cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting biofilm deformation with a viscoelastic phase‐field model: Modeling and experimental studies

Biofilms commonly develop in flowing aqueous environments, where the flow causes the biofilm to deform. Because biofilm deformation affects the flow regime, and because biofilms behave as complex heterogeneous viscoelastic materials, few models are able to predict biofilm deformation. In this study, a phase-field (PF) continuum model coupled with the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation was developed and used to simulate biofilm deformation. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using two types of biofilms: a synthetic biofilm, made from alginate mixed with bacterial cells, and a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Shear rheometry was used to experimentally determine the mechanical parameters for each biofilm, used as inputs for the model. Biofilm deformation under fluid flow was monitored experimentally using optical coherence tomography. The comparison between the experimental and modeling geometries, for selected horizontal cross sections, after fluid-driven deformation was good. The relative errors ranged from 3.2 to 21.1% for the synthetic biofilm and from 9.1 to 11.1% for the P. aeruginosa biofilm. This is the first demonstration of the effectiveness of a viscoelastic PF biofilm model. This model provides an important tool for predicting biofilm viscoelastic deformation. It also can benefit the design and control of biofilms in engineering systems.
Image memorability is predicted at different stages of a convolutional neural network

The features of an image can be represented at multiple levels - from low-level visual properties to high-level meaning. What factors drive some images to be memorable while others are forgettable? Across three behavioral experiments, we addressed this question. In a first behavioral experiment, we combined a convolutional neural network (CNN) with behavioral prospective assignment, by using four CNN layers to select the scene images that each of one hundred participants experience. We found that participants remembered more images when they were assigned to view stimuli selected based on their discriminability in low-level CNN layers, or similarity in high-level layers. A second experiment replicated these results in an independent sample of participants. The third experiment investigated how memorability is influenced when images fall within a single semantic category (houses). We replicated results from the first two experiments at lower levels, but found that similarity predicted memorability at a mid-high level, rather than the highest level observed for scenes from multiple categories. This mid-high level contains representations for objects and object-parts, which are more important for discriminating images from the same category. Together, this research provides evidence that discriminability at different visual levels, modeled using a CNN, predicts image memorability.
Endovascular Removal of an Entrapped Vascular Closure Device.

A 51-year-old man underwent an atrial fibrillation ablation. Ultrasound was used for vascular access, given his body mass index (37 kg/m2). Two sheaths (6-F to 8.5-F) were inserted into each of the common femoral veins (FVs). Following the procedure, vascular closure was performed with the VASCADE
Restructuring Agency Relationships in the Real Estate Brokerage Industry: A Legal & Economic Analysis

Our objectives in this paper are the following. First, we will review the traditional role that brokers have played in facilitating sales of residential real estate. Second, we will review the law of agency as it has arisen around this traditional role. In doing so, we will identify the problems that traditional agency law as applied to brokers seem to have created. Third, we will argue that these problems are inherent to the residential brokerage industry as it is currently structured. In particular, we will argue that these problems seem to stem from the bundling of brokerage information-providing services and representation (advocacy) roles. Some stylized facts about the commercial real estate brokerage market are instructive in this regard because in this market, these services appear to be unbundled to a large extent in commercial transactions. The animosity of traditional (full service) brokers to discount (limited service) brokers in the residential market, and the recent trend toward buyer brokers are also consistent with our analysis. Lastly, in view of the conclusions of the analysis, we evaluate current legislative efforts to reform or redefine the agency role of brokers. In the past three years, over forty states have either proposed or passed legislation aimed at restructuring real estate brokerage relationships. These efforts to redefine the agency laws governing the relationship between real estate brokers and their clients suggests that existing laws have not met the needs of the parties involved. Common criticism of traditional agncy law as applied to brokers are that: (1) buyers are unrepresented, (2) sellers are vicariously liable for the actions of unknown subagents, and (3) courts have imposed unintended dual agency status on brokers after the fact. More generally, there seems to be misunderstanding and uncertainty among buyers, sellers, and brokers, as to what their legal duties are to one another and how these correspond to the traditional functions that brokers have played in the residential housing market. We argue that much of this uncertainty stems from an inherent conflict between the traditional roles of the residential broker as both an information provider and an advocate. The broker best serves the former role when buyers and sellers freely share information prior to a match. However, once a match is made, the broker's fiduciary obligations reside with only one of the parties (typically the seller). As a consequence, the unrepresented party may be reluctant to share information with the broker up front in anticipation of the broker's agency obligations, thereby impeding the flow of information. Inevitably, this reduction in the exchange of information leads to higher transaction costs of completing real estate transactions, and therefore to a less efficient market for housing.
Choosing Imputation Models

