cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scan statistics and applications

Scan statistics are used in many areas of science and technology to analyze the occurence of observed clusters of events in time and space. The goal is to determine whether an observed cluster of events occurred by chance if it is assumed that the observed events follow a specified probability model. Scan Statistics and Applications is a comprehensive, edited survey that brings together the work of leading authorities to present the most current advances in theory and methodology for this new area of statistical research and application. The chapters contain broad coverage of theory and new analytical and computational methods and techniques in four categories: introductory survey, discrete scan statistics, continuous scan statistics, and applications. Features and Topics: * Comprehensive introductory survey chapter * Discrete scan statistics * Finite Markov chain imbedding * Continuous scan statistics * Spatial scan statistics * Applications in DNA sequence analysis * Monte Carlo approaches to testing order statistics and spacing The book is a valuable resource and state-of-the-art reference for all practitioners, researchers, and professionals in applied probability and statistics who use scan statistics in their work.
Autonomic activity during desflurane anesthesia in patients with brain tumors.

Objective Although intracranial tumors may affect autonomic function, there are few reports of autonomic changes during anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate autonomic effects of anesthesia in patients with brain tumors compared to neurosurgical controls.
Sulfate conjugates are urinary markers of inhalation exposure to 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3)

PCBs are contaminants in the air of older buildings and cities, which raises the concern of inhalation exposure. No reliable biomarker of such exposure is available. We exposed rats to air containing 2 mg/m(3) PCB3 via nose-only inhalation for 2 h, collected urine, and analyzed it by LC/MS. Each rat inhaled an estimated dose of 35 μg PCB3, and excreted 27 ± 2% of it as sulfates within 24 h. Peak excretion occurred within 6 h. PCB sulfates were stable in urine for at least three days at room temperature without chemical preservatives. These data support the use of PCB sulfate conjugates as suitable urinary biomarkers of PCB3 and other airborne PCBs.
Solidification paths and eutectic intermetallic phases in Mg-Al-Ca ternary alloys

Abstract The solidification of Mg–Al–Ca ternary alloys in the α-Mg solidification region was investigated by microstructural and thermal analysis, and the liquidus projection was determined. The liquidus temperature decreases with additions of Al and Ca. Solidification is terminated with the formation of C14 (Mg 2 Ca), C36 ((Mg,Al) 2 Ca) or A12 (β-Mg 17 Al 12 ) eutectic compounds, in the order of increasing Al content. The L → α + C36 eutectic has a saddle point at 807 K, and with decreasing temperature, two ternary invariant transformations, L → α + C14 + C36 (787 K) and L + C36 → α + A12 (725 K) are observed. The stability of the intermetallic C36 phase during annealing at 573 K was examined in die-cast Mg–5Al–3Ca based alloys. The C36 phase transformed to the C15 (Al 2 Ca) phase by a shear-assisted mechanism.
SURFACE STRAINS ASSOCIATED WITH STRONG EARTHQUAKE SHAKING

Method of Lee and Trifunac (1985; 1987) for the synthetic generation of translational, torsional and rocking accelerograms has been generalized to enable computation of strains at ground surface during passage of strong earthquake ground waves. Variations of strain with time resemble ground velocity components in corresponding directions. The Fourier spectrum amplitudes of strain are proportional to the spectrum amplitudes of the corresponding velocity components divided by the representative phase velocities.
Genetic control of seed proteins in wheat.

Electrophoretic profiles of crude protein extracts from seed of F1 hybrids and reciprocal crosses among diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats were compared with those of their respective parental species. The electrophoretic patterns within each of three pairs of reciprocal crosses, T.boeoticum X T.urartu, T.monococcun X T. urartu and T.dicoccum X T. araraticum, were different from one another but were identical with those of their respective maternal parents. Protein bands characteristic of the paternal parents were missing in F1 hybrid seed suggesting that the major seed proteins in wheat were presumably regulated by genotype of the maternal parent rather than by the seed genotype. However, in another three pairs of reciprocal crosses, T.boeoticum X T. durum, T.dicoccum X T.aestivum and T. zhukovskyi x T. aestivum, protein bands attributable to the paternal parents were present in the F1 hybrid seeds indicating that the seed proteins were not always exclusively regulated by the maternal genotype. The expression of paternal genomes is presumably determined by dosage and genetic affinity of the maternal and paternal genomes in the hybrid endosperm. The maternal regulation of seed protein content is probably accomplished through the maternal control over seed size. The seed protein quality may, however, depend upon the extent of expression of the paternal genome.
Two-dimensional gel systems for rapid histone analysis for use in minislab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Abstract Two two-dimensional polyacrylamide minislab gel systems were devised for the rapid analysis of histone modified species and variants. The first system consisted of an acetic acid-urea or acetic acid-urea-Triton X-100 minislab gel for the first-dimension electrophoresis followed by a polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate minislab gel for the second-dimension electrophoresis. The second system consisted of a polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate minislab gel for the first-dimension electrophoresis followed by either an acetic acid-urea or an acetic acid-urea-Triton X-100 minislab gel for second-dimension electrophoresis. Both systems offer distinct advantages for rapid high-resolution analysis of modified histone species and variants.
Implementing a Tactical Approach through Action Research.

