cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precision oncology: the UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center PREDICT experience.

11103 Background: By profiling their patients’ tumors, oncologists now have the option to use molecular results to match patients with drug(s) based on specific biomarkers. Methods: In this observational study, clinical outcomes of 348 patients with solid advanced cancers who had next-generation sequencing (NGS, 182 or 236 genes) performed were analyzed under the PREDICT (Profile Related Evidence Determining Individualized Cancer Therapy) study protocol. Progression-free survival (PFS) and responses were recorded for patients that received a matched therapy. Results: Of 348 patients analyzed, 47 (13.5%) were treated with a matched therapy after NGS results. Two additional patients were matched but were lost to follow up. Thirty-four percent of patients (16/47) achieved stable disease (SD) > 6months (n = 7)/complete response (CR, n = 0)/partial response (PR, n = 9). The median PFS for the matched patients was 4.0 months (N = 47, range, 0.5 to 22.3 months). The median PFS was 9.5 months (range, 3.4 to 22.3 ...
Opportunities for silviculture in management and restoration of forests affected by invasive species

Despite increasing interest in managing invasive species in forests, few long-term experimental studies have been conducted that reveal the value of silvicultural practices in invasive species management. There is a growing interest in including forest management practices to control or manage invasives. Rather than adhere to traditional silvicultural practices, invasive species management approaches should be tailored to the specific circumstances, e.g. invasion intensity, long-term management goals, and role of the invasive, e.g., defoliator, direct mortality agent, host stressor. Pre-emptive silvicultural approaches correspond well with ecological principles of maintaining host vigor, both in plantations and natural forests. As invasive species dominate some ecosystems and influence ecosystem processes, the use of silviculture as a restoration tool gains importance. Restoration following invasive species damage may involve shifts in species composition (non-hosts) to maintain or create resilient forest communities. Evidence of successful use of silviculture to minimize damage from invasive species remains limited, and although dwarfed by other control efforts, such as biological control, silvicultural practices should be integrated into comprehensive management of invasive species. This paper explores a few of the limited case studies of silviculture use for managing invasive pathogens and insects, including Sirex noctilio, Lymantria dispar and Agrilus planipennis.
Project Data Management Planning

A data management plan (DMP) describes how you will manage data during a research project and what you will do with the data after the project ends. Research sponsors may have very specific requirements for what should be included in a DMP. In lieu of or in addition to those requirements, good plans address 11 key issues: (1) research context (e.g., what questions or hypotheses will be examined); (2) how the data will be collected and acquired (e.g., human observation, in situ or remote sensing, surveys); (3) how the data will be organized (e.g., spreadsheets, databases); (4) quality assurance and quality control procedures; (5) how the data will be documented; (6) how the data will be stored, backed up and preserved for the long-term; (7) how the data will be integrated, analyzed, modeled and visualized; (8) policies that affect data use and redistribution; (9) how data will be communicated and disseminated; (10) roles and responsibilities of project personnel; and (11) adequacy of budget allocations to implement the DMP. Several tips are offered in preparing and using the DMP. In particular, researchers should start early in the project development process to create the DMP, seek input from others, engage all relevant project personnel, use common and widely available tools, and adopt community practices and standards. The best DMPs are those that are referred to frequently, reviewed and revised on a routine basis, and recycled for use in subsequent projects.
Overexpression of ST5, an activator of Ras, has no effect on β-cell proliferation in adult mice

Abstract Objective Both Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus result from insufficient functional β-cell mass. Efforts to increase β-cell proliferation as a means to restore β-cell mass have been met with limited success. Suppression of Tumorigenicity 5 (ST5) activates Ras/Erk signaling in the presence of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). In the pancreatic islet, Ras/Erk signaling is required for augmented β-cell proliferation during pregnancy, suggesting that ST5 is an appealing candidate to enhance adult β-cell proliferation. We aimed to test the hypothesis that overexpression of ST5 drives adult β-cell proliferation. Methods We utilized a doxycycline-inducible bitransgenic mouse model to activate β-cell-specific expression of human ST5 in adult mice at will. Islet morphology, β-cell proliferation, and β-cell mass in control and ST5-overexpressing (ST5 OE) animals were analyzed by immunofluorescent staining, under basal and two stimulated metabolic states: pregnancy and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced β-cell loss. Results Doxycycline treatment resulted in robust ST5 overexpression in islets from 12-16 week-old ST5 OE animals compared to controls, without affecting the islet morphology and identity of the β-cells. Under both basal and metabolically stimulated pregnancy states, β-cell proliferation and mass were comparable in ST5 OE and control animals. Furthermore, there was no detectable difference in β-cell proliferation between ST5 OE and control animals in response to STZ-induced β-cell loss. Conclusions We successfully derived an inducible bitransgenic mouse model to overexpress ST5 specifically in β-cells. However, our findings demonstrate that ST5 overexpression by itself has no mitogenic effect on the adult β-cell under basal and metabolically challenged states.
An overview of an automatically compilable hierarchical definition matcher

