cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The numerical tokamak project: simulation of turbulent transport

Abstract Three-dimensional fluid and kinetic models are being used to simulate the turbulent confinement of energy and plasma in the core of tokamaks. These simulations represent a qualitative improvement in the realism with which they model large tokamak experiments, because they use realistic plasma parameters and incorporate important geometrical effects. The combination of algorithm improvements and the application of high-performance computing methodology including the use of massively parallel computers has enabled dramatic improvements in simulation capability. A consortium of research groups from universities and national laboratories are collaborating in this effort which is entitled the Numerical Tokamak Project and is supported in part by the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative.
Genetic mapping of the athymic nude (RNU) locus in the rat to a region on chromosome 10

The nude trait in the rat is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner and is associated with thymic aplasia, T-cell deficiency, and hairlessness. Congenic rats homozygous for the RNU (Rowett nude) locus are important models in the study of inflammatory disease, tumor growth, and transplant rejection. The RNU locus has not been previously mapped, and the nature of the gene product is unknown. To determine the map location of this gene, a single F344.rnu/rnu (athymic nude congenic Fischer rat) male congenic rat was bred with 3 LEW/N (NIH stock Lewis rat) female rats to produce F1 progeny. Twelve F1 brother-sister breeding pairs were established. Forty-nine phenotypically nude F2 offspring (198 total) were obtained. Linkage analysis done on F2 DNA revealed highly significant cosegregation between the nude phenotype and eight polymorphic markers located on Chromosome (Chr) 10. The tightest linkages were with: MYH3 (embryonic, skeletal myosin heavy chain) and SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin), giving 2 point lod scores of 20.2, and 20.0, respectively. The map order and map distances, determined by multipoint linkage calculations, were: RR24-(16.1 cM)-MYH3-(3.5 cM)-SHBG-(4.7 cM)-RNU-(11.9 cM)-F16F2-(24.1 cM)-CLATP (citrate lyase ATPase)-(2.4 cM)-ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)/PPY (pancreatic polypeptide)-(14.1 cM)-RR1023. The position of the RNU locus in the rat corresponds closely with that of the recently reported nu locus in the mouse. This finding suggests that the nude phenotype in the rat and the mouse arise from defects in homologous genes.
Hope for Love: Practical Advice for Intimacy and Sex After Stroke

Stroke survivors are a major group of patients served by rehabilitation nurses. The lingering sequelae of a stroke may be devastating to a couple's relationship. This article provides practical advice that nurses can give to a stroke patient and his or her partner to cope with or overcome changes in intimacy and sexuality after a stroke. This article addresses the wide range of changes likely to occur in the patient and his or her partner, and readers are referred to additional resources for the nurse, the patient, and his or her partner. This information provides the tools for nurses to help our patients and their partners maintain their hope for love.
Capacity provisioning and failure recovery for Low Earth Orbit satellite constellation

This paper considers the link capacity requirement for an LEO satellite constellation. We model the constellation as an N×N mesh-torus topology under a uniform all-to-all traffic model. Both primary capacity and spare capacity for recovering from a link or node failure are examined. In both cases, we use a method of ‘cuts on a graph’ to obtain lower bounds on capacity requirements and subsequently find algorithms for routing and failure recovery that meet these bounds. Finally, we quantify the benefits of path-based restoration over that of link-based restoration; specifically, we find that the spare capacity requirement for a link-based restoration scheme is nearly N times that for a path-based scheme. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING AND ITS REGULATION A Federal Trade Commission Perspective

Advertising is the major source of consumer information regarding available products and services. Truthful ads assist consumers' search for products and services they want, stimulate competition, and create incentives for development and improvement of products and services. Under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FDA and FTC, the FDA regulates prescription drug advertising and the FTC regulates OTC drug advertising. The FDA regulates prescription drugs under a detailed set of regulations, while the FTC regulates OTC advertising by several policy guidelines and numerous adjudicated cases. The major objectives of FTC regulation are to encourage truthful advertising and ensure that advertisers disclose health risks and other limitations to avoid deceiving consumers.
A method of estimating the rate of convergence of an adaptive observer

Currently there is no exact formula or algorithm for calculating the rate of convergence of the adaptive observer described in 1. and 2. below. In this paper, an algebraic numerical technique is described for producing such rates of convergence when the inputs and outputs of the system to be identified can be approximated by almost periodic functions. Results of simulation studies will be presented to show that this method can produce accurate estimates. The examples studied indicate that the rate of convergence of the observer is very sensitive to initial conditions and that the rate of convergence can be very slow even in simple cases. 1. J.S.C. Yuan and W. M. Wonhmn, Probing signals for model reference identification, IEEE Trans. Automatic Control, AC-22(1977), pp. 530-538. 2. K.S. Narendra and P. Kudva, Stable adaptive schemes for system identification and control, IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-4 (1974), pp. 542-560.
TWO SEPARATE NCOR (NUCLEAR RECEPTOR COREPRESSOR) INTERACTION DOMAINS MEDIATE COREPRESSOR ACTION ON THYROID HORMONE RESPONSE ELEMENTS

