cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Parental Abuse and Daily Assistance to Aging Parents With Disability: Associations With the Middle-Aged Adults' Daily Well-being.

Objectives The current study examined the within-person association between providing daily assistance to aging parents with disability and adult children's daily mood in the context of early relationship with parents. Methods We used data from 782 participants and 5,758 daily interviews from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher, with 248 people self-reported providing daily assistance ranging from 1 to 8 days out of the entire daily-interview period. Multilevel models were fit to examine the moderating effect of physical and emotional abuse from parents in early life on the associations between daily assistance to parents today and yesterday and daily mood. Additional analyses were conducted to examine whether the moderating effect of parental abuse remained when the assistance was provided for other family members and friends. Results Providing assistance today and yesterday to parents had immediate and lagged associations with higher negative affect when adult children experienced childhood emotional abuse from parents. No significant findings were found for daily positive affect. The moderating effect of parental abuse became nonsignificant when the assistance was provided to other family members or friends. Discussion Daily assistance to parents with disability needs to be examined in the context of the relationship history with parents. The impact of childhood abuse can linger long after the actual incident. Frequent early emotional abuse from parents was associated with greater distress when the middle-aged provided daily assistance to their aging parents.
Outcomes of abdominal surgeries in cirrhotic patients performed by liver transplant surgeons: Are these safe?

Abstract Background Elective abdominal surgeries in patients with cirrhosis have been discouraged due to the high risk of complications. This study investigates the outcomes and safety of surgeries for hernias, and laparoscopic cholecystectomies in cirrhotic patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study that compared 91 cirrhotic patients to a control group of non-cirrhotic patients operated by liver transplant surgeons was conducted between 2009 and 2015. Results No statistical significance found in re-admission rates or complication rates (p = 0.21). Hernia recurrent rates were similar (p = 0.27). Survival rates among cirrhotic versus non cirrhotic group was 93.4% and 98.9% respectively (p = 0.0539). Amongst the 91 cirrhotic patients, there was a 100% survival rate for both ventral herniorrhaphies and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Survival in umbilical and inguinal herniorrhaphies was 88.2% and 89.5% respectively. Mortality rate for umbilical and inguinal hernias was 11.7% and10.5% respectively. Mortality by Child-Pugh (CP) class were; 8.8% for CP B and 10.7% for CP class C. All CP class A patients survived. Conclusions Our study indicates that elective operations could be performed safely with acceptable mortality in cirrhotic patients.
Visualizing collagen proteolysis by peptide hybridization: From 3D cell culture to in vivo imaging.

Abstract Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the fundamental factors contributing to a variety of life-threatening or disabling pathological conditions. However, a thorough understanding of the degradation mechanism and development of new ECM-targeting diagnostics are severely hindered by a lack of technologies for direct interrogation of the ECM structures at the molecular level. Previously we demonstrated that the collagen hybridizing peptide [CHP, sequence: (GPO)9, O: hydroxyproline] can specifically recognize the degraded and unfolded collagen chains through triple helix formation. Here we show that fluorescently labeled CHP robustly visualizes the pericellular matrix turnover caused by proteolytic migration of cancer cells within 3D collagen culture, without the use of synthetic fluorogenic matrices or genetically modified cells. To facilitate in vivo imaging, we modified the CHP sequence by replacing each proline with a (2S,4S)-4-fluoroproline (f) residue which interferes with the peptide's inherent propensity to self-assemble into homo-triple helices. We show that the new CHP, (GfO)9, tagged with a near-infrared fluorophore, enables in vivo imaging and semi-quantitative assessment of osteolytic bone lesions in mouse models of multiple myeloma. Compared to conventional techniques (e.g., micro-CT), CHP-based imaging is simple and versatile in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we envision CHP's applications in broad biomedical contexts ranging from studies of ECM biology and drug efficiency to development of clinical molecular imaging.
Information Technology Improvement and Small Business Lending

This paper evaluates how information technology (IT) improvements contribute to the decline of small business lending in the US commercial banking market from 2002 to 2017. I estimate a general equilibrium dynamic model with banks that differ in sizes and choose the level of transaction (hard information intensive) and relationship (soft information intensive) lending. The model shows that banks’ costs of evaluating borrowers’ hard information declined over this period by 46%, and small business loans fell by 7% (12% in the data). I find that banks’ higher reliance on IT to issue transaction loans is responsible for 37% of the decline in the data, and the consolidation caused by IT improvements caused 22% of the decline. Contrary to previous work, I find that when general equilibrium is considered, policy protecting small banks cannot increase small business lending.
Ortodoxia y herejía en el hinduismo

This article looks into the use of three terms used frequently – and for centuries- by brahmanical authors in some literary genres for designating heretics. The words are nāstika , asura and pāṣaṇḍa . In order to see how they are employed in specific circumstances, some examples are given, drawn mainly from Puranic and Sanskrit epic narratives. Mention is also made of their use by some Buddhist authors.
Approaching Zero

