cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor Recurrence After Complete Resection for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background Long-term survival after R0 resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is less than 50%. The majority of mortality after resection is related to tumor recurrence. The purpose of this study was to identify independent perioperative and pathologic variables that are associated with NSCLC recurrence after complete surgical resection. Methods A retrospective examination was performed of a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent resection for NSCLC from July 1999 to August 2008 at a single institution. Clinicopathologic variables were evaluated for their influence on time to recurrence. Cox's proportional regression hazard model examined the association of recurrence in NSCLC. Results A total of 1,143 patients met inclusion criteria and had complete follow-up information. Of these patients, 378 (33.1%) had recurrence of the primary cancer. Median follow-up was 24 months (range, 3–134 months). Preoperative tumor maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ) greater than 5 was associated with increased risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.81; p = 0.01). Preoperative radiation was independently associated with recurrence (HR, 1.98; p = 0.05) as well as the presence of pathologic stage II and stage III disease (stage II: HR, 2.53; p = 0.05; stage III: HR, 6.49; p = 0.006). Subgroup analysis found that sublobar resection was also associated with locoregional recurrence after resection (HR, 4.17; p = 0.02) and lymphovascular invasion of distant recurrence (HR, 4.21; p = 0.002). Conclusions In the largest series reported to date on postresectional recurrence of NSCLC, SUV max greater than 5, increasing pathologic stage, and the administration of preoperative radiation were independently associated with NSCLC recurrence after resection. Sublobar resection was independently associated with locoregional recurrence, and lymphovascular invasion was associated with distant recurrence.
The self-instructive process in classroom learning contexts

Abstract Recent theoretical advances, combined with expanded empirical bases regarding the processes of learning and effective teaching, point to the educational value of developing competencies and attitudes that enable students to learn in an active and deliberate manner. Yet these findings have had little influence on the design and implementation of practices for improving learning efficiency and effectiveness. This paper focuses on the rationale and design of a conceptual model for the study of the self-instructive process in classroom learning situations. The self-instructive process is defined as student's ability to access, organize, and use relevant knowledge and skills for new learning. A major premise undergirding the model's design is that individual differences in student's ability to be self-instructive have significant implications for systematic instructional planning and for student learning outcomes. The discussion includes an overview of the conceptual model; an explication of contemporary theories and the empirical basis for the conception of the active mediating function that students play in their own learning. Furthermore, the relationship between use of the self-instructive process in learning and the dynamic interactions between individual students' personal characteristics and the classroom learning environment is discussed. A program of research is proposed for developing a descriptive data base on the role of the learner in classroom learning situations and conducting instructional design experimentations for the design of learning environments and teaching practices that foster development and use of self-instructive skills in learning. The model's utility for studying the self-instructive process in classroom situations is illustrated.
Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on the gonadotrophic content of the anterior pituitary in the rat.

NELSON, Lyons and Evans (1951) have previously shown that the reproductive disturbances observed in pyridoxine (B6) deficiency are due to a lack of the ovarian hormones, estrin and progestin. This was demonstrated by the maintenance of pregnancy in B6-deficient rats injected with the synthetic hormones, estrone and progesterone, at the dosage levels known to be effective in rats hypophysectomized and oophorectomized after breeding (Lyons, 1943). Attempts to maintain pregancy in B6-deficient rats with the pituitary gonadotrophins were only partially successful, indicating that the function of both the pituitay and the ovary was affected by Be-depletion (Nelson, Lyons and Evans, 1953). To obtain information on the anterior pituitary, the glands of both B6- deficient and normal rats have been bioassayed for the three gonadotrophic hormones. Ovarian function, as shown by the response to injected gonadotrophins will be considered in a later report. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The anterior pituitaries of normal and of...
Meat science and muscle biology symposium-Role of satellite cells in anabolic steroid-induced muscle growth in feedlot steers

Both androgenic and estrogenic steroids are widely used as growth promoters in feedlot steers because they significantly enhance feed efficiency, rate of gain, and muscle growth. However, despite their widespread use relatively little is known about the biological mechanism by which androgenic and estrogenic steroids enhance rate and efficiency of muscle growth in cattle. Treatment of feedlot steers with a combined estradiol (E2) and trenbolone acetate (TBA) implant results in an increased number of muscle satellite cells, increased expression of IGF-1 mRNA in muscle tissue, and increased levels of circulating IGF-1. Similarly, treatment of bovine satellite cell (BSC) cultures with either TBA or E2 results in increased expression of IGF-1 mRNA, increased rates of proliferation and protein synthesis, and decreased rates of protein degradation. Effects of E2 on BSC are mediated at least in part through the classical E2 receptor, estrogen receptor-α (ESR1), the IGF-1 receptor (IGFR1), and the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1), formerly known as G protein-coupled receptor-30 (GPR30). The effects of TBA appear to be primarily mediated through the androgen receptor. Based on current research results, it is becoming clear that anabolic steroid-enhanced bovine muscle growth involves a complex interaction of numerous pathways and receptors. Consequently, additional in vivo and in vitro studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in this complex process. The fundamental information generated by this research will help in developing future, safe, and effective strategies to increase rate and efficiency of muscle growth in beef cattle.
Current Folklore in the Criticisms of Parsonian Action Theory

