cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Downward displacement of competent aortic valve prosthesis without left ventricular enlargement: A new sign of ascending root dissection in absence of valvular regurgitation

Fig. 2. Selective left coronary cinearteriography before (A) and after intravenous ergonovine IHi. Fixed luminal diameter narrowing of 505, segmental stenosis was noted in the midportion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) before ergonovine (arrorc?). After ergonovine, the LAD was almost completely obstructed at the stenotic portion (arrow) associated with peaked T waves and negative U waves (lead V,).
Some recent reflections on light scattering

Three recently discovered unusual light scattering effects are described in a qualitative way. These effects are concerned with: (1) nearly invisible particles, (2) internal heating of particles by radiation, (3) Raman and fluorescent scattering by molecules embedded in particles.
Anatomic evidence revealing extensive transmedian innervation of feline canine teeth.

Abstract Three anatomic techniques were used to study the transmedian innervation of the canine teeth of felines. They were (i) the Fink-Heimer II staining technique for degenerating axons, (ii) the cobalt, cut-axon technique, and (iii) the examination of retrograde chromatolysis in trigeminal ganglion cells following tooth pulp extractions. It was clearly demonstrated, using all three techniques, that canine teeth receive an extensive transmedian innervation, although the ipsilateral innervation exceeds the transmedian innervation. Approximately 199 trigeminal ganglion cells project to an ipsilateral canine tooth, whereas approximately 138 cells project to a contralateral canine tooth. These figures represent 0.5 and 0.3% of the cells in the trigeminal ganglion, respectively.
School demographic variables and out-of-school suspension rates: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of a large, ethnically diverse school district

This study examined out-of-school suspensions (OSS) in a large, ethnically diverse school district using both quantitative and qualitative procedures. Pearson product moment correlations and semi-partial correlations were used to identify those school-level variables that showed the strongest relationships to the duplicated OSS rate among elementary schools (n = 97) and secondary schools (n = 45). Additionally, interviews were conducted with administrators and student support personnel from the 24 schools in the district with the highest suspension rates and 24 demographically matched schools with significantly lower suspension rates. The majority of these schools served a high percentage of children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Although the correlational analyses indicated that student demographic variables (e.g., percentage of White students, percentage of Black students, percentage of students receiving free or reduced price lunch) were strongly related to a school's suspension rate, the school comparisons showed that not all schools serving a high percentage of children placed at risk have high suspension rates. Implications of the findings for school discipline reform are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ECG Interpretation Confounders

Scenario: A 45-year-old female executive arrived at the emergency room with complaints of substernal chest pressure and shortness of breath. She has no prior medical or surgical history, takes no medication, has a normal body mass index, and exercises regularly. Below is her 12-lead ECG obtained in the emergency room. A regular feature of the American Journal of Critical Care, the ECG Puzzler addresses electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation for clinical practice. To send an eLetter or to contribute to an online discussion about this article, visit www.ajcconline.org and click “Respond to This Article” on either the full-text or PDF view of the article. We welcome letters regarding this feature.
Implications of scale for patterns and processes in stream ecology

Although the scale-dependence of ecological patterns and processes is recognized by freshwater ecologists, current knowledge of scale effects is rudimentary and non-quantitative. We review issues of spatial and temporal scale in this paper to highlight conceptual problems relating to scale and some potential solutions. We present examples of how the spatial scale of a study influences observed patterns and their interpretation, and discuss how the size of an experimental arena influences the degree to which the dynamics of studied populations are influenced by exchange processes (immigration and emigration). The results of small-scale field experiments in streams will often be strongly influenced by the per capita exchange rates of organisms and differences in exchange rates may explain differences in the perceived effects of stream manipulations across scales. Spatial extent also influences the amount of spatial heterogeneity within a study site or arena, with important consequences for the outcome of predator-prey interactions. We suggest that changes in the availability of prey refuges may help explain why predator manipulations in streams appear to weaken as arena size increases. We also recommend that new techniques for decomposing and quantifying spatial heterogeneity be applied to characterize scale-dependent variation in freshwater systems. Lastly, we discuss the pitfalls of mismatching the temporal scale of experiments and models. Models incorporating spatial heterogeneity and the behaviour of organisms are needed to predict the short-term outcome of perturbations in streams, whereas models predicting long-term dynamics will need to integrate the impacts of episodic disturbance and all life history stages of organisms. In general, we recommend that freshwater ecologists undertake more multi-scale sampling and experimentation to examine patterns and processes at multiple scales, and make greater attempts to match the scales of their observations and experiments to the characteristic scales of the phenomena that they investigate.
Antiproliferative activity of gossypol and gossypolone on human breast cancer cells

