cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Industrial Revolution in World History

Introduction: Defining the Industrial Revolution * The First Phase, 17601880: The West Leads The Way Britains Revolution: New Processes and Economic Transformation New Causes: Why Did the Industrial Revolution Happen, and Why Did It Happen in Eighteenth-Century Britain? The Industrial Revolution in Western Society The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution Outside the West * The Second Phase, 18801950: The New Industrial Cast The Industrial Revolution Changes Stripes The Industrial Revolution in Russia The Industrial Revolution in Japan New Developments in Western Societies: Redefinitions of the Industrial Economy The Industrial Revolution in International Context * The Third Phase, 1950s1990s: The Industrialization Of The World The Industrial Revolution in the Past Half Century A New Range of Initiatives: Industrial Revolutions and Rapid Evolution The New Spectrum in the Less Industrial World: Evolution and Exploitation A Postindustrial Revolution? International Industry and the Complexities of Industrial Trends Conclusion
Improving the therapeutic index of topical phenylephrine by reducing drop volume.

Abstract This study examined the effect of reducing eyedrop volume on the efficacy and systemic absorption of a given quantity of phenylephrine hydrochloride. Aqueous phenylephrine hydrochloride (2.5%) given in the commercially available drop volume of 32 µl was compared with 10% aqueous phenylephrine given in an 8-µl volume. Both preparations contained the same total amount of phenylephrine per drop. Ten subjects had both eyes dilated with each of the phenylephrine solutions according to a randomized, double-crossover sequence. The mean final pupillary diameter was nearly 1.0 mm larger for the 8-,ul drop ( P = 0.0033). Nine of ten subjects achieved a larger pupillary diameter with the 8-µl drop. Systemic absorption, as measured by plasma phenylephrine level, was similar for the two drop volumes. Thus, the 8-µl drop achieved a significantly larger pupillary dilation without an increase in systemic absorption. Phenylephrine may have the most favorable risk-benefit ratio when administered as a high concentration in a small volume.
The quality council: a catalyst for improvement.

Before quality improvement can occur, an environment must be created that demonstrates a decisive commitment to change. In this article, Sarah Tackett presents the concept of the “quality council,” a structure that fosters employee participation and clearly defines the leadership roles needed to evaluate and implement improved processes. The quality council should be the first organizational step toward quality improvement because it will set the tone, establish policy, and create institutional readiness for the changes to come. Chaired by the organization's CEO, the council should consist of senior management and clinical department heads, administrators, and a quality advisor. Larger institutions may need several coordinated quality teams to focus on various areas. The author's lucid analysis of the process that the quality council should follow begins with the development of shared values that all employees can endorse. The next step is to select appropriate projects that have high interest and will result in an improved process, not just a new system or a predetermined solution to a problem. Ms. Tackett stresses the importance of picking the best possible team members, shifting workloads to allow a full focus on quality, and providing extra training in QI strategies to teams where needed. Finally, quality innovations should be recognized and shared throughout the institution.
A survey of propofol abuse in academic anesthesia programs.

BACKGROUND:Although propofol has not traditionally been considered a drug of abuse, subanesthetic doses may have an abuse potential. We used this survey to assess prevalence and outcome of propofol abuse in academic anesthesiology programs.METHODS:E-mail surveys were sent to the 126 academic anesthe
Investigation of the platelet sparing mechanism of paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy

Abstract Paclitaxel (P) and carboplatin (C) chemotherapy is reported to be a platelet-sparing drug combination. We investigated possible mechanisms for this by studying P & C's effects on: 1] normal human, and P- and C- treated patient-derived erythroid (BFU-E), myeloid (CFU-GM), and megakaryocyte (CFU-Meg) progenitor cell growth; 2] P-glycoprotein (P-gp) protein and glutathione S-transferase (GST) mRNA expression; 3] P & C patient serum levels of TPO, SCF, IL-6, IL-11, IL-1b, IL-8 and TNFa; and 4] marrow stromal cell production of TPO and SCF after P & C exposure. We found that CFU-Meg were more resistant to P alone, or in combination with C, than CFU-GM and BFU-E. We also found that CFU-Meg express P-gp protein and GST mRNA. That the former might play a role in drug resistance is suggested by the finding that verapamil treatment significantly increased P & C's toxicity to CFU-Meg (colony formation decreased ∼70%, p
Error-Prone Replication of West Nile Virus Caused by Ribavirin

Ribavirin has been reported to cause error-prone replication and viral extinction in RNA viruses. The antiviral activity of ribavirin against West Nile virus (WNV) was evaluated in various cell lines to select a model in which mutagenic effects could be studied. The antiviral activity was greatest in HeLa cells as compared to CV-1, L929, Vero, or MA-104 cells. WNV was also passaged sequentially in cell monolayers treated with ribavirin to determine whether cumulative mutations could lead to viral extinction in these cell lines. The virus was abrogated in HeLa cells after 4 passages, while high viral titers persisted after many passages in other cells. A molecular clone of WNV was propagated in HeLa cells treated with 15 microg/mL ribavirin, and sequencing of viral genome segments revealed significant increases in transition mutations, demonstrating that ribavirin induced error-prone replication. The relative infectivity of viral RNA synthesized in the presence of ribavirin was shown to be reduced compared with untreated controls. These data support the hypothesis that error catastrophe is one of the modes of action for ribavirin against WNV.
Congenital hyperparathyroidism secondary to maternal hypoparathyroidism

