cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competitive Equilibria with Production and Limited Commitment

This paper studies a production economy with aggregate uncertainty where consumers have limited commitment on their financial liabilities. Markets are endogenously incomplete due to the fact that the borrowing constraints are determined endogenously. We first show that, if competitive financial intermediaries are allowed to set the borrowing limits, then the ones that prevent default will be an equilibrium outcome. The equilibrium allocations in this economy are not constrained efficient due to the fact that intermediaries do not internalize the adverse effects of capital on default incentives. We also isolate and quantifiy this new source of inefficiency by comparing the competitive equilibrium allocations to the constrained efficient ones both qualitatively and quantitatively. We tend to observe higher capital accumulation in the competitive equilibrium, implying that agents may enjoy higher (average) welfare in the long run than in the constrained efficient allocation.
The economic impact of farmers’ markets and a state level locally grown campaign

Abstract This study evaluates the direct and indirect economic impact of farmers market and the Certified South Carolina Grown Campaign as transmitted through farmers markets on the South Carolina Economy. We developed an IMPLAN-based SAM model of the South Carolina economy that takes into account the opportunity cost of money spent at farmers’ markets to estimate the net as opposed to gross impact of the campaign on the state economy. Our results indicate that the Certified South Carolina Grown Campaign (an example of a widely used “buy local foods” policies) does not make a major contribution to the state economy. Our findings suggest that policy makers need to augment buy local campaigns with other efforts, such as a value-added processing of regionally produced foods, if such policies are to serve as a means of generating economic growth.
Design and implementation of the user interface in a multimedia conference system

A user interface in a multimedia conference system is designed and implemented. The system allows a group of users to conduct a meeting in real time. Participants can jointly view and edit relevant multimedia information, including text, graphics, and still images distributed throughout the network. Participants can also communicate simultaneously by voice to discuss the information they are sharing. This multimedia conference system can be used in a wide variety of cooperative work environment, such as distributed software development, joint authoring, and group decision-support.
Homeboy Industries: An Incubator of Hope and Businesses—A Note to Instructors

This case presents the story of Homeboy Industries, which was founded by Father Greg Boyle, S.J. to offer employment opportunities to former gang members in East Los Angeles. Homeboy Industries has successfully launched several businesses to hire and train “homies” who otherwise may not have found jobs. Michael Baca, the new operations director, is faced with the decision of whether to pursue expansion of the promising merchandising division. Complicating the decision is the need to balance both the social and business objectives of Homeboy Industries while dealing with the organization's extreme shortage of managerial and financial resources. This depiction of an unusual entrepreneurial environment also illustrates several organizational challenges and philosophical dilemmas that are common among social ventures.
Use of ion clustering equilibria in analysis by atmospheric pressure electron capture mass spectrometry

Abstract We report here the use of clustering by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) of the molecular anions of several selected substituted nitrobenzenes for their chemical analysis by atmospheric pressure electron capture mass spectrometry (APECMS). It is shown that additional analyte identification capability is offered by the presence of DMSO cluster ions along with those normally produced by electron capture. It is demonstrated that, in an APECMS ion source, a condition very near the expected clustering equilibrium condition is achieved. However, it is shown that collisinal dissociation of the cluster ions in the region of the ion-sampling aperture also occurs to a significant extent. Therefore, the observed ion intensity ratios of the clustered to unclustered ions are significantly smaller than those expected from known clustering equilibrium constants. A method is described by which cluster formation constants can be determined in spite of these instrument-dependent ion perturbations.
Backend monolithic integration of passive optical devices on 90nm bulk CMOS chip

We demonstrate optical resonators and waveguides monolithically integrated on a CMOS die through post-backend processing. Both CMOS process integrity and optical performance are verified and measured.
The attitudes of interior design students towards sustainability

To measure attitudes toward environmental issues, interior design students responded to a four-part survey: demographics, ecology, sustainability, and comments. The ecology section was composed of modifications of questions from the New Ecological Paradigm Scale (Dunlap et al. Journal of Environmental Education, 9:10–19, 2000). The researchers composed the items in the sustainable section to reflect perceptions related to the use of sustainable products and solutions in interior design scenarios. Although the ecology and sustainability survey results exhibited great variability, responses to individual items mostly averaged towards the more pro-environmental and pro-sustainability sides of the scales. While average scores on the ecology section of the survey showed the respondents as a group to be moderately pro-environmental, most items revealed a considerable amount of undecided ratings and quite a few students who perceived the environment to be somewhat invincible. The data also indicated a discrepancy between what students think they know (sustainability section) and what the students actually reveal in their open-ended answers (comments section). The survey results imply that educators, who themselves are likely to be pro-environment, cannot merely assume that their students share the same values and attitudes. Beginning instruction with explanations and examples of sustainable methods and products will not be sufficient to communicate the delicate balance between Human use of resources and Nature’s ability to replenish. Design educators need to set the stage for sustainability rather than just assume that students will embrace the concept. Hopefully, more research studies will inspire others to evaluate their own students’ feelings about the environment.
SOCIAL ANXIETY AND PERFORMANCE IN AN INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION TASK