The problem addressed in this paper is that of determining whether the conditions expressed in the definition of a concept are satisfied by a set of assertions (a task of attempting to match the assertions to the definition). The approach presented here is to precede the matching activity proper with a one-time preprocessing phase, during which the definition is automatically transformed from a rather complex form in which it is originally expressed into a simpler form which appears to be more suitable to the matching task at hand. Use of this transformation process permits the functions of recognition and interpretation to be separated, thereby improving the efficiency of the matching process. This separation is performed by distinguishing those components of the definition which must be found to be true from those whose truth may subsequently be inferred and those whose truth is irrelevant to the matching process. The transformation is performed by means of a process of symbolic instantiation of the definition- the translation of the definition from a set of criteria for satisfying the definition into an exemplary instance of the concept itself. The algorithm for the transformation and the subsequent matching process are outlined and illustrated in the text.
Introduction and Examples

Every problem in applications contains several physical parameters which may vary over certain specified sets. Thus, it is important to understand the qualitative behavior of the system as the parameters vary. A good design for a system will always be such that the qualitative behavior does not change when the parameters are varied a small amount about the value for which the original design was made. However, the behavior may change when the system is subjected to large variations in the parameters. A change in the qualitative properties could mean a change in stability of the original system and thus the system must assume a state different from the original design. In vague terms, the values of the parameters where this change takes place are called bifurcation values. Knowledge of the bifurcation values is absolutely necessary for the complete understanding of the system. Our objective is to give an overall view of methods and results in this area. To facilitate the introductory discussion, we first define the basic problem and give a precise definition of a bifurcation value.
Bladder Neck Closure

Bladder neck closure (BNC) is a procedure that, although not performed frequently, can be very beneficial for an appropriately selected patient. T he t raditional role of BNC w as in the female patient with a neurogenic bladder, destroyed bladder neck, and patulous urethra from longterm indwelling catheter drainage (1, 2, 3, 4). Other options for urethral reconstruction using vagina or bowel have been reported, but are very complex, and attempts to create a patent and continent outlet are often unsuccessful (5). Other indications for the procedure have included bladder neck destruction from pelvic trauma, labor and delivery complications, and multiple failed surgical interventions to treat incontinence or urethrovaginal fistulas (6). Bladder neck closure can be combined with other procedures such as creation of a continent catheterizable stoma both separately or in combination with augmentation cystoplasty for patients with small capacity bladders or refractory detrusor overactivity (6, 7, 8). If the patient is unwilling or unable to perform intermittent catheterization, urinary drainage can be managed with a suprapubic tube or an ileovesicostomy (9). In early reports, BNC was often unsuccessful, but refinements in patient selection and surgical technique have significantly improved patient outcomes (13).
Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Research in Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) has greatly increased within the past decade. DSM IV TR (APA, 2000) has grouped autism, Rett’s disorder, Asperger’s Disorder (AS), and childhood disintegrative disorder under the umbrella term, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). PDD-NOS (not otherwise specified) is a term and diagnosis with no specific criteria which is often used when a child does not meet full criteria for either diagnosis and is generally used when the child shows some, but not all of the symptoms of either AS or autism.
Fault-Tolerance in Distributed Real-Time Systems.

Fault-tolerance in real-time systems is defined informally as the ability of the system to deliver correct results in a timely manner even in the presence of faults. Dependable real-time systems are being developed in diverse applications including avionics, air-traffic control, plant automation, automotive control, telephone switching, and automatic stock trading. These systems often operate under strict dependability and timing requirements that are imposed due to the interaction with the external environment. Meeting these requirements is complicated by the fact that a real-time system can fail not only because of software or hardware failures, but also because the system is unable to execute its critical functions in time. This talk examines the interdependencies between real-time and fault-tolerance requirements, and presents various schemes for supporting redundancy while maintaining timing predictability. The talk also highlights operating system and communication support unique to the development of such systems. We draw upon examples from several distributed real-time systems including MARS, Totem, Delta-4 XPA, and ARMADA to illustrate these concepts. First, we will identify several distinguishing characteristics of real-time systems. We will discuss the distinction between hard and soft timing requirements, and highlight scheduling technologies to support real-time computing. Second, the problem of predictable redundancy management is considered. In particular, we will examine passive and active replication schemes that provide fault-tolerance while maintaining timing predictability. We will also discuss how certain design methods effectively exploit accuracy( or quality of service ) as a third dimension to the traditional tradeoff between the time vs. space redundancy. Finally, system software to support the development of fault-tolerant real-time systems is described. We will identify requirements unique to such systems including operating system suppo~, real-time communication, and clock synchronization.
The Female Singing Voice