Imputing missing values is an important preprocessing step in data analysis, but the literature offers little guidance on how to choose between different imputation models. This letter suggests adopting the imputation model that generates a density of imputed values most similar to those of the observed values for an incomplete variable after balancing all other covariates. We recommend stable balancing weights as a practical approach to balance covariates whose distribution is expected to differ if the values are not missing completely at random. After balancing, discrepancy statistics can be used to compare the density of imputed and observed values. We illustrate the application of the suggested approach using simulated and real-world survey data from the American National Election Study, comparing popular imputation approaches including random forests, hot-deck, predictive mean matching, and multivariate normal imputation. An R package implementing the suggested approach accompanies this letter.
Community Reintegration of Repeat Female Offenders in County Jails

Repeat female offenders’ community transitions following incarceration, and their subsequent return to jail were investigated. Specifically examined were needs at release and whether unmet needs, p...
COVID-19 Data Utilization in North Carolina: Qualitative Analysis of Stakeholder Experiences.

Background: As the world faced the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), medical professionals, technologists, community leaders, and policy makers sought to understand how best to leverage data for public health surveillance and community education. With this complex public health problem, North Carolinians relied on data from state, federal, and global health organizations to increase their understanding of the pandemic and guide decision-making. Objective: We aimed to describe the role that stakeholders involved in COVID-19–related data played in managing the pandemic in North Carolina. The study investigated the processes used by organizations throughout the state in using, collecting, and reporting COVID-19 data. Methods: We used an exploratory qualitative study design to investigate North Carolina’s COVID-19 data collection efforts. To better understand these processes, key informant interviews were conducted with employees from organizations that collected COVID-19 data across the state. We developed an interview guide, and open-ended semistructured interviews were conducted during the period from June through November 2020. Interviews lasted between 30 and 45 minutes and were conducted by data scientists by videoconference. Data were subsequently analyzed using qualitative data analysis software. Results: Results indicated that electronic health records were primary sources of COVID-19 data. Often, data were also used to create dashboards to inform the public or other health professionals, to aid in decision-making, or for reporting purposes. Cross-sector collaboration was cited as a major success. Consistency among metrics and data definitions, data collection processes, and contact tracing were cited as challenges. Conclusions: Findings suggest that, during future outbreaks, organizations across regions could benefit from data centralization and data governance. Data should be publicly accessible and in a user-friendly format. Additionally, established cross-sector collaboration networks are demonstrably beneficial for public health professionals across the state as these established relationships facilitate a rapid response to evolving public health challenges.
Dissimilarities in species assemblages among Amazonian mineral licks

Mineral lick elevation, size, and distance to the closest human community are all associated with mammal and bird species visitations. The most frequently hunted licks have similar species assemblages. Results indicate high variability in species assemblages at different mineral licks suggesting different species-specific resource needs at different licks.
Judgments of self-identified gay and heterosexual male speakers of American English: Which vowels do listeners rely on to form their sexual orientation judgments?

Prior research (Tracy et al., 2015) demonstrated that, upon hearing a single phone, listeners differentiated between gay and heterosexual male talkers of American English. For instance, listeners relied on seven vowels (e.g., /ae/, /eɪ/, /e/, /iː/, /oʊ/, /ɑ/, and /uː/) to form their judgments. From this particular finding, it is unclear whether the results could be replicated and whether these are the only vowels that listeners rely on; it is possible that listeners might rely on additional vowels. To further explore these issues, the present study examined a wider range of vowels (e.g., /i:/, /ɪ/, /eɪ/, /ɛ/, /ae/, /ɑɹ/, /ɑ/, /ɔ/, /oʊ/, /u:/, /ai/, /aʊ/, /ɔɪ/, /ɪr/, / ^/, and /ju/) and, in most instances, presented two different tokens of each vowel to listeners. Some tokens of a vowel (e.g., /i:/, /ɛ/, /ae/, /oʊ/, /u:/, and /ju/) came from a stressed syllable and some tokens came from an unstressed syllable. Only four vowels (e.g., /ɔ/, /aʊ/, /ɔɪ/, and / ^/) were presented once. Across all instances of every vowel, participants were able to significantly discriminate between gay and heterosexual speakers. Thus, listeners use a wide range of vowels to form their sexual orientation judgments of male talkers.
Structural response of the DIII-D toroidal field coil to increased lateral loads

