cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'To Sit or Stand': Transgender Persons, Gendered Restrooms, and the Law

The issue of transgender bathroom access appears to be the next major area of the struggle for expanded civil rights for LGBTQ persons. Over the past two years, states have considered and passed legislation defining gender and restricting access for transgender persons, particularly students, from the restroom that corresponds with their gender identity in public facilities, particularly public schools. In response, the federal government, through the authority of the Department of Education and the EEOC, has pushed back against these state restrictions arguing that both Title VII and Title IX provide protections for transgender persons to access the restroom facilities that correspond with their gender identity. With the beginning of the Trump Administration, the landscape surrounding these issues has changed even more. In order to understand the issues raised surrounding restroom facilities, it is important to examine the history and background of the development of gendered restroom facilities in public facilities and workplaces. This Article will first examine the history of sex-separation in restroom facilities in public facilities, exploring how this separation was firmly rooted in the “separate spheres” ideology of the nineteenth century. The central thesis of this ideology was that a woman’s proper place in society was to be in the home, tending the household and rearing children. However, the emergence of technology, industry, and transportation in America in the nineteenth century began to challenge this “separate spheres” ideology as an increasing number of women left the home to enter the workplace to meet the demands of an expanding economy. These developments ultimately led legislators to regulate public architectural spaces in order to preserve a Victorian social view of women. One aspect of this regulation was the creation of sex-separated toilet facilities, washrooms, and dressing rooms. After examining the historical context for gendered restroom facilities, this Article turns to a discussion of the emerging body of law regarding the protection of access for transgender persons to the restroom facilities that correspond with their gender identity. This Article first focuses on the development of the protections against discrimination “because of sex” that are contained in both Title VII and Title IX, looking at how courts have expanded the notion of “sex” beyond a simple gender binary understanding. The Article will then examine recent litigation and legislation focused on use of restroom facilities by transgender persons, including developments in North Carolina and Virginia. By way of example, the Article will examine in depth the issues developed through the Grimm case, looking at the case from its inception, its consideration by the Supreme Court and to its current status before the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Ultimately, this Article argues that the Supreme Court should expand the understanding of prohibited discrimination on account of “sex” under Title VII and Title IX to include transgender persons.
Home Palliative Sedation Using Phenobarbital Suppositories: Time to Death, Patient Characteristics, and Administration Protocol.

Background:Most people in the United States and other countries cite their preferred location of death as their homes. However, intractable symptoms sometimes require hospitalization, especially if...
When One Genome Is Not Enough: Organellar Heteroplasmy in Plants

Heteroplasmy occurs when copies of an organellar genome (plastid or mitochondrial) differ from one another either within a cell or among cells within an individual. This phenomenon was first discovered in plastids over 100 years ago, though ‘heteroplasmy’ was not formally defined until decades later. Mitochondrial and plastid heteroplasmy have since been discovered in diverse taxa, including numerous plants, particularly those with the gynodioecious breeding system. Though heteroplasmy can arise through mutations in organellar genomes, biparental inheritance of organelles often generates heteroplasmy. This article is intended to summarise the cytoploid nature of organellar genomes and different aspects of mitochondrial and plastid heteroplasmy, from its discovery, to the development of detection methods. We will also discuss the effects of heteroplasmy on individuals, populations, and species, with regard to fitness, cytonuclear interactions, and genome evolution. Finally, we highlight a few research questions which we consider in need of further investigation to understand the prevalence and effects of heteroplasmy in natural settings.
Chiral waves on the Fermi-Dirac sea: Quantum superfluidity and the axial anomaly

Abstract We show that as a result of the axial anomaly, massless fermions at zero temperature define a relativistic quantum superfluid. The anomaly pole implies the existence of a gapless Chiral Density Wave (CDW), i.e. an axion-like acoustic mode of an irrotational and dissipationless Hamiltonian perfect fluid, that is a correlated fermion/anti-fermion pair excitation of the Fermi-Dirac sea. In D = 2 dimensions the chiral superfluid effective action coincides with that of the Schwinger model as e → 0 , and the CDW acoustic mode is precisely the Schwinger boson. Since this identity holds also at zero chiral chemical potential, the Dirac vacuum itself may be viewed as a quantum superfluid state. The CDW collective boson is a U ( 1 ) chiral phase field, which is gapless as a result of a novel, non-linear realization of Goldstone's theorem, extended to this case of symmetry breaking by an anomaly. A new local form of the axial anomaly bosonic effective action in any D even spacetime is given, consistent with superfluidity, and its quantization is shown to be required by the anomalous Schwinger terms in fermion current commutators. In QED4 this collective Goldstone mode appears as a massless pole in the axial anomaly triangle diagram, and is responsible for the macroscopic non-dissipative currents of the Chiral Magnetic and Chiral Separation Effects, as well as the Anomalous Hall Effect. In a constant uniform magnetic field an exact dimensional reduction from D = 4 to D = 2 occurs and the collective e + e − CDW chiral pair excitation propagating along the magnetic field direction is a Chiral Magnetic Wave, which acquires a mass gap M 2 = e 3 B / 2 π 2 . Possible realizations and tests of the theory of collective bosonic excitations due to the anomaly in Dirac/Weyl materials are briefly discussed.
Measurement of Sound Speed in Fine-Grained Sediments During the Seabed Characterization Experiment