A study of perceived changes that may occur to the voice within the menstrual cycle The study examines factors that may affect women's voices and examines if there is a change occurring in the female singing voice during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle. Journals and questionnaires of premenstrual vocal and physiological symptoms of seven female voice students were used during two menstrual cycles. Vocal Teacher journals were also used to see if relationships could be found. The median score for various variables were calculated to produce graphs for visual comparison looking for relationships between days of the menstrual cycle, physiological symptoms, and vocal symptoms. The results of this study showed that there was no change to the female singing voice within the menstrual cycle.
Sonographische Diagnostik von Rippenfrakturen

Die radiologische Diagnostik von Rippenfrakturen, vor allem wenn sie nur leicht oder gar nicht disloziert sind, stost oft auf Schwierigkeiten. Grunde dafur sind meist Uberlagerungen oder eine ungunstige Projektionsrichtung.
Dynamic gut microbiome changes following regional intestinal lymphatic obstruction in primates

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been linked with lymphostasis, but whether and how lymphatic obstruction might disturb the intestinal microbiome in the setting of Crohn's Disease (CD) is currently unknown. We employed a new model of CD in African Green monkeys, termed 'ATLAS' (African green monkey truncation of lymphatics with obstruction and sclerosis), to evaluate how gut lymphatic obstruction alters the intestinal microbiome at 7, 21 and 61 days. Remarkable changes in several microbial sub- groupings within the gut microbiome were observed at 7 days post-ATLAS compared to controls including increased abundance of Prevotellaceae and Bacteroidetes-Prevotella-Porphyromonas (BPP), which may contribute to disease activity in this model of gut injury. To the best of our knowledge, these findings represent the first report linking lymphatic structural/gut functional changes with alterations in the gut microbiome as they may relate to the pathophysiology of CD.
Meditation-Based Interventions for Adults With Dementia: A Scoping Review

Importance: With the high prevalence and cost of dementia care worldwide, a need exists to develop cost-effective and evidence-based treatment for people with dementia. Meditation, which has been demonstrated to have positive effects on brain health, may be a viable intervention option. Objective: To investigate how meditation-based interventions affect health and quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes for adults with dementia. Data Sources: Articles were located by using the keywords meditation, mindfulness, mind–body, dementia, and Alzheimer’s to search the following electronic databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane, and JumboSearch at Tufts University. Study Selection and Data Collection: Using Arksey and O’Malley’s methodology, a scoping review was conducted to examine scientific and gray literature published between 1997 and 2018. Data were abstracted and assessed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Only articles that included a meditation-based intervention and at least 1 participant with dementia were included. Findings: Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria. The four main outcomes that emerged from the literature were improvement in QOL, mental health, cognition, and functional abilities after participation in a meditation-based intervention. The outcome with the strongest support was the effectiveness of meditation-based interventions in maintaining cognitive function in people living with dementia. Significant gaps in the research were identified, including weak research design, inconsistency in measurement of outcomes, small sample sizes, and a lack of standardized meditation protocols for people with dementia. Conclusions and Relevance: Our findings suggest that incorporating meditation into interventions for clients with dementia can have beneficial results. Opportunities exist for occupational therapy practitioners to advocate for the continuation of research in this field. Notable gaps in the literature highlight the need for randomized controlled trials and the development of standardized meditation protocols for people with dementia. What This Article Adds: Meditation-based interventions for people with dementia are associated with improved quality of life and cognition and may be viable treatment options for occupational therapists to implement in their practice.
Urinary Incontinence in Elderly Men: Update on Evaluation and Treatment

To provide an overview of the appropriate evaluation of elderly men with urinary incontinence and an updated review of treatment options available to these patients. Adding pelvic floor physical therapy to bladder training exercises is more effective for treating overactive bladder than bladder training alone. Beta-3 adrenergic agonists are a safe and effective alternative to anticholinergic therapy in older adults. Sacral neuromodulation is safe and effective in older adults and may benefit men with incomplete bladder emptying. A de-obstructing surgery may benefit men with both underactive bladder and bladder outlet obstruction, given that a majority will recover detrusor function following intervention. In post prostatectomy incontinence, the artificial urinary sphincter is more effective in men with moderate to severe incontinence, though it is associated with a higher rate of complications. Many options are available to the elderly male patient with urinary incontinence. Careful consideration of patient’s functional status, frailty, mental health status, and social support systems are needed to guide the appropriate treatment options.
Structure Theory of Fields