Recent calibration shots in which full toroidal field (TF) coil current interacted with the maximum poloidal field coils have produced increased lateral loads on the outer sections of the TF-coil. The increased lateral loads have resulted in deflections that have been sufficient to cause the TF-coil to contact adjacent equipment and produce a transient short to ground within the coil. The six outer turns of each TF-coil bundle are clamped together by insulated preloaded studs to provide increased bending stiffness. These sections of the outer bundles depend on friction to react the lateral loads as a bundle rather than six individual turns. A major concern is that the increased loads will produce slip between turns resulting in excessive lateral deflections and possible damage to the insulating sleeve on the preloaded studs. A finite element structural model of the TF-coil was developed for the calculation of deflections and the shear load distribution throughout the coil for the applied lateral loads from a full current calibration shot. The purpose of the updated structural model is to correlate the applied lateral loads to the total shear force between the unbonded sections of the outer turns. An allowable integrated lateral load applied to the outer turns is established based on the maximum shear force that can be reacted by friction. A program that calculates the magnetic fields and integrated lateral load along the outer turns can be incorporated into the plasma control system. The integrated load can then be compared to the calculated allowable value prior to execution of calibration shots. Calibration shots with a calculated total lateral load greater than the allowable value will be prevented.
The power spectral density of maximum entropy M-ary (d, k) codes

A formula for the power spectral density of maximum entropy M-ary (d, k) constrained sequences is given. The formula for spectrum is derived by using the method of a difference equation assigned to a Markov chain generating M-ary (d, k) sequences.
The pre-pairing events in Tetrahymena. II. Partial loss of developmental information upon refeeding starved cells.

Abstract When Tetrahymena thermophila is starved it prepares for mating in a 70-min sequence of events called initiation. When such starved cells are refed, they rapidly erase about 40 min of initiation-associated information. This partial erasure requires the presence of nutrients for at least 15 min; complete erasure occurs only after about 36 h. Erasure is not affected by any cellular excretion, nor does it require protein synthesis. Briefly treating initiated cells with cycloheximide seems to produce a result similar to refeeding. A variant with a biphasic refeeding response is described; the biphasic response is abolished by brief cycloheximide treatments.
Don't reveal my intension: protecting user privacy using declarative preferences during distributed query processing

In a centralized setting, the declarative nature of SQL is a major strength: a user can simply describe what she wants to retrieve, and need not worry about how the resulting query plan is actually generated and executed. However, in a decentralized setting, two query plans that produce the same result might actually reveal vastly different information about the intensional description of a user's query to the servers participating its evaluation. In cases where a user considers portions of her query to be sensitive, this is clearly problematic. In this paper, we address the specification and enforcement of querier privacy constraints on the execution of distributed database queries. We formalize a notion of intensional query privacy called (I,A)-privacy, and extend the syntax of SQL to allow users to enforce strict (I,A)-privacy constraints or partially ordered privacy/performance preferences over the execution of their queries.
Upper Bounds on Homological Dimensions

The homological dimension of a module M R is often related to the cardinality of a set of generators for M or for right ideals of R . In this note, upper bounds for this homological dimension are obtained in two situations.
Batteries for stationary standby and for stationary cycling applications introduction

The term "stationary battery" tends to conjure up many interpretations among power engineers, depending on one's perspectives on battery energy storage. The primary application that immediately comes to mind is that for standby or UPS use, but that is not the only application for stationary batteries. Currently, changes are underway where large stationary batteries are being used in grid-tied cycling applications for distributed energy resource systems. The current IEEE standards developed for standby application do not apply to these new stationary applications, but many engineers are totally unaware of the not-so-subtle differences in standby battery and cycling battery O&M requirements. The purpose of this paper is to introduce engineers are using stationary batteries in cycling applications to the differences in battery system management standards currently in use in the IEEE to preclude the improper application of standards for standby applications with those intended for cycling applications.
Strip-line 3-db directional couplers

This paper describes the performance of two basic types of strip-line 3-db directional couplers. One coupler is one-quarter wavelength long at the center of its frequency band, and has a coupling variation of \pm0.3 db over a 2:1 frequency band. The other directional coupler is three-quarter wavelengths long at the center of its frequency band and has the same coupling variation of \pm0.3 db over a 4.5:1 band. Theoretically, both types of couplers have infinite directivity and unity VSWR at all frequencies. Experimental models of these directional couplers have been found to have good directivity, low VSWR and coupling variations almost exactly predicted by theory.
Functional impact of diaphragm muscle sarcopenia in both male and female mice

To perform a range of ventilatory and nonventilatory behaviors, the diaphragm muscle (DIAm) must be able to generate sufficient forces throughout the lifespan. We hypothesized that sarcopenia impac...
Covalently closed, circular DNA in kappa endosymbionts of Paramecium.