The Seabed Characterization Experiment was carried out from March 5 to April 10, 2017 (SBCEX17) on the New England Mud Patch, approximately 90 km south of Martha's Vineyard. The SBCEX17 experimental site covers an area of 11 km × 30 km with water depth in the range of 75–80 m. The Sediment Acoustic-speed Measurement System (SAMS) is designed to measure sediment sound speed and attenuation simultaneously over the surficial 3 m of sediments. During SBCEX17, SAMS was successfully deployed at 18 sites, which were chosen to coincide with coring locations, with the goal of developing a geoacoustic model for the study area. In this article, a summary of SAMS operation during SBCEX17 is presented, as well as preliminary results for sediment sound speed and its spatial variation in the frequency band of 2–10 kHz. It is found that in mud, the sound-speed ratio is in the range of 0.98–1. Little dispersion was observed in this frequency band. Using the preliminary SAMS sound-speed results measured at different depths, the sound-speed gradient in mud within the surficial 3 m favors an exponential rather than a linear dependence at SBCEX17 site. Large gradients are observed for depth shallower than 1.5 m. For the sandy basement beneath the mud layer, the sound-speed ratio is as high as 1.105.
Screening and functional studies of long noncoding RNA in subjects with prediabetes

In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been found to play an important role in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, research on the relationship between LncRNAs and prediabetes is still emerging. The study aim was to screen differently expressed LncRNAs and understand their localization and function in patients with prediabetes. We used microarray analysis to screen LncRNAs in prediabetes participants.To further clarify the localization and function of the expressed mRNAs, we used gene ontology analysis and pathway analysis. Then, internal validations were performed using individual quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. We identified 55 differently expressed LncRNAs and 36 mRNAs in prediabetes participants comparing with controls. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the most enriched transcript terms were multicellular organismal process, plasma membrane, and binding. Pathway analysis indicated that the differently expressed mRNAs were involved in processes such as starch and sucrose metabolism, pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. The qRT-PCR results showed a trend consistent with the microarray results in 30 patients and 30 healthy controls. We found aberrantly expressed LncRNAs and mRNAs in prediabetes subjects, and demonstrated that these LncRNAs are involved in the entire prediabetes biological process.
Validating Service Quality (SERVQUAL) in Healthcare: Measuring Patient Satisfaction Using their Perceptions in Jordan

Patient satisfaction in the developing world has not received sufficient interest in the healthcare literature. More importantly, models predicting patient satisfaction seldom incorporates patient ...
A novel technique for transaxillary resection of fully formed cervical ribs with long-term clinical outcomes

Abstract Objective Although the supraclavicular approach has been widely adopted for cervical rib resection, a transaxillary approach has been favored by many. We have reviewed more than two decades of experience with decompression of the thoracic outlet to treat thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) in patients with complete cervical ribs using a novel transaxillary approach. Methods A prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing surgery for TOS was searched for patients with complete (class 3 and 4) cervical ribs from 1997 to 2019. All these patients had undergone transaxillary resection using a technique in which the cervical and first ribs were separated and then individually resected. The data abstracted included patient demographics, symptoms, surgical details, and complications. The outcomes were contemporaneously assessed clinically and using standardized functional tools: somatic pain scale (SPS) and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Hand, and Shoulder questionnaire (QuickDASH). The cervical rib data were organized and reported in accordance with the Society for Vascular Surgery reporting standards. Results During the study period, 1506 patients had undergone surgery for TOS at our institution. Of these 1506 patients, 38 had undergone complete transaxillary resection of 40 fully formed cervical ribs (10 class 3 and 30 class 4). Of these 38 patients, 74% were women. The presentations had been neurogenic (65%), arterial (31%), and venous (5%). The average initial SPS and QuickDASH score was 6.4 and 50, respectively. The duration of surgery averaged 141 minutes, blood loss was 65 mL, and length of stay was 2.1 days. None of the patients had experienced brachial plexus, phrenic, or long thoracic nerve injury. The average follow-up period was 65 months. The final mean postoperative SPS and QuickDASH scores were lower than the scores at presentation (SPS score, 6.4 vs 1.2; P Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the largest reported experience of resection of fully formed cervical ribs using a transaxillary approach that allowed for individual dissection and removal of cervical and first rib segments. This technique has proved to be successful, with low morbidity and reliable improvement in patient symptom and disability scores. Based on these reported outcomes, this novel approach to transaxillary resection of fully formed cervical ribs should be considered a safe and effective operation.
Do FR Purchases, Used as Deficit Modifiers, Reduce Crowd Out, Controlling for the Level of Private Saving and Foreign Borrowing