In this chapter we shall analyze arbitrary extension fields of a field Φ. A study of finite dimensional extension fields and a partial study of algebraic extensions has been made in Chapter I. In this chapter our primary concern will be with infinite dimensional extensions and we shall begin again with the algebraic ones. We define algebraically closed fields and prove the existence of an algebraic closure of any field. We shall extend the classical Galois theory to apply to infinite dimensional normal and separable extensions. After this we shall consider arbitrary extension fields and we shall show that these can be built up in two stages: first a purely transcendental one and then on top of this an algebraic extension. The invariant of this mode of generating a field is the transcendency degree which is the cardinal number of a transcendency basis. We shall obtain conditions for the existence of a transcendency basis such that the extension is separable algebraic over the purely transcendental extension determined by the basis. We shall also give a definition of separability of an extension field that generalizes the notion of algebraic separability. The notion of a derivation plays an important role in these considerations.
Psychometric Properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-Mini in United States University Students

Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is common in young adults, yet few studies have established the psychometric properties of the GAD-7 screener in college students. Methods: A secondary analysis of three studies was conducted to determine GAD-7 factor structure stability, create a GAD-Mini version using standard procedures, and evaluate the psychometric properties, validity, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of both versions in young adults. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory principal components analysis indicated the GAD-7 has a single factor structure with strong loadings, reliability, and stability across data collected in three studies. Data from all studies met criteria indicative of good to excellent model fit. Iterative confirmatory principal components analyses revealed the most parsimonious group of items that maintained scale unidimensionality, strong loadings, and high reliability was two items (not able to stop or control worrying and worried too much). Both the GAD-7 and GAD-Mini exhibited good construct and convergent validity. Specificity, sensitivity, and negative predictive value were high, and positive predictive value was moderate to high for the GAD-Mini. Conclusions: The GAD-Mini is a psychometrically sound tool that can serve as a step toward universal screening in clinical practice and contribute to early treatment and improved health outcomes for GAD.
Comparison of pulse sequences used for super-resolution ultrasound imaging with deep learning

Super-resolution ultrasound (SR-US) is a relatively recent development in the field of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging that has improved spatial resolution by up to an order of magnitude. Conventional processing algorithms can suffer from long computation times, preventing real-time data visualization and imaging as the SR-US maps are generated. Further, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) of CEUS images limits the number of microbubble (MB) contrast agents detected within a single ultrasound (US) image frame. This unnecessarily lengthens data acquisition times. Nonlinear contrast pulse sequences (CPS) have been shown to increase CTR and may allow more MBs to be detected in SR-US. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a deep learning approach with multiple nonlinear US pulse sequences for improving the MB detection step during SR-US image production. A three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural network (3DCNN) model was used to perform spatiotemporal filtering (suppression of any residual tissue signal) and then MB detection in place of the more commonly used singular value decomposition (SVD) method. Three separate 3DCNN models were trained based on US images collected using different CPS pulse compositions, namely, one pulse (i.e. B-mode US), two pulse inversion (PI-2) and three pulse amplitude modulation with pulse inversion (AMPI-3). Validation of the 3DCNN models on simulated in silico data exceeded 99% accuracy for all CPS pulse compositions evaluated. Testing on in vivo data revealed that nonlinear CPS pulse compositions implemented on a programmable US scanner (Vantage 256, Verasonics Inc) detected up to 41% more MBs than when using B-mode US imaging and conventional SR-US processing. The average image processing frame rate was 51 Hz on a Nvidia GeForce 2080Ti GPU, which is promising for a realtime SR-US imaging modality.
Effect of fungal contaminants on laboratory germination tests

If afforded reasonable protection and moisture, many microorganisms can flourish on nutritionally marginal substrates. These requirements are commonly met in homes, offices and other indoor facilities where the most commonly found contaminants are Aspergillus spp. (Link) and Penicillium spp. (Link). Due to their ubiquitous nature, much attention has been paid to sources related to these fungi. The effects of the contaminants in laboratory germination were demon­ strated when species of airborne Penicillium reduced the germination of Poa pratensis by up to 80% in the laboratory where this work was done. This first report on the effect of fungal contaminants on laboratory seed germi­ nation prompted further investigations to determine the sources of these fungi and to identify and quantify the major contaminants. The Burkard spore trap and the Andersen air sampler were used to investigate the air spora of the seed germination laboratory for the period December 1981 through April 1984. Aspergillus flavus was the predominant fungus. A. niger and Penicillium spp. occurred in trace amourits. More spores were re­ leased in the earlier part of the day from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. during evalua­ tion than in the afternoon from 2 to 5 p.m. during planting. Contamina­ tion was greater during the working days, Monday through Thursday, and also in the October-May season when the work load in the laboratory was heaviest, than on weekends starting Friday through Sunday, and also in the surraner months June to September, when fewer seed samples were tested. Seeds coming into the laboratory may have been the primary source of these fungi, as most soybean and corn seeds are received in the laboratory
How Poets Make a Living

