cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of low velocity superconducting accelerating structures using quarter-wavelength resonant lines

Abstract The physical and practical parameters affecting the performance of low velocity superconducting structures are reviewed and formulas for the properties of the resonators are given. Procedures to optimize the performance of the structures in terms of the properties of superconducting surfaces are presented.
Optimal control of a competitive system with age-structure

We investigate optimal control of a first order partial differential equation (PDE) system representing a competitive population model with age structure. The controls are the proportions of the populations to be harvested, and the objective functional represents the profit from harvesting. The existence and unique characterization of the optimal control pair are established.
The prejudice against Native American drama from 1778 to 1830

Although historians have frequently asserted that American theatre audiences, managers, and critics were prejudiced against native drama during the early nineteenth century, these assertions have often been inadequately supported. A reappraisal of contemporary sources suggests that prejudice began to develop about 1800 and reached its peak just prior to the War of 1812. After the war this prejudice gradually subsided.
Finite element formulation of the vorticity-stream function form of the incompressible Euler equations on multiply-connected domains

Abstract A proper finite element formulation is derived for the vorticity-stream function form of the incompressible Euler equations on two-dimensional multiply-connected domains. The formulation includes the variational equation needed for determining the value of the stream function at the internal boundaries.
Divided visual attention in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders

Abstract Although learning and physiological studies have suggested that criminal psychopaths are characterized by excessive selective attention, divided attention studies have demonstrated deficits suggesting inadequate breadth of attention but not reduced attention to explicit secondary contingencies. Divided attention studies also suggest poorer information-processing in psychopaths given left hemisphere activation regardless of selective attention. To provide more powerful tests of these hypotheses, 129 righthanded male inmates, assessed by Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Hare, 1985), completed a divided visual field task with two lateralized stimuli per trial under conditions promoting attention relatively focused on one of the tasks or equally divided between the two tasks. Under focusing conditions promoting left hemisphere activation, psychopaths misclassified more secondary task and marginally more primary task targets than nonpsychopaths. Psychopaths also overresponded to distractors on both tasks under focusing conditions, replicating reduced breadth of attention but not inattention to secondary targets. However, no performance deficits were evident under equally divided attention conditions. Regressions indicated that both empirically validated dimensions of psychopathy contributed to observed deficits. Reduced breadth of attention under focusing conditions and cognitive deficits given left hemisphere activation appear viable explanations of psychopaths' performance deficits.
The effect of age on glial fibrillary acidic protein RNA induction by fimbria/fornix transection in the mouse brain

To better understand how age affects astrocytic responses to terminal degeneration within the hippocampus, unilateral fimbria/fornix transections were performed on 3-, 14-, and 23-month-old male mice. GFAP RNA was examined, using in situ hybridization, in 2, 5, and 10 days post-lesion animals as well as unlesioned controls. Analysis of autoradiographs revealed an increased signal in the ipsilateral hippocampus 2 days post-lesion in the 3-month-old group and an increased signal in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampi in the 14-month-old age group. Between 2 and 5 days post-lesion the 3-month-old group returned to control levels, the 14-month-old group remained at the same elevated level, and the 23-month-old group increased to a level greater than the 3-or 14-month-old groups attained. By 10 days post-lesion the 14-month-old group had returned to control levels. In the transected striatum, GFAP RNA signal increased in all three age groups by 2 days post-lesion but only on the ipsilateral side. Between 2 and 5 days post-lesion the 3-and 14-month-old groups remained at the same level whereas the 23-month-old group continued to increase. Since an increase in GFAP RNA is associated with reactive gliosis, this study demonstrates that older animals have an increased astrocytic response to neuronal injury compared to younger animals. This increased astrocytic response may in turn affect neuronal survival, regeneration, sprouting, and functional recovery in the aged mouse brain.
An integral equation for the transient response of a stratified magnetoplasma

The problem of finding the transient response of a cold plasma half space to an impulsive plane wave at vertical incidence is considered. The electron density of the plasma is allowed to vary arbitrarily with the vertical coordinate; and the effects of a vertical magnetic field and losses are included in the analysis. The impulse response is formulated in terms of a time-dependent integral equation by extending previous results obtained via a multiple-scattering technique. As an example of this method numerical results are presented for the special case of reflection from a linear plasma half space.
Useless prime implicants of incompletely specified multiple-output switching functions

In the process of finding a minimal sum representation for an incompletely specified multiple-output switching function, there often occur certain types of prime implicants, referred to as useless, which can be discarded because of the presence of the “don't-cares.” This paper presents a correction to the definition of useless given by Tison and extends the definition to other notations. A procedure for removing useless prime implicants quickly is presented for the case when multiple-output prime implicants are derived from minterms. The deletion of useless prime implicants can, in many cases, speed up any procedure for finding a minimal sum that begins with the multiple-output prime implicants in both hand calculation and in computer implementation.
Economic value of riparian ecosystems: an attribute-based conjoint analysis

