cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Zeugmatographic Imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) zeugmatographic imaging has some features in common with transmission and emission computed tomography, but there are a number of significant differences. These result, for the most part, from the highly non-linear character of the NMR phenomenon, and, from the slowness of changes in the nuclear magnetization, which take place in times ranging from microseconds to seconds. As a consequence, there is an intrinsic limitation on the sensitivity with which NMR signals can be observed, and the speed and, resolution of imaging applications are almost always limited by the signal-to-noise ratio available. Some biologically and medically interesting images already produced will be shown and future prospects, as well as the advantages of this new technique, outlined.
Consequences of acid catalysis in concurrent ring opening and halogenation of spiroketals.

Lewis and/or Bronsted acid additives permit ring opening and halogenation of spiroketals at substantially reduced temperatures to produce ω-iodo enol ethers in improved yield and purity, which can undergo further reaction in the presence of distal electrophilic centers to give new steroid skeletons.
Photometric calibration of a one meter grazing incidence spectrometer for plasma fusion diagnostics

Abstract A 1 m grazing incidence spectrometer was photometrically calibrated at the National Bureau of Standards SURF II storage ring. The instrument will be used to study impurity ion concentrations in the MIT Alcator A tokamak.
The where and when of likely and unlikely events

Do people think likelihood is distributed evenly or do they have an intuition about the types of contexts in which likely and unlikely events tend to occur? Drawing on a probability-as-distance framework, the current research suggests that people relate probability to other distance dimensions, expecting unlikely events to more often happen in distant contexts and likely events in near contexts. Evidence for this association emerges using within-subject designs where participants directly assign low and high likelihood events to near and distant contexts (Studies 1 and 2), as well as between-subjects designs that focus on a variety of related judgments, including willingness to bet on favorites and long-shots (Study 3), decisions about insurance purchases (Study 4), and expectations regarding games of chance (Study 5). Results appear consistent across outcomes of differing valence (Study 5). Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Geochemical composition of source obsidians from Kenya

Abstract Here we provide a reference resource to archaeologists interested in the sources of obsidian in Kenya, through electron microprobe analyses of 194 obsidian samples from 90 localities. Averaged analyses of each sample and eleven published analyses are categorized into 84 compositional groups of which only about 21 are known to have been used to produce artifacts, possibly because studies of artifactual material in the region are lacking. We also provide trace element analyses determined by XRF and LA-ICP-MS for these same obsidians. In northern Kenya 27 distinct compositions of obsidian have been found, including some of Miocene age, but the source of the most abundant obsidian found in archaeological sites in this part of Kenya remains obscure. The Baringo region contains at least 13 varieties of low-silica obsidian. The Naivasha–Nakuru region contains an abundance of obsidian with 38 compositional types recognized, and is the only region in Kenya apart from the Suregei (northern Kenya) that contains rhyolitic obsidian. Nine compositionally distinct types of obsidian are known from southern Kenya. Although Kenyan obsidians span the compositional range from phonolite to rhyolite, low-silica, nepheline-normative obsidians occur only south of 1°N latitude. One obsidian type, the Lukenya Hill Group, appears to have been derived from a regionally extensive ash flow tuff with a distribution of over 8000 km2. From previous studies it is known that obsidians of lowest (Mundui) and highest iron content were used for tool manufacture, as were some obsidians (e.g., Kisanana) with the highest alkali content, and obsidians with both high (Njorowa) and low (Kisanana) silica content.
Chromatographic separation and in vitro activity of sorgoleone congeners from the roots of sorghum bicolor.

Sorgoleone, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-[(8‘Z,11‘Z)-8‘,11‘,14‘-pentadecatriene]-p-benzoquinone (1), and its corresponding hydroquinone are the major components of the root exudate of Sorghum bicolor. The name sorgoleone includes minor analogues differing in the length or degree of unsaturation of the 3-alkyl side chain. These compounds are known to be phytotoxic, probably through inhibition of photosystem II (PSII) driven oxygen evolution, as previously demonstrated for 1. Isolation of these sorgoleone congeners was achieved by C8 column chromatography and argentation thin-layer chromatography, and the purified compounds were structurally characterized. The abilities of the minor sorgoleones to inhibit PSII were similar to that of the major compound, suggesting that all of these sorgoleone congeners contribute to the overall allelopathy of sorghum. Keywords: Sorghum; sorgoleone; allelopathy; argentation chromatography; column chromatography; congeners; phytotoxicity; oxygen evolution; roots
Genetic-geographic dispersion among North Indian populations and affinities of the Jats

Variation in 13 loci across North India has been mapped using principal components and generalized distance analysis. Significant clinal variation is documented for most systems, and genetic difference bears a relation to geographic distance especially along a north-west-to-southeast inclination. Both caste and geography exert influence over the historically contentious affinities of the Jats.
Children's Performance in a Game and Their Attraction to It as a Function of Sex-typed Labels.