on and on. And that's exactly what we've done. We have a new club called the South Shore Inn, fair food, good drinks and a panoramic view of the mountains and lake. Also a couple of posh motels have been added, a new supermarket and in progress a mooring harbor for yachts. I personally think the wolf wants to be one of us, to give up killing and hiding, the blue cold of the mountains, the cave where he must live alone. I think he wants to come down and be a citizen, swim, troll all summer for Mackinaws and in autumn snag salmon. I have to close now. The head of the posse just called and two more calves with throats cut were found this morning one mile south of the garbage dump. Our chief said this time we'll get him. This time we plan to follow his howl all the way to the source, even if it means scaling cliffs and beating our way through snow. Why does he do it? He doesn't eat what he kills. I hope we find out. I hope he breaks and spills all the secrets of his world. By the way, it turns out he's green with red diagonal stripes and jitters in wind like a flag. Take care, Bill. Dick.
Making a Mockery of Mimicry: Salman Rushdie's Shame

In Shame, Rushdie fictionalizes numerous violent historical circumstances, such as the murder of a daughter by her Pakistani emigre father in London, and the political and personal strife of Pakistani leaders and their families, and places them into a fairytale narrative structure. I argue that Rushdie utilizes an arsenal of storytelling techniques to make violence palatable so that his readers may be more willing to critique the East's and the West's cultures of shame. His narrative style can be viewed as a tongue-in-cheek use and abuse of numerous literary narrative conventions and theoretical perspectives ranging from fairytale motifs to notions of colonial mimicry.
Variations in template protection by the RNA polymerase II transcription complex during the initiation process

Abstract Preinitiation complexes (complex 0) or complexes which either made 2 or an average of 10 phosphodiester bonds (complexes 2 and 10, respectively) were assembled in vitro on the adenovirus 2 major late promoter. Each of the complexes was digested extensively with DNase I; the protected DNAs were purified and hybridized in a series of end-labeled oligonucleotides homologous to sequences on the coding or noncoding strands near the initiation site. The hybrids were then extended with reverse transcriptase to map the extent of template protection conferred by proteins in the complex. The downstream protection edge revealed by this approach was approximately +30, +25, and +35 for complexes 0, 2, and 10, respectively. We subsequently found that the apparent inward movement of the downstream protection boundary on initiation could be produced by satisfying the energy requirement for transcription initiation (i.e., by treating with ATP or dATP). The downstream boundary change occurred as rapidly as we could perform the test (less than 60 s) and was not blocked by alpha-amanitin. DNAs from trimmed complexes 0, 2, or 10 all supported extension to a single upstream edge at about position -42. Upstream protection was stable in the preinitiation complex, but when postinitiation complexes were incubated for extended periods, protection of the entire upstream region was lost. This decay of upstream protection, like the movement of the downstream boundary, was found to result from exposure to ATP or dATP. Unlike the downstream boundary movement, however, the upstream change was relatively slow; about 15 min was required to lose one-half of the protection.
Petrography and Provenance of Sand Temper Within Ceramic Sherds from Carriacou, Southern Grenadines, West Indies

Petrographic descriptions and point counts of sherds from archaeological sites on Carriacou, the largest of the Grenadine Islands, show them to exhibit wide textural (temper to matrix ratio) and compositional variability. The major mineralogical components include plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene (augite), amphibole (hornblende), opaque minerals, and various volcaniclastic fragments, the latter exhibiting mostly either lathwork or microlitic textures. Sherds dominated by these components constitute an Igneous group, whereas other samples stand out in terms of their high dense mineral content (Placer group), high potassium feldspar content (Potassic Volcanic group), or high quartz content (Quartzose group). The provenance of sand in some of these sherd groups is likely nonindigenous to Carriacou, and possibly includes Puerto Rico (Potassic Volcanic) and Barbados (Quartzose), whereas the provenance of others (Igneous/Placer) is equivocal and potentially exotic to the island in that their composition is most consistent with active portions of the Antilles magmatic arc to the north. These results suggest widespread interaction within the southern Lesser Antilles and possibly other islands to the north and the possible use of clay and/or tempering materials as exchange items.
Grain boundary crack growth in metastable titanium β alloys