Background: Influenced by the original observations of Bunker and Thorpe, physical education theorists began to question the effectiveness of a traditional model for teaching games and have increasingly begun to believe that concentrating only on specific motor responses (techniques) fails to take into account the contextual nature of games. Games knowledge refers not only to the ability to execute complex motor skills but also to decisions concerning the appropriate use of the skill within the context of the game situation. Thus advances in sport pedagogy have resulted in a dialogue between whether skill/technique development or strategy/tactical skill development is more important in learning how to play a game or sport. Rather than deepen an either/or dichotomy, Griffin et al. introduced an approach that accentuates the connection between technique and tactics. The more the author of this paper analyzed the potential benefits of a tactical approach relative to problems inherent to the traditional appro...
Thickness of Coral at Midway Atoll

ON May 25 and 26, 1963, with the aid of staff members of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Hawaii, I made a very brief refraction survey at Midway Atoll in the Hawaiian Islands. The primary purpose of the survey was to measure the thickness of the coral under the Island.
Modifications of the superstructure for the staple implant.

Summary Two techniques have been described to expedite fabrication and reduce the cost of prostheses made for staple implants. The techniques permit placement of a simulated transosseous pin within the master cast. At the time of denture placement in technique No. 1, the coping-bar attachment assembly is cemented (Fig. 12). In technique No. 2 the superstructure is placed over the transosteal pins and secured between the locknuts to maintain the base of the lower locknut 1.5 mm from the crest of the alveolar ridge (Fig. 13). Technique No. 2 permits removal of the superstructure as desired. Patients should be instructed in proper oral hygiene and denture care.
l-Carnitine as a treatment of lethargy in children with chronic neurologic handicaps

We present five cases of children with severe neurologic handicaps whose management was complicated by excessive lethargy. Treatment with L-carnitine in a dosage range of 35-50 mg/kg/day resulted in a marked improvement in alertness and arousability. In four cases, when L-carnitine was discontinued for a month, they all promptly became lethargic. When L-carnitine was re-started, the lethargy resolved and the improvement has been maintained for up to 14 months. In three children who were tested, serum carnitine levels (total and free) were normal before starting L-carnitine treatment.
Discussion of “Nuturance and self-sabotage: Psychoanalytic perspectives on women's fear of success” by Ellen G. Ruderman

Abstract Ruderman discusses the challenge that contemporary professional women still face in a sexist society and from their own inner critic. She shows how a relational approach to the treatment of women can empower women to overcome both external and internalized sexism. It is suggested that as patriarchy has been challenged, there has been a backlash against feminism. Urban professional men rebel against feminism by aspiring to become playboys who will never stop “playing the field.” The playboy mentality creates a challenge for contemporary professional women who may not wish their boyfriends or husbands to be spending so much time seeking sexual gratification through Internet pornography, lap dances at strip clubs, massages with happy endings, or clandestine affairs. Lawrence Josephs. Diskussion von: …. Rudermann diskutiert die Herausforderungen, denen heutige Frauen im Berufsleben begegnen. Einerseits haben sie in einer sexistischen Gesellschaft und andererseits gegenuber ihrer innerpsychischen Selb...
Trials with fumagillin DCH and malachite green to control ceratomyxosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Orally administered fumagillin DCH failed to protect rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from natural or experimentally-induced ceratomyxosis. No differences in mortality were observed between groups of trout exposed to Ceratomyxa shasta and fed fumagillin at 0.25 or 0.50 g/kg of diet at 2.0% fish body weight per day. Treatments with the drug however, did extend the mean time to death of trout due to C. shasta when compared to exposed but unmedicated controls. Extended feeding of the drug resulted in mortality in both infected and uninfected control groups. Malachite green was also ineffective in controlling ceratomyxosis when applied at 7 days intervals at 1.6 ppm for 40 min over a 64 day period.
Lifetime fluorescence apparatus for clinical investigations of tissues

We report on the design, development, and performance of a versatile and mobile fiber-optic based time-resolved fluorescence apparatus for in-vivo spectroscopy of biological tissues. The apparatus is of modular design which allows for facile interfacing with different pulsed light sources and fiber-optic probes. Main features of the apparatus include: 1) fast acquisition of fluorescence decays with high temporal resolution (0.3 ns) for a broad range of emission wavelengths (300 to 850 nm) and lifetimes (0.3 ns to ms), 2) near real time analysis of fluorescence decays via a Laguerre deconvolution technique, and 3) compatibility with the clinical environment (endoscopic procedures or other intraoperative uses). The apparatus is currently employed for in-vivo studies of diseased tissues (cardiovascular and oncological applications).
USE OF SECOND TREATMENT FOLLOWING DEFINITIVE LOCAL THERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER: DATA FROM THE caPSURE DATABASE

