cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representation of Women Authors in International Heart Failure Guidelines and Contemporary Clinical Trials

Background: Gender disparities in authorship of heart failure (HF) guideline citations and clinical trials have not been examined. Methods: We identified authors of publications referenced in Class...
ANALYSIS OF LOCALIZED ORBITALS IN AZABORA DERIVATIVES OF [8] ANNULENE: IN THE VIEWPOINT OF AROMATICITY AND INDUCED RING CURRENTS

The electron density distributions among a series of [8] annulene (both ions and molecules) and its azabora derivatives, including its ions [BnNnC(8–2n) H8 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)], are investigated by NBO and NMR analyses. The (4n+2)π and 4nπ systems (Huckel′s Rule) in these compounds are discussed via the localized orbital localization and electron localized function. A diatropic ring current (aromatic) and paratropic current (anti-aromatic) are distinguished. The natural hybrid orbital (NHO) direction and bond bending deviations from the line of nuclear centers are exhibited for understanding the states of π and σ orbitals. For $${{\text{B}}_{2}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{C}}_{4}}\text{H}_{8}^{2-}$$ , $${{\text{B}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{4}}}\text{H}_{8}^{2-}$$ , and $${{\text{B}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{4}}}\text{H}_{8}^{2+}$$ NBO calculations reveal that these structures are the dominant Lewis structures. In this work, for each NAO functions (core, valence, or Rydberg) the orbital occupancy and the orbital energies are discussed. In addition, the nucleus-independent chemical shifts and statistical nucleus independent chemical shifts confirm the amounts of aromaticity and antiaromaticity in these rings.
The Urban Regime and City Schools: Building Change

Traditional, top-down government decision-making has given way over that past 50 years to a more diverse set of power arrangements. This is most evident in local government, where machine politics once dominated local government structures in cities including Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, New York, and Philadelphia. This structure has evolved into a more complex yet informal form of local governance that includes less institutionalized politics and power structures and a much more diverse service delivery system. It calls for collective decision-making and problem-solving leading to shared responsibility and a more active and engaged citizenry. The focus of this chapter is on the significance of the urban regime in pushing change. Regime theory is discussed as is various regime typologies. A new regime typology framework is presented for use throughout the text.
Leveraging the Fragment Length of Circulating Tumour DNA to Improve Molecular Profiling of Solid Tumour Malignancies with Next-Generation Sequencing: A Pathway to Advanced Non-invasive Diagnostics in Precision Oncology?

Circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool in oncology. Identification of tumour-derived ccfDNA (i.e. circulating tumour DNA [ctDNA]) provides non-invasive access to a malignancy’s molecular landscape to diagnose, inform therapeutic strategies, and monitor treatment efficacy. Current applications of ccfDNA to detect somatic mutations, however, have been largely constrained to tumour-informed searches and identification of common mutations because of the interaction between ctDNA signal and next-generation sequencing (NGS) noise. Specifically, the low allele frequency of ctDNA associated with non-metastatic and early-stage lesions may be indistinguishable from artifacts that accrue during sample preparation and NGS. Thus, using ccfDNA to achieve non-invasive and personalized molecular profiling to optimize individual patient care is a highly sought goal that remains limited in clinical practice. There is growing evidence, however, that further advances in the field of ccfDNA diagnostics may be achieved by improving detection of somatic mutations through leveraging the inherently shorter fragment lengths of ctDNA compared to non-neoplastic ccfDNA. Here, the origins and rationale for seeking to improve the mutation-based detection of ctDNA by using ccfDNA size profiling are reviewed. Subsequently, in vitro and in silico methods to enrich for a target ccfDNA fragment length are detailed to identify current practices and provide perspective into the potential of using ccfDNA size profiling to impact clinical applications in oncology.
Using a Group Process Map to Synthesize Learning

Educators continually strive for better ways to engage students in course content and reflect on learning. Process maps originate from the business field while concept maps are used across discipli...
Redescription of Chelonarium signatum Dalman, 1824, with Notes on its Reproductive Biology and Occurrence in Paraguay (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea: Chelonariidae)

Chelonarium signatum Dalman, 1824 is known from northern and central South America. The original description of C. signatum was very brief and lacked description of much of the external morphology and the genitalia. We present a redescription of C. signatum based on examination of material from southern Paraguay, including descriptions of the male and female genitalia. Images are presented of the adult habitus and external morphology, along with notes on the reproductive biology and collection in Paraguay. The history of the type specimen is traced, and photographs of the specimen and its labels are provided. A lectotype is designated for the species.
Mapping the Body and the Brain: Neurology and Localization Theory in the Work of Rodin