The nuclear corepressor (NCoR) binds to the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) in the absence of ligand. NCoR-TR interactions are mediated by two interaction domains in the C-terminal portion of NCoR. Binding of NCoR to TR results in ligand-independent repression on positive thyroid hormone response elements. The interactions between NCoR interaction domains and TR on DNA response elements, however, have not been well characterized. We have found that both interaction domains are capable of binding TR on thyroid hormone response elements. In addition, the NCoR interaction domains interact much more strongly with the TR than those present in the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and TRs (SMRT). Furthermore, deletion of either NCoR interaction domain does not significantly impair ligand-independent effects on positive or negative thyroid hormone response elements. Finally, both NCoR interaction domains appear to preferentially bind TR homodimer over TR-retinoid X receptor heterodimer in electrophoretic mobilit...
Thalamic neurons responsive to temperature changes of glabrous hand and foot skin in squirrel monkey.

Abstract Extracellular discharges were recorded from single neurons located in the ventrobasal thalamus of anesthetized squirrel monkeys. Units with receptive fields on glabrous skin of hand and foot were studied. Only one type of neuron was found that responded to temperature change. These units also responded to mechanical stimuli (T + M units). This finding contrasted with a previous investigation of tongue thalamic thermal projections where units specifically responsive to thermal stimuli were seen in addition to T + M units. This difference was discussed. The neurons were located in the appropriate somatotopic region of VB external intermingled with specific mechanoreceptive neurons. Spinal cord lesions indicated that no sensitive thermal afferents reached the dorsal thalamus via the dorsal columns but probably project via the contralateral spinothalamic system. Response characteristics were analyzed with respect to rapid temperature change. All T + M units responded to cooling with increased discharge rates. No increased rates were seen with warming. It was also determined that the magnitude of the rise in discharge rate to cooling was generally proportional to the degree of cooling.
Memory Training and Strategy Use in Older Adults: Results from the ACTIVE Study

Little is known about the long-term effects of memory training in later life on strategy use. Data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study (n = 1,401) were used to describe strategy use in a community-dwelling sample of older adults. Strategy clustering scores on verbal list learning tasks of episodic memory were used to test the impact of memory training on strategy use and study longitudinal associations between strategy clustering, memory performance, and everyday functioning. Results suggested that younger, female, white, healthier, and more educated participants show higher strategy clustering scores initially but no characteristics were consistently associated with different trajectories in strategy clustering across all strategy clustering measures together. Memory training had significant immediate effects on all measures of strategy use that were maintained through five years of follow-up. With respect to longitudinal mediation, pre-post training changes in most strategy clustering scores mediate changes in objective memory performance and everyday functioning, implying that strategies can be modified and are closely related to both memory ability and the ability to function independently. This study provides evidence that older adults can be trained to use cognitive strategies, the effects are durable, and strategies are associated with memory and everyday functioning.
Effects of Insulating Dielectric Layers in Millimeter-Wave Planar Transmission Lines

Insulating dielectric layers added to waveguiding structures to reduce the conductor losses at high frequencies complicate the structure and usually introduce dominant mode crossing and leakage. A qualitative study is used to derive a design constraint that ensures that insulated structures fully utilize the conductor loss reduction available from the insulating dielectric layers. A numerical example is provided in which it is shown that in certain cases arbitrary dielectrics cannot be used for insulating layers.
Endothermic reactions of Ni+ with H2, HD and D2

Abstract An ion-beam apparatus is employed to study the reaction of Ni + with H 2 , HD, and D 2 as a function of kinetic energy. These reactions lead to the endothermic formation of NiH + , NiH + and NiD + , and NiD + , respectively. Interpretation of the threshold for these processes yields the average bond energies, D 0 (Ni + H) = 1.86 ± 0.09 eV and D 0 (Ni + D) = 1.90 ± 0.14 eV. The total reaction cross sections for all three systems are similar; however, a striking isotope effect is observed for Ni + reacting with HD. The dependence of the cross sections on relative kinetic energy is discussed in terms of simple models for reaction.
Lenalidomide in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: biological perspectives and therapeutic opportunities.

Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) with activity in lymphoid malignancies occurring primarily through immune modulation (eg, T-cell immune synapse enhancement and NK-cell/T-cell effector augmentation) and antiproliferative effects. Food and Drug Administration–approved for bortezomib-resistant, relapsed/refractory mantle-cell lymphoma, lenalidomide has demonstrated efficacy in several additional lymphoma subtypes. There are many ongoing clinical trials examining the use of lenalidomide alone or in combinatorial therapy. It will be important in these studies to delineate reliable, predictive biomarkers to optimally integrate lenalidomide into lymphoma treatment paradigms.
The role of sex therapists in treating erectile dysfunction: Working toward multidisciplinary treatment with physicians

Sex therapists use unique skills to assess and treat nonmedical factors that contribute to the causation or maintenance of erectile dysfunction. In addition to conducting thorough psychosocial evaluations, sex therapists elicit in-depth sex histories, assess possible patterns of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors, and evaluate potential relationship dynamics associated with erection problems. Sex therapists evaluate sociocultural influences, psychosexual trauma, sexual skills or techniques, emotional factors, psychological confiicts, performance anxiety, intimacy dysfunction, and sexual attitudes. The work of sex therapists should complement the work of medical professionals, leading to a multidisciplinary approach to the assessment and treatment of erectile dysfunction. Aside from understanding and appreciating this standard of care for erectile problems, sex therapists and physicians need to take active steps to build and nurture these collaborative relationships.
Ages of the Allende meteorite

Abstract The rare gases and the K and U were measured in whole-rock and chondrule samples of the Allende meteorite, a type-3 carbonaceous chondrite. There is an enrichment of the He4, Ar40, K, and U, and a depletion of the primordial gas in the chondrules. The U, Th-He4 age of the chondrules is (4.2 ± 0.2) × 109years, and the K-Ar40 age of the chondrules is (4.44 ± 0.14) × 109years. The chondrules are gas tight and old. With a maximum but reasonable correction for primordial He4, the U, Th-He4 age of the whole rock is (3.4 ± 0.2) × 109 years. The K-Ar40 age of the whole rock is 4.55 × 109 years, but this determination is less reliable than that for the chondrules because of the primordial Ar. The chondrules are enriched in excess Xe129 and depleted in primordial Xe. The Xe 129 Xe 132 ratios and the Xe129 excess in the chondrules are exceptionally high. Two troilite-bearing chondrules have a Xe 129 Xe 132 ratio of 92, which is the highest ever observed, and a Xe129 excess of 4.1 × 10−9cc/g, which is also very large. For chondrules, which contain little primordial Xe, the I contents can be obtained from the Xe128 excesses, the Co60 content, and the exposure age. In spite of the high Xe129 excesses, the I contents of the chondrules are not very high, ranging from 59 to 135 ppb. The ( Xe 129 I max ) ratios range from 0.42 to 1.39 × 10−4. Some chondrules of Allende may predate slightly the I-Xe129 isochronism in chondrules even with no Xe129 loss.
Listing requirements for a prospective crossmatch in pediatric heart transplantation: Analysis of Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data from 1996 to 2009

During the last decade, widespread adoption of solidphase assays by histocompatibility laboratories has led to increased sensitivity to detect anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody and greater accuracy in determining antiHLA antibody specificity. The influence of these changes on listing practices in requirements for a negative prospective crossmatch is unknown. This is important, because the clinical significance of very low strength anti-HLA donorspecific antibodies detected by highly sensitive methods is unclear, yet listing with a requirement for a prospective crossmatch is associated with higher waiting list mortality. We analyzed national registry data of all pediatric listings (age 18 years) from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) from 1996 to 2009. The data set and exclusion criteria have been previously described. Patients were classified on the basis of their earliest listing as requiring a traditional prospective crossmatch, a virtual prospective crossmatch, both, or neither. The requirement for a virtual crossmatch is indicated in the data set by the specification of 1 unacceptable antigen(s). We chose January 1996 as the start date for this analysis because that was the first full calendar year in which data on traditional crossmatch requirements and unacceptable antigens were collected. We hypothesized that the proportion of patients listed with a requirement for a traditional and/or virtual prospective crossmatch has increased over time. The requirement for a prospective crossmatch was analyzed using the chi-square test for trend with a 2-sided 0.05 using STATA 10.1 software (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX). The study was conducted with approval of the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board and the OPTN. Of the 5,990 children in the study cohort, 725 (12%) had a requirement for a prospective crossmatch during listing. Of these, 475 (8%) were listed with the requirement for a
Lack of direct effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone on postnatal rat brain morphology

Abstract An investigation was carried out to determine the effects of early hypophysectomy (5–6 days of age) and later hypophysectomy (28 days of age) on brain morphology. Graded doses of growth hormone were injected into normal postnatal rats to compare the brain anatomy with that from the early hypophysectomized rats. The animals were divided into five groups as follows. Group I: The rats were hypophysectomized at 5 days of age and killed at 26 days of age. Replicable somatosensory cortical depth differences were not obtained, possibly due to variation in hypophysectomy techniques. The occipital cortex was not affected by hypophysectomy in these series of experiments. Group II: Littermate rats were hypophysectomized at 6 days of age and killed at 41 days of age. The somatosensory cortex of the hypophysectomized rat was significantly deeper than the control, the difference being attributed to altered skull development. Group III: Rats were hypophysectomized at 28 days of age and killed at 77 days of age. No brain changes were noted, though marked body weight differences were evident. Group IV: Twenty-one micrograms of growth hormone were injected into normal rats in graded weekly doses beginning at 7 days of age and continuing for 3 weeks. No brain changes or body weight differences were found when compared with uninjected controls. Group V: A total of 300 μg was divided into graded, daily injections, beginning at 7 days of age and continuing for 3 weeks. No brain changes or body weight differences were seen when compared with uninjected controls.
Teacher development and learner‐centered theory

