cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A quantitative theory of human color choices.

The system for colorimetry adopted by the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) in 1931, along with its subsequent improvements, represents a family of light mixture models that has served well for many decades for stimulus specification and reproduction when highly controlled color standards are important. Still, with regard to color appearance many perceptual and cognitive factors are known to contribute to color similarity, and, in general, to all cognitive judgments of color. Using experimentally obtained odd-one-out triad similarity judgments from 52 observers, we demonstrate that CIE-based models can explain a good portion (but not all) of the color similarity data. Color difference quantified by CIELAB ΔE explained behavior at levels of 81% (across all colors), 79% (across red colors), and 66% (across blue colors). We show that the unexplained variation cannot be ascribed to inter- or intra-individual variations among the observers, and points to the presence of additional factors shared by the majority of responders. Based on this, we create a quantitative model of a lexicographic semiorder type, which shows how different perceptual and cognitive influences can trade-off when making color similarity judgments. We show that by incorporating additional influences related to categorical and lightness and saturation factors, the model explains more of the triad similarity behavior, namely, 91% (all colors), 90% (reds), and 87% (blues). We conclude that distance in a CIE model is but the first of several layers in a hierarchy of higher-order cognitive influences that shape color triad choices. We further discuss additional mitigating influences outside the scope of CIE modeling, which can be incorporated in this framework, including well-known influences from language, stimulus set effects, and color preference bias. We also discuss universal and cultural aspects of the model as well as non-uniformity of the color space with respect to different cultural biases.
Spatial statistics of snowmelt flow: Data from lysimeters and aerial photos

The two-dimensional, horizontal spatial statistics of meltwater flow through a Wyoming snowpack were investigated using two independent methods: meltwater flow from arrays of closely spaced lysimeters and a survey of snow surface brightness on aerial photos. Both methods suggested a characteristic distance of about 6 m over which the respective phenomena were correlated. If a characteristic distance for meltwater flow could be related to snow characteristics such as slope and aspect, modeling of meltwater related phenomena would be facilitated. If the aerial photo data could be shown to be related to the flow data, as these results suggest, a convenient technique for determining meltwater spatial statistics from aerial photos would be available.
Fast stopped-flow microcalorimeter

A fast stopped-flow microcalorimeter using a thermistor and an a.c. bridge is described. Time resolution, limited by the response of the thermistor, is 3 ms for t 1/2 while sensitivity is 100 mu degree C in this bandpass. A reaction requires 0.3 ml of each reactant. The microcalorimeter is adiabatic to within 2% for 2 s and mixing may be repeated every 5 min. Computer finite element simulation techniques (FEST) are used to correct for the thermistor response time and heat losses. Results of tests with reactions of NaOH and HCl, NaHCO3, and HCl, and glyclyglycine and CO2 agree with published kinetic and thermodynamic values to within an experimental error of less than 2%.
Microdiversity of Culturable Diazotrophs from the Rhizoplanes of the Salt Marsh Grasses Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus.

Salt marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) are among the most productive ecosystems known, despite nitrogen limitation. Rhizoplane/rhizosphere diazotrophy (nitrogen fixation) serves as a significant source of combined nitrogen in these systems. Several recent studies have demonstrated remarkable physiological and phylogenetic macro- and microdiversity within this important functional group of organisms. However, the ecological significance of this diversity is presently unknown. The physiological characteristics of the culturable, oxygen-utilizing fraction of the rhizoplane diazotroph assemblages from Spartina alterniflora and from another salt marsh grass, the black needle rush Juncus roemerianus, were examined in combination with an assessment of the phylogenetic relatedness by whole genome DNA–DNA hybridization. Analysis of substrate utilization data permitted quantitative evaluation of fully cross-hybridizing strain groups and physiological clusters. Phylogenetically related strains, defined by DNA homology ≥90% relative to the positive control, displayed extensive physiological diversity. Seven bootstrap-supported physiological clusters, composed largely of phylogenetically dissimilar strains, showed similar utilization patterns for at least one class of ecologically relevant substrates (carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, or amino acids). These diazotrophs appear to be physiologically adapted for utilization of specific substrates or classes of substrates, lending support to diazotrophic functional redundancy. Microenvironmental heterogeneity is credited for promoting this diversity by selecting for physiologically specialized diazotroph populations to occupy defined niches in situ. One outcome of this physiological diversity is maintenance of a crucial environmental function (nitrogen fixation) over a broad range of environmental conditions.
Pylephlebitis, portal vein thrombosis, hepatic abscess; unusual complications in a teenager with Crohn's disease

Pylephlebitis, portal vein thrombosis and hepatic abscesses are unusual complications of Crohn's disease. Our patient, a 17 year old male had been diagnosed with Crohn's disease one year prior to the present illness. His clinical course had been uneventful, and his only medication was mesalamine 800 mg PO TID.
Supersonic metal cluster beams of refractory metals: Spectral investigations of ultracold Mo2