This essay interprets the expressive figural sculptures of Rodin in terms of emerging medical models of the brain and body in the late nineteenth century. Based in the science of neurology, localization theory posited that the brain was composed of individual sites responsible for discrete functions of the body and that specific neurological channels were tied to these areas. In localization theory, the activities of the brain were compartmentalized, a concept encouraged by the discovery that the two sides of the brain were not identical. In accordance with these new medical theories, Rodin’s figures respond to a multiplicity of internal stimuli, as though a variety of not entirely integrated sensations, responses, and movements were occurring at the same time. Neurology also supported the renewal of the idea of the mad genius (artist/poet), and Rodin’s Thinker (artist/poet) assumes the iconic posture of melancholy, long associated with both genius and pathology. Localization theory and neurology supported Jean-Martin Charcot’s explorations of hysterio-epileptic women. A number of figures of damned women, located just behind The Thinker on Rodin’s Gates of Hell are in postures associated with this disorder.
Aluminum hydroxide multilayer assembly capable of extinguishing flame on polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam found in household furnishings and bedding creates a severe fire hazard, resulting in loss of life and property each year. In an effort to reduce the flammability of polyurethane foam, a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coating, comprised of polyethylenimine and polyacrylic acid-stabilized aluminum hydroxide (ATH), was deposited onto foam using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. PEM coatings with and without incorporation of ATH were deposited and compared to assess the effectiveness of ATH on flame suppression. All recipes resulted in conformal coatings, maintaining the open cellular structure of the foam. Only three bilayers of PEI/PAA-ATH retained the shape of foam after exposure to a butane torch flame for 10 s. With six bilayers, the flame was extinguished, which prevented flashover. Cone calorimetry revealed that this 6 BL coated foam exhibited a 64 % reduction in peak heat release rate and a 44 % reduction in maximum average rate of heat emission. This work demonstrates an extraordinarily effective flame-retardant nanocoating that uses environmentally benign chemistry and relatively few deposition steps, prepared using LbL assembly.
Exponentially stable approximations of weakly damped wave equations

We consider wave equations with damping in the boundary conditions. Techniques to ascertain the uniform preservation under approximation of exponential stability are presented. Several schemes for which preservation can be guaranteed are analyzed. Numerical results that demonstrate the lack of stability under approximation for several popular schemes (including standard finite difference and finite element schemes) are given.
An Educational Psychologist's Perspective on Cognitive Neuroscience

Byrnes and Fox present a thoughtful article on a neglected but important topic for educational psychologists. Some major contributions are their emphasis on the need for consistency in educational theory and neuroscience research, the lack of automatic correspondence between neuroscience research and educational applications, the need for educator awareness of neuroscience research, the importance of development, and the influence of early education. Limitations of the neuroscience perspective for education include inadequate examination of contemporary theories of learning and motivation, the generality of cognitive processes, the influence of student beliefs, and the role of self-regulation. Suggestions for future research are given.
Doxycycline Treatment Decreases Morbidity and Mortality of Murine Neurocysticercosis: Evidence for Reduction of Apoptosis and Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity

Murine neurocysticercosis is a parasitic infection transmitted through the direct ingestion of Taenia solium eggs, which differentially disrupts the barriers that protect the microenvironment of the central nervous system. Among the host factors that are involved in this response, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been recently described as important players. Doxycycline is a commonly prescribed antimicrobial drug that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent with broad inhibitory properties against MMPs. In this study, we examined the effects of doxycycline treatment in a murine model of neurocysticercosis. Animals treated with doxycycline exhibited reduced morbidity and mortality throughout the course of infection. Although similar levels of leukocyte infiltration were observed with both treatment regimens, doxycycline appeared to provide improved conditions for host survival, as reduced levels of apoptosis were detected among infiltrates as well as in neurons. As an established MMP blocker, doxycycline reduced the degradation of junctional complex proteins in parenchymal vessels. In addition, doxycycline treatment was associated with an overall reduction in the expression and activity of MMPs, particularly in areas of leukocyte infiltration. These results indicate that a broad-range inhibitor of MMPs promotes host survival and suggest the potential of doxycycline as a therapeutic agent for the control of inflammatory responses associated with neurocysticercosis.
Strabismus at Age 2 Years in Children Born Before 28 Weeks’ Gestation: Antecedents and Correlates

Children born very preterm are at greater risk of ophthalmic morbidities, including strabismus, than children born at term. We evaluated perinatal factors associated with strabismus at age 2 years ...
Analytical Modeling of Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Dissolution with Green's Functions

