teilweisen Losungsmittel-Abtrennung und Entsauerung von mit Hexan extrahierten Pflanzenolen mit Hilfe einer Nanofiltrationsmembran beschrieben. Die Modell-Miscella (20% Sojabohnenol und 2 freie Fettsauren) wurde auf 45% o bei einem mittleren Durchsatz von 91/m2h bei 2,76 MPa und 24°C konzentriert. Das Permeat dieser Stufe wurde erneut 9-fach bei einem durchschnittlichen Flus von 201/m2h konzentriert. Die Olausbeute war groser als 99% bei gleichzeitig 40%iger Verringerung des Gehalts an freien Fettsauren und einer mehr als 50%igen Energie-Einsparung bei der Verdampfung des Hexans.
Kinematics of the normal spine as related to scoliosis.

Abstract Knowledge of the normal is a basis, if not a prerequisite, for an understanding of the abnormal. This paper describes and discusses certain aspects of the kinematics of the normal spine related to scoliosis. Fundamental concepts and definitions related to spine kinematics are reviewed. The salient anatomic considerations are described. The kinematics of the thoracic spine is presented along with experimental methods employed in the observations. The findings are interpreted in the context of theoretical implications related to etiology and treatment of scoliosis.
Photon modes in photonic crystals undergoing rigid vibrations and rotations

We explore the nature of photon modes associated with photonic crystals undergoing rigid time-dependent spatial displacements in a noninertial frame of reference and prove that under certain conditions these modes retain many of the spatial symmetries allowed in a static photonic crystal. Moreover, it is proved quite generally that such noninertial modes possess a temporal Bloch-like symmetry. Conserved ``quantum numbers'' are identified and a convenient scheme for labeling noninertial modes is presented.
Variation in officer downtime: a review of the research

Purpose – To summarize and compare both the methodology and findings of existing studies of patrol officer workload that have contributed to what is known about “downtime” (time not responding to citizen calls for service), and provide more standardized estimates of downtime for comparison purposes.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 11 studies of police workload published between 1970 and 2001 that used data collected through either dispatch records or systematic social observations of police officers, and reported information regarding the amount and use of patrol officer downtime, are summarized and compared. The studies report information for 13 different (US) police departments and averages for the 24 departments studied in the Police Services Study (1977). A consistent measure of downtime is estimated for each study.Findings – A consistent measure of downtime estimated for each study yields more similar results across studies than the originally reported findings suggest. For the studies that u...
The Million Women Study: potential biases do not allow uncritical acceptance of the data

Background The findings in the Million Women Study (MWS) have been interpreted by some as providing final and definitive evidence that hormone therapy (HT) (estrogen alone or estrogen plus a progestin) increases the risk of breast cancer.Methods A critical review of the MWS evidence.Critique It is established that women who attend for routine mammography are not representative of the population at large: HT is more common among attenders, as is the occurrence of breast cancer. The MWS cohort comprised women who were invited to enroll when they were scheduled for mammography. Especially in that setting, HT users could more commonly have enrolled because of enhanced anxiety about breast cancer risk, women already aware of breast lumps could also selectively have enrolled – and women who both used HT, and who were aware of breast lumps, could have been the most motivated to participate. Thus, it was possible that the selective detection of as yet undiagnosed breast cancer among HT users could have accounted ...
Left Cells in the Weyl Group of Type E8

Abstract The aim of the present paper is to give an explicit description for all the left cells of the Weyl group W of type E 8 . We first find a representative set Σ for the left cells of W and then use it to describe these cells. Our results show that most of the left cells in W can be characterized by their generalized τ-invariants alone. Then the remaining ones (which are called exceptional left cells) are characterized by the generalized τ-invariants together with the a -values.
Phase-Shifting Acceleration of Ions in an Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectrometer: Kinetic Energy Distribution and Reaction Dynamics

The kinetic energy distribution of trapped ions in an ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer (ICR) under a periodically phase-reversed rf potential is determined. At the operating pressures typical for the ICR (10-7−10-5 Torr), the ions eventually achieve a kinetic energy distribution that varies across short time intervals (0.1 ms) but is constant on the time scale of bimolecular collisions. This provides the opportunity to study quantitatively the translational energy dependence of bimolecular reactions and sequential collisional activation processes. The kinetic energy distribution, although not Maxwell−Boltzmann, is readily calculable. Results obtained for the kinetic energy dependence of the reaction of Cl- + CH3Br are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with reported nonstatistical behavior in that system. Experimental considerations are discussed.
The role of perceived negativity in the moderation of African Americans' implicit and explicit racial attitudes

