cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Trial: The Disproportionate Imprisonment of African Americans

The United States’ unprecedented expansion of imprisonment since the late 1970s has disproportionately affected African Americans, intensifying inequality and transforming the very meaning of race. Understanding the dynamics of criminal punishment is now essential for teaching about race. This chapter describes a common epistemological obstacle students encounter as they study the relationship between race and imprisonment – the “logic of the trial.” As they assign blame to the “culture” of the “underclass” or to “racist actors” in the legal system, students do not see the historically rooted, systemic nature of racial domination in American punishment. We propose three related strategies for getting “beyond the trial” and deepening students’ understanding of race in an era of mass incarceration. These strategies can help students transcend individual-level analysis and wrestle with the extensive, complex sociological factors that explain the causes and consequences of the hyper-incarceration of African Americans.
pH-Sensitive metal-free carbon monoxide prodrugs with tunable and predictable release rates

Carbon monoxide prodrugs with triggered release profiles are highly desirable for targeted CO delivery to minimize their untoward side-effects. Herein, we describe a series of pH-sensitive metal-free CO prodrugs which are stable under acidic conditions and yet begin to release CO in response to increases in pH with tunable and predictable release rates.
Detection of Janus Au-SiO2 Nanoparticles with a Photothermal Technique

In this study, we explore the optical properties of Janus Au-SiO2 Nanoparticles that consist of silica deposited on a partial surface of Au nanospheres with the aid of photothermal microscopy.
Abstract 20276: Late Gadolinium Enhancement is Associated With Preclinical Myocardial Dysfunction in Women With Signs and Symptoms of Ischemia and No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Introduction: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) identifies myocardial injury and predicts adverse outcomes in the stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). Whether LGE is related to preclinical myocardial dysfunction in women with signs and symptoms of ischemia, no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has not been evaluated. Methods: Women with signs and symptoms of ischemia and no obstructive CAD underwent 1.5T CMRI with assessment of LGE and cardiac function, in the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation – Coronary Vascular Dysfunction (WISE-CVD). Independent τ-tests, χ 2 testing, Pearson’s correlation, and linear regression models were used for analysis. Results: Among 348 women, mean age 51.8 ± 11.4 yrs, LGE was present in 9.2%, 59.4% with subendocardial distribution, mean size 5.9±4.4 grams. Women with LGE were more likely to be taking calcium channel blockers (CCB), had lower blood pressure and LVEF as well as higher end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes compared to women without LGE (Table). Despite all women having a preserved LVEF, myocardial scar size inversely correlated with LVEF (r = -0.63, p Conclusion: Among women with signs and symptoms of ischemia, no obstructive CAD and preserved LVEF, LGE is associated with preclinical myocardial dysfunction measured by LVEF, end-diastolic, and end-systolic volumes. Despite relatively small size, LGE size has an inverse relationship to LVEF within the normal range, suggesting that LGE may be related to diffuse fibrosis in these subjects. Detection and quantification of LGE offers promise for understanding relations between SIHD and heart failure with preserved LVEF in patients with no obstructive CAD.
Effects of pressure and fuel dilution on coflow laminar methane–air diffusion flames: A computational and experimental study

In this study, the influence of pressure and fuel dilution on the structure and geometry of coflow laminar methane–air diffusion flames is examined. A series of methane-fuelled, nitrogen-diluted fl...
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP): role in peripheral nerve regeneration

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that has an important anti-inflammatory role in the immune system. Research has shown that CGRP is an integral part in peripheral nerve regeneration by (1) suppressing tumor necrosis factor-α, (2) forming an initial nerve bridge by increasing fibroblast motility and extracellular matrix synthesis, (3) vascularizing the spinal cord injury site, and (4) inducing Schwann cell (SC) proliferation. In this treatise, the following hypotheses will be explored: (1) CGRP is induced by c-Jun to regulate SC dedifferentiation, (2) CGRP promotes the chemotaxic migration of SCs along the nerve bridge, and (3) CGRP induces myelinophagy by activating various signaling pathways, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase. These processes provide a framework for understanding the role of CGRP in peripheral nerve regeneration, which may be important in developing better strategies for nerve repair and gaining further insight into demyelinating diseases.
Hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic actuators with muscle-like performance.

Existing soft actuators have persistent challenges that restrain the potential of soft robotics, highlighting a need for soft transducers that are powerful, high-speed, efficient, and robust. We describe a class of soft actuators, termed hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic (HASEL) actuators, which harness a mechanism that couples electrostatic and hydraulic forces to achieve a variety of actuation modes. We introduce prototypical designs of HASEL actuators and demonstrate their robust, muscle-like performance as well as their ability to repeatedly self-heal after dielectric breakdown—all using widely available materials and common fabrication techniques. A soft gripper handling delicate objects and a self-sensing artificial muscle powering a robotic arm illustrate the wide potential of HASEL actuators for next-generation soft robotic devices.
Comparison of two front-of-package nutrition labeling schemes, and their explanation, on consumers' perception of product healthfulness and food choice.