MONTEMAYOR, RAYMOND. Children's Performance in a Game and Their Attraction to It as a Function of Sex-typed Labels. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1974, 45, 152-156. Children 6-8 years old played a game which was labeled either sex-appropriate, sex-neutral, or sex-inappropriate. Measures of performance and attractiveness of the game were obtained. For both boys *and girls, performance was highest when the game was labeled sex-appropriate, intermediate when no sex label was given for the game, and lowest when the game was labeled sex-inappropriate. For attractiveness, the appropriate and neutral label conditions were similar and both were higher than the inappropriate condition.
Controlled Spawning of Largemouth Bass

Abstract The spawning period of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was greatly extended by the manipulation of water temperature. Adult bass that had been removed from natural populations before spawning and maintained in creek water at ambient temperatures (9.5-19.5°C), spawned within 1.5 to 11 days after being stocked directly into ponds with higher ambient temperature (average 23°C). Spawning occurred in groups of fish stocked from 10 June to 6 September - a significant extension of the average spawning season for northern populations. Upward temperature shock to stocked fish averaged 7 Celsius degrees. Fecundity, percentage fertilization, and percentage hatch were unaffected by the holding and stocking procedures. Some male and female bass spawned more than once under the thermal regime employed. Despite their origin from lake populations, stocked bass readily spawned in small ponds, demonstrating both the importance of temperature increases in inducing spawning and the adaptability of individual...
Phase relations in the zinc-rich portion of the plutonium-zinc system

Abstract Thermal analysis, metallography, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction were used to study seventeen compositions up to 22 at.% plutonium in zinc. Several variations with the existing literature were found. A previously unknown compound at roughly 11.5 at.% plutonium was characterized as body-centered tetragonal, a = 8.8 A , c = 21.2 A . Pu 2 Zn 17 of the Th 2 Zn 17 -type was found to be congruent melting. These two phases and three others observed to have hexagonal symmetry are all considered as superlattices based on the CaZn 5 structure type. One of the hexagonal phases is of the “Th 2 Ni 17 -type”. Twinning and Widmanstatten-type precipitation were observed in Pu 2 Zn 9 . A proposed phase diagram and photomicrographs are presented.
Bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt in patients with anomalies of systemic and pulmonary venous drainage.

Abstract Background . Bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and Fontan repair are now commonly performed in patients with a variety of forms of complex single ventricle, including those with anomalies of systemic or pulmonary venous return. These anomalies are ideally dealt with during bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt, thereby minimizing the complexity of the eventual Fontan procedure. Methods . Between March 1990 and December 1995, 36 patients with anomalous systemic or pulmonary venous drainage underwent bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt. A combination of anomalous systemic and pulmonary venous drainage was present in 12 patients, whereas 19 patients had anomalous drainage only from the systemic circulation and 5 patients had isolated anomalies of pulmonary venous return. Visceral heterotaxy syndrome was diagnosed in 18 patients. The median age at operation was 11 months, and bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt was the first surgical procedure performed in 10 of these patients. Techniques of repair are described. Results . There were two early deaths and one bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt was taken down, for mortality and failure rates not significantly different than those for all patients undergoing bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt during this time period (n = 117). At a mean follow-up of 19.9 months, there have been three late deaths and 11 patients have undergone Fontan completion. Actuarial survival was 87% at 1 year and 81% at 3 years. Among all patients undergoing bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt during this time period, neither heterotaxy syndrome nor anomalies of systemic or pulmonary venous return were significantly associated with decreased survival or poor outcome. Conclusions . Bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt can be performed in patients with anomalous systemic or pulmonary venous drainage, including those with visceral heterotaxy syndrome, with morbidity and mortality rates that do not differ significantly from those achieved in all patients undergoing bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt. In this report, we describe our experience with this group of patients, primarily focusing on outcomes and technical issues that pertain to the use of bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt as a preparatory procedure for the extracardiac conduit Fontan operation. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1676–84)
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor H-89 attenuates the bioluminescence signal produced by Renilla Luciferase.