Many in security fear the zero-day vulnerability for how can we protect against a vulnerability we donýt know if we don't know what the vulnerability is? Sure, we can implement defense-in-depth, redundancy, and enforce the minimum privilege principle, but at the end of the day, how do we know that we've done enough?
The Democratic Significance of the Athenian Courts

Towards the end of the fifth century, the Athenians formally increased the political powers of their courts at the expense of those of the assembly. The significance of this move has been disputed, but it is agreed the aim was democratic self-restraint. This article questions that interpretation. There is no evidence the Athenians conceived judicial activity as a restraint on the demos. To the contrary, numerous sources cast the courts as the most demotic organ in the political system, and an examination of the respective compositions, procedures and functions of the assembly and courts finds several possible reasons why. The reconceptualisation of Athenian democracy this invites poses a considerable challenge to our understanding of democracy both ancient and modern.
Predictors of Clinical Outcome After Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms with the Pipeline Embolization Device.

Background Flow-diverting stents have revolutionized the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The purpose of this study is to identify predictors of adverse outcomes associated with the pipeline embolization device (PED). Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients treated with PED at a single high-volume center from January 2014 to September 2018. Patient outcomes, neurologic morbidity/mortality, and other clinical variables were analyzed. Results We treated 204 aneurysms in 170 patients with PED. Mean length of follow-up was 11 months. Most (181) aneurysms (89%) were located in the anterior circulation, and 23 (11%) were found in the posterior circulation. Most aneurysms were saccular (82%), followed by fusiform (11%), blister (4%), and dissecting pseudoaneurysms (3%). Mean aneurysm size was 8.2 + 5.7 mm with 145 (71%) small aneurysms (≤10 mm), 53 (26%) large aneurysms (between 10 and 25 mm), and 6 (3%) giant aneurysms (≥25 mm). Ninety-two percent of aneurysms were unruptured, and 8% were ruptured. The overall major neurologic morbidity/mortality was 4.7% and 1.8%, respectively. The all-cause mortality was 2.9%. Predictors of neurologic morbidity/mortality included the baseline modified Rankin Scale (P = 0.001), aneurysm neck size (P = 0.003), aneurysm size (P = 0.006), anterior versus posterior location (P = 0.02), and rupture at presentation (0.006). The P2Y12 Reactivity Unit, parent vessel diameter, and patient age did not correlate with adverse events. Conclusions The PED has a satisfactory safety profile in both on- and off-label indications. A poor clinical patient baseline, wider aneurysm neck or larger size, and rupture predict an increased risk of an unfavorable outcome.
Advocacy to Invigorate Rehabilitation Counseling Professional Associations: A Reflective Inquiry and Suggested Action Goals:

Reflections and recommendations from American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA) leaders were solicited and analyzed to explore challenging issues considered relevant to all rehabilitatio...
A memory enhanced LSTM for modeling complex temporal dependencies.

In this paper, we present Gamma-LSTM, an enhanced long short term memory (LSTM) unit, to enable learning of hierarchical representations through multiple stages of temporal abstractions. Gamma memory, a hierarchical memory unit, forms the central memory of Gamma-LSTM with gates to regulate the information flow into various levels of hierarchy, thus providing the unit with a control to pick the appropriate level of hierarchy to process the input at a given instant of time. We demonstrate better performance of Gamma-LSTM model regular and stacked LSTMs in two settings (pixel-by-pixel MNIST digit classification and natural language inference) placing emphasis on the ability to generalize over long sequences.
XIV – Immunological Tolerance

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses immunological tolerance. The chapter reviews the current conceptual framework surrounding the mechanisms of specific immunological tolerance. Specific unresponsiveness is divided into essentially three major conceptual categories—clonal deletion (or abortion), ligand-induced inactivation, and active suppression. These major categories are termed to reflect the predominant mechanistic consequence of one or more intervening events in a given pathway, and accordingly, each consists of perhaps several subcategories. The deletion of specific clones of self-reactive lymphocytes is the central point in the clonal selection theory proposed by Burnet. As originally conceived in this theory and also that of Lederberg, this notion assumed that potentially self-reactive lymphocytes would encounter self-antigens at very early stages of differentiation at a time when the only inductive stimulus capable of being received by such cells was a tolerogenic signal. Recently, Nossal and Pike have refined the terminology to that of “clonal abortion” to distinguish this possible mechanism from clonal deletion, which implies the removal of fully competent lymphocytes.
Integration of regional gravity modeling, subsidence analysis, and source rock maturity data to understand the tectonic and hydrocarbon evolution of the Permian Basin, West Texas