This multi‐layered qualitative study explored a learner‐centered curriculum intervention designed to support constructivist learning with practicing PK–12 teachers in a United States university Masters degree program. Research questions that guided faculty inquiry were: 1) How do practicing teachers understand the principles of learner‐centered theory from the perspectives of ‘reading about a theory’ in the textbook, to ‘theory as learners’ in our university classroom, and ‘applying the theory’ as teachers of their peers, and 2) In what ways do teachers think about applying theory in their own classroom? Electronic class reflections, journal narratives, teacher proposals and materials all served as data sources. Teachers reported on the benefits of choice, and gained confidence and ownership of their learning. Teachers valued dialogue with peers as a way to challenge assumptions, glean new insights and gain practical relevant materials related to their areas of personal and professional interest. The comp...
The Geographic Distribution Of Governmental Powers: The Case Of Regulation∗

A crucial characteristic of federal systems is the distribution of regulatory power between the states and the national government. Four factors affect the distribution of powers in the U.S.: the geographic scope of issues, institutional competence at state and national levels, protection of democratic values, and economies of administration. Local or scattered occurrences of a problem, national governmental rigidity, desire for extensive public participation, spatial variation in regulatory preferences, and diseconomies of scale in administration favor state regulation. Widespread occurrences or national significance of a problem, state governmental rigidity, spillover effects, abhorrent local preferences, and economies of scale in administration favor national regulation.
Differential gene expression analysis in treatment of Parkinson's disease using the moduli space of triangles

The long-term utility of levodopa (l-dopa) treatmentagainst PD is known to be limited by its subsequentinduction of dyskinesia (l-dopa-induced dyskinesia orLID). Up to now, few treatment strategies have been iden-tified to reverse LID and restore l-dopa efficacy in dyski-netic patients. Among various mechanisms, l-dopasensitization ("priming") may play an important role inthe development and maintenance of LID. Disregulationof dopamine (DA) synthesis, release and clearance ofextracellular DA (due to DA neuronal death and conse-quent "ectopic" synthesis and release by 5-HT terminals)is thought to lead to exaggerated fluctuations in the syn-aptic DA concentrations and consequent neurobiologicalalterations during chronic intermittent l-dopa treatment.These fluctuations, in turn, induce long-term, synapticalterations in the striatum and other brain areas compris-ing the basal ganglia. Previous studies have shown thatlong-term sensitization to cocaine can be reversed byinjecting a dopamine receptor agonist, followed by a 5-HT2 or 5-HT3 antagonist approximately 3.5 hours later[1,2]. To the extent that cocaine addiction may share sim-ilar neurobiological mechanisms with LID, it is reasona-ble to examine a regimen of the DA agonist pergolidefollowed by the 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin at the peakof acute withdrawal over a treatment period and reversesensitization to l-dopa. Based on our previous finding thatthis specific drug combination regimen can reverse previ-ously-established behavioral and molecular markers ofcocaine or methamphetamine sensitization in rats [3], wedetermined the striatal mRNA expression profiles associ-ated with l-dopa-induced dyskinesia in rats and itsreversal by the pergolide-ketanserin regimen. 6-Hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats were treated with l-dopa twice a day for 21 days (days 1 – 21) to induceabnormal involuntary movements (AIM), a model of LID.Subsequently, they were treated subcutaneously once aday for 2 weeks with one of the following. Group Areceived pergolide followed by ketanserin; Group Breceived pergolide followed by saline; Group C, the con-trol group, received saline on both occasions. The expres-sion levels of mRNA were measured for 27,342 genes. Thenormalized values provide triplets of positive numbers D= { (
Enhancing Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestration in Reclaimed Soils through Organic Amendments and Chiseling

The choice of reclamation techniques could affect restoration success, ecosystem productivity, and the capacity of reclaimed mine soil (RMS) to sequester soil organic carbon (SOC). A field experiment was conducted at three reclaimed coal mine sites across eastern Ohio to assess the impact of several reclamation techniques on biomass production, soil properties, and temporal changes in SOC and N pools. Amendments and reclamation practices tested were: normal reclamation practice (NRP, control), cow (Bos taurus) manure (10 Mg ha -1 ), mulching with oat straw (15 Mg ha -1 ), and chiseling (30-cm depth). At each site, all treatments were applied in triplicate to experimental plots in accord with a randomized complete block design. After 5 yr of restoration, results showed no effect of mulching on any of the soil properties investigated but significant effects of manuring and chiseling. During that period, SOC sequestration rates ranged between 0.6 and 2.8 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 , with the highest rates recorded in the manure-treated plots. Aboveground biomass production, biomass N content, and soil N and SOC pools were also significantly higher in the manure and chiseling treatments, probably due to greater exploration of the soil volume by plant roots and more efficient uptake of water and available nutrients. Ecosystem C (SOC + biomass C) in these two treatments also exceeded that in the NRP by 25 to 27 Mg C ha -1 . Thus, manure application and chiseling are effective reclamation practices for restoring RMS and enhancing C sequestration in these ecosystems.
Role of a surface tryptophan in defining the structure, stability, and DNA binding of the hyperthermophile protein Sac7d.