Gossypol is a polyphenolic aldehyde occurring naturally in cottonseed that produces antisteroidogenic activity in vivo, has been extensively investigated as a male contraceptive agent, and has demonstrated anticancer activity. Gossypolone, the major metabolite of gossypol, also prossesses antisteroidogenic activity but has not been examined for its anticancer properties. The objectives of these investigations are to compare the effects of gossypolone with those of gossypol on cell proliferation of hormone-dependent and hormone-independent human breast carcinoma cells, i.e., MCF-7, MCF-7 Adr and MDA-MB-231 cells. Gossypol and gossypolone were examined at concentrations up to 10 microM, and cellular DNA synthesis was monitored by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Gossypol and gossypolone produced dose-dependent suppression of DNA synthesis in all of the human breast cell lines examined. Gossypol produced potent antiproliferative activity in MCF-7 cells at doses as low as 30 nM. Co-incubation of MCF-7 cells with gossypol (5 microM) and estradiol (10 nM) did not alter the effects of gossypl. Treatment of human breast cancer cells with 2.5 microM of gossypol resulted in alterations in cell shape and attachment to the surface of the culture dishes. At gossypol doses of 10 microM, pericytoplasmic globuation and cytoplasmic swelling were observed in the majority of breast cancer cells. These changes in cellular morphology indicate a loss of ability of the cells to maintain normal cell membrane permeability, resulting in subsequent disorganization and loss of cytoplasmic organelles. Gossypolone is less potent than gossypol in producing these effects in the human breast cancer cell lines, whereas it possesses equipotent antisteroidogenic and antireproductive activities with gossypol. These investigations suggest that gossypol and gossypol analogs may have therapeutic potential for human breast cancer.
The mentor effect in student evaluation.

Objective: To determine if faculty mentors rate their mentored students higher than do nonmentors, and to ascertain if gender is a factor. Methods: All third-year students (n = 101) from academic years 1996–1998, who performed their obstetrics and gynecology clerkship at the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in the Penn State Geisinger Health System and were evaluated by full-time faculty (n = 18), were included in the study (total observations = 545). Students were rated by faculty on an ordinal scale in five categories. Generalized estimating equation methodology was used to fit proportional odds models for ordinal data to assess whether there were statistically significant mentor or faculty/student gender effects. Results: Student evaluations from mentors were more likely to have better scores than student evaluations from nonmentoring-faculty for all five categories (all P < .01). The odds ratios (OR) for the mentor effect ranged from 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 3.2) for fund of knowledge to 3.2 (95% CI [2.1, 4.8]) for attitude. For problem-solving and technical skills, male faculty were more likely than female faculty to give male students better scores (problem-solving skills: odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% CI [1.0, 2.7]; technical skills: OR = 2.2, 95% CI [1.1, 4.6]). Mentoring-faculty evaluations were not strongly correlated with the students’ objective examination scores. Conclusion: Overall, mentors score their mentored students statistically higher than do nonmentors. Gender differences in evaluation, while present, are less consistent and smaller than the mentor effect.
Handoff Triggering and Network Selection Algorithms for Load-Balancing Handoff in CDMA-WLAN Integrated Networks

This paper proposes a novel vertical handoff algorithm between WLAN and CDMA networks to enable the integration of these networks. The proposed vertical handoff algorithm assumes a handoff decision process (handoff triggering and network selection). The handoff trigger is decided based on the received signal strength (RSS). To reduce the likelihood of unnecessary false handoffs, the distance criterion is also considered. As a network selection mechanism, based on the wireless channel assignment algorithm, this paper proposes a context-based network selection algorithm and the corresponding communication algorithms between WLAN and CDMA networks. This paper focuses on a handoff triggering criterion which uses both the RSS and distance information, and a network selection method which uses context information such as the dropping probability, blocking probability, GoS (grade of service), and number of handoff attempts. As a decision making criterion, the velocity threshold is determined to optimize the system performance. The optimal velocity threshold is adjusted to assign the available channels to the mobile stations. The optimal velocity threshold is adjusted to assign the available channels to the mobile stations using four handoff strategies. The four handoff strategies are evaluated and compared with each other in terms of GOS. Finally, the proposed scheme is validated by computer simulations.
Microhardness and other properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide thin films formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The objective of this work was to correlate thin film microhardness with composition and other properties of the Si-C system. Compositions varying from 80% Si to 100% C were formed using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on Si〈100〉 substrates. As the fraction of carbon increases from 23 to 100 at.%, the hardness increases from about 2300 to more than 7000 kgf mm-2 (Knoop hardness) at 10% penetration of the indenter. The hardness for stoichiometric SiC is also about 7000 kgf mm-2. At a particular composition the hardness can be maximized by adjusting the deposition parameters to decrease the hydrogen content and to increase the silicon-to-carbon bonding.
Inter-α-Inhibitor Binding to Hyaluronan in the Cumulus Extracellular Matrix Is Required for Optimal Ovulation and Development of Mouse Oocytes

