cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the "strong but wrong" effect.

In the 1930s, J. M. Stephens found that strong verbal associations called wrong are more likely to be changed than weak verbal associations called wrong, relative to items with no feedback. The present study produced a much larger “strong but wrong“ effect, apparently as a result of defining “strong“ in terms of meanings presumably stored in long-term memory. It was also found that such items are followed by high recall of feedback on the next trial, and that, indeed, when feedback recall is statistically controlled, the effect disappears. An explanation of why feedback is better recalled for “strong but wrong“ items is offered, and several predictions are generated, some of which are tested (and confirmed) from the present data.
Agreement between persons with traumatic brain injury and their relatives regarding psychosocial outcome using the community integration questionnaire

Objective: To extend psychometric research on the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) by comparing patients' reports with those of family members. Design: Reports on community integration were obtained from family members and patients 1 year after brain injury. Kappa reliability coefficients were used to examine agreement for individual items on the questionnaire. Total scores for the three CIQ scales were compared between groups using independent samples t tests. Setting: Outpatient clinics affiliated with the four NIDRR traumatic brain injury Model System rehabilitation centers. Participants: CIQ data were obtained for 259 adult patients with traumatic brain injury. For 122 cases, patients and family members provided corresponding data. In 101 cases, only self-reported data were available. In 36 cases, information was provided solely by family members. All patients received inpatient rehabilitation and were at least 16 years of age. The full range of brain injury severity was represented. Main Outcome Measure: The 15-item CIQ, comprised of three scales, Home Integration, Productive Activity, and Social Integration. Results: Analysis of kappa values found “moderate” to “almost perfect” agreement levels for all 15 items. Almost-perfect ratings were found for three of the four items on the Productive Activity Scale. Comparisons were made between scale scores derived from patients and families. The Home Integration scale showed differences, with patient scores higher than those reported by family members (t = 3.51, p < .01). However, the difference in scores was attributable to small discrepancies on two items and was not considered clinically meaningful. The Total CIQ score also showed a difference, with patients reporting significantly higher levels of integration relative to family members (t = 2.30, p < .05). This difference was also attributable to discrepancies on two items of the Home Integration Scale. Conclusions: The results have important implications for researchers who may be limited to one source of data. The hypothesis that patients and family members have very different perspectives of patients' community activities was not supported. Rather, similar ratings of individual activities were given with two exceptions, meal preparation and housekeeping. More research is needed to delineate relationships between agreement ratings and outcome categories.
Sexual Interest in Children, Child Sexual Abuse, and Psychological Sequelae for Children.

This article reviews the literature on sexual victimization of minors and the role of school psychologists in assessing and intervening with sexually abused minors. Although estimates of child sexual abuse prevalence differ widely owing to disclosure biases and the definitions that researchers have used in studying it, it is clear that child sexual abuse is a serious public problem. Also troubling is the extent to which “normal” adults, especially males, exhibit sexual interest in children, suggesting that a substantial number may be at risk for victimizing minors; fortunately, a variety of inhibitory mechanisms prevent most adults from committing this crime. Although victims typically suffer from sexual abuse, surprisingly, some evidence suggests that victims of sexual abuse can exhibit neutral or even positive outcomes, a controversial finding that has numerous possible explanations. Tragically, childhood sexual abuse may lead the victim to become an abuser later in life, sometimes while still a minor. We suggest directions for future research. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Esophagin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are biomarkers of human esophageal neoplastic progression

PCNA and esophagin have been implicated in the multistep process of carcinogenesis, but simultaneous characterization of these proteins in the early stages of esophageal neoplastic progression has yet to be undertaken. In morphologically normal esophageal epithelium, esophagin stains the granular layer cells, principally in their cell membrane portions. PCNA, in contrast, stains the nuclei of cells in the parabasal and basal layers. We examined 201 regions from 47 patients that represented different stages of esophageal neoplasia, comprising 34 areas of normal mucosa, 18 of dysplasia in squamous epithelium (DYS/SC), 39 squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA), 29 areas of Barrett's esophagus, 48 of Barrett's dysplasia (DYS/BAR) and 33 areas of adenocarcinoma (AC). The immunostaining patterns of esophagin and PCNA were evaluated and graded for level of expression. There was loss of esophagin expression in the high- and low-grade dysplasias compared to normal epithelia. In the squamous dysplasias, there was more intense staining (of esophagin) in the atypical nuclei and superficial squamous epithelial cells than in the basal cells. PCNA staining was increased in intensity in the high-grade dysplasias relative to normal basal layer cells. Combined analysis of esophagin and PCNA appears to reveal an inverse relationship between proliferation and differentiation during esophageal neoplastic progression. Moreover, this combined staining approach also offers promise for detecting esophageal cancer in early, precancerous stages.
Autophagy and Immune Response in Kidneys

