cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Studies in Esperanto and Interlinguistics: 2006

The mainstream conduct of research on Esperanto and interlinguistics is a relatively recent phenomenon, which of late has grown easier through better access to libraries and a growing body of scholarly work. The situation of Esperanto and interlinguistics in universities remains stable. However, the years 2005 and 2006 have been marked by the passing of two major figures: Ito Kanzi in Japan and William Auld in Scotland. A survey of recent scholarship shows steady production of studies and reference works in the linguistics of Esperanto, interlinguistics, the Esperanto movement and speech community, Zamenhof studies, the history of Esperanto, Esperanto literature, translation, the teaching of Esperanto, and language policy. There has been an increase in publication on Esperanto and interlinguistics particularly in German and Russian.
The costs of providing nonurgent care in emergency departments.

The economic costs and benefits to a hospital of having an emergency department (ED) have been long debated. Although EDs are sometimes thought to be magnets for indigent patients, and thus money-losers, the typical ED patient has insurance and indigent patients do not constitute a disproportionate share of ED patients. An ED’s economic worth to a hospital is also related to the number and types of patients admitted to the hospital through the ED, an increasingly important source of admissions at many hospitals. Because EDs need to maintain a relatively high level of staffing to meet surges in demand, there is the interesting question (at least to health economists) of whether caring for low-acuity patients in ‘‘down’’ times may provide, at the margin, additional revenue for the ED and hospital at a relatively low additional cost. Little information is available, however, about how much it costs to care for the approximately 30% of patients in EDs who have less than urgent or emergent conditions. In an article published in 1997, Williams concluded that, ‘‘The true costs of nonurgent care in the ED are relatively low.’’ Studying the same question, but using very different methods, in this issue of Annals Bamezai et al draw a different conclusion, that the marginal cost of treating an additional case is similar to the average cost of all cases and therefore there are no ‘‘economies of scale’’ in EDs. Why would 2 studies by sophisticated researchers draw essentially opposite conclusions? The devil is in the details. Measuring the costs of a visit to an ED can be quite complex. In economic terms, hospitals are multiproduct or multiservice organizations. Ideally, a hospital’s charge for a service would be related to the actual economic cost of producing that service. Such a calculation is relatively straightforward in a single-service organization. In a multiservice organization, however, it can be difficult to account for, and allocate among specific products and services, common costs that support several services and departments. In hospitals, examples of common costs include housekeeping, information systems, material services, facility maintenance, security, and registration and admissions departments. Although there are standard accounting rules that define how a hospital should allocate common costs, substantial discretion
Experimental study of free and mixed convection in horizontal porous layers locally heated from below

Abstract Experimental results are reported for free and mixed convection in liquid saturated, horizontal porous layers with localized heating from below. Three different sizes of heat source have been considered which give a relative heater size (axial length/layer depth) of 1.0–5.0. For natural convection, Nusselt numbers have been obtained for Rayleigh numbers of practical interest, 1 ⩽ Ra h ⩽ 1000, while for mixed convection, results cover 1 ⩽ Ra h ⩽ 1000 and 0.1 ⩽ Pe h ⩽ 120. Based on dimensional analysis and nonlinear regression, correlations for Nusselt number against Rayleigh and Peclet numbers have been obtained. Experimental Nusselt numbers compare very well with numerically calculated values. Improved agreement between calculations and measurements can be obtained through use of an effective thermal conductivity. The stability of the flow and temperature fields are also carefully examined. The existence of a Peclet number for which the overall heat transfer rate is a minimum is confirmed by experiment.
The why and wherefore of the Cornell Program Synthesizer

The Cornell Program Synthesizer is a syntax-directed programming environment that has been used in introductory programming courses since June, 1979. We present our experience with the Synthesizer by introducing its main features, by presenting our basic principles of design, and by discussing important design decisions.
Interference by pH and Ca2+ ions during measurements of catecholamine release in slices of rat amygdala with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to investigate catecholamine release and uptake induced by local electrical stimulation of rat brain slices containing the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. The amygdala contains less catecholamine than the striatum, and the observed release is proportionately smaller. Stimulus trains of long duration were required to obtain a well-resolved concentration change in the basolateral amygdala. Voltammetric detection of catecholamines under these conditions was complicated by interference from two extracellular ions, H+ and Ca2+. Ion-selective microelectrodes were used in conjunction with carbon-fiber microelectrodes to monitor pH and Ca2+. The magnitude of the pH changes was correlated with stimulation length and followed the pattern of a brief alkaline shift followed by a longer acidic shift. Extracellular Ca2+ concentration decreased during stimulation and returned fairly rapidly to baseline after the stimulation was over. Because it was not possible to account for all of the ionic interferences using information in the voltammograms, other strategies were employed. Exposure of amygdala slices to l-DOPA or DA increased electrically evoked release of catecholamine, but the effect was transient, and uptake rates decreased during continued exposure to these agents. The most successful approach to remove the interferences was to subtract the response obtained after exposure of the slice to the catecholamine depleter, Ro 4-1284. This agent eliminates the catecholamine response but does not appear to alter the ionic changes.
Century-old Textbooks in the Rutgers Library

