cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Education Teachers' Experiences with Inclusion of Students who use Augmentative and Alternative Communication

A qualitative interview methodology was used to investigate the experiences of 11 general education teachers who had included students with augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in their classes. Information was gathered from participants in the following areas: (a) the benefits of including students who use AAC in general education classes, (b) the negative aspects of including these students, (c) the barriers to successful inclusion outcomes, (d) the supports required for successful inclusion, and (e) recommendations for other teachers and professionals (e.g., speech-language pathologists). Participants described barriers that they faced related to schools, teams, teachers, educational assistants, classmates, students, curricula, and AAC. Participants also emphasized the benefits of including students to the students themselves (e.g., increased classroom interactions with peers), classmates (e.g., increased acceptance of individuals with disabilities), and themselves as teachers (e.g., personal growth and learning). Results are discussed with reference to the literature as well as directions for future research.
Toward a Model for Intercultural Communication in Simulations

The growing need for intercultural literacy in an increasingly interconnected and computer-mediated world contrasts with the dearth of investigation in best practices when designing simulations aimed at improving intercultural communication. Synthetic cultures inspired by real-world cultural traits, problem-based learning, and a social constructivist theoretical base represent core components of immersive learning environments designed to improve intercultural literacy. Through an analysis of the literature, a model is proposed primarily to promote discussion and debate about intercultural simulations. The Model for Intercultural Communication in Simulations asserts that along with those components, the Experiential Learning Cycle (ELC), natural decision making, and third place thinking form an approach in understanding how intercultural simulations should be designed. The Model for Intercultural Communication in Simulations challenges the learner to move beyond known paradigms and encourages simulation and e-learning designers to employ socially situated contexts. Accordingly, within the context of the model, a culminating evaluation of an online intercultural training simulation (ARGONAUTONLINE) follows the introduction of the model.
CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE CONTENT IN DISCRETE REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN STEM

—Choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) content of 50 separate rat brain stem nuclei and cerebellum removed by microdissection was determined using a sensitive radiometric assay. The distribution of ChAc activity is uneven, with extremely high levels in the cranial motor nuclei and the nucleus salivatorius. Low ChAc concentrations were observed in the cranial sensory nuclei, the nuclei of the reticular formation, the raphe nuclei and the nuclei of the acoustic system. The lowest ChAc levels were measured in the cerebellum. Comparison of the distribution of ChAc with histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase revealed generally good agreement, and notable exceptions are discussed.
Practical nonvolatile multilevel-cell phase change memory

Multilevel-cell (MLC) phase change memory (PCM) may provide both high capacity main memory and faster-than-Flash persistent storage. But slow growth in cell resistance with time, resistance drift, can cause transient errors in MLC-PCM. Drift errors increase with time, and prior work suggests refresh before the cell loses data. The need for refresh makes MLC-PCM volatile, taking away a key advantage. Based on the observation that most drift errors occur in a particular state in four-level-cell PCM, we propose to change from four levels to three levels, eliminating the most vulnerable state. This simple change lowers cell drift error rates by many orders of magnitude: three-level-cell PCM can retain data without power for more than ten years. With optimized encoding/decoding and a wearout tolerance mechanism, we can narrow the capacity gap between three-level and four-level cells. These techniques together enable low-cost, high-performance, genuinely nonvolatile MLC-PCM.
Nuclear Factor κB Activity Determines the Sensitivity of Kidney Epithelial Cells to Apoptosis: Implications for Mercury-Induced Renal Failure

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is a thiol-dependent transcriptional factor that promotes cell survival and protects cells from apoptotic stimuli. Numerous studies have demonstrated increased sensitivity to apoptosis associated with inhibition of NF-kB activation in various cell types. We have previously demonstrated that mercuric ion (Hg 21 ), one of the strongest thiol-binding agents known, impairs NF-kB activation and DNA binding at low mM concentrations in kidney epithelial cells. In the present studies we investigated the hypothesis that inhibition of NF-kB activation by Hg 21 and other selective NF-kB inhibitors would increase the sensitivity of kidney epithelial (NRK52E) cells to apoptogenic agents to which these cells are normally resistant. Fewer than 10% of untreated cells in culture were found to be apoptotic when evaluated by DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) assay. Treatment of cells with Hg 21 in concentrations up to 5 mM or with tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) (300 units/ml) did not significantly increase the proportion of apoptotic cells, compared with untreated controls. However, when TNF was given following Hg 21 pretreatment (0.5 to 5 mM for 30 min), the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis increased by 2- to 6fold over that seen in untreated controls. Kidney cells pretreated with specific NF-kB inhibitors (Bay11-7082 or SN50) prior to TNF also showed a significant increase in apoptosis. Increased sensitivity to apoptotic cell death following these treatments was significantly attenuated in cells transfected with a p65 expression vector. In studies in vivo, rats pretreated by intraperitoneal injection with Hg 21 (0.75 mg/kg) 18 h prior to administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg) displayed impaired NF-kB activation and an increased mitochondrial cytochrome c release in kidney cortical cells. These findings are consistent with the view that prevention of NF-kB activity in vitro or in vivo enhances the sensitivity of kidney cells to apoptotic stimuli to which these cells are otherwise resistant. Since apoptosis is known to play a seminal role in the pathogenesis of renal failure caused by toxicant injury to tubular cells, the present findings suggest that inhibition of NF-kB activity may define a molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of Hg 21 toxicity in
Diatomaceous Earth as a Pozzolan in the Fabrication of an Alkali-Activated Fine-Aggregate Limestone Concrete