Ecosystems play a vital role in achieving development goals and provide services of high value. Riparian ecosystems provide multiple ecosystem services that are vital to biotic, abiotic, and economic health of a region. An assessment of their economic value is important for conservation policy. This study uses a multi-attribute method to quantify relative values of riparian attributes. The conjoint analysis incorporates three riparian ecosystem management scenarios and was implemented through an online survey. A logistic regression is used to estimate marginal willingness to pay for changes in attribute levels. Economic variables were dominant in influencing riparian values compared to biophysical attributes. Recreation, tax incentives, jobs, and respondent income are statistically significant in influencing preferences to protect riparian ecosystems but riparian zone width, water clarity and species richness were not. The values of the recreation attribute, job creation from riparian protection were found significant. A tax rebate for households would be needed to gain support for a greater riparian ecosystem protection.
A Review of Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measures in Stroke

The objective of this review was to evaluate health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) measures for use with patients with stroke. HR-QOL measures are increasingly used for assessment in many health conditions; these measures may serve an important role in evaluating the impact of stroke and of stroke interventions. HR-QOL measures used in patients with stroke should: (i) cover the domains of HR-QOL that may be affected by stroke; (ii) have administration characteristics suitable for use in patients with stroke; and (iii) have undergone reliability and validity assessment in patients with stroke. The present study evaluates HR-QOL measures with reference to these requirements. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify and evaluate HR-QOL measures of potential use in studies of patients with stroke. Identified measures were assessed with regard to stroke-relevant domains covered, measure characteristics (e.g. self-administration versus administration by an interviewer, interviewer time to complete) and psychometric properties of reliability and validity. The measures evaluated vary widely on domains covered, and limited assessment of the performance of HR-QOL measures has been conducted in patients with stroke. No existing measure comprehensively covers all relevant domains or addresses fully the issues of obtaining and combining HR-QOL assessments in patients and proxies in many stroke populations. Additional psychometric testing in stroke populations is needed for existing HR-QOL measures. In addition, stroke-targeted HR-QOL measures need to be developed and evaluated with patients with stroke.
Epitaxial Growth of Silicon on CoSi2 (001)/Si (001)

Epitaxial Si layers have been grown under a variety of growth conditions on CoSi2 (001) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The structural properties of the Si overgrowth were studied by in-situ Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED), as well as ex-situ MeV4He+ ion channeling and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). Strong influences of the CoSi2 surface reconstruction on the Si overgrowth have been observed. RHEED studies show islanding growth of Si on the CoSi2 (001) (3/√2 × √2)R45 reconstructed surface, but smooth growth of Si on the CoSi2 (001) {√2 × √2)R45 reconstructed surface, under the same growth conditions. The growth of Si on thin layers of CoSi2 (2nm-6nm) with (√2 × √2)R45 reconstructed surface at 460°C results in high crystalline quality for the Si top layer, as indicated by good channeling minimum yield (Xmin < 6%), but cross-sectional TEM shows that the CoSi2 layers are discontinuous. We also report preliminary results on Si grown on a 2 × 2 reconstructed CoSi2 (001) surface.
Amino Acid Requirements in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury Treated with Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients is often a complication of an underlying condition such as organ failure, sepsis, or drug therapy. In these patients, stress-induced hypercatabolism results in loss of body cell mass. Unless nutrition support is provided, malnutrition and negative nitrogen balance may ensue. Because of metabolic, fluid, and electrolyte abnormalities, optimization of nutrition to patients with acute kidney injury presents a challenge to the clinician. In patients treated with conventional intermittent hemodialysis, achieving adequate amino acid intake can be limited by azotemia and fluid restriction. With the use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), however, better control of azotemia and liberalization of fluid intake allow amino acid intake to be maximized to support the patient's metabolic needs. High amino acid doses up to 2.5 g/kg/day in patients treated with CRRT improved nitrogen balance. However, to our knowledge, no studies have correlated increased amino acid intake with improved outcomes in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Data from large, prospective, randomized, controlled trials are needed to optimize the dosing of amino acids in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury who are treated with CRRT and to study the safety of high doses and their effects on patient morbidity and survival.
Changes in ambient temperature differentially alter the thermoregulatory, cardiac and locomotor stimulant effects of 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone)☆