This report characterizes the effects of excess hyaluronan (HA) upon the expansion of the cumulus oocyte complex (COC) within intact follicles and upon ovulation and oocyte viability in mice. Covalent linkage between heavy chains of the inter-alpha-inhibitor (IalphaI) family of serum glycoproteins and HA is necessary for optimal cumulus extracellular matrix (cECM) stabilization and cumulus expansion. Intravenous administration of HA oligosaccharides inhibited the binding of IalphaI to endogenous HA, disrupting the process of expansion and resulting in a reduction in the size of the cumulus mass. Western blot and immunocytochemical analyses of COCs from HA-treated animals demonstrated a reduction of IalphaI heavy chains within the cECM. Additionally, HA-treated immature animals ovulated 56.3% fewer COCs compared to control animals. The developmental potential of COCs in HA-treated animals was also tested. Extended periods of oviductal storage of COCs ovulated by HA-injected adult mice resulted in a reduction of normal embryos and a significant increase in the proportion of fragmented oocytes/embryos. These observations support the view that covalent binding of IalphaI heavy chains to HA is required for optimal cumulus expansion, extrusion of the COCs from the follicle at ovulation, and maintenance of oocyte viability within the oviduct.
Gender bias in children's perceptions of personality traits

Social psychologists have demonstrated that when people are divided into social categories, even ones created arbitrarily, they often display favoritism for members of their own group. The current study used an intergroup perspective on gender to examine sex differences in children's perceptions of personality traits. 167 eight- to ten-year-olds were asked to evaluate 48 traits in terms of either their masculinity versus femininity or their positivity versus negativity. As predicted, children's ratings reflected strong biases favoring their own sex. This “ingroup favoritism” occurred not because boys and girls preferred traits traditionally associated with their sex. In fact, sex differences on the negativity—positivity ratings were virtually absent. Instead, boys and girls had differing views of the masculinity or femininity of personality traits, assigning more positive and fewer negative traits to their own sex than to the other. Implications for gender segregation and for the development of stereotyping are discussed.
RURAL ADDRESSING AND COMPUTER MAPPING IN NEW MEXICO

Specifying the location of a rural residence is a common geographic problem. Most addressing systems are designed for urban areas and are not applicable to rural areas. The mile marker addressing system meets all of the requirements for a rural addressing system. With the addition of computer mapping techniques, rural addressing can be done efficiently and can provide the basis for a county's computer mapping system. Projects in New Mexico provide several examples of computerized rural addressing projects.
JAB1 Determines the Response of Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA FLSs) exhibit prosurvival, rather than apoptotic, response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulation. Here, we show that JAB1 is a critical regulator of the TNF-α-mediated anti-apo-ptosis pathways in RA FLSs. We found that knockdown of JAB1 using small interfering (si)RNA led to restoration of the TNF-α-induced apoptosis response, reduction of nuclear factor-κB activity, delayed degradation of IκB-α, and inhibited phosphorylation of JNK. Analysis of the interactions of JAB1 by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitations and confocal microscopy revealed that JAB1 interacts with TNF receptor-associated-factor 2 (TRAF2). The generation of the anti-apoptotic signal on binding of TNF-α to the TNF receptor (TNFR)1 has been shown to be associated with the recruitment of TRAF2 to the TNFR1 in a process that requires ubiquitination of TRAF2 with lysine-63-linked polyubiquitin chains. We found that TNF-α stimulation of JAB1 siRNA-transfected RA FLSs failed to stimulate ubiquitination of TRAF2. Thus, we conclude that JAB1-regulated ubiquitination of TRAF2 is a novel mechanism whereby TNF-α can induce anti-apoptosis signaling and production of matrix metalloproteinases through activation of nuclear factor-κB and JNK in RA FLSs.
Strain-encoded breast MRI in phantom and ex vivo specimens with histological validation: Preliminary results

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of using strain-encoded (SENC) breast magnetic resonance images(MRI) for breast cancer detection by examining the compression and relaxation response properties in phantoms andex vivo breast samples. Methods: A tissue phantom was constructed to mimic different sizes of breast masses and tissue stiffness. In addition, five humanex vivo whole breast specimens with and without masses were studied. MR data was acquired on a 3T scanner consisting of T1-weighted, fat suppressed spin echo T2-weighted, and SENC breast images. Mechanical tissue characteristics (strain) of the phantoms and breast tissue samples were measured using SENC imaging in both compression and relaxation modes. The breast tissue specimens were sectioned and stained in the same plane as the MRI for histological evaluation. Results: For the phantom, SENC images showed soft masses with quantitative strain values between 35% and 50%, while harder masses had strain values between 0% and 20%. Combined compression (CMP) and relaxation (REX) breast SENC images separately categorized all masses into three different groups. For breast SENC, the signal intensities betweenex vivo breast mass and breast glandular tissue were significantly different (−7.6 ± 2.6 verses −20.6 ± 5.4 for SENC-CMP, and 4.2 ± 1.5 verses 22.6 ± 5 for SENC-REX, p < 0.05). Conclusions: We have demonstrated that SENC breast MRI can be used to obtain mechanical tissue properties and give quantitative estimates of strain in tumors. This feasibility study provides the basis for future clinical studies.
Immunomodulation With SA-FasL Protein as an Effective Means of Preventing Islet Allograft Rejection in Chemically Diabetic NOD Mice

