cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal neurons exhibit cyclothiazide-sensitive rapidly desensitizing responses to kainate

In whole-cell recordings from mammalian CNS neurons, AMPA-preferring glutamate receptors exhibit strong desensitization in response to AMPA, glutamate, and quisqualate, but not to kainate or domoate. Such desensitization is reduced by lectins, by the nootropic drug aniracetam, and by diazoxide. None of these compounds strongly modulate responses to kainate and domoate, consistent with the apparent lack of desensitization to these agonists. We now report experiments on hippocampal neurons in which responses to kainate were strongly potentiated by cyclothiazide, a benzothiadiazine diuretic and antihypertensive drug structurally related to diazoxide. Cyclothiazide increased the maximum response to a saturating concentration of kainate by approximately 300% and produced a shift to the left in the kainate dose-response curve. Because cyclothiazide was considerably more effective than aniracetam in reducing desensitization evoked by glutamate, we tested the possibility that potentiation of responses to kainate was due to block of a previously undetected component of desensitization in the response to kainate itself. In outside-out patches responses to rapid perfusion of 3 mM kainate showed 34% desensitization, the onset of which developed with a time constant of 2.2 msec. Desensitization of responses to kainate was abolished by 100 microM cyclothiazide, as was the much stronger desensitization evoked by glutamate and AMPA. Cyclothiazide also slowed the rate of deactivation of responses to kainate recorded after return to agonist- free solution. Current-voltage plots for control responses to kainate exhibited outward rectification that was associated with a reduction in the amount of desensitization on depolarization. Both effects were absent in the presence of cyclothiazide, suggesting that rectification of responses to kainate was due to the voltage dependence of desensitization. The complete block of desensitization produced by cyclothiazide provides a powerful new tool for analysis of allosteric regulatory mechanisms at AMPA-preferring glutamate receptors.
Rethinking justices' and committees' strategies in Segal's separation of powers game

In a recent paper Segal (1997) examines a Separation of Powers model in which the Supreme Court sets policy in a one-dimensional space, then Congress and the president have the opportunity to overturn it. His primary question is the extent to which justices have incentives to vote strategically – that is to vote against their sincere preferences (which ignore reactions by Congress and the president). Segal computes constraint sets, which are defined to be the policies that Congress and the president will not overturn. (Segal calls these sets “Pareto optimals”. However, because there are policies that Pareto-dominate these policies, we think constraint set is a more appropriate term. Later, Segal (1998) uses the term “set of irreversible decisions”.) He then uses these sets to examine empirically the strategic behavior of Justices. However, we note two mistakes in Segal’s solution to the game between the Court, Congress, and president. One involves the miscalculation of optimal strategies for gatekeeping committees. Another involves the miscalculation of optimal strategies for House-Senate conference committees.1
Analyzing explicit information flow

Constraining information flow is fundamental to security: we do not want secret information to reach untrusted principals (confidentiality), and we do not want untrusted principals to corrupt trusted information (integrity).
Hazards of mechanical ventilation--therapeutic implications

The side effects and adverse reactions associated with the use of positive pressure volume cycle ventilators are described with a focus on information the pharmacist needs to know to monitor patient drug therapy. Mechanical ventilation is discussed with regard to pulmonary and blood gases, infections, cardiovascular effects, renal-fluid status, metabolic considerations, central nervous system effects, gastrointestinal effects, musculo-skeletal reactions, discontinuance of mechanical ventilation and the use of inhalation drugs.
Comparing Psychological Adaptation to having a Disease Gene in Affected Individuals and Unaffected Carrier Parents

The Psychological Adaptation to Genetic Information Scale (PAGIS, Read et al.) has demonstrated that adaptation to genetic information is a multidimensional phenomenon comprised of five factors. The purpose of this web-based survey was to compare PAGIS scores of individuals with a genetic disease (n = 137, 49%) with scores of parents who have transmitted a genetic disease to their child (n = 143, 51%). Each of 26 items is rated on a 1–6 Likert scale, where a higher score represents more positive adaptation. The biological parents had higher scores (P = 0.004) on the total PAGIS and four of the five subscales (non-intrusiveness, support, self-worth, and certainty). There was no significant difference between the two groups on the self-efficacy subscale. Overall, parents who have transmitted a disease-related gene to their child demonstrate more positive adaptation than affected individuals to the knowledge that they possess a disease-related gene. This is not surprising, given the burden of having a genetic disease. However, parents do not score higher on the self-efficacy subscale, a measure that reflects the client’s general perception of control over consequences of having the gene. The findings reinforce the multidimensional nature of psychological adaptation to genetic information, and suggest that these dimensions will vary among subgroups.
Pulsar Speedups Related to Metastability of the Superfluid Neutron-Star Core