Two concretes—with Ca/Si ratios of 0.28 and 1.75 fabricated by cementing a fine-limestone aggregate with a mixture of lime, diatomaceous earth, and water—were compared with ones made with pure lime and a hydraulic lime product, containing ∼11 wt% naturally occurring reactive silica. When the Ca/Si ratio in the cementing phase was 0.28, compressive strengths of ∼6.5 MPa after 30 days and ∼7 MPa after 180 days were achieved by curing the samples in closed containers or in 100% relative humidity. When allowed to dry, however, these samples lost roughly half their compressive strength in 7 days. Increasing the Ca/Si ratio to 1.75 solved the drying problems. The resulting compressive strengths, however, after 180 days, were reduced to 5 MPa. Characterization of the various cementing phases formed in the different samples by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis showed the formation of two, somewhat competing, cementing reactions: C–S–H gel formation which results in early strength gains, and the recarbonation of portlandite, which results in longer term strength enhancements.
Genomics in multiple myeloma: biology and clinical implications

The advent of new techniques, such as interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, and, more recently, global array-based gene expression profiling, has accelerated genomic research in myeloma. Distinct biologic subtypes, characterized by unique genetic abnormalities with differing clinical outcomes, have been identified. The identification of these primary genetic defects, and the deregulated oncogenes and pathways in myeloma, has allowed for the development of more targeted therapies. This has led to the discovery of an increased number of active agents in the treatment of myeloma. Genetics also have prognostic importance in myeloma. Recent studies have elucidated a genetic prognostic hierarchy, and have enabled improved definition of the prognostic significance of their interactions. The current challenges are to: improve the dissection of the genetic heterogeneity of the disease; better define progression events; improve the risk stratification of patients; more accurately select patients who will r...
Reliability of measurements of cervical spine range of motion--comparison of three methods.

To determine reliabilities within and between persons measuring cervical active range of motion (AROM) three methods were examined: use of a cervical-range-of-motion (CROM) instrument, use of a universal goniometer (UG), and visual estimation (VE). Measurements were made on 60 patients with orthopedic disorders of the cervical spine who were divided into three groups of 20 subjects each. All subjects were tested in a standardized seated position using operationally defined goniometric placements and nongoniometric estimation techniques. Cervical flexion and extension, lateral flexion, and rotation were measured. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to quantify within-tester and between-tester reliability. We found that goniometric measurements of AROM of the cervical spine made by the same physical therapist had ICCs greater than .80 when made with the CROM device or the UG. When different physical therapist measured the same patient's cervical AROM, the CROM device had ICCs greater than .80, whereas the UG and VE generally had ICCs less than .80.
Biosurveillance, classification, and semantic health technologies.

The emergence of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s catapulted the Internet from a curiosity for computer scientists, engineers, and experimenters testing data interchange technologies into a vast, dynamic, and unprecedented information resource that has fundamentally transformed science, society, and human communications. The implications of this intellectual paradigm shift are still being explored, and the full impact of this dramatic transformation, which instantly makes available massive amounts of information, has not yet become fully appreciated. Nevertheless, the emerging dependency of the health sciences on increasingly practical semantic technologies to organize and leverage these vast information resources is now unquestioned. Ranging from the interpretive functionality of the human genome to public health surveillance among nations and continents, the full spectrum of health science is being fundamentally transformed by the application of basic science informatics in the domains of meanings, ontologies, and natural language processing; these have matured into critical technologies and unquestioned adjuncts of the emerging big-science transformation of biomedicine and healthcare. In this issue of the Journal, two articles illustrate some of these dependencies upon semantic health technologies. The first employs sophisticated dictionary lookup techniques to classify news and specialist articles about disease outbreaks as an adjunct to outbreak detection and severity measurement. The second posits a sophisticated scaling of outbreak severity based not only on disease metrics but also on sociological and governmental reactions in the face of mild to severe epidemics. The article …
Treatment of childhood-onset restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder using intravenous iron sucrose.