Equilibrium and bicontinuum nonequilibrium formulations of the advection–dispersion equation (ADE) have been widely used to describe subsurface solute transport. The Green's Function Method (GFM) is particularly attractive to solve the ADE because of its flexibility to deal with arbitrary initial and boundary conditions, and its relative simplicity to formulate solutions for multi‐dimensional problems. The Green's functions that are presented can be used for a wide range of problems involving equilibrium and nonequilibrium transport in semi‐infinite and infinite media. The GFM is applied to analytically model multi‐dimensional transport from persistent solute sources typical of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). Specific solutions are derived for transport from a rectangular source (parallel to the flow direction) of persistent contamination using first‐, second‐, or third‐type boundary or source input conditions. Away from the source, the first‐ and third‐type condition cannot be expected to represent the exact surface condition. The second‐type condition has the disadvantage that the diffusive flux from the source needs to be specified a priori. Near the source, the third‐type condition appears most suitable to model NAPL dissolution into the medium. The solute flux from the pool, and hence the concentration in the medium, depends strongly on the mass transfer coefficient. For all conditions, the concentration profiles indicate that nonequilibrium conditions tend to reduce the maximum solute concentration and the total amount of solute that enters the porous medium from the source. On the other hand, during nonequilibrium transport the solute may spread over a larger area of the medium compared to equilibrium transport.
Targeting the estrogen receptor in clinical breast cancer1

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide with more than 500,000 new cases diagnosed and 250,000 deaths annually. Treatment directed to inhibiting the action of the estrogen receptor (ER) represents one of the earliest examples of a successful targeted therapy for clinical breast cancer. We know that the ER functions as a transcription factor which controls estrogen-regulated genes important for the development, growth, and progression of breast cancer. The current, initial palliative treatment for women with estrogen-sensitive breast cancer is the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Patients whose tumors progress after responding to tamoxifen can achieve further responses from subsequent second-line therapy with agents such as the potent aromatase inhibitors, which have recently shown promise as potential first-line therapies. Our present understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action of ER, and its interaction downstream of various polypeptide growth factors and their receptors, cell survival conduits, and various protein kinase signaling pathways, has the potential to greatly increase our armory of hormonally-targeted strategies for the treatment and reversal of endocrine resistance. Therefore, combined directed therapies to these growth factor-triggered pathways, along with treatments directly targeting the ER, may provide more optimum treatment strategies in the future.
How to Extend the Capabilities of Space Systems for Long Duration Space Exploration Systems

For sustainable Exploration Missions the need exists to assemble systems-of-systems in space, on the Moon or on other planetary surfaces. To fulfill this need new and innovative system architecture is needed that can be satisfied with the present lift capability of existing rocket technology without the added cost of developing a new heavy lift vehicle. To enable ultra-long life missions with minimum redundancy and lighter mass the need exists to develop system soft,i,are and hardware reconfigurability, which enables increasing functionality and multiple use of launched assets while at the same time overcoming any components failures. Also the need exists to develop the ability to dynamically demate and reassemble individual system elements during a mission in order to work around failed hardware or changed mission requirements. Therefore to meet the goals of Space Exploration Missions in hiteroperability and Reconfigurability, many challenges must be addressed to transform the traditional static avionics architecture into architecture with dynamic capabilities. The objective of this paper is to introduce concepts associated with reconfigurable computer systems; review the various needs and challenges associated with reconfigurable avionics space systems; provide an operational example that illustrates the needs applicable to either the Crew Exploration Vehicle or a collection of "Habot like" mobile surface elements; summarize the approaches that address key challenges to acceptance of a Flexible, Intelligent, Modular and Affordable reconfigurable avionics space system.
On-board computers for control

On-board computers for control and sequencing from Apollo to Voyager are described along with future trends and recent design examples. Consideration is given to a high-order language for the Space Shuttle program. Emphasis is placed on the usage of modern LSI and new distributed architectural approaches. The distributed computer of the Galileo spacecraft and the data processing system for the Shuttle Orbiter are outlined.
Virtue and Contract Law

For years, legal theory scholars have been obsessed with two dominant normative accounts: law and economics and individual rights. Recently, however, an old normative theory has resurfaced. Virtue theory, grounded in Aristotelian practical philosophy, has begun to receive attention from both historians and legal philosophers. In the past year, a small group of theorists has made a dramatic move: they have attempted to apply virtue theory to problems in contemporary law, in the form of a new “virtue jurisprudence.” Thus far, virtue jurisprudence scholars have limited their work to public law subjects. This article makes a substantial new contribution by extending virtue jurisprudence to a central area of private law: contracts. Why contract law? This article contends that several difficult challenges in contract jurisprudence remain unresolved because neither law and economics nor rights theorists have been successful in accounting for the actual desires of contracting parties. For example, current theoretical frameworks fail to fully explain contract’s duality as both an economic and social institution. They fail to account for parties’ interest in both wealth maximization and justice. Virtue jurisprudence accounts for these critical dualities better than either law and economics or individual rights. Accordingly, this article suggests that virtue jurisprudence may reframe how both theorists and courts think about “the parties’ intent,” which is a foundational concept in any contract case.This article takes on several tasks. It explains virtue theory in ways that show its relevance to contract law. It lays out a historical case for the importance of virtue theory to political liberalism and free markets. It explores several sites where current theoretical approaches do not fully capture contracting parties’ intent. Finally, it shows how virtue jurisprudence may offer a superior descriptive, and normative, account of intent-based doctrines in contract law.
C. elegans SoxB genes are dispensable for embryonic neurogenesis but required for terminal differentiation of specific neuron types