This chapter again tests the effects of Fed securities purchases in reducing crowd out. The one variable definition of the deficit is used. This time, only private saving (public saving excluded) and foreign borrowing are controlled for. These models were found to be less satisfactory; they explained less variance than models using total or all endogenous loanable funds as a control.
Dimensionality-reduction-based surrogate models for real-time design space exploration of a jet engine compressor blade

Abstract Design space exploration (DSE) is a systematic analysis of designs based on parameters that are varied. DSE, however, often involves computationally expensive analyses that require large amounts of time and computer resources. To overcome this obstacle, tools and methods have been developed that allow the designer to quickly explore the design space. One such tool is surrogate modeling. A surrogate model's predictions are based off the relationship between the inputs and the outputs. If this relationship is sufficiently nonlinear, a nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique may unfold the data and create a linear relationship by discovering the data's true dimensionality. The resultant surrogate has the potential to be more accurate due to the simplified relationship between the inputs and outputs. This paper uses surrogate models based on dimensionality reduction to predict finite element analysis (FEA) nodal properties of a jet engine compressor blade. Four different dimensionality reduction methods are compared, namely PCA, KPCA, ISOMAP, and LLE. The results show that nonlinear dimensionality-reduction-based surrogate models can reduce surrogate error in sufficiently nonlinear data spaces. To measure the linearity of the manifold, a new term, called the manifold distance ratio (MDR), is introduced. Nonlinear dimensionality-reduction-based surrogate models can have less error than PCA-based surrogate models when the MDR >1.7. For our application, ISOMAP-based surrogate models decreased the mean error of the surrogate for predicting nodal stresses by 35.7% compared to PCA. The lowest error in predicting the nodal coordinates was the inverse-transform-based PCA. While all errors in nodal coordinates were small, less than 0.23%, the other linear and nonlinear algorithms had between 2.4 and 3.2 times more error.
Once daily calcium (1000 mg) and vitamin D (1000 IU) supplementation during military training prevents increases in biochemical markers of bone resorption but does not affect tibial microarchitecture in Army recruits.

Abstract Basic combat training (BCT) is a period of novel physical training including load carriage resulting in higher risk of stress fracture compared to any other time during military service. Prior trials reported a 20% reduction in stress fracture incidence with Ca and vitamin D (Ca + D) supplementation (2000 mg Ca, 800 IU vitamin D), and greater increases in tibia vBMD during BCT compared to placebo. The primary objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to determine the efficacy of a lower dose of Ca (1000 mg/d Ca, 1000 IU vit D) on PTH, bone biomarkers and tibial microarchitecture during BCT. One hundred volunteers (50 males, 50 females; mean age 21.8 ± 3.5 y) were block randomized by race and sex to receive a daily Ca + D fortified food bar or placebo. Anthropometrics, dietary intake, fasted blood draws and high resolution pQCT scans of the distal and mid-shaft tibia were obtained at the start of BCT and 8 wks later at the conclusion of training. As compliance was 98% in both treatment groups, an intent-to-treat analysis was used. At the distal tibia, total vBMD, Tb.vBMD, Tb.N, Th.Th and Tb.BV/TV increased (+1.07 to 2.12% for all, p
The Psychology of Judicial Betrayal

* Carly Smith, M.A. (Wake Forest University, 2010), M.S. (University of Oregon, 2011) is a doctoral candidate in clinical psychology at the University of Oregon. Smith’s research, conducted in collaboration with Dr. Jennifer Freyd, has focused on the form and impact of institutional betrayal in education, military, and healthcare settings. Smith is the editorial assistant for the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. She can be reached at carlys@uoregon.edu. All the authors wish to thank Lana Lawrence for allowing her story to be told as an illustration of institutional betrayal in the judicial system. ** Jennifer M. Gomez, M.S., is a doctoral student in clinical psychology at the University of Oregon, researching the effects of betrayal trauma and institutional betrayal with Dr. Jennifer J. Freyd. She is the co-editor to the upcoming special issue of Journal of Trauma & Dissociation: Self Injury & Suicidality: The Impact of Trauma & Dissociation. In expanding upon betrayal trauma theory, proposed by Dr. Freyd, Jennifer has introduced cultural betrayal trauma theory as a way to examine and understand interpersonal trauma outcomes for cultural minorities. She is dedicated to contributing culturally relevant work that can inform trauma research with clinical applications. Gomez can be reached at jgomez@uoregon.edu. *** Jennifer J. Freyd, Ph.D., is Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon. She directs a laboratory investigating the impact of interpersonal and institutional trauma on mental and physical health, behavior, and society. Her new book Blind to Betrayal, co-authored with Pamela J. Birrell, was published in English by John Wiley & Sons in March 2013 with translations into Portuguese, Korean, Simple Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Russian. Freyd can be reached at jjf@uoregon.edu.
A novel mechanism for IL-6 to regulate CD4 cell effector function through mitochondrial respiratory chain. (IRC2P.457)

