cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symmetry in c, d, n of Jacobian elliptic functions

Abstract The relation connecting the symmetric elliptic integral R F with the Jacobian elliptic functions is symmetric in the first three of the four letters c, d, n, and s that are used in ordered pairs to name the 12 functions. A symbol Δ ( p , q ) = ps 2 ( u , k ) − qs 2 ( u , k ) , p , q ∈ { c , d , n } , is independent of u and allows formulas for differentiation, bisection, duplication, and addition to remain valid when c, d, and n are permuted. The five transformations of first order, which change the argument and modulus of the functions, take a unified form in which they correspond to the five nontrivial permutations of c, d, and n. There are 18 transformations of second order (including Landen's and Gauss's transformations) comprising three sets of six. The sets are related by permutations of the original functions cs, ds, and ns, and there are only three sets because each set is symmetric in two of these. The six second-order transformations in each set are related by first-order transformations of the transformed functions, and all 18 take a unified form. All results are derived from properties of R F without invoking Weierstrass functions or theta functions.
Construction and In Vitro Properties of SIVmac Mutants with Deletions in “Nonessential” Genes

Auxiliary genes that are not essential for viral replication in cell culture are found in all known lentiviruses. The "nonessential" auxiliary genes of HIV-1 are vif, vpr, vpu, and nef. Sequences within the upstream region of U3 in the LTR are also not required for virus replication in cell culture. We constructed a panel of 23 mutants with single and combination deletions in these regions in the wild-type HIV-1 infectious molecular clone NL4-3. Deletion of the vpu, vpr, and nef genes and the U3 upstream sequence (US), individually or in combinations, did not appreciably alter virus replication in either chimpanzee PBMCs, human PBMCs, or in the B/T cell hybrid line CEMx174. In contrast, deletion of the vif gene dramatically delayed virus replication in all three cell types. This collection of HIV-1 deletion mutants will be useful for elucidating the functions of these genes and for investigating antiviral immunity in animal models.
Generation and characterization of humanized mice carrying COMT158 Met/Val alleles.

The Val158Met polymorphism of human catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of the most well-studied single-nucleotide polymorphisms in neuropsychiatry; however, findings are inconsistent due to human genetic heterogeneity. We created the first ‘humanized' COMTVal158Met mouse lines, which carry either human COMT Val or Met alleles via gene targeting. The ‘humanized' mouse model enables strict comparison of the physiological functions of the two alleles. Consistent with human observation, Met/Met mice exhibited a 30% reduction in enzymatic activity compared with Val/Val mice. On the basis of the reported differences in human Met and Val carriers across working memory, fear processes and sensorimotor gating, we examined these functions between sibling Met/Met and Val/Val mice. Val/Val mice exhibited robust reductions in spatial working memory compared with Met/Met mice in both sexes, with tolcapone treatment significantly reversing the Val/Val alternation deficits. Sex effects were observed in other behaviors, with male Val/Val mice exhibited lower prepulse inhibition compared with Met/Met mice, whereas female mice exhibited the opposite phenotype. Female but not male Met/Met mice exhibited reduced contextual fear, increased cued fear, and reduced extinction recall. Thus, these mice (1) support the argument that human COMT Val158Met polymorphism modulates behavioral functions and most importantly (2) exhibit the expected treatment effects supporting the ‘inverted U shaped' dose response of catecholamine signaling on cognitive function. This model will be invaluable for understanding the effects of human COMT Val158Met polymorphism on cortical development and behavioral functions, and how this polymorphism modulates treatment response.
Therapy of hepatitis C in patients with HIV infection

Hepatitis C is found in approximately a third of patients infected with HIV. Therapy of hepatitis C in HIV patients is very important from several view points. First, hepatitis C in the setting of immunosuppression may progress faster, although recent data show that mortality from liver disease was decreased in highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV/hepatitis C coinfection is associated with more frequent elevation in liver tests (drug-induced liver injury) during highly active antiretroviral therapy, and in some studies, hepatitis C has been associated with lower CD4+ recoveries. The therapeutic standard of care is a combination of peginterferon and ribavirin at a fixed dose, 800 mg/day, although higher ribavirin doses may further improve virologic outcomes. In patients that do not respond virologically, maintenance therapy with peginterferon monotherapy is a potential avenue to stem the advance of liver fibrosis, although controlled data in coinfected patients are needed to issue formal recommendations.
A Single Session of Low-Intensity Exercise Is Sufficient to Enhance Insulin Sensitivity Into the Next Day in Obese Adults