Abstract Ductile crack growth in a grain boundary layer is modeled under mode I plane-strain, small-scale yielding conditions. The calculations are carried out for planar polycrystals using an elastic–viscoplastic constitutive relation for a progressively cavitating solid with two populations of void nucleating second-phase particles. The material properties in the grain boundary layers are taken to be representative of those for the α phase boundaries in metastable Ti β alloys, while the grain properties are homogenized representations of the grain properties in such alloys. Void nucleation is taken to occur rather early in the deformation history in the grain boundary α phase layers by a stress-controlled nucleation criterion. Subsequent strain-controlled void nucleation occurs within the grains as well as in the grain boundary α layers. The effects of grain flow strength, average grain size, grain morphology and grain boundary α layer continuity on the crack growth resistance and on the plastic dissipation during fracture are considered. The main effects on the crack growth resistance are found to be the grain morphology and the α layer continuity. The fracture surface roughness is characterized in terms of the fracture surface height fluctuations and the computed small-scale regime Hurst exponents in the crack growth direction are consistent with the “universal” values found for other materials and loading conditions. A model for the estimation of the crack growth resistance is also presented. The model gives a very good representation of the crack growth resistance when crack branching does not occur. The model also shows that the crack path taken in the calculations is not necessarily the path of least resistance.
The effect of scale form choice on psychometric properties of patient satisfaction measurement.

One hundred and fifty nine subjects responded to one of three differently labeled 5-point scale forms of patient satisfaction measurement: Likert-type scale form (1 = Strongly Agree, 5 = Strongly Disagree); Mixed scale form (1 = More Than I Expected, 5 = Less Than I Expected). A well-known patient satisfaction instrument developed by Ware and colleagues (Ware, Snyder, and Wright, 1976) was utilized to manipulate the scale form effect. The psychometric properties of each scale form was analyzed. The findings indicated generally comparable satisfaction data generated by each scale form as well as comparable measures of reliability. The Likert-type scale form has shown advantage in reducing leniency (relatively high satisfaction scores) over the mixed and expectational scale forms.
Self-stimulation responses are altered following long-term but not short-term treatment with clorgyline

Clorgyline (a selective monoamine oxidase-inhibiting antidepressant) given chronically facilitated hypothalamic self-stimulation in rats, while acute treatment was without effect. Furthermore, long-term but not short-term clorgyline treatment significantly attenuated the suppressive effect of the selective alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine on this behavior. These findings suggest that adaptative alterations in the modulation of rewarded behavior by inhibitory presynaptic noradrenergic receptors may be involved in antidepressant efficacy.
The Impact of Competing Time Delays in Coupled Stochastic Systems

We study the impact of competing time delays in coupled stochastic synchronization and coordination problems. We consider two types of delays: transmission delays between interacting elements and processing, cognitive, or execution delays at each element. We establish the scaling theory for the phase boundary of synchronization and for the steady-state fluctuations in the synchronizable regime. Further, we provide the asymptotic behavior near the boundary of the synchronizable regime. Our results also imply the potential for optimization and trade-offs in synchronization problems with time delays.
Physical models of integrated waste recycling- marine polyculture systems

Abstract A combined tertiary sewage treatment—marine aquaculture system has been developed, tested and evaluated using several different experimental sizes and configurations located both at Woods Hole, Mass. and Fort Pierce, Fla. Domestic wastewater effluent from secondary sewage treatment, mixed with sea water, is used as a source of nutrients for growing unicellular marine algae and the algae, in turn, are fed to oysters, clams, and other bivalve molluscs. Solid wastes from the shellfish are fed upon by polychaete worms, amphipods, and other small invertebrates that serve as food for flounder, lobsters, and other commercially valuable secondary crops. Dissolved wastes excreted by the shellfish and other animals and any nutrients not initially removed by the univellular algae are removed by various species of commercial red seaweeds (Chondrus, Gracilaria, Agardhiella, Hypnea) as a final ‘polishing’ step. The final effluent from the system is virtually free of inorganic nitrogen and is incapable of supporting further growth of marine life or of contributing to eutrophication of the receiving waters. A description of experiments with the above food chains and preliminary results with some alternative approaches are discussed, including a detailed account of the nitrogen mass balance through all of the components of one of the experimental systems.
Percentage ash content of nonhuman primate long limb bones.

Trotter and Hixon ('76) and Vose and Roach ('72) presented conflicting data about percentage ash content of the long limb bones of M. mulatta and M. nemestrina. The suggestion of Trotter and Hixon ('76) that this discrepancy was due to methods of preparing the bone prior to ashing, rather than to species differences, was tested using data collected by Gong ('72) on the volumetric composition of nonhuman primate bone. Masses of the various chemical fractions of bone reported by Gong ('72) were used to compute ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and ash content as a percentage of fat-free dry weight. Good agreement was found between ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and the data of Vose and Roach ('72); good agreement was also found between ash content as a percentage of fat-free dry weight and the data of Trotter and Hixon ('76). This suggests that the data of Vose and Roach ('72) conflict with those of Trotter and Hixon ('76) because Vose and Roach ('72) failed to defat the bones prior to ashing. No actual species differences exist in the ash content of bones of M. mulatta, and M. nemestrina. The data of Trotter and Hixon ('76) are most likely a more adequate reflection of both the magnitude and the regional similarity of ash content in nonhuman primate bone.
A Policy-Oriented Theory of Corruption