Allogeneic islet grafts are subject to rejection by both auto- and alloimmune responses when transplanted into diabetic individuals. T cells play a critical role in the initiation and perpetuation of both autoimmunity and allograft rejection. T cells up-regulate Fas and become sensitive to FasL-mediated killing following antigenic stimulation. Therefore, we tested if immunomodulation with an apoptotic form of FasL chimeric with streptavidin (SA-FasL) is effective in preventing the rejection of allogeneic C57BL/6 islet grafts in chemically diabetic NOD mice. C57BL/6 splenocytes and pancreatic islets were biotinylated and engineered to display the SA-FasL protein on their surface. Female NOD mice (6-7 weeks old) were treated with streptozotocin to induce diabetes and transplanted 5 days later with C57BL/6 islets engineered with SA-FasL in conjunction with transient treatment with rapamycin (3.0 mg/kg daily for days 0-19). Graft recipients were also systemically immunomodulated by intraperitoneal injection of 5 × 10(6) donor SA-FasL-engineered splenocytes on days 1, 3, and 5 after islet transplantation. This regimen resulted in the survival of all allogeneic islet grafts for the 250-day observation period, compared with a mean survival time (MST) of 14.2 ± 3.9 days for the control group. The survival effect was SA-FasL specific, with all NOD mice transplanted with control streptavidin protein-engineered islet grafts and treated with SA-engineered splenocytes under transient cover of rapamycin rejecting their grafts with an MST of 39.8 ± 8.5 days (P < .01). Taken together, these data demonstrate that immunomodulation with SA-FasL-engineered allogeneic islet grafts and splenocytes is effective in overcoming rejection in female NOD mice with preexisting autoimmunity with important clinical implications.
Effect of Storable Propellants on Single-Stage Earth-to-Orbit Vehicles

A comparison is made between the storable-propellant engine and an equivalent dual-expander engine using oxygen, propane, and hydrogen propellants. The propane and hydrogen dual-expander engine is then compared with previous results with separate propane and hydrocarbon engines. It is shown that the dual-expander reduces vehicle dry mass from 94 to 89 Mg, or 5%. The hydrogen-only thrust of the dual-expander is 0.4 MN, while the separate hydrogen engines have a thrust of 2.3 MN. The low thrust level increases the difficulty of cooling the dual-expander engine, and additional hydrogen flow is added for transpirational cooling. This additional hydrogen flow leads to an increase in the hydrogen tank size. It is also shown that storable propellants increase the dry mass of single-stage earth-to-orbit vehicles by about 20% and the gross mass by about 54%. It is concluded that dual-expander engines should be studied with several thrust splits and thrust levels.
Performance enhancement of RF absorbers by using resistively-loaded periodic screens

In this paper, we present a new approach to enhancing the absorption performance of synthesized RF absorbers by introducing periodic screens comprising of conducting structures with resistive loads.
Numerical analysis of human sample effect on RF penetration and liver mr imaging at ultrahigh field

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide clinically-valuable images for hepatic diseases and has become one of the most promising noninvasive methods in evaluating liver lesions. To facilitate the ultrahigh field human liver MRI, in this work, the RF penetration behavior in the conductive and high dielectric human body at the ultrahigh field of 7 Tesla (7T) is investigated and evaluated using the finite-difference time-domain numerical analysis. The study shows that in brain imaging at the ultrahigh field of 7T, the "dielectric resonance" effect dominates among other factors, resulting in improved B(1) penetration; while in liver imaging, due to its irregular geometry of the liver, the "dielectric resonance" effect is not readily to be established, leading to a reduced B(1) penetration or limited image coverage comparing to that in the brain. Therefore, it is necessary to build a large size coil to have deeper penetration to image human liver although the coil design may become more challenging due to the required high frequency. Based on this study, a bisected microstrip coil operating at 300 MHz range is designed and constructed. Three-dimensional in vivo liver images in axial, sagittal and coronal orientations are then acquired from healthy volunteers using this dedicated RF coil on a 7T whole body MR scanner.
The preparation and nuclear magnetic resonance study of 5‐ and 7‐nitrocoumarans

Mononitration of coumaran has been achieved by the use of acetyl chloride and silver nitrate in acetonitrile solution. Nmr decoupling experiments have served to establish the structures of the two products as the 5- and 7-nitrocoumarans. Attempted nitration with nitronium tetrafluoroborate resulted in extensive ring opening.
Design of low order controllers via selection of sensor and actuator locations