Mitochondria are the essential engine of the cell to produce energy as ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Although less known, mitochondria are also a key regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis both as a major Ca2+ storage as well as a modulator of ER Ca2+. The role of mitochondria metabolism in T cells is a rapidly growing field. It has important impact on activation, differentiation and effector function of CD4 and CD8 cells. STAT3 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a number of genes, but it has also been found in mitochondria where it regulates ETC. Since interleukin-6 is one of the major activators of STAT3, we have investigated whether interleukin-6 could regulate mitochondria function. Our studies show that interleukin-6 is essential to maintain mitochondrial hyperpolarization during CD4 T cell activation in a Stat3-dependent manner. Hyperpolarization of mitochondria by interleukin-6 does not affect the production of ATP in CD4 T cells. However, maintaining mitochondrial hyperpolarization by interleukin-6 during activation of CD4 T cells results in increased mitochondrial Ca2+ levels. Consequently, it helps to sustain higher levels of cytosolic calcium. Increased levels of cytosolic Ca2+ facilitate the production of specific cytokines that are regulated by interleukin-6 Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism by which interleukin-6 can play a key role in the function of effector CD4 T cells through its effect on mitochondria.
Investigating Graphs in Textual Case-Based Reasoning

Textual case-based reasoning (TCBR) provides the ability to reason with domain-specific knowledge when experiences exist in text. Ideally, we would like to find an inexpensive way to automatically, efficiently, and accurately represent textual documents as cases. One of the challenges, however, is that current automated methods that manipulate text are not always useful because they are either expensive (based on natural language processing) or they do not take into account word order and negation (based on statistics) when interpreting textual sources. Recently, Schenker et al. [1] introduced an algorithm to convert textual documents into graphs that conserves and conveys the order and structure of the source text in the graph representation. Unfortunately, the resulting graphs cannot be used as cases because they do not take domain knowledge into consideration. Thus, the goal of this study is to investigate the potential benefit, if any, of this new algorithm to TCBR. For this purpose, we conducted an experiment to evaluate variations of the algorithm for TCBR. We discuss the potential contribution of this algorithm to existing TCBR approaches.
Surface Modification Using Reactive Landing of Mass-Selected Ions

Collisions of ions with surfaces play an important role in a variety of scientific disciplines, including surface science, materials science, mass spectrometry, imaging, and spectroscopy. Ion-surface collision phenomena are broadly used in many analytical methods and surface modification techniques, including secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) [1–3], chemical imaging [4], ion scattering spectrometry [5], surface-induced dissociation (SID) [6–8], ion soft landing [9, 10], growth and modification of thin films [11], and formation of three-dimensional nanostructures [12]. Physical phenomena that occur during ion-surface collisions have been extensively reviewed [9–11]. These include physisorption or ion deposition, elastic and inelastic scattering, chemical reactions, charge exchange, sputtering, and ion implantation.
Abstract 64: A p53 activating mutation drives metastatic high-grade serous ovarian cancer arising from the ovary in mice

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in high-grade serous ovarian cancer, or high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) − the most common and deadliest ovarian cancer. Yet it remains unknown whether p53 mutation can drive HGSC. To address this, we have incorporated a p53 activating mutation, p53R172H, into conditional Dicer-Pten double-knockout (DKO) mice, generating triple-mutant (TKO) mice. Like DKO mice, these TKO mice develop fallopian-tube-originated HGSCs, aggressively metastasizing inside the abdominal cavity, inducing ascites, and killing the mice. Then, unlike DKO mice, when both fallopian tubes are surgically removed from TKO mice, TKO ovaries alone are capable of developing HGSCs, which also metastasize to the abdominal cavity, including the omentum, diaphragm, and mesentery. This finding indicates that p53 mutation can drive HGSC in the ovary. To further examine the ability of p53 mutation to drive ovarian HGSC, we have generated p53R172H-Pten double-mutant mice (DMu), a control line for TKO mice. Intriguingly, 30% of the DMu mice (12/40 mice) develop metastatic HGSCs in the ovary, which spread to the abdominal cavity before killing the mice, just like TKO mice with fallopian tubes removed. Unlike TKO and DKO mice, however, DMu mice show no sign of tumor in the fallopian tube. Our new mouse models of ovarian cancer therefore show that p53 mutation indeed can initiate and drive metastatic HGSCs arising from the ovary. Clinically, our study suggests that besides the fallopian tube, the ovary can serve as a source of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. (Grant support: Ovarian Cancer Research Fund (OCRF); Marsha Rivkin Ovarian Cancer Challenge Grant; F32 NCI National Research Service Award (NRSA); K99/R00 NCI Pathway to Independence Award) Citation Format: Jaeyeon Kim, Donna M. Coffey, Lang Ma, Martin M. Matzuk. A p53 activating mutation drives metastatic high-grade serous ovarian cancer arising from the ovary in mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 64. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-64
Prolonged enteral nutrition in malnourished patients with nonelemental feeding. Reappraisal of surgical technique, safety, and costs