Background Investigations into the regulation and functional roles of kinases such as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) increasingly rely on cellular assays. Currently, there are a number of bioluminescence-based assays, for example reporter gene assays, that allow the study of the regulation, activity, and functional effects of PKA in the cellular context. Additionally there are continuing efforts to engineer improved biosensors that are capable of detecting real-time PKA signaling dynamics in cells. These cell-based assays are often utilized to test the involvement of PKA-dependent processes by using H-89, a reversible competitive inhibitor of PKA. Principal Findings We present here data to show that H-89, in addition to being a competitive PKA inhibitor, attenuates the bioluminescence signal produced by Renilla luciferase (RLuc) variants in a population of cells and also in single cells. Using 10 µM of luciferase substrate and 10 µM H-89, we observed that the signal from RLuc and RLuc8, an eight-point mutation variant of RLuc, in cells was reduced to 50% (±15%) and 54% (±14%) of controls exposed to the vehicle alone, respectively. In vitro, we showed that H-89 decreased the RLuc8 bioluminescence signal but did not compete with coelenterazine-h for the RLuc8 active site, and also did not affect the activity of Firefly luciferase. By contrast, another competitive inhibitor of PKA, KT5720, did not affect the activity of RLuc8. Significance The identification and characterization of the adverse effect of H-89 on RLuc signal will help deconvolute data previously generated from RLuc-based assays looking at the functional effects of PKA signaling. In addition, for the current application and future development of bioluminscence assays, KT5720 is identified as a more suitable PKA inhibitor to be used in conjunction with RLuc-based assays. These principal findings also provide an important lesson to fully consider all of the potential effects of experimental conditions on a cell-based assay readout before drawing conclusions from the data.
Inhibition of cholinergic muscarinic signaling by ethanol: Potential mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity and biological plausibility for the beneficial effects of choline supplementation

Costa, L., Giordano, G., & Guizzetti, M. (2013). Inhibition of cholinergic muscarinic signaling by ethanol: Potential mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity and biological plausibility for the beneficial effects of choline supplementation. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 2 (3), 17-25. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.72 ( http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.72 ) Central nervous system dysfunctions are among the most significant effects of in utero exposure to ethanol. Ethanol has been shown to affect neurons and glial cells, causing cell loss and impaired cell migration and maturation. Multiple mechanisms have been suggested to underlie the effects of ethanol, including interference with growth factors, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules and neurotransmitters. Here, we propose that a relevant mechanism of ethanol’s developmental neurotoxicity may be its ability to inhibit the actions of acetylcholine in the developing nervous system mediated by activation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine has been shown to induce proliferation of astrocytes, to protect neurons against apoptotic cell death, and to foster astrocyte-neuronal interactions, thereby increasing neuritogenesis. By interfering with muscarinic receptor signal transduction pathways (mostly at the level of phospholipase D), ethanol inhibits all these effects of acetylcholine in the developing brain. Such action of ethanol may be responsible, at least in part, for some manifestations of developmental neurotoxicity, such as microencephaly, neuronal cell death and impaired neuronal differentiation. Among potential therapeutic interventions for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, choline supplementation appears to be one of the most promising. The cholinergic hypothesis of ethanol’s developmental neurotoxicity provides biological plausibility for the beneficial effects of choline. Indeed, by “potentiating” the cholinergic system during development (through increased synthesis of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine, and increased phospholipase D activity), choline would antagonize at least some of the deleterious effects of ethanol.
Epsilon Substitution for Transfinite Induction

We apply Mints’ technique for proving the termination of the epsilon substitution method via cut-elimination to the system of Peano Arithmetic with Transfinite Induction given by Arai.
The cuticular scales of Lynx spiders (Araneae, Oxyopidae)

An examination of the cuticular scales of the lynx spiders Oxyopes aglossus, O. salticus, and Peucetia viridans using scanning electron microscopy revealed that scales in these spiders are morphologically distinct, yet similar to the scales of the jumping spiders Eris militaris and Hentzia mitrata. Like the cuticular scales of jumping spiders, the cuticular scales of lynx spiders exhibit morphological differentiation in regard to location of occurrence on the body, with scales near the eyes tending to have more numerous and larger spines on the superior surface than scales on other regions of the prosoma and opisthosoma. The functional significance of this differentiation in scale morphology is unknown. Sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variation in scale morphology and color were observed in the genus Oxyopes,but not in Peucetia. In addition, the scales of P. viridans were distinguishable from the scales of Oxyopes spp. on the basis of the number of apical spines (1 in P. viridans instead of 3–7 in Oxyopesspp.) and on the presence of spines on the inferior surface (many in P. viridans and none in Oxyopesspp.). J. Morphol. 236:223-231, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fabrication of a cylindrical display by patterned assembly.