Autophagy is a ubiquitous intracellular catabolic process that contributes to homeostatic maintenance and regulates the balance between health and disease. Emerging evidence from both the immunology and renal literature suggests that important relationships exist between the immune system and renal autophagy that may have significant implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Autophagic flux in renal parenchymal cells can protect against acute and chronic kidney injury and can be stimulated via activation of innate immune receptors, cytokine secretion, and/or direct contact by immune cells. Conversely, modulation of autophagy in renal cells may influence both adaptive and innate immune cell responses. Autophagy can promote the ability of renal epithelial cells, which can act as antigen-presenting cells, to process and present self-antigen to immune cells. In addition, autophagic control of inflammasome function can modify the intrarenal inflammatory milieu, thereby preventing immune cell infiltration. Because autophagy and immune responses may promote or protect against kidney injury, further research is needed to better understand how interactions between renal parenchymal cells and the immune system are altered by autophagy. Novel agents are being developed that promote or inhibit various steps of the autophagy pathway, and it is likely that whether such agents are beneficial or harmful in the context of kidney disease will depend, at least in part, on whether and how they influence the relationship between autophagy and the immune response in the kidney.
A BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAD IMPACT INJURIES TO CHILDREN

Head-first free-falls of 30 children, 1-10 years old and one adult, 21 years old, were studied to determine fall circumstances and injuries sustained. The falls of six children and one adult were simulated using the MVMA Two-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulator computer model. The data shows that head-first falls of children onto rigid surfaces from heights as low as 2 meters can result in serious injuries. Conservative head injury tolerance limits are estimated to be 200-250g for peak head acceleration. /Author/
Comprehensive study of cardiovascular morbidity in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients

Abstract Background The full extent of cardiovascular morbidity in inflammatory bowel disease is not well understood. Objective To comprehensively study the association of different cardiovascular diseases in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using a large database. Methods We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to perform a cross-sectional study. The study group was defined as all hospitalized patients between ages 18–60 years included in the NIS 2006 database with a discharge diagnosis of IBD, as per the International Classification of Diseases - Clinical Modification, 9th revision (ICD-9-CM) codes. Individuals in the same age group whose hospital discharge records did not note IBD were identified as the control group. Cardiovascular diseases, identified by the ICD-9-CM codes, were studied comprehensively for their association with IBD using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios were calculated adjusting for relevant patient comorbidities. Results IBD was found to be strongly associated with mesenteric ischemia (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.9–4.0) and venous thrombotic diseases (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.25–1.53). Age and gender stratified analysis revealed that IBD is positively associated with dysrhythmias in females aged 18–39 years (aOR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.72–2.44). We did not find an increased risk of other cardiovascular diseases in IBD patients. Conclusions Our study substantiates the previously reported associations of mesenteric ischemia and venous thrombotic disorders with IBD. Our study also suggests that young females with IBD might have an increased risk for dysrhythmias.
Myocardial infarct imaging of antibodies to canine cardiac myosin with indium-111-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid

Antibodies, by virtue of marked selectivity and affinity, may lend themselves to identification of structures of unique antigenic specificity in vivo. In experimental myocardial infarction in dogs, F(ab')2 fragments of antibodies to cardiac myosin that had been labeled with iodine-131 were shown to localize within the lesion. Because the energy characteristics of iodine isotopes are not ideal for imaging with a gamma camera, a new method for labeling antibody fragments with divalent or polyvalent radionuclides was developed. A bifunctional chelating agent, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid was covalently coupled, by an amide bond, to Fab fragments of antibodies to canine cardiac myosin. A stable chelate was then formed with indium-111, a nuclide that has appropriate half-life and energy characteristics for gamma imaging. Antibodies treated in this way retain their antigen-binding activity and are useful in locating myocardial infarcts in vivo.
A Golgi study of the monkey paraventricular nucleus: Neuronal types, afferent and efferent fibers

The neuronal organization of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was examined in Golgi impregnations of adult monkey. Results showed that at least six types of neurons could be identified in the nucleus on the basis of morphological features of the somata, dendrites, and axons. Four types of neurons with sparse to densely spined cell bodies and dendrites exhibited long axons and included large neurons (types I and II), medium-sized to large neurons (type III), and small to medium-sized cells (type IV). Axons of type I, III, and IV neurons had different diameters and were followed out of the PVN. Axon collaterals that arborized within the PVN were seen on the axons of types III and IV cells. Two types of interneurons with small somata were also found. One (type V) exhibited varicose dendrites and a profusely arborizing local axon. The other cell (type VI) had recurved dendrites with long appendages and no impregnated axon. Afferent fibers were also identified. Type 1 was a fine-caliber axon that coursed long distances in the PVN and exhibited numerous short branches. Additional observations suggested that type 1 afferents originated from the stria terminalis. The other afferent axon (type 2) was thicker and gave rise to terminal arborizations containing clusters of small swellings. The efferent fibers of the PVN were also examined in impregnations of the paraventriculosupraopticohypophysial tract. Fibers formed an extensive plexus as they coursed ventrally and passed through the lateral hypothalamus. Axons coursing more laterally in the tract were much larger than those more medially located. Our findings show a diverse organization of neuronal types within the monkey PVN with evidence for intrinsic connections through axon collaterals of efferent neurons and the locally arborizing axons of interneurons. Correlations are proposed between morphological subtypes of neurons seen in this Golgi study and the known functional output pathways of the PVN.
Evaluation Of Catalyst For Closed Cycle Operation Of High Energy Pulsed CO2 Lasers