In a 2 year period, 60 consecutive feeding enterostomies were placed in malnourished patients. The major complication rate was 1.6 percent. Total complications were 8 percent. Thirty day mortality was 13 percent. Nearly all patients were given isosmotic nonelemental diets. The incidence of diarrhea was 2 percent with this regimen. Four of five patients given elemental diets had diarrhea. Serum albumin levels increased significantly from a preoperative mean of 2.75 to 3.03 g/dl. Best overall results were achieved in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal surgery or pancreatobilary procedures for nonmalignant lesions. More than $60,000 was saved in 2 years by substituting isosmotic formulas for elemental ones. It appears that many patients are given elemental formulas who do not actually require them. Since isosmotic solutions will not infuse through needle catheters, we advocate placing 12 F. catheters and have documented the safety of this change. By using these larger catheters, the surgeon will not lose the option of using isosmotic preparations. We have shown these preparations to be nutritionally effective with a marked lessening of diarrhea and a cost approximately a sixth of that of elemental products.
How to do things with things

J.L. Austin has demonstrated that people can “do things”—bring about social facts — with words. Here we describe how some people do things with things. This is a study of the symbolic use and situated history of material objects during a business negotiation between two German entrepreneurs: of the practical transformation of things-at-hand from objects of use into exemplars, or into forms-at-hand that can be used for the construction of transitory symbolic artifacts. Arranging boxes in a particular fashion can be the equivalent of an illocutionary act, but unlike words things remain on the scene as indexical monuments to prior interactional arrangements.
Reduction of cervical resistance by prostaglandin suppositories prior to dilatation for induced abortion

Abstract Several recent reports citing increased rates of prematurity among women who have had induced first-trimester abortion suggest that forceful cervical dilatation may result in cervical incompetence in future pregnancy. There appear to be conflicting clinical impressions regarding the effectiveness on cervical softening and the reduction of cervical resistance produced by various prostaglandins. The development of the Electronic Force Monitor which is capable of precise measurement of the forces encoutered in overcoming resistance during dilatation provided objective evidence with which to evaluate the effects of vaginally administered prostaglandin E 2 and F 2α suppositories. Suppositories were administered 3 hours prior to cervical dilatation, after which suction curettage was performed. Compared to the nonmedicated control group, patients receiving PGF 2α suppositories exhibited greatly reduced cervical resistance, in some cases permitting direct introduction of the suction curette without need for any preliminary dilatation. Those patients receiving PGE 2 suppositories showed an intermediate degree of cervical softening.
Mobile Marketing Systems: Framework and Technology Enabler

This article proposes a theoretical framework to categorize mobile marketing systems for marketing communication and then develops a novel m-Commerce technology to demonstrate the framework. Mobile marketing refers to the marketing communication activities such as advertising and customer retention that employ wireless devices and networks. Past research studies the consumer acceptance of the mobile technology. However, the under-studied is the mobile marketing systems that enable mobile marketing with computer and wireless technologies. Building on the relevance to Web-based and multi-channel marketing, the article firstly proposes the framework based on the mode of communication and the technology channels that enable the mobile communication. It then demonstrates the framework by inventing a new m-Commerce technology for marketing communication. The new technology uses a hybrid network and an m-Commerce computer application to display interactive messages on computer-mediated billboards. Mobile consumers can initiate the communication with marketers through the new technology that underscores the notion of reverse marketing.
Evaluating the Impact of Public Student Subsidies on Low-Cost Private Schools in Pakistan

The authors examine the impacts of accountability-based public per-student subsidies provided to low-cost private schools in Punjab, Pakistan on student enrollment and school inputs. Program entry is contingent on achieving a minimum pass rate on a specially-designed academic test. The authors use regression discontinuity to estimate impacts on schools that joined the program in the last entry round (phase four) before follow-up survey data collection. The authors find large positive impacts on school enrollment, number of teachers, and other inputs for program schools near the minimum pass rate.
81Kr Radiation Ages of Stone Meteorites

Marti1 and Eugster et al. (ref. 2 and unpublished work) recently discovered 81Kr, the first cosmic ray produced radionuclide heavier than the Ni–Fe group, in stone meteorites. By measuring only the isotopic composition of Kr, they evaluated the radiation ages of the meteorites as follows where Tr is the radiation age, λ81 is the decay constant of 81Kr = 3.25 × 10−6 yr−1 (refs. 3 and 4) and P(MKr) is the production cross-section of the nuclide in question. The exponential term becomes negligible if Tr≧2 m.y.
Some Engineering Features of Petersen Coils and Their Application