The Interpersonal Perception Task-15 videotape served as a criterion measure to test hypotheses about individual differences in interpersonal perception. 160 undergraduates completed the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension Scale, the Shyness and Sociability Scale, and the Interpersonal Perception Task-15. Scores on the Communication Apprehension Scale were negatively correlated with Interpersonal Perception Task-15 scores, as predicted. Scores on the Shyness scale were negatively correlated with scores on the Interpersonal Perception Task-15, while Sociability scale scores were positively correlated. These results underscore the association between social anxiety and interpersonal perception.
Radiation from long pulse train electron beams in space plasmas

A previous study of electromagnetic radiation from a finite train of electron pulses is extended to an infinite train of such pulses. The electrons are assumed to follow an idealized helical path through a space plasma in such a manner as to retain their respective position within the beam. This leads to radiation by coherent spontaneous emission. The waves of interest in this region are the whistler slow (compressional) and fast (torsional) Alfven waves. Although a general theory is developed, analysis is then restricted to two approximations, the short and long electron beam. Formulas for the radiation per unit solid angle from the short beam are presented as a function of both propagation and ray angles, electron beam pulse width and separation and beam current, voltage, and pitch angle. Similar formulas for the total power radiated from the long beam are derived as a function of frequency, propagation angle, and ray angle. Predictions of the power radiated are presented for representative examples as determined by the long beam theory.
Studies on Dark Adaptation. II. The Pre-Exposure Tolerance of the Human Fovea Adapted to Different Brightness Levels*

The effect on foveal dark adaptation of pre-exposure of the eye for brief durations to light of relatively low brightnesses was investigated after the eye was adapted to different levels of brightness. Monocular measurements of absolute brightness sensitivity were made using a square, one degree on a side, centrally fixated, test patch. The course of dark adaptation as measured by the RL was investigated following ten minutes exposure to each of three adaptation levels, 0.10, 1.0, and 10. ft-L. In addition, the effect of superimposing certain combinations of pre-exposure brightnesses (100., 10., and 1.0 ft-L) and durations (100, 10, and 1 sec) upon each of the adaptation levels was investigated. The effect of increasing adaptation level, in the absence of pre-exposure, was to increase the loss of sensitivity, and hence the extent of subsequent dark adaptation. The effects of superimposing various pre-exposures upon the different adaptation levels were found to be complex. With two exceptions, the only instances in which pre-exposure superimposed upon adaptation level produces more subsequent adaptation than adaptation level alone occurred when the product of pre-exposure brightness and duration exceeded 100 ft-L-seconds. Occasional combinations of pre-exposure brightness and duration superimposed upon an adaptation level appeared to produce no subsequent adaptation which could be measured with the apparatus and technique used.
Bow-shaped toroidal field coils

Design features of Bow-Shaped Toroidal Field Coils are described and compared with circular and D shaped coils. The results indicate that bow coils can produce higher field strengths, store more energy and be made demountable. The design offers the potential for the production of ultrahigh toroidal fields. Included are representative coil shapes and their engineering properties, a suggested structural design and an analysis of a specific case.
Clinical, molecular, and cell biological aspects of Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

Abstract Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by variable degrees of oculocutaneous albinism, easy bruisability, and bleeding as a result of deficient platelet dense bodies, and recurrent infections, with neutropenia, impaired chemotaxis and bactericidal activity, and abnormal NK cell function. Neurologic involvement is variable, but often includes peripheral neuropathy. Most patients also undergo an "accelerated phase," which is a nonmalignant lymphohistiocytic infiltration of multiple organs resembling lymphoma. Death often occurs in the first decade from infection, bleeding, or development of the accelerated phase. The hallmark of CHS is the presence of huge cytoplasmic granules in circulating granulocytes and many other cell types. These granules are peroxidase-positive and contain lysosomal enzymes, suggesting that they are giant lysosomes or, in the case of melanocytes, giant melanosomes. The underlying defect in CHS remains elusive, but the disorder can be considered a model for defects in vesicle formation, fusion, or trafficking. Because the beige mouse demonstrates many characteristics similar to those of human CHS patients, including dilution of coat color, recurrent infections, and the presence of giant granules, it is considered the animal homologue of CHS. The beige gene, Lyst, was mapped and sequenced in 1996, prompting identification of the human LYST gene on chromosome 1q42. Lyst and LYST show 86.5% sequence homology. LYST encodes a 429 kDa protein with a function that remains unknown, but the source of extensive speculation among students of cell biology.
Dyadic T-mesh subdivision