Abstract Background The substituted cathinone compound known as mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; 4-MMC) has become popular with recreational users of psychomotor-stimulant compounds. Only recently have the first preclinical studies provided information about this drug in the scientific literature; nevertheless, media reports have led to drug control actions in the UK and across several US states. Rodent studies indicate that 4-MMC exhibits neuropharmacological similarity to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and prompt investigation of the thermoregulatory, cardiac and locomotor effects of 4-MMC. This study focuses on the role of ambient temperature, which has been shown to shift the effects of MDMA from hyper thermic to hypo thermic. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were monitored after subcutaneous administration of 4-MMC (1.0–5.6 mg/kg) using an implantable radiotelemetry system under conditions of low (20 °C) and high (30 °C) ambient temperature. Results A pharmacokinetic study found a T max of 0.25 h and a C max of 1206 ng/ml after 5.6 mg/kg 4-MMC. A dose-dependent reduction of body temperature was produced by 4-MMC at 20 °C but there was no temperature change at 30 °C. Increased locomotor activity was observed after 4-MMC administration under both ambient temperatures, however, significantly more activity was observed at 30 °C. Heart rate was slowed by 1.0 and 5.6 mg/kg 4-MMC at 20 °C, and was slower in the 30 °C vs. 20 °C condition across all treatments. Conclusion These results show that the cathinone analog 4-MMC exhibits in vivo thermoregulatory properties that are distinct from those produced by MDMA.
Intensity of Diffraction of Electrons by ZnO

Electron diffraction patterns of ZnO powder have been obtained in the range from 10 to 80 kv by using two types of camera. The intensity distribution has been determined photographically and shows marked deviations from the intensity distribution of the corresponding x-ray pattern. It has been shown that these deviations are not due to impurities, difference in structure due to methods of preparation, coincidences with another form of ZnO, or due to preferred orientation. The scattering as a function of $sin (\frac{\ensuremath{\theta}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}})$ is discussed on the basis of additional surface reflection, dynamic reflection and refraction of the electrons, and it is found that also these effects cannot account for the anomalous intensity distribution. Complete agreement between experimental and calculated curves for the scattering factor is obtained by assuming a distortion of the electron cloud ($M$ shell of the zinc and $L$ shell of oxygen) resulting in a different parameter for the distance Zn nucleus---oxygen nucleus, and Zn electrons-oxygen electrons. The resulting structure factor has the form $S=Z(\mathrm{Zn})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{F}_{n, l}(\mathrm{Zn}){e}^{2\ensuremath{\pi}i{a}_{n},{e}^{l}}+Z(\mathrm{O}){e}^{2\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{iql}}\ensuremath{-}{F}_{n, l}(\mathrm{O}){e}^{2\ensuremath{\pi}i{(q+{b}_{n},e)}^{l}}.$
Schooling, Language, and Knowledge in Literate and Nonliterate Societies

The relationships among schooling, language, and knowledge—especially through the systematic comparison of the organization, form, function, and acquisition of institutionalized knowledge—in literate and nonliterate societies has hardly been examined. This essay attempts such an analysis, focusing on knowledge acquired through the use of language, because language is the major medium for imparting knowledge in schools and for social reproduction in the larger society, because knowledge acquired through the use of language is readily identifiable and testable, and because language is one of the major terms of the present analysis. The proposed elastic concept of schooling views schooling as a cover term for institutionalized learning in any society, literate or nonliterate. It thus questions the analytical adequacy of the received, Euro-American, concept of schooling as a unitary phenomenon based on the dual assumption that the school specializes in the transmission of literate knowledge and that literacy education is coterminous with formal education.
Everything We Do Is A Celebration of You! : Pleasant Company Constructs American Girlhood

The American Girl (AG) collection is an enormously successful line of girls merchandise that includes dolls, books, and accessories. Through mail-order catalogs, AG has become a part of the cultural universe of young girls in the United States. We examined the dolls, books, accouterments, and catalogs as texts and, therefore, sites of cultural construction, attempting to uncover the ways in which nationality, history, race/ethnicity, consumerism, and gender are immersed in these products. Our study underscores how the AG dolls and products render the world for its young consumers. This rendering is not innocent. Inclusions, exclusions, and hierarchies are naturalized, offering a particular view of race, gender, and the imagined community that is embedded in social practices and power relations that help determine our ways of seeing and imagining from a very young age.
Measurement of auroral Birkeland currents

Results are presented for measurements of the auroral current made with a rocket-borne experiment over Fort Churchill, Canada, during the February-May period in 1968. On the upward leg of the rocket flight there were detected a westward auroral current of 10,000 A near 96 km altitude and two oppositely directed Birkeland currents of about 0.00005 A per sq m at about 160 km altitude. On the downward leg there were revealed a westward filament of current of about 0.0008 A per sq m at about 220 km altitude, two oppositely directed Birkeland sheet currents of about 0.00014 A per sq m at about 230 km altitude, and two oppositely directed Birkeland currents of about 0.00007 A per sq m which fed a westward auroral electrojet of about 0.0010 A per sq m at about 100 km altitude and were associated with a bright rayed arc. A reversal in the Birkeland current system near midnight was also observed. These observations are probably manifestations of the complex nature of small-scale currents associated with complicated auroral forms.
Optical Identification of the 12.28-eV Quadrupole Transition in Molecular Nitrogen

Optical identification of 12.28 ev quadrupole transition in far UV absorption spectrum of molecular nitrogen
The metabolism of benz[a]anthracene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene and their related “K-region” epoxides, cis-dihydrodiols and phenols by hamster embryo cells