A novel technique involving pulsed laser vaporization of the bulk metal within a pulsed supersonic nozzle has been shown to successfully produce ultracold bare metal clusters of even the most refractory of metals, tungsten and molybdenum. Clusters of up to 25 atoms may be readily prepared using this technique. Mass‐selective resonant two‐photon ionization spectra of Mo2 produced in this fashion show that the dimer is efficiently cooled in the expansion Ttrans<6 K, Trot∼5 K, and Tvib∼325 K. We have rotationally resolved the A 1Σ+u←X 1Σ+g (0–0) band for 92Mo2 and determined the bond length in the ground and excited states to be 1.940±0.009 and 1.937±0.008 A, respectively. This confirms and extends the analysis of Efremov et al. [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 73, 40 (1970)] who prepared 98Mo2 by flash photolysis of isotopically pure Mo(CO)6. We have also observed the (1–1), (2–2), and (3–3) sequence bands which together with the ground state data of Efremov et al. determine vibrational constants ω′e=449.0±0.2 cm−1 and ...
Laser Photothermal Effects For Measurements And Materials Processing

Some recent progress in the utilization of light-induced heating (or photothermal) effects for material testing and processing is described. Material testing applications include moisture adsorption and interfacial thermal contact-resistance measurements, while processing studies include the ablation of thin polymer films using picoseconds ultraviolet laser pulses.
Lessons Learned from a Mentored Graduate Program in Gerontological Nursing

An educational training grant provided the funding for a 3-year project to recruit candidates into a mentored and redesigned gerontological advanced practice nursing program. The project goal was to design and implement a part-time program in advanced practice gerontological nursing that allowed nurses currently working in a long-term care (LTC) facility to maintain their full-time employment. Most of the students recruited worked at a partner LTC facility. The cohort was ethnically diverse. The outcome objective is board certification in gerontological advanced practice nursing. The mentored model offered a high level of support, including tutoring, professional role development activities, writing support, regular meetings, and workshops. Project faculty learned valuable lessons from this project relating to mentoring, tutoring, course scheduling, learning styles and preferences, and writing support. The part-time curriculum should also be reviewed critically.
Developmental Advising: Practices and Attitudes of Faculty Advisors.

In an attempt to join theory and practice and contribute to the teaching function of academic advising, advising procedures at two colleges were studied. After participating in organized advising p...
Attractiveness, Self-Concept, and a Methodological Note about Gaze Behavior

The kinesic behavior of high and low self-concept male subjects interacting with either a physically attractive or un attractive female confederate was examined. A technique was de veloped and utilized to gain experimental control over the con federate's visual behavior without resorting to the unnatural pro cedure of either having her continuously looking at the subject or arbitrarily looking according to a predetermined, signaled sequence. Both the self-concept of the male subjects and the physical attractiveness of the female confederates were found to influence subjects' nonverbal behavior.
Two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of protein mixtures containing active or potentially active proteases: Analysis of human exocrine pancreatic proteins

Abstract Analysis of human pancreatic juice in two dimensions using isoelectric focusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicated that human pancreatic trypsinogen (IEPn = 6.4) rapidly autoactivated in the absence of the secretory trypsin inhibitor. The addition of 4 to 6 m urea to the protein sample and 8 m urea to the isoelectric focusing gel inhibited this autoactivation process and allowed the analysis of human exocrine pancreatic proteins. Thirteen discrete proteins were separated by the two-dimensional gel procedure including two forms each for trypsinogen, proelastase, and procarboxypeptidase A, and single forms each for amylase, lipase, procarboxypeptidase B, and chymotrypsinogen. The kinetics of inhibition of human trypsin by 8 m urea in the presence of ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N′-tetraacetic acid indicated that samples containing active proteases could also be analyzed by this procedure.
Photoassisted synthesis of mixed-metal clusters: [PPN] [CoOs3(CO)13], H2RuOs3(CO)13, and H2FeOs3(CO)13

Abstract The utility of photochemical methods for the directed synthesis of mixed-metal metal clusters has been explored. The 366 nm photolysis of a solution containing [PPN] [Co(CO)4] (PPN = (Ph3P)2N+) and Os3(CO)12 gives the new cluster [PPN][CoOs3(CO)13] in 33% yield. Irradiation of a mixture of Fe(CO)5 and H2Os3(CO)10 yields H2FeOs3(CO)13 in 95% yield, and photolysis of Ru3(CO)12 in the presence of H2Os3(CO)10 gives the new cluster H2RuOs3(CO)13. Details of these syntheses, their probable mechanisms, and the characterization of the new compounds are discussed.
Health resource utilization and clinical outcomes with risperidone therapy in patients with serious mental illness