Abstract Objective Front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labels are increasingly used to present nutritional information to consumers. A variety of FOP nutrition schemes exist for presenting condensed nutrition information. The present study directly compared two symbolic FOP labeling systems – traffic light and star-based schemes – with specific regard to healthfulness perception and purchase intention for a variety of products. Additionally, this study investigated which method of message framing (gain, loss, gain + loss) would best enable individuals to effectively utilize the FOP labels. Method College students (n = 306) viewed food packages featuring either star or traffic light FOP labels and rated the healthfulness of each product and their likelihood of purchasing the product. Within each label type, participants were presented with differently-framed instructions regarding how to use the labels. Results Participants who viewed the star labels rated products with the lowest healthfulness as significantly less healthful and rated products with the highest healthfulness as significantly more healthful compared to participants who viewed those same products with traffic light labels. Purchase intention did not differ by label type. Additionally, including any type of framing (gain, loss, or gain + loss) assisted consumers in differentiating between foods with mid-range vs. low nutritional value. Conclusions Star-based labels led more healthful foods to be seen as even more healthful and less healthful foods to be seen as even less healthful compared to the same foods with traffic light labels. Additionally, results indicate a benefit of including framing information for FOP nutrition label instructions; however, no individual frame led to significantly different behavior compared to the other frames. While ratings of product healthfulness were influenced by the framing and the label type, purchase intention was not impacted by either of these factors.
Chest, waist, and hip circumference estimations from stereo photographic digital topography.

Background Stereo photographic digital topography (SPDT) is a new development of potential value for the determination of anthropometric circumference measurements of the chest, waist, and hip. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of SPDT. Methods Subjects included 148 healthy female volunteers (age 21 to 51). The same-day test-retest reliability of SPDT was established by comparing initial measurements with a repeat. Validity was established by correlating SPDT measurements with criterion measures from traditional tape-measure assessment. Results Reliability coefficients of 0.99 were obtained for chest, waist, and hip circumferences. Further, high indices of validity were recorded for girths of the chest (r = 0.97, SEE = 2.57 cm), waist (r = 0.94, SEE = 3.16 cm), and hip (r = 0.96, SEE = 2.29 cm). Conclusions High reliability and validity, low cost, ease of use, and comfort for subjects make SPDT a viable alternative to traditional anthropometric evaluation techniques.
Applying Decision Theory to Academic Integrity Decisions

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the principles of decision theory and applies them to the field of academic integrity in order to improve understanding of how these factors lead to cheating by individual students. It is widely believed that both deliberative and emotional processes are involved in making decisions. Subjective expected utility theory and prospect theory were built to explain how people make decisions under risky circumstances. The utility theory and those following are intended to explain how one chooses among options in cases where one is unsure of the outcomes. In the case of academic integrity decisions, the choices are roughly whether or not to cheat/plagiarize—answer a question oneself, skip it, and so on. The outcomes in both cases are measured in a handful of ways, including the number of points received for the exam question, possible sanctions if caught, and any personal value the student places on learning and self-reliance. Prospect theory can be used post hoc to explain certain features of the cheating literature. This theory is more sophisticated because it postulates that the decision maker recalibrates both the values and the likelihoods of events. These recalibrations (based on the value function and decision weight function) allow prospect theory to explain a wide range of decision behaviors, including gain/loss framing and temporal discounting.
Screening for childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders.

Background The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) is a commonly used instrument that evaluates anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents. Methods This meta-analysis examined the psychometric properties of the SCARED instrument, including total instrument and subscale internal reliabilities for the parent and child versions, test-retest reliabilities, and the extent to which responses from the parent version correspond with responses from the child version. Databases reviewed included ERIC, PubMed, PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and Google Scholar RESULTS: Responses to the SCARED instrument for children and parents using a mixture of the 38-, 41-, 66-, 69-, and 71-item versions of the SCARED were analyzed for 65 studies conducted between 1997 and 2017. The results from the random-effects models suggested homogeneity of variance for all the effects examined. The weighted averages of the psychometric properties indicated the parent and child versions of the SCARED have exhibited excellent internal consistencies on the total score, panic disorder, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and animal phobia subscales. Furthermore, the SCARED demonstrated moderate to large test-retest reliabilities and moderate to large parent-child agreement rates. The school avoidance, obsessive-compulsive disorder, blood phobia, and situational phobia subscales did not demonstrate reliabilities considered appropriate for a screening instrument. Limitations Publications that could not be translated to English or could not be retrieved due to not being published or archived were not included in the analysis. Conclusions Overall the child and parent versions of the SCARED have robust psychometric properties and perform consistently well in community and clinical settings across various countries. The SCARED is clinically relevant as mental health providers and researchers can use it during diagnostic procedures and to monitor intervention effectiveness.
Restorying as Political Action: Authoring Resistance through Youth Media Arts.