Caedobacter taeniospiralis (kappa), a bacterial endosymbiont isolated from Paramecium tetraurelia stock 51, contains, in addition to the bacterial chromosome, covalently closed circular DNA molecules as shown by isolation on dye-buoyant-density gradients. The closed circular molecule has a contour length of 13·75 ± 0·04 µm with a buoyant density of 1·698 g/cm 3 . The buoyant density of the bacterial chromosome is 1·700–1·701 g/cm 3 . Kappa of the 51 group isolated from stock 298 and stock 6g2, P. tetraurelia , also contain the closed circular DNA. Two forms of kappa coexist in paramecia: brights and nonbrights. Examination by density-gradient centrifugation of the DNA of brights and nonbrights shows the extrachromosomal DNA to be associated mainly with brights. It is suggested that the extrachromosomal DNA might be the determinant for the refractile bodies and the helical phage-like structures found in brights.
Eradication via destratification: whole-lake mixing to selectively remove rainbow smelt, a cold-water invasive species

Invasive species can have severe effects on aquatic ecosystems. After invasions occur, eradication should be considered whenever the potential loss of ecosystem services outweighs the cost of the eradication method. Here we evaluate the possibility of destratifying Crystal Lake, Wisconsin, USA, to eradicate the invasive fish rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). We modeled the effects of three destratification scenarios (non-, low-, and high-mixing) using both physical and biological models. Field observations were used to calibrate the models. Water temperatures estimated from 18 unique DYRESM simulations were used in a bioenergetics model to estimate growth of five age classes of rainbow smelt under normal and destratified conditions. Our simulations indicate that destratification can eliminate optimal rainbow smelt thermal habitat resulting in mortality. Destratified lake temperatures also surpassed several physiological critical temperatures. Bioenergetics simulations predicted a weight loss of 45-55% in yearling and adult rainbow smelt. We found that destratification is potentially effective for eradicating cold-water species in temperate lakes.
Cloud Mobile 3D Display Gaming User Experience Modeling and Optimization by Asymmetric Graphics Rendering

With the arrival of auto-stereoscopic 3D displays for mobile devices, and emergence of more 3D content, there is much anticipation for 3D mobile multimedia experiences, including 3D display gaming. Simultaneously, with the emergence of cloud computing, more mobile applications are being developed to take advantage of the elastic cloud resources. In this paper, we explore the possibility of developing Cloud Mobile 3D Display Gaming, where the 3D video rendering and encoding is performed on cloud servers, with the resulting 3D video streamed over wireless networks to mobile devices with 3D displays for a true 3D mobile gaming experience. However, with the significantly higher bitrate requirement for 3D video, ensuring user experience may be a challenge, both in terms of 3D video quality and network delay (response time), considering the bandwidth constraints and fluctuations of wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a new asymmetric graphics rendering approach which can significantly reduce the video encoding bitrate needed for a certain video quality, thereby making it easier to transmit the video over wireless network. However, since asymmetric graphics rendering may also impair the graphics quality, we need to be able to understand and measure its impact. We conduct subjective tests to study and model the impairments due to asymmetric graphics rendering and network delay, thereby developing a user experience model for cloud based mobile 3D display gaming. By conducting subsequent subjective tests, we prove the correctness of the impairment functions and the resulting user experience model. Furthermore, given any network condition, we propose to solve the problem of selecting the optimal graphics rendering factors for the left and right views so as to maximize user experience of cloud mobile 3D display gaming. In order to solve this problem, we first develop a model to estimate the resulting video bitrate of the rendered 3D video when certain graphics rendering factors are used. Next, we derive a model to predict the delay given the available network bandwidth and the video bitrate of the rendered 3D video. We use the above two models together with a branch and bound algorithm to solve the optimization problem and determine the optimal values for the left and right view rendering factors. Experiments conducted using real 4G-LTE network profiles on commercial cloud service demonstrate the feasibility of significant improvement in user experience when the proposed optimization algorithm is used to dynamically select optimal rendering factors according to changing network conditions.
Evidence for a new scaling hypothesis in high-energy collisions

Single-particle distributions in transverse and longitudinal momenta have been studied in $\mathrm{pp}$ interactions at 300 GeV/c. By comparing these distributions for different multiplicities of produced particles and with published low-energy data, we put forth the hypothesis of a new type of scaling: The shape of distributions in ${p}_{T}$ and ${p}_{L}$ are independent of multiplicity and incident energy.
Relationships between social support sources and early adolescents' mental health: The moderating effect of student achievement level

This study examined how perceived social support from parents, classmates, and teachers jointly and uniquely predicted psychopathology (i.e., internalizing and externalizing symptoms) and wellness (i.e., life satisfaction) in a sample of 390 middle-school students. This study also explored the protective nature of high student academic achievement in the relationship between social support and mental health. Social support was a significant predictor of all mental health outcomes, particularly life satisfaction. Although classmate and teacher support were significant unique predictors of students' internalizing and externalizing symptoms, respectively, parent support emerged as the strongest predictor of all indicators of mental health. Academic achievement moderated the direction and strength of the relationships between externalizing behavior and (a) classmate support, and (b) parent support, respectively. Specifically, classmate support emerged as adaptive for average- and high-achieving students only, whereas academic achievement functioned as a protective factor against the manifestation of externalizing psychopathology among students with low parental support. Implications for school psychologists and directions for future research are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Drug‐induced cicatrising granulomatous conjunctivitis