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a relatively modest session of exercise on insulin sensitivity and fatty acid uptake the next day in obese adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eleven sedentary obese adults (male/female: 3/8; BMI 37 ± 1 kg/m 2 ; peak oxygen uptake [VO 2 peak] 20 ± 1 mL/kg/min) completed three experimental trials. On two of these occasions, subjects exercised to expend 350 kcal in the afternoon. These two exercise trials were identical except for the exercise intensity (50% VO 2 peak [EX50] and 65% VO 2 peak [EX65]) and the duration of exercise necessary to expend 350 kcal (EX50 = ∼70 min; EX65 = ∼55 min). Subjects also completed a control trial (CON), without exercise. The next morning, we measured insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) and whole-body fatty acid uptake (palmitate rate of disappearance from plasma [R d ]). RESULTS Exercise increased insulin sensitivity the next day, but whereas the 35% improvement after EX50 compared with CON was statistically significant ( P = 0.01), the 20% improvement after EX65 was not ( P = 0.17). Despite nearly identical values between CON and EX65 ( P = 0.88), systemic fatty acid uptake was lower after EX50 compared with EX65 ( P = 0.02), but not quite significant compared with CON ( P = 0.07). Importantly, the change in fatty acid uptake after exercise compared with CON was negatively correlated with the change in insulin sensitivity for all trials ( r = −0.60, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS A relatively modest single session of exercise in obese adults improved insulin sensitivity the next day, and a reduction in systemic fatty acid uptake in the several hours after exercise may be important for this effect.
Alexander Butlerov and the Professionalization of Science in Russia

7lIhe Great Reform Era during the reign of Alexander 11 (1855-81) produced significant changes throughout Russian society, including the emancipation of the serfs, military reforms, judicial reforms, and educational reforms. One important impact of these and other reforms was the stimulus they gave to the growth of professions and professional specialists in the years before 1917. While early studies of professions focused on the United States and England, scholars are devoting more attention to the development of professions in Russia and other continental countries.1 For Russia, many studies have focused on the political role of the professions and the interaction of professionals and the state in the years surrounding the 1905 Revolution. In this article, however, I examine the efforts of the prominent Russian chemist Alexander Butlerov (1828-86) to introduce changes in the teaching and pursuit of chemistry in Russia during the late 1850s and early 1860s. These changes initiated the professionalization of chemistry in Russia and were instrumental in making chemistry the strongest scientific discipline in Russia before 1917. One of the most important Russian scientists of the nineteenth century, Butlerov gained international recognition for his work on the structural theory of
Improved genetic algorithm for the protein folding problem by use of a Cartesian combination operator

We have devised a Cartesian combination operator and coding scheme for improving the performance of genetic algorithms applied to the protein folding problem. The genetic coding consists of the C alpha Cartesian coordinates of the protein chain. The recombination of the genes of the parents is accomplished by: (1) a rigid superposition of one parent chain on the other, to make the relation of Cartesian coordinates meaningful, then, (2) the chains of the children are formed through a linear combination of the coordinates of their parents. The children produced with this Cartesian combination operator scheme have similar topology and retain the long-range contacts of their parents. The new scheme is significantly more efficient than the standard genetic algorithm methods for locating low-energy conformations of proteins. The considerable superiority of genetic algorithms over Monte Carlo optimization methods is also demonstrated. We have also devised a new dynamic programming lattice fitting procedure for use with the Cartesian combination operator method. The procedure finds excellent fits of real-space chains to the lattice while satisfying bond-length, bond-angle, and overlap constraints.
The Effect of Hydrolysis Conditions on the Characteristics of PbTiO3 Gels and Thin Films

Sol-gel processing represents a promising method of fabrication for thin films of electronic ceramics which are useful in a number of packaging and device applications. In this study, the influence of acid and base catalysts on the structure of PbTiO3 gels and films (0.1-1.0μm) was investigated, for the purpose of inducing and identifying gel structures which were the most suitable as precursors for thin dielectric layers. Continuous, crack-free films, with dielectric strengths in excess of 106 V/cm were developed. Basic solutions gelled rapidly, phase separated, and were probably more crosslinked than acidic gels. Acidic gels seemed more capable of polymeric rearrangement during drying, yielding denser amorphous structures with microcrystalline regions. High-field dielectric constants (1 MV/m ac) in the range K=30–40, and K=160–170, were determined for amorphous and crystalline films, respectively.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY : I. AN ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED EPIDEMIC OF MOUSE TYPHOID.

In this paper we have described the first part of an experimental study of the epidemiology of mouse typhoid. One set of data has been presented on the basis of which little or no analysis has been attempted. The immediate object has been rather to collect materials than to undertake to account for the phenomena encountered. It is obvious that the factors involved in the inquiry are intricate, but it is believed that they are not necessarily or all beyond disentanglement. About 500 mice in all have been studied in an experimental village, brought together in increments among a population in which mouse typhoid experimentally induced was prevailing. The results have been presented according to two phenomena; namely, mortality or death rate, and bacillus carriage rate. The material does not lend itself to consideration according to morbidity rates. If it were established that every instance of attack, when not fatal, was attended by carrier production for the bacillus of mouse typhoid, reliable morbidity tables could be constructed. In the absence of this certain criterion, the materials here presented can be dealt with only as mortality data. This fact is attended with obvious disadvantages in respect to the epidemiological material assembled regarding infectious disease in man. In spite, however, of the drawbacks, it is already evident that the results obtained by the sort of inquiry here described may come to throw no inconsiderable light on moot problems on the origin, mode of spread, and manner of decline of epidemic diseases in general. The analysis of the strains by selecting single cells and thus establishing substrains has yielded results which may eventually have value in explaining fluctuations in virulence. Among the positive data arising from the experiments with such cultures are, first, that there have been obtained by mechanical means from the ordinary bacteriologically pure culture, single cell strains exhibiting slightly different pathogenic activity, whether administered by mouth or parenterally, and second, that more regular results are obtained with intraperitoneal injections of these strains than with the parent strain. Among the negative results to be recorded are the failures of two single cell strains to incite an epidemic among mice under conditions known to be suitable when the parent strain is used.
Mechanism of α-1 antitrypsin endocytosis by lung endothelium