AbstractThe Permian Basin of West Texas and southeast New Mexico is currently the most prolific oil-producing basin in the United States. This region experienced deformation and extreme rates of su...
The codimension-one cohomology of SLnℤ

We prove that H ( n 2) 1 (SL n Z ; Q ) = 0, where ( n ) is the cohomological dimension of SL n Z , and similarly for GL n Z . We also prove analogous vanishing theorems for cohomology with coefficients in a rational representation of the algebraic group GL n. These theorems are derived from a presentation of the Steinberg module for SL n Z whose generators are integral apartment classes, generalizing Manin's presentation for the Steinberg module of SL 2 Z . This presentation was originally constructed by Bykovskii. We give a new topological proof of it.
Experimental evolution to identify undescribed mechanisms of resistance to a novel cationic peptide antibiotic

Introduction: A key strategy for resolving the antibiotic resistance crisis is the development of new drugs with antimicrobial properties. The engineered cationic antimicrobial peptide WLBU2 (also known as PLG206) is a promising compound that can clear Gram-negative and Gram-positive populations and infections even when bacteria are embedded in biofilms. Despite several attempts, no definitive mechanisms of resistance to WLBU2 had been found. Here, we used experimental evolution followed by whole genome sequencing to detect novel genetic pathways and probable mechanisms of resistance to this peptide. Methods and Results: We propagated populations of wild-type and mutator Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of WLBU2 and performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of evolved populations. Populations that survived WLBU2 treatment acquired a minimum of two mutations, making the acquisition of resistance more difficult than for most antibiotics, which can be tolerated by mutation of a single target. Major targets included the orfN and pmrB genes, previously described to confer resistance to other cationic peptides. More surprisingly, mutations that increase aggregation such as the wsp pathway were also selected despite the ability of WLBU2 to kill cells growing in a biofilm. Conclusion: Experimental evolution and WGS identifies genetic targets and actions of new antimicrobial compounds and can predict pathways to resistance to new antibiotics in clinical practice.
Effective R&D Decision Making in Competitive Environments: A Quantitative Framework

R&D decision making is a critical element of engineering management. As decision makers consider R&D opportunities in practice, competition is often a driving factor in determining opportunity value. This dynamic is reflected in the classic case of multiple organizations researching a new technology in which one is first to patent and receives the majority of the rewards. Despite its importance, competition is challenging to analyze and account for in decision making. In this article, we establish a quantitative framework to determine effective decision-making behaviors for competitive environments. The approach is built on the concept that R&D decision making can be mathematically optimized for the resulting postcompetition value (PCV) of opportunities, rather than for their initial precompetition value. Our framework utilizes an agent-based model to simulate the forms of interactive competition and determine PCV Within the framework, we consider candidate decision-making behaviors and characterize their performance in different competitive environments. This defines the optimal strategy region for decision making and, correspondingly, the relative gains in PCV that can be attained in each competitive environment through improved decision making. We synthesize the results into practical heuristics, which can be implemented by engineering managers to effectively account for competition in their R&D decision process and gain a competitive advantage.
Income dynamics and behavior problems in early childhood, middle childhood, and the transition to adolescence

Abstract Income inequality and volatility have reached historically high levels in the U.S. Despite prior research documenting income disparities in externalizing and internalizing problems, studies have not delineated how aspects of income dynamics (i.e., annual income level versus income volatility) are linked to externalizing and internalizing across childhood. This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and its child supplement (N = 8942) to examine associations between income dynamics and externalizing and internalizing in early childhood, middle childhood, and early adolescence. Annual income had negative associations with both externalizing and internalizing. Income losses related to higher externalizing and internalizing throughout development. Considering timing-specific income dynamics, both early childhood income and contemporaneous income negatively predicted behavioral functioning, while only contemporaneous income loss related to increased symptoms. Results illustrate that early childhood income is key to behavioral development, but income dynamics throughout childhood also relate to behavioral functioning.
Evaluation of Incoherent Interface Strength of Solid-State-Bonded Ti64/Stainless Steel Under Dynamic Impact Loading

Ti/steel interfaces are produced using field-assisted sintering technology, a technique known to bring about full consolidation of materials using much lower sintering temperatures and durations. The interface thickness is verified using the energy-dispersive x-ray analysis exhibiting the extent of diffusion in interface regions. The interface mechanical strength is characterized using dynamic indentation experiments at strain rates approaching 400 s−1. The experiments were conducted on the interfaces within the spatial error tolerance of less than 3 µm. The measurements of dynamic hardness values, strain rates, and plastic-residual depths were correlated to show the relation of interface mechanical strength with the bulk-phase mechanical strength properties of Ti and steel. The Johnson–Cook model is fitted to the obtained interface normal stress–normal strain data based on the nanoimpact experiments. The coefficient of restitution in the mechanical loading and its dependence on the interface dynamic hardness and interface impact velocity validate the experimental results. The results show that interfacial properties are affected by the rate of loading and are largely dependent upon the interface structural inhomogeneity.
Propranolol-Augmented, Exercise-Induced Human Growth Hormone Release