Neurogenesis involves deeply conserved patterning molecules, such as the proneural basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Sox proteins and specifically members of the SoxB and SoxC groups are another class of conserved transcription factors with an important role in neuronal fate commitment and differentiation in various species. In this study, we examine the expression of all five Sox genes of the nematode C. elegans and analyze the effect of null mutant alleles of all members of the SoxB and SoxC groups on nervous system development. Surprisingly, we find that, unlike in other systems, neither of the two C. elegans SoxB genes sox-2 (SoxB1) and sox-3 (SoxB2), nor the sole C. elegans SoxC gene sem-2, is broadly expressed throughout the embryonic or adult nervous system and that all three genes are mostly dispensable for embryonic neurogenesis. Instead, sox-2 is required to maintain the developmental potential of blast cells that are generated in the embryo but divide only postembryonically to give rise to differentiated neuronal cell types. Moreover, sox-2 and sox-3 have selective roles in the terminal differentiation of specific neuronal cell types. Our findings suggest that the common themes of SoxB gene function across phylogeny lie in specifying developmental potential and, later on, in selectively controlling terminal differentiation programs of specific neuron types, but not in broadly controlling neurogenesis.
Butterfly Redreaming: Rethinking Free, with Zhuangzi Flying Westerly with Descartes, Lacan, Waldman…

Usually, Zhuangzi’s parable of “the butterfly dream/dreaming butterfly” is read as an enigmatic version, from “the East”, of the Cartesian skeptical challenges to “objective reality” or else the Lacanian psycho-drama of the “pure gaze” in which “he”, Zhuangzi, “is a butterfly for nobody”, who stands for “the Real”. Retooling some of the critical insights from these standard dialectical or anxiogenic approaches to this allegorical puzzle of self-identity, both of which, however, tend to leave unquestioned or else structurally overrate the binarized inner-exclusivity of typical pairs such as in/out, subject/object, illusion/reality, and all/nothing, this article proposes a relatively novel, fluid model of unraveling the speculative knot, the dots of lepidopterological spacetime irreducible to a simpler “point” in space and time. As we follow the narrative sequence more micro- and macrologically at once, with holistic, philopoetic attention to its intricate conceptual cues and contextual clues, especially its streaks and energies of “oppositional poetics” envisaged by Anne Waldman, for instance, we come to see more clearly the trans-categorical auto-generativity of its modal openness, its oddly powerful, non-militarily propelled, avant-garde peripherality. As Zhuangzi’s butterfly gets freed this way from the discursive net where it is lost and found (often instantly dead), the vocalized figure of the “irritating” narrator, too, will change more freely, flying in and out and back in “daoistically” rather than agonistically.
Cytokinesis: Breaking the Ties That Bind

It has been unclear how cells complete cell division and resolve membrane connections to bring about cell separation. Recent work has shown that targeted secretion to the midbody is required to complete cell division.
An Investigation of the Electrical Resistivity of Nickel-Rich Nickel-Gold Alloys

Electrical resistivity of nickel-gold alloys, containing 0.075, 0.22, 0.45, 0.68, 1.07, and 1.54 at% gold, has been measured at 4.2, 77.2, and 300.0 °K. The resistivity increase at 4.2 °K, due to 1 at% gold in nickel, is (0.33 ± 0.01) μΩcm. This value compares favorably with the result of (0.38 ± 0.02) μΩ cm due to Roberts et al., This finding implies that the disagreement between the measured and the theoretical isomer shifts, calculated by Roberts et al., for 197Au in nickel is not due to the uncertainty in the residual resistivity data. Nickel-gold alloys exhibit large deviations from the Matthiessen rule. The longitudinal electrical magnetoresistivity at 4.2 °K in presence of an applied field of 60 kOe is positive, rapidly increases with increasing gold concentrations, and then gradually saturates at higher gold contents. Der elektrische Widerstand von Nickel-Goldlegierungen mit 0,075; 0,22; 0,45; 0,68; 1,07 und 1,54 at% Gold wurde bei 4,2; 77,2 und 300,0 °K gemessen. Der Widerstandsanstieg bei 4,2 °K durch 1 at% Gold in Nickel betragt (0,33 ± 0,01) μΩcm und stimmt gut mit dem Ergebnis (0,38 ± 0,02) μΩ cm von Roberts et al. uberein. Dieses Resultat bedeutet, das die Abweichung zwischen den gemessenen und theoretischen, von Roberts et al. berechneten isomeren Verschiebungen fur197Au in Nickel nicht von den Unsicherheiten der Restwiderstandsmesergebnisse herruhren. Nickel-Goldlegierungen zeigen grose Abweichungen von der Matthiessenschen Regel. Die longitudinale elektrische Magnetowiderstandsanderung, bei 4,2 °K und einem angelegten Feld von 60 kOe positiv, nimmt stark mit steigender Goldkonzentration zu und sattigt sich allmahlich mit hoherem Goldgehalt.
Studies on the properties of the singlet oxygen-like factor produced during lipid peroxidation.