This paper examines the often repeated assertion that Parsons abandoned the notion of “voluntarism” in favor of “macrofunctionalism” or ”behavioristic naturalism” and that the Parsonian scheme therefore reveals marked discontinuity. When Parsons’strategy for theory building is appreciated, this prevalent assumption proves to be incorrect. In fact, the Parsonian action scheme evidences a considerable degree of continuity from 1937 to the present. While a prevalent piece of sociological folklore is refuted by a careful examination of the Parsonian theory building strategy, a number of significant problems in following this strategy are felt to remain.
Exon 2 of human cathepsin B derives from an Alu element

Transcripts for the cysteine protease cathepsin B are alternatively spliced in the untranslated regions (UTRs). We show that a cathepsin B probe containing 5'-UTR sequences hybridized to an RNA of approximately 300 nt in addition to the typical 2.2 and 4.0 kbp mRNAs. Within this 5'-UTR, exon 2 was found to be homologous to Alu repetitive elements. Specifically, exon 2 was part of an Alu element interspersed with the cathepsin B gene. The approximately 300 nt band that hybridized to our cathepsin B probe likely corresponds to Alu transcripts, which are known to accumulate in human cells. Indeed, a similarly migrating band was detected with an authentic Alu probe. Thus, we suggest that primary transcripts for cathepsin B contain Alu sequences which are preserved as exon 2 in some fully spliced mRNAs.
Retention of trigrams by deaf and hearing subjects as a function of pronunciability

Comparisons were made of the recognition memory of deaf and hearing Ss for two types of nonsense CVCs, one type being high in pronunciability (PR) and the other type being low in PR. Large numbers of deaf and control Ss were studied, and deaf Ss were drawn from two different types of school programs. The dependent measure was the number of items recognized after one trial of each of two 20-word series exposed by slides. The most outstanding feature of the results is an interaction of groups with PR levels. Deaf Ss are superior in overall performance and perform equally well on high PR and low PR items, but hearing Ss perform significantly better on high PR items than on low PR items. Since the strength of PR habits is minimal in the deaf, the results raise some questions about the relations between PR and verbal learning in hearing Ss. It is suggested that PR may inhibit rather than facilitate retention in hearing Ss at some levels of the variable. The superior performance of the deaf, also observed in previous research, remains to be explained.
Visual field effects in the discrimination of sine-wave gratings.

The time needed to decide whether the second of two successively presented sinusoidal gratings was of a higher or lower spatial frequency than the first was measured for spatial frequencies of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 cycles per degree (cpd) presented in either the left visual field (LVF) or right visual field (RVF). A LVF advantage was found for discriminating within the low-spatial-frequency range (i.e., 1 and 2 cpd), whereas a RVF advantage was found for discriminating within the high-spatial-frequency range (i.e., 4-12 cpd). These findings support the conclusion that hemispheric asymmetries in the processing of gratings arise when comparisons-are -made between the output of spatial-frequency channels.
Liver repair and hemorrhage control by using laser soldering of liquid albumin in a porcine model.

Background and Objective We evaluated laser soldering by using liquid albumin for welding liver injuries. Major liver trauma has a high mortality because of immediate exsanguination and a delayed morbidity from septicemia, peritonitis, biliary fistulae, and delayed secondary hemorrhage. Study Design/Materials and Methods Eight laceration (6 × 2 cm) and eight nonanatomic resection injuries (raw surface, 6 × 2 cm) were repaired. An 805-nm laser was used to weld 50% liquid albumin–indocyanine green solder to the liver surface, reinforcing it with a free autologous omental scaffold. The animals were heparinized and hepatic inflow occlusion was used for vascular control. All 16 soldering repairs were evaluated at 3 hours. Results All 16 laser mediated liver repairs had minimal blood loss as compared with the suture controls. No dehiscence, hemorrhage, or bile leakage was seen in any of the laser repairs after 3 hours. Conclusion Laser fusion repair of the liver is a reliable technique to gain hemostasis on the raw surface as well as weld lacerations. Lasers Surg. Med. 27:319–328, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The shape of dark matter haloes : dependence on mass, redshift, radius and formation