Abstract Objective An alternative treatment approach is needed for children who cannot tolerate oral iron preparations or when there is a need for rapid replenishment of iron stores. We report on the safety, adverse effects, and efficacy of intravenous iron sucrose in a retrospective sample of children with restless legs syndrome (RLS) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). Methods Sixteen children with RLS/PLMD who received intravenous iron sucrose at our institution between 2005 and 2011 were identified. The diagnosis of RLS/PLMD was established after formal sleep consultation and nocturnal polysomnography (PSG). Serum ferritin was assayed in all 16 subjects prior to iron sucrose infusion and in 14 subjects after infusion. The medical records were reviewed for treatment-related details. Results The mean age of subjects was 6.6years (range, 2–16y; 5/16 girls). The mean periodic limb movement index (PLMI) was 18.2±12.8. Fifteen of the 16 subjects (93.7%) had systemic or neurologic comorbidities. Fourteen of 16 (87.5%) subjects had received prior oral iron supplementation for sleep-related concerns, with the majority of the subjects either having gastrointestinal (GI) side effects or insufficient benefits. Intravenous iron sucrose therefore was provided to these 16 subjects through our outpatient pediatric infusion therapy center. The average dose of intravenous iron sucrose of 3.6mg/kg was infused over 2h. The baseline mean serum ferritin was 16.4±6.6ng/mL. After infusion with intravenous iron sucrose, the mean serum ferritin rose to 45.7±22.4ng/mL ( n =14; [95% confidence interval, 17.2–41.3]; P n =10) of subjects and no improvement in 12.5% ( n =2) of subjects. No follow-up information was available for 25% ( n =4) of subjects. Minor adverse events occurred in 25% ( n =4) of subjects—two subjects experienced difficulty with peripheral intravenous catheter placement, while two had transient GI symptoms, such as anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. None of the subjects had anaphylaxis. Conclusions Intravenous iron sucrose appears to be a relatively effective therapy for patients with childhood-onset RLS/PLMD and iron deficiency who do not tolerate or respond to oral iron supplements. Side effects were transient. The most common adverse events were difficulty with intravenous line placement and GI disturbance. There is a need for systematic prospective studies on the safety and efficacy of intravenous iron sucrose in RLS/PLMD in children.
Using the Plasmon Linewidth To Calculate the Time and Efficiency of Electron Transfer between Gold Nanorods and Graphene

We present a quantitative analysis of the electron transfer between single gold nanorods and monolayer graphene under no electrical bias. Using single-particle dark-field scattering and photoluminescence spectroscopy to access the homogeneous linewidth, we observe broadening of the surface plasmon resonance for gold nanorods on graphene compared to nanorods on a quartz substrate. Because of the absence of spectral plasmon shifts, dielectric interactions between the gold nanorods and graphene are not important and we instead assign the plasmon damping to charge transfer between plasmon-generated hot electrons and the graphene that acts as an efficient acceptor. Analysis of the plasmon linewidth yields an average electron transfer time of 160 ± 30 fs, which is otherwise difficult to measure directly in the time domain with single-particle sensitivity. In comparison to intrinsic hot electron decay and radiative relaxation, we furthermore calculate from the plasmon linewidth that charge transfer between the gold nanorods and the graphene support occurs with an efficiency of ∼10%. Our results are important for future applications of light harvesting with metal nanoparticle plasmons and efficient hot electron acceptors as well as for understanding hot electron transfer in plasmon-assisted chemical reactions.
Comparison of Methods for Determining Boundary Layer Edge Conditions for Transition Correlations

Data previously obtained for the X-33 in the NASA Langley Research Center 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel have been reanalyzed to compare methods for determining boundary layer edge conditions for use in transition correlations. The experimental results were previously obtained utilizing the phosphor thermography technique to monitor the status of the boundary layer downstream of discrete roughness elements via global heat transfer images of the X-33 windward surface. A boundary layer transition correlation was previously developed for this data set using boundary layer edge conditions calculated using an inviscid/integral boundary layer approach. An algorithm was written in the present study to extract boundary layer edge quantities from higher fidelity viscous computational fluid dynamic solutions to develop transition correlations that account for viscous effects on vehicles of arbitrary complexity. The boundary layer transition correlation developed for the X-33 from the viscous solutions are compared to the previous boundary layer transition correlations. It is shown that the boundary layer edge conditions calculated using an inviscid/integral boundary layer approach are significantly different than those extracted from viscous computational fluid dynamic solutions. The present results demonstrate the differences obtained in correlating transition data using different computational methods.
Assessment of depression in college students: Geriatric Depression Scale versus Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