This article explores the lived realities for young people growing up and learning in a climate of racial discrimination, religious intolerance, misogyny, and xenophobia, and how school-sponsored a...
Associations Between Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Black and White Subjects The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background—On the basis of studies with limited statistical power, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is not considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in blacks. We evaluated associations between Lp(a) and incident CVD events in blacks and whites in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Methods and Results—Plasma Lp(a) was measured in blacks (n=3467) and whites (n=9851). Hazards ratios (HRs) for incident CVD events (coronary heart disease and ischemic strokes) were calculated. Lp(a) levels were higher with wider interindividual variation in blacks (median [interquartile range], 12.8 [7.1–21.7] mg/dL) than whites (4.3 [1.7–9.5] mg/dL; P<0.0001). At 20 years of follow-up, 676 CVD events occurred in blacks, and 1821 events occurred in whites. Adjusted HRs (95% confidence interval) per race-specific 1-SD–greater log-transformed Lp(a) were 1.13 (1.04–1.23) for incident CVD, 1.11 (1.00–1.22) for incident coronary heart disease, and 1.21 (1.06–1.39) for ischemic strokes in blacks. For whites,...
Cellular Cytotoxicity of Next-Generation CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies

CD20 monoclonal antibodies (CD20 mAb) induce cellular cytotoxicity, which is traditionally measured by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. However, data suggest that antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) is the primary cytotoxic mechanism. We directly compared in vitro ADCP versus ADCC using primary human cells. After establishing the primacy of ADCP, we examined next-generation CD20 mAbs, including clinically relevant drug combinations for their effects on ADCP. ADCP and ADCC induction by rituximab, ofatumumab, obinutuzumab, or ocaratuzumab was measured using treatment-naive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) target cells and either human monocyte-derived macrophages (for ADCP) or natural killer (NK) cells (for ADCC). Specific effects on ADCP were evaluated for clinically relevant drug combinations using BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib and acalabrutinib), PI3Kδ inhibitors (idelalisib, ACP-319, and umbralisib), and the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax. ADCP (∼0.5-3 targets/macrophage) was >10-fold more cytotoxic than ADCC (∼0.04-0.1 targets/NK cell). ADCC did not correlate with ADCP. Next-generation mAbs ocaratuzumab and ofatumumab induced ADCP at 10-fold lower concentrations than rituximab. Ofatumumab, selected for enhanced complement activation, significantly increased ADCP in the presence of complement. CD20 mAb-induced ADCP was not inhibited by venetoclax and was less inhibited by acalabrutinib versus ibrutinib and umbralisib versus idelalisib. Overall, ADCP was a better measure of clinically relevant mAb-induced cellular cytotoxicity, and next-generation mAbs could activate ADCP at significantly lower concentrations, suggesting the need to test a wide range of dose sizes and intervals to establish optimal therapeutic regimens. Complement activation by mAbs can contribute to ADCP, and venetoclax, acalabrutinib, and umbralisib are preferred candidates for multidrug therapeutic regimens. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1150-60. ©2018 AACR.
Investigation of the Fate and Dynamics of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) during Sludge-Based Photogranulation under Hydrostatic Conditions.

Oxygenic photogranules have received increasing interest due to their ability to treat wastewater without aeration and recover wastewater’s chemical energy and solar energy. It has been reported that these photogranules can be produced under both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic conditions, and enrichment of filamentous cyanobacteria is required for this photogranulation to occur. Despite the critical role extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play in granulation, EPS in photogranulation is yet virtually unknown. Here, we present the fate and dynamics of different fractions of EPS in sludge-based photogranulation under hydrostatic conditions. The study shows that during the transformation of activated sludge into a photogranular biomass, sludge’s base-extractable proteins selectively degrade. Strong correlations between base-extracted proteins and the growth of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a/b ratio suggest that the bioavailability of this organic nitrogen is linked with selection and enrichment of filame...
Novel Algorithms for Exact and Efficient L1-NORM-BASED Tucker2 Decomposition

We consider corruption-resistant L1-norm-based TUCKER2 (L1-TUCKER2) decomposition of a D×M×N 3-way tensor, treated (with no loss of generality) as a collection of N D×M matrices. Our contributions are as follows. First, we show that rank-1 L1-TUCKER2 can be cast as a combinatorial problem over N antipodal-binary variables; accordingly, we provide the first exact algorithm for its solution. Then, we develop an efficient (quadratic-cost/near-exact) algorithm that approximates the solution to rank-1 L1- TUCKER2 by means of a converging sequence of optimal single-bit flips; the algorithm is accompanied by formal convergence proof and complexity analysis. Finally, by means of the standard deflation technique, we generalize the developed bit - flipping algorithm for solving L1- TUCKER2 decomposition problems of general rank. Our extensive numerical studies show that the bit-flipping algorithm returns the exact L1- TUCKER2 solution with very high frequency. Moreover, the developed exact and efficient algorithms exhibit remarkable outlier resistance, outperforming some of the most popular L2-norm-based and L1-norm-based counterparts.
Differences in trapezius muscle activation patterns in office workers with and without chronic neck-shoulder pain, as quantified through exposure variation analysis:

The purpose of this study was to quantify upper-trapezius muscle activation patterns using exposure variation analysis (EVA) in healthy computer workers and those with chronic neck-shoulder pain. Eight healthy and five chronic pain participants were asked to complete three computer-based tasks (TYPE, CLICK, and FORM) in two pacing conditions (self-paced and control-paced). EVA was used to quantify variation using five amplitude classes and five duration classes. Performance in each task was also quantified. Healthy workers and those with chronic pain did not differ in performance, and they both exhibited similarly low levels of muscle activation amplitude. Pain participants, however, were found to spend less time in lower duration classes across tasks and conditions. These results indicate that individuals with chronic neck-shoulder pain utilize movement strategies involving sustained durations of continuous muscle activation. This may be suggestive of decreased temporal variation in muscle activation pat...
Insect Aerodynamics Near Hovering

A novel force measuring technique, utilizing momentum flow concepts in connection with induced velocity measurements, is applied to insects near hovering. Merits of this approach are discussed in comparison with classic force measurement systems.
Functional circuitry of neuro-immune communication in the mesenteric lymph node and spleen

The peripheral nervous system is an active participant in immune responses capable of blocking aberrant activation of a variety of immune cells. As one of these neuro-immune circuits, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has been well established to reduce the severity of several immunopathologies. While the activation of this pathway by vagal nerve stimulation requires sympathetic innervation of the spleen, the neuro-immune circuitry remains highly controversial. Neuro-immune pathways in other lymphoid tissues such as mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) that are critical to the surveillance of the small intestine and proximal colon have not been assessed. Using conditionally expressed Channelrhodopsin, selective stimulation of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons in the superior mesenteric ganglion (SMG) prevented macrophage activation and LPS-induced TNFα production in the spleen and MLN, but not in the inguinal LN. Site selective stimulation of the SMG induced the release of norepinephrine, resulting in β2AR dependent acetylcholine release in the MLN and spleen. VNS-evoked release of norepinephrine and acetylcholine in the MLN and spleen was significantly reduced using selective optogenetic blockade applied at the SMG. Additionally, this optogenetic blockade restored LPS-induced TNFα production, despite VNS. These studies identify the superior mesenteric ganglion as a critical node in a neuro-immune circuit that can inhibit immune function in the MLN and the spleen.
Immunosuppression and HIV Viremia Associated with More Atherogenic Lipid Profile in Older People with HIV.

Abstract To explore reasons for the disproportionate metabolic and cardiovascular disease burdens among older HIV-infected persons, we investigated whether associations of CD4 count and HIV viral l...
Assessment of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system.

The olfactory system is highly conserved across mammalian species (Ache and Young, 2005; Gelperin, 1999; Hildebrand and Shepherd, 1997; Laurent, 2002). In particular, the human and rodent olfactory systems share numerous common traits, including the basic organization of the olfactory central nervous system, aspects of odor guided behaviors, the nature of odorant receptor proteins, and processing at the molecular and synaptic levels (Fig. 1). These shared characteristics make rodents an excellent model for use in understanding the human olfactory system and has led to widespread use of rodents in olfactory studies. As a result, knowledge of the rodent olfactory system is expansive, and has been the primary guide to human olfactory research for decades. Though the olfactory systems of the two species are highly similar (Ache and Young, 2005), some differences are apparent (Mainland et al., 2014; Maresh et al., 2008; McGann, 2017; Trimmer et al., 2019), and direct data from humans is lacking. Our current understanding of the human olfactory system relies substantially on inferences from direct knowledge obtained in rodents. Inferring from rodents is well justified, and has moved the field of human olfaction forward. However, within the growing human olfaction literature, it is often unclear which statements are inferred from rodent work, and which are directly from human data. In a field dominated by rodent studies, and in order to avoid confusion and compounded misstatements, there arises a periodic need to assess the state of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system. Our goal here is to provide a thorough review of olfactory literature in order to assess and clarify our current direct knowledge of the human olfactory system, as compared to the rodent olfactory system. Open in a separate window Figure 1: Overview of the human and rodent olfactory systems. The major targets of olfactory bulb efferents are illustrated for humans (red) and rodents (blue and purple). MOB, main olfactory bulb; AOB, accessory olfactory bulb; AON, anterior olfactory nucleus; vTT, ventral taenia tecta; dTT, dorsal taenia tecta; IG, indusium griseum; OT, olfactory tubercle; APC, anterior piriform cortex; PPC, posterior piriform cortex; pirF, frontal piriform cortex; pirT, temporal piriform cortex; BNST, bed nucleus of stria terminalis; MeA, medial amygdala; PAC, periamygdaloid cortex; ACo, anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala; PlCo, posterolateral cortical amygdala; PmCo, posteromedial cortical amygdala; NLOT, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract; lENT, lateral entorhinal cortex; mENT, medial entorhinal cortex; SO, supraoptic nucleus. Dashed lines indicate that these projections have not been definitively shown in humans but are likely based on strong indirect evidence. *, it is not known whether this area receives direct projections from the main olfactory bulb in humans.
Structure of MlaFEDB lipid transporter reveals an ABC exporter fold and two bound phospholipids