Using six high-resolution dissipationless simulations with a varying box size in a flat Lambda cold dark matter (ACDM) universe, we study the mass and redshift dependence of dark matter halo shapes for M vir = 9.0 x 10" - 2.0 x 10 14 h -1 M ⊙ , over the redshift range z = 0-3, and for two values of σ 8 = 0.75 and 0.9. Remarkably, we find that the redshift, mass and σ 8 dependence of the mean smallest-to-largest axis ratio of haloes is well described by the simple power-law relation (s) = (0.54 ± 0.02)(M vir /M * ) -0.050±0.003 , where s is measured at 0.3R vir , and the z and σ 8 dependences are governed by the characteristic non-linear mass, M * = M * (z, σ 8 ). We find that the scatter about the mean s is well described by a Gaussian with a ∼ 0.1, for all masses and redshifts. We compare our results to a variety of previous works on halo shapes and find that reported differences between studies are primarily explained by differences in their methodologies. We address the evolutionary aspects of individual halo shapes by following the shapes of the haloes through ∼100 snapshots in time. We determine the formation scalefactor a c as defined by Wechsler et al. and find that it can be related to the halo shape at z = 0 and its evolution over time.
Clinical Application of Microarray-Based Molecular Cytogenetics: An Emerging New Era of Genomic Medicine

G eneticists have long recognized the role of genomic imbalances (eg, deletions or duplications of chromosomal material) in the pathogenesis of human disorders. Numerous methods have been developed to detect genomic alterations since the discovery of the correct chromosome number in human cells in 1956. In 1959, Lejeune et al discovered that an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) caused Down syndrome, the first evidence linking genomic imbalances with human disease. Soon after, new clinical syndromes were delineated on the basis of the identification of multiple patients with the same cytogenetic abnormality, such as trisomy 13 in Patau syndrome and trisomy 18 in Edwards syndrome. The identification of the Philadelphia chromosome, which was later showed to be caused by a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and its association with chronic myelocytic leukemia in 1960 marked the beginning of cancer cytogenetics. The invention of chromosome banding techniques in 1970 led to the discovery of numerous structural chromosome aberrations and their association with human diseases. By optimizing culture conditions to arrest cellular division at prometaphase, high-resolution banding could detect chromosomal changes to a resolution of 3 to 5 Mb. The next breakthrough in cytogenetics was the development of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technology, which laid the foundation for molecular cytogenetics. The technology not only allows the detection of small genomic alterations of 50 Kb to 100 Kb, but also permits the direct visualization of these alterations in uncultured cells. These features made FISH testing ideal not only in detecting microdeletion/microduplication syndromes, but also for prenatal aneuploidy screens, where a fast turnaround time is highly desirable, and for cancer genetics studies, where metaphase chromosomes may not be obtainable. Although FISH allows the detection of genomic imbalances with great
Etiology of Congenital Scoliosis

Congenital scoliosis may have an environmental or genetic etiology. Environmental etiologies have focused on maternal carbon monoxide exposure in mice early in gestation. Genetic studies have focused on skeletal patterning genes in the human and the mouse. Genetic mutations have been isolated in the related Jarcho-Levin syndrome.
Adsorption heterogeneity and thermodynamic driving forces in anion exchange equilibria of cytochrome b5

Abstract Batch adsorption studies of recombinant soluble core of rat cytochrome b5 on the polymeric strong anion exchanger, Mono Q, show non-Langmuirian adsorption isotherms. Adsorption data are well fit by the Hill equation. Concave-upward Scatchard plots, and values of the Hill coefficient below unity, imply heterogeneous adsorption due to negative lateral interaction between adsorbed molecules and/or nonuniform binding affinities of adsorbent sites. Adsorption isotherms from the batch studies can be interpreted in terms of a stoichiometric displacement model for obtaining the apparent number of binding interactions (Z) between the protein and the adsorbent surface. Z values obtained are low and fractional and represent an average over diverse binding forms arising from surface heterogeneity, van't Hoff plots of the adsorption data vary in slope over the experimental temperature range. The positive enthalpies at low temperatures indicate a dominant entropic contribution to the driving force, possibly arising from the liberation of bound ions and waters of solvation upon adsorption.
Current mood-state and past depression as predictors of self-esteem and dysfunctional attitudes among adolescents

This study investigated the roles of current mood-state and past depression in predicting self-esteem and dysfunctional attitudes in a sample of 110 adolescents who were presently non-depressed. First, the authors tested the hypothesis that lower self-esteem and more dysfunctional attitudes would be found among adolescents with more severe past depression (after statistically controlling current mood-state and gender). Second, the authors tested the mood-state hypothesis (Persons, J. B., & Miranda, J. (1992). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 485‐502; Segal, Z. V., & Ingram, R. E. (1994). Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 663‐695) which posits that negative cognitive styles are more sensitive to the eAects of current mood-state among individuals with more severe past depression. Results suggested that lower self-esteem (but not greater dysfunctional attitudes) is associated with more severe past depressive symptomatology. In contrast to the mood-state hypothesis, we found that adolescents with more severe past depression showed less (rather than greater) congruence between negative aAect and both self-esteem and dysfunctional attitudes than those with less severe past depression. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Erythrocyte glutathione reductase as a measure of riboflavin nutritional status of pregnant women and newborns.