Ocular toxicity resulting from chemicals in eye drops is common. Preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and related quaternary ammonium salts have been shown to play an important part in these reactions.1 The symptoms can range from mild injection and itching to severe conjunctival reactions. The term pseudopemphigoid has been applied to drug-induced cicatrising conjunctivitis.2–5 We present a patient who developed drug-induced granulomatous cicatrising conjunctivitis secondary to glaucoma drops. A 60-year-old man presented to the eye clinic for ocular irritation. His ocular history was positive for glaucoma, for which he was using latanoprost (Xalatan, Pfizer, New York, New York, USA), and brimonidine 0.2% (a generic preparation). Examination showed severe conjunctival injection bilaterally, …
LPCVD of InN on GaAs(110) Using HN3 and TMIn: Comparison with Si(100) Results

Abstract : Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of InN and laser- assisted LPCVD on GaAs(110) and Si(100) using HN3 and trimethyl indium (TMIn) has been studied with XPS, UPS and SEM. Without 308-nm excimer laser irradiation, InN film was built on the GaAs but not on Si surface under the present low-pressure conditions. When the photon beam was introduced, InN films with In:N atomic ratio of 1.0 + or - 0. 1 and a thickness of more than 20 A (the limit of the electron escaping depth for the In3d X-ray photoelectrons) were formed on Si(100) surface. In both cases, the formation of surface nitrides at the initial film growth processes was clearly indicated in the XP spectra. The He(II) UP spectra taken from InN films on GaAs and Si are nearly identical and agree well with the result of a pseudo-potential calculation for the InN valence band. The corresponding SEM pictures showed smooth InN films on GaAs(110), while grains with diameter of approx. 100 nm were observed for InN on Si(100).
EFFECTS OF VARIABLE PROPERTIES AND INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION ON NATURAL CONVECTION AT A HEATED VERTICAL PLATE IN AIR

Numerical results are presented for the transient and steady-state velocity field, temperature field, and heat transfer characteristics. These results were obtained by solving the partial differential equations describing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy by an explicit finite-difference method in time-dependent form. Two cases were studied, namely the variable fluid property (VFP) case and the constant fluid property (CFP) case. Values of the velocity components u, v (absolute) and the temperature 8 in the VFP case are larger away from the plate and smaller near the plate than those in the CFP case. Further, the velocity and temperature fields are more prominent in the presence of heat sources than in their absence. Numerical results indicate that the wall heat transfer coefficient in the VFP case is about 30% higher than in the CFP case. This warrants further analyses of the effect of variable fluid properties on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. Another useful result is that the ...
Standing by our principles: meaningful guidance, moral foundations, and multi-principle methodology in medical scarcity.

Kerstein and Bognar (2010) differ from us on three major issues: (1) They support sickest-first allocation, (2) they use quality-of-life considerations, and (3) they offer a different basis for pri...
The theoretical reaction path for the cation radical vinylcyclobutance rearrangement: a concerted SR path

Ab initio reaction path calculations for the cation radical vinylcyclobutane rearrangement at the MP2/ 6-31G*//3-21G level reveal a concerted, sr reaction path with an activation energy of 9.4 kcal/mol. The vinylcyclobutane cation radical itself, at both the MP2 and MP3 levels of theory has predominant olefin cation radical character but with modest stretching of one of the adjacent ring carbon—carbon bonds.
The National Synchrotron Light Source, Part I: Bright Idea

The National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) was the first facility designed and built specifically for producing and exploiting synchrotron radiation. It was also the first facility to incorporate the Chasman-Green lattice for maximizing brightness. The NSLS was a $24-million project conceived about 1970. It was officially proposed in 1976, and its groundbreaking took place in 1978. Its construction was a key episode in Brookhaven’s history, in the transition of synchrotron radiation from a novelty to a commodity, and in the transition of synchrotron-radiation scientists from parasitic to autonomous researchers. The way the machine was conceived, designed, promoted, and constructed illustrates much both about the tensions and tradeoffs faced by large scientific projects in the age of big science. In this article, the first of two parts, I cover the conception, design, and planning of the NSLS up to its groundbreaking. Part II, covering its construction, will appear in the next issue.
Stabilities of Fe(III) mononuclear and Fe(III)–M(II) (M=Cu, Zn, Cd and Mn) heterodinuclear complexes with a dinucleating hexaazadiphenol macrocycle