Abstract This report is an analysis of our experience with risperidone therapy in a veteran population with severe, suboptimally responsive psychosis from a perspective of clinical response and health resource utilization. We conducted a computer search for all patients who received risperidone therapy at our facility from February 1994 until July 1, 1996. Risperidone at our facility is prescribed when psychiatric symptoms appear to be refractory or suboptimally responsive to conventional antipsychotic therapy. A control group of patients on conventional antipsychotic therapy were also selected via the electronic data base. One hundred twenty-nine patients received risperidone therapy at a mean dosage of 5.05 ± 2.4 mg/d, for a mean duration of 247.4 ± 223.5 days. The largest proportion of patients (48.1%) had marked improvement on risperidone therapy. There were 35 patients who received at least 1 year of risperidone therapy. These patients had a significant decrease in hospital length of stay (LOS) from 80.7 to 28.7 days ( P = .003) on risperidone with no compensatory increase in outpatient visits. The group of patients who received conventional antipsychotic therapy during the study time period had a more modest mean reduction in LOS over a 2-year time period from 78.9 days during the initial identified year of conventional antipsychotic therapy to 56.4 days during the second identified year of conventional antipsychotic therapy ( P = .2). However, when change in LOS for the entire group was compared, the difference in change in LOS between risperidone and conventional antipsychotic treated patients did not reach statistical significance ( P = .2). This preliminary study concurs with other reports that risperidone therapy may be effective in severely mentally ill patients and may be associated with significant reductions in health resource utilization. Comparison of resource utilization between patients receiving risperidone and conventional antipsychotic therapy is still unclear and should be explored in larger and prospective studies.
APPEARANCE OF ISOAGGLUTININS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

1. The isoagglutination reaction of 131 infants and children from birth to 10½ years was examined by testing their serum and washed corpuscles microscopically against the serum and corpuscles of each of the four adult groups. 2. The grouping as present in adults is rarely present in blood from the umbilical cord. 3. At birth and during the 1st month of life isoagglutination is rarely present, but the percentage of infants in whom the isoagglutinin group is established increases with age, so that after 1 year the group is usually established, and after 2 years is always present as in adults. 4. The grouping is established in the corpuscles before it is established in the serum; i.e., the corpuscles acquire agglutinophilic receptors before the serum acquires agglutinin. Therefore, Group I is the first group to be formed and Group IV is the last. 5. The early grouping in the corpuscles before the group is established in the serum is liable to change by the acquisition of new receptors. 6. When the grouping has been established in both serum and corpuscles it does not change. 7. Isoagglutinins are present in mother's milk and the grouping is identical with that in the mother's blood. These agglutinins are probably not transmitted to the nursing infant through the milk. 8. On account of the differences between the agglutination reactions in the blood of mother and child it is not safe to transfuse an infant from its mother without making the preliminary tests.
Low-Temperature Behavior of a Dilute Bose System of Hard Spheres. I. Equilibrium Properties

By a generalization of the method used in a previous paper the distribution of energy levels of a dilute Bose system of hard spheres is found. These energy levels are then used to compute the statistical properties for the system. A phase transition is found, and the transition point is calculated to the lowest order of $a$, the diameter of the hard spheres. Furthermore, the thermodynamical functions of the system in both the gas phase and the degenerate phase are obtained, provided $(\frac{a}{\ensuremath{\lambda}})\ensuremath{\ll}1$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}{a}^{3}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the thermal wavelength and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the particle density.
Selective C-H activation of haloalkanes using a rhodiumtrispyrazolylborate complex.

Several halogenated substrates are found to participate in C−H bond cleavage reactions with the photochemically generated fragment [Tp′Rh(CNR)] (Tp′ = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate; R = CH2CMe3). Reaction with 1- or 3-chloropentane gives only terminal C−H activation products. Reaction with 2-chloropentane gives a mixture of 4-chloropentyl activation product and Tp′Rh(CNR)HCl, arising from β-chloride elimination of the 2-chloropentyl activation product. Activation of chloromethane gives Tp′Rh(CNR)(CH2Cl)H, with no activation of the C−Cl bond. Dichloromethane, however, gives only C−Cl cleavage product Tp′Rh(CNR)(CH2Cl)Cl. By comparing the kinetic stabilities of a series of 1-chloroalkane activation products (C1−C5), it was found that the chlorine substituent dramatically decreases reductive elimination rates as the substitution is closer to the metal center. With 1-chloroalkanes, there is evidence for the formation of small quantities of C−H cleavage products α to the chloro substituent. Reactions ...
Employment and economic growth in Costa Rica