In double-membraned bacteria, phospholipids must be transported across the cell envelope to maintain the outer membrane barrier, which plays a key role in antibiotic resistance and pathogen virulence. The Mla pathway has been implicated in phospholipid trafficking and outer membrane integrity, but the mechanism by which this ABC transporter facilitates phospholipid transport remains unknown. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of the MlaFEDB inner membrane complex at 3.05 [A] resolution. Our structure reveals that the core transporter subunit, MlaE, adopts an ABC exporter fold and is related to the lipopolysaccharide export system as well as the human lipid exporter families, ABCA and ABCG. Unexpectedly, two phospholipids are bound in the outward-facing pocket of MlaFEDB, raising the possibility that multiple lipid substrates may be translocated each transport cycle. The unusual configuration of bound lipids suggests that lipid reorientation may occur before extrusion through the hydrophobic MlaD pore. Site-specific crosslinking confirms that lipids bind in this pocket in vivo. Our structure supports a model in which the Mla system may drive phospholipid export to the bacterial outer membrane, and provides mechanistic insight into the function of an exporter family conserved from bacteria to humans.
Abstract B23: EWS-FLI1 partners with EWSR1 to regulate transcription in Ewing sarcoma

Transcription factors are important regulators in normal cell proliferation and cancer. Ewing sarcoma is a pediatric bone cancer driven by a translocation between two transcription factor genes, EWSR1 and FLI1, leading to the expression of an aberrant transcription factor, EWS-FLI1. While FLI1 is not expressed, constitutive expression of EWSR1 is retained in Ewing sarcoma cells. However, very little is known about the effect of wild-type EWSR1 on EWS-FLI1 transcriptional activity. EWSR1 and EWS-FLI1 coimmunoprecipitate in a complex together in Ewing sarcoma cells and HEK293T cells. RNA-sequencing in Ewing sarcoma cells revealed a pool of genes coregulated by EWS-FLI1 and EWSR1. Furthermore, loss of EWSR1 in Ewing sarcoma cells inhibits anchorage-independent growth. Taken together, this suggests EWSR1 may play a key role in the transcriptional activity of EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma biology. Citation Format: Nasiha Ahmed, Jacob Schwartz. EWS-FLI1 partners with EWSR1 to regulate transcription in Ewing sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B23.
Obesity-induced alterations to the immunoproteasome: a potential link to intramuscular lipotoxicity.

Although the mechanisms are unclear, inflammation and/or lipotoxicity likely contribute to obese muscle pathology. The immunoproteasome is known to respond to inflammation and oxidative damage and ...
Asymmetric Effects of Non-Pecuniary Signals on Search and Purchase Behavior for Energy-Efficient Durable Goods

We report the results of a field experiment where we exogenously vary the use of social comparisons "nudges" and subsidies for participation in an in-home energy audit program, and follow subjects through to the subsequent purchase of durable goods. We therefore can compare the causal effect of financial incentives and nudges along two margins, audits, which we liken to search, and purchase of durables. Using data on nearly 100,000 households, we document an asymmetry; nudges increase audits, but lead to lower rates of purchase. We find no evidence of a differential response for those offered a financial incentive. These differences suggest heterogeneity in the motives of the marginal consumer induced by nudges versus prices. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Whose emotions? Boundaries and boundary markers in the study of emotions

This essay highlights the ‘boundary work’ accomplished through the identification and labelling of emotion with respect to the representation of communities and their memberships, the marking of gr...
Strong, Ductile MOF–Poly(urethane urea) Composites

Metal–organic framework (MOF)–polymer hybrid materials have been investigated for use in personal protective equipment (PPE) for combating chemical threats. However, few of these composite material...
The prosodic accent advantage in phoneme detection: Importance of local context.

Previous research (e.g., Cutler, Perception & Psychophysics, 20, 55-60, 1976) has shown that detection of the initial phoneme of a word is speeded when the word is pronounced with a focal accent. This “accent advantage” is also observed when the accented word is replaced by a neutrally accented one. The present two experiments were designed to identify what aspect of the context preceding the target word is the source of this advantage. Both indicated that the advantage can be ascribed to the syllable immediately preceding the target word, rather than some possibly global but more distal attribute of the context. The first experiment used the recordings that had been used by Cutler Perception & Psychophysics, 20, 55-60, (1976) with the addition of a between-subjects manipulation of the local context. In one condition, the syllable immediately before the target word was the one that had been recorded in the sentence context (preceding an accented or an unaccented target word). In the other, cross-spliced, condition, the preceding syllable was exchanged between accented and unaccented contexts. The second (pre-registered) experiment used new recordings and a within-subject manipulation of the pre-target syllable. The studies confirmed and extended the observation that the pre-target syllable rather than some other prosodic aspect of the preceding context is the source of the faster phoneme detections.
The Differential Elution of Drugs from XAD-2 Resin