This short paper presents a method for selecting the sensor and actuator locations for optimal active control of linear, time-invariant systems, with low order compensators. The suggested method is illustrated with an one-mode model of a simply supported beam.
A Comparative Study of Toxicological Test Methods on a Population of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus telarius)

Three toxicological test methods were investigated for their practical value in testing a population of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.), using Kelthane® (1,1-bis( p -chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol), Meta-Systox-R® ( O,O- dimethyl S-2-(ethylsulfinyI)ethyl phosphorothioate) and TEPP as toxicants. Mites were treated by a Slide Dip Method, a Cage Spray Method and a Leaf Dip Method. In terms of least variability the Cage Spray Method gave the best results at intermediate sensitivity followed by the Slide Dip Method which showed greater variability and the highest sensitivity. The Leaf Dip Method is characterized by the greatest variability and least sensitivity. By combination of different test methods differentiation between topical and topical plus residual effect of toxicants could be demonstrated. Similarly a strong inactivation of TEPP by the plant was detected. The Slide Dip Method and the Cage Spray Method appear well adapted for exact toxicological tests and tests on population dynamics. The Cage Spray Method is indispensable in cases where the survivors of a treatment are needed for further experiments as is the case in selection programs. The relatively small amount of work involved with the Leaf Dip Method makes it well suited for screening work, where a small variability is not essential.
Scanning electron microscopy of trichomes of cheilanthes (sinopteridaceae)

The trichomes of two problematic complexes in the genusCheilanthes were studied. In one group, the trichomes ofC. tomentosa are long, multicellular, uniseriate, and flat whereas those ofC. chipinquensis are similar but somewhat cylindrical. In the other group,C. microphylla andC. alabamensis cannot be separated on the basis of their trichomes alone whereas the trichomes ofC. aemula differ from those of the other two by being more acicular and in lacking a bulbous tip.
Large Pelycosaur Footprints from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Alabama, USA

Relatively large tetrapod footprints from Lower Pennsylvanian strata of the Pottsville Formation in the Warrior basin coal field of Alabama were previously assigned to the ichnogenus Attenosaurus. However, three morphotypes are present, and we assign these tracks to Attenosaurus, a new ichnogenus (Alabamasauripus) and Dimetropus. Most of these tracks apparently were made by large pelycosaurs, for which there is no bone record older than Late Pennsylvanian.
DISPERSION RELATIONS AND DIRECT NUCLEAR REACTIONS

This review is concerned with the application of dispersion relation methods to direct nuclear reactions. We begin with a discussion of the assumptions required to relate analyticity properties to the conventional descriptions of direct-reaction amplitudes. This leads naturally to a description of phenomenological methods such as extrapolation to poles and similar topics. The use of the unitarity condition provides a framework for the discussion of the distorted wave Born approximation from the $S$-matrix point of view Finally we call attention to some dynamical calculations of relevance to our discussion.
Elastohydrodynamic response of an ice sheet to forced sub-surface uplift

Abstract T he objective of this study is to investigate the dynamic response of an ice sheet under transient subsurface uplift. The ice sheet is modeled as an infinite thin plate undergoing small deflections that is pushed vertically upwards by a rigid flat-ended cylinder ; the water underneath the ice sheet is modeled using incompressible potential flow theory. Ultimately, the deflection of the ice sheet is expressed in terms of an integral of the unknown indentation force. For a given motion of the cylinder, the corresponding indentation force must be determined by solving a Volterra integral equation of the first kind. After some numerical experimentation, it proved advantageous to transform the governing equation into an integro-difierential equation. Once the indentation force is obtained, the other physical quantities of interest — the temporal and spatial distributions of the displacement, moment, shear, the buoyant force, the inertial force of the water underneath the ice sheet and the inertial force of the ice sheet — can be evaluated numerically. The results reveal that the inclusion of the hydrodynamic reaction is of major importance.
A new Trillium (Liliaceae) from the northwestern United States.

A new species,Trillium parviflorum, is described inTrillium subgen.Phyllantherum Raf.Trillium parviflorum is easily distinguished fromT. albidum Freeman, which it superficially resembles, by its overall smaller size, much smaller linear-lanceolate petals, clove-like fragrance, and dark maroon fruit.
DoubleCheck your theorems

Theorem proving in ACL2 is a complex undertaking. Initial attempts to admit a lemma often fail, in which case the programmer must either redirect ACL2's efforts or change the lemma. ACL2's output does not always indicate whether the formulation of the lemma or the proof process is at fault.In this paper we present the automated testing framework DoubleCheck as an extension of Dracula, the ACL2 development environment for DrScheme. DoubleCheck creates randomized inputs for ACL2 conjectures and uses those to test the conjecture. If these tests fail, the programmer is presented with a list of counterexamples to the conjecture. DoubleCheck can be used to guide the theorem proving process or, in a classroom setting, as a gentle introduction to automated program verification.
Turbulent pipe flow of He I and He II