Abstract Costa Rica's economic growth in the last 25 years has had favorable labor market and income distribution consequences. Overall, employment growth kept pace with labor force growth, the mix of jobs improved, real wages rose, and relative inequality and absolute poverty fell. But during the economic crisis of 1980–1982, when real per capita income plummeted, labor market conditions deteriorated markedly: unemployment doubled, employment composition worsened, and real wages fell by 40%. Growth, labor market conditions, and income distribution
Survival of honeybees in cold climates: the critical timing of colony growth and reproduction

Abstract. 1. The adaptive significance of the timing of growth and reproduction by honeybee, Apis mellifera L., colonies in cold climates was studied by describing the seasonal patterns of food storage, brood rearing, and swarming, and then observing the consequences of experimentally perturbing the seasonal cycles of brood rearing and swarming. 2. Colonies consume large amounts of food over winter (20+ kg of honey), but have only a brief period (about 14 weeks) for food collection each year. 3. The honeybee's striking habits of starting brood rearing in midwinter and swarming in late spring evidently help colonies achieve maximum use of the short summer season. Colonies whose onset of-brood rearing was experimentally postponed until early spring showed greatly retarded colony growth and swarming. Other experiments demonstrated that late swarms starve more often during winter than do early swarms. 4. We conclude that the timings of colony growth and reproduction are essential elements in the honeybee's suite of adaptations for winter survival.
Charting a course leads to desirable destination

This paper describes, charting a course leads to desirable destination. Because of the major impact on society, members of the engineering profession should strive to achieve their highest level of success. This can be accomplished by the use of proven principles of career management. Career management starts by defining visions of personal and professional life. First step in career management is to develop a strategy by setting goals and identifying technical and nontechnical skill needs. Designing action plans to reach goals and develop new skills is also an important aspect of career management. A very important, and often overlooked, part of successful career management is to implement an action plan. The final step in successful career management is to document activities and periodically evaluate results. When results are less than desirable, the planning process needs to be revisited and appropriate changes made to accomplish life visions. As gain addition experience and the life vision may also expand or change. When it does, it needs to make appropriate revisions in our career plan
Visualizing Transcription In Vivo at Nucleotide Resolution using Nascent Transcript Sequencing

Elegant single molecule approaches have elucidated the mechanisms that cause RNA polymerase to pause during transcription. However, it is unclear whether these pausing events and their subsequent recovery occur within the cell as there are a large number of elongation factors that facilitate the progression of RNA polymerase (RNAP) through a chromatized genome. To explore the mechanisms of RNA polymerase elongation in vivo, we require experimental strategies that can observe transcription with the same resolution as can be obtained in vitro. Here we present an approach, native elongating transcript sequencing - NET-seq, that accomplishes this goal by exploiting the extraordinary stability of the DNA-RNA-RNAP ternary complex to capture nascent transcripts directly from live cells without crosslinking. The identity and abundance of the 3’ end of purified transcripts are revealed by deep sequencing thus providing a quantitative measure of RNAP density with single nucleotide precision. Application of NET-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals pervasive polymerase pausing and backtracking throughout the body of transcripts. Average pause density shows prominent peaks at each of the first four nucleosomes with the peak location occurring in good agreement with in vitro single molecule measurements. Thus nucleosome-induced pausing represents a major barrier to transcriptional elongation in vivo.
High‐level radioactive waste management in the USA

High‐level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal policy in the USA since 1987 has focused on a site in volcanic tuffs 305 meters beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada, with current plans calling for the repository to be opened in 2017 subject to approval by the Obama Administration. Yet the offsite radiation release standards of the US Environmental Protection Agency are still being finalized, and there is significant doubt over whether a repository at Yucca Mountain can be successfully licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Moreover, the proposed repository has a capacity cap insufficient to accept the total HLW stream from the civilian and military sectors, and focus on a single site is unnecessarily risky. Thus, the HLW problem in the USA remains far from being solved. After providing an overview of the nuclear waste regime of the USA, this paper reviews the technical, legal, and political status of the Yucca Mountain project. A large range of current issues and social values are discussed in this context,...
Maternal thyroid disease and risk of birth defects in offspring: a population‐based case‐control study