The integrity of lung alveoli is maintained by proper circulating levels of α-1 antitrypsin (A1AT). Next to cigarette smoking, A1AT deficiency is a major risk factor for lung emphysema development....
Emplacement of Fahrenheit crater ejecta at the Luna-24 site

The likelihood that the gabbroic and monomineralic fragments in the Luna-24 soils were excavated during the Fahrenheit cratering event can be assessed by considering the quantity, characteristics, and mode of deposition of Fahrenheit ejecta in the vicinity of the Luna-24 site. The original morphology of Fahrenheit's ejecta deposits is inferred by examining a fresh crater, Lichtenberg B, of a comparable site that formed in a similar type of target material. On the basis of this analogy, a probability of over 80% was calculated that the Luna-24 site was morphologically disturbed by the deposition of Fahrenheit ejecta. The relative abundance, gabbroic composition, and unshocked character of the holocrystalline fragments discovered in the Luna-24 core sample are consistent with the widespread occurrence of Fahrenheit deposits and the characteristics of Fahrenheit ejecta anticipated at the Luna-24 range.
Sintering in colloidal particles of rare earth hydroxycarbonate and its decomposition products

Abstract The hydroxycarbonates of binary or ternary rare earths prepared as amorphous colloidal spheres by controlled homogeneous precipitation from urea solutions are shown to sinter without an incoherent interface at each step in their decomposition to the oxide. This behavior is followed whether the decomposition is accomplished by the electron-beam during observation in the high-resolution electron microscope or during heat treatment outside the microscope. The absence of distinct boundaries in clusters of particles without long range order is illustrated. Coherent boundaries are shown to persist even with the substantial morphological change which occurs when the particles become crystalline.
Fusogenic effects of murine retroviruses and cationic enhancers of transduction

The maturation of retrovirus particles involves proteolytic cleavage of the envelope glycoprotein transmembrane component, resulting in conversion of the virus particle to a fusogenic or infectious state. Susceptible murine cells exposed to virus-containing supernatants from ecotropic retroviral helper cells occasionally fused to neighboring cells, resulting in syncytia (giant cells with multiple nuclei). Polycationic molecules dramatically enhanced the effect, leading to widespread cell death. The degree of cell fusion was dependent upon the retroviral envelope subtype (ecotropic-->amphotropic, gibbon ape leukemia virus was negative) as well as on the polycationic reagent used (G9 dendrimer-->Lipofectamine-->polybrene). Cell fusion effects were not mediated by the retroviral vector backbone, because virus-containing supernatants from helper cells (without vector) and vector producer cells had a similar effect. Human target cells were not fused by any type of murine retrovirus; in addition, amphotropic virus from human helper cells was not fusogenic toward murine cells. Thus, fusogenic effects were important during the propagation of vectors using murine helper cells but were not a significant factor during the transduction of human cells.
Signal isolation capability of rotating-wave-plate type electro-optic modulators

The signal isolation capabilities of rotating wave plate type single sideband electrooptic modulators operating in different configurations are analyzed. Discussion includes a broadband configuration in which the microwave pump wave travels in the backward direction. Experimental results confirming the feasibility of a simple configuration are presented.
Deubiquitination of p53 by HAUSP is an important pathway for p53 stabilization

The p53 tumour suppressor is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low levels in normal cells by Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis. Stabilization of p53 is crucial for its tumour suppressor function. However, the precise mechanism by which ubiquitinated p53 levels are regulated in vivo is not completely understood. By mass spectrometry of affinity-purified p53-associated factors, we have identified herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP) as a novel p53-interacting protein. HAUSP strongly stabilizes p53 even in the presence of excess Mdm2, and also induces p53-dependent cell growth repression and apoptosis. Significantly, HAUSP has an intrinsic enzymatic activity that specifically deubiquitinates p53 both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, expression of a catalytically inactive point mutant of HAUSP in cells increases the levels of p53 ubiquitination and destabilizes p53. These findings reveal an important mechanism by which p53 can be stabilized by direct deubiquitination and also imply that HAUSP might function as a tumour suppressor in vivo through the stabilization of p53.
[(CH3)4N][(C5H5NH)0.8((CH3)3NH)0.2]U2Si9O23F4 (USH-8): an organically templated open-framework uranium silicate.