One may almost say that during the middle and late nineteenth century William Holmes McGuffey taught the whole of the United States to read. As a part of the nation-wide celebration in honor of this great educator, Dr. Clarence E. Partch has contributed to The Journal the following article in which he tells something of the role which McGuffey played in American education and of the particular characteristics of his books. The Rutgers Library is fortunate in having among the hundreds of old textbooks in its collections original copies of several of the "McGuffey Readers." It was additionally fortunate in this centenary year of McGuffey's birth to receive from Mr. Henry Ford a gift of the whole set, reprinted in excellent facsimile of the seven volumes of the "Eclectic Readers."
Justice as Fairness: Political or Metaphysical?

In the two decades after the publication of A Theory of Justice, Rawls reframed certain aspects of his understanding of the nature of that theory, and also devoted greater attention to the question of the role of political philosophy itself in a democratic society. He now argued that his theory of justice could best be understood as a view that was “political, not metaphysical,” and that once this difference was understood, many criticisms of the theory would be shown to be misguided. In this chapter I argue that Rawls’ theory is not “political” in the senses he claims it to be, and indeed that it cannot be. Rawls’ idea of a “political” conception of justice which is neatly situated between and above the twin pitfalls of “metaphysical” and “modus vivendi” conceptions of justice is in some ways similar to the idea of neutrality about the good. Each notion functions to create the sense that liberalism stands as an ordering principle detached from and superior to the conflicting moral ideas at the heart of alternative political moralities. The temptation to think this way about the views they affirm is one that I counsel liberals to resist. That counsel, of course, is unsolicited.
Decomposition of lignins by microorganisms

Abstract Soil microorganisms, inducing bacteria, fungi imperfecti, and basidiomycetes were investigated to determine their roles in lignin degradation. White-rot basidiomycete fungi and some bacteria demonstrated ability to degrade specifically-labeled synthetic lignins (DHPs). White-rot basidiomycetes degraded methoxyl groups and bacteria degraded side chains most rapidly. Fungi imperfecti, brown-rot basidiomycetes and some bacteria were unable to degrade DHPs. Interactions of white-rot basidiomycetes with imperfects usually resulted in decresed rates of DHP degradation. Attempts to correlate the ability to degrade DHPs with ability of the microorganisms to grow upon aromatic C sources, demethylate p-( 14 CH 3 O ) phenyl and produce monooxygenases, dioxygenases, and polyphenoloxidases were unsuccessful.
Effects of Host Plant on Fecundity, Longevity, and Oviposition Rate of a Whitefringed Beetle,

Larvae or pupae of a whitefringed beetle, Graphognathus peregrinus (Buchanan) (Curculionidae), were collected from soil in Tift Co., GA, and held individually from day one of adulthood. They were fed fresh foliage of coffeeweed, corn, cotton, cowpeas, crotalaria okra, peanuts, sorghum, soybeans, or squash, or given no food. Beetles fed peanuts, squash, and soybeans produced the most eggs (1031.0, 765.4, and 715.6 eggs/beetle, respectively) and lived the longest (167.0, 169.6, and 156.6 days, respectively). Those fed sorghum or given no food produced no eggs and were short-lived (57.8 and 31.0 days, respectively).
Observations of Parturition in Rafinesque's Big-Eared Bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) Beneath a Concrete Bridge

Abstract We report on observations of parturition and maternal behavior of Corynorhinus rafinesquii (Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat) at a bridge in west-central Mississippi. Rafinesque's Big-eared Bats formed a maternity colony beneath the bridge in March, and parturition occurred from late May to early June. On 28 May 2004, a female Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat was observed giving birth in the breech position, which has not been previously reported for the species. On the same day, another adult female and her pup were found struggling on the ground due to entanglement of the umbilical cord around the mother's wing, and a third female was observed biting her pup. While important data were obtained during our observations, we emphasize the necessity of using extreme care when conducting repeated surveys at maternity roost sites.
Ultrafast optics: Focusing through scattering media

A scattering medium such as biological tissue distorts the propagation of light pulses in both space and time, making tasks such as focusing and imaging problematic. Fortunately, careful manipulation of the light field's spatial phase prior to entering the medium can help mitigate such distortions and open new prospects for nonlinear microscopy.
Nondestructive detection of weak joints in adhesively bonded composite structures

Some aspects of research and progress in adhesive bonding of composite structures are summarized with emphasis on defects, mechanisms, modeling, and nondestructive evaluation methods. The application of vibration damping and frequency measurements in nondestructive detection of degraded adhesive joints is emphasized. Unlike our previous reported research on void-degraded adhesively bonded composite models, this paper focuses on the composite structures with weak bonding defects.
Temperature and pressure dependence of 19F chemical shifts in pure pure CH3CF3 and CD3CF3 gases