Abstract The macrocyclic ligand 15,31-dimethyl-3,11,19,27,33,35-hexaazapentacyclo [27.3.1.1. 5,9 1. 13,17 1. 21,25 ]-hexatriaconta-5,7,9(33),13,15,17(34),21,23,25(35),29,31,1(36)-dodecaene-34,36-diol (24RBPyBC) forms a number of protonated and hydroxo forms of Fe(III) mononuclear complexes as well as Fe(III)–M(II) (M(II)=Cu, Zn, Cd and Mn) heterodinuclear complexes in aqueous solution. Stability constants of these complexes are measured by pH potentiometric titration in KCl supporting electrolyte (0.100 M) at 25.0°C and distribution of the species present in the solution as a function of p[H] are determined. Combination of potentiometric and visible spectral studies suggest that hydrolysis of the Fe(III) mononuclear complexes occurs in lower p[H] than does the deprotonation reaction of the uncoordinated ammoniums of the macrocycle. In the Fe(III)–M(II) heterodinuclear systems, the hydroxo heterodinuclear complexes predominate in basic solutions, while the protonated Fe(III) mononuclear complex predominates in acidic solutions except the case of Fe(III)–Cu(II) where the heterodinuclear complex [FeCuL] 3+ is formed.
Indocyanine green enhanced retinal vessel laser closure in rats: histologic and immunohistochemical observations.

Abstract Purpose. Feeder vessel photocoagulation using both thermal and indocyanine green (ICG) enhanced applications as a treatment for choroidal neovascularization is under investigation. While closure of feeder vessels is achievable, reperfusion of these vessels occurs. The purpose of the following study was to compare, contrast anatomic, and immunohistochemical findings in rat retinal arterioles following attempts at vessel closure using either the diode (810 nm) laser alone or in conjunction with intravascular ICG. Methods. The retinal arterioles of adult Lewis or Brown Norway rats were treated with diode laser alone or immediately following intravenous injection with 75 mg ml−1 ICG. Retinal vessel closure was determined by examination of retinal flatmounts following FITC-dextran or rhodamine-dextran perfusion. Anatomic changes were examined by electron microscopy and quantitative cellular changes were measured by perfusion with Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining. Recruited macrophages were detected by ED1 immunohistochemistry. Results. Treatment with diode laser alone resulted in partial retinal arteriolar closure seen only in pigmented animals. The use of adjuvant ICG achieved complete vessel closure in albino animals with reperfusion seen in all vessels by 7 days. Electron microscopy revealed an intraluminal clot only in ICG-enhanced diode laser treated animals, but with accompanying endothelial and perivascular cellular damage. Immunohistochemistry of the site of retinal arteriolar closure revealed a large increase in perivascular cellularity with an apparent influx of ED1 positive cells. Conclusion. ICG-enhanced diode laser photocoagulation appears to be superior to diode treatment alone in achieving vessel closure, but is limited by clot resolution due to both excessive vascular damage and an accompanying inflammatory response. These results suggest that more durable feeder vessel closure rates may be achievable with either the use of accompanying anti-inflammatory therapies or with a less vascular damaging photoactivating dye.
Remote Sensing for Monitoring Surface Water Quality Status and Ecosystem State in Relation to the Nutrient Cycle: A 40-Year Perspective

Delineating accurate nutrient fluxes and distributions in multimedia environments requires the integration of vast amounts of information. Such nutrient flows may be related to atmospheric deposition, agricultural runoff, and urbanization effect on surface and groundwater systems. Two types of significant undertakings for nutrient management have been in place for sustainable development. While many environmental engineering technologies for nutrient removal have been developed to secure tap water sources and improve the drinking water quality, various watershed management strategies for eutrophication control are moving to highlight the acute need for monitoring the dynamics and complexities that arise from nutrient impacts on water quality status and ecosystem state, both spatially and temporally. These monitoring methods and data are associated with local point measurements, air-borne remote sensing, and space-borne satellite images of spatiotemporal nutrient distributions leading to the generation of ...
Lobbying and tariff formation: A deadweight loss consideration

Abstract This paper presents a model in which two organized groups spend real resources to influence a country's tariff policy. Being ‘small’ is shown to be advantageous in lobbying activities. The size of a group is measured by its share of national income. A small group bears only a small share of the deadweight loss which its lobbying and consequent deviation from free trade creates. Under plausible conditions, this advantage enables the smaller group engaged in lobbying to obtain trade restrictions which it views as beneficial.
Hibernoma: an unusual tumor of adipose tissue.

Abstract A case of a benign tumor of vestigial brown fat (hibernoma) is presented. The circumstances surrounding an associated odontogenic infection are discussed. The case and a review of the literature are presented to clarify a pathologic condition rarely included in the different diagnosis of head and neck masses.
Unit responses at cochlear nucleus to electrical stimulation through a cochlear prosthesis