THE TUNED-REACTANCE method of grounding a system neutral was first disclosed by Professor W. Petersen of Germany in 1917 (German patent number 304,823). It has been used extensively in Europe and other parts of the world and the number of installations in the United States recently has been increasing rapidly, which suggests that there is a place for the Petersen coil in American grounding practice. Tracing briefly the installations of Petersen coils in this country, the first one was made in a 44-kv system in 1921. Operating records on this system showed that the Petersen coil had improved service considerably. A second installation of 2 coils was made in a 140-kv system in 1931. Again expected improvements in service were substantiated. Further installations were made in 33-kv systems in 1935 and 1936. Although favorable reports on service continuity were given on all these installations, up until 1937, a period of approximately fifteen years, only a total of five coils were installed in systems in the United States. During the same period approximately 1,700 Petersen coils were installed in systems in other parts of the world.
Dynamic Analysis of an Axial Piston Pump Swashplate Control

A mathematical model of an axial piston pump is described which consists of a second-order differential equation of the swashplate motion and two first-order equations describing the flow continuity into the pump discharge chamber and into the swashplate control actuator. The equation of the swashplate angle contains torque components due to operating states. A method is presented by which the average torque can be computed for a pump of given geometry and at any given set of operating conditions. From the calculated average torque, the coefficients of the basic equation can be evaluated; agreement to within 10 per cent of experimental values for torque has been achieved.A state variables analysis of the dynamic behaviour has shown that there are two dominant poles at low frequency and that the damping ratio associated with these poles reduces by approximately one half when the downstream control volume increases by a factor of three, and varies from 0.84 to 0.48 as the pump rotational speed increases fro...
Suggestions on dental writing

Abstract Written material will vary greatly due to subject matter but to some degree these rules should be applicable. 1. Check the organization carefully. 2. Don't be verbose; squeeze out the air. 3. Don't use a long word if you have an appropriate short one. 4. Don't go overboard on professional terminology. 5. Write as you talk, using some personal pronouns and personal words. (Example: Girl is more personal than patient; man is more personal than case. Sometimes the personal word is appropriate.) 6. Use plenty of examples to illustrate points. 7. Explain things downward without looking down your nose. 8. Don't overuse graphs, diagrams, and new classifications. 9. Don't slant. 10. Differentiate between conjectures and facts. 11. Discuss rather than debate. 12. Give references only when they will aid an inquisitive reader. 13. Include past history only when needed for clarity. 14. Present practical material. Adherence to these rules may prevent the reader of our articles from taking what was earlier termed his “sweet revenge.”
Suv39h histone methyltransferases interact with Smads and cooperate in BMP-induced repression

Smad proteins transduce signals from transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily ligands to regulate the expression of target genes. In order to identify novel partners of Smad proteins in transcriptional regulation, we performed a two-hybrid screen using Smad5, a protein that is activated predominantly by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. We identified an interaction between Smad5 and suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 2 (Suv39h2), a chromatin modifier enzyme. Suv39h proteins are histone methyltransferases that methylate histone H3 on lysine 9, resulting in transcriptional repression or silencing of target genes. Biochemical studies in mammalian cells demonstrated that Smad5 binds to both known mammalian isoforms of Suv39h proteins, and that Smad proteins activated by the TGF-β signaling pathway, Smad2 and Smad3, do not bind with significant affinity. Functional studies using the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter, which is suppressed by BMP signaling, demonstrate that Suv39h proteins and Smads cooperate to repress promoter activity. These data suggest a model where association of Smad proteins with Suv39h methyltransferases can repress or silence genes involved in developmental processes, and argues that inefficient gene repression may result in the alteration of the differentiated phenotype. Thus, examination of the Smad–Suv interaction may provide insight into the mechanism of phenotypic determination mediated by BMP signaling.
Cross-Layer Design for Video Transmission over Wireless Rician Slow-Fading Channels Using an Adaptive Multiresolution Modulation and Coding Scheme

We describe a multilayered video transport scheme for wireless channels capable of adapting to channel conditions in order to maximize end-to-end quality of service (QoS). This scheme combines a scalable H.263+ video source coder with unequal error protection (UEP) across layers. The UEP is achieved by employing different channel codes together with a multiresolution modulation approach to transport the different priority layers. Adaptivity to channel conditions is provided through a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) approach which attempts to jointly optimize the source and channel coding rates together with the modulation parameters to obtain the maximum achievable end-to-end QoS for the prevailing channel conditions. In this work, we model the wireless links as slow-fading Rician channel where the channel conditions can be described in terms of the channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the ratio of specular-to-diffuse energy . The multiresolution modulation/coding scheme consists of binary rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes used together with nonuniform phase-shift keyed (PSK) signaling constellations. Results indicate that this adaptive JSCC scheme employing scalable video encoding together with a multiresolution modulation/coding approach leads to significant improvements in delivered video quality for specified channel conditions. In particular, the approach results in considerably improved graceful degradation properties for decreasing channel SNR.
New rapid method to determine radon and thoron from a single counting sequence using a field portable alpha particle scintillometer