The open-framework uranium fluorosilicate [(CH3)4N][(C5H5NH)0.8((CH3)3NH)0.2]U2Si9O23F4 (USH-8) has been synthesized hydrothermally by using tetramethylammonium hydroxide and pyridine−HF. The compound has a framework composition U2Si9O23F4 based on silicate double layers that are linked by chains of UO3F4 pentagonal bipyramids. The framework has 12-ring channels along [010] and 7-ring channels along [100]. The [010] 12-ring channels have a calabash-shape with the middle part partially blocked by the uranyl oxygen atoms. The narrow side of the 12-ring channels is occupied by well-ordered TMA cations while the wide side is occupied by disordered pyridinium and trimethylammonium cations.
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion in Carcinoma of the Lung

Four cases with inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome associated with carcinoma of the long are reported. It is concluded that certain tumors manifest a capability to synthesize and release a substance similar to antidiuretic hormone which enhances water reabsorption, leading to dilution and expansion of the extracellular fluid volume. These changes in the extracellular fluid volume stimulate the third factor mechanism which depresses proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, resulting in a continued renal salt loss despite the existing hyponatremia. The simple restriction of fluid intake to 500–750 ml per day along with an adequate intake of sodium will result in correction of the hyponatremia and relief of the distressing symptoms. Permanent cure is possible when complete removal of the tumor is technically feasible.
A decision-support system for quote generation

In this paper, we describe a prototype agent-based decision-support system for helping suppliers respond to requests for quote in a business-to-business supply chain. The system provides suggested ways of fulfilling requests and shows alternatives that illustrate tradeoffs in quality, cost and timelines, which allows the decision maker to consider alternatives that reduce cost and improve customer value. The system is implemented in Java and we use examples from paper manufacturing to illustrate the features of our system. In on going work, we are enhancing the prototype to include probabilistic reasoning techniques so that it can create conditional plans that maximize expected utility, subject to the risk preferences of the decision maker. We are also exploring the use of data mining techniques to infer customer preferences and to estimate the probability of winning an order, with a given quote.
Combinatorial topology of uranyl molybdate sheets: syntheses and crystal structures of (C6H14N2)3[(UO2)5(MoO4)8](H2O)4 and (C2H10N2)[(UO2)(MoO4)2]

Two new mixed organic–inorganic uranyl molybdates, (C 6 H 14 N 2 ) 3 [(UO 2 ) 5 (MoO 4 ) 8 ](H 2 O) 4 ( 1 ) and (C 2 H 10 N 2 )[(UO 2 )(MoO 4 ) 2 ] ( 2 ), have been obtained by hydrothermal methods. The structure of 1 [triclinic, , Z =1, a =11.8557(9), b =11.8702(9), c =12.6746(9) A, α =96.734(2)°, β =91.107(2)°, γ =110.193(2)°, V =1659.1(2) A] has been solved by direct methods and refined on the basis of F 2 for all unique reflections to R 1=0.058, which was calculated for the 5642 unique observed reflections (| F o |⩾4 σ F ). The structure contains topologically novel sheets of uranyl square bipyramids, uranyl pentagonal bipyramids, and MoO 4 tetrahedra, with composition [(UO 2 ) 5 (MoO 4 ) 8 ] 6− , that are parallel to (−101). H 2 O groups and 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]-octane (DABCO) molecules are located in the interlayer, where they provide linkage of the sheets. The structure of 2 [triclinic, , Z =2, a =8.4004(4), b =11.2600(5), c =13.1239(6) A, α =86.112(1)°, β =86.434(1)°, γ =76.544(1)°, V =1203.14(10) A] has been solved by direct methods and refined on the basis of F 2 for all unique reflections to R 1=0.043, which was calculated for 5491 unique observed reflections (| F o |⩾4 σ F ). The structure contains topologically novel sheets of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids and MoO 4 tetrahedra, with composition [(UO 2 )(MoO 4 ) 2 ] 2− , that are parallel to (110). Ethylenediamine molecules are located in the interlayer, where they provide linkage of the sheets. All known topologies of uranyl molybdate sheets of corner-sharing U and Mo polyhedra can be described by their nodal representations (representations as graphs in which U and Mo polyhedra are given as black and white vertices, respectively). Each topology can be derived from a simple black-and-white graph of six-connected black vertices and three-connected white vertices by deleting some of its segments and white vertices.
Isolation and Characterization of Precise Dye/Dendrimer Ratios