103 college students took the Geriatric Depression Scale and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale along with five measures of life satisfaction. The correlation between scores on the first scales was .66. Both depression scales had moderate negative correlations (−.34 to −.71) with each measure of life satisfaction. However, on every measure of life satisfaction, the correlation with scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale was higher than with those on the CES-Depression Scale.
Retransmitter meter signal delay dependence on the diameter of the reflector in Fresnel zone

It has been calculated using numerical technique the phase incursion variations dependencies on plane reflector diameter for the retransmitting range meter operating in Fresnel zone. It has been determined that for the near reactive zone approach the reflector diameter variation causes fast increase of signal delay, within some places the sign of increasing changes. In the region of the Fresnel and Fraunhoffer zones boundary the dependencies become steady and speed of changing decreases with reflector moving away from the meter.
Malignant mesothelioma presenting in the pleura and peritoneum

Malignant mesothelioma presenting in the pleura and peritoneum is described in a middle-aged man. The patient lacked significant asbestos exposure which is not unexpected from both the clinical literature and animal inhalation tumor data. Computerized axial tomographic correlation is provided. Partial remission was achieved with the administration of adriamycin and DTIC.
Application of the 1996 NRC to Protein and Energy Nutrition of Range Cattle1

Based on applications of the 1996 National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle (2000 update) model at our laboratories and on use of the model to evaluate published literature, it is our assessment that the NRC model (Level 1) represents an advancement in nutrient requirements of grazing cattle. We evaluated 8 published studies (35 treatment observations) to compare observed changes in body condition score (BCS) to those predicted by the NRC model, and to develop criteria to help with application of the model to range cattle nutrition. When in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) of grazed diets was converted to DE [DE = (1.07 × IVOMD) − 8.13] and used as a proxy for TDN, there were no differences in observed vs. predicted BCS change (P = 0.44). A critical component of the 1996 NRC model is the incorporation of the metabolizable protein system. An accurate estimate of microbial efficiency is key to application of the metabolizable
The transmission-line high-efficiency class-E amplifier

High-efficiency switched-mode (heavily saturated) circuits such as the class-E amplifier are well-known in the MHz frequency range. Here, a microwave transmission-line class-E amplifier is presented. Design equations for the output circuit line lengths and impedances are derived, along with approximate equations predicting power and efficiency for the class-E amplifier. Microstrip circuits using the Siemens CLY5 MESFET demonstrate 80% power-added efficiency (PAE) at 0.5 GHz with 0.55 W of output power and 73% PAE at 1.0 GHz with 0.94 W. Experimental results compare favorably to a simplified design-oriented analysis. >
Research Resource: Modulators of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity Identified by a New High-Throughput Screening Assay

Glucocorticoid steroids affect almost every type of tissue and thus are widely used to treat a variety of human pathological conditions. However, the severity of numerous side effects limits the frequency and duration of glucocorticoid treatments. Of the numerous approaches to control off-target responses to glucocorticoids, small molecules and pharmaceuticals offer several advantages. Here we describe a new, extended high-throughput screen in intact cells to identify small molecule modulators of dexamethasone-induced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcriptional activity. The novelty of this assay is that it monitors changes in both GR maximal activity (A(max)) and EC(50) (the position of the dexamethasone dose-response curve). Upon screening 1280 chemicals, 10 with the greatest changes in the absolute value of A(max) or EC(50) were selected for further examination. Qualitatively identical behaviors for 60% to 90% of the chemicals were observed in a completely different system, suggesting that other systems will be similarly affected by these chemicals. Additional analysis of the 10 chemicals in a recently described competition assay determined their kinetically defined mechanism and site of action. Some chemicals had similar mechanisms of action despite divergent effects on the level of the GR-induced product. These combined assays offer a straightforward method of identifying numerous new pharmaceuticals that can alter GR transactivation in ways that could be clinically useful.
INFLUENCE OF VESICLE SURFACE COMPOSITION ON THE INTERFACIAL BINDING OF LECITHIN : CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE AND APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I