Abstract The nature of some of the metabolites present in the cell media from hamster embryo cells that had been grown in the presence of benz[a]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and their related K-region epoxides, phenols and cis -dihydrodiols has been investigated. Small amounts of phenols, dihydrodiols and unidentified water-soluble metabolites were detected in the media from the incubations with the hydrocarbons. Benz[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide yielded mainly the related dihydrodiol, whereas dibenz-[a,h]anthracene 5,6-oxide yielded mainly the related phenol and only small amounts of the dihydrodiol. The “K-region” phenols were metabolized to a small extent and both they and the epoxides yielded unidentified water-soluble metabolites. Much of the cis -dihydrodiols were recovered unchanged from the cell media, whereas with the other substrates large proportions of the material originally added to the media were not present in the media at the end of the incubation periods. These results are discussed in relation to those obtained in an examination of the levels of binding of the substrates to the protein, DNA and RNA of the cells that had been grown in the media.
Epidemiology of Asthma Hospitalizations Among American Indian and Alaska Native People and the General United States Population

BACKGROUND Asthma, a common chronic disease among adults and children in the United States, results in nearly one-half million hospitalizations annually. There has been no evaluation of asthma hospitalizations for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people since a previous study using data for 1988-2002. In this study, we describe the epidemiology and trends for asthma hospitalizations among AI/AN people and the general US population for 2003-2011. METHODS Hospital discharge records with a first-listed diagnosis of asthma for 2003-2011 were examined for AI/AN people, using Indian Health Service (IHS) data, and for the general US population, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Average annual crude and age-adjusted hospitalization rates were calculated. RESULTS The average annual asthma hospitalization rates for AI/AN people and the general US population decreased from 2003-2005 to 2009-2011 (32% and 11% [SE, 3%], respectively). The average annual age-adjusted rate for 2009-2011 was lower for AI/AN people (7.6 per 10,000 population) compared with the general US population (13.2 per 10,000; 95% CI, 12.8-13.6). Age-specific AI/AN rates were highest among infants and children 1 to 4 years of age. IHS regional rates declined in all regions except Alaska. CONCLUSIONS Asthma hospitalization rates are decreasing for AI/AN people and the general US population despite increasing prevalence rates. AI/AN people experienced a substantially lower age-adjusted asthma hospitalization rate compared with the general US population. Although the rates for AI/AN infants and children 1 to 4 years of age have declined substantially, they remain higher compared with other age groups. Improved disease management and awareness should help to further decrease asthma hospitalizations, particularly among young children.
Normal Function of the Cone Visual System Requires the Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein (IRBP)

An adequate supply of 11-cis retinal is essential to the normal function and survival of photoreceptors. Rods and cones are activated when light isomerizes 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, and continuous function requires the recycling of all-trans photoproducts back into 11-cis retinal. Cones mediate color vision and are the daytime photoreceptors most important for human vision, and their ability to function in constant light may be linked to a novel cone-specific visual cycle. The interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) is a proposed retinoid transporter in the visual cycle, but retinoid metabolism in the rods of Irbp-/- mice is surprisingly normal. Our goal was to analyze the cone population in Irbp-/- mice and explore IRBP's contribution to normal cone function. Irbp-/- mice have cone densities equivalent to C57Bl/6 (WT) and express normal levels of cone opsins. However, cone function measured by electroretinogram (ERG) is reduced in Irbp-/- mice. Because a visual cycle disruptions could result in an 11-cis retinoid deficiency, cone ERGs were measured in Irbp-/- mice before and after injections of 9-cis retinal. Treatment with 9-cis retinal rescued the cone response in Irbp-/- mice, but had no effect on Irbp-/- rods or WT responses. These data show that the absence of IRBP results in an 11-cis retinal deficiency for cones but not rods and indicate that IRBP is essential to normal cone function.
Optimization of a coherent soft x-ray beamline for coherent scattering experiments at NSLS-II

The coherent soft x-ray and full polarization control (CSX) beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source - II (NSLS-II) will deliver 1013 coherent photons per second in the energy range of 0.2-2 keV with a resolving power of 2000. The source, a dual elliptically polarizing undulator (EPU), and beamline optics should be optimized to deliver the highest possible coherent flux in a 10-30 μm spot for use in coherent scattering experiments. Using the computer code Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW), we simulate the photon source and focusing optics in order to investigate the conditions which provide the highest usable coherent intensity on the sample. In particular, we find that an intermediate phasing magnet is needed to correct for the relative phase between the two EPUs and that the optimum phase setting produces a spectrum in which the desired wavelength is slightly red-shifted thus requiring a larger aperture than originally anticipated. This setting is distinct from that which produces an on-axis spectrum similar to a single long undulator. Furthermore, partial coherence calculations, utilizing a multiple electron approach, indicate that a high degree of spatial coherence is still obtained at the sample location when such an aperture is used. The aperture size which maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio of a double-slit experiment is explored. This combination of high coherence and intensity is ideally suited for x-ray ptychography experiments which reconstruct the scattering density from micro-diffraction patterns. This technique is briefly reviewed and the effects on the image quality of proximity to the beamline focus are explored.
Summertime Storage of Alfalfa Hay in the Irrigated Sonoran Desert Affects Hay Quality