Twin premature infants delivered by a mother who had been hypoparathyroid for several years, after thyroidectomy, died in the newborn period of hyaline membrane disease and intracranial hemorrhage. Both infants had marked parathyroid hyperplasia and severe osteoporosis and osteitis fibrosa of bones, typical of hyperparathyroidism. Reports of only 3 such infants were found in the literature. Congenital hyperparathyroidism due to maternal hypoparathyroidism is less common than neonatal hypocalcemia due to maternal hyperparathyroidism and appears to have a better prognosis than familial congenital hyperparathyroidism with clear-cell parathyroid hyperplasia.
Structural effects of heating gold-based contacts to gallium phosphide☆

Abstract The formation of α′ AuGa was observed by X-ray diffraction in situ upon heating Au/Ni/Au-Ge/GaP(111) in nitrogen to ≥ 438 ± 12°C and subsequent cooling to 300°C. No AuGa phase formation was observed without cooling, suggesting that the reaction product was a liquid at the reaction temperature. The amount of α′ increased with increasing reaction temperature for the same reaction time. The peritectic transformation of α′ to α and liquid AuGa solution was observed reversibly upon subsequent heating to 388 ± 12°C. After the AuGa phase formation in Au/Ni/Au-Ge/GaP(111), scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy revealed ∼ 20 μm interconnected Au-rich islands and ∼ 2 μ m Ni-rich islands in a matrix which was Ga- and P-rich. In Au/GaP, Au-Ga phase formation was observed ex situ after heating in hydrogen to ≥ 475 ± 25°C, and a change from Schottky to near ohmic behavior was observed ex situ after heating in hydrogen to ≥ 400°C; neither AuGa phase formation nor appreciable change in the Schottky characteristic was observed when heated in nitrogen up to 550°C.
Acute Pancreatitis: Work-up and Management:

Acute pancreatitis is still a common clinical entity that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The most common etiological associations include chronic al coholism, biliary tract disease, ia...
Two-dimensional crystals: Monte-Carlo simulations near the melting region☆

Abstract Monte-Carlo simulations of two-dimensional systems of several hundred interacting particles are studied in order to delineate some of the features of the melting process. Structural and thermodynamic properties are monitored for equilibrium phases above and below the melting region. Free energy constructions estimate the melting temperature. Realistic pair potentials and substrate mediated effects for a xenon on silver [Xe/Ag(111)] system provide the particle interactions. The results are compared to earlier Lennard-Jones computations. Lattice dynamics and cell theory calculations are reviewed and comparisons to the Monte-Carlo results show that the computer program predicts consistent thermodynamic properties. This work combined with earlier computations allow the construction of a phase diagram showing some of the features expected for similar systems. Graphic displays show the occurrence of dislocation pairs, voids, particle exchange, and mixed phases. The technology of simulation is discussed, i.e. number of averaging configurations, equilibration, super heating, size effects, boundary conditions, and fluctuations.
The evaluation of a polyimide and a poly(amide-imide) as joint replacement materials

Abstract The possibility of using some high temperature materials in total hip replacement was evaluated, with special attention to the acetabular cup of this joint. Two commercially available materials, Torlon were studied using a thrust-washer type wear tester. The results indicate that the wear resistance of both materials is excellent in dry conditions. The use of water or blood plasma as lubricants, especially water, decreases the wear resistance of both materials. A scanning electron microscope study revealed that specimens tested in water or plasma conditions suffer severe three-body abrasion, while those tested dry evidently undergo a mild adhesive and/or delaminative type of wear.
Evaluating small firm performance in local context: A case study of manufacturers in Columbus, Ohio

This research approaches corporate restructuring from a place-based perspective, departing from firm or industry-specific analysis and focusing instead on the performance and problems of a local economy. The study systematizes data from a survey of small manufacturing firms in Columbus, Ohio, offering a methodology that can be used for comparative analyses of sectors within or among communities.
Histologic study of retinitis pigmentosa due to a mutation in the RP13 gene (PRPC8): comparison with rhodopsin Pro23His, Cys110Arg, and Glu181Lys.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the retina in autopsy eyes from patients over age 60 with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and a mutation in the RP13 gene (designated as PRPC8, Arg2310Gly), rhodopsin Pro23His, rhodopsin Cys110Arg, or rhodopsin Glu181Lys. Design Histologic study of the retina. Methods All eyes were prepared for electron microscopy within 12 hours after death. Results All eyes showed loss of rod photoreceptors. Remaining cones showed perinuclear membranous swirls, inclusion bodies in the inner segments, and shortened or absent outer segments despite causation by various gene defects. Conclusion The comparable histologic findings in these four cases suggest a final common pathway leading to photoreceptor cell death in these dominant forms of retinitis pigmentosa.
Educational Aspects of Mathematics Disabilities