Interfacial binding affinities and capacities of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) for surfaces of different phosphatidylcholine (PC) composition, cholesterol content, and apolipoprotein content were measured with a vesicle model system. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to separate free protein from vesicle-bound protein. ApoA-I was isolated from human plasma and radiolabeled with iodine, whereas radiolabeled LCAT was purified from the media of Chinese hamster ovary cells that were transfected with human LCAT cDNA and incubated in the presence of [35S] cysteine and methionine. Bound and free radiolabeled LCAT and apoA-I were quantified by phosphorimage analysis. ApoA-I binding was not influenced by cholesterol content (14 mole%) but was influenced by the PC fatty acyl composition of the vesicle. PC species containing long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the sn-2 position resulted in increased binding affinity (Kd = 75-177 nM) but reduced capacity (0.1-0.3 apoA-I/ 1000 PC) in comparison to sn-1 palmitoyl, sn-2 oleoyl PC (POPC, 750 nM and 1.4 apoA-I/1000 PC). LCAT binding affinity to POPC (2190 nM) was stronger in the presence of cholesterol (530 nM), and LCAT binding capacity was reduced (2.63 and 0.6 molecules LCAT/1000 PC, respectively). In comparison to POPC, LCAT binding affinity to sn-1 palmitoyl, sn-2 arachidonyl PC was stronger (611 nM) and binding capacity was reduced (0.7 LCAT/1000 PC). LCAT binding affinity and capacity to sn-1 palmitoyl, sn-2 eicosapentaneoyl PC (2041 nM, and 2.5 LCAT/1000 PC) were similar to those observed for POPC. We conclude that vesicle surface PC fatty acyl composition and cholesterol content significantly influence LCAT and apoA-I interfacial binding and therefore may alter LCAT enzymatic activity.
Negotiation as a Challenge Problem for Virtual Humans

We argue for the importance of negotiation as a challenge problem for virtual human research, and introduce a virtual conversational agent that allows people to practice a wide range of negotiation skills. We describe the multi-issue bargaining task, which has become a de facto standard for teaching and research on negotiation in both the social and computer sciences. This task is popular as it allows scientists or instructors to create a variety of distinct situations that arise in real-life negotiations, simply by manipulating a small number of mathematical parameters. We describe the development of a virtual human that will allow students to practice the interpersonal skills they need to recognize and navigate these situations. An evaluation of an early wizard-controlled version of the system demonstrates the promise of this technology for teaching negotiation and supporting scientific research on social intelligence.
Cutaneous tumors in pregnancy

Pregnancy alters the frequency and natural course of certain skin tumors. Pregnancy-associated changes in melanocytic nevi are transient, and there is no substantiated evidence of increased risk of malignant transformation of melanocytic nevi in gestation. Characteristic vascular and pigment-related dermatoscopic features are helpful in evaluating pigmented lesions, but a biopsy should be performed for significant change or other worrisome features in a lesion. Outcomes for pregnancy-associated melanoma do not appear to be poorer compared with nonpregnancy melanoma; however, data are limited for advanced (stage III/IV) melanoma. Some studies suggest increased propensity for lymphovascular spread, but more data are needed for definitive conclusions and guidelines on prognostication, workup, and treatment of pregnancy-associated melanoma. Vascular tumors, particularly pyogenic granuloma (granuloma gravidarum), occur with increased frequency and are associated with pro-angiogenic hormonal influences. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has a more aggressive course during pregnancy with both prompt surgical treatment and close monitoring for recurrence being indicated.
Fostering Web 2.0 Innovation: The Role of the Judicial Interpretation of the DMCA Safe Harbor, Secondary Liability and Fair Use

There have been many creative suggestions for new laws to resolve some of the tension between protecting copyright online and encouraging the growth of Web 2.0. It is improbable that Congress will pass legislation encompassing any of these suggestions soon given the intense lobbying by the copyright industry. Creating a workable balance between protecting copyright owners and fostering technological innovation is more likely to be achieved through judicial interpretation of existing law. This paper argues that the internet of the future is going to be shaped by cases like Viacom v. YouTube. The paper contends that judicial interpretations, particularly of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) safe harbors, and the common law doctrines of secondary liability and fair use, can and should be used to balance the lengthy statutory protection won by the copyright industries, most particularly by ensuring the safe harbors cover all legitimate content sharing sites which use the notice and takedown procedures but also by limiting the application of secondary liability to these sites and clarifying that transformative new technologies are protected by fair use. Judges need to avoid the overprotection of copyright owner’s rights and to provide legal certainty about the boundaries of copyright protection. Case law is clarifying that it should be the job of copyright owners to police their own property online and that legitimate web platforms should rarely be liable for the activity of their users absent specific awareness of infringing activity or willfully blindness to such activity. There is less judicial interpretation of the doctrine of fair use than of both the DMCA safe harbor and secondary liability which unfortunately deters reliance on fair use as a defense, a fact potentially likely to deter online innovation. Limited secondary liability expanded fair use and, most of all, clear parameters for copyright protection will encourage investment in technological innovation and promote creativity, the purpose of copyright protection, online.
Pharmacotherapy of the Organic Brain Syndrome in Late Life

