cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous extrusion of microcellular polycarbonate

Extruded microcellular foams have been obtained from mixtures of polycarbonate (PC) and n-pentane. Cell diameters were in the range of 2 to 5 μm and the foam densities varied between 400 and 700 kg/m 3 . Although two types of PC have been investigated, one linear and one branched. the presence of side branchings did not modify the extruded foam characteristics. Use of carbon dioxide as the blowing agent was also attempted. and cell sizes below 10 μm have been successfully obtained. One prerequisite for microcellular foaming was believed to consist in a concentration of the blowing agent close to its limit of solubility as that defined under the actual processing conditions of pressure and temperature. This hypothesis was validated from the observation of extrusion of regular PC foams (intermediate to low densities and cell sizes ranging between 100 μm and 1 mm) using moderate concentrations of blowing agents, and from solubility and viscosity measurements on similar polymer/blowing agent systems.
The advance directive prevalence in long-term care: a comparison of relationships between a nurse practitioner healthcare model and a traditional healthcare model.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine rates of completion of advance directives (ADs) among institutionalized older adults in three geographically diverse areas of the country—Arizona, Georgia, and Massachusetts. Comparisons among four variables—gender, race, education, and type of healthcare model (Evercare vs. non-Evercare), related to AD completion rates were examined. Data sources: This study was a secondary data analysis using deidentified data from 11,775 older adults enrolled in the Evercare healthcare model to 91,443 non-Evercare older adults (Minimum Data Set) during the last quarter of 2004. Chi-square analysis was used to examine any differences in gender, race, education, and healthcare model associated with the completion rates of ADs. Conclusions: The Evercare healthcare model that used nurse practitioners (NPs) consistently had significantly higher (p .001), which is contrary to previous findings where black people had a lower completion rate. Males and females in the Evercare healthcare model had similar rates of AD completion (p > .001), which is also contrary to previous findings where females had a higher completion rate. Finally, older adults with a high school education or less and older adults with greater than a high school education in the Evercare healthcare model had similar rates of AD completion (p > .001), which is contrary to previous findings where individuals with increased education had a higher completion rate. Implications for practice: With the increasing number of older adults in the general and the long-term care population, older adults should be encouraged to complete their ADs when discussing their medical decisions with their healthcare providers. Through the use of the Evercare healthcare model, NPs are well prepared to assist their clients and families in identifying these decisions. As a result, a significantly greater proportion of ADs have been completed by individuals enrolled in the Evercare healthcare model when compared to non–Evercare individuals living in long-term care settings. By using this model, Evercare NPs ensure that the specific medical choices of their patients are carried out.
mediator of paramutation1 Is Required for Establishment and Maintenance of Paramutation at Multiple Maize Loci

Paramutation is the directed, heritable alteration of the expression of one allele when heterozygous with another allele. Here, the isolation and characterization of a mutation affecting paramutation, mediator of paramutation1-1 (mop1-1), are described. Experiments demonstrate that the wild-type gene Mop1 is required for establishment and maintenance of the paramutant state. The mop1-1 mutation affects paramutation at the multiple loci tested but has no effect on alleles that do not participate in paramutation. The mutation does not alter the amounts of actin and ubiquitin transcripts, which suggests that the mop1 gene does not encode a global repressor. Maize plants homozygous for mop1-1 can have pleiotropic developmental defects, suggesting that mop1-1 may affect more genes than just the known paramutant ones. The mop1-1 mutation does not alter the extent of DNA methylation in rDNA and centromeric repeats. The observation that mop1 affects paramutation at multiple loci, despite major differences between these loci in their gene structure, correlations with DNA methylation, and stability of the paramutant state, suggests that a common mechanism underlies paramutation. A protein-based epigenetic model for paramutation is discussed.
Cholesterol Accumulation in NPC1-Deficient Neurons Is Ganglioside Dependent

Abstract Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal disorder commonly caused by a recessive mutation in NPC1 , which encodes an integral membrane protein with regions of homology to the morphogen receptor, Patched, and to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase [1, 2]. Neurons in NPC disease exhibit extensive storage of free cholesterol and glycosphingolipids (GSLs), including GM2 and GM3 gangliosides [3, 4, 5]. Most studies have viewed cholesterol storage as primary, with NPC1 functioning as a retroendocytic transporter for regulation of cholesterol homeostasis [3, 6, 7, 8]. Here, we analyze the effects of genetically depriving NPC neurons of complex gangliosides by creating mice doubly deficient in both NPC1 and the GSL synthetic enzyme, GM2/GD2 synthase (GalNAcT). Ganglioside and cholesterol expression in neurons of NPC1 −/− /GalNAcT +/+ , NPC1 −/− /GalNAcT −/− , NPC1 +/+ /GalNAcT −/− , and WT mice was examined in situ by immunocytochemical and histochemical methods. Neurons in double-deficient mice lacked intraneuronal GM2 accumulation as expected, but remarkably also exhibited absence or dramatic reduction in free cholesterol. Neurons storing cholesterol consistently showed GM3 accumulation but some GM3-positive neurons lacked cholesterol storage. These findings provide a compelling argument that cholesterol sequestration in NPC1-deficient neurons is ganglioside dependent and suggest that the function of NPC1 in these cells may be more closely linked to homeostatic control of GSLs than cholesterol.
Nanotransfer printing by use of noncovalent surface forces: Applications to thin-film transistors that use single-walled carbon nanotube networks and semiconducting polymers