Research suggests that students with learning disabilities have significant difficulty acquiring and retaining math skills. A variety of factors seem to be contributing to the poor math performance of these individuals. The purpose of this article is to discuss these factors and make recommendations that will enhance the likelihood of better math performance. The article begins with a discussion of national reform movements that have influenced math instruction (i.e., National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Standards, minimum competency testing, graduation requirements, inclusion). Next, learner characteristics are reviewed, then issues related to math instruction are described. Finally, ways to improve current practices in math education are discussed.
Systems Science A Good Investment for the Public’s Health

This supplement of Health Education & Behavior showcases the current state of the field of systems science applications in health promotion and public health. Behind this work lies a steady stream of public dollars at the federal level. This perspective details nearly a decade of investment by the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. These investments have included funding opportunity announcements, training programs, developing resources for researchers, cross-disciplinary fertilization, and publication. While much progress has been made, continuing investment is needed in the future to ensure the viability and sustainability of this young but increasingly important field.
Birth Control after 1984

1) Eric Blair (alias George Orwell) can rest easy in his grave, because birth control by governmentally imposed methods, such as incorporation of a contraceptive agent into drinking water, is totally unfeasible by 1984. 2) Fundamentally new birth control procedures in the female (for example, a once-a-month luteolytic or abortifacient agent) and a male contraceptive pill probably will not be developed until the 19809s at the earliest, and then only if major steps of the type outlined in this article are instituted in the early 19709s. Development during the next decade of practical new methods of birth control without important incentives for continued active participation by the pharmaceutical industry is highly unlikely. If none are developed, birth control in 1984 will not differ significantly from that of today.
Phenotypic expression of malignancy in hybrid and cybrid mouse cells.

This study has been directed toward the effect of cytoplasmic transfer on the expression of marker properties in hybrid cell systems. Conventional hybrids between two nucleated cells were constructed between tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells. Cytoplasmic hybrids, or cybrids, were constructed between enucleated chloramphenicol-resistant (CAPR) donor cells (cytoplasts) and nucleated recipient cells. Clear-cut evidence for the cytoplasmic transmission of CAP resistance was obtained. Although cytoplasmic transfer had no effect on tumorigenicity or growth in soft agar, preliminary evidence was found that saturation density of the recipient cells could be altered by cytoplasmic addition in cybrids.
The effect of Medicaid expansions on demand for care from the Veterans Health Administration.

Abstract Background Adequate access to care at Veterans Health Administration (VA) medical centers has become a high-profile policy issue. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) could improve access to care for veterans, particularly if its Medicaid expansion is implemented in all states. The relationship between Medicaid expansion on the one hand and VA enrollment and utilization on the other has not previously been explored for all states. Methods Using VA and other public data from 2002 to 2008, we calculated a measure of Medicaid eligibility sensitive to state-year varying policy change but not changes in demographics or economic conditions. Next, controlling for potential confounding factors, we estimated fixed effects Poisson models of VA enrollment and inpatient and outpatient utilization. We then used these estimates to simulate the effect of the ACA׳s Medicaid expansion on demand for VA care. Results If the ACA׳s Medicaid expansion had been implemented in all states, enrollment for VA health coverage, acute inpatient care (days), and outpatient visits would have been 9%, 6%, and 12% lower, respectively. In states that did not expand Medicaid in 2014, VA enrollment, inpatient days, and outpatient visits were, respectively, 10, 6, and 13 percentage points higher than they would have been otherwise. Conclusion VA medical centers in states that did not expand Medicaid in 2014 are likely to have experienced a higher demand, and commensurately longer wait times. As policymakers continue to address VA capacity issues, they should be mindful of the potential role of Medicaid, and that it will change over time as more states adopt the expansion.
The Impact of Anger Management Treatment and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy in a Public School Setting on Social Skills, Anger Management, and Depression

Public school students participated in a group to enhance and improve anger management. The study used a pre-post design with a comparison group. Students were assigned to either Anger Management Treatment or Anger Management plus Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Each child served as his or her own control and received an empirically validated intervention. Pretest–posttest data were evaluated using the Social Skills Rating System, the Children’s Depression Inventory and the Children’s Inventory of Anger. Results indicate that the addition of the REBT component to Anger Management reduced anger as well as depression, while improving social skills, suggesting the addition of a specialized cognitive behavioral component increased the effectiveness of the intervention.
Seamount subduction erosion in the Nankai Trough and its potential impact on the seismogenic zone

Seamount subduction along subduction-zone plate boundary thrusts has long been implicated as a mechanism for abrasion and tectonic erosion of the base of the overriding plate. However, tectonic erosion processes have not been examined in detail with high-quality three-dimensional (3-D) seismic reflection imaging. In 1999 we acquired 3-D seismic reflection data from the Nankai Trough subduction zone to image the plate boundary fault and the overlying accretionary wedge structure. Fortuitously, these data reveal a small (to 1 km high) basement ridge that has subducted to 7 km subseafloor. Updip from the basement ridge, a 1-km-thick sequence of sediment from the base of the accretionary wedge appears to be missing. We interpret these data as evidence for tectonic erosion of the base of the accretionary wedge following the basement ridge subduction. Tectonic erosion has removed more than 25 km 3 from the updip edge of the seismogenic zone and carried it down into the seismogenic zone. The tectonically eroded sediments are presumed to enhance fault-zone fluid content, potentially reducing fault-zone effective stress, and may temporarily inhibit earthquake rupture potential. After the passage of the ridge the boundary fault returns to its former position in a period of enhanced underplating.
CHROMOSOMES OF THE RING SEAL.