Abstract The singlet oxygen reaction product of various trapping agents is observed during enzymic and nonenzymic peroxidation of microsomes as well as during the peroxidation of pure lipids extracted from microsomes. We now wish to report that purified fatty acid hydroperoxide alone, as well as peroxidized microsomal lipid and cumene hydroperoxide also form the singlet oxygen reaction product with 2,5-diphenylfuran. The reaction product (cis-1,2-dibenzoyl-ethylene) was observed to be formed in an anaerobic system, with or without EDTA. The data indicate that a reaction of hydroxyl radicals with 2,5-diphenylfuran cannot account for the formation of dibenzoylethylene in these systems. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that the singlet oxygen-like factor was formed from the lipid peroxides per se and, in addition, supports the possibility that either the peroxides can react directly with diphenylfuran to produce dibenzoylethylene or that the self-reaction of organic peroxides may form an intermediate product which can react directly with singlet oxygen-trapping agents to produce substances which are identical to a reaction of the trapping agents with singlets oxygen.
Estrogen Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Collagen Production in Rat and Human Leiomyoma Cells: A Potential Medicinal Treatment for Uterine Fibroids

Objective:The current study sought to investigate the effect of the estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOHE2) on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and collagen synthesis in human and rat leiom...
Hinge‐mediated dimerization of SMC protein is essential for its dynamic interaction with DNA

Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins play central roles in regulating higher order chromosome dynamics from bacteria to humans. As judged by electron microscopy, the SMC homodimer from Bacillus subtilis (BsSMC) is composed of two antiparallel, coiled-coil arms with a flexible hinge. Site-directed cross-linking experiments show here that dimerization of BsSMC is mediated by a hinge–hinge interaction between self-folded monomers. This architecture is conserved in the eukaryotic SMC2–SMC4 heterodimer. Analysis of different deletion mutants of BsSMC unexpectedly reveals that the major DNA-binding activity does not reside in the catalytic ATPase domains located at the ends of a dimer. Instead, point mutations in the hinge domain that disturb dimerization of BsSMC drastically reduce its ability to interact with DNA. Proper hinge function is essential for BsSMC to recognize distinct DNA topology, and mutant proteins with altered hinge angles cross-link double-stranded DNA in a nucleotide-dependent manner. We propose that the hinge domain of SMC proteins is not a simple dimerization site, but rather it acts as an essential determinant of dynamic SMC–DNA interactions.
Detecting change in grasslands using measures of spatial dependence with landsat TM data

Abstract Spatial dependence is a fundamental structure of spatial data that can be readily measured. Change in landscapes can be monitored effectively using measures of spatial dependence. Scale of fluctuation analysis estimates the dimensional extent to which data are significantly autocorrelated by observing the behavior of sample variance under extended local averaging. Algorithms to estimate the one-dimensional scale of fluctuation (correlation length) and two-dimensional scale fluctuation (correlation area) in image data are described. The approach is demonstrated with an analysis of a 9-year TM image series of a tallgrass prairie preserve, Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, to assess the impact of bison on the spatial patterning of vegetation.
E-books or print books, “big deals” or local selections—What gets more use?

This paper tracks the use of several hundred books at Oakland University that were made available both in print and electronically. This study attempts to determine if there are discernable differences in usage based on format. It also examines usage to determine if collections of books that were locally selected exhibit different usage than those purchased through a consortium. The author concludes that locally selected collections receive greater usage than consortially selected collections. Furthermore, the author finds that usage of a particular title in one format does not correlate to usage of that title in the other, but that there is a relationship between the formats when you compare aggregate circulations/accesses of books based within NetLibrary subject areas.
Design and modeling of a continuous-time delta-sigma modulator for biopotential signal acquisition: Simulink vs. Verilog-AMS perspective

In the current trend of short time-to-market and complex circuits and systems containing billions of nanoscale transistor, fast and accurate time-domain simulations are crucial for analog and mixed-signal (AMS) design and verification. This will ensure reduction in the non-recurrent cost and make electronics cheaper. In this paper, in order to investigate the options for fast and accurate simulations, two popular modeling tools and languages (Simulink and Verilog-AMS) capable of constructing behavioral models are evaluated. A delta-sigma modulator design with biomedical applications is used as a case study. The system-level design of a third-order, feedforward continuous-time (CT) delta-sigma modulator (DSM) with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 87.3 dB and 20 kHz input bandwidth is presented. This CT DSM is to be employed in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) targeting several portable biomedical applications which require a 10 kHz signal bandwidth and higher than 10-bit resolution. Simulink and Verilog-AMS were used throughout the design. The efficiency are compared in terms of modeling effort, simulation performance, and accuracy.
History and Molecular Genetics of Lynch Syndrome in Family G: A Century Later