AbstractPurpose: We compare secondary cancer treatment use in patients who underwent definitive local treatment for prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: The rate of second cancer treatment was determined in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (1,254), radiotherapy (499) or cryosurgery (141) using data from the CaPSURE database, a longitudinal disease registry of patients with prostate cancer. Second treatments started within 3 months after initial treatment were defined as adjuvant and those started more than 3 months were defined as nonadjuvant. Using a parametric regression model of survival analysis, second treatment rates were adjusted for differences in clinical and demographic characteristics, and duration of followup among groups.Results: Of the patients 4% received a second adjuvant treatment and 17% received a second nonadjuvant treatment within 3 years of initial therapy. Adjusted rates of nonadjuvant second treatment were lowest after radical prostatectomy, and 34 and 88% higher afte...
Resource failure and blockage control for production systems

Supervisory control for deadlock-free resource allocation has been an active area of manufacturing systems research. To date, most work assumes that allocated resources do not fail. Little research has addressed allocating resources that may fail. In our previous work (Lawley, M., 2002. Control of deadlock and blocking for production systems with unreliable resources. International Journal of Production Research, 40 (17), 4563-4582; Lawley, M. and Sulistyono, W., 2002. Robust supervisory control policies for manufacturing systems with unreliable resources. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 18 (3), 346-359), we assumed a single unreliable resource and developed supervisory controllers to ensure robust deadlock-free operation in the event of resource failure. In this article, we assume that several unreliable resources may fail simultaneously. In this case, the controller must guarantee that a set of resource failures does not propagate through blocking to stall other portions of the system. That is, it must ensure that every part type not requiring any of the failed resources should continue to produce smoothly without disruption. To do this, the controller must constrain the system to states that serve as feasible initial states for (i) a reduced system when resource failures occur and (ii) an upgraded system when failed resources are repaired. We develop the properties that such a controller must possess and then develop supervisory controllers that satisfy these properties.
Improving Technology Education Research on Cognition

In the United States cognitive research about technology education for the general educational purpose of technological literacy has suffered from a lack of a coherent focus. Certainly, there are studies that have addressed cognition, yet analysts of technology education research have been unable to coordinate their findings in any meaningful way (Streichler 1966; Dyrenfurth & Householder 1979; McCrory 1987; Zuga 1994). There are several persistent problems facing technology educators that contribute to the inability to develop clear interpretations or generalizations of the relationship of cognition and technology education. If some of those problems are identified, then, perhaps, we can address them in order to devise directions and strategies for studying cognition in technology education.
Microsystem for Stem Cell-Based Cardiovascular Research

The emergence of microsystem offers a tool to analyze the biophysical and biochemical functions of individual cells for biosensing, disease diagnostics, drug screening, and fundamental research. With the rapid expansion and eager need for stem cell-based regenerative medicine, introducing microsystem to stem cell research allows locating, culturing, and reprogramming stem cells under a highly controlled microenvironment, including geometrical restriction, surface biochemistry, extracellular matrix (ECM) composites, and cell–cell interactions. This review focused on the application of microtechnology in stem cell-based cardiovascular research to discuss the creation of biomimetic cardiac microenvironment and its influence on stem cell cardiomyogenic differentiation and stem cell–cardiomyocyte interaction. This review was divided into four sections: three-dimensional tissue construction, two-dimensional cell alignment, single-cell micropatterning and analysis, and development of advanced microsystem “heart-on-a-chip”.
Phase separation, crystallization, and structure formation in immiscible polymer solutions

Morphological and calorimetric studies of phase separation have been carried out in solutions of a crystallizable polymer in poor solvents. Hydrogenated polybutadiene with low branch content was investigated in solutions with diphenyl ether and diphenyl methane, in which the equilibrium phase diagram exhibits both liquid–liquid phase separation and crystallization of the polymer. Emphasis is placed on sample preparation protocols using thermal treatments at low concentrations where it is anticipated that both phase separation mechanisms may influence the resulting morphology. Samples prepared using either ramp cooling or isothermal crystallization exhibit porous structures such as those seen in membrane materials, that predominantly reflect liquid phase separation. However, the interplay between the different kinetics of liquid demixing and crystallization provides a mechanism to control, for instance, pore size. DSC studies during ramp cooling showed evidence of two discrete crystallization processes associated with the two liquid phases expected to be present under these circumstances. Finally, high concentration samples showed morphological evidence of liquid phase separation induced at the growth front of spherulites in otherwise single-phase polymer solutions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Federal Library Depository Program, www.fdlp.gov

For almost 200 years the Federal Library Depository Program has collected and made available documents published by the United States government. In January 2009 the redesigned fdlp.gov was officia...
Why I prefer the endoscopic forehead lift

The objectives of the forehead lift and the surgical principles of the open versus the endoscopic methods have been outlined. The advantages and disadvantages of each method have been described. Based on this, I state without any reservations my preference for the endoscopic forehead lift because the advantages significantly outweigh the disadvantages. Based on these and on the enthusiasm of surgeons and the high degree of patient satisfaction and acceptability, I predict that the endoscopic method with its many variations will replace the traditional open approach as a first alternative for forehead lift and upper face rejuvenation.
Detection of direct versus indirect effects: were experiments long enough?