Sac7d is a small, chromatin protein from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius which induces a sharp kink in DNA with intercalation of valine and methionine side chains. The crystal structure of the protein−DNA complex indicates that a surface tryptophan (W24) plays a key role in DNA binding by hydrogen bonding to the DNA at the kink site. We show here that substitution of the solvent-exposed tryptophan with alanine (W24A) led to a significant loss in not only DNA binding affinity but also protein stability. The W24A substitution proved to be one of the most destabilizing surface substitutions in Sac7d. A global linkage analysis of the pH and salt dependence of stability indicated that the protein stability surface (ΔG vs temperature, pH, and salt concentration) was lowered overall by 2 kcal/mol (from 0 to 100 °C, pH 0 to 7, and 0 to 0.3 M KCl). The lower free energy of unfolding could not be attributed to significant structural perturbations of surface electrostatic interactions. Residual dipolar coupling of partial...
The Motionally Narrowed Nmr Line Shape of Ammonium Selenate

The proton free induction decay f(t) of ammonium selenate is measured from temperatures of no apparent effects of lattice motion (−185°C) upon f(t), to substantial motional effects (−145°C) upon f(t). Our measured results are consistent with a classical hindered rotational motion of the ammonium group. The deviation of f(t) from the rigid-lattice fid fo(t) can be expanded in a Taylor series as From the Δ1f(t) data, a3 and a4 are derived, and they are well fitted by the simple relations where ν is the jump frequency of the rotational motion, T1r is the rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation time, and ω1 the strength of the rotating magnetic field in frequency units. α, C3 and C4 are calculable constants of order unity.
Acetylation: a novel method for modulation of the immune response following trauma/hemorrhage and inflammatory second hit in animals and humans.

Background Hemorrhage induces an imbalance in histone acetyl transferase/histone deacetylase (HAT/HDAC) ratio. Correction of this imbalance with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) improves survival. We aimed to identify whether this was due to modulation of the post-shock immune response. Methods We established a “two-hit” model in which rats (n=11; 5-6/group) and humans (n=10; 5/group) sustained trauma/hemorrhage, followed by exposure of splenic leukocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10ng/mL) for 8 or 24 hours. The leukocytes were treated with: No treatment, SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, HDACI, 400nM), or Garcinol (HAT inhibitor, 20μM). Results Hemorrhage in the animals produced severe shock and a pro-inflammatory state. SAHA reduced TNFa secretion in the hemorrhaged leukocytes after LPS “second-hit” (34.0%, P = .003), whereas it increased transcript levels of TNFa and IL-1b (2.1±0.3 and 5.1± 2.2 fold respectively, P Conclusions SAHA normalizes TNFa levels following hemorrhage and LPS “second hit” in the rats, whereas trauma patients respond to SAHA in 2 distinct patterns, with either marked attenuation or exaggeration of inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine levels were independent of gene expression, implicating acetylation of non-nuclear proteins as the dominant regulatory mechanism.
The Economics of Using a Charitable Remainder Trust to Fund a Retirement Portfolio

The article shows that using a CRT to fund a retirement portfolio with a highly appreciated asset can make economic sense, even when a couple (or single person) has no charitable motivation. When the couple uses a CRT to fund their retirement portfolio, the present value of the lifetime retirement income they can expect to receive, the probability that they will receive their target retirement income each year, and the bequest that they can expect to leave to their heirs exceed the results from a directly-funded retirement portfolio. For a couple who has a charitable motivation, but is unable afford to make a charitable contribution, using a CRT can provide the additional benefit of allowing them to do so at no cost to themselves. Furthermore, if they are willing to sacrifice some retirement income and bequest benefits to make or increase a charitable donation, using a CRT can allow the couple to make a charitable contribution that is many times larger than the benefits that they forgo.
Phthalazinone inhibitors of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase from Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum (Cp) is a potential biowarfare agent and major cause of diarrhea and malnutrition. This protozoan parasite relies on inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) for the production of guanine nucleotides. A CpIMPDH-selective N-aryl-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxo-1-phthalazineacetamide inhibitor was previously identified in a high throughput screening campaign. Herein we report a structure-activity relationship study for the phthalazinone-based series that resulted in the discovery of benzofuranamide analogs that exhibit low nanomolar inhibition of CpIMPDH. In addition, the antiparasitic activity of select analogs in a Toxoplasma gondii model of C. parvum infection is also presented.
Roles of mast cell proteases in airways.