Afferent auditory fibers of the guinea pig cochlea were electrically stimulated with current introduced through electrodes in the scala tympani. Thresholds were determined for unit responses recorded in the ventral cochlear nuclei to a sinusoid of 98 Hz from response-rate growth functions versus stimulus intensity. Suprathreshold response rates for most units grew rapidly from threshold to saturation at 2-15 dB above threshold. Peristimulus time histograms were collected for responses to single sinusoids and combinations of two and five sinusoids ranging from 86 to 134 Hz. Spike occurrences were highly synchronous with individual cycles of the pure sinusoids, but responses to the more complex waveforms occurred primarily to the more intense peaks. The amplitude envelope was thus a major contributor to responses to multiple sinusoids. Destruction of cochlear structures with neomycin increased unit thresholds and produced some changes in waveform encoding.
Borealis-R: a replication-transparent stream processing system for wide-area monitoring applications

Borealis-R is a replication-based system for both fast andhighly-available processing of data streams over wide-area networks. In Borealis-R, multiple operator replicas send outputs to downstream replicas, allowing each replica to use whichever data arrives first. To further reduce latency, replicas run without coordination, possibly processing data in different orders. Despite this flexibility, Borealis-R guarantees that applications always receive the same results as in the non-replicated, failure-free case. In addition, Borealis-R deploys replicas at select network locations to effectively improve performance as well as availability.We demonstrate the strengths of Borealis-R using a live wide-area monitoring application. We show that Borealis-R outperforms previous solutions in terms of latency and that it uses system resources efficiently by carefully deploying and discarding replicas.
Metaphor and its ties to ambiguity and vagueness

This paper examines the comparative usefulness of seeking to explain metaphor through the notions of ambiguity and vagueness. I argue that, despite long standing attempts to explain metaphor as a species of ambiguous language, all such attempts fail. I also argue that a less explored association, that between metaphor and vague language, can be exploited much more successfully in explaining a quite different aspect of metaphor‐why speakers might choose that trope over literal utterance in everyday contexts.
Low phase-noise autonomous parametric oscillator based on a 226.7 MHz AlN contour-mode resonator

We present the first parametric oscillator based on the use of a 226.7 MHz aluminum nitride contour-mode resonator. This topology enables an improvement in the phase noise of 16 dB at 1 kHz offset with respect to a conventional feedback-loop oscillator based on the same device. The recorded phase noise is −106 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset.
Rapid responses to stress in Eurytemora affinis

E. affinis can adjust to temperature stress in a matter of hours. Adaptation is greater in a varying temperature than in a constant temperature, consistent with the estuarine habitat of this calanoid. The species has the capacity to adjust both in the short-term as individuals and also genetically over a number of generations. The adjustments have been examined at several levels of organization. In whole copepods the lime an individual becomes comatose when exposed to a 32 °C temperature and increasing by 1/2 °C at 5 min. intervals, has been used as a repeatable assay and gives a good prediction of survival at 30 °C, the ecological limit of the species in Chesapeake bay, USA. At the molecular and cellular levels, two adaptive mechanisms which have been observed in temperature stressed copepods are the synthesis of novel proteins and phase changes in plasma membrane lipids. Both of these mechanisms have potential for further understanding the adaptation of Eurytemora to variable temperatures. They may also have application as indicators of sublethal stress.
Differential Hydroxylation of Salicylate in Core and Penumbra Regions During Focal Reversible Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Purpose Free radical-mediated damage during and/or after cerebral ischemia is thought to participate in the elaboration of stroke-related injury. To elucidate the role of this mechanism in cerebral damage, the study presented herein sought to clarify the spatial and temporal features of the free radical response to transient ischemia. With use of a reproducible model of in vivo focal ischemia/reperfusion, the time course of salicylate hydroxylation was measured in ischemic core and penumbra regions. Methods Transient focal cerebral ischemia was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats by occluding both carotid arteries and one middle cerebral artery for 3 hours, followed by reperfusion. Cerebral reperfusion was confirmed by visual inspection and iodo[14C]antipyrine autoradiography. A microdialysis probe was placed stereotactically in either the ischemic core or ischemic penumbra of the frontoparietal cortex; the probe was perfused with salicylate, and dialysate samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for salicylate hydroxylation products. Results Salicylate hydroxylation was significantly increased during ischemia and was further increased during 6 hours of reperfusion in the penumbra compared with sham controls. In comparison, a delayed increase in hydroxylation was observed within the ischemic core region only after 3 hours of reperfusion. Conclusion A differential generation of salicylate hydroxylation occurs in core and penumbra regions in association with focal ischemia/reperfusion of the rat neocortex. The early and progressive response in the penumbra suggests that free radical mechanisms may be continuously active in the aggravation of injury in the ischemic penumbra during ischemia and reperfusion. In contrast, the relatively delayed onset of hydroxylation in the core region indicates that this mechanism participates primarily in the late stages of ischemic injury in densely ischemic tissue. These findings are consistent with the concept that the role of free radicals in cerebral injury may differ qualitatively and/or quantitatively in areas of total and partial cerebral perfusion.
Trazodone inhibits T-type calcium channels