THIS communication reports the chromosome analysis of the ring seal. The only report concerning the karyotype of an aquatic mammal prior to this was by Makino, who reported in 1948 the chromosome number of Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dallii True, to be 44 (ref. 1).
Schönau and the Eagles of the Palestinian Revolution: refugees, guerillas, and human rights in the global 1970s

In September 1973 a group of Palestinian guerillas attacked a train carrying Jewish refugees from the Soviet Union to Austria for relocation to Israel. The ensuing international crisis exposed the intricate web of political relations behind this flow of refugees and drew worldwide attention to the conflict between the human rights of Jewish refugees immigrating to Israel and those of Palestinian refugees who wished to return to their homeland. Ultimately, the Schonau incident would illuminate the contested nature of humanitarian concerns in the 1970s and the wider Cold War era.
Differential effects of haloperidol and clozapine on the reinforcing efficacy of food reward in an alleyway reacquisition paradigm.

Abstract Using the alleyway reacquisition procedure developed by Horvitz and Ettenberg (19), the present study compared the effects of a typical neuroleptic haloperidol (0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg) to those of an atypical neuroleptic clozapine (5.0 and 10 mg/kg) on running times 24 hours after a single food-rewarded trial administered during an extinction regimen. Rats that received mg/kg haloperidol ran faster on the subsequent test day than did nonrewarded rats. The 0.30 mg/kg dose of haloperidol blocked this reacquisition effect, yielding results consistent with the anhedonia hypothesis (27). Clozapine (5.0 and 10 mg/kg), however, failed to block the reacquisition of alleyway running. Thus, unlike haloperidol, clozapine did not produce anhedonic effects in this reacquisition paradigm. These results suggest that neither motor nor anhedonic properties of neuroleptics appear to be crucial to the clinical efficacy of neuroleptics.
Characterization study of bonded and unbonded polydimethylsiloxane aimed for bio-micro-electromechanical systems-related applications

Authors have demonstrated that by controlling the mixing ratio of polydimethylsiloxane's (PDMS's) two components-base polymer (part A) and a curing agent (part B)-different mechanical properties of PDMS can be achieved. Test results show that the Young's modulus decreases as the increasing of mixing ratios (A:B). However, there is a transitional mixing ratio (part A:part B=10) after which the Young's modulus is almost independent of the mixing ratio. The PDMS's thickness plays an important role in determining the mechanical properties. The results show that the thinner the PDMS, the stiffer it behaves. The bonding strength between two cured PDMS parts with different mixing ratios shows that it depends on the mixing ratio. A maximum bonding strength of 130 kPa occurs on a bonded couple with mixing ratios of 30A:1B and 3A:1B, respectively. The fracture on bonded specimens does not occur at the bonding interfaces. Instead it occurs at the side with a larger portion of part A. The intermediate material property formed at the interface is attributed to the diffusion layer formed.
Migration of engrafted neural stem cells is mediated by CXCL12 signaling through CXCR4 in a viral model of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a human demyelinating disease characterized by multifocal regions of inflammation, progressive myelin loss within the central nervous system (CNS), and eventual failure to remyelinate damaged axons. These problems suggest deficiencies in recruiting and/or maturation of oligodendrocyte progentior cells (OPCs) and highlight cell replacement therapies to promote remyelination. We have used a model of viral-induced demyelination to characterize signaling cues associated with positional migration of transplanted remyelination-competent cells. Although successful transplantation of rodent-derived glial cell types into models of MS has been performed, the mechanisms by which these cells navigate within an inflammatory environment created by a persistent virus has not been defined. Infection of the mouse CNS with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) results in an immune-mediated demyelinating disease with clinical and histologic similarities to MS. Surgical engraftment of GFP+ neural stem cells (NSCs) into spinal cords of JHMV-infected mice with established demyelination results in migration, proliferation, and differentiation of the cells into OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes that is associated with increased axonal remyelination. Treatment with anti-CXCL12 [stromal derived factor–1α, (SDF-1α)] blocking serum resulted in a marked impairment in migration and proliferation of engrafted stem cells. Moreover, small molecule–mediated antagonism of CXCR4, but not CXCR7, impaired migration and proliferation, to an extent similar to that with anti-CXCL12 treatment. These data highlight the importance of the CXCL12:CXCR4 pathway in regulating homing of engrafted stem cells to sites of tissue damage within the CNS of mice persistently infected with a neurotropic virus undergoing immune-mediated demyelination.
Potential application of the electronic nose for quality assessment of salmon fillets under various storage conditions