Abstract To evaluate the hypothesis that indirect effects generally take much longer to become evident in manipulative studies of community regulation than do direct effects and thus may often be missed, I studied the effect of experiment duration in a survey of marine intertidal interaction webs. Contrary to expectation, indirect effects appeared either simultaneously with direct effects or shortly after direct effects were evident. While experiment durations varied greatly, on average most direct and indirect effects became statistically significant within the first 20%–40% of the total experiment duration. Further, the duration of most experiments appeared sufficient so that most indirect effects that would be generated by the manipulation could be observed. On average, a period of “constancy” (i.e., of no further change) lasting roughly 20%–60% of the total experiment duration occurred after the last indirect effect was observed. Experiment duration did not vary with web species richness, which sugges...
Climate Hazards and Risk Status: Explaining Climate Risk Assessment, Behavior, and Policy Support

Based on a national survey conducted two years after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit the U.S. Gulf Coast, we investigate the ways in which major “risk conditions,” which may subject individuals to climate-related hazards, translate to varying responses to risk: including risk assessment, behavioral modification, and policy support. We present a model that an individual's risk status can be determined by their embeddedness in risk conditions, which include both exposure to risk sources and access to risk information. Our findings suggest that an individual's access to information on climate risks significantly influences their proactive responses to climate hazards, as in, those who have objective knowledge of climate risks and social ties with concerned others are more likely to be proactive toward climate risks. It is also observed that an individual's political views tend to predispose their assessment of climate risks, which further affect their behavioral and policy responses.
Behaviour of worker subcastes in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in response to proteinaceous food

. The effects of division of labour on response behaviour to food in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, were examined to determine if caste members differ in amount of food taken, in rate of food transfer, or in internal distribution of food; and to see if food availability, time, or temporal subcaste pairing affect feeding behaviour. To measure differences in behaviour we fed radioiodinated albumin mixed with egg yolk to colonies containing larvae, queens, and (a) foragers and nurses, or (b) foragers and reserves, or (c) nurses and reserves. Samples were taken over a 72-h period and radioactivity in the head, thorax and abdomen of each worker was determined. There were significant differences between nurses, foragers and reserves in quantity of food consumed, rate of transfer, and internal distribution of radioactivity. These differences were related to their respective roles of foraging, food storage and transfer, and brood tending. The quantity of food taken per subcaste was dependent on the total amount of food in the colony, with transfer rates differing between subcastes as the quantity of food in the colony increased. The rate at which protein was transferred between subcastes was slower in the reserves than that in either foragers or nurses. Therefore, reserves may serve as a temporary store of protein for the colony.
Trimethylamine oxide counteracts effects of hydrostatic pressure on proteins of deep-sea teleosts.

In shallow marine teleost fishes, the osmolyte trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is typically found at <70 mmol/kg wet weight. Recently we found deep-sea teleosts have up to 288 mmol/kg, increasing in the order shallow < bathyal < abyssal. We hypothesized that this protein stabilizer counteracts inhibition of proteins by hydrostatic pressure, and showed that, for lactate dehydrogenases (LDH), 250 mM TMAO fully offset an increase in NADH Km at physiological pressure, and partly reversed pressure-enhanced losses of activity at supranormal pressures. In this study, we examined other effects of pressure and TMAO on proteins of teleosts that live from 2000-5000 m (200-500 atmospheres (atm)). First, for LDH from a grenadier (Coryphaenoides leptolepis) at 500 atm for 8 hr, there was a significant 15% loss in activity (P < 0.05 relative to 1 atm control) that was reduced with 250 mM TMAO to an insignificant loss. Second, for pyruvate kinase from a morid cod (Antimora microlepis) at 200 atm, there was 73% increase in ADP Km without TMAO (P < 0.01 relative to Km at 1 atm) but only a 29% increase with 300 mM TMAO. Third, for G-actin from a grenadier (C. armatus) at 500 atm for 16 hr, there was a significant reduction of F-actin polymerization (P < 0.01 compared to polymerization at 1 atm) that was fully counteracted by 250 mM TMAO, but was unchanged in 250 mM glycine. These findings support the hypothesis. J. Exp. Zool. 289:172-176, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Three-dimensionally printed biological machines powered by skeletal muscle