Meshes with T-joints (T-meshes) and related high-order surfaces have many advantages in situations where flexible local refinement is needed. At the same time, designing subdivision rules and bases for T-meshes is much more difficult, and fewer options are available. For common geometric modeling tasks it is desirable to retain the simplicity and flexibility of commonly used subdivision surfaces, and extend them to handle T-meshes. We propose a subdivision scheme extending Catmull-Clark and NURSS to a special class of quad T-meshes, dyadic T-meshes, which have no more than one T-joint per edge. Our scheme is based on a factorization with the same structure as Catmull-Clark subdivision. On regular T-meshes it is a refinement scheme for a subset of standard T-splines. While we use more variations of subdivision masks compared to Catmull-Clark and NURSS, the minimal size of the stencil is maintained, and all variations in formulas are due to simple changes in coefficients.
Differential alteration of dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate release during anoxia and/or 3,4-diaminopyridine treatment.

The potassium-stimulated release of acetylcholine (ACh), glutamate (GLU) and dopamine (DA) from mouse striatal slices was studied during anoxia and/or 3,4-diaminopyridine (DAP) treatment. Anoxia, in the presence of calcium, increased DA and GLU release, but depressed ACh release. Omission of calcium from an anoxic incubation further stimulated GLU and DA release and impaired ACh release. Under normoxic conditions, DAP (100 μM) increased the release of all three neurotransmitters; the sensitivity of the slices to DAP changed with the presence or absence of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in the preincubation media. During an anoxic incubation, DAP did not ameliorate the anoxic-induced, K+-stimulated impairment of ACh release, but significantly reduced the K+-stimulated release of GLU and DA. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hypoxia induces a presynaptic deficit that may underlie postsynaptic ischemic-induced changes. Amelioration of these presynaptic alterations in neurotransmitter release may be an effective approach to preventing hypoxic-induced damage.
Information Infrastructure for Research Collaboration in Land Use, Transportation, and Environmental Planning

This paper presents the framework and implementation of a flexible, loosely coupled information infrastructure to facilitate collaborative research on land use, transportation, and environment (LUTE) modeling. The framework combines off-the-shelf open source applications such as Apache, PostgreSQL, MapServer, OpenSSL, and MediaWiki, with proprietary tools such as ArcGIS Server and Flex, and uses minimal custom code to provide web services for distributed modeling and realistic evolution of data, models, and research. The approach has been developed to assist research collaboration for the transportation systems focus areas of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology–Portugal program, but it can be appropriate for other collaborative efforts that could benefit from federated systems for LUTE modeling across local and regional agencies and university partners.
Histamine-activated adenylate cyclase in brain homogenates of several species

Histamine has been shown to activate cyclic AMP synthesis in brain slices and homogenates of certain species, although less is known about species differences in brain homogenates. Dutch Belted and New Zealand White rabbit brain homogenates contained a histamine-responsive adenylate cyclase similar to that of the guinea pig. In contrast, adenylate cyclase of gerbil and hamster brain exhibited little or no stimulation by histamine. Male rat hypothalamic homogenates contained adenylate cyclase, but also exhibited minimal stimulation by histamine, in disagreement with some recent reports. Detailed studies of the conditions of assay failed to resolve this discrepancy.
Scrum across the CS/SE curricula: a retrospective

Scrum is one of the many agile approaches to software development that have been widely adopted over the past decade. Agile processes allow developers to embrace under-defined problems in complex environments where change in requirements is inevitable. The key agile features of Scrum are a flexible, adaptive schedule; democratic, collaborative teams; and frequent, iterative project and process reviews [2]. While students may engage with Scrum in the context of software development, the characteristics that suit many software problems to an agile approach also describe the student learning environment: complexity (new and unfamiliar concepts), under-defined problem space (students don't know what they don't know), short timeframe with frequent meetings (terms and class meetings), and inevitable change (apply new knowledge). This makes Scrum not only a software development strategy but a general learning strategy. Scrum facilitates frequent and iterative practice with timely feedback, development of mastery, and self-direction [1]. In this panel, the participants will describe how their students learn and practice Scrum in a software development context, how they use it to manage student projects outside the software development context, and how Scrum provides opportunities to integrate communication skills into the Computer Science (CS) and Software Engineering (SE) curricula. As participants in the NSF-funded CPATH II project (NSF Grants 0939122 and 0939081) "Incorporating Communication Skills Throughout Computer Science and Software Engineering Curricula," each panelist has developed Scrum-based assignments that exercise the skills of reading, writing, speaking, and teaming. The participants will discuss the design of these assignments and their experiences with them to date.
Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Nucleon

The charge and magnetic form factors, G/sub E/(q/sup 2/) and G/sub M/(q/ sup 2/), are discussed with emphasis on their use in electron-nucleon experiments. Electron-proton scattering and proton-antiproton annihllation are discussed with the appropriate form factors. Neutron form factors are also given. (R.E.U.)
Microbial synthesis of 3-dehydroshikimic acid : A comparative analysis of D-xylose, L-arabinose, and D-glucose carbon sources