SummaryThe assay of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) used to assess the riboflavin nutritional status has been modified to increase its utility.The levels of EGR in cord blood are significantly higher than those in the blood of well-nourished pregnant women at term.In both maternal and cord blood the activity coefficients (AC) were near 1, indicating that the EGR in both was saturated with FAD. This method to determine riboflavin deficiency can be applied to both pregnant women and newborns, and is not affected by increased reticulocytes.
Handbook of Research in Education Finance and Policy

Sponsored by the Association for Education Finance and Policy (AEFP), this groundbreaking new handbook assembles in one place the existing researchbased knowledge in education finance and policy, thereby helping to define this evolving field of research and practice. It provides a readily available resource for anyone seriously involved in education finance and policy in the United States and around the world.
Effect of early feeding on maturation of the preterm infant's small intestine.

To determine the response of the preterm infant's intestine to entire feedings at different postnatal ages, we recorded results of manometry of the gastroduodenum and determined fasting plasma concentrations of gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, neurotensin, and peptide YY three times in each of two groups: 27 preterm infants were randomly assigned to receive hypocaloric enteral nutrition on postnatal days 3 to 5 (early feeding) or on days 10 to 14 (late feeding). Initial observations (study 1) were performed by the fifth postnatal day; study 2 was performed on days 10 to 14, and study 3 on days 24 to 28. Early-fed infants received hypocaloric feedings immediately after study 1; late-fed infants did not receive enteral feedings until the completion of study 2. Although motor activity and fasting gastrointestinal peptide concentrations did not differ between groups at study 1, at study 2 early-fed infants had significantly more mature motor patterns than did bables not being fed. Early-fed infants also had significantly higher plasma concentrations of gastrin and gastric inhibitory peptide than did late-fed infants; neurotensin and peptide YY values were similar in both groups. By the time of study 3, when late-fed infants had also received enteral feedings, gut development was not different in the two groups. However, early-fed infants were able to tolerate full oral nutrition sooner, had fewer days of feeding intolerance, and had shorter hospital stays. Thus the provision of early hypocaloric nutrition was associated with earller nutrition of preterm infants' intestinal function and resulted in improved feeding tolerance. These findings support the use of early feedings in preterm infants.
Zone-based data striping for cloud storage

Data centers in the "cloud" will need to support a wide range of applications, each with their own input/output (I/O) requirements. Some applications perform small and random I/O operations, whereas others demand high streaming bandwidth. In addition, in order to reduce costs, cloud data centers will contain thousands of commodity servers and network switches. Delivering high performance with unreliable commodity hardware for this range of workloads is a grand challenge. ZoneFS uses zone-based data striping in data center infrastructures built from commodity network switches. By striping data in zones, ZoneFS reduces network congestion and avoids one or more storage servers from becoming I/O bottlenecks. In this paper, we present the overall design and implementation of ZoneFS and evaluate its key features with several cloud-computing workloads.
Globalisation, Empire, and the Vampire

In his paper, "Globalisation, Empire, and the Vampire," Mario Vrbancic opens up the question of the possibility of a dialectical utopian thinking in postmodernism. Following Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, Vrbancic analyses the vampire as the nation looking both at Hardt and Negri's theory of Empire and Žižek psychoanalytically inclined theory of nationalist identification. The vampire always occurs in the wake and decay of Empires: Dracula embodies Victorian fears of the infestation of the undead by invading the imperial centre; in America vampires disperse and multiply in popular culture and the mass media; in a newly emerging global order (Empire) they may embody the power of the multitude, with a view from the real of a hazy mirage of the earthly Jerusalem in their quest for global citizenship. Mario Vrbancic, "Globalisation, Empire, and the Vampire" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 9.2 (2007):
Trajectory guided recognition of actions

A computer vision method is presented for recognizing the non-rigid motion observed in objects moving in a 3D environment. This method is embedded in a more complete mechanism that integrates low-level (image processing), mid- level (recursive 3D trajectory estimation), and high-level (action recognition) processes. Multiple moving objects are observed via a single, uncalibrated video camera. A Kalman filter formulation is used in estimating the relative 3D motion trajectories. The recursive estimation process provides a prediction and error measure that is exploited in higher-level stages. In this paper we concentrate in the action recognition stage. The 3D trajectory, occlusion, and segmentation information are utilized in extracting stabilized views of the moving object. Trajectory-guided recognition (TGR) is then proposed as an efficient method for adaptive classification of action. The TGR approach is demonstrated using 'motion history images' that are then recognized via a mixture of Gaussian classifier. The system was tested in recognizing various dynamic human outdoor activities; e.g., running, walking, roller blading, and cycling.
Effect of Nucleotides and Related Compounds on Glutamine Synthetase Activity in Chick Embryo Retina: A Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Study