The feasibility of using an electronic nose (AromaScan) to assess seafood quality was studied with salmon fillets stored at -20, 4, and 10 °C for 14 d. AromaScan mappings of these fillets were compared to their time-related changes in microbial counts, histamine contents, and sensory panel evaluations. Fillets stored at 10 °C had respective bacterial counts of 8.90 and 9.06 log 10 CFU/g after 7 and 9 d. The mappings for the 10 °C fillets were separated from those of fresh fillets by Day 3, and continued to separate further as storage time increased. An electronic nose can be used as an assisting instrument to a sensory panel in evaluating seafood quality. L'utilisation du nez electronique pour l'evaluation de la qualite du poisson est testee sur les filets de saumon entreposes a -20°, 4° et 10° pendant 14 jours. Les resultats de l'analyse sont compares aux resultats obtenus lors des controles microbiologiques, biochimiques (histamine) et sensoriels. Le nez electronique peut etre utilise parallelement aux panels sensoriels pour l'evaluation de la qualite des produits de la peche.
An Overview of Scaling Laws in Ad Hoc and Cognitive Radio Networks

Currently, wireless communications are changing along the lines of three main thrusts. The first is the introduction of secondary spectrum licensing (SSL). Regulations on the usage of licensed spectra are being loosened, encouraging unused primary spectrum to be licensed, often in an opportunistic manner, to secondary devices. The second is the introduction of cognitive radios. These wireless devices are able to sense and adapt in a "smart" manner to their wireless environment, making them prime candidates to becoming secondary users in SSL initiatives. Finally, as we approach the communication limits of point-to-point channels, and as wireless devices become cheap and ubiquitous, the focus is shifting from single to multiple communication links, or networks. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recently established theoretical limits, in the form of sum-rates, or throughput, of two main types of networks: ad hoc networks, in which the devices are homogeneous, and cognitive networks, in which a mixture of primary and secondary (or cognitive) devices are present. We summarize and provide intuition on how the throughput of a network scales with its number of nodes n, as n ? ?, under different network and node capability assumptions.
Neuropathological studies of brain tissue in schizophrenia

Abstract Postmortem neuropathological investigations in the last half decade provide increasing evidence compatible with a neurodevelopmental defect in schizophrenia. Basic and clinical data support hypotheses suggesting that disturbances in neurodevelopment in schizophrenia may involve the cortical subplate and a theorized second trimester “window of vulnerability”. The focus of this paper is on (1) selected methodological issues involved in the collection, analyses and preservation of human postmortem brain tissue; (2) a review of evidence showing morphological defects particularly in prefrontal cortical regions of the schizophrenic brain; and (3) potential future research directions.
External Fat Cover Influence on Raw and Cooked Beef. 1. Fat and Moisture Content

SUMMARY: The fat content of beef semitendinosus muscle, raw and cooked at two oven temperatures, with and without the external fat cover, has been determined. Each muscle was divided into two, an anterior and a posterior roast. The external fat cover was removed from half of the total number of roasts, and all roasts were then cooked to an internal temperature of 58°C at an oven temperature of either 163° or 218°C. Two types of samples were analyzed for their moisture and fat content. These were a separable lean sample and a total sample. The total sample was composed of both the separable lean and the external fat cover. The moisture content of the lean samples was not affected by the oven temperature, the external fat cover or the end of the muscle used. The total samples had moisture contents that reflected the amount of crude fat present. The yield of crude fat from raw or cooked meat was not significantly altered by the use of a polar solvent in place of a nonpolar one. Both of the fat determination methods extracted significantly more fat from the cooked lean samples than from the comparable raw ones. The lean samples from meat roasted at 163°C contained significantly more extractable fat than the samples roasted at 218°C. The presence or absence of the external fat cover did not affect the amount of fat extracted from the cooked lean.
Comparison of three methods to predict adsorption isotherms for organic vapors from similar polarity and nonsimilar polarity reference vapors

Abstract The Polanyi-Dubinin equation was used to predict adsorption isotherms for eight organic vapors at 25°C and for two organic vapors at 25°C, 40°C and 60°C on activated carbon in this analysis. The theoretical affinity coefficient, β, is calculated by three methods (molar volume, molecular parachor, and electronic polarization) based on nonpolar and polar reference vapors. The corresponding experimental isotherm data were measured by gravimetric method. Comparison between calculated and experimental isotherm data showed that 1. (1) for optimum isotherm prediction, the reference vapor should have similar polarity to the vapor whose adsorption is being predicted, 2. (2) after choosing an appropriate reference vapor, there is essentially no difference in the accuracy of the isotherm predictions by the three methods, and 3. (3) the molar volume method is more applicable for predicting isotherms at different temperatures.
Conversion rates in power plant plumes based on filter pack data: The oil fired Northport plume