The sudden speed changes observed in the Vela and Crab pulsars may be caused by transitions between metastable flow states in the superfluid interior of the star.
Importance of pollen and nectar in flower choice by hummingbird flower mites, Proctolaelaps kirmsei (Mesostigmata: Ascidae)

Abstract Proctolaelaps kirmsei (Mesostigmata: Ascidae) is a specialist flower mite that feeds on pollen and nectar in flowers of Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae). We offered mites a choice between pairs of manipulated H. patens flowers in petri dishes in the laboratory, then counted the number of mites inside the flowers after 1 hour. Relative to flowers with stamens and nectaries removed, there were more mites in flowers with only stamens, with only nectaries, and with both stamens and nectaries. When offered a choice between flowers with stamens but no nectaries versus flowers with nectaries but no stamens, the mites did not show a preference. Mites preferred H. patens flowers with H. patens stamens over those with the stamens of a coexisting non-host plant (Heliconia pogonantha; Heliconiaceae) inserted, so the identity of the pollen is important in flower choice. These results and previous work on the importance of nectar show that the presence of both pollen and nectar can be used by P. kirmsei to discrimin...
Performance study of fast BSS transition using IEEE 802.11r

The mass deployment of IEEE 802.11 based wireless local area networks (WLAN), and increased sales in portable devices supporting WLAN, have resulted in an urgent need to support real time applications while wireless users are on the move. This critical support necessitates research into current WLAN roaming capabilities. This paper discusses how WLAN roaming capabilities are affected by new standards such as security (IEEE 802.11i) and quality of service (IEEE 802.11e), and describes the new IEEE 802.11r standard, which was developed to address issues faced by real time applications that implement the security and quality of service enhancements. The performance evaluation of 802.11r prototype and the 802.11i baseline mechanisms show that a voice application using 802.11r can achieve significantly shorter transition time and reduced packet loss during AP-AP transition, and can therefore realize a noticeable improvement in voice quality.
Paleosols as Environmental Indicators in Nonmarine Sedimentary Rocks--Example from Brule Formation: ABSTRACT

Although there has been considerable study of Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene soils as stratigraphic markers and environmental indicators, much less attention has been given to older paleosols. In nonmarine sedimentary beds, periods of nondeposition or erosion can be characterized as intermittent, areally extensive, and of variable duration. Under favorable conditions of weathering, soils may develop on exposed rocks and subsequently be preserved by deposition and burial. The Brule Formation (Oligocene) in northwest Nebraska consists predominantly of fluvial and eolian rocks. Based on paleontologic evaluations, several stratigraphic levels have been suggested as being soils or soil complexes. Of these, two stratigraphic zones were studied as possible paleosols. One of these, the lower ash bed of the Whitney Member, Brule Formation, has physical characteristics similar to those of a soil formed in a semiarid climate. The lower ash bed is indicated to be a paleosol on the basis of trends in organic matter, particle-size distribution, and calcium carbonate content. The vertical profile shows a zone of higher organic matter in the upper part, a zone of high clay content below, and high calcium carbonate content in the subsoil. The White marker bed of the Whitney Member of the Brule Formation was also studied. The amounts of organic matter, clay, and calcium carbonate do not indicate a simple paleosol origin for the White marker bed. Comparison of the lower ash paleosol to modern soils provides a basis for additional interpretations. Depth and thickness of zones of accumulation suggest that the paleosol was developed under a grassland cover and are characteristic of Chestnut-type soil. The climatic conditions that typically produce these characteristics include an average annual precipitation of 30 to 45 cm. End_of_Article - Last_Page 841------------
Extracting maximum validity from the WAIS

Recent research (Feingold, 1982) on the incremental validity of the WAIS has found that the Vocabulary and Information subtests are each as valid as the Full Scale IQ. The present WAIS review demonstrated that weighting subtests that differ in validity equally in the computation of the IQ is responsible for reducing potential validity. Two main conclusions emerged from these data. One, vocabulary and Information in concert yield a measure that has greater validity than either subtest by itself. Two, the addition of a third test in a stepwise multiple regression in which Vocabulary and Information already have been added will not result in a consistent increase in validity. These findings must be considered tentative, but can serve as a guide for devising research designs to validate the recent revision of the WAIS (WAIS-R).
Thinking after hitler: The new intellectual history of the federal republic of germany1