Combining biological components, such as cells and tissues, with soft robotics can enable the fabrication of biological machines with the ability to sense, process signals, and produce force. An intuitive demonstration of a biological machine is one that can produce motion in response to controllable external signaling. Whereas cardiac cell-driven biological actuators have been demonstrated, the requirements of these machines to respond to stimuli and exhibit controlled movement merit the use of skeletal muscle, the primary generator of actuation in animals, as a contractile power source. Here, we report the development of 3D printed hydrogel “bio-bots” with an asymmetric physical design and powered by the actuation of an engineered mammalian skeletal muscle strip to result in net locomotion of the bio-bot. Geometric design and material properties of the hydrogel bio-bots were optimized using stereolithographic 3D printing, and the effect of collagen I and fibrin extracellular matrix proteins and insulin-like growth factor 1 on the force production of engineered skeletal muscle was characterized. Electrical stimulation triggered contraction of cells in the muscle strip and net locomotion of the bio-bot with a maximum velocity of ∼156 μm s−1, which is over 1.5 body lengths per min. Modeling and simulation were used to understand both the effect of different design parameters on the bio-bot and the mechanism of motion. This demonstration advances the goal of realizing forward-engineered integrated cellular machines and systems, which can have a myriad array of applications in drug screening, programmable tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biomimetic machine design.
ATP- and gap junction-dependent intercellular calcium signaling in osteoblastic cells

Many cells coordinate their activities by transmitting rises in intracellular calcium from cell to cell. In nonexcitable cells, there are currently two models for intercellular calcium wave propagation, both of which involve release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3)- sensitive intracellular calcium stores. In one model, IP3 traverses gap junctions and initiates the release of intracellular calcium stores in neighboring cells. Alternatively, calcium waves may be mediated not by gap junctional communication, but rather by autocrine activity of secreted ATP on P2 purinergic receptors. We studied mechanically induced calcium waves in two rat osteosarcoma cell lines that differ in the gap junction proteins they express, in their ability to pass microinjected dye from cell to cell, and in their expression of P2Y2 (P2U) purinergic receptors. ROS 17/2.8 cells, which express the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43), are well dye coupled, and lack P2U receptors, transmitted slow gap junction-dependent calcium waves that did not require release of intracellular calcium stores. UMR 106-01 cells predominantly express the gap junction protein connexin 45 (Cx45), are poorly dye coupled, and express P2U receptors; they propagated fast calcium waves that required release of intracellular calcium stores and activation of P2U purinergic receptors, but not gap junctional communication. ROS/P2U transfectants and UMR/Cx43 transfectants expressed both types of calcium waves. Gap junction–independent, ATP-dependent intercellular calcium waves were also seen in hamster tracheal epithelia cells. These studies demonstrate that activation of P2U purinergic receptors can propagate intercellular calcium, and describe a novel Cx43-dependent mechanism for calcium wave propagation that does not require release of intracellular calcium stores by IP3. These studies suggest that gap junction communication mediated by either Cx43 or Cx45 does not allow passage of IP3 well enough to elicit release of intracellular calcium stores in neighboring cells.
Distribution of Both Lengths and 5′ Terminal Nucleotides of Mammalian Pre-tRNA 3′ Trailers Reflects Properties of 3′ Processing Endoribonuclease

Mammalian tRNA 3'processing endoribonuclease (3'tRNase) removes 3'extra nucleotides after the discriminator from tRNA precursors. Here I examined how the length of a 3'trailer and the nucleotides on each side of the cleavage site affected 3'processing efficiency. I performed in vitro 3'processing reactions of pre-tRNAArgs with various 3'trailers or various discriminator nucleotides using 3'tRNase purified from mouse FM3A cells or pig liver. On the whole, the efficiency of pre- tRNAArg3'processing by mammalian 3'tRNase decreased as the 3'trailer became longer, except in the case of a 3'trailer composed of CC, CCA or CCA plus 1 or 2 nucleotides, which was not able to be removed at all. The distribution of 3'trailer lengths deduced from mammalian nuclear tRNA genomic sequences reflects this property of 3'tRNase. The cleavage efficiency of pre-tRNAArgs varied depending on the 5'end nucleotide of a 3'trailer in the order G approximately A > U > C. This effect of the 5'end nucleotide was independent of the discriminator nucleotides. The distribution of the 5'end nucleotides of mammalian pre-tRNA 3'trailers reflects this differential 3'processing efficiency.
Persistence of antibiotics in bovine mammary secretions following intramammary infusion at cessation of milking.