Summary. We investigated the relationship between maternal thyroid disease and the risk of birth defects in offspring using data from a large population-based, case-control study. Cases included 4904 stillborn and liveborn infants with major anomalies diagnosed in the first year of life and born to residents of metropolitan Atlanta between 1968 and 1980. Controls included 3027 normal babies, frequency-matched to cases by race, hospital of birth and quarter of birth. We compared mothers of cases and controls regarding history of physician-diagnosed hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism before the infant's birth, age at diagnosis of thyroid condition, duration of illness, and intake of thyroid medications before and during pregnancy. Information obtained from maternal interviews was evaluated for concordance with hospital records. We adjusted for potentially confounding factors using conditional logistic regression analysis. Overall, there was no relationship between the risk of total birth defects and history of maternal hypothyroidism (odds ratio (OR)=1.05, 95% C.I. 0.84–1.31), maternal hyperthyroidism (OR = 1.00, 95% C.I. 0.66–1.53), and intake of thyroid hormone and antithyroid drugs before and during pregnancy. In an analysis of 66 specific birth defects and defect groups, we found two statistically significant associations with hypothyroidism and three with hyperthyroidism which may reflect chance findings. In an evaluation of babies with multiple anomalies, we observed a two-fold increased risk with hypothyroidism but no discernible pattern of defects. The absolute risk of major birth defects in offspring of women with history of hypothyroidism can be estimated as 2.1%, a finding at odds with the 10–20% risk cited in the literature.
An early and transient period of protein synthesis is required for induction of neuropeptide Y-mRNA by phorbol ester and forskolin in aggregate cultures of fetal brain cells

We have previously shown that both forskolin (F) and phorbol ester (P) induce neuropeptide Y (NPY) production by aggregate cultures formed from dissociated fetal rat brains. In this study, we addressed the question: Do F/P induce NPY-mRNA in aggregate cultures and if so, does induction require active protein kinases and on-going protein synthesis? On Northern blots, the NPY cDNA hybridized to a single species of about 0.8 kb. F and P each induced a time-dependent increase in NPY-mRNA relative abundance, and this was inhibited by staurosporine, an inhibitor of both protein kinase A and C. Cycloheximide (CHX) inhibited F/P induction of mRNA in a time-dependent manner. When aggregates were incubated with F+P for a total 12 h period, CHX added along with F+P (0 h) completely inhibited, CHX added 1.5 h after F+P partially inhibited, and CHX added 6 h after F+P did not inhibit the increase in NPY-mRNA. To rule out the possibility that this inhibitory profile reflects toxicity of CHX, blots were re-hybridized with a SRIF cRNA probe and, as expected for SRIF gene, a 12 h exposure to CHX did not inhibit F+P induction of SRIF-mRNA. Close inspection of the blots (derived from 1.5% agarose gels) suggested the presence in F/P-treated aggregates of 2 species NPY-mRNA [approximately 0.75 and approximately 0.85 kb, most likely differing in the length of poly(A) tail (Jamal et al., 1991)]; size-fractionation on a higher resolution gel (3% agarose) resolved the F/P induced mRNA into 2 distinct bands, while mRNA from untreated cultures migrated as a single band--the 0.75 kb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparative studies of the 3'-terminal sequences of several alpha virus RNAs.

The 3'-termini of 26 S RNA of Sindbis virus and of the virion 49 S RNAs of Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Middelburg virus have been sequenced by using a chain-terminating sequencing method with reverse transcriptase. Both 49 S and 26 S RNAs of Sindbis virus have identical 3'-terminal sequence for at least l46 nucleotides from the poly(A) tracts. The 26 S RNA is known to be a subgenomic RNA located at or near the 3'-end of 49 S RNA; our present results indicate that 26 S and 49 S RNA are coterminal. The 49 S RNAs of all three viruses contain a region of 20 nucleotides adjacent to the poly(A) which is highly conserved. This conserved sequence could be the replicase recognition site and/or a recognition site for encapsidation. After this conserved region the sequences of Sindbis and of Semliki Forest virus diverge significantly but there does appear to be some residual sequence homology in these regions. The 3'-termini of Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus RNAs contain a high content of A and U; of the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the poly(A) tail over half are U and over one quarter are A. In addition repeating sequences are present in the 3'-termini.
Consistency of Bayesian estimation of a step function

Abstract We study in this paper the consistency of Bayesian estimation of a piecewise constant function defined on [ 0 , 1 ] with observations on a grid, using the method in Barron et al. [1999. The consistency of posterior distributions in nonparametric problems. Ann. Statist. 27, 536–561.] In particular, we show that consistency is achieved if the prior on the number of jumps is a Poisson distribution and the prior puts positive mass on the neighborhood of the true function.
The Theory of Union Wage Rigidity

Scope of the paper: systematic analysis of the causes of rigid union wage policies, 522. — Union objectives: income, 523; philosophy, 524. — Demand schedules for union labor: oligopoly, 525; product price rigidity, 527; partial unionization, 528; relative importance of labor cost, 529. — Misinterpretation of the demand schedules: imperfect knowledge, 530; socio-economic structure of unionism, 531; method of negotiating wage agreements, 533. — Arbitrators' decisions, 536. — Employers' attitudes and policies, 539.
Visibility-tuning technique for addressing fiber sensor networks