We report a purely additive nanotransfer printing process that uses noncovalent surface forces to guide the transfer of thin metal films from low-energy surfaces of high-resolution stamps to a variety of substrates. Structures with dimensions as small as a few hundred nanometers, with edge roughness as small as 10nm are demonstrated. Metal multilayer stacks patterned in this way have electrical resistances that are the same as those formed by evaporation and conventional lithography. Thin-film transistors that use source/drain electrodes printed directly onto thin films of the semiconducting polymer regioregular polythiophene and networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibit device mobilities and on/off ratios that are comparable to or higher than those of devices fabricated using standard methods.
Interactive effects of salinity, temperature and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the survival and development rate of larvae of the mud crabRhithropanopeus harrisii

Zoeae of the mud crabRhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) were exposed continuously throughout larval development to factorial combinations of salinity, temperature and specific aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. Salinities and temperatures were 5, 15, or 25‰ and 20°, 25°, or 30°C, respectively. Either phenanthrene or naphthalene was tested separately at respective concentrations of 0, 100, 150 or 200 ppb and 0, 125, 250 or 500 ppb. Phenanthrene was much more toxic than naphthalene. Naphthalene was not acutely toxic at any physical factor combination-naphthalene concentration tested. Both compounds caused the highest mortality at low salinities. The time course of mortality due to phenanthrene exposure showed that ecdysis between the first and second zoeal stage was the most sensitive period for the larvae exposed to aqueous hydrocarbons. Phenanthrene-exposed larvae had a decreased development rate, but the naphthalene-exposed larvae developed faster than the controls.
Translating hierarchical predicate transition nets to CC++ programs

Abstract This paper presents an approach to translate hierarchical predicate transition nets into CC++ program skeletons. The approach consists of an overall translation architecture and a set of translation rules based on the syntax and semantics of hierarchical predicate transition nets. Our results have established a link between hierarchical predicate transition nets and concurrent object-oriented programming, and provided some building blocks for a hierarchical predicate transition net based on transformational software development methodology.
Community-level social capital and recurrence of acute coronary syndrome

Social capital has been shown to be associated with reduced mortality due to cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to determine the association of time-varying community-level social capital (CSC) with recurrence of acute coronary syndrome using a retrospective cohort study design. A total of 34,752 men and women were identified, aged 30-85 years, who were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2002 in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, USA, an integrated health care delivery system. The primary outcome was recurrent non-fatal or fatal acute coronary syndrome; median follow-up was 19 months. We estimated random-effects, three-level Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, comorbidities, medication use, and revascularization procedures at level 1, median household income for the census block-group at level 2, and income inequality, racial/ethnic concentration, penetration of health maintenance organizations, and CSC at level 3. Our measure of CSC was the previously validated Petris Social Capital Index (PSCI). We found that a one-standard deviation increase in the PSCI, after adjusting for the above covariates, was significantly associated with decreased recurrence of acute coronary syndrome only for those living in areas where block-group level median household income was below the grand median compared to those living in areas where block-group level median household income was at the grand median or above. These results suggest that community-level social capital may be negatively associated with recurrence of acute coronary syndrome among lower-income individuals.
Some issues in the application of cohesive zone models for metal–ceramic interfaces

Abstract Cohesive zone models (CZMs) are being increasingly used to simulate discrete fracture processes in a number of homogeneous and inhomogeneous material systems. The models are typically expressed as a function of normal and tangential tractions in terms of separation distances. The forms of the functions and parameters vary from model to model. In this work, two different forms of CZMs (exponential and bilinear) are used to evaluate the response of interfaces in titanium matrix composites reinforced by silicon carbide (SCS-6) fibers. The computational results are then compared to thin slice push-out experimental data. It is observed that the bilinear CZM reproduces the macroscopic mechanical response and the failure process while the exponential form fails to do so. From the numerical simulations, the parameters that describe the bilinear CZM are determined. The sensitivity of the various cohesive zone parameters in predicting the overall interfacial mechanical response (as observed in the thin-slice push out test) is carefully examined. Many researchers have suggested that two independent parameters (the cohesive energy, and either of the cohesive strength or the separation displacement) are sufficient to model cohesive zones implying that the form (shape) of the traction–separation equations is unimportant. However, it is shown in this work that in addition to the two independent parameters, the form of the traction–separation equations for CZMs plays a very critical role in determining the macroscopic mechanical response of the composite system.
Phencyclidine suppresses the activity of midbrain dopamine-containing neurons recorded from mouse brain slices in vitro.