These studies indicate that the mast cell proteases tryptase and chymase have potent effects on multiple cells in airways, and they suggest new approaches to the treatment of diseases such as asthma
A Survey of Cataloging Education: Are Library Schools Listening?

In recent years a number of surveys of cataloging education have been conducted, and each of those surveys has suggested changes in library education. This survey reviews the current state of cataloging education by evaluating courses taught by 47 ALA accredited programs and compares the results to previous studies. This study examined the types of cataloging courses offered in LIS programs to determine if the type of course taught has changed over time. Additionally, this study examined course offering frequencies to determine if LIS programs are making the kind of courses needed to train cataloging librarians available to their students. It is concluded that although LIS programs are continuing to offer and require introductory courses in cataloging and bibliographic control, they are relying more heavily on these introductory courses to provide the bulk of cataloging education.
Are reporting errors due to encoding limitations or retrieval failure? Surveys of child vaccination as a case study

SUMMARY Surveys of childhood vaccinations are often highly inaccurate, due to parental misreporting. We conducted three experiments to examine the source of the inaccuracies. In Experiment 1, we provided parents with memory aids; these aids did little to improve reporting accuracy. Two further experiments asked whether parents forgot what they knew about their children’s vaccinations, or whether they never knew the information. In Experiment 2 we surveyed parents both immediately and ten weeks after their child’s medical visit. Accuracy was only slightly better than chance immediately afterwards; ten weeks later performance had not changed significantly. Experiment 3 compared reports in both recall and recognition conditions. Although the recognition condition lowered the response burden on parents it did not produce more accurate reports. We conclude that low levels of accuracy in parental reports on vaccinations appear to reflect poor initial encoding rather than retrieval failure. Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 13: 43‐63 (1999) Household surveys conducted by government agencies, university researchers, and private research firms are replete with detailed questions about the behaviours of both the respondents and their family members. Often, these questions are about relatively common or mundane events and it is reasonable to expect that the task will be diAcult for respondents unless steps are taken to improve recall of the target events. In fact, it has been found that, in many cases, recall is incomplete; several studies have made attempts to improve reporting through the use of eAective retrieval cues (for a summary see Jobe and Mingay, 1991). However, retrieval cues will be eAective only if a memory trace has been stored, so that improvement in reporting is fundamentally a matter of enhancing the respondent’s access to that memory. An alternative possibility that has been less emphasized by researchers who apply cognitive methods to surveys is that the information sought may have been insuAciently encoded
Inherent Errors in the Determination of Synchronous-Machine Reactances by Test

AS PROGRESS in the design and in the calculation of performance of synchronous machines has been made it has become necessary to specify their characteristics with continually greater accuracy. The predetermination of short-circuit currents, voltage dip on sudden application of load, stability characteristics during system disturbances, excitation requirements, and many other characteristics has been made possible by the development of an adequate theory, confirmed and refined by operating and test experience. The machine characteristics commonly used to predict performance usually are specified in terms of various reactances and time constants. As the number of these quantities and the accuracy to which they must be known has increased, certain inconsistencies among methods of definition, calculation, and test have become apparent. These should ideally all result in the same value. If they differ, one naturally would be inclined to consider the test value as the true reactance. In any case in which a reactance of a particular machine is specified, a method of testing for that reactance also must be specified, and any other definition of the reactance has little practical significance. In this sense the criterion of a good method of calculating the reactance is that it predict as nearly as possible the value which will be found by the specified test method. It, of course, can be asked legitimately whether the specified reactance is the proper one in view of the use to which it is to be put, and the definition is intended to describe the reactance so as to answer this question.
OVEREDUCATION AND COLLEGE MAJOR: EXPANDING THE DEFINITION OF MISMATCH BETWEEN SCHOOLING AND JOBS*

In this paper we expand the concept of educational mismatch to incorporate both the quantity and type of schooling into a measure of the distance between schooling and work. The wage effects increase as the distance between schooling and work increases, suggesting heterogeneity of both schooling and workers among the overeducated. The transferability of skills between college major and occupation, as well as the reason for accepting the position, is also examined.
An Online Mechanism for Dynamic VM Provisioning and Allocation in Clouds

Current cloud computing providers allocate their virtual machine (VM) instances via fixed price-based or auction-like mechanisms. However, these mechanisms have one limitation, they are all offline mechanisms, therefore they need to collect information and be invoked periodically. In this paper, we address this limitation by designing an online mechanism for dynamic provisioning and allocation of VM instances in clouds. Our proposed mechanism, MOVMPA, is invoked as soon as a user places a request or some VM instances already allocated become available again. When invoked, the mechanism selects users who would be allocated VM instances for the period they requested for, and ensures that those users will continue using those VMs for the entire period requested. We prove that the mechanism is incentive compatible and also investigate its performance through extensive simulation experiments.
Protein, starch, and non-protein nitrogen accumulation in high protein hybrids and low protein cultivars