We demonstrate the patterned assembly of integrated semiconductor devices onto planar, flexible, and curved substrates on the basis of capillary interactions involving liquid solder. The substrates presented patterned, solder-coated areas that acted both as receptors for the components of the device during its assembly and as electrical connections during its operation. The components were suspended in water and agitated gently. Minimization of the free energy of the solder-water interface provided the driving force for the assembly. One hundred and thirteen GaAlAs light-emitting diodes with a chip size of 280 micrometers were fabricated into a prototype cylindrical display. It was also possible to assemble 1500 silicon cubes, on an area of 5 square centimeters, in less than 3 minutes, with a defect rate of ∼2%.
Interprocedural strength reduction of critical sections in explicitly-parallel programs

In this paper, we introduce novel compiler optimization techniques to reduce the number of operations performed in critical sections that occur in explicitly-parallel programs. Specifically, we focus on three code transformations: 1) Partial Strength Reduction (PSR) of critical sections to replace critical sections by non-critical sections on certain control flow paths; 2) Critical Load Elimination (CLE) to replace memory accesses within a critical section by accesses to scalar temporaries that contain values loaded outside the critical section; and 3) Non-critical Code Motion (NCM) to hoist thread-local computations out of critical sections. The effectiveness of the first two transformations is further increased by interprocedural analysis.The effectiveness of our techniques has been demonstrated for critical section constructs from three different explicitly-parallel programming models --- the isolated construct in Habanero Java (HJ), the synchronized construct in standard Java, and transactions in the Java-based Deuce software transactional memory system. We used two SMP platforms (a 16-core Intel Xeon SMP and a 32-Core IBM Power7 SMP) to evaluate our optimizations on 17 explicitly-parallel benchmark programs that span all three models. Our results show that the optimizations introduced in this paper can deliver measurable performance improvements that increase in magnitude when the program is run with a larger number of processor cores. These results underscore the importance of optimizing critical sections, and the fact that the benefits from such optimizations will continue to increase with increasing numbers of cores in future many-core processors.
Validity and stability of the decisional balance for sun protection inventory.

The 8-item Decisional Balance for sun protection inventory (SunDB) assesses the relative importance of the perceived advantages (Pros) and disadvantages (Cons) of sun protective behaviors. This study examined the psychometric properties of the SunDB measure, including invariance of the measurement model, in a population-based sample of adults. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the theoretically based 2-factor (Pros, Cons) model, with high internal consistencies for each subscale (). Multiple-sample CFA established that this factor pattern was invariant across multiple population subgroups, including gender, racial identity, age, education level, and stage of change subgroups. Multivariate analysis by stage of change replicated expected patterns for SunDB (Pros , Cons ). These results demonstrate the internal and external validity and measurement stability of the SunDB instrument in adults, supporting its use in research and intervention.
From My Center to the Center of All Things: Hourglass Care (Take 1)

In the tradition of presenting metaphors as theoretical and practical models of care, this article introduces the hourglass as a new direction for pastoral care. Everything in this model is “a circle with a triangle in it.”
Active and passive participation in the contact desensitization of snake fear in children

The roles of active and passive subject participation during the contact desensitization of fear of snakes in children were evaluated. The results were: (1) both of the desensitization procedures were highly effective and efficient methods for eliminating fear of snakes as compared to a no treatment control group, (2) stimuli associated with passive subject participation were more fear eliciting than those associated with active participation, and (3) the subject's initial level of fear did not affect the effectiveness of treatment but did affect the magnitude of the repeated testing effect for control subjects.
Mesoscale variability in the northeastern tropical Pacific: Forcing mechanisms and eddy properties

[1] The generation mechanisms and properties of the mesoscale eddies in the northeastern tropical Pacific (NETP) are studied using a series of numerical solutions and satellite observations. The spatial and temporal resolution of mountain wind jets over the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo are essential for an accurate modeling of the regional mesoscale variability. Three previously proposed eddy generation mechanisms are the local transient wind forcing, the combined low-frequency wind and boundary forcing, and the remote equatorial Kelvin wave forcing. In our model, the transient wind-forcing was represented by wind fields with synoptic variability, and the remote equatorial Kelvin wave forcing by 5-day open boundary conditions with interannual variability. Solutions with and without high-frequency forcings are contrasted to evaluate the contributions of the three mechanisms. The combined low-frequency wind and boundary forcing is the primary eddy forcing mechanism in the NETP. In the Tehuantepec region, the high-frequency wind-forcing contributes more to the mesoscale variability than the remote equatorial Kelvin wave forcing, while in the Papagayo region, their contributions are comparable. Eddies in the Tehuantepec and Papagayo regions are larger in both amplitude and size, and are more likely to deflect equatorward than eddies in the rest of the NETP. The maximum temperature anomaly of eddies is at around 50 m depth. Eddies with lifetimes >6 weeks are more likely anticyclonic, while eddies with lifetimes <6 weeks are more likely cyclonic. The anticyclone-dominance for large-amplitude long-lived eddies is the combined consequence of wind-driven asymmetric dipole spin-up and the evolutionary fragility of large-amplitude cyclones.
The Portrayal of Aquila and Priscilla in Acts: The Question of Sources