Fluorescent dyes are commonly conjugated to nanomaterials for imaging applications using stochastic synthesis conditions that result in a Poisson distribution of dye/particle ratios and therefore a broad range of photophysical and biodistribution properties. We report the isolation and characterization of generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (G5 PAMAM) dendrimer samples containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 fluorescein (FC) or 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester (TAMRA) dyes per polymer particle. For the fluorescein case, this was achieved by stochastically functionalizing dendrimer with a cyclooctyne “click” ligand, separation into sample containing precisely defined “click” ligand/particle ratios using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by reaction with excess azide-functionalized fluorescein dye. For the TAMRA samples, stochastically functionalized dendrimer was directly separated into precise dye/particle ratios using RP-HPLC. These materials were characterized using 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy, RP-HPLC, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, lifetime measurements, and MALDI.
Carnosol inhibits β-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation and prevents adenoma formation in the C57BL/6J/Min/+ (Min/+) mouse

Carnosol, a constituent of the herb, rosemary, has shown beneficial medicinal and antitumor effects. Using the C57BL/6J/Min/+ (Min/+) mouse, a model of colonic tumorigenesis, we found that dietary administration of 0.1% carnosol decreased intestinal tumor multiplicity by 46%. Previous studies showed that tumor formation in the Min/+ mouse was associated with alterations in the adherens junctions, including an increased expression of tyrosine-phosphorylated beta-catenin, dissociation of beta-catenin from E-cadherin, and strongly reduced amounts of E-cadherin located at lateral plasma membranes of histologically normal enterocytes. Here, we confirm these findings and show that treatment of Min/+ intestinal tissue with carnosol restored both E-cadherin and beta-catenin to these enterocyte membranes, yielding a phenotype similar to that of the Apc(+/+) wild-type (WT) littermate. Moreover, treatment of WT intestine with the phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate, removed E-cadherin and beta-catenin from the lateral membranes of enterocytes, mimicking the appearance of the Min/+ tissue. Pretreatment of WT tissue with carnosol inhibited the pervanadate-inducible expression of tyrosine-phosphorylated beta-catenin. Thus, the Apc(Min) allele produces adhesion defects that involve up-regulated expression of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, including beta-catenin. Moreover, these data suggest that carnosol prevents Apc-associated intestinal tumorigenesis, potentially via its ability to enhance E-cadherin-mediated adhesion and suppress beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation.
Cis-regulatory analysis of the sea urchin pigment cell gene polyketide synthase.

article i nfo The Strongylocentrotus purpuratus polyketide synthase gene (SpPks) encodes an enzyme required for the biosynthesis of the larval pigment echinochrome. SpPks is expressed exclusively in pigment cells and their precursors starting at blastula stage. The 7th-9th cleavage Delta-Notch signaling, required for pigment cell development, positively regulates SpPks. In previous studies, the transcription factors glial cell missing (SpGcm), SpGatae and kruppel-like (SpKrl/z13) have been shown to positively regulate SpPks. To uncover the structure of the Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) regulating the specification and differentiation processes of pigment cells, we experimentally analyzed the putative SpPks cis-regulatory region. We established that the �1.5 kb region is sufficient to recapitulate the correct spatial and temporal expression of SpPks. Predicted DNA-binding sites for SpGcm, SpGataE and SpKrl are located within this region. The mutagenesis of these DNA-binding sites indicated that SpGcm, SpGataE and SpKrl are direct positive regulators of SpPks. These results demonstrate that the sea urchin GRN for pigment cell development is quite shallow, which is typical of type I embryo development.
An N+1 redundant GOP based FEC algorithm for improving Streaming Video Quality due to Packet Loss and Delay Jitter

One of the greatest challenges in deploying streaming video content over wireless is the existence of random packet loss and delay variance (jitter). Due to the nature of real-time transmissions, packet retransmission is not always the preferred viable solution to this problem. Retransmission based error recovery schemes add overhead in terms of time taken for packets retransmissions, which can lead to undesirable packet delays, resulting in video quality degradation. In this paper we propose an error resilient coding scheme using Forward Error Correction (FEC), by encoding every next I-frame as an extra Predictive P-frame as a part of the preceding Group of Pictures (GOP), thus virtually making the GOP size N+1, but adding selective redundancy to the video stream. This scheme for adding redundancy to selected frames in the video transmission makes them less susceptible to errors and thus makes the video stream more robust towards error propagation.
ESIM: a multimodel design error and fault simulator for logic circuits

ESIM is a simulation tool that integrates logic fault and design error simulation for logic circuits. It targets several design error and fault models, and uses a novel mix of simulation algorithms based on parallel-pattern evaluation, multiple error activation, single fault propagation, and critical path tracing. Several experiments are discussed to demonstrate the power of ESIM.
Cattle Grazing Mediates Climate Change Impacts on Ephemeral Wetlands