Abstract Turbulent pipe flow of liquid 4He has been investigated for Reynolds numbers from Re=3×103 to Re=3×106 to examine He I and He II turbulence in the presence of shear. The extremely low kinematic viscosity of liquid helium allows us to achieve high Reynolds numbers in small laboratory apparatus. Our results agree with those using classical fluids, showing the utility of helium as a fluid for turbulence research.
Chemical activation of the mesecephalic locomotor region

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in the precollicular-postmammillary transected cat is known to induce controlled locomotion on a treadmill. We have been able to induce and block locomotion in this preparation by using localized infusions of transmitters and their agonists and antagonists. Infusions of the GABA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin into the MLR elicit locomotion at low concentration (5 mM). Applications of muscimol (5 mM) or GABA (0.5 M) were found to block chemically-induced locomotion, as well as electrically-elicited and spontaneous walking. Priming infusions of Diazepam amplified the blockage of locomotion by GABA. On the other hand, applications of strychnine (10 mM) were ineffective in inducing stepping, as were infusions of the excitatory agents glutamic acid, acetylcholine and norepinephrine. These findings suggest that the MLR is under inhibitory GABAergic input. The substantia nigra is the only known afferent to the MLR located posterior to the brainstem transection, and is a likely source for this input. A model is proposed to account for our results, as well as those of others, and it provides a working hypothesis for the neurochemical events occuring in brainstem centers which modulate locomotor events.
Failure characterization of nodular defects in multilayer dielectric coatings

Nodular defects in multi-layer dielectric coatings have been computer modeled to characterize the electro-mechanical responses to laser pulses with wavelengths of 1.06 {mu}m and pulse lengths between 1 and 20 ns. The simulation begins with an axisymmetric electric field model using AMOS, a full-wave Maxwell solver with lossy (dispersive) electric and magnetic material models. Electric fields calculated by this code determine the spatial distribution of absorbed laser energy in the vicinity of the nodule. This data is linked to a thermal/stress model and mechanical calculations are executed using the general purpose finite element code COSMOS/M. The simulation estimates the transient temperature response of the nodule and the surrounding medium and predicts the dynamic stresses caused by the thermal impulse. This integrated computer process has been exercised to characterize failure of nodules as a function of defect characteristics, including seed size and depth.
Peptide analogs in the therapy of prostate cancer

The use of peptide analogs in the therapy of prostate cancer is reviewed. The preferred primary treatment of advanced androgen-dependent prostate cancer is presently based on the use of depot preparations of LH-RH agonists. This treatment is likewise recommended in patients with rising PSA levels after surgery or radiotherapy. LH-RH agonists with or without antiandrogens can be also utilized prior to or following various local treatments in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer and at high risk for disease recurrence. LH-RH antagonists like Cetrorelix are in clinical trials. However, most patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma treated by any modality of androgen deprivation eventually relapse. Treatment of relapsed androgen-independent prostate cancer remains a major challenge, but new therapeutic modalities are being developed based on antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) and bombesin, which inhibit growth factors or their receptors. Another approach consists of cytotoxic analogs of LH-RH, bombesin, and somatostatin containing doxorubicin or 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin, which can be targeted to receptors for these peptides found in prostate cancers and their metastases. These cytotoxic analogs inhibit growth of experimental androgen-dependent or -independent prostate cancers and reduce the incidence of metastases. A rational therapy with peptide analogs could be selected on the basis of receptors present in biopsy samples. The approaches based on peptide analogs should result in a more effective treatment for prostate cancer.
Sensor-Only Noncausal Blind Identification of Pseudo Transfer Functions

Abstract Motivated by passive health monitoring applications, we consider blind identification where only sensor measurements are available. The goal is to identify a pseudo transfer function (PTF) between two sensors in the presence of an unknown initial state and unknown exogenous input. For this problem, we choose one sensor to be the pseudo input to the system and we delay the second sensor, treating it as the pseudo output.We show that the order of the pseudo-transfer function is no larger than one higher than the order of the system. We demonstrate this method on a two-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-damper system and validate the identified PTFs by comparing them with analytical results.
The effect of hydrogen and acetylene processing on microfabricated field emitter arrays

Abstract Molybdenum tips of the “Spindt” type field emitter arrays have been subjected to processing in hydrogen and acetylene gases. The current-voltage characteristics gave linear Fowler-Nordheim plots. Work function changes for the different processes were estimated from these plots. Processing in a hydrogen plasma leads to a lower work function, decreasing by 0.92 eV after 100 min of treatment. The emission current for a given applied voltage increases substantially immediately after hydrogen treatment but slowly declines to its original untreated value after 30–100 hours. The process can then be repeated indicating that the effect is due to reversible vhanges in the surfaces such as may be caused by absorption phenomena rather than changes in the geometry or emitting area of the tips. Drawing emission current in an acetylene atmosphere (∼ 10 -5 Torr) produces a permanent decrease in the work function by up to 1.1 eV, presumably as a result of carbon deposition on the tips. Repetitive processing showed further but smaller work function decreases. The emission at a given voltage is further improved slightly by heating to 285°C and is accompanied by changes in the emission parameters estimated from the FN plots.
Regulation of ciliary motility by membrane potential in Paramecium: a role for cyclic AMP.