This study argues in three stages that virtually everything the Book of Acts says about Aquila and Priscilla can be derived or inferred from materials in the Pauline letters or can plausibly be attributed to the author's own literary, theological, and/or apologetic agenda. The argument supports the following propositions: (a) that the author of Acts knew and used at least some of the Pauline letters, (b) that Acts reflects a distinctly anti-feminist bias, (c) that the author's agenda included an anti-Marcionite component, and (d) that Acts is to be dated in the second century and perhaps as late as the middle of the century.
Modeling of Convective Drying of Trehalose Solution

Prediction of trehalose solution desiccation is required for understanding the protocol for preservation of biological materials, including mammalian cells[1]. The purpose of present work is to develop a numerical model for simulating the drying process of thin trehalose solution films by forced and natural convection. Changes in concentration profile in the solution during the drying process, and the influence of the transport properties of trehalose/water system on the drying kinetics were evaluated using this model. The end point of the simulation was reached by the formation of glass at the surface.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Celebrity Endorsements and Their Potential to Motivate Young Voters

Although scholars have long indicated concern regarding disaffected young voters, the 2004 presidential election tallied record turnout among this age group. This study explored how and why celebrity-endorsed, get-out-the-vote campaigns may have helped to persuade young voters aged 18 to 24 to participate in an election campaign by examining campaign influence on individual decision-making factors. During the fall semester of 2004, a convenience sample of 305 college students from introductory general education classes completed surveys assessing their political efficacy, involvement, complacency, and apathy. Findings indicated that receptivity to celebrity spokespeople predicted lower levels of complacency and higher levels of self-efficacy. Complacency had independent effects on involvement and self-efficacy. The results therefore suggest that these campaigns can potentially influence positive change in political engagement of the younger citizenry.
Beta-blockade mitigates exercise blood pressure in hypertensive male patients.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the antihypertensive agent(s) more likely to mitigate an exaggerated rise in exercise blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. Background An exaggerated rise in exercise BP is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. There are no recommendations for treating such response. Methods Participants were hypertensive men (n = 2,318; age 60 ± 10 years), undergoing a routine exercise test at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC. Antihypertensive therapy included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (n = 437), calcium-channel blockers (n = 223), diuretics (n = 226), and combinations (n = 1,442), beta-blockers alone (n = 201) or in combination with other antihypertensive agents (n = 467), and none (n = 208). Exercise BP, heart rate (HR) and rate-pressure product (RPP) at maximal and submaximal workloads were assessed. Results After adjusting for covariates, patients treated with beta-blockers or beta-blocker–based therapy had significantly lower BP, HR, and RPP at 5 and 7 metabolic equivalents (METs) and peak exercise than those treated with any other antihypertensive agent or combination (p Conclusions Significantly lower exercise BP, HR, and RPP levels are achieved with beta-blocker–based therapy than with other antihypertensive agents regardless of race. However, BP was better controlled in Caucasians than in African Americans regardless of antihypertensive therapy.
“You Have to Do It for the People Coming”: Union Organizing and the Transformation of Immigrant Women Workers

This qualitative study explored the experiences of a group of women who migrated to the United States from Mexico and Central America, found employment in Nevada casinos, and eventually became active in the Hotel Employees, Restaurant Employees Union. Their stories chronicle both their journey and their transformation: the gradual giving way of initial hopelessness and despair to a sense of personal and collective political power. This study is part of a larger study of the experience of women casino workers in the context of economic globalization.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Induces Renal Epithelial Jagged-1 Expression in Fibrotic Disease

For elucidation of the mechanisms by which growth factors and cytokines affect renal epithelial cells, gene array analysis of renal cells cultured in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) was performed. Many genes that were not previously considered to be involved in renal cell biologic processes were affected, one of which was jagged-1. The jagged ligand/notch receptor family controls the formation of boundaries between groups of cells and regulates cell fates. On the basis of the array analysis, jagged-1 expression was further evaluated in cultured cells and in C57BL/6 mice with a model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Recombinant human TGF-beta1 increased jagged-1 mRNA levels at concentrations between 10(-11) and 10(-10) M. There was a commensurate increase in jagged-1 protein levels, as assessed by Western blotting. The expression of jagged-1 mRNA and protein was observed to be significantly increased in the kidneys of C57BL/6 mice with obstructed ureters, compared with the contralateral kidneys, at 7 and 14 d of UUO. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated jagged-1 expression in distal tubules of kidneys from normal mice or contralateral kidneys from mice with UUO. Jagged-1 protein expression was increased in tubules not yet in apparent atrophy in the kidneys with an obstructed ureter. Jagged-1 expression was significantly increased in the kidneys of normal mice treated with TGF-beta1 and was decreased in the kidneys of mice with UUO treated with a TGF-beta receptor II-Fc chimera. These results suggest that jagged-1 is expressed in normal kidneys and that this expression is upregulated during renal disease, in a TGF-beta-dependent manner.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS IV. GYMNODINIUM ACIDOTUM1