Abstract Phencyclidine produced a dose-dependent decrease in the activity of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area recorded from mouse brain slices in vitro. The suppression of dopamine neuronal activity by phencyclidine was blocked by pretreatment of the animals with α-methyl-para-tyrosine or haloperidol. These data are in contrast with previous studies which reported that the activity of many midbrain dopamine neurons is increased by phencyclidine, while others are decreased and yet others showed no change.
Ergodicity conditions for two-dimensional Markov chains on the positive quadrant

The basic problem considered in this paper is that of determining conditions for recurrence and transience for two dimensional irreducible Markov chains whose state space is Z + 2 =Z+xZ+. Assuming bounded jumps and a homogeneity condition Malyshev [7] obtained necessary and sufficient conditions for recurrence and transience of two dimensional random walks on the positive quadrant. Unfortunately, his hypothesis that the jumps of the Markov chain be bounded rules out for example, the Poisson arrival process. In this paper we generalise Malyshev's theorem by means of a method that makes novel use of the solution to Laplace's equation in the first quadrant satisfying an oblique derivative condition on the boundaries. This method, which allows one to replace the very restrictive boundedness condition by a moment condition and a lower boundedness condition, is of independent interest.
Why softwarre fails

This note summarizes conclusions from a three year study about why released software fails. Our method was to obtain mature-beta or retail versions of real software applications and stress test them until they fail. From an analysis of the causal faults, we have synthesized four reasons why software fails. This note presents these four classes of failures and discusses the challenges they present to developers and testers. The implications for software testers are emphasized.
Use of the Distress Thermometer to discern clinically relevant quality of life differences in women with breast cancer

The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Distress Thermometer (DT) scores to discern important differences in quality of life scores among women with breast cancer. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network’s DT, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Breast (FACT–B), and a demographic questionnaire were completed by 111 women recently diagnosed with breast cancer. Patients considered moderately to severely distressed (score ≥ 4 on DT) scored significantly lower on FACT–B QOL scales and subscales when compared to those in the group scoring 3 or below. For those scales for which minimally important differences (MIDs) have been established, differences between the two groups were 2–3 and a half times the established MID. Moderately to severely distressed patients have significantly lower QOL than those with expected or mild distress. The DT provides a quick and easy screening tool to alert the healthcare team to clinically relevant alterations in patients’ QOL.
The Middle Ages as a Normative Element in Proust

The theme of the French Middle Ages, inspired, no doubt, by Proust's childhood experiences and memories, and by his readings of Ruskin, constitute a focal point in A La Recherche du temps perdu. All manifestations of the medieval presence convey to Proust images of beauty and moral perfection, connected with the lost innocence of childhood and the deepest essence of ‘French-ness.’ The medieval element contributes magic and poetry to the objects, people, places and even words which it affects by contact, and provides a touchstone for authenticity and worth. Medieval churches and cathedrals especially establish enduring norms by which to judge individuals and societies. They also suggest rules of behavior which may impose cohesion, stability and dignity on the apparently fragmented human experience, and divide people between those who belong to the timeless paradise of childhood, as symbolized by Combray, and those who fall into the corrupt hell of worldliness. The medieval opus francigenum, as Proust calls it, may overcome, through its continued creative impulse, the decaying action of time, and point to the truth which is the final goal of the Recherche.
Focal cortical and subcortical atrophy in early Parkinson's disease

Neurodegeneration in clinically manifest Parkinson’s disease affects the substantia nigra pars compacta, and gradually spreads to the limbic cortices and the neocortex. We used MRI imaging coupled with automated surface reconstruction and segmentation methods to examine cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in nondemented, early-stage Parkinson’s disease patients compared to matched healthy control participants. These methods, which have been previously used to document cortical thickness changes in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease but not Parkinson’s disease, use MR signal intensity information and the geometric constraints of the cortical and subcortical structures for an accurate tissue classification. Parkinson’s disease patients were matched to the control group in psychomotor processing speed and executive functioning, but showed higher anxiety state scores. Our results demonstrated focal cortical thinning in the Parkinson’s disease group in the orbitofrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and occipito-parietal areas. Subcortically, striatal volume loss was noted. These results demonstrate that both cortical and subcortical structural changes occur at relatively early stages of the disease, and are discussed in terms of the emotional dysregulation that occurs early on in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
A note on geostrophic scale analysis of planetary waves

(1968). A note on geostrophic scale analysis of planetary waves. Tellus: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 548-550.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of polar fatty derivatives