: The effect of a number of nucleotides and related compounds on glutamine synthetase (GS) induction in retina from 12-day chick embryo was studied with both biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. A number of these compounds gave rise to GS activity comparable to that induced by treatment with cortisol, which is known to give rise to precocious induction of the enzyme in this system. Of the cyclic nucleotides examined, cAMP (0.5-1.2 × 10−3 M) gave essentially no increase in GS activity. In contrast, dibutyryl cAMP (0.8 × 10−3 M) had a more significant effect on GS activity, as did 8-bromo-cAMP and cGMP at the same concentration. The activity elicited by these nucleotides was generally half that obtained by treatment with 2.8 × 10−7 M-cortisol for the same length of time, 8-Bromo-cGMP (0.8 × 10−3 M) had an effect comparable to the aforementioned concentration of cortisol. Since phosphodiesterase activity is minimal in the chick retina at 12 days of development, addition of isobutylmethylxanthine (1 × 10−5 M) to this system had, as would be expected, little effect on GS activity. Of the noncyclic compounds, 8-bromoguanosine often gave rise to GS activity comparable to that obtained with cortisol. The other compounds (8-bromo-5′-GMP, guanosine, adenosine, and 5′-AMP) generally had less of an effect on GS. In general, the degree of staining in the immunohistochemical localization of GS corresponded well with the biochemical results and showed the enzyme to be present in regions consistent with the distribution of Muller cells and their processes. Thin-layer chromatography and radioimmunoassay of the nucleotides did not show any steroid impurity in any of the compounds used in the study, even when determinations were carried out at five times the concentration of nucleotide used in the experiments.
Rediscovering Christianity After the Postmodern Turn

After decades of both benign and hostile neglect, feminist historians appear to be rediscovering religion as an important site in the historical construction of gender. This review of ten recent books on religion and gender in Modern Britain outlines the methodological and thematic shifts of the last several decades, which have steered feminist historians away from analyses of religion that emphasize victimization and oppression and toward more nuanced readings of the ways in which faith, belief, religion and spirituality informed women’s (and men’s) roles, values, self-definitions and struggles for emancipation in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Radioautographic localization of hydralazine-1-C-14 in arterial walls.

SummaryBy radioautography, radiocarbon from hydralazine-1-C14 has been shown to be concentrated in the walls of muscular arteries in kidney, liver, spleen, heart, lung, brain, and muscle. It remains there in high concentrations for more than 2 days and in lower concentrations for more than 5 days.
Influence of dietary potassium and sodium on cesium-137 retention in rats.

The effect of supplementation of diet with high levels of KCl and NaCl on Cs/sup 137/ retention in rats was studied; the level of added alkali metal ion in each case was 5%. Both Na/sup +/ and K/sup +/ increased the rate of excretion of Cs/sup 137/ but also considerably enhanced water consumption. The response was probably due to the diuretic action of the salts rather than to specific ion antagonism. The exposure dose to the animal from Cs/sup 137/ was reduced by a factor of about 0.7 by high salt (Na/sup +/ or K/sup +/) intake. (auth)
Analysis of Verbal Interactions during an Extended, Open-Inquiry General Chemistry Laboratory Investigation.

This study explores effects of participation by second-semester college general chemistry students in an extended, open-inquiry laboratory investigation. Verbal interactions among a student lab team and with their instructor over three open-inquiry laboratory sessions and two non-inquiry sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Coding categories were developed using the constant comparison method. Findings indicate that, during open-inquiry activities, the student team interacted less often, sought less instructor guidance, and talked less about chemistry concepts than during their non-inquiry activities. Evidence suggests that the students employed science process skills and engaged in higher-order thinking during both types of laboratory activities. Implications for including open-inquiry experiences in general chemistry laboratory programs on student understanding of science as inquiry are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1160–1186, 2007
Identification of Inhibitors to Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 Protein Based on Three-dimensional Structures of Interacting Proteins

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause cutaneous and genital warts. A subset of HPV types is associated with a high-risk for progression to malignancy. The E6 protein from the high-risk HPV types represents an attractive target for intervention because of its roles in viral propagation and cellular transformation. E6 functions in part by interaction with human cellular proteins, several of which possess a helical E6-binding motif. The role for each amino acid in this motif for binding E6 has been tested through structure determination and site-directed mutagenesis. These structural and molecular biological approaches defined the spatial geometry of functional groups necessary for binding to E6. This E6-binding information (the E6-binding pharmacophore) was transferred into a three-dimensional query format suitable for computational screening of large chemical databases. Compounds were identified and tested using in vitro and cell culture-based assays. Several compounds selectively inhibited E6 interaction with the E6-binding protein E6AP and interfered with the ability of E6 to promote p53 degradation. Such compounds provide leads for the development of new pharmacologic agents to treat papillomavirus infections and their associated cancers.
Rapid Determination Of Total Sulfur In Plants And Soils By Combustion Sulfur Analysis

Abstract An automatic sulfur titrator paired with a high-frequency induction furnace were used to determine total sulfur concentrations in Alaska soil and plant material. Results were in close agreement with those obtained by turbidimetric and gravimetric methods and by similar combustion methods.
EPISTASIS AND THE EFFECT OF FOUNDER EVENTS ON THE ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE.