Tuber protein, starch, non-protein nitrogen and percent dry matter content were measured during tuber development of four Phureja-Tuberosum-Andigena hybrids and two Tuberosum cultivars. Percentages of starch and protein in the tuber dry matter were curvilinearly related to tuber size in all six clones. The amounts of starch and protein in a tuber were linear functions of tuber size. Rates of protein accumulation in some of the hybrids were higher than those of either cultivar. Starch accumulation rates were similar among all six clones. The high protein character of at least one of the hybrids was associated with starch containing storage tissue. Differences between high and low protein clones were mainly related to quantitative differences in the subunit composition of the protein. The ratio of non-protein nitrogen to protein N was similar among the six clones. Relationships between percent dry matter and starch content were not consistent among the six clones.
From Sports Ethics to Labor Relations

Professional sports medicine is a morally conflicted mass of competing interests, as Testoni and colleagues (2013) make clear in their article. The authors have done the academic and practice commu...
Analysis of MAGSAT magnetic contrasts across Africa and South America

Abstract Comparisons of MAGSAT magnetic contrasts and geology across the Mesozoic assembly of Africa and South America provide new insight into the interpretation of the long-wavelength magnetic anomalies near the present continental margins. Across continental Africa and South America, the MAGSAT magnetic contrasts can be correlated with geologic provinces formed before the Mesozoic separation of the continents. On the continents, areas affected by significant Mesozoic hotspot tectonism display negative magnetic contrasts suggesting a causative relationship between hotspot tectonism and the origin of the observed magnetic contrasts. The magnetic characteristics of a portion of the lower crust in these areas appear to have been significantly altered during the Mesozoic hotspot epeirogeny. By analogy with the processes of continental rifting, it is suggested that the magnetic mineralogy of the intruded lower crust may be dominated by weakly- to non-magnetic titanomagnetites. Oceanic magnetic contrast comparisons show that the positions of magnetic anomaly highs over the Rio Grande-Walvis Ridge System of the South Atlantic are consistent with the interpretation of their evolution over the Walvis Hotspot. However, only the parts of these ridges that were formed during the Cretaceous normal polarity geomagnetic epoch bear strong magnetic contrasts. Remanent magnetization thus appears to be an important contributor toward the MAGSAT magnetic anomalies of these features.
Microwaves and hard X-rays from solar flares - Multithermal and nonthermal interpretations

It is generally accepted that the hard X rays and centimeter-wavelength (microwave) radio emission from impulsive solar flares come from a common source. The present investigation is concerned with the development of a model for impulsive hard X rays and microwaves under the assumption that they arise from the same distribution of electrons, possibly, but not necessarily, from the same volume of space. An examination is conducted of a model in which the hard X rays and microwaves are produced in a homogeneous volume by a power-law electron distribution (nonthermal model). An investigation is also performed of a multithermal model in which the hard X rays and microwaves come from an inhomogeneous source, a nest of magnetic arches in which the highest temperature electrons are confined to a small core, and where, away from the core, the temperature decreases. It is found that more or less satisfactory models can be constructed using either multithermal or nonthermal, power-law electron distributions.
Feeding of High-Nickel Alloy Castings

Feeding of the nickel-based alloys CZ-100, M-35-1, and CW-12MW, as well as of the austenitic stainless steel CN-7M, is investigated, using a combination of casting experiments and simulation. Casting trials are performed at five foundries, to produce a total of 55 plates of varying lengths and radiographic soundness levels. In order to develop the property databases necessary to simulate the casting of these alloys, temperature data are recorded for each alloy during the casting trials. These measured data are used in conjunction with material property simulation to develop the necessary property data for each alloy, including the solidification path. These property data are used to simulate the casting trials. Good agreement between the simulation results and the radiographic testing (RT) results for the castings is obtained. A quantitative relation between the measured ASTM X-ray levels and the predicted minimum Niyama criterion value is established for all but the CZ-100 alloy, which does not appear to suffer from shrinkage defects. A large number of additional simulations are used to develop general feeding distance (FD) rules. The new rules are shown to provide accurate FDs for the casting trial plates. The FDs of the high-nickel alloys (except CZ-100) are found to be at least 25 pct shorter than those for typical low-alloy steels.
Performance scalability of decoupled software pipelining

Any successful solution to using multicore processors to scale general-purpose program performance will have to contend with rising intercore communication costs while exposing coarse-grained parallelism. Recently proposed pipelined multithreading (PMT) techniques have been demonstrated to have general-purpose applicability and are also able to effectively tolerate inter-core latencies through pipelined interthread communication. These desirable properties make PMT techniques strong candidates for program parallelization on current and future multicore processors and understanding their performance characteristics is critical to their deployment. To that end, this paper evaluates the performance scalability of a general-purpose PMT technique called decoupled software pipelining (DSWP) and presents a thorough analysis of the communication bottlenecks that must be overcome for optimal DSWP scalability.
Separation of uranium and the early lanthanides from a mixture of their oxides utilizing hexafluoroacetylacetonate