The direct separation of fatty amides is achieved using a polyamide. Versamid 900, as the partitioning agent on a support which need not be previously impregnated with strong alkali or acid, procedures usually followed in the GLC separation of highly polar materials. The combination of a neutral support and polar substrate permits the separation of unsubstituted and substituted long chain fatty amides with as many as 24 carbon atoms with good resolution, in a reasonable time, and with good peak symmetry. The observed area responses agree with the wt percentages of standard amide mixtures, indicating that no loss of amides occurs on the column under the conditions employed. The Versamid column has proved useful in the analysis of other polar fatty derivatives. Conjugated dienoic and trienoic acids run as their methyl esters are retarded sufficiently on Versamid 900 so that they may be estimated in the presence of other fatty acids. Mixtures of compounds with varying polarity, such as mono-, diand triacetin, and glycerol, may be separated easily. Hydroxy and normal fatty acid methyl esters give equally summetrical peaks.
Dust Absorption Along the Line of Sight for High-Redshift Objects

We estimate the optical depth distribution of dust present in absorption systems along the line of sight of high-redshift galaxies and the resulting reddening. We characterize the probability distribution of the transmission to a given redshift and the shape of the effective mean extinction law by means of analytical estimates and Monte Carlo simulations. We present our results in a format useful for applications to present samples of high-redshift galaxies and discuss the implications for observations with the James Webb Space Telescope. Our most realistic model takes into account the metallicity evolution of damped Lyα absorbers and predicts that the effects of dust absorption are modest: at redshift z 5 the transmission is above 0.8 at an emitted wavelength λe = 0.14 μm with probability 90%. Therefore, dust obscuration along the line of sight will affect only marginally observations at very high redshift.
Spreading pigmented actinic keratosis. An electron microscopic study.

• Spreading pigmented actinic keratosis is a rarely reported premalignant, pigmented, epidermal tumor that can be difficult to distinguish clinically from other benign and malignant pigmented lesions. In an attempt to determine the cause of clinical hyperpigmentation, seven lesions from five patients were examined by light microscopy. Three of these lesions were also examined using electron microscopy. Findings from these studies indicate that hyperpigmentation is due to enhanced melanosome formation and distribution and not to a melanocytekeratinocyte melanosome transfer block. ( Arch Dermatol 1988;124:680-683)
Nitric oxide adducts of the binuclear iron site of hemerythrin: spectroscopy and reactivity

Nitric oxide forms adducts with the binuclear iron site of hemerythrin (Hr) at [Fe(II),Fe(II)]deoxy and [Fe(II),Fe(III)]semimet oxidation levels. With deoxyHr our results establish that (i) NO binds reversibly, forming a complex which we label deoxyHrNO, (ii) NO forms a similar but distinct complex in the presence of fluoride, which we label deoxyHrFNO, (iii) NO is directly coordinated to one iron atom of the binuclear pair in these adducts, most likely in a bent end-on fashion, and (iv) the iron atoms in the binuclear sites of both deoxyHrNO and deoxyHrFNO are antiferromagnetically coupled, thereby generating unique electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detectable species. The novel EPR signal of deoxyHrNO (deoxyHrFNO) with g[[ = 2.77 (2.58) and g = 1.84 (1.80) is explained by the magnetic interaction of the Fe(II) (S' = 2) and [FeNO]7 (S = 3/2) centers observed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Antiferromagnetic coupling leads to a ground state of Seff = 1/2. Analysis of the EPR parameters using the isotropic spin-exchange Hamiltonian, Hex = 2JS3/2.S2, and including zero-field splitting leads to a coupling constant, -J approximately 23 cm-1, for deoxyHrNO. The resonance Raman spectrum of deoxyHrNO shows features at 433 and 421 cm-1 that shift downward with 15N16O and that are assigned to stretching and bending modes, respectively, of the [FeNO]7 unit. Sensitivity of the bending mode to D2O suggests that bound NO participates in hydrogen bonding. We propose that the terminal oxygen atom of NO is hydrogen bonded to the proton of the mu-hydroxo bridge in the Fe-(OH)-Fe unit. A bent Fe-N-O geometry is supported by spectroscopic and structural comparisons to synthetic complexes and is consistent with a limiting [FeII,FeIIINO-] formulation for deoxyHrNO. Reversibility of NO binding to deoxyHr is demonstrated by bleaching of the optical and EPR spectra of deoxyHrNO upon additions of excess N3- or CNO-. DeoxyHrNO undergoes autoxidation under anaerobic conditions over the course of several hours. The product of this autoxidation appears to be an EPR-silent NO adduct of semimetHr. The formal one-electron oxidations of the binuclear iron site of deoxyHr by NO and by HNO2 can conceivably occur with no net change in charge on the iron site. In contrast, autoxidation of oxy- to metHr requires a change in net charge on the iron site, which may provide a kinetic barrier.
Assay of extracellular proteinases using a colorimetric collagen substrate for the differentiation of Serratia in the tribe Klebsielleae.