Prerequisite for treatment of the two major dementias in the aged, i.e. Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) and Multiinfarct Dementia (MID) is proper diagnosis.
Die Rechtfertigung der Gier und die Finanzkrise

The aim of this article is at first to answer the question of greed (the justification of this “virtue” in the modern economic system), which is meant, in the light of Christian social ethics to be the primary cause of the present economic crisis. In the three steps of catholic social teaching (see, judge, act) we want to interpret the signs of our time (present age problems) in the light of the Gospel (and the teaching and tradition of the Church). The relevant question we have to pose in our statement is: Why does catholic social teaching, in opposite to the modern view of economic and political science, object to a justification of greed? The third (practical) step of our explanations we can paraphrase with the question: what shall we do? The focusing on institutional reforms, the belief in arrangements which exclusively accentuate sociological key aspects and believe in changes of structures (in education, politics, economics and welfare) led not only to market crisis, but also to a crisis of culture. If the human being in his/her deepest dimension (the ecology of person) is suffering, then the Church cannot remain silent, because its mission and way is the person. Not until we – like king Solomon – turn to God and ask for help and the ability to judge between good and evil, just and unjust, shall we find a safe basis to lead us out of despair and disorientation into a more humane civilization of humanity and solidarity.
And the Winner Is: How Principles of Cognitive Science Resolve the Plain Language Debate

“Legalese – you mean jargon? Legal jargon? Terrible! Terrible!” – U. S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen G. Breyer, 201'3 This statement captures the prevailing view in the teaching and practice of legal writing – that “legalese” is bad and must be eradicated and that plain language should be employed as the alternative to legalese. Yet defenders of legalese remain – and they argue that the language of the law is intertwined with the law itself, such that “simplifying” this language detracts from its meaning and makes it less precise. How, then, is a legal writer to write? This article posits that the two different methods are not polar opposites, but rather are “endpoints” on the spectrum of language available to the legal writer. To explain this view, the article begins by reviewing what we mean by “legalese” vs. “plain language,” and how the one has fallen into disfavor while the other has become the prevailing method in legal writing pedagogy and practice. The article then undertakes a study of Cognitive Science, particularly Cognitive Fluency – the measure of how easy or difficult the mental process feels when the brain receives information. Fluency principles are critical to the understanding of the preference for plain language, which until now has been supported only by anecdotal and empirical surveys. Applying fluency principles to legal writing, the article demonstrates that most of the time, plain language is, in fact, the right way to write, as it is “fluent” and thereby inspires feelings of ease, confidence, and trust in readers (whereas legalese is “disfluent,” engendering feelings of dislike and mistrust). The article suggests, however, that there are times when the legal writer’s analytical or persuasive goals may be served by more difficult, less fluent language – and that, going forward, an approach aimed at moderating fluency will produce the most effective legal writing. Thus, no language (except, maybe, “law French”) should be prohibited entirely, but all language should be considered as the range of options available to the skilled legal writer.
Experimental models of cardiac transplantation: design determines relevance.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Experimental models have contributed enormously to basic immunology. However, the use of reductionist experiments has produced results that are not always successfully translated into the clinic. Recently, incorporation of more realistic clinical parameters in experimental designs has produced new insights relevant to cardiac transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Experiments in mice have provided crucial insights into the concept that T cell responses to pathogens generate memory cells with cross-reactive specificities for histocompatibility antigens. These memory T cells are resistant to current immunosuppressive strategies. Memory T cells infiltrate grafts within hours after transplantation, and grafts subjected to clinically relevant periods of cold ischemia are more susceptible to injury by this cellular infiltrate. Early immune responses now can be investigated with improved 'humanized' mice. Mice with multiple knock-in genes for human cytokines support development of human monocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells in increased numbers and with better function. SUMMARY Better and more clinically relevant experimental designs are providing animal models tailored to address clinic exigencies.
Cetacean bone oxygen isotopes as proxies for Miocene ocean composition and glaciation

δ 18 O analyses of phosphate in cetacean bones, presumably precipitated at body temperatures of 36-37°C, offer a potential means of determining the isotopic composition of Tertiary seas. Isotopic analyses of Recent marine cetaceans suggest that their body fluids are only slightly «heavier» than ambient sea water. Analyses of Miocene cetacean bone from the Chesapeake Group (Maryland) show consistent values for each stratigraphic level with whales always «heavier» than porpoises, and show stratigraphic oscillations in isotopic values truncated by disconformities
Effects of compound capsule of soy isoflavone on antioxidation of human body