The membrane potential of Paramecium controls the frequency and direction of the ciliary beat, thus determining the cell's swimming behavior. Stimuli that hyperpolarize the membrane potential increase the ciliary beat frequency and therefore increase forward swimming speed. We have observed that (1) drugs that elevate intracellular cyclic AMP increased swimming speed 2–3-fold, (2) hyperpolarizing the membrane potential by manipulation of extracellular cations (e.g., K+) induced both a transient increase in, and a higher sustained level of cyclic AMP compared to the control, and (3) the swimming speed of detergent-permeabilized cells in MgATP was stimulated 2-fold by the addition of cyclic AMP. Our results suggest that the membrane potential can regulate intracellular cAMP in Paramecium and that control of swimming speed by membrane potential may in part be mediated by cAMP.
Effectively measuring adherence to medications for systemic lupus erythematosus in a clinical setting.

Objective To assess the reliability and concurrent validity of the Medication Adherence Self-report Inventory (MASRI) when used in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), to investigate the predictive validity of the MASRI using pharmacy refill information as the criterion standard, and to propose a sensible approach to the screening for nonadherence in a clinical setting. Methods Adherence to 2 medications (hydroxychloroquine and prednisone) was measured in 55 patients using the MASRI, pill counts, and physician ratings (MD scale). Adherence based on pharmacy refill information served as a criterion standard with nonadherence defined as adherence rates <80%. To determine test–rest reliability of the MASRI, 20 patients completed the measure twice within a 2-week period. Results Using pharmacy information, 39% of the patients were nonadherent to prednisone and 51% to hydroxychloroquine. The MASRI had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0.7) and good reliability. Irrespective of the drug assessed, MASRI ratings were moderately correlated with patient adherence (pharmacy), supporting the concurrent validity of the MASRI. The combination of adherence estimation by MD scale rating at <85% and by MASRI at <90% was 87% sensitive and 86% specific for identifying patients who were nonadherent to prednisone. These cutoff values also appeared suitable for identifying nonadherence to hydroxychloroquine. Conclusion The MASRI is a reliable measure of adherence to medications in SLE. The measure has concurrent and predictive validity. When combined with the MD scale, the MASRI appears to be a useful screening tool for nonadherence in patients with SLE that could be suitable for clinical practice.
Neue Reaktor-Technologien

It is doubtful that large-scale industrial utilization of the fast breeding reactor will ever be possible. It is, however, probable that the thorium reactor, for which three plans already exist, will be realized. There is enough thorium to supply thorium reactors up to the next glacial period.
Religious affiliation and contraceptive usage: changing American patterns, 1955-82.

This paper presents national estimates of contraceptive usage patterns among white women from 1955-1982 for the major religious populations in the US. Drawing on several surveys the data show that in 1955 differences in contraceptive use between white Protestants and Catholics were very large and corresponded to the higher fertility levels among Catholics. By 1982 all the major religious groups had experienced downward changes in expected family size and all used effective contraceptive methods including sterilization the pill and the IUD. Despite some convergence in the patterns of contraceptive usage over time significant differences in contraceptive use styles remain among Catholics Protestants Jews and those of no religious affiliation after multivariate controls eliminated socioeconomic and sociodemographic differences among these subpopulations. The evidence points to the multiple contraceptive paths to similar levels of low fertility. A series of hypotheses are proposed to account for these different contraceptive use styles that relate to religious communities peer pressure and social norms differential sex roles male-female communication patterns and the differential use of physician-based versus other sources of contraceptives. As marriage and family formation patterns change in the future and as sex roles are altered new contraceptive use styles are likely to emerge. To the extent that religious groups in the US continue to differ in family formation fertility and child spacing patterns they are likely to continue to differ in their contraceptive styles as well.
Planar semi-martingales☆

Abstract The concept of a semi-martingale is extended to processes with index set in the plane. The definitions of planar semi-martingales are similar to those of two parameter bounded variation. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a Doob-Meyer decomposition are obtained, and a maximal inequality and almost everywhere convergence theorem is given for planar semi-martingales in LlogL.
Security of runtime extensible virtual environments

Distributed, real-time virtual environment (VE) architectures have traditionally been driven by quality of service (QOS) considerations, with little or no concern paid to security issues. With recent advancements in functionality, computing power and network bandwidth it has become practical to use VEs in sensitive areas such as product development with proprietary information and visualization of classified information. Consequently, previously ignored aspects of security need to be made a primary concern at the outset of designing a VE. In this paper we explore security concerns associated with a subtype of VEs: Runtime Extensible VEs (RTEVEs). We introduce a taxonomy of security issues, derived from a case study of NPSNET-V, with the goal of using this taxonomy to guide the formulation of security policy, requirements, and architectures for RTEVEs.
Treatment of elderly depression with personality disorder comorbidity using dialectical behavior therapy.