Several catalyst materials have been tested for efficiency of converting CO and O2 to CO2 for use in a high energy CO2 laser. The composition of the gas mixtures was monitored by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. A copper/copper oxide catalyst and a platinum/tin oxide catalyst were used for closed cycle operation of a CO2 laser (0.7 joules/pulse), operating at 10 pulses/sec.
The Effect of Testosterone Propionate on Growth of Broiler Chickens

The effects of testosterone propionate (TP) on body weight, tissue percentages of body weight, serum IgM, and rectal temperature (2 h postinjection) of male and female broiler chickens were investigated at 28 and 48 days posthatching. Testosterone propionate was dissolved in sesame oil and was injected at 2 mg/kg of body weight every other day, and controls were treated with sesame oil at similar volume, starting Day 7 posthatching. Administration of TP reduced (P < .05) body weight and percentages of liver, testes, and bursa of Fabricius at 28 and 48 days of age. At 28 and 48 days of age, muscle percentage and comb growth of TP-treated birds increased (P < .05) but ovarian weight was unaffected. Concentrations of IgM in serum of TP-injected birds was unchanged at Day 28, but increased (P < .05) at Day 48. Testosterone propionate did not affect percentages of bone or abdominal fat in either sex. Rectal temperature was depressed (P < .05) by TP treatment in both sexes at both ages.
Supporting facilitation in group support systems: techniques for analyzing consensus relevant data

In this paper, we present a set of techniques and an approach to support the facilitator in building consensus during group decision making in computer supported group work. The approach utilizes data about each participant's expressed preferences (scores and ranks) for a set of decision alternatives under consideration. The data are analyzed to provide the facilitator with information about the level of group consensus, coalescing of subgroups, and areas of strong disagreement. An illustration from a real-world case situation demonstrates the approach.
Monosynaptic spinal reflexes in the hooded rat

Abstract Post-tetanic potentiation was examined in a number of monosynaptic reflex pathways of the hind leg and lower lumbar region of the spinal cord in decerebrate, high and low spinalized, and intact rats. Relatively little post-tetanic potentiation, even following severe tetani, was observed. The rat possesses the basic afferent mechanism involved in post-tetanic potentiation but lacks a subliminal fringe capable of responding to intrasegmental monosynaptic excitation. A subliminal fringe appears, however, on the basis of other criteria such as synergistic facilitation, heterosynaptic test, and in response to intrasegmental monosynaptic excitation following tetanization in the low-spinal animal. These results offer a possible explanation for the response variability and rapid extinction during repetitive stimulation, and the difficulty involved in eliciting reliable discrete leg movements in the rat, as compared to the cat, which has been observed in this laboratory and by others.
Benzil-mono- (2-quinolyl) -hydrazone as a chelating agent for copper

A 1∶1 complex between Cu(II) and BmQH may be extracted into benzene at pH 6 with an efficiency of 98% using a ligand concentration in the range 4×10−3 to 1×10−2M. The absorption maximum occurs at 520 nm and the complex has an apparent molar absorptivity of 40,000. This extraction-colorimetric method may be used to determine Cu(II) in the 0.3–2.0μg/ml range with no interference from 100-fold excesses of Zn(II), Mn(II), and Ni(II); however, Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) do interfere.
Recovery tests in BIBDs with very small degrees of freedom for interblock errors

Abstract When a Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD) is considered with an usual additive mixed model, there is interblock information available to be utilized in inferences on the contrasts of the fixed treatment effects. The recovery problems in estimation have been studied extensively since Yates (1940). However for the null hypothesis there are no differences in treatment effects, a long problem has been to find good exact tests which combines both intrablock and interblock information. Cohen and Sackrowitz (1989) proposed an exact recovery test which has been shown to perform much better than the usual F-test provided that the number of treatments, I , is greater than the number of blocks, J , and the degrees of freedom for errors in intrablock stratum is not much greater than that in interblock stratum. In this note, a class of simple recovery tests is proposed for the case where there is zero degree of freedom for error in interblock stratum ( J = I . Furthermore it is found that the Cohen and Sackrowitz test can be modified to reach higher power when J — I is very small.
Ultrastructure of the Posterior Spiracles of Larval Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The ultrastructure of the posterior spiracular apparatus of Rhagoletis mendax Curran was studied using scanning electron microscopy. This entire structure, particularly the felt chamber, is highly complex and is composed of chitinous strands in various configurations. The possible function of the felt chamber as a plastron is discussed, and the dubious role of this structure in the taxonomy of tephritid larvae is noted.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulation of SNARE function in membrane fusion mediated by CAPS