Hexafluoroacetylacetone can react in solvent-minimal routes to effect separation of lanthanides from uranium matrices without any pre-preparation, and provides a path to drastically simplify the separations process and limits the potential for contamination and waste formation due to extensive handling, while increasing the rapidity of separation and isolation of target elements. Lanthanum and uranium can be separated, from a mixture of their oxides, with high selectivity. The choice of solvent was the major variable affecting the distribution coefficients of each component.
Does Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products Contribute to the Aging Phenotype

Background. Aging is a complex multifactorial process characterized by accumulation of deleterious changes in cells and tissues, progressive deterioration of structural integrity and physiological function across multiple organ systems, and increased risk of death. Methods. We conducted a review of the scientific literature on the relationship of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with aging. AGEs are a heterogeneous group of bioactive molecules that are formed by the nonenzymatic glycation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Results. Humans are exposed to AGEs produced in the body, especially in individuals with abnormal glucose metabolism, and AGEs ingested in foods. AGEs cause widespread damage to tissues through upregulation of inflammation and cross-linking of collagen and other proteins. AGEs have been shown to adversely affect virtually all cells, tissues, and organ systems. Recent epidemiological studies demonstrate that elevated circulating AGEs are associated with increased risk of developing many chronic diseases that disproportionally affect older individuals. Conclusions. Based on these data, we propose that accumulation of AGEs accelerate the multisystem functional decline that occurs with aging, and therefore contribute to the aging phenotype. Exposure to AGEs can be reduced by restriction of dietary intake of AGEs and drug treatment with AGE inhibitors and AGE breakers. Modification of intake and circulat ing levels of AGEs may be a possible strategy to promote health in old age, especially because most Western foods are processed at high temperature and are rich in AGEs.
Passive Spirometry Used to Evaluate Pulmonary Function in Patients Receiving Mechanical Assistance to Ventilation

A method for obtaining passive expiratory volume in one second (PEV 1 ) and passive vital capacity (PVC) is described. These measurements require no patient cooperation and can be made on patients who are receiving mechanical assistance to ventilation (MAV). The PEV 1 and PEV 1 /PVC% correlated with FEV 1 and FEV 1 /FVC% obtained at the same time, and also where FEV 1 and FEV 1 / FVC% were determined when the patients were not acutely ill. These measurements can be used to assess pulmonary function in patients who are too ill to perform active vital capacity maneuvers and are on respirators. The PEV 1 and PEV 1 /PVC% can also be used to assess a patient's ability to stay off assisted ventilation for at least 24 hours. All seven patients in whom PEV 1 was greater than 600 ml were successfully tried off MAV. Of 11 patients with a PEV 1 of less than 500 ml, all except one continued to require MAV. Also, a trial of unassisted breathing was successful in 13 of the 19 patients with a PEV 1 / PVC% greater than 60 percent, while it failed in all the eight patients with a PEV 1 /PVC% of less than 60 percent.
“REPEAT PLAYERS” IN A CRIMINAL COURT The Fate of their Clients

That judges, defense attorneys, and prosecutors are part of a courthouse community that responds to organizational pressures is no longer questioned. What remains puzzling is exactly what impact organizational factors have on case outcomes. In this research, one aspect of this general question is investigated-whether the clients of “repeat-players” enjoy special benefits or bear special burdens when punishments are distributed. Previous research has found that the clients of repeat-players frequently fare worse than other defendants. In the court under study, we find the distribution of justice unaffected by this variable. The task for future research is to specify those conditions under which the level of attorney-court contact either will or will not have an impact on the distribution of punishment.
Mutant KRAS–Induced Expression of ICAM-1 in Pancreatic Acinar Cells Causes Attraction of Macrophages to Expedite the Formation of Precancerous Lesions

Desmoplasia and an inflammatory environment are defining features of pancreatic cancer. Unclear is how pancreatic cells that undergo oncogenic transformation can crosstalk with immune cells and how this contributes to the development of pancreatic lesions. Here we demonstrate that pancreatic acinar cells expressing mutant Kras can expedite their transformation to a duct-like phenotype by inducing local inflammation. Specifically, we show that KrasG12D induces the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which serves as chemoattractant for macrophages. Infiltrating macrophages amplify the formation of KrasG12D-caused abnormal pancreatic structures by re-modulating the extracellular matrix and providing cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Depletion of macrophages or treatment with a neutralizing antibody for ICAM-1 in mice expressing oncogenic Kras under an acinar cell-specific promoter both resulted in a decreased formation of abnormal structures and decreased progression of ADM to PanIN lesions.