Abstract Precise 19F NMR chemical shifts of CH3CF3 and CD3CF3 in the gas phase have been obtained. These shifts are linear with density and nonlinear with temperature. Thetemperature dependence is described in terms of intermolecular and intra-molecular (vibrational and rotational excitations) contributions to shielding. Relative magnitudes of these contributions are discussed.
Equation of State of Dense Nuclear Matter

Abstract An equation of state for cold nuclear matter for the region of densities ρnm−4ρnm, where ρnm is empirical nuclear-matter density, is constructed. We begin from the detailed calculation of Day and Wiringa for the two-body interactions; these give a saturation density of ∼2ρnm. This density is brought down to ρnm by the addition of relativistic corrections. Additional binding is obtained from three-body forces. A reasonable picture is obtained with the Day-Wiringa compression modulus for the two-body calculation, but the picture can be further improved by choosing this to be smaller. Our equation of state is similar to that of Friedman and Pandharipande in the region of nuclear matter denstiy ρnm, but, due to higher-order terms in the loop correction, is substantially softer at high density. Basically what happens is that the many-body effects saturate with increasing density, leaving only the two-body interactions. With this equation of state, prompt supernova explosions are very powerful when the compression modulus of neutron-rich matter (twice as many neutrons as protons) is ∼150 MeV, which corresponds to Knm ∼ 190 MeV for symmetric nuclear matter. Analysis shows that hot nuclear matter formed in heavy ion collisions demands a very stiff equation of state. We understand this as arising from the strong velocity dependence in the real part of the optical model potential which follows chiefly from the Lorentz character of the interactions, the vector mean field growing with increasing density and the scalar one decreasing. This gives a substantial repulsive contribution to the energy per particle and produces a stiff effective equation of state for several hundred MeV heavy-ion collisions. With increasing degree of equilibration the magnitude of the repulsive energy decreases since equilibration decreases the effective momentum. Given the strong velocity dependence in the interaction, the hot equation of state can be reconciled with the cool one.
Infrared, Raman, and microwave spectra of ethaneselenol and the determination of the barriers to internal rotation

Abstract The infrared, Raman, and microwave spectra of gaseous ethaneselenol have been investigated. The rotational constants for both the more stable gauche and for the trans conformers are reported for the Et 78 SeH, Et 78 SeD, Et 80 SeH, and Et 80 SeD isotopic species. A proposed structure has been derived from a least-squares analysis of the moments of inertia. Dipole moment components have been obtained from each conformer using second-order Stark effects. For the gauche conformer, they are μ a = 1.42 ± 0.01, μ c = 0.37 ± 0.03, and μ total = 1.47 ± 0.01 D. For the trans isomer they are μ a = 1.217 ± 0.002, μ b = 0.850 ± 0.001, and μ total = 1.485 ± 0.002 D. The methyl barrier to internal rotation was calculated using observed frequencies obtained from the infrared and Raman spectra; a value of 3.59 ± 0.01 kcal/mole was obtained. Asymmetric potential functions have been calculated for both the EtSeH and EtSeD isotopic species. For the light species the potential constants for internal rotation around the CSe bond are V 2 = −96.4 ± 1, V 3 = 432 ± 4, and V 6 = −20 ± 2 cm −1 . The difference between ground-state energy levels of the two conformers was found to be 66 cm −1 . A vibrational assignment based on infrared and Raman spectra of the gaseous phase is presented.
In celebration of George Orwell on the fiftieth anniversary of “politics and the English language”

But I tell you I don't care. I don't want the women, I don't even want to be young again. I only want to be alive. And I was alive that moment when I stood looking at the primroses and the red embers under the hedge. It's a feeling inside you, a kind of peaceful feeling, and yet it's like a flame. —George Orwell,Coming Up for Air (1939)
Src Family Protein Tyrosine Kinase Regulates the Basolateral K Channel in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) by Phosphorylation of KCNJ10 Protein