Ca2+-triggered vesicle exocytosis in neuro endocrine cells requires priming reactions that follow vesicle tethering/docking and precede triggered fusion. Priming requires PI(4,5)P2 and priming factors, and likely involves SNARE protein complex assembly. In studies with proteoliposomes, the priming factor CAPS interacts with PI(4,5)P2, binds the SNARE protein syntaxin-1, promotes trans SNARE complex formation, and stimulates PI(4,5)P2- and SNARE-dependent liposome fusion. We propose that CAPS functions in priming vesicle exocytosis by coupling membrane binding to SNARE complex assembly.
Cardiac Glucose Uptake During Endotoxic Shock In Newborn And Adult Rats 198

Hemodynamic response to endotoxic shock is different in the newborn from the adult. As glucose transporters are developmentally regulated, glucose transporter responses to endotoxic shock may cause different glucose uptake in the heart between the newborn and the adult. The altered glucose uptake could help explain different hemodynamic responses. Ontogeny of glucose transporters, glucose transporter gene expression and glucose uptake during endotoxic shock were studied. Materials and Methods Zero day old, 10 day old and adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used after an ip injection of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at LD90 dose. Rats without any injection were controls. Ontogeny of glucose transporters(GLUT1 and GLUT4) were examined with immunohistochemistry. Messenger RNA of GLUT1 and GLUT4 was measured 3 hours after LPS injection using Northern blot analysis. Glucose uptake was measured 3 hours after LPS injection in 10 day old and adult rats using [14C]-deoxy-glucose. Mean±SEM was calculated. ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test was used for statistical comparison of glucose uptake. Student-t test was used for statistical comparison of mRNA abundance.
Abstraction failures in concurrent programming

Creating components based on concurrent and parallel algorithms and data structures often requires more attention to "engineering" issues not seen with most other libraries. Components created in the "obvious" way sometimes turn out to be wrong, to perform poorly, or are unusable in most applications, because the abstractions in which they are expressed are leaky, imprecise, or incorrectly specified. While many of these issues are encountered in other aspects of concurrent programming, the impact is accentuated when they continue to leak through to APIs provided by library components. This presentation surveys some examples and lessons learned from the design, implementation, and applications of the java.util.concurrent library, including those surrounding memory models, resource management and garbage collection, thread management, optimization, and code generation.
Suppression by γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid of "Alcohol Deprivation Effect" in Rats: Preclinical Evidence of its anti-Relapse Properties.

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) reduces (a) alcohol intake and alcohol motivational properties in alcohol-preferring rats and (b) alcohol drinking and craving for alcohol in human alcoholics. The present study was designed to extend to relapse-like drinking the capacity of GHB to suppress different alcohol-related behaviors in alcohol-preferring rats. The “alcohol deprivation effect”, defined as the temporary increase in alcohol intake occurring in laboratory animals after a period of alcohol deprivation, was used as model of alcohol relapse. Acute administration of non-sedative doses of GHB (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in the complete suppression of the extra-amount of alcohol consumed by Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats during the first hour of re-access to alcohol after a 14-day period of deprivation. These data demonstrate that GHB suppressed relapse-like drinking in a rat model of excessive alcohol consumption.
People of the Lakes: stories of our Van Tat Gwich'in Elders/Googwandak Nakhwach’ànjòo Van Tat Gwich'in

People of the Lakes: stories of our Van Tat Gwich'in Elders/Googwandak Nakhwach’anjoo Van Tat Gwich'in, by Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation and Shirleen Smith, Edmonton, The University of Alberta Press...
Matching utterances to rich knowledge structures to acquire a model of the speaker's goal

An ultimate goal of AI is to build end-to-end systems that interpret natural language, reason over the resulting logical forms, and perform actions based on that reasoning. This requires systems from separate fields be brought together, but often this exposes representational gaps between them. The logical forms from a language interpreter may mirror the surface forms of utterances too closely to be usable as-is, given a reasoner's requirements for knowledge representations. What is needed is a system that can match logical forms to background knowledge flexibly to acquire a rich semantic model of the speaker's goal. In this paper, we present such a "matcher" that uses semantic transformations to overcome structural differences between the two representations. We evaluate this matcher in a MUC-like template-filling task and compare its performance to that of two similar systems.
Regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor expression by hypoxia

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI; EC 5.3.1.9) is a housekeeping cytosolic enzyme of the sugar metabolism pathways that plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. PGI is a multifunctional dime...
The mystery of women's early adulthood