We describe an optical fiber interferometric sensor addressing technique which utilizes frequency modulation of a single laser source to control the visibility of individual sensors. Interrogation of the sensors is performed by matching the laser modulation frequency to the frequency response characteristics of each individual sensor. We show that improvements in system performance can be achieved through the use of pseudo-noise RF modulation applied to the laser.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An evaluation of the dose-response relationship of fluoride injury to Gladiolus

Abstract Experiments were conducted with Gladiolus to evaluate the dose-response relationship of F− injury to plants. In two experiments (Group I), plants were intermittently exposed to HF in different patterns of period length and frequency (24–384 h) with the mean HF concentrations and cumulative doses (concentration x duration) being similar among the treatments in each experiment. In another series of experiments (Group II), plants were continuously exposed to similar HF doses applied in widely different combinations of concentration (3–86 μg F m−3) and duration (384–12 h). Leaf necrosis, as a percentage of the total leaf area of the plant, was used as the index of F− injury, and to facilitate its estimation, a mathematical model was developed relating lineal distance from the leaf tip to the area of the corresponding part of the leaf. In one of the Group I experiments (at 2.0 μg F m−3) no significant differences in response were found between treatments. In the other experiment (at 2.9 μg F m−3) less foliar necrosis was produced by the shorter duration, more frequent exposure treatments than by longer, less frequent exposures, inferring some degree of recovery for plants under the former conditions. In the Group II experiments no consistent relationship was found between the amount of foliar necrosis and the HF treatment concentration or duration. The range of responses in both Groups of experiments was much less than the range of the exposure conditions, which indicates a much closer relationship of F− injury to exposure dose than to the concentration, duration, or frequency of exposure.
Feminist IR 101: Teaching through Blogs

This article discusses the pedagogical potential of a series of blog posts called “Feminist IR 101,” which I wrote and posted on Duck of Minerva ([duckofminerva.blogspot.com][1]) over the course of 2010 and 2011. As our students increasingly rely on the internet as a source of not only news but knowledge and opinions, this group of posts looks to reach our student audience (and perhaps even others in the discipline) differently than textbooks or other traditional materials. They were meant to be an introduction to feminist IR in the true sense of the word–what feminist IR is, the vocabulary it uses, how it is useful in analysis, and why it is meaningful to scholars and students of gender and global politics. Their goal is to account for both what a feminist perspective contributes to the study of global politics and why I chose to do my research from that perspective. This short article looks specifically at both the “Feminist IR 101” project and its potential classroom uses, as well as the pedagogical value of blogging feminist IR more generally. [1]: http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com
Microbial conversion of synthetic and food waste-derived volatile fatty acids to lipids

Lipid accumulation in the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus albidus was evaluated using mixtures of volatile fatty acids (VFA) as substrates. In general, batch growth under nitrogen limitation led to higher lipid accumulation using synthetic VFA. During batch growth, an initial COD:N ratio of 25:1mg COD:mg N led to maximum intracellular lipid accumulation (28.3 ± 0.7% g/g dry cell weight), which is the maximum reported for C. albidus using VFA as the carbon source, without compromising growth kinetics. At this feed COD:N ratio, chemostat cultures fed with synthetic VFA yielded statistically similar intracellular lipid content as batch cultures (29.9 ± 1.9%, g/g). However, batch cultures fed with VFA produced from the fermentation of food waste, yielded a lower lipid content (14.9 ± 0.1%, g/g). The lipid composition obtained with synthetic and food-waste-derived VFA was similar to commercial biodiesel feedstock. We therefore demonstrate the feasibility of linking biochemical waste treatment and biofuel production using VFA as key intermediates.
Spousal influence in consumer decisions: a study of cultural assimilation

Spousal influence in the decision‐making process for purchasing consumer goods has been extensively investigated in the academic literature. There have been few studies, however, that have looked at this issue in a cross‐cultural context, especially that of cultural assimilation. Reports the results of a cross‐cultural study of consumer decision making for 16 product categories across three different household samples: US nationals, Indian US immigrants, and Indians living in India. Two major conclusions emerge: the three groups differ significantly in extent of spousal influence: and, in general, the immigrant group is found to be positioned between the American nationals and the culture they left behind, lending credence to acculturation/assimilation theories.
Mechanism of amido-thiourea catalyzed enantioselective imine hydrocyanation: transition state stabilization via multiple non-covalent interactions.