The loss of function of the basolateral K channels in the distal nephron causes electrolyte imbalance. The aim of this study is to examine the role of Src family protein tyrosine kinase (SFK) in regulating K channels in the basolateral membrane of the mouse initial distal convoluted tubule (DCT1). Single-channel recordings confirmed that the 40-picosiemen (pS) K channel was the only type of K channel in the basolateral membrane of DCT1. The suppression of SFK reversibly inhibited the basolateral 40-pS K channel activity in cell-attached patches and decreased the Ba2+-sensitive whole-cell K currents in DCT1. Inhibition of SFK also shifted the K reversal potential from −65 to −43 mV, suggesting a role of SFK in determining the membrane potential in DCT1. Western blot analysis showed that KCNJ10 (Kir4.1), a key component of the basolateral 40-pS K channel in DCT1, was a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein. LC/MS analysis further confirmed that SFK phosphorylated KCNJ10 at Tyr8 and Tyr9. The single-channel recording detected the activity of a 19-pS K channel in KCNJ10-transfected HEK293T cells and a 40-pS K channel in the cells transfected with KCNJ10+KCNJ16 (Kir.5.1) that form a heterotetramer in the basolateral membrane of the DCT. Mutation of Tyr9 did not alter the channel conductance of the homotetramer and heterotetramer. However, it decreased the whole-cell K currents, the probability of finding K channels, and surface expression of KCNJ10 in comparison to WT KCNJ10. We conclude that SFK stimulates the basolateral K channel activity in DCT1, at least partially, by phosphorylating Tyr9 on KCNJ10. We speculate that the modulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of KCNJ10 should play a role in regulating membrane transport function in DCT1. Background: KCNJ10 is a key component of the basolateral K channels in DCT. Results: SFK phosphorylates KCNJ10 at Tyr9, and inhibition of SFK decreases basolateral K channel activity in DCT. Conclusion: SFK stimulates the basolateral K channels in DCT by phosphorylating KCNJ10. Significance: Tyrosine phosphorylation of KCNJ10 plays a role in regulating membrane transport in DCT.
The coming of age of Erwin Schrödinger: His quantum statistics of ideal gases

In the two years preceding the development of wave mechanics in early 1926 ' the part of the quantum theory of ideal gases which was later called BoseEinstein statistics was essentially created. In the summer of 1924 Albert Einstein employed S.N. Bose's statistical method to calculate the entropy of a gas of monatomic material particles. This problem had been of continuing interest since 1914, when Walther Nernst described "degeneration" of gases the reduction of their specific heats at very low temperatures.2 Nernst's subsequent explanations of gas degeneracy, as it was soon called, had centered on quantization, although for a decade it remained unclear just what parameter of the gas one should quantize. Soon after the appearance of Einstein's paper3, a classic of quantum statistical thermodynamics, there followed a vigorous exchange between Max Planck in Berlin and Erwin Schrodinger in Zurich, regarding the methods that should be used to calculate statistically the entropy of such a gas. The points which these physicists resolved strengthened the foundations of Einstein's method and of his explanation of degeneracy.4 Schrodinger held a pivotal position between Planck and Einstein in advancing the merits of Einstein's theory. In a role he had played before, Schro-
Metamorphic protein IscU alternates conformations in the course of its role as the scaffold protein for iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and delivery.

IscU from Escherichia coli, the scaffold protein for iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and delivery, populates a complex energy landscape. IscU exists as two slowly interconverting species: one (S) is largely structured with all four peptidyl–prolyl bonds trans; the other (D) is partly disordered but contains an ordered domain that stabilizes two cis peptidyl–prolyl peptide bonds. At pH 8.0, the S-state is maximally populated at 25 °C, but its population decreases at higher or lower temperatures or at lower pH. The D-state binds preferentially to the cysteine desulfurase (IscS), which generates and transfers sulfur to IscU cysteine residues to form persulfides. The S-state is stabilized by Fe–S cluster binding and interacts preferentially with the DnaJ-type co-chaperone (HscB), which targets the holo-IscU:HscB complex to the DnaK-type chaperone (HscA) in its ATP-bound from. HscA is involved in delivery of Fe–S clusters to acceptor proteins by a mechanism dependent on ATP hydrolysis. Upon conversion of ATP to ADP, HscA binds the D-state of IscU ensuring release of the cluster and HscB. These findings have led to a more complete model for cluster biosynthesis and delivery.
Infra-red effective charges for amorphous, monoclinic and trigonal Se

Abstract Model calculations are presented which identify the dynamic effective charge mechanisms responsible for infrared (i.r.) absorption via vibrational modes in amorphous (a-Se), monoclinic (mono-Se) and trigonal (trig-Se) selenium. The calculations support previous studies which showed that the vibrational properties of amorphous and monoclinic Se were similar, and dominated by intra-molecular effects, and in contrast that the vibrational properties of trigonal Se were qualitatively different due to stronger inter-molecular interactions. The i.r. absorption spectrum of the Se, molecule (the molecular constituent of mono-Se) is fitted using short-range valence force field parameters and dynamic i.r. effective charges. A new dynamic effective charge mechanism is introduced, to account for i.r. absorption in the bond-bending bands, which is generally applicable for atoms having non-bonding electrons. The same force constants and i.r. erective charges give an excellent quantitative description of the vib...
Verbal conditioning and extinction of the GSR index of the orienting reflex

A two-component theory of classical conditioning of the GSR asserts that one component is mediated by cognitive expectancies whereas an unmediated emotional component is also present when a highly noxious UCS is employed. Evidence for the unmediated emotional component stems from studies reporting considerable resistance to extinction despite prior instructions informing participants that the UCS would no longer occur. Unmediated conditioned emotional responses persist contrary to cognitive expectancies. A forewarned reaction time procedure with an innocuous imperative stimulus was employed to test the two-component theory. Significant differential resistance to extinction was found in groups of instructed students where the conditioned responses were contrary to cognitive expectancies. It was concluded that conditioned responses contrary to cognitive expectancies need not reflect unmediated emotional responses.
HPLC Measurement of Testicular Long Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases with Different Substrate Specificities