Biological fluids and tissue extracts prepared according to a previously published method were passed through a column of Amberlite XAD-2 resin for removal of drugs. The differential elution of the adsorbed drugs from the resin was performed by sequential elution of the drugs in four steps. The column was first washed with 30 ml of 0.05M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.55. Drugs exhibiting acidic or neutral characteristics were then eluted from the column with 100 ml of chloroform in 20-ml aliquots. The column was then washed with 30 ml of 0.1M potassium carbonate, which was discarded. Drugs exhibiting basic characteristics were then eluted from the column with 100 ml of chloroform:isopropanol (3:1) in 20-ml aliquots. Sensitivity of drug detection with this method by thin-layer chromatography was 0.5 mug/ml in a 10-ml sample for nearly all drugs tested.
Cooperating Mobile Agents for Dynamic Network Routing

Contemporary computer networks are heterogeneous; even a single network consists of many kinds of processors and communications channels. Networks are also inherently decentralized; capability is scattered across the system. But few system design methodologies embrace or even acknowledge these complexities. New methods and approaches are required if next-generation networks are to be configured, administered and utilized to their full potentials. In our research at the MIT Media Laboratory we are building systems that use mobile software agents to manage complex real-world networks. In this chapter we describe a strategy for using a collection of cooperating mobile agents to solve routing problems for dynamic, peer-to-peer networks.
Evidence for a 5′ → 3′ direction of hydrolysis by a 5′ mononucleotide-producing exoribonuclease from Saccharomyces cerevisiae☆

(/sup 3/H)rRNA labeled at the 5' terminus with /sup 32/P and (/sup 3/H)rRNA labeled at the 3' end with (/sup 14/C) (pA)/sub n/ have been degraded at 0/sup 0/ with a highly purified exoribonuclease from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results show that with the (/sup 32/P, /sup 3/H) substrate, the /sup 32/P label is rendered acid-soluble at a much faster rate than the /sup 3/H label. Both acid-soluble labels are found in 5' mononucleotide. With the (/sup 14/C, /sup 3/H) rRNA, the /sup 3/H label is hydrolyzed at a faster rate than the /sup 14/C label. The exoribonuclease hydrolyzes in the 5' ..-->.. 3' direction.
CLEAN AND COST-EFFECTIVE DRY BOUNDARY LUBRICANTS FOR ALUMINUM FORMING

Preliminary research in our laboratory has demonstrated that boric acid is an effective lubricant with an unusual capacity to reduce sliding fiction (providing friction coefficients as low as 0.02) and wear of metallic and ceramic materials. More recent studies have revealed that water or methanol solutions of boric acid can be used to prepare strongly bonded layers of boric acid on aluminum surfaces. It appears that boric acid molecules have a strong tendency to bond chemically to the naturally oxidized surfaces of aluminum and its alloys and to make these surfaces very slippery. Recent metal formability tests indicated that the boric acid films formed on aluminum surfaces by spraying or dipping worked quite well; improving draw scale performance by 58 to 75%. These findings have increased the prospect that boric acid can be formulated and optimized as an effective boundary lubricant and used to solve the friction, galling, and severe wear problems currently encountered in cold-forming of aluminum products. Accordingly, the major goal of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness and lubrication capacity of thin boric acid films formed on aluminum surfaces by simple dipping or spraying processes and to describe the lubrication mechanisms under typical metal forming conditions.more » We will also examine the nature of chemical bonding between boric acid and aluminum surfaces and develop new ways to optimize its performance as an effective boundary lubricant.« less
Knowledge Rovers: Cooperative Intelligent Agent Support for Enterprise Information Architectures

The paper presents an information architecture consisting of the information interface, management and gathering layers. Intelligent active services are discussed for each layer, access scenarios are presented, and the role of knowledge rovers is discussed. Knowledge rovers represent a family of cooperating intelligent agents that may be configured to support enterprise tasks, scenarios, and decision-makers. These rovers play specific roles within an enterprise information architecture, supporting users, maintaining active views, mediating between users and heterogeneous data sources, refining data into knowledge, and roaming the Global Information Infrastructure seeking, locating, negotiating for and retrieving data and knowledge specific to their mission.
Cytologic distinction of goiterous nodules from morphologically normal thyroid: analyses of cytomorphologic features.

BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the predominant method for triaging thyroid nodules into operative and nonoperative lesions. Accurate needle placement assuring representative sampling of a suspicious nodule is required. Criteria are well established for separation of nodular goiter from most neoplasms but are less well developed for recognition of normal thyroid tissue. Identification of normal tissue is vital when investigating solitary nodules. Cytologic identification of only normal thyroid tissue would indicate a failure to sample the index nodule. The authors investigated a set of criteria to determine whether any were useful for separating goiterous nodules from normal thyroid tissue. METHODS FNA specimens from 10 patients with histologically confirmed goiters were compared with bench aspirates from 7 nodular goiters and 9 thyroid specimens that showed no histologic change. The three sets of specimens were scored for 21 cytomorphologic variables, and differences in the frequency of the variables between sets of FNA specimens were recorded. The patient specimens were compared with bench specimens to find differences secondary only to in vivo and in vitro specimen types. These features were excluded from analysis of differences between bench specimens of hyperplastic nodules and normal tissue. RESULTS Cells with feathered cytoplasmic edges occurred with statistically significantly different frequency between bench specimens and patient goiter specimens. Cytomorphologic features that showed differences between FNA specimens from goiters and normal thyroid tissue included the presence of microfollicles, prominent nucleoli, abundant cytoplasm, the number of cells with paravacuolar granules, the presence of Hurthle cells, and the presence of cells with feathered cytoplasmic edges. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicate that there are cytologic differences between FNA specimens from normal thyroid and from goiterous nodules. The presence of Hurthle cells, prominent nucleoli, and cells with abundant cytoplasm favored the diagnosis of nodular goiter, whereas large numbers of cells with paravacuolar granules favored a determination of histologically normal thyroid. These differences may aid in the distinction of normal thyroid tissue from hyperplastic goiters in cytologic specimens obtained by FNA. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2003;99:217–22. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Bradley, William G.: Flow Phenomena in MRI

Magnetic resonance flow phenomena affecting signal intensity of vessels on magnetic resonance images are discussed. “Flow-related enhancement” is due to inflow of unsaturated spins and leads to time of flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). “Even echo rephasing” is the basis for gradient moment nulling or “flow compensation” and set the stage for phase-contrast MRA and flow-measuring techniques such as those used to quantitate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow through the cerebral aqueduct in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). The aqueductal CSF stroke volume from such CSF velocity imaging techniques can help predict which patients will respond to ventriculoperitoneal shunting for NPH. Keywords: MRI flow phenomena; flow-related enhancement; magnetic resonance angiography; CSF velocity imaging; normal pressure hydrocephalus; phase-contrast flow quantification; flow compensation
Modal Insensitivity with Optimality

This paper deals with the design of a constant gain, feedback controller which results in selected modal insensitivity, and at the same time optimizes a quadratic performance index representative of desired system performance for nominal plant parameter values. Both full state and output feedback control are considered. A constraint is established for the feedback gain matrix that results in modal insensitivity, and necessary conditions for optimality subject to this constraint are given. This forms the basis for a numerical algorithm to compute the optimal feedback gain. To illustrate the procedure, a design is carried out using the lateral dynamics of an L-1011 aircraft.
Are multiple art markets rational

We advance and subsequently test the proposition thatmarkets for fine art are rational, namely, that, inthe determination of price, traders make use of allrelevant art historical and critical information, asrevealed by hedonic content analysis, as well as allinformation on authenticity of the works offered forsale. If true, the proposition has consequences forpublic policy. Museums optimize choices among art historicallysignificant authentic paintings distributed asstochastic rare events in the tertiary market for art. Such paintings have few, if any, art historicallyequivalent substitutes, causing the demand for suchworks of art to be extremely inelastic. Museums tendto buy at the top of the information curve; payingprices which exceed market averages for similar art. As a result, society pays the cost of institutionalrisk aversion. In contrast, collectors often purchaseart before all art historical information is complete,and often earn a reward for assuming a risk due toincomplete information (Singer, 1991; Pomerhene, 1994).Collectors who can borrow to accumulate the highestcategory art can consume the services of their artcollection at zero cost. Stochastic transferfunctions fitted to time series of sales volume at thetwo top international auction houses confirm thehypothesis that the highest category of art is a quasisubstitute for financial instruments (liquid wealth).
Droughts, Grain Markets and Food Crisis in Niger

Famines are a common occurrence in the Sahelian region of Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2004, a drought occurred in Niger, resulting in a production shock, higher grain prices and a severe food crisis. Whereas a drought in 2000 resulted in lower per capita grain production relative to 2004, a food crisis did not occur. Similar to the Bangladeshi famine of 1974, the government and the media were quick to blame grain traders for the crisis, arguing that the removal of governmental regulations had led to a market failure during the crisis. Using a dataset that combines information on prices, transaction costs, rainfall, trade flows and food crisis status, we exploit rainfall variation to estimate the impact of drought on grain market performance in Niger during crisis and non-crisis years. Time series tests suggest that grain markets in Niger respond to supply shocks, and that markets are more integrated during drought years. Exploiting the exogenous nature of extreme rainfall in a difference-in-differences framework, we find that drought reduces grain price dispersion across markets. This impact is stronger as a higher percentage of markets are affected by drought, as was the case in 2004/2005. The results suggest that a market failure did not occur in 2005, contrary to media claims. Early warning systems in West Africa should focus on the spatial impact of drought and magnitude of production at the sub-regional level, as well as monitor prices in key forecasting markets. And finally, policies regarding the impact of local purchases and regional trade need to be carefully examined and discussed.
Periodic Density Fluctuation During the Yeast Cell Cycle and the Selection of Synchronous Cultures