To quantify the effects of hot summertime temperatures on stored alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) hay in the irrigated Sonoran Desert, we baled alfalfa in late May of 1993 at three distinct areas of the Sonoran Desert and stored the hay for 20 wk. The three locations were: University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, Colorado River Indian Tribes Reservation, and next to the Autonomous University of Baja California agriculture schooL At each location baled hay was allocated to four storage treatments: air conditioned room with a constant temperature of 80°F (COOL), outside under a roofed building open on two sides, with the bales protected from both sunlight and precipitation (SHADE), outside without any protection (SUN), and outside with stacks covered by a grey plastic tarp (TARP). Weekly hay core samples from each treatment and from each location were subjected to the following chemical analyses: dry matter (DM), Kjeldahl N, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and ash. Maximum bale temperatures of SHADE bales were 100 to 105°F, while SUN and TARP bales heated to maximum temperatures greater than 130°F. At the end of the 20 wk storage period, COOL bales had 83% DM, SHADE bales 92%, TARP bales 90%, and SUN bales had dried to 95% DM. Treatment affected (P 0.05 ), although the TARP treatment may provide extra protection from infrequent and scant rainfall, protect the bales from bleaching, and reduce excessive bale moisture loss.
Evacuees’ reentry concerns and experiences in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike

Managing evacuees’ reentry into their communities after an evacuation can be a major challenge for emergency managers, especially in instances when evacuees return before the official all-clear message. Despite the frequency of post-evacuation reentry into evacuated areas, there have been few studies of this process and the issues returnees expect and experience during the return phase. A survey of evacuees after Hurricane Ike indicates that household compliance with reentry plans was low, with only a minority of returnees (38 %) complying with official reentry plans. An examination of reentry concerns shows that minority ethnicity, lower education, and lower income were associated with higher levels of reentry concerns and, to a lesser extent, with problems experienced after returning. Results also indicate that none of the demographic variables correlated significantly with compliance with official reentry plans and only higher income predicted later entry. However, concerns about reentry traffic predicted earlier reentry and concern about physical risk was related to reentry plan compliance. This study provides insight into the concerns that motivate households’ reentry decisions and can inform the creation of return strategies that account for people’s concerns about their hurricane-impacted communities.
A comparison of the structures of lean and rich axisymmetric laminar Bunsen flames: application of local rectangular refinement solution-adaptive gridding

Axisymmetric laminar methane–air Bunsen flames are computed for two equivalence ratios: lean (Φ=0.776), in which the traditional Bunsen cone forms above the burner; and rich (Φ=1.243), in which the premixed Bunsen cone is accompanied by a diffusion flame halo located further downstream. Because the extremely large gradients at premixed flame fronts greatly exceed those in diffusion flames, their resolution requires a more sophisticated adaptive numerical method than those ordinarily applied to diffusion flames. The local rectangular refinement (LRR) solution-adaptive gridding method produces robust unstructured rectangular grids, utilizes multiple-scale finite-difference discretizations, and incorporates Newton's method to solve elliptic partial differential equation systems simultaneously. The LRR method is applied to the vorticity–velocity formulation of the fully elliptic governing equations, in conjunction with detailed chemistry, multicomponent transport and an optically-thin radiation model. The com...
LVQ Based DOA Estimation

In this paper we present a Linear Vector Quantization (LVQ) neural network approach to estimate Direction of Arrivals (DOA) of narrowband sources. It is shown that appropriately trained LVQ networks along with a specific postprocessing scheme can successfully be used for DOA estimation purposes. We take advantage of the execution speed of LVQ algorithm to accurately classify an incoming signal on a uniform linear antenna array with unknown source location in a reference class chosen among a set of predefined classes. DOA estimation is made through a multistage process that avoids complex and time-consuming eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) calculations used in the classical subspace based estimation methods, MUSIC and ESPRIT. An accurate DOA estimation method that can accommodate high rates of neural networks classification errors and suitable for real-time applications is demonstrated with system performances that are in good agreement with high-resolution subspace based models.
"That usability course": what technical communication programs get wrong about usability and how to fix it

The approach to usability adopted by many technical communication programs often conceptually separates usability from other subject matter areas and places it at the tail-end of a project. Such an approach creates conceptual barriers with regard to how usability fits in a design project. As a result, students do not engage in the critical work of designing and testing iteratively in the formative phase of a product. We should broaden usability into user experience, enable students to see user experience as an iterative and agile process, and provide in-depth knowledge of user research methods.
The effect of collagenase-inhibitor complexes on collagenolytic activity of normal and inflamed gingival tissue.