Acyl-CoA synthetase activity with various long chain fatty acid substrates was measured in microsomes from rat testes, isolated spermatids and testes of hypophysectomized adult rats, using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The spectrophotometric HPLC method produced results comparable to those of parallel radiometric assays and was highly specific for acyl-CoA products. At optimal pH and cofactor concentrations, specific activity from whole testis was similar for 18∶1, 20∶4 and 22∶5 but somewhat lower for 16∶0 over the substrate range 0.01–3.2 mM. Activity from spermatids or from testes of hypophysectomized rats was much lower with 22∶5 than with 18∶1 or 20∶4, whereas activities with 18∶1 and 20∶4 were similar at all substrate concentrations. All substrates exhibited Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics and linear Lineweaver-Burke plots at lower substrate concentrations but inhibited activity at higher concentrations. Apparent values of KM for 16∶0, 18∶1 and 20∶4 were more than twice that of 22∶5, whereas both observed and calculated maximum velocities were similar for the four fatty acids. Differences in pseudokinetic parameters and differential expression of the testicular acyl-CoA synthetase activities with different fatty acids suggest the presence of multiple enzymes, at least one of which may be hormonally regulated.
The Reaffirmation of Cultural Identity in Cross-Cultural Encounters

This study examined the relation between cultural contact and psychological aspects associated with cultural identity, as conceptualized in two research approaches: social identity theory and acculturation research. The groups studied were German and U.S. American individuals who either lived in the respective nonnative culture (biculturals) or had no direct contact (monoculturals). Participants provided information about their sociocultural backgrounds and their cultural experiences, and they rated how characteristic each of 120 trait-attributes was of themselves, their native cultural group, and their nonnative cultural group. They also rated the attributes' desirability. Comparisons between monocultural and bicultural groups revealed a reaffirmation effect. Compared with monoculturals, biculturals saw themselves as more similar to their native cultural group, they evaluated that particular group's attributes more positively, and they saw the two cultural groups as less similar to each other. Theoretica...
Perianal Crohn's Disease

Crohn's disease is commonly complicated by perianal manifestations. The surgeon plays a pivotal role in caring for these patients; a detailed history along with a thorough clinical exam provides the treating physician with invaluable information upon which to base further investigations and management decisions. Other than abscess drainage, medical management to control proximal disease often precedes any surgical attempt to cure the disease. Surgical interventions are indicated in selective patients, but are often complicated by poor wound healing and recurrences. A sizable percentage of these patients may need a proctectomy.
High dilution calorimetric determination of the standard state thermodynamic differences between the properties of H+(aq) and Na+(aq) up to 598.15 K

Abstract Standard state thermodynamic properties for fully ionized aqueous perrhenic acid at temperature in the range of (298.15 to 598.15) K and at psat were determined by high dilution solution calorimetry (10−4 m). A comparison of the standard state thermodynamic properties for fully ionized aqueous perrhenic acid, HReO 4 ( aq ) , and sodium perrhenate, NaReO 4 ( aq ) , establishes for the first time the quantitative values for the differences between H + ( aq ) and Na + ( aq ) from temperature of (298.15 to 598.15) K. Perrhenic acid is believed to be the first strong acid to be thermodynamically well characterized under standard state conditions to date from measurements down to 10−4 m. The value of the Debye–Huckel limiting slope for enthalpies of dilution at temperature of 596.30 K of 122 ± 6 kJ · mol−3/2 · kg1/2, obtained from the integral heats of solution measurement at various concentrations, is in good agreement with theoretical value in literature, 121 kJ · mol−3/2 · kg1/2. This agreement verifies that HReO 4 ( aq ) obeys the simple limiting law for strong electrolytes. Many thermodynamic properties of soluble sodium electrolytes can now be converted to the corresponding acid form.
Scattering by flaws in a slab or a half-space

It is the main function of quantitative NDE to detect and to evaluate defects. Some of the most dangerous defects are cracks, especially cracks on or near surfaces. These cracks can be found by scattering ultrasonic waves from them (either bulk waves or surface waves), but up to now there is no theory (at least in the most interesting low-to-intermediate frequency region) which has been implemented to compute scattering from surface or near-surface cracks in 3d. The purpose of the present report is to explain, via a simple scalar example, the principles of a general boundary-integral-representation method which has been used1 to calculate scattering of waves of all polarizations by a 2d surface or subsurface crack. The method is developed for bulk defects and cracks in a slab as well as in a half-space, and is straightforwardly applicable to 3-dimensional problems as well as to 2d ones.
Ship track observations of a reduced shortwave aerosol indirect effect in mixed‐phase clouds