Abstract More than 60 airborne plume studies were conducted at a large oil fired power station during a 3 build1 2 year period. These studies were conducted to determine the typical rate of formation of sulfate in the plume and the conditions which most influence these atmospheric processes. The power plant chosen for this program is located in the northeast region of the U.S. and during the course of these studies a typical variety of meteorological conditions were encountered. This is probably the most extensive body of plume data ever gathered from a single power plant. The effect on the oxidation rate was explored for a wide variety of and variation in meteorological conditions. Plume sulfate rarely accounted for more than 5 % of the total plume sulfur even for plume travel times of up to 4 h. For most experiments more than half of the observed plume sulfate was that emitted from the power plant units. The rate of atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate was not readily discernible due to the low rate of conversion and the relatively high amount of the sulfate emitted. The results reported in this paper generally indicate an apparent oxidation rate of less than 1 % h − . A diurnal influence or effects due to changes in various meteorological conditions are difficult to discern.
The effect of interface diffusion and slip on the creep resistance of particulate composite materials

Abstract Reinforcements are known to increase the creep resistance of metal and intermetallic matrix composite materials. Experimental measurements at modest temperatures indicate that under a given applied strain rate the composite strength is higher than that of the matrix alone. However, at temperatures higher than approximately half of the melting temperature of the matrix, the composite strength is limited and in some cases the strengthening imparted by the reinforcements is completely lost. Diffusional relaxation and slip on the reinforcement-matrix interface are suggested as mechanisms responsible for the loss of strengthening. According to the proposed model, stress gradients caused by plastic constraint induce diffusional flow along the interface accompanied by slip of the matrix over the reinforcement. As a result the constraint tends to be relaxed and strengthening can be eliminated. The composite behavior is investigated by coupling the diffusion and slip along the interface with deformation of the matrix in the power law creep regime. A unit cell model is used in axial symmetry and the relevant boundary value problem is solved by the finite element method. Numerical results indicate that either diffusional relaxation or slip may knock down the creep resistance of the composite to levels even below the matrix strength.
Uric acid: effects on serum and urine levels in patients receiving intravenous dextrose, fat, and/or amino acid solutions.

Parenteral dextrose/amino acid solutions reduce serum uric acid levels when infused into patients. To elucidate the mechanism further, 53 patients with invasive bladder cancer were selected for study. Patients received either amino acids alone (n = 13), 5% dextrose + amino acids (n = 15), 5% dextrose in water (n = 13), 25% dextrose + amino acids (n = 7), or fat 10% + amino acids (n = 5). All patients received 2500 ml intravenously for 3 days preop and 3000 ml for at least 7 days postop containing 1.4 g AA/kg/day; after Day +7 oral intake was allowed. No patient had gout. Serial serum uric acid levels and daily 24-hr urine uric acid and creatinine levels were measured. There were no significant differences among intravenous groups in: mean patient age, percentage ideal body weight, duration of operation, operative blood loss, fluid-blood replacement, or serum and urine creatinine levels. Mean serum uric acid levels decreased postoperatively in all groups. The mean change in serum uric acid levels from Day −3 to Day +7 was significantly different between the D5/AA group (2.3 ± 0.2 mg/dl) and the AA/H2O group (1.1 ± 0.4 mg/dl) and between the D25/AA group (2.8 ± 0.6 mg/dl) and the AA/H2O and D5W (1.4 ± 0.3 mg/dl) group. This significant change in mean serum uric acid levels with infusion of 5 and 25% dextrose with amino acids occurred without increased uricosuria compared to the other groups of patients.
Brayton rotating units for space reactor power systems

Abstract Designs and analyses models of centrifugal-flow compressor and radial-inflow turbine of 40.8 kW e Brayton Rotating Units (BRUs) are developed for 15 and 40 g/mole He–Xe working fluids. Also presented are the performance results of a space power system with segmented, gas cooled fission reactor heat source and three Closed Brayton Cycle loops, each with a separate BRU. The calculated performance parameters of the BRUs and the reactor power system are for shaft rotational speed of 30–55 krpm, reactor thermal power of 120 – 471 kW th , and turbine inlet temperature of 900–1149 K. With 40 g/mole He–Xe, a power system peak thermal efficiency of 26% is achieved at rotation speed of 45 krpm, compressor and turbine inlet temperatures of 400 and 1149 K and 0.93 MPa at exit of the compressor. The corresponding system electric power is 122.4 kW e , working fluid flow rate is 1.85 kg/s and the pressure ratio and polytropic efficiency are 1.5% and 86.3% for the compressor and 1.42% and 94.1% for the turbine. For the same nominal electrical power of 122.4 kW e , decreasing the molecular weight of the working fluid (15 g/mole) decreases its flow rate to 1.03 kg/s and increases the system pressure to 1.2 MPa.
Recent developments in the theory of reactive molecular collisions

A summary is presented of recent developments on reactive collisions involving trajectory studies, computer modeling, statistical approaches, the coupled-channel method and approximations, and many-body theories.
SKIM MILK FORTIFICATION USING BLENDS OF SKIM MILK ULTRAFILTRATE AND COTTAGE CHEESE WHEY