Models of founder events have focused on the reduction in the genetic variation following a founder event. However, recent work (Bryant et al., 1986; Goodnight, 1987) suggests that when there is epistatic genetic variance in a population, the total genetic variance within demes may actually increase following a founder event. Since the additive genetic variance is a statistical property of a population and can change with the level of inbreeding, some of the epistatic genetic variance may be converted to additive genetic variance during a founder event. The model presented here demonstrates that some of the additive-by-additive epistatic genetic variance is converted to additive genetic variance following a founder event. Furthermore, the amount of epistasis converted to additive genetic variance is a function of the recombination rate and the propagule size. For a single founder event of two individuals, as much as 75% of the epistatic variance in the ancestral population may become additive genetic variance following the founder event. For founder events involving two individuals with free recombination, the relative contribution of epistasis to the additive genetic variance following a founder event is equal to its proportion of the total genetic variance prior to the founder event. Traits closely related to fitness are expected to have relatively little additive genetic variance but may have substantial nonadditive genetic variance. Founder events may be important in the evolution of fitness traits, not because they lead to a reduction in the genetic variance, but rather because they lead to an increase in the additive genetic variance.
ATP binding to hemoglobin response gene 1 protein is necessary for regulation of the mating type locus in Candida albicans.

HBR1 (hemoglobin response gene 1) is an essential gene in Candida albicans that positively regulates mating type locus MTLα gene expression and thereby regulates cell type-specific developmental genes. Hbr1p contains a phosphate-binding loop (P-loop), a highly conserved motif characteristic of ATP- and GTP-binding proteins. Recombinant Hbr1p was isolated in an oligomeric state that specifically bound ATP with Kd ∼2 μm. ATP but not ADP, AMP, GTP, or dATP specifically protected Hbr1p from proteolysis by trypsin. Site-directed mutagenesis of the highly conserved P-loop lysine (K22Q) and the less conserved glycine (G19S) decreased the binding affinity for soluble ATP and ATP immobilized through its γ-phosphate. ATP bound somewhat more avidly than ATPγS to wild type and mutant Hbr1p. Although Hbr1p exhibits sequence motifs characteristic of adenylate kinases, and adenylate kinase and ATPase activities have been reported for the apparent human ortholog of Hbr1p, assays for adenylate kinase activity, autophosphorylation, and ATPase activity proved negative. Overexpression of wild type but not the mutant forms of Hbr1p restored MTlα2 expression in an HBR1/hbr1 mutant, indicating that ATP binding to the P-loop is necessary for this function of Hbr1p.
Phase Change Electrodes for Reducing Joule Heating During Irreversible Electroporation

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal tissue ablation modality that is gaining momentum as a viable treatment option for tumors and other non-cancerous pathologies [1]. The protocol consists of delivering a series of short (∼ 100 μs) and intense (∼ 1000 V/cm) pulsed electric fields through electrodes inserted directly into or around a targeted tissue. The pulses induce a rapid buildup of charge across the plasma membrane of cells comprising the tissue that results in the creation of permanent membrane defects, ultimately leading to cell death. Because the extent of cell death relies predominately on the extent of charge buildup and not thermal processes, extracellular matrix components are spared, including major nerve and blood vessel architecture. Additionally, the ablation volume is predictable based on the electric field distribution and visible in real-time via MRI, CT, and ultrasound.© 2012 ASME
Challenges for the millennium.

ABSTRACT Health sciences librarians will face many new challenges in the new millennium. Some we can predict and some we cannot. The Hospital Information Services columns will explore some of these challenges in this and subsequent issues.
The equilibrium shapes of small particles

Abstract The equilibrium shapes of small particles of Van der Waals, face-centered-cubic solids at 0 K are studied theoretically. Calculations are presented for a variety of shapes involving {100} and {111} type faces, as well as pseudospherical particles. It is found that second-neighbor interactions play an important role in determining particle shapes. For small enough particles there are some crossovers in the relative stability of various shapes. For this type of solids the pseudosphere is never stable. A suitably proportioned cuboctahedron is found to be the equilibrium shape for most particles.
Long-term follow-up of nonvascularized fibular autografts for distal radial reconstruction