Aerosol influences on clouds are a major source of uncertainty to our understanding of forced climate change. Increased aerosol can enhance solar reflection from clouds countering greenhouse gas warming. Recently, this indirect effect has been extended from water droplet clouds to other types including mixed-phase clouds. Aerosol effects on mixed-phase clouds are important because of their fundamental role on sea ice loss and polar climate change, but very little is known about aerosol effects on these clouds. Here we provide the first analysis of the effects of aerosol emitted from ship stacks into mixed-phase clouds. Satellite observations of solar reflection in numerous ship tracks reveal that cloud albedo increases 5 times more in liquid clouds when polluted and persist 2 h longer than in mixed-phase clouds. These results suggest that seeding mixed-phase clouds via shipping aerosol is unlikely to provide any significant counterbalancing solar radiative cooling effects in warming polar regions.
Can you sequence ecology? Metagenomics of adaptive diversification.

Few areas of science have benefited more from the expansion in sequencing capability than the study of microbial communities. Can sequence data, besides providing hypotheses of the functions the members possess, detect the evolutionary and ecological processes that are occurring? For example, can we determine if a species is adapting to one niche, or if it is diversifying into multiple specialists that inhabit distinct niches? Fortu- nately, adaptation of populations in the laboratory can serve as a model to test our ability to make such inferences about evolution and ecology from sequencing. Even adaptation to a single niche can give rise to complex temporal dynamics due to the transient presence of multiple competing lineages. If there are multiple niches, this complexity is augmented by segmentation of the population into multiple specialists that can each continue to evolve within their own niche. For a known example of parallel diversification that occurred in the laboratory, sequencing data gave surprisingly few obvi- ous, unambiguous signs of the ecological complexity present. Whereas experimental systems are open to direct experimentation to test hypotheses of selection or ecological interaction, the difficulty in ''seeing ecology'' from sequencing for even such a simple system suggests translation to communities like the human microbiome will be quite challenging. This will require both improved empirical methods to enhance the depth and time resolution for the relevant polymorphisms and novel statistical approaches to rigorously examine time-series data for signs of various evolutionary and ecological phenomena within and between species.
Technology mapping of timed circuits

This paper presents an automated procedure for the technology mapping of timed circuits to practical gate libraries. Timed circuits are a class of asynchronous circuits that incorporate explicit timing information in the specification which is used throughout the design process to optimize the implementation. Our procedure begins with a timed specification and a delay-annotated gate library description which must include 2-input AND gates, OR gates, and C-elements, but optionally can include higher-fanin gates, AND-OR-INVERT blocks, and generalized C-elements. Our procedure first generates a technology-independent timed circuit netlist composed of possibly high-fanin AND gates, OR gates, and 2-input C-elements. The procedure then investigates simultaneous decompositions of all high-fanin gates by adding state variables to the the specification and performing resynthesis. Although multiple decompositions are explored timing information is utilized to significantly reduce their number. Once all gates are sufficiently decomposed, the netlist can be mapped to the given gate library, taking advantage of any compact complex gates available. The decomposition and resynthesis steps have been fully automated within the synthesis tool ATACS and we present results for several examples.
Reduction in Purchases of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Among Low-Income Black Adolescents After Exposure to Caloric Information

Objectives. We examined the effect of an intervention to provide caloric information about sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on the number of SSB purchases.Methods. We used a case-crossover design with 4 corner stores located in low-income, predominately Black neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. The intervention randomly posted 1 of 3 signs with the following caloric information: (1) absolute caloric count, (2) percentage of total recommended daily intake, and (3) physical activity equivalent. We collected data for 1600 beverage sales by Black adolescents, aged 12–18 years, including 400 during a baseline period and 400 for each of the 3 caloric condition interventions.Results. Providing Black adolescents with any caloric information significantly reduced the odds of SSB purchases relative to the baseline (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36, 0.89). When examining the 3 caloric conditions separately, the significant effect was observed when caloric information was provided as a ph...
The Contact Space: A Novel Framework for Intergroup Contact Research

This article presents a new framework for understanding research on the intersection between language, communication, and intergroup contact. Contact theory has described a variety of ways in which contact between groups can reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations. However, the field has become fragmented by the study of a variety of forms of contact whose interconnections have not been elucidated, and it has paid insufficient attention to the language and communicative dynamics of the contact event itself. This article accounts for the variation in forms of contact studied by arraying them in two-dimensional space organized by (a) involvement of self in contact and (b) richness of self-outgroup experience. The former pertains to whether an individual is directly involved in interaction with an outgroup member (vs. merely observing such contact); the latter pertains to the multiplicity of channels and senses through which one experiences the outgroup member. These two dimensions are argued to be largely orthogonal. The two-dimensional space is used to organize mediators and moderators in the field, to specify in detail the intersection between contact and issues of language and communication, as well as to outline areas of particular promise for specific contact interventions.
THE EFFECT OF INJURY BY TOXIC AGENTS UPON OSMOTIC PRESSURE MAINTAINED BY CELLS OF LIVER AND OF KIDNEY