Permeate (pH 6.71) from ultrafiltration of skim milk was blended 1:1 and 2:1 (w/w) with whey (pH 4.68) resulting from production of cottage cheese from skim milk retentate. Blends were condensed to 50% solids and used to increase. solids concentration of skim milk by up to 2%. With increasing solids addition, skim milk pH declined and ash, lactose, and protein concentrates (wet weight basis) increased. The ratio of undenatured whey protein nitrogen:casein nitrogen increased by 50% in milk fortified with 2% added solids provided by condensed 2:1 permeate:whey blend. Bacteriological quality of fortified samples was satisfactory. Sensory evaluations indicated that skim milk fortification limits using 1:1 and 2:1 permeate:whey blends were 0.5 and 1.0% added solids, respectively.
Growth and decay of shock and acceleration waves in a traffic flow model with relaxation

Abstract The usual Ficken-based constitutive relation for traffic flux is replaced with one based on the Maxwell–Cattaneo model. The resulting flux law, which now takes into account the reaction time of driver and vehicle, results in a second-order, hyperbolic generalization of Burgers’ equation as the PDE governing the traffic density. An analytical study of this equation is presented with an emphasis on shock and related kinematic wave phenomena. Specifically, the exact traveling wave solution (TWS) is derived and it is shown that shock formation is possible only if the diffusivity is non-vanishing. Using singular surface theory, exact amplitude expressions for both shock and acceleration waves are obtained and their temporal evolution determined. The exact upper bound of the reaction time parameter is established and connections between singular surface and TWS results are noted.
Determination of Trace Volatile Organic Compounds in Water Samples by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry

A new method of analysis was proposed based on the use of permselective membrane which gives the possibility of enriching and analyzing trace volatile organics in waters. A silicone membrane introduction device which is simple and easy to construct was designed to couple with JMS-D300 Mass Spectrometer. A quantitative formula which is available in the Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry was deduced. This paper studied the determination of alkanes, aromatic compounds and halogenated organics in waters by MIMS and discussed the effects of equilibrium time, temperature, sample volume, sample matrix etc. on responses of analyzed components. It was found that 22 volatile organics presented a wide linear concentration range from ppb to ppm, detection limits from 0.1 to 10 ppb and recoveries from 90% to 110%.
Catheter-based high-intensity ultrasound for epicardial ablation of the left ventricle: device design and in vivo feasiblity

The development and in vivo testing of a high-intensity ultrasound thermal ablation catheter for epicardial ablation of the left ventricle (LV) is presented. Scar tissue can occur in the mid-myocardial and epicardial space in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and lead to ventricular tachycardia. Current ablation technology uses radiofrequency energy, which is limited epicardially by the presence of coronary vessels, phrenic nerves, and fat. Ultrasound energy can be precisely directed to deliver targeted deep epicardial ablation while sparing intervening epicardial nerve and vessels. The proof-of-concept ultrasound applicators were designed for sub-xyphoid access to the pericardial space through a steerable 14-Fr sheath. The catheter consists of two rectangular planar transducers, for therapy (6.4 MHz) and imaging (5 MHz), mounted at the tip of a 3.5-mm flexible nylon catheter coupled and encapsulated within a custom-shaped balloon for cooling. Thermal lesions were created in the LV in a swine (n = 10) model in vivo. The ultrasound applicator was positioned fluoroscopically. Its orientation and contact with the LV were verified using A-mode imaging and a radio-opaque marker. Ablations employed 60-s exposures at 15 – 30 W (electrical power). Histology indicated thermal coagulation and ablative lesions penetrating 8 – 12 mm into the left ventricle on lateral and anterior walls and along the left anterior descending artery. The transducer design enabled successful sparing from the epicardial surface to 2 – 4 mm of intervening ventricle tissue and epicardial fat. The feasibility of targeted epicardial ablation with catheter-based ultrasound was demonstrated.
Spatial and spectral-spatial EPR imaging of free radicals and oxygen in the heart

It has been hypothesized that free radical metabolism and oxygenation in living organs, such as the heart, may vary over particular anatomic locations within these tissues. When there is a lack of tissue perfusion, as occurs during myocardial ischemia or infarction, radical metabolism and oxygenation are greatly changed, however, it was not previously possible to spatially map these alterations within the heart. Therefore, we developed EPR imaging instrumentation to enable three-dimensional spatial as well as spectral-spatial EPR imaging of 2, 3 , or 4 dimensions. Utilizing this instrumentation, at L-band, high quality images of the distribution of nitroxide free radical labels and suspensions of oxygen sensitive chars have been performed on lossy samples of up to 25 mm in size. In the isolated rat heart, imaging experiments were performed to determine the kinetics of radical clearance at different locations within the heart during myocardial ischemia. This kinetic data showed the existence of regional and transmural differences in myocardial radical clearance. In terms of image quality and resolution, we observed with nitroxides that resolutions as high as 1 mm could be obtained, enabling visualization of the of the overall shape of the heart and location of the right and left ventricles. With char suspensions resolutions as high as 0.1 mm were possible, enabling visualization of the ventricles, aortic root, and proximal coronary arteries. Overall our results demonstrate that spatial and spectral-spatial EPR imaging are powerful techniques which enable the visualization of localized differences in free radical metabolism and oxygenation within the heart.
Charging behavior of highly basic peptides during electrospray ionization. A predilection for protons