This review essay seeks to direct attention to intellectual history as a new and flourishing subfield in the historiography of post-1945 Germany. The essay probes and critically interrogates some of the basic arguments of Dirk Moses' prize-winning monograph German Intellectuals and the Nazi Past. It does so by engaging with a series of German-language monographs on key intellectuals of the postwar period (Alexander Mitscherlich, Jurgen Habermas, Herbert Marcuse) or groups of intellectuals that have appeared during the last few years. The essay also includes two books that focus on intellectual transfers from and to the United States and hence transcend the purely national framework. The essay highlights some broader themes such as West German intellectuals' confrontation with the Nazi past and with the memory of Germany's failed experiment with democracy during the interwar Weimar Republic. It also discusses the significance of the West German student movement in the 1960s for West German intellectual history. The essay concludes with some broader reflections on writing intellectual history of the postwar period, and it points to some avenues for further research. It underlines the significance of intellectual debates—and hence of intellectual history—for charting and explaining the process of postwar democratization and liberalization in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Fabrication and testing of thin silicon interposers with multilevel frontside and backside metallization and Cu-filled TSVs

Thin silicon or glass interposers provide a path to highly integrated microsystems. In this work we present a process for the fabrication and bonding of 100 and 200 μm thick silicon interposers with frontside and backside multilevel metal (MLM) routing layers and copper filled through-silicon vias (TSVs) with the aspect ratio of 4:1. First, we show the results of a study done to evaluate the compatibility of two types of temporary wafer bonding systems with the deposition, patterning, and cure of three different spin-on dielectric polymers used in the MLM structures. This study also examines bonding of the interposer die to a substrate and the removal of the supporting carrier. Secondly, we describe the process for the fabrication of the Si interposers and present results of electrical testing. Electrical testing before and after thermal cycling revealed a greater than 99% yield of TSVs and a high level of electrical isolation between TSVs. In this paper we demonstrate that a silicon interposer fabrication process using the combination of polymer dielectrics, plated copper routing lines, copper TSVs, and temporary wafer bonding can produce high yielding and robust structures.
Temperature dependence of the NMR relaxation time, T1, of 3He in thin 3He-4He films at various 4He coverages

Abstract The NMR spin-lattice relaxation time, T 1 , of a degenerate submonolayer coverage of 3 He on thin 4 He films has been measured. As a function of the 4 He coverage, T 1 exhibits a maximum, and crosses over to a region with an anomolous temperature dependence at higher coverages.
“Specific” [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding to glass fiber filter paper: Implications for the analysis of serotonin binding site subtypes

Abstract The effect of buffer constituents on [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT binding to glass fiber filter paper was examined. Apparent “specific” [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT binding to glass fiber filter paper can be demonstrated when the radioligand binding assay is performed in the absence of 0.1% ascorbate. This artifactual “specific” binding is time dependent and appears to saturate. In addition, drug competition studies reveal complex interactions with [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT binding to glass fiber filter paper in the absence of ascorbate. Both 5-HT and chlorimipramine appear to “complete” for the sites labeled by [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT while both d-LSD and methysergide cause an increase in the [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT binding to glass fiber filter paper at micromolar concentrations. These data indicate that [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT binding to glass fiber filter paper may lead to misinterpretation of radioligand data obtained using brain homogenates in the absence of ascorbate.
Longitudinal Association Between Marital Disruption and Child BMI and Obesity

This research examines whether family disruptions (i.e., divorces and separation) contribute to children's weight problems. The sample consists of 7,299 observations for 2,333 children, aged 5–14, over the 1986–2006 period, from a US representative sample from the Child and Young Adult Survey accompanying the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The study uses individual-fixed-effects models in a longitudinal framework to compare children's BMI and weight problems before and after a disruption. Furthermore, besides doing a before—after comparison for children, the study also estimates the effects at various periods relative to the disruption in order to examine whether children are affected before the disruption and whether any effects change as time passes from the disruption, as some effects may be temporary or slow to develop. Despite having a larger sample than the previous studies, the results provide no evidence that, on average, children's BMI and BMI percentile scores (measured with continuous outcomes) are affected before the disruption, after the disruption, and as time passes from the disruption, relative to a baseline period a few years before the disruption. However, children experiencing a family disruption do have an increased risk of obesity (having a BMI percentile score of 95 or higher) in the two years leading up to the disruption as well as after the disruption, and as time passes from the disruption.
Graduate courses in argumentation theory

The study of argument is currently receiving considerable attention from scholars representing a variety of perspectives. In order to assess the state of graduate education in argumentation theory, institutions which offer graduate courses in argumentation theory were surveyed. This essay reports data concerning the nature of institutions and the type of course, argumentation theorists discussed, historical concepts in argument, basic concepts in argument, everyday argument, miscellaneous topics, and resources employed in teaching these classes. Finally, ‐speculation is advanced concerning trends in graduate education in argumentation theory today.
Comparison of sediment sound-velocity functions from conjugate margins