The present paper examines the relationship between Blacks' implicit and explicit racial attitudes and the extent to which perceived negativity from out-groups moderates the two attitudes. Results from two studies provide converging evidence that perceived negativity is related to both implicit and explicit attitudes, but in opposite directions. While perceived negativity showed a significant positive correlation with in-group bias on explicit measures, it was negatively correlated with in-group bias on implicit measures, such that Blacks who believed that Whites generally dislike Blacks showed significantly lower levels of implicit in-group bias compared with African Americans who believe that Whites positively regard Blacks. African Americans' level of exposure to out-groups was also negatively related to implicit in-group bias, but this relationship was mediated by perceived negativity.
Min-Cost Partitioning on a Tree Structure and Applications

We introduce a generalization of the min-cut partitioning problem, called Min-Cost Tree Partitioning, in which the nodes of an hypergraph G are to be mapped on to the vertices of a tree structure T, and the cost function to be minimized is the cost of routing the hyperedges (i.e., the nets) of G on the edges of T. We discuss several interesting VLSI design applications for this problem. We describe an iterative improvement heuristic for solving this problem.
Water Scarcity and the Sustainability of a Common Pool Resource Institution in the Urban Andes

The Cochabamba Water War of 2000 was precipitated by Bolivians’ defense of common-pool water resources and institutions against privatization. This article examines the design of a water institution and its sustainability during periods of water scarcity in urban Cochabamba. Based on data collected via participant-observation and panel surveys conducted in 72 randomly selected households, I draw three main conclusions. First, the institution operated according to principles found in sustainable resource management institutions in the rural Andes (Trawick 2001) and across cultures (Ostrom 1990). Second, while the function of the common-pool resource institution was stable over the five study periods, the social structures that supported collective choice and operational rules were sensitive to external events including seasonal water scarcity. Third, while institutions with strong historical precedents for contingencies under resource stress may be sustainable, other forms of social organization on which the institution depends may be more vulnerable to water scarcity.
Spatial clustering and carbon capture and storage deployment

Abstract The deployment of carbon capture and storage technology involves a spatial coupling of point sources of carbon dioxide with geologic reservoirs capable of storing carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide captured from these point sources will be injected into these geologic reservoirs, which may or may not be proximal to the sources. This spatial coupling will occur through a dedicated carbon dioxide pipeline network that connects the industrial organization of carbon dioxide production and capture with the geologic organization of carbon dioxide injection and storage. The relative locations of these sources and sinks are an important component of the overall returns to scale for the integrated carbon capture and storage system. Aggregating CO 2 flows in close proximity to sources and reservoirs increases the utilization of economies of scale in pipeline transportation and impacts the returns to scale and preferred paths forward for targeted deployment of the entire coupled technological system. This paper derives deployment preferences by investigating how the spatial clustering and centralization of carbon dioxide sources and reservoirs affects the ability to aggregate CO 2 flows into networked pipelines. One major result is that, depending on the clustering within and between carbon dioxide sources and reservoirs, it can be advantageous to transport captured carbon dioxide to reservoirs that are not proximal to the point(s) of capture.
Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipases C and A in rabbit alveolar macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and rat liver by sodium bisulfite

Phospholipase C activity was measured in disrupted rat liver lysosomes, Bacillus Calmette Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages and glycogen-induced rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, using [N-methyl-14C]sphingomyelin and the phospholipids of human myelin. Phospholipase C activity with both substrates was maximal at pH 4.5 and was unaffected by monovalent or divalent cations or EDTA. The enzyme(s) had little or no substrate specificity, since most of the phospholipids of human myelin were degraded to the same extent. Solutions of gentamycin and tobramycin which contained preservatives inhibited activity, whereas similar preparations of streptomycin had no effect. On the other hand, preservative-free solutions of gentamycin and tobramycin were not inhibitory. Sodium bisulfite, an antioxidant, used in commercial preparations of gentamycin, tobramycin, streptomycin and other drugs, produced dose-dependent, reversible inhibition of the sphingomyelinase and myelin-degrading phospholipase C. Moreover, bisulfite-antibiotic interactions protected enzymatic activity from inactivation by the antioxidant. Other preservatives in commercial aminoglycosides, methyl- and propylparaben, phenol and EDTA had no effect on enzymic activity. Sodium bisulfite also inhibited acid-active phospholipase(s) A in rat liver lysosomes and alveolar macrophages, but had no effect on neutral-active, calcium-dependent phospholipases A2 from various cell types. Equimolar concentrations of streptomycin instantaneously relieved most of the inhibition by bisulfite, whereas molar ratios of gentamycin/bisulfite of 10 restored only 50% of the activity.
MRI as a tool to monitor islet transplantation.