This pilot study was constructed to ascertain the possible applicability to women of the constructs developed by Levinson for men in early adulthood. Using projective testing, a questionnaire, and interview data this project aimed at generating some theoretical concepts about women's early adulthood which would be empirically tested in subsequent research. Results indicate that women may differ from men in their modes of attempting to integrate affiliative and achievement motives in this period of life.
Antimicrobial Treatments for Minimally Processed Cantaloupe Melon

Efficacy of decontamination treatments in reducing endogenous microbial populations on cantaloupe and in extending fresh-cut shelf-life were investigated. Composite rind plug samples were washed with water or solutions of sodium hypochlorite, H 2 O 2 , commercial detergent formulations containing dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid and phosphoric acid, or trisodium phosphate, and surviving microbial populations determined. Fresh-cut cubes were prepared aseptically from whole melons given similar treatments, and their visual appearance and bacterial population determined during storage at 4 C. Population reductions on washed rind plugs were 2 weeks.
Transient Global Amnesia and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose—Whether transient global amnesia (TGA) represents an arterial insult that heralds ischemic stroke remains unclear. Therefore, we examined stroke risk after TGA in a population-based cohort. Methods—After performing chart review at our institution to validate the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification diagnosis code for TGA, we used administrative claims data to identify all patients discharged from nonfederal California emergency departments or acute care hospitals between 2005 and 2010 with a primary discharge diagnosis of TGA. Patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of migraine, seizure, or transient ischemic attack were included as controls. Kaplan–Meier statistics were used to calculate rates of ischemic stroke, and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to compare stroke risk among the 4 exposure groups while controlling for traditional stroke risk factors. Results—International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Mod...
Adverse effects of right ventricular pacing in a patient with aortic stenosis, Hemodynamic documentation and management.

A patient with moderate aortic stenosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, and a permanent right ventricular pacemaker for a sick sinus node presented with hypotension, dizziness, and angina pectoris with paced beats. The hemodynamics of pacing were documented with noninvasive and invasive studies. The patient was successfully treated with a programmable generator and pacing at a lower rate. The necessity of evaluating the effects of a temporary pacemaker before insertion of a permanent one and of a reevaluation of the hemodynamic status in the presence of unexplained cardiac failure in a patient with a permanent pacemaker are emphasized in this case report.
A MODEL FOR CATALYTIC REACTIONS IN PACKED BEDS BASED ON ALTERNATING FLOW MODEL

Abstract A description of catalytic reactions in packed beds based on alternating flow model (AFM) is presented. It is based on the model developed earlier for mass and heat dispersion in packed beds and as such involves only the parameters pertinent to the reaction. Although the model is applicable to any packed bed and reaction, emphasis is placed on highly exothermic reactions that are typically carried out in a bed with a small tube to pellet diameter ratio. Comparison between the AFM and the traditional Fickian approach shows some drastic differences in the reactor behavior for the highly exothermic reactions. These differences can be attributed to the way the radial voidage distribution and the corresponding flow distribution are accounted for in the two models. The results point to the inadequacy of the Fickian model for highly exothermic reactions.
On the number of prime factors of integers without large prime divisors

Abstract An Erdos-Kac type theorem is proved for the set S(x, y) = {n ≤ x: pβn ⇒ p ≤ y}, with a uniform error term in the range log x ≥ (log y)21. This complements some recent results of Alladi and Hensley dealing with the case when x is not too large compared with y.
Crystal structures of phosphite dehydrogenase provide insights into nicotinamide cofactor regeneration

The enzyme phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) catalyzes the NAD+-dependent conversion of phosphite to phosphate and represents the first biological catalyst that has been shown to conduct the enzymatic oxidation of phosphorus. Despite investigation for more than a decade into both the mechanism of its unusual reaction and its utility in cofactor regeneration, there has been a lack of any structural data for PTDH. Here we present the cocrystal structure of an engineered thermostable variant of PTDH bound to NAD+ (1.7 A resolution), as well as four other cocrystal structures of thermostable PTDH and its variants with different ligands (all between 1.85 and 2.3 A resolution). These structures provide a molecular framework for understanding prior mutational analysis and point to additional residues, located in the active site, that may contribute to the enzymatic activity of this highly unusual catalyst.
Immunity to Fish Rhabdoviruses

Members of the family Rhabdoviridae are single-stranded RNA viruses and globally important pathogens of wild and cultured fish and thus relatively well studied in their respective hosts or other model systems. Here, we review the protective immune mechanisms that fish mount in response to rhabdovirus infections. Teleost fish possess the principal components of innate and adaptive immunity found in other vertebrates. Neutralizing antibodies are critical for long-term protection from fish rhabdoviruses, but several studies also indicate a role for cell-mediated immunity. Survival of acute rhabdoviral infection is also dependent on innate immunity, particularly the interferon (IFN) system that is rapidly induced in response to infection. Paradoxically, rhabdoviruses are sensitive to the effects of IFN but virulent rhabdoviruses can continue to replicate owing to the abilities of the matrix (M) protein to mediate host-cell shutoff and the non‑virion (NV) protein to subvert programmed cell death and suppress functional IFN. While many basic features of the fish immune response to rhabdovirus infections are becoming better understood, much less is known about how factors in the environment affect the ecology of rhabdovirus infections in natural populations of aquatic animals.
The Effect of Knee Joint Angle on Torque Control