A comparison of velocity functions from 15 regions within the conjugate margins of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, Southeast Indian Ocean, North Atlantic, and South Atlantic Ocean shows that velocity functions are not significantly different across most conjugate margins. One major exception is the segment from the Blake Plateau to New England in the western North Atlantic, and its counterpart in northwest Africa. Here the velocity gradients are consistently steeper on the African side compared with those on the North American side. The reason for this unexpected difference was sought in the geologic literature of the two margins. Published studies of these two margins show that although total subsidence and sediment thickness of each of the margins are about equal, the older beds (pre-Cenozoic) are much thicker on the African side. This fundamental difference in depositional history seems to be the major cause of the difference in velocity profiles. Possible differences in the distribution of salt along the margins of Africa and North America are not considered a likely source for the trans-Atlantic differences in the velocity functions. The North Atlantic data therefore illustrate that velocity increases more rapidly with depth in sections biased toward greater proportions of older beds; that is, sedimentation rates decrease as the basin ages. These studies also reveal that sound-velocity profiles are sensitive to the early conditions of deposition on passive margins.
Accelerating microbiomic big data analysis by spectral interpolation

Dimensionality reduction and visualization are two important procedures in microbiome data analysis. With the intrinsic high dimensionality of the feature space in raw microbiome sequencing data, such as 16S rRNA, it requires proper simplification for possible further analysis. The explosively increasing size of data from large-scale microbiome studies inevitably and exponentially raises the computational complexity of existing algorithms, which is an urgent issue standing in the way requires addressing. This study proposed a new approach for dimensionality reduction and visualization on microbiome sequencing data associated with the very issue. This method not only greatly improves the efficiency of computing on microbiomic big data analysis by spectral interpolation technique but also preserves as much information as possible from original data with decent visualization results. With this adaptive method introduced to the large-scale studies of microbiome, we can better facilitate the revealing of patterns and insights of microbial communities.
Spinal antinociceptive action of three representative opioid peptides in frogs

Abstract Spinal administration of low doses of dynorphin, β-endorphin or Met-enkephalin produces a potent, dose-dependent increase in the nociceptive threshold in the unanesthetized frog, Rana pipiens . Nociceptive thresholds were determined by using the acetic acid test, previously shown to be a sensitive indicator of antinociception in this amphibian species. Of particular interest, spinally administered dynorphin produces a potent antinociception in frogs without any signs of motor dysfunction seen after spinally administered dynorphin in mammalian species.
The N-terminal Lobes of Both Regulatory Light Chains Interact with the Tail Domain in the 10 S-inhibited Conformation of Smooth Muscle Myosin

Abstract In the presence of ATP, unphosphorylated smooth muscle myosin can form a catalytically inactive monomer that sediments at 10 Svedbergs (10 S). The tail of 10 S bends into thirds and interacts with the regulatory domain. ADP-Pi is “trapped” at the active site, and consequently the ATPase activity is extremely low. We are interested in the structural basis for maintenance of this off state. Our prior photocross-linking work with 10 S showed that tail residues 1554-1583 are proximal to position 108 in the C-terminal lobe of one of the two regulatory light chains ( Olney, J. J., Sellers, J. R., and Cremo, C. R. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 20375-20384 ). These data suggested that the tail interacts with only one of the two regulatory light chains. Here we present data, using a photocross-linker on position 59 on the N-terminal lobe of the regulatory light chain (RLC), demonstrating that both regulatory light chains of a single molecule can cross-link to the light meromyosin portion of the tail. Mass spectrometric data show four specific cross-linked regions spanning residues 1428-1571 in the light meromyosin portion of the tail, consistent with cross-linking two RLC to one light meromyosin. In addition, we find that position 59 can cross-link internally to residues 42-45 within the same RLC subunit. The internal cross-link only forms in 10 S and not in unphosphorylated heavy meromyosin (lacking the light meromyosin), suggesting a structural rearrangement within the RLC attributed to the interaction of the tail with the head.
Micelle Density Regulated by a Reversible Switch of Protein Secondary Structure

Protein secondary structures may exhibit reversible transitions that occur in an abrupt and controllable manner. In this report, we demonstrate that such transitions may be utilized in the design of a “smart” protein micellar system, in which a stimulus-induced change in protein structure triggers a rapid change in micelle compacticity and size. Specifically, recombinant DNA methods were used to prepare a protein triblock copolymer containing a central hydrophilic block and two hydrophobic end blocks derived from elastin-mimetic peptide sequences. Below the copolymer inverse transition temperature (Tt), dilute solutions of this amphiphilic protein formed monodispersed micelles in a narrow range of RH of ∼100 nm. When the the temperature was raised above Tt, an abrupt increase in micelle internal density was observed with a concomitant reduction in micelle size. This reversible change in micelle compacticity was triggered by helix-to-sheet protein folding transition. Significantly, these protein polymer-ba...
Pathogenesis and Management of Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock: Role of Inotropic Therapy