3-Dehydroshikimic acid is a hydroaromatic precursor to chemicals ranging from L-phenylalanine to adipic acid. The concentration and yield of 3-dehydroshikimic acid microbially synthesized from various carbon sources has been examined under fed-batch fermentor conditions. Examined carbon sources included D-xylose, L-arabinose, and D-glucose. A mixture consisting of a 3:3:2 molar ratio of glucose/xylose/arabinose was also evaluated as a carbon source to model the composition of pentose streams potentially resulting from the hydrolysis of corn fiber. Escherichia coli KL3/pKL4.79B, which overexpresses feedback-insensitive DAHP synthase, synthesizes higher concentrations and yields of 3-dehydroshikimic acid when either xylose, arabinose, or the glucose/xylose/arabinose mixture is used as a carbon source relative to when glucose alone is used as a carbon source. E. coli KL3/pKL4.124A, which overexpresses transketolase and feedback-insensitive DAHP synthase, synthesizes higher concentrations and yields of 3-dehydroshikimic acid when the glucose/xylose/arabinose mixture is used as the carbon source relative to when either xylose or glucose is used as a carbon source. Observed high-titer, high-yielding synthesis of 3-dehydroshikimic acid from the glucose/xylose/arabinose mixture carries significant ramifications relevant to the employment of corn fiber in the microbial synthesis of value-added chemicals.
Ensuring Supply Chain Resilience: Development and Implementation of an Assessment Tool

In today's tightly connected global economy, traditional management practices that rely on “steady-state” conditions are challenged by chaotic external pressures and turbulent change. Just in the last few years, the world has experienced a string of catastrophic events, including a global economic meltdown, a volcanic eruption in Iceland, an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, a disastrous tsunami and power blackout in Japan, and political upheavals in Africa and the Middle East. Managing the risk of an uncertain future is a challenge that requires resilience—the ability to survive, adapt, and grow in the face of turbulent change. This research develops a measurement tool titled the Supply Chain Resilience Assessment and Management (SCRAM™). Data gathered from seven global manufacturing and service firms are used to validate SCRAM™, using qualitative methodology with 1,369 empirical items from focus groups reviewing 14 recent disruptions. Critical linkages are uncovered between the inherent vulnerability factors and controllable capability factors. Through mixed-method triangulation, this research identified 311 specific linkages that can be used to guide a resilience improvement process. Pilot testing suggests a correlation between increased resilience and improved supply chain performance.
Dynamic strength increase of plain concrete from high strain rate plasticity with shear dilation

Abstract An increase in the strength of concrete when loaded dynamically has been noted in the testing literature since the early twentieth century. The origins or mechanisms leading to this increase, despite having been observed in a variety of tests, are not satisfactorily established. Aspects of test setup, specimen design, etc., have been shown to influence the outcome of any given test. More recently, computer representations of concrete have been tasked with analyzing or predicting the dynamic behavior of structures. Computers have also enabled an inward look at the same empirical tests, showing that some strength increase in compression can be captured by implementation of the proper plasticity model. The major factor touted for strength increase is the well known pressure sensitivity of concrete and a mechanism known as ‘inertial confinement’. The present work proposes a new mechanism for dynamic strength increase, focusing on the failure mechanism of concrete in compression known as shear faulting. The faulting process and its associated plastic deformation mode is compared using several material models. Adjustments are made to some parameters within these models to study their effect on dynamic and inertial plastic response. Shear dilation, which does little to increase dynamic strength at moderate strain rates, is identified as a key component of a concrete material model subject to high strain rates. Shear dilation’s effects can be seen in the range of strain rates that are practically attainable in a laboratory by using the split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. They may also have an increasingly important effect on problems featuring even higher strain rates, such as blast, impact, and penetration through concrete slabs.
Analysis of techniques for video-assisted thoracoscopic internal fixation of the spine

Between November 1, 1995, and January 31, 1996, four separate thoracoscopic spinal fixation surgeries were performed via extended manipulating channels using the so-called three-portal technique. The diagnoses included three spinal metastases and one T11 burst fracture. All patients had myelopathy at presentation. Using the three-portal technique, the conventional spinal instruments and fixation devices could be passed freely through the extended manipulating channels (usually 3-4 cm) into the chest cavity and manipulated by techniques similar to those used in standard open procedures. A reduction-fixation spinal plate with variable screw and plate anchoring angles was successfully inserted in the procedures. The total length of the operation ranged from 3.5 to 5 h (average 4.3 h), and the total blood loss was 1000-2500 ml (average 1500 ml). There were no intraoperative deaths, and no patient showed neurological deterioration following the procedures. On the basis of these results, we believe that the combination of video-assisted thoracoscopy and conventional spinal instruments presented in this report would be an ideal method for performing these procedures. Throughout the operation, only one trocar was employed for introducing the thoracoscope. The thoracoports were used temporarily during tumor tissue retrievals. This technique makes thoracoscopy-assisted spinal fixation simple and easy. It allows greater control of intraoperative vessel bleeding and reduces the number of portals required during the procedure (on average to 3). In addition, the technique reduced the amount of endoscopic materials required for the procedure, thus reducing the cost of treatment.
Dynamic hepatic CT.