Gymnodinium acidotum Nygaard is a freshwater dinoflagellate that is known to harbor a cryptomonad endosymbiont whose chloroplasls give the organism an overall blue-green color. The ultrastructure of G. acidotum was examined with particular attention being given to the three dimensional nature of the flagellar apparatus. The fiagellar apparatus is composed of two functional basal bodies that are slightly offset and lie at an angle of approximately 90° to one another. As in other dinoflagellates the transverse basal body is associated with a striated, fibrous root that extends from the proximal end of the basal body to the transverse flagellar opening. At least one microtubular root extends from the proximal end of the transverse basal body, and a multi-membered longitudinal microtubular root is associated with the longitudinal basal body. The most striking feature of the flagellar apparatus of G. acidotum is the large fibrous connective that extends from the region of the proximal ends of the basal bodies to the cingulum on the dorsal side of the cell. A similar structure has been reported from only one other dinoflagellate, Amphidinium cryophilum Wedemayer, Wilcox, and Graham. The presence of this structure as well as similarities in external morphology suggest thai these two species may be more closely related to each other than either is to other gymnodinioid taxa. The taxonomic importance of dinoflagellate flagellar apparatus components is discussed.
The effects of prompting and feedback on drivers' stopping at stop signs

Complete stops at a high-traffic intersection on the campus of a public university were increased with a prompting and consequence intervention. Data were collected at two opposing stop signs (Stop A and Stop B); however, the intervention was implemented only at Stop A. During the intervention, a volunteer stood next to Stop A holding a poster that read, “Please Stop—I Care,” with “Thank You For Stopping” on the reverse side. The poster was held by the volunteer so that drivers approaching Stop A could read the sign. Drivers approaching Stop B could see the volunteer but could not read the sign. When vehicles approaching Stop A made a complete stop, the volunteer flashed the “thank you” side of the poster to the driver. The strategy was evaluated using a multielement design. The intervention increased stops completed at Stop A from a baseline average of 13% to an intervention average of 52%. Stop B also showed improved stopping, from a baseline average of 6% to an intervention average of 28%. Data showed no relation between complete stops made and the drivers' use of turn signals and safety belts.
The Niacin Content of Fresh and Stored Shell Eggs

Abstract INTERIOR quality of shell eggs changes during storage of the eggs. Certain chemical changes also occur, and there is a transfer of water and some nutrients between yolk and white. Eggs stored for twelve months decrease in niacin (Evans et al., 1951a), vitamin B6 (Evans et al., 1951b), riboflavin (Evans et al., 1952a), and pantothenic acid (Evans et al., 1952b) contents, but not in choline (Evans and Davidson, 1951). Although Snell and Quarles (1941) studied the effect of incubation on the biotin content of hens’ eggs, nothing has been published on the effect of cold storage on their biotin content. The experiment reported here was conducted to see if there are changes in biotin content of eggs during twelve months of cold storage. EXPERIMENTAL The eggs were produced by White Leghorn hens housed in individual laying cages and fed a ration of constant composition. The ration consisted of ground corn …
Enteroviral ribonucleic acid. I. Recovery from virus and assimilation by cells.

A relatively sensitive and adequately reproducible assay of infectious enteroviral RNA was obtained by exposing calf serum-grown HeLa cells to RNA suspended in 2 M magnesium sulfate solution. Highly purified enteroviral preparations yielded RNA exhibiting more than 0.1 per cent of the infectivity of whole original virus and infectivity regressed linearly with dilution. Radioisotope experiments with P32-labeled RNA and spectrophotometric studies demonstrated that Gierer-Schramm phenol extraction permits almost quantitative recovery of high molecular weight RNA from poliovirus. Intact chromatography-purified type 2 poliovirus in the analytical ultracentrifuge showed a sharp boundary and a sedimentation coefficient of S20, w = 147 ± 5S. Phenol-extracted poliovirus RNA exhibited a heterodisperse sedimentation pattern with a large proportion of homogeneous, rapidly sedimenting material having a coefficient of S20, w = 37 ± 2S. Although the bulk of extracted poliovirus RNA as measured by radiophosphorus labeling was not taken up by cells, the infectious fraction of RNA was adsorbed rapidly by HeLa-cell or L strain mouse fibroblast monolayers, indicating a possible dissimilarity between the bulk of extracted virus RNA and a relatively small fraction responsible for infectivity. Enhancement of poliovirus RNA infectivity for HeLa cells by high ionic-strength magnesium sulfate solution appeared due partly to an effect of hypertonicity on cells, and partly to an effect of high-concentration divalent cation on RNA itself, but not to enhancement of adsorption. Poliovirus RNA adsorbed by HeLa cells apparently was rapidly received within the cells since it became quickly insusceptible to ribonuclease. Heterologous nucleic acids and degradation products to the level of oligoribonucleotides inhibited infectivity of poliovirus RNA for HeLa cells. This inhibitory activity appeared due to intermolecular complexing, since exposure of cells to heterologous RNA immediately before or after exposure to virus RNA failed to reduce infectivity. Ultraviolet absorption spectra demonstrated that the RNA within intact poliovirus is more hypochromic (and thus more extensively hydrogen-bonded) than is the same RNA isolated by phenol extraction, and suspended in 0.02 M phosphate buffer.
Reproductive record analysis.