Patients with acute heart failure or cardiogenic shock following myocardial infarction have a high mortality. The first priority is to salvage any remaining viable myocardium, either by thrombolytic agents or, if necessary, by coronary angioplasty. A mechanical cause for the heart failure or shock needs to be excluded. Thereafter, the optimal therapeutic regimen needs to be chosen on the basis of each patient's hemodynamic profile. Patients can be broadly classified into three groups: (1) patients with a high left ventricular filling pressure (>18 mm Hg) and a cardiac index 2 but systolic arterial pressure >100 mm Hg; (2) patients with a systolic arterial pressure 18 mm Hg, and cardiac index 2 ; and (3) patients with an elevated right ventricular filling pressure (>10 mm Hg) and cardiac index 2 and a systolic arterial pressure ie , right ventricular infarction, are treated with volume expansion and dobutamine. Use of nonpharmacologic means of circulatory support, eg , intra-aortic balloon pump or left ventricular assist device may also be required in any of these subsets.
Efficacy of Immobilized Polyplexes and Lipoplexes for Substrate-Mediated Gene Delivery

Non-viral gene delivery by immobilization of complexes to cell-adhesive biomaterials, a process termed substrate-mediated delivery, has many in vitro research applications such as transfected cell arrays or models of tissue growth. In this report, we quantitatively investigate the efficiency of gene delivery by surface immobilization, and compare this efficiency to the more typical bolus delivery. The ability to immobilize vectors while allowing cellular internalization is impacted by the biomaterial and vector properties. Thus, to compare this efficiency between vector types and delivery methods, transfection conditions were initially identified that maximized transgene expression. For surface delivery from tissue culture polystyrene, DNA complexes were immobilized to pre-adsorbed serum proteins prior to cell seeding, while for bolus delivery, complexes were added to the media above adherent cells. Mathematical modeling of vector binding, release, and cell association using a two-site model indicated that the kinetics of polyplex binding to cells was faster than for lipoplexes, yet both vectors have a half-life on the surface of approximately 17 min. For bolus and surface delivery, the majority of the DNA in the system remained in solution or on the surface, respectively. For polyplexes, the efficiency of trafficking of cell-associated polyplexes to the nucleus for surface delivery is similar or less than bolus delivery, suggesting that surface immobilization may decrease the activity of the complex. The efficiency of nuclear association for cell-associated lipoplexes is similar or greater for surface delivery relative to bolus. These studies suggest that strategies to enhance surface delivery for polyplexes should target the vector design to enhance its potency, whereas enhancing lipoplex delivery should target the material design to increase internalization.
Palliative Therapy for Patients with Unresectable Esophageal Carcinoma

Most patients diagnosed with carcinoma of the esophagus do not undergo therapy with curative intent. The focus of treatment for these patients is to maximize their progression-free survival and palliate the most common sequelae of their disease: dysphagia, malnutrition, pain, and intraluminal tumor bleeding. This article discusses the available treatment options for palliation of patients with unresectable esophageal cancer.
Insect size tactics and developmental strategies

Insect size tactics or developmental strategies are discussed in relation to decisions individuals make about when to mature. Such decisions carry with them costs and benefits in terms of that individual's reproductive success. Whenever size affects fitness, selection should act such that individuals evaluate the costs and benefits due to changes in size and should mature when the ratio of benefit to cost is maximized.Predictions about seasonal changes in adult sizes within a population are tested on two species of mole cricket, Scapteriscus acletus and vicinus. Specifically, individuals maturing in the fall should be larger than average because there is no cost associated with delayed reproduction since reproduction occurs only during spring months. Smaller than average individuals should remain in juvenile stages and get larger before reproducing. Also it is predicted that as the spring reproductive season progresses a greater proportion of smaller individuals should mature because the costs due to delaying reproduction increase. The changes in seasonal distribution of adult sizes of mole crickets support the predictions and suggest that individuals make decisions about when to mature based on costs and benefits associated with changes in size.
Gene Regulation by Antisense DNA Produced in Vivo

Antisense technology has been widely used for regulating gene expression. Single-stranded RNA or DNA complementary to a target mRNA can inhibit the translation of the mRNA. Antisense RNA is produced in vivo, while antisense DNA is chemically synthesized as an oligonucleotide, which is extracellularly added to the cells. To maintain the effect of antisense DNA, a synthetic oligonucleotide has to be constantly added to the system. An advantage of antisense DNA over antisense RNA is that the target mRNA hybridized with the antisense DNA can be specifically digested by ribonuclease H. Here, we attempted to produce in vivo short single-stranded DNAs complementary to a specific mRNA. We demonstrate that such antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide of a desired sequence can be produced in Escherichia coli using a retron, a bacterial retroelement, as a vector and that the antisense DNA thus produced in vivo can effectively inhibit the expression of a specific E. coli gene, such as the gene for the major outer membrane lipoprotein.
Relaxation properties of elementary reversible cellular automata