A technique for incremental dynamic computed tomography (CT) of the liver with boluses of contrast material (with a 50-g iodine load) administered intravenously is described. For most focal liver lesions, which are hypovascular in relation to normal hepatic parenchyma, bolus contrast material enhancement and incremental dynamic scanning improve detectability, compared with that yielded by nondynamic, contrast material infusion techniques. The bolus contrast-enhanced dynamic scan technique is reproducible and of value in patients undergoing sequential CT for assessment of tumor bulk response to chemotherapy. Patients who are potential candidates for resection of focal hepatic lesions should preoperatively undergo intraarterial contrast-enhanced CT. Intravenous bolus enhanced dynamic hepatic CT can be extended to cover more than one anatomic region (eg, abdomen and thorax), as in patients undergoing CT for staging lung carcinoma. In these patients, incremental scan sequences are programmed caudad to cephala...
Equilibrium shape of nuclei at interphase interfaces

Etude theorique de la germination aux interfaces. Exemple d'application a la precipitation aux interfaces d'interphase (austenite/ferrite par exemple)
Resistance ofListeria monocytogenes to freezing in foods

Abstract The ability ofL. monocytogenes to survive freezing and frozen storage at −18°C was studied in ground beef, ground turkey, frankfurters, canned corn, ice-cream mix, and tomato soup. Injury ofL. monocytogenes as a result of freezing and frozen storage, as well as the ability of variousListeria-selective media to quantitatively recover the organism after freezing was also investigated. The responses of the organism, i.e. survival, injury, and quantitative on selective media, were related to the pH (acidity) of the food. Five of the examined foods had pH values of 5·8 or above, while tomato soup had a pH of 4·74.L. monocytogenes survived freezing and frozen storage well in five of the examined foods, was not injured, and was quantitatively recovered onListeria-selective media. In contrast, the organism showed a decline in viable count after extended frozen storage in tomato soup, was injured, and could not be quantitatively recovered onListeria-selective media. These results indicate that for most foods, freezing prior to analysis forL. monocytogenes should not hamper quantitative determination of the organism.
Effects of viscous dissipation on heat transfer parameters for flow between parallel plates

Fur die Stromung zwischen zwei ebenen Platten wird der Einfluss der viskosen Energiedissipation auf Temperaturprofil und Warmeubertragung in der thermischen Anlaufstrecke untersucht. Die Stromung wird als voll entwickelte Laminarstromung betrachtet. Ein Warmeentwicklungsparameter wird eingefuhrt. Die Relation zwischen dem Warmeentwicklungsparameter und der Eckertschen und der Brinkmanschen Zahl wird diskutiert. Die Entwicklung des Temperaturprofils und der lokalen Nusseltzahl wird graphisch dargestellt fur Werte des Warmeentwicklungsparameters von 0; 0,5; 0,75; 1,0.
Stress‐induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Quenched amorphous films of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are stretched at temperatures less than Tg; changes in density, wide-angle x-ray diffraction, and small-angle light scattering are observed. The density increase upon stretching is attributed to an increase in crystallinity accompanied by an increase in the intensity of somewhat diffuse wide-angle x-ray diffraction and of both VV and HV small-angle light scattering patterns. The formation of oriented rodlike superstructure may be discerned from small-angle light scattering. Annealing of these samples increases the crystallinity as measured from density and leads to an increase in the perfection of crystalline and supercrystalline structure as measured by wide-angle x-ray diffraction and small-angle light scattering. The rodlike morphology changes to form spherulitelike aggregates as observed by small-angle light scattering and light micrographs. A model is proposed to explain the observations. Studies are extended to stretching films of PET above their Tg and observing changes in birefringence, density, wide-angle x-ray diffraction and small-angle light scattering as a function of elongation and stretching temperature. The formation of defomed spherulitelike superstructure may be discerned from light micrographs. Results are compared with those obtained upon stretching films below Tg.
Novel technologies for closing the loop between the clinic and the home

Changes in population demographics have led to more people aging into and with disability, placing an increasing burden on society [1-3]. For instance, there are increasing numbers of individuals living with neurological deficits such as stroke who have the potential to recover in the home setting - however, left on their own, these individuals can suffer from decreased functional ability [4, 5]. Novel technologies present the ability to close the loop between the clinician and the patient as people navigate through ambient settings while living with chronic conditions. The targeted use of assistive technologies to address this outstanding need requires the development of wearable sensors, algorithms to extract meaningful clinical data, and mechanisms to provide feedback to affect health outcomes. In particular, the application of wearable sensing and robotic technologies can be used to address unsolved problems in motor rehabilitation [6-8]. Validation of these techniques will lead to the translation of laboratory and clinic-based techniques into daily life, and patient-centered approaches to medical interventions.
The Use of Infrared Thermograph Technique to Investigate Welding Related Industrial Fires