Aim:To observe the effects of compound capsule of soy isoflavone on antioxidation of human body.Methods:A total of 112 health female volunteers aged from 45 to 65 were divided into test group(n=57) and control group(n=55) randomly.Contents of MDA,activities of SOD and GSH-Px and indexes of safety were determined at the end of 90 days.Results:Contents of serum MDA in test group decreased significantly compared with control group(t=6.880,P0.001).Activities of SOD in test group increased significantly compared with control group (t=3.609,P0.001).Activities of GSH-Px in test group increased significantly compared with control group (t=2.863,P=0.005).All kinds of indexes of safety in the experiment did not change.Conclusion: The compound capsule of soy isoflavone has the effects of antioxidation in human body.
Introduction to clinical positron emission tomography.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has developed over 25 years into a valuable clinical tool used mainly for the evaluation of oncology patients. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to the basic scientific concepts of FDG-PET imaging as well as to illustrate its clinical utility.
Legal Positivism in American Jurisprudence: New Legal Positivism and the Incorporation of Morality

THE EMERGENCE OF NEW LEGAL POSITIVISM Weak Epistemic Natural Law collapses into strong epistemic natural law because once the ground of law is morality, no nonmoral reason can cabin it. For some conservative legal process scholars, such as Bickel, Bork, and Wechsler, the insatiability of justice was not a problem, because, as we saw in Chapter 5, they did not believe that morality could be objective, and therefore did not think that moral reasoning was anything other than the expression of subjective preference. For these theorists, all law could do was capture the personal preferences of its framers. Hence, adjudication was the application of the original intentions of a law's framers to a set of facts. If the only positivist reaction to the fundamental rights approach were the originalism of Bickel, Bork, and Wechsler, then the final chapter of legal positivism in the United States would have been a story of a decline into irrelevancy, with the final scene being, perhaps, the defeat of Robert Bork's nomination to the Supreme Court in 1987. Since the late 1980s, originalism has lost much of its influence both in the academy and among the public. Legal positivism has generated another, much more powerful response to the fundamental rights approach that is rooted in neither moral skepticism nor originalism.
Upper Limit for the Decay Mode μ → e + γ

The search for the ic 1100 deg C are e + decay mode was made by observing coincidences between a gamma detector and an electron detector placed on either side of a source of decaying positive muons. These were obtained by stopping the 60-Mev The effects of /sup +/ beam of the Nevis cyclotron in a lithium target. Theres the The effects of /sup +/ mesons decayed into muons whose range was too short for them to escape from the target. A branching ratio of less than 2 x 10/sup -6/ was found with a confidence level of 90%. (W.D.M.)
Salamander abundance and amphibian species richness in riparian buffer strips in the Oregon Coast Range.

Logging and other forest practices are widely reported to be a threat to some amphibian populations in the Pacific Northwest. Riparian buffer strips are one conservation measure that may benefit amphibians in managed forests. However, few amphibian surveys have been conducted in buffer strips. We compared total salamander abundance, amphibian species richness, and sampling proportions for five species of salamanders between 17 managed stands and 12 unlogged, streamside forests in the Coast Range of western Oregon. We also identified relationships between buffer strip width and salamander population indices. Surveys conducted on 20 x 40 m plots demonstrated that torrent salamanders (Rhyacotriton spp.), clouded salamanders (Aneides ferreus), Dunn's salamanders (Plethodon dunni), western red-backed salamanders (Plethodon vehiculum), total salamander abundance, and amphibian species richness were sensitive to forest practices in riparian areas. We conclude that riparian buffer strips are a useful habitat management strategy for several salamander species. However, buffer strip widths currently required by state forest practices regulations may not be adequate to prevent local declines in the diversity of amphibian communities.
Electronic Health Records in Pediatrics

Most pediatric healthcare providers use an electronic health record (EHR) system in both office-based and hospital-based practice in the United States. While some pediatric-specific EHR systems exist for the office-based market, the majority of EHR systems used in the care of children are designed for general use across all specialties. Pediatric providers have succeeded in influencing the development of these systems to serve the special needs of child health (e.g., immunization management, dosing by body weight, growth monitoring, developmental assessment), but the pediatric community continues to press for further refinement of these systems to meet the advanced needs of pediatric specialties. These clinical systems are typically integrated with administrative (scheduling, billing, registration, etc.) systems, and the output of both types of systems are often used in research. A large portion of the data from the clinical side remains in free-text form, which raises challenges to the use of these data in research. In this chapter, we discuss workflows with data implications of special importance in pediatrics. We will also summarize efforts to create standard quality measures and the rise in EHR-based registry systems.
Racial/ethnic disparities in lung cancer stage of diagnosis and survival