Serum growth hormone (HGH) responses to 20 minutes of exercise 90 minutes after orally given propranolol (0.5 mg/kg; maximum, 40 mg), were assessed in 15 short but otherwise normal children, in 2 obese teen-agers, in 3 hypopituitary children, and in 8 healthy adult volunteers. In six adults HGH responses to exercise alone were also assessed one week previously. Normal children responded with a peak serum HGH concentration of 10 ng/ml or greater, except one whose peak was 7 ng/ml (normal, greater than 7 ng/ml). The obese girls showed smaller responses to exercise with propranolol (ex/prop) (peak HGH, 6 ng/ml), to hypoglycemia, and to levodopa (peak HGH, 7 and 4 ng/ml). The three hypopituitary children did not respond to ex/prop or to two other stimuli. In the volunteer adults, the mean HGH responses were greater to ex/prop than to exercise alone, although two out of six did not have increased levels with exercise. There were also elevations of fasting serum HGH levels before exercise and propranolol on repeat testing. These results suggest that orally given propranolol improves the exercise-HGH stimulation test both in the number of responders and in the degree of response. Some individuals have an anticipatory HGH secretion before exercise due to a conditioned response.
Is Arbitrage Socially Beneficial

Economists often associate information efficiency of prices with allocative (Pareto) efficiency. When arbitrageurs connect segmented markets to correct a misallocation of risk, this assumption is sound. However, when opportunities for arbitrage or financial innovation arise from mispricings caused by the presence of confused investors or other distortions, such market-making is harmful. Rather than arbitrage facilitating the flow of risk to those who can most efficiently bear it, this harmful arbitrage allocates risk to those who least understand it. The beneficial effects of efficient pricing on real investment decision mitigate the harms caused by arbitrage, but also limits its benefits by providing substitute insurance. Even when arbitrage is not strictly harmful, it may be oversupplied, especially given that it typically employ some of the most talented workers.
l-ARABINOSE-SENSITIVE, l-RIBULOSE 5-PHOSPHATE 4-EPIMERASE-DEFICIENT MUTANTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI

Englesberg, E. (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.), R L. Anderson, R. Weinberg, N. Lee, P. Hoffee, G. Huttenhauer, and H. Boyer. l-Arabinose-sensitive, l-ribulose 5-phosphate 4-epimerase-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 84:137-146. 1962-l-Arabinose-negative mutants of Escherichia coli B/r, ara-53 and ara-139, are deficient in the enzyme l-ribulose 5-phosphate 4-epimerase; ara-53, further analyzed, accumulates large quantities of l-ribulose 5-phosphate when incubated with l-arabinose. The mutant sites are closely linked to the left of the previously ordered l-arabinose mutant sites, and probably represent the structural gene for l-ribulose 5-phosphate 4-epimerase (gene D) in the l-arabinose operon. The inducible levels of l-arabinose isomerase and l-ribulose 5-phosphate 4-epimerase vary correspondingly as a result of mutation in the structural gene for l-ribulokinase (gene B), further substantiating the dual structural and regulatory function of this gene locus. Ara-53 and ara-139 are strongly inhibited by l-arabinose and give rise to l-arabinose-resistant mutants. The one resistant mutant analyzed still lacks the 4-epimerase but is deficient in l-ribulokinase and has increased l-arabinose isomerase activity, a characteristic of a type of mutation in the B gene. It is proposed that accumulation of l-ribulose 5-phosphate is responsible for the inhibition, and that mutation to resistance will involve mutation in the A, B, C, permease, or repressor genes, thus providing a direct method for isolating these types of l-arabinose-negative mutants. Glucose prevents and cures the l-arabinose inhibition.
Age-Dependent Population Structures

This chapter presents an analysis of the distribution of ages in a population. We begin with a discussion of the aging process itself and then present some data on the age structures of actual populations. We finish with a mathematical description of age structures. Our primary interest is in humans, but the principles we present will apply to practically any mammal and perhaps to other animals as well.
Performance comparison of single- and multiple-chip packages in a personal computer application

The multi-chip module (MCM) package shows considerable improvement in performance and signal quality as compared to single-chip modules on cards. It can support 40-45% faster clock rates due to reduced clock skews and distortions. It also yields 40-45% better net delays due to reduced capacitance loading, reduced effective time-of-flight delays, and shorter chip interconnect distances. The MCM package shows signal quality improvements for specific net cross sections due to reduced effective loadings, and a better controlled system. It also yields better electrical characteristic tolerances. >
Verification of an automated headphone-based test of spatial release from masking

Currently, there are many different laboratory-based tests of spatial release from masking (SRM) that use speech materials; however, there is still disagreement as to the impact of age and hearing loss on SRM. The time is ripe, then, for taking these tests out of the laboratory and testing larger numbers of listeners varying in age and hearing ability in order to provide the statistical power needed to answer the questions currently being asked. Unfortunately, most of the tests that have been developed are either open set, and thus require a tester to administer them, or require complex soundfield speaker arrays. Our laboratory has recently developed and verified an automated headphone-based test that can be presented in only five to ten minutes and that provides results that are predictive of results obtained in an anechoic chamber. The data associated with the verification of this test procedure will be presented.
The Western Washington Intravenous Streptokinase in Acute Myocardial Infarction Randomized Trial.