The gelatin test has been utilized for many years as a characteristic to separate the genusSerratia from other members of the tribe Klebsielleae. Gelatin is a large protein matrix that cannot diffuse into bacterial cells. Microbes that attack gelatin do so by producing extracellular proteinases. The measurement of gelatinase has suffered from the lack of a defineable endpoint and the inability to quantitate the enzyme. A method was developed utilizing an azodye-labelled collagen substrate that could measure the extracellular proteinase ofSerratia. The test was easy to perform, inexpensive, and potentially quantifiable. The azodye test corresponded completely with the gelatinase tests.
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β binds to and activates the P670 promoter of human papillomavirus type 16

Abstract The P 670 promoter of HPV16 directs transcription of the virus late genes in the differentiating epithelium. We found that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a key transcription factor that induces the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, enhanced the P 670 -driven transcription in transient reporter assays in HeLa cells and human primary keratinocytes, whereas it inhibited, as reported previously, the transcription from the early P 97 promoter. An electrophoretic mobility shift analysis identified two binding sites in the upstream region of P 670 for a bacterially expressed C/EBPβ. A chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that C/EBPβ bound to these sites of the P 670 reporter plasmid in HeLa cells. Nucleotide substitutions in these sites in the reporter plasmid abrogated the enhancement by C/EBPβ in the transient HeLa and keratinocyte assays, indicating that the C/EBPβ-binding to these sites is required for the enhancement of transcription from P 670 . These results suggest that C/EBPβ is involved in enhancing transcription from the P 670 during keratinocyte differentiation.
Periodontal Repair in Dogs: Supraalveolar Defect Models for Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Periodontal Reconstructive Therapy

It is increasingly evident that controlled preclinical models with reproducible defect characteristics and biologic reaction are critical for evaluation of safety and efficacy of periodontal reconstructive protocols. Our investigations have characterized a supraalveolar periodontal defect in the mandibular premolar region in the beagle dog. This surgically-created critical size defect heals with almost complete connective tissue attachment following immediate reconstructive surgery. When the defect is exposed to periodontitis-simulating conditions prior to surgery the new connective tissue attachment is reduced. Bone and cementum regeneration is limited for both defect variations. Critical aspects relative to animal selection and management, surgical protocol, histologic and statistical analysis are discussed. This preclinical model has proven effective for evaluation of safety and efficacy of devices and biologics used adjunctive to periodontal reconstructive therapy. J Periodontol 1994; 65:1151–1157.
Power system line outage detection and identification — A quickest change detection approach

A method to detect and isolate power system transmission line outages in near real-time is proposed. In particular, a linearized power system model is presented and a statistical model for line outage detection and isolation is developed using this model. To detect and isolate the line outage quickly, algorithms based on statistical quickest change detection are employed.
Fashion Studies In-between: A Methodological Case Study and an Inquiry into the State of Fashion Studies

AbstractThe article discusses the challenges in creating a multi-methodological approach to doctoral theses that take the study of fashion as their subject. Using my doctoral thesis on the Bakhtinian grotesque in fashion at the turn of the twenty-first century as a case study, the article highlights the need for the inclusion of theories and methods from a wide variety of disciplines and fields of studies. It also sets up a comparison between fashion studies and other emerging or newly emerged disciplines and fields of studies, chiefly film and performance studies. It suggests a parallel between the relation of fashion studies to costume studies and the relation of performance studies to theater studies. Finally, the article opens up the question of whether it is desirable for fashion studies to become a self-standing discipline and/or remain an interdisciplinary field, as it is described within the introductory pages of this journal.
Successful use in lung transplantation of an immunosuppressive regimen aimed at reducing target blood levels of sirolimus and tacrolimus.

Abstract Background The primary aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy in lung transplantation of an immunosuppressive regimen aimed at achieving sirolimus and tacrolimus concentrations of 6 to 10 μg/ml and 5 to 7 ng/ml, respectively. Methods We retrospectively identified 49 lung transplant recipients who were converted to an immunosuppressive regimen consisting of tacrolimus, sirolimus, and prednisone. Data collected included demographic information, laboratory work, episodes of rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) grade, and adverse effects. Results The most common reason for conversion to a sirolimus and tacrolimus regimen was BOS. The most common adverse effects were increased triglycerides (10%), leukopenia (8%), and skin rash (6%). Four patients (8%) experienced acute allograft rejection during the study period. We followed BOS grade for 1 year in 23 patients. Of these, BOS grade improved in 8, 13 patients remained unchanged, and 2 worsened. Eleven patients (22%) discontinued sirolimus because of adverse events. Conclusion An immunosuppressive regimen consisting of sirolimus and tacrolimus that aims to keep the trough drug concentrations at 6 to 10 μg/ml and 5 to 7 ng/ml, respectively, provides effective lung allograft protection while maintaining an acceptable side-effect profile. The use of this immunosuppressive combination may have a benefit with regard to BOS.
An improved periodic acid fuchsin sulfite staining method for evaluation of glycoproteins.