The purpose of the author's investigation was to examine the effect of knee joint angle on torque control of the quadriceps muscle group. In all, 12 healthy adults produced maximal voluntary contractions and submaximal torque (15, 30, and 45% MVC [maximal voluntary contraction]) at leg flexion angles of 15 degrees , 30 degrees , 60 degrees , and 90 degrees below the horizontal plane. As expected, MVC values changed with respect to joint angle with maximum torque output being greatest at 60 degrees and least at 15 degrees . During the submaximal tasks, participants appropriately scaled their torque output to the required targets. Absolute variability (i.e., standard deviation) of torque output was greatest at 60 degrees and 90 degrees knee flexion. However, relative variability as indexed by coefficient of variation (CV) decreased as joint angle increased, with the greatest CV occurring at 15 degrees . These results are congruent with the hypothesis that joint angle influences the control of torque.
Incidence of reactions to sulfonamide drugs in infants and children.

Summary In a study of more than 5,000 infants and children receiving sulfonamide drugs on the wards of the Children's Hospital of Michigan during a period of two and one-half years from 1942 to 1944, the following observations were made: 1. Sulfonamides may produce or aggravate gastrointestinal and neurologic disturbances in acutely ill children. Such reactions were rarely noted in children receiving chemotherapy during convalescence or at a time when they were well. 2. Renal complications were rare and apparently less frequently encounteredthan in adults. Two deaths from anuria not associated with crystalluria occurred in this series. 3. Untoward effects on the blood and blood-forming organs were also uncommon in children and when present were usually associated with evidences of a general reaction such as fever and rash. Two cases of malignant neutropenia and two cases of hemolytic anemia were encountered; all patients recovered. 4. Sixty patients (1.4 per cent) developed febrile reactions, twenty-five with accompanying rashes. Leucocytosis with white blood cell count as high as 70,000 often occurred during the reaction, although leucopenia was occasionally seen. All patients completely recovered following cessation of drug therapy. 5. Over one-half (59 per cent) of the patients reacting to one course of sulfonamide developed “immediate” reactions to tests with repeat doses. Test doses of 0.25 Gm. (grains 3.8) were usually sufficient to produce a reaction. 6. “Immediate” reactions were observed only in those patients who hadshown previous drug reactions. 7. Seven children were given test doses of a sulfonamide different fromthat to which they were proved sensitive. Only two developed reactions, and both of these received a third sulfonamide without reaction. 8. Observation of the patient after oral administration of a test dose of0.25 Gm. (3.8 grains) of sulfonamide is recommended as a test for suspected drug sensitivity. 9. Skin testing of suspected sulfonamide sensitive patients with human sulfonamide-containingserum after the manner of Leftwich has not proved useful in children.
Non-invasive fetal therapy using histotripsy: Feasibility study in the sheep model

Pulsed cavitational ultrasound, or histotripsy, has been shown to be an effective technique to mechanically fractionate tissue through controlled cavitation. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using histotripsy as a therapeutic tool to non-invasively fractionate and remove fetal tissue. Pregnant ewes at 102–129 days into gestation were exposed to histotripsy by a focused 1 MHz transducer coupled to the maternal abdominal wall. The fetal heart, kidney and liver were exposed to short ultrasound pulses (≪10 µs) at a 1 kHz pulse repetition rate and 10–16 MPa peak negative pressure. The entire procedure was guided and monitored by real-time ultrasound imaging. A total of 11 experiments were performed and preliminary results show that with suitable acoustic windows, histotripsy was able to generate a cavitation bubble cloud at the targeted fetal tissue and create mechanical tissue fractionation and removal. Morphological and histological assessment of the treated tissue confirmed that lesion locations corresponded to regions where the cavitation bubble cloud was observed. These results suggest that histotripsy has potential to become a non-invasive clinical tool for early fetal intervention on congenital anomalies such as prenatal treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Miniflap Hair Restoration

background. Flap reconstruction of the scalp has traditionally required multiple, delayed procedures, an extensive principle operation, and several minor revision surgeries to produce the optimal end result. The entire protocol had to be repeated for each subsequent flap. Flap reconstructions only covered a moderate portion of the bald scalp of the later-staged patient. This hair restoration process required considerable surgical skill on the part of the operator and tenacity on the part of the patient. objective. A system of short, nondelayed flaps was developed to shorten this comparatively long, multi-staged process and reduce the risk of flap compromise. methods. Initially, the patient underwent a two-step, scalp lifting procedure to reduce the width of bald scalp to be spanned. At later sessions, anteriorly based flaps were outlined from the margin of the lifted scalp and rotated into the desired configuration. results. In 29 flaps rotated to date in 13 patients, flap viability was excellent and interflap scarring acceptable. Hair direction was readily adapted to the patients' desires. Case examples are presented. conclusion. Staged scalp-lifting with miniflap reconstruction of the scalp is a preferred option for hair relocation in selected cases.
Ka-band propagation measurements from the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS)