Trazodone is one of the most commonly prescribed medicines for treating depression and insomnia. However, the pharmacological mechanism of action underlying trazodone's unique effects is unclear. Despite its nanomolar affinity for 5HT(2A) receptors, histamine(1) receptors and alpha(1) adrenoceptors the drug is given at high doses to achieve clinical efficacy suggesting that other target activities may also contribute to its effects. Here we report that trazodone inhibits recombinant T-type calcium channels (Ca(v)3.1, Ca(v)3.2 and Ca(v)3.3) in whole-cell patch-clamp studies at therapeutically relevant concentrations (IC(50)=43 microM, 45 microM, 23 microM, respectively). Inhibition was not use-dependent and showed only moderate voltage-dependence. Tonic block of Ca(v)3.1 channels held at negative membrane potentials suggested drug interaction with channels in the resting state. The major metabolite of trazodone, m-chlorophenylpiperazine, showed comparable potency on Ca(v)3.3 channels (IC(50)=35 microM) and was less active on Ca(v)3.1 channels (IC(50)=317 microM). We also demonstrate trazodone's inhibitory effects on native T-type calcium currents recorded from subthalamic neurons in a patch-clamp rat brain slice assay (approximately 30% inhibition at 100 microM). Our data suggest that T-type calcium channel antagonism may contribute to the pharmacology of trazodone and its reported neurological effects.
Visible light scattering study at 470, 550, and 660 nm of components of mineral dust aerosol: Hematite and goethite

Abstract Iron oxides, usually in the form of hematite or goethite, comprise an important component of atmospheric mineral dust aerosol. Because these minerals are strong visible absorbers they play a critical role in determining the overall impact of dust aerosol on climate forcing. In this work, results from light scattering measurements from hematite and goethite dust aerosol are presented for three visible wavelengths, λ=470, 550, and 660 nm. We observe important systematic differences in the scattering between these different iron oxide samples, as well as significant wavelength dependence across the visible region of the spectrum. Aerosol size distributions are measured simultaneously with the light scattering, enabling a rigorous comparison between theoretical light scattering models and experimental data. Theoretical simulations of the scattering are carried out using both Mie and T-Matrix theories. Simulations are in reasonably good agreement with experimental data for hematite; thus, our data offer a useful check on tabulated optical constants for hematite. However, simulations show very poor agreement for goethite. The poor agreement in the goethite case is likely the result of particle shape effects related to the rod-like morphology of the goethite particles. This study demonstrates how particle mineralogy and morphology play an important role in dictating the optical properties of mineral dust aerosol, a major component of tropospheric dust.
Nonlinear second- and first-sound wave equations in 3 H e − 4 He mixtures

We derive nonlinear Burgers equations for first and second sound in mixtures of ${}^{3}{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He},$ using a reductive perturbation method and obtain expressions for the nonlinear and dissipation coefficients. We further find a diffusion equation for a coupled temperature-concentration mode. The amplitude of first (second) sound generated from second (first) sound in mixtures is also derived. Our derivation includes the dependence of thermodynamical quantities on temperature, pressure, and ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ concentration, and is valid up to a first order in terms of the isobaric expansion coefficient. We show that close to the \ensuremath{\lambda} line the nonlinearity of second sound in mixtures is enhanced as compared with pure ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}.$
Stochastic Simulation of Utility-Scale Storage Resources in Power Systems With Integrated Renewable Resources

We report on the extension of a general stochastic simulation approach for power systems with integrated renewable resources to also incorporate the representation of utility-scale storage resources. The extended approach deploys models of the energy storage resources to emulate their scheduling and operations in the transmission-constrained hourly day-ahead markets. To this end, we formulate a scheduling optimization problem to determine the operational schedule of the controllable storage resources in coordination with the demands and the various supply resources, including the conventional and renewable resources. The incorporation of the scheduling optimization problem into the Monte Carlo simulation framework takes full advantage of the structural characteristics in the construction of the so-called sample paths for the stochastic simulation approach and to ensure its numerical tractability. The extended methodology has the capability to quantify the power system economics, emissions and reliability variable effects over longer-term periods for power systems with the storage resources. Applications of the approach include planning and investment studies and the formulation and analysis of policy. We illustrate the capabilities and effectiveness of the simulation approach on representative study cases on modified IEEE 118 and WECC 240-bus systems. These results provide valuable insights into the impacts of energy storage resources on the performance of power systems with integrated wind resources.
On Quermassintegrals of mixed projection bodies

One of the major outstanding questions in Geometric Convexity is Petty's conjectured inequality between the volume of a convex body and that of its projection body. It is shown that if Petty's conjectured inequality holds, then it is the first of a family of such inequalities (involving mixed projection bodies). All of the members of this family are strengthened versions of the classical inequalities between pairs of Quermassintegrals of a convex body. The last member of this family (of conjectured inequalities) is established.