As shown in a previous paper the cells of the liver and of the kidney maintain an osmotic pressure approximately twice that of blood and of erythrocytes, exceeding this slightly in the case of liver and being slightly less in that of kidney. When liver cells are injured by chloroform or by carbon tetrachloride the osmotic pressure they maintain falls to the level of the medium that surrounds them but is promptly restored when recovery from the injury, with some regeneration of liver cells, occurs. When nephrosis is caused by potassium chromate or by chloroform the osmotic pressure maintained by parenchymatous cells of the renal cortex falls to that of the medium about them but returns to its normal level with recovery from the injury.
Six approaches to the explication of facet‐level traits: examples from conscientiousness:

Proponents of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality have argued for somewhat diAerent conceptualizations of the factors. Ultimately, the factors are best understood by a specification of the traits (or facets) that define them, and these facets in turn must be clearly conceptualized. Using as examples the Conscientiousness facet scales of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, we discuss six approaches to understanding facetlevel traits: (i) rational analysis of item content; (ii) characterization of the low pole, the psychological opposite; (iii) interpretation of external correlates; (iv) examination of secondary and tertiary factor loadings; (v) translation into the specialized languages of applied psychology; and (vi) case studies. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital filters with implicit interpolated output

The composition of filtering and interpolation operators is applied to the design of digital filters that, optionally, may perform real-time incommensurate sampling rate conversion. This problem arises in applications where the interpolation times may not be known a priori and are calculated in real time. The proposed interpolating filter operators allow the designer to control the interpolation error through a trade-off between computing time and accuracy. The flexibility of the design is exemplified on a few digital communication applications: square root raised cosine filters for controlling the intersymbol interference through pulse shaping, a bandpass filter, and a differentiator.
Distinguishing effects of structure and decay on attachment and repair: A cue-based parsing account of recovery from misanalyzed ambiguities

This paper presents the cue-based retrieval theory of parsing and reanalysis and illustrates how this account can accommodate a number of key results about parsing and reanalysis, including effects due to structure, distance, and type of structural change. Three offline experiments and one online experiment permit establishing the locus of these effects as due to properties of the initial parsing processes or to the repair mechanism. Specifically, the data reported here suggest that a structural factor specific to the operation of the parser, retrieval interference, affects attachment uniformly across ambiguous and unambiguous sentences and serves to create a limit on successful repair. In addition, these experiments suggest that distance of the head of an ambiguous phrase from its disambiguator affects repair processes—and not attachment processes—independently of the interference effect. These results are interpreted with respect to alternative models of reanalysis, which are contrasted with the cue-based retrieval account, which requires no distinct repair mechanism to account for the current results. A further contribution of this article is to suggest a statistical correction for individual variance in reading rates. Statistical analyses on individual subject data confirmed previous speculations regarding a possible increase in reading rates as subjects move through a sentence. While this individual variation limits fair comparisons of reading times in sentence regions that appear in non-identical serial positions, we demonstrate that such comparisons become meaningful when the appropriate regression analyses have been performed.
An Ethnographic Field School: What Students Do and Learn

This brief essay describes the structure of one anthropology field program and discusses some of what students learn. Every other year since 1983, Union College's Anthropology Department has offered an ethnographic field school in Barbados.1 The Barbados program is much like other field schools except that it is offered during the academic year as a term abroad rather than during the summer and is offered only to undergraduates.
Current perspectives in the treatment of small cell lung cancer

Summary Neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy alone is adequate to treat both bulky local disease and the almost universal distant micrometastases of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Despite improved overall and 2-year survival rates associated with combining the two treatment modalities, however, their potential for toxic interaction demands careful consideration. The specific toxicity profile of the chemotherapeutic agent used must be calculated and balanced with the radiotherapy dose, fractionation, volume, and timing with chemotherapy to give the patient the maximum benefit and the least amount of risk. Results of clinical trials indicate that fractionation of the radiation dose takes advantage of the fact that fractionation causes less damage to and allows for repair of normal tissue, whereas the tumor cells of SCLC are killed exponentially by even small radiation doses per fraction. Further evaluation of radiation volume is needed to answer questions on the risk-benefit ratio of normal lung exposure versus complete coverage of areas of potential metastasis, and to determine whether dose of volume is the more critical factor for lung toxicity. Finally, the timing of radiotherapy also must be studied further. Early radiotherapy offers the potential for killing small cells before they migrate, but attempts to compensate for such early exposure may lead to subtherapeutic doses of chemotherapy and, thus, to lower response rates.
Exploiting spatial regularity in irregular iterative applications