In September 1993, the NASA Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) was deployed into stationary orbit, near 100/spl deg/W longitude by the Space Shuttle Discovery. ACTS supports both communication and propagation experiments using two beacons, one at 20.185 GHz and another at 27.505 GHz, where rain attenuation and tropospheric scintillations will significantly affect new technologies proposed for this spectrum. Heavy rain at Ka-band can easily produce 20 dB of attenuation along the propagation path. Beacon attenuation and attenuation derived from radiometric sky noise brightness temperatures are presented from early 1994. Concurrent polarimetric weather radar measurements are shown to characterize the attenuation not only from rain, but melting, wet snow. >
Sufficient Conditions for an Operator-Valued Feynman-Kac Formula

Let E be a locally compact, second countable Hausdorff space and let X(t) be a Markov process with state space E. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a solution to the initial value problem, au/at = Au + V(x) * u, u(O) = f, where A is the infinitesimal generator of the process X on a certain Banach space and for each x E E, V(x) is the infinitesimal generator of a C0 contraction semigroup on another Banach space.
Interprofessional Differences in Disposition Decisions: Results From a Standardized Web-Based Patient Assessment

ObjectiveThis study examined differences in disposition decisions among mental health professionals using a standardized Web-based simulation.MethodsUsing a Web-based simulation that described, across users, the same complex psychiatric patient, credentialed clinicians in a psychiatry department conducted a violence risk assessment and selected a level of follow-up care.ResultsOf 410 clinicians who completed the simulation, 60% of psychiatrists were more likely than other types of clinicians to select higher levels of care (inpatient or emergency services) for the standardized virtual patient (odds ratio=2.67, 95% confidence interval=1.67–4.25), even after adjustment for other factors. Virtual actions taken, such as contracting with the patient for safety and discussing hospitalization, elucidated these training differences.ConclusionsTraining backgrounds were important determinants of clinicians’ actions and the dispositions they recommended for a psychiatric patient at high risk of self-harm and harm to...
MyLifeBits: fulfilling the Memex vision

MyLifeBits is a project to fulfill the Memex vision first posited by Vannevar Bush in 1945. It is a system for storing all of one's digital media, including documents, images, sounds, and videos. It is built on four principles: (1) collections and search must replace hierarchy for organization (2) many visualizations should be supported (3) annotations are critical to non-text media and must be made easy, and (4) authoring should be via transclusion.
Effects of Isoproterenol and Amiodarone on the Double Potential Interval After Ablation of the Cavotricuspid Isthmus

Double Potential Interval. Introduction: A corridor of double potentials along the ablation line has been recognized to be an indicator of complete cavotricuspid isthmus block. Isoproterenol is used to confirm cavotricuspid isthmus block, but the effects of isoproterenol on the double potential interval (DPI), either in the absence or presence of amiodarone, are unknown. Methods and Results: Thirty-two patients with isthmus-dependent atrial flutter underwent successful ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus. The procedure was performed in the drug-free state in 23 patients, and 2 to 7 days after discontinuation of chronic amiodarone therapy in 9 patients. Electrograms recorded along the ablation line before and during isoproterenol infusion were analyzed after isthmus block was achieved. Double potentials were recorded along the entire ablation line upon achievement of complete isthmus block in all patients. The DPI in 9 patients treated with amiodarone was longer than in the other patients (147 ± 32 msec vs 119 ± 19 msec, P < 0.001). The DPI increased as the pacing cycle length shortened in patients treated with amiodarone, but not in the other patients. At all pacing cycle lengths, isoproterenol shortened the DPI to a greater extent in the patients treated with amiodarone than in the other patients. Conclusion: Amiodarone results in rate-dependent prolongation of the DPI during coronary sinus pacing after ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus. Isoproterenol shortens the DPI despite the presence of complete isthmus block, and this effect is accentuated in the presence of amiodarone. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,
Characterization of Nkx6-2-Derived Neocortical Interneuron Lineages

Ventral telencephalic progenitors expressing the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx6-2 have been shown to give rise to a multitude of cortical interneuron subtypes usually associated with origin in either the medial ganglionic eminence or the caudal ganglionic eminence. The function of Nkx6-2 in directing the fate of those progenitors has, however, not been thoroughly analyzed. We used a combination of genetic inducible fate mapping and in vivo loss-of-function to analyze the requirement of Nkx6-2 in determining the fate of cortical interneurons. We have found that interneuron subtypes are born with a characteristic temporal pattern. Furthermore, we extend the characterization of interneurons from the Nkx6-2 lineage through the application of electrophysiological methods. Analysis of these populations in Nkx6-2 null mice suggests that there is a small and partially penetrant loss of delayed non-fast spiking somatostatin/calretinin double positive cortical interneurons in the absence of Nkx6-2 gene function.
Cloning, sequencing and distribution of the Salmonella typhimurium LT2 sialidase gene, nanH, provides evidence for interspecies gene transfer.