Modification of the Koiw and Gronwall procedure for the staining of glycoproteins separated by paper electrophoresis has adapted this method to papers of the Whatman 3MM class, with achievement of results comparable to those reported by direct chemical determination of hexose in the individual protein fractions. Preliminary concentration of specimen fluids was achieved by ultrafiltration through collodion sacks. A preliminary wash of the oven-dried paper strips with 95 per cent ethanol was found essential to clear the paper of buffer salts and insure that the p H in the oxidation procedure remained in the 3.0-3.5 range. Close control of the reagent composition and timing of each step were found necessary. Inclusion of 40 per cent ethanol in the oxidation bath and immersion of dry strips were required to insure rapid penetration of the periodic acid. Control of the oxidation procedure at 20 ± 0.5° for 12 minutes was of prime necessity to maintain a low background color. Also, the concentrations of hydrochloric acid in the dye bath and in the wash solutions were found to affect the quality of the final stain. The ethanol wash served to remove residual sulfite and hydrochloric acid and stabilize the color. The new method has been applied to the analysis of several body fluids of normal persons and patients with certain disease entities, and satisfactory glycoprotein distribution patterns have been obtained.
Functional consequences of the acute administration of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716A, in cannabinoid-naive and -tolerant animals: a quantitative 2-[14C]deoxyglucose study.

Abstract Cannabinoid systems have been shown to be involved in the regulation of ingestive behaviors. Administration of the cannabinoid antagonist, SR141716A, markedly reduces intake of sucrose solutions, food pellets, and ethanol. The purpose of the present studies was to identify the neural substrates that mediate these actions in rats using the quantitative autoradiographic 2-[ 14 C]deoxyglucose (2-DG) method. In the first study, rats were trained to lever press in daily 15-min sessions for food pellets under a fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. On the day of the experiment, rats received SR141716A (0, 1or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min prior to behavioral testing, and the 2-DG procedure was initiated immediately after the operant test session. The acute administration of SR141716A dose-dependently decreased rates of responding and was accompanied by decreases in glucose utilization concentrated in the limbic system, particularly those areas mediating motivated behavior. Because the effects of SR141716A on behavior are intensified in animals tolerant to the effects of Δ 9 -THC, the purpose of the second study was to assess the effects of the SR141716A administration on food-maintained responding and rates of glucose utilization in tolerant animals. The suppression of responding was greater in tolerant than in drug-naive animals. Furthermore, decreases in cerebral metabolism were more intense and widespread. Although still concentrated in limbic regions, functional changes now included areas subserving the regulation of ingestive behavior including the hypothalamus. These data suggest that the effects of SR141716A administration shift in the tolerant animal and may involve different aspects of feeding behavior than in cannabinoid-naive animals.
Is Morphosyntactic Change Really Rare

Jurgen Meisel argues that “grammatical variation. . .can be described. . .in terms of parametric variation”, and – crucially for his arguments in this paper – that “parameter settings do not change across the lifespan”. To this extent he adopts the standard generative view, but he then departs from what he calls “the literature on historical linguistics” (by which he means the generative literature only) in developing the arguments leading to his major claims: that only “transmission failure” resulting from L2 acquisition can produce parametric morphosyntactic change; that any L2 learners, children or adults, may be the agents of change; that such changes “happen less frequently than is commonly assumed”; and that, “in larger and more complex societies, situations in which L2 learners exert a major influence on a language are most likely to emerge in periods of substantial demographic changes” (his example is a plague that kills most members of a speech community). Adult L2 learners, according to Meisel, can only be agents of parametric change if they provide most or all of the input for the next generation's L1 acquisition.
United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on veterinary pests.

An overview of ARS research in the field of veterinary pests is presented. Results of research from the past three years on ticks, fire ants, nuisance flies, mosquitoes, sand flies and black flies, among others, are included. Where applicable, significance of research is discussed. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical phase conjugation in polycarbonate resin doped with Coumarin 314 dye

Optical phase conjugate wave generation in Coumarin 314-doped polycarbonate resin is investigated by using 488-nm light for writing the grating and 632.8-nm light for reading it. The observed oscillatory behavior of grating growth as a function of writing time is attributed to heating effects.
Computational Modeling of the Structural Mechanism Linking Ligand and Corepressor Binding to Thyroid Hormone Receptors