Abstract The relaxation properties of a number of elementary reversible cellular automata are studied. Different rules have different types of relaxation behavior. Possible relationships between the thermodynamic behavior and phase space structure are discussed.
Naming giftedness: whiteness and ability discourse in US schools

This paper offers a conceptual analysis of ability discourse using the theoretical lens of critical whiteness studies and the methodological framework of critical discourse analysis. From its origins in the Progressive Era to contemporary debates on tracking, the concept of giftedness has been formed through racial projects throughout US history. Through these projects, the concept of ‘giftedness’ became synonymous with ‘whiteness’, and gifted education has served to maintain white privilege both within and between US schools. While counter-discourse on giftedness has been dominated by scholars working outside the field of gifted education, there is a growing critique of this concept within the field of gifted education.
Biotin-dextran: fast retrograde tracing of sciatic nerve motoneurons

We present evidence that biotin-dextran (BD) provides good fast retrograde tracing in the rat sciatic nerve. Using BD injected distal to a crush injury of either tibial or common peroneal nerves, spinal cord motoneuron counts after 48 h compare favorably with counts obtained using horseradish peroxidase. Advantages of BD include fine staining of the soma and its branches, increasing the reliability of motoneuron counting, as well as good staining of sciatic nerve axons 30 mm away from the crush site. BD, already demonstrated to be a good anterograde tracer in the central nervous system, is shown to be a good retrograde tracer in a peripheral nervous system model.
Impact of a Pharmacist on Medication Reconciliation on Patient Admission to a Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Purpose: Medication errors are a leading cause of injury to hospitalized patients, and studies reveal that these errors occur most often at transitions of care. The objective of this study was to evaluate a pharmacist’s impact on medication errors at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) through involvement in medication reconciliation on patient admission.Methods: A retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted to evaluate pharmacist-initiated medication reconciliation. Preprogram and postprogram data were compared. In both phases medical records were evaluated for discrepancies by comparing outpatient medications with inpatient medication orders. Inclusion criteria comprised patients with outpatient medications who were admitted to the VAMC for at least 72 hours. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of unreconciled medications. Secondary outcomes included cost savings to the VAMC and avoidance of potential adverse events.Results: A total of 206 patients were included in ...
CD4+ CD5+ regulatory T cells render naive CD4+ CD25– T cells anergic and suppressive

CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTreg) are potent inhibitors of almost all immune responses. However, it is unclear how this minor population of cells is capable of exerting its powerful suppressor effects. To determine whether nTreg mediate part of their suppressor function by rendering naive T cells anergic or by converting them to the suppressor phenotype, we cocultured mouse nTreg with naive CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells from T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice on a RAG deficient (RAG(-/-)) background in the presence of anti-CD3 and interleukin-4 (IL-4) to promote cell viability. Two distinct responder cell populations could be recovered from the cocultures. One population remained undivided in the coculture and was non-responsive to restimulation with anti-CD3 or exogenous IL-2, and could not up-regulate IL-2 mRNA or CD25 expression upon TCR restimulation. Those responder cells that had divided in the coculture were anergic to restimulation with anti-CD3 but responded to restimulation with IL-2. The undivided population was capable of suppressing the response of fresh CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells and CD8(+) T cells, while the divided population was only marginally suppressive. Although cell contact between the induced regulatory T cell (iTreg) and the responders was required for suppression to be observed, anti-transforming growth factor-beta partially abrogated their suppressive function. The iTreg did not express Foxp3. Therefore nTreg are not only able to suppress immune responses by inhibiting cytokine production by CD4(+) CD25(-) responder cells, but also appear to modulate the responder cells to render them both anergic and suppressive.
Least action approach to collective behavior

In studying the properties of the attractor of an Iterated Function System, similarities were noted between bacterial chemotaxis and the asymptotic properties of a Random Iteration Algorithm (RIA). We have previously demonstrated global optimization by a swarm of agents using an RIA-like action selection rule, the Random Selection Rule. This capability suggests a least action approach to the specification of collective behaviors. In this paper we present simulations of a simple example of such a behavior--an emergent Braitenberg Vehicle whose frame, propulsion, control and sensing are all emergent properties, evolving from the behavior of simple `chemotactic' agents.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gender, adaptation and authorship: three decades of The Woman in Black

The second-longest running play in London, The Woman in Black draws its energy from presenting the threat posed to patriarchal society by the repressed feminine. Analyzing the novella and film as well as a dramatic text, this essay focuses on the portrayal of a murderous,vengeful female ghost who, having lost her child, terrorizes a village. Attempting to banish her by appropriating and retelling her story, male authors and the audience learn the repressed feminine cannot be contained.
The Life-Cycle and Bionomics of Lipeurus Caponis (Linn.)