ContextIn 1895, Aldred Scott Warthin, MD, PhD, initiated one of the most thoroughly documented and longest cancer family histories ever recorded. The unusually high incidence and segregation of cancers of the colon, rectum, stomach, and endometrium in Dr Warthin’s family G was later followed up by his colleagues, most recently by Henry Lynch, MD. Described today as a Lynch syndrome family, family G was last documented in 1971, prior to the modern era of molecular diagnostics.ObjectiveTo update family G.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsHistorical prospective cohort study of family G members from 1895 to 2000.Main Outcome MeasuresThe primary outcomes were the frequencies and types of cancers, ages at diagnosis, and presence of the T to G transversion at the splice acceptor site of exon 4 of the mutS homolog 2, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 1 (E coli) (MSH2) gene in family G members. A secondary analysis compared cancer-specific incidence rates in family G with published national and regional cancer incidence rates through the standardized incidence ratio (SIR).ResultsFamily G now has 929 known descendants of the original progenitor first reported in 1913. Cancers of the colon and rectum (SIR, 3.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.39-4.19) and endometrium (SIR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.92-5.89) continue to predominate in family G. Five of 40 tested members of family G carry the MSH2 T to G mutation; as a result, 15 of their living relatives are at increased risk of developing 1 or more colorectal or Lynch syndrome–associated cancers. In contrast, 97 living members of family G can now be excluded as mutation carriers.ConclusionWithin the last decade, molecular diagnostic testing has transformed the care of family G and other Lynch syndrome families in which a pathogenic mutation has been identified.
Acetazolamide teratogenesis: Interation of maternal metabolic and respiratory acidosis in the induction of ectrodactyly in C57BL/6J mice

Exposure of C57BL/6J mice to 20% CO2 for 8 hours on day 10 of gestation has been shown to produce right-sided postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly in 23% of the offspring. Carbon dioxide exposure produces a dramatic increase in maternal plasma CO2 accompanied by an inevitable decrease in plasma pH, both of which appear to be involved in the induction of ectrodactyly. However, the low incidence of ectrodactyly associated with NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis suggests that the primary teratogenic factor in respiratory acidosis is elevated CO2 tension. This conclusion is supported by the observation that moderation of maternal plasma pH in the face of sustained elevated PCO2 fails to reduce the incidence of ectrodactyly; moreover, there is a strong correlation between maternal serum CO2 content and the incidence of ectrodactyly.
The Spectrum of Neutral Iridium, Ir I

A new description of the arc spectrum of iridium has been made. The present data include 3100 wave-lengths of which 1937 have been accounted for as combinations between 214 energy levels. The normal electron configuration of the Ir I is $5{d}^{7}6{s}^{2}$ and the I.P. is approximately 9.2 volts. Tables of the most intense lines and of all of the energy levels are presented.
Physical Attractiveness, Mood, and the Decision to Card for the Purchase of Alcohol: Evidence for a Mood‐Management Hypothesis1

Research has shown that physical attractiveness is associated with a decrease in being carded for the purchase of alcohol. Two studies examine whether this relationship might be moderated by the mood of the decision maker. Participants were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 (Mood: Positive or Neutral × Attraction: High or Low) factorial design in which they first described a series of positive (or negative) life events, and then viewed a video of a female college student. Males were less likely to card an attractive target than an unattractive target; negative mood increased the tendency for an unattractive target to be carded, and decreased the tendency for an attractive target to be carded. Study 2 considered whether this influence may have been a result of the participant's interest in dating the target. Female subjects rated a female target in terms of their willingness to have the target date their brother or a close friend. Data revealed an interesting mood by attractiveness interaction, indicating that an attractive target was less likely to be carded, and a positive mood state appeared to enhance this general tendency. Results from both studies are interpreted within a mood-management conceptual framework.
Quantitative variations in the level of MAPK activity control patterning of the embryonic termini in Drosophila.

We have examined the role in patterning of quantitative variations of MAPK activity in signaling from the Drosophila Torso (Tor) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Activation of Tor at the embryonic termini leads to differential expression of the genes tailless and huckebein. We demonstrate, using a series of mutations in the signal transducers Corkscrew/SHP-2 and D-Raf, that quantitative variations in the magnitude of MAPK activity trigger both qualitatively and quantitatively distinct transcriptional responses. We also demonstrate that two chimeric receptors, Tor extracellular -Egfr cytoplasmic and Tor extracellular Sev cytoplasmic , cannot fully functionally replace the wild-type Tor receptor, revealing that the precise activation of MAPK involves not only the number of activated RTK molecules but also the magnitude of the signal generated by the RTK cytoplasmic domain. Altogether, our results illustrate how a gradient of MAPK activity controls differential gene expression and, thus, the establishment of various cell fates. We discuss the roles of quantitative mechanisms in defining RTK specificity. © 1999 Academic Press
The Relationship Between Adolescent Smoking and Drinking and Likelihood Estimates of Illicit Drug Use