Climate change impacts depend in large part on land-management decisions; interactions between global changes and local resource management, however, rarely have been quantified. We used a combination of experimental manipulations and simulation modeling to investigate the effects of interactions between cattle grazing and regional climate change on vernal pool communities. Data from a grazing exclosure study indicated that 3 years after the removal of grazing, ungrazed vernal pools dried an average of 50 days per year earlier than grazed control pools. Modeling showed that regional climate change could also alter vernal pool hydrology. Increased temperatures and winter precipitation were predicted to increase periods of inundation. We evaluated the ecological implications of interactions between grazing and climate change for branchiopods and the California tiger salamander ( Ambystoma californiense )a tf our sites spanning a latitudinal climate gradient. Grazing played an important role in maintaining the suitability of vernal pool hydrological con- ditions for fairy shrimp and salamander reproduction. The ecological importance of the interaction varied nonlinearly across the region. Our results show that grazing can confound hydrologic changes driven by cli- mate change and play a critical role in maintaining the hydrologic suitability of vernal pools for endangered aquatic invertebrates and amphibians. These observations suggest an important limitation of impact assess- ments of climate change based on experiments in unmanaged ecosystems. The biophysical impacts of land management may be critical for understanding the vulnerability of ecological systems to climate change.
Incorporating patient and family preferences into evidence-based medicine.

Clinicians are encouraged to practice evidence-based medicine (EBM) as well as patient-centered medicine. At times, these paradigms seem to be mutually exclusive and difficult to reconcile. It can become even more challenging when trying to include the preferences of the patient’s family members. This paper discusses the basis for this quandary, providing examples of the real-world impact it has on diagnosis-seeking and treatment decision-making behaviors and how it might inform implementation of EBM practices. To further explore the role of friends and family in health-care decision making and to understand how patients and families introduce other considerations that may or may not be congruent with a strictly EBM approach, data from two research studies that examined healthcare–seeking behaviors are presented. Both studies explore how family and friends not only can influence health-care decisions but also may be a source of conflict for the patient and/or clinician. Illness is a biological and social process. Clinicians who engage in EBM need to acknowledge the social and cultural factors that affect the health-care encounter, understand the important role of those factors in health-care decision making, and expand the paradigm of EBM to incorporate sociocultural influences more explicitly. Moreover, recognition of the influences family members and other caregivers have within the clinical encounter—by offering opinions and participating in treatment-related decision making—is needed and could lead to more efficient and effective health care.
Rehabilitation of flood-damaged hydroelectric generators

On October 2, 1998, the Bureau of Indian Affairs' Headgate Rock Powerplant experienced a massive breach of the penstock due to failure of the stub shaft of generating unit 2. The turbine shaft failure resulted in destruction of the turbine shaft seal, thereby allowing water into the powerplant via the turbine pit. The water level in the plant reached tailwater elevation, inundating the three generating units and excitation gallery, and partially flooding the station service gallery. The plant was under water for 2 weeks. This paper describe the procedures used to clean, dry, repair and test the generator stators in order to rehabilitate the units and return them to serviceable condition.
Effects of Fuel Distribution on Detonation Tube Performance

A pulse detonation engine (PDE) uses a series of high frequency intermittent detonation tubes to generate thrust. The process of filling the detonation tube with fuel and air for each cycle may yield non-uniform mixtures. Lack of mixture uniformity is commonly ignored when calculating detonation tube thrust performance. In this study, detonation cycles featuring idealized non-uniform H2/air mixtures were analyzed using the SPARK two-dimensional Navier-Stokes CFD code with 7-step H2/air reaction mechanism. Mixture non-uniformities examined included axial equivalence ratio gradients, transverse equivalence ratio gradients, and partially fueled tubes. Three different average test section equivalence ratios (phi), stoichiometric (phi = 1.00), fuel lean (phi = 0.90), and fuel rich (phi = 1.10), were studied. All mixtures were detonable throughout the detonation tube. It was found that various mixtures representing the same test section equivalence ratio had specific impulses within 1 percent of each other, indicating that good fuel/air mixing is not a prerequisite for optimal detonation tube performance.
Citrullination of Inhibitor of Growth 4 (ING4) by Peptidylarginine Deminase 4 (PAD4) Disrupts the Interaction between ING4 and p53

Gene expression is regulated by a number of interrelated posttranslational modifications of histones, including citrullination. For example, peptidylarginine deminase 4 (PAD4) converts peptidyl arginine to citrulline in histone H3 and can repress gene expression. However, regulation of gene expression through citrullination of non-histone proteins is less well defined. Herein, we identify a tumor suppressor protein, inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4), as a novel non-histone substrate of PAD4. ING4 is known to bind p53 via its nuclear localization signal (NLS) region and to enhance transcriptional activity of p53. We show that PAD4 preferentially citrullinates ING4 in the same NLS region and thereby disrupts the interaction between ING4 and p53. A citrulline-mimicking Arg-NLS-Gln ING4 mutant, which has all Arg residues in the NLS mutated to Gln, loses its affinity for p53, can no longer promote p53 acetylation, and results in repression of downstream p21 expression. In addition, we found that citrullination leads to increased susceptibility of ING4 to degradation, likely impacting p53-independent pathways as well. These findings elucidate an interaction between posttranslational citrullination, acetylation, and methylation and highlight an unusual mechanism whereby citrullination of a non-histone protein impacts gene regulation.
Chromosome 1 trisomy compromises the virulence of Candida albicans.