. The effect of serum inhibitors on determinations of collagenolytic activity in culture fluids of healthy (G.I.=0) and mildly inflamed (G.I.=1) gingival tissue was studied. Gingival biopsies obtained at the beginning of the experimental gingivitis period (G.I.=0) and after approximately three weeks of no oral hygiene (G.I.=1) were subjected to tissue culture procedures previously utilized for the determination of collagenolytic activity. Inhibition of collagenase activity was evaluated by denaturing scrum inhibitors retained in culture fluid with sodium thiocyanate or by adding culture fluid from normal and inflamed tissues to a partially purified collagenase preparation. A decrease in collagenolytic activity was consistently demonstrable in untreated culture fluids of gingival tissue manifesting G.I.=1 as compared lo those exhibiting G.I.=0. When enzyme containing culture fluids were treated with NaSCN. however, no essential difference was detected. While culture fluids from healthy gingiva showed no inhibition of partially purified collagenase, culture fluids from tissues manifesting mild inflammation inhibited enzyme activity by approximately 60 %. A number of cell types associated with the periodontium have the ability to produce a specific collagenase. The results of this investigation suggest, however, that in vitro determinations of collagenolytic activity in culture fluids of normal and inflamed tissues may be influenced by specific scrum inhibitors.
Pathways to Anxiety: Contributions of Attachment History, Temperament, Peer Competence, and Ability to Manage Intense Emotions

This longitudinal study tested whether associations between early attachment history and temperament and later anxiety symptoms are direct, or are indirect and explained by children’s competencies in regulating emotions and relating to peers. Attachment patterns (secure, avoidant, preoccupied, disorganized) were assessed at 15 and 36 months, and temperament (negative emotionality—NE, Shyness) was assessed at 54 months. Peer competence (PC) and the ability to manage intense emotions were assessed at early school age, and anxiety symptoms in preadolescence. Both attachment history and temperament predicted anxiety. PC mediated the relations of security and disorganization with anxiety, and the ability to manage intense emotions mediated the relation between security and anxiety. PC also mediated the relations of NE and shyness with anxiety, and the ability to manage intense emotions mediated the relation of NE with anxiety. The findings highlight specific mechanisms that may contribute to the development of anxiety.
Association of Head Circumference and Shoulder Dystocia in Macrosomic Neonates

To determine whether asymmetric macrosomia (disproportionately large body size in comparison to head circumference) could be demonstrated in a population of infants suffering shoulder dystocia during delivery relative to those that did not suffer from shoulder dystocia. A case–control study was conducted as a retrospective chart review over 3 years at a large maternity hospital in an urban setting. Among infants over 4,000 g, those that suffered from shoulder dystocia during delivery had a smaller mean head circumference than infants of a similar size that did not suffer from shoulder dystocia. A statistically significant difference was also present when cases of documented gestational diabetes were excluded. Asymmetric macrosomia is more likely to be present in a population of infants who suffered shoulder dystocia during delivery. This knowledge could be used in designing tools to predict which pregnancies are at highest risk for shoulder dystocia during delivery.
Thermal characteristics of oleochemical carbonate binary mixtures for potential latent heat storage

The thermal properties for binary mixtures at various weight fraction ratios between dodecyl carbonate (1a), tetradecyl carbonate (1b), hexadecyl carbonate (1c), and octadecyl carbonate (1d) were examined by DSC at 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0°C/min. At 5°C/min sharp well defined phase transitions were observed at 80:20, 88:12, and 90:10, for 1a:(1b, 1c, and 1d), respectively, at 74:26 and 80:20 for 1b:(1c, and 1d), respectively, and at 82.5:17 for 1c:1d. The melting and solidification temperatures for these mixtures ranged between 12–37°C (melting) and 8–34°C (solidification). The latent heat of melting and solidification determined for the binary carbonate mixtures ranged between 135 and 175 J/g. At 0.5 or 1.0°C/min, mixtures of 1a:(1b, 1c, and 1d) and 1b:1d melted and solidified similarly when run at 5°C/min while the melting curves for 1b:1c and 1c:1d were not as well defined. These carbonate mixtures extend the thermal properties of the pure oleochemical carbonates and compliment other biobased phase change materials (PCMs) substances such as fatty acids, esters, and alcohols and may provide useful biobased alternatives to paraffin wax and salt hydrate PCM currently dominating the market.
Trends in Defamation Law: Let the Advisor Beware

When students sue t he institution, most ground their suits on theories of contract or due process. The terms of the contract between the student and the institution are typically found in its handbook or bulletin. Also, because a formal contract is rarely prepared, additional terms of the contract may be implied by custom and usage. Students at state -supported institutions often ground their suits on allegations of a denial of constitutionally mandated due process in addition to claims of breach of contract. These students claim that the institution took action against them, either academic or disciplinary in nature, without first according them certain procedures to insure fairness (King &
Interleukin (IL)-12-Driven Primary Hypothyroidism: the Contrasting Roles of Two Th1 Cytokines (IL-12 and Interferon-γ)