Three hundred sixty-eight patients were randomly assigned to receive intravenous streptokinase (IVSK) (n = 191) or standard therapy (n = 177) to determine the efficacy of IVSK in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. The mean time to treatment was 3.5 hr. At 14 days there were 12 deaths in the treatment group (6.3%) and 17 deaths in the control group (9.6%) (p = .23). Early mortality was related to infarct location. Fourteen day mortality for anterior infarctions was 10.4% for treatment with IVSK and 22.4% for control patients (p = .06) and was similar for IVSK-treated patients with inferior infarctions, 4.0% vs 1.8% (p = .32). For those randomized under 3 hr, 14 day mortality tends to be lower in treated patients, 5.2% vs 11.5% (p = .11). There was significant improvement in long-term survival for patients with anterior infarction; 2 year survival was 81% for IVSK-treated patients and 65% for control patients (p = .05). There was no improvement in survival for patients with inferior myocardial infarction (p = .27). We conclude that patients with anterior myocardial infarction have improved survival when treated within the first 6 hr of symptoms. Patients with inferior infarction do not appear to have improved survival with thrombolytic therapy. Some of this improvement in survival in patients with anterior infarction may be due to a higher frequency of revascularization procedures in the treatment group.
New Moscow: An Exploratory Assessment

An American geographer specializing in Russia examines the unprecedented plan announced in mid-2011 by the country's President Dmitriy Medvedev to expand the territory of Moscow and move government offices to newly annexed areas. The plan aims to increase the land area of the capital by 155 percent, mainly by annexation of a vast tract southwest of the city. The author demonstrates that while "New Moscow" is envisioned as a multi-polar and low-density urban site, the historic core would likely focus on tourism. He discusses the official reasons given for the immense undertaking, the potential problems raised by urban specialists and local media, as well as the results of public opinion polls detailing the attitudes of Muscovites toward the city's proposed transformation.
Calibration errors in cloud-base temperature remote sensing with ground-based infrared radiometers

Cloud-base temperature is a useful parameter in atmospheric and climate research, meteorology, and hydrology. This parameter can be sensed remotely by inferring the cloud- base temperature from the brightness temperature observed with a ground-based infrared radiometer. Infrared radiometric measurements in the 10 - 12 micrometers `atmospheric window' spectral region routinely can have accuracies of +/- 1.0 degree(s)C if the radiometer is calibrated carefully. However, subtle calibration errors easily can increase this uncertainty many times. These errors arise largely because the calibration temperatures are less than the ambient temperature. In this paper I describe errors due to inadequate blackbody simulation, fluctuations in radiometer temperature, and imprecise voltage measurements during calibration. I also discuss simple ways of avoiding or minimizing each of these errors.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The pyrolysis of acetylene‐styrene mixtures between 450 and 550°C

The pyrolysis of acetylene-styrene mixtures has been studied from 450–550°C in a quartz reaction vessel in the absence and presence of O2 or NO. The rates of disappearance of reactants and formation of adducts are first-order in each reactant. The major product is polymer, with the adducts accounting for about 2.5% and 6.2% of the styrene removed at 450 and 550°C, respectively. The acetylene-to-styrene removal ratio is about 27 independent of temperature. The adducts formed are methyl indene and 1,2-dihydronaphthalene. These are about half-suppressed in the presence of O2 or NO. The rate coefficients for reactant removal and adduct formation are: where the activation energies are in kJ/mol and the uncertainties are one standard deviation. As the reaction proceeds, the methyl indene and 1,2-dihydronaphthalene decompose, and indene and naphthalene are formed. In addition, an unidentified isomer of naphthalene is produced as an initial minor product, and it also decomposes as the reaction proceeds.
A spatio-temporal view of historical growth in Phoenix, Arizona, USA