Three patients with giant cell tumors of the distal radius had en bloc excision of the distal radius and replacement with the ipsilateral fibula. Two of the patients were followed for 16 years and one for 14 1/2 years. Forearm rotation, as well as wrist motion, was limited in all three patients, yet they remained functional and pain free except during periods of prolonged or excessive use. All three patients were pleased with the results. Bone union occurred primarily in all three patients without a supplemental bone graft or microvascular anastomosis. This method has a definite place in the hand surgeon's armamentarium when compared with radial allografts and microvascular free fibular translocation.
The sanctions paradox : economic statecraft and international relations

Despite their increasing importance, there is little theoretical understanding of why nation-states initiate economic sanctions, or what determines their success. This 1999 book argues that both imposers and targets of economic coercion incorporate expectations of future conflict as well as the short-run opportunity costs of coercion into their behaviour. Drezner argues that conflict expectations have a paradoxical effect. Adversaries will impose sanctions frequently, but rarely secure concessions. Allies will be reluctant to use coercion, but once sanctions are used, they can result in significant concessions. Ironically, the most favourable distribution of payoffs is likely to result when the imposer cares the least about its reputation or the distribution of gains. The book's argument is pursued using game theory and statistical analysis, and detailed case studies of Russia's relations with newly-independent states, and US efforts to halt nuclear proliferation on the Korean peninsula.
Reversal of the epinephrine stimulation of Cl− transport in bullfrog cornea by phorbol esters*

The effects of protein kinase C (PKC) stimulation with phorbol dibutyrate, PDBu, were determined on transepithelial net Cl− transport (Isc) across the isolated bullfrog cornea. Between 1 n m and 1 μ m , PDBu had no effect on either the Isc or the conductance, gt, as well as the membrane voltage (Vsc) but it decreased the fractional apical membrane resistance (fR0). PDBu caused a dose-dependent decline and reversal of the stimulatory effect of the mixed alpha and beta adrenergic agonist, epinephrine, on the Isc. With 1 μ m PDBu, 100 μ m epinephrine decreased the Isc by 20% below its control value. As without PDBu, epinephrine decreased fR0 and depolarized the Vsc. Evidence that this reversal by PDBu stems from a selective stimulation of PKC is: (1) neither its vehicle nor the inactive phorbol analog, 4α-phorbol didecanoate, PDD (1 μ m ), decreased either the fR0 or altered the stimulatory effect of epinephrine on the Isc (2) After preincubation with 30 μ m H-7, which inhibited PKC stimulation in subcellular membrane and cytosolic fractions of frog corneal epithelium, the stimulatory effect of epinephrine on the Isc was unchanged by 1 μ m PDBu. Preincubation with PDBu completely inhibited the stimulatory effect of the beta adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (10 μ m ), on the Isc but did not affect the stimulatory effect of 1 μ m forskolin on the Isc, indicating that PKC stimulation results in uncoupling of adrenergic regulation of adenylate cyclase activity. Epinephrine did not reverse the Isc in corneas that were preincubated with either the α2−-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine (100 μ m ), or the general alpha adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine (100 μ m ). With yohimbine, epinephrine had no effect on the Isc whereas with phenoxybenzamine the stimulation by epinephrine was fully restored. These effects suggest that stimulation of PKC is dependent upon the stimulation of α1-adrenergic receptors by epinephrine as well as the presence of PDBu. Reversal and stimulation of the Isc by epinephrine were both associated with a depolarization of the Vsc and similar decreases in fR0. These similar effects on fR0 suggest that PKC stimulation as well as α2 adrenergic activation by epinephrine are associated with increases in basolateral membrane resistance.
Covert sensitization treatment of alcoholism: contributions of successful conditioning to subsequent abstinence maintenance.

Abstract Covert sensitization (verbal aversion) treatment of alcoholism combined procedures of Cautela and Anant with multiple within-treatment dependent measures including physiological, behavioral and self-report responses. Imaginary drinking scenes emphasizing motivational, sensory and behavioral concomitants of alcohol ingestion were paired with nausea induced by verbal suggestion. Subjects' reports of nausea were accompanied by physiological responses (GSR, respiratory and digital pulse) and behavioral changes indicative of sickness. Verbally induced nausea was designated as demand nausea whereas nausea as an automatic response to imaginary drinking scenes was called conditioned nausea. Conditioned nausea, a goal of treatment, was developed by 68.6% of consistent nausea responders. Conditioned subjects maintained clinically and statistically significant extended periods of post-treatment abstinence. Additionally, a recent drinking-status classification placed conditioned subjects predominantly in abstinent and normal-drinking categories, whereas nonconditioned subjects were generally excessive drinkers. Concepts and findings from the animal taste aversion literature are considered in a discussion which attempts to reconcile present conditioning results with reported failures to observe conditioning during covert sensitization treatment of various problems and during electrical aversion treatment of alcoholism.
Output impedance linearization technique for current-steering DACs