It has seemed since the publication by the writer of the lifecycle of Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch that similar work on other species of poultry lice would be desirable. These species are readily available for experimental work and it would appear that much could be gained by concentrating on the lice of one host, not only because of the economic value of the domestic fowl, but also to develop the picture of a single host in its relationship to all of its mallophagan parasites.
Transformation of polycythemia vera to acute nonlymphocytic leukemia accompanied by t(1;3)(p36;q21) karyotype

The case of a patient with a history of polycythemia vera and 46,XX karyotype who transformed into acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with 46,XX,t(1;3)(p36;q21) rearrangement is reported. Significant percentages of the circulating blasts in the peripheral blood were positive on immunocytochemical stains for megakaryocyte markers, anti-Factor VIII, and antiglycoprotein IIb/IIIa. On the basis of our studies and published reports, trilineage hematopoietic abnormalities and a poor response to therapy may represent typical features of patients with t(1;3).
Effects of Instructional and Learner Variables on Children's Analogically Based Misrepresentations

Abstract The influence of one instructional variable (context) and two learner variables (age and verbal aptitude) on the analogical mapping decisions of third- and sixth-grade children (N = 96) were analyzed. In contrast to an appended control group (n = 17), learners presented with an interdomain instructional analogy consistently demonstrated target-domain misrepresentations based on an alternative relational system, irrelevant relations, and literal object attributes. High-verbal-aptitude children incorrectly mapped irrelevant relations more frequently under specific context conditions than under general context conditions. Low-verbal-aptitude children made fewer irrelevant relational inferences when provided with a specific context for the analogy than when provided with a general context. These results suggest that both structure mapping and pragmatic views of analogical transfer are incomplete accounts of the mapping process for young learners.
Is the Use of Biologic Additions Necessary to Optimize Periodontal Regenerative Efforts

Background: A myriad of techniques are available for clinicians attempting to regenerate periodontal osseous lesions. In the past decade, the use of biologic agents has been added to periodontal regenerative materials in an attempt to achieve optimal and predictable success. There is a clear need for these agents because graft materials and scaffolding agents vary significantly in their intrinsic inductivity and ability to attract the cells necessary to achieve the histologic endpoint of forming new bone, cementum, and a functionally oriented periodontal ligament. Moreover, biologics have been proven to enhance angiogenesis and facilitate wound closure, which may further optimize results.Summary: The era of biologics has ushered in an opportunity for clinicians to provide their patients with predictable results that acheive not only quantitative clinical results but also qualitative histologic results that demonstrate regeneration of the lost periodontium. Clinicians must weigh the benefits versus the add...
Assessment of “activation” of estrogen receptors in lactating mammary gland using DNA-cellulose binding

Abstract To circumvent the need for isolated nuclei in studies on activation of estrogen-receptor complexes in mammary gland of the rat, a DNA-cellulose binding assay was employed using a cell-free system. Incubation at 28°C for 30 min of receptors previously charged with [ 3 H]estradiol markedly enhanced their association with DNA-cellulose. Once activated, estrogen-receptor complexes bound maximally to DNA-cellulose within 20–30 min. The temperature optimum for activation was 28 ± 2°C using cytosol preparations. The temperature-induced activation required the presence of both steroid and cytosolic receptors simultaneously. Density gradient centrifugation revealed that, unlike those of uterus, both activated and charged estrogen-receptor complexes of lactating mammary tissue sedimented as a 4 S species in sucrose gradients containing 0.4 M KCl.
The Empirical Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on Innovation: Puzzles and Clues

Economists have long seen the patent system as a crucial lever through which policymak ers affect the speed and nature of innovation in the economy. It is not surprising, then, that the profound changes that have roiled the global patent system over the past 25 years are attract ing increasing attention from the economics profession. A critical question relates to the impact of these shifts: to what extent do they really affect the pace of innovative discovery and diffu sion? Much of the theoretical economics litera ture, such as Richard Gilbert and Carl Shapiro (1990), has assumed an unambiguous relation ship between the strength of patent protection and the rate of innovation. This assumption has been relaxed in a line of work on sequential innovation, beginning with Suzanne Scotchmer and Jerry Green (1990). This research addresses this question by examining the impact of major patent policy shifts in 60 nations over the past 150 years. I examine the changes in patent applications by residents of the nation undertaking the policy change. While I tabulate domestic filings by residents and nonresidents alike, confounding factors may influence this measure. Thus, I also examine filings made by residents of the nation undertaking the policy change in a nation with a relatively constant patent policy, Great Britain. Much of the earlier empirical work has focused on understanding the impacts of a sin
Observations on Rugosospora Heinemann in the Neotropics

The genus Rugosospora (Agaricales, Basidi? omycota) comprises two species R. ochraceobadia, de? scribed from Africa, and R. pseudorubiginosa, de? scribed from Mexico and Colombia. In this paper, the morphology, taxonomy, and nomenclature of R. pseu? dorubiginosa is discussed and its geographical distri? bution extended. Comparison of the basidiospore or? namentation of both species is based on scanning elec? tron microscopy studies. A key to the species of the
Surface instabilities and nuclear multifragmentation