Using data from a recent national survey of adolescent substance use, the present work examined whether adolescents with different patterns of alcohol and cigarette use differed in their estimates of the likelihood they would use an illegal drug in the future. While nonusers of either substance were the most likely to indicate that they would never use drugs in the future, users of both substances were the most likely to indicate that they would use drugs. In addition, while users of both were most likely to indicate that they were likely to use illegal substances, only-smokers were more likely than only-drinkers to indicate that they were likely to use such substances in the future. Results are discussed in terms of the gateway theory of drug sequencing and cognitive precursors of experimentation with illegal substances.
Promoting healthy vision in students: progress and challenges in policy, programs, and research.

Background: An estimated 1 in 5 American children has a vision problem. Children living in poor urban environments have twice the normal rate of vision problems. Uncorrected vision problems can worsen over time and result in permanent vision loss. Early detection and treatment of vision problems is therefore essential in optimizing children’s health and development. Federal-, state-, and school-based prevention efforts continue to evolve to identify and serve children with vision problems. Methods: Review of current literature on (1) major vision problems among children, (2) unique problems faced by low-income children with poor vision, and (3) the rise in health policy and program efforts to support the goal of healthy vision for each child. The preliminary relationship established between vision and academic performance is also discussed. Results: Low-income children have a disproportionate amount of vision problems and face several barriers to acquiring vision care. Varied actions among states include legislation requiring screening and follow-up before entry into elementary school. Conclusions: States and schools can take concrete steps to increase the number of children identified and treated for vision problems. Health policy and programs should also address common barriers to children receiving and wearing their glasses at home and in the classroom. Further research is necessary to assess the relationship between children’s vision and educational outcomes. To the extent that vision is associated with academic success, policies and programs can be shaped to address the achievement gap that exists among our nation’s youth and to support the goal of healthy vision for each child.
Third‐Party Candidates and the 2000 Presidential Election*

Objective. This article examines how third-party candidates influenced the 2000 presidential election. Methods. Two surveys provide information on a hypothetical election between only George Bush and Al Gore. The determinants of voting behavior in this election are then used to estimate how votes cast for third-party candidates would have been partitioned between Bush, Gore, and abstentions had the other candidates dropped out of the race. Results. The estimates suggest that the Ralph Nader votes would have gone primarily to Gore (giving him the win in Florida) while Bush would have received more of the Pat Buchanan votes. The results also show that Nader's presence in the race gave Gore an incentive to position himself farther to the left ideologically. Bush's ideological position was not affected by Buchanan's participation. Conclusion. The third-party candidates' participation was a critical factor in George Bush's Electoral College victory over Al Gore.
Declaration of Interdependence1

Although not as consequential as the 226-year-old document it seeks to emulate, this Declaration of Interdependence springs from a similar aspiration: to break free of a tyranny that constrains creative thought and action. Independence has been superseded by interdependence, by a world comprised not of independent people and states but of one in which all individual and collective actors are increasingly affected by and reliant upon events and trends far removed from their immediate circumstances. This interdependence is widely acknowledged through pervasive preoccupations with the benefits and detriments of globalization, but these preoccupations cannot be freely pursued because thought and action at all levels of community are cast—tyrannized, really—in terms of a state-centric world view that limits comprehension and distorts practice. The core principles of our Declaration of Interdependence are thirteen in number: 1. The revolutions in communication and transportation, especially the advent of the Internet and jet aircraft, are shrinking time and distance, and making state boundaries increasingly porous. While states will continue to be active and most will continue to be viable, their power and authority on the global stage …
Stability of plane wave solutions of nonlinear systems

Abstract The linear stability of plane wave solutions of various systems of nonlinear partial differential equations is treated. They include an equation for the envelope of a surface wave train on deep water, Zakharov's system for Langmuir waves in plasmas, coupled Schrodinger and Klein-Gordon equations for nucleon and meson fields, and a pair coupled Schrodinger equations. The method of analysis, which was presented previously by the authors, is explained and its scope is broadened.
Interrelationships of the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

A sample of 220 American college students completed both the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Consistent with the Eysencks' assumptions, the corresponding Extraversion scales from the two inventories correlated .80, and the two Neuroticism scales correlated .87. In addition, within the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Psychoticism was independent of both Extraversion and Neuroticism. With the exception of the Lie scales, test-retest reliabilities ranged from .85 to .94. Means and standard deviations were reported for all scales, both for the total sample and by sex.
SH2-Dependent Autophosphorylation within the Tec Family Kinase Itk