Dairy herd records are a useful adjunct to the herd visit in monitoring reproductive performance and health. The sheer volume of information can be overwhelming, however, and coupled with the demands and time constraints created by delivering quality service to dairy clients, may preclude proper analysis. Developing a systematic approach to records analysis eases the process. This approach involves applying techniques to review records and present information to clients, identifying and understanding interrelationships between key reproductive measures in the records, and understanding how management and health factors can impact the measures being followed. By focusing on an organized approach to analysis and interpretation, useful information can be obtained efficiently and applied to the delivery of herd health services.
The incidence of acute patellar tendon harvest complications for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the incidence of acute bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft harvest complications after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods: Over a nearly 20-year period (September 1986 to April 2006), 1,725 consecutive patients underwent primary ACL reconstruction using bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft by 3 fellowship-trained sports medicine surgeons at our institution. Three acute complications related to patellar tendon harvest were identified from surgical databases, and the charts of these patients were reviewed. Results: In this series of 1,725 consecutive patients, 3 acute complications (0.2%) related to patellar tendon harvest were noted. These complications consisted of 2 patellar fractures (1 intraoperative and 1 postoperative) and 1 postoperative patellar tendon rupture. All 3 patients healed and went on to satisfactory outcomes. Conclusions: A 0.2% overall acute complication rate related to patellar tendon harvest for primary ACL reconstruction supported our hypothesis. Bone–patella tendon–bone autograft remains a safe and viable choice for surgeons performing ACL reconstruction. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Investigating the choriocapillaris and choroidal vasculature with new optical coherence tomography technologies

The body of knowledge of in vivo investigation of the choroid has been markedly enhanced by recent technological advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT). New insights elucidating the morphological features of the choriocapillaris and choroidal vasculature, in both physiological and pathological conditions, indicate that the choroid plays a pivotal role in many posterior segment diseases. In this article, a review of the histological characteristics of the choroid, which must be considered for the proper interpretation of in vivo imaging, is followed by a comprehensive discussion of fundamental principles of the current state-of-the-art in OCT, including cross-sectional OCT, en face OCT, and OCT angiography using both spectral domain OCT and swept source OCT technologies. A detailed review of the tomographic features of the choroid in the normal eye is followed by relevant findings in prevalent chorioretinal diseases, focusing on major causes of vision loss such as typical early and advanced age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, pachychoroid spectrum disorders, diabetic choroidopathy, and myopia.
Experimental reintroduction reveals novel life-history variation in Laysan Ducks ( Anas laysanensis )

ABSTRACT. Subfossil remains indicate that the Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) formerly occurred throughout the Hawaiian archipelago, but for more than 150 years it has been confined to a single, small atoll in the northwestern chain, Laysan Island. In 2004–2005, 42 ducks were reintroduced from Laysan to Midway Atoll, where they exhibited variation in life history never observed on Laysan. On Laysan, females have never been observed to breed successfully at age 1 year and few attempt it, whereas on Midway, females routinely raised young at <1 year of age. Mean (± SD) clutch size on Midway (7.0 ± 1.1, n = 41) was larger than the maximum clutch size of six eggs observed on Laysan. On Midway, renesting following nest failure (0.55 probability, n = 27) and double brooding (0.50, n = 54) were routine, and two instances of triple brooding were observed, whereas on Laysan, renesting and double brooding are rare (0.05 probability for both during our study; n = 21 and 19, respectively) and triple brooding has never ...
Solidification processing of Te-Sb-Pb alloys for thermoelectric applications

A solidification processing approach to the refinement of lead-tellurium-antimony alloy microstructure is described. Liquid alloys with eutectic, hyper-eutectic and hypo-eutectic compositions (relative to lead) were cooled to the solid state in three distinct ways, i.e. by water quenching, air cooling and furnace cooling. The structures of the alloys resulting from the three different solidification paths were examined using electron microscopy and the micrographs were quantified. Classical solidification methods were used to interpret the structures in relation to the cooling histories.
alpha -channel: a network framework to support application real-time performance guarantees