This paper investigates the root cause of an industrial fire that occurred within a high airflow rate, duct system connected to a metal inert gas (MIG) welding operation. A full-scale experiment was conducted, with the aid of an infrared thermographic recording system to monitor the thermal behavior (cooling rates) of the flying welding spatters and splashes, and visualize their interaction with cellulose filter banks. Several operational scenarios were duplicated and the fire critical conditions were identified. This study also provided new information about the welding spatters size, speed, splash angle and distribution. The findings from current work might lead to effective fire mitigation strategies for industrial welding ventilation systems containing cellulose filters.
Extensions and new observations of Tychonoff, Stone-Weierstrass theorems, compactifications and the realcompactification

Abstract An extension of the Tychonoff theorem is obtained in characterizing a compact space by the nets and the images induced by any family of continuous functions on it. The idea of this extension is applied to get a new process and new observations of compactifications and the realcompactification. Finally, a sufficient and necessary condition of a vector sublattice or a subalgebra of C ∗ ( X ) to be dense in ( C ∗ ( X ),∥·∥) is provided in terms of the nets in X induced by C ∗ ( X ), where C ∗ ( X ) is the space of all bounded real continuous functions on a topological space X with pointwise ordering, and ∥·∥ is the supremum norm.
Thallium 201 scintigraphy in patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery.

3. Xanthou M: Leucocyte blood picture in ill newborn babies, Arch Dis Child 47:741, 1972. 4. Akenzua GI, Hui YT, Milner R, and Zipursky A: Neutrophil and band counts in the diagnosis of neonatal infections, Pediatrics 54:38, 1974. 5. O'Kell RT, and Axon LL: Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in the newborn infant, Am J Obstet Gynecol 93:1181, 1965. 6. Gorecka M: Alkaline phosphatase in segmented, neutrophil granulocytes in children, Bull Pol Med Sci Hist 10:174, 1967. 7. Halbretch I, and Shabtay F: Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in pre-term, term and post-term infants, Isr J Med Sci 8:1956, 1972. 8. Corberand J: Cytochemical leukocyte reactions in normal newborn infants, Biol Neonate 22:280, 1973. 9. Sadovsky E, Matz D, Diamant YZ, and Polishuk WZ: Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in the newborn, Biol Neonate 27:96, 1975. 10. Tanaka KR, Valentine WN, and Fredricks RE: Diseases or clinical conditions associated with low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, N Engl J Med 262:912, 1960. 11. Trubowitz S, Feldman D, Benante C, and Hunt VM: The alkaline phosphatase content of the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte in blood and marrow, Am J Clin Pathol 31:483, 1959.
Quantification of L‐tryptophan and L‐kynurenine by liquid chromatography/electron capture negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry

In a number of infectious and inflammatory diseases, stimulation of the immune system can lead to increased accumulation of tryptophan metabolites via induction of kynurenine pathway enzymes in extrahepatic tissues. We developed a liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric (LC/MS) method suitable for tracing the disposition of 13C isotopomers of L-tryptophan and L-kynurenine in various cultured cell, tissue slice, and whole animal model systems used to investigate tryptophan flux through the kynurenine pathway. The method employs extractive derivatization of the analytes and their 2H internal standards with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in order to enhance the negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectrometric response. Normal-phase liquid chromatographic separation of derivatized analytes was optimized using a silica column with organic solvents, followed by particle beam transfer and NICI-MS. Standard curves were linear over the range 1-250 ng per sample. Particle beam and mass spectrometric operating parameters were optimized with direct flow injections of 1-(methylamino) anthraquinone, which is an ideal test compound for the evaluation of LC/NICI-MS. The developed method was used to quantify the conversion of (13C6)L-tryptophan to (13C6)L-kynurenine by human monocytes (THP-1) stimulated with interferon-gamma, lung and brain tissue slices obtained from gerbils immune-stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. The effect of whole body immune stimulation on the plasma levels of endogenous L-kynurenine in mice stimulated with interferon-gamma was also quantified.
Adaptive Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation Based on the Expurgated Bound for Mobile Radio OFDM Systems Aided by Fading Prediction

Adaptive bit-interleaved coded modulation (ABICM) is attractive for rapidly varying mobile radio channels due to its robustness to imperfect channel state information (CSI). A novel ABICM method that exploits the expurgated bound to maintain the target bit error rate (BER) for diverse CSI conditions is proposed and evaluated for an adaptive mobile radio orthogonal frequency division-multiplex (OFDM) system aided by the long-range fading prediction. It is demonstrated that ABICM is much less sensitive to prediction errors than adaptive modulation techniques that do not employ interleaving. However, reliable fading prediction is still necessary for ABICM to achieve high spectral efficiency for practical channel conditions.
Identifying the Content of Family Medicine for Educational Purposes: An Empirical Approach.