Although increases in chromosome copy number typically have devastating developmental consequences in mammals, fungal cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae seem to tolerate trisomies without obvious impairment of growth. Here, we demonstrate that two commonly used laboratory strains of the yeast Candida albicans, CAI-4 and SGY-243, can carry three copies of chromosome 1. Although the trisomic strains grow well in the laboratory, Ura + derivatives of CAI-4, carrying three copies of chromosome 1, are avirulent in the intravenously inoculated mouse model, unlike closely related strains carrying two copies of chromosome 1. Furthermore, changes in chromosome copy number occur during growth in an animal host and during growth in the presence of growth-inhibiting drugs. These results suggest that chromosome copy number variation provides a mechanism for genetic variation in this asexual organism.
Quantized Electric Flux Tubes in QCD

I am going to present a formulation 1 of QCD which leads to the much speculated about string-like quantized electric flux tubes. My approach is heavily based on a new set of quantized variables. The new variables satisfy commutation rules which are equivalent to the canonical commutation rules of the ordinary gauge potential and electric field in an axial gauge. The latter variables are explicitly constructed in terms of the new variables.
Application of a Time-Frequency Algorithm for Adaptive Estimation of Transfer Function of a Notional High-Temperature Superconducting Motor

In this article, the application of a novel time-frequency analysis tool for estimating the transfer functions of a notional high-temperature superconducting (HTS) marine propulsion motor is demonstrated. Detailed simulation model of the notional HTS motor, with realistic load modeling of sea states to produce torque oscillations are utilized for the analysis. A method is presented for online near real-time estimation of transfer functions between the torque oscillations and the concomitant variations in field current and mechanical speed of the HTS motor.
Recruitment Strategies for Online Programs

This paper addresses faculty recruitment for online programs. Related issues are faculty perceptions, program processes, and administrative supports. At traditional academic institutions, it is a challenge for program administrators to recruit admirable faculty members to teach in the online programs. The complaints and concerns expressed by the detractors need to be addressed in order to create a positive environment for the online programs. In this paper we propose a model for faculty recruitment, taking into consideration areas of concern and contention, and suggest strategies to appropriately meet the challenges. Based on survey results, we suggest several criteria to be used in selecting online faculty members.
Recent advances in allosteric androgen receptor inhibitors for the potential treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most frequent cause of male cancer death in the USA. As such, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role in PC, making AR the major therapeutic target for PC. Current antiandrogen chemotherapy prevents androgen binding to the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of AR. However, PC frequently recurs despite treatment and it progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Behind this regression is renewed AR signaling initiated via mutations in the LBP. Hence, there is a critical need to improve the therapeutic options to regulate AR activity in sites other than the LBP. Herein, recently disclosed (2010-2015) allosteric AR inhibitors are summarized and a perspective on the potential pharmaceutical intervention at these sites is provided.
Federalism, Preemption, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

California, long a leader in regulating emissions from automobiles, is now attempting to regulate motor vehicle greenhouse gas emissions. The state's new regulatory efforts present interesting legal questions about preemption under two separate federal statutes, the Clean Air Act and the Federal Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The state's role in regulating air pollution more generally is also under legal attack on preemption grounds in a number of different cases. In this symposium article, I analyze the legal challenges California's greenhouse gas emissions will likely face and describe the ways in which California's unique role in regulating air pollution is at risk. I also suggest that California's place in air pollution regulation presents an example of federalism often ignored in standard debates about the proper division of regulatory authority between the states and the federal government. Rather than assigning regulatory responsibility to the federal government alone, to the states alone, or delegating to the states a cooperative federalism role as is typical in many environmental statutes, Congress acted differently in regulating mobile source air pollution. Congress has set a baseline of automobile emissions standards but has freed up only one state, California, to do more than the federal minimum. Other states may opt into the California regulatory scheme. This innovative federal/state scheme, I suggest, may produce its own regulatory dynamic: by singling out California for environmental leadership, the state's behavior may be influenced not only by its own voter preferences, competition with other states, etc., but by its special regulatory role. California's unique role has likely increased the state's bureaucractic expertise, concentrated innovation geographically, taking advantage of economic benefits that flow from geographic concentration, and created a private constituency - mobile source technology firms - for stronger regulation. The state's special role may, indeed, provide a model for regulating other national problems.
Photovoltaic Systems for Poverty Eradication Programmes: Case Studies from Guyana's Hinterland Indigenous Communities

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the implementation of the photovoltaic (PV) projects and the benefits to the stakeholders. It also highlights the social, technical, and economic factors that influenced the conceptual designs of PV systems. The PV-power systems for radio communication provide sustainable power for operating radio transceivers for 30-minutes of transmission and 30-minutes of reception each day. This facilitates rapid and efficient communication among the indigenous villages and the capital city, Georgetown. The PV water pumping/water disinfecting system was installed for demonstration and evaluation purposes. It produces, on a daily basis, approximately 1.5 cubic meters of carbon-filtered, UV-sterilized water.
Characterization of Sol-Clay Composites by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