IL-12, a prototypic T helper 1 cytokine, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but reported to give conflicting results in murine models of lymphocytic thyroiditis. To determine the effects of chronic, local production of IL-12 within the thyroid gland, we created transgenic mice that express IL-12 p70 under the transcriptional control of the thyroglobulin promoter. Transgenics developed growth retardation, moderate primary hypothyroidism, and mild lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland. The hypothyroidism was associated with increased mRNA levels of the sodium-iodide symporter, an increase partly due to a direct effect of IL-12 on the thyrocyte. Upon immunization with a suboptimal dose of mouse thyroglobulin, IL-12 transgenic mice developed a lymphocytic thyroiditis that was more frequent and severe than that observed in wild-type littermates. The disease-promoting effect of IL-12 was independent of interferon-gamma, as shown by the similar interferon-gamma levels in transgenics and controls. These findings highlight the contrasting roles of two T helper 1 cytokines and report a novel role of IL-12 on thyroid hormonogenesis.
Conformal radiation therapy treatment planning reduces the dose to the optic structures for patients with tumors of the paranasal sinuses.

Abstract Purpose : Compare dose distributions of traditional versus conformal beam orientations in paranasal sinus malignancies. Materials and methods : Maximum normal tissue doses, dose volume histograms (DVH), normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP), and the percentage of each normal tissue receiving > 80% of the average target dose (V80) were calculated. Results/Conclusions : Conformal planning reduced the V80 to the optic nerves and chiasm as well as the normal tissue maximum doses to the ipsilateral and contralateral optic nerves and chiasm, and mean NTCPs.
Cardiovascular and Sympathetic Effects of Leptin

Several studies have shown the association between obesity and hypertension. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of obesity-related hypertension remain unknown. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that obesity is associated with enhanced sympathetic nervous activity. Thus, sympathetic nerve activation seems to play a major role in obesity-associated hypertension. However, the factors responsible for this sympathoactivation have not been identified. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that promotes weight loss by reducing appetite and food intake and by increasing energy expenditure through sympathetic stimulation to brown adipose tissue. Leptin also produces sympathoactivation to kidneys, hindlimb, and adrenal glands, indicating that the obesity-associated increase in sympathetic nerve activity could be due in part to these sympathetic effects of leptin. However, obesity is associated with leptin resistance, since high circulating levels of leptin were observed in obese subjects. Recent evidences indicate that this leptin resistance could be selective with preservation of sympathetic effects despite the loss of metabolic action of leptin. This suggests divergent central pathways underlying metabolic and sympathetic effects of leptin. Several neuropeptides have emerged as potent candidate mediators of leptin action in the central nervous system, including the melanocortin system, neuropeptide Y, and cortico-trophin releasing factor. A detailed understanding of the multitude and complexity of integrated neuronal circuits and neuropeptide-containing pathways in leptin action will help in understanding the pathogenesis of obesity and related disorders.
Precise Determination of Cadmium, Indium and Tellurium Using Multiple Collector ICP‐MS

New sample preparation and ion-exchange separation methods as well as instrumental measurement protocols were established for the determination of trace-level Cd, In, and Te concentrations in geological materials by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. High precision isotope ratio measurements were performed with a multiple collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS). The mass biases incurred for In and Te were corrected by adding and monitoring Pd and Sb standard solutions, respectively. Mass fractionation of Cd was corrected by using the mass fractionation factor calculated from the measurement of a standard solution. The measurement precision was better than 1 % for Cd, In and Te. Detection limits were < 1 ng g-1 for Cd, < 0.02 ng g-1 for In and Te. Using these new analytical techniques, the concentrations of Cd, In and Te were determined in six international geological reference materials. Concentrations could be reproduced within 3% for Cd, 4% for In and 10% for Te. Sample heterogeneity and volatility problems might have been the reason for the relatively large differences between Te replicates. Our results displayed excellent reproducibility compared with those of other techniques and agree well with data from previously published recommended values. Une nouvelle methode de preparation des echantillons et de separation sur resine echangeuse d'ion, ainsi que de nouveaux protocoles instrumentaux d'analyse ont ete mis au point pour la determination de tres faibles quantites de Cd, In et Te dans des materiaux geologiques par dilution isotopique. La mesure tres precise des rapports isotopiques a ete realisee avec un ICP-MS a multicollection. Le biais de masse pour In et Te a ete corrige en ajoutant des solutions standards de Pd et Sb. Le fractionnement de masse du Cd a ete corrige en utilisant le coefficient de fractionnement calculea partir de la mesure d'une solution standard. La precision des mesures est inferieure a 1% pour Cd, In et Te. Les limites de detection sont < 1 ng g-1 pour Cd, < 0.02 ng g-1 pour In et Te. Avec ces nouvelles techniques analytiques, nous avons mesure les concentrations en Cd, In et Te dans six materiaux geologiques de reference. La reproductibilite des valeurs est de l'ordre de 3% pour Cd, 4% pour In et 10% pour Te. Des problemes d'heterogeneite des echantillons et de volatilite de l'element pourraient expliquer les differences relativement grandes entre les replicats de Te. Nos resultats presentent une excellente reproductibilite si on les compare avec ceux obtenus par d'autres techniques et sont en parfait accord avec les valeurs recommandees deja publiees.
The Decomposition equilibria of platinum di- and mono-chlorides by the simultaneous torque-knudsen technique