The Tec family kinase, Itk (interleukin-2 tyrosine kinase), undergoes an in cis autophosphorylation on Y180 within its Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. Autophosphorylation of the Itk SH3 domain by the Itk kinase domain is strictly dependent on the presence of the intervening Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. A direct docking interaction between the Itk kinase and SH2 domains brings the Itk SH3 domain into the active site where Y180 is then phosphorylated. We now identify the residues on the surface of the Itk SH2 domain responsible for substrate docking and show that this SH2 surface mediates autophosphorylation in the full-length Itk molecule. The canonical phospholigand binding site on the SH2 domain is not involved in substrate docking, instead the docking site consists of side chains from three loop regions (AB, EF and BG) and part of the βD strand. These results are extended into Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase), a Tec family kinase linked to the B-cell deficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Our results suggest that some XLA-causing mutations might impair Btk phosphorylation.
Mixed matrix hollow fiber membranes made with modified HSSZ-13 zeolite in polyetherimide polymer matrix for gas separation

Abstract Organic–inorganic hybrid (mixed matrix) asymmetric hollow fiber membranes were spun via a dry jet-wet quench procedure using surface modified inorganic small pore size zeolite incorporated in an Ultem® 1000 polyetherimide matrix. The zeolites were modified via two separate techniques and termed as (1) Ultem® “sized” and (2) Grignard treated. The first technique failed to achieve successful mixed matrix performance, but the second approach gave very attractive results. The Ultem® “sized” zeolites were prepared by treating the zeolites with a silane coupling agent to allow Ultem® polymer chains to be grafted to the surface. Poor adhesion was observed between the bulk polymer and most of the zeolite particles in the final membrane using Ultem® “sized” particles. The post-treated fibers did not display enhanced selectivity over neat polymer with pure gas nitrogen, oxygen, helium, methane and carbon dioxide testing or mixed gas carbon dioxide and methane gas pair. The absence of the mixed matrix effect is hypothesized to be due to the nucleation of hydrophilic solvent and non-solvent around the Ultem® “sized” zeolite particles during phase separation in the quench bath forming a so called sieve-in-a-cage defect. Although such defects have been reported in dense mixed matrix films, they have not yet been investigated in hollow fibers format which are formed via a phase separation process and thus remain prone to the effects of the non-solvent quenching media. To test the nucleation hypothesis, fibers incorporating 10.3 vol% (with respect to polymer) of zeolites modified with a Grignard reagent were spun. These fibers, after post-treatment, showed significant selectivity enhancement of 10% for O2/N2, 29% for He/N2, 17% for CO2/CH4 pure gases and 25% for mixed gas CO2/CH4 pairs over neat polymer results. The selectivity properties in these fibers are similar to or exceed the Maxwell model predictions for these hybrid materials.
The Significance of Abnormal Circulating Cells in Patients with Hodgkin's Disease

Buffy coat preparations of peripheral blood from two patients with Stage IVB Hodgkin's disease, 33 patients with Hodgkin's disease undergoing complete staging including laparotomy, 12 normal controls and eight patients with viral upper respiratory infections were examined for the presence of abnormal cells. Primitive histiocytic cells were seen in the two patients with IVB disease and in two patients with IIIB disease all of whom proved to be refractory to chemotherapy. Reed-Sternberg cells were seen in one IVB patient. Large cells with basophilic, agranular cytoplasm and moderately convoluted nuclei often with a perinuclear halo and nucleoli were detected in 30 of 35 patients with Hodgkin's disease, five of eight patients with viral infections but in none of 12 normal controls. Other abnormal large cells with round nuclei, occasional prominent nucleoli, grey to lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm and diffuse granulation were seen almost exclusively in Hodgkin's disease. There was no correlation between histology, stage, splenic involvement, skin test positivity and response to therapy with the presence or frequency of either of these cell types. This observation suggests that these cells are more likely to be 'reactive' rather than malignant. It is unusual for abnormal histiocytic cells to circulate in Hodgkin's disease and their presence may be a poor prognostic sign. The presence of other types of large atypical cells is not indicative of either haematogenous spread of Hodgkin's disease or of poor prognosis after treatment with radiotherapy alone.
A 10-year evaluation of plant growth regulator carryover in roadside test plots in Indiana

Three primary growth regulators/ herbicides, mefluidide, chlorsulfuron and sulfometuron, alone and in combinations with and with-out surfactant or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), were applied annually eight to 10 times the cost-effective rates of application to roadside stands of mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and native bluegrass (Poa pratensis L). The plots were not mowed. Applications were during the first week of May prior to elongation of culms bearing seed heads. With all of the materials and at all rates of applications, the grass had recovered fully by the end of the growing season (August). Even in the final year of the trial, all plots still supported strong stands of perennial grasses. The results show that the growth retardant mefluidide alone or in combination with the sulfonylurea herbicides, chlorsulfuron or sulfometuron, can be applied to established turf at cost-effective rates on an annual basis with-out permanent damage to turf or detrimental carry-over of materials.