Summary The Salmonella typhimurium LT2 sialidase (neuraminidase, EC 3.2.1.18) structural gene, nanH, has been cloned and sialidase overproduced from multicopy plasmids in Escherichia coli. Sialidase expression was regulated positively by cAMP. In contrast, certain Tn 1000 insertions located upstream of nanH coding sequences reduced sialidase activity. A nanH chromosomal insertion mutation constructed by marker exchange demonstrated a single sialidase gene copy In S. typhimurium LT2. The complete nucleotide sequence of nanH, encoding a 41 300 dalton polypeptide, was determined and the derived primary structure was similar to sialidases from Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium sordellii, Bacteroides fragills, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Comparative sequence analysis, including codon usage and secondary structure predictions, indicated that the S. typhimurium and clostridial sialidases are homologous, strongly suggestive of an interspecies gene transfer event. At least two primary sequence motifs of the bacterial enzymes were detected in influenza A virus sialidases. The predicted secondary structure ol the bacterial enzymes was strikingly similar to viral sialidase. From the population distribution of nanH detected within a collection of salmonellae, it was apparent that S. typhimurium obtained its nanH copy most recently from Salmonella arizonae. S. typhimurium LT2 is thus a genetic mosaic that differs from other strains of even the same serotype by nanH plus potentially additional characters linked to nanH. These results have relevance to the evolution and function of sialidases in pathogenic microbes, and to the origin of the sialic acids.
Proteases and protease receptors in modulation of leukocyte effector functions

Cellular immune responses depend on regu- lated pathways of intracellular signal transduction and leukocyte activation. Although these mechanisms are co- ordinated by a variety of leukocyte-restricted effector molecules, recent observations have uncovered a novel role of proteases in transducing outside-in signals of leukocyte activation. Through regulated, receptor-medi- ated recognitions, coagulation and fibrinolytic enzymes or effector cell granular proteases influence monocyte motility and chemotaxis, modulate pleiotropic cytokine responses, contribute to mononuclear cell proliferation, or induce target cell apoptosis. Overall, these mecha- nisms define a novel interface between general inflamma- tory reactions, invariably characterized by activation of blood protease cascades, and specialized aspects of cel- lular immune functions.J. Leukoc. Biol. 58: 120-127; 1995.
Extracellular hippocampal glutamate and spontaneous seizure in the conscious human brain

An alteration in excitatory and inhibitory influences may underlie epilepsy. We used bilateral intrahippocampal microdialysis to test the hypothesis that an increase in extracellular glutamate may trigger spontaneous seizures. The concentrations of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain's major inhibitory neutrotransmitter, were measured in microdialysates before and during seizures in 6 patients with complex partial epilepsy investigated before surgery. Before seizures, concentrations of glutamate were higher in the epileptogenic hippocampus, whereas GABA concentrations were lower. During seizures, there was a sustained increase in extracellular glutamate to potentially neurotoxic concentrations in the epileptogenic hippocampus. Moreover, the increase preceded seizure. GABA concentrations were unchanged before seizures, but increased during them, with a greater rise in the non-epileptogenic hippocampus, suggesting that a rise in extracellular glutamate may precipitate seizures and that the concentrations reached may cause cell death.
Mutations in the Lactococcus lactis Ll.LtrB group II intron that retain mobility in vivo

Background Group II introns are mobile genetic elements that form conserved secondary and tertiary structures. In order to determine which of the conserved structural elements are required for mobility, a series of domain and sub-domain deletions were made in the Lactococcus lactis group II intron (Ll.LtrB) and tested for mobility in a genetic assay. Point mutations in domains V and VI were also tested.
ZRANK: Reranking protein docking predictions with an optimized energy function

Protein-protein docking requires fast and effective methods to quickly discriminate correct from incorrect predictions generated by initial-stage docking. We have developed and tested a scoring function that utilizes detailed electrostatics, van der Waals, and desolvation to rescore initial-stage docking predictions. Weights for the scoring terms were optimized for a set of test cases, and this optimized function was then tested on an independent set of nonredundant cases. This program, named ZRANK, is shown to significantly improve the success rate over the initial ZDOCK rankings across a large benchmark. The amount of test cases with No. 1 ranked hits increased from 2 to 11 and from 6 to 12 when predictions from two ZDOCK versions were considered. ZRANK can be applied either as a refinement protocol in itself or as a preprocessing stage to enrich the well-ranked hits prior to further refinement.