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are nuclear receptors with two functional states. Upon binding to the thyroid hormone, TRs recruit coactivator proteins and activate gene transcription. Without the hormone ligands, TRs interact with corepressor proteins and repress transcription. Due to the importance of the thyroid hormone action in embryo development, metabolism, heart rhythm and cholesterol level, the molecular mechanism behind the functional switch has been studied extensively. However, the current available crystal structures of thyroid hormone receptor ligand binding domains (LBDs) are all in the ligand-bound (holo) form, with no revelation on ligand-free (apo) form or transcription corepressor bound form. In order to elucidate the complete apo to holo switch process, we constructed homology models of apo TR from the available apo structures of interrelated nuclear receptors: retinoid acid receptor (RXR) and peroxisome proliferators activated receptor (PPAR). Both models were subjected to energy minimization followed by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. Analysis of the MD simulations proved that the model based on PPAR was more stable than the model based on RXR. As a result, unlike the prevailing idea that TRs would exert a major structural change in the C-terminal activation helix (AF2) domain upon ligand binding, TRs exhibit only subtle changes at the AF2 domain. Our model predicts that the recruitment of corepressor proteins, which require the relocation of the AF2 domain, is more appropriately portrayed as an induced fit process. Additionally, we constructed homology models of TR LBD in complex with the nuclear receptor interacting domains of corepressor proteins. Molecular dynamic simulation of this receptor-correpressor complex system in the absence or presence of the ligand thyroid hormone has identified correlated conformational changes that may be important for the functional switch.
From Semiosis to Semioethics

“Rights” have their roots in responsibility. This essay addresses the question of where in nature does “responsibility” enter into the interactions among finite beings. My argument is that the answer lies in the “metasemiosis” whereby human beings, in contrast to alloanimals (and indeed to living and nonliving nature as a whole), are able to become aware of the relations themselves on which semiosis depends, and thereby to attain a realization of the consequences of our behavior not only within human society but also on the larger surroundings both biological and physical. It is from this species-specifically unique understanding of semiosis in its underlying relational being that responsibility arises as itself a species-specifically human phenomenon. As a result, whatever “rights” there are exist only as corollary to the responsibility that human animals must take for the consequences of human actions beyond as well as within the cultural realm.
Analysis of the FliM/FliG motor protein interaction by two-hybrid mutation suppression analysis

The Escherichia coli motor proteins FliM and FliG physically interact, presumably to control one or more of the functions of the bacterial flagellum clockwise/counterclockwise (CW/CCW) switch. We have previously demonstrated this interaction using the yeast two-hybrid system and have identified mutations in fliG that disrupt the interaction. Starting with the most interaction-defective of these fliG mutants, we mutagenized fliM to identify suppressor mutations that restore the FliM/FliG two-hybrid interaction. Certain fliM suppressor mutations exhibit allele specificity. These mutations help define a FliG-interaction surface on FliM. Moreover, the pattern of suppression suggests that two distinct sites on FliG interact with FliM, perhaps with two FliM molecules in a dimer per molecule of FliG.
Estimating Soil Hydraulic Parameters Using Passive Microwave Data

Useful quantitative information about soil properties may be obtained by calibrating energy and moisture balance models with remotely sensed data. In this study, a soil physics model solves heat and moisture flux equations in the soil profile and is driven by the surface energy balance. Model-generated surface temperature and soil moisture and temperature profiles are then used in a microwave emission model to predict the soil brightness temperature. The model hydraulic parameters are varied until the predicted temperatures agree with the remotely sensed measurements. Using this method, values were estimated for hydraulic conductivity, matric potential and soil moisture at saturation, and a soil texture parameter. The conductivity agreed with values measured with an infiltration ring and the other parameters agreed with values in the literature.
Synthesis, Structure, and Two Polymorphs of 4-((1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)methyl)-1-methoxypyridinium tetrafluoroborate

4-((1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)methyl)-1-methoxypyridinium tetrafluoroborate, C15H13BF4N2O3, 1, was obtained by alkylation of the corresponding N-oxide and has been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, UV spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography. The crystal undergoes a reversible phase transition between 173 and 293 K. At room temperature, crystals are orthorhombic, space group Pna21 with a = 7.2487(3) A, b = 17.8359 (8) A, c = 12.4077(6) A, V = 1604.16(12) A3, and Z = 4. At 173 K, cations adopt four conformations in monoclinic space group Cc with a = 24.7076(29) A, b = 14.4145(9) A, c = 21.8765(25) A, β = 126.249(17)°, V = 6283.3(7) A3, and Z = 16. The compound is photostable in the crystal and does not undergo homolytic N–O bond cleavage as observed in solution. The title compound has been synthesized in three steps from commercially available compounds and is photostable in the crystal, which appears in two different space groups depending on the temperature.
Fasciola hepatica Infection in the United States

Fascioliasis is a worldwide infection caused by the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. In the United States, fascioliasis is an uncommon infection and is mainly reported among the immigrant population. Fasciola hepatica infection comprises 2 distinct stages (hepatic and biliary) and manifests mainly as abdominal pain, elevated liver enzymes, and eosinophilia. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing is sensitive for both stages while stool exams for F. hepatica eggs are positive only in the biliary stage. Radiographic findings using computed tomography and ultrasonography are not specific but support the diagnosis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been increasingly used to diagnose F. hepatica and to remove the adult fluke from the biliary tree. Triclabendazole is currently the recommended drug for treating F. hepatica infection. The rarity of the disease in the United States can result in a delayed diagnosis and sometimes in mismanagement. Physicians should consider this infection in patients with abnormal liver function and peripheral eosinophilia, especially in the immigrant population.
The IVHS mobile channel: Precise characterization of highway fading via ray-tracing