Measurement of soil-gas radon (Rn) concentration is an important parameter in estimating soil Rn potential for a building site. Typically, field methods for grab samples (as contrasted with continuous flow systems) using a protable alpha-scintillometer only considered222Rn (T1/2= 3.8 d) and ignored220Rn (T1/2=55 s). Now the calculation permits the determination of the concentrations of both isotopes with a single series of readings. A sample is collected and within 1 minute is introduced into the counting system. A series of 1 minute counts begins immediately and continues for 10 minutes. If high220Rn concentrations are present, there will be a rapid decay followed by a steady ingrowth of222Rn progeny. If very little220Rn is present, the ingrowth will be seen immediately. In either case, a non-linear least square fitting program from Statgraphics is used to obtain both concentrations at time zero. When inexact timings ranging from 1 to 30 seconds were imposed on the measured data, the method proved to be very robust; the biases did not exceed 15 percent.
Scanning tunneling microscopy-from birth to adolescence

We present here the historic development of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM); the physical and technical aspects have already been covered in a few recent reviews and two conference proceedings' and many others are expected to follow in the near future. A technical summary is given by the sequence of figures, which stands alone. Our narrative is by no means a recommendation of how research should be done; it simply reflects what we thought, how we acted, and what we felt. However, it would certainly be gratifying if it encouraged a more relaxed attitude towards doing science. Perhaps we were fortunate in having common training in superconductivity, a field which radiates beauty and elegance. For scanning tunneling microscopy, we brought along some experience in tunneling (Binnig and Hoenig, 1978) and angstroms (Rohrer, 1960), but none in microscopy or surface science. This probably gave us the courage and lightheartedness to start something which should "not have worked in principle, " as we were so often told. "After havn on another occasion, I had been involved for a short time with tunneling between very small metallic grains in bistable resistors, and later I matched my colleagues struggle with tolerance problems in the fabrication of Josephson junctions. So the local study of growth and electrical properties of thin insulating layers appeared to me an interesting problem, and I was given the opportunity to hire a new research staff member, Gerd Binnig, who found it interesting, too, and accepted the offer. Incidentally, Gerd and I would have missed each other, had it not been for K. Alex Muller,
Structure of mineral glasses—I. The feldspar glasses NaAlSi3O8, KAlSi3O8, CaAl2Si2O8

The short range distribution of interatomic distances in three feldspar glasses has been determined by X-ray radial distribution analysis. The resulting radial distribution functions (RDF's) are interpreted by comparison with RDF's calculated for various quasi-crystalline models of the glass structure. The experimental RDF's of the alkali feldspar glasses were found to be inconsistent with the four-membered rings of tetrahedra associated with crystalline feldspars; the structures of these glasses are probably based on interconnected six-membered rings of the type found in tridymite, nepheline, or kalsilite. In contrast, the RDF of calcic feldspar glass is consistent with a four-membered ring structure of the type found in crystalline anorthite. T-O bond lengths (T = Si,Al) increase from 1.60 A in SiO2 glass [J. H. Konnert and J. Karle (1973) Acta Cryst.A29, 702–710] to 1.63 A in the alkali feldspar glasses to 1.66 A in the calcic feldspar glass due to the substitution of Al for Si in the tetrahedra] sites. The T-O-T bond angles inferred from the RDF peak positions are 151° in SiO2 glass (see reference above), 146° in the alkali feldspar glasses, and 143° in the calcic feldspar glass. Detail in the RDF at distances greater than 5 A suggests that the alkali feldspar glasses have a higher degree of long range order than the calcic feldspar glasses. Assuming that the structural details of our feldspar glasses are similar to those of the melts, the observed structural differences between the alkali feldspar and calcic feldspar glasses helps explain the differences in crystallization kinetics of anhydrous feldspar composition melts. Structural interpretations of some thermodynamic and rheologic phenomena associated with feldspar melts are also presented based on these results.
EFFECTS OF VIDEO TAPE REPLAYS ON BEHAVIOR OF CULTURALLY DIFFERENT YOUNG CHILDREN