The extent of charging (or protonation) during the electrospray ionization process has been examined for a series of specifically constructed arginine-rich peptides, which differ in structure by the length of the peptide chain and the number and proximity of arginine residues. It has been found that although a small peptide of the series will protonate fully, supporting a charge on each arginine side-chain, the same charging behavior is not observed for larger peptides with the same repeating primary structure. Furthermore, no significant increase in the extent of charging was observed as the length of the peptide chain, or the distance between potential charge-bearing sites, was increased. The apparent sites of protonation in the [M + nH]n+ peptide ions have been examined for several representative peptides based on the extent of protonation compared to that of structurally related peptides, and their dissociation behavior. Despite the potential for proton migration during the collisional activation event, the fragmentation pattern of the peptide ions studied suggests that the charge-bearing protons are reasonably localized at the time of dissociation commensurate with our previous observations for singly and multiply charged peptide ions. The charging behavior of the model peptides is discussed in the context of a reported mechanism for the electrospray ionization process.
Use of Toradol® in anorectal surgery

Toradol (ketorolac tromethamine; Syntex Labs, Palo Alto, CA) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug introduced for intramuscular injection to control postoperative pain. Its action is peripheral. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to inject it directly into the anal sphincter muscles when these are exposed during anorectal procedures. A total of 60 mg (2 cc) are used, divided among the quadrants resected. Four hours postoperatively, 30 mg are given intramuscularly, and the patient is discharged. Any patient who required medication stronger than Darvocet-N-100 (propoxyphene napsylate and acetaminophen; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN) for pain was considered a failure. Seventeen of 100 patients (17 percent) failed to have their pain controlled. Unexpectedly, only two patients (2 percent) needed catheterization for urinary retention. The usual incidence is 20 to 30 percent. To date we have seen none of the complications associated with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Malnutrition interferes with the unique lymphadenopathy induced in Lewis rats by metallic tin.

Metallic tin powder injected into Lewis rats caused marked enlargement of draining lymph nodes with prominent hyperplasia of plasma cells. A low level of dietary protein (8%) or deficiency of choline interfered with the cellular proliferation and reduced the size of the nodes by nearly onethird compared to a normal protein diet (20%). A high level of protein in the diet (50%) did not augment the effect of metallic tin powder beyond that achieved by a level usually considered adequate (20%).
Pregnenolone Sulfate and Cortisol Induce Secretion of Acyl-CoA-binding Protein and Its Conversion into Endozepines from Astrocytes

Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) functions both intracellularly as part of fatty acid metabolism and extracellularly as diazepam binding inhibitor, the precursor of endozepine peptides. Two of these peptides, ODN and TTN, bind to the GABAA receptor and modulate its sensitivity to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We have found that depolarization of mouse primary astrocytes induces the rapid release and processing of ACBP to the active peptides. We previously showed that ODN can trigger the rapid sporulation of the social amoeba Dictyostelium. Using this bioassay, we now show that astrocytes release the endozepine peptides within 10 min of exposure to the steroids cortisol, pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, or progesterone. ACBP lacks a signal sequence for secretion through the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway and its secretion is not affected by addition of brefeldin A, a well known inhibitor of the classical secretion pathway, suggesting that it follows an unconventional pathway for secretion. Moreover, induction of autophagy by addition of rapamycin also resulted in rapid release of ACBP indicating that this protein uses components of the autophagy pathway for secretion. Following secretion, ACBP is proteolytically cleaved to the active neuropeptides by protease activity on the surface of astrocytes. Neurosteroids, such as pregnenolone sulfate, were previously shown to modulate the excitatory/inhibitory balance in brain through increased release of glutamate and decreased release of GABA. These effects of steroids in neurons will be reinforced by the release of endozepines from astrocytes shown here, and suggest an orchestrated astrocyte-neuron cross-talk that can affect a broad spectrum of behavioral functions.
The Effects of Dyadic Group Experience in Subsequent Individual Performance

Summary This study investigated whether working in pair groups would enhance subsequent individual performance, where the groups were composed of individuals having varying ability levels. The Ss were 208 tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grade students enrolled in two Midwestern high schools. The experiment was run in three sessions. In session one, all students on the basis of a performance test were categorized as low (L), middle (M), or high (H). In the second session, they worked either as individuals or in pair groups of all possible combinations of ability levels. In the third session they again worked as individuals. The results showed that group experience significantly enhanced the individual performance of students who were initially L, that subsequent individual performance improved significantly when students were paired with partners above them in ability level, and that, for students having group experience, Ls improved more than Ms and Hs, and Ms improved more than Hs.