This study uses a spatio-temporal approach to analyze the historical development of Phoenix, Arizona. While historical narratives provide rich detail, there is also a strong quantitative tradition in urban growth research. Methods from urban growth models, ecological modeling, and spatial analysis provide sharper intuition into the effect that urban change processes have on the growth trajectory of individual land parcels and the entire urban landscape. Phoenix, Arizona is a popular case study for urban growth because of its rapid, decentralized expansion and the hegemony of its suburbs and outlying areas. It is often seen as the epitome of post-World War II suburban sprawl. We digitize parcel maps of downtown Phoenix from 1915, 1949, and 1963 in order to investigate the impact of regional change processes on the city's historic core. Using transition matrices, join-count autocorrelation, and spatial Markov chains, we find that the purported emptying out of the downtown area following World War II was more complex than the common story of retail exodus. Despite an increase in so-called nuisance properties and poor institutional land use controls, nuisance parcels showed a propensity toward aggregation and were less likely to exist in close proximity to higher order uses. Finally, we find that Phoenix's downtown is continually homogenizing by land use type. This paper provides a parcel-level view of the impacts that drivers of change have on urban landscapes, demonstrating the usefulness of spatio-temporal approaches in understanding the development of an urban morphology during a critical period of urban change worldwide.
A science need: Designing tasks to engage students in modeling complex data

In this information age, the capacity to perceive structure in data, model that structure, and make decisions regarding its implications is rapidly becoming the most important of the quantitative literacy skills. We build on Kaput’s belief in a Science of Need to motivate and direct the development of tasks and tools for engaging students in reasoning about data. A Science of Need embodies the utility value of mathematics, and engages students in seeing the importance of mathematics in both their current and their future lives. An extended example of the design of tasks that require students to generate, test, and revise models of complex data is used to illustrate the ways in which attention to the contributions of students can aid in the development of both useful and theoretically coherent models of mathematical understanding by researchers. Tools such as Fathom are shown as democratizing agents in making data modeling more expressive and intimate, aiding in the development of deeper and more applicable mathematical understanding.
Formation of gas-phase negative ions in vinylene carbonate

The formation and structure of negative ions from vinylene carbonate (C3O3H2) have been studied in gas-phase collision experiments, using both low-energy electrons (<10 eV) and potassium atoms (<40 eV) as projectiles. The two major dissociative attachment resonances, producing C2H2O− and C2H2O2−, exhibit large cross-sections and peak at energies close to the calculated energies of the 2A2 and 2B1 π-negative-ion states of vinylene carbonate. The ion C2H2O− is metastable with respect to autodetachment, and its lifetime decreases rapidly with increasing electron energy over the width of the dissociation resonance. Collisions of potassium atoms with vinylene carbonate indicate that formation of C2H2O2− is the more exothermic reaction. The ion CO3− is detected only in potassium collisions. A simple analysis involving molecular orbital theory together with a consideration of the resonance structures of the compound negative-ion state is presented which accounts for the major decay modes of the compound states of vinylene carbonate.
“To Grandmother's House We Go”: Health and School Adjustment of Children Raised Solely By Grandparents

This study uses data from the 1988 National Children's Health Supplement (N = 17,110) to the National Health Interview Survey to examine the health and school adjustment of children raised solely by grandparents. We find that these children fare quite well relative to children in families with one biological parent present, a category which includes both single-parent and blended families. Furthermore, children raised solely by grandparents are not significantly different, except for academic performance, from children raised in traditional families where two biological parents are present.
Ground‐Water Implications of Recent Federal Law

Federal legislative enactments for water quality control have traditionally emphasized surface-water quality because of the more intense demands placed on such water and the earlier occurrence of acute quality problems. However, ground-water quality problems are becoming serious, and the value of this resource requires that adequate protective measures be adopted. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 provide a substantial basis for federal involvement in ground-water quality control. Although the federal permit program established by the Amendments is not explicitly made applicable to waste discharges to ground water, EPA interpretation of the law extends the federal permit requirement to the disposal of wastes into wells where this technique is used in combination with or as a replacement for facilities for discharge into navigable waters. Federal influence is also extended to state control over disposal well operations by provisions specifying conditions under which state level programs can be approved to replace the federal program. Another provision extending federal influence into the area of ground-water quality control concerns preparation of areawide waste treatment management plans for areas designated as having substantial water quality control problems. The required plan for such areas must encompass both surface and ground-water quality problems and are subject to the approval of the Administrator of EPA. Thus, the 1972 law provides a basis for considerable federal involvement in ground-water quality control in spite of the fact that its primary applicability is in the area of surface water.
The low-frequency noise spectrum analysis of the reliability of the InGaN LED

In recent years, with extensive use of InGaN LED, estimation of LED quality and improvement of LED reliability has become very important. In this report, the noise spectrum measurement techniques were used to estimate the reliability of InGaN LED devices and compare its reliability with its ESD tolerance test result. Experimental results show that the noise spectrum measurement more effectively distinguishes the LED device reliability than that of the current voltage curve measurement. EMMI, SEM and TEM images show that noise source and cause of failure of the LED device are attributed to poor quality of the SiO 2 and ITO interface.
The Ruins of the New Argentina: Peronism and the Remaking of San Juan after the 1944 Earthquake