The mobile channel in all intelligent vehicle and highway systems (IVHS) scenarios of interest, namely surface streets and highways, is thoroughly characterized as a multipath fading channel via ray tracing. Due to immediate practical interest, emphasis is put on the analysis of highway IVHS. Multiple access techniques allow for coverage of a section of highway (cell) with a single base station (BS) antenna instead of one antenna per lane. A multiray model is developed which takes into account not only the infrastructure geometry, but also the BS antenna placement, and any beam shaping involved, either passive (metallic reflectors) or active (antenna array). The results seem to indicate that there is some flexibility in obtaining signal confinement to within a cell by playing around with cheap, simple antenna configurations, irrespective of the placement of the BS antenna. >
General formulas for 2-D leaky-wave antennas

General formulas for a two-dimensional (2-D) leaky-wave antenna (LWA) are obtained, which are applicable to any general class of 2-D leaky-wave antenna that consists of a partially reflecting surface that is mounted on top of a grounded substrate, and excited by a simple source. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the radiated fields, the field peak values in the E- and H-planes, the beamwidths in the E- and H-planes, and the pattern bandwidth. The formulas are obtained from a simple transverse equivalent network model of the structure. An accurate formula for the substrate thickness necessary to give a beam at any desired angle is also obtained.
Severe Mental Illness, Stigma, and the Value of Treatment

How important an issue is mental illness for Kentucky attorneys? Kentucky Supreme Court Justice Bill Cunningham confronted it very recently in an article published in the "News Democrat Leader". There he discussed the high suicide rate of attorneys (twice as high as the general population — with males between ages 48-65 most at risk). Of all occupational groups, lawyers have the highest rate of clinical depression. Drug and alcohol abuse are major problems. The divorce rate for attorneys is the highest of the professions. Idealistic young lawyers become burned out victims of the justice system and the general stress of the practice of law. To err may be human, but it also can spell disaster to a client’s life, liberty and/or livelihood. Constant worry and the impossible drive for perfection easily turn into mental and emotional disaster.While not all with serious mental diseases flourish as I have done, I show what is possible when you combine hard work with excellent medical care. At least for me, treatment works. Couple that with being too stubborn to give into a psychiatric illness and you have what gets me through life as a law professor of over twenty-five years and counting. Remember my mantra: “stigma’s wrong, and treatment works!”
Photoacoustic Tomography: Ultrasonically Beating Optical Diffusion and Diffraction

Photoacoustic tomography provides in vivo multiscale functional, metabolic, molecular, and histologic imaging across the scales of organelles, cells, tissues, and organs with consistent contrast. Penetration and resolution have reached 7 cm and 90 nm, respectively.
Image-Based Target Tracking of Observable Features in Precision Projectiles

The principal objective was to provide quick and accurate image-based target acquisition and tracking in a difficult environment. Features were detected and described using Speeded Up Robust Features. The scope of the investigation is a slow-rolling, slow-launched precision projectile. A fin-stabilized projectile was created with a strap-down imager located inside the projectile. The projectile was launched from an air pressure-powered gun at low speed and low roll rate. The experimental data was then fed into the algorithm. Speeded Up Robust Features was used to acquire the target. A stationary target was used, but the method may be expanded to include moving targets. The experimental data was fed into the algorithm for post-processing, but future enhancements aim for on-board, real-time processing.
Concomitant surgical cryoablation for refractory ventricular tachycardia and left ventricular assist device placement: a dual remedy but a recipe for thrombosis?

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) can persist following placement of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The optimal management strategy for VT during the peri-LVAD period is unknown. Two case reports are presented that describe epicardial and endocardial VT ablation performed during LVAD placement. Subsequently, both patients developed LVAD thrombosis, a known and dreaded complication of LVADs, requiring re-operation. While LVAD thrombosis is likely multifactorial and remains an area of active research, these two cases should increase awareness of the possible risks of VT ablation—especially endocardial ablation—during LVAD placement. Further research is needed to understand the effects of VT ablation during the peri-LVAD period.
Caries Risk Assessment Item Importance: Risk Designation and Caries Status in Children under Age 6.

Caries risk assessment (CRA) is widely recommended for dental caries management. Little is known regarding how practitioners use individual CRA items to determine risk and which individual items in...
Problems of SF6 Gas Density Monitor in Field Inspection

Principle and performance of SF6 gas density monitor and items,periodic time,standard in field inspection are introduced.Importance of SF6 gas density monitor inspection is emphasized,attended modes about monitor with equipment body is expounded.At last,matters and attention of SF6 gas density monitor field inspection are presented.