Perspectives from political science and economics are drawn on to suggest an integrated theory of governmental corruption. The theory is oriented toward policy choices, and corruption is viewed as a product of individual and structural variables that interact to produce both positive and negative consequences. Individual-level considerations such as greed and the likelihood of detection and prosecution suggest one set of policies for reducing corruption. Bureaucratic constraints, citizen participation, and the congruence of legal structures and social demands offer a competing set of concerns that must be dealt with in analyzing corrupt practices. We show that corruption, as a process, influences the optimal level of social welfare. Alternative conceptions are examined, and a model is developed to evaluate policy choices related to corruption from the perspective of welfare optimization. Applied to the analysis of corruption, the model integrates general equilibrium theory, deterrence theory, and structural conditions. Finally, policy implications are considered.
Liquidity as a Choice Variable: A Lesson from the Japanese Government Bond Market

In Japan, almost identical government bonds can be trade at large price differentials. Motivated by this phenomenon, we examine the issue of the value of liquidity in markets for riskless securities. We develop a model of an issuer of bonds, a market maker, and heterogeneous investors trading in an incomplete market. We show not only that divergent prices for similar securities can be sustained in a rational expectations equilibrium, but also that this divergnece may be optimal from the perspective of the issuer. Price segmentation is possible because agents have a desire to trade, but shortsale restrictions limit their trading strategies and prevent them from forcing bond prices to be equal. Restricting the form of market making to exclude price competition and unregulated profit maximization is also necessary to sustain price segmentation. The optimality of segmentation from the issuer's standpoint arises because of the issuer's standpoint arises because of the issuer's ability to charge for the liquidity services provided to the investors. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Mosaicism for duplication of 17q21 · qter with lymphedema and normal phenotype

Duplication of 17q21 → qter is associated with a clinically recognizable syndrome. The major features are: profound mental retardation; dwarfism; frontal bossing and temporal retraction; narrowing of the eyes; thin lips with overlapping of the lower lip by the upper lip; abnormal ears; cleft palate1. The region that appears to be responsible for the phenotype is 17q23 → qter2. Serothken et al. reported an infant mosaic for the duplication 17q21.1 → qter, their patient had many features suggestive of the 17q duplications syndrome except for the craniofacial dysmorphism3. We report an infant who was found to be mosaic for duplication 17q21 · qter who had none of the features associated with this syndrome. Our patient was the second child of a 24 year old mother and a 28 year old father. The pregnancy was complicated with an abnormal prenatal ultrasound that showed mild-moderate fetal ascites and mild pericardial effusion at 24 weeks gestation. Genetic amniocentesis for karyotype analysis showed: 46, XX, dup(17)(q21q25)[8]/46,XX[12]. Parental chromosomes were both normal. The patient was first seen by genetics at age one month. Karyotype analysis in leukocytes was done and reported to be normal. Chromosome analysis of cells derived from skin was done 4 months later after the patient was noted to have swelling of her extremities. The fibroblast chromosome analysis came back abnormal: 46, XX, dup(17)(q21q25)[4]/46, XX[16], At twelve months of age the patient's weight, length and head circumference were on the 50th percentile with normal development. On examination she had: frontal bossing; narrow palpebral fissures; flat nasal bridge; epicanthal folds; short nose; pointed chin; short neck; toe nail hypoplasia. Some of the above described facial features were also present in her parents. The family history was negative for lymphedema. Our patient is the first reported case of dup 17q and dup 17q mosaicism with lymphedema and essentially normal phenotype.
Incidence and Significance of Patent Foramen Ovale After Correction of Tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract Hemodynamic assessments were performed in 50 patients following correction of tetralogy of Fallot. In 10 patients, indicator dye-dilution curves demonstrated right-to-left shunting at the atrial level. The catheter crossed a patent foramen ovale in 3 additional patients. Right atrial mean pressure and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure were higher and systemic arterial oxygen saturation was lower in the patients with right-to-left shunting than in those without a shunt. Pulmonic regurgitation was present in 7 of the 10 patients with right-to-left shunting but not in the 3 without shunts. Two patients with right-to-left shunting sustained systemic arterial emboli, presumably paradoxical, during the late postoperative period. A patent foramen ovale should be closed at the time of surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot.
New approach to aqueous gel permeation chromatography of nonderivatized cellulose