8080 Background: There are differences in the treatment outcome of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts) between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and African Americans (AA). Little is known re...
An inverse problem in discrete-time adaptive control

The authors investigated an inverse problem in adaptive control. From an analysis of certain characteristics of an engineer's behavior they have been able to infer the existence, and possibly uniqueness, of a performance measure of a certain type. The existence of such a measure is significant because it implies that it is possible to objectify the predilection of the engineer. It is obviously far easier to discuss the relative merits of different criterion functionals than it is to compare such abstract entities as preference patterns.
Building Additions, Detroit’s Decline, and State Rescue

The Founders Society’s involvement in museum affairs continued to grow well beyond buying art and as its activities expanded it began to hire ever more employees. To supervise them the Society appointed its first full-time executive in 1960, a step that enabled the Society to articulate and pursue its goals more efficiently. But in doing so with a privately paid staff working in the museum alongside city-paid staff, the change fostered confusion about lines of authority and spheres of responsibility. An instance arose after a Flemish art exhibition in the late 1960 when Richardson recommended to the mayor continuation of a public relations arrangement that successfully promoted it. The city had appropriated special funds for a temporary museum publicist who liaised with Detroit’s public relations staff, and the Society matched the appropriation, on a nearly three-dollars-to-one basis, to amplify the exhibit’s advertising. Following its successful conclusion, the Society established a permanent Department of Communications to continue the marketing and public relations efforts used for the exhibit. To fully fund the department, however, Richardson wanted the mayor to make that special allocation permanent. He explained the Society’s contribution—about three-quarters of the department’s proposed budget—would pay for the department’s director and advertising expenses; the city’s contribution would be for a secretary.1
Robotic-Assisted Inferior Vena Cava Filter Retrieval

Although anticoagulation remains the mainstay of therapy for patients with venous thromboembolism, guidelines recommend the use of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in those who fail anticoagulation or have contraindications to its use. Short-term use of filters has proven effective in reducing the rate of pulmonary embolism. However, their extended use is associated with a variety of complications such as thrombosis, filter migration, or caval perforation, thus making a case for timely filter retrieval. This is the case of a 68-year-old female with a history of chronic oral anticoagulation use for multiple deep venous thrombi (DVT) and pulmonary emboli (PE) who required cervical and thoracic spinal intervention for spondylosis and foramina stenosis. Given her increased risk of recurrent DVT and PE perioperatively, we elected to place a Cook Celect™ IVC filter (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN) after oral anticoagulation was stopped for the procedure. Her treatment course was prolonged due to wound-healing complications. We elected to use the Magellan Robotic Catheter System (Hansen Medical, Mountain View, CA) for filter retrieval when she presented 6 months later with caval perforation from the filter struts. With its ease of use, superior mechanical stability, and maneuverability, robot-assisted IVC filter retrieval may be a safer and more reliable substitute for traditional navigation techniques when presented with challenging filter retrievals.
The Interplay Between Big Data and Sparsity in Systems Identification

Recent advances in distributed control, coupled with an exponential growth in data gathering capabilities, have made feasible a wide range of applications with potential to profoundly impact society, from safer self-aware environments and smart cities to enhanced model-based medical therapies. Yet, achieving this vision requires addressing the challenge of handling large amounts of very high dimensional data. In this chapter, we provide a tutorial showing how to exploit the inherent sparsity of the data, which is present in a large class of identification problems, to overcome the “curse of dimensionality”. The concepts presented here extend traditional ideas from machine learning linking big data and sparsity, to challenging dynamic settings. In particular, we explore the connections between system identification and information extraction from large data sets, using as an example human activity analysis from video data.
Complex spinal surgery in patients with osteoporosis: Tips and tricks for achieving adequate constructs and avoiding complications

Abstract Osteoporosis presents a unique set of challenges for instrumentation and correction of spinal deformity, both due to the unique pathology created by the disease and the technical considerations for obtaining spinal fixation. As a result, the spine surgeon is faced with the challenge of needing a robust reduction method to achieve stability in a relatively weak medium. Complications from fixation failure most frequently present as pedicle screw pullout and junctional failure. Many solutions have been offered to improve construct strength from preoperative therapeutics to intraoperative surgical adjuncts. From our experience, we review several promising strategies.