Silica-clay composites were prepared by reacting a 40 A silica sol with aqueous clay suspensions. The clays which were studied included Na+-montmorillonite, fluorohectorite, and the synthetic clay Laponite. The aggregation mechanism of the sol particles and the degree of dispersion of the clay layers were monitored by small-angle neutron scattering. The data for powdered silica-montmorillonite products showed the presence of highly dispersed clay platelets and spherical sol particles. The results suggest that the interaction between these two components inhibits the sol aggregation process. Studies on the products prepared from other types of clays, however, showed that this interaction is highly dependent on the morphology and charge density of the clay platelets.
Differential Effects of Capital-Enhancing and Recreational Internet Use on Citizens’ Demand for Democracy

This study seeks to contribute to the growing body of scholarship about the Internet’s role in authoritarian and transitioning countries. Based on two original surveys of Russian and Ukrainian Internet users, online behaviors were classified as either primarily capital enhancing or recreational in terms of their democratic potential. Indirect and differential models of how these types of Internet use are associated with citizen demand for democracy were tested using serial mediation. Capital-enhancing use exhibited an indirect positive effect on demand for democratic governance by increasing critical appraisals of the incumbent regime, whereas recreational Internet was associated with satisfactory evaluations of non-democratic regimes and more entrenched authoritarian worldviews.
On the Supervision and Transformation of the American Commercial Banking System

By examination of the history of the establishment and evolution of the American commercial banking system, we can see thal the supervision of the banks in the US does not aim at what the government manages financial resources, but it aims at the enhancement of an efficient performance of the financial market, that is to say, at how to find a balance between financial freedom and financial supervision.
The Sharing Economy: Studying Technology-Mediated Social Movements

The sharing economy is a term used to describe an IT-fueled, rapidly growing social movement around collaborative consumption. This movement has the potential to significantly affect economic opportunity and broader culture. In this research- in-progress paper, we pose as a key question: how does technology mediation of the sharing economy movement change over time? What explains this change, and what difference does technology mediation make? We draw upon the concepts of technology mediation, and computerization movements, in two comparative industry case studies: car sharing, and room sharing. We outline future research steps, and begin the process of critically examining the role of IT in social movement mediation. Is the sharing economy likely to create positive new economic alternatives? Or is it simply another strategy to intensify the role of global finance in everyday life, and fuel the high rates of growth demanded by venture-backed technology startups?
Process and Content in a Therapy Group for Bipolar Outpatients

Although the literature suggests that homogeneous therapy groups are useful for bipolar outpatients, little is known about the process in such groups. Using the GCQ-S and a content analysis of discussion topics, we evaluated group process during the first 31 sessions of an outpatient bipolar group. Compared with normative samples, our group scored significantly higher in the Engaged dimension and significantly lower in the Avoiding and Conflict dimensions and in the anxiety/tension scale. Furthermore, 81% of the discussion topics were related to the three group goals, and an additional 18% dealt with general group issues such as orienting new members and attendance. The results from this pilot study suggest that bipolar patients can discuss relevant issues in a homogeneous group environment that is cohesive, open, and safe.
An evaluation of the heel strike transient in obese young adults during walking gait

Abstract Background Obesity is considered a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA) in part due to its influence on gait biomechanics. The heel strike transient (HST) is a characteristic of the ground reaction force that is indicative of a high rate of loading, but has not been evaluated in obese adults. Objective To compare the incidence of HST in obese compared to normal weight adults. Methods 15 normal-weight (males = 7, age = 20.4 ± 2.1 years, body mass index = 21.6 ± 1.3 kg/m2) and 15 obese (males = 7, age = 21.2 ± 1.9 years, body mass index = 33.5 ± 4.3 kg/m2) young adults completed 10 walking trials at a standardized speed and 10 trials at a self-selected speed while ground reaction force data were sampled. HST incidence was evaluated using a dichotomous method previously identified in the literature, and compared between groups using χ2 analyses. Results The number of individuals classified as possessing the HST differed between the obese and normal-weight groups (8/15 vs. 3/15, p = 0.047). Evaluation of the standardized residuals indicated a significantly greater than expected incidence of the HST in the obese group when walking at a standardized speed. Conclusion Our findings indicate that a greater proportion of obese compared to normal weight participants displayed a HST. The HST may provide a dichotomous method for identifying individuals with aberrant gait biomechanics.
Role of the spin connection in quantum Hall effect: A perspective from geometric quantization

The topological terms of the bulk effective action for the integer quantum Hall effect, capturing the dynamics of gauge and gravitational fluctuations, reveal a curiosity, namely, the Abelian potential for the magnetic field appears in a particular combination with the Abelian spin connection. This seems to hold for the quantum Hall effect on complex projective spaces of arbitrary dimensions. An interpretation of this in terms of the algebra of symplectic transformations is given. This can also be viewed in terms of the metaplectic correction in geometric quantization.