Depression among older adults is a particularly distressing problem, not only because of high rates but also because of higher risks for suicide among this population. In addition, personality disordered depressed elderly have been shown to be less responsive to depression-specific therapies. This article reviews the rationale and treatment modifications under development for treatment of elderly depressed patients with comorbid personality disorders using Dialectical Behavior Therapy.
Feature Frequency and the Use of Negative Instances in a Geometric Task.

A geometric task was designed to investigate the effect of the frequency of irrelevant features in learning a conjunctive concept. One hundred algebra students were assigned to one of four treatment groups formed by crossing the two independent variables of feature frequency (equal or high) and sequence type (positive instances only or mixed positive and negative instances). The frequency of irrelevant features affected the usefulness of negative instances. When six irrelevant features were equally likely, positive instances were more helpful in learning, whereas when three irrelevant features predominated, mixed positive and negative instances were more helpful. The results may explain the difference between the findings of psychological and educational research on the usefulness of negative instances.
Preventing the development of body issues in adolescent girls through intervention with their mothers.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of the Healthy Girls Project , an ecologically based, targeted prevention program aimed at discouraging the development of body-related problems in middle-school girls via an intervention directly and only with their mothers. Participants were 31 seventh- and eighth-grade girls and their mothers. The empirically based intervention comprised a series of 4 weekly workshops that had both interactive psychoeducational components and behavioral components (e.g., homework to do with daughters, modeling activities). The study design was experimental, with mother–daughter dyads randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a wait-list control group. Daughters completed pretest (i.e., pre-workshop) measures, posttest measures, and, 3 months later, follow-up measures. Results indicated that at both posttest and follow-up, girls whose mothers were in the intervention group perceived less pressure from their mothers to be thin. At follow-up, these girls also showed a lower drive for thinness. Results were mixed regarding group differences in body dissatisfaction levels at posttest and at follow-up. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for targeted prevention efforts aimed at girls during their middle-school years.
Structural basis for integrin αIIbβ3 clustering

We have expressed two proteins that correspond to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of integrin αIIb and β3 subunits. Characterization of these proteins, dispersed in anionic and zwitterionic micelles, revealed that, rather than interacting with each other, the two proteins associated into homodimers and homotrimers respectively. Moreover, studies using the TOXCAT assay system confirmed that the αIIb and β3 transmembrane domains can self-associate in biological cell membranes. Transmembrane domain-mediated homo-oligomerization provides a plausible structural basis for integrin clustering and could promote integrin activation as well. Indeed, replacing specific residues in the transmembrane helix of either αIIb or β3 with an asparagine residue resulted in a facilitated homo-oligomerization of the mutated transmembrane helix, promoted the formation of integrin clusters on the cell surface and shifted αIIbβ3 to its activated state. Thus these studies support the hypothesis that the transmembrane domains play a vital role in the function and regulation of αIIbβ3.
Computational Studies of Beam Dynamics in the ETA Gun

A new general purpose computer code call EBQ, has been written to simulate the beam dynamics of the ETA, find its beam emittance and evaluate effects of changes in the electrode positions and external magnetic fields. The original calculations of the ETA were made with EGUN and yielded considerable insight into the operation of the device in the non-relativistic regime. The EBQ code was written specifically to attend to the special problems associated with high current relativistic beam propagation in axially symmetric machines possessing external 2-dimensional electric and magnetic fields. The coherent electric and magnetic self-fields of the beam must be calculated accurately. Special care has been used in the relativistic regime where a high degree of cancellation occurs between the self-magnetic and self electric forces of the beam. Additionally, EBQ can handle equally well non-relativistic problems involving multiple ion species where the space charge from each must be included in its mutual effect on the others. Such problems arise in the design of ion sources where different charge and mass states are present.
Observer-based stabilization of an unstable parabolic PDE using the pseudospectral method and Sturm-Liouville theory

The stabilization of an unstable linear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) system with both Neumann boundary control and interior control is considered in this work. Point output measurement is available at one end of the physical domain. The choice of a proportional output feedback boundary control is justified by Lyapunov analysis while the design of the interior control is carried out based on the Sturm-Liouville theory. A proportional state feedback is proposed for the interior control with a symmetric kernel function, and the pseudospectral method is used to solve the stability conditions governed by the Sturm-Liouville systems. In addition, an observer is designed using the point measurement at one end of the physical domain, and used to propose an observer-based feedback controller for the PDE system. Both controller and observer gains are designed numerically to make the eigenvalues of the associated Sturm-Liouville problems stable. Simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.