Code and voltage dependence of the finite output impedance is a major contributor to current-steering DACs' nonlinearity. This paper introduces a novel output impedance linearization technique that very effectively reduces this code and voltage dependence. The linearization is achieved by using a small linearization DAC switched with control signals opposite to those for the main DAC. The area and power overhead is less than 5% of the main DAC. Simulation results with a 14-bit segmented current-steering DAC in standard 0.18µm CMOS process show that the DAC's integral nonlinearity due to finite output impedance is improved by almost 5 bits. Additional results also show that the linearization technique is very robust to random mismatch errors.
Non-capacitative Calcium Entry in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing the Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor

Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is believed to produce intracellular calcium (Ca2+ i) transients by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3)-mediated release of intracellular Ca2+ stores followed by “capacitative” Ca2+ entry due to emptying of these stores. We examined the roles for the phospholipase Cγ-InsP3 pathway and the emptying of InsP3-dependent intracellular Ca2+stores in PDGF-mediated Ca2+ entry. Intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ entry were measured with fluorometric methods in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing wild type or mutant PDGF receptors. Activation of the wild type PDGF receptor caused both intracellular “Ca2+ release,” measured in nominally 0 Ca2+ extracellular medium, and “Ca2+ entry,” measured upon addition of 2 mm Ca2+ medium. Both phases were absent in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing a PDGF receptor mutant (Y977F,Y989F) that fails to bind phospholipase Cγ. Blockade of the InsP3 receptor, by microinjection of single cells with low molecular weight heparin (5–50 mg/ml), blocked only Ca2+ i release (following PDGF or flash photolysis of caged InsP3) and had no effect on PDGF-induced Ca2+ entry. In whole cell patch-clamp experiments, intracellular heparin also failed to block PDGF-evoked ion currents. Release of InsP3-dependent intracellular Ca2+ stores, by flash photolysis of caged InsP3, was apparently not sufficient to maximally activate Ca2+ entry. Intracellular InsP3 caused significantly less Ca2+ entry than PDGF alone. These data suggest that InsP3 alone is not sufficient to maximally activate Ca2+ entry by the capacitative pathway and that products of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate breakdown other than InsP3 probably play a role in PDGF-mediated Ca2+ entry.
Collective properties of polyatomic gases in a magnetic field: Effects on light scattering spectrum

The effect of magnetic fields on collective properties of polyatomic gases has been extended outside the hydrodynamic regime. The calculations are based on a linearized Waldmann-Snider equation. The Waldmann-Snider collision operator is truncated yielding a finite matrix equation. The resulting matrix equation is solved on a computer to yield the polarized and depolarized light scattering spectra. These spectra are calculated in the absence and presence of a magnetic field. For long wavelengths it is found that the magnetic effects are of the same order of magnitude as in the Senftleben-Beenakker effects. For shorter wavelengths the effects disappear due to Doppler effects.
Paternity and relatedness in a polyandrous nonhuman primate: testing adaptive hypotheses of male reproductive cooperation

Male reproductive cooperation is rare in nature: expectations from evolutionary theory suggest that males should be competitors for reproductive opportunities and provide little parental care. Counter to this expectation, in cooperatively polyandrous mating systems, multiple adult males mate with a single breeding female and subsequently cooperate to rear her young. This raises the question of the fitness benefits of parental care, as males may be providing care to offspring that are not their own. Here, I use genetic and demographic data from a multiyear field study of Geoffroy’s tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi ,t o test predictions of the indirect and direct fitness benefits hypotheses. I found that polyandrous males within a group were related at levels consistent with filial or fraternal relationships (r ¼ 0.36e0.44) and could also share paternity (40% of groups had >2 male sires). Sharing of paternity occurred both within litters and over multiyear associations that remained stable throughout the study period of 2e3 years. However, remaining groups had a single sire, perhaps owing to the ability of males to prevail in sperm competition. These results suggest the joint role of indirect and direct fitness benefits in maleemale cooperation in tamarins, in contrast to other cooperatively polyandrous species. The high average relatedness of polyandrous males may be consistent with fraternal cooperative polyandry in this species, as observed in certain human societies, providing a novel example that should enhance comparative studies of the evolution of maleemale cooperation in reproduction.
Predictive Genetic Testing: Congruence of Disability Insurers' Interests with the Public Interest

This article argues that, under existing jurisprudence, the disability insurance business will be harmed, not benefited, from broad access to the results of genetic testing identifying people with higher than species-typical genetic propensities for illness.
How We Decide

How We Decide Jonah Lehrer Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009, 302 pp., $25.00 hardcover ISBN 978-0-618-62011-1Neoclassical economics provides us with clear guidance in the often mu...
United Nations’ Dedications A World Culture in the Making?

World culture, while a core issue for comparative sociology and an influential institution worldwide, is an illusive notion: it is difficult to imagine what norms, values and symbols unite us the w...