Ss were three boys and one girl, CA 4 to 5 yr., enrolled in a preschool program for culturally different children. The daily program consisted of three 15-min. instructional sessions including a language program and an 8-min. pl~ysical education lesson. During a five-day baseline period Ss were video taped as a group for 8 min. of the language development lesson and 4 min. of the physical education lesson but were not shown a replay. The treatment period consisted of the same video taping procedure but included a replay to Ss as a group immediately after the physical education lesson. Each day's tape was stored for review at the end of the treaanenr period. Criterion measures were: (a) teachers' perceptions of Ss' behavior and (b) frequency of behaviors judged inappropriate. The Adapted Devereux Child Behavior Rating Scale (ADCB), a 10-item scale which measures the rater's perception of inability to delay gratification and social aggression (Nelson, 1971), was completed for each S by four teachers at rhe beginning and end of the project. Inappropriate behaviors comprising five categories (verbal, aggression, gross motor, noise making, and self-directed) were counted for each S during a randomly ordered review of each video cape. Two intra-observer reliability checks for total inappropriate behavior resulted in 93 and 95% agreement. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test was used to assess change in the combined ADCB ratings of the four teachers for each S. Two Ss showed significant improvement and two did not: SJ (n = 13, T = 49, p > .05); S? (n = 14, T = 7, P < .01); S3 (n = 21, T = 19, p < .01); S, (no change). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare total inappropriate behavior of all Ss during baseline with total inappropriate behavior during treatment. When behavior during baseline was compared with behavior during the five days of treatment, the difference was nonsignificant (U = 5, p = .15). However, it was observed that inappropriate behavior tended to decrease over treatment sessions. When behavior during baseline was compared with behavior during the last four days of treatment the difference was significant (U = 0, p = .02).' It appears that a video tape replay (VTR) may be used to change human behavior (cf. Moore, Chernell, & West, 1965). However, (a) the effects of VTR may differ for individual Ss and (b) the effectiveness of the treaunent may be a function of the number of replays. When used with young children, some consideration must be given to specific replay techniques which facilitate attainment of the desired therapeutic goals.
An assessment of karyotype restructuring in the neoallotetraploid Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae)

Tragopogon miscellus and Tragopogon mirus are two rare examples of allopolyploids that have formed recently in nature. Molecular cytogenetic studies have revealed chromosome copy number variation and intergenomic translocations in both allotetraploids. Due to a lack of interstitial chromosome markers, there remained the possibility of additional karyotype restructuring in these neopolyploids, via intrachromosomal and intragenomic rearrangements. To address this issue, we searched for additional high-copy tandem repeats in genomic sequences of the diploid progenitor species—Tragopogon dubius, Tragopogon pratensis and Tragopogon porrifolius—for application to the chromosomes of the allotetraploids. Eight novel repeats were localised by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in the diploids; one of these repeats, TTR3, provided interstitial coverage. TTR3 was included in a cocktail with other previously characterised probes, producing better-resolved karyotypes for the three diploids. The cocktail was then used to test a hypothesis of karyotype restructuring in the recent allotetraploid T. miscellus by comparing repeat distributions to its diploid progenitors, T. dubius and T. pratensis. Five individuals of T. miscellus were selected from across the range of karyotypic variation previously observed in natural populations. FISH signal distributions mostly matched those observed in the diploid progenitors, with the exception of several losses or gains of signal at chromosomal subtermini and previously noted intergenomic translocations. Thus, in T. miscellus, we find most changes restricted to the subterminal regions, and although some were recurrent, none of the changes were common to all individuals analysed. We consider these findings in relation to the gene loss reported previously for T. miscellus.
Visual discrimination of local surface depth and orientation

Many theoretical analyses of 3-dimensional form perception assume that visible surfaces in the environment are perceptually represented in terms of local mappings of metric depth and/or orientation. Although this approach is often taken for granted in the study of human vision, there have been relatively few attempts to demonstrate its psychological validity empirically. In an effort to shed new light on this issue, our research has been designed to investigate the accuracy with which observers can discriminate metric depth and orientation intervals on smoothly curved surfaces. Observers were presented with visual images of surfaces defined by shading and/or texture, on which two pairs of points were designated with small dots. In Experiment 1, their task was to identify which pair of points had a greater difference in depth; in Experiment 2 they were required to judge which pair had a greater difference in orientation. The Weber fractions obtained for these tasks were 10 to 100 times greater than those that have been reported for other types of sensory discrimination, indicating that the perception of metric structure from these displays is surprisingly coarse grained.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis extends cerebrovascular autoregulation during hypertension

Abstract In anesthetized intact rats, cerebral blood flow is autoregulated until mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) exceeds 150 mmHg. At higher pressures cerebral blood flow breaks through autoregulation and rapidly increases. However, interruption of the arterial baroreceptor reflex eliminates breakthrough of autoregulation. Thus, breakthrough may reflect active rather than passive vasodilatation. We, therefore, sought to determine if breakthrough depends upon synthesis of the vasodilator nitric oxide. Thirty-eight anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. In all, MAP was raised by slow i.v. infusion of phenylephrine. In rats pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-nitroarginine (LNA; 22 mg/kg i.v.) or with a combination of LNA plus D-arginine (DArg; 240 mg/kg i.v.), breakthrough did not occur even when MAP exceeded 185 mmHg (LNA) and 165 mmHg (DArg). In contrast, breakthrough occurred in rats treated with LNA plus L-arginine (LArg; 240 mg/kg i.v.) and in rats whose basal vascular tone had been increased by pretreatment with arginine vasopressin prior to infusion of phenylephrine. Removal of sympathetic innervation to cerebral vessls attenuated, but did not eliminate, effects of LNA on breakthrough. Thus, vasodilatation seen with breakthrough of autoregulation depends upon release of nitric oxide or a nitric oxide donor.