Noninvasive imaging modalities are increasingly used to study various aspects of diabetes mellitus. The authors of this article focus on the application of MRI, a modality that can provide not only anatomical and functional but also molecular information, for monitoring islet transplantation. Potential causes of islet graft failure, and novel technologies for the simultaneous imaging and delivery of experimental therapies to prevent such failure are also discussed.
Liver Transplantation Outcome in Patients With Angiographically Proven Coronary Artery Disease: A Multi‐Institutional Study

Over the last decade the age of liver transplant (LT) recipients and the likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) in this population have increased. There are no multicenter studies that have examined the impact of CAD on LT outcomes. In this historical cohort study, we identified adult LT recipients who underwent angiography prior to transplantation at seven institutions over a 12-year period. For each patient we recorded demographic data, recipient and donor risk factors, duration of follow-up, the presence of angiographically proven obstructive CAD (≥50% stenosis) and post-LT survival. Obstructive CAD was present in 151 of 630 patients, the CAD(+) group. Nonobstructive CAD was found in 479 patients, the CAD(-) group. Patient survival was similar for the CAD(+) group (adjusted HR 1.13, CI = [0.79, 1.62], p = 0.493) compared to the CAD(-) group. The CAD(+) patients were further stratified into severe (CADsev, >70% stenosis, n = 96), and moderate CAD (CADmod, 50-70% stenosis, n = 55) groups. Survival for the CADsev (adjusted HR = 1.26, CI = [0.83, 1.91], p = 0.277) and CADmod (adjusted HR = 0.93, CI = [0.52, 1.66], p = 0.797) groups were similar to the CAD(-) group. We conclude that when current CAD treatment strategies are employed prior to transplant, post-LT survival is not significantly different between patients with and without obstructive CAD.
Insights into neural crest development and evolution from genomic analysis

The neural crest is an excellent model system for the study of cell type diversification during embryonic development due to its multipotency, motility, and ability to form a broad array of derivatives ranging from neurons and glia, to cartilage, bone, and melanocytes. As a uniquely vertebrate cell population, it also offers important clues regarding vertebrate origins. In the past 30 yr, introduction of recombinant DNA technology has facilitated the dissection of the genetic program controlling neural crest development and has provided important insights into gene regulatory mechanisms underlying cell migration and differentiation. More recently, new genomic approaches have provided a platform and tools that are changing the depth and breadth of our understanding of neural crest development at a "systems" level. Such advances provide an insightful view of the regulatory landscape of neural crest cells and offer a new perspective on developmental as well as stem cell and cancer biology.
Limbic Thalamic Lesions, Appetitively Motivated Discrimination Learning, and Training-Induced Neuronal Activity in Rabbits

A substantial literature implicates the anterior and mediodorsal (limbic) thalamic nuclei and the reciprocally interconnected areas of cingulate cortex in learning, memory, and attentional processes. Previous studies have shown that limbic thalamic lesions severely impair discriminative avoidance learning and that they block development of training-induced neuronal activity in the cingulate cortex. The present study investigated the possibility that the limbic thalamus and cingulate cortex are involved in reward-based discriminative approach learning, wherein head-extension responses yielding oral contact with a drinking spout that was inserted into the conditioning chamber after a positive conditional stimulus (CS+) were reinforced with a water reward but responses to the spout after a negative conditional stimulus (CS-) were not reinforced. In this task, the rabbits learned primarily to omit their prepotent responses to the spout on CS- trials. Acquisition was severely impaired in rabbits given limbic thalamic lesions before training. As during avoidance learning, posterior cingulate cortical neurons of control rabbits developed learning-related neuronal responses to task-relevant stimuli, but this activity was severely attenuated in rabbits with lesions. These results support a general involvement of the cingulothalamic circuitry in instrumental approach and avoidance learning. The fact that learning consisted of response omission indicated that the cingulothalamic role is not limited to acquisition or production of active behavioral responses, such as locomotion. It is proposed that cingulothalamic neurons mediate associative attention, wherein enhanced neuronal responses to stimuli associated with reinforcement facilitate the selection and production of task-relevant responses.