Central heavy-ion collisions, as described by a Boltzman-Nordheim-Vlasov calculation, form nuclear disks that break up into several fragments due to surface instabilities of the Rayleigh-Taylor kind. We demonstrate that a sheet of liquid, nuclear or otherwise, stable in the limit of infinitely sharp surfaces, becomes unstable due to surface-surface interactions. The onset of this instability is determined analytically. The relevance of these instabilities to nuclear multifragmentation is discussed.
Particle Resuspension in Turbulent Flow: A Stochastic Model for Individual Soil Grains

A stochastic model for the motion of a particle initially at rest on a surface is explored. Fluid and adhesive forces are quantified based on first principles, and turbulent fluctuations are addressed probabilistically from probability distribution functions. A Monte Carlo process yields the distributions of particle position and velocity under a wide range of wind conditions and soil sizes. Results indicate that particle size and friction velocity are the most important factors in determining if a particle will resuspend and in predicting its subsequent motion. Larger wind speeds produce more violent fluctuations, which have a greater effect on small particles than on large particles. A theoretical analysis of the threshold friction velocity supports earlier experimental findings. The aerodynamic lift force cannot be neglected, and the torque exerted on a particle can be important in some cases. Applying the results of this work may contribute to reducing uncertainty in large-scale aerosol models.
Detection of Hepatitis Associated Antigen by Latex Agglutination

THERE has been a marked increase of post-transfusion hepatitis associated with the increased utilization of blood and its products. The discovery of a reaction of serum from multiple transfused haemophiliacs with serum from patients suffering from hepatitis1,2 has made it possible to analyse the hepatitis associated antigen (HAA), the agent associated with the transmittance of hepatitis. HAA is currently detected using haemophiliac serum as the antibody source and standard serological techniques, that is, immunodiffusion, complement fixation and immunoelectro-osmophoresis3. This report describes a latex agglutination procedure which is compatible with the existing technology in blood banks as well as being very rapid and sensitive. The assay is based on the agglutination of antibody-absorbed latex particles by HAA contained in the test serum.
Breast cancer quality control

Tumorigenesis is regulated by several mechanisms including signalling, transcription and DNA replication. Now a cytoplasmic protein quality-control pathway is implicated in the suppression of breast cancer cell growth, suggesting a new role for quality-control mechanisms in suppressing cells with malignant potential.
Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease

The mutual relationship between the intestinal microbiota and its mammalian host is influenced by diet. Consumption of various nutrients affects the structure of the microbial community and provides substrates for microbial metabolism. The microbiota can produce small molecules that are absorbed by the host and affect many important physiological processes. Age-dependent and societal differences in the intestinal microbiota could result from differences in diet. Examples include differences in the intestinal microbiota of breastfed vs formula-fed infants or differences in microbial richness in people who consume an agrarian plant-based vs a Western diet, which is high in meat and fat. We review how diet affects the structure and metabolome of the human intestinal microbiome and may contribute to health or the pathogenesis of disorders such as coronary vascular disease and inflammatory bowel disease.
MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS AND MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) may have noble objectives but there are concerns that the associated transfer of resources from wealthy to poor countries could be counter-productive in terms of long-term economic performance. Reforming the institutions of governance and removing barriers that hinder the efficient functioning of markets are the most effective ways for poor countries to achieve MDGs. Poor countries can also improve living standards by relying on market forces rather than monopolistic public agencies for the delivery of services.
Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Mechanisms Involved in the Interleukin‐1, Steroid, and Protein Kinase C Regulation of Nerve Growth Factor in Cortical Astrocytes

Neonatal rat cortical astrocytes in primary culture synthesize and secrete nerve growth factor (NGF). Treatment of astrocytes with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) or the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) increased NGF mRNA content by six- to 10-fold, followed in time by increases in cell content and cell secretion of NGF. Dexamethasone potently inhibited the effects of IL-1 and TPA on astroglial cell NGF expression. The action of IL-1 was not mediated by PKC because treatment of cells with maximal concentrations of both IL-1 and TPA gave an additive increase in NGF mRNA content and NGF secretion, and because down-regulating PKC activity failed to inhibit the stimulatory effects of IL-1. Moreover, both agents increased NGF gene transcription in nuclear run-on assays, but only IL-1 significantly stabilized the NGF mRNA. An analysis of the effects of IL-1 and TPA on immediate early gene expression indicated that IL-1 preferentially induced c-jun gene expression, whereas TPA greatly increased c-fos and zif/268 gene expression. These results suggest that IL-1 activates c-jun and NGF gene expression, and NGF mRNA stabilization in astrocytes by a distinct PKC-independent signaling pathway.