Yeast cells undergo periodic fluctuations in density during the cell division cycle such that a minimum in density occurs at the time of cell separation whereas a maximum occurs between the time of deoxyribonucleic acid replication and nuclear division. Synchronous cultures can be selected from asynchronously growing cell cultures by withdrawing the cells of least or greatest density after banding in Renografin-sucrose density gradients. This technique is rapid, reproducible, and almost unlimited in capacity.
Eight Islands on Four Maps: The Cartographic Renegotiation of Hawai'i, 1876–1959

The history of Hawai‘i’s relationship with the United States is marked by continued attempts on the part of the islanders to renegotiate Hawai‘i’s place in the American political imagination. In three separate instances, those efforts took cartographic shape. In 1876, with the Kingdom of Hawai‘i beginning to feel the leading waves of US imperialism, the kingdom sent a modern, scientific map to the Centennial World’s Fair in Philadelphia, making an argument for Hawaiian sovereignty. In 1893, with the question of annexation on the table after the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, haole insurrectionists endorsed a map depicting the islands’ proximity to and reliance on the United States – a map that showed the indigenous Hawaiian peoples as barbarous and unable to rule themselves without Western intervention. And in 1937 the Hawaiian Pineapple Company (Dole) commissioned a tourist map of the territory that sought to tame Hawai‘i in the mainlanders’ imagination even as the islands’ business leaders began their first serious push for statehood. These three maps, set alongside each other, demonstrate a long and contested discussion between the islands and the mainland about how the United States understood Hawai‘i and Pacific politics: a cartographic conversation that remained thematically consistent across multiple iterations of Hawaiian governments. RESUME: L’histoire de la relation d’Hawai avec les Etats-Unis est marquee par de continuelles tentatives des insulaires de renegocier la place d’Hawai dans l’imaginaire politique americain. En trois occasions distinctes, ces efforts se sont traduits dans le domaine de la cartographie. En 1876, le Royaume d’Hawai, commencant a ressentir les premieres vagues de l’imperialisme americain, a envoye une carte moderne scientifique a l’Exposition mondiale du centenaire a Philadelphie, y presentant un argument en faveur de la souverainete d’Hawai. En 1893, la question de l’annexion etant sur la table apres le renversement de la monarchie hawaienne, les insurges haole ont enterine une carte decrivant la proximite de l’ile et sa dependance des Etats-Unis – une carte illustrant que les gens d’Hawai etaient des barbares, incapables de se gouverner sans l’intervention de l’Occident. Et en 1937, la Hawaiian Pineapple Company (Dole) a commande une carte touristique du territoire tentant d’integrer Hawai dans l’imaginaire des americains continentaux a l’epoque meme ou les chefs d’entreprise de l’ile amorcaient leur premiere tentative serieuse de faire de l’ile un Etat. Ces trois cartes, mises cote a cote, illustrent un debat long et conteste entre les iles et le continent sur la facon dont les Etats-Unis percevaient la politique d’Hawai et du Pacifique : une conversation cartographique qui est demeuree thematiquement constante malgre les multiples iterations des gouvernements d’Hawai.
Case 3: Why Were 116 Patients Excluded?

In Case 2, you learned to always consider the multiple causes that can change a clinical outcome. In the end in Case 2, there were no results to write about. So what would you do when faced with this dilemma? Give up or start again?
Infection of Onion Leaves by Pantoea ananatis Leads to Bulb Infection

Pantoea ananatis has been identified as a cause of center rot of onion. In the field, onion leaves can become infected with P. ananatis and lead to leaf blight. Infected bulbs often are detected only after harvest; however, it has not been demonstrated experimentally that leaf infection by P. ananatis can lead to bulb infection. In this study, onion leaf infection by P. ananatis leading to bulb infection was investigated. Of 18 strains of P. ananatis isolated from symptomatic onion bulbs grown in New York, 14 were pathogenic in bulb and leaf tissue. Pathogenic strains of P. ananatis caused nonmacerated, yellow-brown coloration in fleshy bulb scales following inoculation of bulbs and incubation for 2 days at 28°C. Subepidermal inoculation of onion leaves with pathogenic strains of P. ananatis resulted in gray-white foliar lesions that extended acropetally and basipetally from the points of inoculation. In all, 16% of leaf lesions extended to the onion neck and 11% continued into the bulbs, which developed nonmacerated, yellow-brown scales. Bacteria recovered from the leading edges of lesions had microbiological and molecular characteristics of P. ananatis. This is the first experimental evidence that infection of onion leaves by P. ananatis can lead to bulb infection.