A novel approach to the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of nonderivatized cellulose is reported using Sepharose CL-6B as the column packing material, 0.5N NaOH as the eluent, and cadoxen as the cellulose solvent. The traditional approach to GPC of cellulose has been to convert the cellulose to its nitrate thereby making it soluble in the solvent tetrahydrofuran. The circumvention of the need to derivatize the cellulose in the new system results in considerable saving of time. The new system gives good fractionation for cellulose. It also provides excellent separation of polystyrene sulfonate and dextran standards thereby making the system amenable to calibration. The effect of the particle size distribution of the column packing material on the efficiency of separation is discussed. Potential applications for this new method include studies on both acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis as well as fine structure of cellulose, starch, and other polymers capable of forming stable alkaline solutions.
A comparison of advection algorithms coupled with chemistry

Abstract Three-dimensional air quality models face the problem of solving the advection or advection-dominated transport equation. The performance of six advection algorithms coupled with chemistry is assessed here. The six algorithms are the forward-Euler Taylor-Galerkin (FETG) method, the implicit Chapeau-function method, a streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) method, Smolarkiewicz's method, a semi-Lagrangian (SemiLag6) method, and the accurate space-derivative (ASD) method coupled with periodicity recovery. These methods are coupled with a 10-step chemistry involving 10 species simulating the essence of atmospheric photochemical reactions. The flow field is a two-dimensional, non-divergent rotating velocity field. The domain has 33 × 33 grid cells. Two test cases defined by the initial conditions are considered: (1) non-zero background concentrations for all species except four that have an additional conic profile; (2) same as (1) for a region that covers 11 × 11 grid cells with the conic profile at its center, while the concentrations of all species outside the 11 × 11 concentration platform are set equal to zero. After one full rotation in 24 h, for test case (1), the ASD gives the most accurate results, followed by FETG and the chapeau-function method. The Smolarkiewicz method gives the least-accurate result. For test case (2), no method performs well for NO and OH. For most species, ASD and FETG still yield accurate results. To assure highly accurate advection results for all concentration profiles, however, one may have to resort to a particle-trajectory method such as the particle-grid modelling approach.
Induced birefringence as a method for studying the electronic transitions and polarizability of molecules in excited electronic states

Abstract The measurement of excited state polarizabilities and the determination of both the symmetries and energies of excited electronic states using an induced birefringence method is described. This technique is applied to study the triplet states of naphthalene - d 8 .
CONTINUATION OF SYMPOSIUM: FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE PROTEINS IMPORTANT IN MEAT SCIENCE: ROLE OF NEW CYTOSKELETAL ELEMENTS IN MAINTENANCE OF MUSCLE INTEGRITY

Evidence suggests that desmin, titin and nebulin, three recently discovered proteins, have cytoskeletal roles in muscle cells. The three proteins have been purified from mature skeletal muscle and partially characterized. Properties of the three proteins are described, with special regard to their probable roles and importance in maintaining muscle cell integrity. Results will be shown that demonstrate ability of purified desmin to self-assemble into synthetic 10-nm (intermediate) diameter filaments. Taken together with immunoelectron microscope results (Richardson et al. 1981), it is evident that desmin is the major component of 10-nm filaments of mature skeletal muscle cells and that the desmin filaments link adjacent myofibrils at their Z-line levels and seemingly tie the myofibrils into the cell cyto-skeleton. Desmin is degraded at about the same rate as is the highly susceptible troponin-T in bovine semitendinosus muscle postmortem. Alterations in desmin and other recently discovered cytoskeletal proteins would be expected to disrupt muscle cell integrity and to have marked effects on properties of muscle important to its use as food.
Self-checking combinational circuit design for single and unidirectional multibit error

This article presents novel input and output encoding techniques such that the resulting circuit is bidirectional error-free. The circuit can be fully optimized and any types of gates can be used. These schemes are used to design the functional part of a self-checking circuit. The input encoding algorithm can be applied to any circuit without significantly increasing the input lines. The output encoding technique involves graph-embedding which is done with heuristic method of polynomial complexity. The heuristic technique produces nearly optimal output encoding. Previously published work restrict the types of gates used in the circuit to non-inversion gates (AND/OR), and use inverters only at the inputs. The proposed techniques have a clear advantage over the currently available techniques because they allow the use of any types of gates. These techniques do not necessarily increase the overhead when applied to different MCNC benchmark circuits as the experimental results indicate. The only restriction is that either the inputs or the outputs have to be symbolic, and the two-level description of a circuit has to be given.
Sense and Non‐sense: Dissemination and Empiricism in Practice

Academics often discuss discourses, which is different from our discourse practices.' Postmodern anthropology, in descriptive modes, provides a compelling critique of our representations, institutions, and behaviors based upon the deconstruction of ontology and epistemology. But postmodern anthropology is problematic in its practice modes. Even, and maybe especially, postmodern feminists are likely to be critical of the practice aspects of postmodernism. Postmodern practices seem ambivalent about systems, whereas feminist and scientific anthropologies use them to advantage. Although it is an easy target for many forms of criticism, science may be a more successful practice because it resists the totalization of meaningful-