A framework to support performance requirements for real-time applications in packet-switched networks is proposed. This framework is based on a network-level abstraction called alpha -channel. An alpha channel represents a simplex end-to-end communication channel characterized by a set of application-specific real-time performance values. Applications treat the alpha -channel as an end-to-end abstraction and specify their required performance characteristics in terms of the maximum end-to-end packet delay, the maximum number of packets that can be sent within that delay, and the on-time reliability. Based on specified parameters, the network verifies that it can guarantee the performance of the channel under any conditions baring hardware failures. The approach the framework uses to verify the feasibility of accepting an alpha -channel and the characteristics of the run-time environment to guarantee the applications' performance requirements are described. The results of a simulation experiment implementing the basic functionalities of the proposed scheme are also presented. >
A unified continuum theory of electrodynamics of liquid crystals

A unified continuum theory is proposed governing the physical behavior of all liquid crystals subject to electromagnetic (E-M) fields. Balance laws, static and dynamic constitutive equations are given. Nematic, cholesteric, smectic, chiral and nonchiral liquid crystals are discussed. Constitutive equations include the effects of gyration viscosities coupled with heat and electric conduction and E-M fields. The second law of thermodynamics and conditions of material stability are used to restrict the material moduli. The theory is shown to give the director (Oseen-Frank) theory under special conditions valid for that theory.
Dynamic reconfiguration in computer clusters with irregular topologies in the presence of multiple node and link failures

Component failures in high-speed computer networks can result in significant topological changes. In such cases, a network reconfiguration algorithm must be executed to restore the connectivity between the network nodes. Most contemporary networks use either static reconfiguration algorithms or stop the user traffic in order to prevent cyclic dependencies in the routing tables. The goal is to present NetRec, a dynamic network reconfiguration algorithm for tolerating multiple node and link failures in high-speed networks with arbitrary topology. The algorithm updates the routing tables asynchronously and does not require any global knowledge about the network topology. Certain phases of NetRec are executed in parallel, which reduces the reconfiguration time. The algorithm suspends the application traffic in small regions of the network only while the routing tables are being updated. The message complexity of NetRec is analyzed and the termination, liveness, and safety of the proposed algorithm are proven. Additionally, results from validation of the algorithm in a distributed network-validation testbed Distant, based on the MPI 1.2 features for building arbitrary virtual topologies, are presented.
Citizen Privacy in a High-Tech Century

This paper outlines high-tech policing solutions that have been, or are likely to be, challenged as invasions of privacy. While most solutions discussed in this paper are indispensable law enforcement tools and provide considerable value in combating terrorist organizations, sophisticated crime-syndicates and unruly metropolitan populations, some solutions transgress constitutional limits and as such, police departments need to exercise caution before implementing them. This paper seeks to differentiate between high-tech policing solutions that pass constitutional muster and those solutions which are likely to be closely scrutinized and perhaps deemed unconstitutional by courts.
Robust a posteriori error estimation for finite element approximation to H(curl) problem

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a novel a posteriori error estimator for the conforming finite element approximation to the H ( curl ) problem with inhomogeneous media and with the right-hand side only in L 2 . The estimator is of the recovery type. Independent with the current approximation to the primary variable (the electric field), an auxiliary variable (the magnetizing field) is recovered in parallel by solving a similar H ( curl ) problem. An alternate way of recovery is presented as well by localizing of the error flux. The estimator is then defined as the sum of the modified element residual and the residual of the constitutive equation defining the auxiliary variable. It is proved that the estimator is approximately equal to the true error in the energy norm without the quasi-monotonicity assumption. Finally, we present numerical results for several H ( curl ) interface problems.
Modification of lethal effect of bacterial endotoxin by substances altering the metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine.

SummaryThe lethal effect of bacterial endotoxin in mice is modified by administration of the 5HT antagonist, BAS, the monoamine oxidase inhibitor PIH, or the 5HT precursor, 5 HTP. Animals pretreated with BAS and 5 HTP demonstrated increased resistance to endotoxin whereas pretreatment with PIH increased susceptibility to endotoxin.
Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. The RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and Hirschsprung's disease.

Recent years have brought major advances in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of both types of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome. MEN type 1 (MEN-1 [designated “MEN 1” by the Second International MEN Workshop]) is the triad of parathyroid, pancreatic islet-cell, and anterior pituitary tumors.1 Carcinoid, adrenal cortical, and lipoid tumors may also occur in MEN-1. Its susceptibility gene has been mapped but not isolated, and in some kindreds polymorphic markers that flank the gene can be used for predictive DNA testing.2 MEN type 2 (MEN-2) is a syndrome of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, . . .