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the persistence of antibiotic preparations for use in nonlactating cows in bovine mammary secretions following intramammary infusion at cessation of milking. Five commercially available antibiotic formulations were evaluated using 311 cows. All quarters of each cow were sampled once only during the nonlactating period and most cows were sampled at or near parturition. Antibiotic residues were detected qualitatively by the Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay. Great variation between different antibiotics in persistence in mammary secretion was observed. In general, mammary secretions from most mammary glands infused with cloxacillin or penicillin-dihydrostreptomycin were positive at 28–35 days after infusion and some were positive at 42–49 days after infusion. On the other hand, B. stearothermophilus and influence the interpretation of results. Colostrum samples from all quarters except one were negative for antibiotics. These data suggest that nonlactating-cow antibiotic formulations persist primarily during the early to mid-nonlactating period. Based upon present methods of formulation, it would appear that antibiotic preparations for use in nonlactating cows most likely provide little protection during the periparturient period, at a time when mammary glands are highly susceptible to new intramammary infections.
A Patient with AKI after Cardiac Surgery

Up to 30% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery develop AKI, with 1% requiring RRT. AKI is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Postoperatively, even minimal changes in serum creatinine are associated with a substantial increase in mortality. No intervention has been definitely proven effective in reducing kidney injury. The successful prevention and management of AKI involves identifying patients at risk for AKI, recognizing subtle abnormalities in a timely manner, performing basic clinical assessments, and responding appropriately to data obtained. With that in mind, in this Attending Rounds, a woman with AKI in the setting of cardiac surgery is presented to highlight the use of history, physical exam, hemodynamic monitoring, laboratory data trends, and urine indices in establishing the correct diagnosis and appropriate management.
HIV-1 Pathogenesis: The Virus

Transmission of HIV-1 results in the establishment of a new infection, typically starting from a single virus particle. That virion replicates to generate viremia and persistent infection in all of the lymphoid tissue in the body. HIV-1 preferentially infects T cells with high levels of CD4 and those subsets of T cells that express CCR5, particularly memory T cells. Most of the replicating virus is in the lymphoid tissue, yet most of samples studied are from blood. For the most part the tissue and blood viruses represent a well-mixed population. With the onset of immunodeficiency, the virus evolves to infect new cell types. The tropism switch involves switching from using CCR5 to CXCR4 and corresponds to an expansion of infected cells to include naive CD4(+) T cells. Similarly, the virus evolves the ability to enter cells with low levels of CD4 on the surface and this potentiates the ability to infect macrophages, although the scope of sites where infection of macrophages occurs and the link to pathogenesis is only partly known and is clear only for infection of the central nervous system. A model linking viral evolution to these two pathways has been proposed. Finally, other disease states related to immunodeficiency may be the result of viral infection of additional tissues, although the evidence for a direct role for the virus is less strong. Advancing immunodeficiency creates an environment in which viral evolution results in viral variants that can target new cell types to generate yet another class of opportunistic infections (i.e., HIV-1 with altered tropism).
White Racial Attitudes and Implicit Racial Appeals: An Experimental Study of ‘Race Coding’ in Political Discourse

Politicians have on occasion employed ‘racial code’ to make disguised appeals to Whites stereotypes about Black Americans. This paper examines the extent to which social group names that appear in political discourse, such as ‘people on welfare,’ are mentally connected with Blacks. Computer-administered surveys, as used here, allow the researcher to employ two unobtrusive methods—response time measures and experimental manipulation of stimulus sequence—both invisible to research participants. This paper tests three hypotheses; in general, the findings support the first two. First, as predicted, response times to ‘people on welfare’ and ‘poor people,’ but not ‘civil rights protesters,’ are faster among participants already primed by having previously responded to ‘Blacks’. Second, also as predicted, correlations between responses to ‘Blacks’ and to race-related stimuli are higher among primed than unprimed participants. Question order has little impact on participants' actual response to race-related groups. These results extend and replicate other findings, indicating that certain words and symbols in American politics are racially coded and thus invoke negative imagery of Blacks. Furthermore, these findings show the utility of novel survey methods in tapping dimensions of the survey response that have received little scholarly attention to date. These methods include response-time data, variation of question ordering, and computer-administered surveys.
Dietary interaction of high fat and marginal copper deficiency on cardiac contractile function

RELLING, DAVID P., LUCY B. ESBERG, W. THOMAS JOHNSON, ERIC J. MURPHY, EDWARD C. CARLSON, HENRY C. LUKASKI, JACK T. SAARI, AND JUN REN. Dietary interaction of high fat and marginal copper deficiency on cardiac contractile function. Obesity. 2007; 15:1242–1257. Objective: High-fat and marginally copper-deficient diets impair heart function, leading to cardiac hypertrophy, increased lipid droplet volume, and compromised contractile function, resembling lipotoxic cardiac dysfunction. However, the combined effect of the two on cardiac function is unknown. This study was designed to examine the interaction between high-fat and marginally copper-deficient diets on cardiomyocyte contractile function. Research Methods and Procedures: Weanling male rats were fed diets incorporating a low- or high-fat diet (10% or 45% of kcal from fat, respectively) with adequate (6 mg/kg) or marginally deficient (1.5 mg/kg) copper content for 12 weeks. Contractile function was determined with an IonOptix system including peak shortening (PS), time-to-PS, timeto-90% relengthening, maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, and intracellular Ca 2 ([Ca 2 ]I) rise and
Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Stimulates Intracellular Calcium Oscillations in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells

Background—We have previously shown that hydrogen peroxide stimulates endothelial [Ca2+]i oscillations. This study was performed to determine whether posthypoxic reoxygenation stimulates [Ca2+]i oscillations in vascular endothelial cells. Methods and Results—Hypoxia (glucose-free 95% N2/5% CO2 bicarbonate buffer for 60 minutes) stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i from 111.9±7.9 to 161.7±17.7 nmol/L (n=12, P<0.01) in indo 1–loaded human aortic endothelial cells. On reoxygenation (glucose-containing 95% air/5% CO2 bicarbonate buffer), 13 of 16 cells responded with repetitive [Ca2+]i oscillations with an average amplitude of 570.6±59.3 nmol/L, occurring at a mean interval of 0.28±0.04/min and persisting for ≥60 minutes. [Ca2+]i oscillations were still observed in 4 of 7 cells studied in Ca2+-free buffer but did not occur when the intracellular Ca2+ store was first depleted during hypoxia by either 1 μmol/L thapsigargin or by 10 mmol/L caffeine (n=6 for each). Reoxygenation-induced [Ca2+]i oscillations were abo...
Transitivity for the modular group

Let Γ be a Fuchsian group of the first kind acting on the upper half plane H+. Let be a Ford fundamental region for Γ in H+. Let ξ be a real number (a limit point) and let L( = Lξ) = {ξ + iy|0 ≤ y < 1}. L can be broken into successive intervals each one of which can be mapped by an element of Γ into . Since L is a hyperbolic line (h-line), this gives us a set of h-arcs in which we will call the image.
Equal and local-load-sharing micromechanical models for collagens: Quantitative comparisons in response of non-diabetic and diabetic rat tissue

Chemical crosslinks in collagens resulting from binding of advanced glycation end-products, have long been presumed to alter the stiffness and permeability of glycated tissues. Recently, we developed a stochastic mechanical model for the response and failure of uniaxially deformed sciatic nerve tissue from diabetic and control rats. Here, we use our model to determine the likely correlation of fibril glycation with failure response, by quantifying statistical differences in their response. Our four-parameter model describes both the non-linear toe region and non-linear failure region of these tissues; the four parameters consist of (1) collagen fibril alignment, (2) fiber bundle waviness, (3) Weibull shape parameter for fibrillar strength, and (4) modulus-normalized Weibull scale parameter for fibrillar strength. Using an equal load sharing model we find that diabetic and control tissues had shape parameters of 9.88 ± 5.50 and 4.33 ± 3.67 (p = 0.043), respectively, and scale parameters of 0.28 ± 0.07 and 0.58 ± 0.25 (p = 0.033), respectively, implying that the diabetic tissue behaves in a more brittle manner, consistent with more highly crosslinked fibrils. We conclude that biochemical crosslinking directly affects measured mechanical properties. Further, this mechanical characterization may prove useful in mapping alterations in stiffness and permeability observed in glycated tissues.
Broth Microdilution Susceptibility Testing of Campylobacter jejuni and the Determination of Quality Control Ranges for Fourteen Antimicrobial Agents

Quality control ranges were developed for broth microdilution testing of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560 against 14 antimicrobials. Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth containing 2.5% laked horse blood was the preferred medium, with incubation in a microaerobic atmosphere of 10% CO2, 5% O2, and 85% N2 at 36°C for 48 h or 42°C for 24 h.
Magnetization and resistivity of Bi 4 Ca 3 Sr 3 Cu 4 O 16 -type materials having two superconductivity onset temperatures

Annealing ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{16}$ in flowing oxygen at \ensuremath{\sim}885\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C results in a material with two superconducting onsets, at about 85 and about 115 K. Magnetization data suggest that such materials consist of two kinds of regions in contact, even though only one phase is apparent in x-ray spectra. Resistivity data above the 85-K transition contain contributions from thermodynamic fluctuations and suggest that pair-breaking effects are small in the annealed materials.
Delinquency Jurisdiction in a Unified Family Court: Balancing Intervention, Prevention, and Adjudication

This article will examine the demographics of the current juvenile delinquency caseloads and will argue that, despite trends toward greater punitive measures-including placement of juveniles in adult courts for certain offenses, the concept of a therapeutic "family-centered court," which inspired Jane Addams and her colleagues, remains the most promising approach to delinquency, articulated most notably by the proponents of the unified family court concept. The article will consider and address objections and concerns raised with respect to this approach, looking at ways in which several states have incorporated juvenile delinquency into a family-centered unified family court.
An efficient cubic spline approach to lifetime estimation (VSLI)