In this article, the authors present a method to assist in curriculum planning and report an application of the method at one institution. Through interviews of 40 selected subjects, the authors identified 27 content elements appropriate for inclusion in a family medicine curriculum for medical students. These elements were organized into four areas portraying family medicine as "a synthesis of content and process," "a field of inquiry," "a career and peer group," and "a value system." A questionnaire employing the method of pair-comparisons was subsequently completed by 38 of the interview subjects, and on the basis of these responses priorities were assigned to content elements within each area. For three of the four areas, there was statistically significant consensus about the priority orderings. Over three years, the content elements themselves and their priority orderings have proved beneficial to curricular planning at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine.
Powder-based nanoparticles fabrication technique in solution phase

Abstract A highly efficient method, using ultrafine aluminum powder as heterogeneous reducing media as well as sacrificial template, has been developed to prepare various metallic or oxide nanoparticles including Au, Ag, Pt, RuO2 and Cu2O with good monodispersity. With the aid of ultrasonication-induced physical effects such as acoustic cavitation and microstreaming, zerovalent metallic atoms or clusters, when generated, are immediately dislodged from the surface of aluminum powder and are driven into bulk solution phase, avoiding the surface deposition and reaction termination. Ultrasonication also plays a critical role in promoting the mass transport through the channels in the amorphous and porous Al2O3 passivation layer around aluminum particles. The method opens a general and potent avenue for preparation of high-quality nanoparticles in large quantity and in a way that is environmentally friendly.
Lithium battery thermal models

Thermal characteristics and thermal behavior of lithium batteries are important both for the batteries meeting operating life requirements and for safety considerations. Sandia National Laboratories has a broad-based program that includes analysis, engineering and model development. We have determined thermal properties of lithium batteries using a variety of calorimetric methods for many years. We developed the capability to model temperature gradients and cooling rates of high-temperature primary lithium thermal batteries several years ago. Work is now under way to characterize the response of ambient-temperature rechargeable lithium-ion batteries to thermal abuse. Once the self-heating rates of lithium cells have been established over a range of temperatures, the thermal response can be estimated under a variety of conditions. We have extended this process to isolate the behavior of individual battery components and have begun to understand the chemical nature of the species responsible for heat evolution within the cells. This enhanced level of understanding will enable more accurate modeling of cell thermal behavior and will allow model-based design of safer, more abuse-tolerant lithium batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in the future. Progress toward this goal and key information still needed to reach it are discussed.
PREDOMINANCE OF THE METASTATIC PHENOTYPE IN HYBRIDS FORMED BY FUSION OF MOUSE AND HUMAN MELANOMA CLONES

The fusion of mouse and human melanoma cells that were tumorigenic but had different metastatic capabilities resulted in hybrids that were metastatic when injected intravenously or subcutaneously into nude mice, regardless of whether it was the mouse or the human melanoma clone that was metastatic. The H7 hybrid line, formed by fusing murine nonmetastatic K1735 C19 cells with human metastatic A375 C15 cells retained high metastatic potential over more than 50 sub-culture passages, suggesting that the dominant metastatic phenotype in these hybrid cells was stable. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), human chromosome 17 was consistently identified as the predominant human chromosome in the majority of H7 cells tested between passages 20 and 60. Western blot analysis showed that the hybrid cells expressed human nm23 protein, indicating that at least one gene on the human chromosome 17 was functional. Immunocytochemistry and immunoprecipitation showed that the metastatic A375 C15 and H7 cells expressed p53 protein, but that the nonmetastatic K1735 C19 melanoma cells did not. Sequencing the human p53 gene in A375 C15N and H7 showed mutations in exon 7. Using a bioassay technique, we showed that K1735 C19 cells can spread from subcutaneous tumors to the lungs of nude mice yet fail to form metastases. With the addition of human chromosome 17 from A375 C15 cells, which carries a mutant p53 gene, the cells readily formed lung metastases. In this melanoma hybrid, a mutant p53 gene appears to confer a survival advantage on cells arrested in the lungs of nude mice and thus contributes to the growth of metastatic cells.
PI 3 kinase-dependent Akt kinase and PKCε independently regulate interferon-γ-induced STAT1α serine phosphorylation to induce monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) recruits activated phagocytes to the site of tissue injury. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) present in the microenvironment of glomerulus acts on mesangial cells to induce local production of MCP-1. The mechanism by which IFN-γ stimulates expression of MCP-1 is not clear. We therefore examined the role of PI 3 kinase signaling in regulating the IFN-γ-induced MCP-1 expression in mesangial cells. Blocking PI 3 kinase activity with Ly294002 attenuated IFN-γ-induced MCP-1 protein and mRNA expression. IFN-γ increased Akt kinase activity in a PI 3 kinase-dependent manner. Expression of dominant negative Akt kinase inhibited serine phosphorylation of STAT1α, without any effect on its tyrosine phosphorylation, and decreased IFN-γ-induced expression of MCP-1. These data for the first time indicate a role for PI 3 kinase-dependent Akt kinase in MCP-1 expression. We have recently shown that along with Akt, PKCe is a downstream target of PI 3 kinase in IFN-γ signaling. Similar to dominant negative Akt kinase, dominant negative PKCe also inhibited serine phosphorylation of STAT1α without any effect on tyrosine phosphorylation. Dominant negative PKCe also abrogated MAPK activity, resulting in decrease in IFN-γ-induced MCP-1 expression. Furthermore, Akt and PKCe are present together in a signaling complex. IFN-γ had no effect on this complex formation, but did increase PKCe-associated Akt kinase activity. PKCe did not regulate IFN-γ-induced Akt kinase. Finally, expression of dominant negative Akt kinase blocked IFN-γ-stimulated MAPK activation. These data provide the first evidence that PI 3 kinase-dependent Akt and PKCe activation independently regulate MAPK activity and serine phosphorylation of STAT1α to increase expression of MCP-1.
EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAG ANALYSIS OF GENE REPRESENTATION IN INSECT PARASITIC NEMATODE HETERORHABDITIS BACTERIOPHORA