The increasing gap between the speed of microprocessors and memory subsystems makes it imperative to exploit locality of reference in sequential irregular applications. The parallelization of such applications requires special considerations. Current RTS (Run-Time Support) for irregular computations fails to exploit the fine grain regularity present in these applications, producing unnecessary time and memory overheads. PILAR (Parallel Irregular Library with Application of Regularity) is a new RTS for irregular computations that provides a variety of internal representations of communication patterns based on their regularity; allowing for the efficient support of a wide spectrum of regularity under a common framework. Experimental results on the IBM SP-1 and Intel Paragon demonstrate the validity of our approach. >
A pipelined architecture for real-time correction of barrel distortion in wide-angle camera images

An efficient pipelined architecture for the real-time correction of barrel distortion in wide-angle camera images is presented in this paper. The distortion correction model is based on least-squares estimation to correct the nonlinear distortion in images. The model parameters include the expanded/corrected image size, the back-mapping coefficients, distortion center, and corrected center. The coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) based hardware design is suitable for an input image size of 1028/spl times/1028 pixels and is pipelined to operate at a clock frequency of 40 MHz. The VLSI system will facilitate the use of a dedicated hardware that could be mounted along with the camera unit.
Efficient On-line Interconnect Testing in FPGAs with Provable Detectability for Multiple Faults

We present a very effective online interconnect built-in-self-test (BIST) method I-BIST for FPGAs that uses a combination of the following novel techniques: a track-adjacent and a switch-adjacent (also called “mirror adjacent”) pairwise net comparison mechanism that achieves high detectability, a carefully designed set of only five net-configurations that cover all types and locations of wire-segment and switch faults, a 2-phase global-detailed testing approach, and a divide-and-conquer technique used in detailed testing to quickly narrow down the set of potential suspect interconnects that are then detail-diagnosed. These techniques result in I-BIST having provable detectability in the presence of an unbounded number of multiple faults, very high diagnosability of 99-100% even for high fault densities of up to 10% that are expected in emerging nano-scale technologies, and much lower test times or fault latencies than the previous best intercon nect BIST techniques. In particular, for application to on-line testing, our method re-quires n2 roving-tester (ROTE) configurations to test an entire n×n FPGA, while the previous best online interconnect BIST technique re-quires n2 configurations. Thus, I-BIST is an order of magnitude more time- as well as power-efficient, and will scale well with rapidly increasing FPGA device sizes that are expected in emerging technologies.
Increased frequency of venous thromboembolism with the combination of docetaxel and thalidomide in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Study Objective. To evaluate the frequency of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer who were treated with docetaxel alone or in combination with thalidomide. Design. Retrospective analysis of a randomized phase II trial. Setting. National Institutes of Health clinical research center. Patients. Seventy men, aged 50–80 years, with advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer. Intervention. Each patient received either intravenous docetaxel 30 mg/m2/week for 3 consecutive weeks, followed by 1 week off, or the combination of continuous oral thalidomide 200 mg every evening plus the same docetaxel regimen. This 4-week cycle was repeated until there was evidence of excessive toxicity or disease progression. Measurements and Main Results. None of 23 patients who received docetaxel alone developed VTE, whereas 9 of 47 patients (19%) who received docetaxel plus thalidomide developed VTE (p=0.025). Conclusion. The addition of thalidomide to docetaxel in the treatment of prostate cancer significantly increases the frequency of VTE. Clinicians should be aware of this potential complication when adding thalidomide to chemotherapeutic regimens.
Evaluation of Imaging Techniques Applied to Water Management Research in PEMFCs

Water management in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is critical in efficient operation of fuel cells during normal operation as well as purge and start& up conditions. Insufficient membrane hydration impedes the flow of protons and an overabundance of water obstructs the flow of reactants in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and in gas distribution channels. These two extremes of water content in PEMFCs significantly reduce performance and efficiency, causing material degradation and potential failure. Visualization and quantitative measurement of water content in PEMFCs lead to greater comprehension of water distribution and transport processes. A wide variety of imaging techniques have been employed in literature to reveal water distribution and transport processes on both macroscale and microscale. The presented techniques utilize visible, infrared, X&rays, fluorescence microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and neutron radiography to visualize water, measure temperature distributions, and quantify water content. Each imaging technique has intrinsic advantages, disadvantages, and limitations for water detection and will be discussed. A critical evaluation of these techniques and their suitability for visualization of specific components of PEMFC are also discussed.
Histone modifications and dynamic regulation of genome accessibility in plants

In all eukaryotes chromatin physically restricts the accessibility of the genome to regulatory proteins such as transcription factors. Plant model systems have been instrumental in demonstrating that this restriction is dynamic and changes during development and in response to exogenous cues. Among the multiple epigenetic mechanisms that alter chromatin to regulate gene expression, histone modifications play a major role. Recent studies in Arabidopsis have provided the first genome-wide histone modification maps, revealed important biological roles for histone modifications, and advanced our understanding of stimulus-dependent changes in histone modifications.