An experimental and computational investigation of amido-thiourea promoted imine hydrocyanation has revealed a new and unexpected mechanism of catalysis. Rather than direct activation of the imine by the thiourea, as had been proposed previously in related systems, the data are consistent with a mechanism involving catalyst-promoted proton transfer from hydrogen isocyanide to imine to generate diastereomeric iminium/cyanide ion pairs that are bound to catalyst through multiple noncovalent interactions; these ion pairs collapse to form the enantiomeric α-aminonitrile products. This mechanistic proposal is supported by the observation of a statistically significant correlation between experimental and calculated enantioselectivities induced by eight different catalysts (P ≪ 0.01). The computed models reveal a basis for enantioselectivity that involves multiple stabilizing and destabilizing interactions between substrate and catalyst, including thiourea-cyanide and amide-iminium interactions.
Fetal cell recycling: Diagnosis of gender and RhD genotype in the same fetal cell retrieved from maternal blood

Abstract Objective: Our aim was to develop a new technique, which we have termed fetal cell recycling, that combines the 2 powerful methods of fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction to maximize the genetic information available from a small number of fetal nucleated erythrocytes obtained noninvasively from the blood of pregnant women. Study Design: Blood samples were obtained from 4 Rh-negative women after elective termination of pregnancy at 7 to 17 weeks' gestation. Fetal nucleated erythrocytes were separated by flow sorting with antibody to the γ chain of fetal hemoglobin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific probes was used to diagnose fetal gender. After fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis the fetal nucleated erythrocytes were recycled by a micromanipulation technique and deoxyribonucleic acid diagnosis was performed with polymerase chain reaction amplification of the RhD gene. Results: Among the 4 case patients we detected a total of 101 fetal nucleated erythrocytes. All targeted cells were successfully retrieved with a micromanipulator. In each case we successfully performed both fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis. The predicted fetal gender and Rh status corresponded to the results obtained from fetal tissue. Conclusions: Fetal cell recycling combines the powers of highly sensitive molecular methods to maximize the genetic information available from a single fetal cell. This technique will permit noninvasive diagnosis of recessively inherited single-gene disorders. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1237-42.)
Comparative evaluations of powder and mechanical properties of low crystallinity celluloses, microcrystalline celluloses, and powdered celluloses.

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the powder and mechanical properties of different batches of low crystallinity powdered cellulose (LCPC-S1 to LCPC-S5) with those of commercial microcrystalline celluloses (MCC) (Avicel PH-101, Avicel PH-102, Avicel PH-103, Avicel PH-301, Avicel PH-302, and Emcocel 90m) and powdered celluloses (PC) (Solka Floc BW-40 and Solka Floc BW-100). Both the LCPC and MCC products were aggregated powders, whereas, the PC materials showed a fibrous structure. The primary particles forming the LCPC aggregates, however, were smaller in size and showed a greater degree of coalescence between boundaries, than those forming the MCC aggregates. The LCPC materials had significantly higher bulk and tap densities and lower porosity values compared with the MCC materials. The yield pressure value calculated from the linear region of the Heckel curve for LCPC varied between 48 and 70 MPa, for Avicel and PC materials between, 80 and 106 MPa, and for Emcocel 90m was 48 MPa. These results suggest that the LCPC products and Emcocel 90m, compared with commercial MCC and PC excipients, undergo plastic deformation at relatively lower compression pressures. The total volume reduction (i.e. compressibility), determined by calculating the area under the Heckel curve (AUHC), however, was comparable for all materials, with the exception of the LCPC-S3, which owing to the low yield pressure value, showed the largest reduction in volume. With the exception of LCPC-S1 and Solka Floc BW-40, all the other materials formed compacts, whose strength ranged from about 522 to 799 MPa2. The strengths of LCPC-S1 and Solka Floc BW-40 compacts, in contrast, were 214 and 257 MPa2, respectively. Irrespective of the solid fraction levels, the LCPC compacts, in general, disintegrated much faster than the MCC and PC compacts. In conclusion, the results suggest that the new LCPC materials reported herein have powder properties that are quite different from the MCC and PC materials evaluated, and show clear potential as direct compression excipients.
Hysteresis, time dependence and elbow in the resistivity of EuS

Abstract The resistivity of EuS grown from Eu-rich solution exhibits: 1) a large hysteresis with magnetic field at 4.2 K; 2) a decrease with time in the field-up part of the hysteresis cycle; and 3) an “elbow” as a function of temperature.
Pheochromocytoma Crisis, Cardiomyopathy, and Hemodynamic Collapse*

Pheochromocytoma is a notorious clinical entity. Although suspicion is aroused by severe hypertension in young patients, this sign is often absent. We present a case in which early absence of hypertension and nonspecific signs and symptoms led to failure of prompt diagnosis. The delay proved fatal when the patient developed fulminant pheochromocytoma crisis. This case illustrates a variety of clinical features seen from the vantage of the evolution of the disease as it went unrecognized. The patient's course underscores the importance of familiarity with the gamut of manifestations for timely diagnosis, and the priority of the latter given the looming risk of overwhelming complications.
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type I: A review of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics

Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia (ADCA) Type III is a type of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) classically characterized by pure cerebellar ataxia and occasionally by non-cerebellar signs such as pyramidal signs, ophthalmoplegia, and tremor. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in adulthood; however, a minority of patients develop clinical features in adolescence. The incidence of ADCA Type III is unknown. ADCA Type III consists of six subtypes, SCA5, SCA6, SCA11, SCA26, SCA30, and SCA31. The subtype SCA6 is the most common. These subtypes are associated with four causative genes and two loci. The severity of symptoms and age of onset can vary between each SCA subtype and even between families with the same subtype. SCA5 and SCA11 are caused by specific gene mutations such as missense, inframe deletions, and frameshift insertions or deletions. SCA6 is caused by trinucleotide CAG repeat expansions encoding large uninterrupted glutamine tracts. SCA31 is caused by repeat expansions that fall outside of the protein-coding region of the disease gene. Currently, there are no specific gene mutations associated with SCA26 or SCA30, though there is a confirmed locus for each subtype. This disease is mainly diagnosed via genetic testing; however, differential diagnoses include pure cerebellar ataxia and non-cerebellar features in addition to ataxia. Although not fatal, ADCA Type III may cause dysphagia and falls, which reduce the quality of life of the patients and may in turn shorten the lifespan. The therapy for ADCA Type III is supportive and includes occupational and speech modalities. There is no cure for ADCA Type III, but a number of recent studies have highlighted novel therapies, which bring hope for future curative treatments.
Devices and architectures for large scale integrated silicon photonics circuits

We present DWDM nanophotonics architectures based on microring resonator modulators and detectors. We focus on two implementations: an on chip interconnect for multicore processor (Corona) and a network that uses high-radix switches (HyperX). Based on the requirements of these applications we discuss the key constraints on the photonic circuits' devices and fabrication techniques as well as strategies to improve their performance.
A Receptor Analog Having Logarithmic Response

In peripheral organs a logarithmic relationship between stimulus and response holds for a rather wide range of input magnitudes. This relationship is clearly demonstrated for Limulus between the frequency of discharge in the optic nerve, and the intensity of stimulating light. A simple relaxation oscillator is envisioned to model the generation of nerve impulses. The necessary transfer function of the charging circuit of the oscillator is computed so that the frequency of oscillation should be proportional to the logarithm of the magnitude of the input voltage. It is shown that the obtained transfer function can be realized by a tapered RC transmission line. The experimental verification of the derivation is given.
A Methodology to Determine the Isolation Requirements Between Collocated Cellular and GPS Antennas in Telematics

This letter provides a methodology that includes theoretical analysis and measurements to determine the required isolation between a cellular transmitter, which consists of a class I AMPS and a class III CDMA 800, and a GPS receiver with collocated antennas. The method proposed in this letter can be used to determine isolation requirements between other cellular-based transmitters and a GPS receiver with collocated antennas.
Simulating spatial and temporal context of forest management using hypothetical landscapes

Spatially explicit models that combine remote sensing with geographic information systems (GIS) offer great promise to land managers because they consider the arrangement of landscape elements in time and space. Their visual and geographic nature facilitate the comparison of alternative landscape designs. Among various activities associated with forest management, none cause greater concern than the impacts of timber harvesting on the composition, structure, and function of landscape ecosystems. A timber harvest allocation model (HARVEST) was used to simulate different intensities of timber harvest on 23,592-ha hypothetical landscapes with varying sizes of timber production areas and different initial stand age distributions. Our objectives were to: (1) determine the relative effects of the size of timber production areas, harvest intensity, method used to extract timber, and past timber harvest activity on the production of forest interior and edge; and (2) evaluate how past management (in the form of different initial stand age distributions) constrains future timber production options. Our simulations indicated that the total area of forest interior and the amount of forest edge were primarily influenced by the intensity of timber harvest and the size of openings created by harvest. The size of the largest block of interior forest was influenced most by the size of timber harvests, but the intensity of harvest was also significant, and the size of nontimber production areas was important when harvests were numerous and widely dispersed within timber management areas, as is often the case in managed forests. Stand age-class distributions produced by past harvest activity limited the amount of timber production primarily when group selection was used, but also limited clear-cutting when recent harvest levels were high.
Isolation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum strain Ap-variant 1 in a tick-derived cell line.

: Ten isolates of the Ap-Variant 1 strain of Anaplasma phagocytophilum were made in the Ixodes scapularis (I. scapularis)–derived cell line, ISE6. Two isolates were obtained from laboratory-infected goats and eight isolates were obtained from field-collected I. scapularis ticks. Each isolate showed 16S rRNA sequences identical to those as previously described for the Ap-Variant 1 strain. These are the first tissue culture isolates of the Ap-Variant 1 strain and will allow for further characterization of the biological and antigenic properties of this strain.