The decomposition equilibria of platinum dichloride have been found to consist of two decomposition steps, with chlorine molecules being the vapor species for both steps. An intermediate metastable PtCl solid is formed in the first step in addition to platinum metal and chlorine molecules. The platinum dichloride decomposes incongruently, the stepwise decomposition being PtCl2 → PtCl → Pt. The PtCl2 decomposition reactions consist of PtCl2(s) = PtCl (metastables) + 1/2 Cl2 (g) and PtCl2(s) = Pt(s) + Cl2 (g). The sum of the third lawΔH D, 298 K for the above two reactions is 214.637 ± 1.963 kJ/mole, in very good agreement with the second law ΔHD, 298 K = 215.107 ± 13.062 kJ/mole. The second decomposition step is given by the reaction 2PtCl (metastables) = 2Pt(s) + Cl2 (g) with a third law ΔHD, 298 K = 127.356 ± 0.791 kJ/mole, in excellent agreement with the second law ΔHD, 298 K = 127.509 ± 6.154 kJ/mole. The calculated heat of formation of PtCl2 is -139 ± 2 kJ/mole and that of PtCl is -63 ± 1 kJ/mole.
A random stacking process

We examine a generalization of one-dimensional random walks with one reflecting and one absorbing boundary, in which a range of strategies is available, and the goal is to avoid absorption for as long as possible; we show a sharp threshold for the walk parameter separating linear and exponential expected walk times.
644 EFFECT OF METOCLOPRAMIDE (MC) ON FALTERING MILK PRODUCTION BY MOTHERS OF PREMATURE INFANTS

MC treatment has been shown to augment milk production and stimulate prolactin (PRL) secretion in women who develop defective lactation after a full-term normal delivery. We have studied the effect of oral MC treatment in 7 women who had delivered premature infants (BW 1127±191 gm, GA 29.0±1.5 wk, mean ± SE) and who were having difficulty maintaining lactation by regular milk expression with an electric and/or hand pump. Each woman had noted a gradual decrease in the total daily volume of expressed milk during the first several weeks of lactation. MC therapy (10 mg every 8 hrs for 7 days) was begun after increases in the number of expressions/day and dietary suggestions failed to increase milk production; it was initiated at 42±6 days post-partum (range 17-67 days). Daily milk volume increased in each patient between the first and seventh day of therapy; from 75±18 ml/day to 182±24 ml/day respectively (p<0.001). Serum PRL levels were measured by RIA in 4 of these women on 2 occasions. Basal PRL levels were 29±10 ng/ml (range 29 to 56 ng/ml) and were obtained prior to onset of MC therapy and prior to milk expression (laboratory normal for non-lactating women ≤20 ng/ml). After 5 to 7 days of MC, serum PRL levels were 123±35 ng/ml (range 70 to 225) 30 min after milk expression. These data demonstrate that the faltering milk production noted in some mothers of premature infants can be successfully treated with MC, and suggest that stimulation of PRL secretion by MC accounts for the significantly increased daily milk volume.
The influence of vigorous versus mild exercise on autistic stereotyped behaviors

A major problem encountered in many autistic children is their high rate of stereotypic behavior, which has been shown to interfere with on-task responding and other appropriate behaviors. Since the experimental literature indicates that physical exercise can positively influence both appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, including the children's stereotypic behaviors, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the specific type of exercise (i.e., mild vs. vigorous) would differentially affect subsequent stereotyped behaviors. The results demonstrated that (1) 15 minutes of mild exercise (ball playing) had little or no influence on the children's subsequent stereotyped responding, and (2) 15 minutes of continuous and vigorous exercise (jogging) was always followed by reductions in stereotyped behaviors. These results are discussed in relation to cognitive, physiological, and educational implications.
Daddy, Why are People so Complex?

The implications of Warren McCulloch's 1945 concept of heterarchy are analyzed in terms of human value and motivational systems. The results demonstrate the near-impossibility of predicting behavior on the basis of any hierarchical scheme, or even which among a set of hierarchical schemes will be selected as the basis of a behavioral choice. Thus, for example, people regularly say one thing and do another.