The problem of VLSI circuit lifetime estimation is discussed. It is shown that lifetime determination is equivalent to finding the smallest zero of a continuous nondifferentiable function for a specific circuit realization. An iterative multiple cubic spline approximation algorithm is proposed to determine the lifetime. The application to VLSI circuit analysis is described, in which the degradation resulting from the hot electron effects are considered. The results presented confirm the efficiency of the proposed approach. >
Generalizing the notion of confidence [Mining association rules]

In this paper, we explore extending association analysis to non-traditional types of patterns and nonbinary data by generalizing the notion of confidence. The key idea is to regard confidence as a measure of the extent to which the strength of one association pattern provides information about the strength of another. This approach provides a framework that encompasses the traditional concept of confidence as a special case and can be used as the basis for designing a variety of new confidence measures. Besides discussing such confidence measures, we provide examples that illustrate the potential usefulness of a generalized notion of confidence. In particular, we describe an approach to defining confidence for error tolerant itemsets that preserves the interpretation of confidence as a conditional probability and derive a confidence measure for continuous data that agrees with the standard confidence measure when applied to binary transaction data.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of N-aroyloxy-2-thiopyridones as DNA photocleaving reagents.

N-Benzoyloxy-2-thiopyridone (12) was shown to induce single-strand nicks in duplex DNA upon irradiation with visible light (l&350nm). This finding led to the design of a series of compounds, in which an acridinyl nucleus was covalently linked to the N-benzoyloxy-2-thiopyridone unit. These conjugates (15, 16, 17 and 18) were synthesized and evaluated as novel DNA photo- cleaving reagents. Optimal photocleaving activity was observed for conjugate 16, in which a flexible polymethylene spacer of 4 carbons was used to connect the aminoacridine entity to the thiopyridone. This compound was shown to cleave DNA at low mM concentrations and was approximately two-orders of magnitude more eAcient than the parent N-benzoyloxy-2-thiopyridone (12). Furthermore, the DNA cleavage ladders induced by 16 and 12 were found to be identical and of no significant sequence selectivity. These data suggest that the N-aroyloxy-2-thiopyridones can be used for the design of new DNA photocleaving reagents with potential use as 'photofootprinting agents' or as 'site-directed photonucleases'. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Intraoperative sarcomere length measurements reveal differential design of human wrist extensor muscles.

The design of the wrist extensor muscles was studied using a combination of intraoperative laser diffraction and biomechanical modelling of data obtained from human patients and previously published data. Intraoperatively, the change in sarcomere length per degree joint angle rotation (i.e. dSL/d omega) was measured as the wrist was moved from neutral to full flexion in both the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscles. Sarcomere length change per degree rotation was approximately twice as great for the ECRB compared with the ECRL muscle (9.06 +/- 1.06 versus 4.69 +/- 1.20 nm degree-1, mean +/- S.E.M., N = 7). Muscle fibre length and wrist extensor moment arms were obtained from published data and dSL/d omega calculated. The experimental values for dSL/d omega were extremely close to the calculated values. These data demonstrate that architectural differences between the ECRB and ECRL are accentuated by differences between their wrist extensor moment arms. This differential design may permit the extensor muscles, as a group, to generate high force over a wider range of velocities than would be possible with a single muscle or it may permit conservation of mass such that the two muscles together can generate approximately the same force and excursion as a single muscle but with approximately 30% less mass.
GM-CSF: An immune modulatory cytokine that can suppress autoimmunity

GM-CSF was originally identified as a colony stimulating factor (CSF) because of its ability to induce granulocyte and macrophage populations from precursor cells. Multiple studies have demonstrated that GM-CSF is also an immune-modulatory cytokine, capable of affecting not only the phenotype of myeloid lineage cells, but also T-cell activation through various myeloid intermediaries. This property has been implicated in the sustenance of several autoimmune diseases like arthritis and multiple sclerosis. In contrast, several studies using animal models have shown that GM-CSF is also capable of suppressing many autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's disease, Type-1 diabetes, Myasthenia gravis and experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Knockout mouse studies have suggested that the role of GM-CSF in maintaining granulocyte and macrophage populations in the physiological steady state is largely redundant. Instead, its immune-modulatory role plays a significant role in the development or resolution of autoimmune diseases. This is mediated either through the differentiation of precursor cells into specialized non-steady state granulocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, or through the modulation of the phenotype of mature myeloid cells. Thus, outside of myelopoiesis, GM-CSF has a profound role in regulating the immune response and maintaining immunological tolerance.
Microfabricated magnetoelastic sensors and actuators: Opportunities and challenges

Magnetoelastic transduction is an inherently wireless technique that does not require any onboard power; thus it offers considerable opportunities in both sensing and actuating microsystem applications. However, the technique is relatively young in its development and solutions to miniaturization and integration challenges are still emerging. This paper details some of these challenges, including material choice, design, and interrogation methods. Additionally, it describes recently reported applications of magnetoelastic sensing and actuation highlighting approaches for meeting these challenges while taking advantage of the opportunities provided by the technique.