We compared Heterorhabditis bacteriophora GPS11 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) to the ESTs of animal-parasitic, human-parasitic, plant-parasitic, and free-living nematodes. We identified 127 previously nondescribed ESTs of which 119 had homologs in ESTs and 8 had homologs in proteins of free-living nematodes. These ESTs were assigned putative functions in transcription, signal transduction, cell cycle control, metabolism, information processing, and cellular processes, thereby providing better insight into H. bacteriophora metabolism, sex determination, and signal transduction. We also identified 36 H. bacteriophora ESTs that had significant similarities to ESTs of parasitic nematodes, but not to ESTs or proteins of free-living nematodes species. Among these are the ESTs encoding a centrin, an ankyrin-repeat containing protein, and a nuclear hormone receptor. Our analysis also revealed that parasitic nematode-specific ESTs in this H. bacteriophora data set had more homologs in animal-parasitic nematodes than those parasitizing humans or plants.
Induction of Anti-Brassinosteroid Antibodies

Summary Antibodies directed against brassinosteroid were induced by using a synthetic BR isomer to prepare a BR-protein conjugate and injecting it into BALB/cj mice. The conjugate was prepared by synthesizing a carboxylated BR derivative that was coupled to goat or mouse albumin. BR was carboxylated by refluxing the compound with succinic anhydride in pyridine for 12 h. The BR-monosuccinate derivative was purified from the reaction mixture by ion-exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex and by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Sep Pak C-18. The succinylated compound was linked to albumin via the mixed anhydride procedure. A molar ratio of BR : protein was in the range of 15–20 : 1. After a series of injections the serum was collected from the mice, which had developed good antibody titers for the BR-protein conjugate, and was used to develop a competitive ELISA assay to quantify free BR. A standard curve for the BR isomer (30 fmol to 10 pmol) could be developed when the unconjugated compound competed with conjugated BR (2.55 pmol) for binding with the anti-BR antibodies (final serum dilution was 16,000 : 1). The antibodies showed no cross reactivity with any compound tested except those in the brassinosteroid family. A standard curve for the naturally occurring brassinosteroid, brassinolide, could also be developed when brassinolide was competed with conjugated BR (2.55 pmol) for binding with anti-BR antibodies (final dilution was 16,000 : 1) in the ELISA assay.
Semiempirical modified embedded-atom potentials for silicon and germanium

Semiempirical potentials for silicon, germanium, and their alloys are derived with use of the modified-embedded-atom-method formalism. Following Baskes [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2666 (1987)], it is found that the host electron density which is a linear superposition of atomic densities in the embedded-atom method (EAM) must have an angular modification in order to properly describe the bond-bending forces in the diamond-cubic structure. The angular dependence of this host electron density was found to be in qualitative agreement with the density of a first-principles calculation. As in the EAM, the potential functions are determined by using the measured lattice constants, sublimation energies, elastic constants, and alloying energies of silicon and germanium. In addition, first-principles calculations of structural energies are used. The potentials are used to calculate the energetics and geometrics of point defects, surfaces, metastable structures, and small clusters. In all cases, the calculations have been compared to first-principles calculations and experiment when available. The calculations predict that the vacancy mechanism is the dominant diffusion mechanism in both silicon and germanium. Surface energies and relaxations of the low-index faces of Si and Ge are compared with first-principles calculations.