Mark A. Healey (2011), 416 (Duke University Press, Durham, NC and London, £69.00/$94.95, paperback £16.99/$25.95). In January 1944, an earthquake of magnitude 7.4 struck the Argentine province of S...
Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy for the Rapid Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia

A rapid surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) method has been developed for the detection of two waterborne pathogens, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lambia. Raman labels were prepared by conjugating gold nanoparticles with commercial antibodies and dye molecules. After incubation with the immunogold labels, C. parvum oocysts and G. lamblia could easily be measured and differentiated by Raman spectroscopy. The immunogold signal intensities were optimized by testing several sizes of gold nanoparticles, four different commercially available dye molecules, and two Raman excitation wavelengths. Raman maps were collected across fixed and labeled Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, and the maps were used to determine which C. parvum and G. lamblia antibodies exhibited the best specificities and organism coverages. Ultimately, 40 nm gold nanoparticles were conjugated with rhodamine B isothiocyanate and malachite green isothiocyanate for the C. parvum and G. lamblia immunogold syntheses...
Mouse models of serotonin receptor function: toward a genetic dissection of serotonin systems

Central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) systems regulate a wide variety of complex behaviors, and are targeted by drugs used in the treatment of diverse neuropsychiatric disorders. The actions of 5-HT are mediated by a large and heterogeneous family of 5-HT receptor subtypes. Studies of the functional significance of individual subtypes have been complicated by the limited availability of selective receptor agonist and antagonist drugs. Molecular genetic techniques offer complementary approaches for studying the behavioral roles of individual 5-HT receptor subtypes through the generation of gene-targeted and transgenic lines of mice with altered expression of 5-HT receptor genes. This review will examine insights into the serotonergic regulation of behavior that have been produced by the study of these lines, as well as discuss important caveats to the interpretation of these studies.
Design of broadband and dual-band microstrip antennas on a high-dielectric substrate using a genetic algorithm

The authors report the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) to design patch shapes for microstrip antennas on a high-dielectric substrate for broadband and dual-band applications. A full-wave electromagnetic solver is employed to predict the performance of microstrip antennas with arbitrary patch shapes. A two-dimensional chromosome is used to encode each patch shape into a binary map. A GA with a two-point crossover and geometrical filtering is implemented to achieve efficient optimisation. The resulting optimised patch structures for broadband and dual-band operations are described. For broadband application, the optimised patch antenna achieves a four-fold improvement in bandwidth when compared to a standard square microstrip antenna. For dual-band application, the optimised patch antenna shows a good impedance match at the design frequencies of 1 and 2 GHz. The GA-optimised designs are built on a FR-4 substrate and measurement results show good agreement with the numerical prediction. Physical interpretation for the optimised shapes is discussed.
Application Of White-Light Processing To Interferometric Studies

One of the interesting applications of white-light optical signal processing must be psuedocolor encoding. In this paper, we will demonstrate some of those applications to holographic interferometric and metrological studies. Techniques of producing pseudocolor encoded holographic fringe patterns and misfocused speckle interferograms are provided. These techniques allow the viewing of a multiset of encoded interferograms simultaneously. Talbot interferometric technique for pseudocolor encoding phase object and depth utilizing a white-light processor is also presented. The white-light optical processing technique offers the simplicity, versatility, and cost effectiveness in the application to interferometric and metrological studies.
Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography of 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine 5′-triphosphate levels in murine leukemia cells

Abstract The metabolism of 9-β- d -arabinofuranosyladenine (AraA) to arabinofuranosyladenine 5′-triphosphate (AraATP), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, in mouse leukemia cells was examined by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. AraATP was separated from naturally occurring nucleotides in acid-soluble extracts and quantitative measurements of AraATP levels were made. A potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (2′-deoxycoformycin; co-vidarabine), when used in combination with AraA in the treatment of leukemia-bearing mice, increased the formation of AraATP in mouse leukemia cells four- to five-fold over that obtained by treatment with AraA alone. By means of high-pressure liquid chromatography the half-life of AraATP in tumor cells could be measured. Results of such studies may be of value in planning chemotherapy regimens.
Active Fault‐Tolerant Quantum Error Correction: The Curse of the Open System*

Relying on the universality of quantum mechanics and on recent results known as the “threshold theorems,” quantum information scientists deem the question of the feasibility of large‐scale, fault‐tolerant, and computationally superior quantum computers as purely technological. Reconstructing this question in statistical mechanical terms, this article suggests otherwise by questioning the physical significance of the threshold theorems. The skepticism it advances is neither too strong (hence is consistent with the universality of quantum mechanics) nor too weak (hence is independent of technological contingencies).
SWITCHING OF DNA SECONDARY STRUCTURE IN PROENKEPHALIN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION

Proper transcriptional regulation of the proenkephalin gene requires a switch between distinct factor binding sites that cannot exist at the same time. Each of the sites is formed from a nearly palindromic region that contains two functionally defined cAMP response elements. The region can switch between cruciform and linear duplex. Formation of the cruciform creates an alternative binding site for mediators of second messenger-directed transcription and abolishes the site present in the native duplex form. Use of the cruciform site has been shown to correlate with activated transcription. Analysis of DNA structure, protein binding, and gene expression from plasmids with mutant enhancers shows, however, that both sites are required for regulation of transcription. The two distinct structures form within the same enhancer. Shifting the balance between the two alters transcriptional response.
A New Method for Avoiding Persistent Air Leaks following Segmental Pulmonary Resection

1.Early complete expansion of the remaining lung and the avoidance of air leak following pulmonary segmental resection will eliminate virtually all of the air space complications of this operation. 2.A method is presented which resulted in only one transient air space in a series of 123 consecutive patients undergoing 199 segmental resections. 3.The technique stresses the importance of clamping intersegmental connecting structures before division. Suture ligation of these structures is then performed. 4.Careful placement of intercostal drainage tubes, and routine use of the Emerson pleural suction pump is an important adjunct. 5.It should be clearly understood that we vigorously object to mass ligation, large wedge resection, and the use of running sutures.
James Hinton and Victorian individuality: polygamy and the sacrifice of the self.

James Hinton was a charismatic thinker who influenced the mid-Victorian concept of altruism and later sexologists such as Havelock Ellis. Secretly, he also believed that polygamy would solve the problems of sexual frustration, prostitution, and female poverty. His obsessions with polygamy are evident in five volumes of largely unpublished manuscripts found in the British Library. However, in examining the roots of Hinton's beliefs, we can see that Hinton should not be understood only as a precursor to later sexual radicalism; rather, he should be anchored in the very different context of mid-Victorian struggles over individualism in religion and culture.
Effects of chemical reactions on density-dependent fluid flow: on the numerical formulation and the development of instabilities

Abstract A three-dimensional, reactive numerical flow model is developed that couples chemical reactions with density-dependent mass transport and fluid flow. The model includes equilibrium reactions for the aqueous species, kinetic reactions between the solid and aqueous phases, and full coupling of porosity and permeability changes that result from precipitation and dissolution reactions in porous media. A one-step, global implicit approach is used to solve the coupled flow, transport and reaction equations with a fully implicit upstream-weighted control volume discretization. The Newton–Raphson method is applied to the discretized non-linear equations and a block ILU-preconditioned CGSTAB method is used to solve the resulting Jacobian matrix equations. This approach permits the solution of the complete set of governing equations for both concentration and pressure simultaneously affected by chemical and physical processes. A series of chemical transport simulations are conducted to investigate coupled processes of reactive chemical transport and density-dependent flow and their subsequent impact on the development of preferential flow paths in porous media. The coupled effects of the processes driving flow and the chemical reactions occurring during solute transport is studied using a carbonate system in fully saturated porous media. Results demonstrate that instability development is sensitive to the initial perturbation caused by density differences between the solute plume and the ambient groundwater. If the initial perturbation is large, then it acts as a “trigger” in the flow system that causes instabilities to develop in a planar reaction front. When permeability changes occur due to dissolution reactions occurring in the porous media, a reactive feedback loop is created by calcite dissolution and the mixed convective transport of the system. Although the feedback loop does not have a significant impact on plume shape, complex concentration distributions develop as a result of the instabilities generated in the flow system.
A Query Integrator and Manager for the Query Web

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? The Query Web as an interconnected set of queries over web-accessible sources. ? A Query Integrator (QI) that enables the evolution of the Query Web. ? Demonstration of the potential utility of QI for several biomedical use cases. We introduce two concepts: the Query Web as a layer of interconnected queries over the document web and the semantic web, and a Query Web Integrator and Manager (QI) that enables the Query Web to evolve. QI permits users to write, save and reuse queries over any web accessible source, including other queries saved in other installations of QI. The saved queries may be in any language (e.g. SPARQL, XQuery); the only condition for interconnection is that the queries return their results in some form of XML. This condition allows queries to chain off each other, and to be written in whatever language is appropriate for the task. We illustrate the potential use of QI for several biomedical use cases, including ontology view generation using a combination of graph-based and logical approaches, value set generation for clinical data management, image annotation using terminology obtained from an ontology web service, ontology-driven brain imaging data integration, small-scale clinical data integration, and wider-scale clinical data integration. Such use cases illustrate the current range of applications of QI and lead us to speculate about the potential evolution from smaller groups of interconnected queries into a larger query network that layers over the document and semantic web. The resulting Query Web could greatly aid researchers and others who now have to manually navigate through multiple information sources in order to answer specific questions.